,,! ,,mule ,a ,,treatise ,,on ,,! ,,bre$+1 ,,tra9+1 ,,& ,,uses ,,to ,,:i* ,,he ,,may ,,be ,,put4 ,,by ,,h>vey ,,riley1 ,,sup]9t5d5t ,,( ,,! ,,gov]nm5t ,,corral1 ,,wa%+ton ,d4,c4 #ahfg4 ,,preface4 ,!re is no m useful or will+ animal ?an ! ,mule4 ,& p]haps !re is no o!r animal s mu* abus$1 or s little c>$ =4 ,popul> op9ion ( 8 nature has n be5 favorable2 & he has _h to plod & "w ?r\gh life aga9/ ! prejudices ( ! ignorant4 ,/ill1 he has be5 ! great fri5d ( man1 9 w> & 9 peace s]v+ him well & fai?fully4 ,if he c\ld tell man :at he mo/ ne$$ x w\ld be k9d treatm5t4 ,we all "k h[ mu* c be done to improve ! condition & advance ! com=t ( ?is animal2 & he is a true fri5d ( humanity :o does :at he c = 8 b5efit4 ,my object 9 writ+ ?is book 0 to d :at ,i c\ld t[>d work+ out a mu* ne$$ re=m 9 ! bre$+1 c>e1 & treatm5t ( ^! animals4 ,let me ask t :at ,i h said 9 reg>d to ! value ( k9d treatm5t be c>efully read & foll[$4 ,i h _h ?irty ye>s' exp]i5ce 9 ! use ( ?is animal1 & dur+ t "t h made 8 nature a /udy4 ,! result ( t /udy is1 t humanity z well z economy w be be/ s]v$ by k9dness4 ,x has inde$ seem$ to me t ! ,gov]nm5t might make a great sav+ e ye> by employ+ only su* team/]s & wagon-ma/]s z _h be5 ?or\ghly in/ruct$ 9 ! treatm5t & managem5t ( animals1 & 7 9 e way qualifi$ to p]=m _! duties prop]ly4 ,inde$1 x w\ld seem only reasonable n to tru/ a man ) a valuable team ( animals1 or p]haps a tra91 until he _h be5 ?or\ghly in/ruct$ 9 _! use1 & _h receiv$ a c]tificate ( capacity f ! ,qu>t]ma/]'s ,dep>tm5t4 ,if ?is 7 done1 x w\ld g f> to e/abli% a sy/em t w\ld *eck t great de/ruction ( animal life :i* co/s ! ,gov]nm5t s heavy a sum e ye>4 ,h4,r4 ,,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c41 ,april #ab1 #ahfg4 ,,note4 ,i h1 9 ano!r "p ( ?is "w1 spok5 ( ! mule z be+ free f spl9t4 ,p]haps ,i %\ld h said t ,i _h nev] se5 "o t _h x1 not)/&+ ! numb] ,i h _h to d )4 ,!re are1 ,i "k1 p]sons :o ass]t t !y h se5 mules t _h x4 ,i ought to m5tion "h1 also1 by way ( correction1 t !re is ano!r ailm5t ! mule does n h 9 common ) ! horse1 & t is qu>t]-crack4 ,! same cause t keeps !m f hav+ qu>t]-crack pres]ves !m f spl9t--! want ( front action4 ,a great _m p]sons insi/ t a mule has no m>r[ 9 ! bones ( 8 legs4 ,?is is a v s+ul> error4 ,! bone ( ! mule's leg has a cavity1 & is z well fill$ ) m>r[ z ! horse's4 ,x also v>ies 9 j ! same proportion z 9 ! horse's leg4 ,! feet ( "s mules1 h[ev]1 w crack & split1 b 9 mo/ cases x is ! result ( bad %oe+4 ,x at times occurs f a lack ( moi/ure to ! foot2 & is se5 among mules us$ 9 cities1 :]e !re are no facilities = driv+ !m into runn+ wat] e day1 to s(t5 ! feet & keep !m moi/4 ,,cont5ts4 ,be/ ,me?od ( ,break+ ,value ( ,k9d ,treatm5t ,h[ to ,h>ness ,injur$ by ,work+ too ,"y ,:at ! ,mule c ,endure ,color & ,peculi> ,habits ,mexican ,mules1 & ,pack+ ,! ,agricultural ,committee ,work+ ,condition ( ,mules ,spott$ ,mules ,mule-,bre$+ & ,rais+ ,h[ ,colts %\ld be ,h&l$ ,pack+ ,mules ,physical ,con/itution ,value ( ,h>ness+ ,prop]ly ,gov]nm5t ,wagons ,m ab\t ,bre$+ ,mules ,anci5t ,hi/ory ( ! ,mule ,table ( ,/ati/ics #ad ,portraits ( ,celebrat$ ,mules ,diseases ,common to ! ,mule1 & h[ !y %\ld be treat$ ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,h[ ,,mules ,,%\ld ,,be ,,treat$ ,,9 ,,break+4 ,i h long _h x 9 contemplation to write some?+ conc]n+ ! mule1 9 ! hope t x might be ( b5efit to ^? :o _h to deal ) him1 z well 9 z out ( ! army1 & make !m bett] acqua9t$ ) 8 habits & usefulness4 ,! pati5t1 plodd+ mule is inde$ an animal t has s]v$ u well 9 ! army1 & done a great am\nt ( good = humanity dur+ ! late w>4 ,he 0 9 tru? a necessity to ! army & ! ,gov]nm5t1 & p]=m$ a mo/ important "p 9 supply+ our army 9 ! field4 ,t he w p]=m an equally important "p 9 ! future movem5ts ( our army is equally cle>1 & %\ld n be lo/ sight ( by ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,x has seem$ to me some:at /range1 !n1 t s little %\ld h be5 writt5 conc]n+ him1 & s little pa9s tak5 to improve 8 quality4 ,i h notic$ 9 ! army t ^? :o _h mo/ to d ) him 7 ! lea/ acqua9t$ ) 8 habits1 & took ! lea/ pa9s to /udy 8 disposition1 or to asc]ta9 by prop] means h[ he c\ld be made ! mo/ useful4 ,! ,gov]nm5t might h sav$ hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( doll>s1 if1 :5 ! w> began1 !re _h be5 a prop] und]/&+ ( ?is animal among its employees4 ,probably no animal has be5 ! subject ( m cruel & brutal treatm5t ?an ! mule1 & x is safe to say t no animal ev] p]=m$ 8 "p bett]1 n ev5 ! horse4 ,9 break+ ! mule1 mo/ p]sons are apt to get out ( pati5ce ) him4 ,i h got out ( pati5ce ) him myself4 ,b pati5ce is ! great ess5tial 9 break+1 & 9 ! use ( x y w f9d t y get along mu* bett]4 ,! mule is an unnatural animal1 & h5ce m timid ( man ?an ! horse2 & yet he is tractable1 & capable ( be+ taught to und]/& :at y want him to d4 ,& :5 he und]/&s :at y want1 & has ga9$ y\r confid5ce1 y w1 if y treat him k9dly1 h little tr\ble 9 mak+ him p]=m 8 duty4 ,9 comm5c+ to break ! mule1 take hold ( him g5tly1 & talk to him k9dly4 ,don't spr+ at him1 z if he 7 a tig] y 7 9 dread (4 ,don't yell at him2 don't j]k him2 don't /rike him ) a club1 z is too (t5 done2 don't get excit$ at 8 jump+ & kick+4 ,approa* & h&le him ! same z y w\ld an animal already brok51 & ?r\gh k9dness y w1 9 less ?an a week1 h y\r mule m tractable1 bett] brok51 & k9d] ?an y w\ld 9 a mon?1 _h y us$ ! :ip4 ,mules1 ) v few exceptions1 are born kick]s4 ,bre$ !m z y w1 ! mom5t !y are able to /& up1 & y put y\r h& on !m1 !y w kick4 ,x is1 inde$1 _! natural means ( def5ce1 & !y resort to x ?r\gh ! =ce ( in/9ct4 ,9 comm5c+ to break !m1 !n1 kick+ is ! fir/ ?+ to gu>d aga9/ & ov]come4 ,! "y mule kicks because he is afraid ( a man4 ,he has se5 ^? intru/$ ) _! c>e beat & abuse ! old] ones1 & he v naturally fe>s ! same treatm5t z soon z a man approa*es him4 ,mo/ p]sons intru/$ ) ! c>e ( ^! "y & gre5 mules h n _h exp]i5ce en\gh ) !m to "k t ?is defect ( kick+ is soone/ rem$i$ by k9d treatm5t4 ,c>eful /udy ( ! animal's nature & long exp]i5ce ) ! animal h taught me t1 9 break+ ! mule1 :ipp+ & h>% treatm5t almo/ inv>iably make him a worse kick]4 ,!y c]ta9ly make him m timid & afraid ( y4 ,& j z long z y fight a "y mule & keep him afraid ( y1 j s long w y be 9 dang] ( 8 kick+ y4 ,y mu/ conv9ce him ?r\gh k9dness t y are n go+ to hurt or puni% him4 ,& ! soon] y d ?is1 ! soon] y are out ( dang] f 8 feet4 ,x may at times become necess>y to correct ! mule be=e he is subdu$2 b be=e do+ s he %\ld be well bridle or halt]-brok51 & also us$ to h>ness4 ,he %\ld also be made to "k :at y are :ipp+ him =4 ,9 h>ness+ up a mule t w kick or /rike ) ! =efeet1 get a rope1 or1 z we t]m x 9 ! army1 a l>iat4 ,?r[1 or put ! noose ( ?is ov] 8 head1 tak+ c>e at ! same "t t x be done s t ! noose does n *oke him2 !n get ! mule on ! ne> side ( a wagon1 put ! end ( ! l>iat ?r\gh ! space betwe5 ! spokes ( ! =e :eel1 !n pull ! end ?r\gh s t y c walk back ) x to ! h9d] :eel 7tak+ c>e to keep x tight71 !n pass x ?r\gh ! same1 & pull ! mule close to ! wagon4 ,9 ?is position y c bridle & h>ness him )\t fe> ( be+ crippl$4 ,9 putt+ ! rope ?r\gh ! above places1 x %\ld be put ?r\gh ! :eels1 s z to br+ x z high z ! mule's brea/ 9 front1 & flanks 9 ! re>4 ,9 mak+ !m fa/ 9 ?is way1 !y frequ5tly kick until !y get ov] ! rope1 or l>iat2 h5ce ! necessity ( keep+ x z high up z possible4 ,if y *ance ^u a mule s wild t y _c h&le him 9 ?is way1 put a noose ( ! l>iat 9 ! mule's m\?1 & let ! eye1 or ! "p :]e y put ! end ( ! l>iat ?r\gh1 be s z to =m ano!r noose4 ,set ?is directly at ! root ( ! mule's e>1 pull x tight on him1 tak+ c>e to keep ! noose 9 ! same place4 ,b :5 y get x pull$ tight en\gh1 let "s "o hold ! end ( ! l>iat1 &1 my ^w = x1 y w bridle ! mule )\t mu* fur!r tr\ble4 ,9 hit*+ ! mule to a wagon1 if he be wild or vici\s1 keep ! l>iat ! same z ,i h describ$ until y get him hit*$ up1 !n slack x g5tly1 z ne>ly all mules w buck or jump /iff-legg$ z soon z y ease up ! l>iat2 & be c>eful n to pull ! rope too tight :5 fir/ put on1 z by s do+ y might split ! mule's m\?4 ,let me say "h t ,i h brok5 ?\s&s ( f\r & six-mule teams t n "o ( ! animals _h ev] _h a /rap ( h>ness on :5 ,i began ) !m1 & ,i h driv5 six-mule teams = ye>s on ! fronti]1 b ,i h yet to see ! fir/ team ( unbrok5 mules t c\ld be driv5 ) any degree ( c]ta9ty4 ,i d n mean to say t !y _c be got along ! road2 b ,i reg>d x no driv+ wor?y ( ! "n :5 a driv] _c get 8 team to any place :]e he may desire to g 9 a reasonable "t--& ?is he _c d ) unbrok5 mules4 ,) gre5 or unbrok5 mules1 y mu/ *ase or h]d !m along )\t ! :ip1 until y get !m to "k t y want !m to pull 9 a wagon4 ,:5 y h got !m 9 a wagon1 pull _! heads r\nd 9 ! direction y want !m to g2 !n conv9ce !m by y\r k9dness t y are n go+ to abuse !m1 & 9 twelve days' c>eful h&l+ y w be able to drive !m any way y please4 ,9 bridl+ ! "y mule1 x is necess>y to h a bit t w n injure ! animal's m\?4 ,hundr$s ( mules belong+ to ! ,gov]nm5t are1 9 a measure1 ru9$ by us+ a bridle bit t is n mu* ?ick] ?an ! wire us$ by ! telegraph4 ,i d n mean by ?is t ! bridle bit us$ by ! ,gov]nm5t 9 its bl9d bridles is n well adapt$ to ! purpose4 ,if prop]ly made & prop]ly us$1 x is4 ,nor d ,i ?9k any bo>d ( (fic]s c\ld h gott5 up or devis$ a bett] h>ness & wagon = army purposes ?an ^? made 9 con=mity ) ! decision ( ! bo>d ( (fic]s t recomm5d$ ! h>ness & wagon n[ us$4 ,! tr\ble ) a great _m ( ! bits is1 t !y are n made up to ! regulations1 & are too ?94 ,& ?is bit1 :5 ! animal's head is re9$ up too tight1 z army team/]s are v likely to d1 is sure to "w a sore m\?4 ,!re are few ?+s 9 break+ ! mule t %\ld be s c>efully gu>d$ aga9/ z ?is4 ,= z soon z ! animal gets a sore m\?1 he _c eat well1 & becomes fretful2 !n he _c dr9k well1 & z 8 m\? keeps splitt+ up on ! sides1 he soon gets s t he _c keep wat] 9 x1 & e swall[ he attempts to take1 ! wat] w spirt out ( ! sides1 j above ! bit4 ,z soon z ! mule f9ds t he _c dr9k )\t ?is tr\ble1 he v naturally pu%es 8 nose into ! wat] above :]e 8 m\? is split1 & dr9ks until ! want ( brea? =ces him to /op1 al?\gh he has n _h suffici5t wat]4 ,! animal1 ( c\rse1 ?r[s up its head1 & ! /upid team/]1 z a g5]al ?+1 drives ! mule away f ! wat] ) 8 ?ir/ ab\t half satisfi$4 ,mules ) _! m\?s split 9 ?is way are n fit to be us$ 9 ! teams1 & ! soon] !y are tak5 out & cur$ ! bett] = ! army & ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,i h frequ5tly se5 ,gov]nm5t tra9s deta9$ sev]al m9utes1 block ! road1 & ?r[ ! tra9 into disord]1 9 ord] to give a mule ) a split m\? "t to dr9k4 ,9 mak+ up teams = a tra91 ,i inv>iably leave out all mules ^: m\?s are n 9 a s\nd /ate1 & ?is ,i d )\t reg>d to ! k9d or quality ( ! animal4 ,b ! mule's m\? c be sav$ f ! condition ,i h ref]r$ to1 if ! bit be made 9 a prop] mann]4 ,! bit %\ld be "o in* & sev5-eigh?s r\nd1 & five in*es 9 ! draw1 or betwe5 ! r+s4 ,x %\ld also h a sweep ( "o qu>t] ( an in* to ! five in*es long4 ,i ref] n[ to ! bit = ! bl9d bridle4 ,) a bit ( ?is k9d x is almo/ impossible to injure ! mule's m\?1 unless he is v "y1 & x _c be done !n if ! animal is h&l$ ) prop] c>e4 ,!re is ano!r matt] 9 reg>d to h>ness+ ! mule :i* ,i deem wor?y ( notice "h4 ,gov]nm5t team/]s1 z a g5]al ?+1 l to see a mule's head re9$ tightly up4 ,i confess t1 ) all my exp]i5ce1 ,i h nev] se5 ! b5efit !re 0 to be d]iv$ f ?is4 ,i always f\nd t ! mule work$ bett] :5 all[$ to c>ry 8 head & neck 9 a natural position4 ,:5 n re9$ up at all1 he w d m "w1 out-pull1 & we> out ! "o t is4 ,at pres5t1 ne>ly all ! ,gov]nm5t mule-teams are re9$ up1 & work$ ) a s+le re94 ,?is is ! old ,virg9ia way ( driv+ mules4 ,x us$ to be said t any negro knew en\gh to drive mules4 ,i fe> ! ,gov]nm5t has too long act$ on t idea4 ,i nev] he>d b "o reason giv5 = re9+ ! heads ( a mule-team up tight1 & t 01 t x made ! animals look bett]4 ,! next ?+ requir+ p>ticul> att5tion is ! h>ness+4 ,dur+ ! w> x became cu/om>y to cut ! draw+-*a9s1 or1 z "s call !m1 ! trace-*a9s4 ,! object ( ?is 01 to br+ ! mule close up to 8 "w4 ,! !ory 0 tak5 f ! /r+s ( horses us$ 9 draw+ railroad c>s ?r\gh cities4 ,horses t are us$ = haul+ c>s 9 ?is mann] are g5]ally f$ morn+1 noon1 & night2 & are able to get out ( ! way ( a sw+le-tree1 %\ld x be let d[n s l[ z to "w on ! brakes1 z x did too frequ5tly 9 ! army4 ,besides1 ! c\pl+ ( ! c>1 or ! "p !y atta* ! horse to1 is two-?irds ! height ( a common-siz$ animal1 :i*1 x w be se5 at a glance1 is en\gh to keep ! sw+le-tree (f 8 heels4 ,n[1 ! tongue ( a ,gov]nm5t wagon is a v diff]5t ?+4 ,9 its prop] condition1 x is ab\t on an av]age height ) ! mule's hocks2 &1 especially dur+ ! la/ two ye>s ( ! w>1 x 0 cu/om>y to pull ! mule s close up to ! sw+le-tree t 8 hocks w\ld t\* x4 ,! result ( hit*+ 9 ?is mann] is1 t ! mule is cont9ually try+ to keep out ( ! way ( ! sw+le-tree1 &1 f9d+ t he _c succe$1 he becomes disc\rag$4 ,& z soon z he does ?is he w lag beh9d2 & z he gets sore f ?is cont9ual bang+1 he w spread 8 h9d legs & try to avoid ! bl[s2 &1 9 do+ ?is1 he =gets 8 bus9ess & becomes irritable4 ,?is excites ! team/]1 &1 9 n9ety-n9e cases out ( a hundr$1 he w beat & puni% ! animal cruelly1 expect+ !reby to cure him ( ! tr\ble4 ,b1 in/ead ( pacify+ ! mule1 he w only make him worse1 :i* %\ld1 "u no circum/ances1 be done4 ,! prop] c\rse to pursue1 & ,i say s f long exp]i5ce1 is to /op ! team at once1 & let all ! traces out to a l5g? t w all[ ! sw+le-tree to sw+ half way betwe5 ! hock & ! heel ( ! ho(4 ,9 o!r words1 give him room en\gh to /ep1 betwe5 ! coll> & sw+le-tree1 s t ! sw+le-tree _c t\* 8 legs :5 walk+ at 8 longe/ /ride4 ,if ! above rule be foll[$1 ! animal w n be apt to t\* ! sw+le-tree4 ,inde$1 x w n be apt to t\* him1 unless he be lazy2 &1 9 t case1 ! soon] y get ano!r mule ! bett]4 ,i say ?is because "o lazy mule w spoil a good team1 inv>iably4 ,a lazy mule w be kept up to 8 "w ) a :ip1 y w say2 b1 9 :ipp+ a lazy animal1 y keep ! o!rs 9 su* a /ate ( excitem5t t !y are c]ta9 to get poor & valueless4 ,!re is ano!r advantage 9 hav+ ! draw+-*a9s work$ at ! l5g? ,i h describ$4 ,x is ?is3 ,! (fic]s t =m$ ! bo>d t recomm5d$ ! draw+-*a91 also recomm5d$ a numb] ( l>ge l9ks on "o end ( ! *a91 s t x c\ld be made long] or %ort]1 z desir$4 ,if made 9 con=mity ) ! recomm5dation ( t bo>d ( (fic]s1 x c be let out s z to fit ! l>ge/ siz$ mule1 & c be tak5 up to fit ! %orte/4 ,:5 ,i say ?is1 ,i mean to include su* animals z are receiv$ accord+ to ! /&>d ( ! ,qu>t]ma/]-,g5]al's dep>tm5t4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,disadvantages ,,( ,,work+ ,,mules ,,t ,,are ,,too ,,"y4 ,a great _m ( ! mules pur*as$ by ! ,gov]nm5t dur+ ! w> 7 entirely too "y = use4 ,?is 0 p>ticul>ly s 9 ! ,we/1 :]e bo? contractor & inspector seem$ anxi\s only to get ! greate/ numb] !y c\ld on ! h&s ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 )\t respect to age or quality4 ,i h h>ness$1 or r tri$ to h>ness1 mules dur+ ! w>1 t 7 s "y & small t y c\ld n get coll>s small en\gh to fit !m4 ,z to ! h>ness1 !y 7 almo/ buri$ 9 x4 ,a great _m ( ^! small mules 7 b two ye>s old4 ,^! animals 7 ( no use to ! ,gov]nm5t = a long "t4 ,inde$1 ! inspector might j z well h giv5 8 c]tificate = a lot ( milk c[s1 s f> z !y add$ to our =ce ( transportation4 ,ano!r s\rce ( tr\ble has be5 caus$ ?r\gh a mi/ak5 op9ion z to :at a "y mule c\ld d1 & h[ he ought to be f$4 ,employ]s & o!rs1 :o _h "y mules "u _! *>ge dur+ ! w>1 _h1 z a g5]al ?+1 surplus =age on h&4 ,:5 !y 7 9 a place :]e n9e p\nds ( gra9 c\ld be procur$1 & f\rte5 ( hay1 ! full all[ance 0 pur*as$4 ,! surplus result+ f ?is attract$ notice1 & _m wond]$ :y x 0 t ! ,gov]nm5t did n r$uce ! =age on ! mule4 ,^! p]sons did n = a mom5t suspect1 or imag9e1 t a ?ree ye> old mule has s _m loose tee? 9 8 m\? z to be h>dly able to crack a gra9 ( corn1 or ma/icate 8 oats4 ,ano!r po9t 9 t case is ?is3 at ?ree ye>s old1 a mule is 9 a worse condition1 g5]ally1 ?an he is at any o!r p]iod 9 life4 ,at ?ree1 he is m subject to di/emp]1 sore eyes1 & inflammation ( all p>ts ( ! head & body4 ,he becomes q weak f n be+ able to eat1 gets loose & gaunt1 & is at t "t m subject & m apt to take contagi\s diseases ?an at any o!r *ange he may g ?r\gh4 ,!re is b "o sure way to rem$y ?is evil4 ,d n buy ?ree ye> old mules to put to "w t x requires a five or six ye> old mule to p]=m4 ,six ?ree ye> old mules are j ab\t z fit to travel fifte5 miles p] day1 ) an army wagon load$ ) tw5ty-five hundr$ & _! =age1 z a boy1 six ye>s ( age1 is fit to d a man's "w4 ,dur+ ! fir/ twelve mon?s ( ! w>1 ,i _h *>ge ( "o hundr$ & six mule-teams1 & ,i notic$ 9 p>ticul>1 t n "o solit>y mule z high z six ye>s old gave out on ! trips t ,i made ) ! teams4 ,i also notic$ t1 on mo/ occasions1 ! ?ree ye> olds gave out1 or became s leg-we>y t !y c\ld sc>ce walk out ( ! way ( ! sw+le-tree1 :]eas ^? ( f\r & upw>d w\ld be bright & brisk1 & able to eat _! =age :5 !y came to camp4 ,! ?ree ye> old mules w\ld lie d[n & n eat a bite1 ?r\gh %e] exhau/ion4 ,i also notic$ t ne>ly all ! ?ree ye> old mules t w5t to ,utah1 9 #aheg1 froze to dea? t w9t]1 :ile ^? ^: ages v>i$ f f\r1 & up to t51 /ood ! w9t] & came out 9 ! spr+ 9 good work+ condition4 ,9 ,augu/1 #ahee1 ,i drove a six-mule team to ,=t ,riley1 9 ,kansas ,t]ritory1 f ,=t ,leav5wor?1 on ! ,miss\ri ,riv]1 load$ ) twelve sacks ( gra94 ,x took u ?irte5 days to make ! trip4 ,:5 we rea*$ ,=t ,riley !re 7 n fifty mules1 9 ! tra9 ( "o hundr$ & fifty1 t w\ld h sold at public sale = ?irty doll>s1 & a great _m gave out on acc\nt ( be+ too "y & ! want ( prop] treatm5t4 ,9 ! fall ( #ahfj1 ,i drove a six-mule team1 load$ ) ?irty hundr$ weight1 tw5ty-five days' rations = myself & ano!r man1 & twelve days' /orage = ! team1 be+ all[$ twelve p\nds to ea* mule p] day4 ,i drove ?is team to ,=t ,l>amie1 9 ,nebraska ,t]ritory1 & f !re to ,=t ,leav5wor?1 on ! ,miss\ri ,riv]4 ,i made ! drive !re & back 9 ?irty-eight days1 & laid ov] two & a half days out ( t4 ,! di/ance travell$ 0 twelve hundr$ & ?irty-six miles4 ,aft] a re/ ( two days1 ,i />t$ ) ! same team1 & drove to ,=t ,scott1 9 ,kansas ,t]ritory1 9 five days1 a di/ance ( "o hundr$ & tw5ty miles4 ,i w5t ) ,h>ney's comm&1 &1 = ! mo/ "p ( ! "t1 _h no hay1 & 0 =c$ to subsi/ our animals on dry prairie grass1 & _h a poor supply ( ev5 t4 ,not)/&+ ?is1 ,i d n believe t any mule 9 ! team lo/ z mu* z t5 p\nds ( fle%4 ,ea* ( ^! mules1 let me say1 0 upw>d ( five ye>s old4 ,9 #aheh1 ,i took a tra9 ( mules to ,camp ,floyd1 9 ,utah1 =ty-eight miles s\? ( ,salt ,lake ,city2 ,dur+ ! m>* !re 7 days & nights t ,i c\ld n get a drop ( wat] = ! animals4 ,! "y mules1 ?ree & f\r ye>s old1 gave out f %e] exhau/ion2 :ile ! old] ones kept up1 & _h to draw ! wagons along4 ,n[1 !re are _m purposes to :i* a "y mule may be put ) advantage2 b !y are altoge!r unfit = army purposes1 & ! soon] ! ,gov]nm5t /ops us+ !m1 ! bett]4 ,:5 !y are pur*as$ = army use1 !y are almo/ sure to be put into a tra91 & turn$ ov] to ! t5d] m]cies ( "s team/]1 :o kn[s no?+ :atev] ab\t ! "* ( ! animal4 ,& "h let me say t ?\s&s ( ! be/ mules 9 ! army1 dur+ ! w>1 7 ru9$ & made useless to ! ,gov]nm5t on acc\nt ( ! incompet5cy & ignorance ( ! wagon-ma/]s & team/]s :o _h to deal ) !m4 ,p]sons :o own private teams & horses are g5]ally p>ticul> to "k ! "* ( ! p]son :o takes c>e ( !m1 & to asc]ta9 t he kn[s 8 bus9ess4 ,is he a good driv]8 ,is he a good groom8 ,is he c>eful 9 fe$+ & wat]+8 ,^! are ! que/ions t are ask$2 & if he has n ^! qualities he w n d4 ,b a team/] 9 ! army has none ( ^! que/ions put to him4 ,no2 he is intru/$ ) a valuable team1 & expect$ to take prop] c>e ( x :5 he has n ! fir/ qualification to d s4 ,if he is ask$ a "q at all1 x is m]ely if he has ev] driv5 a team be=e4 ,if he answ] 9 ! affirmative1 & !re are any vacancies1 he is employ$ at once1 ?\gh he may n "k h[ to lead a mule by ! head prop]ly4 ,?is is n alone ! case ) team/]s4 ,i h kn[n wagon-ma/]s :o really did n "k h[ to /raight5 out a six-mule team1 or1 inde$1 put ! h>ness on !m prop]ly4 ,& yet ! wagon-ma/] has almo/ complete p[] ov] ! tra94 ,x w be readily se5 f ?is1 h[ mu* valuable prop]ty may be de/roy$ by plac+ incompet5t m5 9 su* places4 ,wagon-ma/]s1 x seems to me1 %\ld n be all[$1 "u any circum/ances1 to h or take *>ge ( a tra9 ( animals ( any k9d until !y are ?or\ghly compet5t to h&le1 h>ness1 & drive a six-animal team4 ,!re is ano!r matt] :i* ne$s ess5tial improvem5t4 ,i ref] n[ to ! m5 :o are plac$ z sup]9t5d5ts ov] our ,gov]nm5t corrals & depots = animals4 ,_m ( ^! m5 "k little ( ei!r ! horse or ! mule1 & are almo/ entirely ignorant ( :at is necess>y = transportation4 ,a sup]9t5d5t %\ld h a ?or\gh k ( ! "* & capacity ( all k9ds ( animals necess>y = a good team4 ,he %\ld "k at sight ! age & weight ( animals1 %\ld be able to tell ! mo/ suitable place = diff]5t animals 9 a team1 & :]e ea* w\ld be ( ! mo/ s]vice4 ,he %\ld "k all p>ts ( 8 wagon & h>ness at a glance1 be able to take ea* portion ap>t & put !m toge!r aga91 ea* 9 its prop] %ape & place1 &1 above all1 he %\ld h practical exp]i5ce ) all k9ds ( animals t are us$ 9 ! army4 ,?is is especially necess>y dur+ w>4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,color1 ,,"*1 ,,& ,,peculi>ities ,,( ,,mules4 ,aft] be+ 9 comm& ( ! upp] corral1 ,i 0 ord]$1 on ! #g? ( ,septemb]1 #ahfd1 to take *>ge ( ! ,ea/]n ,bran* ,wagon ,p>k1 ,wa%+ton4 ,!re 7 at t "t 9 ! p>k tw5ty-"o six-mule tra9s4 ,ea* tra9 _h "o hundr$ & fifty mules & two horses atta*$4 ,!re 7 times1 h[ev]1 :5 we _h z _m z =ty-two tra9s ( six-mule teams1 ) ?irty m5 atta*$ to ea* tra94 ,9 a ye> f ! above date we h&l$ upw>d ( sev5ty-f\r ?\s& mules1 ea* & e "o pass+ "u my inspection & ?r\gh my h&s4 ,9 h&l+ ?is l>ge numb] ( animals1 ,i aim$ to asc]ta9 :i* 0 ! be/1 ! h>de/1 & ! mo/ durable color = a mule4 ,i did ?is because great importance has be5 atta*$ by _m to ! color ( ^! animals4 ,inde$1 "s ( our (fic]s h made x a di/+ui%+ feature4 ,b color1 ,i am satisfi$1 is no crit]ion to judge by4 ,!re is an exception to ?is1 p]haps1 9 ! cream-color$ mule4 ,9 mo/ cases1 ^! cream-color$ mules are apt to be s(t1 & !y also lack /r5g?4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly s ) ^? t take aft] ! m>e1 & h manes & tails ( ! same color4 ,^? t take aft] ! jack g5]ally h black /ripes r\nd _! legs1 black manes & tails1 & black /ripes d[n _! backs & across _! %\ld]s1 & are m h>dy & bett] animals4 ,i h frequ5tly se5 m51 9 pur*as+ a lot ( mules1 select ^? ( a c]ta9 color1 fancy+ t !y 7 ! h>die/1 & yet ! animals w\ld be widely diff]5t 9 _! work+ qualities4 ,y may take a black mule1 black mane1 black hair 9 8 e>s1 black at ! flank1 betwe5 ! hips or ?ighs1 & black "u ! belly1 & put him alongside ( a simil> siz$ mule1 m>k$ z ,i h describ$ above1 say light1 or :at is call$ mealy-color$1 on ea* ( ! above-m5tion$ p>ts1 put !m 9 ! same condition & fle%1 ( simil> age & s\ndness1 &1 9 _m cases1 ! mule ) ! light-color$ p>ts w we> ! o!r out4 ,x is v diff]5t ) ! :ite mule4 ,he is g5]ally s(t1 & c /& b little h>d%ip4 ,i ref] p>ticul>ly to ^? t h a :ite sk94 ,next to ! :ite & cream1 we h ! iron-grey mule4 ,?is color g5]ally indicates a h>dy mule4 ,we h n[ twelve teams ( iron-gray mules 9 ! p>k1 :i* h be5 do+ h>d "w e day s9ce ,july1 #ahfe2 x is n[ ,janu>y1 #ahff4 ,only "o ( ^! mules has become unfit = s]vice1 & t "o 0 injur$ by be+ kick$ by 8 mate4 ,all our o!r teams h _h m or less animals made unfit = s]vice & ex*ang$4 ,9 speak+ ( ! color ( mules1 x mu/ n be inf]r$ t !re are no mules t are all ( a color t are n h>dy & capable ( endurance4 ,i h _h "s1 ^: color did n v>y f head to foot1 t 7 capable ( great endurance4 ,b 9 mo/ cases1 if kept /eadily at "w f ! "t !y 7 ?ree ye>s old until !y 7 eight or t51 !y g5]ally gave out 9 "s "p1 & became an exp5se in/ead ( pr(it4 ,v>i\s op9ions are held z to :at ! mule c be made to d "u ! saddle1 _m p]sons ass]t+ t 9 cross+ ! pla9s he c be made to p]=m almo/ equal to ! horse4 ,?is is true on ! prairie4 ,b !re he works ) e advantage ov] ! horse4 ,9 #aheh1 ,i rode a mule f ,c$> ,valley1 =ty-eight miles nor? ( ,salt ,lake ,city1 to ,=t ,leav5wor?1 ,kansas1 a di/ance ( ne>ly f\rte5 hundr$ miles4 ,/>t+ f ,c$> ,valley on ! #bb;d ( ,octob]1 ,i rea*$ ,=t ,leav5wor? on ! #ca/ ( ,decemb]4 ,at ! end ( ! j\rney ! animal 0 completely worn d[n4 ,9 ?is condition ,i put h] into ,flem+'s liv]y /able1 9 ,leav5wor? ,city1 & 0 ask$ if %e 0 p]fectly g5tle4 ,"o w\ld suppose t1 9 su* a condition1 %e w\ld naturally be s4 ,i assur$ ! ho/l] t %e 02 t ,i _h ridd5 h] ne>ly a ye>1 & nev] knew h] to kick4 ,t same morn+1 :5 ! ho/l] w5t to fe$ h]1 %e sudd5ly became vici\s1 & kick$ him v sev]ely4 ,%e 0 !n ab\t twelve ye>s old4 ,i h s9ce ?\ght t :5 a mule gets p]fectly g5tle he is unfit = s]vice4 ,proprietors ( omnibuses1 /age l9es1 & city railroads h1 9 _m cases1 tri$ to "w mules1 z a matt] ( economy2 b1 z a g5]al ?+1 ! exp]im5t prov$ a failure1 & !y gave x up & return$ to horses4 ,! great reason = ?is failure 01 t ! p]sons plac$ 9 *>ge ( !m knew no?+ ( _! disposition1 & lack$ t exp]i5ce 9 h&l+ !m :i* is s necess>y to success4 ,b x mu/ be admitt$ t1 z a g5]al ?+1 !y are n well adapt$ = road or city purposes1 no matt] h[ mu* y may und]/& driv+ & h&l+ !m4 ,! mule may be made to d good s]vice on ! prairies1 9 supply+ our army1 9 t[+ canal boats 9 haul+ c>s inside ( coal m9es-- ^! are 8 prop] places1 :]e he c jog along & take 8 own "t1 pati5tly4 ,"w ( ?is k9d w\ld1 h[ev]1 9 ne>ly all cases1 break d[n ! _s ( ! horse1 & r5d] him useless 9 a v %ort "t4 ,i h se5 x ass]t$ t !re 7 mules t _h be5 kn[n to trot 9 h>ness 9 ?ree m9utes4 ,9 all my exp]i5ce1 ,i h nev] se5 any ?+ ( ! k9d1 & d n believe ! mule ev] exi/$ t c\ld d x4 ,x is a rem>kably good road horse t w d ?is1 & ,i h nev] yet se5 a mule t c\ld comp>e = spe$ ) a good road/]4 ,i h driv5 mules1 s+le & d\ble1 night & day1 f two to t5 9 a team1 & h h&l$ !m 9 e way t x is possible to h&le !m1 & h 9 my *>ge at ?is "t two hundr$ ( ! be/ mule teams 9 ! _w1 & !re is n a span among !m t c\ld be =c$ ov] ! road 9 f\r m9utes4 ,x is true ( ! mule t he w /& m abuse1 m beat+1 m /ra9+ & con/ant dogg+ at him ?an any o!r animal us$ 9 a team4 ,b all ! "w y c get out ( him1 ov] & above an ord9>y day's "w1 y h to "w z h>d z he does to accompli%4 ,"s curi\s facts h come "u my k z to :at ! mule c endure4 ,^! facts also illu/rate :at c be done ) ! animal by p]sons ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) 8 "*4 ,:ile on ! pla9s1 ,i h kn[n ,ki[a & ,caman*e ,indians to break into our pickets dur+ ! night1 & /eal mules t _h be5 pron\nc$ completely brok5 d[n by :ite m54 ,& ^! mules !y h ridd5 sixty & sixty-five miles ( a s+le night4 ,h[ ^! ,indians manag$ to d ?is1 ,i nev] c\ld tell4 ,i h repeat$ly se5 ,mexicans m\nt mules t our m5 _h pron\nc$ unfit = fur!r s]vice1 & ride !m tw5ty & tw5ty-five miles )\t /opp+4 ,i d n m5tion ?is to %[ t a ,mexican c d m ) ! mule ?an an ,am]ican4 ,he _c4 ,& yet !re seems to be "s sort ( fell[-feel+ betwe5 ^! ,mexicans & ! mule4 ,"o seems to und]/& ! o!r completely2 & 9 disposition !re is v little diff]5ce4 ,& yet ! ,mexican is s bruti% 9 deal+ ) animals1 t ,i nev] all[$ "o ( !m to drive a ,gov]nm5t team = me4 ,inde$1 a l[ ,mexican does n seem dispos$ to "w = a man :o w n all[ him full latitude 9 ! abuse ( animals4 ,pack+ ,mules4--,! ,mexican is a bett] pack] ?an ! ,am]ican4 ,he has _h m exp]i5ce1 & und]/&s all its details bett] ?an any o!r man4 ,"s ( our ,unit$ ,/ates (fic]s h tri$ to improve on ! exp]i5ce ( ! ,greas]1 & h made :at !y call$ an improvem5t on ! ,mexican pack-saddle4 ,b all ! attempts at improvem5t h be5 utt] failures4 ,! ran*]o1 on ! ,pacific side ( ! ,si]ra ,nevadas1 is also a good pack]2 & he c beat ! ,mexican lasso+ cattle4 ,b he is ! only man 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates :o c4 ,! reason = ?is is1 t !y w5t into t c\ntry :5 v "y1 & improv$ on ! ,mexican1 by hav+ cattle1 mules1 & horses r\nd !m all ! "t1 & be+ cont9ually cat*+ !m = ! purpose ( br&+ & m>k+4 ,!re is1 9 ,old z well z ,new ,mexico1 a class ( mules t are kn[n to u z ,spani%1 or ,mexican mules4 ,^! mules are n l>ge1 b = endurance !y are v sup]ior1 &1 9 my op9ion1 _c be excell$4 ,i am n say+ too mu* :5 ,i ass]t1 t ,i h se5 no?+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates t c\ld comp>e ) !m4 ,!y c1 app>5tly1 /& any am\nt ( />vation & abuse4 ,i h _h ?ree ,spani% mules 9 a tra9 ( tw5ty-five six-mule teams1 & />t+ f ,=t ,leav5wor?1 ,kansas1 on ,colonel 7s9ce ,g5]al7 ,sumn]'s exp$ition1 9 #aheg1 h travell$ to ,walnut ,creek1 on ! ,santa ,fe r\te1 a di/ance ( ?ree hundr$ miles1 9 n9e days4 ,& ?is 9 ! mon? ( ,augu/4 ,! usual effects ( h>d driv+1 ,i notic$1 %[$ b v little on !m4 ,i notic$ also1 along ! m>*1 t ) a halt ( less ?an ?ree h\rs1 fe$+ on grass t 0 only tol]ably ?ick1 !y w fill up bett] & look 9 bett] condition = resum+ ! m>*1 ?an "o ( our ,am]ican mules t _h re/$ five h\rs1 & _h ! same =age4 ,! bre$1 ( c\rse1 has some?+ to d ) ?is4 ,b ! animal is small]1 m compact ?an our mules1 &1 ( c\rse1 x takes less to fill him up4 ,x /&s to reason1 t a mule ) a body half z l>ge z a hog%ead _c satisfy 8 hung] 9 ! "t x w\ld take a small "o4 ,?is is ! secret ( small mules outla/+ l>ge ones on ! prairies4 ,x takes ! l>ge "o s long to f9d en\gh to eat1 :5 ! grass is scanty1 t he has n "t en\gh = re/ & recup]ation4 ,i (t5 f\nd !m leav+ camp1 9 ! morn+1 q z hungry & disc\rag$ z !y 7 :5 we halt$ ! previ\s ev5+4 ,) ! small mule x is diff]5t4 ,he gets en\gh to eat1 quick1 & has "t to re/ & refre% himself4 ,! ,spani% or ,mexican mule1 h[ev]1 is bett] z a pack animal1 ?an = a team4 ,!y are vici\s1 h>d to break1 & two-?irds ( !m kick4 ,9 look+ ov] a book1 ) ! title ( ,dome/ic ,animals1 ,i notice t ! au?or1 ,mr4 ,r4,l4 ,all51 has copi$ f ! (ficial report ( ! ,agricultural ,committee ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 & ass]ts t a mule is fit = s]vice soon] ?an a horse4 ,?is is n true2 & to prove t x is n1 ,i w give :at ,i consid] to be ample pro(4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 a mule at ?ree ye>s old is j z mu* & ev5 m ( a colt ?an a horse is4 ,& he is z mu* out ( condition1 on acc\nt ( cutt+ tee?1 di/emp]1 & o!r colt ailm5ts1 z x is possible to be4 ,get a ?ree ye> old mule tir$ & fatigu$1 & 9 n9e cases out ( t5 he w get s disc\rag$ t x w be next to impossible to get him home or into camp4 ,a horse colt1 if able to travel at all1 w "w 8 way home *e]fully2 b ! "y mule w sulk1 & 9 _m in/ances w n move an in* :ile life la/s4 ,an hone/ horse w try to help himself1 & d all he c = y1 especially if y treat him k9dly4 ,! mule colt w1 j z likely z n1 d all he c to make x inconv5i5t = y & him4 ,to %[ ( h[ little s]vice ?ree ye> old mules are to ! ,gov]nm5t1 ,i w give ! numb] h&l$ by me dur+ "p ( #ahfd & #ahfe4 ,on ! #a/ ( ,septemb]1 #ahfd1 ,i _h *>ge ( five ?\s& & eighty-two mules2 & dur+ ! same mon? ,i receiv$ two ?\s& two hundr$ & t51 & issu$ to ! ,armies ( ! ,potomac1 ! ,james1 & ! ,%5&oah1 ?ree ?\s& five hundr$ & sev5ty-"o1 :i* left u on h&1 on ! #a/ ( ,octob]1 ?ree ?\s& sev5 hundr$ & tw5ty-"o4 ,dur+ ! mon? ( ,octob] we receiv$ only n9e hundr$ & eighty1 & issu$ two ?\s& five hundr$ & ?irty1 :i* left u on h&1 on ! #a/ ( ,novemb]1 two ?\s& "o hundr$ & sev5ty-"o4 ,dur+ ,novemb] we receiv$ two ?\s& "o hundr$ & eighty-six1 & issu$ to ! army "o ?\s& sev5 hundr$ & fifty-sev51 :i* left u on h&1 on ! #a/ ( ,decemb]1 two ?\s& f\r hundr$ & ?irty mules4 ,n[ m>k ! dea?s4 ,dur+ ! mon? ( ,septemb]1 #ahfd1 !re di$ 9 ! corral fifte5 mules4 ,9 ,octob]1 six di$4 ,9 ,novemb]1 ?ree2 & 9 ,decemb]1 eight4 ,!y 7 all two & ?ree ye>s old4 ,on ! #a/ ( ,may1 #ahfe1 we _h on h& f\r ?\s& & twelve head1 & receiv$1 dur+ ! same mon?1 sev5 ?\s& n9e hundr$ & fifty-eight4 ,we issu$1 dur+ ! same mon?1 fifte5 ?\s& five hundr$ & sixty-?ree1 leav+ u on h&1 on ! #a/ ( ,june1 six ?\s& f\r hundr$ & eighty-sev54 ,dur+ ?is mon? we receiv$ sev5 ?\s& n9e hundr$ & fifty-"o1 & issu$ elev5 ?\s& n9e hundr$ & fifte54 ,our mules dur+ ^! mon?s 7 s5t out to be h]d$1 & ! total numb] ( dea?s dur+ ! "t 0 tw5ty-f\r4 ,b two ( !m 7 ov] f\r ye>s old4 ,n[1 x occurs to me t x w\ld be a great sav+ to ! ,gov]nm5t n to pur*ase any mules "u f\r ye>s old4 ,?is /atem5t ( dea?s at ! corral is z no?+ :5 comp>$ ) ! numb] ( dea?s ( "y mules 9 ! field4 ,x is1 9 fact1 well e/abli%$ t fully two-?irds ( ! dea?s 9 ! field are ( "y animals "u ?ree ye>s ( age4 ,?is wa/e ( animal life c>ries ) x an exp5se x w\ld be difficult to e/imate1 b :i* a rem$y might easily be f\nd =4 ,n[1 x is well kn[n t :5 a mule has rea*$ ! age ( f\r ye>s1 y w h v little tr\ble ) him1 s f> z sickness & disease are conc]n$4 ,besides1 at ! age ( f\r he is able to "w1 & "w well2 & he also und]/&s bett] :at y want him to d4 ,! committee appo9t$ to report on ?is subject say _m mules h be5 lo/ by fe$+ on cut /raw & corn meal4 ,?is is some?+ entirely new to me2 & ,i am ( op9ion t m ,gov]nm5t mules die because !y d n get en\gh ( ?is /raw & meal4 ,! same committee say1 also1 t 9 no in/ance h !y kn[n !m to be inflict$ ) disease o!r ?an inflammation ( ! inte/9es1 caus$ by exposure4 ,i only wi% t ! memb]s ( t committee c\ld h _h access to ! affidavits 9 ! ,qu>t]ma/]-,g5]al's dep>tm5t-- !y w\ld !n h satisfi$ !mselves t ?\s&s ( ,gov]nm5t mules h di$ ) almo/ e disease ! horse is subject to4 ,& ,i d n see :y !y %\ld n be liable to ! same diseases1 s9ce !y d]ive life & animation f ! horse4 ,! mule t bre$s close/ aft] ! jack1 & is m>k$ l him1 is ! h>die/1 c /& fatigue ! be/1 & is less liable to ^? diseases common to ! horse2 :ile ^? :i* bre$ close aft] ! m>e1 & h no m>ks ( ! jack ab\t !m1 are liable to all ( !m4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ?is *apt] ,i spoke ( ! color ( mules4 ,i w1 9 clos+1 make a few m rem>ks on t subject1 :i* may int]e/ ! read]4 ,we h n[ at "w ?ree dun-color$ mules1 t 7 transf]r$ to ! ,army ( ! ,potomac 9 #ahfb1 & t w5t ?r\gh all ! campaigns ( t army1 & 7 transf]r$ back to u 9 ,june1 #ahfe4 ,!y _h be5 /eadily at "w1 & yet 7 9 good condition1 h>dy1 & bright1 :5 !y 7 turn$ 94 ,^! mules h a black /ripe across _! %\ld]s1 d[n _! backs1 & are :at is call$ d>k-color$ duns4 ,we also h ! only full team t has gone ?r\gh all ! campaigns ( ! ,army ( ! ,potomac4 ,x 0 fitt$ up at ,annapolis1 ,md41 9 ,septemb]1 #ahfa1 "u ,capta9 ,santelle1 ,a4,q4,m4 ,!y are n[ 9 f9e condition1 & equal to any ?+ we h 9 ! corral4 ,! lead]s are v f9e animals4 ,!y are f\rte5 h&s high1 "o weigh+ eight hundr$1 & ! o!r eight hundr$ & =ty-five p\nds4 ,"o ( ! middle lead]s weighs n9e hundr$1 ! o!r n9e hundr$ & =ty-sev5 p\nds1 & f\rte5 h&s & a half high4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,diseases ,,mules ,,are ,,liable ,,to4--,,:at ,,he ,,c ,,draw1 ,,etc41 ,,etc4 ,! committee also say t ! mule is a m /eady animal 9 8 draft ?an ! horse4 ,i ?9k ?is ! greate/ mi/ake ! committee has made4 ,y h only to obs]ve ! mann] 9 :i* a dray or heavily-load$ wagon w toss a mule ab\t1 & ! way he w toss himself ar\nd on ! road1 to be satisfi$ t ! committee h =m$ an errone\s op9ion on t po9t4 ,9 />t+ ) a load1 ! mule1 9 _m cases1 works ) 8 feet z if !y 7 set on a pivot1 & h5ce does n take s firm a hold ( ! gr\nd z ! horse does4 ,i h nev] yet se5 a mule 9 a dray or c>t t c\ld keep x f jolt+ him r\nd4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 he has n ! p[] to /eady a dray2 &1 9 ! second place1 !y nev] c be taught to d x4 ,9 f9e1 !y h n ! =mation to h&le a dray or c>t4 ,:at1 !n1 becomes ( ! idea t !y are z /eady 9 drays or teams z ! horse4 ,! committee also say t mules are n subject to su* ailm5ts z horses--spav91 gl&]s1 r+bone1 & bots4 ,if ,i _h ! committee "h1 ,i w\ld %[ its memb]s t e o!r mule 9 ! qu>t]ma/]s' dep>tm5t1 ov] fifte5 & a half h&s high1 is ei!r spav9$1 r+bon$1 or ill "s way injur$ by ! above-nam$ diseases4 ,! mule may n be s liable to spav9 z ! horse1 b he has r+bone j ! same4 ,i _c1 = ! life ( me1 see h[ ! committee c\ld h fall5 into ?is error4 ,!re is ?is1 h[ev]1 to be tak5 into consid]ation3 ! mule is n ( s s5sitive a nature z ! horse1 & w be> pa9 )\t %[+ x 9 lam5ess4 ,! close obs]v]1 h[ev]1 c easily detect x4 ,"o reason :y !y d n %[ spav9 & r+bone s mu* at ! horse1 is because our blacksmi?s d n cut _! heels z l[ z !y d a horse's1 & consequ5tly t "p ( ! foot is n made to "w s h>d4 ,if y believe a mule has a r+bone1 & yet is n lame1 j cut 8 heel d[n l[1 & give him a few good pulls 9 a muddy place1 & he w soon develop to y bo? lam5ess & r+bone4 ,cut 8 toes d[n & leave 8 heels high1 & he w n be apt to g lame ) x4 ,! committee also say t a ,mr4 ,elliott1 ( ! ,patux5t ,furnaces1 says !y h>dly ev] _h a mule die ( disease4 ,?is is a /range /atem5t2 = ! poore/ teams ,i ev] saw1 & ! v wor/ br$ /ock1 7 on ! ,patux5t ,riv]1 ?r\gh ! s\!rn "p ( ,m>yl&1 & at ! m>kets on ,wa%+ton ,city4 ,x is pitiable to see1 z y c on m>ket days1 ! %abby teams driv5 by ! f>m]s ( ea/]n & s\!rn ,m>yl&4 ,a m brok5-he>t$1 pov]ty-/rick51 & deject$-look+ set ( teams c be se5 n[h]e else4 ,! p ( ,m>yl& h rais$ good horses2 x is high "t !y wak$ up to ! necessity1 & ev5 pr(it1 ( rais+ a bett] k9d ( mule4 ,9 reg>d to ! draft p[] ( mules1 9 comp>ison ) horses1 !re are v>i\s op9ions2 & yet x is "o :i* ought to be easily settl$4 ,i h te/$ mules to ! v utmo/ ( _! /r5g?1 & x 0 v r>e to f9d a pair t c\ld draw ?irty hundr$ weight a s+le ye>1 )\t be+ us$ up completely4 ,n[1 x is well kn[n t 9 ! nor!rn & we/]n ,/ates y c f9d any numb] ( pairs ( horses t w draw ?irty-five & =ty hundr$ weight any:]e4 ,& !y w keep do+ x1 day aft] day1 & reta9 _! condition4 ,!re 0 "o great difficulty ! ,agricultural ,committee ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a _h to cont5d )1 & x 0 ?is4 ,at ! "t x _h ! subject ( ! mule "u consid]ation1 he 0 n us$ g5]ally ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,i c easily und]/&1 !re=e1 t ! committee obta9$ its k f ! v few p]sons :o _h !m1 & made ! be/ report x c\ld "u ! circum/ances4 ,inde$1 ,i firmly believe ! report 0 writt5 ) ! int5tion ( giv+ correct in=mation1 b x fail$ entirely4 ,9 recomm5d+ any ?+ ( ?is k9d1 great c>e %\ld be tak5 n to lead ! inexp]i5c$ a/ray1 & to give only su* facts z are obta9$ f ?or\gh k2 & no man %\ld be accept$ z au?ority 9 ! c>e & treatm5t ( animals1 unless he has _h long exp]i5ce ) !m1 & has made !m a subject ( /udy4 ,a few words m on break+ ! mule4 ,don't fight or abuse him4 ,aft] y h h>ness$ him1 & he proves to be refractory1 keep y\r own temp]1 slack y\r re9s1 pu% him r\nd1 backw>d & =w>d1 n r\ghly2 & if he w n g1 & d :at y want1 tie him to a po/ & let him /& !re a day or s )\t food or wat]4 ,take c>e1 also1 t he does n lie d[n1 & be c>eful to h a p]son to gu>d him1 s t he does n f\l 9 ! h>ness4 ,if he w n g1 aft] a day or two ( ?is sort ( treatm5t1 give him "o or two m ( x1 & my ^w = x1 he w come to 8 s5ses & d any ?+ y want f t "t =w>d4 ,"s p]sons ass]t t ! mule is a v cunn+ animal2 o!rs ass]t t he is dull & /upid1 & _c be made to und]/& :at y want4 ,he is1 ,i admit1 :at may be call$ a tricky animal2 b1 = exp]im5t sake1 j play "o or two tricks ) him1 & he w %[ y by 8 action t he und]/&s !m well4 ,inde$1 he kn[s a great deal m ?an he g5]ally gets cr$it =1 & few animals are m capable ( appreciat+ prop] treatm5t4 ,l _m o!r species ( animal1 !re are sc>cely two to be f\nd ( precisely ! same temp] & disposition1 if we except ! s+le vice ( kick+1 :i* !y w all d1 especially :5 well f$ & re/$4 ,& we c excuse ev5 ?is vice 9 consid]ation ( ! fact1 t ! mule is n a natural animal1 b only an inv5tion ( man4 ,"s p]sons are incl9$ to ?9k t1 :5 a mule is a kick]1 he has n be5 prop]ly brok54 ,i d\bt if y c break a mule s t he w n kick a /rang] at sight1 especially if he be "u six ye>s old4 ,! only way to keep a mule f kick+ y is to h&le x a great deal :5 "y1 & accu/om x to ! ways & actions ( m54 ,y mu/ ?r\gh k9dness conv9ce x t y are n go+ to h>m or abuse x2 & y c d t be/ by tak+ hold ( x 9 a g5tle mann] e "t x appe>s to be fright5$4 ,su* treatm5t ,i h always f\nd m effective ?an all ! beat+ & abus+ y c apply4 ,!re is ano!r fault ! mule has to cont5d aga9/4 ,x is ! common belief among team/]s & o!rs t he has less confid5ce 9 man ?an ! horse has1 & to improve ?is !y almo/ inv>iably apply ! :ip4 ,! reason = ?is want ( confid5ce is readily f\nd 9 ! fact t mule colts are nev] h&l$ ) t degree ( k9dness & c>e t horse colts are4 ,!y are naturally m /ubborn ?an ! horse1 & mo/ ( ^? p]sons :o und]take to halt] or h>ness !m = ! fir/ "t are ev5 m /ubborn 9 _! disposition ?an ! mule4 ,!y comm5ce to break ! animal by beat+ him 9 ! mo/ unm]ciful mann]1 & t at once s excites ! mule's /ubbornness1 t _m ( !m1 9 ?is condition1 w\ld n move an in* if y 7 to cut !m to pieces4 ,& let me say "h t no?+ %\ld be s mu* avoid$ 9 break+ ?is animal z ! :ip4 ,! "y1 unbrok5 mule _c be made to und]/& :at y are :ipp+ him =4 ,x is a habit ) mule driv]s 9 ! army1 _m ( :om are m5 )\t feel+ = a dumb animal1 to :ip mules j to he> _! :ips crack1 & to let o!rs he> ) :at dext]ity !y c d x4 ,x has a v bad effect on ! animals1 & "s means %\ld be appli$ to /op x4 ,army team/]s & /able-m5 seem to reg>d x z a virtue to be cruel to animals4 ,!y soon cultivate vici\s habits1 & a bad temp] seems to gr[ up ) _! occupation4 ,x naturally foll[s1 !n1 t 9 ! treatm5t ( _! animals !y d j :at !y ought n to d4 ,! ,gov]nm5t has be5 a v sev]e suff]] by ?is2 & ,i cont5d t dur+ a w> x is j z necess>y to h exp]i5c$ & well tra9$ team/]s z x is to h h>d5$ & well tra9$ soldi]s4 ,! mule is peculi> 9 8 dislikes4 ,_m ( !m1 :5 fir/ h>ness$1 s dislike a bl9d bridle t !y w n "w 9 x4 ,:5 y f9d ?is1 let him /& = say a day 9 ! bl9d]s1 & !n take !m (f1 & 9 =ty-n9e cases out ( fifty he w g at once4 ,x has be5 said t ! mule nev] sc>es or runs away4 ,?is is n true4 ,he is n s apt to get fright5$ & run away z ! horse is4 ,b any "o :o has _h long exp]i5ce ) !m 9 ! army kn[s t !y w bo? get fright5$ & run away4 ,!y d n1 h[ev]1 lose all _! s5ses :5 !y get fright5$ & run away1 z ! horse does4 ,br+ a mule back aft] he has run away1 & 9 mo/ cases he w n want to d x aga94 ,a horse t has once run away1 h[ev]1 is nev] safe aft]w>d4 ,inde$1 9 all ! t5s ( ?\s&s ( mules t ,i h h&l$1 ,i nev] yet f\nd an habitual runaway4 ,_! sluggi% nature does n incl9e !m to su* tricks4 ,if a team attempts to run away1 "o or two ( !m w fall d[n be=e !y h gone f>1 & ?is w /op ! rema9d]4 ,attempt to put "o up to ! same spe$ y w\ld a horse1 ov] a r\gh road1 & y w h p]=m$ wond]s if he does n fall & break y\r bones4 ,! mule1 especially if l>ge1 _c /& h>d roads & pavem5ts4 ,8 limbs are too small = 8 body1 & !y g5]ally give out4 ,y w notice t all good judges ( road & trott+ horses l to see a good /rong bone 9 ! leg4 ,?is is actually necess>y4 ,! mule1 y w notice1 is v defici5t 9 leg1 & g5]ally h poor muscle4 ,& _m ( !m are :at is call$ cat-hamm$4 ,work+ ,condition ( ,mules4--,mo/ p]sons1 :5 !y see a good1 fat1 slick mule1 are apt to exclaim3 ,:at a f9e mule !re is6 ,he takes x = grant$ t because ! animal is fat1 tall1 & heavy1 he mu/ be a good "w animal4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is no crit]ion to judge by4 ,a mule1 to be 9 good condition = "w1 %\ld nev] be any fatt] ?an :at is kn[n z good work+ condition4 ,"o ( f\rte5 & a half h&s high1 to be 9 good work+ condition1 %\ld n weigh ov] n9e hundr$ & fifty p\nds4 ,"o ( fifte5 h&s high %\ld n weigh ov] "o ?\s& p\nds4 ,if he does1 8 legs w 9 a v %ort "t give out1 & he w h to g to ! hospital4 ,9 work+ a mule ) too mu* fle%1 x w produce curbs1 spav91 r+bone1 or crook$ hocks4 ,! muscles & t5dons ( _! small legs are n capable ( c>ry+ a heavy weight ( body = any l5g? ( "t4 ,he may n1 z ,i h said be=e1 %[ 8 blemi%es 9 lam5ess1 b x is only because he lacks t f9e feel+ common to ! horse4 ,i h1 s+ul> z x may seem1 kn[n mules t h be5 spav9$1 curb$1 & r+bon$1 & yet h be5 work$ = ye>s )\t exhibit+ lam5ess4 ,avoid spott$1 or dapple mules2 !y are ! v poore/ animal y c get4 ,!y _c /& h>d "w1 & once !y get diseas$ & beg9 to lose /r5g?1 !re is no sav+ !m4 ,! ,mexicans call !m p9tos1 or pa9t$ mules4 ,we call !m calico ,arabians or ,*ickasaws4 ,!y h g5]ally bad eyes1 :i* get v sore dur+ ! heat & du/ ( summ]1 :5 _m ( !m g bl9d4 ,_m ( ! sn[-:ite mules are ( ! same description1 & ab\t z useless4 ,mules ) ! :ite muzzle1 or1 z "s t]m x1 :ite-nore :ite1 & ) :ite r+s r\nd ! eyes1 are also ( b little acc\nt z "w mules4 ,!y c /& no h>d%ip ( any k9d4 ,gov]nm5t1 at lea/1 %\ld nev] pur*ase !m4 ,9 pur*as+ mules1 y mu/ look well to ! age1 =m1 height1 eyes1 size ( bone & muscle1 & disposition2 = ^! are ( m importance ?an 8 color4 ,get ^! "r & y w h a good animal4 ,if any g5tleman wants to pur*ase a mule = ! saddle1 let him get "o br$ clos] aft] ! m>e ?an ! jack4 ,!y are m docile1 h&le easi]1 & are m tractable1 & w d :at y want ) less tr\ble ?an ! o!r4 ,if possible1 also1 get m>e mules2 !y are mu* m safe & tru/y "u ! saddle1 & less liable to get /ubborn4 ,!y are also bett] ?an a horse mule = team purposes4 ,9 %ort1 if ,i 7 pur*as+ mules = myself1 ,i w\ld give at lea/ fifte5 doll>s m = m>e mules ?an ,i w\ld = horse4 ,!y are sup]ior to ! horse mule 9 e way4 ,"o reason is1 t !y possess all _! natural faculties1 :ile y deprive ! horse ( 8 by alt]+4 ,! mo/ disagreeable & unmanageable1 & ,i 0 go+ to say useless1 animal 9 ! _w1 is a /ud mule4 ,!y are no b5efit to anybody1 & yet !y are m tr\blesome ?an any o!r animal4 ,!y r>ely ev] get fat1 & are always frett+2 & x is next to impossible to keep !m f break+ loose & gett+ at m>es4 ,besides1 !y are exce$+ly dang]\s to h among/ horses4 ,!y w frequ5tly fly at ! horse1 l a tig]1 & bite1 te>1 & kick him to pieces4 ,i h kn[n !m to %ut _! eyes1 become furi\s1 & da% ov] bo? man & bea/ to get at a m>e4 ,x is curi\s1 also1 t a :ite m>e seems to h ! greate/ attractions = !m4 ,i h kn[n a /ud mule to take a fancy to a :ite m>e1 & x seem$ impossible to keep him away f h]4 ,mules ( all k9ds1 h[ev]1 seem to h a peculi> fancy = :ite m>es & horses1 & :5 ?is atta*m5t is once =m$1 x is almo/ impossible to sep>ate !m4 ,if y want to drive a h]d ( five hundr$ mules any di/ance1 turn a :ite or gray m>e 9 among !m = two or ?ree days1 & !y w become s atta*$ to h] t y may turn !m out1 & !y w foll[ h] any:]e4 ,j let a man lead ! m>e1 & ) two m5 m\nt$ y c manage ! :ole h]d almo/ z well z if !y 7 9 a team4 ,ano!r way to lead mules is1 to put a bell on ! m>e's neck4 ,! mules w li/5 = t bell l a lot ( s*ool *ildr51 & w foll[ its t9kl+1 ) ! same in/9ct4 ,ano!r curi\s ?+ ab\t ! mule is ?is3 ,y may hit* him up to-day = ! fir/ "t1 & he may become sull5 & refuse to g a /ep = y4 ,?is may be v provok+1 & p]haps excite y\r temp]2 b d n let x1 = t5 *ances to "o1 if y take him out ( ! h>ness to-day & put him 9 aga9 to-morr[1 t he w g "r (f1 & d any ?+ y want him4 ,x is be/ always to get a "y mule well us$ to ! h>ness be=e y try to "w him 9 a team4 ,:5 y get him s t he is n afraid ( ! h>ness1 y may consid] y\r mule two-?irds broke4 ,i h se5 x ass]t$ t a team ( mules 0 m easily h&l$ ?an a team ( horses4 ,x is impossible t ?is c be s1 = ! reason t y nev] c make a mule z bridle-wise z a horse4 ,to fur!r prove t ?is _c be s1 let any re9sman put z _m mules toge!r z !re are horses 9 ! b& wagon ( a %[1 or circus1 & see :at he c d ) !m4 ,!re is n a driv] liv+ :o c re9 !m ) ! same safety t he c a horse1 & = ! v reason1 t :5ev] ! mule f9ds t he has ! advantage ( y1 he w keep x 9 spite ( all y c d4 ,mule ,rais+4--,i nev] c\ld und]/& :y x 0 t almo/ e p]son1 t raises /ock1 recomm5ds big1 ugly gollips ( m>es1 = mule-bre$+4 ,! pr9ciple is c]ta9ly a wrong "o1 z a little /udy ( nature mu/ %[4 ,to produce a good1 well-proportion$ mule1 y mu/ h a good1 compact1 & s]viceable m>e4 ,x is j z necess>y z 9 ! cross+ ( any o!r animal4 ,x c]ta9ly is m pr(itable to raise good animals ?an poor ones2 & y _c raise good mules f bad m>es1 no matt] :at ! jack is4 ,y inv>iably see ! bad m>e 9 ! flabby1 long-legg$ mule4 ,x has be5 held by "s ( our (fic]s1 t ! mule 0 a bett] animal = ,gov]nm5t s]vice1 because he requir$ less c>e & fe$ ?an ! horse1 & w\ld g long] )\t wat]4 ,?is1 aga91 is a grave mi/ake4 ,! mule1 if prop]ly tak5 c>e (1 requires ne>ly z mu* =age z ! horse1 & %\ld be groom$ & c>$ = j ! same4 ,i ref] n[ to team animals4 ,su* /atem5ts d a great deal ( injury1 inasmu* z !y enc\rage ! m5 :o h *>ge ( animals to neglect & abuse !m4 ,! team/] :o he>s 8 sup]ior talk 9 ?is way w soon take advantage ( x4 ,animals ( all k9ds1 9 a wild & natural /ate1 h a way ( keep+ !mselves clean4 ,if left wild1 ! mule w\ld d x4 ,b :5 man deprives !m ( ! privileges by ty+ !m up & dome/icat+ !m1 he mu/ assi/ !m 9 ! mo/ natural way to keep !mselves clean4 ,& ?is assi/ance ! animal appreciates to its fulle/ ext5t4 ,h[ to ,h&le a ,mule ,colt4--,own]s & rais]s ( mules %\ld pay m att5tion to _! habits :5 "y4 ,& ,i w\ld give !m ?is advice3 ,:5 ! colt is six mon?s old1 put a halt] on him & let ! /rap hang loose4 ,let y\r /rap be ab\t f\r feet long1 s t x w drag on ! gr\nd4 ,! animal w soon accu/om himself to ?is2 & :5 he has1 take up ! end & lead him to ! place :]e y h be5 accu/om$ to fe$ him4 ,?is w make him famili> ) y1 & increase 8 confid5ce4 ,h&le 8 e>s at times1 b don't squeeze !m1 = ! e> is ! mo/ s5sitive "p ( ?is animal4 ,z soon z he lets y h&le 8 e>s famili>ly1 put a loose bridle on him4 ,put x on & take x (f frequ5tly4 ,9 ?is way y w secure ! colt's confid5ce1 & he w reta9 x until y ne$ him = "w4 ,speak+ ( ! s5sitiv5ess ( ! mule's e>1 a scrat*1 or ! slighte/ injury to x1 w excite _! /ubbornness & make !m afraid ( y4 ,i h kn[n a mule's e> to be scrat*$ by r\gh h&l+1 & = mon?s aft]w>d x 0 ) ! greate/ difficulty y c\ld bridle him4 ,no?+ is m important ?an t y %\ld bridle a "y mule prop]ly4 ,i h f\nd f exp]i5ce t ! be/ way is ?is3 /& on ! ne> side1 ( c\rse2 take ! top ( ! bridle 9 y\r "r h&1 & ! bit 9 y\r left2 pass y\r arm g5tly ov] 8 eye until t "p ( ! arm b5ds 8 e> d[n1 !n slip ! bit into 8 m\?1 & at ! same "t let y\r h& be work+ sl[ly ) ! be>+s /ill on 8 head & neck1 until y h arrang$ ! head-/all4 ,x w\ld be a sav+ ( ?\s&s ( doll>s to ! ,gov]nm5t1 if1 9 pur*as+ mules1 x c\ld get !m all halt] & bridle-brok54 ,/ablem51 9 ! employ ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 w n take ! tr\ble to halt] & bridle-break !m prop]ly2 & ,i h se5 hundr$s ( mules1 9 ! ,city ( ,wa%+ton1 totally ru9$ by ty+ !m up beh9d wagons :ile "y1 & lit]ally dragg+ !m ?r\gh ! /reets4 ,^! mules _h nev]1 p]haps1 _h a halt] on be=e4 ,i h se5 !m1 :ile ti$ 9 ?is mann]1 jump back1 ?r[ !mselves d[n1 & be dragg$ on ! gr\nd until !y 7 ne>ly dead4 ,& :at is worse1 ! team/] inv>iably seeks to rem$y ?is by beat+ !m4 ,9 mo/ cases1 ! team/] w\ld see !m dragg$ to dea? be=e he w\ld give !m a help+ h&4 ,if he knew h[ to apply a prop] rem$y1 v likely he w\ld n give himself ! tr\ble to apply x4 ,i h nev] be5 able to f9d out h[ ?is p]nici\s habit ( ty+ mules beh9d wagons orig9at$2 b ! soon] an ord] is issu$ putt+ a /op to x1 ! bett]1 = x is no?+ less ?an a co/ly torture4 ,! mule1 m ?an any o!r animal1 wants to see :]e he is go+4 ,he _c d ?is at ! tail ( an army wagon1 ?\gh x is an excell5t plan = him to get 8 head bruis$ or 8 bra9s knock$ out4 ,"s p]sons *>ge x z an habitual vice ) ! mule to pull back4 ,i h se5 horses contract t vice1 & cont9ue x until !y kill$ !mselves4 ,b1 9 all my exp]i5ce ) ! mule1 ,i nev] saw "o 9 :i* x 0 a settl$ vice4 ,dur+ ! "t ,i _h *>ge ( ! receiv+ & issu+ ( horses to ! army1 ,i _h a great _m horses injur$ s]i\sly by ?is vice ( pull+ back4 ,"s ( ^! horses became s badly injur$ 9 ! sp9e t ,i _h to s5d !m to ! hospital1 !n "u ! *>ge ( ,dr4 ,l4,h4 ,braley4 ,"s 7 s badly injur$ t !y di$ 9 fits2 o!rs 7 cur$4 ,ev5 :5 ! mule gets 8 neck sore1 he w endure x l ! ox1 & in/ead ( pull+ back1 z ! horse w1 he w come "r up = ! purpose ( eas+ x4 ,!y d n1 z "s suppose1 d ?is because ( _! sore1 b because !y are n s5sitive l ! horse4 ,pack+ ,mules4--,9 look+ ov] a copy ( ,mason's ,f>ri]1 or ,/ud ,book1 by ,mr4 ,sk9n]1 ,i f9d x /at$ t a mule is capable ( pack+ six or eight hundr$ p\nds4 ,mr4 ,sk9n] has evid5tly nev] pack$ mules1 or he w\ld n h made s errone\s a /atem5t4 ,i h be5 9 all our ,nor!rn & ,we/]n ,t]ritories1 9 ,old & ,new ,mexico1 :]e ne>ly all ! bus9ess is done by pack animals1 mules1 & asses2 & ,i h also be5 among ! tribes ( ,indians bord]+ on ! ,mexican ,/ates1 :]e !y h to a great ext5t adopt$ ! ,spani% me?od ( pack+1 & yet ,i nev] saw an in/ance :5 a mule c\ld be pack$ six or eight hundr$ p\nds4 ,inde$1 ! p 9 ^! c\ntries w\ld ridicule su* an ass]tion4 ,& "h ,i purpose to give ! result ( my own exp]i5ce 9 pack+1 toge!r ) t ( sev]al o!rs :o h long foll[$ ! bus9ess4 ,i also purpose to say some?+ on :at ,i consid] ! be/ mode ( pack+1 ! weight suitable = ea* animal1 & ! relative ga9 or loss t might result f ?is me?od ( transportation1 z comp>$ ) transportation by wagon4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 pack+ ought nev] to be resort$ to1 because x _c be done ) pr(it1 :]e ! roads are good & wagons & animals are to be _h4 ,9 m\nta9s1 ov] des]ts & pla9s ( s&1 :]e =age is scant1 & wat] only to be _h at long int]vals1 !n ! pack is a necessity1 & c be us$ ) pr(it4 ,let x be und]/ood1 also1 t 9 pack+1 ! ,spani% pack-mule1 z z well z saddle1 is ! mo/ suitable4 ,second3 ,! ,spani% me?od ( pack+ is1 above all o!rs1 ! mo/ anci5t1 ! be/ & mo/ economical4 ,) x ! animal c c>ry a heavi] burd5 ) less injury to himself4 ,?ird3 ,! weight to be pack$1 "u ev] s favorable circum/ances1 %\ld nev] be ov] f\r hundr$ & fifty p\nds4 ,f\r?3 ,! ,am]ican pack-saddle is a wor?less ?+1 & %\ld nev] be us$ :5 any consid]able am\nt ( weight is requir$ to be pack$4 ,if ,i _h previ\sly ent]ta9$ any d\bt 9 reg>d to ?is ,am]ican pack-saddle1 x 0 remov$ by :at came "u my obs]vation ?ree ye>s ago4 ,:ile employ$ 9 ! qu>t]ma/]s' depot1 at ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c41 z sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,g5]al ,hospital ,/ables1 we at "o "t receiv$ ?ree hundr$ mules1 on :i* ! exp]im5t ( pack+ ) ?is saddle _h be5 tri$ 9 ! ,army ( ! ,potomac4 ,x 0 said ?is 0 "o ( ,g5]al ,butt]field's exp]im5ts4 ,^! animals pres5t$ no evid5ce ( be+ pack$ m ?an once2 b su* 0 ! t]rible condition ( _! backs t ! :ole numb] requir$ to be plac$ at once "u m$ical treatm5t4 ,(fic]s ( ! army :o knew ,dr4 ,braley1 "k h[ inv>iably successful he has be5 9 ! treatm5t ( ,gov]nm5t animals1 & h[ c>efully he treats !m4 ,yet1 9 spite ( all 8 skill1 & ) ! be/ ( %elt]1 fifte5 ( ^! animals di$ f mortification ( _! w\nds & injuries ( ! sp9e4 ,! rema9d] 7 a v long "t 9 recov]+1 & :5 !y did1 _! backs1 9 _m cases1 7 sc>r$ 9 su* a mann] z to r5d] !m unfit ev] aft] = be+ us$ = a simil> purpose4 ,! use ( ! ,am]ican pack-saddle1 & lack ( k on ! "p ( ^? 9 *>ge z to :at mules 7 suitable = pack+1 did ?is4 ,! exp]i5c$ pack] w\ld h se5 at a glance t a l>ge portion ( ^! mules 7 utt]ly unfit = ! bus9ess4 ,! exp]im5t 0 a wret*$ failure1 b co/ ! ,gov]nm5t "s ?\s&s ( doll>s4 ,i ought to m5tion1 h[ev]1 t ! class ( mules on :i* ?is exp]im5t 0 tri$ 7 loose1 leggy animals1 su* z ,i h h]et(ore describ$ z be+ almo/ unfit = any bran* ( ,gov]nm5t s]vice4 ,b1 by all means1 let ! ,gov]nm5t ab&on ! ,am]ican pack-saddle until "s fur!r improvem5ts are made 9 x4 ,n[1 z to ! weight a mule c pack4 ,i h se5 ! ,delaw>e ,indians1 ) all _! effects pack$ on mules1 go+ out on a buffalo hunt4 ,i h se5 ! ,potawatamies1 ! ,kickapoos1 ! ,pawnees1 ! ,*ey5nes1 ,pi-,ute1 ,si\x1 ,arapahoes1 & inde$ almo/ e tribe t use mules1 pack !m to ! v ext5t ( _! /r5g?1 & nev] yet saw ! mule t c\ld pack :at ,mr4 ,sk9n] ass]ts4 ,m ?an t1 ,i ass]t "h t y _c f9d a mule t w pack ev5 f\r hundr$ p\nds1 & keep 8 condition sixty days4 ,eight hundr$ p\nds1 ,mr4 ,sk9n]1 is a try+ weight = a horse to drag any di/ance4 ,:at1 !n1 mu/ we ?9k ( x on ! back ( a mule8 ,! (fic]s ( our qu>t]ma/]s' dep>tm5t1 :o h be5 out on ! pla9s1 und]/& ?is matt] p]fectly4 ,any ( ^! g5tlem5 w tell y t !re is n a pack tra9 ( fifty mules 9 exi/5ce1 t c pack on an av]age = =ty days1 ?ree hundr$ p\nds to ! animal4 ,i w n[ give y ! exp]i5ce ( "s ( ! be/ mule pack]s 9 ! c\ntry1 9 ord] to %[ t :at has be5 writt5 9 reg>d to ! mule's /r5g? is calculat$ to mislead ! read]4 ,9 #ahef1 ,william ,&]son1 a man :om ,i "k well1 pack$ f ! ,city ( ,del ,norte to ,*ihuahua & ,durango1 9 ,mexico1 a di/ance ( five hundr$ miles or !reab\t4 ,&]son & a man ( ! "n ( ,frank ,rob]ts _h *>ge ( ! pack tra94 ,!y _h sev5ty-five mules1 & us$ to pack boxes ( dry goods1 bales1 & ev5 b>rels4 ,!y _h two ,mexican driv]s1 & travell$ ab\t fifte5 miles a day1 at mo/1 ?\gh !y took ! v be/ ( c>e ( _! animals4 ,n[1 ! v mo/ x 0 possible = any mule 9 ?is tra9 to get along ) 0 two hundr$ & sev5ty-five p\nds4 ,m ?an ?is1 !y did n h ov] tw5ty-five mules out ( ! :ole numb] t c\ld pack two hundr$ & fifty p\nds1 ! av]age weight to ! :ole tra9 be+ a little less ?an two hundr$ p\nds4 ,to make ?is fifte5 miles a day1 !y _h to make two drives1 lett+ ! animals /op to fe$ :5ev] !y _h made sev5 or eight miles4 ,9 #aheh1 ?is same ,&]son pack$ = ! exp$ition s5t aft] ! ,snake ,indians4 ,8 tra9 consi/$ ( "s two hundr$ & fifty or ?ree hundr$ mules4 ,!y pack$ f ,cordela9e ,mission to ,walla ,walla1 9 ,oregon4 ,! animals 7 ( a v sup]ior k9d1 select$ = ! purpose ( pack+ out ( a v l>ge lot4 ,"s ( ! v be/ ( ^! mules 7 pack$ ) ?ree hundr$ p\nds1 b at ! end ( two weeks gave out completely4 ,9 #ahei1 ?is same ,&]son pack$ = a g5tleman ( ! "n ( ,david ,reese1 liv+ at ! ,dalles1 9 ,portl&1 ,oregon4 ,8 tra9 consi/$ ( fifty mules1 9 good av]age condition1 _m ( !m weigh+ n9e hundr$ & fifty p\nds1 & f ?irte5 to f\rte5 h&s high4 ,8 av]age pack+ 0 two hundr$ & fifty p\nds4 ,! di/ance 0 ?ree hundr$ miles1 & x occupi$ =ty days 9 go+ & return+4 ,su* 0 ! sev]ity ( ! labor t ne>ly two-?irds ( ! animals became poor1 & _! backs s sore z to be unfit = "w4 ,?is trip 0 made f ! ,dalles1 9 ,oregon1 to ,salmon ,falls1 on ! ,columbia ,riv]4 ,&]son ass]ts x1 z ! result ( 8 exp]i5ce1 t1 9 pack+ fifty mules a di/ance ( ?ree hundr$ miles ) two hundr$ & fifty p\nds1 ! animals w be s r$uc$ at ! end ( ! j\rney z to require at lea/ f\r weeks to br+ !m into condition aga94 ,?is also con=ms ) my own exp]i5ce4 ,9 #aheg1 !re 0 />t$ f ,=t ,l>amie1 ,nebraska ,t]ritory1 to g to ,=t ,bridg] ) salt1 a tra9 ( =ty mules4 ,x 0 9 ! w9t]2 ea* mule 0 pack$ ) "o hundr$ & eighty p\nds1 z ne> z we c\ld possibly e/imate1 & ! tra9 0 giv5 9 *>ge ( a man ( ! "n ( ,donovan4 ,! wea!r & roads 7 bad1 & ! pack prov$ entirely too heavy4 ,donovan did all he c\ld to get 8 tra9 ?r\gh1 b 0 =c$ to leave m ?an two-?irds ( x on ! way4 ,at t season ( ! ye>1 :5 grass is poor & ! wea!r bad1 "o hundr$ & =ty or "o hundr$ & fifty p\nds is en\gh = any mule to pack4 ,!re 7 also1 9 #aheg1 regul> pack tra9s run f ,r$ ,bluffs1 on ! ,sacram5to ,riv]1 9 ,cali=nia1 to ,yreka & ,curran ,riv]4 ,out ( all ! mules us$ 9 ^! tra9s1 none 7 pack$ ) ov] two hundr$ p\nds4 ,to sum up1 pack+ nev] %\ld be resort$ to :5 !re is any o!r means ( transportation op54 ,x is1 beyond d\bt1 ! mo/ exp5sive means ( transportation1 ev5 :5 ! mo/ exp]i5c$ pack]s are employ$4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x 7 necess>y = ! ,gov]nm5t to e/abli% a sy/em ( pack+1 x w\ld be a great sav+ to import ,mexicans1 accu/om$ to ! "w1 to p]=m ! labor1 & ,am]icans to take *>ge ( ! tra9s4 ,pack+ is a v labori\s bus9ess1 & v few ,am]icans ei!r c>e ab\t do+ x1 or h ! pati5ce necess>y to x4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,physical ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,! ,,mule4 ,i n[ propose to say some?+ on ! mule's limbs & feet4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! mule has a jack's leg f ! knee d[n1 & 9 ?is "p ( ! leg he is weak2 & ) ^! he frequ5tly has to c>ry a horse's body4 ,x /&s to reason1 !n1 t if y fe$ him until he gets two or ?ree hundr$ p\nds ( extra fle% on him1 z _m p]sons d1 he w break d[n = want ( leg-/r5g?4 ,inde$1 ! mule is weake/ :]e ! horse is /ronge/4 ,8 feet1 too1 are a s+ul> =mation1 diff]+ v mat]ially f ^? ( ! horse4 ,! mule's feet gr[ v sl[1 & ! gra9 or pores ( ! ho( are mu* clos] & h>d] ?an ^? ( ! horse4 ,x is n s liable1 h[ev]1 to break or crumble4 ,& yet !y are n s well adapt$ = "w on macadamiz$ or /ony roads1 & ! m fle% y put on 8 body1 aft] a reasonable weight1 ! m y add to ! means ( 8 de/ruction4 ,obs]ve1 = in/ance1 a f>m]'s mule1 or a poor man's mule work+ 9 ! city4 ,^! p]sons1 ) r>e exceptions1 fe$ _! mules v little gra91 & !y are g5]ally 9 l[ fle%4 ,& yet !y la/ a v long "t1 not)/&+ ! r\gh treatm5t !y get4 ,:5 y fe$ a mule1 y mu/ adju/ ! proportions ( 8 body to ! /r5g? ( 8 limbs & ! k9d ( s]vice he is requir$ to p]=m4 ,exp]i5ce has taught me1 t ! less y fe$ a mule bel[ :at he w eat clean1 j t am\nt ( value & life is kept out ( him4 ,9 relation to fe$+ animals4 ,"s p]sons boa/ ( hav+ horses & mules t eat b little1 & are !re=e easily kept4 ,n[1 :5 ,i want to get a horse or a mule1 ^! small eat]s are ! la/ ones ,i w\ld ?9k ( pur*as+4 ,9 n9e cases out ( t51 y w f9d su* animals out ( condition4 ,:5 ,i f9d animals 9 ! ,gov]nm5t's possession1 t _c eat ! am\nt necess>y to su/a9 !m & give !m prop] /r5g?1 ,i inv>iably ?r[ !m out1 to be nurs$ until !y w eat _! rations4 ,animals1 to be kept 9 good condition1 & fit = prop] s]vice1 %\ld eat _! t5 & twelve qu>ts ( gra9 p] head p] day1 ) hay 9 proportion--say1 twelve p\nds4 ,i wi% "h aga9 to correct a popul> error1 t ! mule does n eat1 & requires mu* less food ?an ! horse4 ,my exp]i5ce has be51 t a mule1 twelve h&s high1 & weigh+ eight hundr$ p\nds1 w eat &1 inde$1 requires j z mu* z a horse ( simil> dim5sions4 ,give !m simil> "w1 keep !n 9 a /able1 or camp !m out dur+ ! w9t] mon?s1 & ! mule w eat m ?an ! horse w or c4 ,a mule1 h[ev]1 w eat almo/ any ?+ r ?an />ve4 ,/raw1 p9e bo>ds1 ! b>k ( trees1 gra9 sacks1 pieces ( old lea!r1 d n come amiss ) him :5 he is hungry4 ,!re 7 _m in/ances1 dur+ ! late w>1 :]e a team ( mules 7 f\nd1 ( a morn+1 /&+ ov] ! rema9s ( :at _h1 ! ev5+ be=e1 be5 a ,gov]nm5t wagon4 ,:5 two or m h be5 kept ti$ to a wagon1 !y h be5 kn[n to eat ea* o!r's tail (f to ! bone1 ,& yet ! animal1 ?us depriv$ ( 8 caudal app5dage1 did n ev9ce mu* pa94 ,9 ! ,s\?1 _m ( ! plantations are work$ ) mules1 driv5 by negroes4 ,! mule seems to und]/& & appreciate ! negro2 & ! negro has a sort ( fell[-feel+ = ! mule4 ,bo? are sluggi% & /ubborn1 & yet !y get along well toge!r4 ,! mule1 too1 is well suit$ to plantation labor1 & w outla/ a horse at x4 ,! soil is also light & s&y1 & bett] suit$ to ! mule's feet4 ,a negro has n mu* sympa?y = a "w-horse1 & 9 a %ort "t w ru9 him ) abuse1 :]eas he w %>e 8 corn ) ! mule4 ,nor does ! work+ ( ! soil on s\!rn plantations ov]tax ! p[] ( ! mule4 ,! ,value ( ,h>ness+ prop]ly4--,9 work+ any animal1 & m especially ! mule1 x is bo? humane & economical to h him h>ness$ prop]ly1 ,unless he be1 ! animal _c p]=m ! labor he is capable ( ) ease & com=t1 ,& y _c wat* too closely to see t e ?+ works 9 its "r place4 ,beg9 ) ! bridle1 & see t x does n *afe or cut him1 ,! army bl9d-bridle1 ) ! bit alt]ation atta*$1 is ! v be/ bridle t c be us$ on ei!r horse or mule4 ,be c>eful1 h[ev]1 t ! cr[n-piece is n atta*$ too tight4 ,be c>eful1 also1 t x does n draw ! sides ( ! animal's m\? up into wr9kles1 = ! bit1 work+ aga9/ ^!1 is sure to make ! animal's m\? sore4 ,! mule's m\? is a v difficult "p to heal1 & once x gets sore he becomes unfit = "w4 ,y\r bridle %\ld be fitt$ well to ! mule's head be=e y attempt to "w him 9 x4 ,leave y\r be>+-l9e slack1 s z to all[ ! mule ! privilege ( le>n+ to walk easy ) h>ness on4 ,x is too frequ5tly ! case1 t ! eyes ( mules t are work$ 9 ! ,gov]nm5t's s]vice are injur$ by ! bl9ds be+ all[$ to "w too close to ! eyes4 ,?is is caus$ by ! bl9d-/ay be+ too tight1 or p]haps n split f> en\gh up betwe5 ! eyes & e>s4 ,?is /ay %\ld always be split high en\gh up to all[ ! bl9ds to /& at lea/ "o in* & a half f ! eye4 ,ano!r1 & ev5 m ess5tial "p ( ! h>ness is ! coll>4 ,m mules are maim$ & ev5 ru9$ altoge!r by improp]ly fitt+ coll>s1 ?an is g5]ally believ$ by qu>t]ma/]s4 ,x requires m judgm5t to fit a coll> prop]ly on a mule ?an x does to fit any o!r "p ( ! h>ness4 ,get y\r coll> long en\gh to buckle ! /rap close up to ! la/ hole4 ,!n exam9e ! bottom1 & see t !re be room en\gh betwe5 ! mule's neck or w9d-pipe to lay y\r op5 h& 9 easily4 ,?is w leave a space betwe5 ! coll> & ! mule's neck ( ne>ly two in*es4 ,aside f ! creas$ neck1 mules' necks are ne>ly all alike 9 %ape1 ,!y inde$ v>y z little 9 neck z !y d 9 feet2 & :at ,i say on ! coll> w apply to !m all1 ,! team/] has always ! means 9 8 own h&s ( rem$y+ a bad fitt+ coll>4 ,if ! animal does n "w easy 9 x1 if x p9* him some:]e1 let x rema9 9 wat] ov] night1 put x on ! animal wet ! next morn+1 & 9 a few m9utes x w take ! exact =mation ( ! animal's neck4 ,see t x is prop]ly fitt$ above & bel[ to ! hames1 !n ! impression :i* ! coll> takes 9 a natural =m w be sup]ior to ! be/ me*anical skill ( ! be/ h>ness-mak]4 ,!re is ano!r ?+ ab\t coll>s1 :i*1 9 my op9ion1 is v important4 ,:5 y are pursu+ a j\rney ) teams ( mules1 :]e hay & gra9 are sc>ce1 ! animals w naturally become poor1 & _! necks get ?9 & small4 ,if once ! coll> becomes too l>ge1 & y h no way ( ex*ang+ x = a small] "o1 ( c\rse y mu/ d ! next be/ ?+ y c4 ,n[1 fir/ take ! coll> (f ! animal1 lay x on a level1 & cut ab\t "o in* out ( ! c5tre4 ,:5 y h done ?is1 try x on ! animal aga92 & if x /ill cont9ues too l>ge take a little m f ea* side ( ! c5tre until y get x "r4 ,9 ?is way y c effect ! rem$y y ne$4 ,9 p]=m+ a long j\rney1 ! animals w1 if driv5 h>d1 soon %[ y :]e ! coll> ought to be cut1 ,!y g5]ally get sore on ! out] "p ( ! %\ld]1 & ?is on acc\nt ( ! muscle wa/+ away4 ,team/]s on ! pla9s & 9 ! ,we/]n ,t]ritories cut all ! coll>s :5 />t+ on a trip4 ,x takes less "t aft]w>d to fit !m to ! teams1 & to h>ness & unh>ness4 ,:5 y f9d out :]e ! coll> has injur$ ! %\ld]1 cut x & take out en\gh ( ! /uff+ to prev5t ! lea!r f t\*+ ! sore4 ,9 ?is way ! animal w soon get s\nd-%\ld]$ aga94 ,let ! "p ( ! lea!r y cut hang loose1 s t :5 y take ! /uff+ out y may put x back & prev5t any m ?an is actually necess>y f com+ out4 ,see t y\r hames fit well1 = !y are a matt] ( great importance 9 a mule's draw+4 ,unless y\r hames fit y\r coll> well1 y are sure to h tr\ble ) y\r h>ness1 & y\r mule w "w badly4 ,"s p]sons ?9k1 because a mule c be accu/om$ to "w ) almo/ any ?+ = a h>ness1 t money is sav$ 9 lett+ him d x4 ,?is is a great mi/ake4 ,y s]ve ! be/ economy :5 y h>ness him well & make 8 work+ com=table4 ,inde$1 a mule c d m "w ) a bad-fitt+ coll> & h>ness ?an a man c walk ) a bad-fitt+ boot4 ,try y\r hames on1 & draw !m tight en\gh at ! top ( ! mule's neck1 s t !y w n "w or roll r\nd4 ,!y %\ld be tight en\gh to fit well )\t p9*+ ! neck or %\ld]1 & 9 f9e1 fit z neatly z a man's %irt-coll>4 ,d n get ! bulge "p ( y\r coll> d[n too l[4 ,if y d1 y int]f]e ) ! ma*9]y t propels ! mule's =e legs4 ,aga91 if y raise x too high1 y at once int]f]e ) 8 w9d4 ,!re is an exact place = ! bulge ( ! coll>1 & x is on ! po9t ( ! mule's %\ld]4 ,"s p]sons use a pad made ( %eepsk9 on ! toe ( ! coll>4 ,take x (f1 = x does no good1 & get a piece ( ?ick lea!r1 free f wr9kles1 t5 or twelve in*es long & sev5 wide2 slit x crosswise an in* or s f ea* end1 leav+ ab\t an in* 9 ! c5tre4 ,fit ?is 91 9 place ( ! pad ( %eepsk91 & y w h a *eap]1 m durable1 & cool] neck-ge> = ! animal4 ,y _c keep a mule's neck 9 good condition ) heat+ & quilt$ pads4 ,! same is true ( padd$ saddles4 ,i h p]haps ridd5 z mu* z any o!r man 9 ! s]vice1 ( my age1 & yet ,i nev] c\ld keep a horse's back 9 good condition ) a padd$ saddle :5 ,i rode ov] tw5ty-five or ?irty miles a day4 ,!re is ano!r evil :i* ought to be rem$i$4 ,i ref] n[ to ! ?roat-lat*4 ,hundr$s ( mules are 9 a measure ru9$ by all[+ ! ?roat-lat* to be work$ too tight4 ,a tight ?roat-lat* inv>iably makes 8 head sore4 ,besides1 x int]f]es ) a "p :i*1 if x 7 n =1 y w\ld n h ! mule--8 w9d4 ,i h frequ5tly kn[n mules' heads s injur$ by ! ?roat-lat* t !y w\ld n all[ y to bridle !m1 or inde$ t\* _! heads4 ,& to bridle a mule ) a sore head requires a little m pati5ce ?an nature g5]ally supplies man )4 ,let a mule's e>s alone4 ,x is v common ) team/]s & o!rs1 :5 !y want to h>ness mules1 to cat* !m by ! e>s1 put twit*es on _! e>s4 ,ev5 blacksmi?s1 :o c]ta9ly ought to "k bett]1 are 9 ! habit ( putt+ tongs & twit*es 9 _! e>s :5 !y %oe !m4 ,n[1 aga9/ all ^! b>b>\s & inhuman practices1 ,i "h1 9 ! "n ( humanity1 ent] my prote/4 ,! animal becomes almo/ wor?less by ! injuries caus$ by su* practices4 ,!re are extreme cases 9 :i* ! twit* may be resort$ to1 b x %\ld 9 all cases be appli$ to ! nose1 & only !n :5 all mild] means h fail$4 ,b !re is ano!r1 & mu* bett]1 me?od ( h&l+ & ov]com+ ! vices ( refractory mules4 ,i ref] to ! l>iat4 ,?r[ ! noose ov] ! head ( ! unruly mule1 !n draw him c>efully up to a wagon1 z if = ! purpose ( bridl+ him4 ,9 case he is extremely h>d to bridle1 or vici\s1 ?r[ an additional l>iat or rope ov] 8 head1 fix+ x precisely z repres5t$ 9 ! draw+4 ,by ?is me?od y c hold any mule4 ,b ev5 ?is me?od _h bett] be avoid$ unless :]e x is absolutely necess>y4 ,x is n[ ,augu/1 #ahff4 ,we are work+ five hundr$ & fifty-eight animals1 f six o'clock 9 ! morn+ until sev5 o'clock at night1 & out ( ?is numb] we h n got t5 sore or gall$ animals4 ,! reason is1 because we d n use a s+le padd$ saddle or coll>4 ,also1 t ! "p ( ! h>ness t ! heavie/ /ra9 comes on is kept z smoo? & pliable z x is possible = x to be4 ,look well to y\r draw+-*a9s1 too1 & see t !y are kept ( an ev5 l5g?4 ,if y\r coll> gets gummy or dirty1 don't scrape x ) a knife2 wa% x1 & pres]ve ! smoo? surface4 ,y\r bree*+1 or :eel h>ness1 is also ano!r v important "p2 see t x does n cut & *afe ! animal s z to we> ! hair (f1 or injure ! sk94 ,if y get ?is too tight1 x is impossible = ! animal to /ret* out & walk free4 ,besides ob/ruct+ ! animal's gait1 h[ev]1 ! /raps w hold ! coll> & hames s tight to 8 %\ld] z to make him sore on ! top ( 8 neck4 ,^! /raps %\ld always be slack en\gh to all[ ! mule p]fect fre$om :5 at 8 be/ walk4 ,& n[ ,i h a few words to say on ,gov]nm5t wagons4 ,gov]nm5t wagons1 z n[ made1 c be us$ = o!r purposes besides ! army4 ,! l>ge-siz$ ,gov]nm5t wagon is1 x has be5 prov$1 too heavy = f\r horses4 ,! small] siz$ "o is ne>] "r2 b :5ev] y take an ord9>y load on x 7! small] "o7 & h a r\gh c\ntry to move ?r\gh1 x w give out4 ,x is too heavy = two horses & a light load1 & yet n heavy en\gh to c>ry tw5ty-five hundr$ or ?ree ?\s& p\nds1 a f\r-horse load1 :5 ! roads are 9 any way bad4 ,!y d tol]ably well ab\t cities1 e/abli%$ po/s1 & inde$ any:]e :]e ! roads are good1 & !y are n subject to mu* /ra94 ,improvem5ts on ! ,gov]nm5t wagon h be5 attempt$1 b ! result has be5 failure4 ,! m simple y c get su* wagons1 ! bett]1 & ?is is :y ! orig9al yet /&s z ! be/4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 great diff]5ce 9 ! mat]ial us$1 & "s mak]s make bett] wagons ?an o!rs4 ,! six & eight-mule wagon1 ! l>ge/ size us$ = road & field purposes1 is1 9 my humble op9ion1 ! v be/ adapt$ to ! uses ( our ,am]ican army4 ,dur+ ! rebellion !re 7 a great _m wagons us$ t 7 n ( ! army patt]n4 ,"o ( ^!1 ,i rememb]1 0 call$ ! ,:eel+ wagon1 & us$ to a great ext5t = light "w1 & did well4 ,on ?is acc\nt _m p]sons recomm5d$ !m4 ,i c\ld n1 & = ?is reason3 !y are too complicat$1 & !y are mu* too light to c>ry ! ord9>y load ( a six-mule team4 ,at ! end ( ! w> x 0 %[n t ! army patt]n wagon _h be5 work$ m1 _h be5 repair$ less1 & 0 9 bett] condition ?an any o!r wagon us$4 ,i ref] n[ to ^? made 9 ,philadelphia1 by ,wilson ,*ilds1 or ,wilson1 ,*ilds ,co4 ,!y are kn[n 9 ! army z ! ,wilson wagon4 ,! v be/ place to te/ ! durability ( a wagon is on ! pla9s4 ,run x !re1 "o summ]1 :5 !re is b little wet wea!r1 :]e !re are all k9ds ( roads to travel on & loads to c>ry1 & if x /&s t x w /& any ?+4 ,! wagon-brake1 in/ead ( ! lock-*a91 is a great & v valuable improvem5t made dur+ ! ,w>4 ,hav+ a brake on ! wagon saves ! "t & tr\ble ( /opp+ at ! top ( e hill to lock ! :eels1 & aga9 at ! bottom to unlock !m4 ,(fic]s ( ! army "k h[ mu* tr\ble ?is us$ to cause1 h[ x us$ to block up ! roads1 & delay ! movem5ts ( troops impati5t to get ahead4 ,! lock-*a9 gr\nd out ! wagon tire 9 "o spot4 ,! brake saves t2 & x also saves ! animal's neck f t bruis+ & *af+ incid5t to ! dead /ra9 t 0 requir$ :5 dragg+ ! lock$ :eel4 ,!re is ano!r difficulty t has be5 ov]come by ! wagon-brake4 ,9 /opp+ to lock :eels on ! top ( a hill1 y\r tra9 get into disord]4 ,9 mo/ cases1 :5 tra9s are mov+ on ! road1 !re is a space ( t5 or fifte5 feet betwe5 ! wagons4 ,ea* team1 !n1 w naturally close up t space z x comes to ! place = halt+ to lock4 ,n[1 ab\t ! "t ! fir/ team/] gets 8 :eel lock$1 ! "o 9 ! re> ( him is dism\nt+ = ! same purpose4 ,?is be+ repeat$ along ! tra91 x is n difficult to see h[ ! space mu/ increase1 & irregul>ity foll[4 ,! m wagons y h to lock ) ! drag-*a91 ! fur!r y get ! teams ap>t4 ,:5 y h a l>ge body ( wagons mov+ toge!r1 x naturally foll[s t1 ) su* a halt z ?is1 ! teams 9 ! re> mu/ make tw5ty-five halts1 or /ops1 & />ts1 = ev]yone t ! head team makes4 ,:5 ! team/] driv+ ! second team gets ready to lock1 ! fir/1 or head team1 />ts up4 ,?is excites ! mule ( ! second to d ! same1 & s all along ! tra94 ,?is irritates ! team/]1 & he is compell$ to run up & cat* ! :eel-mules by ! head1 to make !m /op1 s t he c lock 8 :eels4 ,9 n9e cases out ( t5 he w wa/e "t 9 puni%+ 8 animals = :at !y d n und]/&4 ,he nev] ?9ks = a mom5t t ! mule is accu/om$ to />t up :5 ! wagon ahead ( him moves1 & supposes he is do+ 8 duty4 ,9 _m cases1 :5 he _h got 8 :eels lock$1 he _h s excit$ 8 mules t !y w\ld run d[n ! hill1 cripple "s ( ! m51 break ! wagon1 cause a sma%-up 9 ! tra91 & p]haps de/roy ! v rations & clo!s on :i* "s poor soldi]'s life dep5d$4 ,we all "k :at delay & disa/] h result$ f ! roads be+ block$ up 9 ?is mann]4 ,! brake1 ?anks to ! inv5tor1 (f]s a rem$y = all ?is4 ,x also saves ! neck & %\ld]s ( e animal 9 ! tra92 x saves ! feet ( ! :eel]s2 x saves ! h>ness2 x saves ! lead & sw+ mules f be+ /opp$ s quick t !y cut !mselves2 & x saves ! :eels at lea/ tw5ty p] c5t4 ,^? :o h _h wagons ?r[n ov] precipices1 or labor$ & /ruggl$ 9 mud & wat] two & ?ree h\rs at a "t1 c easily und]/& h[ "t & tr\ble c\ld h be5 sav$ if ! wagon c\ld h be5 lock$ 9 any way aft] x />t$ ov] ^? places4 ,! be/ brake by all odds1 is t :i* fa/5s ) a lev] *a9 to ! brake-b>4 ,i d n l ^? :i* atta* ) a rope1 & = ! reason t ! lazy team/] c sit on ! saddle-mule & lock & unlock1 :ile1 ) ! *a9 & lev]1 he mu/ get (f4 ,9 ?is way he relieves ! saddle-mule's back4 ,we all "k t1 9 rid+ mules d[n /eep or long hills1 y d mu* to /iff5 !m up & we> !m out4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,some?+ ,,m ,,ab\t ,,bre$+ ,,mules4 ,be=e ,i close ?is "w1 ,i desire to say some?+ m ab\t bre$+ mules4 ,x has long be5 a popul> error t to get a good mule colt y mu/ bre$ f l>ge m>es4 ,! av]age siz$1 compact m>e1 is by all odds ! sup]ior animal to bre$ mules f4 ,exp]i5ce has satisfi$ me t v l>ge mules are ab\t z useless = army s]vice z v l>ge m5 are = troop]s4 ,y c get no great am\nt ( s]vice out ( ei!r4 ,"o is good at de/roy+ rations2 ! o!r at l[]+ hay/acks & corn-b9s4 ,( all ! numb] we _h 9 ! army1 ,i nev] saw six ( ^! l>ge1 ov]gr[n mules t 7 ( mu* s]vice4 ,inde$1 ,i h yet to see ! value 9 any animal t runs or ru%es to an ov]gr[?4 ,! same is true ) man1 bea/1 or vegetable4 ,i w get ! av]age size ( ei!r ( !m1 & y w ackn[l$ge ! sup]iority4 ,! only advantage ^! l>ge m>es may give to ! mule is 9 ! size ( ! feet & bone t !y may imp>t4 ,! heavi] y c get ! bone & feet1 ! bett]4 ,& yet y c r>ely get ev5 ?is1 & = ! reason t ,i h be=e giv51 t ! m>e1 9 n9ete5 cases out ( tw5ty1 bre$s close aft] ! jack1 m especially 9 ! feet & legs4 ,x makes little diff]5ce h[ y cross m>es & jacks1 ! result is almo/ c]ta9 to be a horse's body1 a jack's legs & feet1 a jack's e>s1 &1 9 mo/ cases1 a jack's m>ks4 ,nature has direct$ ?is cross+ = ! be/1 s9ce ! clos] ! m>e bre$s aft] ! jack ! bett] ! mule4 ,! highe/ m>k$ mules1 & ! deepe/ ( ! diff]5t colors1 ,i h inv>iably f\nd to be ! be/4 ,:at is x1 let u inquire1 t makes ! ,mexican mule h>dy1 trim1 robu/1 well-m>k$ aft] ! jack1 & s s]viceable8 ,x is no?+ m nor less ?an bre$+ f s\nd1 s]viceable1 compact1 & spirit$ ,mexican or mu/ang m>es4 ,y mu/1 9 fact1 use ! same judgm5t 9 cross+ ^! animals z y w\ld if y want$ to produce a good race or trott+ horse4 ,we are told1 9 ,mason & ,sk9n]'s ,/ud ,book1 t 9 bre$+ mules ! m>es %\ld be l>ge b>rell$ small limb$1 ) a mod]ate-siz$ head & a good =ehead4 ,?is1 x seems to me1 w /rike our (fic]s z a v novel recomm5dation4 ,! mule's limbs & feet are ! id5tical p>ts y want z l>ge z possible1 z ev]yone t has _h mu* to d ) ! animal kn[s4 ,y r>ely f9d a mule t has legs z l>ge z a horse4 ,b ! mule1 f hav+ a horse's body1 w fatt5 & fill up1 & become j z heavy z ! body ( an av]age-siz$ horse4 ,hav+1 !n1 to c>ry ?is extra am\nt ( fat & fle% on ! sl5d] legs & feet ( a jackass1 y c easily see :at ! result mu/ be4 ,no2 y w be p]fectly safe 9 gett+ y\r mule z l>ge-legg$ z y c4 ,& by all means let ! m>e y bre$ f h a good1 s\nd1 heal?y block ( a foot4 ,!n ! colt w /& "s *ance ( inh]it+ a portion ( x4 ,x is natural t ! l>g] y get 8 feet ! /eadi] he w travel4 ,"s p]sons w tell y t ^! small feet are natural1 & are be/ adapt$ to ! animal4 ,b !y =get t ! mule is n a natural animal1 only an inv5tion ( man4 ,let y\r m>e & jack be ea* ( ! av]age size1 ! jack well m>k$1 & ,no4 #a ( 8 k9d1 & ,i w take ! product & we> out any o!r /yle ( bre$4 ,inde$1 y h only to appeal to y\r bett] judgm5t to conv9ce y z to :at w\ld result f putt+ a jack1 sev5 or eight h&s high1 to a m>e ( sixte5 or m4 ,i h witness$ "s curi\s results 9 mule bre$+1 & :i* x may be well en\gh to m5tion "h4 ,i h se5 frequ5t in/ances :]e "o ( ! v be/ jacks 9 ! c\ntry _h be5 put to m>es ( good quality & _s4 ,putt+ !m to su* contemptible animals seem$ to degrade !m1 to de/roy _! natural w & temp]4 ,! result 0 a sort ( ba/>d mule1 a small-legg$1 small-foot$1 c[>dly animal1 inh]it+ all ! vices ( ! mule & none ( ! horse's virtues-- ! v meane/ ( 8 k9d4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,anci5t ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,mule4 ,! mule seems to h be5 us$ by ! anci5ts 9 a great v>iety ( ways2 b :at %\ld h prompt$ 8 production mu/ = ev] rema9 a my/]y4 ,t !y e>ly discov]$ 8 great usefulness 9 mak+ long j\rneys1 climb+ m\nta9s1 & cross+ des]ts ( burn+s &1 :5 subsi/5ce & wat] 7 sc>ce1 & horses w\ld h p]i%$1 is well e/abli%$4 ,t he w\ld soon recov] f ! sev]e effects ( ^! long & try+ j\rneys mu/ also h be5 ( great value 9 _! eyes4 ,b h[ev] mu* !y valu$ him = 8 usefulness1 !y seem n to h _h ! slighte/ v5]ation = him1 z !y _h = "s o!r animals4 ,i am l$ to believe1 !n1 t x 0 8 great usefulness 9 cross+ ! s&y des]ts t l$ to 8 production4 ,x is a pro(1 also1 t :]e ! ass 0 at h& !re also 0 ! horse1 or ! mule c\ld n h be5 produc$4 ,any p ) suffici5t k to produce ! mule w\ld also h _h suffici5t k to discov] ! diff]5ce betwe5 him & ! horse1 & w\ld h giv5 ! pref]5ce to ! horse 9 all s]vice except t ,i h j describ$4 ,& yet1 9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! _w1 we f9d m5 ( rank1 & ev5 rul]s1 us+ !m on /ate & simil> occasions2 & ?is :5 x might h be5 suppos$ t ! horse1 be+ ! nobl] animal1 w\ld h made m display4 ,! ,scriptures tell u t ,absalom1 :5 he l$ ! rebel ho/s aga9/ 8 fa!r ,david1 rode on a mule1 t he rode "u an oak1 & hung himself by ! hair ( 8 head4 ,!n1 aga91 we he> ( ! mule at ! inauguration ( ,k+ ,solomon4 ,x is b reasonable to suppose t ! horse w\ld h be5 us$ on t great occasion1 _h he be5 pres5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is n reasonable to suppose t ! ass1 or any ?+ p]ta9+ to him1 0 held 9 high e/eem by a nation t believ$ !y 7 comm&$ by ,god1 ?r\gh _! prophet ,moses1 n to "w ! ox & ! ass toge!r4 ,x mu/ be inf]r$ f ?is t ! ass 0 n held 9 v high e/eem1 & t ! prohibition 0 = ! purpose ( n degrad+ ! ox1 he be+ ( t family ( :i* ! p]fect males 7 us$ = sacrifice4 ,! ass1 ( c\rse1 0 nev] all[$ to appe> on ! sacr$ alt>4 ,& yet ,he :o came to save our fall5 race1 & op5 ! gates ( heav51 & fulfil ! words ( ! prophet1 rode a female ( ?is app>5tly degrad$ race ( animals :5 ,he made 8 triumphal m>* into ! city ( ! temple ( ! liv+ ,god4 ,li/ ( ,mules ,receiv$1 di$1 & ,%ot1 at ! ,depot ( ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c41 f #a/ ,febru>y1 #ahfc4 to #ca/ ,july1 #ahff4 #ahfc #ahfd #ahfe ,mon? ,receiv$ ,di$ ,%ot ,receiv$ ,di$ ,%ot ,receiv$ ,di$ ,%ot ,jan4 44 44 44 #fbd #ad #gf #c1fgg #ff #bbf ,feb4 #ace #if #g #cbi #af #fb #a1fjc #hd #aej ,m>4 #b1eeb #aej #d #ddh #aj #fd #b1hbc #gg #afi ,apr4 #b1ijf #aah #fa #a1cje #ae #dg #f1ajb #ajf #bbc ,may4 #a1jhg #ef #df #b1ddj #ah #eb #aa1ghj #fh #baa ,jun4 #c1hdh #abj #aah #d1daj #gf #dh #ai1cjd #agh #di ,jul4 #a1gca #id #cce #d1gjb #gd #abe #ac1cih #dfb #fh ,aug4 #e1bej #ea #aei #e1dca #hh #bca #a1bge #bhd #bc ,sep4 #b1hcd #gb #bdh #a1aih #fd #agf #a1ecf #c #ah ,oct4 #a1aff #cf #bjb #a1dfh #ha #acd #hgf 44 44 ,nov4 #b1icd #cj #bjd #c1jcf #ce #abc #beb #c 44 ,dec4 #b1hcb #ad #aac #c1ibc #ff #aeh #cbd #d 44 ,total #bg1bge #hcg #a1dig #bi1dad #eeg #a1bif #fb1iej #a1cce #a1acg #ahff ,receiv$ ,di$ ,%ot #afi 44 44 #cd #b #a #ac 44 44 #bi #a 44 #bj #a 44 #b 44 44 #fb 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #cbi #d #a ,,date ,,receiv$ ,,di$ ,,%ot #ahfc4444444444444 #bg1bge #hcg #a1dig #ahfd4444444444444 #bi1dad #eeg #a1bif #ahfe44444444444444 #fb1iej #a1cce #a1acg #ahff44444444444444 #cbi #d #a ,total44444444444 #aai1ifh #b1gcc #c1ica ,,pictures ,,( ,,"s ,,( ,,our ,,mo/ ,,celebrat$ ,,army ,,mules4 ,i h _h photographs tak5 ( "s ( our mules4 ,a numb] ( ^! animals p]=m$ extraord9>y s]vice 9 connection ) ! ,army ( ! ,potomac & ! ,we/]n ,army4 ,"o ( !m1 a rem>kable animal1 made ! great circuit ( ,%]man's campaign1 & has an hi/orical int]e/4 ,i propose to give y ^! illu/rations accord+ to _! numb]s4 ,no4#a1 !n1 is a v rem>kable six-mule team4 ,x 0 fitt$ out at ,b]ryville1 ,m>yl&1 e>ly 9 ! spr+ ( #ahfa1 "u ! directions ( ,capta9 ,sawtelle1 ,a4 ,q4 ,m4 ,!y are all small1 compact mules1 & ,i _h !m photograph$ 9 ord] to %[ !m toge!r4 ,! lead]s & sw+1 or1 z "s call !m1 ! middle lead]s1 h be5 work$ /eadily toge!r 9 ! same team s9ce ,decemb] #ca1 #ahfa4 ,!y h also be5 driv5 by ! same driv]1 a color$ man1 ( ! "n ( ,edw>d ,wesley ,williams4 ,he 0 ) ,capta9 ,sawtelle until ! #a/ ( ,m>*1 #ahfb2 0 !n transf]r$1 ) 8 team1 to ! ,city ( ,wa%+ton1 & plac$ "u a wagon-ma/] ( ! "n ( ,horn1 :o belong$ to ,h>risburg1 ,pa4 ,wesley took good c>e ( 8 team1 & 0 kept at con/ant "w ) x 9 ,wa%+ton1 until ,may #ad1 #ahfb4 ,he 0 !n transf]r$1 ) 8 team1 to a tra9 t 0 ord]$ to jo9 ,g5]al ,mc,clellan at ,=t ,monroe4 ,he !n foll[$ ! =tunes ( ! ,army ( ! ,potomac up ! ,p59sula2 0 at ! siege ( ,yorkt[n1 ! battle ( ,williamsburg1 & 9 ! swamps ( ! ,*ickahom9y4 ,he 0 also 9 ! sev5 days' battles1 & br\ght up at ,h>rison's ,l&+ ) ! ,army ( ! ,potomac4 ,he !n drove 8 team back to ,=t ,monroe1 :]e !y 7 %ipp$1 ) ! animals ( ! ,army ( ! ,potomac1 = ,wa%+ton4 ,he 0 set to "w z soon z he rea*$ a l&+1 & p>ticipat$ 9 haul+ ammunition at ! second battle ( ,bull ,run4 ,he !n foll[$ ! army to ,antietam1 & f t battle-field to ,fr$]icksburg1 :]e he haul$ ammunition dur+ ! t]rible disa/] "u ,g5]al ,burnside4 ,! team !n belong$ to a tra9 ( :i* ,john ,dorny 0 wagon-ma/]4 ,:5 ,g5]al ,hook] took comm& ( ! army ?is team foll[$ him ?r\gh ! ,*ancellorville & ,*antilly fights4 ,x also foll[$ ! ,army ( ! ,potomac until ,g5]al ,grant took comm&1 :5 ! tra9 x belong$ to 0 s5t to ,city ,po9t4 ,?is br+s u up to #ahfd4 ,x 0 ) ! army 9 front ( ,pet]sburg1 &1 dur+ t w9t]1 ! saddle mule 0 kill$ by ! enemy's %ot :ile ! team 0 go+ = a load ( wood4 ,9 %ort1 !y 7 work$ e day until ,ri*mond 0 tak54 ,9 ,june1 #ahfe1 !y 7 transf]r$ back to ! ,city ( ,wa%+ton4 ,x is n[ ,augu/1 #ahff1 & !y are /ill work+ 9 ! tra91 & make "o ( ! v be/ teams we h4 ,i ref] n[ to ! lead]s & sw+ mules1 z !y are ! only f\r t are toge!r1 & t foll[$ ! ,army ( ! ,potomac ?r\gh all its campaigns4 ,!re is n a mule ( ! f\r t is ov] f\rte5 & a half h&s high1 & n "o t weighs ov] n9e hundr$ p\nds4 ,?is team1 ,i ought to add "h1 has frequ5tly be5 )\t a bite ( hay or gra9 = f\r or five days1 & no?+ to eat b :at !y c\ld pick up along ! road4 ,& !re are in/ances :5 !y h be5 tw5ty-f\r h\rs )\t a sup ( wat]4 ,! exp]i5c$ eye w see t !y h r\nd1 compact bodies1 & /& well on _! feet4 ,no4 #b is ! lead] ( ! team1 & = light "w on ! prairies1 pack+1 or any simil> "w1 is a model mule4 ,inde$1 %e _c be surpass$4 ,h] bone & muscle is full1 & %e is n incl9$ to run to fle%4 ,no4 #c is ! (f-lead] ( ! same team4 ,%e is a good eat]1 t\gh1 h>dy1 & a good work]1--9 e way a fir/-class mule4 ,i w\ld advise p]sons pur*as+ mules to notice h] =m4 ,%e is a little sprung 9 ! knees2 b ?is has 9 no way int]f]$ ) h] work+4 ,?is 0 occasion$ by all[+ ! heels on h] =e-feet to gr[ out too mu*4 ,dur+1 & = "s "t aft]1 ! second battle ( ,bull ,run1 ! tra9 to :i* %e belong$ 0 kept at v h>d "w4 ,! %oes t 7 on h] at t "t1 to use ! driv]'s own language1 7 put on to /ay4 ,inde$1 he in=m$ me t !y 7 on s long1 t he conclud$ !y _h gr[n to ! feet4 ,& 9 ?is case1 z 9 _m o!rs1 = want ( a little k ( ! peculi>ities ( a mule's feet1 & ! injury t results f ov]-gr[?1 ! animal _h to suff]1 & 0 p]man5tly injur$4 ,no4 #d is ! (f-sw+1 or middle-lead] mule4 ,%e is p]fectly s\nd1 ( good height1 a good eat]1 & a great work]4 ,%e is also well adapt$ = pack+1 & a tol]ably good rid]4 ,h] e>s & eyes are ( ! v f9e/ k9d1 & h] :ole head indicates intellig5ce4 ,h] front p>ts are p]fection itself4 ,%e is also rem>kably k9d4 ,,illu/ration #a ,,illu/ration #b ,,illu/ration #c ,,illu/ration #d ,,illu/ration #e ,,illu/ration #f ,,illu/ration #g ,,illu/ration #h ,,illu/ration #i ,,illu/ration #aj ,,illu/ration #aa ,,illu/ration #ab ,,illu/ration #ac ,,illu/ration #ad ,no4 #e is ! ne> sw+ mule1 or middle lead]4 ,%e is :at is call$ a m\se-color1 & is ! fatte/ mule 9 ! team4 ,%e und]w5t ! entire campaigns ( ! ,army ( ! ,potomac1 & is to-day )\t a blemi%1 & capable ( do+ z mu* "w z any mule 9 ! pack4 ,h] p[]s ( endurance1 z well z h] ability to )/& />vation & abuse1 are beyond description4 ,i h _h mules ( h] build ) me 9 tra9s1 9 ! ,we/]n ,t]ritories1 t endur$ h>d%ip & />vation to an ext5t almo/ incr$ible2 & yet !y 7 rem>kably k9d :5 well treat$1 & w\ld foll[ me l dogs1 &1 inde$1 try to %[ me h[ mu* !y c\ld endure )\t fl9*+4 ,no4 #f is an (f-:eel mule1 ( ord9>y quality4 ,i _h to take ! spott$ mules f ! :eels ( ?is team1 z !y 7 n equal to ! "w requir$ ( !m1 & got v sore 9 front4 ,no4 #g is a spott$1 or1 z !4 ,mexicans call !m1 a calico mule4 ,he & 8 mate 7 s5t to ! ,army ( ! ,potomac ab\t ! "t ,g5]al ,grant took comm& ( x4 ,!y 7 work$ z :eel mules 9 ! team until #ahff1 :5 ?is "o1 l ne>ly all spott$ animals1 %[$ 8 weak p>ts by lett+ up 9 8 =e-feet1 :i* became contract$ to su* an ext5t t ! surgeon _h to cut !m ne>ly (f4 ,we 7 compell$ to let him g b>efoot until !y grew out4 ,?is is "o ( ! spott$ mules ,i h ref]r$ to be=e4 ,y nev] c rely on !m4 ,no4 #h is ! mate ( ,no4 #g4 ,8 bead1 e>s1 & front %\ld] indicate him to be ( ,canadian /ock4 ,8 neck & front %\ld]1 z y w see1 are faultless4 ,b on look+ closely at 8 eyes y w f9d !m to be sore1 & runn+ wat] cont9ually4 ,i h notic$ t ne>ly all animals 9 ! army t are m>k$ 9 ?is way h weak & inflam$ eyes4 ,a f>m] %\ld nev] pur*ase !m4 ,no4 #i is a sw+ mule t has und]gone a great deal ( h>d%ip4 ,%e is tol]ably well =m$ b incl9$ to kick4 ,%e is also h>d to keep 9 good condition1 & unless great c>e is tak5 ) h] %e w\ld give out 9 ! h9d feet1 :]e %e n[ %[s consid]able fullness4 ,:5 a mule's neck lacks ! ord9>y ?ickness !re mu/ be "s direct cause = x1 & y %\ld set ab\t f9d+ out :at x is4 ,lack ( food is sometimes ! cause4 ,b 9 my op9ion creas$ neck v frequ5tly s affects ! passages to & f ! head1 t ! organs t %\ld "w 9 deposit+ fle%1 fat1 or muscle become d]ang$1 & ! neck becomes weak & 9 a disord]$ /ate4 ,pur*as]s w\ld d well to disc>d ^! creas$-neck mules4 ,no4 #aj is an animal ( an entirely diff]5t "* f ,no4 #i4 ,%e is rem>kably g5tle & tractable1 ( good =m1 & great endurance1 & w "w 9 any way4 ,%e is fifte5 h&s & "o in* high1 weighs t5 hundr$ & fifty p\nds1 & is sev5 ye>s old4 ,?is celebrat$ animal w5t ?r\gh all ( ,g5]al ,%]man's campaigns1 & is z s\nd & active to-day z a f\r-ye> old4 ,no4 #aa is "o ( ^? peculi> animals ,i h describ$ else:]e4 ,he is all bones & belly4 ,8 legs are long1 & ( little use z legs4 ,he is five ye>s old1 sixte5 & a half h&s high1 & weighs ?irte5 hundr$ & n9ety p\nds4 ,"o ( 8 h9d legs %[s a ?or\gh p94 ,8 hocks are all out ( %ape1 & 8 legs are /uck into 8 ho(s on ne>ly ! same pr9ciple t y /ick a po/ into ! gr\nd4 ,! reason :y 8 pa/]n-jo9ts %[ s /raight is1 t ! heels on ! h9d feet h be5 badly trimm$ :5 %av+4 ,!y too h be5 p]mitt$ to gr[ too long1 & ?us he is ?r[n into ! position y n[ see him4 ,?is mule belongs to a class t is rais$ to a consid]able ext5t1 & priz$ v highly 9 ,p5nsylvania4 ,9 ! army !y 7 ( v little use except to dev\r =age4 ,no4 #ab is :at may be call$ a pack mule ( ! fir/ class4 ,he is sev5 ye>s old1 fifte5 & a half h&s high1 & weighs elev5 hundr$ & fifty-six p\nds4 ,?is animal has endur$ almo/ incr$ible h>d%ips4 ,he is made = x1 z y w readily see4 ,he is :at is call$ a portly mule1 b is n incl9$ to run to belly unless ov]-f$ & n work$4 ,he has a rem>kably k9d disposition1 is heal?y1 & a good fe$]4 ,?is animal has b "o evil to cont5d )4 ,8 (f h9d foot has gr[n too long1 & pla9ly %[s h[ mu* too f> back x ?r[s ! pa/]n-jo9t4 ,?is is 9 a measure ! effect ( bad %oe+4 ,x is v r>e to f9d a blacksmi? :o discov]s ?is fact until x is too late4 ,n[ !re is no?+ m easy ?an to ru9 a mule by lett+ 8 toes gr[ too long4 ,doctor ,l4,h4 ,braley1 *ief vet]9>y surgeon ( ! army1 is n[ develop+ a plan = %oe+ mules1 :i* ,i consid] ! v be/ t has be5 sugge/$4 ,8 treatm5t ( ! foot :5 well1 & h[ to keep x s2 & h[ to treat ! foot by %oe+ :5 x becomes injur$1 is ! be/ t c be adopt$4 ,no4 #ac is a mule t has be5 work$ 9 a two-mule tra9 :i* has be5 9 my *>ge = ab\t a ye>4 ,%e 0 previ\sly work$ 9 a six-mule tra91 z ! (f-:eel mule4 ,%e is five ye>s old1 ris+2 size1 fifte5 h&s & ?ree in*es high1 & weighs f\rte5 hundr$ & tw5ty-two p\nds4 ,%e 0 receiv$ into ! ,gov]nm5t s]vice at ,:eel+1 ,virg9ia1 & :5 %ipp$ or transf]r$ to ?is depot1 ) f\r hundr$ o!rs1 0 b two ye>s old1 ris+ ?ree4 ,%e 0 work$1 at lea/ a ye> or m1 too "y2 & to ?is cause ,i attribute c]ta9 injuries :i* ,i %all speak ( h]eaft]4 ,?is mule1 ) two hundr$ o!rs1 0 transf]r$ to ! ,army ( ! ,potomac1 & w5t ?r\gh its campaigns f #ahfd up to ! fall ( ,ri*mond4 ,%e is an excell5t work]1 & h] neck1 head1 & =e %\ld]s are z f9e z c be4 ,inde$1 !y are a p]fect developm5t ( ! horse4 ,b h] hips or flank jo9ts are v defici5t4 ,ow+ to h] be+ work$ too "y1 ! muscles ( ! h9d legs h giv5 way1 & !y h become crook$4 ,?is is done frequ5tly by ! animal be+ plac$ z a :eel] :5 too "y1 & hold+ back "u a heavy load4 ,if y want to see h[ quick y c ru9 "y mules1 place !m 9 ! :eels4 ,no4 #ad is ! (f-:eel mule ( a six-mule team4 ,i _h ?is mule photograph$ = ! purpose ( %[+ ! effects ( hit*+ animals s %ort to ! team t ! sw+le-tree w /rike or re/ on _! hocks4 ,i ref]r$ to ?is great evil 9 ano!r place4 ,?is mule is b six ye>s old1 sixte5 h&s high1 & weighs ne>ly sixte5 hundr$ p\nds4 ,aside f ! hocks1 %e is ! be/ made & ! be/ look+ mule 9 ! p>k2 & is also a rem>kably good work]4 ,y w notice1 h[ev]1 t ! caps ( h] hocks are s swoll5 & call\s$ by ! action ( ! sw+le-tree z to make !m p]man5tly disfigur$4 ,! position ,i h plac$ ?is mule 91 z relates to ! wagon :eel1 is ! prop] position to put all wild1 gre51 contr>y or /ubborn mules 9 :5 !y are h>d to bridle4 ,?is is ! sev]e/ use to :i* a l>iat c be put on mule or horse4 ,! p]son us+ x1 h[ev]1 %\ld be c>eful to see t x sets well back to ! %\ld] ( ! animal4 ,i ref] n[ to ! "p ( ! loop t is ar\nd ! neck4 ,! end ( ! l>iat %\ld always be held by a man1 & n made fa/ to any "p ( ! wagon1 s t if ! animal falls or ?r[s himself1 y c slack up ! l>iat & save him f injury4 ,?ree applications ( ! buck w conqu] !m s ?or\ghly t y w h little tr\ble aft]w>ds4 ,be c>eful to keep ! l>iat1 9 front1 z high z ! mule's brea/2 & see also t !y are pull$ up close to ! front :eel be=e pull+ x ?r\gh ! h9d :eel4 ,,diseases ,,common ,,to ,,! ,,mule1 ,,& ,,h[ ,,!y ,,%\ld ,,be ,,treat$4 ,! mule does n diff] mat]ially f ! horse 9 ! diseases he is afflict$ )4 ,he h[ev] suff]s less f !m1 ow+ to lack ( s5sibility4 ,x may be useful "h to make a few rem>ks on ! v>i\s diseases he is subject to1 & to recomm5d a c\rse ( treatm5t :i* ,i h practic$ & se5 practic$1 & :i* ,i believe is ! be/ t c be appli$4 ,,di/emp] ,,9 ,,colts4 ,?is disease is peculi> to "y mules4 ,its symptoms develop ) sor5ess & swell+ ( ! gl&s ( ! ?roat1 a c\gh1 difficulty ( swall[+1 dis*>g+ at ! no/rils1 & g5]al pro/ration4 ,if n prop]ly treat$ x is surely fatal4 ,,treatm5t3--,give light bran ma%es1 pl5ty ( common salt1 & keep ! animal 9 a w>m & dry /able4 ,y ne$ n clo!1 = ! mule1 unlike ! horse1 is n us$ to clo?+4 ,if ! swell+ "u ! ?roat %[s a disposition to ulc]ate1 :i* x g5]ally does1 d no?+ to prev5t x4 ,enc\rage ! ulc]1 & let x come to a head gradually1 = ?is is ! easie/ & mo/ natural way t ! tr\ble1 :i* at fir/ seems to p]vade ! :ole sy/em1 c be got rid (4 ,:5 ! ulc] appe>s s(t en\gh to lance1 d s1 & be c>eful to avoid ! gl&s & ve9s4 ,lance ?r\gh ! sk9 9 ! s(t spot1 :i* appe>s almo/ ready to break4 ,if ! ?roat is at any "t s swoll5 z to r5d] swall[+ difficult1 give wat] frequ5tly1 ab\t milk w>m1 ) n\ri%+ fe$ ( oats1 corn1 or rye meal--! la/ is ! be/4 ,if ?is treatm5t1 :i* is v simple1 be c>efully c>ri$ out1 few animals w fail to recov]4 ,,cat>rh ,,or ,,colds4 ,?is disease seldom attacks ! mule4 ,we h _h _m ?\s&s ( !m 9 camp1 & out ( ! :ole numb]1 ,i d n recollect ( a case :]e x ei!r de/roy$ or disabl$ a s+le animal4 ,9 fact1 x is a "q ) me :e!r mules w take cold :5 kept z ! ,gov]nm5t keeps !m--camp$ out1 or /&+ 9 %$s :]e ! temp]ature is ! same z outdoors4 ,,gl&]s4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ de/ructive ( diseases ) :i* ! horse family is afflict$1 & "o t has set ! be/ vet]9>y skill ( ! _w at defiance4 ,a rem$y = x has yet to be discov]$4 ,i h deem$ x prop] "h1 h[ev]1 to c>efully describe its symptoms1 & to recomm5d t all animals %[+ symptoms ( x be kept by !mselves until _! case be def9itely asc]ta9$4 ,:5 y h asc]ta9$ to a c]ta9ty t !y are afflict$ ) ! disease1 de/roy !m z quick z possible4 ,see1 too1 t ! place :]e !y h be5 kept is ?or\ghly cleans$ & spr9kl$ ) lime1 = ! disease is contagi\s & ! slighte/ p>ticle ( virus w spread x anew4 ,f>cy is b "o /age ( ?is t]rible disease1 b is n necess>ily fatal :ile 9 ?is /age4 ,x %\ld1 h[ev]1 be treat$ ) great c>e & caution4 ,f>cy c also be convey$ to o!rs by inoculation4 ,any "o :o has _h ! field = obs]vation ! au?or has = ! la/ f\r ye>s1 w\ld become conv9c$ t ! recomm5dations ,i am ab\t to make describe ! only c\rse to be tak5 ) ?is contagi\s disease4 ,! numb] ( its victims "u my obs]vation 7 c\nt$ by ?\s&s4 ,all t c be done is to prev5t1 if possible1 ! disease tak+ place1 & to de/roy :5 asc]ta9$ to a c]ta9ty t ! animal has contract$ x4 ,i w\ld say "h1 h[ev]1 t ?is subject w soon be ?or\ghly h&l$ 9 a "w soon to be publi%$ by ,doctor ,braley1 head vet]9>y surgeon ( ! army4 ,he w und\bt$ly ?r[ "s light on ! subject t has n yet appe>$ 9 pr9t4 ,,symptoms4 ,fir/3--,:5 x appe>s 9 a natural =m1 )\t ! ag5cy ( contagion or inoculation1 dryness ( ! sk91 entire omission ( ins5sible p]spiration1 />r+ ( ! coat4 ,sometimes slight discolor+ c be obs]v$ ab\t ! =ehead & l[] "p ( ! e>s4 ,dr[s9ess1 want ( lu/re 9 ! eye1 slight swell+ on ! inside ( ! h9d legs1 ext5d+ up to ! bu-boa4 ,?is condition ( ?+s may cont9ue = sev]al days1 & w be foll[$ by enl>gem5t betwe5 ! legs4 ,! inflammation incid5t to ?is may entirely subside1 or x may cont9ue to enl>ge1 & break out 9 ulc]s on ! lactiles ( ! lymphatic1 :i* accompanies ! l>ge ve9s4 ,9 ! la/ case x has appe>$ 9 ! =m ( ,f>cy4 ,?is be+ ! case1 ! c\nt5ance assumes a m *e]ful look1 & ! animal o!rwise %[s signs ( relief f ! dis*>ges ( poison\s matt]4 ,if x rema9 9 ?is /ate1 dea? is n g5]ally ! result4 ,if ! sy/em be ton$ up x w sometimes heal1 & ! animal w seem to be 9 a recov]+ /ate ( heal?4 ,yet1 f wat*+ ! symptoms & g5]al heal? ( ! animal aft]w>ds1 y w be conv9c$ t ! disease is only *eck$1 n eradicat$4 ,act+ 9 ! sy/em1 x only waits a favorable opportunity to act z a second>y ag5t 9 colds1 g5]al debility1 or exposure1 :5 x w make its appe>ance & produce dea?4 ,b 9 ! fir/ case1 z %[n by ! swell+ 9 ! h9d legs1 if ! swell+ disappe>1 & g5]al debility ( ! sy/em cont9ues2 if ! eyes gr[ m dr[sy1 & dis*>ge f ! l[] corn]s2 & if ?is is foll[$ by dis*>ge f ! no/rils1 slight swell+ & h>d5+ ( ! sub-maxill>y gl&s1 :i* are betwe5 ! "u jaws1 !n x is cle>ly develop$ gl&]s4 ,all ! gl&s 9 ! body h n[ become involv$ or poison$1 & dea? mu/ foll[ 9 ! c\rse ( t5 or fifte5 days1 z ! con/itution ( ! animal may n be 9 a condition to combat ! disease4 ,if ?is disease be annoy$ by inoculation f ! f>cy heads ( f>ci$ animals into suppurat+ sores on o!r animals1 x w be v sl[ 9 its progress1 especially if x attack ! o!r 9 a region remote f ! lymphatic4 ,if 9 a saddle-gall1 x w make sores v difficult to heal4 ,if !re is any su* ?+ z *eck+ ! disease 9 its progress1 x is 9 ^! ?ree cases4 ,i h obs]v$ t :5 x has be5 tak5 9 a sore m\? x has foll[$ d[n ! *eek to ! sub-maxill>y gl&1 & end$ 9 a cle> case ( gl&]s or f>cy4 ,!re is ano!r =m 9 :i* ?is disease c be tak51 & :i* is1 ( all o!rs1 ! mo/ trea*]\s & dang]\s1 yet nev] produc+ dea? )\t ! ag5cy ( o!r diseases--always c>ry+ ) x ! g]ms ( infection1 & ready to convey x to debilitat$ subjects & cause _! dea?4 ,! animal w /ill live himself1 & %[ no sign ( disease fur!r ?an ,i am ab\t to describe 9 ! position4 ,x is t :i* is tak5 9 at ! no/rils & attacks ! sub-maxill>y gl&s1 :i* become enl>g$ & w rema9 s4 ,:5 ^! become ov]load$ !re w be a dis*>ge at ! nose4 ,t be+ ?r[n (f1 x may be "s "t be=e any fur!r dis*>ge w be se5 f ! same s\rce4 ,9 "s cases1 :5 ! dis*>ge is con/ant1 ?is c be easily di/+ui%$ f gleet or oz5a1 f ! heal?y & natural appe>ance ( ! membranes ( ! nose1 :i* at fir/ are pale1 !n become fi]y r$ or purple4 ,9 gleet ! dis*>ges f ! no/rils1 z 9 oz5a1 are ( a v light color4 ,9 gl&]s !y are fir/ ( a deep yell[1 !n ( a dirty gray--almo/ slate color4 ,mules affect$ ) gl&]s ( ?is k9d1 al?\gh x may seem h>d f _! o!rwise heal?y appe>ance1 %\ld be de/roy$4 ,!y inde$ c>ry ) !m ! g]ms ( infection & dea?1 )\t any visible m>ks 9 _! appe>ance to w>n ^? :o h ! c>e ( animals aga9/ _! dang]4 ,,tee?+4 ,z mules seldom *ange h&s to any great ext5t until two or ?ree ye>s old1 x is n deem$ necess>y "h to say any ?+ ( _! age until !y h rea*$ two ye>s1 s z to give ! inexp]i5c$ a wid] scope4 ,! mule's m\? und]goes exactly ! same *anges z ! horse's4 ,betwe5 ! ages ( two & ?ree ^! *anges beg9 to take place 9 ! mule's m\?4 ,! front incisor tee?1 two above & two bel[1 are replac$ by ! horse = p]man5t tee?4 ,^! tee? are l>g] ?an ! o!rs1 h two grooves 9 ! out] conv]se surface1 & ! m>k is long1 n>r[1 deep1 & black4 ,n hav+ atta9$ _! full gr[?1 !y are some:at l[] ?an ! o!rs1 ! m>k 9 ! two next nipp]s be+ ne>ly worn out1 & is also we>+ away 9 ! corn] nipp]s4 ,a mule at ?ree ye>s old ought to h ! c5tral p]man5t nipp]s gr[+1 ! o!r two pairs unit+1 six gr9d]s 9 ea* jaw1 above & bel[1 ! fir/ & fif? level ) ! o!rs1 & ! six? protrud+4 ,z ! p]man5t nipp]s we> & cont9ue to gr[1 a n>r[ portion ( ! cone-%ap$ too? is expos$ to ! attrition2 & !y look z if !y _h be5 compress$4 ,?is is n s1 h[ev]2 ! m>k ( "s gradually disappe>s z ! pit is worn away4 ,at ! age ( ?ree & a half or f\r ye>s ! next pair ( nipp]s w be *ang$1 & ! m\? at t "t _c be mi/ak54 ,! c5tral nipp]s w h ne>ly atta9$ _! full gr[?1 & a vacuity w be left :]e ! second /ood2 or1 !y w beg9 to peep above ! gum1 & ! corn] ones w be dim9i%$ 9 bread? & worn d[n1 ! m>k becom+ small & fa9t4 ,at ?is p]iod also ! second pair ( gr9d]s w be %$4 ,at f\r ye>s ! c5tral nipp]s w be fully develop$1 ! %>p edges some:at worn (f1 & ! m>ks %ort]1 wid]1 & fa9t]4 ,! next pair w be up1 b !y w be small1 ) ! m>k deep & ext5d+ q across4 ,_! corn] nipp]s w be l>g] ?an ! inside ones1 yet small] ?an !y 71 & flat1 & ne>ly worn out4 ,! six? gr9d] w h ris5 to a level ) ! o!rs2 & ! tu%es w beg9 to appe> 9 ! male animal4 ,! female seldom has !m1 al?\gh ! g]m is always pres5t 9 ! jaw4 ,at f\r ye>s & a half1 or betwe5 t & five1 ! la/ important *ange takes place 9 ! m\? ( ! mule4 ,! corn] nipp]s are %$1 & ! p]man5t ones beg9 to appe>4 ,:5 ! c5tral nipp]s are consid]ably worn1 & ! next pair are %[+ m>ks ( we>1 ! tu% w h protrud$1 & w g5]ally be a full half in* 9 height4 ,ext]nally x has a r\nd$ prom95ce1 ) a groove on ei!r side1 & is evid5tly holl[ )94 ,at six ye>s old ! m>k on ! c5tral nipp]s is worn out4 ,!re w1 h[ev]1 /ill be a diff]5ce ( color 9 ! c5t] ( ! too?4 ,! cem5t fill+ up ! hole made by ! dipp+ 9 ( ! enamel1 w pres5t a br[n] hue ?an ! o!r "p ( ! too?4 ,x w be surr\nd$ by an edge ( enamel1 & !re w rema9 a little depression 9 ! c5t]1 & also a depression ar\nd ! case ( ! enamel4 ,b ! deep hole 9 ! c5t] ( ! enamel1 ) ! black5$ surface x pres5ts1 & ! elevat$ edge ( ! enamel1 w h disappe>$4 ,! mule may n[ be said to h a p]fect m\?1 all ! tee? be+ produc$ & fully gr[n4 ,:at ,i h said above mu/ n be tak5 z a positive guide 9 all cases1 = mules' m\?s are frequ5tly torn1 twi/$1 sma%$1 & knock$ into all k9ds ( %apes by cruel treatm5t1 & ! inexp]i5ce1 to use no h>%] t]m1 ( ^? :o h *>ge ( !m4 ,inde$1 ,i h kn[n cases ( cruelty s sev]e t x 7 impossible to tell ! age ( ! animal f 8 tee?4 ,at sev5 ye>s old ! m>k1 9 ! way 9 :i* ,i h describ$ x1 is worn out 9 ! f\r c5tral nipp]s1 & is also fa/ we>+ away 9 ! corn] tee?4 ,i ref] n[ to a natural m\? t has n be5 subject$ to injuries4 ,at eight ye>s old ! m>k is gone f all ! bottom nipp]s1 & may be said to be q out ( ! m\?4 ,!re is no?+ rema9+ 9 ! bottom nipp]s by :i* ! age ( ! mule c be positively asc]ta9$4 ,! tu%es are a poor guide at any "t 9 ! life ( ! animal to asc]ta9 8 age by2 !y1 m ?an any o!r ( ! tee?1 be+ mo/ expos$ to ! injuries ,i h ref]r$ to4 ,f ?is "t =w>d1 ! *anges t take place 9 ! tee? may be ( "s assi/ance 9 =m+ an op9ion2 b !re are no m>ks 9 ! tee? by :i* a ye>1 m or less1 c be positively asc]ta9$4 ,y c asc]ta9 almo/ z mu* f ! g5]al appe>ance ( ! animal z f an exam9ation ( ! m\?4 ,! mule1 if he be long-liv$1 has ! same effect 9 *ang+ 8 g5]al appe>ance f y\? to old age z is %[n on ! re/ ( ! animal creation4 ,,diseases ,,( ,,! ,,tee?4 ,!re are few if any diseases to :i* ! mule's tee? are subject1 aft] ! p]man5t tee? are develop$2 b dur+ ! "t ( _! *anges ,i h be5 l$ to believe t he suff]s m inconv5i5ce1 or at lea/ z mu* z any o!r animal--n s mu* on acc\nt ( ! suff]+ t nature inflicts ^u him1 z ?r\gh ! inexp]i5ce & cruelty ( ^? :o are g5]ally intru/$ ) 8 c>e4 ,i w "h speak fir/ ( lampass4 ,! animal's m\? is made sore & s5sitive by tee?+2 & ?is irritation & sor5ess is increas$ by ! use ( improp] bits4 ,z if ?is 7 n en\gh1 resort is _h to t b>b>\s & inhuman practice ( burn+ out lampass4 ,?is ,i d1 & always h prote/$ aga9/4 ,if ! gums are swoll5 f ! cutt+ ( tee?1 :i* is ab\t all ! cause = _! inflam$ & enl>g$ appe>ance1 a light /roke ( a lancet or %>p knife ov] ! gums1 at a po9t :]e ! tee? are =c+ _! way ?r\gh1 & a little reg>d to ! animal's diet1 w be all t is necess>y4 ,x mu/ n be =gott51 t at ?is "t ! animal's m\? is too sore & s5sitive to ma/icate h>d food1 su* z corn4 ,) ! developm5t ( ! tee?1 h[ev]1 ! lampass w g5]ally disappe>4 ,,! ,,eye4 ,mules are rem>kable = hav+ good eyes4 ,occasionally !y become inflam$ & sore4 ,9 su* cases ! application ( cold wat]1 & ! remov+ ( ! cause1 :e!r x be f *af+ ( ! bl9d]s1 =c+ ! blood to ! head ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( badly fitt+ coll>s1 or any o!r cause kn[n1 is all ,i c recomm5d 9 _! case4 ,,! ,,tongue4 ,mules suff] mu* f injury to ! tongue1 caus$ by ! bad treatm5t ( ^? :o h *>ge ( !m1 & also f sore mon?1 produc$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,! be/ ?+ = ?is is a light decoction ( :ite-oak b>k1 appli$ ) a sponge to ! sore p>ts4 ,*>coal1 mix$ 9 wat]1 & appli$ 9 ! same mann]1 is good4 ,any quantity ( ?is c be us$1 z x is n dang]\s4 ,if possible1 give ! animal n\ri%+ gruels1 or bran ma%es2 &1 above all1 keep ! bit out ( ! m\? until x is p]fectly heal$4 ,,poll-,,evil4 ,?is is a disease ! mule m ?an all o!r animals is subject to4 ,?is is m p>ticul>ly s ) ^? br\ght into ! s]vice ( ! ,gov]nm5t unbrok54 ,x w be v easily se5 t ! necess>y c\rse ( tra9+1 halt]-break+1 c41 w expose !m to _m ( ! causes ( ?is disease4 ,aside f ?is1 ! inhuman treatm5t ( team/]s1 & o!rs :o h *>ge ( !m1 frequ5tly produces x 9 its wor/ =m4 ,x beg9s ) an ulc] or sore at ! junction :]e ! head & neck jo92 & f its position1 m ?an any o!r cause1 is v difficult to heal4 ,! fir/ ?+ to be done1 :5 ! swell+ appe>s1 is to use hot fom5tations4 ,if ^! are n at h&1 use cold wat] frequ5tly4 ,keep ! bridle & halt] f ! p>ts4 ,9 case inflammation _c be abat$1 & ulc]ation takes place1 ! only means to effect a cure1 ) safety & c]ta9ty1 is by ! use ( ! seton4 ,?is %\ld be appli$ only by a h& well skill$ 9 ! use ( x4 ,! p]son %\ld also well und]/& ! anatomy ( ! p>ts1 z injuries committ$ ) ! seton-ne$le1 9 ^? p>ts1 are (t5 m s]i\s & m difficult ( cure ?an ! disease caus$ by ! fir/ injury4 ,,fi/ula4 ,?is is a disease ! mule is m subject to ?an any o!r animal 9 ,gov]nm5t use4 ,& ?is1 on acc\nt ( 8 be+ us$ z a bea/ ( burd5 by almo/ all nations & classes ( p1 & because he is ! wor/ c>$ =4 ,fi/ula is ! result ( a bruise4 ,"s animals h be5 kn[n to produce x by roll+ on /ones & o!r h>d sub/ances4 ,x g5]ally makes its appe>ance fir/ 9 ! way ( a rise or swell+ :]e ! saddle has be5 all[$ to press too h>d on ! )]s1 & especially :5 ! animal has high & lean ones4 ,z ! animal becomes r$uc$ 9 fle%1 ! )]s1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 are m expos$ & appe> high]1 on acc\nt ( ! muscle wa/+ f ea* side ( ! back-bone4 ,?is1 "u ! saddle1 c be rem$i$ to a great ext5t1 by add+ an additional fold to ! saddle blanket1 or 9 mak+ ! pad ( ! saddle high en\gh to keep x f ! )]s4 ,9 pack+ ) ! pack-saddle ?is is m difficult1 z ! weight is g5]ally a dead1 heavy sub/ance1 & z ! animal /eps l[ or high1 ! pack does ! same4 ,mu*1 h[ev]1 might be done by c>e 9 pack+1 to prev5t injury to ! )]s & bruis+ ( ! back-bone4 ,:5 ! )]s beg9 to swell & inflammation sets 91 or a tumor beg9s to =m1 ! :ole may be driv5 away & ! fi/ula scatt]$ or avoid$ by frequ5t or almo/ con/ant applications ( cold wat]--! same z is recomm5d$ 9 poll-evil4 ,b if1 9 despite ( ?is1 ! swell+ %\ld cont9ue or become l>g]1 w>m fom5tations1 p\ltices1 & /imulat+ embrocations %\ld be appli$1 9 ord] to br+ ! protub]ance to its full =mation z soon z possible4 ,:5 full1 a seton %\ld be pass$1 by a skillful h&1 f ! top to ! bottom ( ! tumor1 s t all ! pus may h free access ( escape4 ,! incision %\ld be kept free until all ! matt] has escap$ & ! w\nd %[s signs ( heal+4 ,! aft] treatm5t mu/ be simil> to t recomm5d$ 9 ! case ( poll-evil4 ,! above treatm5t1 if prop]ly adm9i/]$1 w 9 ne>ly all cases ( fi/ula effect a cure4 ,,coll>-,,galls4 ,sore necks1 saddle-galls1 & /ilfa/s1 are a species ( injury & sore1 :i* are 9 _m cases v difficult ( cure1 especially saddle-galls on mules t h to be ridd5 e day4 ,"o ( ! be/ rem$ies = saddle gall is to height5 ! saddle up z mu* z possible1 & ba! ! back ) cold wat] z (t5 z an opportunity af=ds4 ,9 _m cases ?is w drive ! fev] away & scatt] ! tr\ble t is ab\t to take place4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 does n always scatt]1 = ! tr\ble w (t5 cont9ue1 a root =m+ 9 ! c5t] ( :at we call ! saddle-gall4 ,! edges ( ?is w be cle>1 & ! /ilfa/ hold only by ! root4 ,i h _h _m cases ( ?is k9d occur ) ! mule1 bo? on 8 back & neck1 mo/ly caus$ on ! latt] "p by ! coll> be+ too loose4 ,& ,i h f\nd b "o way to effectually cure !m4 ,"s p]sons advise cutt+1 :i* ,i ?9k is too t$i\s & pa9ful to ! animal4 ,my advice is to take a pair ( p9c]s1 or =ceps ( any k9d1 & pull x out4 ,?is done1 ba! frequ5tly ) cold wat]1 & keep ! coll> or saddle z mu* free ( ! sore z possible4 ,?is w d m t[>ds reliev+ ! animal & heal+ ! injury ?an all ! m$ic9e y c give4 ,a little soo?+ oil1 or grease free f salt1 may be rubb$ lightly on ! p>ts z !y beg9 to heal4 ,?is is a v simple b effective rem$y4 ,,?ru%4 ,?is is ano!r tr\ble ) :i* ! mule is afflict$4 ,cut away ! p>ts ( ! frog t seem to be de/roy$1 clean ! p>ts well ) ca/ile-soap1 & apply muriatic acid4 ,if y h n ?is at h&1 a little t> mix$ ) salt1 & plac$ on oakum or t[1 & appli$1 w d ne>ly z well4 ,apply ?is e day1 keep+ ! p>ts well dress$1 & ! feet accord+ to directions 9 %oe+1 & ! tr\ble w soon disappe>4 ,,*e/ ,,f\nd]s4 ,mules are n subject to ?is disease4 ,"s p]sons ass]t t !y are1 b x is a mi/ake4 ,^! p]sons mi/ake = f\nd] 9 ! *e/ :at is no?+ m ?an a case ( contraction ( ! feet4 ,i h repeat$ly se5 vet]9>y surgeons connect$ ) ! army1 on be+ ask$ :at 0 ! tr\ble ) a mule1 look wise1 & decl>e ! compla9t *e/ f\nd]1 swell+ ( ! %\ld]s1 c4 ,i 0 incl9$ to put "s fai? 9 ! wisdom ( ^! g5tlem51 until ,doctor ,braley1 *ief vet]9>y surgeon ( ! dep>tm5t ( ,wa%+ton1 produc$ ! mo/ conv9c+ pro(s t x 0 almo/ an impossibility = ^! animals to become injur$ 9 ! %\ld]4 ,:5 mules become sore 9 front1 look well to _! feet1 & 9 n9e cases out ( t51 y w f9d ! cause ( ! tr\ble !re4 ,9 v _m cases a good practical %o] c remove ! tr\ble by prop] p>+ & %oe+4 ,,ble$+4 ,x 0 always a subject ( inquiry ) me1 :o orig9at$ ! sy/em ( ble$+2 & :y x 0 t all k9ds ( doctors & physicians p]si/ 9 tak+ ! /ream ( life itself f ! sy/em 9 ord] to pres]ve life4 ,9 ! case ( ,g5]al ,wa%+ton1 :i* ,i copy f ! ,indep5d5t ,*ronicle ( ,bo/on1 ,janu>y #f1 #ahjj1 ! editor1 us+ ,james ,craik1 physician1 & ,eli%a ,c4 ,dick1 physician1 z au?ority1 /ates t a ble$] 0 procur$ 9 ! neighborhood1 :o took f ! ,g5]al's arm f twelve to f\rte5 ounces ( blood1 9 ! morn+2 & 9 ! aft]noon ( ! same day 0 bl$ copi\sly twice4 ,m ?an t1 x 0 agre$ ^u by ^! same enlight5$ doctors1 to try ! result ( ano!r blood-lett+1 by :i* ?irty two ounces m 0 drawn4 ,&1 wond]ful z x may seem to ! intellig5t m9d at ?is day1 !y /ate t all ?is 0 done )\t ! slighte/ alleviation ( ! disease4 ,! _w has become m wise n[1 & exp]i5ce has %[n h[ ridicul\s ?is sy/em ( ble$+ 04 ,:at is true 9 reg>d to ! human sy/em is also true 9 reg>d to ! animal4 ,!re are "s extreme cases 9 :i* ,i h no d\bt mod]ate ble$+ might r5d] relief4 ,b ^! cases are s few t x %\ld only be suff]$ to be done by an exp]i5c$1 c>eful1 & skillful p]son4 ,my advice is1 avoid x 9 all cases :]e y c4 ,,colic4 ,! mule is q subject to ?is compla9t4 ,x is :at is commonly kn[n z belly-a*e4 ,ov] doses ( cold wat] w produce x4 ,!re is no?+1 h[ev]1 s likely to produce x 9 ! mule z *anges ( gra94 ,mu/y corn w also produce x1 & %\ld nev] be giv5 to animals4 ,i recollect1 9 #ahef1 :5 ,i 0 9 ,new ,mexico1 at ,=t ,union1 we _h sev]al mules die f eat+ :at is t]m$ ,spani% or ,mexican corn1 a small blue & purpli% gra94 ,x 0 exce$+ly h>d & fl9ty1 &1 9 fact1 m l buck%ot ?an gra94 ,we f$ ab\t f\r qu>ts ( ?is to ! mule1 at ! fir/ fe$4 ,! result 01 !y swell$ up1 began to pant1 look r\nd at _! sides1 sweat above ! eyes & at ! flanks4 ,!n !y comm5c$ to roll1 spr+ up sudd5ly1 lie d[n aga91 roll & try to lie on _! backs4 ,!n !y w\ld spr+ up1 & aft] /&+ a few seconds1 fall d[n1 & groan1 & pant4 ,at l5g? !y w\ld resign !mselves to :at !y app>5tly knew to be _! fate1 & die4 ,& yet1 s+ul> z x may seem1 ! animal c\ld be accu/om$ to ?is gra9 by judici\s fe$+ at fir/4 ,we did n "k at t "t :at to give ! animal to relieve or cure him2 & ! ,gov]nm5t lo/ hundr$s ( valuable animals ?r\gh our want ( k4 ,:5ev] ^! viol5t cases appe>1 get "s common soap1 make a /rong suds & dr5* ! mule ) x4 ,i h f\nd 9 e case :]e ,i us$ x t ! mule got well4 ,x is ! alkali 9 ! soap t neutralizes ! gases4 ,!re is ano!r good receipt1 & x is g5]ally to be f\nd 9 camp4 ,take two ounces ( sal]atus1 put x into a p9t ( wat]1 %ake well1 & !n dr5* ) ! same4 ,above all ?+s1 keep :isky & o!r /imulants away1 z !y only s]ve to aggravate ! disease4 ,,physick+4 ,?is is ano!r ( ^? imag9>y cures resort$ to by p]sons hav+ *>ge ( mules4 ,v _m ( ^! p]sons hone/ly believe t x is necess>y to clean ! animal out e spr+ ) l>ge doses ( poison\s & o!r truck4 ,?is1 !y say1 ought to be giv5 to loos5 ! hide1 s(t5 ! hair1 c4 ,9 my op9ion x does v little good4 ,if 8 dung gets dry1 & 8 hair h>d & crispy1 give him bran ma%es mix$ ) 8 gra91 & a teaspoonful ( salt at ea* fe$4 ,if !re is grass1 let him graze a few h\rs e day4 ,?is w d m t[>ds s(t5+ 8 coat & loos5+ 8 b[els ?an any ?+ else4 ,:5 real disease makes its appe>ance1 x is "t to use m$ic9es2 b !y %\ld be appli$ by "s "o :o ?or\ghly und]/&s !m4 ,,/r+halt4 ,?is sometimes occurs 9 ! mule4 ,x is a sudd51 n]v\s1 quick j]k ( ei!r or bo? ( ! h9d legs4 ,9 ! mule x frequ5tly %[s b little aft] be+ work$ an h\r or s4 ,x is :at ,i reg>d z uns\ndness1 & a mule badly affect$ ) x is g5]ally ( b little use4 ,x is (t5 ! result ( /ra9s1 caus$ by back+1 pull+ & twi/+1 & heavy falls4 ,y c detect x 9 its slighte/ =m by turn+ ! animal %ort ar\nd to ! "r or to ! left4 ,turn him 9 ! track he /&s 91 z ne> z possible1 & !n back him4 ,if he has x1 "o ( ^! ?ree ways w develop its symptoms4 ,!re are a great _m op9ions z to ! s\ndness or uns\ndness ( an animal afflict$ ) ?is compla9t4 ,if ,i _h n[ a good animal afflict$ ) x1 ! pa9 caus$ to my feel+s by look+ at x w\ld be a s]i\s drawback4 ,,cramp4 ,i h n[ "u my *>ge sev]al mules t are subject to ?is compla9t4 ,x does n really injure !m = s]vice1 b x is v disagreeable to ^? hav+ !m 9 *>ge4 ,x frequ5tly requires f half an h\r to two h\rs to get !m rubb$ s z ! blood gets to its prop] circulation1 & to get !m to walk )\t dragg+ _! legs4 ,9 cases :]e !y are attack$ viol5tly1 !y w appe> to lose all use ( _! legs4 ,i h kn[n cases :5 a sudd5 /roke ) a light piece ( bo>d1 s z to cause a surprise1 w\ld drive x away4 ,9 o!r cases sudd5 application ( ! :ip w\ld h ! same effect4 ,,spav94 ,x is g5]ally believ$ t ! mule does n inh]it ?is disease4 ,b ?is is n altoge!r true4 ,small1 compact mules1 br$ aft] ! jack1 are inde$ n subject to x4 ,on ! contr>y1 l>ge mules1 br$ f l>ge1 co>se m>es1 are v frequ5tly afflict$ ) x4 ,! au?or has "u 8 *>ge at ! pres5t "t q a numb] ( ^? k9d ( mules1 9 :i* ?is disease is visible4 ,at times1 :5 work$ h>d1 !y are sore & lame4 ,! only ?+ to be recomm5d$ 9 ?is case is c>eful treatm5t1 & z mu* re/ at int]vals z x is possible to give !m4 ,h& rubb+ & application ( /imulant l9im5ts1 or t9cture ( arnica1 is ab\t all t c be done4 ,! old me?od ( fir+ & bli/]+ only puts ! animal to torture & ! own] to exp5se4 ,a cure c nev] be effect$ ?r\gh x1 & !re=e %\ld nev] be tri$4 ,,r+bone4 ,^! appe> on ! same k9d ( l>ge1 bony mules z ref]r$ to 9 cases ( spav91 & are incurable4 ,!y c1 h[ev]1 be reliev$ by ! same process z recomm5d$ 9 spav94 ,relief c also be af=d$ by lett+ ! heels ( ! affect$ feet gr[ d[n to consid]able l5g?1 or %oe+ ) a high-heel$ %oe1 & ?us tak+ ! weight or /ra9 (f ! injur$ p>ts4 ,! only way to make ! be/ use or an animal afflict$ ) ?is disease1 is to ab&on exp]im5ts to effect a cure1 z !y w only be att5d$ ) exp5se & disappo9tm5t4 ,,mange4 ,mules are subject to ?is disease :5 kept 9 l>ge numb]s1 z 9 ! army4 ,?is is peculi>ly a cuticle disease1 l ! it* 9 ! human sy/em1 & yields to ! same c\rse ( treatm5t4 ,a mixture ( sulphur & hog's l>d1 "o p9t ( ! latt] to two ( ! =m]4 ,rub ! animal all ov]1 !n cov] ) a blanket4 ,aft] /&+ two days1 wa% him clean ) s(t-soap & wat]4 ,aft] ?is process has be5 gone ?r\gh1 keep ! animal blanket$ = a few days1 z he w be liable to take cold4 ,fe$ ) bran ma%es1 pl5ty ( common salt1 & wat]4 ,?is w relieve ! b[els all t is necess>y1 & c sc>cely fail ( effect+ a cure4 ,ano!r me?od1 b n s c]ta9 9 its effect1 is to make a decoction ( tobacco1 say ab\t "o p\nd ( ! /ems to two gallons ( wat]1 boil$ until ! /r5g? is extract$ f ! we$1 & :5 cool en\gh1 ba! ! mule well ) x f head to foot1 let him dry (f1 & d n curry him = a day or two4 ,!n curry him well1 & if ! it*+ appe> aga91 repeat ! ba?+ two or ?ree times1 & x w produce a cure4 ,! same treatm5t w apply 9 case ( lice1 :i* frequ5tly occurs :]e mules are kept 9 l>ge numb]s4 ,m]cury %\ld nev] be us$ 9 any =m1 int]nally or ext]nally1 on an animal s mu* expos$ z ! mule4 ,,grease-,,heel4 ,clean ! p>ts well ) ca/ile-soap & w>m wat]4 ,z soon z y h discov]$ ! disease1 /op wett+ ! legs1 z t only aggravates x1 & use o9tm5t made f ! foll[+ sub/ances3 ,p[d]$ *>coal1 two ounces2 l>d or tall[1 f\r ounces2 sulphur1 two ounces4 ,mix !m well toge!r1 !n rub ! o9tm5t 9 well ) y\r h& on ! affect$ p>ts4 ,if ! above is n at h&1 get gunp[d]1 "s l>d or tall[1 9 equal p>ts1 & apply 9 ! same mann]4 ,if ! animal be poor1 & 8 sy/em ne$ ton+ up1 give him pl5ty ( n\ri%+ food1 ) bran ma% mix$ pl5tifully ) ! gra94 ,add a teaspoonful ( salt two or ?ree times a day1 z x w aid 9 keep+ ! b[els op54 ,if ! /able bottoms1 or floors1 or y>ds are fil?y1 see t !y are prop]ly clean$1 z fil?9ess is "o ( ! causes ( ?is disease4 ,! same treatm5t w apply to scrat*es1 z !y are ! same disease 9 a diff]5t =m4 ,to avoid scrat*es & grease-heel dur+ ! w9t]1 or inde$ at any o!r season1 ! hair on ! mule's heels %\ld nev] be cut4 ,nor %\ld ! mud1 9 w9t] season1 be wa%$ (f1 b all[$ to dry on ! animal's legs1 & !n rubb$ (f ) hay or /raw4 ,?is wa%+1 & cutt+ ! hair (f ! legs1 leave !m )\t any protection1 & is1 9 _m cases1 ! cause ( grease-heel & scrat*es4 ,,%oes1 ,,%oe+1 ,,& ,,! ,,foot4 ,! foot1 its diseases1 & h[ to %oe x prop]ly1 is a subject mu* discuss$ among horsem54 ,ne>ly e f>ri] & blacksmi? has a way ( 8 own = cur+ diseas$ feet1 & %oe+4 ,no matt] h[ absurd x may be1 he w insi/ t x has m]its sup]ior to all o!rs1 & x w\ld be next to impossible to conv9ce him ( 8 error4 ,skillful vet]9>ians n[ und]/& p]fectly all ! diseases peculi> to ! foot1 & ! means ( effect+ a cure4 ,!y und]/&1 also1 :at sort ( %oe is ne$$ = ! feet ( diff]5t animals4 ,latt]ly numb] ( %oes h be5 inv5t$ & pat5t$1 all pr(ess+ to be exactly :at is want$ to relieve & cure diseas$ feet ( all k9ds4 ,"o man has a %oe he calls concave1 & says x w cure contraction1 corns1 ?ru%1 qu>t]-crack1 toe-crack1 c41 c4 ,b :5 y come to exam9e x closely1 y w f9d x no?+ m ?an a nicely dress$ piece ( iron1 made almo/ 9 ! %ape ( a half moon4 ,aft] a fair trial1 h[ev]1 x w be f\nd ( no m virtue 9 cur+ diseases or reliev+ ! animal ?an ! ord9>y %oe us$ by a c\ntry smi?y4 ,ano!r inv5tive g5ius spr+s up & ass]ts t he has discov]$ a %oe t w cure all sorts ( diseas$ feet2 & br+s at lea/ a bu%el basket full ( lett]s f p]sons he decl>es to be int]e/$ 9 ! horse1 confirm+ :at he has said ( ! virtues ( 8 %oe4 ,b a %ort trial ( ?is wond]ful %oe only goes to %[ h[ little ^! p]sons und]/& ! :ole subject1 & h[ easy a matt] x is to procure lett]s recomm5d+ :at !y h inv5t$4 ,ano!r has a specific me?od = %oe+1 :i* is to cut away ! toe "r 9 ! c5t] ( ! foot1 cut away ! b>s on ! inside ( ! foot1 cut & clean away all ar\nd on ! inside ( ! ho(1 !n to let ! animal /& on a bo>d floor1 s t 8 feet w\ld be 9 ! position a sauc] w\ld repres5t ) "o piece brok5 out at ! front & two at ! back4 ,?is ,i consid] ! mo/ inhuman me?od 9 ! art ( %oe+4 ,turn ?is sauc] upside d[n & see h[ little pressure x w\ld be>1 & y w h "s idea ( ! cruelty ( apply+ ?is specific me?od4 ,sometimes b>-%oes & o!r contrivances are us$1 to keep ! inside ( ! foot f com+ d[n4 ,b :y d ?is8 ,:y n get at once a %oe adapt$ to ! spread+ ( ! foot4 ,tyrell's %oe = ?is purpose is ! be/ ,i h yet se54 ,we h us$ x 9 ! ,gov]nm5t s]vice = two ye>s1 & exp]i5ce has taught me t x has advantages t ought n to be ov]look$4 ,b ev5 ?is %oe may be us$ to disadvantage by ignorant h&s4 ,inde$1 9 ! h&s ( a blacksmi? :o pref]s 8 own way1 "s k9ds ( feet may be j z badly injur$ by x z o!rs are b5efit$4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,army af=ds ! l>ge/ field = ga9+ practical k conc]n+ ! diseases1 especially ( ! feet1 ) :i* horses & mules are afflict$4 ,dur+ ! late w>1 :5 s little c>e 0 giv5 to animals 9 ! field1 :5 !y 7 injur$ 9 e conceivable mann]1 & by all sorts ( accid5ts1 ! vet]9>y f\nd a field = /udy su* z has nev] be5 op5$ be=e4 ,exp]i5ce has taught me1 t common s5se is "o ( ! mo/ ess5tial ?+s 9 ! treatm5t ( a horse's foot4 ,y mu/ rememb] t horses' feet diff] z well z m5's1 & require diff]5t treatm5t1 especially 9 %oe+4 ,y mu/ %oe ! foot accord+ to its peculi>ity & dem&s1 n accord+ to any specific sy/em ( %oe4 ,give ! gr\nd surface a level be>+1 let ! frog come to ! gr\nd1 & ! weight ( ! mule re/ on ! frog z mu* z any o!r "p ( ! foot4 ,if x project beyond ! %oe1 s mu* ! bett]4 ,t is :at x 0 made =1 & to cat* ! weight on an ela/ic pr9ciple4 ,nev]1 "u any circum/ances1 cut x away4 ,put two nails 9 ! %oe on ea* side1 & bo? =w>d ( ! qu>t]s1 & "o 9 ! toe1 directly 9 front ( ! foot4 ,let ^? on ! sides be an in* ap>t1 !n y w be sure n to cut & te> ! foot4 ,let ! nails & nail-holes be small1 = !y w !n aid 9 sav+ ! foot4 ,x w /ill fur!r aid 9 sav+ x by lett+ ! nails run well up into ! ho(1 = t keeps ! %oe /eadi] on ! foot4 ,! ho( is j z ?ick to )9 an in* ( ! top1 & is g5]ally s\nd]1 & ( a bett] sub/ance1 ?an x is at ! bottom4 ,keep ! fir/ reason = %oe+ app>5t 9 y\r m9d always--t y only %oe y\r mule because 8 feet w n /& ! roads )\t x4 ,& :5ev] y c1 %oe him ) a %oe exactly ! %ape ( 8 foot4 ,"s blacksmi?s w insi/ on a %oe1 & !n cutt+ & %ap+ ! foot to x4 ,! fir/ or c5tral surface ( ! ho(1 made h>d by ! animal's own peculi> way ( travel+1 indicates ! mann] 9 :i* he %\ld be %od4 ,all ! art 9 ! _w _c improve ?is1 = x is ! model prep>$ by nature4 ,let ! %oes be z light z possible1 & )\t calks if x c be af=d$1 z ! mule always travels un/eady on !m4 ,! ,good5\gh %oe is f> sup]ior to ! old calk$ %oe1 & w answ] e purpose :]e hold+ is necess>y4 ,x is also good 9 m\nta9\s c\ntries1 & !re is no dang] ( ! animal calk+ himself ) x4 ,i h c>efully obs]v$ ! diff]5t effect ( %oes1 :ile ) troops on ! m>*4 ,i accompani$ ! ,sev5? ,infantry1 9 #aheh1 9 its m>* to ,c$> ,valley1 9 ,utah1 a di/ance ( f\rte5 hundr$ miles1 & notic$ t sc>cely a man :o wore regulation %oes _h a bli/] on 8 feet1 :ile ! civilians1 :o did n1 7 cont9ually fall+ out1 & dropp+ to ! re>1 f ! effects ( n>r[ & improp] %oes & boots4 ,! same is ! case ) ! animal4 ,! foot mu/ h some?+ flat & broad to be> on4 ,! fir/ c>e ( ^? hav+ *>ge ( mules1 %\ld be to see t _! feet are kept 9 z ne> a natural /ate z possible4 ,!n1 if all ! laws ( nature be obs]v$1 & /rictly obey$1 ! animal's feet w la/ z long1 & be z s\nd 9 8 dome/ic /ate z he w\ld be 9 a /ate ( nature4 ,! mo/ ord9>y obs]v] w soon f9d t ! out] portion or cov]+ ( ! mule's foot possesses v little animal life1 & has no s5sibility1 l ! hair or cov]+ ( ! body4 ,inde$1 ! foot ( ! horse & mule is a d5se block ( horn1 & mu/ !re=e be influ5c$ & gov]n$ by c]ta9 *emical laws1 :i* control ! elem5ts t come 9 contact ) x4 ,h5ce x 0 t ! feet ( ^! animals 0 made to be> on ! h>d gr\nd1 & to be wet naturally e "t ! horse drank4 ,dr\ght & heat w contract & make h>d & brittle ! sub/ance ( :i* ! feet is compos$2 :ile on ! o!r h& cool+ & moi/ure w exp& x1 & r5d] x pliable & s(t4 ,nature has provid$ ev]y?+ necess>y to pres]ve & protect ?is foot1 :ile ! animal is 9 a natural /ate2 b :5 br\ght into dome/ic use1 x requires ! good s5se ( man1 ^: s]vant he is1 to artificially employ ^? means :i* nature has provid$1 to keep x p]fectly heal?y4 ,:51 !n1 ! foot is 9 a heal?y /ate1 wet x at lea/ twice a day2 & d n be cont5t ) m]ely ?r[+ cold wat] on ! outside1 = ! foot takes 9 v little if any moi/ure ?r\gh ! wall4 ,9 %ort1 x absorbs moi/ure mo/ ?r\gh ! frog & sole1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! region :]e ! sole jo9s ! wall4 ,?is1 if cov]$ by a tight %oe1 closes ! m$ium1 & prev5ts ! prop] supply4 ,horses t are %od %\ld be all[$ to /& 9 moi/ places z mu* z possible4 ,use clay or loam floors1 especially if ! horse has to /& mu* ( 8 "t4 ,/one or brick is ! next be/1 z ! foot ( ! animal w absorb moi/ure f ei!r ( ^!4 ,dry p9e planks are ! v wor/1 because !y attract moi/ure f ! horse's foot4 ,:]e animals h to /& idle mu* ( ! "t1 keep _! feet well /uff$ ) c[ manure at night4 ,t is ! be/ & *eape/ pres]vative ( ! feet t y c use4 ,,advice ,,to ,,blacksmi?s4 ,let me enjo9 y1 = humanity's sake1 t :5 y fir/ und]take to %oe a "y animal1 y w n =get ! value ( k9d treatm5t4 ,keep its head turn$ away f ! gl>+ fire1 ! cl9k+ anvil1 c41 c4 ,let ! man :om he has be5 accu/om$ to1 ! groom or own]1 /& at 8 head1 & talk to him k9dly4 ,:5 y approa* him = ! fir/ "t1 let x be )\t ^? implem5ts y are to use 9 8 %oe+4 ,speak to him g5tly1 !n take up 8 foot4 ,if he refuse to let y d ?is1 let ! p]son hav+ him 9 *>ge d x4 ,a "y animal w all[ ?is ) a p]son he is accu/om$ to1 :5 he w repel a /rang]4 ,by treat+ him k9dly y c make him und]/& :at is want$2 by abus+ him y w only fright5 him into ob/9acy4 ,:5 y h got ! animal "u p]fect subjection1 exam9e ! foot c>efully1 & y w f9d ! heels1 at ! back "p ( ! frog1 entirely free f t memb]1 :i* is s(t & spongy4 ,:5 ! foot is d[n1 re/+ on ! gr\nd1 grasp ! heels 9 y\r /rong h&1 press !m inw>ds t[>ds ! frog1 & y w imm$iately f9d t !y w yield4 ,y w !n see t :at yields s easily to ! m]e pressure ( ! h& w exp& & spread out :5 ! weight ( ! body is ?r[n on x4 ,?is %\ld give y an idea ( :at y h to d 9 %oe+ t foot1 & y\r practical k %\ld /& y well 9 an argum5t ) any ( ^? le>n$ pr(essors1 :o decl>e ! foot ( ! mule does n exp& or contract4 ,9 tru? x is "o ( its necess>y conditions4 ,aft] be+ a long "t badly %od1 ne>ly or all ( ?is necess>y pr9ciple ( ! foot w be lo/4 ,y %\ld !re=e /udy to pres]ve x4 ,& "h let me give y :at little aid exp]i5ce has enabl$ me to d4 ,y w obs]ve ! gr\nd surface ( ! foot1 no matt] h[ high ! ar* may be1 to be at lea/ half an in* wide1 & sometimes m ?an an in*1 ) ! heels spread out at ! outside qu>t]4 ,d n cut away ?is important brace4 ,x is z necess>y to ! heel ( ! animal1 to gu>d him aga9/ lat]al motion1 on :i* ! :ole ( ! above /ructure dep5ds1 z ! toes are to ! human be+4 ,curve ! outside ( ! %oe ne>ly to fit ! foot1 & y w f9d ! inside heel a little /raight]1 especially if ! animal be n>r[-brea/$1 & ! feet /& close toge!r4 ,nature has provid$ ?is safegu>d to prev5t its /rik+ ! opposite leg4 ,aft] ! %oe is prep>$ to fit ! foot1 z ,i h be=e describ$1 rasp ! bottom level--x w be f\nd ne>ly s4 ,d n put a knife to ! sole or ! frog4 ,! sole ( ! foot1 rememb]1 is its life1 & ! frog its def5d]4 ,9 pun*+ ! %oe1 two nail-holes on a side1 on a foot l ?is1 are suffici5t to hold on a %oe4 ,?ree may be us$1 if set 9 _! prop] places1 )\t injury to ! foot4 ,practice w tea* y t any m nail+ ?an ?is is unnecess>y4 ,i h us$ two nails on a side on an animal ) n ! be/ ( a foot1 & v high action1 & he has worn !m entirely out )\t ?r[+ ei!r ( !m (f4 ,previ\s to pun*+ ! %oe1 obs]ve ! gra9 ( ! foot4 ,x w be se5 t ! fibres ( ! ho( run f ! top ( ! foot1 or coron>y bord]1 t[>ds ! toe1 9 mo/ feet1 at an angle ( ab\t =ty-five degrees4 ,x w be pla91 !n1 t if ! nails are driv5 ) ! gra9 ( ! horn1 !y w drive mu* easi]1 & hold bett]1 & be less liable to cut & crack ! fib]s4 ,ano!r b5efit c be d]iv$ f ?is process ( nail+4 ,:5 ! foot comes to ! gr\nd1 ! nails act z a brace to keep ! foot f slipp+ =w>d (f ! %oe4 ,?is r5d]s t v +5i\s foot de/roy]1 ! toe-clip1 unnecess>y4 ,!n1 9 pun*+ ! %oe1 hold ! top ( ! prit*ell t[>d ! heel ( ! %oe1 s z to get ! hole 9 ! %oe on an angle ) ! gra9 ( ! ho(4 ,pun* ! holes l>ge en\gh1 s t ! nails w n b9d 9 ! %oe1 nor require unnecess>y hamm]+ or bruis+ ( ! foot to get !m up to _! prop] place4 ,prep>e ! nails well1 po9t !m ?9 & n>r[2 &1 z ,i h said be=e1 use z small a nail z possible4 ,:5 y proce$ to nail on ! %oe1 take a slight hold at ! bottom1 s z to be sure t ! nail />ts 9 ! wall ( ! foot in/ead ( ! sole4 ,let x come out z high up z possible4 ,y ne$ n be afraid ( prick+ ) nails set 9 ?is way1 z ! wall ( ! foot is z ?ick1 until y get )9 half an in* ( ! top1 z x is :]e y set ! nail4 ,nails driv5 9 ?is way injure ! feet less1 hold on long]1 & are /rong] ?an :5 driv5 9 any o!r way4 ,if y h any d\bt ( ?is1 te/ x 9 ?is mann]3 :5 y take (f an old %oe to set a new "o1 & cut ! cl9*es 7:i* %\ld be done 9 all cases71 y w f9d ! old nail & ! cl9*es n />t$ up2 & 9 draw+ ! nail out y w also f9d ! foot n slipp$ or crack$2 & t ! horn b9ds ! nail until x is entirely drawn out4 ,inde$1 ,i h kn[n ! hole to almo/ close z ! nail left x4 ,set ! two front nails well t[>ds ! toe1 s z n to be m ?an two in*es ap>t :5 measur$ across ! bottom ( ! foot4 ,let ! next two divide ! di/ance f t to ! heel1 s z to leave f two to two & a half in*es free ( nails1 z ! =m ( ! foot may all[4 ,la/ly1 be=e nail+ on ! %oe1 & :ile x is cold on ! anvil1 /rike ! surface t comes next to ! foot on ! outside1 a few bl[s ) ! hamm]1 "r across ! heels1 & see also t ! outside ( ! heels is a %ade l[e/1 s t ! animal 9 ?r[+ 8 weight ^u !m w spread out1 & n p9* 9 8 feet4