,a ,,cate*ism ,,( ,,! ,,/eam ,,eng9e ,,9 ,,its ,,v>i\s ,,applications ,,to ,,m9es1 ,,mills1 ,,/eam ,,navigation1 ,,railways1 ,,& ,,agriculture4 ,,) ,,practical ,,in/ructions ,,= ,,! ,,manufacture ,,& ,,managem5t ,,( ,,eng9es ,,( ,,e ,,class4 ,,by ,,john ,,b\rne1 ,c4,e4 ,,new ,,& ,,revis$ ,,edition4 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,inconsi/5cies 9 *apt] head+s & numb]+ ( p>agraphs & illu/rations h be5 reta9$ 9 ?is edition4 ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,f\r? ,,edition4 ,= "s ye>s pa/ a new edition ( ?is "w has be5 call$ =1 b ,i 0 unwill+ to all[ a new edition to g =? ) all ! orig9al faults ( ! "w ^u its head1 & ,i h be5 too mu* engag$ 9 ! practical con/ruction ( /eam %ips & /eam eng9es to f9d "t = ! ?or\gh revision :i* ,i knew ! "w requir$4 ,at l5g?1 h[ev]1 ,i h suffici5tly dis5gag$ myself f ^! on]\s pursuits to accompli% ?is necess>y revision2 & ,i n[ (f] ! "w to ! public1 ) ! confid5ce t x w be f\nd bett] des]v+ ( ! favorable acceptation & high praise x has already receiv$4 ,!re are v few errors1 ei!r ( fact or ( inf]5ce1 9 ! e>ly editions1 :i* ,i h _h to correct2 b !re are _m omissions :i* ,i h _h to supply1 & faults ( arrangem5t & classification :i* ,i h _h to rectify4 ,i h also _h to br+ ! in=mation1 :i* ! "w pr(esses to af=d1 up to ! pres5t "t1 s z to compreh5d ! late/ improvem5ts4 ,= ! sake ( great] di/9ctness ! "w is n[ divid$ into *apt]s4 ,"s ( ^! *apt]s are altoge!r new1 & ! re/ h receiv$ su* ext5sive additions & improvem5ts z to make ! book almo/ a new "o4 ,"o purpose ( my em5dations has be5 to r5d] my rem>ks intelligible to a tyro1 z well z in/ructive to an advanc$ /ud5t4 ,) ?is view1 ,i h devot$ ! fir/ *apt] to a popul> description ( ! ,/eam ,eng9e--:i* all may und]/& :o c und]/& any?+--& 9 ! subsequ5t gradations ( progress ,i h be5 c>eful to set no object be=e ! read] = ! fir/ "t1 ( :i* ! nature & functions are n simultane\sly expla9$4 ,! design ,i h propos$ to myself1 9 ! composition ( ?is "w1 is to take a "y lad :o kn[s no?+ ( /eam eng9es1 & to lead him by easy advances up to ! highe/ po9t ( in=mation ,i h myself atta9$2 & x has be5 a pleas+ duty to me to smoo? = o!rs ! pa? :i* ,i myself f\nd s rugg$1 & to imp>t1 = ! g5]al good ( mank9d1 ! secrets :i* o!rs h gu>d$ ) s mu* jeal\sy4 ,i believe ,i am ! fir/ au?or :o has communicat$ t practical in=mation respect+ ! /eam eng9e1 :i* p]sons propos+ to foll[ ! bus9ess ( an eng9e] desire to possess4 ,my bus9ess has1 !re=e1 be5 ! r\gh bus9ess ( a pione]2 & :ile hew+ a road ?r\gh ! trackless =e/1 along :i* all might h]eaft] travel ) ease1 ,i _h no "t to att5d to ^? m9ute graces ( composition & petty p]fection ( arrangem5t & collocation1 :i* are ! attribute ( ! academic grove1 or ! lit]>y p>t]re4 ,i am1 nev]!less1 n ins5sible to ! advantages ( me?od & cle> arrangem5t 9 any "w pr(ess+ to in/ruct mank9d 9 ! pr9ciples & practice ( any art2 & _m ( ! *anges introduc$ into ! pres5t edition ( ?is "w are design$ to r5d] x less exceptionable 9 ?is respect4 ,! woodcuts n[ introduc$ into ! "w = ! fir/ "t w1 ,i believe1 mu* increase its int]e/ & utility2 & ^u ! :ole ,i am cont5t to dismiss x into circulation1 9 ! belief t ^? :o p]use x att5tively w obta9 a m rapid & m practical acqua9tance ) ! /eam eng9e 9 its v>i\s applications1 ?an !y w\ld be likely o!rwise to acquire4 ,i h only to add t ,i h prep>$ a sequel to ! pres5t "w1 9 ! %ape ( a ,h&-,book ( ! ,/eam ,eng9e1 conta9+ ! :ole ( ! rules giv5 9 ! pres5t "w1 illu/rat$ by examples work$ out at l5g?1 & also conta9+ su* useful tables & o!r data1 z ! eng9e] requires to ref] to con/antly 9 ! c\rse ( 8 practice4 ,?is "w may be b\nd up ) ! ,cate*ism1 if desir$1 to :i* x is 9 fact a ,key4 ,i %all ?ankfully receive f eng9e]s1 ei!r abroad or at home1 acc\nts ( any eng9es or o!r ma*9]y1 ) :i* !y may become famili> 9 _! sev]al localities2 & ,i %all be happy1 9 my turn1 to answ] any inquiries on eng9e]+ subjects :i* fall )9 ! compass ( my in=mation4 ,if "y eng9e]s meet ) any difficulty 9 _! /udies1 ,i %all be happy to resolve x if ,i c2 & !y may communicate ) me ^u any su* po9t )\t hesitation1 9 :atev] qu>t] ( ! _w !y may happ5 to be4 ,,john ,,b\rne4 #i ,,billit] ,,/reet1 ,,london1 ,m>* #a/1 #ahef4 ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,fif? ,,edition4 ,! la/ edition ( ! pres5t "w1 consi/+ ( #c1ejj copies1 hav+ be5 all sold (f 9 ab\t t5 mon?s1 ,i n[ issue ano!r edition1 ! dem& = ! "w be+ /ill unabat$4 ,x af=ds1 c]ta9ly1 "s presumption t a "w 9 "s measure supplies an asc]ta9$ want1 :51 ?\gh address+ only a limit$ circle--disc\rs+ only ( te*nical que/ions1 & )\t any accid5t to /imulate x into notoriety1--x atta9s s l>ge a circulation z ! pres5t "w has rea*$4 ,besides be+ repr9t$ 9 ,am]ica1 x has be5 translat$ into ,g]man1 ,fr5*1 ,dut*1 & ,i believe1 into "s o!r languages1 s t !re is1 p]haps1 n too mu* vanity 9 ! inf]5ce t x has be5 f\nd s]viceable to ^? p]us+ x4 ,i c ) tru? say1 t ! hope ( r5d]+ "s s]vice to mank9d1 9 my day & g5]ation1 has be5 my *ief inducem5t 9 writ+ x1 & if ?is end is fulfill$1 ,i h no?+ fur!r to desire4 ,i regret t circum/ances h prev5t$ me f yet issu+ ! ,h&-,book :i* ,i h _h = "s "t 9 prep>ation1 & to :i*1 9 my ,preface ( ! la/ ye>1 ,i ref]r$4 ,i hope to h suffici5t leisure %ortly1 to give t & "s o!r ( my lit]>y designs ! necess>y att5tion4 ,:atev] may h be5 ! o!r imp$im5ts to a m prolific au?or%ip1 c]ta9ly "o ( !m has n be5 ! coldness ( ! approbation ) :i* my ef=ts h be5 receiv$1 s9ce my pa/ p]=mances seem to me to h met ) an appreciation f> exce$+ _! des]ts4 ,,john ,,b\rne4 ,febru>y #b;d1 #aheg4 ,,publi%]s' ,,notice4 ,9 (f]+ to ! ,am]ican public a repr9t ( a "w on ! ,/eam ,eng9e s des]v$ly successful1 & s long consid]$ /&>d1 ! publi%]s h n ?\ght x necess>y t x %\ld be an exact copy ( ! ,engli% edition2 !re 7 "s details 9 :i* !y ?\ght x c\ld be improv$1 & bett] adapt$ to ! use ( ,am]ican eng9e]s4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 ! size ( ! page has be5 increas$ to a full #abmo1 to admit ( l>g] illu/rations1 :i* 9 ! ,engli% edition are (t5 on too small a scale2 & "s ( ! illu/rations !mselves h be5 suppli$ by o!rs equally applicable1 m rec5t1 & to u m famili> examples4 ,! fir/ "p ( ,*apt] ,,xi1 devot$ 9 ! ,engli% edition to ,engli% portable & fix$ agricultural eng9es1 9 ?is edition gives place entirely to illu/rations f ,am]ican practice1 ( /eam eng9es z appli$ to diff]5t purposes1 & ( appliances & ma*9es necess>y to !m4 ,b ) ! exception ( "s ( ! illu/rations & ! description ( !m1 & ! correction ( a few typographical errors1 ?is edition is a fai?ful transcript ( ! late/ ,engli% edition4 ,,cont5ts4 ,classification ( ,eng9es4 ,nature & uses ( a ,vacuum4 ,velocity ( fall+ ,bodies & ,mom5tum ( mov+ ,bodies4 ,c5tral ,=ces4 ,c5tres ( ,gravity1 ,gyration1 & ,oscillation4 ,! ,p5dulum & ,gov]nor4 ,! ,me*anical ,p[]s4 ,friction4 ,/r5g? ( mat]ials & ,/ra9s subsi/+ 9 ,ma*9es4 ,,*ap4 ,i4--,,g5]al ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,/eam ,,eng9e4 ,! ,boil]4 ,! ,eng9e4 ,! ,m>9e ,eng9e4 ,screw ,eng9es4 ,! ,locomotive ,eng9e4 ,,*ap4 ,,ii4--,,heat1 ,,combu/ion1 ,,& ,,/eam4 ,heat4 ,combu/ion4 ,/eam4 ,,*ap4 ,,iii4--,,expansion ,,( ,,/eam ,,& ,,action ,,( ,,! ,,valves4 ,,*ap4 ,,iv4--,,modes ,,( ,,e/imat+ ,,! ,,p[] ,,& ,,p]=mance ,,( ,,eng9es ,,& ,,boil]s4 ,horses ,p[]4 ,duty ( ,eng9es & ,boil]s4 ,! ,indicator4 ,dynamomet]1 ,gauges1 & ,cat>act4 ,,*ap4 ,v4--,,proportions ,,( ,,boil]s4 ,heat+ & ,fire ,grate ,surface4 ,calorimet] & ,v5t4 ,evaporative ,p[] ( ,boil]s4 ,mod]n ,m>9e & ,locomotive ,boil]s4 ,! ,bla/ 9 ,locomotives4 ,boil] ,*imneys4 ,/eam ,room & ,prim+4 ,/r5g? ( ,boil]s4 ,boil] ,explosions4 ,,*ap4 ,,vi4--,,proportions ,,( ,,eng9es4 ,/eam ,passages4 ,air ,pump1 ,cond5s]1 & ,hot & ,cold ,wat] ,pumps4 ,fly ,:eel4 ,/r5g?s ( ,l& ,eng9es4 ,/r5g?s ( ,m>9e & ,locomotive ,eng9es4 ,,*ap4 ,,vii4--,,con/ructive ,,details ,,( ,,boil]s4 ,l& & ,m>9e ,boil]s4 ,incru/ation & ,corrosion ( ,boil]s4 ,locomotive ,boil]s4 ,,*ap4 ,,viii4--,,con/ructive ,,details ,,( ,,eng9es4 ,pump+ ,eng9es4 ,v>i\s =ms ( ,m>9e ,eng9es4 ,cyl9d]s1 ,pi/ons1 & ,valves4 ,air ,pump & ,cond5s]4 ,pumps1 ,cocks1 & ,pipes4 ,details ( ! ,screw & ,screw ,%aft4 ,details ( ! ,paddles & ,paddle ,%aft4 ,! ,locomotive ,eng9e4 ,,*ap4 ,,ix4--,,/eam ,,navigation4 ,resi/ance ( ,vessels 9 ,wat]4 ,exp]im5ts on ! ,resi/ance ( ,vessels4 ,influ5ce ( ! size ( ,vessels ^u _! ,spe$4 ,/ructure & ,op]ation ( ,paddle ,:eels4 ,configuration & ,action ( ! ,screw4 ,comp>ative ,advantages ( ,paddle & ,screw ,vessels4 ,comp>ative ,advantages ( diff]5t k9ds ( ,screws4 ,proportions ( ,screws4 ,screw ,vessels ) full & auxili>y ,p[]4 ,screw & ,paddles comb9$4 ,,*ap4 ,x4--,,examples ,,( ,,eng9es ,,( ,,rec5t ,,con/ruction4 ,oscillat+ ,paddle ,eng9es4 ,direct act+ ,screw ,eng9e4 ,locomotive ,eng9e4 ,,*ap4 ,,xi4--,,on ,,v>i\s ,,=ms ,,& ,,applications ,,( ,,! ,,/eam ,,eng9e4 ,gov]nor4 ,donkey ,pumps4 ,portable ,/eam ,eng9es4 ,/ation>y ,eng9es4 ,/eam ,fire ,eng9es4 ,/eam ,excavator4 ,,*ap4 ,,xii4--,,manufacture ,,& ,,managem5t ,,( ,,/eam ,,eng9es4 ,con/ruction ( ,eng9es4 ,erection ( ,eng9es4 ,managem5t ( ,m>9e ,boil]s4 ,managem5t ( ,m>9e ,eng9es4 ,managem5t ( ,locomotives4 ,,me*anical ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,! ,,/eam ,,eng9e4 ,,classification ,,( ,,eng9es4 #a4 ,q4--,:at is meant by a vacuum8 ,a4--,a vacuum means an empty space2 a space 9 :i* !re is nei!r wat] nor air1 nor any?+ else t we "k (4 #b4 ,q4--,:]e9 does a high pressure diff] f a l[ pressure eng9e8 ,a4--,9 a high pressure eng9e ! /eam1 aft] hav+ pu%$ ! pi/on to ! end ( ! /roke1 escapes into ! atmosph]e1 & ! impell+ =ce is !re=e t due to ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! pressure ( ! /eam & ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e4 ,9 ! cond5s+ eng9e ! /eam1 aft] hav+ press$ ! pi/on to ! end ( ! /roke1 passes into ! cond5s]1 9 :i* a vacuum is ma9ta9$1 & ! impell+ =ce is t due to ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! pressure ( ! /eam above ! pi/on1 & ! pressure ( ! vacuum b5ea? x1 :i* is no?+2 or1 9 o!r words1 y h !n ! :ole pressure ( ! /eam urg+ ! pi/on1 consi/+ ( ! pressure %[n by ! safety-valve on ! boil]1 & ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e besides4 #c4 ,q4--,9 :at way w\ld y class ! v>i\s k9ds ( cond5s+ eng9es8 ,a4--,into s+le act+1 rotative1 & rotatory eng9es4 ,s+le act+ eng9es are eng9es )\t a crank1 su* z are us$ = pump+ wat]4 ,rotative eng9es are eng9es provid$ ) a crank1 by means ( :i* a rotative motion is produc$2 & 9 ?is important class /& m>9e & mill eng9es1 & all eng9es1 inde$1 9 :i* ! rectil9e> motion ( ! pi/on is *ang$ into a circul> motion4 ,9 rotatory eng9es ! /eam acts at once 9 ! production ( circul> motion1 ei!r ^u a revolv+ pi/on or o!rwise1 b )\t ! use ( any int]m$iate me*anism1 su* z ! crank1 = d]iv+ a circul> f a rectil9e> motion4 ,rotatory eng9es h n hi!rto be5 v successful1 s t only ! s+le act+ or pump+ eng9e1 & ! d\ble act+ or rotative eng9e c be said to be 9 actual use4 ,= "s purposes1 su*1 = example1 z =c+ air into furnaces = smelt+ iron1 d\ble act+ eng9es are employ$1 :i* are nev]!less unfurni%$ ) a crank2 b eng9es ( ?is k9d are n suffici5tly num]\s to ju/ify _! classification z a di/9ct species1 &1 9 g5]al1 ^? eng9es may be consid]$ to be s+le act+1 by :i* no rotatory motion is imp>t$4 #d4 ,q4--,is n ! circul> motion d]iv$ f a cyl9d] eng9e v irregul>1 9 consequ5ce ( ! unequal lev]age ( ! crank at ! diff]5t p>ts ( its revolution8 ,a4--,no2 rotative eng9es are g5]ally provid$ ) a fly-:eel to correct su* irregul>ities by its mom5tum2 b :]e two eng9es ) _! respective cranks set at "r angles are employ$1 ! irregul>ity ( "o eng9e corrects t ( ! o!r ) suffici5t exactitude = _m purposes4 ,9 ! case ( m>9e & locomotive eng9es1 a fly-:eel is n employ$2 b = cotton sp9n+1 & o!r purposes requir+ great regul>ity ( motion1 its use ) common eng9es is indisp5sable1 ?\gh x is n impossible to sup]s$e ! necessity by new contrivances4 #e4 ,q4--,y impli$ t !re is "s o!r diff]5ce betwe5 s+le act+ & d\ble act+ eng9es1 ?an t :i* lies 9 ! use or exclusion ( ! crank8 ,a4--,yes2 s+le act+ eng9es act only 9 "o way by ! =ce ( ! /eam1 & are return$ by a c\nt]-weight2 :]eas d\ble act+ eng9es are urg$ by ! /eam 9 bo? directions4 ,eng9es1 z ,i h already said1 are sometimes made d\ble act+1 ?\gh unprovid$ ) a crank2 & !re w\ld be no difficulty 9 s arrang+ ! valves ( all ord9>y pump+ eng9es1 z to admit ( ?is action2 = ! pumps might be contriv$ to raise wat] bo? by ! upw>d & d[nw>d /roke1 z inde$ 9 "s m9es is already done4 ,b eng9es )\t a crank are almo/ always made s+le act+1 p]haps f ! effect ( cu/om1 z mu* z f any o!r reason1 & are usually spok5 ( z su*1 ?\gh x is necess>y to "k t !re are "s deviations f ! usual practice4 ,,nature ,,& ,,uses ,,( ,a ,,vacuum4 #f4 ,q4--,! pressure ( a vacuum y h /at$ is no?+2 b h[ c ! pressure ( a vacuum be said to be no?+1 :5 a vacuum occasions a pressure ( #ae lbs4 on ! squ>e in*8 ,a4--,because x is n ! vacuum :i* ex]ts ?is pressure1 b ! atmosph]e1 :i*1 l a head ( wat]1 presses on ev]y?+ imm]g$ b5ea? x4 ,a head ( wat]1 h[ev]1 w\ld n press d[n a pi/on1 if ! wat] 7 admitt$ on bo? ( its sides2 = an equilibrium w\ld !n be e/abli%$1 j z 9 ! case ( a balance :i* reta9s its equilibrium :5 an equal weight is add$ to ea* scale2 b take ! weight out ( "o scale1 or empty ! wat] f "o side ( ! pi/on1 & motion or pressure is produc$2 & 9 l mann] pressure is produc$ on a pi/on by admitt+ /eam or air ^u ! "o side1 & )draw+ ! /eam or air f ! o!r side4 ,x is n1 !re=e1 to a vacuum1 b r to ! exi/5ce ( an unbalanc$ pl5um1 t ! pressure made manife/ by exhau/ion is due1 & x is obvi\s !re=e t a vacuum ( itself w\ld n "w an eng9e4 #g4 ,q4--,h[ is ! vacuum ma9ta9$ 9 a cond5s+ eng9e8 ,a4--,! /eam1 aft] hav+ p]=m$ its (fice 9 ! cyl9d]1 is p]mitt$ to pass into a vessel call$ ! cond5s]1 :]e a %[] ( cold wat] is dis*>g$ ^u x4 ,! /eam is cond5s$ by ! cold wat]1 & falls 9 ! =m ( hot wat] to ! bottom ( ! cond5s]4 ,! wat]1 :i* w\ld else be accumulat$ 9 ! cond5s]1 is cont9ually be+ pump$ out by a pump work$ by ! eng9e4 ,?is pump is call$ ! air pump1 because x also dis*>ges any air :i* may h ent]$ ) ! wat]4 #h4 ,q4--,if a vacuum be an empty space1 & !re be wat] 9 ! cond5s]1 h[ c !re be a vacuum !re8 ,a4--,!re is a vacuum above ! wat]1 ! wat] be+ only l s mu* iron or lead ly+ at ! bottom4 #i4 ,q4--,is ! vacuum 9 ! cond5s] a p]fect vacuum8 ,a4--,n q p]fect2 = ! cold wat] ent]+ = ! purpose ( cond5sation is heat$ by ! /eam1 & emits a vapor ( a t5sion repres5t$ by ab\t ?ree in*es ( m]cury2 t is1 :5 ! common b>omet] /&s at #cj in*es1 a b>omet] ) ! space above ! m]cury communicat+ ) ! cond5s]1 w /& at ab\t #bg in*es4 #aj4 ,q4--,is ?is imp]fection ( ! vacuum :olly attributable to ! vapor 9 ! cond5s]8 ,a4--,no2 x is p>tly attributable to ! pres5ce ( a small quantity ( air :i* ent]s ) ! wat]1 & :i* w\ld accumulate until x de/roy$ ! vacuum altoge!r b = ! action ( ! air pump1 :i* expels x ) ! wat]1 z already expla9$4 ,all common wat] conta9s a c]ta9 quantity ( air 9 solution1 & ?is air recov]s its ela/icity :5 ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e is tak5 (f1 j z ! gas 9 soda wat] flies up s soon z ! cork ( ! bottle is )drawn4 #aa4 ,q4--,is a b>omet] sometimes appli$ to ! cond5s]s ( /eam eng9es8 ,a4--,yes2 & x is call$ ! vacuum gauge1 because x %[s ! degree ( p]fection ! vacuum has atta9$4 ,ano!r gauge1 call$ ! /eam gauge1 is appli$ to ! boil]1 :i* indicates ! pressure ( ! /eam by ! height to :i* ! /eam =ces m]cury up a tube4 ,gauges are also appli$ to ! boil] to indicate ! height ( ! wat] )9 x s t x may n be burn$ out by ! wat] becom+ accid5tally too l[4 ,9 "s cases a succession ( cocks plac$ a %ort di/ance above "o ano!r are employ$ = ?is purpose1 & 9 o!r cases a glass tube is plac$ p]p5dicul>ly 9 ! front ( ! boil] & communicat+ at ea* end ) its int]ior4 ,! wat] rises 9 ?is tube to ! same height z 9 ! boil] itself1 & ?us %[s ! actual wat] level4 ,9 mo/ ( ! mod]n boil]s bo? ( ^! contrivances are adopt$4 #ab4 ,q4--,c a cond5s+ eng9e be work$ ) a pressure less ?an t ( ! atmosph]e8 ,a4--,yes1 if once x be />t$2 b x w be a difficult ?+ to />t an eng9e1 if ! pressure ( ! /eam be n great] ?an t ( ! atmosph]e4 ,be=e an eng9e c be />t$1 x has to be bl[n ?r\gh ) /eam to displace ! air )9 x1 & ?is _c be effectually done if ! pressure ( ! /eam be v l[4 ,aft] ! eng9e is />t$1 h[ev]1 ! pressure 9 ! boil] may be l[]$1 if ! eng9e be lightly load$1 until !re is a p>tial vacuum 9 ! boil]4 ,su* a practice1 h[ev]1 is n to be comm5d$1 z ! gauge cocks become useless :5 !re is a p>tial vacuum 9 ! boil]2 inasmu* z1 :5 !y are op5$1 ! wat] w n ru% out1 b air w ru% 94 ,x is impossible1 also1 "u su* circum/ances1 to bl[ out any ( ! s$im5t collect$ )9 ! boil]1 :i*1 9 ! case ( ! boil]s ( /eam vessels1 requires to be done e two h\rs or (t5]4 ,?is is accompli%$ by op5+ a l>ge cock :i* p]mits "s ( ! sup]salt$ wat] to be =c$ ov]bo>d by ! pressure ( ! /eam4 ,9 "s cases1 9 :i* ! boil] appli$ to an eng9e is ( inadequate size1 ! pressure )9 ! boil] w fall spontane\sly to a po9t consid]ably b5ea? ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e2 b x is pref]able1 9 su* cases1 p>tially to close ! ?rottle valve 9 ! /eam pipe1 :]eby ! issue ( /eam to ! eng9e is dim9i%$2 & ! pressure 9 ! boil] is ?us ma9ta9$1 :ile ! cyl9d] receives its =m] supply4 #ac4 ,q4--,if a hole be op5$ into a cond5s] ( a /eam eng9e1 w air ru% into x8 ,a4--,if ! hole communicates ) ! atmosph]e1 ! air w be drawn 94 #ad4 ,q4--,) :at ,velocity does air ru% into a vacuum8 ,a4--,) ! velocity :i* a body w\ld acquire by fall+ f ! height ( a homog5e\s atmosph]e1 :i* is an atmosph]e ( ! same d5sity ?r\gh\t z at ! e>?'s surface2 & al?\gh su* an atmosph]e does n exi/ 9 nature1 its exi/5ce is suppos$1 9 ord] to facilitate ! computation4 ,x is well kn[n t ! velocity ) :i* wat] issues f a ci/]n is ! same t w\ld be acquir$ by a body fall+ f ! level ( ! head to ! level ( ! issu+ po9t2 :i* inde$ is an obvi\s law1 s9ce e p>ticle ( wat] desc5ds & issues by virtue ( its gravity1 & is 9 its desc5t subject to ! ord9>y laws ( fall+ bodies4 ,air ru%+ into a vacuum is only ano!r example ( ! same g5]al pr9ciple3 ! velocity ( ea* p>ticle w be t due to ! height ( ! column ( air :i* w\ld produce ! pressure su/a9$2 & ! weight ( air be+ kn[n1 z well z ! pressure x ex]ts on ! e>?'s surface1 x becomes easy to tell :at height a column ( air1 an in* squ>e1 & ( ! atmosph]ic d5sity1 w\ld require to be1 to weigh #ae lbs4 ,! height w\ld be #bg1hah feet1 & ! velocity :i* ! fall ( a body f su* a height produces w\ld be #a1cch feet p] second4 ,,velocity ,,( ,,fall+ ,,bodies ,,& ,,mom5tum ,,( ,,mov+ ,,bodies4 #ae4 ,q4--,h[ d y det]m9e ! velocity ( fall+ bodies ( diff]5t k9ds8 ,a4--,all bodies fall ) ! same velocity1 :5 !re is no resi/ance f ! atmosph]e1 z is %[n by ! exp]im5t ( lett+ fall1 f ! top ( a tall exhau/$ receiv]1 a fea!r & a gu9ea1 :i* rea* ! bottom at ! same "t4 ,! velocity ( fall+ bodies is "o t is accel]at$ uni=mly1 accord+ to a kn[n law4 ,:5 ! height f :i* a body falls is giv51 ! velocity acquir$ at ! end ( ! desc5t c be easily comput$4 ,x has be5 f\nd by exp]im5t t ! squ>e root ( ! height 9 feet multipli$ by #h4jba w give ! velocity4 #af4 ,q4--,b ! velocity 9 :at t]ms8 ,a4--,9 feet p] second4 ,! di/ance ?r\gh :i* a body falls by gravity 9 "o second is #af-a_/ab feet2 9 two seconds1 #fd-d_/ab feet2 9 ?ree seconds1 #add-i_/ab feet2 9 f\r seconds1 #beg-d_/ab feet1 & s on4 ,if ! numb] ( feet fall5 ?r\gh 9 "o second be tak5 z unity1 !n ! relation ( ! times to ! spaces w be z foll[s3-- ,numb] ( seconds #a #b #c #d #e #f ,units ( space pass$ ?r\gh #a #d #iafbecf c4 s t x appe>s t ! spaces pass$ ?r\gh by a fall+ body are z ! squ>es ( ! times ( fall+4 #ag4 ,q4--,is n ! urg+ =ce :i* causes bodies to fall ! =ce ( gravity8 ,a4--,yes2 ! =ce ( gravity or ! attraction ( ! e>?4 #ah4 ,q4--,& is n t a uni=m =ce1 or a =ce act+ ) a uni=m pressure8 ,a4--,x is4 #ai4 ,q4--,!re=e dur+ ! fir/ second ( fall+ z mu* impell+ p[] w be giv5 by ! =ce ( gravity z dur+ e succe$+ second8 ,a4--,und\bt$ly4 #bj4 ,q4--,h[ comes x1 !n1 t :ile ! body falls #fd-d_/ab feet 9 two seconds1 x falls only #af-a_/ab feet 9 "o second2 or :y1 s9ce x falls only #af-a_/ab feet 9 "o second1 %\ld x fall m ?an twice #af-a_/ab feet 9 two8 ,a4--,because #af-a_/ab feet is ! av]age & n ! maximum velocity dur+ ! fir/ second4 ,! velocity acquir$ at ! end ( ! #a/ second is n #af-a_/ab1 b #cb-a_/f feet p] second1 & at ! end ( ! #b;d second a velocity ( #cb-a_/f feet has to be add$2 s t ! total velocity at ! end ( ! #b;d second becomes #fd-b_/f feet2 at ! end ( ! #c;d1 ! velocity becomes #if-c_/f feet1 at ! end ( ! #d?1 #abh-d_/f feet1 & s on4 ,^! numb]s proce$ 9 ! progression #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 c41 s t x appe>s t ! velocities acquir$ by a fall+ body at diff]5t po9ts1 are simply z ! times ( fall+4 ,b if ! velocities be z ! times1 & ! total space pass$ ?r\gh be z ! squ>es ( ! times1 !n ! total space pass$ ?r\gh mu/ be z ! squ>es ( ! velocity2 & z ! vis viva or me*anical p[] inh]5t 9 a fall+ body1 ( any giv5 weight1 is measurable by ! height ?r\gh :i* x desc5ds1 x foll[s t ! vis viva is proportionate to ! squ>e ( ! velocity4 ,( two balls !re=e1 ( equal weight1 b "o mov+ twice z fa/ z ! o!r1 ! fa/] ball has f\r times ! en]gy or me*anical =ce accumulat$ 9 x t ! sl[] ball has4 ,if ! spe$ ( a fly-:eel be d\bl$1 x has f\r times ! vis viva x possess$ be=e--vis viva be+ measurable by a ref]5ce to ! height ?r\gh :i* a body mu/ h fall51 to acquire ! velocity giv54 #ba4 ,q4--,by :at consid]ations is ! vis viva or me*anical en]gy prop] = ! fly-:eel ( an eng9e det]m9$8 ,a4--,by a ref]5ce to ! p[] produc$ e half-/roke ( ! eng9e1 jo9$ to ! consid]ation ( :at relation ! en]gy ( ! fly-:eel rim mu/ h !reto1 to keep ! irregul>ities ( motion )9 ! limits :i* are admissible4 ,x is f\nd 9 practice1 t :5 ! p[] resid5t 9 ! fly-:eel rim1 :5 ! eng9e moves at its av]age spe$1 is f two & a half to f\r times great] ?an ! p[] g5]at$ by ! eng9e 9 "o half-/roke--! v>iation1 dep5d+ on ! en]gy inh]5t 9 ! ma*9]y ! eng9e has to drive & ! equability ( motion requir$--! eng9e w "w ) suffici5t regul>ity = mo/ ord9>y purposes1 b :]e great equability ( motion is requir$1 x w be advisable to make ! p[] resid5t 9 ! fly-:eel equal to six times ! p[] g5]at$ by ! eng9e 9 "o half-/roke4 #bb4 ,q4---,c y give a practical rule = det]m9+ ! prop] quantity ( ca/ iron = ! rim ( a fly-:eel 9 ord9>y l& eng9es8 ,a4--,"o rule frequ5tly adopt$ is z foll[s3--,multiply ! mean diamet] ( ! rim by ! numb] ( its revolutions p] m9ute1 & squ>e ! product = a divisor2 divide ! numb] ( actual horse p[] ( ! eng9e by ! numb] ( /rokes ! pi/on makes p] m9ute1 multiply ! quoti5t by ! con/ant numb] #b1gfj1jjj1 & divide ! product by ! divisor f\nd z above2 ! quoti5t is ! requisite quantity ( ca/ iron 9 cubic feet to =m ! fly-:eel rim4 #bc4 ,q4--,:at is ,b\lton & ,watt's rule = f9d+ ! dim5sions ( ! fly-:eel8 ,a4--,b\lton & ,watt's rule = f9d+ ! dim5sions ( ! fly-:eel is z foll[s3--,multiply #dd1jjj times ! l5g? ( ! /roke 9 feet by ! squ>e ( ! diamet] ( ! cyl9d] 9 in*es1 & divide ! product by ! squ>e ( ! numb] ( revolutions p] m9ute multipli$ by ! cube ( ! diamet] ( ! fly-:eel 9 feet4 ,! result+ numb] w be ! sectional area ( ! rim ( ! fly-:eel 9 squ>e in*es4 ,,c5tral ,,=ces4 #bd4 ,q4--,:at d y und]/& by c5trifugal & c5tripetal =ces8 ,a4--,by c5trifugal =ce1 ,i und]/& ! =ce ) :i* a revolv+ body t5ds to fly f ! c5tre2 & by c5tripetal =ce1 ,i und]/& any =ce :i* draws x to ! c5tre1 or c\nt]acts ! c5trifugal t5d5cy4 ,9 ! conical p5dulum1 or /eam eng9e gov]nor1 :i* consi/s ( two metal balls susp5d$ on rods hung f ! end ( a v]tical revolv+ %aft1 ! c5trifugal =ce is manife/$ by ! div]g5ce ( ! balls1 :5 ! %aft is put into revolution2 & ! c5tripetal =ce1 :i* 9 ?is in/ance is gravity1 pr$om9ates s soon z ! velocity is arre/$2 = ! arms !n collapse & hang by ! side ( ! %aft4 #be4 ,q4--,:at measures are !re ( ! c5trifugal =ce ( bodies revolv+ 9 a circle8 ,a4--,! c5trifugal =ce ( bodies revolv+ 9 a circle increases z ! diamet] ( ! circle1 if ! numb] ( revolutions rema9 ! same4 ,if !re be two fly-:eels ( ! same weight1 & mak+ ! same numb] ( revolutions p] m9ute1 b ! diamet] ( "o be d\ble t ( ! o!r1 ! l>g] w h d\ble ! am\nt ( c5trifugal =ce4 ,! c5trifugal =ce ( ! same :eel1 h[ev]1 increases z ! squ>e ( ! velocity2 s t if ! velocity ( a fly-:eel be d\bl$1 x w h f\r times ! am\nt ( c5trifugal =ce4 #bf4 ,q4--,c y give a rule = det]m9+ ! c5trifugal =ce ( a body ( a giv5 weight mov+ ) a giv5 velocity 9 a circle ( a giv5 diamet]8 ,a4--,yes4 ,if ! velocity 9 feet p] second be divid$ by #d4ja1 ! squ>e ( ! quoti5t w be f\r times ! height 9 feet f :i* a body mu/ h fall5 to h acquir$ t velocity4 ,divide ?is quadruple height by ! diamet] ( ! circle1 & ! quoti5t is ! c5trifugal =ce 9 t]ms ( ! weight ( ! body1 s t1 multiply+ ! quoti5t by ! actual weight ( ! body1 we h ! c5trifugal =ce 9 p\nds or tons4 ,ano!r rule is to multiply ! squ>e ( ! numb] ( revolutions p] m9ute by ! diamet] ( ! circle 9 feet1 & to divide ! product by #e1hgj4 ,! quoti5t is ! c5trifugal =ce 9 t]ms ( ! weight ( ! body4 #bg4 ,q4--,h[ d y f9d ! velocity ( ! body :5 its c5trifugal =ce & ! diamet] ( ! circle 9 :i* x moves are giv58 ,a4--,multiply ! c5trifugal =ce 9 t]ms ( ! weight ( ! body by ! diamet] ( ! circle 9 feet1 & multiply ! squ>e root ( ! product by #d4ja2 ! result w be ! velocity ( ! body 9 feet p] second4 #bh4 ,q4--,w y illu/rate ?is by f9d+ ! velocity at :i* ! ca/ iron rim ( a fly-:eel #aj feet 9 diamet] w\ld bur/ asund] by its c5trifugal =ce8 ,a4--,if we take ! t5sile /r5g? ( ca/ iron at #ae1jjj lbs4 p] squ>e in*1 a fly-:eel rim ( "o squ>e in* ( sectional area w\ld su/a9 #cj1jjj lbs4 ,if we suppose "o half ( ! rim to be s fix$ to ! %aft z to be incapable ( deta*m5t1 !n ! c5trifugal =ce ( ! o!r half ( ! rim at ! mom5t ( rupture mu/ be equal to #cj1jjj lbs4 ,n[ #cj1jjj lbs4 divid$ by #di4dh 7! weight ( ! half rim7 is equal to #fjf4c1 :i* is ! c5trifugal =ce 9 t]ms ( ! weight4 ,!n by ! rule giv5 9 ! la/ answ] #fjf4c x #aj #fjfc1 ! squ>e root ( :i* is #gh ne>ly1 & #gh x #d4ja #cab4gh1 ! velocity ( ! rim 9 feet p] second at ! mom5t ( rupture4 #bi4 ,q4--,:at is ! greate/ velocity at :i* x is safe to drive a ca/ iron fly-:eel8 ,a4--,if we take #b1jjj lbs4 z ! utmo/ /ra9 p] squ>e in* to :i* ca/ iron c be p]man5tly subject$ ) safety2 !n1 by a simil> process to t j expla9$1 we h #d1jjj lbs4_/#di4dh #hj4h :i* multipli$ by #aj #hjh1 ! squ>e root ( :i* is #bh4d1 & #bh4d x #d4ja #aac4hhd1 ! velocity ( ! rim 9 feet p] second1 :i* may be consid]$ z ! highe/ consi/5t ) safety4 ,inde$1 ?is limit %\ld n be approa*$ 9 practice on acc\nt ( ! risks ( fracture f weakness or imp]fections 9 ! metal4 #cj4 ,q4--,:at is ! velocity at :i* ! :eels ( railway tra9s may run if we take #d1jjj lbs4 p] squ>e in* z ! greate/ /ra9 to :i* malleable iron %\ld be subject$8 ,a4--,! weight ( a malleable iron rim ( "o squ>e in* sectional area & #g feet diamet] is #ba4iia feet x #c4d lbs4 #gd4gf1 "o half ( :i* is #cg4d lbs4 ,!n by ! same process z be=e1 #h1jjj_/cg4d #bac4i1 ! c5trifugal =ce 9 t]ms ( ! weight3 #bac4i x #g1 ! diamet] ( ! :eel #adig4c1 ! squ>e root ( :i*1 #ch4c x #d4ja #aee4ahg feet p] second1 ! highe/ velocity ( ! rims ( railway c>riage :eels t is consi/5t ) safety4 #aee4ahg feet p] second is equival5t to #aje4h miles an h\r4 ,z #d1jjj lbs4 p] squ>e in* ( sectional area is ! utmo/ /ra9 to :i* iron %\ld be expos$ 9 ma*9]y1 railway :eels c sc>cely be consid]$ safe at spe$ ev5 consid]ably "u #ajj miles an h\r1 unless s con/ruct$ t ! c5trifugal =ce ( ! rim w be c\nt]act$1 to a mat]ial ext5t1 by ! c5tripetal action ( ! arms4 ,hoop$ :eels are v unsafe1 unless ! hoops are1 by "s process or o!r1 firmly atta*$ to ! arms4 ,x is ( no use to increase ! dim5sions ( ! rim ( a :eel ) ! view ( giv+ increas$ /r5g? to c\nt]act ! c5trifugal =ce1 z e increase 9 ! weight ( ! rim w increase ! c5trifugal =ce 9 ! same proportion4 ,,c5tres ,,( ,,gravity1 ,,gyration1 ,,& ,,oscillation4 #ca4 ,q4--,:at d y und]/& by ! c5tre ( gravity ( a body8 ,a4--,t po9t )9 x1 9 :i* ! :ole ( ! weight may be suppos$ to be conc5trat$1 & :i* cont9ually endeavors to ga9 ! l[e/ possible position4 ,a body hung 9 ! c5tre ( gravity w rema9 at re/ 9 any position4 #cb4 ,q4--,:at is meant by ! c5tre ( gyration8 ,a4--,! c5tre ( gyration is t po9t 9 a revolv+ body 9 :i* ! :ole mom5tum may be conceiv$ to be conc5trat$1 or 9 :i* ! :ole effect ( ! mom5tum resides4 ,if ! ball ( a gov]nor 7 to be mov$ 9 a /raight l9e1 ! mom5tum might be said to be conc5trat$ at ! c5tre ( gravity ( ! ball2 b inasmu* z1 by its revolution r\nd an axis1 ! "p ( ! ball fur!/ remov$ f ! axis moves m quickly ?an ! "p ne>e/ to x1 ! mom5tum _c be suppos$ to be conc5trat$ at ! c5tre ( gravity1 b at a po9t fur!r remov$ f ! c5tral %aft1 & t po9t is :at is call$ ! c5tre ( gyration4 #cc4 ,q4--,:at is ! c5tre ( oscillation8 ,a4--,! c5tre ( oscillation is a po9t 9 a p5dulum or any sw++ body1 su*1 t if all ! matt] ( ! body 7 to be collect$ into t po9t1 ! velocity ( its vibration w\ld rema9 unaffect$4 ,x is 9 fact ! mean di/ance f ! c5tre ( susp5sion ( e atom1 9 a ratio :i* happ5s n to be an ari?metical "o4 ,! c5tre ( oscillation is always 9 a l9e pass+ ?r\gh ! c5tre ( susp5sion & ! c5tre ( gravity4 ,,! ,,p5dulum ,,& ,,gov]nor4 #cd4 ,q4--,by :at circum/ance is ! velocity ( vibration ( a p5dul\s body det]m9$8 ,a4--,by ! l5g? ( ! susp5d+ rod only1 or1 m correctly1 by ! di/ance betwe5 ! c5tre ( susp5sion & ! c5tre ( oscillation4 ,! l5g? ( ! arc describ$ does n signify1 z ! times ( vibration w be ! same1 :e!r ! arc be ! f\r? or ! f\r hundr$? ( a circle1 or at lea/ !y w be ne>ly s1 & w\ld be s exactly1 if ! curve describ$ 7 a portion ( a cycloid4 ,9 ! p5dulum ( clocks1 !re=e1 a small arc is pref]r$1 z !re is1 9 t case1 no s5sible deviation f ! cycloidal curve1 b 9 o!r respects ! size ( ! arc does n signify4 #ce4 ,q4--,if !n ! l5g? ( a p5dulum be giv51 c ! numb] ( vibrations 9 a giv5 "t be det]m9$8 ,a4--,yes2 ! "t ( vibration be>s ! same relation to ! "t 9 :i* a body w\ld fall ?r\gh a space equal to half ! l5g? ( ! p5dulum1 t ! circumf]5ce ( a circle be>s to its diamet]4 ,! numb] ( vibrations made 9 a giv5 "t by p5dulums ( diff]5t l5g?s1 is inv]sely z ! squ>e roots ( _! l5g?s4 #cf4 ,q4--,!n :5 ! l5g? ( ! second's p5dulum is kn[n ! prop] l5g? ( a p5dulum to make any giv5 numb] ( vibrations 9 ! m9ute c readily be comput$8 ,a4--,yes2 ! l5g? ( ! second's p5dulum be+ kn[n1 ! l5g? ( ano!r p5dulum1 requir$ to p]=m any giv5 numb] ( vibrations 9 ! m9ute1 may be obta9$ by ! foll[+ rule3 multiply ! squ>e root ( ! giv5 l5g? by #fj1 & divide ! product by ! giv5 numb] ( vibrations p] m9ute2 ! squ>e ( ! quoti5t is ! l5g? ( p5dulum requir$4 ,?us if ! l5g? ( a p5dulum 7 requir$ t w\ld make #gj vibrations p] m9ute 9 ! latitude ( ,london1 !n ,,sqrt7#ci4acic7 x #fj_/gj 7#e4cfc7b #bh4ge 94 :i* is ! l5g? requir$4 #cg4 ,q4--,c y expla9 h[ x comes t ! l5g? ( a p5dulum det]m9es ! numb] ( vibrations x makes 9 a giv5 "t8 ,a4--,because ! l5g? ( ! p5dulum det]m9es ! /eepness ( ! circle 9 :i* ! body moves1 & x is obvi\s1 t a body w desc5d m rapidly ov] a /eep incl9$ plane1 or a /eep arc ( a circle1 ?an ov] "o 9 :i* !re is b a slight incl9ation4 ,! impell+ =ce is gravity1 :i* urges ! body ) a =ce proportionate to ! di/ance desc5d$1 & if ! velocity due to ! desc5t ( a body ?r\gh a giv5 height be spread ov] a great horizontal di/ance1 ! spe$ ( ! body mu/ be sl[ 9 proportion to ! greatness ( t di/ance4 ,x is cle>1 !re=e1 t z ! l5g? ( ! p5dulum det]m9es ! /eepness ( ! arc1 x mu/ also det]m9e ! velocity ( vibration4 #ch4 ,q4--,if ! motions ( a p5dulum be dep5d5t on ! spe$ ) :i* a body falls1 !n a c]ta9 ratio mu/ subsi/ betwe5 ! di/ance ?r\gh :i* a body falls 9 a second1 & ! l5g? ( ! second's p5dulum8 ,a4--,& s !re is2 ! l5g? ( ! second's p5dulum at ! level ( ! sea 9 ,london1 is #ci4acic in*es1 & x is f ! l5g? ( ! second's p5dulum t ! space ?r\gh :i* a body falls 9 a second has be5 det]m9$4 ,z ! "t 9 :i* a p5dulum vibrates is to ! "t 9 :i* a heavy body falls ?r\gh half ! l5g? ( ! p5dulum1 z ! circumf]5ce ( a circle is to its diamet]1 & z ! height ?r\gh :i* a body falls is z ! squ>e ( ! "t ( fall+1 x is cle> t ! height ?r\gh :i* a body w fall1 dur+ ! vibration ( a p5dulum1 is to half ! l5g? ( ! p5dulum z ! squ>e ( ! circumf]5ce ( a circle is to ! squ>e ( its diamet]2 namely1 z #i4hfif is to #a1 or x is to ! :ole l5g? ( ! p5dulum z ! half ( ?is1 namely1 #d4icdh is to #a2 & #d4icdh times #ci4acic 94 is #af-a_/ab ft4 v ne>ly1 :i* is ! space ?r\gh :i* a body falls by gravity 9 a second4 #ci4 ,q4--,are ! motions ( ! conical p5dulum or gov]nor r$ucible to ! same laws :i* apply to ! common p5dulum8 ,a4--,yes2 ! motion ( ! conical p5dulum may be suppos$ to be comp\nd$ ( ! motions ( two common p5dulums1 vibrat+ at "r angles to "o ano!r1 & "o revolution ( a conical p5dulum w be p]=m$ 9 ! same "t z two vibrations ( a common p5dulum1 ( :i* ! l5g? is equal to ! v]tical height ( ! po9t ( susp5sion above ! plane ( revolution ( ! balls4 #dj4 ,q4--,is n ! conical p5dulum or gov]nor ( a /eam eng9e driv5 by ! eng9e8 ,a4--,yes4 #da4 ,q4--,!n w x n be driv5 r\nd z any o!r me*anism w\ld be at a spe$ proportional to t ( ! eng9e8 ,a4--,x w4 #db4 ,q4--,!n h[ c ! l5g? ( ! arms affect ! "t ( revolution8 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,a4--,by fly+ out until !y assume a v]tical height answ]+ to ! velocity ) :i* !y rotate r\nd ! c5tral axis4 ,z ! spe$ is increas$ ! balls exp&1 & ! height ( ! cone describ$ by ! arms is dim9i%$1 until its v]tical height is su* t a p5dulum ( t l5g? w\ld p]=m two vibrations = e revolution ( ! gov]nor4 ,by ! outw>d motion ( ! arms1 !y p>tially %ut (f ! /eam f ! eng9e4 ,if1 !re=e1 a c]ta9 expansion ( ! balls be desir$1 & a c]ta9 l5g? be fix$ ^u = ! arms1 s t ! v]tical height ( ! cone is fix$1 !n ! spe$ ( ! gov]nor mu/ be su*1 t x w make half ! numb] ( revolutions 9 a giv5 "t t a p5dulum equal 9 l5g? to ! height ( ! cone w\ld make ( vibrations4 ,! rule is1 multiply ! squ>e root ( ! height ( ! cone 9 in*es by #j4caihf1 & ! product w be ! "r "t ( revolution 9 seconds4 ,if ! numb] ( revolutions & ! l5g? ( ! arms be fix$1 & x is want$ to "k :at is ! diamet] ( ! circle describ$ by ! balls1 y mu/ divide ! con/ant numb] #ahg4eh by ! numb] ( revolutions p] m9ute1 & ! squ>e ( ! quoti5t w be ! v]tical height 9 in*es ( ! c5tre ( susp5sion above ! plane ( ! balls' revolution4 ,d$uct ! squ>e ( ! v]tical height 9 in*es f ! squ>e ( ! l5g? ( ! arm 9 in*es1 & twice ! squ>e root ( ! rema9d] is ! diamet] ( ! circle 9 :i* ! c5tres ( ! balls revolve4 #dc4 ,q4 ,_c ! op]ation ( a gov]nor be d$uc$ m]ely f ! consid]ation ( c5trifugal & c5tripetal =ces8 ,a4--,x c2 & by a v simple process4 ,! horizontal di/ance ( ! arm f ! sp9dle divid$ by ! v]tical height1 w give ! am\nt ( c5tripetal =ce1 & ! velocity ( revolution requisite to produce an equival5t c5trifugal =ce may be f\nd by multiply+ ! c5tripetal =ce ( ! ball 9 t]ms ( its own weight by #gj1ddj1 & divid+ ! product by ! diamet] ( ! circle made by ! c5tre ( ! ball 9 in*es2 ! squ>e root ( ! quoti5t is ! numb] ( revolutions p] m9ute4 ,by ?is rule y fix ! l5g? ( ! arms1 & ! diamet] ( ! base ( ! cone1 or1 :at is ! same ?+1 ! angle at :i* x is desir$ ! arms %all revolve1 & y !n make ! spe$ or numb] ( revolutions su*1 t ! c5trifugal =ce w keep ! balls 9 ! desir$ position4 #dd4 ,q4--,does n ! weight ( ! balls affect ! "q8 ,a4--,n 9 ! lea/2 ea* ball may be suppos$ to be made up ( a numb] ( small balls or p>ticles1 & ea* p>ticle ( matt] w act = itself4 ,heavy balls atta*$ to a gov]nor are only requisite to ov]come ! friction ( ! ?rottle valve :i* %uts (f ! /eam1 & ( ! connections lead+ !reto4 ,?\gh ! weight ( a ball increases its c5tripetal =ce1 x increases its c5trifugal =ce 9 ! same proportion4 ,,! ,,me*anical ,,p[]s4 #de4 ,q4--,:at d y und]/& by ! me*anical p[]s8 ,a4--,! me*anical p[]s are c]ta9 contrivances1 su* z ! w$ge1 ! screw1 ! incl9$ plane1 & o!r elem5t>y ma*9es1 :i* conv]t a small =ce act+ ?r\gh a great space into a great =ce act+ ?r\gh a small space4 ,9 ! s*ool treatises on me*anics1 a c]ta9 numb] ( ^! devices are set =? z ! me*anical p[]s1 & ea* sep>ate device is treat$ z if x involv$ a sep>ate pr9ciple2 b n a ti! ( ! contrivances :i* accompli% ! /ipulat$ end are repres5t$ 9 ^! le>n$ works1 & !re is no v obvi\s necessity = consid]+ ! pr9ciple ( ea* contrivance sep>ately :5 ! pr9ciples ( all are "o & ! same4 ,e pressure act+ ) a c]ta9 velocity1 or ?r\gh a c]ta9 space1 is conv]tible into a great] pressure act+ ) a less velocity1 or ?r\gh a small] space2 b ! quantity ( me*anical =ce rema9s un*ang$ by its trans=mation1 & all t ! implem5ts call$ me*anical p[]s accompli% is to effect ?is trans=mation4 #df4 ,q4--,is !re no p[] ga9$ by ! lev]8 ,a4--,n any3 ! p[] is m]ely put into ano!r %ape1 j z ! cont5ts ( a hog%ead ( port] are ! same1 :e!r !y be let (f by an in* tap or by a hole a foot 9 diamet]4 ,!re is a great] gu% 9 ! "o case ?an ! o!r1 b x w la/ a %ort] "t2 :5 a lev] is us$ !re is a great] =ce ex]t$1 b x acts ?r\gh a %ort] di/ance4 ,x requires j ! same exp5diture ( me*anical p[] to lift #a lb4 ?r\gh #ajj ft41 z to lift #ajj lbs4 ?r\gh #a foot4 ,a cyl9d] ( a giv5 cubical capacity w ex]t ! same p[] by ea* /roke1 :e!r ! cyl9d] be made tall & n>r[1 or %ort & wide2 b 9 ! "o case x w raise a small weight ?r\gh a great height1 & 9 ! o!r case1 a great weight ?r\gh a small height4 #dg4 ,q4--,is !re no loss ( p[] by ! use ( ! crank8 ,a4--,n any4 ,_m p]sons h suppos$ t !re 0 a loss ( p[] by ! use ( ! crank1 because at ! top & bottom c5tres x is capable ( ex]t+ little or no p[]2 b at ^? times !re is little or no /eam consum$1 s t no wa/e ( p[] is occasion$ by ! peculi>ity4 ,^? :o imag9e t !re is a loss ( p[] caus$ by ! crank p]plex !mselves by conf\nd+ ! v]tical ) ! circumf]5tial velocity4 ,if ! circle ( ! crank be divid$ by any numb] ( equidi/ant horizontal l9es1 x w be obvi\s t !re mu/ be ! same /eam consum$1 & ! same p[] exp5d$1 :5 ! crank p9 passes f ! level ( "o l9e to ! level ( ! o!r1 9 :atev] "p ( ! circle x may be1 ^? l9es be+ indicative ( equal asc5ts or desc5ts ( ! pi/on4 ,b x w be se5 t ! circumf]5tial velocity is great] ) ! same exp5diture ( /eam :5 ! crank p9 approa*es ! top & bottom c5tres2 & ?is increas$ velocity exactly comp5sates = ! dim9i%$ lev]age1 s t !re is ! same p[] giv5 out by ! crank 9 ea* ( ! divisions4 #dh4 ,q4--,h no plans be5 project$ = ga9+ p[] by means ( a lev]8 ,a4--,yes1 _m plans1--"s ( !m display+ mu* +5uity1 b all display+ a complete ignorance ( ! fir/ pr9ciples ( me*anics1 :i* tea* t p[] _c be ga9$ by any multiplication ( lev]s & :eels4 ,i h occasionally he>d p]sons say3 ,y ga9 a great deal ( p[] by ! use ( a cap/an2 :y n apply ! same res\rce 9 ! case ( a /eam vessel1 & increase ! p[] ( y\r eng9e by plac+ a cap/an motion betwe5 ! eng9e & paddle :eels8 ,o!rs ,i h he>d say3 ,by ! hydraulic press y c obta9 unlimit$ p[]2 :y n !n int]pose a hydraulic press betwe5 ! eng9es & ! paddles8 ,to ^! que/ions ! reply is suffici5tly obvi\s4 ,:atev] y ga9 9 =ce y lose 9 velocity2 & x w\ld b5efit y little to make ! paddles revolve ) t5 times ! =ce1 if y at ! same "t caus$ !m to make only a t5? ( ! numb] ( revolutions4 ,y _c1 by any comb9ation ( me*anism1 get increas$ =ce & increas$ spe$ at ! same "t1 or increas$ =ce )\t dim9i%$ spe$2 & x is f ! ignorance ( ?is inexorable condition1 t su* myriads ( s*emes = ! realization ( p]petual motion1 by comb9ations ( lev]s1 weights1 :eels1 quicksilv]1 cranks1 & o!r m]e pieces ( in]t matt]1 h be5 prop\nd$4 #di4 ,q4--,!n a =ce once call$ into exi/5ce _c be de/roy$8 ,a4--,no2 =ce is et]nal1 if by =ce y mean p[]1 or 9 o!r words pressure act+ ?\gh space4 ,b if by =ce y mean m]e pressure1 !n x furni%es no measure ( p[]4 ,p[] is n measurable by =ce b by =ce & velocity comb9$4 #ej4 ,q4--,is n p[] lo/ :5 two mov+ bodies /rike "o o!r & come to a /ate ( re/8 ,a4--,no1 n ev5 !n4 ,! bodies if ela/ic w reb\nd f "o ano!r ) _! orig9al velocity2 if n ela/ic !y w su/a9 an alt]ation ( =m1 & heat or electricity w be g5]at$ ( equival5t value to ! p[] :i* has disappe>$4 #ea4 ,q4--,!n if me*anical p[] _c be lo/1 & is be+ daily call$ into exi/5ce1 mu/ n !re be a daily increase 9 ! p[] exi/+ 9 ! _w8 ,a4--,t appe>s probable unless x fl[s back 9 ! %ape ( heat or electricity to ! cele/ial spaces4 ,! s\rce ( me*anical p[] is ! sun :i* exhales vapors t desc5d 9 ra91 to turn mills1 or :i* causes w9ds to bl[ by ! unequal r>efaction ( ! atmosph]e4 ,x is f ! sun too t ! p[] comes :i* is lib]at$ 9 a /eam eng9e4 ,! sol> rays enable plants to decompose c>bonic acid gas1 ! product ( combu/ion1 & ! vegetation ?us r5d]$ possible is ! s\rce ( coal & o!r combu/ible bodies4 ,! combu/ion ( coal "u a /eam boil] !re=e m]ely lib]ates ! p[] :i* ! sun gave out ?\s&s ( ye>s be=e4 ,,friction4 #eb4 ,q4--,:at is friction8 ,a4--,friction is ! resi/ance exp]i5c$ :5 "o body is rubb$ ^u ano!r body1 & is suppos$ to be ! result ( ! natural attraction :i* bodies h = "o ano!r1 & ( ! int]lock+ ( ! impalpable asp]ities ^u ! surfaces ( all bodies1 h[ev] smoo?4 ,!re is1 no d\bt1 "s electrical action involv$ 9 its production1 n yet recogniz$1 nor und]/ood2 & x is p]haps traceable to ! di/urbance ( ! electrical equilibrium ( ! p>ticles ( ! body ow+ to ! cond5sation or *ange ( figure :i* all bodies mu/ exp]i5ce :5 subject$ to a /ra94 ,:5 motion 9 opposite directions is giv5 to smoo? surfaces1 ! m9ute asp]ities ( "o surface mu/ m\nt ^u ^? ( ! o!r1 & bo? w be abrad$ & worn away1 9 :i* act p[] mu/ be exp5d$4 ,! friction ( smoo? rubb+ sub/ances is less :5 ! composition ( ^? sub/ances is diff]5t1 ?an :5 x is ! same1 ! p>ticles be+ suppos$ to int]lock less :5 ! opposite prom95ces or asp]ities are n co9cid5t4 #ec4 ,q4--,does friction increase ) ! ext5t ( rubb+ surface8 ,a4--,no2 ! friction1 s long z !re is no viol5t heat+ or abrasion1 is simply 9 ! proportion ( ! pressure keep+ ! surfaces toge!r1 or ne>ly s4 ,x is1 !re=e1 an obvi\s advantage to h ! be>+ surfaces ( /eam eng9es z l>ge z possible1 z !re is no increase ( friction by ext5d+ ! surface1 :ile !re is a great increase 9 ! durability4 ,:5 ! be>+s ( an eng9e are made too small1 !y v soon we> out4 #ed4 ,q4--,does friction increase 9 ! same ratio z velocity8 ,a4--,no2 friction does n increase ) ! velocity at all1 if ! friction ov] a giv5 am\nt ( surface be consid]$2 b x increases z ! velocity1 if ! comp>ison be made ) ! "t dur+ :i* ! friction acts4 ,?us ! friction ( ea* /roke ( a pi/on is ! same1 :e!r x makes #bj /rokes 9 ! m9ute1 or #dj3 9 ! latt] case1 h[ev]1 !re are twice ! numb] ( /rokes made1 s t1 ?\gh ! friction p] /roke is ! same1 ! friction p] m9ute is d\bl$4 ,! friction1 !re=e1 ( any ma*9e p] h\r v>ies z ! velocity1 ?\gh ! friction p] revolution rema9s1 at all ord9>y velocities1 ! same4 ,( excessive velocities we h n suffici5t exp]i5ce to enable u to /ate ) confid5ce :e!r ! same law cont9ues to op]ate among !m4 #ee4 ,q4--,c y give any approximate /atem5t ( ! =ce exp5d$ 9 ov]com+ friction8 ,a4--,x v>ies ) ! nature ( ! rubb+ bodies4 ,! friction ( iron slid+ ^u iron1 has g5]ally be5 tak5 at ab\t "o t5? ( ! pressure1 :5 ! surfaces are oil$ & !n wip$ aga91 s t no film ( oil is int]pos$4 ,! friction ( iron rubb+ ^u brass has g5]ally be5 tak5 at ab\t "o elev5? ( ! pressure "u ! same circum/ances2 b 9 ma*9es 9 actual op]ation1 :]e a film ( "s lubricat+ mat]ial is int]pos$ betwe5 ! rubb+ surfaces1 x is n m ?an "o ?ird ( ?is am\nt or #a_/cc;d ( ! weight4 ,:ile ?is1 h[ev]1 is ! av]age result1 ! friction is a good deal less 9 "s cases4 ,mr4 ,s\!rn1 9 "s exp]im5ts ^u ! friction ( ! axle ( a gr9d/one--an acc\nt ( :i* may be f\nd 9 ! #fe? volume ( ! ,philosophical ,transactions--f\nd ! friction to am\nt to less ?an #a_/dj? ( ! weight2 & ,mr4 ,wood1 9 "s exp]im5ts ^u ! friction ( locomotive axles1 f\nd t by ample lubrication ! friction may be made z little z #a_/fj? ( ! weight4 ,9 "s exp]im5ts ^u ! friction ( %afts by ,mr4 ,g4 ,r5nie1 he f\nd t ) a pressure ( f #a to #e cwt4 ! friction did n exce$ #a_/ci? ( ! pressure :5 tall[ 0 ! ungu5t employ$2 ) s(t soap x became #a_/cd?4 ,! fact appe>s to be t ! am\nt ( ! resi/ance d5om9at$ friction dep5ds1 9 a great measure1 ^u ! nature ( ! ungu5t employ$1 & 9 c]ta9 cases ! viscidity ( ! ungu5t may occasion a great] ret>dation ?an ! resi/ance caus$ by ! attrition4 ,9 wat*work !re=e1 & o!r f9e me*anism1 x is necess>y bo? to keep ! be>+ surfaces small1 & to employ a ?9 & limpid oil = ! purpose ( lubrication1 = ! resi/ance caus$ by ! viscidity ( ! ungu5t increases ) ! am\nt ( surface1 & ! am\nt ( surface is relatively great] 9 ! small] class ( works4 #ef4 ,q4--,is a v ?9 ungu5t pref]able also = ! l>g] class ( be>+s8 ,a4--,! nature ( ! ungu5t1 prop] = diff]5t be>+s1 appe>s to dep5d 9 a great measure ^u ! am\nt ( ! pressure to :i* ! be>+s are subject$1--! h>de/ ungu5ts be+ be/ :]e ! pressure is greate/4 ,! function ( lubricat+ sub/ances is to prev5t ! rubb+ surfaces f com+ into contact1 :]eby abrasion w\ld be produc$1 & ungu5ts are effectual 9 ?is respect 9 ! proportion ( _! viscidity2 b if ! viscidity ( ! ungu5t be great] ?an :at suffices to keep ! surfaces asund]1 an additional resi/ance w be occasion$2 & ! nature ( ! ungu5t select$ %\ld always h ref]5ce1 !re=e1 to ! size ( ! rubb+ surfaces1 or to ! pressure p] squ>e in* ^u !m4 ,) oil ! friction appe>s to be a m9imum :5 ! pressure on ! surface ( a be>+ is ab\t #ij lbs4 p] squ>e in*4 ,! friction f too small a surface increases twice z rapidly z ! friction f too l>ge a surface1 add$ to :i*1 ! be>+1 :5 ! surface is too small1 we>s rapidly away4 #eg4 ,q4--,has n ,m4 ,mor91 9 ,france1 made "s v complete exp]im5ts to det]m9e ! friction ( surfaces ( diff]5t k9ds slid+ ^u "o ano!r8 ,a4--,he has2 b ! result does n diff] mat]ially f :at is /at$ above1 ?\gh1 ^u ! :ole1 ,m4 ,mor91 f\nd ! resi/ance due to friction to be some:at great] ?an x has be5 f\nd to be by v>i\s o!r eng9e]s4 ,:5 ! surfaces 7 m]ely wip$ ) a greasy clo?1 b _h no film ( lubricat+ mat]ial int]pos$1 ! friction ( brass ^u ca/ iron he f\nd to be 4#ajg1 or ab\t #a_/aj? ( ! load1 :i* 0 also ! friction ( ca/ iron ^u oak4 ,b :5 a film ( lubricat+ mat]ial 0 int]pos$1 he f\nd t ! friction 0 ! same :e!r ! surfaces 7 wood on metal1 wood on wood1 metal on wood1 or metal on metal2 & ! am\nt ( ! friction 9 su* case dep5d$ *iefly on ! nature ( ! ungu5t4 ,) a mixture ( hog's l>d & olive oil int]pos$ betwe5 ! surfaces1 ! friction 0 usually f #a_/ab? to #a_/ad? ( ! load1 b 9 "s cases x 0 only #a_/bj? ( ! load4 #eh4 ,q4--,may wat] be made to s]ve = purposes ( lubrication8 ,a4--,yes1 wat] w answ] v well if ! surface be v l>ge relatively ) ! pressure2 & 9 screw vessels :]e ! propell] %aft passes ?r\gh a long pipe at ! /]n1 ! /uff+ box is purposely made a little leaky4 ,! small leakage ( wat] into ! vessel :i* is ?us occasion$1 keeps ! screw %aft 9 ?is situation always wet1 & ?is is all ! lubrication :i* ?is be>+ requires or obta9s4 #ei4 ,q4--,:at is ! utmo/ pressure :i* may be employ$ )\t heat+ :5 oil is ! lubricat+ mat]ial8 ,a4--,t w dep5d ^u ! velocity4 ,:5 ! pressure exce$s #hjj lbs4 p] squ>e in*1 h[ev]1 ^u ! section ( ! be>+ 9 a direction p>allel ) ! axis1 !n ! oil w be =c$ out & ! be>+ w necess>ily heat4 #fj4 ,q4--,b1 )1 a giv5 velocity1 c y tell ! limit ( pressure :i* w be safe 9 practice2 or ) a giv5 pressure1 c y tell ! limit ( velocity8 ,a4--,yes2 t may be done by ! foll[+ empirical rule1 :i* has be5 d]iv$ f obs]vations made ^u be>+s ( diff]5t sizes & mov+ ) diff]5t velocities4 ,divide ! numb] #gj1jjj by ! velocity ( ! surface ( ! be>+ 9 feet p] m9ute4 ,! quoti5t w be ! numb] ( p\nds p] squ>e in* ( section 9 ! l9e ( ! axis t may be put ^u ! be>+4 ,or1 if we divide #gj1jjj by ! numb] ( p\nds p] squ>e in* ( section1 !n ! quoti5t w be ! velocity 9 feet p] m9ute at :i* ! circumf]5ce ( ! be>+ may "w4 #fa4 ,q4--,! numb] ( squ>e in*es ^u :i* ! pressure is reckon$1 is n ! circumf]5ce ( ! be>+ multipli$ by its l5g?1 b ! diamet] ( ! be>+ multipli$ by its l5g?8 ,a4--,precisely s1 x w be ! diamet] multipli$ by ! l5g? ( ! be>+4 #fb4 ,q4--,:at is ! am\nt ( friction 9 ! case ( surfaces slid+ ^u "o ano!r 9 s&y or muddy wat]--su* surfaces1 = example1 z are to be f\nd 9 ! sluices ( valves = wat]8 ,a4--,v>i\s exp]im5ts h be5 made by ,mr4 ,summ]s ( ,s\?ampton to asc]ta9 ! friction ( brass surfaces slid+ ^u ea* o!r 9 salt wat]1 ) ! view ( f9d+ ! p[] requir$ = mov+ sluice doors = lock gates & = o!r simil> purposes4 ,! surfaces 7 plan$ z true & smoo? z ! plan+ ma*9e w\ld make !m1 b 7 n fil$ or scrap$1 & ! result 0 z foll[s3 ,area ( ,slide ,weight or ,pressure on ,p[] requir$ to move ! rubb+ rubb+ ,surface4 ,slide sl[ly 9 muddy ,surface4 ,salt ,wat]1 kept /irr$ up4 ,sq4 94 ,lb4 ,lb4 #h #ef #ba4e #aab #dd4 #afh #fe4e #bbd #hh4e #ccf #adj4e #ddh #agj4ge ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,sket* ( ,slide4 ,! fac+ on :i* ! slide mov$ 0 simil>1 b ?ree or f\r times z long4 ,^! results 7 ! av]age ( eight fair trials2 9 ea* case1 ! slid+ surfaces 7 totally imm]s$ 9 muddy salt wat]1 & al?\gh ! app>atus us$ = draw+ ! slide along 0 n v delicately fitt$ up1 ! p[] requir$ may be consid]$ z a suffici5t approximation = practical purposes4 ,x appe>s f ^! exp]im5ts1 t r\gh surfaces foll[ ! same law z reg>ds friction t is foll[$ by smoo?1 = 9 ea* case ! friction increases directly z ! pressure4 ,,/r5g? ,,( ,,mat]ials ,,& ,,/ra9s ,,subsi/+ ,,9 ,,ma*9es4 #fc4 ,q4--,9 :at way are ! /r5g?s ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( a /eam eng9e det]m9$8 ,a4--,by ref]5ce to ! am\nt ( ! /ra9 or pressure to :i* !y are subject$1 & to ! cohesive /r5g? ( ! iron or o!r mat]ial ( :i* !y are compos$4 ,! /ra9s subsi/+ 9 eng9es are usually *>act]iz$ z t5sile1 cru%+1 twi/+1 break+1 & %e>+ /ra9s2 b !y may be all resolv$ into /ra9s ( ext5sion & /ra9s ( compression2 & by ! p[] ( ! mat]ials to resi/ ^! two /ra9s1 w _! practical /r5g? be measurable4 #fd4 ,q4--,:at are ! ultimate /r5g?s ( ! malleable & ca/ iron1 brass1 & o!r mat]ials employ$ 9 ! con/ruction ( eng9es8 ,a4--,! t5sile & cru%+ /r5g?s ( any giv5 mat]ial are by no means ! same4 ,! t5sile /r5g?1 or /r5g? :5 ext5d$1 ( good b> iron is ab\t #fj1jjj lbs41 or ne>ly #bg tons p] squ>e in* ( section2 & ! t5sile /r5g? ( ca/ iron is ab\t #ae1jjj lbs41 or say #f #c_/d to #g tons p] squ>e in* ( section4 ,^! are ! weights :i* are requir$ to break !m4 ,! cru%+ /ra9 ( ca/ iron1 h[ev]1 is ab\t #ajj1jjj lbs41 or #dd #a_/b tons2 :]eas ! cru%+ /r5g? ( malleable iron is n m ?an #bg1jjj lbs41 or #ab tons1 p] squ>e in* ( section1 & inde$ x is g5]ally less ?an ?is4 ,! ultimate t5sile /r5g?1 !re=e1 ( malleable iron is f\r times great] ?an t ( ca/ iron1 b ! cru%+ /r5g? ( ca/ iron is betwe5 ?ree & f\r times great] ?an t ( wr\ght iron4 ,x may be /at$1 9 r\nd numb]s1 t ! t5sile /r5g? ( malleable iron is twice great] ?an its cru%+ /r5g?2 or1 9 o!r words1 t x w take twice ! /ra9 to break a b> ( malleable iron by draw+ x asund] endways1 ?an w cripple x by =c+ x toge!r endways l a pill>2 :]eas a b> ( ca/ iron w be drawn asund] ) "o six? ( ! =ce t w be requir$ to break or cripple x :5 =c$ toge!r endways l a pill>4 #fe4 ,q4--,:at is ! cohesive /r5g? ( /eel8 ,a4--,! ultimate t5sile /r5g? ( good ca/ or bli/]$ /eel is ab\t twice z great z t ( wr\ght iron1 be+ ab\t #acj1jjj lbs4 p] squ>e in* ( section4 ,! t5sile /r5g? ( gun metal1 su* z is us$ 9 eng9es1 is ab\t #cf1jjj lbs4 p] squ>e in* ( section2 ( wr\ght copp] ab\t #cc1jjj lbs42 & ( ca/ copp] ab\t #ai1jjj lbs4 p] squ>e ,in* ( section4 #ff4 ,q4--,is ! cru%+ /r5g? ( /eel great] or less ?an its t5sile /r5g?8 ,a4--,x is ab\t twice great]4 ,a good /eel pun* w pun* ?r\gh a plate ( wr\ght iron ( a ?ickness equal to ! diamet] ( ! pun*4 ,a pun* !re=e ( an in* diamet] w pi]ce a plate an in* ?ick4 ,n[ x is well kn[n1 t ! /ra9 requir$ to pun* a piece ( metal out ( a plate1 is j ! same z t requir$ to te> asund] a b> ( iron ( ! same area ( cross section z ! area ( ! surface cut4 ,! area ( ! surface cut 9 ?is case w be ! circumf]5ce ( ! pun*1 #c4adaf in*es1 multipli$ by ! ?ickness ( ! plate1 #a in*1 :i* makes ! area ( ! cut surface #c4adaf squ>e in*es4 ,! area ( ! po9t ( ! pun* subject$ to ! pressure is 4#ghed squ>e in*es1 s t ! area cut to ! area cru%$ is z f\r to "o4 ,9 o!r words1 x w require f\r times ! /ra9 to cru% /eel t is requir$ to te> asund] malleable iron1 or x w take ab\t twice ! /ra9 to cru% /eel t x w require to break x by ext5sion4 #fg4 ,q4--,:at /ra9 may be appli$ to malleable iron 9 practice8 ,a4--,a b> ( wr\ght iron to :i* a t5sile or compress+ /ra9 is appli$1 is elongat$ or contract$ l a v /iff spiral spr+1 ne>ly 9 ! proportion ( ! am\nt ( /ra9 appli$ up to ! limit at :i* ! /r5g? beg9s to give way1 & )9 ?is limit x w recov] its orig9al dim5sions :5 ! /ra9 is remov$4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! /ra9 be c>ri$ beyond ?is limit1 ! b> w n recov] its orig9al dim5sions1 b w be p]man5tly pull$ out or pu%$ 91 j z w\ld happ5 to a spr+ to :i* an undue /ra9 _h be5 appli$4 ,?is limit is :at is call$ ! limit ( ela/icity2 & :5ev] x is exce$$1 ! b>1 ?\gh x may n break imm$iately1 w und]go a progressive det]ioration1 & w break 9 ! c\rse ( "t4 ,! limit ( ela/icity ( malleable iron :5 ext5d$1 or1 9 o!r words1 ! t5sile /ra9 to :i* a b> ( malleable iron an in* squ>e may be subject$ )\t p]man5tly d]ang+ its /ructure1 is usually tak5 at #ag1hjj lbs41 or f t to #aj tons1 dep5d+ on ! quality ( ! iron4 ,x has also be5 f\nd t malleable iron is ext5d$ ab\t "o t5-?\s&? "p ( its l5g? = e ton ( direct /ra9 appli$ to x4 #fh4 ,q4--,:at is ! limit ( ela/icity ( ca/ iron8 ,a4--,x is commonly tak5 at #ae1cjj lbs4 p] squ>e in* ( section2 b ?is is c]ta9ly mu* too high1 z x exce$s ! t5sile /r5g? ( irons ( m$ium quality4 ,a b> ( ca/ iron if compress$ by weights w be contract$ 9 l5g? twice z mu* z a b> ( malleable iron "u simil> circum/ances2 b malleable iron1 :5 subject$ to a great] /ra9 ?an #ab tons p] squ>e in* ( section1 gradually crumples up by ! m]e cont9uance ( ! weight4 ,a ca/-iron b> "o in* squ>e & t5 feet long1 is %ort5$ ab\t "o t5? ( an in* by a compress+ =ce ( #aj1jjj lbs41 :]eas a malleable iron b> ( ! same dim5sions w\ld require to %ort5 x equally a compress+ =ce ( #bj1jjj lbs4 ,z ! load1 h[ev]1 approa*es #ab tons1 ! compressions become ne>ly equal1 & above t po9t ! rate ( ! compression ( ! malleable iron rapidly increases4 ,a b> ( ca/ iron1 :5 at its break+ po9t by ! application ( a t5sile /ra91 is /ret*$ ab\t "o six-hundr$? "p ( its l5g?2 & an equal /ra9 employ$ to compress x1 w\ld %ort5 x ab\t "o eight-hundr$? "p ( its l5g?4 #fi4 ,q4--,b to :at /ra9 may ! iron us$ 9 ! con/ruction ( eng9es be safely subject$8 ,a4--,! mo/ ( ! work+ p>ts ( mod]n eng9es are made ( malleable iron1 & ! utmo/ /ra9 to :i* wr\ght iron %\ld be subject$ 9 ma*9]y is #djjj lbs4 p] squ>e in* ( section4 ,ca/ iron %\ld n be subject$ to m ?an half ( ?is4 ,9 locomotive boil]s ! /ra9 ( #djjj lbs4 p] squ>e in* ( section is sometimes exce$$ by ne>ly "o half2 b su* an excess ( /ra9 approa*es ! limits ( dang]4 #gj4 ,q4--,w y expla9 9 :at way ! v>i\s /ra9s subsi/+ 9 a /eam eng9e may be resolv$ into t5sile & cru%+ /ra9s2 also 9 :at way ! magnitude ( ^? /ra9s may be det]m9$8 ,a4--,to take ! case ( a beam subject$ to a transv]se /ra91 su* z ! great beam ( an eng9e1 x is cle>1 if we suppose ! beam brok5 ?r\gh ! middle1 t ! am\nt ( /ra9 at ! upp] & l[] edges ( ! beam1 :]e ! :ole /ra9 may be suppos$ to be collect$1 w1 ) any giv5 pressure on ! pi/on1 dep5d ^u ! proportion ( ! l5g? to ! dep? ( ! beam4 ,"o edge ( ! beam breaks by ext5sion1 & ! o!r edge by compression2 & ! upp] & l[] edges may be reg>d$ z pill>s1 "o ( :i* is ext5d$ by ! /ra91 & ! o!r is compress$4 ,if1 to make an extreme supposition1 ! dep? ( ! beam is tak5 z equal to its l5g?1 !n ! pill>s answ]+ to ! edges ( ! beam w be compress$1 & ext5d$ by :at is virtually a bellcrank lev] ) equal arms2 ! horizontal di/ance f ! ma9 c5tre to ! end ( ! beam be+ "o ( ! arms1 & ! v]tical height f ! ma9 c5tre to ! top edge ( ! beam be+ ! o!r arm4 ,! di/ance1 !re=e1 pass$ ?r\gh by ! fractur$ edge ( ! beam dur+ a /roke ( ! eng9e1 w be equal to ! l5g? ( ! /roke2 & ! /ra9 x w h to su/a9 w consequ5tly be equal to ! pressure on ! pi/on4 ,if its motion 7 only half t ( ! pi/on1 z w\ld be ! case if its dep? 7 made "o half less1 ! /ra9 ! beam w\ld h to be> w\ld be twice z great2 & x may be set d[n z an axiom1 t ! /ra9 ^u any "p ( a /eam eng9e or o!r ma*9e is inv]sely equal to ! /ra9 produc$ by ! prime mov]1 multipli$ by ! comp>ative velocity ) :i* ! "p 9 "q moves4 ,if any "p ( an eng9e moves ) a less velocity ?an ! pi/on1 x w h a great] /ra9 on x1 if resi/$1 ?an is ?r[n ^u ! pi/on4 ,if x moves ) a great] velocity ?an ! pi/on1 x w h a less /ra9 ^u x1 & ! diff]5ce ( /ra9 w 9 e case be 9 ! inv]se proportion ( ! diff]5ce ( ! velocity4 #ga4 ,q4--,!n1 9 comput+ ! am\nt ( metal necess>y to give due /r5g? to a beam1 ! fir/ po9t is to det]m9e ! velocity ) :i* ! edge ( ! beam moves at t po9t 7 ! /ra9 is greate/8 ,a4--,! web ( a ca/-iron beam or gird] s]ves m]ely to connect ! upp] & l[] edges or flanges rigidly toge!r1 s z to enable ! ext5d+ & compress+ /ra9s to be c\nt]act$ 9 an effectual mann] by ! metal ( ^? flanges4 ,x is only necess>y1 !re=e1 to make ! flanges ( suffici5t /r5g? to resi/ effectually ! cru%+ & t5sile /ra9s to :i* !y are expos$1 & to make ! web ( ! beam ( suffici5t /r5g? to prev5t a di/ortion ( its %ape f tak+ place4 #gb4 ,q4--,is ! /ra9 great] f be+ movable or int]mitt5t ?an if x 0 /ation>y8 ,a4--,yes x is ne>ly twice z great f be+ movable4 ,eng9e]s are 9 ! habit ( mak+ gird]s int5d$ to su/a9 a /ation>y load1 ab\t ?ree times /rong] ?an ! break+ weight2 b if ! load be a movable "o1 z is ! case 9 ! gird]s ( railway bridges1 !y make ! /r5g? equal to six times ! break+ weight4 #gc4 ,q4--,!n ! /ra9 is increas$ by ! sudd5ness ) :i* x is appli$8 ,a4--,if a weight be plac$ on a long & sl5d] beam propp$ up 9 ! middle1 & ! prop be sudd5ly )drawn1 s z to all[ deflection to take place1 x is cle> t ! deflection mu/ be great] ?an if ! load _h be5 gradually appli$4 ,! mom5tum ( ! weight & also ( ! beam itself fall+ ?r\gh ! space ?r\gh :i* x has be5 deflect$1 has necess>ily to be c\nt]act$ by ! ela/icity ( ! beam2 & ! beam w1 !re=e1 be mom5t>ily b5t to a great] ext5t ?an :at is due to ! load1 & aft] a few vibrations up & d[n x w f9ally settle at t po9t ( deflection :i* ! load prop]ly occasions4 ,x is obvi\s t a beam mu/ be /rong en\gh1 n m]ely to su/a9 ! pressure due to ! load1 b also t accession ( pressure due to ! c\nt]act$ mom5tum ( ! weight & ( ! beam itself4 ,al?\gh 9 /eam eng9es ! beam is n load$ by a weight1 b by ! pressure ( ! /eam1 yet ! mom5tum ( ! beam itself mu/ 9 e case be c\nt]act$1 & ! mom5tum w be consid]able 9 e case 9 :i* a l>ge & rapid deflection takes place4 ,a rapid deflection increases ! am\nt ( ! deflection z well z ! am\nt ( ! /ra91 z is se5 9 ! cyl9d] cov] ( a ,corni% pump+ eng9e1 into :i* ! /eam is sudd5ly admitt$1 & 9 :i* ! mom5tum ( ! p>ticles ( ! metal put into motion increases ! deflection to an ext5t su* z ! m]e pressure ( ! /eam c\ld n produce4 #gd4 ,q4--,:at w be ! am\nt ( increas$ /ra9 consequ5t ^u deflection8 ,a4--,! mom5tum ( any mov+ body be+ proportional to ! squ>e ( its velocity1 x foll[s t ! /ra9 w be proportional to ! squ>e ( ! am\nt ( deflection produc$ 9 a specifi$ "t4 #ge4 ,q4--,b w n ! in]tia ( a beam resi/ deflection1 z well z ! mom5tum increase deflection8 ,a4--,no d\bt t w be s2 b :e!r 9 practical cases increase ( mass )\t ref]5ce to /r5g? or load w1 ^u ! :ole1 increase or dim9i% deflection1 w dep5d v mu* ^u ! magnitude ( ! mass relatively ) ! magnitude ( ! deflect+ pressure1 & ! rapidity ) :i* t pressure is appli$ & remov$4 ,?us if a =ce or weight be v sudd5ly appli$ to ! middle ( a pond]\s beam1 & be z sudd5ly )drawn1 ! in]tia ( ! beam w1 z 9 ! case ( ! collision ( bodies1 t5d to resi/ ! =ce1 & ?us obviate deflection to a consid]able ext5t2 b if ! pressure be s long cont9u$ z to produce ! am\nt ( deflection due to ! pressure1 ! effect ( ! in]tia 9 t case w be to increase ! deflection4 #gf4 ,q4--,w ! pressure giv5 to ! beam ( an eng9e 9 diff]5t directions facilitate its fracture8 ,a4--,iron beams b5t alt]nately 9 opposite directions1 or alt]nately deflect$ & releas$1 w be brok5 9 ! c\rse ( "t ) a mu* less /ra9 ?an is necess>y to produce imm$iate fracture4 ,x has be5 f\nd1 exp]im5tally1 t a ca/-iron b>1 deflect$ by a revolv+ cam to only half ! ext5t due to its break+ weight1 w 9 no case )/& #ijj successive deflections2 b1 if b5t by ! cam to only "o ?ird ( its ultimate deflection1 x w )/& #ajj1jjj deflections )\t visible injury4 ,look+1 h[ev]1 to ! jolts & vibrations to :i* eng9es are subject1 & ! sudd5 /ra9s sometimes ?r[n ^u !m1 ei!r f wat] gett+ into ! cyl9d] or o!rwise1 x does n appe> t a /r5g? answ]+ to six times ! break+ weight w give suffici5t m>g9 = safety 9 ! case ( ca/-iron beams4 #gg4 ,q4--,does ! same law hold 9 ! case ( ! deflection ( malleable iron b>s8 ,a4--,9 ! case ( malleable iron b>s x has be5 f\nd t no v p]ceptible damage 0 caus$ by #aj1jjj deflections1 ea* deflection be+ su* z 0 due to half ! load t produc$ a l>ge p]man5t deflection4 #gh4 ,q4--,! p[] ( a rod or pill> to resi/ compression becomes v little :5 ! diamet] is small & ! l5g? great8 ,a4--,! p[] ( a rod or pill> to resi/ compression1 v>ies ne>ly z ! f\r? p[] ( ! diamet] divid$ by ! squ>e ( ! l5g?4 ,9 ! case ( holl[ cyl9drical columns ( ca/ iron1 x has be5 f\nd1 exp]im5tally1 t ! #c4ee? p[] ( ! int]nal diamet]1 subtract$ f ! #c4ee? p[] ( ! ext]nal diamet]1 & divid$ by ! #a4g? p[] ( ! l5g?1 w repres5t ! /r5g? v ne>ly4 ,9 ! case ( holl[ cyl9drical columns ( malleable iron1 exp]im5t %[s t ! #c4ei? p[] ( ! int]nal diamet]1 subtract$ f ! #c4ei? p[] ( ! ext]nal diamet]1 & divid$ by ! squ>e ( ! l5g?1 gives a prop] expression = ! /r5g?2 b ?is rule only holds :]e ! /ra9 does n exce$ #h or #i tons on ! squ>e in* ( section4 ,beyond #ab or #ac tons p] squ>e in* ( section1 ! metal _c be dep5d$ ^u to )/& ! /ra91 ?\gh holl[ pill>s w sometimes be> #ae or #af tons p] squ>e in* ( section4 #gi4 ,q4--,does n ! ?ickness ( ! metal ( ! pill>s or tubes affect ! "q8 ,a4--,x manife/ly does2 = a tube ( v ?9 metal1 su* z gold leaf or t9 foil1 w\ld n /& on end at all1 be+ cru%$ d[n by its own weight4 ,x is f\nd1 exp]im5tally1 t 9 malleable iron tubes ( ! respective ?icknesses ( 4#ebe1 4#bgb1 & 4#abd in*es1 ! resi/ances p] squ>e in* ( section are #ai4ag1 #ad4dg1 & #g4dg tons respectively4 ,! p[] ( plates to resi/ compression v>ies ne>ly z ! cube1 or m ne>ly z ! #b4hgh? p[] ( _! ?ickness2 b ?is law only holds s long z ! pressure appli$ does n exce$ f #i to #ab tons p] squ>e in* ( section4 ,:5 ! pressure is great] ?an ?is ! metal is cru%$1 & a new law sup]v5es1 accord+ to :i* x is necess>y to employ plates ( twice or ?ree times ! ?ickness1 to obta9 twice ! resi/+ p[]4 #hj4 ,q4--,9 a rivet$ tube1 w ! rivet+ be mu*1 damag$ by heavy /ra9s8 ,a4--,x w be mo/ affect$ by p]cussion4 ,long-cont9u$ impact on ! side ( a tube1 produc+ a deflection ( only "o fif? ( t :i* w\ld be requir$ to injure x by pressure1 is f\nd to be de/ructive ( ! rivet+2 b 9 l>ge rivet$ /ructures1 su* z a %ip or a railway bridge1 ! in]tia ( ! mass w1 by resi/+ ! effect ( impact1 prev5t any injuri\s action f ?is cause f tak+ place4 #ha4 ,q4--,w ! p[] ( iron to resi/ %ocks be 9 all cases proportional to its p[] to resi/ /ra9s8 ,a4--,by no means4 ,"s ca/ iron is v h>d & brittle2 & al?\gh x w 9 ?is /ate resi/ compression v /rongly1 x1 w be easily brok5 by a bl[4 ,iron :i* has be5 remelt$ _m times g5]ally falls into ?is category1 z x w also d if run into v small ca/+s4 ,x has be5 f\nd1 by exp]im5t1 t iron ( :i* ! cru%+ weight p] squ>e in* is ab\t #db tons1 w1 if remelt$ twelve times1 be> a cru%+ weight ( #gj tons1 & if remelt$ eighte5 times x w be> a cru%+ weight ( #hc tons2 b tak+ its p[] to resi/ impact 9 its fir/ /ate at #gjf1 ?is p[] w be rais$ at ! twelf? remelt+ to #aaec1 & w be sunk at ! eighte5? remelt+ to #adi4 #hb4 ,q4--,f all ?is x appe>s t a comb9ation ( ca/ iron & malleable iron is ! be/ = ! beams ( eng9es8 ,a4--,yes1 & = all beams4 ,eng9e beams %\ld be made deep] at ! middle ?an !y are n[ made2 ! web %\ld be light5$ by holes pi]c$ 9 x1 & r\nd ! edge ( ! beam !re %\ld be a malleable iron hoop or /rap securely atta*$ to ! flanges by rivet+ or o!rwise4 ,! flanges at ! edges ( eng9e beams are inv>iably made too small4 ,x is 9 !m t ! /r5g? ( ! beam *iefly resides4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,g5]al ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,/eam ,,eng9e4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,boil]4 #hc4 ,q4--,:at are ! *ief v>ieties ( ! /eam eng9e 9 actual practical use8 ,a4--,!re is fir/ ! s+le-act+ eng9e1 :i* is us$ = pump+ wat]2 ! rotative l& eng9e1 :i* is employ$ to drive mills & manufactories2 ! rotative m>9e eng9e1 :i* is us$ to propel /eam vessels2 & ! locomotive eng9e1 :i* is employ$ on railways4 ,! la/ is always a high-pressure eng9e2 ! o!rs are1 = ! mo/ "p1 cond5s+ eng9es4 #hd4 ,q4--,w y expla9 ! con/ruction & action ( ! s+le-act+ eng9e1 us$ = dra9+ m9es8 ,a4--,p]mit me !n to beg9 ) ! boil]1 :i* is common & necess>y to all eng9es2 & ,i w take ! example ( a wagon boil]1 su* z 0 employ$ by ,b\lton & ,watt univ]sally 9 _! e>ly eng9es1 & :i* is /ill 9 ext5sive use4 ,?is boil] is a long rectangul> vessel1 ) a r\nd$ top1 l t ( a c>ri]'s wagon1 f its resemblance to :i* x d]ives its "n4 ,a fire is set b5ea? x1 & flues con/ruct$ ( brickwork encircle x1 s z to keep ! flame & smoke 9 contact ) ! boil] = a suffici5t "t to absorb ! heat4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c #he4 ,q4--,?is species ( boil] has n an int]nal furnace1 b is set 9 brickwork1 9 :i* ! furnace is =m$8 ,a4--,precisely s4 ,! g5]al arrangem5t & configuration w be at once und]/ood by a ref]5ce to ! annex$ figure 7fig4 #c71 :i* is a transv]se section ( a wagon boil]4 ,! l9e b repres5ts ! top ( ! grate or fire b>s1 :i* slope d[nw>d f ! front at an angle ( ab\t #be1 giv+ ! fuel a t5d5cy to move t[>d ! back ( ! grate4 ,! supply ( air asc5ds f ! a% pit ?r\gh ! grate b>s1 & ! flame passes ov] a l[ wall or bridge1 & trav]ses ! bottom ( ! boil]4 ,! smoke rises up at ! back ( ! boil]1 & proce$s ?r\gh ! flue ,f along "o side to ! front1 & returns along ! o!r side ( ! boil]1 & !n asc5ds ! *imney4 ,! p]=mance ( ?is c\rse by ! smoke is :at is t]m$ a :eel draught1 z ! smoke :eels once r\nd ! boil]1 & !n asc5ds ! *imney4 #hf4 ,q4--,is ! p]=mance ( ?is c\rse by ! smoke univ]sal 9 wagon boil]s8 ,a4--,no2 su* boil]s sometimes h :at is t]m$ a split draught4 ,! smoke & flame1 :5 !y rea* ! end ( ! boil]1 pass 9 ?is case ?r\gh an iron flue or tube1 rea*+ f end to end ( ! boil]2 & on arriv+ at ! front ( ! boil]1 ! smoke splits or sep>ates--"o half pass+ ?r\gh a flue on ! "o side ( ! boil]1 & ! o!r half pass+ ?r\gh a flue on ! o!r side ( ! boil]--bo? ( ^! flues hav+ _! deb\* 9 ! *imney4 #hg4 ,q4--,:at are ! appliances usually connect$ ) a wagon boil]8 ,a4--,on ! top ( ! boil]1 ne> ! front1 is a %ort cyl9d]1 ) a lid secur$ by bolts4 ,?is is ! manhole door1 ! purpose ( :i* is to enable a man to get into ! inside ( ! boil] :5 necess>y = inspection & repair4 ,on ! top ( ?is door is a small valve op5+ d[nw>d1 call$ ! atmosph]ic valve4 ,! int5tion ( ?is valve is to prev5t a vacuum f be+ =m$ accid5tally 9 ! boil]1 :i* might collapse x2 = if ! pressure 9 ! boil] subsides to a po9t mat]ially bel[ ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e1 ! valve w op5 & all[ air to get 94 ,a b5t pipe1 :i* rises up f ! top ( ! boil]1 imm$iately beh9d ! position ( ! manhole1 is ! /eam pipe = conduct+ ! /eam to ! eng9e2 & a b5t pipe :i* asc5ds f ! top ( ! boil]1 at ! back end1 is ! wa/e-/eam pipe = conduct+ away ! /eam1 :i* escapes ?r\gh ! safety valve4 ,?is valve is set 9 a *e/1 /&+ on ! top ( ! boil]1 at ! foot ( ! wa/e-/eam pipe1 & x is load$ ) iron or lead5 weights to a po9t answ]able to ! int5d$ pressure ( ! /eam4 #hh4 ,q4--,h[ is ! prop] level ( ! wat] 9 ! boil] ma9ta9$8 ,a4--,by means ( a balanc$ buoy or float4 ,?is float is atta*$ to a rod1 :i* 9 its turn is atta*$ to a lev] set on ! top ( a l>ge upright pipe4 ,! upp] "p ( ! pipe is wid5$ out into a small ci/]n1 ?r\gh a %ort pipe 9 ! middle ( :i* a *a9 passes to ! damp]2 b any wat] empti$ into ?is small ci/]n _c pass into ! pipe1 except ?r\gh a small valve fix$ to ! lev] to :i* ! rod is atta*$4 ,! wat] = repl5i%+ ! boil] is pump$ into ! small ci/]n on ! top ( ! pipe2 & x foll[s f ^! arrangem5ts t :5 ! buoy falls1 ! rod op5s ! small valve & all[s ! fe$ wat] to ent] ! pipe1 :i* communicates ) ! wat] 9 ! boil]2 :]eas1 :5 ! buoy rises1 ! fe$ _c ent] ! pipe1 & x has1 !re=e1 to run to wa/e ?r\gh an ov]fl[ pipe provid$ = ! purpose4 #hi4 ,q4--,h[ is ! /r5g? ( ! fire regulat$8 ,a4--,! draught ?r\gh ! furnaces ( l& boil]s is regulat$ by a plate ( metal or a damp]1 z x is call$1 :i* slides l a sluice up & d[n 9 ! flue1 & ?is damp] is clos$ m or less :5 ! int5sity ( ! fire has to be mod]at$4 ,9 wagon boil]s ?is is g5]ally accompli%$ by self-act+ me*anism4 ,9 ! small ci/]n pipe1 :i* is call$ a /& pipe1 ! wat] rises up to a height proportional to ! pressure ( ! /eam1 & ! surface ( ! wat] 9 ?is pipe w rise or fall ) ! fluctuations 9 ! pressure ( ! /eam4 ,9 ?is pipe a float is plac$1 :i* communicates by means ( a *a9 ) ! damp]4 ,if ! pressure ( ! /eam rises1 ! float w be rais$ & ! damp] clos$1 :]eas1 if ! pressure 9 ! boil] falls1 ! rev]se ( ?is action w take place4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 #ij4 ,q4--,are all l& boil]s ( ! same con/ruction z t :i* y h j describ$8 ,a4--,no2 _m l& boil]s are n[ made ( a cyl9drical =m1 ) "o or two int]nal flues 9 :i* ! furnace is plac$4 ,a boil] ( ?is k9d is repres5t$ 9 ,figs4 #d & #e1 & :i* is ! species ( boil] pr9cipally us$ 9 ,cornwall4 ,9 ?is boil] a l>ge int]nal cyl9d] or flue runs f end to end4 ,9 ! =e "p ( ?is cyl9d] ! furnace is plac$1 & beh9d ! furnace a l>ge tube fill$ ) wat] ext5ds to ! end ( ! boil]4 ,?is int]nal tube is connect$ to ! bottom "p ( ! boil] by a copp] pipe /&+ v]tically imm$iately beh9d ! furnace bridge1 & to ! top "p ( ! boil] by a b5t copp] pipe :i* /&s 9 a v]tical position ne> ! end ( ! boil]4 ,! smoke1 aft] pass+ ?r\gh ! c5tral flue1 circulates r\nd ! sides & b5ea? ! bottom ( ! boil] be=e its f9al escape into ! *imney4 ,! boil] is c>efully cov]$ ov] to prev5t ! disp]sion ( ! heat4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f #ia4 ,q4--,w y describe ! con/ruction ( ! boil]s us$ 9 /eam vessels8 ,a4--,^! are ( two classes1 flue boil]s & tubul> boil]s1 b ! latt] are n[ mo/ us$4 ,9 ! flue boil] ! furnaces are set )9 ! boil]1 & ! flues proce$+ f !m w9d backw>ds & =w>ds )9 ! boil] until f9ally !y meet & ent] ! *imney4 ,figs4 #f1 #g1 & #h are diff]5t views ( ! flue boil]s ( ! /eam] ,=?4 ,!re are #d boil]s 7z %[n 9 plan1 ,fig4 #f71 ) #c furnaces 9 ea*1 or #ab furnaces 9 all4 ,fig4 #g is an elevation ( #b boil]s1 ! "o to ! "r be+ ! front view1 & t to ! left a transv]se section4 ,fig4 #h is a longitud9al section ?r\gh #b boil]s4 ,! direction ( ! arr[s 9 plan & longitud9al section1 w expla9 ! direction ( ! smoke curr5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 #ib4 ,q4--,is ?is arrangem5t diff]5t f t obta9+ 9 tubul> boil]s8 ,a4--,9 tubul> boil]s1 ! smoke aft] leav+ ! furnace j passes once ?r\gh a numb] ( small tubes & !n ent]s ! *imney4 ,^! tubes are sometimes ( brass1 & !y are usually ab\t #c in*es 9 diamet]1 & #f or #g feet long4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,figs4 #i1 #aj1 & #aa repres5t a m>9e tubul> boil]2 fig4 #i be+ a v]tical longitud9al section1 fig4 #aj half a front elevation & half a transv]se section1 & fig4 #aa half a back elevation & half a transv]se section ne> ! end4 ,!re is a project+ "p on ! top ( ! boil] call$ ! /eam *e/1 ( :i* ! purpose is to reta9 = ! use ( ! cyl9d] a c]ta9 supply ( /eam 9 a quiesc5t /ate1 9 ord] t x may h "t to cle> itself ( foam or spray4 ,a /eam *e/ is a usual "p ( all m>9e boil]s4 ,9 fig4 #i ,a is ! furnace1 ,b ! /eam *e/1 & ,c ! smoke box :i* op5s into ! *imney4 ,! front ( ! smoke box is usually clos$ by doors :i* may be op5$ :5 necess>y to sweep ! soot out ( ! tubes4 ,! foll[+ are "s =ms ( ,am]ican boil]s3 ,figs4 #ab & #ac are ! transv]se & longitud9al sections ( a common =m ( ,am]ican m>9e boil]4 ,figs4 #ad & #ae are ! front & sectional elevation ( "o ( ! boil]s ( ! ,u4,s4 /eam] ,wat] ,wit*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,fig4 #af is a longitud9al section ( a boil] ( ! drop flue v>iety4 ,= l& purposes ! l[e/ range ( tubes is g5]ally omitt$1 & ! smoke makes a la/ return b5ea? ! bottom ( ! boil]4 ,figs4 #ag & #ah are ! transv]se & longitud9al sections ( a tubul> boil]1 built 9 #ahcg by ,r4,l4 ,/ev5s = ! /eamboat ,indep5d5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,fig4 #ai is a longitud9al section ( a common wood-burn+ locomotive4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,,! ,,eng9e4 #ic4 ,q4--,! /eam passes f ! boil] ?r\gh1 ! /eam pipe into ! cyl9d] ( ! eng9e8 ,a4--,& presses up & d[n ! pi/on alt]nately1 be+ admitt$ alt]nately above & bel[ ! pi/on by suitable valves provid$ = t purpose4 #id4 ,q4--,?is reciprocat+ motion is all t is requir$ 9 a pump+ eng9e8 ,a4--,! prevail+ =m ( ! pump+ eng9e consi/s ( a great beam vibrat+ on a c5tre l ! beam ( a pair ( scales1 & ! cyl9d] is 9 connection ) "o end ( ! beam & ! pump /&s at ! o!r end4 ,! pump end ( ! beam is usually load$1 s z to cause x to prepond]ate :5 ! eng9e is at re/2 & ! :ole ef=t ( ! /eam is employ$ 9 ov]com+ ?is prepond]ance until a /roke is p]=m$1 :51 ! /eam be+ %ut (f1 ! heavy end ( ! beam aga9 falls & ! op]ation is repeat$4 #ie4 ,q4--9 ! d\ble-act+ eng9e ! pi/on is pu%$ by ! /eam bo? ways1 :]eas 9 ! s+le-act+ eng9e x is only pu%$ "o way8 ,a4--,! /ructure & action ( a d\ble-act+ l& eng9e ( ! k9d introduc$ by ,mr4 ,watt1 w be und]/ood by a ref]5ce to ! annex$ figure 7fig4 #bj71 :]e an eng9e ( ?is k9d is %[n 9 section4 ,a is ! cyl9d] 9 :i* a movable pi/on1 ,t1 is =c$ alt]nately up & d[n by ! alt]nate admission1 to ea* side1 ( ! /eam f ! boil]4 ,! pi/on1 by means ( a rod call$ ! pi/on rod1 gives motion to ! beam ,v ,w1 :i* by means ( a heavy b>1 ,p1 call$ ! connect+ rod1 moves ! crank1 ,q1 & ) x ! fly :eel1 ,x1 f :i* ! ma*9]y to be driv5 d]ives its motion4 #if4 ,q4--,:]e does ! /eam ent] f ! boil]8 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,a4--,at ! /eam pipe1 ,b4 ,! ?rottle valve 9 t pipe is an elliptical plate ( metal swivell+ on a sp9dle pass+ ?r\gh its edge f side to side1 & by turn+ :i* m or less ! op5+ ?r\gh ! pipe w be m or less clos$4 ,! ext5t to :i* ?is valve is op5$ or clos$ is det]m9$ by ! gov]nor1 ,d1 ! balls ( :i*1 z !y collapse or exp&1 move up or d[n a coll> on ! gov]nor sp9dle1 :i* motion is communicat$ to ! ?rottle valve by suitable rods & bell-cranks4 ,! gov]nor1 x w be se51 consi/s sub/antially ( two heavy balls atta*$ to arms fix$ ^u an upright %aft1 :i* is kept 9 revolution by means ( a cord driv5 by a pulley on ! fly :eel %aft4 ,! velocity ) :i* ! balls ( ! gov]nor revolve be+ proportional to t ( ! fly :eel1 x w foll[1 t if by reason ( too rapid a supply ( /eam1 an undue spe$ be giv5 to ! fly :eel1 & !re=e to ! balls1 a div]g5ce ( ! balls w take place to an ext5t correspond+ to ! excess ( velocity1 & ?is movem5t be+ communicat$ to ! ?rottle valve x w be p>tly clos$ 7see fig4 #a71 ! supply ( /eam to ! eng9e w be dim9i%$1 & ! velocity ( its motion w be r$uc$4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! motion ( ! eng9e is sl[] ?an is requisite1 ow+ to a defici5t supply ( /eam ?r\gh ,b1 !n ! balls1 n be+ suffici5tly affect$ by c5trifugal =ce1 w fall t[>ds ! v]tical sp9dle1 & ! ?rottle valve1 ,c1 w be m fully op5$1 :]eby a m ample supply ( /eam w be admitt$ to ! cyl9d]1 & ! spe$ ( ! eng9e w be increas$ to ! requisite ext5t4 #ig4 ,q4--,! pi/on mu/ be made to fit ! cyl9d] accurately s z to prev5t ! passage ( /eam8 ,a4--,! pi/on is accurately fitt$ to ! cyl9d]1 & made to move 9 x /eam tight by a pack+ ( hemp driv5 tightly into a groove or recess r\nd ! edge ( ! pi/on1 & :i* is squeez$ d[n by an iron r+ held by screws4 ,! pi/on divides ! cyl9d] into two comp>tm5ts1 betwe5 :i* !re is no communication by :i* /eam or any o!r ela/ic fluid c pass4 ,a cas+ set beside ! cyl9d] conta9s ! valves1 by means ( :i* ! /eam :i* impels ! pi/on is admitt$ & )drawn1 z ! pi/on comm5ces its motion 9 ea* direction4 ,! upp] /eam box ,b1 is divid$ into ?ree comp>tm5ts by two valves4 ,above ! upp] /eam valve ,v1 is a comp>tm5t communicat+ ) ! /eam pipe ,b4 ,bel[ ! l[] valve ,e is ano!r comp>tm5t communicat+ ) a pipe call$ ! eduction pipe1 :i* leads d[nw>ds f ! cyl9d] to ! cond5s]1 9 :i* vessel ! /eam is cond5s$ by a jet ( cold wat]4 ,by ! valve ,v1 a communication may be op5$ or clos$ betwe5 ! boil] & ! top ( ! cyl9d]1 s z to p]mit or prev5t a supply ( /eam f ! "o to pass to ! o!r4 ,by ! valve ,e a communication may be op5 or clos$ betwe5 ! top ( ! cyl9d] & ! cond5s]1 s t ! /eam 9 ! top comp>tm5t ( ! cyl9d] may ei!r be p]mitt$ to escape into ! cond5s]1 or may be conf9$ to ! cyl9d]4 ,! cont9uation ( ! /eam pipe leads to ! l[] /eam box ,b'1 :i*1 l ! upp]1 is divid$ into ?ree comp>tm5ts by two valves ,v' & ,e'1 & ! action ( ! l[] valves is 9 all respects ! same z t ( ! upp]4 #ih4 ,q4--,are all ^! valves connect$ toge!r s t !y act simultane\sly8 ,a4--,! f\r valves ,v1 ,e1 ,v'1 ,e' are connect$ by rods to a s+le h&le ,h1 :i* h&le is mov$ alt]nately up & d[n by means ( p9s or tappets1 plac$ on ! rod :i* works ! air pump4 ,:5 ! h&le ,h is press$ d[n1 ! lev]s 9 connexion ) x op5 ! upp] exhau/+ valve ,e1 & ! l[] /eam valve ,v'1 & close ! upp] /eam valve ,v & ! l[] exhau/+ valve ,e'4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 ! h&le ,h is press$ up x op5s ! upp] /eam valve ,v & ! l[] exhau/+ valve ,e'1 & at ! same "t closes ! upp] exhau/+ valve ,e1 & ! l[] /eam valve ,v'4 #ii4 ,q4--,:]e is ! cond5s] situat$8 ,a4--,! cond5s] ,k is imm]g$ 9 a ci/]n ( cold wat]4 ,at its side !re is a tube ,i1 = ! admission ( wat] to cond5se ! /eam1 & :i* is gov]n$ by a cock1 by op5+ :i* to any requir$ ext5t1 a jet ( cold wat] may be made to play 9 ! cond5s]4 ,f ! bottom ( ! cond5s] a %ort pipe leads to ! air pump ,j1 & 9 ?is pipe !re is a flap valve1 call$ ! foot valve1 op5+ t[>ds ! air pump4 ,! air pump is a pump set 9 ! same ci/]n ( cold wat] t holds ! cond5s]1 & x is fitt$ ) a pi/on or bucket work$ by ! rod ,l1 atta*$ to ! great beam1 & fitt$ ) a valve op5+ upw>ds 9 ! mann] ( a common suck+ pump4 ,! upp] "p ( ! air pump communicates ) a small ci/]n ,s1 call$ ! hot well1 ?r\gh a valve op5+ outw>ds & call$ ! deliv]y valve4 ,a pump ,m1 call$ ! hot wat] pump1 lifts hot wat] out ( ! hot well to fe$ ! boil]1 & ano!r pump ,n lifts cold wat] f a well or o!r s\rce ( supply1 to ma9ta9 ! supply ( wat] to ! cold wat] ci/]n1 9 :i* ! cond5s] & air pump are plac$4 #ajj4 ,q4--,w y expla9 n[ ! mann] 9 :i* ! eng9e acts8 ,a4--,! pi/on be+ suppos$ to be at ! top ( ! cyl9d]1 ! h&le ,h w be rais$ by ! l[] p9 or tappet on ! air pump rod1 & ! valves ,v & ,e' w be op5$1 & at ! same "t ! o!r pair ( valves ,v' & ,e w be clos$4 ,/eam w !re=e be admitt$ above ! pi/on & ! /eam or air :i* _h previ\sly fill$ ! cyl9d] bel[ ! pi/on w be drawn (f to ! cond5s]4 ,x w !re enc\nt] ! jet ( cold wat]1 :i* is kept con/antly play+ !re by keep+ ! cock ,i suffici5tly op54 ,x w ?us be imm$iately cond5s$ or r$uc$ to wat]1 & ! cyl9d] bel[ ! pi/on w h a vacuum 9 x4 ,! /eam !re=e admitt$ f ! /eam pipe ?r\gh ! op5 valve ,v to ! top ( ! cyl9d]1 n be+ resi/$ by pressure bel[1 w press ! pi/on to ! bottom ( ! cyl9d]4 ,z x approa*es t position1 ! h&le ,h w be /ruck d[n by ! upp] p9 or tappet on ! air pump rod1 & ! valves ,v & ,e'1 previ\sly op51 w be clos$1 :ile ! valves ,v' & ,e1 previ\sly clos$1 w be op5$4 ,! /eam :i* has j press$ d[n ! pi/on1 & :i* n[ fills ! cyl9d] above ! pi/on1 w !n fl[ (f1 ?r\gh ! op5 valve ,e1 to ! cond5s]1 :]e x w be imm$iately cond5s$ by ! jet ( cold wat]2 & /eam f ! boil]1 admitt$ ?r\gh ! op5 valve ,v'1 w fill ! cyl9d] bel[ ! pi/on1 & press ! pi/on upw>ds4 ,:5 ! pi/on has rea*$ ! top ( ! cyl9d]1 ! l[] p9 on ! air pump rod w h /ruck ! h&le upw>ds1 & w !reby h clos$ ! valves ,v' & ,e1 & op5$ ! valves ,v & ,e'4 ,! pi/on w !n be 9 ! same situation z 9 ! comm5cem5t1 & w aga9 desc5d1 & s w cont9ue to be driv5 up & d[n by ! /eam4 #aja4 ,q4--,b :at becomes ( ! cold wat] :i* is let into ! cond5s] to cond5se ! /eam8 ,a4--,x is pump$ out by ! air pump 9 ! %ape ( hot wat]1 its temp]ature hav+ be5 rais$ consid]ably by ! admixture ( ! /eam 9 x4 ,:5 ! air pump pi/on asc5ds x leaves beh9d x a vacuum2 & ! foot valve be+ reliev$ f all pressure1 ! weight ( ! wat] 9 ! cond5s] =ces x op51 & ! w>m wat] fl[s f ! cond5s] into ! l[] "p ( ! air pump1 f :i* its return to ! cond5s] is prev5t$ by ! int]v5+ valve4 ,:5 ! air pump pi/on desc5ds1 its pressure on ! liquid "u x w =ce op5 ! valve 9 x1 ?r\gh :i* ! hot wat] w asc5d2 & :5 ! bucket desc5ds to ! bottom ( ! pump b>rel1 ! w>m wat] :i* 0 bel[ x w all h pass$ above x1 & _c return4 ,:5 ! bucket next asc5ds1 ! wat] above x1 n be+ able to return ?r\gh ! bucket valve1 w be =c$ into ! hot well ?r\gh ! deliv]y valve ,s4 ,! hot wat] pump ,m1 pumps a small quantity ( ?is hot wat] into ! boil]1 to comp5sate = ! ab/raction ( ! wat] t has pass$ (f 9 ! =m ( /eam4 ,! residue ( ! hot wat] runs to wa/e4 #ajb4 ,q4--,by :at exp$i5t is ! pi/on rod enabl$ to pass ?r\gh ! cyl9d] cov] )\t leak+ /eam out ( ! cyl9d] or air into x8 ,a4--,! hole 9 ! cyl9d] lid1 ?r\gh :i* ! pi/on rod passes1 is furni%$ ) a recess call$ a /uff+ box1 into :i* a /uff+ or pack+ ( plait$ hemp is =c$1 :i*1 press+ on ! "o side aga9/ ! int]ior ( ! /uff+ box1 & on ! o!r side aga9/ ! pi/on rod1 :i* is smoo? & poli%$1 prev5ts any leakage 9 ?is situation4 ,! pack+ ( ?is /uff+ box is =c$ d[n by a r+ ( metal tight5$ by screws4 ,?is r+1 :i* accurately fits ! pi/on rod1 has a project+ flange1 ?r\gh :i* bolts pass = tight5+ ! r+ d[n ^u ! pack+2 & a simil> exp$i5t is employ$ 9 ne>ly e case 9 :i* pack+ is employ$4 #ajc4 ,q4--,9 :at way is ! pi/on rod connect$ to ! great beam8 ,a4--,! pi/on rod is connect$ to ! great beam by means ( two l9ks1 "o at ea* side ( ! beam %[n at f g1 7fig4 #ba47 ,^! l9ks are usually made ( ! same l5g? z ! crank1 & _! purpose is to enable ! end ( ! great beam to move 9 ! arc ( a circle :ile ! pi/on rod ma9ta9s ! v]tical position4 ,! po9t ( junction1 !re=e1 ( ! l9ks & ! pi/on rod is ( ! =m ( a knuckle or b5d at "s p>ts ( ! /roke4 #ajd4 ,q4--,b :at compels ! top ( ! pi/on rod to ma9ta9 ! v]tical position8 ,a4--,"s eng9es h guide rods set on ea* side ( ! pi/on rod1 & eyes on ! top ( ! pi/on rod engage ^! guide rods1 & ma9ta9 ! pi/on rod 9 a v]tical position 9 e "p ( ! /roke4 ,m commonly1 h[ev]1 ! desir$ end is atta9$ by means ( a contrivance call$ ! p>allel motion4 #aje4 ,q4--,:at is ! p>allel motion8 ,a4--,! p>allel motion is an arrangem5t ( jo9t$ rods1 s connect$ toge!r t ! div]g5ce f ! v]tical l9e at any po9t 9 ! arc describ$ by ! beam is correct$ by an equal & opposite div]g5ce due to ! arc p]=m$ by ! jo9t$ rods dur+ ! /roke2 & z ^! opposite deviations mutually correct "o ano!r1 ! result is t ! pi/on rod moves 9 a v]tical direction4 #ajf4 ,q4--,w y expla9 ! action m 9 detail8 ,a4--,! p91 fig #ba1 :i* passes ?r\gh ! end ( ! beam at f has a l9k f g hung on ea* side ( ! beam1 & a %ort cross b>1 call$ a cross head1 ext5ds f ! bottom ( "o ( ^! l9ks to ! bottom ( ! o!r1 :i* cross head is p]=at$ ) a hole 9 ! middle = ! reception ( ! pi/on rod4 ,!re are simil> l9ks b d at ! po9t ( ! ma9 beam1 :]e ! air pump rod is atta*$4 ,!re are two rods d g connect+ ! l9ks b d ) ! l9ks f g1 & ^! rods1 z !y always cont9ue p>allel to ! ma9 beam ?r\gh\t ! /roke1 are call$ p>allel b>s4 ,atta*$ to ! end ( ^! two rods at d are two o!r rods c d1 ( :i* ! ends at c are atta*$ to /ation>y p9s1 :ile ! ends at d foll[ ! motion ( ! l[] ends ( ! l9ks b d4 ,^! rods are call$ ! radius b>s4 ,n[ x is obvi\s t ! arc describ$ by ! po9t d1 ) c z a c5tre1 is opposite to ! arc describ$ by ! po9t g ) d z a c5tre4 ,! rod d g is1 !re=e1 drawn back horizontally by ! arc describ$ at d to an ext5t equal to ! v]s$ s9e ( ! arc describ$ at g1 or1 9 o!r words1 ! l9e describ$ by ! po9t g becomes a /raight l9e in/ead ( a curve4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4 #ajg4 ,q4--,does ! air pump rod move v]tically z well z ! pi/on rod8 ,a4--,x does4 ,! air pump rod is susp5d$ f a cross head1 pass+ f ! c5tre ( "o ( ! l9ks b d to ! c5tre ( ! o!r l9k1 on ! opposite side ( ! beam4 ,n[1 z ! di/ance f ! c5tral axis ( ! great beam to ! po9t b is equal to ! l5g? ( ! rod c d1 x w foll[ t ! upp] end ( ! l9k w foll[ "o arc1 & ! l[] end an equal & opposite arc4 ,a po9t 9 ! c5tre ( ! l9k1 !re=e1 :]e ^! opposite motions meet1 w foll[ no arc at all1 b w move up & d[n v]tically 9 a /raight l9e4 #ajh4 ,q4--,! use ( ! crank is to obta9 a circul> motion f a reciprocat+ motion8 ,a4--,t is ! object ( x1 & x accompli%es its object 9 a v p]fect mann]1 z x gradually arre/s ! velocity ( ! pi/on t[>ds ! end ( ! /roke1 & ?us obviates :at w\ld o!rwise be an injuri\s %ock ^u ! ma*9e4 ,:5 ! crank approa*es ! l[e/ "p ( its ?r[1 & at ! same "t ! pi/on is approa*+ ! top ( ! cyl9d]1 ! motion ( ! crank becomes ne>ly horizontal1 or1 9 o!r words1 ! pi/on is only advanc$ ?r\gh a v %ort di/ance1 = any giv5 di/ance measur$ on ! circle describ$ by ! crank p94 ,s9ce1 !n1 ! velocity ( rotation ( ! crank is ne>ly uni=m1 x w foll[ t ! pi/on w move v sl[ly z x approa*es ! end ( ! /roke2 & ! pi/on is br\ght to a /ate ( re/ by ?is gradually ret>d$ motion1 bo? at ! top & ! bottom ( ! /roke4 #aji4 ,q4--,:at causes ! crank to revolve at a uni=m velocity8 ,a4--,! mom5tum ( ! ma*9]y mov$ by ! pi/on1 b m especially ( ! fly :eel1 :i* by its op]ation r$resses ! unequal pressures communicat$ by ! crank1 & compels ! crank %aft to revolve at a ne>ly uni=m velocity4 ,ev]yone kn[s t a heavy :eel if put into rapid rotation _c be imm$iately /opp$4 ,at ! beg9n+ & end ( ! /roke :5 ! crank is v]tical1 no =ce ( torsion c be ex]t$ on ! crank %aft by ! crank1 b ?is =ce is at its maximum :5 ! crank is horizontal4 ,f ! v]tical po9t1 :]e ?is =ce is no?+1 to ! horizontal po9t1 :]e x is at its maximum1 ! =ce ( torsion ex]t$ on ! crank %aft is con/antly v>y+2 & ! fly :eel by its mom5tum r$resses ^! irregul>ities1 & c>ries ! crank ?r\gh t dead po9t1 z x is t]m$1 :]e ! pi/on _c imp>t any rotative =ce4 #aaj4 ,q4--,are ! configuration & /ructure ( ! /eam eng9e1 z x left ! h& ( ,watt1 mat]ially diff]5t f ^? ( mod]n eng9es8 ,a4--,!re is n mu* diff]5ce4 ,9 mod]n rotative l& eng9es1 ! valves = admitt+ ! /eam to ! cyl9d] or cond5s]1 in/ead ( be+ clack or pot-lid valves mov$ by tappets on ! air pump rod1 are usually sluice or slid+ valves1 mov$ by an ecc5tric :eel on ! crank %aft4 ,sometimes ! beam is disc>d$ altoge!r1 & malleable iron is m l>gely us$ 9 ! con/ruction ( eng9es in/ead ( ! ca/ iron1 :i* =m]ly s l>gely prevail$4 ,b ^u ! :ole ! /eam eng9e ( ! pres5t day is sub/antially ! eng9e ( ,watt2 & he :o p]fectly und]/&s ! op]ation ( ,watt's eng9e1 w h no difficulty 9 und]/&+ ! op]ation ( any ( ! num]\s v>ieties ( eng9es s9ce introduc$4 ,,! ,,m>9e ,,eng9e4 #aaa4 ,q4--,w y describe ! pr9cipal features ( ! k9d ( /eam eng9e employ$ = ! propulsion ( vessels8 ,a4--,m>9e eng9es are ( two k9ds1--paddle eng9es & screw eng9es4 ,9 ! "o case ! propell+ in/rum5t is paddle :eels kept 9 rotation at ea* side ( ! %ip3 9 ! o!r case1 ! propell+ in/rum5t is a screw1 consi/+ ( two or m twi/$ vanes1 revolv+ b5ea? ! wat] at ! /]n4 ,( ea* class ( eng9es !re are _m di/9ct v>ieties4 #aab4 ,q4--,:at are ! pr9cipal v>ieties ( ! paddle eng9e8 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,a4--,!re is ! side lev] eng9e 7fig4 #bf71 & ! oscillat+ eng9e 7fig4 #bg71 besides num]\s o!r =ms ( eng9e :i* are less kn[n or employ$1 su* z ! trunk 7fig4 #bb71 d\ble cyl9d] 7fig4 #bc71 annul>1 ,gorgon 7fig4 #bd71 /eeple 7fig4 #be71 & _m o!rs4 ,! side lev] eng9e1 h[ev]1 & ! oscillat+ eng9e1 are ! only k9ds ( paddle eng9es :i* h be5 receiv$ ) wide or g5]al favor4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4 #aac4 ,q4--,w y expla9 ! ma9 di/9ctive features ( ! side lev] eng9e8 ,a4--,9 all paddle vessels1 :atev] be _! subord9ate *>act]i/ics1 a great %aft ( wr\ght iron1 s1 turn$ r\nd by ! eng9e1 has to be c>ri$ f side to side ( ! vessel1 on :i* %aft are fix$ ! paddle :eels4 ,! paddle :eels may ei!r be =m$ ) fix$ float bo>ds = engag+ ! wat]1 l ! bo>ds ( a common und]%ot wat] :eel1 or !y may be =m$ ) fea!r+ float bo>ds z !y are t]m$1 :i* is float bo>ds movable on a c5tre1 & s gov]n$ by appropriate me*anism t !y ent] & leave ! wat] 9 a ne>ly v]tical position4 ,! common fix$ or radial floats1 h[ev]1 are ! k9d mo/ widely employ$1 & !y are atta*$ to ! arms ( two or m r+s ( malleable iron :i* are fix$ by appropriate c5tres on ! paddle %aft4 ,x is usual 9 /eam vessels to employ two eng9es1 ! cranks ( :i* are set at "r angles ) "o ano!r4 ,:5 ! paddle :eels are turn$ by ! eng9es1 ! float bo>ds engag+ ! wat] cause a =w>d ?ru/ to be imp>t$ to ! %aft1 :i* propels =w>d ! vessel on ! same pr9ciple t a boat is propell$ by ! action ( o>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4 #aad4 ,q4--,^! rem>ks apply to all paddle vessels8 ,a4--,!y d4 ,) respect to ! side lev] eng9e1 x may be describ$ to be su* a modification ( ! l& beam eng9e already describ$1 z w enable x to be got bel[ ! deck ( a vessel4 ,) ?is view1 in/ead ( a s+le beam be+ plac$ ov]head1 two beams are us$1 "o ( :i* is set on ea* side ( ! eng9e z l[ d[n z possible4 ,! cross head :i* engages ! pi/on rod is made some:at long] ?an ! diamet] ( ! cyl9d]1 & two great l9ks or rods proce$ "o f ea* end ( ! cross head to "o ( ! side lev]s or beams4 ,a simil> cross b> at ! o!r end ( ! beams s]ves to connect !m toge!r & to ! connect+ rod :i*1 proce$+ f !nce upw>ds1 engages ! crank1 & !reby turns r\nd ! paddle :eels4 #aae4 ,q4--,w y fur!r illu/rate ?is g5]al description by an example8 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,q4--,fig4 #bf is a side elevation ( a side lev] eng9e2 x x repres5t ! beams or keelsons to :i* ! eng9es are atta*$1 & on :i* ! boil]s re/4 ,! eng9es are ti$ d[n by /rong bolts pass+ ?r\gh ! bottom ( ! vessel1 b ! boil] keeps its position by its weight alone4 ,! cond5s] & air pump are work$ (f ! side lev]s by means ( side rods & a cross head4 ,a /rong gudgeon1 call$ ! ma9 c5tre1 passes ?r\gh ! cond5s] at ,k1 ! project+ ends ( :i* s]ve to support ! side lev]s or beams4 ,l is ! pi/on rod1 :i*1 by means ( ! cross head & side rods1 is connect$ to ! side lev]s or beams1 "o ( :i* is %[n at ,h ,h4 ,! l9e ,m repres5ts ! connect+ rod1 to :i* motion is imp>t$ by ! beams1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! cross tail ext5d+ betwe5 ! beams1 & :i* by means ( ! crank turns ! paddle %aft ,s4 ,! ecc5tric :i* works ! slide valve is plac$ ^u ! paddle %aft4 ,x consi/s ( a disc ( metal encircl$ by a hoop1 to :i* a rod is atta*$1 & ! disc is p]=at$ ) a hole = ! %aft1 n 9 ! c5tre1 b ne> "o edge4 ,:51 !re=e1 ! %aft revolves1 c>ry+ ! ecc5tric ) x1 ! rod atta*$ to ! encircl+ hoop receives a reciprocat+ motion1 j z x w\ld d if atta*$ to a crank 9 ! %aft4 #aaf4 ,q4--,w y describe ! mode ( />t+ ! eng9e8 ,a4--,i may fir/ m5tion t :5 ! eng9e is at re/1 ! connection betwe5 ! ecc5tric & ! slide valve is brok51 by lift+ ! end ( ! ecc5tric rod out ( a not* :i* engages a p9 on ! valve %aft1 & ! valve is at su* times free to be mov$ by h& by a b> ( iron1 appli$ to a prop] "p ( ! valve ge> = t purpose4 ,?is be+ s1 ! eng9e]1 :5 he wi%es to />t ! eng9e1 fir/ op5s a small valve call$ ! bl[ ?r\gh valve1 :i* p]mits /eam f ! boil] to ent] ! eng9e bo? above & bel[ ! pi/on1 & also to fill ! cond5s] & air pump4 ,?is /eam expels ! air f ! int]ior ( ! eng9e1 & also any wat] :i* may h accumulat$ !re2 & :5 ?is has be5 done1 ! bl[ ?r\gh valve is %ut1 & a vacuum v soon =ms )9 ! eng9e1 by ! cond5sation ( ! /eam4 ,if n[ ! slide valve be mov$ by h&1 ! /eam f ! boil] w be admitt$ on "o side ( ! pi/on1 :ile !re is a vacuum on ! o!r side1 & ! pi/on w1 !re=e1 be mov$ 9 ! desir$ direction4 ,:5 ! pi/on rea*es ! end ( ! /roke1 ! valve has to be mov$ 9 ! rev]se direction1 :5 ! pi/on w return1 & aft] be+ mov$ ?us by h&1 once or twice1 ! connection ( ! valve ) ! ecc5tric is to be re/or$ by all[+ ! not* on ! end ( ! ecc5tric rod to engage ! p9 on ! valve lev]1 :5 ! valve w be !reaft] mov$ by ! eng9e 9 ! prop] mann]4 ,x w1 ( c\rse1 be necess>y1 :5 ! eng9e beg9s to move1 to op5 ! injection cock a little1 to enable wat] to ent] = ! cond5sation ( ! /eam4 ,9 ! mo/ rec5t m>9e eng9es1 a some:at diff]5t me*anism f ?is is us$ = giv+ motion to ! valves1 b t me*anism w be aft]w>ds describ$4 #aag4 ,q4--,are all m>9e eng9es cond5s+ eng9es8 ,a4--,ne>ly all ( !m are s2 b rec5tly a numb] ( gunboats h be5 con/ruct$1 ) high pressure eng9es4 ,9 g5]al1 h[ev]1 m>9e eng9es are l[ pressure or cond5s+ eng9es4 #aah4 ,q4--,w y n[ describe ! *ief features ( ! oscillat+ paddle m>9e eng9e8 ,a4--,9 ! oscillat+ paddle m>9e eng9e1 ! arrangem5t ( ! paddle %aft & paddle :eels is ! same z 9 ! case already describ$1 b ! :ole ( ! side lev]s1 side rods1 cross head1 cross tail1 & connect+ rod are disc>d$4 ,! cyl9d] is set imm$iately "u ! crank2 ! top ( ! pi/on rod is connect$ imm$iately to ! crank p92 &1 to enable ! pi/on rod to accommodate itself to ! movem5t ( ! crank1 ! cyl9d] is s con/ruct$ z to be susceptible ( vibrat+ or oscillat+ ^u two ext]nal axes or trunnions4 ,^! trunnions are g5]ally plac$ ab\t half way up on ! sides ( ! cyl9d]2 & ?r\gh "o ( !m /eam is receiv$ f ! boil]1 :ile ?r\gh ! o!r ! /eam escapes to ! cond5s]4 ,! air pump is usually work$ by means ( a crank 9 ! %aft1 :i* crank moves ! air pump bucket up & d[n z ! %aft revolves4 #aai4 ,q4--,w y give an example ( a paddle oscillat+ eng9e8 ,a4--,i w take z an example ! oscillat+ eng9es con/ruct$ by ,messrs4 ,rav5hill ,salk$1 = ! ,holyhead ,packets4 ,fig4 #bg is a longitud9al section ( ?is vessel1 %[+ an eng9e & boil]2 & fig4 #bh is a transv]se section ( "o ( ! eng9es1 %[+ also "o ( ! :eels4 ,!re are two cyl9d]s 9 ?is vessel1 & "o air pump1 :i* lies 9 an incl9$ position1 & is work$ by a crank 9 ! %aft :i* /ret*es betwe5 ! cyl9d]s1 & :i* is call$ ! int]m$iate %aft4 ,a ,a1 is "o ( ! cyl9d]s1 ,b ,b ! pi/on rod1 & ,c ,c ! crank4 ,d is ! crank 9 ! int]m$iate %aft1 :i* works ! air pump ,e4 ,!re are d\ble ecc5trics fix$ on ! %aft1 :]eby ! movem5t ( ! slide valves is regulat$4 ,! purpose ( ! d\ble ecc5trics is to enable an improv$ arrangem5t ( valve ge> to be employ$1 :i* is d5om9at$ ! l9k motion1 & :i* w be describ$ h]eaft]4 ,i ,i are ! /eam pipes lead+ to ! /eam trunnions ,k ,k1 on :i*1 & on ! eduction trunnions connect$ ) ! pipe ,m1 ! cyl9d]s oscillate4 #abj4 ,q4--,by :at species ( me*anism are ! positions ( ! paddle floats ( fea!r+ :eels gov]n$8 ,a4--,! floats are support$ by spurs project+ f ! rim ( ! :eel1 & !y may be mov$ ^u ! po9ts ( ! spurs1 to :i* !y are atta*$ by p9s1 by means ( %ort lev]s proce$+ f ! backs ( ! floats1 & connect$ to rods :i* proce$ t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! :eel4 ,! c5tre1 h[ev]1 to :i* ^! rods proce$ is n conc5tric ) ! :eel1 & ! rods1 !re=e1 are mov$ 9 & out z ! :eel revolves1 & imp>t a correspond+ motion to ! floats4 ,9 "s fea!r+ :eels ! prop] motion is giv5 to ! rods by means ( an ecc5tric on ! %ip's side4 ,! action ( paddle :eels1 :e!r radial or fea!r+1 w be m fully describ$ 9 ! *apt] on ,/eam ,navigation4 ,,screw ,,eng9es4 #aba4 ,q4--,:at are ! pr9cipal v>ieties ( screw eng9es8 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4 ,a4--,! eng9es employ$ = ! propulsion ( screw vessels are divid$ into two great classes1--ge>$ eng9es & direct act+ eng9es2 & ea* ( ^! classes aga9 has _m v>ieties4 ,9 screw vessels1 ! %aft on :i* ! screw is set requires to revolve at a mu* great] velocity ?an is requir$ 9 ! case ( ! paddle %aft ( a paddle vessel2 & 9 ge>$ eng9es ?is necess>y velocity ( rotation is obta9$ by ! int]v5tion ( too!d :eels1--! eng9es !mselves mov+ ) ! usual velocity ( paddle eng9es2 :]eas 9 direct act+ eng9es ! requir$ velocity ( rotation is obta9$ by accel]at+ ! spe$ ( ! eng9es1 & :i* are connect$ imm$iately to ! screw %aft4 #abb4 ,q4--,w y describe "s ( ! pr9cipal v>ieties ( ge>$ eng9es8 ,a4--,a good _m ( ! ge>$ eng9es = screw vessels are made 9 ! same mann] z l& eng9es1 ) a beam ov]head1 :i* by means ( a connect+ rod ext5d+ d[nw>ds1 gives motion to ! crank %aft1 on :i* are set ! cog :eels :i* give motion to p9ions on ! screw %aft1--! tee? ( ! :eels be+ g5]ally ( wood & ! tee? ( ! p9ions ( iron4 ,!re are usually sev]al :eels on ! crank %aft & sev]al p9ions on ! screw %aft2 b ! tee? ( ea* d n run 9 ! same l9e1 b are set a little 9 advance ( "o ano!r1 s z to divide ! ?ickness ( ! too? into z _m p>ts z !re are indep5d5t :eels or p9ions4 ,by ?is arrangem5t ! :eels "w m smoo?ly ?an !y w\ld o!rwise d4 #abc4 ,q4--,:at o!r =ms are !re ( ge>$ screw eng9es8 ,a4--,9 "s cases ! cyl9d]s lie on _! sides 9 ! mann] ( ! cyl9d]s ( a locomotive eng9e4 ,9 o!r cases v]tical trunk eng9es are employ$2 & 9 o!r cases v]tical oscillat+ eng9es4 #abd4 ,q4--,w y give an example ( a ge>$ v]tical oscillat+ eng9e8 ,a4--,! eng9es ( a ge>$ oscillat+ eng9e are simil> to ! paddle :eel eng9es 7figs4 #bg & #bh71 b ! eng9es are plac$ l5g?ways ( ! %ip1 & in/ead ( a paddle :eel on ! ma9 %aft1 !re is a ge>$ :eel :i* connects ) a p9ion on ! screw %aft4 ,! eng9es ( ! ,great ,brita9 are made (f ! same patt]ns z ! paddle eng9es con/ruct$ by ,messrs4 ,john ,p5n ,son1 = ,h4,m4,s4 ,sph9x4 ,! diamet] ( ea* cyl9d] is #hb-a_/b in*es1 ! l5g? ( travel or /roke ( ! pi/on is #f feet1 & ! nom9al p[] is #ejj horses4 ,! ,great ,brita9 is ( #c1ejj tons burd51 & h] displacem5t at #af feet draught ( wat] is #b1igj tons4 ,! diamet] ( ! screw is #ae-a_/b feet1 l5g? ( screw 9 ! l9e ( ! %aft1 #c feet #b in*es1 & ! pit* ( ! screw1 #ai feet4 #abe4 ,q4--,:at d y mean by ! pit* ( ! screw8 ,a4--,a screw propell] may be suppos$ to be a %ort piece cut (f a screw ( l>ge diamet] l a spiral /air1 & ! pit* ( a spiral /air is ! v]tical height f any giv5 /ep to ! /ep imm$iately ov]head4 #abf4 ,q4--,:at is ! usual numb] ( arms8 ,a4--,g5]ally a screw has two arms1 b sometimes x has ?ree or m4 ,! ,great ,brita9 _h ?ree arms or twi/$ blades resembl+ ! vanes ( a w9dmill4 ,! multiple ( ! ge>+ 9 ! ,great ,brita9 is #c to #a1 & !re are #ag-a_/b squ>e feet ( heat+ surface 9 ! boil] = ea* nom9al horse p[]4 ,! crank %aft be+ put into motion by ! eng9e1 c>ries r\nd ) x ! great cog :eel1 or aggregation ( cog :eels1 affix$ to its extremity2 & ^! :eels act+ on suitable p9ions on ! screw %aft1 cause ! screw to make ?ree revolutions = e revolution made by ! eng9e4 #abg4 ,q4--,:at are ! pr9cipal v>ieties ( direct act+ screw eng9es8 ,a4--,9 "s cases f\r eng9es h be5 employ$ in/ead ( two1 & ! cyl9d]s h be5 laid on _! sides on ea* side ( ! screw %aft4 ,?is multiplication ( eng9es1 h[ev]1 introduces ne$less complication1 & is n[ b little us$4 ,9 o!r cases two inv]t$ cyl9d]s are set above ! screw %aft on appropriate fram+2 & connect+ rods atta*$ to ! ends ( ! pi/on rods turn r\nd cranks 9 ! screw %aft4 #abh4 ,q4--,:at is ! k9d ( direct act+ screw eng9e employ$ by ,messrs4 ,p5n4 ,a4--,x is a horizontal trunk eng9e4 ,9 ?is eng9e a r\nd pipe call$ a trunk p5etrates ! pi/on1 to :i* x is fix$1 be+ 9 fact ca/ 9 "o piece ) x2 & ! trunk also p5etrates ! top & bottom ( ! cyl9d]1 ?r\gh :i* x moves1 & is made tight !re9 by means ( /uff+ boxes4 ,! connect+ rod is atta*$ at "o end to a p9 fix$ 9 ! middle ( ! trunk1 :ile ! o!r end engages ! crank 9 ! usual mann]4 ,! air pump is set )9 ! cond5s]1 & is wr\ght by a rod :i* is fix$ to ! pi/on & d]ives its motion !refrom4 ,! air pump is ( t species :i* is call$ d\ble-act+4 ,! pi/on or bucket is =m$ )\t valves 9 x1 b an inlet & outlet valve is fix$ to ea* end ( ! pump1 ?r\gh ! "o ( :i* ! wat] is drawn into ! pump b>rel1 & ?r\gh ! o!r ( :i* x is expell$ into ! hot well4 ,,! ,,locomotive ,,eng9e4 #abi4 ,q4--,w y describe ! m important features ( ! locomotive eng9e8 ,a4--,! locomotive employ$ to draw c>riages ^u railways1 consi/s ( a cyl9drical boil] fill$ ) brass tubes1 ?r\gh :i* ! hot air passes on its progress f ! furnace to ! *imney1 & atta*$ to ! boil] are two horizontal cyl9d]s fitt$ ) pi/ons1 valves1 connect+ rods1 & o!r necess>y app>atus to enable ! p[] ex]t$ by ! pi/ons to turn r\nd ! crank$ axle to :i* ! driv+ :eels are atta*$4 ,!re are1 !re=e1 two indep5d5t eng9es ent]+ into ! composition ( a locomotive1 ! cranks ( :i* are set at "r angles ) "o ano!r1 s t :5 "o crank is at its dead po9t1 ! o!r crank is 9 a position to act ) its maximum efficacy4 ,! driv+ :eels1 :i* are fix$ on ! crank %aft & turn r\nd ) x1 propel ! locomotive =w>d on ! rails by ! m]e adhesion ( friction1 & ?is is f\nd suffici5t n m]ely to move ! locomotive1 b to draw a long tra9 ( c>riages beh9d x4 #acj4 ,q4--,are locomotive eng9es cond5s+ or high pressure eng9es4 ,a4--,!y are inv>iably high pressure eng9es1 & x w\ld be impossible or at lea/ highly inconv5i5t1 to c>ry ! wat] necess>y = ! purpose ( cond5sation4 ,! /eam1 !re=e1 aft] x has urg$ ! pi/on to ! end ( ! /roke1 escapes into ! atmosph]e4 ,9 locomotive eng9es ! wa/e /eam is always dis*>g$ into ! *imney ?r\gh a v]tical pipe1 & by its rapid passage x greatly increases ! int5sity ( ! draught 9 ! *imney1 :]eby a small] fire grate suffices = ! combu/ion ( ! fuel1 & ! evaporative p[] ( ! boil] is mu* increas$4 #aca4 ,q4--,c y give an example ( a good locomotive eng9e ( ! usual =m8 ,a4--,to d ?is ,i w take ! example ( "o ( ,haw?orn's locomotive eng9es ) six :eels repres5t$ 9 fig4 #bi2 n "o ( ! mo/ mod]n con/ruction n[ 9 use1 nor yet "o ( ! mo/ antiquat$4 ,m is ! cyl9d]1 ,r ! connect+ rod1 ,c ,c ! ecc5trics by :i* ! slide valve is mov$2 ,j ,j is ! /eam pipe by :i* ! /eam is conduct$ f ! /eam dome ( ! boil] to ! cyl9d]4 ,ne> ! smoke /ack end ( ?is pipe is a valve ,k or regulator mov$ by a h&le p at ! front ( ! boil]1 & ( :i* ! purpose is to regulate ! admission ( ! /eam to ! cyl9d]2 f is a safety valve kept clos$ by spr+s2 ,n is ! eduction pipe1 or1 z x is commonly t]m$ 9 locomotives1 ! bla/ pipe1 by :i* ! /eam1 escap+ f ! cyl9d] aft] ! /roke has be5 p]=m$1 is project$ up ! *imney ,h4 ,! wat] 9 ! boil] ( c\rse cov]s ! tubes & also ! top ( ! furnace or fire box4 ,x w be und]/ood t !re are two eng9es 9 ea* locomotive1 ?\gh1 f ! figure be+ giv5 9 section1 only "o eng9e c be %[n4 ,! cyl9d]s ( ?is eng9e are ea* #ad in*es diamet]2 ! l5g? ( ! /roke ( ! pi/on is #ba in*es4 ,!re are two sets ( driv+ :eels1 #e feet diamet]1 ) outside connections4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4 #acb4 ,q4--,:at is ! t5d] ( a locomotive8 ,a4--,x is a c>riage atta*$ to ! locomotive1 ( :i* ! purpose is to conta9 coke = fe$+ ! furnace1 & wat] = repl5i%+ ! boil]4 #acc4 ,q4--,c y give examples ( mod]n locomotives8 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,a4--,! mo/ rec5t locomotives resemble 9 _! mat]ial features ! locomotive repres5t$ 9 fig4 #bi4 ,i c1 h[ev]1 give examples ( "s ( ! mo/ p[]ful eng9es ( rec5t con/ruction4 ,fig4 #cj repres5ts ,goo*'s express eng9e1 adapt$ = ! wide gauge ( ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway2 & fig4 #ca repres5ts ,crampton's express eng9e1 adapt$ = ! ord9>y or n>r[ gauge railways4 ,! cyl9d]s ( ,goo*'s eng9e are ea* #ah in*es diamet]1 & #bd in*es /roke2 ! driv+ :eels are #h feet 9 diamet]2 ! fire grate conta9s #ba squ>e feet ( area2 & ! heat+ surface ( ! fire box is #aec squ>e feet4 ,!re are 9 all #cje tubes 9 ! boil]1 ea* ( #b in*es diamet]1 giv+ a heat+ surface 9 ! tubes ( #agii squ>e feet4 ,! total heat+ surface1 !re=e1 is #aieb squ>e feet4 ,mr4 ,goo* /ates t an eng9e ( ?is class w evaporate f #cjj to #cfj cubic feet ( wat] 9 ! h\r1 & w convey a load ( #bcf tons at a spe$ ( #dj miles an h\r1 or a load ( #aha tons at a spe$ ( #fj miles an h\r4 ,! weight ( ?is eng9e empty is #ca tons2 ( ! t5d] #h-a_/b tons2 & ! total weight ( ! eng9e :5 load$ is #ej tons4 ,9 "o ( ,crampton's locomotives1 ! ,liv]pool1 ) "o set m ( c>ry+ :eels ?an ! fig41 ! cyl9d]s are ( #bd in*es diamet] & #ah in*es /roke2 ! driv+ :eels are #h feet 9 diamet]2 ! fire grate conta9s #ba-a_/b squ>e feet ( area2 & ! heat+ surface ( ! fire box is #aed squ>e feet4 ,!re are 9 all #cjj tubes 9 ! boil] ( #b-c_/af in*es ext]nal diamet]1 giv+ a surface 9 ! tubes ( #bacf squ>e feet1 & a total heat+ surface ( #bbij squ>e feet4 ,! weight ( ?is eng9e is /at$ to be #ce tons :5 ready to proce$ on a j\rney4 ,bo? eng9es 7 display$ at ! ,great ,exhibition 9 #ahea1 z examples ( ! mo/ p[]ful locomotive eng9es !n made4 ,! weight ( su* eng9es is v injuri\s to ! railway2 b5d+1 cru%+1 & di/urb+ ! rails1 & try+ v sev]ely ! :ole ( ! railway works4 ,no d\bt ! weight may be di/ribut$ ^u a great] numb] ( :eels1 b if ! weight re/+ on ! driv+ :eels be mu* r$uc$1 !y w n h suffici5t bite ^u ! rails to propel ! tra9 )\t slipp+4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is only "o ( ! evils :i* ! dem& = high rates ( spe$ has produc$4 ,! wid? ( ! railway1 or1 z x is t]m$1 ! gauge ( ! rails1 be+ 9 mo/ ( ! railways 9 ?is k+dom limit$ to #d feet #h-a_/b in*es1 a correspond+ limitation is impos$ on ! diamet] ( ! boil]2 :i* 9 its turn re/ricts ! numb] ( ! tubes :i* c be employ$4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ! atta9m5t ( a high rate ( spe$ requires mu* p[]1 & consequ5tly mu* heat+ surface 9 ! boil]1 & z ! numb] ( tubes _c be increas$ )\t r$uc+ _! diamet]1 x has become necess>y1 9 ! case ( p[]ful eng9es1 to employ tubes ( a small diamet]1 & ( a great l5g?1 to obta9 ! necess>y quantity ( heat+ surface2 & su* tubes require a v /rong draught 9 ! *imney to make !m effective4 ,) a draught ( ! usual int5sity ! :ole ( ! heat w be absorb$ 9 ! portion ( ! tube ne>e/ ! fire box1 leav+ t portion ne>e/ ! smoke box no?+ to d b to transmit ! smoke2 & ) long tubes ( small diamet]1 !re=e1 a v /rong draught is indisp5sable4 ,to obta9 su* a draught 9 locomotives1 x is necess>y to contract ! m\? ( ! bla/ pipe1 :]eby ! wa/e /eam w be project$ into ! *imney ) great] =ce2 b ?is contraction involves an increase ( ! pressure on ! eduction side ( ! pi/on1 & consequ5tly causes a dim9ution 9 ! p[] ( ! eng9e4 ,locomotives ) small & long tubes1 !re=e1 w require m coke to d ! same "w ?an locomotives 9 :i* l>g] & %ort] tubes may be employ$4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,heat1 ,,combu/ion1 ,,& ,,/eam4 ,,heat4 #acd4 ,q4--,:at is meant by lat5t heat8 ,a4--,by lat5t heat is meant ! heat exi/+ 9 bodies :i* is n discov]able by ! t\* or by ! !rmomet]1 b :i* manife/s its exi/5ce by produc+ a *ange ( /ate4 ,heat is absorb$ 9 ! liquefaction ( ice1 & 9 ! vaporization ( wat]1 yet ! temp]ature does n rise dur+ ei!r process1 & ! heat absorb$ is !re=e said to become lat5t4 ,! t]m is some:at objectionable1 z ! effect prop] to ! absorption ( heat has 9 ea* case be5 made visible2 & x w\ld be z reasonable to call hot wat] lat5t /eam4 ,lat5t heat1 9 ! pres5t acceptation ( ! t]m1 means s5sible liquefaction or vaporization2 b to produce ^! *anges heat is z necess>y z to produce ! expansion ( m]cury 9 a !rmomet] tube1 :i* is tak5 z ! measure ( temp]ature2 & x is h>d to see on :at gr\nd heat c be said to be lat5t :5 its pres5ce is made manife/ by *anges :i* only heat c effect4 ,x is ! temp]ature only t is lat5t1 & lat5t temp]ature means s5sible vaporization or liquefaction4 #ace4 ,q4--,b :5 y talk ( ! lat5t heat ( /eam1 :at d y mean to express8 ,a4--,i mean to express ! heat consum$ 9 accompli%+ ! vaporization comp>$ ) t necess>y = produc+ ! temp]ature4 ,! lat5t heat ( /eam is usually reckon$ at ab\t #ajjj degrees1 by :i* x is meant t !re is z mu* heat 9 any giv5 weight ( /eam z w\ld raise its con/itu5t wat] #ajjj degrees if ! expansion ( ! wat] c\ld be prev5t$1 or z w\ld raise #ajjj times t quantity ( wat] "o degree4 ,! boil+ po9t ( wat]1 be+ #bab degrees1 is #ahj degrees above ! freez+ po9t ( wat]--! freez+ po9t be+ #cb degrees2 s t x requires #aahj times z mu* heat to raise #a lb4 ( wat] into /eam1 z to raise #aahj lbs4 ( wat] "o degree2 or x requires ab\t z mu* heat to raise a p\nd ( boil+ wat] into /eam1 z w\ld raise #e-a_/b lbs4 ( wat] f ! freez+ to ! boil+ po9t2 #e-a_/b multipli$ by #ahj be+ #iij or #ajjj ne>ly4 #acf4 ,q4--,:5 x is /at$ t ! lat5t heat ( /eam is #ajjj degrees1 x is only meant t ?is is a r\gh approximation to ! tru?8 ,a4--,precisely s4 ,! lat5t heat1 9 po9t ( fact1 is n uni=m at all temp]atures1 nei!r is ! total am\nt ( heat ! same at all temp]atures4 ,m4 ,regnault has %[n1 by a v elaborate s]ies ( exp]im5ts on /eam1 :i* he has lately conclud$1 t ! total heat 9 /eam increases some:at ) ! pressure1 & t ! lat5t heat dim9i%es some:at ) ! pressure4 ,?is w be made obvi\s by ! foll[+ numb]s3 ,pressure4 ,temp]ature4 ,total ,heat4 ,lat5t ,heat4 #ae lbs4 #bac4a #aagh4i #ife4h #ej #bha4j #aaii4f #iah4f #ajj #cbg4h #abac4i #hhf4a ,if1 !n1 /eam ( #ajj lbs4 be exp&$ d[n to /eam ( #ae lbs41 x w h #ce degrees ( heat ov] t :i* is requir$ = ! ma9t5ance ( ! vapor\s /ate1 or1 9 o!r words1 x w be sur*>g$ ) heat4 #acg4 ,q4--,:at d y und]/& by specific heat8 ,a4--,by specific heat1 ,i und]/& ! relative quantities ( heat 9 bodies at ! same temp]ature1 j z by specific gravity ,i und]/& ! relative quantities ( matt] 9 bodies ( ! same bulk4 ,equal weights ( quicksilv] & wat] at ! same temp]ature d n conta9 ! same quantities ( heat1 any m ?an equal bulks ( ^? liquids conta9 ! same quantity ( matt]4 ,! absolute quantity ( heat 9 any body is n kn[n2 b ! relative heat ( bodies at ! same temp]ature1 or 9 o!r words _! specific heats1 h be5 asc]ta9$ & arrang$ 9 tables1-- ! specific heat ( wat] be+ tak5 z unity4 #ach4 ,q4--,9 :at way does ! specific heat ( a body enable ! quantity ( heat 9 x to be det]m9$8 ,a4--,if any body has only half ! specific heat ( wat]1 !n a p\nd ( t body w1 at any giv5 temp]ature1 h only half ! heat 9 x t is 9 a p\nd ( wat] at ! same temp]ature4 ,! specific heat ( air is 4#bffi1 t ( wat] be+ #a2 or x is #c4ge times less ?an t ( wat]4 ,an am\nt ( heat1 !re=e1 :i* w\ld raise a p\nd ( wat] #a degree w\ld raise a p\nd ( air #c4ge degrees4 ,,combu/ion4 #aci4 ,q4--,:at is ! nature ( combu/ion8 ,a4--,combu/ion is no?+ m ?an an en]getic *emical comb9ation1 or1 9 o!r words1 x is ! mutual neutralization ( oppos+ electricities4 ,:5 coal is br\ght to a high temp]ature x acquires a /rong aff9ity = oxyg51 & comb9ation ) oxyg5 w produce m ?an suffici5t heat to ma9ta9 ! orig9al temp]ature2 s t "p ( ! heat is r5d]$ applicable to o!r purposes4 #adj4 ,q4--,does air consi/ ( oxyg58 ,a4--,air consi/s ( oxyg5 & nitrog5 mix$ toge!r 9 ! proportion ( #c4bi lbs4 ( nitrog5 to #a lb4 ( oxyg54 ,e p\nd ( coal requires ab\t #b4ff lbs4 ( oxyg5 = its saturation1 & !re=e = e p\nd ( coal burn$1 #h4ge p\nds ( nitrog5 mu/ pass ?r\gh ! fire1 suppos+ all ! oxyg5 to ent] into comb9ation4 ,9 practice1 h[ev]1 ?is p]fection ( comb9ation does n exi/2 f "o-?ird to "o-half ( ! oxyg5 w pass ?r\gh ! fire )\t ent]+ into comb9ation at all2 s t f #af to #ah lbs4 ( air are requir$ = e p\nd ( coal burn$4 #ah lbs4 ( air are ab\t #bdj cubic feet1 :i* may be tak5 z ! quantity ( air requir$ = ! combu/ion ( a p\nd ( coal 9 practice4 #ada4 ,q4--,:at are ! con/itu5ts ( coal8 ,a4--,! *ief con/itu5t ( coal is c>bon or pure *>coal1 :i* is associat$ 9 v>i\s proportions ) volatile & e>?y matt]s4 ,engli% coal conta9s #hj to #ij p] c5t4 ( c>bon1 & f #h to #ah p] c5t4 ( volatile & e>?y matt]s1 b sometimes m ?an ?is4 ,! volatile matt]s are hydrog51 nitrog51 oxyg51 & sulphur4 #adb4 ,q4--,:at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 an?racite & bitum9\s coal8 ,a4--,an?racite consi/s almo/ entirely ( c>bon1 hav+ #ia p] c5t4 ( c>bon1 ) ab\t #g p] c5t4 ( volatile matt] & #b p] c5t4 ( a%es4 ,newca/le coal conta9s ab\t #hc p] c5t4 ( c>bon1 #ad p] c5t4 ( volatile matt]1 & #c p] c5t4 ( a%es4 #adc4 ,q4--,w y recapitulate ! /eps by :i* y det]m9e ! quantity ( air requir$ = ! combu/ion ( coal8 ,a4--,look+ to ! quantity ( oxyg5 requir$ to unite *emically ) ! v>i\s con/itu5ts ( ! coal1 we f9d = example t 9 #ajj lbs4 ( an?racite coal1 consi/+ ( #ia4dd lbs4 ( c>bon1 & #c4df lbs4 ( hydrog51 we %all = ! #ia4dd lbs4 ( c>bon require #bdc4hd lbs4 ( oxyg5--s9ce to saturate a p\nd ( c>bon by ! =mation ( c>bonic acid1 requires #b-b_/c lbs4 ( oxyg54 ,to saturate a p\nd ( hydrog5 9 ! =mation ( wat]1 requires #h lbs4 ( oxyg52 h5ce #c4df ,fibs4 ( hydrog5 w take #bg4fh lbs4 ( oxyg5 = its saturation4 ,if !n we add #bdc4hd lbs4 to #bg4fh lbs4 we h #bga4eb lbs4 ( oxyg5 requir$ = ! combu/ion ( #ajj lbs4 ( coal4 ,a giv5 weight ( air conta9s ne>ly #bc4cb p] c5t ( oxyg52 h5ce to obta9 #bga4eb lbs4 ( oxyg51 we mu/ h ab\t f\r times t quantity ( atmosph]ic air1 or m accurately1 #aafd lbs4 ( air = ! combu/ion ( #ajj lbs4 ( coal4 ,a cubic foot ( air at ord9>y temp]ature weighs ab\t 4#jge lbs42 s t #ajj lbs4 ( coal require #ae1ebd cubic feet ( air1 or #a lb4 ( coal requires ab\t #aee cubic feet ( air1 suppos+ e atom ( ! oxyg5 to ent] into comb9ation4 ,if1 !n1 f "o-?ird to "o-half ( ! air passes unconsum$ ?r\gh ! fire1 an all[ance ( #bdj cubic feet ( air = ea* p\nd ( coal w be a small en\gh all[ance to answ] ! requirem5ts ( practice1 & 9 "s cases z mu* z #cjj cubic feet w be requir$1--! diff]5ce dep5d+ ma9ly on ! peculi> configuration ( ! furnace4 #add4 ,q4--,c y /ate ! evaporative efficacy ( a p\nd ( coal8 ,a4--,! evaporative efficacy ( a p\nd ( c>bon has be5 f\nd exp]im5tally to be equival5t to t necess>y to raise #ad1jjj lbs4 ( wat] ?r\gh #a degree1 or #ad lbs4 ( wat] ?r\gh #ajjj degrees1 suppos+ ! :ole heat g5]at$ to be absorb$ by ! wat]4 ,n[1 if ! wat] be rais$ into /eam f a temp]ature ( #fj1 !n #aaah4i ( heat w h to be imp>t$ to x to conv]t x into /eam ( #ae lbs4 pressure p] squ>e in*4 #ad1jjj _/ #aaah4i #ab4eab ,lbs4 w be ! numb] ( p\nds ( wat]1 !re=e1 :i* a p\nd ( c>bon c raise into /eam ( #ae lbs4 pressure f a temp]ature ( #fj4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is a consid]ably l>g] result ?an c be expect$ 9 practice4 #ade4 ,q4--,!n :at is ! result t may be expect$ 9 practice8 ,a4--,! evaporative p[]s ( diff]5t coals appe> to be ne>ly proportional to ! quantity ( c>bon 9 !m2 & bitum9\s coal is1 !re=e1 less efficaci\s ?an coal consi/+ *iefly ( pure c>bon4 ,a p\nd ( ! be/ ,wel% or an?racite coal is capable ( rais+ f #i-a_/b to #aj lbs4 ( wat] f #bab into /eam1 :]eas a p\nd ( ! be/ ,newca/le is n capable ( rais+ m ?an ab\t #h-a_/b lbs4 ( wat] f #bab into /eam2 & inf]ior coals w n raise m ?an #f-a_/b lbs4 ( wat] into /eam4 ,9 ,am]ica x has be5 f\nd t #a lb4 ( ! be/ coal is equal to #b-a_/b lbs4 ( p9e wood1 or1 9 "s cases to #c lbs42 & a p\nd ( p9e wood w n usually evaporate m ?an ab\t #b #a_/b lbs4 ( wat]1 ?\gh1 by c>eful managem5t1 x may be made to evaporate #d #a_/b lbs4 ,turf w g5]ate r m /eam ?an wood4 ,coke is equal or some:at sup]ior to ! be/ coal 9 evaporative effect4 #adf4 ,q4--,h[ mu* wat] w a p\nd ( coal raise into /eam 9 ord9>y boil]s8 ,a4--,f #f to #h lbs4 ( wat] 9 ! g5]ality ( l& boil]s ( m$ium quality1 ! diff]5ce dep5d+ on ! k9d ( boil]1 ! k9d ( coal1 & o!r circum/ances4 ,mr4 ,watt reckon$ 8 boil]s z capable ( evaporat+ #aj4jh cubic feet ( wat] ) a bu%el or #hd lbs4 ( ,newca/le coal1 :i* is equival5t to #g #a_/b lbs4 ( wat] evaporat$ by #a lb4 ( coal1 & ?is may be tak5 z ! p]=mance ( common l& boil]s at ! pres5t "t4 ,9 "s ( ! ,corni% boil]s1 h[ev]1 a p\nd ( coal raises #aa4h lbs4 ( boil+ wat] into /eam1 or a cwt4 ( coal evaporates ab\t #ba cubic feet ( wat] f #bab4 #adg4 ,q4--,:at me?od ( fir+ ord9>y furnaces is ! be/8 ,a4--,! coals %\ld be brok5 up into small pieces1 & spr9kl$ ?9ly & ev5ly ov] ! fire a little at a "t4 ,! ?ickness ( ! /ratum ( coal ^u ! grate %\ld dep5d ^u ! int5sity ( ! draught3 9 ord9>y l& or m>9e boil]s x %\ld be ?91 :]eas 9 locomotive boil]s x requires to be mu* ?ick]4 ,if ! /ratum ( coal be ?ick :ile ! draught is sluggi%1 ! c>bonic acid result+ f combu/ion comb9es ) an additional atom ( c>bon 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! fire1 & is conv]t$ into c>bonic oxide1 :i* may be def9$ to be invisible smoke1 z x c>ries (f a portion ( ! fuel3 if1 on ! contr>y1 ! /ratum ( coal be ?9 :ile ! draught is v rapid1 an injuri\s refrig]ation is occasion$ by ! excess ( air pass+ ?r\gh ! furnace4 ,! fire %\ld always be spread ( uni=m ?ickness ov] ! b>s ( ! grate1 & %\ld be )\t any holes or uncov]$ places1 :i* greatly dim9i% ! effect ( ! fuel by ! refrig]atory action ( ! /ream ( cold air :i* ent]s !reby4 ,a wood fire requires to be ab\t #f in*es ?ick] ?an a coal "o1 & a turf fire requires to be #c or #d in*es ?ick] ?an a wood "o1 s t ! furnace b>s mu/ be plac$ l[] :]e wood or turf is burn$1 to enable ! surface ( ! fire to be at ! same di/ance f ! bottom ( ! boil]4 #adh4 ,q4--,is a sl[ or a rapid combu/ion ! mo/ b5eficial8 ,a4--,a sl[ combu/ion is f\nd by exp]im5t to give ! be/ results z reg>ds economy ( fuel1 & !ory tells u t ! l>ge/ advantage w necess>ily be obta9$ :]e adequate "t has be5 af=d$ = a complete comb9ation ( ! con/itu5t atoms ( ! combu/ible1 & ! support] ( combu/ion4 ,9 _m ( ! cases1 h[ev]1 :i* occur 9 practice1 a sl[ combu/ion is n atta9able2 b ! t5d5cies ( sl[ combu/ion are bo? to save ! fuel1 & to burn ! smoke4 #adi4 ,q4--,is n ! combu/ion 9 ! furnaces ( ! ,corni% boil]s v sl[8 ,a4--,yes1 v sl[2 & !re is 9 consequ5ce v little smoke evolv$4 ,! coal us$ 9 ,cornwall is ,wel% coal1 :i* evolves b little smoke1 & is !re=e m favorable = ! success ( a smokeless furnace2 b 9 ! manufactur+ di/ricts1 :]e ! coal is m bitum9\s1 x is f\nd t smoke may be almo/ :olly prev5t$ by c>eful fir+ & by ! use ( a l>ge capacity ( furnace4 #aej4 ,q4--,d y consid] sl[ combu/ion to be an advisable ?+ to practise 9 /eam vessels8 ,a4--,no1 ,i d n4 ,:5 ! combu/ion is sl[1 ! heat 9 ! furnaces & flues is less int5se1 & a l>g] am\nt ( heat+ surface consequ5tly becomes necess>y to absorb ! heat4 ,9 locomotives1 :]e ! heat ( ! furnace is v int5se1 !re w be ! same economy ( fuel ) an all[ance ( #e or #f squ>e feet ( surface to evaporate a cubic foot ( wat] z 9 common m>9e boil]s ) #aj or #ab4 #aea4 ,q4--,:at is ! me?od ( consum+ smoke pursu$ 9 ! manufactur+ di/ricts8 ,a4--,9 ,man*e/]1 :]e "s /r+5t regulations = ! prev5tion ( smoke h = "s "t be5 9 =ce1 x is f\nd t ! readie/ way ( burn+ ! smoke is to h a v l>ge proportion ( furnace room1 :]eby sl[ combu/ion may be c>ri$ on4 ,9 "s cases1 too1 a fav\rable result is arriv$ at by rais+ a ridge ( coal across ! furnace ly+ aga9/ ! bridge1 & ( ! same height3 ?is ridge spe$ily becomes a mass ( inc&esc5t coke1 :i* promotes ! combu/ion ( ! smoke pass+ ov] x4 #aeb4 ,q4--,is ! me?od ( admitt+ a /ream ( air into ! flues to burn ! smoke reg>d$ favorably8 ,a4--,no2 x is f\nd to be productive ( injury to ! boil] by ! viol5t alt]nations ( temp]ature x occasions1 z at "s times cold air imp+es on ! iron ( ! boil]1 & at o!r times flame1--j z !re happ5s to be smoke or no smoke emitt$ by ! furnace4 ,boil]s1 !re=e1 op]at+ ^u ?is pr9ciple1 spe$ily become leaky1 & are mu* worn by oxidation1 s t1 if ! pressure is consid]able1 !y are liable to explode4 ,x is v difficult to apportion ! quantity ( air admitt$1 to ! v>y+ wants ( ! fire2 & z air may at "s times be ru%+ 9 :5 !re is no smoke to consume1 a loss ( heat1 & an increas$ consumption ( fuel may be ! result ( ! arrangem5t2 &1 inde$1 su* is ! result 9 practice1 ?\gh a c>efully p]=m$ exp]im5t usually demon/rates a sav+ 9 fuel ( #aj or #ab p] c5t4 #aec4 ,q4--,:at o!r plans h be5 contriv$ = obviat+ ! nuisance ( smoke8 ,a4--,!y are too v>i\s = enum]ation1 b mo/ ( !m ei!r op]ate ^u ! pr9ciple ( admitt+ air into ! flues to accompli% ! combu/ion ( ! un9flammable p>ts ( ! smoke1 or seek to atta9 ! same object by pass+ ! smoke ov] or ?r\gh ! fire or o!r inc&esc5t mat]ial4 ,"s ( ! plans1 inde$1 pr(ess to burn ! inflammable gases z !y are evolv$ f ! coal1 )\t p]mitt+ ! admixture ( any ( ! un9flammable products ( combu/ion :i* ent] into ! composition ( smoke2 b ?is object has be5 v imp]fectly fulfill$ 9 any ( ! contrivances yet br\ght "u ! notice ( ! public1 & 9 "s cases ^! contrivances h be5 f\nd to create weighti] evils ?an !y pr(ess$ to relieve4 #aed4 ,q4--,y ref]1 ,i suppose1 to ,mr4 ,*>les ,wye ,williams' ,arg& furnace8 ,a4--,i *iefly ref] to x1 ?\gh ,i also compreh5d all o!r s*emes 9 :i* !re is a cont9u\s admission ( air into ! flues1 ) an int]mitt5t g5]ation ( smoke4 #aee4 ,q4--,?is is n s 9 ,prideaux's furnace8 ,a4--,no2 9 t furnace ! air is admitt$ only dur+ a c]ta9 int]val1 or = s long1 9 fact1 z !re is smoke to be consum$4 #aef4 ,q4--,w y expla9 ! *ief peculi>ities ( t furnace8 ,a4--,! :ole peculi>ity is 9 ! furnace door4 ,! front ( ! door consi/s ( metal ,v5etians1 :i* are op5$ :5 ! top lev] is lift$ up1 & %ut :5 t lev] desc5ds to its l[e/ position4 ,:5 ! furnace door is op5$ to repl5i% ! fire ) coals1 ! top lev] is rais$ up1 & ) x ! pi/on ( ! small cyl9d] atta*$ to ! side ( ! furnace4 ,! ,v5etians are !reby op5$1 & a /ream ( air ent]s ! furnace1 :i*1 be+ heat$ 9 its passage among ! num]\s heat$ plates atta*$ to ! back ( ! furnace door1 is 9 a favorable condition = effect+ ! combu/ion ( ! inflammable p>ts ( ! smoke4 ,! pi/on 9 ! small cyl9d] gradually subsides & closes ! ,v5etians2 & ! rate ( ! subsid5ce ( ! pi/on may obvi\sly be regulat$ by a cock1 or1 z 9 ?is case1 a small screw valve1 s t ! ,v5etians %all j close :5 !re is no m smoke to be consum$2--! air or o!r fluid )9 ! cyl9d] be+ =c$ out by ! pi/on 9 its desc5t4 #aeg4 ,q4--,_h ,mr4 ,watt any me?od ( consum+ smoke8 ,a4--,he tri$ v>i\s me?ods1 b ev5tually fix$ ^u ! me?od ( cok+ ! coal on a dead plate at ! furnace door1 be=e pu%+ x into ! fire4 ,t me?od is p]fectly effectual :]e ! combu/ion is s sl[ t ! requisite "t = cok+ is all[$1 & x is mu* pref]able to any ( ! me?ods ( admitt+ air at ! bridge or else:]e1 to accompli% ! combu/ion ( ! inflammable p>ts ( ! smoke4 #aeh4 ,q4--,:at are ! details ( ,mr4 ,watt's arrangem5t z n[ employ$8 ,a4--,! fire b>s & ! dead plate are bo? set at a consid]able incl9ation1 to facilitate ! advance ( ! fuel into ! furnace4 ,9 ,b\lton & ,watt's #cj horse p[] l& boil]1 ! dead plate & ! furnace b>s are bo? ab\t #d feet long1 & !y are set at ! angle ( #cj degrees ) ! horizon4 #aei4 ,q4--,is ! use ( ! dead plate univ]sally adopt$ 9 ,b\lton & ,watt's l& boil]s8 ,a4--,x is g5]ally adopt$1 b 9 "s cases ,b\lton & ,watt h sub/itut$ ! plan ( a revolv+ grate = consum+ ! smoke1 & ! dead plate !n becomes bo? sup]flu\s & inapplicable4 ,9 ?is contrivance ! fire is repl5i%$ ) coals by a self-act+ me*anism4 #afj4 ,q4--,w y expla9 ! arrangem5t ( ! revolv+ grate8 ,a4--,! fire grate is made l a r\nd table capable ( turn+ horizontally ^u a c5tre2 a %[] ( coal is precipitat$ ^u ! grate ?r\gh a slit 9 ! boil] ne> ! furnace m\?1 & ! smoke evolv$ f ! coal dropp$ at ! front "p ( ! fire is consum$ by pass+ ov] ! inc&esc5t fuel at ! back "p1 f :i* all ! smoke mu/ h be5 expell$ 9 ! revolution ( ! grate be=e x c h rea*$ t position4 #afa4 ,q4--,is a furnace ) a revolv+ grate applicable to a /eam vessel8 ,a4--,i see no?+ to prev5t its application4 ,b ! arrangem5t ( ! boil] w\ld p]haps require to be *ang$1 & x might be pref]able to comb9e its use ) ! employm5t ( v]tical tubes1 = ! transmission ( ! smoke4 ,! introduction ( any effectual automatic contrivance = fe$+ ! fire 9 /eam vessels1 w\ld br+ ab\t an important economy1 at ! same "t t x w\ld give ! assurance ( ! "w be+ bett] done4 ,x is v difficult to fire furnaces by h& effectually at sea1 especially 9 r\gh wea!r & 9 tropical climates2 :]eas ma*9]y w\ld be unaffect$ by any su* di/urb+ causes1 & w\ld p]=m ) little exp5se ! "w ( _m m54 #afb4 ,q4--,! introduction ( "s me*anical me?od ( fe$+ ! fire ) coals w\ld enable a d\ble ti] ( furnaces to be adopt$ 9 /eam vessels )\t inconv5i5ce8 ,a4--,yes1 x w\ld h at lea/ t t5d5cy2 & z ! space available = area ( grate is limit$ 9 a /eam vessel by ! wid? ( ! vessel1 x w\ld be a great conv5i5ce if a d\ble ti] ( furnaces c\ld be employ$ )\t a dim9i%$ effect4 ,x appe>s to me1 h[ev]1 t ! objection w\ld /ill rema9 ( ! /eam rais$ by ! l[] furnace be+ cool$ & dead5$ by ! air ent]+ ! a%-pit ( ! upp] fire1 = x w\ld /rike ^u ! metal ( ! a%-pit bottom4 #afc4 ,q4--,h any o!r plans be5 devis$ = fe$+ ! fire by self-act+ means besides t ( a revolv+ grate8 ,a4--,yes1 _m plans1 b none ( !m1 p]haps1 are free f an objectionable complication4 ,9 "s arrangem5ts ! b>s are made l screws1 :i* be+ turn$ r\nd sl[ly1 gradually c>ry =w>d ! coal2 :ile 9 o!r arrangem5ts ! same object is s\ght to be atta9$ by alt]nately lift+ & depress+ e second b> at ! end ne>e/ ! m\? ( ! furnace4 ,9 ,juckes' furnace1 ! fire b>s are arrang$ 9 ! mann] ( r[s ( endless *a9s work+ ov] a roll] at ! m\? ( ! furnace1 & ano!r roll] at ! f>!r end ( ! furnace4 ,^! roll]s are put into sl[ revolution1 & ! coal :i* is deposit$ at ! m\? ( ! furnace is gradually c>ri$ =w>d by ! motion ( ! *a9s1 :i* act l an endless web4 ,! cl9k]s & a%es left aft] ! combu/ion ( ! coal1 are precipitat$ into ! a%-pit1 :]e ! *a9 turns d[n ov] ! roll] at ! extremity ( ! furnace4 ,9 ,messrs4 ,maudslays' plan ( a self-fe$+ furnace ! fire b>s are =m$ ( r\nd tubes1 & are plac$ transv]sely across ! furnace4 ,! ends ( ! b>s ge> into endless screws runn+ ! :ole l5g? ( ! furnace1 :]eby motion is giv5 to ! b>s1 & ! coal is ?us c>ri$ gradually =w>d4 ,x is v d\btful :e!r any ( ^! contrivances satisfy all ! conditions requir$ 9 a plan = fe$+ furnaces ( ! ord9>y =m by self-act+ means1 b ! problem ( provid+ a suitable contrivance1 does n seem difficult ( accompli%m5t1 & w no d\bt be effect$ "u adequate temptation4 #afd4 ,q4--,h n _m plans be5 already contriv$ :i* consume ! smoke ( furnaces v effectually8 ,a4--,yes1 _m plans2 & besides ^? already m5tion$ !re are ,hall's1 ,c\pl&'s1 ,godson's1 ,rob9son's1 ,/ev5s's1 ,hazeld9e's1 ,indie's1 ,bri/[ & ,attwood's1 & a great numb] ( o!rs4 ,"o plan1 :i* promises well1 consi/s 9 mak+ ! flame desc5d ?r\gh ! fire b>s1 & ! fire b>s are =m$ ( tubes set on an incl9e & fill$ ) wat]1 :i* wat] w circulate ) a rapidity proportionate to ! int5sity ( ! heat4 ,aft] all1 h[ev]1 ! be/ rem$y = smoke appe>s to consi/ 9 remov+ f x ^? portions :i* =m ! smoke be=e ! coal is br\ght into use4 ,_m valuable products may be got f ! coal by subject+ x to ?is treatm5t2 & ! residuum w be m valuable ?an be=e = ! production ( /eam4 ,,/eam4 #afe4 ,q4--,h exp]im5ts be5 made to det]m9e ! ela/icity ( /eam at diff]5t temp]atures8 ,a4--,yes2 v c>eful exp]im5ts4 ,! foll[+ rule expresses ! results obta9$ by ,mr4 ,s\!rn3--,to ! giv5 temp]ature 9 degrees ( ,fahr5heit add #ea4c degrees2 f ! log>i?m ( ! sum1 subtract ! log>i?m ( #ace4gfg1 :i* is #b4acbgidj2 multiply ! rema9d] by #e4ac1 & to ! natural numb] answ]+ to ! sum1 add ! con/ant fraction 4#a1 :i* w give ! ela/ic =ce 9 in*es ( m]cury4 ,if ! ela/ic =ce be kn[n1 & x is want$ to det]m9e ! correspond+ temp]ature1 ! rule mu/ be modifi$ ?us3--,f ! ela/ic =ce1 9 in*es ( m]cury1 subtract ! decimal 4#a1 divide ! log>i?m ( ! rema9d] by #e4ac1 & to ! quoti5t add ! log>i?m #b4acbgidj2 f9d ! natural numb] answ]+ to ! sum1 & subtract !refrom ! con/ant #ea4c2 ! rema9d] w be ! temp]ature s\ght4 ,! ,fr5* ,academy1 & ! ,frankl9 ,in/itute1 h repeat$ ,mr4 ,s\!rn's exp]im5ts on a l>g] scale2 ! results obta9$ by !m are n widely diff]5t1 & are p]haps ne>] ! tru?1 b ,mr4 ,s\!rn's results are g5]ally adopt$ by eng9e]s1 z suffici5tly accurate = practical purposes4 #aff4 ,q4--,h n "s sup]ior exp]im5ts ^u ?is subject be5 lately made 9 ,france8 ,a4--,yes1 ! exp]im5ts ( ,m4 ,regnault ^u ?is subject h be5 v elaborate & v c>efully conduct$1 & ! results are probably m accurate ?an h be5 h]et(ore obta9$4 ,nev]!less1 x is que/ionable h[ f> x is advisable to di/urb ! rules ( ,watt & ,s\!rn1 ) :i* ! practice ( eng9e]s is v mu* id5tifi$1 = ! sake ( em5dations :i* are n ( su* magnitude z to influ5ce mat]ially ! practical result4 ,m4 ,regnault has %[n t ! total am\nt ( heat1 exi/+ 9 a giv5 weight ( /eam1 increases slightly ) ! pressure1 s t ! sum ( ! lat5t & s5sible heats d n =m a con/ant quantity4 ,?us1 9 /eam ( ! atmosph]ic pressure1 or ) #ad4g ,lbs4 ^u ! squ>e in*1 ! s5sible heat ( ! /eam is #bab degrees1 ! lat5t heat #iff4f degrees1 & ! sum ( ! lat5t & s5sible heats #aagh4f degrees2 :]eas 9 /eam ( #ij p\nds ^u ! squ>e in* ! s5sible heat is #cbj4b degrees1 ! lat5t heat #hia4d degrees1 & ! sum ( ! lat5t & s5sible heats #abaa4j degrees4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 #cc degrees less ( heat 9 any giv5 weight ( wat]1 rais$ into /eam ( ! atmosph]ic pressure1 ?an if rais$ into /eam ( #ij ,lbs4#a pressure4 #afg4 ,q4--,:at expansion does wat] und]go 9 its conv]sion into /eam8 ,a4--,a cubic in* ( wat] makes ab\t a cubic foot ( /eam ( ! atmosph]ic pressure4 #afh4 ,q4--,& h[ mu* at a high] pressure8 ,a4--,t dep5ds ^u :at ! pressure is4 ,b ! proportion is easily asc]ta9$1 = ! pressure & ! bulk ( a giv5 quantity ( /eam1 z ( air or any o!r ela/ic fluid1 are always inv]sely proportional to "o ano!r4 ,?us if a cubic in* ( wat] makes a cubic foot ( /eam1 ) ! pressure ( "o atmosph]e1 x w make half a cubic foot ) ! pressure ( two atmosph]es1 a ?ird ( a cubic foot ) ! pressure ( ?ree atmosph]es1 & s on 9 all o!r proportions4 ,high pressure /eam inde$ is j l[ pressure /eam =c$ into a less space1 & ! pressure w always be great 9 ! proportion 9 :i* ! space is contract$4 #afi4 ,q4--,if ?is be s1 ! quantity ( heat 9 a giv5 weight ( /eam mu/ be ne>ly ! same1 :e!r ! /eam is high or l[ pressure8 ,a4--,yes2 ! heat 9 /eam is ne>ly a con/ant quantity1 at all pressures1 b n s precisely4 ,/eam to :i* an additional quantity ( heat has be5 imp>t$ aft] leav+ ! boil]1 or z x is call$ sur*>g$ /eam1 comes "u a diff]5t law1 = ! ela/icity ( su* /eam may be increas$ )\t any addition be+ made to its weight2 b sur*>g$ /eam is n at pres5t employ$ = work+ eng9es1 & x may !re=e be consid]$ 9 practice t a p\nd ( /eam conta9s v ne>ly ! same quantity ( heat at all pressures4 #agj4 ,q4--,does n ! quantity ( heat 9 any body v>y ) ! temp]ature8 ,a4--,o!r circum/ances rema9+ ! same ! quantity ( heat 9 a body increases ) ! temp]atures4 #aga4 ,q4--,& is n high pressure /eam hott] ?an l[ pressure /eam8 ,a4--,yes1 ! temp]ature ( /eam rises ) ! pressure4 #agb4 ,q4--,h[ !n comes x1 t !re is ! same quantity ( heat 9 ! same weight ( high & l[ pressure /eam1 :5 ! high pressure /eam has ! highe/ temp]ature8 ,a4--,because al?\gh ! temp]ature or s5sible heat rises ) ! pressure1 ! lat5t heat becomes less 9 ab\t ! same proportion4 ,& z has be5 already expla9$1 ! lat5t & s5sible heats tak5 toge!r make up ne>ly ! same am\nt at all temp]atures2 b ! am\nt is some:at great] at ! high] temp]atures4 ,z a damp sponge becomes wet :5 subject$ to pressure1 s w>m vapor becomes hot :5 =c$ into less bulk1 b 9 nei!r case does ! quantity ( moi/ure or ! quantity ( heat su/a9 any alt]ation4 ,common air becomes s hot by compression t t9d] may be inflam$ by x1 z is se5 9 ! in/rum5t = produc+ in/antane\s light by sudd5ly =c+ air into a syr+e4 #agc4 ,q4--,:at law is foll[$ by sur*>g$ /eam on ! application ( heat8 ,a4--,! same z t foll[$ by air1 9 :i* ! increm5ts 9 volume are v ne>ly 9 ! same proportion z ! increm5ts 9 temp]ature2 & ! increm5t 9 volume = ea* degree ( increas$ temp]ature is #a_/dij? "p ( ! volume at #cb4 ,a volume ( air :i*1 at ! temp]ature ( #cb1 occupies #ajj cubic feet1 w at #bab fill a space ( #acf4gc cubic feet4 ,! volume :i* air or /eam--out ( contact ) wat]--( a giv5 temp]ature acquires by be+ heat$ to a high] temp]ature1 ! pressure rema9+ ! same1 may be f\nd by ! foll[+ rule3--,to ea* ( ! temp]atures be=e & aft] expansion1 add ! con/ant numb] #deh3 divide ! great] sum by ! less1 & multiply ! quoti5t by ! volume at ! l[] temp]ature2 ! product w give ! exp&$ volume4 #agd4 ,q4--,if ! relative volumes ( /eam & wat] are kn[n1 is x possible to tell ! quantity ( wat] :i* %\ld be suppli$ to a boil]1 :5 ! quantity ( /eam exp5d$ is specifi$8 ,a4--,yes2 at ! atmosph]ic pressure1 ab\t a cubic in* ( wat] has to be suppli$ to ! boil] = e cubic foot ( /eam ab/ract$2 at o!r pressures1 ! relative bulk ( wat] & /eam may be det]m9$ z foll[s3--,to ! temp]ature ( /eam 9 degrees ( ,fahr5heit1 add ! con/ant numb] #deh1 multiply ! sum by #cg4c1 & divide ! product by ! ela/ic =ce ( ! /eam 9 p\nds p] squ>e in*2 ! quoti5t w give ! volume requir$4 #age4 ,q4--,w ?is rule give ! prop] dim5sions ( ! pump = fe$+ ! boil] ) wat]8 ,a4--,no2 x is necess>y 9 practice t ! fe$ pump %\ld be able to supply ! boil] ) a mu* l>g] quantity ( wat] ?an :at is indicat$ by ^! proportions1 f ! risk ( leaks1 prim+1 or o!r dis>rangem5ts1 & ! fe$ pump is usually made capable ( rais+ #c-a_/b times ! wat] evaporat$ by ! boil]4 ,ab\t #a_/bdj? ( ! capacity ( ! cyl9d] answ]s v well = ! capacity ( ! fe$ pump 9 ! case ( l[ pressure eng9es1 suppos+ ! cyl9d] to be d\ble act+1 & ! pump s+le act+2 b x is bett] to exce$ ?is size4 #agf4 ,q4--,is ?is rule = ! size ( ! fe$ pump applicable to ! case ( high pressure eng9es8 ,a4--,cle>ly n2 = s9ce a cyl9d] full ( high pressure /eam1 conta9s m wat] ?an ! same cyl9d] full ( l[ pressure /eam1 ! size ( ! fe$ mu/ v>y 9 ! same proportion z ! d5sity ( ! /eam4 ,9 all pumps a good deal ( ! effect is lo/ f ! imp]fect action ( ! valves2 & 9 eng9es travell+ at a high rate ( spe$1 9 p>ticul>1 a l>ge "p ( ! wat] is apt to return1 ?r\gh ! suction valve ( ! pump1 especially if mu* lift be p]mitt$ to t valve4 ,9 /eam vessels moreov]1 :]e ! boil] is f$ ) salt wat]1 & :]e a c]ta9 quantity ( sup]salt$ wat] has to be bl[n out ( ! boil] f "t to "t1 to prev5t ! wat] f rea*+ too high a degree ( conc5tration1 ! fe$ pump requires to be ( additional size to supply ! extra quantity ( wat] ?us r5d]$ necess>y4 ,:5 ! fe$ wat] is boil+ or v hot1 z 9 "s eng9es is ! case1 ! fe$ pump w n draw f a dep?1 & w altoge!r act less effici5tly1 s t an extra size ( pump has to be provid$ 9 consequ5ce4 ,^! & o!r consid]ations :i* might be m5tion$1 %[ ! propriety ( mak+ ! fe$ pump v mu* l>g] ?an !ory requires4 ,! prop] proportions ( pumps1 h[ev]1 =ms "p ( a subsequ5t *apt]4 #a ,a table conta9+ ! results arriv$ at by ,m4 ,regnault is giv5 9 ! ,key4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,expansion ,,( ,,/eam ,,& ,,action ,,( ,,! ,,valves4 #agg4 ,q4--,:at is meant by work+ eng9es expansively8 ,a4--,adju/+ ! valves1 s t ! /eam is %ut (f f ! cyl9d] be=e ! end ( ! /roke1 :]eby ! residue ( ! /roke is left to be complet$ by ! exp&+ /eam4 #agh4 ,q4--,& :at is ! b5efit ( t practice8 ,a4--,x accompli%es an important sav+ ( /eam1 or1 :at is ! same ?+1 ( fuel2 b x dim9i%es ! p[] ( ! eng9e1 :ile increas+ ! p[] ( ! /eam4 ,a l>g] eng9e w be requir$ to d ! same "w1 b ! "w w be done ) a small] consumption ( fuel4 ,if1 = example1 ! /eam be %ut (f :5 only half ! /roke is complet$1 !re w only be half ! quantity ( /eam us$4 ,b !re w be m ?an half ! p[] ex]t$2 = al?\gh ! pressure ( ! /eam decreases aft] ! supply ent]+ f ! boil] is %ut (f1 yet x imp>ts1 dur+ its expansion1 "s p[]1 & t p[]1 x is cle>1 is obta9$ )\t any exp5diture ( /eam or fuel :atev]4 #agi4 ,q4--,:at w be ! pressure ( ! /eam1 "u su* circum/ances1 at ! end ( ! /roke8 ,a4--,if ! /eam be %ut (f at half /roke1 ! pressure ( ! /eam1 reckon+ ! total pressure bo? bel[ & above ! atmosph]e1 w j be "o-half ( :at x 0 at ! beg9n+ ( ! /roke4 ,x is a well kn[n law ( pneumatics1 t ! pressure ( ela/ic fluids v>ies inv]sely z ! spaces into :i* !y are exp&$ or compress$4 ,= example1 if a cubic foot ( air ( ! atmosph]ic d5sity be compress$ into ! compass ( half a cubic foot1 its ela/icity w be increas$ f #ae lbs4 on ! squ>e in* to #cj lbs4 on ! squ>e in*2 :]eas1 if its volume be enl>g$ to two cubic feet1 its ela/icity w be r$uc$ to #g-a_/b lbs4 on ! squ>e in*1 be+ j half its orig9al pressure4 ,! same law holds 9 all o!r proportions1 & ) all o!r gases & vapors1 provid$ _! temp]ature rema9s un*ang$2 & if ! /eam valve ( an eng9e be clos$1 :5 ! pi/on has desc5d$ ?r\gh "o- f\r? ( ! /roke1 ! /eam )9 ! cyl9d] w1 at ! end ( ! /roke1 j ex]t "o-f\r? ( its initial pressure4 #ahj4 ,q4--,!n by comput+ ! v>y+ pressure at a numb] ( /ages1 ! av]age or mean pressure ?r\gh\t ! /roke may be approximately det]m9$8 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4 ,diagram %[+ law ( expansion ( /eam 9 a cyl9d]4 ,a4--,precisely s4 ,?us 9 ! accompany+ figure1 7fig4 #cb71 let ,e be a cyl9d]1 ,j ! pi/on1 a ! /eam pipe1 c ! upp] port1 f ! l[] port1 d ! /eam pipe1 prolong$ to e ! equilibrium valve1 g ! eduction valve1 ,m ! /eam jacket1 ,n ! cyl9d] cov]1 ,o /uff+ box1 n pi/on rod1 ,p cyl9d] bottom2 let ! cyl9d] be suppos$ to be divid$ 9 ! direction ( its l5g? into any numb] ( equal p>ts1 say tw5ty1 & let ! diamet] ( ! cyl9d] repres5t ! pressure ( ! /eam1 :i*1 = ! sake ( simplicity1 we may take at #aj lbs41 s t we may divide ! cyl9d]1 9 ! direction ( its diamet]1 into t5 equal p>ts4 ,if n[ ! pi/on be suppos$ to desc5d ?r\gh five ( ! divisions1 & ! /eam valve !n be %ut1 ! pressure at ea* subsequ5t position ( ! pi/on w be repres5t$ by a s]ies1 comput$ accord+ to ! laws ( pneumatics1 & :i*1 if ! initial pressure be repres5t$ by #a1 w give a pressure ( 4#e at ! middle ( ! /roke1 & 4#be at ! end ( x4 ,if ?is s]ies be set (f on ! horizontal l9es1 x w m>k out a hyp]bolic curve--! area ( ! "p ext]ior to :i* repres5ts ! total efficacy ( ! /roke1 & ! int]ior area1 !re=e1 repres5ts ! dim9ution 9 ! p[] ( a /roke1 :5 ! /eam is cut (f at "o- f\r? ( ! desc5t4 ,if ! squ>es above ! po9t1 :]e ! /eam is cut (f1 be c\nt$1 !y w be f\nd to am\nt to #ej2 & if ^? b5ea? t po9t be c\nt$ or e/imat$1 !y w be f\nd to am\nt to ab\t #fi4 ,^! squ>es are repres5tative ( ! p[] ex]t$2 s t :ile an am\nt ( p[] repres5t$ by #ej has be5 obta9$ by ! exp5diture ( a qu>t] ( a cyl9d] full ( /eam1 we get an am\nt ( p[] repres5t$ by #fi1 )\t any exp5diture ( /eam at all1 m]ely by p]mitt+ ! /eam fir/ us$ to exp& into f\r times its orig9al volume4 #aha4 ,q4--,!n by work+ an eng9e expansively1 ! p[] ( ! /eam is increas$1 b ! p[] ( ! eng9e is dim9i%$8 ,a4--,yes4 ,! efficacy ( a giv5 quantity ( /eam is m ?an d\bl$ by exp&+ ! /eam f\r times1 :ile ! efficacy ( ea* /roke is made ne>ly "o-half less4 ,&1 !re=e1 to c>ry out ! expansive pr9ciple 9 practice1 ! cyl9d] requires to be l>g] ?an usual1 or ! pi/on fa/] ?an usual1 9 ! proportion 9 :i* ! expansion is c>ri$ out4 ,e "o :o is acqua9t$ ) simple ari?metic1 c compute ! t]m9al pressure ( /eam 9 a cyl9d]1 :5 he kn[s ! initial pressure & ! po9t at :i* ! /eam is cut (f2 & he c also f9d1 by ! same process1 any pressure int]m$iate betwe5 ! fir/ & ! la/4 ,by sett+ d[n ^! pressures 9 a table1 & tak+ _! mean1 he c det]m9e ! effect1 ) tol]able accuracy1 ( any p>ticul> measure ( expansion4 ,x is necess>y to rem>k1 t x is ! total pressure ( ! /eam t he mu/ take2 n ! pressure above ! atmosph]e1 b ! pressure above a p]fect vacuum4 #ahb4 ,q4--,c y give any rule = asc]ta9+ at "o op]ation ! am\nt ( b5efit d]ivable f expansion8 ,a4--,divide ! l5g? ( /roke ?r\gh :i* ! /eam exp&s1 by ! l5g? ( /roke p]=m$ ) full pressure1 :i* la/ call #a2 ! hyp]bolic log>i?m ( ! quoti5t is ! increase ( effici5cy due to expansion4 ,accord+ to ?is rule x w be f\nd1 t if a giv5 quantity ( /eam1 ! p[] ( :i* work+ at full pressure is repres5t$ by #a1 be admitt$ into a cyl9d] ( su* a size t its +ress is conclud$ :5 "o-half ! /roke has be5 p]=m$1 its efficacy w be rais$ by expansion to #a4fi2 if ! admission ( ! /eam be /opp$ at "o-?ird ( ! /roke1 ! efficacy w be #b4aj2 at "o- f\r?1 #b4ci2 at "o-fif?1 #b4fa2 at "o-six?1 #b4gi2 at "o-sev5?1 #b4ie2 at "o-eigh?1 #c4jh4 ,! expansion1 h[ev]1 _c be c>ri$ b5eficially s f> z "o-eigh?1 unless ! pressure ( ! /eam 9 ! boil] be v consid]able1 on acc\nt ( ! inconv5i5t size ( cyl9d] or spe$ ( pi/on :i* w\ld require to be adopt$1 ! friction ( ! eng9e1 & ! resi/ance ( vapor 9 ! cond5s]1 :i* all become relatively great] ) a small] urg+ =ce4 #ahc4 ,q4--,is ?is am\nt ( b5efit actually realiz$ 9 practice8 ,a4--,only 9 "s cases4 ,x appe>s to be indisp5sable to ! realization ( any l>ge am\nt ( b5efit by expansion1 t ! cyl9d] %\ld be enclos$ 9 a /eam jacket1 or %\ld 9 "s o!r way be effectually protect$ f refrig]ation4 ,9 "s eng9es n s protect$1 x has be5 f\nd exp]im5tally t less b5efit 0 obta9$ f ! fuel by work+ expansively ?an by work+ )\t expansion--! :ole b5efit due to expansion be+ m ?an c\nt]act$ by ! increas$ refrig]ation due to ! l>g] surface ( ! cyl9d] requir$ to develop ! p[]4 ,9 locomotive eng9es1 ) outside cyl9d]s1 ?is condition ( ! advantage\s use ( expansion has be5 made v conspicu\s1 z has also be5 ! case 9 screw /eam]s ) f\r cyl9d]s1 & 9 :i* ! refrig]at+ surface ( ! cyl9d]s 0 consequ5tly l>ge4 #ahd4 ,q4--,! /eam is admitt$ to & f ! cyl9d] by means ( a slide or sluice valve8 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4 ,a4--,yes2 & ( ! slide valve !re are _m v>ieties2 b ! k9ds mo/ 9 use are ! ,d valve1--s call$ f its resemblance to a half cyl9d] or ,d 9 its cross section--& ! ?ree port$ valve1 %[n 9 fig4 #cc1 :i* consi/s ( a brass or iron box set ov] ! two ports or op5+s into ! cyl9d]1 & a c5tral port :i* conducts away ! /eam to ! atmosph]e or cond5s]2 b ! l5g? ( ! box is s adju/$ t x c only cov] "o ( ! cyl9d] ports & ! c5tral or eduction port at ! same "t4 ,! effect1 !re=e1 ( mov+ ! valve up & d[n1 z is done by ! ecc5tric1 is to e/abli% a connection alt]nately betwe5 ea* cyl9d] port & ! c5tral passage :]eby ! /eam escapes2 & :ile ! /eam is escap+ f b5ea? ! pi/on1 ! position ( ! valve is su*1 t a free communication exi/s betwe5 ! space above ! pi/on & ! /eam 9 ! boil]4 ,! pi/on is ?us urg$ alt]nately up & d[n--! valve s *ang+ its position be=e ! pi/on arrives at ! end ( ! /roke1 t ! pressure is by t "t ?r[n on ! rev]se side ( ! pi/on1 s z to urge x into motion 9 ! opposite direction4 #ahe4 ,q4--,is ! motion ( ! valve1 !n1 ! rev]se ( t ( ! pi/on8 ,a4--,no4 ,! valve does n move d[n :5 ! pi/on moves d[n1 nor does x move d[n :5 ! pi/on moves up2 b x moves f its mid position1 to ! extremity ( its ?r[1 & back aga9 to its mid position1 :ile ! pi/on makes an upw>d or d[nw>d movem5t1 s t ! motion is z x 7 at "r angles to ! motion ( ! pi/on2 or x is ! same motion t ! pi/on ( ano!r eng9e1 ! crank ( :i* is set at "r angles ) t ( ! fir/ eng9e1 w\ld acquire4 #ahf4 ,q4--,!n 9 a /eam vessel ! valve ( "o eng9e may be work$ f ! pi/on ( ! o!r8 ,a4--,yes1 x may2 or x may be work$ f its own connect+ rod2 & 9 ! case ( locomotive eng9es1 ?is has sometimes be5 done4 #ahg4 ,q4--,:at is meant by ! lead ( ! valve8 ,a4--,! am\nt ( op5+ :i* ! valve pres5ts = ! admission ( ! /eam1 :5 ! pi/on is j beg9n+ its /roke4 ,x is f\nd exp$i5t t ! valve %\ld h op5$ a little to admit /eam on ! rev]se side ( ! pi/on be=e ! /roke t]m9ates2 & ! am\nt ( ?is op5+1 :i* is giv5 by turn+ ! ecc5tric m or less r\nd ^u ! %aft1 is :at is t]m$ ! lead4 #ahh4 ,q4--,& :at is meant by ! lap ( ! valve8 ,a4--,x is an elongation ( ! valve face to a c]ta9 ext5t ov] ! port1 :]eby ! port is clos$ soon] ?an w\ld o!rwise be ! case4 ,?is ext5sion is *iefly effect$ at t "p ( ! valve :]e ! /eam is admitt$1 or ^u ! /eam side ( ! valve1 z ! te*nical phrase is2 & ! int5t ( ! ext5sion is to close ! /eam passage be=e ! end ( ! /roke1 :]eby ! eng9e is made to op]ate to a c]ta9 ext5t expansively4 ,9 "s cases1 h[ev]1 !re is also a c]ta9 am\nt ( lap giv5 to ! escape or eduction side1 to prev5t ! eduction f be+ p]=m$ too soon :5 ! lead is great2 b 9 all cases !re is f> less lap on ! eduction ?an on ! /eam side1 v (t5 !re is none1 & sometimes less ?an none1 s t ! valve is incapable ( cov]+ bo? ! ports at once4 #ahi4 ,q4--,:at is ! usual proportional l5g? ( /roke ( ! valve8 ,a4--,! common /roke ( ! valve 9 rotative eng9es is twice ! bread? or dep? ( ! port1 & ! l5g? ( ! valve face w !n be j ! bread? ( ! port :5 !re is lap on nei!r ! /eam nor eduction side4 ,:atev] lap is giv51 !re=e1 makes ! valve face j s mu* long]4 ,9 "s eng9es1 h[ev]1 ! /roke ( ! valve is a good deal m ?an twice ! bread? ( ! port2 & x is to ! /roke ( ! valve t ! am\nt ( lap %\ld prop]ly be ref]r$4 #aij4 ,q4--,c y tell :at am\nt ( lap w accompli% any giv5 am\nt ( expansion8 ,a4--,yes1 :5 ! /roke ( ! valve is kn[n4 ,f ! l5g? ( ! /roke ( ! pi/on subtract t "p ( ! /roke :i* is int5d$ to be accompli%$ be=e ! /eam is cut (f2 divide ! rema9d] by ! l5g? ( ! /roke ( ! pi/on1 & extract ! squ>e root ( ! quoti5t1 :i* multiply by half ! /roke ( ! valve1 & f ! product take half ! lead2 ! rema9d] w be ! lap requir$4 #aia4 ,q4--,c y /ate h[ we may discov] at :at po9t ( ! /roke ! eduction passage w be clos$8 ,a4--,to f9d h[ mu* be=e ! end ( ! /roke ! eduction passage w be clos$3--to ! lap on ! /eam side add ! lead1 & divide ! sum by half ! /roke ( ! valve2 f9d ! arc ^: s9e is equal to ! quoti5t1 & add #ij to x42 divide ! lap on ! eduction side by half ! /roke ( ! valve1 & f9d ! arc ^: cos9e is equal to ! quoti5t2 subtract ?is arc f ! "o la/ obta9$1 & f9d ! cos9e ( ! rema9d]2 subtract ?is cos9e f #b1 & multiply ! rema9d] by half ! /roke ( ! pi/on2 ! product is ! di/ance ( ! pi/on f ! end ( ! /roke :5 ! eduction passage is clos$4 #aib4 ,q4--,c y expla9 h[ we may det]m9e ! di/ance ( ! pi/on f ! end ( ! /roke1 be=e ! /eam urg+ x onw>d is all[$ to escape8 ,a4--,to f9d h[ f> ! pi/on is f ! end ( its /roke :5 ! /eam t is propell+ x by expansion is all[$ to escape to ! atmosph]e or cond5s]--to ! lap on ! /eam side add ! lead2 divide ! sum by half ! /roke ( ! valve1 & f9d ! arc ^: s9e is equal to ! quoti5t2 f9d ! arc ^: s9e is equal to ! lap on ! eduction side1 divid$ by half ! /roke ( ! valve2 add ^! two arcs toge!r & subtract #ij2 f9d ! cos9e ( ! residue1 subtract x f #a1 & multiply ! rema9d] by half ! /roke ( ! pi/on2 ! product is ! di/ance ( ! pi/on f ! end ( its /roke :5 ! /eam t is propell+ x is all[$ to escape into ! atmosph]e or cond5s]4 ,9 us+ ^! rules1 all ! dim5sions are to be tak5 9 in*es1 & ! answ]s w be f\nd 9 in*es also4 #aic4 ,q4--,is x a b5efit or a detrim5t to op5 ! eduction passage be=e ! end ( ! /roke8 ,a4--,9 eng9es work+ at a high rate ( spe$1 su* z locomotive eng9es1 x is v important to op5 ! exhau/ passage = ! escape ( ! /eam be=e ! end ( ! /roke1 z an injuri\s am\nt ( back pressure is ?us prev5t$4 ,9 ! e>li] locomotives a great loss ( effect 0 produc$ f inatt5tion to ?is condition2 & :5 lap 0 appli$ to ! valves to enable ! /eam to be work$ expansively1 x 0 f\nd t a /ill great] b5efit 0 collat]ally obta9$ by ! e>li] escape ( ! /eam f ! eduction passages1 & :i* 0 incid5tal to ! application ( lap to ! valves4 ,! av]age consumption ( coke p] mile 0 r$uc$ by ,mr4 ,woods f #dj lbs4 p] mile to #ae lbs4 p] mile1 *iefly by giv+ a free outlet to ! escap+ /eam4 #aid4 ,q4--,to :at ext5t c expansion be c>ri$ b5eficially by means ( lap ^u ! valve8 ,a4--,to ab\t "o-?ird ( ! /roke2 t is1 ! valve may be made ) s mu* lap1 t ! /eam w be cut (f :5 two ?irds ( ! /roke h be5 p]=m$1 leav+ ! residue to be accompli%$ by ! ag5cy ( ! exp&+ /eam2 b if m lap be put on ?an answ]s to ?is am\nt ( expansion1 a v di/ort$ action ( ! valve w be produc$1 :i* may impair ! effici5cy ( ! eng9e4 ,if a fur!r am\nt ( expansion ?an ?is is want$1 x may be accompli%$ by wire draw+ ! /eam1 or by s contract+ ! /eam passage t ! pressure )9 ! cyl9d] mu/ decl9e :5 ! spe$ ( ! pi/on is accel]at$1 z x is ab\t ! middle ( ! /roke4 #aie4 ,q4--,w y expla9 h[ ?is result ensues8 ,a4--,if ! valve be s made z to %ut (f ! /eam by ! "t two ?irds ( ! /roke h be5 p]=m$1 & ! /eam be at ! same "t ?rottl$ 9 ! /eam pipe1 ! full pressure ( ! /eam )9 ! cyl9d] _c be ma9ta9$ except ne> ! beg9n+ ( ! /roke :]e ! pi/on travels sl[ly2 =1 z ! spe$ ( ! pi/on increases1 ! pressure necess>ily subsides1 until ! pi/on approa*es ! o!r end ( ! cyl9d]1 :]e ! pressure w\ld rise aga9 b t ! op]ation ( ! lap on ! valve by ?is "t has _h ! effect ( clos+ ! communication betwe5 ! cyl9d] & /eam pipe1 s z to prev5t m /eam f ent]+4 ,by ?rottl+ ! /eam1 !re=e1 9 ! mann] "h indicat$1 ! am\nt ( expansion due to ! lap may be d\bl$1 s t an eng9e ) lap en\gh ^u ! valve to cut (f ! /eam at two-?irds ( ! /roke1 may1 by ! aid ( wire draw+1 be virtually r5d]$ capable ( cutt+ (f ! /eam at "o-?ird ( ! /roke4 #aif4 ,q4--,is ?is ! usual way ( cutt+ (f ! /eam8 ,a4--,no2 ! usual way ( cutt+ (f ! /eam is by means ( a sep>ate valve1 t]m$ an expansion valve2 b su* a device appe>s to be h>dly necess>y 9 ord9>y eng9es4 ,9 ! ,corni% eng9es1 :]e ! /eam is cut (f 9 "s cases at "o-twelf? ( ! /roke1 a sep>ate valve = ! admission ( /eam1 o!r ?an t :i* p]mits its escape1 is ( c\rse indisp5sable2 b 9 common rotative eng9es1 :i* may realize expansive efficacy by ?rottl+1 a sep>ate expansion valve does n appe> to be requir$4 #aig4 ,q4--,t is1 :]e mu* expansion is requir$1 an expansion valve is a prop] app5dage1 b :]e n mu* is requir$1 a sep>ate expansion valve may be disp5s$ )8 ,a4--,precisely s4 ,! wire draw+ ( ! /eam causes a loss ( "p ( its p[]1 & ! result w n be q s advantage\s by ?rottl+ z by cutt+ (f4 ,b = mod]ate am\nts ( expansion x w suffice1 provid$ !re be lap ^u ! slide valve4 #aih4 ,q4--,w y expla9 ! /ructure or configuration ( expansion app>atus ( ! usual con/ruction8 ,illu/ration3 ,fig #cd4 ,a4--,! /ructure ( expansion app>atus is v v>i\s2 b all ! k9ds op]ate ei!r on ! pr9ciple ( giv+ su* a motion to ! slide valve z w enable x to cut (f ! /eam1 at ! desir$ po9t1 or on ! pr9ciple ( %utt+ (f ! /eam by a sep>ate valve 9 ! /eam pipe or valve cas+4 ,! fir/ class ( app>atus has n be5 f\nd s manageable1 & is n 9 ext5sive use1 except 9 t =m kn[n z ! l9k motion4 ,( ! second class1 ! mo/ simple probably is ! application ( a cam giv+ motion to ! ?rottle valve1 or to a valve ( ! same con/ruction1 :i* ei!r accurately fits ! /eam pipe1 or :i* comes r\nd to a face1 :i*1 h[ev]1 x is re/ra9$ f t\*+ by a suitable con/ruction ( ! cam4 ,a k9d ( expansion valve1 (t5 employ$ 9 m>9e eng9es ( l[ spe$1 is ! k9d us$ 9 ! ,corni% eng9es1 & kn[n z ! equilibrium valve4 ,?is valve is repres5t$ 9 fig4 #cd4 ,x consi/s sub/antially ( an annulus or bulg+ cyl9d] ( brass1 ) a /eam-tight face bo? at its upp] & l[] edges1 at :i* po9ts x fits accurately ^u a /ation>y seat4 ,?is annulus may be rais$ or l[]$ )\t be+ resi/$ by ! pressure ( ! /eam1 & 9 rotative eng9es x is usually work$ by a cam on ! %aft4 ,! expansion cam is put on ! %aft 9 two pieces1 :i* are fa/5$ to ea* o!r by means ( f\r bolts pass+ ?r\gh lugs1 & is fix$ to ! %aft by keys4 ,a roll] at "o end ( a bell-crank lev]1 :i* is connect$ ) ! expansion valve1 presses aga9/ ! cam1 s t ! motion ( ! lev] w "w ! valve4 ,! roll] is kept aga9/ ! cam by a weight on a lev] atta*$ to ! same %aft1 b a spr+ is necess>y = high spe$s4 ,if ! cam 7 conc5tric ) ! %aft1 ! lev] :i* presses ^u x w\ld rema9 /ation>y1 & also ! expansion valve2 b by ! projection ( ! cam1 ! end ( ! lev] receives a reciprocat+ motion1 :i* is communicat$ to ! valve4 #aii4 ,q4--,! cam !n works ! valve8 ,a4--,yes4 ,! position ( ! projection ( ! cam det]m9es ! po9t 9 relation to ! /roke at :i* ! valve is op5$1 & its circumf]5tial l5g? det]m9es ! l5g? ( ! "t dur+ :i* ! valve cont9ues op54 ,! "t at :i* ! valve %\ld beg9 to op5 is ! same "u all circum/ances1 b ! duration ( its op5+ v>ies ) ! am\nt ( expansion desir$4 ,9 ord] to obta9 ?is v>iable ext5t ( expansion1 !re are sev]al projections made ^u ! cam1 ea* ( :i* gives a diff]5t degree1 or grade z x is usually call$1 ( expansion4 ,^! grades all beg9 at ! same po9t on ! cam1 b are ( diff]5t l5g?s1 s t !y beg9 to move ! lev] at ! same "t1 b diff] 9 ! "t ( return+ x to its orig9al position4 #bjj4 ,q4--,h[ is ! degree ( expansion *ang$8 ,a4--,! *ange ( expansion is effect$ by mov+ ! roll] on to ! desir$ grade2 :i* is done by slipp+ ! lev] c>ry+ ! roll] endways on ! %aft or p9 su/a9+ x4 #bja4 ,q4--,are su* cams applicable 9 all cases8 ,a4--,9 eng9es mov+ at a high rate ( spe$ ! roll] w be ?r[n back f ! cam by its mom5tum1 unless x be kept aga9/ x by means ( spr+s4 ,9 "s cases ,i h employ$ a spr+ =m$ ( a great numb] ( discs ( ,india rubb] to keep ! roll] aga9/ ! cam1 b a few brass discs require to be int]pos$ to prev5t ! ,india rubb] discs f be+ worn 9 ! c5tral hole4 #bjb4 ,q4--,may n ! p]cussion incid5t to ! action ( a cam at a high spe$1 :5 ! roll] is n kept up to ! face by spr+s1 be obviat$ by giv+ a suitable configuration to ! cam itself8 ,a4--,x may at all ev5ts be r$uc$4 ,! outl9e ( ! cam %\ld be a p>abola1 s t ! valve may be set 9 motion precisely z a fall+ body w\ld be2 b x w1 nev]!less1 be necess>y t ! roll] on :i* ! cam presses %\ld be =c$ upw>d by a spr+ r ?an by a c\nt]weight1 z !re w ?us be less in]tia or mom5tum 9 ! mass t has to be mov$4 #bjc4 ,q4--,an additional slide valve is sometimes us$ = cutt+ (f ! /eam8 ,a4--,yes1 v frequ5tly2 & ! slide valve is sometimes on ! side or back ( ! valve cas+1 & sometimes on ! back ( ! ma9 or di/ribut+ valve1 & mov+ ) x4 #bjd4 ,q4--,are cams us$ 9 locomotive eng9es8 ,a4--,9 locomotive eng9es ! use ( cams is inadmissible1 & o!r exp$i5ts are employ$1 ( :i* ^? contriv$ by ,/eph5son & by ,cabrey op]ate on ! pr9ciple ( accompli%+ ! requisite v>iations ( expansion by alt]+ ! ?r[ ( ! slide valve4 #bje4 ,q4--,:at is ,/eph5son's arrangem5t8 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4 ,a4--,/eph5son connects ! ends ( ! =w>d & backw>d ecc5tric rods by a l9k ) a curv$ slot 9 :i* a p9 ^u ! end ( ! valve rod works4 ,by mov+ ?is l9k s z to br+ ! =w>d ecc5tric rod 9 ! same l9e ) ! valve rod1 ! valve receives ! motion due to t ecc5tric2 :]eas if ! backw>d ecc5tric rod is br\ght 9 a l9e ) ! valve rod1 ! valve gets ! motion prop] = rev]s+1 & if ! l9k be s plac$ t ! valve rod is midway betwe5 ! two ecc5tric rods1 ! valve w rema9 ne>ly /ation>y4 ,?is arrangem5t1 :i* is n[ employ$ ext5sively1 is :at is t]m$ ! l9k motion4 ,x is repres5t$ 9 ! annex$ figure1 fig4 #ce1 :]e e is ! valve rod1 :i* is atta*$ by a p9 to an op5 curv$ l9k susceptible ( be+ mov$ up & d[n by ! bell-crank lev] f'' f''1 support$ on ! c5tre g1 & act+ on ! l9ks f1 :ile ! valve rod e rema9s 9 ! same horizontal plane2 d d' are ! ecc5tric rods1 & ! l9k is repres5t$ 9 its l[e/ position4 ,! dott$ l9es h' h'' %[ ! position ( ! ecc5tric rods :5 ! l9k is 9 its highe/ position1 & l l' :5 9 mid position4 #bjf4 ,q4--,:at is ,cabrey's arrangem5t8 ,a4--,mr4 ,cabrey makes 8 ecc5tric rod t]m9ate 9 a p9 :i* works into a /raight slott$ lev]1 furni%$ ) jaws simil> to ! jaws on ! ecc5tric rods ( locomotives4 ,by rais+ ! p9 ( ! ecc5tric rod 9 ?is slot1 ! travel ( ! valve w be v>i$1 & expansive action w be ! result4 #bjg4 ,q4--,:at o!r =ms ( app>atus are !re = work+ /eam expansively8 ,a4--,!y are too num]\s = description "h1 b a few ( !m may be enum]at$4 ,f5ton seeks to accompli% ! desir$ object by introduc+ a spiral fea!r on ! crank axle1 by mov+ ! ecc5tric lat]ally aga9/ :i* ! ecc5tric is p>tially turn$ r\nd s z to cut (f ! /eam at a diff]5t "p ( ! /roke4 ,dodds seeks to atta9 ! same end by correspond+ me*anical arrangem5ts4 ,f>cot1 ,edw>ds1 & ,lavagrian cut (f ! /eam by ! application ( a supplem5t>y valve at ! back ( ! ord9>y valve1 :i* supplem5t>y valve is mov$ by tappets fix$ to ! valve cas+4 ,bodm]1 9 #ahda1 & ,mey]1 9 #ahdb1 employ$ two slides or blocks fitt$ ov] ap]tures 9 ! ord9>y slide valve1 & :i* blocks 7 approximat$ or set ap>t by a "r & left h&$ screw pass+ ?r\gh bo?4#a ,haw?orn1 9 #ahdc1 employ$ z an expansion valve a species ( frame ly+ on ! ord9>y cyl9d] face ^u ! outside ( ! valve1 & work+ up aga9/ ! /eam side ( ! valve at ea* end s z to cut (f ! /eam4 ,9 ! same ye> ,gonz5ba* pat5t$ an arrangem5t :i* consi/s ( an additional slide valve & valve cas+ plac$ on ! back ( ! ord9>y slide valve cas+1 & ?r\gh ?is supplem5t>y valve ! /eam mu/ fir/ pass4 ,?is supplem5t>y valve is work$ by a d\ble end$ lev]1 slott$ at "o end = ! reception ( a p9 on ! valve l9k1 ! position ( :i* 9 ! slot det]m9es ! ?r[ ( ! supplem5t>y valve1 & ! consequ5t degree ( expansion4 #bjh4 ,q4--,:at is ! arrangem5t ( expansion valve us$ 9 ! mo/ approv$ mod]n eng9es8 ,a4--,9 mod]n eng9es1 ei!r m>9e or locomotive1 x is f\nd t if !y are fitt$ ) ! l9k motion1 z !y ne>ly all are1 a v good expansive action c be obta9$ by giv+ a suitable adju/m5t to x1 )\t employ+ an expansion valve at all4 ,diagrams tak5 f eng9es work$ 9 ?is mann] %[ a v excell5t result1 & mo/ ( ! mod]n eng9es tru/ = _! expansive work+ to ! l9k motion & ! ?rottle valve4 #a ,9 #ahch ,i pat5t$ an arrangem5t ( expansion valve1 consi/+ ( two movable plates set ^u ! ord9>y slide valve1 & :i* might be drawn toge!r or asund] by means ( a "r & left h&$ screw pass+ ?r\gh bo? plates4 ,! valve sp9dle 0 holl[1 & a prolongation ( ! screw pass$ up ?r\gh x1 & 0 arm$ on ! top ) a small :eel1 by means ( :i* ! plates might be adju/$ :ile ! eng9e 0 at "w4 ,9 #ahci ,i fitt$ an expansion valve 9 a /eam vessel1 consi/+ ( two plates1 connect$ by a rod1 & mov$ by tappets up aga9/ ! /eam edges ( ! valve4 ,9 ano!r /eam vessel ,i fitt$ ! same species ( valve1 b ! motion 0 n d]iv$ f tappets1 b f a mov+ "p ( ! eng9e1 ?\gh at ! mod]ate spe$ at :i* ^! eng9es work$ ,i f\nd tappets to op]ate well & make little noise4 ,9 #ahcg ,i employ$1 z an expansion valve1 a rectangul> ?rottle valve1 accurately fitt+ a bor$ out seat1 9 :i* x might be made to revolve1 ?\gh x did n revolve 9 work+4 ,?is valve 0 mov$ by a p9 9 a p9ion1 mak+ two revolutions = e revolution ( ! eng9e1 & ! configuration ( ! seat det]m9$ ! am\nt ( ! expansion4 ,9 #ahee ,i h aga9 us$ expansion valves ( ?is con/ruction 9 eng9es mak+ "o hundr$ revolutions p] m9ute1 & ) p]fectly satisfactory results4-- ,j4,b4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,modes ,,( ,,e/imat+ ,,! ,,p[] ,,& ,,p]=mance ,,( ,,eng9es ,,& ,,boil]s4 ,,horses ,,p[]4 #bji4 ,q4--,:at d y und]/& by a horse p[]8 ,a4--,an am\nt ( me*anical =ce t w raise #cc1jjj lbs4 "o foot high 9 a m9ute4 ,?is /&>d 0 adopt$ by ,mr4 ,watt1 z ! av]age =ce ex]t$ by ! /ronge/ ,london horses2 ! object ( 8 inve/igation be+ to enable him to det]m9e ! relation betwe5 ! p[] ( a c]ta9 size ( eng9e & ! p[] ( a horse1 s t :5 x 0 desir$ to sup]s$e ! use ( horses by ! erection ( an eng9e1 he might1 f ! numb] ( horses employ$1 det]m9e ! size ( eng9e t w\ld be suitable = ! "w4 #baj4 ,q4--,!n :5 we talk ( an eng9e ( #bjj horse p[]1 x is meant t ! impell+ efficacy is equal to t ( #bjj horses1 ea* lift+ #cc1jjj lbs4 "o foot high 9 a m9ute8 ,a4--,no1 n n[2 su* 0 ! case 9 ,watt's eng9es1 b ! capacity ( cyl9d] answ]able to a horse p[] has be5 increas$ by mo/ eng9e]s s9ce 8 "t1 & ! pressure on ! pi/on has be5 increas$ also1 s t :at is n[ call$ a #bjj horse p[] eng9e ex]ts1 almo/ 9 e case1 a great] p[] ?an 0 ex]t$ 9 ,watt's "t1 & a horse p[]1 9 ! popul> s5se ( ! t]m1 has become a m]e conv5tional unit = express+ a c]ta9 size ( eng9e1 )\t ref]5ce to ! p[] ex]t$4 #baa4 ,q4--,!n1 ea* nom9al horse p[] ( a mod]n eng9e may raise mu* m ?an #cc1jjj lbs4 "o foot high 9 a m9ute8 ,a4--,yes2 "s raise #eb1jjj lbs41 o!rs #fj1jjj lbs41 & o!rs #ff1jjj lbs41 "o foot high 9 a m9ute by ea* nom9al horse p[]4 ,"s eng9es inde$ "w z high z five times above ! nom9al p[]1 & !re=e no comp>ison c be made betwe5 ! p]=mances ( diff]5t eng9es1 unless ! p[] actually ex]t$ be fir/ discov]$4 #bab4 ,q4--,h[ is ! p[] actually ex]t$ by eng9es asc]ta9$8 ,a4--,by means ( an in/rum5t call$ ! indicator1 :i* is a m9iature cyl9d] & pi/on atta*$ to ! cyl9d] cov] ( ! ma9 eng9e1 & :i* indicates1 by ! pressure ex]t$ on a spr+1 ! am\nt ( pressure or vacuum exi/+ )9 ! cyl9d]4 ,f ?is pressure1 express$ 9 p\nds p] squ>e in*1 d$uct a p\nd & a half ( pressure = friction1 ! loss ( p[] 9 work+ ! air pump1 c42 multiply ! area ( ! pi/on 9 squ>e in*es by ?is residual pressure1 & by ! motion ( ! pi/on1 9 feet p] m9ute1 & divide by #cc1jjj2 ! quoti5t is ! actual numb] ( horses p[] ( ! eng9e4 ,! same result is atta9$ by squ>+ ! diamet] ( ! cyl9d]1 multiply+ by ! pressure p] squ>e in*1 z %[n by ! indicator1 less a p\nd & a half1 & by ! motion ( ! pi/on1 9 feet p] m9ute1 & divid+ by #db1jag4 #bac4 ,q4 ,h[ is ! nom9al p[] ( an eng9e asc]ta9$8 ,a4--,s9ce ! nom9al p[] is a m]e conv5tional expression1 x is cle> t x mu/ be det]m9$ by a m]ely conv5tional process4 ,! nom9al p[] ( ord9>y cond5s+ eng9es may be asc]ta9$ by ! foll[+ rule3 multiply ! squ>e ( ! diamet] ( ! cyl9d] 9 in*es1 by ! velocity ( ! pi/on 9 feet p] m9ute1 & divide ! product by #f1jjj2 ! quoti5t is ! numb] ( nom9al horses p[]4 ,9 us+ ?is rule1 h[ev]1 x is necess>y to adopt ! spe$ ( pi/on prescrib$ by ,mr4 ,watt1 :i* v>ies ) ! l5g? ( ! /roke4 ,! spe$ ( pi/on ) a #b feet /roke is1 accord+ to 8 sy/em1 #afj p] m9ute2 ) a #b ft4 #f 94 /roke1 #agj2 #c ft41 #ahj2 #c ft4 #f 941 #ahi2 #d ft41 #bjj2 #e ft41 #bae2 #f ft41 #bbh2 #g ft41 #bde2 #h ft41 #bef ft4 #bad4 ,q4--,does n ! spe$ ( ! pi/on increase ) ! l5g? ( ! /roke8 ,a4--,x does3 ! spe$ ( ! pi/on v>ies ne>ly z ! cube root ( ! l5g? ( ! /roke4 #bae4 ,q4--,& may n !re=e "s multiple ( ! cube root ( ! l5g? ( ! /roke be sub/itut$ = ! velocity ( ! pi/on 9 det]m9+ ! nom9al p[]8 ,a4--,! sub/itution is q practicable1 & w accompli% "s simplification1 z ! spe$ ( pi/on prop] = ! diff]5t l5g?s ( /roke _c always be rememb]$4 ,! rule = ! nom9al p[] ( cond5s+ eng9es :5 ?us arrang$1 w be z foll[s3 multiply ! squ>e ( ! diamet] ( ! cyl9d] 9 in*es by ! cube root ( ! /roke 9 feet1 & divide ! product by #dg2 ! quoti5t is ! numb] ( nom9al horses p[] ( ! eng9e1 suppos+ x to be ( ! ord9>y cond5s+ description4 ,?is rule assumes ! exi/5ce ( a uni=m effective pressure ^u ! pi/on ( #g lbs4 p] squ>e in*2 ,mr4 ,watt e/imat$ ! effective pressure ^u ! pi/on ( 8 #d horse p[] eng9es at #f-h lbs4 p] squ>e in*1 & ! pressure increas$ slightly ) ! p[]1 & became #f4id lbs4 p] squ>e in* 9 eng9es ( #ajj horse p[]2 b x appe>s to be m conv5i5t to take a uni=m pressure ( #g lbs4 = all p[]s4 ,small eng9es1 inde$1 are some:at less effective 9 proportion ?an l>ge ones1 b ! diff]5ce c be made up by slightly increas+ ! pressure 9 ! boil]2 & small boil]s w be> su* an increase )\t inconv5i5ce4 #baf4 ,q4--,h[ d y asc]ta9 ! p[] ( high pressure eng9es8 ,a4--,! actual p[] is readily asc]ta9$ by ! indicator1 by ! same process by :i* ! actual p[] ( l[ pressure eng9es is asc]ta9$4 ,! friction ( a locomotive eng9e :5 unload$ is f\nd by exp]im5t to be ab\t #a lb4 p] squ>e in* on ! surface ( ! pi/ons1 & ! additional friction caus$ by any additional resi/ance is e/imat$ at ab\t 4#ad ( t resi/ance2 b x w be a suffici5tly ne> approximation to ! p[] consum$ by friction 9 high pressure eng9es1 if we make a d$uction ( a p\nd & a half f ! pressure on t acc\nt1 z 9 ! case ( l[ pressure eng9es4 ,high pressure eng9es1 x is true1 h no air pump to "w2 b ! d$uction ( a p\nd & a half ( pressure is relatively a mu* small] "o :]e ! pressure is high1 ?an :]e x does n mu* exce$ ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e4 ,! rule1 !re=e1 = ! actual horse p[] ( a high pressure eng9e w /& ?us3 squ>e ! diamet] ( ! cyl9d] 9 in*es1 multiply by ! pressure ( ! /eam 9 ! cyl9d] p] squ>e in* less #a-a_/b lb41 & by ! spe$ ( ! pi/on 9 feet p] m9ute1 & divide by #db1jag2 ! quoti5t is ! actual horse p[]4 #bag4 ,q4--,b h[ d y asc]ta9 ! nom9al horse p[] ( high pressure eng9es8 ,a4--,! nom9al horse p[] ( a high pressure eng9e has nev] be5 def9$2 b x %\ld obvi\sly hold ! same relation to ! actual p[] z t :i* obta9s 9 ! case ( cond5s+ eng9es1 s t an eng9e ( a giv5 nom9al p[] may be capable ( p]=m+ ! same "w1 :e!r high pressure or cond5s+4 ,?is relation is ma9ta9$ 9 ! foll[+ rule1 :i* expresses ! nom9al horse p[] ( high pressure eng9es3 multiply ! squ>e ( ! diamet] ( ! cyl9d] 9 in*es by ! cube root ( ! l5g? ( /roke 9 feet1 & divide ! product by #ae4f4 ,?is rule gives ! nom9al p[] ( a high pressure eng9e ?ree times great] ?an t ( a l[ pressure eng9e ( ! same dim5sions2 ! av]age effective pressure be+ tak5 at #ba lbs4 p] squ>e in* in/ead ( #g lbs41 & ! spe$ ( ! pi/on 9 feet p] m9ute be+ 9 bo? rules #abh times ! cube root ( ! l5g? ( /roke4#a #bah4 ,q4--,is #abh times ! cube root ( ! /roke 9 feet p] m9ute ! ord9>y spe$ ( all eng9es8 ,a4--,locomotive eng9es travel at a quick] spe$--an innovation br\ght ab\t n by any process ( sci5tific d$uction1 b by ! accid5ts & exig5cies ( railway transit4 ,mo/ o!r eng9es1 h[ev]1 travel at ab\t ! spe$ ( #abh times ! cube root ( ! /roke 9 feet2 b "s m>9e cond5s+ eng9es ( rec5t con/ruction travel at z high a rate z #gjj feet p] m9ute4 ,to mitigate ! %ock ( ! air pump valves 9 cases 9 :i* a high spe$ has be5 desirable1 z 9 ! case ( m>9e eng9es employ$ to drive ! screw propell] )\t int]m$iate ge>+1 ,india rubb] discs1 re/+ on a p]=at$ metal plate1 are n[ g5]ally adopt$2 b ! ,india rubb] %\ld be v ?ick1 & ! gu>ds employ$ to keep ! discs d[n %\ld be ( ! same diamet] z ! discs !mselves4 #bai4 ,q4--,c y sugge/ any eligible me?od ( enabl+ cond5s+ eng9es to "w satisfactorily at a high rate ( spe$8 ,a4--,! mo/ feasible way ( enabl+ cond5s+ eng9es to "w satisfactorily at a high spe$1 appe>s to lie 9 ! application ( balance weights to ! eng9e1 s z to balance ! mom5tum ( its mov+ p>ts1 & ! eng9e mu/ also be made v /rong & rigid4 ,x appe>s to be advisable to p]=m ! cond5sation p>tly 9 ! air pump1 in/ead ( altoge!r 9 ! cond5s]1 z a bett] vacuum & a sup]ior action ( ! air pump valves w ?us be obta9$4 ,eng9es con/ruct$ ^u ?is plan may be driv5 at f\r times ! spe$ ( common eng9es1 :]eby an eng9e ( l>ge p[] may be pur*as$ = a v mod]ate price1 & be capable ( be+ put into a v small compass2 :ile ! motion1 f be+ m equable1 w be bett] adapt$ = mo/ purposes = :i* a rot>y motion is requir$4 ,ev5 = pump+ m9es & bl[+ iron furnaces1 eng9es ( ?is k9d appe> likely to come into use1 = !y are m suitable ?an o!r eng9es = driv+ ! c5trifugal pump1 :i* 9 _m cases appe>s likely to sup]s$e o!r k9ds ( pumps = lift+ wat]2 & !y are also conv5i5tly applicable to ! driv+ ( fans1 :i*1 :5 s arrang$ t ! air cond5s$ by "o fan is employ$ to fe$ ano!r1 & s on ?r\gh a s]ies ( #d or #e1 h succe$$ 9 =c+ air into a furnace ) a pressure ( #b-a_/b lbs4 on ! squ>e in*1 & ) a f> /eadi] fl[ ?an c be obta9$ by a bla/ eng9e ) any conceivable k9d ( comp5sat+ app>atus4 ,!y are equally applicable if bla/ cyl9d]s be employ$4 #bbj4 ,q4--,!n1 if by ?is modification ( ! eng9e y enable x to "w at f\r times ! spe$1 y also enable x to ex]t f\r times ! p[]8 ,a4--,yes2 always suppos+ x to be fully suppli$ ) /eam4 ,! nom9al p[] ( ?is new species ( eng9e c readily be asc]ta9$ by tak+ into acc\nt ! spe$ ( ! pi/on1 & ?is is tak5 into acc\nt by ! ,admiralty rule = p[]4 #bba4 ,q4--,:at is ! ,admiralty rule = det]m9+ ! p[] ( an eng9e8 ,a4--,squ>e ! diamet] ( ! cyl9d] 9 in*es1 :i* multiply by ! spe$ ( ! pi/on 9 feet p] m9ute1 & divide by #f1jjj2 ! quoti5t is ! p[] ( ! eng9e by ! ,admiralty rule4#b #bbb4 ,q4--,! high spe$ eng9e does n require s heavy a fly :eel z common eng9es8 ,a4--,no2 ! fly :eel w be light]1 bo? by virtue ( its great] velocity ( rotation1 & because ! impulse communicat$ by ! pi/on is less 9 am\nt & m frequ5tly repeat$1 s z to approa* m ne>ly to ! condition ( a uni=m pressure4 #bbc4 ,q4--,c nom9al be trans=m$ into actual horse p[]8 ,a4--,no2 t is n possible 9 ! case ( common cond5s+ eng9es4 ,! actual p[] ex]t$ by an eng9e _c be d$uc$ f its nom9al p[]1 nei!r c ! nom9al p[] be d$uc$ f ! p[] actually ex]t$1 or f any?+ else ?an ! dim5sions ( ! cyl9d]4 ,! actual horse p[] be+ a dynamical unit1 & ! nom9al horse p[] a measure ( capacity ( ! cyl9d]1 are obvi\sly incomp>able ?+s4 #bbd4 ,q4--,t is1 ! nom9al p[] is a comm]cial unit by :i* eng9es are b\ght & sold1 & ! actual p[] a sci5tific unit by :i* ! quality ( _! p]=mance is det]m9$8 ,a4--,yes2 ! nom9al p[] is z mu* a comm]cial measure z a y>d or a bu%el1 & is n a ?+ to be asc]ta9$ by any process ( sci5ce1 b to be fix$ by au?ority 9 ! same mann] z o!r measures4 ,! actual p[]1 on ! contr>y1 is a me*anical =ce or dynamical ef=t capable ( rais+ a giv5 weight ?r\gh a giv5 di/ance 9 a giv5 "t1 & ( :i* ! am\nt is asc]ta9able by sci5tific inve/igation4 #bbe4 ,q4--,is !re any o!r measure ( an actual horse p[] ?an #cc1jjj lbs4 rais$ "o foot high 9 ! m9ute8 ,a4--,!re _c be any diff]5t measure1 b !re are sev]al equival5t measures4 ,?us ! evaporation ( a cubic foot ( wat] 9 ! h\r1 or ! exp5diture ( #cc cubic feet ( l[ pressure /eam p] m9ute1 is reckon$ equival5t to an actual horse p[]1 or #ebh cubic feet ( wat] rais$ "o foot high 9 ! m9ute involves ! same result4 #a ,tables ( ! horse p[] ( bo? high & l[ pressure eng9es are giv5 9 ! ,key4 #b ,example4--,:at is ! p[] ( an eng9e ( #db in*es diamet]1 #c-a_/b feet /roke1 & mak+ #he /rokes p] m9ute8 ,! spe$ ( ! pi/on w be #g 7! l5g? ( a d\ble /roke7 x #he #eie feet p] m9ute4 ,n[ #db x #db #a1gfd x #eie #a1jdi1ehj _/ #f1jjj #age horses p[]4 ,,duty ,,( ,,eng9es ,,& ,,boil]s4 #bbf4 ,q4--,:at is meant by ! duty ( a eng9e8 ,a4--,! "w done 9 relation to ! fuel consum$4 #bbg4 ,q4--,& h[ is ! duty asc]ta9$8 ,a4--,9 ord9>y mill or m>9e eng9es x c only be asc]ta9$ by ! indicator1 z ! load ^u su* eng9es is v>iable1 & _c readily be det]m9$2 b 9 ! case ( eng9es pump+ wat]1 :]e ! load is con/ant1 ! numb] ( /rokes p]=m$ by ! eng9e w repres5t ! "w done1 & ! am\nt ( "w done by a giv5 quantity ( coal repres5ts ! duty4 ,9 ,cornwall ! duty ( an eng9e is express$ by ! numb] ( millions ( p\nds rais$ "o foot high by a bu%el1 or #id lbs4 ( ,wel% coal4 ,a bu%el ( ,newca/le coal w only weigh #hd ,lbs42 & 9 comp>+ ! duty ( a ,corni% eng9e ) ! p]=mance ( an eng9e 9 "s locality :]e a diff]5t k9d ( coal is us$1 x is necess>y to pay reg>d to su* v>iations4 #bbh4 ,q4--,c y tell ! duty ( an eng9e :5 y "k its consumption ( coal p] horse p[] p] h\r8 ,a4--,yes1 if ! p[] giv5 be ! actual1 & n ! nom9al1 p[]4 ,divide #aff4cb by ! numb] ( p\nds ( coal consum$ p] actual horse p[] p] h\r2 ! quoti5t is ! duty 9 millions ( p\nds4 ,if y already h ! duty 9 millions ( p\nds1 & wi% to "k ! equival5t consumption 9 p\nds p] actual horse p[] p] h\r1 divide #aff4cb by ! duty 9 millions ( p\nds2 ! quoti5t is ! consumption p] actual horse p[] p] h\r4 ,! duty ( a locomotive eng9e is express$ by ! weight ( coke x consumes 9 transport+ a ton ?r\gh ! di/ance ( "o mile ^u a railway2 b ?is is a v imp]fect me?od ( repres5t+ ! duty1 z ! tractive efficacy ( a p\nd ( coke becomes less z ! spe$ ( ! locomotive becomes great]2 & ! law ( v>iation is n accurately kn[n4 #bbi4 ,q4--,:at am\nt ( p[] is g5]at$ 9 good eng9es ( ! ord9>y k9d by a giv5 weight ( coal8 ,a4--,! duty ( diff]5t k9ds ( eng9es v>ies v mu*1 & !re are also great diff]5ces 9 ! p]=mance ( diff]5t eng9es ( ! same class4 ,9 ord9>y rotative cond5s+ eng9es ( good con/ruction1 #aj lbs4 ( coal p] nom9al horse p[] p] h\r is a common consumption2 b su* eng9es ex]t ne>ly twice _! nom9al p[]1 s t ! consumption p] actual horse p[] p] h\r may be tak5 at f #e to #f lbs4 ,eng9es work+ v expansively1 h[ev]1 atta9 an economy mu* sup]ior to ?is4 ,! av]age duty ( ! pump+ eng9es 9 ,cornwall is ab\t #fj1jjj1jjj lbs4 rais$ #a ft4 high by a bu%el ( ,wel% coals1 :i* weighs #id lbs4 ,?is is equival5t to a consumption ( #c4a lbs4 ( coal p] actual horse p[] p] h\r2 b "s eng9es rea* a duty ( above #ajj1jjj1jjj1 or #a4gd lbs4 ( coal p] actual horse p[] p] h\r4 ,locomotives consume f #h to #aj lbs4 ( coke 9 evaporat+ a cubic foot ( wat]1 & ! evaporation ( a cubic foot ( wat] p] h\r may be set d[n z repres5t+ an actual horse p[] 9 locomotives z well z 9 cond5s+ eng9es1 if expansion be n employ$4 ,:5 ! locomotive is work$ expansively1 h[ev]1 !re is ( c\rse a less consumption ( wat] & fuel p] horse p[]1 or p] ton p] mile1 ?an :5 ! full pressure is us$ ?r\gh\t ! /roke2 & mo/ locomotives n[ op]ate ) z mu* expansion z c be conv5i5tly giv5 by ! slide valves4 #bcj4 ,q4--,b is n ! evaporative p[] ( locomotives affect$ mat]ially by ! proportions ( ! boil]8 ,a4--,yes1 b ?is may be said ( all boil]s2 b 9 locomotive boil]s1 p]haps1 ! effect ( any misproportion becomes m spe$ily manife/4 ,a high temp]ature ( ! fire box is f\nd to be conducive to economy ( fuel2 & ?is condition1 9 its turn1 involves a small area ( grate b>s4 ,! heat+ surface ( locomotive boil]s %\ld be ab\t #hj squ>e feet = ea* squ>e foot ( grate b>s1 & ^u ea* foot ( grate b>s ab\t #a cwt4 ( coke %\ld be burnt 9 ! h\r4 #bca4 ,q4--,probably ! heat is m rapidly absorb$ :5 ! temp]ature ( ! furnace is high8 ,a4--,t seems to be ! explanation4 ,! rapidity ) :i* a hot body imp>ts heat to a cold]1 v>ies z ! squ>e ( ! diff]5ce ( temp]ature2 s t if ! temp]ature ( ! furnace be v high1 ! l>g] "p ( ! heat passes into ! wat] at ! furnace1 !reby leav+ little to be transmitt$ by ! tubes4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 ! temp]ature ( ! furnace be l[1 a l>ge "p ( ! heat w pass into ! tubes1 & m tube surface w be requir$ to absorb x4 ,ab\t #af cubic feet ( wat] %\ld be evaporat$ by a locomotive boil] = ea*1 squ>e foot ( fire grate1 :i*1 ) ! proportion ( heat+ surface already m5tion$1 leaves #e squ>e feet ( heat+ surface to evaporate a cubic foot ( wat] 9 ! h\r4 ,?is is only ab\t half ! am\nt ( surface usual 9 l& & m>9e boil]s p] cubic foot evaporat$1 & its small am\nt is due altoge!r to ! high temp]ature ( ! furnace1 :i*1 by ! rapidity ( transmission x causes1 is tantam\nt to an additional am\nt ( heat+ surface4 #bcb4 ,q4--,y h /at$ t ! /eam & vacuum gauges are g5]ally glass tubes1 up :i* m]cury is =c$ by ! /eam or suck$ by ! vacuum8 ,a4--,vacuum gauges are v (t5 ( ?is con/ruction1 b /eam gauges m frequ5tly consi/ ( a small iron tube1 b5t l ! lett] ,u1 & into :i* m]cury is p\r$4 ,! "o end ( ?is tube communicates ) ! boil]1 & ! o!r end ) ! atmosph]e2 & :5 ! pressure ( ! /eam rises 9 ! boil]1 ! m]cury is =c$ d[n 9 ! leg communicat+ ) ! boil] & rises 9 ! o!r leg1 & ! diff]5ce ( level 9 ! legs d5otes ! pressure ( ! /eam4 ,9 ?is gauge a rise ( ! m]cury "o in* 9 ! "o leg involves a diff]5ce ( ! level betwe5 ! two legs ( two in*es1 & an in* ( rise is1 !re=e1 equival5t to two in*es ( m]cury1 or a p\nd ( pressure4 ,a small float ( wood is plac$ 9 ! op5 leg to %[ ! rise or fall ( ! m]cury1 & ?is leg is surm\nt$ by a brass scale1 graduat$ 9 in*es1 to ! m>ks ( :i* ! float po9ts4 #bcc4 ,q4--,:at o!r k9ds ( /eam & vacuum gauges are !re8 ,a4--,!re are _m o!r k9ds2 b probably ,b\rdon's gauges are n[ 9 m ext5d$ use ?an1 any o!r1 & _! op]ation has be5 f\nd to be satisfactory 9 practice4 ,! pr9ciple ( _! action may be expla9$ to be1 t a ?9 elliptical metal tube1 if b5t into a r+1 w seek to coil or uncoil itself if subject$ to ext]nal or int]nal pressure1 & to an ext5t proportional to ! pressure appli$4 ,! end ( ! tube is %>p5$ into an index1 & moves to an ext5t correspond+ to ! pressure appli$ to ! tube2 b 9 ! m rec5t =ms ( ?is app>atus1 a dial & a h&1 l ^? ( a clock1 are employ$1 & ! h& is mov$ r\nd by a too!d sector connect$ to ! tube1 & :i* sector acts on a p9ion atta*$ to ! h&4 ,mr4 ,%ank1 ( ,paisley1 has lately introduc$ a =m ( /eam gauge l a !rmomet]1 ) a flatt5$ bulb2 & ! pressure ( ! /eam1 by compress+ ! bulb1 causes ! m]cury to rise to a po9t proportional to ! pressure appli$4 ,,! ,,indicator4 #bcd4 ,q4--,y h already /at$ t ! actual p[] ( an eng9e is asc]ta9$ by an in/rum5t call$ ! indicator1 :i* consi/s ( a small cyl9d] ) a pi/on mov+ aga9/ a spr+1 & compress+ x to an ext5t answ]able to ! pressure ( ! /eam4 ,w y expla9 fur!r ! /ructure & mode ( us+ t in/rum5t8 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf ,a4--,! /ructure ( ! common =m ( indicator w be mo/ readily appreh5d$ by a ref]5ce to fig4 #cf1 :i* is a ,mc,naught's indicator4 ,^u a movable b>rel ,a1 a piece ( pap] is w\nd1 ! ends ( :i* are secur$ by ! slight brass clamps %[n 9 ! draw+4 ,! b>rel is support$ by ! bracket b1 proce$+ f ! body ( ! indicator1 & at ! bottom ( ! b>rel a wat* spr+ is coil$ ) "o end atta*$ to ! b>rel & ! o!r end to ! bracket1 s t :5 ! b>rel is drawn r\nd by a /r+ w\nd ^u its l[] end l a roll] bl9d1 ! spr+ returns ! b>rel to its orig9al position1 :5 ! /r+ is relax$4 ,! /r+ is atta*$ to "s suitable "p ( ! eng9e1 & at e /roke ! /r+ is drawn out1 turn+ r\nd ! b>rel1 & ! b>rel is return$ aga9 by ! spr+ on ! return /roke4 #bce4 ,q--,b 9 :at way c ^! reciprocations ( ! b>rel det]m9e ! p[] ( ! eng9e8 ,a4--,!y d n det]m9e x ( !mselves1 b are only "p ( ! op]ation4 ,9 ! inside ( ! cyl9d] c !re is a small pi/on mov+ /eam tight 9 a cyl9d] ( :i* d is ! pi/on rod1 & e a spiral spr+ ( /eel1 :i* ! pi/on1 :5 =c$ upw>ds by ! /eam or suck$ d[nw>ds by ! vacuum1 ei!r compresses or ext5ds2 f is a cock atta*$ to ! cyl9d] ( ! indicator1 & :i* is screw$ into ! cyl9d] cov]4 ,x is obvi\s t1 s soon z ?is cock is op5$1 ! pi/on w be =c$ up :5 ! space above ! pi/on ( ! eng9e is op5$ to ! boil]1 & suck$ d[n :5 t space is op5$ to ! cond5s]--9 ea* case to an ext5t proportionate to ! pressure ( ! /eam or ! p]fection ( ! vacuum1 ! top ( ! pi/on c be+ op5 to ! atmosph]e4 ,a p5cil1 p1 ) a knife h+e1 is ins]t$ into ! pi/on rod1 at e1 & ! po9t ( ! p5cil be>s ^u ! surface ( ! pap] w\nd ^u ! drum ,a4 ,if ! drum ,a did n revolve1 ?is p5cil w\ld m]ely trace on ! pap] a v]tical l9e2 b z ! drum ,a moves r\nd & back aga9 e /roke ( ! eng9e1 & z ! p5cil moves up & d[n aga9 e /roke ( ! eng9e1 ! comb9$ movem5ts trace ^u ! pap] a species ( rectangle1 :i* is call$ an indicator diagram2 & ! nature ( ?is diagram det]m9es ! nature ( ! eng9e's p]=mance4 #bcf4 ,q4--,h[ does x d ?is8 ,a4--,x is cle> t if ! p5cil 0 mov$ up in/antane\sly to ! top ( its /roke1 & 0 also mov$ d[n in/antane\sly to ! bottom ( its /roke1 & if x rema9$ )\t fluctuation :ile at ! top & bottom1 ! figure describ$ by ! p5cil w\ld be a p]fect rectangle1 ( :i* ! v]tical height w\ld repres5t ! total pressure ( ! /eam & vacuum1 & !re=e ! total pressure urg+ ! pi/on ( ! eng9e4 ,b 9 practice ! p5cil w nei!r rise nor fall in/antane\sly1 nor w x rema9 at a uni=m height ?r\gh\t ! /roke4 ,if ! /eam be work$ expansively ! pressure w beg9 to fall s soon z ! /eam is cut (f2 & at ! end ( ! /roke1 :5 ! /eam comes to be dis*>g$1 ! subsid5ce ( pressure w n be in/antane\s1 b w occupy an appreciable "t4 ,x is cle>1 !re=e1 t 9 no eng9e c ! diagram describ$ by an indicator be a complete rectangle2 b ! m ne>ly x approa*es to a rectangle1 ! l>g] w be ! p[] produc$ at e /roke ) any giv5 pressure1 & ! area ( ! space includ$ )9 ! diagram w 9 e case accurately repres5t ! p[] ex]t$ by ! eng9e dur+ t /roke4 #bcg4 ,q4--,& h[ is ?is area asc]ta9$8 ,a4--,x may be asc]ta9$ 9 v>i\s ways2 b ! usual mode is to take ! v]tical height ( ! diagram at a numb] ( equidi/ant po9ts on a base l9e1 & !n to take ! mean ( ^! sev]al heights z repres5tative ( ! mean pressure actually urg+ ! pi/on4 ,n[ if y h ! pressure on ! pi/on p] squ>e in*1 & if y "k ! numb] ( squ>e in*es 9 its area1 & ! velocity ) :i* x moves 9 feet p] m9ute1 y h obvi\sly ! dynamical ef=t ( ! eng9e1 or1 9 o!r words1 its actual p[]4 #bch4 ,q4--,h[ is ! base l9e y h ref]r$ to obta9$8 ,a4--,9 proce$+ to take an indicator diagram1 ! fir/ ?+ to be done is to all[ ! b>rel to make two or ?ree reciprocations ) ! p5cil re/+ aga9/ x1 be=e op5+ ! cock atta*$ to ! cyl9d]4 ,!re w ?us be trac$ a horizontal l9e1 :i* is call$ ! atmosph]ic l9e1 & 9 cond5s+ eng9es1 a "p ( ! diagram w be above & a "p ( x bel[ ?is l9e2 :]eas1 9 high pressure eng9es ! :ole ( ! diagram w be above ?is l9e4 ,^u ?is l9e ! v]tical ord9ates may be set (f at equal di/ances1 or ^u any base l9e p>allel to x2 b ! usual c\rse is to erect ! ord9ates on ! atmosph]ic l9e4 #bci4 ,q4--,w y give an example ( an indicator diagram8 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg ,a4--,fig4 #cg is an indicator diagram tak5 f a l[ pressure eng9e1 & ! wav+ l9e a b c1 =m+ a sort ( irregul> p>allelogram1 is t :i* is describ$ by ! p5cil4 ,! atmosph]ic l9e is repres5t$ by ! l9e o o4 ,! scale at ! side %[s ! pressure ( ! /eam1 :i* 9 ?is eng9e rose to ab\t #i lbs4 p] squ>e in*1 & ! vacuum fell to #aa lbs4 ,! /eam beg9s to be cut (f :51 ab\t "o-f\r? ( ! /roke has be5 p]=m$1 & ! pressure consequ5tly falls4 #bdj4 ,q4--,is ?is species ( indicator :i* y h j describ$ applicable to locomotive eng9es8 ,a4--,x is no d\bt applicable "u suitable conditions2 b ano!r species ( indicator has be5 appli$ by ,mr4 ,goo* to locomotive eng9es1 :i* pres5ts sev]al features ( sup]iority = su* a purpose4 ,?is indicator has its cyl9d] plac$ horizontally2 & its pi/on compresses two elliptical spr+s2 a slide valve is sub/itut$ = a cock1 to op5 or close ! communication ) ! eng9e4 ,! top ( ! pi/on rod ( ?is indicator is connect$ to ! %ort arm ( a small] lev]1 to ! long] arm ( :i* ! p5cil is atta*$1 & ! p5cil has ?us a consid]ably l>g] am\nt ( motion ?an ! pi/on2 b x moves 9 ! arc ( a circle in/ead ( 9 a /raight l9e4 ,! p5cil m>ks on a web ( pap]1 :i* is unw\nd f "o drum & w\nd on to ano!r1 s t a succession ( diagrams are tak5 )\t ! necessity ( any int]m$iate manipulation4 #bda4 ,q4--,^! diagrams be+ tak5 ) a p5cil mov+ 9 an arc1 w be ( a di/ort$ =m8 ,a4--,!y w n be ( ! usual =m1 b !y may be easily translat$ into ! usual =m4 ,x is und\bt$ly pref]able t ! indicator %\ld act imm$iately 9 ! production ( ! f9al =m ( diagram4 ,,dynamomet]1 ,,gauges1 ,,& ,,cat>act4 #bdb4 ,q4--,:at o!r gauges or in/rum5ts are !re = tell+ ! /ate1 or regulat+ ! p[] ( an eng9e8 ,a4--,!re is ! c\nt] = tell+ ! numb] ( /rokes ! eng9e makes1 & ! dynamomet] = asc]ta9+ ! tractive p[] ( /eam vessels or locomotives2 !n !re are ! gauge cocks1 & glass tubes1 or floats1 = tell+ ! height ( wat] 9 ! boil]2 & 9 pump+ eng9es !re is ! cat>act = regulat+ ! spe$ ( ! eng9e4 #bdc4 ,q4--,w y describe ! me*anism ( ! c\nt]8 ,a4--,! c\nt] consi/s ( a tra9 ( :eel "w1 s contriv$ t by e /roke ( ! eng9e an index h& is mov$ =w>d a c]ta9 space1 :]eby ! numb] ( /rokes made by ! eng9e 9 any giv5 "t is accurately record$4 ,9 mo/ cases ! motion is communicat$ by means ( a det5t1--atta*$ to "s reciprocat+ "p ( ! eng9e1--to a rat*et :eel :i* gives motion to ! o!r :eels 9 its sl[ revolution2 b x is pref]able to d]ive ! motion f "s revolv+ "p ( ! eng9e by means ( an endless screw1 z :]e ! rat*et is us$ ! det5t w sometimes fail to c>ry x r\nd ! prop] di/ance4 ,9 ! c\nt] contriv$ by ,mr4 ,adie1 an endless screw works into ! rim ( two small :eels situat$ on ! same axis1 b "o :eel hav+ a too? m ?an ! o!r1 :]eby a diff]5tial motion is obta9$2 & ! diff]5ce 9 ! velocity ( ! two :eels1 or _! motion ^u "o ano!r1 expresses ! numb] ( /rokes p]=m$4 ,! endless screw is atta*$ to "s revolv+ "p ( ! eng9e1 :]eby a rotatory motion is imp>t$ to x2 & ! :eels into :i* ! screws "w hang d[n f x l a p5dulum1 & are kept /ation>y by ! action ( gravity4 #bdd4 ,q4--,:at is ! nature ( ! dynamomet]8 ,a4--,! dynamomet] employ$ = asc]ta9+ ! traction ^u railways consi/s ( two flat spr+s jo9$ toge!r at ! ends by l9ks1 & ! am\nt ( sep>ation ( ! spr+s at ! c5tre indicates1 by means ( a suitable h& & dial1 ! =ce ( traction4 ,a cyl9d] ( oil1 ) a small hole ?r\gh its pi/on1 is sometimes add$ to ?is in/rum5t to prev5t sudd5 fluctuations4 ,9 screw vessels ! =w>d ?ru/ ( ! screw is measur$ by a dynamomet] con/ruct$ on ! pr9ciple ( a weigh+ ma*9e1 9 :i* a small spr+ pressure at ! index w balance a v great pressure :]e ! ?ru/ is employ$2 & 9 ea* case ! v>iations ( pressure are record$ by a p5cil on a %eet ( pap]1 c>ri$ =w>d by suitable me*anism1 :]eby ! mean ?ru/ is easily asc]ta9$4 ,! tractive =ce ( paddle :eel /eam]s is asc]ta9$ by a dynamomet] fix$ on %ore1 to :i* ! float+ vessel is atta*$ by a rope4 ,sometimes ! p[] ( an eng9e is asc]ta9$ by a friction break dynamomet] appli$ to ! %aft4 #cde4 ,q4--,:at w det]m9e ! am\nt ( ?ru/ %[n by ! dynamomet]8 ,a4--,9 locomotives & 9 paddle /eam]s x w be det]m9$ by ! =ce turn+ ! :eels1 & by ! smallness ( ! diamet] ( ! :eels2 = ) small :eels ! ?ru/ w be great] ?an ) l>ge :eels4 ,9 screw vessels ! ?ru/ w be det]m9$ by ! =ce turn+ r\nd ! screw1 & by ! smallness ( ! screw's pit*2 = ) any giv5 =ce ( torsion a f9e pit* ( screw w give a great] ?ru/ ?an a co>se pit* ( screw1 j z is ! case :5 a screw works 9 a solid nut4 #bdf4 ,q4--,w y expla9 ! use ( ! glass gauges affix$ to ! boil]8 ,a4--,! glass gauges are tubes affix$ to ! fronts ( boil]s1 by ! aid ( :i* ! height ( ! wat] )9 ! boil]s is readily asc]ta9able1 = ! wat] w /& at ! same height 9 ! tube z 9 ! boil]1 ) :i* !re is a communication ma9ta9$ bo? at ! top & bottom ( ! tube by suitable /opcocks4 ,! cocks connect+ ! glass tube ) ! boil] %\ld always be s con/ruct$ t ! tube may be bl[n ?r\gh ) ! /eam1 to cle> x ( any int]nal concretion t may impair its transp>5cy2 & ! con/ruction ( ! sockets 9 :i* ! tube is ins]t$ %\ld be su*1 t1 ev5 :5 !re is /eam 9 ! boil]1 a brok5 tube may be replac$ ) facility4 #bdg4 ,q4--,:at !n are ! gauge cocks8 ,a4--,! gauge cocks are cocks p5etrat+ ! boil] at diff]5t heights1 & :i*1 :5 op5$1 tell :e!r x is wat] or /eam t exi/s at ! level at :i* !y are respectively ins]t$4 ,x is unsafe to tru/ to ! glass gauges altoge!r z a means ( asc]ta9+ ! wat] level1 z sometimes !y become *ok$1 & x is necess>y1 !re=e1 to h gauge cocks 9 addition2 b if ! boil] be %ort ( /eam1 & a p>tial vacuum be produc$ )9 x1 ! glass gauges become ( ess5tial s]vice1 z ! gauge cocks w n op]ate 9 su* a case1 = ?\gh op5$1 in/ead ( /eam & wat] escap+ f !m1 ! air w ru% into ! boil]4 ,x is exp$i5t to c>ry a pipe f ! l[] end ( ! glass tube d[nw>d into ! wat] ( ! boil]1 & a pipe f ! upp] end upw>d into ! /eam 9 ! boil]1 s z to prev5t ! wat] f boil+ d[n ?r\gh ! tube1 z x might o!rwise d1 & prev5t ! level ( ! wat] f be+ asc]ta9able4 ,! av]age level ( wat] 9 ! boil] %\ld be above ! c5tre ( ! tube2 & ! l[e/ ( ! gauge cocks %\ld always run wat]1 & ! highe/ %\ld always bl[ /eam4 #bdh4 ,q4--,is n a float sometimes employ$ to indicate ! level ( ! wat] 9 ! boil]8 ,a4--,a float = tell+ ! height ( wat] 9 ! boil] is employ$ only 9 ! case ( l& boil]s1 & its action is l t ( a buoy float+ on ! surface1 :i*1 by means ( a light rod pass+ v]tically ?r\gh ! boil]1 %[s at :at height ! wat] /&s4 ,! float is usually =m$ ( /one or iron1 & is s c\nt]balanc$ z to make its op]ation ! same z if x 7 a buoy ( timb]2 & x is g5]ally put 9 connection ) ! fe$ valve1 s t 9 proportion z ! float rises1 ! supply ( fe$ wat] is dim9i%$4 ,! fe$ wat] 9 l& boil]s is admitt$ f a small op5 ci/]n1 situat$ at ! top ( an upright or /& pipe set ^u ! boil]1 & 9 :i* !re is a column ( wat] suffici5tly high to balance ! pressure ( ! /eam4 #bdi4 ,q4--,:at is ! cat>act :i* is employ$ to regulate ! spe$ ( pump+ eng9es8 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4 ,a4--,! cat>act consi/s ( a small pump-plung] b & b>rel1 set 9 a ci/]n ( wat]1 ! b>rel be+ furni%$ on ! "o side ) a valve1 c1 op5+ inw>ds1 ?r\gh :i* ! wat] obta9s admission to ! pump *amb] f ! ci/]n1 & on ! o!r by a plug1 d1 ?r\gh :i*1 if ! plung] be =c$ d[n1 ! wat] mu/ pass out ( ! pump *amb]4 ,! eng9e 9 ! upw>d /roke ( ! pi/on1 :i* is accompli%$ by ! prepond]ance ( weight at ! pump end ( ! beam1 raises up ! plung] ( ! cat>act by means ( a small rod1--! wat] ent]+ readily ?r\gh ! valve already ref]r$ to2 & :5 ! eng9e rea*es ! top ( ! /roke1 x lib]ates ! rod by :i* ! plung] has be5 drawn up1 & ! plung] !n desc5ds by gravity1 =c+ out ! wat] ?r\gh ! cock1 ! orifice ( :i* has previ\sly be5 adju/$1 & ! plung] 9 its desc5t op5s ! injection valve1 :i* causes ! eng9e to make a /roke4 #bej4 ,q4--,suppose ! cock ( ! cat>act be %ut8 ,a4--,if ! cock ( ! cat>act be %ut1 x is cle> t ! plung] _c desc5d at all1 & z 9 t case ! injection valve _c be op5$1 ! eng9e mu/ /& /ill2 b if ! cock be slightly op5$1 ! plung] w desc5d sl[ly1 ! injection valve w sl[ly op51 & ! eng9e w make a gradual /roke z x obta9s ! wat] necess>y = cond5sation4 ,! ext5t to :i* ! cock is op51 !re=e1 w regulate ! spe$ ) :i* ! eng9e works2 s t1 by ! use ( ! cat>act1 ! spe$ ( ! eng9e may be v>i$ to suit ! v>iations 9 ! quantity ( wat] requir+ to be lift$ f ! m9e4 ,9 "s cases an air cyl9d]1 & 9 o!r cases an oil cyl9d]1 is employ$ in/ead ( ! app>atus j describ$2 b ! pr9ciple on :i* ! :ole ( ^! contrivances op]ate is id5tical1 & ! only diff]5ce is 9 ! detail4 #bea4 ,q4--,y h n[ %[n t ! p]=mance ( an eng9e is det]m9able by ! indicator2 b h[ d y det]m9e ! p[] ( ! boil]8 ,a4--,by ! quantity ( wat] x evaporates4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no v conv5i5t in/rum5t = det]m9+ ! quantity ( wat] suppli$ to a boil]1 & ! consequ5ce is t ?is elem5t is seldom asc]ta9$4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,proportion ,,( ,,boil]s4 ,,heat+ ,,& ,,fire ,,grate ,,surface4 #beb4 ,q4--,:at are ! consid]ations :i* mu/ *iefly be att5d$ to 9 settl+ ! proportions ( boil]s8 ,a4--,9 ! fir/ place !re mu/ be suffici5t grate surface to enable ! quantity ( coal requisite = ! production ( ! /eam to be conv5i5tly burnt1 tak+ into acc\nt ! int5sity ( ! draught2 & 9 ! next place !re mu/ be a suffici5t flue surface readily to absorb ! heat ?us produc$1 s t !re may be no ne$less wa/e ( heat by ! *imney4 ,! flues1 moreov]1 mu/ h su* an area1 & ! *imney mu/ be ( su* dim5sions1 z w enable a suitable draught ?r\gh ! fire to be ma9ta9$2 & f9ally ! boil] mu/ be made capable ( conta9+ su* supplies ( wat] & /eam z w obviate inconv5i5t fluctuations 9 ! wat] level1 & abate ! risk ( wat] be+ c>ri$ ov] into ! eng9e ) ! /eam4 ,) all ^! conditions ! boil] mu/ be z light & compact z possible1 & mu/ be s contriv$ z to be capable ( be+ clean$ & repair$ ) facility4 #bec4 ,q4--,suppos+1 !n1 t y _h to proportion a boil]1 :i* %\ld be capable ( supply+ /eam suffici5t to propel a /eam vessel or railway tra9 at a giv5 spe$1 or to p]=m any o!r giv5 "w1 h[ w\ld y proce$8 ,a4--,i w\ld fir/ asc]ta9 ! resi/ance :i* _h to be ov]come1 & ! velocity ) :i* x 0 necess>y to ov]come x4 ,i %\ld !n be 9 a position to "k :at pressure & volume ( /eam 7 requir$ to ov]come ! resi/ance at ! prescrib$ rate ( motion2 &1 f9ally1 ,i %\ld all[ a suffici5t heat+ & fire grate surface 9 ! boil] accord+ to ! k9d ( boil] x 01 to furni% ! requisite quantity ( /eam1 or1 9 o!r words1 to evaporate ! requisite quantity ( wat]4 #bed4 ,q4--w y /ate ! am\nt ( heat+ surface & grate surface necess>y to evaporate a giv5 quantity ( wat]8 ,a4--,! numb] ( squ>e feet ( heat+ or flue surface1 requir$ to evaporate a cubic foot ( wat] p] h\r1 is ab\t #gj squ>e feet 9 ,corni% boil]s1 #h to #aa squ>e feet 9 l& & m>9e boil]s1 & #e or #f squ>e feet 9 locomotive boil]s4 ,! numb] ( squ>e feet ( heat+ surface p] squ>e foot ( fire grate1 is f #ac to #ae squ>e feet 9 wagon boil]s2 ab\t #dj squ>e feet 9 ,corni% boil]s2 & f #ej to #ij squ>e feet 9 locomotive boil]s4 ,ab\t #hj squ>e feet 9 locomotives is a v good proportion4 #bee4 ,q4--,:at is ! heat+ surface ( boil]s p] horse p[]8 ,a4--,ab\t #i squ>e feet ( flue & furnace surface p] horse p[] is ! usual proportion 9 wagon boil]s1 reckon+ ! total surface z effective surface1 if ! boil]s be ( a consid]able size2 b 9 ! case ( small boil]s ! proportion is l>g]4 ,! total heat+ surface ( a two horse p[] wagon boil] is1 accord+ to ,b\lton & ,watt's proportions1 #cj squ>e feet1 or #ae ft4 p] horse p[]2 :]eas1 9 ! case ( a #de horse p[] boil] ! total heat+ surface is #dch squ>e feet1 or #i4f ft4 p] horse p[]4 ,9 m>9e boil]s ne>ly ! same proportions obta94 ,! orig9al boil]s ( ! ,great ,we/]n /eam]1 by ,messrs4 ,maudslay1 7 proportion$ ) ab\t #aj squ>e feet ( flue & furnace surface p] horse p[]1 reckon+ ! total am\nt z effective2 b 9 ! boil]s ( ! ,retribution1 by ! same mak]s1 b ( l>g] size1 a some:at small] proportion ( heat+ surface 0 adopt$4 ,b\lton & ,watt h f\nd t 9 _! m>9e flue boil]s1 #i squ>e feet ( flue & furnace surface are requisite to boil (f a cubic foot ( wat] p] h\r1 :i* is ! proportion ( heat+ surface t is all[$ 9 _! l& boil]s p] horse p[]2 b inasmu* z 9 mo/ mod]n eng9es1 & especially 9 m>9e eng9es1 ! nom9al consid]ably exce$s ! actual p[]1 !y all[ #aa or #ab squ>e feet ( heat+ surface p] nom9al horse p[] 9 _! m>9e boil]s1 & !y reckon z effective heat+ surface ! tops ( ! flues1 & ! :ole ( ! sides ( ! flues1 b hot ! bottoms4 ,= _! l& eng9es !y /ill reta9 ,mr4 ,watt's /&>d ( p[]1 :i* makes ! actual & ! nom9al p[] id5tical2 & an actual horse p[] is ! equival5t ( a cubic foot ( wat] rais$ into /eam e h\r4 #bef4 ,q4--,:at is ! prop] proportion ( fire grate p] horse p[]8 ,a4--,b\lton & ,watt all[ #j4fd ( a squ>e foot area ( grate b>s p] nom9al horse p[] 9 _! m>9e boil]s1 & a good effect arises f ?is proportion2 b sometimes s l>ge an area ( fire grate _c be conv5i5tly got1 & ! proportion ( half a squ>e foot p] horse p[]1 :i* is ! proportion adopt$ 9 ! orig9al boil] ( ! ,great ,we/]n1 seems to answ] v well 9 eng9es work+ ) a mod]ate pressure1 & ) "s expansion2 & ?is proportion is n[ v widely adopt$4 ,) ?is all[ance1 !re w be #bb to #bd squ>e feet ( heat+ surface p] squ>e foot ( fire grate2 & if ! consumption ( fuel be tak5 at #f lbs4 p] nom9al horse p[] p] h\r1 !re w be ab\t #ab lbs4 ( coal consum$ p] h\r on ea* squ>e foot ( grate4 ,! furnaces %\ld n be m ?an #f ft4 long1 z1 if mu* long] ?an ?is1 x w be impossible to "w !m prop]ly = any consid]able l5g? ( "t1 z !y w become *ok$ ) cl9k] at ! back ends4 #beg4 ,q4--,:at quantity ( fuel is usually consum$ p] h\r on ea* squ>e foot ( fire grate8 ,a4--,! quantity ( fuel burn$ on ea* squ>e foot ( fire grate p] h\r1 v>ies v mu* 9 diff]5t boil]s2 9 wagon boil]s x is f #aj to #ac lbs42 9 ,corni% boil]s f #c-a_/b to #d lbs42 & 9 locomotive boil]s f #hj to #aej lbs42 b ab\t #a cwt4 p] h\r is a good proportion 9 locomotives1 z has be5 already expla9$4 ,,calorimet] ,,& ,,v5t4 #beh4 ,q4--,9 :at mann] are ! prop] sectional area & ! prop] capacity ( ! flue ( a boil] det]m9$8 ,a4--,! prop] collective area = ! escape ( ! smoke & flame ov] ! furnace bridges 9 m>9e boil]s is #ai squ>e in*es p] nom9al horse p[]1 accord+ to ,b\lton & ,watt's practice1 & = ! sectional area ( ! flue !y all[ #ah squ>e in*es p] horse p[]4 ,! sectional area ( ! flue 9 squ>e in*es is :at is t]m$ ! calorimet] ( ! boil]1 & ! calorimet] divid$ by ! l5g? ( ! flue 9 feet is :at is t]m$ ! v5t4 ,9 m>9e flue boil]s ( good con/ruction ! v5t v>ies betwe5 ! limits ( #bj & #be1 accord+ to ! size ( ! boil] & o!r circum/ances--! l>ge/ boil]s hav+ g5]ally ! l>ge/ v5ts2 & ! calorimet] divid$ by ! v5t w give ! l5g? ( ! flue 9 feet4 ,! flues ( all flue boil]s dim9i% 9 _! calorimet] z !y approa* ! *imney1 z ! smoke contracts 9 its volume 9 proportion z x p>ts ) its heat4 #bei4 ,q4--,is ! me?od ( det]m9+ ! dim5sions ( a boil] flue1 by a ref]5ce to its v5t & calorimet]1 ! me?od g5]ally pursu$8 ,a4--,x is ,b\lton & ,watt's me?od2 b "s v satisfactory boil]s h be5 made by all[+ a proportion ( #j4f ( a squ>e foot ( fire grate p] nom9al horse p[]1 & mak+ ! sectional area ( ! flue at ! l>ge/ "p #a_/g? ( ! area ( fire grate1 & at ! smalle/ "p1 :]e x ent]s ! *imney1 #a_/aa? ( ! area ( ! fire grate4 ,^! proportions are reta9$ :e!r ! boil] is flue or tubul>1 & f #ad to #af squ>e feet ( tube surface is all[$ p] nom9al horse p[]4 #bfj4 ,q4--,are ! proportions ( v5t & calorimet]1 tak5 by ,b\lton & ,watt = m>9e flue boil]s1 applicable also to wagon & tubul> boil]s8 ,a4--,no4 ,9 wagon & tubul> boil]s v diff]5t proportions prevail1 yet ! proportions ( e k9d ( boil] are det]m9able on ! same g5]al pr9ciple4 ,9 wagon boil]s ! proportion ( ! p]imet] ( ! flue :i* is effective z heat+ surface1 is to ! total p]imet] z #a to #c1 or1 9 "s cases z #a to #b4e2 & ) any giv5 area ( flue1 !re=e1 ! l5g? ( ! flue mu/ be f #c to #b4e times great] ?an w\ld be necess>y if ! total surface 7 effective1 else ! requisite quantity ( heat+ surface w n be obta9$4 ,if1 !n1 ! v5t be ! calorimet]1 divid$ by ! l5g?1 & ! l5g? be made #c or #b4e times great]1 ! v5t mu/ become #c or #b4e times less2 & 9 wagon boil]s accord+ly1 ! v5t v>ies f #h to #aa in/ead ( f #ba to #be1 z 9 ! case ( m>9e flue boil]s4 ,9 tubul> m>9e boil]s ! calorimet] is usually made only ab\t half ! am\nt all[$ by ,b\lton & ,watt = m>9e flue boil]s1 or1 9 o!r words1 ! collective sectional area ( ! tubes1 = ! transmission ( ! smoke1 is f #h to #i squ>e in*es p] nom9al horse p[]4 ,x is bett]1 h[ev]1 to make ! sectional area l>g] ?an ?is1 & to "w ! boil] ) ! damp] suffici5tly clos$ to prev5t ! smoke & flame f ru%+ exclusively ?r\gh a few ( ! tubes4 #bfa4 ,q4--,:at are ! ord9>y dim5sions ( ! flue 9 wagon boil]s8 ,a4--,9 ,b\lton & ,watt's #de horse wagon boil] ! area ( flue is #ah squ>e in*es p] horse p[]1 b ! area p] horse p[] increases v rapidly z ! size ( ! boil] becomes less1 & am\nts to ab\t #hj squ>e in*es p] horse p[] 9 a boil] ( #b horse p[]4 ,"s su* increase is obvi\sly inevitable1 if a simil> =m ( flue be reta9$ 9 ! l>g] & small] p[]s1 & at ! same "t ! elongation ( ! flue 9 ! same proportion z ! increase ( any o!r dim5sion is prev5t$2 b 9 ! small] class ( wagon boil]s ! consid]ation ( facility ( clean+ ! flues is also op]ative 9 induc+ a l>ge proportion ( sectional area4 ,b\lton & ,watt's #b horse p[] wagon boil] has #cj squ>e feet ( surface1 & ! flue is #ah in*es high above ! level ( ! boil] bottom1 by #i in*es wide2 :ile _! #ab horse wagon boil] has #aah squ>e feet ( heat+ surface1 & ! dim5sions ( ! flue simil>ly measur$ are #cf in*es by #ac in*es4 ,! wid? ( ! small] flue1 if simil>ly proportion$ to ! l>g] "o1 w\ld be #f-a_/b in*es1 in/ead ( #i in*es1 &1 by assum+ ?is dim5sion1 we %\ld h ! same proportion ( sectional area p] squ>e foot ( heat+ surface 9 bo? boil]s4 ,! l5g? ( flue 9 ! #b horse boil] is #ai4e ft41 & 9 ! #ab horse boil] #ci ft41 s t ! l5g? & height ( ! flue are increas$ 9 ! same proportion4 #bfb4 ,q4--,w y give an example ( ! proportions ( a flue1 9 ! case ( a m>9e boil]8 ,a4--,! ,nile /eam]1 ) eng9es ( #aaj horse p[] by ,b\lton & ,watt1 is suppli$ ) /eam by two boil]s1 :i* are1 !re=e1 ( #ee horses p[] ea*4 ,! height ( ! flue w9d+ )9 ! boil] is #fj in*es1 & its mean wid? #af-a_/b in*es1 mak+ a sectional area or calorimet] ( #iij squ>e in*es1 or #ah squ>e in*es p] horse p[] ( ! boil]4 ,! l5g? ( ! flue is #ci ft41 mak+ ! v5t #be1 :i* is ! v5t prop] = l>ge boil]s4 ,9 ! ,dee & ,solway /eam]s1 by ,scott & ,s9clair1 ! calorimet] is only #i4gb squ>e in*es p] horse p[]2 9 ! ,eagle1 by ,caird1 #aa4i2 9 ! ,?ames & ,m$way1 by ,maudslay1 #aa4cd1 & 9 a great numb] ( o!r cases x does n rise above #ab squ>e in*es p] horse p[]2 b ! eng9es ( mo/ ( ^! vessels are int5d$ to op]ate to a c]ta9 ext5t expansively1 & ! boil]s are less p[]ful 9 evaporat+ efficacy on t acc\nt4 #bfc4 ,q4--,!n ! *ief diff]5ce 9 ! proportions e/abli%$ by ,b\lton & ,watt1 & ^? foll[$ by ! o!r manufactur]s y h m5tion$ is1 t ,b\lton & ,watt set a m p[]ful boil] to d ! same "w8 ,a4--,t is ! ma9 diff]5ce4 ,! proportion :i* "o "p ( ! boil] be>s to ano!r "p is v simil> 9 ! cases cit$1 b ! proportion ( boil] relatively to ! size ( ! eng9e v>ies v mat]ially4 ,?us ! calorimet] ( ea* boil] ( ! ,dee & ,solway is #abif squ>e in*es2 ( ! ,eagle1 #aedh squ>e in*es2 & ( ! ,?ames & ,m$way1 #aacd squ>e in*es2 & ! l5g? ( flue is #eg1 #fj1 & #eb ft4 9 ! boil]s respectively1 :i* makes ! respective v5ts #bb-a_/b1 #be1 & #ba4 ,tak+ !n ! boil] ( ! ,eagle = comp>ison ) ! boil] ( ! ,nile1 z x has ! same v5t1 x w be se5 t ! proportions ( ! two are almo/ id5tical1 = #iij is to #aedh z #ci is to #fj1 ne>ly2 b ,messrs4 ,b\lton & ,watt w\ld n h set a boil] l t ( ! ,eagle to d s mu* "w4 #bfd4 ,q4--,!n ! evaporat+ p[] ( ! boil] v>ies z ! sectional area ( ! flue8 ,a4--,! evaporat+ p[] v>ies z ! squ>e root ( ! area ( ! flue1 if ! l5g? ( ! flue rema9 ! same2 b x v>ies z ! area simply1 if ! l5g? ( ! flue be increas$ 9 ! same proportion z its o!r dim5sions4 ,! evaporat+ p[] ( a boil] is ref]able to ! am\nt ( its heat+ surface1 & ! am\nt ( heat+ surface 9 any flue or tube is proportional to ! product ( ! l5g? ( ! tube & ! squ>e root ( its sectional area1 multipli$ by a c]ta9 quantity t is con/ant = ea* p>ticul> =m4 ,b 9 simil> tubes ! l5g? is proportional to ! squ>e root ( ! sectional area2 !re=e1 9 simil> tubes1 ! am\nt ( heat+ surface is proportional to ! sectional area4 ,on ?is area also dep5ds ! quantity ( hot air pass+ ?r\gh ! flue1 suppos+ ! int5sity ( ! draught to rema9 unaffect$1 & ! quantity ( hot air or smoke pass+ ?r\gh ! flue %\ld v>y 9 ! same ratio z ! quantity ( surface4 #bfe4 ,q4--,a boil]1 !re=e1 to ex]t f\r times ! p[]1 %\ld h f\r times ! ext5t ( heat+ surface1 & f\r times ! sectional area ( flue = ! transmission ( ! smoke8 ,a4--,yes2 & if ! same =m ( flue is to be reta9$1 x %\ld be ( twice ! diamet] & twice ! l5g?2 or twice ! height & wid? if rectangul>1 & twice ! l5g?4 ,z !n ! diamet] or squ>e root ( ! area increases 9 ! same ratio z ! l5g?1 ! squ>e root ( ! area divid$ by ! l5g? ought to be a con/ant quantity 9 ea* type ( boil]1 9 ord] t ! same proportions ( flue may be reta9$2 & 9 wagon boil]s )\t an int]nal flue1 ! height 9 in*es ( ! flue encircl+ ! boil] divid$ by ! l5g? ( ! flue 9 feet w be #a v ne>ly4 ,in/ead ( ! squ>e root ( ! area1 ! effective p]imet]1 or outl9e ( t "p ( ! cross section ( ! flue :i* is effective 9 g5]at+ /eam1 may be tak52 & ! effective p]imet] divid$ by ! l5g? ought to be a con/ant quantity 9 simil> =ms ( flues & ) ! same velocity ( draught1 :atev] ! size ( ! flue may be4 #bff4 ,q4--,w ?is proportion alt] if ! =m ( ! flue be *ang$8 ,a4--,x is cle>1 t ) any giv5 area ( flue1 to increase ! p]imet] by adopt+ a diff]5t %ape is tantam\nt to a dim9ution ( ! l5g? ( ! flue2 &1 if ! p]imet] be dim9i%$1 ! l5g? ( ! flue mu/ at ! same "t be increas$1 else x w be impossible to obta9 ! necess>y am\nt ( heat+ surface4 ,9 ,b\lton & ,watt's wagon boil]s1 ! sectional area ( ! flue 9 squ>e in*es p] squ>e foot ( heat+ surface is #e4d 9 ! two horse boil]2 9 ! ?ree horse x is #d4gd2 9 ! f\r horse1 #d4ce2 six horse1 #c4ge2 eight horse1 #d4cc2 t5 horse1 #c4if2 twelve horse1 #c4fc2 eighte5 horse1 #c4ag2 ?irty horse1 #b4eb2 & 9 ! =ty-five horse boil]1 #b4je squ>e in*es4 ,tak+ ! am\nt ( heat+ surface 9 ! #de horse boil] at #i squ>e feet p] horse p[]1 we obta9 #ah squ>e in*es ( sectional area ( flue p] horse p[]1 :i* is also ,b\lton & ,watt's proportion ( sectional area = m>9e boil]s ) int]nal flues4 #bfg4 ,q4--,if to increase ! p]imet] ( a flue is virtually to dim9i% ! l5g?1 !n a tubul> boil] :]e ! p]imet] is 9 effect greatly ext5d$ ought to h b a %ort l5g? ( tube8 ,a4--,! flue ( ! ,nile /eam] if r$uc$ to ! cyl9drical =m w\ld be #ce-a_/b in*es 9 diamet] to h ! same area2 b x w\ld !n require to be made #dg-c_/d feet long1 to h ! same am\nt ( heat+ surface1 exclud+ ! bottom z non-effective4 ,suppos+ t ) ^! proportions ! heat is suffici5tly extract$ f ! smoke1 !n e tube ( a tubul> boil] 9 :i* ! same draught exi/$ ought to h v ne>ly ! same proportions4 #bfh4 ,q4--,b :at are ! be/ proportions ( ! p>ts ( tubul> boil]s relatively ) "o ano!r8 ,a4--,! prop] relative proportions ( ! p>ts ( tubul> boil]s may easily be asc]ta9$ by a ref]5ce to ! settl$ proportions ( flue boil]s2 = ! same g5]al pr9ciples are op]ative 9 bo? cases4 ,9 ! ,nile /eam] ea* boil] ( #ee horse p[] has ab\t #dig squ>e feet ( flue surface or #i squ>e feet p] horse p[]1 reckon+ ! total surface z effective4 ,! area ( ! flue1 :i* is rectangul> is #iij squ>e in*es1 !re=e ! area is equal to t ( a tube #ce-a_/b in*es 9 diamet]2 & su* a tube1 to h a heat+ surface ( #dig squ>e feet1 mu/ be #ec4d feet or #fdj4h in*es 9 l5g?4 ,! l5g?1 !re=e1 ( ! tube1 w be ab\t #ah times its diamet]1 & ) ! same velocity ( draught ^! proportions mu/ obta91 :atev] ! absolute dim5sions ( ! tube may be4 ,) a calorimet]1 !re=e1 ( #ah squ>e in*es p] horse p[]1 ! l5g? ( a tube #c in*es diamet] mu/ n exce$ #d feet #f in*es1 s9ce ! heat w be suffici5tly extract$ f ! smoke 9 ?is l5g?1 if ! smoke only travels at ! velocity due to a calorimet] ( #ah squ>e in*es p] horse p[]4 #bfi4 ,q4--,is ?is1 !n1 ! maximum l5g? ( flue :i* c be us$ 9 tubul> boil]s ) advantage8 ,a4--,by no means4 ,! tubes ( tubul> boil]s are almo/ always m ?an #d feet #f in*es long1 b !n ! calorimet] is almo/ always less ?an #ah squ>e in*es p] horse p[]--g5]ally ab\t two ?irds ( ?is4 ,inde$1 tubul> boil]s ) a l>ge calorimet] are n f\nd to be s satisfactory z :]e ! calorimet] is small1 p>tly f ! prop5sity ( ! smoke 9 su* cases to pass ?r\gh a few ( ! tubes in/ead ( ! :ole ( !m1 & p>tly f ! deposit ( soot :i* takes place :5 ! draught is sluggi%4 ,x is a v confus+ practice1 h[ev]1 to speak ( nom9al horse p[] 9 connection ) boil]s1 s9ce t is a quantity q indet]m9ate4 ,,evaporative ,,p[] ,,( ,,boil]s4 #bgj4 ,q4--,! ma9 ?+ aft] all 9 boil]s is _! evaporative p[]s8 ,a4--,! proportions ( tubul> boil]s1 z ( all boil]s1 %\ld obvi\sly h ref]5ce to ! evaporation requir$1 :]eas ! dem& ^u ! boil] = /eam is v (t5 reckon$ cont+5t ^u ! nom9al horse p[] ( ! eng9e2 & z ! nom9al p[] ( an eng9e is a conv5tional quantity by no means 9 uni=m proportion to ! actual quantity ( /eam consum$1 p]plex+ complications z to ! prop] proportions ( boil]s h 9 consequ5ce sprung up1 to :i* mo/ ( ! failures 9 t dep>tm5t ( eng9e]+ may be imput$4 ,x is highly exp$i5t1 !re=e1 9 plann+ boil]s = any p>ticul> eng9e1 to consid] exclusively ! actual p[] requir$ to be produc$1 & to apportion ! capabilities ( ! boil] accord+ly4 #bga4 ,q4--,9 o!r words y w\ld recomm5d ! inquiry to be re/rict$ to ! mode ( evaporat+ a giv5 numb] ( cubic feet ( wat] 9 ! h\r1 in/ead ( embrac+ ! problem h[ an eng9e ( a giv5 nom9al p[] 0 to be suppli$ ) /eam8 ,a4--,i w\ld fir/1 z ,i h already /at$1 consid] ! actual p[] requir$ to be produc$1 & !n fix ! am\nt ( expansion to be adopt$4 ,if ! eng9e _h to "w up to ?ree times its nom9al p[]1 z is n[ common 9 m>9e eng9es1 ,i %\ld ei!r increase correspond+ly ! quantity ( evaporat+ surface 9 ! boil]1 or adopt su* an am\nt ( expansion z w\ld increase ?reefold ! efficacy ( ! /eam1 or comb9e 9 a modifi$ mann] bo? ( ^! arrangem5ts4 ,reckon+ ! evaporation ( a cubic foot ( wat] 9 ! h\r z equival5t to an actual horse p[]1 & all[+ a squ>e y>d or #i squ>e feet z ! prop] proportion ( flue surface to evaporate a cubic foot ( wat] 9 ! h\r1 x is cle> t ,i mu/ ei!r give #bg squ>e feet ( heat+ surface 9 ! boil] to h a trebl$ p[] )\t expansion1 or ,i mu/ cut (f ! /eam at "o sev5? ( ! /roke to obta9 a ?ree-fold p[] )\t increas+ ! quantity ( heat+ surface4 ,by cutt+ (f ! /eam1 h[ev]1 at "o ?ird ( ! /roke1 a heat+ surface ( #ac-a_/b squ>e feet w give a ?reefold p[]1 & x w usually be ! mo/ judici\s c\rse to c>ry ! expansion z f> z possible1 & !n to add ! proportion ( heat+ surface necess>y to make good ! defici5cy /ill f\nd to exi/4 #bgb4 ,q4--,b is x c]ta9 t a cubic foot ( wat] evaporat$ 9 ! h\r is equival5t to an actual horse p[]8 ,a4--,an actual horse p[] z fix$ by ,watt is #cc1jjj lbs4 rais$ "o foot high 9 ! m9ute2 & 9 ,watt's #dj horse p[] eng9e1 ) a #ca-a_/b in* cyl9d]1 #g feet /roke1 & mak+ #ag-a_/b /rokes a m9ute1 ! effective pressure is #f4ib lbs4 on ! squ>e in* cle> ( all d$uctions4 ,n[1 z a horse p[] is #cc1jjj lbs4 rais$ "o foot high1 & z !re are #f4ib lbs1 on ! squ>e in*1 x is cle> t #cc1jjj divid$ by #f4ib1 on #dgfh squ>e in*es ) #f4ib lbs4 on ea* if lift$ #a foot or #ab in*es high1 w also be equal to a horse p[]4 ,b #dgfh squ>e in*es multipli$ by #ab in*es 9 height is #egbbd4d cubic in*es1 or #cc4a cubic feet1 & ?is is ! quantity ( /eam :i* mu/ be exp5d$ p] m9ute to produce an actual horse p[]4 #bgc4 ,q4--,b are #cc cubic feet ( /eam exp5d$ p] m9ute equival5t to a cubic foot ( wat] exp5d$ 9 ! h\r8 ,a44--,n precisely1 b ne>ly s4 ,a cubic foot ( wat] produces #affi cubic feet ( /eam ( ! atmosph]ic d5sity ( #ae lbs4 p] squ>e in*1 :]eas a consumption ( #cc cubic feet ( /eam 9 ! m9ute is #aihj cubic feet 9 ! h\r4 ,9 ,watt's eng9es ab\t "o t5? 0 reckon$ z loss 9 fill+ ! wa/e spaces at ! top & bottom ( ! cyl9d]1 mak+ #ahgb cubic feet z ! quantity consum$ p] h\r )\t ?is wa/e2 & 9 mod]n eng9es ! wa/e at ! ends ( ! cyl9d] is inconsid]able4 #bgd4 ,q4--,:at p[] 0 g5]at$ by a cubic foot ( wat] 9 ! case ( ! ,albion ,mill eng9es :5 work+ )\t expansion8 ,a4--,9 ! ,albion ,mill eng9es :5 work+ )\t expansion1 x 0 f\nd t #a lb4 ( wat] 9 ! %ape ( /eam rais$ #bh1dhi lbs4 #a foot high4 ,a cubic foot ( wat]1 !re=e1 or #fb-a_/b lbs41 if consum$ 9 ! h\r1 w\ld raise #aghjefb4e lbs4 "o foot high 9 ! h\r1 or w\ld raise #bi1fgf lbs4 "o foot high 9 a m9ute2 & if to ?is we add "o t5? = wa/e at ! ends ( ! cyl9d]1 a wa/e :i* h>dly exi/s 9 mod]n eng9es1 we h #cb1fdc lbs4 rais$ "o foot high 9 ! m9ute1 or a horse p[] v ne>ly4 ,9 "s cases ! approximation appe>s /ill ne>]4 ,?us1 9 a #dj horse eng9e work+ )\t expansion1 ,watt f\nd t 4#fgd feet ( wat] 7 evaporat$ f ! boil] p] m9ute1 :i* is j a cubic foot p] horse p[] p] h\r2 b x is n c]ta9 9 ?is case t ! nom9al & actual p[] 7 precisely id5tical4 ,x w be q safe1 h[ev]1 to reckon an actual horse p[] z producible by ! evaporation ( a cubic foot ( wat] 9 ! h\r 9 ! case ( eng9es work+ )\t expansion2 & = boil+ (f ?is quantity 9 flue or wagon boil]s1 ab\t #h lbs4 ( coal w be requir$ & #i squ>e feet ( flue surface4 ,,mod]n ,,m>9e ,,& ,,locomotive ,,boil]s4 #bge4 ,q4--,^! proportions appe> *iefly to ref] to old boil]s4 ,i wi% y to /ate :at are ! proportions ( mod]n flue & tubul> m>9e boil]s4 ,a4--,9 mod]n m>9e boil]s ! area ( fire grate is less ?an 9 ,mr4 ,watt's orig9al boil]s1 :]e x 0 "o squ>e foot to n9e squ>e feet ( heat+ surface4 ,! heat 9 ! furnace is consequ5tly m int5se1 & a some:at less am\nt ( surface suffices to evaporate a cubic foot ( wat]4 ,9 ,b\lton & ,watt's mod]n flue boil]s !y all[ = ! evaporation ( a cubic foot ( wat] #h squ>e feet ( heat+ surface1 #gj squ>e in*es ( fire grate1 #ac squ>e in*es sectional area ( flues1 #f squ>e in*es sectional area ( *imney1 #ad squ>e in*es area ov] furnace bridges1 ratio ( area ( flue to area ( fire grate #a to #e4d4 ,to evaporate a cubic foot ( wat] p] h\r 9 tubul> boil]s1 ! proportions are-- heat+ surface #i squ>e feet1 fire grate #gj squ>e in*es1 sectional area ( tubes #aj squ>e in*es1 sectional area ( back uptake #ab squ>e in*es1 sectional area ( front uptake #aj squ>e in*es1 sectional area ( *imney #g squ>e in*es1 ratio ( diamet] ( tube to l5g? ( tube #a_/bh? to #a_/cj?1 cubical cont5t ( boil] exclusive ( /eam *e/ #f4e cubic feet1 cubical cont5t ( /eam *e/ #a4e cubic feet4 #bgf4 ,q4--,^! proportions d n apply to locomotive boil]s8 ,a4--,n at all4 ,9 locomotive boil]s ! draught is ma9ta9$ by ! projection ( ! wa/e /eam :i* escapes f ! cyl9d]s up ! *imney1 & ! draught is mu* m p[]ful & ! combu/ion mu* m rapid ?an 9 cases 9 :i* ! combu/ion is ma9ta9$ by ! natural draught ( a *imney1 except inde$ ! *imney be ( v unusual temp]ature & height4 ,! proportions prop] = locomotive boil]s w be se5 by ! dim5sions ( a few locomotives ( approv$ con/ruction1 :i* h be5 f\nd to give satisfactory results 9 practice1 & :i* are record$ 9 ! foll[+ ,table3 ,"n ( ,eng9e ,great ,brita94 ,pallas4 ,snake4 ,sph9x4 ,diamet] ( cyl9d] #ah 94 #ae 94 #ad-a_/d 94 #ah 94 ,l5g? ( /roke #bd 94 #bj 94 #ba 94 #bd 94 ,diamet] ( driv+ :eel #h ft4 #f ft4 #f-a_/b ft4 #e ft4 ,inside diamet] ( fire box #ec 94 #ee 94 #da-a_/c 94 #dd 94 ,inside wid? ( fire box #fc 94 #db 94 #dc-a_/d 94 #ci-a_/b;94 ,height ( fire box above b>s #fc 94 #eb 94 #dh-a_/c 94 #ee-a_/b;94 ,numb] ( fire b>s #bi 444 #cb #af ,?ickness ( fire b>s #c_/d 94 #a-c_/d 94 #e_/h 94 #a 94 ,numb] ( ,tubes #cje #acd #aha #adb ,outside diamet] ( tubes #b 94 #b 94 #a-g_/h 94 #b-a_/h 94 ,l5g? ( tubes #aa ft #c 9 #aj ft #f 9 #aj ft #c-a_/b 94 #ad ft #c-a_/d 94 ,space betwe5 tubes #a_/b 94 #c_/d 94 #a_/b 94 ,inside diamet] ( f]ules #a-i_/af 94 #a-a_/b 94 #a-e_/af 94 #a-e_/h 94 ,diamet] ( *imney #ag 94 #ae 94 #ac 94 #ae-a_/b 94 ,diamet] ( bla/ orifice #e-a_/b 94 #d-e_/h 94 #d-a_/b 94 #d-c_/d 94 ,area ( grate #ba sq4 ft4 #af4jd sqft #ab4d sq4 ft4 #aj4ef sq4 ft ,area ( air space ( grate #aa4d sqft #d4jh sqft #e4ed sq4 ft4 #e sq4 ft4 ,area ( tubes #e4df sqft #b4dj sqft #b4h sq4 ft4 #b4ib sq4 ft4 ,area ?\gh f]ules #d sq4 ft4 #a4fd sqft #b sq4 ft4 #b4jd sq4 ft4 ,area ( *imney #a4gg sqft #a4bc sqft 4#iba sq4 ft4 #a4ca sq4 ft4 ,area ( bla/ orifice #bc4gf sq9 #af4h sq9 #ad4ah sq4 94 #ag4g sq4 94 ,heat+ surface ( tubes #afbg sqft #ffh4g sqft #hbc sq4 ft4 #hfd sq4 ft4 ,,! ,,bla/ ,,9 ,,locomotives4 #bgg4 ,q4--,:at is ! am\nt ( draught produc$ 9 locomotive boil]s 9 comp>ison ) t exi/+ 9 o!r boil]s8 ,a4--,a good *imney ( a l& eng9e w produce a degree ( exhau/ion equal to f #a-a_/b to #b-a_/b in*es ( wat]4 ,9 locomotive boil]s ! exhau/ion is 9 "s cases equal to #ab or #ac in*es ( wat]1 b f #c to #f in*es is a m common proportion4 #bgh4 ,q4--,& :at =ce ( bla/ is necess>y to produce ?is exhau/ion8 ,a4--,! am\nt v>ies 9 diff]5t eng9es1 dep5d+ on ! sectional area ( ! tubes & o!r circum/ances4 ,b on ! av]age1 x may be ass]t$ t su* a pressure ( bla/ z w support an in* ( m]cury1 w ma9ta9 suffici5t exhau/ion 9 ! smoke box to support an in* ( wat]2 & ?is ratio holds :e!r ! exhau/ion is little or great4 ,to produce an exhau/ion 9 ! smoke box1 !re=e1 ( #f in*es ( wat]1 ! wa/e /eam w\ld require to be ( suffici5t pressure to support a column ( #f in*es ( m]cury1 :i* is equival5t to a pressure ( #c lbs4 on ! squ>e in*4 #bgi4 ,q4--,h[ is ! =ce ( ! bla/ det]m9$8 ,a4--,by ! am\nt ( contraction giv5 to ! m\? ( ! bla/ pipe1 :i* is a pipe :i* conducts ! wa/e /eam f ! cyl9d]s & deb\*es at ! foot ( ! *imney4 ,if a /rong bla/ be requir$1 ! m\? ( ?is pipe requires to be correspond+ly contract$1 b su* contraction ?r[s a back pressure on ! pi/on1 & x is desirable to obta9 ! necess>y draught ) z little contraction ( ! bla/ pipe z possible4 ,! bla/ pipe is g5]ally a bree*es pipe ( :i* ! legs jo9 j be=e rea*+ ! *imney2 b x is bett] to jo9 ! two cyl9d]s bel[1 & to let a s+le pipe asc5d to )9 #ab or #ah in*es ( ! foot ( ! *imney4 ,if made ) too %ort a piece ( pipe above ! jo9+1 ! /eam w be project$ aga9/ ea* side ( ! *imney alt]nately1 & ! draught w be damag$ & ! *imney worn4 ,! bla/ pipe %\ld n be regul>ly tap]$1 b %\ld be l>ge 9 ! body & ga!r$ 9 at ! m\?4 #bhj4 ,q4--,is a l>ge & high *imney conducive to /r5g? ( draught 9 locomotives8 ,a4--,x has n be5 f\nd to be s4 ,a *imney ( ?ree or f\r times its own diamet] 9 height appe>s to answ] fully z well z a long] "o2 & x 0 f\nd t :5 9 an eng9e ) #ag in* cyl9d]s a *imney ( #ae-a_/d in*es 0 sub/itut$ = a *imney ( #ag-a_/b in*es1 a sup]ior p]=mance 0 ! result4 ,! *imney ( a locomotive %\ld h half ! area ( ! tubes at ! f]ules1 :i* is ! mo/ contract$ "p1 & ! bla/ orifice %\ld h #a_/aj? ( ! area ( ! *imney4 ,! sectional area ( ! tubes ?r\gh ! f]ules %\ld be z l>ge z possible4 ,tubes )\t f]ules x is f\nd pass "o f\r? m air1 & tubes ) f]ules only at ! smoke box end pass "o t5? m air ?an :5 !re are f]ules at bo? ends4 #bha4 ,q4--,is ! exhau/ion produc$ by ! bla/ z great 9 ! fire box z 9 ! smoke box8 ,a4--,exp]im5ts h be5 made to det]m9e ?is1 & 9 few cases has x be5 f\nd to be m ?an ab\t half z great z ord9>y spe$s2 b mu* dep5ds on ! am\nt ( contraction 9 ! tubes4 ,9 an exp]im5t made ) an eng9e hav+ #adg tubes ( #a-c_/d in*es ext]nal diamet]1 & #ac feet #aj in*es long1 & ) a fire grate hav+ an area ( #i-a_/b squ>e feet1 ! exhau/ion at all spe$s 0 f\nd to be ?ree times great] 9 ! smoke box ?an 9 ! fire box4 ,! exhau/ion 9 ! smoke box 0 g5]ally equival5t to #ab in*es ( wat]1 :ile 9 ! fire box x 0 equival5t to only #d in*es ( wat]2 %[+ t #d in*es 7 requir$ to draw ! air ?r\gh ! grate & #h in*es ?r\gh ! tubes4 #bhb4 ,q4--,:at w be ! increase ( evaporation 9 a locomotive f a giv5 increase ( exhau/ion8 ,a4--,! rate ( evaporation 9 a locomotive or any o!r boil] w v>y z ! quantity ( air pass+ ?r\gh ! fire1 & ! quantity ( air pass+ ?r\gh ! fire w v>y ne>ly z ! squ>e root ( ! exhau/ion4 ,) f\r times ! exhau/ion1 !re=e1 !re w be ab\t twice ! evaporation1 & exp]im5t %[s t ?is !oretical law holds ) tol]able accuracy 9 practice4 #bhc4 ,q4--,b ! same exhau/ion w n be produc$ by a giv5 /r5g? ( bla/ 9 all eng9es8 ,a4--,no2 eng9es ) contract$ fire grates & an inadequate sectional area ( tubes1 w require a /rong] bla/ ?an eng9es ( bett] proportions2 b 9 any giv5 eng9e ! relations betwe5 ! bla/ exhau/ion & evaporation1 hold :i* h be5 already def9$4 #bhd4 ,q4--,is ! int5sity ( ! draught "u easy regulation8 ,a4--,! int5sity ( ! draught may easily be dim9i%$ by p>tially clos+ ! damp] 9 ! *imney1 & x may be increas$ by contract+ ! orifice ( ! bla/4 ,a v>iable bla/ pipe1 ! orifice ( :i* may be enl>g$ or contract$ at pleasure1 has be5 mu* us$4 ,!re are v>i\s devices = ?is purpose1 b ! be/ appe>s to be t adopt$ 9 ,/eph5son's eng9e1 :]e a conical nozzle is mov$ up or d[n )9 ! bla/ pipe1 :i* is made some:at l>g] 9 diamet] ?an ! base ( ! cone1 b ) a r+ project+ int]nally1 aga9/ :i* ! base ( ! cone abuts :5 ! nozzle is pu%$ up4 ,:5 ! nozzle /&s at ! top ( ! pipe ! :ole ( ! /eam has to pass ?r\gh x1 & ! int5sity ( ! bla/ is increas$ by ! increas$ velocity ?us giv5 to ! /eam2 :]eas :5 ! nozzle is mov$ d[nw>d ! /eam escapes ?r\gh ! annul> op5+ left betwe5 ! nozzle & ! pipe1 z well z ?r\gh ! nozzle itself1 & ! int5sity ( ! bla/ is dim9i%$ by ! enl>gem5t ( ! op5+ = ! escape ( ! /eam ?us made available4 #bhe4,q4--,:at is ! be/ diamet] = ! tubes ( locomotive boil]s8 ,a4--,bury's locomotive ) #ad in* cyl9d]s conta9s #ib tubes ( #b-a_/h? in*es ext]nal diamet]1 & #aj feet #f in*es long2 :]eas ,/eph5son's locomotive ) #ae in* cyl9d]s conta9s #aej tubes ( #a-e_/h?s ext]nal diamet]1 #ac feet #f in*es long4 ,9 ,/eph5son's boil]1 9 ord] t ! "p ( ! tubes next ! *imney may be ( any avail = ! g5]ation ( /eam1 ! draught has to be v int5se1 :i* 9 its turn involves a consid]able exp5diture ( p[]2 & x is que/ionable :e!r ! increas$ exp5diture ( p[] ^u ! bla/1 9 ,/eph5son's long tub$ locomotives1 is comp5sat$ by ! increas$ g5]ation ( /eam consequ5t ^u ! ext5sion ( ! heat+ surface4 ,:5 ! tubes are small 9 diamet] !y are apt to become p>tially *ok$ ) pieces ( coke2 b an int]nal diamet] ( #a-e_/h?s may be employ$ )\t inconv5i5ce if ! draught be ( m$ium int5sity4 #bhf4 ,q4--,w y illu/rate ! relation betwe5 ! l5g? & diamet] ( locomotive tubes by a comp>ison ) ! proportion ( flues 9 flue boil]s8 ,a4--,9 mo/ locomotives ! velocity ( ! draught is su* t x w\ld require v long tubes to extract ! heat f ! products ( combu/ion1 if ! heat 7 transmitt$ ?r\gh ! metal ( ! tubes ) only ! same facility z ?r\gh ! iron ( ord9>y flue boil]s4 ,! ,nile /eam]1 ) eng9es ( #aaj nom9al horses p[] ea*1 & ) two boil]s hav+ two indep5d5t flues 9 ea*1 ( su* dim5sions z to make ea* flue equival5t to #ee nom9al horses p[]1 works at #fb p] c5t4 above ! nom9al p[]1 s t ! actual evaporative efficacy ( ea* flue w\ld be equival5t to #hi actual horses p[]1 suppos+ ! eng9es to op]ate )\t expansion2 b z ! mean pressure 9 ! cyl9d] is some:at less ?an ! initial pressure1 ! evaporative efficacy ( ea* flue may be reckon$ equival5t to #hj actual horses p[]4 ,) ?is evaporative p[] !re is a calorimet] ( #iij squ>e in*es1 or #ab4c squ>e in*es p] actual horse p[]2 :]eas 9 ,/eph5son's locomotive ) #aej tubes1 if ! evaporative p[] be tak5 at #bjj cubic feet ( wat] 9 ! h\r1 :i* is a l>ge supposition1 ! eng9e w be equal to #bjj actual horses p[]4 ,if ! int]nal diamet] ( ! tubes be tak5 at ?irte5 eigh?s ( an in*1 ! calorimet] p] actual horse p[] w only be #a4aacf squ>e in*es1 or 9 o!r words ! calorimet] 9 ! locomotive boil] w be #aa4aa times less ?an 9 ! flue boil] = ! same p[]1 s t ! draught 9 ! locomotive mu/ be #aa4aa times /rong]1 & ! ratio ( ! l5g? ( ! tube to its diamet] #aa4aa times great] ?an 9 ! flue boil]1 suppos+ ! heat to be transmitt$ ) only ! same facility4 ,! flue ( ! ,nile w\ld require to be #ce- #a_/b in*es 9 diamet] if made ( ! cyl9drical =m1 & #dg-c_/d feet long2 ! tubes ( a locomotive if #a-c_/h?s in* diamet] w\ld only require to be #bb4ai in*es long ) ! same velocity ( draught2 b z ! draught is #aa4aa times fa/] ?an 9 a flue boil]1 ! tubes ought to be #bdf4eeh in*es1 or ab\t #bj-a_/b feet long accord+ to ?is proportion4 ,9 practice1 h[ev]1 !y are "o ?ird less ?an ?is1 :i* r$uces ! heat+ surface f #i to #f squ>e feet p] actual horse p[]1 & ?is l5g? ev5 is f\nd to be inconv5i5t4 ,x is greatly pref]able !re=e to increase ! calorimet]1 & dim9i% ! int5sity ( ! draught4 ,,boil] ,,*imneys4 #bhg4 ,q4--,by :at process d y asc]ta9 ! dim5sions ( ! *imney ( a l& boil]8 ,a4--,by a ref]5ce to ! volume ( air x is necess>y 9 a giv5 "t to supply to ! burn+ fuel1 & to ! velocity ( motion produc$ by ! r>efaction 9 ! *imney2 = ! area ( ! *imney requires to be su*1 t ) ! velocity due to t r>efaction1 ! quantity ( air requisite = ! combu/ion ( ! fuel %all pass ?r\gh ! furnace 9 ! specifi$ "t4 ,?us if #bjj cubic feet ( air ( ! atmosph]ic d5sity are requir$ = ! combu/ion ( a p\nd ( coal1--?\gh #bej lbs4 is ne>] ! quantity g5]ally requir$1--& #aj lbs4 ( coal p] horse p[] p] h\r are consum$ by an eng9e1 !n #bjjj cubic feet ( air mu/ be suppli$ to ! furnace p] horse p[] p] h\r1 & ! area ( ! *imney mu/ be su* z to deliv] ?is quantity at ! increas$ bulk due to ! high temp]ature ( ! *imney :5 mov+ ) ! velocity ! r>efaction )9 ! *imney occasions1 & :i*1 9 small *imneys1 is usually su* z to support a column ( half an in* ( wat]4 ,! velocity ) :i* a d5s] fluid fl[s into a r>] "o is equal to ! velocity a heavy body acquires 9 fall+ ?r\gh a height equal to ! diff]5ce ( altitude ( two columns ( ! heavi] fluid ( su* heights z w produce ! respective pressures2 &1 !re=e1 :5 ! diff]5ce ( pressure or am\nt ( r>efaction 9 ! *imney is kn[n1 x is easy to tell ! velocity ( motion :i* ought to be produc$ by x4 ,9 practice1 h[ev]1 ^! !oretical results are n to be tru/$1 until !y h receiv$ su* modifications z w make !m repres5tative ( ! practice ( ! mo/ exp]i5c$ con/ructors4 #bhh4 ,q4--,:at !n is ! rule foll[$ by ! mo/ exp]i5c$ con/ructors8 ,a4--,b\lton & ,watt's rule = ! dim5sions ( ! *imney ( a l& eng9e is z foll[s3--multiply ! numb] ( p\nds ( coal consum$ "u ! boil] p] h\r by #ab1 & divide ! product by ! squ>e root ( ! height ( ! *imney 9 feet2 ! quoti5t is ! area ( ! *imney 9 squ>e in*es 9 ! smalle/ "p4 ,a factory *imney suitable = a #bj horse boil] is commonly made ab\t #bj 94 squ>e inside1 & #hj ft4 high2 & ^! dim5sions are ^? :i* answ] to a consumption ( #ae lbs4 ( coal p] horse p[] p] h\r1 :i* is a v common consumption 9 factory eng9es4 ,if #ae lbs4 ( coal be consum$ p] horse p[] p] h\r1 ! total consumption p] h\r 9 a #bj horse boil] w be #cjj lbs41 & #cjj multipli$ by #ab #cfjj1 & divid$ by #i 7! squ>e root ( ! height7 #djj1 :i* is ! area ( ! *imney 9 squ>e in*es4 ,x w n answ] well to increase ! height ( a *imney ( ?is area to m ?an #dj or #ej y>ds1 )\t also increas+ ! area1 nor w x be ( utility to increase ! area mu* )\t also increas+ ! height4 ,! quantity ( coal consum$ p] h\r 9 p\nds1 multipli$ by #e1 & divid$ by ! squ>e root ( ! height ( ! *imney1 is ! prop] collective area ( ! op5+s betwe5 ! b>s ( ! grate = ! admission ( air to ! fire4 #bhi4 ,q4--,is ?is rule applicable to ! *imneys ( /eam vessels8 ,a4--,9 /eam vessels ,b\lton & ,watt h h]et(ore be5 9 ! habit ( all[+ #h-a_/b squ>e in*es ( area ( *imney p] horse p[]1 b !y n[ all[ #f squ>e in*es to #g squ>e in*es4 ,9 "s /eam vessels a /eam bla/ l t ( a locomotive1 b ( a small] volume1 is us$ 9 ! *imney1 & _m ( ! evils ( a boil] defici5t 9 draught may be rem$i$ by ?is exp$i5t1 b a /eam bla/ 9 a l[ pressure eng9e occasions an obvi\s wa/e ( /eam2 x also makes an unpleasant noise1 & 9 /eam vessels x frequ5tly produces ! inconv5i5ce ( c>ry+ ! small] p>ts ( ! coal up ! *imney1 & scatt]+ x ov] ! deck among ! pass5g]s4 ,x is advisable1 !re=e1 to give a suffici5t calorimet] 9 all l[ pressure boil]s1 & a suffici5t height ( *imney to enable ! *imney to op]ate )\t a /eam jet2 b x is useful to "k t a /eam jet is a res\rce 9 ! case ( a defective boil]1 or :]e ! boil] has to be urg$ beyond its p[]4 ,,/eam ,,room ,,& ,,prim+4 #bij4 ,q4--,:at is ! capacity ( /eam room all[$ 9 boil]s p] horse p[]8 ,a4--,! capacity ( /eam room all[$ by ,b\lton & ,watt 9 _! l& wagon boil]s is #h-c_/d cubic feet p] horse p[] 9 ! two horse p[] boil]1 & #e-c_/d cubic feet 9 ! #bj horse p[] boil]2 & 9 ! l>g] class ( boil]s1 su* z ^? suitable = #cj & #de horse p[] eng9es1 ! capacity ( ! /eam room does n fall bel[ ?is am\nt1 &1 inde$1 is ne>] #f ?an #e-c_/d cubic feet p] horse p[]4 ,! cont5t ( wat] is #ah-a_/b cubic feet p] horse p[] 9 ! two horse p[] boil]1 & #ae cubic feet p] horse p[] 9 ! #bj horse p[] boil]4 #bia4 ,q4--,is ?is ! proportion ,b\lton & ,watt all[ 9 _! m>9e boil]s8 ,a4--,b\lton & ,watt 9 _! e>ly /eam vessels 7 9 ! habit ( all[+ = ! capacity ( ! /eam1 space 9 m>9e boil]s #af times ! cont5t ( ! cyl9d]2 b z !re 7 two cyl9d]s1 ?is 0 equival5t to #h times ! cont5t ( bo? cyl9d]s1 :i* is ! proportion commonly foll[$ 9 l& eng9es1 & :i* agrees v ne>ly ) ! proportion ( betwe5 #e & #f cubic feet ( /eam room p] horse p[] already ref]r$ to4 ,tak+ = example an eng9e ) #bc in*es diamet] ( cyl9d] & #d feet /roke1 :i* w be #ah4d horse p[]--! area ( ! cyl9d] w be #dae4dgf squ>e in*es1 :i*1 multipli$ by #dh1 ! numb] ( in*es 9 ! /roke1 w give #aiidb4hdh = ! capacity ( ! cyl9d] 9 cubic in*es2 #h times ?is is #aeiedb4ghd cubic in*es1 or #ib4c cubic feet2 #ib4c divid$ by #ah4d is r m ?an #e cubic feet p] horse p[]4 #bib4 ,q4--,is ! production ( ! /eam 9 ! boil] uni=m ?r\gh\t ! /roke ( ! eng9e8 ,a4--,x v>ies ) ! slight v>iations 9 ! pressure )9 ! boil] ?r\gh\t ! /roke4 ,usually ! l>g] "p ( ! /eam is produc$ dur+ ! fir/ "p ( ! /roke ( ! eng9e1 = !re is !n ! l>ge/ dem& = /eam1 z ! /eam be+ commonly cut (f some:at be=e ! end ( ! /roke1 ! pressure rises some:at 9 ! boil] dur+ t p]iod1 & little /eam is !n produc$4 ,!re is less necessity t ! /eam space %\ld be l>ge :5 ! fl[ ( /eam f ! boil] is v uni=m1 z x w be :]e !re are two eng9es atta*$ to ! boil] at "r angles ) "o ano!r1 or :]e ! eng9es "w at a great spe$1 z 9 ! case ( locomotive eng9es4 ,a high /eam *e/ too1 by r5d]+ boil+ ov] into ! /eam pipes1 or prim+ z x is call$1 m difficult1 obviates ! necessity = s l>ge a /eam space2 z does also a p]=at$ /eam pipe /ret*+ ?r\gh ! l5g? ( ! boil]1 s z n to take ! /eam f "o place4 ,! use ( /eam ( a high pressure1 work$ expansively1 has ! same op]ation2 s t 9 mod]n m>9e boil]s1 ( ! tubul> con/ruction1 :]e ! :ole or mo/ ( ^! modify+ circum/ances exi/1 !re is no necessity = s l>ge a proportion ( /eam room z #e or #f cubic feet p] nom9al horse p[]1 & ab\t "o1 #a-a_/b1 or #b cubic feet ( /eam room p] cubic foot ( wat] evaporat$1 m ne>ly repres5ts ! g5]al practice4 #bic4 ,q4--,is ?is ! proportion ( /eam room adopt$ 9 locomotive boil]s8 ,a4--,no2 9 locomotive boil]s ! proportion ( /eam room p] cubic foot ( wat] evaporat$ is consid]ably less ev5 ?an ?is4 ,x does n usually exce$ #a_/e ( a cubic foot p] cubic foot ( wat] evaporat$2 & ) clean wat]1 ) a /eam dome a few feet high set on ! b>rel ( ! boil]1 or ) a p]=at$ pipe /ret*+ f end to end ( ! b>rel1 & ) ! /eam room divid$ ab\t equally betwe5 ! b>rel & ! fire box1 v little prim+ is f\nd to occur ev5 ) ?is small proportion ( total /eam room4 ,ab\t #c_/d ! dep? ( ! b>rel is usually fill$ ) wat]1 & #a_/d ) /eam4 #bid4 ,q4--,:at is prim+8 ,a4--,prim+ is a viol5t agitation ( ! wat] )9 ! boil]1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* a l>ge quantity ( wat] passes (f ) ! /eam 9 ! %ape ( fro? or spray4 ,su* a result is injuri\s1 bo? z reg>ds ! efficacy ( ! eng9e1 & ! safety ( ! eng9e & boil]2 = ! l>ge volume ( hot wat] c>ri$ by ! /eam into ! cond5s] impairs ! vacuum1 & ?r[s a great load ^u ! air pump1 :i* dim9i%es ! spe$ & available p[] ( ! eng9e2 & ! exi/5ce ( wat] )9 ! cyl9d]1 unless !re be safety valves ^u ! cyl9d] to p]mit its escape1 w v probably cause "s "p ( ! ma*9]y to break1 by sudd5ly arre/+ ! motion ( ! pi/on :5 x meets ! surface ( ! wat]1--! slide valve be+ clos$ to ! cond5s] be=e ! t]m9ation ( ! /roke1 9 all eng9es ) lap ^u ! valves1 s t ! wat] )9 ! cyl9d] is prev5t$ f escap+ 9 t direction4 ,at ! same "t ! boil] is empti$ ( its wat] too rapidly = ! fe$ pump to be able to ma9ta9 ! supply1 & ! flues are 9 dang] ( be+ burnt f a defici5cy ( wat] above !m4 #bie4 ,q4--,:at are ! causes ( prim+8 ,a4--,! causes ( prim+ are an insuffici5t am\nt ( /eam room1 an inadequate area ( wat] level1 an insuffici5t wid? betwe5 ! flues or tubes = ! asc5t ( ! /eam & ! desc5t ( wat] to supply ! vacuity ! /eam occasions1 & ! use ( dirty wat] 9 ! boil]4 ,new boil]s prime m ?an old boil]s1 & /eam]s ent]+ riv]s f ! sea are m addict$ to prim+ ?an if sea or riv] wat] _h alone be5 us$ 9 ! boil]s--probably f ! boil+ po9t ( salt wat] be+ high] ?an t ( fre%1 :]eby ! salt wat] acts l s mu* molt5 metal 9 rais+ ! fre% wat] into /eam4 ,op5+ ! safety valve sudd5ly may make a boil] prime1 & if ! safety valve be situat$ ne> ! m\? ( ! /eam pipe1 ! spray or foam ?us creat$ may be m+l$ ) ! /eam pass+ into ! eng9e1 & mat]ially dim9i% its effective p[]2 b if ! safety valve be situat$ at a di/ance f ! m\? ( ! /eam pipe1 ! quantity ( foam or spray pass+ into ! eng9e may be dim9i%$ by op5+ ! safety valve2 & 9 locomotives1 !re=e1 x is f\nd b5eficial to h a safety valve on ! b>rel ( ! boil] at a po9t remote f ! /eam *e/1 by p>tially op5+ :i*1 any prim+ 9 t "p ( ! boil] adjac5t to ! /eam *e/ is *eck$1 & a pur] /eam ?an be=e pusses to ! eng9e4 #bif4 ,q4--,:at is ! prop] rem$y = prim+8 ,a4--,:5 a boil] primes1 ! eng9e] g5]ally closes ! ?rottle valve p>tially1 turns (f ! injection wat]1 & op5s ! furnace doors1 :]eby ! g5]ation ( /eam is *eck$1 & a less viol5t ebullition 9 ! boil] suffices4 ,:]e ! prim+ arises f an insuffici5t am\nt ( /eam room1 x may be mitigat$ by putt+ a high] pressure ^u ! boil] & work+ m expansively1 or by ! int]position ( a p]=at$ plate betwe5 ! boil] & ! /eam *e/1 :i* breaks ! asc5d+ wat] & lib]ates ! /eam4 ,9 "s cases1 h[ev]1 x may be necess>y to set a second /eam *e/ on ! top ( ! exi/+ "o1 & x w be pref]able to e/abli% a communication ) ?is new *amb] by means ( a numb] ( small holes1 bor$ ?r\gh ! iron plate ( ! boil]1 r ?an by a s+le l>ge orifice4 ,:]e prim+ arises f ! exi/5ce ( dirty wat] 9 ! boil]1 ! evil may be rem$i$ by ! use ( collect+ vessels1 or by bl[+ (f l>gely f ! surface2 & :]e x arises f an insuffici5t area ( wat] level1 or an insuffici5t wid? betwe5 ! flues = ! free asc5t ( ! /eam & ! desc5t ( ! sup]9cumb5t wat]1 ! evil may be abat$ by ! addition ( circulat+ pipes 9 "s "p ( ! boil]1 :i* w all[ ! wat] to desc5d freely to ! place f :5ce ! /eam rises1 ! wid? ( ! wat] spaces be+ virtually increas$ by re/rict+ _! function to ! transmission ( a curr5t ( /eam & wat] to ! surface4 ,x is desirable to arrange ! heat+ surface 9 su* a way t ! fe$ wat] ent]+ ! boil] at its l[e/ po9t is heat$ gradually z x asc5ds1 until t[>d ! sup]ior "p ( ! flues x is rais$ gradually into /eam2 b 9 all cases !re w be curr5ts 9 ! boil] = :i* x is prop] to provide4 ,! /eam pipe proce$+ to ! eng9e %\ld obvi\sly be atta*$ to ! highe/ po9t ( ! /eam *e/1 9 boil]s ( e con/ruction4 #big4 ,q4--,hav+ n[ /at$ ! proportions prop] to be adopt$ = evaporat+ any giv5 quantity ( wat] 9 /eam boil]s1 w y proce$ to %[ h[ y w\ld proportion a boil] to d a giv5 am\nt ( "w8 say a locomotive boil] :i* w propel a tra9 ( #ajj tons weight at a spe$ ( #ej miles an h\r4 ,a4--,accord+ to exp]im5ts on ! resi/ance ( railway tra9s at v>i\s rates ( spe$1 made by ,mr4 ,goo*1 ( ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway1 x appe>s t a tra9 weigh+1 ) locomotive1 t5d]1 & c>riages1 ab\t #ajj tons1 exp]i5ces1 at a spe$ ( #ej miles an h\r1 a resi/ance ( ab\t #c1jjj lbs41 or ab\t #cj lbs4 p] ton2 :i* resi/ance includes ! resi/ance ( ! eng9e z well z t ( ! tra94 ,?is1 !re=e1 is ! =ce :i* mu/ be imp>t$ at ! circumf]5ce ( ! driv+ :eels1 except t small "p int]cept$ by ! eng9e itself1 & ! =ce ex]t$ by ! pi/ons mu/ be great] ?an t at ! circumf]5ce ( ! driv+ :eel1 9 ! proportion ( _! sl[] motion1 or 9 ! proportion ( ! circumf]5ce ( ! driv+ :eel to ! l5g? ( a d\ble /roke ( ! eng9e4 ,if ! diamet] ( ! driv+ :eel be #e-a_/b feet1 its circumf]5ce w be #ag4bgh feet1 & if ! l5g? ( ! /roke be #ah in*es1 ! l5g? ( a d\ble /roke w be #c feet4 ,! pressure on ! pi/ons mu/ !re=e be great] ?an ! traction at ! circumf]5ce ( ! driv+ :eel1 9 ! proportion ( #ag4bgh to #c1 or1 9 o!r words1 ! mean pressure on ! pi/ons mu/ be #ag1bgh lbs42 & ! area ( cyl9d]s1 & pressure ( /eam1 mu/ be su* z to produce conjo9tly ?is total pressure4 ,x ?us becomes easy to tell ! volume & pressure ( /eam requir$1 :i* /eam 9 its turn repres5ts its equival5t ( wat] :i* is to be evaporat$ f ! boil]1 & ! boil] mu/ be s proportion$1 by ! rules already giv51 z to evaporate ?is wat] freely4 ,9 ! case ( a /eam vessel1 ! mode ( proc$ure is ! same1 & :5 ! resi/ance & spe$ are kn[n1 x is easy to tell ! equival5t value ( /eam4 ,,/r5g? ,,( ,,boil]s4 #bih4 ,q4--,:at /ra9 %\ld ! iron ( boil]s be subject$ to 9 work+8 ,a4--,! iron ( boil]s1 l ! iron ( ma*9es or /ructures1 is capable ( )/&+ a t5sile /ra9 ( f #ej1jjj to #fj1jjj lbs4 ^u e squ>e in* ( section2 b x w only be> a ?ird ( ?is /ra9 )\t p]man5t d]angem5t ( /ructure1 & x does n appe> exp$i5t 9 any boil] to let ! /ra9 exce$ #d1jjj lbs4 ^u ! squ>e in* ( sectional area ( metal1 especially if x is liable to be weak5$ by corrosion4 #bii4,q4--,h any exp]im5ts be5 made to det]m9e ! /r5g? ( boil]s8 ,a4--,! "q ( ! /r5g? ( boil]s 0 inve/igat$ v elaborately a few ye>s ago by a committee ( ! ,frankl9 ,in/itute1 9 ,am]ica1 & x 0 f\nd t ! t5acity ( boil] plate increas$ ) ! temp]ature up to #eej1 at :i* po9t ! t5acity began to dim9i%4 ,at #cb1 ! cohesive =ce ( a squ>e in* ( section 0 #ef1jjj lbs42 at #egj1 x 0 #ff1ejj lbs42 at #gbj1 #ee1jjj lbs42 at #a1jej1 #cb1jjj lbs42 at #a1bdj1 #bb1jjj lbs42 & at #a1cag1 #i1jjj lbs4 ,copp] foll[s a diff]5t law1 & appe>s to be dim9i%$ 9 /r5g? by e addition to ! temp]ature4 ,at #cb ! cohesion ( copp] 0 f\nd to be #cb1hjj lbs4 p] squ>e in* ( section1 :i* exce$s ! cohesive =ce at any high] temp]ature1 & ! squ>e ( ! dim9ution ( /r5g? seems to keep pace ) ! cube ( ! increas$ temp]ature4 ,/rips ( iron cut 9 ! direction ( ! fibre 7 f\nd to be ab\t #f p] c5t4 /rong] ?an :5 cut across ! gra94 ,repeat$ pil+ & weld+ 0 f\nd to increase ! t5acity ( ! iron1 b ! result ( weld+ toge!r diff]5t k9ds ( iron 0 n f\nd to be favorable4 ,! accid5tal ov]heat+ ( a boil] 0 f\nd to r$uce ! ultimate or maximum /r5g? ( ! plates f #fe1jjj to #de1jjj lbs4 p] squ>e in* ( section1 & rivet+ ! plates 0 f\nd to occasion a dim9ution 9 _! /r5g? to ! ext5t ( "o ?ird4 ,^! results1 h[ev]1 are n precisely ! same z ^? obta9$ by ,mr4 ,fairbairn4 #cjj4 ,q4--,:at 7 ! results obta9$ by him8 ,a4--,he f\nd t boil] plate bore a t5sile /ra9 ( #bc tons p] squ>e in* be=e rupture1 :i* 0 r$uc$ to #af tons p] squ>e in* :5 jo9$ toge!r by a d\ble r[ ( rivets1 & #ac tons1 or ab\t #cj1jjj1 :5 jo9$ toge!r by a s+le r[ ( rivets4 ,a circul> boil]1 !re=e1 ) ! ends ( its plates d\ble rivet$1 w be> at ! utmo/ ab\t #cf1jjj lbs4 p] squ>e in* ( section1 or ab\t #ab1jjj lbs4 p] squ>e in* ( section )\t p]man5t d]angem5t ( /ructure4 #cja4 ,q4--,:at pressure d cyl9drical boil]s su/a9 9 practice8 ,a4--,9 "s locomotive boil]s1 :i* are work$ ) a pressure ( #hj lbs4 ^u ! squ>e in*1 ! ?ickness ( ! plates is only #e_/af?s ( an in*1 :ile ! b>rel ( ! boil] is #ci in*es 9 diamet]4 ,x w require a l5g? ( #c4b in*es ( ! boil] :5 ! plates are #e_/af?s ?ick to make up a sectional area ( "o squ>e in*1 & ! sep>at+ =ce w be #ci times #c4b multipli$ by #hj1 :i* makes ! sep>at+ =ce #i1ihd lbs41 su/a9$ by two squ>e in*es ( sectional area--"o on ea* side2 or ! /ra9 is #d1iib lbs4 p] squ>e in* ( sectional area1 :i* is q z great /ra9 z is advisable4 ,! accession ( /r5g? d]iv$ f ! boil] ends is n "h tak5 into acc\nt1 b nei!r is ! weak5+ effect c\nt$ t is caus$ by ! rivet holes4 ,"s locomotives ( #d feet diamet] ( b>rel & ( #c_/h?s iron h be5 work$ to z high a pressure z #bjj lbs4 on ! in*2 b su* feats ( d>+ are nei!r to be imitat$ nor comm5d$4 #cjb4,q4--,c y give a rule = ! prop] ?ickness ( cyl9drical boil]s8 ,a4--,! ?ickness prop] = cyl9drical boil]s ( wr\ght iron1 expos$ to an int]nal pressure1 may be f\nd by ! foll[+ rule3--multiply #b4ed times ! int]nal diamet] ( ! cyl9d] 9 in*es by ! greate/ pressure )9 ! cyl9d] p] circul> in*1 & divide by #ag1hjj2 ! result is ! ?ickness 9 in*es4 ,if we apply ?is rule to ! example ( ! locomotive boil] j giv51 we h #ci x #b4ed x #fb4hcb 7! pressure p] circul> in* correspond+ to #hj lbs4 p] squ>e in*7 #fbbd4acgi1 & ?is1 divid$ by #ag1hjj1 gives #j4cdi z ! ?ickness 9 in*es1 in/ead ( #j4cabe1 or #e_/af?s1 ! actual ?ickness4 ,if we take ! pressure p] squ>e in* in/ead ( p] circul> in*1 we obta9 ! foll[+ rule1 :i* is some:at simpl]3--multiply ! int]nal diamet] ( ! cyl9d] 9 in*es by ! pressure 9 p\nds p] squ>e in*1 & divide ! product by #h1ijj2 ! result is ! ?ickness 9 in*es4 ,bo? ^! rules give ! /ra9 ab\t "o f\r? ( ! ela/ic =ce1 or #d1dej lbs4 p] squ>e in* ( sectional area ( ! iron2 b #c1jjj lbs4 is en\gh :5 ! flame imp+es directly on ! iron1 z 9 "s ( ! ord9>y cyl9drical boil]s1 & ! rule may be adapt$ = t /ra9 by tak+ #f1jjj z a divisor in/ead ( #h1ijj4 #cjc4 ,q4--,9 m>9e & wagon boil]s1 :i* are n ( a cyl9drical =m1 h[ d y procure ! requisite /r5g?8 ,a4--,:]e ! sides ( ! boil] are flat1 in/ead ( be+ cyl9drical1 a suffici5t numb] ( /ays mu/ be introduc$ to )/& ! pressure2 & x is exp$i5t n to let ! /ra9 ^u ^! /ays be m ?an #c1jjj lbs4 p] squ>e in* ( section1 z ! /r5g? ( int]nal /ays 9 boil]s is g5]ally soon dim9i%$ by corrosion4 ,inde$1 a /ra9 at all approa*+ t ^u locomotive boil]s w\ld be v unsafe 9 ! case ( m>9e boil]s1 on acc\nt ( ! corrosion1 bo? int]nal & ext]nal1 to :i* m>9e boil]s are subject4 ,! /ays %\ld be small & num]\s r ?an l>ge & few 9 numb]1 z1 :5 l>ge /ays are employ$1 x is difficult to keep !m tight at ! ends1 & oxidation ( ! %ell foll[s f leakage at ! ends ( ! /ays4 ,all boil]s %\ld be prov$1 :5 new1 to twice or ?ree times ! pressure !y are int5d$ to be>1 & !y %\ld be prov$ occasionally by ! h& pump :5 9 use1 to detect any weakness :i* corrosion may h occasion$4 #cjd4 ,q4--,w y describe ! disposition ( ! /ays 9 a m>9e boil]8 ,a4--,if ! pressure ( /eam be #bj lbs4 on ! squ>e in*1 :i* is a v common pressure 9 tubul> boil]s1 !re w be a pressure ( #b1hhj lbs4 on e squ>e foot ( flat surface2 s t if ! /ra9 ^u ! /ays is n to exce$ #c1jjj lbs4 on ! squ>e in* ( section1 !re mu/ be ne>ly a squ>e in* ( sectional area ( /ay = e squ>e foot ( flat surface on ! top & bottom1 sides1 & ends ( ! boil]4 ,?is v mu* exce$s ! proportion usually adopt$2 & 9 sc>cely any in/ance are boil]s /ay$ suffici5tly to be safe :5 ! %ell is compos$ ( flat surfaces4 ,! furnaces %\ld be /ay$ toge!r ) bolts ( ! be/ scrap iron1 #a-a_/d in* 9 diamet]1 tapp$ ?r\gh bo? plates ( ! wat] space ) ?9 nuts 9 ea* furnace2 & x is exp$i5t to make ! r[ ( /ays1 runn+ horizontally ne> ! level ( ! b>s1 suffici5tly l[ to come b5ea? ! top ( ! b>s1 s z to be %ield$ f ! action ( ! fire1 ) :i* view !y %\ld foll[ ! incl9ation ( ! b>s4 ,! r[ ( /ays betwe5 ! level ( ! b>s & ! top ( ! furnace %\ld be z ne> ! top ( ! furnace z w consi/ ) ! functions !y h to p]=m1 s z to be remov$ z f> z possible f ! action ( ! heat2 & to support ! furnace top1 cross b>s may ei!r be adopt$1 to :i* ! top is secur$ ) bolts1 z 9 ! case ( locomotives1 or /ays tapp$ into ! furnace top1 ) a ?9 nut b5ea?1 may be c>ri$ to ! top ( ! boil]2 b v little dep5d5ce c be put 9 su* /ays z /ays = keep+ d[n ! top ( ! boil]2 & ! top ( ! boil] mu/1 !re=e1 be /ay$ ne>ly z mu* z if ! /ays connect+ x ) ! furnace cr[ns did n exi/4 ,! l>ge rivets pass+ ?r\gh ?imbles1 sometimes us$ z /ays = wat] spaces or boil] %ells1 are objectionable2 z1 f ! great am\nt ( hamm]+ su* rivets h to receive to =m ! heads1 ! iron becomes cry/all9e1 s t ! heads are liable to come (f1 &1 inde$1 sometimes fly (f 9 ! act ( be+ =m$4 ,if su* a fracture occurs betwe5 ! boil]s aft] !y are seat$ 9 _! place1 or 9 any position n accessible f ! outside1 x w 9 g5]al be necess>y to empty ! faulty boil]1 & repair ! defect f ! inside4 #cje4 ,q4--,:at %\ld be ! pit* or num]ical di/ribution ( ! /ays8 ,a4--,! /ays1 :]e ! sides ( ! boil] are flat1 & ! pressure ( ! /eam is f #bj to #cj lbs41 %\ld be pit*$ ab\t a foot or #ah in*es asund]2 & 9 ! wake ( ! tubes1 :]e /ays _c be c>ri$ across to connect ! boil] sides1 angle iron ribs1 l ! ribs ( a %ip1 %\ld be rivet$ to ! int]ior ( ! boil]1 & /ays ( great] /r5g? ?an ! re/ %\ld pass across1 above1 & bel[ ! tubes1 to :i* ! angle irons w\ld communicate ! /ra94 ,! :ole ( ! long /ays )9 a boil] %\ld be firmly rivet$ to ! %ell1 z if built ) & =m+ a "p ( x2 z1 by ! common me?od ( fix+ !m 9 by means ( cutt]s1 ! decay or accid5tal deta*m5t ( a p9 or cutt] may endang] ! safety ( ! boil]4 ,:]ev] a l>ge p]=ation 9 ! %ell ( any circul> boil] occurs1 a suffici5t numb] ( /ays %\ld be put across x to ma9ta9 ! orig9al /r5g?2 & :]e /ays are int]cept$ by ! root ( ! funnel1 %ort /ays 9 cont9uation ( !m %\ld be plac$ inside4 ,,boil] ,,explosions4 #cjf4 ,q4--,:at is ! *ief cause ( boil] explosions8 ,a4--,! *ief cause ( boil] explosions is1 und\bt$ly1 too great a pressure ( /eam1 or an insuffici5t /r5g? ( boil]2 b _m explosions h also aris5 f ! flues hav+ be5 suff]$ to become r$ hot4 ,if ! safety valve ( a boil] be accid5tally jamm$1 or if ! plates or /ays be mu* worn by corrosion1 :ile a high pressure ( /eam is nev]!less ma9ta9$1 ! boil] necess>ily bur/s2 & if1 f an insuffici5cy ( wat] 9 ! boil]1 or f any o!r cause1 ! flues become highly heat$1 !y may be =c$ d[n by ! pressure ( ! /eam1 & a p>tial explosion may be ! result4 ,! wor/ explosion is :]e ! %ell ( ! boil] bur/s2 b ! collapse ( a furnace or flue is also v disa/r\s g5]ally to ! p]sons 9 ! eng9e room2 & sometimes ! %ell bur/s & ! flues collapse at ! same "t2 = if ! flues get r$ hot1 & wat] be ?r[n ^u !m ei!r by ! fe$ pump or o!rwise1 ! g5]ation ( /eam may be too rapid = ! safety valve to p]mit its escape ) suffici5t facility1 & ! %ell ( ! boil] may1 9 consequ5ce1 be r5t asund]4 ,sometimes ! iron ( ! flues becomes highly heat$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! improp] configuration ( ! p>ts1 :i*1 by reta9+ ! /eam 9 contact ) ! metal1 prev5ts ! access ( ! wat]3 ! bottoms ( l>ge flues1 ^u :i* ! flame beats d[n1 are v liable to injury f ?is cause2 & ! iron ( flues ?us act$ ^u may be s s(t5$ t ! flues w collapse upw>d ) ! pressure ( ! /eam4 ,! flues ( boil]s may also become r$ hot 9 "s p>ts f ! atta*m5t ( scale1 :i*1 f its imp]fect conduct+ p[]1 w cause ! iron to be unduly heat$2 & if ! scale be accid5tally deta*$1 a p>tial explosion may occur 9 consequ5ce4 #cjg4 ,q4--,does ! contact ( wat] ) heat$ metal occasion an in/antane\s g5]ation ( /eam8 ,a4--,x is f\nd t a sudd5 dis5gagem5t ( /eam does n imm$iately foll[ ! contact ( wat] ) ! hot metal1 = wat] ?r[n ^u r$ hot iron is n imm$iately conv]t$ into /eam1 b assumes ! sph]oidal =m & rolls ab\t 9 globules ov] ! surface4 ,^! globules1 h[ev] high ! temp]ature ( ! metal may be on :i* !y are plac$1 nev] rise above ! temp]ature ( #bje1 & give (f b v little /eam2 b if ! temp]ature ( ! metal be l[]$1 ! wat] ceases to reta9 ! sph]oidal =m1 & comes into intimate contact ) ! metal1 :]eby a rapid dis5gagem5t ( /eam takes place4 ,if wat] be p\r$ into a v hot copp] flask1 ! flask may be cork$ up1 z !re w be sc>ce any /eam produc$ s long z ! high temp]ature is ma9ta9$2 b s soon z ! temp]ature is suff]$ to fall bel[ #cej or #djj1 ! sph]oidal condition be+ no long] ma9ta9able1 /eam is g5]at$ ) rapidity1 & ! cork w be project$ f ! m\? ( ! flask ) great =ce4 #cjh4 ,q4--,:at precautions c be tak5 to prev5t boil] explosions8 ,a4--,"o useful precaution aga9/ ! explosion ( boil]s f too great an int]nal pressure1 consi/s 9 ! application ( a /eam gauge to ea* boil]1 :i* w make ! exi/5ce ( any undue pressure 9 any ( ! boil]s imm$iately visible2 & e boil] %\ld h a safety valve ( its own1 ! passage lead+ to :i* %\ld h no connection ) ! passage lead+ to any ( ! /op valves us$ to cut (f ! connection betwe5 ! boil]s2 s t ! action ( ! safety valve may be made indep5d5t ( ! action ( ! /op valve4 ,9 "s cases /op valves h jamm$1 or h be5 c>ri$ f _! seats into ! m\? ( ! pipe communicat+ betwe5 !m1 & ! action ( ! safety valves %\ld be r5d]$ indep5d5t ( all su* accid5ts4 ,safety valves1 !mselves1 sometimes /ick fa/ f corrosion1 f ! sp9dles becom+ b5t1 f a di/ortion ( ! boil] top ) a high pressure1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* ! sp9dles become jamm$ 9 ! guides1 & f v>i\s o!r causes :i* x w\ld be t$i\s to enum]ate2 b ! inaction ( ! safety valves is at once indicat$ by ! /eam gauge1 & :5 discov]$1 ! bl[ ?r\gh valves ( ! eng9e & bl[ (f cocks ( ! boil] %\ld at once be op5$1 & ! fires rak$ out4 ,a cone 9 ! ball ( ! wa/e /eam pipe to s5d back ! wat] c>ri$ upw>d by ! /eam1 %\ld nev] be ins]t$2 z 9 "s cases ?is cone has become loose1 & clos$ up ! m\? ( ! wa/e /eam pipe1 :]eby ! safety valves be+ r5d]$ inop]ative1 ! boil] 0 9 dang] ( bur/+4 #cji4 ,q4--,may n dang] arise f excessive prim+8 ,a4--,if ! wat] be c>ri$ out ( ! boil] s rapidly by prim+ t ! level ( ! wat] _c be ma9ta9$1 & ! flues or furnaces are 9 dang] ( becom+ r$ hot1 ! be/ plan is to op5 e furnace door & ?r[ 9 a few buckets full ( wat] ^u ! fire1 tak+ c>e to /& suffici5tly to ! "o side to avoid be+ scald$ by ! ru% ( /eam f ! furnace4 ,!re is no "t to beg9 draw+ ! fires 9 su* an em]g5cy1 & by ?is treatm5t ! fires1 ?\gh n altoge!r ext+ui%$1 w be r5d]$ incapable ( do+ h>m4 ,if ! flues be already r$ hot1 on no acc\nt mu/ cold wat] be suff]$ to ent] ! boil]1 b ! heat %\ld be ma9ta9$ 9 ! furnaces1 & ! bl[ (f cocks be op5$1 or ! mud hole doors loos5$1 s z to let all ! wat] escape2 b at ! same "t ! pressure mu/ be kept q l[ 9 ! boil]1 s t !re w be no dang] ( ! hot flues collaps+ ) ! pressure ( ! /eam4 #caj4 ,q4--,are plugs ( fusible metal useful 9 prev5t+ explosions8 ,a4--,plugs ( fusible metal 7 at "o "t 9 mu* repute z a precaution aga9/ explosion1 ! metal be+ s comp\nd$ t x melt$ ) ! heat ( high pressure /eam2 b ! device1 ?\gh +5i\s1 has n be5 f\nd ( any utility 9 practice4 ,! basis ( fusible metal is m]cury1 & x is f\nd t ! comp\nd is n homog5e\s1 & t ! m]cury is =c$ by ! pressure ( ! /eam out ( ! int]/ices ( ! metal comb9$ ) x1 leav+ a por\s metal :i* is n easily fusible1 & :i* is1 !re=e1 unable to p]=m its int5d$ function4 ,9 locomotives1 h[ev]1 & also 9 "s o!r boil]s1 a lead rivet is ins]t$ ) advantage 9 ! cr[n ( ! fire box1 :i* is melt$ out if ! wat] becomes too l[1 & ?us gives notice ( ! dang]4 #caa4 ,q4--,may n explosion occur 9 m>9e boil]s f ! accumulation ( salt on ! flues8 ,a4--,yes1 9 m>9e boil]s ?is is a con/ant s\rce ( dang]1 :i* is only to be met by att5tion on ! "p ( ! eng9e]4 ,if ! wat] 9 ! boil] be suff]$ to become too salt1 an incru/ation ( salt w take place on ! furnaces1 :i* may cause !m to become r$ hot1 & !y may !n be collaps$ ev5 by _! own weight aid$ by a mod]ate pressure ( /eam4 ,! exp$i5ts :i* %\ld be adopt$ = prev5t+ su* an accumulation ( salt f tak+ place )9 ! boil] z w be injuri\s to x1 prop]ly fall "u ! head ( ! managem5t ( /eam boil]s1 & w be expla9$ 9 a subsequ5t *apt]4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,proportions ,,( ,,eng9es4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,/eam ,,passages4 #cab4 ,q4--,:at size ( orifice is commonly all[$ = ! escape ( ! /eam ?r\gh ! safety valve 9 l[ pressure eng9es8 ,a4--,ab\t #j4h ( a circul> in* p] horse p[]1 or a circul> in* p] #a-a_/d horse p[]4 ,! foll[+ rule1 h[ev]1 w give ! dim5sions suitable = all k9ds ( eng9es1 :e!r high or l[ pressure3--multiply ! squ>e ( ! diamet] ( ! cyl9d] 9 in*es by ! spe$ ( ! pi/on 9 feet p] m9ute1 & divide ! product by #cge times ! pressure on ! boil] p] squ>e in*2 ! quoti5t is ! prop] area ( ! safety valve 9 squ>e in*es4 ,?is rule ( c\rse supposes t ! evaporat+ surface has be5 prop]ly proportion$ to ! eng9e p[]4 #cac4 ,q4--,is ?is rule applicable to locomotives8 ,a4--,x is applicable to high pressure eng9es ( e k9d4 ,! dim5sions ( safety valves1 h[ev]1 9 practice are v v>iable1 be+ 9 "s cases great]1 & 9 "s cases less1 ?an :at ! rule gives1 ! consid]ation be+ app>5tly z (t5 :at proportions w be/ prev5t ! valve f /ick+ 9 its seat1 z :at proportions w enable ! /eam to escape freely4 ,9 ,bury's locomotives1 ! safety valve 0 g5]ally #b-a_/b in*es diamet] = all sizes ( boil]1 & ! valve 0 kept d[n by a lev] =m$ 9 ! proportion ( #e to #a1 fitt$ at "o end ) a ,salt]'s balance4 ,z ! area ( ! valve 0 #e squ>e in*es1 ! numb] ( p\nds %[n on ! spr+ balance d5ot$ ! numb] ( p\nds pressure on ea* squ>e in* ( ! boil]4 #cad4 ,q4--,is !re only "o safety valve 9 a locomotive boil]8 ,a4--,!re are always two4 #cae4 ,q4--,& are !y always press$ d[n by a spr+ balance1 & nev] by weights8 ,a4--,!y are nev] press$ d[n by weights2 9 fact1 weights w\ld n answ] on a locomotive at all1 z !y w\ld jump up & d[n ) ! j]ks or jolts ( ! tra91 & cause mu* ( ! /eam to escape4 ,9 l& & m>9e boil]s1 h[ev]1 ! safety valve is always kept d[n by weights2 b 9 /eam vessels a good deal ( /eam is lo/ 9 /ormy wea!r by ! op5+ ( ! valve1 ow+ to ! in]tia ( ! weights :5 ! %ip s9ks sudd5ly 9 ! deep recess betwe5 ! waves4 #caf4 ,q4--,:at o!r sizes ( safety valves are us$ 9 locomotives8 ,a4--,"s are z l>ge z #d in*es diamet]1 giv+ #ab squ>e in*es ( area2 & o!rs are z small z #a-c_/af in* diamet]1 giv+ #a squ>e in* ( area4 #cag4 ,q4--,& are ^! valves all press$ d[n by a ,salt]'s spr+ balance8 ,a4--,9 ! great majority ( cases !y are s1 & ! lev] by :i* !y are press$ d[n is g5]ally graduat$ 9 ! proportion ( ! area ( ! valve to unity2 t is1 9 ! case ( a valve ( #ab in*es area1 ! long end ( ! lev] to :i* ! spr+ balance is atta*$ is #ab times ! l5g? ( ! %ort end1 s t ! weight or pressure on ! balance %[s ! pressure p] squ>e in* on ! boil]4 ,9 "s cases1 h[ev]1 a spiral spr+1 & 9 o!r cases a pile ( elliptical spr+s1 is plac$ directly ^u ! top ( ! valve1 & x appe>s desirable t "o ( ! valves at lea/ %\ld be load$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,x is difficult :5 ! lev] is divid$ 9 su* a proportion z #ab to #a1 to get suffici5t lift ( ! valve )\t a l>ge increase ( pressure on ! spr+2 & x appe>s exp$i5t1 !re=e1 to employ a %ort] lev]1 :i* involves ei!r a r$uction 9 ! area ( ! valve1 or an increas$ /r5g? 9 ! spr+4 #cah4 ,q4--,:at are ! prop] dim5sions ( ! /eam passages8 ,a4--,9 sl[ work+ eng9es ! common size ( ! cyl9d] passages is "o tw5ty-fif? ( ! area ( ! cyl9d]1 or "o fif? ( ! diamet] ( ! cyl9d]1 :i* is ! same ?+4 ,?is proportion corresponds v ne>ly ) "o squ>e in* p] horse p[] :5 ! l5g? ( ! cyl9d] is ab\t equal to its diamet]2 & "o squ>e in* ( area p] horse p[] = ! cyl9d] ports & eduction passages answ]s v well 9 ! case ( eng9es work+ at ! ord9>y spe$ ( #bbj feet p] m9ute4 ,! area ( ! /eam pipe is usually made less ?an ! area ( ! eduction pipe1 especially :5 ! eng9e is work$ expansively1 & ) a consid]able pressure ( /eam4 ,9 ! case ( ord9>y cond5s+ eng9es1 h[ev]1 work+ ) ! usual pressure ( f #d to #h lbs4 above ! atmosph]e1 ! area ( ! /eam pipe is n less ?an a circul> in* p] horse p[]4 ,9 su* eng9es ! diamet] ( ! /eam pipe may be f\nd by ! foll[+ rule3 divide ! numb] ( nom9al horse p[] by #j4h & extract ! squ>e root ( ! quoti5t1 :i* w be ! int]nal diamet] ( ! /eam pipe4 #cai4 ,q4--,w y expla9 by :at process ( computation ^! proportions are arriv$ at8 ,a4--,! size ( ! /eam pipe is s regulat$ t !re w be no mat]ial disp>ity ( pressure betwe5 ! cyl9d] & boil]2 & 9 fix+ ! size ( ! eduction passage ! same object is kept 9 view4 ,:5 ! diamet] ( ! cyl9d] & ! velocity ) :i* ! pi/on travels are kn[n1 x is easy to tell :at ! velocity ( ! /eam 9 ! /eam pipe w be2 = if ! area ( ! cyl9d] be #be times great] ?an t ( ! /eam pipe1 ! /eam 9 ! /eam pipe mu/ travel #be times fa/] ?an ! pi/on1 & ! diff]5ce ( pressure requisite to produce ?is velocity ( ! /eam c easily be asc]ta9$1 by f9d+ :at height a column ( /eam mu/ be to give t velocity1 & :at ! weight or pressure is ( su* a column4 ,9 practice1 h[ev]1 ?is proportion is always exce$$ f ! cond5sation ( /eam 9 ! pipe4 #cbj4 ,q4--,if ! relation y h m5tion$ subsi/ betwe5 ! area ( ! /eam passages & ! velocity ( ! pi/on1 !n ! passages mu/ be l>g] :5 ! pi/on travels v rapidly8 ,a4--,& !y are s made4 ,! area ( ! ports ( locomotive eng9es is usually s proportion$ z to be f #a_/aj? to #a_/h? ! area ( ! cyl9d]--9 "s cases ev5 z mu* z #a_/f?2 & 9 all high spe$ eng9es ! ports %\ld be v l>ge1 & ! valve %\ld h a good deal ( travel s z to op5 ! port v quickly4 ,! area ( port :i* x appe>s advisable to give to mod]n eng9es ( e description1 is express$ by ! foll[+ rule3--multiply ! area ( ! cyl9d] 9 squ>e in*es by ! spe$ ( ! pi/on 9 feet p] m9ute1 & divide ! product by #d1jjj2 ! quoti5t is ! area ( ea* cyl9d] port 9 squ>e in*es4 ,?is rule gives r m ?an a squ>e in* ( port p] nom9al horse p[] to cond5s+ eng9es work+ at ! ord9>y spe$2 b ! excess is b small1 & is ^u ! "r side4 ,= eng9es travell+ v fa/ x gives a good deal m area ?an ! common proportion1 :i* is too small 9 ne>ly e case4 ,9 locomotive eng9es ! eduction pipe passes into ! *imney & ! =ce ( ! issu+ /eam has ! effect ( ma9ta9+ a rapid draught ?r\gh ! furnace z be=e expla9$4 ,! orifice ( ! wa/e /eam pipe1 or ! bla/ pipe z x is t]m$1 is mu* contract$ 9 "s eng9es ) ! view ( produc+ a fi]c] draught1 & an area ( #a_/bb;d ( ! cyl9d] is a common proportion2 b ?is is z mu* contraction z %\ld be all[$1 & is great] ?an is advisable4 #cba4 ,q4--,9 eng9es mov+ at a high rate ( spe$1 y h /at$ t x is important to give ! valve lead1 or 9 o!r words to all[ ! /eam to escape be=e ! end ( ! /roke8 ,a4--,yes1 ?is is v important1 else ! pi/on w h to =ce out ! /eam f ! cyl9d]1 & w be mu* resi/$4 ,ne> ! end ( ! /roke ! pi/on beg9s to travel sl[ly1 & if ! /eam be !n p]mitt$ to escape1 v little ( ! effective /roke is lo/1 & "t is af=d$ to ! /eam1 be=e ! motion ( ! pi/on is aga9 accel]at$1 to make its escape by ! port4 ,9 "s locomotives1 f inatt5tion to ?is adju/m5t1 & f a contract$ area ( tube section1 :i* involv$ a /rong bla/1 ab\t half ! p[] ( ! eng9e has be5 lo/2 b 9 m rec5t eng9es1 by us+ enl>g$ ports & by giv+ suffici5t lead1 ?is loss has be5 greatly dim9i%$4 #cbb4 ,q4--,:at d y call suffici5t lead8 ,a4--,9 fa/ go+ eng9es ,i w\ld call x suffici5t lead1 :5 ! eduction port 0 ne>ly op5 at ! end ( ! /roke4 #cbc4 ,q4--,c y give any example ( ! b5efit ( increas+ ! lead8 ,a4--,! e>ly locomotives 7 made ) v little lead1 & ! proportions 7 9 fact v mu* ! same z ^? previ\sly exi/+ 9 l& eng9es4 ,ab\t #ahcb1 ! b5efits ( lap ^u ! valve1 :i* _h be5 employ$ by ,b\lton & ,watt m ?an tw5ty ye>s be=e1 7 beg9n+ to be pretty g5]ally appreh5d$2 &1 9 ! foll[+ ye>1 ?is exp$i5t ( economy 0 appli$ to ! /eam] ,man*e/]1 9 ! ,clyde1 & to "s o!r vessels1 ) v m>k$ success4 ,%ortly aft] ?is "t1 lap began to be appli$ to ! valves ( locomotives1 & x 0 f\nd t n only 0 !re a b5efit f ! op]ation ( expansion1 b t !re 0 a /ill great] b5efit f ! sup]ior facility ( escape giv5 to ! /eam1 inasmu* z ! application ( lap involv$ ! necessity ( turn+ ! ecc5tric r\nd ^u ! %aft1 :i* caus$ ! eduction to take place be=e ! end ( ! /roke4 ,9 #ahdj1 "o ( ! eng9es ( ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway 0 alt]$ s z to h #a in* lap on ! valve1 & #a in* op5+ on ! eduction side at ! end ( ! /roke1 ! valve hav+ a total travel ( #d-a_/d in*es4 ,! consumption ( fuel p] mile fell f #cf4c lbs4 to #bh4f lbs1 or ab\t #be p] c5t41 & a s(t] bla/ suffic$4 ,by us+ l>g] exhau/ passages1 l>g] tubes1 & clos] fire b>s1 ! consumption 0 subsequ5tly br\ght d[n to #ae lbs4 p] mile4 ,,air ,,pump1 ,,cond5s]1 ,,& ,,hot ,,& ,,cold ,,wat] ,,pumps4 #cbd4 ,q4--,w y /ate ! prop] dim5sions ( ! air pump & cond5s] 9 laud & m>9e eng9es8 ,a--,mr4 ,watt made ! air pump ( 8 eng9e half ! diamet] ( ! cyl9d] & half ! /roke1 or "o eigh? ( ! capacity1 & ! cond5s] 0 usually made ab\t ! same size z ! air pump2 b z ! pressure ( ! /eam has be5 increas$ 9 all mod]n eng9es1 x is bett] to make ! air pump a little l>g] ?an ?is proportion4 #j4f ( ! diamet] ( ! cyl9d] & half ! /roke answ]s v well1 & ! cond5s] may be made z l>ge z x c be got ) conv5i5ce1 ?\gh ! same size z ! air pump w suffice4 #cbe4 ,q4--,are air pumps n[ sometimes made d\ble act+8 ,a4--,mo/ ( ! rec5t direct act+ m>9e eng9es = driv+ ! screw are fitt$ ) a d\ble act+ air pump1 & :5 ! air pump is d\ble act+1 x ne$ only be ab\t half ! size t is necess>y :5 x is s+le act+4 ,x is s+le act+ 9 ne>ly e case1 except ! case ( direct act+ screw eng9es ( rec5t con/ruction4 #cbf4 ,q4--,:at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 a s+le & a d\ble act+ air pump8 ,a4--,! s+le act+ air pump expels ! air & wat] f ! cond5s] only 9 ! upw>d /roke ( ! pump1 :]eas a d\ble act+ air pump expels ! air & wat] bo? 9 ! upw>d & d[nw>d /roke4 ,x has1 !re=e1 to be provid$ ) inlet & outlet valves at bo? ends1 :]eas ! s+le act+ pump has only to be provid$ ) an inlet or foot valve1 z x is t]m$1 at ! bottom1 & ) an outlet or deliv]y valve1 z x is t]m$1 at ! top4 ,! s+le act+ air pump requires to be provid$ ) a valve or valves 9 ! pi/on or bucket ( ! pump1 to enable ! air & wat] ly+ bel[ ! bucket :5 x beg9s to desc5d1 & :i* h ent]$ f ! cond5s] dur+ ! upw>d /roke1 to pass ?r\gh ! bucket into ! space above x dur+ ! d[nw>d /roke1 f :5ce !y are expell$ into ! atmosph]e on ! upw>d /roke succe$+4 ,b 9 ! d\ble act+ air pump no valve is requir$ 9 ! pi/on or bucket ( ! pump1 & all t is necess>y is an inlet & outlet valve at ea* end4 #ccg4 ,q--,:at are ! dim5sions ( ! foot & dis*>ge valves ( ! air pump8 ,a4--,! area ?r\gh ! foot & dis*>ge valves is usually made equal to "o f\r? ( ! area ( ! air pump1 & ! diamet] ( ! wa/e wat] pipe is made "o f\r? ( ! diamet] ( ! cyl9d]1 :i* gives an area some:at less ?an t ( ! foot & dis*>ge valve passages4 ,b ?is proportion only applies 9 sl[ eng9es4 ,9 fa/ eng9es1 ) ! air pump bucket mov+ z fa/ z ! pi/on1 ! area ?r\gh ! foot & dis*>ge valves %\ld be equal to ! area ( ! pump itself1 & ! wa/e wat] pipe %\ld be ( ab\t ! same dim5sions4 #cbh4 ,q4--,y h /at$ t d\ble act+ air pumps ne$ only be ( half ! size ( s+le act+ ones4 ,does t relation hold at all spe$s8 ,a4--,x holds at all spe$s if ! velocity ( ! pump buckets are 9 ea* case ! same2 b x does n hold if ! eng9e ) ! s+le act+ pump works sl[ly1 & ! eng9e ) ! d\ble act+ pump moves rapidly1 z 9 ! case ( direct act+ screw eng9es4 ,all pumps mov+ at a high rate ( spe$ lose "p ( _! effici5cy1 & su* pumps %\ld !re=e be ( extra size4 #cbi4 ,q4--,h[ d y e/imate ! quantity ( wat] requisite = cond5sation8 ,a4--,mr4 ,watt f\nd t ! mo/ b5eficial temp]ature ( ! hot well ( 8 eng9es 0 #ajj degrees4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! temp]ature ( ! /eam be #bab1 & ! lat5t heat #a1jjj1 !n #a1bab may be tak5 to repres5t ! heat conta9$ 9 ! /eam1 or #a1aab if we d$uct ! temp]ature ( ! hot well4 ,if ! temp]ature ( ! injection wat] be #ej1 !n #ej degrees ( cold are available = ! ab/raction ( heat2 & z ! total quantity ( heat to be ab/ract$ is t requisite to raise ! quantity ( wat] 9 ! /eam #a1aab degrees1 or #a1aab times t quantity "o degree1 x w\ld raise "o fiftie? ( ?is1 or #bb4bd times ! quantity ( wat] 9 ! /eam1 #ej degrees4 ,a cubic in* ( wat] !re=e rais$ into /eam w require #bb4bd cubic in*es ( wat] at #ej degrees = its cond5sation1 & w =m !re) #bc4bd cubic in*es ( hot wat] at #ajj degrees4 ,mr4 ,watt's practice 0 to all[ ab\t a w9e p9t 7#bh4i cubic in*es7 ( injection wat]1 = e cubic in* ( wat] evaporat$ f ! boil]4 #ccj4 ,q4--,is n a good vacuum 9 an eng9e conducive to increas$ p[]8 ,a4--,x is4 #cca4 ,q4--,& is n ! vacuum good 9 ! proportion 9 :i* ! temp]ature is l[1 suppos+ !re to be no air leaks8 ,a4--,yes4 #ccb4 ,q4--,!n h[ c\ld ,mr4 ,watt f9d a temp]ature ( #ajj 9 ! wat] drawn f ! cond5s]1 to be m b5eficial ?an a temp]ature ( #gj or #hj1 suppos+ !re to be an abundant supply ( cold wat]8 #ccc4 ,a4--,because ! sup]ior vacuum due to a temp]ature ( #gj or #hj involves ! admission ( s mu* cold wat] into ! cond5s]1 :i* has aft]w>d to be pump$ out 9 opposition to ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e1 t ! ga9 9 ! vacuum does n equal ! loss ( p[] occasion$ by ! additional load ^u ! pump1 & !re is !re=e a cle> loss by ! r$uction ( ! temp]ature bel[ #ajj1 if su* r$uction be caus$ by ! admission ( an additional quantity ( wat]4 ,if ! r$uction ( temp]ature1 h[ev]1 be caus$ by ! use ( cold] wat]1 !re is a ga9 produc$ by x1 ?\gh ! ga9 w )9 c]ta9 limits be great] if advantage be tak5 ( ! l[ness ( ! temp]ature to dim9i% ! quantity ( injection4 #ccd4 ,q4--,h[ d y det]m9e ! prop] area ( ! injection orifice8 ,a4--,! area ( ! injection orifice prop] = any eng9e c easily be told :5 ! quantity ( wat] requisite to cond5se ! /eam is kn[n1 & ! pressure is specifi$ "u :i* ! wat] ent]s ! cond5s]4 ,! vacuum 9 ! cond5s] may be tak5 at #bf in*es ( m]cury1 :i* is equival5t to a column ( wat] #bi4d ft4 high1 & ! squ>e root ( #bi4d multipli$ by #h4jba is #dc4ae1 :i* is ! velocity 9 feet p] second t a heavy body w\ld acquire 9 fall+ #bi4d ft41 or ) :i* ! wat] w\ld ent] ! cond5s]4 ,n[1 if a cubic foot ( wat] evaporat$ p] h\r be equival5t to an actual horse p[]1 & #bh4i cubic in*es ( wat] be requisite = ! cond5sation ( a cubic in* ( wat] 9 ! =m ( /eam1 #bh4i cubic feet ( cond5s+ wat] p] horse p[] p] h\r1 or #ac4ije cubic in*es p] second1 w be necess>y = ! eng9e1 & ! size ( ! injection orifice mu/ be su* t ?is quantity ( wat] fl[+ ) ! velocity ( #dc4ae ft4 p] second1 or #eag4h in*es p] second1 w ga9 admission to ! cond5s]4 ,divid+1 !re=e1 #ac4ije1 ! numb] ( cubic in*es to be inject$1 by #eag4h1 ! velocity ( influx 9 in*es p] second1 we get #j4jbfhe = ! area ( ! orifice 9 squ>e in*es2 b inasmu* z x has be5 f\nd by exp]im5t t ! actual dis*>ge ( wat] ?r\gh a hole 9 a ?9 plate is only six t5?s ( ! !oretical dis*>ge on acc\nt ( ! contract$ ve91 ! area ( ! orifice mu/ be increas$ 9 ! proportion ( su* dim9ution ( effect1 or be made #j4jddge1 or #a_/bb;d ( a squ>e in* p] horse p[]4 ,?is1 x w be rem>k$1 is ! !oretical area requir$ p] actual horse p[]2 b z ! friction & contractions 9 ! pipe fur!r r$uce ! dis*>ge1 ! area is made #a_/ae? ( a squ>e in* p] actual horse p[]1 or r p] cubic foot ( wat] evaporat$ f ! boil]4 #cce4 ,q4--,_c ! cond5sation ( ! /eam be accompli%$ by any o!r means ?an by ! admission ( cold wat] into ! cond5s]8 ,a4--,x may be accompli%$ by ! me?od ( ext]nal cold1 z x is call$1 :i* consi/s 9 ! application ( a l>ge numb] ( ?9 metallic surfaces to ! cond5s]1 on ! "o side ( :i* ! /eam circulates1 :ile on ! o!r side !re is a con/ant curr5t ( cold wat]1 & ! /eam is cond5s$ by com+ into contact ) ! cold surfaces1 )\t m+l+ ) ! wat] us$ = ! purpose ( refrig]ation4 ,! fir/ k9d ( cond5s] employ$ by ,mr4 ,watt 0 con/ruct$ aft] ?is fa%ion1 b he f\nd x 9 practice to be inconv5i5t f its size1 & to become furr$ up or incru/$ :5 ! wat] 0 bad1 :]eby ! conduct+ p[] ( ! metal 0 impair$4 ,he !re=e rev]t$ to ! use ( ! jet ( cold wat]1 z be+ ^u ! :ole pref]able4 ,! jet ent]$ ! cond5s] in/ead ( ! cyl9d] z 0 ! previ\s practice1 & ?is me?od is n[ ! "o 9 common use4 ,"s few ye>s ago1 a good numb] ( /eam vessels 7 fitt$ ) ,hall's cond5s]s1 :i* op]at$ on ! pr9ciple ( ext]nal cold1 & :i* consi/$ ( a faggot ( small copp] tubes surr\nd$ by wat]2 b ! use ( ^? cond5s]s has n be5 p]si/$ 91 & mo/ ( ! vessels fitt$ ) !m h return$ to ! ord9>y plan4 #ccf4 ,q4--,y /at$ t ! capacity ( ! fe$ pump 0 #a_/bdj? ( ! capacity ( ! cyl9d] 9 ! case ( cond5s+ eng9es1--! eng9e be+ d\ble act+ & ! pump s+le act+1--& t 9 high pressure eng9es ! capacity ( ! pump %\ld be great] 9 proportion to ! pressure ( ! /eam4 ,c y give any rule t w express ! prop] capacity = ! fe$ pump at all pressures8 ,a4--,t w n be difficult4 ,9 l[ pressure eng9es ! pressure 9 ! boil] may be tak5 at #e lbs4 above ! atmosph]ic pressure1 or #bj lbs4 altoge!r2 & z high pressure /eam is m]ely l[ pressure /eam compress$ into a small] compass1 ! size ( ! fe$ pump 9 relation to ! size ( ! cyl9d] mu/ obvi\sly v>y 9 ! direct proportion ( ! pressure2 & if x be #a_/bdj? ( ! capacity ( ! cyl9d] :5 ! total pressure ( ! /eam is #bj lbs41 x mu/ be #a_/abj? ( ! capacity ( ! cyl9d] :5 ! pressure is #dj lbs4 p] squ>e in*1 or #be lbs4 p] squ>e in* above ! atmosph]ic pressure4 ,?is law ( v>iation is express$ by ! foll[+ rule3--multiply ! capacity ( ! cyl9d] 9 cubic in*es by ! total pressure ( ! /eam 9 lbs4 p] squ>e in*1 or ! pressure p] squ>e in* on ! safety valve plus #ae1 & divide ! product by #d1hjj2 ! quoti5t is ! capacity ( ! fe$ pump 9 cubic in*es1 :5 ! fe$ pump is s+le act+ & ! eng9e d\ble act+4 ,if ! fe$ pump be d\ble act+1 or ! eng9e s+le act+1 ! capacity ( ! pump mu/ j be "o half ( :at is giv5 by ?is rule4 #ccg4 ,q4--,b %\ld n "s addition be made to ! size ( pump ?us obta9$ if ! pump works at a high rate ( spe$8 ,a4--,no2 ?is rule makes all[ance = defective action4 ,all pumps lift mu* less wat] ?an is due to ! size ( _! b>rels & ! numb] ( _! /rokes4 ,mod]ately good pumps lose #ej p] c5t4 ( _! !oretical effect1 & bad pumps #hj p] c5t4 #cch4 ,q4--,to :at is ?is loss ( effect to be *iefly ascrib$8 ,a4--,ma9ly to ! in]tia ( ! wat]1 :i*1 if ! pump pi/on be drawn up v rapidly1 _c foll[ x ) suffici5t rapidity2 s t !re may be a vacant space betwe5 ! pi/on & ! wat]2 & at ! return /roke ! mom5tum ( ! wat] 9 ! pipe exp5ds itself 9 giv+ a rev]se motion to ! column ( wat] approa*+ ! pump4 ,messrs4 ,kir*weg] & ,prusman1 ( ,hanov]1 h inve/igat$ ?is subject by apply+ a revolv+ cock at ! end ( a pipe lead+ f an elevat$ ci/]n conta9+ wat]1 & ! wat] escap$ at e revolution ( ! cock 9 ! same mann] z if a pump 7 draw+ x4 ,) a column ( wat] ( #ag feet1 !y f\nd t at #hj revolutions ( ! cock p] m9ute1 ! wat] deliv]$ p] m9ute by ! cock 0 #i4de gallons2 b ) #adj revolutions ( ! cock p] m9ute1 ! wat] deliv]$ p] m9ute by ! cock 0 only #e4db gallons4 ,!y subsequ5tly appli$ an air vessel to ! pipe beside ! cock1 :5 ! dis*>ge rose to #ab4i gallons p] m9ute ) #hj revolutions1 & #ah4bh gallons ) #adj revolutions4 ,air vessels %\ld !re=e be appli$ to ! suction side ( fa/ mov+ pumps1 & ?is is n[ done ) good results4 #cci4 ,q4--,:at are ! usual dim5sions ( ! cold wat] pump ( l& eng9es8 ,a4--,if to cond5se a cubic in* ( wat] rais$ into /eam #bh4i cubic in*es ( cond5s+ wat] are requir$1 !n ! cold wat] pump ought to be #bh4i times l>g] ?an ! fe$ pump1 suppos+ t its losses 7 equally great4 ,! fe$ pump1 h[ev]1 is made suffici5tly l>ge to comp5sate = leaks 9 ! boil] & loss ( /eam ?r\gh ! safety valve1 s t x w be suffici5t if ! cold wat] pump be #bd times l>g] ?an ! fe$ pump4 ,?is ratio is pres]v$ by ! foll[+ rule3-- multiply ! capacity ( ! cyl9d] 9 cubic in*es by ! total pressure ( ! /eam p] squ>e in*1 or ! pressure on ! safety valve plus #ae1 & divide ! product by #bjj4 ,! quoti5t is ! prop] capacity ( ! cold wat] pump 9 cubic in*es :5 ! eng9e is d\ble act+1 & ! pump s+le act+4 ,,fly ,,:eel4 #cdj4 ,q4--,by :at consid]ations d y det]m9e ! dim5sions ( ! fly :eel ( an eng9e8 ,a4--,by a ref]5ce to ! p[] g5]at$1 ea* half /roke ( ! eng9e1 & ! numb] ( half /rokes t are necess>y to give to ! fly :eel its /&>d velocity1 suppos+ ! :ole p[] devot$ to t object4 ,9 practice ! p[] resid5t 9 ! fly v>ies f #b-a_/b to #f times t g5]at$ ea* half /roke2 & if ! weight ( ! :eel be equal to ! pressure on ! pi/on1 its velocity mu/ be su* z x w\ld acquire by fall+ ?r\gh a height equal to f #b-a_/b to #f times ! /roke1 accord+ to ! purpose = :i* ! eng9e is int5d$4 ,if a v equable motion is requir$1 a heavi] or swift] fly :eel mu/ be employ$4 #cda4 ,q4--,:at is ,b\lton & ,watt's rule = fly :eels8 ,a4--,_! rule is "o :i* "u any giv5 circum/ances fixes ! sectional area ( ! fly :eel rim1 & x is z foll[s3--multiply #dd1jjj times ! squ>e ( ! diamet] ( ! cyl9d] 9 in*es by ! l5g? ( ! /roke 9 feet1 & divide ?is product by ! product ( ! squ>e ( ! numb] ( revolutions ( ! fly :eel p] m9ute1 multipli$ by ! cube ( its diamet] 9 feet4 ,! quoti5t is ! area ( section ( ! fly :eel rim 9 squ>e in*es4 ,,/r5g?s ,,( ,,l& ,,eng9es4 #cdb4 ,q4--,c y give a rule = tell+ ! prop] ?ickness ( ! cyl9d]s ( /eam eng9es8 ,a4--,9 l[ pressure eng9es ! ?ickness ( metal ( ! cyl9d]1 9 eng9es ( a m$ium size1 %\ld be ab\t #a_/dj? ( ! diamet] ( ! cyl9d]1 :i*1 ) a pressure ( /eam ( #bj lbs4 above ! atmosph]e1 w occasion a /ra9 ( only #djj ,lbs4 p] squ>e in* ( section ( ! metal2 ! ?ickness ( ! metal ( ! trunnion be>+s ( oscillat+ eng9es %\ld be #a_/cb;d ( ! diamet] ( ! cyl9d]1 & ! bread? ( ! be>+ %\ld be ab\t half its diamet]4 ,9 high pressure eng9es ! ?ickness ( ! cyl9d] %\ld be ab\t #a_/af? its diamet]1 :i*1 ) a pressure ( /eam ( #hj lbs4 ^u ! squ>e in*1 w occasion a /ra9 ( #fdj lbs4 ^u ! squ>e in* ( section ( ! metal2 & ! ?ickness ( ! metal ( ! trunnion be>+s ( high pressure oscillat+ eng9es %\ld be #a_/ac? ( ! diamet] ( ! cyl9d]4 ,! /r5g?1 h[ev]1 is n ! sole consid]ation 9 proportion+ cyl9d]s1 = !y mu/ be made ( a c]ta9 ?ickness1 h[ev] small ! pressure is )9 !m1 t !y may n be too fragile1 & w /& bor+4 ,:ile1 also1 an eng9e ( #dj in*es diamet] w\ld be ab\t "o in* ?ick1 ! ?ickness w\ld n be q two in*es 9 an #hj in* cyl9d]4 ,9 fact !re w be a small con/ant add$ to ! ?ickness = all diamet]s1 :i* w be relatively l>g] ! small] ! cyl9d]s become4 ,9 ! cyl9d]s ( ,p5n's #ab horse p[] eng9es1 ! diamet] ( cyl9d] be+ #ba-a_/b in*es1 ! ?ickness ( ! metal is #i_/af?s3 9 ,p5n's #dj in* cyl9d]s1 ! ?ickness is #a in*1 & 9 ! eng9es ( ! ,ripon1 ,pott+]1 & ,indus1 by ,messrs4 ,mill]1 ,rav5hill & ,co41 ) cyl9d]s #gf in*es diamet]1 ! ?ickness ( ! metal is #a-aa_/af4 ,^! are all oscillat+ eng9es4 #cdc4 ,q4--,:at is ! proportion ( ! pi/on rod8 ,a4--,! diamet] ( ! pi/on rod is usually made #a_/aj? ( ! diamet] ( ! cyl9d]1 or ! sectional area ( ! pi/on rod is #a_/ajj? ( ! area ( ! cyl9d]4 ,?is proportion1 h[ev]1 is n applicable to locomotive1 or ev5 fa/ mov+ m>9e eng9es4 ,9 locomotive eng9es ! pi/on rod is made #a_/g? ( ! diamet] ( ! cyl9d]1 & x is obvi\s t :]e ! pressure on ! pi/on is great1 ! pi/on rod mu/ be l>g] ?an :5 ! pressure on ! pi/on is small4 #cdd4 ,q4--,:at are ! prop] dim5sions ( ! ma9 l9ks ( a l& beam eng9e8 ,a4--,! sectional area ( ! ma9 l9ks 9 l& beam eng9es is #a_/aac? ( ! area ( ! cyl9d]1 & ! l5g? ( ! ma9 l9ks is usually half ! l5g? ( ! /roke4 #cde4 ,q4--,:at are ! dim5sions ( ! connect+ rod ( a l& eng9e8 ,a4--,9 l& eng9es ! connect+ rod is usually ( ca/ iron ) a cruci=m section3 ! bread? across ! arms ( ! cross is ab\t #a_/bj? ( ! l5g? ( ! rod1 ! sectional area at ! c5tre #a_/bh? ( ! area ( ! cyl9d]1 & at ! ends #a_/ce? ( ! area ( ! cyl9d]3 ! l5g? ( ! rod is usually #c-a_/b times ! l5g? ( ! /roke4 ,x is pref]able1 h[ev]1 to make ! connect+ rod ( malleable iron1 & !n ! dim5sions w be ^? prop] = m>9e eng9es4 #cdf4 ,q4--,:at 0 ,mr4 ,watt's rule = ! connect+ rod8 ,a4--,"s ( 8 connect+ rods 7 ( iron & "s ( wood4 ,to det]m9e ! ?ickness :5 ( wood1 multiply ! squ>e ( ! diamet] ( ! cyl9d] 9 in*es by ! l5g? ( ! /roke 9 feet1 & divide ! product by #bd4 ,extract ! f\r? root ( ! quoti5t1 :i* is ! ?ickness 9 in*es4 ,= iron ! rule is ! same1 only ! divisor 0 #eg4f in/ead ( #bd4 #cdg4 ,q4--,:at are ! dim5sions ( ! end /uds ( a l& eng9e beam8 ,a4--,9 l[ pressure eng9es ! diamet] ( ! end /uds ( ! eng9e beam are usually made #a_/i? ( ! diamet] ( ! cyl9d] :5 ( ca/ iron1 & #a_/aj? :5 ( wr\ght iron1 :i* gives a load ) l[ /eam ( ab\t #ejj lbs4 p] circul> in* ( transv]se section2 b a l>g] size is pref]able1 z ) l>ge be>+s ! brasses d n we> s rapidly & ! /raps are n s likely to be bur/ by ! be>+s becom+ oval4 ,^! sizes1 z also ^? :i* imm$iately foll[1 suppose ! pressure on ! pi/on to be #ah lbs4 p] circul> in*4 #cdh4 ,q4--,h[ is ! /r5g? ( a ca/ iron gudgeon comput$8 ,a4--,to f9d ! prop] size ( a ca/ iron gudgeon adapt$ to su/a9 any giv5 weight3--multiply ! weight 9 lbs4 by ! int5d$ l5g? ( be>+ express$ 9 t]ms ( ! diamet]2 divide ! product by #ejj1 & extract ! squ>e root ( ! quoti5t1 :i* is ! diamet] 9 in*es4 #cdi4 ,q4--,:at 0 ,mr4 ,watt's rule = ! /r5g? ( gudgeons8 ,a4--,suppos+ ! gudgeon to be squ>e1 !n1 to asc]ta9 ! ?ickness1 multiply ! weight re/+ on ! gudgeon by ! di/ance betwe5 ! trunnions1 & divide ! product by #ccc4 ,extract ! cube root ( ! quoti5t1 :i* is ! ?ickness 9 in*es4 #cej4 ,q4--,h[ d y f9d ! prop] /r5g? = ! ca/ iron beam ( a l& eng9e8 ,a4--,if ! =ce act+ at ! end ( an eng9e beam be tak5 at #ah lbs4 p] circul> in* ( ! pi/on1 !n ! =ce act+ at ! middle w be #cf lbs4 p] circul> in* ( ! pi/on1 & ! prop] /r5g? ( ! beam at ! c5tre w be f\nd by ! foll[+ rule3--divide ! weight 9 lbs4 act+ at ! c5tre by #bej1 & multiply ! quoti5t by ! di/ance betwe5 ! extreme c5tres4 ,to f9d ! dep?1 ! bread? be+ giv53--divide ?is product by ! bread? 9 in*es1 & extract ! squ>e root ( ! quoti5t1 :i* is ! dep?4 ,! dep? ( a l& eng9e beam at ! ends is usually made "o ?ird ( ! dep? at ! c5tre 7! dep? at ! c5tre be+ equal to ! diamet] ( ! cyl9d] 9 ! case ( l[ pressure eng9es71 :ile ! l5g? is made equal to ?ree times ! l5g? ( ! /roke1 & ! mean ?ickness #a_/ajh? ( ! l5g?--! wid? ( ! edge bead be+ ab\t ?ree times ! ?ickness ( ! web4 ,9 _m mod]n eng9es ! =ce act+ at ! end ( ! beam is m ?an #ah lbs4 p] circul> in* ( ! pi/on1 b ! above rules are /ill applicable by tak+ an imag9>y cyl9d] ) an area l>g] 9 ! proportion ( ! l>g] pressure4 #cea4 ,q4--,:at 0 ,mr4 ,watt's rule = ! ma9 beams ( 8 eng9es8 ,a4--,"s ( ^? beams 7 ( wood & "s ( ca/ iron4 ,! wood beams 7 s proportion$ t ! ?ickness 0 #a_/eh? ( ! circumf]5ce1 & ! dep? #a_/cge4 ,! side ( ! beam1 suppos+ x squ>e1 0 f\nd by multiply+ ! diamet] ( ! cyl9d] by ! l5g? ( ! /roke1 & extract+ ! cube root ( ! quoti5t1 :i* w be ! dep? or ?ickness ( ! beam4 ,?is rule all[s a beam #af feet long to b5d #a_/h? ( an in*1 & a beam #cb feet long to b5d #a_/d ( an in*4 ,= ca/ iron beams ! squ>e ( ! diamet] ( ! cyl9d]1 multipli$ by ! l5g? betwe5 ! c5tres1 is equal to ! squ>e ( ! dep?1 multipli$ by ! ?ickness4 #ceb4 ,q4--,:at law does ! /r5g? ( beams & %afts foll[8 ,a4--,9 ! case ( beams subject$ to a break+ =ce1 ! /r5g? ) any giv5 cohesion ( ! mat]ial w be proportional to ! bread?1 multipli$ by ! squ>e ( ! dep?2 & 9 ! case ( revolv+ %afts expos$ to a twi/+ /ra91 ! /r5g? ) any giv5 cohesive p[] ( ! mat]ial w be z ! cube ( ! diamet]4 #cec4 ,q4--,h[ is ! /r5g? ( a ca/ iron %aft to resi/ torsion det]m9$8 ,a4--,exp]im5ts ^u ! =ce requisite to twi/ (f ca/ iron necks %[ t if ! cube ( ! diamet] ( neck 9 in*es be multipli$ by #hhj1 ! product w be ! =ce ( torsion :i* w twi/ !m (f :5 act+ at #f in*es radius2 on ?is fact ! foll[+ rule is f\nd$3 ,to f9d ! diamet] ( a ca/ iron fly :eel %aft3--multiply ! squ>e ( ! diamet] ( ! cyl9d] 9 in*es1 by ! l5g? ( ! crank 9 in*es1 & extract ! cube root ( ! product1 :i* multiply by #j4cjbe1 & ! result w be ! prop] diamet] ( ! %aft 9 in*es at ! smalle/ "p1 :5 ( ca/ iron4 #ced4 ,q4--,:at 0 ,mr4 ,watt's rule = ! necks ( 8 crank %afts8 ,a4--,tak+ ! pressure on ! pi/on at #ab lbs4 pressure on ! squ>e in*1 & suppos+ ?is =ce to be appli$ at "o foot radius1 divide ! total pressure ( ! pi/on r$uc$ to #a foot ( radius by #ca4d1 & extract ! cube root ( ! quoti5t1 :i* is ! diamet] ( ! %aft3 or extract ! cube root ( #ac4g times ! numb] ( cubic feet ( /eam requir$ to make "o revolution1 :i* is also ! diamet] ( ! %aft4 #cee4 ,q4--,c y give any rule = ! /r5g? ( ! tee? ( :eels8 ,a4--,to f9d ! prop] dim5sions = ! tee? ( a ca/ iron :eel3-- multiply ! diamet] ( ! pit* circle 9 feet by ! numb] ( revolutions to be made p] m9ute1 & res]ve ! product = a divisor2 multiply ! numb] ( actual horses p[] to be transmitt$ by #bdj1 & divide ! product by ! above divisor1 :i* w give ! /r5g?4 ,if ! pit* be giv5 to f9d ! bread?1 divide ! above /r5g? by ! squ>e ( ! pit* 9 in*es2 or if ! bread? be giv51 !n to f9d ! pit* divide ! /r5g? by ! bread? 9 in*es1 & extract ! squ>e root ( ! quoti5t1 :i* is ! prop] pit* 9 in*es4 ,! l5g? ( ! tee? is usually ab\t #e_/h?s ( ! pit*4 ,p9ions to "w satisfactorily %\ld n h less ?an #cj or #dj tee?1 & :]e ! spe$ exce$s #bbj feet 9 ! m9ute1 ! tee? ( ! l>g] :eel %\ld be ( wood1 made a little ?ick]1 to keep ! /r5g? unimpair$4 #cef4 ,q4--,:at 0 ,mr4 ,watt's rule = ! pit* ( :eels8 ,a4--,multiply five times ! diamet] ( ! l>g] :eel by ! diamet] ( ! small]1 & extract ! f\r? root ( ! product1 :i* is ! pit*4 ,,/r5g? ,,( ,,m>9e ,,& ,,locomotive ,,eng9es4 #ceg4 ,q4--,_c y give "s rules ( /r5g? :i* w be applicable :atev] pressure may be employ$8 ,a4--,9 ! rules already giv51 ! effective pressure may be reckon$ at f #ah to #bj lbs4 ^u e squ>e in* ( ! pi/on1 z is usual 9 l& eng9es2 & if ! pressure ^u e squ>e in* ( ! pi/on be made twice great]1 ! dim5sions mu/ j be ^? prop] = an eng9e ( twice ! area ( pi/on4 ,x w n be difficult1 h[ev]1 to introduce ! pressure into ! rules z an elem5t ( ! computation1 :]eby ! result w be applicable bo? to high & l[ pressure eng9es4 #ceh4 ,q4--,w y apply ?is mode ( computation to a m>9e eng9e1 & fir/ f9d ! diamet] ( ! pi/on rod8 ,a4--,! diamet] ( ! pi/on rod may be f\nd by multiply+ ! diamet] ( ! cyl9d] 9 in*es1 by ! squ>e root ( ! pressure on ! pi/on 9 lbs4 p] squ>e in*1 & divid+ by #ej1 :i* makes ! /ra9 #a_/g? ( ! ela/ic =ce4 #cei4 ,q4--,:at w be ! rule = ! connect+ rod1 suppos+ x to be ( malleable iron8 ,a4--,! diamet] ( ! connect+ rod at ! ends1 may be f\nd by multiply+ #j4jai times ! squ>e root ( ! pressure on ! pi/on 9 lbs4 p] squ>e in* by ! diamet] ( ! cyl9d] 9 in*es2 & ! diamet] ( ! connect+ rod 9 ! middle may be f\nd by ! foll[+ rule3--to #j4jjce times ! l5g? ( ! connect+ rod 9 in*es1 add #a1 & multiply ! sum by #j4jai times ! squ>e root ( ! pressure on ! pi/on 9 lbs4 p] squ>e in*1 multipli$ by ! diamet] ( ! cyl9d] 9 in*es4 ,! /ra9 is equal to #a_/f? ( ! ela/ic =ce4 #cfj4 ,q4--,h[ w y f9d ! diamet] ( ! cyl9d] side rods ( a m>9e eng9e8 ,a4--,! diamet] ( ! cyl9d] side rods at ! ends may be f\nd by multiply+ #j4jabi times ! squ>e root ( ! pressure on ! pi/on 9 lbs4 p] squ>e in* by ! diamet] ( ! cyl9d]2 & ! diamet] ( ! cyl9d] side rods at ! middle is f\nd by ! foll[+ rule3--to #j4jjce times ! l5g? ( ! rod 9 in*es1 add #a1 & multiply ! sum by #j4jabi times ! squ>e root ( ! pressure on ! pi/on 9 lbs4 p] squ>e in*1 multipli$ by ! diamet] ( ! cyl9d] 9 in*es2 ! product is ! diamet] ( ea* side rod at ! c5tre 9 in*es4 ,! /ra9 ^u ! side rods is by ^! rules equal to #a_/f? ( ! ela/ic =ce4 #cfa4 ,q4--,h[ d y det]m9e ! dim5sions ( ! crank8 ,a4--,to f9d ! ext]ior diamet] ( ! l>ge eye ( ! crank :5 ( malleable iron3--to #a4efa times ! pressure ( ! /eam ^u ! pi/on 9 lbs4 p] squ>e in*1 multipli$ by ! squ>e ( ! l5g? ( ! crank 9 in*es1 add #j4jjdid times ! squ>e ( ! diamet] ( ! cyl9d] 9 in*es1 multipli$ by ! squ>e ( ! numb] ( lbs4 pressure p] squ>e in* on ! pi/on2 extract ! squ>e root ( ?is quantity2 divide ! result by #ge4ei times ! squ>e root ( ! l5g? ( ! crank 9 in*es1 & multiply ! quoti5t by ! diamet] ( ! cyl9d] 9 in*es2 squ>e ! product & extract ! cube root ( ! squ>e1 to :i* add ! diamet] ( ! hole = ! reception ( ! %aft1 & ! result w be ! ext]ior diamet] ( ! l>ge eye ( ! crank :5 ( malleable iron4 ,! diamet] ( ! small eye ( ! crank may be f\nd by add+ to ! diamet] ( ! crank p9 #j4jbeba times ! squ>e root ( ! pressure on ! pi/on 9 lbs4 p] squ>e in*1 multipli$ by ! diamet] ( ! cyl9d] 9 in*es4 #cfb4 ,q4--,:at w be ! ?ickness ( ! crank web8 ,a4--,! ?ickness ( ! web ( ! crank1 suppos+ x to be cont9u$ to ! c5tre ( ! %aft1 w\ld at t po9t be repres5t$ by ! foll[+ rule3--to #a4efa times ! squ>e ( ! l5g? ( ! crank 9 in*es1 add #j4jjdid times ! squ>e ( ! diamet] ( ! cyl9d] 9 in*es1 multipli$ by ! pressure on ! pi/on 9 lbs4 p] squ>e in*2 extract ! squ>e root ( ! sum1 :i* multiply by ! diamet] ( ! cyl9d] squ>$ 9 in*es1 & by ! pressure on ! pi/on 9 lbs4 p] squ>e in*2 divide ! product by #i1jjj1 & extract ! cube root ( ! quoti5t1 :i* w be ! prop] ?ickness ( ! web ( ! crank :5 ( malleable iron1 suppos+ ! web to be cont9u$ to ! c5tre ( ! %aft4 ,! ?ickness ( ! web at ! crank p9 c5tre1 suppos+ x to be cont9u$ ?i!r1 w\ld be #j4jbb times ! squ>e root ( ! pressure on ! pi/on 9 lbs4 p] squ>e in*1 multipli$ by ! diamet] ( ! cyl9d]4 ,! bread? ( ! web ( ! crank at ! %aft c5tre %\ld be twice ! ?ickness1 & at ! p9 c5tre #a-a_/b times ! ?ickness ( ! web2 ! l5g? ( ! l>ge eye ( ! crank w\ld be equal to ! diamet] ( ! %aft1 & ( ! small eye #j4jcge times ! squ>e root ( ! pressure on ! pi/on 9 lbs4 p] squ>e in*1 multipli$ by ! diamet] ( ! cyl9d]4 #cfc4 ,q4--,w y apply ! same me?od ( computation to f9d ! dim5sions ( a malleable iron paddle %aft8 ,a4--,! me?od ( computation w be z foll[s3--to f9d ! dim5sions ( a malleable iron paddle %aft1 s t ! /ra9 %all n exce$ #e_/f?s ( ! ela/ic =ce1 or #e_/f?s ( ! =ce iron is capable ( )/&+ )\t p]man5t d]angem5t ( /ructure1 :i* 9 t5sile /ra9s is tak5 at #ag1hjj lbs4 p] squ>e in*3 multiply ! pressure 9 lbs4 p] squ>e in* on ! pi/on by ! squ>e ( ! diamet] ( ! cyl9d] 9 in*es1 & ! l5g? ( ! crank 9 in*es1 & extract ! cube root ( ! product1 :i*1 multipli$ by #j4jhbfd1 w be ! diamet] ( ! paddle %aft j\rnal 9 in*es :5 ( malleable iron1 :atev] ! pressure ( ! /eam may be4 ,! l5g? ( ! paddle %aft j\rnal %\ld be #a-a_/d times ! diamet]2 & ! diamet] ( ! "p :]e ! crank is put on is (t5 made equal to ! diamet] ov] ! coll>s ( ! j\rnal or be>+4 #cfd4 ,q4--,h[ d y f9d ! diamet] ( ! crank p98 ,a4--,! diamet] ( ! crank p9 9 in*es may be f\nd by multiply+ #j4jbhcf times ! squ>e root ( ! pressure on ! pi/on 9 lbs4 p] squ>e in*1 by ! diamet] ( ! cyl9d] 9 in*es4 ,! l5g? ( ! p9 is usually ab\t #i_/h? times its diamet]1 & ! /ra9 if all ?r[n ^u ! end ( ! p9 w be equal to ! ela/ic =ce2 b 9 ord9>y work+1 ! /ra9 w only be equal to #a_/c;d ( ! ela/ic =ce4 #cfe4 ,q4--,:at are ! dim5sions ( ! cross head8 ,a4--,if ! l5g? ( ! cross head be tak5 at #a4d times ! diamet] ( ! cyl9d]1 ! dim5sions ( ! cross head w be z foll[s3--! ext]ior diamet] ( ! eye 9 ! cross head = ! reception ( ! pi/on rod1 w be equal to ! diamet] ( ! hole1 plus #j4jbhbg times ! cube root ( ! pressure on ! pi/on 9 lbs4 p] squ>e in*1 multipli$ by ! diamet] ( ! cyl9d] 9 in*es2 & ! dep? ( ! eye w be #j4jigi times ! cube root ( ! pressure on ! pi/on 9 lbs4 p] squ>e in*1 multipli$ by ! diamet] ( ! cyl9d] 9 in*es4 ,! diamet] ( ea* cross head j\rnal w be #j4jagaf times ! squ>e root ( ! pressure on ! pi/on 9 lbs4 p] squ>e in*1 multipli$ by ! diamet] ( ! cyl9d] 9 in*es--! l5g? ( ! j\rnal be+ #i_/h?s its diamet]4 ,! ?ickness ( ! web at c5tre w be #j4jbde times ! cube root ( ! pressure on ! pi/on 9 lbs4 p] squ>e in*1 multipli$ by ! diamet] ( ! cyl9d] 9 in*es2 & ! dep? ( web at c5tre w be #j4jiagh times ! cube root ( ! pressure on ! pi/on 9 lbs4 p] squ>e in*1 multipli$ by ! diamet] ( ! cyl9d] 9 in*es4 ,! ?ickness ( ! web at j\rnal w be #j4jabb times ! squ>e root ( ! pressure on ! pi/on 9 lbs4 p] squ>e in*1 multipli$ by ! diamet] ( ! cyl9d] 9 in*es2 & ! dep? ( ! web at j\rnal w be #j4jbjc times ! squ>e root ( ! pressure ^u ! pi/on 9 lbs4 p] squ>e in*1 multipli$ by ! diamet] ( ! cyl9d] 9 in*es4 ,9 ^! rules = ! cross head1 ! /ra9 ^u ! web is #a_/b4bbe times ! ela/ic =ce2 ! /ra9 ^u ! j\rnal 9 ord9>y work+ is #a_/b4cc times ! ela/ic =ce2 & if ! out] ends ( ! j\rnals are ! only be>+ po9ts1 ! /ra9 is #a_/a4afe times ! ela/ic =ce1 :i* is v little 9 excess ( ! ela/ic =ce4 #cff4 ,q4--,h[ d y f9d ! diamet] ( ! ma9 c5tre :5 proportion$ accord+ to ?is rule8 ,a4--,! diamet] ( ! ma9 c5tre may be f\nd by multiply+ #j4jcfg times ! squ>e root ( ! pressure ^u ! pi/on 9 lbs4 p] squ>e in*1 by ! diamet] ( ! cyl9d] 9 in*es1 :i* w give ! diamet] ( ! ma9 c5tre j\rnal 9 in*es :5 ( malleable iron1 & ! l5g? ( ! ma9 c5tre j\rnal %\ld be #a-a_/b times its diamet]2 ! /ra9 ^u ! ma9 c5tre j\rnal 9 ord9>y work+ w be ab\t #a_/b ! ela/ic =ce4 #cfg4 ,q4--,:at are ! prop] dim5sions ( ! gibs & cutt]s ( an eng9e8 ,a4--,! dep? ( gibs & cutt]s = atta*+ ! pi/on rod to ! cross head1 is #j4jceh times ! cube root ( ! pressure ( ! /eam on ! pi/on 9 lbs4 p] squ>e in*1 multipli$ by ! diamet] ( ! cyl9d]2 & ! ?ickness ( ! gibs & cutt]s is #j4jjg times ! cube root ( ! pressure on ! pi/on 9 lbs4 p] squ>e in*1 multipli$ by ! diamet] ( its cyl9d]4 ,! dep? ( ! cutt] ?r\gh ! pi/on is #j4jag times ! squ>e root ( ! pressure on ! pi/on 9 lbs4 p] squ>e in*1 multipli$ by ! diamet] ( ! cyl9d] 9 in*es2 & ! ?ickness ( ! cutt] ?r\gh ! pi/on is #j4jjg times ! squ>e root ( ! pressure on ! pi/on 9 lbs4 p] squ>e in*1 multipli$ by ! diamet] ( ! cyl9d]4 #cfh4 ,q4--,are n "s ( ! p>ts ( an eng9e con/ruct$ accord+ to ^! rules too weak1 :5 comp>$ ) ! o!r p>ts8 ,a4--,x is obvi\s1 f ! v>y+ proportions subsi/+ 9 ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! eng9e betwe5 ! /ra9 & ! ela/ic =ce1 t 9 eng9es proportion$ by ^! rules--:i* repres5t nev]!less ! av]age practice ( ! be/ con/ructors--"s ( ! p>ts mu/ possess a consid]able excess ( /r5g? ov] o!r p>ts1 & x appe>s exp$i5t t ?is disp>ity %\ld be dim9i%$1 :i* may be/ be done by increas+ ! /r5g? ( ! p>ts :i* are weake/2 inasmu* z ! frequ5t fracture ( "s ( ! p>ts %[s t ! dim5sions at pres5t adopt$ = ^? p>ts are sc>cely suffici5t1 unless ! iron ( :i* !y are made is ( ! be/ quality4 ,at ! same "t x is q c]ta91 t eng9es proportion$ by ^! rules w "w satisfactorily :]e good mat]ials are employ$2 b x is important to "k 9 :at p>ts good mat]ials & l>g] dim5sions are ! mo/ indisp5sable4 ,9 _m ( ! p>ts1 moreov]1 x is necess>y t ! dim5sions %\ld be proportion$ to meet ! we> & ! t5d5cy to heat1 in/ead ( be+ m]ely proportion$ to obta9 ! necess>y /r5g?2 & ! crank p9 is "o ( ! p>ts :i* requires to be l>ge 9 diamet]1 & z long z possible 9 ! be>+1 s z to di/ribute ! pressure1 & prev5t ! disposition to heat :i* w\ld o!rwise exi/4 ,! cross head j\rnals also %\ld be long & l>ge2 = z ! tops ( ! side rods h little travel1 ! oil is less drawn into ! be>+s ?an if ! travel 0 great]1 & is be+ con/antly press$ out by ! pun*+ /ra94 ,?is /ra9 %\ld !re=e be r$uc$ z f> z possible by its di/ribution ov] a l>ge surface4 ,9 ! rules :i* are conta9$ 9 ! answ]s to ! t5 prec$+ que/ions 7#ceh to #cfg7 ! pressure on ! pi/on 9 lbs4 p] squ>e in* is tak5 z ! sum ( ! pressure ( /eam 9 ! boil] & ( ! vacuum2 ! latt] be+ assum$ to be #ae lbs4 p] squ>e in*4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,con/ructive ,,details ,,( ,,boil]s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,l& ,,& ,,m>9e ,,boil]s4 #cfi4 ,q4--,w y expla9 ! c\rse ( proc$ure 9 ! con/ruction & sett+ ( wagon boil]s8 ,a4--,mo/ boil]s are made ( plates ?ree eigh?s ( an in* ?ick1 & ! rivets are f ?ree eigh?s to ?ree f\r?s ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,9 ! bottom & sides ( a wagon boil] ! heads ( ! rivets1 or ! ends =m$ on ! rivets be=e !y are ins]t$1 %\ld be l>ge & plac$ next ! fire1 or on ! outside2 :]eas on ! top ( ! boil] ! heads %\ld be on ! inside4 ,! rivets %\ld be plac$ ab\t two in*es di/ant f c5tre to c5tre1 & ! c5tre ( ! r[ ( rivets %\ld be ab\t "o in* f ! edge ( ! plate4 ,! edges ( ! plates %\ld be truly cut1 bo? inside & outside1 & aft] ! p>ts ( ! boil] h be5 rivet$ toge!r1 ! edges ( ! plates %\ld be set up or caulk$ ) a blunt *isel ab\t a qu>t] ( an in* ?ick 9 ! po9t1 & /ruck by a hamm] ( ab\t ?ree or f\r p\nds weight1 "o man hold+ ! caulk+ tool :ile ano!r /rikes4 #cgj4 ,q4--,is ?is ! usual mode ( caulk+8 ,a4--,no1 x is n ! usual mode2 b x is ! be/ mode1 & is ! mode adopt$ by ,mr4 ,watt4 ,! usual mode n[ is = "o man to caulk ! seams ) a hamm] 9 "o h& & a caulk+ *isel 9 ! o!r1 & 9 "s ( ! difficult corn]s ( m>9e flue boil]s x is n easy = two m5 to get 94 ,a good deal ( ! caulk+ has also sometimes to be done ) ! left h&4 #cga4 ,q4--,%\ld ! boil] be prov$ aft] caulk+8 ,a4--,! boil] %\ld be fill$ ) wat] & caulk$ afre% 9 any leaky "p4 ,:5 empti$ aga91 all ! jo9ts %\ld be pa9t$ ) a solution ( sal ammoniac 9 ur9e1 & s soon z ! seams are well ru/$ !y %\ld be dri$ ) a g5tle fire1 & !n be pa9t$ ov] ) a ?9 putty =m$ ( :it+ & l9se$ oil1 ! heat be+ cont9u$ until ! putty becomes s h>d t x _c be readily scrat*$ ) ! nail1 & c>e mu/ be tak5 nei!r to burn ! putty nor to discont9ue ! fire until x has become q dry4 #cgb4 ,q4--,h[ %\ld ! brickwork sett+ ( a wagon boil] be built8 ,a4--,9 build+ ! brickwork = ! sett+ ( ! boil]1 ! "p ^u :i* ! heat acts ) mo/ int5sity is to be built ) clay in/ead ( mort>1 b mort> is to be us$ on ! outside ( ! "w4 ,old b>s ( flat iron may be laid "u ! boil] *ime to prev5t t "p ( ! boil] f be+ burn$ out1 & b>s ( iron %\ld also run ?r\gh ! brickwork to prev5t x f splitt+4 ,! top ( ! boil] is to be cov]$ ) brickwork laid 9 ! be/ lime1 & if ! lime be n ( ! hydraulic k9d1 x %\ld be mix$ ) ,dut* t]rass1 to make x imp5etrable to wat]4 ,! top ( ! boil] %\ld be well pla/]$ ) ?is lime1 :i* w greatly conduce to ! tightness ( ! seams4 ,op5+s into ! flues mu/ be left 9 conv5i5t situations to enable ! flues to be swept out :5 requir$1 & ^! op5+s may be clos$ ) ca/ iron doors jo9t$ ) clay or mort>1 :i* may be easily remov$ :5 requir$4 ,adjac5t to ! *imney a slit mu/ be left 9 ! top ( ! flue ) a groove 9 ! brickwork to enable ! slid+ door or damp] to be fix$ 9 t situation1 :i* by be+ l[]$ into ! flue w ob/ruct ! passage ( ! smoke & mod]ate ! draught1 :]eby ! *imney w be prev5t$ f draw+ ! flame into x be=e ! heat has act$ suffici5tly ^u ! boil]4 #cgc4 ,q4--,are m>9e con/ruct$ 9 ! same way z l& boil]s8 ,a4--,!re is v little diff]5ce 9 ! two cases3 ! :ole ( ! %ells ( m>9e boil]s1 h[ev]1 %\ld be d\ble rivet$ ) rivets #aa_/af?s ( an in* 9 diamet]1 & #b-c_/h? in*es f c5tre to c5tre1 ! weak5+ effect ( d\ble rivet+ be+ mu* less ?an t ( s+le rivet+4 ,! furnaces above ! l9e ( b>s %\ld be ( ! be/ ,l[moor1 ,b[l+1 or ,/af=d%ire scrap plates1 & ! portion ( ea* furnace above ! b>s %\ld consi/ only ( ?ree plates1 "o = ! top & "o = ea* side1 ! l[] seam ( ! side plates be+ situat$ b5ea? ! level ( ! b>s1 s z n to be expos$ to ! heat ( ! furnace4 ,! tube plates ( tubul> boil]s %\ld be ( ! be/ ,l[moor1 or ,b[l+ iron1 sev5 eigh?s to "o in* ?ick3 ! %ells %\ld be ( ! be/ ,/af=d%ire1 or ,?ornycr(t ,s cr[n iron1 #g_/af?s ( an in* ?ick4 #cgd4 ,q4--,( :at k9d ( iron %\ld ! angle iron or corn] iron be compos$8 ,a4--,angle iron %\ld n be us$ 9 ! con/ruction ( boil]s1 z 9 ! manufacture x becomes re$y1 & is apt to split up 9 ! direction ( its l5g?3 x is mu* ! saf] practice to b5d ! plates at ! corn]s ( ! boil]2 b ?is mu/ be c>efully done1 )\t introduc+ any m %>p b5ds ?an c be avoid$1 & plates :i* require to be b5t mu* %\ld be ( ,l[moor iron4 ,x w usually be f\nd exp$i5t to introduce a r+ ( angle iron ar\nd ! furnace m\?s1 ?\gh x is disc>d$ 9 ! o!r p>ts ( ! boil]2 b x %\ld be us$ z sp>+ly z possible1 & any t is us$ %\ld be ( ! be/ quality4 #cge4 ,q4--,is x n important to h ! holes 9 ! plates opposite to "o ano!r8 ,a4--,! :ole ( ! plates ( a boil] %\ld h ! holes = ! rivets pun*$1 & ! edges cut /raight1 by means ( self-act+ ma*9]y1 9 :i* a travell+ table c>ries =w>d ! plate ) an equal progression e /roke ( ! pun* or %e>s2 & ma*9]y ( ?is k9d is n[ ext5sively employ$4 ,! practice ( =c+ ! p>ts ( boil]s toge!r ) viol5ce1 by means ( screw-jacks1 & drifts ?r\gh ! holes1 %\ld n be p]mitt$2 z a great /ra9 may ?us be ?r[n ^u ! rivets1 ev5 :5 !re is no /eam 9 ! boil]4 ,all rivets %\ld be ( ! be/ ,l[moor iron4 ,! "w %\ld be caulk$ bo? )9 & )\t :]ev] x is accessible1 b 9 ! m conf9$ situations )9 ! flues ! caulk+ w 9 _m cases h to be done ) ! h& or *ipp+ hamm]1 in/ead ( ! heavy hamm] previ\sly prescrib$4 #cgf4 ,q4--,h[ is ! sett+ ( m>9e boil]s ) int]nal furnaces effect$8 ,a4--,9 ! sett+ ( m>9e boil]s c>e mu/ be tak5 t no copp] bolts or nails project above ! wood5 plat=m ^u :i* !y re/1 & also t no project+ copp] bolts 9 ! sides ( ! %ip t\* ! boil]1 z ! galvanic action 9 su* a case w\ld probably soon we> ! po9ts ( contact into holes4 ,! plat=m may consi/ ( ?ree in* plank+ laid across ! keelsons nail$ ) iron1 nails1 ! heads ( :i* are well pun*$ d[n1 & caulk$ & putti$ l a deck4 ,! surface may !n be pa9t$ ov] ) ?9 putty1 & =e & aft bo>ds ( half ! ?ickness may !n be laid d[n & nail$ securely ) iron nails1 hav+ ! heads well pun*$ d[n4 ,?is plat=m mu/ !n be cov]$ ?9ly & ev5ly ) ma/ic cem5t & ! boil] be set d[n ^u x1 & ! cem5t mu/ be caulk$ b5ea? ! boil] by means ( wood5 caulk+ tools1 s z completely to fill e vacuity4 ,coom+s ( wood slop$ on ! top mu/ next be set r\nd ! boil]1 & ! space betwe5 ! coom+s & ! boil] mu/ be caulk$ full ( cem5t1 & be smoo!d (f on ! top to ! slope ( ! coom+s1 s z to ?r[ (f any wat] t might be dispos$ to ent] betwe5 ! coom+s & ! boil]4 #cgg4 ,q4--,h[ is ! cem5t us$ = sett+ m>9e boil]s comp\nd$8 ,a4--,ma/ic cem5t prop] = ! sett+ ( boil]s is sold 9 _m places ready made4 ,hamel9's ma/ic is comp\nd$ z foll[s3--to any giv5 weight ( s& or pulv]iz$ e>!nw>e add two ?irds su* giv5 weight ( p[d]$ ,ba?1 ,portl&1 or o!r simil> /one1 & to e #efj lbs4 weight ( ! mixture add #dj lbs4 weight ( li?>ge1 #b lbs4 ( p[d]$ glass or fl9t1 #a lb4 ( m9ium1 & #b lbs4 ( gray oxide ( lead2 pass ! mixture ?r\gh a sieve1 & keep x 9 a p[d] = use4 ,:5 want$ = use1 a suffici5t quantity ( ! p[d] is mix$ ) "s vegetable oil ^u a bo>d or 9 a tr\gh 9 ! mann] ( mort>1 9 ! proportion ( #fje lbs4 ( ! p[d] to #e gallons ( l9se$1 walnut1 or p9k oil1 & ! mixture is /irr$ & trodd5 ^u until x assumes ! appe>ance ( moi/5$ s&1 :5 x is ready = use4 ,! cem5t %\ld be us$ on ! same day z ! oil is add$1 else x w be set into a solid mass4 #cgh4 ,q4--,:at is ! be/ l5g? ( ! furnaces ( m>9e boil]s8 ,a4--,x has already be5 /at$ t furnace b>s %\ld n mu* exce$ six feet 9 l5g?1 z x is difficult to manage long furnaces2 b x is a frequ5t practice to make ! furnaces long & n>r[1 ! consequ5ce ( :i* is1 t x is impossible to fire !m effectually at ! aft] end1 especially ^u long voyages & 9 /ormy wea!r1 & air escapes into ! flues at ! aft] end ( ! b>s1 :]eby ! efficacy ( ! boil] is dim9i%$4 ,:]e ! b>s are v long x w g5]ally be f\nd t an increas$ supply ( /eam & a dim9i%$ consumption ( coal w be ! consequ5ce ( %ort5+ !m1 & ! b>s %\ld always lie ) a consid]able incl9ation to facilitate ! di/ribution ( ! fuel ov] ! aft] "p ( ! furnace4 ,:5 !re are two l5g?s ( b>s 9 ! furnace1 x is exp$i5t to make ! c5tral cross b> = be>+ up ! ends d\ble1 & to leave a space betwe5 ! ends ( ! b>s s t ! a%es may fall ?r\gh betwe5 !m4 ,! space ?us left enables ! b>s to exp& )\t injury on ! application ( heat1 :]eas )\t "s su* provision ! b>s are v liable to get burn$ out by b5d+ up 9 ! c5tre1 or at ! ends1 z !y mu/ d if ! elongation ( ! b>s on ! application ( heat be prev5t$2 & ?is mu/ be ! effect ( p]mitt+ ! spaces at ! ends ( ! b>s to be fill$ up ) a%es4 ,at ea* end ( ea* b$ ( b>s x is exp$i5t to leave a space :i* ! a%es _c fill up s z to cause ! b>s to jam2 & c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! heels ( ! b>s d n come aga9/ any ( ! furnace be>]s1 :]eby ! room left at ! end ( ! b>s to p]mit ! expansion w\ld be r5d]$ ( no avail4 #cgi4 ,q4--,h y any rem>ks to (f] respect+ ! con/ruction & arrangem5t ( ! furnace bridges & damp]s ( m>9e boil]s8 ,a4--,! furnace bridges ( m>9e boil]s are walls or p>titions built up at ! ends ( ! furnaces to n>r[ ! op5+ = ! escape ( heat into ! flues4 ,!y are ei!r made ( fire brick or ( plate iron conta9+ wat]3 9 ! case ( wat] bridges1 ! top "p ( ! bridge %\ld be made ) a l>ge am\nt ( slant s z to enable ! /eam to escape freely1 b not)/&+ ?is precaution ! plates ( wat] bridges are apt to crack at ! b5d1 s t fire brick bridges appe> on ! :ole to be pref]able4 ,9 %all[ furnaces ! bridges (t5 come too ne> ! furnace top to enable a man to pass ov] !m2 & x w save exp5se if 9 su* bridges ! upp] portion is con/ruct$ ( two or ?ree fire blocks1 :i* may be lift$ (f :]e a p]son requires to ent] ! flues to sweep or repair !m1 :]eby ! p]petual demolition & recon/ruction ( ! upp] "p ( ! bridge w be prev5t$4 #chj4 ,q4--,:at is ! b5efit ( bridges8 ,a4--,bridges are f\nd 9 practice to h a v s5sible op]ation 9 increas+ ! production ( /eam1 & 9 "s boil]s 9 :i* ! brick bridges h be5 accid5tally knock$ d[n by ! firem51 a v consid]able dim9ution 9 ! supply ( /eam has be5 exp]i5c$4 ,_! *ief op]ation seems to lie 9 conc5trat+ ! heat )9 ! furnace to a high] temp]ature1 :]eby ! heat is m rapidly transmitt$ f ! furnace to ! wat]1 & less heat has consequ5tly to be absorb$ by ! flues4 ,9 ?is way ! bridges r5d] ! heat+ surface ( a boil] m effective1 or enable a small] am\nt ( heat+ surface to suffice4 #cha4 ,q4--,are ! bridges beh9d ! furnaces ! only bridges us$ 9 /eam boil]s8 ,a4--,x is n an uncommon practice to place a hang+ bridge1 consi/+ ( a plate ( iron desc5d+ a c]ta9 di/ance into ! flue1 at t "p ( ! flue :]e x ent]s ! *imney1 :]eby ! /ratum ( hot air :i* occupies ! highe/ "p ( ! flue is kept 9 protract$ contact ) ! boil]1 & ! cool] air occupy+ ! l[] "p ( ! flue is t :i* alone escapes4 ,! practice ( introduc+ a hang+ bridge is a b5eficial "o 9 ! case ( "s boil]s1 b is n applicable univ]sally1 z boil]s ) a small calorimet] _c be fur!r contract$ 9 ! flue )\t a dim9ution 9 _! evaporat+ p[]4 ,9 tubul> boil]s a hang+ bridge is n applicable1 b 9 "s cases a p]=at$ plate is plac$ aga9/ ! ends ( ! tubes1 :i* by suitable connections is made to op]ate z a slid+ damp] :i* p>tially or totally closes up ! end ( e tube1 & at o!r times a damp] con/ruct$ 9 ! mann] ( a v5etian bl9d is employ$ 9 ! same situation4 ,^! v>ieties ( damp]1 h[ev]1 h only yet be5 us$ 9 locomotive boil]s1 ?\gh applicable to tubul> boil]s ( e description4 #chb4 ,q4--,is x a b5efit to keep ! flues or tubes app]ta9+ to ea* furnace di/9ct8 ,a4--,9 a flue boil] ?is _c be done1 b 9 a tubul> boil] x is an advantage t !re %\ld be a division betwe5 ! tubes p]ta9+ to ea* furnace1 s t ! smoke ( ea* furnace may be kept ap>t f ! smoke ( ! furnace adjo9+ x until ! smoke ( bo? ent]s ! *imney1 z by ?is arrangem5t a furnace only w be r5d]$ inop]ative 9 clean+ ! fires in/ead ( a boil]1 & ! tubes belong+ to "o furnace may be swept if necess>y at sea )\t int]f]+ injuri\sly ) ! action ( ! re/4 ,9 a /eam vessel x is necess>y at int]vals to empty out "o or m furnaces e wat* to get rid ( ! cl9k]s :i* w\ld o!rwise accumulate 9 !m2 & x is advisable t ! connection betwe5 ! furnaces %\ld be su* t ?is op]ation1 :5 be+ p]=m$ on "o furnace1 %all injure ! action ( ! re/ z little z possible4 #chc4 ,q4--,c any con/ructive precautions be tak5 to prev5t ! furnaces & tube plates ( ! boil] f be+ burn$ by ! int5sity ( ! heat8 ,a4--,! sides ( ! int]nal furnaces or flues 9 all boil]s %\ld be s con/ruct$ t ! /eam may readily escape f _! surfaces1 ) :i* view x is exp$i5t to make ! bottom ( ! flue some:at wid] ?an ! top1 or slightly conical 9 ! cross section2 & ! upp] plates %\ld always be ov]lapp$ by ! plates b5ea?1 s t ! /eam _c be reta9$ 9 ! ov]lap1 b w escape z soon z x is g5]at$4 ,if ! sides ( ! furnace be made high & p]fectly v]tical1 !y w spe$ily be buckl$ & crack$ by ! heat1 z a film ( /eam 9 su* a case w rema9 9 contact ) ! iron :i* w prev5t ! access ( ! wat]1 & ! iron ( ! boil] w be injur$ by ! high temp]ature x mu/ 9 t case acquire4 ,to mod]ate ! int5sity ( ! heat act+ ^u ! furnace sides1 x is exp$i5t to br+ ! outside fire b>s into close contact ) ! sides ( ! furnace1 s z to prev5t ! entrance ( air ?r\gh ! fire 9 t situation1 by :i* ! int5sity ( ! heat w\ld be increas$4 ,! tube plate ne>e/ ! furnace 9 tubul> boil]s %\ld also be s incl9$ z to facilitate ! escape ( ! /eam2 & ! %ort b5t plate or flange ( ! tube plate1 connect+ ! tube plate ) ! top ( ! furnace1 %\ld be made ) a gradual b5d1 z1 if ! b5d be sudd51 ! iron w be apt to crack or burn away f ! concretion ( salt4 ,:]e ! furnace m\?s are contract$ by b5d+ 9 ! sides & top ( ! furnace1 z is ! g5]al practice1 ! b5ds %\ld be gradual1 z salt is apt to accumulate 9 ! pockets made by a sudd5 b5d1 & ! plates w !n burn into holes4 #chd4 ,q4--,9 :at mann] is ! tub+ ( boil]s p]=m$8 ,a4--,! tubes ( m>9e boil]s are g5]ally iron tubes1 ?ree in*es 9 diamet]1 & betwe5 six & sev5 feet long2 b sometimes brass tubes ( simil> dim5sions are employ$4 ,:5 brass tubes are employ$1 ! use ( f]ules driv5 into ! ends ( ! tubes is sometimes employ$ to keep !m tight2 b :5 ! tubes are ( malleable iron1 ( ! ?ickness ( ,russell's boil] tubes1 !y may be made tight m]ely by firmly driv+ !m into ! tube plates1 & ! same may be done ) ?ick brass tubes4 ,! holes 9 ! tube plate next ! front ( ! boil] are j s5sibly l>g] 9 diamet] ?an ! holes 9 ! o!r tube plate1 & ! holes ^u ! out] surfaces ( bo? tube plates are v slightly c\nt]sunk4 ,! :ole ( ! tubes are driv5 ?r\gh bo? tube plates f ! front ( ! boil]1--! precaution1 h[ev]1 be+ tak5 to drive !m 9 g5tly at fir/ ) a light h& hamm]1 until ! :ole ( ! tubes h be5 ins]t$ to an equal dep?1 & !n !y may be driv5 up by degrees ) a heavy hamm]1 :]eby any di/ortion ( ! holes f unequal driv+ w be prev5t$4 ,f9ally1 ! ends ( ! tubes %\ld be rivet$ up s z to fill ! c\nt]s9k2 ! tubes %\ld be left a little long] ?an ! di/ance betwe5 ! out] surfaces ( ! tube plates1 s t ! c\nt]s9k at ! ends may be fill$ by /av+ up ! end ( ! tube r ?an by rivet+ x ov]2 & ! /av+ w be be/ accompli%$ by means ( a m&ril ) a coll> ^u x1 :i* is driv5 into ! tube s t ! coll> re/s ^u ! end ( ! tube to be rivet$2 or a tool l a blunt *isel ) a recess 9 its po9t may be us$1 z is ! m usual practice4 #che4 ,q4--,%\ld n /ays be introduc$ 9 sub/itution ( "s ( ! tubes8 ,a4--,x appe>s exp$i5t 9 all cases t "s ( ! tubes %\ld be screw$ at ! ends1 s z to s]ve z /ays if ! rivet+ at ! tube ends happ5s to be burn$ away1 & also to act z abutm5ts to ! rivet$ tube--or else to introduce v /rong rods ( ab\t ! same diamet] z a tube1 9 sub/itution ( "s ( ! tubes2 & ^! /ays %\ld h nuts at ea* end bo? )9 & )\t ! tube plates1 :i* nuts %\ld be screw$ up1 ) :ite lead int]pos$1 be=e ! tubes are ins]t$4 ,if ! tubes are long1 _! expansion :5 ! boil] is be+ bl[n (f w be apt to />t !m at ! ends1 unless v securely fix$2 & x is difficult to prev5t brass tubes ( l>ge diamet] & proportionate l5g? f be+ />t$ at ! ends1 ev5 :5 secur$ by f]ules2 b ! brass tubes commonly employ$ are s small z to be susceptible ( suffici5t compression endways by ! adhesion due to ! f]ules to comp5sate = ! expansion1 :]eby !y are prev5t$ f />t+ at ! ends4 ,9 "s1 ( ! e>ly m>9e boil]s fitt$ ) brass tubes1 a galvanic action at ! ends ( ! tubes 0 f\nd to take place1 & ! iron ( ! tube plates 0 wa/$ away 9 consequ5ce1 ) rapidity2 b fur!r exp]i5ce prov$ ! injury to be attributable *iefly to imp]fect fitt+1 :]eby a leakage 0 caus$ t induc$ oxidation1 & :51 ! tubes 7 well fitt$ any injuri\s action at ! ends ( ! tubes 0 f\nd to cease4 #chf4 ,q4--,:at is ! be/ mode ( con/ruct+ ! *imney & ! p>ts 9 connection !re)8 ,a4--,9 sea-go+ /eam]s ! funnel plates are usually ab\t n9e feet long & #c_/af?s ?ick2 & :]e diff]5t flues or boil]s h _! deb\* 9 ! same *imney1 x is exp$i5t to run division plates up ! *imney = a consid]able di/ance1 to keep ! draughts di/9ct4 ,! damp]s %\ld n be 9 ! *imney b at ! end ( ! boil] flue1 s t !y may be available = use if ! funnel by accid5t be c>ri$ away4 ,! wa/e /eam pipe %\ld be ( ! same height z ! funnel1 s z to c>ry ! wa/e /eam cle> ( x1 = if ! wa/e /eam /rikes ! funnel x w we> ! iron into holes2 & ! wa/e /eam pipes %\ld be made at ! bottom ) a faucet jo9t1 to prev5t ! work+ ( ! funnel1 :5 ! vessel rolls1 f break+ ! pipe at ! neck4 ,!re %\ld be two hoops r\nd ! funnel1 = ! atta*m5t ( ! funnel %r\ds1 in/ead ( "o1 s t ! funnel may n be c>ri$ ov]bo>d if "o hoop breaks1 or if ! funnel breaks at ! upp] hoop f ! corrosive action ( ! wa/e /eam1 z sometimes happ5s4 ,! deck ov] ! /eam *e/ %\ld be =m$ ( an iron plate support$ by angle iron beams1 & !re %\ld be a high angle iron coom+ r\nd ! hole 9 ! deck ?r\gh :i* ! *imney asc5ds1 to prev5t any wat] ^u ! deck f leak+ d[n ^u ! boil]4 ,ar\nd ! l[] "p ( ! funnel !re %\ld be a %eet iron cas+ to prev5t any inconv5i5t disp]sion ( heat 9 t situation1 & ano!r %ort piece ( cas+1 ( a some:at l>g] diamet]1 & rivet$ to ! *imney1 %\ld desc5d ov] ! fir/ cas+1 s z to prev5t ! ra9 or spray :i* may beat aga9/ ! *imney f be+ p\r$ d[n )9 ! cas+ ^u ! top ( ! boil]4 ,! pipe = conduct+ away ! wa/e wat] f ! top ( ! safety valve %\ld lead ov]bo>d1 & n into ! bilge ( ! %ip1 z inconv5i5ce arises f ! /eam occasionally pass+ ?r\gh x1 if x has its t]m9ation 9 ! eng9e room4 #chg4 ,q4--,are n ! *imneys ( "s vessels made s t !y may be l[]$ :5 requir$8 ,a4--,! *imneys ( small riv] vessels :i* h to pass "u bridges are g5]ally =m$ ) a h+e1 s t !y may be l[]$ backw>d :5 pass+ "u a bridge2 & ! *imneys ( "s screw vessels are made s z to %ut up l a spyglass :5 ! fires are put out & ! vessel is navigat$ "u sails4 ,9 small] vessels1 h[ev]1 two l5g?s ( *imney suffice2 & 9 t case !re is a /&+ piece on deck1 :i*1 h[ev]1 does n project above ! bulw>ks4 #chh4 ,q4--,w y expla9 any fur!r details 9 ! con/ruction ( m>9e boil]s :i* occur to y z important8 ,a4--,! man-hole & mud-hole doors1 unless put on f ! outside1 l a cyl9d] cov]1 ) a great numb] ( bolts1 %\ld be put on f ! inside ) cross b>s on ! outside1 & ! bolts %\ld be /rong1 & h co>se ?reads & squ>e nuts1 s t ! ?reads may n be ov]run1 nor ! nuts become r\nd1 by ! unskilful manipulations ( ! firem51 by :om ^! doors are remov$ or replac$4 ,x is v exp$i5t t suffici5t space %\ld be left betwe5 ! furnace & ! tubes 9 all tubul> boil]s to p]mit a boy to g 9 to cle> away any scale t may h =m$1 & to hold on ! rivets 9 ! ev5t ( repair be+ want$2 & x is also exp$i5t t a v]tical r[ ( tubes %\ld be left out opposite to ea* wat] space to all[ ! asc5t ( ! /eam & desc5t ( ! wat]1 z x has be5 f\nd t ! removal ( ! tubes 9 t position1 ev5 9 a boil] ) defici5t heat+ surface1 has increas$ ! production ( /eam1 & dim9i%$ ! consumption ( fuel4 ,! tubes %\ld all be kept 9 ! same v]tical l9e1 s z to p]mit ! introduction ( an in/rum5t to scrape !m2 b !y may be zig-zagg$ 9 ! horizontal l9e1 :]eby a great] /r5g? ( metal w be obta9$ ar\nd ! holes 9 ! tube plates1 & ! tubes %\ld n be plac$ too close toge!r1 else _! heat+ efficacy w be impair$4 ,,incru/ation ,,& ,,corrosion ,,( ,,boil]s4 #chi4 ,q4--,:at is ! cause ( ! =mation ( scale 9 m>9e boil]s8 ,a4--,scale is =m$ 9 all boil]s :i* conta9 e>?y or sal9e matt]s1 j 9 ! way 9 :i* a scaly deposit1 or rock1 z x is sometimes t]m$1 is =m$ 9 a tea kettle4 ,9 sea wat] ! *ief +r$i5t is common salt1 :i* exi/s 9 solution3 ! wat] admitt$ to ! boil] is tak5 away 9 ! %ape ( /eam1 & ! sal9e matt] :i* is n vaporizable accumulates 9 process ( "t 9 ! boil]1 until its am\nt is s great t ! wat] is saturat$1 or unable to hold any m 9 solution2 ! salt is !n precipitat$ & =ms a deposit :i* h>d5s by heat4 ,! =mation ( scale1 !re=e1 is simil> to ! process ( mak+ salt f sea wat] by evaporation1 ! boil] be+1 9 fact1 a l>ge salt pan4 #cij4 ,q4--,b is ! scale soluble 9 fre% wat] l ! salt 9 a salt pan8 ,a4--,no1 x is n2 or if soluble at all1 is only s to a v limit$ ext5t4 ,! sev]al +r$i5ts 9 sea wat] beg9 to be precipitat$ f solution at diff]5t degrees ( conc5tration2 & ! sulphate & c>bonate ( lime1 :i* beg9 to be precipitat$ :5 a c]ta9 /ate ( conc5tration is rea*$1 ent] l>gely into ! composition ( scale1 & give x its insoluble "*4 ,pieces ( wa/e or o!r simil> objects left )9 a m>9e boil] appe>1 :5 tak5 out1 z if !y _h be5 petrifi$2 & ! scale deposit$ ^u ! flues ( a m>9e boil] resembles lay]s ( /one4 #cia4 ,q_/--,is mu* inconv5i5ce exp]i5c$ 9 m>9e boil]s f ^! incru/ations ^u ! flues8 ,a4--,incru/ation 9 boil]s at "o "t caus$ mu* m p]plexity ?an x does at pres5t1 z x 0 suppos$ t 9 "s seas x 0 impossible to prev5t ! boil]s ( a /eam] f becom+ salt$ up2 b x has n[ be5 satisfactorily asc]ta9$ t !re is v little diff]5ce 9 ! saltness ( diff]5t seas1 & t h[ev] salt ! wat] may be1 ! boil] w be pres]v$ f any injuri\s am\nt ( incru/ation by bl[+ (f1 z x is call$1 v frequ5tly1 or by p]mitt+ a consid]able portion ( ! sup]salt$ wat] to escape at %ort int]vals into ! sea4 ,if bl[+ (f be suffici5tly practis$1 ! scale ^u ! flues w nev] be mu* ?ick] ?an a %eet ( writ+ pap]1 & no excuse %\ld be accept$ f eng9e]s = p]mitt+ a boil] to be damag$ by ! accumulation ( calc>e\s deposit4 #cib4 ,q4--,:at is ! temp]ature at :i* sea wat] boils 9 a /eam boil]8 ,a4--,sea wat] conta9s ab\t #a_/ccrd its weight ( salt1 & 9 ! op5 air x boils at ! temp]ature ( #bac4b2 if ! proportion ( salt be increas$ to #b_/ccrds ( ! weight ( ! wat]1 ! boil+ po9t w rise to #bad4d2 ) #c_/ccrds ( salt ! boil+ po9t w be #bae4e2 #d_/ccrds1 #baf4g2 #e_/ccrds1 #bag4i2 #f_/ccrds1 #bai2 #g_/ccrds1 #bbj4b2 #h_/ccrds1 #bba4d2 #i_/ccrds1 #bbb4e2 #aj_/ccrds1 #bbc4g2 #aa_/ccrds1 #bbd4i2 & #ab_/ccrds1 :i* is ! po9t ( saturation1 #bbf4 ,9 a /eam boil] ! boil+ po9ts ( wat] conta9+ ^! proportions ( salt mu/ be high]1 z ! elevation ( temp]ature due to ! pressure ( ! /eam has to be add$ to t due to ! saltness ( ! wat]2 ! temp]ature ( /eam at ! atmosph]ic pressure be+ #bab1 its temp]ature1 at a pressure ( #ae lbs4 p] squ>e in* above ! atmosph]e1 w be #bej1 & add+ to ?is #d4g z ! increas$ temp]ature due to ! saltness ( ! wat] :5 x conta9s #d_/ccrds ( salt1 we h #bed4g z ! temp]ature ( ! wat] 9 ! boil]1 :5 x conta9s #d_/ccrds ( salt & ! pressure ( ! /eam is #ae lbs4 on ! squ>e in*4 #cic4 ,q4--,:at degree ( conc5tration ( ! salt wat] may be safely p]mitt$ 9 a boil]8 ,a4--,x is f\nd by exp]i5ce t :5 ! conc5tration ( ! salt wat] 9 a boil] is prev5t$ f exce$+ t po9t at :i* x conta9s #b_/ccrds its weight ( salt1 no injuri\s incru/ation w take place1 & z sea wat] conta9s only #a_/ccrd ( its weight ( salt1 x is cle> t x mu/ be r$uc$ by evaporation to "o half ( its bulk be=e x c conta9 #b_/ccrds ( salt2 or1 9 o!r words1 a boil] mu/ bl[ out into ! sea "o half ( ! wat] x receives z fe$1 9 ord] to prev5t ! wat] f ris+ above #b_/ccrds ( conc5tration1 or #h ounces ( salt to ! gallon4 #cid4 ,q4--,h[ d y det]m9e #h ounces to ! gallon to be equival5t to twice ! d5sity ( salt wat]1 or two salt wat]s z x is sometimes call$8 ,a4--,! d5sity ( ! wat] ( diff]5t seas v>ies some:at4 ,a gallon ( fre% wat] weighs #aj lbs42 a gallon ( salt wat] f ! ,baltic weighs #aj4ae lbs42 a gallon ( salt wat] f ! ,iri% ,*annel weighs #aj4bh lbs42 & a gallon ( salt wat] f ! ,m$it]ranean #aj4bi lbs4 ,if we take an av]age saltness repres5t$ by a weight ( #aj4be lbs41 !n a gallon ( wat] conc5trat$ to twice ?is saltness w weigh #aj4e lbs41 or ! salt 9 x w weigh 4#e lbs or #h oz41 :i* is ! proportion ( #h oz4 to ! gallon4 ,h[ev]1 ! proportion ( #b_/ccrds gives a great] proportion ?an #h oz4 to ! gallon1 = #b_/cc #a_/af ne>ly1 & #a_/af ( #aj lbs4 #aj oz4 ,by keep+ ! d5sity ( ! wat] 9 a m>9e boil] at ! proportion ( #h or #aj oz4 to ! gallon1 no inconv5i5t am\nt ( scale w be deposit$ on ! flues or tubes4 ,! bulk ( wat]1 x may be rem>k$1 is n increas$ by putt+ salt 9 x up to ! po9t ( saturation1 b only its d5sity is increas$4 #cie4 ,q4--,is !re n a great loss ( heat by bl[+ (f s l>ge a proportion ( ! heat$ wat] f ! boil]8 ,a4--,! loss is n v great4 ,boil]s are sometimes work$ at a saltness ( #d_/ccrds1 & tak+ ?is saltness & suppos+ ! lat5t heat ( /eam to be at #ajjj at ! temp]ature ( #bab1 & reckon+ ! sum ( ! lat5t & s5sible heats z =m+ a con/ant quantity1 ! lat5t heat ( /eam at ! temp]ature ( #bej w be #ifb1 & ! total heat ( ! /eam w be #abab 9 ! case ( fre% wat]2 b z ! fe$ wat] is s5t into ! boil] at ! temp]ature ( #ajj1 ! accession ( heat x receives f ! fuel w be #aaab 9 ! case ( fre% wat]1 or #aaab increas$ by #c4ih 9 ! case ( wat] conta9+ #d_/cc;ds ( salt-- ! #c4ih be+ ! #d4g increase ( temp]ature due to ! pres5ce ( #d_/ccrds ( salt1 multipli$ by #j4hdg ! specific heat ( /eam4 ,?is makes ! total accession ( heat receiv$ by ! /eam 9 ! boil] equal to #aaae4ih1 or say #aaaf1 :i* multipli$ by #c1 z #c p>ts ( ! wat] are rais$ into /eam1 gives u #ccdh = ! heat 9 ! /eam1 :ile ! accession ( heat receiv$ 9 ! boil] by ! #a "p ( residual br9e w be #aed4g1 multipli$ by #j4he1 ! specific heat ( ! br9e1 or #acj4die2 & #ccdh divid$ by #acj4die is ab\t #a_/bf?4 ,x appe>s1 !re=e1 t by bl[+ (f ! boil] to su* an ext5t t ! saltness %all n rise above :at answ]s to #d_/ccrds ( salt1 ab\t #a_/be? ( ! heat is bl[n into ! sea2 ?is is b a small proportion1 & z !re w be a great] wa/e ( heat1 if f ! exi/5ce ( scale ^u ! flues ! heat c be only imp]fectly transmitt$ to ! wat]1 !re _c be ev5 an economy ( fuel 9 nigg>d bl[+ (f1 :ile x involves ! introduction ( o!r evils4 ,! proportion ( #d_/ccrds ( saltness1 h[ev]1 or #af oz4 to ! gallon1 is l>g] ?an is advisable1 especially z x is difficult to keep ! saltness at a p]fectly uni=m po9t1 & ! work+ po9t %\ld1 !re=e1 be #b_/ccrds z be=e prescrib$4 #cif4 ,q4--,h no means be5 devis$ = turn+ to acc\nt ! heat conta9$ 9 ! br9e :i* is expell$ f ! boil]8 ,a4--,to save a "p ( ! heat lo/ by ! op]ation ( bl[+ (f1 ! hot br9e is sometimes pass$ ?r\gh a numb] ( small tubes surr\nd$ by ! fe$ wat]2 b !re is no v great ga9 f ! use ( su* app>atus1 & ! tubes are apt to become *ok$ up1 :]eby ! safety ( ! boil] may be endang]$ by ! injuri\s conc5tration ( its cont5ts4 ,pumps1 work$ by ! eng9e = ! extraction ( ! br9e1 are g5]ally us$ 9 connection ) ! small tubes = ! extraction ( ! heat f ! sup]salt$ wat]2 & if ! tubes become *ok$ ! pumps w cease to eject ! wat]1 :ile ! eng9e] may consid] !m to be all ! :ile 9 op]ation4 #cig4,q4--,:at is ! usual mode ( bl[+ (f ! sup]salt$ wat] f ! boil]8 ,a4--,! g5]al mode ( bl[+ (f ! boil] is to all[ ! wat] to rise gradually = an h\r or two above ! l[e/ ,work+ level1 & !n to op5 ! cock communicat+ ) ! sea1 & keep x op5 until ! surface ( ! wat] )9 ! boil] has fall5 sev]al in*es2 b 9 "s cases a cock ( small] size is all[$ to run wat] cont9u\sly1 & 9 o!r cases br9e pumps are us$ z already m5tion$4 ,9 e case 9 :i* ! sup]salt$ wat] is dis*>g$ f ! boil] 9 a cont9u\s /ream1 a hydromet] or salt gauge ( "s conv5i5t con/ruction %\ld be appli$ to ! boil]1 s t ! d5sity ( ! wat] may at all times be visible1 & imm$iate notice be giv5 ( any int]ruption ( ! op]ation4 ,v>i\s contrivances h be5 devis$ = ?is purpose1 ! mo/ ( :i* op]ate on ! pr9ciple ( a hydromet]2 b p]haps a m satisfactory pr9ciple w\ld be t ( a diff]5tial /eam gauge1 :i* w\ld indicate ! diff]5ce ( pressure betwe5 ! /eam 9 ! boil] & ! /eam ( a small quantity ( fre% wat] enclos$ 9 a suitable vessel1 & imm]g$ 9 ! wat] ( ! boil]4 #cih4 ,q4--,:at is ! advantage ( bl[+ (f f ! surface ( ! wat] 9 ! boil]8 ,a4--,bl[+ (f f a po9t ne> ! surface ( ! wat] is m b5eficial ?an bl[+ (f f ! bottom ( ! boil]4 ,solid p>ticles ( any k9d1 x is well kn[n1 if introduc$ into boil+ wat]1 w l[] ! boil+ po9t 9 a slight degree1 & ! /eam w *iefly be g5]at$ on ! surface ( ! p>ticles1 & inde$ w h ! appe>ance ( com+ out ( !m2 if ! p>ticles be small ! /eam g5]at$ b5ea? & ar\nd !m w balloon !m to ! surface ( ! wat]1 :]e ! /eam w be lib]at$ & ! p>ticles w desc5d2 & ! impalpable p>ticles 9 a m>9e boil]1 :i* by _! subsid5ce ^u ! flues concrete into scale1 are c>ri$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance to ! surface ( ! wat]1 s t if !y be caught !re & eject$ f ! boil]1 ! =mation ( scale w be prev5t$4 #cii4 ,q4--,are !re any plans 9 op]ation = tak+ advantage ( ?is prop]ty ( p>ticles ris+ to ! surface8 ,a4--,advantage is tak5 ( ?is prop]ty 9 ,lamb's ,scale ,prev5t]1 :i* is sub/antially a contrivance = bl[+ (f f ! surface ( ! wat] t 9 practice is f\nd to be v effectual2 b a float 9 connection ) a valve at ! m\? ( ! dis*>g+ pipe is !re introduc$1 s z to regulate ! quantity ( wat] bl[n out by ! height ( ! wat] level1 or by ! ext5t ( op5+ giv5 to ! fe$ cock4 ,! op]ation1 h[ev]1 ( ! contrivance w\ld be mu* ! same if ! float 7 disp5s$ )2 b ! float acts advantage\sly 9 h9d]+ ! wat] f ris+ too high 9 ! boil]1 %\ld too mu* fe$ be admitt$1 & !reby obviates ! risk ( ! wat] runn+ ov] into ! cyl9d]4 ,9 "s boil]s %eet iron vessels1 call$ s$im5t collectors1 are employ$1 :i* collect into !m ! impalpable matt]1 :i* 9 ,lamb's app>atus is eject$ f ! boil] at once4 ,"o ( ^! vessels1 ( ab\t ! size & %ape ( a loaf ( sug>1 is put into ea* boil] ) ! apex ( ! cone turn$ d[nw>ds into a pipe lead+ ov]bo>d1 = conduct+ ! s$im5t away f ! boil]4 ,! base ( ! cone /&s "s di/ance above ! wat] l9e1 & 9 its sides conical slits are cut1 s z to e/abli% a free communication betwe5 ! wat] )9 ! conical vessel & ! wat] outside x4 ,! p>ticles ( /ony matt] :i* are balloon$ to ! surface by ! /eam 9 e o!r "p ( ! boil]1 subside )9 ! cone1 :]e1 no /eam be+ g5]at$1 ! wat] is consequ5tly tranquil2 & ! deposit is dis*>g$ ov]bo>d by means ( a pipe communicat+ ) ! sea4 ,by bl[+ (f f ! surface ( ! wat]1 ! requisite cleans+ action is obta9$ ) less wa/e ( heat2 & :]e ! wat] is muddy1 ! foam ^u ! surface ( ! wat] is eject$ f ! boil]--!reby remov+ "o ( ! *ief causes ( prim+4 #djj4 ,q4--,:at is ! cause ( ! rapid corrosion ( m>9e boil]s8 ,a4--,m>9e boil]s are corrod$ ext]nally 9 ! region ( ! /eam *e/ by ! dripp+ ( wat] f ! deck2 ! bottom ( ! boil] is corrod$ by ! action ( ! bilge wat]1 & ! a% pits by ! practice ( qu5*+ ! a%es )1 salt wat]4 ,^! s\rces ( injury1 h[ev]1 admit ( easy rem$y2 ! top ( ! boil] may be pres]v$ f ext]nal corrosion by cov]+ x ) felt ^u :i* is laid %eet lead sold]$ at e jo9t s z to be imp5etrable to wat]2 ! a% pits may be %ield$ by gu>d plates :i* are plates fitt+ into ! a% pits & atta*$ to ! boil] by a few bolts1 s t :5 worn !y may be remov$ & new ones sub/itut$1 :]eby any we> ^u ! boil] 9 t "p w be prev5t$2 & !re w be v little we> ^u ! bottom ( a boil] if x be imb$d$ 9 ma/ic cem5t laid ^u a suitable plat=m4 #dja4 ,q4--,are n m>9e boil]s subject to int]nal corrosion8 ,a4--,yes2 ! greate/ "p ( ! corrosion ( a boil] takes place 9 ! inside ( ! /eam *e/1 & ! orig9 ( ?is corrosion is "o ( ! obscure/ subjects 9 ! :ole range ( eng9e]+4 ,x _c be f ! *emical action ( ! salt wat] ^u ! iron1 = ! flues & o!r p>ts ( ! boil] b5ea? ! wat] suff] v little f corrosion1 & 9 /eam vessels provid$ ) ,hall's cond5s]s1 :i* supply ! boil] ) fre% wat]1 n mu* increas$ durability ( ! boil] has be5 exp]i5c$4 ,nev]!less1 m>9e boil]s seldom la/ m ?an = #e or #f ye>s1 :]eas l& boil]s made ( ! same quality ( iron (t5 la/ #ah or #bj ye>s1 & x does n appe> probable t l& boil]s w\ld la/ a v mu* %ort] "t if salt wat] 7 us$ 9 !m4 ,! ?9 film ( scale spread ov] ! p>ts ( a m>9e boil] situat$ b5ea? ! wat]1 effectually protect !m f corrosion2 & :5 ! o!r p>ts are completely worn out ! flues g5]ally rema9 s p]fect1 t ! hamm] m>ks ^u !m are z conspicu\s z at _! fir/ =mation4 ,! op]ation ( ! /eam 9 corrod+ ! int]ior ( ! boil] is mo/ caprici\s--! p>ts :i* are mo/ rapidly worn away 9 "o boil] be+ unt\*$ 9 ano!r2 & 9 "s cases "o side ( a /eam *e/ w be v mu* wa/$ away :ile ! opposite side rema9s un9jur$4 ,sometimes ! iron exfoliates 9 ! %ape ( a black oxide :i* comes away 9 flakes l ! leaves ( a book1 :ile 9 o!r cases ! iron appe>s z if eat5 away by a /rong acid :i* _h a solv5t action ^u x4 ,! application ( felt to ! outside ( a boil]1 has 9 sev]al cases be5 f\nd to accel]ate s5sibly its int]nal corrosion2 boil]s 9 :i* !re is a l>ge accumulation ( scale appe> to be m corrod$ ?an :]e !re is no su* deposit2 & :]e ! funnel passes ?r\gh ! /eam *e/ ! iron ( ! /eam *e/ is inv>iably mu* m corrod$ ?an :]e ! funnel does n pass ?r\gh x4 #djb4 ,q4--,c y sugge/ no reason = ! rapid int]nal corrosion ( m>9e boil]s8 ,a4--,! facts :i* ,i h enum]at$ appe> to indicate t ! int]nal corrosion ( m>9e boil]s is attributable *iefly to ! exi/5ce ( sur*>g$ /eam )9 !m1 :i* is /eam to :i* an additional quantity ( heat has be5 communicat$ subsequ5tly to its g5]ation1 s t its temp]ature is great] ?an is due to its ela/ic =ce2 & on ?is hypo!sis ! obs]v$ facts relative to corrosion become to "s ext5t explicable4 ,felt1 appli$ to ! outside ( a boil]1 may accel]ate its int]nal corrosion by keep+ ! /eam 9 a sur*>g$ /ate1 :5 by ! disp]sion ( a "p ( ! heat x w\ld cease to be 9 t /ate2 boil]s 9 :i* !re is a l>ge accumulation ( scale mu/ h work$ ) ! wat] v salt1 :i* necess>ily produces sur*>g$ /eam2 = ! temp]ature ( /eam _c be less ?an t ( ! wat] f :i* x is g5]at$1 & inasmu* z ! boil+ po9t ( wat]1 "u any giv5 pressure1 rises ) ! saltness ( ! wat]1 ! temp]ature ( ! /eam mu/ rise ) ! saltness ( ! wat]1 ! pressure rema9+ ! same2 or1 9 o!r words1 ! /eam mu/ h a high] temp]ature ?an is due to its ela/ic =ce1 or be 9 ! /ate ( sur*>g$ /eam4 ,! circum/ance ( ! *imney flue pass+ ?r\gh ! /eam w manife/ly sur*>ge ! /eam ) heat1 s t all ! circum/ances :i* are f\nd to accel]ate corrosion1 are x appe>s su* z w\ld also induce ! =mation ( sur*>g$ /eam4 #djc4 ,q4--,is x ! natural effect ( sur*>g$ /eam to wa/e away iron8 ,a4--,x is ! natural effect ( sur*>g$ /eam to oxidate ! iron ) :i* x is 9 contact1 z is illu/rat$ by ! famili> process = mak+ hydrog5 gas by s5d+ /eam ?r\gh a r$ hot tube fill$ ) pieces ( iron2 & al?\gh ! action ( ! sur*>g$ /eam 9 a boil] is necess>ily v mu* weak] ?an :]e ! iron is r$ hot1 x manife/ly mu/ h "s oxidiz+ effect1 & ! am\nt ( corrosion produc$ may be v mat]ial :]e ! action is p]petual4 ,boil]s ) a l>ge ext5t ( heat+ surface1 or ) desc5d+ flues circulat+ ?r\gh ! cool] wat] 9 ! bottom ( ! boil] be=e asc5d+ ! *imney1 w be less corrod$ int]nally ?an boil]s 9 :i* a l>ge quantity ( ! heat passes away 9 ! smoke2 & ! corrosion ( ! boil] w be dim9i%$ if ! int]ior ( any flue pass+ ?r\gh ! /eam be coat$ ) fire brick1 s z to pres5t ! transmission ( ! heat 9 t situation4 ,! be/ practice1 h[ev]1 appe>s to consi/ 9 ! transmission ( ! smoke ?r\gh a suitable passage on ! outside ( ! boil]1 s z to sup]s$e ! necessity ( c>ry+ any flue ?r\gh ! /eam at all2 or a column ( wat] may be c>ri$ r\nd ! *imney1 into :i* z mu* ( ! fe$ wat] may be introduc$ z ! heat ( ! *imney is capable ( rais+ to ! boil+ po9t1 z "u ?is limitation ! pres5ce ( fe$ wat] ar\nd ! *imney 9 ! /eam *e/ w fail to cond5se ! /eam4 #djd4 ,q4--,9 /eam vessels !re are usually sev]al boil]s8 ,a4--,yes1 9 /eam vessels ( consid]able p[] & size4 #dje4 ,q4--,are ^! boil]s g5]ally s con/ruct$1 t any "o ( !m may be ?r[n out ( use8 ,a4--,m>9e boil]s are n[ g5]ally suppli$ ) /op valves1 :]eby "o boil] may be ?r[n out ( use )\t impair+ ! efficacy ( ! rema9d]4 ,^! /op valves are usually sp9dle valves ( l>ge size1 & !y are = ! mo/ "p set 9 a pipe :i* runs across ! /eam *e/s1 connect+ ! sev]al boil]s toge!r4 ,! sp9dles ( ^! valves %\ld project ?r\gh /uff+ boxes 9 ! cov]s ( ! valve *e/s1 & !y %\ld be balanc$ by a weight$ lev]1 & kept 9 cont9ual action by ! /eam4 ,if ! valves be lift$ up1 & be suff]$ to rema9 up1 z is ! usual practice1 !y w become fix$ by corrosion 9 t position1 & x w be impossible aft] "s "t to %ut !m on an em]g5cy4 ,^! valves %\ld always be easily accessible f ! eng9e room2 & x ought n to be necess>y = ! coal boxes to be empty to ga9 access to !m4 #djf4 ,q4--,%\ld ea* boil] h at lea/ "o safety valve = itself8 ,a4--,yes2 x w\ld be q unsafe )\t ?is provision1 z ! /op valve might possibly jam4 ,sometimes valves jam f a di/ortion 9 ! %ape ( ! boil] :5 a consid]able pressure is put ^u x4 #djg4 ,q4--,h[ is ! admission ( ! wat] into ! boil] regulat$8 ,a4--,! admission ( fe$ wat] into ! boil] is regulat$ by h& by ! eng9e] by means ( cocks1 & sometimes by sp9dle valves rais$ & l[]$ by a screw4 ,cocks appe> to be ! pref]able exp$i5t1 z !y are less liable to accid5t or d]angem5t ?an screw valves1 & 9 mod]n /eam vessels !y are g5]ally employ$4 #djh4 ,q4--,at :at po9t ( ! boil] is ! fe$ introduc$8 ,a4--,! fe$ wat] is usually conduct$ f ! fe$ cock to a po9t ne> ! bottom ( ! boil] by means ( an int]nal pipe1 ! object ( ?is arrangem5t be+ to prev5t ! ris+ /eam f be+ cond5s$ by ! ent]+ wat]4 ,by be+ introduc$ ne> ! bottom ( ! boil]1 ! wat] comes into contact 9 ! fir/ place ) ! bottoms ( ! furnaces & flues1 & extracts heat f !m :i* c\ld n be extract$ by wat] ( a high] temp]ature1 :]eby a sav+ ( fuel is accompli%$4 ,9 "s cases ! fe$ wat] is introduc$ into a cas+ ar\nd ! *imney1 f :5ce x desc5ds into ! boil]4 ,?is plan appe>s to be an exp$i5t "o :5 ! boil] is %ort ( heat+ surface1 & m ?an a usual quantity ( heat asc5ds ! *imney2 b 9 well proportion$ boil]s a wat] cas+ r\nd ! *imney is sup]flu\s4 ,:5 a wat] cas+ is us$ ! boil] is g5]ally f$ by a head ( wat]1 ! fe$ wat] be+ =c$ up into a small tank1 f :5ce x desc5ds into ! boil] by ! =ce ( gravity1 :ile ! surplus runs to wa/e1 z 9 ! fe$+ app>atus ( l& eng9es4 #dji4 ,q4--,suppose t ! eng9e] %\ld %ut (f ! fe$ wat] f ! boil]s :ile ! eng9e 0 work+1 :at w\ld be ! result8 ,a4--,! result w\ld be to bur/ ! fe$ pipes1 except = a safety valve plac$ on ! fe$ pipe betwe5 ! eng9e & ! boil]s1 :i* safety valve op5s :5 any undue pressure comes ^u ! pipes1 & all[s ! wat] to escape4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 g5]ally a cock on ! suction side ( ! fe$ pump1 :i* regulates ! quantity ( wat] drawn into ! pump4 ,b !re mu/ be cocks on ! boil]s also to det]m9e into :i* boil] ! wat] %all be *iefly dis*>g$1 & ^! cocks are sometimes all %ut accid5tally at ! same "t4 #daj4 ,q4--,is !re no exp$i5t 9 use 9 /eam vessels = enabl+ ! position ( ! wat] level 9 ! boil] to det]m9e ! quantity ( fe$ wat] admitt$8 ,a4--,9 "s /eam vessels floats h be5 introduc$ to regulate ! fe$1 b _! action _c be dep5d$ on 9 agitat$ wat]1 if appli$ aft] ! common fa%ion4 ,floats w\ld probably answ] if plac$ 9 a cyl9d] :i* communicates ) ! wat] 9 ! boil] by means ( small holes2 & a disc ( metal might be atta*$ to ! end ( a rod ext5d+ b5ea? ! wat] level1 s z to resi/ irregul> movem5ts f ! motion ( ! %ip at sea1 :i* w\ld o!rwise impair ! action ( ! app>atus4 #daa4 ,q4--,h[ is ! prop] level ( ! wat] 9 ! boil] ( a /eam vessel ma9ta9$ :51 ! eng9e is /opp$ = "s "t1 & ! boil] is bl[+ (f /eam8 ,a4--,by means ( a sep>ate pump work$ sometimes by h&1 b usually by a small sep>ate eng9e call$ ! ,donkey eng9e4 ,?is pump1 by ! aid ( suitable cocks1 w pump f ! sea into ! boil]2 f ! sea ^u deck ei!r to wa% decks or to ext+ui% fire2 & f ! bilge ov]bo>d1 ?r\gh a suitable orifice 9 ! side ( ! %ip4 ,,locomotive ,,boil]s4 #dab4 ,q4--,w y recapitulate ! g5]al features ( locomotive boil]s8 ,a4--,locomotive boil]s consi/ ( ?ree portions 7see fig4 #bi73 ! b>rel ,e1 ,e1 conta9+ ! tubes1 ! fire box ,b1 & ! smoke box ,f2 ( :i* ! b>rel smoke box1 & ext]nal fire box are always ( iron1 b ! int]nal fire box is g5]ally made ( copp]1 ?\gh sometimes also x is made ( iron4 ,! tubes are sometimes ( iron1 b g5]ally ( brass fix$ 9 by f]ules4 ,! :ole ( ! iron plates ( a locomotive boil] ,:i* are subject$ to ! pressure ( /eam1 %\ld be ,l[moor or ,b[l+ plates ( ! be/ quality2 & ! copp] %\ld be co>se gra9$1 r ?an ri* or s(t1 & be p]fectly free f irregul>ities ( /ructure & lam9ation4 #dac4 ,q4--,:at are ! usual dim5sions ( ! b>rel8 ,a4--,! ?ickness ( ! plates compos+ ! b>rel ( ! boil] v>ies g5]ally f #e_/af?s to #c_/h?s ( an in*1 & ! plates %\ld run 9 ! direction ( ! circumf]5ce1 s t ! fibres ( ! iron may be 9 ! direction ( ! /ra94 ,! diamet] ( ! b>rel commonly v>ies f #c ft4 to #c ft4 #f in*es2 ! diamet] ( ! rivets %\ld be f #aa_/af?s to #c_/d?s ( an in*1 & ! pit* ( ! rivets or di/ance betwe5 _! c5tres %\ld be f #ag_/h? to #b in*es4 #dad4 ,q4--,h[ are ! fire boxes ( a locomotive con/ruct$8 ,a4--,! space betwe5 ! ext]nal & int]nal fire boxes =ms a wat] space1 :i* mu/ be /ay$ e #d-a_/b or #e in*es by means ( copp] or iron /ay bolts1 screw$ ?r\gh ! out] fire box into ! metal ( ! inn] fire box1 & securely rivet$ )9 x3 iron /ay bolts are z durable z copp]1 & _! sup]ior t5acity gives !m an advantage4 ,sometimes tubes are employ$ z /ays4 ,! int]nal & ext]nal fire boxes are jo9$ toge!r at ! bottom by a ,n-%ap$ iron1 & r\nd ! fire door !y are connect$ by means ( a copp] r+ #a-a_/d 94 ?ick1 & #b 94 broad1--! inn] fire box be+ di%$ suffici5tly outw>d at t po9t1 & ! out] fire box suffici5tly inw>d1 to enable a circle ( rivets #c_/d ( an in* 9 diamet] pass+ ?r\gh ! copp] r+ & ! two ?icknesses ( iron1 to make a wat]-tight jo9t4 ,! ?ickness ( ! plates compos+ ! ext]nal fire box is 9 g5]al #c_/h?s ( an in* if ! fire box is circul>1 & f #c_/h?s to #a_/b in* if ! fire box is squ>e2 & ! ?ickness ( ! int]nal fire box is 9 mo/ cases #g_/af?s if copp]1 & f #c_/h?s to #g_/af?s ( an in* if ( iron4 ,circul> int]nal fire boxes1 if made ( iron1 %\ld be weld$ r ?an rivet$1 z ! rivet heads are liable to be burnt away by ! action ( ! fire2 & :5 ! fire boxes are squ>e ea* side %\ld consi/ ( a s+le plate1 turn$ ov] at ! edges ) a radius ( #c in*es1 = ! introduction ( ! rivets4 #dae4 ,q4--,is !re any provision = /iff5+ ! cr[n ( ! furnace 9 a locomotive8 ,a4--,! ro( ( ! int]nal fire box1 :e!r flat z 9 ,/eph5son's eng9es1 or dome %ap$ z 9 ,bury's1 requires to be /iff5$ ) cross /ay b>s1 b ! b>s require to be /rong] & m num]\s :5 appli$ to a flat surface4 ,! ends ( ^! /ay b>s re/ above ! v]tical sides ( ! fire box2 & to ! /ay b>s ?us ext5d+ across ! cr[n1 ! cr[n is atta*$ at int]vals by means ( /ay bolts4 ,!re are project+ bosses ^u ! /ay b>s encircl+ ! bolts at e po9t :]e a bolt goes ?r\gh1 b 9 ! o!r p>ts !y are kept cle> ( ! fire box cr[n s z to p]mit ! access ( wat] to ! metal2 &1 ) ! view ( facilitat+ ! asc5t ( ! /eam1 ! bottom ( ea* /ay b> %\ld be %>p5$ away 9 ^? p>ts :]e x does n t\* ! boil]4 #daf4 ,q4--,is any inconv5i5ce exp]i5c$ f ! int5se heat 9 a locomotive furnace8 ,a4--,! fire b>s 9 locomotives h always be5 a s\rce ( tr\ble1 z f ! int5sity ( ! heat 9 ! furnace !y become s hot z to ?r[ (f a scale1 & to b5d "u ! weight ( ! fuel4 ,! be/ alleviation ( ^! evils lies 9 mak+ ! b>s deep & ?93 #d or #e in*es deep by five eigh?s ( an in* ?ick on ! upp] side1 & ?ree eigh?s ( an in* on ! "u side1 are f\nd 9 practice to be good dim5sions4 ,9 "s locomotives a frame c>ry+ a numb] ( fire b>s is made s t x may be dropp$ sudd5ly by loos5+ a cat*2 b x is f\nd t any su* me*anism c r>ely be long kept 9 work+ ord]1 z ! molt5 cl9k] by runn+ d[n betwe5 ! frame & ! boil] w g5]ally glue ! frame into its place4 ,x is !re=e f\nd pref]able to fix ! frame1 & to lift up ! b>s by ! d>t us$ by ! /ok]1 :5 any cause requires ! fire to be )drawn4 ,! furnace b>s ( locomotives are always made ( malleable iron1 & inde$ = e species ( boil] malleable iron b>s are to be pref]r$ to b>s ( ca/ iron1 z !y are m durable1 & may if ?9 be set clos] toge!r1 :]eby ! small coal or coke is sav$ t w\ld o!rwise fall into ! a% pit4 ,! a% box ( locomotives is made ( plate iron1 a qu>t] ?ick3 x %\ld n be less ?an #aj 94 deep1 & its bottom %\ld be ab\t #i 94 above ! level ( ! rails4 ,! *imney ( a locomotive is made ( plate iron "o eigh? ( an in* ?ick3 x is usually ( ! same diamet] z ! cyl9d]1 b is bett] small]1 & mu/ n /& m ?an #ad ft4 high above ! level ( ! rails4 #dag4 ,q4--,are locomotive boil]s provid$ ) a /eam *e/8 ,a4--,! upp] portion ( ! ext]nal fire box is usually =m$ into a /eam *e/1 :i* is sometimes dome %ap$1 sometimes semicircul>1 & sometimes ( a pyramidical =m1 & f ?is /eam *e/ ! /eam is conduct$ away by an int]nal pipe to ! cyl9d]s2 b 9 o!r cases an indep5d5t /eam *e/ is set ^u ! b>rel ( ! boil]1 consi/+ ( a plate iron cyl9d]1 #bj in*es 9 diamet]1 #b feet high1 & ?ree eigh?s ( an in* ?ick1 ) a dome %ap$ top1 & ) ! seam weld$ & ! edge turn$ ov] to =m a flange ( atta*m5t to ! boil]4 ,! pyramidical dome1 ( ! =m employ$ 9 ,/eph5son's locomotives1 pres5ts a consid]able ext5t ( flat surface to ! pressure ( ! /eam1 & ?is flat surface requires to be v /rongly /ay$ ) angle irons & t5sion rods2 :]eas ! semiglobul> dome ( ! k9d employ$ 9 ,bury's eng9es requires no /ay+ :atev]4 ,latt]ly1 h[ev]1 ^! domes ov] ! fire box h be5 ei!r mu* r$uc$ 9 size or ab&on$ altoge!r4 #dah4 ,q4--,is any b5eficial use made ( ! surplus /eam ( a locomotive8 ,a4--,to save ! /eam :i* is =m$ :5 ! eng9e is /ation>y1 a pipe is usually fitt$ to ! boil]1 :i* on a cock be+ turn$ conducts ! /eam into ! wat] 9 ! t5d]1 :]eby ! fe$ wat] is heat$1 & less fuel is subsequ5tly requir$4 ,?is me?od ( dispos+ ( ! surplus /eam may be adopt$ :5 ! locomotive is desc5d+ incl9es1 or on any occasion :]e m /eam is produc$ ?an ! eng9e c consume4 #dai4,q4--,:at means are provid$ to facilitate ! inspection & clean+ ( locomotive boil]s8 ,a4--,! man hole1 or entrance into ! boil]1 consi/s ( a circul> or oval ap]ture ( ab\t #ae 94 diamet]1 plac$ 9 ,bury's locomotive at ! apex ( ! dome1 & 9 ,/eph5son's ^u ! front ( ! boil]1 a few in*es bel[ ! level ( ! r\nd$ "p2 & ! cov] ( ! man hole 9 ,bury's eng9e conta9s ! safety valve seats4 ,9 :atev] situation ?is man hole is plac$1 ! surfaces ( ! r+ encircl+ ! hole1 & ( ! int]nal "p ( ! door or cov]1 %\ld be accurately fitt$ toge!r by scrap+ or gr9d+1 s t !y ne$ only ! int]position ( a little r$ lead to make !m q tight :5 screw$ toge!r4 ,lead or canvas jo9ts1 if ( any consid]able ?ickness1 w n long )/& ! action ( high pressure /eam2 & ! :ole ( ! jo9ts ab\t a locomotive %\ld be su* t !y require no?+ m ?an a little pa9t or putty1 or a r+ ( wire gauze sme>$ ) :ite or r$ lead to make !m p]fectly tight4 ,!re mu/ be a mud hole opposite ! edge ( ea* wat] space1 if ! fire box be squ>e1 to enable ! boil] to be easily clean$ out1 & ^! holes are mo/ conv5i5tly clos$ by screw$ plugs made slightly tap]4 ,a cock = empty+ ! boil] is usually fix$ at ! bottom ( ! fire box1 & x %\ld be s plac$ z to be accessible :5 ! eng9e is at "w1 9 ord] t ! eng9e driv] may bl[ (f "s wat] if necess>y2 b x mu/ n be 9 su* a position z to s5d ! wat] bl[n (f among ! ma*9]y1 z x might c>ry s& or grit into ! be>+s1 to _! manife/ injury4 #dbj4 ,q4--,w y /ate ! dim5sions ( ! tube plate1 & ! means ( secur+ ! tubes 9 x8 ,a4--,! tube plates are g5]ally made f five eigh?s to ?ree f\r?s ( an in* ?ick1 b sev5 eigh?s ( an in* ?ick appe>s to be pref]able1 z :5 ! plate is ?ick ! holes w n be s liable to *ange _! figure dur+ ! process ( f]ul+ ! tubes3 ! di/ance betwe5 ! tubes %\ld nev] be made less ?an ?ree f\r?s ( an in*1 & ! holes %\ld be slightly tap]$ s z to enable ! tubes to hold ! tube plates toge!r4 ,! tubes are secur$ 9 ! tube plates by means ( tap] f]ules driv5 into ! ends ( ! tubes4 ,! f]ules are = ! mo/ "p made ( /eel at ! fire box end1 & ( wr\ght iron at ! smoke box end1 ?\gh f]ules ( malleable ca/ iron h 9 "s cases be5 us$ ) advantage3 malleable ca/ iron f]ules are almo/ z easily exp&$ :5 hamm]$ cold ^u a m&rel1 z ! common wr\ght iron ones are at a work+ heat4 ,spr+ /eel1 roll$ ) a fea!r edge1 to facilitate its conv]sion into f]ules1 is suppli$ by "s ( ! /eel-mak]s ( ,%effield1 & x appe>s exp$i5t to make use ( /eel ?us prep>$ :5 /eel f]ules are employ$4 ,9 cases :]e f]ules are n employ$1 x may be advisable to set out ! tube beh9d ! tube plate by means ( an exp&+ m&rel4 ,!re are v>i\s =ms ( ?is in/rum5t4 ,"o =m is t kn[n z ,pross]'s exp&+ m&rel1 9 :i* !re are six or eight segm5ts1 :i* are =c$ out by means ( a hexagonal or octagonal w$ge1 :i* is =c$ =w>d by a screw4 ,:5 ! w$ge is )drawn1 ! segm5ts collapse suffici5tly to enable !m to ent] ! tube1 & !re is an annul> protub]ance on ! ext]ior circle ( ! segm5ts1 :i* protub]ance1 :5 ! m&rel is put into ! tube1 j comes beh9d ! inn] edge ( ! tube plate4 ,:5 ! w$ge is tight5$ up by ! screw1 ! protub]ance on ! ext]ior ( ! segm5ts compos+ ! m&rel causes a correspond+ bulge to take place 9 ! tube1 at ! back ( ! tube plate1 & ! tube is !reby br\ght into m intimate contact ) ! tube plate ?an w\ld o!rwise be ! case4 ,!re is a /eel r+ ind5t$ into ! segm5ts ( ,pross]'s m&rel1 to contract ! segm5ts :5 ! c5tral w$ge is )drawn4 ,a m conv5i5t =m ( ! in/rum5t1 h[ev]1 is obta9$ by plac+ ! segm5ts 9 a circul> box1 ) "o end project+2 & support+ ea* segm5t 9 ! box by a t5on1 :i* fits into a mortise 9 ! cyl9drical box4 ,to exp& ! segm5ts1 a r\nd tap]$ piece ( /eel1 l a drift1 is =c$ into a c5tral hole1 r\nd :i* ! segm5ts are arrang$4 ,a piece ( /eel tube1 also slit up to enable a c5tral drift to exp& x1 answ]s v well2 b ! ?ickness ( t "p ( ! tube 9 :i* !re requires to be spr+ en\gh to let ! m&rel exp&1 requires to be suffici5tly r$uc$ to prev5t ! pieces f crack+ :5 ! c5tral drift is driv5 9 by a hamm]4 ,! drift is bett] :5 made ) a globul> head1 s t x may be /ruck back by ! hamm]1 z well z be driv5 94 ,an exp&+ m&rel1 ) a c5tral drift1 is m rapid 9 its op]ation ?an :5 ! expansion is produc$ by means ( a screw4 #dba4 ,q4--,w y expla9 ! means t are adopt$ to regulate ! admission ( /eam to ! cyl9d]s8 ,a4--,9 locomotives1 ! admission ( ! /eam f ! boil] to ! cyl9d]s is regulat$ by a valve call$ ! regulator1 :i* is g5]ally plac$ imm$iately above ! int]nal fire box1 & is connect$ ) two copp] pipes2--"o conduct+ /eam f ! highe/ po9t ( ! dome d[n to x1 & ! o!r conduct+ ! /eam t has pass$ ?r\gh x along ! boil] to ! upp] "p ( ! smoke box4 ,regulators may be divid$ into two sorts1 viz41 ^? )1 slid+ valves & /eam ports1 & ^? ) conical valves & seats1 ( :i* ! latt] k9d are ! be/4 ,! =m] k9d h = ! mo/ "p consi/$ ( a circul> valve & face1 ) radial ap]tures1 ! valve resembl+ ! out/ret*$ w+s ( a butt]fly1 & be+ made to revolve on its c5tral pivot by connect+ l9ks betwe5 its out] edges1 or by its c5tral sp9dle4 ,9 "s ( ,/eph5son's eng9es ! regulator consi/s ( a slide valve cov]+ a port on ! top ( ! valve *e/s4 ,a rod passes f ?is valve ?r\gh ! smoke box bel[ ! boil]1 & by means ( a lev] p>allel to ! />t+ lev]1 is br\ght up to ! eng9e]'s rea*4 ,cocks 7 at fir/ us$ z regulators1 b 7 giv5 up1 z !y 7 f\nd liable to /ick fa/4 ,a gridiron slide valve has be5 us$ by ,/eph5son1 :i* consi/s ( a p]=at$ squ>e mov+ ^u a face ) an equal numb] ( holes4 ,?is plan ( a valve gives1 ) a small movem5t1 a l>ge area ( op5+4 ,9 ,bury's eng9es a sort ( conical plug is us$1 :i* is )drawn by turn+ ! h&le 9 front ( ! fire box3 a spiral grove ( a v l>ge pit* is made 9 ! valve sp9dle1 9 :i* fits a p9 fix$ to ! boil]1 & by turn+ ! sp9dle an end motion is giv5 to x1 :i* ei!r %uts or op5s ! /eam passage accord+ to ! direction 9 :i* x is turn$4 ,! be/ regulator w\ld probably be a valve ( ! equilibrium description1 su* z is us$ 9 ! ,corni% eng9e3 !re w\ld be no friction 9 su* a regulator1 & x c\ld be op5$ or %ut ) a small am\nt ( =ce4 ,su* valves1 inde$1 are n[ sometimes employ$ = regulators 9 locomotives4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,con/ructive ,,details ,,( ,,eng9es4 ,,pump+ ,,eng9es4 #dbb4 ,q4--,w y expla9 ! c\rse ( proc$ure 9 ! erection ( a pump+ eng9e1 su* z ,b\lton & ,watt introduc$ into ,cornwall8 ,a4--,! be/ in/ructions on ?is subject are ^? ( ,mr4 ,watt himself1 :i* are z foll[s3--,hav+ fix$ on ! prop] situation ( ! pump 9 ! pit1 f its c5tre measure out ! di/ance to ! c5tre ( ! cyl9d]1 f :i* set (f all ! o!r dim5sions ( ! h\se1 includ+ ! ?ickness ( ! walls1 & dig out ! :ole ( ! includ$ gr\nd to ! dep? ( ! bottom ( ! cell>1 s t ! bottom ( ! cyl9d] may /& on a level ) ! natural gr\nd ( ! place1 or l[]1 if conv5i5t1 = ! less ! height ( ! h\se above ! gr\nd1 ! firm] x w be4 ,! f\ndations ( ! walls mu/ be laid at lea/ two feet l[] ?an ! bottom ( ! cell>1 unless ! f\ndation be firm rock2 & c>e mu/ be tak5 to leave a small dra9 into ! pit q ?r\gh ! l[e/ "p ( ! f\ndation ( ! lev] wall1 to let (f any wat] t may be spilt 9 ! eng9e h\se1 or may naturally come into ! cell>4 ,if ! f\ndation at t dep? does n prove good1 y mu/ ei!r g d[n to a bett] if 9 y\r rea*1 or make x good by a plat=m ( wood or piles1 or bo?4 #dbc4 ,q4--,^! directions ref] to ! f\ndations8 ,a44--,yes2 b ,i w n[ proce$ to ! o!r p>ts4 ,)9 ! h\se1 l[ walls mu/ be built to c>ry ! cyl9d] beams1 s z to leave suffici5t room to come at ! hold+ d[n bolts1 & ! ends ( ^! beams mu/ also be lodg$ 9 ! wall ,! lev] wall mu/ be built 9 ! firme/ mann]1 & run solid1 c\rse by c\rse1 ) ?9 lime mort>1 c>e be+ tak5 t ! lime has n be5 long slak$4 ,if ! h\se be built ( /one1 let ! /ones be l>ge & long1 & let _m head]s be laid ?r\gh ! wall3 x %\ld also be a rule1 t e /one be laid on ! broade/ b$ x has1 & nev] set on its edge4 ,a c\rse or two above ! l9tel ( ! door t leads to ! cond5s]1 build into ! wall two p>allel flat ?9 b>s ( iron equally di/ant f ea* o!r1 & f ! outside & inside ( ! wall1 & rea*+ ! :ole bread? ( ! lev] wall4 ,ab\t a foot high] 9 ! wall1 lay at e f\r feet ( ! bread? ( ! front1 o!r b>s ( ! same k9d at "r angles to ! =m] c\rse1 & rea*+ q ?r\gh ! ?ickness ( ! wall2 & at ea* front corn] lay a long b> 9 ! middle ( ! side walls1 & rea*+ q ?r\gh ! front wall2 if ^! b>s are #aj feet or #ab feet long x w be suffici5t4 ,:5 ! h\se is built up ne>ly to ! bottom ( ! op5+ "u ! great beam ano!r d\ble c\rse ( b>s is to be built 91 z has be5 direct$4 ,at ! level ( ! upp] cyl9d] beams1 holes mu/ be left 9 ! walls = _! ends1 ) room to move !m lat]ally1 s t ! cyl9d] may be got 92 & small] holes mu/ be left q ?r\gh ! walls = ! introduction ( iron b>s1 :i* be+ firmly fa/5$ to ! cyl9d] beams at "o end1 & screw$ at ! o!r or out] end1 w s]ve1 by _! go+ ?r\gh bo? ! front & back walls1 to b9d ! h\se m firmly toge!r4 ,! spr+ beams or iron b>s fa/5$ to !m mu/ rea* q ?r\gh ! back wall1 & be key$ or screw$ up tight2 & !y mu/ be firmly fa/5$ to ! lev] wall on ea* side1 ei!r by iron b>s1 firm pieces ( wood1 or long /rong /ones1 rea*+ f> back into ! wall4 ,!y mu/ also be b$d$ solidly1 & ! residue ( ! op5+ mu/ be built up 9 ! firme/ mann]4 #dbd4 ,q4--,if !re be a defici5cy ( wat] = ! purpose ( cond5sation1 :at c\rse %\ld be pursu$8 ,a4--,if !re be no wat] 9 ! neighborhood t c be employ$ = ! purpose ( cond5sation1 x w be necess>y to make a pond1 dug 9 ! e>?1 = ! reception ( ! wat] deliv]$ by ! air pump1 to ! end t x may be cool$ & us$ aga9 = ! eng9e4 ,! pond may be ?ree or f\r feet deep1 & l9$ ) turf1 puddl$1 or o!rwise made wat] tight4 ,?r[+ up ! wat] into ! air 9 ! =m ( a jet to cool x1 has be5 f\nd detrim5tal2 z ! wat] is !n *>g$ ) air :i* vitiates ! vacuum4 #dbe4 ,q4--,h[ is ! pi/on ( a pump+ eng9e pack$8 ,a4--,to pack ! pi/on1 take sixty common-siz$ :ite or unt>r$ rope-y>ns1 & ) !m plait a gasket or flat rope z close & firm z possible1 tap]+ = eighte5 in*es at ea* end1 & long en\gh to g r\nd ! pi/on1 & ov]lapp$ = t l5g?2 coil ?is rope ! ?9 way z h>d z possible1 & beat x ) a sl$ge hamm] until its bread? answ]s ! place2 put x 9 & beat x d[n ) a wood5 drift & a h& mallet1 p\r "s melt$ tall[ all ar\nd1 !n pack 9 a lay] ( :ite oakum half an in* ?ick1 s t ! :ole pack+ may h ! dep? ( five to six in*es1 dep5d+ on ! size ( ! eng9e2 f9ally1 screw d[n ! junk r+4 ,! pack+ %\ld be beat solid1 b n too h>d1 o!rwise x w create s great a friction z to prev5t ! easy go+ ( ! eng9e4 ,abundance ( tall[ %\ld be all[$1 especially at fir/2 ! quantity requir$ w be less z ! cyl9d] gr[s smoo?4 ,9 "s ( ! m mod]n pump+ eng9es1 ! pi/on is provid$ ) metallic pack+1 consi/+ = ! mo/ "p ( a s+le r+ ) a tongue piece to break ! jo9t1 & pack$ beh9d ) hemp4 ,! upp] edge ( ! metallic r+ is %>p5$ away f ! inside s z to p]mit m conv5i5tly ! application ( hemp pack+ beh9d x2 & ! junk r+ is made mu* ! same z if no metallic pack+ 7 employ$4 #dbf4 ,q4--,w y expla9 ! mode ( putt+ ! eng9e into op]ation8 ,a4--,to set ! eng9e go+1 ! /eam mu/ be rais$ until ! pressure 9 ! /eam pipe is at lea/ equal to ?ree p\nds on ! squ>e in*2 & :5 ! cyl9d] jacket is fully w>m$1 & /eam issues freely f ! jacket cock1 op5 all ! valves or regulators2 ! /eam w !n =cibly bl[ out ! air or wat] conta9$ 9 ! eduction pipe1 & to get rid ( ! air 9 ! cyl9d]1 %ut ! /eam valve aft] hav+ bl[n ?r\gh ! eng9e = a few m9utes4 ,! cold wat] r\nd ! cond5s] w cond5se "s ( ! /eam conta9$ 9 ! eduction pipe1 & its place w be suppli$ by "s ( ! air f ! cyl9d]4 ,! /eam valve mu/ aga9 be op5$ to bl[ out t air1 & ! op]ation is to be repeat$ until ! air is all drawn out ( ! cyl9d]4 ,:5 t is ! case %ut all ! valves1 & obs]ve if ! vacuum gauge %[s a vacuum 9 ! cond5s]2 :5 !re is a vacuum equival5t to ?ree in*es ( m]cury1 op5 ! injection a v little1 & %ut x aga9 imm$iately2 & if ?is produces any consid]able vacuum1 op5 ! exhau/+ valve a v little way1 & ! injection at ! same "t4 ,if ! eng9e does n n[ comm5ce its motion1 x mu/ be bl[n ?r\gh aga9 until x moves4 ,if ! eng9e be lightly load$1 or if !re be no wat] 9 ! pumps1 ! ?rottle valve mu/ be kept ne>ly clos$1 & ! top & exhau/ion regulators mu/ be op5$ only a v little way1 else ! eng9e w make its /roke ) viol5ce1 & p]haps d mis*ief4 ,if !re is mu* unbalanc$ weight on ! pump end1 ! plug :i* op5s ! /eam valve mu/ be s regulat$1 t ! valve w only be op5$ v slightly2 & if aft] a few /rokes x is f\nd t ! eng9e goes out too sl[ly1 ! valve may be !n s adju/$ z to op5 wid]4 ,! eng9e %\ld always be made to "w full /roke1 t is1 until ! cat* p9s be made to come )9 half an in* ( ! spr+s at ea* end1 & ! pi/on %\ld /& high en\gh 9 ! cyl9d] :5 ! eng9e is at re/1 to spill ov] into ! p]p5dicul> /eam pipe any wat] :i* may be cond5s$ above x2 = if wat] rema9 ^u ! pi/on1 x w increase ! consumption ( /eam4 ,:5 ! eng9e is to be /opp$1 %ut ! injection valve & secure x1 & adju/ ! tappets s z to prev5t ! exhau/+ valve f op5+ & to all[ ! /eam valve to op5 & rema9 op51 o!rwise a p>tial vacuum may arise 9 ! cyl9d]1 & x may be fill$ ) wat] f ! injection or f leaks4 ,a s+le act+ eng9e1 :5 x is 9 good ord]1 ought to be capable ( go+ z sl[ z "o /roke 9 t5 m9utes1 & z fa/ z t5 /rokes 9 "o m9ute2 & if x does n fulfil ^! conditions1 !re is "s fault :i* %\ld be asc]ta9$ & rem$i$4 #dbg4 ,q4--,y\r explanation has ref]5ce to ! pump+ eng9e z introduc$ into ,cornwall by ,watt3 h any modifications be5 s9ce made ^u x8 ,a4--,9 ! mod]n ,corni% eng9es ! /eam is us$ v expansively1 & a high pressure ( /eam is employ$4 ,9 "s cases a d\ble cyl9d] eng9e is us$1 9 :i* ! /eam1 aft] hav+ giv5 motion to a small pi/on on ! pr9ciple ( a high pressure eng9e1 passes into a l>g] cyl9d]1 :]e x op]ates on ! pr9ciple ( a cond5s+ eng9e2 b !re is no sup]ior effect ga9$ by ! use ( two cyl9d]s1 & !re is great] complexity 9 ! app>atus4 ,in/ead ( ! lev] walls1 ca/ iron columns are n[ frequ5tly us$ = support+ ! ma9 beam 9 pump+ eng9es1 & ! cyl9d] end ( ! ma9 beam is g5]ally made long] ?an ! pump end 9 eng9es made 9 ,cornwall1 s z to enable ! cyl9d] to h a long /roke1 & ! pi/on to move quickly1 )\t communicat+ su* a velocity to ! pump buckets z w make !m "w ) su* a %ock z to we> !mselves out quickly4 ,a high pressure ( /eam1 too1 c be employ$ :]e ! /roke is long1 )\t involv+ ! necessity ( mak+ ! work+ p>ts ( su* l>ge dim5sions z w\ld o!rwise be necess>y2 = ! /r5g? ( ! p>ts ( a s+le act+ eng9e w require to be mu* ! same1 :atev] ! l5g? ( ! /roke may be4 #dbh4 ,q4--,:at k9d ( pump is mo/ly us$ 9 dra9+ deep m9es8 ,a4--,! pump n[ univ]sally pref]r$ is ! plung] pump1 :i* admits ( be+ pack$ or tight5$ :ile ! eng9e is at "w2 b ! l[e/ lift ( a m9e is g5]ally suppli$ ) a pump on ! suction pr9ciple1 bo? ) ! view ( enabl+ ! l[e/ pipe to foll[ ! wat] ) facility z ! %aft is sunk deep]1 & to obviate ! inconv5i5ce ( ! valves ( ! pump be+ r5d]$ inaccessible by any flood+ 9 ! m9e4 ,! pump valves ( deep m9es are a p]petual s\rce ( exp5se & tr\ble1 z f ! pressure ( wat] ^u !m x is difficult to prev5t !m f clos+ ) viol5ce2 & _m exp$i5ts h be5 contriv$ to mitigate ! evil1 ( :i* ! valve kn[n z ,h>vey & ,we/'s valve has p]haps ga9$ ! wide/ acceptation4 #dbi4 ,q4--,w y describe ,h>vey & ,we/'s pump valve8 ,a4--,?is valve is a compromise betwe5 ! equilibrium valve1 ( ! k9d employ$ = admitt+ ! /eam to & f ! cyl9d] 9 s+le act+ eng9es1 & ! common sp9dle valve =m]ly us$ = t purpose2 & to compreh5d its action1 x is necess>y t ! action ( ! equilibrium valve1 :i* has be5 already repres5t$ fig4 #cd1 %\ld fir/ be und]/ood4 ,?is valve consi/s sub/antially ( a cyl9d] op5 at bo? ends1 & capable ( slid+ ^u a /ation>y pi/on fix$ ^u a rod ! l5g? ( ! cyl9d]1 :i* proce$s f ! c5tre ( ! orifice ! valve is int5d$ to close4 ,x is cle>1 t :5 ! cyl9d] is press$ d[n until its edge re/s ^u ! bottom ( ! box conta9+ x1 ! orifice ( ! pipe mu/ be clos$1 z ! /eam c nei!r escape pa/ ! edge ( ! cyl9d] nor betwe5 ! cyl9d] & ! pi/on2 & x is equally cle>1 t z ! pressure ^u ! cyl9d] is equal all ar\nd x1 & ! :ole ( ! d[nw>d pressure is ma9ta9$ by ! /ation>y pi/on1 ! cyl9d] c be rais$ or l[]$ )\t any fur!r ex]tion ( =ce ?an is necess>y to ov]come ! friction ( ! pi/on & ( ! rod by :i* ! cyl9d] is rais$4 ,in/ead ( ! rubb+ surface ( a pi/on1 h[ev]1 a conical valve face betwe5 ! cyl9d] & pi/on is employ$1 :i* is tight only :5 ! cyl9d] is 9 its l[e/ position2 & !re is a simil> face betwe51 ! edge ( ! cyl9d] & ! bottom ( ! box 9 :i* x is plac$4 ,! mov+ "p ( ! valve1 too1 in/ead ( be+ a p]fect cyl9d]1 is bulg$ outw>d 9 ! middle1 s z to p]mit ! /eam to escape pa/ ! /ation>y pi/on :5 ! cyl9drical "p ( ! valve is rais$4 ,x is cle>1 t if su* a valve 7 appli$ to a pump1 no pressure ( wat] )9 ! pump w\ld suffice to op5 x1 nei!r w\ld any pressure ( wat] above ! valve cause x to %ut ) viol5ce2 & if an equilibrium valve1 !re=e1 be us$ z a pump valve at all1 x mu/ be op5$ & %ut by me*anical means4 ,9 ,h>vey & ,we/'s valves1 h[ev]1 ! equilibrium pr9ciple is only p>tially adopt$2 ! l[] face is consid]ably l>g] 9 diamet] ?an ! upp] face1 & ! diff]5ce con/itutes an annulus ( pressure1 :i* w cause ! valve to op5 or %ut ) ! same =ce z a sp9dle valve ( ! area ( ! annulus4 ,to dead5 ! %ock /ill m effectually1 ! l[] face ( ! valve is made to /rike ^u end wood driv5 into an annul> recess 9 ! pump bucket2 & valves ?us con/ruct$ "w ) v little noise or tremor2 b x is f\nd 9 practice1 t ! use ( ,h>vey & ,we/'s valve1 or any contrivance ( a simil> k9d1 adds mat]ially to ! load ^u ! pump1 especially 9 l[ lifts :]e ! addition ( a load1 to ! valve makes a mat]ial addition to ! total resi/ance :i* ! eng9e has to ov]come4 ,in/ead ( end wood driv5 into a recess = ! valve to /rike ^u1 a mixture ( t9 & lead ca/ 9 a recess is n[ frequ5tly us$1 & is f\nd to be pref]able to ! wood4 #dcj4 ,q4--,is !re any o!r k9d ( pump valve :i* is free f ! %ocks incid5tal to ! work+ ( common valves8 ,a4--,9 "s cases canvass valves are us$ = pumps1 ) ! effect ( mat]ially mitigat+ ! %ock2 b !y require frequ5t r5ewal1 & are ( inf]ior eligibility 9 _! action to ! slide valve1 :i* might 9 _m cases be appli$ to pumps )\t inconv5i5ce4 #dca4 ,q4--,c\ld n a =m ( pump be devis$ capable ( work+ )\t valves at all8 ,a44--,x appe>s probable1 t by work+ a common reciprocat+ pump at a high spe$1 a cont9u\s fl[ ( wat] might be ma9ta9$ ?r\gh ! pipes 9 su* a way z to r5d] ! exi/5ce ( any valves sup]flu\s aft] once ! action 0 begun1 ! mom5tum ( ! mov+ wat] act+ 9 fact z valves4 ,! c5trifugal pump1 h[ev]1 ?reat5s to sup]s$e pumps ( e o!r k9d2 & if ! c5trifugal pump be employ$ !re w be no necessity = pump valves at all4 ,!re is less loss ( effect by ! c5trifugal pump ?an by ! common pump4 #dcb4 ,q4--,:at is ! be/ =m ( ! c5trifugal pump8 ,a4--,!re are two =ms 9 :i* ! c5trifugal pump may be appli$ to m9es2--t 9 :i* ! arms div]ge f ! bottom1 l ! lett] ,v2 & t 9 :i* revolv+ arms are set 9 a tight case ne> ! bottom ( ! m9e1 & are turn$ by a %aft f ! surface4 ,su* pumps bo? draw & =ce2 & ei!r by arrang+ !m 9 a succession ( lifts 9 ! %aft ( ! m9e1 or o!rwise1 ! wat] may be drawn )\t inconv5i5ce f any dep?4 ,! introduction ( ! c5trifugal pump w\ld obvi\sly ext+ui% ! s+le act+ eng9e1 z rotative eng9es work+ at a high spe$ w\ld be ! mo/ appropriate =m ( eng9e :]e ! c5trifugal pump 0 employ$4 #dcc4 ,q4--,?is w\ld n be a heavy deprivation8 ,a4--,! s+le act+ eng9e is a remnant ( eng9e]+ b>b>ism :i* mu/ n[ be sup]s$$ by m comp5di\s contrivances4 ,! ,corni% eng9es1 ?\gh rudely manufactur$1 are v exp5sive 9 production1 z a l>ge eng9e does b little "w2 :]eas by employ+ a small] eng9e1 mov+ ) a high spe$1 ! dim5sions may be s f> dim9i%$ t ! mo/ ref9$ ma*9]y may be obta9$ at less ?an ! pres5t co/4 #dcd4 ,q4--,are n ! ,corni% eng9es m economical 9 fuel ?an o!r eng9es8 ,a4--,x is a mi/ake to suppose t !re is any peculi> virtue 9 ! exi/+ =m ( ,corni% eng9e to make x economical 9 fuel1 or t a less le?>gic eng9e w\ld necess>ily be less effici5t4 ,! l>ge duty ( ! eng9es 9 ,cornwall is traceable to ! l>ge employm5t ( ! pr9ciple ( expansion1 & to a few o!r causes :i* may be made ( q z decisive efficacy 9 small] eng9es work+ ) a quick] spe$2 & !re is !re=e no argum5t 9 ! p]=mance ( ! pres5t eng9es aga9/ ! propos$ sub/itution4 ,,v>i\s ,,=ms ,,( ,,m>9e ,,eng9es4 #dce4 ,q4--,:at species ( paddle eng9e d y consid] to be ! be/8 ,a4--,! oscillat+ eng9e4 #dcf4 ,q4--,w y expla9 ! gr\nds ( t pref]5ce8 ,a4--,! eng9e occupies little space1 consi/s ( few p>ts1 is easily accessible = repairs1 & may be bo? light & /rong at ! same "t4 ,9 ! case ( l>ge eng9es ! crank 9 ! int]m$iate %aft is a disadvantage1 z x is difficult to obta9 su* a =g+ q s\nd4 ,b by =g+ x 9 ?ree crank$ flat b>s1 :i* are !n laid toge!r & weld$ into a squ>e %aft1 a s\nd =g+ w be m probable1 & ! b>s %\ld be r\nd$ a little on ! sides :i* are weld$ to all[ ! scoriae to escape dur+ t op]ation4 ,x is important 9 s l>ge a =g+ n to let ! fire be too fi]ce1 else ! surface ( ! iron w be burnt be=e ! he>t is br\ght to a weld+ heat4 ,9 "s cases 9 oscillat+ eng9es ! air pump has be5 wr\ght by an ecc5tric1 & t may at any "t be done :]e d\bt ( obta9+ a s\nd int]m$iate %aft is ent]ta9$2 b ! precaution mu/ be tak5 to make ! ecc5tric v wide s z to di/ribute ! pressure ov] a l>ge surface1 else ! ecc5tric w be apt to heat4 #dcg4 ,q4--,h n objections be5 br\ght aga9/ ! oscillat+ eng9e8 ,a4--,9 common ) e o!r improvem5t1 ! oscillat+ eng9e1 at ! "t ( its introduction1 enc\nt]$ mu* opposition4 ,! cyl9d]1 x 0 said1 w\ld become oval1 ! trunnion be>+s w\ld be liable to heat & ! trunnion jo9ts to leak1 ! /ra9 ^u ! trunnions w\ld be apt to b5d 9 or b5d out ! sides ( ! cyl9d]2 & ! circum/ance ( ! cyl9d] be+ fix$ across its c5tre1 :ile ! %aft requires to accommodate itself to ! work+ ( ! %ip1 might1 x 0 ?\ght1 be ! occasion ( su* a /ra9 ^u ! trunnions z w\ld ei!r break !m or b5d ! pi/on rod4 ,x is a suffici5t reply to ^! objections to say t !y are all hypo!tical1 & t none ( !m 9 practice h be5 f\nd to exi/--to su* an ext5t at lea/ z to occasion any inconv5i5ce2 b x is n difficult to %[ t !y are altoge!r unsub/antial1 ev5 )\t a rec\rse to ! dispro(s af=d$ by exp]i5ce4 #dch4 ,q4--,is !re n a liability 9 ! cyl9d] to become oval f ! /ra9 ?r[n on x by ! pi/on8 ,a4--,!re is1 no d\bt1 a t5d5cy 9 oscillat+ eng9es = ! cyl9d] & ! /uff+ box to become oval1 b aft] a numb] ( ye>s' we> x is f\nd t ! am\nt ( ellipticity is less ?an t :i* is f\nd to exi/ 9 ! cyl9d]s ( side lev] eng9es aft] a simil> trial4 ,! resi/ance oppos$ by friction to ! oscillation ( ! cyl9d] is s small1 t a man is capable ( mov+ a l>ge cyl9d] ) "o h&2 :]eas 9 ! side lev] eng9e1 if ! p>allel motion be 9 ! lea/ untrue1 :i* is1 at "s "t or o!r1 an almo/ inevitable condition1 ! pi/on is pu%$ ) great =ce aga9/ ! side ( ! cyl9d]1 :]eby a l>ge am\nt ( we> & friction is occasion$4 ,! trunnion be>+s1 in/ead ( be+ liable to heat l o!r j\rnals1 are kept d[n to ! temp]ature ( ! /eam by ! fl[ ( /eam pass+ ?r\gh !m2 & ! trunnion pack+s are n liable to leak :5 ! pack+s1 be=e be+ introduc$1 are squeez$ 9 a cyl9drical m\ld4 #dci4 ,q4--,might n ! eduction trunnions be imm]s$ 9 wat]8 ,a4--,9 "s cases a holl[1 or lant]n brass1 ab\t "o ?ird or "o f\r? ! l5g? ( ! pack+ space1 & suppli$ ) /eam or wat] by a pipe1 is introduc$ 9 ! middle ( ! pack+1 s t if !re be any leakage ?r\gh ! trunnion1 x w be a leakage ( /eam or wat]1 :i* w n vitiate ! vacuum2 b 9 ord9>y cases ?is device w n be necess>y1 & x is n commonly employ$4 ,x is cle> t !re c be no buckl+ ( ! sides ( ! cyl9d] by ! /ra9 ^u ! trunnions1 if ! cyl9d] be made /rong en\gh1 & 9 cyl9d]s ( ! ord9>y ?ickness su* an action has nev] be5 exp]i5c$2 nor is x ! fact1 t ! int]m$iate %aft ( /eam vessels1 to :i* "p alone ! motion is communicat$ by ! eng9e1 requires to adapt itself to ! alt]+ =ms ( ! vessel1 z ! eng9e & int]m$iate %aft are rigidly connect$1 al?\gh ! paddle %aft requires to be capable ( su* an adaptation4 ,ev5 if ?is objection exi/$1 h[ev]1 x c\ld easily be met by mak+ ! crank p9 ( ! ball & socket fa%ion1 :i* w\ld p]mit ! position ( ! int]m$iate %aft1 relatively ) t ( ! cyl9d]1 to be slightly *ang$1 )\t ?r[+ an undue /ra9 ^u any ( ! work+ p>ts4 #ddj4 ,q4--,is ! trunk eng9e inf]ior to ! oscillat+8 ,a4--,a v elegant & effici5t arrangem5t ( trunk eng9e suitable = paddle vessels has latt]ly be5 employ$ by ,messrs4 ,r5nie1 ( :i* all ! p>ts resemble ^? ( ,p5n's oscillat+ eng9e except t ! cyl9d]s are /ation>y in/ead ( be+ movable2 & a r\nd trunk or pipe set ^u ! pi/on1 & mov+ /eam tight ?r\gh ! cyl9d] cov]1 enables ! connect+ rod :i* is fix$ to ! pi/on to vibrate )9 x to ! requisite ext5t4 ,b ! vice ( all trunk eng9es is t !y are necess>ily m wa/eful ( /eam1 z ! l>ge mass ( metal ent]+ into ! composition ( ! trunk1 mov+ z x does alt]nately into ! atmosph]e & ! /eam1 mu/ cool & cond5se a "p ( ! /eam4 ,! radiation ( heat f ! int]ior ( ! trunk w h ! same op]ation1 ?\gh 9 v]tical trunk eng9es ! loss f ?is cause might probably be r$uc$ by fill+ ! trunk ) oil1 s f> z ?is c\ld be done )\t ! oil be+ spilt ov] ! edge4 #dda4 ,q4--,:at species ( screw eng9e d y consid] ! be/8 ,a4--,i am incl9$ to give ! pref]5ce to a v>iety ( ! horizontal /eeple eng9e1 su* z 0 fir/ us$ 9 ,h4,m4,s4 ,amphion4 ,9 ?is eng9e ! cyl9d]s lie on _! sides1 & !y are plac$ ne> ! side ( ! vessel ) _! m\?s po9t+ to ! keel4 ,f ea* cyl9d] two long pi/on rods proce$ across ! vessel to a cross head work+ 9 guides2 & f ?is cross head a connect+ rod returns back to ! c5tre ( ! vessel & gives motion to ! crank4 ,! pi/on rods are s plac$ 9 ! pi/on t "o ( !m passes above ! crank %aft1 & ! o!r bel[ ! crank %aft4 ,! cross head lies 9 ! same horizontal plane z ! c5tre ( ! cyl9d]1 & a lug projects upw>ds f ! cross head to engage "o pi/on rod1 & d[nw>ds f ! cross head to engage ! o!r pi/on rod4 ,! air pump is d\ble act+1 & its pi/on or bucket has ! same /roke z ! pi/on ( ! eng9e4 ,! air pump bucket d]ives its motion f an arm on ! cross head1 & a simil> arm is usually employ$ 9 eng9es ( ?is class to "w ! fe$ & bilge pumps4 #ddb4 ,q4--,is n inconv5i5ce exp]i5c$ 9 direct act+ screw eng9es f ! great velocity ( _! motion8 ,a4--,n if !y are prop]ly con/ruct$2 b !y require to be mu* /rong]1 to be fitt$ ) m c>e1 & to h ! be>+ surfaces mu* l>g] ?an is necess>y 9 eng9es mov+ sl[ly4 ,! mom5tum ( ! reciprocat+ p>ts %\ld also be balanc$ by a weight appli$ to ! crank or crank %aft1 z is done 9 locomotives4 ,a v conv5i5t arrangem5t = obta9+ surface is to =m ! crank ( ea* eng9e ( two ca/ iron discs ca/ ) heavy sides1 ! excess ( weight ^u ! heavy sides be+ ne>ly equal to t ( ! pi/on & its connections4 ,:5 ! pi/on is travell+ 9 "o direction ! weights are travell+ 9 ! opposite2 & ! mom5tum ( ! pi/on & its atta*m5ts1 :i* is arre/$ at ea* reciprocation1 is j balanc$ by ! equal & opposite mom5tum ( ! weights4 ,"o advantage ( ! horizontal eng9e is1 t a s+le eng9e may be employ$1 :]eby great] simplicity ( ! ma*9]y & great] economy ( fuel w be obta9$1 s9ce !re w be less radiat+ surface 9 "o cyl9d] ?an 9 two4 ,,cyl9d]s1 ,,pi/ons1 ,,& ,,valves1 #ddc4 ,q4--,is x a b5eficial practice to make cyl9d]s ) /eam jackets8 ,a4--,9 ,cornwall1 :]e great att5tion is paid to economy ( fuel1 all ! eng9es are made ) /eam jackets1 & 9 "s cases a flue w9ds spirally r\nd ! cyl9d]1 = keep+ ! /eam hot4 ,mr4 ,watt1 9 8 e>ly practice1 disc>d$ ! /eam jacket = a "t1 b resum$ x aga91 z he f\nd its discont9uance occasion$ a p]ceptible wa/e ( fuel2 & 9 mod]n eng9es x has be5 f\nd t :]e a jacket is us$ less coal is consum$ ?an :]e ! use ( a jacket is reject$4 ,! cause ( ?is dim9i%$ effect is n ( v easy p]ception1 = ! jacket exposes a l>g] radiat+ surface = ! escape ( ! heat ?an ! cyl9d]2 nev]!less1 ! fact has be5 e/abli%$ beyond d\bt by repeat$ trials1 t eng9es provid$ ) a jacket are m economical ?an eng9es )\t "o4 ,! ext]ior ( ! cyl9d]1 or jacket1 %\ld be cov]$ ) sev]al plies ( felt1 & !n be cas$ 9 timb]1 :i* mu/ be v n>r[1 ! bo>ds be+ fir/ dri$ 9 a /ove1 & !n b\nd r\nd ! cyl9d] ) hoops1 l ! /aves ( a cask4 ,9 _m ( ! ,corni% eng9es ! /eam is let into cas+s =m$ 9 ! cyl9d] cov] & cyl9d] bottom1 = ! fur!r economisation ( ! heat1 & ! cyl9d] /uff+ box is made v deep1 & a lant]n or holl[ brass is introduc$ into ! c5tre ( ! pack+1 into :i* brass ! /eam ga9s admission by a pipe provid$ = ! purpose2 s t 9 ! ev5t ( ! pack+ becom+ leaky1 x w be /eam t w be leak$ into ! cyl9d] in/ead ( air1 :i*1 be+ incond5sable1 w\ld impair ! effici5cy ( ! eng9e4 ,a lant]n brass1 ( a simil> k9d1 is sometimes introduc$ into ! /uff+ boxes ( oscillat+ eng9es1 b its use !re is to receive ! lat]al pressure ( ! pi/on rod1 & ?us take any /ra9 (f ! pack+4 #ddd4 ,q4--,w y expla9 ! prop] c\rse to pursue 9 ! production ( cyl9d]s8 ,a4--,9 all eng9es ! valve cas+1 if made 9 a sep>ate piece f ! cyl9d]1 %\ld be atta*$ by means ( a metallic jo9t1 z su* a b>b>ism z a ru/ jo9t 9 su* situations is no long] p]missible4 ,9 ! case ( l>ge eng9es ) valve cas+s suitable = long slides1 an expansion jo9t 9 ! valve cas+ %\ld inv>iably be ins]t$1 o!rwise ! /eam1 by ga9+ admission to ! valve cas+ be=e x c ent] ! cyl9d]1 exp&s ! cas+ :ile ! cyl9d] rema9s unalt]$ 9 its dim5sions1 & ! jo9ts are damag$1 & 9 "s cases ! cyl9d] is crack$ by ! great /ra9 ?us introduc$4 ,! *e/ ( ! bl[-?r\gh valve is v commonly ca/ ^u ! valve cas+2 & 9 eng9es :]e ! cyl9d]s are /ation>y ?is is ! mo/ conv5i5t practice4 ,all eng9es1 :]e ! valve is n ( su* a con/ruction z to leave ! face :5 a pressure exce$+ t ( ! /eam is creat$ 9 ! cyl9d] by prim+ or o!rwise1 %\ld be provid$ ) an escape valve to let out ! wat]1 & su* valve %\ld be s con/ruct$ t ! wat] _c fly out ) viol5ce ov] ! att5dants2 b x %\ld be conduct$ away by a suitable pipe1 to a place :]e its dis*>ge c occasion no inconv5i5ce4 ,! /uff+ boxes ( all eng9es :i* _c be /opp$ frequ5tly to be repack$1 %\ld be made v deep2 metallic pack+ 9 ! /uff+ box has be5 us$ 9 "s eng9es1 consi/+ 9 mo/ in/ances ( "o or m r+s1 cut1 sprung1 & slipp$ ^u ! pi/on rod be=e ! cross head is put on1 & pack$ ) hemp beh9d4 ,?is species ( pack+ answ]s v well :5 ! p>allel motion is true1 & ! pi/on rod free f scrat*es1 & x accompli%es a mat]ial sav+ ( tall[4 ,9 "s cases a piece ( %eet brass1 pack$ beh9d ) hemp1 has be5 introduc$ ) good effect1 a flange be+ turn$ ov] on ! "u edge ( ! brass to prev5t x f slipp+ up or d[n ) ! motion ( ! rod4 ,! %eet brass spe$ily puts an excell5t poli% ^u ! rod1 & su* a pack+ is m easily kept1 & requires less tall[ ?an :]e hemp alone is employ$4 ,9 side lev] m>9e eng9es ! atta*m5ts ( ! cyl9d] to ! diagonal /ay are g5]ally made ( too small an area1 & ! flanges are made too ?ick4 ,a v ?ick flange ca/ on any "p ( a cyl9d] endang]s ! s\ndness ( ! cyl9d]1 by induc+ an unequal contraction ( ! metal2 & x is a pref]able c\rse to make ! flange = ! atta*m5t or ! fram+ ?91 & ! surface l>ge--! bolts be+ turn$ bolts & nicely fitt$4 ,if f mal=mation 9 ?is "p ! fram+ works to an inconv5i5t ext5t1 ! be/ exp$i5t appe>s to be ! introduction ( a numb] ( /eel tap]$ bolts1 ! holes hav+ be5 previ\sly bor$ out2 & if ! flanges be ?ick en\gh1 squ>e keys may also be introduc$1 half into "o flange & half into ! o!r1 s z to receive ! /ra94 ,if ! jaw cracks or breaks away1 h[ev]1 x w be be/ to apply a malleable iron hoop ar\nd ! cyl9d] to take ! /ra91 & ?is w 9 all cases be ! pref]able exp$i5t1 :]e f any peculi>ities ( /ructure !re is a difficulty 9 introduc+ bolts & keys ( suffici5t /r5g?4 #dde4 ,q4--,:i* is ! mo/ eligible species ( pi/on8 ,a4--,= l>ge eng9es1 pi/ons ) a metallic pack+1 consi/+ ( a s+le r+1 ) ! ends mortic$ into "o ano!r1 & a piece ( metal let 9 flu% ov] ! jo9t & rivet$ to "o end ( ! r+1 appe>s to be ! be/ species ( pi/on2 & if ! cyl9d] be oscillat+1 x w be exp$i5t to *amf] (f ! upp] edge ( ! r+ on ! inn] side1 & to pack x at ! back ) hemp4 ,if ! cyl9d] be a /ation>y "o1 spr+s may be sub/itut$ = ! hemp pack+1 b 9 any case x w be exp$i5t to make ! v]tical jo9ts ( ! ends ( ! r+ run a little obliquely1 s z to prev5t ! jo9t =m+ a ridge 9 ! cyl9d]4 ,= small pi/ons two r+s may be employ$1 made some:at ecc5tric int]nally to give a great] ?ickness ( metal 9 ! c5tre ( ! r+2 ^! r+s mu/ be set "o above ! o!r 9 ! cyl9d]1 & ! jo9ts1 :i* are oblique1 mu/ be set at "r angles ) "o ano!r1 s z to obviate any disposition ( ! r+s1 9 _! expansion1 to we> ! cyl9d] oval4 ,! r+s mu/ fir/ be turn$ a little l>g] ?an ! diamet] ( ! cyl9d]1 & a piece is !n to be cut out1 s t :5 ! ends are br\ght toge!r ! r+ w j ent] )9 ! cyl9d]4 ,! r+1 :ile reta9$ 9 a /ate ( compression1 is !n to be put 9 ! la! & turn$ v truly1 & f9ally x is to be hamm]$ on ! inside ) ! small end ( ! hamm]1 to exp& ! metal1 & ?us increase ! ela/icity4 #ddf4 ,q4--,! r+s %\ld be c>efully fitt$ to "o ano!r lat]ally8 ,a4--,! r+s are to be fitt$ lat]ally to ! pi/on1 & to "o ano!r1 by scrap+--a /eady p9 be+ fix$ ^u ! flange ( ! pi/on1 & fitt+ into a correspond+ hole 9 ! l[] r+1 to keep ! l[] r+ f turn+ r\nd2 & a simil> p9 be+ fix$ into ! top edge ( ! l[] r+ to prev5t ! upp] r+ f turn+ r\nd2 b ! holes into :i* ^! p9s fit mu/ be made oblong1 to enable ! r+s to press outw>d z ! rubb+ surfaces we>4 ,9 mo/ cases x w be exp$i5t to press ! pack+ r+s out ) spr+s :]e !y are n pack$ beh9d ) hemp1 & ! spr+s %\ld be made v /rong1 z ! prevail+ fault ( spr+s is _! weakness4 ,sometimes %ort b5t spr+s1 set r\nd at regul> int]vals betwe5 ! pack+ r+s & body ( ! pi/on1 are employ$1 ! c5tre ( ea* spr+ be+ secur$ by a /eady p9 or bolt screw$ into ! side ( ! pi/on2 b x w n signify mu* :at k9d ( spr+s is us$1 provid$ !y h suffici5t t5sion4 ,:5 pi/ons are made ( a s+le r+1 or ( a succession ( s+le r+s1 ! /r5g? ( ea* r+ %\ld be te/$ previ\sly to its introduction into ! pi/on1 by means ( a lev] load$ by a heavy weight4 #ddg4 ,q4--,:at k9d ( pi/on is employ$ by ,messrs4 ,p5n8 ,a4--,messrs4 ,p5n's pi/on = oscillat+ eng9es has a s+le pack+ r+1 ) a tongue piece1 or mortice end1 made 9 ! mann] already describ$4 ,! r+ is pack$ beh9d ) hemp pack+1 & ! piece ( metal :i* cov]s ! jo9t is a piece ( ?ick %eet copp] or brass1 & is ind5t$ into ! iron ( ! r+1 s z to (f] no ob/ruction to ! application ( ! hemp4 ,! r+ is fitt$ to ! pi/on only on ! "u edge2 ! top edge is r\nd$ to a po9t f ! inside1 & ! junk r+ does n be> ^u x1 b ! junk r+ squeezes d[n ! hemp pack+ betwe5 ! pack+ r+ & ! body ( ! pi/on4 #ddh4 ,q4--,h[ %\ld ! pi/on rod be secur$ to ! pi/on8 ,a4--,! pi/on rod1 :]e x fits into ! pi/on1 %\ld h a good deal ( tap]2 = if ! tap] be too small ! rod w be drawn ?r\gh ! hole1 & ! pi/on w be split asund]4 ,small grooves are sometimes turn$ out ( ! pi/on rod above & bel[ ! cutt] hole1 & hemp is introduc$ 9 ord] to make ! pi/on eye tight4 ,mo/ pi/on rods are fix$ to ! pi/on by means ( a gib & cutt]1 b 9 "s cases ! upp] portion ( ! rod )9 ! eye is screw$1 & x is fix$ into ! pi/on by means ( an ind5t$ nut4 ,?is nut is 9 "s cases hexagonal1 & 9 o!r cases ! ext]ior =ms a portion ( a cone :i* completely fills a correspond+ recess 9 ! pi/on2 b nuts made 9 ?is way become ru/$ into _! seat aft] "s "t1 & _c be />t$ aga9 )\t mu* difficulty4 ,messrs4 ,mill]1 ,rav5hill ,co4 fix 9 _! pi/on rods by means ( an ind5t$ hexagonal nut1 :i* may be />t$ by means ( an op5 box key4 ,! ?read ( ! screw is made flat ^u ! "o side & mu* slant$ on ! o!r1 :]eby a great] /r5g? is secur$1 )\t creat+ any disposition to split ! nut4 ,9 side lev] eng9es x is a judici\s practice to add a nut to ! top ( ! pi/on rod1 9 addition to ! cutt] = secur+ ! pi/on rod to ! cross head4 ,9 a good example ( an eng9e ?us provid$1 ! pi/on rod is #g 94 9 diamet]1 & ! screw #e 942 ! "p ( ! rod :i* fits into ! cross head eye is #a ft4 #e-a_/b 94 long1 & tap]s f #f-a_/b 94 to #f-ac_/af 94 diamet]4 ,?is proportion ( tap] is a good "o2 if ! tap] be less1 or if a portion ( ! pi/on rod )9 ! cross head eye be left untap]$1 z is sometimes ! case1 x is v difficult to deta* ! p>ts f "o ano!r4 #ddi4 ,q4--,:i* is ! mo/ b5eficial con/ruction ( slide valve8 ,a4--,! be/ con/ruction ( slide valve appe>s to be t adopt$ by ,messrs4 ,p5n = _! l>g] eng9es1 & :i* consi/s ( a ?ree port$ valve1 to ! back ( :i* a r+ is appli$ ( an area equal to t ( exhau/ion port1 & :i*1 by be>+ /eam tight aga9/ ! back ( ! cas+1 s t a vacuum may be ma9ta9$ )9 ! r+1 puts ! valve 9 equilibrium1 s t x may be mov$ ) an inconsid]able ex]cise ( =ce4 ,! back ( ! valve cas+ is put on l a door1 & its int]nal surface is made v true by scrap+4 ,!re is a hole ?r\gh ! valve s z to conduct away any /eam :i* may ent] )9 ! r+ by leakage1 & ! r+ is kept tight aga9/ ! back ( ! cas+ by means ( a r+ situat$ b5ea? ! be>+ r+1 provid$ ) f\r lugs1 ?r\gh :i* bolts pass tapp$ into bosses on ! back ( ! valve2 &1 by unscrew+ ^! bolts1--:i* may be done by means ( a box key :i* passes ?r\gh holes 9 ! cas+ clos$ ) screw$ plugs1--! l[] r+ is rais$ upw>ds1 c>ry+ ! be>+ r+ be=e x4 ,! r+s mu/ obvi\sly be fitt$ ov] a boss ^u ! back ( ! valve2 & betwe5 ! r+s1 :i* are ( brass1 a gasket r+ is int]pos$ to comp5sate by its compressibility = any irregul>ity ( pressure1 & ea* ( ! bolts is provid$ ) a rat*et coll> to prev5t x f turn+ back1 s t ! eng9e]1 9 tight5+ ^! bolts1 w h no difficulty 9 tight5+ !m equally1 if he c\nts ! numb] ( clicks made by ! rat*et4 ,:]e ?is species ( valve is us$1 x is indisp5sable t l>ge escape valves be appli$ to ! cyl9d]1 z a valve on ?is con/ruction is unable to leave ! face4 ,9 locomotive eng9es1 ! valve univ]sally employ$ is ! common ?ree port$ valve4 #dej4 ,q4--,might n an equilibrium valve be s con/ruct$ by ! int]position ( spr+s1 z to enable x to leave ! cyl9d] face :5 an int]nal =ce is appli$8 ,a4--,t c no d\bt be done1 & 9 "s eng9es has be5 done4 ,9 ! screw /eam] ,az(1 ! valve is ( ! equilibrium con/ruction1 b ! plate :i* c>ries ! pack+ on :i* ! top r+ re/s1 is an octagon1 & fits into an octagonal recess on ! back ( ! valve4 ,bel[ ea* side ( ! octagon !re is a b5t flat spr+1 :i* lifts up ! octagonal plate1 & ) x ! pack+ r+ aga9/ ! back ( ! valve cas+2 & %\ld wat] get into ! cyl9d]1 x escapes by lift+ ! valve1 :i* is r5d]$ possible by ! compressibility ( ! spr+s4 ,an equival5t arrangem5t is %[n 9 figs4 #ci & #dj1 :]e ! r+ is lift$ by spiral spr+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4 ,,equilibrium ,,gridiron ,,slide ,,valve4 ,longitud9al ,section4 ,scale #c_/d in* #a foot4 #dea4 ,q4--,:at species ( valve is t %[n 9 figs4 #ci & #dj8 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4 ,,equilibrium ,,gridiron ,,slide ,,valve4 ,back ,view ) ,r+ remov$4 ,scale #c_/d in* #a foot4 ,a4--,x is an equilibrium gridiron valve2 s call$ because x lets ! /eam 9 & out by m ?an "o port4 ,a ,a are ! ord9>y /eam passages to ! top & bottom ( ! cyl9d]2 ,b ,b is ! r+ :i* rubs aga9/ ! back ( ! valve cas+1 & ,d is ! eduction passage1 ,s ,s ,s ,s %[s ! limits ( ! /eam space1 = ! /eam p5etrates to ! c5tral *amb] ,s ,s by ! sides ( ! valve4 ,:5 ! valve is op5$ ^u ! /eam side1 ! cyl9d] receives /eam ?r\gh bo? ports at t end ( ! cyl9d]1 & bo? ports at ! o!r end ( ! cyl9d] are at ! same "t op5 to ! eduction4 ,! b5efit ( ?is species ( valve is1 t x gives ! same op5+ ( ! valve t is giv5 9 ord9>y eng9es1 ) half ! am\nt ( travel2 or if ?ree ports 7 made in/ead ( two1 !n x w\ld give ! same area ( op5+ t is giv5 9 common eng9es ) "o ?ird ! am\nt ( travel4 ,= direct act+ screw eng9es ?is species ( valve is n[ ext5sively us$4 #deb4 ,q4--,w y describe ! configuration & mode ( atta*m5t ( ! ecc5tric by :i* ! valve is mov$8 ,a4--,9 m>9e eng9es1 :e!r paddle or screw1 if mov+ at a sl[ rate ( spe$1 ! ecc5tric is g5]ally loose ^u ! %aft1 = ! purpose ( back+1 & is furni%$ ) a back balance & cat*es1 s t x may /& ei!r 9 ! position = go+ ahead1 or 9 t = go+ a/]n4 ,! body ( ! ecc5tric is ( ca/ iron1 & x is put on ! %aft 9 two pieces4 ,! halves are put toge!r ) rebat$ jo9ts to keep !m f sep>at+ lat]ally1 & !y are prev5t$ f slid+ out by r\nd /eel p9s1 ea* gr\nd into bo? halves2 squ>e keys w\ld probably be pref]able to r\nd p9s 9 ?is arrangem5t1 z ! p9s t5d to w$ge ! jaws ( ! ecc5tric asund]4 ,9 "s cases ! halves ( ! ecc5tric are bolt$ toge!r by means ( flanges1 :i* is1 p]haps1 ! pref]able practice4 ,! ecc5tric hoop 9 m>9e & l& eng9es is g5]ally ( brass2 x is exp$i5t to ca/ an oil cup on ! ecc5tric hoop1 &1 :]e practicable1 a pan %\ld be plac$ b5ea? ! ecc5tric = ! reception ( ! oil dropp+s4 ,! not* ( ! ecc5tric rod = ! reception ( ! p9 ( ! valve %aft is usually /eel$1 to prev5t inconv5i5t we>2 = :5 ! sides ( ! not* we>1 ! valve movem5t is n only di/urb$1 b x is v difficult to ?r[ ! ecc5tric rod out ( ge>4 ,x is f\nd to be pref]able1 h[ev]1 to fit ?is not* ) a brass bu%1 = ! we> is !n less rapid1 & x is an easy ?+ to replace ?is bu% ) ano!r :5 x becomes worn4 ,! ecc5tric cat*es ( ! k9d usually employ$ 9 m>9e eng9es1 sometimes break (f at ! fir/ bolt hole1 & x is pref]able to h a bolt 9 advance ( ! cat* face1 or to h a hoop encircl+ ! %aft ) ! cat*es weld$ on x1 ! hoop itself be+ fix$ by bolts or a key4 ,?is hoop may ei!r be put on be=e ! cranks 9 "o piece or aft]w>ds 9 two pieces4 #dec4 ,q4--,are su* ecc5trics us$ 9 direct act+ screw eng9es8 ,a4--,no2 direct act+ screw eng9es are usually fitt$ ) ! l9k motion & two fix$ ecc5trics4 ,,air ,,pump ,,& ,,cond5s]4 #ded4 ,q4--,:at are ! details ( ! air pump8 ,a4--,! air pump bucket & valves are all ( brass 9 mod]n m>9e eng9es1 & ! *amb] ( ! pump is l9$ ) copp]1 or made :olly ( brass1 :]eby a s+le bor+ suffices4 ,:5 a copp] l9+ is us$1 ! pump is fir/ bor$ out1 & a b5t %eet ( copp] is introduc$1 :i* is made accurately to fill ! place1 by hamm]+ ! copp] on ! inside4 ,air pump rods ( ,muntz's metal or copp] are mu* us$4 ,iron rods cov]$ ) brass are g5]ally wa/$ away :]e ! bottom cone fits into ! bucket eye1 & if ! cas+ be at all por\s1 ! wat] w ins9uate itself betwe5 ! cas+ & ! rod & eat away ! iron4 ,if iron rods cov]$ ) brass be us$1 ! brass cas+ %\ld come "s di/ance into ! bucket eye2 ! cutt] %\ld be ( brass1 & a brass wa%] %\ld cov] ! "u side ( ! eye1 s z to def5d ! end ( ! rod f ! salt wat]4 ,rods ( ,muntz's metal are probably on ! :ole to be pref]r$4 ,x is a good practice to put a nut on ! top ( ! rod1 to secure x m firmly 9 ! cross head eye1 :]e t plan c be conv5i5tly adopt$4 ,! "p ( ! rod :i* fits into ! cross head eye %\ld h m tap] :5 made ( copp] or brass1 ?an :5 made ( iron2 z1 if ! tap] be small1 ! rod may get /av$ into ! eye1 :]eby its deta*m5t w be difficult4 #dee4 ,q4--,:at species ( pack+ is us$ 9 air pumps8 ,a4--,metallic pack+ has 9 "s in/ances be5 employ$ 9 air pump buckets1 b its success has n be5 su* z to lead to its fur!r adoption4 ,! pack+ commonly employ$ is hemp4 ,a deep solid block ( metal1 h[ev]1 )\t any pack+1 is (t5 employ$ ) a satisfactory result2 b ?is block %\ld h circul> grooves cut r\nd its edge to hold wat]4 ,:]e ord9>y pack+ is employ$1 ! bucket %\ld always be made ) a junk r+1 :]eby ! pack+ may be easily screw$ d[n at any "t ) facility4 ,9 sl[ mov+ eng9es ! bucket valve is g5]ally ( ! sp9dle or pot-lid k9d1 b butt]fly valves are sometimes us$4 ,! foot & deliv]y valves are = ! mo/ "p ( ! flap or hang+ k9d4 ,^! valves all make a consid]able noise 9 work+1 & are objectionable 9 _m ways4 ,valves on ,belidor's con/ruction1 :i* is 9 effect t ( a ?rottle valve hung (f ! c5tre1 7 "s ye>s ago propos$ = ! deliv]y & foot valves2 & x appe>s probable t _! op]ation w\ld be m satisfactory ?an t ( ! valves usually employ$4 #def4 ,q4--,:]e is ! deliv]y valve usually situat$8 ,a4--,"s deliv]y valve seats are bolt$ into ! m\? ( ! air pump1 :]eby access to ! pump bucket is r5d]$ difficult3 b m commonly ! deliv]y valve is a flap valve ext]ior to ! pump4 ,if deliv]y valve seats be put 9 ! m\? ( ! air pump at all1 ! be/ mode ( fix+ !m appe>s to be t adopt$ by ,messrs4 ,maudslay4 ,! top ( ! pump b>rel is made q fair across1 & ^u ?is flat surface a plate conta9+ ! deliv]y valve is set1 !re be+ a small l$ge all r\nd to keep x /eady4 ,betwe5 ! bottom ( ! /uff+ box ( ! pump cov] & ! eye ( ! valve seat a %ort pipe ext5ds encircl+ ! pump rod1 its l[] end *eck$ into ! eye ( ! valve seat1 & its upp] end wid5+ out to =m ! bottom ( ! /uff+ box ( ! pump cov]4 ,^u ! top ( ?is pipe "s screws press1 :i* are accessible f ! top ( ! /uff+ box gl&1 & ! pack+ also aids 9 keep+ d[n ! pipe1 ! function ( :i* is to reta9 ! valve seat 9 its place4 ,:5 ! pump bucket has to be exam9$ ! valve seat may be slung ) ! cov]1 s z to come up ) ! same pur*ase4 ,= ! bucket valves ( su* pumps ,messrs4 ,maudslay employ two or m conc5tric r+ valves ) a small lift4 ,^! valves h giv5 a good deal ( tr\ble 9 "s cases1 9 consequ5ce ( ! frequ5t fracture ( ! bolts :i* guide & conf9e ! r+s2 b ?is is only a fault ( detail :i* is easily rem$i$1 & ! pr9ciple appe>s to be sup]ior to t ( any ( ! o!r metallic air pump valves at pres5t 9 common use4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4 ,,trunk ,,air ,,pump4 ,scale #c_/d in* to #a foot4 #deg4 ,q4--,are n air pump valves n[ v g5]ally made ( india rubb]8 ,a4--,!y are almo/ inv>iably s made if ! eng9es are travell+ fa/1 z 9 ! case ( direct act+ screw eng9es1 & !y are v (t5 made ( l>ge discs or r+s ( india rubb]1 ev5 :5 ! eng9es travel sl[ly4 ,a v usual & eligible arrangem5t = _m purposes is t %[n 9 fig4 #da1 :]e bo? foot & deliv]y valves are situat$ 9 ! ends ( ! pump1 & !y1 z well z ! valve 9 ! bucket are made ( india rubb] r+s clos+ on a grat+4 ,! trunk 9 ! air pump enables guide rods to be disp5s$ )4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4 ,,p5n',s ,,disk ,,valve ,,= ,,air ,,pump4 ,section4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4 ,,p5n',s ,,disk ,,valve ,,= ,,air ,,pump4 ,gr\nd ,plan4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4 ,,maudslay',s ,,disc ,,valve ,,= ,,air ,,pump4 ,section4 #deh4 ,q4--,! air pump1 :5 d\ble act+1 has ( c\rse inlet & outlet valves at ea* end8 ,a4--,yes2 & ! g5]al arrangem5t ( ! valves ( d\ble act+ air pumps1 su* z are usual 9 direct act+ screw eng9es1 is t repres5t$ 9 ! figure ( ,p5n's trunk eng9e already describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,i4 ,ea* inlet & outlet valve consi/s ( a numb] ( india rubb] discs set ov] a p]=at$ brass plate1 & ea* disc is b\nd d[n by a bolt 9 ! middle1 :i* bolt also secures a brass gu>d set above ! disc to prev5t x f ris+ too high4 ,! usual configuration ( ^? valves is t repres5t$ 9 figs4 #db1 #dc1 & #dd2 figs4 #db & #dc be+ a section & gr\nd plan ( ! species ( valve us$ by ,messrs4 ,p5n1 & fig4 #dd be+ a section ( t us$ by ,messrs4 ,maudslay4 ,x is important 9 ^! valves to h ! india rubb] ?ick1--say ab\t an in* ?ick = valves eight in*es 9 diamet]4 ,x is also advisable to make ! c5tral bolts ) a nut above & a nut bel[1 & to =m ! bolt ) a c\nt] sunk neck1 s t x w n fall d[n :5 ! top nut is remov$4 ,! l[] po9t ( ! bolt %\ld be rivet$ ov] on ! nut to prev5t x f unscrew+1 & ! top end %\ld h a split p9 ?r\gh ! po9t = ! same purpose4 ,! hole ?r\gh :i* ! bolt passes %\ld be tapp$1 ?\gh ! bolt is n screw$ into x1 s t if a bolt breaks1 a tempor>y /ud may be screw$ into ! hole )\t ! necessity ( tak+ out ! :ole plate4 ,! gu>d %\ld be l>ge1 else ! disc may /ret* 9 ! c5tral hole until x comes ov] x2 b ! gu>d %\ld n p]mit too mu* lift ( ! valve1 else a good deal ( ! wat] & air w return into ! pump at ! return /roke be=e ! valve %uts4 ,p5n's gu>d is r small1 & ,maudslay's p]mits too mu* lift4 #dei4 ,q4--,:at is ! prop] area ?r\gh ! valve grat+s8 ,a4--,! collective area %\ld be at lea/ equal to ! area ( ! pump pi/on1 & ! l[] edges ( ! p]=ations %\ld be r\nd$ (f to af=d m free +ress or egress to ! wat]4 #dfj4 ,q4--,is !re mu* /ra9 ?r[n on ! plates 9 :i* ! valves are set8 ,a4--,a good deal ( /ra92 & 9 ! e>li] direct act+ screw eng9es ^! plates 7 ne>ly 9 e case made too light4 ,!y %\ld be made ?ick1 h /rong fea!rs ^u !m1 & be v securely bolt$ d[n ) split p9s at ! po9ts ( ! bolts1 to prev5t !m f unscrew+4 ,! plate w be v apt to be brok5 %\ld "s ( ! bolts become loose4 ,( c\rse all ! bolts & split p9s1 z well z ! plates & gu>ds1 mu/ be ( brass4 #dfa4 ,q4--,h[ are ! plates to be tak5 out %\ld t become necess>y8 ,a4--,!y are usually tak5 out ?r\gh a door 9 ! top ( ! hot well provid$ = t purpose1 :i* door %\ld be z l>ge z ! plates !mselves2 & x is a good precaution to ca/ ^u ?is door--:i* w be ( ca/ iron--six or eight /\t project+ feet :i* w press ^u ! top ( ! outlet or deliv]y valve plate :5 ! door is screw$ d[n4 ,! upp] or deliv]y valve plate & ! l[] or foot valve plate %\ld h simil> feet4 ,a l>ge "p ( ! /ra9 w ?us be transf]r$ f ! plates to ! door1 :i* c easily be made /rong en\gh to su/a9 x4 ,x is advisable t ! plates %\ld lie at an angle s t ! %ock ( ! wat] may n come ^u ! :ole surface at once4 #dfb4 ,q4--,does ! d\ble act+ air pump usual 9 direct act+ screw eng9es1 produce z good a vacuum z ! s+le act+ air pump usual 9 paddle eng9es8 ,a4--,x w d s if prop]ly con/ruct$2 b ,i d n "k ( any case ( a d\ble act+ air pump1 ) india rubb] valves1 :i* has be5 prop]ly con/ruct$4 #dfc4 ,q4--,:at is ! fault ( su* pumps8 ,a4--,! pump frequ5tly works by />ts1 z if at times x did n draw at all1 & !n aga9 on a sudd5 gorg$ itself ) wat]1 s z to ?r[ a great /ra9 ^u ! work+ p>ts4 ,! vacuum1 moreov]1 is by no means s good z x %\ld be1 & x is a univ]sal vice ( direct act+ screw eng9es t ! vacuum is defective4 ,i h be5 at "s pa9s to inve/igate ! causes ( ?is imp]fection2 & 9 a sug> h\se eng9e fitt$ ) pumps l ^? ( a direct act+ screw eng9e to ma9ta9 a vacuum 9 ! pans1 ,i f\nd t a bett] vacuum 0 produc$ :5 ! eng9e 0 go+ sl[ly ?an :5 x 0 go+ fa/2 :i* is q ! rev]se ( :at 0 to h be5 expect$1 z ! hot wat] :i* _h to be remov$ by ! cond5sation ( ! /eam proce$+ f ! pan1 0 a con/ant quantity4 ,9 ?is eng9e1 too1 :i* 0 a high pressure "o1 ! irregul>ities ( ! eng9e consequ5t ^u ! fitful cat*+ ( ! wat] by ! pump1 0 m conspicu\s1 z ! work+ ( ?is vacuum pump 0 ! only "w t ! eng9e _h to p]=m4 #dfd4 ,q4--,& 7 y able to discov] ! cause ( ^! irregul>ities8 ,a4--,! ma9 cause ( !m ,i f\nd to be ! l>g5ess ( ! space left betwe5 ! valve plates 9 ?is class ( pumps1 & out ( :i* !re is no?+ to press ! air or wat] :i* may be ly+ !re4 ,x consequ5tly happ5s1 t if !re be ! slighte/ leakage ( air into ! pump1 ?is air is m]ely compress$1 & n expell$1 by ! advance ( ! air pump pi/on4 ,x exp&s aga9 to its =m] bulk on ! return ( ! pump pi/on1 & prev5ts ! wat] f ent]+ until !re is su* an accumulation ( pressure 9 ! cond5s] z =ces ! wat] into ! pump1 :5 ! air be+ expell$ by ! wat]1 causes a good vacuum to be mom5t>ily =m$ 9 ! pump :5 x gorges itself by tak+ a sudd5 gulp ( wat]4 ,s soon1 h[ev]1 z ! pressure falls 9 ! cond5s] & "s m air leaks into ! pump1 ! =m] imp]fect action recurs & is aga9 r$ress$ 9 ! same viol5t mann]4 #dfe4 ,q4--,is ?is irregul> action ( ! pump ! cause ( ! imp]fect vacuum8 ,a4--,x is "o cause4 ,sometimes "o end ( ! pump w alone draw & ! o!r end w be inop]ative1 al?\gh x is equally op5 to ! cond5s]1 & ?is w *iefly take place at ! /uff+ box end1 :]e a leakage ( air is m likely to occur4 ,i f9d1 h[ev]1 t ev5 :5 bo? ends ( ! pump are act+ equally & !re is no leakage ( air at all1 ! vacuum ma9ta9$ by a d\ble act+ horizontal pump ) india rubb] valves1 is n s good z t ma9ta9$ by a s+le act+ pump ( ! k9d usual 9 old eng9es4 #dff4 ,q4--,w y specify m precisely :at 7 ! results y obta9$8 ,a4--,:5 ! vacuum pan 0 exhau/$ by ! pumps )\t any boil+ be+ c>ri$ on 9 ! pan1 b only a little cold wat] be+ let into x1 & also into ! pumps to enable !m to act 9 _! be/ mann]1 x 0 f\nd t :]eas ) ! old pump a vacuum ( #aad on ! sug> boil]'s gauge c\ld be readily obta9$1 equal to ab\t #bi-a_/b in*es ( m]cury1 ! l[e/ t c\ld possibly be got ) ! new horizontal pump 0 #abb degrees ( ! sug> boil]'s gauge1 or #bi in*es ( m]cury1 & to get t ! eng9e mu/ n g fa/] ?an #aj or #ab /rokes p] m9ute4 ,! prop] spe$ ( ! eng9e 0 #ge /rokes p] m9ute1 b if all[$ to g at t spe$ ! vacuum fell to #acj ( ! sug> mak]'s gauge1 or #bh-a_/b in*es ( m]cury4 ,:5 ! /eam 0 let into ! worms ( ! pan s z to boil ! wat] 9 x1 ! vacuum 0 #acd at #ge revolutions ( ! eng9e1 & w5t d[n to #acb at #dj revolutions1 b rose aga9 to #ace1 equal to ab\t #bh-a_/d in*es ( m]cury1 at #bj revolutions4 #dfg4 ,q4--,to :at d y attribute ! circum/ance ( a bett] vacuum be+ got at l[ spe$s ?an at high spe$s8 ,a4--,x is difficult to assign ! precise reason1 b x appe>s to be a consequ5ce ( ! l>g5ess ( ! vacant space betwe5 ! valve plates4 ,:5 ! pi/on ( ! air pump is drawn back1 ! air conta9$ 9 ?is l>ge collection ( wat] w cause x to boil up l soda wat]2 & :5 ! pi/on ( ! pump is =c$ =w>d1 ?is air1 in/ead ( be+ expell$1 w be aga9 driv5 into ! wat]4 ,!re w consequ5tly be a quantity ( air 9 ! pump :i* _c be got rid ( at all1 & :i* w impair ! vacuum z a matt] ( c\rse4 #dfh4 ,q4--,:at exp$i5t did y adopt to improve ! vacuum 9 ! eng9e to :i* y h ref]r$8 ,a4--,i put blocks ( wood on ! air pump pi/on1 :i* at ! end ( its /roke project$ betwe5 ! valve plates & =c$ ! wat] out4 ,i also introduc$ a cock ( wat] at ea* end ( ! pump betwe5 ! valve plates1 to insure ! pres5ce ( wat] at ea* end ( ! pump to =ce ! air out4 ,) ^! ameliorations ! pump work$ /eadily1 & ! vacuum obta9$ became z good z 9 ! old pump4 ,i _h previ\sly introduc$ an injection cock into ea* end ( ! air pump 9 /eam vessels1 f :i* ,i _h obta9$ advantage\s results2 & 9 all horizontal air pumps ,i w\ld recomm5d ! pi/on & valve plates to be s con/ruct$ t ! :ole ( ! wat] w be express$ by ! pi/on4 ,i w\ld also recomm5d an injection cock to be introduc$ at ea* end ( ! pump4 ,,pumps1 ,,cocks1 ,,& ,,pipes4 #dfi4 ,q4--,w y expla9 ! arrangem5t ( ! fe$ pump8 ,a4--,9 /eam vessels1 ! fe$ pump plung] is g5]ally ( brass1 & ! b>rel ( ! pump is sometimes ( brass1 b g5]ally ( ca/ iron4 ,!re %\ld be a consid]able cle>ance betwe5 ! bottom ( ! plung] & ! bottom ( ! b>rel1 z o!rwise ! bottom ( ! b>rel may be knock$ out1 %\ld coal du/ or any o!r =eign sub/ance ga9 admission1 z x probably w\ld d if ! injection wat] 7 drawn at any "t f ! bilge ( ! vessel1 z is usually done if ! vessel spr+s a leak4 ,! valves ( ! fe$ pump 9 m>9e eng9es are g5]ally ( ! sp9dle k9d1 & are mo/ conv5i5tly arrang$ 9 a *e/1 :i* may be atta*$ 9 any accessible position to ! side ( ! hot well4 ,!re are two nozzles ^u ?is *e/1 ( :i* ! l[] "o leads to ! pump1 & ! upp] "o to ! boil]4 ,! pipe lead+ to ! pump is a suction pipe :5 ! plung] asc5ds1 & a =c+ pipe :5 ! plung] desc5ds4 ,! plung] 9 asc5d+ draws ! wat] out ( ! hot well ?r\gh ! l[e/ ( ! valves1 & 9 desc5d+ =ces x ?r\gh ! c5tre valve into ! space above x1 :i* communicates ) ! fe$ pipe4 ,%\ld ! fe$ cock be %ut s z to prev5t any fe$ wat] f pass+ ?r\gh x1 ! wat] w raise ! topmo/ valve1 :i* is load$ to a pressure consid]ably above ! pressure ( ! /eam1 & escape into ! hot well4 ,?is arrangem5t is neat] & less exp5sive ?an t ( hav+ a sep>ate load$ valve on ! fe$ pipe ) an ov]fl[ ?r\gh ! %ip's side1 z is ! m usual practice4 #dgj4 ,q4--,w y describe :at precautions are to be obs]v$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! cocks us$ 9 eng9es8 ,a4--,all ! cocks ab\t an eng9e %\ld be provid$ ) bottoms & /uff+ boxes1 & reliance %\ld nev] be plac$ ^u a s+le bolt pass+ ?r\gh a bottom wa%] = keep+ ! plug 9 its place1 9 ! case ( any cock communicat+ ) ! boil]2 = a great /ra9 is ?r[n ^u t bolt if ! pressure ( ! /eam be high1 & if ! plug be made ) mu* tap]2 & %\ld ! bolt break1 or ! ?reads /rip1 ! plug w fly out1 & p]sons /&+ ne> may be scald$ to dea?4 ,9 l>ge cocks1 x appe>s ! pref]able plan to ca/ ! bottoms 92 & ! metal ( :i* all ! cocks ab\t a m>9e eng9e are made1 %\ld be ( ! same quality z t us$ 9 ! composition ( ! brasses1 & %\ld be )\t lead1 or o!r det]iorat+ mat]ial4 ,9 "s cases ! bottoms ( cocks are burnt 9 ) h>d sold]1 b ?is me?od _c be dep5d$ ^u1 z ! sold] is s(t5$ & wa/$ away by ! hot salt wat]1 & 9 "t ! bottom leaks1 or is =c$ out4 ,! /uff+ box ( cocks %\ld be made ( adequate dep?1 & ! gl& %\ld be secur$ by means ( f\r /rong copp] bolts4 ,! tap] ( bl[-(f cocks is an important elem5t 9 _! con/ruction2 z1 if ! tap] be too great1 ! plugs w h a cont9ual t5d5cy to rise1 :i*1 if ! pack+ be slack1 w enable grit to get betwe5 ! faces1 :ile1 if ! tap] be too little1 ! plug w be liable to jam1 & a few times gr9d+ w s9k x s f> ?r\gh ! %ell t ! wat]ways w no long] correspond4 ,"o eigh? ( an in* deviation f ! p]p5dicul> = e in* 9 height1 is a common angle = ! side ( ! cock1 :i* corresponds ) "o qu>t] ( an in* diff]5ce ( diamet] 9 an in* ( height2 b p]haps a some:at great] tap] ?an ?is1 or "o ?ird ( an in* diff]5ce 9 diamet] = e in* ( height1 is a pref]able proportion4 ,! bottom ( ! plug mu/ be always kept a small di/ance above ! bottom ( ! %ell1 & an adequate surface mu/ be left above & bel[ ! wat]way to prev5t leakage4 ,cocks =m$ accord+ to ^! directions w be f\nd to op]ate satisfactorily 9 practice1 :ile !y w occasion p]petual tr\ble if !re be any mal=mation4 #dga4 ,q4--,:at is ! be/ arrangem5t & configuration ( ! bl[-(f cocks8 ,a4--,! bl[-(f cocks ( a boil] are g5]ally plac$ "s di/ance f ! boil]2 b x appe>s pref]able t !y %\ld be plac$ q close to x1 z !re are no means ( %utt+ (f ! wat] f ! pipe betwe5 ! bl[-(f cock & ! boil]1 %\ld fracture or leakage !re arise4 ,e boil] mu/ be furni%$ ) a bl[-(f cock ( its own1 indep5d5tly ( ! ma9 bl[-(f cocks on ! %ip's sides1 s t ! boil]s may be bl[n (f sep>ately1 & may be %ut (f f "o ano!r4 ,! pref]able arrangem5t appe>s to be1 to ca/ ^u ea* bl[-(f cock a b5d = atta*+ ! cock to ! bottom ( ! boil]1 & ! plug %\ld /& ab\t an in* 9 advance ( ! front ( ! boil]1 s t x may be remov$1 or re-gr\nd1 ) facility4 ,! g5]al arrangem5t ( ! bl[-(f pipes is to run a ma9 bl[-(f pipe b5ea? ! floor plates1 across ! %ip1 at ! end ( ! eng9es1 & into ?is pipe to lead a sep>ate pipe1 furni%$ ) a cock1 f ea* boil]4 ,! ma9 bl[-(f pipe1 :]e x p5etrates ! %ip's side1 is furni%$ ) a cock3 & 9 mod]n /eam vessels ,k+/on's valves are also us$1 :i* consi/ ( a sp9dle or plate valve1 fitt$ to ! ext]ior ( ! %ip1 s t if ! int]nal pipe or cock breaks1 ! ext]nal valve w /ill be op]ative4 ,"s exp$i5t ( ?is k9d is almo/ necess>y1 z ! bl[-(f cocks require occasional regr9d+1 & ! sea cocks _c be re-gr\nd )\t putt+ ! vessel into dock1 except by ! use ( ,k+/on's valves1 or "s equival5t exp$i5t4 #dgb4 ,q4--,:at is ! prop] con/ruction & situation ( ! injection cocks1 & wa/e wat] valves8 ,a4--,! sea injection cocks are usually made 9 ! same fa%ion z ! sea bl[-(f cocks1 & ( ab\t ! same size1 or r l>g]4 ,! injection wat] is g5]ally admitt$ to ! cond5s] by means ( a slide valve1 b a cock appe>s to be pref]able1 z x is m easily op5$1 & has n any disposition to %ut ( its own accord4 ,9 paddle vessels ! sea injection pipes %\ld be put ?r\gh ! %ip's sides 9 advance ( ! paddles1 s t ! wat] drawn 9 may n be injuri\sly *>g$ ) air4 ,! wa/e wat] pipe pass+ f ! hot well ?r\gh ! vessel's side is provid$ ) a /op valve1 call$ ! dis*>ge valve1 :i* is usually made ( ! sp9dle k9d1 s z to op5 :5 ! wat] com+ f ! air pump presses aga9/ x4 ,9 "s cases ?is valve is a sluice valve1 b ! hot well is !n almo/ sure to be split1 if ! eng9e be set on )\t ! valve hav+ be5 op5$4 ,! op5+ ( ! wa/e wat] pipe %\ld always be above ! load wat] l9e1 z x w o!rwise be difficult to prev5t leakage ?r\gh ! eng9e into ! %ip :5 ! vessel is ly+ 9 h>bor4 #dgc4 ,q4--,:at is ! be/ arrangem5t ( gauge cocks & glass gauges8 ,a4--,gauge cocks are g5]ally v in>tificially made1 & occasion ne$less annoyance4 ,!y are r>ely made ) bottoms1 or ) /uff+ boxes1 & are consequ5tly1 = ! mo/ "p1 adorn$ ) /alactites ( salt aft] a %ort p]iod ( s]vice4 ,! wat] dis*>g$ f !m1 too1 f ! want ( a prop] conduit1 disfigures ! front ( ! boil]1 & adds to ! corrosion 9 ! a% pits4 ,x w\ld be pref]able to comb9e ! gauge cocks app]ta9+ to ea* boil] into a s+le upright tube1 connect$ suitably ) ! boil]1 & ! wat] fl[+ f !m c\ld be direct$ d[nw>d into a funnel tube communicat+ ) ! bilge4 ,! cocks ( ! glass tubes1 z well z ( ! gauge cocks1 %\ld be furni%$ ) /uff+ boxes & ) bottoms1 unless ! wat] ent]s ?r\gh ! bottom ( ! plug1 :i* 9 gauge cocks is sometimes ! case4 ,! glass gauge tubes %\ld always be fitt$ ) a cock at ea* neck communicat+ ) ! boil]1 s t ! wat] & /eam may be %ut (f if ! tube breaks2 & ! cocks %\ld be s made z to admit ( ! tubes be+ bl[n ?r\gh ) /eam to cle> !m1 z 9 muddy wat] !y w become s soil$ t ! wat] _c be se54 ,! gauge cocks frequ5tly h pipes runn+ up )9 ! boil]1 to ! end t a high wat] level may be made consi/5t ) an easily accessible position ( ! gauge cocks !mselves4 ,) ! glass tubes1 h[ev]1 ?is species ( arrangem5t is n possible1 & ! glass tubes mu/ always be plac$ 9 ! position ( ! wat] level4 #dgd4 ,q4--,:at is ! prop] mat]ial ( ! pipes 9 /eam vessels8 ,a4--,mo/ ( ! pipes ( m>9e eng9es %\ld be made ( copp]4 ,! /eam pipes may be ( ca/ iron1 if made v /rong1 b ! wa/e wat] pipes %\ld be ( copp]4 ,ca/ iron bl[-(f pipes h 9 "s cases be5 employ$1 b !y are liable to fracture1 & are dang]\s4 ,! bl[-(f & fe$ pipes %\ld be ( copp]1 b ! wa/e /eam pipe may be ( galvaniz$ iron4 ,e pipe pass+ ?r\gh ! %ip's side1 & e pipe fix$ at bo? ends1 & liable to be heat$ & cool$1 %\ld be furni%$ ) a faucet or expansive jo9t2 & 9 ! case ( ! ca/ iron pipes1 ! "p ( ! pipe fitt+ into ! faucet %\ld be turn$4 ,9 ! di/ribution ( ! faucets ( ! pipes expos$ to pressure1 c>e mu/ be tak5 t !y be s plac$ t ! p>ts ( ! pipe _c be =c$ asund]1 or turn$ r\nd by ! /ra91 z s]i\s accid5ts h occurr$ f ! neglect ( ?is precaution4 #dge4 ,q4--,:at is ! be/ mode ( mak+ pipes tight :]e !y p5etrate ! %ip's side8 ,a4--,9 wood5 vessels ! pipes :]e !y pi]ce ! %ip's side1 %\ld be made tight1 z foll[s3--! hole be+ cut1 a %ort piece ( lead pipe1 ) a broad flange at "o end1 %\ld be fitt$ into x1 ! place hav+ be5 previ\sly sme>$ ) :ite lead1 & ! pipe %\ld !n be beat5 on ! inside1 until x comes into close contact all ar\nd ) ! wood4 ,a loose flange %\ld next be slipp$ ov] ! project+ end ( ! lead pipe1 to :i* x %\ld be sold]$1 & ! flanges %\ld bo? be nail$ to ! timb] ) scupp] nails1 :ite lead hav+ be5 previ\sly spread und]nea?4 ,?is me?od ( proc$ure1 x is cle>1 prev5ts ! possibility ( leakage d[n ?r\gh ! timb]s2 & all1 !re=e1 t has to be gu>d$ aga9/ aft] ?is precaution1 is to prev5t leakage into ! %ip4 ,to accompli% ?is object1 let ! pipe :i* x is desir$ to atta* be put ?r\gh ! lead5 hause1 & let ! space betwe5 ! pipe & ! lead be pack$ ) gasket & :ite lead1 to :i* a little olive oil has be5 add$4 ,! pipe mu/ h a flange ^u x to close ! hole 9 ! %ip's side2 ! pack+ mu/ !n be driv5 9 f ! outside1 & be kept 9 by means ( a gl& secur$ ) bolts pass+ ?r\gh ! %ip's side4 ,if ! pipe is bel[ ! wat] l9e ! gl& mu/ be ( brass1 b = ! wa/e wat] pipe a ca/ iron gl& w answ]4 ,?is me?od ( secur+ pipes p5etrat+ ! side1 h[ev]1 ?\gh ! be/ = wood5 vessels1 w1 x is cle>1 fail to apply to iron ones4 ,9 ! case ( iron vessels1 x appe>s to be ! be/ practice to atta* a %ort iron nozzle1 project+ inw>d f ! sk91 = ! atta*m5t ( e pipe bel[ ! wat] l9e1 z ! copp] or brass w\ld wa/e ! iron ( ! sk9 if ! atta*m5t 7 made 9 ! usual way4 ,,details ,,( ,,! ,,screw ,,& ,,screw ,,%aft4 #dgf4 ,q4--,:at is ! be/ me?od ( fix+ ! screw ^u ! %aft8 ,a4--,! be/ way is to cut two l>ge grooves 9 ! %aft com+ up to a squ>e end1 & two correspond+ grooves or key seats 9 ! screw boss opposite ! arms4 ,fit into ! grooves on ! %aft keys ) heads1 ! l5g? ( :i* is equal to half ! dep? ( ! boss1 & ) ! ends ( ! keys be>+ aga9/ ! ends ( ! grooves 9 ! %aft4 ,!n %ip on ! propell]1 & drive o!r keys ( an equal l5g? f ! o!r side ( ! boss1 s t ! po9ts ( ! keys w ne>ly meet 9 ! middle2 next burr up ! edge ( ! grooves ^u ! heads ( ! keys1 to prev5t !m f work+ back2 & f9ally tap a bolt into ! side ( ! boss to p5etrate ! %aft4 ,propell]s s fitt$ w nev] get slack4 #dgg4 ,q4--,:at is ! be/ way ( fitt+ 9 ! screw pipe at ! /]n8 ,a4--,x %\ld h project+ r+s1 :i* %\ld be turn$2 & ca/ iron pieces ) holes 9 !m1 bor$ out to ! sizes ( ^! r+s1 %\ld be secur$ to ! /]n frames1 & ! pipe be !n %ipp$ ?r\gh all4 ,be=e ?is is done1 h[ev]1 ! /]n po/ mu/ be bor$ out by a template to fit ! pipe1 & ! pipe is to be secur$ at ! end to ! /]n po/ ei!r by a great ext]nal nut ( ca/ iron1 or by bolts pass+ ?r\gh ! /]n po/ & ?r\gh lugs on ! pipe4 ,! pipe %\ld be bor$ ?r\gh\t its entire l5g?1 & ! %aft %\ld be turn$ s z to af=d a v long be>+ :i* w prev5t rapid we>4 #dgh4 ,q4--,h[ is ! hole =m$ 9 ! deadwood ( ! %ip 9 :i* ! screw works8 ,a4--,a great frame ( malleable iron1 ! size ( ! hole1 is fir/ set up1 & ! plat+ ( ! %ip is br\ght to ! edge ( ?is hole1 & is rivet$ ?r\gh ! frame4 ,x is important to secure ?is frame v firmly to ! re/ ( ! %ip1 ) :i* view x is advisable to =m a great palm1 l ! palm ( a vice1 on its inn] sup]ior corn]1 :i*1 project+ into ! %ip1 may be secur$ by brea/-hook plates to ! sides1 :]eby ! /ra9 :i* ! screw causes w be di/ribut$ ov] ! /]n1 in/ead ( be+ conc5trat$ on ! rivets ( ! frame4 #dgi4 ,q4--,are !re sev]al l5g?s ( screw %aft8 ,a4--,!re are4 #dhj4 ,q4--,h[ !n are ^! secur$ to "o ano!r8 ,a4--,! be/ mode ( secur+ ! sev]al l5g?s ( %aft toge!r is by =g+ ! %afts ) flanges at ! ends1 :i* are connect$ toge!r by bolts1 say six /rong bolts 9 ea*1 accurately fitt$ to ! holes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig #dd4 ,end ( ! ,screw ,%aft ( ,correo1 %[+ ! mode ( receiv+ ! ,?ru/4 ,a1 discs2 ,b1 tight5+ w$ge4 #dha4 ,q4--,h[ is ! ?ru/ ( ! %aft usually receiv$8 ,a4--,9 "s cases x is receiv$ on a numb] ( metal discs set 9 a box conta9+ oil2 & %\ld "o ( ^! discs /ick fa/ f friction1 ! o!rs w be free to revolve4 ,?is arrangem5t1 :i* is repres5t$ 9 fig4 #dd1 is us$ pretty ext5sively & answ]s ! purpose p]fectly4 ,x is ( c\rse necess>y t ! box 9 :i* ! discs ,a are set1 %all be /rong en\gh to )/& ! ?ru/ :i* ! screw occasions4 ,ano!r arrangem5t /ill m g5]ally us$1 is t repres5t$ 9 figs4 #ee & #ef1 p4 #cca4 ,x is a good practice to make ! ?ru/ plumm] block ) a v long sole 9 ! direction ( ! %aft1 s z to obviate any risk ( cant+ or spr++ =w>d :5 ! /ra9 is appli$1 z su* a circum/ance1 if occurr+ ev5 to a slight ext5t1 w\ld be v likely to cause ! be>+ to heat4 #dhb4 ,q4--,are !re n arrangem5ts exi/+ 9 "s vessels = enabl+ ! screw to be lift$ out ( ! wat] :ile ! vessel is at sea8 ,a4--,!re are2 b su* arrangem5ts are n usual 9 m]*ant vessels4 ,9 "o =m ( app>atus ! screw is set on a %ort %aft 9 ! middle ( a slid+ frame1 :i* c be rais$ or l[]$ 9 grooves l a w9d[ & ! screw %aft )9 ! %ip c be protrud$ or )drawn by appropriate me*anism1 s z to engage or leave free ?is %ort %aft z may be requir$4 ,:5 ! screw has to be lift$1 ! screw %aft is drawn into ! vessel1 leav+ ! %ort %aft free to be rais$ up by ! slid+ frame1 & ! frame is rais$ by long screws turn$ r\nd by a w9* pur*ase on deck4 ,a *a9 or rope1 h[ev]1 is bett] = ! purpose ( rais+ ?is frame1 ?an long screws2 b ! frame %\ld 9 su* case be provid$ ) pall cat*es l ^? ( a w9dlass1 :i*1 if ! rope %\ld break1 w prev5t ! screw f fall+4 ,,details ,,( ,,! ,,paddles ,,& ,,paddle ,,%aft4 #dhc4 ,q4--,:at are ! mo/ important details ( ! con/ruction ( paddle :eels8 ,a4--,! /ructure ( ! fea!r+ :eel w be h]eaft] describ$ 9 connection ) an acc\nt ( ! oscillat+ eng9e2 & x w be exp$i5t n[ to re/rict any acc\nt ( ! details to ! common radial paddle1 z appli$ to ocean /eam]s4 ,! be/ plan ( mak+ ! paddle c5tres is ) squ>e eyes1 & ea* c5tre %\ld be secur$ 9 its place by means ( eight ?ick keys4 ,! %aft %\ld be burr$ up aga9/ ! head ( ^! keys ) a *isel1 s z to prev5t ! keys f com+ back ( _! own accord4 ,if ! keys are want$ to be driv5 back1 ?is burr mu/ be cut (f1 & if made ?ick1 & ( ! "r tap]1 !y may !n be />t$ )\t difficulty4 ,! %aft mu/ ( c\rse be =g$ ) squ>e projections on x1 s z to be suitable = ! application ( c5tres ) squ>e eyes4 ,messrs4 ,maudslay ,co4 bore out _! paddle c5tres1 & turn a seat = !m on ! %aft1 aft]w>d fix+ !m on ! %aft ) a s+le key4 ,?is plan is objectionable = ! two reasons1 t x is insecure :5 new1 & :5 old is irremovable4 ,! g5]al practice among ! ,london eng9e]s is to fix ! paddle arms at ! c5tre to a plate by means ( bolts1 a projection be+ plac$ ^u ! plates on ea* side ( ! arm1 to prev5t lat]al motion2 b ?is me?od is inf]ior 9 durability to t adopt$ 9 ! ,clyde1 9 :i* ea* arm is fitt$ into a socket by means ( a cutt]--a small hole be+ left opposite to ! end ( ea* arm1 :]eby ! arm may be =c$ back by a drift4 #dhd4 ,q4--,h[ are ! arms atta*$ to ! outside r+s8 ,a4--,"s eng9e]s jo9 ! paddle arms to ! out] r+ by means ( bolts2 b unless v c>efully fitt$1 ^? bolts aft] a "t become slack sideways1 & a con/ant work+ ( ! p>ts ( ! :eel goes on 9 consequ5ce4 ,sometimes ! "p ( ! o!r r+ opposite ! arm is =m$ into a mortise1 & ! arms are w$g$ tight 9 ^! holes by w$ges driv5 9 on ea* side2 b ! plan is an exp5sive "o1 & n satisfactory1 z ! w$ges "w loose ev5 ?\gh rivet$ ov] at ! po9t4 ,! be/ mode ( mak+ a secure atta*m5t ( ! arms to ! r+1 consi/s 9 mak+ ! arms ) long ,t heads1 & rivet+ ! cross piece to ! out] r+ ) a numb] ( rivets1 n ( ! l>ge/ size1 :i* w\ld weak5 ! out] r+ too mu*4 ,! be/ way ( secur+ ! inn] r+s to ! arms is by means ( lugs weld$ on ! arms1 & to :i* ! r+s are rivet$4 #dhe4 ,q4--,:at are ! scantl+s ( ! paddle floats8 ,a4--,! paddle floats are usually made ei!r ( elm or p9e2 if ( ! =m]1 ! common ?ickness = l>ge sea-go+ vessels is ab\t #b-a_/b in*es2 if ( ! latt]1 #c in*es4 ,! floats %\ld h plates on bo? sides1 else ! paddle arms w be v liable to cut into ! wood1 & ! iron ( ! arms w be v rapidly wa/$4 ,:5 ! floats h be5 fre% put on !y mu/ be screw$ up sev]al times be=e !y come to a be>+4 ,if ?is be n done1 ! bolts w be sure to get slack at sea1 & all ! floats on ! wea!r side may be wa%$ (f4 ,! bolts = hold+ on ! paddle floats are made extra /rong1 on acc\nt ( ! corrosion to :i* !y are subject2 & ! nuts %\ld be made l>ge1 & %\ld be squ>e1 s t !y may be effectually tight5$ up1 ev5 ?\gh _! corn]s be worn away by corrosion4 ,x is a good plan to give ! ?read ( ! paddle bolts a nick ) a *isel1 aft] ! nut has be5 screw$ up1 :i* w prev5t ! nut f turn+ back4 ,paddle floats1 :5 consi/+ ( m ?an "o bo>d1 %\ld be bolt$ toge!r edgeways1 by means ( bolts runn+ ?r\gh _! :ole bread?4 ,! floats %\ld n be not*$ to all[ ( _! projection beyond ! out] r+1 z1 if ! sides ( ! not* be 9 contact ) ! out] r+1 ! r+ is soon eat5 away 9 t "p1 & ! project+ "p ( ! float1 be+ unsupport$1 is liable to be brok5 (f4 #dhf4 ,q4--,d n ! :eels jolt sideways :5 ! vessel rolls8 ,a4--,x is usual to put a /eel plate at ea* end ( ! paddle %afts tight5$ ) a key1 to prev5t end play :5 ! vessel rolls1 b ! arrangem5t is prec>i\s & insuffici5t4 ,messrs4 ,maudslay make _! paddle %aft be>+s ) v l>ge fillets 9 ! corn]1 ) ! view ( dim9i%+ ! evil2 b x w\ld be pref]able to make ! be>+s ( ! crank %afts sph]oidal2 &1 inde$1 x w\ld probably be an improvem5t if mo/ ( ! be>+s ab\t ! eng9e 7 to be made 9 ! same fa%ion4 ,! loose end ( ! crank p9 %\ld be made n sph]oidal1 b consi/+ ( a portion ( a sph]e2 & a brass bu% might !n be fitt$ into ! crank eye1 t w\ld completely encase ! ball ( ! p91 & yet p]mit ! out] end ( ! paddle %aft to fall )\t /ra9+ ! p91 ! bu% be+ at ! same "t susceptible ( a slight end motion4 ,! paddle %aft1 :]e x passes ?r\gh ! vessel's side1 is usually surr\nd$ by a lead /uff+ box1 :i* w yield if ! end ( ! %aft falls2 ?is /uff+ box prev5ts leakage into ! %ip f ! paddle :eels3 b x is exp$i5t1 z a fur!r precaution1 to h a small tank on ! %ip's side imm$iately b5ea? ! /uff+ box1 ) a pipe lead+ d[n to ! bilge to cat* & conduct away any wat] t may ent] ar\nd ! %aft4 #dhg4 ,q4--,h[ is ! out] be>+ ( ! paddle :eels suppli$ ) tall[8 ,a4--,! be>+ at ! out] end ( ! paddle %aft is sometimes suppli$ ) tall[1 =c$ into a hole 9 ! plumm] block cov]1 z 9 ! case ( wat] :eels2 b = vessels int5d$ to p]=m long voyages1 x is pref]able to h a pipe lead+ d[n to ! oil cup above ! j\rnal f ! top ( ! paddle box1 ?r\gh :i* pipe oil may at any "t be suppli$4 #dhh4 ,q4--,w y expla9 ! me?od ( putt+ eng9es into a /eam vessel8 ,a4--,z an illu/ration ( ?is op]ation x may be advisable to take ! case ( a side lev] eng9e1 & ! me?od ( proce$+ is z foll[s3-- ,fir/ measure across f ! inside ( paddle be>]s to ! c5tre ( ! %ip1 to make sure t ! c5tral l9e1 runn+ 9 a =e & aft direction on ! deck or beams1 usually drawn by ! c>p5t]1 is really 9 ! c5tre4 ,/ret* a l9e across betwe5 ! paddle be>]s 9 ! direction ( ! %aft2 to ?is l9e1 9 ! c5tre ( ! %ip :]e ! =e & aft m>k has be5 made1 apply a squ>e ) arms six or eight feet long1 & br+ a l9e /ret*$ p]p5dicul>ly f ! deck to ! keelson1 accurately to ! edge ( ! squ>e3 ! l[] po9t ( ! l9e :]e x t\*es ! keelson w be imm$iately b5ea? ! m>ks made ^u ! deck4 ,if ?is po9t does n come 9 ! c5tre ( ! keelson1 x w be bett] to %ift x a little1 s z to br+ x to ! c5tre1 alt]+ ! m>k ^u ! deck correspond+ly1 provid$ ei!r paddle %aft w admit ( ?is be+ done--"o ( ! paddle brackets be+ pack$ beh9d ) wood1 to give x an additional projection f ! side ( ! paddle be>]4 ,cont9ue ! l9e =e & aft ^u ! keelson z ne>ly z c be judg$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! %ip2 /ret* ano!r l9e =e & aft ?r\gh ! m>k ^u ! deck1 & look x out ( w9d+ ) ! l9e ^u ! keelson4 ,fix ^u any two po9ts equally di/ant f ! c5tre1 9 ! l9e /ret*$ transv]sely 9 ! direction ( ! %aft2 & f ^? po9ts1 z c5tres1 & ) any conv5i5t radius1 sweep across ! =e & aft l9e to see t ! two are at "r angles2 &1 if n1 %ift ! transv]se l9e a little to make !m s4 ,f ! transv]se l9e next let fall a l9e ^u ea* outside keelson1 br++ ! edge ( ! squ>e to ! l9e1 ! o!r edge re/+ on ! keelson4 ,a po9t w ?us be got on ea* outside keelson1 p]p5dicul>ly b5ea? ! transv]se l9e runn+ 9 ! direction ( ! %aft1 & a l9e drawn betwe5 ^? two po9ts w be directly bel[ ! %aft4 ,to ?is l9e ! l9e ( ! %aft m>k$ on ! sole plate has to be br\ght1 c>e be+ tak51 at ! same "t1 t ! "r di/ance is pres]v$ betwe5 ! =e & aft l9e ^u ! sole plate1 & ! =e & aft l9e ^u ! c5tral keelson4 #dhi4 ,q4--,( c\rse ! keelsons h fir/ to be prop]ly prep>$8 ,a4--,9 a wood5 vessel1 be=e any "p ( ! ma*9]y is put 91 ! keelsons %\ld be dubb$ fair & /raight1 & be look$ out ( w9d+ by means ( two /raight edges4 ,! art ( plac+ eng9es 9 a %ip is m a piece ( pla9 common s5se ?an any o!r feat 9 eng9e]+1 & e man ( intellig5ce may easily settle a me?od ( proc$ure = himself4 ,plumb l9es & _s levels1 x is obvi\s1 _c be employ$ on bo>d a vessel1 & ! problem consi/s 9 s plac+ ! sole plates1 )\t ^! aids1 t ! paddle %aft w n /& awry across ! vessel1 nor be c>ri$ =w>d beyond its place by ! fram+ %\ld]+ up m ?an 0 expect$4 ,z a plumb l9e _c be us$1 rec\rse mu/ be _h to a squ>e2 & x w signify no?+ at :at angle ) ! deck ! keelsons run1 s long z ! l9e ( ! %aft across ! keelsons is squ>e d[n f ! %aft c5tre4 ,! sole plates be+ fix$1 !re is no difficulty 9 sett+ ! o!r p>ts ( ! eng9e 9 _! prop] places ^u !m4 ,! paddle :eels mu/ be hung f ! top ( ! paddle box to enable ! %aft to be rove ?r\gh !m1 & ! cross /ays betwe5 ! eng9es %\ld be fix$ 9 :5 ! vessel is afloat4 ,to try :e!r ! %afts are 9 a l9e1 turn ! paddle :eels1 & try if ! di/ance betwe5 ! cranks is ! same at ! upp] & "u1 & ! two horizontal c5tres2 if n1 move ! end ( ! paddle %aft up or d[n1 backw>d or =w>d1 until ! di/ance betwe5 ! cranks at all ! f\r c5tres is ! same4 #dij4 ,q4--,9 :at mann] are ! eng9es ( a /eam vessel secur$ to ! hull8 ,a4--,! eng9es ( a /eam] are secur$ to ! hull by means ( bolts call$ hold+ d[n bolts1 & 9 wood5 vessels a good deal ( tr\ble is caus$ by ^! bolts1 :i* are g5]ally made ( iron4 ,sometimes !y g ?r\gh ! bottom ( ! %ip1 & at o!r times !y m]ely g ?r\gh ! keelson1--a recess be+ made 9 ! floor or timb]s to admit ( ! introduction ( a nut4 ,! iron1 h[ev]1 we>s rapidly away 9 bo? cases1 ev5 ?\gh ! bolts are t9n$2 & x has be5 f\nd ! pref]able me?od to make su* ( ! bolts z pass ?r\gh ! bottom1 or ent] ! bilge1 ( ,muntz's metal1 or ( copp]4 ,9 a side lev] eng9e1 f\r ,muntz's metal bolts may be put ?r\gh ! bottom at ! crank end ( ! fram+ ( ea* eng9e1 f\r m at ! ma9 c5tre1 & f\r m at ! cyl9d]1 mak+ twelve ?r\gh bolts to ea* eng9e2 & x is m conv5i5t to make ^! bolts ) a nut at ea* end1 z 9 t case ! bolts may be dropp$ d[n f ! inside1 & ! necessity is obviat$ ( putt+ ! vessel on v high blocks 9 ! dock1 9 ord] to give room to put ! bolts up f ! bottom4 ,! rema9d] ( ! hold+ d[n bolts may be ( iron1 & may1 by means ( a squ>e neck1 be screw$ into ! timb] ( ! keelsons z wood screws--! upp] "p be+ furni%$ ) a nut :i* may be screw$ d[n ^u ! sole plate1 s soon z ! wood screw portion is 9 its place4 ,if ! cyl9d] be a fix$ "o x %\ld be bolt$ d[n to ! sole plate by z _m bolts z are employ$ to atta* ! cyl9d] cov]1 & !y %\ld be ( copp] or brass1 9 any situation t is n easily accessible4 #dia4 ,q4--,if ! eng9es become loose1 h[ d y refix !m8 ,a4--,x is difficult to fix eng9es effectually :i* h once begun to "w 9 ! %ip1 = 9 "t ! surface ( ! keelsons on :i* ! eng9es be> becomes worn unev51 & ! eng9es necess>ily rock ^u x4 ,z a g5]al rule1 ! bolts atta*+ ! eng9es to ! keelsons are too few & ( too l>ge a diamet]3 x w\ld be pref]able to h small] bolts1 & a great] numb] ( !m4 ,9 addition to ! bolts go+ ?r\gh ! keelsons or ! vessel's bottom1 !re %\ld be a l>ge numb] ( wood screws secur+ ! sole plate to ! keelson1 & a l>ge numb] ( bolts secur+ ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! eng9e to ! sole plate4 ,9 iron vessels1 hold+ d[n bolts pass+ ?r\gh ! bottom are n exp$i5t2 & !re ! eng9e has m]ely to be secur$ to ! iron plate ( ! keelsons1 :i* are made holl[ to admit ( a m effectual atta*m5t4 #dib4 ,q4--,:at are ! prop] proportions ( bolts8 ,a4--,9 well =m$ bolts1 ! spiral groove p5etrates ab\t "o twelf? ( ! diamet] ( ! cyl9d] r\nd :i* x w9ds1 s t ! diamet] ( ! solid cyl9d] :i* rema9s is five six?s ( ! diamet] ov] ! ?read4 ,if ! /ra9 to :i* iron may be safely subject$ 9 ma*9]y is "o fifte5? ( its utmo/ /r5g?1 or #d1jjj lbs4 on ! squ>e in*1 !n #b1ahj lbs4 may be su/a9$ by a screw an in* 9 diamet]1 at ! outside ( ! ?reads4 ,! /r5g? ( ! hold+ d[n bolts may easily be comput$1 :5 ! elevat+ =ce ( ! pi/on or ma9 c5tre is kn[n2 b x is exp$i5t v mu* to exce$ ?is /r5g? 9 practice1 on acc\nt ( ! ela/icity ( ! keelsons1 ! liability to corrosion1 & o!r causes4 ,,! ,,locomotive ,,eng9e4 #dic4 ,q4--,:at is ! am\nt ( tractive =ce requisite to draw c>riages on railways8 ,a4--,^u well =m$ railways ) c>riages ( good con/ruction1 ! av]age tractive =ce requir$ = l[ spe$s is ab\t #g-a_/b lbs4 p] ton1 or #a_/cjj? ( ! load1 ?\gh 9 "s exp]im5tal cases1 :]e p>ticul> c>e 0 tak5 to obta9 a favorable result1 ! tractive =ce has be5 r$uc$ z l[ z #a_/ejj? ( ! load4 ,at l[ spe$s ! :ole ( ! tractive =ce is exp5d$ 9 ov]com+ ! friction1 :i* is made up p>tly ( ! friction ( attrition 9 ! axles1 & p>tly ( ! roll+ friction1 or ! ob/ruction to ! roll+ ( ! :eels ^u ! rail4 ,! roll+ friction is v small :5 ! surfaces are smoo?1 & 9 ! case ( railway c>riages does n exce$ #a_/ajjj?4 ( ! load2 :]eas ! draught on common roads ( good con/ruction1 :i* is *iefly made up ( ! roll+ friction1 is z mu* z #a_/cf? ( ! load4 #did4,q4--,9 ref]5ce to friction y h already /at$ t ! friction ( iron slid+ ^u brass1 :i* has be5 oil$ & !n wip$ dry1 s t no film ( oil is int]pos$1 is ab\t #a_/aa? ( ! pressure1 b t 9 ma*9es 9 actual op]ation1 :]e !re is a film ( oil betwe5 ! rubb+ surfaces1 ! friction is only ab\t "o ?ird ( ?is am\nt1 or #a_/cc;d ( ! weight4 ,h[ !n c ! tractive resi/ance ( locomotives at l[ spe$s1 :i* y say is entirely made up ( friction1 be s little z #a_/ejj?4 ( ! weight8 ,a4--,i did n /ate t ! resi/ance to traction 0 #a_/ejj? ( ! weight ^u an av]age--to :i* condition ! answ] giv5 to a previ\s "q mu/ be und]/ood to apply--b ,i /at$ t ! av]age traction 0 ab\t #a_/cjj? ( ! load1 :i* ne>ly agrees ) my =m] /atem5t4 ,if ! total friction be #a_/cjj? ( ! load1 & ! roll+ friction be #a_/ajjj? ( ! load1 !n ! friction ( attrition mu/ be #a_/dbi? ( ! load2 & if ! diamet] ( ! :eels be #cf 941 & ! diamet] ( ! axles be #c 941 :i* are common proportions1 ! friction ( attrition mu/ be increas$ 9 ! proportion ( #cf to #c1 or #ab times1 to repres5t ! friction ( ! rubb+ surface :5 mov+ ) ! velocity ( ! c>riage1 #ab_/dbi?s are ab\t #a_/ce? ( ! load1 :i* does n diff] mu* f ! proportion ( #a_/cc;d z previ\sly det]m9$4 #die4 ,q4--,:at is ! am\nt ( adhesion ( ! :eels ^u ! rails8 ,a4--,! adhesion ( ! :eels ^u ! rails is ab\t #a_/e? ( ! weight :5 ! rails are clean1 or ei!r p]fectly wet or p]fectly dry2 b :5 ! rails are half wet or greasy1 ! adhesion is n m ?an #a_/aj? or #a_/ab? ( ! weight or pressure ^u ! :eels4 ,! weight ( a locomotive ( mod]n con/ruction v>ies f #bj to #be tons4 #dif4 ,q4--,& :at is its co/ & av]age p]=mance8 ,a4--,! co/ ( a common n>r[ gauge locomotive1 ( av]age p[]1 v>ies f #a1ijj to #b1bjj2 x w run on an av]age #acj miles p] day1 at a co/ = repairs ( #b-a_/b;d4 p] mile2 & ! co/ ( locomotive p[]1 includ+ repairs1 wages1 oil1 & coke1 does n mu* exce$ #f;d4 p] mile run1 on economically manag$ railways4 ,?is does n include a s9k+ fund = ! r5ewal ( ! eng9es :5 worn out1 :i* may be tak5 z equival5t to #aj p] c5t4 on _! orig9al co/4 #dig4 ,q4--,does ! exp5se ( traction increase mu* ) an increas$ spe$8 ,a4--,yes2 x increases v rapidly1 p>tly f ! undulation ( ! e>? :5 a heavy tra9 passes ov] x at a high velocity1 b *iefly f ! resi/ance ( ! atmosph]e & bla/ pipe1 :i* con/itute ! greate/ ( ! imp$im5ts to motion at high spe$s4 ,at a spe$ ( #cj miles an h\r1 ! atmosph]ic resi/ance has be5 f\nd 9 "s cases to am\nt to ab\t #ab lbs4 a ton2 & 9 side w9ds ! resi/ance ev5 exce$s ?is am\nt1 p>tly 9 consequ5ce ( ! additional friction caus$ f ! flanges ( ! :eels be+ =c$ aga9/ ! rails1 & p>tly because ! w9d cat*es to a c]ta9 ext5t ! front ( e c>riage1 :]eby ! effici5t bread? ( ea* c>riage1 9 giv+ motion to ! air 9 ! direction ( ! tra91 is v mu* increas$4 ,at a spe$ ( #cj miles an h\r1 an eng9e evaporat+ #bjj cubic feet ( wat] 9 ! h\r1 & !re=e ex]t+ ab\t #bjj horses p[]1 w draw a load ( #aaj tons4 ,tak+ ! friction ( ! tra9 at #g-a_/b lbs4 p] ton1 or #hbe lbs4 op]at+ at ! circumf]5ce ( ! driv+ :eel--:i*1 ) #e ft4 #f 94 :eels1 & #ah 94 /roke1 is equival5t to #d1geg lbs4 ^u ! pi/on--& tak+ ! resi/ance ( ! bla/ pipe at #f lbs4 p] squ>e in* ( ! pi/ons1 & ! friction ( ! eng9e unload$ at #a lb4 p] squ>e in*1 :i*1 ) pi/ons #ab 94 9 diamet]1 am\nt toge!r to #a1ehb lbs41 & reckon+ ! increas$ friction ( ! eng9e due to ! load at #a_/g? ( ! load1 z 9 "s cases x has be5 f\nd exp]im5tally to be1 ?\gh a mu* less proportion ?an ?is w\ld probably be a ne>] av]age1 we h #gjah4d lbs4 = ! total load ^u ! pi/ons4 ,at #cj miles an h\r ! spe$ ( ! pi/ons w be #deg4h feet p] m9ute1 & #gjah4d lbs4 multipli$ by #deg4h ft4 p] m9ute1 are equal to #cbacjbc4e lbs4 rais$ "o foot high 9 ! m9ute1 :i*1 divid$ by #cc1jjj1 gives #ig4c horses p[] z ! p[] :i* w\ld draw #aaj tons ^u a railway at a spe$ ( #cj miles an h\r1 if !re 7 no atmosph]ic resi/ance4 ,! atmosph]ic resi/ance is at ! rate ( #ab lbs4 a ton1 ) a load ( #aaj tons1 equal to #a1cbj lbs41 mov+ at a spe$ ( #cj miles an h\r1 :i*1 :5 r$uc$1 becomes #aje4h horses p[]1 & ?is1 add$ to #ig4c1 makes #bjc4a1 in/ead ( #bjj horses p[]1 z asc]ta9$ by a ref]5ce to ! evaporative p[] ( ! boil]4 ,?is am\nt ( atmosph]ic resi/ance1 h[ev]1 exce$s ! av]age1 & 9 "s ( ! exp]im5ts = asc]ta9+ ! atmosph]ic resi/ance1 a "p ( ! resi/ance due to ! curves & irregul>ities ( ! l9e has be5 c\nt$ z "p ( ! atmosph]ic resi/ance4 #dih4 ,q4--,is ! resi/ance p] ton ( ! eng9e ! same z ! resi/ance p] ton ( ! tra98 ,a4--,no2 x is m1 s9ce ! eng9e has n m]ely ! resi/ance ( ! atmosph]e & ( ! :eels to enc\nt]1 b ! resi/ance ( ! ma*9]y besides4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,goo*'s exp]im5ts ^u a tra9 weigh+ #ajj tons1 ! resi/ance ( ! eng9e & t5d] at #ac4a miles p] h\r 0 f\nd by ! indicator to be #ab4ch lbs42 ! resi/ance p] ton ( ! tra91 z asc]ta9$ by ! dynamomet]1 0 at ! same spe$ #g4eh lbs41 & ! av]age resi/ance ( locomotive & tra9 0 #i4jd lbs4 ,at #bj4b miles p] h\r ^! resi/ances respectively became #ai4j1 #h4ai1 & #ab4b lbs4 ,at #dda miles p] h\r ! resi/ances became #cd4j1 #ba4aj1 & #be4e lbs41 & at #eg4d miles an h\r !y became #ce4e1 #ag4ha1 & #bc4h lbs4 #dii4 ,q4--,is x n ma9ta9$ t ! resi/ance ( ! atmosph]e to ! progress ( railway tra9s increases z ! squ>e ( ! velocity8 ,a4--,! atmosph]ic resi/ance1 no d\bt1 increases z ! squ>e ( ! velocity1 & ! p[]1 !re=e1 necess>y to ov]come x w increase z ! cube ( ! velocity1 s9ce 9 d\bl+ ! spe$ f\r times1 ! p[] mu/ be exp5d$ 9 ov]com+ ! atmosph]ic resi/ance 9 half ! "t4 ,at l[ spe$s1 ! resi/ance does n increase v rapidly2 b at high spe$s1 z ! rapid increase 9 ! atmosph]ic resi/ance causes ! ma9 resi/ance to be t aris+ f ! atmosph]e1 ! total resi/ance w v>y ne>ly z ! squ>e ( ! velocity4 ,?us ! resi/ance ( a tra91 includ+ locomotive & t5d]1 w1 at #ae miles an h\r1 be ab\t #i4c lbs4 p] ton2 at #cj miles an h\r x w be #ac4b lbs4 p] ton2 & at #fj miles an h\r1 #bi lbs4 p] ton4 ,if we suppose ! same law ( progression to cont9ue up to #abj miles an h\r1 ! resi/ance at t spe$ w be #ib4b lbs4 p] ton1 & at #bdj miles an h\r ! resi/ance w be #cdd4h lbs4 p] ton4 ,?us1 9 d\bl+ ! spe$ f #fj to #abj miles p] h\r1 ! resi/ance does n fall mu* %ort ( be+ increas$ f\rfold1 & ! same rem>k applies to ! increase ( ! spe$ f #abj to #bdj miles an h\r4 ,^! d$uctions & o!r d$uctions f ,mr4 ,goo*'s exp]im5ts on ! resi/ance ( railway tra9s1 are fully discuss$ by ,mr4 ,cl>k1 9 8 ,treatise on railway ma*9]y1 :o gives ! foll[+ rule = asc]ta9+ ! resi/ance ( a tra91 suppos+ ! l9e to be 9 good ord]1 & free f curves3--,to f9d ! total resi/ance ( ! eng9e1 t5d]1 & tra9 9 p\nds p] ton1 at any giv5 spe$4 ,squ>e ! spe$ 9 miles p] h\r2 divide x by #aga1 & add #h to ! quoti5t4 ,! result is ! total resi/ance at ! rails 9 lbs4 p] ton4 #ejj4,q4--,h[ comes x1 t ! resi/ance ( fluids increases z ! squ>e ( ! velocity1 in/ead ( ! velocity simply8 ,a4--,because ! height necess>y to g5]ate ! velocity ) :i* ! mov+ object /rikes ! fluid1 or ! fluid /rikes ! object1 increases z ! squ>e ( ! velocity1 & ! resi/ance or ! weight ( a column ( any fluid v>ies z ! height4 ,a fall+ body1 z has be5 already expla9$1 to h acquir$ twice ! velocity1 mu/ h fall5 ?r\gh f\r times ! height2 ! velocity g5]at$ by a column ( any fluid is equal to t acquir$ by a body fall+ ?r\gh ! height ( ! column2 & x is !re=e cle>1 t ! pressure due to any giv5 velocity mu/ be z ! squ>e ( t velocity1 ! pressure be+ 9 e case z twice ! altitude ( ! column4 ,! "w done1 h[ev]1 by a /ream ( air or o!r fluid 9 a giv5 "t1 w v>y z ! cube ( ! velocity2 = if ! velocity ( a /ream ( air be d\bl$1 !re w n only be f\r times ! pressure ex]t$ p] squ>e foot1 b twice ! quantity ( air w be employ$2 & 9 w9dmills1 accord+ly1 x is f\nd1 t ! "w done v>ies ne>ly z ! cube ( ! velocity ( ! w9d4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! "w done by a giv5 quantity ( air mov+ at diff]5t spe$s be consid]$1 x w v>y z ! squ>es ( ! spe$s4 #eja4 ,q4--,b 9 a case :]e !re is no "w done1 & ! resi/ance v>ies z ! squ>e ( ! spe$1 %\ld n ! p[] requisite to ov]come t resi/ance v>y z ! squ>e ( ! spe$8 ,a4--,x %\ld if y consid] ! resi/ance ov] a giv5 di/ance1 & n ! resi/ance dur+ a giv5 "t4 ,suppos+ ! resi/ance ( a railway tra9 to increase z ! squ>e ( ! spe$1 x w\ld take f\r times ! p[]1 s f> z atmosph]ic resi/ance is conc]n$1 to accompli% a mile at ! rate ( #fj miles an h\r1 t x w\ld take to accompli% a mile at #cj miles an h\r2 b 9 ! =m] case !re w\ld be twice ! numb] ( miles accompli%$ 9 ! same "t1 s t :5 ! velocity ( ! tra9 0 d\bl$1 we %\ld require an eng9e t 0 capable ( ov]com+ f\r times ! resi/ance at twice ! spe$1 or 9 o!r words1 t 0 capable ( ex]t+ eight times ! p[]1 s f> z reg>ds ! elem5t ( atmosph]ic resi/ance4 ,we "k by exp]i5ce1 h[ev]1 t x is easi] to atta9 high spe$s on railways ?an 9 /eam vessels1 :]e ! resi/ance does increase ne>ly z ! squ>e ( ! spe$4 #ejb4 ,q4--,w y describe g5]ally ! arrangem5t ( a locomotive eng9e8 ,a4--,! boil] & eng9e are hung ^u a framework set on :eels1 &1 toge!r ) ?is frame or c>riage1 con/itute :at is commonly call$ ! locomotive4 ,beh9d ! locomotive runs ano!r c>riage1 call$ ! t5d]1 = hold+ coke & wat]4 ,a common mode ( connect+ ! eng9e & t5d] is by means ( a rigid b>1 ) an eye at ea* end ?r\gh :i* p9s are pass$4 ,betwe5 ! eng9e & t5d]1 h[ev]1 buff]s %\ld always be int]pos$1 z _! pressure contributes greatly to prev5t oscillation & o!r irregul> motions ( ! eng9e4 #ejc4 ,q4--,h[ is ! fram+ ( a locomotive usually con/ruct$8 ,a4--,all locomotives are n[ made ) ! fram+ :i* supports ! ma*9]y situat$ )9 ! :eels2 b = "s ye>s a vehem5t controv]sy 0 ma9ta9$ respect+ ! relative m]its ( outside & inside fram+1 :i* has t]m9at$1 h[ev]1 9 ! univ]sal adoption ( ! inside fram+4 ,x is difficult1 9 eng9es int5d$ = ! n>r[ gauge1 to get cyl9d]s )9 ! fram+ ( suffici5t diamet] to meet ! exig5cies ( railway locomotion2 by ca/+ bo? cyl9d]s 9 a piece1 h[ev]1 a consid]able am\nt ( room may be made available to increase _! diamet]s4 ,x is v desirable t ! cyl9d]s ( locomotives %\ld be z l>ge z possible1 s t expansion may be adopt$ to a l>ge ext5t2 & ) any giv5 spe$ ( pi/on1 ! p[] ( an eng9e ei!r to draw heavy loads1 or a*ieve high velocities1 w be increas$ ) e increase ( ! dim5sions ( ! cyl9d]4 ,! fram+ ( locomotives1 to :i* ! boil] & ma*9]y are atta*$1 & :i* re/s ^u ! spr+s situat$ above ! axles1 is =m$ g5]ally ( malleable iron1 b 9 "s eng9es ! side frames consi/ ( oak ) iron plates rivet$ on ea* side4 ,! gu>d plates are 9 ^! cases g5]ally ( equal l5g?1 ! frames be+ curv$ upw>d to pass ov] ! driv+ axle4 ,h>d ca/ iron blocks are rivet$ betwe5 ! gu>d plates to s]ve z guides = ! axle bu%es4 ,! side frames are connect$ across ! ends1 & cross /ays are introduc$ b5ea? ! boil] to /iff5 ! frame sideways1 & prev5t ! ends ( ! connect+ or ecc5tric rods f fall+ d[n if !y %\ld be brok54 #ejd4 ,q4--,:at is ! nature & arrangem5t ( ! spr+s ( locomotives8 ,a4--,! spr+s are ( ! ord9>y c>riage k9d1 ) plates connect$ at ! c5tre1 & all[$ to slide on ea* o!r at _! ends4 ,! upp] plate t]m9ates 9 two eyes1 ?r\gh ea* ( :i* passes a p91 :i* also passes ?r\gh ! jaws ( ! bridle1 connect$ by a d\ble ?read$ screw to ano!r bridle1 :i* is jo9t$ to ! fram+2 ! c5tre ( ! spr+ re/s ^u ! axle box4 ,sometimes ! spr+s are plac$ betwe5 ! gu>d plates1 & bel[ ! fram+ :i* re/s ^u _! extremities4 ,"o species ( spr+s :i* has ga9$ a consid]able introduction1 consi/s ( a numb] ( flat /eel plates ) a piece ( metal or o!r sub/ance int]pos$ betwe5 !m at ! c5tre1 leav+ ! ends /&+ ap>t4 ,x w\ld be pref]able1 p]haps1 to make ! plates ( a common spr+ ) diff]5t curves1 s t ! leaves1 ?\gh 9 contact at ! c5tre1 w\ld n be 9 contact ) ! ends ) light loads1 b w\ld be br\ght into contact gradually1 z ! /ra9 conies on3 a spr+ w\ld ?us be obta9$ t 0 suitable = all loads4 #eje4 ,q4--,:at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 inside & outside cyl9d] eng9es8 ,a4--,outside cyl9d]s are s designat$ :5 plac$ ^u ! outside ( ! fram+1 ) _! connect+ rods op]at+ ^u p9s 9 ! driv+ :eels2 :ile ! inside cyl9d]s are situat$ )9 ! fram+1 & ! connect+ rods atta* !mselves to cranks 9 ! driv+ axle4 #ejf4 ,q4--,:e!r are inside or outside cyl9d] eng9es to be pref]r$8 ,a4--,a div]sity ( op9ion obta9s z to ! relative m]its ( outside & inside cyl9d]s4 ,! *ief objection to outside cyl9d]s is1 t !y occasion a s9u\s motion 9 ! eng9e :i* is apt to s5d ! tra9 (f ! rails2 b ?is action may be made less p]ceptible or be rem$i$ altoge!r1 by plac+ a weight ^u "o side ( ! :eels1 ! mom5tum ( :i* w j balance ! mom5tum ( ! pi/on & its connections4 ,! s9u\s or rock+ motion ( locomotives is traceable to ! arre/$ mom5tum ( ! pi/on & its atta*m5ts at e /roke ( ! eng9e1 & ! effect ( ! pressure ?us creat$ w be m op]ative 9 induc+ oscillation ! f>!r x is ex]t$ f ! c5tral l9e ( ! eng9e4 ,if bo? cyl9d]s 7 set at "r angles 9 ! c5tre ( ! c>riage1 & ! pi/ons 7 bo? atta*$ to a c5tral crank1 !re w\ld be no oscillation produc$2 or ! same effect w\ld be realiz$ by plac+ "o cyl9d] 9 ! c5tre ( ! c>riage1 & two at ! sides-- ! pi/ons ( ! side cyl9d]s mov+ simultane\sly3 b x is impossible to c\ple ! pi/on ( an upright cyl9d] direct to ! axle ( a locomotive1 )\t caus+ ! spr+s to "w up & d[n ) e /roke ( ! eng9e3 & ! use ( ?ree cyl9d]s1 ?\gh adopt$ 9 "s ( ,/eph5son's eng9es1 involves too mu* complication to be a b5eficial innovation4 #ejg4 ,q4--,:e!r are f\r-:eel$ or six-:eel$ eng9es pref]able8 ,a4--,mu* controv]sial +5uity has be5 exp5d$ ^u ! "q ( ! relative m]its ( ! f\r & six-:eel$ eng9es2 "o p>ty ma9ta9+ t f\r-:eel$ eng9es are mo/ unsafe1 & ! o!r t six-:eel$ eng9es are unme*anical1 & are m likely to occasion accid5ts4 ,! f\r-:eel$ eng9es1 h[ev]1 appe> to h be5 *>g$ ) faults t d n really atta* to !m :5 prop]ly con/ruct$2 = x by no means foll[s t if ! axle ( a f\r-:eel$ eng9e breaks1 or ev5 altoge!r comes away1 t ! eng9e mu/ fall d[n or run (f ! l9e2 inasmu* z1 if ! eng9e be prop]ly c\pl$ ) ! t5d]1 x has ! t5d] to su/a9 x4 ,x is obvi\s en\gh1 t su* a connection may be made betwe5 ! t5d] & ! eng9e1 t ei!r ! =e or h9d axle ( ! eng9e may be tak5 away1 & yet ! eng9e w n fall d[n1 b w be kept up by ! support :i* ! t5d] af=ds2 & ! argum5ts hi!rto p>ad$ aga9/ ! f\r-:eel$ eng9es are1 s f> z reg>ds ! "q ( safety1 no?+ m ?an argum5ts aga9/ ! exi/5ce ( ! sugge/$ connection4 ,x is no d\bt ! fact1 t locomotive eng9es are n[ becom+ too heavy to be capable ( be+ borne on f\r :eels at high spe$s )\t injury to ! rails2 b ! objection ( damage to ! rails applies ) at lea/ equal =ce to mo/ ( ! six-:eel$ eng9es hi!rto con/ruct$1 z 9 ^? eng9es ! eng9e] has ! p[] ( putt+ ne>ly all ! weight ^u ! driv+ :eels2 & if ! rail be wet or greasy1 !re is a great temptation to increase ! bite ( ^? :eels by screw+ !m d[n m firmly ^u ! rails4 ,a great] /ra9 is ?us ?r[n ^u ! rail ?an c exi/ 9 ! case ( any equally heavy f\r-:eel$ eng9e2 & ! eng9e is made v unsafe1 z a pit*+ motion w inevitably be induc$ at high spe$s1 :5 an eng9e is ?us pois$ ^u ! c5tral driv+ :eels1 & !re w also be m ( ! rock+ or s9u\s motion4 ,locomotives1 h[ev]1 int5d$ to a*ieve high spe$s or to draw heavy loads1 are n[ g5]ally made ) eight :eels1 & 9 "s cases ! driv+ :eels are plac$ at ! end ( ! eng9e in/ead ( 9 ! middle4 #ejh4 ,q4--,z ! "q ( ! locomotive boil] has be5 already dispos$ ( 9 discuss+ ! "q ( boil]s 9 g5]al1 x n[ only rema9s to inquire into ! subject ( ! eng9e1 & we may comm5ce ) ! cyl9d]s4 ,w y /ate ! arrangem5t & con/ruction ( ! cyl9d]s ( a locomotive & _! connections8 ,a4--,! cyl9d]s are plac$ 9 ! same horizontal plane z ! axle ( ! driv+ :eels1 & ! connect+ rod :i* is atta*$ to ! pi/on rod engages ei!r a crank 9 ! driv+ axle or a p9 9 ! driv+ :eel1 accord+ z ! cyl9d]s are inside or outside ( ! framework4 ,! cyl9d]s are g5]ally made an in* long] ?an ! /roke1 or !re is half an in* ( cle>ance at ea* end ( ! cyl9d]1 to p]mit ! spr+s ( ! vehicle to act )\t caus+ ! pi/on to /rike ! top or bottom ( ! cyl9d]4 ,! ?ickness ( metal ( ! cyl9d] ends is usually ab\t a ?ird m ?an ! ?ickness ( ! cyl9d] itself1 & bo? ends are g5]ally made removable4 ,! prim+ ( ! boil]1 :5 x occurs1 is v injuri\s to ! cyl9d]s & valves ( locomotives1 especially if ! wat] be s&y1 z ! grit c>ri$ ov] by ! /eam we>s ! rubb+ surfaces rapidly away4 ,! face ( ! cyl9d] on :i* ! valve works is rais$ a little above ! metal ar\nd x1 bo? to facilitate ! op]ation ( =m+ ! face & ) ! view ( enabl+ any =eign sub/ance deposit$ on ! face to be pu%$ aside by ! valve into ! less elevat$ "p1 :]e x may lie )\t occasion+ any fur!r di/urbance4 ,! valve cas+ is sometimes ca/ ^u ! cyl9d]1 & x is g5]ally cov]$ ) a door :i* may be remov$ to p]mit ! inspection ( ! faces4 ,9 "s valve cas+s ! top z well z ! back is removable1 :i* admits ( ! valve & valve bridle be+ remov$ ) great] facility4 ,a cock is plac$ at ea* end ( locomotive cyl9d]s1 to all[ ! wat] to be dis*>g$ :i* accumulates 9 ! cyl9d] f prim+ or cond5sation2 & ! f\r cocks ( ! two cyl9d]s are usually connect$ toge!r1 s t by turn+ a h&le ! :ole are op5$ at once4 ,9 ,/eph5son's eng9es1 h[ev]1 ) v>iable expansion1 !re is b "o cock provid$ = ?is purpose1 :i* is on ! bottom ( ! valve *e/4 #eji4 ,q4--,:at k9d ( pi/on is us$ 9 locomotives8 ,a4--,! v>iety ( pi/ons employ$ 9 locomotives is v great1 & sometimes ev5 ! m complicat$ k9ds are f\nd to "w v satisfactorily2 b1 9 g5]al1 ^? pi/ons :i* consi/ ( a s+le r+ & tongue piece1 or ( two s+le r+s set "o above ! o!r1 s z to break jo9t1 are pref]able to ^? :i* consi/ ( _m pieces4 ,9 ,/eph5son's pi/ons ! screws 7 at "o "t liable to "w slack1 & ! spr+s to break4 #eaj4 ,q4--,w y expla9 ! connection ( ! pi/on rod ) ! connect+ rod8 ,a4--,! pi/on rods ( all eng9es are n[ g5]ally ei!r case h>d5$ v deeply1 or are made ( /eel2 & 9 locomotive eng9es ! diamet] ( ! pi/on rod is ab\t "o sev5? ( ! diamet] ( ! cyl9d]1 & x is =m$ ( tilt$ /eel4 ,! cone ( ! pi/on rod1 by :i* x is atta*$ to ! pi/on1 is turn$ ! rev]se way to t :i* is adopt$ 9 common eng9es1 ) ! view ( mak+ ! cutt] m accessible f ! bottom ( ! cyl9d]1 :i* is made to come (f l a door4 ,! top ( ! pi/on rod is secur$ ) a cutt] into a socket ) jaws1 ?r\gh ! holes ( :i* a cross head passes1 :i* is embrac$ betwe5 ! jaws by ! small end ( ! connect+ rod1 :ile ! ends ( ! cross head move 9 guides4 ,betwe5 ! pi/on rod clut* & ! guide blocks1 ! fe$ pump rod jo9s ! cross head 9 "s eng9es4 #eaa4 ,q4--,:at k9d ( guides is employ$ = ! end ( ! pi/on rod8 ,a4--,! guides are =m$ ( /eel plates atta*$ to ! fram+1 betwe5 :i* "w ! guide blocks1 fix$ on ! ends ( ! cross head1 :i* h flanges be>+ aga9/ ! inn] edges ( ! guides4 ,/eel or brass guides are bett] ?an iron ones3 ,/eph5son & ,haw?orn atta* _! guides at "o end to a cross /ay1 at ! o!r to lugs on ! cyl9d] cov]2 & !y are made /rong] 9 ! middle ?an at ! ends4 ,/\t guide rods ( /eel1 encircl$ by /uff+ boxes on ! ends ( ! cross head1 w\ld probably be f\nd sup]ior to any o!r arrangem5t4 ,! /uff+ boxes might conta9 conical bu%es1 cut spirally1 9 addition to ! pack+1 & a r+1 cut spirally1 might be sprung ^u ! rod & fix$ 9 advance ( ! /uff+ box1 ) lat]al play to wipe ! rod be=e ent]+ ! /uff+ box1 to prev5t x f be+ scrat*$ by ! adhesion ( du/4 #eab4 ,q4--,is any provision made = keep+ ! connect+ rod always ( ! same l5g?8 ,a4--,9 e k9d ( locomotive x is v desirable t ! l5g? ( ! connect+ rod %\ld rema9 inv>iable1 9 spite ( ! we> ( ! brasses1 = !re is a dang] ( ! pi/on /rik+ aga9/ ! cov] ( ! cyl9d] if x be %ort5$1 z ! cle>ance is left z small z possible 9 ord] to economize /eam4 ,9 "s eng9es ! /rap encircl+ ! crank p9 is fix$ immovably to ! connect+ rod by dovetail$ keys1 & a bolt passes ?r\gh ! keys1 rod1 & /rap1 to prev5t ! dovetail$ keys f work+ out4 ,! brass is tight5$ by a gib & cutt]1 :i* is kept f work+ loose by ?ree p9*+ screws & a cross p9 or cutt] ?r\gh ! po9t4 ,! effect ( ?is arrangem5t is to l5g!n ! rod1 b at ! cross head end ( ! rod ! elongation is neutraliz$ by mak+ ! /rap loose1 s t 9 tight5+ ! brass ! rod is %ort5$ by an am\nt equal to its elongation at ! crank p9 end4 ,! tight5+ "h is also effect$ by a gib & cutt]1 :i* is kept f work+ loose by two p9*+ screws press+ on ! side ( ! cutt]4 ,bo? j\rnals ( ! connect+ rod are furni%$ ) oil cups1 hav+ a small tube 9 ! c5tre ) siphon wicks4 ,! connect+ rod is a ?ick flat b>1 ) its edges r\nd$4 #eac4 ,q4--,h[ is ! crank$ axle ( locomotives con/ruct$8 ,a4--,! crank$ axle ( locomotives is always made ( wr\ght iron1 ) two cranks =g$ ^u x t[>d ! middle ( its l5g?1 at a di/ance f ea* o!r answ]able to ! di/ance betwe5 ! cyl9d]s4 ,bosses are made on ! axle = ! :eels to be key$ ^u1 & be>+s = ! support ( ! fram+4 ,! axle is usually =g$ 9 two pieces1 :i* are aft]w>d weld$ toge!r4 ,sometimes ! pieces = ! cranks are put on sep>ately1 b ! cranks s made are liable to give way4 ,9 eng9es ) outside cyl9d]s ! axles are made /raight-! crank p9s be+ ins]t$ 9 ! naves ( ! :eels4 ,! be>+s to :i* ! connect+ rods are atta*$ are made ) v l>ge fillets 9 ! corn]s1 s z to /r5g!n ! axle 9 t "p1 & to obviate side play 9 ! connect+ rod4 ,9 eng9es :i*1 h be5 9 use = "s "t1 h[ev]1 !re is g5]ally a good deal ( end play 9 ! be>+s ( ! axles !mselves1 & ?is slackness contributes to make ! oscillation ( ! eng9e m viol5t2 b ?is evil may be rem$i$ by mak+ ! be>+s sph]oidal1 :]eby end play becomes impossible4 #ead4 ,q4--,h[ are ! be>+s ( ! axles arrang$8 ,a4--,! axles be> only aga9/ ! top ( ! axle boxes1 :i* are g5]ally ( brass2 b a plate ext5ds und]nea? ! be>+1 to prev5t s& f be+ ?r[n ^u x4 ,! upp] "p ( ! box 9 mo/ eng9es has a res]voir ( oil1 :i* is suppli$ to ! j\rnal by tubes ) siphon wicks4 ,/eph5son uses ca/ iron axle boxes ) brasses1 & grease in/ead ( oil2 & ! grease is f$ ^u ! j\rnal by ! heat ( ! be>+ melt+ x1 :]eby x is made to fl[ d[n ?r\gh a hole 9 ! brass4 ,any eng9es con/ruct$ ) outside be>+s h inside be>+s also1 :i* are support$ by longitud9al b>s1 :i* s]ve also 9 "s cases to support ! pi/on guides2 ^! be>+s are sometimes made s z n to t\* ! %afts unless !y break4 #eae4 ,q4--,h[ are ! ecc5trics ( a locomotive con/ruct$8 ,a4--,9 locomotives ! body ( ! ecc5tric is ( ca/ iron1 9 inside cyl9d] eng9es ! ecc5trics are set on ! axle betwe5 ! cranks1 & !y are put on 9 two pieces held toge!r by bolts2 b 9 /raight axle eng9es ! ecc5trics are ca/ 9 a piece1 & are secur$ on ! %aft by means ( a key4 ,! ecc5tric1 :5 9 two pieces1 is reta9$ at its prop] angle on ! %aft by a p9*+ screw1 :i* is provid$ ) a jam nut to prev5t x f work+ loose4 ,a piece is left out ( ! ecc5tric 9 ca/+ x to all[ ( ! screw be+ ins]t$1 & ! void is aft]w>d fill$ by ins]t+ a dovetail$ piece ( metal4 ,/eph5son & ,haw?orn leave holes 9 _! ecc5trics on ea* side ( ! c5tral arm1 & !y apply p9*+ screws 9 ea* ( ^! holes4 ,! me?od ( fix+ ! ecc5tric to ! %aft by a p9*+ screw is sc>cely suffici5tly sub/antial2 & cases are p]petually occurr+1 :5 ?is me?od ( atta*m5t is adopt$1 ( ecc5trics %ift+ f _! place4 ,9 ! mod]n eng9es ! ecc5trics are =g$ on ! axles4 #eaf4 ,q4--,h[ are ! ecc5tric /raps con/ruct$8 ,a4--,! ecc5tric hoops are g5]ally ( wr\ght iron1 z brass hoops are f\nd liable to break4 ,:5 =m$ ( malleable iron1 "o half ( ! /rap is =g$ ) ! rod1 ! o!r half be+ secur$ to x by bolts1 nuts1 & jam nuts4 ,pieces ( brass are1 9 "s cases1 p9n$ )9 ! malleable iron hoop2 b x appe>s to be pref]able to put brasses )9 ! hoop to encircle ! ecc5tric1 z 9 ! case ( any o!r be>+4 ,:5 ! brass /raps are us$1 ! lugs h g5]ally nuts on bo? sides1 s t ! l5g? ( ! ecc5tric rod may be adju/$ by _! means to ! prop] l5g?2 b x is bett] = ! lugs ( ! hoops to abut aga9/ ! necks ( ! screws1 &1 if any adju/m5t be necess>y f ! we> ( ! /raps1 wa%]s c be int]pos$4 ,9 "s eng9es ! adju/m5t is effect$ by screw+ ! valve rod1 & ! cross head ?r\gh :i* x passes has a nut on ei!r side ( x1 by :i* its position ^u ! valve rod is det]m9$4 #eag4 ,q4--,w y describe ! ecc5tric rod & valve lev]s8 ,a4--,9 ! eng9es 9 use be=e ! introduction ( ! l9k motion1 ! =ks ( ! ecc5tric rod 7 ( /eel1 & ! l5g? ( ! ecc5tric rod 0 ! di/ance betwe5 ! c5tre ( ! crank axle & ! c5tre ( ! valve %aft2 b 9 mod]n eng9es ! use ( ! l9k motion is univ]sal4 ,! valve lev] 9 locomotives is usually long] ?an ! ecc5tric lev]1 to increase ! travel ( ! valve1 if lev]s are employ$2 b x is bett] to connect ! valve rod to ! l9k ( ! l9k motion )\t ! int]v5tion ( lev]s4 ,! p9s ( ! ecc5tric lev] 9 ! old eng9es us$ to we> quickly2 ,/eph5son us$ to put a f]ule ( brass on ^! p9s1 :i* be+ loose1 & act+ l a roll]1 facilitat$ ! ?r[+ 9 & out ( ge>1 & :5 worn c\ld easily be replac$1 s t !re 0 no mat]ial d]angem5t ( ! motion ( ! valve f play 9 ?is situation4 #eah4 ,q4--,:at is ! arrangem5t ( a />t+ lev]8 ,a4--,! />t+ lev] travels betwe5 two iron segm5ts1 & c be fix$ 9 any desir$ position4 ,?is is done by a small cat* or bell crank1 jo9t$ to ! bottom ( ! h&le at ! end ( ! lev]1 & com+ up by ! side ( ! h&le1 b press$ out f x by a spr+4 ,! small] arm ( ?is bell crank is jo9t$ to a bolt1 :i* %oots into not*es1 made 9 "o ( ! segm5ts betwe5 :i* ! lev] moves4 ,by press+ ! bell crank aga9/ ! h&le ( ! lev] ! bolt is )drawn1 & ! lev] may be %ift$ to any o!r po9t1 :51 ! spr+ be+ releas$1 ! bolt flies into ! ne>e/ not*4 #eai4 ,q4--,9 :at way does ! />t+ h&le act on ! ma*9]y ( ! eng9e to set x 9 motion8 ,a4--,its :ole action lies 9 rais+ or depress+ ! l9k ( ! l9k motion relatively ) ! valve rod4 ,if ! valve rod be atta*$ to ! middle ( ! l9k1 ! valve w d]ive no motion f1 x at all1 & ! eng9e w /op4 ,if ! atta*m5t be slipp$ to "o end ( ! l9k ! eng9e w g ahead1 & if slipp$ to ! o!r end x w g a/]n4 ,! />t+ h&le m]ely a*ieves ?is *ange ( position4 #ebj4 ,q4--,w y expla9 ! op]ation ( sett+ ! valve ( a locomotive8 ,a4--,9 sett+ ! valves ( locomotives1 place ! crank 9 ! position answ]able to ! end ( ! /roke ( ! pi/on1 & draw a /raight l9e1 repres5t+ ! c5tre l9e ( ! cyl9d]1 ?r\gh ! c5tres ( ! crank %aft & crank p94 ,f ! c5tre ( ! %aft describe a circle ) ! diamet] equal to ! ?r[ ( ! valve2 ano!r circle to repres5t ! crank %aft2 & a ?ird circle to repres5t ! pa? ( ! crank p94 ,f ! c5tre ( ! crank %aft1 draw a l9e p]p5dicul> to ! c5tre l9e ( ! cyl9d] & crank %aft1 & draw ano!r p]p5dicul> at a di/ance f ! fir/ equal to ! am\nt ( ! lap & ! lead ( ! valve3 ! po9ts 9 :i* ?is l9e int]sects ! circle ( ! ecc5tric are ! po9ts 9 :i* ! c5tre ( ! ecc5tric %\ld be plac$ = ! =w>d & rev]se motions4 ,:5 ! ecc5tric rod is atta*$ directly to ! valve1 ! radius ( ! ecc5tric1 :i* prec$es ! crank 9 its revolution1 =ms ) ! crank an obtuse angle2 b :51 by ! int]v5tion ( lev]s1 ! valve has a motion1 oppos$ to t ( ! ecc5tric rod1 ! angle conta9$ by ! crank & ! radius ( ! ecc5tric mu/ be acute1 & ! ecc5tric mu/ foll[ ! crank3 9 o!r words1 ) a direct atta*m5t to ! valve ! ecc5tric is set m ?an "o f\r? ( a revolution 9 advance ( ! crank1 & ) an indirect atta*m5t ! ecc5tric is set less ?an "o f\r? ( a circle beh9d ! crank4 ,if ! valve 7 )\t lead or lap ! ecc5tric w\ld be exactly "o f\r? ( a circle 9 advance ( ! crank or beh9d ! crank1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! valve connection2 b z ! valve w\ld ?us cov] ! port by ! am\nt ( ! lap & lead1 ! ecc5tric mu/ be set =w>d s z to op5 ! port to ! ext5t ( ! lap & lead1 & ?is is effect$ by ! plan j describ$4 #eba4 ,q4--,9 ! ev5t ( ! ecc5trics slipp+ r\nd ^u ! %aft1 :i* y /at$ sometimes happ5s1 is x necess>y to p]=m ! op]ation ( sett+ ! valve z y h j describ$ x8 ,a4--,if ! ecc5trics %ift ^u ! %aft1 !y may be easily refix$ by sett+ ! valve op5 ! am\nt ( ! lead1 sett+ ! crank at ! end ( ! /roke1 & br++ r\nd ! ecc5tric ^u ! %aft till ! ecc5tric rod ge>s ) ! valve4 ,x w\ld (t5 be tr\blesome 9 practice to get access to ! valve = ! purpose ( sett+ x1 & ?is may be disp5s$ ) if ! am\nt ( lap on ! valve & ! l5g? ( ! ecc5tric rod be kn[n4 ,to ?is end draw ^u a bo>d two /raight l9es at "r angles to "o ano!r1 & f _! po9t ( int]section z a c5tre describe two circles1 "o repres5t+ ! circle ( ! ecc5tric1 ! o!r ! crank %aft2 draw a /raight l9e p>allel to "o ( ! diamet]s1 & di/ant f x ! am\nt ( ! lap & ! lead3 ! po9ts 9 :i* 8 p>allel int]sects ! circle ( ! ecc5tric are ! positions ( ! =w>d & backw>d ecc5trics4 ,?r\gh ^! po9ts draw /raight l9es f ! c5tre ( ! circle1 & m>k ! int]section ( ^! l9es ) ! circle ( ! crank %aft2 measure ) a pair ( compasses ! *ord ( ! arc int]cept$ betwe5 ei!r ( ^! po9ts1 & ! diamet] :i* is at "r angles ) ! crank1 & ! diamet]s be+ fir/ m>k$ on ! %aft itself1 !n by transf]r+ ) ! compasses ! di/ance f\nd 9 ! diagram1 & m>k+ ! po9t1 ! ecc5tric may at any "t be adju/$ )\t difficulty4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de4 #ebb4 ,q4--,w y describe ! /ructure & arrangem5t ( ! fe$ pumps ( locomotive eng9es8 ,a4--,! fe$ pumps ( locomotives are g5]ally made ( brass1 b ! plung]s are sometimes made ( iron1 & are g5]ally atta*$ to ! pi/on1 cross head1 ?\gh 9 ,/eph5son's eng9es !y are work$ by rods atta*$ to eyes on ! ecc5tric hoops4 ,!re is a ball valve1 fig4 #de1 betwe5 ! pump & ! t5d]1 & two usually 9 ! pipe lead+ f ! pump to ! boil]1 besides a cock close to ! boil]1 by :i* ! pump may be %ut (f f ! boil] 9 case ( any accid5t to ! valves4 ,! ball valves are guid$ by f\r bran*es1 :i* rise v]tically1 & jo9 toge!r at ! top 9 a hemisph]ical =m4 ,! %ocks ( ! ball aga9/ ?is cap h 9 "s cases brok5 x aft] "o week's "w1 f ! top ( ! cage hav+ be5 flat1 & ! bran*es n hav+ _h _! junction at ! top prop]ly fillet$4 ,^! valve gu>ds are atta*$ 9 diff]5t ways to ! pipes2 :5 "o occurs at ! junction ( two pieces ( pipe x has a flange1 :i* along ) ! flanges ( ! pipes & t ( ! valve seat are held toge!r by a union jo9t4 ,x is sometimes =m$ ) a ?read at ! "u end1 & screw$ into ! pipe4 ,! balls are ca/ holl[ to less5 ! %ock1 z well z to save ! metal4 ,9 "s cases :]e ! fe$ pump plung] has be5 atta*$ to ! cross head1 ! pi/on rod has be5 b5t by ! /ra92 & t mu/ 9 all cases occur1 if ! communication betwe5 ! pump & boil] be clos$ :5 ! eng9e is />t$1 & !re be no escape valve = ! wat]4 #ebc4 ,q4--,are none b ball valves us$ 9 ! fe$ pump8 ,a4--,sp9dle valves h 9 "s cases be5 us$ in/ead ( ball valves1 b !y are m subject to d]angem5t2 b pi/on valves1 s contriv$ z to %ut a portion ( wat] 9 ! cage :5 ab\t to close1 might be adopt$ ) a great dim9ution ( ! %ock4 ,slide valves might be appli$1 & w\ld probably be f\nd pref]able to any ( ! exp$i5ts at pres5t 9 use4 ,9 all sp9dle valves op5$ & %ut rapidly1 x is advisable to h ! l[] surface conical1 to take (f ! %ock ( ! wat]2 & a l>ge lift ( ! valve %\ld be prev5t$1 else mu* ( ! wat] dur+ ! return /roke ( ! pump w fl[ out be=e ! valve %uts4 #ebd4 ,q4--,at :at "p ( ! boil] is ! fe$ wat] admitt$8 ,a4--,! fe$ pipe ( mo/ locomotive eng9es ent]s ! boil] ne> ! bottom & ab\t ! middle ( its l5g?4 ,9 ,/eph5son's eng9e ! wat] is let 9 at ! smoke box end ( ! boil]1 a little bel[ ! wat] level2 by ?is means ! heat is m fully extract$ f ! escap+ smoke1 b ! arrangem5t is ( que/ionable applicability to eng9es ( :i* ! /eam dome & /eam pipe are at ! smoke box end1 z 9 t case ! ent]+ cold wat] w\ld cond5se ! /eam4 #ebe4 ,q4--,h[ are ! pipes connect+ ! t5d] & locomotive con/ruct$1 s z to all[ ( play betwe5 ! eng9e & t5d] )\t leakage8 ,a4--,! pipes connect+ ! t5d] ) ! pumps %\ld all[ access to ! valves & free motion to ! eng9e & t5d]4 ,?is end is atta9$ by ! use ( ball & socket jo9ts2 &1 to all[ "s end play1 "o piece ( ! pipe slides into ! o!r l a telescope1 & is kept tight by means ( a /uff+ box4 ,any pipe jo9t betwe5 ! eng9e & t5d] mu/ be made 9 ?is fa%ion4 #ebf4 ,q4--,h y any sugge/ion to make respect+ ! arrangem5t ( ! fe$ pump8 ,a4--,x w\ld be a mat]ial improvem5t if a fe$ pump 0 to be set 9 ! t5d] & work$ by means ( a small eng9e1 su* z t n[ us$ 9 /eam vessels = fe$+ ! boil]s4 ,! pres5t action ( ! fe$ pumps ( locomotives is prec>i\s1 z1 if ! valves leak 9 ! slighte/ degree1 ! /eam or boil+ wat] f ! boil] w prev5t ! pumps f draw+4 ,x appe>s exp$i5t1 !re=e1 t at lea/ "o pump %\ld be f> f ! boil] & %\ld be set among ! fe$ wat]1 s t x w only h to =ce4 ,if a pump 0 arrang$ 9 ! mann] sugge/$1 ! boil] c\ld /ill be f$ regul>ly1 ?\gh ! locomotive 0 /&+ /ill2 b x w\ld be prud5t to h ! exi/+ pumps /ill wr\ght 9 ! usual way by ! eng9e1 9 case ( d]angem5t ( ! o!r1 or 9 case ! pump 9 ! t5d] might freeze4 #ebg4 ,q4--,w y expla9 ! con/ruction ( locomotive :eels8 ,a4--,! :eels ( a locomotive are always made ( malleable iron4 ,! driv+ :eels are made l>g] to increase ! spe$2 ! be>+ :eels also are easi] on ! road :5 l>ge4 ,9 ! goods eng9es ! driv+ :eels are small] ?an 9 ! pass5g] eng9es1 & are g5]ally c\pl$ toge!r4 ,:eels are made ) mu* v>iety 9 _! con/ructive details3 sometimes !y are made ) ca/ iron naves1 ) ! spokes & rim ( wr\ght iron2 b 9 ! be/ mod]n :eels ! nave is =m$ ( ! ends ( ! spokes weld$ toge!r at ! c5tre4 ,:5 ca/ iron naves are adopt$1 ! spokes are =g$ out ( flat b>s ) ,t-=m$ heads1 & are arrang$ radially 9 ! f\nd]'s m\ld1 ! ca/ iron1 :5 fluid1 be+ p\r$ among !m4 ,! ends ( ! ,t heads are !n weld$ toge!r to con/itute ! p]iph]y ( ! :eel or inn] tire2 & little w$ge-=m pieces are ins]t$ :]e !re is any defici5cy ( iron4 ,9 "s cases ! arms are holl[1 ?\gh ( wr\ght iron2 ! tire ( wr\ght iron1 & ! nave ( ca/ iron2 & ! spokes are turn$ :]e !y are fitt$ into ! nave1 & are secur$ 9 _! sockets by means ( cutt]s4 ,haw?orn makes 8 :eels ) ca/ iron naves & wr\ght iron rims & arms2 b in/ead ( weld+ ! arms toge!r1 he makes palms on _! out] end1 :i* are atta*$ by rivets to ! rim4 ,^! rivets1 h[ev]1 unless v c>efully =m$1 are apt to "w loose2 & x w\ld probably be f\nd an improvem5t if ! palms 7 to be slightly ind5t$ into ! rim1 9 cases 9 :i* ! palms d n meet ea* o!r at ! ends4 ,:5 ! rim is turn$ x is ready = ! tire1 :i* is n[ made ( /eel4 #ebh4 ,q4--,h[ d y f9d ! l5g? ( b> necess>y = =m+ a tire8 ,a4--,to f9d ! prop] l5g? ( b> requisite = ! =mation ( a hoop ( any giv5 diamet]1 add ! ?ickness ( ! b> to ! requir$ diamet]1 & ! correspond+ circumf]5ce 9 ! table ( circumf]5ces ( circles is ! l5g? ( ! b>4 ,if ! iron be b5t edgewise ! bread? ( ! b> mu/ be add$ to ! diamet]1 = x is ! ?ickness ( ! b> measur$ radially t is to be tak5 into consid]ation4 ,9 ! tires ( railway :eels1 :i* h a flange on "o edge1 x is necess>y to add n only ! ?ickness ( ! tire1 b also two ?irds ( ! dep? ( ! flange2 g5]ally1 h[ev]1 ! tire b>s are s5t f ! =ge s curv$ t ! pla9 edge ( ! tire is concave1 & ! flange edge convex1 :ile ! side :i* is aft]w>d to be b5t into contact ) ! cyl9drical surface ( ! :eel is a plane4 ,9 ?is case ! addition ( ! diamet] ( two ?irds ( ! dep? ( ! flange is unnecess>y1 = ! curv+ ( ! flange edge has ! effect ( increas+ ! real l5g? ( ! b>4 ,:5 ! tire is ?us curv$1 x is only necess>y to add ! ?ickness ( ! hoop to ! diamet]1 & !n to f9d ! circumf]5ce f a table2 or ! same result w be obta9$ by multiply+ ! diamet] ?us increas$ by ! ?ickness ( ! hoop by #c4adaf4 #ebi4 ,q4--,h[ are ! tires atta*$ to ! :eels8 ,a4--,! mat]ials = :eel tires are fir/ swag$ sep>ately1 & !n weld$ toge!r "u ! heavy hamm] at ! /eel works2 aft] :i* !y are b5t to ! circle1 weld$1 & turn$ to c]ta9 gauges4 ,! tire is n[ heat$ to r$ness 9 a circul> furnace2 dur+ ! "t x is gett+ hot1 ! iron :eel1 turn$ to ! "r diamet]1 is bolt$ d[n ^u a face plate or surface2 ! tire exp&s ) ! heat1 & :5 at a *]ry r$1 x is dropp$ ov] ! :eel1 = :i* x 0 previ\sly too small1 & x is also ha/ily bolt$ d[n to ! surface plate2 ! :ole mass is !n quickly imm]s$ by a sw+ crane 9 a tank ( wat] five feet deep1 & haul$ up & d[n till ne>ly cold2 ! tires are n aft]w>d temp]$4 ,! tire is atta*$ to ! rim ) rivets hav+ c\nt]sunk heads1 & ! :eel is !n fix$ on its axle4 #ecj4 ,q4--,is x necess>y to h ! :ole tire ( /eel8 ,a4--,x is n indisp5sable t ! :ole tire %\ld be ( /eel2 b a dovetail groove1 turn$ out ( ! tire at ! place :]e x be>s mo/ on ! rail1 & fitt$ ) a b& ( /eel1 w suffice4 ,?is b& may be put 9 9 pieces1 & ! exp$i5t appe>s to be ! be/ way ( repair+ a worn tire2 b p>ticul> c>e mu/ be tak5 to atta* ^! pieces v securely to ! tire by rivets1 else 9 ! rapid revolution ( ! :eel ! /eel may be ?r[n out by ! c5trifugal =ce4 ,9 aid ( su* atta*m5t ! /eel1 aft] be+ introduc$1 is well hamm]$1 :i* exp&s x sideways until x fills ! dovetail groove4 #eca4 ,q4--,is any arrangem5t adopt$ to facilitate ! passage ( ! locomotive r\nd curves8 ,a4--,! tire is turn$ some:at conical1 to facilitate ! passage ( ! eng9e r\nd curves--! diamet] ( ! out] :eel be+ virtually increas$ by ! c5trifugal =ce ( ! eng9e1 & t ( ! inn] :eel be+ correspond+ly dim9i%$1 :]eby ! curve is pass$ )\t ! resi/ance :i* w\ld o!rwise arise f ! inequality ( ! spaces pass$ ov] by :eels ( ! same diamet] fix$ ^u ! same axle4 ,! rails1 moreov]1 are n set q upright1 b are slightly incl9$ inw>d1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* ! :eels mu/ be ei!r conical or slightly di%$1 to be> fairly ^u ! rails4 ,"o b5efit ( incl9+ ! rails 9 ?is way1 & con+ ! tires1 is t ! flange ( ! :eels is less liable to be> aga9/ ! sides ( ! rail1 & ) ! same view ! flanges ( all ! :eels are made ) l>ge fillets 9 ! corn]s4 ,:eels h be5 plac$ loose ^u ! axle1 b !y h less /ability1 & are n n[ mu* us$4 ,nev]!less ?is plan appe>s to be a good "o if prop]ly work$ out4 #ecb4 ,q4--,are any precautions tak5 to prev5t eng9es f be+ ?r[n (f ! rails by ob/ructions left ^u ! l9e8 ,a4--,9 mo/ eng9es a b> is /rongly atta*$ to ! front ( ! c>riage on ea* side1 & projects p]p5dicul>ly d[nw>d to )9 a %ort di/ance ( ! rail1 to cle> away /ones or o!r ob/ructions t might occasion accid5ts if ! eng9e ran ov] !m4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,/eam ,,navigation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,resi/ance ,,( ,,vessels ,,9 ,,wat]4 #ecc4 ,q4--,h[ d y det]m9e ! resi/ance enc\nt]$ by a vessel mov+ 9 wat]8 ,a4--,! resi/ance exp]i5c$ by vessels mov+ 9 wat] v>ies z ! squ>e ( ! velocity ( _! motion1 or ne>ly s2 & ! p[] necess>y to imp>t an increas$ velocity v>ies ne>ly z ! cube ( su* increas$ velocity4 ,to d\ble ! velocity ( a /eam vessel1 !re=e1 w require f\r times ! am\nt ( tractive =ce1 & z t quadrupl$ =ce mu/ act ?r\gh twice ! di/ance 9 ! same "t1 an eng9e capable ( ex]t+ eight times ! orig9al p[] w be requir$4#a #ecd4 ,q4--,9 ! case ( a bo>d mov+ 9 wat] 9 ! mann] ( a paddle float1 or 9 ! case ( mov+ wat] imp++ on a /ation>y bo>d1 :at w be ! pressure produc$ by ! impact8 ,a4--,! pressure produc$ ^u a flat bo>d1 by /rik+ wat] at "r angles to ! surface ( ! bo>d1 w be equal to ! weight ( a column ( wat] hav+ ! surface /ruck z a base1 & = its altitude twice ! height due to ! velocity ) :i* ! bo>d moves ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,if ! bo>d /rike ! wat] obliquely1 ! resi/ance w be less1 b no v reliable law has yet be5 discov]$ to det]m9e its am\nt4 #ece4 ,q4--,w n ! resi/ance ( a vessel 9 mov+ ?r\gh ! wat] be mu* less ?an t ( a flat bo>d ( ! area ( ! cross section8 ,a4--,x w be v mu* less1 z is manife/ f ! comp>atively small area ( paddle bo>d1 & ! small area ( ! circle describ$ by ! screw1 relatively ) ! area ( ! imm]s$ mid%ip section ( ! vessel4 ,! absolute spe$ ( a vessel1 ) any giv5 am\nt ( p[]1 w dep5d v mu* ^u h] %ape4 #ecf4 ,q4--,9 :at way is x t ! %ape ( a vessel influ5ces h] spe$1 s9ce ! vessels ( ! same sectional area mu/ manife/ly put 9 motion a column ( wat] ( ! same magnitude1 & ) ! same velocity8 ,a4--,a vessel w n /rike ! wat] ) ! same velocity :5 ! b[ l9es are %>p z :5 !y are o!rwise2 = a v %>p b[ has ! effect ( enabl+ ! vessel to move ?r\gh a great di/ance1 :ile ! p>ticles ( wat] are mov$ aside b a small di/ance1 or 9 o!r words1 x causes ! velocity ) :i* ! wat] is mov$ to be v small relatively ) ! velocity ( ! vessel2 & z ! resi/ance increases z ! squ>e ( ! velocity ) :i* ! wat] is mov$1 x is conceivable en\gh 9 :at way a %>p b[ may dim9i% ! resi/ance4 #ecg4 ,q4--,is ! :ole p[] exp5d$ 9 ! propulsion ( a vessel consum$ 9 mov+ aside ! wat] to enable ! vessel to pass8 ,a4--,by no means2 only a portion1 & 9 well-=m$ vessels only a small portion1 ( ! p[] is ?us consum$4 ,9 ! majority ( cases1 ! great] "p ( ! p[] is exp5d$ 9 ov]com+ ! friction ( ! wat] ^u ! bottom ( ! vessel2 & ! problem *iefly claim+ consid]ation is1 9 :at way we may dim9i% ! friction4 #ech4 ,q4--,does ! resi/ance produc$ by ?is friction increase ) ! velocity8 ,a4--,x increases ne>ly z ! squ>e ( ! velocity4 ,at two nautical miles p] h\r1 ! ?ru/ necess>y to ov]come ! friction v>ies z ! #a4hbc p[] ( ! velocity2 & at eight nautical miles p] h\r1 ! ?ru/ necess>y to ov]come ! friction v>ies z ! #a4gac p[] ( ! velocity4 ,x is h>dly prop]1 p]haps1 to call ?is resi/ance by ! "n ( friction2 x is p>tly1 p]haps ma9ly1 due to ! viscidity or adhesion ( ! wat]4 #eci4 ,q4--,p]haps at high velocities ?is resi/ance may become less8 ,a4--,t appe>s v probable4 ,x may happ5 t at high velocities ! adhesion is ov]come1 s t ! wat] is dragg$ (f ! vessel1 & ! friction !reaft] foll[s ! law :i* obta9s 9 ! case ( solid bodies4 ,b any su* conclusion is m]e speculation1 s9ce no exp]im5ts illu/rative ( ?is "q h yet be5 made4 #edj4 ,q4--,w a vessel exp]i5ce m resi/ance 9 mov+ 9 salt wat] ?an 9 mov+ 9 fre%8 ,a4--,if ! imm]sion be ! same 9 bo? cases a vessel w exp]i5ce m resi/ance 9 mov+ 9 salt wat] ?an 9 mov+ 9 fre%1 on acc\nt ( ! great] d5sity ( salt wat]2 b z ! notation is proportionably great] 9 ! salt wat] ! resi/ance w be ! same ) ! same weight c>ri$4 #eda4 ,q4--,disc>d+ = ! pres5t ! subject ( friction1 & look+ m]ely to ! "q ( b[ & /]n resi/ance1 9 :at mann] %\ld ! hull ( a vessel be =m$ s z to make ^! resi/ances a m9imum8 ,a4--,! hull %\ld be s =m$ t ! wat]1 in/ead ( be+ away driv5 =cibly f ! b[1 is op5$ gradually1 s t e p>ticle ( wat] may be mov$ aside sl[ly at fir/1 & !n fa/]1 l ! ball ( a p5dulum1 until x rea*es ! position ( ! mid%ip frame1 at :i* po9t x w h come to a /ate ( re/1 & !n aga91 l a return+ p5dulum1 vibrate back 9 ! same way1 until x comes to re/ at ! /]n4 ,x is n difficult to describe me*anically ! l9e :i* ! wat] %\ld pursue4 ,if an endless web ( pap] be put into uni=m motion1 & a p5dulum c>ry+ a p5cil or bru% be hung 9 front ( x1 !n su* p5dulum w trace on ! pap] ! prop] wat] l9e ( ! %ip1 or ! l9e :i* ! wat] %\ld pursue 9 ord] t no p[] may be lo/ except t :i* is lo/ 9 friction4 ,x is f\nd1 h[ev]1 9 practice1 t vessels =m$ ) wat] l9es on ?is pr9ciple are n mu* sup]ior to ord9>y vessels 9 ! facility ) :i* !y pass ?r\gh ! wat]3 & ?is po9ts to ! conclusion t 9 ord9>y vessels ( good =m1 ! am\nt ( p[] consum$ 9 ov]com+ ! resi/ance due to ! wave at ! b[ & ! p>tial vacuity at ! /]n is n s great z has h]et(ore be5 suppos$1 & t1 9 fact1 ! ma9 resi/ance is t due to ! friction4 #a ,?is /atem5t supposes t !re is no diff]5ce ( level betwe5 ! wat] at ! b[ & ! wat] at ! /]n4 ,9 ! exp]im5ts on ! /eam] ,pelican1 ! resi/ance 0 f\nd to v>y1 z ! #b4bh? p[] ( ! velocity1 b ! deviation f ! recogniz$ law 0 imput$ to a diff]5ce 9 ! level ( ! wat] at ! b[ & /]n4 ,,exp]im5ts ,,on ,,! ,,resi/ance ,,( ,,vessels4 #edb4 ,q4--,h exp]im5ts be5 made to det]m9e ! resi/ance :i* /eam vessels exp]i5ce 9 mov+ ?r\gh ! wat]s8 ,a4--,exp]im5ts h be5 made bo? to det]m9e ! relative resi/ance ( diff]5t classes ( vessels1 & also ! absolute resi/ance 9 p\nds or tons4 ,! fir/ exp]im5ts made ^u ?is subject 7 conduct$ by ,messrs4 ,b\lton & ,watt1 & !y h be5 num]\s1 long cont9u$1 & c>efully p]=m$4 ,^! exp]im5ts 7 made ^u paddle vessels4 #edc4 ,q4--,w y rec\nt ! *ief results ( ^! exp]im5ts8 ,a4--,! purpose ( ! exp]im5ts 0 to e/abli% a coeffici5t ( p]=mance1 :i* ) any giv5 class ( vessel w\ld enable ! spe$1 :i* w\ld be obta9$ ) any giv5 p[]1 to be readily pr$ict$4 ,?is coeffici5t 0 obta9$ by multiply+ ! cube ( ! velocity ( ! vessels exp]im5t$ ^u1 9 miles p] h\r1 by ! sectional area ( ! imm]s$ mid%ip section 9 squ>e feet1 & divid+ by ! numb]s ( nom9al horses p[]1 & ?is coeffici5t w be l>ge 9 ! proportion ( ! goodness ( ! %ape ( ! vessel4 #edd4 ,q4--,h[ _m exp]im5ts 7 made altoge!r8 ,a4--,!re 7 five diff]5t sets ( exp]im5ts on five diff]5t classes ( vessels4 ,! fir/ set ( exp]im5ts 0 made 9 #ahbh1 ^u ! vessels ,cal$onia1 ,diana1 ,eclipse1 ,k+%ead1 ,moordyke1 & ,eagle-vessels ( a simil> =m & all ) squ>e bilges & flat floors2 & ! result 0 to e/abli% ! numb] #ibe z ! coeffici5t ( p]=mance ( su* vessels4 ,! second set ( exp]im5ts 0 made ^u ! sup]ior vessels ,v5us1 ,swiftsure1 ,da%]1 ,arr[1 ,spitfire1 ,fury1 ,albion1 ,que51 ,d>t1 ,hawk1 ,m>g>et1 & ,h]o-all vessels hav+ flat floors & r\nd bilges1 :]e ! coeffici5t became #aafj4 ,! ?ird set ( exp]im5ts 0 made ^u ! vessels ,lightn+1 ,meteor1 ,james ,watt1 ,c9d]ella1 ,navy ,meteor1 ,crocodile1 ,wat]sprite1 ,!tis1 ,dolph91 ,wiz>d1 ,escape1 & ,dragon-all vessels ) ris+ floors & r\nd bilges1 & ! coeffici5t ( p]=mance 0 f\nd to be #adcj4 ,! f\r? set ( exp]im5ts 0 made 9 #ahcd1 ^u ! vessels ,magnet1 ,d>t1 ,eclipse1 ,flam]1 ,firefly1 ,f]ret1 & ,mon>*1 :5 ! coeffici5t ( p]=mance 0 f\nd to be #aehj4 ,! fif? set ( exp]im5ts 0 made ^u ! ,r$ ,rov]1 ,city ( ,cant]bury1 ,h]ne1 ,que51 & ,pr9ce ( ,wales1 & 9 ! case ( ^? vessels ! coeffici5t rose to #beej4 ,! velocity ( any ( ^! vessels1 ) any p[] or sectional area1 may be asc]ta9$ by multiply+ ! coeffici5t ( its class by ! nom9al horse p[]1 divid+ by ! sectional area 9 squ>e feet1 & extract+ ! cube root ( ! quoti5t1 :i* w be ! velocity 9 miles p] h\r2 or ! numb] ( nom9al horse p[] requisite = ! accompli%m5t ( any requir$ spe$ may be asc]ta9$ by multiply+ ! cube ( ! requir$ velocity 9 miles p] h\r1 by ! sectional area 9 squ>e feet1 & divid+ by ! coeffici5t3 ! quoti5t is ! numb] ( nom9al horse p[] requisite to realize ! spe$4 #ede4 ,q4--,see+1 h[ev]1 t ! nom9al p[] does n repres5t an inv>iable am\nt ( dynamical effici5cy1 w\ld x n be bett] to make ! comp>ison ) ref]5ce to ! actual p[]8 ,a4--,9 ! :ole ( ! exp]im5ts recit$1 except 9 ! case ( "o or two ( ! la/1 ! pressure ( /eam 9 ! boil] v>i$ betwe5 #b-c_/d lbs4 & #d lbs4 p] squ>e in*1 & ! effective pressure on ! pi/on v>i$ betwe5 #aa lbs4 & #ac lbs4 p] squ>e in*1 s t ! av]age ratio ( ! nom9al to ! actual p[] may be easily comput$2 b x w be pref]able to /ate ! nom9al p[] ( "s ( ! vessels1 & _! actual p[] z asc]ta9$ by exp]im5t4 #edf4 ,q4--,!n /ate ?is4 ,a4--,( ! ,eclipse1 ! nom9al p[] 0 #gf1 & ! actual p[] #add4d horses2 ( ! ,arr[1 ! nom9al p[] 0 #fj1 & ! actual #aai4e2 ,spitfire1 nom9al #dj1 actual #fd2 ,fury1 nom9al #dj1 actual #fe4f2 ,albion1 nom9al #hj1 actual #ace4d2 ,d>t1 nom9al #ajj1 actual #aeb4d2 ,hawk1 nom9al #dj1 actual #gc2 ,h]o1 nom9al #ajj1 actual #aga4d2 ,meteor1 nom9al #ajj1 actual #afj2 ,james ,watt1 nom9al #abj1 actual #bjd2 ,wat]sprite1 nom9al #gf1 actual #aeg4f2 ,dolph91 nom9al #adj1 actual #bch2 ,dragon1 nom9al #hj1 actual #aca2 ,magnet1 nom9al #adj1 actual #bch2 ,d>t1 nom9al #abj1 actual #bcg2 ,flam]1 nom9al #abj1 actual #bcd2 ,firefly1 nom9al #eb1 actual #hf4f2 ,f]ret1 nom9al #eb1 actual #hh2 ,mon>*1 nom9al #bjj1 actual #cgh4 ,9 ! case ( swift vessels ( mod]n con/ruction1 su* z ! ,r$ ,rov]1 ,h]ne1 ,que51 & ,pr9ce ( ,wales1 ! coeffici5t appe>s to be ab\t #beej2 b 9 ^! vessels !re is a /ill great] excess ( ! actual ov] ! nom9al p[] ?an 9 ! case ( ! vessels previ\sly enum]at$1 & ! increase 9 ! coeffici5t is consequ5t ^u ! increas$ pressure ( ! /eam 9 ! boil]1 z well z ! sup]ior =m ( ! %ip4 ,! nom9al p[] ( ! ,r$ ,rov]1 ,h]ne1 & ,city ( ,cant]bury is1 9 ea* case1 #abj horses1 b ! actual p[] ( ! ,r$ ,rov] is #bid1 ( ! ,h]ne #ced1 & ( ! ,city ( ,cant]bury #cjf1 & 9 "s vessels ! excess is /ill great]2 s t ) su* v>iations x becomes necess>y to adopt a coeffici5t d]iv$ f ! introduction ( ! actual in/ead ( ! nom9al p[]4 #edg4 ,q4--,:at w be ! av]age diff]5ce betwe5 ! nom9al & actual p[]s 9 ! sev]al classes ( vessels y h m5tion$ & ! respective coeffici5ts :5 correct$ = ! actual p[]8 ,a4--,9 ! fir/ class ( vessels exp]im5t$ ^u1 ! actual p[] 0 ab\t #a4f times great] ?an ! nom9al p[]2 9 ! second class1 #a4fg times great]2 9 ! ?ird class1 #a4g times great]2 & 9 ! f\r?1 #a4if times great]2 :ile 9 su* vessels z ! ,r$ ,rov] & ,city ( ,cant]bury1 x is #b4fe times great]2 s t if we adopt ! actual in/ead ( ! nom9al p[] 9 fix+ ! coeffici5ts1 we %all h #eed z ! fir/ coeffici5t1 #fid z ! second1 #hcb = ! ?ird1 & #hjf = ! f\r?1 in/ead ( #ibe1 #aafj1 #adcj1 & #aehj z previ\sly specifi$2 :ile = su* vessels z ! ,r$ ,rov]1 ,h]ne1 ,que51 & ,pr9ce ( ,wales1 we %all h #ifb in/ead ( #beej4 ,^! small] coeffici5ts1 !n1 express ! relative m]its ( ! diff]5t vessels )\t ref]5ce to any diff]5ce ( efficacy 9 ! eng9es1 & x appe>s pref]able1 ) su* a v>iable excess ( ! actual ov] ! nom9al p[]1 to employ !m in/ead ( ^? fir/ ref]r$ to4 ,f ! circum/ance ( ! ?ird ( ! new coeffici5ts be+ great] ?an ! f\r?1 x appe>s t ! sup]ior result 9 ! f\r? set ( exp]im5ts arose altoge!r f a great] excess ( ! actual ov] ! nom9al p[]4 #edh4 ,q4--,^! exp]im5ts1 y h already /at$1 7 all made on paddle vessels4 ,h simil> coeffici5ts ( p]=mance be5 obta9$ 9 ! case ( screw vessels8 ,a4--,! coeffici5ts ( a great] numb] ( screw vessels h be5 obta9$ & record$1 b x w\ld occupy too mu* "t to enum]ate !m "h4 ,! coeffici5t ( p]=mance ( ! ,fairy is #dfd4h2 ( ! ,rattl] #fgf4h2 & ( ! ,frank=t #gib4c4 ,?is coeffici5t1 h[ev]1 ref]s to nautical & n to /atute miles4 ,if r$uc$ to /atute miles = ! purpose ( comp>ison ) ! previ\s exp]im5ts1 ! coeffici5ts w respectively become #gjc1 #ajcc1 & #abab2 :i* indicate t ! p]=mance ( screw vessels is equal to ! p]=mance ( paddle vessels1 b "s ( ! sup]iority ( ! result may be imput$ to ! sup]ior size ( ! screw vessels4 ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,! ,,size ,,( ,,vessels ,,^u ,,_! ,,spe$4 #edi4 ,q4--,w l>ge vessels atta9 a great] spe$ ?an small1 suppos+ ea* to be furni%$ ) ! same proportionate p[]8 ,a4--,x is well kn[n t l>ge vessels furni%$ ) ! same proportionate p[]1 w atta9 a great] spe$ ?an small vessels1 z appe>s f ! rule usual 9 ya*t races ( all[+ a c]ta9 "p ( ! di/ance to be run to vessels :i* are ( inf]ior size4 ,! velocity atta9$ by a l>ge vessel w be great] ?an ! velocity atta9$ by a small vessel ( ! same m\ld & ! same proportionate p[]1 9 ! proportion ( ! squ>e roots ( ! l9e> dim5sions ( ! vessels4 ,a vessel !re=e ) f\r times ! sectional area & f\r times ! p[] ( a small] symmetrical vessel1 & consequ5tly ( twice ! l5g?1 w h its spe$ increas$ 9 ! proportion ( ! squ>e root ( #a to ! squ>e root ( #b1 or #a4d times4 #eej4 ,q4--,w y fur!r illu/rate ?is doctr9e by an example8 ,a4--,! screw /eam] ,fairy1 if enl>g$ to ?ree times ! size :ile reta9+ ! same =m1 w\ld h tw5ty-sev5 times ! capacity1 n9e times ! sectional area1 & n9e times ! p[]4 ,! l5g? ( su* a vessel w\ld be #dcd feet2 h] bread? #fc feet #d-a_/b in*es2 h] draught ( wat] #af-a_/b feet2 h] area ( imm]s$ section #gbi squ>e feet2 & h] nom9al p[] #ajhj horses4 ,n[ z ! l5g?s ( ! ,fairy & ( ! new vessel are 9 ! proportion ( #a to #c1 ! spe$s w be 9 ! proportion ( ! squ>e root ( #a to ! squ>e root ( #c2 or1 9 o!r words1 ! spe$ ( ! l>ge vessel w be #a4gc times great] ?an ! spe$ ( ! small vessel4 ,if !re=e ! spe$ ( ! ,fairy be #ac knots1 ! spe$ ( ! new vessel w be #bb4di knots1 al?\gh ! proportion ( p[] to sectional area1 :i* is suppos$ to be ! measure ( ! resi/ance1 is 9 bo? cases precisely ! same4 ,if ! spe$ ( ! ,fairy h]self _h to be increas$ to #bb4bi knots1 ! p[] w\ld h to be increas$ 9 ! proportion ( ! cube ( #ac to ! cube ( #bb4di1 or #e4b times1 :i* makes ! p[] necess>y to propel ! ,fairy at t spe$ equal to #fbd nom9al horses p[]4 ,,/ructure ,,& ,,op]ation ,,( ,,paddle ,,:eels4 #eea4 ,q4--,w y describe ! configuration & mode ( action ( ! paddle :eels 9 g5]al use8 ,a4--,!re are two k9ds ( paddle :eels 9 ext5sive use1 ! "o be+ ! ord9>y radial :eel1 9 :i* ! floats are fix$ on arms radiat+ f ! c5tre2 & ! o!r ! fea!r+ :eel1 9 :i* ea* float is hung ^u a c5tre1 & is s gov]n$ by suitable me*anism z to be always kept 9 ne>ly ! v]tical position4 ,9 ! radial :eel !re is "s loss ( p[] f oblique action1 :]eas 9 ! fea!r+ :eel !re is little or no loss f ?is cause2 b 9 e k9d ( paddle !re is a loss ( p[] f ! recession ( ! wat] f ! float bo>ds1 or ! slip z x is commonly call$2 & ?is loss is ! necess>y condition ( ! resi/ance = ! propulsion ( ! vessel be+ creat$ 9 a fluid4 ,! slip is express$ by ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! spe$ ( ! :eel & ! spe$ ( ! vessel1 & ! l>g] ?is diff]5ce is ! great] ! loss ( p[] f slip mu/ be--! consumption ( /eam 9 ! eng9e be+ proportionate to ! velocity ( ! :eel1 & ! useful effect be+ proportionate to ! spe$ ( ! %ip4 #eeb4 ,q4--,! resi/ance necess>y = propulsion w n be situat$ at ! circumf]5ce ( ! :eel8 ,a4--,9 ! fea!r+ :eel1 :]e e "p ( any "o imm]g$ float moves =w>d ) ! same horizontal velocity1 ! pressure or resi/ance may be suppos$ to be conc5trat$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! float2 :]eas1 9 ! common radial :eel ?is _c be ! case1 = z ! out] edge ( ! float moves m rapidly ?an ! edge ne>e/ ! c5tre ( ! :eel1 ! out] "p ( ! float is ! mo/ effectual 9 propulsion4 ,! po9t at :i* ! out] & inn] portions ( ! float j balance "o ano!r 9 propell+ effect1 is call$ ! c5tre ( pressure2 & if all ! resi/ances 7 conc5trat$ 9 ?is po9t1 !y w\ld h ! same effect z be=e 9 resi/+ ! rotation ( ! :eel4 ,! resi/ance ^u any "o mov+ float bo>d totally imm]s$ 9 ! wat] w1 :5 ! vessel is at re/1 obvi\sly v>y z ! squ>e ( its di/ance f ! c5tre ( motion--! resi/ance ( a fluid v>y+ ) ! squ>e ( ! velocity2 b1 except :5 ! :eel is sunk to ! axle or altoge!r imm]s$ 9 ! wat]1 x is impossible1 "u ord9>y circum/ances1 = "o float to be totally imm]s$ )\t o!rs be+ imm]s$ p>tially1 :]eby ! arc describ$ by ! extremity ( ! paddle arm w become great] ?an ! arc describ$ by ! inn] edge ( ! float2 & consequ5tly ! resi/ance ^u any "p ( ! float w increase 9 a high] ratio ?an ! squ>e ( its di/ance f ! c5tre ( motion--! position ( ! c5tre ( pressure be+ at ! same "t correspond+ly affect$4 ,9 ! fea!r+ :eel ! position ( ! c5tre ( pressure ( ! ent]+ & em]g+ floats is cont9ually *ang+ f ! l[] edge ( ! float--:]e x is :5 ! float is ent]+ or leav+ ! wat]--to ! c5tre ( ! float1 :i* is its position :5 ! float is :olly imm]g$2 b 9 ! radial :eel ! c5tre ( pressure c nev] rise s high z ! c5tre ( ! float4 #eec4 ,q4--,all ?is relates to ! action ( ! paddle :5 ! vessel is at re/3 w y expla9 its action :5 ! vessel is 9 motion8 ,a4--,:5 ! :eel ( a coa* rolls along ! gr\nd1 any po9t ( its p]iph]y describes 9 ! air a curve :i* is t]m$ a cycloid2 any po9t )9 ! p]iph]y traces a prolate or protract$ cycloid1 & any po9t ext]ior to ! p]iph]y traces a curtate or contract$ cycloid--! prolate cycloid p>tak+ m ( ! nature ( a /raight l9e1 & ! curtate cycloid m ( ! nature ( a circle4 ,! action ( a paddle :eel 9 ! wat] resembles 9 ?is respect t ( ! :eel ( a c>riage runn+ along ! gr\nd3 t po9t 9 ! radius ( ! paddle ( :i* ! rotative spe$ is j equal to ! velocity ( ! vessel w describe a cycloid2 po9ts ne>] ! c5tre1 prolate cycloids1 & po9ts fur!r f ! c5tre1 curtate cycloids4 ,! circle describ$ by ! po9t ^: velocity equals ! velocity ( ! %ip1 is call$ ! roll+ circle1 & ! resi/ance due to ! diff]5ce ( velocity ( ! roll+ circle & c5tre ( pressure is t :i* op]ates 9 ! propulsion ( ! vessel4 ,! resi/ance ^u any "p ( ! float1 !re=e1 w v>y z ! squ>e ( its di/ance f ! roll+ circle1 suppos+ ! float to be totally imm]g$2 b1 tak+ into acc\nt ! great] l5g? ( "t dur+ :i* ! extremity ( ! paddle acts1 :]eby ! resi/ance w be made great]1 we %all n err f> 9 e/imat+ ! resi/ance ^u any po9t at ! ?ird p[] ( its di/ance f ! roll+ circle 9 ! case ( light imm]sions1 & ! #b4e p[] 9 ! case ( deep imm]sions4 #eed4 ,q4--,h[ is ! position ( ! c5tre ( pressure to be det]m9$8 ,a4--,) ! =ego+ assumption1 :i* accords suffici5tly ) exp]im5t to ju/ify its acceptation1 ! position ( ! c5tre ( pressure may be f\nd by ! foll[+ rule3--f ! radius ( ! :eel sub/ract ! radius ( ! roll+ circle2 to ! rema9d] add ! dep? ( ! paddle bo>d1 & divide ! f\r? p[] ( ! sum by f\r times ! dep?2 f ! cube root ( ! quoti5t subtract ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! radii ( ! :eel & roll+ circle1 & ! rema9d] w be ! di/ance ( ! c5tre ( pressure f ! upp] edge ( ! paddle4 #eee4 ,q4--,h[ d y f9d ! diamet] ( ! roll+ circle8 ,a4--,! diamet] ( ! roll+ circle is v easily f\nd1 = we h only to divide #e1bhj times ! numb] ( miles p] h\r1 by #fj times ! numb] ( /rokes p] m9ute1 to get an expression = ! circumf]5ce ( ! roll+ circle1 or ! foll[+ rule may be adopt$3--divide #hh times ! spe$ ( ! vessel 9 /atute miles p] h\r1 by #c4adaf times ! numb] ( /rokes p] m9ute2 ! quoti5t w be ! diamet] 9 feet ( ! roll+ circle4 ,! diamet] ( ! circle 9 :i* ! c5tre ( pressure moves or ! effective diamet] ( ! :eel be+ kn[n1 & also ! diamet] ( ! roll+ circle1 we at once f9d ! excess ( ! velocity ( ! :eel ov] ! vessel4 #eef4 ,q4--,w y illu/rate ^! rules by an example8 ,a4--,a /eam vessel ( mod]ately good %ape1 & ) eng9es ( #bjj horses p[]1 realises1 ) #bb /rokes p] m9ute1 a spe$ ( #aj4fb miles p] h\r4 ,to f9d ! diamet] ( ! roll+ circle1 we h #hh times #aj4fb1 equal to #icd4ff1 & #bb times #c4adaf1 equal to #fi4aaeb2 !n #icd4ff divid$ by #fi4aaeb is equal to #ac4eb feet1 :i* is ! diamet] ( ! roll+ circle4 ,! diamet] ( ! :eel is #ai ft4 #d 941 s t ! diamet] ( ! roll+ circle is ab\t #b_/c;ds ( ! diamet] ( ! :eel1 & ?is is a frequ5t proportion4 ,! dep? ( ! paddle bo>d is #b feet1 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! diamet]s ( ! :eel & roll+ circle w be #e4hacc1 :i* w make ! diff]5ce ( _! radii #b4ijfg2 & add+ to ?is ! dep? ( ! paddle bo>d1 we h #d4ijfg1 ! f\r? p[] ( :i* is #egi4fd1 :i*1 divid$ by f\r times ! dep? ( ! paddle bo>d1 gives u #gb4dee1 ! cube root ( :i* is #d4afhi1 :i*1 dim9i%$ by ! diff]5ce ( ! radii ( ! :eel & roll+ circle1 leaves #a4bfbb feet = ! di/ance ( ! c5tre ( pressure f ! upp] edge ( ! paddle bo>d 9 ! case ( light imm]sions4 ,! radius ( ! :eel be+ #i4fffg1 ! di/ance f ! c5tre ( ! :eel to ! upp] edge ( ! float is #g4fffg1 & add+ to ?is #a4bfbb1 we get #h4ibii feet z ! radius1 or #ag4heih feet z ! diamet] ( ! circle 9 :i* ! c5tre ( pressure revolves4 ,) #bb /rokes p] m9ute1 ! velocity ( ! c5tre ( pressure w be #bj4egc feet p] second1 & ) #aj4fb miles p] h\r = ! spe$ ( ! vessel1 ! velocity ( ! roll+ circle w be #ae4egf feet p] second4 ,! effective velocity w be ! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! quantities1 or #d4iig feet p] second4 ,n[ ! height f :i* a body mu/ fall by gravity1 to acquire a velocity ( #d4iig feet p] second1 is ab\t 4#fb feet2 & twice ?is height1 or #a4bd feet1 multipli$ by #fb-a_/b1 :i* is ! numb] ( ,lbs4 weight 9 a cubic foot ( wat]1 gives #gg-a_/b ,lbs4 z ! pressure on ea* squ>e foot ( ! v]tical paddle bo>ds4 ,z ea* bo>d is ( #bj squ>e feet ( area1 & !re is a v]tical bo>d on ea* side ( ! %ip1 ! total pressure on ! v]tical paddle bo>ds w be #bijj ,lbs4 #eeg4 ,q4--,:at pressure is ?is equival5t to on ea* squ>e in* ( ! pi/ons8 ,a4--,a vessel ( #bjj horses p[] w h two cyl9d]s1 ea* #ej in*es diamet]1 & #e feet /roke1 or !reab\t4 ,! area ( a pi/on ( #ej in*es diamet] is #aifc4e squ>e in*es1 s t ! area ( ! two pi/ons is #cibg squ>e in*es1 & ! pi/on w move ?r\gh #aj feet e revolution2 & ) #bb /rokes p] m9ute ?is w be #bbj feet p] m9ute1 or #c4ff feet p] second4 ,n[1 if ! effective velocity ( ! c5tre ( pressure & ! velocity ( ! pi/ons _h be5 ! same1 !n a pressure ( #bijj ,lbs4 ^u ! v]tical paddles w\ld h be5 balanc$ by an equal pressure on ! pi/ons1 :i* w\ld h be5 9 ?is case ab\t 4#ge ,lbs4 p] squ>e in*2 b z ! effective velocity ( ! c5tre ( pressure is #d4iig feet p] second1 :ile t ( ! pi/ons is only #c4ff feet p] second1 ! pressure mu/ be increas$ 9 ! proportion ( #d4iig to #c4ff to e/abli% an equilibrium ( pressure1 or1 9 o!r words1 x mu/ be #a4jb ,lbs4 p] squ>e in*4 ,x foll[s f ?is inve/igation1 t1 9 radial :eels1 ! great] "p ( ! eng9e p[] is di/ribut$ among ! oblique floats4 #eeh4 ,q4--,h[ comes ?is to be ! case8 ,a4--,to und]/& h[ x happ5s t m p[] is exp5d$ ^u ! oblique ?an ^u ! v]tical floats1 x is necess>y to rememb] t ! only resi/ance ^u ! v]tical paddle is t due to ! diff]5ce ( velocity ( ! :eel & ! %ip2 b if ! :eel be suppos$ to be imm]s$ to its axle1 s t ! ent]+ float /rikes ! wat] horizontally1 x is cle> t ! resi/ance on su* float is t due to ! :ole velocity ( rotation2 & t ! resi/ance to ! ent]+ float w be ! same :e!r ! vessel is 9 motion or n4 ,! resi/ance oppos$ to ! rotation ( any float increases f ! position ( ! v]tical float-:]e ! resi/ance is t due to ! diff]5ce ( velocity ( ! :eel & vessel--until x rea*es ! plane ( ! axis1 suppos+ ! :eel to be imm]s$ s f>1 :]e ! resi/ance is t due to ! :ole velocity ( rotation2 & al?\gh 9 any oblique float ! total resi/ance _c be consid]$ op]ative 9 a horizontal direction1 yet ! total resi/ance increases s rapidly on ea* side ( ! v]tical float1 t ! portion ( x :i* is op]ative 9 ! horizontal direction1 is 9 all ord9>y cases ( imm]sion v consid]able4 ,9 ! fea!r+ :eel1 :]e !re is little ( ?is oblique action1 ! resi/ance w be 9 ! proportion ( ! squ>e ( ! horizontal velocities ( ! sev]al floats1 :i* may be repres5t$ by ! horizontal di/ances betwe5 !m2 & 9 ! fea!r+ :eel1 ! v]tical float hav+ ! greate/ horizontal velocity w h ! greate/ propell+ effect4 #eei4 ,q4--,%\ld ! floats 9 fea!r+ :eels ent] & leave ! wat] v]tically8 ,a4--,! floats %\ld be s gov]n$ by ! c5tral crank or ecc5tric1 t ! ent]+ & em]g+ floats h a direction int]m$iate betwe5 a radius & a v]tical l9e4 #efj4 ,q4--,c y give any practical rules = proportion+ paddle :eels8 ,a4--,a common rule = ! pit* ( ! floats is to all[ "o float = e foot ( diamet] ( ! :eel2 b 9 ! case ( fa/ vessels a pit* ( #b-a_/b feet1 or ev5 less1 appe>s pref]able1 z a close pit* occasions less vibration4 ,if ! floats be put too close1 h[ev]1 ! wat] w n escape freely f betwe5 !m1 & if set too f> ap>t ! /roke ( ! ent]+ paddle w occasion an inconv5i5t am\nt ( vibratory motion1 & !re w also be "s loss ( p[]4 ,to f9d ! prop] area ( a s+le float3--divide ! numb] ( actual horses p[] ( bo? eng9es by ! diamet] ( ! :eel 9 feet2 ! quoti5t is ! area ( "o paddle bo>d 9 squ>e feet prop] = sea go+ vessels1 & ! area multipli$ by #j4f w give ! l5g? ( ! float 9 feet4 ,9 v %>p vessels1 :i* (f] less resi/ance 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! wat]1 ! area ( paddle bo>d is usually "o-f\r? less ?an ! above proportion1 & ! prop] l5g? ( ! float may 9 su* case be f\nd by multiply+ ! area by #j4g4 ,9 sea go+ vessels ab\t f\r floats are usually imm]s$1 & 9 riv] /eam]s only "o or two floats4 ,!re is m slip 9 ! latt] case1 b !re is also m eng9e p[] ex]t$ 9 ! propulsion ( ! %ip1 f ! great] spe$ ( eng9e ?us r5d]$ possible4 #efa4 ,q4--,!n is x b5eficial to use small floats8 ,a4--,q ! contr>y4 ,if to p]mit a great] spe$ ( ! eng9e ! floats be dim9i%$ 9 area in/ead ( be+ rais$ out ( ! wat]1 no appreciable accession to ! spe$ ( ! vessel w be obta9$2 :]eas !re w be an increas$ spe$ ( vessel if ! accel]at$ spe$ ( ! eng9e be caus$ by dim9i%+ ! diamet] ( ! :eels4 ,9 vessels int5d$ to be fa/1 !re=e1 x is exp$i5t to make ! :eels small1 s z to enable ! eng9e to "w ) a high velocity2 & x is exp$i5t to make su* :eels ( ! fea!r+ k9d1 to obviate loss ( p[] f oblique action4 ,9 no :eel mu/ ! roll+ circle fall bel[ ! wat] l9e1 else ! ent]+ & em]g+ floats w c>ry masses ( wat] be=e !m4 ,! slip is usually equal to ab\t "o-f\r? ( ! velocity ( ! c5tre ( pressure 9 well proportion$ :eels2 b x is desirable to h ! slip z small z is possible consi/5tly ) ! obs]vance ( o!r necess>y conditions4 ,! spe$ ( ! eng9e & also ! spe$ ( ! vessel be+ fix$1 ! diamet] ( ! roll+ circle becomes at once asc]ta9able1 & add+ to ?is ! slip1 we h ! diamet] ( ! :eel4 ,,configuration ,,& ,,action ,,( ,,! ,,screw4 #efb4 ,q4--,w y describe m 9 detail ?an y h yet done1 ! configuration & mode ( action ( ! screw propell]8 ,a4--,! ord9>y =m ( screw propell] is repres5t$ 9 figs4 #df & #dg2 fig4 #df be+ a p]spective view1 & fig4 #dg an end view1 or view su* z is se5 :5 look+ ^u ! end ( ! %aft4 ,! screw "h repres5t$ is "o ) two arms or blades4 ,"s screws h ?ree arms1 "s f\r & "s six2 b ! screw ) two arms is ! mo/ usual1 & screws ) m ?an ?ree arms are n n[ mu* employ$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! screw on be+ put into revolution by ! eng9e1 pres]ves a spiral pa? 9 ! wat]1 9 :i* x draws itself =w>d 9 ! same way z a screw nail does :5 turn$ r\nd 9 a piece ( wood1 :]eas ! paddle :eel m resembles ! action ( a cog :eel work+ 9 a rack4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df4 ,fig4 #dg4 ,,ord9>y ,,=m ,,( ,,screw ,,propell]4 #efc4 ,q4--,b ! screw ( a /eam vessel has no resemblance to a screw nail8 ,a4--,x has 9 fact a v close resemblance if y suppose only a v %ort piece ( ! screw nail to be employ$1 & if y suppose1 moreov]1 ! ?read ( ! screw to be cut ne>ly into ! c5tre to prev5t ! wood f /ripp+4 ,! orig9al screw propell]s 7 made ) sev]al convolutions ( screw1 b x 0 f\nd advantage\s to %ort5 !m1 until !y are n[ only made "o-six? ( a convolution 9 l5g?4 #efd4 ,q4--,& ! pit* y h already expla9$ to be ! di/ance 9 ! l9e ( ! %aft f "o convolution to ! next1 suppos+ ! screw to consi/ ( two or m convolutions8 ,a4--,yes1 t is :at is meant by ! pit*4 ,if a ?read be w\nd ^u a cyl9d] ) an equal di/ance betwe5 ! convolutions1 x w trace a screw ( a uni=m pit*2 & if ! ?read be w\nd ^u ! cyl9d] ) an increas+ di/ance betwe5 ea* convolution1 x w trace a screw ( an increas+ pit*4 ,b two or m ?reads may be w\nd ^u ! cyl9d] at ! same "t1 in/ead ( a s+le ?read4 ,if two ?reads be w\nd ^u x !y w trace a d\ble-?read$ screw2 if ?ree ?reads be w\nd ^u x !y w trace a treble-?read$ screw2 & s ( any o!r numb]4 ,n[ if ! ?read be suppos$ to be rais$ up into a v deep & ?9 spiral fea!r1 & ! cyl9d] be suppos$ to become v small1 l ! newel ( a spiral /air1 !n a screw w be obta9$ ( ! k9d prop] = propell+ vessels1 except t only a v %ort piece ( su* screw mu/ be employ$4 ,:atev] be ! numb] ( ?reads w\nd ^u a cyl9d]1 if ! cyl9d] be cut across all ! ?reads w be cut4 ,a slice cut out ( ! cyl9d] w !re=e conta9 a piece ( ea* ?read4 ,b ! ?reads1 9 ! case ( a screw propell]1 answ] to ! arms1 s t 9 e screw propell] ! numb] ( ?reads ent]+ into ! composition ( ! screw w be ! same z ! numb] ( arms4 ,an ord9>y screw ) two blades is a %ort piece ( a screw ( two ?reads4 #efe4 ,q4--,9 :at "p ( ! %ip is ! screw usually plac$8 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh ,a4--,9 t "p ( ! run ( ! %ip call$ ! dead wood1 :i* is a ?9 & unus$ "p ( ! vessel j 9 advance ( ! rudd]4 ,! usual arrangem5t is %[n 9 fig4 #dh1 :i* repres5ts ! application to a vessel ( a species ( screw :i* has ! arms b5t backw>ds1 to c\nt]act ! c5trifugal motion giv5 to ! wat] :5 !re is a consid]able am\nt ( slip4 #eff4 ,q4--,h[ is ! slip 9 a screw vessel det]m9$8 ,a4--,by comp>+ ! actual spe$ ( ! vessel ) ! spe$ due to ! pit* & numb] ( revolutions ( ! screw1 or1 :at is ! same ?+1 ! spe$ :i* ! vessel w\ld atta9 if ! screw work$ 9 a solid nut4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! actual spe$ & ?is hypo!tical spe$1 is ! slip4 #efg4 ,q4--,9 well =m$ screw propell]s :at is ! am\nt ( slip f\nd to be8 ,a4--,if ! screw be prop]ly proportion$ to ! resi/ance t ! vessel has to ov]come1 ! slip w n be m ?an #aj p] c5t41 b 9 "s cases x am\nts to #cj p] c5t41 or ev5 m ?an ?is4 ,9 o!r cases1 h[ev]1 ! slip is no?+ at all1 & ev5 less ?an no?+2 or1 9 o!r words ! vessel passes ?r\gh ! wat] ) a great] velocity ?an if ! screw 7 work+ 9 a solid nut4 #efh4 ,q4--,!n x mu/ be by ! aid ( ! w9d or "s o!r extrane\s =ce8 ,a4--,no2 by ! action ( ! screw alone4 #efi4 ,q4--,b h[ is su* a result possible8 ,a4--,x appe>s to be ma9ly ow+ to ! c5trifugal action ( ! screw1 :i* int]poses a film or w$ge ( wat] betwe5 ! screw itself & ! wat] on :i* ! screw reacts4 ,?is negative slip1 z x is call$1 *iefly occurs :5 ! pit* ( ! screw is less ?an its diamet]1 & :51 consequ5tly1 ! velocity ( rotation is great] ?an if a co>s] pit* _h be5 employ$4 ,!re is1 moreov]1 9 all vessels pass+ ?r\gh ! wat] ) any consid]able velocity1 a curr5t ( wat] foll[+ ! vessel1 9 :i* curr5t1 9 ! case ( a screw vessel1 ! screw w revolve2 & 9 c]ta9 cases ! ph5om5on ( negative slip may be imputable 9 "p to ! exi/5ce ( ?is curr5t4 #egj4 ,q4--,is ! screw propell] z effectual an in/rum5t ( propulsion z ! radial or fea!r+ paddle8 ,a4--,9 all cases ( deep imm]sion x appe>s to be q z effectual z ! radial paddle1 inde$1 m s2 b x is sc>cely z effectual z ! fea!r+ paddle1 ) any am\nt ( imm]sion1 & sc>cely z effectual z ! common paddle 9 ! case ( light imm]sions4 ,,comp>ative ,,advantages ,,( ,,paddle ,,& ,,screw ,,vessels4 #ega4 ,q4--,:e!r d y consid] paddle or screw vessels to be on ! :ole ! mo/ advantage\s8 ,a4--,t is a l>ge "q1 & c only receive a qualifi$ answ]4 ,9 "s cases ! use ( paddles is indisp5sable1 z1 = example1 9 ! case ( riv] vessels ( a limit$ draught ( wat]1 :]e x w\ld n be possible to get suffici5t dep? bel[ ! wat] surface to enable a screw ( a prop] diamet] to be got 94 #egb4 ,q4--,b h[ does ! matt] /& 9 ! case ( ocean vessels8 ,a4--,9 ! case ( ocean vessels1 x is f\nd t paddle vessels fitt$ ) ! ord9>y radial :eels1 & screw vessels fitt$ ) ! ord9>y screw1 are ab\t equally effici5t 9 calms & 9 fair or beam w9ds ) light & m$ium imm]sions4 ,if ! vessels are load$ deeply1 h[ev]1 z vessels />t+ on a long voyage & c>ry+ mu* coal mu/ almo/ necess>ily be1 !n ! screw has an advantage1 s9ce ! screw acts 9 its be/ mann] :5 deeply imm]s$1 & ! paddles 9 _! wor/4 ,:5 a screw & paddle vessel1 h[ev]1 ( ! same model & p[] are set to enc\nt] head w9ds1 ! paddle vessel x is f\nd has 9 all cases an advantage1 n 9 spe$1 b 9 economy ( fuel4 ,= :]eas 9 a paddle vessel1 :5 h] progress is resi/$1 ! spe$ ( ! eng9e dim9i%es ne>ly 9 ! proportion ( ! dim9i%$ spe$ ( %ip1 x happ5s t 9 a screw vessel ?is is n s1--at lea/ to an equal ext5t1--b ! eng9es "w ) ne>ly ! same rate ( spe$ z if no increase ( resi/ance _h be5 enc\nt]$ by ! %ip4 ,x foll[s f ?is circum/ance1 t :]eas 9 paddle vessels ! consumption ( /eam1 & !re=e ( fuel1 p] h\r is mat]ially dim9i%$ :5 head w9ds occur1 9 screw vessels a simil> dim9ution 9 ! consumption ( /eam & fuel does n take place4 #egc4 ,q4--,b p]haps "u su* circum/ances ! spe$ ( ! screw vessel w be ! great] ( ! two8 ,a4--,no2 ! spe$ ( ! two vessels w be ! same1 unless ! /r5g? ( ! head w9d be s great z to br+ ! vessels ne>ly to a /ate ( re/1 & on t supposition ! screw vessel w h ! advantage4 ,su* cases occur v r>ely 9 practice2 & 9 ! case ( ! ord9>y resi/ances impos$ by head w9ds1 ! spe$ ( ! screw & paddle vessel w be ! same1 b ! screw vessel w consume mo/ coals4 #egd4 ,q4--,:at is ! cause ( ?is peculi>ity8 ,a4--,! cause is1 t :5 ! screw is s proportion$ 9 its l5g? z to be mo/ suitable = propell+ vessels 9 calms1 x is too %ort to be suitable = propell+ vessels :i* enc\nt] a v heavy resi/ance4 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t if x is prev5t$ f pursu+ its spiral c\rse 9 ! wat]1 x w displace ! wat] to a c]ta9 ext5t lat]ally1 9 ! mann] x does if ! eng9e be set on :5 ! vessel is at an*or2 & a "p ( ! eng9e p[] is ?us wa/$ 9 produc+ a useless di/urbance ( ! wat]1 :i* 9 paddle vessels is n exp5d$ at all4 #ege4 ,q4--,if a screw & paddle vessel ( ! same m\ld & p[] be ti$ /]n to /]n1 w n ! screw vessel prepond]ate & t[ ! paddle vessel a/]n aga9/ ! :ole =ce ( h] eng9es8 ,a4--,yes1 t w be s4 #egf4 ,q4--,& see+ t ! vessels are ( ! same m\ld & p[]1 s t nei!r c d]ive an advantage f a v>iation 9 t condition1 does n ! prepond]ance ( ! screw vessel %[ t ! screw mu/ be ! mo/ p[]ful propell]8 ,a4---,no1 x does n4 #egg4 ,q4--,see+ t ! vessels are ! same 9 all respects except z reg>ds ! propell]s1 & t "o ( !m exhibits a sup]iority1 does n ?is circum/ance %[ t "o propell] mu/ be m p[]ful ?an ! o!r8 ,a4--,t does n foll[ necess>ily1 nor is x ! fact 9 ?is p>ticul> case4 ,all /eam vessels :5 set into motion1 w =ce !mselves =w>d ) an am\nt ( ?ru/ :i*1 sett+ aside ! loss f friction & f o!r causes1 w j balance ! pressure on ! pi/ons4 ,9 a paddle vessel1 z has already be5 expla9$1 x is easy to tell ! tractive =ce ex]t$ at ! c5tre ( pressure ( ! paddle :eels1 :5 ! pressure urg+ ! pi/ons1 ! dim5sions ( ! :eels & ! spe$ ( ! vessel are kn[n2 & t =ce1 :atev] be its am\nt1 mu/ always cont9ue ! same ) any con/ant pressure on ! pi/ons4 ,9 a screw vessel ! same law applies1 s t ) any giv5 pressure on ! pi/ons & disc>d+ ! consid]ation ( friction1 x w foll[ t :atev] be ! ?ru/ ex]t$ by a paddle or a screw vessel1 x mu/ rema9 uni=m :e!r ! vessel is 9 motion or at re/1 & :e!r mov+ at a high or a l[ velocity ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,n[ to a*ieve an equal spe$ dur+ calms 9 two vessels ( ! same model1 !re mu/ be ! same am\nt ( propell+ ?ru/ 9 ea*2 & ?is ?ru/1 :atev] be its am\nt1 _c aft]w>d v>y if a uni=m pressure ( /eam be ma9ta9$4 ,! ?ru/s1 !re=e1 caus$ by _! respective propell+ in/rum5ts1 :5 a screw & paddle vessel are ti$ /]n to /]n1 mu/ be ! same z at o!r times2 & z at o!r times ^? ?ru/s are equal1 s mu/ !y be :5 ! vessels are set 9 ! antagonism suppos$4 #egh4 ,q4--,h[ comes x !n t ! screw vessel prepond]ates8 ,a4--,n by virtue ( a l>g] ?ru/ ex]t$ by ! screw 9 press+ =w>d ! %aft & ) x ! vessel1 b by ! gravitation aga9/ ! /]n ( ! wave ( wat] :i* ! screw raises by its rapid rotation4 ,?is wave w only be rais$ v high :5 ! progress ( ! vessel ?r\gh ! wat] is ne>ly arre/$1 at :i* "t ! c5trifugal action ( ! screw is v great2 & ! vessel "u su* circum/ances is =c$ =w>d p>tly by ! ?ru/ ( ! screw1 & p>tly by ! hydro/atic pressure ( ! protub]ance ( wat] :i* ! c5trifugal action ( ! screw raises up at ! /]n4 #egi4 ,q4--,c y /ate any facts 9 corroboration ( ?is view8 ,a4--,! screw vessel w n prepond]ate if a screw & paddle vessel be ti$ b[ to b[ & ! eng9es ( ea* be !n rev]s$4 ,91 "s screw vessels ! am\nt ( ?ru/ actually ex]t$ by ! screw "u all its v>y+ circum/ances1 has be5 asc]ta9$ by ! application ( a dynamomet] to ! end ( ! %aft4 ,by ?is in/rum5t--:i* is =m$ by a comb9ation ( lev]s l a weigh+ ma*9e = c>ts--a ?ru/ or pressure ( sev]al tons c be measur$ by ! application ( a small weight2 & x has be5 f\nd1 by repeat$ exp]im5t ) ! dynamomet]1 t ! ?ru/ ( ! screw 9 a screw vessel :5 t[+ a paddle vessel aga9/ ! :ole =ce ( h] eng9es1 is j ! same z x is :5 ! two vessels are ma9ta9+ an equal spe$ 9 calms4 ,! prepond]ance ( ! screw vessel mu/1 !re=e1 be imputable to "s o!r ag5cy ?an to a sup]ior ?ru/ ( ! screw1 :i* is f\nd by exp]im5t n to exi/4 #ehj4 ,q4--,has ! dynamomet] be5 appli$ to paddle vessels8 ,a4--,x has n be5 appli$ to ! vessels !mselves1 z 9 ! case ( screw vessels1 b x has be5 employ$ on %ore to asc]ta9 ! am\nt ( tractive =ce t a paddle vessel c ex]t on a rope4 #eha4 ,q4--,h any exp]im5ts be5 made to det]m9e ! comp>ative p]=mances ( screw & paddle vessels at sea8 ,a4--,yes1 num]\s exp]im5ts2 ( :i* ! be/ kn[n are probably ^? made on ! screw /eam] ,rattl] & ! paddle /eam] ,alecto1 ea* vessel ( ! same model1 size1 & p[]1--ea* vessel be+ ( ab\t #hjj tons burd5 & #bjj horses p[]4 ,subsequ5tly ano!r set ( exp]im5ts ) ! same object 0 made ) ! ,nig] screw /eam] & ! ,basilisk paddle /eam]1 bo? vessels be+ ( ab\t #ajjj tons burd5 & #djj horses p[]4 ,! g5]al results :i* 7 obta9$ 9 ! c\rse ( ^! exp]im5ts are ^? :i* h be5 already recit$4 #ehb4 ,q4--,w y recapitulate "s ( ! ma9 incid5ts ( ^! trials8 ,a4--,i may fir/ /ate "s ( ! *ief dim5sions ( ! vessels4 ,! ,rattl] is #agf feet #f in*es long1 #cb feet #h-a_/b in*es broad1 #hhh tons burd51 #bjj horses p[]1 & has an area ( imm]s$ mid%ip section ( #chj squ>e feet at a draught ( wat] ( #aa feet #e-a_/b in*es4 ,! ,alecto is ( ! same dim5sions 9 e respect1 except t %e is only ( #hjj tons burd51 ! diff]5ce 9 ?is p>ticul> be+ :olly ow+ to ! ,rattl] hav+ be5 drawn out ab\t #ae feet at ! /]n1 to leave abundant room = ! application ( ! screw4 ,! ,rattl] 0 fitt$ ) a dynamomet]1 :i* enabl$ ! actual propell+ ?ru/ ( ! screw %aft to be measur$2 & ! am\nt ( ?is ?ru/1 multipli$ by ! di/ance ?r\gh :i* ! vessel pass$ 9 a giv5 "t1 w\ld det]m9e ! am\nt ( p[] actually utiliz$ 9 propell+ ! %ip4 ,bo? vessels 7 fitt$ ) indicators appli$ to ! cyl9d]s1 s z to det]m9e ! am\nt ( p[] ex]t$ by ! eng9es4 #ehc4 ,q4--,h[ _m trials ( ! vessels 7 made on ?is occasion8 ,a4--,twelve trials 9 all2 b ,i ne$ n ref] to ^? 9 :i* simil> or id5tical results 7 only repeat$4 ,! fir/ trial 0 made "u /eam only1 ! wea!r 0 calm & ! wat] smoo?4 ,at #ed m9utes pa/ #d 9 ! morn+ bo? vessels left ! ,nore1 & at #cj-a_/b m9utes pa/ #b ! ,rattl] /opp$ h] eng9es 9 ,y>m\? ,roads1 :]e 9 #bj-a_/b m9utes aft]w>d %e 0 jo9$ by ! ,alecto4 ,! mean spe$ a*iev$ by ! ,rattl] dur+ ?is trial 0 #i4b knots p] h\r2 ! mean spe$ ( ! ,alecto 0 #h4h knots p] h\r4 ,! slip ( ! screw 0 #aj4b p] c5t4 ,! actual p[] ex]t$ by ! eng9es1 z %[n by ! indicator1 0 9 ! case ( ! ,rattl] #ccd4f horses1 & 9 ! case ( ! ,alecto #bha4b horses2 be+ a diff]5ce ( #ec4d horses 9 favor ( ! ,rattl]4 ,! =w>d ?ru/ ^u ! screw %aft 0 #c tons1 #ag cwt41 #c qrs41 & #ad lbs4 ,! horse p[] ( ! %aft--or p[] actually utiliz$--asc]ta9$ by multiply+ ! ?ru/ 9 p\nds by ! space pass$ ?r\gh by ! vessel 9 feet p] m9ute1 & divid+ by #cc1jjj1 0 #bdg4h horses p[]4 ,?is makes ! ratio ( ! %aft to ! eng9e p[] z #a to #a4c1 or1 9 o!r words1 x %[s t ! am\nt ( eng9e p[] utiliz$ 9 propulsion 0 #gg p] c5t4 ,9 a subsequ5t trial made ) ! vessels runn+ be=e ! w9d1 b ) no sails set & ! ma/s /ruck1 ! spe$ realiz$ by ! ,rattl] 0 #aj knots p] h\r4 ,! slip ( ! screw 0 #aa4b p] c5t4 ,! actual p[] ex]t$ by ! eng9es ( ! ,rattl] 0 #cfh4h horses4 ,! actual p[] ex]t$ by ! eng9es ( ! ,alecto 0 #bia4g horses4 ,! ?ru/ ( ! %aft 0 equal to a weight ( #d tons1 #d cwt41 #a qr41 #a lb4 ,! horse p[] ( ! %aft 0 #bij4b horses1 & ! ratio ( ! %aft to ! eng9e p[] 0 #a to #a4b4 ,"h1 !re=e1 ! am\nt ( ! eng9e p[] utiliz$ 0 #hd p] c5t4 #ehd4 ,q4--,if 9 any screw vessel ! p[] ( ! eng9e be dim9i%$ by %utt+ (f ! /eam or o!rwise1 y w !n h a l>g] screw relatively ) ! p[] ( ! eng9e ?an be=e8 ,a4--,yes4 #ehe4 ,q4--,0 any exp]im5t made to asc]ta9 ! effect ( ?is modification8 ,a4--,!re 02 b ! result 0 n f\nd to be bett] ?an be=e4 ,! exp]im5t 0 made by %utt+ (f ! /eam f ! eng9es ( ! ,rattl] until ! numb] ( /rokes 0 r$uc$ to #ag 9 ! m9ute4 ,! actual p[] 0 !n #abf4g horses2 ?ru/ ^u ! %aft #b tons1 #b cwt41 #c qrs41 #ad lbs2 horse p[] ( %aft #hh4d horses2 ratio ( %aft to eng9e p[] #a to #a4d2 slip ( ! screw #ah4g p] c5t4 ,9 ?is exp]im5t ! p[] utiliz$ 0 #ga p] c5t4 #ehf4 ,q4--,0 any exp]im5t made to det]m9e ! relative p]=mances 9 head w9ds8 ,a4--,! trial 9 :i* ?is relation 0 be/ det]m9$ la/$ = sev5 h\rs1 & 0 made aga9/ a /rong head w9d & heavy head sea4 ,! spe$ ( ! ,rattl] by pat5t log 0 #d4b knots2 & at ! conclusion ( ! trial ! ,alecto _h ! advantage by ab\t half a mile4 ,ow+ to an accid5tal injury to ! indicator1 ! p[] ex]t$ by ! eng9es ( ! ,rattl] 9 ?is trial c\ld n be asc]ta9$2 b judg+ f ! p[] ex]t$ 9 o!r exp]im5ts ) ! same numb] ( revolutions1 x appe>s probable t ! p[] actually ex]t$ by ! ,rattl] 0 ab\t #cjj horses4 ,! numb] ( /rokes p] m9ute made by ! eng9es ( ! ,rattl] 0 #bb1 :]eas 9 ! ,alecto ! numb] ( /rokes p] m9ute 0 only #ab2 s t :ile ! eng9es ( ! ,alecto 7 r$uc$1 by ! resi/ance occasion$ by a /rong head w9d1 to ne>ly half _! usual spe$1 ! eng9es ( ! ,rattl] 7 only less5$ ab\t "o twelf? ( _! usual spe$4 ,! mean ?ru/ ^u ! screw %aft dur+ ?is exp]im5t1 0 #d tons1 #g cwt41 #j qr41 #af lbs4 ,! horse p[] ( ! %aft 0 #abe4i horses1 & ! slip ( ! screw 0 #ef p] c5t4 ,tak+ ! p[] actually ex]t$ by ! ,rattl] at #cjj horses1 ! p[] utiliz$ 9 ?is exp]im5t is only #db p] c5t4 #ehg4 ,q4--,:at are ! dim5sions ( ! screw 9 ! ,rattl]8 ,a4--,diamet] #aj feet1 l5g? #a foot #c in*es1 pit* #aa feet4 ,! =ego+ exp]im5ts %[ t ) a l>g] screw a bett] av]age p]=mance w\ld be obta9$4 ,! be/ result arriv$ at1 0 :5 ! vessel 0 some:at assi/$ by ! w9d1 :i* is equival5t to a r$uction ( ! resi/ance ( ! hull1 or to a small] hull1 :i* is only ano!r expression = a l>g] proportionate screw4 #ehh4 ,q4--,:5 y speak ( a l>g] screw1 :at increase ( dim5sion d y mean to express8 ,a4--,an increase ( ! diamet]4 ,! am\nt ( react+ p[] ( ! screw ^u ! wat] is hot measur$ by ! numb] ( squ>e feet ( surface ( ! arms1 b by ! area ( ! disc or circle 9 :i* ! screw revolves4 ,! diamet] ( ! screw ( ! ,rattl] be+ #aj feet1 ! area ( its disc is #gh4e squ>e feet2 & ) ! am\nt ( ?ru/ already m5tion$ z exi/+ 9 ! fir/ exp]im5t1 viz4 #hgbb lbs41 ! react+ pressure on ea* squ>e foot ( ! screw's disc w be #ajh-a_/b lbs4 ,! imm]s$ mid%ip section be+ #chj squ>e feet1 ?is is equival5t to #bc lbs4 p] squ>e foot ( imm]s$ mid%ip section at a spe$ ( #i4b knots p] h\r4 #ehi4 ,q4--,9 small] vessels ( simil> =m1 w ! resi/ance p] squ>e foot ( mid%ip section be m ?an ?is8 ,a4--,x w be consid]ably m4 ,9 ! ,pelican1 a vessel ( #aji-c_/d squ>e feet ( mid%ip section1 ,i e/imate ! resi/ance p] squ>e foot ( mid%ip section at #cj lbs41 :5 ! spe$ ( ! vessel is #i4g knots p] h\r4 ,9 ! ,m9x ) an imm]s$ mid%ip section ( #hb squ>e feet1 ! resi/ance p] squ>e foot ( imm]s$ mid%ip section 0 f\nd by ! dynamomet] to be #da lbs4 at a spe$ ( #h-a_/b knots2 & 9 ! ,dw>f1 a vessel ) #fj squ>e feet ( mid%ip section1 ,i e/imate ! resi/ance p] squ>e foot ( mid%ip section at #df lbs4 at a spe$ ( #i knots p] h\r1 :i* is j d\ble ! resi/ance p] squ>e foot ( ! ,rattl]4 ,! diamet] ( ! screw ( ! ,m9x is #d-a_/b feet1 s t ! area ( its disc is #ae4i squ>e feet1 & ! area ( imm]s$ mid%ip section is ab\t #e times great] ?an t ( ! screw's disc4 ,! diamet] ( ! screw ( ! ,dw>f is #e feet #h in*es1 s t ! area ( its disc is #be4bb squ>e feet1 & ! area ( imm]s$ mid%ip section is #b4d times great] ?an t ( ! screw's disc4 ,! pressure p] squ>e foot ( ! screw's disc is #bad lbs4 9 ! case ( ! ,m9x1 & #aji-a_/b lbs4 9 ! case ( ! ,dw>f4 #eij4 ,q4--,f ! great] proportionate resi/ance ( small vessels1 w n !y require l>g] proportionate screws ?an l>ge vessels8 ,a4--,!y w4 #eia4 ,q4--,is !re any ready means ( pr$ict+ :at ! am\nt ( ?ru/ ( a screw w be8 ,a4--,:5 we "k ! am\nt ( pressure on ! pi/ons1 & ! velocity ( _! motion relatively ) ! velocity ( advance made by ! screw1 suppos+ x to "w 9 a solid nut1 x is easy to tell :at ! ?ru/ ( ! screw w\ld be if x 7 cle>$ ( ! effects ( friction & o!r irregul> s\rces ( di/urbance4 ,! ?ru/1 9 fact1 w\ld be at once f\nd by ! pr9ciple ( virtual velocities2 & if we take ?is !oretical ?ru/ & dim9i% x by "o f\r? to comp5sate = friction & lat]al slip1 we %all h a ne> approximation to ! am\nt ( ?ru/ t w be actually ex]t$4#a #a ,see ,treatise on ! ,screw ,propell]1 by ,j4 ,b\rne1 ,c4 ,e4 ,,comp>ative ,,advantages ,,( ,,diff]5t ,,screws4 #eib4 ,q4--,:at species ( screw d y consid] ! be/8 ,a4--,9 cases 9 :i* a l>ge diamet] ( screw c be employ$1 ! ord9>y screw or helix ) two blades seems to be z effective z any o!r1 & x is ! mo/ easily con/ruct$4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! screw is re/rict$ 9 diamet]1 or if ! vessel is requir$ to t[1 or w h to enc\nt] habitually /rong head w9ds1 x w be pref]able to employ a screw ) an increas+ pit*1 & also ( su* o!r configuration t x w recov] f ! wat] "s portion ( ! p[] t has be5 exp5d$ 9 slip4 #eic4 ,q4--,h[ c ?is be done8 ,a4--,!re are screws :i* are int5d$ to accompli%1 ?is object already 9 actual use4 ,:5 !re is mu* slip a c5trifugal velocity is giv5 to ! wat]1 & ! screw1 inde$1 if ! eng9e be set on :5 ! vessel is at re/1 acts v mu* z a c5trifugal fan w\ld d if plac$ 9 ! same situation4 ,! wat] project$ outw>d by ! c5trifugal =ce escapes 9 ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance1 :i* is to ! surface2 & if !re be a high column ( wat] ov] ! screw1 or1 9 o!r words1 if ! screw is deeply imm]s$1 !n ! c5trifugal action is resi/$ to a great] ext5t1 & !re w be less slip produc$4 ,! easie/ exp$i5t1 !re=e1 = obviat+ loss by slip is to s9k ! screw deeply 9 ! wat]2 b z !re are obvi\s limits to ! application ( ?is rem$y1 ! next be/ device is to recov] & r5d] available = propulsion "s "p ( ! p[] :i* has be5 exp5d$ 9 giv+ motion to ! wat]4 ,"o device = do+ ?is consi/s 9 plac+ ! screw well =w>d 9 ! dead wood1 s t x %all be ov]hung by ! /]n ( ! %ip4 ,! wat] =c$ upw>d by ! c5trifugal action ( ! screw w1 by imp++ on ! ov]hang+ /]n1 press ! vessel =w>d 9 ! wat]1 j 9 ! same way z is done by ! w9d :5 act+ on an oblique sail4 ,i believe1 ! two revolv+ vanes )\t any twi/ or obliquity on !m at all1 w\ld propel a vessel if set well =w>d 9 ! dead wood or b5ea? ! bottom1 m]ely by ! asc5t ( ! wat] up ! incl9$ plane ( ! vessel's run2 &1 at all ev5ts1 a screw s plac$ w\ld1 9 my judgm5t1 aid mat]ially 9 propell+ ! vessel :5 h] progress 0 resi/$ by head w9ds4 #eid4 ,q4--,b y said !re are "s k9ds ( screws :i* pr(ess to accompli% ?is8 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di4 ,,! ,,e>l ,,( ,,dundonald',s ,,propell]4 ,a4--,!re are screws :i* pr(ess to c\nt]act ! c5trifugal velocity giv5 to ! wat] by imp>t+ to x an equal c5tripetal =ce1 ! consequ5ce ( :i* w be1 t ! wat] project$ backw>d by ! screw1 in/ead ( tak+ ! =m ( ! fru/um ( a cone1 ) its small end next ! screw1 w take ! =m ( a cyl9d]4 ,"o ( ^! =ms ( screw is t pat5t$ by ! ,e>l ( ,dundonald 9 #ahdc1 & :i* is repres5t$ 9 fig4 #di4 ,ano!r is ! =m ( screw already repres5t$ 9 fig4 #dh1 & :i* 0 pat5t$ by ,mr4 ,hodgson 9 #ahdd4 ,mr4 ,hodgson b5ds ! arms ( 8 propell]s backw>d1 n into ! =m ( a triangle1 b into ! =m ( a p>abola1 to ! end t ! impact ( ! screw on ! p>ticles ( ! wat] may cause !m to conv]ge to a focus1 z ! rays ( light w\ld d 9 a p>abolic reflector4 ,b ?is p>ticul> configuration is n important1 see+ t ! same conv]g5ce :i* is giv5 to ! p>ticles ( ! wat]1 ) a screw ( uni=m pit* b5t back into ! =m ( a p>abola1 w be giv5 ) a screw b5t back into ! =m ( a triangle1 if ! pit* be suitably v>i$ betwe5 ! c5tre & ! circumf]5ce4 #eie4 ,q4--,!n ! pit* may be v>i$ 9 two ways8 ,a4--,yes3 a screw may h a pit* increas+ 9 ! direction ( ! l5g?1 z w\ld happ5 9 ! case ( a spiral /air1 if e successive /ep 9 ! asc5t 0 ?ick] ?an ! "o bel[ x2 or x may increase f ! c5tre to ! circumf]5ce1 z w\ld happ5 9 ! case ( a spiral /air1 if e /ep 7 ?9n] at ! c5tre ( ! l[] ?an at its out] wall4 ,:5 ! pit* ( a screw increases 9 ! direction ( its l5g?1 ! lead+ edge ( ! screw ent]s ! wat] )\t %ock or impact1 z ! advance ( ! lead+ edge p] revolution w n be great] ?an ! advance ( ! vessel4 ,:5 ! pit* ( a screw increases 9 ! direction ( its diamet]1 ! c5tral "p ( ! screw w advance ) only ! same velocity z ! wat]1 s t x _c communicate any c5trifugal velocity to ! wat]2 & ! :ole slip1 z well z ! :ole propell+ pressure1 w occur at ! out] "p ( ! screw blades4 #eif4 ,q4--,is !re any advantage d]iv$ f ^! =ms ( screws8 ,a4--,!re is a slight advantage1 b x is s slight z h>dly to balance ! increas$ tr\ble ( manufacture1 &1 consequ5tly1 !y are n g5]ally or widely adopt$4 #eig4 ,q4--,:at o!r k9ds ( screw are !re propos+ to !mselves ! same or simil> objects8 ,a4--,!re is ! corrugat$ screw1 ! arms ( :i* are corrugat$1 s z x 7 to ge> ) ! wat] dur+ its revolution1 & !reby prev5t x f acquir+ a c5trifugal velocity4 ,!n !re is ,griffi?'s screw1 :i* has a l>ge ball at its c5tre1 :i*1 by ! suction x creates at its h9d] "p1 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! wat]1 produces a conv]g+ =ce1 :i* p>tly c\nt]acts ! div]g5t action ( ! arms4 ,f9ally1 !re is ,holm's screw1 :i* has n[ be5 appli$ to a good numb] ( vessels ) success4 #eih4 ,q4--,w y describe ! configuration & action ( ,holm's screw8 ,a4--,fir/1 !n1 ! screw increases 9 ! direction ( its l5g?1 & ?is increase is v rapid at ! foll[+ edge1 s t1 9 fact1 ! foll[+ edge /&s 9 ! plane ( ! %aft1 or 9 ! v]tical longitud9al plane ( ! vessel4 ,!n ! ends ( ! arms are b5t ov] into a curv$ flange1 ! edge ( :i* po9ts a/]n1 & ! po9t :]e ?is curv$ flange jo9s ! foll[+ edge ( ! screw is =m$1 n into an angle1 b into a portion ( a sph]e1 s t ?is corn] resembles ! b[l ( a spoon4 ,:5 ! screw is put into revolution1 ! wat] is enc\nt]$ by ! lead+ edge ( ! screw )\t %ock1 z its advance is only equal to ! advance ( ! vessel1 & be=e ! screw leaves ! wat] x is project$ directly a/]n4 ,at ! same "t1 ! curv$ flange at ! rim ( ! screw prev5ts ! disp]sion ( ! wat] 9 a radial direction1 & x consequ5tly assumes ! =m ( a column or cyl9d] ( wat]1 project$ backw>d f ! %ip4 #eii4 ,q4--,:at is ! nature ( ,beattle's screw8 ,a4--,beattie's screw is an arrangem5t ( ! screw propell] :]eby x is project$ beyond ! rudd]1 & ! ma9 object ( ! arrangem5t is to take away ! vibratory motion at ! /]n1--an int5tion :i* x accompli%es 9 practice4 ,!re is an oval eye 9 ! rudd]1 to p]mit ! screw %aft to pass ?r\gh x4 #fjj4 ,q4--,:5 ! diamet] ( ! cyl9d] ( wat] project$ backw>d by a screw1 & ! =ce urg+ x into motion are kn[n1 may n ! velocity x w acquire be approximately det]m9$8 ,a4--,t w n be v difficult2 & ,i w take = illu/ration ! case ( ! ,m9x1 already ref]r$ to1 :i* w %[ h[ su* a computation is to be conduct$4 ,! spe$ ( ?is vessel1 9 "o ( ! exp]im5ts made ) h]1 0 #h4dde knots2 ! numb] ( revolutions ( ! screw p] m9ute1 #bca4cb2 & ! pressure on ea* squ>e foot ( area ( ! screw's disc1 #bad lbs4 ,if a knot be tak5 to be #fjge4f feet1 !n ! di/ance advanc$ by ! vessel1 :5 ! spe$ is #h4dde knots1 w be #c4g feet p] revolution1 & ?is advance w be made 9 ab\t 4#bf ( a second ( "t4 ,n[ ! di/ance :i* a body w fall by gravity1 9 4#bf ( a second1 is #a4jhg feet2 & a weight ( #bad lbs4 put into motion by gravity1 or by a pressure ( #bad lbs41 w\ld1 !re=e1 acquire a velocity ( #a4jhg feet dur+ ! "t "o revolution ( ! screw is be+ p]=m$4 ,! weight to be mov$1 h[ev]1 is #c4g cubic feet ( wat]1 t be+ ! new wat] seiz$ by ! screw ea* revolution = e squ>e foot ( surface 9 ! screw's disc2 & #c4g cubic feet ( wat] weigh #bca4e lbs41 s t ! urg+ =ce ( #bad lbs4 is some:at less ?an ! =ce ( gravity1 & ! velocity ( motion communicat$ to ! wat] w be some:at "u #a4jhg feet p] revolution1 or we may say x w be 9 r\nd numb]s #a foot p] revolution4 ,?is1 add$ to ! progress ( ! vessel1 w make ! di/ance advanc$ by ! screw ?r\gh ! wat] #d4g feet p] revolution1 leav+ ! diff]5ce betwe5 ?is & ! pit*1 namely #a4ac feet1 to be acc\nt$ = on ! supposition t ! screw blades _h brok5 lat]ally ?r\gh ! wat] to t ext5t4 ,x w\ld be prop] to apply "s correction to ?is computation1 :i* w\ld repres5t ! increas$ resi/ance due to ! imm]sion ( ! screw 9 ! wat]2 = a column ( wat] _c be mov$ 9 ! direction ( its axis b5ea? ! surface1 )\t giv+ motion to ! sup]9cumb5t wat]1 & ! in]tia ( ?is sup]9cumb5t wat] mu/1 !re=e1 be tak5 into ! acc\nt4 ,9 ! exp]im5t ^u ! ,m9x1 ! dep? ( ?is sup]9cumb5t column 0 b small4 ,! total am\nt ( ! slip 0 #cf4ec p] c5t42 & !re w n be mu* error 9 sett+ d[n ab\t "o half ( ?is z due to ! recession ( ! wat] 9 ! direction ( ! vessel's track1 & ! o!r half z due to ! lat]al p5etration ( ! screw blades4 #fja4 ,q4--,is x n important to make ! /]n ( screw vessels v f9e1 ) ! view ( dim9i%+ ! slip1 & increas+ ! spe$8 ,a4--,x is mo/ important4 ,! ,rifleman1 a vessel ( #dhf tons1 _h orig9ally eng9es ( #bjj horses p[]1 :i* propell$ h] at a spe$ ( #h knots an h\r4 ,! ,teaz]1 a vessel ( #bif tons1 _h orig9ally eng9es ( #ajj horses p[]1 :i* propell$ h] at a spe$ ( #f-a_/b knots an h\r4 ,! eng9es ( ! ,teaz] 7 subsequ5tly transf]r$ to ! ,rifleman1 & new eng9es ( #dj horse p[] 7 put into ! ,teaz]4 ,bo? vessels 7 simultane\sly %>p5$ at ! /]n1 & ! result 01 t ! #ajj horse eng9es drove ! ,rifleman1 :5 %>p5$1 z fa/ z %e _h previ\sly be5 driv5 by ! #bjj horse eng9es2 & ! #dj horse eng9es drove ! ,teaz]1 :5 %>p5$1 a knot an h\r fa/] ?an %e _h previ\sly be5 driv5 by ! #ajj horse eng9es4 ,! imm]sion ( bo? vessels 0 kept un*ang$ 9 ea* case2 & ! #ajj horse eng9es ( ! ,teaz]1 :5 transf]r$ to ! ,rifleman1 drove t vessel1 aft] %e _h be5 %>p5$1 #b knots an h\r fa/] ?an !y _h previ\sly driv5 a vessel n mu* m ?an half ! size4 ,^! are important facts = e "o to be acqua9t$ ) :o is int]e/$ 9 ! success ( screw vessels1 & :o seeks to obta9 ! maximum ( effici5cy ) ! m9imum ( exp5se4#a #a ,see ,treatise on ! ,screw ,propell]1 by ,john ,b\rne1 ,c4 ,e4 ,,proportions ,,( ,,screws4 #fjb4 ,q4--,9 fix+ ^u ! proportions ( a screw prop] to propel any giv5 vessel1 h[ w\ld y proce$8 ,a4--,i w\ld fir/ compute ! probable resi/ance ( ! vessel1 & ,i w\ld be able to f9d ! relative resi/ances ( ! screw & hull1 & 9 e case x is advisable to make ! screw z l>ge 9 diamet] z possible4 ,! l>g] ! screw is1 ! great] w be ! effici5cy ( ! eng9e 9 propell+ ! vessel2 ! l>g] w be ! ratio ( ! pit* to ! diamet]1 :i* produces a maximum effect2 & ! small] w be ! l5g? ( ! screw or ! fraction ( a convolution to produce a maximum effect4 #fjc4 ,q4--,w y illu/rate ?is doctr9e by a practical example8 ,a4--,! ,fr5* screw /eam] ,pelican 0 fitt$ successively ) two screws ( f\r blades1 b ! diamet] ( ! fir/ screw 0 #ih4db in*es1 & ! diamet] ( ! second #ed in*es4 ,if ! effici5cy ( ! fir/ screw by repres5t$ by #a1 t ( ! second screw w be repres5t$ by 4#hbc1 or1 9 o!r words1 if ! fir/ screw w\ld give a spe$ ( #aj knots1 ! second w\ld give little m ?an #h4 ,! mo/ advantage\s ratio ( pit* to diamet] 0 f\nd to be #b4b 9 ! case ( ! l>ge screw1 & #a4chd 9 ! case ( ! small4 ,! fraction ( a convolution :i* 0 f\nd to be mo/ advantage\s 0 4#bha 9 ! case ( ! l>ge screw1 & 4#dej 9 ! case ( ! small screw4 #fjd4 ,q--,7 screws ( f\r blades f\nd to be m effici5t ?an screws ) two8 ,a--,!y 7 f\nd to h less slip1 b n to be m effici5t1 ! increas$ slip 9 ^? ( two blades be+ balanc$ by ! increas$ friction 9 ^? ( f\r4 ,screws ( two blades1 to secure a maximum effici5cy1 mu/ h a f9] pit* ?an screws ( f\r4 #fje4 ,q4--,are ! proportions f\nd to be mo/ suitable 9 ! case ( ! ,pelican applicable to ! screws ( o!r vessels8 ,a4--,only to ^? :i* h ! same relative resi/ance ( screw & hull4 ,tak+ ! relative resi/ance to be ! area ( imm]s$ mid%ip section1 divid$ by ! squ>e ( ! screw's diamet]1 x w 9 ! case ( ! ,rattl] be #chj_/ajj or #c4h4 ,f ! exp]im5ts made by ,,mm4 ,b\rgois & ,moll on ! screw /eam] ,pelican1 !y h d$uc$ ! proportions ( screws prop] = all o!r classes ( vessels1 :e!r ! screws are ( two1 f\r1 or six blades4 #fjf4 ,q4--,w y specify ! nature ( _! d$uctions8 ,a4--,i w fir/ enum]ate ^? :i* be> ^u screws ) two blades4 ,:5 ! relative resi/ance is #e4e ! ratio ( pit* to diamet] %\ld be #a4jjf1 & ! fraction ( ! pit* or proportion ( "o entire convolution %\ld be #j4ded4 ,:5 ! relative resi/ance is #e1 ! ratio ( pit* to diamet] %\ld be #a4jfi1 & fraction ( pit* #j4dbh2 relative resi/ance #d4e1 pit* #a4ace1 fraction #j4djb2 relative resi/ance #d1 pit* #a4bje1 fraction #j4cgh2 relative resi/ance #c4e1 pit* #a4bgi1 fraction #j4cee2 relative resi/ance #c1 pit* #a4ceg1 fraction #j4ccd2 relative resi/ance #b4e1 pit* #a4dej1 fraction #j4cac2 relative resi/ance #b1 pit* #a4efj1 fraction #j4bid2 relative resi/ance #a4e1 pit* #a4fhb1 fraction #j4bge4 ,! relative resi/ance ( #d is t :i* is usual 9 an auxili>y l9e ( battle %ip1 #c4e 9 an auxili>y frigate1 #c 9 a high spe$ l9e ( battle %ip1 #b4e 9 a high spe$ frigate1 #b 9 a high spe$ corvette1 & #a4e 9 a high spe$ despat* boat4 #fjg4 ,q4--,:at are ! correspond+ proportions ( screws ( f\r blades8 ,a4--,! ratios ( ! pit*es to ! diamet] be+ = ea* ( ! relative resi/ances enum]at$ above1 #a4cdb1 #a4dbe1 #a4eac1 #a4fjg1 #a4gje1 #a4haj1 #a4icc1 #b4jhj1 & #b4bdc1 ! respective fractions ( pit* or fractions ( a :ole convolution w be #j4dee1 #j4dbh1 #j4djb1 #j4cgh1 #j4cee1 #j4ccd1 #j4cac1 #j4bid1 & #j4bge4 #fjh4 ,q4--,& :at are ! correspond+ proportions prop] = screws ( six blades8 ,a4--,beg9n+ ) ! relative resi/ance ( #e4e z be=e1 ! prop] ratio ( pit* to diamet] = t & ea* ( ! successive resi/ances 9 ! case ( screws ) six blades1 w be #a4fgg1 #a4gga1 #a4hia1 #a4bjji1 #b4aca1 #b4bfb1 #b4daf1 #b4fjj1 #b4hjd2 & ! respective fractions ( pit* w be #j4gid1 #j4gdi1 #j4gjc1 #j4ffa1 #j4fba1 #j4ehe1 #j4edh1 #j4eae1 & #j4dha4 ,^! are ! proportions :i* w give a maximum p]=mance 9 e case4#a #a ,9 my ,treatise on ! ,screw ,propell] ,i h gone into ^! v>i\s que/ions m fully ?an w\ld consort ) ! limits ( ?is publication4 ,,screw ,,vessels ,,) ,,full ,,& ,,auxili>y ,,p[]4 #fji4 ,q4--,d y consid] t ! screw propell] is be/ adapt$ = vessels ( full p[]1 or = vessels ) auxili>y p[]8 ,a4--,x is1 9 my op9ion1 be/ adapt$ = vessels ) auxili>y p[]1 & x is a worse propell] ?an paddle :eels = vessels :i* h habitually to enc\nt] /rong head w9ds4 ,screw vessels are b ill calculat$--at lea/ z con/ruct$ h]et(ore--to enc\nt] head w9ds1 & ! legitimate sph]e ( ! screw is 9 propell+ vessels ) auxili>y p[]4 #faj4 ,q4--,does ! screw act well 9 conjunction ) sails8 ,a4--,i _c say x acts bett] ?an paddles1 except 9 s f> z x is less 9 ! way & is less affect$ by ! li/+ or heel+ ov] ( ! %ip4 ,a small /eam p[]1 h[ev]1 acts v advantage\sly 9 aid ( sails1 = n only does ! op]ation ( ! sails 9 r$uc+ ! resi/ance ( ! hull virtually increase ! screw's diamet]1 b ! screw1 by r$uc+ ! resi/ance :i* has to be ov]come by ! sails & by increas+ ! spe$ ( ! vessel1 enables ! sails to act ) great] effici5cy1 z ! w9d w n reb\nd f !m ) z great a velocity z x w\ld o!rwise d1 & a l>g] proportion ( ! p[] ( ! w9d w also be us$ up4 ,9 ! case ( beam w9ds1 moreov]1 ! action ( ! screw1 by ! l>g] advance x gives to ! vessel w enable ! sails to int]cept a l>g] column ( w9d 9 a giv5 "t4 ,x appe>s1 !re=e1 t ! sails add to ! effici5cy ( ! screw1 & t ! screw also adds to ! effici5cy ( ! sails4 #faa4 ,q4--,:at is ! comp>ative co/ ( transport+ m]*&ise 9 paddle /eam]s ( full p[]1 9 screw /eam]s ( auxili>y p[]1 & 9 sail+ %ips8 ,a4--,t w dep5d v mu* ^u ! locality :]e ! comp>ison is made4 ,9 ! case ( vessels p]=m+ di/ant ocean voyages1 9 :i* !y may reckon ^u ! aid ( uni=m & con/ant w9ds1 su* z ! trade w9ds or ! monsoon1 sail+ %ips ( l>ge size w be able to c>ry m *eaply ?an any o!r species ( vessel4 ,b :]e ! w9ds are irregul> & !re is n mu* sea room1 or = su* circum/ances z exi/ 9 ! ,*annel or ,m$it]ranean trades1 screw vessels ) auxili>y p[] w con/itute ! *eape/ in/rum5t ( conveyance4 #fab4 ,q4--,are !re any facts record$ illu/rative ( ! accuracy ( ?is conclusion8 ,a4--,a full paddle vessel ( #ajjj tons burd5 & #cej horses p[]1 w c>ry ab\t #djj tons ( c>go1 besides coal = a voyage ( #ejj miles1 & ! exp5se ( su* a voyage1 includ+ we> & te>1 depreciation1 c41 w be ab\t #aijl4 ,! duration ( ! voyage w be ab\t #de-a_/b h\rs4 ,a screw vessel ( #djj tons burd5 & #ajj horses p[]1 w c>ry ! same am\nt ( c>go1 besides h] coals1 on ! same voyage1 & ! exp5se ( ! voyage1 includ+ we> & te>1 depreciation1 c41 w be n mu* m ?an #fjl4 ,an auxili>y screw vessel1 !re=e1 c c>ry m]*&ise at "o ?ird ( ! co/ ( a full-p[]$ paddle vessel4 ,by simil> comp>isons made betwe5 ! exp5se ( convey+ m]*&ise 9 auxili>y screw /eam]s & sail+ %ips on coa/+ voyages1 x appe>s t ! co/ 9 screw /eam]s is ab\t "o ?ird less ?an 9 ! sail+ %ips2 ! great] exp$ition ( ! screw /eam]s mu* m ?an comp5sat+ = ! exp5se :i* ! ma9t5ance ( ! ma*9]y involves4 ,,screw ,,& ,,paddles ,,comb9$4 #fac4 ,q4--,w\ld n a screw comb9$ ) paddles act 9 a simil>ly advantage\s way z a screw or paddles :5 aid$ by ! w9d8 ,a4--,if 9 any giv5 paddle vessel a supplem5t>y screw be add$ to increase h] p[] & spe$1 ! screw w act 9 a m b5eficial mann] ?an if x _h ! :ole vessel to propel itself1 & = a l reason ! paddles w act 9 a m b5eficial mann]4 ,!re w be less slip bo? ^u ! paddles & ^u ! screw ?an if ei!r _h be5 employ$ alone2 b ! same object w\ld be atta9$ by giv+ ! vessel l>g] paddles or a l>g] screw4 #fad4 ,q4--,h any vessels be5 con/ruct$ ) comb9$ screw & paddles8 ,a4--,n any t ,i "k (1 except ! great vessel built "u ! direction ( ,mr4 ,brunel4 ,! ,bee _m ye>s s9ce 0 fitt$ ) bo? screw & paddles1 b ?is 0 = ! purpose ( asc]ta9+ ! relative effici5cy ( ! two modes ( propulsion1 & n = ! purpose ( us+ bo? toge!r4 #fae4 ,q4--,:at w\ld be ! be/ means ( accel]at+ ! spe$ ( a paddle vessel by ! introduction ( a supplem5t>y screw8 ,a4--,if ! vessel requires new boil]s1 ! be/ c\rse ( proc$ure w\ld be to "w a s+le eng9e giv+ motion to ! screw ) high pressure /eam1 & to let ! wa/e /eam f ! high pressure eng9e "w ! paddle eng9es4 ,9 ?is way ! p[] might be d\bl$ )\t any increas$ exp5diture ( fuel p] h\r1 & !re w\ld be a dim9i%$ exp5diture p] voyage 9 ! proportion ( ! increas$ spe$4 #faf4 ,q4--,:at w\ld ! increas$ spe$ be by d\bl+ ! p[]8 ,a4--,! increase w\ld be 9 ! proportion ( ! cube root ( #a to ! cube root ( #b1 or x w\ld be #a4be times great]4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! exi/+ spe$ 7 #aj miles1 x w\ld be increas$ to #ab-a_/b miles by d\bl+ ! p[]1 & ! vessel w\ld ply ) ab\t a f\r? less coals by increas+ ! p[] 9 ! mann] sugge/$4 #fag4 ,q4--,is n high pressure /eam dang]\s 9 /eam vessels8 ,a4--,n necess>ily s1 & x has n[ be5 introduc$ into a good numb] ( /eam vessels ) satisfactory results4 ,9 ! case ( locomotive eng9es1 :]e x is us$ s widely1 v few accid5ts h occurr$2 & 9 /eam vessels ! only additional s\rce ( dang] is ! salt+ ( ! boil]4 ,?is may be prev5t$ ei!r by ! use ( fre% wat] 9 ! boil]1 or by practis+ a l>g] am\nt ( bl[+ (f1 to insure :i* x %\ld be impossible to dim9i% ! am\nt ( wat] s5t into ! boil] by ! fe$ pump1 & ! excess %\ld be dis*>g$ ov]bo>d ?r\gh a valve ne> ! wat] level ( ! boil]1 :i* valve is gov]n$ by a float t w rise or fall ) ! fluctuat+ level ( ! wat]4 ,if ! float be a copp] ball1 a little wat] %\ld be introduc$ into x be=e x is sold]$ or braz$ up1 :i* w insure an equality ( pressure )9 & )\t ! ball1 & a leakage ( wat] into x w !n be less likely to take place4 ,a /one float1 h[ev]1 is *eap]1 & if prop]ly balanc$ w be equally effective4 ,all /eam vessels %\ld h a l>ge excess ( boil+ fe$ wat] con/antly fl[+ into ! boil]1 & a l>ge quantity ( wat] con/antly bl[+ (f ?r\gh ! surface valves1 :i* be+ gov]n$ by floats w op5 & let ! sup]flu\s wat] escape :5ev] ! wat] level rises too high4 ,9 ?is way ! boil] w be kept f salt+1 & prim+ w be mu* less likely to occur4 ,! great problem ( /eam navigation is ! economy ( fuel1 s9ce ! quantity ( fuel consum$ by a vessel w v mu* det]m9e :e!r %e is pr(itable or o!rwise4 ,not)/&+ ! mom5t\s nature ( ?is condition1 h[ev]1 ! consumption ( fuel 9 /eam vessels is a po9t to :i* v little att5tion has be5 paid1 & no effici5t means h yet be5 adopt$ 9 /eam vessels to insure t measure ( economy :i* is kn[n to be atta9able1 & :i* has be5 atta9$ already 9 o!r dep>tm5ts ( eng9e]+ 9 :i* ! b5efits ( su* economy are ( less weighty import4 ,x ne$s no?+ m ?an ! e/abli%m5t ( an effici5t sy/em ( regi/ration 9 /eam vessels1 to insure a l>ge & rapid economy 9 ! consumption ( fuel1 z ?is quality w\ld !n become ! te/ ( an eng9e]'s pr(ici5cy1 & w\ld det]m9e ! measure ( 8 fame4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,corni% eng9es1 a sav+ ( m ?an half ! fuel 0 spe$ily effect$ by ! introduction ( ! simple exp$i5t ( regi/ration4 ,9 agricultural eng9es a l economy has spe$ily foll[$ f a l arrangem5t2 yet 9 bo? ( ^! cases ! b5efits ( a l>ge sav+ are less em95t ?an !y w\ld be 9 ! case ( /eam navigation2 & x is to be hop$ t ?is exp$i5t ( improvem5t w n[ be spe$ily adopt$4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,examples ,,( ,,eng9es4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,oscillat+ ,,paddle ,,eng9es4 #fah4 ,q4--,w y describe ! /ructure ( an oscillat+ eng9e z made by ,messrs4 ,p5n8 ,a4--,to d ?is x w be exp$i5t to take an eng9e ( a giv5 p[]1 & !n ! sizes may be giv5 z well z an acc\nt ( ! configuration ( ! p>ts3 we may take = an example a pair ( eng9es ( #ba-a_/b in*es diamet] ( cyl9d]1 & #bb in*es /roke1 rat$ by ,messrs4 ,p5n at #ab horses p[] ea*4 ,! cyl9d]s ( ?is oscillat+ eng9e are plac$ b5ea? ! cranks1 &1 z 9 all ,messrs4 ,p5n's small] eng9es1 ! pi/on rod is connect$ to ! crank p9 by means ( a brass cap1 provid$ ) a socket1 by means ( :i* x is cutt]$ to ! pi/on rod4 ,!re is b "o air pump1 :i* is situat$ )9 ! cond5s] betwe5 ! cyl9d]s1 & x is wr\ght by means ( a crank 9 ! int]m$iate %aft--?is crank be+ cut out ( a solid piece ( metal z 9 ! =mation ( ! crank$ axles ( locomotive eng9es4 ,! /eam ent]s ! cyl9d] ?r\gh ! out] trunnions1 or ! trunnions adjac5t to ! %ip's sides1 & ent]s ! cond5s] ?r\gh ! two mid%ip trunnions--a %ort ?ree port$ valve be+ plac$ on ! front ( ! cyl9d] to regulate ! fl[ ( /eam to & f ! cyl9d] 9 ! prop] mann]4 ,! weight ( ?is valve on "o side ( ! cyl9d] is balanc$ by a weight hung ^u ! o!r side ( ! cyl9d]2 b 9 ! mo/ rec5t eng9es ?is weight is disc>d$1 & two valves are us$1 :i* balance "o ano!r4 ,! fram+ consi/s ( an upp] & l[] frame ( ca/ iron1 b\nd toge!r by eight malleable iron columns3 ^u ! l[] frame ! pill[ blocks re/ :i* c>ry ! cyl9d] trunnions1 & ! cond5s] & ! bottom frame are ca/ 9 ! same piece4 ,! upp] frame supports ! paddle %aft pill[ blocks2 & pieces are bolt$ on 9 cont9uation ( ! upp] frame to c>ry ! paddle :eels1 :i* are ov]hung f ! j\rnal4 #fai4 ,q4--,:at are ! dim5sions & arrangem5t ( ! fram+8 ,a4--,! web1 or base plate ( ! l[] frame is #c_/d ( an ,in* ?ick1 & a coom+ is e>n$ all r\nd ! cyl9d]1 leav+ an op5+ ( suffici5t size to p]mit ! necess>y oscillation4 ,! cross section ( ! upp] frame is t ( a holl[ beam #f in*es deep1 & ab\t #c-a_/b in*es wide1 ) holes at ! sides to take out ! core2 & ! ?ickness ( ! metal is #ac_/af?s ( an in*4 ,bo? ! upp] & ! l[] frame is ca/ 9 a s+le piece1 ) ! exception ( ! cont9uations ( ! upp] frame1 :i* support ! paddle :eels4 ,an oval r+ #c in*es wide is =m$ 9 ! upp] frame1 ( suffici5t size to p]mit ! work+ ( ! air pump crank2 & f ?is r+ fea!rs run to ! ends ( ! cross portions ( ! frame :i* supports ! int]m$iate %aft j\rnals4 ,! columns are #a-a_/b in*es 9 diamet]2 !y are provid$ ) coll>s at ! l[] ends1 :i* re/ ^u bosses 9 ! l[] frame1 & ) coll>s at ! upp] ends = support+ ! upp] frame2 b ! upp] coll>s ( two ( ! corn] columns are screw$ on1 s z to enable ! columns to be drawn up :5 x is requir$ to get ! cyl9d]s out4 ,! cross section ( ! bottom frame is also ( ! =m ( a holl[ beam1 #g in*es deep1 except 9 ! region ( ! cond5s]1 :]e x is1 ( c\rse1 ( a diff]5t =m4 ,! dep? ( ! boss = ! reception ( ! columns is a little m ?an #g in*es deep on ! l[] frame1 & a little m ?an #f in*es deep on ! upp] frame2 & ! holes ?r\gh !m are s cor$ out1 t ! columns only be> at ! upp] & l[] edges ( ! hole1 in/ead ( all ?r\gh x--a =mation by :i* ! fitt+ ( ! columns is facilitat$4 #fbj4 ,q4--,:at are ! dim5sions ( ! cond5s]8 ,a4--,! cond5s]1 :i* is ca/ ^u ! l[] frame1 consi/s ( an oval vessel #bb-a_/b in*es wide1 by #b feet #d-a_/d in*es long1 & #a foot #aj-a_/b in*es deep2 x /&s #i in*es above ! upp] face ( ! bottom frame1 ! re/ project+ b5ea? x2 & x is enl>g$ at ! sides by be+ c>ri$ b5ea? ! trunnions4 #fba4 ,q4--,:at are ! dim5sions ( ! air pump8 ,a4--,! air pump1 :i* is set 9 ! c5tre ( ! cond5s]1 is #ae-a_/d in*es 9 diamet]1 & has a /roke ( #aa in*es4 ,! foot valve is situat$ 9 ! bottom ( ! air pump1 & its seat consi/s ( a disc ( brass1 9 :i* !re is a rectangul> flap valve1 op5+ upw>ds1 b r\nd$ on "o side to ! circle ( ! pump1 & s balanc$ z to enable ! valve to op5 ) facility4 ,! balance weight1 :i* is =m$ ( brass ca/ 9 ! same piece z ! valve itself1 op]ates z a /op1 by com+ into contact ) ! disc :i* con/itutes ! bottom ( ! pump2 ! disc be+ recess$ opposite to ! /op to enable ! valve to op5 suffici5tly4 ,?is disc is bolt$ to ! b>rel ( ! pump by means ( an int]nal flange1 & be=e x c be remov$ ! pump mu/ be lift$ out ( its place4 ,! air pump b>rel is ( brass to :i* is bolt$ a ca/ iron m\? piece1 ) a port = c>ry+ ! wat] to ! hot well2 )9 ! hot well ! deliv]y valve1 :i* consi/s ( a common flap valve1 is situat$4 ,! m\? piece & ! air pump b>rel are made tight to ! cond5s]1 & to "o ano!r1 by means ( metallic jo9ts c>efully scrap$ to a true surface1 s t a little :ite or r$ lead int]pos$ makes an air tight jo9t4 ,! air pump bucket is ( brass1 & ! valve ( ! bucket is ( ! common pot lid or sp9dle k9d4 ,! injection wat] ent]s ?r\gh a s+le cock 9 front ( ! cond5s]--! jet /rik+ aga9/ ! b>rel ( ! air pump4 ,! air pump rod is ma9ta9$ 9 its v]tical position by means ( guides1 ! l[] ends ( :i* are bolt$ to ! m\? ( ! pump1 & ! upp] to ! oval 9 ! top frame1 )9 :i* ! air pump crank works2 & ! motion is communicat$ f ?is crank to ! pump rod by means ( a %ort connect$ rod4 ,! l[] frame is n set imm$iately bel[ ! top frame1 b #b-a_/b in*es beh9d x1 & ! air pump & cond5s] are #b-a_/b in*es ne>] "o edge ( ! l[] frame ?an ! o!r4 #fbb4 ,q4--,:at are ! dim5sions ( ! cyl9d]8 ,a4--,! ?ickness ( ! metal ( ! cyl9d] is #i_/af?s ( an in*2 ! dep? ( ! belt ( ! cyl9d] is #i-a_/b in*es1 & its greate/ projection f ! cyl9d] is #b-a_/b in*es4 ,! di/ance f ! l[] edge ( ! belt to ! bottom ( ! cyl9d] is #aa-a_/b in*es1 & f ! upp] edge ( ! belt to ! top flange ( ! cyl9d] is #i in*es4 ,! trunnions are #g-a_/d in*es diamet] 9 ! be>+s1 & #c-a_/b in*es 9 wid?2 & ! flanges to :i* ! gl&s are atta*$ = screw+ 9 ! trunnion pack+s are #a-a_/b in* ?ick1 & h #g_/h?s ( an in* ( projection4 ,! wid? ( ! pack+ space r\nd ! trunnions is #e_/h?s ( an in*1 & ! diamet] ( ! pipe pass+ ?r\gh ! trunnion #d-e_/h?s1 :i* leaves #aa_/af?s = ! ?ickness ( ! metal ( ! be>+4 ,above & bel[ ea* trunnion a fea!r runs f ! edge ( ! belt or bracket betwe5 #c & #d in*es along ! cyl9d]1 = ! sake ( additional support2 & 9 l>ge eng9es ! fea!r is cont9u$ ?r\gh ! int]ior ( ! belt1 & cruci=m fea!rs are add$ = ! sake ( great] /iffness4 ,! projection ( ! out] face ( ! trunnion flange f ! side ( ! cyl9d] is #f-a_/b in*es2 ! ?ickness ( ! flange r\nd ! m\? ( ! cyl9d] is #c_/d ( an in*1 & its projection #a-c_/h in*2 ! height ( ! cyl9d] /uff+ box above ! cyl9d] cov] is #d-a_/h in*es1 & its ext]nal diamet] #d-c_/h in*es--! diamet] ( ! pi/on rod be+ #b-a_/h in*es4 ,! ?ickness ( ! /uff+ box flange is #a-a_/h in*4 #fbc4 ,q4--,w y describe ! nature ( ! communication betwe5 ! cyl9d] & cond5s]8 ,a4--,! pipe lead+ to ! cond5s] f ! cyl9d] is made some:at bell m\!d :]e x jo9s ! cond5s]1 & ! gl& = compress+ ! pack+ is made ( a l>g] int]nal diamet] 9 e "p except at ! po9t at :i* ! pipe em]ges f x1 :]e x accurately fits ! pipe s z to enable ! gl& to squeeze ! pack+4 ,by ?is con/ruction ! gl& may be drawn back )\t be+ jamm$ ^u ! enl>g$ "p ( ! pipe2 & ! enl>gem5t ( ! pipe t[>d ! cond5s] prev5ts ! air pump b>rel f (f]+ any imp$im5t to ! free egress ( ! /eam4 ,! gl& is made altoge!r 9 f\r pieces3 ! r+ :i* presses ! pack+ is made di/9ct f ! flange to :i* ! bolts are atta*$ :i* =ce ! gl& aga9/ ! pack+1 & bo? r+ & flange are made 9 two pieces1 to enable !m to be got ov] ! pipe4 ,! r+ is half *eck$ 9 ! direction ( its dep?1 & is introduc$ )\t any o!r support to keep ! halves toge!r1 ?an :at is af=d$ by ! int]ior ( ! /uff+ box2 & ! flange is half *eck$ 9 ! direction ( its ?ickness1 s t ! bolts :i* press d[n ! r+ by pass+ ?r\gh ?is half-*eck$ "p1 also keep ! segm5ts ( ! flange toge!r4 ,! bottom ( ! trunnion pack+ space is contract$ to ! diamet] ( ! eduction pipe1 s z to prev5t ! pack+ f be+ squeez$ into ! jacket2 b ! eduction pipe does n fit q tight into ?is contract$ "p1 b1 :ile 9 close contact on ! l[] side1 has ab\t #a_/cbnd ( an in* ( space betwe5 ! top ( ! pipe & ! cyl9d]1 s z to p]mit ! trunnions to we> to t ext5t )\t ?r[+ a /ra9 ^u ! pipe4 ,! eduction pipe is atta*$ to ! cond5s] by a flange jo9t1 & ! bolt holes are all made some:at oblong 9 ! p]p5dicul> direction1 s z to p]mit ! pipe to be slightly l[]$1 %\ld su* an op]ation be r5d]$ necess>y by ! we> ( ! trunnion be>+s2 b 9 practice ! we> ( ! trunnion be>+s is f\nd to be s small z to be almo/ inappreciable4 #fbd4 ,q4--,w y describe ! valve & valve cas+8 ,a4--,! l5g? ( ! valve cas+ is #af-a_/b in*es1 & its projection f ! cyl9d] is #c-a_/b in*es at ! top1 #d-a_/d in*es at ! c5tre1 & #b-a_/b in*es at ! bottom1 s t ! back ( ! valve cas+ is n made flat1 b is =m$ 9 a curve4 ,! wid? ( ! valve cas+ is #i in*es1 b !re is a portion ( ! dep? ( ! belt #a-a_/b in* wid]1 to p]mit ! /eam to ent] f ! belt into ! cas+4 ,! valve cas+ is atta*$ to ! cyl9d] by a metallic jo9t2 ! wid? ( ! flange ( ?is jo9t is #a-a_/d in*1 ! ?ickness ( ! flange on ! cas+ #a_/b in*1 & ! ?ickness ( ! flange on ! cyl9d] #e_/h?s ( an in*4 ,! projection f ! cyl9d] ( ! passage = c>ry+ ! /eam upw>ds1 & d[nw>ds1 f ! valve to ! top & bottom ( ! cyl9d]1 is #b-a_/d in*es1 & its wid? ext]nally #h-e_/h in*es4 ,! valve is ( ! ord9>y ?ree port$ description1 & bo? cyl9d] & valve faces are ( ca/ iron4 #fbe4 ,q4--,:at description ( pi/on is us$8 ,a4--,! pi/on is pack$ ) hemp1 b ! junk r+ is made ( malleable iron1 z ca/ iron junk r+s h be5 f\nd liable to break3 !re are f\r plugs screw$ into ! cyl9d] cov]1 :i*1 :5 remov$1 p]mit a box key to be introduc$1 to screw d[n ! pi/on pack+4 ,! screws 9 ! junk r+ are ea* provid$ ) a small rat*et1 cut 9 a wa%] fix$ ^u ! head1 to prev5t ! screw f turn+ back2 & ! numb] ( clicks giv5 by ^! rat*ets1 9 tight5+ up ! bolts1 enables ! eng9e] to "k :5 !y h all be5 tight5$ equally4 ,9 m rec5t eng9es1 & especially 9 ^? ( l>ge size1 ,messrs4 ,p5n employ = ! pi/on pack+ a s+le metallic r+ ) tongue piece & ind5t$ plate beh9d ! jo9t2 & ?is r+ is pack$ beh9d ) hemp squeez$ by ! junk r+ z 9 ord9>y hemp-pack$ pi/ons4 #fbf4 ,q4--,w y describe ! con/ruction ( ! cap = connect+ ! pi/on rod ) ! crank p98 ,a4--,! cap = atta*+ ! pi/on rod to ! crank p91 is =m$ altoge!r ( brass1 :i* brass s]ves to =m ! be>+ ( ! crank p94 ,! ext]nal diamet] ( ! socket by :i* ?is cap is atta*$ to ! pi/on rod is #c-e_/af in*es4 ,! diamet] ( ! crank p9 is #c in*es1 & ! l5g? ( ! crank p9 be>+ #c-g_/h in*es4 ,! ?ickness ( ! brass ar\nd ! crank p9 be>+ is #a in*1 & ! upp] portion ( ! brass is secur$ to ! l[] portion1 by means ( lugs1 :i* are ( su* a dep? t ! p]p5dicul> section ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! be>+ has a squ>e outl9e measur+ #g in*es 9 ! horizontal direction1 #c-g_/h in*es f ! c5tre ( ! p9 to ! level ( ! top ( ! lugs1 & #b-a_/b in*es f ! c5tre ( ! p9 to ! level ( ! bottom ( ! lugs4 ,! wid? ( ! lugs is #b in*es1 & ! bolts pass+ ?r\gh !m are #a-a_/d in* 9 diamet]4 ,! bolts are tapp$ into ! l[] portion ( ! cap1 & are fitt$ v accurately by scrap+ :]e !y pass ?r\gh ! upp] portion1 s z to act z /eady p9s 9 prev5t+ ! cov] ( ! crank p9 be>+ f be+ work$ sideways by ! alt]nate ?ru/ on ea* side4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ! c5tres ( ! bolts is #e in*es1 & 9 ! c5tre ( ! cov]1 :]e ! lugs1 cont9u$ 9 ! =m ( a web1 meet "o ano!r1 an oil cup #a-e_/h in* 9 diamet]1 #a-a_/h in* high1 & provid$ ) an int]nal pipe1 is ca/ ^u ! cov]1 to conta9 oil = ! lubrication ( ! crank p9 be>+4 ,! dep? ( ! cutt] = atta*+ ! cap to ! pi/on rod is #a-a_/d in* & its ?ickness is #c_/h?s ( an in*4 #fbg4 ,q4--,w y describe ! means by :i* ! air pump rod is connect$ ) ! crank :i* works ! air pump8 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ej4 ,,air ,,pump ,,connect+ ,,rod ,,& ,,cross ,,head4 ,messrs4 ,p5n4 ,a4--,a simil> cap to t ( ! pi/on rod atta*es ! air pump crank to ! connect+ rod by :i* ! air pump rod is mov$1 b 9 ?is in/ance ! diamet] ( ! be>+ is #e in*es1 & ! l5g? ( ! be>+ is ab\t #c in*es4 ,! air pump connect+ rod & cross head are %[n 9 p]spective 9 fig4 #ej4 ,! ?ickness ( ! brass encircl+ ! be>+ ( ! %aft is ?ree f\r?s ( an in* ^u ! edge1 & #a-a_/h in* 9 ! c5tre1 ! back be+ slightly r\nd$2 ! wid? ( ! lugs is #a-e_/h in*1 & ! dep? ( ! lugs is #b in*es ^u ! upp] brass1 & #b in*es ^u ! l[] brass1 mak+ a total dep? ( #d in*es4 ,! diamet] ( ! bolts pass+ ?r\gh ! lugs is #a in*1 & ! bolts are tapp$ into ! l[] brass1 & accurately fitt$ into ! upp] "o1 s z to act z /eady p9s1 z 9 ! previ\s in/ance4 ,! l[] eye ( ! connect+ rod is =k$1 s z to admit ! eye ( ! air pump rod2 & ! p9 :i* connects ! two toge!r is prolong$ into a cross head1 z %[n 9 fig4 #ej4 ,! ends ( ?is cross head move 9 guides4 ,! =k$ end ( ! connect+ rod is fix$ ^u ! cross head by means ( a fea!r1 s t ! cross head p>takes ( ! motion ( ! connect+ rod1 & a cap1 simil> to t atta*$ to ! pi/on rod1 is atta*$ to ! air pump rod1 = connect+ x ) ! cross head4 ,! diamet] ( ! air pump rod is #a-a_/b in*1 ! ext]nal diamet] ( ! socket encircl+ ! rod is #b-a_/h in*es1 & ! dep? ( ! socket #d-a_/b in*es f ! c5tre ( ! cross head4 ,! dep? ( ! cutt] = atta*+ ! socket to ! rod is #a in*1 & its ?ickness #e_/af in*4 ,! bread? ( ! lugs is #a-c_/h in*1 ! dep? #a-a_/d in*1 mak+ a total dep? ( #b-a_/b in*es2 & ! diamet] ( ! bolts sev5 eigh?s ( an in*4 ,! diamet] ( ! cross head at ! c5tre is #b in*es1 ! ?ickness ( ea* jaw ar\nd ! be>+ #a in*1 & ! bread? ( ea* #i_/af in*4 #fbh4 ,q4--,:at are ! dim5sions ( ! crank %aft & cranks8 ,a4--,! diamet] ( ! int]m$iate %aft j\rnal is #d-c_/af in*es1 & ( ! paddle %aft j\rnal #d-c_/h in*es2 ! l5g? ( ! j\rnal 9 ea* case is #e in*es4 ,! diamet] ( ! l>ge eye ( ! crank is #g in*es1 & ! diamet] ( ! hole ?r\gh x is #d-c_/h in*es2 ! diamet] ( ! small eye ( ! crank is #e-a_/d in*es1 ! diamet] ( ! hole ?r\gh x be+ #c in*es4 ,! dep? ( ! l>ge eye is #d-a_/d in*es1 & ( ! small eye #c-c_/d in*es2 ! bread? ( ! web is #d in*es at ! %aft end1 & #c in*es at ! p9 end1 & ! ?ickness ( ! web is #b-e_/h in*es4 ,! wid? ( ! not* =m+ ! crank 9 ! int]m$iate %aft = work+ ! air pump is #c-a_/b in*es1 & ! wid? ( ea* ( ! arms ( ?is crank is #c-ae_/af in*es4 ,bo? ! out] & inn] corn]s ( ! crank are *amf]$ away1 until ! squ>e "p ( ! crank meets ! r\nd ( ! %aft4 ,! me?od ( secur+ ! cranks p9s into ! crank eyes ( ! int]m$iate %aft consi/s 9 ! application ( a nut to ! end ( ea* p91 :]e x passes ?r\gh ! eye1 ! project+ end ( ! p9 be+ =m$ ) a ?read ^u :i* ! nut is screw$4 #fbi4 ,q4--,w y describe ! ecc5tric & ecc5tric rod8 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ea4 ,,ecc5tric ,,& ,,rod4 ,messrs4 ,p5n4 ,a4--,! ecc5tric & ecc5tric rod are %[n 9 fig4 #ea4 ,! ecc5tric is put on ! crank %aft 9 two halves1 jo9$ 9 ! diamet] ( l>ge/ ecc5tricity by means ( a s+le bolt pass+ ?r\gh lugs on ! c5tral eye1 & ! back balance is made 9 a sep>ate piece five eigh?s ( an in* ?ick1 & is atta*$ by means ( two bolts1 :i* also help to b9d ! halves ( ! ecc5tric toge!r4 ,! ecc5tric /rap is half an in* ?ick1 & #a-a_/d in* broad1 & ! flanges ( ! ecc5tric1 )9 :i* ! /rap works1 are ea* ?ree eigh?s ( an in* ?ick4 ,! ecc5tric rod is atta*$ to ! ecc5tric hoop by means ( two bolts pass+ ?r\gh lugs ^u ! rod1 & tapp$ into a squ>e boss ^u ! hoop2 & pieces ( iron1 ( a great] or less ?ickness1 are int]pos$ betwe5 ! surfaces 9 sett+ ! valve1 to make ! ecc5tric rod ( ! "r l5g?4 ,! ecc5tric rod is kept 9 ge> by ! pu% ( a small horizontal rod1 atta*$ to a v]tical blade spr+1 & x is ?r[n out ( ge> by means ( ! ord9>y dis5gag+ app>atus1 :i* acts 9 opposition to ! spr+1 z1 9 cases :]e ! ecc5tric rod is n v]tical1 x acts 9 opposition to ! gravity ( ! rod4 #fcj4 ,q4--,w y expla9 9 detail ! con/ruction ( ! valve ge>+1 or su* p>ts ( x z are peculi> to ! oscillat+ eng9e8 ,a4--,! ecc5tric rod is atta*$ by a p91 #a in* 9 diamet]1 to an op5 curv$ l9k or sector ) a tail project+ upw>d & pass+ ?r\gh an eye to guide ! l9k 9 a v]tical motion4 ,! l9k is =m$ ( iron case-h>d5$1 & is #b-c_/d in*es deep at ! middle1 & #b-c_/h in*es deep at ! ends1 & #a in* broad4 ,! op5+ 9 ! l9k1 :i* ext5ds ne>ly its entire l5g?1 is #a-e_/af in* broad2 & into ?is op5+ a brass block #b in*es long is truly fitt$1 !re be+ a hole ?r\gh ! block #c_/d in* diamet]1 = ! reception ( ! p9 ( ! valve %aft lev]4 ,! valve %aft is #a-c_/d in* diamet] at ! end next ! l9k or segm5t1 & dim9i%es regul>ly to ! o!r end1 b its cross section assumes ! =m ( an octagon 9 its passage r\nd ! cyl9d]1 measur+ mid-way #a-a_/d in* deep1 by ab\t #c_/d in* ?ick1 & ! greate/ dep? ( ! f+] = mov+ ! valve is ab\t #a in*4 ,! dep? ( ! lev] = mov+ ! valve %aft is #b in*es at ! broad1 & #a-a_/d in* at ! n>r[ end4 ,! int]nal bread? ( ! mortice 9 :i* ! valve f+] moves is #e_/af in*1 & its ext]nal dep? is #a-c_/d in*1 :i* leaves ?ree eigh?s ( an in* z ! ?ickness ( metal r\nd ! hole2 & ! bread?1 measur+ 9 ! direction ( ! hole1 is #a-a_/b in*4 ,! valve rod is ?ree f\r?s ( an in* 9 diamet]1 & ! mortice is connect$ to ! valve rod by a socket #a in* long1 & #a-a_/h in* diamet]1 ?r\gh :i* a small cutt] passes4 ,a cont9uation ( ! rod1 elev5 sixte5?s ( an in* diamet]1 passes upw>d f ! mortice1 & works ?r\gh an eye1 :i* s]ves ! purpose ( a guide4 ,9 addition to ! guide af=d$ to ! segm5t by ! asc5d+ tail1 x is guid$ at ! ends ^u ! columns ( ! fram+ by means ( ?9 semicircul> brasses1 #d in*es deep1 pass+ r\nd ! columns1 & atta*$ to ! segm5t by two #c_/h in* bolts at ea* end1 pass+ ?r\gh project+ fea!rs ^u ! brasses & segm5t1 ?ree eigh?s ( an in* 9 ?ickness4 ,! curvature ( ! segm5t is su* z to correspond ) ! arc swept f ! c5tre ( ! trunnion to ! c5tre ( ! valve lev] p9 :5 ! valve is at half /roke z a radius2 & ! op]ation ( ! segm5t is to prev5t ! valve f be+ affect$ by ! oscillation ( ! cyl9d]1 b ! same action1 w\ld be obta9$ by ! employm5t ( a small] ecc5tric ) m lead4 ,9 "s eng9es ! segm5t is n =m$ 9 a s+le piece1 b ( two curv$ blades1 ) blocks int]pos$ at ! ends1 :i* may be fil$ d[n a little1 to enable ! sides ( ! slot to be br\ght ne>]1 z ! metal we>s away4 #fca4 ,q4--,:at k9d ( plumm] blocks are us$ = ! paddle %aft be>+s8 ,a4--,! paddle %aft plumm] blocks are altoge!r ( brass1 & are =m$ 9 mu* ! same mann] z ! cap ( ! pi/on rod1 only t ! sole is flat1 z 9 ord9>y plumm] blocks1 & is fitt$ betwe5 project+ lugs ( ! fram+1 to prev5t side motion4 ,9 ! be>+s fitt$ on ?is plan1 h[ev]1 ! upp] brass w g5]ally acquire a good deal ( play aft] "s am\nt ( we>4 ,! bolts are work$ slack 9 ! holes1 ?\gh accurately fitt$ at fir/2 & x appe>s exp$i5t1 !re=e1 ei!r to make ! bolts v l>ge1 & ! sockets ?r\gh :i* !y pass v deep1 or to let "o brass fit into ! o!r4 #fcb4 ,q4--,h[ are ! trunnion plumm] blocks made8 ,a4--,! trunnion plumm] blocks are =m$ 9 ! same mann] z ! crank %aft plumm] blocks2 ! nuts are kept f turn+ back by means ( a p9*+ screw pass+ ?r\gh a /ation>y wa%]4 ,x is n exp$i5t to ca/ ! trunnion plumm] blocks ^u ! l[] frame1 z is sometimes done2 = ! cyl9d]s1 be+ press$ f ! /eam trunnions by ! /eam1 & drawn 9 ! direction ( ! cond5s] by ! vacuum1 h a cont9ual t5d5cy to approa* "o ano!r2 & z !y we> slightly t[>d mid%ips1 !re w\ld be no p[] ( readju/m5t unless ! plumm] blocks 7 movable4 ,! flanges ( ! trunnions %\ld always fit tight aga9/ ! plumm] block sides1 b !re %\ld be a little play sideways at ! necks ( ! trunnions1 s t ! cyl9d] may be enabl$ to exp& :5 heat$1 )\t ?r[+ an undue /ra9 ^u ! trunnion supports4 #fcc4 ,q4--,:at k9d ( paddle :eel is suppli$ ) ^! oscillat+ eng9es8 ,a4--,! :eels are ( ! fea!r+ k9d1 #i feet #h in*es 9 diamet]1 measur+ to ! edges ( ! floats2 & !re are #aj floats ^u ea* :eel1 measur+ #d feet #f in*es long ea*1 & #ah-a_/b in*es broad4 ,!re are two sets ( arms to ! :eel1 :i* conv]ge to a ca/ iron c5tre1 =m$ l a %ort pipe ) l>ge flanges1 to :i* ! arms are affix$4 ,! diamet] ( ! %aft1 :]e ! c5tre is put on1 is #d-a_/b in*es1 ! ext]nal diamet] ( ! pipe is #h in*es1 & ! diamet] ( ! flanges is #bj in*es1 & _! ?ickness #a-a_/d in*4 ,! flanges are #ab in*es asund] at ! out] edge1 & !y p>take ( ! conv]g+ direction ( ! arms4 ,! arms are #b-a_/d in*es broad & half an in* ?ick2 ! heads are made conical1 & ea* is secur$ into a recess ^u ! side ( ! flange by means ( ?ree bolts4 ,! r+ :i* connects toge!r ! arms1 runs r\nd at a di/ance ( #c feet #f in*es f ! c5tre1 & ! project+ ends ( ! arms are b5t backw>d ! l5g? ( ! lev] :i* moves ! floats1 & are made v wide & /rong at ! po9t :]e !y cross ! r+1 to :i* !y are atta*$ by f\r rivets4 ,! fea!r+ action ( ! floats is accompli%$ by means ( a p9 fix$ to ! int]ior ( ! paddle box1 set #c in*es 9 advance ( ! c5tre ( ! %aft1 & 9 ! same horizontal l9e4 ,?is p9 is encircl$ by a ca/ iron coll>1 to :i* rods are atta*$ #a-c_/h in* diamet] 9 ! c5tre1 proce$+ to ! lev]s1 #g in*es long1 fix$ on ! back ( ! floats 9 ! l9e ( ! out] arms4 ,"o ( ^! rods1 h[ev]1 is =m$ ( ne>ly ! same dim5sions z "o ( ! arms ( ! :eel1 & is call$ ! driv+ arm1 z x causes ! ca/ iron coll> to turn r\nd ) ! revolution ( ! :eel1 & ?is coll>1 by means ( its atta*m5ts to ! floats1 accompli%es ! fea!r+ action4 ,! ecc5tricity 9 ?is :eel is n suffici5t to keep ! floats 9 ! v]tical position1 b 9 ! position betwe5 ! v]tical & ! radial4 ,! diamet] ( ! p9s ^u :i* ! floats turn is #a-c_/h in*1 & betwe5 ! p9s & paddle r+ two /ud rods are set betwe5 ea* ( ! project+ ends ( ! arms1 s z to prev5t ! two sets ( arms f be+ =c$ ne>] or fur!r ap>t2 & ?us prev5t ! ends ( ! arms f h9d]+ ! action ( ! floats1 by be+ accid5tally jamm$ ^u ! sides ( ! jo9ts4 ,/ays1 cross+ "o ano!r1 proce$ f ! inn] flange ( ! c5tre to ! out] r+ ( ! :eel1 & f ! out] flange ( ! c5tre to ! inn] r+ ( ! :eel1 ) ! view ( obta9+ great] /iffness4 ,! floats are =m$ ( plate iron1 & ! :ole ( ! jo9ts & jo9t p9s are /eel$1 or =m$ ( /eel4 ,= sea-go+ vessels ! mo/ approv$ practice is to make ! jo9t p9s ( brass1 & also to bu% ! eyes ( ! jo9ts ) brass2 & ! surface %\ld be l>ge to dim9i% we>4 #fcd4 ,q4--,c y give ! dim5sions ( any o!r oscillat+ eng9es8 ,a4--,9 ,messrs4 ,p5n's #ej horse p[] oscillat+ eng9e1 ! diamet] ( ! cyl9d] is #c feet #d in*es1 & ! l5g? ( ! /roke #c feet4 ,! ?ickness ( ! metal ( ! cyl9d] is #a in*1 & ! ?ickness ( ! cyl9d] bottom is #a-c_/d in*1 cross$ ) fea!rs1 to give x additional /iffness4 ,! diamet] ( ! trunnion be>+s is #a foot #b in*es1 & ! bread? ( ! trunnion be>+s #e-a_/b in*es4 ,messrs4 ,p5n1 9 _! l>g] eng9es1 g5]ally make ! area ( ! /eam trunnion less ?an t ( ! eduction trunnion1 9 ! proportion ( #cb to #cg2 & ! diamet] ( ! eduction trunnion is regulat$ by ! int]nal diamet] ( ! eduction pipe1 :i* is ab\t #a_/e? ( ! diamet] ( ! cyl9d]4 ,b a some:at l>g] proportion ?an ?is appe>s to be exp$i5t3 ,messrs4 ,r5nie make ! area ( _! eduction pipes1 9 oscillat+ eng9es1 #a_/bb;d ( ! area ( ! cyl9d]4 ,9 ! oscillat+ eng9es ( ! ,ob]on1 by ,messrs4 ,r5nie1 ! cyl9d] is #fa in*es diamet]1 & #a-a_/b in* ?ick above & bel[ ! belt1 b 9 ! wake ( ! belt x is #a-a_/d in* ?ick1 :i* is also ! ?ickness ( metal ( ! belt itself4 ,! int]nal dep? ( ! belt is #b feet #f in*es1 & its int]nal bread? is #d in*es4 ,! pi/on rod is #f-c_/d in*es 9 diamet]1 & ! total dep? ( ! cyl9d] /uff+ box is #b feet #d in*es1 ( :i* #ah in*es consi/s ( a brass bu%--?is dep? ( be>+ be+ employ$ to prev5t ! /uff+ box or cyl9d] f we>+ oval4 #fce4 ,q4--,c y give any o!r examples8 ,a4--,! diamet] ( cyl9d] ( ! oscillat+ eng9es ( ! /eam]s ,pott+]1 ,ripon1 & ,indus1 by ,mill] ,rav5hill1 is #gf in*es1 & ! l5g? ( ! /roke #g feet4 ,! ?ickness ( ! metal ( ! cyl9d] is #a-aa_/af in*2 diamet] ( ! pi/on rod #h-c_/d in*es2 total dep? ( cyl9d] /uff+ box #c feet2 dep? ( bu% 9 /uff+ box #d in*es2 ! re/ ( ! dep?1 ) ! exception ( ! space = pack+1 be+ occupi$ ) a v deep gl&1 bu%$ ) brass4 ,! int]nal diamet] ( ! /eam pipe is #ac in*es2 diamet] ( /eam trunnion j\rnal #be in*es2 diamet] ( eduction trunnion j\rnal #be in*es2 ?ickness ( metal ( trunnions #b-a_/d in*es2 l5g? ( trunnion be>+s #aa in*es2 projection ( cyl9d] jacket1 #h in*es2 dep? ( pack+ space 9 trunnions1 #aj in*es2 wid? ( pack+ space 9 trunnions1 or space r\nd ! pipes1 #a-a_/b in*2 diamet] ( crank p9 #aj-a_/d in*es2 l5g? ( be>+ ( crank p9 #ae-a_/b1 in*es4 ,!re are six boil]s on ! tubul> plan 9 ea* ( ^! vessels2 ! l5g? ( ea* boil] is #aj feet #f in*es1 & ! bread? #h feet2 & ea* boil] conta9s #fb tubes #c in*es 9 diamet]1 & #f feet #f in*es long1 & two furnaces #f feet #d-a_/b in*es long1 & #c feet #a-a_/b in* broad4 #fcf4 ,q4--,is x ! inv>iable practice to make ! pi/on rod cap ( brass 9 ! way y h describ$8 ,a4--,9 all oscillat+ eng9es ( any consid]able size1 ! cov] ( ! connect+ brass1 :i* atta*es ! crank p9 to ! connect+ rod1 is =m$ ( malleable iron2 & ! socket also1 :i* is cutt]$ to ! end ( ! pi/on rod1 is ( malleable iron1 & is =m$ ) a ,t head1 ?r\gh :i* bolts pass up ?r\gh ! brass1 to keep ! cov] ( ! brass 9 its place4 #fcg4 ,q4--,is ! pi/on ( an oscillat+ eng9e made deep] ?an 9 common eng9es8 ,a4--,x is exp$i5t1 9 oscillat+ eng9es1 to =m ! pi/on ) a project+ rim r\nd ! edge above & bel[1 & a correspond+ recess 9 ! cyl9d] cov] & cyl9d] bottom1 :]eby ! bread? ( be>+ ( ! solid "p ( ! metal w be increas$1 & 9 _m eng9es ?is is n[ done4 #fch4 ,q4--,w\ld any difficulty be exp]i5c$ 9 keep+ ! trunnions tight 9 a high pressure oscillat+ eng9e8 ,a4--,x is v d\btful :e!r ! /eam trunnions ( a high pressure oscillat+ eng9e w cont9ue long tight if ! pack+ consi/s ( hemp2 & x appe>s pref]able to introduce a brass r+1 to embrace ! pipe1 cut spirally1 ) an ov]lap piece to cov] ! cut1 & pack$ beh9d ) hemp4 #fci4 ,q4--,h[ is ! pack+ ( ! trunnions usually effect$8 ,a4--,! pack+ ( ! trunnions1 aft] be+ plait$ z h>d z possible1 & cut to ! l5g? to =m "o turn r\nd ! pipe1 is dipp$ into boil+ tall[1 & is !n compress$ 9 a m\ld1 consi/+ ( two conc5tric cyl9d]s1 ) a gl& =c$ d[n into ! annul> space by ?ree to six screws 9 ! case ( l>ge diamet]s1 & "o c5tral screw 9 ! case ( small diamet]s4 ,unless ! trunnion pack+s be well compress$1 !y w be likely to leak air1 & x is1 !re=e1 necess>y to pay p>ticul> att5tion to ?is condition4 ,x is also v important t ! trunnions be accurately fitt$ into _! brasses by scrap+1 s t !re may n be ! smalle/ am\nt ( play left ^u !m2 = if any upw>d motion is p]mitt$1 x w be impossible to prev5t ! trunnion pack+s f leak+4 ,,direct ,,act+ ,,screw ,,eng9e4 #fdj4 ,q4--,w y describe ! configuration & con/ruction ( a direct act+ screw eng9e8 ,a4--,i w take z an example ( ?is species ( eng9e1 ! eng9e con/ruct$ by ,messrs4 ,john ,b\rne ,co41 = ! screw /eam] ,alma1 a vessel ( #ejj tons burd54 ,?is eng9e is a s+le /eeple eng9e laid on its side1 & 9 its g5]al features x resembles ! eng9es ( ! ,amphion already describ$1 only t !re is "o cyl9d] in/ead ( two4 ,! cyl9d] is ( #db in*es diamet] & #db in*es /roke1 & ! vessel has be5 propell$ by ?is s+le eng9e at ! rate ( f\rte5 miles an h\r4 #fda4 ,q4--,is n a s+le eng9e liable to /ick ^u ! c5tre s t x _c be />t$ or rev]s$ ) facility8 ,a4--,a s+le eng9e is no d\bt m liable to /ick ^u ! c5tre ?an two eng9es1 ! cranks ( :i* are set at "r angles ) "o ano!r2 b num]\s paddle vessels are ply+ successfully t are propell$ by a s+le eng9e1 & ! screw (f]s /ill great] facility ?an paddles = su* a mode ( con/ruction4 ,9 ! screw eng9e ref]r$ to1 z ! cyl9d] is laid ^u its side1 !re is no unbalanc$ weight to be lift$ up e /roke1 & ! crank1 :]eby ! screw %aft is turn$ r\nd1 consi/s ( two discs ) a heavy side int5d$ to balance ! mom5tum ( ! pi/on & its connections2 b ^! c\nt]-weights by _! gravitation also prev5t ! connect+ rod & crank f cont9u+ 9 ! same l9e :5 ! eng9e is /opp$1 & 9 fact !y place ! crank 9 ! mo/ advantage\s position = />t+ aga9 :5 x has to be set on4 #fdb4 ,q4--,w y expla9 ! g5]al arrangem5t ( ! p>ts ( ?is eng9e8 ,a4--,! cyl9d] lies on its side ne> "o side ( ! vessel1 & f ! end ( ! cyl9d] two pi/on rods ext5d to a cross head slid+ a?w>t%ips1 9 guides1 ne> ! o!r side ( ! vessel4 ,to ?is cross head ! connect+ rod is atta*$1 & "o end ( x p>takes ( ! motion ( ! cross head or pi/on1 :ile ! o!r end is free to foll[ ! revolution ( ! crank on ! screw %aft4 #fdc4 ,q4--,:at is ! advantage ( two discs ent]+ into ! composition ( ! crank in/ead ( "o8 ,a4--,a d\ble crank1 su* z two discs =m ) ! crank p91 is a mu* /eadi] comb9ation ?an w\ld result if only "o disc 7 employ$ ) an ov]-hung p94 ,!n ! friction on ! neck ( ! %aft is made "o half less by be+ divid$ betwe5 ! two be>+s1 & ! %ort prolongation ( ! %aft beyond ! j\rnal is conv5i5t = ! atta*m5t ( ! ecc5trics to "w ! valves4 #fdd4 ,q4--,w y enum]ate "s ( ! pr9cipal dim5sions ( ?is eng9e8 ,a4--,! bottom frame1 on :i* also ! cond5s] is ca/1 =ms ! base ( ! eng9e3 on "o end ( x ! cyl9d] is set2 on ! o!r end are ! guides = ! cross head1 & 9 ! middle are ! be>+s = ! crank %aft4 ,! "p :]e ! cyl9d] /&s is two feet high above ! eng9e plat=m1 & ! elevation to ! c5tre ( ! guides or ! c5tre ( ! %aft is #aj in*es high] ?an ?is4 ,! metal bo? ( ! side frames & bottom flange is #a-a_/d in* ?ick4 ,! cyl9d] has flanges ca/ on its sides1 ^u :i* x re/s on ! bottom frame1 & x is sunk betwe5 ! sides ( ! frame s z to br+ ! c5tre ( ! cyl9d] 9 ! same plane z ! c5tre ( ! screw %aft4 ,! op5+ left at ! guides = ! reception ( ! guide blocks is #f in*es deep1 & ! bread? ( ! be>+ surface is #aa in*es4 ,! cov] ( ! guides is #h in*es deep at ! middle1 & ab\t half ! dep? at ! ends1 & holes are cor$ ?r\gh ! c5tral web = two oil cups on ea* guide4 ,! brass = ea* ( ! crank %aft be>+s is cut into f\r pieces s t x may be tight5$ 9 ! up & d[n direction by ! bolts1 :i* secure ! plumm] block cap1 & tight5$ 9 ! a?w>t%ip direction1 :i* is ! direction ( ! /ra91 by screw+ up a w$ge-=m$ plate aga9/ ! side ( ! brass1 a p>allel plate be+ appli$ to ! o!r side ( ! brass1 :i* may be )drawn to get out ! w$ge piece :5 ! %aft requires to be lift$ out ( its place4 ,! air pump is bolt$ to "o side ( ! bottom frame1 & a passage is ca/ on x conduct+ f ! cond5s] to ! air pump4 ,9 ?is passage ! inlet & outlet valves at ea* end ( ! air pump are situat$1 & appropriate doors are =m$ above !m to make !m easily accessible4 ,! outlet passage lead+ f ! air pump communicates ) ! wa/e wat] pipe1 ?r\gh :i* ! wat] expell$ by ! air pump is dis*>g$ ov]bo>d4 #fde4 ,q4--,is ! cyl9d] ( ! usual /r5g? & configuration8 ,a4--,! cyl9d] is =m$ ( ca/ iron 9 ! usual way1 & is #a-a_/h in* ?ick 9 ! b>rel4 ,! ends are ( ! same ?ickness1 b are ea* /iff5$ ) six /rong fea!rs4 ,! pi/on is ca/ op54 ,! bottom ( x is #e_/h?s ( an in* ?ick1 & x is /iff5$ by six fea!rs #c_/d ( an in* ?ick2 b ! fea!r connect+ ! pi/on rod eyes is #a-a_/d in* ?ick1 & ! metal r\nd ! eyes is #b in*es ?ick4 ,! pi/on is clos$ by a disc or cov] #e_/h?s ( an in* ?ick1 secur$ by #ae bolts1 & ?is cov] answ]s also ! purpose ( a junk r+4 ,! pi/on pack+ consi/s ( a s+le ca/ iron r+ #c-a_/b in*es broad1 & #a_/b in* ?ick1 pack$ beh9d ) hemp4 ,?is r+ is =m$ ) a tongue piece1 ) an ind5t$ plate beh9d ! cut2 & ! cut is oblique to prev5t a ridge =m+ 9 ! cyl9d]4 ,! total ?ickness ( ! pi/on is #e-a_/b in*es4 ,! pi/on rods are =m$ ) conical ends = fitt+ into ! pi/on1 b are con$ ! rev]se way z 9 locomotives1 & are secur$ 9 ! pi/on by nuts on ! ends ( ! rods1 ^! nuts be+ provid$ ) rat*ets to prev5t !m f unscrew+ accid5tally4 #fdf4 ,q4--,:at species ( slide valve is employ$8 ,a4--,! ord9>y ?ree port$ valve1 & x is set on ! top ( ! cyl9d]4 ,! cyl9d] ports are #d-a_/b in*es broad by #bd in*es long2 & to relieve ! valve f ! great friction due to ! pressure on s l>ge a surface1 a balance pi/on is plac$ ov] ! back ( ! valve1 to :i* x is connect$ by a /rong l9k2 & ! upw>d pressure on ?is pi/on be+ ne>ly ! same z ! d[nw>d pressure on ! valve1 x foll[s t ! friction is ext+ui%$1 & ! valve c be mov$ ) great case ) "o h&4 ,! balance pi/on is #ba in*es 9 diamet]4 ,9 ! orig9al con/ruction ( ?is balance pi/on two faults 7 committ$4 ,! passage communicat+ betwe5 ! cond5s] & ! top ( ! balance pi/on 0 too small1 & ! p9s at ! ends ( ! l9k connect+ ! valve & balance pi/on 7 =m$ ) an inadequate am\nt ( be>+ surface4 ,x foll[$ f ?is misproportion t ! balance pi/on1 be+ adju/$ to take (f ne>ly ! :ole ( ! pressure1 lift$ ! valve (f ! face at ! beg9n+ ( ea* /roke4 ,= ! escape ( ! /eam into ! eduction passage mom5t>ily impair$ ! vacuum subsi/+ !re1 & ow+ to ! smallness ( ! passage lead+ to ! space above ! balance pi/on1 ! vacuum subsi/+ 9 t space c\ld n be impair$ ) equal rapidity4 ,! balance pi/on1 !re=e1 rose by ! upw>d pressure ^u x mom5t>ily pr$om9at+ ov] ! d[nw>d pressure on ! valve2 b ?is fault 0 correct$ by enl>g+ ! communicat+ passage betwe5 ! top ( ! balance pi/on & ! eduction pipe4 ,! smallness ( ! p9s at ! ends ( ! l9k connect+ ! valve & balance pi/on1 caus$ ! surfaces to cut into "o ano!r1 & to we> v rapidly1 & ! p9s & eyes 9 ?is situation %\ld be l>ge 9 diamet]1 & z long z !y c be got1 z !y are n s easily lubricat$ z ! o!r be>+s ab\t ! eng9e1 & are moreov] kept at a high temp]ature by ! /eam4 ,! balance pi/on is pack$ 9 ! same way z ! ma9 pi/on ( ! eng9e4 ,its cyl9d]1 :i* is only a few in*es 9 l5g?1 is set on ! top ( ! valve cas+1 & a trunk projects upw>ds f its c5tre to enable ! connect+ l9k to rise up 9 x to atta9 ! necess>y l5g?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig #eb4 ,,connect+ ,,rod4 ,messrs4 ,b\rne ,co4 #fdg4 ,q4--,:at is ! diamet] ( ! pi/on rods & connect+ rod8 ,a4--,! pi/on rods1 :i* are two 9 numb]1 are #c in*es diamet]1 & #ab feet #aj in*es long ov] all4 ,!y 71 h[ev]1 f\nd to be r small1 & h s9ce be5 made half an in* ?ick]4 ,! connect+ rod consi/s ( two rods1 :i* are prolongations ( ! bolts t connect ! sides ( ! brass bu%es :i* encircle ! crank p9 & cross head4 ,! connect+ rod is %[n 9 p]spective 9 fig4 #eb4 ,! rods compos+ x are ea* #b-c_/d in*es 9 diamet]4 #fdh4 ,q4--,w y describe ! configuration ( ! cross head4 ,a4--,! cross head1 exhibit$ 9 fig4 #ec1 is a r\nd piece ( iron l a %ort %aft1 ) two unequal arms key$ ^u x1 ! long] ( :i* b works ! air pump1 & ! %ort] c works ! fe$ pump4 ,! pi/on rods ent] ^! arms at a ,a4 ,! cross head is #h in*es diamet] :]e x is embrac$ by ! connect+ rod at e1 & #g in*es diamet] :]e ! air pump & fe$ pump arms are fix$ on4 ,! ends ( ! cross head d d1 = a l5g? ( #ab in*es1 are r$uc$ to #c in*es diamet] :]e !y fit into r\nd holes 9 ! c5tre ( ! guide blocks4 ,^? blocks are ( ca/ iron #f in*es deep1 #aa in*es wide1 & #ad in*es long1 & !y are =m$ ) flanges #a in* ?ick on ! inn] sides ( ! blocks4 ,! projection ( ! air pump lev] f ! c5tre ( ! cross head is #a foot #i in*es1 & x is b5t #e-c_/d in*es to "o side to enable x to engage ! air pump rod4 ,! eye ( ?is arm is #f in*es broad & ab\t #b in*es ?ick4 ,at ! "p :]e "o ( ! pi/on rods passes ?r\gh x1 ! arm is #h in*es deep & #f in*es wide2 b ! wid? !reaft] n>r[s to #c in*es1 & f9ally to #b in*es2 & ! dep? ( ! web ( ! arm r$uces f #h in*es at ! pi/on rod1 to #d in*es at ! eye1 :i* receives ! end ( ! air pump rod4 ,! fe$ pump arm is only #c in*es ?ick1 & has #i in*es ( projection f ! c5tre ( ! cross head2 b ! eye atta*$ to x on ! opposite side ( ! cross head = ! reception ( ! o!r pi/on rod is ( ! same l5g? z t "p ( ! air pump arm :i* "o ( ! pi/on rods passes ?r\gh4 ,! pi/on rods h /rong nuts on ea* side ( ea* ( ^! arms to atta* !m to ! arms1 & also to enable ! l5g? ( ! pi/on rods to be suitably adju/$1 to leave equal cle>ance betwe5 ! pi/on & ea* end ( ! cyl9d] at ! t]m9ation ( ! /roke4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ec4 ,,cross ,,head ,,& ,,pump ,,arms4 ,messrs4 ,b\rne ,co4 #fdi4 ,q4--,w y recapitulate ! ma9 p>ticul>s ( ! air pump8 ,a4--,! air pump is made ( brass #ab-a_/b in*es diamet] & #db in*es /roke1 & ! metal ( ! b>rel is #i_/af?s ( an in* ?ick4 ,! air pump bucket is a solid pi/on ( brass1 #f-a_/b in*es deep at ! edge1 & #g in*es deep at ! eye2 & 9 ! edge ?ree grooves are turn$ to hold wat] :i* answ]s ! purpose ( pack+4 ,! inlet & outlet valves ( ! air pump consi/ ( brass plates #a_/b in* ) /rong fea!rs across !m1 & 9 ea* plate !re are six grat$ p]=ations cov]$ by india rubb] discs #g in*es 9 diamet]4 ,^! six p]=ations af=d collectively an area = ! passage ( ! wat] equal to ! area ( ! pump4 ,! air pump rod is ( brass1 #b-a_/b in*es diamet]4 #fej4 ,q4--,:at are ! con/ructive peculi>ities ( ! discs & crank p98 ,a4--,! discs1 :i* are #fd in*es diamet]1 are =m$ ( ca/ iron1 & are #b-a_/b in*es ?ick 9 ! body1 & #e in*es broad at ! rim4 ,! crank %aft is #h-a_/b in*es diamet]1 & ! c5tral boss ( ! disc :i* receives ! %aft measures #aj in*es ?r\gh ! eye1 & ! metal ( ! eye is #c in*es ?ick4 ,9 ! "p ( ! disc opposite to ! crank p91 ! web is ?ick5$ to #aj in*es = ne>ly ! :ole semicircle1 ) ! view ( mak+ t side ( ! disc heavi] ?an ! o!r side2 & :5 ! eng9e is /opp$1 ! gravitation ( ?is heavy side raises ! crank p9 to ! highe/ po9t x c atta91 :]eby x is plac$ 9 mid /roke1 & _c re/ ) ! pi/on rods & connect+ rod 9 a horizontal l9e4 ,! crank p9 is #h-a_/b in*es diamet]1 & ! l5g? ( ! be>+ or rubb+ "p ( x is #af in*es4 ,x is secur$ at ! ends to ! discs by flanges #ah in*es diamet]1 & #b in*es ?ick4 ,^! flanges are ind5t$ into ?ick5$ p>ts ( ! discs1 & are ea* atta*$ to its correspond+ disc by six bolts #b in*es diamet]1 c\nt]sunk 9 ! back ( ! disc1 & tapp$ into ! malleable iron flange4 ,besides ?is atta*m5t1 ea* end ( ! p91 r$uc$ to #d-a_/b in*es diamet]1 passes ?r\gh a hole 9 its correspond+ disc1 & ! ends ( ! p9 are !n rivet$ ov]4 ,! crank p9 is p]=at$ ?r\gh ! c5tre by a small hole ab\t #c_/d ( an in* 9 diamet]1 & ?ree p]=ations proce$ f ?is c5tral hole to ! surface ( ! p94 ,ea* crank %aft be>+ is simil>ly p]=at$1 & pipes are ca/ 9 ! discs connect+ ^! p]=ations toge!r4 ,! result ( ?is arrangem5t is1 t a l>ge "p ( ! oil or wat] f$ into ! be>+s ( ! %aft is driv5 by ! c5trifugal action ( ! discs to ! surface ( ! crank p91 & 9 ?is way ! crank p9 may be oil$ or cool$ ) wat] 9 a v effectual mann]4 ,to int]cept ! wat] or oil :i* ! discs ?us drive out by _! c5trifugal action1 a light paddle box or spla% bo>d ( ?9 %eet brass is made to cov] ! upp] "p ( ea* ( ! discs1 & an oil cup ) dep5d+ wick is support$ by ! tops ( ^! paddle boxes1 :i* wick is t\*$ at ea* revolution ( ! crank by a bridge /&+ 9 ! middle ( an oil cup atta*$ to ! crank p94 ,! oil is wip$ f ! wick by ! project+ bridge at ea* revolution1 & subsides into ! cup f :5ce x proce$s to lubricate ! crank p9 be>+4 ,?is is ! exp$i5t commonly employ$ to oil ! crank p9s ( direct act+ eng9es2 b 9 ! eng9e n[ describ$1 !re are ov] & above ?is exp$i5t1 ! communicat+ passages f ! %aft be>+s to ! surface ( ! p91 by :i* means any am\nt ( cool+ or lubrication c be adm9i/]$ to ! crank p9 be>+1 )\t ! necessity ( /opp+ or sl[+ ! eng9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ed4 ,,d\ble ,,disc ,,crank4 ,messrs4 ,b\rne ,co4 #fea4 ,q4--,:at is ! diamet] ( ! screw %aft8 ,a4--,! screw %aft is #g-a_/b in*es diamet]1 b ! be>+s on ea* side ( ! disc are #h-a_/b in*es diamet]1 & #af in*es long4 ,betwe5 ! side ( ! disc & ! side ( ! contigu\s be>+s !re is a %ort neck ext5d+ #d-c_/d in*es 9 ! l5g? ( ! %aft1 & holl[$ out some:at to p]mit ! passage ( ! pi/on rod2 = "o pi/on rod passes imm$iately above ! %aft on ! "o side ( ! discs1 & ! o!r pi/on rod passes imm$iately bel[ ! %aft on ! o!r side ( ! discs4 ,a %ort piece ( "o pi/on rod is %[n 9 fig4 #ed4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ee4 ,,?ru/ ,,be>+4 ,mess]s4 ,b\rne ,co4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ef4 ,,c\pl+ ,,cranks4 ,mess]s4 ,b\rne ,co4 #feb4 ,q4--,h[ is ! ?ru/ ( ! screw %aft receiv$8 ,a4--,! ?ru/ ( ! screw %aft is receiv$ ^u #g coll>s1 ea* #a in* ?ick1 & ) #a in* ( projection above ! %aft4 ,! plumm] block = receiv+ ! ?ru/ ( ! %aft is %[n 9 fig4 #ee1 & ! c\pl+ to enable ! screw propell] to be disconnect$ f ! eng9e1 s t x may revolve freely :5 ! vessel is "u sail1 is %[n 9 fig4 #ef4 ,:5 x is requir$ to dis5gage ! propell] f ! eng9e1 ! p9s pass+ ?r\gh ! opposite eyes %[n fig4 #ef1 are )drawn by means ( screws provid$ = t purpose1 & ! propell] & ! eng9e are !nce=? indep5d5t ( "o ano!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eg4 ,,l9k ,,motion4 ,messrs4 ,b\rne ,co4 #fec4 ,q4--,w y describe ! arrangem5t ( ! valve ge>+8 ,a4--,! end ( ! screw %aft1 aft] em]g+ f ! be>+ beside ! disc1 is r$uc$ to a diamet] ( #d in*es1 & is prolong$ = #d-a_/b in*es to give atta*m5t to ! cam or curv$ plate :i* gives motion to ! expansion valve4 ,?is plate is #c-a_/b in*es ?ick1 & a /ud #c-a_/b in*es diamet] is fix$ 9 ! plate at a di/ance ( #e in*es f ! c5tre ( ! %aft4 ,to ?is /ud an arm is atta*$ :i* ext5ds to a di/ance ( #b in*es f ! c5tre ( ! %aft 9 ! opposite direction1 & ! end ( ?is arm c>ries a p9 ( #b-a_/b in*es diamet]4 ,f ! p9 mo/ remote f ! c5tre ( ! %aft1 a rod #b-a_/b in*es broad & #a in* ?ick ext5ds to ! upp] end ( ! l9k ( ! l9k motion2 & f ! p9 lea/ remote f ! c5tre ( ! %aft1 a simil> rod ext5ds to ! l[] end ( ! l9k ( ! l9k motion4 ,?is l9k1 :i* is repres5t$ 9 fig4 #eg1 is #b-a_/d in*es broad1 #a in* ?ick1 & is capable ( be+ rais$ or l[]$ #be in*es 9 all4 ,9 ! op5 "p ( ! l9k is a brass block1 :i*1 by rais+ or l[]+ ! l9k1 takes ei!r ! position 9 :i* x is repres5t$ at ! c5tre ( ! l9k1 or a position at ei!r end ( x4 ,?r\gh ! hole 9 ! brass block a p9 passes to atta* ! brass to ! end ( a lev] fix$ on ! valve %aft2 s t :atev] motion is imp>t$ to ! brass block is communicat$ to ! valve ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ?is lev]4 ,if ! brass block be set 9 ! middle ( ! l9k1 no motion is communicat$ to x1 & ! valve be+ consequ5tly kept /ation>y & cov]+ bo? ports1 ! eng9e /ops4 ,if ! l9k be l[]$ until ! brass block comes to ! upp] end ( ! l9k1 ! valve receives ! motion ( ! ecc5tric = go+ ahead1 & ! eng9e moves ahead2 :]eas if ! l9k be rais$ until ! brass block comes to ! l[] end ( ! l9k1 ! valve receives ! motion ( ! back+ ecc5tric1 & ! eng9e moves a/]n4 ,in/ead ( ecc5trics1 h[ev]1 p9s at ! end ( ! %aft are employ$ 9 ?is eng9e1 ! arrangem5t p>tak+ ( ! nature ( a d\ble crank2 b ! back+ p9 has less ?r[ ?an ! go+ ahead p91 :]eby ! effici5t l5g? ( ! l9k = go+ ahead is increas$2 & ! op]ation ( back+1 :i* does n require to be p]=m$ at ! highe/ rate ( spe$1 is suffici5tly accommodat$ by ab\t half ! ?r[ be+ giv5 to ! valve t is giv5 9 go+ ahead4 ,a valve %aft ext5ds across ! end ( ! cyl9d] ) two lev]s /&+ up1 :i* engage horizontal side rods ext5d+ f a small cross head on ! end ( ! valve rod4 ,a lev] ext5ds d[nw>ds f ! end ( ! valve %aft1 :i* is connect$ by a p9 to ! brass block )9 ! l9k2 & ! l9k is mov$ up or d[n by ! />t+ h&le1 :i*1 by means ( a spr+ bolt %oot+ into a quadrant1 holds ! />t+ h&le at any position 9 :i* x may be set4 #fed4 ,q4--,:at is ! diamet] & pit* ( ! screw propell]8 ,a4--,! diamet] is #g feet & ! pit* #ad feet4 ,! propell] is ,holm's con*oidal propell]4 ,its diamet] is small] ?an is advisable1 be+ limit$ by ! draught ( wat] ( ! vessel2 & ! vessel 0 requir$ to h a small draught ( wat] to g ov] a b>4 ,?is eng9e makes1 "u favorable circum/ances1 #ajj /rokes p] m9ute4 ,! spe$ ( pi/on ) ?is numb] ( /rokes is #gjj feet p] m9ute1 & ! eng9e works /eadily at ?is spe$1 ! %ock & tremor aris+ f ! arre/$ mom5tum ( ! mov+ p>ts be+ tak5 away by ! c\nt]balance appli$ at ! discs4 ,,locomotive ,,eng9e4 #fee4 ,q4--,w y describe ! pr9cipal features ( a mod]n locomotive eng9e8 ,a4--,i w take = ?is purpose ! locomotive ,snake1 con/ruct$ by ,john ,v4 ,goo* = ! ,london & ,s\? ,we/]n ,railway1 z an example ( a mod]n locomotive ( good con/ruction1 adapt$ = ! n>r[ gauge4 ,! l5g? ( ! :eel base ( ?is eng9e is #ab feet #h-a_/b in*es4 ,!re are two cyl9d]s1 ea* #ad-a_/d in*es diamet] & #ba in*es /roke4 ,! total weight ( ! eng9e is #ai tons2 & ?is weight is s di/ribut$ on ! :eels z to ?r[ #h tons on ! lead+ :eels1 #f tons on ! driv+ :eels1 & #e tons on ! h9d :eels4 ,! eng9e is made ) outside cyl9d]s1 & ! cyl9d]s are rais$ some:at out ( ! horizontal l9e to enable !m bett] to cle> ! lead+ :eels4 #fef4 ,q4--,:at are ! dim5sions ( ! boil]8 ,a4--,! int]ior ( ! fire box is #c feet #g-a_/d in*es wide by #c feet #e-a_/b in*es long1 measur+ 9 ! direction ( ! rails4 ,! area ( ! fire grate is consequ5tly #ab4d squ>e feet4 ,! b>s are some:at l[] on ! side next ! fire door ?an at ! side next ! tubes1 & ! mean height ( ! cr[n ( ! fire box above ! b>s is #c feet #aj in*es4 ,! top edge ( ! fire door is ab\t #g in*es l[] ?an ! cr[n ( ! fire box4 ,! fire box is divid$ transv]sely by a corrugat$ fea!r or bridge ( plate iron1 conta9+ wat]1 ab\t #c-a_/b in*es wide1 & ( ab\t "o-?ird ( ! height ( ! fire box 9 ! c5tre ( ! fea!r1 & ab\t two-?irds ! height ( ! fire box at ! sides :]e x jo9s ! sides ( ! fire box4 ,! int]nal %ell ( ! fire box tap]s some:at upw>ds to facilitate ! dis5gagem5t ( ! /eam4 ,x is ab\t #b in*es n>r[] & %ort] at ! top ?an at ! bottom2 ! wat] space betwe5 ! ext]nal & int]nal %ell ( ! fire box be+ #b in*es at ! bottom & #c in*es at ! top4 #feg4 ,q4--,( :at mat]ial is ! fire box compos$8 ,a4--,! ext]nal %ell ( ! fire box is =m$ ( iron plates #c_/h?s ( an in* ?ick1 & ! int]nal %ell is =m$ ( copp] plates #a_/d in* ?ick1 b ! tube plate is #c_/d in* ?ick4 ,! fire grate is rectangul>1 & ! int]nal & ext]nal %ells are ti$ toge!r by iron /ay bolts #c_/d in* diamet]1 & pit*$ ab\t #d in*es ap>t4 ,! ro( ( ! fire box is /iff5$ by six /rong b>s ext5d+ f side to side ( ! fire box l beams1 & ! top ( ! fire box is secur$ to ^! b>s1 s t x _c be =c$ d[n )\t break+ or b5d+ !m4 #feh4 ,q4--,:at are ! dim5sions ( ! b>rel ( ! boil]8 ,a4--,! b>rel ( ! boil] is #c feet #g-a_/b in*es 9 diamet]1 & #aj feet long4 ,x is =m$ ( iron plates #c_/h?s ( an in* ?ick1 rivet$ toge!r4 ,x is furni%$ ) #aha brass tubes #a-g_/h in* diamet] & #aj feet long1 secur$ at ! ends by f]ules4 ,! tube plate at ! smoke box end is #e_/h?s ( an in* ?ick1 & ! tube plates above ! tubes are ti$ toge!r by eight iron rods #g_/h?s ( an in* ?ick1 ext5d+ f end to end ( ! boil]4 ,! metal ( ! tubes is some:at ?ick] at ! end next ! fire1 be+ #ac wire gauge at fire box end1 & #ad wire gauge at smoke box end4 ,! rivets ( ! boil] are #c_/d in* diamet] & #a-a_/b in* pit*4 ,! plat+ ( ! a% pan is #e_/af?s ( an in* ?ick1 & ! plat+ ( ! smoke box is #c_/af?s ( an in* ?ick4 #fei4 ,q4--,w y describe ! /ructure ( ! framework on :i* ! boil] & its atta*m5ts re/1 & 9 :i* ! :eels are set8 ,a4--,! framework or fram+ consi/s ( a rectangul> /ructure ( plate iron circumscrib+ ! boil]1 ) project+ lugs or arms = ! reception ( ! axles ( ! :eels4 ,9 ?is eng9e ! sides ( ! rectangle are d\ble1 or1 z f> z reg>ds ! sides1 !re are virtually two fram+s1 "o = ! reception ( ! driv+ axles1 & ! o!r = ! reception ( ! axles n connect$ ) ! eng9e4 ,! :ole ( ! p>ts ( ! out] & inn] fram+s are connect$ toge!r by knees at ! corn]s1 & ! d\ble sides are else:]e connect$ by int]v5+ brackets & /ays1 s z to con/itute ! :ole into "o rigid /ructure4 ,! :ole ( ! plat+ ( ! inside frame is #c_/d in* ?ick & #i in*es deep4 ,! plat+ ( ! outside frame is ( ! same ?ickness & dep? at ! =e "p1 until x rea*es abaft ! position ( ! cyl9d]s & guides1 :]e x r$uces to #a_/b in* ?ick4 ,! axle gu>d ( ! lead+ :eels is =m$ ( #c_/d plate bolt$ to ! frame ) angle iron guides4 ,! axle gu>ds ( ! trail+ :eels are =m$ ( two #a_/b in* plates1 ) ca/ iron blocks betwe5 !m to s]ve z guides4 ,! ends ( ! rectangul> frame are =m$ ( plates #c_/d ?ick1 & at ! front end !re is a buff] beam ( oak #d-a_/b in*es ?ick & #ae in*es deep4 ,! draw bolt is #b in*es diamet]4 ,!re are two /rong /ays on ea* side1 jo9+ ! b>rel ( ! boil] to ! inside fram+1 & "o angle iron on ea* side jo9+ ! bottom ( ! smoke box to ! inside fram+4 #ffj4 ,q4--,( :at con/ruction are ! :eels8 ,a4--,! :eels & axles are ( wr\ght iron1 & ! tires ( ! :eels are ( /eel4 ,! driv+ :eels are #f feet #f-a_/b in*es 9 diamet]1 & ! diamet] ( crank p9 is #c-a_/b in*es4 ,! diamet] ( ! small] :eels is #dh-a_/b in*es4 ,! axle boxes are ( ca/ iron ) bu%es ( ,f5ton's metal1 & ! lead+ axle has f\r be>+s4 ,! spr+s are =m$ ( /eel plates1 #c feet long1 #d in*es broad1 & #ab in* ?ick4 ,! axle ( ! driv+ :eel has two ecc5trics1 =g$ solid ^u x1 = work+ ! pumps4 #ffa4 ,q4--,w y specify ! dim5sions ( ! pr9cipal p>ts ( ! eng9e8 ,a4--,ea* ( ! cyl9d]s :i* is #ad-a_/d in*es diamet]1 has ! valve cas+ ca/ ^u x4 ,! /eam ports are #ac in*es long & #a-e_/h in*es broad1 & ! exhau/ port is #b-a_/b in*es broad4 ,! travel ( ! valve is #d-a_/h in*es1 ! lap #a in*1 & ! lead #a_/d in*4 ,! pi/on is #d in*es ?ick3 its body is =m$ ( brass ) a cov] ( ca/ iron1 & betwe5 ! body & ! cov] two flanges1 =g$ on ! pi/on rod1 are introduc$ to communicate ! pu% & pull ( ! pi/on to ! rod4 ,! pi/on rod is ( iron1 #b-a_/b in*es diamet]4 ,! guide b>s = guid+ ! top ( ! pi/on rod are ( /eel1 #d in*es broad1 fix$ to rib iron be>]s1 ) h>d wood #a_/d ( an in* ?ick1 int]pos$4 ,! connect+ rod is #f feet long betwe5 ! c5tres1 & is fitt$ ) bu%es ( :ite metal4 ,! ecc5trics are =m$ ( wr\ght iron1 & h #d-a_/h in*es ( ?r[4 ,! l9k ( ! l9k motion is =m$ ( wr\ght iron4 ,x is hung by a l9k f a p9 atta*$ to ! fram+2 & in/ead ( be+ susceptible ( upw>d & d[nw>d motion1 z 9 ! case ( ! l9k repres5t$ 9 fig4 #eg a rod connect+ ! valve rod ) ! movable block 9 ! l9k1 is susceptible ( ?is motion1 :]eby ! same result is arriv$ at z if ! l9k 7 mov$ & ! block 0 /ation>y4 ,"o or ! o!r exp$i5t is pref]able1 accord+ to ! g5]al nature ( ! arrangem5ts adopt$4 ,! slide valve is ( brass1 & ! regulator consi/s ( two brass slide valves work$ ov] ports 9 a *e/ 9 ! /eam pipe1 set 9 ! smoke box4 ,! /eam pipe is ( brass1 ,no4 #ad4 wire gauge1 p]=at$ )9 ! boil] b>rel ) holes #a_/ab? ( an in* 9 diamet] along its upp] side4 ,! bla/ pipe1 :i* is ( copp]1 has an orifice ( #d-a_/d in*es diamet]4 ,!re is a damp]1 =m$ l a ,v5etian bl9d1 ) ! plates runn+ a?w>t%ips at ! end ( ! tubes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eh4 ,,safety ,,valve4 ,goo*4 #ffb4 ,q4--,( :at con/ruction is ! safety valve8 ,a4--,!re are two safety valves1 consi/+ ( pi/ons #a-c_/af in* 9 diamet]1 & :i* are kept d[n by spiral spr+s plac$ imm$iately ov] !m4 ,a section ( ?is valve is giv5 9 fig4 #eh4 #ffc4 ,q4--,:at are ! dim5sions ( ! fe$ pumps8 ,a4--,! fe$ pumps are ( brass1 ) plung]s #d in*es diamet] & #c-a_/d in*es /roke4 ,! fe$ pipe is ( copp]1 #b in*es diamet]4 ,a good deal ( tr\ble has be5 exp]i5c$ 9 locomotives f ! defective action ( ! fe$ pump1 p>tly caus$ by ! leakage ( /eam into ! pumps1 :i* prev5t$ ! wat] f ent]+ !m1 & p>tly f ! return ( a l>ge "p ( ! wat] ?r\gh ! valves at ! return /roke ( ! pump1 9 consequ5ce ( ! valve lift+ too high4 ,! pet cock--a small cock communicat+ ) ! int]ior ( ! pump--w all[ any /eam to escape :i* ga9s admission1 & ! air :i* ent]s by ! cock cools d[n ! b>rel ( ! pump1 s t 9 a %ort "t x w be 9 a condition to draw4 ,! mo/ ord9>y species ( valve 9 ! fe$ pumps ( locomotives1 is ! ball valve4 ,not)/&+ ! excell5t p]=mance ( ! be/ examples ( locomotive eng9es1 x is q c]ta9 t !re is /ill mu* room = improvem5t2 & inde$ v>i\s s\rces ( economy are at pres5t visible1 :i*1 if prop]ly develop$1 w\ld mat]ially r$uce ! exp5se ( ! locomotive p[]4 ,9 all eng9es ! great s\rce ( exp5se is ! fuel2 & al?\gh ! consumption ( fuel has be5 greatly r$uc$ )9 ! la/ t5 or fifte5 ye>s1 x is capable ( be+ /ill fur!r r$uc$ by c]ta9 easy exp$i5ts ( improvem5t1 :i* !re=e x is important %\ld be univ]sally appli$4 ,"o ( ^! exp$i5ts consi/s 9 heat+ ! fe$ wat] by ! wa/e /eam2 & ! fe$ wat] %\ld 9 e case be s5t into ! boil] boil+ hot1 in/ead ( be+ q cold1 z is at pres5t g5]ally ! case4 ,! ports ( ! cyl9d]s %\ld be z l>ge z possible2 ! expansion ( ! /eam %\ld be c>ri$ to a great] ext5t2 & 9 ! case ( eng9es ) outside cyl9d]s1 ! wa/e /eam %\ld circulate entirely r\nd ! cyl9d]s be=e escap+ by ! bla/ pipe4 ,! escape ( heat f ! boil] %\ld be m c>efully prev5t$2 & ! eng9e %\ld be balanc$ by weights on ! :eels to obviate a wa/e ( p[] by yaw+ on ! rails4 ,! mo/ important exp$i5t ( all1 h[ev]1 lies 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( a sy/em ( regi/]+ ! p]=mance ( all new eng9es1 9 ord] t competition may /imulate ! diff]5t con/ructors to ! atta9m5t ( ! utmo/ possible economy2 & "u ! /imulus ( comp>ison & notoriety1 a l>ge measure ( improvem5t w\ld spe$ily ensue4 ,! b5efits consequ5t on public competition are abundantly illu/rat$ by ! rapid dim9ution ( ! consumption ( fuel 9 ! case ( agricultural eng9es1 :5 ?is /imulus 0 pres5t$4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,( ,,v>i\s ,,=ms1 ,,applications1 ,,& ,,appliances ,,( ,,! ,,/eam ,,eng9e4 ,9 ! ,engli% edition ( ?is "w1 ! fir/ "p ( ?is *apt] is devot$ to examples ( ,portable & fix$ ,agricultural eng9es1 ( diff]5t mak]s & /yles ( workman%ip1 b n 9 suffici5t detail1 nor illu/rat$ on l>ge en\gh scale to be ( practical value z models1 =m+ r 9 fact an illu/rat$ catalogue ( ! manufactur]1 ?an a /udy = ! me*anic4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 !y h be5 entirely omitt$1 & _! place suppli$ by a few illu/rations f ,am]ican workman%ip1 n only ( ,/eam ,eng9es1 ( v>i\s =ms & applications1 b also ( v>i\s ma*9es1 or appliances1 connect$ ) ! work+ ( eng9es1 z = ! det]m9ation1 or regulation ( pressure1 ( ! boil]s2 = ! supply or fe$ ( ! boil]s1 ! regulation ( ! spe$ ( ! eng9e1 & ! l4 ,! ,gauges us$ 9 ?is c\ntry to %[ ! pressures ( /eam 9 boil]s are ( v>i\s con/ructions1 b p]haps ! mo/ common is ! ,b\rdon1 or1 z x is kn[n "h1 ! ,a%cr(t gauge1 f ! p>ty introduc+ x1 & hold+ ! pat5t4 ,fig4 #ei repres5ts its int]ior con/ruction4 ,x consi/s ( a ?9 metallic tube1 a1 b5t into ne>ly a complete circle clos$ at "o end1 ! /eam be+ introduc$ at ! o!r1 at b4 ,! effect ( ! pressure ( ! /eam on ! int]ior ( ! tube is to exp& ! circle1 m or less accord+ to ! pressure1 ! ela/icity ( ! metal return+ ! circle to its orig9al position1 :5 ! pressure is remov$4 ,! free or clos$ end ( ! tube is connect$ by a l9k c ) a lev] d1 at ! opposite end ( :i* is segm5tal ge>1 9 ge> ) a p9ion1 on :i* is a h&1 :i* m>ks ! pressure on a dial4 ,! dial & h& are n %[n on ! cut1 b are on ! ext]ior case remov$ to %[ ! con/ruction4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ei4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fj4 ,fig4 #fj is an elevation ( a boil] ) ,cl>k's ,pat5t ,/eam & ,fire ,regulator atta*$1 = ! control ( ! draft ( ! *imney by ! pressure ( /eam 9 ! boil]4 ,x consi/s ( a *amb]1 a1 ) a flexible diaphragm or cov] on top1 9 communication ) ! boil]4 ,on ?is diaphragm re/s a plung] or pi/on1 :i* is held d[n l a safety valve1 by a lev] & weight1 b4 ,! end ( ! lev] is connect$ ) a balanc$ damp]1 c1 9 ! *imney4 ,! weight1 b1 is plac$ at any requir$ position on ! lev]1 & :5 ! pressure ( /eam 9 ! boil]1 ex]t$ on ! diaphragm1 becomes suffici5t to raise ! weight1 ! lev] rises1 & ! damp] beg9s to close1 & to *eck ! draft 9 ! *imney4 ,:5 prop]ly adju/$1 ! ma*9e works on a v>iation ( f1 "o to two p\nds betwe5 ! extremes ( motion4 ,:5 ! damp]s are v l>ge1 say #c feet or ov]1 !y %\ld be set on roll]s1 l common gr9d/one roll]s2 ! regulator %\ld be atta*$ directly to ! damp]1 ! l5g? ( ! pipe connect+ ! regulator ) ! boil] be+ ( no acc\nt4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fa4 ,port]'s ,pat5t ,gov]nor1 fig4 #fa1 is a modification ( ! ord9>y c5trifugal gov]nor4 ,v small balls are employ$1 f #b-a_/d to #b-e_/h in*es 9 diamet]4 ,^! sw+ f a s+le jo9t at ! axis ( ! sp9dle1 :i* is ! mo/ s5sitive arrangem5t1 & make f #cjj to #cej revolutions p] m9ute1 at :i* spe$ _! c5trifugal =ce lifts ! c\nt]poise4 ,! l[] arms are jo9t$ to ! upp] ones at ! c5tres ( ! balls1 & connect ) ! slide by jo9ts ab\t two in*es ap>t4 ,! c\nt]poise may be atta*$ to ! slide 9 any mann]2 = ! sake ( elegance1 x is put 9 ! =m ( a vase ris+ betwe5 ! arms1 its /em =m+ ! slide4 ,! vase is holl[ & fill$ ) lead1 & weighs f #fj lbs4 to #age lbs4 ,x moves freely on ! sp9dle1 ?r\gh ne>ly twice ! v]tical di/ances trav]s$ by ! balls1 & is capable ( ris+ f #b-a_/b to #c in*es1 be=e its rim w t\* ! arms4 ,x is repres5t$ 9 ! figure z lift$ ?r\gh ab\t "o half ( its range ( action4 ,! /&>d is bor$ out ( ! solid1 =m+ a long & p]fect be>+ = ! sp9dle2 ! arms & balls are ( gun metal1 ! jo9t p9s ( /eel2 e "p ( ! gov]nor is f9i%$ bright1 except ! bracket c>ry+ ! lev]1 & ! squ>e base ( ! /&>d1 :i* are pa9t$4 ,! pulley is f #c to #aj in*es 9 diamet]1 & makes 9 ! l>g] sizes ab\t #abe revolutions1 & 9 ! small] #bcj revolutions p] m9ute2 ! high] spe$ ( ! gov]nor be+ got up by ge>+4 ,mr4 ,port] w>rants ! foll[+ action 9 ?is gov]nor1 op]at+ any regulat+ valve or cut-(f :i* is 9 reasonably good ord]4 ,! eng9e %\ld be run ) ! /op-valve wide op51 &1 except ! usual oil+1 w require no att5tion f ! eng9e]1 "u any circum/ances1 aft] x is />t$1 until x is to be /opp$4 ,no increase 9 ! pressure ( /eam w affect its motion p]ceptibly4 ,! extreme possible v>iation 9 ! spe$1 betwe5 t at :i* ! regulat+ valve w be held wide op51 & t at :i* x w be clos$1 is f #c to #e p] c5t41 be+ lea/ 9 ! l>ge/ gov]nors4 ,?is is less ?an #a_/f ( ! v>iation requir$ by ! av]age ( ord9>y gov]nors1 & is ) difficulty detect$ by ! s5ses4 ,! entire load :i* ! eng9e is capable ( driv+ may be ?r[n on or (f at once1 & "o wat*+ ! revolutions _c tell :5 x is done4 ,! gov]nor w be s5sibly affect$ by a v>iation 9 ! motion ( ! eng9e ( #a revolution 9 #hjj4 ,not)/&+ ?is extreme s5sitiv5ess1 or r by reason ( x1 x w n oscillate1 b :5 ! load is uni=m w /& q1 or ne>ly1 motionless4 ,= ! supply ( ! wat] to ! boil]1 9 _m positions1 x is v conv5i5t to h a pump unconnect$ ) ! eng9e4 ,on ?is acc\nt x is v usual 9 ?is c\ntry to h :at are call$ donkey pumps or eng9es indep5d5t ( ! ma9 eng9es1 :i* c be us$ to fe$ ! boil]s1 or = supply+ wat] = _m o!r purposes4 ,fig4 #fb is a longitud9al section ( ! ,wor?+ton ,/eam ,pump1 ! fir/ ( its k9d1 & = _m ye>s 9 successful op]ation4 ,! g5]al arrangem5t is t ( a ,/eam ,cyl9d]1 ! pi/on rod ( :i*1 c>ri$ ?r\gh into ! wat] cyl9d] & atta*$ directly to ! wat] plung]1 works back & =? )\t rot>y motion1 & ( c\rse )\t us+ ei!r crank or fly :eel4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fb4 ,9 ! figures1 a is ! ,/eam ,cyl9d]--b1 ! ,/eam ,*e/--d1 a h&le = regulat+ ! /eam valve--f1 ! />t+ b> g1 g1 tappets atta*$ to ! valve rod1 :i* is mov$ by ! contact ( ! arm e1 on ! pi/on rod ) said tappets--h1 ! d\ble-act+ wat] plung] work+ ?r\gh a pack+ r+--o1 o1 =ce valves--o'1 o'1 suction valves4 ,! pump pi/on is repres5t$ z mov+ f "r to left1 ! arr[s indicat+ ! c\rse ( ! wat] ?r\gh ! passages4 ,! suction valves o'1 on ! "r side1 & ! =ce valves o1 on ! left side1 are %[ op52 x1 is an air *amb] made ( copp]2 s1 ! suction pipe t]m9at+ 9 a vacuum *amb]2 made by prolong+ ! suction pipe1 & clos+ x p]fectly tight at ! top1 ! connection be+ made to ! pump by a bran* z %[n2 m1 m1 are h&-hole plates1 af=d+ easy access to ! wat] valves2 n1 n1 small holes ?r\gh ! plung]1 :i* relieve ! pressure ne> ! end ( ! /roke1 to give mom5tum to ?r[ ! valves :5 work+ at sl[ spe$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fc4 ,fig4 #fc is a p]spective view ( ,h4,r4 ,wor?+ton's ,duplex ,/eam ,pump4 ,! prom95t peculi>ity ( ?is pump is its valve motion4 ,z se5 9 ! cut1 two /eam pumps are plac$ side by side 7or end to end1 if desir$74 ,ea* pump1 by a rock %aft connect$ ) its pi/on rod1 gives a con/ant & easy motion to ! /eam valve ( ! o!r4 ,ea* pump !re=e gives /eam to & />ts its neighbor1 & !n f9i%es its own /roke1 paus+ an in/ant till its own /eam valve1 be+ op5$ by ! o!r pump1 all[s x to make ! return /roke4 ,?is comb9$ action produces a p]fectly positive valve motion )\t dead po9ts1 great regul>ity & ease ( motion1 & entire abs5ce ( noise or %ock ( any k9d4 ,bo? k9ds ( pumps are made by ,mr4 ,wor?+ton1 ( v>i\s size accord+ to ! requirem5ts1 ! duplex be+ us$ = boil] fe$ & = ! supply ( cities ) wat]4 ,fig4 #fd is a side elevation ( ! ,woodw>d ,/eam ,pump4 ,! pump is direct act+4 ,! /eam & wat] pi/on be+ on ! same rod1 b mom5tum is obta9$ to ?r[ ! valves by means ( a fly :eel1 plac$ beyond ! pump1 & connect$ ) ! pi/on rod by a cross head & a yoke4 ,! ma*9e is simple 9 its con/ruction & action1 & is ext5sively us$4 ,giff>d's ,injector1 bo? 9 ,europe & ?is c\ntry1 is q ext5sively us$ to supply ! place ( a pump1 z indep5d5t fe$ = all classes ( boil]s4 ,x is repres5t$ 9 elevation & section1 figs4 #fe & #ff4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fe4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ff4 ,a1 /eam pipe lead+ f ! boil]4 ,b1 a p]=at$ tube or cyl9d]1 ?r\gh :i* ! /eam passes into ! space b4 ,c screw$ rod = regulat+ ! passage ( /eam ?r\gh ! annul> conical space c1 & work$ by ! h&le d_/4 ,e1 suction pipe1 lead+ f ! tank or hot well to small *amb] m4 ,f1 annul> conical op5+ or dis*>ge pipe1 ! size ( :i* is regulat$ by ! movem5t ( ! tube or cyl9d] ,b4 ,g1 h& :eel = actuat+ ! cyl9d] ,b4 ,h1 op5+1 9 connection ) ! atmosph]e1 int]v5+ betwe5 dis*>ge pipe ,f & ! receiv+ pipe ?r\gh :i* ! wat] is =c$4 ,i1 tube ?r\gh :i* ! wat] passes to ! boil]4 ,k1 valve = prev5t+ ! return ( ! wat] f ! boil] :5 ! injector is n work+4 ,l1 wa/e or ov]fl[ pipe4 ,m1 nut to tight5 ! pack+ r+s g & upp] pack+ i 9 cyl9d] ,b4 ,n1 lock nut to hold ,m4 ,! pipe ,a is connect$ ) ! /eam space ( ! boil] at its highe/ "p1 to obta9 z dry /eam z possible4 ,! passage ( ! /eam into ,a is controll$ by a cock1 z is also ! fe$ pipe to ! boil]4 ,9 work+1 bo? are op5$1 ! /eam passes ?r\gh ,a into ! space b1 & issu+ ?r\gh ! nozzle c ) ! pressure due to its head1 & a p>tial vacuum by its contact ) ! fe$ wat]1 x drives ?is wat] 9 connection ) ! jet ?r\gh ! pipe ,f into ! pipe ,i 9 connection ) ! wat] space ( ! boil]4 ,me?od ( ,work+4--,turn ! :eel s z to p]mit a small quantity ( wat] to fl[ to ! in/rum5t4 ,op5 ! /eam cock connect+ ! app>atus ) ! boil]4 ,turn slightly ! h&le1 :i* w admit a small quantity ( /eam to ! app>atus2 a p>tial vacuum is ?us produc$1 caus+ ! wat] to ent] ?r\gh ! supply pipe4 ,z soon z ?is happ5s1 :i* c be obs]v$ at ! ov]fl[ pipe1 ! supply ( /eam or wat] may be increas$ z requir$1 up to ! capacity ( ! in/rum5t1 regulat+ ei!r by means ( ! :eel & h&le1 s z to prev5t any ov]fl[4 ,! quantity ( wat] deliv]$ into ! boil]1 may be v>i$ by means ( ! /op cocks on ! /eam & wat] pipes1 )\t alt]+ ! h&les on ! injector2 a graduat$ cock on ! wat] supply pipe is v conv5i5t = ?is purpose4 ,! ma*9es are manufactur$ by ,wm4 ,sell]s ,co4 ,philadelphia4 ,z an example ( ,portable ,/eam ,eng9es1 ( :i* !re are l>ge numb]s 9 ?is c\ntry ( diff]5t manufactur]s1 we give ! repres5tation 7fig4 #fg7 ( "o made by ,j4,c4 ,hoadley1 ( ,lawr5ce1 ,mass4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fg4 ,9 ^! ma*9es1 ! rules & proportions ( ! locomotive eng9e are adapt$ to ! requirem5ts ( /ation>y p[]1 = all purposes "u =ty horse p[]4 ,! lead+ ideas are3 high velocity1 high pressure1 good valve motion1 l>ge fire-box1 num]\s & %ort flues1 & /eam bla/4 ,! *>act]i/ic features are3 great /r5g? ( boil]1 fully adequate to be> ) safety #bjj4 lbs4 pressure p] sq4 941 great compactness & simplicity1 l>ge & adju/able we>+ surfaces1 & ! entire abs5ce ( all f9i%1 or poli%1 = m]e %[4 ,! cyl9d] is plac$ ov] ! c5tre ( ! boil]1 at ! fire-box end1 s t ! /ra9 due to ! eng9e is c5tral to ! boil] 7:i* s]ves z b$ plate72 ! />t+ valve is "u ! h& ( ! eng9e] :5 at ! fire door2 & bo? ends ( ! crank %aft are available = driv+ pulleys4 ,= ! sake ( compactness1 ! cyl9d]s are set l[1 by means ( a depression 9 ! boil] betwe5 ! /&s ( ! crank %aft1 to admit ( ! play ( ! crank & connect+ rod4 ,all ! p>ts are atta*$ to ! boil]1 :i* is made ( suffici5t /r5g? to be> all extra /ra9 due to ! work+ ( ! eng9e4 ,!y h fe$ wat] heat]1 =ce pumps1 ,jackson's gov]nor & valve1 belt = gov]nor1 belt pulley1 turn$ on ! face1 /eam gauge2 ev]y?+1 9 %ort1 necess>y to ! conv5i5t work+ ( a /eam eng9e4 ,all eng9es are fir$ up & tri$ be=e !y leave ! %op1 & !y are w>rant$ tight1 safe1 & complete4 ,a /rong & conv5i5t runn+ ge>1 s arrang$ z to be easily atta*$ & deta*$ at pleasure1 is furni%$1 if desir$2 =m+1 :5 sep>ate1 a useful wagon4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fh4 ,fig4 #fh is a compact v]tical eng9e1 z built by ,r4 ,hoe ,co41 ( ?is city4 ,x is int5d$ to drive pr9t+ presses1 b is adapt$ to any k9d ( "w1 & is especially suit$ to su* places z require economy ( space4 ,al?\gh ! value ( expansion has be5 call$ 9 "q by "s ( ! eng9e]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,navy1 & "u an appropriation f ,congress is n[ to be made ! subject ( exp]im5t2 yet1 9 almo/ all ! manufactories & work%ops ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 no matt] :at ! =m ( /eam eng9e1 or ! purposes to :i* x is appli$1 :e!r /ation>y1 locomotive1 or m>9e1 "s =m ( cut-(f1 by :i* expansion ( ! /eam c be avail$ (1 is consid]$ indisp5sable4 ,_m v>ieties are 9 use1 b ^? eng9es are mo/ popul> 9 :i* ! cut-(f is appli$ directly to ! valves on ! cyl9d]1 op5+ !m quickly & %utt+ (f almo/ in/antly1 avoid+ all wire draw+ ( ! /eam at ! ports1 & regulat+ ! spe$ ( ! eng9e promptly4 ,( ?is class ( eng9es1 ^? manufactur$ by ! ,corliss ,/eam ,eng9e ,company1 ( ,provid5ce1 ,r4,i41 are p]haps ! wide/ kn[n1 n only = _! ext5sive introduction1 b also f hav+1 by a long & successful litigation1 e/abli%$ ! claims ( ! pat5tee1 ,mr4 ,george ,h4 ,corliss4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gj4 ,fig4 #gj is a section ( ! cyl9d] & valve *e/s ( a horizontal ,corliss eng9e4 ,s is ! /eam connection1 & ,e ! exhau/2 !re are two di/9ct sets ( valves1 ! /eam s1 s'1 & ! exhau/ e1 e'1 op]at$ indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r4 ,9 _! con/ruction ! valves may be consid]$ cyl9drical plugs1 ( :i* portions ne> ! ports are cut away to admit ! /eam & r$uce ! be>+ surface2 ! valves are fitt$ on ! la! & ! seats by bor+4 ,! motion giv5 to ! valves is rock+1 b x w be obs]v$ t ! valves are n firmly connect$ to ! rock+ %aft or cyl9d]2 9 ! figure ! valves are %[n %ade l9$1 & ! %aft or /em pla92 9 ?is way ! valves are n affect$ by ! pack+ ( ! valve /em1 b always re/ ^u ! face ( ! ports4 ,9 ! figure ! pi/on is j ab\t to comm5ce its out/roke1 ! movem5t ( ! /eam is suppos$ to be repres5t$ by ! arr[s2 ! inn] /eam valve s1 & ! out] exhau/ e'1 are j beg9n+ to op54 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! out] /eam s' is fully clos$1 :il/ ! inn] exhau/ valve e is b b>ely s1 %[+ t !re has be5 a cut-(f on ! /eam valve1 b no lead to ! exhau/1 t x 0 left fully op5 till ! completion ( ! /roke4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ga4 ,fig4 #ga is a side elevation ( ! cyl9d]1 ) ! valve connections ) ! gov]nor4 ,s is ! /eam pipe2 s1 s' h&les to ! /eam valves1 & e1 e' to ! exhau/ valves1 %[n 9 dott$ l9e 9 fig4 #gj4 ,! h&les to ! exhau/ valves are connect$ directly to a rock+ plate ,r1 to :i* motion is giv5 by a connection x1 ) an ecc5tric on ! eng9e %aft4 ,:5 once set1 !re=e ! movem5t ( ! exhau/ valves is con/ant1 & !y w always be op5$ & clos$ at ! same po9t ( ! /roke4 ,connect$ ) ! rock+ plate ,r1 & on opposite sides ( its c5tre1 ! same z ! exhau/ valve connections1 !re are two lev]s1 vibrat+ on a c5tre c1 ( :i* "o only is %[n1 z x cov]s ! o!r2 to ! upp] ends ( ^! lev]s pawls are atta*$1 "o end ( :i* re/s on ! /ems or rods connect$ ) ! h&les s1 s'1 ( ! /eam valves2 on ^! /ems !re are not*es aga9/ :i* ! pawls /rike1 & z ! lev]s vibrate inw>d !y pu% back ! /ems & !reby op5 ! valves1 & ?is cont9ues = ! :ole l5g? ( ! inw>d motion ( ! lev]s1 or till ! out] extremities ( ! pawls come 9 contact ) ! end ( ! %ort lev] l1 :i*1 pu%+ d[n ! out] end ( ! pawls1 relieves ! /ems at ! o!r ends1 & ! valve /em returns to its place ?r\gh ! =ce ( spr+s atta*$ to ! out] extremities ( ! valve /ems a1 are cyl9drical guides to ! valve /ems1 at ! inn] extremities ( :i* are air cu%ions4 ,! lev] l is connect$ directly ) ! gov]nor4 ,z ! balls rise1 !y depress ! extremity1 :i* comes 9 contact ) ! pawls soon]1 & !reby %ut ! valves e>li]2 & on ! contr>y :5 ! balls are depress$1 ! valves rema9 op5 long]2 z ! pawls come 9 contact ) ! /ems always at "o po9t1 ! /eam valves op5 con/antly1 b are clos$ at any po9t by ! relief ( ! pawls1 accord+ to ! spe$ ( ! gov]nor4 ,fig4 #ga repres5ts1 p>tly 9 section & p>tly 9 plan1 ! cyl9d]1 /eam *e/s1 valves1 c41 ( "o ( ! ,woodruff ,bea* high pressure ,eng9es1 ,wright's pat5t4 ,fig4 #gb repres5ts1 9 elevation1 ! cam %aft1 to ! upp] end ( :i*1 n %[n 9 ! draw+1 is atta*$ ! ord9>y c5trifugal gov]nor4 ,! cyl9d]1 /eam *e/s1 valves1 c41 be+ simil> to ^? ( o!r eng9es1 ne$ no special notice2 b ! cam = op5+ & clos+ ! /eam valves1 fig4 #gb1 requires p>ticul> att5tion1 z x embodies a beautiful & simple device = cutt+ (f ! /eam ) c]ta9ty at any "p ( ! /roke1 ! motion be+ produc$ automatically by ! action ( ! gov]nor on ?is cam1 ?r[+ x m or less out ( c5tre ) ! sp9dle ( ! gov]nor1 z ! rotation ( ! balls is less or m rapid1 ! ecc5tricity ( ! cam det]m9+ ! am\nt ( /eam admitt$ to ! work+ cyl9d] ( ! eng9e4 ,to produce ?is effect ! cam is made z foll[s3 ,c is a holl[ cyl9d] or %ell1 ) a "p ( "o end =m$ into a cam prop]4 ,?r\gh\t ! :ole l5g? ( ?is piece1 ^u ! inside1 !re is a spiral groove cut to receive "o end ( a fea!r1 by :i* its pit* or ecc5tricity is regulat$4 ,c' is also a holl[ cyl9d] or %ell1 ( ! same l5g? & diamet] z ,c1 ) a simil> spiral groove cut on ! inside1 ! outside be+ p]fectly smoo? & pla91 ^u :i* ! toe 7t7 = clos+ ! valves is fa/5$4 ,! inside piece consi/s ( two hubs ,d1 ,d'1 ecc5tric ) ea* o!r1 & made 9 "o piece1 ,d be+ turn$ to exactly fit ! inside ( ! %ell ,c1 & ,d' to fit ! %ell ,c'1 ! hub ,d' hav+ a socket 7c7 into :i* ! sp9dle 7s7 ( ! gov]nor is screw$2 ! end 7d7 ( ! hub ,d =m+ a j\rnal or be>+1 ) a bevel :eel on its extremity to convey motion f ! crank-%aft ge>+ to ! gov]nor & cut-(f4 ,!re is a hole ?r\gh\t ! l5g? ( ! inside hubs ,d & ,d'1 :i* is cont9u$ ?r\gh ! sp9dle ( ! gov]nor1 & conta9s ! rod 7r7 t connects ! cam ) ! gov]nor4 ,?is hole is ecc5tric to ! outside surface ( ! hub ,d1 z well z to ! %ell ,c1 & conc5tric ) ! hub ,d' & %ell ,c'1 & ) ! gov]nor rod 7r74 ,! %ell ,c & hub ,d1 & %ell ,c' & hub ,d'1 are connect$ toge!r by fea!rs2 "o piece ( ea* fea!r is ( a spiral =m1 & ! o!r a /raight or rectangul> piece1 ! two be+ connect$ toge!r by a /ub on ! rectangul> piece1 :i* fits into a hole or be>+ 9 ! o!r or spiral piece1 s t ! latt] c turn on ! /ub & accommodate itself to ! groove 9 :i* x has to "w4 ,! spiral "p ( ea* fea!r works 9 ! spiral groove on ! inside ( its correspond+ %ell ,c & ,c' respectively1 & ! rectangul> pieces "w 9 a /raight groove cut 9 ! hubs ,d & ,d'1 ! inn] p>ts ( ! rectangul> pieces be+ fa/5$ to ! gov]nor rod 7r71 s t ! fea!rs are p]man5tly connect$ ) ! gov]nor4 ,! %ell ,c' revolves inside ( two yokes 7y7 & 7y'71 "o atta*$ to ea* /eam-valve toe1 7a7 & 7a'7 respectively4 ,on ! inside ( ea* yoke1 & opposite to its valve-toe1 is a rais$ piece1 aga9/ :i* ! clos+ piece 7t7 on ! %ell 7,c'7 acts to close ! valves4 ,?is %ell 7,c'71 z be=e notic$1 has a spiral groove on its inside1 simil> 9 all respects to t 9 ! cam-%ell 7,c72 & be+ act$ ^u 9 ! same mann] & ?r\gh ! same rod by ! gov]nor1 x is evid5t t ! clos+ piece 7t7 on its outside w always hold ! same relation to ! op5+ toe on ! l[] or cam-%ell 7,c72 & :atev] alt]ation is made 9 ! "o1 a correspond+ alt]ation takes place 9 ! o!r1 !reby insur+ ! clos+ ( ! valves at ! prop] "t at e po9t ( ! v>iation ( ! cut-(f4 ,:5 ! sev]al pieces above describ$ are put toge!r1 ! app>atus = op5+ & clos+ ! valves & produc+ ! cut-(f is complete1 z %[n 9 fig4 #gb1 & x op]ates z foll[s3 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ga4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gb4 ,motion is communicat$ by ge>+ f ! crank-%aft to ! bevel :eel on ! piece 7d7 on ! end ( ! hub ,d1 & is communicat$ to ! sp9dle ( ! gov]nor1 :i* is screw$ into ! socket on ,d'4 ,z ! balls rise or fall1 ?r\gh *ange ( c5trifugal =ce due to ! v>iation 9 ! spe$ ( rotation1 !y raise or depress ! gov]nor-rod1 :i* passes ?r\gh ! sp9dle & ! hubs ,d' & ,d1 & is atta*$ to ! fea!rs1 !reby rais+ or depress+ ! fea!rs1 :i*1 act+ on _! respective spiral grooves1 in/antly alt]s ! lift ( ! cam on ! %ell 7,c71 & br+s ! clos+ toe 7t7 on ! %ell 7,c'7 into prop] position = clos+1 & s regulates ! am\nt ( /eam admitt$ to ! cyl9d]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ga4 ,consequ5tly1 any spe$ may be select$ at :i* ! load ( ! eng9e is to move1 & any v>iation f t w be in/antly felt by ! gov]nor1 & correct$ by ?is simple & beautiful device4 ,!re is no j> 9 ! work+ ( ! p>ts2 ! fea!rs move noiselessly 9 _! grooves2 ! gov]nor rod moves up & d[n ?r\gh ! sp9dle & ! hubs ,d & ,d'1 & c be regulat$ by h& to give any requir$ op5+ ( ! /eam ports to suit ! "w to be done4 ,any *ange 9 ! am\nt ( "w w !n alt] ! spe$ ( ! eng9e1 & s affect ! gov]nor & cam1 z be=e said4 ,x is unnecess>y to insi/ on ! great economy atta9$ by us+ /eam ) a well-regulat$ cut-(f1 = practical m5 "k n[ t ! ess5tial po9ts ( excell5ce 9 ! /eam eng9e are a good boil]1 :i* g5]ates ! greate/ quantity ( /eam = ! lea/ consumption ( fuel2 &1 secondly1 a reliable cut-(f1 :i* uses ! /eam to ! be/ advantage1 by admitt+ ! prop] quantity = ! "w requir$4 ,,/eam ,,fire ,,eng9es4--,portable eng9es = ! ext+ui%m5t ( fires1 are an ,am]ican inv5tion1 & to ,messrs4 ,a4,b4 ,e4 ,latta1 ( ,c9c9nati1 work+ on ! "r pr9ciples1 is due ! cr$it :i* !y claim 9 _! circul>1 z foll[s3 ,we claim to be ! orig9al & fir/ projectors ( ! fir/ successful /eam fire eng9e 9 ! _w's hi/ory4 ,!re h be5 _m attempts at mak+ a ma*9e ( su* con/ruction z w\ld answ] to ext+ui% fires2 b none ( !m prov$ to be available 9 a suffici5tly %ort space ( "t to w>rant _! use z a fire app>atus4 ,we hold t a /eam fire eng9e %\ld be ( su* nature z to be br\ght into requisition 9 z %ort a space ( "t z is necess>y to get ! ma*9e on ! gr\nd1 & ! hose laid & ready to "w3 t is1 suppos+ ! fire to be )9 "o squ>e ( ! place :]e ! /eam] is locat$4 ,! object 9 locat+ a ma*9e at any po9t is to protect t imm$iate vic9ity2 & x is !re=e absolutely necess>y to h x available 9 ! %orte/ space ( "t1 & t ) un]r+ c]ta9ty4 ,we ?9k t reliability is ( ! greate/ importance to ! protection ( a city f fire1 z ev]y?+ is dep5d5t on ! work+ ( su* app>atus 9 "t2 & = ?is reason no exp5se %\ld be sp>$ on ?is k9d ( ma*9]y4 ,fig4 #gc is a repres5tation ( "o ( ! ,messrs4 ,latta's fire eng9es1 ( :i* !re are _m ( diff]5t classes1 accord+ to ! requirem5ts2 !y say t !y c furni% eng9es z l[ z #a1jjj1 & h made "s = #aj1jjj4 ,! fir/ peculi> feature ( ?is eng9e is ! boil]2 x diff]s entirely f all boil]s n[ 9 use4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gc4 ,! fire box or furnace is simply a squ>e box or furnace ( any requir$ dim5sions2 x is no?+ m ?an a wat] space surr\nd+ ! fire1 /ay-bolt$ z all wat] spaces are4 ,x is made ( boil] plate 9 ! usual mann]4 ,! wat] space ext5ds only #b_/c ( ! height1 ! balance be+ a s+le %eet4 ,! bottom ( ?is fire box is cross$ by grate b>s to support ! fuel2 9 its re> side are fire doors1 ins]t$ = fir+4 ,! int]nal arrangem5ts ( ! boil] are compos$ ( a l>ge numb] ( tubes1 ly+ across 9 a horizontal position1 put toge!r 9 sections ) return b5ds resembl+ ! coils = heat+ build+s4 ,^! coils are ( small pipe 7say "o in* 9 diamet]71 & z num]\s z may be necess>y4 ,!y give ! requir$ am\nt ( /eam4 ,!y are secur$ to wr\ght-iron plates at ea* end by rivets4 ,^! plates lie close to ! box1 & are secur$ to x1 top & bottom4 ,^! tubes are wr\ght iron1 firmly screw$ into ! b5ds1 s z to prev5t any possible break+4 ,! box has a hole ?r\gh bo? %eets1 9 ! same mann] z a holl[ /ay-bolt1 ?r\gh :i* ! coil pipe passes1 hav+ no connection ) ! box4 ,aft] pass+ into ! box x divides into two pipes1 !n subdivides into f\r1 & s on1 until its numb]s equal ! numb] ( coils 9 ! box1 & to :i* ea* limb is atta*$4 ,! upp] ends ( ^! coils are ! same 9 numb]1 & are c>ri$ ?r\gh at ! top or ne>ly ! top ( ! box4 ,!y !n run d[n outside to ! /eam *amb]1 or r wat] space1 z ! box is bo? /eam *amb] & wat] space4 ,^! pipes empty _! cont5ts into ! box1 /eam & wat]1 z x may come1 all toge!r4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ^! coils ( tube are suffici5tly sep>at$ to all[ ! fire to pass betwe5 !m freely1 & cov] _! :ole surface4 ,! mode ( op]ation ( ?is boil] is ?is3 ,! fire box is fill$ #b_/c full ( wat]4 ,! coils are dry at />t+2 ! space = fuel be+ fill$ ) good wood1 ! fire is light$1 & 9 a few mom5ts ! eng9e] moves 8 h& pump1 :i* takes its wat] f ! box to :i* x is atta*$1 & =ces x ?r\gh ! coils4 ,by ?is means /eam is g5]at$ 9 f #c to #e m9utes1 s z to />t ! eng9e4 ,x w be se5 t ! wat] p]=ms a complete circuit2 x is tak5 f ! box & pass$ ?r\gh ! coils2 :at is /eam rema9s 9 ! /eam *amb]1 & :at is n 7if any7 drops back into ! box f :]e x />t$4 ,h5ce x w be se5 t a l>ge surface is expos$ to a small quantity ( wat]1 & 9 a way t x is entirely controllable4 ,all ! eng9e] has to d to sur*>ge 8 /eam1 is to r$uce ! spe$ ( ! pump 7:i* is indep5d5t ( ! ma9 eng9e74 ,by rais+ ! heat & quantity ( wat]1 any degree ( ela/icity c be giv5 to ! /eam1 & t1 too1 ) ! lea/ am\nt ( wa/e heat 9 giv+ a natural draft4 ,h5ce ! great economy ( ?is boil]4 ,! next feature ( ?is eng9e is1 x has no wood "w ab\t x to p]i% ) ! heat & r\ghness ( ! /reets4 ,all ! :eels are wr\ght iron2 &1 z yet1 ^! are ! only ones t h /ood a /eam fire eng9e4 ,! frame is wr\ght iron2 truck1 on :i* ! front :eel is hung1 wr\ght iron4 ,! axles are ca/ /eel4 ,! eng9e & pump is a d\ble-act+ pi/on pump direct1 )\t any rot>y motion2 ) a p]fect balance valve1 x is balanc$ at all times1 & h5ce ! eng9e rema9s quiet )\t block+1 :5 at "w4 ,! eng9e is m\nt$ on ?ree :eels1 :i* enables x to be turn$ 9 a v %ort space4 ,_m eng9es h be5 con/ruct$ by ! ,messrs4 ,latta = ! fire companies1 ( diff]5t cities1 & h be5 9 successful competition ) o!r eng9es2 ! f>!/ ?r[ ev] made by "o ( _! fir/-class eng9es 0 #caj feet f a #a-e_/h in* nozzle2 /eam+ "t1 />t+ f cold wat]1 #c-a_/b m9utes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gd ,,amoskeag ,,/eam ,,fire ,,eng9e4 ,fig4 #gd is a repres5tation ( "o class ( /eam fire eng9e1 z built by ! ,amoskeag ,manufactur+ ,company1 at ,man*e/]1 ,n4,h4 ,! boil] is an upright tubul> boil]1 ( a peculi> con/ruction1 ! pat5t "r to :i* is ve/$ 9 ! ,amoskeag ,manufactur+ ,company4 ,?is boil] is v simple 9 its comb9ation1 & = safety1 /r5g?1 durability1 & capacity = g5]at+ /eam is unsurpass$4 ,no fan or artificial bl[] is ev] us$ or ne$$1 ! natural draft ( ! boil] be+ always suffici5t4 ,/>t+ ) cold wat] 9 ! boil]1 a work+ head ( /eam c be g5]at$ 9 less ?an five m9utes f ! "t ( k9dl+ ! fire4 ,! eng9e ,amoskeag1 own$ by ! city ( ,man*e/]1 has play$ two /reams 9 ?ree m9utes & =ty seconds aft] t\*+ ! mat*1 at ! same "t draw+ h] own wat]4 ,! boil]s are made & prov$ s z to be safely run at a /eam pressure ( #adj to #aej lbs4 to ! squ>e in*2 b ! eng9es are con/ruct$ s z to give ! be/ /reams at a pressure ( ab\t #ajj lbs4 to ! squ>e in*1 & = s]vice at fires a /eam pressure ( ab\t #fj lbs4 to ! squ>e in* is all t is requir$4 ,! v>i\s /yles ( eng9e are all v]tical 9 _! action1 & 9 all ! pumps & /eam cyl9d]s are firmly & directly fa/5$ to ! boil]1 ! /eam cyl9d]s be+ atta*$ directly to ! /eam dome4 ,?is arrangem5t obviates ! necessity ( c>ry+ /eam to ! cyl9d]s ?r\gh pipes ( consid]able l5g?1 & ! ma*9e has v little vibratory motion :5 9 op]ation--s little t x is n necess>y to block its :eels to keep x 9 its place1 or to take ! weight (f ! spr+s be=e comm5c+ "w4 ,! pumps are plac$ on ! eng9es z ne> ! gr\nd z !y c be ) safety1 & are arrang$ s z to atta* ! suction & lead+ hose to ei!r or bo? sides ( ! ma*9e1 z may be mo/ conv5i5t or desirable1 s t less difficulty w be f\nd 9 plac+ an eng9e = "w1 & :5 requir$ to draw its own wat]1 x has only to draw x ! %orte/ possible di/ance4 ,ea* eng9e has two fe$ pumps = supply+ ! boil]1 & also a connection betwe5 ! ma9 =c+ pumps & ! boil]1 s t x c be suppli$ f t s\rce if desirable4 ,! tank :i* c>ries ! wat] = supply+ ! boil] is s plac$ t ! wat] 9 x is always above ! fe$ pumps1 an advantage t insures ! almo/ c]ta9 work+ ( ^! pumps4 ,^! pumps are ( brass1 ! be/ locomotive patt]n1 & "o ( !m runn+ ) ! eng9e1 :5 at "w1 furni%es an ample supply ( wat] to ! boil]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ge4 ,! eng9es are exce$+ly portable2 !y c be turn$ ab\t or plac$ = s]vice 9 z contract$ a space z any h& eng9e1 & two good horses w draw a fir/-class eng9e ) ! greate/ ease1 c>ry+ at ! same "t wat] = ! boil]1 a supply ( fuel suffici5t to run ! eng9e two h\rs1 ! driv]1 ! eng9e]1 & ! fireman4 ,fig4 #ge is a repres5tation ( ! class ( /eam fire eng9e built by ,silsbee1 ,mynd]se ,co41 ,s5eca ,falls1 ,n4 ,y4 "u ,holly's pat5t4 ,! boil] is v]tical1 ) v]tical wat] tubes pass+ directly ?r\gh ! fire4 ,^! tubes are clos$ at ! bottom & op5 at ! top1 :]e !y pass ?r\gh a wat]-tight plate1 & communicate ) ! wat] 9 ! boil]4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! tubes causes a con/ant curr5t1 ! wat] ris+ on ! outside ( ! tubes z !y are heat$1 & its place be+ suppli$ by a curr5t fl[+ d[nw>d ?r\gh ! tube to ! boil]4 ,! smoke & flame pass among ! tubes up ?r\gh flues4 ,bo? eng9e & pump are rot>y1 & ( ! same type4 ,!y consi/ ess5tially ( two elliptical rot>y pi/ons1 cogg$ & work+ into "o ano!r 9 an air-tight case4 ,! pi/ons fit close to ! inside ( ! case1 & ge> into ea* on ! l9e ( _! conjugate diamet]s4 ,! action is some:at simil> to ! old-fa%ion$ rot>y pump1 consi/+ ( two cog :eels 9 ge> )1 ea* o!r1 ! spaces at ! side ( ! case be+ fill$ ) wat]1 :i* at ! c5tre are occupi$ by ! tee? 9 ge>4 ,9 ,holly's pump1 in/ead ( uni=m tee?1 & dep5d+ on ! fit ( ! tee? ) ! side ( ! case & ) ea* o!r = ! pack+1 !re are two l>ge tee? 9 ea* pi/on opposite ea* o!r1 :i* h slide pi/ons1 & int]m$iate ) ^! l>ge tee? are small cogs1 :i* cont9ue ! motion ( ! rot>y pi/ons4 ,! ma*9e works v smoo?ly1 & p]=ms ! "w necess>y1 9 ord9>y s]vice1 "u a pressure ( #ej to #fj lbs4 ,!re are _m o!r mak]s ( fire eng9es 9 ?is c\ntry2 b suffici5t examples are giv5 to illu/rate ! class2 s successful h !y be51 t !y are fa/ sup]s$+ h& eng9es1 ev5 9 ! small] cities4 ,"u a paid dep>tm5t1 ! foll[+ is1 9 ! city ( ,bo/on1 ,mass41 ! comp>ative co/ ( runn+ ! two k9ds ( eng9es1 viz43 ,,/eam ,,fire ,,eng9e4 #a eng9e]4444444444444444444444444444444444 444444444 #gbj #jj #a fireman444444444444444444444444444444444 44444444444 #fjj #jj #a driv]44444444444444444444444444444444444 4444444444 #fjj #jj #a =eman ( hose444444444444444444444444444444444444 #aej #jj #h hosem51 at #abe ea*444444444444444444444444444444 #cge #jj -- -------- #g m544444444444444444444444444444444444444 4444444444 #b1dde #jj ,keep+ ( #b horses4444444444444444444444444444444444 #cae #jj -------- ,total4444444444444444444444444444444444 4444444 #b1gfj #jj ,,h& ,,eng9e4 #a =eman44444444444444444444444444444444444 444444444 #aej #jj #a assi/ant =eman4444444444444444444444444444444444 #abe #jj #a cl]k444444444444444444444444444444444444 4444444444 #abe #jj #a /ew>d44444444444444444444444444444444444 444444444 #abe #jj #c lead+ hosem51 at #abe ea*4444444444444444444444 #cge #jj #cc m51 at #ajj ea*444444444444444444444444444444444 #c1cjj #jj -- --------- #dj m544444444444444444444444444444444444444 444444444 #d1bjj #jj ,"h ! eng9e]1 fireman1 & driv] are con/antly employ$1 ! hosem5 h o!r employm5t 9 ! neighborhood1 b all ! company sleep 9 ! eng9e h\se4 ,9 ! city ( ,man*e/]1 ,n4,h41 a /eam fire eng9e company is compos$ ( f\rte5 m51 all told1 "o ( :om1 act+ z driv] & /ew>d1 is con/antly employ$1 rema9+ at ! eng9e h\se ) a pair ( horses always ready to run out ) ! eng9e 9 case ( an al>m ( fire4 ,! o!r memb]s ( ! company h o!r employm5ts1 & turn out only on an al>m ( fire4 ,,/eam ,,fire ,,eng9es4 ,amoskcag1 ,exp5ditures444444444444444444444 #hfd #cb ,fire ,k+1 444444444444444444444 #hee #gh ,e4,w4 ,h>r+ton1 444444444444444444444 #dif #ji ,! above exp5se includes pay ( memb]s1 team exp5ses1 co/ ( gas1 wood1 coal1 & all necessities incid5t to s]vice4 ,! ,e4,w4 ,h>r+ton is a second-class eng9e1 /ation$ 9 ! outskirts ( ! city1 & 0 run *eap] f ! fact t no horses 7 kept = x by ! city4 ,a fir/-class h&-eng9e company is all[$ to numb]1 all told1 fifty m51 & ! memb]s ( ! company are paid z foll[s3 ,,fir/-,,class ,,h&-,,eng9e ,,company4 #a =eman44444444444444444444444444444444444 4444444 #ce #jj #a assi/ant =eman4444444444444444444444444444444 #bh #jj #a cl]k444444444444444444444444444444444444 4444444 #bh #jj #a /ew>d44444444444444444444444444444444444 44444 #fh #jj #df m51 at #ah ea*44444444444444444444444444444444 #hbh #jj -------- #ej m54 ,total444444444444444444444444444444 #ihg #jj ,by ?is x w be se51 t 9 a city l ,man*e/]1 ) f tw5ty to tw5ty-five ?\s& inhabitants1 a fir/-class /eam fire eng9e c be run at an exp5se n to exce$ t ( a fir/-class h& eng9e1 :ile 9 s]vice x w d at lea/ f\r times ! "w4 ,! co/ ( repairs is f\nd by exp]i5ce to be no great] on ! /eam fire eng9es ?an on h& eng9es4 ,! ,excavator1 fig4 #gf1 is ! inv5tion ( ! late ,mr4 ,otis1 an application ( ! spoon dr$g+ ma*9e ( ! docks to railway purposes1 ) v important modifications4 ,! ma*9e consi/s ( a /rong truck1 ,a1 ,a1 m\nt$ on railway :eels1 on :i* is plac$ ! boil] ,c1 ! crane ,e1 & ! requisite ge>+4 ,! excavator or %ovel1 ,d1 is a box ( wr\ght iron1 ) /rong po9ts 9 front to act z picks 9 loos5+ ! e>?1 & its bottom hung by a h+e at d1 s t1 by deta*+ a cat*1 x may fly op5 & dis*>ge ! mat]ial rais$4 ,to op]ate ! ma*9e1 suppose ! %ovel ,d to be 9 ! position %[n 9 ! cut2 x is l[]$ by ! *a9s o1 o1 & ?r[n =w>d or backw>d1 if necess>y1 by ! drum ,b1 & h&le ,s1 till ! picks 9 ! front ( ! %ovel are br\ght 9 prop] contact ) ! face ( ! cut2 motion =w>d is n[ giv5 to ! %ovel by ! drum ,b & h&le ,s1 & at ! same "t x is rais$ by ! *a9s o1 o4 ,^! two motions c be s adju/$ to ea* o!r1 z to give movem5t to ! %ovel to enable x to loos5 & scrape up a %ovelful ( e>?4 ,! h&le ,s is n[ left free1 & ! %ovel ,d is rais$ v]tically by ! *a9s o1 o4 ,! crane is n[ turn$ r\nd1 till ! %ovel comes ov] a rail c> on a side track2 ! bottom ( ! %ovel is op5$1 & ! dirt deposit$ 9 ! c>4 ,all ^! motions are p]=m$ by ! aid ( a /eam eng9e1 & are controll$ by a man :o /&s on a plat=m at f4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig #gf4 #fib4 ,q4--,hav+ n[ describ$ ! mo/ usual & approv$ =ms ( eng9es applicable to num]\s miscellane\s purposes = :i* a mod]ate am\nt ( /eam p[] is requir$1 w y briefly recapitulate :at am\nt ( "w ( diff]5t k9ds an eng9e ( a giv5 p[] w p]=m1 s t any "o desir+ to employ an eng9e to p]=m a giv5 am\nt ( "w1 w be able to tell :at ! p[] ( su* eng9e %\ld be8 ,a4--,x w ( c\rse be impossible to recapitulate all ! purposes to :i* eng9es are applicable1 or to specify = e case ! am\nt ( p[] necess>y = ! accompli%m5t ( a giv5 am\nt ( "w2 b "s examples may be giv5 :i* w be applicable to ! bulk ( ! cases occurr+ 9 practice4 #fic4 ,q4--,beg9n+1 !n1 ) ! p[] necess>y = ?re%+1--a #d horse p[] eng9e1 ) cyl9d] #f in*es diamet]1 pressure ( /eam #de lbs41 p] squ>e in*1 & mak+ #adj revolutions p] m9ute1 w ?re% out #dj qu>t]s ( :eat 9 #aj h\rs ) a consumption ( #c cwt4 ( coals4 ,a4--,al?\gh ?is may be done1 x is probably too mu* to say t x c be done on an av]age1 & ab\t ?ree f\r?s ( a qu>t] ( :eat p] horse p[] w\ld probably be a ne>] av]age4 ,! am\nt ( p[] consum$ v>ies ) ! yield4 ,messrs4 ,b>rett1 ,exall1 & ,&rewes give ! foll[+ table z illu/rative ( ! "w done1 & ! fuel consum$ by _! portable eng9es2 b ?is mu/ be reg>d$ z a maximum p]=mance3-- ,numb] ( ,weight ( ,qu>t]s ( ,quantity ( ,quantity ( ,horse ,p[]4 ,eng9e4 ,corn ?ra%$ ,coals consum$ ,wat] requir$ 9 #aj ,h\rs4 9 #aj ,h\rs4 = #aj ,h\rs 9 ,gallons4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,tons4 ,cwts4 ,cwts4 #d #b #j #dj #c #cfj #e #b #e #ej #d #chj #f #b #aj #fj #e #dfj #g #b #ae #gj #f #edj #h #c #j #hj #g #fbj #aj #c #aj #ajj #i #ghj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- #fid4 ,q4--,9 speak+ ( horses p[]1 ,i suppose y mean indicator horse p[]8 ,a4--,yes2 or r ! dynamomet] horse p[]1 :i* is ! same1 b>r+ ! friction ( ! eng9e4 ,at ! %[s ( ! ,royal ,agricultural ,society1 ! p[] actually ex]t$ by ! diff]5t eng9es is asc]ta9$ by ! application ( a friction :eel or dynamomet]4 #fie4 ,q4--,c y give any o!r examples ( ! p[] necess>y = gr9d+ corn8 ,a4--,an eng9e ex]t+ #bc-a_/c horses p[] by ! indicator works two pairs ( fl\r /ones ( #d feet #h in*es diamet]1 two pairs ( /ones gr9d+ oatmeal ( #d feet #h in*es diamet]1 "o dress+ ma*9e1 "o pair ( fann]s1 "o du/ scre51 & "o sift+ ma*9e4 ,"o ( ! fl\r /ones makes #he1 & ! o!r #ij revolutions 9 ! m9ute4 ,"o ( ! oatmeal /ones makes #abj1 & ! o!r #adj revolutions 9 ! m9ute4 ,to take ano!r case3--,an eng9e ex]t+ #bf-a_/b indicator horses p[] works two pairs ( fl\r /ones1 "o dress+ ma*9e1 two pairs ( /ones gr9d+ oatmeal1 & "o pair ( %ell+ /ones4 ,! fl\r /ones1 "o pair ( ! oatmeal /ones1 & %ell+ /ones1 are #d feet #h in*es diamet]4 ,! diamet] ( ! o!r pair ( oatmeal /ones is #c feet #h in*es4 ,! l5g? ( ! cyl9d] ( ! dress+ ma*9e is #g feet #f in*es4 ,! fl\r /ones make #hg revolutions 9 ! m9ute1 & ! l>g] oatmeal /one #aaa revolutions1 b ! small] oatmeal /one & ! %ell+ /one revolve fa/] ?an ?is4 ,at ! "t ! indicator diagram 0 tak51 ea* pair ( fl\r /ones 0 gr9d+ at ! rate ( #e bu%els an h\r2 ea* pair ( oatmeal /ones ab\t #bd bu%els an h\r2 & ! %ell+ /ones 7 %ell+ at ! rate ( ab\t #ed bu%els an h\r4 ,! fann]s & scre5 7 also 9 op]ation4 #fif4 ,q4--,h y any o!r case to enum]ate8 ,a4--,i may m5tion "o 9 :i* ! p[] ( ! same eng9e 0 increas$ by giv+ x a l>g] supply ( /eam4 ,! eng9e :5 work+ ) #h4fe horses p[]1 gives motion to "o pair ( oatmeal /ones ( #d feet #f in*es diamet]1 & "o pair ( fl\r /ones #d feet #h in*es diamet]4 ,! oatmeal /one makes #ajj revolutions 9 ! m9ute1 & ! fl\r /one #hi4 ,! oatmeal /ones gr9d ab\t #cf bu%els 9 ! h\r1 & ! fl\r /ones #e bu%els 9 ! h\r4 ,! eng9e :5 work+ to #ab horses p[] drives "o pair ( fl\r /ones1 #d feet #h in*es diamet]1 at #hi revolutions p] m9ute & "o pair ( /ones ( ! same diamet] at #aje revolutions1 gr9d+ beans = cattle4 ,! fl\r mill /ones ) ?is proportion ( p[]1 be+ m l>gely f$1 gr\nd #f bu%els p] h\r1 & ! o!r /ones also gr\nd #f bu%els p] h\r4 ,:5 ! p[] 0 increas$ to #ah horses1 & ! eng9e 0 burd5$ 9 addition ) a dress+ ma*9e hav+ a cyl9d] ( #ai in*es diamet]1 ! spe$ ( ! fl\r /one fell to #he1 & ( ! beans /one to #ajj revolutions p] m9ute1 & ! yield 0 also r$uc$4 ,! dress+ ma*9e dress$ #bd bu%els p] h\r4 #fig4 ,q4--,:at is ! p[] necess>y to "w a sug> mill su* z is us$ to press ! juice f canes 9 ! ,we/ ,indies8 ,a4--,tw5ty horses p[] w "w a sug> mill hav+ roll]s ab\t #e feet long & #bh in*es diamet]2 ! roll]s mak+ #b-a_/c turns 9 a m9ute4 ,if ! roll]s be #bf in*es diamet] & #d-a_/b feet long1 #ah horses p[] w suffice to "w !m at ! same spe$1 & #af horses p[] if ! l5g? be r$uc$ to #c feet #h in*es4 #ab horses p[] w be requir$ to "w a sug> mill ) roll]s #bd in*es diamet] & #d feet #b in*es long2 & #aj horses p[] w suffice if ! roll]s be #c feet #aj in*es long & #bc in*es diamet]4 ,! spe$ ( ! surface ( sug> mill roll]s %\ld n be great] ?an #af feet p] m9ute1 to all[ "t = ! canes to "p ) _! juice4 ,9 ! old mills ! spe$ 0 inv>iably too great4 ,! quantity ( juice express$ w n be increas$ by increas+ ! spe$ ( ! roll]s1 b m ( ! juice w pass away 9 ! begass or woody refuse ( ! cane4 #fih4 ,q4--,:at is ! am\nt ( p[] necess>y to drive cotton mills8 ,a4--,an indicator or actual horse p[] w drive #cje h& mule sp9dles1 ) proportion ( prep>+ ma*9]y = ! same2 or #bcj self-act+ mule sp9dles ) prep>ation2 or #ajd ?ro/le sp9dles ) prep>ation2 or #aj-a_/b p[] looms ) common siz+4 ,! ?ro/les ref]r$ to are ! common ?ro/les sp9n+ #cd's twi/ = p[] loom weav+1 & ! sp9dles make #djjj turns p] m9ute4 ,! self-act+ mules are ,rob]t's1 ab\t "o half sp9n+ #cf's weft1 & sp9dles revolv+ #dhjj turns p] m9ute2 & ! o!r half sp9n+ #cf's twi/1 ) ! sp9dles revolv+ #ebjj times p] m9ute4 ,half ! h& mules 7 sp9n+ #cf's weft1 at #dgjj revolutions1 & ! o!r half #cf's twi/ at #ejjj revolutions p] m9ute4 ,! av]age bread? ( ! looms 0 #cg in*es1 weav+ #cg in* clo?1 mak+ #abc picks p] m9ute1--all common calicoes ab\t #fj re$1 ,/ockport c\nt1 & #fh picks to ! in*4 ,to take ano!r example 9 ! case ( a mill = twi/+ cotton y>n into ?read3--,9 ?is mill !re are #bg frames ) #if common ?ro/le sp9dles 9 ea*1 mak+ 9 all #beib sp9dles4 ,! sp9dles turn #bbjj times 9 a m9ute2 ! bobb9s are #a-g_/h in*es diamet]1 & ! "p :i* holds ! ?read is #b-c_/af in*es long4 ,9 addition to ! twi/+ frames ! /eam eng9e works #d turn+ la!s1 #c poli%+ la!s1 #b ,am]ican ma*9es = turn+ small bobb9s1 two circul> saws1 "o ( #bb & ! o!r ( #ad in*es diamet]1 & #bd bobb9 heads or ma*9es = fill+ ! bobb9s ) f9i%$ ?read4 ,! p[] requir$ to drive ! :ole ( ?is ma*9]y is #bh-a_/b horses4 ,:5 all ! ma*9]y except ! sp9dles is ?r[n (f1 ! p[] requir$ is #ba horses1 s t #beib1 ! total numb] ( sp9dles1 divid$ by #ba1 ! total p[]1 is ! numb] ( twi/+ sp9dles work$ by ea* actual horse p[]4 ,! numb] is #abb4hd4 #fii4 ,q4--,:at "w w be done by a giv5 eng9e 9 saw+ timb]1 press+ cotton1 bl[+ furnaces1 driv+ piles1 & dr$g+ e>? out ( riv]s8 ,a4--,a high pressure cyl9d] #aj in*es diamet]1 #d feet /roke1 mak+ #ce revolutions ) /eam ( #ij to #ajj lbs4 on ! squ>e in*1 suppli$ by ?ree cyl9drical boil]s #cj in*es diamet] & #bj feet long1 works two v]tical saws ( #cd in*es /roke1 :i* are capable ( cutt+ #cj feet ( yell[ p9e1 #ah in*es deep1 9 ! m9ute4 ,a high pressure cyl9d] #ad in*es diamet] & #d feet /roke1 mak+ #fj /rokes p] m9ute ) /eam ( #dj lbs4 on ! squ>e in*1 suppli$ by ?ree cyl9drical boil]s )\t flues1 #cj in*es diamet] & #bf feet long1 ) #cb squ>e feet ( grate surface1 works f\r cotton presses ge>$ #f to #a1 ) two screws 9 ea*1 ( #g-a_/b in*es diamet] & #a-e_/h pit*1 :i* presses w screw #ajjj bales ( cotton 9 ! twelve h\rs4 ,also "o high pressure cyl9d] ( #aj in*es diamet] & #c feet /roke1 mak+ #de to #fj revolutions p] m9ute1 ) /eam ( #de to #ej lbs4 p] squ>e in*1 ) two hydraulic presses hav+ #ac in* rams ( #da feet /roke1 & =ce pumps #b in*es diamet] & #f in*es /roke1 presses #cj bales ( cotton p] h\r4 ,"o cond5s+ eng9e ) cyl9d] #ef in*es diamet]1 #aj feet /roke1 & mak+ #ae /rokes p] m9ute ) /eam ( #fj lbs4 pressure p] squ>e in*1 cut (f at #a_/d? ( ! /roke1 suppli$ by six boil]s1 ea* #e feet diamet]1 & #bd feet long1 ) a #bb-;in* d\ble-return flue 9 ea*1 & #aih squ>e feet ( fire grate1 works a bla/ cyl9d] ( #abf in*es diamet]1 & #aj feet /roke1 at #ae /rokes p] m9ute4 ,! pressure ( ! bla/ is #d to #e lbs4 p] squ>e in*2 ! area ( pipes #bcjj squ>e in*es1 & ! eng9e bl[s f\r furnaces ( #ad feet diamet]1 ea* mak+ #ajj tons ( pig iron p] week4 ,two high pressure cyl9d]s1 ea* ( #f in*es diamet] & #ah in*es /roke1 mak+ #fj to #hj /rokes p] m9ute1 ) /eam ( #fj ,lbs4 p] squ>e in*1 lift two rams1 ea* weigh+ #ajjj lbs41 five times 9 a m9ute1 ! lead]s = ! lift be+ #bd feet long4 ,"o high pressure cyl9d] ( #ab in*es diamet] & #e feet /roke1 mak+ #bj /rokes p] m9ute1 ) /eam ( #fj to #gj lbs4 pressure p] squ>e in*1 lifts #f buckets full ( dr$g+ p] m9ute f a dep? ( #cj feet bel[ ! wat]1 or lifts #aj buckets full ( mud p] m9ute f a dep? ( #ah feet bel[ ! wat]4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,manufacture ,,& ,,managem5t ,,( ,,/eam ,,eng9es4 ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,eng9es4 #gjj4 ,q4--,:at are ! qualities :i* %\ld be possess$ by ! iron ( :i* ! cyl9d] ( /eam eng9es are made8 ,a4--,! g5]al ambition 9 mak+ cyl9d]s is to make !m s\nd & h>d2 b x is exp$i5t also to make !m t\gh1 s z to approa* z ne>ly z possible to ! /ate ( malleable iron4 ,?is may be done by mix+ 9 ! furnace z _m diff]5t k9ds ( iron z possible2 & x may be set d[n z a g5]al rule 9 iron f\nd+1 t ! great] ! numb] ( ! k9ds ( metal ent]+ into ! composition ( any ca/+1 ! d5s] & t\gh] x w be4 ,! con/itu5t atoms ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( iron appe> to be ( diff]5t sizes1 & ! mixture ( diff]5t k9ds ma9ta9s ! t\ghness1 :ile x adds to ! d5sity & cohesive p[]4 ,hot bla/ iron 0 at "o "t g5]ally believ$ to be weak] ?an cold bla/ iron1 b x is n[ que/ion$ :e!r x is n ! /rong] ( ! two4 ,! cohesive /r5g? ( unmix$ iron is n 9 proportion to its specific gravity1 & its ela/icity & p[] to resi/ %ocks appe> to become great] z ! specific gravity becomes less4 ,nos4 #c & #d are ! /ronge/ irons4 ,9 mo/ cases1 iron melt$ 9 a cupola is n s /rong z :5 remelt$ 9 an air furnace1 & :5 run into gre5 s& x is n reckon$ s /rong z :5 run into dry s&1 or loam4 ,! quality ( ! fuel1 & ev5 ! /ate ( ! wea!r1 ex]ts an influ5ce on ! quality ( ! iron3 smelt+ furnaces1 on ! cold bla/ pr9ciple1 h long be5 kn[n to yield bett] iron 9 w9t] ?an 9 summ]1 probably f ! exi/5ce ( less moi/ure 9 ! air2 & x w\ld probably be f\nd to accompli% an improvem5t 9 ! quality ( ! iron if ! bla/ 7 made to pass ?r\gh a vessel conta9+ muriate ( lime1 by :i* ! moi/ure ( ! air w\ld be extract$4 ,! exp5se ( su* a prep>ation w\ld n be consid]able1 z1 by subsequ5t evaporation1 ! salt might be us$ ov] & ov] aga9 = ! same purpose4 #gja4 ,q4--,w y expla9 ! process ( ca/+ cyl9d]s8 ,a4--,! m\ld into :i* ! metal is p\r$ is built up ( bricks & loam1 ! loam be+ clay & s& gr\nd toge!r 9 a mill1 ) ! addition ( a little horse-dung to give x a fibr\s /ructure & prev5t cracks4 ,! loam bo>d1 by :i* ! circle ( ! cyl9d] is to be swept1 is atta*$ to an upright iron b>1 at ! di/ance ( ! radius ( ! cyl9d]1 & a cyl9drical %ell ( brick is built up1 :i* is pla/]$ on ! inside ) loam1 & made q smoo? by trav]s+ ! p]p5dicul> loam bo>d r\nd x4 ,a core is !n =m$ 9 a simil> mann]1 b s mu* small] z to leave a space betwe5 ! %ell & ! core equal to ! ?ickness ( ! cyl9d]1 & into ?is space ! melt$ metal is p\r$4 ,:atev] nozzles or projections are requir$ ^u ! cyl9d]1 mu/ be =m$ by means ( wood5 patt]ns1 :i* are built into ! %ell1 & subsequ5tly )drawn2 b :]e a numb] ( cyl9d]s ( ! same k9d are requir$1 x is advisable to make ^! patt]ns ( iron1 :i* w n be liable to w>p or twi/ :ile ! loam is be+ dri$4 ,be=e ! iron is ca/ into ! m\ld1 ! int]ior ( ! m\ld mu/ be cov]$ ) f9ely p[d]$ *>coal--or black5+1 z x is te*nically t]m$2 & ! secret ( mak+ f9ely sk9n$ ca/+s lies 9 us+ pl5ty ( black5+4 ,9 loam & dry s& ca/+s ! *>coal %\ld be mix$ ) ?ick clay wat]1 & appli$ until x is an eigh? ( an in* ?ick1 or m2 ! surface %\ld be !n v c>efully smoo!d or sleek$1 & if ! metal has be5 judici\sly mix$1 & ! m\ld ?or\ghly dri$1 ! ca/+ is sure to be a f9e "o4 ,dry s& & loam ca/+s %\ld be1 z mu* z possible1 made 9 boxes2 ! m\lds may !reby be m rapidly & m effectually dri$1 & bett] ca/+s w be got ) a less exp5se4 #gjb4 ,q4--,w y expla9 ! next op]ation :i* a cyl9d] und]goes8 ,a4--,! next /age is ! bor+2 & 9 bor+ cyl9d]s ( #gd in*es diamet]1 ! bor+ b> mu/ move s z to make "o revolution 9 ab\t #d-a_/b m9utes1 at :i* spe$ ! cutt]s w move at ! rate ( ab\t #e feet p] m9ute4 ,9 bor+ brass1 ! spe$ mu/ be sl[]2 ! common rate at :i* ! tool moves 9 bor+ brass air pumps is ab\t #c feet p] m9ute4 ,if ?is spe$ be mat]ially exce$$ ! tool w be spoil$1 & ! pump made tap]4 ,! spe$ prop] = bor+ a cyl9d] w answ] = bor+ ! brass air pump ( ! same eng9e4 ,a brass air pump ( #cf-a_/b in*es diamet] requires ! b> to make "o turn 9 ab\t ?ree m9utes1 :i* is also ! spe$ prop] = a cyl9d] #fj in*es 9 diamet]4 ,to bore a brass air pump #cf-a_/b in*es 9 diamet] requires a week1 an iron "o requires #dh h\rs1 & a copp] "o #bd h\rs4 ,9 turn+ a malleable iron %aft #ab-c_/d in*es 9 diamet]1 ! %aft %\ld make ab\t five turns p] m9ute1 :i* is equival5t to a spe$ 9 ! tool ( ab\t #af feet p] m9ute2 b ?is spe$ may be exce$$ if soap & wat] be pl5tifully run on ! po9t ( ! tool4 ,a bor+ mill1 ( :i* ! spe$ may be v>i$ f "o turn 9 six m9utes to tw5ty-five turns 9 "o m9ute1 w be suitable = all ord9>y wants t c occur 9 practice4 #gjc4 ,q4--,are !re any precautions necess>y to be obs]v$ 9 ord] t ! bor+ may be truly effect$8 ,a4--,9 fix+ a cyl9d] into ! bor+ mill1 great c>e mu/ be tak5 t x is n screw$ d[n unequally2 & inde$ x w be impossible to bore a l>ge cyl9d] 9 a horizontal mill )\t be+ oval1 unless ! cyl9d] be c>efully gaug$ :5 /&+ on end1 & be set up by screws :5 laid 9 ! mill until x aga9 assumes its orig9al =m4 ,a l>ge cyl9d] w inevitably become oval if laid ^u its side2 & if :ile "u ! t5sion due to its own weight x be bor$ r\nd1 x w become oval aga9 :5 set ^u end4 ,if ! bottom be ca/ 91 ! cyl9d] w be probably f\nd to be r\nd at "o end & oval at ! o!r1 unless a v]tical bor+ mill be employ$1 or ! precautions "h sugge/$ be adopt$4 #gjd4 ,q4--,does ! bor+ tool make ! cyl9d] suffici5tly smoo? = ! reception ( ! pi/on8 ,a4--,_m eng9e mak]s give no o!r f9i% to _! cyl9d]s2 b ,messrs4 ,p5n gr9d _! cyl9d]s aft] !y are bor$1 by lay+ !m on _! side1 & rubb+ a piece ( lead1 ) a cross iron h&le l t ( a roll+ /one1 & sme>$ ) em]y & oil1 backw>d & =w>d-- ! cyl9d] be+ gradually turn$ r\nd s z to subject e "p successively to ! op]ation4 ,! lead by :i* ?is gr9d+ is accompli%$ is ca/ 9 ! ,cyl9d]1 :]eby x is =m$ ( ! "r curve2 b ! "p ( ! cyl9d] 9 :i* x is ca/ %\ld be previ\sly heat$ by a hot iron1 else ! metal may be crack$ by ! sudd5 heat4 #gje4 ,q4--,h[ are ! p>ts ( a pi/on fitt$ toge!r s z to be p]fectly /eam tight8 ,a4--,! old practice 0 to dep5d *iefly ^u gr9d+ z ! means ( mak+ ! r+s tight ^u ! pi/on or ^u "o ano!r2 b scrap+ is n[ *iefly reli$ on4 ,"s mak]s1 h[ev]1 f9i% _! /eam surfaces by gr9d+ !m ) p[d]$ ,turkey /one & oil4 ,a slight gr9d+1 or poli%+1 ) p[d]$ ,turkey /one & oil1 appe>s to be exp$i5t 9 ord9>y cases1 & may be conv5i5tly accompli%$ by sett+ ! pi/on on a revolv+ table1 & hold+ ! r+ /ation>y by a cross piece ( wood :ile ! table turns r\nd4 ,pieces ( wood may be int]pos$ betwe5 ! r+ & ! body ( ! pi/on1 to keep ! r+ ne>ly 9 its "r position2 b ^! pieces ( wood %\ld be fitt$ s loosely z to give "s side play1 else ! disposition w\ld arise to we> ! flange ( ! pi/on into a groove4 #gjf4 ,q4--,:at k9d ( tool is us$ = f9i%+ surfaces by scrap+8 ,a4--,a flat file b5t1 & %>p5$ at ! end1 makes an eligible scrap] = ! fir/ /ages2 or a flat file %>p5$ at ! end & us$ l a *isel = wood4 ,a ?ree-corn]$ file1 %>p5$ at all ! corn]s1 is ! be/ in/rum5t = f9i%+ ! op]ation4 ,! scrap+ tool %\ld be ( ! be/ /eel1 & %\ld be c>efully %>p5$ at %ort int]vals on a ,turkey /one1 s z to ma9ta9 a f9e edge4 #gjg4 ,q4--,w y expla9 ! me?od ( fitt+ toge!r ! valve & cyl9d] faces8 ,a4--,bo? faces mu/ fir/ be plan$1 !n fil$ accord+ to ! indications ( a metallic /raight edge1 & subsequ5tly ( a ?ick metallic face plate1 & f9ally scrap$ v c>efully until ! face plate be>s equally all ov] ! surface4 ,9 plan+ any surface1 ! cat*es :i* reta9 ! surface on ! plan+ ma*9e %\ld be relax$ previ\sly to ! la/ cut1 to obviate di/ortion f spr++4 ,to asc]ta91 :e!r ! face plate be>s equally1 sme> x ov] ) a little r$ o*re & oil1 & move ! face plate slightly1 :i* w fix ! color ^u ! prom95t po9ts4 ,?is op]ation is to be repeat$ frequ5tly2 & z ! "w advances1 ! quantity ( color+ matt] is to be dim9i%$1 until f9ally x is spread ov] ! face plate 9 a ?9 film1 :i* only dims ! brightness ( ! plate4 ,! surfaces at ?is /age mu/ be rubb$ firmly toge!r to make ! po9ts ( contact visible1 & ! high] po9ts w become slightly cl\d$1 :ile ! o!r p>ts are left m or less 9 %ade4 ,if too small a quantity ( color+ matt] be us$ at fir/1 x w be difficult to =m a j conception ( ! g5]al /ate ( ! surface1 z ! prom95t po9ts w alone be indicat$1 :]eas ! use ( a l>ge quantity ( color+ matt] 9 ! latt] /ages w\ld de/roy ! delicacy ( ! te/ ! face plate af=ds4 ,! numb] ( be>+ po9ts :i* x is desirable to e/abli% on ! surface ( ! "w1 dep5ds on ! use to :i* ! surface is to be appli$2 b :e!r x is to be f9i%$ ) great elaboration1 or o!rwise1 ! be>+ po9ts %\ld be di/ribut$ equally ov] ! surface4 ,face plates1 or planomet]s1 z !y are sometimes t]m$1 are suppli$ by mo/ ( ! mak]s ( eng9e]+ tools4 ,e factory %\ld be abundantly suppli$ ) !m1 & also ) /eel /raight edges2 & !re %\ld be a ma/] face plate1 & a ma/] /raight edge1 = ! sole purpose ( te/+1 f "t to "t1 ! accuracy ( ^? 9 use4 #gjh4 ,q4--,is ! op]ation ( surfac+1 :i* y h describ$1 necess>y 9 ! case ( all slide valves8 ,a4--,yes2 & 9 fitt+ ! faces ( a ,d valve1 great c>e mu/1 9 addition1 be tak5 t ! valve is n made conical2 = unless ! back be exactly p>allel ) ! face1 x w be impossible to keep ! pack+ f be+ rapidly cut away4 ,:5 ! valve is laid ^u ! face plate1 ! back mu/ be made q fair along ! :ole l5g?1 by draw fil+1 accord+ to ! indications ( a /raight edge2 & ! di/ance f ! face to ! extreme height ( ! back mu/ be made id5tical at ea* extremity4 #gji4 ,q4--,:5 y describ$ ! op]ation ( bor+ ! cyl9d]1 y /at$ t ! cyl9d]1 :5 laid ^u its side1 became oval2 w n ?is *ange ( figure di/ort ! cyl9d] face8 ,a4--,x is n only 9 ! bor+ ( ! cyl9d] t x is necess>y to be c>eful t !re is no *ange ( figure1 = x w be impossible to face ! valves truly 9 ! case ( l>ge cyl9d]s1 unless ! cyl9d] be plac$ on end1 or int]nal props be introduc$ to prev5t ! collapse due to ! cyl9d]'s weight4 ,x may be add$1 t ! *ange ( figure is n in/antane\s1 b becomes great] aft] "s cont9uance ( ! /ra9 ?an x 0 at fir/1 s t 9 gaug+ a cyl9d] to asc]ta9 ! diff]5ce ( diamet] :5 x is plac$ on its side1 x %\ld h la9 "s days ^u its side to ensure ! accuracy ( ! op]ation4 #gaj4 ,q4--,h[ is any flaw 9 ! valve or cyl9d] face rem$i$8 ,a4--,%\ld a hole occur ei!r 9 ! valve1 9 ! cyl9d]1 or any o!r "p :]e ! surface requires to be smoo?1 x may be plugg$ up ) a piece ( ca/ iron1 z ne>ly z possible ( ! same texture4 ,bore out ! faulty "p1 & aft]w>d wid5 ! hole ) an ecc5tric drill1 s t x w be ( ! lea/ diamet] at ! m\?4 ,! hole may g m ?an half ?r\gh ! iron3 fit !n a plug ( ca/ iron r\ghly by fil+1 & hamm] x into ! hole1 :]eby ! plug w become rivet$ 9 x1 & its surface may !n be fil$ smoo?4 ,squ>e pieces may be let 9 aft] ! same fa%ion1 ! hole be+ made dovetail$1 & ! pieces ?us fitt$ w nev] come out4 #gaa4 ,q4--,:5 cyl9d]s are fac$ ) brass1 h[ is ! face atta*$ to ! cyl9d]8 ,a4--,brass faces are put ^u valves or cyl9d]s by means ( small brass screws tapp$ into ! iron1 ) conical necks = ! ret5tion ( ! brass3 !y are screw$ by means ( a squ>e head1 :i*1 :5 ! screw is 9 its place1 is cut (f & fil$ smoo?4 ,9 "s cases ! face is made ( extra ?ickness1 & a rim n s ?ick runs r\nd x1 =m+ a /ep or recess = ! reception ( brass rivets1 ! heads ( :i* are cle> ( ! face4 #gab4 ,q4--,:at is ! be/ mat]ial = valve faces8 ,a4--,mu* tr\ble is exp]i5c$ ) e modification ( valve face2 b ca/ iron work+ ^u ca/ iron is1 p]haps1 ! be/ comb9ation yet introduc$4 ,a usual practice is to p9 brass faces on ! cyl9d]1 all[+ ! valve to reta9 its ca/ iron face4 ,"s mak]s employ brass valves1 & o!rs p9 brass on ! valves1 leav+ ! cyl9d] ) a ca/ iron face4 ,if brass valves are us$1 x is advisable to plane out two grooves across ! face1 & to fill !m up ) h>d ca/ iron to prev5t rutt+4 ,speculum metal & /eel h be5 tri$ = ! cyl9d] faces1 b only ) mod]ate success4 ,9 "s cases ! brass gets into ruts2 b ! mo/ preval5t affection is a degradation ( ! iron1 ow+ to ! action ( ! /eam1 & ! face assum+ a granul> appe>ance1 some?+ l loaf sug>4 ,?is action %[s itself only at p>ticul> spots1 & *iefly ab\t ! angles ( ! port or valve face4 ,at fir/ ! action is sl[2 b :5 once ! /eam has work$ a passage = itself1 ! cutt+ away becomes v rapid1 &1 9 a %ort "t1 x w be impossible to prev5t ! eng9e f heat+ :5 /opp$1 ow+ to ! leakage ( /eam ?r\gh ! valve into ! cond5s]4 ,copp] /eam pipes seem to h "s galvanic action on valve faces1 & malleable iron pipes h sometimes be5 sub/itut$2 b !y are spe$ily worn out by oxidation1 & ! scales ( ru/ :i* are c>ri$ on by ! /eam scrat* ! valves & cyl9d]s1 s t ! use ( copp] pipes is ! lea/ evil4 #gac4 ,q4--,w y expla9 9 :at mann] ! jo9ts ( an eng9e are made8 ,a4--,ru/ jo9ts are n n[ mu* us$ 9 eng9es ( any k9d1 yet x is necess>y t ! eng9e] %\ld be acqua9t$ ) ! mann] ( _! =mation4 ,"o ounce ( sal-ammoniac 9 p[d] is m+l$ ) #ah ounces or a p\nd ( bor+s ( ca/ iron1 & a suffici5cy ( wat] is add$ to wet ! mixture ?or\ghly1 :i* %\ld be done "s h\rs be=e x is want$ = use4 ,"s p]sons add ab\t half an ounce ( fl[]s ( brim/one to ! above proportions1 & a little sludge f ! gr9d/one tr\gh4 ,?is cem5t is caulk$ into ! jo9ts ) a caulk+ iron1 ab\t ?ree qu>t]s ( an in* wide & "o qu>t] ( an in* ?ick1 & aft] ! caulk+ is f9i%$ ! bolts ( ! jo9ts may be tri$ to see if !y _c be fur!r tight5$4 ,! sk9 ( ! iron mu/1 9 all cases1 be brok5 :]e a ru/ jo9t is to be made2 &1 if ! place be greasy1 ! surface mu/ be well rubb$ ov] ) nitric acid1 & !n wa%$ ) wat]1 till no grease rema9s4 ,! oil ab\t eng9es has a t5d5cy to damage ru/ jo9ts by recov]+ ! oxide4 ,copp]smi?s /aun* ! edges ( _! plates & rivets by means ( a cem5t =m$ ( p\nd$ quicklime1 ) s]um ( blood1 or :ite ( egg2 & 9 copp] boil]s su* a sub/ance may be useful 9 /opp+ ! impalpable leaks :i* sometimes occur1 ?\gh ,roman1 cem5t appe>s to be ne>ly z effectual4 #gad4 ,q4--,w y expla9 ! me?od ( case h>d5+ ! p>ts ( eng9es8 ,a4--,! mo/ common plan = case h>d5+ consi/s 9 ! ins]tion ( ! articles to be op]at$ ^u among horn or lea!r cutt+s1 hone du/1 or animal *>coal1 9 an iron box provid$ ) a tight lid1 :i* is !n put into a furnace = a p]iod answ]able to ! dep? ( /eel requir$4 ,9 "s cases ! plan pursu$ by ! gunsmi?s may be employ$ ) conv5i5ce4 ,! article is ins]t$ 9 a %eet iron case amid bone du/1 (t5 n burn$2 ! lid ( ! box is ti$ on ) wire1 & ! jo9t lut$ ) clay2 ! box is heat$ to r$ness z quickly z possible & kept half an h\r at a uni=m heat3 its cont5ts are !n sudd5ly imm]s$ 9 cold wat]4 ,! m unwieldy portions ( an eng9e may be case h>d5$ by prussiate ( pota%--a salt made f animal sub/ances1 compos$ ( two atoms ( c>bon & "o ( nitrog51 & :i* op]ates on ! same pr9ciple z ! *>coal4 ,! iron is heat$ 9 ! fire to a dull r$ heat1 & ! salt is ei!r spr9kl$ ^u x or rubb$ on 9 a lump1 or ! iron is rubb$ 9 ! salt 9 p[d]4 ,! iron is !n return$ to ! fire = a few m9utes1 & f9ally imm]s$ 9 wat]4 ,by "s p]sons ! salt is suppos$ to act unequally1 z if !re 7 greasy spots ^u ! iron :i* ! salt refus$ to t\*1 & ! effect "u any circum/ances is exce$+ly sup]ficial2 nev]!less1 ^u all p>ts n expos$ to we>1 a suffici5t coat+ ( /eel may be obta9$ by ?is process4 #gae4 ,q4--,:at k9d ( iron is mo/ suitable = ! work+ p>ts ( an eng9e8 ,a4--,9 ! malleable iron "w ( eng9es scrap iron has long be5 us$1 & consid]$ pref]able to o!r k9ds2 b if ! p>ts are to be case h>d5$1 z is n[ ! usual practice1 ! use ( scrap iron is to be repreh5d$1 z x is almo/ sure to make ! p>ts twi/ 9 ! case h>d5+ process4 ,9 case h>d5+1 iron absorbs c>bon1 :i* causes x to swell2 & z "s k9ds ( iron h a great] capacity = c>bon ?an o!r k9ds1 9 case h>d5+ !y w swell m1 & any su* unequal enl>gem5t 9 ! con/itu5t portions ( a piece ( iron w cause x to *ange its figure4 ,9 "s cases1 case h>d5+ has caus$ su* a twi/+ ( ! p>ts ( an eng9e1 t !y c\ld n aft]w>d be fitt$ toge!r2 x is pref]able1 !re=e1 to make su* p>ts z are to be case h>d5$ to any consid]able dep? ( ,l[moor1 ,b[l+1 or ,indian iron1 :i* be+ homog5e\s w absorb c>bon equally1 & w n twi/4 #gaf4 ,q4--,:at is ! composition ( ! brass us$ = eng9e be>+s8 ,a4--,! brass be>+s ( an eng9e are compos$ pr9cipally ( copp] & t94 ,a v good brass = /eam eng9e be>+s consi/s ( old copp] #aab lbs41 t9 #ab-a_/b lbs41 z9c #b or #c oz42 & if new tile copp] be us$1 !re %\ld be #ac lbs4 ( t9 in/ead ( #ab-a_/b lbs4 ,a t\gh brass = eng9e "w consi/s ( #a-a_/b lb4 t91 #a-a_/b lb4 z9c1 & #aj lbs4 copp]2 a brass = heavy be>+s1 #b-a_/b oz4 t91 #a_/b oz4 z9c1 & #a lb4 copp]4 ,!re is a great diff]5ce 9 ! l5g? ( "t brasses we>1 z made by diff]5t manufactur]s2 b ! diff]5ce arises z mu* f a diff]5t quantity ( surface1 z f a v>y+ composition ( ! metal4 ,brasses %\ld always be made /rong & ?ick1 z :5 ?9 !y collapse ^u ! be>+ & increase ! friction & ! we>4 #gag4 ,q4--,h[ is ,babbitt's metal = l9+ ! bu%es ( ma*9]y comp\nd$8 ,a4--,babbitt's pat5t l9+ metal = bu%es has be5 l>gely employ$ 9 ! bu%es ( locomotive axles & o!r ma*9]y3 x is compos$ ( #a lb4 ( copp]1 #a lb4 regulus ( antimony1 & #aj lbs4 ( t91 or o!r simil> proportions1 ! pres5ce ( t9 be+ ! only mat]ial condition4 ,! copp] is fir/ melt$1 !n ! antimony is add$1 ) a small proportion ( t9-*>coal be+ /rew$ ov] ! surface ( ! metal 9 ! crucible to prev5t oxidation4 ,! bu% or article to be l9$1 hav+ be5 ca/ ) a recess = ! s(t metal1 is to be fitt$ to an iron m\ld1 =m$ ( ! %ape & size ( ! be>+ or j\rnal1 all[+ a little 9 size = ! %r9kage4 ,drill a hole = ! reception ( ! s(t metal1 say #a_/b to #c_/d in* diamet]1 wa% ! p>ts n to be t9n$ ) a clay wa% to prev5t ! adhesion ( ! t91 wet ! "p to be t9n$ ) alcohol1 & spr9kle f9e sal-ammoniac ^u x2 heat ! article until fumes arise f ! ammonia1 & imm]se x 9 a kettle ( ,banca t91 c>e be+ tak5 to prev5t oxidation4 ,:5 suffici5tly t9n$1 ! bu% %\ld be soak$ 9 wat]1 to take (f any p>ticles ( ammonia t may rema9 ^u x1 z ! ammonia w\ld cause ! metal to bl[4 ,wa% ) pipe clay1 & dry2 !n heat ! bu% to ! melt+ po9t ( t91 wipe x clean1 & p\r 9 ! metal1 giv+ x suffici5t head z x cools2 ! bu% %\ld !n be sc\r$ ) f9e s&1 to take (f any dirt t may rema9 ^u x1 & x is !n fit = use4 ,?is metal we>s = a long] "t ?an ord9>y gun metal1 & its use is att5d$ ) v little friction4 ,if ! be>+ heats1 h[ev]1 f ! /opp+ ( ! oil hole or o!rwise1 ! metal w be melt$ out4 ,a metallic grease1 conta9+ p>ticles ( t9 9 ! /ate ( an impalpable p[d]1 w\ld probably be pref]able to ! l9+ ( metal j describ$4 #gah4 ,q4--,c y /ate ! composition ( any o!r alloys t are us$ 9 eng9e "w8 ,a4--,! ord9>y range ( good yell[ brass t files & turns well1 is ab\t #d-a_/b to #i ounces ( z9c to ! p\nd ( copp]4 ,flanges to /& braz+ may be made ( copp] #a lb41 z9c #a_/b oz41 lead #c_/h oz4 ,braz+ sold]s :5 /at$ 9 ! ord] ( _! h>dness are3-?ree p>ts copp] & "o "p z9c 7v h>d71 eight p>ts brass & "o "p z9c 7h>d71 six p>ts brass1 "o "p t91 & "o "p z9c 7s(t72 a v common sold] = iron1 copp]1 & brass1 consi/s ( ne>ly equal p>ts ( copp] & z9c4 ,muntz's metal consi/s ( =ty p>ts z9c & sixty ( copp]2 any proportions betwe5 ! extremes ( fifty p>ts ( z9c & fifty p>ts copp]1 & ?irty-sev5 z9c & sixty-?ree copp]1 w roll & "w at a r$ heat1 b =ty z9c to sixty copp] are ! proportions pref]r$4 ,bell metal1 su* z is us$ = l>ge bells1 consi/s ( #d-a_/b ounces to #e ounces ( t9 to ! p\nd ( copp]2 speculum metal consi/s ( f #g-a_/b ounces to #h-a_/b ounces ( t9 to ! p\nd ( copp]4 ,,erection ,,( ,,eng9es4 #gai4 ,q4--,w y expla9 ! op]ation ( erect+ a pair ( side lev] eng9es 9 ! work%op8 ,a4--,9 beg9n+ ! erection ( side lev] m>9e eng9es 9 ! work%op1 ! fir/ /ep is to level ! b$ plate l5g?ways & across1 & /rike a l9e up ! c5tre1 z ne> z possible 9 ! middle1 :i* ind5t ) a *isel 9 v>i\s places1 s t x may at any "t be easily f\nd aga94 ,/rike ano!r l9e at "r angles ) ?is1 ei!r at ! cyl9d] or crank c5tre1 by draw+ a p]p5dicul> 9 ! usual mann]4 ,lay ! o!r sole plate alongside at ! "r di/ance1 & /rike a l9e at ! cyl9d] or crank c5tre ( x also1 %ift+ ei!r sole plate a little endways until ^! two transv]se l9es come into ! same l9e1 :i* may be asc]ta9$ by apply+ a /raight edge across ! two sole plates4 ,/rike ! re/ ( ! c5tres across1 & drive a p9 into ea* corn] ( ea* sole plate1 :i* file d[n level1 s z to s]ve = po9ts ( ref]5ce at any future /age2 next1 try ! cyl9d]1 or plumb x on ! inside r\ghly1 & see h[ x is = height1 9 ord] to asc]ta9 :e!r mu* w be requir$ to be *ipp$ (f ! bottom1 or :e!r m requires to be *ipp$ (f ! "o side ?an ! o!r4 ,*ip ! cyl9d] bottom fair2 set x 9 its place1 plumb ! cyl9d] v c>efully ) a /raight edge & silk ?read1 & scribe x s z to br+ ! cyl9d] m\? to ! "r height1 !n *ip ! sole plate to suit t height4 ,! cyl9d] mu/ !n be tri$ on aga91 & ! p>ts fil$ :]ev] !y be> h>d1 until ! :ole surface is well fitt$4 ,next1 *ip ! place = ! fram+2 set up ! fram+1 & scribe ! horizontal "p ( ! jaw ) ! scrib] us$ = ! bottom ( ! cyl9d]1 ! upright "p be+ set to suit ! %aft c5tres1 & ! angul> flange ( cyl9d]1 :]e ! /ay is atta*$1 hav+ be5 previ\sly *ipp$ plumb & level4 ,! /ake w$ges ) :i* ! fram+ is set up prep>atorily to ! op]ation ( scrib+1 mu/ be set s z to support equally ! sup]9cumb5t weight1 else ! fram+ w spr+ f re/+ unequally1 & x w be altoge!r impossible to fit x well4 ,^! directions obvi\sly ref] exclusively to ! old description ( side lev] eng9e ) ca/ iron fram+2 b !re is m art 9 erect+ an eng9e ( t k9d ) accuracy1 ?an 9 erect+ "o ( ! direct action eng9es1 :]e x is *iefly turn$ or bor$ surfaces t h to be dealt )4 #gbj4 ,q4--,h[ d y lay out ! positions ( ! c5tres ( a side lev] eng9e8 ,a4--,9 fix+ ! positions ( ! c5tres 9 side lev] eng9es1 x appe>s to be ! mo/ conv5i5t way to beg9 ) ! ma9 c5tre4 ,! height ( ! c5tre ( ! cross head at half /roke above ! plane ( ! ma9 c5tre is fix$ by ! draw+ ( ! eng9e1 :i* gives ! di/ance f ! c5tre ( cross head at half /roke to ! flange ( ! cyl9d]2 & f !nce x is easy to f9d ! p]p5dicul> di/ance f ! cyl9d] flange to ! plane ( ! ma9 c5tre1 m]ely by putt+ a /raight edge along level1 f ! position ( ! ma9 c5tre to ! cyl9d]1 & measur+ f ! cyl9d] flauge d[n to x1 rais+ or l[]+ ! /raight edge until x re/s at ! prop] measurem5t4 ,! ma9 c5tre is 9 t plane1 & ! =e & aft position is to be f\nd by plumb+ up f ! c5tre l9e on ! sole plate4 ,to f9d ! paddle %aft c5tre1 plumb up f ! c5tre l9e m>k$ on ! edge ( ! sole plate1 & on ?is l9e lay (f f ! plane ( ! ma9 c5tre ! l5g? ( ! connect+ rod1 if t l5g? be already fix$1 or o!rwise ! height fix$ 9 ! draw+ ( ! paddle %aft above ! ma9 c5tre4 ,to fix ! c5tre = ! p>allel motion %aft1 :5 ! p>allel b>s are connect$ ) ! cross head1 lay (f f ! plane ( ma9 c5tre ! l5g? ( ! p>allel b> f ! c5tre ( ! cyl9d]1 d$uct ! l5g? ( ! radius crank1 & plumb up ! c5tral l9e ( motion %aft2 lay (f on ?is l9e1 measur+ f ! plane ( ma9 c5tre1 ! l5g? ( ! side rod2 ?is gives ! c5tre ( p>allel motion %aft :5 ! radius b>s jo9 ! cross head1 z is ! pref]able practice :]e p>allel motions are us$4 ,! l5g? ( ! connect+ rod is ! di/ance f ! c5tre ( ! beam :5 level1 or ! plane ( ! ma9 c5tre1 to ! c5tre ( ! paddle %aft4 ,! l5g? ( ! side rods is ! di/ance f ! c5tre l9e ( ! beam :5 level1 to ! c5tre ( ! cross head :5 ! pi/on is at half /roke4 ,! l5g? ( ! radius rods ( ! p>allel motion is ! di/ance f ! po9t ( atta*m5t on ! cross head or side rod1 :5 ! pi/on is at half /roke1 to ! extremity ( ! radius crank :5 ! crank is horizontal2 or 9 eng9es ) ! p>allel motion atta*$ to ! cross head1 x is ! di/ance f ! c5tre ( ! p9 ( ! radius crank :5 horizontal to ! c5tre ( ! cyl9d]4 ,hav+ fix$ ! c5tre ( ! p>allel motion %aft 9 ! mann] j describ$1 x only rema9s to put ! p>ts toge!r :5 ! motion is atta*$ to ! cross head2 b :5 ! motion is atta*$ to ! side rod1 ! end ( ! p>allel b> mu/ n move 9 a p]p5dicul> l9e1 b 9 an arc1 ! v]s$ s9e ( :i* be>s ! same ratio to t ( ! side lev]1 t ! di/ance f ! top ( ! side rod to ! po9t ( atta*m5t be>s to ! total l5g? ( ! side rod4 #gba4 ,q4--,h[ d y asc]ta9 ! accuracy ( ! p>allel motion8 ,a4--,! p>allel motion :5 put 9 its place %\ld be te/$ by rais+ & l[]+ ! pi/on by means ( ! crane4 ,fir/1 set ! beams level1 & %ift 9 or out ! motion %aft plumm] blocks or be>+s1 until ! pi/on rod is upright4 ,!n move ! pi/on to ! two extremes ( its motion4 ,if at bo? ends ! cross head is ?r[n too mu* out1 ! /ud 9 ! beam to :i* ! motion side rod is atta*$ is too f> out1 & mu/ be %ift$ ne>] to ! ma9 c5tre2 if at ! extremities ! cross head is ?r[n too f> 91 ! /ud 9 ! beam is n out f> en\gh4 ,if ! cross head be ?r[n 9 at ! "o end1 & out equally at ! o!r1 ! fault is 9 ! motion side rod1 :i* mu/ be l5g!n$ or %ort5$ to rem$y ! defect4 #gbb4 ,q4--,w y describe ! me?od pursu$ 9 erect+ oscillat+ eng9es8 ,a4--,! columns "h are ( wr\ght iron1 & 9 ! case ( small eng9es !re is a template made ( wood & %eet iron1 9 :i* ! holes are set 9 ! prop] positions1 by :i* ! upp] & l[] frames are adju/$2 b 9 ! case ( l>ge eng9es1 ! holes are set (f by means ( trammels4 ,! holes = ! reception ( ! columns are ca/ 9 ! frames1 & are recess$ out int]nally3 ! bosses encircl+ ! holes are made q level across1 & made v true ) a face plate1 & ! pill>s :i* h be5 turn$ to a gauge are !n ins]t$4 ,! top frame is next put on1 & mu/ be> ^u ! coll>s ( ! columns s ev5ly1 t "o ( ! columns w n be b\nd by x h>d] ?an ano!r4 ,if ?is po9t be n atta9$1 ! surfaces mu/ be fur!r scrap$1 until a p]fect fit is e/abli%$4 ,! :ole ( ! be>+s 9 ! be/ oscillat+ eng9es are fitt$ by means ( scrap+1 & on no o!r mode ( fitt+ c ! same reliance be plac$ = exactitude4 #gbc4 ,q4--,h[ d y set out ! trunnions ( oscillat+ eng9es1 s t !y %all be at "r angles ) ! int]ior ( ! cyl9d]8 ,a4--,hav+ bor$ ! cyl9d]1 fac$ ! flange1 & bor$ out ! hole ?r\gh :i* ! bor+ b> passes1 put a piece ( wood across ! m\? ( ! cyl9d]1 & jam x 91 & put a simil> piece 9 ! hole ?r\gh ! bottom ( ! cyl9d]4 ,m>k ! c5tre ( ! cyl9d] ^u ea* ( ^! pieces1 & put into ! bore ( ea* trunnion an iron plate1 ) a small ind5tation 9 ! middle to receive ! c5tre ( a la!1 & adju/+ screws to br+ ! c5tre into any requir$ position4 ,! cyl9d] mu/ !n be set 9 a la!1 & hung by ! c5tres ( ! trunnions1 & a /raight edge mu/ be put across ! cyl9d] m\? & levell$1 s z to pass ?r\gh ! l9e 9 :i* ! c5tre ( ! cyl9d] lies4 ,ano!r simil> /raight edge1 & simil>ly levell$1 mu/ be simil>ly plac$ across ! cyl9d] bottom1 s z to pass ?r\gh ! c5tral l9e ( ! cyl9d]2 & ! cyl9d] is !n to be turn$ r\nd 9 ! trunnion c5tres-! /raight edges rema9+ /ation>y1 :i* w at once %[ :e!r ! trunnions are 9 ! same horizontal plane z ! c5tre ( ! cyl9d]1 & if n1 ! screws ( ! plates 9 ! trunnions mu/ be adju/$ until ! c5tral po9t ( ! cyl9d] j comes to ! /raight edge1 :i*ev] end ( ! cyl9d] is pres5t$4 ,to asc]ta9 :e!r ! trunnions /& 9 a transv]se plane1 p>allel to ! cyl9d] flange1 x is only necess>y to measure d[n f ! flange to ea* trunnion c5tre2 & if bo? ^! conditions are satisfi$1 ! position ( ! c5tres may be suppos$ to be "r4 ,! trunnion be>+s are !n turn$1 & are fitt$ into blocks ( wood1 9 :i* !y run :ile ! pack+ space is be+ turn$ out4 ,:]e _m oscillat+ eng9es are made1 a la! ) f\r c5tres is us$1 :i* makes ! use ( /raight edges 9 sett+ out ! trunnions sup]flu\s4 #gbd4 ,q4--,w y expla9 h[ ! slide valve ( a m>9e eng9e is set8 ,a4--,place ! crank 9 ! position correspond+ to ! end ( ! /roke1 :i* c easily be done 9 ! %op ) a level1 or plumb l9e2 b 9 a /eam vessel ano!r me?od becomes necess>y4 ,draw ! transv]se c5tre l9e1 answ]+ to ! c5tre l9e ( ! crank %aft1 on ! sole plate ( ! eng9e1 or on ! cyl9d] m\? if ! eng9e be ( ! direct action k9d2 describe a circle ( ! diamet] ( ! crank p9 ^u ! l>ge eye ( ! crank1 & m>k (f on ei!r side ( ! transv]se c5tre l9e a di/ance equal to ! semi-diamet] ( ! crank p94 ,f ! po9t ?us f\nd1 /ret* a l9e to ! edge ( ! circle describ$ on ! l>ge eye ( ! crank1 & br+ r\nd ! crank %aft till ! crank p9 t\*es ! /ret*$ l9e2 ! crank may ?us be set at ei!r end ( its /roke4 ,:5 ! crank is ?us plac$ at ! end ( ! /roke1 ! valve mu/ be adju/$ s z to h ! am\nt ( lead1 or op5+ on ! /eam side1 :i* x is int5d$ to give at ! beg9n+ ( ! /roke2 ! ecc5tric mu/ !n be turn$ r\nd ^u ! %aft until ! not* 9 ! ecc5tric rod comes opposite ! p9 on ! valve lev]1 & falls into ge>3 m>k ^u ! %aft ! situation ( ! ecc5tric1 & put on ! cat*es 9 ! usual way4 ,! same process mu/ be repeat$ = go+ a/]n1 %ift+ r\nd ! ecc5tric to ! opposite side ( ! %aft1 until ! rod aga9 falls into ge>4 ,9 sett+ valves1 reg>d mu/ ( c\rse be _h to ! k9d ( eng9e1 ! arrangem5ts ( ! lev]s1 & ! k9d ( valve employ$2 & 9 any g5]al in/ructions x is impossible to specify e modification 9 ! proc$ure t circum/ances may r5d] advisable4 #gbe4 ,q4--,is a simil> me?od ( sett+ ! valve adopt$ :5 ! l9k motion is employ$4 ,a4--,ea* end ( ! l9k ( ! l9k motion has ! k9d ( motion communicat$ to x t is due to ! action ( ! p>ticul> ecc5tric ) :i* t end is 9 connection4 ,9 t =m ( ! l9k motion 9 :i* ! l9k itself is mov$ up or d[n1 !re is a diff]5t am\nt ( lead = ea* diff]5t position ( ! l9k1 s9ce to raise or l[] ! l9k is tantam\nt to turn+ ! ecc5tric r\nd on ! %aft4 ,9 t =m ( ! l9k motion 9 :i* ! l9k itself is n rais$ or l[]$1 b is susceptible ( a motion r\nd a c5tre 9 ! mann] ( a d\ble end$ lev]1 ! lead cont9ues uni=m4 ,9 bo? =ms ( ! l9k motion1 z ! /roke ( ! valve may be v>i$ to any requir$ ext5t :ile ! lap is a con/ant quantity1 ! proportion ( ! lap relatively to ! /roke ( ! valve may also be v>i$ to any requir$ ext5t1 & ! am\nt ( ! lap relatively ) ! /roke ( ! valve det]m9es ! am\nt ( ! expansion4 ,9 sett+ ! valve :5 fitt$ ) ! l9k motion1 ! mode ( proc$ure is mu* ! same z :5 x is mov$ by a simple ecc5tric4 ,! fir/ ?+ is to det]m9e if ! ecc5tric rods are ( ! prop] l5g?1 & ?is is done by sett+ ! valve at half /roke & turn+ r\nd ! ecc5tric1 m>k+ ea* extremity ( ! travel ( ! end ( ! rod4 ,! valve atta*m5t %\ld be midway betwe5 ^! extremes2 & if x is n s1 x mu/ be made s by l5g!n+ or %ort5+ ! rod4 ,! =w>d & backw>d ecc5tric rods are to be adju/$ 9 ?is way1 & ?is be+ done1 ! eng9e is to be put to ! end ( ! /roke1 & ! ecc5tric is to be turn$ r\nd until ! am\nt ( lead has be5 giv5 t is desir$4 ,! valve mu/ be tri$ by turn+ ! eng9e r\nd to see t x is "r at bo? c5tres1 = go+ ahead & also = go+ a/]n4 ,9 "s examples ( ! l9k motion1 "o ( ! ecc5tric rods is made a little long] ?an ! o!r1 & ! position ( ! po9t ( susp5sion or po9t ( support p[]fully influ5ces ! action ( ! l9k 9 c]ta9 cases1 especially if ! l9k & ?is po9t are n 9 ! same v]tical l9e4 ,to reconcile all ! conditions prop] to ! satisfactory op]ation ( ! valve 9 ! con/ruction ( ! l9k motion1 is a problem requir+ a good deal ( att5tion & c>e = its satisfactory solution2 & to make sure t ?is result is atta9$1 ! eng9e mu/ be turn$ r\nd a suffici5t numb] ( times to enable u to asc]ta9 if ! valve occupies ! desir$ position1 bo? at ! top & bottom c5tres1 :e!r ! eng9e is go+ ahead or a/]n4 ,?is %\ld also be tri$ ) ! />t+ h&le 9 ! diff]5t not*es1 or1 9 o!r words1 ) ! slid+ block 9 ! slot or op5+ ( ! l9k 9 diff]5t positions4 ,,managem5t ,,( ,,m>9e ,,boil]s4 #gbf4 ,q4--,y h already /at$ t ! =mation ( salt or scale 9 m>9e boil]s is to be prev5t$ by bl[+ out into ! sea at frequ5t int]vals a portion ( ! conc5trat$ wat]4 ,w y n[ expla9 h[ ! prop] quantity ( wat] to be bl[n out is det]m9$8 ,a4--,by means ( ! sal9omet]1 :i* is an in/rum5t = det]m9+ ! d5sity ( ! wat]1 con/ruct$ on ! pr9ciple ( ! hydromet] = tell+ ! /r5g? ( spirits4 ,"s ( ! wat] is drawn (f f ! boil] f "t to "t1 & ! sal9omet] is imm]s$ 9 x aft] x has be5 cool$4 ,by ! graduations ( ! sal9omet] ! saltness ( ?is wat] is at once discov]$2 & if ! saltness exce$s #h ounces ( salt 9 ! gallon1 m wat] %\ld be bl[n out ( ! boil] to be repl5i%$ ) fre%] wat] f ! sea1 until ! prescrib$ limit ( fre%ness is atta9$4 ,%\ld ! sal9omet] be accid5tally brok51 a tempor>y "o may be con/ruct$ ( a phial weight$ ) a few gra9s ( %ot or o!r conv5i5t weight4 ,! weight$ phial is fir/ to be float$ 9 fre% wat]1 & its l9e ( floatation m>k$2 !n to be float$ 9 salt wat]1 & its l9e ( floatation m>k$2 & ano!r m>k ( an equal height above ! salt wat] m>k w be ! bl[ (f po9t4 #gbg4 ,q4--,,h[ (t5 %\ld boil]s be bl[n (f 9 ord] to keep !m free f incru/ation8 ,a4--,flue boil]s g5]ally require to be bl[n (f ab\t twice e wat*1 or ab\t twice 9 ! f\r h\rs2 b tubul> boil]s may require to be bl[n (f once e tw5ty m9utes1 & su* an am\nt ( bl[+ (f %\ld 9 e case be adopt$1 z w effectually prev5t any injuri\s am\nt ( incru/ation4 #gbh4 ,q4--,9 ! ev5t ( scale accumulat+ on ! flues ( a boil]1 :at is ! be/ way ( remov+ x8 ,a4--,if ! boil]s require to be scal$1 ! be/ me?od ( p]=m+ ! op]ation appe>s to be ! foll[+3--,lay a tra9 ( %av+s along ! flues1 op5 ! safety valve to prev5t ! exi/5ce ( any pressure )9 ! boil]1 & light ! tra9 ( %av+s1 :i*1 by exp&+ rapidly ! metal ( ! flues1 :ile ! scale1 f its imp]fect conduct+ p[]1 c only exp& sl[ly1 w crack (f ! scale2 by wa%+ d[n ! flues ) a hose1 ! scale w be c>ri$ to ! bottom ( ! boil]1 or issue1 ) ! wat]1 f ! mud-hole doors4 ,?is me?od ( scal+ mu/ be practis$ only by ! eng9e] himself1 & mu/ n be intru/$ to ! firem5 :o1 9 _! ignorance1 might damage ! boil] by ov]heat+ ! plates4 ,x is only :]e ! incru/ation ^u ! flues is consid]able t ?is me?od ( remov+ x ne$ be practis$2 9 p>tial cases ! scale may be *ipp$ (f by a hat*$ fac$ hamm]1 & ! flues may !n be wa%$ d[n ) ! hose 9 ! mann] be=e describ$4 #gbi4 ,q4--,%\ld ! /eam be let out ( ! boil]1 aft] x has bl[n out ! wat]1 :5 ! eng9e is /opp$8 ,a4--,no2 x is bett] to reta9 ! /eam 9 ! boil]1 z ! heat & moi/ure x occasions s(t5 any scale adh]+ to ! boil]1 & cause x to peel (f4 ,c>e mu/1 h[ev]1 be tak5 n to =m a vacuum 9 ! boil]2 & ! gauge cocks1 if op5$1 w prev5t ?is4 #gcj4 ,q4--,are tubul> boil]s liable to ! =mation ( scale 9 c]ta9 places1 ?\gh g5]ally free f x8 ,a4--,9 tubul> boil]s a good deal ( c>e is requir$ to prev5t ! ends ( ! tubes next ! furnace f becom+ coat$ ) scale4 ,ev5 :5 ! boil] is tol]ably clean 9 o!r places ! scale w collect "h2 & 9 _m cases :]e ! am\nt ( bl[+ (f previ\sly f\nd to suffice = flue boil]s has be5 adopt$1 an incru/ation five eigh?s ( an in* 9 ?ickness has =m$ 9 twelve mon?s r\nd ! furnace ends ( ! tubes1 & ! /ony husks envelop+ !m h actually gr[n toge!r 9 "s p>ts s z totally to exclude ! wat]4 #gca4 ,q4--,:5 a tubul> boil] gets incru/$ 9 ! mann] y h describ$1 :at is ! be/ c\rse to be adopt$ = ! removal ( ! scale8 ,a4--,:5 a boil] gets into ?is /ate ! :ole ( ! tubes mu/ be pull$ out1 :i* may be done by a ,spani% w9dlass comb9$ ) a pair ( blocks2 & ?ree m51 :5 ?us provid$1 w be able to draw out f #ej to #gj tubes p] day1--^? tubes ) ! ?icke/ & firme/ incru/ations be+1 ( c\rse1 ! mo/ difficult to remove4 ,! act ( draw+ out ! tubes removes ! incru/ation2 b ! tubes %\ld aft]w>d be scrap$ by draw+ !m backw>d & =w>d betwe5 ! old files1 fix$ 9 a vice1 9 ! =m ( ! lett] ,v4 ,! ends ( ! tube %\ld !n be heat$ & dress$ ) ! hamm]1 & plung$ :ile at a blood heat into a b$ ( sawdu/ to make !m cool s(t1 s t !y may be rivet$ aga9 ) facility4 ,a few ( ! tubes w be s f> damag$ at ! ends by ! act ( draw+ !m out1 z to be too %ort = re9s]tion3 ?is result might be to a consid]able ext5t obviat$ by sett+ ! tube plates at diff]5t angles1 s t ! sev]al horizontal r[s ( tubes w\ld n be orig9ally ( ! same l5g?1 & ! damag$ tubes ( ! long r[s w\ld s]ve to replace ! %ort ones2 b ! practice w\ld be att5d$ ) o!r inconv5i5ces4 #gcb4 ,q4--,is !re no o!r means ( keep+ boil]s free f scale ?an by bl[+ (f8 ,a4--,muriatic acid1 or muriate ( ammonia1 commonly call$ sal-ammoniac1 introduc$ into a boil]1 prev5ts scale to a great ext5t2 b x is liable to corrode ! boil] int]nally1 & also to damage ! eng9e1 by be+ c>ri$ ov] ) ! /eam2 & ! use ( su* int]mixtures does n appe> to be necess>y1 if bl[+ (f f ! surface ( ! wat] is l>gely practis$4 ,9 old boil]s1 h[ev]1 already incru/$ ) scale1 ! use ( muriate ( ammonia may sometimes be advantage\s4 #gcc4 ,q4--,are n ! tubes ( tubul> boil]s liable to be *ok$ up by deposits ( soot8 ,a4--,! soot :i* collects 9 ! inside ( ! tubes ( tubul> boil]s is remov$ by means ( a bru%1 l a l>ge bottle bru%2 & ! c>bonace\s scale1 :i* rema9s adh]+ to ! int]ior ( ! tubes1 is remov$ by a circul> scrap]4 ,f]ules 9 ! tubes int]f]e ) ! action ( ?is scrap]1 & 9 ! case ( iron tubes f]ules are n[ g5]ally disc>d$2 b x w sometimes be necess>y to use f]ules = iron tubes1 :]e ! tubes h be5 drawn & re9s]t$1 z x may be difficult to refix ! tubes )\t su* an auxili>y4 ,tubes "o t5? ( an in* 9 ?ickness are too ?93 "o eigh? ( an in* is a bett] ?ickness1 & su* tubes w bett] disp5se ) ! use ( f]ules1 & w n s soon we> into holes4 #gcd4 ,q4--,if ! furnace or flue ( a boil] be injur$1 h[ d y proce$ to repair x8 ,a4--,if f any imp]fection 9 ! ro( ( a furnace or flue a pat* requires to be put ^u x1 x w be bett] to let ! pat* be appli$ ^u ! upp]1 r ?an ^u ! l[]1 surface ( ! plate2 z if appli$ )9 ! furnace a recess w be =m$ = ! lodgm5t ( deposit1 :i* w prev5t ! rapid transmission ( ! heat 9 t "p2 & ! iron w be v liable to be aga9 burn$ away4 ,a crack 9 a plate may be clos$ by bor+ holes 9 ! direction ( ! crack1 & ins]t+ rivets ) l>ge heads1 s z to cov] up ! imp]fection4 ,if ! top ( ! furnace be b5t d[n1 f ! boil] hav+ be5 accid5tally all[$ to get %ort ( wat]1 x may be set up aga9 by a screw jack1--a fire ( wood hav+ be5 previ\sly made b5ea? ! injur$ plate2 b x w 9 g5]al be ne>ly z exp$iti\s a c\rse to remove ! plate & introduce a new "o1 & ! result w be m satisfactory4 #gce4 ,q4--,9 ! case ( ! *imney be+ c>ri$ away by %ot or o!rwise1 :at c\rse w\ld y pursue8 ,a4--,9 "s cases ( collision1 ! funnel is c>ri$ away & lo/ ov]bo>d1 & su* cases are among ! mo/ difficult = :i* a rem$y c be s\ght4 ,if flame come out ( ! *imney :5 ! funnel is knock$ away1 s z to incur ! risk ( sett+ ! %ip on fire1 ! uptake ( ! boil] mu/ be cov]$ ov] ) an iron plate1 or be suffici5tly cov]$ to prev5t su* injury4 ,a tempor>y *imney mu/ !n be made ( su* mat]ials z are on bo>d ! %ip4 ,if !re are bricks & clay or lime on bo>d1 a squ>e *imney may be built ) !m1 or1 if !re be %eet iron plates on bo>d1 a squ>e *imney may be con/ruct$ ( !m4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( su* mat]ials1 ! awn+ /an*ions may be set up r\nd ! *imney1 & *a9 rove 9 ?r\gh among !m 9 ! mann] ( wick] "w1 s z to make an iron wick] *imney1 :i* may !n be pla/]$ outside ) wet a%es mix$ ) clay1 fl\r1 or any o!r mat]ial t w give ! a%es cohesion4 ,w> /eam]s %\ld c>ry %ort sp>e funnels1 :i* may easily be set up %\ld ! orig9al funnel be %ot away2 & if a jet ( /eam be let into ! *imney1 a v %ort & small funnel w suffice = ! purpose ( draught4 ,,managem5t ,,( ,,m>9e ,,eng9es4 #gcf4 ,q4--,:at are ! mo/ important ( ! po9ts :i* sugge/ !mselves to y 9 connection ) ! managem5t ( m>9e eng9es8 ,a4--,! att5dants ^u eng9es %\ld prep>e !mselves = any casualty t may arise1 by consid]+ possible cases ( d]angem5t1 & decid+ ,9 :at way !y w\ld act %\ld c]ta9 accid5ts occur4 ,! c\rse to be pursu$ mu/ h ref]5ce to p>ticul> eng9es1 & no g5]al rules c !re=e be giv52 b e m>9e eng9e] %\ld be prep>$ ) ! measures to be pursu$ 9 ! em]g5cies 9 :i* he may be call$ ^u to act1 & :]e ev]y?+ may dep5d ^u 8 en]gy & decision4 #gcg4 ,q4--,:at is ! fir/ po9t ( a m>9e eng9e]'s duty8 ,a4--,! safe cu/ody ( ! boil]4 ,he mu/ see t ! fe$ is ma9ta9$1 be+ nei!r too high nor too l[1 & t bl[+ out ! sup]salt$ wat] is practis$ suffici5tly4 ,! saltness ( ! wat] at e half h\r %\ld be ent]$ 9 ! log book1 toge!r ) ! pressure ( /eam1 numb] ( revolutions ( ! eng9e1 & any o!r p>ticul>s :i* h to be record$4 ,! economical use ( ! fuel is ano!r matt] :i* %\ld receive p>ticul> att5tion4 ,if ! coal is v small1 x %\ld be wett$ be=e be+ put on ! fire4 ,next to ! safety ( ! boil]1 ! be>+s ( ! eng9e are ! mo/ important consid]ation4 ,^! po9ts1 inde$1 con/itute ! ma9 p>ts ( ! duty ( an eng9e]1 suppos+ no accid5t to ! ma*9]y to h tak5 place4 #gch4 ,q4--,if ! ecc5tric cat*es or hoops 7 disabl$1 h[ w\ld y "w ! valve8 ,a4--,if ! ecc5tric cat*es or hoops break or come (f1 & ! damage _c readily be repair$1 ! valve may be work$ by atta*+ ! end ( ! />t+ h&le to any conv5i5t "p ( ! o!r eng9e1 or to "s "p 9 connection ) ! connect+ rod ( ! same eng9e4 ,9 side lev] eng9es1 ) ! />t+ b> hang+ f ! top ( ! diagonal /ay1 z is a v common arrangem5t1 ! valve might be wr\ght by lead+ a rope f ! side lev] ( ! o!r eng9e ?r\gh blocks s z to give a horizontal pull to ! hang+ />t+ b>1 & ! b> c\ld be br\ght back by a weight4 ,ano!r plan w\ld be1 to la% a piece ( wood to ! cross tail butt ( ! damag$ eng9e1 s z to obta9 a suffici5t ?r[ = work+ ! valve1 & !n to lead a piece ( wood or iron1 f a suitable po9t 9 ! piece ( wood atta*$ to ! cross tail1 to ! />t+ h&le1 :]eby ! valve w\ld receive its prop] motion4 ,9 oscillat+ eng9es x is easy to give ! requir$ motion to ! valve1 by d]iv+ x f ! oscillation ( ! cyl9d]4 #gci4 ,q4--,:at w\ld y d if a crank p9 broke8 ,a4--,if ! crank p9 breaks 9 a paddle vessel ) two eng9es1 ! o!r eng9e mu/ be made to "w "o :eel4 ,9 a screw vessel ! same c\rse may be pursu$1 provid$ ! brok5 crank is n ! "o ?r\gh :i* ! =ce ( ! o!r eng9e is communicat$ to ! screw4 ,9 su* a case ! vessel w be z mu* disabl$ z if %e broke ! screw %aft or screw4 #gdj4 ,q4--,w ! unbrok5 eng9e1 9 ! case ( dis>rangem5t ( "o ( ! two eng9es ( a screw or paddle vessel1 be able ( itself to turn ! c5tre8 ,a4--,x w sometimes happ51 :5 !re is mu* lead ^u ! slide valve1 t ! s+le eng9e1 on be+ />t$1 _c be got to turn ! c5tre if !re be a /rong oppos+ w9d & sea2 ! pi/on go+ up to ne> ! end ( ! /roke1 & !n com+ d[n aga9 )\t ! crank be+ able to turn ! c5tre4 ,9 su* cases1 x w be necess>y to turn ! vessel's head suffici5tly f ! w9d to enable "s sail to be set2 & if once !re is weigh got ^u ! vessel ! eng9e w beg9 to "w prop]ly1 & w cont9ue to d s ?\gh ! vessel be put head to w9d z be=e4 #gda4 ,q4--,:at %\ld be done if a crack %[s itself 9 any ( ! %afts or cranks8 ,a4--,if ! %afts or cranks crack1 ! eng9e may nev]!less be work$ ) mod]ate pressure to br+ ! vessel into port2 b if ! crack be v bad1 x w be exp$i5t to fit /rong blocks ( wood "u ! ends ( ! side lev]s1 or o!r suitable "p1 to prev5t ! cyl9d] bottom or cov] f be+ knock$ out1 %\ld ! damag$ "p give way4 ,! same rem>k is applicable :5 flaws are discov]$ 9 any ( ! ma9 p>ts ( ! eng9e1 :e!r !y be malleable or ca/ iron2 b !y mu/ be c>efully wat*$1 s t ! eng9es may be /opp$ if ! crack is ext5d+ fur!r4 ,%\ld fracture occur1 ! fir/ ?+ obvi\sly to be done is to ?r[ ! eng9es out ( ge>2 & %\ld !re be mu* weigh on ! vessel1 ! /eam %\ld at once be ?r[n on ! rev]se side ( ! pi/on1 s z to c\nt]act ! pressure ( ! paddle :eel4 #gdb4 ,q4--,h y any in=mation to (f] relative to ! lubrication ( eng9e be>+s8 ,a4--,a v useful species ( oil cup is n[ employ$ 9 a numb] ( /eam vessels1 & :i*1 x is said1 accompli%es a consid]able sav+ ( oil1 at ! same "t t x m effectually lubricates ! be>+s4 ,a rat*et :eel is fix$ ^u a little %aft :i* passes ?r\gh ! side ( ! oil cup1 & is put into sl[ revolution by a p5dulum atta*$ to its outside & 9 revolv+ x lifts up little buckets ( oil & empties !m d[n a funnel ^u ! c5tre ( ! be>+4 ,in/ead ( buckets a few %ort pieces ( wire are sometimes hung on ! int]nal revolv+ :eel1 ! drops ( oil :i* adh]e on ris+ f ! liquid be+ deposit$4 ^u a high "p set ^u ! funnel1 & :i*1 9 _! revolution1 ! hang+ wires t\*4 ,by ?is plan1 h[ev]1 ! oil is n well suppli$ at sl[ spe$s1 z ! drops fall be=e ! wires are 9 prop] position = fe$+ ! j\rnal4 ,ano!r lubricator consi/s ( a cock or plug ins]t$ 9 ! neck ( ! oil cup1 & set 9 revolution by a p5dulum & rat*et :eel1 or any o!r means4 ,!re is a small cavity 9 "o side ( ! plug1 :i* is fill$ ) oil :5 t side is upp]mo/1 & deliv]s ! oil ?r\gh ! bottom pipe :5 x comes opposite to x4 #gdc4 ,q4--,:at are ! prevail+ causes ( ! heat+ ( be>+s8 ,a4--,bad fitt+1 defici5t surface1 & too tight screw+ d[n4 ,sometimes ! oil hole w *oke1 or ! syphon wick = conduct+ ! oil f ! oil cup into ! c5tral pipe lead+ to ! be>+ w become clogg$ ) mucilage f ! oil4 ,9 "s cases be>+s heat f ! exi/5ce ( a cruci=m groove on ! top brass = ! di/ribution ( ! oil1 ! effect ( :i* is to leave ! top ( ! be>+s dry4 ,9 ! case ( revolv+ j\rnals ! plan = cutt+ a cruci=m *annel = ! di/ribution ( ! oil does n d mu* damage2 b 9 o!r cases1 z 9 beam j\rnals1 = in/ance1 x is mo/ injuri\s1 & ! brasses _c we> well :]ev] ! plan is pursu$4 ,! "r way is to make a horizontal groove along ! brass :]e x meets ! upp] surface ( ! be>+1 s t ! oil may be all deposit$ on ! highe/ po9t ( ! j\rnal1 leav+ ! =ce ( gravity to s5d x d[nw>d4 ,?is *annel %\ld1 ( c\rse1 /op %ort a small di/ance f ea* flange ( ! brass1 o!rwise ! oil w\ld run out at ! ends4 #gdd4 ,q4--,if a be>+ heats1 :at is to be done8 ,a4--,! fir/ ?+ is to relax ! screws1 sl[ or /op ! eng9e1 & cool ! be>+ ) wat]1 & if x is v hot1 !n hot wat] may be fir/ employ$ to cool x1 & !n cold4 ,oil ) sulphur int]m+l$ is !n to be adm9i/]$1 & z ! p>ts cool d[n1 ! screws may be aga9 cauti\sly tight5$1 s z to take any jump (f ! eng9e f ! be>+ be+ too slack4 ,! be>+s ( direct act+ screw eng9es require con/ant wat*+1 z1 if !re be any disposition to heat manife/$ by !m1 !y w probably heat ) great rapidity f ! high velocity at :i* ! eng9es "w4 ,e be>+ ( a direct act+ screw eng9e %\ld h a cock ( wat] laid on to x1 :i* may be imm$iately op5$ wide %\ld heat+ occur2 & x is advisable to "w ! eng9e con/antly1 p>tly ) wat]1 & p>tly ) oil appli$ to ! be>+s4 ,! wat] & oil are mix$ by ! friction into a species ( soap :i* bo? cools & lubricates1 & less oil moreov] is us$ ?an if wat] 7 n employ$4 ,x is prop] to turn (f ! wat] "s "t be=e ! eng9e is /opp$1 s z to prev5t ! ru/+ ( ! be>+s4 ,,managem5t ,,( ,,locomotives4 #gde4 ,q4--,:at are ! *ief duties ( ! eng9e driv] ( a locomotive8 ,a4--,8 fir/ duties are ^? :i* conc]n ! safety ( ! tra92 8 next ^? :i* conc]n ! safety & "r managem5t ( ! eng9e & boil]4 ,! eng9e driv]'s fir/ solicitude %\ld be relative to ! obs]vation & "r int]pretation ( ! signals2 & x is only aft] ^! dem&s ^u 8 att5tion h be5 satisfi$1 t he c look to ! /ate ( 8 eng9e4 #gdf4 ,q4--,z reg>ds ! eng9e & boil]1 :at %\ld 8 ma9 duties be8 ,a4--,! eng9e] ( a locomotive %\ld con/antly be ^u ! foot bo>d ( ! eng9e1 s t ! regulator1 ! :i/le or ! rev]s+ h&le may be us$ in/antly1 if necess>y2 he mu/ see t ! level ( ! wat] 9 ! boil] is duly ma9ta9$1 & t ! /eam is kept at a uni=m pressure4 ,9 fe$+ ! boil]s ) wat]1 & ! furnaces ) fuel1 a good deal ( c>e & "s tact are necess>y1 z irregul>ity 9 ! production ( /eam w (t5 occasion prim+1 ev5 ?\gh ! wat] be ma9ta9$ at a uni=m level2 & an excess ( wat] w ( itself occasion prim+1 :ile a defici5cy is a s\rce ( obvi\s dang]4 ,! eng9e is g5]ally furni%$ ) ?ree gauge cocks1 & wat] %\ld always come out ( ! second gauge cock1 & /eam out ( ! top "o :5 ! eng9e is runn+3 b :5 ! eng9e is at re/1 ! wat] 9 ! boil] is l[] ?an :5 9 motion1 s t :5 ! eng9e is at re/1 ! wat] w be high en\gh if x j rea*es to ! middle gauge cock4 ,9 all boil]s :i* g5]ate /eam rapidly1 ! volume ( ! wat] is increas$ by ! m+l$ /eam1 & 9 fe$+ ) cold wat] ! level at fir/ falls2 b x rises on op5+ ! safety valve1 :i* causes ! /eam 9 ! wat] to swell to a l>g] volume4 ,9 locomotive boil]s1 ! rise ( ! wat] level due to ! rapid g5]ation ( /eam is t]m$ false wat]4 ,to economize fuel1 ! v>iable expansion ge>1 if ! eng9e has "o1 %\ld be adju/$ to ! load1 & ! bla/ pipe %\ld be work$ ) ! lea/ possible contraction2 & at /ations ! damp] %\ld be clos$ to prev5t ! dissipation ( heat4 #gdg4 ,q4--,9 />t+ f a /ation1 :at precautions %\ld be obs]v$ ) respect to ! fe$8 ,a4--,9 />t+ f a /ation1 & also 9 asc5d+ incl9$ planes1 ! fe$ wat] is g5]ally %ut (f2 & !re=e be=e /opp+ or asc5d+ incl9$ planes1 ! boil] %\ld be well fill$ up ) wat]4 ,9 desc5d+ incl9$ planes an extra supply ( wat] may be introduc$ into ! boil]1 & ! fire may be f$1 z !re1 is at su* times a sup]fluity ( /eam4 ,9 desc5d+ incl9$ planes ! regulator mu/ be p>tially clos$1 & x %\ld be entirely clos$ if ! plane be v /eep4 ,! same precaution %\ld be obs]v$ 9 ! case ( curves1 or r\gh places on ! l9e1 & 9 pass+ ov] po9ts or cross+s4 #gdh4 ,q4--,9 approa*+ a /ation1 h[ %\ld ! supply ( wat] & fuel be regulat$8 ,a4--,! boil] %\ld be well fill$ ) wat] on approa*+ a /ation1 z !re is !n /eam to sp>e1 & additional wat] _c be conv5i5tly suppli$ :5 ! eng9e is /ation>y4 ,! furnace %\ld be f$ ) small quantities ( fuel at a "t1 & ! fe$ %\ld be turn$ (f j be=e a fre% supply ( fuel is introduc$4 ,! regulator may1 at ! same "t1 be p>tially clos$2 & if ! bla/ pipe be a v>iable "o1 x w be exp$i5t to op5 x widely :ile ! fuel is be+ introduc$1 to *eck ! ru% ( air 9 ?r\gh ! furnace door1 & !n to contract x v mu* s soon z ! furnace door is clos$1 9 ord] to recov] ! fire quickly4 ,! prop] ?ickness ( coke ^u ! grate dep5ds ^u ! int5sity ( ! draught2 b 9 heavily load$ eng9es x is usually kept up to ! bottom ( ! fire door4 ,c>e1 h[ev]1 mu/ be tak5 t ! coke does n rea* up to ! bottom r[ ( tubes s z to *oke !m up4 ,! fuel is usually dispos$ on ! grate l a vault2 & if ! fire box be a squ>e "o1 x is heap$ high 9 ! corn]s1 ! bett] to ma9ta9 ! combu/ion4 #gdi4 ,q4--,h[ c y tell :e!r ! fe$ pumps are op]at+ prop]ly8 ,a4--,to asc]ta9 :e!r ! pumps are act+ well1 ! pet cock mu/ be turn$1 & if any ( ! valves /ick !y w sometimes be induc$ to act aga9 by work+ ) ! pet cock op51 or alt]nately op5 & %ut4 ,%\ld ! defect arise f a leakage ( /eam into ! pump1 :i* prev5ts ! pump f draw+1 ! pet cock rem$ies ! evil by p]mitt+ ! /eam to escape4 #gej4 ,q4--,:at precautions %\ld be tak5 aga9/ prim+ 9 locomotives8 ,a4--,%\ld prim+ occur f ! wat] 9 ! boil] be+ dirty1 a portion ( x may be bl[n out2 & %\ld !re be mu* boil+ d[n ?r\gh ! glass gauge tube1 ! /op cock may be p>tially clos$4 ,! wat] %\ld be :olly bl[n out ( locomotive boil]s ?ree times a week1 & at ^? times two mud-hole doors at opposite corn]s ( ! boil] %\ld be op5$1 & ! boil] be wa%$ int]nally by means ( a hose4 ,if ! boil] be habitually f$ ) dirty wat]1 ! prim+ w be a con/ant s\rce ( tr\ble4 #gea4 ,q4--,:at measures %\ld ! locomotive eng9e] take1 to *eck ! velocity ( ! tra91 on approa*+ a /ation :]e he has to /op8 ,a4--,on approa*+ a /ation ! regulator %\ld be gradually clos$1 & x %\ld be completely %ut ab\t half a mile f ! /ation if ! tra9 be a v heavy "o3 ! tra9 may !n be br\ght to re/ by means ( ! breaks4 ,too mu* reliance1 h[ev]1 mu/ n be put ^u ! breaks1 z !y sometimes give way1 & 9 fro/y wea!r are ne>ly inop]ative4 ,9 cases ( urg5cy ! /eam may be ?r[n ^u ! rev]se side ( ! pi/on1 b x is desirable to obviate ?is necessity z f> z possible4 ,at t]m9al /ations ! /eam %\ld be %ut (f e>li] ?an at roadside /ations1 z a collision w take place at t]m9al /ations if ! tra9 ov]%oots ! place :]e x ought to /op4 ,!re %\ld always be a good supply ( wat] :5 ! eng9e /ops1 b ! fire may be suff]$ gradually to burn l[ t[>d ! conclusion ( ! j\rney4 #geb4 ,q4--,:at is ! duty ( an eng9e man on arriv+ at ! end ( 8 j\rney8 ,a4--,s soon z ! eng9e /ops x %\ld be wip$ d[n1 & be !n c>efully exam9$3 ! brasses %\ld be tri$1 to see :e!r !y are slack or h be5 heat+2 &1 by ! application ( a gauge1 x %\ld be asc]ta9$ occasionally :e!r ! :eels are squ>e on _! axles1 & :e!r ! axles h end play1 :i* %\ld be prev5t$4 ,! /uff+ boxes mu/ be tight5$1 & ! valve ge> exam9$1 & ! ecc5trics be occasionally look$ at to see t !y h n %ift$ on _! axles1 ?\gh ?is defect w be g5]ally intimat$ by ! irregul> beat+ ( ! eng9es4 ,! tubes %\ld also be exam9$ & clean$ out1 & ! a%es empti$ out ( ! smoke box ?r\gh ! small a% door at ! end4 ,if ! eng9e be a six-:eel$ "o1 ) ! driv+ :eels 9 ! middle1 x w be liable to pit*1 & oscillate if too mu* weight be ?r[n ^u ! driv+ :eels2 & :]e su* faults are f\nd to exi/1 ! weight ^u ! driv+s :eels %\ld be dim9i%$4 ,! practice ( bl[+ (f ! boil] by ! /eam1 z is always done 9 m>9e boil]s1 %\ld n be p]mitt$ z a g5]al rule 9 locomotive boil]s1 :5 ! tubes are ( brass & ! fire box ( copp]2 b :5 ! tubes & fire boxes are ( iron1 !re w n be an equal risk ( injury4 ,be=e />t+ on a j\rney1 ! eng9e man %\ld take a summ>y glance b5ea? ! eng9e--b be=e do+ s he ought to assure himself t no o!r eng9e is com+ up at ! "t4 ,! regulator1 :5 ! eng9e is /&+1 %\ld be clos$ & lock$1 & ! ecc5tric rod be fix$ out ( ge>1 & ! t5d] break screw$ d[n2 ! cocks ( ! oil vessels %\ld at ! same "t be %ut1 b %\ld all be op5$ a %ort "t be=e ! tra9 />ts4 #gec4 ,q4--,:at %\ld be done if a tube bur/s 9 ! boil]8 ,a4--,:5 a tube bur/s1 a wood5 or iron plug mu/ be driv5 into ea* end ( x1 & if ! wat] or /eam be ru%+ out s fi]cely t ! exact position ( ! imp]fection _c be discov]$1 x w be advisable to dim9i% ! pressure by increas+ ! supply ( fe$ wat]4 ,%\ld ! leak be s great t ! level ( ! wat] 9 ! boil] _c be ma9ta9$1 x w be exp$i5t to drop ! b>s & qu5* ! fire1 s z to pres]ve ! tubes & fire box f injury4 #ged4 ,q4--,if any ( ! work+ p>ts ( a locomotive break or become d]ang$1 :at %\ld be done8 ,a4--,%\ld ! pi/on rod or connect+ rod break1 or ! cutt]s fall out or be clipp$ (f--z sometimes happ5s to ! pi/on cutt] :5 ! eng9e is sudd5ly rev]s$ ^u a heavy tra9--! p>ts %\ld be disconnect$1 if ! connection _c be re/or$1 s z to enable "o eng9e to "w2 & ( c\rse ! valve ( ! faulty eng9e mu/ be kept clos$4 ,if "o eng9e has n p[] en\gh to enable ! tra9 to proce$ ) ! bla/ pipe full op51 ! eng9e may p]haps be able to take on a "p ( ! c>riages1 or x may run on by itself to fet* assi/ance4 ,! same c\rse mu/ be pursu$ if any ( ! valve ge>+ becomes d]ang$1 & ! defects _c be rectifi$ ^u ! spot4 #gee4 ,q4--,:at are ! mo/ usual causes ( railway collisions8 ,a4--,probably fogs & inexactness 9 ! "t kept by ! tra9s4 ,collisions h sometimes occurr$ f c>riages hav+ be5 bl[n f a sid+ on to ! rails by a high w9d2 & ! slipp]y /ate ( ! rails1 or ! fracture ( a break1 has sometimes occasion$ collisions at t]m9al /ations4 ,collision has also repeat$ly tak5 place f "o eng9e hav+ ov]tak5 ano!r1 f ! failure ( a tube 9 ! fir/ eng9e1 or f "s o!r slight dis>rangem5t2 & collision has also tak5 place f ! swit*es hav+ be5 accid5tally s left z to direct ! tra9 into a sid+1 in/ead ( cont9u+ x on ! ma9 l9e4 ,e tra9 n[ c>ries fog signals1 :i* are detonat+ packets1 :i* are fix$ ^u ! rails 9 advance or 9 ! re> ( a tra9 :i*1 :e!r f gett+ (f ! rails or o!rwise1 is /opp$ ^u ! l9e1 & :i* are explod$ by ! :eels ( any approa*+ tra94 #gef4 ,q4--,:at o!r duties ( an eng9e-driv] are !re des]v+ att5tion8 ,a4--,!y are too v>i\s to be all enum]at$ "h1 & !y also v>y some:at ) ! nature ( ! s]vice4 ,"o rule1 h[ev]1 ( univ]sal application1 is = ! driv] to look aft] matt]s himself1 & n delegate to ! /ok] ! duties :i* ! p]son 9 *>ge ( ! eng9e %\ld prop]ly p]=m4 ,be=e leav+ a /ation1 ! eng9e-driv] %\ld assure himself t he has ! requisite supply ( coke & wat]4 ,besides ! fir+ tools & rakes = cle>+ ! tubes1 he %\ld h ) him 9 ! t5d] a set ( signal lamps &1 tor*es1 = tunnels & = night1 detonat+ signals1 screw keys1 a small tank ( oil1 a small cask ( tall[1 & a small box ( wa/e1 a coal hamm]1 a *ipp+ hamm]1 "s wood5 & iron plugs = ! tubes1 & an iron tube hold] = ins]t+ !m1 "o or two buckets1 a screw jack1 wood5 & iron w$ges1 split wire = p9s1 sp>e cutt]s1 "s *isels & files1 a p9* b>1 oil cans & an oil syr+e1 a *a91 "s sp>e bolts1 & "s cord1 spun y>n1 & rope4 ,,index4 ,accid5ts 9 /eam vessels1 prop] prep>ation =4 ,admiralty rule = horse p[]4 ,adhesion ( :eels ( locomotives to rails4 ,air1 velocity (1 ent]+ a vacuum1 requir$ = combu/ion ( coal2 law ( expansion (1 by heat2 ,air pump1 description (1 action (2 prop] dim5sions (4 ,air pump ( m>9e eng9es1 details (4 ,air pump ( oscillat+ eng9e4 ,air pump ( direct act+ screw eng9es4 ,air pumps made bo? s+le & d\ble act+1 diff]5ce (1 expla9$4 ,air pumps1 d\ble act+ valves (1 bad vacuum 92 causes & rem$y4 ,air pump rods1 brass or copp]1 9 m>9e eng9es4 ,air pump bucket1 valves (4 ,air pump1 connect+ rod & cross head ( oscillat+ eng9e4 ,air pump rod ( oscillat+ eng9e4 ,air pump arm4 ,air vessels appli$ to suction side ( pumps4 ,alma1 eng9e (1 by ,messrs4 ,john ,b\rne ,co4 ,amphion1 eng9es (4 ,amoskeag /eam fire eng9e4 ,angle iron 9 boil]s1 precautions respect+4 ,app>atus = rais+ screw propell]4 ,atmosph]ic valve4 ,atmosph]ic resi/ance to railway tra9s4 ,auxili>y p[]1 screw vessels )4 ,axle be>+s ( locomotives4 ,axle gu>ds4 ,axles & :eels ( mod]n locomotives4 ,az(1 slide valve (4 ,babbitt's metal1 h[ to comp\nd4 ,balance pi/on to take pressure (f slide valve4 ,ball valves4 ,b>rel ( boil] ( mod]n locomotives4 ,beam1 work+ ( l& eng9e1 ma9 or work+ /r5g? prop] =4 ,be>+s ( eng9es or o!r ma*9]y1 rule = det]m9+ prop] surface (4 ,be>+s1 heat+ (1 h[ to prev5t or rem$y1 j\rnals %\ld always bottom1 z1 if !y grip on ! sides1 ! pressure is inf9ite4 ,beattie's screw4 ,belidor's valves might be us$ = foot & deliv]y valves4 ,bell-metal1 composition (4 ,bla/ pipe ( locomotives1 description (4 ,bla/ 9 locomotives1 exhau/ion produc$ by1 prop] con/ruction ( ! bla/ pipe2 ! bla/ pipe %\ld be set bel[ ! root ( ! *imney s mu* t ! cone ( escap+ /eam %all j fill ! *imney4 ,bla/ pipe ) v>iable orifice1 at "o "t mu* us$4 ,bl[-(f cock ( locomotives4 ,bl[-(f cocks ( m>9e boil]s1 prop] con/ruction (4 ,bl[-(f cocks1 description (4 ,bl[+ (f sup]salt$ wat] f m>9e boil]s4 ,bl[+ (f1 e/imate ( heat lo/ by1 mode (4 ,bl[ ?r\gh valve1 description (4 ,bl[+ furnaces1 p[] necess>y =4 ,bodies1 fall+1 laws (4 ,bodm]1 expansion valve by4 ,boil]s1 g5]al description (3 ! wagon boil]1 ! ,corni% boil]2 ! m>9e flue boil]2 ! m>9e tubul> boil]2 locomotive boil]--see ,locomotives4 ,boil]s proportions (3 heat+ surface (1 fire grate1 surface (2 consumption ( fuel on ea* squ>e foot ( fire b>s 9 wagon1 ,corni%1 & locomotive boil]s2 calorimmet] & v5t ( boil]s2 comp>ison ( proportions ( wagon1 flue1 & tubul> boil]s2 evaporative p[] ( boil]s2 p[] g5]at$ by evaporation ( a cubic foot ( wat]2 prop] proportions ( mod]n m>9e boil]s bo? flue & tubul>2 mod]n locomotive boil]s2 exhau/ion produc$ by bla/ 9 locomotives2 increas$ evaporation f increas$ exhau/ion2 /r5g? ( boil]s2 exp]im5ts on1 by ,frankl9 ,in/itute2 by ,mr4 ,fairbairn2 mode ( comput+ /r5g? ( boil]s2 /ay+ (4 ,boil]s1 m>9e1 prev5t$ f salt+ by bl[+ (f1 e>ly locomotive & contemporane\s m>9e boil]s comp>$2 *imneys ( l&2 rules = proportions ( *imneys2 *imneys ( m>9e boil]s4 ,boil]s1 con/ructive details (3 rivet+ & caulk+ ( l& boil]s1 prov+ (2 seams pay$ ) mixture ( :it+ & l9se$ oil2 sett+ ( wagon boil]s2 rivet+ ( m>9e boil]s2 precautions respect+ angle iron2 h[ to pun* ! rivet holes & %e> edges ( plates2 sett+ ( m>9e boil]s 9 wood5 vessels2 ma/ic cem5t = sett+ m>9e boil]s2 composition ( ma/ic cem5t2 be/ l5g? ( furnace2 configuration ( furnace b>s2 advantages & con/ruction ( furnace bridges2 v>i\s =ms ( damp]s2 precautions aga9/ injury to boil]s f int5se heat2 tub+ ( boil]s2 prop] mode ( /ay+ tube plates2 prop] mode ( con/ruct+ /eamboat *imneys2 wa/e /eam-pipe & funnel cas+2 telescope *imneys2 =mation ( scale 9 m>9e boil]s2 injury ( su* incru/ations2 am\nt ( salt 9 sea wat]2 saltness p]missible 9 boil]s2 am\nt ( heat lo/ by bl[+ (f2 mode ( dis*>g+ ! sup]salt$ wat]2 ,lamb's scale prev5t]2 int]nal corrosion ( m>9e boil]s2 causes ( int]nal corrosion2 sur*>g$ /eam produc$ f salt wat]2 /op valves betwe5 boil]s2 safety or escape valve on fe$ pipe2 locomotive boil]s consi/ ( ! fire box1 b>rel = hold+ tubes1 & smoke box2 dim5sions ( ! b>rel & ?ickness ( plates2 mode ( /ay+ fire box & furnace cr[n2 fire b>s1 a% box1 & *imney2 /eam dome us$ only 9 old eng9es2 manhole1 mudholes1 & bl[-(t cock2 tube plate1 & mode ( secur+ tubes2 exp&+ m&rels2 v>i\s =ms ( regulator4 ,boil]s ( mod]n locomotives4 ,boil]1 !1 prop] c>e (1 ! fir/ duty ( ! eng9e]4 ,bolts1 prop] proportions (4 ,bor+ ( cyl9d]s4 ,b\lton & ,watt's rules = fly :eel1 proportions ( m>9e flue boil]s2 rule = proportions ( *imneys ( l& boil]s2 ( m>9e boil]s2 exp]im5ts on ! resi/ance ( vessels 9 wat]4 ,b\rdon's /eam & vacuum gauges4 ,b\rne1 expansion valves by4 ,b\rne1 ,messrs4 ,j4 ,co41 direct act+ screw eng9es by4 ,brass = be>+s1 composition (4 ,braz+ sold]s4 ,bridges 9 furnaces1 b5efits (4 ,burn+ ( boil]s1 precautions aga9/4 ,bur/+ velocity ( fly :eel1 & ( railway :eels4 ,bur/+ ( boil]s1 causes (2 precautions aga9/2 may be caus$ by accumulations ( salt4 ,butt]fly valves ( air pump4 ,cabrey1 expansion valve by4 ,calorimet] ( boil]s1 def9ition (4 ,cams1 prop] =ms (4 ,ca/ iron1 /r5g? (1 proportions ( ca/ iron beams2 effects ( diff]5t k9ds ( /ra9s on beams2 /r5g? to resi/ %ocks n proportional to /r5g? to resi/ /ra9s2 to atta9 maximum /r5g? %\ld be comb9$ ) wr\ght iron4 ,ca/+ ( cyl9d]s4 ,case-h>d5+1 h[ to accompli%4 ,cat>act1 explanation ( nature & uses (4 ,caulk+ ( l& boil]s4 ,cem5t1 ma/ic1 = sett+ m>9e boil]s4 ,c5tral =ces4 ,c5tre ( pressure ( paddle :eels4 ,c5tres ( gravity1 gyration & oscillation4 ,c5tres = fix+ arms ( paddle :eel4 ,c5tres ( an eng9e1 h[ to lay (f4 ,c5trifugal =ce1 nature (1 rule = det]m9+2 bur/+ velocity ( fly :eel2 & ( railway :eels4 ,c5trifugal pump w sup]s$e common pump4 ,c5tripetal =ce1 nature (4 ,*imney ( locomotives4 ,*imney ( /eam vessels1 :at to d if c>ri$ away4 ,*imneys ( l& boil]s1 ,b\lton & ,watt's rule = proportions (2 ( m>9e boil]s4 ,*imneys1 exhau/ion produc$ by1 high & wide *imneys 9 locomotives injuri\s4 ,*imneys ( /eamboats1 telescope4 ,cl>k's pat5t /eam fire regulator4 ,coal1 con/itu5ts (1 combu/ion ( air requir$ =2 evaporative efficacy (2 ( wood1 turf1 & coke4 ,cocks1 prop] con/ruction (4 ,cog :eels = screw eng9es4 ,coke1 evaporative efficacy (4 ,cold wat] pump1 description (1 rule = size (4 ,combu/ion1 nature (4 ,combu/ion ( coal1 air requir$ =4 ,combu/ion1 sl[ & rapid1 comp>ative m]its (1 rapid combu/ion necess>y 9 /eam vessels1 & enables less heat+1 surface 9 ! boil] to suffice4 ,con*oidal propell]4 ,cond5sation ( /eam1 wat] requir$ =4 ,cond5s]1 description (1 action (2 prop] dim5sions (4 ,cond5s] ( oscillat+ eng9e4 ,cond5s] ( direct act+ screw eng9e4 ,cond5s+ eng9e1 def9ition (4 ,cond5s+ wat]1 h[ to provide :5 defici5t4 ,conical p5dulum or gov]nor4 ,connect+ rod1 description (1 /r5g? prop] =4 ,connect+ rod ( direct act+ screw eng9es1 ( locomotives4 ,consumption ( fuel on ea* squ>e foot ( fire b>s 9 wagon1 ,corni%1 & locomotive boil]s4 ,copp]1 /r5g? (4 ,corliss's /eam eng9e4 ,corrosion produc$ by sur*>g$ /eam4 ,corrosion ( m>9e boil]s1 causes (4 ,co/ ( locomotives4 ,cotton sp9n+1 p[] necess>y =4 ,c\nt] = c\nt+ /rokes ( an eng9e4 ,crank1 description (1 unequal lev]age (1 correct$ by fly :eel2 no p[] lo/ by2 action (2 /r5g? prop] =4 ,crank ( direct act+ screw eng9es4 ,crank p91 /r5g? prop] =4 ,crank p9 ( direct act+ screw eng9es4 ,crank$ axle ( locomotives4 ,cross head1 description (1 /r5g? prop] =4 ,cross head ( direct act+ screw eng9es4 ,cross tail1 description (4 ,cyl9d]1 description (1 /r5g? prop] =4 ,cyl9d] ( oscillat+ eng9e1 ( direct act+ screw eng9e4 ,cyl9d]s %\ld h a /eam jacket1 & be felt$ & plant$1 %\ld h escape valves4 ,cyl9d]s ( locomotives %\ld be l>ge1 prop] arrangem5t (4 ,cyl9d]s1 h[ to ca/1 h[ to bore2 h[ to gr9d4 ,cyl9d] jacket1 advantages (4 ,damp]4 ,damp]s1 v>i\s =ms (4 ,deadwood1 hole 91 = screw4 ,deliv]y valve1 description (4 ,deliv]y or dis*>ge valves1 prop] dim5sions (4 ,deliv]y valves might be made on ,belidor's plan4 ,deliv]y valves 9 m\? ( air pump1 ( india rubb]4 ,direct act+ screw eng9es %\ld be balanc$4 ,direct act+ screw eng9e by ,messrs4 ,john ,b\rne 1 ,co41 cyl9d]2 discs2 guides2 screw %aft brasses2 air pump2 slide valve2 balance pi/on2 connect+ rod2 pi/on rods2 cross head2 air pump arm2 fe$ pump2 crank p92 screw %aft2 ?ru/ plumm] block2 l9k motion2 screw propell]4 ,dis*>ge valves4 ,disc valves ( india rubb] = air pumps4 ,discs ( direct act+ screw eng9e in/ead ( crank4 ,dodds1 expansion valve by4 ,d\ble act+ eng9es1 def9ition (4 ,d\ble act+ air pumps1 valves (2 faults (4 ,draw bolt4 ,dr$g+ e>? out ( riv]s1 p[] necess>y =4 ,driv+ :eels ( locomotives4 ,driv+ piles1 p[] necess>y =4 ,duplex pump1 ,wor?+ton's4 ,dundonald1 ,e>l (1 screw by4 ,duty ( eng9es & boil]s1 h[ ! duty is asc]ta9able4 ,dynamomet]1 description (4 ,dynamometric p[] ( screw vessels4 ,ecc5tric1 description (1 sometimes made loose = back+4 ,ecc5tric & ecc5tric rod ( oscillat+ eng9e4 ,ecc5tric not* %\ld be fitt$ ) a brass bu%4 ,ecc5tric /raps ( locomotives1 rods ( locomotives4 ,ecc5trics ( locomotives1 h[ to readju/4 ,economy ( fuel 9 /eam vessels4 ,edw>ds1 expansion valve by4 ,ela/icity1 limits (4 ,eng9e1 high pressure1 def9ition (1 l[ pressure1 def9ition (4 ,eng9es1 classification (1 rotative1 def9ition (2 rotatory1 def9ition (2 s+le act+1 def9ition (2 d\ble act+1 def9ition (2 mode ( erect+ 9 a vessel2 h[ to refix if !y h become loose4 ,eng9e]s ( /eam vessels %\ld make prop] prep>ation = accid5ts4 ,equilibrium slide valve1 grid-iron valve4 ,erect+ eng9es 9 a vessel4 ,erection ( eng9es 9 ! work%op4 ,escape valve on fe$ pipe4 ,escape valves = lett+ wat] out ( cyl9d]s4 ,evaporative efficacy ( coal1 ( wood1 turf1 & coke4 ,evaporative p[] ( boil]s1 p[] g5]at$ by evaporation ( a cubic foot ( wat]2 increase ( evaporation due to increas$ exhau/ion 9 locomotives4 ,excavator1 ,otis's4 ,exhau/ion produc$ by *imneys1 by ! bla/ 9 locomotives2 increas$ evaporation f increas$ exhau/ion4 ,exp&+ m&rels = tub+ boil]s4 ,expansion ( air by heat4 ,expansion ( sur*>g$ /eam by heat4 ,expansion ( /eam1 pressure ( /eam inv]sely z ! space occupi$2 law ( expansion2 rule = comput+ ! increase ( effici5cy produc$ by work+ expansively2 necessity ( effici5t provisions aga9/ refrig]ation 9 work+ expansively2 advantages ( /eam jacket2 ,=ms ( app>atus = work+ expansively3 lap on ! slide valve wire draw+ ! /eam2 ,corni% expansion valve1 9 rotative eng9es work$ by a cam2 mode ( v>y+ ! degree ( expansion2 prop] =ms ( cams2 ! l9k motion2 expansion valves1 by ,cabrey1 ,f5ton1 ,dodds1 ,f>cot1 ,edw>ds1 ,lavagrian1 ,bodm]1 ,mey]1 ,haw?orn1 ,gonz5ba*1 & ,b\rne4 ,expansion jo9t 9 valve cas+4 ,expansion valves1 ,corni%1 ! l9k motion2 by ,cabrey1 ,f5ton1 ,dodds1 ,f>cot1 ,edw>ds1 ,lavagrian1 ,bodm]1 ,mey]1 ,haw?orn1 ,g\z5ba*1 & ,b\rne4 ,explosions ( boil]s1 causes ( explosions2 precautions aga9/2 dang]s ( accumulations ( salt4 ,face plates or planomet]s4 ,fall+ bodies1 laws (4 ,f>cot1 expansion valve by4 ,fea!r+ paddle :eels1 description (1 details (4 ,fe$ pump1 description (1 action (2 prop] dim5sions (2 rule = proportion+4 ,fe$ pump plung]1 & valves4 ,fe$ pumps ( locomotives1 details (4 ,fe$ pumps ( direct act+ screw eng9es4 ,f5ton1 expansion valve by4 ,fire b>s ( locomotives4 ,fire box ( locomotives1 mode ( /ay+4 ,fire box ( mod]n locomotives4 ,fire eng9es1 co/ ( runn+4 ,fire grate surface ( boil]s4 ,fire grate 9 locomotives %\ld be ( small area1 coke prop] to be burn$ p] h\r on ea* squ>e foot ( b>s4 ,fir+ furnaces1 prop] mode (4 ,flaws 9 valves or cyl9d]s1 h[ to rem$y4 ,float = regulat+ wat] level 9 boil]s4 ,floats ( paddle4 ,floats ( paddle :eels1 increas$ resi/ance (1 if oblique1 floats %\ld be l>ge4 ,fly :eel corrects unequal lev]age ( crank1 prop] en]gy =2 ,b\lton & ,watt's rule =2 bur/+ velocity (2 description (2 action (1 9 r$ress+ irregul>ities ( motion4 ,foot valve1 description (1 prop] dim5sions (4 ,foot valves might be made on ,belidor's plan1 ( india rubb]4 ,frame at /]n = hold+ screw propell]4 ,fram+ ( locomotives4 ,fram+ ( oscillat+ eng9e4 ,frankl9 ,in/itute1 exp]im5ts on /eam by4 ,fr5* ,academy1 exp]im5ts on /eam by4 ,friction1 nature (1 does n v>y z ! rubb+ surfaces1 b z ! reta9+ pressure2 does n increase ) ! velocity p] unit ( di/ance1 b increases ) ! velocity p] unit ( "t2 measures ( friction2 effect ( ungu5ts2 k9d ( ungu5t %\ld v>y ) ! pressure2 ,mor9's exp]im5ts2 rule = det]m9+ prop] surfaces ( be>+s2 friction ( r\gh surfaces4 ,friction ( ! wat] ! ma9 cause ( ! resi/ance ( vessels ( good %ape4 ,fuel burnt on ea* squ>e foot ( fire b>s 9 wagon1 ,corni%1 & locomotive boil]s1 economy (1 9 /eam vessels4 ,funnel cas+4 ,funnel1 :at to d if c>ri$ away4 ,funnels ( /eam boats4 ,see ,*imneys4 ,furnaces1 prop] mode ( fir+1 smoke burn+3 ,williams's arg&2 ,prideaux's2 ,b\lton & ,watt's dead plate2 revolv+ crate2 ,juckes's2 ,maudslay's2 ,hull's1 ,c\pl&'s1 ,godson's1 ,rob9son's1 ,/ev5s's1 ,hazeld9e's1 c44 ,furnaces ( m>9e boil]s1 prop] l5g? (4 ,furnace bridges1 b5efits (4 ,fusible metal plugs useless z antidotes to explosions4 ,gauges1 vacuum1 /eam2 gauge cocks & glass tubes = %[+ level ( wat] 9 boil]1 description (4 ,gauge cocks = %[+ level ( wat] 9 boil]4 ,ge>+ = screw eng9es4 ,gibs & cutt]s1 /r5g?s prop] =4 ,giff>d's injector4 ,glass tubes = %[+ wat] level 9 boil]s4 ,glass tube cocks4 ,gonzeuba*1 expansion valve by4 ,goo*'s indicator4 ,goo*'s locomotive4 ,gov]nor or conical p5dulum1 description (4 ,gov]nor1 ,port]'s pat5t4 ,gravity1 c5tre (4 ,great ,we/]n1 boil]s (1 by ,messrs4 ,maudslay4 ,gridiron valve4 ,griffi?'s screw4 ,gr9d+ corn1 p[] necess>y =4 ,gr9d+ ( cyl9d]s4 ,gudgeons1 /r5g? prop] =4 ,guides ( locomotives4 ,guides ( direct act+ screw eng9e4 ,gun metal1 /r5g? (4 ,gyration1 c5tre (4 ,h>vey & ,we/'s pump valves4 ,haw?orn1 expansion valve by4 ,heat1 lat5t1 def9ition (4 ,heat1 specific1 def9ition (4 ,heat1 ,regnault's exp]im5ts on4 ,heat1 loss (1 by bl[+ (f m>9e boil]s4 ,heat+ surface ( boil]s4 ,heat+ surface p] squ>e foot ( fire b>s 9 locomotives1 a cubic foot ( wat] evaporates by five squ>e feet ( heat+ surface4 ,heat+ ( be>+s1 causes (1 be>+s %\ld always be slack at ! sides1 else ! pressure is inf9ite4 ,high pressure eng9e1 def9ition (4 ,high pressure eng9es1 p[] (4 ,high spe$ eng9es1 arrangem5ts prop] = high spe$s4 ,hoadley's portable eng9e4 ,hodgson's screw4 ,hoe ,co4's /eam eng9e4 ,hold+ d[n bolts ( m>9e eng9es1 or bolts = secur+ eng9es to hull4 ,holms's screw propell]4 ,horses p[]1 def9ition (1 nom9al horse p[]2 actual p[] asc]ta9$ by ! indictator2 ,admiralty rule =4 ,hot wat] or fe$ pump1 description (4 ,hot well1 description (4 ,increas+ pit* ( screw4 ,incru/ation 9 boil]s4 ,see also ,salt4 ,india rubb] valves = air pump4 ,indicator1 description ( !1 by ,mc,naught1 /ructure & mode ( us+2 ,goo*'s cont9u\s indicator4 ,injection cock4 ,injection cocks ( m>9e eng9es at %ip's sides4 ,injection orifice1 prop] area (4 ,injector1 ,giff>d's4 ,injection valve4 ,inside cyl9d] locomotives4 ,iron1 /r5g? (1 limits ( ela/icity (2 prop] /ra9 to be put ^u iron 9 eng9es & ma*9es2 aggravation ( /ra9 by be+ int]mitt5t2 increase ( /ra9 due to deflection2 /r5g? ( pill>s & tubes1 comb9ation ( malleable & ca/ iron4 ,iron1 ca/1 /r5g? (1 ca/ iron beams2 may be /rong to resi/ /ra9s1 b n /rong to resi/ %ocks2 %\ld be comb9$ ) wr\ght iron to obta9 maximum /r5g?4 ,iron1 if to be case h>d5$1 %\ld be homog5e\s4 ,jacket ( cyl9d]1 advantages (4 ,jo9ts1 ru/1 h[ to make4 ,k+/on's valves4 ,lamb's scale prev5t]4 ,lant]n brass 9 /uff+ boxes4 ,lap & lead ( ! valve1 mean+ (4 ,l>ge vessels h lea/ proportionate resi/ance4 ,lat5t heat1 def9ition (4 ,latta's /eam fire eng9e4 ,lavagrian1 expansion valve by4 ,lead & lap ( ! valve1 mean+ (4 ,lead ( ! valve1 b5efits (4 ,lev]1 futility ( plans = d]iv+ p[] f a lev]4 ,lift+ app>atus = screw propell]4 ,limits ( ela/icity4 ,l9ks1 ma9 description (4 ,l9k motion ( direct act+ screw eng9e4 ,l9k motion1 h[ to set4 ,locomotive eng9es1 g5]al description ( ! locomotive2 ,/eph5son's locomotive2 ,goo*'s locomotive = ! wide gauge2 ,crampton's locomotive = ! n>r[ gauge4 ,locomotives1 adhesion ( :eels (1 co/ & p]=mance (2 fram+ (2 cyl9d]s (2 spr+s (2 outside & inside cyl9d]s2 s9u\s motion (2 rock+ motion (2 pit*+ motion (2 pi/ons2 pi/on rods2 guides2 crank$ axle2 axle be>+s2 ecc5trics2 ecc5tric rod2 />t+ h&le2 l9k motion2 valves1 h[ to set2 ecc5trics1 h[ to readju/2 fe$ pumps2 connection ( eng9e & t5d]1 driv+ :eels2 :eel tires4 ,locomotive eng9e ( mod]n con/ruction1 example (1 fire box2 b>rel ( boil]2 tubes2 tube plate2 fram+2 axle gu>ds2 draw bolt2 :eels & axles2 cyl9d]s2 valve2 pi/on2 pi/on rod2 guides2 connect+ rod2 ecc5trics2 l9k motion2 regulator2 bla/ pipe2 safety valve2 fe$ pump2 t5d5cies ( improvem5t 9 locomotives4 ,locomotives1 managem5t (4 ,locomotive boil]s1 examples ( mod]n proportions4 ,locomotive boil]s1 details (4 ,l[ pressure or cond5s+ eng9e1 def9ition (4 ,lubrication ( rubb+ surfaces1 ! friction dep5ds ma9ly on ! nature ( lubricant2 oil =c$ out ( be>+s1 if ! pressure exce$s #hjj lbs4 p] squ>e in* longitud9al section2 wat] a good lubricant if ! surfaces are l>ge en\gh4 ,lubrication ( eng9e be>+s4 ,mc,naught's indicator4 ,ma9 beam1 /r5g? prop] =4 ,ma9 c5tre1 description (1 /r5g? prop] =4 ,ma9 l9ks1 description (1 /r5g? prop] =4 ,m&rels1 exp&+1 = tub+ boil]s4 ,manhole door4 ,manhole ( locomotives4 ,m>9e flue boil]s1 proportions (4 ,see also ,boil]s4 ,m>9e boil]s ( mod]n con/ruction1 prop] proportions (4 ,m>9e eng9es4 ,see ,/eam ,eng9es1 m>9e4 ,ma/ic cem5t = sett+ m>9e boil]s4 ,maudslay1 ,messrs41 boil]s ( ,retribution & ,great ,we/]n1 by1 ,me*anical p[]s1 misconceptions respect+4 ,me*anical p[]1 def9ition (1 inde/ructible & et]nal2 ! sun ! s\rce ( me*anical p[]4 ,metallic pack+ = pi/ons4 ,metallic pack+ = /uff+ boxes4 ,mey]1 expansion valve by4 ,mill]1 ,rav5hill ,co4's mode ( fix+ pi/on rod to pi/on4 ,mod]n locomotives4 ,mom5tum1 or vis viva4 ,mor91 exp]im5ts on friction by4 ,mudholes ( locomotives4 ,muntz's metal1 composition (4 ,nig] & ,basilisk1 trials (4 ,nile1 boil]s ( !1 by ,b\lton & ,watt4 ,not* ( ecc5tric %\ld be fitt$ ) brass bu%4 ,oils = lubrication4 ,see ,lubrication4 ,oscillation1 c5tre (4 ,oscillat+ paddle eng9e1 description (4 ,oscillat+ eng9e1 advantages (1 futility ( objections to2 details ( cyl9d]2 fram+2 cond5s]2 air pump2 trunnions2 valve & valve cas+2 pi/on2 pi/on rod2 air pump connect+ rod & cross head2 air pump rod2 ecc5tric & ecc5tric rod2 valve ge>2 valve sector2 %aft plumm] blocks2 trunnion plumm] blocks2 fea!r+ paddle :eels2 pack+ ( trunnions4 ,oscillat+ eng9es1 h[ to erect4 ,otis's excavator4 ,outside & inside cyl9d] locomotives4 ,pack+ = /uff+ box ( ,watt's eng9e4 ,pack+ ( pi/on ( pump+ eng9es1 h[ to accompli%4 ,pack+ ( trunnions4 ,paddle bolts1 prop] mode ( =m+4 ,paddle c5tres4 ,paddle floats4 ,paddle %aft1 description (4 ,paddle %aft1 details (4 ,paddle %aft plumm] blocks ( oscillat+ eng9es4 ,paddle :eels1 details (1 /ructure & op]ation (2 slip (2 c5tre ( pressure (2 roll+ circle2 action ( oblique floats2 rule = proportion+ paddle :eels2 b5efits ( l>ge floats4 ,paddle :eels1 fea!r+1 description (2 details (4 ,paddles & screw comb9$4 ,p>allel motion1 description (1 h[ to lay (f c5tres (4 ,p5dulum1 cause ( vibrations (2 relation ( vibrations ( p5dulum to velocity ( fall+ bodies2 conical p5dulum or gov]nor4 ,p5n1 ,messrs41 eng9es ( ,great ,brita91 by1 direct act+ screw eng9es by2 trunk eng9es by4 ,p]=mance ( locomotives4 ,pill>s1 holl[1 /r5g? (1 law ( /r5g? v>ies ) ?ickness ( metal4 ,pipe = receiv+ screw %aft4 ,pipes ( m>9e eng9es4 ,pi/on1 description (1 h[ to pack ) hemp4 ,pi/ons1 metallic pack+ =4 ,pi/ons = oscillat+ eng9es4 ,pi/ons1 h[ to fit & f9i%4 ,pi/ons ( locomotives4 ,pi/on rod1 description (1 /r5g? prop] =4 ,pi/on rods ( locomotives4 ,pi/on rod ( oscillat+ eng9e4 ,pi/on rods ( direct act+ screw eng9e4 ,pit* ( ! screw4 ,pit*1 increas+ or exp&+4 ,pit*+ motion 9 locomotives4 ,planomet]s1 or face plates4 ,plumm] blocks ( %afts & trunnions ( oscillat+ eng9es4 ,plumm] blocks = receiv+ ?ru/ ( screw propell]4 ,plung] ( fe$ pump4 ,portable eng9e1 ,hoadley's4 ,port]'s pat5t gov]nor4 ,ports ( ! cyl9d]1 area (4 ,pot-lid valves ( air pump4 ,p[]s1 me*anical1 misconception respect+4 ,p[]1 horses1 def9ition (1 nom9al & actual p[]2 p[] ( high pressure eng9es4 ,p[] necess>y = ?ra%+ & gr9d+ corn1 work+ sug> mills1 sp9n+ cotton1 saw+ timb]1 gross+ cotton1 bl[+ furnaces1 driv+ piles1 & dr$g+ e>? out ( riv]s4 ,press+ cotton1 p[] necess>y =4 ,prim+1 nature & causes (4 ,prim+1 if excessive1 may occasion explosion4 ,propell]1 screw1 description (4 ,proportions ( screws )1 two1 f\r1 & six blades4 ,prov+ ( boil]s4 ,prussiate ( pota% = case h>d5+4 ,pump+ eng9es1 mode ( erect+1 mode ( />t+4 ,pumps1 loss ( effect 91 at high spe$ & ) hot wat]1 causes ( ?is loss2 rem$y =4 ,pumps us$ = m9es4 ,pump1 air1 description1 (1 action (4 ,pumps1 air1 prop] proportions (1 s+le & d\ble act+4 ,pump1 c5trifugal1 bett] ?an common pump4 ,pump1 cold wat]1 description (4 ,pump1 fe$1 description (1 action (2 prop] dim5sions (2 rule = proportion+2 plung] (2 valves (2 indep5d5t4 ,pump valves = m9es1 c4 ,pun*+ & %e>+ boil] plates4 ,railway :eels1 bur/+ velocity (4 ,railway tra9s1 resi/ance (4 ,r>efaction or exhau/ion produc$ by *imneys4 ,rattl] & ,alecto1 trials (4 ,regi/ration1 b5efits (4 ,regnault1 exp]im5ts on heat by4 ,regulator1 a valve = regulat+ ! admission ( /eam 9 locomotives1 description (2 v>i\s =ms (4 ,regulator1 ,cl>k's1 pat5t /eam & fire4 ,r5nie1 exp]im5ts on friction by4 ,resi/ance1 exp]i5c$ by railway tra9s4 ,resi/ance ( vessels 9 wat]1 ma9ly made up ( friction2 exp]im5ts on4 ,resi/ance & spe$ ( vessels influ5c$ by _! size4 ,retribution1 boil]s (1 by ,messrs4 ,m&slay4 ,rivet+ & caulk+ ( l& boil]s4 ,rock+ motion ( locomotives4 ,roll+ circle ( paddle :eels4 ,rotatory eng9es1 def9ition (4 ,rotative eng9es1 def9ition (4 ,ru/ jo9ts1 h[ to make4 ,safety valve1 area (1 9 l[ pressure eng9es1 9 locomotives4 ,sal9omet]1 or salt gauge1 h[ to use1 h[ to con/ruct4 ,salt1 accumulation (1 prev5t$ 9 m>9e boil]s by bl[+ (f1 if all[$ to accumulate 9 boil]s may occasion explosion2 am\nt (1 9 sea wat]4 ,salt wat] produces sur*>g$ /eam4 ,salt+ ( boil]s1 :at to d if ?is takes place4 ,saw+ timb]1 p[] necess>y =4 ,scale 9 m>9e boil]s4 ,see also ,salt4 ,scale prev5t]1 ,lamb's4 ,scrap iron1 unsuitable = case h>d5+4 ,scrap+ tools = metal surfaces4 ,screw4 ,screw eng9e1 ge>$ oscillat+1 description (1 direct act+1 description (4 ,screw eng9e1 direct act+1 by ,messrs4 ,john ,b\rne ,co4 ,screw eng9es1 be/ =ms (4 ,screw frame 9 deadwood4 ,screw propell]1 description (4 ,screw propell]1 mode ( fix+ on %aft1 modes ( receiv+ ?ru/2 app>atus = lift+2 configuration (2 action (2 pit* ( ! screw2 screws ( increas+ or exp&+ pit*2 slip ( ! screw2 positive & negative slip2 screw & paddles comp>$2 te/ ( ! dynamomet]2 trials ( ,rattl] & ,alecto1 & ,nig] & ,basilisk2 indicator & dynamomet] p[]2 loss ( p[] 9 screw vessels 9 head w9ds2 ! screw %\ld be deeply imm]s$2 screws ( ! ,e>l ( ,dundonald1 ,hodgson1 ,griffi?1 ,holm1 & ,beattie2 lat]al & retrogressive slip2 /]ns ( screw vessels %\ld be %>p2 proportions ( screws ) two1 f\r1 & six blades2 screw vessels ) auxili>y p[]2 screw & paddles comb9$2 economy ( fuel 9 /eam vessels2 b5efits ( regi/ration4 ,screw propell]1 ,holm's con*oidal4 ,screw %aft1 details (4 ,screw %aft pipe at /]n4 ,screw %aft brasses ( direct act+ screw eng9es4 ,sea wat]1 am\nt ( salt 94 ,sea injection cocks4 ,sett+ ( wagon boil]s1 ( m>9e boil]s4 ,sett+ ! valves ( locomotives4 ,%aft1 paddle1 details (4 ,%aft ( screw propell]1 details (4 ,%afts1 /r5g? (4 ,%ank's /eam gauge4 ,%ocks may n be well resi/$ by iron t c well resi/ /ra9s1 effect ( in]tia 9 resi/+ %ocks4 ,side lev]s or beams1 description (4 ,side lev] m>9e eng9es1 description (4 ,side lev] eng9es1 h[ to erect4 ,side rods1 description (1 /r5g? prop] =4 ,silsbee1 ,mynd]se ,co4's /eam fire eng9e4 ,s+le act+ eng9es1 def9ition (4 ,s+le act+ or pump+ eng9es1 mode ( erect+2 mode ( />t+4 ,s9u\s motion ( locomotives4 ,slide valve1 v>i\s =ms (2 long ,d & ?ree port$ valve1 description (2 action ( ! slide valve2 lead & lap ( ! valve2 rules = det]m9+ ! proportions ( valves2 advantages ( lead 9 swift mov+ eng9es4 ,slide valve1 equilibrium4 ,slide valve ) balance pi/on ( direct act+ screw eng9e4 ,slide valve1 h[ to f9i%4 ,slide valves ( m>9e eng9es1 h[ to set4 ,slip ( paddle :eels4 ,slip ( ! screw1 positive & negative slip2 lat]al & retrogressive slip4 ,smoke1 modes ( consum+4 ,smoke burn+ furnaces1 ,williams's arg&2 ,prideaux's2 ,b\lton & ,watt's dead plate2 revolv+ grate2 ,juckes's2 ,maudslay's2 ,hall's1 ,c\pl&'s1 ,godson's1 ,rob9son's1 ,/ev5s's1 ,hazeld9e's1 c4 ,snake locomotive4 ,s\!rn1 exp]im5ts on friction by2 exp]im5ts on /eam by4 ,specific heat1 def9ition (4 ,spe$ ( vessels influ5c$ by _! size4 ,sph]oidal condition ( wat] 9 boil]s4 ,spr+s ( locomotives4 ,/& pipe = l[ pressure boil]s4 ,/>t+ h&le ( locomotives4 ,/ay+ ( boil]s4 ,/ay+ tube plates1 mode (4 ,/ay+ fire boxes ( locomotives4 ,/eam1 exp]im5ts on by ,s\!rn1 ,fr5* ,academy1 ,frankl9 ,in/itute1 & ,m4 ,regnault4 ,/eam pump1 ,wor?+ton's2 ,woodw>d's4 ,/eam & wat]1 relative bulks (4 ,/eam1 expansion (2 pressure (2 inv]sely z space occupi$2 ,see also ,expansion ( ,/eam4 ,/eam eng9e1 applications & appliances ( !4 ,/eam eng9e1 g5]al description ( ,watt's d\ble act+ eng9e2 ,r4 ,hoe ,co4's2 ,corliss's2 ,woodruff ,bea*'s4 ,/eam eng9e1 v>i\s =ms (1 = propell+ vessels2 paddle eng9es & screw eng9es2 pr9cipal v>ieties ( paddle eng9es2 diff]5t k9ds ( paddle :eels2 ! side lev] eng9e2 description ( ! side lev] eng9e2 oscillat+ paddle eng9e2 description ( fea!r+ paddle :eels2 direct act+ screw eng9e4 ,/eam dome ( locomotives4 ,/eam fire eng9e1 ,latta's4 ,amoskeag4 ,silsbee1 ,mynd]se ,co4's4 ,/eam gauge1 ,b\rdon's2 ,%ank's4 ,/eam jacket1 b5efits (2 ,/eam passages1 area (2 ,/eam room 9 boil]s2 ,/eam1 sur*>g$1 law ( expansion by heat2 ,/eel1 /r5g? (2 ,/eph5son1 l9k motion by2 ,/op valves betwe5 boil]s2 ,/raight edges2 ,/ra9s subsi/+ 9 ma*9es2 ,/ra9 prop] to be put ^u iron 9 eng9es2 ,/ra9s 9 ma*9es1 v>y inv]sely z ! velocity ( ! "p to :i* ! /ra9 is appli$4 aggravat$ by be+ int]mitt5t4 increase ( /ra9 due to deflection4 effects ( alt]nate /ra9s 9 opposite directions4 ,/r5g? ( mat]ials4 ,/r5g? ( holl[ pill>s1 law (2 /r5g? v>ies ) ?ickness ( metal4 ,/r5g? ( ca/ iron to resi/ %ocks does n v>y z ! /r5g? to resi/ /ra9s1 increase ( /r5g? by comb9ation ) ca/ iron4 ,/r5g? ( boil]s1 exp]im5ts on1 by ,frankl9 ,in/itute2 by ,mr4 ,fairbairn2 mode ( comput+2 mode ( /ay+ = /r5g?4 ,/r5g? ( eng9es3 cyl9d]1 trunnions2 pi/on rod2 ma9 l9ks2 connect+ rod2 /uds ( ! beam2 gudgeons2 work+ beam2 ca/ iron %aft2 malleable iron %aft2 tee? ( :eels2 side rods2 crank2 crank p92 cross head2 ma9 c5tre2 gibs & cutt]4 ,/uds1 /r5g? prop] =4 ,/uff+ box1 description (4 ,/uff+ boxes ) metallic pack+1 ) %eet brass pack$ beh9d ) hemp2 sometimes fitt$ ) a lant]n1 brass4 ,sug> mills1 p[] necess>y to "w4 ,summ]s' exp]im5ts on ! friction ( r\gh surfaces4 ,sur*>g$ /eam1 law ( expansion (1 by heat4 ,sur*>g$ /eam produc$ by salt wat]1 corrosive action (4 ,surfaces1 h[ to make true4 ,sweep+ ! tubes ( boil]s clean ( soot4 ,tee? ( :eels4 ,telescope *imneys4 ,t5d] ( a locomotive1 description (1 atta*m5t (1 to eng9e4 ,?ra%+ corn1 p[] necess>y =4 ,?rottle valve1 description (4 ,?ru/ ( ! screw propell]1 modes ( receiv+4 ,?ru/ plumm] block4 ,tires ( locomotive :eels4 ,traction on railways4 ,trunk eng9e by ,messrs4 ,r5nie1 disadvantages (4 ,trunk eng9es by ,messrs4 ,p5n4 ,trunnions ( oscillat+ eng9es1 description (1 /r5g? prop] =2 details (4 ,trunnion pack+4 ,trunnion plumm] blocks4 ,tube plates1 mode ( /ay+4 ,tube plates ( mod]n locomotives4 ,tubes ( mod]n locomotive boil]s4 ,tubes ( boil]s1 h[ to sweep clean ( soot4 ,tub+ ( boil]s4 ,tub+ locomotive boil]s4 ,valve1 atmosph]ic4 ,valve cas+1 description (4 ,valve cas+ %\ld h expansion jo9t4 ,valve & valve cas+ ( oscillat+ eng9e4 ,valve deliv]y1 description (1 action ( ,valve1 equilibrium slide4 ,valve1 foot1 description (1 action (4 ,valve ge> ( ,watt's eng9e1 action (4 ,valve ge> ( oscillat+ eng9e4 ,valve1 gridiron4 ,valve1 slide4 ,see ,slide ,valve4 ,valve1 slide1 h[ to f9i%4 ,valves1 ball1 ,belidor's might be us$ = foot & deliv]y valves2 butt]fly1 ( air pump2 conc5tric r+1 = air pump bucket4 ,valves1 equilibrium4 ,valves1 escape1 = cyl9d]s4 ,valves1 expansion4 ,see ,expansion ,valves4 ,valves ( fe$ pumps4 ,valves1 india rubb]1 = air pump4 ,valves1 ,k+/on's4 ,valves ( locomotives1 h[ to set4 ,valves1 pot-lid1 ( air pump4 ,vacuum1 mean+ (1 nature & uses (2 h[ ma9ta9$ 9 eng9es4 ,vacuum sometimes occurs 9 boil]s1 evils ( a vacuum 9 boil]s4 ,vacuum1 velocity ) :i* air ru%es into a4 ,vacuum gauge1 ,b\rdon's4 ,velocity ( air ent]+ a vacuum4 ,velocity ( fall+ bodies4 ,v5t ( boil]s1 def9ition (4 ,vessels1 resi/ance (1 ma9ly made up ( friction 9 good =ms2 exp]im5ts on2 influ5ce ( size4 ,vis viva1 or me*anical p[]4 ,wa/e /eam pipe4 ,wa/e wat] pipe4 ,wat] requir$ = cond5sation1 pumps = supply+4 ,watt's d\ble act+ eng9e1 description (4 ,w$ge4 ,:eels1 too!d1 = screw eng9es4 ,:eels1 tee? (4 ,:eels ( locomotives1 adhesion (4 ,:eels1 driv+1 ( locomotives4 ,:eel tires4 ,:eels & axles ( mod]n locomotives4 ,wood1 exp]im5ts on friction by4 ,wood1 evaporative efficacy (4 ,woodman's /eam pump4 ,woodruff ,bea*'s /eam eng9e4 ,work+ beam ( l& eng9e1 description (4 ,wor?+ton's /eam pump1 duplex pump4 ,,! ,,end4