,,! ,,gospels ,,9 ,,! ,,second ,,c5tury ,,an ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,! ,,critical ,,"p ,,( ,a ,,"w ,,entitl$ ',,sup]natural ,,religion' ,,by ,w4 ,,s&ay1 ,m4,a4 ,rector ( ,b>ton-on-!-,hea?1 ,w>wick%ire2 & late ,fell[ ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,au?or ( a ,"w on ! ,f\r? ,gospel4 ,,london3 #ahgf4 ,i _h hop$ to inscribe 9 ?is book ! rev]$ & *]i%$ "n ( my old head ma/]1 ,,dr4 ,,pe>s ( ,repton4 ,8 cons5t _h be5 v k9dly & w>mly giv51 & ,i 0 j on ! po9t ( s5d+ ! d$ication to ! pr9t]s :5 ,i receiv$ a telegram nam+ ! day & h\r ( 8 fun]al4 ,8 heal? _h = "s "t s9ce 8 resignation ( ,repton be5 s]i\sly fail+1 b ,i _h n anticipat$ t ! end 0 s ne>4 ,all :o knew him w deplore 8 too e>ly loss1 & _! regret w be %>$ by ! wid] circle ( ^? :o c appreciate a life 9 :i* !re 0 no?+ ignoble1 no?+ ung5]\s1 no?+ unreal4 ,i _h long wi%$ t he %\ld receive "s tribute ( reg>d f "o :om he _h done 8 be/ by precept1 & /ill m by example1 to fit & tra9 = 8 place & duty 9 ! _w4 ,?is pleasure & ?is hon\r h be5 d5i$ me4 ,i _c place my book1 z ,i _h hop$1 9 8 h&1 b ,i may /ill lay x rev]5tly ^u 8 tomb4 ,,cont5ts ,,*ap4 ,i4 ,,introductory ,,ii4 ,,on ,,quotations ,,g5]ally ,,9 ,,! ,,e>ly ,,*ri/ian ,,writ]s ,,iii4 ,,! ,,apo/olic ,,fa!rs ,,iv4 ,,ju/9 ,,m>tyr ,v4 ,,hegesippus--,,papias ,,vi4 ,,! ,,clem5t9e ,,homilies ,,vii4 ,,basilides ,,& ,,val5t9us ,,viii4 ,,m>cion ,,ix4 ,,tatian--,,dionysius ,,( ,,cor9? ,x4 ,,melito--,,apoll9>is--,,a!nagoras--,,! ,,epi/le ,,( ,,vi5ne ,,& ,,lyons ,,xi4 ,,ptolomaeus ,,& ,,h]acleon--,,celsus--,,! ,,muratorian ,,fragm5t ,,xii4 ,,! ,,ext]nal ,,evid5ce ,,= ,,! ,,f\r? ,,gospel ,,xiii4 ,,on ,,! ,,/ate ,,( ,,! ,,canon ,,9 ,,! ,,la/ ,,qu>t] ,,( ,,! ,,second ,,c5tury ,,xiv4 ,,conclusion ,,endnotes ,,app5dix4 ,,supplem5tal ,,note ,,on ,,! ,,recon/ruction ,,( ,,m>cion',s ,,gospel ,,indices ,,preface4 ,x w be well to expla9 at once t ! foll[+ "w has be5 writt5 at ! reque/ & is publi%$ at ! co/ ( ! ,*ri/ian ,evid5ce ,society1 & t x may !re=e be class$ "u ! head ( ,apologetics4 ,i am aw>e t ?is w be a drawback to x 9 ! eyes ( "s1 & ,i confess t x is n altoge!r a recomm5dation 9 my own4 ,ideally speak+1 ,apologetics ought to h no exi/5ce di/9ct f ! g5]al & unanim\s se>* = tru?1 & 9 s f> z !y t5d to put any o!r consid]ation1 no matt] h[ high or pure 9 itself1 9 ! place ( tru?1 !y mu/ ne$s /& aside f ! pa? ( sci5ce4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! "q ( true belief itself is imm5sely wide4 ,x is impossible to approa* :at is m]ely a bran* ( a va/ subject )\t "s g5]al conclusions already =m$ z to ! :ole4 ,! m9d _c1 if x w\ld1 become a %eet ( blank pap] on :i* ! writ+ is inscrib$ by an ext]nal process alone4 ,x mu/ ne$s h its praejudicia-- i4e4 judgm5ts =m$ on gr\nds extr9sic to ! special matt] ( enquiry--( "o sort or ano!r4 ,accord+ly we f9d t an absolutely & /rictly imp>tial temp] nev] has exi/$ & nev] w4 ,if x did1 its v]dict w\ld /ill be false1 because x w\ld repres5t an incomplete or half-suppress$ humanity4 ,!re is no "q t t\*es1 directly or indirectly1 on ! moral & spiritual nature ( man t c be settl$ by ! b>e reason4 ,a c]ta9 am\nt ( sympa?y is necess>y 9 ord] to e/imate ! weight ( ! =ces t are to be analys$3 yet t v sympa?y itself becomes an extrane\s influ5ce1 & ! p]fect balance & adju/m5t ( ! reason is di/urb$4 ,b ?\gh imp>tiality1 9 ! /rict s5se1 is n to be _h1 !re is ano!r condition t may be rightly dem&$--resolute hone/y4 ,?is ,i hope may be atta9$ z well f "o po9t ( view z f ano!r1 at lea/ t !re is no v great antec$5t reason to ! contr>y4 ,9 pa/ g5]ations inde$ !re 0 su* a reason4 ,/rongly negative views c\ld only be express$ at consid]able p]sonal risk & loss4 ,b n[1 public op9ion is s tol]ant1 especially among ! read+ & ?9k+ classes1 t bo? p>ties are practically ^u mu* ! same foot+4 ,inde$ = bold & /rong & less s5sitive m9ds negative views w h an attraction & w f9d support t w g f> to neutralise any c\nt]balanc+ disadvantage4 ,on ei!r side ! rem$y = ! effects ( bias mu/ be f\nd 9 a rigor\s & se>*+ criticism4 ,if mislead+ /atem5ts & uns\nd argum5ts are all[$ to pass un*all5g$ ! fault w n lie only ) _! au?or4 ,x w be h>dly necess>y = me to say t ! ,*ri/ian ,evid5ce ,society is n responsible = ! cont5ts ( ?is "w1 except 9 s f> z may be involv$ 9 ! orig9al reque/ t ,i %\ld write x4 ,i und]took ! task at fir/ ) "s hesitation1 & ,i c\ld n h und]tak5 x at all )\t /ipulat+ = entire fre$om4 ,! ,society v k9dly & lib]ally grant$ me ?is1 & ,i am consci\s ( hav+ to "s ext5t avail$ myself ( x4 ,i h n always /ay$ to consid] :e!r ! op9ions express$ 7 9 exact accordance ) ^? ( ! majority ( ,*ri/ians4 ,x w be en\gh if !y %\ld f9d po9ts ( contact 9 "s m9ds1 & ! t5tative elem5t 9 !m w p]haps be ! m indulg5tly judg$ n[ t ! reconciliation ( ! diff]5t bran*es ( k & belief is be+ s anxi\sly s\ght =4 ,! in/rum5t ( ! enquiry _h to be fa%ion$ z ! enquiry itself w5t on1 & ,i suspect t ! consequ5ces ( ?is w be app>5t 9 "s inequality & incomplet5ess 9 ! e>li] portions4 ,= in/ance1 ,i am afraid t ! textual analysis ( ! quotations 9 ,ju/9 may seem some:at less satisfactory ?an t ( ^? 9 ! ,clem5t9e ,homilies1 ?\gh ,ju/9's quotations are ! m important ( ! two4 ,/ill ,i hope t ! treatm5t ( ! fir/ may be1 = ! scale ( ! book1 suffici5tly adequate4 ,!re seem$ to be a c]ta9 advantage 9 pres5t+ ! results ( ! enquiry 9 ! ord] 9 :i* x 0 conduct$4 ,if "t & /r5g? are all[$ me1 ,i hope to be able to c>ry sev]al ( ! inve/igations t are begun 9 ?is book "s /ages fur!r4 ,i ought p]haps to expla9 t ,i 0 prev5t$ by o!r engagem5ts f beg9n+ s]i\sly to "w ^u ! subject until ! latt] end ( ,decemb] 9 la/ ye>4 ,! fir/ ( ,dr4 ,lightfoot's articles 9 ! ,contempor>y ,review _h !n appe>$4 ,! next two articles 7on ! ,sil5ce ( ,eusebius & ! ,ignatian ,epi/les7 7 also 9 advance ( my own treatm5t ( ! same topics4 ,f ?is po9t onw>ds ,i 0 usually ! fir/ to f9i%1 & ,i h be5 compell$ m]ely to allude to ! progress ( ! controv]sy 9 notes4 ,see+ ! turn t ,dr4 ,lightfoot's review 0 tak+1 & kn[+ h[ utt]ly va9 x w\ld be = any "o else to g ov] ! same gr\nd1 ,i felt myself m at lib]ty to foll[ a natural b5t 9 conf9+ myself pretty closely to ! int]nal aspect ( ! enquiry4 ,my object has be5 *iefly to te/ 9 detail ! alleg$ quotations f our ,gospels1 :ile ,dr4 ,lightfoot has tak5 a wid] sweep 9 collect+ & br++ to be> ! collat]al matt] ( :i* 8 unrivall$ k ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian lit]ature gave him su* comm&4 ,x w be se5 t 9 "s cases1 z notably 9 reg>d to ! evid5ce ( ,papias1 ! ext]nal & ! int]nal me?ods h l$ to an opposite result2 & ,i %all look =w>d ) mu* int]e/ to ! fur!r discussion ( ?is subject4 ,i %\ld be sorry to ignore ! debt ,i am "u to ! au?or ( ',sup]natural ,religion' = ! copi\s mat]ials he has suppli$ to criticism4 ,i h also to ?ank him = 8 c\rtesy 9 s5d+ me a copy ( ! six? edition ( 8 "w4 ,my obligations to o!r writ]s ,i hope w be f\nd duly ackn[l$g$4 ,if ,i 7 to s+le out ! "o book to :i* ,i ow$ mo/1 x w\ld probably be ,cr$n]'s ',beitrage zur ,e9leitung 9 die ,biblis*5 ,s*rift51' ( :i* ,i h spok5 some:at fully 9 an e>ly *apt]4 ,i h us$ a c]ta9 am\nt ( discretion & economy 9 avoid+ z a rule ! works ( previ\s apologi/s 7su* z ,semis*1 ,rigg5ba*1 ,norton1 ,h(/$e de ,groot7 & consult+ r ^? ( an opposite s*ool 9 su* repres5tatives z ,hilg5feld & ,volkm>4 ,9 ?is way1 ?\gh ,i may v possibly h omitt$ "s argum5ts :i* may be s\nd1 ,i hope ,i %all h put =w>d few t h be5 already tri$ & f\nd want+4 ,z ,i h made r l>ge use ( ! argum5t suppli$ by text- criticism1 ,i %\ld p]haps say t to ! be/ ( my belief my att5tion 0 fir/ drawn to its importance by a note 9 ,dr4 ,lightfoot's "w on ,revision4 ,! evid5ce adduc$ "u ?is head w be f\nd1 ,i believe1 to be indep5d5t ( any p>ticul> !ory ( text-criticism4 ,! idea ( ! ,analytical ,index is tak51 ) "s *ange ( plan1 f ,volkm>4 ,x may s]ve to give a sort ( c\p d'oeil ( ! subject4 ,x is a pleasure to be able to m5tion ano!r =m ( assi/ance f :i* x is "o ( ! mis=tunes ( an anonym\s writ] to f9d himself cut (f4 ,! pro(s ( ?is book h be5 se5 9 _! passage ?r\gh ! press by my fri5d ! ,rev4 ,a4,j4 ,mason1 ,fell[ ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge1 ^: exact s*ol>%ip has be5 p>ticul>ly valuable to me4 ,on ano!r side ?an t ( s*ol>%ip ,i h d]iv$ ! greate/ b5efit f ! advice ( my fri5d ,james ,b$d>d1 ,m4,b41 ( ,nott+ham1 :o 0 among ! fir/ to help me to realise1 & n[ does n suff] me to =get1 :at a book ought to be4 ,! ,index ( ,ref]5ces to ! ,gospels has also be5 made = me4 ,! *apt] on ,m>cion has already appe>$1 sub/antially 9 its pres5t =m1 z a contribution to ! ,=tnightly ,review4 ,,b>ton-,,on-,,!-,,hea?1 ,,%ip/on-,,on-,,/\r1 ,novemb]1 #ahge4 ,greek epigraph3 ,ta de panta el5*\m5a hupo t\ photos phan]\tai pan g> to phan]\m5on phos e/94 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,introductory4 ,x w\ld be natural 9 a "w ( ?is k9d1 :i* is a direct review ( a p>ticul> book1 to beg9 ) an acc\nt ( t book1 & ) "s attempt to *>act]ise x4 ,su* _h be5 my own int5tion1 b !re seems to be suffici5t reason = pursu+ a diff]5t c\rse4 ,on ! "o h&1 an acc\nt ( a book :i* has s rec5tly appe>$1 :i* has be5 s fully review$1 & :i* has excit$ s mu* att5tion1 w\ld appe> to be sup]flu\s2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 z ! "* ( x has become ! subject ( some:at %>p controv]sy1 & z controv]sy-- or at lea/ ! controv]sial temp]--is ! "o ?+ t ,i wi% to avoid1 ,i h ?\ght x well on ! :ole to ab&on my fir/ int5tion1 & to conf9e myself z mu* z possible to a criticism ( ! argum5t & subject-matt]1 ) a view to asc]ta9 ! real facts z to ! =mation ( ! ,canon ( ! f\r ,gospels4 ,i %all correct1 :]e ,i am able to d s1 su* mi/akes z may happ5 to come "u my notice & h n already be5 po9t$ out by o!r review]s1 only dilat+ ^u !m :]e :at seem to be false pr9ciples ( criticism are involv$4 ,on ! g5]al subject ( ^! mi/akes--mislead+ ref]5ces & ! l--,i ?9k t en\gh has be5 said ,endnote #b3a4 ,mu* is p]haps *>g$ ^u ! individual :i* is r due to ! sy/em ( !ological tra9+ & ! habits ( rese>* t are common 9 ,engl& at ! pres5t day4 ,inaccuracies no d\bt h be5 f\nd1 n a few4 ,b1 un=tunately1 !re is only "o ( our seats ( le>n+ :]e--9 !ology at lea/--! /udy ( accuracy has q ! place t x des]ves4 ,our be/ s*ol>s & able/ m5--) "o or two conspicu\s exceptions--d n write1 & ! "w is left to be done by littrateurs & cl]gym5 or laym5 :o h nev] und]gone ! sev]e prelim9>y discipl9e :i* sci5tific inve/igation requires4 ,?us a l[ /&>d is set2 !re are b few s\nd examples to foll[1 & x is a *ance :e!r ! /ud5t's att5tion is direct$ to ^! at ! "t :5 8 habits ( m9d are be+ =m$4 ,aga91 x 0 claim$ = ',sup]natural ,religion' on its fir/ appe>ance t x 0 imp>tial4 ,! claim has be5 indignantly d5i$1 &1 ,i am afraid ,i mu/ say1 ) ju/ice4 ,any "o conv]sant ) ! subject 7,i speak ( ! critical portion ( ! book7 w see t x is deeply col\r$ by ! au?or's prepossessions f beg9n+ to end4 ,"h aga9 he has only imbib$ ! temp] ( ! nation4 ,p]haps x is due to our political activity & ! sy/em ( p>ty-gov]nm5t t ! _s ( p>ty seems to h tak5 su* a deep root 9 ! ,engli% m9d4 ,an ,engli%man's political op9ions are det]m9$ = him ma9ly 7?\gh sometimes 9 ! way ( reaction7 by 8 antec$5ts & education1 & 8 op9ions on o!r subjects foll[ 9 _! tra94 ,he takes !m up ) m ( practical vig\r & en]gy ?an bread? ( reflection4 ,!re is a contagion ( p>ty-_s 9 ! air4 ,& ?us advocacy on "o side is simply met by advocacy on ! o!r4 ,su* has at lea/ be5 hi!rto ! hi/ory ( ,engli% ?\ght ^u mo/ great subjects4 ,we may hope t at la/ ?is /ate ( ?+s is com+ to an end4 ,b until n[1 & ev5 n[1 x has be5 difficult to f9d t quiet atmosph]e 9 :i* alone true criticism c fl\ri%4 ,let x n be ?\ght t ^! few rem>ks are made 9 a _s ( c5sori\sness4 ,!y are made by "o :o is only too consci\s ( be+ subject to ! v same conditions1 & :o kn[s n h[ f> he may ne$ indulg5ce on ! same score himself4 ,h[ f> 8 own "w is ta9t$ ) ! _s ( advocacy x is n = him to say4 ,he kn[s well t ! au?or :om he has set himself to criticise is at lea/ a writ] ( rem>kable vig\r & ability1 & t he _c lay claim to ^! qualities2 b he has confid5ce 9 ! p[] ( tru?--:atev] t tru? may be-- to ass]t itself 9 ! end4 ,an op5 & fair field & full & free criticism are all t is ne$$ to elim9ate ! effects ( individual /r5g? or weakness4 ',! op9ions ( good m5 are b k 9 ! mak+'--especially :]e !y are bas$ ^u a survey ( ! orig9al facts4 ,mi/akes w be made & h curr5cy = a "t4 ,b little by little tru? em]ges2 x receives ! suffrages ( ^? :o are compet5t to judge2 gradually ! controv]sy n>r[s2 p>ts ( x are clos$ up entirely1 & a solid & p]man5t advance is made4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! au?or ( ',sup]natural ,religion' />ts f a rigid & some:at antiquat$ view ( ,revelation--,revelation is 'a direct & ext]nal communication by ,god to man ( tru?s undiscov]able by human reason4 ,! div9e orig9 ( ?is communication is prov$ by miracles4 ,miracles are prov$ by ! record ( ,scripture1 :i*1 9 its turn1 is atte/$ by ! hi/ory ( ! ,canon4--,?is is c]ta9ly ! k9d ( !ory :i* 0 9 fav\r at ! end ( ! la/ c5tury1 & f\nd expression 9 works l ,paley's ,evid5ces4 ,x belongs to a "t ( vigor\s & cle> b me*anical & n>r[ culture1 :5 ! philosophy ( religion 0 made up ( abrupt & viol5t contra/s2 :5 ,*ri/ianity 7includ+ "u t "n ! ,old ,te/am5t z well z ! ,new7 0 ?\ght to be simply true & all o!r religions simply false2 :5 ! revelation ( div9e tru? 0 ?\ght to be z sudd5 & complete z ! act ( creation2 & :5 ! pres5ce ( any local & tempor>y elem5ts 9 ! ,*ri/ian docum5ts or society 0 ignor$4 ,! _w has und]gone a great *ange s9ce !n4 ,a new & f>- rea*+ philosophy is gradually displac+ ! old4 ,! ,*ri/ian sees t evolution is z mu* a law ( religion z ( nature4 ,! ,e?nic1 or non-,*ri/ian1 religions are no long] treat$ z outside ! pale ( ! ,div9e gov]nm5t4 ,ea* falls into its place z "p ( a va/ div9ely appo9t$ s*eme1 ( ! "* ( :i* we are beg9n+ to h "s fa9t glimm]+s4 ,o!r religions are se5 to be correlat$ to ,*ri/ianity mu* z ! o!r t5tative ef=ts ( nature are correlat$ to man4 ,a div9e op]ation1 & :at f our limit$ human po9t ( view we %\ld call a special div9e op]ation1 is n exclud$ b r impli$ 9 ! physical process by :i* man has be5 plant$ on ! e>?1 & x is /ill m evid5tly impli$ 9 ! correspond+ process ( 8 spiritual enlight5m5t4 ,! deep] & m compreh5sive view t we h be5 l$ to take z to ! deal+s ( ,provid5ce has n by any means be5 foll[$ by a depreciation ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,r x appe>s on a l(ti] height ?an ev]4 ,! spiritual movem5ts ( rec5t times h op5$ m5's eyes m & m to its supreme spiritual excell5ce4 ,x is no long] possible to resolve x into a m]e 'code ( morals4' ,! ,*ri/ian e?ics gr[ organically out ( ! relations :i* ,*ri/ianity assumes betwe5 ,god & man1 & 9 _! fulness are insep>able f ^? relations4 ,! au?or ( ',sup]natural ,religion' speaks z if !y 7 sep>able1 z if a man c\ld assume all ! ,*ri/ian graces m]ely by wi%+ to assume !m4 ,b he =gets ! root ( ! :ole ,*ri/ian sy/em1 ',except ye be conv]t$ & become z little *ildr51 ye %all 9 no case ent] into ! k+dom ( heav54' ,! old idea ( ! ,aufklrung t ,*ri/ianity 0 no?+ m ?an a code ( morals1 has n[ long ago be5 giv5 up1 & ! self-complac5cy :i* *>act]is$ t movem5t has = ! mo/ "p1 ?\gh n entirely1 pass$ away4 ,! n9ete5? c5tury is n 9 v _m qu>t]s reg>d$ z ! goal ( ?+s4 ,& x w h>dly n[ be ma9ta9$ t ,*ri/ianity is adequately repres5t$ by any ( ! _m sects & p>ties embrac$ "u ! "n4 ,:5 we turn f ev5 ! be/ ( ^!1 9 its be/ & highe/ embodim5t1 to ! picture t is put be=e u 9 ! ,gospels1 h[ small does x seem6 ,we feel t !y all fall %ort ( _! ideal1 & t !re is a great] promise & pot5tiality ( p]fection 9 ! root ?an has ev] yet appe>$ 9 bran* or fl[]4 ,no d\bt !ology foll[s philosophy4 ,! special conception ( ! relation ( man to ,god naturally takes its col\r f ! wid] conception z to ! nature ( all k & ! relation ( ,god to ! univ]se4 ,x has be5 s 9 e age1 & x mu/ ne$s be s n[4 ,"s readju/m5t1 p]haps a consid]able readju/m5t1 ( !ological & sci5tific beliefs may be necess>y4 ,b !re is1 ,i ?9k1 a /rong presumption t ! *anges involv$ 9 !ology w be less radical ?an (t5 seems to be suppos$4 ,:5 we look back ^u hi/ory1 ! _w has gone ?r\gh _m simil> crises be=e4 ,! discov]ies ( ,d>w9 & ! philosophies ( ,mill or ,hegel d n m>k a great] relative advance ?an ! discov]ies ( ,newton & ! philosophies ( ,desc>tes & ,locke4 ,^! latt] c]ta9ly _h an effect ^u !ology4 ,at "o "t !y seem$ to %ake x to its base2 s mu* s t ,bi%op ,butl] wrote 9 ! ,adv]tisem5t to ! fir/ edition ( 8 ,analogy t 'x is come to be tak5 = grant$ t ,*ri/ianity is n s mu* z a subject ( inquiry2 b t x is n[ at l5g? discov]$ to be fictiti\s4' ,yet :at d we see aft] a lapse ( a hundr$ & =ty ye>s8 ,x _c be said t !re is less religi\s life & activity n[ ?an !re 0 !n1 or t !re has be5 s f> any s]i\s brea* 9 ! cont9uity ( ,*ri/ian belief4 ,an eye t has le>nt to wat* ! l>g] movem5ts ( mank9d w n all[ itself to be di/urb$ by local oscillations4 ,x is natural en\gh t "s ( our ?9k]s & writ]s %\ld imag9e t ! la/ ^w has be5 spok51 & t !y %\ld be tempt$ to use ! ^w ',tru?' z if x 7 _! own peculi> possession4 ,b ,tru? is really a mu* va/] & m unatta9able ?+4 ,"o man sees a fragm5t ( x "h & ano!r !re2 b1 z a :ole1 ev5 9 any ( its smalle/ subdivisions1 x exi/s n 9 ! bra9 ( any "o individual1 b 9 ! gradual1 & ev] incomplete b ev] self-complet+1 onw>d movem5t ( ! :ole4 ',if any man ?9k t he kn[e? any?+1 he kn[e? no?+ yet z he ought to "k4' ,! =ms ( ,*ri/ianity *ange1 b ,*ri/ianity itself endures4 ,& x w\ld seem z if we might well be cont5t to wait until x 0 realis$ a little less imp]fectly be=e we attempt to g f>!r afield4 ,yet ! "w ( adaptation mu/ be done4 ,! pres5t g5]ation has a task ( its own to p]=m4 ,x is ne$ful = x to revise its op9ions 9 view ( ! advances t h be5 made bo? 9 g5]al k & 9 special !ological criticism4 ,9 s f> z ',sup]natural ,religion' has help$ to d ?is1 x has s]v$ ! cause ( true progress2 b its ma9 plan & design ,i _c b reg>d z out ( date & aim$ 9 ! air4 ,! ,*ri/ian miracles1 or :at 9 our ignorance we call miracles1 w n be> to be torn away f _! context4 ,if !y are facts we mu/ look at !m 9 /rict connection ) t ,ideal ,life to :i* !y seem to =m ! almo/ natural accompanim5t4 ,! ,life itself is ! great miracle4 ,:5 we come to see x z x really is1 & to ent]1 if ev5 9 "s dim & grop+ way1 into its inn] recesses1 we feel ourselves aba%$ & dumb4 ,yet ?is self-evid5tial "* is f\nd 9 portions ( ! n>rative t are q unmiracul\s4 ,^!1 p]haps1 are 9 reality ! mo/ m>vell\s1 ?\gh ! miracles !mselves w seem 9 place :5 _! spiritual significance is und]/ood & !y are rang$ 9 ord] r\nd _! common c5tre4 ,d\btless "s elem5ts ( sup]/ition may be mix$ up 9 ! record z x has come d[n to u4 ,!re is a manife/ gap betwe5 ! reality & ! /ory ( x4 ,! ,evangeli/s 7 = ! mo/ "p ',jews :o s\ght aft] a sign4' ,some?+ ( ?is wond]-seek+ curiosity may v well h giv5 a col\r to _! acc\nt ( ev5ts 9 :i* ! really transc5d5tal elem5t 0 less visible & tangible4 ,we _c n[ di/+ui% ) any degree ( accuracy betwe5 ! subjective & ! objective 9 ! report4 ,b t miracles1 or :at we call su*1 did 9 "s %ape take place1 is1 ,i believe1 simply a matt] ( atte/$ fact4 ,:5 we consid] x 9 its relation to ! re/ ( ! n>rative1 to te> out ! miracul\s bodily f ! ,gospels seems to me 9 ! fir/ in/ance a violation ( hi/ory & criticism r ?an ( fai?4 ,/ill ! au?or ( ',sup]natural ,religion' is1 no d\bt1 ju/ifi$ 9 rais+ ! "q1 ,did miracles really happ58 ,i only wi% to prote/ aga9/ ! idea t su* a "q c be adequately discuss$ z some?+ isolat$ & di/9ct1 9 :i* all t is necess>y is to produce & sub/antiate ! docum5ts z 9 a =5sic process4 ,su* a '_w-hi/orical' ev5t 7if ,i may = ! mom5t borr[ an expressive ,g]manism7 z ! f\nd+ ( ,*ri/ianity _c be ?r[n into a m]ely =5sic =m4 ,consid]ations ( ?is k9d may inde$ ent] 91 b to suppose t !y c be ju/ly e/imat$ by !mselves alone is an error4 ,& x is /ill m an error to suppose t ! riddle ( ! univ]se1 or r t "p ( ! riddle :i* to u is mo/ important1 ! religi\s nature ( man &1 ! objective facts & relations t correspond to x1 c all be r$uc$ to "s f\r or five simple propositions :i* admit ( be+ prov$ or disprov$ by a %ort & easy ,q4,e4,d4 ,x w\ld h be5 a f> m pr(itable enquiry if ! au?or _h ask$ himself1 ,:at is ,revelation8 ,! "t has come :5 ?is %\ld be ask$ & an attempt to obta9 a m sci5tific def9ition %\ld be made4 ,! comp>ative /udy ( religions has gone f> en\gh to admit ( a comp>ison betwe5 ! ,e?nic religions & t :i* _h its bir? 9 ,pale/9e--! religion ( ! ,jews & ,*ri/ians4 ,obvi\sly1 at ! fir/ blu%1 !re is a diff]5ce3 & t diff]5ce con/itutes :at we mean by ,revelation4 ,let u h ?is z yet v imp]fectly kn[n quantity sci5tifically asc]ta9$1 )\t any attempt ei!r to m9imise or to exagg]ate4 ,i mean1 let ! field :i* ,mr4 ,mat!w ,arnold has lately be5 trav]s+ ) mu* ( 8 usual insight b 9 a light & popul> mann]1 be s]i\sly mapp$ out & explor$4 ,pione]s h be5 at "w1 su* z ,dr4 ,ku551 b n p]haps q )\t a bias3 let ! same enquiry be tak5 up s widely z t ! effects ( bias may be elim9at$2 & in/ead ( at once accept+ ! fir/ crude results1 let u wait until !y are matur$ by "t4 ,?is w\ld be really fruitful & productive1 & a positive addition to k2 b reason+ su* z t 9 ',sup]natural ,religion' is vitiat$ at ! outset1 because x />ts ) ! assumption t we "k p]fectly well ! mean+ ( a t]m ( :i* our actual conception is vague & indet]m9ate 9 ! extreme--,div9e ,revelation4 ,endnote #aj3a ,) ^! res]vations z to ! ma9 drift & be>+ ( ! argum5t1 we may h[ev] meet ! au?or ( ',sup]natural ,religion' on 8 own gr\nd4 ,x is a "p ( ! "q--?\gh a m subord9ate "p app>5tly ?an he seems to suppose--to decide :e!r miracles did or did n really happ54 ,ev5 ( ?is "p too x is b q a m9or subdivision t is includ$ 9 ! two volumes ( 8 "w t h hi!rto appe>$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 m]ely z a matt] ( hi/orical atte/ation1 ! ,gospels are n ! /ronge/ evid5ce = ! ,*ri/ian miracles4 ,only "o ( ! f\r1 9 its pres5t %ape1 is claim$ z ! "w ( an ,apo/le1 & ( t ! g5u95ess is disput$4 ,! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les /& ^u v mu* ! same foot+ ) ! ,synoptic ,gospels1 & ( ?is book we are promis$ a fur!r exam9ation4 ,b we possess at lea/ "s und\bt$ writ+s ( "o :o 0 himself a *ief actor 9 ! ev5ts :i* foll[$ imm$iately ^u ^? record$ 9 ! ,gospels2 & 9 ^! und\bt$ writ+s ,/4 ,paul c]ta9ly %[s by incid5tal allusions1 ! good fai? ( :i* _c be que/ion$1 t he believ$ himself to be end[$ ) ! p[] ( work+ miracles1 & t miracles1 or :at 7 ?\ght to be su*1 7 actually wr\ght bo? by him & by 8 contempor>ies4 ,he rem9ds ! ,cor9?ians t '! signs ( an ,apo/le 7 wr\ght among !m 444 9 signs1 & wond]s1 & mighty de$s' 7,greek3 en saemei\s kai t]asi kai dunamesi--! usual words = ! high] =ms ( miracle-- #b ,cor4 xii4 #ab74 ,he tells ! ,romans t 'he w n d>e to speak ( any ( ^? ?+s :i* ,*ri/ ha? n wr\ght 9 him1 to make ! ,g5tiles ob$i5t1 by ^w & de$1 ?r\gh mighty signs & wond]s1 by ! p[] ( ! ,_s ( ,god' 7,greek3 en dunamei saemeion kai t]aton1 en dunamei pneumator ,!\1 ,rom4 xv4 #ah1 #ai7 ,he asks ! ,galatians :e!r 'he t m9i/]e? to !m ! ,_s1 & worke? miracles ,greek3 ho en]gon dunameis among !m1 doe? x by ! works ( ! law1 or by ! he>+ ( fai?8' 7,gal4 iii4 #e74 ,9 ! fir/ ,epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians1 he goes some:at elaborately into ! exact place 9 ! ,*ri/ian economy t is to be assign$ to ! work+ ( miracles & gifts ( heal+ 7#a ,cor4 xii4 #aj1 #bh1 #bi74 ,besides ^! allusions1 ,/4 ,paul repeat$ly ref]s to ! c>d9al miracles ( ! ,resurrection & ,asc5sion2 he ref]s to !m z notori\s & unque/ionable facts at a "t :5 su* an ass]tion might h be5 easily refut$4 ,on "o occasion he gives a v circum/antial acc\nt ( ! te/imony on :i* ! belief 9 ! ,resurrection re/$ 7#a ,cor4 xv4 #d-h74 ,&1 n only does he ass]t ! ,resurrection z a fact1 b he builds ^u x a :ole s*eme ( doctr9e3 ',if ,*ri/ be n ris51' he says1 '!n is our prea*+ va91 & y\r fai? is also va94' ,we d n /ay n[ to consid] ! exact philosophical weight ( ?is evid5ce4 ,x w be "t en\gh to d ?is :5 x has receiv$ ! critical discussion t may be presum$ to be 9 /ore = x4 ,b z ext]nal evid5ce1 9 ! legal s5se1 x is probably ! be/ t c be produc$1 & x has be5 entirely unt\*$ s f>4 ,aga91 9 consid]+ ! evid5ce = ! age ( ! ,synoptic ,gospels1 t :i* is d]iv$ f ext]nal s\rces is only a "p1 & n p]haps ! m important "p1 ( ! :ole4 ,x po9ts backw>ds inde$1 & we %all see ) :at am\nt ( =ce & range4 ,b !re is /ill an int]val )9 :i* only approximate conclusions are possible4 ,^! conclusions ne$ to be supplem5t$ f ! ph5om5a ( ! docum5ts !mselves4 ,9 ! relation ( ! ,gospels to ! gr[? ( ! ,*ri/ian society & ! developm5t ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e1 & especially to ! great turn+-po9t 9 ! hi/ory1 ! tak+ ( ,j]usalem1 !re is v consid]able int]nal evid5ce = det]m9+ ! date )9 :i* !y mu/ h be5 compos$4 ,x is well kn[n t _m critics1 )\t any apologetic object1 h f\nd a m or less exact crit]ion 9 ! es*atological disc\rses 7,matt4 xxiv1 ,m>k xiii1 ,luke xxi4 #e-cf71 & to ?is l>ge additions may be made4 ,z ,i hope "s day to h an opportunity ( discuss+ ! :ole "q ( ! orig9 & composition ( ! ,synoptic ,gospels1 ,i %all n g into ?is at pres5t3 b 9 ! mean "t x %\ld be rememb]$ t all ^! fur!r que/ions lie 9 ! backgr\nd1 & t 9 trac+ ! =mation ( ! ,canon ( ! ,gospels ! :ole ( ! evid5ce = miracles--ev5 f ?is ab extra po9t ( view--is v f> f be+ exhau/$4 ,!re is yet ano!r rema9+ reason :i* makes ! pres5t enquiry ( less importance ?an might be suppos$1 d]iv$ f ! p>ticul> way 9 :i* ! au?or has dealt ) ?is ext]nal evid5ce4 ,9 ord] to expla9 ! prima facie evid5ce = our canonical ,gospels1 he has be5 compell$ to assume ! exi/5ce ( o!r docum5ts conta9+1 s f> z appe>s1 ! same or v simil> matt]4 ,9 o!r words1 in/ead ( f\r ,gospels he w\ld give u five or six or sev54 ,i d n "k t1 m]ely z a matt] ( policy1 & = apologetic purposes only1 ! be/ way to refute 8 conclusion w\ld n be to admit 8 premisses & to insi/ ^u ! multiplication ( ! evid5ce = ! facts ( ! ,gospel hi/ory :i* 8 argum5t w\ld seem to involve4 ,i m5tion ?is h[ev]1 n ) any su* object1 b r to %[ t ! tru? ( ,*ri/ianity is n intimately affect$1 & t !re are no su* great reasons = p>tiality on "o side or on ! o!r4 ,i confess t x 0 a relief to me :5 ,i f\nd t ?is mu/ be ! case4 ,i d n ?9k ! "t has come :5 ! c5tral "q c be approa*$ ) any safety4 ,r\gh & ready me?ods 7su* z ,i am afraid ,i mu/ call ! fir/ "p ( ',sup]natural ,religion'7 may inde$ cut ! ,gordian knot1 b !y d n untie x4 ,a numb] ( prelim9>y que/ions w h to be det]m9$ ) a great] degree ( accuracy & ) m g5]al cons5t ?an has be5 done hi!rto4 ,! ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian lit]ature ( ! c5tury be=e & ( ! two c5turies aft] ! bir? ( ,*ri/ mu/ und]go a m se>*+ exam9ation1 by m9ds ( diff]5t nationality & tra9+1 bo? z to ! date1 text1 & "* ( ! sev]al books4 ,! :ole balance ( an argum5t may frequ5tly be *ang$ by "s app>5tly m9ute & unimportant discov]y2 :ile1 at pres5t1 f ! m]e want ( cons5t z to ! data1 ! /ate ( _m a "q is necess>ily *aotic4 ,x is f> bett] t all ^! po9ts %\ld be discuss$ z dis9t]e/$ly z possible4 ,no "w is s good z t :i* is done )\t sight ( ! object to :i* x is t5d+ & :]e ! workman has only 8 measure & rule to tru/ to4 ,i am glad to ?9k t ! inve/igation :i* is to foll[ may be almo/1 if n q1 class$ 9 ?is category2 & ,i hope ,i may be able to conduct x ) suffici5t imp>tiality4 ,unconsci\s bias no man c escape1 b f consci\s bias ,i tru/ ,i %all be free4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,on ,,quotations ,,g5]ally ,,9 ,,! ,,e>ly ,,*ri/ian ,,writ]s4 ,! subject !n propos$ = our inve/igation is ! ext5t to :i* ! canonical ,gospels are atte/$ by ! e>ly ,*ri/ian writ]s1 or1 9 o!r words1 ! hi/ory ( ! process by :i* !y became canonical4 ,?is w involve an enquiry into two ?+s2 fir/1 ! pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( ! ,gospels1 &1 secondly1 ! degree ( au?ority attribut$ to !m4 ,practically ?is second enquiry mu/ be v subord9ate to ! fir/1 because ! data are mu* few]2 b x too %all be dealt )1 cursorily1 z ! occasion arises1 & we %all be 9 a position to speak ^u x def9itely be=e we conclude4 ,x w be conv5i5t to foll[ ! example t is set u 9 ',sup]natural ,religion1' & to take ! fir/ ?ree1 or ,synoptic1 ,gospels sep>ately f ! f\r?4 99 99 99 99 99 ,at ! outset ! "q w occur to u1 ,on :at pr9ciple is ! enquiry to be conduct$8 ,:at sort ( rule or /&>d are we to assume8 ,9 ord] to prove ei!r ! exi/5ce or ! au?ority ( ! ,gospels1 x is necess>y t we %\ld exam9e ! quotations f !m1 or :at are alleg$ to be quotations f !m1 9 ! e>ly writ]s4 ,n[ ^! quotations are notori\sly lax4 ,x w be necess>y !n to h "s means ( judg+1 :at degree & k9d ( laxity is admissible2 :at does1 & :at does n1 prev5t ! ref]5ce ( a quotation to a giv5 s\rce4 ,! au?or ( ',sup]natural ,religion1' inde$1 has n felt ! necessity = ?is prelim9>y /ep4 ,he has tak5 up1 z x 71 at haphaz>d1 ! fir/ /&>d t came to 8 h&2 &1 n unnaturally1 ?is is f\nd to be v mu* ! /&>d ( ! pres5t lit]>y age1 :5 bo? ! me*anical & psy*ological conditions are q diff]5t f ^? t prevail$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,he has ?us be5 l$ to make a numb] ( ass]tions :i* w require a great deal ( qualification4 ,! only s\nd & sci5tific me?od is to make an induction 7if only a r\gh "o7 respect+ ! habit ( e>ly quotation g5]ally1 & !n to apply x to ! p>ticul> cases4 ,"h !re w be ?ree classes ( quotation m or less directly 9 po9t3 7#a7 ! quotations f ! ,old ,te/am5t 9 ! ,new2 7#b7 ! quotations f ! ,old ,te/am5t 9 ! same e>ly writ]s ^: quotations f ! ,new ,te/am5t are ! po9t 9 "q2 7#c7 quotations f ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & m p>ticul>ly f ! ,gospels1 9 ! writ]s subsequ5t to ^!1 at a "t :5 ! ,canon ( ! ,gospels 0 fix$ & we c be q sure t our pres5t ,gospels are be+ quot$4 ,?is me?od ( proc$ure h[ev] is n by any means s pla9 & /raight=w>d z x might seem4 ,! :ole subject ( ,old ,te/am5t quotations is highly p]plex+4 ,mo/ ( ! quotations t we meet ) are tak5 f ! ,,lxx v]sion2 & ! text ( t v]sion 0 at ?is p>ticul> "t especially unc]ta9 & fluctuat+4 ,!re is evid5ce to %[ t x mu/ h exi/$ 9 sev]al =ms :i* diff]$ m or less f t ( ! extant ,,mss4 ,x w\ld be ra% !re=e to conclude at once1 because we f9d a quotation diff]+ f ! pres5t text ( ! ,,lxx1 t x diff]$ f t :i* 0 us$ by ! writ] mak+ ! quotation4 ,9 "s cases ?is c be prov$ f ! same writ] mak+ ! same quotation m ?an once & diff]5tly ea* "t1 or f ano!r writ] mak+ x 9 agreem5t ) our pres5t text4 ,b 9 o!r cases x seems probable t ! writ] _h really a diff]5t text be=e him1 because he quotes x m ?an once1 or ano!r writ] quotes x1 ) ! same v>iation4 ,?is h[ev] is aga9 an unc]ta9 crit]ion2 = ! second writ] may be copy+ ! fir/1 or he may be influ5c$ by an unconsci\s rem9isc5ce ( :at ! fir/ _h writt54 ,! e>ly ,*ri/ian writ]s copi$ ea* o!r to an ext5t t we %\ld h>dly be prep>$ =4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 !re is a /r+ ( quotations 9 ! fir/ ,epi/le ( ,clem5t ( ,rome 7cc4 xiv1 xv7--,ps4 xxxvii4 #cf-ch2 ,is4 xxix4 #ac2 ,ps4 lxii4 #d1 lxxviii4 #cf1 #cg1 xxxi1 #ai1 xii4 #c-f2 & ^! v quotations 9 ! same ord] reappe> 9 ! ,alex&r9e ,clem5t 7,/rom4 iv4 #f74 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria is inde$ fond ( copy+ 8 ,roman namesake1 & does s )\t ackn[l$gm5t4 ,t]tullian & ,epiphanius 9 l mann] drew l>gely f ! works ( ,ir5aeus4 ,b ?is confuses evid5ce t w\ld o!rwise be cle>4 ,= in/ance1 9 ,eph4 iv4 #h ,/4 ,paul quotes ,ps4 lxviii4 #ai1 b ) a m>k$ v>iation f all ! extant texts ( ! ,,lxx4 ,?us3-- ,ps4 lxviii4 #ah 7#ai74 ,greek3 ,anabas eis hupsos ae*maloteusas ai*malosian1 elabes domata en an?ropon4 ,greek3 ,ae*maloteus5 444 en an?ropon ,hebrew3 alef1 p]haps f assimilation to ,n4,t4 ,eph4 iv4 #h4 ,greek3 ,anabas eis hupsos ae*maltoteus5 ai*malosian1 kai edoke domata tois an?ropois4 ,greek3 kai om4 ,hebrew3 alef'#a1 ,a ,c'#b ,d'#a1 c4 ,x4 ,vulg4 ,memph4 c42 ins4 ,b ,c'#c ,d'#c ,hebrew3 alef'#d1 c4 ,n[ we %\ld naturally ?9k t ?is 0 a v free quotation--s free t x sub/itutes 'giv+' = 'receiv+4' ,a free quotation p]haps x may be1 b at any rate ! v same v>iation is f\nd 9 ,ju/9 7,dial4 #ci74 ,&1 /range to say1 9 five o!r passages :i* are quot$ v>iantly by ,/4 ,paul1 ,ju/9 also agrees ) him1 ,endnote #ah3a ?\gh cases on ! o!r h& occur :]e ,ju/9 diff]s f ,/4 ,paul or holds a position midway betwe5 him & ! ,,lxx 7e4g4 #a ,cor4 i4 #ai comp>$ ) ,j4 ,dial4 cc4 #abc1 #cb1 #gh1 :]e w be f\nd "s curi\s v>iations1 agreem5t ) ,,lxx1 p>tial agreem5t ) ,,lxx1 p>tial agreem5t ) ,/4 ,paul74 ,n[ :at are we to say to ^! ph5om5a8 ,h ,/4 ,paul & ,ju/9 bo? a v>iant text ( ! ,,lxx1 or is ,ju/9 quot+ m$iately ?r\gh ,/4 ,paul8 ,probability inde$ seems to be on ! side ( ! latt] ( ^! two alt]natives1 because 9 "o place 7,dial4 cc4 #ie1 #if7 ,ju/9 quotes ! two passages ,deut4 xxvii4 #bf & ,deut4 xxi4 #bc consecutively1 & applies !m j z !y are appli$ 9 ,gal4 iii4 #aj1 #ac ,endnote #ah3b4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is some:at /range t ,ju/9 n[h]e ref]s to ! ,epi/les ( ,/4 ,paul by "n1 & t ! allusions to !m 9 ! g5u9e writ+s1 except = ^! m>k$ resemblances 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t quotations1 are few & unc]ta94 ,! same relation is obs]v$ betwe5 ! ,paul9e ,epi/les & t ( ,clem5t ( ,rome4 ,9 two places at lea/ ,clem5t agrees1 or ne>ly agrees1 ) ,/4 ,paul1 :]e bo? diff] f ! ,,lxx2 9 c4 xiii 7,greek3 ho kan*om5os en ,kurio kan*a/ho2 comp>e #a ,cor4 i4 #ca1 #b ,cor4 x1 #af71 & 9 c4 xxxiv 7,greek3 oph?almhos ouk eid5 k4t4l42 comp>e #a ,cor4 ii4 #i74 ,aga91 9 c4 xxxvi ,clem5t has ! ,greek3 puros phloga ( ,heb4 i4 #g = ,greek3 pur phlegon ( ! ,,lxx4 ,! re/ ( ! p>allelisms 9 ,clem5t's ,epi/le are = ! mo/ "p ) ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 :o _h evid5tly made a c>eful /udy ( 8 pr$ecessor4 ,9 "o place1 c4 liii1 !re is a rem>kable co9cid5ce ) ,b>nabas 7,greek3 ,m\sae ,m\sae katabae?i to ta*os k4t4l42 comp>e ,b>n4 cc4 iv & xiv74 ,9 ! ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas itself !re is a comb9$ quotation f ,g54 xv4 #f1 xvii4 #e1 :i* has evid5tly & c]ta9ly be5 affect$ by ,rom4 iv4 #aa4 ,on ! :ole we may lean some:at decid$ly to ! hypo!sis ( a mutual /udy ( ea* o!r by ! ,*ri/ian writ]s1 ?\gh ! o!r hypo!sis ( ! exi/5ce ( diff]5t v]sions 7:e!r oral & traditional or 9 any %ape writt57 _c be exclud$4 ,probably bo? w h to be tak5 into acc\nt to expla9 all ! facts4 ,ano!r di/urb+ influ5ce1 :i* w affect especially ! quotations 9 ! ,gospels1 is ! possibility1 p]haps ev5 probability1 t _m ( ^! are made1 n directly f ei!r ,hebrew or ,,lxx1 b f or ?r\gh ,t>gums4 ,?is w\ld seem to be ! case especially ) ! rem>kable applications ( prophecy 9 ,/4 ,mat!w4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ z possible t ! ,evangeli/ has foll[$ "s ,jewi% int]pretation t seem$ to be> a ,*ri/ian con/ruction4 ,! quotation 9 ,matt4 ii4 #f1 ) its curi\s ins]tion ( ! negative 7,greek3 oudamos ela*i/ae = ,greek3 oligo/os71 reappe>s id5tically 9 ,ju/9 7,dial4 c4 #gh74 ,we %all probably h to t\* ^u ?is quotation :5 we come to consid] ,ju/9's relations to ! canonical ,gospels4 ,x c]ta9ly seems ^u ! face ( x ! m probable supposition t he has "h be5 influ5c$ by ! =m ( ! text 9 ,/4 ,mat!w1 b he may be quot+ f a ,t>gum or f a peculi> text4 ,any induction1 !n1 9 reg>d to ! quotations f ! ,,lxx v]sion w h to be us$ ) caution & res]ve4 ,& yet ,i ?9k x w be well to make su* an induction r\ghly1 especially 9 reg>d to ! ,apo/olic ,fa!rs ^: writ+s we are to exam9e4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! quotations f ! ,old ,te/am5t 9 ! ,new h1 z x is well kn[n1 be5 made ! subject ( a volume by ,mr4 ,mc,calman ,turpie ,endnote #bj3a1 :i*1 ?\gh p]haps n q rea*+ a high level ( s*ol>%ip1 has yet evid5tly be5 put toge!r ) mu* c>e & pa9s1 & w be suffici5t = our purpose4 ,! summ>y result ( ,mr4 ,turpie's inve/igation is ?is4 ,out ( two hundr$ & sev5ty-five 9 all :i* may be consid]$ to be quotations f ! ,old ,te/am5t1 fifty-?ree agree lit]ally bo? ) ! ,,lxx & ! ,hebrew1 t5 ) ! ,hebrew & n ) ! ,,lxx1 & ?irty-sev5 ) ! ,,lxx & n ) ! ,hebrew1 mak+ 9 all j a hundr$ t are 9 lit]al 7or ne>ly lit]al1 = slight v>iations ( ord] are n tak5 into acc\nt7 agreem5t ) "s /ill extant au?ority4 ,on ! o!r h&1 sev5ty-six passages diff] bo? f ! ,hebrew & ,,lxx :]e ! two are toge!r1 n9ety-n9e diff] f !m :]e !y div]ge1 & besides ^!1 ?ree1 ?\gh introduc$ ) m>ks ( quotation1 h no assignable orig9al 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t at all4 ,leav+ !m = ! pres5t out ( ! "q1 we h a hundr$ in/ances ( agreem5t aga9/ a hundr$ & sev5ty-five ( diff]5ce2 or1 9 o!r words1 ! proportion ( diff]5ce to agreem5t is z sev5 to f\r4 ,?is h[ev] mu/ be tak5 ) ! caution giv5 above2 t is to say1 x mu/ n at once be inf]r$ t because ! quotation diff]s f extant au?ority !re=e x necess>ily diff]s f all non-extant au?ority z well4 ,x %\ld be add$ t ! /&>d ( agreem5t adopt$ by ,mr4 ,turpie is some:at high] ?an w\ld be naturally held to be suffici5t to ref] a passage to a giv5 s\rce4 ,8 li/s mu/ !re=e be us$ ) ^! limitations4 ,turn+ to !m1 we f9d t mo/ ( ! possible =ms ( v>iation are exemplifi$ )9 ! b\nds ( ! ,canon itself4 ,i proce$ to give a few classifi$ in/ances ( ^!4 ,greek3 ,alpha symbol ,p>aphrase4 ,_m ( ! quotations f ! ,old ,te/am5t 9 ! ,new are highly p>aphra/ic4 ,we may take ! foll[+ z some:at m>k$ examples3 ,matt4 ii4 #f1 xii4 #ah-ba1 xiii4 #ce1 xxvii4 #i1 #aj2 ,john viii4 #ag1 xii4 #dj1 xiii4 #ah2 #a ,cor4 xiv4 #ba2 #b ,cor4 ix4 #g4 ,matt4 xxvii4 #i1 #aj w\ld p]haps m>k an extreme po9t 9 fre$om ( quotation ,endnote #ba3a1 z w be se5 :5 x is comp>$ ) ! orig9al3-- ,matt4 xxvii4 #i4 #aj4 ,greek3 tote epla]o?ae to phae!n dia t\ prophaet\ ,hi]emi\ legontos ,kai elabon ta triakonta arguria1 ta5 tima5 t\ tetimaem5\ on etimaesanto apo nion ,israael1 kai edokan auta eis ton argon t\ k]ameos1 ka?a sunetax5 moi ,kurios4 ,ze*4 xi4 #ac4 ,greek3 ,ka!s aut\s eis to *oneuta]ion1 kai s*epsomai ei dokimon e/91 de tropon edokiami/hea5 hup] aotuon4 ,kai elabon t\s triakonta argur\s kai enebalon aut\s eis oikon ,kuri\ eis to *oneuta]ion4 ,x c h>dly be possible t ! ,evangeli/ has "h be5 influ5c$ by any ,t>gum or v]sion4 ,! =m ( 8 text has app>5tly be5 det]m9$ by ! hi/orical ev5t to :i* ! prophecy is appli$4 ,! s5se ( ! orig9al has be5 entirely alt]$4 ,!re ! prophet obeys ! comm& to put ! ?irty pieces ( silv]1 :i* he _h receiv$ z 8 %eph]d's hire1 into ! treasury ,greek3 *oneuta]ion4 ,"h ! hi]>*ical p>ty refuse to put !m into ! treasury4 ,! ^w 'pott]' seems to be introduc$ f ! ,hebrew4 ,greek3 ,beta symbol ,quotations f ,memory4 ,among ! num]\s p>aphra/ic quotations1 !re are "s t h specially ! appe>ance ( hav+ be5 made f memory1 su* z ,acts vii4 #cg2 ,rom4 ix4 #i1 #ag1 #be1 #cc1 x4 #f-h1 xi4 #c1 xii4 #ai1 xiv4 #aa2 #a ,cor4 i4 #ai1 ii4 #i2 ,rev4 ii4 #bg4 ,( c\rse x mu/ always be a matt] ( guess-"w :at is quot$ f memory & :at is n1 b 9 ^! quotations 7& 9 o!rs :i* are rang$ "u diff]5t heads7 !re is j t g5]al id5tity ( s5se along ) v>iety ( expression :i* usually *>act]ises su* quotations4 ,a simple in/ance w\ld be-- ,rom4 ix4 #be4 ,greek3 hos kai en to ,osaee legei ,kaleso ton out laon m\ laon m\ kai ta5 ouk aegapaem5a5 haegapaem5a54 ,hosea ii4 #bc4 ,greek3 ,kai agapaeso ta5 ouk aegapaem5a51 kai ero to ou lao m\ ,daos m\ ei se4 ,greek3 ,gamma symbol ,p>aphrase ) ,compression4 ,!re are _m m>k$ examples ( ?is2 su* z ,matt4 xxii4 #bd 7p>472 ,m>k iv4 #ab2 ,john xii4 #ad1 #ae2 ,rom4 iii4 #ae-ag1 x4 #ae2 ,heb4 xii4 #bj4 ,take ! fir/3-- ,matt4 xxii4 #bd4 ,greek3 ,m\saes eip5 ,ean tis apo?anae mae e*on tekna1 epigambreusei o adelphos aut\ ta5 gunaika aut\ kai ana/aesei sp]ma to adelpho aut\4 ,deut4 xxv4 #e4 ,greek3 ,ean de katoikos9 adelphoi epi to auto1 kai apo?anae eis ex auton1 sp]ma de mae ae auto1 ouk e/ai ae gunae t\ te?naekotos exo &ri mae engizonti o adelphos t\ &ros autaes eiseleusetai pros auta5 kai laepsetai auta5 eauto gunaika kai sunoikaesei autae4 ,x is highly probable t all ! examples giv5 "u ?is head are really quotations f memory4 ,greek3 ,delta symbol ,p>aphrase ) ,comb9ation ( ,passages4 ,?is aga9 is common2 e4g4 ,luke iv4 #ai2 ,john xv4 #be1 xix4 #cf2 ,acts xiii4 #bb2 ,rom4 iii4 #aa-ah1 ix4 #cc1 xi4 #h2 #a ,pet4 ii4 #bd4 ,! passage ,rom4 iii4 #aa-ah is highly composite1 & rem9ds u ( long /r+s ( quotations t are f\nd 9 "s ( ! ,fa!rs2 x is made up ( ,ps4 xiv4 #a1 #b1 v4 #i1 cxl4 #c1 x4 #g1 ,is4 lix4 #g1 #h1 ,ps4 xxxvi4 #a4 ,a %ort] example is-- ,rom4 ix4 #cc4 ,greek3 ,ka?os gegraptai ,id\ ti?aemi en ,sion li?on proskommatos kai petran sk&al\1 kai o pi/euon ep auto ou katais*un?aesetai4 ,is4 viii4 #ad4 ,greek3 kai ou* hos li?\ proskammati sunantaese/he1 oude os petras ptomati4 ,is4 xxviii4 #af4 ,greek3 ,id\ ego emballo eis ta !melia ,sion li?on4441 kai o pi/euon ou mae katais*un?ae4 ,?is fusion ( passages is g5]ally an act ( 'unconsci\s celebration4' ,if we 7 to apply ! /&>d assum$ 9 ',sup]natural ,religion1' x w\ld be pron\nc$ impossible t ?is & mo/ ( ! passages above c\ld h ! orig9als to :i* !y are c]ta9ly to be ref]r$4 ,greek3 ,epsilon symbol ,addition4 ,a few cases ( addition may be quot$1 e4g4 ,greek3 mae apo/]aesaes ins]t$ 9 ,m>k x4 #ai1 ,greek3 kai eis ?a]an 9 ,rom4 xi4 #i4 ,greek3 ,zeta symbol ,*ange ( ,s5se & ,context4 ,b little reg>d--or :at accord+ to our mod]n habits w\ld be consid]$ little reg>d--is paid to ! s5se & orig9al context ( ! passage quot$2 e4g4 9 ,matt4 viii4 #ag ! idea ( heal+ disease is sub/itut$ = t ( vic>i\s suff]+1 9 ,matt4 xi4 #aj ! p]sons are alt]$ 7,greek3 s\ = ,greek3 m\71 9 ,acts vii4 #dc we f9d ,greek3 ,babylonos = ,greek3 ,damaskos1 9 #b ,cor4 vi4 #ag ',i w receive y' is put = ',i w g be=e y1' 9 ,heb4 i4 #g ',he make? ,8 angels spirits' = ',he make? ! w9ds ,8 mess5g]s4' ,?is con/ant neglect ( ! context is a po9t t %\ld be borne 9 m9d4 ,greek3 ,eta symbol ,inv]sion4 ,sometimes ! s5se ( ! orig9al is s f> dep>t$ f t a seem+ly opposite s5se is sub/itut$ = x4 ,?us 9 ,matt4 ii4 #f ,greek3 oudamos ela*i/ae oligo/os ( ,mic4 v4 #b1 9 ,rom4 xi4 #bf ,greek3 ek ,sion h5ek5 ,sion ,,lxx 'to ,sion' ,heb4 ( ,is4 lix4 #bj1 9 ,eph4 iv4 #h ,greek3 h$ok5 domata helabes domata ( ,ps4 lxvii4 #ai4 ,greek3 ,!ta symbol ,diff]5t ,=m ( ,s5t5ce4 ,! grammatical =m ( ! s5t5ce is alt]$ 9 ,matt4 xxvi4 #ca 7f aori/ to future71 9 ,luke viii4 #aj 7f oratio recta to oratio obliqua71 & 9 #a ,pet4 iii4 #aj-ab 7f ! second p]son to ! ?ird74 ,?is is a k9d ( v>iation t we %\ld naturally look =4 ,greek3 ,iota symbol ,mi/ak5 ,ascriptions or ,nom5clature4 ,! foll[+ passages are wrongly assign$3--,mal4 iii4 #a to ,isaiah accord+ to ! correct read+ ( ,m>k i4 #b1 & ,ze*4 xi4 #ac to ,j]emiah 9 ,matt4 xxvii4 #i1 #aj2 ,abia?> is app>5tly put = ,abimele* 9 ,m>k ii4 #bf2 9 ,acts vii4 #af !re seems to be a confusion betwe5 ! pur*ase ( ,ma*pelah ne> ,hebron by ,abraham & ,jacob's pur*ase ( l& f ,hamor ! fa!r ( ,%e*em4 ,^! are obvi\sly lapses ( memory4 ,greek3 ,kappa symbol ,quotations ( ,d\btful ,orig94 ,!re are a c]ta9 numb] ( quotations1 introduc$ z su*1 :i* c be assign$ directly to no ,old ,te/am5t orig9al2 ,matt4 ii4 #bc 7,greek3 ,nazoraios klae?aesetai71 #a ,tim4 v4 #ah 7'! lab\r] is wor?y ( 8 hire'71 ,john vii4 #ch 7'out ( 8 belly %all fl[ riv]s ( liv+ wat]'71 #db 7,*ri/ %\ld be born ( ,be?lehem :]e ,david 071 ,eph4 v4 #ad 7',awake ?\ t sleepe/'74 ,endnote #be3a ,x w be se5 t1 9 spite ( ! res]vations t we felt compell$ to make at ! outset1 ! great] numb] ( ! deviations notic$ above c only be expla9$ on a !ory ( free quotation1 & rememb]+ ! ext5t to :i* ! ,jews reli$ ^u memory & ! me*anical difficulties ( exact ref]5ce & v]ification1 ?is is j :at be=e ! fact we %\ld h expect$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,old ,te/am5t quotations 9 ! canonical books af=d u a c]ta9 p>allel to ! object ( our enquiry1 b "o /ill ne>] w ( c\rse be pres5t$ by ! ,old ,te/am5t quotations 9 ^? books ! ,new ,te/am5t quotations 9 :i* we are to inve/igate4 ,i h ?\ght x be/ to draw up tables ( ^! 9 ord] to give an idea ( ! ext5t & "* ( ! v>iation4 ,9 s t5tative an enquiry z ?is1 ! /&>d ?r\gh\t w h>dly be s fix$ & accurate z might be desirable2 ! tabul> /atem5t !re=e mu/ be tak5 to be approximate1 b /ill ,i ?9k x w be f\nd suffici5t = our purpose2 c]ta9 po9ts come out ) consid]able cle>ness1 & !re is always an advantage 9 draw+ data f a wide en\gh area4 ,! quotations are rang$ "u heads accord+ to ! degree ( approximation to ! text ( ! ,,lxx4 ,9 cases :]e ! classification has seem$ d\btful an indicatory m>k 77 has be5 us$1 %[+ by ! side ( ! column on :i* x occurs to :i* ( ! o!r two classes ! in/ance leans4 ,all cases 9 :i* ?is sign is us$ to ! left ( ! middle column may be consid]$ z = practical purposes lit]al quotations4 ,x may be assum$1 :]e ! contr>y is n /at$1 t ! quotations are direct & n ( ! nature ( allusions2 ! m>ks ( quotation are g5]ally q unmi/akeable 7,greek3 gegraptai1 legei1 eip51 c74 ,brief notes are add$ 9 ! m>g9 to call att5tion to ! m rem>kable po9ts1 especially to ! repetition ( ! same quotation 9 diff]5t writ]s & to ! app>5t be>+ ( ! passage ^u ! g5]al habit ( quotation4 ,tak+ ! ,apo/olic ,fa!rs 9 ord]1 we come fir/ to-- ,clem5t ( ,rome 7#a ,ep4 ad ,cor47 ,exact4 ,slightly ,v>iant4 ,rem>ks4 ,v>iant4 #c ,deut4 #cb4ad1ae4 also 9 ,ju/91 ,is4 #c4e4 al4 diff]5tly4 ,is4 #ei4 #ad1 al4 #c4 ,wisd4 #b4bd4 #d4 ,g54 #d4c-h4 ,acts #g4bg1 ,ex4 #b4ad m exactly4 #f4 ,g54 #b4bc4 #h4 ,ezek4 #cc4aa ,ezek4 #ah4cj f ,apocryphal ,ps4 #ajc4aj1aa4 or int]polat$ ,j]4 #c4ai1bb4 ,ezekiel8 ,is4 #a4ah4 #h4 ,is4 #a4af-bj4 #aj4 ,g54 #ab4a-c4 ,g54 #ac4ad-af4 ,g54 #ae4e1f4 #ab4 ,jo%4 #b4c-ai4 compression & p>aphrase4 #ac4 #a ,sam4 #b1aj4 simil>ly ,j]4 #i4bc1bd4 ,/4 ,paul1 #a ,cor4 #a4ca1 #b ,cor4 #ac4 ,is4 #df4b4 #aj4ag4 #ad4 ,prov4 #b4ba1 f memory8 #bb4 v4l4 7,ps4 #cg4 #ci47 #ad4 ,ps4 #cg4ce-ch4 ,matt4 #ae4h1 ,m>k #ae4 ,is4 #bi4ac499 #g4f1 ) p>- #ae4,ps4 #gh4cf1cg499ae4 ,ps4 #fb4d499 tial simil>ity1 ,ps4 #ca4ai499 ,clem4 ,alex41 ,ps4 #ab4c-f499 foll[+ ,clem4 ,rom4 #af4 ,is4 #ec4a-ab4 quot$ 9 full by #af4 ,ps4 #bb4f-h4 ,ju/91 also by #ag4 ,g54 #ah4bg4 o!r writ]s ) text slightly diff]5t f ,clem5t4 #ag4 ,job #a4a1 v4l4 ,job #ad4d1e1 v4l4,clem4 ,alex4 simil>ly4 #ag4 ,num4 #ab4g4 ,ex4 #c4aa2 #d-aj4 ,greek3 ego de ,assumptio ,mosis1 eimi atmis apo ,hilg41 ,eldad ku?ras4 & ,modad1 ,lft4 #ah4 ,ps4 #hi4ba1v4l4,clem4 ,alex4 z #a ,sam4 #ac4ad4 ,,lxx4 #ah4 ,ps4 #ea4a-ag4 #bj4 ,job #ch4aa4 #ba4 ,prov4 #ae4bg4 ,clem4 ,alex4 simil>ly2 f memory8 ,greek3 #bb4 ,ps4 #cd4aa-ag4 legei g> p\4 #bc4 ,greek3 f an ,apo- palaiporoi eis9 cryphal book1 oi dipsu*oi ,ass4 ,mos4 or k4t4l4 ,eld4 & ,mod4 #bc4 ,is4 #ac4bb4 composition & ,mal4 #c4a4 compression4 #bf4 ,ps4 #bh4g4 composition ,ps4 #c-e4 f memory8 ,greek3 legei g> p\4 #bg4 ,wisd4 #ab4ab4 f memory8 ,wisd4 #aa4bb4 cp4 ,eph4 #a4ai4 ,p#bg4 ,ps4 #ai4a-c4 #bh4 ,ps4 #aci4g-aj4 f memory8 ,greek3 legei g> p\4 #bi4 ,deut4 #cb4h1i4 #bi4 ,deut4 #d4cd4 f memory8 ,deut4 #ad4b4 or f an ,num4 #ah4bg4 ,apocryphal #b ,*ron4 #ca4 ,book8 #ad4 ,ezek4 #dh4ab4 #cj4 ,prov4 #c4cd4 #cj4 ,job4 #aa4b1c4 ,,lxx1 n ,heb4 #cb4 ,g54 #ae4e 7,g54 #bb4ag4 ,g54 #bf4d47 #cc4 ,g54 #a4bf-bh47omissions47 #cd4 ,is4 #dj4aj4 composition ,is4 #fb4aa4 f memory8 ,prov4 #bd4ab4 ,clem4 ,alex4 aft] ,clem4 ,rom4 #cd4 ,dan4 #g4aj4 curi\sly ,is4 #f4c4 repeat$ transposition2 see ,lightfoot1 ad4 loc4 #bd4 ,is4 #fd4d4 s 9 #a ,cor4 #b4i4 #ce4 ,ps4 #ej4af-bc4 #cf4 ,ps4#ajd4d1v4l4 ,heb4 #a4g4 #cf4 ,ps4 #b4g1h4 ,heb4 #a4e4 ,acts ,ps4 #aaj4a #ac4cc4 #ci4 ,job #d4af-e4e 7,job #ae4ae7 #db4 ,is4 #fj4ag4 f memory8 ,greek3 legei g> p\4 #df4 ,greek3 f ,apocryphal ,kolla/he tois book1 or ,ecclus4 agiois hoti oi vi4 #cd8 ,clem4 kollom5oi ,alex4 autois hagia/haesontai #df4 ,ps4 #ah4bf1bg4 context ignor$4 #dh4 ,ps4 #aah1ai1bj4 ,clem4 ,alex4 loosely4 #ej4 ,is4 #bf4bj4 ,ezek4 #cg4ab4 f memory8 #ej4 ,ps4 #cb4 #a1b4 #eb4 ,ps4 #fi4ca1cb4 #eb4 ,ps4 #ej4ad1ae4 ,ps4 #ea4ag4 #ec4 ,deut4#i4ab-ad4 ,b>nabas ,ex4 #cb4g1h4 simil>ly4 #aa1ca1cb4 ,compression4 #ed4 ,ps4 #bda4 #ef4 ,ps4 #aah4ah4 ,prov4 #c4ab4 ,ps4 #ada4e4 #ef4 ,job #e4ag-bf1 v4l4 #eg4 ,prov4 #a4bc- #ca4 99,footnote3 ,! quotations 9 ?is *apt] are cont9u\s1 & are also f\nd 9 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! longe/ passages are among ^? t are quot$ ) ! greate/ accuracy 7e4g4 ,g54 xiii4 #ad-af2 ,job v4 #ag-bf2 ,ps4 xix4 #a-c1 xxii4 #f-h1 xxxiv4 #aa-ag1 li4 #a-ag2 ,prov4 i4 #bc-ca2 ,is4 i4 #af-bj1 liii4 #a-ab74 ,o!rs1 su* z ,g54 xii4 #a-c1 ,deut4 ix4 #ab-ad1 ,job iv4 #af-v4 #e1 ,ps4 xxxvii4 #ce-ch1 l4 #af-bc1 h only slight v>iations4 ,!re are only two passages ( m ?an ?ree consecutive v]ses 9 l5g? t pres5t wide div]g5ces4 ,^! are1 ,ps4 cxxxix4 #g-aj1 :i* is introduc$ by a vague ref]5ce ,greek3 legei g> p\ & is evid5tly quot$ f memory1 & ! hi/orical n>ration ,jo%4 ii4 #c-ai4 ,?is is p]haps :at we %\ld expect3 9 long] quotations x w\ld be bett] wor? ! writ]'s :ile to ref] to 8 cumbr\s manuscript4 ,^! purely me*anical conditions are too mu* lo/ sight (4 ,we mu/ rememb] t ! anci5t writ] _h n a small compact ref]5ce ,bible at 8 side1 b1 :5 he wi%$ to v]ify a ref]5ce1 w\ld h to take an unwieldy roll out ( its case1 & !n w\ld n f9d x divid$ into *apt] & v]se l our mod]n books b w\ld h only ! columns1 & ^? p]haps n numb]$1 to guide him4 ,we mu/ rememb] too t ! memory 0 mu* m practis$ & reli$ ^u 9 anci5t times1 especially among ! ,jews4 ,! composition ( two or m passages is frequ5t1 & ! fusion rem>kably complete4 ,( all ! cases 9 :i* two passages are comp\nd$1 always f diff]5t *apt]s & mo/ commonly f diff]5t books1 !re is n1 ,i believe1 "o 9 :i* !re is any m>k ( division or an indication ( any k9d t a diff]5t s\rce is be+ quot$ f4 ,! same w\ld hold good 7) only a slight & app>5t exception7 ( ! long] /r+s ( quotations 9 cc4 viii1 xxix1 & 7f ,greek3 aegapaesan to ,greek3 en auto7 9 c4 xv4 ,b "h ! "q is complicat$ by ! possibility1 & 9 ! fir/ place at lea/ p]haps probability1 t ! writ] is quot+ f "s apocryphal "w no long] extant4 ,x may be int]e/+ to give "o or two %ort examples ( ! complet5ess ) :i* ! process ( weld+ has be5 c>ri$ out4 ,?us 9 c4 xvii1 ! foll[+ reply is put into ! m\? ( ,moses :5 he receives 8 commission at ! burn+ bu%1 ,greek3 tis eimi ego hoti me pempeis2 ego de eimi is*nophonos kai braduglossos4 ,! text ( ,exod4 iii4 #aa is ,greek3 tis eimi ego1 oti poreusomai2 ! re/ ( ! quotation is tak5 f ,exod4 iv4 #aj4 ,9 c4 xxxiv ,clem5t introduces '! ,scripture' z say+1 ,greek3 ,muriai muriades p>ei/aekeisan auto kai *iliai *iliades eleit\rg\n auto kai ekekragon agios1 agios1 agios1 ,kurios ,sabao?1 pla]aes pasa hae ktisis taes doxaes aut\4 ,! fir/ "p ( ?is quotation comes f ,dan4 vii4 #aj2 ! second1 f ,greek3 kai ekekragon1 :i* is "p ( ! quotation1 f ,is4 vi4 #c4 ,^! examples h be5 tak5 almo/ at r&om2 ! o!rs are bl5d$ q z ?or\ghly4 ,"s ( ! cases ( comb9ation & "s ( ! div]g5ces ( text may be acc\nt$ = by ! assumption ( lo/ apocryphal books or texts2 b x w\ld be :olly impossible1 & 9 fact no "o w\ld ?9k ( s attempt+ to acc\nt = all4 ,!re c be little d\bt t ,clem5t quotes f memory1 & none t he quotes at times v freely4 ,we come next to ! s-call$ ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas1 ! quotations 9 :i* ,i proce$ to tabulate 9 ! same way3-- ,b>nabas4 ,exact4 ,slightly ,v>iant4 ,rem>ks4 ,v>iant4 #b4 ,is4 #a4aa-ad4 note = exactness4 #b4 ,j]4 #g4bb1bc4 comb9ation ,zec4 #h4ag4 f memory8 ,ps4 #ea4ai4 /range addition4 #c4 ,is4 #eh4d1 #e4 ,is4 #eh4f-aj4 #d4 ,dan4 #g4bd v ,dan4 #g4g1 #h4 div]g5t4 ,ex4 #cd4bh4 comb9ation ,ex4 #ca4ah4 f memory8 #d4 ,deut4 #i4ab4 see bel[4 7,ex4 #cb4g74 ,is4 #e4ba4 #e4 ,is4 #ed4e1g4 text ( ,cod4 ,a4 7omissions47 #e4 ,prov4 #a4ag4 ,g54 #a4bf4 #e4 ,ze*4 #ac4g4 text ( ,a4 7,hilg47 ,matt4 #bf4c4 ,ps4 #bb4ba4 f memory8 #e4 ,ps4 #aai4abj4 p>aphra/ic ,ps4 #bb4ag4 comb9ation f memory8 ,is4 #ej4 #f1g4 7omissions47 ditto4 #f4 ,is4 #ej4h1i4 ditto4 #f4 ,is4 #bh4af4 fir/ clause exact1 second v>iant2 9 ,n4,t4 quotations1 fir/ v>iant1 second exact4 ,is4 #ej4g4 note repetition1 ne>] to ,,lxx4 #f4 ,ps4 #aah4bb4 s ,matt4 #ba4db2 #a ,pet4 #aa4g4 #f4 ,ps4 #bb4ag #f4 ,ps4 #aah4bd4 f memory8 7ord]74 note repetition1 ne>] to ,,lxx4 ,ps4 #aah4ab4 ,ps4 #bb4ai4 ,is4 #c4i1 #aj4 ,ex4 #cc4a4 f memory8 ,g54 #a4bf4 note repetition1 ,g54 #a4bh4 fur!r f ,,lxx4 ,ezek4 #aa4ai2 p>aphra/ic4 #cf4bf4 ,ps4 #da4c4 ,ps4 #bb4bc4 diff]5t v]sion8 ,g54 #a4bf1 #bh4 p>aphra/ic fusion4 #g4 ,lev4 #bc4bi4 p>aphra/ic4 ,lev4 #af4g1 sqq4) apocryphal ,lev4 #af4g4 sqq4 addition2 cp4 ,j4 & ,t]t4 #i4 ,ps4 #ah4dd4 #i4 ,is4 #cc4ac4 #i4 ,j]4 #d4d4 ,j]4 #g4b4 ,ps4 #cd4ac4 ,is4 #a4b4 b ) additions4 ,is4 #a4aj4 f memory8 ,greek3 ar*ontes t\t\ = ,gr4 a4 ,zodomon4 ,is4 #dj4c4 addition4 ,j]4 #d4c 1#d4 repetition1 ,j]4 #g4bf4 ne>] to ,,lxx4 ,j]4 #i4bf4 ,g54 #ag4bf1 #bg2;inf]r$ s5se cf4 #ad4ad4 m]ely1 b ) m>ks ( quotation4 #aj4 ,lev4 #aa1 select$ examples1 ,deut4 #ad4 b ) examples ( quotation4 ,deut4 #d4a4 #aj4 ,ps4 #a4a4 ,lev4 #aa4c4 #aa4 ,j]4 #b4ab1 #ac4 ,is4 #af4a1 #b4 ,greek3 ,z9a = ,greek3 ,zion4 #aa4 ,is4 #de4 #b1 #c4 ,greek3 gnosae ,a4 7,greek3 gnos9 ,b>n41 b 9 o!r po9ts m div]g5t4 ,is4 #cc4af-ah4 omissions4 #aa4 ,ps4 #a4c-f4 note = exactness4 #aa4 ,zeph4 #c4ai4 m>k$ly div]se4 ,ezek4 #dg4ab4 ditto4 #ab4 ,is4 #fe4b4 #ab4 ,num4 #ba4i1 app>5tly a sqq4 quotation4 ,deut4 #bg4ae4 f memory8 ,ex4 #ag4ad4 #ab4 ,ps4 #aaj4a4 #ab4 ,is4 #de4a4 ,greek3 kurio = ,greek3 kuro4 #ac4 ,g54#be4ba1bc4 #ac4 ,g54 #dh4aa-ai4v p>aphra/ic4 ,g54 #ae4f2 comb9ation2 cf4 #ag4e4 ,rom4 #d4aa4 #ad4 ,ex4 #bd4ah4 note addition ( ,greek3 nae/euon4 ,ex4 #ca4ah4 note also = additions4 #ad4 ,deut4 #i4ab- repetition ) #ag4 simil> v>iation4 7,ex4 #cb4g47 note read+ ( ,a4 #ad4 ,is4 #db4f1g4 ,greek3 pep$aem5\s = ,greek3 d$em5\s 7kai om4 ,a474 ,is4 #di4f1g4 ,is4 #fa4 #a1b4 ,luke4 #d4ah1ai div]ges4 #ae4 ,ex4 #bj4h2 p>aphra/ic1 ,deut4 #e4ab4 ) addition4 ,j]4 #ag4bd1be4v p>aphra/ic4 ,g54 #b4b4 ,ps4 #ij4d4 ,greek3 saem]on = ,greek3 ex!s4 #ae4 ,is4 #a4ac4 #af4 ,is4 #dj4ab4 omissions4 ,is4 #ff4a4 #af4 ,is4 #di4ag4 completely p>aphra/ic4 ,dan4 #i4bd4 ditto4 #be1 #bg4 ,! same rem>ks t 7 made ^u ,clem5t w hold also = ,b>nabas1 except t he p]mits himself /ill great] lic5ce4 ,! m>g9al notes w h call$ att5tion to 8 ecc5tricities4 ,he is c>ri$ away by slight resemblances ( s\nd2 e4g4 he puts ,greek3 himatia = ,greek3 iamata ,endnote #cd3a1 ,greek3 ,z9a = ,greek3 ,zion1 ,greek3 ,kurio = ,greek3 ,kuro4 ,he n only omits clauses1 b also adds to ! text freely2 e4g4 9 ,ps4 li4 #ai he makes ! /range ins]tion :i* is giv5 9 brackets1 ,greek3 ,?usia to ,!o k>dia suntetrimm5ae1 osmae euodias to kurio k>dia doxas\sa ton peplakota auta54 ,he has also add$ words & clauses 9 sev]al o!r places4 ,!re c be no "q t he quotes l>gely f memory2 sev]al ( 8 quotations are repeat$ m ?an once 7,deu4 ix4 #ab2 ,is4 l4 #g2 ,ps4 xxii4 #ag2 ,g54 i4 #bh2 ,j]4 iv4 #d72 & ( ^! only "o1 ,deut4 ix4 #ab1 reappe>s 9 ! same =m4 ,(t5 he gives only ! s5se ( a passage2 sometimes he int]prets1 z 9 ,is4 i4 #aj1 :]e he p>aphrases ,greek3 ar*ontes ,sodomon by ! simpl] ,greek3 ar*ontes t\ la\ t\t\4 ,he has curi\sly comb9$ ! s5se ( ,g54 xvii4 #bf1 #bg ) ,g54 xiv4 l#d--;9 ! pursuit ( ! f\r k+s1 x is said t ,abraham arm$ 8 s]vants ?ree hundr$ & eighte5 m52 ,b>nabas says t he circumcis$ 8 h\sehold1 9 all ?ree hundr$ & eighte5 m54 ,9 sev]al cases a resemblance may be notic$ betwe5 ,b>nabas & ! text ( ,cod4 ,a1 b ?is does n appe> consi/5tly ?r\gh\t4 ,x may be well to give a few examples ( ! ext5t to :i* ,b>nabas c c>ry 8 fre$om ( quotation4 ,in/ances f ! ,book ( ,daniel %\ld p]haps n be giv51 z ! text ( t book is kn[n to h be5 9 a peculi>ly corrupt & unsettl$ /ate2 s mu* s t1 :5 translation ( ,!odotion 0 made t[>ds ! end ( ! second c5tury1 x 0 adopt$ z ! /&>d text4 ,b>nabas also comb9es passages1 ?\gh n q to su* an ext5t or s elaborately z ,clem5t1 & he too ins]ts no m>k ( division4 ,we w give an example ( ?is1 & at ! same "t ( 8 p>aphra/ic me?od ( quotation3-- ,b>nabas c4 ix4 ,greek3 kai ti legei2 ,p]itmae?aete to skla]on taes k>dias humon1 kai ton tra*aelon humon ou mae skla]unaete4 ,j]4 iv4 #c1 #d & vii4 #bf4 ,greek3 ,p]itmae?aete to !o humon1 kai p]iteme/he ta5 skla]ok>dian humon 444 kai eskla]unan ton tra*aelon auton444 ,a simil> case ( p>aphrase & comb9ation1 ) no?+ to m>k ! transition f "o passage to ! o!r1 w\ld be 9 c4 xi1 ,j]4 ii4 #ab1 #ac & ,is4 xvi4 #a1 #b4 ,= p>aphrase we may take ?is1 f ! same *apt]3-- ,b>nabas c4 xi4 ,greek3 kai pal9 het]os prophaetaes legei ,kai a5 hae gae ,iakob epa9\m5ae p>a pasan ta5 ga54 ,zeph4 iii4 #ai4 ,greek3 kai ?aesomai aut\s eis kau*aema kai onoma/\s en pasae tae gae4 ,b>nabas c4 xv4 ,greek3 aut\s de moi m>turei legon ,id\ saem]on haem]a e/ai hos *ilia etae4 ,ps4 xc4 #d ,greek3 hoti *ilia etae en oph?almois s\ hos hae haem]a hae e*!s haetis diael!4 ,a v curi\s in/ance ( fre$om is ! long n>rative ( ,jacob bless+ ! two sons ( ,joseph 9 c4 xiii 7comp>e ,g54 xlviii4 #aa-ai74 ,we note "h 7& else:]e7 a k9d ( dramatic t5d5cy1 a fondness = ?r[+ /atem5ts into ! =m ( dialogue r ?an n>rative4 ,z a n>rative ?is passage may be comp>$ ) ! hi/ory ( ,rahab & ! spies 9 ,clem5t4 ,& yet1 9 spite ( all ?is lic5ce 9 quotation1 !re are "s r m>k$ in/ances ( exactness2 e4g4 ,is4 i4 #aa-ad 9 c4 ii1 ! comb9$ passages f ,ps4 xxii4 #ag1 cxvii4 #ab1 xxii4 #ai 9 c4 vi1 & ,ps4 i4 #c-f 9 c4 xi4 ,x %\ld also be rememb]$ t 9 "o case1 ,deut4 ix4 #ab 9 cc4 iv & xiv1 ! same v>iation is repeat$ & is also f\nd 9 ,ju/94 ,x tallies ) :at we %\ld expect1 suppos+ ! writ+s attribut$ to ,ignatius 7! sev5 ,epi/les7 to be g5u9e1 t ! quotations f ! ,old z well z f ! ,new ,te/am5t 9 !m are few & brief4 ,a prison]1 travell+ 9 cu/ody to ! place ( execution1 w\ld naturally n fill 8 lett]s ) long & elaborate ref]5ces4 ,! quotations f ! ,old ,te/am5t are z foll[s3-- ,exact4 ,slightly ,v>iant4 ,rem>ks4 v>iant4 ,ad ,eph4 #e4 ,prov4 #c4cd ,james4 #d4f1 #a ,pet4 #e4e1 z ,ignatius4 ,ad ,magn4 #ab4 ,prov4 #ah4ag4 ,ad ,trall4 #h4 ,is4 #eb4e4 ,! ,epi/le to ! ,ephesians is f\nd also 9 ! ,syriac v]sion4 ,! la/ quotation f ,isaiah1 :i* is h[ev] n introduc$ ) any express m>ks ( ref]5ce1 is v freely giv54 ,! orig9al is1 ,greek3 tade legei kurios1 di' humas dia pantos to onoma m\ blasphaemeitai en tois e?nesi1 = :i* ,ignatius has1 ,greek3 ouai g> di' ou epi mataiotaeti to onoma m\ epi t9on blasphaemeitai4 ,! ,epi/le ( ,polyc>p to ! ,philippians & ! ,m>tyrium ,s4 ,ignatii conta9 ! foll[+ quotations3-- ,exact4 ,slightly ,v>iant4 ,rem>ks4 v>iant4 ,polyc>p1 #b4 ,ps4 #b4aa4 ,ad4 ,phil4 #aj4 ,tob4 #d4aa4 #ab4 ,ps4 #d4d2 9 ,lat9 b ?r\gh v]sion only4 ,eph4 #d4bf4 ,m>t4 ,s4 ,ign4 #b4 ,lev4 #bf4ab4 #f4 ,prov4 #aj4bd4 ,! quotation f ,leviticus diff]s widely f ! orig9al1 ,greek3 ,kai emp]ipataeso en hum9 kai esomai humon !os kai humeis ese/he moi laos1 = :i* we read1 ,greek3 gegraptai g> ,enoikaeso en autois kai emp]ipataeso4 ,! quotations f ! ,clem5t9e ,homilies may be ?us pres5t$3-- ,exact4 ,slightly ,v>iant4 ,rem>ks4 ,hom4 #c4 #ah4 ,deut4 #cb4g4 #ci4 ,g54 #ah4ba4 ,g54 #c4bb4 #ci4 ,g5 #f4f4 ,g54 #h4ba4 omission4 ,g54 #bb4a4 #db4 ,g54 #c4c4 #dc4 ,g54 #f4f4 #dc4 ,g54 #bb4a4 n q z above4 ,g54 #ah4ba4 z above4 ,g54 #ae4ac-af4 v4l4 comp4 text ( ,a2 note = exactness4 #dd4 ,g54 #ah4ba4 z ,,lxx4 #de4 ,num4 #aa4cd ,greek3 b\n\n 7al47 epi?umion = ,greek3 mnaemata taes epi?umas4 #dg4 ,deut4 #cd4d1e4 #di4 ,g54 #di4aj4 cf4 ,cr$n]1 ,beit4 #b4ec4 ,hom4 #aa4 #bb4 ,g54 #a4a4 ,hom4 #af4 #f4 ,g54 #c4bb4 twice ) slightly diff]5t ord]4 ,g54 #c4e4 #f4 ,ex4 #bb4bh4 #f4 ,deut4 #d4cd4 8mem4 ,greek3 allo?i t\ gegraptai4 ,j]4 #aj4aa4 ,deut4 #ac4f4 8mem4 ,greek3 allae p\4 ,jo%4 #bc4g4 ,deut4 #aj4ag4 ,ps4 #ce4aj4 ,ps4 #ej4a4 ,ps4 #hb4a4 ,deut4 #aj4ad4 ,deut4 #d4ci4 ,deut4 #aj4ag4 repeat$ z above4 ,deut4 #aj4ag4 v p>aphra/ic4 ,hom4 #af4 #f4 ,deut4 #d4ci4 #g4 ,deut4 #f4ac4 ,deut4 #f4d4 #h4 ,jo%4 #bc4g4 z above4 #h4 ,exod4 #bb4ah ,j]4 #aj4aa4 ,g54 #a4a4 ,ps4 #ai4b4 #h4 ,ps4 #ajb4bf4 ,g54 #a4bf4 #ac4 ,deut4 #ac4a-c1 v free4 #i1 #e1 #c4 ,hom4 #ag4 #ah4 ,num4 #ab4f4 p>aphra/ic ,ex4 #cc4aa4 comb9ation4 ,hom4 #ah4 #ag4 ,is4 #dj4bf1bg4 free quotation4 ,deut4 #cj4ac4 ditto4 #ah4 ,is4 #a4c4 ,is4 #a4d4 ,! example ( ! ,clem5t9e ,homilies %[s conspicu\sly ! extremely deceptive "* ( ! argum5t f sil5ce4 ,all ! quotations f ! ,old ,te/am5t f\nd 9 !m are tak5 f five ,homilies 7iii1 xi1 xvi1 xvii1 xviii7 out ( n9ete51 al?\gh ! ,homilies are l5g?y compositions1 fill+1 ) ! translation & v>i\s read+s1 f\r hundr$ & f\rte5 l>ge octavo pages ( ,dressel's edition ,endnote #ch3a4 ,( ! :ole numb] ( quotations all b sev5 are tak5 f two ,homilies1 iii & xvi4 ,if ,hom4 xvi & ,hom4 xviii _h be5 lo/1 !re w\ld h be5 no evid5ce t ! au?or 0 acqua9t$ ) any book ( ! ,old ,te/am5t besides ! ,p5tateu*2 &1 if ! five ,homilies _h be5 lo/1 !re w\ld h be5 no?+ to %[ t he 0 acqua9t$ ) ! ,old ,te/am5t at all4 ,yet ! loss ( ! two ,homilies w\ld h left a volume ( ?ree hundr$ & sev5ty-sev5 pages1 & t ( ! five a volume ( ?ree hundr$ & fifte5 pages4 ,9 o!r words1 x is possible to read ?ree hundr$ & fifte5 pages ( ! ,homilies ) five breaks & come to no quotation f ! ,old ,te/am5t at all1 or ?ree hundr$ & fifte5 pages ) only two breaks & come to none outside ! ,p5tateu*4 ,b ! r$uc$ volume t we h suppos$1 conta9+ ! f\rte5 ,homilies1 w\ld probably exce$ 9 bulk ! :ole ( ! extant ,*ri/ian lit]ature ( ! second c5tury up to ! "t ( ,ir5aeus1 ) ! s+le exception ( ! works ( ,ju/92 x w !re=e be se5 h[ prec>i\s mu/ ne$s be any inf]5ce f ! sil5ce1 n ( all ^! writ+s1 b m]ely ( a portion ( !m4 ,= ! re/1 ! quotations 9 ! ,homilies may be said to obs]ve a fair /&>d ( exactness1 "o app>5tly high] ?an t 9 ! g5u9e ,epi/le ( ,clem5t to ! ,cor9?ians2 at ! same "t x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! quotations 9 ! ,homilies are mu* %ort]1 only two rea*+ a l5g? ( ?ree v]ses1 :ile ! longe/ quotations 9 ! ,epi/le are precisely ^? t are mo/ exact4 ,! mo/ /rik+ in/ance ( accuracy ( quotation is p]haps ,g54 xv4 #ac-af 9 ,hom4 iii4 #dc4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is m>k$ fre$om 9 ! quotations f ,deut4 iv4 #cd1 x4 #ag1 xiii4 #a-c1 xiii4 #f4 xxx4 #ae1 ,is4 xl4 #bf1 #bg1 & ! comb9$ passage1 ,num4 xii4 #f & ,ex4 xxiii4 #aa4 ,!re are sev]al repetitions1 b ^! occur too ne> to ea* o!r to p]mit ( any inf]5ce4 ,our exam9ation ( ! ,old ,te/am5t quotations 9 ,ju/9 is greatly facilitat$ by ! collection & discussion ( !m 9 ,cr$n]'s ,beitrge ,endnote #ci3a1 a noble example ( t true pati5t "w :i* is inde$ ! rev]se ( %[y1 b =ms ! solid & well-laid f\ndation on :i* alone g5u9e k c be built4 ,cr$n] has collect$ & comp>$ 9 ! mo/ elaborate mann] ! :ole ( ,ju/9's quotations ) ! v>i\s read+s 9 ! ,,mss4 ( ! ,,lxx2 s t we may /ate our results ) a mu* great] confid5ce ?an 9 any o!r case 7except p]haps ,clem5t ( ,rome1 :]e we h ! equally accurate & s*ol>ly guidance ( ,dr4 ,lightfoot ,endnote #dj3a7 t we are n l$ a/ray by imp]fect mat]ials4 ,i h avail$ myself freely ( ,cr$n]'s collection ( v>iants1 indicat+ ! cases :]e ! exi/5ce ( docum5t>y 7or1 9 "s places1 inf]5tial7 evid5ce = ,ju/9's read+s has l$ to ! quotation be+ plac$ 9 a diff]5t class f t to :i* x w\ld at fir/ sight seem to belong4 ,i h also1 z hi!rto1 n assum$ an absolutely /rict /&>d = admission to ! fir/ class ( 'exact' quotations4 ,_m ( ,ju/9's quotations are v long1 & x seem$ only "r t 9 ^! ! /&>d %\ld be some:at1 ?\gh v slightly1 relax$4 ,! *ief po9t t we h to det]m9e is ! ext5t to :i* ! writ]s ( ! fir/ c5tury 7 9 ! habit ( freely p>aphras+ or quot+ f memory1 & x may z a rule be assum$ t all ! in/ances 9 ! fir/ class & mo/ 7n q all7 ( ^? 9 ! second d n admit ( su* an explanation4 ,i h be5 glad 9 e case :]e a truly sci5tific & mo/ imp>tial writ] l ,cr$n] gives 8 op9ion1 to make use ( x in/ead ( my own4 ,i h ! satisfaction to ?9k t :atev] may be ! value ( ! o!r sections ( ?is enquiry1 ?is at lea/ is ?or\ghly s\nd1 & bas$ ^u a really exhau/ive sift+ ( ! data4 ,! quotations giv5 bel[ are f ! und\bt$ works ( ,ju/91 ! ,dialogue aga9/ ,tryphon & ! ,fir/ ,apology2 ! ,second ,apology does n appe> to conta9 any quotations ei!r f ! ,old or ,new ,te/am5t4 ,exact4 ,slightly ,v>iant4 ,rem>ks4 v>iant4 ,apol4 #a4ei1 ,g54 #a4a-c4 ,dial4 #fb1 ,g54 #a4 #bf-bh4 ,dial4 #ajb1 ,g54 free quotation #c4ae4 7,cr$n]74 ,d4#fb1 ,g54 #c4bb4 ,d4#abg1 ,g54 #g4af4 ,d4#aci1 ,g54 #i4 #bd-bg4 ,d4#abg1 ,g54 #aa4e4 free quotation 7,cr47 ,d4#ajb1 ,g54 #aa4f4 ,d4#ib1 ,g54 #ae4f4 free quotation 7,cr47 ,dial4#aj1 ,g54 #ag4ad4 ,d4#abg1 ,g54 #ag4bb4 ,d4#ef1 ,g54 #ah4 v]4 #b repeat$ #a1 #b4 simil>ly4 ,g54 #ah4 #ac1 #ad4 repeat$1 slightly m ,g54 #ah4 #af-bc1 div]g5t4 #cc4 ,g54 #ai4 #a1 #aj1 #af-bh 7om4 #bf74 m>k$ exactness 9 ! :ole passage4 ,d4#ef1 ,g54 #ba4 #i-ab4 ,d4#abj1 ,g54 #bf4d4 ,d4#eh1 ,g54 #bh4 #aj-ab4 ,d4#eh1 7v4l47 ,g54 #bh4 #ac-ai4 7v4l47 ,g54 #ca4 #aj-ac4 ,d4#ei1 ,g54 #ce4a4 free quotation 7,cr47 ,d4#eh1 ,g54 #ce4 #f-aj 7v4l47 ,d4 #eb1 ,g54 #di4 repeat$ #h-ab4 simil>ly4 ,d4 #ei1 ,ex4 #b4 #bc4 ,d4 #fj1 ,ex4 #c4b-d4 ,a4#a4 #fb1 ,ex4 #c4 #e4 f memory 7,cr47 ,d4 #ei1 ,ex4 #c4 #af4 ,a4 #a4fc1 ,ex4 #c4af v]4#af freely 7t]71 #ag4 quot$ 7,cr47 ,greek3 eirae- tai p\4 ,d4 #abf1 ,ex4#f4b-d4 ,d4 #di1 ,ex4 #ag4af4 free quotation 7,cr47 ,d4 #id1 ,ex4 #bj4d4 ditto 7,cr47 ,d4 #ge1 ,ex4 #bc4bj1 f ,lection>y #ba4 7,cr47 ,d4#af1 ,lev4 #bf4dj1 ,d4 #bj1 ,ex4 #cb4 #f4 free 7,cr47 #da 7v4l47 ,d4 #abf1 ,num4 #aa4 #bc4 ,a4#a4fj 7or4 obl471 free 7,cr47 ,d4 #id1 ,num4 #ba4 #h1i4 ,d4 #ajf1 ,num4 #bd4 ?r\gh ,t>gum #ag4 7,cr47 ,d4 #af1 ,deut4 #aj4 f memory #af1 #ag4 7,cr47 ,d4#if1 ,deut4 #ba4bc4 bo? precisely ,deut4 #bg4bf4 z ,/4 ,paul 9 ,galatians1 & quot$ !nce 7,cr47 ,d4 #abf1 ,deut4 #ca4 #b1 #c 7v4l47 ,d4 #gd1 ,deut4 #ca4 #af-ah 7v4l47 ,d4 #aca1 ,deut4 #cb4 #g-i 7tr47 ,d4#bj1 ,deut4 #cb4ae4 ,d4 #aai1 ,deut4 #cb4 ,t>gum 7,cr47 #af-bc4 ,d4 #acj1 ,deut4 #cb4 #dc 7v4l47 ,d4 #ia1 ,deut4 #cc4 #ac-ag4 ,a4#a4 #dj1 ,ps4 #a & p>ts repeat$4 #b entire4 ,d4#ig1 ,ps4 #c4 #e1 #f4 repeat$1 m freely4 ,d4#aad1 ,ps4 #h4d4 ,d4#bg1 ,ps4 #ad4c4 ,d4#bh1 ,ps4#ah4dd1de4 ,d4 #fd1 ,ps4#ai4f p]haps f 7,a4#a4dj1 vv4#a-e74 diff]5t ,,mss41 see ,cr$n]4 ,d4#ig ff41 ,ps4 #bb4 quot$ z #a-bc4 :ole ,psalm 7bis74 ,d4#acc ff41 ,ps4 #bd entire4 ,d4#ada1 ,ps4 #cb4 #b4 ,d4#ch1 ,ps4 #de4a-ag4 p>ts repeat$4 ,d4#cg1 ,ps4 #dg4f-i4 ,d4#bb1 ,ps4 #di entire4 ,d4#cd f ,eph4 #d4h1 ,d4#cg ,ps4 #fh4h4 ,t>gum4 ,d4#cd1 ,ps4 #gb entire4 ,d4 #abd1 ,ps4 #hb entire4 ,d4#gc1 ,ps4 #if note ,*ri/ian entire4 int]polation 9 v]4 #aj4 ,d4#cg1 ,ps4 #ii entire4 ,d4 #hc1 ,ps4 #aaj4 f memory ,d4#cb1 ,ps4 #aaj #a-d4 7,cr47 entire4 ,d4#aaj1 ,ps4 #abh4c4 f memory ,d4#he1 ,ps4 #adh4 7,cr47 #a1 #b4 ,a4#a4 #cg1 ,is4 #a4 #c1 #d4 ,a4#a4 #dg1 ,is4 #a4g s5se only 7,j]4 #b4ae74 7,cr47 ,d4#adj 7,a4#a4 #ec71 ,is4 #a4i4 ,a4#a4 #cg1 ,is4 #a4 f memory #aa-ad4 7,cr47 ,a4#a4 #dd 7#fa71 ,is4 omissions4 #a4af-cj4 ,d4#hb1 ,is4 #a4 #bc4 f memory ,a4#a4 #ci1 ,is4 #b4 7,cr47 #c1d4 ,d4#ace1 ,is4 #b4 #e1f4 ,t>gum 7,cr47 ,d4 #acc1 ,is4 #c4 #i-ae 7v4l47 ,d4#bg1 ,is4 #c4af4 free quotation 7,cr47 ,d4#acc1 ,is4 #e4 #ah- repeat$4 #be 7v4l47 ,d4#dc 7#ff71 ,is4 #g4 repeat$1 ) #aj-ag 7v4l47 slight v>iation4 ,a4#a4ce1 ,is4 #i4f4 free 7,cr47 ,d4#hg1 ,is4 #aa4a-c4 ,a4#a4cb1 ,is4 #aa4a2 free comb9ation ,num4 #bd4ag4 7,cr47 ,d4#abc1 ,is4 #ad4a4 ,d4#abc1 ,is4 #ai4bd1 #be4 ,d4#gh1 ,is4 #bi4ac1ad4 repeat$ 7v4l71 p>tly f memory4 ,d4#gi1 ,is4 #cj4a-e4 ,d4#gj1 ,is4#cc4ac-ai4 ,d4#fi1 ,is4 #ce4a-g4 ,a4#a4dh1 ,is4 #ce4e1f4;free2 cf4 ,matt4 #aa4e 7v>47 ,d4#ej1 ,is4 #ci4 #h1 #dj4a-ag4 ,d4#abe ,is4#db4a-d4 cf4 ,matt4 #ab4 ,d4#ace #ag-ba1 ,t>gum 7,cr47 ,d4#fe1 ,is4 #db4f-ac 7v4l47 ,d4#abb1 ,is4 #db4af4 free 7,cr47 ,d4#abc1 ,is4 #db4ai1 #bj4 ,d4#abb1 ,is4 #dc4aj4 ,a4#a4eb1 ,is4 #de4 cf4 ,rom4 #ad4aa4 #bd 7v4l47 ,d4#aba1 ,is4 #di4f 7v4l47 ,d4#abb1 ,is4 #di4h 7v4l47 ,d4#ajb1 ,is4 #ej4d4 ,a4#a4ch1 ,is4 #ej4 ,b>n41 ,t]t41 #f-h4 ,cypr4 ,d4#aa1 ,is4 #ea4d1 #e4 ,d4#ag1 ,is4 #eb4e 7v4l47 ,d4#ab1 ,is4 #e #b1 #aj-ae1 #ec4a-ab1 #ed4a-f4 ,a4#a4 #ej1 ,is4 #eb4 #ac-ec4ab4 ,d4#ach1 ,is4 #ed4i4 v free4 ,d4#ad1 ,is4 #ee4c-ac4 ,d4#ab1 ,is4 #ee4 #c-e4;f memory 7,cr47 ,d4#af1 ,is4#eg4a-d4 repeat$4 ,d4#ae1 ,is4#eh4a-aa ,greek3 7v4l47 himatia = ,greek3 iamata2 s ,b>n41 ,t]t1 ,cyp41 ,amb41 ,aug4 ,d4#bg1 ,is4 #eh4 #ac1 #ad4 ,d4#bf1 ,is4 #fb4aj- ,greek3 #aj-fc4f4 susseismon = ,greek3 sussaemon4 ,d4#be1 ,is4 #fc4ae- #ai1 #fd4a-ab4 ,d4#bd1 ,is4 #fe4 #a-c4 ,a4#a4di1 ,is4 #fe4 f memory #a-c4 7,cr47 ,d4#acf1 ,is4 #fe4h4 ,d4#ace1 ,is4 #fe4i-ab ,d4#ha1 ,is4 #fe4ag-be ,d4#bb1 ,is4 #ff4a4 f memory 7,cr47 ,d4#he1 ,is4 #ff4e-aa4 ,d4#dd1 ,is4 #ff4 #bd f memory 7t]74 7,cr47 ,d4#aad1 ,j]4 #b4ac2 z f ,is4 #af4a2 ,j]emiah1 ,j]4 #c4h4 traditional comb9ation2 cf4 ,b>n4 #b4 ,d4#bh1 ,j]4 #d4c1 #d 7v4l47 ,d4#bc1 ,j]4 #g4ba1bb4;free quotation 7,cr47 ,d4 #bh1 ,j]4 #i4be1bf;,a4#a4ec1 ,j]4 #i4bf4quot$ freely z f ,isaiah4 ,d4#gb1 ,j]4 #aa4ai4 omissions4 ,d4 #gh1 ,j]4 #ca4ae s ,matt4 #b4ah 7#ch4ae1 ,,lxx74 ?r\gh ,t>gum 7,cr47 ,d4#abc1 ,j]4 #ca4bg free quotation 7#ch4 #bg74 7,cr47 ,d4#aa1 ,j]4 #ca4ca1 #cb 7#ch4ca1 #cb74 ,d4#gb4 a passage quot$ z f ,j]emiah1 :i* is n recognisable 9 our pres5t texts4 ,d4 #hb1 ,ezek4 #c4 free quotation #ag-ai4 7,cr47 ,d4#de ,ezek4 #ad4 repeat$ #dd #bj2 cf4 #ad1 simil>ly & #adj #af1 #ah4 equally div]g5t f ,,lxx4 ,d4#gg1 ,ezek4 #af4 #c4 ,d4#ba1 ,ezek4 #bj4 #ai-bf4 ,d4#abc1 ,ezek4 #cf4 #ab4 ,a4#a4eb1 ,ezek4 v free 7,cr47 #cg4 #g4 ,footnote3 ,ju/9 has 9 ,dial4 #ca 7also 9 ,apol4 #a4 #ea1 v]4 #ac1 f memory7 a long quotation f ,daniel1 ,dan4 #g4 #i-bh2 8 text c only be comp>$ ) a s+le ,,ms4 ( ! ,,lxx1 ,codex ,*isianus2 f ?is x diff]s consid]ably1 b _m ( ! diff]5ces reappe> 9 ! v]sion ( ,!odotion2 #g4 #aj1 #ac are also simil>ly quot$ 9 ,rev41 ,m>k1 ,clem4 ,rom4 ,exact4 ,slightly ,v>iant4 ,rem>ks4 v>iant4 ,d4#ai1 ,hos4 #a4i4 ,d4#ajb1 ,hos4#aj4f4 ref]r$ to trial be=e ,h]od 7,cr47 ,d4#hg1 ,joel #b4bh4 f memory 7,cr47 ,d4 #bb1 ,amos #e4ah-f4 #g 7v4l47 ,d4 #ajg1 ,jonah #d4 #aj-aa 7v4l4 ,heb47 ,d4 #aji1 ,micah #d4 div]g5t f #a-g 7,heb487 ,,lxx4 ,a4#a4cd ,micah #e4b4 precisely z ,d4#gh ,matt4 #b4f4 ,a4#a4eb1 ,ze*4 #b4f4 free quotations ,d4 #acg1 ,ze*4 #b4 #h4 7,cr47 ,d4 #aae1 ,za*4 #b4 ,d4 #gi1 ,ze*4 #c4 freely 7,cr47 #aj-c4 #b 7,heb487 #a1 #b4 ,d4#ajf1 ,za*4 #f4ab4 ,a4#a4eb1 ,ze*4 #ab4 repeat$ di- #aa1ab1aj4 v]sely note read+ ( ,*ri/ian ori- g9 7,cr47 9 v]4 #aj3 s ,john #ai4cg2 cp4 ,rev4 #a4g4 ,d4#dc1 ,ze*4 #ac4 #g4 div]sely 9 ,matt4 #bf4ca1 pro( t ,ju/9 is n dep5d5t on ,mat!w 7,cr47 ,d4#bh1 #da1 ,mal4 #a4 ,d4 #aag1 ,mal4 #a4 #aj-ab 7v4l47 #aj-ab4 ,d4#fb1 ,jo%ua #e4 omissions4 #ac-ae2 #f4a1 #b 7v4l47 ,d4#aah1 #b ,sam4 #g4 f memory #ad-af4 7,cr47 ,d4#ci1 #a ,k+s #ai4 freely 7,cr472 #ad1 #ae1 #ah4 cf4 ,rom4 #aa4c4 ,a4#a4ee1 ,lam4 #d4 #bj 7v4l47 ,d4#gi1 ,job #a4f4 s5se only 7,cr47 ,d4#fa1 ,prov4 #h4 co9cid5ce #ba-cf4 ) ,ire- naeus4 ,footnote3 ,d4 #gb a passage o/5sibly f ,ezra1 b probably an apocryphal addition1 p]haps f ,prea*+ ( ,pet]2 same quotation 9 ,lactantius4 ,x is impossible n to be /ruck ) ! am\nt ( matt] t ,ju/9 has transf]r$ to 8 pages bodily4 ,he has quot$ n9e ,psalms entire1 & a t5? ) ! /atem5t 7twice repeat$7 t x is giv5 entire1 ?\gh really he has only quot$ tw5ty- ?ree v]ses4 ,! lat] *apt]s ( ,isaiah are also giv5 ) extraord9>y fulness4 ,^! long] passages are g5]ally quot$ accurately4 ,if ,ju/9's text diff]s f ! receiv$ text ( ! ,,lxx1 x is frequ5tly f\nd t he has "s extant au?ority = 8 read+4 ,! way 9 :i* ,cr$n] has drawn out ^! v>ieties ( read+1 & ! results :i* he obta9$ z to ! relations & comp>ative value ( ! diff]5t ,,mss41 =m p]haps ! mo/ int]e/+ feature ( 8 "w4 ,! m m>k$ div]g5ces 9 ,ju/9 may be ref]r$ to two causes2 7#a7 quotation f memory1 9 :i* he indulges freely1 especially 9 ! %ort] passages1 & m 9 ! ,apology ?an 9 ! ,dialogue ) ,tryphon2 7#b7 9 ,messianic passages ! use ( a ,t>gum1 n imm$iately by ,ju/9 himself b 9 "s previ\s docum5t f :i* he quotes1 9 ord] to introduce a m di/9ctly ,*ri/ian int]pretation2 ! co9cid5ces betwe5 ,ju/9 & o!r ,*ri/ian writ]s %[ t ! text ( ! ,,lxx _h be5 ?us modifi$ 9 a ,*ri/ian s5se1 g5]ally ?r\gh a clos] comp>ison ) & ne>] return to ! ,hebrew1 be=e 8 "t4 ,! in/ances ( free quotation are n p]haps q fully giv5 9 ! above li/1 b x w be se5 t ?\gh !y =m a m>k$ ph5om5on1 /ill m m>k$ is ! am\nt ( exactness4 ,any long1 n ,messianic1 passage1 x appe>s to be ! rule ) ,ju/9 to quote exactly4 ,among ! passages quot$ freely !re seem to be none ( great] l5g? ?an f\r v]ses4 ,! exactness is especially rem>kable 9 ! pla9 hi/orical n>ratives ( ! ,p5tateu* & ! ,psalms1 ?\gh x is also evid5t t ,ju/9 _h ! ,,ms4 be=e him1 & ref]r$ to x frequ5tly ?r\gh\t ! quotations f ! latt] "p ( ,isaiah4 ,?r\gh foll[+ ! arrangem5t ( ,cr$n] we h fail$ to notice ! cases ( comb9ation2 ^! h[ev] are collect$ by ,dr4 ,we/cott 7,on ! ,canon1 p4 #aef74 ,! mo/ rem>kable in/ance is 9 ,apol4 i4 #eb1 :]e six diff]5t passages f ?ree sep>ate writ]s are int]wov5 toge!r & assign$ bodily to ,ze*>iah4 ,!re are sev]al m examples ( mi/ak5 ascription4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! great advantage ( collect+ ! quotations f ! ,old ,te/am5t is t we are enabl$ to d s 9 reg>d to ! v same writ]s among :om our enquiry is to lie4 ,we c ?us =m a g5]al idea ( _! idiosyncracies1 & we "k :at to expect :5 we come to exam9e a diff]5t class ( quotations4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ! elem5t ( unc]ta9ty ( :i* ,i h spok5 above4 ,we _c be q cle> :at text ! writ] _h be=e him4 ,?is difficulty also exi/s1 ?\gh to a less degree1 :5 we come to consid] quotations f ! ,new ,te/am5t 9 writ]s ( an e>ly date :om we "k to h us$ our pres5t ,gospels z canonical4 ,! text ( ^! ,gospels is s comp>atively fix$1 & we h su* abundant mat]ials = its recon/ruction1 t we c g5]ally say at once :e!r ! writ] is quot+ f x freely or n4 ,we h ?us a c]ta9 ga91 ?\gh at ! co/ ( ! drawback t we c no long] draw an inf]5ce z to ! practice ( individuals1 b m]ely atta9 to a g5]al conclusion z to ! habits ( m9d curr5t 9 ! age4 ,?is too w be subject to a d$uction = ! individual b5t & peculi>ities ( ! writ]4 ,we mu/ !re=e1 on ! :ole1 atta* less importance to ! examples "u ?is section ?an "u t prec$+4 ,i *ose two writ]s to be ! subject ( ?is exam9ation almo/1 ,i may say1 at r&om1 & *iefly because ,i _h m conv5i5t access to _! works at ! "t4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is ,ir5aeus1 t is to say ! portions /ill extant 9 ! ,greek ( 8 ,treatise aga9/ ,h]esies1 ,endnote #di3a & ! second ,epiphanius4 ,ir5aeus is describ$ by ,dr4 ,tregelles 'z a close & c>eful quot] 9 g5]al f ! ,new ,te/am5t' ,endnote #di3b4 ,he may !re=e be tak5 to repres5t a comp>atively high /&>d ( accuracy4 ,9 ! foll[+ table ! quotations :i* are m]ely allusive are includ$ 9 brackets3-- ,exact4 ,slightly ,v>iant4 ,rem>ks4 v>iant4 ,i4 ,praef4 ,matt4 #aj4bf4 ,i4#c4b1,matt4 #e4ah4 quot$ f ,gno/ics ,i4#c1 #c1 ,m>k #e4ca4 ,gno/ics4 ,i4#c4e1 ,luke #ad4bg4 ,val5t9ians4 ,i4#c4e1 ,m>k #aj4 ! same4 ,i4#c4e1 ,matt4 #aj4cd4 #ba 7v4l47 ! same4 ,i4#c4e1 ,luke #c4ag4 ! same4 ,i4#d4c1 ,matt4 #aj4h4 ,i4#f4a1 ,matt4 #e4 #ac1 #ad1 al4 ,i4#g4d1 ,matt4 #h4i4 ! same4 ,luke #g4h4 ,i4#h4b1 ,matt4 #bg4df4,val5t9ians4 ,i4#h4b4 ,matt4 #bf4ch4 ! same4 ,i4#h4b1 ,matt4 ! same4 #bf4ci4 ,i4#h4b1 ,john #ab4bg4 ! same4 ,i4#h4c1 ,luke ! same4 #i4eg1eh4 ,i4#h4c1 ,luke ! same4 #i4fa1fb4 ,i4#h4c1 ,luke ! same4 #i4fj4 ,i4#h4c1 ,luke #ai4e4 ! same4 ,i4#h4d1 ,luke #ae1d4 ! same4 ,i4#h4d1 ,luke ! same4 #ae4h1 al4 ,i4#h4d1 ,luke #b4bh4 ! same4 ,i4#h4d41 ,luke ! same4 #f4cf1 al4 ,i4#h4d1 ,luke #g4ce ! same4 7v4l47 ,i4#h4e1 ,john #a4a1b4 ! same4 ,i4#h4e1 ,john #a4c ! same4 7v4l47 ,i4#h4e1 ,john #a4d4 ! same4 7v4l47 ,i4#h4e1 ,john #a4e4 ! same4 ,i4#h4e1 ,john #a4ad4 ,i4#h4e1 ,john #a4ad4 ! same v]se rep- eat$ dif- f]5tly4 ,i4#ad4a4 ,matt4 ,m>cus4 #ah4aj1;al4 ,i4#af4a1 ,luke ,m>cosians4 #ae4h1;al4 ,i4#af4c1 ,matt4 ! same4 #ab1dc1;al4 ,i4#bj4b1 ,luke ! same4 #b4di4 ,i4#bj4b1 ,m>k #aj4ah4'memorit]'- ,/i]52 b comp4 ,clem4 ,hom4 & & ,ju/94 ,i4#bj4b1 ,matt4 ,m>cosians4 #ba4bc4 ,i4#bj4b1 ,luke #ai4db4! same4 ,i4#bj4b1 ,matt4 ! same4 #aa4bh 78 om474 ,i4#bj4c1 ,luke #aj4ba4! same2 7,matt4 #aa4be v4l41 comp4 #be47 ,m>cion1 ,clem4 ,hom41 ,ju/91 c4 ,i4#ba4b1 ,luke #ab4ej4,m>cosians4 ,i4#ba4b1 ,m>k ,m>cosians4 #aj4cf4 ,,iii4#aa4h1 ,john #a4a-c 7874 ,,iii4#aa4h1 ,matt4 #a4a1ah 7v4l47 ,,iii4#aa4h1 ,m>k omissions4 #a4a1b4 ,,iii4#bb4b1 ,john #d4f4 ,,iii4#bb4b1 ,matt4 #bf4ch4 ,,iv4#bf4a1 ,matt4 ,,iv4#dj4c1 #ac4ch4 ,,iv4#dj4c1 ,matt4 #ac4be4 ,v4#ag4d1 ,matt4 #c4aj4 ,v4#cf4b1 ,john #ad4b 7or obl47 ,fragm4 #ad1 ,matt4 #ae4ag4 ,on ! :ole ^! quotations ( ,ir5aeus seem fairly to des]ve ! praise giv5 to !m by ,dr4 ,tregelles4 ,mo/ ( ! free quotations1 x w be se51 belong n s mu* to ,ir5aeus himself1 z to ! writ]s he is criticis+4 ,9 "s places 7e4g4 iv4 #f4 #a1 :i* is f\nd 9 ! ,lat9 only7 he expressly notes a diff]5ce ( text4 ,9 ?is v place1 h[ev]1 he %[s t he is quot+ f memory1 z he speaks ( a p>allel passage 9 ,/4 ,m>k :i* does n exi/4 ,else:]e !re c be little d\bt t ei!r he or ! writ] be=e him quot$ loosely f memory4 ,?us ,luke xii4 #ej is giv5 z ,greek3 allo baptisma e*o bapti/ha5ai kai panu epeigomai eis auto = ,greek3 baptisma de e*o bapti/ha5ai kai pos sune*omai heos hot\ tele/hae4 ,! quotation f ,matt4 viii4 #i is repres5t$ z ,greek3 kai g> ego hupo ta5 emaut\ ex\sian e*o /ratiotas kai d\l\s kai ho ean pro/axo poi\si1 :i* is evid5tly free2 ^? f ,matt4 xviii4 #aj1 xxvii4 #df1 ,luke ix4 #eg1 #eh1 #fa1 #fb1 xiv4 #bg1 xix4 #db1 ,john i4 #e1 #ad 7:]e h[ev] !re appe>s to be "s confusion 9 ! text ( ,ir5aeus71 xiv4 #b1 also seem to be be/ expla9$ z made f memory4 ,! li/ giv5 bel[1 ( quotations f ! ,gospels 9 ! ,pan>ium or ',treatise aga9/ ,h]esies' ( ,epiphanius ,endnote #eb3a1 is n int5d$ to be exhau/ive4 ,x has be5 made f ! %ort] index ( ,petavius1 & be+ conf9$ to ! 'praecipui loci' consi/s *iefly ( passages ( sub/antial l5g? & entirely 7,i believe7 ( express quotations4 ,x has be5 aga9 necess>y to di/+ui% betwe5 ! quotations made directly by ,epiphanius himself & ^? made by ! h]etical writ]s ^: works he is review+4 ,exact4 ,slightly ,v>iant4 ,rem>ks4 ,v>iant4 #dbf;,a1 ,matt4 #a4a2 ,matt4 #a4ah1 7v4l47 #dbf;,,bc1 ,matt4 abridg$1 div]- #a4ah-be4 g5t 9 middle4 #dcj;,b1 ,matt4 #b4ac4 ,porphyry ,celsus4 #dd;,c1 ,matt4 #e4cd1cg #ei;,c1 ,matt4 #e4ag1ah4 #ahj;,b1 ,matt4 #e4ah4 ,val5t9ians4 #bbf;,a1 ,matt4 #e4de4 #gb;,a1 ,matt4 #g4f4 ,basilidians4 #djd;,c1 ,matt4 #g4ae4 #fg;,c4 ,matt4 #h4aa4 #fej;,b4 ,matt4 #h4bh-cd 7p>47 #cjc;,a1 ,matt4 ,m>cion4 #i4ag1af4 #ga;,b1 ,matt4 #aj4cc4 ,basilidians4 #bgd;,b1 ,matt4 #aj4af4 #hh;,a1 ,matt4 #aa4g4 #adc;,b1 ,matt4 ,gno/ics4 #aa4ah4 #bed;,b1 ,matt4 ,m>cosians4 #aa4bh4 #aci;,,ab1 ,matt4 ,ebionites4 #ab4dh sqq4 7v4l47 #agd;,c1 ,matt4 #aj4bf4 #dfd;,b1 ,matt4 ,!odotus4 #ab4ca1cb4 #cc;,a1 ,matt4 #bc4e4 #bah;,d1 ,matt4 #ae4d-f,ptolemaeus4 7or4 obl47 #dij;,c1 ,matt4 #ae4bj4 ,m>k #g4ba1bb4 #dij;,a1 ,matt4 #ah4h4 compression ,m>k #i4dc4 #fgi;,,bc1 ,matt4 ,manes4 #ac4bd-cj1cg-ci4 #aeb;,b1 ,matt4 #e4bg4 #ei;,,cd1 ,matt4 #ai4aj-ab4 #ei;,d1 ,matt4 #ai4f4 #ha;,a1 ,matt4 #ai4ab4 #ig;,d1 ,matt4 #bb4cj4 #cf;,,bc1 ,matt4 #bc4 rem>kable compo- #bc1be2 #bc4ah-bj4 sition1 probably f memory4 7#e4ce72 ,m>k #g4aa-ac2 ,matt4 #bc4ae4 #bbf;,a1 ,matt4 #bc4bi2;composition4 ,luke #aa4dg4 #bha;,a1 ,matt4 #bc4ce4 #ejh;,c1 ,matt4 #be4cd4 #adf;,,ab1 ,matt4 #bf4 n>rative4 #ag1ah2 ,m>k #ad4 #ab-ad2 ,luke #bb4 #i-aa4 #bgi;,d1 ,matt4 #bf4bd4 #cij;,b1 ,matt4 #ba4cc1 p>4 #ej;,a1 ,matt4 #bh4ai4 #dbg;,b1 ,m>k #a4a1b4 7v4#a47 #dbh;,c1 ,m>k #a4d4 #deg;,d1 ,m>k #c4bi2 s+ul> ,matt4 #ab4ca2 composition4 ,luke #ab4aj4 #djj;,d1 ,matt4 #ai4f2 ,m>k #aj4i4 #fej;,c1 ,matt4 #h4 n>rative4 #bh-cd2 ,m>k #e4 #a-bj2 ,luke #h4 #bf-ci4 ,^! la/ five quotations h already be5 giv5 "u ,ir5aeus1 :om ,epiphanius is transcrib+4 #dfd;,d1 ,luke #ab4i2 composition4 ,matt4 #aj4cc4 #aha;,b1 ,luke #ad4bg4 ,val5tians4 #dja;,a1 ,luke #ba4cd4 #adc;,c1 ,luke #bd4db4 7v4 #a47 #cdi;,c1 ,luke #bd4 ,m>cion4 #ch1ci #chd;,b1 ,john #a4a-c4 #adh;,a1 ,john #a4bc4 #adh;,b1 ,john #b4af1ag4 #hi;,c1 ,john #c4ab4 ,gno/ics4 #bgd;,a1 ,john #c4ad #ei;,c1 ,john #e4df4 #afb;,b1 ,john #e4h4 #ff;,c1 ,john #e4ag4 #iai;,a1 ,john #e4ah4 #aag;,d1 ,john #f4ae4 #hi;,d1 ,john #f4ec4 ! same4 #bgi;,d1 ,john #f4gj4 #bgi;,b1 ,john #h4dd4 #dfc;,d1 ,john #h4dj4 ,!odotus4 #adh;,b1 ,john #ab4da4 #aec;,a1 ,john #ab4bb4 #ge;,c1 ,john #ad4f4 #iai;,c1 ,john #ad4aj4 #iba;,d1 ,john #ag4c4 #bgi;,d1 ,john #ag4aa1ab4 #aai;,d1 ,john #ah4cf4 ,x is impossible "h n to notice ! v l>ge am\nt ( fre$om 9 ! quotations4 ,! exact quotations numb] only fifte51 ! slightly v>iant ?irty-sev51 & ! m>k$ly v>iant =ty4 ,by f> ! l>g] portion ( ?is la/ class & sev]al in/ances 9 ! second x seems mo/ reasonable to ref] to ! habit ( quot+ f memory4 ,?is is /rik+ly illu/rat$ by ! passage #aag ,d1 ,:]e ! retreat ( ,jesus & ,8 disciples to ,ephraim is treat$ z a consequ5ce ( ! attempt 'to make ,him k+' 7,john vi4 #ae71 ?\gh 9 reality x did n take place till aft] ! rais+ ( ,laz>us & j be=e ! ,la/ ,passov] 7see ,john xi4 #ed74 ,a v rem>kable case ( comb9ation is f\nd 9 #cf ,,bc1 :]e a s+le quotation is made up ( a c5to ( no less ?an six sep>ate passages tak5 f all ?ree ,synoptic ,gospels & 9 ! mo/ brok5 ord]4 ,fusions s complete z ?is are usually ! result ( unconsci\s acts ( ! m9d1 i4e4 ( memory4 ,a curi\s in/ance ( ! way 9 :i* ! ,synoptic p>allels are bl5d$ toge!r 9 a comp\nd :i* diff]s f ea* & all ( !m is pres5t$ 9 #dcg ,d 7,greek3 to blasphaem\nti eis to pneuma to hagion ouk aphe?aesetai auto oute en to nun aioni oute en to mellonti74 ,ano!r example ( ,epiphanius' mann] 9 skipp+ backw>ds & =w>ds f "o ,synoptic to ano!r may be se5 9 #bah ,d1 :i* is made up ( ,matt4 xv4 #d-i & ,m>k vii4 #f-ac4 ,a /range mi/ake is made 9 #dbh ,d1 :]e ,greek3 p>aekol\?aekoti is tak5 ) ,greek3 tois autoptais kai hupa]etais t\ log\4 ,_m k9ds ( v>iation f9d examples 9 ^! quotations ( ,epiphanius1 to "s ( :i* we may h occasion to allude m p>ticul>ly lat] on4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t ^! are n by any means select$ examples4 ,nei!r ,ir5aeus nor ,epiphanius are notori\s = free quotation--,ir5aeus inde$ is r ! rev]se4 ,probably a mu* m pl5tiful h>ve/ ( v>iations w\ld h be5 obta9$ e4g4 f ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 f ^: writ+s num]\s in/ances ( quotation foll[+ ! s5se only1 ( false ascription1 ( ! bl5d+ ( passages1 ( quotations f memory1 are giv5 9 ! treatise ( ,bp4 ,kaye ,endnote #ef3a4 ,dr4 ,we/cott has rec5tly collect$ ,endnote #ef3b ! quotations f ,*ryso/om ,on ! ,prie/hood1 ) ! result t ab\t "o half pres5t v>iations f ! ,apo/olic texts1 & "s ( ^! v>iations1 :i* he gives at l5g?1 are c]ta9ly v mu* to ! po9t4 ,i fe> we %all h seem$ to delay too long ^u ?is fir/ prelim9>y /age ( ! enquiry1 b x is highly desirable t we %\ld />t ) a good broad inductive basis to g ^u4 ,we h n[ an in/rum5t 9 our h&s by :i* to te/ ! alleg$ quotations 9 ! e>ly writ]s2 &1 r\gh & approximate z t in/rum5t mu/ /ill be admitt$ to be1 x is at lea/ mu* bett] ?an none at all4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,apo/olic ,,fa!rs4 ,to g at all ?or\ghly into all ! que/ions t may be rais$ z to ! date & "* ( ! ,*ri/ian writ+s 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! second c5tury w\ld ne$ a s]ies ( some:at elaborate monographs1 &1 important z x is t ! data %\ld be fix$ ) ! utmo/ atta9able precision1 ! scaffold+ ?us rais$ w\ld1 9 a "w l ! pres5t1 be out ( proportion to ! sup]/ructure erect$ ^u x4 ,^! are matt]s t mu/ be decid$ by ! au?ority ( ^? :o h made ! prov9ces to :i* !y belong a subject ( special /udy3 all we c d w be to te/ ! value ( ! sev]al au?orities 9 pass+4 ,9 reg>d to ,clem5t ( ,rome1 ^: ,fir/ 7g5u9e7 ,epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians is ! fir/ writ+ t meets u1 ! au?or ( ',sup]natural ,religion' is q "r 9 say+ t '! great mass ( critics 444 assign ! composition ( ! ,epi/le to ! end ( ! fir/ c5tury 7,a4,d4 #ie-ajj7' ,endnote #eh3a4 ,!re is z usual a "r & a left w+ 9 ! array ( critics4 ,! "r includes sev]al ( ! old] writ]s2 among ! mod]ns ! mo/ conspicu\s figure is ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,bi%op ,hefele4 ,tis*5dorf also1 ?\gh z x is po9t$ out some:at inconsi/5tly1 leans to ?is side4 ,accord+ to _! op9ion ! ,epi/le w\ld be writt5 %ortly be=e ,a4,d4 #gj4 ,on ! left1 ! names quot$ are ,volkm>1 ,baur1 ,s*olt51 ,/ap1 & ,s*wegl] ,endnote #ei3a4 ,baur cont5ts himself ) ! rem>k t ! ,epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians1 'z "o ( ! olde/ docum5ts ( ,*ri/ian antiquity1 might h pass$ )\t "q z a writ+ ( ! ,roman ,clem5t1' _h n ?is ,clem5t become a leg5d>y p]son & _h s _m spuri\s works palm$ (f ^u him ,endnote #ei3b4 ,b x is surely no argum5t to say t because a c]ta9 numb] ( extravagant & spuri\s writ+s are attribut$ to ,clem5t1 !re=e "o s sob] & consi/5t ) 8 position1 & "o s well atte/$ z ?is1 is n likely to h be5 writt5 by him4 ,! contr>y inf]5ce w\ld be ! m reasonable1 = if ,clem5t _h n be5 an important p]son1 & if he _h left no kn[n & ackn[l$g$ writ+s1 div]g5t p>ties 9 ! ,*ur* w\ld h _h no reason = mak+ use ( 8 "n4 ,b argum5ts ( ?is k9d _c h mu* weight4 ,probably n "o half ( ! writ+s attribut$ to ,ju/9 ,m>tyr are g5u9e2 b no "o on t acc\nt d\bts ! ,apologies & ! ,dialogue ) ,tryphon4 ,s*wegl] ,endnote #ei3c1 z is 8 wont1 has develop$ ! op9ion ( ,baur1 add+ "s reasons ( 8 own4 ,su* z1 t ! lett] %[s ,paul9e t5d5cies1 :ile 'accord+ to ! mo/ c]ta9 traditions' ,clem5t 0 a foll[] ( ,/4 ,pet]2 b ! evid5ce = ! ,epi/le 7,polyc>p1 ,dionysius ( ,cor9?1 ,a4,d4 #afe-age1 ,hegesippus1 & ,ir5aeus 9 ! mo/ express t]ms7 is mu* old] & bett] ?an ^! 'mo/ c]ta9 traditions' 7,t]tullian & ,orig571 ev5 if !y prov$ any?+3 '9 ! ,epi/le ( ,clem5t use is made ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews2' b surely1 accord+ to any sob] canons ( criticism1 ! only light 9 :i* ?is argum5t c be reg>d$ is z s mu* evid5ce = ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews3 ! ,epi/le implies a developm5t ( ! episcopate :i* 'demon/rably' 7na*weisli*7 did n take place until dur+ ! c\rse ( ! second c5tury2 :at ! 'demon/ration' is does n appe>1 & inde$ x is only "p ( ! great fabric ( hypo!sis t makes up ! ,tb+5 !ory4 ,volkm> /rikes into a new ve9 ,endnote #fj3a4 ,! ,epi/le ( ,clem5t presupposes ! ,book ( ,judi?2 b ! ,book ( ,judi? mu/ be dat$ ,a4,d4 #aag-aah2 & !re=e ! ,epi/le ( ,clem5t w fall ab\t ,a4,d4 #abe4 ,:at is ! gr\nd = ?is reason+8 ,x consi/s 9 a !ory1 :i* ,volkm> adopt$ & develop$ f ,hitzig1 z to ! orig9 ( ! ,book ( ,judi?4 ,t book is an allegorical or symbolical repres5tation ( ev5ts 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! ris+ ( ! ,jews "u ,b>co*ba2 ,judi? is ,judaea1 ,nebu*adnezz> ,trajan2 ,assyria /&s = ,syria1 ,n9eveh = ,antio*1 ,arphaxad = a ,p>?ian k+ ,arsaces1 ,ecbatana = ,nisibis or p]haps ,batnae2 ,bagoas is ! eunu*- s]vice 9 g5]al2 ,hol(]nes is ! ,moor ,lucius ,quietus4 ,out ( ^! elem5ts an elaborate hi/orical !ory is con/ruct$1 :i* ,ewald & ,fritzs*e h tak5 ! tr\ble to refute on hi/orical gr\nds4 ,to u x is v mu* z if ,ivanhoe 7 made out to be an allegory ( incid5ts 9 ! ,fr5* ,revolution2 or z if ! 'tale ( ,troy div9e' 71 n a nature-my? or ,euem]i/ic leg5d ( long pa/ ages1 b a symbolical repres5tation ( ev5ts "u ! ,pisi/ratidae4 ,examples su* z ?is are apt to draw f ! ,engli% read] a sweep+ condemnation ( ,g]man criticism1 & yet !y are really only ! sports or freaks ( an exub]ant activity4 ,! long li/ giv5 9 ',sup]natural ,religion' ,endnote #fa3a ( ^? :o ma9ta9 ! middle date ( ,clem5t's ,epi/le 7,a4,d4 #ie-ajj7 includes app>5tly all ! ,engli% writ]s1 & among a numb] ( ,g]mans ! weighty names ( ,bleek1 ,ewald1 ,giesel]1 ,hilg5feld1 ,k/l91 ,lipsius1 ,laur5t1 ,reuss1 & ,rits*l4 ,f ! po9t ( view ei!r ( au?ority or ( argum5t !re c be little d\bt :i* is ! s\nde/ & mo/ judici\s decision4 ,n[ :at is ! be>+ ( ! ,epi/le ( ,clem5t ^u ! "q ( ! curr5cy & au?ority ( ! ,synoptic ,gospels8 ,!re are two passages ( "s l5g? :i* are )\t d\bt evangelical quotations1 ?\gh :e!r !y are d]iv$ f ! ,canonical ,gospels or n may be d\bt$4 ,! fir/ passage occurs 9 c4 xiii4 ,x w be necess>y to give x 9 full ) ! ,synoptic p>allels1 9 ord] to appreciate ! exact am\nt ( diff]5ce & resemblance :i* x pres5ts4 ,matt4 v4 #g1 vi4 #ad1 ,clem4 ad ,cor4 c4 xiii4 ,luke vi4 #cf1 #cg1 #ca1 vii4 #ab1b4 vi4 #ch1 #cg1 #ch4 ,especially re- memb]+ ! ^w ( ! ,"l ,jesus :i* he spake 444 ,= ?us he said3 v4 #g4 ,bless$ are ,pity ye1 t ye may vi4 #cf4 ,be ye m]- ! pitiful1 = !y be piti$3 =give1 ciful1 etc4 vi4 #cg4 ,ac- %all be piti$4 vi4 t x may be =- quit1 & ye %all be #ad4 ,= if ye = giv5 unto y4 ,z acquitt$4 vi4 #c #a4 give m5 _! tres- ye d1 s %all x ,& z ye w\ld passes1 etc4 vii4 #ab4 be done unto y3 t !y %\ld d ,all ?+s !re=e z ye give1 s %all unto y1 d ye :atsoev] ye w\ld x be giv54 unto y3 also unto !m l t m5 %\ld d z ye judge1 s %all wise4 vi4 #ch4 ,give1 unto y1 ev5 s d x be judg$ unto & x %all be giv5 ye unto !m4 vii4 #b4 y3 z ye are k9d1 unto y4 vi4 #c #g4 ,= ) :at judg- s %all k9dness be ,& judge n1 & m5t ye judge1 ye %[n unto y3 ye %all n be %all be judg$3 & judg$4 ) :at measure ) :at measure ,= ) :at ye mete1 x %all be ye mete1 ) x %all measure ye mete1 x measur$ unto y4 x be measur$ unto %all be measur$ y4 unto y aga94 ,,greek ,,table ,matt4 v4 #g1 vi4 #ad1 ,clem4 ad ,cor4 c4 xiii4 ,luke vi4 #cf1 #cg1 #ca1 vii4 #ab1b4 vi4 #ch1 #cg1 #ch4 v4#g4 mak>ioi hoi eleeite h9a eleae?aete4 vi4 #cf4 g9e/he eleaemones hoti autoi oiktirmones1 k4t4l4 eleae?aesontai4 vi4 #ad4 ean g> aphiete h9a aphe?ae vi4 #cg4 apoluete kai aphaete tois an?4 ta hum94 apolu?aese/he4 p>aptomata auton4 vii4 #ab4 panta oun hos poieite h\to vi4 #ca4 kai ka?os hosa ean !laete h9a poiae?aesetai hum94 !lete h9a poios9 poios9 hum9 hoi an?4 hum9 hoi an?ropoi kai h\tos kai humeis humeis poieite autois homoios poieite autois4 hos didote h\tos vi4 #ch4 didote1 kai do?aesetai hum94 do?aesetai hum94 vii4 #b4 en ho g> hos kr9ete h\tos vi4 #cg4 kai mae krimati kr9ete kri?aesetai hum94 kr9ete kai ou mae kri?aese/he4 kri?aete4 hos *rae/eue/he h\tos *rae/eu?aesetai hum94 kai en ho metro ho metro metreite en vi4 #ch4 to g> auto metreite auto metrae?aesetai metro ho metreite metrae?aesetai hum94 hum94 antimetrae?aesetai hum94 ,we are to det]m9e :e!r ?is quotation 0 tak5 f ! ,canonical ,gospels4 ,let u try to balance ! argum5ts on bo? sides z fairly z possible4 ,dr4 ,lightfoot writes 9 8 note ^u ! passage z foll[s3 ',z ,clem5t's quotations are (t5 v loose1 we ne$ n g beyond ! ,canonical ,gospels = ! s\rce ( ?is passage4 ,! resemblance to ! orig9al is mu* clos] "h1 ?an x is = in/ance 9 8 acc\nt ( ,rahab above1 #ab4 ,! hypo!sis !re=e t ,clem5t d]iv$ ! say+ f oral tradition1 or f "s lo/ ,gospel1 is n ne$$4' 7#a7 ,no d\bt x is true t ,clem5t does (t5 quote loosely4 ,! diff]5ce ( language1 tak+ ! p>allel clauses "o by "o1 is n great] ?an w\ld be f\nd 9 _m ( 8 quotations f ! ,old ,te/am5t4 7#b7 ,suppos+ t ! ord] ( ,/4 ,luke is foll[$1 !re w be no great] dislocation ?an e4g4 9 ! quotation f ,deut4 ix4 #ab-ad & ,exod4 xxxii4 7#g1 #h71 #aa1 #ca1 #cb 9 c4 liii1 & ! backw>d ord] ( ! quotation w\ld h a p>allel 9 ,clem4 ,hom4 xvi4 #ac1 :]e ! v]ses ,deut4 xiii4 #a-c1 #e1 #i are quot$ 9 ! ord] ,deut4 xiii4 #a-c1 #i1 #e1 #c1--;& else:]e4 ,! composition ( a passage f diff]5t places 9 ! same book1 or m (t5 f places 9 diff]5t books1 su* z w\ld be ! case if ,clem5t 0 foll[+ ,mat!w1 frequ5tly occurs 9 8 quotations f ! ,old ,te/am5t4 7#c7 ,we h no positive evid5ce ( ! pres5ce ( ?is passage 9 any non- extant ,gospel4 7#d7 ,argum5ts f ! mann] ( quot+ ! ,old ,te/am5t to ! mann] ( quot+ ! ,new mu/ always be to a c]ta9 ext5t a =tiori1 = x is und5iable t ! ,new ,te/am5t did n z yet /& ^u ! same foot+ ( respect & au?ority z ! ,old1 & ! sc>city ( ,,mss4 mu/ h made x less accessible4 ,9 ! case ( conv]ts f ,judaism1 ! ,old ,te/am5t w\ld h be5 l>gely committ$ to memory 9 y\?1 :ile ! k ( ! ,new w\ld be only rec5tly acquir$4 ,^! consid]ations seem to fav\r ! hypo!sis t ,clem5t is quot+ f our ,gospels4 ,b on ! o!r h& x may be urg$1 7#a7 t ! p>allel adduc$ by ,dr4 ,lightfoot1 ! /ory ( ,rahab1 is n q 9 po9t1 because x is n>rative1 & n>rative bo? 9 ,clem5t & ! o!r writ]s ( 8 "t is dealt ) m freely ?an disc\rse4 7#b7 ,! passage be=e u is also ( great] l5g? ?an is usual 9 ,clem5t's free quotations4 ,i d\bt :e!r z long a piece ( disc\rse c be f\nd treat$ ) equal fre$om1 unless x is ! two d\btful cases 9 c4 viii & c4 xxix4 7#c7 ,x w n fail to be notic$ t ! passage z x /&s 9 ,clem5t has a r\ndness1 a compactness1 a balance ( /yle1 :i* give x an individual & indep5d5t appe>ance4 ,fusions effect$ by an unconsci\s process ( ?\ght are1 x is true1 sometimes m>k$ by ?is complet5ess2 /ill !re is a difficulty 9 suppos+ ! t]se anti!ses ( ! ,clem5t9e v]sion to be d]iv$ f ! full]1 b m lax & disconnect$1 say+s 9 our ,gospels4 7#d7 ,x is notic$ 9 ',sup]natural ,religion' ,endnote #fe3a t ! p>ticul> phrase ,greek3 *rae/eu/he has at lea/ a p>tial p>allel 9 ,ju/9 ,greek3 g9e/he *rae/oi kai oiktirmones1 ?\gh x has none 9 ! ,canonical ,gospels4 ,?is may seem to po9t to a docum5t>y s\rce no long] extant4 ,d\btless light w\ld be ?r[n ^u ! "q if we only knew :at 0 ! common orig9al ( ! two ,synoptic texts4 ,h[ d !y come to be s l & yet s diff]5t z !y are8 ,h[ d !y come to be s /rangely brok5 up8 ,! triple synopsis1 :i* has to d m ) n>rative1 pres5ts less difficulty1 b ! problem rais$ by ^! fragm5t>y p>allelisms 9 disc\rse is d>k & complex 9 ! extreme2 yet if x 7 only solv$ x w\ld 9 all probability give u ! key to a wide class ( ph5om5a4 ,! diff]5ces 9 ^! extra-canonical quotations d n exce$ ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! ,synoptic ,gospels !mselves2 yet by f> ! l>g] proportion ( critics reg>d ! resemblances 9 ! ,synoptics z due to a common writt5 s\rce us$ ei!r by all ?ree or by two ( !m4 ,! critics h n h[ev]1 ,i believe1 giv5 any satisfactory explanation ( ! /ate ( disp]sion 9 :i* ! fragm5ts ( ?is latt] class are f\nd4 ,all t c be at pres5t done is to po9t out t ! solution ( ?is problem & t ( su* quotations z ! "o discuss$ 9 ,clem5t hang toge!r1 & t :ile ! "o rema9s op5 ! o!r mu/ also4 ,look+ at ! argum5ts on bo? sides1 s f> z we c give !m1 ,i incl9e on ! :ole to ! op9ion t ,clem5t is n quot+ directly f our ,gospels1 b ,i am q aw>e ( ! insecure gr\nd on :i* ?is op9ion re/s4 ,x is a nice balance ( probabilities1 & ! elem5t ( ignorance is s l>ge t ! conclusion1 :atev] x is1 mu/ be purely provisional4 ,any?+ l confid5t dogmatism on ! subject seems to me entirely out ( place4 ,v mu* ! same is to be said ( ! second passage 9 c4 xlvi comp>$ ) ,matt4 xxvi4 #bd1 xviii4 #f1 or ,luke xvii4 #a1 #b4 ,x h>dly seems necess>y to give ! passage 9 full1 z ?is is already done 9 ',sup]natural ,religion1' & x does n diff] mat]ially f t fir/ quot$1 except t x is less complicat$ & ! supposition ( a quotation f memory some:at easi]4 ,! critic inde$ dismisses ! "q summ>ily en\gh4 ,he says t '! slighte/ comp>ison ( ! passage ) our ,gospels is suffici5t to conv9ce any unprejudic$ m9d t x is nei!r a comb9ation ( texts nor a quotation f memory' ,endnote #ff3a4 ,b ?is v confid5t ass]tion is only ! result ( ! ha/y & sup]ficial exam9ation t ! au?or has giv5 to ! facts4 ,he has set d[n ! impression t a mod]n might receive1 at ! fir/ blu%1 )\t hav+ giv5 any m ext5d$ /udy to ! me?od ( ! patri/ic quotations4 ,i d n wi% to impute blame to him = ?is1 because we are all sure to take up "s po9ts sup]ficially2 b ! mis=tune is t he has sp5t 8 lab\r 9 ! wrong place4 ,he has1 9 a mann]1 reviv$ ! old ecclesia/ical argum5t f au?ority by heap+ toge!r ref]5ces1 n always q dige/$ & sift$1 ^u po9ts t (t5 d n ne$ !m1 & he has neglect$ t consecutive /udy ( ! orig9als :i* alone c\ld imbue 8 m9d ) _! _s & place him at ! prop] po9t ( view = 8 enquiry4 ,! hypo!sis t ,clem5t's quotation is made memorit] f our ,gospel is v f> f be+ inadmissible4 ,7 x n t ! o!r passage seems to lean ! o!r way1 ,i %\ld be incl9$ to reg>d x z q ! mo/ probable solution4 ,su* a fusion is precisely :at w\ld & frequ5tly does take place 9 quot+ f memory4 ,x is important to notice ! key phrases 9 ! quotation4 ,! op5+ phrases ,greek3 ouai to an?ropo eke9o2 kalon a5 auto ei ouk eg5nae?ae are f\nd exactly 7?\gh ) omissions7 9 ,matt4 xxvi4 #bd4 ,clem5t has 9 common ) ! ,synopti/s all ! m m>k$ expressions b two1 ,greek3 sk&alisai 7,greek3 -sae ,synoptics71 ! unusual ^w ,greek3 mulos 7,matt41 ,m>k71 ,greek3 kataponti/ha5ai 7,greek3 -?ae ,matt471 ,greek3 eis ta5 ?alassan 7,m>k1 ,luke71 ,greek3 h5a ton mikron 7,greek3 m\ ,clem5t1 ,greek3 t\ton ,synoptics74 ,he diff]s f !m1 s f> z phraseology is conc]n$1 only 9 writ+ once 7! second "t he agrees ) ! ,synoptics7 ,greek3 ton eklekton m\ = ,greek3 ton mikron t\ton1 by an easy p>aphrase1 & ,greek3 p]ite?a5ai :]e ,m>k & ,luke h ,greek3 p]ikeitai & ,mat!w ,greek3 krema/hae4 ,b on ! o!r h&1 x %\ld be notic$ t ,mat!w has1 besides ?is v>iation1 ,greek3 en to pelagei taes ?alassaes1 :]e ! two companion ,gospels h ,greek3 eis ta5 ?alassan2 :]e he has ,greek3 kataponti/hae1 ,m>k has ,greek3 beblaetai & ,luke ,greek3 erriptai2 & 9 ! important phrase = 'x 7 bett]' all ! ?ree ,gospels diff]1 ,mat!w hav+ ,greek3 sumph]ei1 ,m>k ,greek3 kalon e/91 & ,luke ,greek3 lusitelei2 s t x seems n at all too mu* to say t ,clem5t does n diff] f ! ,synoptics m ?an !y diff] f ea* o!r4 ,! rem>ks t ! au?or makes1 9 a g5]al way1 ^u ^! diff]5ces lead u to ask :e!r he has ev] def9itely put to himself ! "q1 ,h[ did !y arise8 ,he mu/ be aw>e t ! mass ( ,g]man au?orities he is s fond ( quot+ admit ( only two alt]natives1 t ! ,synoptic writ]s copi$ ei!r f ! same orig9al or f ea* o!r1 & t ! idea ( a m]ely oral tradition is sc\t$ 9 ,g]many4 ,b if ?is is ! case1 if s great a fre$om has be5 ex]cis$ 9 transcription1 is x /range t ,clem5t 7or any o!r writ]7 %\ld be equally free 9 quotation8 ,! au?or rightly notices--?\gh he does n seem q to appreciate its be>+--! fact t ,m>cion & "s codices 7( ! ,old ,lat9 translation7 ins]t1 z ,clem5t does1 ! phrase ,greek3 ei ouk eg5nae?ae ae 9 ! text ( ,/4 ,luke4 ,suppos+ t ?is 7 ! text ( ,/4 ,luke's ,gospel :i* ,clem5t _h be=e him1 x w\ld surely be s mu* easi] to reg>d 8 quotation z directly tak5 f ! ,gospel2 b ! tru] view p]haps w\ld be t we h "h an in/ance 7& ! numb] ( su* in/ances 9 ! old] ,,mss4 is legion7 ( ! t5d5cy to int]polate by ! ins]tion ( p>allel passages f ! same or f ! o!r ,synoptic ,gospels4 ,clem5t & ,m>cion 7) ! ,old ,lat97 w !n confirm ea* o!r1 z %[+ t ev5 at ?is e>ly date ! two passages1 ,matt4 xxvi4 #bd & ,matt4 xviii4 #f 7,luke xvii4 #b71 _h already begun to be comb9$4 ,!re is "o po9t m to be notic$ be=e we leave ! ,epi/le ( ,clem5t4 ,!re is a quotation f ,isaiah 9 ?is ,epi/le :i* is common to x ) ! fir/ two ,synoptics4 ,( ?is ,volkm> writes z foll[s1 giv+ ! words ( ,clem5t1 c4 xv1 ',! ,scripture says some:]e1 ,?is p hon\re? me ) _! lips1 b _! he>t is f> f me1' 7,greek3 h\tos ho laos tois *eiles9 me tima hae de k>dia auton porro ape/9 ap' em\74 ',?is ,scripture ! writ] f\nd 9 ,m>k vii4 #f 7foll[$ 9 ,matt4 xv4 #h71 & 9 t %ape he c\ld n at once rememb] :]e x /ood 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,x is inde$ ,m>k's peculi> reproduction ( ,is4 xxix4 #ac1 9 opposition to ! orig9al & ! ,,lxx4 ,a fur!r pro( t ! ,roman ,*ri/ian has "h our ,synoptic text 9 8 m9d1 may be tak5 f c4 xiii1 :]e he quotes ,j]4 ix4 #bd ) equal div]g5ce f ! ,,lxx1 aft] ! prec$5t ( ! ,apo/le 7#a ,cor4 i4 #ca1 #b ,cor4 x4 #ag7 ^: lett]s he expressly ref]s to 7c4 xlvii7 ,endnote #fi3a4 ,x is difficult "h to avoid ! conclusion t ,clem5t is quot+ ! ,old ,te/am5t ?r\gh ! m$ium ( our ,gospels4 ,! text ( ! ,,lxx is ?is1 ,greek3 engizei moi ho laos h\tos en to /omati aut\ kai en tois *eiles9 auton timos9 me4 ,clem5t has ! passage exactly z x is giv5 9 ,m>k 7,greek3 ho laos h\tos ,matt471 except t he writes ,greek3 ape/9 :]e bo? ( ! ,gospels h ,greek3 ape*ei ) ! ,,lxx4 ,! passage is n ,messianic1 s t ! v>iation _c be ref]r$ to a ,t>gum2 & ?\gh ,a4 & six o!r ,,mss4 9 ,holmes & ,p>sons omit ,greek3 en to /omati aut\ 7?r\gh wrong punctuation-- ,cr$n]71 /ill !re is no ,,ms4 au?ority :atev]1 & naturally c\ld n be1 = ! omission ( ,greek3 engizei moi 444 kai & = ! *ange ( ,greek3 timos9 to ,greek3 tima4 ,!re c be little d\bt t ?is 0 a free quotation 9 ! orig9al ( ! ,synoptic ,gospels1 & x is 9 a high degree probable t x has pass$ ?r\gh !m into ,clem5t ( ,rome4 ,x might p]haps be sugge/$ t ,clem5t 0 possibly quot+ ! e>li] docum5t1 ! orig9al ( our ,synoptics1 b ?is sugge/ion seems to be exclud$ bo? by 8 fur!r deviation f ! ,,lxx 9 ,greek3 ape/91 & also by ! ph5om5a ( ! la/ quotation we h be5 discuss+1 :i* are c]ta9ly ( a second>y "*4 ,altoge!r ,i _c b reg>d ?is passage z ! /ronge/ evid5ce we possess = ! use ( ! ,synoptic ,gospels by ,clem5t2 x seems to c>ry ! presumption t he did use !m up to a consid]able degree ( probability4 ,x is r s+ul> t ,volkm>1 ^: speculations ab\t ! ,book ( ,judi? we h se5 above1 %\ld be s emphatic z he is 9 ass]t+ ! use ( all ?ree ,synoptics by ,clem5t4 ,we might almo/1 ?\gh n q1 apply ) a s+le *ange to ?is critic a s5t5ce orig9ally levell$ at ,tis*5dorf1 to ! int5t t 'he sy/ematically adopts ! late/ 7e>lie/7 possible or impossible dates = all ! writ+s ( ! fir/ two c5turies1' b he is able to admit ! use ( ! fir/ & ?ird ,synoptics 7! publication ( :i* he places respectively 9 #ajj & #aaj ,a4,d47 by ?r[+ =w>d ! date ( ,clem5t's ,epi/le1 ?r\gh ! ,judi?-hypo!sis1 to ,a4,d4 #abe4 ,we may h[ev] accept ! ass]tion = :at x is wor?1 z com+ f a m9d some?+ less ?an imp>tial1 :ile we reject ! concomitant !ories4 ,= my own "p ,i d n feel able to speak ) q ! same confid5ce1 & yet ^u ! :ole ! evid5ce1 :i* on a s+le in/ance might seem to incl9e ! o!r way1 does appe> to fav\r ! conclusion t ,clem5t us$ our pres5t ,canonical ,gospels4 #b4 ,!re is n1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 any reason to compla9 ( ! /atem5t ( op9ion 9 ',sup]natural ,religion' z to ! date ( ! s-call$ ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas4 ,argu+ !n entirely f au?ority1 we may put ! t]m9us ad quem at ab\t #acj ,a4,d4 ,! only writ] :o is quot$ z plac+ x lat] is ,dr4 ,donaldson1 :o has p]haps alt]$ 8 m9d 9 ! lat] edition ( 8 "w1 z he n[ writes3 ',mo/ 7critics7 h be5 incl9$ to place x n lat] ?an ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! second c5tury1 & all ! indications ( a date1 ?\gh v slight1 po9t to ?is p]iod' ,endnote #ga3a4 ,! mo/ important issue is rais$ on a quotation 9 c4 iv1 ',_m are call$ b few *os51' 9 ! ,greek ( ! ,codex ,s9aiticus ,greek3 prose*om51 maepote1 hos gegraptai1 polloi klaetoi1 oligoi de eklektoi eure?om54 ,?is corresponds exactly ) ,matt4 xxii4 #ad1 ,greek3 polloi g> eis9 klaetoi1 oligoi de eklektoi4 ,! passage occurs twice 9 our pres5t receiv$ text ( ,/4 ,mat!w1 b 9 xx4 #af x is probably an int]polation4 ,!re also occurs 9 #d ,ezra 7#b ,esdras7 viii4 #c ! s5t5ce1 ',_m 7 creat$ b few %all be sav$' ,endnote #ga3b4 ,our au?or sp5ds sev]al pages 9 ! attempt to prove t ?is is ! orig9al ( ! quotation 9 ,b>nabas & n ! say+ 9 ,/4 ,mat!w4 ,we h ! usual positiv5ess ( /atem5t3 ',!re c be no d\bt t ! s5se ( ! read+ 9 #d ,ezra is exactly t ( ! ,epi/le4' ',x is impossible to imag9e a say+ m irrelevant to its context ?an ,_m are call$ b few *os5 9 ,matt4 xx4 #af1' :]e x is inde$ spuri\s1 ?\gh ! relevancy ( x might v well be ma9ta9$4 ,9 ,matt4 xxii4 #ad1 :]e ! say+ is g5u9e1 'x is cle> t ! facts di/9ctly contradict ! moral t few are *os54' ,:5 we come to a passage ) a fix$ idea x is always easy to get out ( x :at we wi% to f9d4 ,z to ! relevancy or irrelevancy ( ! clause 9 ,matt4 xxii4 #ad ,i %all say no?+1 because x is 9 ei!r case und\bt$ly g5u9e4 ,b x is surely a /range p>adox to ma9ta9 t ! words ',_m 7 creat$ b few %all be sav$' are ne>] 9 mean+ to ',_m are call$ b few *os5' ?an ! repetition ( ^? v words !mselves4 ,our au?or has =gott5 to notice t ,b>nabas has us$ ! precise ^w ,greek3 klaetoi j be=e2 inde$ x is ! v po9t on :i* 8 argum5t turns1 'because we are call$ d n let u !re=e re/ idly ^u our o>s2 ,israel 0 call$ to great privileges1 yet !y 7 ab&on$ by ,god z we see !m2 let u !re=e also take he$1 =1 z x is writt51 _m are call$ b few *os54' ,i confess ,i f9d x difficult to conceive any?+ m relevant1 & equally s to see any special relevancy1 9 ! vague g5]al /atem5t ',_m 7 creat$ b few %all be sav$4' ,b ev5 if x 7 n s1 if x 7 really a "q betwe5 simil>ity ( context on ! "o h& & id5tity ( language on ! o!r1 !re ought to be no hesitation 9 decl>+ t to be ! orig9al ( ! quotation 9 :i* ! language 0 id5tical ?\gh ! context might be some:at diff]5t4 ,any "o :o has /udi$ patri/ic quotations w "k t context c\nts = v little inde$4 ,:at c\ld be m to all appe>ance remote f ! context ?an ! quotation 9 ,heb4 i4 #g1 ',:o make? 8 angels spirits & 8 m9i/]s a flam+ fire'8 :]e ! orig9al is c]ta9ly ref]r+ to ! p[]s ( nature1 & means ':o make? ! w9ds 8 mess5g]s & a flame ( fire 8 m9i/]2' ) ! v same s\nds we h a complete inv]sion ( ! s5se4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ frequ5t ph5om5a1 z our au?or _c b "k ,endnote #gc3a4 ,hilg5feld1 9 8 edition ( ! ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas1 repels some:at te/ily ! imputation ( ,tis*5dorf1 :o criticises him z if he suppos$ t ! say+ 9 ,/4 ,mat!w 0 n directly ref]r$ to ,endnote #gc3b4 ,?is ,hilg5feld d5ies to be ! case4 ,9 reg>d to ! use ( ! ^w ,greek3 gegraptai introduc+ ! quotation1 ! same writ] urges reasonably en\gh t x _c surprise u at a "t :5 we le>n f ,ju/9 ,m>tyr t ! ,gospels 7 read regul>ly at public wor%ip2 x ought n h[ev] to be press$ too f> z involv+ a claim to special div9e inspiration1 z ! same ^w is us$ 9 ! ,epi/le 9 reg>d to ! apocryphal book ( ,eno*1 & x is cle> also f ,ju/9 t ! ,canon ( ! ,gospels 0 n yet =m$ b only =m+4 ,! clause1 ',give to e "o t aske? ( !e' ,greek3 panti to ait\nti se did\1 ?\gh admitt$ into ! text ( c4 xix by ,hilg5feld & ,weizsck]1 is want+ 9 ! ,s9aitic ,,ms41 & ! comp>ison ) ,luke vi4 #cj or ,matt4 v4 #db !re=e _c be insi/$ ^u4 ,! passage '9 ord] t ,he might %[ t ,he came n to call ! righte\s b s9n]s' 7,greek3 h9a deixae hoti ouk ael!n kalesai dikai\s alla am>tol\s ,endnote #gd3a7 is remov$ by ! hypo!sis ( an int]polation :i* is support$ by a prec>i\s argum5t f ,orig51 & also by ! fact t ,greek3 eis metanoian has be5 add$ 7cle>ly f ,luke v4 #cb7 by lat] h&s bo? to ! text ( ,b>nabas & 9 ,matt4 ix4 #ac ,endnote #gd3b4 ,?is !ory ( an int]polation is easily advanc$1 & x is drawn s entirely f our ignorance t x c seldom be positively disprov$1 b x ought surely to be alleg$ ) m conv9c+ reasons ?an any t are put =w>d "h4 ,we n[ possess six ,,mss4 ( ! ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas1 includ+ ! fam\s ,codex ,s9aiticus1 ! accuracy ( :i* 9 ! ,biblical portions c be amply te/$1 & all ( ^! six ,,mss41 )\t exception1 conta9 ! passage4 ,! addition ( ! words ,greek3 eis metanoian repres5ts mu* m ! k9d ( int]polations t 7 at all habitual4 ,! int]polation hypo!sis1 z ,i said1 is easily advanc$1 b ! onus prob&i mu/ ne$s lie heavily aga9/ x4 ,9 accept+ ! text z x /&s we simply obey ! ,baconian maxim hypo!ses non f+imus1 b x is /range1 & mu/ be surpris+ to a philosophic m9d1 to :at an ext5t ! m extreme repres5tatives ( ! negative criticism h gone back to ! mo/ condemn$ p>ts ( ! s*ola/ic me?od2 inconv5i5t facts are expla9$ away by hypo!ses z imag9>y & unv]ifiable z ! 'cycles & epicycles' by :i* ! s*oolm5 us$ to expla9 ! motions ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ',if h[ev]1' ! au?or cont9ues1 '! passage 'orig9ally =m$ "p ( ! text1 x is absurd to affirm t x is any pro( ( ! use or exi/5ce ( ! fir/ ,gospel4' ',absurd' is "u ! circum/ances a r /rong ^w to use2 b1 grant+ t x w\ld h be5 ev5 'absurd' to allege ?is passage1 if x _h /ood alone1 z a suffici5t pro( ( ! use ( ! ,gospel1 x does n foll[ t !re c be any objection to ! m gu>d$ /atem5t t x inve/s ! use ( ! ,gospel ) a c]ta9 antec$5t probability4 ,no d\bt ! quotation may h be5 made f a lo/ ,gospel1 b "h aga9 ,greek3 eis aphanes ton mu?on an55kas ouk e*ei el5*on-- !re is no v]ify+ t ab\t :i* we "k no?+4 ,! critic may multiply ,gospels z mu* z he pleases & an apologi/ at lea/ w n qu>rel ) him1 b x w\ld be m to ! po9t if he c\ld prove ! exi/5ce 9 ^! lo/ writ+s ( matt] conflict+ ) t conta9$ 9 ! extant ,gospels4 ,z x is1 ! only result ( ^! unv]ifiable hypo!ses is to raise up confirmatory docum5ts 9 a qu>t] :]e apologi/s h n hi!rto claim$ !m4 ,we are delay+1 h[ev]1 too long ^u po9ts ( q second>y importance4 ,two m passages are adduc$2 "o1 an application ( ,ps4 cx 7,! ,"l said unto my ,"l7 precisely z 9 ,matt4 xxii4 #dd1 & ! o!r a say+ assign$ to our ,"l1 ',!y :o wi% to see me & lay hold on my k+dom mu/ receive me ?r\gh affliction & suff]+4' ,( nei!r ( ^! c we speak positively4 ,!re is p]haps a slight probability t ! fir/ 0 sugge/$ by our ,gospel1 & consid]+ ! "* ( ! v]ifiable quotations 9 ,b>nabas1 :i* (t5 foll[ ! s5se only & n ! words1 ! second may be 'a free rem9isc5ce ( ,matt4 xvi4 #bd comp>$ ) ,acts xiv4 #bb1' b x is also possible t x may be a say+ quot$ f an apocryphal ,gospel4 ,x %\ld p]haps be add$ t ,l>dn] & ,dr4 ,we/cott bo? ref] to a quotation ( ,ze*4 xiii4 #g :i* appe>s 9 ! common text ( ! ,epi/le 9 a =m closely resembl+ t 9 :i* ! quotation is giv5 9 ,matt4 xxvi4 #ca & div]g+ f ! ,,lxx1 b "h aga9 ! ,s9aitic ,codex v>ies1 & ! text is too unc]ta9 to lay /ress ^u1 ?\gh p]haps ! addition ,greek3 taes poimnaes may incl9e ! balance to ! view t ! text ( ! ,gospel has influ5c$ ! =m ( ! quotation ,endnote #gf3a4 ,! g5]al result ( our exam9ation ( ! ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas may p]haps be /at$ ?us1 t :ile n supply+ by itself c]ta9 & conclusive pro( ( ! use ( our ,gospels1 /ill ! ph5om5a accord bett] ) ! hypo!sis ( su* a use4 ,?is ,epi/le /&s 9 ! second l9e ( ! evid5ce1 & z a witness is r confirmatory ?an pr9cipal4 #c4 ,aft] ,dr4 ,lightfoot's ma/]ly exposition !re is probably no?+ m to be said ab\t ! g5u95ess1 date1 & orig9 ( ! ,ignatian ,epi/les4 ,dr4 ,lightfoot has done 9 ! mo/ lucid & admirable mann] j t :i* is s difficult to d1 & :i* ',sup]natural ,religion' has s signally fail$ 9 do+2 he has succe$$ 9 convey+ to ! read] a true & j s5se ( ! exact weight & proportion ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! evid5ce4 ,he has avoid$ su* phrases z 'absurd1' 'impossible1' 'prepo/]\s1' t 8 oppon5t has dealt 9 s freely1 b he has weigh$ & balanc$ ! evid5ce piece by piece2 he has c>efully gu>d$ 8 language s z nev] to let ! positiv5ess ( 8 conclusion exce$ :at ! premises w w>rant2 he has dealt ) ! subject judicially & ) a full consci\sness ( ! responsibility ( 8 position ,endnote #gg3a4 ,we _c !re=e1 ,i ?9k1 d bett] ?an adopt ,dr4 ,lightfoot's conclusion z ! basis ( our inve/igation1 & treat ! ,curetonian 7i4e4 ! ?ree %ort ,syriac7 lett]s z 7probably7 '! "w ( ! g5u9e ,ignatius1 :ile ! ,vossian lett]s 7i4e4 ! %ort] ,greek rec5sion ( sev5 ,epi/les7 are accept$ z valid te/imony at all ev5ts = ! middle ( ! second c5tury--! "q ( ! g5u95ess ( ! lett]s be+ waiv$4' ,! ,curetonian ,epi/les w !n be dat$ ei!r 9 #ajg or 9 #aae ,a4,d41 ! two alt]native ye>s assign$ to ! m>tyrdom ( ,ignatius4 ,9 ! ,epi/le to ,polyc>p :i* is giv5 9 ?is v]sion !re is a p>allel to ,matt4 x4 #af1 ',be ye !re=e wise z s]p5ts & h>mless z doves4' ,! two passages may be comp>$ ?us3-- ,ign4 ad ,pol4 ii4 ,greek3 ,psronimos g9\ hos ophis en apas9 kai akeaios osei p]iset]a4 ,matt4 x4 #af4 ,greek3 ,g9e/he oun psronimoi hos oi opheis kai akeaioi hos ai p]i/]ai4 ,we %\ld naturally place ?is quotation 9 ! second column ( our classifi$ arrangem5t1 z pres5t+ a slight v>iation4 ,at ! same "t we %\ld h little hesitation 9 ref]r+ x to ! passage 9 our ,canonical ,gospel4 ,all ! m>k$ expressions are id5tical1 especially ! precise & select$ words ,greek3 phronimos & ,greek3 ak]aios4 ,x is h[ev] possible t ,ignatius may be quot+1 n directly f our ,gospel1 b f "o ( ! orig9al docum5ts 7su* z ,ewald's hypo!tical ',spru*-sammlung'7 out ( :i* our ,gospel 0 compos$--?\gh x is some:at rem>kable t ?is p>ticul> s5t5ce is want+ 9 ! p>allel passage 9 ,/4 ,luke 7cf4 ,luke x4 #c74 ,?is may be s or n2 we h no means ( judg+4 ,b x %\ld at any rate be rememb]$ t ?is orig9al docum5t1 suppos+ x to h _h a sub/antive exi/5ce1 mo/ probably conta9$ repeat$ ref]5ces to miracles4 ,! critics :o ref] ,matt4 x4 #af to ! docum5t 9 "q1 also agree 9 ref]r+ to x ,matt4 vii4 #bb1 x4 #h1 xi4 #e1 xii4 #bd foll41 c41 :i* speak di/9ctly ( miracles1 & precisely 9 t indirect mann] :i* is ! be/ k9d ( evid5ce4 ,!re=e if we accept ! hypo!sis sugge/$ 9 ',sup]natural ,religion'--& x is a m]e hypo!sis1 q unv]ifiable--! evid5ce = miracles w\ld n be mat]ially weak5$4 ,! au?or w\ld1 ,i suppose1 admit t x is at lea/ equally probable t ! say+ 0 quot$ f our pres5t ,gospel4 ,?is probability w\ld be consid]ably height5$ if ! allusion to '! />' 9 ! ,syriac ( ,eph4 xix has1 z x appe>s to h1 ref]5ce to ! n>rative ( ,matt4 ii4 ,9 ! ,greek or ,vossian v]sion ( ! ,epi/le x is exp&$1 ',h[ !n 0 ,he manife/$ to ! ages8 ,a /> %one 9 heav5 above all ! />s1 & ! light !re( 0 unspeakable1 & ! /rang5ess !re( caus$ a/oni%m5t' 7,greek3 ,pos oun ephan]o?ae tois aois92 ,a/a] en ourano elamps5 hup] pantas t\s a/]as1 kai to phos aut\ aneklalaeton a51 kai x5ismon p>ei*5 hae ka9otaes aut\74 ,?is is precisely1 "o w\ld suppose1 ! k9d ( passage t might be tak5 z int]nal evid5ce ( ! g5u95ess ( ! ,curetonian & lat] "* ( ! ,vossian v]sion4 ,! ,syriac 7,greek3 hat9a en haes\*ia ,!\ to a/]i or ,greek3 apo t\ a/]os ,greek3 epra*?ae71 abrupt & difficult z x is1 does n look l an epitome ( ! ,greek1 & ! ,greek has exactly t exagg]at$ & apocryphal "* :i* w\ld seem to po9t to a lat] date4 ,x corresponds inde$ some:at ne>ly to ! language ( ! ,protevangelium ( ,james1 #ba1 ,greek3 eidom5 a/]a pammege?ae lampsanta en tois a/rois t\ ouran\ kai amblunonta t\s all\s a/]as ho/e mae pha9e/hai aut\s4 ,bo? 9 ! ,protevangelium & 9 ! ,vossian ,ignatius we see :at is cle>ly a developem5t ( ! n>rative 9 ,/4 ,mat!w4 ,if ! ,vossian ,epi/les are g5u9e1 !n by %[+ ! exi/5ce ( su* a developem5t at s e>ly a date !y w t5d to ?r[ back /ill fur!r ! composition ( ! ,canonical ,gospel4 ,if ! ,syriac v]sion1 on ! o!r h&1 is ! g5u9e "o1 x w be probable t ,ignatius is directly allud+ to ! n>rative :i* is peculi> to ! fir/ ,evangeli/4 ,^! are 7s f> z ,i am aw>e7 ! only co9cid5ces t are f\nd 9 ! ,curetonian v]sion4 ,_! paucity _c surprise u1 z 9 ! same ,curetonian text !re is n a s+le quotation f ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,"o ,old ,te/am5t quotation & two ,evangelical allusions occur 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,ephesians1 :i* is "o ( ! ?ree conta9$ 9 ,cureton's ,,ms42 ! fif? & six? *apt]s1 h[ev]1 9 :i* !y are f\nd1 are want+ 9 ! ,syriac4 ,! allusions are1 9 ,eph4 v1 ',= if ! pray] ( "o or two h su* p[]1 h[ mu* m t ( ! bi%op & ( ! :ole ,*ur*1' :i* appe>s to h "s relation to ,matt4 xviii4 #ai 7',if two ( y %all agree' c471 & 9 ,eph4 vi1 ',= all :om ! ma/] ( ! h\se s5ds to be ov] 8 own h\sehold we ought to receive z we %\ld him t s5t him1' :i* may be comp>$ ) ,matt4 x4 #dj 7',he t receive? y' c474 ,bo? ^! allusions h "s probability1 ?\gh nei!r c be reg>d$ z at all c]ta94 ,! ,epi/le to ! ,trallians has "o co9cid5ce 9 c4 xi1 ',^! are n plants ( ! ,fa!r' 7,greek3 phyteia ,patros71 :i* recalls ! /rik+ expression ( ,matt4 xv4 #ac1 ',e plant 7,greek3 pasa phyteia7 t my heav5ly ,fa!r ha? n plant$ %all be root$ up4' ,?is is a m>k$ metaphor1 & x is n f\nd 9 ! o!r ,synoptics2 x is !re=e at lea/ m probable t x is tak5 f ,/4 ,mat!w4 ,! same mu/ be said ( ano!r rem>kable phrase 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,smyrnaeans1 c4 vi1 ,greek3 ho *oron *oreito 7,greek3 ho dynam5os *ore9 *oreito1 ,matt4 xix4 #ab71 & also ( ! /atem5t 9 c4 i4 ( ! same ,epi/le t ,jesus 0 baptiz$ by ,john 't ,he might fulfil all righte\sness' 7,greek3 h9a pla]o?ae pasa dikaiosynae hup' aut\74 ,?is corresponds ) ! language ( ,matt4 iii4 #ae 7,greek3 h\tos g> prepon e/9 haem9 pla]osai pasan dikaiosyna571 :i* also has no p>allel 9 ! o!r ,gospels4 ,! use ( ! phrase ,greek3 pla]osai pasan dikaiosyna5 is s peculi>1 & falls 9 s entirely ) ! *>act]i/ic ,*ri/ian ,judaiz+ ( our fir/ ,evangeli/1 t x seems especially unreasonable to ref] x to any "o else4 ,!re is n ! smalle/ p>ticle ( evid5ce to connect x ) ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews to :i* our au?or seems to h9t t x may belong2 inde$ all t we "k ( t ,gospel may be said almo/ positively to exclude x4 ,9 ?is ,gospel our ,"l is repres5t$ z say+1 :5 ,8 "m & ,8 bre?r5 urge t ,he %\ld accept baptism f ,john1 ',:at h ,i s9n$ t ,i %\ld g & be baptiz$ by him8' & x is almo/ by compulsion t ,he is at la/ induc$ to accompany !m4 ,x w be se5 t ?is is really an opposite v]sion ( ! ev5t to t ( ,ignatius & ! fir/ ,gospel1 :]e ! objection comes f ,john & is ov]rul$ by our ,"l ,himself ,endnote #ha3a4 ,!re is h[ev] "o quotation1 introduc$ z su*1 9 ?is same ,epi/le1 ! s\rce ( :i* ,eusebius did n "k1 b :i* ,orig5 ref]s to ! ',prea*+ ( ,pet]' & ,j]ome seems to h f\nd 9 ! ,naz>5e v]sion ( ! ',gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews4' ,?is phrase is attribut$ to our ,"l :5 ,he appe>$ 'to ^? ab\t ,pet] & said to !m1 ,h&le ,me & see t ,i am n an incorporeal _s' 7,greek3 psaelaphaesate me1 kai idete1 hoti ouk eimi daimonion asomaton74 ,b = ! /atem5t ( ,orig5 t ^! words occurr$ 9 ! ',prea*+ ( ,pet]' !y might h be5 ref]r$ )\t mu* difficulty to ,luke xxiv4 #ci4 ,! ,prea*+ ( ,pet] seems to h begun ) ! ,resurrection1 & to h be5 an (f%oot r 9 ! direction ( ! ,acts ?an ! ,gospels ,endnote #ha3b4 ,x w\ld n !re=e foll[ f ! use ( x by ,ignatius "h1 t ! o!r quotations c\ld also be ref]r$ to x4 ,&1 suppos+ x to be tak5 f ! ',gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews1' ?is w\ld n annul :at has be5 said above z to ! reason = ?9k+ t ,ignatius 7or ! writ] :o be>s 8 "n7 _c h us$ t ,gospel sy/ematically & alone4 #d4 ,is ! ,epi/le :i* purports to h be5 writt5 by ,polyc>p to ! ,philippians to be accept$ z g5u9e8 ,x is m5tion$ 9 ! mo/ express t]ms by ,ir5aeus1 :o decl>es himself to h be5 a disciple ( ,polyc>p 9 8 e>ly y\?1 & speaks en?usia/ically ( ! tea*+ :i* he !n receiv$4 ,ir5aeus 0 writ+ betwe5 ! ye>s #ahj-aij ,a4,d41 & ,polyc>p is g5]ally all[$ to h suff]$ m>tyrdom ab\t #afg or #afh ,endnote #hb3a4 ,b ! way 9 :i* ,ir5aeus speaks ( ! ,epi/le is su* z to imply1 n only t x _h be5 = "s "t 9 exi/5ce1 b also t x _h be5 copi$ & dissem9at$ & _h atta9$ a some:at wide circulation4 ,he is appeal+ to ! ,ca?olic tradition 9 opposition to h]etical tea*+ su* z t ( ,val5t9us & ,m>cion1 & he says1 ',!re is an ,epi/le writt5 by ,polyc>p to ! ,philippians ( great excell5ce ,greek3 hikanotatae1 f :i* ^? :o wi% to d s & :o c>e = _! own salvation may le>n bo? ! "* ( 8 fai? & ! prea*+ ( ! tru?' ,endnote #hb3b4 ,he w\ld h>dly h us$ su* language if he _h n _h reason to ?9k t ! ,epi/le 0 at lea/ fairly accessible to ! ,*ri/ians = :om he is writ+4 ,b all[+ = ! some:at sl[ 7n too sl[7 multiplication & dissem9ation ( writ+s among ! ,*ri/ians1 ?is w ?r[ back ! composition ( ! lett] well into ! lifetime ( ,polyc>p himself4 ,9 any case x mu/ h be5 curr5t 9 circles imm$iately connect$ ) ,polyc>p's p]son4 ,aga9/ ext]nal evid5ce su* z ?is ! objections t are br\ght are really ( v slight weight4 ,t :i* is reproduc$ 9 ',sup]natural ,religion' f an app>5t contradiction betwe5 c4 ix & c4 xiii1 is dismiss$ ev5 by writ]s su* z ,rits*l :o believe t "o or bo? *apt]s are int]polat$4 ,9 c4 ix ! m>tyrdom ( ,ignatius is upheld z an example1 9 c4 xiii ,polyc>p asks = in=mation ab\t ,ignatius 'et de 8 qui cum eo sunt1' app>5tly z if he 7 /ill liv+4 ,b1 ap>t f ! easy & obvi\s solution :i* is accept$ by ,rits*l1 foll[+ ,hefele & o!rs1 ,endnote #hc3a t ! s5t5ce is extant only 9 ! ,lat9 translation & t ! phrase 'qui cum eo sunt' is m]ely a p>aphrase = ,greek3 ton met' aut\2 ap>t f ?is1 ev5 suppos+ ! objection 7 valid1 x w\ld prove no?+ aga9/ ! g5u95ess ( ! ,epi/le4 ,x might be tak5 to prove t ! second passage is an int]polation2 b a contradiction betwe5 two passages 9 ! same writ+ 9 no way t5ds to %[ t t writ+ is n by its o/5sible au?or4 ,b surely ei!r int]polator or =g] mu/ h _h m s5se ?an to place two su* gross & absurd contradictions )9 ab\t sixty l9es ( ea* o!r4 ,an argum5t br\ght by ,dr4 ,hilg5feld aga9/ ! date dissolves away entirely on exam9ation4 ,he ?9ks t ! exhortation ,orate pro regibus 7et pote/atibus et pr9cipibus7 9 c4 xii mu/ ne$s ref] to ! d\ble rule ( ,anton9us ,pius 7#adg ,a4,d47 or ,m>cus ,aurelius & ,lucius ,v]us 7#afa ,a4,d474 ,b ! writ] ( ! ,epi/le is only reproduc+ ! words ( ,/4 ,paul 9 #a ,tim4 ii4 #b 7,greek3 p>akalo 444 poiei/hai deaeseis 444 hyp] basileon kai panton ton en hyp]o*ae onton74 ,! passage is wrongly ref]r$ 9 ',sup]natural ,religion' to #a ,pet4 ii4 #ag ,endnote #hd3a4 ,x is v cle> t ! language ( ,polyc>p1 l t ( ,/4 ,paul1 is q g5]al4 ,9 ord] to limit x to ! two ,caes>s we %\ld h _h to read ,greek3 hyp] ton basileon4 ,! allusions :i* ,s*wegl] f9ds to ! ,gno/ic h]esies are expla9$ :5 t critic at ! end ( 8 argum5t objects to ! ,epi/le t x makes use ( a numb] ( writ+s '! orig9 ( :i* mu/ be plac$ 9 ! second c5tury1 su* z ! ,acts1 #a ,pet]1 ! ,epi/les to ! ,philippians & to ! ,ephesians1 & #a ,timo?y4' ,! objection belongs to ! gigantic confusion ( fact & hypo!sis :i* makes up ! s-call$ ,tb+5 !ory1 & falls to ! gr\nd ) x4 ,x %\ld be notic$ t ^? :o reg>d ! ,epi/le z int]polat$ yet ma9ta9 ! g5u95ess ( ^? portions :i* are ?\ght to conta9 allusions to ! ,gospels4 ,rits*l /ates ?is ,endnote #hd3b2 ,dr4 ,donaldson conf9es ! int]polation to c4 xiii ,endnote #hd3c2 & ,volkm> n only affirms ) 8 usual en]gy ! g5u95ess ( ^! portions ( ! ,epi/le1 b he also ass]ts t ! allusions are really to our ,gospels ,endnote #hd3d4 ,! fir/ t meets u is 9 c4 ii1 ',rememb]+ :at ! ,"l said tea*+1 judge n t ye be n judg$2 =give & x %all be =giv5 unto y2 pity t ye may be piti$2 ) :at measure ye mete x %all be measur$ unto y aga92 & t bless$ are ! poor & ^? :o are p]secut$ = righte\sness' sake1 = !irs is ! k+dom ( ,god' ,endnote #he3a4 ,?is passage 7if tak5 f our ,gospels7 is n a cont9u\s quotation1 b is made up f ,luke vi4 #cf-ch1 #bj1 ,matt4 v4 #aj1 or ( /ill m disjecta membra ( ,/4 ,mat!w4 ,x w be se5 t x cov]s v simil> gr\nd ) ! quotation 9 ,clem5t1 & !re is also a some:at /rik+ po9t ( simil>ity ) t writ] 9 ! phrase ,greek3 eleeite h9a eleae!ate4 ,!re is moreov] a clos] resemblance ?an to our ,gospels 9 ! clause ,greek3 aphiete kai aphe?aesetai hum94 ,b ! ord] ( ! clauses is entirely diff]5t f t 9 ,clem5t1 & ! fir/ clause ,greek3 mae kr9ete h9a mae kri?aete is id5tical ) ,/4 ,mat!w & m ne>ly resembles ! p>allel 9 ,/4 ,luke ?an 9 ,clem5t4 ,^! are p]plex+ ph5om5a1 & seem to =bid a positive judgm5t4 ,x w\ld be natural to suppose1 & all t we "k ( ! type ( doctr9e 9 ! e>ly ,*ur* w\ld lead u to believe1 t ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt w\ld be "o ( ! mo/ famili> p>ts ( ,*ri/ian tea*+1 t x w\ld be l>gely committ$ to memory & quot$ f memory4 ,!re w\ld be no difficulty 9 employ+ t hypo!sis "h if ! passage /ood alone4 ,! break+ up ( ! ord] too w\ld n surprise u :5 we comp>e ! way 9 :i* ! same disc\rse appe>s 9 ,/4 ,luke & 9 ,/4 ,mat!w4 ,b !n comes 9 ! /range co9cid5ce 9 ! s+le clause ) ,clem5t2 & !re is also ano!r curi\s ph5om5on1 ! phrase ,greek3 aphiete kai aphe?aesetai hum9 comp>$ ) ,luke's ,greek3 apoluete kai apolu?aese/he has v mu* ! appe>ance ( a p>allel translation f ! same ,aramaic orig9al1 :i* may p]haps be ! fam\s ',spru*-sammlung4' ,?is might h[ev] be expla9$ z ! sub/itution ( synonym\s t]ms by ! memory4 ,!re is ,i believe no?+ 9 ! %ape ( direct evid5ce to %[ ! pres5ce ( a diff]5t v]sion ( ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt 9 any ( ! lo/ ,gospels1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 !re are consid]able traces ( di/urbance 9 ! ,canonical text 7comp>e e4g4 ! v>i\s read+s on ,matt4 v4 #dd74 ,x seems on ! :ole difficult to con/ruct a !ory t %all meet all ! facts4 ,p]haps a mix$ hypo!sis w\ld be be/4 ,x is probable t memory has be5 to "s ext5t at "w 7! =m ( ! quotation naturally sugge/s ?is7 & is to acc\nt = "s ( ,polyc>p's v>iations2 at ! same "t ,i _c b ?9k t !re has be5 some:]e a writt5 v]sion diff]5t f our ,gospels to :i* he & ,clem5t h _h access4 ,!re are sev]al o!r say+s :i* seem to belong to ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt2 ?us 9 c4 vi1 ',if we pray ! ,"l to =give u we also ought to =give' 7cf4 ,matt4 vi4 #ad sq472 9 c4 viii1 ',& if we suff] = ,8 "n let u glorify ,him' 7cf4 ,matt4 v4 #aa sq472 9 c4 xii1 ',pray = !m t p]secute y & hate y1 & = ! enemies ( ! cross2 t y\r fruit may be manife/ 9 all ?+s1 t ye may be !re9 p]fect' 7cf4 ,matt4 v4 #dd1 #dh74 ,all ^! passages give ! s5se1 b only ! s5se1 ( ! fir/ 7& p>tly also ( ! ?ird7 ,gospel4 ,!re is h[ev] "o quotation :i* co9cides v]bally ) two ( ! ,synoptics ,pray+ ! all-see+ ,god n to lead u into temptation1 z ! ,"l said1 ,! _s inde$ is will+ b ! fle% is weak 7,greek3 to m5 pneuma pro?umon1 hae de s>x a/h5aes1 ,matt41 ,m>k1 ,polyc>p2 ) ! introductory clause comp>e1 n ,matt4 vi4 #ac1 b xxvi4 #da74 ,9 ! cases :]e ! s5se alone is giv5 !re is no reason to ?9k t ! writ] int5ds to give m4 ,at ! same "t x w be obs]v$ t all ! quotations ref] ei!r to ! d\ble or triple synopsis :]e we h already pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( ! say+ 9 "q 9 m ?an a s+le =m1 & n to ^? portions t are peculi> to ! individual ,evangeli/s4 ,! au?or ( ',sup]natural ,religion' is !re=e n )\t reason :5 he says t !y may be d]iv$ f o!r collections ?an our actual ,gospels4 ,! possibility _c be exclud$4 ,x ought h[ev] to be borne 9 m9d t if su* collections did exi/1 & if ,polyc>p's allusions or quotations are to be ref]r$ to !m1 !y are to ! same ext5t evid5ce t ^! hypo!tical collections did n mat]ially diff] f our pres5t ,gospels1 b r bore to !m v mu* ! same relation t !y be> to ea* o!r4 ,& ,i d n "k t we c bett] sum up ! case 9 reg>d to ! ,apo/olic ,fa!rs ?an ?us2 we h two alt]natives to *oose betwe51 ei!r !y made use ( our pres5t ,gospels1 or else ( writ+s s closely resembl+ our ,gospels & s ne>ly ak9 to !m t _! exi/5ce only proves ! ess5tial unity & homog5eity ( ! evangelical tradition4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,ju/9 ,,m>tyr4 ,hi!rto ! extant rema9s ( ,*ri/ian lit]ature h be5 scanty & ! /ream ( evangelical quotation has be5 equally s1 b z we approa* ! middle ( ! second c5tury x becomes mu* m abundant4 ,we h copi\s quotations f a ,gospel us$ ab\t ! ye> #adj by ,m>cion2 ! ,clem5t9e ,homilies1 ! date ( :i* h[ev] is m unc]ta91 also conta9 num]\s quotations2 & !re are /ill m 9 ! und\bt$ works ( ,ju/9 ,m>tyr4 ,:5 ,i speak ( quotations1 ,i d n wi% to beg ! "q by imply+ t !y are necess>ily tak5 f our pres5t ,gospels1 ,i m]ely mean quotations f an evangelical docum5t ( "s sort4 ,?is res]vation has to be made especially 9 reg>d to ,ju/94 ,/rictly accord+ to ! *ronological ord] we %\ld n h to deal ) ,ju/9 until some:at lat]1 b x w p]haps be be/ to foll[ ! ord] ( ',sup]natural ,religion1' ! pr9ciple ( :i* appe>s to be to discuss ! or?odox writ]s fir/ & h]etical writ+s aft]w>ds4 ,mod]n critics seem pretty g5]ally to place ! two ,apologies 9 ! ye>s #adg-aej ,a4,d4 & ! ,dialogue aga9/ ,tryphon a little lat]4 ,dr4 ,keim inde$ w\ld ?r[ =w>d ! date ( ,ju/9's writ+s z f> z f #aee-afj on acc\nt ( ! m5tion ( ,m>cion ,endnote #hi3a1 b ?is is decid$ by bo? ,hilg5feld ,endnote #hi3b & ,lipsius to be too late4 ,i see t ,mr4 ,hort1 ^: op9ion on su* matt]s des]ves high respect1 comes to ! conclusion 't we may )\t fe> ( consid]able error set d[n ,ju/9's ,fir/ ,apology to #ade1 or bett] /ill to #adf1 & 8 dea? to #adh4 ,! ,second ,apology1 if really sep>ate f ! ,fir/1 w !n fall 9 #adf or #adg1 & ! ,dialogue ) ,tryphon ab\t ! same "t' ,endnote #hi3c ,no def9ite conclusion c be drawn f ! title giv5 by ,ju/9 to ! "w or works he us$1 t ( ! ',memoirs' or ',recollections' ( ! ,apo/les1 & x w be be/ to leave our fur!r enquiry q unfett]$ by any assumption 9 respect to !m4 ,! title c]ta9ly does n ( necessity imply a s+le "w compos$ by ! ,apo/les collectively ,endnote #hi3d1 any m ?an ! p>allel phrase '! writ+s ( ! ,prophets' ,endnote #hi3e 7,greek3 ta sungrammata ton prophaeton71 :i* ,ju/9 c\ples ) ! ',memoirs' z read toge!r 9 ! public s]vices ( ! ,*ur*1 implies a s+le & jo9t production on ! "p ( ! ,prophets4 ,?is hypo!sis too is op5 to ! v great objection t s au?oritative a "w1 if x exi/$1 %\ld h left absolutely no o!r trace beh9d x4 ,s f> z ! title is conc]n$1 ! ',memoirs ( ! ,apo/les' may be ei!r a s+le "w or an almo/ indef9ite numb]4 ,9 "o place ,ju/9 says t ! ,memoirs 7 compos$ 'by ,8 ,apo/les & _! foll[]s' ,endnote #ij3a1 :i* seems to agree rem>kably1 ?\gh n exactly1 ) ! /atem5t 9 ! prologue to ,/4 ,luke4 ,9 ano!r he says expressly t ! ,memoirs are call$ ,gospels 7,greek3 ha kaleitai euangelia7 ,endnote #ij3b4 ,?is clause has met ) ! usual fate ( p>5!tic /atem5ts :i* d n q fall 9 ) preconceiv$ op9ions1 & is dismiss$ z a 'manife/ int]polation1' a gloss hav+ crept into ! text f ! m>g94 ,x w\ld be difficult to e/imate ! exact am\nt ( probability = or aga9/ ?is !ory1 b possible at any rate x mu/ be all[$ to be2 & ?\gh ! prim facie view ( ! g5u95ess ( ! words is support$ by ano!r place 9 :i* a quotation is ref]r$ directly 'to ! ,gospel1' /ill too mu* ought n p]haps to be built on ?is clause alone4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a conv5i5t di/9ction may be drawn betwe5 ! mat]ial & =mal use ( ! ,gospels2 & ! mo/ satisfactory me?od p]haps w be1 to run rapidly ?r\gh ,ju/9's quotations1 fir/ ) a view to asc]ta9 _! relation to ! ,canonical ,gospels 9 respect to _! g5]al hi/orical t5or1 & secondly to exam9e ! am\nt ( v]bal agreem5t4 ,i w try to br+ out z cle>ly z possible ! d\ble ph5om5a bo? ( agreem5t & diff]5ce2 ! =m] 79 reg>d to :i* cond5sation w be necess>y7 w be indicat$ bo? by t\*+ 9 ! briefe/ mann] ! sali5t po9ts & by ! ref]5ces 9 ! m>g92 ! latt]1 :i* ,i h endeav\r$ to give z exhau/ively z possible1 are br\ght out by italics 9 ! text4 ,! ?read ( ! n>rative !n1 s f> z x c be extract$ f ! g5u9e writ+s ( ,ju/91 w be mu* z foll[s ,endnote #ia3a4 ,accord+ to ,ju/9 ! ,messiah 0 born1 )\t s91 ( a ,,sid5otes virg9 :o 0 desc5d$ f ,,sid5otes ,matt4 #a4b-f4 ,david1 ,jesse1 ,ph>es1 ,judah1 ,luke #c4ca-cd4 ,jacob1 ,isaac1 & ,abraham1 if n 7! read+ "h is d\btful7 f ,adam himself4 ,ju/9 !re=e1 x may be inf]r$1 _h be=e him a g5ealogy1 ?\gh n app>5tly1 z ! ,canonical ,gospels1 t ( ,joseph b ( ,m>y4 ,to ,m>y x 0 ann\nc$ by ! angel ,gabriel ,luke #a4bf4 t1 :ile yet a virg91 ! p[] ( ,god1 or ( ! ,highe/1 ,luke #a4ce4 %\ld ov]%ad[ h] & %e %\ld conceive & be> a ,son ,luke #a4ca4 ,matt4 #a4ba4 ^: "n %e %\ld call ,jesus1 because ,he %\ld save ,8 p f _! s9s4 ,joseph obs]v+ t ,m>y1 8 esp\s$1 0 ) *ild 0 ,matt4 #a4ah-be4 w>n$ 9 a dream n to put h] away1 because t :i* 0 9 h] womb 0 ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,?us ! prophecy1 ,matt4 #a4bc4 ,is4 vii4 #ad 7,behold ! virg9 c471 0 fulfill$4 ,! "m ( ,john ! ,bapti/ 0 ,luke #a4eg4 ,elizabe?4 ,! bir?-place ( ! ,messiah _h be5 indicat$ ,matt4 #b4e1 #f4 by ! prophecy ( ,micah 7v4 #b1 ,be?lehem n ! lea/ among ! pr9ces ( ,judah74 ,!re ,he 0 born1 z ! ,romans might le>n f ! c5sus tak5 by ,cyr5ius ! fir/ procurator ,greek3 ,luke #b4a1 #b4 epitrop\ ( ,judaea4 ,8 life ext5d$ f ,cyr5ius to ,pontius ,pilate4 ,s1 9 consequ5ce ( ?is ! fir/ c5sus 9 ,judaea1 ,joseph w5t up f ,naz>e? :]e he dwelt to ,luke #b4d4 ,be?lehem :5ce he 01 z a memb] ( ! tribe ( ,judah4 ,! p>5ts ( ,jesus c\ld f9d no lodg+ 9 ,be?lehem1 s x ,luke #b4g4 came to pass t ,he 0 born 9 a cave ne> ! village & laid 9 a mang]4 ,at ,8 bir? ibid4 ,matt4 #b4a4 !re came ,magi f ,arabia1 :o knew by a /> t _h appe>$ 9 ! heav5 t a ,matt4 #b4b4 k+ _h be5 born 9 ,judaea4 ,hav+ paid ,him _! homage ,matt4 #b4aa4 & (f]$ gifts ( gold1 frank9c5se & myrrh1 !y 7 ,matt4 #b4ab4 w>n$ n to return to ,h]od ,matt4 #b4 #a-g4 :om !y _h consult$ on ! way4 ,he h[ev] n will+ t ! ,*ild %\ld escape1 ,matt4 #b4af4 ord]$ a massacre ( all ! *ildr5 9 ,be?lehem1 fulfill+ ,matt4 #b4ag1 #ah4 ! prophecy ( ,j]4 xxxi4 #ae 7,ra*el weep+ = h] *ildr5 c474 ,joseph & 8 wife mean:ile ,matt4 #b4ac-ae4 ) ! ,babe _h fl$ to ,egypt1 = ! ,fa!r resolv$ t ,he to :om ,he _h giv5 bir? %\ld n die be=e ,he _h prea*$ ,8 ^w z a man4 ,!re !y /ay$ ,matt4 #b4bb until ,ar*elaus succe$$ ,h]od1 & !n return$4 ,by process ( nature ,he grew to ! age ( ?irty ye>s or ,luke #c4bc4 m1 n comely ( aspect 7z _h be5 prophesi$71 practis+ ,m>k #f4c4 ! trade ( a c>p5t]1 mak+ pl\ghs & yokes1 emblems ( righte\sness4 ,he rema9$ hidd5 till ,john1 ! h]ald ( 8 com+1 came =w>d1 ! ,matt #ag4ab1 #ac4 _s ( ,elias be+ 9 him1 & ,matt4 #c4b4 z he sat by ! riv] ,jordan ,luke #c4c4 cri$ to m5 to rep5t4 ,z he ,matt4 #c4d4 prea*$ 9 8 wild g>b he decl>$ t he 0 n ! ,john #a4ai ff4 ,*ri/1 b t ,"o /rong] ,matt4 #c4aa1 #ab4 ?an he 0 com+ aft] him ,luke #c4 #af1 #ag4 ^: %oes he 0 n wor?y to be>1 c4 ,! lat] hi/ory ( ,john ,ju/9 also m5tions1 ,matt4 #ad4c4 h[1 hav+ be5 put 9 prison1 ,luke #c4bj4 at a fea/ on ,h]od's bir?day ,matt4 #ad4f ff4 he 0 behead$ at ! in/ance ( 8 si/]'s daught]4 ,?is ,matt4 #ag4aa-ac4 ,john 0 ,elias :o 0 to come be=e ! ,*ri/4 ,at ! baptism ( ,jesus a fire 0 k9dl$ on ! ,jordan1 &1 z ,he w5t up out ( ! wat]1 ,matt4 #c4af4 ! ,holy ,gho/ alight$ ^u ,luke #c4ba1 #bb4 ,him1 & a voice 0 he>d f heav5 say+ 9 ! words ( ,david1 ',?\ art ,my ,son1 ?is day h ,i begott5 ,!e4' ,aft] ,matt4 #d4a1 #i4 ,8 baptism ,he 0 tempt$ by ! devil1 :o end$ by claim+ homage f ,him4 ,to ?is ,*ri/ repli$1 ',get !e beh9d ,matt #d4aa4 ,me1 ,satan1' c4 ,s ! devil ,luke #d4ac4 dep>t$ f ,him at t "t wor/$ & convict$4 ,ju/9 knew t ! words ( ,jesus 7 %ort & concise1 n l ^? ( a ,sophi/4 ,t ,he wr\ght miracles might be le>nt f ! ,acts ( ,pontius ,pilate1 fulfill+ ,is4 xxxv4 #d-f4 ,matt4 #i4bi-ca1 ,^? :o f _! bir? 7 ,luke #ah4ce-dc4 #cb1 #cc4 #a-h4 bl9d1 dumb1 lame1 ,he heal$-- ,luke #aa4ad ff4 ,matt4 #d4bc4 inde$ ,he heal$ all sickness & ,luke #e4ag-bf4 ,matt #i4ah ff4 disease--& ,he rais$ ! dead4 ,luke #h4da ff4 ,! ,jews ascrib$ ^! miracles ,luke #g4 #aa-ah4 to magic4 ,jesus1 too 7l ,john1 ^: mission ceas$ :5 ,he appe>$ 9 public71 began ,8 m9i/ry ,matt #d4ag4 by proclaim+ t ! k+dom ( heav5 0 at h&4 ,_m precepts ( ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt ,ju/9 has pres]v$1 ,matt #e4bj4 ! righte\sness ( ! ,matt #e4bh4 ,scribes & ,ph>isees1 ! ,matt #e4bi-cb4 adult]y ( ! he>t1 ! (f5d+ ,matt #e4cd1 #cg1 eye1 divorce1 oa?s1 return+ #ci ,matt #e4dd4 good = evil1 lov+ & pray+ ,matt #e4db4 = enemies1 giv+ to ^? t ,luke #f4cj4 ,matt #f4ai1 #bj4 ne$1 plac+ ! treasure 9 ,matt #f4be-bg4 heav51 n c>+ = bodily ,luke #ab4bb-bd4 ,matt #e4de4 wants1 b copy+ ! m]cy ,matt #f4ba1 c4 & goodness ( ,god1 n act+ f worldly motives--above all1 ,matt #g4bb1 #bc4 de$s n words4 ,luke #ac4bf1 #bg4 ,ju/9 quotes say+s f ,matt4 #h4aa1 #ab4 ! n>rative ( ! c5turion ,luke #ac4bh1 #bi4 ,matt4 #i4ac4 ( ,cap]naum & ( ! fea/ ,luke #e4cb4 9 ! h\se ( ,mat!w4 ,he ,matt4 #aj4a ff4 has1 ! *oos+ ( ! twelve ,luke #f4ac4 ,apo/les1 ) ! "n giv5 ,m>k #c4ag4 to ! sons ( ,zeb$ee1 ,boan]ges or 'sons ( ?und]1' ! com- mission ( ! ,apo/les1 ! ,luke #aj4ai4 ,matt4 #aa4ab-ae4 disc\rse aft] ! dep>ture ( ,luke #af4af4 ! mess5g]s ( ,john1 ! ,matt4 #af4d4 sign ( ! prophet ,jonas1 ! ,matt4 #ac4c ff4 p>able ( ! s[]1 ,pet]'s ,luke #h4e ff4 ,matt4 #af4ae-ah4 confession1 ! ann\ncem5t ( ,luke #i4bb4 ,matt4 #af4ba4 ! ,passion4 ,f ! acc\nt ( ! la/ j\rney & ! clos+ sc5es ( our ,"l's life1 ,ju/9 has1 ,matt4 #ai4af1ag4 ! hi/ory ( ! ri* "y ,luke #ah4ah1ai4 ,matt4 #ba4a ff4 man1 ! entry into ,j]usalem1 ,luke #ai4bi ff4 ! cleans+ ( ! ,temple1 ! ,luke #ai4df4 ,matt4 #bb4aa4 w$d+ g>m5t1 ! controv]sial disc\rses ab\t ! ,luke #bj4bb-be4 ,matt4 #bb4ba4 tribute money1 ! resurrection1 ,luke #bj4ce1cf4 ,matt4 #bb4cg1ch4 & ! greate/ comm&m5t1 ,matt4 #bc4b ff4 ^? direct$ aga9/ ! ,pha- ,luke #aa4db1eb4 ,matt4 #be4cd1da4 risees & ! es*atological ,matt4 #be4ad-cj4 disc\rse1 ! p>able ( ! tal5ts4 ,ju/9's acc\nt ( ! in/itution ( ! ,"l's ,supp] ,luke #bb4ai1bj4 agrees ) t ( ,luke4 ,aft] ,matt4 #bf4cj4 x ,jesus sang a hymn1 & tak+ ,matt4 #bf4cf1cg4 ) ,him ?ree ( ,8 disciples to ! ,m\nt ( ,olives ,he 0 9 an agony1 ,8 sweat fall+ 9 ,luke #bb4db-dd4 drops 7n necess>ily ( blood7 to ! gr\nd4 ,8 captors surr\nd$ ,him l ! 'horn$ bulls' ( ,ps4 xxii4 #aa-ad2 !re ,matt4 #bf4ef4 0 none to help1 = ,8 foll[]s to a man =sook ,him4 ,matt4 #bf4eg ff4 ,he 0 l$ bo? be=e ! ,luke #bb4ff ff4 ,scribes & ,ph>isees & be=e ,matt4 #bg4aa ff4 ,pilate4 ,9 ! trial be=e ,pilate ,luke #bc4a ff4 ,matt4 #bg4ad ,he kept sil5ce1 z ,ps4 xxii4 #ae4 ,pilate s5t ,him b\nd to ,h]od4 ,luke #bc4g4 ,ju/9 relates mo/ ( ! incid5ts ( ! ,crucifixion 9 detail1 = confirmation ( :i* he ref]s to ! ,acts ( ,pilate4 ,he m>ks especially ! fulfilm5t 9 v>i\s places ( ,ps4 xxii4 ,he has ! pi]c+ ) nails1 ! ca/+ ( ,luke #bd4dj4 ,matt4 #bg4ce4 lots & divid+ ( ! g>m5ts1 ,luke #bc4cd4 ,matt4 #bg4ci ff4 ! sne]s ( ! cr[d ,luke #bc4ce4 7some:at exp&$ f ! ,matt4 #bg4db4 ,synoptics71 & _! taunt1 ,he :o rais$ ! dead let ,him save ,matt4 #bg4df4 ,himself2 also ! cry ( despair1 ',my ,god1 ,my ,god1 :y ha/ ,?\ =sak5 ,me8' & ! la/ words1 ',fa!r1 into ,?y h&s ,luke #bc4df4 ,i comm5d ,my ,_s4' ,matt4 #bg4eg-fj4 ,! burial took place 9 ! ev5+1 ! disciples be+ all ,matt4 #bf4ca1ef4 scatt]$ 9 accordance ) ,ze*4 xiii4 #g4 ,on ! ?ird day1 ,luke #bd4ba4 ,matt4 #bh4a ff4 ! day ( ! sun or ! fir/ ,luke #bd4a ff4 7or eigh?7 day ( ! week1 ,jesus rose f ! dead4 ,he !n conv9c$ ,8 disciples t ,8 suff]+s _h be5 prophe- ,luke #bd4bf1 #df4 tically =etold & !y rep5t$ ,luke #bd4cb4 ( hav+ des]t$ ,him4 ,hav+ giv5 !m ,8 la/ commission !y saw ,him asc5d up into ,luke #bd4ej4 heav54 ,?us believ+ & hav+ fir/ wait$ to receive p[] f ,him !y w5t =? into all ! _w & prea*$ ! ^w ( ,god4 ,to ?is day ,matt4 #bh4ai ,*ri/ians baptize 9 ! "n ( ! ,fa!r ( all1 & ( our ,savi\r ,jesus ,*ri/1 & ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,matt4 #bh4ab-ae4 ,! ,jews spread a /ory t ! disciples /ole ! body ( ,jesus f ! grave & s deceiv$ m5 by ass]t+ t ,he 0 ris5 f ! dead & asc5d$ into heav54 ,!re is no?+ 9 ,ju/9 7z 9 ,luke xxiv1 b cp4 ,acts i4 #c7 to %[ t ! ,asc5sion did n take place on ! same day z ! ,resurrection4 ,i h tak5 especial pa9s 9 ! above summ>y to br+ out ! po9ts 9 :i* ,ju/9 way seem to diff] f or add to ! canonical n>ratives4 ,b1 )\t /opp+ at pres5t to consid] ! be>+ ( ^! ^u ,ju/9's relation to ! ,gospels1 ,i w at once proce$ to make "s g5]al rem>ks :i* ! summ>y seems to sugge/4 7#a7 ,if su* is ! outl9e ( ,ju/9's ,gospel1 x appe>s to be really a "q ( comp>atively small importance :e!r or n he made use ( our pres5t ,gospels 9 _! pres5t =m4 ,if he did n use ^! ,gospels he us$ o!r docum5ts :i* conta9$ sub/antially ! same matt]4 ,! "q ( ! reality ( miracles cle>ly is n affect$4 ,ju/9's docum5ts1 :atev] !y 71 n only conta9$ repeat$ notices ( ! miracles 9 g5]al1 ! heal+ ( ! lame & ! p>alytic1 ( ! maim$ & ! dumb1 & ! rais+ ( ! dead--n only did !y include sev]al disc\rses1 su* z ! reply to ! mess5g]s ( ,john & ! say+ to ! ,c5turion ^: s]vant 0 heal$1 :i* h direct ref]5ce to miracles1 b !y also give m>k$ prom95ce to ! *ief & c>d9al miracles ( ! ,gospel hi/ory1 ! ,inc>nation & ! ,resurrection4 ,x is antec$5tly q possible t ! n>rative ( ^! ev5ts may h be5 d]iv$ f a docum5t o!r ?an our ,gospels2 b1 if s1 t is only pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( fur!r & indep5d5t evid5ce to ! tru? ( ! hi/ory4 ,?is docum5t1 suppos+ x to exi/1 is a surpris+ in/ance ( ! homog5eity ( ! evangelical tradition2 x diff]s f ! ?ree ,synoptic ,gospels1 nay1 we may say ev5 f ! f\r ,gospels1 less ?an !y diff] f ea* o!r4 7#b7 ,b we may g fur!r ?an ?is4 ,if ,ju/9 really us$ a sep>ate sub/antive docum5t n[ lo/1 t docum5t1 to judge f its cont5ts1 mu/ h repres5t$ a second>y1 or r a t]ti>y1 /age ( ! evangelical lit]ature2 x mu/ h impli$ ! previ\s exi/5ce ( our pres5t ,gospels4 ,i d n n[ allude to ! pres5ce 9 x ( add$ traits1 su* z ! cave ( ! ,nativity & ! fire on ,jordan1 :i* are ( ! nature ( ^? my?ical details t we f9d m fully develop$ 9 ! ,apocryphal ,gospels4 ,i d n s mu* ref] to ^!--?\gh1 = in/ance1 9 ! case ( ! fire on ,jordan x is highly probable t ,ju/9's /atem5t is a translation into lit]al fact ( ! canonical 7& ,ju/9ian7 say+1 ',he %all baptize ) ! ,holy ,gho/ & ) fire'--b1 on g5]al gr\nds1 ! relation :i* ?is suppos$ docum5t be>s to ! extant ,gospels %[s t x mu/ h be5 9 po9t ( "t po/]ior to !m4 ,! e>li] /ages ( evangelical composition pres5t a nucleus1 ) a m or less def9$ circumf]5ce1 ( unity1 & outside ( ?is a m>g9 ( v>iety4 ,!re 0 a c]ta9 body ( n>rative1 :i*1 9 :atev] =m x 0 h&$ d[n--:e!r z oral or writt5--at a v e>ly date obta9$ a sort ( g5]al recognition1 & seems to h be5 z a matt] ( c\rse incorporat$ 9 ! evangelical works z !y appe>$4 ,besides ?is !re 0 also o!r matt] :i*1 )\t su* g5]al recognition1 _h yet a consid]able circulation1 &1 ?\gh n f\nd 9 all1 0 embodi$ 9 m ?an "o ( ! curr5t compilations4 ,b1 z we %\ld naturally expect1 ^! two classes did n exhau/ ! :ole ( ! evangelical matt]4 ,ea* successive hi/orian f\nd himself able by special rese>*es to add some?+ new & z yet unpubli%$ to ! common /ock4 ,?us1 ! fir/ ( our pres5t ,evangeli/s has ?irty-five sections or incid5ts besides ! :ole ( ! fir/ two *apt]s peculi> to himself4 ,! ?ird ,evangeli/ has also two long *apt]s ( prelim9>y hi/ory1 & z _m z fifty-six sections or incid5ts :i* h no p>allel 9 ! o!r ,gospels4 ,mu* ( ?is peculi> matt] 9 ea* case be>s an individual & *>act]i/ic /amp4 ,! op5+ *apt]s ( ! fir/ & ?ird ,synoptics evid5tly conta9 two di/9ct & indep5d5t traditions4 ,s indep5d5t inde$ are !y1 t ! negative s*ool ( critics ma9ta9 !m to be irreconcilable1 & ! attempts to h>monise !m h c]ta9ly n be5 completely successful ,endnote #aja3a4 ,^! diff]5ces1 h[ev]1 %[ :at ri* qu>ries ( tradition 7 op5 to ! enquir] 9 ! fir/ age ( ,*ri/ianity1 & h[ readily he might add to ! /ores already accumulat$ by 8 pr$ecessors4 ,b ?is /ate ( ?+s did n la/ long4 ,z 9 mo/ cases ( ! k9d1 ! productive p]iod soon ceas$1 & ! lat] writ]s _h a *oice ( two ?+s1 ei!r to h>monise ! conflict+ records ( previ\s hi/orians1 or to develope _! details 9 ! mann] t we f9d 9 ! ,apocryphal ,gospels4 ,b if ,ju/9 us$ a s+le & sep>ate docum5t or any set ( docum5ts indep5d5t ( ! canonical1 !n we may say ) confid5ce t t docum5t or set ( docum5ts belong$ entirely to ?is second>y /age4 ,x possesses bo? ! m>ks ( second>y =mation4 ,su* details z are add$ to ! previ\s evangelical tradition are j ( t "* :i* we f9d 9 ! ,apocryphal ,gospels4 ,b ^! details are comp>atively slight & insignificant2 ! ma9 t5d5cy ( ,ju/9's ,gospel 7suppos+ x to be a sep>ate composition7 0 h>moni/ic4 ,! writ] c h>dly h be5 ignorant ( our ,canonical ,gospels2 he c]ta9ly _h access1 if n to !m1 yet to ! s\rces1 bo? g5]al & special1 f :i* !y are tak54 ,he n only drew f ! ma9 body ( ! evangelical tradition1 b also f ^? p>ticul> & individual /ra9s :i* appe> 9 ! fir/ & ?ird ,synoptics4 ,he has done ?is 9 ! _s ( a true desultor1 pass+ backw>ds & =w>ds fir/ to "o & !n to ! o!r1 inv5t+ no middle l9ks1 b m]ely piec+ toge!r ! two acc\nts z be/ he c\ld4 ,inde$ ! prelim9>y portions ( ,ju/9's ,gospel read v mu* l ! sort ( r\gh prim facie h>mony :i*1 )\t any m pr(\nd /udy1 mo/ p make = !mselves4 ,b ! h>monis+ process necess>ily implies matt] to h>monise1 & t matt] mu/ h _h ! close/ possible resemblance to ! cont5ts ( our ,gospels4 ,if1 !n1 ,ju/9 made use ei!r ( a s+le docum5t or set ( docum5ts di/9ct f ^? :i* h become canonical1 we conclude t x or !y belong$ to a lat] & m advanc$ /age ( =mation4 ,b x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! case is a hypo!tical "o4 ,! au?or ( ',sup]natural ,religion' seems incl9$ to ma9ta9 t ,ju/9 did use su* a docum5t or docum5ts1 & n our ,gospels4 ,if he did1 !n ! consequ5ce above /at$ seems to foll[4 ,b ,i d n at all c>e to press ?is inf]5ce2 x is no m secure ?an ! premiss ^u :i* x is f\nd$4 ,only x seems to me t ! *oice lies betwe5 two alt]natives & no m2 ei!r ,ju/9 us$ our ,gospels1 or else he us$ a docum5t lat] ?an our ,gospels & presuppos+ !m4 ,! read] may take :i* side ( ! alt]native he pleases4 ,! "q is1 :i* hypo!sis be/ cov]s & expla9s ! facts4 ,x is n impossible t ,ju/9 may h _h a special ,gospel su* z has j be5 describ$4 ,!re is a t5d5cy among ^? critics :o assign ,ju/9's quotations to an uncanonical s\rce to f9d t s\rce 9 ! s-call$ ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews or "s ( its alli$ =ms4 ,b a l>ge majority ( critics reg>d ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews z hold+ precisely ?is second>y relation to ! canonical ,mat!w4 ,ju/9's docum5t c h>dly h be5 ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews1 at lea/ alone1 z t ,gospel omitt$ ! section ,matt4 i4 #ah-;ii4 #bc ,endnote #ajc3a1 :i* ,ju/9 c]ta9ly reta9$4 ,b x is )9 ! b\nds ( possibility--x w\ld be haz>d\s to say m--t he may h _h ano!r ,gospel s modifi$ & compil$ z to meet all ! conditions ( ! case4 ,= my own "p1 ,i ?9k x decid$ly ! m probable hypo!sis t he us$ our pres5t ,gospels ) "s peculi> docum5t1 su* z ?is ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews1 or p]haps1 z ,dr4 ,hilg5feld ?9ks1 ! gr\nd docum5t ( ! ,gospel accord+ to ,pet] 7a "w ( :i* we "k next to no?+ except t x fav\r$ ,docetism & 0 n v unlike ! ,canonical ,gospels7 & ! ,protevangelium ( ,james 7or "s old] docum5t on :i* t "w 0 f\nd$7 9 addition4 ,x w be well to try to e/abli% ?is position a little m 9 detail2 & !re=e ,i w proce$ to collect fir/1 ! evid5ce = ! use1 ei!r m$iate or direct1 ( ! ,synoptic ,gospels1 & secondly1 t = ! use ( "o or m ,apocryphal ,gospels4 ,we /ill keep to ! sub/ance ( ,ju/9's ,gospel1 & res]ve ! "q ( its =m4 ,( ^? portions ( ! fir/ ,synoptic :i* appe> to be d]iv$ f a peculi> s\rce1 & = ! pres5ce ( :i* we h no evid5ce 9 any o!r ,gospel ( ! same degree ( orig9ality1 ,ju/9 has ! foll[+3 ,joseph's suspicions ( 8 wife1 ! special /atem5t ( ! significance ( ! "n ,jesus 7'= ,he %all save ,8 p f _! s9s1' ,matt4 i4 #ba1 v]bally id5tical71 ! note ^u ! fulfilm5t ( ! prophecy ,is4 vii4 #ad 7',behold a virg91' c471 ! visit ( ! ,magi guid$ by a />1 _! peculi> gifts1 _! consultation ( ,h]od & ! w>n+ giv5 !m n to return to him1 ! massacre ( ! *ildr5 at ,be?lehem1 fulfill+ ,j]4 xxxi4 #ae1 ! desc5t into ,egypt1 ! return ( ! ,holy ,family at ! succession ( ,ar*elaus4 ,! ,temptations ,ju/9 gives 9 ! ord] ( ,mat!w4 ,f ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt he has ! v]ses v4 #ad1 #bj1 #bh1 vi4 #a1 vii4 #ae1 #ba1 & f ! controv]sial disc\rse aga9/ ! ,ph>isees1 xxiii4 #ae1 #bd1 :i* are )\t p>allels4 ,! prophecy1 ,is4 xlii4 #a-d1 is appli$ z by ,mat!w alone4 ,!re is an app>5t allusion to ! p>able ( ! w$d+ g>m5t4 ,! comm5t ( ! disciples ^u ! id5tification ( ! ,bapti/ ) ,elias 7,matt4 xvii4 #ac71 ! sign ( ! prophet ,jonas 7,matt4 xvi4 #a1 #d71 & ! triumphal entry 7! ass ) ! colt71 %[ a special aff9ity to ,/4 ,mat!w4 ,&1 la/ly1 9 conc]t ) ! same ,evangeli/1 ,ju/9 has ! calumni\s report ( ! ,jews 7,matt4 xxviii4 #ab #ae7 & ! baptismal =mula 7,matt4 xxviii4 #ai74 ,( ! v few details t are peculi> to ,/4 ,m>k1 ,ju/9 has ! some:at rem>kable "o ( ! be/[+ ( ! surname ,boan]ges on ! sons ( ,zeb$ee4 ,m>k also appe>s to approa* mo/ ne>ly to ,ju/9 9 ! /atem5ts t ,jesus practis$ ! trade ( a c>p5t] 7cf4 ,m>k vi4 #c7 & t ,he heal$ ^? :o 7 diseas$ f _! bir? 7cf4 ,m>k ix4 #ba71 & p]haps 9 ! emphasis ^u ! on5ess ( ,god 9 ! reply respect+ ! greate/ comm&m5t4 ,9 common ) ,/4 ,luke1 ,ju/9 has ! mission ( ! angel ,gabriel to ,m>y1 ! /atem5t t ,elizabe? 0 ! "m ( ,john1 t ! c5sus 0 tak5 "u ,cyr5ius1 t ,joseph w5t up f ,naz>e? to ,be?lehem ,greek3 ho!n a51 t no room 0 f\nd 9 ! inn1 t ,jesus 0 ?irty ye>s old :5 ,he began ,8 m9i/ry1 t ,he 0 s5t f ,pilate to ,h]od1 ) ! acc\nt ( ,8 la/ words4 ,!re are also special aff9ities 9 ! phrase quot$ f ! *>ge to ! ,sev5ty 7,luke x4 #ai71 9 ! v]se ,luke xi4 #eb1 9 ! acc\nt ( ! answ] to ! ri* "y man1 ( ! in/itution ( ! ,"l's ,supp]1 ( ! ,agony 9 ! ,g>d51 & ( ! ,resurrection & ,asc5sion4 ,^! co9cid5ces are ( v>i\s =ce4 ,"s ( ! s+le v]ses quot$1 ?\gh possess+ sali5t features 9 common1 h also1 z we %all see1 m or less m>k$ diff]5ces4 ,too mu* /ress %\ld n be laid on ! allegation ( ! same prophecies1 because !re may h be5 a c]ta9 und]/&+ among ! ,*ri/ians z to ! prophecies to be quot$ z well z ! v]sions 9 :i* !y 7 to be quot$4 ,b !re are o!r po9ts ( high importance4 ,j 9 proportion z an ev5t is f a hi/orical po9t ( view suspici\s1 x is significant z a pro( ( ! use ( ! ,gospel 9 :i* x is conta9$2 su* w\ld be ! adoration ( ! ,magi1 ! slaught] ( ! innoc5ts1 ! flight into ,egypt1 ! conjunction ( ! foal ) ! ass 9 ! entry into ,j]usalem4 ,all ^! are /rong evid5ce = ! use ( ! fir/ ,gospel1 :i* is confirm$ 9 ! highe/ degree by ! occurr5ce ( a reflection peculi> to ! ,evangeli/1 ',!n ! disciples und]/ood t ,he spake unto !m ( ,john ! ,bapti/' 7,matt4 xvii4 #ac1 comp>e ,dial4 #di74 ,( ! same nature are ! allusions to ! c5sus ( ,cyr5ius 7!re is no mat]ial discrepancy betwe5 ,luke & ,ju/971 & ! /atem5t ( ! age at :i* ! m9i/ry ( ,jesus began4 ,^! are almo/ c]ta9ly rem>ks by ! ?ird ,evangeli/ himself1 & n f\nd 9 any previ\sly exi/+ s\rce4 ,! rem& to ,h]od 9 all probability belong$ to a s\rce t 0 q peculi> to him4 ,! same may be said ) only a little less confid5ce ( ! sections ( ! prelim9>y hi/ory4 ,tak+ ^! sali5t po9ts toge!r ) ! mass ( ! co9cid5ces ea* 9 its place1 & ) ! due weight assign$ to x1 ! conviction seems =c$ ^u u t ,ju/9 did ei!r m$iately or imm$iately1 & mo/ probably imm$iately & directly1 make use ( our ,canonical ,gospels4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! argum5t t he us$1 :e!r 9 addition to ^! or exclusively1 a ,gospel n[ lo/1 re/s ^u ! foll[+ data4 ,ju/9 app>5tly diff]s f ! ,synoptics 9 giv+ ! g5ealogy ( ,m>y1 n ( ,joseph4 ,9 ,apol4 i4 #cd he says t ,cyr5ius 0 ! fir/ gov]nor 7procurator7 ( ,judaea1 in/ead ( say+ t ! c5sus fir/ took place "u ,cyr5ius4 ,x %\ld be rem>k$1 h[ev]1 t 9 ano!r place1 ,dial4 #gh1 he speaks ( '! c5sus :i* !n took place = ! fir/ "t 7,greek3 ousaes tote protaes7 "u ,cyr5ius4' ,he /ates t ,m>y br\ght =? h] ,son 9 a cave ne> ! village ( ,be?lehem4 ,he t5 times ov] speaks ( ! ,magi z com+ f ,arabia1 & n m]ely f ! ,ea/4 ,he says emphatically t all ! *ildr5 7,greek3 pantas haplos t\s paidas7 9 ,be?lehem 7 sla9 )\t m5tion+ ! limitation ( age giv5 9 ,/4 ,mat!w4 ,he alludes to details 9 ! humble occupation ( ,jesus :o practis$ ! trade ( a c>p5t]4 ,speak+ ( ! m9i/ry ( ,john1 he ?ree times repeats ! phrase 'z he sat' by ! riv] ,jordan4 ,at ! baptism ( ,jesus he says t 'fire 0 k9dl$ on' or r '9 ! ,jordan1' & t a voice 0 he>d say+1 ',?\ art ,my ,son1 ?is day h ,i begott5 ,!e4' ,he adds to ! notice ( ! miracles t ! ,jews ?\ght !y 7 ! effect ( magic4 ,twice he ref]s1 z evid5ce = :at he is say+1 to ! ,acts ( ,pontius ,pilate4 ,9 two places ,ju/9 sees a fulfilm5t ( ,ps4 xxii1 :]e none is po9t$ out by ! ,synoptics4 ,he says t all ! disciples =sook _! ,ma/]1 :i* seems to ov]look ,pet]'s attack on ! high prie/'s s]vant4 ,9 ! acc\nt ( ! ,crucifixion he some:at amplifies ! ,synoptic v]sion ( ! mock+ ge/ures ( ! cr[d4 ,& besides ^! matt]s ( fact he has two say+s1 ',9 :atsoev] ,i f9d y1 !re9 w ,i also judge y1' & ',!re %all be s*isms & h]esies1' :i* are )\t p>allel1 or h no exact p>allel1 9 our ,gospels4 ,"s ( ^! po9ts are n ( any great importance4 ,! ref]5ce to ! ,acts ( ,pilate %\ld 9 all probability be tak5 along ) ! p>allel ref]5ce to ! c5sus ( ,cyr5ius1 9 :i* ,ju/9 ass]ts t ! bir? ( ,jesus w\ld be f\nd regi/]$4 ,bo? appe> to be bas$1 n ^u any actual docum5t t ,ju/9 _h se51 b ^u ! bold assumption t ! (ficial docum5ts mu/ conta9 a record ( facts :i* he knew f o!r s\rces ,endnote #ajg3a4 ,9 reg>d to ,cyr5ius he evid5tly has ! ,lucan v]sion 9 8 m9d1 ?\gh he seems to h confus$ ?is ) 8 k t ,cyr5ius 0 ! fir/ to ex]cise ! ,roman sov]eignty 9 ,judaea1 :i* 0 matt] ( hi/ory4 ,ju/9 seems to be mi/ak5 9 reg>d+ ,cyr5ius z 'procurator' ,greek3 epitrop\ ( ,judaea4 ,he in/itut$ ! c5sus n 9 ?is capacity1 b z proconsul ( ,syria4 ,! fir/ procurator ( ,judaea 0 ,coponius4 ,"s ( ,ju/9's peculi>ities may q fairly be expla9$ z un9t5tional4 ,g5]al /atem5ts )\t ! due qualifications1 su* z ^? 9 reg>d to ! massacre ( ! *ildr5 & ! conduct ( ! disciples 9 ,ge?semane1 are met ) frequ5tly en\gh to ?is day1 & 9 works ( a m pr(ess$ly critical "* ?an ,ju/9's4 ,! description ( ! c>p5t]'s trade & ( ! cr[d at ! ,crucifixion may be m]ely rhetorical amplifications 9 ! "o case ( ! g5]al ,synoptic /atem5t1 9 ! o!r ( ! special /atem5t 9 ,/4 ,m>k4 ,a c]ta9 fulness ( /yle is *>act]i/ic ( ,ju/94 ,t he attributes ! g5ealogy to ,m>y may be a natural in/ance ( reflection2 ! inconsi/5cy 9 ! ,synoptic ,gospels w\ld n be at fir/ p]ceiv$1 & ! simple/ way ( remov+ x w\ld be t :i* ,ju/9 has adopt$4 ,x %\ld be notic$ h[ev] t he too di/9ctly says t ,joseph 0 ( ! tribe ( ,judah 7,dial4 #gh7 & t 8 family came f ,be?lehem1 :i* looks v mu* l an unoblit]at$ trace ( ! same inconsi/5cy4 ,x is also noticeable t 9 ! n>rative ( ! ,baptism "o ( ! be/ ,,mss4 ( ! ,old ,lat9 7a1 ,codex ,v]cell5sis7 has1 9 ! =m ( an addition to ,matt4 iii4 #ae1 'et cum baptiz>etur lum5 +5s circumfulsit de aqua ita ut tim]5t omnes qui adv5]ant1' & !re is a v simil> addition 9 g#a 7,codex ,san-,g]man5sis74 ,aga91 9 ,luke iii4 #bb ! read+ ,greek3 ego saem]on geg5naeka se = ,greek3 en soi eudokaesa is %>$ ) ,ju/9 by ! mo/ important ,graeco- ,lat9 ,,ms4 ,d 7,codex ,bezae71 & a1 b1 c1 ff1 l ( ! ,old ,v]sion2 ,augu/9e expressly /ates t ! read+ 0 f\nd '9 sev]al respectable copies 7aliquibus fide dignis exempl>ibus71 ?\gh n 9 ! old] ,greek ,codices4' ,!re w !n rema9 ! specify+ ( ,arabia z ! home ( ! ,magi1 ! phrase ,greek3 ka!zom5os us$ ( ,john on ! banks ( ! ,jordan1 ! two unp>allell$ s5t5ces1 & ! cave ( ! ,nativity4 ,( ^! ! phrase ,greek3 ka!zom5os1 :i* occurs 9 ?ree places1 ,dial4 #di1 #ea1 #hh1 b always 9 ,ju/9's own n>rative & n 9 quotation1 may be an accid5tal recurr5ce2 & x is n impossible t ! o!r items may be d]iv$ f an unwritt5 tradition4 ,/ill1 on ! :ole1 ,i incl9e to ?9k t ?\gh !re is n conclusive pro( t ,ju/9 us$ a lo/ ,gospel besides ! pres5t ,canonical ,gospels1 x is ! m probable hypo!sis ( ! two t he did4 ,! explanations giv5 above seem to me reasonable & possible2 !y are en\gh1 ,i ?9k1 to remove ! necessity = assum+ a lo/ docum5t1 b p]haps n q en\gh to de/roy ! great] probability4 ,?is conclusion1 we %all f9d1 w be confirm$ :5 we pass f consid]+ ! sub/ance ( ,ju/9's ,gospel to its =m4 ,b n[ if we ask ourselves :at 0 ?is hypo!tical lo/ docum5t1 all we c say is1 ,i believe1 t ! sugge/ions hi!rto (f]$ are insuffici5t4 ,! ,gospels accord+ to ! ,hebrews or accord+ to ,pet] & ! ,protevangelium ( ,james h be5 mo/ 9 fav\r4 ,! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews 9 ! =m 9 :i* x 0 us$ by ! ,naz>5es conta9$ ! fire ^u ,jordan1 & z us$ by ! ,ebionites x _h also ! voice1 ',?is day h ,i begott5 ,!e4' ,cr$n] ,endnote #aaj3a1 & aft] him ,hilg5feld ,endnote #aaj3b1 ?\ght t ! ,gospel accord+ to ,pet] 0 us$4 ,b we "k next to no?+ ab\t ?is ,gospel1 except t x 0 ne>ly relat$ to ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews1 t x made ! 'bre?r5 ( ! ,"l' sons ( ,joseph by a =m] wife1 t x 0 f\nd by ,s]apion 9 ! *ur*es ( 8 diocese1 ,rhossus 9 ,cilicia1 t its use 0 at fir/ p]mitt$ b aft]w>ds =bidd51 z x 0 f\nd to fav\r ,docetism1 & t its cont5ts 7 9 ! ma9 or?odox ?\gh 9 "s respects p]v]t$ ,endnote #aaj3c4 ,obvi\sly ^! facts & ! "n 7:i* falls 9 ) ! !ory--itself also some:at unsub/antial--t ,ju/9's ,gospel mu/ h a ',petr9e' "*7 are q insuffici5t to build ^u4 ,! ,protevangelium ( ,james1 :i* x is ?\ght might h be5 us$ 9 an e>li] =m ?an t :i* has come d[n to u1 conta9s ! leg5d ( ! cave1 & has app>5tly a simil> view to ! ,gospel la/ m5tion$ z to ! p]petual virg9ity ( ,m>y4 ,! k9dr$ ,evangelium ,?omae has ! 'pl\ghs & yokes4' ,& !re are "s simil>ities ( language betwe5 ! ,protevangelium & ,ju/9's ,gospel1 :i* w come "u review lat] ,endnote #aaj3d4 ,x does n1 h[ev]1 appe> to h be5 notic$ t ^! ,gospels satisfy mo/ imp]fectly ! conditions ( ! problem4 ,we "k t ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews 9 its ,naz>5e =m omitt$ ! :ole section ,matt4 i4 #ah--;ii4 #bc1 conta9+ ! conception1 ! nativity1 ! visit ( ! ,magi1 & ! flight into ,egypt1 all ( :i* 7 f\nd 9 ,ju/9's ,gospel2 :ile 9 its ,ebionite =m x left out ! fir/ two *apt]s altoge!r4 ,!re is n a tittle ( evid5ce to %[ t ! ,gospel accord+ to ,pet] 0 any m complete2 9 proportion z x resembl$ ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews ! presumption is t x 0 n4 ,& ! ,protevangelium ( ,james makes no m5tion ( ,arabia1 :ile x expressly says t ! /> appe>$ '9 ! ,ea/' 7in/ead ( '9 ! heav5' z ,ju/972 x also omits1 & r seems to exclude1 ! flight into ,egypt4 ,x is !re=e cle> t :e!r ,ju/9 us$ ^! ,gospels or n1 he _c 9 any case h conf9$ himself to !m2 unless inde$ ?is is possible 9 reg>d to ! ,gospel t be>s ! "n ( ,pet]1 ?\gh ! possibility is drawn s entirely f our ignorance t x c h>dly be tak5 acc\nt (4 ,we ?us seem to be r$uc$ to ! conclusion t ,ju/9's ,gospel or ,gospels 0 an unkn[n entity ( :i* no hi/orical evid5ce survives1 & ?is w\ld almo/ be en\gh1 accord+ to ! logical ,law ( ,p>simony1 to drive u back ^u ! assumption t our pres5t ,gospels only _h be5 us$4 ,?is assumption h[ev] /ill does n appe> to me :olly satisfactory1 = reasons :i* w come out m cle>ly :5 f consid]+ ! matt] ( ! docum5ts :i* ,ju/9 us$ we pass to _! =m4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! read] already has be=e him a collection ( ,ju/9's quotations f ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ! results ( :i* may be /at$ ?us4 ,f ! ,p5tateu* eighte5 passages are quot$ exactly1 n9ete5 ) slight v>iations1 & elev5 ) m>k$ div]g5ce4 ,f ! ,psalms sixte5 exactly1 includ+ n9e 7or t57 :ole ,psalms1 two ) slight & ?ree ) decid$ v>iation4 ,f ,isaiah tw5ty-five exactly1 twelve slightly v>iant1 & sixte5 decid$ly4 ,f ! o!r ,major ,prophets ,ju/9 has only ?ree exact quotations1 f\r slightly div]g5t1 & elev5 div]g+ m widely4 ,f ! ,m9or ,prophets & o!r books he has two exact quotations1 sev5 9 :i* ! v>iation is slight1 & ?irte5 9 :i* x is m>k$4 ,( ! di/9ctly free quotations 9 ! ,p5tateu* 7elev5 9 all71 ?ree may be ?\ght to h a ,messianic "* 7! burn+ bu%1 ! braz5 s]p5t1 ! curse ( ! cross71 b 9 none ( ^! does ! v>iation appe> to be due to ?is4 ,( ! ?ree free quotations f ! ,psalms two are ,messianic1 & "o ( ^! has probably be5 influ5c$ by ! ,messianic application4 ,9 ! free quotations f ,isaiah x is n q easy to say :at are ,messianic & :at are n2 b ! only cle> case 9 :i* ! ,messianic application seems to h caus$ a m>k$ div]g5ce is xlii4 #a-d4 ,o!r passages1 su* z ii4 #e1 #f1 vii4 #aj-ag1 lii4 l#c-liii4 #ab 7z quot$ 9 ,a4 i4 #ej71 appe> "u ! head ( slight v>iation4 ,! long quotation lii4 #aj-liv4 #f1 9 ,dial4 #ab1 is giv5 ) sub/antial exactness4 ,turn+ to ! o!r ,major ,prophets1 "o passage1 ,j]4 xxxi4 #ae1 has probably d]iv$ its %ape f ! ,messianic application4 ,& 9 ! ,m9or ,prophets ?ree passages 7,hos4 x4 #f1 ,ze*4 xii4 #aj-ab1 & ,micah v4 #b7 appe> to h be5 ?us affect$4 ,! re/ ( ! free quotations & "s ( ! v>iations 9 ^? :i* are less free may be set d[n to defect ( memory or simil> accid5tal causes4 ,let u n[ draw up a table ( ,ju/9's quotations f ! ,gospels arrang$ z ne>ly z may be on ! same /&>d & scale z t ( ! quotations f ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,su* a table w /& ?us4 ,^? only :i* appe> to be direct quotations are giv54 ,exact4 ,slightly v>iant4 ,v>iant4 ,rem>ks4 ,d4#di1 ,matt4 #c4aa1 repeat$ 9 "p #ab 7v4l47 simil>ly4 ,d4 #ea1 ,matt4 #aa4 comp\nd$ ) #ab-ae2 ,luke #af4 omissions b #af4 /rik+ resem- blances4 ,d4 #di1 ,matt4 #ag4 #aa-ac4 ,a4#a4ae1 ,matt4 #e4bh4 ,a4#a4ae1 ,matt4 #e4 f memory8 #bi2 ,m>k #i4dg4 ,a4#a4ae1 ,matt4 #e4cb4 confusion ( read- +s4 ,a4#a4ae1 ,matt4 f memory8 #ai4ab4 ,a4#a4ae1 ,matt4 #e4 comp\nd$4 #db2 ,luke #f4cj1 #cd4 ,cont9u\s4 ,a4#a4ae1 ,matt4 #f4 #ai1 #bj2 #af4bf2 #f4bj4 ,cont9u\s4 ,a4#a4ae 7,d4#if71 f memory7,cr471 ,luke #f4cf2 b prob4 diff- ,matt4 #e4de2 #f4 er5t docum5t2 #be-bg2 ,luke #ab4 r m>k$ #bb-bd2 ,matt4 #f4 id5tity 9 #cb1 #cc2 #f4ba4 phrase4 ,a4#a4ae1 ,matt4 #f4a4 ,a4#a4ae1 ,matt4 #i4 d ! la/ #ac7874 words belong to ! ,c quotation8 o ,a4#a4ae1 ,luke n #f4cb2 ,matt4 t #e4df4 i ,a4#a4ae1 7,d4 repeat$ 9 "p n #abh71 ,luke simil>ly1 9 u #f4bg1 #bh2 "p div]sely2 o ,matt4 #e4dd4 confusion 9 u ,,mss4 s s ,cont9u\s4 ,a4#a4af1 ,luke #f4bi 7,matt4 #e4ci1 #dj47 ,a4#a4af1 ,matt4 #e4 #bb 7v4l47 ,a4#a4af1 ,matt4 #e ,greek3 #da4 angaeusei4 ,a4#a4af1 ,matt4 #e4af4 ,d4#ic1 ,a1#a4af1 ,matt4 #bb4dj1cg1 #ch4 ,a4#a4af1 ,d4#aja1 repeat$ ,matt4 #ai4af1 div]sely4 #ag 7v4l472 ,luke #ah4ah1ai 7v4l47 ,a4#a4af1 ,matt4 #e4 #cd1cg4 ,a4#a4af1 ,matt4 #g4ba4 ,c ,a4#a4af 7,a4#a4fb71 repeat$ 9 "p o ,luke #aj4af 7v4l47 simil>ly1 9 n "p div]sely4 t ,a4#a4af 7,d4#gf71 i ,matt4 #g4bb1 #bc n 7v4l472 ,luke u #ac4bf1bg 7v4l47 o ,a4#a4af1 ,matt4 #ac4 addition4 u #db1 #dc 7v4l47 s ,a4#a4af 7,d4#ce71 ,matt4 #g4ae4 ,a4#a4af1 ,matt4 #g4 #af1 #ai4 ,d4#gf1 ,matt4 #h4aa4 #ab4 ,d4#ce1 ,greek3 esontai s*i- smata kai hai- reseis4 ,d4#gf1 ,matt4 #be4da 7v4l47 ,d4#ce1 ,matt4 #g4ae4 repeat$ ) ne>] approa* to ,mat!w1 p]h4 v4l4 ,d4#ce1 #hb1 ,matt4 repeat$ ) #bd4bd 7,m>k #ac4 simil>ity & #bb74 div]g5ce4 ,d4#hb1 ,matt4 #aj4 freely4 #bb1 p>4 ,a4#a4ai1 ,luke #ah4 #bg4 ,a4#a4ai1 ,luke #ab4 comp\nd$4 #d1 #e2 ,matt4 #aj4bh4 ,a4#a4ag1 ,luke #ab4 #dh 7v4l47 ,d4#gf1 ,luke #aj4ai ins4 ,greek3 skolop5dron4 ,d4#aje1 ,matt4 #e4 #bj4 ,d4#abe1 ,matt4 #ac4 cond5s$ n>ra- #c sqq4 tive4 ,d4#ag1 ,luke #aa4 #eb4 ,d4#ag1 ,matt4 #bc4bc2 comp\nd$4 ,luke #aa4db4 ,d4#ag1 #aab1 ,matt4 repeat$ simi- #bc4bg2 #bc4bd4 l>ly4 ,d4#dg1 ,greek3 en ois an humas katalabo en t\tois kai kr9o4 ,d4#ha1 ,luke #bj4 m>k$ resem- #ce1 #cf4 blance ) diff]5ce4 ,d4#ajg1 ,matt4#af4d4 ,d4 #abb1 ,matt4 #bc4 #ae4 ,d4#ag1 ,matt4 #ba4 #ac1 #ab4 ,a4#a4ag1 ,luke #bj4n>rative portion #bb-be 7v4l47 free4 ,d4#ajj1 ,a4#a4fc1 repeat$ n ,matt4 #aa4bg 7v4l47 id5tically4 ,d4#gf1 #ajj1 ,luke repeat$ div]se- #i4bb4 div]sely2 free 7,cr$n]74 ,a4#a4cf1 ,matt4 #ba4 ,d4#ec1 ,matt4 #ba4e47,ze*4 #i4i74 #e 7addition74 ,a4#a4ff1 ,luke #bb4 #ai1 #bj4 ,d4#ii1 ,matt4 #bf4 #ci 7v4l47 ,d4#ajc1 ,luke #bb4 #db-dd4 ,d4#aja1 ,matt4 #bg4 #dc4 ,a4#a4ch1 ,greek3 ho nekr\s anegeiras rhu- sa/ho eauton4 ,d4#ii1 ,matt4 #bg4 comp\nd$4 #df2 ,m>k #ae4cd4 ,d4#aje1 ,luke #bc4 #df4 ,! total result may be tak5 to be t t5 passages are sub/antially exact1 :ile tw5ty-five pres5t slight & ?irty- two m>k$ v>iations ,endnote #aaf3a4 ,?is is only r\gh & approximate1 because ( ! passages t are put d[n z exact two1 or possibly ?ree1 c only be said to be s ) a qualification2 ?\gh1 on ! o!r h&1 !re are passages ent]$ "u ! second class z 'slightly v>iant' :i* h a lean+ t[>ds ! fir/1 & passages ent]$ "u ! ?ird :i* h a p]ceptible lean+ t[>ds ! second4 ,we c !re=e af=d to disreg>d ^! d\btful cases & accept ! classification v mu* z x /&s4 ,comp>+ x !n ) ! p>allel classification t has be5 made ( ! quotations f ! ,old ,te/am5t1 we f9d t 9 ! latt] sixty-f\r 7 rank$ z exact1 =ty-f\r z slightly v>iant1 & fifty-f\r z decid$ly v>iant4 ,if we r$uce ^! r\ghly to a common /&>d ( comp>ison ! proportion ( v>iation may be repres5t$ ?us3-- ,exact4 ,slightly ,v>iant4 v>iant4 ,quotations f ! ,old ,te/am5t #aj #g #i ,quotations f ! ,synoptic ,gospels #aj #be #cb ,x w be se5 f ?is at once h[ l>gely ! proportion ( v>iation rises2 x is inde$ m ?an ?ree times z high = ! quotations f ! ,gospels z = ^? f ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,! am\nt ( comb9ation too is decid$ly 9 excess ( t :i* is f\nd 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t quotations4 ,!re is1 x is true1 some?+ to be said on ! o!r side4 ,ju/9 quotes ! ,old ,te/am5t r z ,scripture1 ! ,new ,te/am5t r z hi/ory4 ,i ?9k x w be felt t he has p]mitt$ 8 own /yle a fre] play 9 reg>d to ! latt] ?an ! =m]4 ,! ,new ,te/am5t record _h n yet acquir$ ! same degree ( fixity z ! ,old4 ,! '_m' compositions ( :i* ,/4 ,luke speaks 9 8 preface 7 /ill 9 circulation1 & 7 only gradually dy+ out4 ,"o important /ep _h be5 tak5 9 ! regul> read+ ( ! ',memoirs ( ! ,apo/les' at ! ,*ri/ian assemblies4 ,we h n inde$ pro( t ^! 7 conf9$ to ! ,canonical ,gospels4 ,probably z yet !y 7 n4 ,b x %\ld be rememb]$ t ,ir5aeus 0 n[ a boy1 & t by ! "t he _h rea*$ manhood ! ,canon ( ! ,gospels _h receiv$ its def9ite =m4 ,tak+ all ^! po9ts into consid]ation ,i ?9k we %all f9d ! v>i\s indications conv]ge ^u v mu* ! same conclusion z t at :i* we h already arriv$4 ,! a priori probabilities ( ! case1 z well z ! actual ph5om5a ( ,ju/9's ,gospel1 alike t5d to %[ t he did make use ei!r m$iately or imm$iately ( our ,gospels1 b t he did n assign to !m an exclusive au?ority1 & t he probably made use along ) !m ( o!r docum5ts no long] extant4 ,! pro( t ,ju/9 made use ( ea* ( our ?ree ,synoptics individually is p]haps m /rik+ f ! po9t ( view ( sub/ance ?an ( =m1 because 8 direct quotations are mo/ly tak5 f ! disc\rses r ?an f ! n>rative1 & ^! disc\rses are usually f\nd 9 m ?an a s+le ,gospel1 :ile 9 proportion z !y be> ! /amp ( orig9ality & au!nticity x is difficult to assign !m to any p>ticul> report]4 ,!re is h[ev] "s /rong & rem>kable evid5ce ( ?is k9d4 ,at lea/ "o case ( p>allelism seems to prove almo/ decisively ! use ( ! fir/ ,gospel4 ,x is necess>y to give ! quotation & ! orig9al ) ! p>allel f ,/4 ,m>k side by side4 ,ju/91 ,dial4 c4#di4 ,greek3 ,aelias m5 eleusetai kai apokata/aesei panta1 lego de hum91 hoti ,aelias a$ae ael! kai ouk epegnosan auton all' epoiaesan auto hosa ae!laesan4 ,kai gegraptai hoti tote sunaekan oi ma?aetai1 hoti p]i ,ioannon t\ ,bapti/\ eip5 autois4 ,matt4 xvii4 #aa-ac4 ,greek3 ,aelias m5 er*etai apokata/aesei panta1 lego de hum9 hoti ,aelias a$ae ael!n kai ouk epegnosan auton1 alla epoiaesan auto hosa ae!laesan1 outos kai ho uios t\ an?rop\ mellei pas*e9 hup' auton4 ,tote sunaekan oi ma?aetai hoti p]i ,ioann\ t\ ,bapti/\ eip5 autois4 ,! clause 9 brackets is plac$ at ! end ( v]4 #ac by ,d4 & ! ,old ,lat94 ,m>k4 ix4 #ab1 #ac4 ,greek3 ,ho de ephae autois1 ,aelias m5 el?on proton apoka?i/anei panta1 kai pos gegraptai epi ton uion t\ an?rop\1 h9a polla pa?ae kai ex\d5ae?ae4 ,alla lego hum9 hoti kai ,aelias elaelu!n kai epoiaesan auto hosa ae!lon1 ka?os gegraptai ep' auton4 ,we notice "h1 fir/1 an important po9t1 t ,ju/9 reproduces at ! end ( 8 quotation :at appe>s to be n s mu* a "p ( ! object-matt] ( ! n>rative z a comm5t or reflection ( ! ,evangeli/ 7',!n ! disciples und]/ood t ,he spake unto !m ( ,john ! ,bapti/'74 ,?is 0 ?\ght by ,cr$n]1 :o z a rule is incl9$ to press ! use ( an apocryphal ,gospel by ,ju/91 to be suffici5t pro( t ! quotation is tak5 f our pres5t ,mat!w ,endnote #aai3a4 ,on ?is po9t1 h[ev]1 !re is an able & on ! :ole a s\nd argum5t 9 ',sup]natural ,religion' ,endnote #aai3b4 ,!re are c]ta9ly cases 9 :i* a simil> comm5t or reflection is f\nd ei!r 9 all ?ree ,synoptic ,gospels or 9 two ( !m 7e4g4 ,matt4 vii4 #bh1 #bi ,m>k i4 #bb ,luke iv4 #cb2 ,matt4 xiii4 #cd ,m>k iv4 #cc1 #cd2 ,matt4 xxvi4 #dc ,m>k xiv4 #dj2 ,matt4 xix4 #bb ,m>k x4 #bb74 ,! au?or consequ5tly ma9ta9s t ^! 7 f\nd 9 ! orig9al docum5t f :i* all ?ree1 or two ,synoptics at lea/1 borr[$2 & he notes t ?is v passage is assign$ by ,ewald to ! 'olde/ ,gospel4' ,! obs]vation 9 itself is a f9e & true "o1 & has an important be>+ ^u ! "q z to ! way 9 :i* our ,synoptic ,gospels 7 compos$4 ,we may inde$ rem>k 9 pass+ t ! au?or seems to h ov]look$ ! fact t1 :5 once ?is pr9ciple ( a common writt5 basis or bases = ! ,synoptic ,gospels is accept$1 n9e-t5?s ( 8 own argum5t is ov]?r[n2 = !re are no div]g5ces 9 ! text ( ! patri/ic quotations f ! ,gospels t may n be amply p>allel$ by ! diff]5ces :i* exi/ 9 ! text ( ! sev]al ,gospels !mselves1 %[+ t ! ,evangeli/s took lib]ties ) _! gr\nd docum5ts to an ext5t t is really great] ?an t ( any subsequ5t misquotation4 ,b putt+ aside = ! pres5t ?is argum5tum ad hom9em :i* seems to foll[ f ! admission "h made1 !re is1 ,i ?9k1 ! /ronge/ reason to conclude t 9 ! pres5t case ! fir/ ,evangeli/ is n m]ely reproduc+ 8 gr\nd docum5t4 ,!re is "o elem5t 9 ! "q :i* ! au?or has omitt$ to notice2 t is1 ! p>allel passage 9 ,/4 ,m>k4 ,?is diff]s s widely f ! text ( ,/4 ,mat!w z to %[ t t text _c accurately repres5t ! orig9al2 x also wants ! reflective comm5t altoge!r4 ,accord+ly1 if ! au?or w turn to p4 #bge ( ,ewald's book ,endnote #abj3a he w f9d t t writ]1 ?\gh r\ghly assign+ ! passage z x appe>s 9 bo? ,synoptics to ! 'olde/ ,gospel1' yet 9 recon/ruct+ ! text ( ?is ,gospel does s1 n by tak+ t ( ei!r ( ! ,synoptics pure & simple1 b by mix+ ! two4 ,all ! o!r critics :o h dealt ) ?is po9t1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 h done ! same4 ,holtzmann ,endnote #abj3b foll[s ,ewald1 & ,weiss ,endnote #abj3c accepts ,m>k's z m ne>ly ! orig9al text4 ,! v ext5t ( ! div]g5ce 9 ,/4 ,m>k ?r[s out into /rik+ relief ! close agreem5t ( ,ju/9's quotation ) ,/4 ,mat!w4 ,"h we h ?ree v]ses ^w = ^w ! same1 ev5 to ! f9e/ %ades ( expression4 ,to ! s+le exception ,greek3 eleusetai = ,greek3 er*etai ,i _c1 z ,cr$n] does ,endnote #abj3d1 atta* any importance4 ,! pres5t t5se 9 ! ,gospel has und\bt$ly a future signification ,endnote #abj3e1 & ,ju/9 0 v naturally l$ to give x also a future =m by ,greek3 apokata/aesei :i* foll[s4 ,= ! re/1 ! ord]1 p>ticles1 t5ses are s absolutely id5tical1 :]e ! text ( ,/4 ,m>k %[s h[ inevitably !y mu/ h diff]$ 9 ano!r ,gospel or ev5 9 ! orig9al1 t ,i c see no alt]native b to ref] ! quotation directly to our pres5t ,/4 ,mat!w4 ,if ?is passage _h /ood alone1 tak5 9 connection ) ! co9cid5ce ( matt] betwe5 ,ju/9 & ! fir/ ,gospel1 great weight mu/ h atta*$ to x4 ,b x does n by any means /& alone4 ,!re is an exact v]bal agreem5t 9 ! v]ses ,matt4 v4 #bj 7',except y\r righte\sness' c47 & ,matt4 vii4 #ba 7',n e "o t sai? unto me1' c47 :i* are peculi> to ! fir/ ,gospel4 ,!re is a close agreem5t1 if n always ) ! be/1 yet ) "s v old1 text ( ,/4 ,mat!w 9 v4 #bb 7note especially ! /rik+ phrase & con/ruction ,greek3 eno*os eis71 v4 #bh 7note ,greek3 blep4 pros to epi?um471 v4 #da 7note ! rem>kable ^w ,greek3 ang>eusei71 xxv4 #da1 & n too great a div]g5ce 9 v4 #af1 vi4 #a 7,greek3 pros to !a?a5ai1 ei de mae ge mi/hon ouk e*ete71 & xix4 #ab1 all ( :i* passages are )\t p>allel 9 any extant ,gospel4 ,!re are also m>k$ resemblances to ! ,mat?aean text 9 synoptic passages su* z ,matt4 iii4 #aa1 #ab 7,greek3 eis metanoian1 ta hupodaemata ba/asai71 ,matt4 vi4 #ai1 #bj 7,greek3 hop\ saes kai brosis aphanizei1 :]e ,luke has simply ,greek3 saes diaph!irei1 & ,greek3 dioruss\si :]e ,luke has ,greek3 engizei71 ,matt4 vii4 #bb1 #bc 7,greek3 eke9ae tae haem]a ,kurie1 ,kurie1 k4t4l471 ,matt4 xvi4 #bf 7,greek3 dosei ,matt4 only1 ,greek3 antallagma ,matt41 ,m>k71 ,matt4 xvi4 #a1 #d 7! la/ v]se exactly74 ,z ^! passages are all f ! disc\rses ,i d n wi% to say t !y may n be tak5 f o!r ,gospels ?an ! canonical1 b we h absolutely no evid5ce t !y 7 s tak51 & e additional in/ance increases ! probability t !y 7 tak5 directly f ,/4 ,mat!w1 :i* by ?is "t1 ,i ?9k1 has rea*$ a v high degree ( presumption4 ,i h res]v$ = a sep>ate discussion a s+le in/ance :i* ,i %all v5ture to add to ^? already quot$1 al?\gh ,i am aw>e t x is alleg$ on ! opposite side4 ,ju/9 has ! say+ ',let y\r yea be yea & y\r nay nay1 = :atsoev] is m ?an ^! come? ( ! ,evil ,"o' 7,greek3 ,mae omosaete holos4 ,e/o de humon to nai nai1 kai to ou ou2 to de p]isson t\ton ek t\ pona]\71 :i* is set aga9/ ! fir/ ,evangeli/'s ',let y\r conv]sation be ,yea yea1 ,nay nay1 = :atsoev] is m ?an ^! come? ( ! ,evil ,"o' 7,greek3 ego de lego hum9 mae omosai holos444 ,e/o de ho logos humon nai nai1 ou ou2 to de p]isson1 k4t4l474 ,n[ x is p]fectly true t z e>ly z ! ,canonical ,epi/le ( ,james 7v4 #ab7 we f9d ! read+ ,greek3 aeto de humon to nai nai1 kai to ou ou1 & t 9 ! ,clem5t9e ,homilies twice ov] we read ,greek3 e/o humon to nai nai1 7kai7 to ou ou1 ,greek3 kai be+ ins]t$ 9 "o in/ance & n 9 ! o!r4 ,ju/9's read+ is f\nd also exactly 9 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 & a simil> read+ 7?\gh ) ! ,greek3 aeto ( ,james7 9 ,epiphanius4 ,^! la/ two examples %[ t ! misquotation 0 an easy "o to fall into1 because !re c be little d\bt t ,clem5t & ,epiphanius suppos$ !mselves to be quot+ ! canonical text4 ,!re rema9s h[ev] ! fact t ! ,ju/9ian =m is support$ by ! pseudo-,clem5t9es2 & at ! fir/ blu% x might seem t ',let y\r yea be yea' 7/& to y\r ^w7 made bett]1 at lea/ a complete & m obvi\s1 s5se ?an ',let y\r conv]sation be' 7let x n g beyond7 ',yea yea' c ,endnote #abb3a4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 :at seems to be a decisive pro( t ! orig9al =m bo? ( ,ju/9's & ! ,clem5t9e quotation is t :i* is giv5 9 ! fir/ ,gospel4 ,bo? ,ju/9 & ! writ] :o passes "u ! "n ( ,clem5t add ! clause ',:atsoev] is m ?an ^! come? ( evil' 7or '( ! ,evil ,"o'74 ,b ?is1 :ile x tallies p]fectly ) ! canonical read+1 evid5tly excludes any o!r4 ,x is consequ5t & good s5se to say1 ',d n g beyond a pla9 yes or no1 because :atev] is 9 excess ( ?is mu/ h an evil motive1' b ! connection is entirely lo/ :5 we sub/itute ',keep y\r ^w1 = :atev] is m ?an ?is has an evil motive'--m ?an :at8 ,! mo/ important po9ts t c be tak5 to imply a use ( ,/4 ,m>k's ,gospel h be5 already discuss$ z fall+ "u ! head ( matt] r ?an ( =m4 ,! co9cid5ces ) ,luke are /rik+ b complicat$4 ,9 8 e>li] "w1 ! ',beitrge' ,endnote #abc3a1 ,cr$n] reg>d$ z a decid$ ref]5ce to ! ,prologue ( ?is ,gospel ! /atem5t ( ,ju/9 t 8 ,memoirs 7 compos$ ,greek3 hupo ton apo/olon aut\ kai ton eke9ois p>akol\?aesanton3 b1 9 ! po/hum\s ,hi/ory ( ! ,canon ,endnote #abc3b1 he retracts ?is view1 hav+ come to recognise a great] frequ5cy 9 ! use ( ! ^w ,greek3 p>akol\!9 9 ?is s5se4 ,x w also ( c\rse be notic$ t ,ju/9 has ,greek3 p>4 tois ap4 & n ,greek3 p>4 tois pragmas91 z ,luke4 ,x is d\btless true t ! use ( ! ^w c be p>allel$ to su* an ext5t z to make x n a matt] ( c]ta9ty t ! ,gospel is be+ quot$3 /ill ,i ?9k !re w be a c]ta9 probability t x has be5 sugge/$ by a rem9isc5ce ( ?is passage1 &1 /rangely en\gh1 !re is a p>allel = ! sub/itution ( ! hi/orians = ! subject-matt] ( _! hi/ory 9 ,epiphanius1 :o reads ,greek3 p>4 tois autoptais kai hupa]etais t\ log\ ,endnote #abd3a1 :]e he is explicitly & unque/ionably quot+ ,/4 ,luke4 ,!re are "s m>k$ co9cid5ces ( phrase 9 ! acc\nt ( ! ,annunciation--,greek3 ep]*e/hai1 episkaize91 dunamis hupsi/\ 7a specially ,lucan phrase71 ,greek3 to g5nom5on 7also a =m *>act]i/ic ( ,/4 ,luke71 ,greek id\1 sullaepsae en ga/ri kai texae huion4 ,( ! o!r peculi>ities ( ,/4 ,luke ,ju/9 has 9 exact accordance ! la/ words ^u ! cross 7,greek3 ,pat]1 eis *eiras s\ p>ati!mai to pneuma m\74 ,9 ! ,agony 9 ! ,g>d5 ,ju/9 has ! feature ( ! ,bloody ,sweat2 b x is "r to notice-- 7#a7 ,t he has ,greek3 ?romboi alone1 )\t ,greek3 haimatos4 ,luke1 ,greek3 eg5eto ho hidros aut\ hosei ?romboi haimatos kataba9ontes4 ,ju/91 ,greek3 hidros hosei ?romboi kate*eito4 7#b7 ,t ?is is reg>d$ z a fulfilm5t ( ,ps4 xxii4 #ad 7',all my te>s are p\r$ out' c474 7#c7 ,t 9 cont9u+ ! quotation ,ju/9 foll[s ,mat!w r ?an ,luke4 ,^! consid]ations may be held to qualify1 ?\gh ,i d n ?9k t !y suffice to remove1 ! conclusion t ,/4 ,luke's ,gospel is be+ quot$4 ,x seems to be suffici5tly cle> t ,greek3 ?romboi might be us$ 9 ?is signification )\t ,greek3 aimatos ,endnote #abd3b1 & x appe>s f ! :ole mann] ( ,ju/9's n>rative t he int5ds to give m]ely ! s5se & n ! words1 ) ! exception ( ! s+le say+ ',let ?is cup pass f ,me1' :i* is tak5 f ,/4 ,mat!w4 ,we _c say positively t ?is feature did n occur 9 any o!r ,gospel1 b !re is absolutely no reason ap>t f ?is passage to suppose t x did4 ,! con/ruction ) ,greek3 hosei is 9 "s degree *>act]i/ic ( ,/4 ,luke1 z x occurs m (t5 9 ! works ( t writ] ?an 9 all ! re/ ( ! ,new ,te/am5t put toge!r4 ,9 n>rat+ ! in/itution ( ! ,"l's ,supp] ,ju/9 has ! clause :i* is f\nd only 9 ,/4 ,luke & ,/4 ,paul1 ',?is d 9 remembrance ( ,me' 7,greek3 m\ = ,greek3 ema574 ,! giv+ ( ! cup he quotes r aft] ! fir/ two ,synoptics1 & adds 't ,he gave x to !m 7! ,apo/les7 alone4' ,?is la/ does n seem to be m ?an an inf]5ce ( ,ju/9's own4 ,two o!r say+s ,ju/9 has :i* are )\t p>allel except 9 ,/4 ,luke4 ,"o is f ! mission ( ! sev5ty4 ,ju/91 ,dial4 #gf ,greek3 ,didomi hum9 ex\sian katapate9 epano opheon1 kai skorpion1 kai skolop5dron1 kai epano p>saes dunameos t\ e*?r\4 ,luke x4 #ai4 ,greek3 ,id\1 didomi hum9 ta5 ex\sian t\ pate9 epano epheon1 kai skorpion1 kai epi pasan ta5 dunam9 t\ e*?r\4 ,! ins]tion ( ,greek3 skolop5dron "h is curi\s4 ,x may be p]haps to "s ext5t p>allel$ by ! ins]tion ( ,greek3 kai eis ?a]an 9 ,rom4 xi4 #i3 we h also se5 a /range addition 9 ! quotation ( ,ps4 li4 #ai 9 ! ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas 7c4 ii74 ,o!rwise ! resemblance ( ,ju/9 to ! ,gospel is /rik+4 ,! second say+1 ',to :om ,god has giv5 m1 ( him %all m be requir$' 7,apol4 i4 #ag71 if quot$ f ! ,gospel at all1 is only a p>aphrase ( ,luke xii4 #dh4 ,besides ^! !re are o!r passages1 :i* are p]haps /rong] z sep>ate items ( evid5ce1 :]e1 9 quot+ synoptic matt]1 ,ju/9 makes use ( phrases :i* are f\nd only 9 ,/4 ,luke & are disc\nt5anc$ by ! o!r ,evangeli/s4 ,?us 9 ! acc\nt ( ! ri* "y man1 ! ?ree synoptical v]sions ( ! say+ t impossibilities ) m5 are possible ) ,god1 run ?us3-- ,luke xviii4 #bg4 ,greek3 ,ta adunata p>a an?ropois dunata p>a to ,!o e/94 ,m>k x4 #bg4 ,greek3 ,p>a an?ropois adunaton1 all' ou p>a ,!o2 punta g> dunata p>a to ,!o4 ,matt4 xix4 #bf4 ,greek3 ,p>a an?ropois t\to adunaton e/91 p>a de ,!o dunata panta4 ,"h x w be obs]v$ t ,mat!w & ,m>k 7z frequ5tly happ5s7 are ne>] to ea* o!r ?an ei!r ( !m is to ,luke4 ,?is w\ld lead u to inf] t1 z !y are two to "o1 !y m ne>ly repres5t ! common orig9al1 :i* has be5 some:at modifi$ 9 ! h&s ( ,/4 ,luke4 ,b n[ ,ju/9 has ! words precisely z !y /& 9 ,/4 ,luke1 ) ! omission ( ,greek3 e/91 ! ord] ( :i* v>ies 9 ! ,,mss4 ( ! ,gospel4 ,?is mu/ be tak5 z a /rong pro( t ,ju/9 has us$ ! peculi> text ( ! ?ird ,gospel4 ,aga91 x is to be notic$ t 9 ano!r section ( ! triple synopsis 7,m>k xii4 #bj,matt4 xxii4 #cj,luke xx4 #ce1 #cf7 he has1 9 common ) ,luke & div]g+ f ! o!r ,gospels :i* are 9 ne> agreem5t1 ! rem>kable comp\nd ,greek3 isangeloi & ! equally rem>kable phrase ,greek3 huioi taes ana/aseos 7,greek3 tekna t\ ,!\ taes ana/aseos ,ju/974 ,?is also ,i mu/ reg>d z supply+ a /rong argum5t = ! direct use ( ! ,gospel4 ,_m simil> in/ances may be adduc$2 ,greek3 er*etai 7,greek3 aexei ,ju/97 ,greek3 ho is*urot]os 7,luke iii4 #af71 ,greek3 ho nomos kai hoi prophaetai heos 7,greek3 me*ri ,ju/97 ,greek3 ,ioannon 7,luke xvi4 #af71 ,greek3 panti to ait\nti 7,luke vi4 #cj71 ,greek3 to tuptonti se epi 7,greek3 s\ ,ju/97 ,greek3 ta5 siagona p>e*e kai ta5 alla5 k4t4l4 7,luke vi4 #bi2 comp>e ,matt4 v4 #ci1 #dj71 ,greek3 ti me legeis aga?on & ,greek3 oudeis aga?os ei mae 7,luke xviii4 #ai2 comp>e ,matt4 xix4 #ag71 ,greek3 meta tauta mae e*onton 7,greek3 dunam5\s ,ju/97 ,greek3 p]issot]on 7om4 ,ju/97 ,greek3 ti poiaesae k4t4l4 7,luke xii4 #d1 #e2 comp>e ,matt4 ,x4 #bh71 ,greek3 paeganon & ,greek3 agapa5 t\ ,!\ 7,luke xi4 #db74 ,9 ! p>allel passage to ,luke ix4 #bb 7,matt xvi4 #ba ,m>k viii4 #ca7 ,ju/9 has ! /rik+ ^w ,greek3 apodokima/ha5ai1 ) ,m>k & ,luke aga9/ ,mat!w1 & ,greek3 hupo ) ,m>k aga9/ ! ,greek3 apo ( ! two o!r ,synoptics4 ,?is la/ co9cid5ce c p]haps h>dly be press$1 z ,greek3 hupo w\ld be ! m natural ^w to use4 ,9 ! cases :]e we h only ! d\ble synopsis to comp>e ) ,ju/91 we h no c]ta9 te/ to di/+ui% betwe5 ! prim>y & second>y features 9 ! text ( ! ,gospels4 ,we _c say ) confid5ce :at belong$ to ! orig9al docum5t & :at to ! lat] editor :o r$uc$ x to its pres5t =m4 ,9 ^! cases !re=e x is possible t :5 ,ju/9 has a detail t is f\nd 9 ,/4 ,mat!w & want+ 9 ,/4 ,luke1 or f\nd 9 ,/4 ,luke & want+ 9 ,/4 ,mat!w1 he is /ill n quot+ directly f ei!r ( ^? ,gospels1 b f ! common docum5t on :i* !y are bas$4 ,! triple synopsis h[ev] furni%es su* a crit]ion4 ,x enables u to see :at 0 ! orig9al text & h[ any s+le ,evangeli/ has div]g$ f x4 ,?us 9 ! two in/ances quot$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! la/ p>agraph x is evid5t t ! ,lucan text repres5ts a deviation f ! orig9al1 & t deviation ,ju/9 has reproduc$4 ,! ^w ,greek3 isangeloi may be tak5 z a crucial case4 ,bo? ! o!r ,synoptics h simply ,greek hos angeloi1 & ?is may be set d[n z und\bt$ly ! read+ ( ! orig9al2 ! =m ,greek3 isangeloi1 :i* occurs n[h]e else 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & ,i believe1 s f> z we "k1 n[h]e else 9 ,greek be=e ?is passage ,endnote #abh3a1 has cle>ly be5 co9$ by ! ?ird ,evangeli/ & has be5 adopt$ f him by ,ju/94 ,s t 9 a quotation :i* o!rwise pres5ts consid]able v>iation we h :at ,i ?9k mu/ be call$ ! /ronge/ evid5ce t ,ju/9 really _h ,/4 ,luke's n>rative1 ei!r 9 itself or 9 "s second>y %ape1 be=e him4 ,we are ?us br\ght once m to ! old result4 ,if ,ju/9 did n use our ,gospels 9 _! pres5t %ape z !y h come d[n to u1 he us$ !m 9 a lat] %ape1 n 9 an e>li]4 ,8 resemblances to !m _c be acc\nt$ = by ! supposition t he _h access to ! mat]ials out ( :i* !y 7 compos$1 because he reproduces features :i* by ! nature ( ! case _c h be5 pres5t 9 ^? orig9als1 b ( :i* we are /ill able to trace ! au?or%ip & ! exact po9t ( _! ins]tion4 ,our ,gospels =m a second>y /age 9 ! hi/ory ( ! text1 ,ju/9's quotations a t]ti>y4 ,9 ord] to rea* ! /ate 9 :i* x is f\nd 9 ,ju/91 ! road lies ?r\gh our ,gospels1 & n outside !m4 ,?is h[ev] does n exclude ! possibility t ,ju/9 may at times quote f uncanonical ,gospels z well4 ,we h already se5 reason to ?9k t he did s f ! sub/ance ( ! ,evangelical n>rative1 z x appe>s 9 8 works1 & ?is conclusion too is n o!rwise ?an confirm$ by its =m4 ,! degree & ext5t ( ! v>iations incl9e u to introduce su* an additional factor to acc\nt = !m4 ,ei!r ,ju/9 has us$ a lo/ ,gospel or ,gospels1 besides ^? t are /ill extant1 or else he has us$ a rec5sion ( ^! ,gospels ) "s slight *anges ( language & ) "s apocryphal additions4 ,we h se5 t he has two %ort say+s & sev]al m9ute details t are n f\nd 9 our pres5t ,gospels4 ,a rem>kable co9cid5ce is notic$ 9 ',sup]natural ,religion' ) ! ,protevangelium ( ,james ,endnote #abi3a4 ,z 9 t "w s also 9 ,ju/91 ! explanation ( ! "n ,jesus occurs 9 ! address ( ! angel to ,m>y1 n to ,joseph1 ',behold ?\ %alt conceive ( ! ,holy ,gho/ & be> a ,son & ,he %all be call$ ! ,son ( ! ,highe/1 & ?\ %alt call ,8 "n ,jesus1 = ,he %all save ,8 p f _! s9s4' ,aga9 ! ,protevangelium has ! phrase ',?\ %alt conceive ( ,8 ,^w1' :i*1 ?\gh n directly quot$1 appe>s to receive c\nt5ance f ,ju/94 ,! au?or adds t ',ju/9's div]g5ces f ! ,protevangelium prev5t our suppos+ t 9 its pres5t =m x c\ld h be5 ! actual s\rce ( 8 quotations1' ?\gh he ?9ks t he _h be=e him a /ill e>li] "w to :i* bo? ! ,protevangelium & ! ?ird ,gospel 7 indebt$4 ,s f> z ! ,protevangelium is conc]n$ ?is may v probably h be5 ! case2 b :at reason !re is = assum+ t ! same docum5t 0 also ant]ior to ! ?ird ,gospel ,i am n aw>e4 ,on ! contr>y1 ?is v passage seems to sugge/ an opposite conclusion4 ,! quotation 9 ,ju/9 & ! address 9 ! ,protevangelium bo? pres5t a comb9ation ( n>ratives t are kept sep>ate 9 ! fir/ & ?ird ,gospels4 ,b ?is v fact supplies a /rong presumption t ! v]sion ( ^? ,gospels is ! e>lie/4 ,x is unlikely t ! fir/ ,evangeli/1 if he _h f\nd 8 text already exi/+ z "p ( ! spee* ( ! angel to ,m>y1 w\ld h transf]r$ x to an address to ,joseph2 & x is little less unlikely t ! ?ird ,evangeli/1 f9d+ ! full] v]sion ( ,ju/9 & ! ,protevangelium1 %\ld h omitt$ f x "o ( its mo/ important features4 ,if a fur!r l9k is necess>y to connect ,ju/9 ) ! ,protevangelium1 t l9k comes into ! *a9 aft] our ,gospels & n be=e4 ,dr4 ,hilg5feld has also notic$ ! phrase ,greek3 *>an de lab\sa ,m>iam z common to ,ju/9 & ! ,protevangelium ,endnote #acj3a4 ,?is1 too1 may belong to ! old] orig9al ( ! latt] "w4 ,! o!r v]bal co9cid5ces ) ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews 9 ! acc\nt ( ! ,baptism1 & ) t ( ,?omas 9 ! 'pl\ghs & yokes1' h be5 already m5tion$1 & are1 ,i believe1 along ) ^? j discuss$1 all t c be directly ref]r$ to an apocryphal s\rce4 ,besides ^! !re are "s co9cid5ces 9 =m betwe5 quotations z !y appe> 9 ,ju/9 & 9 o!r writ]s1 su* z especially ! ,clem5t9e ,homilies4 ,^! are ?\ght to po9t to ! exi/5ce ( a common ,gospel 7n[ lo/7 f :i* !y may h be5 extract$4 ,x is unnecess>y to repeat :at has be5 said ab\t "o ( ^! passages 7',let y\r yea be yea1' c474 ,ano!r corresponds r\ghly to ! v]se ,matt4 xxv4 #da1 :]e bo? ,ju/9 & ! ,clem5t9e ,homilies read ,greek3 hupagete eis to skotos to exot]on o haetoimas5 ho pata] to satana 7to diabolo ,clem4 ,hom47 ,greek3 kai tois angelois aut\ = ! canonical ,greek3 poreue/he ap' em\ eis to pur to aionion to haetoimasm5on k4t4l4 ,x is true t !re is a consid]able approximation to ! read+ ( ,ju/9 & ! ,clem5t9es1 f\nd especially 9 ,,mss4 & au?orities ( a ,we/]n "* 7,d4 ,latt4 ,ir54 ,cypr4 ,hil471 b !re /ill rema9s ! co9cid5ce 9 reg>d to ,greek3 exot]on787 = ,greek3 aionion & ,greek3 skotos = ,greek3 pyr1 :i* seems to be due to some?+ m ?an m]ely a v>iant text ( ! ,gospel4 ,a ?ird meet+-po9t betwe5 ,ju/9 & ! ,clem5t9es is af=d$ by a text :i* we %all h to t\* ^u :5 we come to speak ( ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,( ! o!r quotations common to ! ,clem5t9es & ,ju/9 !re is a p>tial b n complete co9cid5ce 9 reg>d to ,matt4 vii4 #ae1 xi4 #bg1 xix4 #af1 & ,luke vi4 #cf4 ,9 ,matt4 vii4 #ae ! ,clem5t9es h ,greek3 polloi eleusontai :]e ,ju/9 has once ,greek3 polloi eleusontai1 once ,greek3 polloi aex\s91 & once ! ,mat?aean v]sion ,greek3 prose*ete apo ton pseudoprophaeton oit9es er*ontai k4t4l4 ,!re is h[ev] a diff]5ce 9 reg>d to ! read+ ,greek3 en endumasi1 :]e ! ,clem5t9es h ,greek3 en endumatie1 & ,ju/9 twice ov] ,greek3 end$um5oi4 ,9 ,matt4 xi4 #bg1 ,ju/9 & ! ,clem5t9es agree z to ! ord] ( ! clauses1 & twice 9 ! use ( ! aori/ ,greek3 egno 7,ju/9 has once ,greek3 g9osko71 b 9 ! conclud+ clause 7,greek3 ho ois ,clem4 ,greek3 ean b\laetai ho nios apokalupsai7 ,ju/9 has uni=mly 9 ! ?ree places :]e ! v]se is quot$ ,greek3 ois an ho uhios apokalupsae4 ,9 ,matt4 xix4 #af1 #ag 7,luke xviii4 #ah1 #ai7 ! ,clem5t9es & ,ju/9 alt]nately adh]e to ! ,canonical text :ile diff]+ f ea* o!r1 b 9 ! conclud+ phrase ,ju/9 has on "o occasion ! ,clem5t9e read+1 ,greek3 ho pata] m\ ho en tois ouranois4 ,9 ,luke vi4 #cf ! ,clem5t9es h ,greek3 g9e/he aga?oi kai ioktirmones1 :]e ,ju/9 has ,greek3 g9e/he *rae/oi kai oiktirmones aga9/ ! ,canonical ,greek3 g9e/he oiktirmones4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x %\ld be said t ! rema9+ quotations common to ! ,clem5t9es & ,ju/9 h to all appe>ance no relation to ea* o!r4 ,?is applies to ,matt4 iv4 #aj1 v4 #ci1 #dj1 vi4 #h1 viii4 #aa1 x4 #bh2 ,luke xi4 #eb4 ,speak+ g5]ally we seem to obs]ve 9 comp>+ ,ju/9 & ! ,clem5t9es ph5om5a n dissimil> to ^? :i* appe> on a comp>ison ) ! ,canonical ,gospels4 ,!re is p]haps ab\t ! same degree at once ( resemblance & div]g5ce4 ,! pr9cipal textual co9cid5ce ) o!r writ]s is t ) ! ,gospel us$ by ! ,m>cosians z quot$ by ,ir5aeus 7,adv4 ,ha]4 i4 #bj4 #c74 ,"h ! read+ ( ,matt4 xi4 #bg is giv5 9 a =m v simil> to t ( ,ju/91 ,greek3 oudeis hegno ton pat]a ei mae ho uhios1 kai 7oude ,ju/97 ton uhion1 ei mae ho pata] kai ho 7ois ,ju/97 ,greek3 an ho uhios apokalupsae4 ,?is v]se h[ev] is quot$ by ! e>ly writ]s1 or?odox z well z h]etical1 9 almo/ e possible way1 & x is n cle> f ! acc\nt 9 ,ir5aeus :e!r ! ,m>cosians us$ an extra- canonical ,gospel or m]ely a diff]5t text ( ! ,canonical4 ,ir5aeus himself seems to hold ! latt] view1 & 9 fav\r ( x may be urg$ ! fact t !y quote passages peculi> bo? to ! fir/ & ! ?ird ,gospel2 on ! o!r h&1 "o ( _! quotations1 ,greek3 pollakis epe?uaesa ak\sai h5a ton logon t\ton1 does n appe> to h a canonical orig9al4 ,on review+ ^! results we f9d !m pres5t a *equ]$ appe>ance4 ,!re are no traces ( co9cid5ce s def9ite & consi/5t z to ju/ify u 9 lay+ ! f+] ^u any p>ticul> extra-canonical ,gospel z t us$ by ,ju/94 ,b ^u ! :ole x seems be/ to assume t "s su* ,gospel 0 us$1 c]ta9ly n to ! exclusion ( ! ,canonical ,gospels1 b probably 9 addition to !m4 ,a confus+ elem5t 9 ! :ole "q is t to :i* we h j allud$ 9 reg>d to ! ,gospel ( ! ,m>cosians4 ,x is (t5 difficult to decide :e!r a writ] has really be=e him an unkn[n docum5t or m]ely a v>iant text ( "o ) :i* we are famili>4 ,9 ! case ( ,ju/9 x is to be notic$ t !re is (t5 a v consid]able approximation to 8 read+s1 n 9 ! be/ text1 b 9 "s v e>ly atte/$ text1 ( ! ,canonical ,gospels4 ,x w be well to collect "s ( ! mo/ prom95t in/ances ( ?is4 ,matt4 iii4 #ae ad f94 ,greek3 kai pur anaeph?ae en to ,iordanae ,ju/94 ,s a4 7,codex ,v]cell5sis ( ! ,old ,lat9 translation7 adds 'et cum baptiz>etur lum5 +5s circumfulsit de aqua ita ut tim]5t onmes qui adv5]ant2' g#a4 7,codex ,sang]man5sis ( ! same7 'lum5 magnum fulgebat de aqua1' c4 ,see above4 ,luke iii4 #bb4 ,ju/9 reads ,greek3 uhios mon ei su1 ego saem]on geg5naeka se4 ,s ,d1 a1 b1 c1 ff1 l1 ,lat9 ,fa!rs 7'nonnulli codices' ,augu/9e74 ,see above4 ,matt4 v4 #bh4 ,greek3 hos un emblepsae = ,greek3 pas ho blepon4 ,orig5 five times z ,ju/91 only once ! accept$ text4 ,matt4 v4 #bi4 ,ju/9 & ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria read "h ,greek3 ekkopson = ,greek3 exele1 probably f ! next v]se or f ,matt4 xviii4 #h4 ,matt4 vi4 #bj4 ,greek3 ouranois ,clem4 ,alex4 ) ,ju/92 ,greek3 ourano ! accept$ read+4 ,matt4 xvi4 #bf4 ,greek3 opheleitai ,ju/9 ) mo/ ,,mss4 bo? ( ! ,old ,lat9 & ( ! ,vulgate1 ! ,curetonian ,syriac 7,cr[foot71 ,clem5t1 ,hil>y1 & ,lucif]1 aga9/ ,greek3 ophelae?aesetai ( ! be/ ,alex&r9e au?orities4 ,matt4 vi4 #ba4 ,!re is a /rik+ co9cid5ce "h ) ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 :o reads1 l ,ju/91 ,greek3 n\s = ,greek3 c>dia2 x w\ld seem t ,clem5t _h probably d]iv$ 8 read+ f ,ju/94 ,matt4 v4 #bb4 ,greek3 ho/is an orgi/hae ,syr4 ,crt4 7,cr[foot72 s ,ju/9 7,greek3 hos74 ,matt4 v4 #af4 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria 7) ,t]tullian & sev]al ,lat9 ,fa!rs7 has ,greek3 lampsato ta erga & ,greek3 ta aga?a erga1 :]e ,ju/9 has ,greek3 lampsato ta kala erga1 = ,greek3 lampsato to phos4 ,bo? read+s w\ld seem to be a gloss on ! orig9al4 ,matt4 v4 #cg4 ,greek3 kai is ins]t$1 z 9 ,ju/91 by a1 b1 g1 h1 ,syr4 ,crt4 & ,p/4 ,luke x4 #af4 ,ju/9 has ! read+ ,greek3 ho em\ ak\on ak\ei ton apo/eilantos me3 s ,d1 i1 l 7( ! ,old ,lat97 9 place ( ,greek3 ho eme a!ton k4t4l42 9 addition to x1 ,e1 a1 b1 ,syr4 ,crt4 & ,hel4 c4 ,matt4 vii4 #bb4 ,greek3 ou to s anomati ephagom5 kai epiom5 ,ju/92 simil>ly ,orig51 f\r times1 & ,syr4 ,crt4 ,luke xiii4 #bg4 ,greek3 anomias = ,greek3 adikias1 ,d & ,ju/94 ,matt4 xiii4 #dc4 ,greek3 lampsos9 = ,greek3 eklampsos9 ) ,ju/91 ,d1 & ,orig5 7twice74 ,matt4 xxv4 #da4 ,( ,ju/9's read+s 9 ?is v]se ,greek3 hupagete = ,greek3 poreue/he is f\nd also 9 ,hebrew3 8 & ,hippolytus1 ,greek3 exot]on = ,greek3 aionion 9 ! cursive manuscript numb]$ #dj 7,cr$n]2 ,i am unable to v]ify ?is71 ,greek3 ho haetoimas5 ho pat] m\ = ,greek3 to haetoimasm5on ,d4 #a1 mo/ ,codd4 ( ! ,old ,lat91 ,ir54 ,t]t4 ,cypr4 ,hil4 ,hipp4 & ,orig5 9 ! ,lat9 translation4 ,luke xii4 #dh4 ,d1 l ,ju/91 has "h ,greek3 pleon = ,greek3 p]issot]on & also ! comp\nd =m ,greek3 apaitaes\s94 ,luke xx4 #bd4 ,?\gh 9 ! ma9 foll[+ 7b loosely7 ! text ( ,luke1 ,ju/9 has "h ,greek3 to nomisma1 z ,matt41 in/ead ( ,greek3 da5>ion2 s ,d4 ,?\gh x w be se5 t ,ju/9 has ?us mu* 9 common ) ,d & ! ,old ,lat9 v]sion1 x %\ld be notic$ t he has ! v]se1 ,luke xxii4 #ai1 & especially ! clause ,greek3 t\to poieite eis ta5 ema5 anamnaes9 :i* is want+ 9 ^! au?orities4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he appe>s to h ) !m & o!r au?orities1 includ+ ,syr4 ,crt41 ! ,agony 9 ! ,g>d5 z giv5 9 ,luke xxii1 #dc1dd1 :i* v]ses are omitt$ 9 ,,mss4 ( ! be/ ,alex&r9e type4 ,luke xxiii4 #cd1 ,ju/9 also has1 ) ! divid$ support ( ! majority ( ,greek ,,mss4 ,vulgate1 c1 e1 f1 ff ( ! ,old ,lat91 ,syr4 ,crt4 & ,p/4 c4 aga9/ ,b1 ,d 7prima manu71 a1 b1 ,memph4 7,,mss47 ,!b4 ,^! read+s repres5t 9 ! ma9 a text :i* 0 und\bt$ly curr5t & widely diffus$ 9 ! second c5tury4 ',?\gh no surviv+ manuscript ( ! ,old ,lat9 v]sion dates be=e ! f\r? c5tury & mo/ ( !m belong to a /ill lat] age1 yet ! g5]al correspond5ce ( _! text ) t ( ! fir/ ,lat9 ,fa!rs is a suffici5t v\*] = its high antiquity4 ,! connexion subsi/+ betwe5 ?is ,lat91 v]sion1 ! ,curetonian ,syriac & ,codex ,bezae1 proves t ! text ( ^! docum5ts is consid]ably old] ?an ! vellum on :i* !y are writt54' ,su* is ,dr4 ,scriv5]'s v]dict ^u ! class ( au?orities ) :i* ,ju/9 %[s ! /ronge/ aff9ity1 & he goes on to add2 ',n[ x may be said )\t extravagance t no set ( ,scriptural records af=ds a text less probable 9 itself1 less su/a9$ by any rational pr9ciples ( ext]nal evid5ce1 ?an t ( ,cod4 ,d1 ( ! ,lat9 codices1 & 7s f> z x accords ) !m7 ( ,cureton's ,syriac4 ,int]polations z insipid 9 !mselves z unsupport$ by o!r evid5ce ab\nd 9 !m all4444 ,x is no less true to fact ?an p>adoxical 9 s\nd1 t ! wor/ corruptions to :i* ! ,new ,te/am5t has ev] be5 subject$ orig9at$ )9 a hundr$ ye>s aft] x 0 compos$' ,endnote #ace3a4 ,?is is a po9t on :i* text critics ( all s*ools are sub/antially agre$4 ,h[ev] mu* !y may diff] 9 o!r respects1 no "o ( !m has ev] ?\ght ( tak+ ! text ( ! ,old ,syriac & ,old ,lat9 translations z ! basis ( an edition4 ,!re c be no "q t ?is text belongs to an advanc$1 ?\gh e>ly1 /age ( corruption4 ,at ! same /age ( corruption1 !n1 ,ju/9's quotations f ! ,gospels are f\nd1 & ?is v fact is a pro( ( ! antiquity ( orig9als s corrupt$4 ,! co9cid5ces are too _m & too great all to be ! result ( accid5t or to be acc\nt$ = by ! p>allel influ5ce ( ! lo/ ,gospels4 ,! pres5ce1 = in/ance1 ( ! read+ ,greek3 o haetoimas5 ho pata] = ,greek3 to haetoimasm5on 9 ,ir5aeus & ,t]tullian 7:o has bo? 'quem praep>avit deus' & 'praep>atum'7 is a pro( t x 0 f\nd 9 ! canonical text at a date little lat] ?an ,ju/9's4 ,& facts su* z ?is1 tak5 toge!r ) ! argum5ts :i* make x little less ?an c]ta9 t ,ju/9 _h ei!r m$iately or imm$iately access to our ,gospels1 r5d] x highly probable t he _h a =m ( ! canonical text be=e him4 ,& yet l>ge z is ! approximation to ,ju/9's text t may be made )\t /irr+ beyond ! b\nds ( atte/$ read+s )9 ! ,canon1 ,i /ill reta9 ! op9ion previ\sly express$ t he did also make use ( "s extra-canonical book or books1 ?\gh :at ! precise docum5t 0 ! data are f> too insuffici5t to enable u to det]m9e4 ,s f> z ! hi/ory ( our pres5t ,gospels is conc]n$1 ,i h only to insi/ ^u ! alt]native t ,ju/9 ei!r us$ ^? ,gospels !mselves or else a lat] "w1 ( ! nature ( a h>mony bas$ ^u !m ,endnote #acf3a4 ,! !ory 7if x is really held7 t he 0 ignorant ( our ,gospels 9 any %ape1 seems to me1 9 view ( ! facts1 :olly unt5able4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,hegesippus--,,papias4 ,dr4 ,lightfoot has r5d]$ a great s]vice to criticism by 8 ma/]ly exposure ( ! fallacies 9 ! argum5t :i* has be5 drawn f ! sil5ce ( ,eusebius 9 respect to ! use ( ! ,canonical ,gospels by ! e>ly writ]s ,endnote #ach3a4 ,! au?or ( ',sup]natural ,religion' is n to be blam$ = us+ ?is argum5t4 ,9 do+ s he has only foll[$ 9 ! wake ( ! ,g]mans :o h h&$ x on f "o to ! o!r )\t putt+ x to a te/ s ?or\gh & conclusive z t :i* has n[ be5 appli$ ,endnote #ach3b4 ,= ! future1 ,i imag9e1 ! "q has be5 set at re/ & w n ne$ to be reop5$ ,endnote #ach3c4 ,dr4 ,lightfoot has %[n1 ) admirable fulness & precision1 t ! object ( ,eusebius 0 only to note quotations 9 ! case ( books ! admission ( :i* into ! ,canon _h be5 or 0 disput$4 ,9 ! case ( works1 su* z ! f\r ,gospels1 t 7 univ]sally ackn[l$g$1 he only records :at seem to him int]e/+ anecdotes or traditions respect+ _! au?ors or ! circum/ances "u :i* !y 7 compos$4 ,?is di/9ction ,dr4 ,lightfoot has e/abli%$1 n only by a c>eful exam9ation ( ! language ( ,eusebius1 b also by comp>+ 8 /atem5ts ) ! actual facts 9 reg>d to writ+s t are /ill extant1 & :]e we are able to v]ify 8 proc$ure4 ,aft] ?us te/+ ! ref]5ces 9 ,eusebius to ,clem5t ( ,rome1 ! ,ignatian ,epi/les1 ,polyc>p1 ,ju/91 ,!ophilus ( ,antio*1 & ,ir5aeus1 ,dr4 ,lightfoot arrives1 by a /rict & ample induction1 at ! conclusion t ! sil5ce ( ,eusebius 9 respect to quotations f any canonical book is s f> an argum5t 9 its fav\r t x %[s ! book 9 "q to h be5 g5]ally ackn[l$g$ by ! e>ly ,*ur*4 ,in/ead ( be+ a pro( t ! writ] did n "k ! "w 9 ref]5ce to :i* ,eusebius is sil5t1 ! presumption is r t he did1 l ! re/ ( ! ,*ur*1 receive x4 ,eusebius only records :at seems to him specially memorable1 except :]e ! place ( ! "w 9 or out ( ! ,canon has itself to be v9dicat$4 ,b if ?is holds good1 !n mo/ ( :at is said aga9/ ! use ( ! ,gospels by ,hegesippus falls to ! gr\nd4 ,eusebius expressly says ,endnote #adj3a t ,hegesippus made occasional use ( ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews 7,greek3 ek te t\ ka?' ,hebrai\s euangeli\ 444 t9a ti?aes974 ,b ap>t f ! conclusion ref]r$ to above1 ! v language ( ,eusebius 7,greek3 ti?aes9 t9a ek7 is en\gh to sugge/ t ! use ( ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews 0 subord9ate & subsidi>y4 ,eusebius c h>dly h spok5 9 ?is way ( '! ,gospel ( :i* ,hegesippus made use' 9 all ! five books ( 8 ',memoirs4' ,! expression tallies exactly ) :at we %\ld expect ( a "w us$ 9 addition to b n to ! exclusion ( our ,gospels4 ,! fact t ,eusebius says no?+ ab\t ^! %[s t 8 read]s w\ld take x = grant$ t ,hegesippus1 z an or?odox ,*ri/ian1 receiv$ !m4 ,) ?is conclusion ! fragm5ts ( ! "w ( ,hegesippus t h come d[n to u agree4 ,! quotations made 9 !m are expla9$ mo/ simply & naturally1 on ! assumption t our ,gospels h be5 us$4 ,! fir/ to :i* we come is m]ely an allusion to ! n>rative ( ,matt4 ii2 ',= ,domitian fe>$ ! com+ ( ! ,*ri/ z mu* z ,h]od4' ,^? !re=e :o take ! /atem5t ( ,eusebius to mean t ,hegesippus us$ only ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews are compell$ to seek = ! acc\nt ( ! ,massacre ( ! ,innoc5ts 9 t ,gospel4 ,x appe>s h[ev] f ,epiphanius t precisely ?is v portion ( ! fir/ ,gospel 0 want+ 9 ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews z us$ bo? by ! ,ebionites & by ! ,naz>5es4 ',b if x be d\btful :e!r "s =ms ( t ,gospel conta9$ ! two op5+ *apt]s ( ,mat!w1 x is c]ta9 t ,j]ome f\nd !m 9 ! v]sion :i* he translat$' ,endnote #ada3a4 ,i am afraid t "h1 z 9 s _m o!r cases1 ! words 'd\btful' & 'c]ta9' are us$ ) v little reg>d to _! mean+s4 ,9 support ( ! inf]5ce f ,j]ome1 ! au?or ref]s to ,de ,wette1 ,s*wegl]1 & an article 9 a p]iodical publication by ,ewald4 ,de ,wette expressly says t ! inf]5ce does n foll[ 7',aus ,comm4 ad ,matt4 ii4 #f 444 ls/ si* ni*t s*liess5 dass er hi]bei das ,evang4 d] ,hebr4 v]gli*5 habe4444 ,ni*t viel bess] beweis5 die ,/4 ad ,jes4 xi4 #a2 ad ,abac4 iii4 #c'7 ,endnote #ada3b4 ,he ?9ks t ! pres5ce ( ^! *apt]s 9 ,j]ome's copy _c be satisfactorily prov$1 b is probable j f ?is allusion 9 ,hegesippus--9 reg>d to :i* ,de ,wette simply foll[s ! traditional1 b1 z we h se51 errone\s assumption t ,hegesippus us$ only ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews4 ,s*wegl] ,endnote #ada3c gives no reasons1 b ref]s to ! passages quot$ f ,j]ome 9 ,cr$n]4 ,cr$n]1 aft] exam9+ ^! passages1 comes to ! conclusion t '! ,gospel ( ! ,naz>5es did n conta9 ! *apt]s' ,endnote #ada3d4 ,ewald's p]iodical ,i _c ref] to1 b ,hilg5feld1 aft] an elaborate review ( ! "q1 decides t ! *apt]s 7 omitt$ ,endnote #ada3e4 ,?is is ! only au?ority ,i c f9d = ! 'c]ta9ty t ,j]ome f\nd !m' 9 8 v]sion4 ,on ! :ole1 !n1 x seems decid$ly m probable 7c]ta9ties we _c deal 97 t ! incid5t ref]r$ to by ,hegesippus 0 miss+ f ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews4 ,t ,gospel !re=e 0 n quot$ by him1 b1 on ! contr>y1 !re is a presumption t he is quot+ f ! ,canonical ,gospel4 ,! n>rative ( ! p>allel ,gospel ( ,/4 ,luke seems1 if n to exclude ! ,massacre ( ! ,innoc5ts1 yet to imply an ignorance ( x4 ,! next passage t appe>s to be quotation occurs 9 ! acc\nt ( ! dea? ( ,james ! ,j2 ',:y d ye ask me conc]n+ ,jesus ! ,son ( ,man8 ,he too sits 9 heav5 on ! "r h& ( ! great ,p[] & w come on ! cl\ds ( heav5' 7,greek3 ,ti me ep]otate p]i ,iaes\ t\ hui\ t\ an?rop\8 kai autos ka?aetai en to ourano ek dexion taes megalaes dunameos1 kai mellei er*e/hai epi ton nephelon t\ ouran\74 ,x seems natural to suppose t ?is is an allusion to ,matt4 xxvi4 #fd1 ,greek3 ap' arti opse/he ton huion t\ an?rop\ ka?aem5on ek dexion taes dunameos1 kai er*om5on epi ton vephelon t\ ouran\4 ,! passage is "o t belongs to ! triple synopsis1 & ! =m 9 :i* x appe>s 9 ,hegesippus %[s a prepond]at+ resemblance to ! v]sion ( ,/4 ,mat!w4 ,m>k ins]ts ,greek3 ka?aem5on betwe5 ,greek3 ek dexion & ,greek3 taes dunameos1 :ile ,luke ?9ks x necess>y to add ,greek3 t\ !\4 ,! ?ird ,evangeli/ omits ! phrase ,greek3 epi ton nephelon t\ ouran\1 altoge!r1 & ! second sub/itutes ,greek3 meta = ,greek3 epi4 ,9 fact ! phrase ,greek3 epi ton vephelon occurs 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t only 9 ,/4 ,mat!w2 ! ,apocalypse1 l ,/4 ,m>k1 has ,greek3 meta & ,greek3 epi only ) ! s+ul>4 ,9 l mann]1 :5 we f9d ,hegesippus us+ ! phrase ,greek3 prosopon ou lambaneis1 ?is seems to be a rem9isc5ce ( ,luke xx4 #ba1 :]e ! synoptic p>allels h ,greek3 blepeis4 ,a m decid$ ref]5ce to ! ?ird ,gospel occurs 9 ! dy+ pray] ( ,/4 ,james2 ,greek3 p>akalo1 kurie !e pat]1 aphes autois2 ou g> oidasiti poi\s91 :i* corresponds to ,luke xxiii4 #cd1 ,greek3 pat]1 aphes autois2 ou g> oidas9 ti poi\s94 ,!re is ! m reason to believe t ,hegesippus' quotation is d]iv$ f ?is s\rce t x reproduces ! peculi> use ( ,greek3 aphi5ai 9 ! s5se ( '=give' )\t an express$ object4 ,?\gh ! ^w is ( v frequ5t occurr5ce1 ,i f9d no o!r in/ance ( ?is 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t ,endnote #adc3a1 & ! ,clem5t9e ,homilies1 9 mak+ ! same quotation1 ins]t ,greek3 tas ham>tias auton4 ,! say+ is well kn[n to be peculi> to ,/4 ,luke4 ,!re is p]haps a balance ( evid5ce aga9/ its g5u95ess1 b ?is is ( little importance1 z x und\bt$ly =m$ "p ( ! ,gospel z e>ly z ,ir5aeus1 :o wrote mu* ab\t ! same "t z ,hegesippus4 ,! rema9+ passage occurs 9 a fragm5t pres]v$ f ,/ephanus ,gob>us1 a writ] ( ! six? c5tury1 by ,photius1 writ+ 9 ! n9?4 ,ref]r+ to ! say+ ',eye ha? n se51' c41 ,gob>us says 't ,hegesippus1 an anci5t & apo/olical man1 ass]ts--he kn[s n :y--t ^! words are va9ly spok51 & t ^? :o use !m give ! lie to ! sacr$ writ+s & to our ,"l ,himself :o said1 ,bless$ are y\r eyes t see & y\r e>s t he>1' c4 ',^? :o use ^! words' are1 we c h>dly d\bt1 z ,dr4 ,lightfoot aft] ,r\? has %[n ,endnote #add3a1 ! ,gno/ics1 ?\gh ,hegesippus w\ld seem to h =gott5 ,i ,cor4 ii4 #i4 ,! anti-,paul9e position assign$ to ,hegesippus on ! /r5g? ( ?is is1 we mu/ say1 unt5able4 ,b = ! pres5t we are conc]n$ r ) ! second quotation1 :i* agrees closely ) ,matt4 xiii4 #bf 7,greek3 humon de mak>ioi hoi oph?almoi hoti blep\s91 kai ta ota humon hoti ak\\s974 ,! =m ( ! quotation has a slightly ne>] resemblance to ,luke x4 #bc 7,greek3 mak>ioi hoi oph?almoi hoi blepontes ha blepete k4t4l471 b ! m>k$ diff]5ce 9 ! rema9d] ( ! ,lucan passage increases ! presumption t ,hegesippus is quot+ f ! fir/ ,gospel ,endnote #add3b4 ,! use ( ! phrase ,greek3 ton !ion graphon is important & rem>kable4 ,!re is n1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 any in/ance ( s def9ite an expression be+ appli$ to an apocryphal ,gospel4 ,x w\ld t5d to prep>e u = ! /rong ass]tion ( ! ,canon ( ! ,gospels 9 ,ir5aeus2 x w\ld 9 fact m>k ! gradually culm9at+ process :i* w5t on 9 ! int]val :i* sep>at$ ,ir5aeus f ,ju/94 ,to ?is int]val ! evid5ce ( ,hegesippus mu/ be tak5 to apply1 because ?\gh writ+ l ,ir5aeus "u ,eleu!rus 7f #agg ,a4,d47 he 0 8 eld] contempor>y1 & _h be5 receiv$ ) high respect 9 ,rome z e>ly z ! episcopate ( ,anicetus 7#aeg-afh ,a4,d474 ,! relations 9 :i* ,hegesippus describes himself z /&+ to ! ,*ur*es & bi%ops ( ,cor9? & ,rome seem to be decisive z to 8 sub/antial or?odoxy4 ,?is w\ld give reason to ?9k t he made use ( our pres5t ,gospels1 & ! few quotations t h come d[n to u confirm t view n inconsid]ably1 ?\gh by !mselves !y might n be q suffici5t to prove x4 ,!re is "o passage t may be ?\ght to po9t to an apocryphal ,gospel1 ',f ^! arose false ,*ri/s1 false prophets1 false apo/les2' :i* recalls a s5t5ce 9 ! ,clem5t9es1 ',= !re %all be1 z ! ,"l said1 false apo/les1 false prophets1 h]esies1 ambitions4' ,x is n1 h[ev]1 ne>] to ?is ?an to ! canonical p>allel1 ,matt4 xxiv4 #bd 7',!re %all arise false ,*ri/s & false prophets'74 #b4 ,9 turn+ f ,hegesippus to ,papias we come at la/ to :at seems to be a def9ite & satisfactory /atem5t z to ! orig9 ( two at lea/ ( ! ,synoptic ,gospels1 & to :at is really ! mo/ enigmatic & tantaliz+ ( all ! patri/ic utt]ances4 ,l ,hegesippus1 ,papias may be describ$ z 'an anci5t & apo/olic man1' & appe>s to h bett] des]v$ ! title4 ,he is said to h suff]$ m>tyrdom "u ,m4 ,aurelius ab\t ! same "t z ,polyc>p1 #afe-afg ,a4,d4 ,endnote #ade3a ,he wrote a comm5t>y on ! ,disc\rses or m prop]ly ,oracles ( ! ,"l1 f :i* ,eusebius extract$ :at seem$ to him 'memorable' /atem5ts respect+ ! orig9 ( ! fir/ & second ,gospels4 ',mat!w1' ,papias said ,endnote #adf3a1 'wrote ! oracles 7,greek3 ta logia7 9 ! ,hebrew tongue1 & e "o int]pret$ !m z he 0 able4' ',m>k1 z ! int]pret] ( ,pet]1 wrote d[n accurately1 ?\gh n 9 ord]1 all t he rememb]$ t 0 said or done by ,*ri/4 ,= he nei!r he>d ! ,"l nor att5d$ ^u ,him1 b lat]1 z ,i said1 ^u ,pet]1 :o taught accord+ to ! occasion & n z compos+ a connect$ n>rative ( ! ,"l's disc\rses2 s t ,m>k made no mi/ake 9 writ+ d[n "s ?+s z he rememb]$ !m4 ,= he took c>e ( "o ?+1 n to omit any ( ! p>ticul>s t he he>d or to falsify any "p ( !m4' 99 99 99 99 99 ,let u take ! second ( ^! /atem5ts fir/4 ,accord+ to x ! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,m>k consi/$ ( notes tak5 d[n1 or r recollect$1 f ! tea*+ ( ,pet]4 ,x 0 n writt5 '9 ord]1' b x 0 an orig9al "w 9 ! s5se t x 0 fir/ put 9 writ+ by ,m>k himself1 hav+ previ\sly exi/$ only 9 an oral =m4 ,does ?is agree ) ! facts ( ! ,gospel z x appe>s to u n[8 ,!re is a c]ta9 ambiguity z to ! phrase '9 ord]4' ,we _c be q sure :at ,papias meant by x1 b ! mo/ natural conclusion seems to be t x meant *ronological ord]4 ,if s1 ! /atem5t ( ,papias seems to be s f> borne out t none ( ! ,synoptic ,gospels is really 9 exact *ronological ord]2 b1 /range to say1 if !re is any 9 :i* an approa* to su* an ord] is made1 x is precisely ?is ( ,/4 ,m>k4 ,?is appe>s f a comp>ison ( ! ?ree ,synoptics4 ,f ! po9t at :i* ! second ,gospel beg9s1 or1 9 o!r words1 f ! ,baptism to ! ,crucifixion1 x seems to give ! outl9e t ! o!r two ,gospels foll[ ,endnote #adg3a4 ,if ei!r ( !m div]ges f x = a "t x is only to return4 ,! e>ly "p ( ,/4 ,mat!w is brok5 up by ! intrusion ( ! s-call$ ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 b all ?is "t ,/4 ,m>k is 9 approximate agreem5t ) ,/4 ,luke4 ,= a %ort space ! ?ree ,gospels g toge!r4 ,!n comes a second break1 :]e ,luke introduces 8 v]sion ( ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt4 ,!n ! ?ree rejo9 & proce$ toge!r1 ,mat!w be+ ?r[n out by ! way 9 :i* he has collect$ ! p>ables into a s+le *apt]1 & ,luke lat] by ! place :i* he has assign$ to ! incid5t at ,naz>e?4 ,aft] ?is ,mat!w & ,m>k proce$ side by side1 ,luke dropp+ out ( ! ranks4 ,at ! confession ( ,pet] he takes 8 place aga91 & !re is a close agreem5t 9 ! ord] ( ! ?ree n>ratives4 ,! incid5t ( ! miracle-work] is omitt$ by ,mat!w1 & !n comes ! ins]tion ( a mass ( extrane\s matt] by ,luke4 ,:5 he resumes ! ?read ( ! common n>rative aga9 all ?ree are toge!r4 ,! ins]tion ( a s+le p>able on ! "p ( ,mat!w1 & omissions on ! "p ( ,luke1 are ! only int]ruptions4 ,!re is an approximate agreem5t ( all ?ree1 we may say1 = ! re/ ( ! n>rative4 ,we obs]ve ?r\gh\t t1 9 by f> ! prepond]at+ numb] ( in/ances1 :]e ,mat!w diff]s f ! ord] ( ,m>k1 ,luke & ,m>k agree1 & :]e ,luke diff]s f ! ord] ( ,m>k1 ,mat!w & ,m>k agree4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 9 ! acc\nt ( ! heal+s 9 ,pet]'s h\se & ( ! p>alytic1 9 ! relation ( ! p>ables ( ,m>k iv4 #a-cd to ! /orm at sea :i* foll[s1 ( ! heal+ ( ,jairus' daught] to t ( ! ,gad>5e demoniac & to ! mission ( ! ,twelve 9 ! place ( ,h]od's reflections 7,m>k vi4 #ad-af71 9 ! w>n+ aga9/ ! ,scribes & ! wid['s mite 7,m>k xii4 #ch-dd71 ! second & ?ird ,synoptics are alli$ aga9/ ! fir/4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! call ( ! f\r *ief ,apo/les1 ! dea? ( ! ,bapti/1 ! walk+ on ! sea1 ! miracles 9 ! l& ( ,g5nes>e?1 ! wa%+ ( h&s1 ! ,canaaniti% woman1 ! fe$+ ( ! f\r ?\s& & ! disc\rses :i* foll[1 ! ambition ( ! sons ( ,zeb$ee1 ! ano9t+ at ,be?any1 & sev]al ins]tions ( ! ?ird ,evangeli/ 9 reg>d to ! la/ ev5ts1 ! fir/ two are alli$ aga9/ him4 ,:ile ,m>k ?us receives su* alt]nat+ support f "o or o!r ( 8 fell[ ,evangeli/s1 ,i am n aw>e ( any cle> case 9 :i*1 z to ! ord] ( ! n>ratives1 !y are1 unit$ & he is alone1 unless we are to reckon z su* 8 ins]tion ( ! incid5t ( ! fugitive betwe5 ,matt4 xxvi4 #ef1 #eg1 ,luke xxii4 #ec1 #ed4 ,x appe>s !n t1 s f> z !re is an ord] 9 ! ,synoptic ,gospels1 ! normal type ( t ord] is to be f\nd precisely 9 ,/4 ,m>k1 :om ,papias alleges to h writt5 n 9 ord]4 ,b aga9 !re seems to be evid5ce t ! ,gospel1 9 ! =m 9 :i* x has come d[n to u1 is n orig9al b bas$ ^u ano!r docum5t previ\sly exi/+4 ,:5 we come to exam9e closely its v]bal relations to ! o!r two ,synoptics1 its normal "* is 9 ! ma9 borne out1 b /ill n q completely4 ,! numb] ( p>ticul>s 9 :i* ,mat!w & ,m>k agree toge!r aga9/ ,luke1 or ,m>k & ,luke agree toge!r aga9/ ,mat!w1 is f> 9 excess ( t 9 :i* ,mat!w & ,luke are agre$ aga9/ ,m>k4 ,m>k is 9 mo/ cases ! middle t]m :i* unites ! o!r two4 ,b /ill !re rema9s a n inconsid]able residuum ( cases 9 :i* ,mat!w & ,luke are 9 comb9ation & ,m>k at v>iance4 ,! figures obta9$ by a n q exact & yet some:at elaborate computation ,endnote #adi3a are ^!2 ,mat!w & ,m>k agree toge!r aga9/ ,luke 9 #afhd p>ticul>s1 ,luke & ,m>k aga9/ ,mat!w 9 #idd1 b ,mat!w & ,luke aga9/ ,m>k 9 only #ccd4 ,^! #ccd in/ances are di/ribut$ pretty ev5ly ov] ! :ole ( ! n>rative4 ,?us 7to take a case at r&om7 9 ! p>allel n>ratives ,matt4 xii4 #a-h1 ,m>k ii4 #bc-bh1 ,luke vi4 #a-e 7! pluck+ ( ! e>s on ! ,sabba? day71 !re are fifty-"o po9ts 7words or p>ts ( words7 common to all ?ree ,evangeli/s1 tw5ty-?ree are common only to ,m>k & ,luke1 t5 to ,m>k & ,mat!w1 & eight to ,mat!w & ,luke4 ,9 ! next section1 ! heal+ ( ! )]$ h&1 tw5ty po9ts are f\nd alike 9 all ?ree ,gospels1 tw5ty-sev5 9 ,m>k & ,luke1 tw5ty-"o 9 ,m>k & ,mat!w1 & five 9 ,mat!w & ,luke4 ,_m ( ^! co9cid5ces betwe5 ! fir/ & ?ird ,synoptics are insignificant 9 ! extreme4 ,?us1 9 ! la/ section ref]r$ to 7,m>k iii4 #a-f,matt4 xii4 #i-ad,luke vi4 #f-aa71 "o is ! ins]tion ( ! article ,greek3 ta5 7,greek3 sunagoga571 "o ! ins]tion ( ,greek3 s\ 7,greek3 ta5 *eira s\71 two ! use ( ,greek3 de = ,greek3 kai1 & "o t ( ,greek3 eip5 = ,greek3 legei4 ,9 ! p>agraph be=e1 ! eight po9ts ( co9cid5ce betwe5 ,mat!w & ,luke are made up ?us1 two ,greek3 kai ae/hion 7,greek kai e/hie971 ,greek3 eipon 7,greek3 eipan71 ,greek3 poie91 eip51 met' aut\ 7,greek3 sun auto71 ,greek3 mon\s 7,greek3 monois74 ,b ?\gh su* po9ts z ^!1 if !y _h be5 few 9 numb]1 might h be5 pass$ )\t notice1 /ill1 on ! :ole1 !y rea* a consid]able aggregate & all are n equally unimportant4 ,?us1 9 ! acc\nt ( ! heal+ ( ! p>alytic1 su* phrases is ,greek epi kl9aes1 apael!n eis ton oikon aut\1 c h>dly h come into ! fir/ & ?ird ,gospels & be abs5t f ! second by accid5t2 s aga9 ! clause ,greek3 alla ball\s9 7blaeteon7 o9on neon eis ask\s ka9\s4 ,9 ! acc\nt ( ! heal+ ( ! bloody flux ! important ^w ,greek3 t\ krasp$\ is ins]t$ 9 ,mat!w & ,luke b n 9 ,m>k2 9 t ( ! mission ( ! twelve ,apo/les1 ! two ,evangeli/s h1 & ! s+le "o has n1 ! phrase ,greek3 kai !rapeue9 noson 7nos\s71 & ! /ill m important clause ,greek3 lego hum9 anektot]on e/ai 7gae7 ,sodomon 444 en haem]a 444 ae tae polei eke9ae3 9 ,luke ix4 #g 7 ,matt4 xiv4 #a7 ,h]od's title is ,greek3 tetr>*aes1 9 ,m>k vi4 #ad ,greek3 basileus2 9 ! succe$+ p>agraph ,greek3 hoi o*loi aekol\?aesan & ! important ,greek3 to p]isseuon 7-san7 are want+ 9 ! int]m$iate ,gospel2 9 ! fir/ prophecy ( ! ,passion x has ,greek3 apo :]e ! o!r two h ,greek3 hupo1 & ,greek3 meta treis haem]as :]e !y h ,greek3 tae tritae haem]a3 9 ! heal+ ( ! lunatic boy x omits ! noticeable ,greek3 kai die/ramm5ae3 9 ! second prophecy ( ! ,passion x omits ,greek3 mellei1 9 ! p>agraph ab\t (f5ces1 ,greek3 el!9 ta sk&ala 444ouai444di h\ er*etai4 ,^! po9ts might be easily multipli$ z we g on2 suffice x to say t 9 ! aggregate !y seem to prove t ! second ,gospel1 9 spite ( its sup]ior orig9ality & adhesion to ! normal type1 /ill does n entirely adh]e to x or ma9ta9 its prim>y "* ?r\gh\t4 ,! !ory t we h 9 ! second ,gospel "o ( ! primitive ,synoptic docum5ts is n t5able4 ,no d\bt ?is is an emb>rass+ result4 ,! "q is easy to ask & difficult to answ]--,if our ,/4 ,m>k does n repres5t ! orig9al =m ( ! docum5t1 :at does repres5t x8 ,! orig9al docum5t1 if n q l our ,m>k1 mu/ h be5 v ne>ly l x2 b h[ did any writ] come to reproduce a previ\s "w ) s little v>iation8 ,if he _h simply copi$ or reproduc$ x )\t *ange1 t w\ld h be5 intelligible2 if he _h add$ freely to x1 t also w\ld h be5 intelligible3 b1 z x is1 he seems to h put 9 a t\* "h & made an erasure !re on pr9ciples t x is difficult = u n[ to foll[4 ,we are inde$ "h at ! v crux ( ,synoptic criticism4 ,= our pres5t purpose h[ev] x is n necess>y t ! "q %\ld be solv$4 ,we h already obta9$ an answ] on ! two po9ts rais$ by ,papias4 ,! second ,gospel is writt5 9 ord]2 x is n an orig9al docum5t4 ,^! two *>act]i/ics make x improbable t x is 9 its pres5t %ape ! docum5t to :i* ,papias alludes4 ,does 8 /atem5t accord any bett] ) ! ph5om5a ( ! fir/ ,gospel8 ,he ass]ts t x 0 orig9ally writt5 9 ,hebrew1 & t ! l>ge majority ( mod]n critics d5y to h be5 ! case ) our pres5t ,gospel4 ,_m ( ! quotations 9 x f ! ,old ,te/am5t are made directly f ! ,septuag9t & n f ! ,hebrew4 ,!re are turns ( language :i* h ! /amp ( an orig9al ,greek idiom & c\ld n h come 9 ?r\gh translation4 ,b1 )\t go+ into ?is "q z to ! orig9al language ( ! fir/ ,gospel1 a %ort] me?od w be to ask :e!r x c h be5 an orig9al docum5t at all8 ,! "w to :i* ,papias ref]r$ cle>ly 0 su*1 b ! v same inve/igation :i* %[s t our pres5t ,/4 ,m>k 0 n orig9al1 tells ) increas$ =ce aga9/ ,/4 ,mat!w4 ,:5 a docum5t exi/s deal+ ) ! same subject-matt] z two o!r docum5ts1 & ^? two o!r docum5ts agree toge!r & diff] f x on z _m z #idd sep>ate po9ts1 !re c be little d\bt t 9 ! great majority ( ^? po9ts x has deviat$ f ! orig9al1 & t x is !re=e second>y 9 "*4 ,x is bo? second>y & second>y on a l[] /age ?an ,/4 ,m>k3 x has pres]v$ ! features ( ! orig9al ) a less am\nt ( accuracy4 ,! po9ts ( ! triple synopsis on :i* ,mat!w fails to receive v]ification are 9 all #idd2 ^? on :i* ,m>k fails to receive v]ification #ccd2 or1 9 o!r words1 ! inaccuracies ( ,mat!w are to ^? ( ,m>k ne>ly z ?ree to "o4 ,9 ! case ( ,luke ! proportion is /ill great]-- z mu* z five to "o4 ,?is is b a ti! ( ! argum5ts :i* %[ t ! fir/ ,gospel is a second>y composition4 ,an orig9al composition w\ld be homog5e\s2 x is m>k$ly het]og5e\s4 ,! fir/ two *apt]s cle>ly belong to a diff]5t /ock ( mat]ials f ! re/ ( ! ,gospel4 ,a broad division is se5 9 reg>d to ! ,old ,te/am5t quotations4 ,^? :i* are common to ! o!r two ,synopti/s are almo/ if n q uni=mly tak5 f ! ,septuag9t2 ^?1 on ! o!r h&1 :i* seem to belong to ! reflection ( ! ,evangeli/ betray m or less di/9ctly ! influ5ce ( ! ,hebrew ,endnote #aec3a4 ,our ,gospel is ?us se5 to be a rec5sion ( ano!r orig9al docum5t or docum5ts & n an orig9al docum5t itself4 ,aga91 if our ,/4 ,mat!w _h be5 an orig9al composition & _h appe>$ f ! fir/ 9 its pres5t full & complete =m1 x w\ld be highly difficult to acc\nt = ! omissions & v>iations 9 ,m>k & ,luke4 ,we %\ld be driv5 back1 inde$1 ^u all ! impossibilities ( ! ',b5utzungs-hypo!se4' ,on ! "o h&1 ! close resemblance betwe5 ! ?ree compels u to assume t ! au?ors h ei!r us$ ea* o!r's works or common docum5ts2 b ! diff]5ces practically preclude ! supposition t ! lat] writ] _h be=e him ! :ole "w ( 8 pr$ecessor4 ,if ,luke _h _h be=e him ! fir/ two *apt]s ( ,mat!w he c\ld n h writt5 8 own fir/ two *apt]s z he has done4 ,aga91 ! "* ( ! n>rative is su* z to be inconsi/5t ) ! view t x proce$s f an eye-witness ( ! ev5ts4 ,^? graphic t\*es1 :i* are s conspicu\s 9 ! f\r? ,gospel1 & come out f "t to "t 9 ! second1 are entirely want+ 9 ! fir/4 ,if p>allel n>ratives1 su* z ! heal+ ( ! p>alytic1 ! cleans+ ( ! ,temple1 or ! fe$+ ( ! five ?\s&1 are comp>$1 ?is w be v cle>ly se54 ,m2 !re are features 9 ! fir/ ,gospel t are to all appe>ance unhi/orical & due to ! peculi> me?od ( ! writ]4 ,he has a way ( r$uplicat+1 s to speak1 ! p]sonages ( "o n>rative 9 ord] to make up = ! omission ( ano!r ,endnote #aed3a4 ,= in/ance1 he is sil5t z to ! heal+ ( ! demoniac at ,cap]naum1 b1 in/ead ( ?is1 he gives u two ,gad>5e demoniacs1 at ! same "t modify+ ! language 9 :i* he describes ?is latt] incid5t aft] ! patt]n ( ! =m]2 9 l mann] he speaks ( ! heal+ ( two bl9d m5 at ,j]i*o1 b only because he _h pass$ ov] ! heal+ ( ! bl9d man at ,be?saida4 ,( a some:at simil> nature is ! add+ ( ! ass's colt to ! ass 9 ! acc\nt ( ! ,triumphal ,entry4 ,!re are also fragm5t>y say+s repeat$ 9 ! ,gospel 9 a way t w\ld be natural 9 a lat] editor piec+ toge!r diff]5t docum5ts & f9d+ ! same say+ 9 ea*1 b unnatural 9 an eye- & e>-witness draw+ ^u 8 own recollections4 ,"s cle> cases ( ?is k9d w\ld be ,matt4 v4 #bi1 #cj 7 ,matt4 xviii4 #h1 #i7 ! (f5d+ memb]1 ,matt4 v4 #cb 7 ,matt4 xix4 #i7 divorce1 ,matt4 x4 #ch1 #ci 7 ,matt4 xvi4 #bd1 #be7 be>+ ! cross1 loss & ga92 & !re are v>i\s o!rs4 ,^! *>act]i/ics ( ! fir/ ,gospel =bid u to suppose t x came fre% f ! h&s ( ! ,apo/le 9 ! %ape 9 :i* we n[ h x2 !y also =bid u to id5tify x ) ! "w allud$ to by ,papias4 ,nei!r ( ! two fir/ ,gospels1 z we h !m1 complies ) ! conditions ( ,papias' description to su* an ext5t t we c claim ,papias z a witness to !m4 99 99 99 99 99 ,b n[ a fur!r enquiry op5s out ^u u4 ,! language ( ,papias does n apply to our pres5t ,gospels2 w x apply to "s e>li] & m prim>y /ate ( ^? ,gospels1 to docum5ts incorporat$ 9 ! works t h come d[n to u b n co-ext5sive ) !m8 ,g]man critics1 x is well kn[n1 di/+ui% betwe5 ',mat?u'--! pres5t ,gospel t be>s ! "n ( ,/4 ,mat!w--& ',ur-,mat?u1' or ! orig9al "w ( t ,apo/le1 ',m>cus'--our pres5t ,/4 ,m>k--& ',ur-,m>cus1' an old] & m orig9al docum5t1 ! real production ( ! companion ( ,/4 ,pet]4 ,is x to ^! t ,papias alludes8 ,"h we h a mu* m t5able & probable hypo!sis4 ,papias says t ,mat!w compos$ '! oracles' 7,greek3 ta logia7 9 ! ,hebrew tongue4 ,! mean+ ( ! ^w ,greek3 logia has be5 mu* debat$4 ,p]haps ! /ricte/ translation ( x is t :i* has be5 giv51 'oracles'--%ort b weighty & solemn or sacr$ say+s4 ,i %\ld be sorry to say t ! ^w w\ld n be> ! s5se assign$ to x by ,dr4 ,we/cott1 :o p>aphrases x felicit\sly 7f 8 po9t ( view7 by our ^w ',gospel' ,endnote #aee3a4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 difficult to help feel+ t ! natural s5se ( ! ^w has to be some:at /ra9$ 9 ord] to make x cov] ! :ole ( our pres5t ,gospel1 & to br+ "u x ! record ( facts to z great an ext5t z disc\rse4 ,x seems at lea/ ! simple/ & mo/ obvi\s int]pretation to conf9e ! ^w /rictly or ma9ly to disc\rse4 ',mat!w compos$ ! disc\rses 7^? brief yet au?oritative disc\rses7 9 ,hebrew4' ,at ?is po9t we are met by a fur!r co9cid5ce4 ,! common matt] 9 ! fir/ ?ree ,gospels is divid$ into a triple synopsis & a d\ble synopsis--! fir/ ( c\rse runn+ ?r\gh all ?ree ,gospels1 ! second f\nd only 9 ,/4 ,mat!w & ,/4 ,luke4 ,b ?is d\ble synopsis is ne>ly1 ?\gh n q1 conf9$ to disc\rse2 :]e x conta9s n>ration prop]1 z 9 ! acc\nt ( ,john ! ,bapti/ & ! ,c5turion ( ,cap]naum1 disc\rse is l>gely m+l$ ) x4 ,b1 if ! matt] common to ,mat!w & ,luke consi/s ( disc\rse1 may x n be ^! v ,greek3 logia t ,papias speaks (8 ,is x n possible t ! two ,evangeli/s _h access to ! orig9al "w ( ,/4 ,mat!w & incorporat$ its mat]ial into _! own ,gospels 9 diff]5t ways8 ,x w\ld ?us be easy to und]/& h[ ! "n t belong$ to a special & important "p ( ! fir/ ,gospel gradually came to be ext5d$ ov] ! :ole4 ,bulk w\ld n unnaturally be a great consid]ation ) ! e>ly ,*ri/ians4 ,! l>g] "w w\ld quickly displace ! small]2 x w\ld conta9 all t ! small] conta9$ ) additions no less valuable1 & w\ld !re=e be eag]ly s\ght by ! conv]ts1 ^: object w\ld be r fulness ( in=mation ?an ! be/ hi/orical atte/ation4 ,! orig9al "w w\ld be simply lo/1 absorb$1 9 ! l>g] works t grew out ( x4 ,?is is ! k9d ( presumption t we h = id5tify+ ! ,logia ( ,papias ) ! second gr\nd docum5t ( ! fir/ ,gospel--! docum5t1 t is1 :i* =ms ! basis ( ! d\ble synopsis betwe5 ! fir/ ,gospel & ! ?ird4 ,z a hypo!sis ! id5tification ( ^! two docum5ts seems to cle> up sev]al po9ts4 ,x gives a 'local habitation & a "n' to a docum5t1 ! sep>ate & indep5d5t exi/5ce ( :i* !re is /rong reason to suspect1 & x expla9s h[ ! "n ( ,/4 ,mat!w came to be plac$ at ! head ( ! ,gospel )\t involv+ too great a brea* 9 ! cont9uity ( ! tradition4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t ,papias is n giv+ 8 own /atem5t b t ( ! ,presbyt] ,john1 :i* dates back to a "t contempor>y ) ! composition ( ! ,gospel4 ,on ! o!r h&1 by ! "t ( ,ir5aeus1 ^: e>ly life ran p>allel ) ! clos+ ye>s ( ,papias1 ! title 0 und\bt$ly giv5 to ! ,gospel 9 its pres5t =m4 ,x is !re=e z difficult to ?9k t ! ,gospel _h no connection ) ! ,apo/le ^: "n x be>s1 z x is impossible to reg>d x z entirely 8 "w4 ,! ,logia hypo!sis seems to sugge/ precisely su* an int]m$iate relation z w satisfy bo? sides ( ! problem4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 /ill difficulties 9 ! way4 ,:5 we attempt to recon/ruct ! 'collection ( disc\rses' ! task is v f> f be+ an easy "o4 ,we d inde$ f9d c]ta9 gr\ps ( disc\rse 9 ! fir/ ,gospel--su* z ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt *4 v-vii1 ! commission ( ! ,apo/les *4 x1 a s]ies ( p>ables *4 xiii1 ( in/ructions 9 *4 xviii1 invectives aga9/ ! ,ph>isees 9 *4 xxvi1 & long es*atological disc\rses 9 *4 xxiv & xxv1 :i* seem at once to give a h&le to ! !ory t ! ,evangeli/ has incorporat$ a "w consi/+ specially ( disc\rses into ! ma9 body ( ! ,synoptic n>rative4 ,b ! appe>ance ( r\ndness & complet5ess :i* ^! disc\rses pres5t is deceptive4 ,if we are to suppose t ! =m 9 :i* ! disc\rses appe> 9 ,/4 ,mat!w at all ne>ly repres5ts _! orig9al /ructure1 !n h[ is x t ! same disc\rses are f\nd 9 ! ?ird ,gospel 9 su* a /ate ( disp]sion8 ,h[ is x1 = in/ance1 t ! p>allel passages to ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt are f\nd 9 ,/4 ,luke scatt]$ ov] *apt]s vi1 xi1 xii1 xiii1 xiv1 xvi1 ) almo/ e possible inv]sion & v>iety ( ord]8 ,aga91 if ! ,mat?aean sections repres5t a sub/antive "w1 h[ are we to acc\nt = ! /range intrusion ( ! triple synopsis into ! d\ble8 ,:at are we to say to ! elaborately brok5 /ructure ( *4 x8 ,on ! o!r h&1 if we are to take ! ,lucan =m z ne>] to ! orig9al1 t orig9al mu/ h be5 a s+ul> agglom]ation ( fragm5ts :i* x is difficult to piece toge!r4 ,x is easy to /ate a !ory t %all look plausible s long z x is conf9$ to g5]al t]ms1 b :5 x comes to be work$ out 9 detail x w seem to be m & m difficult & involv$ at e /ep4 ,! ,logia hypo!sis 9 fact c>ries u at once into ! v nodus ( ,synoptic criticism1 &1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( ! "q1 mu/ be reg>d$ z /ill "s way f be+ e/abli%$4 ,! problem 9 reg>d to ,/4 ,m>k & ! triple synopsis is consid]ably simpl]4 ,"h ! difficulty arises f ! necessity ( assum+ a di/9ction betwe5 our pres5t second ,gospel & ! orig9al docum5t on :i* t ,gospel is bas$4 ,i h already t\*$ ^u ?is po9t4 ,! synoptical analysis seems to conduct u to a gr\nd docum5t greatly resembl+ our pres5t ,/4 ,m>k1 :i* _c h[ev] be q id5tical ) x1 z ! ,canonical ,gospel is f\nd to conta9 second>y features4 ,b ap>t f ! fact t ^! second>y features are s comp>atively few t x is difficult to realise ! exi/5ce ( a "w 9 :i* !y1 & !y only1 %\ld be abs5t1 !re is ?is fur!r ob/acle to ! id5tification ev5 ( ! gr\nd docum5t ) ! ,m>k ( ,papias1 t ev5 9 t orig9al %ape ! ,gospel /ill pres5t$ ! normal type ( ! ,synoptic ord]1 ?\gh 'ord]' is precisely ! *>act]i/ic t ,papias says 01 9 ?is ,gospel1 want+4 ,ev]y:]e we meet ) difficulties & complexities4 ,! te/imony ( ,papias rema9s an enigma t c only be solv$--if ev] x is solv$--by close & detail$ inve/igations4 ,i am b\nd 9 c&\r to say t1 s f> z ,i c see myself at pres5t1 ,i am incl9$ to agree ) ! au?or ( ',sup]natural ,religion' aga9/ 8 critics ,endnote #aei3a1 t ! works to :i* ,papias alludes _c be our pres5t ,gospels 9 _! pres5t =m4 ,:at am\nt ( significance ?is may h = ! enquiry be=e u is a fur!r "q4 ,papias is repeat+ :at he _h he>d f ! ,presbyt] ,john1 :i* w\ld seem to take u up to ! v f\nta9head ( evangelical composition4 ,b su* a /atem5t does n preclude ! possibility ( subsequ5t *anges 9 ! docum5ts to :i* x ref]s4 ,! difficulties & re/rictions ( local communication mu/ h made x h>d = an individual to trace all ! phases ( lit]>y activity 9 a society s widely spread z ! ,*ri/ian1 ev5 if x _h come )9 ! purpose ( ! writ] or 8 in=mant to /ate ! :ole1 & n m]ely ! ess5tial "p1 ( :at he knew4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,clem5t9e ,,homilies4 ,x is un=tunate t !re are n suffici5t mat]ials = det]m9+ ! date ( ! ,clem5t9e ,homilies4 ,once giv5 ! date & a conclusion ( consid]able c]ta9ty c\ld be drawn f !m2 b ! date is unc]ta91 & ) x ! ext5t to :i* !y c be us$ z evid5ce ei!r on "o side or on ! o!r4 ,"s "t 9 ! second c5tury !re sprang up a crop ( h]etical writ+s 9 ! ,ebionite sect :i* 7 falsely attribut$ to ,clem5t ( ,rome4 ,! two pr9cipal =ms 9 :i* ^! h come d[n to u are ! s-call$ ,homilies & ,recognitions4 ,! ,recognitions h[ev] are only extant 9 a ,lat9 translation by ,ruf9us1 9 :i* ! quotations f ! ,gospels h evid5tly be5 assimilat$ to ! ,canonical text :i* ,ruf9us himself us$4 ,!y are n1 !re=e1 9 any case available = our purpose4 ,:e!r ! ,recognitions or ! ,homilies came fir/ 9 ord] ( "t is a "q mu* debat$ among critics1 & ! ev5 way 9 :i* ! be/ op9ions seem to be divid$ is a pro( ( ! unc]ta9ty ( ! data4 ,on ! "o side are rang$ ,cr$n]1 ,ewald1 ,reuss1 ,s*wegl]1 ,s*liemann1 ,uhlhorn1 ,dorn]1 & ,lcke1 :o assign ! priority to ! ,homilies3 on ! o!r1 ,hilg5feld1 ,k/l91 ,rits*l 7d\btfully71 & ,volkm>1 :o give ! fir/ place to ! ,recognitions ,endnote #afb3a4 ,on ! gr\nd ( au?ority p]haps ! pref]5ce %\ld be giv5 to ! fir/ ( ^!1 z repres5t+ m v>i$ p>ties & z c>ry+ ) !m ! great] weight ( s\nd judgm5t1 b x is impossible to say t ! evid5ce on ei!r side is decisive4 ,! majority ( critics assign ! ,clem5t9es1 9 "o =m or ! o!r1 to ! middle ( ! second c5tury4 ,cr$n]1 ,s*liemann1 ,s*olt51 & ,r5an give ?is date to ! ,homilies2 ,volkm> & ,hilg5feld to ! ,recognitions2 ,rits*l to bo? rec5sions alike ,endnote #afb3b4 ,we %all assume hypo!tically t ! ,homilies are rightly ?us dat$4 ,i incl9e myself to ?9k t ?is is m probable1 b1 speak+ objectively1 ! probability c\ld n h a high] value put ^u x ?an1 say1 two 9 ?ree4 ,"o reason = assign+ ! ,homilies to ! middle ( ! second c5tury is pres5t$ by ! ph5om5a ( ! quotations f ! ,gospels :i* correspond g5]ally to ^? t are f\nd 9 writ+s ( ?is date1 & especially1 z has be5 frequ5tly notic$1 to ^? :i* we meet ) 9 ,ju/94 ,i proce$ to give a tabulat$ li/ ( ! quotations4 ,9 ord] to br+ out a po9t ( importance ,i h indicat$ by a lett] 9 ! left m>g9 ! pres5ce 9 ! ,clem5t9e quotations ( "s ( ! peculi>ities ( our pres5t ,gospels4 ,:5 ?is lett] is unbracket$1 x d5otes t ! passage is only f\nd 9 ! ,gospel s indicat$2 :5 ! lett] is enclos$ 9 brackets1 x is impli$ t ! passage is synoptical1 b t ! ,clem5t9es reproduce expressions peculi> to t p>ticul> ,gospel4 ,! direct quotations are m>k$ by ! lett] ,q4 ,_m ( ! ref]5ces are m]ely allusive1 & 9 m x is suffici5tly evid5t t ! writ] has all[$ himself consid]able fre$om ,endnote #afc3a4 ,exact4 ,slightly v>iant4 ,v>iant4 ,rem>ks4 7,m47 #h4ba1 ,luke #d4f-h n>rative4 7,matt4 #d4h-aj71 ,q4 #c4ee1 ,greek3 ho pona]os e/9 ho peirazon41 ,q4 #ae4aj1 ,matt4 #e4c2 ,luke #f4bj4 ,m4 #ag4g1 ,matt4 #e4h4 7,m47 #c4ea ,matt4 #e4 repeat$ ,ep4 ,pet4 #b #ag1ah4 id5tically4 #aa4cb1 ,matt4 #e4 highly cond5s$ #ba-dh4 p>aphrase1 ,greek3 oi en planae4 ,matt4#e4dd1 allusive m]ely4 #ab4cb #de7,luke #c4ai #f4bg1 #bh1 #ce74 ,m4 #c4ef1 ,matt4 #e4cd1 #ce1 ,q4 ,m4 #c4ee ,matt4 #e4cg4 repeat$ id5ti- #ai4b ,q4 cally2 s ,ju/94 7,m47 #c4eg4 ,matt4 #e4de4 ,q4 oblique & allu- #ab4bf sive1 repeat$ #ah4b4 9 "p simi- #aa4ab l>ly2 ,greek3 ph]ei ton hueton4 ,m4 #c4ee1 ,matt4 #f1f1 ,q4 #ai4b1 ,matt4#f4ac ,q4 7,m47 #c4ee1 ,matt4 #f4cb2 comb9ation4 #f4h 7,luke #ab4cj47 #ah4af1 ,matt4 #g4b oblique & allu- 7#ab74 sive4 #c4eb1 ,matt4 #g4g ,greek3 euris- 7,luke #aa4i74 kete = euraeskete 9 bo?4 7,l4,m47 #c4ef1 ,matt4 #g4i-aa /rik+ divi- 7,luke #aa4aa-ac7 sion ( pecu- li>ities ( bo? ,gospels4 #ab4cb ,matt4 #g4ab repeat$ di- #g4d 7,luke v]sely1 #aa4d #f4ca4 allusive4 7,m47 #ah4ag1 ,matt4 #g4 7omissions71 ,q4 #ac1ad4 #g4g4 ,matt4 #g4ac1 allusive p>a- #ad4 phrase4 7,l47 #h4g1 ,luke #f4df4 #aa4ce1 ,matt4 #g4ae4 ,ju/91 9 "p simil>ly1 9 "p div]sely4 7,m47 #h4d1 ,matt4 #h4aa1 7addition71 ,q4 ,ju/9 div]sely4 #ab 7,luke #ac4bi74 #i4ba1 ,matt4 #h4i allusive m]ely4 7,luke #g4h74 7,m47 #c4ef1 ,matt4 #i4ac 7addition71 ,q4 f ,,lxx4 7#ab4g74 7,l4,m47 ,matt4 #aj4 #ac1 #ae ,luke #aj4 #ac4cj1 #e1f1aj- mix$ pecu- #ca4 #ab 7#i4e7 li>ities1 ,m>k oblique & #f4aa4 allusive4 7,l4,m47 #ag4e1 ,matt4 #aj4bh mix$ peculia- 7,luke #ab1d1 #e71 ,q4 rities2 ,ju/9 div]sely4 #ab4ca1 ,matt4 #aj4 allusive m]ely4 #bi1 #cj 7,luke #ab4f1 #g74 #c4ag ,matt4 #aa4aa4 allusive4 ,luke #g4bh4 #h4f1 ,matt4 #aa4be 7addition74 p]haps f 7,luke x4#ba74 ,matt4 #ba4af4 7,m47 #ag4d #ah4d ,matt4 #aa4bg repeat$ simi- #ah4g 7,luke l>ly2 cp4 #ah4ac #aj4bb71 ,q4 ,ju/91 c4 #ah4bj ,m4 #c4eb1 ,matt4 7,m47 #ai4b4 ,matt4 #ab4 ,greek3 allae #bf1 ,q4 p\4 7,m4,l47 #ai4g1 ,matt4 #ab4 #cd 7,luke #f4 #de71 ,q4 ,m4#aa4cc1 ,matt4 7addition71 ,q4 #ab4db4 #aa4cc1 ,matt4 #ab4 #da 7,luke #aa4 #cb71 ,q4 7,m4,l47 ,m4#ec1 ,matt4 #ac4 #af 7,luke #aj4 #bd71 ,q4 ,m4#ah4ae1 ,matt4 #ac4ce4 ,mk4 #ai4bj1 ,m>k #d4cd4 ,m4 #ai4b1 ,matt4 #ac4 #ci1 ,q4 ,m4#c4eb1 ,matt4 #ae4 #ae 7om4 ,greek3 m\71 ,q4 ,matt4 #ae4 n>rative4 #aa4ai #ba-bh 7,m>k ,greek3 ,i\/a #g4bd-cj74 ,suropho9i- kissa4 7,m47 #ag4ah1 ,matt4 #af4 #af 7p>47 ,m4 ,ep4 ,clem4 #b1 allusive m]ely4 ,matt4 #af4ai4 ,m4 ,ep4 ,clem4 #f1 ,matt4 ditto4 #af4ai4 7,m47 #c4ec1 ,matt4 #ag4e 7p>471 ,q4 ,m4 #ab4bi1 ,matt4 #ah4 addition ,greek3 #g1 ,q4 ta aga?a el!94 ,m4 #ag4g1 ,matt4 #ah4aj 7v4l47 7,l47 #c4ga1 ,luke #aj4g4 7ord]7 7,matt4#aj4aj74 ,l4 #ai4b1 ,luke #aj4ah4 ,l4 #i4bb1 ,luke #aj4bj4 allusive m]ely4 ,l4 #ag4e1 ,luke #ah4f- #h1 ,q4 787 #ai4b1 ,greek3 mae ,cp4 ,eph4 #d4bg4 dote prophas9 to pona]o1 ,q4 #c4ec1 ,prophet l,cp4 ,acts #c4bb4 ,moses1 ,q4 7,m47 #c4ed1 ,matt4 #ai4h1 s5se m div]- #d 7,m>k #aj4e1 g5t ?an #f71 ,q4 words4 ,matt4 #ai4 #ag4d #af1ag4 #ah4a ,m>k #aj4 repeat$ simi- #ah4c #ag1ah4 l>ly2 cp4 #ah4ag ,luke #ah4 ,ju/94 #c4eg #ah1ai4 ,l4 #c4fc1 ,luke #ai4 n quotation4 #e4i4 ,m4#h4d1 ,matt4 #bb4 #ad1 ,q4 7,m47 #h4bb1 ,matt4 #bb4i4 allusive m]ely4 #aa4 #c4ej ,matt4 #bb4 #b4ea #bi 7,m>k repeat$ simi- #ah4bj #ab4bd71 ,q4 l>ly4 #c4ej1 ,greek3 dia ti ou eulogon ton graphon2 7,mk47 #c4ee1 ,m>k #ab4bg 7p>471 ,mk4 #c4eg1 ,m>k #ab4bi ,greek3 haemon1 ,q4 #ag4g1 ,m>k #ab4cj allusive4 7,matt4 #bb4cg74 #c4ah1 ,matt4 #bc4b1 ,m4 #c1 ,q4 #c4ah1 ,matt4 #bc4ac repeat$ simi- 7,luke #aa4eb74 l>ly4 #ah4ae4 7,m47 #aa4bi1 ,matt4 #bc4 #be1 #bf1 ,q4 7,mk47 #c4ae1 ,m>k #ac4b 7p>471 ,q4 #c4ae1 ,matt4 #bd4c 7p>471 ,q4 ,l4 ,luke #ai4dc1 ,q4 #af4ba1 ,greek3 esontai pseud- apo/oloi4 7,m47 #c4fj 7#c4fd71 ,matt4 "p repeat$ #bd4de-ea 7 l>ly4 ,luke #ab4db-df74 7,m47 #c4fe1 ,matt4 #be4ba 7 ,luke #ai4ag74 7,m4 ,l47 #c4fa1 ,matt4 #be4bf18 mix$ peculi- #bf1bg 7,luke #ai4 arities4 #bb1bc74 #b4ea;,greek3 #c4ej g9e/he #ah4bj trapezitai dokimoi4 ,m4 #ai4b4 ,matt4 #be4 ,greek3 allae #da1 ,q4 p\4 ,ju/9 ,l4 #aa4bj1 ,luke #bc4cd 7v4l471 ,q4 #ag4g1 ,matt4 #bh4ai4;allusive4 ,by f> ! great] "p ( ! quotations 9 ! ,clem5t9e ,homilies are tak5 f ! disc\rses1 b "s few h ref]5ce to ! n>rative4 ,!re c h>dly be said to be any mat]ial diff]5ce f our ,gospels1 ?\gh sev]al apocryphal say+s & "s apocryphal details are add$4 ,?us ! ,clem5t9e writ] calls ,john a ',hem]obapti/1' i4e4 memb] ( a sect :i* practis$ daily baptism ,endnote #afg3a4 ,he talks ab\t a rum\r :i* became curr5t 9 ! reign ( ,tib]ius ab\t ! 'v]nal equ9ox1' t at ! same season a k+ %\ld arise 9 ,judaea :o %\ld "w miracles1 mak+ ! bl9d to see1 ! lame to walk1 heal+ e disease1 includ+ leprosy1 & rais+ ! dead2 9 ! incid5t ( ! ,canaanite woman 7:om1 ) ,m>k1 he calls a ,syropho5ician7 he adds h] "n1 ',ju/a1' & t ( h] daught] ',b]nice2' he also limits ! m9i/ry ( our ,"l to "o ye> ,endnote #afh3a4 ,o!rwise1 ) ! exception ( ! say+s m>k$ z )\t p>allel1 all ( ! ,clem5t9e quotations h a m or less close resemblance to our ,gospels4 ,we are /ruck at once by ! small am\nt ( exact co9cid5ce1 :i* is consid]ably less ?an t :i* is f\nd 9 ! quotations f ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,! proportion seems l[] ?an x is1 because _m ( ! passages t h be5 ent]$ 9 ! above li/ d n pr(ess to be quotations4 ,ano!r ph5om5on equally rem>kable is ! ext5t to :i* ! writ] ( ! ,homilies has reproduc$ ! peculi>ities ( p>ticul> extant ,gospels4 ,s f> front be+ x a col\rless text1 z x is 9 "s few places :i* pres5t a p>allel to our ,synoptic ,gospels1 ! ,clem5t9e v]sion bo? frequ5tly includes passages t are f\nd only 9 "s "o ( ! canonical ,gospels1 & also1 we may say usually1 repeats ! *>act]i/ic phrases by :i* "o ,gospel is di/+ui%$ f ano!r4 ,?us we f9d t z _m z eighte5 passages reappe> 9 ! ,homilies t are f\nd only 9 ,/4 ,mat!w2 "o ( ! extremely few t are f\nd only 9 ,/4 ,m>k2 & six ( ^? t are peculi> to ,/4 ,luke4 ,tak+ ! fir/ ,gospel1 we f9d t ! ,clem5t9e ,homilies conta9 79 an allusive =m7 ! promises to ! pure 9 he>t2 z a quotation1 ) close resemblance1 ! peculi> precepts 9 reg>d to oa?s2 ! special admonition to mod]ation ( language :i*1 z we h se51 seems prov$ to be ,mat?aean by ! clause ,greek3 to g> p]isson t\ton k4t4l42 ) close resemblance1 aga91 ! directions = secret pray]2 id5tically1 ! some:at rem>kable phrase1 ,greek3 deute pros me pantes hoi kopiontes2 all b id5tically ano!r phrase1 also notewor?y1 ,greek3 pasa phuteia ha5 ouk ephuteus5 ho pata] m\ ho ouranios ekrizo?aesetai2 ) a resemblance t is clos] 9 ! text ( ,b 7,greek3 en to ourano = ,greek3 en ouranois71 ! say+ respect+ ! angels :o behold ! face ( ! ,fa!r2 id5tically aga91 ! text ,greek3 polloi klaetoi1 oligoi de eklektoi3 9 ! %ape ( an allusion only1 ! w$d+ g>m5t2 ) ne> agreem5t1 '! ,scribes & ,ph>isees sit 9 ,moses' seat4' ,all ^! are passages f\nd only 9 ! fir/ ,gospel1 & 9 reg>d to :i* !re is j s mu* presumption t !y _h no l>ge circulation among non-extant ,gospels1 z !y did n f9d _! way into ! two o!r ,gospels t h come d[n to u4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a passage t ,i h n m5tion$ "h :i* conta9s 7if ! canonical read+ is correct7 a /rong indication ( ! use ( our actual ,/4 ,mat!w4 ,! :ole hi/ory ( ?is passage is highly curi\s4 ,9 ! *apt] :i* conta9s s _m p>ables ! ,evangeli/ adds1 by way ( comm5t1 t ?is =m ( address 0 adopt$ 9 ord] 't x might be fulfill$ :i* 0 spok5 by ! prophet1 say+1 ,i w op5 my m\? 9 p>ables2 ,i w utt] ?+s :i* h be5 kept secret f ! f\ndation ( ! _w4' ,?is is accord+ to ! receiv$ text1 :i* attributes ! quotation to '! prophet' 7,greek3 dia t\ prophaet\74 ,x is really tak5 f ,ps4 lxxvii4 #b1 :i* is ascrib$ 9 ! head+ to ,asaph1 :o1 accord+ to ! usage ( writ]s at ?is date1 might be call$ a prophet1 z he is 9 ! ,septuag9t v]sion ( #b ,*ron4 xxix4 #cj4 ,! phrase ,greek3 ho prophaetaes legei 9 quotations f ! ,psalms is n uncommon4 ,! receiv$ read+ is t ( by f> ! majority ( ! ,,mss4 & v]sions3 ! fir/ h& ( ! ,s9aitic1 h[ev]1 & ! valuable cursives #a & #cc ) ! ,ae?iopic 7a v]sion on :i* n mu* reliance c be plac$7 & m4 ( ! ,old ,lat9 7,mai's ',speculum1' pres5t+ a mix$ ,african text7 ,endnote #agj3a1 ins]t ,greek3 ,haesai\ be=e ,greek3 t\ prophaet\4 ,x also appe>s t ,porphyry alleg$ ?is z an in/ance ( false ascription4 ,eusebius admits t x 0 f\nd 9 "s1 ?\gh n 9 ! mo/ accurate ,,mss41 & ,j]ome says t 9 8 day x 0 /ill ! read+ ( '_m4' ,all ?is is v fully & fairly /at$ 9 ',sup]natural ,religion' ,endnote #agj3b1 :]e x is ma9ta9$ t ,greek3 ,haesai\ is ! orig9al read+4 ,! critical "q is "o ( great difficulty2 because1 ?\gh ! evid5ce ( ! ,fa!rs is naturally suspect$ on acc\nt ( _! desire to expla9 away ! mi/ake1 & ?\gh we c easily imag9e t ! correction w\ld be made v e>ly & w\ld rapidly ga9 gr\nd1 /ill ! v great prepond]ance ( critical au?ority is h>d to get ov]1 & z a rule ,eusebius seems to be tru/wor?y 9 8 e/imate ( ,,mss4 ,tis*5dorf 79 8 texts ( #ahfd & #ahfi7 is1 ,i believe1 ! only critic ( late :o has admitt$ ,greek3 ,haesai\ into ! text4 ,! false ascription may be easily p>allel$2 z 9 ,m>k i4 #b1 ,matt4 xxvii4 #i1 ,ju/91 ,dial4 c4 ,tryph4 #bh 7:]e a passage ( ,j]emiah is quot$ z ,isaiah71 c4 ,! relation ( ! ,clem5t9e & ( ! canonical quotations to ea* o!r & to ! ,septuag9t w be repres5t$ ?us3- ,clem4 ,hom4 xviii4 #ae4 ,greek3 ,kai ton ,haesaian eipe92 ,anoixo to /oma m\ en p>abolais kai ex]euxomai kekrumm5a apo katabolaes kosm\4 ,matt4 xiii4 #ce4 ,greek3 ,hopos pla]o! to rhae!n dia ,haesai\8 t\ prophaet\ legontos2 ,anoixo en p>abolais to /oma m\1 ereuxomai kekrumm5a apo katabolaes kosm\ om4 ,greek3 kosm\ a few ( ! be/ ,,mss4 ,,lxx4 ,ps4 lxxvii4 #b4 ,greek3 ,anoixo en p>abolais to /oma m\1 ph!gxomai problaemata ap' ar*aes4 ,! au?or ( ',sup]natural ,religion' cont5ds = ! read+ ,greek3 ,haesai\1 & yet does n see 9 ! ,clem5t9e passage a quotation f ,/4 ,mat!w4 ,he argues1 ) a /range dom9ation by mod]n ideas1 t ! quotation _c be f ,/4 ,mat!w because ( ! diff]5ce ( context1 & decl>es x to be 'v probable t ! passage ) its errone\s ref]5ce 0 d]iv$ by bo? f ano!r & common s\rce4' ,surely x is n necess>y to g back to ! second c5tury to f9d p>allels = ! use ( 'pro( texts' )\t ref]5ce to ! context2 b1 z we h se51 context c\nts = little or no?+ 9 ^! e>ly quotations1--v]bal resemblance is mu* m important4 ,! supposition ( a common e>li] s\rce = bo? ! ,canonical & ! ,clem5t9e text seems to me q out ( ! "q4 ,!re c be little d\bt t ! ref]5ce to ! ,psalm is due to ! fir/ ,evangeli/ himself4 ,precisely up to ?is po9t he goes h& 9 h& ) ,/4 ,m>k1 & ! quotation is introduc$ 9 8 own peculi> /yle & ) 8 own peculi> =mula1 ,greek3 hopos pla]o?ae to rhae!n4 ,i mu/1 h[ev]1 aga9 repeat t ! sure/ crit]ion ( ! use ( a ,gospel is to be s\ght 9 ! pres5ce ( phrases or turns ( expression :i* are %[n to be *>act]i/ic & di/9ctive ( t ,gospel by a comp>ison ) ! synopsis ( ! o!r ,gospels4 ,?is crit]ion c be abundantly appli$ 9 ! case ( ! ,clem5t9e ,homilies & ,/4 ,mat!w4 ,i w notice a little m at l5g? "s ( ! in/ances t h be5 m>k$ 9 ! above table4 ,let u fir/ take ! passage :i* has a p>allel 9 ,matt4 v4 #ah & 9 ,luke xvi4 #ag4 ,! ?ree v]sions w /& ?us3-- ,matt4 v4 #ah4 ,greek3 ,ama5 g> lego hum92 heos an p>el?ae ho ouranos kai hae gae iota en ae mia k]aia ou mae p>el?ae apo t\ nom\1 heos an panta g5aetai4 ,clem4 ,hom4 iii4 #ea4 ,ep4 ,pet4 c4 #b4 ,greek3 ,ho ouranos kai hae gae p>eleusontai1 iota en ae mia k]aia ou mae p>el?ae apo t\ nom\ ,ep4 ,pet4 adds ,greek3 t\to de eiraek51 h9a ta panta g5aetai4 ,luke xvi4 #ag4 ,greek3 ,eukopot]on de e/i1 ton ouranon kai ta5 ga5 p>el!91 ae t\ nom\ mian k]aian pese94 ,x w be se5 t 9 ! ,clem5t9es ! passage is quot$ twice ov]1 & ea* "t ) ! v>iation ,greek p>eleusontai = ,greek3 heos an p>el?ae4 ,! au?or ( ',sup]natural ,religion' argues f ?is t he is quot+ f ano!r ,gospel ,endnote #agb3a4 ,no d\bt ! fact does tell1 s f> z x goes1 9 t direction1 b x is easy to atta* too mu* weight to x4 ,! ph5om5on ( repeat$ v>iation may be ev5 said to be a common "o 9 "s writ]s4 ,dr4 ,we/cott ,endnote #agb3b has adduc$ examples f ,*ryso/om1 & !y w\ld be z easy to f9d 9 ,epiphanius or ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 :]e we c h no d\bt t ! canonical ,gospels are be+ quot$4 ,a slight & natural turn ( expression su* z ?is easily fixes itself 9 ! memory4 ,! au?or also insi/s t ! passage 9 ! ,gospel quot$ 9 ! ,clem5t9es end$ ) ! ^w ,gre53 nom\2 b ,i ?9k x may be left to any imp>tial p]son to say :e!r ! addition 9 ! ,epi/le ( ,pet] does n naturally po9t to a t]m9ation su* z is f\nd 9 ! fir/ canonical ,gospel4 ,our critic seems unable to free himself f ! /&po9t 7:i* he repres5ts ably en\gh7 ( ! mod]n ,engli%man1 or else is little famili> ) ! fanta/ic tra9s & connections ( reason+ :i* are *>act]i/ic ( ! ,clem5t9es4 ,turn+ f ^! objections & comp>+ ! ,clem5t9e quotation fir/ ) ! text ( ,/4 ,mat!w & !n ) t ( ,/4 ,luke1 we _c b be /ruck ) its v close resemblance to ! =m] & ) ! wide div]g5ce ( ! latt]4 ,! passage is "o :]e almo/ e ^w & syllable might easily & naturally be alt]$--z ! ?ird ,gospel %[s t !y h be5 alt]$--& yet 9 ! ,clem5t9es almo/ e peculi>ity ( ! ,mat?aean v]sion has be5 reta9$4 ,ano!r quotation :i* %[s ! delicacy ( ^! v]bal relations is t :i* corresponds to ,matt4 vi4 #cb 7 ,luke xii4 #cj73-- ,matt4 vi4 #cb4 ,greek3 ,oide g> ho pata] humon ho ouranios1 hoti *raezete t\ton hapanton4 ,clem4 ,hom4 iii4 #ee4 ,greek3 ephae ,oid5 g> ho pata] humon ho ouranios hoti *raezete t\ton hapanton1 pr9 auton axiosaete 7cp4 ,matt4 vi4 #h74 ,luke xii4 #cj4 ,greek3 ,humon de ho pata] oid5 hoti *raezete t\ton4 ,! natural inf]5ce f ! exactness ( ?is co9cid5ce ) ! language ( ,mat!w z comp>$ ) ,luke1 is n neutralis$ by ! p>aphra/ic addition f ,matt4 vi4 #h1 because su* additions & comb9ations1 z w h be5 se5 f our table ( quotations f ! ,old ,te/am5t1 are ( frequ5t occurr5ce4 ,! quotation ( ,matt4 v4 #de 7 ,luke vi4 #ce7 is a good example ( ! way 9 :i* ! pseudo-,clem5t deals ) quotations4 ,! passage is quot$ z (t5 z f\r times1 ) wide diff]5ce & inde$ complete confusion ( text4 ,x is impossible to det]m9e :at text he really _h be=e him2 b ?r\gh all ?is confusion !re is traceable a lean+ to ! ,mat?aean type r ?an ! ,lucan1 7,greek3 ho pata] ho en tois ouranois 444 ton aelion aut\ anatellei epi aga?\s kai pona]\s74 ,x does1 h[ev]1 appe> t he _h "s su* phrase z ,greek3 hueton ph]ei or ,greek3 p>e*ei = ,greek3 bre*ei1 & 9 "o ( 8 quotations he has ! ,greek3 g9e/he aga?oi 7= ,greek3 *rae/oi7 ,greek3 kai oiktirmones ( ,ju/94 ,ju/91 on ! o!r h&1 c]ta9ly _h ,greek3 bre*ei4 ,!1 9 any case1 p>aphra/ic quotation or quotations :i* f9d a p>allel 9 ,matt4 vii4 #ac1 #ad & ,luke xiii4 #bd are important z seem+ to indicate t1 if n tak5 f our ,gospel1 !y are tak5 f ano!r 9 a lat] /age ( =mation4 ,! *>act]i/ic ,mat?aean expressions ,greek3 /5ae & ,greek3 te?limm5ae are reta9$1 b ! di/9ction betwe5 ,greek3 pulae & ,greek3 hodos has be5 lo/1 & bo? ! epi!ts are appli$ indiscrim9ately to ,greek3 hodos4 ,9 ! n>rative ( ! confession ( ,pet]1 :i* belongs to ! triple synopsis1 & is assign$ by ,ewald to ! ',collection ( ,disc\rses1' ,endnote #agd3a by ,weiss ,endnote #agd3b & ,holtzmann ,endnote #age3a to ! orig9al ,gospel ( ,/4 ,m>k1 ! ,clem5t9e writ] foll[s ,mat!w alone 9 ! phrase ,greek3 ,su ei ho huios t\ zontos ,!\4 ,! synoptic p>allels are-- ,matt4 xvi4 #af4 ,greek3 ,su ei ho ,*ri/os1 ho huios t\ ,!\ t\ zontos4 ,m>k viii4 #bi4 ,greek3 ,su ei ho ,*ri/os4 ,luke ix4 #bj4 ,greek3 ton ,*ri/on t\ ,!\4 ,holtzmann & ,weiss seem to agree 7! "o explicitly1 ! o!r implicitly7 9 tak+ ! words ,greek3 ho huios t\ ,!\ t\ zontos z an addition by ! fir/ ,evangeli/ & z n a "p ( ! text ( ! orig9al docum5t4 ,9 t case !re w\ld be ! /ronge/ reason to ?9k t ! pseudo-,clem5t _h made use ( ! canonical ,gospel4 ,ewald1 h[ev]1 we may inf]1 f 8 assign+ ! passage to ! ',collection ( ,disc\rses1' reg>ds x z pres5t$ by ,/4 ,mat!w mo/ ne>ly 9 its orig9al =m1 ( :i* ! o!r two synoptic v]sions w\ld be abbreviations4 ,if ?is 7 s1 x w\ld !n be possible t ! ,clem5t9e quotation 0 made directly f ! orig9al docum5t or f a second>y docum5t p>allel to our fir/ ,gospel4 ,! "q t is op5$ out z to ! composition ( ! ,synoptics is "o ( great difficulty & complexity4 ,9 any case !re is a balance ( probability1 m or less decid$1 9 fav\r ( ! ref]5ce to our pres5t ,gospel4 ,ano!r v simil> in/ance occurs 9 ! next section ( ! synoptic n>rative1 ! ,transfiguration4 ,"h aga9 ! ,clem5t9e ,homilies ins]t a phrase :i* is only f\nd 9 ,/4 ,mat!w1 ,greek3 ,h\tos e/9 m\ ho huios ho agapaetos1 eis hon 7,greek3 en ho ,matt47 ,greek3 aeudokaesa4 ,ewald & ,holtzmann say no?+ ab\t ! orig9 ( ?is phrase2 ,weiss ,endnote #agf3a ?9ks x is probably due to ! fir/ ,evangeli/4 ,9 t case !re w\ld be an all b conclusive pro(--9 any case !re w be a presumption--t our fir/ ,gospel has be5 foll[$4 ,b "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+1 z well z ! cle>e/1 indications ( ! use ( ! fir/ ,synoptic is d]iv$ f ! disc\rse direct$ aga9/ ! ,ph>isees4 ,x w be well to give ! p>allel passages 9 full3-- ,matt4 xxiii4 #be1 #bf4 ,greek3 ,ouai hum9 grammateis kai ,ph>isaioi1 hupokritai1 hoti ka?>izete to exo!n t\ pota]i\ kai taes p>opsidos1 eso!n de gem\s9 ex h>pagaes kai adikias4 ,ph>isaie tuphle1 ka?>ison proton to entos t\ pota]i\ kai taes p>opsidos1 h9a g5aetai kai to ektos auton ka?>on4 ,clem4 ,hom4 xi4 #bi4 ,greek3 ,ouai hum9 grammateis kai ,ph>isaioi1 hupokritai1 hoti ka?>izete t\ pota]i\ kai taes p>opsidos to exo!n1 eso!n de gemei rhup\s4 ,ph>isaie tuphle1 ka?>ison proton t\ pota]i\ kai taes p>opsidos to eso!n1 h9a g5aetai kai ta exo auton ka?>a4 ,luke xi4 #ci4 ,greek3 ,nun humeis hoi ,ph>isaioi to exo!n t\ pota]ion kai t\ p9akos ka?>izete1 to de eso!n humon gemei h>pagaes kai pona]ias4 ,aphrones ou* ho poiaesas to exo!n kai to eso!n epoiaese8 ,"h !re is a v rem>kable transition 9 ! fir/ ,gospel f ! plural to ! s+ul> 9 ! sudd5 turn ( ! address1 ,greek3 ,ph>isaie tuphle4 ,?is d]ives no c\nt5ance f ! ?ird ,gospel1 b is exactly reproduc$ 9 ! ,clem5t9e ,homilies1 :i* foll[ closely ! ,mat?aean v]sion ?r\gh\t4 ,we may def] = ! pres5t ! notice ( a few passages :i* ) a m or less close resemblance to ,/4 ,mat!w also conta9 "s ( ! peculi>ities ( ,/4 ,luke4 ,tak+ into acc\nt ! :ole ext5t to :i* ! special peculi>ities ( ! fir/ ,gospel reappe> 9 ! ,clem5t9es1 ,i ?9k we %all be left 9 little d\bt t t ,gospel has be5 actually us$ by ! writ]4 ,! peculi> features ( our pres5t ,/4 ,m>k are kn[n to be extremely few1 yet sev]al ( ^! are also f\nd 9 ! ,clem5t9e ,homilies4 ,9 ! quotation ,m>k x4 #e1 #f 7 ,matt4 xix4 #h1 #d7 ! ord] ( ,m>k is foll[$1 ?\gh ! words are m ne>ly ^? ( ,mat!w4 ,9 ! div]g5t quotation ,m>k xii4 #bd 7 ,matt4 xxii4 #bi7 ! ,clem5t9es1 ) ,m>k1 introduce ,greek3 dia t\to4 ,! conclud+ clause ( ! discussion ab\t ! ,levirate m>riage /&s 7accord+ to ! be/ read+s7 ?us3-- ,matt4 xxii4 #cb4 ,greek3 ,ouk e/9 ho ,!os nekron1 alla zonton4 ,m>k xii4 #bg4 ,greek3 ,ouk e/9 ,!os nekron1 alla zonton4 ,luke xx4 #ch4 ,greek3 ,!os de ouk e/9 nekron1 alla zonton4 ,clem4 ,hom4 iii4 #ee4 ,greek3 ,ouk e/9 ,!os nekron1 alla zonton4 ,"h ,greek3 ,!os is 9 ,m>k & ! ,clem5t9es a pr$icate1 9 ,mat!w ! subject4 ,9 ! introduction to ! ,es*atological disc\rse ! ,clem5t9es approa* m ne>ly to ,/4 ,m>k ?an to any o!r ,gospel3 ,greek3 ,horate 7,greek3 blepeis1 ,m>k7 ,greek3 tas 7,greek3 megalas1 ,m>k7 ,greek3 oikodomas tautas2 ama5 hum9 lego 7z ,matt47 ,greek3 li?os epi li?on ou mae aphe?ae ode1 hos ou mae 7z ,m>k7 ,greek3 ka?aire?ae 7,greek3 katalu?ae1 ,m>k2 o!r ,gospels1 future74 ,in/ead ( ,greek3 tas oikodomas t\tas ! o!r ,gospels h ,greek3 tauta--tauta panta4 ,b !re are two /rong] cases ?an ^!4 ,! ,clem5t9es & ,m>k alone h ! op5+ clause ( ! quotation f ,deut4 vi4 #d1 ,greek3 ,ak\e1 ,israael1 ,kurios ho ,!os haemon kurios eis e/94 ,9 ! synopsis ( ! fir/ ,gospel ?is is omitt$ 7,matt4 xxii4 #cg74 ,!re is a v>iation 9 ! ,clem5t9e text1 :i* = ,greek3 haemon has1 accord+ to ,dressel1 ,greek3 s\1 &1 accord+ to ,coteli]1 ,greek3 humon4 ,bo? ^! read+s h[ev] are repres5t$ among ! au?orities = ! canonical text3 ,greek3 s\ is f\nd 9 c 7,codex ,colb]t9us1 "o ( ! be/ copies ( ! ,old ,lat971 9 ! ,memphitic & ,ae?iopic v]sions1 & 9 ! ,lat9 ,fa!rs ,cyprian & ,hil>y2 ,greek3 humon 7ve/]7 has ! au?ority ( ! ,vi5nese fragm5t i1 ano!r repres5tative ( ! primitive ,african =m ( ! ,old ,lat9 ,endnote #agh3a4 ,! objection to ! inf]5ce t ! quotation is made f ,/4 ,m>k1 d]iv$ f ! context 9 :i* x appe>s 9 ! ,clem5t9es1 is really q nugatory4 ,x is true t ! quotation is address$ to ^? ':o 7 beguil$ to imag9e _m gods1' & t '!re is no h9t ( ! ass]tion ( _m gods 9 ! ,gospel' ,endnote #agh3b2 b j z little h9t is !re ( ! ass]tion 't ,god is evil' 9 ! quotation ,greek3 mae me legete aga?on j be=e4 ,!re is n ! slighte/ reason to suppose t ! ,gospel f :i* ! ,clem5t9es quote w\ld conta9 any su* ass]tion4 ,9 ?is p>ticul> case ! mode ( quotation _c be said to be v unscrupul\s2 b ev5 if x 7 m s we ne$ n g back to antiquity = p>allels3 !y are to be f\nd 9 abundance 9 any ord9>y collection ( pro( texts ( ! ,*ur* ,cate*ism or ( ! ,?irty-n9e ,articles1 or 9 mo/ works ( popul> controv]sy4 ,i mu/ confess to my surprise t su* an objection c\ld be made by an exp]i5c$ critic4 ,cr$n] ,endnote #agi3a gives ! la/ z ! "o decid$ approximation to our second ,gospel1 app>5tly ov]look+ ! m9or po9ts m5tion$ above2 b1 at ! "t :5 he wrote1 ! conclud+ portion ( ! ,homilies1 :i* conta9s ! o!r mo/ /rik+ in/ance1 _h n yet be5 publi%$4 ,) reg>d to ?is second in/ance1 ,i mu/ express my agreem5t ) ,canon ,we/cott ,endnote #agi3b aga9/ ! au?or ( ',sup]natural ,religion4' ,! passage /&s ?us 9 ! ,clem5t9es & ! ,gospel3-- ,clem4 ,hom4 xix4 #bj4 ,greek3 ,dio kai tois aut\ ma?aetais kat' idian epelue taes ton ouranon basileias ta mu/a]ia4 ,m>k iv4 #cd4 444 ,greek3 kat' idian de tois ma?aetais aut\ epelu5 panta 7comp>e iv4 #aa1 ,greek3 hum9 to mu/a]ion d$otai taes basileias t\ ,!\74 ,! canonical read+1 ,greek3 tois ma?aetais aut\1 re/s *iefly ^u ,we/]n au?ority 7,d1 b1 c1 e1 f1 ,vulg47 ) ,a1 #a1 #cc1 c4 & is adopt$ by ,tregelles--x %\ld be not$ be=e ! discov]y ( ! ,codex ,s9aiticus4 ,! true read+ is probably t :i* appe>s 9 ?is ,,ms4 along ) ,b1 ,c1 ,l1 ,greek3 ,delta symbol1 ,greek3 tois idiois ma?aetais4 ,we h h[ev] already se5 ! lean+ ( ! ,clem5t9es = ,we/]n read+s4 ,:5 we comp>e ! synopsis ( ,/4 ,m>k & ,/4 ,mat!w toge!r we %\ld be incl9$ to set ?is d[n z a v decid$ in/ance ( quotation f ! =m]4 ,! only circum/ance t detracts f ! c]ta9ty ( ?is conclusion is t a quotation _h be5 made j be=e :i* is c]ta9ly n f our canonical ,gospels1 ,greek3 ta mu/a]ia emoi kai tois huiois t\ oik\ m\ phulaxate4 ,?is is rightly not$ 9 ',sup]natural ,religion4' ,all t we c say is t x is a drawback--x is j a makeweight 9 ! opposite scale1 z sugge/+ t ! second quotation may be also f an apocryphal ,gospel2 b x does n by any means s]ve to c\nt]balance ! presumption t ! quotation is canonical4 ,! co9cid5ce ( language is v m>k$4 ,! peculi> comp\nd ,greek3 epiluo occurs only once besides 7,greek3 epilusis also once7 9 ! :ole ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & n at all 9 ! ,gospels4 ,) ! ?ird ,gospel also !re are co9cid5ces4 ,( ! passages peculi> to ?is ,gospel ! ,clem5t9e writ] has ! fall ( ,satan 7,greek3 ton pona]on1 ,clem47 l lightn+ f heav51 'rejoice t y\r names are writt5 9 ! book ( life' 7exp&$ ) evid5t fre$om71 ! unju/ judge1 ,zac*aeus1 ! circumvallation ( ,j]usalem1 & ! pray]1 = ! =giv5ess ( ! ,jews1 ^u ! cross4 ,x is unlikely t ^! passages1 :i* are want+ 9 all our extant ,gospels1 %\ld h _h any o!r s\rce ?an our ?ird ,synoptic4 ,! 'circumvallation' 7,greek3 p]i*>akos\s9 ,clem41 ,greek3 p]ibal\s9 *>aka ,luke7 is especially important1 z x is probable1 & believ$ by _m critics1 t ?is p>ticul> detail 0 add$ by ! ,evangeli/ aft] ! ev5t4 ,! p>able ( ! unju/ judge1 ?\gh reproduc$ ) some?+ ( ! fre$om to :i* we are accu/om$ 9 patri/ic n>rative quotations bo? f ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t1 has yet rem>kable simil>ities ( /yle & diction 7,greek3 ho kritaes taes adikias1 poiaesei ta5 ekdikaes9 ton boonton pros auton haem]as kai nuktos1 ,lego hum91 poaesei444 en ta*ei74 ,we h to add to ^! ano!r class ( peculi>ities :i* occur 9 places :]e ! synoptic p>allel has be5 pres]v$4 ,?us 9 ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt we f9d ! foll[+3-- ,matt4 vii4 #ba4 ,greek3 ,ou pas ho legon moi1 ,kurie1 ,kurie1 eiseleusetai eis ta5 basileian ton ouranon1 all' ho poion to !laema t\ patros m\ t\ en ouranois ,clem4 ,hom4 viii4 #g4 ,greek3 ,ti me legeis ,kurie1 ,kurie1 kai ou poieis a lego2 ,luke1 vi4 #df4 ,greek3 ,ti de me kaleite ,kurie1 ,kurie1 kai ou poeite a lego2 ,?is is "o ( a class ( passages :i* =m ! cruces ( ,synoptic criticism4 ,x is almo/ equally difficult to ?9k & n to ?9k t bo? ! canonical p>allels are drawn f ! same orig9al4 ,! great majority ( ,g]man critics ma9ta9 t !y are1 & mo/ ( ^! w\ld seek t orig9al 9 ! ',spru*sammlung' or ',collection ( ,disc\rses' by ! ,apo/le ,/4 ,mat!w4 ,?is is usually 7?\gh n q unanim\sly7 held to h be5 pres]v$ mo/ intact 9 ! fir/ ,gospel4 ,b if s1 ! ,lucan v]sion repres5ts a wide deviation f ! orig9al1 & precisely 9 proportion to ! ext5t ( t deviation is ! probability t ! ,clem5t9e quotation is bas$ ^u x4 ,! m ! individuality ( ! ,evangeli/ has ent]$ into ! =m giv5 to ! say+ ! /rong] is ! presumption t 8 "w lay be=e ! writ] ( ! ,clem5t9es4 ,9 any case ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,mat?aean & ,lucan v]sions %[s :at v>i\s %apes ! synoptic tradition naturally assum$1 & makes x s mu* ! less likely t ! co9cid5ce betwe5 ,/4 ,luke & ! ,clem5t9es is m]ely accid5tal4 ,ano!r simil> case1 9 :i* ! issue is pres5t$ v cle>ly1 is af=d$ by ! quotation1 ',! lab\r] is wor?y ( 8 hire4' ,matt4 x4 #aa4 ,greek3 ,axios g> ho ergataes taes trophaes aut\ e/94 ,clem4 ,hom4 iii4 #ga4 ,greek3 lagisam5oi hoti axios e/9 ho ergataes t\ mi/h\ aut\2 ,luke x4 #g4 ,greek3 ,axios g> ho ergataes t\ mi/h\ aut\ e/i4 ,"h1 if ! ,clem5t9e writ] _h be5 foll[+ ! fir/ ,gospel1 he w\ld h _h ,greek3 trophaes & n ,greek3 mi/h\2 & ! assumption t !re 0 "h a non-extant ,gospel co9cid5t ) ,/4 ,luke is entirely gratuit\s &1 to an ext5t1 improbable4 ,besides ^!1 x w be se51 by ! tables giv5 above1 t !re are z _m z eight passages 9 :i* ! peculi>ities n only ( "o b ( bo? ,gospels 7! fir/ & ?ird7 appe> simultane\sly4 ,p]haps x may be well to give examples ( ^! be=e we make any comm5t ^u !m4 ,we may ?us take-- ,matt4 vii4 #i-aa4 ,greek3 ,ae tis e/9 ex humon an?ropos1 hon ean aitaesae ho huios aut\ arton1 mae li?on epidosei auto2 kai ean i*?un aitaesae mae oph9 epidosei auto2 ei oun humeis pona]oi ontes oidate domata aga?a didonai tois teknois humon1 poso mallon ho pata] humon ho en tois ouranois dosei aga?a tois ait\s9 auton2 ,clem4 ,hom4 iii4 #ef4 ,greek3 ,t9a aitaesei huios arton1 mae li?on epidosei auto2 ae kai i*?un aitaesei1 mae oph9 epidosei auto2 ei oun humeis1 pona]oi ontes1 oidate domata aga?a didonai tois teknois humon1 poso mallon ho pata] humon ho ouranios dosei aga?a tois ait\m5ois auton kai tois poi\s9 to !lema aut\2 ,luke xi4 #aa-ac4 ,greek3 ,t9a de ex humon ton mat]a aitaesei ho huios arton1 mae li?on epidosei auto2 ae kai i*?un1 mae anti i*?uos oph9 epidosei auto1 ae kai ean aitaeoae oon1 mae epidosei auto skorpion2 ei oun humeis1 pona]oi hum>*ontes1 oidate domata aga?a didonai tois teknois humon1 poso mallon ho pata] ho ex ouran\ dosei pneuma hagion tois ait\s9 auton2 ,9 ! e>li] "p ( ?is quotation ! ,clem5t9e writ] seems to foll[ ! ?ird ,gospel 7,greek3 t9a aitaesei1 hae kai72 9 ! lat] "p ! fir/ 7omission ( ! anti!sis betwe5 ! egg & ! scorpion1 ,greek3 ontes1 dosei aga?a74 ,! two ,gospels are comb9$ aga9/ ! ,clem5t9es 9 ,greek3 hex humon & ! simpl] ,greek3 tois ait\s9 auton4 ,! second example %all be-- ,matt4 x4 #bh4 ,greek3 ,kai mae ?obei/he hapo ton apo/e9onton to soma1 ta5 de psu*a5 mae dunam5on apo/e9an ?obei/he de mallon ton dunama5on kai psu*a5 kai soma apolesai en ge5nae4 ,clem4 ,hom4 xviii4 #e4 ,greek3 ,mae phobae?aete apo t\ apo/e9ontos to soma tae de psu*ae mae dunam5\ ti poiaesai phobae?aete t\ dunam5on kai soma kai psu*a5 eis ta5 ge5nan t\ puros bale94 ,nai1 lego hum91 t\ton phobae?aete4 ,luke xii4 #d1 #e4 ,greek3 ,mae phobae?aete apo ton apo/e9onton to soma kai meta tauta mae e*onton p]issot]on ti poiaesai4 ,hupodeixo de hum9 t9a phobae?aete phobae?aete ton meta to apo/e9ai e*onta ex\sian embale9 eis ton ge5nan nai1 lego hum91 t\ton phobae?aete4 ,9 common ) ,mat!w ! ,clem5t9es h ,greek3 tae de psu*ae 7acc4 ,matt47 444 ,greek3 dunam5on7,greek3 -on ,matt471 & ,greek3 dunam5on kai soma kai psu*a5 79 inv]t$ ord]1 ,matt472 9 common ) ,luke ,greek3 mae phobae?aete1 ti poiaesai1 embale9 eis1 & ! clause ,greek3 nai k4t4l4 ,! two ,gospels agree aga9/ ! ,clem5t9es 9 ! plural ,greek3 ton apo/e9onton4 ,"o m long] quotation3-- ,matt4 xxiv4 #de-ea4 ,greek3 ,tis ara e/9 ho pi/os d\los kai phronimos1 hon kate/aes5 ho kurios aut\ epi taes !rapeias aut\ t\ d\nai autois ta5 tropha5 en kairo8 mak>ios ho d\los eke9os hon el?on ho kurios aut\ heuraesei h\to poi\nta 444 ,ean de eipae ho kakos d\los eke9os en tae k>dia aut\2 *ronizei m\ ho kurios1 kai arxaetai tupte9 t\s sund\l\s aut\ e/hiae de kai p9ae meta ton me?uonton1 haexei ho kurios t\ d\l\ eke9\ en haem]a hae ou prosdoka kai en hora hae ou g9oskei1 kai di*otomaesei auton kai to m]os aut\ meta ton hupokriton ?aesei4 ,clem4 ,hom4 iii4 #fj4 ,greek3 ,!\ g> b\lae anadeiknutai mak>ios ho an?ropos eke9os hon kata/aesei ho kurios aut\ epi taes !rapeias ton sund\lon haut\1 t\ didonai autois tas trophas en kairo auton1 mae enno\m5on kai legonta en tae k>dia aut\2 *ronizei ho kurios m\ el!92 kai arxaetai tupte9 t\s sund\l\s aut\1 e/hion kai p9on meta te pornon kai me?uonton2 kai haexei ho kurios t\ d\l\ eke9\ en hora hae ou prosdoka kai en haem]a hae ou g9oskei1 kai di*otomaesei auton1 kai to api/\n aut\ m]os meta ton hupokriton ?aesei4 ,luke xii4 #db-de4 ,greek3 ,tis ara e/9 ho pi/os oikonomos kai phronimos1 hon kata/aesei ho kurios epi taes !rapeias aut\1 t\ didonai en kairo to sitometrion8 mak>ios ho d\los eke9os1 hon el?on ho kurios aut\ heuraesei poi\nta hautos 444 ,ean de eipae ho d\los eke9os en tae k>dia aut\2 *ronizei ho kurios m\ er*e/hai2 kai arxaetai tupte9 t\s paidas kai tas paidiskas1 e/hie9 te kai p9e9 kai me?uske/hai2 haexei ho kurios t\ d\l\ eke9\ en haem]a hae ou prosdoka1 kai en hora hae ou g9oskei1 kai di*otomaesei auton kai to m]os aut\ meta ton api/on ?aesei4 ,i h giv5 ?is passage 9 full1 9 spite ( its l5g?1 because x is int]e/+ & *>act]i/ic2 x might inde$ almo/ be said to be typical ( ! passages1 n only 9 ! ,clem5t9e ,homilies1 b also 9 o!r writ]s l ,ju/91 :i* pres5t ?is relation ( d\ble simil>ity to two ( ! ,synoptics4 ,x %\ld be notic$ t ! passage 9 ! ,homilies is n introduc$ /rictly z a quotation b is int]wov5 ) ! text4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x %\ld be m5tion$ t ! op5+ clause1 ,greek3 ,mak>ios 444 sundol\s aut\1 recurs id5tically ab\t ?irty l9es l[] d[n4 ,we obs]ve t ( ! peculi>ities ( ! fir/ ,synoptic ! ,clem5t9es h ,greek3 d\los 7,greek3 oikonomos1 ,luke71 ,greek3 ho kurios aut\1 ta5 tropha5 7,greek3 tas trophas1 ,clem42 ,luke1 *>act]i/ically1 ,greek3 to sitometrion71 ! ord] ( ,greek3 en kairo1 t\s sundol\s aut\ 7,greek3 t\s paidas kai tas paidiskas1 ,luke71 ,greek3 meta 444 me?uonton1 & ,greek3 hupokriton = ,greek3 api/on4 ,( ! peculi>ities ( ! ?ird ,synoptic ! ,clem5t9es reproduce ! future ,greek3 kata/aesei1 ! pres5t ,greek3 didonai1 ! ins]tion ( ,greek3 el!9 7,greek3 er*e/hai1 ,luke7 aft] ,greek3 *ronizei1 ! ord] ( ! words 9 ?is clause1 & a trace ( ! ^w ,greek3 api/on 9 ,greek3 to api/\n aut\ m]os4 ,! two ,gospels support ea* o!r 9 mo/ ( ! places :]e ! ,clem5t9es dep>t f !m1 & especially 9 ! two v]ses1 "o ( :i* is p>aphras$ & ! o!r omitt$4 ,n[ ! "q arises1 ,:at is ! orig9 ( ?is ph5om5on ( d\ble resemblance8 ,x may be caus$ 9 ?ree ways3 ei!r x may proce$ f alt]nate quot+ ( our two pres5t ,gospels2 or x may proce$ f ! quot+ ( a lat] h>mony ( ^? ,gospels2 or1 la/ly1 x may proce$ f ! quotation ( a docum5t e>li] ?an our two ,synoptics1 & conta9+ bo? classes ( peculi>ities1 ^? :i* h be5 dropp$ 9 ! fir/ ,gospel z well z ^? :i* h be5 dropp$ 9 ! ?ird1 z we f9d to be frequ5tly ! case ) ,/4 ,m>k4 ,ei!r ( ! fir/ two ( ^! hypo!ses w cle>ly suit ! ph5om5a2 b !y w h>dly admit ( ! ?ird4 ,x does inde$ d]ive a v slight c\nt5ance f ! repetition ( ! language ( ! la/ quotation3 ?is repetition1 h[ev]1 occurs at too %ort an int]val to be ( importance4 ,b ! !ory t ! ,clem5t9e writ] is quot+ f a docum5t old] ?an ! two ,synoptics1 & inde$ _! common orig9al1 is exclud$ by ! am\nt ( matt] t is common to ! two ,synoptics & ei!r n f\nd at all or f\nd v>iantly 9 ! ,clem5t9es4 ,! co9cid5ce betwe5 ! ,synoptics1 we may assume1 is d]iv$ f ! fact t !y bo? drew f a common orig9al4 ,! phraseology 9 :i* !y agree is 9 all probability t ( ! orig9al docum5t itself4 ,if !re=e ?is phraseology is want+ 9 ! ,clem5t9e quotations !y are n likely to h be5 drawn directly f ! docum5t :i* und]lies ! ,synoptics4 ,?is conclusion too is confirm$ by p>ticul>s4 ,9 ! fir/ quotation we _c set d[n q positively ! ,clem5t9e expansion ( ,greek3 tois ait\s9 auton z a lat] =m1 ?\gh x mo/ probably is s4 ,b ! /range & fanta/ic phrase 9 ! la/ quotation1 ,greek3 to api/\n auton m]os meta ton hupokriton ?aesei1 is almo/ c]ta9ly a comb9ation ( ! ,greek3 hupokriton ( ,mat!w ) a di/ort$ rem9isc5ce ( ! ,greek3 api/on ( ,luke4 ,we h !n ! same k9d ( *oice set be=e u z 9 ! case ( ,ju/94 ,ei!r ! ,clem5t9e writ] quotes our pres5t ,gospels1 or else he quotes "s o!r composition lat] ?an !m1 & :i* implies !m4 ,9 o!r words1 if he does n be> witness to our ,gospels at fir/ h&1 he does s at second h&1 & by ! int]position ( a fur!r int]m$iate /age4 ,x is q possible t he may h _h access to su* a t]ti>y docum5t1 & t x may be ! same :i* is ! s\rce ( 8 apocryphal quotations3 t he did draw f apocryphal s\rces1 p>tly p]haps oral1 b probably 9 ! ma9 writt51 !re c1 ,i ?9k1 be little d\bt4 ,nei!r is x easy to draw ! l9e & say exactly :at quotations %all be ref]r$ to su* s\rces & :at %all n4 ,! facts d n p]mit u to claim ! exclusive use ( ! canonical ,gospels4 ,b t !y 7 us$1 m$iately or imm$iately & to a great] or less degree1 is1 ,i believe1 beyond "q4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,basilides ,,& ,,val5t9us4 ,/ill foll[+ ! ord] ( ',sup]natural ,religion1' we pass ) ! critic to ano!r gr\p ( h]etical writ]s 9 ! e>li] "p ( ! second c5tury4 ,9 ,basilides ! ,gno/ic we h ! fir/ ( a *a9 ( writ]s :o1 ?\gh n hold+ ! or?odox tradition ( doctr9e1 yet call$ !mselves ,*ri/ians 7except "u ! /ress ( p]secution7 & us$ ! ,*ri/ian books--:e!r or to :at ext5t ! extant docum5ts ( ,*ri/ianity we mu/ n[ endeav\r to det]m9e4 ,basilides c>ries u back to an e>ly date 9 po9t ( "t4 ,he taught at ,alex&ria 9 ! reign ( ,hadrian 7#aag-acg ,a4,d474 ,hippolytus exp\nds at "s l5g?1 & v mu* 9 _! own words1 ! doctr9es ( ,basilides & 8 s*ool4 ,!re is a some:at simil> acc\nt by ,epiphanius1 & m incid5tal allusions 9 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria & ,orig54 ,! notices t h come d[n to u ( ! writ+s ( ,basilides are confus+4 ,orig5 says t 'he _h ! effront]y to compose a ,gospel & call x by 8 own "n' ,endnote #ahh3a4 ,eusebius quotes f ,agrippa ,ca/or1 a contempor>y & oppon5t f ! or?odox side1 a /atem5t t 'he wrote f\r & tw5ty books 7presumably ( comm5t>y7 ^u ! ,gospel' ,endnote #ahi3a4 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria gives r copi\s extracts f ! tw5ty-?ird ( ^! books1 to :i* he gave ! "n ( ',exegetics' ,endnote #ahi3b4 ,tis*5dorf assumes1 9 a mann] t is n q s 'arbitr>y & errone\s' ,endnote #ahi3c z 8 critic seems to suppose1 t ?is ,comm5t>y 0 ^u our f\r ,gospels4 ,x is n altoge!r cle> h[ f> ,eusebius is us+ ! words ( ,agrippa ,ca/or & h[ f> 8 own4 ,if ! latt]1 !re c be no d\bt t he und]/ood ! /atem5t ( ,agrippa ,ca/or z ,tis*5dorf und]/&s 81 i4e4 z ref]r+ to our pres5t ,gospels2 b suppos+ 8 words to be ^? ( ! e>li] writ]1 x is possible t1 com+ f ! or?odox side1 !y may h be5 us$ 9 ! s5se :i* ,tis*5dorf attributes to !m4 ,!re c be no "q t ,ir5aeus us$ ,greek3 to euangelion = ! canonical ,gospels collectively1 & ,ju/9 ,m>tyr may p]haps h done s4 ,tis*5dorf himself does n ma9ta9 t x ref]s to our ,gospels exclusively4 ,practically ! /atem5ts 9 reg>d to ! ,comm5t>y ( ,basilides lead to no?+4 ,nei!r does x appe> any m cle>ly :at 0 ! nature ( ! ,gospel t ,basilides wrote4 ,! t]m ,greek3 euangelion _h a te*nical metaphysical s5se 9 ! ,basilidian sect & 0 us$ to designate a "p ( ! transc5d5tal ,gno/ic revelations4 ,! ,gospel ( ,basilides may !re=e1 z ,dr4 ,we/cott sugge/s1 reasonably en\gh1 h _h a philosophical r ?an a hi/orical "*4 ,! au?or ( ',sup]natural ,religion' c5sures ,dr4 ,we/cott = ?is sugge/ion ,endnote #ahi3d1 b a few pages fur!r on he seems to adopt x himself1 ?\gh he applies x /rangely to ! language ( ,eusebius or ,agrippa ,ca/or & n to ,basilides' own "w4 ,9 any case ,hippolytus expressly says t1 aft] ! g5]ation ( ,jesus1 ! ,basilidians held '! o!r ev5ts 9 ! life ( ! ,savi\r foll[$ z !y are writt5 9 ! ,gospels' ,endnote #aij3a4 ,!re is no reason at all to suppose t !re 0 a brea* ( cont9uity 9 ?is respect betwe5 ,basilides & 8 s*ool4 ,& if 8 ,gospel really conta9$ sub/antially ! same ev5ts z ours1 x is a "q ( comp>atively second>y importance :e!r he actually made use ( ^? ,gospels or no4 ,x is r rem>kable t ,hippolytus & ,epiphanius1 :o furni% ! fulle/ acc\nts ( ! t5ets ( ,basilides 7& 8 foll[]s71 say no?+ ab\t 8 ,gospel3 nei!r does ,ir5aeus or ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria2 ! fir/ m5tion ( x is 9 ,orig5's ,homily on ,/4 ,luke4 ,?is %[s h[ unw>rant$ is ! assumption made 9 ',sup]natural ,religion' ,endnote #aij3b t because ,hippolytus says t ,basilides appeal$ to a secret tradition he pr(ess$ to h receiv$ f ,mat?ias1 & ,eusebius t he set up c]ta9 imag9>y prophets1 ',b>cabbas & ,b>coph1' he !re=e _h no o!r au?orities4 ,! /atem5t t he 'absolutely ignores ! canonical ,gospels altoge!r' & does n 'recognise any su* works z ( au?ority1' is mu* 9 excess ( ! evid5ce4 ,all t ?is really am\nts to is t nei!r ,hippolytus nor ,eusebius say 9 s _m words t ,basilides did use our ,gospels4 ,x w\ld be a fair] inf]5ce to argue f _! sil5ce1 & /ill m f t ( ! 'malleus ha]eticorum' ,epiphanius1 t he did n 9 ?is dep>t f ! or?odox cu/om2 o!rwise ! ,fa!rs w\ld h be5 sure to *>ge him ) x1 z !y did ,m>cion4 ,x is really ,i believe a n v unsafe conclusion1 = h]etical z well z or?odox writ]s1 t :]e ! ,fa!rs d n say to ! contr>y1 !y accept$ ! same docum5ts z !mselves4 ,! ma9 que/ions t arise 9 reg>d to ,basilides are two3 7#a7 ,are ! quotations suppos$ to be made by him really 88 7#b7 ,are !y quotations f our ,gospels8 ,! d\bt z to ! au?or%ip ( ! quotations applies *iefly to ^? :i* occur 9 ! ',refutation ( ! ,h]esies' by ,hippolytus4 ,?is writ] beg9s 8 acc\nt ( ! ,basilidian t5ets by say+1 ',let u see "h h[ ,basilides along ) ,isidore & 8 crew belie ,mat?ias1' ,endnote #aia3a c4 ,he goes on us+ = ! mo/ "p ! s+ul> ,greek3 phaes91 b sometimes ins]t+ ! plural ,greek3 kat' aut\s4 ,accord+ly1 x has be5 urg$ t quotations :i* are ref]r$ to ! head ( ! s*ool really belong to 8 lat] foll[]s1 & ! attempt has fur!r be5 made to prove t ! doctr9es describ$ 9 ?is section ( ! "w ( ,hippolytus are lat] 9 _! g5]al "* ?an ^? attribut$ to ,basilides himself4 ,?is latt] argum5t is v f9e drawn1 & w n be> any sub/antial weight4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 probably true t a confusion is sometimes f\nd betwe5 ! 'eponymus1' z x 71 ( a s*ool & 8 foll[]s4 ,:e!r t has be5 ! case "h is a "q t we h n suffici5t data = decid+ positively4 ,! presumption is aga9/ x1 b x mu/ be admitt$ to be possible4 ,x seems a =c$ & unnatural position to suppose t ! disciples w\ld g to "o set ( au?orities & ! ma/] to ano!r1 & equally unnatural to ?9k t a lat] critic1 l ,hippolytus1 w\ld conf9e himself to ! works ( ^! disciples & t 9 none ( ! passages 9 :i* quotations are introduc$ he has gone to ! f\nta9 head4 ,we may decl9e to dogmatise2 b probability is 9 fav\r ( ! supposition t "s at lea/ ( ! quotations giv5 by ,hippolytus come directly f ,basilides4 ,"s ( ! quotations discuss$ 9 ',sup]natural ,religion' are expressly assign$ to ! s*ool ( ,basilides4 ,?us ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 9 /at+ ! op9ion :i* ?is s*ool held on ! subject ( m>riage1 says t !y ref]r$ to our ,"l's say+1 ',all m5 _c receive ?is1' c4 ,/rom4 iii4 ,i4 #a4 ,greek3 ,ou pantes *or\si ton logon t\ton1 eisi g> eun\*oi oi m5 ek g5etaes oi de ex anankaes4 ,matt4 xix4 #aa1 #ab4 ,greek3 ,ou pantes *or\si ton logon t\ton1 all' ois d$otai1 eis9 g> eun\*oi oit9es ek kiolias maetros eg5nae?aesan outos1 kai eis9 eun\*oi oit9es eun\*i/haesan hupo ton an?ropon1 k4t4l4 ,! ref]5ce ( ?is to ,/4 ,mat!w is f> f be+ s 'prepo/]\s' ,endnote #aib3a z ! critic imag9es4 ,! use ( ! ^w ,greek3 *ore9 9 ?is s5se is /rik+ & peculi>3 x has no p>allel 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & b slight & few p>allels1 z x appe>s f ! lexicons & comm5tators1 9 previ\s lit]ature4 ,! :ole phrase is a rem>kable "o & ! v]bal co9cid5ce exact1 ! words t foll[ are an easy & natural abridgm5t4 ,on ! same pr9ciples on :i* x is d5i$ t ?is is a quotation f ,/4 ,mat!w x w\ld be easy to prove a priori t _m ( ! quotations 9 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria c\ld n be tak5 f ! canonical ,gospels :i*1 we "k1 are s tak54 ,! fact t ?is passage is f\nd among ! ,synoptics only 9 ,/4 ,mat!w mu/ n c\nt = no?+4 ,! v small numb] ( additional facts & say+s t we are able to glean f ! writ]s :o1 accord+ to ',sup]natural ,religion1' h us$ apocryphal ,gospels s freely1 seems to be pro( t our pres5t ,gospels 7 7z we %\ld expect7 ! fulle/ & mo/ compreh5sive ( _! k9d4 ,if1 !n1 a passage is f\nd only 9 "o ( !m1 x is fair to conclude1 n positively1 b probably1 t x is drawn f "s special s\rce ( in=mation t 0 n widely diffus$4 ,! same rem>ks hold good respect+ ano!r quotation f\nd 9 ,epiphanius1 :i* also comes "u ! g5]al head ( ,greek3 ,basileidianoi1 ?\gh x is introduc$ n only by ! s+ul> ,greek3 phaes9 b by ! def9ite ,greek3 phaes9 ho agurtaes4 ,"h ! ,basilidian quotation has a p>allel also peculi> to ,/4 ,mat!w1 f ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt4 ,epiph4 ,ha]4 #gb ,a4 ,greek3 ,mae bagaete t\s m>g>itas empro/h5 ton *oiron1 ma$e dote to hagion tois kusi4 ,matt vii4 #f4 ,greek3 ,mae dote to hagion tois kus91 ma$e bagaete t\s m>g>itas humon empro/h5 ton *oiron4 ,! excell5t ,alex&r9e cursive ,i1 ) "s o!rs1 has ,greek3 dte = ,greek3 dte ,! transposition ( clauses1 su* z we see "h1 is by no means an infrequ5t ph5om5on4 ,!re is a rem>kable in/ance ( x--to g no fur!r--9 ! text ( ! b5$ictions ) :i* ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt beg9s4 ,9 respect to ! ord] ( ! two clauses1 ',bless$ are !y t m\rn' & ',bless$ are ! meek1' !re is a broad division 9 ! ,,mss4 & o!r au?orities4 ,= ! receiv$ ord] we f9d ,hebrew3 aleph21 ,b1 ,c1 #a1 ! mass ( uncials & cursives1 b1 f1 ,syrr4 ,p/4 & ,hcl41 ,memph41 ,arm41 ,ae?42 = ! rev]s$ ord]1 ',bless$ are ! meek' & ',bless$ are !y t m\rn1' are rang$ ,d1 #cc1 ,vulg41 a1 c1 f'#a1 g'#a1 h1 k1 l1 ,syr4 ,crt41 ,clem41 ,orig41 ,eus41 ,bas4 7871 ,hil4 ,! balance is probably on ! side ( ! receiv$ read+1 z ! oppos+ au?orities are mo/ly ,we/]n1 b !y too make a =midable array4 ,! confusion 9 ! text ( ,/4 ,luke z to ! e>ly clauses ( ! ,"l's ,pray] is well kn[n4 ,b if su* ?+s are done 9 ! gre5 tree1 if we f9d ^! v>iations 9 ,,mss4 :i* pr(ess to be exact transcripts ( ! same orig9al copy1 h[ mu* m may we expect to f9d !m ent] into m]e quotations t are (t5 evid5tly made f memory1 & = ! sake ( ! s5se1 n ! words4 ,9 ?is in/ance h[ev] ! v]bal resemblance is v close4 ,z ,i h frequ5tly said1 to speak ( c]ta9ties 9 reg>d to any isolat$ passage t does n pres5t exceptional ph5om5a is inadmissible1 b ,i h little moral d\bt t ! quotation 0 really d]iv$ f ,/4 ,mat!w1 & !re is q a fair probability t x 0 made by ,basilides himself4 ,! ,hippolytean quotations1 ! ascription ( :i* to ,basilides or to 8 s*ool we h left an op5 "q1 w assume a consid]able importance :5 we come to treat ( ! ext]nal evid5ce = ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,be>+ ^u ! ,synoptic ,gospels1 we f9d an allusion to ! /> ( ! ,magi & an exact v]bal quotation 7introduc$ ) ,greek3 to eiraem5on7 ( ,luke i4 #ce1 ,greek3 ,pneuma hagion epeleusetai epi se1 kai dunamis hupsi/\ episkiasei soi4 ,bo? ^! h be5 already discuss$ ) ref]5ce to ,ju/94 ,all ! o!r ,gospels 9 :i* ! /> ( ! ,magi is m5tion$ belong to a lat] /age ( =mation ?an ,/4 ,mat!w4 ,! v p>allelism betwe5 ,/4 ,mat!w & ,/4 ,luke %[s t bo? ,gospels 7 compos$ at a date :5 v>i\s traditions z to ! e>ly portions ( ! hi/ory 7 curr5t4 ,no d\bt second>y1 or r t]ti>y1 works1 l ! ,protevangelium ( ,james1 came to be compos$ lat]2 b x is n begg+ ! "q to say t if ! allusion is made by ,basilides1 x is n likely t at t date he %\ld quote any o!r ,gospel ?an ,/4 ,mat!w1 simply because t is ! e>lie/ =m 9 :i* ! /ory ( ! ,magi has come d[n to u4 ,! case is /rong] 9 reg>d to ! quotation f ,/4 ,luke4 ,9 ,ju/9's acc\nt ( ! ,annunciation to ,m>y !re 0 a co9cid5ce ) ! ,protevangelium & a v>iation f ! canonical text 9 ! phrase ,greek3 pneuma kuri\ = ,greek3 pneuma hagion2 b 9 ! ,basilidian quotation ! canonical text is reproduc$ syllable = syllable & lett] = lett]1 :i*1 :5 we consid] h[ s5sitive & delicate ^! v]bal relations are1 mu/ be tak5 z a /rong pro( ( id5tity4 ,! read] may be rem9d$ t ! ^w ,greek3 episkiaze91 ! phrase ,greek3 dunamism hupsi/\1 & ! con/ruction ,greek3 ep]*e/hai epi1 are all *>act]i/ic ( ,/4 ,luke3 ,greek2 episkiaze9 occurs once 9 ! triple synopsis & besides only "h & 9 ,acts v4 #ae3 ,greek3 hupsi/os occurs n9e times 9 ,/4 ,luke's writ+s & only f\r times besides2 x is us$ by ! ,evangeli/ especially 9 phrases l ,greek3 uios1 dunamis1 prophaetaes1 d\los hupsi/\1 to :i* ! only p>allel is ,greek3 hi]eus t\ ,!\ t\ hupsi/\ 9 ,heb4 vii4 #a4 ,! con/ruction ( ,greek3 ep]*e/hai ) ,greek3 epi & ! accusative is f\nd five times 9 ! ?ird ,gospel & ! ,acts & n at all besides 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t2 inde$ ! p>ticipial =m1 ,greek3 ep]*om5os 79 ! s5se ( 'future'71 is ! only %ape 9 :i* ! ^w appe>s 7twice7 outside ! eight times t x occurs 9 ,/4 ,luke's writ+s4 ,?is is a body ( evid5ce t makes x extremely difficult to d5y t ! ,basilidian quotation has its orig9al 9 ! ?ird ,synoptic4 #b4 ,! case 9 reg>d to ,val5t9us1 ! next great ,gno/ic lead]1 :o came =w>d ab\t ! ye> #adj ,a4,d41 is v simil> to t ( ,basilides1 ?\gh ! balance ( ! argum5t is slightly alt]$4 ,x is1 on ! "o h&1 /ill cle>] t ! great] "p ( ! evangelical ref]5ces usually quot$ are really f our pres5t actual ,gospels1 b1 on ! o!r h&1 !re is a m di/9ct probability t ^! are to be assign$ r to ! ,s*ool ( ,val5t9us ?an to ,val5t9us himself4 ,! suppos$ allusion to ,/4 ,john we %all pass ov] = ! pres5t4 ,!re is a /r+ ( allusions 9 ! fir/ book ( ,ir5aeus1 ',adv4 ,ha]eses1' to ! visit ( ,jesus z a *ild to ! ,passov] 7,luke ii4 #db71 ! jot or tittle ( ,matt4 v4 #ah1 ! heal+ ( ! issue ( blood1 ! be>+ ( ! cross 7,luke xiv4 #bg p>471 ! s5d+ ( a sword & n peace1 '8 fan is 9 8 h&1' ! salt & light ( ! _w1 ! heal+ ( ! c5turion's s]vant1 ( ,jairus' daught]1 ! exclamations ^u ! cross1 ! call ( ! unwill+ disciples1 ,zac*aeus1 ,simon1 c4 ,we may take x1 ,i believe1 z admitt$1 & x is inde$ q indisputable1 t ^! are ref]5ces to our pres5t ,gospels2 b !re is ! fur!r "q :e!r !y are to be attribut$ directly to ,val5t9us or to 8 foll[]s1 & ,i am q prep>$ to admit t !re are no suffici5t gr\nds = direct attribution to ! f\nd] ( ! sy/em4 ,ir5aeus beg9s by say+ t 8 au?orities are c]ta9 'comm5t>ies ( ! disciples ( ,val5t9us' & 8 own int]c\rse ) "s ( !m ,endnote #aig3a4 ,he proce$s to ann\nce 8 int5tion to give a 'brief & cle> acc\nt ( ! op9ions ( ^? :o 7 !n tea*+ _! false doctr9es ,greek3 nun p>adidaskonton1 t is1 ( ,ptolemaeus & 8 foll[]s1 a bran* ( ! s*ool ( ,val5t9us4' ,x is fair to inf] t ! description ( ! ,val5t9ian sy/em :i* foll[s is drawn *iefly f ^! s\rces4 ,?is ne$ n1 h[ev]1 q necess>ily exclude works by ,val5t9us himself4 ,x is at any rate cle> t ,ir5aeus _h "s means ( ref]r+ to ! op9ions ( ,val5t9us z di/9ct f 8 s*ool2 because1 aft] giv+ a sket* ( ! sy/em1 he proce$s to po9t out c]ta9 contradictions )9 ! s*ool itself1 quot+ fir/ ,val5t9us expressly1 !n a disciple call$ ,secundus1 !n 'ano!r ( _! m di/+ui%$ & ambiti\s tea*]s1' !n 'o!rs1' !n a fur!r subdivision1 f9ally return+ to ,ptolemaeus & 8 p>ty aga94 ,on ! :ole1 ,ir5aeus seems to h _h a pretty complete k ( ! writ+s & tea*+ ( ! ,val5t9ians4 ,we conclude !re=e1 t1 :ile x _c be alleg$ positively t any ( ! quotations or allusions 7 really made by ,val5t9us1 x w\ld be ra% to ass]t t none ( !m 7 made by him1 or t he did n use our pres5t ,gospels4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 we _c d o!rwise ?an demur to ! /atem5t impli$ 9 ',sup]natural ,religion' ,endnote #aih3a1 t ! ref]5ces 9 ,ir5aeus c only be employ$ z evid5ce = ! ,gno/ic usage betwe5 ! ye>s #ahe-aie ,a4,d4 ,?is is a specim5 ( a k9d ( position t is frequ5tly tak5 up by critics ^u t side1 & t ,i _c b ?9k q unreasonable & uncritical4 ,)\t go+ into ! "q ( ! date at :i* ,ir5aeus wrote at pres5t1 & assum+ ) ! au?or ( ',sup]natural ,religion' t 8 fir/ ?ree books 7 publi%$ be=e ! dea? ( ,eleu!rus 9 ,a4,d4 #aij--! late/ date possible = !m1--x w be se5 t ! ,gno/ic tea*+ to :i* ,ir5aeus ref]s is suppos$ to beg9 at a "t :5 8 fir/ book may v well h be5 conclud$1 & to end actually five ye>s lat] ?an ! late/ date at :i* ?is portion ( ! "w c h be5 publi%$6 ,n only does ! au?or all[ no "t at all = ,ir5aeus to compose 8 own "w1 n only does he all[ none = him to become acqua9t$ ) ! ,gno/ic doctr9es1 & = ^? doctr9es !mselves to become consolidat$ & express$ 9 writ+1 b he goes s f> z to make ,ir5aeus te/ify to a /ate ( ?+s five ye>s at lea/1 & v probably t51 9 advance ( ! "t at :i* he 0 himself writ+6 ,no d\bt !re is an ov]sight some:]e1 b ?is is ! k9d ( ov]sight t ought n to be made4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is an extreme in/ance ( ! fault to :i* ,i 0 allud+--! t5d5cy 9 ! negative s*ool to all[ no "t or v little = processes t 9 ! natural c\rse ( ?+s mu/ c]ta9ly h requir$ a m or less consid]able int]val4 ,on a mod]ate computation1 ! indirect te/imony ( ,ir5aeus may be tak5 to ref]--n to ! p]iod #ahe-aie ,a4,d41 :i* is out ( ! "q--b to t f #afj-ahj ,a4,d4 ,?is is n press+ ! possibility1 real z x is1 t ,val5t9us himself1 :o fl\ri%$ f #adj-afj ,a4,d41 may h be5 includ$4 ,we may agree ) ! au?or ( ',sup]natural ,religion' t ,ir5aeus probably made ! p]sonal acqua9tance ( ! ,val5t9ian lead]s1 & obta9$ copies ( _! books1 dur+ 8 well-kn[n visit to ,rome 9 #agh ,a4,d4 ,endnote #aii3a ,! applications ( ,scripture w\ld be tak5 *iefly f ! books ( :i* "s w\ld be rec5t b o!rs ( an e>li] date1 & x c surely be no exagg]ation to place ! =mation ( ! body ( doctr9e :i* !y conta9$ 9 ! p]iod #afj-age ,a4,d4 above m5tion$4 ,i d\bt :e!r a critic c\ld be blam$ :o %\ld g back t5 ye>s fur!r1 b we %all be keep+ on ! safe side if we take our t]m9us a quo z to :i* ^! ,gno/ic writ+s c be alleg$ 9 evid5ce at ab\t ! ye> #afj4 ,a g5u9e fragm5t ( a lett] ( ,val5t9us has be5 pres]v$ by ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria 9 ! second book ( ! ,/romateis ,endnote #bjj3a4 ,?is is ?\ght to conta9 ref]5ces to ,/4 ,mat!w's ,gospel by ,dr4 ,we/cott1 &1 /range to say1 bo? to ,/4 ,mat!w & ,/4 ,luke by ,volkm>4 ,^! ref]5ces1 h[ev]1 are n suffici5tly cle> to be press$4 ,a mu* less equivocal case is suppli$ by ,hippolytus--less equivocal at lea/ s f> z ! ref]5ce goes4 ,among ! passages :i* receiv$ a specially ,gno/ic int]pretation is ,luke i4 #ce1 ',! ,holy ,gho/ %all come ^u !e1 & ! p[] ( ! ,mo/ ,high %all ov]%ad[ !e3 :]e=e also ! holy ?+ :i* is born 7( !e7 %all be call$ ! ,son ( ,god4' ,?is is quot$ ?us1 ',! ,holy ,gho/ %all come ^u !e1 & ! p[] ( ! ,mo/ ,high %all ov]%ad[ !e3 :]e=e t :i* is born ( !e %all be call$ holy4' ,luke i4 #ce4 ,greek3 ,pneuma hagion epeleusetai epi se1 kai dunamis hupsi/\ episkiasei soi1 dio kai to g5nom5on ek s\ hagion klae?aesetai huios ,!on4 ,ref4 ,omn4 ,haes4 vi4 #ce4 ,greek3 ,pneuma hagion epeleusetai epi se444 kai dunamis hupsi/\ episkiasei soi444 dio to g5nom5on ek s\ hagion klae?aesetai4 ,t ,/4 ,luke has be5 ! orig9al "h seems to be beyond a d\bt4 ,! omission ( ,greek3 huios ,!\ is ( v little importance1 because f its position ,greek3 hagion w\ld m naturally /& z a pr$icate1 & ! s5t5ce w\ld be q z complete )\t ! ,greek3 huios ,!\ z ) x4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x w\ld be difficult to compress into s small a space s _m words & expressions t are peculi>ly *>act]i/ic ( ,/4 ,luke4 ,9 addition to ^? :i* h j be5 notic$ 9 connection ) ,basilides1 !re is ! v rem>kable ,greek3 to g5nom5on1 :i* alone w\ld be almo/ en\gh to /amp ! :ole passage4 ,we are /ill h[ev] pursu$ by ! same ambiguity z 9 ! case ( ,basilides4 ,x is n c]ta9 t ! quotation is made f ! ma/] & n f 8 s*ol>s4 ,!re is no reason1 inde$1 :y x %\ld be made f ! latt] r ?an ! =m]2 ! po9t mu/ 9 any case be left op53 b x _c be ref]r$ to ! ma/] ) s mu* c]ta9ty z to be directly producible "u 8 "n4 ,& yet1 f :omsoev] ! quotation may h be5 made1 if only x has be5 giv5 rightly by ,hippolytus1 x is a /rong pro( ( ! antiquity ( ! ,gospel4 ,! words ,greek3 ek s\1 w be notic$1 are enclos$ 9 brackets 9 ! text ( ,/4 ,luke z giv5 above4 ,!y are a corruption1 ?\gh an e>ly & well-support$ corruption1 ( ! orig9al4 ,! au?orities 9 _! fav\r are ,c 7fir/ h&71 ! good cursives #a & #cc1 "o =m ( ! ,vulgate1 a1 c1 e1 m ( ! ,old ,lat91 ! ,pe%ito ,syriac1 ! ,arm5ian & ,ae?iopic v]sions1 ,ir5aeus1 ,gregory ,?aumaturgus1 ,t]tullian1 ,cyprian1 & ,epiphanius4 ,on ! o!r h&1 = ! omission are ,a4 ,b1 ,c 7?ird h&71 ,d1 ,hebrew3 ,aleph symbol1 & ! re/ ( ! uncials & cursives1 ano!r =m ( ! ,vulgate1 b1 f1 ff1 g'#b1 l ( ! ,old ,lat91 ! ,h>clean & ,j]usalem ,syriac1 ! ,memphitic1 ,go?ic1 & "s ,,mss4 ( ! ,arm5ian v]sions1 ,orig51 ,dionysius & ,pet] ( ,alex&ria1 & ,eusebius4 ,a text critic w see at once on :i* side ! balance lies4 ,x is impossible t ,greek3 ek s\ c\ld h be5 ! read+ ( ! autograph copy1 & x is n1 ,i believe1 admitt$ into ! text by any rec5t editor4 ,b if x 0 pres5t 9 ! copy made use ( by ! ,gno/ic writ]1 :oev] he 01 t copy mu/ h be5 already f> en\gh remov$ f ! orig9al to admit ( ?is corruption2 9 o!r words1 x has l9eage en\gh to ?r[ ! orig9al "s way beh9d x4 ,we %all come to m ( su* ph5om5a 9 ! next *apt]4 ,i said j n[ t ! quotation c\ld n ) c]ta9ty be ref]r$ to ,val5t9us1 b x is at lea/ consid]ably e>li] ?an ! contempor>ies ( ,hippolytus4 ,x appe>s t !re 0 a division 9 ! ,val5t9ian ,s*ool ^u ! int]pretation ( ?is v passage4 ,ptolemaeus & ,h]acleon1 repres5t+ ! ,we/]n bran*1 took "o side1 :ile ,axionicus & ,b>desanes1 repres5t+ ! ,ea/]n1 took ! o!r4 ,ptolemaeus & ,h]acleon 7 bo?1 we "k1 contempor>ies ( ,ir5aeus1 s t ! quotation 0 us$ among ! ,val5t9ians at lea/ 9 ! "t ( ,ir5aeus1 & v possibly e>li]1 = x usually takes a c]ta9 "t = a subject to be br\ght into controv]sy4 ,we mu/ ?us take ! t]m9us ad quem = ! quotation n lat] ?an #ahj ,a4,d4 ,h[ mu* fur!r back x goes we _c say1 b ev5 !n 7if ! ,val5t9ian text is correctly pres]v$ by ,hippolytus7 x pres5ts features ( corruption4 ,t ! ,val5t9ians made use ( unwritt5 s\rces z well z ( writt51 & t !y possess$ a ,gospel ( _! own :i* !y call$ ! ,gospel ( ,tru?1 does n affect ! "q ( _! use ( ! ,synoptics4 ,= ^! v same ,val5t9ians und\bt$ly did use ! ,synoptics1 & n only !m b also ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,x is imm$iately aft] he has spok5 ( ! 'unwritt5' tradition ( ! ,val5t9ians t ,ir5aeus proce$s to give ! num]\s quotations f ! ,synoptics ref]r$ to above1 :ile 9 ! v same *apt]1 & )9 two sections ( ! place 9 :i* he alludes to ! ,gospel ( ,tru?1 he expressly says t ^! same ,val5t9ians us$ ! ,gospel accord+ to ,/4 ,john freely 7pl5issime7 ,endnote #bjc3a4 ,x %\ld also be rememb]$ t ! alleg$ acceptance ( ! f\r ,gospels by ! ,val5t9ians re/s ^u ! /atem5t ( ,ir5aeus ,endnote #bjc3b z well z ^u t ( ! less scrupul\s & accurate ,t]tullian4 ,!re is no good reason = d\bt+ x4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,m>cion4 ,endnote #bjd3a ,( ! v>i\s *apt]s 9 ! controv]sy ) :i* we are deal+1 t :i* relates to ! h]etic ,m>cion is "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ & important2 important1 because ( ! comp>ative fixity ( ! data on :i* ! "q turns2 int]e/+1 because ( ! peculi> nature ( ! problem to be dealt )4 ,we may cut d[n ! prelim9>y disquisitions z to ! life & doctr9es ( ,m>cion1 :i* h1 inde$1 a c]ta9 be>+ ^u ! po9t at issue1 b w be f\nd giv5 ) suffici5t fulness 9 ',sup]natural ,religion1' or 9 any ( ! au?orities4 ,z 9 mo/ o!r po9ts relat+ to ?is p]iod1 !re is "s confusion 9 ! *ronological data1 b ^! range )9 a comp>atively limit$ area4 ,! mo/ important evid5ce is t ( ,ju/91 :o1 writ+ z a contempor>y 7ab\t #adg ,a4,d47 ,endnote #bje3a1 says t at t "t ,m>cion _h '9 e nation ( m5 caus$ _m to blaspheme' ,endnote #bje3b2 & aga9 speaks ( ! wide spread ( 8 doctr9es 7,greek3 ho polloi pei/h5tes1 k4t4l47 ,endnote #bje3c4 ,tak+ ^! /atem5ts along ) o!rs 9 ,ir5aeus1 ,t]tullian1 & ,epiphanius1 mod]n critics seem to be agre$ t ,m>cion settl$ 9 ,rome & began to tea* 8 peculi> doctr9es ab\t #aci-adb ,a4,d4 ,?is is ! date assign$ 9 ',sup]natural ,religion' ,endnote #bje3d4 ,volkm> gives #ach ,a4,d4 ,endnote #bje3e ,tis*5dorf1 on ! apologetic side1 w\ld ?r[ back ! date z f> z #acj1 b ?is dep5ds ^u ! date assign$ by him to ,ju/9's ',apology1' & conflicts too mu* ) ! o!r te/imony4 ,x is also agre$ t ,m>cion himself did actually use a c]ta9 ,gospel t is attribut$ to him4 ,! exact cont5ts & "* ( t ,gospel are n q s cle>1 & its relation to ! ,synoptic ,gospels1 & especially to our ?ird ,synoptic1 :i* be>s ! "n ( ,/4 ,luke1 is ! po9t t we h to det]m9e4 ,! ,*ur* writ]s1 ,ir5aeus1 ,t]tullian1 & ,epiphanius1 )\t exception1 describe ,m>cion's ,gospel z a mutilat$ or amputat$ v]sion ( ,/4 ,luke4 ,!y contra/ 8 treatm5t ( ! evangelical tradition ) t pursu$ by 8 fell[-,gno/ic1 ,val5t9us ,endnote #bje3f4 ,val5t9us s\ght to prove 8 t5ets by wre/+ ! int]pretation ( ! ,apo/olic writ+s2 ,m>cion w5t m boldly to "w1 &1 hav+ fir/ select$ 8 ,gospel1 our ?ird ,synoptic1 cut out ! passages bo? 9 x & 9 t5 ,epi/les ( ,/4 ,paul1 admitt$ by him to be g5u9e1 :i* seem$ to conflict ) 8 own sy/em4 ,he is also said to h made additions1 b ^! 7 9 any case exce$+ly slight4 ,! /atem5t ( ! ,*ur* writ]s %\ld h>dly1 p]haps1 be put aside q s summ>ily z is sometimes done4 ,! life ( ,ir5aeus ov]lapp$ t ( ,m>cion consid]ably1 & !re seems to h be5 some:at frequ5t communication betwe5 ! ,*ur* at ,lyons1 :]e he 0 fir/ presbyt] & aft]w>ds bi%op1 & t ( ,rome1 :]e ,m>cion 0 settl$2 b ,ir5aeus ,endnote #bjf3a1 z well z ,t]tullian & ,epiphanius1 alludes to ! mutilation ( ,/4 ,luke's ,gospel by ,m>cion z a notori\s fact4 ,too mu* /ress1 h[ev]1 mu/ n be laid ^u ?is1 because ! ,ca?olic writ]s 7 c]ta9ly apt to assume t _! own view 0 ! only "o t5able4 ,! mod]n controv]sy is m important1 ?\gh x has to g back to ! anci5t = its data4 ,! "q 9 debate may be /at$ ?us4 ,did ,m>cion1 z ! ,*ur* writ]s say1 really mutilate our s-call$ ,/4 ,luke 7! "n is n ( importance1 b we may use x z /&+ = our ?ird ,synoptic 9 its pres5t %ape78 ,or1 is x n possible t ! conv]se may be true1 & t ,m>cion's ,gospel 0 ! orig9al & ours an int]polat$ v]sion8 ,! importance ( ?is may1 inde$1 be exagg]at$1 because ,m>cion's ,gospel is at any rate evid5ce = ! exi/5ce at 8 date 9 a collect$ =m ( s mu* ( ! ?ird ,gospel 7r m ?an two-?irds7 z he receiv$4 ,/ill ! issue is n inconsid]able3 =1 ^u ! second hypo!sis1 if ! editor ( our pres5t ,gospel made use ( t :i* 0 9 ! possession ( ,m>cion1 8 date may be--?\gh x does n foll[ t x c]ta9ly w\ld be--?r[n into ! middle ( ! second c5tury1 or ev5 beyond1 if ! o!r ext]nal evid5ce w\ld p]mit2 :]eas1 ^u ! fir/ hypo!sis1 ! ,synoptic ,gospel w\ld be prov$ to be curr5t z e>ly z #adj ,a4,d42 & !re w be room = consid]ations :i* may t5d to date x mu* e>li]4 ,!re w /ill be ! ?ird possibility t ,m>cion's ,gospel may be altoge!r indep5d5t ( our pres5t ,synoptic1 & t x may repres5t a p>allel rec5sion ( ! evangelical tradition4 ,?is w\ld leave ! date ( ! canonical ,gospel undet]m9$4 ,x is a fact wor? not+ t ! controv]sy1 at lea/ 9 its lat] & m important /ages1 _h be5 f\ght1 &1 to all appe>ance1 f\ght out1 )9 ! ,tb+5 s*ool itself4 ,ol%aus5 & ,hahn1 ! two or?odox critics :o 7 mo/ prom95tly engag$ 9 x1 aft] a "t retir$ & left ! field entirely to ! ,tb+5 writ]s4 ,! e>li] critics :o impugn$ ! traditional view appe> to h lean$ r to ! !ory t ,m>cion's ,gospel & ! canonical ,luke are1 m or less1 indep5d5t (f%oots f ! common gr\nd-/ock ( ! evangelical n>ratives4 ,rits*l1 & aft] him ,baur & ,s*wegl]1 adopt$ m decid$ly ! view t ! canonical ,gospel 0 con/ruct$ out ( ,m>cion's by int]polations direct$ aga9/ t h]etic's tea*+4 ,! reaction came f a qu>t] :5ce x w\ld n q naturally h be5 expect$--f "o ^: "n we h already se5 associat$ ) "s d>+ !ories1 ,volkm>1 ,pr(essor ( ,!ology at ,zri*4 ,) him 0 alli$ ! m sob]-m9d$1 labori\s inve/igator1 ,hilg5feld4 ,bo? ^! writ]s return$ to ! *>ge once & aga94 ,volkm>'s orig9al pap] 0 supplem5t$ by an elaborate volume 9 #aheb1 & ,hilg5feld1 9 l mann]1 has reass]t$ 8 conclusions4 ,baur & ,rits*l pr(ess$ !mselves conv9c$ by ! argum5ts br\ght =w>d1 & retract$ or greatly modifi$ _! views4 ,s f> z ,i am aw>e1 ,s*wegl] is ! only writ] ^: op9ion /ill /&s z x 0 at fir/ express$2 b = "s ye>s be=e 8 dea?1 :i* occurr$ 9 #aheg1 he _h left ! !ological field4 ,)\t at all prejudg+ ! "q on ?is score1 x is difficult n to feel a c]ta9 presumption 9 fav\r ( a conclusion :i* has be5 rea*$ aft] su* elaborate argum5t1 especially :]e1 z "h1 !re c\ld be no suspicion ( a m]ely apologetic t5d5cy on ei!r side4 ,are we1 !n1 to ?9k t our ,engli% critic has %[n cause = reop5+ ! discussion8 ,!re is room to d\bt :e!r he w\ld q ma9ta9 z mu* z ?is himself4 ,he has gone ov] ! old gr\nd1 & reproduc$ ! old argum5ts2 b ^! argum5ts already lay be=e ,hilg5feld & ,volkm> 9 _! elaborate rese>*es1 & simply z a matt] ( scale ! *apt] 9 ',sup]natural ,religion' c h>dly pr(ess to compete ) ^!4 ,suppos+1 = ! mom5t1 t ! au?or has prov$ ! po9ts t he sets himself to prove1 to :at w ?is am\nt8 ,he w h %[n 7a7 t ! patri/ic /atem5t t ,m>cion mutilat$ ,/4 ,luke is n to be accept$ at once )\t fur!r "q2 7b7 t we _c dep5d ) p]fect accuracy ^u ! details ( 8 ,gospel1 z recon/ruct$ f ! /atem5ts ( ,t]tullian & ,epiphanius2 7c7 t x is difficult to expla9 ! :ole ( ,m>cion's alleg$ omissions1 on purely1 dogmatic gr\nds--assum+ ! consi/5cy ( 8 me?od4 ,) ! exception ( ! fir/1 ,i d n ?9k ^! po9ts are prov$ to any important ext5t2 b1 ev5 if !y 71 x w\ld /ill1 ,i believe1 be possible to %[ t ,m>cion's ,gospel 0 bas$ ^u our ?ird ,synoptic by argum5ts :i* h>dly cross or t\* !m at all4 ,b1 be=e we proce$ fur!r1 x is well t we %\ld h "s idea z to ! cont5ts ( ! ,m>cionitic ,gospel4 ,& "h we are br\ght into collision ) ! second ( ! propositions j enunciat$4 ,are we able to recon/ruct t ,gospel f ! mat]ials available to u ) any tol]able or suffici5t approa* to accuracy8 ,i believe no "o :o has gone into ! "q c>efully w\ld d5y t we c4 ,"h x is necess>y to def9e & gu>d our /atem5ts1 s t !y may cov] exactly z mu* gr\nd z !y ought & no m4 ,our au?or quotes l>gely1 especially f ,volkm>1 to %[ t ! evid5ce ( ,t]tullian & ,epiphanius is n to be reli$ ^u4 ,:5 we ref] to ! *apt] 9 :i* ,volkm> deals ) ?is subject ,endnote #bji3a--;a *apt] :i* is an admirable specim5 ( ! clos5ess & ?or\ghness ( ,g]man rese>*--we d inde$ f9d "s su* expressions1 b to quote !m alone w\ld give an entirely errone\s impression ( ! conclusion to :i* ! writ] comes4 ,he does n say t ! /atem5ts ( ,t]tullian & ,epiphanius are untru/wor?y1 simply & absolutely1 b only t !y ne$ to be appli$ ) caution on c]ta9 po9ts4 ,su* a po9t is especially ! sil5ce ( ^! writ]s z prov+1 or be+ suppos$ to prove1 ! abs5ce ( ! correspond+ passage 9 ,m>cion's ,gospel4 ,x is argu$1 v ju/ly1 t su* an inf]5ce is sometimes prec>i\s4 ,aga91 9 quot+ long] passages1 ,epiphanius is 9 ! habit ( abridg+ or putt+ an c4 7,greek3 kai ta hexaes-- kai ta loipa71 in/ead ( quot+ ! :ole4 ,?is does n give a complete gu>antee = ! int]m$iate portions1 & leaves "s unc]ta9ty z to :]e ! passage ends4 ,g5]ally x is true t ! object ( ! ,fa!rs is n critical b dogmatic1 to refute ,m>cion's sy/em out ( 8 own ,gospel4 ,b :5 all d$uctions h be5 made on ^! gr\nds1 !re are /ill ample mat]ials = recon/ruct+ t ,gospel ) su* an am\nt ( accuracy at lea/ z c leave no d\bt z to its "*4 ,! wond] is t we are able to d s1 & t ! /atem5ts ( ! ,fa!rs %\ld /& ! te/ s well z !y d4 ,epiphanius especially (t5 %[s ! mo/ pa9/ak+ c>e & m9ut5ess ( detail4 ,he has reproduc$ ! manuscript ( ,m>cion's ,gospel t he _h be=e him1 ev5 to its cl]ical errors ,endnote #baj3a4 ,he & ,t]tullian are writ+ q indep5d5tly1 & yet !y confirm ea* o!r 9 a rem>kable mann]4 ',if we comp>e ! two witnesses1' says ,volkm>1 'we f9d ! mo/ satisfactory 7si*]- /ell5d/e7 co9cid5ce 9 _! /atem5ts1 entirely indep5d5t z !y are1 z well 9 reg>d to t :i* ,m>cion has 9 common ) ,luke1 z 9 reg>d to v _m ( ! po9ts 9 :i* 8 text diff]$ f ! canonical4 ,& ?is applies n only to simple omissions :i* ,epiphanius expressly notes & ,t]tullian confirms by pass+ ov] :at w\ld o!rwise h told aga9/ ,m>cion1 b also to ! m9or v>iations ( ! text :i* ,t]tullian ei!r happ5s to "n or indicate by 8 translation1 :ile !y are confirm$ by ! direct /atem5t ( ! o!r oppon5t :o is equally b5t on f9d+ su* diff]5ces' ,endnote #baa3a4 ,out ( all ! po9ts on :i* !y c be comp>$1 !re is a real div]g5ce only 9 two4 ,( ^!1 "o ,volkm> attributes to an ov]sight on ! "p ( ,epiphanius1 & ! o!r to a cl]ical omission 9 8 manuscript ,endnote #baa3b4 ,:5 we consid] ! cumbr\sness ( anci5t ,,mss41 ! abs5ce ( divisions 9 ! text1 & ! consequ5t difficulty ( mak+ exact ref]5ces1 ?is mu/ ne$s be tak5 = a rem>kable result4 ,& ! v fact t we h two--or1 includ+ ,ir5aeus1 ev5 ?ree--indep5d5t au?orities1 makes ! text ( ,m>cion's ,gospel1 s f> z ^? au?orities are available1 or1 9 o!r words1 = ! great] "p ( x1 in/ead ( be+ unc]ta9 among q ! mo/ c]ta9 ( all ! a*ievem5ts ( mod]n criticism ,endnote #baa3c4 ,?is is se5 practically--to apply a simple te/--9 ! l>ge am\nt ( agreem5t betwe5 critics ( ! mo/ v>i\s s*ools z to ! real cont5ts ( ! ,gospel4 ,our au?or inde$ speaks mu* ( ! 'disagreem5t4' ,b by :at /&>d does he judge8 ,or1 has he ev] e/imat$ its ext5t8 ,putt+ aside m]ely v]bal diff]5ces1 ! total numb] ( :ole v]ses affect$ w be repres5t$ 9 ! foll[+ table3-- iv4 #af-cj3 d\bt z to exact ext5t ( omissions affect+ ab\t half ! v]ses4 #ch1 #ci3 omitt$ accord+ to ,hahn2 reta9$ accord+ to ,hilg5feld & ,volkm>4 vii4 #bi-ce3 omitt$1 ,hahn & ,rits*l2 reta9$1 ,hilg5feld & ,volkm>4 x4 #ab-ae3 ditto ditto4 xiii4 #f-aj3 omitt$1 ,volkm>2 reta9$1 ,hilg5feld & ,rettig4 xvii4 #e-aj3 omitt$1 ,rits*l2 reta9$1 ,volkm> & ,hilg5feld4 #ad-ai3 d\bt z to exact omissions4 xix4 #dg1 #dh3 omitt$1 ,hilg5feld & ,volkm>2 reta9$1 ,hahn & ,ang]4 xxii4 #ag1 #ah3 d\btful4 #bc-bg3 omitt$1 ,rits*l2 reta9$1 ,hilg5feld & ,volkm>4 #dc1 #dd3 ditto ditto4 xxiii4 #ci-db3 ditto ditto4 #dg-di3 omitt$1 ,hahn2 reta9$1 ,rits*l1 ,hilg5feld1 ,volkm>4 xxiv4 #dg-ec3 unc]ta9 ,endnote #bab3a4 ,?is w\ld give1 z a maximum e/imate ( v>iation1 "s #ee v]ses out ( ab\t #hjd1 or1 9 o!r words1 ab\t sev5 p] c5t4 ,b su* an e/imate w\ld be 9 fact mu* too high1 z !re c be no d\bt t ! e>li] rese>*es ( ,hahn & ,rits*l ought to be correct$ by ^? ( ,hilg5feld & ,volkm>2 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! two critics is q insignificant4 ,tak+ ! sev]e/ view t x is possible to take1 no "o w ma9ta9 t ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! critics are su* z to affect ! ma9 issue1 s t ^u "o hypo!sis "o !ory w\ld hold good1 & ^u ano!r hypo!sis ano!r4 ,x is a m]e "q ( detail4 ,we may1 !n1 recon/ruct ! ,gospel us$ by ,m>cion ) v consid]able confid5ce t we h its real cont5ts be=e u4 ,9 ord] to avoid any suspicion ,i w take ! outl9e giv5 9 ',sup]natural ,religion' 7ii4 p4 #abg71 add+ only ! passage ,/4 ,luke vii4 #bi-ce1 :i*1 accord+ to ! au?or's /atem5t 7a mi/ak5 "o1 h[ev]7 ,endnote #bac3a1 is 'g5]ally agre$' to h be5 want+ 9 ,m>cion's ,gospel4 ,9 t ,gospel1 !n1 ! foll[+ portions ( our pres5t ,/4 ,luke 7 omitt$3-- ,*aps4 i4 & ii1 includ+ ! prologue1 ! ,nativity1 & ! bir? ( ,john ! ,bapti/4 ,*ap4 iii 7) ! exception ( v]4 #a71 conta9+ ! baptism ( our ,"l1 ! prea*+ ( ,/4 ,john1 & ! g5ealogy4 iv4 #a-ac1 #ag-bj1 #bd3 ! ,temptation1 ! read+ f ,isaiah4 vii4 #bi-ce3 ! glutton\s man4 xi4 #bi-cb1 #di-ea3 ! sign ( ,jonas1 & ! blood ( ! prophets4 xiii4 #a-i1 #bi-ce3 ! sla9 ,galileans1 ! fig-tree1 ,h]od1 ,j]usalem4 xv4 #aa-cb3 ! prodigal son4 xvii4 #e-aj3 ! s]vant at meat4 xviii4 #ca-cd3 ann\ncem5t ( ! ,passion4 xix4 #bi-dh3 ! ,triumphal ,entry1 woes ( ,j]usalem1 cleans+ ( ! ,temple4 xx4 #i-ah1 #cg1 #ch3 ! wick$ husb&m52 ! ,god ( ,abraham4 xxi4 #a-d1 #ah1 #ba1 #bb3 ! wid['s mite2 'a hair ( y\r head2' flight ( ! ,*ur*4 xxii4 #af-ah1 #bh-cj1 #ce-ch1 #di-ea3 ! fruit ( ! v9e1 'eat at my table1' 'buy a sword1' ! high-prie/'s s]vant4 xxiv4 #dg-ec3 ! la/ commission1 ! ,asc5sion4 ,"h we h ano!r rem>kable ph5om5on4 ,! ,gospel /&s to our ,synoptic entirely 9 ! relation ( defect4 ,we may say entirely1 = ! additions are s insignificant--"s ?irty words 9 all1 & ^? = ! mo/ "p support$ by o!r au?ority--t = practical purposes !y ne$ n be reckon$4 ,) ! exception ( ^! ?irty words ins]t$1 & "s1 also slight1 alt]ations ( phrase1 ,m>cion's ,gospel pres5ts simply an abridgm5t ( our ,/4 ,luke4 ,does n ?is almo/ at once exclude ! idea t !y c be indep5d5t works8 ,if x does n1 !n let u comp>e ! two 9 detail4 ,!re is "s di/urbance & re-arrangem5t 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ,m>cion's ,gospel1 ?\gh ! sub/ance is t ( ! ?ird ,synoptic2 b f ?is po9t onw>ds ! two move /ep by /ep toge!r b = ! omissions & a s+le transposition 7iv4 #bg to xvii4 #ah74 ,out ( fifty-?ree sections peculi> to ,/4 ,luke--f iv4 #af onw>ds--all b eight 7 f\nd also 9 ,m>cion's ,gospel4 ,!y are f\nd1 too1 9 precisely ! same ord]4 ,curi\s & intricate z is ! mosaic "w ( ! ?ird ,gospel1 all ! intricacies ( its patt]n are reproduc$ 9 ! ,gospel ( ,m>cion4 ,:]e ,luke makes an ins]tion 9 ! gr\nd/ock ( ! n>rative1 !re ,m>cion makes an ins]tion also2 :]e ,luke omits "p ( ! n>rative1 ,m>cion does ! same4 ,among ! docum5ts peculi> to ,/4 ,luke are "s ( a v m>k$ & individual "*1 :i* seem to h come f "s private s\rce ( in=mation4 ,su*1 = in/ance1 w\ld be ! docum5t viii4 #a-c1 :i* introduces names s entirely unkn[n to ! re/ ( ! evangelical tradition z ,joanna & ,susanna ,endnote #bae3a4 ,a trace ( ! same1 or an alli$ docum5t1 appe>s 9 *ap4 xxiv1 :]e we h aga9 ! "n ,joanna1 & aft]w>ds t ( ! obscure disciple ,cleopas4 ,aga91 ! m5tion ( ,m>?a & ,m>y is common only to ,/4 ,luke & ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,zac*aeus is peculi> to ,/4 ,luke4 ,yet1 n only does ea* ( ! sections relat+ to ^! p]sonages re-appe> 9 ,m>cion's ,gospel1 b x re-appe>s precisely at ! same place4 ,a m>k$ peculi>ity 9 ,/4 ,luke's ,gospel is ! 'great int]calation' ( disc\rses1 ix4 #ea to xviii4 #ad1 evid5tly ins]t$ )\t reg>d to *ronological ord]4 ,yet ?is peculi>ity1 too1 is fai?fully reproduc$ 9 ! ,gospel ( ,m>cion ) ! same disreg>d ( *ronology--! only *ange be+ ! omission ( ab\t =ty-"o v]ses f a total ( ?ree hundr$ & eighty4 ,:5 ,luke has ! o!r two ,synoptics aga9/ him1 z 9 ! ins]tions ,matt4 xiv4 #c-ab1 ,m>k vi4 #ag-bi1 & aga9 ,matt4 xx4 #bj-bh1 ,m>k x4 #ce-de1 & ,matt4 xxi4 #bj-bb1 ,m>k xi4 #bj-bf1 ,m>cion has !m aga9/ him too4 ,:]e ! ?ird ,synopti/ breaks (f f 8 companions 7,luke ix4 #ag1 #ah7 & leaves a gap1 ,m>cion leaves "o too4 ,x has be5 notic$ z *>act]i/ic ( ,/4 ,luke t1 :]e he has record$ a simil> incid5t be=e1 he omits :at might seem to be a repetition ( x3 ?is *>act]i/ic is exactly reflect$ 9 ,m>cion1 & t 9 reg>d to ! v same incid5ts4 ,!n1 :]ev] ! patri/ic /atem5ts give u ! opportunity ( comp>+ ,m>cion's text ) ! ,synoptic--& ?is !y d v l>gely inde$--! two are f\nd to co9cide ) no great] v>iation ?an w\ld be f\nd betwe5 any two n directly relat$ manuscripts ( ! same text4 ,x w\ld be easy to multiply ^! po9ts1 & to c>ry !m to any degree ( detail2 if m precise & p>ticul> evid5ce is ne$$ x %all be =?com+1 b 9 ! meantime ,i ?9k x may be ass]t$ ) confid5ce t two alt]natives only are possible4 ,ei!r ,m>cion's ,gospel is an abridgm5t ( our pres5t ,/4 ,luke1 or else our pres5t ,/4 ,luke is an expansion by int]polation ( ,m>cion's ,gospel1 or ( a docum5t co-ext5sive ) x4 ,no ?ird hypo!sis is t5able4 ,x rema9s1 !n1 to enquire :i* ( ^! two ,gospels _h ! priority--,m>cion's or ,luke's2 :i* is to /& fir/1 bo? 9 ord] ( "t & ( au!nticity4 ,?is1 too1 is a po9t t !re are ample data = det]m9+4 7#a47 ,&1 fir/1 let u consid] :at presumption is rais$ by any o!r "p ( ,m>cion's proc$ure4 ,is x likely t he w\ld h cut d[n a docum5t previ\sly exi/+8 or1 h we reason = ?9k+ t he w\ld be scrupul\s 9 keep+ su* a docum5t intact8 ,! au?or ( ',sup]natural ,religion' himself makes use ( ?is v argum5t2 b ,i _c help suspect+ t 8 application ( x has slipp$ 9 ?r\gh an ov]sight or misappreh5sion4 ,:5 fir/ ,i came across ! argum5t z employ$ by him1 ,i 0 /ruck by x at once z important if only x 0 s\nd4 ,b1 ^u exam9ation1 n only does x vani% into ?9 air z an argum5t 9 support ( ! !sis he is ma9ta9+1 b !re rema9s 9 its place a positive argum5t t tells directly & /rongly aga9/ t !sis4 ,a passage is quot$ f ,canon ,we/cott1 9 :i* x is /at$ t :ile ,t]tullian & ,epiphanius accuse ,m>cion ( alt]+ ! text ( ! books :i* he receiv$1 s f> z 8 treatm5t ( ! ,epi/les is conc]n$ ?is is n borne out by ! facts1 out ( sev5 read+s notic$ by ,epiphanius two only be+ unsupport$ by o!r au?ority4 ,x is argu$ f ?is t ,m>cion 'equally pres]v$ )\t alt]ation ! text :i* he f\nd 9 8 manuscript ( ! ,gospel4' ',we h no reason to believe ! accusation ( ! ,fa!rs 9 reg>d to ! ,gospel--:i* we _c fully te/-- bett] f\nd$ ?an t 9 reg>d to ! ,epi/les1 :i* we c te/1 & f9d unf\nd$' ,endnote #bag3a4 ,no d\bt ! premisses ( ?is argum5t are true1 & s also is ! conclusion1 /rictly z x /&s4 ,x is true t ! ,fa!rs accuse ,m>cion ( tamp]+ ) ! text 9 v>i\s places1 bo? 9 ! ,epi/les & 9 ! ,gospels :]e ! allegation c be te/$1 & :]e x is f\nd t ! suppos$ p]v]sion is simply a diff]5ce ( read+1 prov$ to be su* by its pres5ce 9 o!r au?orities ,endnote #bag3b4 ,b :at is ?is to ! po9t8 ,x is n cont5d$ t ,m>cion alt]$ to any consid]able ext5t 7?\gh he did slightly ev5 9 ! ,epi/les ,endnote #bag3c7 ! text :i* he reta9$1 b t he mutilat$ & cut out :ole passages f t text4 ,he c be prov$ to h done ?is 9 reg>d to ! ,epi/les1 & !re=e x is fair to inf] t he dealt 9 ! same way ) ! ,gospel4 ,?is is ! am5d$ =m 9 :i* ! argum5t ought to /&4 ,x is c]ta9 t ,m>cion made a l>ge excision be=e ,rom4 xi4 #cc1 & ano!r aft] ,rom4 viii4 #aa2 he also cut out ! 'm5tiones ,abrahae' f ,gal4 iii4 #g1 #ad1 #af-ah ,endnote #bah3a4 ,i say no?+ ab\t 8 excision ( ! la/ two *apt]s ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,romans1 because on t po9t a controv]sy might be rais$4 ,b ! g5u95ess ( ^! o!r passages is undisput$ & indisputable4 ,x _c be argu$ "h t our text ( ! ,epi/le has suff]$ f lat] int]polation1 & !re=e1 ,i repeat1 x is s mu* ! m probable t ,m>cion took f ! text ( ! ,gospel ?an t a lat] editor add$ to x4 7#b47 ,9 exam9+ ! int]nal evid5ce f ! nature & /ructure ( ,m>cion's ,gospel1 x has hi!rto be5 ! cu/om to lay mo/ /ress ^u its dogmatic "*4 ,! controv]sy 9 ,g]many has turn$ *iefly on ?is4 ,! critics h set !mselves to %[ t ! v>iations 9 ,m>cion's ,gospel ei!r c\ld or c\ld n be expla9$ z omissions dictat$ by ! exig5cies ( 8 dogmatic sy/em4 ,?is 0 a task :i* suit$ well ! subtlety & inv5tiv5ess ( ! ,g]man m9d1 & x has be5 h&l$ ) all ! usual m9ut5ess & elaboration4 ,! result has be5 t n only h ,volkm> & ,hilg5feld prov$ _! po9t to _! own satisfaction1 b !y also conv9c$ ,rits*l & p>tially ,baur2 & g5]ally we may say t 9 ,g]many x seems to be agre$ at ! pres5t "t t ! hypo!sis ( a mutilat$ ,luke suits ! dogmatic argum5t bett] ?an t ( lat] ,judais+ int]polations4 ,i h no wi% to disp>age ! results ( ^! lab\rs1 :i* are c>ri$ out ) ! spl5did ?or\ghness t "o s mu* admires4 ,look+ at ! subject z imp>tially z ,i c1 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t ! case is made out 9 ! ma94 ,! s+le in/ance ( ! p]v]t$ s5se assign$ to ,greek3 katael!n 9 iv4 #ca mu/ ne$s g a long way4 ,m>cion evid5tly int5ds ! ^w to be tak5 9 a transc5d5tal s5se ( ! emanation & desc5t to e>? ( ! ,aeon ,*ri/us ,endnote #bai3a4 ,x is impossible to ?9k t ?is s5se is m orig9al ?an ! pla9 hi/orical use ( ! ^w by ,/4 ,luke1 or to mi/ake ! dogmatic motive 9 ! h]etical rec5sion4 ,!re is also an evid5t reason = ! omission ( ! fir/ *apt]s :i* relate ! human bir? ( ,*ri/1 :i* ,m>cion d5i$1 & "o some:at less evid5t1 ?\gh highly probable1 = ! omission ( ! acc\nt ( ! ,bapti/'s m9i/ry1 ,john be+ reg>d$ z ! f9i%] ( ! ,old ,te/am5t disp5sation--! "w ( ! ,demiurge4 ,?is omission is n q consi/5tly c>ri$ out1 z ! passage vii4 #bd-bh is reta9$--probably because v]4 #bh itself seem$ to conta9 a suffici5t qualification4 ,! g5ealogy1 z well z viii4 #ai1 0 naturally omitt$ = ! same reason z ! ,nativity4 ,! n>rative ( ! ,baptism ,m>cion c\ld n admit1 because x suppli$ ! f\ndation = t v ,ebionism to :i* 8 own sy/em 0 diametrically oppos$4 ,! ,temptation1 x4 #ba 7',"l 444 ( e>?'71 xxii4 #ah 7'! fruit ( ! v9e'71 xxii4 #cj 7'eat & dr9k at my table'71 & ! ,asc5sion1 may h be5 omitt$ because !y conta9$ matt] t seem$ too an?ropomorphic or d]ogatory to ! ,div9e ,nature4 ,on ! o!r h&1 xi4 #bi-cb 7,jonah & ,solomon71 xi4 #di-ea 7prophets & apo/les71 xiii4 #a sqq4 7! fig-tree1 z ! ,jewi% p871 xiii4 #ca-ce 7! prophet 9 ,j]usalem71 ! prodigal son 7p]haps871 ! wick$ husb&m5 7m probably71 ! triumphal entry 7z ! fulfilm5t ( prophecy71 ! ann\ncem5t ( ! ,passion 7also z su*71 xxi4 #ba1 #bb 7! same71 & ! frequ5t allusions to ! ,old ,te/am5t ,scriptures1 seem to h be5 expung$ z recognis+ or belong+ to ! k+dom ( ! ,demiurge ,endnote #bbj3a4 ,aga91 ! *anges 9 xiii4 #bh1 xvi4 #ag1 xx4 #ce1 are fully 9 accordance ) ,m>cion's sy/em ,endnote #bbj3b4 ,! read+ :i* ,m>cion _h 9 xi4 #bb is expressly /at$ to h be5 common to ! ,gno/ic h]etics g5]ally4 ,9 "s ( ^! in/ances ! dogmatic motive is gross & palpable1 9 mo/ x seems to h be5 made out1 b "s 7su* z especially xiii4 #a-i7 are /ill d\btful1 & ! me?od ( excision does n appe> to h be5 c>ri$ out ) complete consi/5cy4 ,?is1 inde$1 0 only to be expect$4 ,we are con/antly rem9d$ t ,t]tullian1 a man1 ) all 8 faults1 ( enorm\s lit]>y & g5]al p[]1 did n possess ! critical faculty1 & no m 0 t faculty likely to be f\nd 9 ,m>cion4 ,x is an ana*ronism to suppose t he w\ld sit d[n to 8 "w ) t regul>ity ( me?od & ) t subtle appreciation ( ! aff9ities ( dogma :i* *>act]ise ! mod]n critic4 ,! ,septuag9t translators betray an evid5t desire to s(t5 d[n ! an?ropomorphism ( ! ,hebrew2 b h[ easy w\ld x be to convict !m ( inconsi/5cy1 & to %[ t !y left /&+ expressions z /rong z any t !y *ang$6 ,if we judge ,m>cion's proc$ure by a /&>d suit$ to ! age 9 :i* he liv$1 our wond] w be1 n t he has %[n s little1 b s mu*1 consi/5cy & insight4 ,i ?9k1 !re=e1 t ! dogmatic argum5t1 s f> z x goes1 tells di/9ctly 9 fav\r ( ! 'mutilation' hypo!sis4 ,b at ! same "t x %\ld n be press$ too f>4 ,i %\ld be tempt$ to say t ! almo/ exclusive & c]ta9ly excessive use ( argum5ts d]iv$ f ! hi/ory ( dogma 0 ! prime fallacy :i* lies at ! root ( ! ,tb+5 criticism4 ,h[ c x be ?\ght t an ,engli%man1 or a ,g]man1 tra9$ "u & surr\nd$ by ! circum/ances ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 %\ld be able to ?read all ! mazes 9 ! m9d ( a ,gno/ic or an ,ebionite 9 ! second8 ,x is difficult en\gh = u to lay d[n a law = ! actions ( our own imm$iate neighb\rs & fri5ds2 h[ mu* m difficult to 'ca/ ! %ell ( habit1' & place ourselves at ! po9t ( view ( a civilisation & _w ( ?\ght :olly diff]5t f our own1 s z n only to expla9 its app>5t ab]rations1 b to be able to say1 positively1 '?is mu/ h be5 s1' 't mu/ h be5 o!rwise4' ,yet su* is ! /range & extravagant supposition t we are assum$ to make4 ,no d\bt ! argum5t f dogma has its place 9 criticism2 b1 on ! :ole1 ! lit]>y argum5t is saf]1 m remov$ f ! influ5ce ( subjective impressions1 m capable ( be+ ca/ into a really sci5tific =m4 7#c47 ,i pass ov] o!r lit]>y argum5ts :i* h>dly admit ( ?is =m ( expression--su* z ! improbability t ! ,preface or ,prologue 0 n "p ( ! orig9al ,gospel1 b a lat] accretion2 or1 aga91 f ,m>cion's treatm5t ( ! ,synoptic matt] 9 ! ?ird ,gospel1 bo? po9ts :i* might be o!rwise wor? dilat+ ^u4 ,i pass ov] ^!1 & come at once1 )\t fur!r delay1 to ! "o po9t :i* seems to me really to decide ! "* ( ,m>cion's ,gospel & its relation to ! ,synoptic4 ,! argum5t to :i* ,i allude is t f /yle & diction4 ,true ! ,engli% m9d is apt to receive lit]>y argum5ts ( t k9d ) suspicion1 & v ju/ly s long z !y re/ ^u a m]e vague subjective ipse dixit2 b "h ! "q c be r$uc$ to "o ( def9ite figures & ( weigh+ & measur+4 ,brud]'s ,concordance is a dismal- look+ volume--a m]e index ( words1 & no?+ m4 ,b x has an eloqu5ce ( its own = ! sci5tific inve/igator4 ,x is /range h[ cle>ly _m po9ts /& out :5 ?is te/ comes to be appli$1 :i* be=e _h be5 vague & obscure4 ,?is is especially ! case 9 reg>d to ! ,synoptic ,gospels2 =1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! vocabul>y ( ! writ]s is v limit$ & simil> phrases h con/ant t5d5cy to recur1 &1 9 ! second place1 ! critic has ! imm5se advantage ( be+ enabl$ to comp>e _! treatm5t ( ! same common matt]1 s t he c readily asc]ta9 :at are ! *>act]i/ic modifications introduc$ by ea*4 ,dr4 ,holtzmann1 foll[+ ,zell] & ,lekebus*1 has made a full & c>eful analysis ( ! /yle & vocabul>y ( ,/4 ,luke ,endnote #bbc3a1 b ( c\rse )\t ref]5ce to ! p>ticul> omissions ( ,m>cion4 ,let u !n1 ) ! help ( ,brud]1 apply ,holtzmann's results to ^! omissions1 ) a view to see :e!r !re is evid5ce t !y are by ! same h& z ! re/ ( ! ,gospel4 ,x w\ld be beyond ! proportions ( ! pres5t enquiry to exhibit all ! evid5ce 9 full4 ,i %all1 !re=e1 n transcribe ! :ole ( my notes1 b m]ely give a few samples ( ! sort ( evid5ce producible1 along ) a brief summ>y ( ! g5]al results4 ,tak+ fir/ c]ta9 po9ts by :i* ! /yle ( ! ?ird ,evangeli/ is di/+ui%$ f t ( ! fir/ 9 _! treatm5t ( common matt]1 ,dr4 ,holtzmann obs]ves1 t :]e ,mat!w has ,greek3 grammateus1 ,luke has 9 six places ! ^w ,greek3 nomikos1 :i* is only f\nd ?ree times besides 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t 7once 9 ,/4 ,m>k1 & twice 9 ! ,epi/le to ,titus74 ,( ! places :]e x is us$ by ,/4 ,luke1 "o is ! omitt$ passage1 vii4 #cj4 ,9 citations :]e ,mat!w has ,greek3 to rhae!n 7#ad times2 n at all 9 ,luke71 ,luke pref]s ! p]fect =m ,greek3 to eiraem5on1 s 9 ii4 #bd 7,acts twice72 comp>e ,greek3 eiraetai1 iv4 #ba4 ,:]e ,mat!w has ,greek3 arti 7#g times71 ,luke has always ,greek3 nun1 nev] ,greek3 arti3 ,greek3 nun is us$ 9 ! foll[+ passages1 omitt$ by ,m>cion3 i4 #dh1 ii4 #bi1 xix4 #db1 xxii4 #ah1 #cf4 ,) ,mat!w ! ^w ,greek3 eleos is mascul9e1 ) ,luke neut]1 s five times 9 *4 i4 & 9 x4 #cg1 :i* 0 reta9$ by ,m>cion4 ,among ! peculi>ities ( /yle not$ by ,dr4 ,holtzmann :i* recur 9 ! omitt$ portions ! foll[+ are p]haps "s ( ! m /rik+4 ,peculi> use ( ,greek3 to cov]+ a :ole phrase1 i4 #fb ,greek3 to ti an !loi kalei/hai1 xix4 #dh1 xxii4 #cg1 & five o!r places4 ,peculi> attraction ( ! relative ) prec$+ case ( ,greek3 pas1 iii4 #ai1 xix4 #cg1 & else:]e4 ,! =mula ,greek3 elege 7eipe7 de p>abola5 7n f\nd 9 ! o!r ,synoptics71 xiii4 #f1 xx4 #i1 #ai1 & t5 times besides4 ,greek3 ,t\ pleona/ic ) ! inf9itive1 once 9 ,m>k1 six times 9 ,mat!w1 tw5ty-five times 9 ,luke1 ( :i* ?ree times 9 *ap4 i1 twice 9 *ap4 ii1 iv4 #aj1 xxi4 #bb4 ,peculi> comb9ations ) ,greek3 kata1 kata to e?os1 eio?os1 ei?ism5on1 i4 #i1 ii4 #bg1 #db1 & twice4 ,greek3 ,ka?' haem]an1 once 9 ! o!r ,gospels1 ?irte5 times 9 ,luke & ,acts xix4 #dg2 ,greek3 kat' etos1 ii4 #da2 ,greek3 kata ) peculi> g5itive ( place1 iv4 #ad 7xxiii4 #e7 ,endnote #bbd3a4 ,protasis introduc$ by ,greek3 kai hote1 ii4 #ba1 #bb1 #db1 ,greek3 kai hos1 ii4 #ci1 xv4 #be1 xix4 #da4 ,uses ( ,greek3 eg5eto1 especially ) ,greek3 en to & inf9itive1 twice 9 ,m>k1 9 ,luke tw5ty-two times1 i4 #h1 ii4 #f1 iii4 #ba1 xxiv4 #ea2 ,greek3 en to ) ! inf9itive1 ?ree times 9 ,/4 ,mat!w1 once 9 ,/4 ,m>k1 ?irty-sev5 times 9 ,/4 ,luke1 includ+ i4 #h1 #ba1 ii4 #f1 #bg1 #dc1 iii4 #ba4 ,adv]bs3 ,greek3 exaes & ,greek3 ka!xaes1 t5 times 9 ! ?ird ,gospel & ! ,acts alone 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 i4 #c2 ,greek3 a*ri1 tw5ty times 9 ! ?ird ,gospel & ,acts1 only once 9 ! o!r ,gospels1 i4 #bj1 iv4 #ac2 ,greek3 exaiphnaes1 f\r times 9 ! ,gospel & ,acts1 once besides 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ii4 #ac2 ,greek3 p>a*raema1 sev5te5 times 9 ! ,gospel & ,acts1 twice 9 ! re/ ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 i4 #fd2 ,greek3 en meso1 ?irte5 times 9 ! ,gospel & ,acts1 five times 9 ! o!r ,synoptics1 ii4 #df1 xxi4 #ba4 ,fondness = optative 9 indirect con/ructions1 i4 #bi1 #fb1 iii4 #ae1 xv4 #bf4 ,peculi> comb9ation ( p>ticiples1 ii4 #cf 7,greek3 probebaekuia zaesasa71 iii4 #bc 7,greek3 ar*om5os on71 iv4 #bj 7,greek3 ptuxas apod\s71 v frequ5t4 ,greek3 ,e9ai1 ) p>ticiple = f9ite v]b 7=ty-eight times 9 all71 i4 #g1 #aj1 #bj1 #ba1 #bb1 ii4 #h1 #bf1 #cc1 #ea1 iii4 #bc1 iv4 #af 7,greek3 a5 te?ramm5os1 omitt$ by ,m>cion71 iv4 #ag1 #bj1 xv4 #bd1 #cb1 xviii4 #cd1 xix4 #dg1 xx4 #ag1 xxiv4 #ec4 ,con/ruction ( ,greek3 pros ) accusative aft] ,greek3 eipe91 lale91 apokr9e/hai1 frequ5t 9 ,luke1 r>e 9 ! re/ ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 i4 #ac1 #ah1 #ai1 #bh1 #cd1 #ee1 #fa1 #gc1 ii4 #ae1 #ah1 #cd1 #dh1 #di1 iii4 #ab1 #ac1 #ad1 iv4 #d1 xiii4 #g1 #cd1 xv4 #bb1 xviii4 #ca1 xix4 #cc1 #ci1 xx4 #i1 #ad1 #ai4 ,?is is ?r[n into m>k$ relief by ! contra/ ) ! o!r ,synoptics2 ! only two places :]e ,mat!w appe>s to h ! con/ruction are bo? ambigu\s1 iii4 #ae 7d\btful read+1 probably ,greek3 auto71 & xxvii4 #ad 7,greek3 apekri?ae auto pros oude h5 rhaema74 ,no o!r evangeli/ speaks s mu* ( ,greek3 ,pneuma hagion1 i4 #ae1 #ce1 #da1 #fg1 ii4 #be1 #ff1 iii4 #af1 #bb1 iv4 #a 7f\nd also 9 ,m>cion's read+ ( xi4 #b74 ,peculi> use ( pron\ns3 ,luke has ! comb9ation ,greek3 kai autos tw5ty-eight times1 ,mat!w only twice 7"o false read+71 ,m>k f\r or p]haps five times1 i4 #ag1 #bb1 ii4 #bh1 iii4 #bc1 xv4 #ad2 ,greek3 kai autoi ,m>k has n at all1 ,mat!w twice1 ,luke ?irte5 times1 includ+ ii4 #ej1 xviii4 #cd1 xxiv4 #eb4 ,we n[ come to ! te/ suppli$ by ! vocabul>y4 ,! foll[+ are "s ( ! words peculi> to ,/4 ,luke1 or f\nd 9 8 writ+s ) m>k$ & *>act]i/ic frequ5cy1 :i* occur 9 ^? p>ts ( our pres5t ,gospel t 7 want+ 9 ,m>cion's rec5sion3 ,greek3 ane/a51 ana/as occur ?ree times 9 ,/4 ,mat!w1 twice 9 ,/4 ,john1 f\r times 9 ! writ+s ( ,/4 ,paul1 tw5ty-six times 9 ! ?ird ,gospel & ?irty-five times 9 ! ,acts1 & are f\nd 9 i4 #ci1 xv4 #ah1 #bj2 ,greek3 antilege9 appe>s 9 ii4 #cd1 five times 9 ! re/ ( ! ,gospel & ! ,acts1 & only f\r times toge!r 9 ! re/ ( ! ,new ,te/am5t2 ,greek3 hapas occurs tw5ty times 9 ! ,gospel1 sixte5 times 9 ! ,acts1 only t5 times 9 ! re/ ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 b 9 ii4 #ci1 iii4 #af1 #ba1 iv4 #f1 xv4 #ac1 xix4 #cg1 #dh1 xxi4 #d 7bis72 ?ree ( ^! are1 h[ev]1 d\btful read+s4 ,greek3 aphesis ton am>tion1 t5 times 9 ! ,gospel & ,acts1 sev5 times 9 ! re/ ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 i4 #gg1 iii4 #c4 ,greek3 dei1 ,dr4 ,holtzmann says1 'is f\nd m (t5 9 ,/4 ,luke ?an 9 all ! o!r writ]s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t put toge!r4' ,?is does n appe> to be /rictly true2 x is1 h[ev]1 f\nd n9ete5 times 9 ! ,gospel & tw5ty-five times 9 ! ,acts to tw5ty-f\r times 9 ! ?ree o!r ,gospels2 x occurs 9 ii4 #di1 xiii4 #cc1 xv4 #cb1 xxii4 #cg4 ,greek3 de*e/hai1 tw5ty-f\r times 9 ! ,gospel & ,acts1 tw5ty-six times 9 ! re/ ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 six times 9 ,/4 ,mat!w1 ?ree 9 ,/4 ,m>k1 ii4 #bh1 xxii4 #ag4 ,greek3 diatasse91 n9e times 9 ! ,gospel & ,acts1 sev5 times 9 ! re/ ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 7,mat!w once71 iii4 #ac1 xvii4 #i1 #aj4 ,greek3 di]*e/hai occurs ?irty-two times 9 ! ,gospel & ,acts1 twice 9 ea* ( ! o!r ,synoptics1 & eight times 9 ! re/ ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & is f\nd 9 ii4 #ae1 #ce4 ,greek3 dioti1 i4 #ac1 ii4 #g 7xxi4 #bh1 & ,acts1 n besides 9 ! ,gospels74 ,greek3 ean1 xxii4 #ea 7once besides 9 ! ,gospel1 eight times 9 ! ,acts1 & ?ree times 9 ! re/ ( ! ,new ,te/am5t74 ,greek3 e?os1 i4 #i1 ii4 #db1 eight times besides 9 ,/4 ,luke's writ+s & only twice 9 ! re/ ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,greek3 enantion1 five times 9 ,/4 ,luke's writ+s1 once besides1 i4 #h4 ,greek3 enopion1 correct+ ! read+s1 tw5ty times 9 ! ,gospel1 f\rte5 times 9 ! ,acts1 n at all 9 ! o!r ,synopti/s1 once 9 ,/4 ,john1 f\r times 9 *ap4 i1 iv4 #g1 xv4 #ah1 #ba 7?is w be notic$ z a v rem>kable in/ance ( ! ext5t to :i* ! diction ( ! ?ird ,evangeli/ impress$ itself ^u 8 writ+s74 ,greek3 epibibaze91 xix4 #ce 7& twice1 only by ,/4 ,luke74 ,greek3 epipipte91 i4 #ab1 xv4 #bj 7eight times 9 ! ,acts & ?ree times 9 ! re/ ( ! ,new ,te/am5t74 ,greek3 ai eraemoi1 only 9 ,/4 ,luke1 i4 #hj1 & twice4 ,greek3 etos 7fifte5 times 9 ! ,gospel1 elev5 times 9 ! ,acts1 ?ree times 9 ! o!r ,synoptics & ?ree times 9 ,/4 ,john71 f\r times 9 *ap4 ii1 iii4 #a1 #bc1 xiii1 #g1 #h1 xv4 #bi4 ,greek3 ?aumaze9 epi t9i1 ,gospel & ,acts five times 7only besides 9 ,m>k xii4 #ag71 ii4 #cc4 ,greek3 ikanos 9 ! s5se ( 'mu*1' '_m1' sev5 times 9 ! ,gospel1 eighte5 times 9 ! ,acts1 & only ?ree times besides 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 iii4 #af1 xx4 #i 7comp>e xxii4 #ch74 ,greek3 ka?oti 7l ,greek3 ka!xaes above71 is only f\nd 9 ,/4 ,luke's writ+s1 i4 #g1 & five times 9 ! re/ ( ! ,gospel & ! ,acts4 ,greek3 latreue91 '9 ,luke1 mu* (t5] ?an 9 o!r p>ts ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1' i4 #gd1 ii4 #cg1 iv4 #h1 & five times 9 ! ,acts4 ,greek3 limos1 six times 9 ! ,gospel & ,acts1 six times 9 ! re/ ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 xv4 #ad1 #ag4 ,greek3 ma5 7mon?71 i4 #bd1 #bf1 #cf1 #ef 7iv4 #be71 alone 9 ! ,gospels1 9 ! ,acts five times4 ,greek3 oikos = 'family1' i4 #bg1 #cc1 #fi1 ii4 #d1 & ?ree times besides 9 ! ,gospel1 n9e times 9 ! ,acts4 ,greek3 plae?os 7especially 9 ! =m ,greek3 pan to plae?os71 tw5ty-five times 9 ,/4 ,luke's writ+s1 sev5 times 9 ! re/ ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 #a4 #ai1 ii4 #ac1 xix4 #cg4 ,greek3 plaesai1 plae/ha5ai1 tw5ty-two times 9 ,/4 ,luke's writ+s1 only ?ree times besides 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 i4 #ae1 #bc1 #da1 #eg1 #fg1 ii4 #f1 #ba1 #bb1 xxi4 #bb4 ,greek3 prosdokan1 elev5 times 9 ! ,gospel & ,acts1 five times 9 ! re/ ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 7,mat!w twice & #b ,pet]71 i4 #ba1 iii4 #ae4 ,greek3 skapte91 only 9 ,luke ?ree times1 xiii4 #h4 ,greek3 speude91 except 9 #b ,pet] iii4 #ab1 only 9 ,/4 ,luke's writ+s1 ii4 #af4 ,greek3 sullambane91 t5 times 9 ! ,gospel & ,acts1 five times 9 ! re/ ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 i4 #bd1 #ca1 #cf1 ii4 #ba4 ,greek3 sumballe91 only 9 ,lucan writ+s1 six times1 ii4 #ai4 ,greek3 sune*e91 n9e times 9 ! ,gospel & ,acts1 ?ree times besides 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 xix4 #dc4 ,greek3 sota]ia1 9 *ap4 i4 ?ree times1 9 ! re/ ( ! ,gospel & ,acts sev5 times1 n 9 ! o!r ,synoptic ,gospels4 ,greek3 hupo/rephe91 tw5ty-two times 9 ! ,gospel1 elev5 times 9 ! ,acts1 & only five times 9 ! re/ ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 7?ree ( :i* are d\btful read+s71 i4 #ef1 ii4 #bj1 #ci1 #dc1 #de1 iv4 #a1 7#ad71 xxiv4 #eb4 ,greek3 hupsi/os occurs n9e times 9 ! ,gospel & ,acts1 f\r times 9 ! re/ ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 i4 #cb1 #ce1 #gf1 ii4 #ad1 xix4 #ch4 ,greek3 hupsos is also f\nd 9 i4 #gh1 xxiv4 #di4 ,greek3 *>is is f\nd1 among ! ,synoptics1 only 9 ,/4 ,luke1 eight times 9 ! ,gospel1 sev5te5 times 9 ! ,acts1 i4 #cj1 ii4 #dj1 #eb1 xvii4 #i4 ,greek3 hosei occurs n9ete5 times 9 ! ,gospel & ,acts 7f\r d\btful read+s1 ( :i* two are probably false71 sev5te5 times 9 ! re/ ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 7t5 d\btful read+s1 ( :i* 9 ! ,synoptic ,gospels ?ree are probably false71 i4 #ef1 iii4 #bc4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! above are only samples f ! :ole body ( evid5ce1 :i* w\ld take up a mu* l>g] space if exhibit$ 9 full4 ,! total result may be summ>is$ ?us4 ,accept+ ! s*eme ( ,m>cion's ,gospel giv5 "s pages back1 :i* is sub/antially t ( ',sup]natural ,religion1' ,m>cion w h omitt$ a total ( #cji v]ses4 ,9 ^? v]ses !re are f\nd #aaa di/9ct peculi>ities ( ,/4 ,luke's /yle1 numb]+ 9 all #ahe sep>ate in/ances2 !re are also f\nd #ach words peculi> to or specially *>act]i/ic ( ! ?ird ,evangeli/1 ) #bbd in/ances4 ,9 o!r words1 ! v]ifi$ peculi>ities ( ,/4 ,luke's /yle & diction 7& h[ m>k$ _m ( ^! are w h be5 se5 f ! examples above7 are f\nd 9 ! portions ( ! ,gospel omitt$ by ,m>cion 9 a proportion av]ag+ consid]ably m ?an "o to ea* v]se6 ,endnote #bbi3a ,com+ to detail1 we f9d t 9 ! pr9cipal omission-- t ( ! fir/ two *apt]s1 conta9+ #acb v]ses--!re are #dg di/9ct peculi>ities ( /yle1 ) #aje in/ances2 & #hb *>act]i/ic words1 ) #add in/ances4 ,9 ! #bc v]ses ( *ap4 iii4 omitt$ by ,m>cion 7= ! g5ealogy ne$ n be reckon$71 ! in/ances are #ah & #ad1 mak+ a total ( #cb4 ,9 #ah v]ses omitt$ f *ap4 iv4 ! in/ances are #ac & #h #ba4 ,9 ano!r long] passage--! p>able ( ! prodigal son--! in/ances are #h ( ! fir/ class & #bj ( ! second4 ,9 #bj v]ses omitt$ f *ap4 xix4 ! in/ances are #aa & #f2 & 9 #aa v]ses omitt$ f *ap4 xx1 #i & #h4 ,( all ! isolat$ fragm5ts t ,m>cion _h eject$ f 8 ,gospel1 !re are only f\r--iv4 #bd1 xi4 #di-ea1 xx4 #cg1 #ch1 xxii4 #bh-cj1 n9e v]ses 9 all--9 :i* no peculi>ities h be5 notic$4 ,& yet ev5 "h ! traces ( au?or%ip are n want+4 ,x happ5s /rangely en\gh t 9 a li/ ( p>allel passages giv5 by ,dr4 ,holtzmann to illu/rate ! aff9ities ( ?\ght betwe5 ,/4 ,luke & ,/4 ,paul1 two ( ^! v passages--xi4 #di & xx4 #ch-- occur4 ,i _h int5d$ to pursue ! inve/igation ?r\gh ^! resemblances1 b x seems sup]flu\s to c>ry x fur!r4 ,x is difficult to see :at appeal c be made aga9/ evid5ce su* z ?is4 ,a c]ta9 all[ance %\ld inde$ be made = possible errors ( computation1 & "s ( ! po9ts may h be5 wrongly ent]$1 ?\gh c>e has be5 tak5 to put d[n no?+ t 0 n v]ifi$ by its prepond]at+ pres5ce 9 ! ,lucan writ+s1 & especially by its pres5ce 9 t portion ( ! ,gospel :i* ,m>cion und\bt$ly receiv$4 ,b z a rule ! me?od applies itself me*anically1 & :5 e d$uction has be5 made1 !re w /ill rema9 a mass ( evid5ce t x does n seem too mu* to describe z ov]:elm+4 7#d47 ,we may assume1 !n1 t !re is def9ite pro( t ! ,gospel us$ by ,m>cion presupposes our pres5t ,/4 ,luke1 9 its complete =m1 z x has be5 h&$ d[n to u4 ,b :5 once ?is assumption has be5 made1 ano!r set ( consid]ations comes 91 :i* also c>ry ) !m an important inf]5ce4 ,if ,m>cion's ,gospel 0 an extract f a manuscript conta9+ our pres5t ,/4 ,luke1 !n n only is x c]ta9 t t ,gospel 0 already 9 exi/5ce1 b !re is fur!r evid5ce to %[ t x mu/ h be5 9 exi/5ce = "s "t4 ,! argum5t 9 ?is case is drawn f ano!r bran* ( ,biblical sci5ce to :i* we h already _h occasion to appeal--text-criticism4 ,m>cion's ,gospel1 x is kn[n1 pres5ts c]ta9 read+s :i* diff] bo? f ! receiv$ & o!r texts4 ,"s ( ^! are ?\ght by ,volkm> & ,hilg5feld to be m orig9al & to h a bett] "r to /& 9 ! text ?an ^? :i* are at pres5t f\nd !re4 ,^! critics1 h[ev]1 base _! op9ion = ! mo/ "p on int]nal gr\nds1 & ! read+s def5d$ by !m are n z a rule ^? :i* are support$ by o!r manuscript au?ority4 ,x is to ?is second class r t ,i ref] z be>+ ^u ! age ( ! canonical ,gospel4 ,! mo/ important v>i\s read+s ( ! exi/5ce ( :i* we h pro( 9 ,m>cion's ,gospel are z foll[s ,endnote #bca3a3-- v4 #ad4 ,! receiv$ 7& be/7 text is ,greek3 eis m>turion autois4 ,m>cion1 accord+ to ! express /atem5t ( ,epiphanius 7#cab ,b71 read ,greek3 h9a ae morturion t\to hum91 :i* is confirm$ by ,t]tullian1 :o gives 7,m>c4 iv4 #h7 ',ut sit vobis 9 te/imonium4' ,! same or a simil> read+ is f\nd 9 ,d1 ,greek3 h9a eis m>turion ae hum9 t\to1 'ut sit 9 te/imonium vobis hoc1' d2 'ut sit 9 te/imonium 7--monia1 ff7 hoc vobis1' a 7,codex ,v]cell5sis71 b 7,codex ,v]on5sis71 c 7,codex ,colb]t9us71 ff 7,codex ,corbei5sis71 l 7,codex ,rh$ig]ianus71 ( ! ,old ,lat9 ,endnote #bca3b4 v4 #ci 0 probably omitt$ by ,m>cion 7?is is inf]r$ f ! sil5ce ( ,t]tullian by ,hilg5feld1 p4 #djc1 & ,rns*1 p4 #fcd74 ,! v]se is also omitt$ 9 ,d1 a1 b1 c1 d1 e1 ff4 x4 #bb4 ,m>cion's read+ ( ?is v]se correspond$ ) t ( o!r ,gno/ics1 b has no extant manuscript au?ority4 ,we h t\*$ ^u x else:]e4 x4 #be4 ,greek3 zoa5 aionion1 ,m>cion omitt$ ,greek3 aionion 7,t]t4 ,adv4 ,m>c4 iv4 #be72 s also ! ,old ,lat9 ,codex g'#b 7,san ,g]man5sis74 xi4 #b4 ,m>cion read ,greek3 el!to to hagion pneuma s\ eph' haemas 7or an equival5t2 see ,rns*1 p4 #fdj7 ei!r = ! clause ,greek3 hagia/haeto to onoma s\ or = ,greek3 g5ae?aeto to !laema s\1 :i* is omitt$ 9 ,b1 ,l1 #a1 ,vulg41 ff1 ,syr4 ,crt4 ,!re is a curi\s /ray ,greek3 eph' haemas 9 ,d :i* may conceivably be a trace ( ,m>cion's read+4 xii4 #ad4 ,m>cion 7& probably ,t]tullian7 read ,greek3 krita5 7or ,greek3 dika/a57 only = ,greek3 krita5 ae m]i/a52 s ,d1 a 7'ut videtur1' ,tregelles71 c1 ,syr4 ,crt4 xii4 #ch4 ,m>cion _h ,greek3 tae hesp]9ae phulakae = ,greek3 en tae deut]a phulakae kai en tae tritae phulakae4 ,s b3 ,d1 c1 e1 ff1 i1 ,ir54 #ccd1 ,syr4 ,crt41 comb9e ! two read+s 9 v>i\s ways4 xvi4 #ab4 ,m>cion read ,greek3 emon = ,greek3 humet]on4 ,s e 7,palat9us71 i 7,v9dobon5sis71 l 7,rh$ig]ianus74 ,greek3 haemet]on ,b4 ,l1 ,orig54 xvii4 #b4 ,m>cion ins]t$ ! words ,greek3 ouk eg5nae?ae ae 7,t]t4 iv4 #ce71 'ne nasc]etur aut1' a1 b1 c1 ff1 i1 l4 xviii4 #ai4 ,"h aga9 ,m>cion _h a v>iation :i* is unsupport$ by manuscript au?ority1 b has to "s ext5t a p>allel 9 ! ,clem5t9e ,homilies1 ,ju/91 c4 xxi4 #ah4 0 omitt$ by ,m>cion 7,epiph4 #caf ,b71 & is also omitt$ 9 ! ,curetonian ,syriac4 xxi4 #bg4 ,t]tullian 7iv4 #ci7 gives ! read+ ( ,m>cion z 'cum plurima virtute' ,greek3 meta dunameos pollaes kai doxaes1 = ,greek3 meta dun4 k4 dox4 pollaes2 s ,d 7,greek3 en dun4 pol471 & approximately ,vulg41 a1 c1 e1 f1 ff1 ,syr4 ,crt41 ,syr4 ,p/4 xxiii4 #b4 ,m>cion read ,greek3 dia/rephonta to e?nos kai katalionta ton nomon kai t\s prophaetas kai keleuonta phor\s mae d\nai kai ana/rephonta tas gunaikas kai ta tekna 7,epiph41 #caf ,d71 :]e ,greek3 kataluonta ton nomon kai t\s prophaetas & ,greek3 ana/rephonta tas gunaikas kai ta tekna are additions to ! text1 & ,greek3 keleuonta phor\s mae d\nai is a v>iation4 ,( ! two additions ! fir/ f9ds support 9 b1 7c71 e1 7ff71 i1 l2 ! second is ins]t$1 ) "s v>iation1 by c & e 9 v]se #e4 ,we may ?us tabulate ! relation ( ,m>cion to ^! v>i\s au?orities4 ,! brackets indicate t ! agreem5t is only approximate4 ,m>cion agrees )-- ,d1 d1 v4 #ad1 v4 #ci2 xii4 #ad1 7xii4 #bh71 7xxi4 #bg74 a 7,v]c471 v4 #ad1 v4 #ci1 xii4 #ad 7app>5tly71 xvii4 #b1 7xxi4 #bg74 b 7,v]471 v4 #ad1 v4 #ci4 xii4 #ch1 xvii4 #b1 7xxiii4 #b74 c 7,colb471 v4 #ad1 v4 #ci1 xii4 #ad1 7xii4 #ch71 xvii4 #b1 7xxi4 #bg71 7xxiii4 #b71 7xxiii4 #b74 e 7,pal471 v4 #ci1 7xii4 #ch71 xvi4 #ab1 7xxi4 #bg71 xxiii4 #b1 7xxiii4 #b74 ff 7,corb471 v4 #ad1 v4 #ci1 7xii4 #ch71 xvii4 #b1 7xxi4 #bg71 7xxiii4 #b74 g'#b 7,g]m471 x4 #be4 i 7,v9d471 7xii4 #ch71 xvi4 #ab1 xvii4 #b1 xxiii4 #b4 l 7,rh$471 v4 #ad1 xvi4 #ab1 xvii4 #b1 xiii4 #b4 ,syr4 ,crt41 xii4 #ad1 7xii4 #ch71 xxi4 #ah1 7xxi4 #bg74 ,x is wor? notic+ t xxii4 #ai b1 #bj 7:i* is omitt$ 9 ,d1 a1 b1 c1 ff1 i1 l7 appe>s to h be5 f\nd 9 ,m>cion's ,gospel1 z 9 ! ,vulgate1 c1 & f 7see ,rns*1 p4 #bci74 ,greek3 apo t\ mnaemei\ 9 xxiv4 #i is also f\nd 7,rns*1 p4 #bdf71 ?\gh omitt$ by ,d1 a1 b1 c1 e1 ff1 l4 ,!re is no evid5ce to %[ :e!r ! additions 9 ix4 #ee1 xxiii4 #cd1 & xxii4 #dc1 #dd 7 pres5t 9 ,m>cion's ,gospel or n4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! read+s giv5 above h all :at is call$ a ',we/]n' "*4 ,! ,curetonian ,syriac is well kn[n to h ,we/]n aff9ities ,endnote #bcc3a4 ,codd4 a1 b1 c1 & ! fragm5t ( i :i* ext5ds f ,luke x4 #f to xxiii4 #aj1 repres5t ! mo/ primitive type ( ! ,old ,lat9 v]sion2 e1 ff1 & ,i give a m mix$ text4 ,z we %\ld expect1 ! revis$ ,lat9 text ( ,cod4 f has no repres5tation 9 ,m>cion's ,gospel ,endnote #bcc3b4 ,^! textual ph5om5a are highly int]e/+1 b at ! same "t an exact analysis ( !m is difficult4 ,no simple hypo!sis w acc\nt = !m4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ,m>cion's read+s are1 9 ! te*nical s5se1 false2 !y are a deviation f ! type ( ! pure & unadult]at$ text4 ,at a c]ta9 po9t1 evid5tly ( ! remote/ antiquity1 9 ! hi/ory ( transcription1 !re 0 a bran*+ (f :i* gave rise to ^? v>ieties ( read+ :i*1 ?\gh !y are n conf9$ to ,we/]n manuscripts1 /ill1 f _! prepond]ance 9 ^!1 are call$ by ! g5]al "n ( ',we/]n4' ,b :5 we come to consid] ! relations among ^? ,we/]n docum5ts !mselves1 no regul> desc5t or filiation seems traceable4 ,c]ta9 broad l9es inde$ we c m>k (f z betwe5 ! e>li] & lat] =ms ( ! ,old ,lat91 ?\gh ev5 "h ! outl9e is 9 places confus$2 b at :at po9t are we to ins]t t mo/ rem>kable docum5t ( antiquity1 ! ,curetonian ,syriac8 ,= in/ance1 !re are cases 7e4g4 xvii4 #b1 xxiii4 #b7 :]e ,m>cion & ! ,old ,lat9 are oppos$ to ! ,old ,syriac1 :]e ! latt] has und\bt$ly pres]v$ ! correct read+4 ,to judge f ^! alone1 we %\ld naturally conclude t ! ,syriac 0 simply an old] & pur] type ?an ,m>cion's ,gospel & ! ,lat94 ,b !n aga91 on ! o!r h&1 !re are cases 7su* z ! omission ( xxi4 #ah7 :]e ,m>cion & ! ,syriac are comb9$1 & ! ,old ,lat9 adh]es to ! tru] type4 ,?is w t5d to %[ t1 ev5 at t e>ly p]iod1 !re mu/ h be5 "s comp>ison & correction--a conv]g5ce z well z a div]g5ce-- ( manuscripts1 & n always a m]e reproduction ( ! p>ticul> copy :i* ! scribe _h be=e him2 at ! same "t x w also %[ t ,m>cion's ,gospel1 s f> f be+ an orig9al docum5t1 has beh9d x a deep hi/orical backgr\nd1 & /&s at ! head ( a s]ies ( copies :i* h already pass$ ?r\gh a numb] ( h&s1 & be5 expos$ to a proportionate am\nt ( corruption4 ,our au?or is incl9$ to lay /ress ^u ! 'sl[ multiplication & dissem9ation ( ,,mss4' ,p]haps he may some:at exagg]ate ?is1 z antiqu>ians give u a surpris+ acc\nt ( ! case & rapidity ) :i* books 7 produc$ by ! aid ( slave-lab\r ,endnote #bce3a4 ,b ev5 at ,rome ! publi%+ trade ^u ?is l>ge scale 0 a novelty dat+ back no fur!r ?an to ,atticus1 ! fri5d ( ,cic]o1 & we %\ld naturally expect t among ! ,*ri/ians--a poor & widely scatt]$ body1 ^: t5ets w\ld cut !m (f f ! use ( su* public ma*9]y--! multiplication ( ,,mss4 w\ld be sl[] & m att5d$ ) difficulty4 ,b ! sl[] x 0 ! m c]ta9ly d su* ph5om5a z ^! ( ,m>cion's text ?r[ back ! orig9 ( ! prototype f :i* t text 0 d]iv$4 ,9 ! ye> #adj ,a4,d4 ,m>cion possesses a ,gospel :i* is already 9 an advanc$ /age ( transcription--:i* has n only und]gone ^? *anges :i* 9 "s regions ! text und]w5t be=e x 0 translat$ into ,lat91 b has und]gone o!r *anges besides4 ,"s ( its peculi>ities are n ^? ( ! e>lie/ =m ( ! ,lat9 v]sion1 b ( t v]sion 9 :at may be call$ its second /age 7e4g4 xvi4 #ab74 ,x has also aff9ities to ano!r v]sion k9dr$ to ! ,lat9 & occupy+ a simil> place to ! ,old ,lat9 among ! ,*ur*es ( ,syria4 ,^! circum/ances toge!r po9t to an antiquity fully z great z any t an or?odox critic w\ld claim4 ,x %\ld n be ?\ght t because su* indications are indirect !y are !re=e any ! less c]ta94 ,!re is p]haps h>dly a s+le uncanonical ,*ri/ian docum5t t is admitt$ly & indubitably old] ?an ,m>cion2 s t direct evid5ce !re is naturally none4 ,b nei!r is !re any direct evid5ce = ! antiquity ( man or ( ! e>?4 ,! geologi/ judges by ! fossils :i* he f9ds emb$d$ 9 ! /rata z relics ( an ext9ct age2 s "h1 9 ! ,gospel ( ,m>cion1 d we f9d relics :i* to ! initiat$ eye c>ry ) !m _! own /ory4 ,nor1 on ! o!r h&1 c x rightly be argu$ t because ! hi/ory ( ^! rema9s is n :olly to be recov]$1 !re=e no inf]5ce f !m is possible4 ,9 ! e>li] /ages ( a sci5ce l palaeontology x might h be5 argu$ 9 j ! same way t ! difficulties & confusion 9 ! classification invalidat$ ! sci5ce along ) its "o ma9 inf]5ce altoge!r4 ,yet we c see t su* an argum5t w\ld h be5 mi/ak54 ,!re w probably be "s po9ts 9 e sci5ce :i* w nev] be cle>$ up to ! end ( "t4 ,! affirmation ( ! antiquity ( ,m>cion's ,gospel re/s ^u ! simple axiom t e ev5t mu/ h a cause1 & t 9 ord] to produce complicat$ ph5om5a ! int]action ( complicat$ causes is necess>y4 ,su* an assumption involves "t1 & ,i ?9k x is a safe proposition to ass]t t1 9 ord] to br+ ! text ( ,m>cion's ,gospel into ! /ate 9 :i* we f9d x1 !re mu/ h be5 a long previ\s hi/ory1 & ! manuscripts ?r\gh :i* x 0 convey$ mu/ h p>t$ f> f ! p>5t /em4 ,! only way 9 :i* ! inf]5ce drawn f ! text ( ,m>cion's ,gospel c be really met w\ld be by %[+ t ! text ( ! ,lat9 & ,syriac translations is old] & m orig9al ?an t :i* is univ]sally adopt$ by text-critics4 ,i %\ld h>dly suppose t ! au?or ( ',sup]natural ,religion' w be prep>$ to ma9ta9 ?is4 ,if he does1 ! subject c !n be argu$4 ,9 ! meantime1 ^! two argum5ts1 ! lit]>y & ! textual--= ! o!rs are b subsidi>y--mu/1 ,i ?9k1 be held to prove ! high antiquity ( our pres5t ,gospel4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,tatian--,,dionysius ,,( ,,cor9?4 ,tatian 0 a tea*] ( rhetoric1 an ,assyrian by bir?1 :o 0 conv]t$ to ,*ri/ianity by ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 b aft] 8 dea? fell into h]esy1 lean+ t[>ds ! ,val5t9ian ,gno/icism1 & comb9+ ) ?is an extreme asceticism4 ,! dea? ( ,ju/9 is cle>ly ! pivot on :i* 8 date w h+e4 ,if we are to accept ! conclusions ( ,mr4 ,hort ?is w h occurr$ 9 ! ye> #adh ,a4,d42 accord+ to ,volkm> x w\ld fall n be=e #aee ,a4,d41 & 9 ! ord9>y view z late z #afc- #afe ,a4,d4 ,endnote #bch3a ,! beg9n+ ( ,tatian's lit]>y activity w foll[ accord+ly4 ,tatian's fir/ "w ( importance1 an ',address to ,greeks1' :i* is /ill extant1 0 writt5 soon aft] ! dea? ( ,ju/94 ,x conta9s no ref]5ces to ! ,synoptic ,gospels ^u :i* /ress c be laid4 ,an allusion to ,mat?4 vi4 #ai 9 ! ,/romateis ( ,clem5t ,endnote #bch3b has be5 attribut$ to ,tatian1 b ,i h>dly "k = :at reason4 ,x is introduc$ simply by ,greek3 tis 7biazetai tis legon71 b !re 7 o!r ,encratites besides ,tatian1 & ! v fact t he has be5 m5tion$ by "n twice be=e 9 ! *apt] makes x ! less likely t he %\ld be introduc$ s vaguely4 ,! *ief int]e/ h[ev] 9 reg>d to ,tatian c5tres 9 8 s- call$ ',diatess>on1' :i* is usually suppos$ to h be5 a h>mony ( ! f\r ,gospels4 ,eusebius m5tions ?is 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3 ',tatian h[ev]1 _! =m] lead]1 put toge!r1 ,i "k n h[1 a sort ( pat*work or comb9ation ( ! ,gospels & call$ x ! ,diatess>on1 :i* is /ill curr5t ) "s4' ,endnote #bci3a ,i am r surpris$ to see t ,cr$n]1 :o is foll[$ by ! au?or ( ',sup]natural ,religion1' argues f ?is t ,eusebius _h n se5 ! "w 9 "q ,endnote #bci3b4 ,?is inf]5ce is n by any means convey$ by ! ,greek4 ,greek3 ,ouk oid' hopos 7?us introduc$7 is an idiomatic phrase ref]r+ to ! pr9ciple on :i* ! h>mony 0 con/ruct$1 & might well be p>aphras$ 'a curi\s sort ( pat*work or dovetail+1' 'a n v intelligible dovetail+1' c4 ,/&+ 9 ! position x does1 ! phrase c h>dly mean any?+ else4 ,besides x is n likely t ,eusebius1 an eag] collector & read] ( books1 ) ! run ( ,pamphilus' libr>y1 %\ld n h be5 acqua9t$ ) a "w t he says himself 0 curr5t 9 m qu>t]s ?an "o4 ,eusebius1 x w be obs]v$1 is q explicit 9 8 /atem5t4 ,he says t ! ,diatess>on 0 a h>mony ( ! ,gospels1 i4e4 79 8 s5se7 ( our pres5t ,gospels1 & t ,tatian gave ! "n ( ,diatess>on to 8 "w himself4 ,we d n "k ^u :at ^! /atem5ts re/1 b !re ought to be "s valid reason be=e we dismiss !m entirely4 ,epiphanius writes t ',tatian is said to h compos$ ! ,diatess>on ,gospel :i* "s call ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews' ,endnote #bdj3a4 ,& ,!odoret tells u t ',tatian also compos$ ! ,gospel :i* is call$ ! ,diatess>on1 cutt+ out ! g5ealogies & all t %[s ! ,"l to h be5 born ( ! se$ ( ,david accord+ to ! fle%4' ',?is1' he adds1 '0 us$ n only by 8 own p>ty1 b also by ^? :o foll[$ ! tea*+ ( ! ,apo/les1 z !y _h n p]ceiv$ ! mis*iev\s design ( ! composition1 b 9 _! simplicity made use ( ! book on acc\nt ( its concis5ess4' ,!odoret f\nd m ?an two hundr$ copies 9 ! *ur*es ( 8 diocese 7,cyrrhus 9 ,syria71 :i* he remov$ & replac$ ) ! works ( ! f\r ,evangeli/s ,endnote #bdj3b4 ,victor ( ,capua 9 ! six? c5tury speaks ( ,tatian's "w z a ',diap5te' r ?an a ',diatess>on' ,endnote #bdj3c4 ,if we are to believe ! ,syrian writ] ,b>-,salibi 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 ,ephrem ,syrus comm5t$ on ,tatian's ,diatess>on1 & x began ) ! op5+ words ( ,/4 ,john4 ,?is /atem5t h[ev] is ref]r$ by ,gregory ,b>-,hebraeus n to ! ,h>mony ( ,tatian1 b to "o by ,ammonius made 9 ! ?ird c5tury ,endnote #bda3a4 ,"h !re is cle>ly a good deal ( confusion4 ,b n[ we come to ! "q1 0 ,tatian's "w really a ,h>mony ( our f\r ,gospels8 ,! /ronge/ presumption t x 0 is d]iv$ f ,ir5aeus4 ,ir5aeus1 x is well kn[n1 speaks ( ! f\r ,gospels ) absolute decision1 z if x 7 a law ( nature t _! numb] mu/ be f\r1 nei!r m nor less ,endnote #bda3b1 & 8 f\r ,gospels 7 c]ta9ly ! same z our own4 ,b ,tatian wrote )9 a comp>atively %ort int]val ( ,ir5aeus4 ,x is suffici5tly cle> t ,ir5aeus held 8 op9ion at ! v "t t ,tatian wrote1 ?\gh x 0 n publi%$ until lat]4 ,"h !n we h a co9cid5ce :i* makes x difficult to ?9k t ,tatian's f\r ,gospels 7 diff]5t f ours4 ,! !ory t f9ds fav\r ) ,cr$n] ,endnote #bda3c & 8 foll[]s1 includ+ ! au?or ( ',sup]natural ,religion1' is t ,tatian's ,gospel 0 ! same z t us$ by ,ju/94 ,i am myself n incl9$ to ?9k ?is !ory improbable2 x w\ld h be5 /ill less s1 if ,tatian _h be5 ! ma/] & ,ju/9 ! pupil ,endnote #bda3d4 ,we h se5 t ! ph5om5a ( ,ju/9's evangelical quotations are z well met by ! hypo!sis t he made use ( a ,h>mony z by any o!r4 ,b t ,h>mony1 z we h also se51 includ$ at lea/ our ?ree ,synoptics4 ,! evid5ce 7:i* we %all consid] pres5tly7 = ! use ( ! f\r? ,gospel by ,tatian is s /rong z to make x improbable t t "w 0 n includ$ 9 ! ,diatess>on4 ,! fif? "w1 allud$ to by ,victor ( ,capua1 may possibly h be5 ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews4 #b4 ,j z ! int]e/ ( ,tatian turns ^u ! int]pretation to be put ^u a s+le t]m ',diatess>on1' s ! int]e/ ( ,dionysius ( ,cor9? dep5ds ^u :at we are to und]/& by 8 phrase '! ,scriptures ( ! ,"l4' ,9 a fragm5t1 pres]v$ by ,eusebius1 ( an epi/le address$ to ,sot] ,bi%op ( ,rome 7#afh-agf ,a4,d47 & ! ,roman ,*ur*1 ,dionysius compla9s t 8 lett]s _h be5 tamp]$ )4 ',z bre?r5 press$ me to write lett]s ,i wrote !m4 ,& ^! ! apo/les ( ! devil h fill$ ) t>es1 tak+ away "s ?+s & add+ o!rs1 = :om ! woe is prep>$4 ,x is n wond]ful1 !n1 if "s h v5tur$ to tamp] ) ! ,scriptures ( ! ,"l :5 !y h laid _! plots aga9/ writ+s t h no su* claims z !y' ,endnote #bdb3a4 ,x mu/ ne$s be a /ra9+ ( language to make ! ,scriptures "h ref]1 z ! au?or ( ',sup]natural ,religion' seems to d1 to ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,x is true t ,ju/9 lays great /ress ^u type & prophecy z po9t+ to ,*ri/1 b !re is a consid]able /ep betwe5 ?is & call+ ! :ole ( ! ,old ,te/am5t ',scriptures ( ! ,"l4' ,on ! o!r h&1 we c h>dly ?9k t ,dionysius ref]s to a complete collection ( writ+s l ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,x seems mo/ natural to suppose t he is speak+ ( ,gospels--possibly n ! canonical alone1 & yet1 ) ,ir5aeus 9 our m9d's eye1 we %all say probably to !m4 ,!re is ! fur!r reason = ?is application ( ! words t ,dionysius is kn[n to h writt5 aga9/ ,m>cion--'he def5d$ ! canon ( ! tru?' ,endnote #bdc3a1 ,eusebius says-- & su* 'tamp]+' z he describes 0 precisely :at ,m>cion _h be5 guilty (4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! read] w judge = himself :at is ! weight ( ! k9d ( evid5ce produc$ 9 ?is *apt]4 ,i give a *apt] to x because ! au?or ( ',sup]natural ,religion' has done ! same4 ,d\btless x is n ! sort ( evid5ce t w\ld be> press+ 9 a c\rt ( ,engli% law1 b 9 a "q ( balanc$ probabilities x has ,i ?9k a decid$ lean+ to "o side1 & t ! side oppos$ to ! conclusions ( ',sup]natural ,religion4' ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,melito--,,apoll9>is--,,a!nagoras--,,! ,,epi/le ,,( ,,vi5ne ,,& ,,lyons4 ,we pass on1 /ill 9 a region ( fragm5ts--'waifs & /rays' ( ! lit]ature ( ! second c5tury--& ( p>tial & indirect 7?\gh on t acc\nt n necess>ily less important7 indications4 ,9 ,melito ( ,s>dis 7c4 #agf ,a4,d7 x is int]e/+ to notice ! fir/ appe>ance ( a phrase t 0 de/9$ lat] to occupy a conspicu\s position4 ,writ+ to 8 fri5d ,onesimus1 :o _h frequ5tly ask$ = selections f ! ,law & ! ,prophets be>+ ^u ! ,savi\r1 & g5]ally = in=mation respect+ ! numb] & ord] ( '! ,old ,books1' ,melito says 't he _h gone to ! ,ea/ & rea*$ ! spot :]e ! prea*+ _h be5 deliv]$ & ! acts done1 & t hav+ le>nt accurately ! books ( ! ,old ,cov5ant 7or ,te/am5t7 he _h s5t a li/ ( !m'--:i* is subjo9$ ,endnote #bdd3a4 ,melito uses ! ^w :i* became e/abli%$ z ! title us$ to di/+ui% ! eld] ,scriptures f ! y\ng]--! ,old ,cov5ant or ,te/am5t 7,greek3 hae palaia dia?aekae72 & x is argu$ f ?is t he implies ! exi/5ce ( a 'def9ite ,new ,te/am5t1 a writt5 antitype to '! ,old' ,endnote #bde3a ,! inf]5ce h[ev] seems to be some:at 9 excess ( :at c be legitimately drawn4 ,by ,greek3 palaia dia?aekae is meant r ! subject or cont5ts ( ! books ?an ! books !mselves4 ,x is ! sy/em ( ?+s1 ! disp5sation accompli%$ '9 heav5ly places1' to :i* ! books belong1 n ! actual collect$ volume4 ,! p>allel ( #b ,cor4 iii4 #ad 7,greek3 epi tae anagnosei taes palaias dia?aekaes71 :i* is ably po9t$ to 9 ',sup]natural ,religion' ,endnote #bde3b1 is too close to all[ ! inf]5ce ( a writt5 ,new ,te/am5t4 ,& yet1 ?\gh ! ^w has n actually acquir$ ?is mean+1 x 0 9 process ( acquir+ x1 & _h already gone "s way to acquire x4 ,! books 7 already !re1 &1 z we see f ,ir5aeus1 critical collections ( !m _h already begun to be made4 ,)9 ?irty ye>s ( ! "t :5 ,melito is writ+ ,t]tullian uses ! phrase ,novum ,te/am5tum precisely 9 our mod]n s5se1 intimat+ t x _h !n become ! curr5t designation ,endnote #bde3c4 ,?is be+ ! case we _c wond] t !re %\ld be a c]ta9 reflex h9t ( su* a s5se 9 ! words ( ,melito4 ,! tract ',on ,fai?1' publi%$ 9 ,syriac by ,dr4 ,cureton & attribut$ to ,melito1 is n suffici5tly au!nticat$ to h value z evid5ce4 ,x %\ld be not$ t ,melito's fragm5ts conta9 no?+ especially on ! ,gospels4 #b4 ,"s "t betwe5 #agf-ahj ,a4,d4 ,claudius ,apoll9>is1 ,bi%op ( ,hi]apolis1 address$ to ! ,emp]or ,m>cus ,aurelius an apology ( :i* r m ?an ?ree l9es h come d[n to u4 ,a m important fragm5t h[ev] is assign$ to ?is writ] 9 ! ,pas*al ,*ronicle1 a "w ( ! sev5? c5tury4 ,"h x is said t ',apoll9>is1 ! mo/ holy bi%op ( ,hi]apolis 9 ,asia1 :o liv$ ne> ! times ( ! ,apo/les1 9 8 book ab\t ,ea/]1 taught mu* ! same1 say+ ?us3 ,!re are "s :o ?r\gh ignorance wrangle ab\t ^! matt]s1 9 a p>donable mann]2 = ignorance does n admit ( blame b r ne$s in/ruction4 ,& !y say t on ! #ad? ! ,"l ate ! lamb ) ,8 disciples1 & t on ! great day ( unleav5$ bread ,he himself suff]$2 & !y relate t ?is is 9 _! view ! /atem5t ( ,mat!w4 ,:5ce _! op9ion is 9 conflict ) ! law1 & accord+ to !m ! ,gospels are made to be at v>iance' ,endnote #bdf3a4 ,?is v>iance or disagreem5t 9 ! ,gospels evid5tly has ref]5ce to ! app>5t discrepancy betwe5 ! ,synoptics1 especially ,/4 ,mat!w & ,/4 ,john1 ! =m] treat+ ! ,la/ ,supp] z ! ,pas*al meal1 ! latt] plac+ x be=e ! ,fea/ ( ! ,passov] & mak+ ! ,crucifixion co9cide ) ! slaught] ( ! ,pas*al lamb4 ,apoll9>is w\ld ?us seem to recognise bo? ! fir/ & ! f\r? ,gospels z au?oritative4 ,is ?is fragm5t ( ,apoll9>is g5u9e8 ,x is alleg$ aga9/ x ,endnote #bdg3a 7#a7 t ,eusebius 0 ignorant ( any su* "w on ,ea/]1 & t !re is no m5tion ( x 9 su* notices ( ,apoll9>is & 8 writ+s z h come d[n to u f ,!odoret1 ,j]ome1 & ,photius4 ,!re are "s good rem>ks on ?is po9t by ,r\? 7:o is quot$ 9 ',sup]natural ,religion' app>5tly z adv]se to ! g5u95ess ( ! fragm5ts74 ,he says3 ',!re seems to me to be no?+ 9 ^! extracts to compel u to d5y ! au?or%ip ( ,apoll9>is4 ,nor mu/ we refuse cr$it to ! au?or ( ! ,preface to ! ,pas*al ,*ronicle any m ?an to o!r writ]s ( ! same times on ^: te/imony _m books ( ! anci5ts h be5 receiv$1 al?\gh n m5tion$ by ,eusebius or any o!r ( 8 contempor>ies2 especially z ,eusebius decl>es bel[ t x 0 only "s select books t _h come to 8 h&s out ( _m t ,apoll9>is _h writt5' ,endnote #bdg3b4 ,x is object$ 7#b7 t ,apoll9>is is n likely to h spok5 ( a controv]sy 9 :i* ! :ole ,asiatic ,*ur* 0 engag$ z ! op9ion ( a 'few ignorant wrangl]s' ,a fair objection1 if he 0 really speak+ ( su* a controv]sy4 ,b ! great issue betwe5 ! ,*ur*es ( ,asia & t ( ,rome 0 :e!r ! ,pas*al fe/ival %\ld be kept1 accord+ to ! ,jewi% cu/om1 always on ! f\rte5? day ( ! mon? ,nisan1 or :e!r x %\ld be kept on ! ,friday aft] ! ,pas*al full moon1 on :atev] day ( ! mon? x might fall4 ,! fragm5t appe>s r to allude to "s local dispute z to ! day on :i* ! ,"l suff]$4 ,to g ?or\ghly into ?is "q w\ld involve u 9 all ! mazes ( ! s-call$ ,pas*al controv]sy1 & 9 ! end a precise & c]ta9 conclusion w\ld probably be impossible4 ,s f> z ,i am aw>e1 all ! writ]s :o h ent]$ into ! discussion />t ) assum+ ! g5u95ess ( ! ,apoll9>ian fragm5t4 ,!re rema9s h[ev] ! fact t x re/s only ^u ! atte/ation ( a writ] ( ! sev5? c5tury1 :o may possibly be wrong1 b1 if s1 has be5 l$ into 8 error n wilfully b by accid5t4 ,no reason c be alleg$ = ! =g+ or purposely false ascription ( a fragm5t l ?is1 & x be>s ! /amp ( good fai? 9 t x asks indulg5ce = oppon5ts in/ead ( c5sure4 ,we may p]haps safely accept ! fragm5t ) "s1 n l>ge1 d$uction f its weight4 #c4 ,an in/ance ( ! prec>i\sness ( ! argum5t f sil5ce w\ld be suppli$ by ! writ] :o comes next "u review-- ,a!nagoras4 ,no m5tion :atev] is made ( ,a!nagoras ei!r by ,eusebius or ,j]ome1 ?\gh he appe>s to h be5 an au?or ( a c]ta9 importance1 two ( ^: works1 an ,apology address$ to ,m>cus ,aurelius & ,commodus & a treatise on ! ,resurrection1 are /ill extant4 ,! g5u95ess ( nei!r ( ^! works is d\bt$4 ,! ,apology1 :i* may be dat$ ab\t #agg ,a4,d41 conta9s a few ref]5ces to our ,"l's disc\rses1 b n su* z c h any great weight z evid5ce4 ,! fir/ t is usually giv51 a p>allel to ,matt4 v4 #ci1 #dj 7good = evil71 is introduc$ 9 su* a way z to %[ t ! au?or int5ds only to give ! s5se & n ! words4 ,! same may be said ( ano!r s5t5ce t is comp>$ ) ,m>k x4 #f ,endnote #bdi3a3-- ,a!nagoras1 ,leg4 pro ,*ri/4 #cc4 ,greek3 ,hoti en ar*ae ho ,!os h5a &ra eplase kai mian gunaika4 ,m>k x4 #f ,greek3 ,apo de ar*aes ktiseos ars5 kai ?aelu epoiaes5 aut\s ho ,!os4 ,all t c be said is t ! ?\ght "h appe>s to h be5 sugge/$ by ! ,gospel--& t n q imm$iately4 ,a mu* clos]--& inde$1 we c h>dly d\bt1 a real--p>allel is pres5t$ by a long] passage3-- ,a!nagoras1 ,leg4 pro ,*ri/4 #aa4 ,:at !n are ! precepts 9 :i* we are in/ruct$8 ,i say unto y3 ,love y\r enemies1 bless !m t curse1 pray = !m t p]secute y2 t ye may become ! sons ( y\r ,fa!r :i* is 9 heav53 :o make? 8 sun to rise on ! evil & ! good1 & s5de? ra9 on ! j & ! unju/4 ,greek3 ,t9es oun haemon hoi logoi1 hois entrephome?a2 lego hum91 agapate t\s e*?r\s humon1 eulogeite t\s kat>om5\s1 proseu*e/he hup] ton diokonton humas1 hopos g5ae/he huioi t\ patros humon t\ en ouranois1 hos ton haelion aut\ anatellei epi pona]\s kai aga?\s kai bre*ei epi dikai\s kai adik\s4 ,matt4 v4 #dd1 #de4 ,i say unto y3 ,love y\r enemies bless !m t curse y1 d good to !m t hate y1 & pray = !m t p]secute y2 t ye may become ! sons ( y\r ,fa!r :i* is 9 heav53 = he make? 8 sun to rise on ! evil & ! good1 & s5de? ra9 on ! j & ! unju/4 ,greek3 ego de lego hum91 agapate t\s e*?r\s humon eulogeite t\s kat>om5\s humas1 kalos poiete t\s mis\ntas humas1 proseu*e/he hup] ton diokonton humas hopos g5ae/he huioi t\ patros humon t\ en ouranois1 hoti ton haelion aut\ anatellei epi pona]\s kai aga?\s kai bre*ei epi dikai\s kai adik\s4 ,! bracket$ clauses 9 ! text ( ,/4 ,mat!w are bo? omitt$ & ins]t$ by a l>ge body ( au?orities1 b1 z x is rightly rem>k$ 9 ',sup]natural ,religion1' !y are always ei!r bo? omitt$ or bo? ins]t$2 we mu/ !re=e believe t ! omission & ins]tion ( "o only by ,a!nagoras is )\t manuscript prec$5t4 ,o!rwise ! exactness ( ! p>allel is great2 & x is ?r[n ! m into relief :5 we comp>e ! correspond+ passage 9 ,/4 ,luke4 ,! quotation is complet$ 9 ! next *apt] ( ,a!nagoras' "w3-- ,a!nagoras1 ,leg4 pro ,*ri/4 #ab4 ,= if ye love1 he says1 !m :i* love & l5d to !m :i* l5d to y1 :at rew>d %all ye h8 ,greek3 ,ean g> agapate1 phaes91 t\s agapontas1 kai da9eizete tois daneiz\s9 hum91 t9a mi/hon hexete2 ,matt4 v4 #df4 ,= if ye %all love !m :i* love y1 :at rew>d h ye8 ,greek3 ,ean g> agapaesaete t\s agapontas humas t9a mi/hon e*ete2 ,"h ! middle clause 9 ! quotation appe>s to be a rem9isc5ce ( ,/4 ,luke vi4 #cd 7,greek3 ean danisaete p>' hon elpizete labe974 ,ju/9 also1 x %\ld be not$1 has ,greek3 agapate 7b ,greek3 ei agapate7 = ,greek3 agapaesaete4 ,if ?is passage _h /ood alone1 tak+ into acc\nt ! v>iations & ! ev5 run & balance ( ! language we might h ?\ght p]haps t ,a!nagoras _h _h be=e him a diff]5t v]sion4 ,yet ! ,greek3 t9a mi/hon1 comp>$ ) ! ,greek3 poia *>is ( ,/4 ,luke & ,greek3 ti ka9on poieite ( ,ju/91 w\ld cause misgiv+s1 & great] run & balance is precisely :at w\ld result f 'unconsci\s c]ebration4' ,two m ref]5ces are po9t$ out to ,matt4 v4 #bh & ,matt4 v4 #cb1 "o ) slight1 ! o!r ) m$ium1 v>iation1 :i* leave ! "q v mu* 9 ! same position4 ,we ought n to omit to notice t ,a!nagoras quotes "o uncanonical say+1 introduc+ x ) ! phrase ,greek3 pal9 haem9 legontos t\ log\4 ,i am n at all cle> t ?is is n m]ely "o ( ! 'precepts' ,greek3 oi logoi allud$ to above4 ,at any rate x is exce$+ly d\btful t ! ,logos is "h p]sonifi$4 ,x seems r p>allel to ! ,greek3 ho logos edael\ ( ,ju/9 7,dial4 c4 ,tryph4 #abi74 ,consid]+ ! date at :i* he wrote ,i h little d\bt t ,a!nagoras is actually quot+ f ! ,synoptics1 b he _c1 on ! :ole1 be reg>d$ z a v p[]ful witness = !m4 #d4 ,aft] ! cruel p]secution f :i* ! ,*ur*es ( ,vi5ne & ,lyons _h suff]$ 9 ! ye> #agg ,a4,d41 a lett] 0 writt5 9 _! "n1 conta9+ an acc\nt ( :at _h happ5$1 :i* ,l>dn] describes z '! f9e/ ?+ ( ! k9d 9 all antiquity' ,endnote #bea3a4 ,?is lett]1 :i* 0 address$ to ! ,*ur*es ( ,asia & ,phrygia1 conta9$ sev]al quotations f ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & among !m "o t is evid5tly f ,/4 ,luke's ,gospel4 ,x is said ( "o ( ! m>tyrs1 ,vettius ,epaga?us1 t 8 mann] ( life 0 s /rict t1 "y z he 01 he c\ld claim a %>e 9 ! te/imony borne to ! m ag$ ,za*>ias4 ,inde$ he _h walk$ 9 all ! comm&m5ts & ord9ances ( ! ,"l blameless1 & 9 ! s]vice ( 8 neighb\r untir+1 c4 ,endnote #beb3a ,! italicis$ words are a v]batim reproduction ( ,luke i4 #f4 ,!re is an ambiguity 9 ! words ,greek3 sunexis\/hai tae t\ presbut]\ ,za*>i\ m>turia4 ,! g5itive aft] ,greek3 m>turia may be ei!r subjective or objective--'! te/imony borne by' or '! te/imony borne to or (' ! ag$ ,za*>ias4 ,i h little d\bt t ! translation giv5 above is ! "r "o4 ,x has ! au?ority ( ,l>dn] 7'equall$ ! "* ('7 & ,r\? 7',za*>iae s5ioris elogio aequ>etur'71 & seems to be imp]atively requir$ by ! context4 ,! eulogy pass$ ^u ,vettius ,epaga?us is ju/ifi$ by ! uni=m /rictness ( 8 daily life 7he has walk$ 9 all ! comm&m5ts c471 n by ! s+le act ( 8 con/ancy 9 dea?4 ,! au?or ( ',sup]natural ,religion1' app>5tly foll[+ ,hilg5feld ,endnote #beb3b1 adopts ! o!r translation1 & bases on x an argum5t t ! allusion is to ! m>tyrdom ( ,za*>ias1 & !re=e n to our ?ird ,gospel 9 :i* no m5tion ( t m>tyrdom is conta9$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we are rem9d$ t ! n>rative ( ! m>tyrdom ( ,za*>ias ent]s into ! ,protevangelium ( ,james4 ,t apocryphal ,gospel h[ev] conta9s no?+ approa*+ to ! words :i* co9cide exactly ) ! text ( ,/4 ,luke4 ,ev5 if !re _h be5 a great] d\bt ?an !re is z to ! application ( ,greek3 m>turia1 x w\ld be difficult to resi/ ! conclusion t ! ,synoptic ,gospel is be+ quot$4 ,! words occur 9 ! mo/ peculi> & di/9ctive portion ( ! ,gospel2 & ! correspond5ce is s exact & ! phrase itself s /rik+ z n to admit ( any o!r s\rce4 ,! ord]1 ! *oice ( words1 ! con/ruction1 ev5 to ! use ( ! nom9ative ,greek3 memptos :]e we might v well h _h ! adv]b ,greek3 ammpts1 all po9t ! same way4 ,^! f9e edges ( ! quotation1 s to speak1 mu/ ne$s h be5 rubb$ (f 9 ! c\rse ( transmission ?r\gh sev]al docum5ts4 ,b !re is n a trace ( any o!r docum5t t conta9$ su* a rem>k ^u ! "* ( ,za*>ias4 ,?is in/ance ( a ,synoptic quotation may1 ,i ?9k1 safely be dep5d$ ^u4 ,ano!r allusion1 a little l[] d[n 9 ! ,epi/le1 :i* speaks ( ! same ,vettius ,epaga?us z 'hav+ 9 himself ! ,p>aclete !re is a play on ! use ( ! ^w ,greek3 p>aklaetos j be=e1 ! ,_s1 m abundantly ?an ,za*>ias1' ?\gh 9 exagg]at$ & bad ta/e1 probably has ref]5ce to ,luke i4 #fg1 ',& ,za*>ias 8 fa!r 0 fill$ ) ! ,holy ,gho/1' c4 ,footnote3 ,mr4 ,mason calls my att5tion to ,greek3 enduma numphikon 9 #ac1 & also to ! mislead+ /atem5t 9 ,s4,r4 ii4 p4 #bja t 'no writ+ ( ! ,new ,te/am5t is directly ref]r$ to4' ,i %\ld p]haps h m fault to f9d ) ! s5t5ce on p4 #bjd1 ',x foll[s cle>ly & few v5ture to d\bt1' c4 ,i h assum$ h[ev] = "s "t t ! read] w be on 8 gu>d aga9/ expressions su* z ^!4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,ptolemaeus ,,& ,,h]acleon--,,celsus--,,! ,,muratorian ,,fragm5t4 ,we are n[ v ne> em]g+ into op5 daylight2 b !re are ?ree items 9 ! evid5ce :i* lie ^u ! bord] ( ! debateable gr\nd1 & z que/ions h be5 rais$ ab\t ^! x may be well = u to discuss !m4 ,we h already _h occasion to speak ( ! two ,gno/ics ,ptolemaeus & ,h]acleon4 ,x is necess>y1 9 ! fir/ place1 to def9e ! date ( _! evid5ce ) great] precision1 &1 9 ! second1 to consid] its be>+4 ,let u !n1 9 attempt+ to d ?is1 dismiss all second>y & prec>i\s matt]2 su* z 7#a7 ! argum5t drawn by ,tis*5dorf ,endnote #bed3a f ! ord] 9 :i* ! names ( ! disciples ( ,val5t9us are m5tion$ & f an impossible /atem5t ( ,epiphanius :i* seems to make ,h]acleon old] ?an ,c]don1 & 7#b7 ! argum5t t we f9d 9 ,volkm> & ',sup]natural ,religion' ,endnote #bed3b f ! use ( ! pres5t t5se by ,hippolytus1 z if ! two writ]s1 ,ptolemaeus & ,h]acleon1 7 contempor>ies ( 8 own 9 #bbe-bce ,a4,d4 ,hippolytus does inde$ say1 speak+ ( a division 9 ! s*ool ( ,val5t9us1 ',^? :o are ( ,italy1 ( :om is ,h]acleon & ,ptolemaeus1 say' c4 ,b !re is no reason :y !re %\ld n be a k9d ( hi/oric pres5t1 j z we might say1 ',! ,atomi/s1 ( :om are ,leucippus & ,democritus1 hold' c41 or ',/4 ,pet] says ?is1 ,/4 ,paul says t4' ,! acc\nt ( su* pres5ts w\ld seem to be t ! writ] speaks z if quot+ f a book t he has actually be=e him4 ,x is n impossible t ,h]acleon & ,ptolemaeus may h be5 /ill liv+ at ! "t :5 ,hippolytus wrote1 b ?is _c be inf]r$ simply f ! t5se ( ! v]b4 ,sur] data are suppli$ by ,ir5aeus4 ,ir5aeus m5tions ,ptolemaeus sev]al times 9 8 fir/ & second books1 & on "o occasion he c\ples ) 8 ! "n ( ,h]acleon4 ,b to :at date does ?is evid5ce ( ,ir5aeus ref]8 ,at :at "t 0 ,ir5aeus himself writ+4 ,we h se5 t ! t]m9us ad quem1 at lea/ = ! fir/ ?ree books1 is suppli$ by ! dea? ( ,eleu!rus 7c4 ,a4,d4 #aij74 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ?ird book at lea/ 0 writt5 aft] ! publication ( ! ,greek v]sion ( ! ,old ,te/am5t by ,!odotion1 :i* ,epiphanius tells u appe>$ 9 ! reign ( ,commodus 7#ahj-aij ,a4,d474 ,a /ill m precise date is giv5 to ,!odotion's "w 9 ! ,pas*al ,*ronicle1 :i* places x "u ! ,consuls ,m>cellus 7,massuet w\ld read ',m>ullus'7 & ,aelian 9 ! ye> #ahd ,a4,d4 ,endnote #bee3a ,?is la/ /atem5t is wor? v little1 & x is inde$ disput$ :e!r ,!odotion's v]sion c h appe>$ s late z ?is4 ,at any rate we mu/ assume t x 0 9 ! h&s ( ,ir5aeus ab\t #ahe ,a4,d41 & x w be n be=e ?is t ! ?ird book ( ! "w ',aga9/ ,h]esies' 0 writt54 ,x w p]haps suffici5tly satisfy all p>ties if we suppose t ,ir5aeus 0 engag$ 9 writ+ 8 fir/ ?ree books betwe5 ! ye>s #ahb-ahh ,a4,d4 ,b ! "n ( ,ptolemaeus is m5tion$ v ne> ! beg9n+ ( ! ,preface2 s t ,ir5aeus w\ld be committ+ to pap] ! /atem5t ( 8 acqua9tance ) ,ptolemaeus z e>ly z #ahb ,a4,d4 ,?is is h[ev] ! la/ l9k 9 ! *a94 ,let u trace x a little fur!r backw>ds4 ,ir5aeus' acqua9tance ) ,ptolemaeus c h>dly h be5 a fact ( ye/]day at ! "t :5 he wrote4 ,ptolemaeus repres5t$ ! ',italian' bran* ( ! ,val5t9ian s*ool1 & !re=e x seems a fair supposition t ,ir5aeus w\ld come 9 contact ) him dur+ 8 visit to ,rome 9 #agh ,a4,d42 & ! f\r ye>s f t date to #ahb ,a4,d4 c h>dly be o!rwise ?an a %ort p]iod to all[ = ! necess>y intimacy ) 8 tea*+ to h be5 =m$4 ,b we are c>ri$ back "o /ep fur!r /ill4 ,x is n only ,ptolemaeus b ,ptolemaeus & 8 p>ty 7,greek3 hoi p]i ,ptolemaion7 ,endnote #bef3a4 ,!re has be5 "t = ,ptolemaeus to f\nd a s*ool )9 a s*ool ( 8 own2 & 8 s*ool has already begun to express its op9ions1 ei!r collectively or ?r\gh its individual memb]s4 ,9 ?is way ! real date ( ,ptolemaeus seems /ill to rec$e1 b ,i w n endeav\r any fur!r to put a num]ical value ^u x :i* might be ?\ght to be prejudic$4 ,x w be be/ = ! read] to fill up ! blank accord+ to 8 own judgm5t4 ,h]acleon w to a c]ta9 ext5t g ) ,ptolemaeus1 ) :om he is p]si/5tly c\pl$1 ?\gh1 z he is only m5tion$ once by ,ir5aeus1 ! data conc]n+ him are less precise4 ,!y are h[ev] supplem5t$ by an allusion 9 ! f\r? book ( ! ,/romateis ( ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria 7:i* appe>s to h be5 writt5 9 ! la/ decade ( ! c5tury7 to ,h]acleon z "o ( ! *ief ( ! s*ool ( ,val5t9us ,endnote #beg3a1 & p]haps also by a /atem5t ( ,orig5 to ! effect t ,h]acleon 0 said to be a ,greek3 gnorimos ( ,val5t9us himself ,endnote #beg3b4 ,! mean+ ( ! latt] t]m is que/ion$1 & x is c]ta9ly true t x may /& = pupil or s*ol>1 z ,eli%a 0 to ,elijah or z ! ,apo/les 7 to _! ,ma/]2 b t x c\ld possibly be appli$ to two p]sons :o nev] came into p]sonal contact mu/ be1 ,i _c b ?9k1 v d\btful4 ,?is !n1 if true1 w\ld ?r[ back ,h]acleon "s little way ev5 beyond #afj ,a4,d4 ,f ! passage 9 ! ,/romateis we ga!r t ,h]acleon1 if he did n 7z is usually inf]r$7 write a comm5t>y1 yet wrote an isolat$ exposition ( a portion ( ,/4 ,luke's ,gospel4 ,9 ! same way we le>n f ,orig5 t he wrote a comm5t>y ^u ,/4 ,john4 ,we %all probably n be wrong 9 ref]r+ _m ( ! ,val5t9ian quotations giv5 by ,ir5aeus to ,ptolemaeus & ,h]acleon4 ,by ! fir/ writ] we also h extant an ,epi/le to a disciple call$ ,flora1 :i* has be5 pres]v$ by ,epiphanius4 ,?is ,epi/le1 :i* !re is no reason to d\bt1 conta9s unequivocal ref]5ces to our fir/ ,gospel4 ,epi/le to ,flora4 ,epiph4 ,ha]4 #bag ,a4 ,greek3 oikia g> ae polis m]i/heisa eph' heauta5 hoti mae dunatai /a5ai ho sota] haemon apepha5ato4 ,ibid4 #bag ,d4 ,greek3 ephae autois hoti ,m\saes pros ta5 skla]ok>dian humon epetrepse to apolue9 ta5 gunaika aut\4 ,ap' ar*aes g> ou gegon5 h\tos4 ,!os g> 7phaesi7 sunezeuxe tauta5 ta5 suzugian kai ho sunezeux5 ho kurios1 an?ropos 7ephae7 mae *orizeto4 ,ibid4 #bah ,d4 ,greek3 ho g> ,!os 7phaes97 eipe tima ton pat]a s\ kai ta5 maet]a s\1 h9a eu soi g5aetai2 humeis de 7phaes97 eiraekate 7tois presbut]ois legon71 doron to ,!o ho ean ophelae?aes ex em\1 kai aekurosate ton nomon t\ ,!\1 dia ta5 p>ados9 humon ton presbut]on4 ,t\to de ,haesaias exephonaes5 eipon2 ho laos h\tos tois *eilesi me tima hae de k>dia auton porro ape*ei ap' em\4 ,mata5 de sebontai me1 didaskontes didaskalias1 entalmata an?ropon4 ,ibid4 #bbj ,d1 #bba ,a4 ,greek3 to g>1 ,oph?almon anti oph?alm\ kai odonta anti odontos 444 ego g> lego hum9 mae anti/a5ai holos to pona]o alla ean tis se rhapisae /repson auto kai ta5 alla5 siagona4 ,matt4 xii4 #be 7,m>k iii4 #be1 ,luke xi4 #ag74 ,greek3 pasa polis ae oikia m]i/heisa ka?' heautaes ou /a?aesetai4 ,matt4 xix4 #h1 #f 7,m>k x4 #e1 #f1 #i74 ,greek3 legei autois2 ,hoti ,m\saes pros ta5 skla]ok>dian humon epetreps5 hum9 apolusai tas gunaikas humon' ap' ar*aes de ou gegon5 h\tos4 444 ho oun ho !os sunezeux5 an?ropos mae *orizeto4 ,matt4 xv4 #d-h 7,m>k vii4 #aj1 #aa1 #f1 #i74 ,greek3 ho g> !os eneteilato legon1 ,tima ton pat]a kai ta5 maet]a 444 humeis de legete2 hos an eipae to patri ae tae maetri2 ,doron ho ean ex em\ ophelae?aes1444 kai aekurosate ton nomon t\ ,!\ dia ta5 p>ados9 humon4 ,hupokritai1 kalos eprophaeteus5 p]i humon ,haesaias legon2 ,ho laos h\tos tois *eiles9 me tima1 hae de k>dia auton porro ape*ei ap' em\2 mata5 de sebontai me didaskontes didaskalias entalmata an?ropon4 ,matt4 v4 #ch1 #ci 7,luke vi4 #bi74 ,greek3 aek\sate oti errae?ae1 ,oph?almon anti oph?alm\ kai odonta anti odontos ego de lego hym9 mae anti/a5ai to pona]o all ho/is se rapizei eis ta5 dexian siagona s\1 /rephon auto kai ta5 alla54 ,"s d\bt inde$ appe>s to be ent]ta9$ by ! au?or ( ',sup]natural ,religion' ,endnote #bei3a z to :e!r ^! quotations are really tak5 f ! fir/ ,synoptic2 b x w\ld h>dly h aris5 if he _h made a m special /udy ( ! ph5om5a ( patri/ic quotation4 ,if he _h done ?is1 ,i d n ?9k !re w\ld h be5 any "q on ! subject4 ,a comp>ison ( ! o!r ,synoptic p>allels1 & ( ! ,septuag9t 9 ! case ( ! quotation f ,isaiah1 w make ! agreem5t ) ! ,mat?aean text /ill m conspicu\s4 ,x is in/ructive to notice ! reproduction ( ! mo/ *>act]i/ic features ( ?is text--,greek3 polis1 m]i/heisa 7,greek3 ean m]i/hae ,m>k1 ,greek3 diam]i/heisa ,luke71 ,greek3 hoti ,m\saes1 epetreps5 apolusai tz gunaikz1 ou gegon5 oitos1 aekurosate 44 dia ta5 p41 oph?almon 444 odontos1 anti/a5ai to pona]o1 /repson1 & ! ord] & ca/ ( s5t5ce 9 all ! quotations4 ,! fir/ quotation1 ) ,greek3 eph eauta5 & ,greek3 dunatai /a5ai1 :i* may be comp>$ 7?\gh1 f ! context1 some:at d\btfully7 ) ,m>k1 pres5ts1 ,i believe1 ! only trace ( ! influ5ce ( any o!r text4 ,to :at p]iod 9 ! life ( ,ptolemaeus ?is ,epi/le to ,flora may h belong$ we h no means ( kn[+2 b x is unlikely t ! writ] %\ld h us$ "o set ( docum5ts at "o "p ( 8 life & ano!r set at ano!r4 ,view$ along ) s mu* confirmatory matt] 9 ! acc\nt ( ! ,val5t9ians by ,ir5aeus1 ! evid5ce may be tak5 z t ( ,ptolemaeus himself r ?an ( ?is s+le lett]4 #b4 ,! "q 9 reg>d to ,celsus1 ^: attacks ^u ,*ri/ianity call$ =? su* an elaborate reply f ,orig51 is *iefly "o ( date4 ,to g into ?is at once adequately & indep5d5tly w\ld ne$ a mu* long] inve/igation ?an c be admitt$ into ! pres5t "w4 ,! subject has q rec5tly be5 treat$ 9 a monograph by ! well-kn[n writ] ,dr4 ,keim ,endnote #bfj3a1 &1 z !re w be 9 ?is case no suspicion ( p>tiality1 ,i %all cont5t myself ) /at+ ,dr4 ,keim's conclusions4 ,orig5 himself1 ,dr4 ,keim ?9ks1 0 writ+ "u ! ,emp]or ,philip ab\t ,a4,d4 #bdh4 ,b he reg>ds 8 oppon5t ,celsus1 n z a contempor>y1 b z belong+ to a pa/ age 7,contra ,celsum1 i4 #h1 vii4 #aa71 & 8 "w z no?+ rec5t1 b r z hav+ obta9$ a c]ta9 celebrity 9 hea!n lit]ature 7v4 #c74 ,= all ?is x _h to be dis9t]r$1 z x 71 & t n )\t difficulty1 by a ,*ri/ian 7viii4 #gf74 ,exact & c]ta9 k h[ev] ab\t ,celsus ,orig5 did n possess4 ,he leans to ! op9ion t 8 oppon5t 0 an ,epicurean ( t "n :o liv$ '"u ,hadrian & lat]' 7i4 #h74 ,?is ,epicurean _h also writt5 sev]al books aga9/ ,magic 7i4 #fh74 ,n[ x is kn[n t !re 0 a ,celsus1 a fri5d ( ,lucian1 :o _h also writt5 aga9/ ,magic1 & to :om ,lucian d$icat$ 8 ',pseudomantis1 or ,alex&] ( ,abonotei*os4' ,x 0 cle>ly obvi\s to id5tify ! two p]sons1 & !re 0 mu* to be said 9 fav\r ( ! id5tification4 ,b !re 0 ?is difficulty4 ,orig5 inde$ speaks ( ! ,celsus to :om he is reply+ z an ,epicurean1 & "h & !re ,epicurean op9ions are express$ 9 ! fragm5ts ( ! orig9al "w t ,orig5 has pres]v$4 ,b ,orig5 himself 0 some:at puzzl$ to f9d t ! ma9 pr9ciples ( ! au?or 7 r ,platonic or ,neo-platonic ?an ,epicurean1 & ?is obs]vation has be5 confirm$ by mod]n enquiry4 ,! ,celsus ( ,orig5 is 9 reality a ,platoni/4 ,x /ill be+ ackn[l$g$ t ! fri5d ( ,lucian 0 an ,epicurean1 ?is discov]y seem$ fatal to ! supposition t he 0 ! au?or ( ! "w aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians4 ,accord+ly !re 0 a t5d5cy among critics1 ?\gh n q a unanim\s t5d5cy1 to sep>ate aga9 ! two p]sonalities :i* _h be5 unit$4 ,at ?is po9t ,dr4 ,keim comes ^u ! sc5e1 & he asks ! "q1 ,0 ,lucian's fri5d really an ,epicurean8 ,lucian n[h]e says s 9 pla9 words1 b x 0 tak5 z a prim facie inf]5ce f "s ( ! language us$ by him4 ,= in/ance1 he describes ! ,platoni/s z be+ on good t]ms ) ?is v ,alex&] ( ,abonotei*os :om he is ridicul+ & expos+4 ,he appeals to ,celsus to say :e!r a c]ta9 "w ( ,epicurus is n 8 f9e/4 ,he says t 8 fri5d w be pleas$ to "k t "o ( 8 objects 9 writ+ is to see ju/ice done to ,epicurus4 ,all ^! expressions ,dr4 ,keim ?9ks may be expla9$ z ! quiet playful irony t 0 natural to ,lucian1 & f o!r indications 9 ! "w he concludes t ,lucian's ,celsus may well h be5 a ,platoni/1 ?\gh n a bigot$ "o1 j z ,lucian himself 0 n 9 any /rict & n>r[ s5se an ,epicurean4 ,:5 once ! possibility ( ! id5tification is conc$$1 !re are1 z ,dr4 ,keim urges1 /rong reasons = its adoption4 ,! *>act]s ( ! two own]s ( ! "n ,celsus1 s f> z !y c be judg$ f ! "w ( ,orig5 on ! "o h& & ,lucian on ! o!r1 are ! same4 ,bo? are di/+ui%$ = _! opposition to magical arts4 ,! ,celsus ( ! ,pseudomantis is a fri5d ( ,lucian1 & x is precisely f a fri5d ( ,lucian t ! ',^w ( ,tru?' repli$ to by ,orig5 might be suppos$ to h come4 ,la/ly1 "t & place bo? support ! id5tification4 ,! ,celsus ( ,lucian liv$ "u ,m>cus ,aurelius & ,commodus1 & ,dr4 ,keim decides1 aft] an elaborate exam9ation ( ! int]nal evid5ce1 t ! ,celsus ( ,orig5 wrote 8 "w 9 ! ye> #agh ,a4,d41 t[>ds ! close ( ! reign ( ,m>cus ,aurelius4 ,su* is ,dr4 ,keim's view4 ,9 ! date assign$ to ! ,greek3 ,logos alae?aes x does n diff] mat]ially f t ( ! l>ge majority ( critics4 ,grtz alone goes z f> back z to ! "t ( ,hadrian4 ,hag5ba*1 ,hasse1 ,tis*5dorf1 & ,fri$lnd] fix ^u ! middle1 ,mo%eim1 ,giesel]1 ,baur1 & ,engelh>dt ^u ! second half1 ( ! second c5tury2 :ile ! foll[+ writ]s assume ei!r g5]ally ! reign ( ,m>cus ,aurelius1 or specially ) ,dr4 ,keim "o ( ! two great p]secutions--,sp5c]1 ,tillemont1 ,ne&]1 ,tzs*irn]1 ,ja*mann1 ,b9demann1 ,lommatzs*1 ,hase1 ,r$ep5n+1 ,zell]4 ,! only two writ]s m5tion$ by ,dr4 ,keim z cont5d+ = a lat] date are ,ueb]weg & ,volkm>1 ':o /rangely misund]/&s bo? ,orig5 & ,baur' ,endnote #bfc3a4 ,volkm> is foll[$ by ! au?or ( ',sup]natural ,religion4' ,at :atev] date ,celsus wrote1 x appe>s to be suffici5tly cle> t he knew & us$ all ! f\r canonical ,gospels ,endnote #bfc3b4 #c4 ,! la/ docum5t t ne$ be discuss$ by u at pres5t is ! rem>kable fragm5t :i*1 f its discov]] & f its cont5ts1 be>s ! "n ( ! ,canon ( ,muratori ,endnote #bfc3c4 ,:atev] 0 ! orig9al title & :atev] may h be5 ! ext5t ( ! "w f :i* x is tak51 ! portion ( x t has come d[n to u is by f> ! mo/ important ( all ! direct evid5ce = ! ,canon bo? ( ! ,gospels & ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 9 g5]al ) :i* we h yet _h to deal4 ,x is inde$ ! fir/ 9 :i* ! conception ( a ,canon is q unequivocally put =w>d4 ,we h = ! fir/ "t a def9ite li/ ( ! books receiv$ by ! ,*ur* & a di/9ct sep>ation made betwe5 ^! & ^? t are reject$4 ,! fragm5t beg9s abruptly ) ! end ( a s5t5ce app>5tly relat+ to ! composition ( ! ,gospel accord+ to ,/4 ,m>k4 ,!n foll[s '9 ! ?ird place ! ,gospel accord+ to ,/4 ,luke1' ( :i* "s acc\nt is giv54 ',! f\r? ( ! ,gospels' is t ( ,john1 '"o ( ! disciples ( ! ,"l4' ,a leg5d is relat$ z to ! orig9 ( ?is ,gospel4 ,!n m5tion is made ( ! ,acts1 :i* are attribut$ to ,luke4 ,!n foll[ ?irte5 ,epi/les ( ,/4 ,paul by "n4 ,two ,epi/les pr(ess+ to be address$ to ! ,laodiceans & ,alex&r9es are dismiss$ z =g$ 9 ! int]e/s ( ! h]esy ( ,m>cion4 ,! ,epi/le ( ,jude & two t be> ! sup]scription ( ,john are admitt$4 ,likewise ! two ,apocalypses ( ,john & ,pet]4 ,no m5tion is made1 x w be se51 ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews1 ( t ( ,james1 ( ,i & ,,ii ,pet]1 & ( ,,iii ,john4 ,endnote #bfd3a ,! ,pa/or ( ,h]mas1 a "w ( rec5t date1 may be read b n publi%$ 9 ! ,*ur* be=e ! p1 & _c be includ$ ei!r 9 ! numb] ( ! prophets or apo/les4 ,on ! o!r h& no?+ at all c be receiv$ ( ,ars9\s1 ,val5t9us1 or ,miltiades2 nei!r ! new ,m>cionite book ( ,psalms1 :i* ) ,basilides & ! ,asian f\nd] ( ! ,cataphryges 7or ! f\nd] ( ! ,asian ,cataphryges1 i4e4 ,montanus7 is reject$4 ,! importance ( ?is w be se5 at a glance4 ,! *ief "q is "h aga9 9 reg>d to ! date1 :i* mu/ be det]m9$ f ! docum5t itself4 ,a suffici5tly cle> indication seems to be giv5 9 ! language us$ respect+ ! ,pa/or ( ,h]mas4 ,?is "w is said to h be5 compos$ 'v lately 9 our times1 ,pius ! bro!r ( ! writ] occupy+ ! episcopal *air ( ! ,roman ,*ur*4' ,! episcopate ( ,pius is dat$ f #adb-aeg ,a4,d41 s t #aeg ,a4,d4 may be tak5 z ! />t+-po9t f :i* we h to reckon ! int]val impli$ by ! words 'v rec5tly 9 our times' 7nup]rime temporibus no/ris74 ,tak+ ^! words 9 _! natural s5se1 ,i %\ld ?9k t ! fur!/ limit !y w\ld fairly admit ( w\ld be a g5]ation1 or say ?irty ye>s1 aft] ! dea? ( ,pius 7= ev5 9 tak+ a date su* z ?is we are oblig$ to assume t ! ,pa/or 0 publi%$ only j be=e ! dea? ( t bi%op74 ,! mo/ probable con/ruction seems to be t ! unkn[n au?or meant t ! ,pa/or ( ,h]mas 0 compos$ )9 8 own memory4 ,volkm> is d\btless "r 9 say+ ,endnote #bfe3a t he meant to di/+ui% ! "w 9 "q f ! writ+s ( ! ,prophets & ,apo/les1 b /ill ! d\ble use ( ! words 'nup]rime' & 'temporibus no/ris' pla9ly indicate some?+ m def9ite ?an m]ely 'our po/-apo/olic "t4' ,if ?is _h be5 ! s5se we %\ld h _h "s su* ^w z 'rec5tius' in/ead ( 'nup]rime4' ,! argum5t ( ',sup]natural ,religion' ,endnote #bfe3b1 t '9 suppos+ t ! writ] may h appropriately us$ ! phrase ?irty or =ty ye>s aft] ! "t ( ,pius s mu* lic5ce is tak5 t !re is absolutely no reason :y a /ill great] int]val may n be all[$1' is cle>ly play+ fa/ & loose ) language1 & do+ s = no good reason2 = ! only gr\nd = assign+ a lat] date is t ! e>li] "o is inconv5i5t = ! critic's !ory4 ,! o!r indications tally q suffici5tly ) ! date #agj-aij ,a4,d4 ,basilides1 ,val5t9us1 ,m>cion1 ! ,m>cionites1 we "k 7 active long be=e ?is p]iod4 ,! ,montani/s 7:o appe> "u ! "n by :i* !y 7 g5]ally kn[n 9 ! e>li] writ+s1 ',cataphryges'7 7 beg9n+ to be notori\s1 & are m5tion$ 9 ! lett] ( ! ,*ur*es ( ,vi5ne & ,lyons4 ,miltiades 0 a contempor>y ( ,claudius ,apoll9>is :o wrote aga9/ him ,endnote #bff3a4 ,all ! circum/ances po9t to su* a date z t ( ,ir5aeus1 & ! conception ( ! ,canon is v simil> to t :i* we %\ld ga!r f ! great "w ',aga9/ ,h]esies4' ,if ?is does n agree ) preconceiv$ op9ions z to :at ! /ate ( ! ,canon ought to h be51 x is ! op9ion t ought to be rectifi$ accord+ly1 & n pla9 words expla9$ away4 ,i c see no s\nd objection to ! date #agj-ahj ,a4,d41 b by add+ t5 ye>s to ?is we %all rea* ! extreme limit admissible4 ,i d n "k :e!r x is necess>y to ref] to ! objection f ! abs5ce ( any m5tion ( ! fir/ two ,synoptic ,gospels1 ?r\gh ! mutilat$ /ate ( ! docum5t4 ,x is true t ! inf]5ce t !y 7 orig9ally m5tion$ re/s only '^u conjecture' ,endnote #bff3b1 b x is ! k9d ( conjecture t1 tak+ all ?+s into consid]ation--! ext5t to :i* ! evid5ce ( ! fragm5t 9 o!r respects corresponds ) ! ,ca?olic tradition1 ! /ate ( ! ,canon 9 ,ir5aeus1 ! relation ( ! evid5ce = ! fir/ ,gospel 9 p>ticul> to t = ! o!rs--c be reckon$ at v little less ?an n9ety-n9e *ances out ( a hundr$4 ,to ! same class belongs ,dr4 ,donaldson's sugge/ion ,endnote #bfg3a t ! passage :i* conta9s ! indication ( date may be an int]polation4 ,x is always possible t ! p>ticul> passage t happ5s to be important 9 any docum5t ( ?is date may be an int]polation1 b ! *ances t x really is s mu/ be 9 any case v slight1 & "h !re is no valid reason = suspect+ int]polation4 ,x does n at all foll[1 z ,dr4 ,donaldson seems to ?9k1 t because a docum5t is mutilat$ !re=e x is m likely to be int]polat$2 = int]polation is ! result ( q a diff]5t s]ies ( accid5ts4 ,! int]polation1 if x 7 su*1 c\ld n well be accid5tal because x has no appe>ance ( be+ a gloss2 on ! o!r h&1 only f>-fet*$ & improbable motives c be alleg$ = x z int5tional4 ,! full /atem5t ( ! fragm5t 9 reg>d to ,/4 ,luke's ,gospel is z foll[s4 ',luke ! physician aft] ! ,asc5sion ( ,*ri/1 hav+ be5 tak5 into 8 company by ,paul1 wrote 9 8 own "n to ! be/ ( 8 judgm5t 7ex op9ione71 &1 ?\gh he _h n himself se5 ! ,"l 9 ! fle%1 s f> z he c\ld asc]ta92 accord+ly he beg9s 8 n>rative ) ! bir? ( ,john4' ,! great] "p ( ?is acc\nt appe>s to be tak5 simply f ! ,preface to ! ,gospel1 :i* is supplem5t$ by ! tradition t ,/4 ,luke 0 a physician & also ! au?or ( ! ,acts4 ,z evid5ce to ^? facts a docum5t dat+ "s hundr$ ye>s aft] ! composition ( ! ,gospel is n ( c\rse v weighty2 its real importance is z %[+ ! au?ority :i* ! ,gospel at ?is date possess$ 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,t au?ority _c h be5 acquir$ 9 a day1 b repres5ts ! culm9ation ( a long & gradual movem5t4 ,:at we h to note is t ! movem5t1 "s ( ! /ages ( :i* we h be5 trac+1 has n[ def9itely rea*$ its culm9ation4 ,9 reg>d to ! f\r? ,gospel ! ,muratorian fragm5t has a long] /ory to tell1 b be=e we t\* ^u ?is1 & be=e we proce$ to draw toge!r ! ?reads ( ! previ\s enquiry1 x w be well = u fir/ to br+ up ! evid5ce = ! f\r? ,gospel to ! same date & position z t = ! o!r ?ree4 ,?is !n w be ! subject ( ! next *apt]4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,! ,,ext]nal ,,evid5ce ,,= ,,! ,,f\r? ,,gospel4 ,! f\r? ,gospel 01 ^u any !ory1 writt5 lat] ?an ! o!rs1 & x is n cle> t x 0 publi%$ z soon z x 0 writt54 ,bo? tradition & ! int]nal evid5ce ( ! conclud+ *apt] seem to po9t to ! exi/5ce ( some:at peculi> relations betwe5 ! ,evangeli/ & ! presbyt]s ( ! ,asian ,*ur*1 :i* w\ld make x n improbable t ! ,gospel 0 reta9$ = "s "t by ! latt] )9 _! own private circle be=e x 0 giv5 to ! ,*ur* at l>ge4 ,we h ! express /atem5t ( ,ir5aeus ,endnote #bfi3a1 :o1 if he 0 born z is commonly suppos$ at ,smyrna ab\t #adj ,a4,d41 mu/ be a good au?ority1 t ! ,apo/le ,/4 ,john liv$ on till ! times ( ,trajan 7#ih-aag ,a4,d474 ,if s1 x is v possible t ! ,gospel 0 n yet publi%$1 or b>ely publi%$1 :5 ,clem5t ( ,rome wrote 8 ,epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians4 ,nei!r1 consid]+ its almo/ esot]ic "* & ! sl[ rate at :i* su* a "w w\ld travel at fir/1 %\ld we be v mu* surpris$ if x 0 n 9 ! h&s ( ,b>nabas 7probably 9 ,alex&ria7 & ,h]mas 7at ,rome74 ,9 no case inde$ c\ld ! sil5ce ( ^! two writ]s be ( mu* mom5t1 z 9 ! ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas ! allusions to ! ,new ,te/am5t lit]ature are extremely few & slight1 :ile 9 ! ,%eph]d ( ,h]mas !re are no cle> & c]ta9 ref]5ces ei!r to ! ,old ,te/am5t or ! ,new ,te/am5t at all4 ,& yet !re is a lively controv]sy r\nd ^! two names z to :e!r or n !y conta9 evid5ce = ! f\r? ,gospel1 & t !y d is ma9ta9$ n only by apologi/s1 b also by writ]s ( q unque/ionable imp>tiality l ,dr4 ,keim4 ,dr4 ,keim1 x w be rememb]$1 argues aga9/ ! ,johannean au?or%ip ( ! ,gospel1 & yet on ?is p>ticul> po9t he seems to be almo/ an advocate = ! side to :i* he is oppos$4 ',volkm>1' he says ,endnote #bgj3a1 'has rec5tly spok5 ( ,b>nabas z und5iably ignorant ( ! ,logos-,gospel1 & expla9$ ! e>ly date assign$ to 8 ,epi/le by ,ewald & ,weizsck] & n[ also by ,rigg5ba* z due to _! p]plexity at f9d+ 9 x no trace ( ,/4 ,john4 ,!re is room = ano!r op9ion4 ,h[ev] mu* x may be %[n t ,b>nabas gives nei!r an incid5t nor a s+le s5t5ce f ! ,gospel1 t he is unacqua9t$ ) ! conception ( ! ,logos1 t expressions l 'wat] & blood1' or ! ,old ,te/am5t types ( ,*ri/1 & especially ! s]p5t re>$ 9 ! wild]ness z an object ( fai?1 are employ$ by him indep5d5tly--= all ?is ! deep] ord] ( conceptions 9 ! ,epi/le co9cides 9 ! gross or 9 detail s repeat$ly ) ! ,gospel t sci5ce mu/ ei!r assume a connection betwe5 !m1 or1 if x leaves ! problem unsolv$1 r5\nces its own call+4 ,! ,son ( ,god 0 to be manife/$ 9 ! fle%1 manife/$ ?r\gh suff]+1 to g to 8 glory ?r\gh dea? & ! ,cross1 to br+ life & ! imman5t pres5ce ( ! ,godhead1 su* is "h & !re ! lead+ idea4 ,exi/+ be=e ! f\ndation ( ! _w1 ! ,"l ( ! _w1 ! s5d] ( ! prophets1 ! object ( _! prophecies1 beheld ev5 by ,abraham1 9 ! p]son ( ,moses himself typifi$ z ! only c5tre ( ,israel's hopes1 & 9 s f> already reveal$ & glorifi$ 9 type be=e 8 inc>nation1 he 0 at la/ to appe>1 to dwell among u1 to be se51 n z son ( ,david b z ,son ( ,god1 9 ! g>m5t ( ! fle%1 by ^? :o c\ld n ev5 endure ! light ( ?is _w's sun4 ,s did he come2 nay1 s did he die to fulfil ! promise1 9 ! v act ( 8 app>5t defeat to disp5se purification1 p>don1 life1 to de/roy dea?1 to ov]come ! devil1 to %[ =? ! ,resurrection1 & ) ! ,resurrection 8 "r to future judgm5t2 at ! same "t1 x is true1 to fill up ! measure ( ! s9s ( ,israel1 :om he _h lov$ exce$+ly & = :om he _h done su* great wond]s & signs1 & to prep>e = himself aga9 a new p :o %\ld keep 8 comm&m5ts1 8 new law4 ,! mission t 8 ,fa!r gave him he has accompli%$1 ( 8 own free w & = our sake--! true explanation ( 8 dea?--did he suff]4 ,! ,jews h n hop$ ^u him1 cle>ly z ! typical design ( ! ,old ,te/am5t & ,moses himself po9t$ to him1 &1 9 opposition to ! spiritual tea*+ ( ,moses1 !y h be5 s$uc$ into ! c>nal & s5sual by ! devil2 !y h set _! tru/ & _! hopes1 n ^u ,god1 b ^u ! fle%ly circumcision & ^u ! visible h\se ( ,god1 wor%ipp+ ! ,"l 9 ! temple almo/ l ! hea!n4 ,b ! ,*ri/ian raises himself above ! fle% & its lu/s1 :i* di/urb ! faculties ( k z well z ^? ( w1 to ! ,_s & ! spiritual s]vice ( ,god1 above ! ways ( d>kness to ! ways ( light2 he presses on to fai?1 & ) fai? to p]fect k1 z "o born aga91 :o is full ( ! ,_s ( ,god1 9 :om ,god dwells & prophesies1 int]pret+ pa/ & future )\t be+ se5 or he>d2 z taught ( ,god & fulfill+ ! comm&m5ts ( ! new law ( ! ,"l1 a lov] ( ! bre?r51 & 9 himself ! *ild ( peace1 ( joy1 & ( love4 ,= ?is class ( ideas !re is no analogy 9 ,/4 ,paul1 or ev5 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews1 b only 9 ?is ,gospel1 mu* z ! connection has hi!rto be5 ov]look$4 ,inde$1 ?\gh x may /ill 9 places be que/ion$ on :i* side ! relation ( dep5d5ce lies 7x might be ?\ght t ,b>nabas suppli$ ! ideas1 ,john ! application ( !m1 & ! conception ( ! ,logos cr[n+ all71 9 any case ! ,gospel appe>$ at a date ne> to t ( ! ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas4 ,) m reason may x be said t x is n until we come to ! ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas t we f9d /iff s*ola/ic !ory a m pr$om9ant typology1 an artificialis$ view ( ,judaism2 besides ! po9ts ( view always appe> z some?+ receiv$ & n orig9at$--wat] & blood1 new law1 new p--& 9 ! solemn manife/ation ( ! ,son ( ,god imm$iately aft] ! selection ( ! ,apo/les1 9 ! great b fruitless exhibition ( miracle & love = ,israel1 !re is evid5tly allusion to hi/ory1 t is1 to ,john ii & xii4' ',! ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas1' ,dr4 ,keim adds1 'aft] ! lucid demon/ration ( ,volkm>--9 spite ( ,hilg5feld & ,weizck]1 & n[ also ( ,rigg5ba*--0 und\bt$ly writt5 at ! "t ( ! rebuild+ ( ! temple "u ! ,emp]or ,hadrian1 ab\t ! ye> #abj ,a4,d4 7accord+ to ,volkm>1 at ! e>lie/1 #aah-aai71 at late/ #acj4' ,x is n to be expect$ t ?is full & able /atem5t %\ld c>ry conviction to e read]4 ,& yet ,i believe t x has "s solid f\ndation4 ,! s+le in/ances are n p]haps su* z c\ld be press$ v f>1 b !y d]ive a c]ta9 weight :5 tak5 toge!r & z p>ts ( a wid] circle ( ideas4 ,! application ( ! type ( ! braz5 s]p5t to ,jesus 9 c4 xii4 may h be5 sugge/$ by ,john iii4 #ad sqq41 b we _c say t x 0 s ) c]ta9ty4 ,! same application is made by ,ju/9 9 a place :]e !re is p]haps less reason to assume a connection ) ! f\r? ,gospel2 & we "k t types & prophecies 7 eag]ly s\ght out by ! e>ly ,*ri/ians1 & 7 soon collect$ 9 a k9d ( common /ock f :i* e "o drew at 8 pleasure4 ,a /rong] case1 & "o t ,i incl9e to ?9k ( "s importance1 is suppli$ by ! peculi> comb9ation ( '! wat] & ! cross' 9 ,b>n4 c4 xi2 n t "h !re is a direct & imm$iate1 b m probably a m$iate1 connection ) ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,! phrase ,greek3 ho uios t\ !\ is n peculi> to1 ?\gh x is m frequ5t 91 & to "s degree *>act]i/ic (1 ! ,gospel & ,fir/ ,epi/le ( ,/4 ,john4 ,greek3 ,phan]\/hai may be claim$ m decid$ly1 especially by comp>ison ) ! o!r ,gospels1 ?\gh x occurs ) simil> ref]5ce to ! ,inc>nation 9 ! lat] ,paul9e ,epi/les4 ,greek3 ',el!9 en s>ki is aga9 rightly class$ z a ,johannean phrase1 ?\gh ! exact c\nt]p>t is f\nd r 9 ! ,epi/les ?an ! ,gospel4 ,! doctr9e ( pre-exi/5ce is c]ta9ly taught 9 su* passages z ! application ( ! text1 ',let u make man 9 our image1' :i* is said to h be5 address$ to ! ,son 'f ! f\ndation ( ! _w' 7c4 v74 ,g5]ally ,i ?9k x may be said t ! doctr9e ( ! ,inc>nation1 ! typology1 & ! use ( ! ,old ,te/am5t prophecies1 approximate1 mo/ di/9ctly to ! ,johannean type1 ?\gh "u ! latt] heads !re is ( c\rse mu* debas$ exagg]ation4 ,! sot]iology we might be p]haps tempt$ to connect r on ! "o h& ) ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews1 & on ! o!r ) ^? ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,!re may be some?+ ( an e*o ( ! f\r? ,gospel 9 ! allusion--to ! unbelief & c>nalis$ religion ( ! ,jews4 ,b ! :ole "q ( ! speculative aff9ities ( a writ+ l ?is requires subtle & delicate h&l+1 & %\ld be r a subject = special treatm5t ?an an episode 9 an enquiry l ! pres5t4 ,! op9ion ( ,dr4 ,keim mu/ be ( weight1 b on ! :ole ,i ?9k x w be safe/ & faire/ to say t1 :ile ! r\nd ass]tion t ! au?or ( ! ,epi/le 0 ignorant ( our ,gospel is n ju/ifi$1 ! positive evid5ce t he made use ( x is n suffici5tly cle> to be press$ controv]sially4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a simil> condition ( ?+s may be pr$icat$ ( ! ,%eph]d ( ,h]mas1 ?\gh ) a m decid$ lean+ to ! negative side4 ,"h aga9 ,dr4 ,keim ,endnote #bgc3a1 z well z ,canon ,we/cott ,endnote #bgc3b1 ?9ks t we c trace an acqua9tance ) ! ,gospel1 b ! indications are too g5]al & unc]ta9 to be reli$ ^u4 ,! imag]y ( ! %eph]d & ! flock1 z p]haps ( ! t[] & ! gate1 may1 be z well tak5 f ! sc5es ( ! ,roman ,campagna z f any previ\s writ+4 ,! keep+ ( ! comm&m5ts is a commonplace ( ,*ri/ianity1 n to say ( religion4 ,& ! ,div9e imman5ce 9 ! s\l is conceiv$ r 9 ! _s ( ! eld] ,gospels ?an ( ! f\r?4 ,!re is a ne>] approa* p]haps 9 ! id5tification ( '! gate' ) ! ',son ( ,god1' & 9 ! explanation ) :i* x is accompani$4 ',! rock is old because ! ,son ( ,god is old] ?an ! :ole ( ,8 creation2 s t ,he 0 assessor to ,8 ,fa!r 9 ! creation ( ! _w2 ! gate is new1 because ,he 0 made manife/ at ! consummation ( ! la/ days1 & !y :o are to be sav$ ent] by x into ! k+dom ( ,god' 7,sim4 ix4 #ab74 ,"h too we h ! doctr9e ( pre-exi/5ce2 & consid]+ ! juxtaposition ( ^! ?ree po9ts1 ! pre- exi/5ce1 ! gate 7:i* is ! only access to ! ,"l71 ! id5tification ( ! gate ) ! inc>nation ( ,jesus1 we may say p]haps a possible ref]5ce to ! f\r? ,gospel2 probable x might be some:at too mu* to call x4 ,we mu/ leave ! read] to =m 8 own e/imate4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a some:at great] =ce1 b n z yet complete cog5cy1 atta*es to ! evid5ce ( ! ,ignatian lett]s4 ,a p>allel is alleg$ to a passage 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,romans :i* is f\nd bo? 9 ! ,syriac & 9 ! %ort] ,greek or ,vossian v]sion4 ',i take no reli% 9 corruptible food or 9 ! pleasures ( ?is life4 ,i desire bread ( ,god1 heav5ly bread1 bread ( life1 :i* is ! fle% ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 ! ,son ( ,god1 :o 0 born 9 ! latt] days ( ! se$ ( ,david & ,abraham2 & ,i desire dr9k ( ,god1 ,8 blood1 :i* is love imp]i%able & ev]-abid+ life' ,endnote #bge3a 7,ep4 ad ,rom4 c4 vii74 ,?is is comp>$ ) ! disc\rse 9 ! synagogue at ,cap]naum 9 ! six? *apt] ( ,/4 ,john4 ,x %\ld be said t !re is a diff]5ce ( read+1 ?\gh n "o t mat]ially influ5ces ! "q1 9 ! ,syriac4 ,if ! p>allel holds good1 ! peculi> diction ( ! au?or mu/ be se5 9 ! sub/itution ( ,greek3 poma = ,greek3 posis ( ,john vi4 #ee1 & ,greek3 a5naos zoae = ,greek zoae aionios1 ( ,john vi4 #ed4 ,! ,ignatian phrase is p]haps m ?an d\btful1 z x does n appe> ei!r 9 ! ,syriac1 ! ,arm5ian1 or ! ,lat9 v]sion4 ,/ill ?is ne$ n /& 9 ! way ( ref]r+ ! orig9al ( ! passage ultimately to ! ,gospel4 ,! ideas are s rem>kable t x seems difficult to suppose ei!r are accid5tal co9cid5ce or quotation f ano!r writ]4 ,i suspect t ,ignatius or ! au?or ( ! ,epi/le really _h ! f\r? ,gospel 9 8 m9d1 ?\gh n q vividly1 & by a tra9 ( comp>atively remote sugge/ions4 ,! next suppos$ allusion is f ! ,epi/le to ! ,philadelphians3 ',! ,_s1 com+ f ,god1 is n to be deceiv$2 = x kn[e? :5ce x come? & :i!r x goe?1 & x se>*e? t :i* is hidd5' ,endnote #bge3b4 ,?is is obvi\sly ! conv]se ( ,john iii4 #e1 :]e x is said t we d n "k ! way ( ! ,_s1 :i* is l ! w9d1 c4 ,& yet ! exact v]bal simil>ity ( ! phrase ,greek3 oid5 po!n er*etai kai p\ hupagei1 & its appe>ance 9 ! same connection1 spok5 ( ! ,_s1 leads u to ?9k t !re 0--z !re may v well h be5--an association ( ideas4 ,?is p>ticul> phrase ,greek3 po!n er*etai kai p\ hupagei is v *>act]i/ically ,johannean4 ,x occurs ?ree times ov] 9 ! f\r? ,gospel1 & n at all 9 ! re/ ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,! comb9ation ( ,greek3 er*e/hai & ,greek hupage9 also occurs twice1 & ,greek3 p\ op\ hupago -gei1 -geis 9 all twelve times 9 ! ,gospel & once 9 ! ,epi/le 7,greek3 ouk oide p\ hupagei72 ?is too1 x is /rik+ to obs]ve1 n at all else:]e4 ,! v ^w ,greek3 hupago is n f\nd at all 9 ,/4 ,paul1 ,/4 ,pet]1 or ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews4 ,tak5 toge!r ) ! special application to ! ,_s1 ?is mu/ be reg>d$ z a /rong case4 ,nei!r d ! argum5ts ( ',sup]natural ,religion' succe$ 9 prov+ t !re is no connection ) ,/4 ,john 9 su* s5t5ces z1 ',!re is "o ,god :o manife/$ ,himself ?r\gh ,jesus ,*ri/ ,8 ,son1 :o is ,8 et]nal ,^w' 7,ad ,magn4 c4 viii71 or :o is ,himself ! door ( ! ,fa!r 7,ad ,philad4 c4 ix74 ,9 reg>d to ! fir/ ( ^! especially1 x is d\btless true t ,philo also has '! et]nal ,^w1' :i* is ev5 ! ',son' ( ,god2 b ! idea is mu* m consci\sly metaphorical1 & n only did ! inc>nation ( ! ,logos 9 a hi/orical p]son nev] ent] into ,philo's m9d1 b '!re is no room = x 9 8 sy/em' ,endnote #bgf3a4 ,x %\ld be said t ^! latt] passages are all f\nd only 9 ! ,vossian rec5sion ( ! ,epi/les1 & !re=e1 z we saw above1 are 9 any case evid5ce = ! fir/ half ( ! second c5tury1 :ile !y may be ! g5u9e works ( ,ignatius4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,epi/le ( ,polyc>p to ! ,philippians1 :i* goes v mu* ) ! ,ignatian ,epi/les & ! ext]nal evid5ce = :i* x is s h>d to resi/1 te/ifies to ! f\r? ,gospel ?r\gh ! s-call$ fir/ ,epi/le4 ,t ?is ,epi/le is really by ! same au?or z ! ,gospel is n inde$ absolutely und\bt$1 b ,i imag9e t x is z c]ta9 z any fact ( lit]ature c be4 ,! evid5ce ( /yle & diction is ov]:elm+ ,endnote #bgg3a4 ,we may set side by side ! two passages :i* are ?\ght to be p>allel4 ,ep4 ad ,phil4 c4 vii4 ,greek3 ,pas g> hos an mae homologae ,iaes\n ,*ri/on en s>ki elaelu!nai anti*ri/os e/i2 kai hos an mae homologae to m>turion t\ /aur\ ek t\ diabol\ e/i2 kai hos an me?odeuae ta logia t\ ,kuri\ pros tas idias epi?umias1 kai legae maete ana/as9 maete kris9 e9ai1 outos prototokos e/i t\ ,satana4 #a ,john vi4 #b1 #c4 ,greek3 ,pan pneuma ho homologei ,iaes\n ,*ri/on en s>ki elaelu?ota ek t\ ,!\ e/94 ,kai pan pneuma ho mae homologei t\ ,iaes\n ek t\ ,!\ ouk e/91 kai t\to e/9 to t\ anti*ri/\1 k4t4l4 ,?is is precisely "o ( ^? passages :]e at a sup]ficial glance we are incl9$ to ?9k t !re is no p>allel1 b :]e a deep] consid]ation t5ds to conv9ce u ( ! opposite4 ,! sugge/ion ( ,dr4 ,s*olt5 _c inde$ be q exclud$1 t bo? writ]s ,i h adopt$ a =mula 9 use 9 ! e>ly ,*ur* aga9/ v>i\s h]etics' ,endnote #bgg3b4 ,b if su* a =mula exi/$ x is highly probable t x took its rise f ,/4 ,john's ,epi/le4 ,?is passage ( ! ,epi/le ( ,polyc>p is ! e>lie/ in/ance ( ! use ( ! ^w ',anti*ri/' outside ! ,johannean writ+s 9 :i*1 alone ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 x occurs five times4 ,"h too x occurs 9 conjunction ) o!r *>act]i/ic phrases1 ,greek3 homologe91 en s>ki elaelu!nai1 ek t\ diabol\4 ,! phraseology & turns ( expression 9 ^! two v]ses accord s entirely ) ^? ( ! re/ ( ! ,epi/le & ( ! ,gospel t we mu/ ne$s take !m to be ! orig9al "w ( ! writ] & n a quotation1 & we c h>dly d o!rwise ?an see an e*o ( !m 9 ! words ( ,polyc>p4 ,!re is naturally a c]ta9 hesitation 9 us+ evid5ce = ! ,epi/le z available also = ! ,gospel1 b ,i h little d\bt t x may ju/ly s be us$ & ) no real dim9ution ( its =ce4 ,! *ance t ! ,epi/le _h a sep>ate au?or is too small to be practically wor? consid]+4 ,?is !n w apply to ! case ( ,papias1 ( ^: relations to ! f\r? ,gospel we h no record1 b ( :om ,eusebius expressly says1 t 'he made use ( te/imonies f ! fir/ ,epi/le ( ,john4' ,!re is ! less reason to d\bt ?is /atem5t1 z 9 e in/ance 9 :i* a simil> ass]tion ( ,eusebius c be v]ifi$ x is f\nd to hold good4 ,x is mu* m probable t he w\ld ov]look real analogies ?an be l$ a/ray by m]ely imag9>y ones--:i* is r a mod]n =m ( error4 ,9 textual matt]s ! anci5ts 7 n apt to g wrong ?r\gh ov]-subtlety1 & ,eusebius himself does n1 ,i believe1 des]ve ! *>ge ( 'inaccuracy & ha/e' t is made aga9/ him ,endnote #bgh3a4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 reg>d to ! mu* disput$ "q ( ! use ( ! f\r? ,gospel by ,ju/91 ^? :o ma9ta9 ! affirmative h aga9 emphatic support f ,dr4 ,keim ,endnote #bgh3b4 ,we w exam9e "s ( ! in/ances :i* are adduc$ on ?is side4 ,& fir/1 9 8 acc\nt ( ,john ! ,bapti/1 ,ju/9 has two p>ticul>s :i* are f\nd 9 ! f\r? ,gospel & 9 no o!r4 ,t ,gospel alone makes ! ,bapti/ himself decl>e1 ',i am n ! ,*ri/2' & x alone puts into 8 m\? ! application ( ! prophecy ( ,isaiah1 ',i am ! voice ( "o cry+ 9 ! wild]ness4' ,ju/9 comb9es ^! two say+s1 treat+ !m z an answ] made by ,john to "s :o suppos$ t he 0 ! ,*ri/4 ,ju/91 ,dial4 c4 #hh4 ,to :om he himself also cri$3 ',i am n ! ,*ri/1 b ! voice ( "o cry+ ,greek3 ouk eimi o ,*ri/os1 alla phonae boontos2 = !re %all come "o /rong] ?an ,i1' c4 ,john i4 #ai1 #bj1 #bc4 ,& ?is is ! record ( ,john1 :5 ! ,jews s5t prie/s & ,levites f ,j]usalem to ask him1 ,:o art ?\8 ,& he confess$1 & d5i$ n3 b confess$1 ,i am n ! ,*ri/ ,greek3 oti ouk eimi ego o ,*ri/os444 ,i am ! voice ( "o cry+ ,greek3 ego phonae boontos 9 ! wild]ness1' c4 ,! passage 9 ,ju/9 does n pr(ess to be a direct quotation2 x is m]ely a hi/orical reproduction1 &1 z su*1 x has q z mu* accuracy z we %\ld expect to f9d4 ,! circum/antial co9cid5ces are too close to be ! result ( accid5t4 ,& ,dr4 ,keim is d\btless "r 9 ridicul+ ,volkm>'s notion t ,ju/9 has m]ely develop$ ,acts xiii4 #be1 :i* conta9s nei!r ( ! two phrases 7,greek3 ho ,*ri/os1 phonae boontos7 9 "q4 ,to ref] ! passage to an unkn[n s\rce su* z ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews--all we "k ( :i* %[s its aff9ities to h be5 r on ! side ( ! ,synoptics--:5 we h a kn[n s\rce 9 ! f\r? ,gospel ready to h&1 is q unreasonable ,endnote #bhj3a4 ,no great weight1 ?\gh p]haps "s fractional quantity1 c be ascrib$ to ! /atem5t t ,jesus heal$ ^? :o 7 maim$ f _! bir? 7,greek3 t\s ek g5etaes pa]\s ,endnote #bhj3b74 ,! ^w ,greek3 pa]os is us$ specially = ! bl9d1 & ! f\r? ,evangeli/ is ! only "o :o m5tions ! heal+ ( cong5ital infirmity1 :i* he does "u ?is same phrase ,greek3 ek g5etaes1 & t ( a case ( bl9dness 7,john ix4 #a74 ,! possibility urg$ 9 ',sup]natural ,religion1' t ,ju/9 may be m]ely draw+ f tradition1 may detract f ! =ce ( ?is b _c altoge!r remove x1 especially z we h no o!r trace ( a tradition conta9+ ?is p>ticul>4 ,tis*5dorf ,endnote #bhj3c lays /ress on a some:at rem>kable ph5om5on 9 connection ) ! quotation ( ,ze*4 xvi4 #aj1 ',!y %all look on him :om !y pi]c$4' ,ju/9 gives ! text ( ?is 9 precisely ! same =m z ,/4 ,john1 & ) ! same v>iation f ! ,septuag9t1 ,greek3 opsontai eis hon exek5taesan = ,greek3 epiblepsontai pros me an? hon kator*aesanto--a v>iation :i* is also f\nd 9 ,rev4 i4 #g4 ,^? :o believe t ! ,apocalypse _h ! same au?or z ! ,gospel1 naturally see 9 ?is a confirmation ( _! view1 & x w\ld seem to foll[ t ,ju/9 _h _h ei!r "o or bo? writ+s be=e him4 ,b ! assumption ( an id5tity ( au?or%ip betwe5 ! ,apocalypse & ! ,gospel1 ?\gh ,i believe less unreasonable ?an is g5]ally suppos$1 /ill is too mu* disput$ to build any?+ ^u 9 argum5t4 ,we mu/ n ignore ! o!r !ory1 t all ?ree writ]s _h be=e !m & may h us$ indep5d5tly a div]g5t text ( ! ,septuag9t4 ,"s c\nt5ance is giv5 to ?is by ! fact t t5 ,,mss4 ( ! ,septuag9t pres5t ! same read+ ,endnote #bha3a4 ,!re c be little d\bt h[ev] t x 0 9 its orig9 a ,*ri/ian correction1 :i* _h ! d\ble advantage ( at once br++ ! ,greek into clos] con=mity to ! ,hebrew1 & ( also furni%+ support to ! ,*ri/ian application ( ! prophecy4 ,:e!r ?is correction 0 made be=e ei!r ! ,apocalypse or ! ,gospel 7 writt51 or :e!r x appe>$ 9 ^! works = ! fir/ "t & f !m 0 copi$ into o!r ,*ri/ian writ+s1 mu/ rema9 an op5 "q4 ,! say+ 9 ,apol4 i4 #fc1 's t !y are rightly convict$ bo? by ! prophetic ,_s & by ,*ri/ ,himself1 t !y knew nei!r ! ,fa!r nor ! ,son' 7,greek3 oute ton pat]a oute ton uion egnosan71 c]ta9ly pres5ts a close resemblance to ,john xvi4 #c1 ,greek3 ouk egnosan ton pat]a oude eme4 ,b a /udy ( ! context seems to make x cle> t ! only passage consci\sly pres5t to ,ju/9's m9d 0 ,matt4 xi4 #bg4 ,dr4 ,keim ?9ks t ,/4 ,john suppli$ him ) a comm5t>y oh ! ,mat?aean text2 b ! co9cid5ce may be aft] all accid5tal4 ,b ! mo/ important isolat$ case ( lit]>y p>allelism is ! well-kn[n passage 9 ,apol4 i4 #fa ,endnote #bha3b4 ,apol4 i4 #fa4 ,= ,*ri/ said3 ,except ye be born aga9 ye %all n ent] into ! k+dom ( heav54 ,n[ t x is impossible = ^? :o h once be5 born to return into ! wombs ( ^? :o b>e !m is evid5t to all4 ,greek3 ,kai g> ho ,*ri/os eip51 ,an mae anag5nae?aete1 ou mae eisel?aete eis ta5 ,basileian ton ouranon4 ,hoti de kai adunaton eis tas maetras ton tek\son t\s hapax g5nom5\s emba5ai1 phan]on pas9 e/i4 ,john iii4 #c-e4 ,jesus answ]$ & said unto him1 ,v]ily1 v]ily1 ,i say unto !e1 ,except any "o be born ov] aga9 7or possibly 'f above'71 he _c see ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,nicodemus sai? unto him1 ,h[ c a man be born :5 he is old8 c he ent] a second "t into 8 "m's womb1 & be born8 ,jesus answ]$1 ,v]ily1 v]ily1 ,i say unto !e1 ,except any "o be born ( ,wat] & ,_s1 he _c ent] into ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,greek3 ,apekri?ae ,iaes\s kai eip5 auto ,ama5 ama5 lego soi1 ean mae tis g5nae?ae ano!n ou dunatai ide9 ta5 ,basilaian t\ ,!\4 ,legei pros a\ton ho ,nikodaemos1 ,pos dunatai an?ropos g5nae?a5ai g]on on2 mae dunatai eis ta5 koilian taes ma]tros aut\ deut]on eisel!9 kai g5nae?a5ai2 k4t4l4 ,"h we h fir/ to det]m9e ! mean+ ( ! ^w ,greek3 ano!n 9 ! phrase ,greek3 g5nae?ae ano!n ( ,john iii4 #c on :i* ! ext5t ( ! p>allelism to "s degree turns4 ,does x mean 'be born ov] aga91' l ,ju/9's ,greek3 anag5nae?aete8 ,or does x mean 'be born f above1' i4e4 by a heav5ly1 div9e1 reg5]ation8 ,to express an op9ion 9 fav\r ( ! fir/ ( ^! views w\ld naturally be to incur ! *>ge ( tak+ x up m]ely to suit ! occasion4 ,x is n h[ev] necess>y2 = x is suffici5t to "k t :e!r or n ?is mean+ 0 orig9ally int5d$ by ! ,evangeli/1 x is a mean+ t ,ju/9 might c]ta9ly put ^u ! words4 ,t ?is is ! case is suffici5tly prov$ by ! fact t ! ,syriac v]sion 7:i* is quot$ 9 ',sup]natural ,religion1' by a p>donable mi/ake1 on ! o!r side ,endnote #bhc3a7 actually translates ! words ?us4 ,s also does ! ,vulgate2 ) ,t]tullian 7'r5atus'71 ,augu/9e1 ,*ryso/om 7p>tly71 ,lu!r1 ,calv91 ,maldonatus1 c4 ,= ! s5se 'f above' are ! ,go?ic v]sion1 ,orig51 ,cyril1 ,!ophylact1 ,b5gel1 c42 on ! :ole a fairly equal division ( op9ion4 ,! "q has be5 ( late elaborately re-argu$ by ,mr4 ,mc,clellan ,endnote #bhc3b1 :o decides 9 fav\r ( 'aga94' ,b1 )\t tak+ sides ei!r way1 x is cle> t ,ju/9 w\ld h _h abundant support1 9 p>ticul> t ( 8 own national v]sion1 if he int5d$ ,greek3 anag5nae?aete to be a p>aphrase ( ,greek3 g5nae?ae ano!n4 ,x is obvi\s t if he is quot+ ,/4 ,john ! quotation is ?r\gh\t p>aphra/ic4 ,& yet x is equally noticeable t he does n use ! exact ,johannean phrase1 he uses o!rs t are 9 ea* case almo/ precisely equival5t4 ,he does n say ,greek3 our dunatai ide9--ta5 basileian ton ouranon1 b he says ,greek3 ou mae eisel?aete eis--ta5 basileian ton ouranon1 ! latt] pair phrases :i* ! ,synoptics h already taught u to reg>d z conv]tible4 ,he does n say ,greek3 mae dunatai eis ta5 koilian taes maetros aut\ deut]on eisel!9 kai g5nae?a5ai1 b he says ,greek3 adunaton eis tas maetras ton tek\son t\s hapax g5nom5\s embaebai4 ,& ! scale seems decisively turn$ by ! v rem>kable comb9ation 9 ,ju/9 & ,/4 ,john ( ! say+ respect+ spiritual reg5]ation ) ! same /rangely gross physical misconception4 ,x is all b impossible t two m9ds )\t conc]t or connection %\ld h ?\ght ( introduc+ any?+ ( ! k9d4 ,nicodemus makes an objection1 & ,ju/9 by repeat+ ! same objection1 & 9 a =m t sav\rs s /rongly ( platitude1 has %[n1 ,i ?9k we mu/ say1 conclusively1 t he 0 aw>e t ! objection _h be5 made4 ,su* are "s ( ! *ief lit]>y co9cid5ces betwe5 ,ju/9 & ! f\r? ,gospel2 b !re are o!rs m pr(\nd4 ,ju/9 und\bt$ly has ! "o c>d9al doctr9e ( ! f\r? ,gospel-- ! doctr9e ( ! ,logos4 ,?us he writes4 ',jesus ,*ri/ is 9 ! prop] s5se ,greek3 idios ! only ,son begott5 ( ,god1 be+ ,8 ,^w ,greek3 logos & ,fir/born ,p[]' ,endnote #bhd3a4 ,aga91 ',b ,8 ,son :o alone is rightly ,greek3 kurios call$ ,son1 :o be=e all creat$ ?+s 0 ) ,him & begott5 ( ,him z ,8 ,^w1 :5 9 ! beg9n+ ,he creat$ & ord]$ all ?+s ?r\gh ,him1' c4 ,aga91 ',n[ ! next ,p[] to ,god ! ,fa!r & ,"l ( all1 & ,son ,endnote #bhd3b1 is ! ,^w1 ( :om we %all relate 9 :at foll[s h[ ,he 0 made fle% & became ,man4' ,aga91 ',! ,^w ( ,god is ,8 ,son4' ,aga91 speak+ ( ! ,g5tile philosoph]s & lawgiv]s1 ',s9ce !y did n "k all ?+s respect+ ! ,^w1 :o is ,*ri/1 !y h also frequ5tly contradict$ ea* o!r4' ,^! passages are giv5 by ,tis*5dorf1 & !y might be add$ to )\t difficulty2 b x is n que/ion$ t ! t]m ,logos is f\nd frequ5tly 9 ,ju/9's writ+s1 & 9 ! same s5se 9 :i* x is us$ 9 ! ,prologue ( ! f\r? ,gospel ( ! et]nal ,son ( ,god1 :o is at ! same "t ! hi/orical p]son ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,! natural inf]5ce t ,ju/9 0 acqua9t$ ) ! f\r? ,gospel is met by sugge/+ o!r s\rces = ! doctr9e4 ,^! s\rces are ( two k9ds1 ,jewi% or ,alex&r9e4 ,x is no d\bt true t a vivid p]sonification ( ! ,wisdom ( ,god is f\nd bo? 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t & 9 ! ,apocrypha4 ,?us 9 ! book ( ,prov]bs we h an elaborate ode ^u ,wisdom z ! et]nal assessor 9 ! c\nsels ( ,god3 ',! ,"l possess$ me 9' ! beg9n+ ( ,8 way1 be=e ,8 works ( old4 ,i 0 set up f ev]la/+1 f ! beg9n+1 or ev] ! e>? 04 ,:5 !re 7 no dep?s1 ,i 0 br\ght =?2 :5 !re 7 no f\nta9s ( wat] 444 ,:5 ,he prep>$ ! heav5s1 ,i 0 !re3 :5 ,he set a compass ^u ! face ( ! deep 444 ,!n ,i 0 by ,him1 z "o br\ght up ) ,him3 & ,i 0 daily ,8 delight1 rejoic+ always be=e ,him' ,endnote #bhe3a4 ,! ideas ( :i* ?is is p]haps ! cle>e/ expression are f\nd m vaguely 9 o!r p>ts ( ! same book1 9 ! ,psalms1 & 9 ! book ( ,job1 b !y are fur!r exp&$ & develop$ 9 ! two ,apocryphal books ( ,wisdom4 ,!re ,endnote #bhe3b ,wisdom is repres5t$ z ! 'brea? ( ! p[] ( ,god1 & a pure influ5ce fl[+ f ! glory ( ! ,almighty1' z '! brightness ,greek3 apaugasma ( ! ev]la/+ light1 ! unspott$ mirror ( ! p[] ( ,god1 & ! image ( ,8 goodness4' ,wisdom 'sitte? by ! ?rone' ( ,god4 ,%e rea*e? f "o end to ano!r mightily3 & sweetly do? %e ord] all ?+s4' ',%e is privy to ! my/]ies ( ! k ( ,god & a lov] ( ,8 works4' ,god 'creat$ h] be=e ! _w' ,endnote #bhf3a4 ,we also get by ! side ( ?is1 b 9 q a subord9ate place & 9 a mu* less advanc$ /age ( p]sonification1 ! idea ( ! ,^w or ,logos3 ',o ,god ( my fa!rs 444 :o ha/ made all ?+s ) ?y ^w1 & orda9$ man ?r\gh ?y wisdom' ,endnote #bhf3b4 ',x 0 nei!r h]b nor mollify+ plai/] t re/or$ !m to heal?3 b ?y ^w1 ,o ,"l1 :i* heale? all ?+s4' ,x 0 '! ,almighty ^w' 7,greek3 ho pantodunamos logos7 't leap$ d[n f heav5' to slay ! ,egyptians4 ,b /ill x w be se5 t !re is a di/9ct gap betwe5 ^! conceptions & t :i* we f9d 9 ,ju/94 ,! lead+ idea is t ( ,wisdom1 n ( ! ,^w4 ,! ,^w is n ev5 p]sonifi$ sep>ately2 x is m]ely ! emitt$ p[] or en]gy ( ,god4 ,& ! p]sonification ( ,wisdom is /ill to a l>ge ext5t poetical1 x does n atta9 to sep>ate metaphysical hypo/asis2 x is n ?\ght ( z be+ really p]sonal4 ,! ,philonian conception1 on ! o!r h&1 is metaphysical1 b x conta9s _m elem5ts t are q discordant & inconsi/5t ) t :i* we f9d 9 ,ju/94 ,t x mu/ h be5 s w be se5 at once :5 we ?9k ( ! s\rces f :i* ,philo's doctr9e 0 d]iv$4 ,x includ$ 9 itself ! ,platonic !ory ( ,ideas1 ! diffus$ ,logos or anima mundi ( ! ,/oics1 & ! ,ori5tal angelology or doctr9e ( int]m$iate be+s betwe5 ,god & man4 ,on its ,platonic side ! ,logos is ! ,idea ( ,ideas summ+ up ! _w ( high ab/ractions :i* !mselves are also reg>d$ z possess+ a sep>ate individuality2 !y are ,logoi by ! side ( ! ,logos4 ,on its ,/oic side x becomes a ,pan!i/ic ,ess5ce p]vad+ ! life ( ?+s2 x is '! law1' '! bond' :i* holds ! _w toge!r2 ! _w is its 'g>m5t4' ,on its ,ea/]n side1 ! ,logos is ! ',ar*angel1' ! ',capta9 ( ! ho/s ( heav51' ! ',"m-city' f :i* !y issue z coloni/s1 ! ',vice- g]5t' ( ! ,great ,k+ ,endnote #bhg3a4 ,x ne$$ a m p[]ful m9d ?an ,ju/9's to r$uce all ?is to its simple ,*ri/ian expression1 to take ! poetry ( ,judaea & ! philosophy ( ,alex&ria & to int]pret & realise bo? 9 ! light ( ! hi/orical ev5ts ( ! bir? & life ( ,*ri/4 ',! ,^w became fle%' is ! key by :i* ,ju/9 is made intelligible1 & t key is suppli$ by ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,no o!r ,*ri/ian writ] _h comb9$ ^! two ideas be=e--! div9e ,logos1 ) ! hi/orical p]sonality ( ,jesus4 ,:5 !re=e we f9d ! ideas comb9$ z 9 ,ju/91 we are necess>ily ref]r$ to ! f\r? ,gospel = !m2 = ! /rangely inv]t$ sugge/ion ( ,volkm>1 t ! au?or ( ! f\r? ,gospel borr[$ f ,ju/91 is on *ronological1 if n on o!r gr\nds1 c]ta9ly unt5able4 ,we %all see t ! f\r? ,gospel 0 )\t d\bt 9 exi/5ce at ! date :i* ,volkm> assigns to ,ju/9's ,apology1 #aej ,a4 ,d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! hi/ory ( ! discussion z to ! relation ( ! ,clem5t9e ,homilies to ! f\r? ,gospel is highly in/ructive1 n only 9 itself1 b also = ! light :i* x ?r[s ^u ! g5]al "* ( our enquiry & ! docum5ts ) :i* x is conc]n$4 ,x has be5 already m5tion$ t up to ! ye> #ahec ! ,clem5t9e ,homilies 7 only extant 9 a mutilat$ =m1 end+ abruptly 9 ! middle ( ,hom4 xix4 #ad4 ,9 t ye> a complete edition 0 at la/ publi%$ by ,dressel f a manuscript 9 ! ,vatican conta9+ ! re/ ( ! n9ete5? & ! tw5tie? ,homily4 ,! old] portion occupies 9 all1 ) ! translation & critical app>atus1 #cha l>ge octavo pages 9 ,dressel's edition2 ! portion add$ by ,dressel occupies #cd4 ,& yet up to #ahec1 ?\gh ! ,clem5t9e ,homilies _h be5 c>efully /udi$ ) ref]5ce to ! use ( ! f\r? ,gospel1 only a few indications _h be5 f\nd1 & ^? 7 disput$4 ,9 fact1 ! controv]sy 0 v mu* at su* a po9t z o!rs ) :i* we h be5 deal+2 !re 0 a c]ta9 probability 9 fav\r ( ! conclusion t ! ,gospel _h be5 us$1 b /ill consid]ably %ort ( ! highe/4 ,s9ce ! publication ( ! conclusion ( ! ,homilies ! "q has be5 set at re/4 ,hilg5feld1 :o _h hi!rto be5 a det]m9$ advocate ( ! negative !ory1 at once gave up 8 gr\nd ,endnote #bhh3a2 & ,volkm>1 :o _h some:at less to retract1 admitt$ & admits ,endnote #bhh3b t ! fact ( ! use ( ! ,gospel mu/ be consid]$ z prov$4 ,! au?or ( ',sup]natural ,religion' /&s alone 9 /ill resi/+ ?is conviction ,endnote #bhh3c1 b ! result ,i suspect w be only to %[ 9 /rong] relief ! "o- sid$ness ( 8 critical me?od4 ,we w foll[ ! example t is set u 9 pres5t+ ! :ole ( ! passages alleg$ to conta9 allusions to ! f\r? ,gospel2 & x is ! m int]e/+ to d s ) ! key t ! rec5t discov]y has put into ,our h&s4 ,! fir/ runs ?us3-- ,hom4 iii4 #eb4 ,!re=e he1 be+ a true prophet1 said3 ,i am ! gate ( life2 he t ent]e? 9 ?r\gh me ent]e? into life3 = ! tea*+ t c save is none o!r ?an m9e4 ,greek3 ,dia t\to autos alae?aes on prophaetaes eleg52 ,ego eimi hae pulae taes zoaes2 ho di' em\ eis]*om5os eis]*etai eis ta5 zoa52 hos ouk ousaes het]as taes soze9 dunam5aes didaskalias4 ,john x4 #i4 ,i am ! door3 by me if any "o ent] 91 he %all be sav$1 & %all come 9 & g out1 & %all f9d pa/ure4 ,greek3 ,ego eimi hae ?ura2 di' em\ ean tis eisel?ae so?aesetai kai eiseleusetai kai exeleusetai kai noma5 heuraesei4 ,ap>t f o!r evid5ce x w\ld h be5 some:at prec>i\s to allege ?is z pro( ( ! use ( ! f\r? ,gospel1 & yet ,i believe !re w\ld h be5 a di/9ct probability t x 0 tak5 f t "w4 ,! p>allel is mu* clos]--9 spite ( ,greek3 ?ura = ,greek3 pulae--?an is ,matt4 vii4 #ac1 #ad 7! 'n>r[ gate'7 :i* is adduc$ 9 ',sup]natural ,religion1' & ! int]val is v insuffici5tly bridg$ ov] by ,ps4 cxviii4 #ai1 #bj 7',?is is ! gate ( ! ,"l'74 ,! key-note ( ! passage is giv5 9 ! id5tification ( ! gate ) ! p]son ( ! ,savi\r 7',i am ! door'7 & 9 ! rem>kable expression 'he t ent]e? 9 ?r\gh me1' :i* is reta9$ 9 ! ,homily4 ,x is curi\s to notice ! way 9 :i* ! ,greek3 so?aesetai ( ! ,gospel has be5 exp&$ exegetically4 ,less d\btful--& inde$ we %\ld h ?\ght almo/ beyond a d\bt--is ! next ref]5ce2 ',my %eep he> my voice4' ,hom4 iii4 #eb4 ,greek3 ta ema probata ak\ei taes emaes phonaes4 ,john x4 #bg4 ,greek3 ta probata ta ema taes phonaes m\ ak\ei4 ',!re 0 no m common repres5tation among/ ! ,jews ( ! relation ( ,god & 8 p ?an t ( ,%eph]d & 8 %eep' ,endnote #bij3a4 ,t is to say1 x occurs ( ,jehovah or ( ! ,messiah "s twelve or fifte5 times 9 ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t toge!r1 b nev] ) any?+ at all closely approa*+ to ! precise & p>ticul> feature giv5 "h4 ,let ! read] try to e/imate ! *ances t ano!r s\rce ?an ! f\r? ,gospel is be+ quot$4 ,criticism is made null & void :5 su* seem+ly pla9 indications z ?is are disc>d$ 9 fav\r ( entirely unkn[n quantities l ! ',gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews4' ,if ! au?or ( ',sup]natural ,religion' 7 to turn 8 own p[]s ( d]isive /atem5t aga9/ 8 own hypo!ses !y w\ld pres5t a v /range appe>ance4 ,! ref]5ce t foll[s has 9 "s respects a r m>k$ resemblance to t :i* we 7 discuss+ 9 ,ju/91 & = ! relation betwe5 !m to be fully appreciat$ %\ld be giv5 along ) x3-- ,ju/91 ,apol4 i4 #fa4 ,except ye be born aga9 ye %all n ent] into ! k+dom ( heav54 ,greek3 ,an mae anag5nae?aete ou mae eisel?aete eis ta5 basileian ton ouranon4 ,clem4 ,hom4 xi4 #bf4 ,v]ily ,i say unto y1 ,except ye be born aga9 ) liv+ wat]1 9 ! "n ( ! ,fa!r1 ,son1 & ,holy ,gho/1 ye %all n ent] into ! k+dom ( heav54 ,greek3 ,ama5 hum9 lego1 ean mae anag5nae?aete hudati zonti eis onoma patros1 uhi\1 hagi\ pneumatos1 ou mae eisel?aete eis ta5 basileian ton ouranon4 ,john iii4 #c1 #e4 ,v]ily1 v]ily1 ,i say unto !e1 ,except any "o be born ov] aga9 7or 'f above'7 he _c see ! k+dom ( ,god 444 ,except any "o be born ( wat] & ,_s1 he _c ent] into ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,greek3 ,ama5 ama5 lego soi1 ean mae tis g5nae?ae ano!n1 ou dunatai ide9 ta5 basileian t\ ,!\ 444 ean mae tis g5nae?ae ex hudatos kai pneumatos1 ou dunatai eisel!9 eis ta5 basileian t\ ,!\4 ,greek3 pneum4 add4 ,greek3 hagi\ ,vulg4 7,clem5t9e edition71 a1 ff1 m1 ,ae?41 ,orig4 7,lat9 translator74 ,"h x w be notic$ t ,ju/9 & ! ,clem5t9es h f\r po9ts 9 common1 ,greek3 anag5nae?aete = ,greek3 g5nae?ae ano!n1 ! second p]son plural 7twice ov]7 = ,greek3 tis & ! s+ul>1 ,greek3 ou mae & ! subjunctive = ,greek3 ou dunatai & inf9itive1 & ,greek3 ta5 basileian ton ouranon1 = ,greek3 ta5 basileian t\ ,!\4 ,to ! la/ ( ^! po9ts mu* importance c\ld n be atta*$ 9 itself1 z x repres5ts a p]si/5t diff]5ce betwe5 ! fir/ & ! o!r ,synopti/s ev5 :]e !y _h ! same orig9al4 ,z bo? ! ,clem5t9es & ,ju/9 us$ ! fir/ ,gospel m ?an ! o!rs1 x is only natural t !y %\ld fall into ! habit ( us+ its *>act]i/ic phrase4 ,nei!r w\ld ! o!r po9ts h _h v mu* importance tak5 sep>ately1 b _! importance increases consid]ably :5 !y come to be tak5 toge!r4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we obs]ve 9 ! ,clem5t9es 7:]e x is h[ev] connect$ ) ,matt4 xxviii4 #ai7 ! suffici5tly ne> equival5t = ! /rik+ ,johannean phrase ,greek3 ex hudatos kai pneumatos :i* is omitt$ entirely by ,ju/94 ,! mo/ probable view ( ! case seems to be t bo? ! ,clem5t9es & ,ju/9 are quot+ f memory4 ,bo? h 9 _! memory ! passage ( ,/4 ,john1 b bo? h also di/9ctly be=e !m 7s mu* ! m di/9ctly z x is ! ,gospel :i* !y habitually us$7 ! p>allel passage 9 ,matt4 xviii4 #c-- :]e all ! la/ ?ree out ( ! f\r common v>iations are f\nd1 besides1 along ) ! ,clem5t9es1 ! omission ( ! second ,greek3 ama51--',v]ily ,i say unto y1 ,except ye be conv]t$1 & become z little *ildr51 ye %all n ent] into ! k+dom ( heav5' 7,greek3 on mae eisea?aete eis ta5 basileian ton ouranon74 ,x is out ( ! "q t ?is only %\ld h be5 pres5t to ! m9d ( ! writ]s2 &1 9 view ( ! repetition ( ,nicodemus' misund]/&+ by ,ju/9 & ( ! baptism by wat] & ,_s 9 ! ,clem5t9e ,homilies1 x seems equally difficult to exclude ! ref]5ce to ,/4 ,john4 ,x is 9 fact a ,johannean say+ 9 a ,mat?aean framework4 ,!re is ! m reason to accept ?is solution1 t nei!r ,ju/9 nor ! ,clem5t9es c 9 any case repres5t ! orig9al =m ( ! passages quot$4 ,if ,ju/9's v]sion 7 correct1 :5ce did ! ,clem5t9es get ! ,greek3 hudati zonti k4t4l48 if ! ,clem5t9e1 !n :5ce did ,ju/9 get ! misconception ( ,nicodemus8 ,b ! ,clem5t9e v]sion is 9 any case too ecc5tric to /&4 ,! la/ passage is ! "o t is usually consid]$ to be decisive z to ! use ( ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,hom4 xix4 #bb4 ,h5ce too our ,tea*]1 :5 expla9+ to ^? :o ask$ ( him respect+ ! man :o 0 bl9d f 8 bir? & recov]$ 8 sight1 :e!r ?is man s9n$ or 8 p>5ts t he %\ld be born bl9d1 repli$3 ,nei!r ?is man s9n$1 nor 8 p>5ts2 b t ?r\gh him ! p[] ( ,god might be manife/$ heal+ ! s9s ( ignorance4 ,greek3 ,ho!n kai didaskalos haemon p]i t\ ,endnote #bic3a ek g5etaes pa]\ kai anablepsantos p>' aut\ exetazon erotaesas91 ei ohutos haem>t5 ae oi goneis aut\1 h9a tuphlos g5nae?ae ,endnote #bic3a apekr9ato oute ohutos ti haem>t51 oute oi goneis aut\1 all' h9a di aut\ phan]o?ae hae dunamis t\ ,!\ taes agnoias iom5ae ta ham>taemata4 ,john ix4 #a-c4 ,& z he pass$ by1 he saw a man bl9d f 8 bir?4 ,& 8 disciples ask$ him1 say+1 ,rabbi1 :o s9n$1 ?is man or 8 p>5ts1 t he %\ld be born bl9d8 ,jesus answ]$1 ,nei!r ha? ?is man s9n$1 nor 8 p>5ts3 b t ! works ( ,god %\ld be manife/$ 9 him4 ,greek3 ,kai p>agon eid5 an?ropon tuphlon ek g5etaes4 ,kai a]otaesan auton oi ma?aetai aut\ legontes1 ,rhabbei1 tis haem>t51 ohutos ae oi goneis aut\1 h9a tuphlos g5nae?ae2 apekri?ae ,iaes\s1 ,oute ohutos haem>t5 oute oi goneis aut\1 all' h9a phan]o?ae ta erga t\ ,!\ en auto4 ,! au?or ( ',sup]natural ,religion' und]takes to %[ 't ! context ( ?is passage 9 ! ,homily be>s positive *>act]i/ics :i* r5d] x impossible t x c h be5 tak5 f ! f\r? ,gospel' ,endnote #bic3b4 ,i ?9k we may v5ture to say t he does inde$ %[ some:at conspicu\sly ! way 9 :i* he uses ! ^w 'impossible' & ! k9d ( gr\nds on :i* t & su* l t]ms are employ$ ?r\gh\t 8 "w4 ,x is a notori\s fact1 abundantly e/abli%$ by c]ta9 quotations f ! ,old ,te/am5t & else:]e1 t ! la/ ?+ reg>d$ by ! e>ly patri/ic writ]s 0 context4 ,b 9 ?is case ! context is p]fectly 9 keep+1 & to a cle> & unprejudic$ eye x pres5ts no difficulty4 ,! ,clem5t9e writ] is speak+ ( ! orig9 ( physical infirmities1 & he says t ^! are frequ5tly due1 n to moral error1 b to m]e ignorance on ! "p ( p>5ts4 ,z an in/ance ( ?is he gives ! case ( ! man :o 0 born bl9d1 ( :om our ,"l expressly said t nei!r he nor 8 p>5ts _h s9n$--morally or 9 su* a way z to des]ve puni%m5t4 ,on ! contr>y !y _h err$ simply ?r\gh ignorance1 & ! object ( ! miracle 0 to make a display ( ! ,div9e m]cy remov+ ! consequ5ces ( su* error4 ',& 9 reality1' he proce$s1 '?+s ( ?is k9d are ! result ( ignorance4 ,! mis=tunes ( :i* y spoke1 proce$ f ignorance & n f any wick$ action4' ,?is is p]fectly compatible ) e ^w ( ! ,johannean n>rative4 ,! conclud+ clause ( ! quotation is m]ely a p>aphrase ( ! orig9al 7no "p ( ! quotation pr(esses to be exact71 br++ out a little m prom95tly ! special po9t ( ! argum5t4 ,!re is ample room = ?is4 ,! pr$et]m9$ object ( ! miracle1 says ,/4 ,john1 0 to display ! works ( ,god1 & ! ,clem5t9e writ] specifies ! p>ticul> "w ( ,god display$--! m]cy :i* heals ! evil consequ5ces ( ignorance4 ,if !re is any?+ "h at all inconsi/5t ) ! ,gospel x w\ld be int]e/+ to "k 7& we are n told7 :at 0 ! k9d ( orig9al t ! au?or ( ! ,homily really _h be=e him4 ,a fur!r discussion ( ?is passage ,i %\ld h>dly suppose to be necess>y4 ,no?+ c\ld be m wanton ?an to assign ?is passage to an imag9>y ,gospel m]ely on ! gr\nd alleg$4 ,! hypo!sis 0 less viol5t 9 reg>d to ! ,synoptic ,gospels1 :i* cle>ly conta9 a l>ge am\nt ( common matt] t might also h f\nd its way into o!r h&s4 ,we h evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( o!r ,gospels pres5t+ a c]ta9 am\nt ( aff9ity to ! fir/ ,gospel1 b ! f\r? is /amp$ ) an idiosyncracy :i* makes x unique 9 its k9d4 ,if !re is to be ?is fre$om 9 inv5t+ unkn[n docum5ts1 reproduc+ almo/ v]batim ! features ( kn[n ones1 sob] criticism is at an end4 ,t ! ,clem5t9e ,homilies imply ! use ( ! f\r? ,gospel may be consid]$ to be1 n inde$ c]ta9 9 a /rict s5se ( ! ^w1 b z probable z mo/ human affairs c be4 ,! real elem5t or d\bt is 9 reg>d to _! date1 & _! evid5ce mu/ be tak5 subject to ?is unc]ta9ty4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x is p]haps h>dly wor? :ile to delay ov] ! ,epi/le to ,diognetus3 n t ,i d n believe ! in/ances alleg$ by ,tis*5dorf & ,dr4 ,we/cott ,endnote #bie3a to be 9 !mselves s\nd1 b because !re exi/s too little evid5ce to det]m9e ! date ( ! ,epi/le1 & because x may be d\bt$ :e!r ! argum5t = ! use ( ! f\r? ,gospel 9 ! ,epi/le c be express$ /rongly 9 an objective =m4 ,! allusions 9 "q are n direct quotations1 b are r rem9isc5ces ( language4 ,! au?or ( ',sup]natural ,religion' has treat$ !m z if !y 7 ! =m] ,endnote #bif3a2 he has enquir$ into ! context c41 n v successfully4 ,b su* enquiry is really out ( place4 ,:5 ! writ] ( ! ,epi/le says1 ',*ri/ians dwell 9 ! _w b are n ( ! _w' ,greek3 ouk xisi de ek t\ kosm\ exactly ,john xvii4 #ad2 note peculi> use ( ! preposition72 ',= ,god lov$ m5 = ^: sakes ,he made ! _w 444 unto :om ,he s5t ,8 only begott5 ,son' 7 ,john iii4 #af1 ',god s lov$ ! _w t ,he gave ,8 only-begott5 ,son'72 ',h[ w y love ,him :o s be=eh& lov$ y' ,greek3 proagapaesanta2 cf4 i ,john iv4 #ai1 ,greek3 protos aegapaes5 ',he s5t ,8 ,son z wi%+ to save 444 & n to condemn' 7,greek3 sozon 444 kr9on (4 ,john iii4 #af71--! probability is ab\t z great t he _h 9 8 m9d ,/4 ,john's language z x w\ld be if ! same phrases 7 to occur 9 a mod]n s]mon4 ,x is a real probability2 b n "o t c be urg$ v /rongly4 99 99 99 99 99 ,( m importance--inde$ ( high importance--is ! evid5ce drawn f ! rema9s ( e>li] writ]s pres]v$ by ,ir5aeus & ,hippolytus4 ,!re is a cle> ref]5ce to ! f\r? ,gospel 9 a passage = :i* ,ir5aeus alleges ! au?ority ( c]ta9 ',presbyt]s1' :o at ! lea/ belong$ to an eld] g5]ation ?an 8 own4 ,!re c be little d\bt inde$ t !y are ! same z ^? :om he describes ?ree s5t5ces lat] & ) only a mom5t>y break 9 ! oblique n>ration into :i* ! passage is ?r[n1 z '! ,presbyt]s1 disciples ( ! ,apo/les4' ,x may be well to give ! language ( ,ir5aeus 9 full z x has be5 ! subject ( "s controv]sy4 ,speak+ ( ! rew>ds ( ! j 9 ! next _w1 he says ,endnote #big3a3-- ',= ,esaias says1 ,l z ! new heav5 & new e>? :i* ,i create rema9 be=e me1 sai? ! ,"l1 s y\r se$ & y\r "n %all /&4 ,& z ! ,presbyt]s say1 !n too ^? :o are ?\ght wor?y to h _! abode 9 ,heav5 %all g ?i!r1 & "s %all enjoy ! delights ( ,p>adise1 :ile o!rs %all possess ! spl5d\r ( ! ,city2 = ev]y:]e ! ,savi\r %all be se5 accord+ z !y %all be wor?y :o look ^u ,him4 ,s f> ! s5t5ce has be5 9 oratio recta1 b "h x becomes oblique4 ,& !y say t !re is ?is di/9ction 9 dwell+ betwe5 ^? :o be> fruit an hundr$ fold & ^? :o be> sixty & ^? :o be> ?irty1 "s ( :om %all be c>ri$ (f into ! ,heav5s1 "s %all /ay 9 ,p>adise1 & "s %all dwell 9 ! ,city4 ,& = ?is reason1 !y say t ! ,"l decl>$ 7,greek3 eipaek5ai7 t 9 my ,fa!r's realm are _m mansions2 = all ?+s are ( ,god1 :o gives to all ! fitt+ habitation3 ev5 z ,8 ,^w sai? 7ait71 t to all is allott$ by ! ,fa!r z ea* is or %all be wor?y4 ,& ?is is 7e/7 ! c\* ^u :i* !y %all recl9e :o are bidd5 to ,8 m>riage supp]4 ,t ?is is 7esse7 ! ord] & disposition ( ! sav$1 ! ,presbyt]s1 disciples ( ! ,apo/les1 say1' etc4 ,t ,ir5aeus is "h m]ely giv+ ! 'exegesis ( 8 own day1' z ! au?or ( ',sup]natural ,religion' sugge/s ,endnote #big3b1 is n = a mom5t t5able4 ,ir5aeus does inde$ int]pose = two s5t5ces 7,omnia enim444 ad nuptias7 to give 8 own comm5t on ! say+ ( ! ,presbyt]s2 b ^! are %>ply cut (f f ! re/ by ! use ( ! pres5t indicative in/ead ( ! inf9itive4 ,!re c be no "q at all t ! quotation '9 ,my ,fa!r's realm are _m mansions' ,greek3 en tois ton ,patros mon monas e9ai pollas belongs to ! ,presbyt]s1 & !re c be b little d\bt t ^! ,presbyt]s are ! same z ^? spok5 ( z 'disciples ( ! ,apo/les4' ,:e!r !y 7 also '! ,presbyt]s' ref]r$ to z 8 au?ority by ,papias is q a second>y & subord9ate "q4 ,consid]+ ! ,*ilia/ic "* ( ! passage1 ! conjecture ,endnote #bih3a t !y 7 does n seem to me unreasonable4 ,?is h[ev] we _c det]m9e positively4 ,x is q en\gh t ,ir5aeus evid5tly attributes to !m an antiquity consid]ably beyond 8 own2 t1 9 fact1 he looks ^u !m z supply+ ! int]m$iate l9k betwe5 8 age & t ( ! ,apo/les4 99 99 99 99 99 ,two quotations f ! f\r? ,gospel are attribut$ to ,basilides1 bo? ( !m q indisputable z quotations4 ,! fir/ is f\nd 9 ! tw5ty-second *apt] ( ! sev5? book ( ! ',refutation1' ',t 0 ! true light :i* lighte? e man t come? into ! _w ,endnote #bih3b 7,greek3 a5 to phos to alae?9on1 o photizei panta an?ropon er*om5on eis ton kosmon ,john i4 #i71 & ! second 9 ! tw5ty-sev5? *apt]1 ',my h\r is n yet come' 7,greek3 oupo aekei aeora mon ,john ii4 #d74 ,bo? ( ^! passages are in/ances ( ! exegesis by :i* ! ,basilidian doctr9es 7 def5d$4 ,! real "q is "h1 z 9 reg>d to ! ,synoptics1 :e!r ! quotations 7 made by ,basilides himself or by 8 disciples1 ',isidore & 8 crew4' ,! second in/ance ,i am dispos$ to ?9k may possibly be due to ! lat] repres5tatives ( ?is s*ool1 because1 ?\gh ! quotation is introduc$ by ,greek3 phaesi 9 ! s+ul>1 & ?\gh ,basilides himself c 9 no case be exclud$1 /ill !re is no?+ 9 ! *apt] to id5tify ! subject ( ,greek3 phaesi specially ) him1 & 9 ! next s5t5ce ,hippolytus writes1 ',?is is t :i* !y und]/& 7,greek3 ho kat' aut\s n5oaem5os7 by ! inn] spiritual man1' c4 ,b ! e>li] in/ance is diff]5t4 ,!re ,basilides himself does seem to be specially s+l$ out4 ,he is m5tion$ by "n only two s5t5ces above t 9 :i* ! quotation occurs4 ,hippolytus is ref]r+ to ! ,basilidian doctr9e ( ! orig9 ( ?+s4 ,he says1 ',n[ s9ce x 0 n all[able to say t some?+ non-exi/5t _h come into be+ z a projection f a non-exi/5t ,deity--= ,basilides avoids & %uns ! exi/5ces ( ?+s br\ght into be+ by projection ,endnote #bii3a--;= :at ne$ is !re ( projection1 or :y %\ld matt] be presuppos$ 9 ord] t ,god %\ld make a _w1 j z a spid] its web or z mortal man 9 mak+ ?+s takes brass or wood or any o!r portion ( matt]8 ,b ,he spake--s he says--& x 0 done1 & ?is is1 z ^! m5 say1 t :i* is said by ,moses3 ,let !re be light1 & !re 0 light4 ,:5ce1 he says1 came ! light8 ,out ( no?+2 = we are n told--he says--:5ce x came1 b only t x 0 at ! voice ( ,him t spake4 ,n[ ,he t spake--he says--0 n1 & t :i* 0 made1 0 n4 ,out ( t :i* 0 n--he says-- 0 made ! se$ ( ! _w1 ! ^w :i* 0 spok51 ,let !re be light2 & ?is--he says--is t :i* is spok5 9 ! ,gospels2 ,t 0 ! true light :i* lighte? e man t come? into ! _w4' ,we mu/ n inde$ ov]look ! fact t ! plural occurs once 9 ! middle ( ?is passage z introduc+ ! words ( ,moses2 'z ^! m5 say4' ,& yet1 ?\gh ?is decid$ly modifies1 ,i d n ?9k t x removes ! probability t ,basilides himself is be+ quot$4 ,x seems a fair inf]5ce t at ! beg9n+ ( ! passage ,hippolytus _h ! "w ( ,basilides actually be=e him2 & ! s+le digression 9 ,greek3 leg\s9 h\toi does n seem en\gh to %[ t x 0 laid aside4 ,?is is confirm$ :5 we look back two *apt]s at ! t]ms 9 :i* ! :ole acc\nt ( ! ,basilidian sy/em is introduc$4 ',let u see1' ,hippolytus says1 'h[ flagrantly ,basilides z well z 7,b4 ,greek3 hom\ kai7 ,isidore & all _! crew contradict n only ,mat?ias b ! ,savi\r himself4' ,/ress is laid ^u ! "n ( ,basilides1 z if to say1 ',x is n m]ely a new-fangl$ h]esy1 b dates back to ! head & f\nd] ( ! s*ool4' ,:5 9 ! v next s5t5ce ,hippolytus beg9s ) ,greek3 phaesi1 ! natural con/ruction c]ta9ly seems to be t he is quot+ "s "w ( ,basilides :i* he takes z typical ( ! doctr9e ( ! :ole s*ool4 ,a lat] "w w\ld n suit 8 purpose or prove 8 po9t4 ,basilides includes ,isidore1 b ,isidore does n include ,basilides4 ,we conclude !n t !re is a probability--n an ov]:elm+1 b q a sub/antial1 probability--t ,basilides himself us$ ! f\r? ,gospel1 & us$ x z an au?oritative record ( ! life ( ,*ri/4 ,b ,basilides began to tea* 9 #abe ,a4,d41 s t 8 evid5ce1 suppos+ x to be valid1 dates f a v e>ly p]iod inde$3 & x %\ld be rememb]$ t ?is is ! only unc]ta9ty to :i* x is subject4 ,t ! quotation is really f ,/4 ,john _c be d\bt$4 ,! acc\nt :i* ,hippolytus gives ( ! ,val5t9ians also conta9s an allusion to ! f\r? ,gospel2 ',all :o came be=e ,me are ?ieves & robb]s' 7cf4 ,john x4 #h74 ,b "h ! ma/] & ! disciples are m confus$4 ,less equivocal evid5ce is af=d$ by ! /atem5ts ( ,ir5aeus respect+ ! ,val5t9ians4 ,he says t ! ,val5t9ians us$ ! f\r? ,gospel v freely 7pl5issime7 ,endnote #cja3a4 ,?is applies to a date t _c be 9 any case lat] ?an #ahj ,a4,d41 & t may ext5d almo/ indef9itely backw>ds4 ,!re is no reason to say t x does n include ,val5t9us himself4 ,positive evid5ce is want+1 b negative evid5ce /ill m4 ,ap>t f evid5ce to ! contr>y1 !re mu/ be a presumption aga9/ ! introduction ( a new "w :i* becomes at once a frequ5tly quot$ au?ority midway 9 ! hi/ory ( a s*ool4 ,b to keep to facts ap>t f presumptions4 ,ir5aeus repres5ts ,ptolemaeus z quot+ l>gely f ! ,prologue to ! ,gospel4 ,b ,ptolemaeus1 z we h se51 _h already ga!r$ a s*ool ab\t him :5 ,ir5aeus became acqua9t$ ) him4 ,8 evid5ce !re=e may fairly be said to cov] ! p]iod f #afe-age ,a4,d4 ,! au?or ( ',sup]natural ,religion' seems to be some:at beside ! m>k :5 he says t '9 reg>d to ,ptolemaeus all t is affirm$ is t 9 ! ,epi/le to ,flora ascrib$ to him expressions f\nd 9 ,john i4 #c are us$4' ,true x is t su* expressions are f\nd1 & be=e we accept ! !ory 9 ',sup]natural ,religion' t ! p>5!sis 9 :i* !y occur is due to ,epiphanius :o quotes ! lett] 9 full himself ,endnote #cjb3a1 x is only "r t "s o!r in/ance %\ld be giv5 ( su* p>5!tic int]ruption4 ,! =m 9 :i* ! lett] is quot$1 n 9 fragm5ts int]sp]s$ ) comm5ts b complete & at full l5g?1 ) a =mal head+ & close1 really excludes su* a hypo!sis4 ,b1 a c5tury & a half be=e ,epiphanius1 ,ir5aeus _h giv5 a /r+ ( ,val5t9ian comm5ts on ! ,prologue1 end+ ) ! words1 ',et ,ptolemaeus quidem ita' ,endnote #cjb3b4 ,h]acleon1 too1 is c\pl$ ) ,ptolemaeus by ,ir5aeus ,endnote #cjb3c1 & accord+ to ! view ( ! au?or ( ',sup]natural ,religion1' _h a s*ool ar\nd him at ! "t ( ,ir5aeus' visit to ,rome 9 #agh ,a4,d4 ,b ?is ,h]acleon 0 ! au?or ( a ,comm5t>y on ,/4 ,john's ,gospel to :i* ,orig5 9 8 own p>allel "w frequ5tly alludes4 ,^! are inde$ dismiss$ 9 ',sup]natural ,religion' z 'unsupport$ ref]5ces4' ,b we may well ask1 :at support !y ne$4 ,! ref]5ces are made 9 evid5t good fai?4 ,he says1 = in/ance ,endnote #cjb3d1 t ,h]acleon's exegesis ( ,john i4 #c1 ',all ?+s 7 made by ,him1' exclud+ f ?is ! _w & its cont5ts1 is v =c$ & )\t au?ority4 ,aga91 he has mis9t]pret$ ,john i4 #d1 mak+ '9 ,him 0 life' mean n '9 ,him' b '9 spiritual m54' ,aga91 he wrongly attributes ,john i4 #ah n to ! ,evangeli/1 b to ! ,bapti/4 ,& s on4 ,! allusions are all made 9 ?is incid5tal mann]2 & ! life ( ,orig51 if he 0 born1 z is suppos$1 ab\t #ahe ,a4,d41 w\ld ov]lap t ( ,h]acleon4 ,:at evid5ce c\ld be m suffici5t8 or if su* evid5ce is to be disc>d$1 :at evid5ce are we to accept8 ,is x to be ( ! k9d t is reli$ ^u = ref]r+ quotations to ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews1 or ! ,gospel accord+ to ,pet]1 or ! ,greek3 ,g5na ,m>ias8 ,!re are sometimes no d\bt reasonable gr\nds = scepticism z to ! patri/ic /atem5ts1 b none su* are visible "h4 ,on ! contr>y1 t ,h]acleon %\ld h writt5 a comm5t>y on ! f\r? ,gospel falls 9 entirely ) :at ,ir5aeus says z to ! l>ge use t 0 made ( t ,gospel by ! ,val5t9ians4 99 99 99 99 99 ,z we approa* ! end ( ! ?ird & beg9n+ ( ! f\r? qu>t] ( ! second c5tury ! evid5ce = ! f\r? ,gospel becomes widespread & abundant4 ,at ?is date we h att5tion call$ to ! discrepancy betwe5 ! ,gospels z to ! date ( ! ,crucifixion by ,claudius ,apoll9>is4 ,we h also ,tatian1 ! ,epi/le ( ! ,*ur*es ( ,vi5ne & ,lyons1 ! hea!n ,celsus & ! ,muratorian ,canon1 & !n a v few ye>s lat] ,!ophilus ( ,antio* & ,ir5aeus4 ,i imag9e t !re c be really no d\bt ab\t ,tatian4 ,:atev] may h be5 ! nature ( ! ,diatess>on1 ! ',address to ! ,greeks' conta9s ref]5ces :i* x is m]e p>adox to dispute4 ,i w n press ! fir/ ( ^! :i* is giv5 by ,dr4 ,we/cott1 n because ,i d n believe t x is ultimately bas$ ^u ! f\r? ,gospel1 /ill less t !re is ! slighte/ contradiction to ,/4 ,john's doctr9e1 b because ,tatian's is a philosophical comm5t p]haps a degree too f> remov$ f ! orig9al to be q producible z evid5ce4 ,x is "o ( ! e>lie/ speculations z to ! ontological relation betwe5 ! ,fa!r & ! ,son4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ,god 0 alone--?\gh all ?+s 7 ) ,him pot5tially4 ,by ! m]e act ( volition ,he gave bir? to ! ,logos1 :o 0 ! real orig9ative cause ( ?+s4 ,yet ! exi/5ce ( ! ,logos 0 n su* z to involve a sep>ation ( id5tity 9 ! ,godhead2 x involv$ no dim9ution 9 ,him f :om ! ,logos issu$4 ,hav+ be5 ?us fir/ begott51 ! ,logos 9 turn begat our creation1 c4 ,! ,logos is ?us repres5t$ z be+ at once prior to creation 7! ,johannean ,greek3 en ar*ae7 & ! effici5t cause ( x--:i* is precisely ! doctr9e ( ! ,prologue4 ,! o!r two passages are h[ev] q unequivocal4 ,orat4 ad ,graecos1 c4 xiii4 ,& ?is is !re=e t say+3 ,! d>kness compreh5ds n ! light4 ,greek3 ,kai t\to e/9 ara to eiraem5on ,hae skotia to phos ou katalambanei4 ,john i4 #e4 ,& ! light %9e? 9 ! d>kness2 & ! d>kness compreh5d$ x n4 ,greek3 ,kai to phos en tae skotia pha9ei1 kai hae skotia auto ou katelab54 ,on ?is !re is ! foll[+ comm5t 9 ',sup]natural ,religion' ,endnote #cje3a3 ',! say+ is di/9ctly diff]5t 9 language f ! p>allel 9 ! ,gospel1 & x may be f a diff]5t ,gospel4 ,we h already rem>k$ t ,philo call$ ! ,logos ! ,light1 & quot+ 9 a peculi> =m1 ,ps4 xxvi4 #a3 ',= ! ,"l is my light 7,greek3 phos7 & my ,savi\r1' he goes on to say t z ! sun divides day & night1 s ,moses says1 ',god divides light & d>kness' 7,greek3 ,!on phos kai skotos diatei*isai71 :5 we turn away to ?+s ( s5se we use 'ano!r light' :i* is 9 no way diff]5t f 'd>kness4' ,! con/ant use ( ! same similitude ( light & d>kness 9 ! ,canonical ,epi/les %[s h[ curr5t x 0 9 ! ,*ur*2 & no?+ is m c]ta9 ?an ! fact t x 0 nei!r orig9at$ by1 nor conf9$ to1 ! f\r? ,gospel4' ,su* criticism refutes itself1 & x is f> too *>act]i/ic ( ! :ole book4 ,no?+ is adduc$ t ev5 remotely corresponds to ! v rem>kable phrase ,greek3 hae skotia to phos katalambanei1 & yet = ^! imag9>y p>allels "o t is p]fectly pla9 & direct is reject$4 ,! use ( ! phrase ,greek3 to eiraem5on %\ld be notic$4 ,x is ! =mula us$1 especially by ,/4 ,luke1 9 quotation f ! ,old ,te/am5t ,scriptures4 ,! o!r passage is3-- ,orat4 ad ,graecos1 c4 xix4 ,all ?+s 7 by him1 & )\t him ha? be5 made no?+4 ,greek3 ,panta hup' aut\ kai *oris aut\ gegon5 oude h54 ,john i4 #c4 ,all ?+s 7 made ?r\gh him2 & )\t him 0 no?+ made t ha? be5 made4 ,greek3 ,panta di' aut\ eg5eto1 kai *oris aut\ eg5eto oude h5 ho gegon54 ',! e>ly ,fa!rs1 no less ?an ! e>ly h]etics1' plac$ ! full /op at ,greek3 oude h51 connect+ ! words t foll[ ) ! next s5t5ce4 ,see ,m',clellan & ,tregelles ad loc4 ',tatian "h speaks ( ,god & n ( ! ,logos1 & 9 ?is respect1 z well z language & context1 ! passage diff]s f ! f\r? ,gospel' ,endnote #cjf3a1 c4 ,nev]!less x may safely be left to ! read] to say :e!r or n x 0 tak5 f x4 ,! ,epi/le ( ! ,*ur*es ( ,vi5ne & ,lyons conta9s ! foll[+3-- ,ep4 ,vi5ne4 et ,lugd4 iv4 ,?us too 0 fulfill$ t :i* 0 spok5 by our ,"l2 t a "t %all come 9 :i* e "o t kille? y %all ?9k t he (f]e? ,god s]vice4 ,greek3 ,eleusetai kairos en o pas ho apokte9as humas doxei latreian prosph]e9 to ,!o4 ,john xvi4 #b4 ,yea1 ! h\r come?1 t e "o t kille? y w ?9k he (f]e? ,god s]vice4 ,greek3 ,all' er*etai hora h9a pas ho apokte9as humas1 doxae latreian prosph]e9 to ,!o4 ,x is true t !re are 'indications ( simil> disc\rses' 9 ! ,synoptics1 b ( none conta9+ a trait at all closely resembl+ ?is4 ,! *ances t precisely ! same comb9ation ( words 7,greek3 ho apokte9as humas doxei latreian prosph]e9 to ,!o7 occurr$ 9 a lo/ ,gospel mu/ be necess>ily v small inde$1 especially :5 we rememb] t ! orig9al say+ 0 probably spok5 9 ,aramaic & n 9 ,greek ,endnote #cjg3a4 ,dr4 ,keim1 9 ! elaborate monograph m5tion$ above1 decides t ,celsus made use ( ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,he rem>ks ^u x z curi\s1 t m traces %\ld inde$ be f\nd 'bo? 9 ,celsus & 8 contempor>y ,tatian ( ,john ?an ( 8 two ne>e/ pr$ecessors' ,endnote #cjg3b4 ,( ! in/ances giv5 by ,dr4 ,keim1 ! fir/ 7i4 #da1 ! sign se5 by ! ,bapti/7 dep5ds on a some:at d\btful read+ 7,greek3 p>a to ,ioannae1 :i* %\ld be p]haps ,greek3 p>a to ,iordanae72 ! second1 ! dem& = a sign localis$ specially 9 ! temple 7i4 #fg2 (4 ,john x4 #bc1 #bd71 seems fairly to hold good4 ',! de/9ation ( ,jesus alike = good & evil' 7iv4 #g1 't ^? :o receiv$ x1 hav+ be5 good1 %\ld be sav$2 :ile ^? :o receiv$ x n1 hav+ be5 %[n to be bad1 %\ld be puni%$'7 is inde$ an idea peculi>ly ,johannean & creates a presumption ( ! use ( ! ,gospel2 we ought n p]haps to say m4 ,i c h>dly consid] ! simple allusions to 'flight' 7,greek3 pheuge91 ii4 #i2 ,greek3 ta$e kakeise apod$rak5ai1 i4 #fb7 z necess>ily ref]5ces to ! retreat to ,ephraim 9 ,john xi4 #ed4 ,s too ! expression 'b\nd' 9 ii4 #i1 & ! 'conflict ) ,satan' 9 vi4 #db1 ii4 #dg1 seem too vague to be us$ z pro(4 ,/ill ,volkm> too decl>es x to be 'notori\s' t ,celsus 0 acqua9t$ ) ! f\r? ,gospel1 alleg+ i4 #fg 7z above71 ii4 #ca 7an allusion to ! ,logos71 ii4 #cf 7a satirical allusion to ! issue ( blood & wat]71 :i* passages really seem on ! :ole to ju/ify ! ass]tion1 ?\gh n 9 a q unqualifi$ =m4 ,we ought n to omit to m5tion t !re is a second fragm5t by ,apoll9>is1 bi%op ( ,hi]apolis1 besides t to :i* we h already allud$1 & pres]v$ l x 9 ! ,pas*al ,*ronicle1 :i* confirms unequivocally ! conclusion t he knew & us$ ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,among/ o!r titles t are appli$ to ! crucifi$ ,savi\r1 he is spok5 ( z 'hav+ be5 pi]c$ 9 ,8 sacr$ side1' z 'hav+ p\r$ out ( ,8 side ^? two cleans+ /reams1 wat] & blood1 ^w & _s' ,endnote #cjh3a4 ,?is incid5t is record$ only 9 ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,9 l mann] :5 ,a!nagoras says ',! ,fa!r & ! ,son be+ "o' 7,greek3 h5os ontos t\ ,patros kai t\ ,ui\71 x is probable t he is allud+ to ,john x4 #cj1 ',i & my ,fa!r are "o1' n to m5tion an alleg$1 b p]haps some:at m d\btful1 ref]5ce to ,john xvii4 #c ,endnote #cjh3b4 ,b ! mo/ decisive witness be=e we come to ,ir5aeus is ! ,muratorian ,canon4 ,"h we h ! f\r? ,gospel def9itely assign$ to its au?or1 & f9ally e/abli%$ 9 its place among/ ! canonical or au?oritative books4 ,x is true t ! acc\nt ( ! way 9 :i* ! ,gospel came to be compos$ is mix$ up ) leg5d>y matt]4 ,accord+ to x ! ,gospel 0 writt5 9 ob$i5ce to a dream s5t to ,&rew ! ,apo/le1 aft] he & 8 fell[ disciples & bi%ops _h fa/$ = ?ree days at ! reque/ ( ,john4 ,9 ?is dream x 0 reveal$ t ,john %\ld write ! n>rative subject to ! revision ( ! re/4 ,s ! ,gospel is ! "w ( an eyewitness1 &1 ?\gh x & ! o!r ,gospels diff] 9 ! objects ( _! tea*+1 all are inspir$ by ! same ,_s4 ,!re may p]haps 9 ?is be "s k]nel ( hi/orical fact1 z ! sort ( jo9t au?or%ip or revision to :i* x po9ts seems to f9d "s support 9 ! conclud+ v]ses ( ! ,gospel 7'we "k t 8 witness is true'74 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ! evid5ce ( ! fragm5t is ( m real importance & value1 z %[+ ! e/imation 9 :i* at ?is date ! ,gospel 0 held4 ,x corresponds v mu* to :at is n[ impli$ 9 ! ^w 'canonical1' & inde$ ! ,muratorian fragm5t pres5ts u ) a t5tative or provisional ,canon1 :i* 0 lat] to be am5d$1 complet$1 & ratifi$4 ,s f> z ! ,gospels 7 conc]n$1 x _h already rea*$ its f9al %ape4 ,x includ$ ! same f\r :i* n[ /& 9 our ,bibles1 & ! opposition t !y met ) 0 s slight1 & s little s]i\s1 t ,eusebius c\ld class !m all among ! ,homolog\m5a or books t 7 univ]sally ackn[l$g$4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,on ,,! ,,/ate ,,( ,,! ,,canon ,,9 ,,! ,,la/ ,,qu>t] ,,( ,,! ,,second ,,c5tury4 ,i %\ld n be v mu* surpris$ if ! g5]al read] :o may h foll[$ our enquiry s f> %\ld exp]i5ce at ?is po9t a c]ta9 feel+ ( disappo9tm5t4 ,if he did n "k be=eh& some?+ ( ! subject-matt] t 0 to be enquir$ into1 he might n unnaturally be l$ to expect r\nd ass]tions1 & pla91 po9tblank1 decisive evid5ce4 ,su* evid5ce has n be5 (f]$ to him = ! simple reason t x does n exi/4 ,9 its /ead we h collect$ a great numb] ( inf]5ces ( v v>i\s degrees ( cog5cy1 f ! possible & hypo!tical1 up to /rong & v /rong probability4 ,mo/ ( our "t has be5 tak5 up 9 weigh+ & te/+ ^! details1 & 9 ! endeav\r to assign to ea* z ne>ly z possible its j value4 ,x c\ld n be ?\ght /range if "s m9ds 7 impati5t ( su* m9utiae2 & :]e ?is objection 0 n felt1 x w\ld /ill be v p>donable to compla9 t ! evid5ce 0 at be/ inf]5tial & probable4 ,an inf]5ce 9 :i* !re are two or ?ree /eps may be (t5 q z /rong z t 9 :i* !re is only "o1 & probabilities may m\nt up to a high degree ( :at is call$ moral or practical c]ta9ty4 ,i _c b ?9k t _m ( ^? :i* h be5 already obta9$ are ( ?is "*4 ,i _c b reg>d x z morally or practically c]ta9 t ,m>cion us$ our ?ird ,gospel2 z morally or practically c]ta9 t all f\r ,gospels 7 us$ 9 ! ,clem5t9e ,homilies2 z morally or practically c]ta9 t ! exi/5ce ( ?ree at lea/ out ( our f\r ,gospels is impli$ 9 ! writ+s ( ,ju/92 z probable 9 a l[] degree t ! f\r 7 us$ by ,basilides2 z n really disputable 7ap>t f ! presumption af=d$ by e>li] writ]s7 t !y 7 widely us$ 9 ! int]val :i* sep>ates ! writ+s ( ,ju/9 f ^? ( ,ir5aeus4 ,all ( ^! seem to me to be tol]ably cle> propositions4 ,b outside ^! !re seems to be a consid]able am\nt ( conv]g5t evid5ce1 ! sep>ate items ( :i* are less conv9c+1 b :i* yet d]ive a c]ta9 =ce f ! m]e fact t !y are conv]g5t4 ,9 ! ,apo/olic ,fa!rs1 = example1 !re are in/ances ( v>i\s k9ds1 "s /rong] & "s weak]2 b ! important po9t to notice is t !y confirm ea* o!r4 ,e new case adds to ! total weight ( ! evid5ce1 & helps to det]m9e ! be>+ ( ^? :i* seem ambigu\s4 ,x _c be too mu* borne 9 m9d t ! evid5ce ) :i* we h be5 deal+ is cumulative2 & z 9 all o!r cases ( cumulative evid5ce ! subtraction ( any s+le item is ( less importance ?an ! addition ( a new "o4 ,suppos+ x to be %[n t "s ( ! allusions :i* are ?\ght to be tak5 f our ,gospels 7 m]ely accid5tal co9cid5ces ( language1 ?is w\ld n mat]ially affect ! "p ( ! evid5ce :i* c\ld n be s expla9$4 ,suppos+ ev5 t "s ( ^! allusions c\ld be def9itely ref]r$ to an apocryphal s\rce1 ! possibility w\ld be some:at1 b n s v mu*1 increas$ t o!r in/ances :i* be> resemblance to our ,gospels 7 also 9 _! orig9 apocryphal4 ,b on ! o!r h&1 if a s+le in/ance ( ! use ( a canonical ,gospel really holds good1 x is pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( t ,gospel1 & e new in/ance r5d]s ! conclusion m probable1 & makes x m & m difficult to acc\nt = ! ph5om5a 9 any o!r way4 ,! au?or ( ',sup]natural ,religion' seems to h ov]look$ ?is4 ,he does n seem to h consid]$ ! mutual support :i* ! diff]5t in/ances tak5 toge!r l5d to ea* o!r4 ,he summons !m up "o by "o1 & if any sort ( possibility c be %[n ( acc\nt+ = !m 9 any o!r way ?an by ! use ( our ,gospels he dismisses !m altoge!r4 ,he makes no all[ance = any residual weight !y may h4 ,he does n ask :i* is ! m probable hypo!sis4 ,if ! au!ntication ( a docum5t is incomplete1 if ! ref]5ce ( a passage is n c]ta91 he treats x z if x did n exi/4 ,he =gets ! old /ory ( ! faggots1 :i*1 weak s+ly1 become /rong :5 comb9$4 ,8 scales w n admit ( any evid5ce %ort ( ! highe/4 ,fractional quantities f9d no place 9 8 reckon+4 ,if !re is any flaw1 if !re is any possible loophole = escape1 he does n make ! due d$uction & accept ! evid5ce ) t d$uction1 b he ignores x entirely1 & goes on to ! next item j z if he 7 leav+ no?+ beh9d him4 ,?is is really "p & p>cel ( :at 0 po9t$ out at ! outset z ! fundam5tal mi/ake ( 8 me?od4 ,x is mu* too =5sic4 ,x takes z its model1 n ! prop] canons ( hi/orical enquiry1 b ! proc$ure ( ,engli% law4 ,yet ! inappropriat5ess ( su* a me?od is se5 z soon z we consid] its object & orig94 ,! rules ( evid5ce curr5t 9 our law c\rts 7 con/ruct$ specially ) a view to ! protection ( ! accus$1 & ^u ! assumption t x is bett] n9e guilty p]sons %\ld escape1 ?an t "o innoc5t p]son %\ld be condemn$4 ,cle>ly su* rules w be inapplicable to ! hi/orical "q :i* ( two hypo!ses is mo/ likely to be true4 ,! au?or =gets t ! negative hypo!sis is j z mu* a hypo!sis z ! positive1 & ne$s to be def5d$ 9 precisely ! same mann]4 ,ei!r ! ,gospels 7 us$1 or !y 7 n us$4 ,9 ord] to prove ! second side ( ?is alt]native1 x is necess>y to %[ n m]ely t x is possible t !y 7 n us$1 b t ! !ory is ! m probable ( ! two1 & acc\nts bett] = ! facts4 ,b ! au?or ( ',sup]natural ,religion' h>dly pr(esses or attempts to d ?is4 ,if he comes across a quotation app>5tly tak5 f our ,gospels he is at once ready ) 8 reply1 ',b x may be tak5 f a lo/ ,gospel4' ,grant$2 x may4 ,b ! extant ,gospel is !re1 & ! quotation ref]able to x2 ! lo/ ,gospel is an unkn[n entity :i* may conta9 any?+ or no?+4 ,if we admit t ! possibility ( quotation f a lo/ ,gospel impairs ! c]ta9ty ( ! ref]5ce to an extant ,gospel1 x is /ill q ano!r ?+ to argue t x is ! m probable explanation & an explanation t ! critic ought to accept4 ,9 v few cases1 ,i believe1 has ! au?or s mu* z attempt$ to d ?is4 ,we might !n take a /& "h1 & on ! /r5g? ( :at c be satisfactorily prov$1 z well z ( :at c be probably inf]r$1 claim to h suffici5tly e/abli%$ ! use & antiquity ( ! ,gospels4 ,?is is1 ,i ?9k1 q a necess>y conclusion f ! data hi!rto collect$4 ,b !re is a fur!r objection to be made to ! proc$ure 9 ',sup]natural ,religion4' ,if ! object 7 to obta9 cle> & simple & univ]sally appreciable evid5ce1 ,i d n hesitate to say t ! enquiry ends j :]e x ought to h begun4 ,?r\gh ! faulty me?od t he has employ$ ! au?or =gets t he has a hypo!sis to make good & to c>ry ?r\gh4 ,he =gets t he has to acc\nt on ! negative !ory1 j z we acc\nt on ! positive1 = a def9ite /ate ( ?+s4 ,x may s\nd p>adoxical1 b !re is really no great boldness 9 ! p>adox1 :5 we affirm t at lea/ ! high antiquity ( ! ,gospels c\ld be prov$1 ev5 if n "o jot or tittle ( ! evid5ce t we h be5 discuss+ _h exi/$4 ,suppos+ t all ^? fragm5t>y rema9s ( ! primitive ,*ri/ian lit]ature t we h be5 ransack+ s m9utely _h be5 swept away1 suppos+ t ! causes t h h&$ x d[n to u 9 su* a mutilat$ & impair$ condition _h done _! "w /ill m effectually1 & t = ! fir/ eighty ye>s ( ! second c5tury !re 0 no ,*ri/ian lit]ature extant at all2 /ill ,i ma9ta9 t1 9 ord] to expla9 ! ph5om5a t we f9d aft] t date1 we %\ld h to recur to ! same assumptions t our previ\s enquiry w\ld seem to h e/abli%$ = u4 ,hi!rto we h _h to grope our way ) difficulty & c>e2 b f ?is date onw>ds all ambiguity & unc]ta9ty disappe>s4 ,x is l em]g+ out ( twilight into ! broad blaze ( day4 ,!re is really a great] disproportion ?an we might expect betwe5 ! evid5ce ( ! end ( ! c5tury & t :i* leads up to x4 ,f ,ju/9 to ,ir5aeus ! ,*ri/ian writ+s are fragm5t>y & few1 b ) ,ir5aeus a :ole body ( lit]ature seems sudd5ly to />t into be+4 ,ir5aeus is succe$$ closely by ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 ,clem5t by ,t]tullian1 ,t]tullian by ,hippolytus & ,orig51 & ! te/imony :i* ^! writ]s be> to ! ,gospel is m>vell\sly abundant & unanim\s4 ,i calculate r\ghly t ,ir5aeus quotes directly #aic v]ses ( ! fir/ ,gospel & #gc ( ! f\r?4 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria & ,t]tullian mu/ h quot$ consid]ably m1 :ile 9 ! extant writ+s ( ,orig5 ! great] "p ( ! ,new ,te/am5t is actually quot$ ,endnote #cae3a4 ,b m ?an ?is2 by ! "t ( ,ir5aeus ! canon ( ! f\r ,gospels1 z we und]/& ! ^w n[1 0 practically =m$4 ,we h already se5 t ?is 0 ! case 9 ! fragm5t ( ,muratori4 ,ir5aeus is /ill m explicit4 ,9 ! fam\s passage ,endnote #cae3b :i* is s (t5 quot$ z an in/ance ( ! weak-m9d$ness ( ! ,fa!rs1 he lays x d[n z a necessity ( ?+s t ! ,gospels %\ld be f\r 9 numb]1 nei!r less nor m3-- ',= z !re are f\r qu>t]s ( ! _w 9 :i* we live1 z !re are also f\r univ]sal w9ds1 & z ! ,*ur* is scatt]$ ov] all ! e>?1 & ! ,gospel is ! pill> & base ( ! ,*ur* & ! brea? 7or _s7 ( life1 x is likely t x %\ld h f\r pill>s brea?+ immortality on e side & k9dl+ afre% ! life ( m54 ,:5ce x is evid5t t ! ,^w1 ! ar*itect ( all ?+s1 :o sitte? ^u ! *]ubim & holde? all ?+s toge!r1 hav+ be5 made manife/ unto m51 gave to u ! ,gospel 9 a f\rfold %ape1 b held toge!r by "o ,_s4 ,z ,david1 entreat+ = ,8 pres5ce1 sai?3 ,?\ t sitte/ ^u ! ,*]ubim %[ ?yself4 ,= ! ,*]ubim are ( f\rfold visage1 & _! visages are symbols ( ! economy ( ! ,son ( man4444 ,& ! ,gospels !re=e agree ) !m ov] :i* preside? ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,t :i* is accord+ to ,john decl>es ,8 g5]ation f ! ,fa!r sov]eign & glori\s1 say+ ?us3 ,9 ! beg9n+ 0 ! ,^w1 & ! ,^w 0 ) ,god1 & ! ,^w 0 ,god4 ,&1 ,all ?+s 7 made by ,him1 & )\t ,him 0 n any?+ made4444 ,b ! ,gospel accord+ to ,luke1 z hav+ a sac]dotal "*1 beg9s ) ,za*>ias ! prie/ (f]+ inc5se unto ,god4444 ,b ,mat!w records ,8 human g5]ation1 say+1 ,! book ( ! g5]ation ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 ! ,son ( ,david1 ! ,son ( ,abraham4444 ,m>k took 8 beg9n+ f ! prophetic ,_s com+ d[n z x 7 f on high among m54 ,! beg9n+1 he says1 ( ! ,gospel accord+ z x is writt5 9 ,esaias ! prophet1 c4' ,ir5aeus also makes m5tion ( ! orig9 ( ! ,gospels1 claim+ = _! au?ors ! gift ( ,div9e inspiration ,endnote #caf3a3-- ',= aft] t our ,"l rose f ! dead & !y 7 end[$ ) ! p[] ( ! ,holy ,gho/ com+ ^u !m f on high1 !y 7 fully in=m$ conc]n+ all ?+s1 & _h a p]fect k3 !y w5t out to ! ends ( ! e>?1 prea*+ ! ,gospel ( ^? good ?+s t ,god ha? giv5 to u & proclaim+ heav5ly peace to m51 hav+ inde$ bo? all 9 equal measure & ea* "o s+ly ! ,gospel ( ,god4 ,s !n ,mat!w among ! ,jews put =? a writt5 ,gospel 9 _! own tongue :ile ,pet] & ,paul 7 prea*+ ! ,gospel 9 ,rome & f\nd+ ! ,*ur*4 ,aft] _! decease 7or 'dep>ture'71 ,m>k1 ! disciple & int]pret] ( ,pet]1 himself too has h&$ d[n to u 9 writ+ ! subjects ( ,pet]'s prea*+4 ,& ,luke1 ! companion ( ,paul1 put d[n 9 a book ! ,gospel prea*$ by him4 ,aft]w>ds1 ,john1 ! disciple ( ! ,"l1 :o also lean$ ^u ,8 brea/1 likewise publi%$ 8 ,gospel :ile he dwelt at ,ephesus 9 ,asia4' ,we h n n[ to det]m9e ! exact value ( ^! traditions2 :at we h r to notice is ! fact t ! ,gospels are at ?is "t def9itely assign$ to _! reput$ au?ors1 & t !y are already reg>d$ z conta9+ a special k div9ely imp>t$4 ,x is evid5t t ,ir5aeus w\ld n = a mom5t ?9k ( class+ any o!r ,gospel by ! side ( ! n[ /rictly canonical f\r4 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 :o1 ,eusebius says1 '0 illu/ri\s = 8 writ+s1' 9 ! ye> #aid gives a some:at simil>1 b n q id5tical1 acc\nt ( ! composition ( ! second ,gospel ,endnote #cag3a4 ,he diff]s f ,ir5aeus 9 mak+ ,/4 ,pet] cognisant ( ! "w ( 8 foll[]4 ,nei!r is he q consi/5t ) himself2 9 "o place he makes ,/4 ,pet] 'au?orise ! ,gospel to be read 9 ! *ur*es2' 9 ano!r he says t ! ,apo/le 'nei!r =bade nor enc\rag$ x' ,endnote #cag3b4 ,^! /atem5ts h bo? ( !m be5 pres]v$ = u by ,eusebius1 :o also alleges1 ^u ! au?ority ( ,clem5t1 t ! ',gospels conta9+ ! g5ealogies 7 writt5 fir/4' ',john1' he says1 ':o came la/1 obs]v+ t ! natural details _h be5 set =? cle>ly 9 ! ,gospels1 at ! in/ance ( 8 fri5ds & ) ! inspiration ( ! ,_s 7,greek3 pneumati !ophorae!nta71 wrote a spiritual ,gospel' ,endnote #cag3c4 ,clem5t draws a di/9ct l9e betwe5 ! canonical & uncanonical ,gospels4 ,9 quot+ an apocryphal say+ suppos$ to h be5 giv5 9 answ] to ,salome1 he says1 expressly3 ',we d n f9d ?is say+ 9 ! f\r ,gospels t h be5 h&$ d[n to u1 b 9 t accord+ to ! ,egyptians' ,endnote #cag3d4 ,t]tullian is /ill m exclusive4 ,he n only reg>ds ! f\r ,gospels z inspir$ & au?oritative1 b he makes no use ( any extra-canonical ,gospel4 ,! ,gospels inde$ held = him precisely ! same position t !y d ) or?odox ,*ri/ians n[4 ,he says respect+ ! ,gospels3 ',9 ! fir/ place we lay x d[n t ! evangelical docum5t 7evangelicum in/rum5tum ,endnote #cah3a7 has = its au?ors ! ,apo/les1 to :om ?is (fice ( prea*+ ! ,gospel 0 committ$ by ! ,"l ,himself4 ,if x has also ,apo/olic m51 yet n ^! alone b 9 company ) ,apo/les & aft] ,apo/les4 ,= ! prea*+ ( disciples might h be5 suspect$ ( a desire = notoriety if x 7 n support$ by ! au?ority ( ,ma/]s1 nay ( ,*ri/1 :o made ! ,apo/les ,ma/]s4 ,9 f9e1 ( ! ,apo/les1 ,john & ,mat!w fir/ implant 9 u fai?1 ,luke & ,m>k r5ew x1 />t+ f ! same pr9ciples1 s f> z relates to ! "o ,god ! ,creator & ,8 ,*ri/ born ( ! virg91 to fulfil ! law & ! prophets' ,endnote #cah3b4 ,he gr\nds ! au?ority ( ! ,gospels ^u ! fact t !y proce$ ei!r f ,apo/les or f ^? :o held close relation to ,apo/les1 l ,m>k1 '! int]pret] ( ,pet]1' & ,luke1 ! companion ( ,paul ,endnote #cah3c4 ,9 ano!r passage he expressly ass]ts _! au!nticity ,endnote #cah3d1 & he claim$ to use !m & !m alone z 8 weapons 9 ! conflict ) h]esy ,endnote #cah3e4 ,no less decid$ is ! ass]tion ( ,orig51 :o writes3 ',z ,i h le>nt f tradition conc]n+ ! f\r ,gospels1 :i* alone are undisput$ 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,god "u heav51 t ! fir/ 9 ord] ( ! scripture is t accord+ to ,mat!w1 :o 0 once a publican b aft]w>ds an ,apo/le ( ,jesus ,*ri/ 444 ,! second is t accord+ to ,m>k1 :o wrote z ,pet] sugge/$ to him 444 ,! ?ird is t accord+ to ,luke1 ! ,gospel comm5d$ by ,paul 444 ,la/ ( all t accord+ to ,john' ,endnote #cai3a4 ,& aga9 9 8 comm5t>y ^u ! ,preface to ,/4 ,luke's ,gospel he expressly gu>ds aga9/ ! possibility t x might be ?\ght to h ref]5ce to ! o!r 7,canonical7 ,gospels3 ',9 ?is ^w ( ,luke's h tak5 9 h& !re is a lat5t accusation ( ^? :o )\t ! grace ( ! ,holy ,_s h ru%$ to ! compos+ ( ,gospels4 ,mat!w1 inde$1 & ,m>k1 & ,john1 & ,luke1 h n tak5 9 h& to write1 b h writt5 ,gospels1 be+ full ( ! ,holy ,_s 444 ,! ,*ur* has f\r ,gospels2 ! ,h]esies h _m' ,endnote #cai3b4 ,b besides ! ,fa!rs1 & )\t go+ beyond ! b\nds ( ! second c5tury1 !re is o!r evid5ce ( ! mo/ di/9ct & important k9d = ! exi/5ce ( a canon ( ! ,gospels4 ,among ! v>i\s translations ( ! ,new ,te/am5t "o c]ta9ly1 two v probably1 & ?ree p]haps probably1 7 made 9 ! c\rse ( ! second c5tury4 ,! old ,lat9 7z di/9ct f ,j]ome's revis$7 v]sion ( ! ,gospels & ) !m ( a consid]able portion ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 01 ,i ?9k x may be said1 und\bt$ly us$ by ,t]tullian & by ! ,lat9 translator ( ,ir5aeus1 :o appe>s to be quot$ by ,t]tullian1 & 9 t case c\ld n be plac$ lat] ?an #bjj ,a4,d4 ,endnote #cbj3a ,on ?is po9t ,i %all quote au?orities t w h>dly be que/ion$4 ,& fir/ t ( a writ] :o is accu/om$ to weigh1 ) ! accuracy ( true sci5ce1 e ^w t he puts d[n1 & :o ^u ?is subject is giv+ ! result ( a mo/ m9ute & c>eful inve/igation4 ,speak+ ( ! ,lat9 translation ( ! ,new ,te/am5t z f\nd 9 ,t]tullian he says3 ',al?\gh s+le portions ( ?is1 especially passages :i* are translat$ 9 sev]al diff]5t ways1 may be due to ,t]tullian himself1 /ill x _c be d\bt$ t 9 by f> ! majority ( cases he has foll[$ ! text ( a v]sion receiv$ 9 8 "t by ! ,africans & specially ! ,c>?ag9ian ,*ri/ians1 & made p]haps long be=e 8 "t1 & t consequ5tly 8 quotations repres5t ! =m ( ! e>lie/ ,lat9iz$ ,scriptures accept$ 9 ^? regions' ,endnote #cbj3b4 ,aga93 ',9 ! fir/ place we may conclude f ! writ+s ( ,t]tullian1 t rem>kable ,c>?ag9ian presbyt] at ! close ( ! second c5tury1 t 9 8 "t !re exi/$ sev]al1 p]haps _m1 ,lat9 translations ( ! ,bible 444 ,t]tullian himself frequ5tly quotes 9 8 writ+s "o & ! same passage ( ,scripture 9 entirely diff]5t =ms1 :i* inde$ 9 _m cases may be expla9$ by 8 quot+ freely f memory1 b c]ta9ly n seldom has its gr\nd 9 ! div]sity ( ! translations us$ at ! "t' ,endnote #cba3a4 ,on ?is la/ po9t1 ! unity ( ! ,old ,lat9 v]sion1 !re is a diff]5ce ( op9ion among s*ol>s1 b none z to its date4 ,?us ,dr4 ,tregelles writes3 ',! expressions ( ,t]tullian h be5 rightly re/$ on z %[+ t he knew & recognis$ "o translation1 & t ?is v]sion 0 9 sev]al places 79 8 op9ion7 oppos$ to :at 0 f\nd 9 ,graeco au!ntico4 ,?is v]sion mu/ h be5 made a suffici5tly long "t be=e ! age :5 ,t]tullian wrote1 & be=e ! ,lat9 translator ( ,ir5aeus1 = x to h got into g5]al circulation4 ,?is leads u back t[>ds ! middle ( ! second c5tury at ! late/3 h[ mu* e>li] ! v]sion may h be5 we h no pro(2 = we are already l$ back into ! "t :5 no records tell u any?+ respect+ ! ,nor? ,african ,*ur*' ,endnote #cba3b4 ,dr4 ,tregelles1 x %\ld be rememb]$1 is speak+ z a text critic1 ( :i* bran* ( sci5ce 8 works are "o ( ! noble/ monum5ts1 & n directly ( ! hi/ory ( ! ,canon4 ,8 usual oppon5t 9 text critical matt]s1 b an equally exact & tru/wor?y writ]1 ,dr4 ,scriv5]1 agrees ) him "h bo? z to ! unity ( ! v]sion & z to its date f ! middle ( ! c5tury ,endnote #cba3c4 ,dr4 ,we/cott too writes 9 8 well-kn[n & valuable article on ! ,vulgate 9 ,smi?'s ,diction>y ,endnote #cba3d3 ',t]tullian di/9ctly recognises ! g5]al curr5cy ( a ,lat9 ,v]sion ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ?\gh n necess>ily ( e book at pres5t includ$ 9 ! ,canon1 :i* ev5 9 8 "t _h be5 able to m\ld ! popul> language4 ,?is 0 *>act]is$ by a rud5ess & simplicity1 :i* seems to po9t to ! nature ( its orig94' ,i d n suppose t ! curr5cy at ! end ( ! second c5tury ( a ,lat9 v]sion1 conta9+ ! f\r ,gospels & no o!rs1 w be que/ion$ ,endnote #cbb3a4 ,) reg>d to ! ,syriac v]sion !re is p]haps a some:at great] room to d\bt1 ?\gh ,dr4 ,tregelles beg9s 8 acc\nt ( ?is v]sion by say+3 ',x may /& z an admitt$ fact t a v]sion ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 9 ,syriac exi/$ 9 ! second c5tury' ,endnote #cbb3b4 ,dr4 ,scriv5] also says ,endnote #cbb3c3 ',! univ]sal belief ( lat] ages1 & ! v nature ( ! case1 seem to r5d] x unque/ionable t ! ,syrian ,*ur* 0 possess$ ( a translation bo? ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t1 :i* x us$ habitually1 & = public wor%ip exclusively1 f ! second c5tury ( our era d[nw>ds3 z e>ly z ,a4,d4 #agj ,greek3 ho ,syros is cit$ by ,melito on ,g5esis xxii4 #ac4' ,! ext]nal evid5ce1 h[ev]1 does n seem to be q /rong en\gh to be> out any v positive ass]tion4 ,! appeal to ! ,syriac by ,melito ,endnote #cbb3d is pretty conclusive z to ! exi/5ce ( a ,syriac ,old ,te/am5t1 :i*1 be+ ( ,*ri/ian orig91 w\ld probably be accompani$ by a translation ( ! ,new4 ,b on ! o!r h&1 ! language ( ,eusebius respect+ ,hegesippus 7,greek3 ek te t\ ka?' ,hebrai\s euangeli\ kai t\ ,syriak\ 444 t9a ti?aes97 seems to be rightly int]pret$ by ,r\? z hav+ ref]5ce n to any 'v]sion ( ! ,gospel1 b to a sep>ate ,syro-,hebraic 787 ,gospel' l t accord+ to ! ,hebrews4 ,9 any case ! ,syriac ,scriptures '7 famili>ly us$ & claim$ z 8 national v]sion by ,ephraem ( ,edessa' 7#bii-cgh ,a4,d47 z well z by ,aphraates 9 writ+s dat+ ,a4,d4 #ccg & #cdd ,endnote #cbc3a4 ,a ne>] approximation ( date w\ld be obta9$ by det]m9+ ! age ( ! v]sion repres5t$ by ! celebrat$ ,curetonian fragm5ts4 ,!re is a /rong t5d5cy among critics1 :i* seems rapidly approa*+ to a cons5sus1 to reg>d ?is z be>+ ! same relation to ! ,pe%ito t ! ,old ,lat9 does to ,j]ome's ,vulgate1 t ( an old] unrevis$ to a lat] revis$ v]sion4 ,! /r5g? ( ! t5d5cy 9 ?is direction may be se5 by ! v cauti\s & qualifi$ op9ion express$ 9 ! second edition ( 8 ,introduction by ,dr4 ,scriv5]1 :o _h previ\sly tak5 a decid$ly antagoni/ic view1 & also by ! fact t ,mr4 ,m',clellan1 :o is usually an ally ( ,dr4 ,scriv5]1 "h appe>s on ! side ( 8 oppon5ts ,endnote #cbc3b4 ,all ! writ]s :o h hi!rto be5 m5tion$ place ei!r ! ,curetonian ,syriac or ! ,pe%ito 9 ! second c5tury1 & ! majority1 z we h se51 ! ,curetonian4 ,dr4 ,tregelles1 on a comp>ative exam9ation ( ! text1 affirms t '! ,curetonian ,syriac pres5ts su* a text z we might h conclud$ w\ld be curr5t 9 ! second c5tury' ,endnote #cbc3c4 ,engli% text criticism is probably on ! :ole 9 advance ( ,cont95tal2 b x may be not$ t ,bleek 7:o h[ev] 0 imp]fectly acqua9t$ ) ! ,curetonian =m ( ! text7 yet ass]ts t ! ,syriac v]sion 'belongs )\t d\bt to ! second c5tury ,a4,d4' ,endnote #cbd3a ,reuss ,endnote #cbd3b places x at ! beg9n+1 ,hilg5feld t[>ds ! end ,endnote #cbd3c1 ( ! ?ird c5tury4 ,! "q z to ! age ( ! v]sion is n necess>ily id5tical ) t z to ! age ( ! p>ticul> =m ( x pres]v$ 9 ,cureton's fragm5ts4 ,?is w\ld hold ! same sort ( relation to ! orig9al text ( ! v]sion t 7e4g47 a1 or b1 or c--any primitive codex ( ! v]sion--holds to ! orig9al text ( ! ,old ,lat94 ,x also appe>s t ! translation into ,syriac ( ! diff]5t ,gospels1 conspicu\sly ( ,/4 ,mat!w's1 0 made by diff]5t h&s & at diff]5t times ,endnote #cbd3d4 ,be>+ ^! consid]ations 9 m9d1 we %\ld /ill be glad to "k :at answ] ^? :o assign ! ,curetonian text to ! second c5tury make to ! obs]vation t x conta9s ! read+ ,greek3 ,bae?ab>a 9 ,john i4 #bh :i* is g5]ally assum$ to be n old] ?an ,orig5 ,endnote #cbd3e4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,curetonian1 l ! ,old ,lat91 /ill has 9 ,john vii4 #h ,greek3 ouk = ,greek3 oupo--a *ange :i*1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,scriv5] ,endnote #cbd3f1 'f ! end ( ! ?ird c5tury d[nw>ds 0 v g5]ally & widely diffus$4' ,?is :ole set ( que/ions ne$s p]haps a m exhau/ive discussion ?an x has obta9$ hi!rto ,endnote #cbd3g4 ,! ?ird v]sion t may be m5tion$ is ! ,egyptian4 ,9 reg>d to ?is ,dr4 ,lightfoot says ,endnote #cbe3a1 t 'we %\ld probably n be exagg]at+ if we plac$ "o or bo? ( ! pr9cipal ,egyptian v]sions1 ! ,memphitic & ! ,!baic1 or at lea/ p>ts ( !m1 be=e ! close ( ! second c5tury4' ,9 support ( ?is /atem5t he quotes ,s*w>tz1 ! pr9cipal au?ority on ! subject1 ':o w n be suspect$ ( any !ological bias4' ,! hi/orical notices on :i* ! conclusion is f\nd$ are giv5 9 ,scriv5]'s ',introduction4' ,if we are to put a sep>ate e/imate ^u ^!1 x w\ld be p]haps t ! v]sion 0 made 9 ! second c5tury some:at m probably ?an n2 x 0 c]ta9ly n made lat] ?an ! fir/ half ( ! ?ird ,endnote #cbe3b4 ,putt+ ?is v]sion h[ev] on "o side1 ! facts t h to be expla9$ are ^!4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! second c5tury we f9d ! f\r ,gospels 9 g5]al circulation & inve/$ ) full canonical au?ority1 9 ,gaul1 at ,rome1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,africa1 at ,alex&ria1 & 9 ,syria4 ,n[ if we ?9k m]ely ( ! "t t w\ld be tak5 9 ! transcription & dissem9ation ( ,,mss41 & ( ! /ruggle t works su* z ! ,gospels w\ld h to g ?r\gh be=e !y c\ld obta9 recognition1 & /ill m an exclusive recognition1 ?is alone w\ld t5d to ov]?r[ any su* !ory z t "o ( ! ,gospels1 ! f\r?1 0 n compos$ be=e #aej ,a4,d41 or inde$ any:]e ne> t date4 ,b ?is is n by any means all4 ,x is m]ely ! fir/ /ep 9 a process t1 q indep5d5tly ( ! o!r ext]nal evid5ce1 ?ru/s ! composition ( ! ,gospels backw>ds & backw>ds to a date c]ta9ly z e>ly z t :i* is claim$ = !m4 ,let u def9e a little m closely ! *ronological be>+s ( ! subject4 ,!re is a decid$ly prepond]ant probability t ! ,muratorian fragm5t 0 n writt5 mu* lat] ?an #agj ,a4,d4 ,ir5aeus1 z we h se51 0 writ+ 9 ! decade #ahj-aij ,a4,d4 ,b 8 evid5ce is surely valid = an e>li] date ?an ?is4 ,he is usually suppos$ to h be5 born ab\t ! ye> #adj ,a4,d4 ,endnote #cbf3a1 & ! way 9 :i* he describes 8 relations to ,polyc>p w n admit ( a date _m ye>s lat]4 ,b 8 /rong s5se ( ! cont9uity ( ,*ur* doctr9e & ! exceptional v5]ation t he accords to ! ,gospels seem alone to exclude ! supposition t any ( !m %\ld h be5 compos$ 9 8 own lifetime4 ,he is fond ( quot+ ! ',presbyt]s1' :o connect$ 8 own age ) t1 if n ( ! ,apo/les1 yet ( ,apo/olic m54 ,po?9us1 bi%op ( ,lyons1 :om he succe$$1 0 m ?an n9ety ye>s old at ! "t ( 8 m>tyrdom 9 ! p]secution ( ,a4,d4 #agg ,endnote #cbf3b1 & w\ld ?us 9 8 boyhood be contempor>y ) ! clos+ ye>s ( ! la/ ,evangeli/4 ,ir5aeus also _h be=e him a numb] ( writ+s--"s1 e4g4 ! works ( ! ,m>cosians1 9 addition to ^? t h be5 discuss$ 9 ! c\rse ( ?is "w--9 :i* our ,gospels are l>gely quot$1 & :i*1 to say ! lea/1 7 e>li] ?an 8 own "t ( writ+4 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria began to fl\ri%1 7,greek3 egnorizeto7 ,endnote #cbg3a1 9 ! reign ( ,commodus 7#ahj-aij ,a4,d471 & _h obta9$ a /ill wid] celebrity z head ( ! ,cate*etical ,s*ool ( ,alex&ria 9 ! "t ( ,sev]us ,endnote #cbg3b 7#aic- #baa74 ,! op9ions !re=e to :i* he gives expression 9 8 works ( ?is date 7 no d\bt =m$ at a e>li] p]iod4 ,he too appeals to ! tradition ( :i* he _h be5 himself a recipi5t4 ,he speaks ( 8 tea*]s1 '^? bless$ & truly memorable m51' "o 9 ,greece1 ano!r 9 ,magna ,graecia1 a ?ird 9 ,coele-,syria1 a f\r? 9 ,egypt1 a fif? 9 ,assyria1 a six? 9 ,pale/9e1 to :om ! doctr9e ( ! ,apo/les _h be5 h&$ d[n f fa!r to son ,endnote #cbg3c4 ,t]tullian is /ill bold]4 ,9 8 controv]sy ) ,m>cion he confid5tly claims z on 8 side ! tradition ( ! ,apo/olic ,*ur*es4 ,by x is gu>ante$ ! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,luke :i* he is def5d+1 & n only t1 b ! o!r ,gospels ,endnote #cbg3d4 ,9 "o passage ,t]tullian ev5 goes s f> z to s5d 8 read]s to ! ,*ur*es ( ,cor9?1 ,philippi1 c4 = ! v autographs 7'au!nticae lit]ae'7 ( ,/4 ,paul's ,epi/les ,endnote #cbg3e4 ,b ?is is m]ely a *>act]i/ic fl\ri% ( rhetoric4 ,all = :i* ! /atem5ts ( ,t]tullian may safely be said to v\* is1 t ! ,gospels _h held _! 'pr]ogative' position )9 8 memory & t ( mo/ memb]s ( ! ,*ur* to :i* he belong$4 ,b ! evid5ce ( ! ,fa!rs is mo/ decisive :5 x is unconsci\s4 ,t ! ,gospels z us$ by ! ,*ri/ian writ]s at ! end ( ! fir/ c5tury1 s f> f be+ ( rec5t composition1 _h already a long hi/ory beh9d !m1 is no?+ less ?an c]ta94 ,at ?is date !y exhibit a text :i* be>s ! m>ks ( frequ5t transcription & advanc$ corruption4 ',orig5's1' says ,dr4 ,scriv5] ,endnote #cbh3a1 'is ! highe/ "n among ! critics & expositors ( ! e>ly ,*ur*2 he is p]petually engag$ 9 ! discussion ( v>i\s read+s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & employs language 9 describ+ ! !n /ate ( ! text1 :i* w\ld be deem$ /rong if appli$ ev5 to its pres5t condition ) ! *anges :i* sixte5 m c5turies mu/ ne$s h produc$ 444 ,respect+ ! sacr$ autographs1 _! fate or _! cont9u$ exi/5ce1 he seems to h _h no in=mation1 & to h ent]ta9$ no curiosity3 !y _h simply pass$ by & 7 out ( 8 rea*4 ,_h x n be5 = ! div]sities ( copies 9 all ! ,gospels on o!r po9ts 7he writes7 he %\ld n h v5tur$ to object to ! au!nticity ( a c]ta9 passage 7,matt4 xix4 #ai7 on int]nal gr\nds3 ,b n[1 sai? he1 great 9 tru? has become ! div]sity ( copies1 be x f ! neglig5ce ( c]ta9 scribes1 or f ! evil d>+ ( "s :o correct :at is writt51 or f ^? :o 9 correct+ add or take away :at !y ?9k fit4' ,?is is respect+ ! ,,mss4 ( "o region only1 & n[ = ano!r ,endnote #cbh3b3 ',x is no less true to fact ?an p>adoxical 9 s\nd1 t ! wor/ corruptions to :i* ! ,new ,te/am5t has ev] be5 subject$1 orig9at$ )9 a hundr$ ye>s aft] x 0 compos$2 t ,ir5aeus & ! ,african ,fa!rs & ! :ole ,we/]n1 ) a portion ( ! ,syrian ,*ur*1 us$ f> inf]ior manuscripts to ^? employ$ by ,/unica1 or ,erasmus1 or ,/eph5s ?irte5 c5turies lat]1 :5 m\ld+ ! ,textus ,receptus4' ,possibly ?is is an exagg]ation1 b no "o w ma9ta9 t x is a v l>ge exagg]ation ( ! facts4 ,i proce$ to give a few examples :i* s]ve to br+ out ! antiquity ( ! text4 ,& fir/ f ,ir5aeus4 ,!re is a v rem>kable passage 9 ! "w ,aga9/ ,h]esies ,endnote #cbi3a1 be>+ n inde$ directly ^u ! ,gospels1 b ^u ano!r book ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & yet ?r[+ s mu* light ^u ! condition ( ! text 9 ,ir5aeus' "t t x may be well to ref] to x "h4 ,9 discuss+ ! signification ( ! numb] ( ! bea/ 9 ,rev4 xiii4 #ah1 ,ir5aeus already f\nd himself confront$ by a v>iety ( read+3 "s ,,mss4 ) :i* he 0 acqua9t$ read #faf 7,greek3 *is'7 = #fff 7,greek3 *xs'74 ,ir5aeus himself 0 n 9 d\bt t ! latt] 0 ! true read+4 ,he says t x 0 f\nd 9 all ! 'good & anci5t copies1' & t x 0 fur!r atte/$ by '^? :o _h se5 ,john face to face4' ,he ?9ks t ! error 0 due to ! copyi/s1 :o _h sub/itut$ by mi/ake ! lett] ,greek3 i = ,greek3 x4 ,he adds 8 belief t ,god w\ld p>don ^? :o _h done ?is )\t any evil motive4 ,"h we h op5$ out a k9d ( vi/a ext5d+ back almo/ to ! p]son ( ,/4 ,john himself4 ,!re is already a multiplicity ( ,,mss41 & ( ^! "s are set ap>t 'z good & anci5t' 7,greek3 en pasi tois sp\daiois kai ar*aiois antigraphois74 ,! me?od by :i* ! correct read+ _h to be det]m9$ 0 z mu* hi/orical z x is ) u at ! pres5t day4 ,a n dissimil> /ate ( ?+s is indicat$ some:at less explicitly 9 reg>d to ! fir/ ,gospel4 ,9 ! text ( ,matt4 i4 #ah all ! ,greek ,,mss41 ) "o exception1 read1 ,greek3 t\ de ,iaes\ ,*ri/\ hae g5esis outos a51 ,b alone has ,greek3 t\ de ,*ri/\ ,iaes\4 ,! ,greek ( ,d is want+ at ?is po9t1 b ! ,lat91 d1 reads ) ! be/ codices ( ! ,old ,lat91 ! ,vulgate1 & ! ,curetonian ,syriac1 ',*ri/i autem g5]atio sic erat' 7or an equival5t74 ,n[ ,ir5aeus quotes ?is passage ?ree times4 ,9 ! fir/ passage ,endnote #ccj3a ! orig9al ,greek text ( ,ir5aeus has be5 pres]v$ 9 a quotation ( ,g]manus1 ,patri>* ( ,con/ant9ople 7! context also by ,ana/asius ,s9aita1 b ^! words appe> to be omitt$72 & ! read+ ( ,g]manus corresponds to t ( ! great mass ( ,,mss4 ,?is h[ev] is almo/ c]ta9ly false1 z ! anci5t ,lat9 translation ( ,ir5aeus has ',*ri/i autem g5]atio1' & x 0 extremely natural = a copyi/ to sub/itute ! g5]ally receiv$ text1 especially 9 a comb9ation ( words t 0 s famili>4 ,ir5aeus leaves no d\bt z to 8 own read+ on ! next occasion :5 he quotes ! passage1 z he does twice ov]4 ,"h he says expressly3 ',cet]um1 potu]at dic]e ,mat?aeus3 ,jesu v]o g5]atio sic erat2 s$ praevid5s ,spiritus sanctus depravatores1 et praemuni5s contra fraudul5tiam eorum1 p] ,mat?aeum ait3 ,*ri/i autem g5]atio sic erat' ,endnote #ccj3b4 ,ir5aeus f\nds an argum5t ^u ?is direct$ aga9/ ! h]etics :o suppos$ t ! ,*ri/us & ,jesus 7 n id5tical1 b t ,jesus 0 ! son ( ,m>y1 ^u :om ! aeon ,*ri/us aft]w>ds desc5d$4 ,9 opposition to ^! ,ir5aeus ma9ta9s t ! ,*ri/us & ,jesus are "o & ! same p]son4 ,!re is a division ( op9ion among mod]n critics z to :i* ( ! two read+s is to be admitt$ into ! text2 ,griesba*1 ,la*mann1 ,tis*5dorf 7eigh? edition71 & ,scriv5] support ! read+ ( ! ,,mss42 ,tregelles1 ,we/cott & ,hort1 & ,m',clellan pref] t ( ,ir5aeus4 ,! pres5ce ( ?is read+ 9 ! ,old ,lat9 & ,curetonian ,syriac proves its wide diffusion4 ,at ! same "t x is cle> t ,ir5aeus himself 0 aw>e ( ! pres5ce ( ! o!r read+ 9 "s copies :i* he reg>d$ z be>+ ! m>ks ( h]etical depravation4 ,x is un=tunate t full] illu/ration _c be giv5 f ,ir5aeus1 b ! numb] ( ! quotations f ! ,gospels ( :i* ! ,greek text /ill rema9s is n l>ge1 & :]e we h only ! ,lat9 int]pretation we _c be sure t ! actual text ( ,ir5aeus is be=e u4 ,mu* unc]ta9ty is ?us rais$4 ,= in/ance1 a d\bt is express$ by ! editors ( ,ir5aeus :e!r ! words ')\t a cause' 7,greek3 eikae--s9e caussa7 9 ! quotation ( ,matt4 v4 #bb ,endnote #cca3a belong to ! orig9al text or n4 ,probably !y did s1 z !y are f\nd 9 ! ,old ,lat9 & ,curetonian ,syriac & 9 ,we/]n au?orities g5]ally4 ,!y are want+ h[ev] 9 ,b1 9 ,orig51 & '9 ! true copies' accord+ to ,j]ome1 c4 ,! words are expung$ f ! sacr$ text by ,la*mann1 ,tis*5dorf1 ,we/cott & ,hort1 & ,m',clellan4 ,!re is a less weight ( au?ority = _! ret5tion4 ,9 any case ! d\ble read+ 0 c]ta9ly curr5t at ! end ( ! second c5tury1 z ! words are f\nd 9 ,ir5aeus & omitt$ by ,t]tullian4 ,! elaborately v>i$ read+s ( ,matt4 xi4 #be-bg & ,matt4 xix4 #af1 #ag !re c be little d\bt are tak5 f ! canonical text4 ,!y are bo? inde$ f\nd 9 a passage 7,adv4 ,ha]4 i4 #bj4 #b1 #c7 :]e ,ir5aeus is quot+ ! h]etical ,m>cosians2 & v>i\s approximations are met )1 z we h se51 "u ambigu\s circum/ances 9 ,ju/91 ! ,clem5t9e ,homilies1 & ,m>cion4 ,b simil> approximations are also f\nd 9 ,ir5aeus himself 7speak+ 9 8 own p]son71 9 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 ,orig51 & ,epiphanius1 :o are und\bt$ly quot+ f our ,gospels2 s t ! pres5ce ( ! v>iations at t e>ly date is prov$1 ?\gh 9 ! fir/ case !y receive none1 & 9 ! second v limit$1 support f ! extant ,,mss4 ,endnote #ccb3a ,a v>iety ( read+ t 0 9 ! fir/ in/ance accid5tal seem$ to af=d a h&le ei!r to ! or?odox or to h]etical p>ties1 & ea* = a "t ma9ta9$ its own2 b ) ! victory ( ! or?odox cause ! h]etical read+ gave way1 & 0 f9ally suppress$ be=e ! "t at :i* ! extant ,,mss4 7 writt54 ,^! are really conspicu\s in/ances ( ! confusion ( text already exi/+1 b ,i =be> to press !m because1 ?\gh ,i d n d\bt myself ! correctness ( ! acc\nt t has be5 giv5 ( !m1 /ill !re is j ! ambiguity allud$ to1 & ,i d n wi% to seem to assume ! tru? ( any p>ticul> view4 ,= m9or v>iations ! text ( ,ir5aeus _c be us$ satisfactorily1 because x is always d\btful :e!r ! ,lat9 v]sion has correctly reproduc$ ! orig9al4 ,& ev5 9 ^? comp>atively small portions :]e ! ,greek is /ill pres]v$1 x has come d[n to u ?r\gh ! m$ium ( o!r writ]s1 & we h j _h an in/ance h[ easily ! di/9ctive features ( ! text might be oblit]at$4 ,nei!r ( ^! elem5ts ( unc]ta9ty exi/s 9 ! case ( ,t]tullian2 & !re=e1 z ! text ( 8 ,new ,te/am5t quotations has be5 edit$ 9 a v exact & c>eful =m1 ,i %all illu/rate :at has be5 said respect+ ! corruptions introduc$ 9 ! second c5tury *iefly f him4 ,! foll[+ may be tak5 z a few ( ! in/ances 9 :i* ! exi/5ce ( a v>iety ( read+ c be v]ifi$ by a comp>ison ( ,t]tullian's text ) t ( ! ,,mss4 ,! brackets 7z be=e7 indicate p>tial support4 ,matt4 iii4 #h4 ,dignos po5it5tiae fructus 7,pudic4 #aj74 ,greek3 ,k>p\s axi\s taes metanoias ,textus ,receptus1 ,l1 ,u1 #cc1 a1 g'#b1 m1 ,syrr4 ,crt4 & ,p/41 etc4 ,greek3 ,k>pon axion t4 met4 ,b1 ,c 7,d71 ,greek3 ,d1 #a1 etc42 ,vulg41 b1 c1 d1 f1 ff'#a1 ,syr4 ,hcl41 ,memph41 ,!b41 ,ir541 ,orig41 etc4 ,t]tullian himself has ! s+ul> 9 ,h]mog4 #ab1 s t he seems to h _h bo? read+s 9 8 copies4 ,matt4 v4 #d1 #e4 ,! receiv$ ord] 'beati lug5tes' & 'beati mites' is foll[$ 9 ,pat4 #aa ,rns* p4 #ehi & ,tis*41 correct+ ,treg41 ,s ,hebrew3 ,aleph symbol1 ,b1 ,c1 rel41 b1 f1 ,syrr4 ,p/4 & ,hcl41 ,memph41 ,arm41 ,ae?4 ,ord] inv]t$ 9 ,d1 #cc1 ,vulg41 a1 c1 ff'#a1 g'#a4b1 h1 k1 l1 ,syr4 ,crt41 ,clem41 ,orig41 ,eus41 ,hil4 ,matt4 v4 #af4 ',luceant op]a ve/ra' = 'luceat lux ve/ra1' ,t]t4 7bis74 ,s ,hil41 ,ambr41 ,aug41 ,cele/4 see above1 p4 #acd aga9/ all ,,mss4 & v]sions4 ,matt4 v4 #bh4 ,qui vid]it ad concupisc5tiam1 etc4 ,?is v]se is cit$ six times by ,t]tullian1 & ,rns* says 7p4 #eij7 t '9 ^! six citations almo/ e v>iant ( ! ,greek text is repres5t$4' ,matt4 v4 #dh4 ,qui e/ 9 caelis3 ,greek3 ho en tois ouranois1 ,textus ,receptus1 ) ,greek3 ,delta symbol1 ,e'#b1 rel41 b1 c1 d1 g'#a1 h1 ,syrr4 ,crt4 & ,p/41 ,clem41 ,greek3 ho ouranios1 ,hebrew3 ,aleph symbol1 ,b1 ,d'#b1 ,z1 & i1 #cc1 ,vulg41 a1 f1 etc4 ,matt4 vi4 #aj4 ,fiat voluntas tua 9 caelis et 9 t]ra1 omitt+ 'sicut4' ,s ,d1 a1 b1 c1 ,aug4 7expressly1 '"s codices'74 ,matt4 xi4 ii4 ,nemo major int] natos fem9>um ,joanne baptizatore4 ',! =m ( ?is citation1 :i* nei!r corresponds ) ,matt4 xi4 #aa nor ) ,luke vii4 #bh1 co9cides almo/ exactly ) ! words :i* 9 bo? ! ,greek & ,lat9 text ( ! ,codex ,bezae =m ! conclusion ( ,luke vii4 #bf1 ,greek3 hoti oudeis meizon en g5naetois gunaikon prophaetaes ,ioann\ t\ bapti/\' 7,rns*1 p4 #fjh74 ,matt4 xiii4 #ae4 ,sanem3 ,greek3 iasmai1 ,k1 ,u1 ,x1 ,greek3 ,delta1 ,i2 ,latt4 7exc4 d71 ,syr4 ,crt42 ,greek3 iasomai1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 ,hebrew3 ,aleph symbol1 rel4 ,matt4 xv4 #bf4 ,non e/ 7only71 s ,eus4 9 ,ps4 #hc2 ,greek3 exe/91 ,d1 a1 b1 c1 ff1 g'#a1 #a1 ,syr4 ,crt41 ,orig41 ,hil42 ,greek3 ouk e/9 kalon1 ,b1 ,c1 ,hebrew aleph1 rel41 ,vulg41 c1 f1 g'#b1 k1 ,orig4 ,!re are ( c\rse few quotations t c be di/9ctly id5tifi$ z tak5 f ,/4 ,m>k1 b among ^! may be notic$3-- ,m>k i4 #bd4 ,scimus3 ,greek3 oidam5 se1 ,hebrew aleph1 ,l1 ,greek3 ,delta1 ,memph41 ,ir541 ,orig41 ,eus42 ,greek3 oida se tis ei1 ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 rel41 ,latt41 ,syrr4 ,m>k ix4 #g4 ,hunc audite3 ,greek3 aut\ ak\ete1 ,a1 ,x1 rel41 b1 f1 ,syrr42 ,greek3 ak\ete aut\1 ,hebrew3 aleph ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 ,l1 a1 c1 ff'#a1 etc4 ,?is may be h[ev] f ,matt4 xvii4 #e1 :]e ,t]tullian's read+ has some:at /rong] support4 ,! v>iations 9 quotations f ,/4 ,luke h be5 p]haps suffici5tly illu/rat$ 9 ! *apt] on ,m>cion4 ,we may !re=e omit ?is ,gospel & pass to ,/4 ,john4 ,a v rem>kable read+ meets u at ! outset4 ,john i4 #ac4 ,non ex sangu9e nec ex voluntate c>nis nec ex voluntate viri1 s$ ex deo natus e/4 ,! ,greek ( all ! ,,mss4 & ,v]sions1 ) ! s+le exception ( b ( ! ,old ,lat91 is ,greek3 oi eg5nae?aesan4 ,a s5t5ce is ?us appli$ to ,*ri/ t 0 orig9ally int5d$ to be appli$ to ! ,*ri/ian4 ,t]tullian 7,de ,c>ne ,*ri/4 #ai1 #bd71 ?\gh he also _h ! "r read+ be=e him1 boldly accuses ! ,val5t9ians ( a falsification1 & lays /ress ^u ! read+ :i* he adopts z pro( ( ! v]itable bir? ( ,*ri/ f a virg94 ,! same text is f\nd 9 b 7,codex ,v]on5sis7 ( ! ,old ,lat91 ,pseudo- ,a?anasius1 ! ,lat9 translator ( ,orig5's comm5t>y on ,/4 ,mat!w1 9 ,augu/9e1 & ?ree times 9 ,ir5aeus4 ,! same codex has1 l ,t]tullian1 ! s+ul> ex sangu9e = ! plural ,greek3 ex ahimaton3 s ,eusebius & ,hil>y4 ,john iii4 #cf4 ,manebit 7,greek3 m5e1 = ,greek3 mnei74 ,s b1 e1 g1 ,syr4 ,p/41 ,memph41 ,ae?41 ,ir541 ,cypr42 aga9/ a1 c1 d1 f1 ff1 ,syrr4 ,crt4 & ,hcl41 etc4 ,john v4 #c1 #d4 ,! fam\s p>agraph :i* describes ! mov+ ( ! wat]s ( ! pool ( ,be!sda 0 f\nd 9 ,t]tullian's ,,ms4 ,x is also f\nd 9 ! mass ( ,,mss41 9 ! ,old ,lat9 & ,vulgate1 9 ,syrr4 ,p/4 & ,j]41 & 9 "s ,,mss4 ( ,memph4 ,x is omitt$ 9 ,hebrew3 ,aleph symbol1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d 7v4 #d71 f1 l1 ,syr4 ,crt41 ,!b41 ,memph4 7mo/ ,,mss474 ,t]tullian gives ! "n ( ! pool z ,be?saida ) ,b1 ,vulg41 c1 ,syr4 ,hcl41 ,memph4 ,mo/ ( ! au?orities read ,greek3 bae!sda4 ,greek3 bae?za?a1 baeza?a1 ,b]zeta1 ,belza?a1 & ,betzeta are also f\nd4 ,john v4 #dc4 ,recepi/is1 p]f4 = pres4 7,greek3 lambanete74 ,s a1 b1 ,ir541 ,vigil41 ,ambr41 ,j]4 ,john vi4 #ci4 ,non p]dam ex eo quicquam4 ,"h 'quicquam' is an addition 7,greek3 ma$571 f\nd 9 ,d1 a1 b1 ff1 ,syr4 ,crt4 ,john vi4 #ea4 ,et panis quem ego d$]o pro salute mundi1 c>o mea e/4 ,?is almo/ exactly corresponds ) ! read+ ( ,hebrew3 ,aleph1 ,greek3 ho artos hon ego doso hup] taes t\ kosm\ zoaes1 hae s>x m\ e/94 ,simil>ly1 b ) inv]sion ( ! la/ two clauses 7,greek3 hae s>x m\ e/9 hup] taes t\ kosm\ zoaes71 ,b1 ,c1 ,d & ,t1 #cc1 ,vulg41 a1 b1 c1 e1 m1 ,syr4 ,crt41 ,!b41 ,ae?41 ,orig41 ,cypr4 ,! receiv$ text is ,greek3 kai ho artos de dae ego doso1 hae s>x m\ e/9 a5 ego doso hup] taes t\ kosm\ zoaes1 aft] ,e1 ,g1 ,h1 ,k1 ,m1 ,s1 etc4 ,john xii4 #cj4 ,v5it 7 ,greek3 ael!n = ,greek3 gegon571 ) ,d 7,tregelles71 also a1 b1 l1 n 7871 ,vulg4 7fuld471 ,hil41 ,victor942 ,rns*4 ,! in/ances t h be5 "h giv5 are all1 or ne>ly all1 false read+s on ! "p ( ,t]tullian4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 only z su* t !y are 9 po9t = ! pres5t enquiry4 ,"s few ( ^? m5tion$ h be5 admitt$ into ! text by c]ta9 mod]n editors4 ,?us1 on ,matt4 v4 #d1 #e ,t]tullian's read+ f9ds support 9 ,we/cott & ,hort3 & ,m',clellan1 aga9/ ,tis*5dorf & ,tregelles4 ,?is in/ance p]haps %\ld n be press$4 ,i leave x /&+1 because x %[s int]e/+ relations betwe5 ,t]tullian & ! v>i\s =ms ( ! ,old ,lat94 ,! passage omitt$ 9 ,john v4 #c1 #d is argu$ = /r5u\sly by ,mr4 ,m',clellan1 ) m hesitation by ,dr4 ,scriv5]1 & 9 ',sup]natural ,religion' 7six? edition71 aga9/ ,tregelles1 ,tis*5dorf1 ,milligan1 ,lightfoot1 ,we/cott & ,hort4 ,9 ! same passage ,be?saida is read by ,la*mann 7m>g97 & by ,we/cott & ,hort4 ,9 ,john vi4 #ea ! read+ ( ,t]tullian & ! ,s9aitic ,codex is def5d$ by ,tis*5dorf2 ! approximate read+ ( ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 c4 is admitt$ by ,la*mann1 ,tregelles1 ,milligan1 ,we/cott & ,hort1 & ! receiv$ text has an apologi/ 9 ,mr4 ,m',clellan 7) ,?oluck & ,wordswor?74 ,on ^! po9ts !n x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t ,t]tullian may pres5t ! true read+2 on all ! o!rs he is pretty c]ta9ly wrong4 ,let u n[ proce$ to analyse r\ghly ^! errone\s 79 ?ree cases d\btfully errone\s7 read+s4 ,we %all f9d ,endnote #ccf3a t ,t]tullian-- ,agrees ) ,diff]s f x 7,codex ,s9aiticus7 9 ,m>k 9 ,matt4 iii4 #ah1 v4 #af1 v4 #dh1 i4 #b #d1 ,john vi4 #ea4 vi4 #aj1 xi4 #aa1 xiii4 #ae1 xv4 #bf1 ,m>k ix4 #g1 ,john i4 #ac1 v4 #c1 #dc1 v4 #dc1 vi4 #ci1 xii4 #cj4 ,a 7,codex ,alex&r9us7 9 ,a 9 ,m>k i4 #bd1 ,john i4 #ac1 ,m>k ix4 #g1 ,john v4 #c1 #d4 v4 #dc1 vi4 #ci1 xii4 #cj4 ,b 7,codex ,vaticanus7 9 ,john ,b 9 ,matt4 iii4 #h1 v4 #af1 v4 #dh1 vi4 v4 #b1 7vi4 #ea74 #aj1 xi4 #aa1 xiii4 #ae1 xv4 #bf1 ,m>k i4 #bd1 ix4 #g1 ,john i4 #ac1 v4 #c1d1 ,v4 #dc1 vi4 #ci1 xii4 #cj4 ,c 7,codex ,ephraemi--some:at ,c 9 ,matt4 iii4 #h1 xi4 #aa1 xiii4 fragm5t>y7 9 ,john #ae1 xv4 #bf1 ,m>k i4 #bd1 ix4 #g1 7vi4 #ea74 ,john i4 #ac1 v4 #c1 #d1 vi4 #ci4 ,d 7,codex ,bezae--9 "s ,d 9 ,matt4 7iii4 #h71 v4 #af1 v4 #dh1 places want+7 9 ,matt4 vi4 xiii4 #ae1 ,m>k i4 #bd1 ix4 #g1 #aj1 ,xi4 #aa1 7xv4 #bf71 ,john 7vi4 ,john i4 #ac1 iii4 #cf1 v4 #d1 v4 #dc4 #ea71 xii4 #cj4 ,,greek ,,fa!rs4 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 9 ,matt4 v4 #af1 v4 #dh4 ,orig51 9 ,matt4 7xv4 #bf71 ,m>k ,orig51 9 ,matt4 iii4 #h1 7xv4 #bf71 i4 #bd1 ,john i4 #ac 7,lat9 trans- lator71 7vi4 #ea74 ,eusebius1 9 ,matt4 xv4 #bf1 ,m>k i4 #bd1 ,john i4 #ac 7p>tially74 ,,lat9 ,,fa!rs4 ,ir5aeus1 9 ,m>k i4 #bd1 ,john ,ir5aeus 9 ,matt4 iii4 #h4 i4 #ac 7t]71 iii4 #cf1 v4 #dc4 ,cyprian1 9 ,john iii4 #cf1 7vi4 #ea74 ,augu/9e1 9 ,matt4 v4 #af1 vi4 #aj4 ,ambrose1 9 ,matt4 v4 #af1 ,john v4 #dc4 ,hil>y1 9 ,matt4 v4 #af1 7xv4 #bf71 ,john xii4 #cj4 ,o!rs1 9 ,matt4 v4 #af1 v4 #dh1 ,john i4 #ac1 v4 #dc1 xii4 #cj4 ,,v]sions4 ,old ,lat9-- a 7,codex ,v]cell5sis71 9 ,matt4 a1 9 ,matt4 v4 #af1 v4 #dh1 xi4 #aa1 7iii4 #h71 vi4 #aj1 xiii4 #ae1 7xv4 ,m>k i4 #bd1 ix4 #g1 ,john i4 #ac1 #bf71 ,john v4 #c1 #d1 v4 #dc1 7vi4 iii4 #cf4 #ea71 xii4 #cj4 b 7,codex ,v]on5sis71 9 ,matt4 b1 9 ,matt4 iii4 #h1 v4 #af1 xi4 #aa1 v4 #dh1 vi4 #aj1 xiii4 #ae1 7xv4 #cf71 ,m>k i4 #bd4 ,m>k ix4 #g1 ,john i4 #ac1 iii4 #cf1 v4 #c1 #d1 v4 #dc1 7vi4 #ea71 xii4 #cj4 c 7,codex ,colb]t9us71 9 ,matt4 c1 9 ,matt4 iii4 #h1 v4 #af1 xi4 #aa1 v4 #dh1 vi4 #aj1 xiii4 #ae1 7xv4 #bf71 ,m>k i4 #bd1 ix4 #g1 ,john i4 #ac1 ,john v4 #c1 #d1 7vi4 #ea74 iii4 #cf1 ,v4 #dc1 vi4 #ci1 xii4 #cj4 f 7,codex ,brixianus71 9 ,matt4 f1 9 ,matt4 iii4 #h1 v4 #af1 v4 #dh1 xiii4 #ae1 ,m>k ix4 #g4 vi4 #aj1 xi4 #aj1 xv4 #bf1 ,m>k i4 #bd1 ,john i4 #ac1 iii4 #cf1 v4 #c1 #d1 v4 #dc1 vi4 #ci1 vi4 #ea1 xii4 #cj4 ,o!r codices1 9 ,matt4 iii4 #h1 ,o!r codices1 9 ,matt4 iii4 #h1 vi4 #aj1 ,xiii4 #e1 7xv4 #bf71 ,john v4 #af1 v4 #dh1 vi4 #aj1 xi4 #aa1 iii4 #cf1 v4 #c1 #d1 vi4 #ci1 7vi4 #ea71 ,m>k i4 #bd1 ix4 #g1 ,john i4 #ac1 xii4 #cj4 iii4 #cf1 v4 #c1 #d1 v4 #dc1 vi4 #ci1 vi4 #ea1 xii4 #cj4 ,vulgate1 9 ,matt4 xiii4 #ae1 ,john ,vulgate1 9 ,matt4 iii4 #h1 v4 #af1 v4 #c1 #d1 7vi4 #ea71 xii4 #cj v4 #dh1 vi4 #aj1 xi4 #aa1 xv4 #bf1 7fuld474 ,m>k i4 #bd1 ix4 #g1 ,john i4 #ac1 iii4 #cf1 v4 #dc1 vi4 #ci4 ,syriac-- ,syr4 ,crt4 7fragm5t>y71 9 ,syr4 ,crt41 9 ,matt4 v4 #af1 vi4 #aj1 ,matt4 iii4 #h1 v4 #dh1 xiii4 #ae1 xi4 #aa1 ,john 7i4 #ac1 8 ,tregelles7 7xv4 #bf71 ,john 7i4 #ac1 8 ,cr[foot71 iii4 #cf1 v4 #c1 #d1 v4 #dc4 vi4 #ci1 7vi4 #ea474 ,syr4 ,p/41 9 ,matt4 iii4 #h1 v4 #dh1 ,syr4 ,p/41 9 ,matt4 vi4 #aj1 ,m>k ,m>k ix4 #g1 ,john iii4 #cf1 v4 #c1 #d4 i4 #bd1 ,john i4 #ac1 7vi4 #ea71 xii4 #cj ,! evid5ce ( ?is & ! foll[+ v]sions is only giv5 :]e x is ei!r expressly /at$ or left to be cle>ly inf]r$ by ! editors4 ,egyptian-- ,!baic1 9 ,john 7vi4 #ea74 ,!baic1 9 ,matt4 iii4 #h1 v4 #af1 ,m>k ix4 #g1 ,john v4 #c1 #d4 ,memphitic1 9 ,m>k i4 #bd1 ,john ,memphitic1 9 ,matt4 iii4 #h1 v4 iii4 #cf4 #af1 7v4 #dh71 ,m>k ix4 #g1 ,john v4 #c1 #d1 vi4 #ea4 ,summ+ up ! results num]ically !y w\ld be some?+ ( ?is k9d3-- ,,uncial ,,mss4 ,hebrew3 ,a ,b ,c ,d ,alef ,agreem5t #b #b #b #a #e ,diff]5ce #ac #e #ad #i #aj ,,greek ,,fa!rs4 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria4 ,orig54 ,eusebius4 ,agreem5t #a #d #c ,diff]5ce #j #b #j ,,lat9 ,,fa!rs4 ,ir5aeus4 ,cyprian4 ,augu/9e4 ,ambrose4 ,hil>y4 ,o!rs4 ,agreem5t #d #b #b #b #c #e ,diff]5ce #a #j #j #j #j #j ,,v]sions4 ,,old ,,lat94 ,,vulgate4 a b c f rel4 ,agreem5t #h #aa #f #b #i #d ,diff]5ce #g #d #aj #ad #ad #ab ,,syriac4 ,,egyptian4 ,crt4 ,p/4 ,!b4 ,memph4 ,agreem5t #g #e #a #b ,diff]5ce #g #e #d #f ,n[ ! ph5om5a "h1 z on o!r occasions :5 we h _h to t\* ^u text criticism1 are n q simple & /raight=w>d4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ too t our obs]vations ext5d only ov] a v n>r[ area4 ,)9 t area !y are conf9$ to ! cases :]e ,t]tullian has gone wrong2 :]eas1 9 ord] to any?+ l a complete induction1 all ! cases ( v>i\s read+ ought to be consid]$4 ,"s results1 h[ev]1 ( a r\gh & approximate k9d may be said to be rea*$2 & ,i ?9k t ^! w be p]haps be/ exhibit$ if1 premis+ t !y are ?us r\gh & approximate1 we ?r[ !m into ! %ape ( a g5ealogical tree4 ,t]t4 b _/ _/ ,o4,l4 7a4c4 c47 _/ _/ ,syr4 ,crt4 _/ ,t]t4 ,o4,l4 _/ _/ ,greek ,fa!rs4 _/ ,t]t4 ,o4,l4_/ ,syr4 ,crt4_/ _/ _/ _/ _/ ,be/ ,alex&r9e ,au?orities4 _/ _/ ,we/]n4 _/ ,greek ,fa!rs _/ ,memph4 ,!b4 _/ _/ _/ _/ _/ _/ _/ _/ ,alex&r9e4 ,we/]n4 _/ ,! ,sacr$ ,autographs4 ,9 accordance ) ! sket* "h giv5 we may pres5t ! hi/ory ( ! text1 up to ! "t :5 x rea*$ ,t]tullian1 ?us4 ,fir/ we h ! sacr$ autographs1 :i* are copi$ = "s "t1 we ne$ n say immaculately1 b )\t *ange on ! po9ts includ$ 9 ! above analysis4 ,gradually a few errors slip 91 :i* are f\nd especially 9 ! ,egyptian1 v]sions & 9 ! works ( "s ,alex&r9e & ,pale/9ian ,fa!rs4 ,b 9 "t a wid] brea* is made4 ,! process ( corruption becomes m rapid4 ,we rea* at la/ t /range docum5t :i*1 ?r\gh m or less remote desc5t1 became ! p>5t ( ! ,curetonian ,syriac on ! "o h& & ( ! ,old ,lat9 on ! o!r4 ,^! two l9es sev]ally bran* (f4 ,! ,old ,lat9 itself divides4 ,"o ( its copies 9 p>ticul> 7b7 seems to repres5t a text t has a close aff9ity to t ( ,t]tullian1 & among ! gr\p ( manuscripts to :i* x belongs is t :i* ,t]tullian himself mo/ frequ5tly & habitually us$4 ,/rictly speak+ inde$ !re c be no true g5ealogical tree4 ,! c\rse ( desc5t is n cle> & direct all ! way4 ,!re is "s confusion & "s cross+ & recross+ ( ! l9es4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 !re is ! curi\s co9cid5ce ( ,t]tullian ) ,hebrew3 ,aleph1 a memb] ( a gr\p t _h long seem$ to be left beh9d1 9 ,john vi4 #ea4 ,?is h[ev]1 z x is only on a po9t ( ord] & t 9 a translation1 may v possibly be accid5tal2 ,i %\ld incl9e to ?9k t ! read+ ( ! ,greek ,codex f :i* ,t]tullian's ,lat9 0 d]iv$ agre$ r ) t ( ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 c41 & ^! ph5om5a w\ld increase ! probability t ^! manuscripts & ,t]tullian _h really pres]v$ ! orig9al text4 ,if t 7 ! case--& x is ! conclusion arriv$ at by a decid$ majority ( ! be/ editors--!re w\ld !n be no consid]able difficulty 9 reg>d to ! relation betwe5 ,t]tullian & ! five great ,uncials1 = ! read+ ( ,m>k ix4 #g is ( mu* less importance4 ,some:at m difficult to adju/ w\ld be ,t]tullian's relations to ! diff]5t =ms ( ! ,old ,lat9 & ,curetonian ,syriac4 ,9 "o in/ance1 ,matt4 xi4 #aa 7or ,luke vii4 #bf71 ,t]tullian seems to d]ive 8 text f ! ,dd bran* r ?an ! b bran* ( ! ,old ,lat94 ,9 ano!r 7,matt4 iii4 #h7 he seems to ov]leap b & mo/ copies ( ! ,old ,lat9 altoge!r & g to ! ,curetonian ,syriac4 ,h[1 too1 did he come to h ! p>aphra/ic read+ ( ,matt4 v4 #af :i* is f\nd 9 no ,,mss4 or v]sions b 9 ,ju/9 7approximately71 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 & sev]al ,lat9 ,fa!rs8 ,! p>aphrase might naturally en\gh occur to a s+le writ] "h or !re1 b ! ext5t ( ! co9cid5ce is rem>kable4 ,p]haps we are to see "h ano!r sign ( ! /udy be/[$ by ! ,fa!rs ^u ! writ+s ( _! pr$ecessors lead+ to an unconsci\s or semi-consci\s reproduction ( _! deviations4 ,x is a noticeable fact t 9 reg>d to ! ord] ( ! clauses 9 ,matt4 v4 #d1 #e1 ,t]tullian has pres]v$ :at is probably ! "r read+ along ) b alone1 ! o!r copies ( ! ,old ,lat9 7all except ! revis$ f7 ) ! ,curetonian ,syriac hav+ gone wrong4 ,on ! :ole ! complexities & cross relations are less1 & ! g5ealogical tree holds good to a great] ext5t1 ?an we might h be5 prep>$ =4 ,! hypo!sis t ,t]tullian us$ a manuscript 9 ! ma9 resembl+ b ( ! ,old ,lat9 satisfies mo/ elem5ts ( ! problem4 ,b ! m]e/ glance at ^! ph5om5a mu/ be en\gh to %[ t ! ,tb+5 !ory1 or any !ory :i* attributes a late orig9 to our ,gospels1 is out ( ! "q4 ,to br+ ! text into ! /ate 9 :i* x is f\nd 9 ! writ+s ( ,t]tullian1 a c5tury is n at all too long a p]iod to all[4 ,9 fact ,i d\bt :e!r any subsequ5t c5tury saw *anges s great1 ?\gh we %\ld naturally suppose t corruption w\ld proce$ at an advanc+ rate = e fre% copy t 0 made4 ,! ph5om5a t h to be acc\nt$ = are n1 be x rememb]$1 su* z might be caus$ by ! c>elessness ( a s+le scribe4 ,!y are spread ov] :ole gr\ps ( ,,mss4 toge!r4 ,we c trace ! gradual accessions ( corruption at ea* /ep z we advance 9 ! hi/ory ( ! text4 ,a c]ta9 false read+ comes 9 at su* a po9t & spreads ov] all ! manuscripts t />t f t2 ano!r comes 9 at a fur!r /age & vitiates succe$+ copies !re2 until at la/ a process ( correction & revision sets 92 rec\rse is _h to ! be/ /&>d manuscripts1 & a pur] text is recov]$ by comp>ison ) ^!4 ,x is precisely su* a text t is pres5t$ by ! ,old ,lat9 ,codex f1 :i*1 we f9d accord+ly1 %[s a maximum ( diff]5ce f ,t]tullian4 ,a /ill m sy/ematic revision1 ?\gh execut$--if we are to judge f ! in/ances br\ght to our notice--) some:at m res]ve1 is se5 9 ,j]ome's ,vulgate4 ,x seems unnecess>y to dilate ^u ?is po9t4 ,i w only v5ture to repeat ! /atem5t :i* ,i made at />t+2 t if ! :ole ( ! ,*ri/ian lit]ature = ! fir/ ?ree qu>t]s ( ! second c5tury c\ld be blott$ out1 & ,ir5aeus & ,t]tullian alone rema9$1 z well z ! lat] manuscripts ) :i* to comp>e !m1 !re w\ld /ill be ample pro( t ! late/ ( our ,gospels _c ov]/ep ! b\nds ( ! fir/ c5tury4 ,! abundant indications ( int]nal evid5ce are ?us confirm$1 & ! age & date ( ! ,synoptic ,gospels1 ,i ?9k we may say1 )9 approximate limits1 e/abli%$4 ,b we mu/ n =get t !re is a d\ble *all5ge to be met4 ,! fir/ "p ( x--t :i* relates to ! evid5ce = ! exi/5ce ( ! ,gospels--has be5 answ]$4 ,x rema9s to consid] h[ f> ! ext]nal evid5ce = ! ,gospels goes to prove _! au!nticity4 ,x may inde$ well be ask$ h[ ! ext]nal evid5ce c be expect$ to prove ! au!nticity ( ^! records4 ,x does s1 to a consid]able ext5t1 indirectly by ?r[+ !m back into clos] contact ) ! facts4 ,x also t5ds to e/abli% ! au?ority 9 :i* !y 7 held1 c]ta9ly 9 ! la/ qu>t] ( ! second c5tury1 & v probably be=e4 ,by ?is "t ! ,gospels 7 ackn[l$g$ to be all t is n[ und]/ood by ! ^w 'canonical4' ,!y 7 plac$ ^u ! same foot+ z ! ,old ,te/am5t ,scriptures4 ,!y 7 look$ up to ) ! same rev]5ce & reg>d$ z possess+ ! same ,div9e inspiration4 ,we may trace inde$ "s ( ! /eps by :i* ?is position 0 atta9$4 ,! ,greek3 gegraptai ( ! ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas1 ! public read+ ( ! ,gospels 9 ! *ur*es m5tion$ by ,ju/91 ! ,greek3 to eiraem5on ( ,tatian1 ! ,greek3 guriakai graphai ( ,dionysius ( ,cor9?1 all prep>e ! way = ! f9al culm9ation 9 ! ,muratorian ,canon & ,ir5aeus4 ,s complete _h ! process be5 t ,ir5aeus does n seem to "k ( a "t :5 ! au?ority ( ! ,gospels _h be5 less ?an x 0 to him4 ,yet ! process _h be51 ( c\rse1 gradual4 ,! canonical ,gospels _h to compete ) sev]al o!rs be=e !y became canonical4 ,!y _h to make good _! own claims & to displace rival docum5ts2 & !y succe$$4 ,x is a /rik+ in/ance ( ! 'survival ( ! fitte/4' ,t !y 7 really ! fitte/ is confirm$ by ne>ly e fragm5t ( ! lo/ ,gospels t rema9s1 b x w\ld be almo/ suffici5tly prov$ by ! v fact t !y surviv$4 ,9 ?is indirect mann] ,i ?9k t ! ext]nal evid5ce be>s out ! position assign$ to ! canonical ,gospels4 ,x has pres]v$ to u ! judgm5t ( ! m5 ( t "t1 & !re is a c]ta9 relative s5se 9 :i* ! maxim1 ',securus judicat orbis t]r>um1' is true4 ,! decisions ( an age1 especially decisions su* z ?is :]e q z mu* dep5d$ ^u pi\s feel+ z ^u logical reason+1 are usually s\nd] ?an ! argum5ts t are put =w>d to def5d !m4 ,we %\ld h>dly endorse ! argum5ts by :i* ,ir5aeus proves a priori ! necessity ( a 'f\r-fold ,gospel1' b !re is real weight 9 ! fact t f\r ,gospels & no m 7 accept$ by him & o!rs l him4 ,x is difficult to read )\t impati5ce ! r\gh words t are appli$ to ! e>ly ,*ri/ian writ]s & to contra/ ! self-complac5cy 9 :i* our own sup]ior k is survey$4 ,if !re is some?+ 9 :i* !y are beh9d u1 !re is mu* also 9 :i* we are beh9d !m4 ,among ! _m ?+s = :i* ,mr4 ,arnold des]ves our gratitude he des]ves x n lea/ = ! way 9 :i* he has s+l$ out two s5t5ces1 "o f ,/4 ,augu/9e & ! o!r f ! ,imitation1 ',dom9e feci/i nos ad te et irrequietum e/ cor no/rum donec requiescat 9 te1' &1 ',e/o humilis et pacificus et erit tecum1 ,jesus4' ,! m5 :o c\ld write ?us are n to be despis$4 ,b beyond _! m g5]al te/imony x is n cle> :at else ! e>ly ,fa!rs c\ld be expect$ to d4 ,!y c\ld n prove-- at lea/ _! writt5 rema9s t h come d[n to u c\ld n prove--t ! ,gospels 7 really writt5 by ! au?ors traditionally assign$ to !m4 ,:5 we say t ! v names ( ! fir/ two ,evangeli/s are n m5tion$ be=e a date t may be f #abj-aff 7or #aee7 ,a4,d4 & ! ?ird & f\r? n be=e #agj-age ,a4,d41 ?is alone is en\gh1 )\t introduc+ o!r elem5ts ( d\bt1 to %[ t ! evid5ce mu/ ne$s be inconclusive4 ,if ! au?or ( ',sup]natural ,religion' und]took to %[ ?is1 he und]took a sup]flu\s task4 ,s mu* at lea/1 ,mr4 ,arnold 0 "r 9 say+1 'might be /at$ 9 a s5t5ce & prov$ 9 a page4' ,!re is a presumption 9 fav\r ( ! tradition1 & p]haps1 consid]+ ! relation ( ,ir5aeus to ,polyc>p & ( ,polyc>p to ,/4 ,john1 we may say1 a fairly /rong "o2 b we ne$ n[-a-days1 to au!nticate a docum5t1 clos] evid5ce ?an ?is4 ,! cases are n q p>allel1 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m is decid$ly 9 fav\r ( ,ir5aeus1 b if ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria c\ld speak ( an ,epi/le writt5 ab\t #abe ,a4,d4 is ! "w ( ! apo/olic ,b>nabas ! companion ( ,/4 ,paul ,endnote #cdf3a1 we mu/ n lay too mu* /ress ^u ! direct te/imony ( ,ir5aeus :5 he attributes ! f\r? ,gospel to ! ,apo/le ,/4 ,john4 ,^! are po9ts = a diff]5t set ( argum5ts to det]m9e4 ,! ,gospel itself af=ds suffici5t indications z to ! position ( its au?or4 ,= ! conclusion t he 0 a ,pale/9ian ,jew1 :o _h liv$ 9 ,pale/9e be=e ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem1 famili> ) ! hopes & expectations ( 8 p1 & himself mix$ up ) ! ev5ts :i* he describes1 !re is evid5ce ( su* volume & v>iety z seems exce$+ly difficult to resi/4 ,z ,i h gone into ?is subject at l5g? else:]e ,endnote #cdg3a1 & z1 s f> z ,i c see1 no new elem5t has be5 introduc$ into ! "q by ',sup]natural ,religion1' ,i %all n break ! unity ( ! pres5t "w by consid]+ ! objections br\ght 9 detail4 ,i am v ready to recognise ! ability ) :i* _m ( ^! are /at$1 b x is ! ability ( ! advocate r ?an ( ! imp>tial critic4 ,!re is a con/ant t5d5cy to draw conclusions mu* 9 excess ( ! premisses4 ,an obs]vation1 true 9 itself ) a c]ta9 qualification & re/riction1 is made 9 an unqualifi$ =m1 & ! tru? t x conta9s is exagg]at$4 ,above all1 :]ev] !re is a m>g9 ( ignorance1 :]ev] a /atem5t ( ! ,evangeli/ is n capable ( direct & exact v]ification1 ! d\bt is inv>iably giv5 aga9/ him & he is br\ght 9 guilty ei!r ( ignorance or deception4 ,i h no hesitation 9 say+ t if ! pr9ciples ( criticism appli$ to ! f\r? ,gospel--n only by ! au?or ( ',sup]natural ,religion1' b by "s o!r writ]s ( repute1 su* z ,dr4 ,s*olt5--7 appli$ to ord9>y hi/ory or to ! affairs ( e-day life1 mu* t is kn[n actually to h happ5$ c\ld be %[n on a priori gr\nds to be impossible4 ,x is "t t ! extreme negative s*ool %\ld ju/ify m completely _! canons ( criticism4 ,z x is1 ! laxity ( ^! repels _m a ?\ghtful m9d q z firmly conv9c$ z !y c be ( ! necessity ( free enquiry & q z anxi\s to reconcile ! diff]5t sides ( k4 ,! "q is n "o m]ely ( fre$om or tradition1 b ( reason & logic2 & until !re is m agreem5t z to :at is reasonable & :at ! laws ( logic dem&1 ! argum5ts are apt to run 9 p>allel l9es t nev] meet ,endnote #cdh3a4 ,b1 x is said1 ',miracles require exceptional evid5ce4' ,true3 exceptional evid5ce !y bo? require & possess2 b t evid5ce is n ext]nal4 ,incomp>ably ! /ronge/ atte/ation to ! ,gospel n>ratives is t :i* !y be> to !mselves4 ,miracles h exceptional evid5ce because ! non-miracul\s portions ( ! n>rative ) :i* !y are b\nd up are exceptional4 ,^! c>ry _! tru? /amp$ ^u _! face1 & t tru? is reflect$ back ^u ! miracles4 ,x is on ! int]nal inve/igation ( ! ,gospels t ! real issue lies4 ,& ?is is "o ma9 reason :y ! belief ( mank9d s little dep5ds ^u =mal apologetics4 ,we c all feel ! self- evid5tial =ce ( ! ,gospel /ory2 b :o %all pres5t x adequately 9 words8 ,we are rem9d$ ( ! fate ( him :o ?\ght ! ark ( ,god 0 fall+ & put out 8 h& to /eady x--&1 = 8 pr(anity1 di$4 ,x c h>dly be said t good int5tions w\ld be a suffici5t ju/ification1 because t a man %\ld ?9k himself fit = ! task w\ld be 9 itself almo/ a suffici5t sign t he 0 mi/ak54 ,x is n inde$ q incr$ible t ! qualifications %\ld "o day be f\nd4 ,we seem almo/ to see t1 ) a slight alt]ation ( circum/ances1 a little diff]5t tra9+ 9 e>ly life1 su* an "o has almo/ be5 among u4 ,!re are passages t make u ?9k t ! au?or ( ',p>o*ial & ,pla9 ,s]mons' might h t\*$ ev5 ! ,gospels ) cog5cy t yet 0 n pr(ane4 ,b ! comb9ation ( qualities requir$ is su* z w\ld h>dly be f\nd = c5turies toge!r4 ,! mo/ f9e & s5sitive tact ( piety w\ld be ess5tial4 ,) x mu/ g absolute s9c]ity & s+l5ess ( purpose4 ,any da% ( m]e conv5tionalism or self-seek+ w\ld spoil ! :ole4 ,!re mu/ be t cle> illum9at$ insight t is only giv5 to ^? :o are 9 a m ?an ord9>y s5se 'pure 9 he>t4' ,& on ! o!r h&1 along ) ^! unique spiritual qualities mu/ g a s\nd & exact sci5tific tra9+1 a j p]ception ( logical =ce & me?od1 & a wide range ( k4 ,"o ( ! great dang]s & drawbacks to ! ex]cise ( ! critical faculty is t x t5ds to de/roy ! spiritual intuition4 ,& j 9 l mann] ! too great reliance ^u ?is intuition b5umbs & impov]i%es ! critical faculty4 ,yet1 9 a m9d t %\ld pres5t at all adequately ! int]nal evid5ce ( ! ,gospels1 bo? %\ld co-exi/ 9 equal balance & proportion4 ,we _c say t !re w nev] be su* a m9d1 b ! asceticism ( a life w\ld be a necess>y discipl9e = x to g ?r\gh1 & t su* a life z ! _w has seldom se54 ,9 ! meantime ! private ,*ri/ian may well be cont5t ) :at he has4 ',if any man w d ,8 w1 he %all "k ( ! doctr9e :e!r x be ( ,god4' ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,conclusion4 ,& n[ t we h come to ! end ( ! purely critical portion ( ?is enquiry1 ,i may p]haps be all[$ to say a few words on its g5]al t5d5cy & be>+4 ,z critics we h only ! critical "q to deal )4 ,c]ta9 evid5ce is pres5t$ to u :i* x is our duty to weigh & te/ by ref]5ce to logical & critical laws4 ,x mu/ /& or fall on its own m]its1 & any consid]ations br\ght 9 f )\t w be irrelevant to ! "q at issue4 ,b aft] ?is is done we may fairly look r\nd & consid] h[ our conclusion affects o!r conclusions & 9 :at direction x is lead+ u4 ,if we look at ',sup]natural ,religion' 9 ?is way we %all see t its t5d5cy is di/9ctly m>k$4 ,its attack w fall *iefly ^u ! middle p>ty 9 op9ion4 ,& x w play into ! h&s ( ! two extreme p>ties on ei!r side4 ,!re c be little d\bt t indirectly x w help ! movem5t t is c>ry+ s _m into ,ultramontanism1 & directly x is ( c\rse int5d$ to w9 conv]ts to :at may p]haps be call$ compreh5sively ,secul>ism4 ,n[ x is c]ta9ly true t ! argum5t f consequ5ces is "o t ought to be appli$ ) great caution4 ,yet ,i am n at all sure t x has n a real basis 9 philosophy z well z 9 nature4 ,! v exi/5ce ( ^! two great p>ties1 ! ,ultramontane & ! ,secul>i/1 ov] aga9/ ea* o!r1 seems to be x k9d ( /&+ prote/ aga9/ ei!r ( !m4 ,if ,ultramontanism is true1 h[ is x t s _m wise & good m5 op5ly av[ ,secul>ism8 ,if ',secul>ism is true1 h[ is x t s _m ( ! f9e/ & highe/ m9ds take refuge f x--a trea*]\s refuge1 ,i all[--9 ,ultramontanism8 ,!re is some?+ 9 ?is m ?an a m]e defective syllogism--m ?an an insuffici5t pres5tation ( ! evid5ce4 ,tru?1 9 ! wide/ s5se1 is t :i* is 9 accordance ) ! laws & conditions ( human nature4 ,b :]e beliefs are s directly anti!tical z !y are "h1 ! repugnance & resi/ance :i* ea* is f\nd to cause 9 s l>ge a numb] ( m9ds is 9 itself a pro( t ^? laws & conditions are insuffici5tly compli$ )4 ,to ! spectator1 /&+ outside ( bo?1 ?is w seem to be easily expla9$3 ! "o sacrifices reason to fai?2 ! o!r sacrifices fai? to reason4 ,b !re is abundant evid5ce to %[ t bo? fai? 7mean+ !reby ! religi\s emotions7 & reason are in]adicable elem5ts 9 ! human m9d4 ,t :i* s]i\sly & p]man5tly (f5ds aga9/ ei!r _c be true4 ,= creatures diff]5tly con/itut$ f man--ei!r all reason or all pure disembodi$ emotion--x might be o!rwise2 b1 = man1 z he is1 ! epi!t 'true' seems to be exclud$ f any set ( propositions t has su* results4 ,ev5 9 ! m limit$ s5se1 & conf9+ ! t]m to propositions purely intellectual1 !re is1 ,i ?9k we mu/ say1 a presumption aga9/ ! tru? ( t :i* involves s deep & wide a *asm 9 human nature4 ,)\t import+ teleology1 we %\ld naturally expect t ! intellect & ! emotions %\ld be capable ( work+ h>moni\sly toge!r4 ,!y d s 9 mo/ ?+s3 :y %\ld !y n 9 ! highe/ matt]s ( all8 ,if ! "o set ( op9ions is anti-rational & ! o!r anti-emotional1 z we see practically t !y are1 is n ?is 9 itself an antec$5t presumption aga9/ ei!r ( !m8 ,x may n be en\gh to prove at once t ! syllogism is defective3 /ill less is x a suffici5t w>rant = e/abli%+ an opposite syllogism4 ,b x does seem to be en\gh to give ! sci5tific reason] pause1 & to make him g ov] ! l9e ( 8 argum5t aga9 & aga9 & yet aga91 ) ! suspicion t !re is 7z h[ well !re may be67 a flaw some:]e4 ,x w\ld n1 ,i ?9k1 be difficult to po9t out su* flaws ,endnote #ceb3a--"s ( !m1 z x appe>s1 ( consid]able magnitude4 ,b ! subject is "o t w\ld take u f> away out ( our pres5t c\rse1 & = its prop] developm5t w\ld require a te*nical k ( ! processes ( physical sci5ce :i* ,i d n possess4 ,leav+ ?is on "o side1 & reg>d+ !m only 9 ! ab/ract1 ! consid]ations /at$ above seem to po9t to ! necessity ( some?+ ( ! nature ( a compromise4 ,& yet !re is1 /rictly speak+1 no su* ?+ z compromise 9 op9ions4 ,compromise belongs to ! _w ( practice2 x is only admitt$ by an illicit process into ! _w ( ?\ght4 ,! au?or ( ',sup]natural ,religion' is d\btless "r 9 deprecat+ t 'illogical zeal :i* fl+s to ! pursu+ wolves ( d\bt & unbelief1 scrap by scrap1' all ! di/9ctive doctr9es ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,belief1 x is true1 mu/ be ultimately logical to /&4 ,x mu/ h an inn] cohesion & int]- dep5d5ce4 ,x mu/ />t f a fix$ pr9ciple4 ,?is has be51 & /ill is1 ! besett+ weakness ( ! !ology ( m$iation4 ,x is apt to =m itself m]ely by /ripp+ (f :at seem to be excresc5ces f ! outside1 & n by radically recon/ruct+ itself1 on a firmly e/abli%$ basis1 f )94 ,! difficulty 9 su* a process is to draw ! l9e4 ,!re is a delusive appe>ance ( r\ndness & complet5ess 9 ! cre$s ( ^? :o ei!r accept ev]y?+ or d5y ev]y?+3 ?\gh1 ev5 "h1 !re is1 ,i ?9k we may say1 always1 "s little loophole left ( belief or ( d5ial1 :i* w inevitably exp& until x splits & de/roys ! :ole /ructure4 ,b ! mom5t we beg9 to meet bo? p>ties half way1 !re comes 9 t crucial "q3 ,:y d y accept j s mu* & no m8 ,:y d y d5y j s mu* & no m8 ,endnote #ced3a ,x mu/1 9 c&\r1 be confess$ t ! syn!tic =mula = ! middle p>ty 9 op9ion has n yet be5 f\nd4 ,o!r p>ties h _! =mulae1 b none t w really be> exam9ation4 ,quod semp]1 quod ubique1 quod ab omnibus1 w\ld d excell5tly if !re 0 any belief t _h be5 held 'always1 ev]y:]e1 & by all1' if no discov]ies _h be5 made z to ! facts1 & if !re _h be5 no advance 9 ! me?ods ( k4 ,! ultimate univ]sality & ! absolute uni=mity ( physical antec$5ts has a plausible appe>ance until x is se5 t logically c>ri$ out x r$uces m5 to ma*9es1 annihilates responsibility1 & involves conclusions on ! assumption ( ! tru? ( :i* society c\ld n hold toge!r = a s+le day4 ,if we ab&on ^! ,mac$onian me?ods = unloos+ ! ,gordian knot ( ?+s & keep to ! sl[ & labori\s way ( gradual induction1 !n ,i ?9k x w be cle> t all op9ions mu/ be held on ! mo/ provisional t5ure4 ,a va/ numb] ( problems w ne$ to be work$ out be=e any c be said to be e/abli%$ ) a pret5ce to f9ality4 ,& ! c\rse :i* ! inductive process is tak+ supplies "o ( ! *ief 'gr\nds ( hope' to ^? :o wi% to hold t middle position ( :i* ,i h be5 speak+4 ,! extreme !ories :i* f "t to "t h be5 advanc$ h n be5 able to hold _! gr\nd4 ,no d\bt !y may h done ! good t extreme !ories usually d1 9 br++ out ei!r positively or negatively "o side or ano!r ( ! tru?2 b 9 !mselves !y h be5 reject$ z at once inadequate & unreal solutions ( ! facts4 ,fir/ we _h ! ,rationalism 7prop]ly s call$7 ( ,paulus1 !n ! ,my?ical hypo!sis ( ,/rauss1 & aft] t ! ',t5d5z-kritik' ( ,baur4 ,b :at c&id p]son does n feel t ea* & all ( ^! conta9$ exagg]ations m incr$ible ?an ! difficulties :i* !y s\ght to remove8 ,!re has be5 on ea* ( ! po9ts rais$ a m or less def9ite ebb 9 ! tide4 ,! mod]ate conclusion is se5 to be also ! reasonable conclusion4 ,& n lea/ is ?is ! case ) ! enquiry on :i* we h be5 j engag$4 ,! au?or ( ',sup]natural ,religion' has ov]%ot ! m>k v mu* inde$4 ,!re is1 z we h se51 a c]ta9 tru? 9 "s ?+s t he has said1 b ! :ole sum ( tru? is v f> f be>+ out 8 conclusions4 ,:5 we look up f ^! detail$ enquiries & lift up our eyes to a wid] horizon we %all be able to relegate !m to _! true place4 ,! really impos+ witness to ! tru? ( ,*ri/ianity is t :i* is suppli$ by hi/ory on ! "o h&1 & its own int]nal attractiv5ess & con=mity to human nature on ! o!r4 ,/rictly speak+1 p]haps1 ^! are b two sides ( ! same ?+4 ,x is 9 hi/ory t ! laws ( human nature assume a concrete %ape & expression4 ,! fact t ,*ri/ianity has held its gr\nd 9 ! face ( su* long-cont9u$ & ho/ile criticism is a pro( t x mu/ h "s deeply-seat$ fitness & appropriat5ess = man4 ,& ?is goes a long way t[>ds say+ t x is true4 ,x is a !ory ( ?+s t is be+ con/antly te/$ by exp]i5ce4 ,b ! results ( exp]i5ce are (t5 express$ unconsci\sly4 ,!y include _m a subtle indication t ! m9d has foll[$ b _c reproduce to itself 9 set t]ms4 ,all ! reasons t g to =m a judge's decision d n appe> 9 8 *>ge4 ,yet !re we h a select & highly-tra9$ m9d work+ ^u matt] t pres5ts no v great degree ( complexity4 ,:5 we come to a "q s wide1 s subtle & complex z ,*ri/ianity1 ! individual m9d ceases to be compet5t to sit 9 judgm5t ^u x4 ,x becomes necess>y to appeal to a mu* m ext5d$ tribunal1 & ! v]dict ( t tribunal w be giv5 r by acts ?an 9 words4 ,?us !re seems to h always be5 a sort ( half-consci\s feel+ 9 m5's m9ds t !re 0 m 9 ,*ri/ianity ?an ! argum5ts = x 7 able to br+ out4 ,9 look+ back ov] ! c\rse t apologetics h tak51 we _c help be+ /ruck by a disproportion betwe5 ! controv]sial aspect & ! practical4 ,x w probably on ! :ole be admitt$ t ! balance ( argum5t has 9 ! pa/ be5 usually some:at on ! side ( ! apologi/s2 b ! argum5tative victory has seldom if ev] be5 s decisive z q to acc\nt = ! comp>atively undi/urb$ cont9uity ( ! religi\s life4 ,x 0 9 ! height ( ! ,dei/ controv]sy t ,wesley & ,:itfield began to prea*1 & !y made m conv]ts by appeal+ to ! emotions ?an probably ,butl] did by appeal+ to ! reason4 ,a true philosophy mu/ take acc\nt ( ^! ph5om5a4 ,beliefs :i* issue 9 t peculi>ly f9e & *a/5$ & t5d] _s :i* is ! prop] note ( ,*ri/ianity1 _c1 "u any circum/ances1 be dismiss$ z 'delusion4' ,surely if any product ( humanity is true & g5u9e1 x is to be f\nd "h4 ,!re are inde$ tru?s :i* f9d a response 9 our he>ts )\t app>5tly go+ ?r\gh any logical process1 n because !y are illogical1 b because ! scales ( logic are n delicate & s5sitive en\gh to weigh !m4 ',except ye be conv]t$ & become z little *ildr51 ye %all n ent] into ! k+dom ( heav54' ',i w arise & g to my fa!r1 & w say unto him3 ,fa!r1 ,i h s9n$ aga9/ heav5 & be=e !e1 & am no m wor?y to be call$ ?y son4' ',come unto me all ye t lab\r & are heavy lad51 & ,i w give y re/4' ,! plummet ( sci5ce--physical or metaphysical1 moral or critical--has nev] s\nd$ s deep z say+s su* z ^!4 ,we may pass !m ov] unnotic$ 9 our ,bibles1 or let !m slip glibly & ?\ghtlessly f ! tongue2 b :5 !y once really come home1 !re is no?+ to d b to b[ ! head & cov] ! face & exclaim ) ! ,apo/le1 ',dep>t f me1 = ,i am a s9ful man1 ,o ,"l4' ,& yet !re is t o!r side ( ! "q :i* is repres5t$ 9 ',sup]natural ,religion1' & ?is too mu/ h ju/ice done to x4 ,!re is an intellectual1 z well z a moral & spiritual1 syn!sis ( ?+s4 ,only x %\ld be rememb]$ t ?is syn!sis has to cov] an imm5se numb] ( facts ( ! mo/ v>i$ & intricate k9d1 & t at pres5t ! nature ( ! facts !mselves is 9 _m cases v f> f be+ accurately asc]ta9$4 ,we are con/antly rem9d$ 9 read+ ',sup]natural ,religion1' able & vigor\s z x is1 h[ mu* ( its =ce dep5ds r ^u our ignorance ?an our k4 ,x supplies u ) _m opportunities ( see+ h[ easily ! :ole c\rse & t5\r ( an argum5t may be *ang$ by ! introduction ( a new elem5t4 ,= in/ance1 ,i imag9e t if ! au?or _h giv5 a little deep] /udy to ! seem+ly m9ute & second>y subject ( text-criticism1 x w\ld h ar\s$ 9 him v consid]able misgiv+s z to ! results at :i* he seem$ to h arriv$4 ,!re is a solid>ity 9 all ! diff]5t dep>tm5ts ( human k & rese>*1 especially among ^? t are alli$ 9 subject4 ,^! are cont9ually s5d+ out (f%oots & projections into ! neighb\r+ regions1 & ! conclusions ( "o sci5ce v (t5 h to dep5d ^u ^? ( ano!r4 ,! c\rse ( enquiry t has be5 tak5 9 ',sup]natural ,religion' is peculi>ly un=tunate4 ,x />ts f ! wrong end4 ,x beg9s ) propositions into :i* a priori consid]ations l>gely ent]1 &1 f ! /&po9t giv5 by ^!1 x proce$s to dictate t]ms 9 a field t c only be trodd5 by pati5t & unprejudic$ /udy4 ,a f> m hopeful & sci5tific process w\ld h be5 to beg9 ^u gr\nd :]e dogmatic que/ions d n ent]1 or ent] only 9 a remote degree1 & :]e !re is a suffici5t numb] ( solid asc]ta9able facts to g ^u1 & !n to "w ! way /eadily & cauti\sly upw>ds to high] g5]alisations4 ,x w h be5 se5 9 ! c\rse ( ! pres5t enquiry h[ _m side que/ions ne$ to be det]m9$4 ,x w\ld be well if monographs 7 writt5 ^u all ! quotations f ! ,old ,te/am5t 9 ! ,*ri/ian lit]ature ( ! fir/ two c5turies1 modell$ ^u ,cr$n]'s inve/igations into ! quotations 9 ,ju/94 ,be=e ?is is done !re %\ld be a new & revis$ edition ( ,holmes' & ,p>sons' ,septuag9t ,endnote #cei3a4 ,ev]y?+ %ort ( ?is w\ld be inadequate1 because we ne$ to "k n only ! be/ text1 b e text t has def9ite hi/orical atte/ation4 ,9 ?is way x w\ld be possible to arrive at a tol]ably exact1 in/ead ( a m]ely approximate1 d$uction z to ! habit ( quotation g5]ally1 :i* w\ld supply a firm] basis = inf]5ce 9 reg>d to ! ,new ,te/am5t ?an t :i* has be5 assum$ "h4 ,at ! same "t monographs %\ld be writt5 9 ,engli%1 besides ^? already exi/+ 9 ,g]man1 ^u ! date or position ( ! writ]s ^: works come "u review4 ,)\t any attempt to prove a p>ticul> !sis1 ! read] %\ld be all[$ to see precisely :at ! evid5ce is & h[ f> x goes4 ,!n if he c\ld n arrive at a positive conclusion1 he c\ld at lea/ atta9 to ! mo/ probable4 ,&1 la/ly1 x is highly important t ! :ole "q ( ! composition & /ructure ( ! ,synoptic ,gospels %\ld be inve/igat$ to ! v bottom4 ,mu* valuable lab\r has already be5 exp5d$ ^u ?is subject1 b ! result1 ?\gh progress has be5 made1 is r to %[ its extreme complexity & difficulty ?an to produce any f9al settlem5t4 ,yet1 z ! au?or ( ',sup]natural ,religion' has r dimly & inadequately se51 we are con/antly ?r[n back ^u assumptions borr[$ f ?is qu>t]4 ,p5d+ su* m mature & ?or\gh enquiries1 ,i q feel t my own pres5t contribution belongs to a transition /age1 & _c pr(ess to be m ?an provisional4 ,b x w h s]v$ its purpose suffici5tly if x has help$ to m>k out m di/9ctly c]ta9 l9es ( ! enquiry & to c>ry ! inve/igation along ^! a little way2 sugge/+ at ! same "t--:at ! facts !mselves really sugge/--c\nsels ( sobriety & mod]ation4 ,:at ! end w be1 x w\ld be presumptu\s to attempt to =etell4 ,x w probably be a long "t be=e ev5 ^! m9or que/ions--mu* m ! major que/ions into :i* !y run up-- w be solv$4 ,:e!r !y w ev] be solv$--all ( !m at lea/--9 su* a way z to compel entire ass5t is v d\btful4 ,error & imp]fection seem to be p]man5tly1 if we may hope dim9i%+ly1 a condition ( human ?\ght & action4 ,x does n appe> to be ! w ( ,god t ,tru? %\ld ev] be s pres5t$ z to cru% out all v>iety ( op9ion4 ,! conflict ( op9ions is l t ( ,h]cules ) ! ,hydra4 ,z fa/ z "o is cut d[n ano!r arises 9 its place2 & !re is no se>+- iron to scor* & cicatrize ! w\nd4 ,h[ev] mu* we may lab\r1 we c only arrive at an inn] conviction1 n at objective c]ta9ty4 ,all ! glosses & assev]ations 9 ! _w _c c>ry u an in* beyond ! due weight ( ! evid5ce v\*saf$ to u4 ,an hone/ & brave m9d w accept manfully ?is condition ( ?+s1 & n seek = infallibility :]e x c f9d none4 ,x w adopt z its motto t noble say+ ( ,bi%op ,butl]--noble1 because s unfl9*+ly true1 ?\gh oppos$ to a s5tim5tal optimism--',probability is ! v guide ( life4' ,) probabilities we h to deal1 9 ! intellectual sph]e4 ,b1 :5 once ?is is ?or\ghly & hone/ly recognis$1 ev5 a comp>atively small balance ( probability comes to h z mu* moral weight z ! mo/ l\dly vaunt$ c]ta9ty4 ,& meantime1 ap>t f & b5ea? ! /rife ( tongues1 !re is ! /ill small voice :i* :isp]s to a man & bids him1 9 no sup]/iti\s s5se b ) ! gravity & humility :i* befits a ,*ri/ian1 to '"w out 8 own salvation ) fe> & trembl+4' ,,endnotes #b3a ,) reg>d to ! ref]5ces 9 vol4 i4 p4 #bei1 n4 #a1 ,i _h already obs]v$1 be=e ! appe>ance ( ! preface to ! six? edition1 t !y 7 really int5d$ to apply to ! fir/ "p ( ! s5t5ce annotat$ r ?an ! second4 ,/ill1 z !re is only "o ref]5ce out ( n9e t really supports ! proposition 9 imm$iate connection ) :i* ! ref]5ces are made1 ! read] w\ld be v apt to c>ry away a mi/ak5 impression4 ,! same mu/ be said ( ! set ( ref]5ces def5d$ on p4 xl4 sqq4 ( ! new preface4 ,! expressions us$ d n accurately repres5t ! /ate ( ! facts4 ,x is n c>eful writ+1 & ,i am afraid x mu/ be said t ! prejudice ( ! au?or has det]m9$ ! side :i* ! expression leans4 ,b h[ difficult is x to make words express all ! due %ades & qualifications ( mean+--h[ difficult especially = a m9d t seems to be naturally di/+ui%$ by =ce r ?an by exactness & delicacy ( obs]vation6 ,we h all 'les dfauts de nos qualits4' #aj3a ,mu* h>m has be5 done by ra%ly press+ human metaphors & analogies2 su* z1 t ,revelation is a message f ,god & !re=e mu/ be infallible1 c4 ,?is is j ! sort ( argum5t t ! ,dei/s us$ 9 ! la/ c5tury1 insi/+ t a revelation1 prop]ly s call$1 mu/ be pres5t$ ) conclusive pro(s1 mu/ be univ]sal1 mu/ be complete1 & draw+ ! conclusion t ,*ri/ianity is n su* a revelation4 ,?is k9d ( reason+ has receiv$ its s5t5ce once = all f ,bi%op ,butl]4 ,we h no?+ to d ) :at mu/ be 7( :i* we are1 by ! nature ( ! case1 incompet5t judges71 b simply ) :at is4 #ah3a ,cf4 ,we/cott1 ,canon1 p4 #aeb1 n4 #b 7#crd ed4 #ahgj74 #ah3b ,see ,lightfoot1 ,galatians1 p4 #fj2 also ,cr$n]1 ,beitrge1 ii4 #ff 7'c]ta9ly' f ,/4 ,paul74 #bj3a ,! ,old ,te/am5t 9 ! ,new 7,london & ,ed9burgh1 #ahfh74 #ba3a ,mr4 ,m',clellan 7,! ,new ,te/am5t1 c41 vol4 i4 p4 #fjf1 n4 c7 makes ! sugge/ion1 :i* f 8 po9t ( view is necess>y1 t ',s4 ,mat!w has cit$ a prophecy spok5 by ,j]emiah1 b n[h]e writt5 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & ( :i* ! passage 9 ,ze*>iah is only a p>tial reproduction4' ,cf4 ,cr$n]1 ,beitrge1 ii4 #aeb4 #be3a ,we d n /ay to discuss ! real orig9 ( ^! quotations3 ! la/ is probably n f ! ,old ,te/am5t at all4 #bg3a ,! quotations 9 ?is *apt] are cont9u\s1 & are also f\nd 9 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria4 #cd3a ,x %\ld be notic$1 h[ev]1 t ! same read+ is f\nd 9 ,ju/9 & o!r writ]s4 #ch3a ,clem5tis ,romani quae f]untur ,homiliae ,vig9ti 7,gott+ae1 #ahec74 #ci3a ,beitrge zur ,e9leitung 9 die biblis*5 ,s*rift5 7,halle1 #ahcb74 #dj3a ,! ,epi/les ( ,s4 ,clem5t ( ,rome 7,london & ,cambridge1 #ahfi74 #di3a ,! ,lat9 translation is n 9 mo/ cases a suffici5t gu>antee = ! orig9al text4 ,! ,greek has be5 pres]v$ 9 ! %ape ( long extracts by ,epiphanius & o!rs4 ,! edition us$ is t ( ,/i]51 ,lipsiae1 #ahec4 #di3b ,horne's ,introduction 7ed4 #ahef71 p4 #ccc4 #eb3a ,ed4 ,d9dorf1 ,lipsiae1 #ahei4 ,! index giv5 9 vol4 iii4 p4 #hic sqq4 conta9s _m inaccuracies1 & is1 inde$1 ( little use = id5tify+ ! passages ( ,scripture4 #ef3a ,"s ,acc\nt ( ! ,writ+s & ,op9ions ( ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 p4 #djg sqq4 #ef3b ,9 ! new ,preface to 8 "w on ! ,canon 7#d? edition1 #ahge71 p4 xxxii4 #eh3a ,s4,r4 i4 p4 #bba1 & note4 #ei3a ,s4,r4 i4 p4 #bbb1 n4 #c4 #ei3b ,lehrb4 *r4 ,dogm5ges*4 p4 #gd 7p4 #hb ,s4,r4874 #ei3c ,das na*apo/4 ,zeitalt]1 p4 #abf sq4 #fj3a ,d] ,ursprung uns]] ,evangeli51 p4 #fd2 comp>e ,fritz*e1 art4 ',judi?' 9 ,s*5kel's ,bibel-,lexicon4 #fa3a ,vol4 i4 p4 #bba1 n4 ,i feel x due to ! au?or to say t ,i h f\nd 8 long li/s ( ref]5ces1 ?\gh n seldom faulty1 v useful4 ,i will+ly ackn[l$ge ! ju/ice ( 8 claim to h 'fully laid be=e read]s ! actual means ( judg+ ( ! accuracy ( e /atem5t :i* has be5 made' 7,preface to six? edition1 p4 lxxx74 #fe3a i4 p4 #bbf4 #ff3a i4 p4 #bbh4 #fi3a ,d] ,ursprung1 p4 #ach4 #ga3a ,! ,apo/olical ,fa!rs 7,london1 #ahgd71 p4 #bgc4 #ga3b ,! orig9al ,greek ( ?is "w is lo/1 b 9 ! text z recon/ruct$ by ,hilg5feld f five /ill extant v]sions 7,lat91 ,syriac1 ,ae?iopic1 ,arabic1 ,arm5ian7 ! v]se runs ?us1 ,greek3 polloi m5 ekti/haesan1 oligoi de so?aesontai 7,messias ,judaeorum1 p4 #fi74 #gc3a ,a curi\s in/ance ( disreg>d ( context is to be se5 9 ,t]tullian's read+ ( ,john i4 #ac1 :i* he ref]r$ to ,*ri/1 accus+ ! ,val5t9ians ( falsification because !y _h ! ord9>y read+ 7cf4 ,rns*1 ,das ,neue ,te/am5t ,t]tullian's1 pp4 #beb1 #fed74 ,comp>e also p4 #bd above4 #gc3b ,novum ,te/am5tum extra ,canonem ,receptum1 ,fasc4 ii4 p4 #fi4 #gd3a c4 v4 #gd3b ,s4 ,r4 i4 p4 #bej sqq4 #gf3a ,l>dn]1 ,cr$ibility1 c41 ii4 p 4#bc2 ,we/cott1 ,on ! ,canon1 p4 #ej1 n4 #e4 #gg3a ,s9ce ?is 0 writt5 ! au?or ( ',sup]natural ,religion' has repli$ 9 ! preface to 8 six? edition4 ,he has /at$ 8 case 9 ! able/ possible mann]3 /ill ,i d n ?9k t !re is any?+ to retract 9 :at has be5 writt5 above4 ,!re w\ld h be5 some?+ to retract if ,dr4 ,lightfoot _h ma9ta9$ positively ! g5u95ess ( ! ,vossian ,epi/les4 ,z to ! ,syriac1 ! "q seems to me to /& ?us4 ,on ! "o side are c]ta9 improbabilities--,i admit1 improbabilities1 ?\gh n ( ! weightie/ k9d--:i* are met ab\t half way by ! p>allel cases quot$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is ! express te/imony ( ! ,epi/le ( ,polyc>p quot$ 9 its turn by ,ir5aeus4 ,n[ ,i _c ?9k t !re is any improbability s great 7consid]+ our ignorance7 z n to be outweigh$ by ?is ext]nal evid5ce4 #ha3a ,cf4 ,hilg5feld1 ,nov4 ,te/4 ext4 ,c4 ,rec41 ,fasc4 iv4 p4 #ae4 #ha3b ,cf4 ibid41 pp4 #ef1 #fb1 also p4 #bi4 #hb3a ,b see ,contempor>y ,review1 #ahge1 p4 #hch1 f :i* x appe>s t ,m4 ,wadd+ton has rec5tly prov$ ! date to be r #aee or #aef4 ,comp>e ,hilg5feld1 ,e9leitung1 p4 #gb1 :]e ref]5ce is made to an essay by ,lipsius1 ,d] ,mrtyr]tod ,polyc>p's 9 ,z4 f4 w4 ,t4 #ahgd1 ii4 p4 #ahj f4 #hb3b ,adv4 ,ha]4 iii4 #c1 #d4 #hc3a ,ent/ehung d] alt-ka?olis*5 ,kir*e1 p4 #ehf2 ,hefele1 ,patrum ,apo/olicorum ,op]a1 p4 lxxx4 #hd3a ,cf4 ,s4 ,r4 i4 p4 #bgh4 #hd3b ,ent4 d4 a4 ,k4 pp4 #eic1 #eii4 #hd3c ,apo/olical ,fa!rs1 p4 #bbg sq4 #hd3d ,ursprung1 pp4 #dc1 #aca4 #he3a ,greek3 mnaemoneuontes de hon eip5 ho kurios didaskon2 mae kr9ete h9a mae kri?aete2 aphiete kai aphe?aesetai hym92 eleeite h9a eleae?aete2 en ho metro metreite1 antimetrae?aesetai hym92 kai hoti mak>ioi hoi pto*oi kai hoi diokom5oi h5ek5 dikaiosynaes1 hoti auton e/9 hae basileia t\ ,!\4 #hi3a ,ges*i*te ,jesu von ,naz>a1 #a4 p4 #ach1 n4 #b4 #hi3b ,e9leilung 9 das ,n4 ,t4 p4 #ff1 :]e ,lipsius' view is also quot$4 #hi3c ,cf4 ,we/cott1 ,on ! ,canon1 p4 #hh1 n4 #d4 #hi3d ,z appe>s to be sugge/$ 9 ,s4 ,r4 i4 p4 #bib4 ,! ref]5ce 9 ! note to ,bleek1 ,e9l4 p4 #fcg 7& ,ewald871 does n seem to be exactly to ! po9t4 #hi3e ,apol4 i4 #fg4 #ij3a ,dial4 c4 ,tryph4 #ajc4 #ij3b ,apol4 i4 #ff2 cf4 ,s4,r4 i4 p4 #bid4 #ia3a ,! evangelical ref]5ces & allusions 9 ,ju/9 h be5 c>efully collect$ by ,cr$n] & ,hilg5feld1 & are "h ?r[n toge!r 9 a sort ( runn+ n>rative4 #aja3a ,?is 0 writt5 be=e ! appe>ance ( ,mr4 ,m',clellan's important "w on ! ,f\r ,gospels 7,! ,new ,te/am5t1 vol4 i1 ,london1 #ahge71 to :i* ,i h n yet _h "t to give ! /udy t x des]ves4 #ajc3a ,unless inde$ x 0 f\nd 9 "o ( ! _m =ms ( ! ,gospel 7cf4 ,s4,r4 i4 ,p4 #dcf1 & p4 #ada bel[74 ,! section appe>s 9 none ( ! =ms reproduc$ by ,dr4 ,hilg5feld 7,n4,t4 extra ,c4 ,recept4 ,fasc4 iv74 #ajg3a ,9 l mann] ,t]tullian ref]s 8 read]s to ! 'autograph copies' ( ,/4 ,paul's ,epi/les1 & ! v '*airs ( ! ,apo/les1' pres]v$ at ,cor9? & else:]e4 7,de ,praescript4 ,ha]et4 c4 #cf74 ,t]tullian also ref]s to ! c5sus ( ,augu/us1 'quem te/em fidelissimum dom9icae nativitatis ,romana ar*iva cu/odiunt' 7,adv4 ,m>c4 iv4 #g74 #aaj3a ,beitrge1 i4 p4 #bfa sqq4 #aaj3b ,evangeli5 ,ju/9's u4s4w41 p4 #bgj sqq4 #aaj3c ,! *ief au?ority is ,eus4 ,h4 ,e4 vi4 #ab4 #aaj3d ,cf4 ,hilg5feld1 ,ev4 ,ju/9's1 p4 #aeg4 #aaf3a ,a some:at simil> classification has be5 made by ,de ,wette1 ,e9leitung 9 das ,n4 ,t41 pp4 #ajd-aaj1 9 :i* h[ev] ! /&>d seems to be some:at l[] ?an t :i* ,i h assum$2 sev]al in/ances ( v>iation :i* ,i _h class$ z decid$1 ,de ,wette consid]s to be only slight4 ,i hope ,i may consid] ?is a pro( t ! classification above giv5 has n be5 influ5c$ by bias4 #aai3a ,beitrge1 i4 p4 #bcg4 #aai3b ,s4,r4 i4 p4 #cif sqq4 #abj3a ,die drei er/5 ,evangeli51 ,gtt+51 #ahej4 ,a second1 revis$1 edition ( ?is "w has rec5tly appe>$4 #abj3b ,die ,synoptis*5 ,evangeli51 ,leipzig1 #ahfc1 p4 #hh4 #abj3c ,das ,m>cus-evangelium1 ,b]l91 #ahgb1 p4 #bii4 #abj3d ,beitrge1 i4 p4 #bai4 #abj3e ,dr4 ,we/cott well calls ?is '! prophetic s5se ( ! pres5t' 7,on ! ,canon1 p4 #abh74 #abb3a ',?is is mean+less1' writes ,mr4 ,b>+-,g\ld ( ! canonical text1 r ha/ily1 & =gett+1 z x w\ld appe>1 ! conclud+ cause 7,lo/ & ,ho/ile ,gospels1 p4 #aff72 cp4 ,s4,r4 i4 p4 #ced1 ii4 p4 #bh4 #abc3a i4 pp4 #aif1 #bbg1 #beh4 #abc3b ,ges*i*te des ,neute/am5tli*5 ,kanon 7ed4 ,volkm>1 ,b]l91 #ahfj71 p4 #af4 #abd3a ,adv4 ,ha]4 #dbh ,d4 #abd3b ,i am n q cle> t m is meant 7z ,mey]1 ,ellicott ,huls4 ,lect4 p4 #cci1 n4 #b1 & o!rs ma9ta97 9 ! evangelical language ?an t ! drops ( sweat 'resembl$ blood2' ,greek3 hosei seems to qualify ,greek3 haimatos z mu* z ,greek3 ?romboi4 ,comp>e especially ! int]e/+ p>allels f m$ical writ]s quot$ by ,mc,clellan ad loc4 #abh3a ,! only p>allel t ,i c f9d quot$ is a ref]5ce by ,mr4 ,mc,clellan to ,philo i4#afd 7ed4 ,mangey71 :]e ! phrase is h[ev] ,greek3 isos angeloi 7gegonos74 #abi3a ,s4,r4 i4 p4 #cjd sqq4 #acj3a ,ev4 ,ju/9's1 p4 #aeg4 #ace3a ,scriv5]1 ,introduction to ! ,criticism ( ! ,n4 ,t4 p4 #deb 7#bnd edition1 #ahgd74 #acf3a ,on review+ ?is *apt] ,i am incl9$ to lean m ?an ,i did to ! hypo!sis t ,ju/9 us$ a ,h>mony4 ,! ph5om5a ( v>iation seem to be too p]si/5t & too ev5ly di/ribut$ to all[ ( ! supposition ( alt]nate quot+ f diff]5t ,gospels4 ,b ! data w ne$ a clos] weigh+ be=e ?is c be det]m9$4 #ach3a ,contempor>y ,review1 #ahge1 p4 #afi sqq4 #ach3b ,tis*5dorf1 h[ev]1 devotes sev]al pages to an argum5t :i* foll[s 9 ! same l9e z ,dr4 ,lightfoot's1 & is1 ,i believe1 9 ! ma9 s\nd 7,wann wurd5 uns]e ,evangeli5 v]fas/8 p4 #aac sqq41 #d? edition1 #ahff74 #ach3c ,i ga!r f ! six? edition ( ,s4 ,r4 t ! argum5t f sil5ce is practically waiv$4 ,if ! sil5ce ( ,eusebius is n press$ z prov+ t ! au?ors ab\t :om he is sil5t 7 ignorant ( or did n ackn[l$ge p>ticul> ,gospels1 we on our side may be cont5t n to press x z prov+ t ! ,gospels 9 "q 7 ackn[l$g$4 ,! matt] may well be all[$ to re/ ?us3 t1 s f> z ! sil5ce ( ,eusebius is conc]n$1 ,hegesippus1 ,papias1 & ,dionysius ( ,cor9? are n alleg$ ei!r = ! ,gospels or aga9/ !m4 ,i agree ) ! au?or ( ',sup]natural ,religion' t ! po9t is n "o ( p>am\nt importance1 ?\gh x has be5 made m ( by o!r writ]s1 e4g4 ,/rauss & ,r5an4 ,! au?or has miss$ ,dr4 ,lightfoot's po9t on p4 xxiii4 ,:at ,eusebius be>s te/imony to is1 n 8 own belief 9 ! canonicity ( ! f\r? ,gospel1 b its undisput$ canonicity1 i4e4 a hi/orical fact :i* includes )9 its range ,hegesippus1 ,papias1 c4 ,if ,i say t ,hamlet is an undisput$ play ( ,%akspe>e's1 ,i mean1 n t ,i believe x to be ,%akspe>e's myself1 b t all ! critics f ,%akspe>e's "t d[nw>ds h believ$ x to be 84 #adj3a ,h4 ,e4 iv4 #bb4 #ada3a ,s4 ,r4 i4 p4 #dcf4 #ada3b ,e9leitung1 p4 #ajc4 #ada3c ,das ,na*apo/4 ,zeit4 i4 p4 #bch4 #ada3d ,beitrge1 i4 p4 #dja4 #ada3e ,nov4 ,te/4 extra ,c4 ,recept4 ,fasc4 iv4 pp4 #ai1 #bj4 #adc3a ,we h1 h[ev]1 _h occasion to note a some:at p>allel1 ?\gh n q p>allel1 in/ance 9 ! quotation ( ,clem5t ( ,rome & ,polyc>p1 ,greek3 aphiete1 h9a aphe?ae hum9 7kai aphe?aesetai hum974 #add3a ,contempor>y ,review1 ,dec4 #ahgd1 p4 #h2 cf4 ,r\?1 ,reliquiae ,sacrae1 i4 p4 #bha ad f94 #add3b ,tregelles1 writ+ on ! ',anci5t ,syriac ,v]sions' 9 ,smi?'s ,diction>y1 iii4 p4 #afce a1 says t '^! words might be a ,greek r5d]+ ( ,matt4 xiii4 #af z !y /&' 9 ! ,curetonian text4 #ade3a ,or r p]haps #aee1 #aef2 see p4 #hb above4 #adf3a ,h4,e4 iii4 #ci4 #adg3a ,9 ,mr4 ,m',clellan's rec5t ,h>mony ,i notice only two deviations f ! ord] 9 ,/4 ,m>k1 ii4 #ae-bb1 vi4 #ag-bi4 ,9 ,mr4 ,full]'s ,h>mony 7! ,h>mony itself & n ! ,table ( ,cont5ts1 9 :i* !re are sev]al ov]sights7 !re seem to be two1 ,m>k vi4 #ag-bj1 xiv4 #c-i2 9 ,dr4 ,rob9son's ,engli% ,h>mony ?ree1 ii4 #ae-bb1 vi4 #ag-bj1 xiv4 #bb-gb 7consid]able v>iation74 ,( ^! passages vi4 #ag-bj 7! imprisonm5t ( ! ,bapti/7 is ! only "o ! place ( :i* all ?ree writ]s agree 9 *ang+4 ,dr4 ,lightfoot1 9 ,cont4 ,rev41 ,aug4 #ahge1 p4 #cid1 appeals to ,ang] & ,tis*5dorf 9 pro( ( ! contr>y proposition1 t ! ord] ( ,m>k _c be ma9ta9$4 ,b ,tis*5dorf's ,h>mony is bas$ on ! assumption t ,/4 ,luke's use ( ,greek3 ka!xaes pl$ges him to a *ronological ord]1 & ,ang] adopts ,griesba*'s hypo!sis t ,m>k is a compilation f ,mat!w & ,luke4 ,! rem>ks 9 ! text turn1 n ^u prec>i\s h>moni/ic results1 b ^u a simple comp>ison ( ! ?ree ,gospels4 #adi3a ,p]haps ,i %\ld expla9 t ?is 0 made by und]l9+ ! po9ts ( resemblance betwe5 ! ,gospels 9 diff]5t col\r$ p5cil & reckon+ up ! results at ! end ( ea* section4 #aec3a ,?is subject has be5 c>efully work$ out s9ce ,cr$n] by ,bleek & ,de ,wette4 ,! results w be f\nd 9 ,holtzmann1 ,synopt4 ,ev4 p4 #bei sqq4 #aed3a ,cf4 ,holtzmann1 ,die ,synoptis*5 ,evangeli51 p4 #bee sq42 ,ebr>d1 ,! ,gospel ,hi/ory 7,engl4 trans471 p4 #bdg2 ,bleek1 ,synoptis*e ,erkl>ung d] drei er/5 ,evangeli51 i4 p4 #cfg4 ,! !ory re/s ^u an acute obs]vation1 & has mu* plausibility4 #aee3a ,on ! ,canon1 p4 #aha1 n4 #b4 ,t ! ^w w be> ?is s5se appe>s /ill m decid$ly f ,dr4 ,lightfoot's rec5t inve/igations1 9 view ( :i* ! two s5t5ces t foll[ %\ld p]haps be cancell$2 see ,cont4 ,rev41 ,aug4 #ahge1 p4 #cii sqq4 #aei3a ,x w be se5 t ! argum5ts above h>dly t\* ^? ( ,dr4 ,lightfoot 9 ! ,contempor>y ,review = ,augu/ & ,octob]3 nei!r d ,dr4 ,lightfoot's argum5ts seem v mu* to affect !m4 ,! me?od ( ! "o is *iefly ext]nal1 t ( ! o!r almo/ entirely int]nal4 ,i c only = ! pres5t leave :at ,i _h writt52 b ,i d n = a mom5t suppose t ! subject is fa?om$ ev5 f ! p>ticul> /&po9t t ,i h tak54 #afb3a ,! li/s giv5 9 ,sup]natural ,religion 7ii4 p4 #b7 seem to be correct s f> z ,i am able to *eck !m4 ,9 ! second edition ( 8 "w on ! ,orig9 ( ! ,old ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 ,rits*l modifi$ 8 previ\s op9ion s f> z to admit t ! indications 7 divid$1 sometimes on ! "o side1 sometimes on ! o!r 7p4 #dea1 n4 #a74 ,!re is a seasonable w>n+ 9 ,reuss 7,ges*4 h4 ,s4 ,n4 ,t4 p4 #bed7 t ! ,tb+5 critics "h1 z else:]e1 are apt to exagg]ate ! polemical aspect ( ! writ+4 #afb3b ,x %\ld be notic$ t ,hilg5feld & ,volkm>1 ?\gh assign+ ! second place to ! ,homilies1 bo? take ! t]m9us ad quem = ?is "w no lat] ?an #ahj ,a4,d4 ,x seems t a ,syriac v]sion1 p>tly ( ! ,homilies1 p>tly ( ! ,recognitions1 exi/s 9 a ,,ms4 :i* itself 0 writt5 9 ! ye> #daa1 & be>s at t date m>ks ( transcription f a /ill e>li] copy 7cf4 ,lightfoot1 ,galatians1 p4 #cda1 n4 #a74 #afc3a ,?is table is made1 z 9 ! case ( ,ju/91 ) ! help ( ! collection ( passages 9 ! works ( ,cr$n] & ,hilg5feld4 #afg3a ,or r p]haps 'morn+ baptism4' 7,cf4 ,lightfoot1 ,colossians1 p4 #afb sqq41 :]e ! mean+ ( ! "n & ! "* & relations ( ! sect are fully discuss$74 #afh3a ,hom4 i4 #f2 ii4 #ai1 #bc2 iii4 #gc2 iv4 #a2 xiii4 #g2 xvii4 #ai4 #agj3a ,s ,tregelles expressly 7,introduction1 p4 #bdj71 aft] ,wiseman2 ,scriv5] 7,introd41 p4 #cjh7 adds 7872 ,m',clellan classes ) ',italic ,family' 7p4 lxxiii74 ,on return+ to ?is passage ,i incl9e r m def9itely to reg>d ! read+ ,greek3 ,haesai\1 f ! gr\p 9 :i* x is f\nd1 z an e>ly ,alex&r9e corruption4 ,/ill ! ,clem5t9e writ] may h _h x be=e him4 #agj3b ii4 p4 #aj sqq4 #agb3a ii4 p4 #ba4 #agb3b ,preface to ! f\r? edition ( ,canon1 p4 xxxii4 #agd3a ,evangeli51 p4 #ca4 #agd3b ,das ,m>cus-evangelium1 p4 #bhb4 #age3a ,synopt4 ,ev4 p4 #aic4 #agf3a ,das ,m>cus-evangelium1 p4 #bie4 #agh3a ,a fri5d has k9dly extract$ = me1 f ,holmes & ,p>sons1 ! au?orities = ! ,septuag9t text ( ,deut4 vi4 #d4 ,= ,greek3 s\ !re are ',con/4 ,app4 #bai1 #ced1 #cee2 ,ignat4 ,epp4 #ajd1 #aab2 ,clem4 ,al4 #fh1 #gah2 ,*rys4 i4 #dhb et saepe1 al4' ,= tuus1 ',ir54 7int471 ,t]t41 ,cypr41 ,ambr41 ,anonym4 ap4 ,aug41 ,gaud41 ,brix41 ,alii ,lat9i4' ,no au?orities = ,greek3 humon4 ,0 ! *ange fir/ introduc$ into ! text ( ! ,new ,te/am5t8 #agh3b ,s4 ,r4 ii4 p4 #be4 #agi3a ,beitrge1 i4 p4 #cbf4 #agi3b ,on ! ,canon1 p4 #bfa1 n4 #b4 #ahh3a ,hom4 #a4 9 ,lucam4 #ahi3a ,h4,e4 iv4 #g4 #ahi3b ,/rom4 iv4 #ab4 #ahi3c ,s4,r4 ii4 p4 #db4 #ahi3d ,ibid4 n4 #b2 cp4 p4 #dg4 #aij3a ,ref4 ,omn4 ,ha]4 vii1 #bg4 #aij3b ii4 p4 #de4 #aia3a ,ref4 ,omn4 ,ha]4 vii4 #bj4 #aib3a ,s4 ,r4 ii4 p4 #di4 #aig3a ,adv4 ,ha]4 i4 ,pref4 #b4 #aih3a ii4 p4 #ei4 #aii3a ,s4,r4 ii4 p4 #baa sq4 #bjj3a ,/rom4 ii4 #bj2 see ,we/cott1 ,canon1 p4 #bfi2 ,volkm>1 ,ursprung1 p4 #aeb4 #bjc3a ,adv4 ,ha]4 iii4 #aa4 #g1 #i4 #bjc3b ,ibid4 iii4 #ab4 #ab4 #bjd3a ,! correspond+ *apt] to ?is 9 ',sup]natural ,religion' has be5 consid]ably alt]$1 & inde$ 9 "p rewritt51 9 ! six? edition4 ,! au?or v k9dly s5t me a copy ( ?is aft] ! appe>ance ( my article 9 ! ,=tnightly ,review1 & ,i at once made use ( x = ! "p ( ! "w on :i* ,i 0 engag$2 b ,i regret t my att5tion 0 n direct$1 z x %\ld h be51 to ! *anges 9 ?is *apt] until x 0 too late to take q suffici5t acc\nt ( !m4 ,! argum5t1 h[ev]1 ,i ?9k ,i may say1 is n mat]ially affect$4 ,sev]al criticisms :i* ,i _h be5 l$ to make 9 ! ,=tnightly ,i n[ f9d _h be5 anticipat$1 & ^! h be5 cancell$ or a note add$ 9 ! pres5t "w2 ,i h also app5d$ to ! volume a supplem5tal note ( great] l5g? on ! recon/ruction ( ,m>cion's text1 ! only po9t on :i* ,i believe !re is really v mu* room = d\bt4 #bje3a ,see above1 p4 #hi4 #bje3b ,apol4 i4 #bf4 #bje3c ,ibid4 i4 #eh4 #bje3d ii4 p4 #hj4 #bje3e ,d] ,ursprung1 p4 #hi4 #bje3f ,cf4 ,t]tullian1 ,de ,praescript4 ,ha]et4 c4 #ch4 #bjf3a ,adv4 ,ha]4 iv4 #bg4 #b2 #ab4 #ab4 #bji3a ,das ,ev4 ,m>cion's1 pp4 #bh-ed4 ,volkm>'s view is /at$ less inadequately 9 ! six? edition ( ,s4 ,r41 b /ill n q adequately4 ,p]haps x c\ld h>dly be o!rwise :]e argum5ts t 7 orig9ally adduc$ 9 fav\r ( "o conclusion are employ$ to support its opposite4 #baj3a ,greek3 oida = ,greek3 oidas 9 ,luke xiv4 #bj4 ,cf4 ,volkm>1 p4 #df4 #baa3a ,das ,ev4 ,m>cion's1 p4 #de4 #baa3b ,ibid4 pp4 #df-dh4 #baa3c ',we h1 9 fact1 no gu>antee ( ! accuracy or tru/wor?9ess ( any ( _! /atem5ts' 7,s4,r4 ii4 p4 #ajj74 ,we h j ! rem>kable co9cid5ce spok5 ( above4 ,x does n prove t ,t]tullian did n fai?fully reproduce ! text ( ,m>cion to %[1 :i* is ! real drift ( ! argum5t on ! prec$+ page 7,s4,r4 ii4 p4 #ii71 t he _h n ! canonical ,gospel be=e him2 r x removes ! suspicion t he might h confus$ ! text ( ,m>cion's ,gospel ) ! canonical4 #bab3a ,?is table has be5 con/ruct$ f t ( ,de ,wette1 ,e9leitung1 pp4 #abc-acb1 comp>$ ) ! works ( ,volkm> & ,hilg5feld4 #bac3a3 ,s4,r4 ii4 p4 #aaj1 n4 #c4 ,! /atem5t is mi/ak5 9 reg>d to ,volkm> & ,hilg5feld4 ,bo? ^! writ]s w\ld make ,m>cion reta9 ?is passage4 ,x happ5s r oddly t ?is is "o ( ! sections on :i* ! philological evid5ce = ,/4 ,luke's au?or%ip is lea/ abundant 7see bel[74 #bae3a ,!re is direct evid5ce = ! pres5ce 9 ,m>cion's ,gospel ( ! passages relat+ to ! p]sonages "h nam$1 except ,m>?a & ,m>y2 see ,t]t4 ,adv4 ,m>c4 iv4 #ai1 #cg1 #dc4 #bag3a ,s4 ,r4 ii4 #adb sq4 #bag3b ,?is admission does n damage ! cr$it ( ,t]tullian & ,epiphanius z witnesses2 because :at we want f !m is a /atem5t ( ! facts2 ! con/ruction :i* !y put ^u ! facts is a matt] ( no importance4 #bag3c ,! omission 9 #b ,cor4 iv4 #ac mu/ be due to ,m>cion 7,epiph4 #cba c472 s probably an ins]tion 9 #a ,cor4 ix4 #h4 #bah3a ,t]t4 ,adv4 ,m>c4 v4 #af3 ',haec si ,m>cion de indu/ria erasit1' c4 ,v4 #ad3 ',salio et hic amplissimum abruptum int]cisae scripturae4' ,v4 #c3 ',o/5ditur quid supra ha]etica indu/ria eras]it1 m5tionem scilicet ,abrahae1' c4 ,cf4 ,bleek1 ,e9leitung1 p4 #acf2 ,hilg5feld1 ,evv4 ,ju/9's1 c41 p4 #dgc4 #bai3a ',anno xv4 ,tib]ii ,*ri/us ,jesus de coelo man>e dignatus e/' 7,t]t4 ,adv4 ,m>c4 i4 #ai74 #bbj3a ,i give ma9ly ! explanations ( ,volkm>1 :o1 x %\ld be rememb]$1 is ! v rev]se ( an apologi/1 indicat+ ! po9ts :]e !y seem lea/ satisfactory4 #bbj3b ,x is highly probable t _m ( ! po9ts m5tion$ by ,t]tullian & ,epiphanius z 'adult]ations' 7 simply v>i\s read+s 9 ,m>cion's ,codex2 su* w\ld be v4 #ad1 x4 #be1 xvii4 #b1 & xxiii4 #b1 :i* are directly support$ by o!r au?ority3 xi4 #b & xii4 #bh w\ld probably belong to ?is class4 ,s p]haps ! ins]tion ( iv4 #bg 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,sam>itan lep]4 ,! ph5om5on ( a transposition ( v]ses f "o "p ( a ,gospel to ano!r is n an infrequ5t "o 9 e>ly ,,mss4 #bbc3a ,die ,synoptis*5 ,evangeli51 #ahfc1 pp4 #cjb sqq4 #bbd3a ,:]e a ref]5ce is giv5 ?us 9 brackets1 x is confirmatory1 f ! "p ( ! ,gospel reta9$ by ,m>cion4 #bbi3a ,an analysis ( ! words :i* are only f\nd 9 ,/4 ,luke1 or v r>ely f\nd else:]e1 gives ! foll[+ results4--,! numb] ( words f\nd only 9 ! portion ( ! ,gospel reta9$ by ,m>cion & 9 ! ,acts is #bca2 t ( words f\nd 9 ^! reta9$ portions & n besides 9 ! ,gospels or ! two o!r ,synoptics is #eh2 & bo? ^! classes toge!r = ! portions omitt$ 9 ,m>cion's ,gospel rea* a total ( #fb1 :i* is decid$ly "u ! proportion t might h be5 expect$4 ,! li/ is dim9i%$ by a numb] ( words :i* are f\nd only 9 ! omitt$ & reta9$ portions1 furni%+ evid5ce1 z above1 t bo? proce$ f ! same h&4 #bca3a ,?is li/ has be5 made f ! valuable "w ( ,rns*1 ,das ,neue ,te/am5t ,t]tullian's1 #ahga1 & ! critical editions1 comp>$ ) ! text ( ,m>cion's ,gospel z giv5 by ,hilg5feld & ,volkm>4 #bca3b ,x might be ?\ght t ,t]tullian 0 giv+ 8 own text & n t ( ,m>cion's ,gospel1 b ?is supposition is exclud$ bo? by ! confirmation :i* he receives f ,epiphanius1 & also by ! fact1 :i* is g5]ally admitt$ 7see ,s4,r4 ii4 p4 #ajj71 t he _h n ! canonical ,luke1 b only ,m>cion's ,gospel be=e him4 #bcc3a ,see ,cr[foot1 ,obs]vations on ! ,collation 9 ,greek ( ,cureton's ,syriac ,fragm5ts ( ! ,gospels1 #ahgb1 p4 #e2 ,scriv5]1 ,introduction to ! ,criticism ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 #bnd edition1 #ahgd1 p4 #deb4 #bcc3b ,see ,scriv5]1 ,introduction1 p4 #cjg sq42 & ,dr4 ,we/cott's article on ! ',vulgate' 9 ,smi?'s ,diction>y4 ,x %\ld be notic$ t ,dr4 ,we/cott's lit]ation diff]s f t ( ,dr4 ,scriv5] & ,tregelles1 :i* has be5 adopt$ "h4 #bce3a ,cf4 ,fri$lnd]1 ,sitt5ges*i*te ,roms1 iii4 p4 #cae4 #bch3a ,see p4 #hi1 above4 #bch3b ,/rom4 iii4 #ab2 comp>e ,s4,r4 ii4 p4 #aea4 #bci3a ,greek3 ,ho m5toi ge prot]os auton ar*aegos ho ,tatianos sunapheian t9a kai sunagoga5 ouk oid' hopos ton euangelion sun!is to dia tess>on t\to prosonomas91 ho kai p>a tis9 eiseti nun ph]etai4 ,h4 ,e4 iv4 #bi4 #bci3b ,beitrge1 i4 p4 #dda4 #bdj3a ,ha]4 #cia ,d 7xlvi4 #a74 #bdj3b ,greek3 ,outos kai to dia tess>on kal\m5on sunte!ik5 euangelion1 tas te g5ealogias p]ikopsas1 kai ta alla1 hosa ek sp]matos ,dabid kata sorka g55naem5on ton ,kurion deiknus94 ,e*raesanto de t\to ou monon oi taes eke9\ summorias1 alla kai oi t\s apo/olikois epom5oi dogmasi1 ta5 taes sun?aekaes kak\rgian ouk egnokotes1 all' apl\/]on hos suntomo to biblio *raesam5oi4 ,euron de kago plei\s ae diakosias bibl\s toiautas en tais p>' haem9 ekklaesiois tetimaem5as1 kai pasas sunagagan ape!ma51 kai ta ton tett>on euangeli/on anteisaegagon euangelia 7,ha]et4 ,fab4 i4 #bj1 quot$ by ,cr$n]1 ,beitrge1 i4 p4 #ddb74 #bdj3c ,see ,s4,r4 ii4 p4 #ae4 #bda3a ,s4,r4 ii4 p4 #afb2 comp>e ,cr$n]1 ,beitrge1 i4 p4 #ddf sqq4 #bda3b ,adv4 ,ha]4 iii4 #aa4 #h4 #bda3c ,beit4 i4 p4 #ddc4 #bda3d ,may n ,tatian h giv5 8 "n to a collection ( mat]ials begun1 us$1 & left 9 a m or less advanc$ /age ( compilation1 by ,ju/98 ,h[ev]1 we c really d little m ?an note ! resemblance3 any !ory we may =m mu/ be purely conjectural4 #bdb3a ,greek3 ,epi/olas g> adelphon axiosanton me grapsai eg>apsa4 ,kai tautas oi t\ diabolon apo/oloi zizanion gegemikan1 ha m5 exair\ntes1 ha de pro/i!ntes4 ,ois to ouai keitai4 ,ou ?auma/on ara1 ei kai ton kuriakon rhadi\rgaesai t9es epibebla5tai graphon1 hopote tais ou toiautais epibeb\leukasi4 ,h4,e4 iv4 #bc 7,r\?1 ,rel4 ,sac4 i4 p4 #aha74 #bdc3a ,greek3 ,allae d' epi/olae tis aut\ pros ,nikoma$eas ph]etai en hae ta5 ,m>kionos aires9 polemon to taes alae!ias p>i/atai kanoni4 ,h4,e4 iv4 #bc4 #bdd3a ,greek3 ,akribos ma?on ta taes palaias dia?aekaes ,biblia1 hipotaxas epempsa soi4 ,euseb4 ,h4,e4 iv4 #bf 7,r\?1 ,rel4 ,sac4 i4 p4 #aai74 #bde3a ,we/cott1 ,on ! ,canon1 p4 #bja4 #bde3b ii4 p4 #agg4 #bde3c ,adv4 ,m>c4 iv4 #a 7cf4 ,rns*1 ,das neue ,te/am5t ,t]tullian's1 p4 #dh71 'duo deos divid5s1 pro9de div]sos1 alt]um alt]ius in/rum5ti--vel1 quod magis usui e/ dic]e1 te/am5ti4' #bdf3a ,greek3 ,eisi to9un hoi di' hagnoian philoneik\si p]i t\ton1 sungno/on pragma pepon?otes agnoia g> ou kataegorian anade*etai1 alla dida*aes prosdeitai4 ,kai leg\s9 hoti tae id' to probaton meta ton ma?aeton ephag5 ho ,kurios tae de meali] haem]a ton azumon autos epa!n2 kai diaeg\ntai ,mat?aion outo lege9 hos n5oaekas92 ho!n asumphonos te nomo hae noaesis auton1 kai /asiaze9 dokei kat' aut\s ta euangelia4 ,*ron4 ,pas*4 9 ,r\?1 ,rel4 ,sac4 i4 p4 #afj4 #bdg3a ,s4 ,r4 ii4 p4 #ahh sqq4 ,! ref]5ce to ,r\? is giv5 on p4 #ahh1 n4 #a2 t to ,l>dn] 9 ! same note %\ld1 ,i believe1 be ii4 p4 #caf1 n p4 #bif4 #bdg3b ,rel4 ,sac4 i4 p4 #afg4 #bdi3a ,! quotations f ,a!nagoras are transcrib$ f ',sup]natural ,religion' & ,l>dn] 7,cr$ibility c41 ii4 p4 #aie sq474 ,i h n access to ! orig9al "w4 #bea3a ,cr$ibility c41 ii4 p4 #afa4 #beb3a ,ep4 ,vi54 et ,lugd4 #c 79 ,r\?1 ,rel4 ,sac4 i4 p4 #big74 #beb3b ,s4,r4 ii4 p4 #bjc2 ,evv4 ,ju/9's u4s4w4 p4 #aee4 #bed3a ,wann wurd5 u4s4w4 p4 #dh sq4 #bed3b ,ursprung1 p4 #acj2 ,s4,r4 ii4 p4 #bbb4 #bee3a ,cf4 ,cr$n]1 ,beitrge1 ii4 p4 #bed4 #bef3a ,adv4 ,ha]4 i4 ,praef4 #b4 #beg3a ,/rom4 iv4 #i4 #beg3b ,greek3 ,ton ,oual5t9\ legom5on e9ai gnorimon ,ha]akle\na 444 ,orig51 ,comm4 9 ,joh4 ii4 p4 #fj 7quot$ by ,volkm>1 ,ursprung1 p4 #abg74 #bei3a ',9 affirm+ t ^! quotations are tak5 f ! ,gospel accord+ to ,/4 ,mat!w apologi/s exhibit _! usual arbitr>y ha/e1' c4 ,s4,r4 ii4 p4 #bbd4 #bfj3a ,celsus' ,wahres ,wort1 ,zuri*1 #ahgc4 ,= :at foll[s1 see especially p4 #bfa sqq4 #bfc3a ,keim1 ,celsus' ,wahres ,wort1 p4 #bfb4 #bfc3b ,ibid4 p4 #bbh sq42 ,volkm>1 ,ursprung1 p4 #hj4 #bfc3c ,! text ( ?is docum5t is pr9t$ 9 full by ,r\?1 ,rel4 ,sac4 i4 pp4 #cid-cif2 ,we/cott1 ,on ! ,canon1 p4 #dhg sqq42 ,hilg5feld1 ,d] ,kanon und die ,kritik des ,n4,t4 ad p4 #dj1 n42 ,cr$n]1 ,ges*i*te des ,n\te/am5tli*5 ,kanon1 ed4 ,volkm>1 p4 #aec sqq41 c4 #bfd3a ,see h[ev] ,dr4 ,lightfoot 9 ,cont4 ,rev41 ,oct4 #ahge1 p4 #hcg4 #bfe3a ,ursprung1 p4 #bh4 #bfe3b ii4 p4 #bde4 #bff3a ,cf4 ,cr$n]1 ,ges*4 des ,kanon1 p4 #afg4 #bff3b ,s4,r4 ii4 p4 #bda4 #bfg3a ,quot$ 9 ,s4,r4 ii4 p4 #bdg4 #bfi3a ,adv4 ,ha]4 ii1 #bb4 #e1 iii4 #c4d4 #bgj3a ,ges*i*te ,jesu von ,naz>a1 i4 pp4 #ada-adc4 #bgc3a ,ges*i*te ,jesu von ,naz>a4 i4 pp4 #adc1 #add4 #bgc3b ,on ! ,canon1 p4 #ahb sqq4 #bge3a ,greek3 ,ou* ha$omai trophae ph?oras1 oude ha$onais t\ bi\ t\t\4 ,arton ,!\ !lo1 arton ouranion1 arton zoaes1 hos e/9 s>x ,iaes\ ,*ri/\ t\ ,hui\ t\ ,!\ t\ g5om5\ en hu/]o ek sp]matos ,dabid kai ,abraam2 kai poma ,!\ !lo to haima a\t\1 ho e/9 agapae aph?>tos kai a5naos zoae4 ,ep4 ad ,rom4 c4 vii4 #bge3b ,greek3 ,alla to ,pneuma ou planatai1 apo ,!\ on2 oid5 g> po!n er*etai kai p\ hupagei1 kai ta drupta el5*e4 ,ep4 ad ,philad4 c4 vii4 #bgf3a ,cf4 ,lipsius 9 ,s*5kel's ,bibel-,lexicon1 i4 p4 #ih4 #bgg3a ,! second & ?ird ,epi/les /& ^u a some:at diff]5t foot+4 #bgg3b ,cf4 ,s4,r4 ii4 p4 #bfi4 #bgh3a ,s4,r4 ii p4 #cbc4 #bgh3b ,ges*i*te ,jesu von ,naz>a1 i4 p4 #ach sq4 #bhj3a ,cf4 ,s4,r4 ii4 p4 #cjb4 #bhj3b ,s ,dial4 c4 ,tryph4 #fi2 9 ,apol4 i4 #bb ! ,,mss4 ( ,ju/9 read ,greek3 pona]\s1 :i* might /&1 ?\gh "s editors sub/itute or pref] ,greek3 pa]\s4 ,9 bo? quotations ,greek3 ek g5etaes is add$4 ,! ne>e/ p>allel 9 ! ,synoptics is ,m>k ix4 #ba1 ,greek3 ek paidio!n 7( ! p>alytic boy74 #bhj3c ,wann wurd5 u4 s4 w4 p4 #cd4 #bhc3a ii4 p4 #cjh4 ,has ! au?or p]haps misund]/ood ,cr$n] 7,beit4 i4 p4 #bec71 ^: argum5t on ?is head is n inde$ q cle>8 #bhc3b ,! ,new ,te/am5t c41 i4 p4 #gji4 #bhd3a ,see ,apol4 i4 #bc1 #cb1 #fc2 ii4 #aj4 #bhd3b ,greek3 ,hae de protae dunamis meta ton pat]a panton kai despota5 ,!on kai uios ho logos e/94 ,?is is n q rightly translat$ by ,tis*5dorf & 9 ',sup]natural ,religion3' ,greek3 uios1 l ,greek3 dunamis1 is a pr$icate2 '! next ,p[] :o also /&s 9 ! relation ( ,son4' #bhe3a ,prov4 viii4 #bb-bd1 #bg1 #cj4 #bhe3b ,wisd4 vii4 #be1 #bf2 viii4 #a1 #d4 #bhf3a ,ecclus4 xxiv4 #i4 #bhf3b ,wisd4 ix4 #a1 #b2 xvi4 #ab2 xviii4 #ae4 #bhg3a ,cf4 ,lipsius 9 ,s4 ,b4 ,l4 i4 p4 #ie sqq4 #bhh3a ,d] ,kanon und die ,kritik des ,n4 ,t4 7,halle1 #ahfc71 p4 #bi2 ,e9leitung1 ,p4 #dc1 n4 #bhh3b ,d] ,ursprung uns]] ,evangeli51 p4 #fc4 #bhh3c ii4 p4 #cdf4 #bij3a ,s4 ,r4 ii4 p4 #cdj4 #bic3a ,! =ce ( ! article 7,greek3 t\ pa]\7 %\ld be notic$1 z %[+ t ! incid5t 7& !re=e ! ,gospel7 is assum$ to be well kn[n4 #bic3b ,s4,r4 ii4 p4 #cda4 #bie3a ,tis*5dorf1 ,wann wurd51 p4 #dj2 ,we/cott1 ,canon1 p4 #hj4 #bif3a ii4 p4 #ceg sqq4 #big3a ,adv4 ,ha]4 ,v4 #cf4 #a1 #b4 #big3b ,s4 ,r4 ii4 p4 #cbi4 #bih3a ,advanc$ by ,r\? 7or r ,feu>d5tius 9 8 notes on ,ir5aeus2 cf4 ,rel4 ,sac4 i4 p4 #ca71 & adopt$ by ,tis*5dorf & ,dr4 ,we/cott4 ,! id5tification has s9ce be5 ably & elaborately ma9ta9$ by ,dr4 ,lightfoot2 see ,cont4 ,rev4 ,oct4 #ahge1 p4 #hda sqq4 #bih3b ,x is n necess>y "h to det]m9e ! s5se 9 :i* ^! words are to be tak54 ,i _h else:]e giv5 my reasons = tak+ ,greek3 er*om5on ) ,greek3 an?ropon1 z ,a4 ,v4 7,f\r? ,gospel1 p4 #f1 n474 ,mr4 ,m',clellan is n[ to be add$ to ! numb] ( ^? :o pref] to take x ) ,greek3 phos1 & argues ably 9 fav\r ( 8 op9ion4 #bii3a ,! translation ( ?is difficult passage has be5 left on purpose some:at baldly lit]al4 ,! idea seems to be t ,basilides refus$ to accept projection or emanation z a hypo!sis to acc\nt = ! exi/5ce ( creat$ ?+s4 ,comp>e ,mansel1 ,gno/4 ,h]4 p4 #adh4 #cja3a ,adv4 ,ha]44 iii4 #aa4 #g4 #cjb3a ,ha]4 #baf-bbb4 #cjb3b ,x %\ld h[ev] be notic$ t ^! words are giv5 only 9 ! old ,lat9 translation ( ,ir5aeus & are want+ 9 ! ,greek z pres]v$ by ,epiphanius4 ,:e!r ! words 7 accid5tally omitt$1 or :e!r !y 7 ins]t$ inf]5tially1 = great] cle>ness1 by ! translator1 x is h>d to say4 ,9 any case ! be>+ ( ! quotations mu/ be v mu* ! same4 ,if n made by ,ptolemaeus himself1 !y 7 made by a contempor>y ( ,ptolemaeus1 i4e4 at lea/ by a writ] ant]ior to ,ir5aeus4 #cjb3c ,adv4 ,ha]4 ii4 #d4 #a2 cf4 ,s4,r4 ii4 p4 #baa sq4 #cjb3d ,! some:at copi\s fragm5ts ( ,h]acleon's ,comm5t>y are giv5 9 ,/i]5's edition ( ,ir5aeus1 p4 #ich sqq4 ,orig5 says t ,h]acleon read ',be?any' 9 ,john i4 #bh 7,m',clellan1 i4 p4 #gjh74 #cje3a ii4 p4 #cgh4 #cjf3a ,s4,r4 ii4 p4 #cgi4 #cjg3a ,!re is also p]haps a probable ref]5ce to ,/4 ,john 9 ,section #f1 ,greek3 taes aionioi paegaes t\ hudatos taes zoaes t\ exiontos ek taes na$uos t\ ,*ri/\4 #cjg3b ,celsus' ,wahres ,wort1 p4 #bbi4 #cjh3a ,greek3 ho ta5 hagian pleuran ekk5tae!is1 ho ek*eas ek taes pleuras aut\ ta duo pal9 ka?>sia1 hudor kai aima1 logon kai pneuma4 ,see ,r\?1 ,rel4 ,sac4 i4 p4 #afa4 #cjh3b ,l>dn]1 ,cr$ibility1 c41 ii4 p4 #aif4 #cae3a ,tregelles 9 ,horne's ,introduction1 p4 #ccd4 #cae3b ,adv4 ,ha]4 iii4 #aa4 #h4 #caf3a ,adv4 ,ha]4 iii4 #a4 #a4 #cag3a ,see ,l>dn]1 ,cr$ibility1 c41 ii4 pp4 #bbc1 #bbd1 & ,eus4 ,h4,e4 ii4 #ae 7#ad ,l>dn]74 #cag3b ,comp>e ,h4,e4 ii4 #ae & vi4 #ad4 #cag3c ,h4,e4 vi4 #ad4 #cag3d ,/rom4 iii4 #ac4 #cah3a ,= ! mean+ ( ?is ^w 7's*riftli*e ,beweisurkunde'7 see ,rns*1 ,das ,n4,t4 ,t]tullian's1 p4 #dh4 #cah3b ,adv4 ,m>c4 iv4 #b4 #cah3b ,ibid4 iv4 #e4 #cah3d ,ibid4 v4 #i4 #cah3e ,ibid4 iv4 #b-e2 comp>e v4 #i1 & ,rns*1 pp4 #ec1 #ed4 #cai3a ,eus4 ,h4,e4 vi4 #be4 #cai3b ,see ,m',clellan on ,luke i4 #a-d4 ,on ! g5]al position ( ,orig5 9 reg>d to ! ,canon1 comp>e ,hilg5feld1 ,kanon1 p4 #di4 #cbj3a ,s ,we/cott 9 ,s4,d4 iii4 #afib1 n4 ,tregelles1 9 ,horne's ,introduction1 p4 #ccc1 speaks ( ?is translation z 'coeval1 app>5tly1 ) ,ir5aeus himself4' ,we mu/ n1 h[ev]1 omit to notice t ,rns* 7p4 #dc1 n47 is m res]v$ 9 8 v]dict on ! gr\nd t ! translation ( ,ir5aeus '9 its peculi>ities & 9 its relation to ,t]tullian has n yet receiv$ a ?or\gh inve/igation2' comp>e ,hilg5feld1 ,e9leitung1 p4 #gig4 #cbj3b ,rns*1 ,das ,n4,t4 ,t]tullian's1 p4 #dc4 #cba3a ,rns*1 ,itala und ,vulgata1 pp4 #b1 #c4 #cba3b ,horne's ,introduction1 p4 #bcc4 #cba3c ,introduction 7#bnd ed471 pp4 #cjj1 #cjb1 #dej1 #deb4 #cba3d iii4 p4 #afij b4 #cbb3a ,hilg5feld1 9 8 rec5t ,e9leitung1 says expressly 7p4 #gig7 t '! ,new ,te/am5t _h already 9 ! second c5tury be5 translat$ into ,lat94' ,?is admission is n affect$ by ! argum5t :i* foll[s1 :i* goes to prove t ! v]sion us$ by ,t]tullian 0 n ! ',itala' prop]ly s call$4 #cbb3b ,see ,smi?'s ,diction>y1 iii4 p4 #afcj b4 #cbb3c ,introduction1 p4 #bgd4 #cbb3d ,see ,r\?1 ,rel4 ,sac4 i4 pp4 #abd & #aeb4 #cbc3a ,see ,scriv5]1 loc4 cit4 #cbc3b ,see ,new ,te/am5t1 c41 i4 p4 #fce4 #cbc3c ,s4,d4 iii4 p4 #afcd b4 #cbd3a ,e9leitung 9 das ,neue ,te/am5t1 p4 #gbd4 #cbd3b ,ges*i*te d] heilig5 ,s*rift5 ,neu5 ,te/am5ts1 p4 #cjb4 #cbd3c ,e9leitung1 p4 #hjd4 #cbd3d ,see ,tregelles1 loc4 cit4 #cbd3e ,cf4 ,hilg5feld1 ,e9leitung1 p4 #hje4 ,x h>dly seems cle> t ,orig5 _h no ,,ms4 au?ority = 8 read+4 #cbd3f ,introduction1 p4 #ecj4 ,b ,greek3 oupo is admitt$ into ! text by ,we/cott & ,hort4 #cbd3g ',! text ( ! ,curetonian ,gospels is 9 itself a suffici5t pro( ( ! extreme antiquity ( ! ,syriac ,v]sion4 ,?is1 z has be5 already rem>k$1 (f]s a /rik+ resemblance to t ( ! ,old ,lat91 & _c be lat] ?an ! middle or close ( ! second c5tury4 ,x w\ld be difficult to po9t out a m int]e/+ subject = criticism ?an ! respective relations ( ! ,old ,lat9 & ,syriac ,v]sions to ! ,lat9 & ,syriac ,vulgates4 ,b at pres5t x is almo/ unt\*$4' ,we/cott1 ,on ! ,canon 7#crd ed471 p4 #bah1 n4 #c4 #cbe3a ,see ,scriv5]'s ,introduction1 p4 #cbd4 #cbe3b ,cf4 ,bleek1 ,e9leitung1 p4 #gce2 ,reuss1 ,ges*4 ,n4,t4 p4 #ddg4 #cbf3a ,?is is ! date commonly accept$ s9ce ,massuet1 ,diss4 9 ,ir5aeum1 ii4 #a4 #b4 ,grabe _h previ\sly plac$ ! date 9 ,a4,d4 #ajh1 ,dodwell z e>ly z ,a4,d4 #ig 7(4 ,/i]51 ,ir5aeus1 ii4 pp4 #cb1 #cd1 #ahb74 #cbf3b ,r\?1 ,rel4 ,sac4 i4 p4 #cjf4 #cbg3a ,eus4 ,h4,e4 v4 #aa1 vi4 #f4 ,eusebius1 9 81 ',*ronicle1' speaks ( ,clem5t z em95t = 8 writ+s 7,greek suntatton dielamp57 9 ,a4,d4 #aid4 #cbg3b ,! books call$ ',/romateis' or ',miscellanies' date f ?is reign4 ,h4,e4 vi4 #f4 #cbg3c ,/romateis1 i4 #a4 #cbg3d ,adv4 ,m>c4 iv4 #e4 #cbg3e ,de ,praescript4 ,ha]et4 c4 #cf2 see ,scriv5]1 ,introduction1 p4 #ddf4 #cbh3a pp4 #dej1 #dea4 #cbh3b p4 #deb4 ,^! facts may be held to %[ t ! books 7 n reg>d$ ) ! same v5]ation z n[4 #cbi3a v4 #cj4 #a4 #ccj3a ,adv4 ,ha]4 iii4 #aa4 #h4 #ccj3b ,ib4 iii4 #ad4 #b4 #cca3a ,cf4 ,adv4 ,ha]4 iv4 #ac4 #a4 #ccb3a ,! v>ieties ( read+ 9 ?is v]se are exhibit$ 9 full by ,dr4 ,we/cott1 ,on ! ,canon1 p4 #abj1 notes #d & #e4 #ccf3a ,matt4 v4 #bh is omitt$ z too ambigu\s & confus+1 ?\gh x is especially important = ! po9t 9 "q z %[+ t ,t]tullian himself _h a v>iety ( ,,mss4 be=e him4 #ccf3b ,/4 ,mat!w's ,gospel is want+ 9 ?is ,,ms4 to xxv4 #f2 two leaves are also lo/1 f ,john vi4 #ej to viii4 #eb4 #cdf3a ,/rom4 ii4 #bj4 #cdg3a ,9 a volume entitl$ ,! ,au?or%ip & ,hi/orical ,"* ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 ,macmillan1 #ahgb4 ,i may say ) ref]5ce to ?is book--a 'fir/l+' ( !ological /udy-- t ,i am incl9$ n[ to ?9k t ,i exagg]at$ some:at ! importance ( m9ute details z an evid5ce ( ! "w ( an eye-witness4 ,! :ole ( ! argum5ts1 h[ev]1 summ>is$ on pp4 #bhg-bic seem to me to be /ill p]fectly valid & s\nd1 & ! great] "p ( !m--notably t :i* relates to ! ,messianic expectations--is q unt\*$ by ',sup]natural ,religion4' #cdh3a ,x is in/ructive to comp>e ! canons elaborately drawn up by ,mr4 ,m',clellan 7,n4,t4 i4 #cge-chi7 ) ^? tacitly assum$ 9 ',sup]natural ,religion4' ,! inf]5ce 9 ! "o case seems to be 'possible1 !re=e true1' 9 ! o!r1 'n probable1 or n confirm$1 !re=e false4' ,surely nei!r ( ^! tallies ) exp]i5ce4 #ceb3a ,?is1 p]haps1 is "o t is apt to be ov]look$4 ,9 ord] to be q sure t ! process ( analysis is complete x mu/ be supplem5t$ & v]ifi$ by ! rev]s$ process ( syn!sis4 ,if a comp\nd has be5 resolv$ into its elem5ts1 we _c be sure t x has be5 resolv$ into all its elem5ts until ! orig9al comp\nd has be5 produc$ by _! recomb9ation4 ,:]e ?is second rev]se process fails1 ! inf]5ce is t "s unkn[n elem5t :i* 0 orig9ally pres5t has escap$ 9 ! analysis4 ,! analysis may be true z f> z x goes1 b x is incomplete4 ,! causes are 'v]ae causae1' b !y are n all ! causes 9 op]ation4 ,s x seems to be ) ! analysis ( ! vital organism4 ,we may be said to "k entirely :at air & wat] are because ! *emi/ c produce !m1 b we only "k v imp]fectly ! nature ( life & w & consci5ce1 because :5 ! physiological analysis has be5 c>ri$ z f> z x w g !re /ill rema9s a l>ge unkn[n elem5t4 ,)9 ?is elem5t may v well reside ^? di/9ctive prop]ties :i* make man 7z ! morali/ is oblig$ to assume t he is7 a responsible & religi\s be+4 ,! hypo!ses :i* lie at ! root ( morals & religion are d]iv$ f ano!r s\rce ?an physiology1 b physiology does n exclude !m1 & w n d s until x gives a f> m v]ifiably complete acc\nt ( human nature ?an x does at pres5t4 #ced3a ,mr4 ,br[n+ has express$ ?is ) 8 usual incisiv5ess & p5etration3-- ',i he> y recomm5d1 ,i might at lea/ ,elim9ate1 decrassify my fai? 444 ,/ill1 :5 y bid me purify ! same1 ,to su* a process ,i disc]n no end1 ,cle>+ (f "o excresc5ce to see two2 ,!re's ev] a next 9 size1 n[ gr[n z big1 ,t meets ! knife3 ,i cut & cut aga96 ,fir/ cut ! liquefaction1 :at comes la/ ,b ,fi*te's clev] cut at ,god himself8' ,b also1 on ! o!r h&3-- ',:]e's ,! ga98 h[ c we gu>d our unbelief8 ,j :5 we are safe/1 !re's a sunset-t\*1 ,a fancy f a fl[]-bell1 "s "o's dea?1 ,a *orus end+ f ,euripides1-- ,& t's en\gh = fifty hopes & fe>s1 ,z old & new at once z ,nature's self1 ,to rap & knock & ent] 9 our s\l 444 ,all we h ga9$ !n by our unbelief ,is a life ( d\bt div]sifi$ by fai?1 ,= "o ( fai? div]sifi$ by d\bt3 ,we call$ ! *ess-bo>d :ite1--we call x black4' ,bi%op ,blongram's ,apology4 #cei3a ,z to ! defects ( ! pres5t edition1 see ,tis*5dorf1 ,prolegom5a to ,vetus ,te/am5tum ,graece juxta ,,lxx ,int]pretes1 p4 liii3 ',eae v]o 7collationes7 quemadmodum 9 editis hab5tur non modo univ]sae gravit] diff]unt int] se fide atque accuratione1 s$ ad ipsos pr9cipales te/es tam neglig5t] tamque male factae sunt ut etiam atque etiam dol5dum sit tantos numos r>a lib]alitate p] ,angliam supp$itatos criticae sacrae p>um pr(uisse4' ,simil>ly ,cr$n]1 9 reg>d to ! use ( ! ,codex ,alex&r9us1 ,beitrge1 ii4 #af3 ',wahrhaft unbegreifli* und unv]zeihli* i/ es1 dass die ,h]ausgeb] d] ko/b>5 ,kritis*5 ,ausgabe d] ,,lxx1 wel*] zu ,ox=d vor w5ig5 ,jahr5 voll5det und von ,holmes und ,p>sons besorgt word5 i/1 /att c9e sorgfltige ,v]glei*ung des 9 ,london aufbewahrt5 ,cod4 ,alex4 zu v]an/alt51 si* l$igli* auf die ,ausgabe von ,grabe bes*rnkt hab51 dess5 ,kritik vielfa* ni*t e9mal v]/&5 word5 i/4' ,,app5dix4 ,,supplem5tal ,,note ,,on ,,! ,,recon/ruction ,,( ,,m>cion',s ,,gospel4 ,if ! read] %\ld happ5 to possess ! "w ( ,rns*1 ,das ,neue ,te/am5t ,t]tullian's1 to :i* allusion has frequ5tly be5 made above1 & w simply glance ov] ! pages1 not+ ! ref]5ces1 f ,luke iv4 #af to ! end ( ! ,gospel1 ,i d n ?9k he w ne$ any o!r pro( ( ! suffici5cy ( ! gr\nds = ! recon/ruction ( ,m>cion's ,gospel1 s z at lea/ to admit ( a decision z to :e!r x 0 our pres5t ,/4 ,luke or n4 ,fail+ ?is1 x may be well to give a brief example ( ! k9d ( data available1 go+ back /raight to ! orig9al au?orities !mselves4 ,= ?is purpose we w take ! fir/ *apt] t ,m>cion pres]v$ entire1 ,luke v1 & set =? 9 full su* fragm5ts ( x z h come d[n to u4 ,we take up ! argum5t ( ,t]tullian at ! po9t :]e he beg9s to treat ( ?is *apt]4 ,9 ! f\r? book ( ! treatise aga9/ ,m>cion ,t]tullian beg9s by deal+ ) ! ,anti!ses 7a sort ( criticism by ,m>cion on :at he reg>d$ z ! ,judais+ portions ( ! ,canonical ,gospel71 & !n1 9 g5]al t]ms1 ) ! actual ,gospel :i* ,m>cion us$4 ,f ! g5]al he desc5ds to ! p>ticul>1 & 9 c4#f ,t]tullian pl$ges himself to %[ 9 detail1 t ev5 9 ^? p>ts ( ! ,gospel :i* ,m>cion reta9$ !re 0 en\gh to refute 8 own sy/em4 ,m>cion's ,gospel began ) ! desc5t ( ,jesus ^u ,cap]naum 9 ! fifte5? ye> ( ,tib]ias4 ,t]tullian makes po9ts out ( ?is1 also f ! acc\nt ( ,8 prea*+ 9 ! synagogue & ( ! expulsion ( ! devil4 ,aft] ?is incid5t ,m>cion's ,gospel repres5t$ our ,"l z retir+ into solitude4 ,x did ?is z x w\ld appe> 9 words v simil> to ^? ( ! ,canonical ,gospel4 ,i place side by side ! language ( ,t]tullian ) t ( ! ,vulgate 7,codex ,fuld5sis1 z giv5 by ,tregelles74 ,i h also comp>$ ! translation 9 ! two codd41 ,v]cell5sis & ,v]on5sis1 ( ! ,old ,lat9 9 ,bian*9i's edition4 ,x w be rememb]$ h[ev] t ,t]tullian is admitt$ to h ,m>cion's 7& n ! ,canonical7 ,gospel be=e him1 & he probably translates directly f t4 ,9 solitud9em proc$it4444 ,det5tus a turbis3 ,oportet me1 inquit1 el aliis civitatibus annunti>e regnum dei4 ,luke v4 #db1 #dc3 ,ibat 9 des]tum s]tum locum 444 et det9ebant illum ne disc$]et ab eis4 ,quibus ille ait quia1 ,et aliis civitatibus oportet me evangeliz>e regnum dei4 ,8 discussion ( ! fif? *apt] ,t]tullian beg9s by ask+ :y1 out ( all possible occupations1 ,*ri/ %\ld h fix$ ^u t ( fi%+1 to take f !nce ,8 apo/les1 ,simon & ! sons ( ,zeb$ee4 ,!re 0 a mean+ 9 ! act :i* appe>s 9 ! reply to ,pet]1 ',?\ %alt cat* m51' :]e !re is a ref]5ce to a prophecy ( ,j]emiah 7*4 xvi4 #af74 ,by ?is allusion ,jesus sanction$ ^? v prophecies :i* ,m>cion reject$4 ,9 ! end ! fi%]m5 left _! boats & foll[$ ,him4 ,de tot g5]ibus op]um quid utique ad piscaturam respexit ut1 ab illa 9 apo/olos sum]et ,simonem et filios ,zeb$aei 444 dic5s ,petro trepidanti de copiosa indag9e piscium3 ne "t abh9c enum hom9es eris capi5s4444 ,d5ique relictis naviculis secuti sunt ipsum444 ,luke v4 #a-aa3a ,factum e/ autem cum turbae irru]eut 9 eum et ipse /abat secus /agnum ,g5nes>e?3#b et vidit duas naves4444#c ,asc5d5s 9 unam navem quae erat ,simonis444#d dixit ad ,simonem1 ,duc 9 altum1 et laxate retia ve/ra 9 capturam4 #f;,et cum hoc feciss5t conclus]unt piscium multitud9em copiosam4444 #g;,et implev]unt ambas naviculas ita ut m]g]5tur4 #h,quod cum vid]et ,simon ,petrus1 procidit ad g5ua ,jesu4444 #i,/upor enim circumd$]at eum 444 #ajsimilit] autem ,jacobum et ,johannem filios ,zeb$aei4444 ,et ait ad ,simonem ,jesus1 ,noli tim]e1 ex hoc jam hom9es eris capi5s4 #aa;,et subductis ad t]ram navibus relictis omnibus secuti sunt illum4 ,= ,noli tim]e c41 cod4 a has1 ,noli tim]e1 jam amodo eris vivificans hom9es2 cod4 b1 ,nol4 tim41 ex hoc jam eris hom9es vivificans4 ,9 pass+ to ! incid5t ( ! lep]1 ,t]tullian argues t ! prohibition ( contact ) a lep] 0 figurative1 apply+ really to ! contact ) s94 ,b ! ,godhead is incapable ( pollution1 & !re=e ,jesus t\*$ ! lep]4 ,x w\ld be 9 va9 = ,m>cion to sugge/ t ?is 0 done 9 contempt ( ! law4 ,=1 ^u 8 own 7,docetic7 !ory1 ! body ( ,jesus 0 phantasmal1 & !re=e c\ld n receive pollution3 s t !re w\ld be no real contact or contempt ( ! law4 ,nei!r1 z ,m>cion ma9ta9$1 did a comp>ison ) ! miracle ( ,eli%a t5d to ! disp>agem5t ( t prophet4 ,true1 ,*ri/ heal$ ) a ^w4 ,s also ) a ^w _h ! ,creator made ! _w4 ,&1 aft] all1 ! ^w ( ,*ri/ produc$ no great] result ?an a riv] :i* came f ! ,creator's h&s4 ,fur!r1 ! comm& ( ,jesus to ! lep] :5 heal$1 %[$ ,8 desire t ! law %\ld be fulfill$4 ,nay1 ,he add$ an explanation :i* convey$ t ,he 0 n come to de/roy ! law1 b ,himself to fulfil x4 ,?is ,he did delib]ately1 & n f m]e indulg5ce to ! man1 :o1 ,he knew1 w\ld wi% to d z ! law requir$4 ,argum5tatur 444 9 leprosi purgationem 444 ,tetigit leprosum 444 ,et hoc opponit ,m>cion 444 ,*ri/um 444 v]bo solo1 et hoc semel functo1 curationem /atim repraes5tasse4 ,quantam ad gloriae humanae av]sionem p]t9ebat1 vetuit eum divulg>e4 ,quantum autem ad tutelam legis jussit ord9em impl]i4 ,vade1 o/5de te sac]doti1 et (f] munus quod praecepit ,moyses4444 ,itaque adjecit3 ut sit vobis 9 te/imonium4 ,luke v4 #ab-ad3 #ab ,ecce vir pl5us lepra3 et vid5s ,jesum 444 rogavit eum dic5s1 ,dom9e1 si vis1 potes me mund>e4 #ac ,et ext5d5s manum tetigit illum dic5s1 ,volo1 mund>e4 ,et confe/im lepra discessit ab illo4 #ad ,et ipse praecepit illi ut nem9i dic]et1 s$ ,vade o/5de te sac]doti1 et (f] pro emundatione tua sicut praecepit ,moses1 9 te/imonium illis4 ,= emundatione 9 v]4 #ad1 a has purgatione2 b z ,vulg4 ,bo? a & b h ! =m (f]s 7see ,rns*1 ,x4 u4 ,vulg4 p4 #bid71 b ! plural sac]dotibus4 ,bo? codd4 h a v>iation simil> to t ( ,m>cion1 ut sit etc42 a ins]ts hoc4 ,next foll[s ! heal+ ( ! p>alytic1 :i* 0 done 9 fulfilm5t ( ,is4 xxxv4 #b4 ,! miracle also itself 9 its details 0 a special & exact fulfilm5t ( ! prophecy conta9$ 9 ! next v]se1 ,is4 xxxv4 #c4 ,t ! ,messiah %\ld =give s9s _h be5 repeat$ly prophesi$1 e4g4 9 ,is4 liii4 #ab1 i4 #ah1 ,micah vii4 #ah4 ,n only 7 ^! prophecies ?us actually sanction$ by ,*ri/1 b1 9 =giv+ ! s9s ( ! p>alytic1 ,he 0 only do+ :at ! ,creator or ,demiurge _h done be=e ,him4 ,9 pro( ( ?is ,t]tullian appeals to ! examples ( ! ,n9evites1 ( ,david & ,na?an1 ( ,ahab1 ( ,jona?an ! son ( ,saul1 & ( ! *os5 p !mselves4 ,?us ,m>cion 0 d\bly refut$1 because ! pr]ogative ( =giv5ess 0 ass]t$ ( ! ,messiah 9 ! prophecies :i* he reject$ & attribut$ to ! ,creator :om he d5i$4 ,9 l mann]1 :5 ,jesus call$ ,himself ! ',son ( ,man1' ,he did s 9 a real s5se1 signify+ t ,he 0 really born ( a virg94 ,?is appellation too _h be5 appli$ to ,him by ! prophet ,daniel4 7,dan4 vii4 #ac1 iii4 #be74 ,b if ,jesus claim$ to be ! ,son ( ,man1 if1 /&+ be=e ! ,jews z a man1 ,he claim$ z man ! p[] ( =giv+ s9s1 ,he !reby %[$ t ,he possess$ a real human body & n ! m]e phantasm ( :i* ,m>cion spoke4 ,curatur et p>alyticus1 et quidem 9 coetu1 spectante populo444 ,cum r$9tegratione membrorum virium quoque repraes5tationem pollicebatur3 ,exsurge et tolle grabatum tuum2--simul et animi vigorem ad non tim5dos qui dicturi erant3 ,qui dimittet peccata nisi solus deus8444 ,cum ,judaei m]ito retract>5t non posse hom9em delicta dimitt]e s$ deum solum1 cur444 respondit1 hab]e eum pote/atem dimitt5di delicta1 qu&o et filium hom9is nom9ans hom9em nom9>et8 ,luke v4 #ag-bf3 #ag ,et factum e/ 9 una di]um et ipse s$ebat doc5s4444 #ah ,et ecce viri portantes 9 lecto hom9em1 qui erat p>alyticus1 et qua]ebant eum inf]re444 #ai et non inv5i5tes qua p>te illum inf]r5t prae turba1444 p] tegulas444 summis]unt illum cum lecto 9 m$ium ante ,jesum4 #bj ,quorum fidem ut vidit1 dixit1 ,homo1 remittuntur tibi peccata tua4 #ba ,et coep]unt cogit>e ,scribae et ,ph>isaei1 dic5tes1 ,quis e/ hic qui loquitur blasphemias8 quis pote/ dimitt]e peccata nisi solus deus8 #bb ,ut cognovit autem ,jesus cogitationes eorum1 respond5s dixit ad illos4 444 #bc ,quid e/ facilius dic]e1 ,dimittuntur tibi peccata1 an dic]e1 ,surge et ambula8 #bd ,ut autem sciatis quia filius hom9is pote/atem habet 9 t]ra dimitt]e peccata1 ait p>alytico1 ,tibi dico1 surge1 tolle lectum tuum et vade 9 domum tuam4 #be ,et confe/im surg5s 444 abiit 9 domum suam4 ,grabatum is ! read+ ( a 9 v]4 #be4 ,m>cion drew an argum5t f ! call+ ( ! publican 7,levi7-- "o "u ban ( ! law--z if x 7 done 9 disp>agem5t ( ! law4 ,t]tullian rem9ds him 9 reply ( ! call+ & confession ( ,pet]1 :o 0 a repres5tative ( ! law4 ,fur!r1 :5 he said t '! :ole ne$ n a physician' ,jesus decl>$ t ! ,jews 7 :ole1 ! publicans sick4 ,publicanum adlectum a dom9o 444 dic5do1 m$icum sanis non esse necess>ium s$ male hab5tibus444 ,luke v4 #bg-cb3 #bg ,et po/ hoc exiit et vidit publicanum 444 et ait illi1 ,sequ]e me4444 #cj ,et murmurabant ,ph>isaei et ,scribae eorum444 #ca et respond5s ,jesus dixit ad illos1 ,non eg5t qui sani sunt m$ico s$ qui male hab5t4 ,! "q respect+ ! disciples ( ,john is turn$ aga9/ ,m>cion1 z a recognition ( ! ,bapti/'s mission4 ,if ,john _h n prep>$ ! way = ,*ri/1 if he _h n actually baptiz$ ,him1 if1 9 fact1 !re 0 t div]sity betwe5 ! two :i* ,m>cion assum$1 no "o w\ld ev] h ?\ght ( in/itut+ a comp>ison betwe5 !m or ! conduct ( _! disciples4 ,9 ,8 reply1 't ! *ildr5 ( ! bridegroom c\ld n fa/1' ,jesus virtually all[$ ! practice ( ! disciples ( ,john1 & excus$1 z only = a "t1 t ( ,8 own disciples4 ,! v "n1 'bridegroom1' 0 tak5 f ! ,old ,te/am5t 7,ps4 xix4 #f sq41 ,is4 lxi4 #aj1 xlix4 #ah1 ,cant4 iv4 #h72 & its assumption by ,*ri/ 0 a sanction ( m>riage1 & %[$ t ,m>cion did wrong to condemn ! m>ri$ /ate4 ,unde autem et ,joannes v5it 9 m$ium8444 ,si nihil omn9o adm9i/rasset ,joannes 444 nemo discipulos ,*ri/i m&ucantes et bib5tes ad =mam discipulorum ,joannis assidue jejunantium et orantium provocasset4444 ,nunc humilit] r$d5s rationem1 quod non poss5t jejun>e filii sponsi quamdiu cum eis esset sponsus1 po/ea v]o jejunaturos promitt5s1 cum ablatus ab eis sponsus esset4 ,luke v4 #cc-ce3 #cc ,at illi dix]unt ad eum1 ,qu>e discipuli ,johannis jejunant frequ5t] et obsecrationes faciunt1 444 tui autem edunt et bibunt8 #cd ,quibus ipse ait1 ,numquid pote/is filios sponsi dum cum illis e/ sponsus fac]e jejun>e8 #ce ,v5i5t autem dies cum ablatus fu]it ab illis sponsus1 tune jejunabunt 9 illis diebus4 ,9 v]4 #cc1 = obsecrationes a has orationes1 & = edunt m&ucant3 a & b also h quamdiu 7,vulg4 cum7 9 v]4 #ce4 ,equally errone\s 0 ,m>cion's int]pretation ( ! conclud+ v]ses ( ! *apt] :i* dealt ) ! di/9ction betwe5 old & new4 ,he inde$ 0 intoxicat$ ) 'new w9e'--?\gh ! real 'new w9e' _h be5 prophesi$ z f> back z ,j]4 iv4 #d & ,is4 xliii4 #ai--;b ,he to :om belong$ ! new w9e & ! new bottles also belong$ ! old4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! old & new disp5sations 0 ( developem5t & progression1 n ( div]sity or contr>iety4 ,bo? _h "o & ! same ,au?or4 ,erra/i 9 illa etiam dom9i pronuntiatione qua videtur nova et vet]a disc]n]e4 ,inflatus es utribus vet]ibus et exc]ebratus es novo v9o3 atque ita vet]i1 i4e4 priori evangelio pannum ha]eticae novitatis adsuisli 444 ,v5um novum is non committit 9 vet]es utres qui et vet]es utres non habu]it1 et novum additam5tum nemo inicit vet]i ve/im5to nisi cui non defu]it vetus ve/im5tum4 ,luke v4 #cf-ch3 #cf ,dicebat autem et similitud9em ad illos quia nemo commissuram a ve/im5to novo inmittit 9 ve/im5tum vetus4444 #cg ,et nemo mittit v9um novum 9 utres vet]es4444 #ch ,s$ v9um novum 9 utres novos mitt5dum e/4 ,( ! phrases peculi> to ,t]tullian's v]sion ( ,m>cion's text1 a has pannum 7-no7 & adsui/i 7-x74 ,x is obs]v$ t ,t]tullian does n quote v]se #ci1 :i* is omitt$ by ,d1 a1 b1 c1 c1 ff1 l1 & p]haps1 also by ,eusebius4 ,two ( ! ,s*olia ( ,epiphanius 7,adv4 ,ha]4 #cbb ,d sqq471 nos4 #a & #b1 h ref]5ce to ?is *apt]4 ,greek3 ,e*ul4 a4 ,apel?on deixon seauton to hi]ei kai pros55ke p]i t\ ka?>ism\ s\1 ka?os prosetaxe ,m\saes1 h9a ae m>turion t\to hum94 ,luke v4 #ad4 ,greek3 ,apel!on deixon seauton to hi]ei1 kai pros55ke p]i t\ ka?>ism\ s\1 ka?os prosetax5 ,m\saes1 eis m>turion autois4 v4l4 ,greek3 h9a eis m>turion 7,d'#a1 ,greek3 ae ,d'#b7 ,greek3 hum9 t\to ,d1 7a1 b71 c1 ff1 l4 ,! comm5t ( ,epiphanius on ?is is simil> to t ( ,t]tullian4 ,to bid ! lep] 'd z ,moses comm&$1' 0 practically to sanction ! law ( ,moses4 ,epiphanius expressly accuses ,m>cion ( falsify+ ! phrase '= a te/imony unto !m4' ,he says t he *ang$ '!m' to 'y1' )\t h[ev]1 ev5 9 ?is p]v]t$ =m1 prev5t+ ! text f recoil+ ^u 8 own head ,greek3 die/repsas de to rhaeton1 o ,m>kion1 anti t\ eipe9 'eis m>turion autois' m>turion legon 'hum94' kai t\to saphos epseuso kata taes saut\ kephalaes4 ,greek3 ,e*ol4 ,b'4 ,h9a de eidaete hoti ex\sian e*ei ho uhios t\ an?rop\ aphi5ai ham>tias epi taes gaes4 ,luke v4 #bd4 ,greek3 ,h9a de eidaete hoti ex\sian e*ei ho uhios t\ an?rop\ epi taes gaes aphi5ai ham>tias4 ,9 ?is ord]1 ,hebrew aleph1 ,a1 ,c1 ,d1 rel41 a1 c1 e1 ,syrr4 ,p/4 & ,hcl41 7,memph471 ,go?41 ,arm41 ,ae?42 ,greek3 ex4 e*4 aft] ,greek3 ho1 hu4 t4 a41 ,b1 ,l1 ,greek3 ,xi symbol1 ,k1 ,vulg41 b1 f1 g'#a1 ff1 l4 ,by call+ ,himself ',son ( ,man1' ,epiphanius says1 our ,"l ass]ts ,8 prop] manhood & repels ,docetism1 &1 by claim+ 'p[] ^u e>?1' ,he decl>es t e>? n to belong to an ali5 creation4 ,rev]t+ to ,t]tullian1 we obs]ve1 7#a7 t ! n>rative ( ! draught ( fi%es1 ) ! fe> ( ,pet]1 & ! promise 9 ?is =m1 ',?\ %alt cat* m51' 7,greek3 ,mae phob\ apo t\ nun an?rop\s esae zogron2 ! o!r ,synopti/s h1 ,greek3 ,deute opiso m\1 kai poiaeso humas halieis an?ropon71 are f\nd only 9 ,/4 ,luke2 7#b7 t ! second section ( ! *apt]1 ! heal+ ( ! lep]1 is plac$ by ! o!r ,synopti/s 9 a diff]5t ord]1 by ,m>k imm$iately aft] our ,"l's retirem5t into solitude 7 ,luke iv4 #db-dd71 & by ,mat!w aft] ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt2 ! phrase ,greek3 eis m>turion autois is common to all ?ree ,gospels1 b 9 ! text ( ,/4 ,luke alone is !re ! v>iant ,ut sit vobis c42 7#c7 t1 :ile ! rema9+ sections foll[ 9 ! same ord] 9 all ! ,synoptics1 /ill !re is mu* to id5tify ! text f :i* ,t]tullian is quot+ ) t ( ,luke4 ,?us1 9 ! acc\nt ( ! case ( ,levi1 ! ?ird ,evangeli/ alone has ! ^w ,greek3 telona5 7publicanum7 & ,greek3 hugia9ontes 7sani2 ! o!r ,gospels ,greek3 is*ontes val5tes72 9 ! "q z to ! practice ( ! disciples ( ,john1 he alone has ! allusion to pray]s 7,greek3 deaeseis poi\ntai7 & ! comb9ation 'eat & dr9k' 7! o!r ,gospels1 ,greek3 ou nae/ey\s973 he too has ! simple ,greek3 epiblaema1 = ,greek3 epiblaema rhak\s agnaph\4 ,x seems q incr$ible t ^! accumulat$ co9cid5ces %\ld be m]ely ! result ( accid5t4 ,b ?is is only ! beg9n+4 ,! same k9d ( co9cid5ces run uni=mly all ?r\gh ! ,gospel4 ,f ! next *apt]1 ,luke vi1 ,m>cion _h1 9 due ord]1 ! pluck+ ( ! e>s ( corn on ! sabba? day 7'rubb+ !m ) _! h&s1' ,luke & ,m>cion alone71 ! prec$5t ( ,david & 8 companions & ! %ewbread1 ! wat*+ ( ! ,ph>isees 7s ,luke only7 to see if ,he w\ld heal on ! sabba? day1 ! heal+ ( ! )]$ h&--) an exact resemblance to ! text ( ,luke & div]g5ce f ! o!r ,gospels 7licetne animam lib]>e an p]d]e8 ,greek3 psu*a5 apolesai ,luke1 ,greek3 apokte9ai ,m>k71 9 ! ord] & words ( ,luke alone1 ! retreat into ! m\nta9 = pray]1 ! selection ( ! twelve ,apo/les1 & !n1 9 a /rictly ,lucan =m & introduc$ precisely at ! same po9t1 ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 ! bless+ on '! poor' 7n ! 'poor 9 _s'71 on ^? ':o hung]' 7n on ^? ':o hung] & ?ir/ aft] righte\sness'71 on ^? ':o weep1 = !y %all laugh' 7n on ^? ':o m\rn1 = !y %all be com=t$'71 ) an exact translation ( ,/4 ,luke & diff]5ce f ,/4 ,mat!w1 ! clause relat+ to ^? :o are p]secut$ & revil$3 !n foll[ ! 'woes2' to ! ri*1 '= ye h receiv$ y\r consolation2' to '^? :o are full1 = !y %all hung]2' to '^? :o laugh n[1 = !y %all m\rn3' & s on almo/ v]se by v]se4 ,x is surely ne$less to g fur!r4 ,!re are inde$ v r>ely :at seem to be rem9isc5ces ( ! o!r ,gospels 7e4g4 'esuri]unt discipuli' 9 ! p>allel to ,luke vi4 #a71 b ! total am\nt ( resemblance to ,/4 ,luke & div]g5ce f ,/4 ,mat!w & ,/4 ,m>k is ov]:elm+4 ,( c\rse ! rema9d] ( ! evid5ce c easily be produc$ if necess>y1 b ,i d n ?9k x w long rema9 9 d\bt t our pres5t ,/4 ,luke 0 really ! f\ndation ( ! ,gospel t ,m>cion us$4 ,,index ,i4 ,ref]5ces to ! ,f\r ,gospels4 ,! a/]isk indicates t ! passage 9 "q is discuss$ 9 "s detail4 ,/4 ,mat!w4 ,i4 #a #b-f #ah99 #ah ff #ah-be #ba #bc ,,ii4 #a #a-g #a-bc #b #e1f #f #aa #ab #ac #ac-ae #af #ag1ah #ah #bb4 ,,iii4 #b #d #h #aj #aa1ab #ae99 #af #ah ,,iv4 #a #h-aj #i #aj #aa #ag #ah #bc ,v4 #a-dh #c #d1e99 #g99 #h #aj99 #aa #ac1ad #ad #af99 #ag #ag1ah #ah99 #bj #ba-dh #bb #bh #bi #bi1cj #bi1cb #cb #cd99 #cg99 #ch1ci #ci1dj #da #db #dd1de #de99 #df99 #dh ,,vi4 #a #a-cd #f #h #aj #ac #ad #ai #ai1bj #bj #ba #be-bg #be-cg #cb99 #cb1cc ,,vii4 #a-bi #b #f #g #i-aa99 #ab #ac1ad99 #ae99 #af #ai #ba99 #bb #bb1bc #bh1bi ,,viii4 #i #aa #aa1ab #ag #bf #bh-cd ,,ix4 #a-h #ac99 #af #ag #bb #bi-ca #cc ,x4 #a #h #aj #aa99 #ac #ae #af99 #bb #bf #bh99 #bi1cj #cc #ch1ci #dj ,,xi4 #e #g #aj #aa #ab-ae #ah #bf #be-bg #bg99 #bh ,,xii4 #a-h99 #g #i-ad99 #ag-ba #ah-ba #bd #be99 #bf #ca1cb #cd #da #db #dc #dh ,,xiii4 #a-eh #c #c;ff #e #aa #ae #af #bd-cj #be #bf99 #cd #ce #cg-ci #ch #ci #db1dc ,,xiv4 #a #c #c-ab #f ,,xv4 #d-f #d-h99 #d-i #h99 #ac #ae #ag #bj #ba-bh #bf #cf ,,xvi4 #a #a-d #d #ae-ah #af99 #ai #ba #bd #bd1be #bf ,,xvii4 #c #e #aa #aa-ac99 #ab1ac #ac ,,xviii4 #a-ce #c99 #f #g #h #h1i #aj #ai ,,xix4 #d #f99 #h99 #i #aj-ab #aa1ab99 #ab99 #ac #af1ag99 #ag #ai #bb #bf99 ,,xx4 #h #af #ai #bj-bh ,,xxi4 #a #e #ab1ac #af #bj-bb #bc #cc #db ,,xxii4 #i #aa #ad99 #ba #bd #bi #cj #cb #cg #ch #ci #dj #dd99 ,,xxiii4 #b #b1c #e #aj #ac #ae #ah #bj #bc #bd #be #be1bf99 #bg #bi #ce ,,xxiv4 #a-ea #c #ad #de-ea99 ,,xxv4 #a-df #ad-cj #ba #bf1bg #cd #da99 ,,xxvi4 #a-ge #ag1ah #bd99 #cj #ca99 #cf1cg #ch #ci #da #dc #ef #ef1eg #eg #fd99 ,,xxvii4 #i #i1aj99 #aa;f4 #ad #ce #ci;ff #db #dc #df #eg-fj ,,xxviii4 #a #ab-ae #ai4 ,/4 ,m>k4 ,i4 #a #b #d #ag #bb #bd #bf ,,ii4 #bc-bh99 #bh ,,iii4 #a-f99 #ag #bc #be #bi ,,iv4 #a-cd #aa #ab #cc1cd #cd99 ,v4 #a-bj #ca ,,vi4 #c #aa #ad #ag-bi ,,vii4 #f99 #f-ac #g #aj1aa #aa-ac #ac #ba1bb #bd-cj ,,viii4 #bi #ca #cd ,,ix4 #g #ba #dc #dg ,x4 #e #e1f #f #h #i #ag #ah #ai #ba #bb #bg99 #cg-de ,,xi4 #bj-bf ,,xii4 #ag #bj #bd #bg99 #bi99 #cj #ch-dd ,,xiii4 #b99 #bb ,,xiv4 #ab1ac #ab-ad #dj #ea1eb ,,xv4 #ad #cd ,,xvi4 #ad-af ,/4 ,luke4 ,i4 #a-d #a-hj #c #f #g #g-aj #h #i #ab #ac #ae #ag #ah1ai #ai #bj #bj-bb #ba #bc #bd #bf #bg #bh #bi #ca #cb #cc #cd #cd1ce #ce99 #cf #ci #da #dh #ee #ef #eg #fa #fb #fd #fg #fi #gc #gd #gf #gg #gh #hj ,,ii4 #a1b #a-eb #d #f #g #h #aa #ac #ad #ae #af #ah #ai #bj #ba #ba1bb #bb #bd #be #bf #bg #bh #bi #cc #cd #ce #cf #cg #ci #dj #da #db #dc #de #df #dh1di #di #ej #ea #eb #ff ,,iii4 #a #a-ch #c #ab-ad #ac #ae #af #af1ag #ag #ai #bj #ba #ba1bb #bb #bc #ca-cd ,,iv4 #a #a-ac #d #f #f-h #g #h #aj #ac #ad #af #ag #ag-bj #ah1ai #ai #bj #bd #be #cb #db1dc #db-dd ,v4 #a #a-aa #a-ci #ab-ad #ad #ag-bf #bd #bg-cb #cb #cc-ce #cf-ch #ci ,,vi4 #a #a-e99 #a-di #f-aa99 #ac #ad99 #bj99 #bg1bh #bi #cj #ca #cb #cd #ce #cf #cf1cg #cf-ch99 #cg1ch #de #df99 ,,vii4 #b99 #h #aa-ah #ab99 #bd-bh #bf #bg #bh #bi-ce #cj #ce #cf-ch ,,viii4 #a-c #e #aj #ai #bc #bf-ci #da ,,ix4 #e #g #ag1ah #bj #bb #ee #eg1eh #fj #fa #fa1fb #fb ,x4 #c #e1f #g99 #aj-ab #af #ah #ai99 #bj #ba #ba1bb #bb #bc #bd #be #cg ,,xi4 #b #i #aa-ac99 #ad #ag #bb #bi-cb #cb #ci #db #dg #di-ea #eb ,,xii4 #d1e99 #f1g #i #aj #ad #bb-bd #cj #ch #db-df99 #dh #ej ,,xiii4 #a sqq4 #a-i #f #g #g-h #bd99 #bf1bg #bg #bh #bh1bi #bi #bi-ce #ca-ce #cc #cd ,,xiv4 #bg ,,xv4 #d #h #aa-cb #ac #ad #ag #ah #bj #bb #bd #be #bf #bi ,,xvi4 #ab #af #ag99 ,,xvii4 #a1b99 #b #e-aj #i #i1aj ,,xviii4 #f-h #ah1ah #ai #bg99 #ca #ca-cd #cd #ce-dc ,,xix4 #e #i #ag #bb1bc #bi #bi-dh #cc-ci #ce #cg #cg-dh #ch #da #db #dc #df #dg ,,xx4 #i #i-l#h #ad #ag #ai #ba #bb #bb-be #bd #be #ce1cf #ce #cg1ch #ch ,,xxi4 #a-d #d #ah #ba #ba1bb #bb #bg #bh #cd ,,xxii4 #i-aa #af-ah #ag #ah #ah-cf #ai #ai1bj #bh-cj #cj #ce-ch #cg #ch #db-dd #dc1dd99 #ec1ed #ff ,,xxiii4 #a ff4 #b #e #g #cd #ce #df ,,xxiv4 #a ff4 #ba #bf #cb #ch1ci #ci99 #dj #db #df #dg-ec #di #ej #el #eb #ec ,/4 ,john4 ,i4 #a1b #a-c #c99 #d #e99 #i #ac #ad #ah #ai #ai1bj99 #bc99 #bh ,,ii4 #d #af1ag ,,iii4 #c-e99 #e99 #f #h #ab #ad #af #cf ,,iv4 #f ,v4 #b #c1d #d #h #ag #ah #dc #df ,,vi4 #ae #ci #ea #ec #ed99 #ee99 #gj ,,vii4 #h #ch #db ,,viii4 #ag #dj #dd ,,ix4 #a-c99 ,x4 #h #i99 #bc1bd #bg99 #cj ,,xi4 #ed ,,xii4 #ad1ae #bb #bg #cj #dj #da ,,xiii4 #ah ,,xiv4 #b #f #aj ,,xv4 #be ,,xvi4 #b99 #c ,,xvii4 #c #aa1ab #ad99 ,,xviii4 #cf ,,xix4 #cf #cg99 ,,index ,,ii4 ,*ronological & ,analytical4 ,writ]4 ,works ,extant4 ,date ,evangelical ,docum5ts ,a4,d4 us$4 ,clem5t ( ,"o g5u9e ,epi/le c4#ie- ,traces1 p]haps ,rome4 address$ to ! #ajj4 probable ( ! ?ree ,philippians4 ,synoptics4 ,b>nabas4 ,pseud-egraphical c4#ajj- ,probably ,/4 ,mat!w1 ,epi/le #abe4 p]haps ,/4 ,luke1 possibly ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,ignatius4 ,?ree %ort ,epi/les1 #ajg or ,probably ,/4 ,mat!w1 probably g5u9e4 #aae4 & p]haps ,/4 ,john4 ,spuri\s1 ,s4,r4 ,sev5 %ort ,epi/les1 ,probably ,/4 ,mat!w1 p]haps g5u9e4 p]haps also ,/4 ,john4 ,spuri\s1 ,s4,r4 ,h]mas4 ,allegorical "w1 c4#ace- ,no di/9ct traces ( entitl$ ! #adj4 any writ+ ( ,old or ',%eph]d4' ,new ,te/am5t4 ,polyc>p4 ,%ort ,epi/le to c4#adj- ,d\btful traces ( ,philippians1 #aee4 ,/4 ,mat!w1 probable probably g5u9e4 ( #a ,john4 ,spuri\s1 ,s4,r4 ,presbyt]s4 ,quot$ by ,ir5aeus4 c4#adj8 ,probably ,/4 ,john4 ,papias4 ,%ort fragm5ts 9 #aee4 ,"s acc\nt ( ,eusebius4 see pp4 works writt5 by #ade1 #hb2 ,/4 ,mat!w & #afd-afg1 ,/4 ,m>k1 b ,s4,r4 probably n our pres5t ,gospels 9 _! pres5t =m4 ,basilides4 ,allusions1 n c4#abe4 ,c]ta9 use ( c]ta91 9 ,/4 ,luke & ,/4 ,john1 ,hippolytus1 ,clem4 p]haps probably by ,basilidians4 ,alex41 ,epiphanius1 ,basilides himself4 ,m>cion4 ,copi\s ref]5ces c4#adj4 ,c]ta9ly ! ?ird 9 ,t]tullian & ,gospel1 ) text ,epiphanius4 already corrupt4 ,ju/9 ,two ,apologies & #adh4 ,?ree ,synoptic ,m>tyr4 ,dialogue aga9/ #aff- ,gospels ei!r ,tryphon4 #afg1 sep>ately or 9 ,s4,r4 ,h>mony1 probably ! f\r? ,gospel1 & also an ,apocryphal ,gospel or ,gospels2 text %[+ m>ks ( corruption4 ,old ,lat9 translation c4#aej4 ,f\r ,canonical ( ,n4,t4 ,gospels1 ) corrupt text4 ,val5t9us4 ,allusions1 n c4#adj4 ,ref]5ces to all f\r c]ta9 9 ,gospels1 b n cle> ,val5t9ians ,hippolytus1 c4 be=e by :om made4 #agh4 ,clem5t4 ,n9ete5 pseudo- c4#afj8 ,f\r ,canonical ,gospels epigraphical 7possibly 9 a ,h>mony71 ) o!r ,apocryphal s\rces to "s ext5t4 ,hegesippus4 ,few fragm5ts fl4#aeg- ,app>5t traces ( *iefly pres]v$ #ahj4 ,/4 ,mat!w & by ,eusebius4 ,/4 ,luke4 ,tatian4 ,few allusions1 fl4#aej- ,diatess>on1 ',address to ,greeks4' #agj4 probably consi/+ ( our f\r ,gospels1 quotations f ,/4 ,john 9 ,orat4 ad ,graec4 ,old ,syriac c4#afj8 ,f\r ,canonical ,gospels1 ,translation ( ,n4,t4 ) corrupt text4 ,muratorian ,fragm5t c4#agj4 ,f\r ,gospels z ,canonical4 ,ptolomaeus4 ,allusions 9 be=e ,cle> ref]5ces ,ir5aeus1 c41 #agh4 to ,/4 ,mat!w & fragm5ts 9 ,/4 ,john4 ,epiphanius4 ,h]acleon4 ,allusions 9 be=e ,?ird & f\r? ,ir5aeus1 c41 #agh4 gospels4 fragm5ts 9 ,orig54 ,melito4 ,few slight fragm5ts4 c4#agf4 ,d\btful indirect allusions to ,canon ( ,n4,t4 ,apoll9>is4 ,two slight fragm5ts4 #agf- ,allusion to #ahj4 discrepancy betwe5 ,gospels1 f\r? ,gospel4 ,a!nagoras4 ,an ,apology & tract c4#agg4 ,"o fairly cle> on ! ,resurrection4 quotation f ,/4 ,mat!w1 p]haps f ,/4 ,m>k & ,/4 ,john4 ,*ur*es ( ,an ,epi/le4 #agg4 ,cle> allusions to ,vi5ne & ,/4 ,luke & ,/4 ,john1 ,lyons4 p]haps also to ,/4 ,mat!w4 ,celsus4 ,fragm5ts 9 ,orig54 c4#agh4 ,some:at vague traces ( all f\r ,gospels4 ,ir5aeus4 ,treatise ',aga9/ c4#adj- ,f\r ,gospels z ,h]esies4' #bjb4 ,canonical1 ) corrupt text4 ,clem5t ( ,sev]al consid]able fl4#ahe- ,f\r ,gospels z ,alex&ria works4 #baa4 ,canonical1 ) corrupt text4 ,t]tullian4 ,volum9\s works4 fl4#aih- ,f\r ,gospels z #baj4 ,canonical1 ) corrupt text4