,,play-,,mak+ ,a ,manual ( ,craftsman%ip by ,william ,ar*] #aiab ,,prefatory ,,note ,?is book is1 to all int5ts & purposes1 entirely new4 ,no consid]able portion ( x has already appe>$1 al?\gh "h & !re %ort passages & phrases f articles ( bygone ye>s are emb$d$ --indi/+ui%ably1 ,i hope--9 ! text4 ,i h tri$1 :]ev] x 0 possible1 to select my examples f publi%$ plays1 :i* ! /ud5t may read = himself1 & s *eck my obs]vations4 ,"o reason1 among o!rs1 :i* l$ me to g to ,%akespe>e & ,ibs5 = s _m ( my illu/rations1 0 t !y are ! mo/ g5]ally accessible ( playwrights4 ,if ! read] %\ld feel t ,i h be5 ov] lavi% 9 ! use ( footnotes1 ,i h two excuses to allege4 ,! fir/ is t m ?an half ( ! foll[+ *apt]s 7 writt5 on %ipbo>d & 9 places :]e ,i _h sc>cely any books to ref] to2 s t a great deal _h to be left to subsequ5t enquiry & revision4 ,! second is t sev]al ( my fri5ds1 dramati/s & o!rs1 h be5 k9d en\gh to read my manuscript1 & to sugge/ valuable aft]?\ghts4 ,,london ,janu>y1 #aiab ,to ,br&] ,mat!ws ,guide ,philosoph] & ,fri5d ,,cont5ts ,,book ,i ,,prologue ,,*apt] ,i ,,introductory ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,*oice ,,( ,a ,,!me ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,dramatic ,,& ,,undramatic ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,r\t9e ,,( ,,composition ,,*apt] ,v ,,dramatis ,,p]sonae ,,book ,,ii ,,! ,,beg9n+ ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,po9t ,,( ,,attack3 ,,%akespe>e ,,& ,,ibs5 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,exposition3 ,,its ,,end ,,& ,,its ,,means ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,fir/ ,,act ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,curiosity ,,& ,,int]e/ ,,*apt] ,x ,,=e%ad[+1 ,,n ,,=e/all+ ,,book ,,iii ,,! ,,middle ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,t5sion ,,& ,,its ,,susp5sion ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,prep>ation3 ,,! ,,f+]-,,po/ ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,! ,,obligatory ,,sc5e ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,! ,,p]ipety ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,probability1 ,,*ance ,,& ,,co9cid5ce ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,logic ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,keep+ ,a ,,secret ,,book ,,iv ,,! ,,end ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,climax ,,& ,,anticlimax ,,*apt] ,,xix ,,conv]sion ,,*apt] ,,xx ,,bl9d-,,alley ,,!mes--,,& ,,o!rs ,,*apt] ,,xxi ,,! ,,full ,,close ,,book ,v ,,epilogue ,,*apt] ,,xxii ,,"* ,,& ,,psy*ology ,,*apt] ,,xxiii ,,dialogue ,,& ,,details ,,book ,i ,,prologue ,,*apt] ,i ,,introductory ,!re are no rules = writ+ a play4 ,x is easy1 inde$1 to lay d[n negative recomm5dations--to in/ruct ! beg9n] h[ n to d x4 ,b mo/ ( ^! don'ts are r obvi\s2 & ^? :i* are n obvi\s are apt to be que/ionable4 ,x is c]ta91 = in/ance1 t if y want y\r play to be act$1 any:]e else ?an 9 ,*9a1 y mu/ n plan x 9 sixte5 acts ( an h\r apiece2 b :]e is ! tyro :o ne$s a text-book to tell him t8 ,on ! o!r h&1 mo/ !ori/s ( to-day w\ld make x an axiom t y mu/ n let y\r *>act]s n>rate _! circum/ances1 or exp\nd _! motives1 9 spee*es address$1 ei!r directly to ! audi5ce1 or o/5sibly to _! solit>y selves4 ,b :5 we rememb] t1 ( all dramatic op5+s1 !re is none f9] ?an t :i* %[s ,ri*>d ,plantag5et limp+ d[n ! empty /age to say-- ,n[ is ! w9t] ( our discont5t ,made glori\s summ] by ?is sun ( ,york2 ,& all ! cl\ds t l\r'd ^u our h\se ,9 ! deep bosom ( ! ocean buri$-- we feel t ! axiom requires l>ge qualifications4 ,!re are no absolute rules1 9 fact1 except su* z are dictat$ by ! pla9e/ common s5se4 ,ari/otle himself did n s mu* dogmatize z analyse1 classify1 & g5]alize f1 ! practices ( ! ,attic dramati/s4 ,he said1 y _h bett] r ?an y mu/4 ,x 0 ,horace1 9 an age ( deep dramatic decad5ce1 :o re-/at$ ! pseudo-,ari/otelian =mulas ( ! ,alex&rians z ?\gh !y 7 unassailable dogmas ( art4 ,h[ comes x1 !n1 t !re is a con/ant dem& = text-books ( ! art & craft ( drama8 ,h[ comes x t s _m p--& ,i among ! numb]--:o c\ld n write a play to save _! lives1 are eag] to tell o!rs h[ to d s8 ,&1 /rang] /ill1 h[ comes x t s _m p are will+ to sit at ! feet ( ^! in/ructors8 ,x is n s ) ! novel4 ,popul> z is t =m ( lit]ature1 guides to novel-writ+1 if !y exi/ at all1 are comp>atively r>e4 ,:y are p possess$ ) ! idea t ! art ( dramatic fiction diff]s f t ( n>rative fiction1 9 t x c & mu/ be taught8 ,! reason is cle>1 & is s f> valid z to excuse1 if n to ju/ify1 su* works z ! pres5t4 ,! novel1 z soon z x is legibly writt51 exi/s1 = :at x is wor?4 ,! page ( black & :ite is ! sole int]m$i>y betwe5 ! creative & ! p]ceptive bra94 ,ev5 ! act ( pr9t+ m]ely wid5s ! possible appeal3 x does n alt] its nature4 ,b ! drama1 be=e x c make its prop] appeal at all1 mu/ be run ?r\gh a highly complex piece ( me*anism--! !atre--! precise conditions ( :i* are1 to mo/ beg9n]s1 a fasc9at+ my/]y4 ,:ile !y feel a /rong inw>d conviction ( _! ability to ma/] x1 !y are possess$ ) an idea1 (t5 exagg]at$ & sup]/iti\s1 ( its te*nical complexities4 ,hav+1 z a rule1 little or no opportunity ( closely exam9+ or exp]im5t+ ) x1 !y are eag] to read x up1 z !y might any o!r ma*9e4 ,t is ! case ( ! av]age aspirant1 :o has nei!r ! in/9ct ( ! !atre fully develop$ 9 8 blood1 nor su* a cong5ital lack ( t in/9ct z to be :olly inappreh5sive ( any te*nical difficulties or problems4 ,! intellig5t novice1 /&+ betwe5 ^! extremes1 t5ds1 z a rule1 to ov]rate ! efficacy ( !oretical in/ruction1 & to expect ( analytic criticism m ?an x has to give4 ,!re is ?us a f9e op5+ = p$antry on ! "o side1 & quack]y on ! o!r1 to ru% 94 ,! p$ant1 9 ?is context1 is he :o con/ructs a set ( rules f metaphysical or psy*ological fir/ pr9ciples1 & pr(esses to br+ d[n a dramatic decalogue f ! ,s9ai ( "s lecture-room 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,weissni*two4 ,! quack1 on ! o!r h&1 is he :o g5]alizes f ! wor/ practices ( ! mo/ vulg> !atrical j\rneym51 & has no high] ambition ?an to int]pret ! oracles ( ! box-(fice4 ,if he succe$$ 9 s do+1 8 function w\ld n be :olly despicable2 b z he is g5]ally devoid ( insight1 & z1 moreov]1 ! oracles ( ! box-(fice v>y f season to season1 if n f mon? to mon?1 8 lucubrations are ab\t z valuable z ^? ( ,zadkiel or ,old ,moore4#a ,:at1 !n1 is ! excuse = su* a discussion z is "h attempt$8 ,hav+ admitt$ t !re are no rules = dramatic composition1 & t ! que/ ( su* rules is apt to result ei!r 9 p$antry or quack]y1 :y %\ld ,i myself set =? ^u s fruitless & foolh>dy an ent]prise8 ,x is precisely because ,i am alive to its dang]s t ,i h "s hope ( avoid+ !m4 ,rules !re are none2 b x does n foll[ t "s ( ! ?\s&s :o are fasc9at$ by ! art ( ! playwright may n pr(it by hav+ _! att5tion call$1 9 a pla9 & practical way1 to "s ( its problems & possibilities4 ,i h myself felt ! ne$ ( "s su* h&book1 :5 w\ld-be dramati/s h come to me = advice & guidance4 ,x is easy to "n excell5t treatises on ! drama2 b ! aim ( su* books is to guide ! judgm5t ( ! critic r ?an ! creative impulse ( ! playwright4 ,!re are also valuable collections ( dramatic criticisms2 b any practical h9ts t !y may conta9 are scatt]$ & unsy/ematic4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! advice "o is apt to give to beg9n]s--,g to ! !atre2 /udy its conditions & me*anism = y\rself--is1 9 fact1 ( v d\btful value4 ,x might1 9 _m cases1 be wis] to w>n ! aspirant to keep himself unspott$ f ! playh\se4 ,to s5d him !re is to imp]il1 on ! "o h&1 8 orig9ality ( vision1 on ! o!r1 8 individuality ( me?od4 ,he may fall "u ! influ5ce ( "s great ma/]1 & see life only ?r\gh 8 eyes2 or he may become s habituat$ to ! curr5t tricks ( ! !atrical trade z to lose all s5se ( _! conv5tionality & falsity1 & f9d himself1 9 ! end1 bett] fitt$ to write :at ,i h call$ a quack h&book ?an a liv+ play4 ,x w\ld be ridicul\s1 ( c\rse1 to urge an aspirant positively to avoid ! !atre2 b ! common advice to /eep himself 9 x is beset ) dang]s4 ,x may be ask$ :y1 if ,i h any guidance & help to give1 ,i d n take x myself1 & write plays in/ead ( in/ruct+ o!rs 9 ! art4 ,?is is a v>iant ( an anci5t & fallaci\s jibe aga9/ criticism 9 g5]al4 ,x is q true t almo/ all critics :o are wor? _! salt are /ickit arti/s4 ,assur$ly1 if ,i _h ! p[]1 ,i %\ld write plays in/ead ( writ+ ab\t !m2 b "o may h a great love = an art1 & "s insight into its pr9ciples & me?ods1 )\t ! innate faculty requir$ = actual production4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is no?+ to %[ t1 if ,i 7 a creative arti/1 ,i %\ld be a good m5tor = beg9n]s4 ,an accompli%$ pa9t] may be ! be/ tea*] ( pa9t]s2 b an accompli%$ dramati/ is sc>cely ! be/ guide = dramati/s4 ,he _c analyse 8 own practice1 & discrim9ate betwe5 t 9 x :i* is ( univ]sal validity1 & t :i* may be good = him1 b w\ld be bad = any "o else4 ,if he happ5$ to be a great man1 he w\ld inevitably1 ev5 if unconsci\sly1 seek to impose ^u 8 disciples 8 individual attitude t[>ds life2 if he 7 a less] man1 he w\ld tea* !m only 8 tricks4 ,b dramati/s d n1 z a matt] ( fact1 take pupils or write h&books4#b ,:5 !y exp\nd _! pr9ciples ( art1 x is g5]ally 9 answ] to1 or 9 anticipation (1 criticism--) a view1 9 %ort1 n to help+ o!rs1 b to def5d+ !mselves4 ,if beg9n]s1 !n1 are to f9d any sy/ematic guidance1 !y mu/ turn to ! critics1 n to ! dramati/s2 & no p]son ( common s5se holds x a reproa* to a critic to tell him t he is a /ickit playwright4 ,if que/ions are wor? discuss+ at all1 !y are wor? discuss+ gravely4 ,:51 9 ! foll[+ pages1 ,i am f\nd treat+ ) all solemnity matt]s ( app>5tly trivial detail1 ,i beg ! read] to believe t v possibly ,i d n 9 my he>t ov]rate _! importance4 ,"o ?+ is c]ta91 & mu/ be emphasiz$ f ! outset3 namely1 t if any "p ( ! dramati/'s art c be taught1 x is only a comp>atively me*anical & =mal "p--! art ( /ructure4 ,"o may le>n h[ to tell a /ory 9 good dramatic =m3 h[ to develop & m>%al x 9 su* a way z be/ to seize & reta9 ! int]e/ ( a !atrical audi5ce4 ,b no tea*+ or /udy c enable a man to *oose or inv5t a good /ory1 & mu* less to d t :i* alone l5ds dignity to dramatic /ory-tell+--to obs]ve & portray human "*4 ,?is is ! aim & end ( all s]i\s drama2 & x w be apt to appe> z ?\gh1 9 ! foll[+ pages1 ?is aim & end 7 ignor$4 ,9 reality x is n s4 ,if ,i hold comp>atively me*anical que/ions ( pure craftsman%ip to be wor? discuss+1 x is because ,i believe t only by aid ( compet5t craftsman%ip c ! greate/ g5ius enable 8 creations to live & brea! ^u ! /age4 ,! pr(\nde/ insight into human nature & de/9y _c f9d valid expression ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! !atre )\t "s und]/&+ ( ! peculi> art ( dramatic con/ruction4 ,"s p are born ) su* an in/9ct = ?is art1 t a v little practice r5d]s !m ma/]s ( x4 ,"s p are born ) a holl[ 9 _! cranium :]e ! bump ( drama ought to be4 ,b betwe5 ^! extremes1 z ,i said be=e1 !re are _m p ) mod]ately develop$ & cultivable faculty2 & x is ^! :o1 ,i tru/1 may f9d "s pr(it 9 ! foll[+ discussions4#c ,let !m n =get1 h[ev]1 t ! topics treat$ ( are m]ely ! indisp5sable rudim5ts ( ! art1 & are n = a mom5t to be mi/ak5 = its ultimate & incommunicable secrets4 ,bee?ov5 c\ld n h compos$ ! ,n9? ,symphony )\t a ma/]y ( h>mony & c\nt]po9t2 b !re are ?\s&s ( ma/]s ( h>mony & c\nt]po9t :o c\ld n compose ! ,n9? ,symphony4 ,! art ( !atrical /ory-tell+ is necess>ily relative to ! audi5ce to :om ! /ory is to be told4 ,"o mu/ assume an audi5ce ( a c]ta9 /atus & *>act]i/ics be=e "o c rationally discuss ! be/ me?ods ( appeal+ to its intellig5ce & its sympa?ies4 ,! audi5ce ,i h ?r\gh\t assum$ is drawn f :at may be call$ ! ord9>y educat$ public ( ,london & ,new ,york4 ,x is n an ideal or a specially select$ audi5ce2 b x is some:at above ! av]age ( ! !atre-go+ public1 t av]age be+ sadly pull$ d[n by ! myriad frequ5t]s ( musical f>ce & absolutely wor?less melodrama4 ,x is su* an audi5ce z assembles e night at1 say1 ! half-doz5 be/ !atres ( ea* city4 ,a peculi>ly intellectual audi5ce x c]ta9ly is n4 ,i gladly admit t !atrical art owes mu*1 9 bo? c\ntries1 to volunt>y organizations ( intellig5t or w\ld-be intellig5t#d playgo]s1 :o h comb9$ to provide !mselves ) =ms ( drama :i* specially int]e/ !m1 & d n attract ! great public4 ,b ,i am entirely conv9c$ t ! drama r5\nces its *ief privilege & glory :5 x waives its claim to be a popul> art1 & is cont5t to address itself to cot]ies1 h[ev] high-br[$4 ,%akespe>e did n write = a cot]ie3 yet he produc$ "s works ( consid]able subtlety & pr(undity4 ,molire 0 popul> ) ! ord9>y p>t]re ( 8 day3 yet 8 plays h endur$ = ov] two c5turies1 & ! end ( _! vitality does n seem to be 9 sight4 ,ibs5 did n write = a cot]ie1 ?\gh special & regrettable circum/ances h made him1 9 ,engl&1 some?+ ( a cot]ie-poet4 ,9 ,sc&9avia1 9 ,g]many1 ev5 9 ,am]ica1 he ca/s 8 spell ov] great audi5ces1 if n ?r\gh long runs 7:i* are a vice ( ! m]ely comm]cial !atre71 at any rate ?r\gh frequ5tly-repeat$ repres5tations4 ,s f> z ,i "k1 hi/ory records no in/ance ( a playwright fail+ to ga9 ! e> ( 8 contempor>ies1 & !n be+ recogniz$ & appreciat$ by po/]ity4 ,alfr$ de ,musset might1 p]haps1 be cit$ z a case 9 po9t2 b he did n write ) a view to ! /age1 & made no bid = contempor>y popul>ity4 ,z soon z x occurr$ to p to produce 8 plays1 !y 7 f\nd to be delightful4 ,let no playwright1 !n1 make x 8 boa/ t he _c disburd5 8 s\l )9 ! ?ree h\rs' limit1 & _c produce plays intelligible or endurable to any audi5ce b a b& ( adepts4 ,a popul> audi5ce1 h[ev]1 does n necess>ily mean ! m]e riff-raff ( ! !atrical public4 ,!re is a l>ge class ( playgo]s1 bo? 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica1 :i* is capable ( appreciat+ "w ( a high intellectual ord]1 if only x does n ignore ! fundam5tal conditions ( !atrical pres5tation4 ,x is an audi5ce ( ?is class t ,i h 9 m9d ?r\gh\t ! foll[+ pages2 & ,i believe t a playwright :o despises su* an audi5ce w d s to ! detrim5t1 n only ( 8 popul>ity & pr(its1 b ( ! arti/ic quality ( 8 "w4 ,"s p may exclaim3 ,:y %\ld ! dramati/ conc]n himself ab\t 8 audi5ce8 ,t may be all v well = ! m]e j\rneym5 ( ! !atre1 ! hacks :o write to an actor-manag]'s ord]--n = ! true arti/6 ,he has a s\l above all su* petty consid]ations4 ,art1 to him1 is simply self-expression4 ,he writes to please himself1 & has no ?\ght ( curry+ fav\r ) an audi5ce1 :e!r intellectual or idiotic4 ,to ?is ,i reply simply t to an arti/ ( ?is way ( ?9k+ ,i h no?+ to say4 ,he has a p]fect "r to express himself 9 a :ole lit]ature ( s-call$ plays1 :i* may possibly be /udi$1 & ev5 act$1 by societies organiz$ to t laudable end4 ,b ! dramati/ :o decl>es 8 end to be m]e self-expression /ultifies himself 9 t v phrase4 ,! pa9t] may pa9t1 ! sculptor model1 ! lyric poet s+1 simply to please himself1#e b ! drama has no mean+ except 9 relation to an audi5ce4 ,x is a portrayal ( life by means ( a me*anism s devis$ z to br+ x home to a consid]able numb] ( p assembl$ 9 a giv5 place4 ,! public1 x has be5 well said1 con/itutes ! !atre4 ,! mom5t a playwright conf9es 8 "w )9 ! two or ?ree h\rs' limit prescrib$ by ,we/]n cu/om = a !atrical p]=mance1 he is curry+ fav\r ) an audi5ce4 ,t limit is impos$ simply by ! physical endurance & p[] ( su/a9$ att5tion t c be dem&$ ( ,we/]n human be+s assembl$ 9 a !atre4 ,d\btless an au?or c\ld express himself m fully & m subtly if he ignor$ ^! limitations2 ! mom5t he submits to !m1 he r5\nces ! pret5ce t m]e self-expression is 8 aim4 ,i "k t !re are haughty-s\ls :o make no su* submission1 & express !mselves 9 dramas :i*1 s f> z _! proportions are conc]n$1 might z well be epic poems or hi/orical romances4#f ,to !m1 ,i repeat1 ,i h no?+ to say4 ,! "o & only subject ( ! foll[+ discussions is ! be/ me?od ( fitt+ a dramatic !me = repres5tation be=e an audi5ce assembl$ 9 a !atre4 ,b ?is1 be x not$1 does n necess>ily mean writ+ d[n to ! audi5ce 9 "q4 ,x is by obey+1 n by ignor+1 ! fundam5tal conditions ( 8 craft t ! dramati/ may hope to lead 8 audi5ce upw>d to ! highe/ intellectual level :i* he himself c atta94 ,^! pages1 9 %ort1 are address$ to /ud5ts ( play-writ+ :o s9c]ely desire to d s\nd1 arti/ic "w "u ! conditions & limitations ( ! actual1 liv+ playh\se4 ,?is does n mean1 ( c\rse1 t !y ought always to be /udy+ :at ! public wants4 ,! dramati/ %\ld give ! public :at he himself wants--b 9 su* =m z to make x compreh5sible & int]e/+ 9 a !atre4 99 99 99 99 99 ,footnote #a3 ,x is aga9/ te*nic 9 ?is s5se ( ! t]m t ! h]o ( ,mr4 ,h[ells's admirable novel1 ,! ,/ory ( a ,play1 prote/s 9 vigor\s & memorable t]ms4 ,!y talk1 says ,maxwell1 ab\t a k ( ! /age z if x 7 a difficult sci5ce1 in/ead ( a v simple piece ( me*anism ^: limitations & possibilities anyone may see at a glance4 ,all t _! k ( x comes to is claptrap1 pure & simple4444 ,!y ?9k t _! exits & entrances are great matt]s & t !y mu/ come on ) su* a spee*1 & g (f ) ano!r2 b x is n ( ! lea/ importance h[ !y come or g1 if !y h some?+ int]e/+ to say or d4 ,maxwell1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 is speak+ ( te*nic z exp\nd$ by ! /> actor1 :o is %illy-%ally+--z /> actors w--ov] ! production ( 8 play4 ,he w\ld n1 9 8 calm] mom5ts1 d5y t x is ( little use to h some?+ int]e/+ to say1 unless y "k h[ to say x int]e/+ly4 ,su* a d5ial w\ld simply be ! negation ( ! v idea ( art4 ,footnote #b3 ,a dramati/ ( my acqua9tance adds ?is footnote3 ,b1 by ! ,"l6 ,!y h to give advice4 ,i believe ,i write m plays ( o!r p's ?an ,i d ( my own4 ,footnote #c3 ,x may be hop$1 too1 t ev5 ! accompli%$ dramati/ may take "s int]e/ 9 consid]+ ! reasons = ?+s :i* he does1 or does n d1 by in/9ct4 ,footnote #d3 ,?is is n a phrase ( contempt4 ,! w\ld-be intellig5t playgo] is va/ly to be pref]r$ to ! playgo] :o makes a boa/ ( 8 un9tellig5ce4 ,footnote #e3 ,9 all ! arts1 h[ev]1 ! v idea ( craftsman%ip implies "s sort ( ext]nal p]cipi5t1 or1 9 o!r words1 "s sort ( an audi5ce4 ,9 po9t ( %e] self-expression1 a *ild's scrabbl+s ) a box ( crayons may des]ve to rank ) ! mo/ ma/]ly canvas ( ,velasquez or ,v]me]4 ,! real diff]5ce betwe5 ! dramati/ & o!r arti/s1 is t !y c be _! own audi5ce1 9 a s5se 9 :i* he _c4 ,footnote #f3 ,let me gu>d aga9/ ! possibility t ?is might be int]pret$ z a sne] at ,! ,dyna/s--a great "w by a great poet4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,*oice ,,( ,a ,,!me ,! fir/ /ep t[>ds writ+ a play is manife/ly to *oose a !me4 ,ev5 ?is simple /atem5t1 h[ev]1 requires c>eful exam9ation be=e we c grasp its full import4 ,:at1 9 ! fir/ place1 d we mean by a !me8 ,&1 secondly1 9 :at s5se c we1 or ought we to1 *oose "o8 ,!me may mean ei!r ( two ?+s3 ei!r ! subject ( a play1 or its /ory4 ,! =m] is1 p]haps1 its prop] or m conv5i5t s5se4 ,! !me ( ,romeo & ,juliet is y\?ful love cross$ by ance/ral hate2 ! !me ( ,o!llo is jeal\sy2 ! !me ( ,le ,t>tufe is hypocrisy2 ! !me ( ,ca/e is fond he>ts & coronets2 ! !me ( ,gett+ ,m>ri$ is gett+ m>ri$2 ! !me ( ,mat]nit is mat]nity4 ,to e play x is possible1 at a p9*1 to assign a !me2 b 9 _m plays x is evid5t t no !me expressible 9 ab/ract t]ms 0 pres5t to ! au?or's m9d4 ,nor are ^! always plays ( a l[ class4 ,x is only by a some:at artificial process ( ab/raction t we c =mulate a !me = ,z ,y ,l ,x1 = ,! ,way ( ! ,_w1 or = ,h$da ,gabl]4 ,! "q n[ arises3 ought a !me1 9 its ab/ract =m1 to be ! fir/ g]m ( a play8 ,ought ! dramati/ to say1 ,g to1 ,i w write a play on temp]ance1 or on woman's suffrage1 or on capital & lab\r1 & !n ca/ ab\t = a /ory to illu/rate 8 !me8 ,?is is a possible1 b n a promis+1 me?od ( proc$ure4 ,a /ory made to ! ord] ( a moral concept is always apt to adv]tise its orig91 to ! detrim5t ( its illusive quality4 ,if a play is to be a moral apologue at all1 x is well to say s frankly--probably 9 ! title--& aim1 n at v]isimilitude1 b at neatness & apposit5ess 9 ! work+ out ( ! fable4 ,! ,fr5* prov]be proce$s on ?is pr9ciple1 & is (t5 v witty & *>m+4#a ,a good example 9 ,engli% is ,a ,pair ( ,spectacles1 by ,mr4 ,sydney ,grundy1 f\nd$ on a play by ,labi*e4 ,9 ?is bright little com$y e incid5t & situation be>s ^u ! g5]al !me1 & pleases u1 n by its probability1 b by its +5i\s appropriat5ess4 ,! dramatic fable1 9 fact1 holds v mu* ! same rank 9 drama z ! n>rative fable holds 9 lit]ature at l>ge4 ,we take pleasure 9 !m on condition t !y be witty1 & t !y d n pret5d to be :at !y are n4 ,a play manife/ly sugge/$ by a !me ( tempor>y int]e/ w (t5 h a great b no less tempor>y success4 ,= in/ance1 ?\gh !re 0 a good deal ( clev] "*-draw+ 9 ,an ,engli%man's ,home1 by ,major du ,mauri]1 ! !me 0 s evid5tly ! s\rce & inspiration ( ! play t x w sc>cely be> revival4 ,9 ,am]ica1 :]e ! !me 0 ( no int]e/1 ! play fail$4 ,x is possible1 no d\bt1 to "n excell5t plays 9 :i* ! !me1 9 all probability1 prec$$ bo? ! /ory & ! *>act]s 9 ! au?or's m9d4 ,su* plays are mo/ ( ,m4 ,brieux's2 su* plays are ,mr4 ,galswor?y's ,/rife & ,ju/ice4 ,! ,fr5* plays1 9 my judgm5t1 suff] arti/ically f ! obtrusive pr$om9ance ( ! !me--t is to say1 ! ab/ract elem5t--ov] ! human & concrete factors 9 ! composition4 ,mr4 ,galswor?y's m delicate & unemphatic art eludes ?is dang]1 at any rate 9 ,/rife4 ,we d n rememb] until all is ov] t 8 *>act]s repres5t classes1 & 8 action is1 "o might almo/ say1 a sociological symbol4 ,if1 !n1 ! !me does1 z a matt] ( fact1 come fir/ 9 ! au?or's conception1 he w d well ei!r to make x pat5tly & confess$ly dom9ant1 z 9 ! prov]be1 or to take c>e t1 z 9 ,/rife1 x be n suff]$ to make its dom9ation felt1 except z an aft]?\ght4#b ,no outside =ce %\ld appe> to control ! free rhy?m ( ! action4 ,! !me may sometimes be1 n an idea1 an ab/raction or a pr9ciple1 b r an environm5t1 a social ph5om5on ( "o sort or ano!r4 ,! au?or's prim>y object 9 su* a case is1 n to portray any individual "* or tell any def9ite /ory1 b to transf] to ! /age an animat$ picture ( "s broad aspect or phase ( life1 )\t conc5trat+ ! int]e/ on any "o figure or gr\p4 ,!re are !ori/s :o w\ld1 by def9ition1 exclude f ! doma9 ( drama any su* c9ematograph-play1 z !y w\ld probably call x2 b we %all see cause1 z we g on1 to di/ru/ def9itions1 especially :5 !y seek to clo! !mselves ) ! au?ority ( laws4 ,tableau-plays ( ! type "h 9 "q may ev5 claim classical prec$5t4 ,:at else is ,b5 ,jonson's ,b>?olomew ,fair8 ,:at else is ,s*ill]'s ,wall5/e9s ,lag]8 ,among/ m rec5t plays1 ,hauptmann's ,die ,web] & ,gorky's ,na*tasyl are p]haps ! be/ examples ( ! type4 ,! drawback ( su* !mes is1 n t !y d n con=m to ?is or t canon ( art1 b t x ne$s an exceptional am\nt ( k & dramaturgic skill to h&le !m successfully4 ,x is f> easi] to tell a /ory on ! /age ?an to pa9t a picture1 & few playwrights c resi/ ! temptation to foi/ a /ory ^u _! picture1 ?us m>r+ x by an inh>moni\s intrusion ( melodrama or f>ce4 ,?is has (t5 be5 done ^u delib]ate !ory1 9 ! belief t no play c exi/1 or c attract playgo]s1 )\t a def9ite & m or less excit+ plot4 ,?us ! late ,james ,a4 ,h]ne ins]t$ into a *>m+ idyllic picture ( rural life1 entitl$ ,%ore ,acres1 a melodramatic sc5e 9 a ligh?\se1 :i* 0 hopelessly out ( key ) ! re/ ( ! play4 ,! dramati/ :o kn[s any p>ticul> phase ( life s ?or\ghly z to be able to transf] its *>act]i/ic incid5ts to ! /age1 may be advis$ to defy bo? critical & manag]ial prejudice1 & give 8 tableau-play j s mu* ( /ory z may naturally & inevitably fall )9 its limits4 ,"o ( ! mo/ admirable & en?rall+ sc5es ,i ev] saw on any /age 0 t ( ! ,trafalg> ,squ>e suffrage meet+ 9 ,miss ,elizabe? ,rob9s's ,votes = ,wom54 ,?r\gh\t a :ole act x held u spellb\nd1 :ile ! /ory ( ! play /ood /ill1 & we =got its exi/5ce4 ,x 0 only )9 a few m9utes ( ! end1 :5 ! /ory 0 dragg$ 9 neck & crop1 t ! reality ( ! ?+ vani%$1 & ! int]e/ ) x4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if an ab/ract !me be n an advisable />t+-po9t1 :at is8 ,a "*8 ,a situation8 ,or a /ory8 ,on ?is po9t x w\ld be absurd to lay d[n any rule2 ! m s z1 9 _m cases1 a playwright is q unable to say 9 :at =m ! g]m ( a play fir/ float$ into 8 m9d4 ,! sugge/ion may come f a newspap] p>agraph1 f an incid5t se5 9 ! /reet1 f an emotional adv5ture or a comic misadv5ture1 f a *ance ^w dropp$ by an acqua9tance1 or f "s flotsam or jetsam ( phrase or fable t has drift$ f ! o!r end ( hi/ory4 ,(t51 too1 ! orig9al g]m1 :atev] x may be1 is trans=m$ beyond recognition be=e a play is done4#c ,9 ! m9d ( ! playwright figs gr[ f ?i/les1 & a silk purse--p]haps a ,=tunatus' purse--may (t5 be made f a s['s e>4 ,! :ole delicate texture ( ,ibs5's ,doll's ,h\se 0 wov5 f a commonplace /ory ( a woman :o =g$ a *eque 9 ord] to r$ecorate h] draw+-room4 ,/ev5son's romance ( ,pr9ce ,otto 7to take an example f fiction7 grew out ( a trag$y on ! subject ( ,semiramis6 ,"o ?+1 h[ev]1 we may say ) tol]able confid5ce3 :atev] may be ! g]m ( a play--:e!r x be an anecdote1 a situation1 or :at n--! play w be ( small acc\nt z a "w ( art unless "*1 at a v e>ly po9t1 ent]s into & conditions its developm5t4 ,! /ory :i* is indep5d5t ( "*--:i* c be c>ri$ ?r\gh by a giv5 numb] ( ready-made puppets--is ess5tially a trivial ?+4 ,unless1 at an e>ly /age ( ! organiz+ process1 "* beg9s to take ! upp] h&--unless ! playwright f9ds himself ?9k+1 ,oh1 yes1 ,george is j ! man to d ?is1 or1 ,t is q =eign to ,jane's temp]am5t--he may be pretty sure t x is a piece ( me*anism he is putt+ toge!r1 n a drama ) fle% & blood 9 x4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 a live play & a dead "o is t 9 ! =m] ! *>act]s control ! plot1 :ile 9 ! latt] ! plot controls ! *>act]s4 ,:i* is n to say1 ( c\rse1 t !re may n be clev] & ent]ta9+ plays :i* are dead 9 ?is s5se1 & dull & unattractive plays :i* are live4 ,a great deal ( ink has be5 wa/$ 9 controv]sy ov] a rem>k ( ,ari/otle's t ! action or mu?os1 n ! "* or ?os1 is ! ess5tial elem5t 9 drama4 ,! /atem5t is absolutely true & :olly unimportant4 ,a play c exi/ )\t any?+ t c be call$ "*1 b n )\t "s sort ( action4 ,?is is impli$ 9 ! v ^w drama1 :i* means a do+1 n a m]e say+ or exi/+4 ,x w\ld be possible1 no d\bt1 to place ,don ,quixote1 or ,fal/aff1 or ,pe] ,gynt1 on ! /age1 & let him develop 8 "* 9 m]e conv]sation1 or ev5 monologue1 )\t ev] mov+ f 8 *air4 ,b x is a truism t de$s1 n words1 are ! demon/ration & te/ ( "*2 :]e=e1 f "t immemorial1 x has be5 ! recogniz$ bus9ess ( ! !atre to exhibit "* 9 action4 ,hi/orically1 too1 we f9d t drama has ev]y:]e orig9at$ 9 ! portrayal ( an action--"s exploit or "s calamity 9 ! c>e] ( "s demigod or h]o4 ,?us /ory or plot is by def9ition1 tradition1 & practical reason1 ! fundam5tal elem5t 9 drama2 b does x !re=e foll[ t x is ! noble/ elem5t1 or t by :i* its value %\ld be measur$8 ,assur$ly n4 ,! skeleton is1 9 a s5se1 ! fundam5tal elem5t 9 ! human organism4 ,x c exi/1 &1 ) a little assi/ance1 reta9 its =m1 :5 /ripp$ ( muscle & blood & n]ve2 :]eas a boneless man w\ld be an amorph\s heap1 m helpless ?an a jelly-fi%4 ,b d we !re=e acc\nt ! skeleton man's noble/ "p8 ,sc>cely4 ,x is by 8 blood & n]ve t he lives1 n by 8 bones2 & x is because 8 bones are1 comp>atively speak+1 dead matt] t !y cont9ue to exi/ :5 ! fle% has fall5 away f !m4 ,x is1 !re=e1 if n a misread+ ( ,ari/otle1#d at any rate a p]v]sion ( reason1 to ma9ta9 t ! drama lives by action1 r ?an by "*4 ,action ought to exi/ = ! sake ( "*3 :5 ! relation is rev]s$1 ! play may be an +5i\s toy1 b sc>cely a vital "w ( art4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x is "t n[ to consid] j :at we mean :5 we say t ! fir/ /ep t[>ds play-writ+ is ! *oice ( a !me4 ,9 _m cases1 no d\bt1 x is ! pla9 & lit]al fact t ! impulse to write "s play--any play--exi/s1 s to speak1 9 ! ab/ract1 unassociat$ ) any p>ticul> subject1 & t ! w\ld-be playwright proce$s1 z he ?9ks1 to set 8 imag9ation to "w1 & inv5t a /ory4 ,b ?is frame ( m9d is to be reg>d$ ) suspicion4 ,few plays ( mu* value1 "o may guess1 h result$ f su* an ab/ract impulse4 ,inv5tion1 9 ^! cases1 is apt to be no?+ b recollection 9 disguise1 ! %ak+ ( a kaleidoscope =m$ ( fragm5t>y rem9isc5ces4 ,i rememb] once1 9 "s mom5t>y access ( ambition1 try+ to inv5t a play4 ,i occupi$ sev]al h\rs ( a long c\ntry walk 91 z ,i believ$1 creat+ out ( no?+ at all a dramatic /ory4 ,:5 at la/ ,i _h modell$ x into "s sort ( coh]5cy1 ,i /epp$ back f x 9 my m9d1 z x 71 & contemplat$ x z a :ole4 ,no soon] _h ,i done s ?an x began to seem vaguely famili>4 ,:]e h ,i se5 ?is /ory be=e8 ,i ask$ myself2 & x 0 only aft] cudgell+ my bra9s = sev]al m9utes t ,i f\nd ,i _h re-inv5t$ ,ibs5's ,h$da ,gabl]4 ,?us1 :5 we ?9k we are *oos+ a plot out ( ! void1 we are v apt to be1 9 fact1 ransack+ ! /ore-h\se ( memory4 ,! plot :i* *ooses u is mu* m to be dep5d$ ^u--! idea :i* comes :5 we lea/ expect x1 p]haps f ! mo/ unlikely qu>t]1 clam\rs at ! gates ( bir?1 & w n let u re/ till x be clo!d 9 dramatic fle% & blood4#e ,x may v well happ51 ( c\rse1 t x has to wait--t x has to be pigeon-hol$ = a "t1 until its due turn comes4#f ,occasionally1 p]haps1 x may slip out ( its pigeon-hole = an air+1 only to be put back aga9 9 a slightly m develop$ =m4 ,!n at la/ its conv5i5t season w arrive1 & ! play w be work$ out1 writt51 & laun*$ into ! /ruggle = life4 ,9 ! s5se ( select+ f among a numb] ( embryonic !mes /or$ 9 8 m9d1 ! playwright has (t5 to make a delib]ate *oice2 b :51 mov$ by a purely ab/ract impulse1 he goes out ( set purpose to look = a !me1 x may be d\bt$ :e!r he is likely to return ) any v valuable treasure-trove4#g ,! same pr9ciple holds good 9 ! case ( ! ready-made poetic or hi/orical !mes1 :i* are--rightly or wrongly--consid]$ suitable = treatm5t 9 blank v]se4 ,:e!r1 & h[ f>1 ! blank v]se drama c n[adays be reg>d$ z a vital & viable =m is a "q to be consid]$ lat]4 ,9 ! meantime x is suffici5t to say t :atev] pr9ciples ( conception & con/ruction apply to ! mod]n prose drama1 apply ) equal cog5cy to ! poetic drama4 ,! v]se-poet may p]haps take "o or two lic5ses d5i$ to ! prose-poet4 ,= in/ance1 we may f9d reason to ?9k ! soliloquy m excusable 9 v]se ?an 9 prose4 ,b fundam5tally1 ! two =ms are rul$ by ! same set ( conditions1 :i* ! v]se-poet1 no less ?an ! prose-poet1 c ignore only at 8 p]il4 ,unless1 inde$1 he r5\nces f ! outset all ?\ght ( ! /age & *ooses to produce t cumbr\s nondescript1 a closet drama4 ,( su* we d n speak1 b glance & pass on4 ,:at laws1 inde$1 c apply to a =m :i* has no prop] elem5t1 b1 l ! amphibi\s animal describ$ by ! sailor1 _c live on l& & dies 9 ! wat]8 ,to return to our imm$iate topic1 ! poet :o essays dramatic composition on m]e ab/ract impulse1 because o!r poets h done s1 or because he is told t x pays1 is only too likely to produce willy-nilly a closet drama4 ,let him bew>e ( say+ to himself1 ,i w gird up my lo9s & write a play4 ,%all x be a ,pha$ra1 or a ,semiramis1 or a ,sappho1 or a ,cleopatra8 ,a ,julian1 or an ,attila1 or a ,savan>ola1 or a ,cromwell8 ,a drama conceiv$ 9 ?is rea*-me-d[n fa%ion w sc>cely h ! brea? ( life 9 x4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 9 ! c\rse ( 8 leg5d>y1 romantic1 or hi/orical read+1 "s "* %\ld take hold ^u 8 imag9ation & dem& to be int]pret$1 or "s episode %\ld1 z x 71 />tle him by putt+ on vivid dramatic =m be=e 8 m9d's eye1 !n let him by all means yield to ! inspiration1 & try to m\ld ! !me into a drama4 ,! real lab\r ( creation w /ill lie be=e him2 b he may face x ) ! hope ( produc+ a live play1 n a long-drawn rhetorical ana*ronism1 :e!r ( ! rotund or ( ! spasmodic type4 99 99 99 99 99 ,footnote #a3 ,= in/ance1 ,il ne faut jur] de ri54 ,il faut qu'une porte soit ouv]te ou f]me4 ,un bi5fait n'e/ jamais p]du4 ,!re is also a l>ge class ( pieces ( :i* ! title1 ?\gh n itself a prov]b1 makes direct allusion to "s fable or prov]bial say+3 = example1 ,les ,brebis de ,panurge1 ,la ,*asse aux ,corbeaux1 ,la ,cigale *ez les ,f\rmis4 ,footnote #b3 ,i le>n1 on ! be/ au?ority1 t ,i am wrong1 9 po9t ( fact1 z to ! orig9 ( ,/rife4 ,! play arose 9 ,mr4 ,galswor?y's m9d f 8 actually hav+ se5 9 conflict ! two m5 :o 7 ! prototypes ( ,an?ony & ,rob]ts1 & ?us not$ ! wa/e & inefficacy aris+ f ! cla% ( /rong *>act]s unaccompani$ by balance4 ,x 0 accid5t t l$ him to place ! two m5 9 an environm5t ( capital & lab\r4 ,9 reality1 bo? ( !m 71 if n capitali/s1 at any rate on ! side ( capital4 ,?is int]e/+ correction ( fact does n invalidate ! !ory above /at$4 ,footnote #c3 ,mr4 ,h5ry ,ar?ur ,jones writes to me3 ,sometimes ,i />t ) a sc5e only1 sometimes ) a complete idea4 ,sometimes a play splits into two plays1 sometimes two or ?ree ideas comb9e into a concrete :ole4 ,always ! f9al play is alt]$ out ( all k f its fir/ idea4 ,an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! way 9 :i* two v diff]5t plays by ,m4 de ,curel3 ,l',env]s d'une ,sa9te & ,l',invite1--grew out ( "o & ! same initial idea1 may be f\nd 9 ,l',anne ,psy*ologique1 #ahid1 p4 #aba4 ,footnote #d3 ,9 my discussion ( ?is po9t1 ,i h r simplifi$ ,ari/otle's position4 ,he appe>s to make action ! ess5tial elem5t 9 trag$y & n m]ely ! necess>y vehicle ( "*4 ,9 a play1 he says1 !y d n act 9 ord] to portray ! *>act]s1 !y include ! *>act]s = ! sake ( ! action4 ,s t x is ! action 9 x1 i4e4 its ,fable or ,plot1 t is ! end & purpose ( ! trag$y1 & ! end is ev]y:]e ! *ief ?+4 ,besides ?is1 a trag$y is impossible )\t action1 b !re may be "o )\t "*4 7,bywat]'s ,translation47 ,! la/ s5t5ce is1 9 my view1 ! gi/ ( ! matt]2 ! prec$+ s5t5ces greatly ov]/ate ! case4 ,!re 0 a lively controv]sy on ! subject 9 ! ,times ,lit]>y ,supplem5t 9 ,may1 #aijb4 ,x arose f a review ( ,mr4 ,phillips's ,paolo & ,francesco1 & ,mr4 ,&rew ,lang1 ,mr4 ,*urton ,coll9s1 & ,mr4 ,a4,b4 ,walkley took "p 9 x4 ,footnote #e3 ,are ! fir/ beg9n+s ( imag9ative conception direct$ by ! w8 ,are !y1 inde$1 consci\s at all8 ,d !y n r em]ge unbidd5 f ! vague limbo ( sub-consci\sness8 ,a4,b4 ,walkley1 ,drama & ,life1 p4 #he4 ,footnote #f3 ,s>d\ kept a file ( ab\t fifty dossi]s1 ea* be>+ ! "n ( an unwritt5 play1 & conta9+ notes & sket*es = x4 ,dumas1 on ! o!r h&1 always f9i%$ "o play be=e he began to ?9k ( ano!r4 ,see ,l',anne ,psy*ologique1 #ahid1 pp4 #fg1 #gf4 ,footnote #g3 ,my exp]i5ce is1 a dramati/ writes to me1 t y nev] delib]ately *oose a !me4 ,y lie awake1 or y g walk+1 & sudd5ly !re fla%es into y\r m9d a contra/1 a piece ( spiritual irony1 an old incid5t c>ry+ "s g5]al significance4 ,r\nd ?is y\r m9d broods1 & !re is ! g]m ( y\r play4 ,aga9 be writes3 ,x is n advisable = a playwright to />t out at all unless he has s felt or se5 some?+1 t he feels1 z x matures 9 8 m9d1 t he mu/ express x1 & 9 dramatic =m4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,dramatic ,,& ,,undramatic ,x may be well1 at ?is po9t1 to consid] = a little :at we mean :5 we use ! t]m dramatic4 ,we %all probably n arrive at any def9ition :i* c be appli$ z an infallible t\*/one to di/+ui% ! dramatic f ! undramatic4 ,p]haps1 inde$1 ! up%ot may r be to place ! /ud5t on 8 gu>d aga9/ tr\bl+ too mu* ab\t ! =mal def9itions ( critical !ori/s4 ,! or?odox op9ion ( ! pres5t "t is t :i* is g5]ally associat$ ) ! "n ( ! late ,f]d9& ,brunetire4 ,! !atre 9 g5]al1 said t critic1 is no?+ b ! place = ! developm5t ( ! human w1 attack+ ! ob/acles oppos$ to x by de/9y1 =tune1 or circum/ances4 ,& aga93 ,drama is a repres5tation ( ! w ( man 9 conflict ) ! my/]i\s p[]s or natural =ces :i* limit & belittle u2 x is "o ( u ?r[n liv+ ^u ! /age1 !re to /ruggle aga9/ fatality1 aga9/ social law1 aga9/ "o ( 8 fell[-mortals1 aga9/ himself1 if ne$ be1 aga9/ ! ambitions1 ! int]e/s1 ! prejudices1 ! folly1 ! malevol5ce ( ^? :o surr\nd him4#a ,! difficulty ab\t ?is def9ition is t1 :ile x describes ! matt] ( a good _m dramas1 x does n lay d[n any true diff]5tia--any *>act]i/ic common to all drama1 & possess$ by no o!r =m ( fiction4 ,_m ( ! greate/ plays 9 ! _w c ) difficulty be br\ght "u ! =mula1 :ile ! majority ( romances & o!r /ories come "u x ) ease4 ,:]e1 = in/ance1 is ! /ruggle 9 ! ,agamemnon8 ,!re is no m /ruggle betwe5 ,clytemne/ra & ,agamemnon ?an !re is betwe5 ! spid] & ! fly :o walks into 8 net4 ,!re is n ev5 a /ruggle 9 ,clytemne/ra's m9d4 ,agamemnon's doom is seal$ f ! outset1 & %e m]ely c>ries out a pre-arrang$ plot4 ,!re is conte/ inde$ 9 ! succe$+ plays ( ! trilogy2 b x w sc>cely be argu$ t ! ,agamemnon1 tak5 alone1 is n a great drama4 ,ev5 ! ,o$ipus ( ,sophocles1 ?\gh x may at fir/ sight seem a typical in/ance ( a /ruggle aga9/ ,de/9y1 does n really come "u ! def9ition4 ,o$ipus1 9 fact1 does n /ruggle at all4 ,8 /ruggles1 9 s f> z t ^w c be appli$ to 8 misguid$ ef=ts to escape f ! toils ( fate1 are all ?+s ( ! pa/2 9 ! actual c\rse ( ! trag$y he simply wri!s "u "o revelation aft] ano!r ( bygone error & unwitt+ crime4 ,x w\ld be a m]e play ^u words to recognize z a dramatic /ruggle ! wri?+ ( a worm on a hook4 ,& does n ?is description apply v closely to ! "p play$ by ano!r great protagoni/--,o!llo to wit8 ,!re is no /ruggle1 no conflict1 betwe5 him & ,iago4 ,x is ,iago alone :o ex]ts any w2 nei!r ,o!llo nor ,desdemona makes ! smalle/ fight4 ,f ! mom5t :5 ,iago sets 8 ma*9ation to "w1 !y are l p slid+ d[n an ice-slope to an inevitable abyss4 ,:]e is ! conflict 9 ,z ,y ,l ,x8 ,no "o1 surely1 w pret5d t any "p ( ! int]e/ or *>m ( ! play arises f ! /ruggle betwe5 ! bani%$ ,duke & ! ,usurp]1 or betwe5 ,orl&o & ,oliv]4 ,!re is n ev5 ! conflict1 if s x c be call$1 :i* nom9ally br+s s _m hundr$s ( plays "u ! ,brunetire canon--! conflict betwe5 an eag] lov] & a m or less reluctant maid4 ,or take1 aga91 ,ibs5's ,gho/s--9 :at valid s5se c x be said t t trag$y %[s u w /ruggl+ aga9/ ob/acles8 ,oswald1 d\btless1 wi%es to live1 & 8 "m desires t he %\ld live2 b ?is m]e w = life _c be ! diff]5tia t makes ( ,gho/s a drama4 ,if ! reluctant desc5t ( ! d[nw>d pa? to dea? con/itut$ drama1 !n ,tol/oy's ,dea? ( ,ivan ,ilyt* w\ld be "o ( ! greate/ dramas ev] writt5--:i* x c]ta9ly is n4 ,yet aga91 if we want to see w /ruggl+ aga9/ ob/acles1 ! classic to turn to is n ,hamlet1 n ,le>1 b ,rob9son ,crusoe2 yet no "o1 except a pantomime libretti/1 ev] saw a drama 9 ,defoe's n>rative4 ,9 a ,platonic dialogue1 9 ,p>adise ,lo/1 9 ,john ,gilp91 !re is a /ruggle ( w aga9/ ob/acles2 !re is none 9 ,hannele1 :i*1 nev]!less1 is a deeply-mov+ drama4 ,su* a /ruggle is *>act]i/ic ( all great fiction1 f ,cl>issa ,h>l[e to ,! ,h\se ) ! ,gre5 ,%utt]s2 :]eas 9 _m plays ! /ruggle1 if !re be any at all1 is ! m]e/ matt] ( =m 7= in/ance1 a q conv5tional love-/ory71 :ile ! real int]e/ resides 9 some?+ q diff]5t4 ,! pla9 tru? seems to be t conflict is "o ( ! mo/ dramatic elem5ts 9 life1 & t _m dramas--p]haps mo/--d1 z a matt] ( fact1 turn ^u /rife ( "o sort or ano!r4 ,b x is cle>ly an error to make conflict indisp5sable to drama1 & especially to insi/--z d "s ( ,brunetire's foll[]s--t ! conflict mu/ be betwe5 w & w4 ,a /&-up fight betwe5 w & w--su* a fight z occurs 91 say1 ! ,hippolytus ( ,euripides1 or ,rac9e's ,&romaque1 or ,molire's ,t>tufe1 or ,ibs5's ,pret5d]s1 or ,dumas's ,franillon1 or ,sud]mann's ,heimat1 or ,sir ,ar?ur ,p9]o's ,gay ,"l ,quex1 or ,mr4 ,%aw's ,c&ida1 or ,mr4 ,galswor?y's ,/rife--su* a /&-up fight1 ,i say1 is no d\bt "o ( ! int5se/ =ms ( drama4 ,b x is comp>atively r>e at any rate z ! =mula ( a :ole play4 ,9 individual sc5es a conflict ( w is frequ5t en\gh2 b x is1 aft] all1 only "o among a multitude ( equally tell+ =ms ( drama4 ,no "o c say t ! ,balcony ,sc5e 9 ,romeo & ,juliet is undramatic1 or ! ,galeoto f il libro sc5e 9 ,mr4 ,/eph5 ,phillips's ,paolo & ,francesca2 yet ! po9t ( ^! sc5es is n a cla%1 b an ec/atic concordance1 ( wills4 ,is ! dea?-sc5e ( ,cleopatra undramatic8 ,or ! ,banquet sc5e 9 ,macbe?8 ,or ! pa/oral act 9 ,! ,w9t]'s ,tale8 ,yet 9 none ( ^! is !re any conflict ( wills4 ,9 ! :ole range ( drama !re is sc>cely a passage :i* "o w\ld call m specifically dramatic ?an ! ,scre5 ,sc5e 9 ,! ,s*ool = ,sc&al2 yet x w\ld be ! v]ie/ quibbl+ to argue t any appreciable "p ( its effect arises f ! cla% ( w aga9/ w4 ,?is :ole com$y1 inde$1 suffices to %[ ! empt9ess ( ! !ory4 ,) a little /ra9 x is possible to br+ x )9 ! lett] ( ! =mula2 b :o c pret5d t any consid]able "p ( ! attraction or int]e/ ( ! play is due to t possibility8 ,! *ampions ( ! !ory1 moreov]1 place x on a metaphysical basis1 f9d+ 9 ! w ! ess5ce ( human p]sonality1 & !re=e ( ! art :i* %[s human p]sonality rais$ to its highe/ p[]4 ,x seems unnecess>y1 h[ev]1 to apply to ,s*op5hau] = an explanation ( :atev] validity ! !ory may possess4 ,= a suffici5t acc\nt ( ! matt]1 we ne$ g no fur!r ?an ! simple psy*ological obs]vation t human nature loves a fight1 :e!r x be ) clubs or ) swords1 ) tongues or ) bra9s4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ =ms ( m$iaeval drama 0 ! e/rif or flyt+--! scold+-mat* betwe5 husb& & wife1 or betwe5 two ru/ic gossips4 ,?is motive is glorifi$ 9 ! qu>rel betwe5 ,brutus & ,cassius1 degrad$ 9 ! patt] ( two knockab\t com$ians4 ,c]ta9ly !re is no?+ m tell+ 9 drama ?an a piece ( cut-&-?ru/ dialogue aft] ! fa%ion ( ! anci5t /i*omy?ia4 ,:5 a :ole !me involv+ conflict1 or ev5 a s+le sc5e ( ! nature describ$ z a passage-at-arms1 comes naturally 9 ! playwright's way1 by all means let him seize ! opportunity4 ,b d n let him reject a !me or sc5e z undramatic m]ely because x has no room = a cla% ( w>r+ wills4 ,!re is a v>iant ( ! conflict !ory :i* und]l9es ! ^w ob/acles 9 ! above-quot$ dictum ( ,brunetire1 & lays d[n ! rule3 ,no ob/acle1 no drama4 ,?\gh f> f be+ univ]sally valid1 ?is =m ( ! !ory has a c]ta9 practical usefulness1 & may well be borne 9 m9d4 ,_m a play w\ld h rema9$ unwritt5 if ! au?or _h ask$ himself1 ,is !re a suffici5t ob/acle betwe5 my two lov]s8 or1 9 m g5]al t]ms1 betwe5 my *>act]s & ! realization ( _! w8 ,!re is no?+ m futile ?an a play 9 :i* we feel t !re is no real ob/acle to ! inevitable happy end+1 & t ! curta9 might j z well fall 9 ! middle ( ! fir/ act z at ! end ( ! ?ird4 ,com$ies ab\nd 7?\gh !y rea* ! /age only by accid5t7 9 :i* ! ob/acle betwe5 ,corydon & ,phyllis1 betwe5 ,"l ,edw9 & ,lady ,angel9a1 is n ev5 a defect or peculi>ity ( "*1 b simply "s trump]y misund]/&+#b :i* c be kept afoot only s long z e "o conc]n$ holds 8 or h] common s5se 9 /udi\s abeyance4 ,pyramus & ,?isbe )\t ! wall may be tak5 z ! =mula = ! :ole type ( play4 ,b ev5 9 plays ( a mu* high] type1 ! au?or might (t5 ask himself ) advantage :e!r he c\ld n /r5g!n 8 ob/acle1 & s acc5tuate ! /ruggle :i* =ms ! matt] ( 8 play4 ,?\gh conflict may n be ess5tial to drama1 yet1 :5 y set =? to portray a /ruggle1 y may z well make x z real & int5se z possible4 ,x seems to me t 9 ! late ,william ,vaughn ,moody's drama1 ,! ,great ,divide1 ! body ( ! play1 aft] ! /irr+ fir/ act1 is weak5$ by our s5se t ! happy end+ is only be+ po/pon$ by a viol5t ef=t4 ,we h be5 assur$ f ! v fir/--ev5 be=e ,ru? ,jordan has set eyes on ,/eph5 ,gh5t--t j su* a r\gh diamond is ! ideal ( h] dreams4 ,x is true t1 aft] _! m>riage1 ! r\gh diamond s]i\sly misconducts himself t[>ds h]2 & we h !n to consid] ! r unattractive "q :e!r a s+le act ( brutality on ! "p ( a drunk5 husb& ought to be held s unp>donable z to break up a union :i* o!rwise promises to be q satisfactory4 ,b ! au?or has tak5 su* pa9s to emphasize ! fact t ^! two p are really made = ea* o!r1 t ! answ] to ! "q is n = a mom5t 9 d\bt1 & we become r impati5t ( ! ob/9ate sulk9ess ( ,ru?'s attitude4 ,if !re _h be5 a real di%>mony ( "* to be ov]come1 in/ead (1 or 9 addition to1 ! sordid misadv5ture :i* is 9 fact ! sole b>ri] betwe5 !m1 ! play w\ld c]ta9ly h be5 /rong]1 & p]haps m p]man5tly popul>4 ,9 a play by ,mr4 ,james ,b]n>d ,fagan1 ,! ,pray] ( ! ,sword1 we h a mu* cle>] example ( an inadequate ob/acle4 ,a y\? nam$ ,&rea has be5 br\ght up 9 a mona/]y1 & de/9$ = ! prie/hood2 b 8 ta/es & aptitudes are all = a milit>y c>e]4 ,he is1 h[ev]1 on ! v]ge ( tak+ 8 prie/ly v[s1 :5 accid5t calls him =? into ! _w1 & he has ! good =tune to quell a ?reat5$ revolution 9 a romantic ,du*y1 rul$ ov] by a du*ess ( surpass+ lovel9ess4 ,) h] he naturally falls 9 love2 & ! trag$y lies1 or ought to lie1 9 ! conflict betwe5 ?is e>?ly passion & 8 heav5ly call+ & election4 ,b ! au?or has tak5 pa9s to make ! ob/acle betwe5 ,&rea & ,il>ia absolutely unreal4 ,! fact t ,&rea has z yet tak5 no irrevocable v[ is n ! ess5ce ( ! matt]4 ,v[ or no v[1 !re w\ld h be5 a tragic conflict if ,&rea _h felt absolutely c]ta9 ( 8 call+ to ! prie/hood1 & _h defi$ ,heav51 & imp]ill$ 8 immortal s\l1 because ( 8 ov]:elm+ passion4 ,t w\ld h be5 a tragic situation2 b ! au?or _h c>efully avoid$ x4 ,f ! v fir/--be=e ,&rea _h ev] se5 ,il>ia--x _h be5 impress$ ^u u t he _h no prie/ly vocation4 ,!re 0 no /ruggle 9 8 s\l betwe5 passion & duty2 !re 0 no /ruggle at all 9 8 s\l4 ,8 /ruggles are all ) ext]nal =ces & influ5ces2 :]e=e ! play1 :i* a real ob/acle might h conv]t$ into a trag$y1 rema9$ a s5tim5tal romance--& is =gott54 99 99 99 99 99 ,:at1 !n1 is ! ess5ce ( drama1 if conflict be n x8 ,:at is ! common quality ( !mes1 sc5es1 & incid5ts1 :i* we recognize z specifically dramatic8 ,p]haps we %all sc>cely come ne>] to a helpful def9ition ?an if we say t ! ess5ce ( drama is crisis4 ,a play is a m or less rapidly-develop+ crisis 9 de/9y or circum/ance1 & a dramatic sc5e is a crisis )9 a crisis1 cle>ly fur!r+ ! ultimate ev5t4 ,! drama may be call$ ! art ( crises1 z fiction is ! art ( gradual developm5ts4 ,x is ! sl[ness ( its processes :i* diff]5tiates ! typical novel f ! typical play4 ,if ! noveli/ does n take advantage ( ! facilities (f]$ by 8 =m = portray+ gradual *ange1 :e!r 9 ! way ( gr[? or ( decay1 he r5\nces 8 own bir?right1 9 ord] to trespass on ! doma9 ( ! dramati/4 ,mo/ great novels embrace consid]able segm5ts ( _m lives2 :]eas ! drama gives u only ! culm9at+ po9ts--or %all we say ! int]sect+ culm9ations8--two or ?ree de/9ies4 ,"s noveli/s h excell$ precisely 9 ! art ) :i* !y h made ! gradations ( *ange 9 "* or circum/ance s delicate z to be imp]ceptible f page to page1 & measurable1 z 9 real life1 only :5 we look back ov] a consid]able p]iod4 ,! dramati/1 on ! o!r h&1 deals 9 rapid & />tl+ *anges1 ! p]ipeties1 z ! ,greeks call$ !m1 :i* may be ! outcome ( long1 sl[ processes1 b :i* actually occur 9 v brief spaces ( "t4 ,nor is ?is a m]ely me*anical consequ5ce ( ! n>r[ limits ( /age pres5tation4 ,! crisis is z real1 ?\gh n z inevitable1 a "p ( human exp]i5ce z ! gradual developm5t4 ,ev5 if ! mat]ial conditions ( ! !atre p]mitt$ ! pres5tation ( a :ole ,middlem>* or ,anna ,k>n9e--z ! conditions ( ! ,*9ese !atre actually d--"s dramati/s1 we _c d\bt1 w\ld volunt>ily r5\nce t lic5se ( prolixity1 9 ord] to cultivate an art ( conc5tration & crisis4 ,! ,greek drama subject$ to ! fai?ful eyes1 z ,horace phrases x1 ! culm9at+ po9ts ( ! ,greek epic2 ! mod]n drama places "u ! l5s ( !atrical pres5tm5t ! culm9at+ po9ts ( mod]n exp]i5ce4 ,b1 manife/ly1 x is n e crisis t is dramatic4 ,a s]i\s illness1 a law-suit1 a bankruptcy1 ev5 an ord9>y prosaic m>riage1 may be a crisis 9 a man's life1 )\t be+ necess>ily1 or ev5 probably1 mat]ial = drama4 ,h[1 !n1 d we di/+ui% a dramatic f a non-dramatic crisis8 ,g5]ally1 ,i ?9k1 by ! fact t x develops1 or c be made naturally to develop1 ?r\gh a s]ies ( m9or crises1 involv+ m or less emotional excitem5t1 &1 if possible1 ! vivid manife/ation ( "*4 ,take1 = in/ance1 ! case ( a bankruptcy4 ,mo/ p1 probably1 :o figure 9 ! ,gazette d n g ?r\gh any "o1 or two1 or ?ree critical mom5ts ( special t5sion1 special humiliation1 special agony4 ,!y gradually drift to leew>d 9 _! affairs1 und]go+ a s]ies ( small disc\ragem5ts1 small vicissitudes ( hope & fe>1 small unpleasantnesses1 :i* !y take lightly or h>dly accord+ to _! temp]am5t1 or ! mom5t>y /ate ( _! liv]4 ,9 ?is av]age process ( f9ancial decl9e1 !re may be--!re has be5--matt] = _m excell5t novels1 b sc>cely = a drama4 ,t admirable *apt] 9 ,little ,dorrit1 :]e9 ,dick5s describes ! gradual degradation ( ! ,fa!r ( ! ,m>%alsea1 %[s h[ a ma/] ( fiction deals ) su* a subject2 b x w\ld be q impossible to transf] ?is *apt] to ! /age4 ,s1 too1 ) ! bankruptcy ( ,colonel ,newcome--c]ta9 emotional crises aris+ f x h1 inde$1 be5 plac$ on ! /age1 b only aft] all ,?ack]ay's k ( ! _w & f9e gradations ( art _h be5 elim9at$4 ,mr4 ,h>dy's ,mayor ( ,ca/]bridge has1 ,i ?9k1 be5 dramatiz$1 b n1 ,i ?9k1 ) success4 ,a some:at simil> /ory ( f9ancial ru91 ! grimly p[]ful ,h\se ) ! ,gre5 ,%utt]s1 has n ev5 tempt$ ! dramatis]4 ,!re are1 9 ?is novel1 inde$1 _m pot5tially dramatic crises2 ! tr\ble is t !y are too num]\s & individually too small to be suitable = !atrical pres5tm5t4 ,moreov]1 !y are crises affect+ a taciturn & in>ticulate race1#c a fact :i* places fur!r difficulties 9 ! way ( ! playwright4 ,9 all ^! cases1 9 %ort1 ! bankruptcy portray$ is a matt] ( sl[ developm5t1 ) no great out/&+ mom5ts1 & is consequ5tly suit$ = treatm5t 9 fiction r ?an 9 drama4 ,b bankruptcy sometimes occurs 9 ! =m ( "o or m sudd51 %>p crises1 & has1 !re=e1 be5 utiliz$ aga9 & aga9 z a dramatic motive4 ,9 a hundr$ dome/ic dramas or melodramas1 we h se5 ! head ( a happy h\sehold op5 a newspap] or a telegram ann\nc+ ! failure ( "s ent]prise 9 :i* all 8 =tune is emb>k$4 ,s obvi\sly dramatic is ?is incid5t t x has become sadly hackney$4 ,aga91 we h bankruptcy foll[+ ^u a c\rse ( gambl+1 g5]ally 9 /ocks4 ,"h !re is evid5t opportunity1 :i* has be5 frequ5tly utiliz$1 = a s]ies ( crises ( some:at viol5t & commonplace emotion4 ,9 ,am]ican drama especially1 ! duels ( ,wall ,/reet1 ! combats ( bull & be>1 =m a v popul> !me1 :i* cle>ly falls "u ! ,brunetire =mula4 ,few ,am]ican dramati/s c resi/ ! temptation ( %[+ "s ma/]ful f9anci] fev]i%ly wat*+ ! tick] :i* proclaims him a millionaire or a begg>4 ,! tick] _h n be5 inv5t$ 9 ! days :5 ,ibs5 wrote ,! ,league ( ,y\?1 o!rwise he w\ld d\btless h made use ( x 9 ! f\r? act ( t play4 ,! mo/ popul> ( all ,bjrnson's plays is specifically entitl$ ,a ,bankruptcy4 ,"h ! poet has _h ! art to select a typical phase ( bus9ess life1 :i* naturally pres5ts itself 9 ! =m ( an asc5d+ curve1 s to speak1 ( emotional crises4 ,we see ! en]getic1 active bus9ess man1 ) a numb] ( irons 9 ! fire1 aw>e 9 8 he>t t he is insolv5t1 b n absolutely cle> z to 8 position1 & hop+ aga9/ hope to retrieve x4 ,we see him give a great d9n]-p>ty1 9 ord] to ?r[ du/ 9 ! eyes ( ! _w1 & to secure ! support ( a f9ancial magnate1 :o is ! gue/ ( hon\r4 ,! f9ancial magnate is incl9$ to bite1 & goes (f1 leav+ ! m]*ant "u ! impression t he is sav$4 ,?is is an int]e/+ & natural1 b sc>cely a ?rill+1 crisis4 ,x does n1 !re=e1 disc\nt ! supreme crisis ( ! play1 9 :i* a cold1 cle>-head$ bus9ess man1 :o has be5 deput$ by ! banks to look into ! m]*ant's affairs1 proves to him1 po9t by po9t1 t x w\ld be di%one/ ( him to fl\nd] any long] 9 ! swamp ( insolv5cy1 into :i* he c only s9k deep] & drag m p d[n ) him4 ,!n ! bankrupt produces a pi/ol & ?reat5s murd] & suicide if ! arbit] ( 8 fate w n cons5t to give him "o m *ance2 b 8 fr5zy breaks innocu\s aga9/ ! o!r's calm1 rel5tless reason4 ,"h we h1 ,i repeat1 a typically dramatic !me3 a great crisis1 br++ out vivid manife/ations ( "*1 n only 9 ! bankrupt himself1 b 9 ^? ar\nd him1 & naturally unfold+ itself ?r\gh a s]ies ( ^? less] crises1 :i* we call int]e/+ & mov+ sc5es4 ,! play is sc>cely a great "o1 p>tly because its end+ is p]functory1 p>tly because ,bjrnson1 poet ?\gh he 01 _h n ,ibs5's art ( ?r[+ 9 a little poetry into 8 mod]n dramas4 ,i h summ>iz$ x up to its culm9at+ po9t1 because x happ5$ to illu/rate ! diff]5ce betwe5 a bankruptcy1 dramatic 9 its nature & treatm5t1 & ^? undramatic bankruptcies to :i* ref]5ce has be5 made4 ,9 ,la ,d\l\reuse1 by ,maurice ,donnay1 bankruptcy is incid5tally employ$ to br+ ab\t a crisis ( a diff]5t ord]4 ,a ball is proce$+ at ! h\se ( a ,p>isian f9anci]1 :5 ! :isp] spreads t ! ho/ is ru9$1 & has committ$ suicide 9 a room above2 :]eupon ! gue/s1 aft] a mom5t ( flu/]$ con/]nation1 g on supp+ & danc+6#d ,we are n at all deeply int]e/$ 9 ! ho/ or 8 =tunes4 ,! au?or's purpose is to illu/rate1 r crudely1 ! he>tlessness ( plutocratic ,bohemia2 & by means ( ! bankruptcy & suicide he br+s ab\t :at may be call$ a crisis ( collective "*4#e 99 99 99 99 99 ,z reg>ds individual incid5ts1 x may be said 9 g5]al t ! dramatic way ( treat+ !m is ! crisp & /accato1 z oppos$ to ! smoo? or legato1 me?od4 ,x may be ?\ght a po9t ( inf]iority 9 dramatic art t x %\ld deal s l>gely 9 %ocks to ! n]ves1 & %\ld appeal by pref]5ce1 :]ev] x is reasonably possible1 to ! *eap emotions ( curiosity & surprise4 ,b ?is is a criticism1 n ( dramatic art1 b ( human nature4 ,we may wi% t mank9d took m pleasure 9 pure appreh5sion ?an 9 emotion2 b s long z ! fact is o!rwise1 t way ( h&l+ an incid5t by :i* ! greate/ v>iety ( poignancy ( emotion c be extract$ f x w rema9 ! specifically dramatic way4 ,we %all h to consid] lat] ! relation betwe5 :at may be call$ prim>y & second>y susp5se or surprise--t is to say betwe5 susp5se or surprise actually exp]i5c$ by ! spectator to :om ! drama is new1 & susp5se or surprise exp]i5c$ only sympa!tically1 on behalf ( ! *>act]s1 by a spectator :o kn[s p]fectly :at is to foll[4 ,! two =ms ( emotion are s f> simil> t we ne$ n di/+ui% betwe5 !m 9 consid]+ ! g5]al cont5t ( ! t]m dramatic4 ,x is pla9 t ! latt] or second>y =m ( emotion mu/ be by f> ! common]1 & ! "o to :i* ! dramati/ ( any ambition mu/ make 8 ma9 appeal2 = ! long] 8 play endures1 ! l>g] w be ! proportion ( any giv5 audi5ce :i* kn[s x be=eh&1 9 outl9e1 if n 9 detail4 ,z a typical example ( a dramatic way ( h&l+ an incid5t1 s z to make a supreme effect ( :at might else h be5 an anti-climax1 "o may cite ! dea? ( ,o!llo4 ,%akespe>e 0 fac$ by no easy problem4 ,desdemona 0 dead1 ,emilia dead1 ,iago w\nd$ & doom$ to ! torture2 h[ 0 ,o!llo to die )\t m]ely satiat+ ! audi5ce ) a glut ( blood8 ,h[ 0 8 dea? to be made1 n a =egone conclusion1 a m]e conv5tional suicide1 b ! culm9at+ mom5t ( ! trag$y8 ,9 no s+le detail1 p]haps1 did ,%akespe>e ev] %[ 8 dramatic g5ius m unmi/akably ?an 9 8 solution ( ?is problem4 ,we all rememb] h[1 z he is be+ l$ away1 ,o!llo /ays 8 captors ) a ge/ure1 & ?us addresses !m3 ,s(t y2 a ^w or two1 be=e y g4 ,i h done ! /ate "s s]vice1 & !y "k 't2 ,no m ( t4 ,i pray y1 9 y\r lett]s1 ,:5 y %all ^! unlucky de$s relate1 ,speak ( me z ,i am2 no?+ ext5uate1 ,nor set d[n aught 9 malice1 !n mu/ y speak ,( "o t lov$ n wisely b too well2 ,( "o n easily jeal\s1 b1 be+ wr\ght1 ,p]plex'd 9 ! extreme2 ( "o ^: h&1 ,l ! base ,indian1 ?rew a pe>l away ,ri*] ?an all 8 tribe2 ( "o ^: subdu$ eyes1 ,albeit unus$ to ! melt+ mood1 ,drop te>s z fa/ z ! ,arabian trees ,_! m$ic9al gum4 ,set y d[n ?is2 ,& say besides1 t 9 ,aleppo once1 ,:]e a malignant & a turban'd ,turk ,beat a ,v5etian & traduc$ ! /ate1 ,i took by ! ?roat ! circumcis$ dog1 ,& smote him--?us6 ,:at is ! ess5ce ( ,%akespe>e's a*ievem5t 9 ?is m>vell\s passage8 ,:at is x t he has done8 ,he has ?r[n 8 audi5ce1 j z ,o!llo has ?r[n 8 captors1 (f _! gu>d1 & sub/itut$ a sudd5 %ock ( surprise = a t$i\s fulfilm5t ( expectation4 ,9 o!r words1 he has h&l$ ! incid5t crisply in/ead ( flaccidly1 & s giv5 x :at we may call ! specific acc5t ( drama4 ,ano!r consummate example ( ! dramatic h&l+ ( detail may be f\nd 9 ! fir/ act ( ,ibs5's ,little ,eyolf4 ,! lame boy1 ,eyolf1 has foll[$ ! ,rat-wife d[n to ! :>f1 has fall5 into ! wat]1 & be5 dr[n$4 ,?is is ! b>e fact3 h[ is x to be convey$ to ! *ild's p>5ts & to ! audi5ce8 ,a ,greek dramati/ w\ld probably h _h rec\rse to a long & elaborately work$-up mess5g]-spee*1 a pa!tic recitation4 ,t 0 ! me?od be/ suit$ to ! conditions1 & to :at may be call$ ! prevail+ tempo1 ( ! ,greek !atre4 ,i am f> f say+ t x 0 a bad me?od3 no me?od is bad :i* holds & moves an audi5ce4 ,b 9 ?is case x w\ld h _h ! disadvantage ( conc5trat+ att5tion on ! n>rator in/ead ( on ! *ild's p>5ts1 on ! m]e ev5t in/ead ( on ! emotions x eng5d]$4 ,9 ! mod]n !atre1 ) great] facilities = reproduc+ ! actual movem5t ( life1 ! dramati/ naturally aims at convey+ to ! audi5ce ! gr[+ anxiety1 ! susp5se & ! f9al horror1 ( ! fa!r & "m4 ,! mo/ commonplace playwright w\ld h se5 ?is opportunity & tri$ to make ! mo/ ( x4 ,e "o c ?9k ( a doz5 commonplace ways 9 :i* ! sc5e c\ld be arrang$ & writt52 & "s ( !m might be q effective4 ,! great inv5tion by :i* ,ibs5 snat*es ! sc5e out ( ! doma9 ( ! commonplace1 & raises x to ! height ( dramatic poetry1 consi/s 9 leav+ x d\btful to ! fa!r & "m :at is ! mean+ ( ! excitem5t on ! bea* & ! confus$ cries :i* rea* _! e>s1 until "o cry comes home to !m ) t]rible di/9ctness1 ,! crut* is float+6 ,x w\ld be h>d to "n any s+le phrase 9 lit]ature 9 :i* m dramatic effect is conc5trat$ ?an 9 ^! f\r words--!y are only two words 9 ! orig9al4 ,h[ev] dissimil> 9 its nature & circum/ances1 ?is incid5t is comp>able ) ! dea? ( ,o!llo1 inasmu* z 9 ea* case ! poet1 by a supreme felicity ( inv5tion1 has succe$$ 9 do+ a giv5 ?+ 9 absolutely ! mo/ dramatic me?od conceivable4 ,"h we recognize 9 a consummate degree :at has be5 call$ ! f+]+ ( ! dramati/2 & ,i "k n h[ bett] to express ! common quality ( ! two incid5ts ?an 9 say+ t ea* is t\*$ ) extraord9>y crispness1 s z to give to :at 9 bo? cases has = "s "t be5 expect$ & =ese5 a sudd5 ?rill ( novelty & unexpect$ness4 ,t is h[ to d a ?+ dramatically4#f ,& n[1 aft] all ?is discussion ( ! dramatic 9 !me & incid5t1 x rema9s to be said t ! t5d5cy ( rec5t !ory1 & ( "s rec5t practice1 has be5 to wid5 ! mean+ ( ! ^w1 until x bur/s ! bonds ( all def9ition4 ,plays h be5 writt51 & h f\nd "s acceptance1 9 :i* ! endeav\r ( ! dramati/ has be5 to depict life1 n 9 mom5ts ( crisis1 b 9 its mo/ level & humdrum phases1 & to avoid any crispness ( t\* 9 ! pres5tation ( individual incid5ts4 ,dramatic1 9 ! eyes ( writ]s ( ?is s*ool1 has become a t]m ( reproa*1 synonym\s ) !atrical4 ,!y take _! cue f ,maet]l9ck's fam\s essay on ,! ,tragic 9 ,daily ,life1 9 :i* he lays x d[n t3 ,an old man1 seat$ 9 8 arm*air1 wait+ pati5tly1 ) 8 lamp beside him--submitt+ ) b5t head to ! pres5ce ( 8 s\l & 8 de/9y--motionless z he is1 does yet live 9 reality a deep]1 m human1 & m univ]sal life ?an ! lov] :o /rangles 8 mi/ress1 ! capta9 :o conqu]s 9 battle1 or ! husb& :o 'av5ges 8 hon\r4' ,!y d n obs]ve t ,maet]l9ck1 9 8 own practice1 con/antly deals ) crises1 & (t5 ) viol5t & />tl+ ones4 ,at ! same "t1 ,i am f> f sugge/+ t ! reaction aga9/ ! traditional dramatic is a :olly mi/ak5 movem5t4 ,x is a valuable corrective ( conv5tional !atricalism2 & x has1 at "s po9ts1 positively enl>g$ ! doma9 ( dramatic art4 ,any movem5t is good :i* helps to free art f ! tyranny ( a code ( rules & def9itions4 ,! only really valid def9ition ( ! dramatic is3 ,any repres5tation ( imag9>y p]sonages :i* is capable ( int]e/+ an av]age audi5ce assembl$ 9 a !atre4 ,we mu/ say repres5tation ( imag9>y p]sonages 9 ord] to exclude a lecture or a prize-fight2 & we mu/ say an av]age audi5ce 7or some?+ to t effect7 9 ord] to exclude a dialogue ( ,plato or ( ,l&or1 ! recitation ( :i* might int]e/ a specially select$ public4 ,any fur!r attempt to limit ! cont5t ( ! t]m dramatic is simply ! expression ( an op9ion t su*-&-su* =ms ( repres5tation w n be f\nd to int]e/ an audi5ce2 & ?is op9ion may always be rebutt$ by exp]im5t4 ,9 all t ,i h said1 !n1 z to ! dramatic & ! non-dramatic1 ,i mu/ be tak5 z mean+3 ,su*-&-su* =ms & me?ods h be5 f\nd to please1 & w probably please aga94 ,!y are1 s to speak1 saf] & easi] ?an o!r =ms & me?ods4 ,b x is ! "p ( orig9al g5ius to ov]ride ! dictates ( exp]i5ce1 & no?+ 9 ^! pages is design$ to disc\rage orig9al g5ius f mak+ ! attempt4 ,we h already se51 inde$1 t 9 a c]ta9 type ( play--! broad picture ( a social ph5om5on or environm5t--x is pref]able t no attempt %\ld be made to depict a m>k$ crisis4 ,!re %\ld be j en\gh /ory to af=d a plausible excuse = rais+ & = l[]+ ! curta94#g ,let u n1 h[ev]1 seem to grant too mu* to ! innovators & ! quieti/s4 ,to say t a drama %\ld be1 or t5ds to be1 ! pres5tation ( a crisis 9 ! life ( c]ta9 *>act]s1 is by no means to insi/ on a m]e arbitr>y conv5tion4 ,x is to make at once an induction f ! ov]:elm+ majority ( exi/+ dramas1 & a d$uction f ! nature & inh]5t conditions ( !atrical pres5tation4 ,! fact t !atrical conditions (t5 enc\rage a viol5t exagg]ation ( ! *>act]i/ically dramatic elem5ts 9 life does n make ^! elem5ts any ! less real or any ! less *>act]i/ically dramatic4 ,x is true t crispness ( h&l+ may easily deg5]ate into ! pursuit ( m]e picture-po/] situation2 b t is no reason :y ! arti/ %\ld n seek to a*ieve crispness )9 ! b\nds prescrib$ by nature & common s5se4 ,!re is a drama--,i h myself se5 x--9 :i* ! h]o9e1 flee+ f ! villa91 is /opp$ by a yawn+ *asm4 ,! pursu] is at h] heels1 & x seems z ?\gh %e has no res\rce b to hurl h]self into ! abyss4 ,b %e is accompani$ by ?ree ,indian s]vants1 :o happ51 by ! m]cy ( ,provid5ce1 to be accompli%$ acrobats4 ,! second climbs on ! %\ld]s ( ! fir/1 ! ?ird on ! %\ld]s ( ! second2 & !n ! :ole trio falls =w>d across ! *asm1 ! top "o grasp+ "s bu% or creep] on ! o!r side2 s t a liv+ bridge is =m$1 on :i* ! h]o9e 7h]self1 x w\ld seem1 some?+ ( an acrobat7 c cross ! dizzy gulf & bid defiance to ! baffl$ villa94 ,?is is cle>ly a dramatic crisis )9 our def9ition2 b1 no less cle>ly1 x is n a piece ( rational or comm5dable drama4 ,to say t su*-&-su* a factor is necess>y1 or highly desirable1 9 a dramatic sc5e1 is by no means to imply t e sc5e :i* conta9s ?is factor is good drama4 ,let u take ! case ( ano!r h]o9e--,n9a 9 ,sir ,ar?ur ,p9]o's ,8 ,h\se 9 ,ord]4 ,! second wife ( ,film] ,jesson1 %e is cont9ually be+ (f]$ up z a sacrifice on ! alt> d$icat$ to ! memory ( 8 ador$ fir/ wife4 ,n only h] husb&1 b ! relatives ( ! sa9t$ ,annabel1 make h] life a burd5 to h]4 ,!n x comes to h] k--%e obta9s absolute pro(--t ,annabel 0 any?+ b ! sa9t %e 0 believ$ to be4 ,by a s+le ^w %e c ov]turn ! alt> ( h] m>tyrdom1 & %att] ! de>e/ illusion ( h] p]secutors4 ,%all %e speak t ^w1 or %all %e n8 ,"h is a crisis :i* comes )9 our def9ition j z cle>ly z ! o!r2#h only x happ5s to be entirely natural & probable1 & em95tly illu/rative ( "*4 ,ought we1 !n1 to despise x because ( ! elem5t x has 9 common ) ! picture-po/] situation ( prepo/]\s melodrama8 ,surely n4 ,let ^? :o h ! art--! extremely delicate & difficult art--( mak+ drama )\t ! *>act]i/ically dramatic +r$i5ts1 d s by all means2 b let !m n seek to lay an emb>go on ! judici\s use ( ^! +r$i5ts z !y pres5t !mselves 9 life4 99 99 99 99 99 ,footnote #a3 ,etudes ,critiques1 vol4 vii1 pp4 #aec & #bjg4 ,footnote #b3 ,9 ! mo/ aggravat$ cases1 ! misund]/&+ is ma9ta9$ by a p]sev]+ use ( pron\ns 9 place ( prop] names3 he & %e be+ tak5 by ! he>] to mean ,a4 & ,b41 :5 ! speak] is 9 fact ref]r+ to ,x4 & ,y4 ,?is anci5t trick becomes ! m irritat+ ! long] ! quiproquo is dragg$ out4 ,footnote #c3 ,! ,l[l& ,scotti% villag]4 ,x is notewor?y t ,mr4 ,j4,m4 ,b>rie1 :o himself belongs to ?is race1 has an almo/ unique gift ( extract+ dramatic effect out ( taciturnity1 & ev5 out ( sil5ce4 ,footnote #d3 ,!re is a some:at simil> incid5t 9 ,clyde ,fit*'s play1 ,! ,mo? & ! ,flame4 ,footnote #e3 ,les ,corbeaux1 by ,h5ri ,becque1 might p]haps be class$ z a bankruptcy play1 ?\gh ! po9t ( x is t ! ,vign]on family is n really bankrupt at all1 b is unblu%+ly fleec$ by ! p>tn] & ! lawy] ( ! deceas$ ,vign]on1 :o play into ea* o!r's h&s4 ,footnote #f3 ,dramatic has rec5tly become "o ( ! mo/ ov]work$ words 9 ! vocabul>y ( j\rnalism4 ,x con/antly appe>s1 n only 9 ! text ( ! picturesque report]1 b 9 head-l9es & on bullet9-bo>ds4 ,:51 on ,july #bj1 #aiaa1 ,mr4 ,asqui? wrote to ,mr4 ,balf\r to in=m him t ! ,k+ _h gu>ante$ ! creation ( pe]s1 %\ld x prove necess>y = ! pass+ ( ! ,p>liam5t ,bill1 "o pap] publi%$ ! news "u ?is head-l9e3 ,,dramatic ,,ann\ncem5t ,,by ,,! ,,prime ,,m9i/]1 & ! p>liam5t>y correspond5t ( ano!r pap] wrote3 ,) dramatic sudd5ness & swiftness1 ! ,prime ,m9i/] hurl$ 8 ?und]bolt at ! wav]+ ,tory p>ty ye/]day4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! lett] 0 probably n hurl$ m sudd5ly or swiftly ?an ! mo/ ord9>y invitation to d9n]3 nor c its cont5ts h be5 p>ticul>ly surpris+ to any "o4 ,x 0 probably ! conclusiv5ess1 ! f9ality1 ( ! ann\ncem5t t /ruck ^! writ]s z dramatic4 ,! lett] put an end to all dubiety ) a %ort1 %>p %ock4 ,x 01 9 fact1 crisp4 ,z a rule1 h[ev]1 dramatic is employ$ by ! mod]n j\rnali/ simply z a r pret5ti\s synonym = ! /ill m hackney$ />tl+4 ,footnote #g3 ,z a specim51 & a successful specim51 ( ?is new te*nic1 ,i may cite ,miss ,elizabe? ,bak]'s v int]e/+ play1 ,*a9s4 ,!re is absolutely no /ory 9 x1 no complication ( incid5ts1 n ev5 any emotional t5sion wor? speak+ (4 ,ano!r rec5t play ( some?+ ! same type1 ,! ,way ! ,money ,goes1 by ,lady ,bell1 0 q ?rill+ by comp>ison4 ,!re we saw a workman's wife b[$ d[n by a t]rible secret :i* ?reat5$ to wreck h] :ole life--! secret t %e _h actually run into debt to ! am\nt ( #cj4 ,h] situation 0 dramatic 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! ^w1 v mu* z ,nora's situation is dramatic :5 %e kn[s t ,krog/ad's lett] is 9 ,helm]'s h&s4 ,b 9 ,*a9s !re is n ev5 ?is simple =m ( excitem5t & susp5se4 ,a city cl]k1 oppress$ by ! deadly monotony & n>r[ness ( 8 life1 ?9ks ( go+ to ,au/ralia--& doesn't g3 t is ! sum & sub/ance ( ! action4 ,also1 by way ( und]plot1 a %opgirl1 oppress$ by ! deadly monotony & n>r[ness ( h] life1 ?9ks ( escap+ f x by m>ry+ a middle-ag$ wid[]--& doesn't d x4 ,if any "o _h told ! late ,francisque ,s>cey1 or ! late ,clem5t ,scott1 t a play c\ld be made out ( ?is sl5d] mat]ial1 :i* %\ld hold an audi5ce absorb$ ?r\gh f\r acts1 & /ir !m to real en?usiasm1 ^! em95t critics w\ld h ?\ght him a madman4 ,yet ,miss ,bak] has a*iev$ ?is feat1 by ! simple process ( supplem5t+ compet5t obs]vation ) a fair %>e ( dramatic in/9ct4 ,footnote #h3 ,if ! ess5ce ( drama is crisis1 x foll[s t no?+ c be m dramatic ?an a mom5t\s *oice :i* may make or m> bo? ! "* & ! =tune ( ! *oos] & ( o!rs4 ,!re is an elem5t ( *oice 9 all action :i* is1 or seems to be1 ! product ( free w2 b !re is a peculi> crispness ( effect :5 two alt]natives are cle>ly =mulat$1 & ! *oice is made aft] a m5tal /ruggle1 acc5tuat$1 p]haps1 by impassion$ advocacy ( ! conflict+ int]e/s4 ,su* sc5es are ,coriolanus1 v4 #c1 ! sc5e betwe5 ,ellida1 ,wangel1 & ! ,/rang] 9 ! la/ act ( ,! ,lady f ! ,sea1 & ! conclud+ sc5e ( ,c&ida4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,r\t9e ,,( ,,composition ,z no two p1 probably1 ev] did1 or ev] w1 pursue ! same r\t9e 9 play-mak+1 x is manife/ly impossible to lay d[n any g5]al rules on ! subject4 ,!re are "o or two consid]ations1 h[ev]1 :i* x may n be :olly sup]flu\s to sugge/ to beg9n]s4 ,an invaluable insight into ! me?ods ( a ma/] is provid$ by ! sc5>ios & drafts ( plays publi%$ 9 ,h5rik ,ibs5's ,eft]ladte ,skrift]4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! =e-works1 z he us$ to call !m1 h n[ be5 translat$ "u ! title ( ,f ,ibs5's ,work%op 7,scribn]71 & may be /udi$ ) ! greate/ pr(it4 ,n t ! /ud5t %\ld me*anically imitate ev5 ,ibs5's r\t9e ( composition1 :i*1 inde$1 v>i$ consid]ably f play to play4 ,! great lesson to be le>nt f ,ibs5's practice is t ! play %\ld be kept fluid or pla/ic z long z possible1 & n suff]$ to become immutably fix$1 ei!r 9 ! au?or's m9d or on pap]1 be=e x has _h "t to gr[ & rip54 ,_m1 if n mo/1 ( ,ibs5's greate/ individual inspirations came to him z aft]?\ghts1 aft] ! play _h rea*$ a po9t ( developm5t at :i* _m au?ors w\ld h held ! process ( ge/ation end$1 & ! "w ( art ripe = bir?4 ,among ^! inspir$ aft]?\ghts may be reckon$ ,nora's great l9e1 ,millions ( wom5 h done t--! mo/ cru%+ rep>tee 9 lit]ature--,h$vig's ?reat5$ bl9dness1 ) all t ensues f x1 & ,little ,eyolf's crut*1 us$ to su* purpose z we h already se54 ,?is is n to say t ! draw+-up ( a t5tative sc5>io ought n to be "o ( ! playwright's fir/ proce$+s4 ,inde$1 if he is able to disp5se ) a sc5>io on pap]1 x c only be because 8 m9d is s cle>1 & s ret5tive ( its own ideas1 z to enable him to c>ry 9 8 head1 always ready = ref]5ce1 a m or less detail$ s*eme4 ,g-z-y-please composition may be possible = ! noveli/1 p]haps ev5 = ! writ] ( a "o-act play1 a m]e piece ( dialogue2 b 9 a dramatic /ructure ( any consid]able ext5t1 proportion1 balance1 & ! int]connection ( p>ts are s ess5tial t a sc5>io is almo/ z indisp5sable to a dramati/ z a set ( plans to an ar*itect4 ,!re is "o dramati/ ( note :om "o suspects ( sometimes work+ )\t any def9ite sc5>io1 & inv5t+ z he goes along4 ,t dramati/1 ,i ne$ sc>cely say1 is ,mr4 ,b]n>d ,%aw4 ,i h no absolute k ( 8 me?od2 b if he s*em$ out any sc5>io = ,gett+ ,m>ri$ or ,misalliance1 he has s$ul\sly conceal$ ! fact--to ! detrim5t ( ! plays4#a ,! sc5>io or skeleton is s manife/ly ! natural gr\nd-"w ( a dramatic p]=mance t ! playwrights ( ! ,italian comm$ia dell' arte wrote no?+ m ?an a s*eme ( sc5es1 & left ! actors to d ! re/4 ,! same practice prevail$ 9 e>ly ,elizabe?an days1 z "o or two ,,ms4 ,plats1 design$ to be hung up 9 ! w+s1 are extant to te/ify4 ,! transition f extempore act+ regulat$ by a sc5>io to ! =mal le>n+ ( p>ts falls )9 ! hi/orical p]iod ( ! ,g]man /age4 ,x seems probable t ! romantic playwrights ( ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies1 bo? 9 ,engl& & 9 ,spa91 may h adopt$ a me?od n unlike t ( ! drama ( improvisation1 t is to say1 !y may h drawn out a s*eme ( entrances & exits1 & !n let _! *>act]s disc\rse 7on pap]7 z _! fancy prompt$4 ,s1 at lea/1 ! copi\s flu5cy ( _! dialogue seems to sugge/4 ,b ! typical mod]n play is a mu* m close-knit organism1 9 :i* e ^w has to be weigh$ f> m c>efully ?an x 0 by playwrights :o /ood ne> to ! days ( improvisation1 & c\ld indulge 9 ! l>ge utt]ance ( ! e>ly gods4 ,consequ5tly x w\ld seem t1 until a play has be5 ?\ght out v cle>ly & 9 great detail1 any s*eme ( entrances & exits ought to be m]ely provisional & subject to indef9ite modification4 ,a mod]n play is n a framework ( /ory loosely drap$ 9 a m or less gorge\s robe ( language4 ,!re is1 or ought to be1 a close int]dep5d5ce betwe5 action1 "* & dialogue1 :i* =bids a playwright to tie 8 h&s v f> 9 advance4 ,z a rule1 !n1 x w\ld seem to be an unfav\rable sign :5 a drama pres5ts itself at an e>ly /age ) a fix$ & unalt]able outl9e4 ,! result may be a p[]ful1 logical1 well-knit piece ( "w2 b ! brea? ( life w sc>cely be 9 x4 ,room %\ld be left z long z possible = unexpect$ developm5ts ( "*4 ,if y\r *>act]s are innoc5t ( unexpect$ developm5ts1 ! less *>act]s !y4#b ,n t ,i1 p]sonally1 h any fai? 9 ^? writ]s ( fiction1 be !y playwrights or noveli/s1 :o cont5d t !y d n speak ?r\gh ! m\?s ( _! p]sonages1 b r let _! p]sonages speak ?r\gh !m4 ,i d n inv5t or create ,i h he>d an em95t noveli/ say3 ,i simply record2 my *>act]s speak & act1 & ,i write d[n _! say+s & do+s4 ,?is au?or may be a f9e psy*ologi/ = purposes ( fiction1 b ,i "q 8 insight into 8 own m5tal processes4 ,! app>5t spontaneity ( a "*'s proce$+s is a pure illusion4 ,x means no m ?an t ! imag9ation1 once set 9 motion along a giv5 l9e1 moves along t l9e ) an ease & fre$om :i* seems to its possessor pret]natural & almo/ uncanny4#c ,mo/ au?ors1 h[ev]1 :o h any real gift = "*-creation probably fall m or less "u ?is illusion1 ?\gh !y are sane en\gh & mode/ en\gh to realize t an illusion x is4#d ,a "* w e n[ & !n seem to take ! bit betwe5 8 tee? & say & d ?+s = :i* 8 creator feels himself h>dly responsible4 ,! playwright's s*eme %\ld n1 !n1 until ! late/ possible mom5t1 become s h>d & fa/ z to all[ 8 *>act]s no elb[ room = su* manife/ations ( spontaneity4 ,& ?is is only "o ( sev]al =ms ( aft]?\ght :i* may arise z ! play develops4 ,! playwright may all ( a sudd5 see t a c]ta9 "* is sup]flu\s1 or t a new "* is ne$$1 or t a new relation%ip betwe5 two *>act]s w\ld simplify matt]s1 or t a sc5e t he has plac$ 9 ! fir/ act ought to be 9 ! second1 or t he c disp5se ) x altoge!r1 or t x reveals too mu* to ! audi5ce & mu/ be :olly reca/4#e ,^! are only a few ( ! re-adju/m5ts :i* h con/antly to be made if a play is %ap+ itself by a process ( vital gr[?2 & t is :y ! playwright may be advis$ to keep 8 mat]ial fluid z long z he c4 ,ibs5 _h writt5 l>ge portions ( ! play n[ kn[n to u z ,rosm]%olm be=e he decid$ t ,rebecca %\ld n be m>ri$ to ,rosm]4 ,he also1 at a comp>atively late /age1 did away ) two daught]s :om he _h at fir/ giv5 to ,rosm]1 & decid$ to make h] *ildlessness ! ma9 cause ( ,beata's trag$y4 ,p]haps ,i insi/ too /rongly on ! advisability ( treat+ a dramatic !me z clay to be modell$ & remodell$1 r ?an z wood or m>ble to be c>v$ unalt]ably & once = all4 ,if s1 x is because ( a p]sonal rem9isc5ce4 ,9 my e>ly y\?1 ,i _h1 l ev]ybody else1 ambitions 9 ! direction ( play-writ+2 & x 0 my inability to keep a !me pla/ic t conv9c$ me ( my lack ( tal5t4 ,x pleas$ me greatly to draw out a detail$ sc5>io1 work+ up duly to a situation at ! end ( ea* act2 &1 once made1 t sc5>io 0 l a ca/-iron m\ld into :i* ! dialogue _h simply to be p\r$4 ,! result 0 t ! play _h all ! m]its ( a logical1 well-ord]$ essay4 ,my situations work$ out l ! ,q4,e4,d4's ( ,euclid4 ,my *>act]s ob/9ately refus$ to come to life1 or to take ! bit betwe5 _! tee?4 ,!y 7 simply cog-:eels 9 a pre-arrang$ me*anism4 ,9 "o respect1 my two or ?ree plays 7 models--9 respect ( brevity & concis5ess4 ,i 0 nev] tr\bl$ by ! necessity ( cutt+ d[n--s cruel a necessity to _m playwrights4#f ,my difficulty 0 r to f9d en\gh = my *>act]s to say--= !y nev] want$ to say any?+ t 0 n /rictly g]mane to ! plot4 ,x 0 ?is t made me despair ( play-writ+1 & realize t my mission 0 to tea* o!r p h[ to write plays4 ,&1 simil>ly1 ! aspirant :o f9ds t 8 p nev] want to say m ?an he c all[ !m to say--t !y nev] ru% headlong into bl9d alleys1 or d ?+s t upset ! balance ( ! play & h to be resolutely undone--t aspirant w d well n to be ov]-confid5t ( 8 dramatic call+ & election4 ,!re may be au?ors :o c write vital plays1 z ,%akespe>e is said 7on r poor evid5ce7#g to h done1 )\t blott+ a l9e2 b ,i believe !m to be r>e4 ,9 our day1 ! great playwright is m likely to be he :o does n %r9k1 on occasion1 f blott+ an act or two4 ,!re is a mod]n ,fr5* dramati/ :o writes1 ) success1 su* plays z ,i might h writt5 _h ,i comb9$ a /rong philosophical faculty ) great rhetorical =ce & flu5cy4 ,! dramas ( ,m4 ,paul ,h]vieu h all ! neatness & cog5cy ( a geometrical demon/ration4 ,"o imag9es t1 = ,m4 ,h]vieu1 ! act ( composition means m]ely ! c>eful fill+ 9 ( a sc5>io z neat & complete z a s*$ule4#h ,b = t v reason1 despite _! und\bt$ intellectual p[]1 ,m4 ,h]vieu's dramas comm& our respect r ?an our en?usiasm4 ,! dramati/ %\ld aim at be+ logical )\t seem+ s4#i ,x is sometimes said t a playwright ought to con/ruct 8 play backw>ds1 & ev5 to write 8 la/ act fir/4#aj ,?is doctr9e belongs to ! p]iod ( ! well-made play1 :5 climax 0 reg>d$ z ! "o ?+ ne$ful 9 dramatic art1 & anticlimax z ! un=givable s94 ,n[adays1 we d n insi/ t e play %\ld end ) a tableau1 or ) an emphatic mot de la f94 ,we are m will+ to accept a quiet1 ev5 an indecisive1 end+4#aa ,nev]!less x is & mu/ ev] be true t1 at a v e>ly p]iod 9 ! s*em+ ( 8 play1 ! playwright ought to assure himself t 8 !me is capable ( a satisfactory end+4 ,( c\rse ?is phrase does n imply a happy end+1 b "o :i* satisfies ! au?or z be+ arti/ic1 effective1 inevitable 79 ! case ( a s]i\s play71 or1 9 "o ^w1 "r4 ,an obvi\sly make%ift end+ c nev] be desirable1 ei!r f ! ideal or f ! practical po9t ( view4 ,_m excell5t plays h be5 wreck$ on ?is rock4 ,! v frequ5t compla9t t ! la/ act is weak is n always or necess>ily a j reproa*2 b x is s :5 ! au?or has cle>ly be5 at a loss = an end+1 & has simply huddl$ 8 play up 9 a conv5tional & p]functory fa%ion4 ,x may ev5 be said t "s app>5tly promis+ !mes are deceptive 9 _! promise1 s9ce !y are inh]5tly incapable ( a satisfactory end+4 ,! playwright %\ld by all means make sure t he has n run up aga9/ "o ( ^! bl9d-alley !mes4#ab ,he %\ld1 at an e>ly po9t1 see cle>ly ! end = :i* he is mak+1 & be sure t x is an end :i* he actively desires1 n m]ely "o :i* satisfies conv5tion1 or :i* w h to d4 ,"s dramati/s1 :5 a play is provisionally mapp$ out1 d n attempt to beg9 at ! beg9n+ & write x z a coh]5t :ole1 b make a da% fir/ at ! m sali5t & critical sc5es1 or ^? :i* specially attract _! imag9ation4 ,on su* a po9t e au?or mu/ obvi\sly be a law unto himself4 ,f ! !oretical po9t ( view1 "o c only approve ! practice1 s9ce x c]ta9ly makes = pla/icity4 ,x is evid5t t a deta*$ sc5e1 writt5 :ile ^? t lead up to x are z yet b vaguely conceiv$1 mu/ be subject to indef9ite modification4#ac ,9 sev]al ( ,ibs5's v r\ghe/ drafts1 we f9d %ort passages ( dialogue sket*$ out ev5 be=e ! names h be5 assign$ to ! *>act]s1 %[+ t "s ( 8 e>lie/ ideas came to him1 z x 71 ready dramatiz$4 ,"o w\ld be tempt$ to hope mu* ( an au?or :o habitually & unaffect$ly ?us lisp$ 9 dialogue = ! dialogue came4 ,ought ! playwright1 at an e>ly /age 9 ! process ( ea* act1 to h ! details ( its sc5e cle>ly be=e him8 ,ought he to draw out a sc5e-plot1 & "k1 f mom5t to mom5t1 j :]e ea* "* is1 :e!r ,he is /&+ on ! he>?rug & ,%e sitt+ on ! settee1 or vice v]sa8 ,!re is no d\bt t furniture1 prop]ties1 accid5ts ( environm5t1 play a mu* l>g] "p 9 mod]n drama ?an !y did on ! ,elizabe?an1 ! eighte5? c5tury1 or ev5 ! e>ly-,victorian /age4 ,"s ( u1 :o are n yet c5t5>ians1 c rememb] to h se5 rooms on ! /age ) no furniture at all except two or ?ree *airs pa9t$ on ! flat4 ,"u su* conditions1 x 0 cle>ly useless = ! playwright to tr\ble 8 head ab\t furniture1 & ev5 positions might well be left = arrangem5t at rehe>sal4 ,?is c>elessness ( ! environm5t1 h[ev]1 is no long] possible4 ,:e!r we l x or no 7& "s !ori/s d n l x at all71 sc5]y has ceas$ to be a m]ely sugge/ive backgr\nd aga9/ :i* ! figures /& out 9 high relief4 ,! /age n[ aims at pres5t+ a complete picture1 ) ! figures1 n a little out ( ! picture1 b completely 9 x4 ,?is be+ s1 ! playwright mu/ evid5tly1 at "s po9t 9 ! work+ out ( 8 !me1 visualize ! /age-picture 9 consid]able detail2 & we f9d t almo/ all mod]n dramati/s d1 z a matt] ( fact1 pay great att5tion to :at may be call$ ! topography ( _! sc5es1 & ! %ift+ positions ( _! *>act]s4 ,! "q is3 at :at /age ( ! process ( composition ought ?is visualization to occur8 ,"h1 aga91 x w\ld be absurd to lay d[n a g5]al rule2 b ,i am incl9$ to ?9k1 bo? !oretically & f :at c be ga!r$ ( ! practice ( ! be/ dramati/s1 t x is wise/ to res]ve x = a comp>atively late /age4 ,a playwright ( my acqua9tance1 & a v rem>kable playwright too1 us$ to scribble ! fir/ drafts ( 8 play 9 little notebooks1 :i* he produc$ f 8 pocket :5ev] he _h a mom5t to sp>e--(t5 on ! top ( an omnibus4 ,only :5 ! fir/ draft 0 complete did he proce$ to set ! sc5es1 z x 71 & map out ! /age-managem5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "o has he>d ( playwrights ^: fir/ /ep 9 sett+ to "w ^u a p>ticul> act 0 to con/ruct a complete model ( ! sc5e1 & p x ) manik9s to repres5t ! *>act]s4 ,z a g5]al practice1 ?is is sc>cely to be comm5d$4 ,x is wis]1 "o fancies1 to h ! matt] ( ! sc5e pretty fully r\gh$-out be=e details ( furniture1 prop]ties1 & position are arrang$4#ad ,x may happ51 inde$1 t "s natural ph5om5on1 "s prop]ty or piece ( furniture1 is ! v pivot ( ! sc5e2 9 :i* case x mu/1 ( c\rse1 be posit$ f ! fir/4 ,f ! v mom5t ( 8 conceiv+ ! f\r? act ( ,le ,t>tufe1 ,molire mu/ h _h cle>ly 9 view ! table "u :i* ,orgon hides2 & ,%]idan _c h got v f> ) ! ,scre5 ,sc5e be=e he _h m5tally plac$ ! scre54 ,b ev5 :]e a great deal turns on "s individual object1 ! detail$ arrangem5ts ( ! sc5e may 9 mo/ cases be tak5 = grant$ until a late /age 9 its work+ out4 ,"o proviso1 h[ev]1 mu/ be made2 :]e any important effect dep5ds ^u a giv5 object1 or a p>ticul> arrangem5t ( ! sc5e1 ! playwright _c too soon assure himself t ! object comes well )9 ! physical possibilities ( ! /age1 & t ! arrangem5t is optically#ae possible & effective4 ,few ?+s1 inde$1 are q impossible to ! mod]n /age2 b !re are _m t _h mu* bett] n be attempt$4 ,x ne$ sc>cely be add$ t ! m s]i\s a play is1 or aspires to be1 ! m c>efully %\ld ! au?or avoid any su* effects z call = ! active collaboration ( ! /age-c>p5t]1 ma*9i/1 or electrician4 ,ev5 :5 a me*anical effect c be produc$ to p]fection1 ! v fact t ! audi5ce _c b admire ! +5uity display$1 & wond] h[ x is done1 implies a failure ( t s+le-m9d$ att5tion to ! ess5ce ( ! matt] 9 h& :i* ! dramati/ w\ld /rive to beget & ma9ta94 ,a small b in/ructive example ( a difficult effect1 su* z ! prud5t playwright w d well to avoid1 occurs 9 ! ?ird act ( ,ibs5's ,little ,eyolf4 ,dur+ ! great] "p ( ! act1 ! flag 9 ,allm]s's g>d5 is hoi/$ to half-ma/ 9 tok5 ( m\rn+2 until at ! end1 :5 he & ,rita atta9 a s]5] frame ( m9d1 he runs x up to ! truck4 ,n[1 f ! poetic & symbolic po9t ( view1 ?is flag is all t c be desir$2 b f ! practical po9t ( view x pres5ts grave difficulties4 ,no?+ is s pitifully ineffective z a flag 9 a dead calm1 droop+ n]velessly aga9/ ! ma/2 & ?\gh1 no d\bt1 by an +5i\s arrangem5t ( electric fans1 x might be possible to make ?is flag flutt] 9 ! breeze1 ! v fact ( its do+ s w\ld t5d to set ! audi5ce wond]+ by :at me*anism ! effect 0 produc$1 in/ead ( att5d+ to ! s\l-/ruggles ( ,rita & ,allm]s4 ,x w\ld be absurd to blame ,ibs5 = ov]rid+ !atrical prud5ce 9 su* a case2 ,i m]ely po9t out to beg9n]s t x is wise1 be=e rely+ on an effect ( ?is ord]1 to make sure t x is1 n only possible1 b conv5i5t f ! practical po9t ( view4 ,9 "o or two o!r cases ,ibs5 /ra9$ ! res\rces ( ! /age4 ,! illum9ation 9 ! la/ act ( ,pill>s ( ,society _c be c>ri$ out z he describes x2 or r1 if x 7 c>ri$ out on "s exceptionally l>ge & well-equipp$ /age1 ! feat ( ! me*anician w\ld eclipse ! inv5tion ( ! poet4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! abode ( ! ,wild ,duck 9 ! play ( t "n is a conception entirely consonant ) ! optics ( ! !atre2 = no detail at all ne$ be1 or ought to be1 visible1 & a vague effect ( light is all t is requir$4 ,only 9 8 la/ melan*oly ef=t did ,ibs51 9 a play design$ = repres5tation1 dem& sc5ic effects entirely beyond ! res\rces ( any !atre n specially fitt$ = spectacul> drama1 & possible1 ev5 9 su* a !atre1 only 9 "s ridicul\sly make%ift =m4 ,!re are two po9ts ( r\t9e on :i* ,i am compell$ to speak 9 no unc]ta9 voice--two practices :i* ,i hold to be almo/ equally condemnable4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 no playwright :o und]/&s ! evolution ( ! mod]n !atre c n[adays use 9 8 /age-directions ! abhorr5t j>gon ( ! e>ly n9ete5? c5tury4 ,:5 "o comes across a manuscript bespatt]$ ) su* cabali/ic signs z ,r4#b4;,e41 ,r4,c41 ,l4,c41 ,l4,u4,e41 & s =?1 "o sees at a glance t ! writ] has nei!r /udi$ dramatic lit]ature nor ?\ght out = himself ! conditions ( ! mod]n !atre1 b has f\nd 8 dramatic education betwe5 ! buff cov]s ( ,fr5*'s ,act+ ,edition4 ,"s beg9n]s imag9e t a pl5tiful use ( su* abbreviations w be tak5 z a pro( ( _! famili>ity ) ! /age2 :]eas1 9 fact1 x only %[s _! unfamili>ity ) !atrical hi/ory4 ,!y might z well set =? to describe a mod]n battle%ip 9 ! nautical t]m9ology ( ,capta9 ,m>ryat4 ,"r ,fir/ ,entrance1 ,left ,upp] ,entrance1 & s =?1 are t]ms belong+ to ! p]iod :5 !re 7 no box rooms or set ext]iors on ! /age1 :5 ! sides ( ea* sc5e 7 compos$ ( w+s %ov$ on 9 grooves1 & entrances c\ld be made betwe5 ea* pair ( w+s4 ,?us1 ,r4 #a ,e4 meant ! entrance betwe5 ! prosc5ium & ! fir/ w+ on ! "r1 ,r4 #b ,e4 meant ! entrance betwe5 ! fir/ pair ( w+s1 & s =?4 ,l4,u4,e4 meant ! entrance at ! left betwe5 ! la/ w+ & ! back clo?4 ,n[ grooves & w+s h disappe>$ f ! /age4 ,! box room is ent]$1 l any room 9 real life1 by doors or ,fr5* w9d[s2 & ! only rational c\rse is to /ate ! position ( y\r doors 9 y\r op5+ /age-direction1 & !reaft] to say 9 pla9 language by :i* door an entrance or an exit is to be made4 ,9 ext]ior sc5es :]e1 = example1 trees or clumps ( %rubb]y answ] 9 a measure to ! old w+s1 ! old t]m9ology may n be q mean+less2 b x is f> bett] es*ew$4 ,x is a good g5]al rule to avoid1 s f> z possible1 expressions :i* %[ t ! au?or has a /age sc5e1 & n an episode ( real life1 be=e 8 eyes4 ,m5 ( ! !atre are ! la/ to be impress$ by !atrical j>gon2 & :5 ! play comes to be pr9t$1 ! g5]al read] is m]ely bewild]$ & annoy$ by te*nicalities1 :i* t5d1 moreov]1 to di/urb 8 illusion4 ,a /ill m emphatic w>n+ mu/ be giv5 aga9/ ano!r & m rec5t abuse 9 ! matt] ( /age-directions4 ,! ,l4,u4,e4's1 inde$1 are b\nd v soon to die a natural dea?4 ,! p :o require to be w>n$ aga9/ !m are1 z a rule1 sc>cely wor? w>n+4 ,b x is precisely ! clev]e/ p 7to use clev] 9 a some:at n>r[ s5se7 :o are apt to be l$ a/ray by ,mr4 ,b]n>d ,%aw's practice ( exp&+ 8 /age-directions into essays1 disquisitions1 monologues1 pamphlets4 ,?is is a practice :i* goes f> to ju/ify ! belief ( "s =eign critics t ! ,engli%1 or1 s9ce ,mr4 ,%aw is 9 "q1 let u say ! inhabitants ( ! ,briti% ,isl&s1 are cong5itally incapable ( produc+ a "w ( pure art4 ,our noveli/s--,field+1 ,?ack]ay1 ,george ,eliot--h be5 suffici5tly1 ?\gh p]haps n unju/ly1 call$ ov] ! coals = _! habit ( com+ 9 front ( _! canvas1 & ei!r gossip+ ) ! read] or prea*+ at him4 ,b1 if x be a s\nd maxim t ! noveli/ %\ld n obtrude 8 p]sonality on 8 read]1 h[ mu* m is ?is true ( ! dramati/6 ,:5 ! dramati/ /eps to ! footlights & beg9s to lecture1 all illusion is gone4 ,x may be said t1 z a matt] ( fact1 ?is does n occur3 t on ! /age we he> no m ( ! disquisitions ( ,mr4 ,%aw & 8 imitators ?an we d ( ! curt1 & (t5 non-exi/5t1 /age-directions ( ,%akespe>e & 8 contempor>ies4 ,to ?is ! reply is tw(old4 ,fir/1 ! v fact t ^! disquisitions are writt5 proves t ! play is design$ to be pr9t$ & read1 & t we are1 !re=e1 ju/ifi$ 9 apply+ to x ! /&>d ( :at may be call$ lit]>y illusion4 ,second1 :5 a playwright gets into ! habit ( talk+ ar\nd 8 *>act]s1 he inevitably1 ev5 if unconsci\sly1 slack5s 8 endeav\r to make !m express !mselves z completely z may be 9 _! own prop] m$ium ( dramatic action & dialogue4 ,y _c ) impunity mix up two di/9ct =ms ( art--! drama & ! sociological essay or lecture4 ,to ,mr4 ,%aw1 ( c\rse1 mu* may1 & mu/1 be =giv54 ,8 /age-directions are s brilliant t "s "o1 "s day1 w assur$ly h !m spok5 by a lectur] 9 ! or*e/ra :ile ! action /&s /ill on ! /age4 ,?us1 he w h begott5 a ba/>d1 b highly ent]ta9+1 =m ( art4 ,my prote/ has no practical application to him1 = he is a /&+ exception to all rules4 ,x is to ! y\ng] g5]ation t ,i appeal n to be misl$ by 8 s$uctive example4 ,!y h little *ance ( rivall+ him z sociological essayi/s2 b if !y treat _! art s]i\sly1 & z a pure art1 !y may easily surpass him z dramati/s4 ,by adopt+ 8 practice !y w t5d to produce1 n f9e works ( art1 b inf]ior sociological docum5ts4 ,!y w impair _! orig9ality & spoil _! plays 9 ord] to d comp>atively badly :at ,mr4 ,%aw has done incomp>ably well4 ,! common-s5se rule z to /age directions is absolutely pla92 be !y %ort1 or be !y long1 !y ought always to be imp]sonal4 ,! playwright :o cracks jokes 9 8 /age-directions1 or indulges 9 graces ( /yle1 is intrud+ himself betwe5 ! spectator & ! "w ( art1 to ! inevitable detrim5t ( ! illusion4 ,9 prep>+ a play = ! press1 ! au?or %\ld make 8 /age-directions z brief z is consi/5t ) cle>ness4 ,few read]s w burd5 _! memory ) long & detail$ descriptions4 ,:5 a new "* ( importance appe>s1 a %ort description ( 8 or h] p]sonal appe>ance & dress may be helpful to ! read]2 b ev5 ?is %\ld be kept imp]sonal4 ,moreov]1 z a play has always to be read be=e x c be rehe>s$ or act$1 x is no bad plan to make ! /age-directions1 f ! fir/1 su* z t5d to br+ ! play home cle>ly to ! read]'s m5tal vision4 ,& "h ,i may m5tion a pr9ciple1 bas$ on m ?an m]e conv5i5ce1 :i* "s playwrights obs]ve ) excell5t results4 ,n m]ely 9 writ+ /age-directions1 b 9 visualiz+ a sc5e1 ! idea ( ! /age %\ld1 z f> z possible1 be bani%$ f ! au?or's m9d4 ,he %\ld see & describe ! room1 ! g>d51 ! sea-%ore1 or :atev] ! place ( 8 action may be1 n z a /age-sc5e1 b z a room1 g>d51 or sea-%ore 9 ! real _w4 ,! cultivation ( ?is habit ought to be1 & ,i believe is 9 "s cases1 a safegu>d aga9/ !atricality4 99 99 99 99 99 ,footnote #a3 ,s>d\ wrote c>eful & detail$ sc5>ios1 ,dumas fils held x a wa/e ( "t to d s4 ,paill]on wrote enorm\s sc5>ios1 ,meilhac v brief ones1 or none at all4 ,mr4 ,galswor?y1 r to my surprise1 disda9s1 & ev5 condemns1 ! sc5>io1 hold+ t a !me becomes lifeless :5 y put d[n its skeleton on pap]4 ,sir ,ar?ur ,p9]o says3 ,be=e beg9n+ to write a play1 ,i always make sure1 by means ( a def9ite s*eme1 t !re is a way ( do+ x2 b :e!r ,i ultimately foll[ t way is a totally diff]5t matt]4 ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,sutro practically confesses to a sc5>io4 ,he says3 ,be=e ,i />t writ+ ! dialogue ( a play1 ,i make sure t ,i %all h an absolutely free h& ov] ! entrances & exits3 9 o!r words1 t !re is ample & legitimate reason = ea* "* appe>+ 9 any p>ticul> sc5e1 & ample motive = 8 leav+ x4 ,mr4 ,granville ,b>k] does n put on pap] a detail$ sc5>io4 ,he says3 ,i plan ! g5]al s*eme1 & p>ticul>ly ! balance ( ! play1 9 my head2 b ?is1 ( c\rse1 does n dep5d entirely on entrances & exits4 ,mr4 ,h5ry ,ar?ur ,jones says3 ,i "k ! lead+ sc5es1 & ! g5]al c\rse ( action 9 ea* act1 be=e ,i write a l9e4 ,:5 ,i h got ! :ole /ory cle>1 & divid$ into acts1 ,i v c>efully con/ruct ! fir/ act1 z a s]ies ( sc5es betwe5 su* & su* ( ! *>act]s4 ,:5 ! fir/ act is writt5 ,i c>efully con/ruct ! second act 9 ! same way--& s on4 ,i sometimes draw up tw5ty sc5>ios = an act be=e ,i c get x to g /raight4 ,footnote #b3 ,a fri5d ( ! late ,clyde ,fit* writes to me3 ,fit* 0 (t5 a/oni%$ at ! way 9 :i* 8 *>act]s develop$4 ,he tri$ to make !m d c]ta9 ?+s3 !y did o!rs4 ,footnote #c3 ,?is acc\nt ( ! matt] seems to f9d support 9 a /atem5t1 by ,m4 ,franois de ,curel1 an accompli%$ psy*ologi/1 to ! effect t dur+ ! fir/ few days ( "w at a play he is cle>ly consci\s ( creat+1 b t gradually he gets into ! sk9 ( 8 *>act]s1 & appe>s to "w by in/9ct4 ,no d\bt "s arti/s are actually subject to a sort ( halluc9ation1 dur+ :i* !y seem r to record ?an to inv5t ! do+s ( _! *>act]s4 ,b ?is some:at morbid condition %\ld sc>cely be cultivat$ by ! dramati/1 ^: intellig5ce %\ld always keep a light re9 on 8 m in/9ctive m5tal processes4 ,see ,l',anne ,psy*ologique1 #ahid4 p4 #abj4 ,footnote #d3 ,sir ,ar?ur ,p9]o says3 ,! beg9n+ ( a play to me is a little _w ( p4 ,i live ) !m1 get famili> ) !m1 & !y tell me ! /ory4 ,?is may s\nd n unlike ! rem>k ( ! noveli/ above quot$2 b ! int5tion 0 q diff]5t4 ,sir ,ar?ur simply meant t ! /ory came to him z ! *>act]s took on life 9 8 imag9ation4 ,mr4 ,h4,a4 ,jones writes3 ,:5 y h a "* or sev]al *>act]s y hav5't a play4 ,y may keep ^! 9 y\r m9d & nurse !m till !y comb9e 9 a piece ( action2 b y hav5't got y\r play till y h !me1 *>act]s1 & action all fus$4 ,! process ) me is z purely automatic & spontane\s z dream+2 9 fact x is really dream+ :ile y are awake4 ,footnote #e3 ,"h1 says a well-kn[n playwright1 is a common exp]i5ce4 ,y are /ruck by an idea ) :i* y fall 9 love4 ',ha6' y say4 ',:at a sup]b sc5e :]e ! man %all f9d ! miss+ w "u ! s(a6 ,if t doesn't make !m sit up1 :at w8' ,y beg9 ! play4 ,! fir/ act goes all "r1 & ! second act goes all "r4 ,y come to ! ?ird act1 & someh[ x won't g at all4 ,y battle ) x = weeks 9 va92 & !n x sudd5ly occurs to y1 ',:y1 ,i see :at's wrong6 ,x's t conf\nd$ sc5e :]e ! man f9ds ! w "u ! s(a6 ,out x mu/ come6' ,y cut x out1 & at once all goes smoo? aga94 ,b y h ?r[n ov]bo>d ! great effect t fir/ tempt$ y4 ,footnote #f3 ,! manuscripts ( ,dumas fils are said to conta91 z a rule1 ab\t f\r times z mu* matt] z ! pr9t$ play6 7,p>igot3 ,gnie et ,mti]1 p4 #bdc74 ,?is probably means1 h[ev]1 t he pres]v$ t5tative & ultimately reject$ sc5es1 :i* mo/ playwrights de/roy z !y g along4 ,footnote #g3 ,l[ell po9ts out t ?is ass]tion ( ,hem+e & ,condell m]ely %[s !m to h be5 unfamili> ) ! simple ph5om5on kn[n z a fair copy4 ,footnote #h3 ,s9ce writ+ ?is ,i h le>nt t my conjecture is correct1 at any rate z reg>ds "s ( ,m4 ,h]vieu's plays4 ,footnote #i3 ,see ,*apt]s ,,xiii & ,,xvi4 ,footnote #aj3 ,?is view is express$ ) great emphasis by ,dumas fils 9 ! preface to ,la ,pr9cesse ,georges4 ,y %\ld n beg9 y\r "w1 he says1 until y h y\r conclud+ sc5e1 movem5t & spee* cle> 9 y\r m9d4 ,h[ c y tell :at road y ought to take until y "k :]e y are go+8 ,x is p]haps a m app>5t ?an real contradiction ( ?is rule t1 until ,iris 0 ?ree p>ts f9i%$1 ,sir ,ar?ur ,p9]o int5d$ ! play to end ) ! ?rottl+ ( ,iris by ,maldonado4 ,! actual end is tantam\nt to a murd]1 ?\gh ,iris is n actually kill$4 ,footnote #aa3 ,see ,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,footnote #ab3 ,see ,*apt] ,,xx4 ,footnote #ac3 ,mo/ ( ! dramati/s :om ,i h consult$ are oppos$ to ! pr9ciple ( r\gh+ out ! big sc5es fir/1 & !n imb$d+ !m1 z x 71 9 _! context4 ,sir ,ar?ur ,p9]o goes ! l5g? ( say+3 ,i c nev] g on to page #b until ,i am sure t page #a is z "r z ,i c make x4 ,inde$1 :5 an act is f9i%$1 ,i s5d x at once to ! pr9t]s1 confid5t t ,i %all n h to g back ^u x4 ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,sutro says3 ,i write a play /raight ahead f beg9n+ to end1 tak+ practically z long ov] ! fir/ act z ov] ! la/ ?ree4 ,& ,mr4 ,granville ,b>k]3 ,i always write ! beg9n+ ( a play fir/ & ! end la/3 b z to writ+ '/raight ahead'--x s\nds l :at "o may be able to d 9 ,heav54 ,b almo/ all dramati/s1 ,i take x1 jot d[n brief passages ( dialogue :i* !y may or may n ev5tually "w into ! texture ( _! play4 ,footnote #ad3 ,"o is n surpris$ to le>n t ,s>d\ did 8 /age-managem5t z he w5t along1 & always knew exactly ! position ( 8 *>act]s f mom5t to mom5t4 ,footnote #ae3 ,& aurally1 x may be add$4 ,s>cey comm5ts on ! impossibility ( a sc5e 9 ,zola's ,pot ,b\ille 9 :i* ! s-call$ lov]s1 ,octave ,m\ret & ,blan*e1 ?r[ op5 ! w9d[ ( ! g>ret 9 :i* !y are qu>rell+1 & he> ! s]vants 9 ! c\rty>d outside discuss+ _! intrigue4 ,9 ord] t ! comm5ts ( ! s]vants might rea* ! e>s ( ! audi5ce1 !y _h to be %\t$ 9 a way 7says ,m4 ,s>cey7 t 0 fatal to ! desir$ illusion4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,dramatis ,,p]sonae ,! !me be+ *os51 ! next /ep w probably be to det]m9e :at *>act]s %all be employ$ 9 develop+ x4 ,mo/ playwrights1 ,i take x1 draw up a provisional ,dramatis ,p]sonae be=e beg9n+ ! s]i\s "w ( con/ruction4 ,ibs5 seems always to h done s2 b1 9 "s ( 8 plays1 ! li/ ( p]sons 0 at fir/ consid]ably l>g] ?an x ultimately became4 ,! frugal poet sometimes sav$ up ! *>act]s reject$ f "o play1 & us$ !m 9 ano!r4 ,?us ,boletta & ,hilda ,wangel 7 orig9ally int5d$ to h be5 ! daught]s ( ,rosm] & ,beata2 & ! delightful ,foldal ( ,john ,gabriel ,borkman 0 a "* left ov] f ,! ,lady f ! ,sea4 ,! playwright _c proce$ f> 9 plann+ out 8 "w )\t det]m9+1 r\ghly at any rate1 :at auxili>y *>act]s he means to employ4 ,!re are 9 e play ess5tial *>act]s1 )\t :om ! !me is un?9kable1 & auxili>y *>act]s1 n indisp5sable to ! !me1 b simply conv5i5t = fill+ 9 ! canvas & c>ry+ on ! action4 ,x is n always possible to decide :e!r a "* is ess5tial or auxili>y--x dep5ds ^u h[ we def9e ! !me4 ,9 ,hamlet1 = example1 ,hamlet1 ,claudius1 & ,g]trude are manife/ly ess5tial3 = ! !me is ! hesitancy ( a "y man ( a c]ta9 temp]am5t 9 tak+ v5geance ^u ! s$uc] ( 8 "m & murd]] ( 8 fa!r4 ,b is ,ophelia ess5tial1 or m]ely auxili>y8 ,ess5tial1 if we consid] ,hamlet's pessimi/ic feel+ z to woman & ! bre$+ ( s9n]s a necess>y "p ( 8 "*2 auxili>y1 if we take ! view t )\t ?is feel+ he w\ld /ill h be5 ,hamlet1 & ! action1 to all int5ts & purposes1 ! same4 ,! rema9+ *>act]s1 on ! o!r h&1 are cle>ly auxili>y4 ,?is is true ev5 ( ! ,gho/3 = ,hamlet might h le>nt ( 8 fa!r's murd] 9 fifty o!r ways4 ,polonius1 ,la]tes1 ,horatio1 & ! re/ might all h be5 utt]ly diff]5t1 or might nev] h exi/$ at all1 & yet ! ess5ce ( ! play might h rema9$ intact4 ,x w\ld be p]fectly possible to write a ,hamlet aft] ! mann] ( ,rac9e1 9 :i* !re %\ld be only six p]sonages in/ead ( ,%akespe>e's six-&-tw5ty3 & 9 ?is e/imate ,i assume ,ophelia to be an ess5tial "*4 ,! dramatis p]sonae w\ld be3 ,hamlet1 8 confidant2 ,ophelia1 h] confidant2 & ! ,k+ & ,que51 :o w\ld s]ve z confidants to ea* o!r4 ,inde$1 an economy ( "o p]son might be affect$ by mak+ ! ,que5 7z %e naturally might7 play ! "p ( confidant to ,ophelia4 ,%akespe>e1 to be sure1 did n delib]ately *oose betwe5 8 own me?od & t ( ,rac9e4 ,classic conc5tration 0 :olly unsuit$ to ! physical conditions ( ! ,elizabe?an /age1 on :i* ext]nal movem5t & bu/le 7 imp]atively dem&$4 ,b ! mod]n playwright has a wide latitude ( *oice 9 ?is purely te*nical matt]4 ,he may "w out 8 plot ) ! smalle/ possible numb] ( *>act]s1 or he may introduce a cr[d ( auxili>y p]sonages4 ,! good craftsman w be guid$ by ! nature ( 8 !me4 ,9 a broad social /udy or a picturesque romance1 y may h z _m auxili>y figures z y please4 ,9 a subtle com$y1 or a psy*ological trag$y1 ! ess5tial *>act]s %\ld h ! /age z mu* z possible to !mselves4 ,9 ,becque's ,la ,p>isi5ne !re are only f\r *>act]s & a s]vant2 9 ,ro/&'s ,cyrano de ,b]g]ac !re are fifty-f\r p]sonages nam$ 9 ! playbill1 to say no?+ ( sup]num]>ies4 ,9 ,pe] ,gynt1 a satiric phantasmagory1 ,ibs5 introduces "s fifty individual *>act]s1 ) numb]less sup]num]>ies2 9 ,an ,enemy ( ! ,p1 a social com$y1 he has elev5 *>act]s & a cr[d2 = ,gho/s & ,rosm]%olm1 psy*ological trag$ies1 six p]sons apiece are suffici5t4 ,x c sc>cely be necess>y1 at ?is "t ( day1 to say mu* on ! subject ( nom5clature4 ,"o does occasionally1 9 manuscripts ( a q hopeless type1 f9d ! millionaire's daught] figur+ z ,miss ,aurea ,gold51 & h] poor b sprightly c\s9 z ,miss ,lalage ,gay2 b ! v]ie/ tyro realizes1 z a rule1 t ?is sort ( punn+ *>act]ization w5t out ) ! eighte5? c5tury1 or surviv$ into ! n9ete5? c5tury only z a flagrant ana*ronism1 l knee-bree*es & hair-p[d]4 ,a curi\s essay might be writt5 on ! reasons :y su* names z ,sir ,john ,brute1 ,sir ,tunbelly ,clumsy1 ,sir ,pet] ,teazle1 ,sir ,an?ony ,absolute1 ,sir ,lucius ,o',trigg]1 ,"l ,fopp+ton1 ,"l ,rake1 ,colonel ,bully1 ,lovewell1 ,he>tfree1 ,gripe1 ,%>k & ! re/ 7 reg>d$ z a matt] ( c\rse 9 ! com$y ( mann]s1 b h become (f5sive to-day1 except 9 delib]ate imitations ( ! eighte5?-c5tury /yle4 ,! explanation does n lie m]ely 9 ! contra/ betwe5 conv5tional com$y & reali/ic drama4 ,our =efa!rs 7:atev] ,lamb may say7 did n consci\sly place _! com$y 9 a realm ( conv5tion1 b g5]ally consid]$ !mselves1 & sometimes 71 reali/s4 ,! fa%ion ( label-names1 if we may call !m s1 came d[n f ! ,elizabe?ans1 :o1 aga91 borr[$ x f ! ,m$iaeval ,moralities4#a ,%akespe>e himself gave u ,ma/] ,sl5d] & ,ju/ice ,%all[2 b x 0 9 ! ,jonsonian com$y ( types t ! practice ( adv]tis+ a hum\r or passion 9 a "n 7,engli% or ,italian7 e/abli%$ itself mo/ firmly4 ,h5ce su* /range appellatives z ,sir ,epicure ,mammon1 ,sir ,amor\s ,la ,foole1 ,morose1 ,wellbr$1 ,d[nright1 ,fa/idius ,brisk1 ,volpone1 ,corbaccio1 ,sordido1 & ,fallace4 ,aft] ! ,re/oration1 ,jonson1 ,beaumont & ,flet*]1 & ,mass+] 71 = a "t1 m popul> ?an ,%akespe>e2 s t ! label-names seem$ to h ! sanction ( ! giants t 7 be=e ! ,flood4 ,ev5 :5 com$y began to deal ) individuals r ?an m]e inc>nations ( a s+le hum\r1 ! practice ( giv+ !m obvi\s pseudonyms held its gr\nd4 ,probably x 0 re9=c$ by ! analog\s practice :i* obta9$ 9 j\rnalism1 9 :i* real p]sons 7 con/antly allud$ to 7& libell$7 "u fictiti\s designations1 m or less transp>5t to ! initiat$4 ,?us a label-"n did n c>ry ) x a s5se ( unreality1 b r1 p]haps1 a vague sugge/ion ( cov]t ref]5ce to a real p]son4 ,i mu/ n "h attempt to trace ! /ages by :i* ! fa%ion w5t out4 ,x c\ld d\btless be %[n t ! process ( *ange ran p>allel to ! %r9kage ( ! apron & ! trans=mation ( ! plat=m-/age into ! picture-/age4 ,t trans=mation 0 complet$ ab\t ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury2 & x 0 ab\t t "t t label-names made _! late/ appe>ances 9 works ( any arti/ic pret5sion--witness ! ,lady ,gay ,spank] ( ,london ,assurance1 & ! ,capta9 ,dudley 7or ,deadly7 ,smoo? ( ,money4 ,fa9t traces ( ! practice survive 9 ,t4,w4 ,rob]tson1 z 9 8 ma/]1 ,?ack]ay4 ,b x 0 9 8 e>lie/ play ( any note t he call$ a j\rnali/ ,/ylus4 ,9 8 lat] com$ies ! names are admirably *os53 !y are *>act]i/ic )\t ecc5tricity or punn+4 ,"o feels t ,eccles 9 ,ca/e c\ld n possibly h borne any o!r "n4 ,h[ mu* less liv+ w\ld he be _h he be5 call$ ,mr4 ,soak] or ,mr4 ,tosspot6 ,*>act]i/ic )\t ecc5tricity--t is :at a "n ought to be4 ,z ! *>act]i/ic quality dep5ds ^u a hundr$ indef9able1 subconsci\s associations1 x is cle>ly impossible to sugge/ any pr9ciple ( *oice4 ,! only g5]al rule t c be laid d[n is t ! key ( ! nom5clature1 s to speak1 may rightly v>y ) ! key ( ! play--t f>cical names are1 )9 limits1 admissible 9 f>ce1 ecc5tric names 9 ecc5tric com$y1 :ile sob]ly appropriate names are alone 9 place 9 s]i\s plays4 ,"s dramati/s are habitually happy 9 _! nom5clature1 o!rs mu* less s4 ,ibs5 w\ld (t5 *ange a "n ?ree or f\r times 9 ! c\rse ( writ+ a play1 until at la/ he arriv$ at "o :i* seem$ absolutely to fit ! "*2 b ! appropriat5ess ( 8 names is naturally lo/ ^u =eign audi5ces4 ,"o ^w may p]haps be said on ! rec5t fa%ion--n to say fad--( suppress+ 9 ! pr9t$ play ! traditional li/ ( ,dramatis ,p]sonae4 ,bjrnson1 9 "s ( 8 lat] plays1 01 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 ! fir/ ( ! mod]ns to adopt ?is plan4 ,i d n "k :e!r 8 example has influ5c$ c]ta9 ,engli% playwrights1 or :e!r !y arriv$ indep5d5tly at ! same au/]e pr9ciple1 by %e] =ce ( individual g5ius4 ,! matt] is a trifl+ "o--s trifl+ t ! dep>ture f e/abli%$ practice has some?+ ( ! air ( a p$antry4 ,x is n1 on ! :ole1 to be approv$4 ,x adds p]ceptibly to ! difficulty :i* "s read]s exp]i5ce 9 pick+ up ! ?reads ( a play2 & x deprives o!r read]s ( a real & appreciable pleasure ( anticipation4 ,!re is a peculi> & n irrational *>m 9 look+ d[n a li/ ( q unkn[n names1 & ?9k+3 ,9 ! c\rse ( ?ree h\rs1 ,i %all "k ^! p3 ,i %all h read _! he>ts3 ,i %all h liv$ ) !m ?r\gh a great crisis 9 _! lives3 "s ( !m may be my fri5ds = ev]4 ,x is "o ( ! glories & privileges ( ! dramati/'s call+ t he c ar\se 9 u ?is eag] & poignant expectation2 & ,i _c comm5d 8 wisdom 9 delib]ately tak+ ! edge (f x1 & mak+ u feel z ?\gh we 7 n sitt+ d[n to a play1 b to a sort ( conv]sational novel4 ,a li/ ( *>act]s1 x is true1 may also affect "o ) acute anticipations ( bor$om2 b ,i h nev] yet f\nd a play less t$i\s by reason ( ! suppression ( ! ,dramatis ,p]sonae4 99 99 99 99 99 ,footnote #a3 ,p>tially1 too1 !y 7 "u ! influ5ce ( antiquity2 b ! anci5ts 7 v discreet 9 _! use ( significant names4 ,only 9 satyr-plays1 9 ! comic epics1 & = a few extravagant *>act]s 9 com$y 7su* z ! boa/ful soldi]7 7 grotesque appellations employ$4 ,= ! re/1 ! ,greek habit ( nom5clature made x possible to use significant names :i* 7 at ! same "t probable en\gh 9 daily life4 ,= example1 a slave might be call$ ,onesimus1 useful1 or a soldi] ,polemon1 to imply 8 w>like function2 b bo? names w\ld be famili> to ! audi5ce 9 actual use4 ,,book ,,ii ,,! ,,beg9n+ ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,po9t ,,( ,,attack3 ,,%akespe>e ,,& ,,ibs5 ,?\gh1 z we h already not$1 ! writ+ ( plays does n always foll[ ! *ronological sequ5ce ( ev5ts1 9 discuss+ ! process ( _! evolution we are b\nd to assume t ! playwright beg9s at ! beg9n+1 & proce$s 9 ord]ly fa%ion1 by way ( ! middle1 to ! end4 ,x 0 "o ( ,ari/otle's requirem5ts t a play %\ld h a beg9n+1 middle & end2 & ?\gh x may seem t x sc>cely ne$$ an ,ari/otle to lay d[n s self-evid5t a proposition1 ! fact is t playwrights are m ?an suffici5tly apt to ignore or despise ! rule4#a ,especially is !re a t5d5cy to rebel aga9/ ! requirem5t t a play %\ld h an end4 ,we h se5 a good _m plays ( late :i* d n end1 b simply leave (f3 at _! head we might p]haps place ,ibs5's ,gho/s4 ,b let u n anticipate4 ,= ! mom5t1 :at we h to inquire is :]e1 & h[1 a play ought to beg94 ,9 life !re are no su* ?+s z beg9n+s4 ,ev5 a man's bir? is a q arbitr>y po9t at :i* to laun* 8 biography2 = ! det]m9+ factors 9 8 c>e] are to be f\nd 9 p]sons1 ev5ts1 & conditions t exi/$ be=e he 0 ev] ?\ght (4 ,= ! biograph]1 h[ev]1 & = ! noveli/ z a writ] ( fictiti\s biography1 bir? =ms a good conv5tional />t+-po9t4 ,he c give a *apt] or s to ,ance/ry1 & !n relate ! adv5tures ( 8 h]o f ! cradle onw>ds4 ,b ! dramati/1 z we h se51 deals1 n ) protract$ sequ5ces ( ev5ts1 b ) %ort1 %>p crises4 ,! "q = him1 !re=e1 is3 at :at mom5t ( ! crisis1 or ( its antec$5ts1 he _h bett] r+ up 8 curta98 ,at ?is po9t he is l ! photograph] /udy+ 8 f9d] 9 ord] to det]m9e h[ mu* ( a giv5 prospect he c get 94 ,! answ] to ! "q dep5ds on _m ?+s1 b *iefly on ! nature ( ! crisis & ! nature ( ! impression :i* ! playwright desires to make ^u 8 audi5ce4 ,if 8 play be a com$y1 & if 8 object be g5tly & quietly to int]e/ & ent]ta91 ! *ances are t he beg9s by %[+ u 8 p]sonages 9 _! normal /ate1 concisely indicates _! *>act]s1 circum/ances & relations1 & !n lets ! crisis develop f ! outset be=e our eyes4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 8 play be ( a m /irr+ description1 & he wants to seize ! spectator's att5tion firmly f ! />t1 he w probably g /raight at 8 crisis1 plung+1 p]haps1 into ! v middle ( x1 ev5 at ! co/ ( hav+ aft]w>ds to g back 9 ord] to put ! audi5ce 9 possession ( ! antec$5t circum/ances4 ,9 a ?ird type ( play1 common ( late ye>s1 & especially affect$ by ,ibs51 ! curta9 rises on a surface aspect ( pr(\nd peace1 :i* is pres5tly f\nd to be b a ?9 cru/ ov] an absolutely volcanic condition ( affairs1 ! orig9 ( :i* has to be trac$ backw>ds1 x may be = _m ye>s4 ,let u glance at a few ( ,%akespe>e's op5+s1 & consid] at :at po9ts he attacks 8 v>i\s !mes4 ,( 8 com$ies1 all except "o beg9 ) a simple conv]sation1 %[+ a /ate ( affairs f :i* ! crisis develops ) m or less rapidity1 b 9 :i* x is z yet imp]ceptibly lat5t4 ,9 no case does he plunge into ! middle ( 8 subject1 leav+ its antec$5ts to be /at$ 9 :at is te*nically call$ an exposition4 ,nei!r 9 trag$y nor 9 com$y1 inde$1 0 ?is ,%akespe>e's me?od4 ,9 8 hi/orical plays he reli$ to "s ext5t on 8 he>]s' k ( hi/ory1 :e!r ga!r$ f books or f previ\s plays ( ! hi/orical s]ies2 & :]e su* k 0 n to be look$ =1 he w\ld exp\nd ! situation 9 good set t]ms1 l ^? ( a ,euripidean ,prologue4 ,b ! *ronicle-play is a species ap>t1 & practically an ext9ct species3 we ne$ n pause to /udy its me?ods4 ,9 8 fictiti\s plays1 ) two notable exceptions1 x 0 ,%akespe>e's con/ant practice to br+ ! :ole action )9 ! frame ( ! picture1 op5+ at su* a po9t t no retrospect %\ld be necess>y1 beyond :at c\ld be convey$ 9 a few casual words4 ,! exceptions are ,! ,tempe/ & ,hamlet1 to :i* we %all return 9 due c\rse4 ,h[ does ,! ,m]*ant ( ,v5ice op58 ,) a long conv]sation exhibit+ ! "* ( ,antonio1 ! fri5d%ip betwe5 him & ,bassanio1 ! latt]'s f9ancial /raits1 & 8 purpose ( woo+ ,portia4 ,! second sc5e displays ! "* ( ,portia1 & in=ms u ( h] fa!r's device ) reg>d to h] m>riage2 b ?is in=mation is convey$ 9 ?ree or f\r l9es4 ,n till ! ?ird sc5e d we see or he> ( ,%ylock1 & n until v ne> ! end ( ! act is !re any =e%ad[+ ( :at is to be ! ma9 crisis ( ! play4 ,n a s+le antec$5t ev5t has to be n>rat$ to u2 = ! m]e fact t ,antonio has be5 uncivil to ,%ylock1 & %[n disapproval ( 8 bus9ess me?ods1 c sc>cely be reg>d$ z a prelim9>y outside ! frame ( ! picture4 ,9 ,z ,y ,l ,x !re are no prelim9>ies to be /at$ beyond ! facts t ,orl&o is at enmity ) 8 eld] bro!r1 & t ,duke ,fr$]ick has usurp$ ! coronet & duk$om ( ,rosal9d's fa!r4 ,^! facts be+ made app>5t )\t any sort ( =mal exposition1 ! crisis ( ! play rapidly ann\nces itself 9 ! wre/l+-mat* & its sequels4 ,9 ,mu* ,ado ,ab\t ,no?+ !re is ev5 less ( antec$5t circum/ance to be imp>t$4 ,we le>n 9 ! fir/ sc5e1 inde$1 t ,beatrice & ,b5$ick h already met & cross$ swords2 b ?is is n 9 ! lea/ ess5tial to ! action2 ! play might h be5 to all int5ts & purposes ! same _h !y nev] he>d ( ea* o!r until aft] ! rise ( ! curta94 ,9 ,twelf? ,night !re is a semblance ( a retrospective exposition 9 ! sc5e betwe5 ,viola & ! ,capta92 b x is ( ! simple/ nature1 & conveys no in=mation beyond :at1 at a lat] p]iod1 w\ld h be5 imp>t$ on ! playbill1 ?us-- ,ors9o1 ,duke ( ,illyria1 9 love ) ,olivia4 ,olivia1 an heiress1 9 m\rn+ = h] bro!r1 & s =?4 ,9 ,! ,tam+ ( ! ,%rew !re are no antec$5ts :atev] to be /at$4 ,x is true t ,luc5tio1 9 ! op5+ spee*1 is good en\gh to in=m ,tranio :o he is & :at he is do+ !re--facts ) :i* ,tranio is already p]fectly acqua9t$4 ,b ?is 0 m]ely a conv5tional op5+1 excus$ by ! fa%ion ( ! "t2 x 0 9 no s5se a necess>y exposition4 ,= ! re/1 ! crisis ( ! play--! battle betwe5 ,ka!r9e & ,petru*io--beg9s1 develops1 & ends be=e our v eyes4 ,9 ,! ,w9t]'s ,tale1 a brief conv]sation betwe5 ,camillo & ,ar*idamus in=ms u t ! ,k+ ( ,bohemia is pay+ a visit to ! ,k+ ( ,sicilia2 & t is absolutely all we ne$ to "k4 ,x 0 n ev5 necess>y t x %\ld be convey$ to u 9 ?is way4 ,! situation w\ld be entirely compreh5sible if ! sc5e betwe5 ,camillo & ,ar*idamus 7 omitt$4 ,x is ne$less to g ?r\gh ! :ole li/ ( com$ies4 ,! broad fact is t 9 all ! plays commonly s describ$1 except+ only ,! ,tempe/1 ! :ole action comes )9 ! frame ( ! picture4 ,9 ,! ,tempe/ ! poet employs a =m ( op5+ :i* o!rwise he res]ves = trag$ies4 ,! fir/ sc5e is simply an animat$ tableau1 calculat$ to arre/ ! spectator's att5tion1 )\t convey+ to him any k ei!r ( situation or "*4 ,su* gleams ( "* z d1 9 fact1 appe> 9 ! dialogue1 are sc>cely p]ceiv$ 9 ! hurly-burly ( ! /orm4 ,!n1 9 ! calm :i* ensues1 ,prosp]o exp\nds to ,mir&a 9 great detail ! antec$5ts ( ! crisis n[ develop+4 ,x might almo/ seem1 inde$1 t ! poet1 9 ?is1 8 poetic la/-w-&-te/am5t1 int5d$ to w>n 8 successors aga9/ ! dang]s ( a long n>rative exposition2 = ,prosp]o's /ory s5ds ,mir&a to sleep4 ,be ?is z x may1 we h "h a case 9 :i* ,%akespe>e delib]ately adopt$ ! plan ( plac+ on ! /age1 n ! :ole crisis1 b only its culm9ation1 leav+ its e>li] /ages to be convey$ 9 n>rative4#b ,x w\ld h be5 v easy = him to h begun at ! beg9n+ & %[n u 9 action ! ev5ts n>rat$ by ,prosp]o4 ,?is c\rse w\ld h involv$ no great] leap1 ei!r 9 "t or space1 ?an he _h p]petrat$ 9 ! almo/ contempor>y ,w9t]'s ,tale2 & x _c be said t !re w\ld h be5 any difficulty 9 compress+ into ?ree acts1 or ev5 two1 ! ess5tials ( ! action ( ! play z we "k x4 ,8 reasons = dep>t+ f 8 usual practice 7 probably connect$ ) ! p>ticul> occasion = :i* ! play 0 writt54 ,he want$ to produce a masque r ?an a drama4 ,we mu/ n1 !re=e1 atta* too mu* significance to ! fact t 9 almo/ ! only play 9 :i* ,%akespe>e seems to h built entirely out ( 8 own head1 ) no previ\s play or novel to influ5ce him1 he adopt$ ! plan ( go+ /raight to ! cata/rophe1 9 :i* he _h be5 anticipat$ by ,sophocles 7,o$ipus ,rex71 & 0 to be foll[$ by ,ibs5 7,gho/s1 ,rosm]%olm1 etc474 ,com+ n[ to ! five great trag$ies1 we f9d t 9 f\r ( !m ,%akespe>e began1 z 9 ,! ,tempe/1 ) a picturesque & /irr+ episode calculat$ to arre/ ! spectator's att5tion & awak5 8 int]e/1 :ile convey+ to him little or no in=mation4 ,! op5+ sc5e ( ,romeo & ,juliet is simply a brawl1 br++ home to u vividly ! family feud :i* is ! root ( ! trag$y1 b in=m+ u ( no?+ beyond ! fact t su* a feud exi/s4 ,?is is1 inde$1 absolutely all t we require to "k4 ,!re is n a s+le prelim9>y circum/ance1 outside ! limits ( ! play1 t has to be expla9$ to u4 ,! :ole trag$y g]m9ates & culm9ates )9 :at ! prologue calls ! two h\rs' traffick ( ! /age4 ,! op5+ colloquy ( ! ,wit*es 9 ,macbe?1 /rikes ! e]ie keynote1 b does no?+ m4 ,!n1 9 ! second sc5e1 we le>n t !re has be5 a great battle & t a nobleman nam$ ,macbe? has won a victory :i* cov]s him ) laurels4 ,?is c 9 no s5se be call$ an exposition4 ,x is ! acc\nt ( a s+le ev5t1 n ( a sequ5ce2 & t ev5t is contempor>y1 n antec$5t4 ,9 ! ?ird sc5e1 ! meet+ ( ,macbe? & ,banquo ) ! ,wit*es1 we h :at may be call$ an exposition rev]s$2 n a n>rative ( ! pa/1 b a =e%ad[+ ( ! future4 ,"h we t\* on "o ( ! subtle/ ( ! playwright's problems--! art ( ar\s+ anticipation 9 j ! "r measure4 ,b t is n ! matt] at pres5t 9 h&4#c ,9 ! op5+ sc5e ( ,o!llo x is true t "s talk passes betwe5 ,iago & ,rod]igo be=e !y raise ! al>m & awak5 ,brabantio2 b x is c>efully non-expository talk2 x exp\nds no?+ b ,iago's "*4 ,f> f be+ a real exception to ! rule t ,%akespe>e lik$ to op5 8 trag$ies ) a v crisply dramatic episode1 ,o!llo may r be call$ its mo/ conspicu\s example4 ,! r\s+ ( ,brabantio is imm$iately foll[$ by ! enc\nt] betwe5 8 m5 & ,o!llo's1 :i* s f9ely br+s out ! l(ty "* ( ! ,moor2 & only 9 ! ?ird sc5e1 t ( ! ,doge's ,c\ncil1 d we pass f %\ts & swords to quiet discussion &1 9 a s5se1 exposition4 ,o!llo's great spee*1 :ile a vital portion ( ! drama1 is 9 s f> an exposition t x ref]s to ev5ts :i* d n come absolutely )9 ! frame ( ! picture4 ,b !y are v rec5t1 v simple1 ev5ts4 ,if ,o!llo's spee* 7 omitt$1 or cut d[n to half a doz5 l9es1 we %\ld "k mu* less ( 8 "* & ,desdemona's1 b ! m]e action ( ! play w\ld rema9 p]fectly compreh5sible4 ,k+ ,le> necess>ily op5s ) a great act ( /ate1 ! p>tition ( ! k+dom4 ,a few words betwe5 ,k5t & ,gl\ce/] %[ u :at is afoot1 & !n1 at "o plunge1 we are 9 ! ?ick ( ! drama4 ,!re 0 no opportunity "h = "o ( ^? picturesque tableaux1 excit+ r ?an in=mative1 :i* initiate ! o!r trag$ies4 ,x w\ld h _h to be artificially dragg$ 92 & x 0 ! less necess>y1 z ! p>tition sc5e took on1 9 a v few l9es1 j t arre/+1 /imulat+ quality :i* ! poet seems to h desir$ 9 ! op5+ ( a play ( ?is class4 ,f9ally1 :5 we turn to ,hamlet1 we f9d a consummate example ( ! crisply-t\*$ op5+ tableau1 mak+ a n]v\s r ?an an intellectual appeal1 in=m+ u ( no?+1 b excit+ a vivid1 ?\gh q vague1 anticipation4 ,! sil5t transit ( ! ,gho/1 desir+ to speak1 yet tongue-ti$1 is c]ta9ly "o ( ,%akespe>e's unrivall$ ma/]pieces ( dramatic craftsman%ip4 ,"o c\ld pretty safely wag] t if ! ,ur-,hamlet1 on :i* ,%akespe>e work$1 7 to come to light to-morr[1 ?is p>ticul> trait w\ld n be f\nd 9 x4 ,b1 oddly en\gh1 into ! middle ( ?is admirable op5+ tableau1 ,%akespe>e ins]ts a =mal exposition1 introduc$ 9 ! mo/ conv5tional way4 ,m>cellus1 = "s unexpla9$ reason1 is ignorant ( :at is evid5tly common k z to ! affairs ( ! realm1 & asks to be in=m$2 :]eupon ,horatio1 9 a spee* ( "s tw5ty-five l9es1 sets =? ! pa/ relations betwe5 ,norway & ,d5m>k1 & prep>es u = ! appe>ance ( ,=t9bras 9 ! f\r? act4 ,9 mod]n /age v]sions all ?is falls away1 & nobody :o has n /udi$ ! pr9t$ text is consci\s ( its abs5ce4 ,! comm5tators1 inde$1 h prov$ t ,=t9bras is an imm5sely valuable elem5t 9 ! moral s*eme ( ! play2 b f ! po9t ( view ( pure drama1 !re is n ! slighte/ necessity = ?is ,norwegian-,dani% embroilm5t or its consequ5ces4#d ,! real exposition--= ,hamlet diff]s f ! o!r trag$ies 9 requir+ an exposition--comes 9 ! great spee* ( ! ,gho/ 9 ,sc5e ,v4 ,! contra/ betwe5 ?is spee* & ,horatio's lecture 9 ! fir/ sc5e1 exemplifies ! diff]5ce betwe5 a dramatiz$ & an undramatiz$ exposition4 ,! crisis1 z we n[ le>n1 began mon?s or ye>s be=e ! rise ( ! curta94 ,x began :5 ,claudius inveigl$ ! affections ( ,g]trude2 & x w\ld h be5 possible = ! poet to h />t$ f ?is po9t1 & %[n u 9 action all t he 9 fact conveys to u by way ( n>ration4 ,8 reason = *oos+ ! latt] c\rse is abundantly obvi\s4#e ,hamlet ! ,y\ng] 0 to be ! protagoni/3 ! int]e/ ( ! play 0 to c5tre 9 8 m5tal processes4 ,to h awak5$ our int]e/ 9 ,hamlet ! ,eld] w\ld1 !re=e1 h be5 a sup]fluity & an irrelevance4 ,moreov] 7to say no?+ ( ! fact t ! ,gho/ 0 d\btless a popul> figure 9 ! old play1 & dem&$ by ! public7 x 0 highly desirable t ,hamlet's k ( ! usurp]'s crime %\ld come to him f a sup]natural witness1 :o c\ld n be cross-que/ion$ or call$ ^u to give mat]ial pro(4 ,?is 0 ! readie/ z well z ! mo/ picturesque me?od ( begett+ 9 him t condition ( d\bt1 real or affect$1 :i* 0 necess>y to acc\nt = 8 behavi\r4 ,b to h %[n u 9 action ! matt] ( ! ,gho/'s revelation w\ld h be5 hopelessly to ru9 its effect4 ,a repetition 9 n>rative ( matt]s already se5 9 action is ! grosse/ ( te*nical blund]s4#f ,hamlet s5ior1 9 o!r words1 be+ indisp5sable 9 ! _s1 0 sup]flu\s 9 ! fle%4 ,b !re 0 ano!r & equally cog5t reason = beg9n+ ! play aft] ! commission ( ! initial crime or crimes4 ,to h done o!rwise w\ld h be5 to disc\nt1 n only ! ,gho/1 b ! play-sc5e4 ,by a piece ( consummate +5uity1 :i* may1 ( c\rse1 h be5 conceiv$ by ! e>li] playwright1 ! initial incid5ts ( ! /ory are 9 fact pres5t$ to u1 9 ! guise ( a play )9 ! play1 & z a means to ! a*ievem5t ( "o ( ! greate/ dramatic effects 9 all lit]ature4 ,! mom5t ! idea ( ! play-sc5e pres5t$ itself to ! au?or's m9d1 x became absolutely un?9kable t he %\ld1 to put x vulg>ly1 que] ! pit* = ! ,play]s by %[+ u ! real facts ( :i* _! p]=mance 0 to be ! c\nt]feit pres5tm5t4 ,! dramatic effect ( ! incid5ts 0 incalculably height5$ :5 !y 7 pres5t$1 z 9 a look+-glass1 be=e ! guilty pair1 ) ! eye ( ! av5g] bor+ into _! s\ls4 ,& h we n "h1 p]haps1 a clue to "o ( ! mo/ frequ5t & ess5tial mean+s ( ! ^w dramatic8 ,may we n say t ! dramatic quality ( an incid5t is proportionate to ! v>iety#g & int5sity ( ! emotions involv$ 9 x8 ,all ?is may appe> too obvi\s to be wor? sett+ =? at su* l5g?4 ,v likely x nev] occurr$ to ,%akespe>e t x 0 possible to op5 ! play at an e>li] po9t2 s t he c h>dly be said to h ex]cis$ a delib]ate *oice 9 ! matt]4 ,nev]!less1 ! v obvi\sness ( ! consid]ations involv$ makes ?is a good example ( ! importance ( discov]+ j ! "r po9t at :i* to raise ! curta94 ,9 ! case ( ,! ,tempe/1 ,%akespe>e plung$ into ! middle ( ! crisis because 8 object 0 to produce a philosophico-dramatic ent]ta9m5t r ?an a play 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w4 ,he want$ room = ! en*antm5ts ( ,ariel1 ! bruti%nesses ( ,caliban1 ! hum\rs ( ,/ephano & ,tr9culo--all elem5ts extr9sic to ! actual /ory4 ,b 9 ,hamlet he adopt$ a simil> c\rse = purely dramatic reasons--9 ord] to conc5trate 8 effects & pres5t ! dramatic elem5ts ( 8 !me at _! highe/ pot5cy4 ,9 sum1 !n1 x 0 ,%akespe>e's usual practice1 hi/ories ap>t1 to br+ ! :ole action ( 8 plays )9 ! frame ( ! picture1 leav+ little or no?+ to n>rative exposition4 ,! two notable exceptions to ?is rule are ^? we h j exam9$--,hamlet & ,! ,tempe/4 ,fur!rmore1 he usually op5$ 8 com$ies ) quiet conv]sational passages1 pres5t+ ! antec$5ts ( ! crisis ) great delib]ation4 ,9 8 trag$ies1 on ! o!r h&1 he 0 apt to lead (f ) a crisp1 some:at />tl+ passage ( m or less vehem5t action1 appeal+ r to ! n]ves ?an to ! intellig5ce--su* a passage z ,gu/av ,freytag1 9 8 ,te*nik des ,dramas1 happily entitles an e9leit5de ,akkord1 an introductory *ord4 ,x may be add$ t ?is rule holds good bo? = ,coriolanus & = ,julius ,caes>1 9 :i* ! keynote is briskly /ruck 9 highly animat$ sc5es ( commotion among ! ,roman populace4 ,let u n[ look at ! practice ( ,ibs51 :i* (f]s a %>p contra/ to t ( ,%akespe>e4 ,to put x briefly1 ! plays 9 :i* ,ibs5 gets 8 :ole action )9 ! frame ( ! picture are z exceptional z ^? 9 :i* ,%akespe>e does n d s4 ,ibs5's practice 9 ?is matt] has be5 comp>$ ) t ( ! ,greek dramati/s1 :o also 7 apt to attack _! crisis 9 ! middle1 or ev5 t[>ds ! end1 r ?an at ! beg9n+4 ,x mu/ n be =gott51 h[ev]1 t !re is "o great diff]5ce betwe5 8 position & !irs4 ,!y c\ld almo/ always rely ^u a g5]al k1 on ! "p ( ! audi5ce1 ( ! !me ) :i* !y 7 deal+4 ,! purpose ev5 ( ! ,euripidean prologue is n s mu* to /ate unkn[n facts1 z to recall facts vaguely rememb]$1 to /ate ! p>ticul> v]sion ( a leg5d :i* ! poet proposes to adopt1 & to def9e ! po9t 9 ! developm5t ( ! leg5d at :i* he is ab\t to set 8 figures 9 motion4 ,ibs51 on ! o!r h&1 drew ^u no /oreh\se ( tradition4 ,he _h to convey to 8 audi5ce ev]y?+ t he want$ !m to "k2 & ?is 0 (t5 a long & complex s]ies ( facts4 ,! e>lie/ play 9 :i* ,ibs5 c be said to %[ maturity ( craftsman%ip is ,! ,vik+s at ,helgel&4 ,x is curi\s to note t bo? 9 ,! ,vik+s & 9 ,! ,pret5d]s1 two plays :i* are 9 "s measure comp>able ) ,%akespe>ean trag$ies1 he op5s ) a firmly-t\*$ e9leit5de ,akkord4 ,9 ,! ,vik+s1 ,ornulf & 8 sons enc\nt] & fight ) ,sigurd & 8 m51 v mu* aft] ! fa%ion ( ! ,montagues & ,capulets 9 ,romeo & ,juliet4 ,9 ,! ,pret5d]s ! rival factions ( ,haakon & ,skule /& outside ! ca!dral ( ,b]g51 int5tly await+ ! result ( ! ordeal :i* is proce$+ )92 & ?\gh !y d n !re & !n come to bl[s1 ! air is electrical ) _! conflict+ ambitions & passions4 ,8 mod]n plays1 on ! o!r h&1 ,ibs5 op5s quietly en\gh1 ?\gh usually ) "s m or less arre/+ little incid5t1 calculat$ to ar\se imm$iate curiosity4 ,"o may cite z *>act]i/ic examples ! hurri$ colloquy betwe5 ,eng/r& & ,reg9a 9 ,gho/s2 ,rebecca & ,madam ,helse? 9 ,rosm]%olm1 wat*+ to see :e!r ,rosm] w cross ! mill-race2 & 9 ,! ,ma/] ,build]1 old ,brovik's qu]ul\s outbur/1 imm$iately foll[$ by ! entrance ( ,solness & 8 my/]i\s behavi\r t[>ds ,kaia4 ,! op5+ ( ,h$da ,gabl]1 ) its long conv]sation betwe5 ,miss ,tesman & ! s]vant ,b]?a1 comes z ne> z ,ibs5 ev] did to ! conv5tional exposition ( ! ,fr5* /age1 conduct$ by a footman & a p>l\r-maid engag$ 9 du/+ ! furniture4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re nev] 0 a m ma/]ly op5+1 9 its %e] simplicity1 ?an ,nora's entrance 9 ,a ,doll's ,h\se1 & ! little sil5t sc5e t prec$es ! appe>ance ( ,helm]4 ,reg>d+ ,! ,vik+s z ,ibs5's fir/ mature production1 & survey+ ! :ole s]ies ( 8 subsequ5t works 9 :i* he _h /age pres5tation directly 9 view1#h we f9d t 9 only two out ( ! fifte5 plays does ! :ole action come )9 ! frame ( ! picture4 ,^! two are ,! ,league ( ,y\? & ,an ,enemy ( ! ,p4 ,9 nei!r ( ^! h any antec$5ts to be /at$2 nei!r turns ^u any disclosure ( bygone ev5ts or emotions4 ,we are1 inde$1 af=d$ brief glimpses into ! pa/ bo? ( ,/5sga>d & ( ,/ockmann2 b ! glimpses are incid5tal & iness5tial4 ,x is c]ta9ly no m]e co9cid5ce t if "o 7 ask$ to pick out ! pieces ( ?9ne/ texture 9 all ,ibs5's mature "w1 "o w\ld c]ta9ly select ^! two plays4 ,f> be x f me to disp>age ,an ,enemy ( ! ,p2 z a "w ( art x is incomp>ably great] ?an su* a piece z ,pill>s ( ,society2 b x is n s ri*ly wov51 n1 z x 71 s deep 9 pile4 ,writt5 9 half ! "t ,ibs5 usually devot$ to a play1 x is an outbur/ ( humor\s indignation1 a jeu d'esprit1 "o might almo/ say1 ?\gh ! jeu ( a giant esprit4 ,obs]v+ ! effect ( comp>ative t5uity 9 ^! two plays1 we _c b surmise t ! secret ( ! dep? & ri*ness ( texture s *>act]i/ic ( ,ibs5's "w1 lay 9 8 art ( closely int]weav+ a drama ( ! pres5t ) a drama ( ! pa/4 ,an ,enemy ( ! ,p is a /raight=w>d1 spirit$ melody2 ,! ,wild ,duck & ,rosm]%olm are subtly & intricately h>moniz$4 ,go+ a little m into detail1 we f9d 9 ,ibs5's "w an extraord9>y progress 9 ! art ( s unfold+ ! drama ( ! pa/ z to make ! gradual revelation no m]e preface or prologue to ! drama ( ! pres5t1 b an integral "p ( its action4 ,x is true t 9 ,! ,vik+s he already %[$ himself a ma/] 9 ?is art4 ,! great revelation--! disclosure ( ! fact t ,sigurd1 n ,gunn>1 did ! de$ ( pr[ess :i* ,hirdis dem&$ ( ! man :o %\ld be h] mate--?is crucial revelation is br\ght ab\t 9 a sc5e ( ! utmo/ dramatic int5sity4 ,! :ole drama ( ! pa/1 inde$--bo? its facts & its emotions--may be said to be dragg$ to light 9 ! v /ress & pressure ( ! drama ( ! pres5t4 ,n a s+le detail ( x is n>rat$ 9 cold blood1 z1 = example1 ,prosp]o relates to ,mir&a ! /ory ( _! m>oon+1 or ,horatio exp\nds ! ,norwegian-,dani% political situation4 ,i am n hold+ up ,! ,vik+s z a great ma/]piece2 x has _m weaknesses bo? ( sub/ance & ( me?od2 b 9 ?is p>ticul> art ( indi/+ui%ably bl5d+ ! drama ( ! pres5t ) ! drama ( ! pa/1 x is already consummate4 ,! ,pret5d]s sc>cely comes into ! comp>ison4 ,x is ,ibs5's "o *ronicle-play2 &1 l ,%akespe>e1 he did n %r9k f employ+ a good deal ( n>rative1 ?\gh 8 n>ratives1 x mu/ be said1 are always introduc$ "u su* circum/ances z to make !m a vital "p ( ! drama4 ,x is :5 we come to ! mod]n plays t we f9d ! poet fall+ back ^u conv5tional & some:at clumsy me?ods ( exposition1 :i* he only by degrees1 ?\gh by rapid degrees1 unle>ns4 ,! ,league ( ,y\?1 z we h se51 requires no exposition4 ,all we h to le>n is ! exi/+ relations ( ! *>act]s1 :i* appe> q naturally z ! action proce$s4 ,b let u look at ,pill>s ( ,society4 ,"h we h to be plac$ 9 possession ( a :ole antec$5t drama3 ! intrigue ( ,k>/5 ,b]nick ) ,d9a ,dorf's "m1 ! ?reat5$ sc&al1 ,johan ,tnnes5's vic>i\s acceptance ( ,b]nick's responsibility1 ! subsidi>y sc&al ( ,lona ,hessel's outbur/ on le>n+ ( ,b]nick's engagem5t to h] half-si/]1 ! report ( an embezzlem5t committ$ by ,johan be=e 8 dep>ture = ,am]ica4 ,all ?is has to be convey$ to u 9 retrospect2 or1 r1 9 ! fir/ place1 we h to be in=m$ ( ! false v]sion ( ^! incid5ts :i* is curr5t 9 ! little t[n1 & on :i* ,b]nick's moral & comm]cial pre/ige is built up4 ,:at device1 !n1 does ,ibs5 adopt to ?is end8 ,he introduces a sew+-bee ( tattl+ wom51 "o ( :om happ5s to be a /rang] to ! t[n1 & unfamili> ) its gossip4 ,into h] will+ e> ! o!rs p\r ! popul> v]sion ( ! ,b]nick /ory2 &1 ?is imp>tm5t effect$1 ! gr\p ( gossips disappe>s1 to be he>d ( no m4 ,^! ladies p]=m ! function1 9 fact1 ( ! ,fir/1 ,second1 & ,?ird ,g5tlem51 s common 9 ,elizabe?an & pseudo-,elizabe?an plays4#i ,!y are n q s artless 9 _! conv5tionality1 = !y br+ ) !m ! social atmosph]e ( ! tattl+ little t[n1 :i* is an ess5tial factor 9 ! drama4 ,moreov]1 _! exposition is n a simple n>rative ( facts4 ,x is to "s ext5t subtiliz$ by ! circum/ance t ! facts are n facts1 & t ! gi/ ( ! drama is to lie 9 ! gradual triumph ( ! tru? ov] ?is tissue ( falsehoods4 ,/ill1 expla9 x z we may1 ! fact rema9s t 9 no lat] play does ,ibs5 initiate u into ! prelim9>ies ( 8 action by s hackney$ & unwieldy a device4 ,x is no conv5tional canon1 b a maxim ( m]e common s5se1 t ! dramati/ %\ld be *>y ( introduc+ *>act]s :o h no p]sonal %>e 9 ! drama1 & are m]e m\?pieces = ! conveyance ( in=mation4 ,n[h]e else does ,ibs5 s flagrantly disreg>d s obvi\s a pr9ciple ( dramatic economy4#aj ,:5 we turn to 8 next play1 ,a ,doll's ,h\se1 we f9d t he has already made a great /ep 9 advance4 ,he has progress$ f ! ,fir/1 ,second1 & ,?ird ,g5tlem5 ( ! ,elizabe?ans to ! confidant#aa ( ! ,fr5* classic drama4 ,he ev5 attempts1 n v successfully1 to disguise ! confidant by giv+ h] a p]sonal int]e/1 an effective %>e1 9 ! drama4 ,no?+ c really dissemble ! fact t ! long sc5e betwe5 ,nora & ,mrs4 ,l9d51 :i* occupies almo/ "o-?ird ( ! fir/ act1 is simply a =mal exposition1 outside ! action ( ! play4 ,j z x 0 provid5tial t "o ( ! h\se-wives ( ! sew+-bee 9 ,pill>s ( ,society %\ld h be5 a /rang] to ! t[n1 s x 0 ! luckie/ ( *ances 7= ! dramati/'s conv5i5ce7 t an old s*ool-fri5d %\ld h dropp$ 9 f ! cl\ds precisely half-an-h\r be=e ! entrance ( ,krog/ad br+s to a sudd5 head ! great crisis ( ,nora's life4 ,?is happy conjuncture ( ev5ts is manife/ly artificial3 a trick ( ! dramati/'s trade3 a po9t at :i* 8 art does n conceal 8 art4 ,mrs4 ,l9d5 does n1 l ! dames ( ! sew+-bee1 fade out ( ! saga2 %e ev51 ?r\gh h] influ5ce on ,krog/ad1 plays a det]m9+ "p 9 ! developm5t ( ! action4 ,b to all int5ts & purposes %e rema9s a m]e confidant1 a pretext = ,nora's review ( ! hi/ory ( h] m>ri$ life4 ,!re are two o!r specim5s ( ! g5us confidant 9 ,ibs5's lat] plays4 ,arnholm1 9 ,! ,lady f ! ,sea1 is little m2 ,dr4 ,h]dal1 9 ,! ,ma/] ,build]1 is t & no?+ else4 ,x may be alleg$ 9 8 def5ce t ! family physician is ! pr(essional confidant ( real life4 ,9 ,gho/s1 ,ibs5 makes a sudd5 leap to ! extreme ( 8 retrospective me?od4 ,i am n "o ( ^? :o consid] ?is play ,ibs5's ma/]piece3 ,i d n ev5 place x1 te*nically1 9 ! fir/ rank among 8 works4 ,& :y8 ,because !re is "h no reasonable equilibrium betwe5 ! drama ( ! pa/ & ! drama ( ! pres5t4 ,! drama ( ! pa/ is almo/ ev]y?+1 ! drama ( ! pres5t next to no?+4 ,z soon z we h prob$ to ! dep?s ! ,alv+ m>riage & its consequ5ces1 ! play is ov]1 & !re is no?+ left b = ,reg9a to set (f 9 pursuit ( ! joy ( life1 & = ,oswald to collapse into imbecility4 ,x is sc>cely an exagg]ation to call ! play all exposition & no drama4 ,"h = ! fir/ "t1 h[ev]1 ,ibs5 p]fect$ 8 peculi> gift ( imp>t+ t5se dramatic int]e/ to ! unveil+ ( ! pa/4 ,:ile 9 "o s5se ! play is all exposition1 9 ano!r s5se x may q z truly be said to conta9 no exposition2 = x conta9s no n>rative deliv]$ 9 cold blood1 9 m]e calm retrospection1 z a necess>y prelim9>y to ! drama :i* is 9 ! meantime wait+ at ! door4 ,9 o!r words1 ! exposition is all drama1 x is ! drama4 ,! p]sons :o are te>+ ! veils f ! pa/1 & = :om ! veils are be+ torn1 are int5sely conc]n$ 9 ! process1 :i* actually con/itutes ! dramatic crisis4 ,! discov]y ( ?is me?od1 or its r$iscov]y 9 mod]n drama1#ab 0 ,ibs5's great te*nical a*ievem5t4 ,9 8 be/ "w1 ! progress ( ! unveil+ occasions a m>k$ developm5t1 or s]ies ( *anges1 9 ! actual & pres5t relations ( ! *>act]s4 ,! drama ( ! pa/ & ! drama ( ! pres5t proce$1 s to speak1 9 int]lac+ rhy?ms1 or1 z ,i said be=e1 9 a ri*1 complex h>mony4 ,9 ,gho/s ?is h>mony is n s ri* z 9 "s lat] plays1 because ! drama ( ! pres5t is disproportionately meagre4 ,none ! less1 or all ! m1 is x a conspicu\s example ( ,ibs5's me?od ( rais+ 8 curta91 n at ! beg9n+ ( ! crisis1 b r at ! beg9n+ ( ! cata/rophe4 ,9 ,an ,enemy ( ! ,p1 z already /at$1 he mom5t>ily des]t$ t me?od1 & gave u an action :i* beg9s1 develops1 & ends entirely )9 ! frame ( ! picture4 ,b 9 ! two foll[+ plays1 ,! ,wild ,duck & ,rosm]%olm1 he t\*$ ! highe/ po9t ( te*nical ma/]y 9 8 int]weav+ ( ! pa/ ) ! pres5t4 ,i %all n attempt any analysis ( ! fabric ( ^! plays4 ,! process w\ld be long1 t$i\s1 & unhelpful2 = no "o c\ld hope to employ a me?od ( su* complexity )\t some?+ ( ,ibs5's g5ius2 & g5ius w evolve its me?ods = itself4 ,let me only ask ! read] to comp>e ! sc5e betwe5 old ,w]le & ,greg]s 9 ! fir/ act ( ,! ,wild ,duck ) ! sc5e betwe5 ,nora & ,mrs4 ,l9d5 9 ! fir/ act ( ,a ,doll's ,h\se1 & m>k ! te*nical advance4 ,bo? sc5es are1 9 a s5se1 sc5es ( exposition4 ,bo? are ma9ly design$ to place u 9 possession ( a sequ5ce ( bygone facts4 ,b :ile ! ,doll's ,h\se sc5e is a piece ( quiet gossip1 br\ght ab\t 7z we h not$7 by r artificial means1 & ) no dramatic t5sion 9 x1 ! ,wild ,duck sc5e is a piece ( t5se1 "o might almo/ say fi]ce1 drama1 fulfill+ ! ,brunetire def9ition 9 t x %[s u two *>act]s1 a fa!r & son1 at op5 w> ) ea* o!r4 ,! "o sc5e is outside ! real action1 ! o!r is an integral "p ( x4 ,! "o belongs to ,ibs5's t5tative p]iod1 ! o!r u%]s 91 "o might almo/ say1 8 p]iod ( consummate ma/]y4#ac ,rosm]%olm is s obvi\sly no?+ b ! cata/rophe ( an antec$5t drama t an attempt has actually be5 made to rectify ,ibs5's suppos$ mi/ake1 & to write ! trag$y ( ! deceas$ ,beata4 ,x 0 made by an unskilful h&2 b ev5 a skilful h& w\ld sc>cely h done m ?an prove h[ rightly ,ibs5 judg$ t ! recoil ( ,rebecca's crime ^u h]self & ,rosm] w\ld prove m int]e/+1 & 9 a v real s5se m dramatic1 ?an ! some:at vulg> process ( ! crime itself4 ,! play is n s pr(\nd 9 its humanity z ,! ,wild ,duck1 b x is ,ibs5's ma/]piece 9 ! art ( )draw+ veil aft] veil4 ,f ! te*nical po9t ( view1 x w repay ! close/ /udy4 ,we ne$ n look closely at ! rema9+ plays4 ,h$da ,gabl] is p]haps t 9 :i* a s\nd proportion betwe5 ! pa/ & ! pres5t is mo/ successfully pres]v$4 ,! int]e/ ( ! pres5t action is ?r\gh\t v vivid2 b x is all root$ 9 facts & relations ( ! pa/1 :i* are elicit$ "u circum/ances ( high dramatic t5sion4 ,"h aga9 x is in/ructive to comp>e ! sc5e betwe5 ,h$da & ,!a1 9 ! fir/ act1 ) ! sc5e betwe5 ,nora & ,mrs4 ,l9d54 ,bo? are sc5es ( exposition3 & ea* is1 9 its way1 "*-reveal+2 b ! e>li] sc5e is a passage ( q unemotional n>rative2 ! lat] is a passage ( palpitat+ drama4 ,9 ! plays subsequ5t to ,h$da ,gabl]1 x _c be d5i$ t ! pa/ took ! upp] h& ( ! pres5t to a degree :i* c\ld only be ju/ifi$ by ! g5ius ( an ,ibs54 ,?ree-f\r?s ( ! action ( ,! ,ma/] ,build]1 ,little ,eyolf1 ,john ,gabriel ,borkman1 & ,:5 ,we ,dead ,awak51 consi/s ( :at may be call$ a passionate analysis ( ! pa/4 ,ibs5 _h ! art ( mak+ su* an analysis absorb+ly int]e/+2 b x is n a =mula to be comm5d$ = ! practical purposes ( ! ev]yday /age4 99 99 99 99 99 ,footnote #a3 ,writ+ ( ,le ,supplice d'une ,femme1 ,alex&re ,dumas fils said3 ,?is situation ,i decl>e to be "o ( ! mo/ dramatic & int]e/+ 9 all drama4 ,b a situation is n an idea4 ,an idea1 has a beg9n+1 a middle & an end3 an exposition1 a developm5t1 a conclusion4 ,any "o c relate a dramatic situation3 ! art lies 9 prep>+ x1 gett+ x accept$1 r5d]+ x possible1 especially 9 unty+ ! knot4 ,footnote #b3 ,?is is :at we reg>d z peculi>ly ! me?od ( ,ibs54 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ?is ess5tial diff]5ce1 t1 in/ead ( n>rat+ 8 prelim9>ies 9 cold blood1 ,ibs51 9 8 be/ "w1 dramatizes ! n>ration4 ,footnote #c3 ,see ,*apt] ,,xii4 ,footnote #d3 ,?is mu/ n be tak5 to imply t1 9 a good /age-v]sion ( ! play1 ,=t9bras %\ld be altoge!r omitt$4 ,mr4 ,=bes ,rob]tson1 9 8 ,lyceum revival ( #ahig1 f\nd sev]al advantages 9 8 ret5tion4 ,among ! re/1 x p]mitt$ ! ret5tion ( "o ( ,hamlet's mo/ *>act]i/ic soliloquies4 ,footnote #e3 ,i omit all speculation z to ! =m :i* ! /ory assum$ 9 ! ,ur-,hamlet4 ,we h no evid5ce on ! po9t2 &1 z ! poet 0 no d\bt free to remodel ! mat]ial z he ?\ght fit1 ev5 9 foll[+ 8 orig9al he 0 mak+ a delib]ate arti/ic *oice4 ,footnote #f3 ,%akespe>e committ$ x 9 ,romeo & ,juliet1 :]e he made ,fri> ,laur5ce1 9 ! conclud+ sc5e1 retell ! :ole /ory ( ! trag$y4 ,ev5 9 s e>ly a play1 su* a manife/ r$undancy seems unacc\ntable4 ,a n>rative ( ?+s already se5 may1 ( c\rse1 be a trait ( "* 9 ! p]son deliv]+ x2 b1 9 t case1 x w g5]ally be m5daci\s 7= in/ance1 ,fal/aff & ! m5 9 buckram74 ,or x may be introduc$ = ! sake ( its effect ^u ! *>act]s to :om ! n>ration is address$4 ,b 9 ^! cases its purpose is no long] to convey in=mation to ! audi5ce--x belongs1 n to ! intellig5ce dep>tm5t1 b to ! dep>tm5t ( analysis4 ,footnote #g3 ,i say v>iety r ?an complexity because ,i take x t ! emotions ( all conc]n$ are "h too int5se to be v complex4 ,! effect ( ! sc5e w\ld appe> to lie 9 ! rapidly increas+ int5sity ( comp>atively simple emotions 9 ,hamlet1 9 ! ,k+1 9 ! ,que51 & 9 ! amaz$ & bewild]$ c\rti]s4 ,footnote #h3 ,?is excludes ,love's ,com$y1 ,br&1 ,pe] ,gynt1 & ,emp]or & ,galilean4 ,footnote #i3 ,see1 = example1 ,k+ ,h5ry ,,viii1 ,act ,,iv1 & ! op5+ sc5e ( ,t5nyson's ,que5 ,m>y4 ,footnote #aj3 ,?is rule ( economy does n necess>ily exclude a gr\p ( *>act]s p]=m+ some?+ l ! function ( ! antique ,*orus2 t is to say1 comm5t+ ^u ! action f a m or less dis9t]e/$ po9t ( view4 ,! function ( ,kaffee-,klats* 9 ,pill>s ( ,society is n at all t ( ! ,*orus1 b r t ( ! ,euripidean ,prologue1 some:at ?9ly disguis$4 ,footnote #aa3 ,x is p]haps wor? no?+ t ,gabriele d',annunzio 9 ,la ,gioconda1 rev]ts to1 & outdoes1 ! ,fr5* classic conv5tion1 by giv+ u ?ree actors & f\r confidants4 ,! play consi/s ( a crisis 9 ?ree lives1 passively1 ?\gh sympa!tically1 contemplat$ by :at is 9 effect a ,*orus ( two m5 & two wom54 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to inquire :y1 9 ?is p>ticul> play1 su* an abuse ( ! confidant seems q admissible1 if n conspicu\sly "r4 ,footnote #ab3 ,dryd51 9 8 ,essay ( ,dramatic ,poesy1 repres5ts ?is me?od z be+ *>act]i/ic ( ,greek trag$y z a :ole4 ,! tragic poet1 he says1 set ! audi5ce1 z x 71 at ! po/ :]e ! race is to be conclud$2 &1 sav+ !m ! t$i\s expectation ( see+ ! poet set out & ride ! beg9n+ ( ! c\rse1 !y suff] y n to behold him1 till he is 9 sight ( ! goal & j ^u y4 ,dryd5 seems to ?9k t ! me?od 0 =c$ ^u !m by ! rule ( "t4 ,footnote #ac3 ,x is a ra% ent]prise to recon/ruct ,ibs51 b "o _c help wond]+ h[ he w\ld h plann$ ,a ,doll's ,h\se _h he writt5 x 9 ! 'eighties in/ead ( ! 'sev5ties4 ,"o c imag9e a long op5+ sc5e betwe5 ,helm] & ,nora 9 :i* a great deal ( ! necess>y in=mation might h be5 convey$2 :ile x w\ld h height5$ by contra/ ! effect ( ! great f9al duologue z we n[ possess x4 ,su* in=mation z c\ld n possibly h be5 convey$ 9 dialogue ) ,helm] might1 "o w\ld ?9k1 h be5 left = ,nora's fir/ sc5e ) ,krog/ad1 ! effect ( :i* x w\ld h enhanc$4 ,p]haps ,mrs4 ,l9d5 might ) advantage h be5 reta9$1 ?\gh n 9 h] pres5t "* ( confidant1 9 ord] to %[ ,nora 9 relation to ano!r woman4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,exposition3 ,,its ,,end ,,& ,,its ,,means ,we h pass$ 9 rapid survey ! practices ( ,%akespe>e & ,ibs5 9 respect ( _! po9t & me?od ( attack ^u _! !mes4 ,:at practical lessons c we n[ d$uce f ?is exam9ation8 ,"o ?+ is cle>3 namely1 t !re is no inh]5t sup]iority 9 "o me?od ov] ano!r4 ,!re are ma/]pieces 9 :i* ! :ole crisis falls )9 ! frame ( ! picture1 & ma/]pieces 9 :i* ! great] "p ( ! crisis has to be convey$ to u 9 retrospect1 only ! cata/rophe be+ transact$ be=e our eyes4 ,g5ius c manife/ itself equally 9 ei!r =m4 ,b ea* =m has its peculi> advantages4 ,y _c1 9 a retrospective play l ,rosm]%olm1 atta9 any?+ l ! magnific5t onw>d ru% ( ,o!llo1 :i* moves-- ,l to ! ,pontick sea ,^: icy curr5t & compulsive c\rse ,ne'er feels retir+ ebb1 b keeps due on ,to ! ,propontick & ! ,hellespont4 ,! movem5t ( ,rosm]%olm is r l t ( a w9d+ riv]1 :i* fl[s ) a full & /eady curr5t1 b seems sometimes to be almo/ retrac+ its c\rse4 ,if1 !n1 y aim at rapidity ( movem5t1 y w *oose a !me :i* leaves little or no?+ to retrospect2 & conv]sely1 if y h a !me ! :ole ( :i* falls easily & conv5i5tly )9 ! frame ( ! picture1 y w probably take advantage ( ! fact to give y\r play animat$ & rapid movem5t4 ,!re is an und5iable attraction 9 a play :i* con/itutes1 s to speak1 "o brisk & cont9u\s adv5ture1 begun1 develop$1 & end$ be=e our eyes4 ,= light com$y 9 p>ticul> is ?is a desirable =m1 & = romantic plays 9 :i* no v se>*+ "*-/udy is attempt$4 ,! ,tam+ ( ! ,%rew no d\bt pass$ = a light com$y 9 ,%akespe>e's day1 ?\gh we describe x by a brief] "n4 ,its rapid1 bu/l+ action is possible because we are always ready to take ! "* ( a %rew = grant$4 ,x w\ld h be5 a v diff]5t play _h ! poet requir$ to acc\nt = ,ka?>9e's peculi>ities ( temp] by a retrospective /udy ( h] h]$ity & upbr++4 ,_m eighte5?-c5tury com$ies are s+le-adv5ture plays1 or dual-adv5ture plays1 9 ! s5se t ! ma9 action sometimes /&s aside to let an und]plot take ! /age4 ,bo? ,%e ,/oops to ,conqu] & ,! ,rivals are good examples ( ! rapid work+-out ( an intrigue1 eng5d]$1 develop$1 & resolv$ all )9 ! frame ( ! picture4 ,s+le-adv5ture plays ( a m mod]n type are ! eld] ,dumas's ,mademoiselle de ,belle-,isle1 ! y\ng] ,dumas's ,francillon1 ,s>d\'s ,divorons1 ,sir ,ar?ur ,p9]o's ,gay ,"l ,quex1 ,mr4 ,%aw's ,devil's ,disciple1 ,osc> ,wilde's ,importance ( ,be+ ,e>ne/1 ,mr4 ,galswor?y's ,silv] ,box4 ,widely z ^! plays diff] 9 type & tone1 !y are alike 9 ?is1 t !y d n attempt to pres5t v complex "*-/udies1 or to probe ! deeps ( human exp]i5ce4 ,! la/ play cit$1 ,! ,silv] ,box1 may p]haps be ?\ght an exception to ?is rule2 b1 ?\gh ! exp]i5ce ( ! hapless *>woman is pitiful en\gh1 h]s is a simple s\l1 s inur$ to suff]+ t a little m or less is no su* great matt]4 ,! play is an admirable g5re-picture r ?an a se>*+ trag$y4 ,! po9t to be obs]v$ is t1 "u mod]n conditions1 x is difficult to produce a play ( v complex psy*ological1 moral1 or emotional sub/ance1 9 :i* ! :ole crisis comes )9 ! frame ( ! picture4 ,! me?od ( attack+ ! crisis 9 ! middle or t[>ds ! end is really a device = relax+1 9 "s measure1 ! n>r[ b\nds ( !atrical repres5tation1 & enabl+ ! playwright to deal ) a l>g] segm5t ( human exp]i5ce4 ,x may be ask$ :y mod]n conditions %\ld 9 ?is respect diff] f ,elizabe?an conditions1 & :y1 if ,%akespe>e c\ld produce su* pr(\nd & complex trag$ies z ,o!llo & ,k+ ,le> )\t a ^w ( exposition or retrospect1 ! mod]n dramati/ %\ld n g & d likewise8 ,! answ] to ?is "q is n simply t ! mod]n dramati/ is seldom a ,%akespe>e4 ,t is true1 b we mu/ look deep] ?an t4 ,!re are1 9 fact1 sev]al po9ts to be tak5 into consid]ation4 ,= "o ?+--?is is a m9or po9t--,%akespe>e _h really f> m elb[-room ?an ! playwright ( to-day4 ,o!llo & ,k+ ,le>1 to say no?+ ( ,hamlet1 are exce$+ly long plays4 ,some?+ l a ?ird ( !m is omitt$ 9 mod]n repres5tation2 & :5 we speak ( _! ri*ness & complexity ( *>act]ization1 we d n ?9k simply ( ! plays z we see !m compress$ into act+ limits1 b ( ! plays z we "k !m 9 ! /udy4 ,x is possible1 no d\bt1 = mod]n playwrights to let !mselves g 9 ! matt] ( l5g?1 & !n pr9t _! plays ) brackets or o!r m>ks to %[ ! passages omitt$ 9 repres5tation4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 ess5tially an in>ti/ic practice1 & "o _c regret t x has gone out ( fa%ion4 ,ano!r po9t to be consid]$ is ?is3 are ,o!llo & ,le> really v complex "*-/udies8 ,!y are extremely vivid3 !y are project$ ) enorm\s en]gy1 9 actions ^: viol5ce af=ds scope = ! mo/ vehem5t self-expression2 b are !y n1 9 reality1 colossally simple r ?an complex8 ,x is true t 9 ,le> ! ph5om5a ( insanity are reproduc$ ) a/oni%+ m9ut5ess & tru?2 b ?is does n imply any elaborate analysis or dem& any great space4 ,hamlet is complex2 & 7 ,i talk+ = victory1 ,i %\ld po9t out t ,hamlet is1 ( all ! trag$ies1 precisely ! "o :i* does n come )9 ! frame ( ! picture4 ,b ! true secret ( ! matt] does n lie "h3 x lies 9 ! fact t ,hamlet unpacks 8 he>t to u 9 a s]ies ( soliloquies--a device employ$ sc>cely at all 9 ! portrayal ( ,o!llo & ,le>1 & d5i$ to ! mod]n dramati/4#a ,yet aga91 ! social position & environm5t ( ! great ,%akespe>ean *>act]s is tak5 = grant$4 ,no "t is sp5t 9 plac+ !m 9 a giv5 /ratum ( society1 or 9 e/abli%+ _! h]$ity1 traditions1 education1 & s =?4 ,&1 f9ally1 ! v copi\sness ( expression p]mitt$ by ! rhetorical ,elizabe?an =m came to ,%akespe>e's aid4 ,! mod]n dramati/ is hamp]$ by all sorts ( retic5ces4 ,he has (t5 to "w r 9 indirect sugge/ion ?an 9 direct expression4 ,he has1 9 %ort1 to submit to a hundr$ hamp]+ conditions f :i* ,%akespe>e 0 exempt2 :]e=e1 ev5 if he _h ,%akespe>e's g5ius1 he w\ld f9d x difficult to produce a v pr(\nd effect 9 a crisis work$ out f fir/ to la/ be=e ! eyes ( ! audi5ce4 ,nev]!less1 z be=e /at$1 su* a crisis has a *>m ( its own4 ,!re is a peculi> int]e/ 9 wat*+ ! rise & developm5t out ( no?+1 z x 71 ( a dramatic complication4 ,= ?is class ( play 7despite ! ,%akespe>ean prec$5ts7 a quiet op5+ is (t5 advisable1 r ?an a /rong e9leit5de ,akkord4 ,f calm1 ?r\gh /orm1 to calm1 is its *>act]i/ic =mula2 :e!r ! conclud+ calm be "o ( life & s]5ity or ( despair & dea?4 ,to my p]sonal ta/e1 "o ( ! ke5e/ =ms ( !atrical enjoym5t is t ( see+ ! curta9 g up on a picture ( p]fect tranquillity1 wond]+ f :at qu>t] ! drama is go+ to arise1 & !n wat*+ x ga!r on ! horizon l a cl\d no bigg] ?an a man's h&4 ,( ?is type ( op5+1 ,an ,enemy ( ! ,p provides u ) a classic example2 & among ,engli% plays we may cite ,mr4 ,%aw's ,c&ida1 ,mr4 ,b>k]'s ,wa/e1 & ,mr4 ,besi]'s ,don1 9 :i* s sudd5 & unlook$-= a cyclone swoops d[n ^u ! calm ( an ,engli% vic>age4 ,an admirable in/ance ( a fanta/ic type may be f\nd 9 ,prunella1 by ,messrs4 ,b>k] & ,h\sman4#b ,!re is mu* to be said1 h[ev]1 9 fav\r ( ! op5+ :i* does n pres5t an aspect ( delusive calm1 b %[s ! atmosph]e already *>g$ ) electricity4 ,comp>e1 = in/ance1 ! op5+ ( ,! ,case ( ,rebelli\s ,susan1 by ,mr4 ,h5ry ,ar?ur ,jones1 ) t ( a ,fr5* play ( v simil> !me--,dumas's ,francillon4 ,9 ! latt]1 we see ! /orm-cl\d sl[ly ga!r+ up on ! horizon2 9 ! =m]1 x is already on ! po9t ( break+1 "r ov]head4 ,mr4 ,jones places u at ! beg9n+1 :]e ,dumas leaves u at ! end1 ( 8 fir/ act4 ,x is true t at ! end ( ,mr4 ,jones's act he has n advanc$ any fur!r ?an ,dumas4 ,! ,fr5* au?or %[s 8 h]o9e gradually work+ up to a n]v\s crisis1 ! ,engli% au?or introduces 8 h]o9e already at ! height ( h] p>oxysm1 & ! act consi/s ( ! unavail+ ef=ts ( h] fri5ds to smoo? h] d[n4 ,! up%ot is ! same2 b 9 ,mr4 ,jones's act we are1 z ! ,fr5* say1 9 full drama all ! "t1 :ile 9 ,dumas's we await ! com+ ( ! drama1 & only by ex]t+ all 8 wit1 n to say ov]-ex]t+ x1 does he prev5t our feel+ impati5t4 ,i am n claim+ sup]iority = ei!r me?od2 ,i m]ely po9t to a good example ( two diff]5t ways ( attack+ ! same problem4 ,9 ,! ,b5efit ( ! ,d\bt1 by ,sir ,ar?ur ,p9]o1 we h a crisply dramatic op5+ ( ! v be/ type4 ,a few words f a contempor>y criticism may s]ve to indicate ! effect x produc$ on a fir/-night audi5ce-- ,we are 9 ! ?ick ( ! action at once1 or at lea/ 9 ! ?ick ( ! int]e/1 s t ! exposition1 in/ead ( be+1 s to speak1 a m]e plat=m f :i* ! tra9 is pres5tly to />t1 becomes an insep>able "p ( ! movem5t4 ,! s5se ( dramatic irony is /rongly & yet delicately sugge/$4 ,we =esee a p]ipety1 app>5t prosp]ity sudd5ly crumbl+ into disa/]1 )9 ! act itself2 &1 :5 x comes1 x awak5s our sympa?y & r$\bles our int]e/4 ,almo/ ! same words might be appli$ to ! op5+ ( ,! ,climb]s1 by ! late ,clyde ,fit*1 "o ( ! _m individual sc5es :i* make "o deeply regret t ,mr4 ,fit* did n live to d full ju/ice to 8 rem>kable tal5t4 ,"o ( ! able/ ( rec5t op5+s is t ( ,mr4 ,galswor?y's ,silv] ,box4 ,! curta9 rises ^u a solid1 dull1 upp]-middle-class d9+-room1 empty & sil5t1 ! electric lights burn+1 ! tray ) :iskey1 siphon & cig>ette-box m>k+ ! midnight h\r4 ,!n we h ! /umbl+1 fumbl+ entrance ( ,jack ,b>?wick1 beatifically drunk1 8 maudl9 babble1 & 8 ill-om5$ hospitality to ! hagg>d loaf] :o foll[s at 8 heels4 ,ano!r example ( a high-pit*$ op5+ sc5e may be f\nd 9 ,mr4 ,p]ceval ,l&on's ,! ,h\se ,opposite4 ,"h we h a midnight p>t+ betwe5 a m>ri$ woman & h] lov]1 9 ! middle ( :i* ! man1 glanc+ at ! light$ w9d[ ( ! h\se opposite1 sees a figure mov+ 9 su* a way z to sugge/ t a crime is be+ p]petrat$4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 an old man is murd]$1 & 8 h\sekeep] is accus$ ( ! crime4 ,! h]o1 if s he c be call$1 kn[s t x 0 a man1 n a woman1 :o 0 9 ! victim's room t night2 & ! problem is3 h[ c he give 8 evid5ce )\t betray+ a woman's secret by admitt+ 8 pres5ce 9 h] h\se at midnight8 ,i nei!r praise nor blame ?is class ( /ory2 ,i m]ely cite ! play z "o 9 :i* we plunge /raight into ! crisis1 )\t any introductory p]iod ( tranquillity4 ,! int]e/ ( ,mr4 ,l&on's play lay almo/ :olly 9 ! /ory4 ,!re 0 j en\gh "* 9 x to keep ! /ory go+1 s to speak4 ,! au?or might1 on ! o!r h&1 h conc5trat$ our att5tion on "*1 & made 8 play a s\l-trag$y2 b 9 t case x w\ld d\btless h be5 necess>y to take u "s way backw>d 9 ! h]o9e's antec$5ts & ! hi/ory ( h] m>riage4 ,9 o!r words1 if ! play _h gone deep] into human nature1 ! prelim9>ies ( ! crisis w\ld h _h to be trac$ 9 "s detail1 possibly 9 a fir/ act1 introductory to ! actual op5+1 b m probably1 & bett]1 9 an exposition foll[+ ! crisply t\*$ e9leit5de ,akkord4 ,?is br+s u to ! "q h[ an exposition may be/ be manag$4 ,x may n unreasonably be cont5d$1 ,i ?9k1 t1 :5 an exposition _c be ?or\ghly dramatiz$--t is1 wrung out1 9 ! /ress ( ! action1 f ! *>act]s prim>ily conc]n$--x may be/ be dismiss$1 rapidly & ev5 conv5tionally1 by any n too improbable device4 ,t is ! pr9ciple on :i* ,sir ,ar?ur ,p9]o has always proce$$1 & = :i* he has be5 unduly c5sur$1 by critics :o make no all[ances = ! n>r[ limits impos$ by cu/om & ! con/itution ( ! mod]n audi5ce ^u ! playwrights ( to-day4 ,9 ,8 ,h\se 9 ,ord] 7"o ( 8 greate/ plays7 ,sir ,ar?ur effects "p ( 8 exposition by ! simple device ( mak+ ,hil>y ,jesson a c&idate = ,p>liam5t1 & br++ on a report] to int]view 8 private secret>y4 ,! incid5t is p]fectly natural & probable2 all "o c say ( x is t x is p]haps an ov]-simplification ( ! dramati/'s task4#c ,! ,second ,mrs4 ,tanqu]ay requires an unusual am\nt ( prelim9>y retrospect4 ,we h to le>n ! hi/ory ( ,aubrey ,tanqu]ay's fir/ m>riage1 ) ! "m ( ,ellean1 z well z ! hi/ory ( ,paula ,ray's pa/ life4 ,! me*anism employ$ to ?is end has be5 mu* criticiz$1 b seems to me admirable4 ,aubrey gives a f>ewell d9n]-p>ty to 8 intimate fri5ds1 ,misqui? & ,jayne4 ,cayley ,drummle1 too1 is expect$1 b has n arriv$ :5 ! play op5s4 ,)\t nam+ ! lady1 ,aubrey ann\nces to 8 gue/s 8 approa*+ m>riage4 ,he proposes to g out ) !m1 & has "o or two notes to write be=e do+ s4 ,moreov]1 he is n sorry to give !m an opportunity to talk ov] ! ann\ncem5t he has made2 s he retires to a side-table 9 ! same room1 to d 8 writ+4 ,misqui? & ,jayne ex*ange a few spee*es 9 an und]tone1 & !n ,cayley ,drummle comes 91 br++ ! /ory ( ,george ,orreyd's m>riage to ! unm5tionable ,miss ,h]vey4 ,?is /ory is s unpleasant to ,tanqu]ay t1 to get out ( ! conv]sation1 he returns to 8 writ+2 b /ill he _c help li/5+ to ,cayley's comm5ts on ,george ,orreyd's disappe>ance2 & at la/ ! situation becomes s intol]able to him t he purposely leaves ! room1 bidd+ ! o!r two ,tell ,cayley ! news4 ,! te*nical manipulation ( all ?is seems to me above reproa* --dramatically effective & yet life-l 9 e detail4 ,if "o 7 b\nd to raise an objection1 x w\ld be to ! co9cid5ce :i* br+s to ,cayley's k1 on "o & ! same ev5+1 two su* exactly simil> misalliances 9 8 own circle ( acqua9tance4 ,b ^! are j ! co9cid5ces t d con/antly happ54 ,e "o kn[s t life is full ( !m4 ,! exposition might1 no d\bt1 h be5 m economically effect$4 ,cayley ,drummle might h figur$ z sole confidant & *orus2 or ev5 he might h be5 disp5s$ )1 & all t 0 necess>y might h appe>$ 9 colloquies betwe5 ,aubrey & ,paula on ! "o h&1 ,aubrey & ,ellean on ! o!r4 ,b ,cayley z sole confidant--! ,*>les1 8 fri5d1 ( eighte5?-c5tury com$y--w\ld h be5 m pla9ly conv5tional ?an ,cayley z "o ( a trio ( ,aubrey's old cronies1 repres5t+ ! society he is sacrific+ 9 ent]+ ^u ?is exp]im5tal m>riage2 & to h convey$ ! necess>y in=mation )\t any confidant or *orus at all w\ld 7"o fancies7 h /ra9$ probability1 or1 /ill worse1 impair$ consi/5cy ( "*4 ,aubrey c\ld n naturally discuss 8 late wife ei!r ) h] successor or ) h] daught]2 :ile1 z = ,paula's pa/1 all he want$ 0 to av]t 8 eyes f x4 ,i d n say t ^! difficulties might n h be5 ov]come2 =1 9 ! vocabul>y ( ! truly +5i\s dramati/ !re is no su* ^w z impossible4 ,b ,i d sugge/ t ! result w\ld sc>cely h be5 wor? ! tr\ble1 & t x is hyp]-criticism :i* objects to an exposition s natural & probable z t ( ,! ,second ,mrs4 ,tanqu]ay1 simply on ! gr\nd t c]ta9 *>act]s are introduc$ = ! purpose ( convey+ c]ta9 in=mation4 ,x w\ld be fooli% to expect ( e "w ( art an absolutely au/]e economy ( means4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 ,sir ,ar?ur ,p9]o injudici\sly emphasizes ! artifices employ$ to br+ ab\t an exposition4 ,9 ,! ,?und]bolt1 = in/ance1 9 ord] t ! ,mortimores' family solicitor may )\t reproa* ask = in=mation on matt]s ) :i* a family solicitor ought to be fully conv]sant1 x has to be expla9$ t ! s5ior p>tn] ( ! firm1 :o _h ! ,mortimore bus9ess specially 9 h&1 has be5 call$ away to ,london1 & t a junior p>tn] has tak5 8 place4 ,su* a rubb+-91 z x 71 ( an obvi\s device ought at all haz>ds to be avoid$4 ,if ! in=mation _c be o!rwise imp>t$ 7z 9 ?is case x surely c\ld71 ! solicitor _h bett] be all[$ to ask "o or two improbable que/ions--x is ! less] evil ( ! two4 ,:5 ! :ole ( a giv5 subject _c be got )9 ! limits ( pres5tation1 is !re any means ( det]m9+ h[ mu* %\ld be left = retrospect1 & at :at po9t ! curta9 ought to be rais$8 ,! pr9ciple w\ld seem to be t sl[ & gradual processes1 & especially sep>ate l9es ( causation1 %\ld be left outside ! frame ( ! picture1 & t ! curta9 %\ld be rais$ at ! po9t :]e sep>ate l9es h conv]g$1 & :]e ! crisis beg9s to move t[>ds its solution ) m or less rapidity & cont9uity4 ,! ideas ( rapidity & cont9uity may be conv5i5tly summ$ up 9 ! hackney$ & (t5 misappli$ t]m1 unity ( action4 ,?\gh ! unities ( "t & place are long ago explod$ z b9d+ pr9ciples--inde$1 !y nev] _h any au?ority 9 ,engli% drama--yet x is true t a brok5-back$ action1 :e!r 9 "t or space1 ought1 s f> z possible1 to be avoid$4 ,an action ) a gap ( tw5ty ye>s 9 x may be all v well 9 melodrama or romance1 b sc>cely 9 high] & m s]i\s types ( drama4#d ,especially is x to be desir$ t int]e/ %\ld be conc5trat$ on "o set ( *>act]s1 & %\ld n be fritt]$ away on subsidi>y or prelim9>y p]sonages4 ,take1 = in/ance1 ! case ( ,! ,second ,mrs4 ,tanqu]ay4 ,x w\ld h be5 !oretically possible = ,sir ,ar?ur ,p9]o to h giv5 u ei!r 7or bo?7 ( two prelim9>y sc5es3 he might h %[n u ! fir/ ,mrs4 ,tanqu]ay at home1 & at ! same "t h introduc$ u m at l>ge to ! *>act]s ( ,aubrey & ,ellean2 or he might h depict$ = u "o ( ! previ\s associations ( ,paula ,ray--might p]haps h let u see h] keep+ h\se ) ,hugh ,ardale4 ,b ei!r ( ^! op5+s w\ld h be5 disproportionate & sup]flu\s4 ,x w\ld h excit$1 or tri$ to excite1 our int]e/ 9 some?+ t 0 n ! real !me ( ! play1 & 9 *>act]s :i* 7 to drop out be=e ! real !me--! ,aubrey-,paula m>riage--0 rea*$4 ,!re=e ! au?or1 9 all probability1 nev] ?\ght ( beg9n+ at ei!r ( ^! po9ts4 ,he pass$ in/9ctively to ! po9t at :i* ! two l9es ( causation conv]g$1 & f :i* ! action c\ld be c>ri$ cont9u\sly =w>d by "o set ( *>act]s4 ,he knew t we c\ld le>n 9 retrospect all t x 0 necess>y = u to "k ( ! fir/ ,mrs4 ,tanqu]ay1 & t to introduce h] 9 ! fle% w\ld be m]ely to lead ! int]e/ ( ! audi5ce into a bl9d alley1 & to break ! back ( 8 action4 ,aga91 9 ,8 ,h\se 9 ,ord] x may seem t ! intrigue betwe5 ,maurew>de & ! immaculate ,annabel1 ) its tragic conclusion1 w\ld h made a /irr+ introductory act4 ,b to h pres5t$ su* an act w\ld h be5 to de/roy ! unity ( ! play1 :i* c5tres 9 ! "* ( ,n9a4 ,annabel is ano!r /ory2 & to h told1 or r %[n u1 m ( x ?an 0 absolutely necess>y1 w\ld h be5 to di/ract our att5tion f ! real !me ( ! play1 :ile at ! same "t fatally curtail+ ! all-too-brief "t available = ! work+-out ( t !me4 ,!re are cases1 no d\bt1 :5 v]bal exposition may advantage\sly be avoid$ by means ( a dramatiz$ ,prologue--a s+le act1 con/itut+ a little drama 9 itself1 & g5]ally sep>at$ by a consid]able space ( "t f ! action prop]4 ,b ?is me?od is sc>cely to be comm5d$1 except1 z a=esaid1 = purposes ( melodrama & romance4 ,a ,prologue is = su* plays z ,! ,prison] ( ,z5da & ,! ,only ,way1 n = su* plays z ,8 ,h\se 9 ,ord]4 ,! "q :e!r a legato or a /accato op5+ be ! m desirable mu/ be decid$ 9 accordance ) ! nature & opportunities ( ea* !me4 ,! only rule t c be /at$ is t1 :5 ! att5tion ( ! audi5ce is requir$ = an exposition ( any l5g?1 "s attempt ought to be made to awak5 9 advance _! g5]al int]e/ 9 ! !me & *>act]s4 ,x is dang]\s to plunge /raight into n>rative1 or unemotional discussion1 )\t hav+ fir/ made ! audi5ce actively desire ! in=mation to be convey$ to !m4 ,especially is x ess5tial t ! audi5ce %\ld "k cle>ly :o are ! subjects ( ! discussion or n>rative--t !y %\ld n be m]e names to !m4 ,x is a grave flaw 9 ! con/ruction ( ,mr4 ,granville ,b>k]'s o!rwise admirable play ,wa/e1 t x %\ld op5 ) a long discussion1 by p :om we sc>cely "k1 ( o!r p :om we d n "k at all1 ^: names we may or may n h not$ on ! playbill4 ,trebell1 ,"l ,*>les ,cantelupe1 & ,blackbor\gh ought c]ta9ly to h be5 pres5t$ to u 9 ! fle%1 h[ev] briefly & summ>ily1 be=e we 7 ask$ to int]e/ ourselves 9 _! *>act]s & ! political situation aris+ f !m4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o limitation to ?is pr9ciple4 ,a great effect is sometimes atta9$ by ret>d+ ! entrance ( a s+le lead+ figure = a :ole act1 or ev5 two1 :ile he is s con/antly talk$ ab\t z to beget 9 ! audi5ce a vivid desire to make 8 p]sonal acqua9tance4 ,?us ,molire's ,t>tufe does n come on ! /age until ! ?ird act ( ! com$y :i* be>s 8 "n4 ,ibs5's ,john ,gabriel ,borkman is unse5 until ! second act1 ?\gh 7?r\gh 8 wife's e>s7 we h already he>d him pac+ up & d[n 8 room l a wolf 9 8 cage4 ,dub$at1 9 ,! ,doctor's ,dilemma1 is n reveal$ to u 9 ! fle% until ! second act4 ,b = ?is device to be successful1 x is ess5tial t only "o lead+ "*#e %\ld rema9 unse51 on :om ! att5tion ( ! audi5ce may1 by t v fact1 be rivet$4 ,9 ,wa/e1 = in/ance1 all w\ld h be5 well _h x suit$ ,mr4 ,b>k]'s purpose to leave ,trebell invisible till ! second act1 :ile all ! *>act]s 9 ! fir/ act1 cle>ly pres5t$ to u1 canvass$ him f _! v>i\s po9ts ( view4 ,ke5 expectancy1 9 %ort1 is ! mo/ desirable frame ( m9d 9 :i* an audi5ce c be plac$1 s long z ! expectancy be n ultimately disappo9t$4 ,b !re is no less desirable m5tal attitude ?an t ( /ra9+ aft] gleams ( guidance 9 an expository twilight4 ,! advantage ( a /accato op5+--or1 to v>y ! metaphor1 a brisk1 highly a]at$ introductory passage--is cle>ly exemplifi$ 9 ,a ,doll's ,h\se4 ,x w\ld h be5 q possible = ,ibs5 to h s5t up 8 curta9 ^u ,nora & ,mrs4 ,l9d5 seat$ com=tably be=e ! /ove1 & ex*ang+ confid5ces z to _! respective c>e]s4 ,no?+ indisp5sable w\ld h be5 omitt$2 b h[ languid w\ld h be5 ! int]e/ ( ! audi5ce6 ,z x is1 a brief1 bright sc5e has already introduc$ u1 n only to ,nora1 b to ,helm]1 & ar\s$ an eag] desire = fur!r insight into ! affairs ( ?is--to all appe>ance--radiantly happy h\sehold4 ,!re=e1 we settle d[n )\t impati5ce to li/5 to ! fireside gossip ( ! two old s*ool-fell[s4 ,! problem ( h[ to op5 a play is complicat$ 9 ! ,engli% !atre by consid]ations :olly =eign to art4 ,until q rec5tly1 x us$ to be held impossible = a playwright to raise 8 curta9 ^u 8 lead+ "* or *>act]s1 because ! actor-manag] w\ld ?us be baulk$ ( 8 c>efully arrang$ entrance & reception1 &1 fur!rmore1 because tw5ty-five p] c5t ( ! audi5ce w\ld probably arrive ab\t a qu>t] ( an h\r late1 & w\ld ?us miss ! op5+ sc5e or sc5es4 ,x us$ at "o "t to be ! fa%ion to add to ! adv]tisem5t ( a play an entreaty t ! audi5ce %\ld be punctually 9 _! seats1 z ! int]e/ began ) ! rise ( ! curta94 ,"o has se5 ?is ass]tion made ) reg>d to plays 9 :i*1 z a matt] ( fact1 ! int]e/ _h n begun at ! fall ( ! curta94 ,n[adays1 manag]s1 & ev5 lead+ ladies1 are a good deal less insi/5t on _! reception ?an !y us$ to be4 ,!y realize t x may be a di/9ct advantage to hold ! /age f ! v outset4 ,!re are few m effective op5+s ?an t ( ,! ,second ,mrs4 ,tanqu]ay1 :]e we f9d ,aubrey ,tanqu]ay seat$ squ>ely at 8 ba*elor d9n]-table ) ,misqui? on 8 "r & ,jayne on 8 left4 ,x may ev5 be tak5 z a pr9ciple t1 :]e x is desir$ to give to "o "* a special prom95ce & pr$om9ance1 x ought1 if possible1 to be ! fir/ figure on :i* ! eye ( ! audi5ce falls4 ,9 a ,%]lock ,holmes play1 = example1 ! curta9 ought assur$ly to rise on ! great ,%]lock en?ron$ 9 ,bak] ,/reet1 ) ,dr4 ,watson sitt+ at 8 feet4 ,! solit>y entrance ( ,ri*>d ,,iii ?r[s 8 figure into a relief :i* c\ld by no o!r means h be5 atta9$4 ,s1 too1 x w\ld h be5 a mi/ake on ,sophocles' "p to let any "o b ! protagoni/ op5 ! ,o$ipus ,rex4 ,s long z ! fa%ion ( late d9n]s cont9ues1 h[ev]1 x mu/ rema9 a measure ( prud5ce to let no?+ absolutely ess5tial to ! compreh5sion ( a play be said or done dur+ ! fir/ t5 m9utes aft] ! rise ( ! curta94 ,"h1 aga91 ,a ,doll's ,h\se may be cit$ z a model1 ?\gh ,ibs51 c]ta9ly1 _h no ?\ght ( ! ,briti% d9n]-h\r 9 plann+ ! play4 ,! op5+ sc5e is j :at ! ideal op5+ sc5e ought to be--invaluable1 yet n indisp5sable4 ,! late-com] :o misses x deprives himself ( a prelim9>y glimpse into ! *>act]s ( ,nora & ,helm] & ! relation betwe5 !m2 b he misses no?+ t is absolutely ess5tial to 8 compreh5sion ( ! play z a :ole4 ,?is1 !n1 w\ld appe> to be a s\nd maxim bo? ( art & prud5ce3 let y\r fir/ t5 m9utes by all means be crisp1 arre/+1 /imulat+1 b d n let !m embody any absolutely vital matt]1 ignorance ( :i* w\ld leave ! spectator 9 ! d>k z to ! g5]al design & purport ( ! play4 99 99 99 99 99 ,footnote #a3 ,see ,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,footnote #b3 ,h5ri ,becque's two be/-kn[n plays aptly exemplify ! two types ( op5+4 ,9 ,les ,corbeaux we h almo/ an entire act ( calm dome/icity 9 :i* ! only h9t ( com+ tr\ble is an allusion to ,vign]on's attacks ( v]tigo4 ,9 ,la ,p>isi5ne ,clotilde & ,lafont are 9 ! ?ick ( a vehem5t qu>rel ov] a lett]4 ,x proce$s = t5 m9utes or s1 at ! end ( :i* ,clotilde says1 ,pr5ez g>de1 voil mon m>i6--& we f9d t ! two are n husb& & wife1 b wife & lov]4 ,footnote #c3 ,mrs4 ,craigie 7,john ,oliv] ,hobbes7 op5$ h] v successful play1 ,! ,ambassador1 ) a sc5e betwe5 ,juliet ,desbor\gh & h] si/] ,alice1 a nun1 :o app>5tly left h] conv5t specially to he> h] si/]'s confession1 & !n return$ to x = ev]4 ,?is 0 c]ta9ly n an economical =m ( exposition1 b x 0 n unsuit$ to ! type ( play4 ,footnote #d3 ,9 t *>m+ com$y1 ,rosem>y1 by ,messrs4 ,p>k] & ,c>son1 !re is a gap ( fifty ye>s betwe5 ! la/ act & its pr$ecessor2 b ! s-call$ la/ act is only an epi-monologue4 ,footnote #e3 ,or at mo/ two closely connect$ *>act]s3 = in/ance1 a husb& & wife4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,fir/ ,,act ,bo? 9 ! !ory & 9 practice1 ( late ye>s1 w> has be5 decl>$ 9 c]ta9 qu>t]s aga9/ ! division ( a play into acts4 ,/ud5ts ( ! ,elizabe?an /age h p]suad$ !mselves1 by :at ,i believe to be a complete misread+ ( ! evid5ce1 t ,%akespe>e did n1 z x 71 ?9k 9 acts1 b conceiv$ 8 plays z cont9u\s s]ies ( ev5ts1 )\t any pause or int]mission 9 _! fl[4 ,x c1 ,i ?9k1 be prov$ beyond any %ad[ ( d\bt t !y are wrong 9 ?is2 t ! act division 0 p]fectly famili> to ,%akespe>e1 & 0 us$ by him to give to ! action ( 8 plays a rhy?m :i* ought n1 9 repres5tation1 to be obscur$ or falsifi$4 ,x is true t 9 ! ,elizabe?an !atre !re 0 no ne$ ( long int]acts = ! *ange ( sc5es1 & t su* int]acts are an abuse t calls = rem$y4 ,b we h abundant evid5ce t ! act division 0 sometimes m>k$ on ! ,elizabe?an /age1 & h no reason to d\bt t x 0 always m or less recogniz$1 & 0 pres5t to ,%akespe>e's m9d no less ?an to ,ibs5's or ,p9]o's4 ,influ5c$ 9 "p1 p]haps1 by ! ,elizabe?an !ori/s1 b ma9ly by ! freaki%ness ( 8 own g5ius1 ,mr4 ,b]n>d ,%aw has tak5 to writ+ plays 9 "o cont9u\s gu% ( dialogue1 & has put =w>d1 m or less s]i\sly1 ! claim t he is !reby reviv+ ! practice ( ! ,greeks4 ,9 a prefatory note to ,gett+ ,m>ri$1 he says-- ,!re is a po9t ( "s te*nical int]e/ to be not$ 9 ?is play4 ,! cu/om>y division into acts & sc5es has be5 disus$1 & a return made to unity ( "t & place1 z obs]v$ 9 ! anci5t ,greek drama4 ,9 ! =ego+ trag$y1 ,! ,doctor's ,dilemma1 !re are five acts2 ! place is alt]$ five times2 & ! "t is spread ov] an undet]m9$ p]iod ( m ?an a ye>4 ,no d\bt ! /ra9 on ! att5tion ( ! audi5ce & on ! +5uity ( ! playwright is mu* less2 b ,i f9d 9 practice t ! ,greek =m is inevitable :5 ! drama rea*es a c]ta9 po9t 9 poetic & intellectual evolution4 ,its adoption 0 n1 on my "p1 a delib]ate display ( virtuosity 9 =m1 b simply ! spontane\s fall+ ( a play ( ideas into ! =m mo/ suitable to x1 :i* turn$ out to be ! classical =m4 ,x is h>d to say :e!r ,mr4 ,%aw is "h writ+ s]i\sly or 9 a mood ( solemn faceti\sness4 ,p]haps he himself is n q cle> on ! po9t4 ,!re c be no h>m1 at any rate1 9 assum+ t he g5u9ely believes ! unity ( ,gett+ ,m>ri$ to be a return to ! unity obs]v$ 91 say1 ! ,o$ipus ,rex1 & exam9+ a little into s pleasant an illusion4 ,x is1 if ,i may s phrase x1 a d\ble-b>rell$ illusion4 ,gett+ ,m>ri$ has n ! unity ( ! ,greek drama1 & ! ,greek drama has n ! unity ( ,gett+ ,m>ri$4 ,:atev] unity is pr$icable ( ei!r =m ( art is a :olly diff]5t ?+ f :atev] unity is pr$icable ( ! o!r4 ,mr4 ,%aw1 9 fact1 is1 consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 play+ ) words1 v mu* z ,lamb did :5 he said to ! sportsman1 ,is t y\r own h>e or a wig8 ,!re are1 r\ghly speak+1 ?ree sorts ( unity3 ! unity ( a plum-pudd+1 ! unity ( a /r+ or *a91 &1 ! unity ( ! ,p>!non4 ,let u call !m1 respectively1 unity ( concoction1 unity ( concat5ation1 & /ructural or organic unity4 ,! second =m ( unity is t ( mo/ novels & "s plays4 ,!y pres5t a s]ies ( ev5ts1 m or less closely int]tw9$ or int]l9k$ ) "o ano!r1 b n built up into any symmetrical int]dep5d5ce4 ,?is unity ( longitud9al ext5sion does n "h conc]n u1 = x is n t ( ei!r ,%aw or ,sophocles4 ,plum-pudd+ unity1 on ! o!r h&--! unity ( a numb] ( +r$i5ts /irr$ up toge!r1 put 9 a clo?1 boil$ to a c]ta9 consi/5cy1 & !n s]v$ up 9 a blue flame ( lamb5t hum\r--t is precisely ! unity ( ,gett+ ,m>ri$4 ,a jumble ( ideas1 prejudices1 po9ts ( view1 & :imsicalities on ! subject ( m>riage is ti$ up 9 a clo? & boil$ into a sort ( glut9\s fusion or confusion1 s t :5 ! clo? is tak5 (f !y d n at once lose ! coh]5t rotundity conf]r$ ^u !m by pressure f )\t4 ,9 a q real s5se1 ! comp>ison does m ?an ju/ice to ! te*nical qualities ( ! play2 = 9 a good plum-pudd+ ! due proportions ( ! +r$i5ts are c>efully /udi$1 :]eas ,mr4 ,%aw fl+s 9 recklessly :atev] comes into 8 head4 ,at ! same "t x is und5iably true t he %[s u a numb] ( p 9 "o room1 talk+ cont9u\sly & )\t a s+le pause1 on diff]5t aspects ( a giv5 !me4 ,if ?is be unity1 !n he has a*iev$ x4 ,9 ! !atre1 z a matt] ( fact1 ! plum-pudd+ 0 s]v$ up 9 ?ree *unks in/ead ( "o2 b ?is 0 a m]e concession to human weakness4 ,! play _h all ! globul> unity ( a pill1 ?\gh x happ5$ to be too big a pill to be swall[$ at "o gulp4 ,turn+ n[ to ! ,o$ipus--,i *oose t play z a typical example ( ,greek trag$y--:at sort ( unity d we f9d8 ,x is ! unity1 n ( a cont9u\s mass or ma%1 b ( c>efully calculat$ proportion1 ord]1 int]relation ( p>ts--! unity ( a f9e piece ( ar*itecture1 or ev5 ( a liv+ organism4 ,! inorganic cont9uity ( ,gett+ ,m>ri$ x does n possess4 ,if t be :at we und]/& by unity1 !n ,%aw has x & ,sophocles has n4 ,! ,o$ipus is z cle>ly divid$ into acts z is ,hamlet or ,h$da ,gabl]4 ,9 mod]n p>lance1 we %\ld probably call x a play 9 five acts & an epilogue4 ,x s happ5$ t ! ,greek !atre did n possess a curta91 & did possess a ,*orus2 consequ5tly1 ! ,greek dramati/ employ$ ! ,*orus1 z we employ ! curta91 to emphasize ! successive /ages ( 8 action1 to m>k ! rhy?m ( its progress1 &1 incid5tally1 to provide re/+-places = ! m9d ( ! audi5ce--int]vals dur+ :i* ! /ra9 ^u _! att5tion 0 relax$1 or at any rate v>i$4 ,x is n ev5 true t ! ,greeks habitually aim$ at su* cont9uity ( "t z we f9d 9 ,gett+ ,m>ri$4 ,!y treat$ "t ideally1 ! imag9>y duration ( ! /ory be+1 z a rule1 widely diff]5t f ! actual "t ( repres5tation4 ,9 ?is respect ! ,o$ipus is some?+ ( an exception1 s9ce ! ev5ts might1 at a p9*1 be conceiv$ z pass+ )9 ! two h\rs' traffick ( ! /age2 b 9 _m cases a :ole day1 or ev5 m1 mu/ be und]/ood to be compress$ )9 ^! two h\rs4 ,x is true t ! cont9u\s pres5ce ( ! ,*orus made x impossible = ! ,greeks to ov]leap mon?s & ye>s1 z we d on ! mod]n /age2 b !y did n aim at t /rict co9cid5ce ( imag9>y ) actual "t :i* ,mr4 ,%aw believes himself to h a*iev$4#a ,ev5 he1 h[ev]1 subjects ! ev5ts :i* take place beh9d ! sc5es to a good deal ( ideal compression4 ,( c\rse1 :5 ,mr4 ,%aw prote/s t1 9 ,gett+ ,m>ri$1 he did n indulge 9 a delib]ate display ( virtuosity ( =m1 t is only 8 fun4 ,y _c well h virtuosity ( =m :]e !re is no =m4 ,:at he did 0 to rely ^u 8 virtuosity ( dialogue to enable him to disp5se ) =m4 ,:e!r he succe$$ or n is a matt] ( op9ion :i* does n at pres5t conc]n u4 ,! po9t to be not$ is ! ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ! =mless cont9uity ( ,gett+ ,m>ri$1 & ! s$ul\s ord]+ & balanc+ ( cle>ly diff]5tiat$ p>ts1 :i* w5t to ! /ructure ( a ,greek trag$y4 ,a dramati/ :o c s develop 8 /ory z to br+ x )9 ! quasi-,ari/otelean unities p]=ms a curi\s b n p>ticul>ly difficult or valuable feat2 b ?is does n1 or ought n to1 imply ! ab&onm5t ( ! act-division1 :i* is no m]e conv5tion1 b a valuable means ( m>k+ ! rhy?m ( ! /ory4 ,:51 on ! o!r h&1 y h no /ory to tell1 ! act-division is manife/ly sup]flu\s2 b x ne$s no virtuosity to disp5se ) x4 ,x is a grave error1 !n1 to suppose t ! act is a m]e division ( conv5i5ce1 impos$ by ! limit$ p[] ( att5tion ( ! human m9d1 or by ! ne$ ( ! human body = occasional refre%m5t4 ,a play ) a well-m>k$1 well-balanc$ act-/ructure is a high] arti/ic organism ?an a play ) no act-/ructure1 j z a v]tebrate animal is high] ?an a mollusc4 ,9 e crisis ( real life 7unless x be s %ort z to be a m]e incid5t7 !re is a rhy?m ( rise1 progress1 culm9ation & solution4 ,we are n always1 p]haps n (t51 consci\s ( ^! /ages2 b t is only because we d n reflect ^u our exp]i5ces :ile !y are pass+1 or map !m out 9 memory :5 !y are pa/4 ,we d1 h[ev]1 con/antly apply to real-life crises expressions borr[$ m or less directly f ! t]m9ology ( ! drama4 ,we say1 some:at incorrectly1 ,?+s h come to a climax1 mean+ !reby a culm9ation2 or we say1 ,! cata/rophe is at h&1 or1 aga91 ,:at a =tunate dn\em5t6 ,be ?is z x may1 x is ! bus9ess ( ! dramati/ to analyse ! crises ) :i* he deals1 & to pres5t !m to u 9 _! rhy?m ( gr[?1 culm9ation1 solution4 ,to ?is end ! act-division is--n1 p]haps1 ess5tial1 s9ce ! rhy?m may be m>k$ ev5 9 a "o-act play--b c]ta9ly ( enorm\s & invaluable conv5i5ce4 ,si l'acte n'exi/ait pas1 il faudrait l'inv5t]2 b z a matt] ( fact x has exi/$ :]ev]1 9 ! ,we/]n _w1 ! drama has develop$ beyond its rude/ beg9n+s4 ,x 0 d\btless ! necessity = m>k+ ?is rhy?m t ,ari/otle _h 9 m9d :5 he said t a dramatic action mu/ h a beg9n+1 a middle & an end4 ,tak5 9 its simplicity1 ?is pr9ciple w\ld indicate ! ?ree-act division z ! ideal s*eme = a play4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 _m ( ! be/ mod]n plays 9 all languages fall into ?ree acts2 "o has only to note ,monsieur ,alphonse1 ,franillon1 ,la ,p>isi5ne1 ,am\reuse1 ,a ,doll's ,h\se1 ,gho/s1 ,! ,ma/] ,build]1 ,little ,eyolf1 ,johannisfeu]1 ,ca/e1 ,c&ida1 ,! ,b5efit ( ! ,d\bt1 ,! ,importance ( ,be+ ,e>ne/1 ,! ,silv] ,box2 &1 fur!rmore1 _m old plays :i* are nom9ally 9 five acts really fall into a triple rhy?m1 & might bett] h be5 divid$ into ?ree4 ,alex&rian precept1 h&$ on by ,horace1 gave to ! five act division a purely arbitr>y sanction1 :i* induc$ playwrights to mask ! natural rhy?m ( _! !mes b5ea? ?is artificial "o4#b ,b 9 tru? ! ?ree-act division ought no m to be elevat$ into an absolute rule ?an ! five-act division4 ,we h se5 t a play consi/s1 or ought to consi/1 ( a great crisis1 work$ out ?r\gh a s]ies ( m9or crises4 ,an act1 !n1 ought to consi/ ei!r ( a m9or crisis1 c>ri$ to its tempor>y solution1 or ( a well-m>k$ gr\p ( su* crises2 & !re c be no rule z to ! numb] ( su* crises :i* ought to pres5t !mselves 9 ! developm5t ( a giv5 !me4 ,on ! mod]n /age1 five acts may be reg>d$ z ! maximum1 simply by reason ( ! "t-limit impos$ by social cu/om on a p]=mance4 ,b "o frequ5tly sees a melodrama divid$ into five acts & eight tableaux1 or ev5 m2 :i* practically means t ! play is 9 eight1 or n9e1 or t5 acts1 b t !re w be only ! f\r conv5tional int]acts 9 ! c\rse ( ! ev5+4 ,! playwright %\ld n let himself be con/ra9$ by cu/om to =ce 8 !me into ! arbitr>y m\ld ( a /at$ numb] ( acts4 ,?ree acts is a good numb]1 f\r acts is a good numb]1#c !re is no positive objection to five acts4 ,%\ld he f9d himself hank]+ aft] m acts1 he w d well to consid] :e!r he be n1 at "o po9t or ano!r1 fail+ 9 ! art ( cond5sation & trespass+ on ! doma9 ( ! noveli/4 ,!re is und\bt$ conv5i5ce 9 ! rule ( ! mod]n /age3 ,"o act1 "o sc5e4 ,a *ange ( sc5e 9 ! middle ( an act is n only mat]ially difficult1 b t5ds to impair ! p>ticul> ord] ( illusion at :i* ! mod]n drama aims4#d ,r\ghly1 inde$1 an act may be def9$ z any "p ( a giv5 crisis :i* works itself out at "o "t & 9 "o place2 b m fundam5tally x is a segm5t ( ! action dur+ :i* ! au?or desires to hold ! att5tion ( 8 audi5ce unbrok5 & unrelax$4 ,x is no m]e conv5tion1 h[ev]1 :i* decrees t ! flight ( "t is be/ indicat$ by an int]act4 ,:5 ! curta9 is d[n1 ! action on ! /age rema9s1 z x 71 9 susp5se4 ,! audi5ce lets its att5tion rev]t to ! affairs ( real life2 & x is q will+1 :5 ! mimic _w is once m reveal$1 to suppose t any reasonable space ( "t has elaps$ :ile its ?\ghts 7 occupi$ ) o!r matt]s4 ,x is mu* m difficult = x to accept a :olly imag9>y lapse ( "t :ile its att5tion is c5tr$ on ! mimic _w4 ,"s playwrights h ( late ye>s adopt$ ! device ( dropp+ _! curta9 once1 or ev5 twice1 9 ! middle ( an act1 to indicate an int]val ( a few m9utes1 or ev5 ( an h\r--= in/ance1 ( ! "t betwe5 go+ 9 to d9n] & ! return ( ! ladies to ! draw+-room4 ,sir ,ar?ur ,p9]o employs ?is device ) good effect 9 ,iris2 s does ,mr4 ,granville ,b>k] 9 ,wa/e1 & ,mr4 ,galswor?y 9 ,! ,silv] ,box4 ,x is c]ta9ly f> pref]able to t ideal treatm5t ( "t :i* 0 common 9 ! ,fr5* drama ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 & survives to ?is day 9 plays adapt$ or imitat$ f ! ,fr5*4 ,i rememb] see+ 9 ,london1 n v long ago1 a "o-act play on ! subject ( ,r\get de l',isle4 ,9 ! space ( ab\t half-an-h\r1 he h&$ ! manuscript ( ! ,m>seillaise to an op]a-s+] :om he ador$1 %e took x away & sang x at ! ,op]a1 x caught ! popul> e> f t "o p]=mance1 & ! dy+ ,r\get he>d x sung by ! pass+ multitude 9 ! /reets )9 ab\t fifte5 m9utes ( ! mom5t :5 x fir/ left 8 h&s4 7,! :ole piece1 ,i repeat1 occupi$ ab\t half-an-h\r2 b z a good deal ( t "t 0 devot$ to prelim9>ies1 n m ?an fifte5 m9utes c h elaps$ betwe5 ! "t :5 ! cantatrice left ,r\get's g>ret & ! "t :5 all ,p>is 0 s++ ! ,m>seillaise47 ,?is is p]haps an extreme in/ance ( ! ideal treatm5t ( "t2 b "o c\ld f9d numb]less cases 9 ! works ( ,scribe1 ,labi*e1 & o!rs1 9 :i* ! transactions ( _m h\rs are repres5t$ z occurr+ )9 ! limits ( a s+le act4 ,our mod]n practice es*ews su* lic5ses4 ,x w (t5 compress into an act ( half-an-h\r m ev5ts ?an w\ld probably happ5 9 real life 9 a simil> space ( "t1 b n su* a tra9 ( occurr5ces z to transc5d ! limits ( possibility4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t ! /&>d ( v]isimilitude naturally & prop]ly v>ies ) ! s]i\sness ( ! !me "u treatm5t4 ,improbabilities are admissible 9 light com$y1 & /ill m 9 f>ce1 :i* w\ld wreck ! =tunes ( a drama purport+ to pres5t a sob] & fai?ful picture ( real life4 ,acts1 !n1 m>k ! "t-/ages 9 ! developm5t ( a giv5 crisis2 & ea* act ought to embody a m9or crisis ( its own1 ) a culm9ation & a tempor>y solution4 ,x w\ld be no ga91 b a loss1 if a :ole two h\rs' or ?ree h\rs' action c\ld be c>ri$ ?r\gh 9 "o cont9u\s movem5t1 ) no relaxation ( ! /ra9 ^u ! att5tion ( ! audi5ce1 & )\t a s+le po9t at :i* ! spectator might review :at 0 pa/ & anticipate :at 0 to come4 ,! act-division positively enhances ! am\nt ( pleasurable emotion ?r\gh :i* ! audi5ce passes4 ,ea* act ought to /imulate & tempor>ily satisfy an int]e/ ( its own1 :ile def9itely advanc+ ! ma9 action4 ,! psy*ological pr9ciple is evid5t en\gh2 namely1 t !re is m s5sation to be got out ( ?ree or f\r comp>atively brief exp]i5ces1 suit$ to our p[]s ( p]ception1 ?an out ( "o protract$ exp]i5ce1 =c$ on u )\t relief1 )\t contra/1 9 su* a way z to fatigue & dead5 our faculties4 ,:o w\ld n r dr9k ?ree1 f\r1 or five glasses ( w9e ?an put ! bottle to 8 lips & let its cont5ts p\r d[n 8 ?roat 9 "o long draught8 ,:o w\ld n r see a /a9$-glass w9d[ brok5 into ?ree1 f\r1 or five cunn+ly-proportion$ lights1 ?an a great flat %eet ( col\r$ glass1 be its design nev] s effective8 ,x us$ to be ! fa%ion 9 mid ,victorian melodramas to give ea* act a m or less allur+ title ( its own4 ,i am f> f recomm5d+ ! revival ( ?is practice2 b x might be no bad plan = a beg9n]1 9 sket*+ out a play1 to h 9 8 m9d1 or 9 8 private notes1 a descriptive head-l9e = ea* act1 !reby assur+ himself t ea* _h a "* ( its own1 & at ! same "t contribut$ its due %>e to ! advancem5t ( ! :ole design4 ,let u apply ?is pr9ciple to a ,%akespe>ean play--= example1 to ,macbe?4 ,! act head+s might run some:at z foll[s-- ,,act ,i4--,,temptation4 ,,act ,,ii4--,,murd] ,,& ,,usurpation4 ,,act ,,iii4--,,! ,,fr5zy ,,( ,,crime ,,& ,,! ,,haunt+ ,,( ,,remorse4 ,,act ,,iv4--,,ga!r+ ,,retribution4 ,,act ,v4--,,retribution ,,consummat$4 ,c x be d\bt$ t ,%akespe>e _h 9 8 m9d ! rhy?m m>k$ by ?is act-division8 ,i d n mean1 ( c\rse1 t ^! phrases1 or any?+ l !m1 7 pres5t to 8 consci\sness1 b m]ely t he ?\ght 9 acts1 & m5tally assign$ to ea* act its def9ite %>e 9 ! developm5t ( ! crisis4 ,turn+ n[ to ,ibs51 let u draw up an act-s*eme = ! simple/ & mo/ /raight=w>d ( 8 plays1 ,an ,enemy ( ! ,p4 ,x might run z foll[s3 ,,act ,i4--,,! ,,incurable ,,optimi/4--,dr4 ,/ockmann ann\nces 8 discov]y ( ! insanit>y condition ( ! ,ba?s4 ,,act ,,ii4--,,! ,,compact ,,majority4--,dr4 ,/ockmann f9ds t he w h to fight ve/$ int]e/s be=e ! evils he has discov]$ c be rem$i$1 b is assur$ t ! ,compact ,majority is at 8 back4 ,,act ,,iii4--,,! ,,turn ,,( ,,=tune4--,! ,doctor falls f ! p9nacle ( 8 optimi/ic confid5ce1 & le>ns t he w h ! ,compact ,majority1 n at1 b on 8 back4 ,,act ,,iv4--,,! ,,compact ,,majority ,,on ,,! ,,w>pa?4--,! cr[d1 f9d+ t its imm$iate int]e/s are id5tical ) ^? ( ! privileg$ few1 jo9s ) ! bureaucracy 9 %\t+ d[n ! tru?1 & organiz+ a conspiracy ( sil5ce4 ,,act ,v4--,,optimism ,,disillusion$ ,,b ,,indomitable4--,dr4 ,/ockmann1 gagg$ & ?r[n back into pov]ty1 is tempt$ to take flight1 b det]m9es to rema9 9 8 native place & fight = its moral1 if n = its physical1 sanitation4 ,ea* ( ^! acts is a little drama 9 itself1 :ile ea* leads =w>d to ! next1 & m>ks a di/9ct phase 9 ! developm5t ( ! crisis4 ,:5 ! y\ng] ,dumas ask$ 8 fa!r1 t ma/] ( dramatic movem5t1 to initiate him into ! secret ( dramatic craftsman%ip1 ! great ,alex&re repli$ 9 ?is concise =mula3 ,let y\r fir/ act be cle>1 y\r la/ act brief1 & ! :ole int]e/+4 ,( ! wisdom ( ! fir/ clause !re c be no mann] ( d\bt4 ,:e!r incid5tally or by way ( =mal exposition1 ! fir/ act ought to %[ u cle>ly :o ! *>act]s are1 :at are _! relations & relation%ips1 & :at is ! nature ( ! ga!r+ crisis4 ,x is v important t ! att5tion ( ! audi5ce %\ld n be ov]/ra9$ 9 foll[+ out ne$lessly complex g5ealogies & k9%ips4 ,h[ (t51 at ! end ( a fir/ act1 does "o turn to "o's neighb\r & say1 ,are ,edi? & ,adela si/]s or only half-si/]s8 or1 ,did y ga!r :at 0 ! villa9's claim to ! title8 ,if a /ory _c be made cle> )\t an elaborate /udy ( "o or m family trees1 bew>e ( x4 ,9 all probability1 x is ( v little use = dramatic purposes4 ,b be=e giv+ x up1 see :e!r ! relation%ips1 & o!r relations1 _c be simplifi$4 ,complexities :i* at fir/ seem$ indisp5sable w (t5 prove to be m]e useless encumbrances4 ,9 ,pill>s ( ,society ,ibs5 goes z f> z any playwright ought to g 9 po/ulat+ f9e degrees ( k9%ip--& p]haps a little fur!r4 ,k>/5 ,b]nick has m>ri$ into a family ^: gradations put some?+ ( a /ra9 on ! appreh5sion & memory ( an audi5ce4 ,we h to be> 9 m9d t ,mrs4 ,b]nick has 7a7 a half-si/]1 ,lona ,hessel2 7b7 a full bro!r1 ,johan ,tnnes52 7c7 a c\s91 ,hilm> ,tnnes54 ,!n ,b]nick has an unm>ri$ si/]1 ,m>?a2 ano!r relation%ip1 h[ev] simple1 to be borne 9 m9d4 ,&1 f9ally1 :5 we see ,d9a ,dorf liv+ 9 ,b]nick's h\se1 & "k t ,b]nick has _h an intrigue ) h] "m1 we are apt to fall into ! error ( suppos+ h] to be ,b]nick's daught]4 ,!re is only "o l9e :i* proves t ?is is n s--a rem>k to ! effect t1 :5 ,madam ,dorf came to ! t[n4 ,d9a 0 already old en\gh to run ab\t & play angels 9 ! !atre4 ,any "o :o does n happ5 to he> or notice ?is rem>k1 is almo/ c]ta9 to misappreh5d ,d9a's p>5tage4 ,tak+ "o ?+ ) ano!r1 !n1 ! ,b]nick family gr\p is r m complex ?an is /rictly desirable4 ,ibs5's reasons = mak+ ,lona ,hessel a half-si/] in/ead ( a full si/] ( ,mrs4 ,b]nick are evid5t en\gh4 ,he want$ h] to be a consid]ably old] woman1 ( a v diff]5t type ( "*2 & x 0 necess>y1 9 ord] to expla9 ,k>/5's des]tion ( ,lona = ,betty1 t ! latt] %\ld be an heiress1 :ile ! =m] 0 p5niless4 ,^! reasons are cle> & app>5tly adequate2 yet x may be d\bt$ :e!r ! dramati/ did n lose m ?an he ga9$ by introduc+ ev5 ?is small degree ( complexity4 ,x 0 c]ta9ly n necess>y to expla9 ! diff]5ce ( age & "* betwe5 ,lona & ,betty2 :ile z = ! money1 !re w\ld h be5 no?+ improbable 9 suppos+ t a weal?y uncle _h m>k$ 8 disapproval ( ,lona's /rong-m9d$ness by bequea?+ all 8 prop]ty to h] y\ng] si/]4 ,aga91 !re is no reason :y ,hilm> %\ld n h be5 a bro!r ( ,johan & ,betty2#e 9 :i* case we %\ld h _h ! simple family gr\p ( two bro!rs & two si/]s1 in/ead ( ! comp>atively complex relation%ip ( a bro!r & si/]1 a half-si/] & a c\s94 ,^! may seem v trivial consid]ations3 b no?+ is really trivial :5 x comes to be plac$ "u ! p[]ful l5s ( !atrical pres5tation4 ,any giv5 audi5ce has only a c]ta9 measure ( att5tion at comm&1 & to claim att5tion = iness5tials is to dim9i% ! /ock available = ess5tials4 ,9 only "o o!r play does ,ibs5 introduce any complexity ( relation%ip1 & 9 t case x does n appe> 9 ! exposition1 b is reveal$ at a critical mom5t t[>ds ! close4 ,9 ,little ,eyolf1 ,a/a & ,allm]s are introduc$ to u at fir/ z half-si/] & half-bro!r2 & only at ! end ( ! second act does x appe> t ,a/a's "m 7,allm]s' /epmo!r7 0 unfai?ful to h] husb&1 & t1 ,a/a be+ ! fruit ( ?is infidelity1 !re is no blood k9%ip betwe5 h] & ,allm]s4 ,! dang] ( rely+ ^u su* complexities is %[n by ! fact t s acute a critic z ,m4 ,jules ,lematre1 9 writ+ ( ,little ,eyolf1 mi/ook ! situation1 & ?\ght t ,a/a fl$ f ,allm]s because he 0 h] bro!r1 :]eas 9 fact %e fl$ because he 0 n4 ,i _h ! hon\r ( call+ ,m4 ,lematre's att5tion to ?is error1 :i* he h&somely ackn[l$g$4 ,complexities ( k9%ip are1 ( c\rse1 n ! only complexities :i* %\ld1 s f> z possible1 be avoid$4 ,e complexity ( relation or ( antec$5t circum/ance is 9 itself a weakness1 :i*1 if x _c be elim9at$1 mu/1 s to speak1 be liv$ d[n4 ,no dramatic critic1 ,i ?9k1 c h fail$ to notice t ! good plays are ^? ( :i* ! /ory c be cle>ly indicat$ 9 t5 l9es2 :ile x v (t5 takes a column to give ev5 a confus$ idea ( ! plot ( a bad play4 ,"h1 !n1 is a prelim9>y te/ :i* may be comm5d$ to ! w\ld-be playwright1 9 ord] to asc]ta9 :e!r ! subject he is contemplat+ is or is n a good "o3 c he /ate ! gi/ ( x 9 a hundr$ words or s1 l ! argum5t ( a ,boccaccian novella8 ,! te/1 ( c\rse1 is f> f be+ infallible2 = a !me may err on ! side ( ov]-simplicity or empt9ess1 no less ?an on ! side ( ov]-complexity4 ,b x is1 at any rate1 negatively useful3 if ! playwright f9ds t he _c make 8 /ory compreh5sible )\t a long explanation ( an intricate network ( facts1 he may be pretty sure t he has got hold ( a bad !me1 or ( "o t /&s sorely 9 ne$ ( simplification4#f ,x is n suffici5t1 h[ev]1 t a fir/ act %\ld fulfil ,dumas's requirem5t by plac+ ! situation cle>ly be=e u3 x ought also to c>ry u "s way t[>ds ! he>t ( ! drama1 or1 at ! v lea/1 to po9t di/9ctly t[>ds t qu>t] ( ! horizon :]e ! cl\ds are ga!r+ up4 ,9 a ?ree-act play ?is is evid5tly dem&$ by ! mo/ elem5t>y pr9ciples ( proportion4 ,x w\ld be absurd to make "o-?ird ( ! play m]ely introductory1 & to compress ! :ole action into ! rema9+ two-?irds4 ,b ev5 9 a f\r- or five-act play1 ! int]e/ ( ! audi5ce ought to be /rongly enli/$1 & its anticipation head$ 9 a def9ite direction1 be=e ! curta9 falls = ! fir/ "t4 ,:5 we f9d a dramati/ ( repute neglect+ ?is pr9ciple1 we may suspect "s reason ) :i* art has no conc]n4 ,sev]al ( ,s>d\'s social dramas beg9 ) two acts ( m or less sm>t & ent]ta9+ satire or c>icature1 & only at ! end ( ! second or beg9n+ ( ! ?ird act 7out ( five7 does ! drama prop] set 94 ,:at 0 ! reason ( ?is8 ,simply t "u ! sy/em ( royalties preval5t 9 ,france1 x 0 greatly to ! au?or's int]e/ t 8 play %\ld fill ! :ole ev5+4 ,s>d\ ne$$ no m ?an ?ree acts = ! developm5t ( 8 drama2 to h spread x out ?9n] w\ld h be5 to weak5 & injure x2 :]e=e he pref]r$ to occupy an h\r or s ) clev] dramatic j\rnalism1 r ?an %>e ! ev5+1 & ! fees1 ) ano!r dramati/4 ,s1 at lea/1 ,i h he>d 8 practice expla9$2 p]haps 8 own acc\nt ( ! matt] may h be5 t he want$ to pa9t a broad social picture to s]ve z a backgr\nd = 8 action4 ,! "q h[ f> an audi5ce ought to be c>ri$ t[>ds ! he>t ( a dramatic action 9 ! c\rse ( ! fir/ act is always & inevitably "o ( proportion4 ,x is cle> t too mu* ought n to be told1 s z to leave ! rema9+ acts meagre & spun-out2 nor %\ld any "o sc5e be s int5se 9 its int]e/ z to out%9e all subsequ5t sc5es1 & give to ! re/ ( ! play an effect ( anti-climax4 ,if ! /range & fasc9at+ creations ( ,ibs5's la/ ye>s 7 to be judg$ by ord9>y dramaturgic canons1 we %\ld h to admit t 9 ,little ,eyolf he 0 guilty ( ! latt] fault1 s9ce 9 po9t ( %e] /r5g?1 9 ! common acceptation ( ! ^w1 ! situation at ! end ( ! fir/ act c\ld sc>cely be outdone1 9 t play or any o!r4 ,! beg9n]1 h[ev]1 is f> m likely to put too little ?an too mu* into 8 fir/ act3 he is m likely to leave our int]e/ insuffici5tly /imulat$ ?an to c>ry u too f> 9 ! developm5t ( 8 !me4 ,my own feel+ is t1 z a g5]al rule1 :at ,freytag calls ! erreg5de ,mom5t ought by all means to fall )9 ! fir/ act4 ,:at is ! erreg5de ,mom5t8 ,"o is incl9$ to r5d] x ! fir+ ( ! fuse4 ,9 legal p>lance1 x might be int]pret$ z ! jo9+ ( issue4 ,x means ! po9t at :i* ! drama1 hi!rto lat5t1 pla9ly decl>es itself4 ,x means ! g]m9ation ( ! crisis1 ! appe>ance on ! horizon ( ! cl\d no bigg] ?an a man's h&4 ,i sugge/1 !n1 t ?is erreg5de ,mom5t ought always to come )9 ! fir/ act--if x is to come at all ,!re are plays1 z we h se51 :i* depict life on s ev5 a plane t x is impossible to say at any giv5 po9t1 ,"h ! drama sets 91 or ,! int]e/ is height5$ !re4 ,pill>s ( ,society is1 9 a s5se1 ,ibs5's pr5tice-"w 9 ! =m ( drama :i* he aft]w>ds p]fect$2 :]e=e x af=ds u num]\s illu/rations ( ! problems we h to consid]4 ,does he1 or does he n1 give u 9 ! fir/ act suffici5t insight into 8 /ory8 ,i am incl9$ to answ] ! "q 9 ! negative4 ,! fir/ act puts u 9 possession ( ! curr5t v]sion ( ! ,b]nick-,tnnes5 family hi/ory1 b x gives u no cle> indication t ?is v]sion is an elaborate tissue ( falsehoods4 ,x is true t ,b]nick's evid5t uneas9ess & emb>rassm5t at ! m]e idea ( ! reappe>ance ( ,lona & ,johan may lead u to suspect t all is n z x seems2 b simple annoyance at ! inopportune arrival ( ! black %eep ( ! family might be suffici5t to acc\nt = ?is4 ,to all int5ts & purposes1 we are completely 9 ! d>k z to ! c\rse ! drama is ab\t to take2 & :51 at ! end ( ! fir/ act1 ,lona ,hessel m>*es 9 & flutt]s ! social dovecote1 we d n "k 9 :at light to reg>d h]1 or :y we are suppos$ to sympa?ize ) h]4 ,! fact t %e is ecc5tric1 & t %e talks ( lett+ 9 fre% air1 comb9es ) our previ\s k ( ! au?or's idiosyncrasy to assure u t %e is 8 h]o9e2 b s f> z ! evid5ce actually be=e u goes1 we h no means ( =m+ ev5 ! vague/ provisional judgm5t z to h] true "*4 ,?is is almo/ c]ta9ly a mi/ake 9 art4 ,x is useless to urge t sympa?y & antipa?y are primitive emotions1 & t we ought to be able to reg>d a "* objectively1 rat+ x z true or false1 n z attractive or repell5t4 ,! answ] to ?is is tw(old4 ,fir/ly1 ! !atre has nev] be51 & nev] w be1 a moral dissect+ room1 nor has ! !atrical audi5ce any?+ 9 common ) a class ( /ud5ts dispassionately foll[+ a pr(essor's demon/ration ( cold sci5tific facts4 ,secondly1 9 ! p>ticul> case 9 po9t1 ! dramati/ makes a manife/ appeal to our sympa?ies4 ,!re c be no d\bt t we are int5d$ to take ,lona's "p1 z aga9/ ! repres5tatives ( propriety & conv5tion assembl$ at ! sew+-bee2 b we h be5 v\*saf$ no rational reason = s do+4 ,9 o!r words1 ! au?or has n tak5 u f> en\gh into 8 action to enable u to grasp ! true import & significance ( ! situation4 ,he relies = 8 effect ei!r on ! g5]al pr9ciple t an ecc5tric "* mu/ be sympa!tic1 or on ! k possess$ by ^? :o h already se5 or read ! re/ ( ! play4 ,ei!r =m ( reliance is cle>ly in>ti/ic4 ,! =m] appeals to irrational prejudice2 ! latt] ignores :at we %all pres5tly f9d to be a fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ! playwright's art--namely1 t1 ) c]ta9 d\btful exceptions 9 ! case ( hi/orical !mes1 he mu/ nev] assume previ\s k ei!r ( plot or "* on ! "p ( 8 public1 b mu/ always h 9 8 m9d's eye a fir/-night audi5ce1 :i* kn[s no?+ b :at he *ooses to tell x4 ,my criticism ( ! fir/ act ( ,pill>s ( ,society may be summ$ up 9 say+ t ! au?or has omitt$ to place 9 x ! erreg5de ,mom5t4 ,! issue is n jo9$1 ! true sub/ance ( ! drama is n cle> to u1 until1 9 ! second act1 ,b]nick makes sure !re are no li/5]s1 & !n holds out bo? h&s to ,johan1 say+3 ,johan1 n[ we are alone2 n[ y mu/ give me leave to ?ank y1 & s =?4 ,:y %\ld n ?is sc5e h occurr$ 9 ! fir/ act8 ,mat]ially1 !re is no reason :atev]4 ,x w\ld ne$ only ! *ange ( a few words to lift ! sc5e bodily out ( ! second act & transf] x to ! fir/4 ,:y did ,ibs5 n d s8 ,8 reason is n h>d to div9e2 he wi%$ to conc5trate into two great sc5es1 ) sc>cely a mom5t's int]val betwe5 !m1 ! revelation ( ,b]nick's trea*]y1 fir/ to ,johan1 second to ,lona4 ,he ga9$ 8 po9t3 ! sl$ge-hamm] effect ( ^! two sc5es is und5iable4 ,b x rema9s a "q :e!r he did n make a disproportionate sacrifice2 :e!r he did n empty 8 fir/ act 9 ord] to ov]fill 8 second4 ,i d n say he did3 ,i m]ely prop\nd ! "q = ! /ud5t's consid]ation4 ,"o ?+ we mu/ recognize 9 dramatic art z 9 all o!r human affairs2 namely1 t p]fection1 if n unatta9able1 is extremely r>e4 ,we h (t5 to make a delib]ate sacrifice at "o po9t 9 ord] to ga9 "s great] advantage at ano!r2 to incur imp]fection "h t we may a*ieve p]fection !re4 ,x is no disp>agem5t to ! great ma/]s to admit t !y frequ5tly %[ u r :at to avoid ?an :at to d4 ,negative in/ruction1 inde$1 is 9 its ess5ce m desirable ?an positive4 ,! latt] t5ds to make u m]e imitators1 :]eas ! =m]1 9 sav+ u f dang]s1 leaves our orig9ality unimpair$4 ,x is curi\s to note t1 9 ano!r play1 ,ibs5 did actually transf] ! erreg5de ,mom5t1 ! jo9+ ( issue1 f ! second act to ! fir/4 ,9 8 e>ly draft ( ,rosm]%olm1 ! great sc5e 9 :i* ,rosm] confesses to ,kroll 8 *ange ( views did n occur until ! second act4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! balance & proportion ( ! play ga9$ enorm\sly by ! transf]5ce4 ,aft] all1 h[ev]1 ! ess5tial "q is n h[ mu* or h[ little is convey$ to u 9 ! fir/ act1 b :e!r our int]e/ is ?or\ghly ar\s$1 &1 :at is ( equal importance1 skilfully c>ri$ =w>d4 ,be=e go+ m at l>ge into ?is v important detail ( ! playwright's craft1 x may be well to say some?+ ( ! nature ( dramatic int]e/ 9 g5]al4 99 99 99 99 99 ,footnote #a3 ,!re are sev]al cases 9 ,greek drama 9 :i* a h]o leaves ! /age to fight a battle & returns victori\s 9 a few m9utes4 ,see1 = example1 ! ,supplices ( ,euripides4 ,footnote #b3 ,s f> 0 ,%akespe>e f ignor+ ! act-division t x is a "q :e!r 8 art did n sometimes suff] f ! suppos$ necessity ( lett+ a f\r? act int]v5e betwe5 ! culm9ation 9 ! ?ird act & ! cata/rophe 9 ! fif?4 ,footnote #c3 ,i ?9k x may be said t ! majority ( mod]n s]i\s plays are 9 f\r acts4 ,x is a fav\rite numb] ) ,sir ,ar?ur ,p9]o1 ,mr4 ,h5ry ,ar?ur ,jones1 ,mr4 ,clyde ,fit*1 & ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,sutro4 ,footnote #d3 ,?is mu/ n be tak5 to mean t 9 no case is a *ange ( sc5e )9 ! act advisable4 ,! po9t to be consid]$ is :e!r ! au?or does or does n want to give ! audi5ce "t = reflection--"t to return to ! real _w--betwe5 two episodes4 ,if x is ( great importance t !y %\ld n d s1 !n a rapid *ange ( sc5e may be ! less ( two evils4 ,9 ?is case ! lights %\ld be kept l[]$ 9 ord] to %[ t no int]act is int5d$2 b ! fa%ion ( *ang+ ! sc5e on a pit*-d>k /age1 )\t dropp+ ! curta91 is mu* to be deprecat$4 ,if ! revolv+ /age %\ld ev] become a common in/itution 9 ,engli%-speak+ c\ntries1 dramati/s w\ld d\btless be m tempt$ ?an !y are at pres5t to *ange _! sc5es )9 ! act2 b ,i d\bt :e!r ! t5d5cy w\ld be :olly advantage\s4 ,no absolute rule1 h[ev]1 c be laid d[n1 & x may well be ma9ta9$ t a true dramatic arti/ c\ld only pr(it by ! great] flexibility ( 8 m$ium4 ,footnote #e3 ,he 01 9 ! fir/ draft2 & ,lona ,hessel 0 only a di/ant relative ( ,b]nick's4 ,footnote #f3 ,! ,greeks1 :o knew mo/ ?+s1 knew ! value ( manageable dim5sions & simple /ructure 9 a "w ( art1 & _h a ^w to express t comb9ation ( qualities--! ^w eusynopton4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,curiosity ,,& ,,int]e/ ,! p>adox ( dramatic !ory is ?is3 :ile our aim is1 ( c\rse1 to write plays :i* %all a*ieve immortality1 or %all at any rate become highly popul>1 & consequ5tly famili> 9 advance to a consid]able proportion ( any giv5 audi5ce1 we are all ! "t /udy+ h[ to awak5 & to su/a9 t int]e/1 or1 m precisely1 t curiosity1 :i* c be felt only by ^? :o see ! play = ! fir/ "t1 )\t any previ\s k ( its action4 ,"u mod]n conditions especially1 ! spectators :o come to ! !atre ) _! m9ds an absolute blank z to :at is await+ !m1 are comp>atively few2 = newspap] criticism & society gossip v soon bruit abroad a g5]al idea ( ! plot ( any play :i* atta9s a reasonable measure ( success4 ,:y1 !n1 %\ld we assume1 9 ! ideal spectator to :om we address ourselves1 a /ate ( m9d :i*1 we hope & tru/1 w n be ! /ate ( m9d ( ! majority ( actual spectators8 ,to ?is "q !re are sev]al answ]s4 ,! fir/ & mo/ obvi\s is t to "o audi5ce1 at any rate1 e play mu/ be absolutely new1 & t x is ?is fir/-night audi5ce :i* 9 great measure det]m9es its success or failure4 ,_m plays h surviv$ a fir/-night failure1 & /ill m h gone (f 9 a rapid decl9e aft] a fir/-night success4 ,b ^! caprices ( =tune are n to be c\nt$ on4 ,! only prud5t c\rse is = ! dramati/ to direct all 8 ?\ght & c>e t[>ds conciliat+ or dom9at+ an audi5ce to :i* 8 !me is entirely unkn[n1#a & s com+ triumphant ?r\gh 8 fir/-night ordeal4 ,?is pr9ciple is subject to a c]ta9 qualification 9 ! case ( hi/oric & leg5d>y !mes4 ,9 treat+ su* subjects1 ! dramati/ is n reliev$ ( ! necessity ( develop+ 8 /ory cle>ly & int]e/+ly1 b has1 on ! contr>y1 an additional *>ge impos$ ^u him--t ( n flagrantly defy+ or disappo9t+ popul> k or prejudice4 ,*>les ,i mu/ n die 9 a gre5 old age1 ,oliv] ,cromwell mu/ n display ! mann]s & graces ( ,sir ,*>les ,gr&ison1 ,*>les ,,ii mu/ n be repres5t$ z a model ( dome/ic virtue4 ,hi/orians may indict a h]o or :itewa% a villa9 at _! leisure2 b to ! dramati/ a h]o mu/ be 7m or less7 a h]o1 a villa9 7m or less7 a villa91 if accept$ tradition s decrees x4#b ,?us popul> k c sc>cely be said to light5 a dramati/'s task1 b r to impose a new limitation ^u him4 ,9 "s cases1 h[ev]1 he c rely on a g5]al k ( ! hi/oric backgr\nd ( a giv5 p]iod1 :i* may save him "s exposition4 ,an ,engli% audi5ce1 = in/ance1 does n require to be told :at 0 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,cavali]s & ,r\ndheads2 nor does any audi5ce1 ,i imag9e1 look = a hi/orical disquisition on ! ,reign ( ,t]ror4 ,! dramati/ has only to br+ on "s ruffianly *>act]s 9 ,phrygian caps1 :o address ea* o!r z ,citiz5 & ,citiz5ess1 & at once ! imag9ation ( ! audi5ce w supply ! roll ( ! tumbrels & ! silh\ette ( ! guillot9e 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,to return to ! g5]al "q3 n only mu/ ! dramati/ reckon ) "o all-important audi5ce :i* is totally ignorant ( ! /ory he has to tell2 he mu/ also be> 9 m9d t x is v easy to exagg]ate ! proportion ( any giv5 audi5ce :i* w "k 8 plot 9 advance1 ev5 :5 8 play has be5 p]=m$ a ?\s& times4 ,!re are inexhau/ible possibilities ( ignorance 9 ! !atrical public4 ,a /ory is told1 on pretty good au?ority1 ( a late em95t /atesman :o visit$ ! ,lyceum "o night :5 ,sir ,h5ry ,irv+ 0 appe>+ z ,hamlet4 ,aft] ! ?ird act he w5t to ! actor's dress+-room1 express$ great regret t duty call$ him back to ,we/m9/]1 & begg$ ,sir ,h5ry to tell him h[ ! play end$1 z x _h int]e/$ him greatly4#c ,"o ( our mo/ em95t noveli/s has assur$ me t he nev] saw or read ,macbe? until he 0 pres5t at 7,i ?9k7 ,mr4 ,=bes ,rob]tson's revival ( ! play1 he be+ !n ne>] fifty ?an =ty4 ,^!1 no d\bt1 are freak in/ances2 b 9 any giv5 audi5ce1 ev5 at ! mo/ hackney$ classical plays1 !re w be a c]ta9 p]c5tage ( *ildr5 7:o contribute z mu* z _! eld]s to ! g5]al temp] ( an audi5ce71 & also a p]c5tage ( adult ignoramuses4 ,& if ?is be s 9 ! case ( plays :i* h held ! /age = g5]ations1 are /udi$ 9 s*ools1 & are e day cit$ z matt]s ( common k1 h[ mu* m c]ta9 may we be t ev5 ! mo/ popul> mod]n play w h to appeal night aft] night to a consid]able numb] ( p :o h no previ\s acqua9tance ) ei!r its /ory or its *>act]s6 ,! playwright may absolutely c\nt on hav+ to make su* an appeal2 b he mu/ rememb] at ! same "t t he c by no means c\nt on keep+ any individual effect1 m especially any notable trick or device1 a secret f ! g5]ality ( 8 audi5ce4 ,mr4 ,j4,m4 ,b>rie 7to take a rec5t in/ance7 s$ul\sly conceal$1 ?r\gh\t ! great] "p ( ,little ,m>y1 :at 0 meant by t ev]-recurr+ expression1 & probably reli$ to "s ext5t on an effect ( amus$ surprise :5 ! disclosure 0 made4 ,on ! fir/ night1 ! effect came (f happily en\gh2 b on subsequ5t nights1 !re w\ld r>ely be a score ( p 9 ! h\se :o did n "k ! secret4 ,! great majority might "k no?+ else ab\t ! play1 b t !y knew4 ,simil>ly1 9 ! case ( any me*anical truc1 z ! ,fr5* call x1 or feat ( !atrical sleight-(-h&1 x is futile to tru/ to its tak+ unaw>es any audi5ce aft] ! fir/4 ,n9e-t5?s ( all subsequ5t audi5ces are sure to be on ! look-out = x1 & to "k1 or ?9k !y "k1 h[ x's done4#d ,^! are ! ?+s :i* !atrical gossip1 pr9t$ & oral1 mo/ indu/ri\sly dissem9ates4 ,! f9e details ( a plot are mu* less easily convey$ & less likely to be rememb]$4 ,to sum up ?is bran* ( ! argum5t3 h[ev] (t-repeat$ & mu*-discuss$ a play may be1 ! playwright mu/ assume t 9 e audi5ce !re w be an appreciable numb] ( p]sons :o "k practically no?+ ab\t x1 & ^: enjoym5t w dep5d1 l t ( ! fir/-night audi5ce1 on ! skill ) :i* he develops 8 /ory4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he c nev] rely on tak+ an audi5ce by surprise at any p>ticul> po9t4 ,! class ( effect :i* dep5ds on surprise is precisely ! class ( effect :i* is c]ta9 to be disc\nt$4#e ,we come n[ to a ?ird reason :y a playwright is b\nd to assume t ! audi5ce to :i* he addresses himself has no previ\s k ( 8 fable4 ,x is simply t no o!r assumption has1 or c h1 any logical basis4 ,if ! audi5ce is n to be conceiv$ z ignorant1 h[ mu* is x to be assum$ to "k8 ,!re is cle>ly no possible answ] to ?is "q1 except a purely arbitr>y "o1 hav+ no relation to ! facts4 ,9 any audi5ce aft] ! fir/1 !re w d\btless be a hundr$ degrees ( k & ( ignorance4 ,_m p w "k no?+ at all ab\t ! play2 "s p w h se5 or read x ye/]day1 & w ?us "k all !re is to "k2 :ile betwe5 ^! extremes !re w be e v>iety ( cle>ness or vagu5ess ( k4 ,"s p w h read & rememb]$ a detail$ newspap] notice2 o!rs w h read ! same notice & =gott5 almo/ all ( x4 ,"s w h he>d a correct & vivid acc\nt ( ! play1 o!rs a vague & mislead+ summ>y4 ,x w\ld be absolutely impossible to enum]ate all ! degrees ( previ\s k :i* are pretty c]ta9 to be repres5t$ 9 an av]age audi5ce2 & to :i* degree ( k is ! playwright to address himself8 ,if he is to h any firm gr\nd "u 8 feet1 he mu/ cle>ly adopt ! only logical c\rse1 & address himself to a spectator assum$ to h no previ\s k :atev]4 ,to proce$ on any o!r assumption w\ld n only be to ignore ! all-p[]ful fir/-night audi5ce1 b to plunge into a v]itable morass ( inconsi/5cies1 dubieties & slov5l9esses4 ,^! consid]ations1 h[ev]1 h n yet tak5 u to ! he>t ( ! matt]4 ,we h se5 t ! dramati/ has no rational c\rse op5 to him b to assume complete ignorance 9 8 audi5ce2 b we h also se5 t1 z a matt] ( fact1 only "o audi5ce w be entirely 9 ?is condition1 & t1 ! m successful ! play is1 ! m widely w subsequ5t audi5ces t5d to dep>t f x4 ,does x n foll[ t int]e/ ( plot1 int]e/ ( curiosity z to com+ ev5ts1 is at be/ an evanesc5t factor 9 a play's attractiv5ess--( a c]ta9 importance1 no d\bt1 on ! fir/ night1 b less & less effici5t ! long] ! play holds ! /age8 ,9 a s5se1 ?is is und\bt$ly true4 ,we see e day t a m]e /ory-play--a play :i* appeals to u solely by reason ( ! adroit /imulation & satisfaction ( curiosity--v rapidly exhau/s its success4 ,no "o c>es to see x a second "t2 & spectators :o happ5 to h read ! plot 9 advance1 f9d its attraction disc\nt$ ev5 on a fir/ he>+4 ,b if we jump to ! conclusion t ! skilful m>%all+ & developm5t ( ! /ory is an unimportant detail1 :i* matt]s little :5 once ! fir/-night ordeal is pa/1 we %all g v f> a/ray4 ,exp]i5ce %[s u t dramatic int]e/ is entirely di/9ct f m]e curiosity1 & survives :5 curiosity is dead4 ,?\gh a skilfully-told /ory is n ( itself en\gh to secure long life = a play1 x mat]ially & p]man5tly enhances ! attractions ( a play :i* has o!r & high] claims to longevity4 ,"*1 poetry1 philosophy1 atmosph]e1 are all v good 9 _! way2 b !y all %[ to great] advantage by aid ( a well-ord]$ fable4 ,9 a picture1 ,i take x1 draw+ is n ev]y?+2 b draw+ w always c\nt = mu*4 ,?is sep>ation ( int]e/ f curiosity is p>tly explicable by "o v simple reflection4 ,h[ev] well we may "k a play be=eh&1 we seldom "k x by he>t or ne>ly by he>t2 s t1 ?\gh we may anticipate a developm5t 9 g5]al outl9e1 we d n cle>ly =esee ! ord]+ ( its details1 :i*1 !re=e1 may give u almo/ ! same sort ( pleasure t x gave u :5 ! /ory 0 new to u4 ,mo/ playgo]s w1 ,i ?9k1 be> me out 9 say+ t we con/antly f9d a great sc5e or act to be 9 reality ri*] 9 inv5tion & m +5i\s 9 arrangem5t ?an we rememb]$ x to be4 ,we come1 n[1 to ano!r po9t t mu/ n be ov]look$4 ,x ne$s no subtle introspection to assure u t we1 ! audi5ce1 d our own little bit ( act+1 & in/9ctively place ourselves at ! po9t ( view ( a spectator be=e ^: eyes ! drama is unroll+ itself = ! fir/ "t4 ,if ! play has any ri*ness ( texture1 we h _m s5sations t he _c h4 ,we are consci\s ( ironies & subtleties :i* necess>ily escape him1 or :i* he c b dimly div9e4 ,b 9 reg>d to ! actual developm5t ( ! /ory1 we imag9e ourselves back into 8 condition ( ignorance1 ) ?is diff]5ce1 t we c m fully appreciate ! dramati/'s skill1 & m cle>ly res5t 8 clums9ess or slov5l9ess4 ,our s5sations1 9 %ort1 are n simply condition$ by our k or ignorance ( :at is to come4 ,! mood ( dramatic receptivity is a complex "o4 ,we in/9ctively & )\t any ef=t rememb] t ! dramati/ is b\nd by ! rules ( ! game1 or1 9 o!r words1 by ! inh]5t conditions ( 8 craft1 to unfold 8 tale be=e an audi5ce to :i* x is unkn[n2 & x is ) implicit ref]5ce to ^! conditions t we enjoy & appreciate 8 skill4 ,ev5 ! mo/ unsophi/icat$ audi5ce realizes 9 "s measure t ! playwright is an arti/ pres5t+ a picture ( life "u su*-&-su* assumptions & limitations1 & appraises 8 skill by its own vague & in/9ctive /&>ds4 ,z our culture increases1 we m & m consi/5tly adopt ?is attitude1 & take pleasure 9 a playwright's m>%all+ ( mat]ial 9 proportion to its absolute skill1 ev5 if t skill no long] produces its direct & pri/9e effect ^u u4 ,9 _m cases1 inde$1 our pleasure consi/s ( a delicate bl5d+ ( surprise ) realiz$ anticipation4 ,we =esaw1 & are pleas$ to recognize1 ! art ( ! :ole a*ievem5t1 :ile details :i* _h gr[n dim to u give u ea* its little ?rill ( fre% admiration4 ,reg>d$ 9 ?is aspect1 a great play is l a great piece ( music3 we c he> x aga9 & aga9 ) ev]-new realization ( its subtle beauties1 its complex h>monies1 & ) unfail+ int]e/ 9 ! m]its & dem]its ( ea* p>ticul> r5d]+4 ,b we mu/ look deep] ?an ?is if we w\ld fully und]/& ! true nature ( dramatic int]e/4 ,! la/ p>agraph has br\ght u to ! v]ge ( ! inmo/ secret1 b we h yet to take ! f9al /ep4 ,we h yet to realize t1 9 truly great drama1 ! =ekn[l$ge possess$ by ! audi5ce is n a disadvantage ) c]ta9 incid5tal mitigations & comp5sations1 b is ! s\rce ( ! highe/ pleasure :i* ! !atre is capable ( af=d+ u4 ,9 ord] to illu/rate my mean+1 ,i propose to analyse a p>ticul> sc5e1 n1 c]ta9ly1 among ! l(tie/ 9 dramatic lit]ature1 b p>ticul>ly suit$ to my purpose1 inasmu* z x is famili> to e "o1 & at ! same "t full ( ! ess5tial qualities ( drama4 ,i mean ! ,scre5 ,sc5e 9 ,! ,s*ool = ,sc&al4 ,9 h] ,engli% ,m5 ( ,lett]s volume on ,%]idan1 ,mrs4 ,oliphant discusses ?is sc5e4 ,speak+ 9 p>ticul> ( ! mom5t at :i* ! scre5 is ov]turn$1 reveal+ ,lady ,teazle beh9d x1 %e says-- ,x w\ld no d\bt h be5 high] art c\ld ! dramati/ h deceiv$ 8 audi5ce z well z ! p]sonages ( ! play1 & made u also p>ties 9 ! surprise ( ! discov]y4 ,!re c\ld sc>cely be a complet] rev]sal ( ! tru? ?an ?is hopeless comm5t1 z ,pr(essor ,br&] ,mat!ws has ju/ly call$ x4 ,! :ole effect ( ! long & highly-elaborat$ sc5e dep5ds ^u our k t ,lady ,teazle is beh9d ! scre54 ,_h ! audi5ce ei!r n kn[n t !re 0 anybody !re1 or suppos$ x to be ! little ,fr5* mill9]1 :]e w\ld h be5 ! brea?less int]e/ :i* has held u ?r\gh a :ole s]ies ( prec$+ sc5es8 ,:5 ,sir ,pet] reveals to ,joseph 8 g5]\s int5tions t[>ds 8 wife1 ! po9t lies 9 ! fact t ,lady ,teazle ov]he>s2 & ?is is d\bly ! case :5 he alludes to ,joseph z a suitor = ! h& ( ,m>ia4 ,s1 too1 ) ! foll[+ sc5e betwe5 ,joseph & ,*>les2 9 itself x w\ld be flat en\gh2 ! fact t ,sir ,pet] is li/5+ l5ds x a c]ta9 piquancy2 b ?is is t5 times multipli$ by ! fact t ,lady ,teazle1 too1 he>s all t passes4 ,:5 ,joseph is call$ f ! room by ! arrival ( ! pret5d$ ,old ,/anley1 !re w\ld be no int]e/ 9 8 emb>rassm5t if we believ$ ! p]son beh9d ! scre5 to be ! ,fr5* mill9]4 ,& :5 ,sir ,pet] yields to ! temptation to let ,*>les into ! secret ( 8 bro!r's frailty1 & we feel e mom5t m c]ta9 t ! scre5 w be ov]?r[n1 :]e w\ld be ! excitem5t1 ! t5sion1 if we did n "k :o 0 beh9d x8 ,! real drama1 9 fact1 passes beh9d ! scre54 ,x lies 9 ! t]ror1 humiliation1 & disillusionm5t :i* we "k to be c\rs+ ea* o!r ?r\gh ,lady ,teazle's s\l4 ,& all ?is ,mrs4 ,oliphant w\ld h sacrific$ = a s+le mom5t ( crude surprise6 ,n[ let u he> ,pr(essor ,mat!ws's analysis ( ! effect ( ! sc5e4 ,he says3 ,! playgo]'s int]e/ is really n s mu* z to :at is to happ5 z ! way 9 :i* ?is ev5t is go+ to affect ! *>act]s involv$4 ,he ?9ks x likely en\gh t ,sir ,pet] w discov] t ,lady ,teazle is pay+ a visit to ,joseph ,surface2 b :at he is really anxi\s to le>n is ! way ! husb& w take x4 ,:at w ,lady ,teazle h to say :5 %e is discov]$ :]e %e has no bus9ess to be8 ,h[ w ,sir ,pet] receive h] excuses8 ,:at w ! effect be on ! future conduct ( bo? husb& & wife8 ,^! are ! que/ions :i* ! spectators are eag] to h answ]$4 ,?is is an admirable exposition ( ! frame ( m9d ( ! ,drury ,lane audi5ce ( ,may #h1 #aggg4 :o fir/ saw ! scre5 ov]turn$4 ,b 9 ! ?\s&s ( audi5ces :o h s9ce witness$ ! play1 h[ _m individuals1 on an av]age1 _h any d\bt z to :at ,lady ,teazle w\ld h to say1 & h[ ,sir ,pet] w\ld receive h] excuses8 ,x w\ld probably be safe to guess t1 = a c5tury pa/1 two-?irds ( e audi5ce h cle>ly =ekn[n ! outcome ( ! situation4 ,pr(essor ,mat!ws himself has edit$ ,%]idan's plays1 & probably kn[s ,! ,s*ool = ,sc&al almo/ by he>t2 yet we may be pretty sure t any reasonably good p]=mance ( ! ,scre5 ,sc5e w to-day give him pleasure n s v mu* inf]ior to t :i* he felt ! fir/ "t he saw x4 ,9 ?is pleasure1 x is manife/ t m]e curiosity z to ! imm$iate & subsequ5t conduct ( ,sir ,pet] & ,lady ,teazle c h no "p4 ,!re is absolutely no "q :i* ,pr(essor ,mat!ws1 or any playgo] :o %>es 8 po9t ( view1 is eag] to h answ]$4 ,assum+1 !n1 t we are all famili> ) ! ,scre5 ,sc5e1 & assum+ t we1 nev]!less1 take pleasure 9 see+ x reasonably well act$1#f let u try to discov] ( :at elem5ts t pleasure is compos$4 ,x is1 no d\bt1 some:at complex4 ,= "o ?+1 we h pleasure 9 meet+ old fri5ds4 ,sir ,pet]1 ,lady ,teazle1 ,*>les1 ev5 ,joseph1 are agreeable creatures :o h all sorts ( pleasant associations = u4 ,aga91 we love to enc\nt] n only famili> *>act]s b famili> jokes4 ,l ,goldsmi?'s ,diggory1 we c nev] help laugh+ at ! /ory ( ould ,gr\se 9 ! gunroom4 ,! be/ ord] ( dramatic wit does n become /ale1 b r gr[s ^u u4 ,we reli% x at lea/ z mu* at ! t5? repetition z at ! fir/4 ,b :ile ^! consid]ations may p>tly acc\nt = ! pleasure we take 9 see+ ! play z a :ole1 !y d n expla9 :y ! ,scre5 ,sc5e 9 p>ticul> %\ld int]e/ & excite u4 ,ano!r s\rce ( pleasure1 z be=e indicat$1 may be r5ew$ recognition ( ! +5uity ) :i* ! sc5e is piec$ toge!r4 ,h[ev] famili> we may be ) x1 %ort ( actually kn[+ x by he>t1 we d n recall ! details ( its dovetail+1 & x is a delight to realize afre% ! neatness ( ! manipulation by :i* ! t5sion is height5$ f spee* to spee* & f incid5t to incid5t4 ,if x be object$ t ?is is a pleasure :i* ! critic alone is capable ( exp]i5c+1 ,i v5ture to disagree4 ,! mo/ unsophi/icat$ playgo] feels ! effect ( neat workman%ip1 ?\gh he may n be able to put 8 satisfaction into words4 ,x is evid5t1 h[ev]1 t ! m]e intellectual recognition ( f9e workman%ip is n suffici5t to acc\nt = ! emotions ) :i* we witness ! ,scre5 ,sc5e4 ,a simil>1 ?\gh1 ( c\rse1 n q id5tical1 effect is produc$ by sc5es ( ! utmo/ simplicity1 9 :i* !re is no room = delicacy ( dovetail+ or neatness ( manipulation4 ,:]e1 !n1 are we to seek = ! fundam5tal con/itu5t 9 dramatic int]e/1 z di/9ct f m]e curiosity8 ,p]haps ,mrs4 ,oliphant's gl>+ error may put u on ! track ( ! tru?4 ,mrs4 ,oliphant ?\ght t ,%]idan w\ld h %[n high] art _h he kept ! audi5ce1 z well z ,sir ,pet] & ,*>les1 ignorant ( ,lady ,teazle's pres5ce beh9d ! scre54 ,b ?is1 z we saw1 is precisely ! rev]se ( ! tru?3 ! :ole int]e/ ( ! sc5e arises f our k ( ,lady ,teazle's pres5ce4 ,_h ,%]idan fall5 into ,mrs4 ,oliphant's mi/ake1 ! little %ock ( surprise :i* ! fir/-night audi5ce w\ld h felt :5 ! scre5 0 ?r[n d[n w\ld h be5 no comp5sation at all = ! comp>ative tam5ess & po9tlessness ( ! prec$+ passages4 ,?us we see t ! great] "p ( our pleasure arises precisely f ! fact t we "k :at ,sir ,pet] & ,*>les d n "k1 or1 9 o!r words1 t we h a cle> vision ( all ! circum/ances1 relations1 & implications ( a c]ta9 conjuncture ( affairs1 9 :i* two1 at lea/1 ( ! p]sons conc]n$ are ignorantly & bl9dly mov+ t[>ds issues ( :i* !y d n dream4 ,we are1 9 fact1 9 ! position ( sup]ior intellig5ces contemplat+1 ) miracul\s clairvoyance1 ! /umbl+s & tumbl+s ( poor bl9d mortals /ray+ ?r\gh ! labyr9? ( life4 ,our seat 9 ! !atre is l a ?rone on ! ,epicurean ,olympus1 :5ce we c view ) p]fect intellig5ce1 b )\t p>ticipation or responsibility1 ! intricate reactions ( human de/9y4 ,& ?is s5se ( sup]iority does n pall ^u u4 ,:5 ,o!llo comes on ! sc5e1 radiant & confid5t 9 ,desdemona's love1 our k ( ! fate await+ him makes him a hundr$ times m int]e/+ ?an c\ld any m]e curiosity z to :at 0 ab\t to happ54 ,x is our prevision ( ,nora's exit at ! end ( ! la/ act t l5ds its dramatic poignancy to h] entrance at ! beg9n+ ( ! fir/4 ,!re is no?+ absolutely new 9 ?is !ory4#g ,! irony ( fate has long be5 recogniz$ z "o ( ! ma9 elem5ts ( dramatic effect4 ,x has be5 especially dwelt ^u 9 relation to ,greek trag$y1 ( :i* ! !mes 7 all kn[n 9 advance ev5 to fir/-day audi5ces4 ,we %\ld take b little int]e/ 9 see+ ! purple c>pet spread = ,agamemnon's triumphal entry into 8 ance/ral halls1 if x 7 n = our =ekn[l$ge ( ! net & ! axe prep>$ = him4 ,b1 famili> z is ?is pr9ciple1 ,i am n aw>e t x has hi!rto be5 ext5d$1 z ,i sugge/ t x %\ld be1 to cov] ! :ole field ( dramatic int]e/4 ,i sugge/ t ! !ori/s h hi!rto dwelt f> too mu* on curiosity#h--:i* may be def9$ z ! int]e/ ( ignorance--& f> too little on ! feel+ ( sup]iority1 ( clairvoyance1 ) :i* we contemplate a =ekn[n action1 :e!r ( a comic or ( a tragic ca/4 ,( c\rse ! action mu/ be1 ess5tially if n 9 e detail1 true to nature4 ,we c d]ive no s5se ( sup]iority f our =ekn[l$ge ( an arbitr>y or prepo/]\s action2 & t1 ,i take x1 is ! reason :y a good _m plays h an initial success ( curiosity1 b cease to attract :5 _! plot becomes famili>4 ,aga91 we take no pleasure 9 =ekn[+ ! fate ( :olly un9t]e/+ p2 :i* is z mu* z to say t "* is indisp5sable to endur+ int]e/ 9 drama4 ,) ^! provisos1 ,i sugge/ a recon/ruction ( our !ories ( dramatic int]e/1 9 :i* m]e fir/-night curiosity %all be relegat$ to ! subord9ate place :i* by "r belongs to x4 ,nev]!less1 we mu/ come back to ! po9t t !re is always ! ordeal ( ! fir/ night to be fac$1 & t ! plays are comp>atively few :i* h liv$-d[n a bad fir/-night4 ,x is true t specifically fir/-night m]it is a trivial matt] comp>$ ) :at may be call$ ?\s&?-p]=mance m]it2 b x is equally true t !re is no inconsi/5cy betwe5 ! two ord]s ( m]it1 & t a play w nev] be less e/eem$ on its ?\s&? p]=mance = hav+ a*iev$ a conspicu\s fir/-night success4 ,! practical lesson :i* seems to em]ge f ^! consid]ations is t a wise !atrical policy w\ld seek to dim9i% ! all-importance ( ! fir/-night1 & to give a play a great] *ance ( recov]y ?an x has "u pres5t conditions1 f ! depress+ effect ( an inauspici\s production4 ,?is is ! m desirable z its initial misadv5ture may v likely be due to ext]nal & =tuit\s circum/ances1 :olly unconnect$ ) its inh]5t qualities4 ,at ! same "t1 we are b\nd to recognize t1 f ! v nature ( ! case1 our pres5t inquiry mu/ be f> m conc]n$ ) fir/-night ?an ) ?\s&?-p]=mance m]it4 ,craftsman%ip c1 )9 limits1 be acquir$1 g5ius _c2 & x is craftsman%ip t pilots u ?r\gh ! p]ils ( ! fir/ p]=mance1 g5ius t c>ries u on to ! apo!osis ( ! ?\s&?4 ,!re=e1 our prim>y conc]n mu/ be ) ! ar\s+ & su/a9+ ( curiosity1 ?\gh we %\ld nev] =get t x is only a means to ! ultimate enli/m5t ( ! high] & m abid+ =ms ( int]e/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,footnote #a3 ,! view t ! dramati/ has only to ?9k ( pleas+ himself is else:]e dealt )4 ,footnote #b3 ,two dramati/s :o h read ^! pages 9 pro(1 exclaim at ?is passage4 ,! "o says1 ,no1 no6 ! o!r asks1 ,:y8 ,i c only reit]ate t1 :]e !re exi/s a /rong & g5]ally accept$ tradition1 ! dramati/ n only runs c\nt] to x at 8 p]il1 b goes outside ! true doma9 ( 8 art 9 s do+4 ,new tru?1 9 hi/ory1 mu/ be e/abli%$ ei!r by new docum5ts1 or by a c>eful & detail$ re-int]pretation ( old docum5ts2 b ! /age is n ! place ei!r = ! production ( docum5ts or = hi/orical exegesis4 ,x is ne$less to say t :]e ! popul> m9d is unbias$1 ! dramati/'s h&s are free4 ,= in/ance1 ,i presume t "o might1 9 ,engl&1 take any view "o pleas$ ( ! "* ( ,m>y4 ,que5 ( ,scots2 b a highly unfav\rable view w\ld sc>cely be accept$ by ,scotti% audi5ces4 ,simil>ly1 x w\ld be bo? dang]\s & unpr(itable to pres5t on ! ,engli% /age any v damag+ sc&al ab\t ,que5 ,elizabe?4 ,hi/orical criticism1 ,i und]/&1 does n accept ! view t ,robespi]re 0 ma9ly responsible = ! ,reign ( ,t]ror1 & t 8 dea? betok5$ a g5]al revolt aga9/ 8 sangu9>y tyranny2 b x w\ld be v h>d = any dramati/ to secure g5]al acceptance = a m accurate read+ ( 8 "* & function4 ,"s fur!r rem>ks on ?is subject w be f\nd 9 ,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,footnote #c3 ,a malici\s anecdote to a simil> effect 0 curr5t 9 ! e>ly days ( ,sir ,h5ry ,irv+'s c>e]4 ,x 0 said t at ,bri/ol "o night1 :5 ,mr4 ,irv+1 z ,hamlet1 took 8 call aft] ! fir/ act1 a man turn$ to 8 neighb\r 9 ! pit & said1 ,c y tell me1 sir1 does t "y man appe> mu* 9 ?is play8 ,8 neighb\r in=m$ him t ,hamlet 0 r l>gely conc]n$ 9 ! action1 :]eupon ! inquir] rem>k$1 ,oh6 ,!n ,i'm (f6 ,footnote #d3 ,if x be well done1 x may rema9 highly effective 9 spite ( be+ disc\nt$ by previ\s k4 ,= in/ance1 ! clock-trick 9 ,raffles 0 none ! less amus+ because e "o 0 on ! look-out = x4 ,footnote #e3 ,! "q :e!r x is ev] politic = a playwright to keep a secret f 8 audi5ce is discuss$ else:]e4 ,:at ,i h "h 9 m9d is n an ord9>y secret1 b a m or less tricky effect ( surprise4 ,footnote #f3 ,! pleasure receiv$ f exceptionally good act+ is1 ( c\rse1 a diff]5t matt]4 ,i assume t ! act+ is m]ely compet5t en\gh to pass mu/] )\t irritat+ u1 & s di/ract+ our att5tion4 ,footnote #g3 ,i myself express$ x 9 slightly diff]5t t]ms ne>ly t5 ye>s ago4 ,curiosity1 ,i said1 is ! accid5tal reli% ( a s+le night2 :]eas ! ess5tial & abid+ pleasure ( ! !atre lies 9 =ekn[l$ge4 ,9 relation to ! *>act]s 9 ! drama1 ! audi5ce are z gods look+ be=e & aft]4 ,sitt+ 9 ! !atre1 we ta/e1 = a mom5t1 ! glory ( omnisci5ce4 ,) vision unseal$1 we wat* ! grop+s ( purbl9d mortals aft] happ9ess1 & smile at _! /umbl+s1 _! blund]s1 _! futile que/s1 _! misplac$ exultations1 _! gr\ndless panics4 ,to keep a secret f u is to r$uce u to _! level1 & deprive u ( our clairvoyant alo(ness4 ,!re may be a pleasure 9 t too2 we may jo9 ) ze/ 9 ! game ( bl9d-man's-buff2 b ! !atre is 9 its ess5ce a place :]e we are privileg$ to take (f ! b&age we we> 9 daily life1 & to contemplate1 ) laught] or ) te>s1 ! bl9dfold gambols ( our neighb\rs4 ,footnote #h3 ,"h an acute critic writes3 ,on ! :ole ,i agree2 b ,i d ?9k !re is dramatic int]e/ to be _h out ( curiosity1 ?r\gh ! id5tification1 s to speak1 ( ! audi5ce ) ! discov]+ p]sons on ! /age4 ,x is an int]e/ ( sympa?y1 n to be despis$1 r ?an an int]e/ ( actual curiosity4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,=e%ad[+1 ,,n ,,=e/all+ ,we return n[ to ! po9t at :i* ! =ego+ disquisition--x is n a digression--became necess>y4 ,we _h arriv$ at ! g5]al pr9ciple t ! playwright's *ief aim 9 8 fir/ act ought to be to ar\se & c>ry =w>d ! int]e/ ( ! audi5ce4 ,?is may seem a tol]ably obvi\s /atem5t2 b x is wor? :ile to exam9e a little m closely into its implications4 ,z to ar\s+ ! int]e/ ( ! audi5ce1 x is cle> t v little specific advice c be giv54 ,"o c only say1 ,f9d an int]e/+ !me1 /ate its prelim9>ies cle>ly & crisply1 & let issue be jo9$ )\t too mu* delay4 ,!re c be no rules = f9d+ an int]e/+ !me1 any m ?an = cat*+ ! ,blue ,bird4 ,at a lat] /age we may p]haps attempt a summ>y enum]ation ( !mes :i* are n int]e/+1 :i* h exhau/$ any int]e/ !y ev] possess$1 & repay c>eful avoidance4 ,b su* an enum]ation w\ld be out ( place "h1 :]e we are /udy+ pr9ciples ( =m ap>t f details ( matt]4 ,! ar\s+ ( int]e/1 h[ev]1 is "o ?+1 ! c>ry+-=w>d ( int]e/ is ano!r2 & on ! latt] po9t !re are "o or two ?+s t may pr(itably be said4 ,ea* act1 z we h se51 %\ld consi/ (1 or at all ev5ts conta91 a subord9ate crisis1 contributory to ! ma9 crisis ( ! play3 & ! art ( act-con/ruction lies 9 giv+ to ea* act an individuality & int]e/ ( its own1 )\t s r\nd+ x (f z to obscure ev5 = a mom5t its subsidi>y1 &1 9 ! case ( ! fir/ act1 its introductory1 relation to ! :ole4 ,?is is a po9t :i* _m dramati/s ignore or und]value4 ,v (t51 :5 ! curta9 falls on a fir/ or a second act1 "o says1 ,?is is a fairly good act 9 itself2 b :i!r does x lead8 :at is to come ( x all8 ,x awak5s no def9ite anticipation1 & = two p9s "o w\ld take up "o's hat & g home4 ,! au?or has neglect$ ! art ( c>ry+-=w>d ! int]e/4 ,x is curi\s to note t 9 ! mo/ unsophi/icat$ =ms ( melodrama ?is art is delib]ately ignor$4 ,9 plays ( ! type ( ,! ,wor/ ,woman 9 ,london1 x appe>s to be an absolute canon ( art t e act mu/ h a happy end+--t ! curta9 mu/ always fall on ! h]o1 or1 pref]ably1 ! comic man1 9 an attitude ( triumph1 :ile ! villa9 & villa9ess c[] be=e him 9 baffl$ impot5ce4 ,we h p]fect fai?1 ( c\rse1 t ! villa9 w come up smil+ 9 ! next act1 & proce$ ) 8 nef>i\s practices2 b1 = ! mom5t1 virtue has x all its own way4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is a v artless =mula :i* has someh[ develop$ ( rec5t ye>s2 & x is d\btful :e!r ev5 ! audi5ces to :i* ^! plays appeal w\ld n 9 reality pref] some?+ a little less inept 9 ! matt] ( con/ruction4 ,z soon z we get above ?is level1 at all ev5ts1 ! fo/]+ ( anticipation becomes a matt] ( ! fir/ importance4 ,! problem is1 n to cut %ort ! spectator's int]e/1 or to leave x flutt]+ at a loose end1 b to provide x ei!r ) a cle>ly-=ese5 po9t 9 ! next act t[>ds :i* x c rea* onw>ds1 or ) a def9ite enigma1 ! solution ( :i* is impati5tly await$4 ,9 g5]al t]ms1 a bridge %\ld be provid$ betwe5 "o act & ano!r1 along :i* ! spectator's m9d _c b travel ) eag] anticipation4 ,& ?is is p>ticul>ly important1 or p>ticul>ly apt to be neglect$1 at ! end ( ! fir/ act4 ,at a lat] po9t1 if ! int]e/ does n naturally & inevitably c>ry itself =w>d1 ! case is hopeless inde$4 ,to illu/rate :at is meant by ! c>ry+-=w>d ( int]e/1 let me cite "o or two in/ances 9 :i* x is a*iev$ ) conspicu\s success4 ,9 ,osc> ,wilde's fir/ mod]n com$y1 ,lady ,w9d]m]e's ,fan1 ! h]o9e1 ,lady ,w9d]m]e1 has le>nt t h] husb& has ( late be5 se5 to call v frequ5tly at ! h\se ( a c]ta9 ,mrs4 ,erlynne1 :om nobody kn[s4 ,h] suspicions ?us ar\s$1 %e se>*es h] husb&'s desk1 discov]s a private & lock$ bank-book1 cuts x op51 & f9ds t "o l>ge *eque aft] ano!r has be5 drawn 9 fav\r ( ! lady 9 "q4 ,at ?is inopportune mom5t1 ,"l ,w9d]m]e appe>s ) a reque/ t ,mrs4 ,erlynne %all be invit$ to _! reception t ev5+4 ,lady ,w9d]m]e indignantly refuses1 h] husb& insi/s1 &1 f9ally1 ) 8 own h&1 fills 9 an invitation-c>d & s5ds x by mess5g] to ,mrs4 ,erlynne4 ,"h "s playwrights might h be5 cont5t to f9i% ! act4 ,x is suffici5tly evid5t t ,lady ,w9d]m]e w n submit to ! app>5t insult1 & t some?+ excit+ may be look$ = at ! reception 9 ! foll[+ act4 ,b ,osc> ,wilde 0 n cont5t ) ?is vague expectancy4 ,he fir/ def9$ x1 & !n he und]l9$ ! def9ition1 9 a p]fectly natural & yet +5i\s & skilful way4 ,! day happ5s to be ,lady ,w9d]m]e's bir?day1 & at ! beg9n+ ( ! act h] husb& has giv5 h] a beautiful o/ri*-fea!r fan4 ,:5 he s5ds (f ! invitation1 %e turns ^u him & says1 ,if t woman crosses my ?re%old1 ,i %all /rike h] across ! face ) ?is fan4 ,"h1 aga91 _m a dramati/ might be cont5t to br+ d[n 8 curta94 ,! ann\ncem5t ( ,lady ,w9d]m]e's resolve c>ries =w>d ! int]e/ q cle>ly en\gh = all practical purposes4 ,b ev5 ?is did n satisfy ,wilde4 ,he imag9$ a ref9em5t1 simple1 probable1 & yet imm5sely effective1 :i* put an extraord9>ily ke5 edge ^u ! expectancy ( ! audi5ce4 ,he made ,lady ,w9d]m]e r+ = h] butl]1 & say3 ,p>k]1 be sure y pron\nce ! names ( ! gue/s v di/9ctly to-night4 ,sometimes y speak s fa/ t ,i miss !m4 ,i am p>ticul>ly anxi\s to he> ! names q cle>ly1 s z to make no mi/ake4 ,i well rememb] ! effect :i* ?is little t\* produc$ on ! fir/ night4 ,! situation 01 9 itself1 op5 to grave objections4 ,!re is no plausible excuse = ,"l ,w9d]m]e's ob/9acy 9 =c+ ,mrs4 ,erlynne ^u 8 wife1 & risk+ a viol5t sc&al 9 ord] to po/pone an explanation :i* he mu/ "k to be ultimately inevitable4 ,?\gh "o _h n z yet le>nt ! precise facts ( ! case1 "o felt pretty confid5t t 8 lord%ip's conduct w\ld sc>cely ju/ify itself4 ,b int]e/ is l>gely indep5d5t ( critical judgm5t1 &1 = my own "p1 ,i c av] t1 :5 ! curta9 fell on ! fir/ act1 a five-p\nd note w\ld n h brib$ me to leave ! !atre )\t assi/+ at ,lady ,w9d]m]e's reception 9 ! second act4 ,t is ! frame ( m9d :i* ! au?or %\ld try to beget 9 8 audi5ce2 & ,osc> ,wilde1 !n almo/ a novice1 _h1 9 ?is "o little passage betwe5 ,lady ,w9d]m]e & ! butl]1 %[n himself a ma/] ( ! art ( dramatic /ory-tell+4 ,! dramati/ has high] functions ?an m]e /ory-tell+2 b ?is is fundam5tal1 & ! true arti/ is ! la/ to despise x4#a ,= ano!r example ( a fir/ act br\ght to :at "o may call a judici\sly tantaliz+ conclusion1 ,i turn to ,mr4 ,r4,c4 ,c>ton's com$y ,:eels )9 ,:eels4 ,"l ,eric ,*antrell has j return$ f abroad aft] _m ye>s' abs5ce4 ,he drives /raight to ! ba*elor flat ( 8 old *um1 ,eg]ton ,v>trey4 ,at ! flat he f9ds only 8 fri5d's valet1 ,v>trey himself has be5 summon$ to ,scotl& t v ev5+1 & ! valet is on ! po9t ( foll[+ him4 ,he kn[s1 h[ev]1 t 8 ma/] w\ld wi% 8 old fri5d to make himself at home 9 ! flat2 s he pres5tly goes (f1 leav+ ! newcom] in/all$ = ! night4 ,"l ,eric goes to ! b$room to *ange 8 clo!s2 &1 ! /age be+ ?us left vacant1 we he> a lat*-key turn+ 9 ! out] door4 ,a lady 9 ev5+ dress ent]s1 goes up to ! bureau at ! back ( ! /age1 & calmly proce$s to break x op5 & ransack x4 ,:ile %e is ?us burgl>i\sly employ$1 ,"l ,eric ent]s1 & _c refra9 f a slight expression ( surprise4 ,! lady takes ! situation ) humor\s calmness1 !y fall into conv]sation1 & x is manife/ t at e ^w ,"l ,eric is m & m fasc9at$ by ! fair h\se-break]4 ,%e le>ns :o he is1 & evid5tly kn[s all ab\t him2 b %e is c>eful to give him no inkl+ ( h] own id5tity4 ,at la/ %e takes h] leave1 & he expresses su* an eag] hope ( be+ all[$ to r5ew _! acqua9tance1 t x am\nts to a decl>ation ( a peculi> int]e/ 9 h]4 ,!reupon %e addresses him to ?is effect3 ,has x occurr$ to y to wond] h[ ,i got into y\r fri5d's rooms8 ,i w %[ y h[--&1 produc+ a lat*-key1 %e holds x up1 ) all its que/ionable implications1 be=e 8 eyes4 ,!n %e lays x on ! table1 says3 ,i leave y to draw y\r own conclusions & dep>ts4 ,a bett] op5+ = a light social com$y c\ld sc>cely be devis$4 ,we h no difficulty 9 guess+ t ! lady1 :o is n q "y1 & has cle>ly a /rong s5se ( hum\r1 is freaki%ly turn+ appe>ances aga9/ h]self1 by way ( ?r[+ a da% ( cold wat] on ,"l ,eric's sudd5 flame ( devotion4 ,b we long = a cle> explanation ( ! :ole qua9t little episode2 & "h1 aga91 no reasonable (f] w\ld tempt u to leave ! !atre be=e our curiosity is satisfi$4 ,! rema9d] ( ! play1 ?\gh amus+1 is un=tunately n up to ! level ( ! fir/ act2 else ,:eels )9 ,:eels w\ld be a little classic ( light com$y4 ,= a ?ird example ( int]e/ c>efully c>ri$ =w>d1 ,i turn to a rec5t ,norwegian play1 ,! ,idyll1 by ,pet] ,egge4 ,at ! v rise ( ! curta91 we f9d ,+a ,g>1 wife ( an au?or & j\rnali/1 ,dr4 ,g>1 read+1 ) evid5t tok5s ( annoyance & di/a/e1 a new book ( poems by "o ,rolfe ,r+ve4 ,be=e h] m>riage1 ,+a 0 an actress ( no great tal5t2 ,r+ve made himself conspicu\s by prais+ h] f> beyond h] m]its2 & :51 at la/1 an engagem5t betwe5 !m 0 ann\nc$1 p %rugg$ _! %\ld]s & said3 ,!y are go+ to regul>ize ! situation4 ,z a matt] ( fact 7( ?is we h e>ly assurance71 ?\gh ,r+ve has be5 h] ard5t lov]1 ,+a has nei!r lov$ him nor be5 8 mi/ress4 ,r+ve be+ call$ abroad1 %e has1 dur+ 8 abs5ce1 brok5 (f h] engagem5t to him1 & has !n1 ab\t a ye> be=e ! play op5s1 m>ri$ ,dr4 ,g>1 to :om %e is devot$4 ,:ile ,g> is away on a %ort lecture t\r1 ,r+ve has publi%$ ! book ( love-poems :i* we f9d h] read+4 ,!y are v rem>kable poems2 !y h already made a great /ir 9 ! lit]>y _w2 & int]e/ is all ! ke5] = ! fact t !y are evid5tly inspir$ by 8 passion = ,+a1 & are c\*$ 9 su* a tone ( intimacy z to create a highly injuri\s impression ( ! relations betwe5 !m4 ,g>1 hav+ j come home1 has no suspicion ( ! nature ( ! book2 & :5 an editor1 :o *]i%es a grudge aga9/ him1 conceives ! malici\s idea ( ask+ him to review ,r+ve's ma/]piece1 he cons5ts ) alacrity4 ,"o or two small incid5ts h 9 ! meantime %[n u t !re is a little rift 9 ! idyllic happ9ess ( ,+a & ,g>1 aris+ f h] invet]ate habit ( tell+ trifl+ fibs to avoid fac+ ! petty annoyances ( life4 ,= in/ance1 :5 ,g> asks h] casually :e!r %e has read ,r+ve's poems1 a fooli% d5ial slips out1 ?\gh %e kn[s t ! cut pages ( ! book w give h] ! lie4 ,^! incid5ts po9t to a /ate ( un/able equilibrium 9 ! relations betwe5 husb& & wife2 :]e=e1 :5 we see ,g>1 at ! end ( ! act1 prep>+ to read ,r+ve's poems1 our curiosity is v ke5 z to h[ he w take !m4 ,we feel ! next h\r to be big ) fate = ^! two p2 & we long = ! curta9 to rise aga9 ^u ! ?reat5$ h\sehold4 ,! fuse has be5 fir$2 we are all agog = ! explosion4 ,9 ,h]r ,egge's place1 ,i %\ld h be5 incl9$ to h dropp$ my curta9 ^u ,g>1 ) ! light ( ! read+-lamp full ^u him1 9 ! act ( op5+ ! book1 & !n to h %[n him1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! second act1 9 exactly ! same position4 ,) m delicate art1 p]haps1 ! au?or int]poses a little dome/ic incid5t at ! end ( ! fir/ act1 :ile leav+ x cle>ly impress$ on our m9ds t ! read+ ( ! poems is only po/pon$ by a few m9utes4 ,t is ! ess5tial po9t3 ! actual mom5t ^u :i* ! curta9 falls is ( m9or importance4 ,:at is ( va/ importance1 on ! o!r h&1 is t ! expectation ( ! audi5ce %\ld n be baffl$1 & t ! curta9 %\ld rise ^u ! imm$iate sequel to ! read+ ( ! poems4 ,?is is1 9 ! exact s5se ( ! words1 a scne faire--an obligatory sc5e4 ,! au?or has ar\s$ 9 u a reasonable expectation ( x1 & %\ld he *oose to balk u--to raise 8 curta91 say1 a week1 or a mon?1 lat]--we %\ld feel t we _h be5 trifl$ )4 ,! g5]al !ory ( ! scne faire w pres5tly come up = discussion4 ,9 ! meantime1 ,i m]ely make ! obvi\s rem>k t x is worse ?an useless to awak5 a def9ite expectation 9 ! brea/ ( ! audi5ce1 & !n to disappo9t x4#b ,! works ( ,sir ,ar?ur ,p9]o af=d _m examples ( int]e/ v skilfully c>ri$ =w>d4 ,9 8 f>ces--let no "o despise ! te*nical lessons to be le>nt f a good f>ce--!re is always an adv5ture afoot1 ^: developm5t we eag]ly anticipate4 ,:5 ! curta9 falls on ! fir/ act ( ,! ,magi/rate1 we =esee ! meet+ ( all ! *>act]s at ! ,htel des ,pr9ces1 & are impati5t to assi/ at x4 ,9 ,! ,s*oolmi/ress1 we w\ld n = worlds miss ,peggy ,hesselt9e's p>ty1 :i* we "k awaits u 9 ,act ,,ii4 ,an excell5t example1 ( a m s]i\s ord]1 is to be f\nd 9 ,! ,b5efit ( ! ,d\bt4 ,:5 poor ,!o1 rebuff$ by h] husb&'s *illy scepticism1 goes (f on "s manife/ly h>ebra9$ err&1 we div9e1 z d h] relatives1 t %e is ab\t to commit social suicide by seek+ out ,john ,all+ham2 & we feel m ?an curiosity z to ! ev5t--we feel active conc]n1 almo/ anxiety1 z ?\gh our own p]sonal int]e/s 7 involv$4 ,our anticipation is height5$1 too1 :5 we see ,sir ,flet*] ,portwood & ,mrs4 ,cloys set (f ^u h] track4 ,?is gives u a def9ite po9t to :i* to look =w>d1 :ile leav+ ! actual c\rse ( ev5ts entirely undef9$4 ,x fulfils "o ( ! great ends ( craftsman%ip1 9 =e%ad[+ )\t =e/all+ an int5sely int]e/+ conjuncture ( affairs4 ,i h laid /ress on ! importance ( c>ry+ =w>d ! int]e/ ( ! audi5ce because x is a detail t is (t5 ov]look$4 ,!re is1 z a rule1 no difficulty 9 ! matt]1 always assum+ t ! !me be n inh]5tly devoid ( int]e/4 ,"o c\ld m5tion _m plays 9 :i* ! au?or has1 f %e] inadv]t5ce1 fail$ to c>ry =w>d ! int]e/ ( ! fir/ act1 ?\gh a v little readju/m5t1 or a trifl+ ex]cise ( inv5tion1 w\ld h enabl$ him to d s4 ,pill>s ( ,society1 inde$1 may be tak5 z an in/ance1 ?\gh n a v flagrant "o4 ,su* int]e/ z we feel at ! end ( ! fir/ act is vague & unfocus$4 ,we are sure t some?+ is to come ( ! return ( ,lona & ,johan1 b we h no inkl+ z to :at t some?+ may be4 ,if we guess t ! s-call$ black %eep ( ! family w prove to be ! :ite %eep1 x is only because we "k t x is ,ibs5's habit to attack respectability & criticize accept$ moral values--x is n because ( any?+ t he has told u1 or h9t$ to u1 9 ! play itself4 ,9 no o!r case does he leave our int]e/ at su* a loose end z 9 ?is1 8 pr5tice-"w 9 mod]n drama4 ,9 ,! ,league ( ,y\?1 an e>li] play1 b ( an altoge!r light] type1 ! int]e/ is mu* m def9itely c>ri$ =w>d at ! end ( ! fir/ act4 ,/5sga>d has attack$ ,*amb]la9 ,bratsb]g 9 a r\s+ spee*1 & ! ,*amb]la9 has be5 induc$ to believe t ! attack 0 direct$ n aga9/ himself1 b aga9/ 8 enemy ,mons54 ,consequ5tly he invites ,/5sga>d to 8 great d9n]-p>ty1 & ?is invitation ,/5sga>d reg>ds z a c[>dly attempt at conciliation4 ,we cle>ly see a crisis loom+ ahead1 :5 ?is misund]/&+ %all be cle>$ up2 & we consequ5tly look =w>d ) lively int]e/ to ! d9n]-p>ty ( ! second act--:i* ends1 z a matt] ( fact1 9 a brilliant sc5e ( com$y4 ,! pr9ciple1 to recapitulate1 is simply ?is3 a good fir/ act %\ld nev] end 9 a blank wall4 ,!re %\ld always be a w9d[ 9 x1 ) at lea/ a glimpse ( some?+ attractive beyond4 ,9 ,pill>s ( ,society !re is a w9d[1 inde$2 b x is ( gr\nd glass4 99 99 99 99 99 ,footnote #a3 ,t great /ory-tell]1 ,alex&ra ,dumas p]e1 ^? a /raight=w>d way ( c>ry+ =w>d ! int]e/ at ! end ( ! fir/ act ( ,h5ri ,,iii et sa ,c\r4 ,! ,due de ,guise1 insult$ by ,sa9t-,mgr91 beckons to 8 h5*man & says1 z ! curta9 falls1 ,qu'on me *]*e les mmes hommes qui ont assass9 ,duga/6 ,footnote #b3 ,!re are limits to ! validity ( ?is rule1 z appli$ to m9or incid5ts4 ,= example1 x may sometimes be a po9t ( art to lead ! audi5ce to expect ! appe>ance ( "o p]son1 :5 9 fact ano!r is ab\t to ent]4 ,b x is exce$+ly dang]\s to baffle ! c>efully fo/]$ anticipation ( an important sc5e4 ,see ,*apt]s ,,xvii & ,,xxi4 ,,book ,,iii ,,! ,,middle ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,t5sion ,,& ,,its ,,susp5sion ,9 ! days ( ! five-act dogma1 ea* act 0 suppos$ to h its special & pre-orda9$ function4 ,freytag assigns to ! second act1 z a rule1 ! ,/eig]ung or height5+--! work+-up1 "o might call x--( ! int]e/4 ,b ! second act1 9 mod]n plays1 has (t5 to d all ! "w ( ! ?ree middle acts "u ! old] disp5sation2 :]e=e ! !ory ( _! special functions has m ( a hi/orical ?an ( a practical int]e/4 ,= our pres5t purposes1 we may treat ! int]ior section ( a play z a unit1 :e!r x consi/ ( "o1 two1 or ?ree acts4 ,! fir/ act may be reg>d$ z ! por* or ve/ibule ?r\gh :i* we pass into ! ma9 fabric--solemn or joy\s1 fanta/ic or au/]e--( ! actual drama4 ,sometimes1 inde$1 ! ve/ibule is r$uc$ to a m]e ?re%old :i* c be cross$ 9 two /rides2 b normally ! fir/ act1 or at any rate ! great] "p ( x1 is ( an introductory "*4 ,let u conceive1 !n1 t we h pass$ ! ve/ibule1 & are n[ to /udy ! pr9ciples on :i* ! body ( ! /ructure is re>$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 is ! ar*itectural metaphor a j "o8 ,is !re1 or ought !re to be1 any analogy betwe5 a drama & a f9ely-proportion$ build+8 ,! "q has already be5 t\*$ on 9 ! op5+ p>agraphs ( ,*apt] ,,viii2 b we may n[ look into x a little m closely4 ,:at is ! *>act]i/ic ( a f9e piece ( ar*itecture8 ,manife/ly an organic relation1 a c>efully-plann$ int]dep5d5ce1 betwe5 all its p>ts4 ,a great build+ is a complete & r\nd$ :ole1 j l a liv+ organism4 ,x is in=m$ by an inn] law ( h>mony & proportion1 & _c be run up at haphaz>d1 ) no def9ite & pre-det]m9$ design4 ,c we say ! same ( a great play8 ,i ?9k we c4 ,ev5 9 ^? plays :i* pres5t a picture r ?an an action1 we ought to recognize a pr9ciple ( selection1 proportion1 composition1 :i*1 if n absolutely organic1 is at any rate ! rev]se ( haphaz>d4 ,we may n always be able to def9e ! pr9ciple1 to put x cle>ly 9 words2 b if we feel t ! au?or has be5 guid$ by no pr9ciple1 t he has proce$$ on m]e h&-to-m\? caprice1 t !re is no inn] law ( h>mony & proportion 9 8 "w1 !n we in/9ctively relegate x to a l[ place 9 our e/eem4 ,hauptmann's ,weav]s c]ta9ly _c be call$ a piece ( dramatic ar*itecture1 l ,rosm]%olm or ,iris2 b t does n mean t x is a m]e rambl+ s]ies ( tableaux4 ,x is n easy to def9e ! pr9ciple ( unity 9 t brilliant com$y ,! ,madras ,h\se2 b we nev]!less feel t a pr9ciple ( unity exi/s2 or1 if we d n1 s mu* ! worse = ! play & its au?or4 ,!re is1 inde$1 a l>ge class ( plays1 (t5 popul>1 & sometimes m]itori\s1 9 relation to :i* ! ar*itectural metaphor entirely breaks d[n4 ,!y are :at may be call$ runn+ fire plays4 ,we h all se5 *ildr5 sett+ a numb] ( wood5 blocks on end1 at equal int]vals1 & !n tilt+ ov] ! fir/ s t x falls aga9/ ! second1 :i* 9 turn falls aga9/ ! ?ird1 & s on1 till ! :ole r[1 ) a rapid clack-clack-clack1 lies flat ^u ! table4 ,?is is call$ a runn+ fire2 & ?is is ! /ructural pr9ciple ( a good _m plays4 ,we feel t ! playwright is1 s to speak1 inv5t+ z he goes along--t ! action1 l ! *ild's fanta/ic s]p5t9e ( blocks1 might at any mom5t take a turn 9 any possible direction )\t falsify+ its antec$5ts or our expectations4 ,no "p ( x is necess>ily involv$ 9 any o!r "p4 ,if ! play 7 f\nd too long or too %ort1 an act might be cut out or writt5 9 )\t necessitat+ any consid]able readju/m5ts 9 ! o!r acts4 ,! play is really a s]ies ( episodes1 ,:i* might1 odd bobs1 sir6 9 judici\s h&s1 ,ext5d f "h to ,mesopotamy4 ,! episodes may gr[ out ( ea* o!r plausibly en\gh1 b by no pre-orda9$ necessity1 & ) no f>-rea*+ int]dep5d5ce4 ,we live1 9 su* plays1 f mom5t to mom5t1 =esee+ no?+1 desir+ no?+2 & ?\gh ?is frame ( m9d may be mildly agreeable1 x involves none ( t complexity ( s5sation ) :i* we contemplate a great piece ( ar*itecture1 or foll[ ! developm5t ( a f9ely-con/ruct$ drama4 ,to ?is ord] belong _m cape-&-sword plays & detective dramas--plays l ,! ,adv5ture ( ,lady ,ursula1 ,! ,r$ ,robe1 ! ,muskete] romances t 7 at "o "t s popul>1 & mo/ plays ( ! ,%]lock ,holmes & ,raffles type4 ,b pieces ( a m ambiti\s ord] h be5 kn[n to foll[ ! same =mula--"s ( ! works1 = in/ance1 ( ,mr4 ,*>les ,mc,evoy1 to say no?+ ( ,mr4 ,b]n>d ,%aw4 ,we may take x1 ,i ?9k1 t ! ar*itectural analogy holds good ( e play :i* c prop]ly be said to be con/ruct$4 ,con/ruction means dramatic ar*itecture1 or 9 o!r words1 a c>eful pre-arrangem5t ( proportions & int]dep5d5cies4 ,b to c>ry beyond ?is po9t ! analogy betwe5 ! two arts w\ld be fanta/ic & unhelpful4 ,! "o exi/s 9 space1 ! o!r 9 "t4 ,! "o seeks to beget 9 ! spectator a /ate ( placid1 ?\gh x may be ( aspir+1 contemplation2 ! o!r1 a /ate ( m or less acute t5sion4 ,! resemblances betwe5 music & ar*itecture are1 z is well kn[n1 mu* m ext5sive & illum9at+4 ,x might n be :olly fanciful to call music a sort ( middle t]m betwe5 ! two o!r arts4 ,a great "p ( ! secret ( dramatic ar*itecture lies 9 ! "o ^w t5sion4 ,to eng5d]1 ma9ta91 susp5d1 height5 & resolve a /ate ( t5sion--t is ! ma9 object ( ! dramati/'s craft4 ,:at d we mean by t5sion8 ,cle>ly a /ret*+ out1 a /ret*+ =w>d1 ( ! m9d4 ,t is ! *>act]i/ic m5tal attitude ( ! !atrical audi5ce4 ,if ! m9d is n /ret*+ =w>d1 ! body w soon we>y ( its immobility & con/ra9t4 ,att5tion may be call$ ! mom5t>y correlative ( t5sion4 ,:5 we are int5t on :at is to come1 we are att5tive to :at is !re & !n happ5+4 ,! t]m t5sion is sometimes appli$1 n to ! m5tal /ate ( ! audi5ce1 b to ! relation ( ! *>act]s on ! /age4 ,a sc5e ( high t5sion is prim>ily "o 9 :i* ! actors und]go a great emotional /ra94 ,b ?is is1 aft] all1 only a means t[>ds height5+ ( ! m5tal t5sion ( ! audi5ce4 ,9 su* a sc5e ! m9d /ret*es =w>d1 no long] to some?+ vague & di/ant1 b to some?+ in/ant & imm95t4 ,9 discuss+ :at ,freytag calls ! erreg5de ,mom5t1 we might h def9$ x z ! />t+-po9t ( ! t5sion4 ,a reasonable audi5ce w1 if necess>y1 endure a c]ta9 am\nt ( exposition1 a c]ta9 posit+ ( "* & circum/ance1 be=e ! t5sion sets 92 b :5 x once has set 91 ! playwright mu/ on no acc\nt suff] x to relax until he delib]ately resolves x j be=e ! fall ( ! curta94 ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 m9or rhy?ms ( t5sion & resolution1 l ! h>monic vibrations ( a viol9-/r+4 ,t is impli$ :5 we say t a play consi/s ( a great crisis work$ out ?r\gh a s]ies ( m9or crises4 ,b ! ma9 t5sion1 once initiat$1 mu/ nev] be relax$4 ,if x is1 ! play is ov]1 ?\gh ! au?or may h omitt$ to note ! fact4 ,n infrequ5tly1 he beg9s a new play "u ! impression t he is f9i%+ ! old "o4 ,t is :at ,%akespe>e did 9 ,! ,m]*ant ( ,v5ice4 ,! fif? act is an indep5d5t aft]piece1 ?\gh its indep5d5ce is slightly disguis$ by ! fact t ! erreg5de ,mom5t ( ! new play foll[s close ^u ! end ( ! old "o1 ) no int]act betwe54 ,a v exact+ te*nical criticism might accuse ,ibs5 ( v]g+ t[>ds ! same fault 9 ,an ,enemy ( ! ,p4 ,!re ! t5sion is practically resolv$ ) ,dr4 ,/ockmann's o/racism at ! end ( ! f\r? act4 ,at t po9t1 if x did n "k t !re 0 ano!r act to come1 an audi5ce might g home 9 p]fect cont5t4 ,! fif? act is a sort ( epilogue or sequel1 built out ( ! mat]ials ( ! prec$+ drama1 b n =m+ an integral "p ( x4 ,) a brief exposition to set =? ! antec$5t circum/ances1 x w\ld be q possible to pres5t ! fif? act z an indep5d5t com$ietta4 ,b "h a po9t ( great importance calls = our notice4 ,?\gh ! t5sion1 once />t$1 mu/ nev] be relax$3 ?\gh x ought1 on ! contr>y1 to be height5$ or tight5$ 7z y *oose to put x7 f act to act2 yet !re are times :5 x may )\t disadvantage1 or ev5 ) m>k$ advantage1 be tempor>ily susp5d$4 ,9 o!r words1 ! /ret*+-=w>d1 )\t 9 any way slack5+1 may fall into ! backgr\nd ( our consci\sness1 :ile o!r matt]s1 ! relevance ( :i* may n be in/antly app>5t1 are suff]$ to occupy ! =egr\nd4 ,we "k all too well1 9 ev]yday exp]i5ce1 t t5sion is n really relax$ by a tempor>y di/raction4 ,! dread ( a com+ ordeal 9 ! witness-box or on ! op]at+-table may be =cibly cru%$ d[n l a *ild's jack-9-!-box2 b we are always consci\s ( ! ef=t to compress x1 & we "k t x w spr+ up aga9 ! mom5t t ef=t ceases4 ,sir ,ar?ur ,p9]o's play1 ,! ,pr(ligate1 0 writt5 at a "t :5 x 0 ! fa%ion to give ea* act a sub-title2 & "o ( its acts is head$ ,! ,sword ( ,damocles4 ,t is1 inde$1 ! inevitable symbol ( dramatic t5sion3 we see a sword ( ,damocles 7ev5 ?\gh x be only a f>cical blade ( pa9t$ la!7 imp5d+ ov] someone's head3 & :5 once we are confid5t t x w fall at ! fat$ mom5t1 we d n m9d hav+ our att5tion mom5t>ily div]t$ to o!r matt]s4 ,a r flagrant example ( susp5d$ att5tion is af=d$ by ,hamlet's advice to ! ,play]s4 ,we "k t ,hamlet has hung a sword ( ,damocles ov] ! ,k+'s head 9 ! %ape ( ! mimic murd]-sc5e2 &1 :ile x is prep>+1 we are q will+ to h our att5tion swit*$ (f to c]ta9 ab/ract que/ions ( dramatic criticism4 ,! sc5e might h be5 employ$ to height5 ! t5sion4 ,in/ead ( giv+ ! ,play]s 79 true pr9cely fa%ion7 a lesson 9 ! g5]al pr9ciples ( _! art1 ,hamlet might h specially coa*$ !m 9 ! bus9ess ( ! sc5e to be enact$1 & ?us d\bly impress$ on ! audi5ce 8 resolve to t5t ! ,k+ to ! quick4 ,i am f> f sugge/+ t ?is w\ld h be5 desirable2 b x w\ld obvi\sly h be5 possible4#a ,%akespe>e1 z ! exp]i5ce ( ?ree c5turies has %[n1 did "r 9 judg+ t ! audi5ce 0 already suffici5tly int5t on ! com+ ordeal1 & w\ld welcome an int]lude ( ae/hetic !ory4 ,!re are times1 moreov]1 :5 x is n only p]missible to susp5d ! t5sion1 b :51 by s do+1 a great arti/ c produce a peculi> & admirable effect4 ,a sudd5 int]ruption1 on ! v br9k ( a crisis1 may1 z x 71 :et ! appetite ( ! audi5ce = :at is to come4 ,we see 9 ! ,port] sc5e 9 ,macbe? a susp5sion ( ?is nature2 b ,%akespe>e us$ x sp>+ly1 unless1 inde$1 we are to consid] z a delib]ate po9t ( art ! ret>dation ( movem5t commonly obs]vable 9 ! f\r? acts ( 8 trag$ies4 ,ibs51 on ! o!r h&1 delib]ately employ$ ?is device on ?ree conspicu\s occasions4 ,! entrance ( ,dr4 ,rank 9 ! la/ act ( ,a ,doll's ,h\se is a :olly unnecess>y int]ruption to ! developm5t ( ! crisis betwe5 ,nora & ,helm]4 ,! sc5e might be entirely omitt$ )\t leav+ a p]ceptible hiatus 9 ! action2 yet :o does n feel t ?is brief respite l5ds ga!r$ impetus to ! ma9 action :5 x is resum$8 ,! o!r in/ances are (f]$ by ! two app>itions ( ,ulric ,br5del 9 ,rosm]%olm4 ,! fir/ occurs :5 ,rosm] is on ! v v]ge ( 8 mom5t\s confession to ,kroll1 ! second :5 ,rosm] & ,rebecca are on ! v v]ge ( _! la/ great resolve2 & 9 ea* case we feel a di/9ct value 7ap>t f ! inh]5t quality ( ! ,br5del sc5es7 9 ! v fact t ! t5sion has be5 mom5t>ily susp5d$4 ,su* a rall5t&o effect is l ! app>5t pause 9 ! ru% ( a riv] be=e x ?und]s ov] a precipice4 ,! possibility ( susp5d+ t5sion is ( wid] import ?an may at fir/ sight appe>4 ,b = x1 our dramas w\ld h to be all bone & muscle1 l ! figures 9 an anatomical textbook4 ,z x is1 we are able1 )\t relax+ t5sion1 to %ift x to v>i\s planes ( consci\sness1 & ?us f9d leisure to reproduce ! surface aspects ( life1 ) "s ( its accid5ts & irrelevances4 ,= example1 :5 ! playwright has1 at ! end ( 8 fir/ act1 succe$$ 9 c>ry+ onw>d ! spectator's int]e/1 & giv+ him some?+ def9ite to look =w>d to1 x does n at all foll[ t ! expect$ sc5e1 situation1 revelation1 or :at n1 %\ld come at ! beg9n+ ( ! second act4 ,9 "s cases x mu/ d s2 :51 z 9 ,! ,idyll above cit$1 ! spectator has be5 c>efully induc$ to expect "s imm95t conjuncture :i* _c be po/pon$4 ,b ?is c sc>cely be call$ a typical case4 ,m commonly1 :5 an au?or has enli/$ ! curiosity ( 8 audi5ce ( "s def9ite po9t1 he w be 9 no great hurry to satisfy & dissipate x4 ,he may devote ! e>ly "p ( ! second act to work+-up ! same l9e ( int]e/ to a high] pit*2 or he may hold x 9 susp5se :ile he prep>es "s fur!r developm5t ( ! action4 ,! clos5ess ) :i* a l9e ( int]e/1 once />t$1 ought to be foll[$ up1 mu/ dep5d 9 "s measure on ! nature & tone ( ! play4 ,if x be a s]i\s play1 9 :i* "* & action are v closely int]tw9$1 any pause or break 9 ! conjo9t developm5t is to be avoid$4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 x is a play ( light & graceful dialogue1 9 :i* ! action is a pretext = sett+ ! *>act]s 9 motion r ?an ! *ief means t[>ds _! manife/ation1 !n ! playwright c af=d to relax ! rate ( 8 progress1 & ev5 to w&] a little f ! /raight l9e ( advance4 ,9 su* a play1 ev5 ! old in/itution ( ! und]plot is n inadmissible2 ?\gh ! und]plot ought sc>cely to be a plot1 b only "s v slight ?read ( int]e/1 involv+ no /ra9 on ! att5tion4#b ,x may almo/ be call$ an e/abli%$ practice1 on ! ,engli% /age1 to let ! dalliance ( a pair ( boy-&-girl lov]s relieve ! ma9 int]e/ ( a m or less s]i\s com$y2 & !re is no p>ticul> h>m 9 su* a conv5tion1 if x be n out ( keep+ ) ! g5]al "* ( ! play4 ,9 "s plays ! sub/ance--! "*-action1 if "o may s call x--is ! ma91 & inde$ ! only1 ?+4 ,9 o!rs ! sub/ance1 ?\gh nev] unimportant1 is 9 "s degree subord9ate to ! embroid]ies2 & x is = ! playwright to judge h[ f> ?is subord9ation may safely be c>ri$4 ,"o pr9ciple1 h[ev]1 may be emphasiz$ z almo/ univ]sally valid1 & t is t ! end ( an act %\ld nev] leave ! action j :]e x /ood at ! beg9n+4 ,an audi5ce has an in/9ctive s5se (1 & desire =1 progress4 ,x does n l to realize t ?+s h be5 m]ely m>k+ "t4 ,ev5 if x has be5 ?or\ghly ent]ta9$1 f mom5t to mom5t1 dur+ ! progress ( an act1 x does n l to feel at ! end t no?+ has really happ5$4 ,! fall ( ! curta9 gives "t = reflection1 & = ! ord]+ ( impressions :i*1 :ile ! action 0 afoot1 7 m or less vague & confus$4 ,x is !re=e ( great importance t ea* act %\ld1 to put x briefly1 be> look+ back ^u--t x %\ld appe> to /& 9 due proportion to ! g5]al design ( ! play1 & %\ld n be felt to h be5 empty1 or irrelevant1 or disappo9t+4 ,?is is1 inde$1 a pla9 coroll>y f ! pr9ciple ( t5sion4 ,susp5d$ x may be1 sometimes ) positive advantage2 b x mu/ n be susp5d$ too long2 & susp5sion = a :ole act is equival5t to relaxation4 ,to sum up3 :5 once a play has begun to move1 its movem5t ought to proce$ cont9u\sly1 & ) ga!r+ mom5tum2 or1 if x /&s /ill = a space1 ! /oppage ought to be delib]ate & purposeful4 ,x is fatal :5 ! au?or ?9ks x is mov+1 :ile 9 fact x is only revolv+ on its own axis4 99 99 99 99 99 ,footnote #a3 ,?is me?od ( height5+ ! t5sion w\ld h be5 some:at analog\s to t employ$ by ,osc> ,wilde 9 ,lady ,w9d]m]e's in/ructions to h] butl]1 cit$ on p4 #aae4 ,footnote #b3 ,dryd5 7,( ,dramatic ,poesy1 p4 #ef1 ed4 ,arnold1 #aijc7 says3 ,our plays1 besides ! ma9 design1 h und]plots or by-conc]nm5ts1 ( less consid]able p]sons & intrigues1 :i* are c>ri$ on ) ! motion ( ! ma9 plot2 z !y say ! orb ( ! fix$ />s1 & ^? ( ! planets1 ?\gh !y h motions ( _! own1 are :irl$ ab\t by ! motion ( ! primum mobile1 9 :i* !y are conta9$4 ,?is is an admirable description ( ! ideal und]plot1 z conceiv$ by our =efa!rs2 b we f9d t two l9es ( t5sion j> ) & weak5 ea* o!r4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,prep>ation3 ,,! ,,f+]-,,po/ ,we %all f9d1 on look+ into x1 t mo/ ( ! te*nical maxims t h any validity may be trac$ back1 directly or indirectly1 to ! great pr9ciple ( t5sion4 ,! art ( con/ruction is summ$ up1 fir/1 9 giv+ ! m9d ( an audi5ce some?+ to :i* to /ret* =w>d1 &1 secondly1 9 n lett+ x feel t x has /ret*$ =w>d 9 va94 ,y w f9d x inf9itely pleas+1 says ,dryd51#a to be l$ 9 a labyr9? ( design1 :]e y see "s ( y\r way be=e y1 yet disc]n n ! end till y arrive at x4 ,or1 he might h add$1 if y =esee ! end1 b n ! means by :i* x is to be rea*$4 ,9 drama1 z 9 all art1 ! h[ is (t5 m important ?an ! :at4 ,no te*nical maxim is m frequ5tly cit$ ?an ! rem>k ( ! y\ng] ,dumas3 ,! art ( ! !atre is ! art ( prep>ations4 ,?is is true 9 a l>g] s5se ?an he int5d$2 b at ! same "t !re are limits to its tru?1 :i* we mu/ n fail to obs]ve4 ,dumas1 z we "k1 0 an invet]ate prea*]1 us+ ! /age z a pulpit = ! promulgation ( moral & social ideas :i* 71 9 _! day1 consid]$ v advanc$ & d>+4 ,! prim>y mean+ ( 8 maxim1 !n1 0 t a />tl+ idea1 or a sc5e :]e9 su* an idea 0 impli$1 ought n to be sprung ^u an audi5ce :olly unprep>$ to accept x4 ,= in/ance1 9 ,monsieur ,alphonse1 a husb&1 on discov]+ t 8 wife has _h an intrigue be=e _! m>riage1 & t a little girl :om %e wi%es to adopt is really h] daught]1 in/antly raises h] f ! gr\nd :]e %e lies grovell+ at 8 feet1 & says3 ,crature de ,dieu1 toi qui z failli et te rep5s1 relve toi1 je te p>donne4 ,?is evangelical attitude on ! "p ( ,admiral de ,montaigl9 0 9 itself v surpris+1 & p]haps n :olly admirable1 to ! ,p>isian public ( #ahgc2 b ,dumas _h s prep>$ ! c\p de ?tre t x pass$ ) v slight difficulty on ! fir/ night1 & ) none at all at subsequ5t p]=mances & revivals4 ,h[ _h he prep>$ x8 ,:y1 by play+1 9 a score ( subtle ways1 ^u ! sympa?ies & antipa?ies ( ! audi5ce4 ,= in/ance1 z ,s>cey po9ts out1 he _h made ,m4 de ,montaigl9 a sailor1 accu/om$1 dur+ 8 di/ant voyages1 to long rev]ies 9 view ( ! b\ndless ocean1 :5ce he _h acquir$ a my/ical habit ( m9d4444 ,dumas c]ta9ly w\ld nev] h plac$ ?is p>don 9 ! m\? ( a /ockbrok]4 ,s f> s good2 b prep>ation1 9 ! s5se ( ! ^w1 is a device ( rhetoric or ( propag&a r ?an ( dramatic craftsman%ip4 ,x is a me?od ( a/utely und]m9+ or outflank+ prejudice4 ,desir+ to en=ce a g5]al pr9ciple1 y inv5t a case :i* is specially fav\rable to y\r argum5t1 & ins9uate x into ! acceptance ( ! audi5ce by e possible subtlety ( adju/m5t4 ,y tru/1 x w\ld seem1 t p :o h applaud$ an act ( p>don 9 an extreme case w be s mu* ! readi] to ex]cise t high pr]ogative 9 ! less c>efully prep>$ cases :i* pres5t !mselves 9 real life4 ,?is may or may n be a s\nd pr9ciple ( p]suasion2 z we are n "h consid]+ ! drama z an art ( p]suasion1 we h n to decide betwe5 ?is & ! opposite1 or ,%awesque1 pr9ciple ( %ock+ & />tl+ an audi5ce by ! utmo/ viol5ce ( p>adox4 ,!re is some?+ to be said = bo? me?ods--= conv]sion by pill-&-jelly & = conv]sion by nitroglyc]9e4 ,rev]t+1 n[1 to ! doma9 ( pure craftsman%ip1 c x be said t ! art ( ! !atre is ! art ( prep>ation8 ,yes1 x is v l>gely ! art ( delicate & unobtrusive prep>ation1 ( help+ an audi5ce to div9e :i!r x is go+1 :ile leav+ x to wond] h[ x is to get !re4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is also ! art ( avoid+ labori\s1 artificial & obvi\s prep>ations :i* lead to little or no?+4 ,a due proportion mu/ always be obs]v$ betwe5 ! prep>ation & ! result4 ,to illu/rate ! mean+ ( prep>ation1 z ! ^w is "h employ$1 ,i may p]haps be all[$ to repr9t a passage f a review ( ,mr4 ,israel ,zangwill's play ,*ildr5 ( ! ,ghetto4#b 444 ,to ^? :o h n read ! novel1 x mu/ seem z ?\gh ! m]e illu/rations ( ,jewi% life entirely ov]laid & ov]:elm$ ! action4 ,x is n s 9 reality4 ,"o :o kn[s ! /ory be=eh& c (t5 see t x is progress+ ev5 9 sc5es :i* seem purely episodic & unconnect$ ei!r ) ea* o!r or ) ! g5]al s*eme4 ,b ,mr4 ,zangwill has omitt$ to provide f+]-po/s1 if ,i may s express x1 to %[ ^? :o d n "k ! /ory be=eh& :i!r he is lead+ !m4 ,he has neglect$ ! great art ( =eca/+1 ( keep+ anticipation on ! al]t1 :i* is half ! secret ( dramatic con/ruction4 ,to =eca/1 )\t disc\nt+1 y\r effects--t is all ! ,law & ! ,prophets4 ,9 ! fir/ act ( ,*ildr5 ( ! ,ghetto1 = in/ance1 we see ! m>riage 9 je/ ( ,hannah to ,sam ,lev9e1 foll[$ by ! in/ant divorce ) all its curi\s c]emonies4 ,?is is amus+ s f> z x goes2 b :5 ! divorce is complet$1 ! :ole ?+ seems to be ov] & done )4 ,we h se5 "s p1 9 :om z yet we take no p>ticul> int]e/1 enme%$ 9 a difficulty aris+ f a /range & primitive =malism 9 ! int]pretation ( law2 & we h se5 ! me%es cut to ! satisfaction ( all p>ties1 & ! incid5t to all appe>ance clos$4 ,!re is no f+]-po/ to direct our anticipation on ! way x %\ld g2 & ^? :o h n read ! book _c possibly guess t ?is mock m>riage1 in/antly & c]emoni\sly dissolv$1 c h any ult]ior effect ^u ! =tunes ( any "o conc]n$4 ,?us1 ! :ole sc5e1 h[ev] curi\s 9 itself1 seems motiveless & resultless4 ,h[ ! requisite f+]-po/ 0 to be provid$ ,i _c tell4 ,t is n my bus9ess2 b a skilful dramati/ w\ld h made x 84 ,!n1 9 ! second act1 amid illu/rations ( social life 9 ! ,ghetto1 we h ! meet+ ( ,hannah ) ,david ,br&on1 a prettily-writt5 sc5e ( love-at-fir/-sight4 ,b1 s f> z any "o c see1 !re is e prospect t ! c\rse ( true love w run absolutely smoo?4 ,aga9 we lack a f+]-po/ to direct our int]e/ =w>d2 nor d we see any?+ t seems to br+ ?is act into vital relation ) its pr$ecessor4 ,^? :o h read ! book "k t ,david ,br&on is a ',coh51' a prie/1 a desc5dant ( ,a>on1 & t a prie/ may n m>ry a divorc$ woman4 ,kn[+ ?is1 we h a s5se ( irony1 ( imp5d+ disa/]1 :i* r5d]s ! love-sc5e ( ! second act dramatic4 ,b to ^?1 & !y mu/ always be a majority 9 any giv5 audi5ce1 :o d n "k ?is1 ! sc5e has no m dramatic quality ?an lies 9 its actual sub/ance1 :i*1 al?\gh pretty en\gh1 is entirely commonplace4 ,n till ! middle ( ! ?ird act 7out ( f\r7 is ! ob/acle reveal$1 & we see t ! mighty maze 0 n )\t a plan4 ,"h1 !n1 ! drama beg9s1 aft] two acts & a half ( prep>ation1 dur+ :i* we 7 v\*saf$ no inkl+ ( :at 0 prep>+4 ,x is capital drama :5 we come to x1 really human1 really tragic4 ,! arbitr>y prohibitions ( ! ,mosaic law h no religi\s or moral =ce ei!r = ,david or = ,hannah4 ,!y feel x to be _! "r1 almo/ _! duty1 to ca/ (f _! %ackles4 ,9 any community1 save t ( /rict ,judaism1 !y are p]fectly free to m>ry4 ,b 9 ?us fl\t+ ! lett] ( ! law1 ,hannah well kn[s t %e w break h] fa!r's he>t4 ,ev5 z %e /ruggles to %ake !m (f1 ! traditions ( h] race take firm] hold on h]2 & 9 ! highly dramatic la/ act 7a n unskilful adaptation to ! /age ( ! crucial sc5e ( ! book7 %e b[s h] neck b5ea? ! yoke1 & r5\nces love t ! ,law may be fulfill$4 ,to /ate ! matt] 9 o!r t]ms1 we are consci\s ( no t5sion 9 ! e>li] acts ( ?is play1 because we h n be5 p]mitt$ to see ! sword ( ,damocles hang+ ov] ! heads ( ,hannah & ,david ,br&on4 ,= lack ( prep>ation1 ( po9t+-=w>d1 we feel none ( t god-l sup]iority to ! p ( ! mimic _w :i* we h recogniz$ z ! *>act]i/ic privilege ( ! spectator4 ,we "k no m ?an !y d ( ! implications ( _! acts1 & ! network ( emb>rassm5ts 9 :i* !y are involv+ !mselves4 ,inde$1 we "k less ?an !y d3 = ,hannah1 z a well br\ght-up ,jewess1 is no d\bt vaguely aw>e ( ! disabilities atta*+ to a divorc$ woman4 ,a g5tile audi5ce1 on ! o!r h&1 _c possibly =esee h[-- ,"s consequ5ce yet hang+ 9 ! />s ,%all bitt]ly beg9 8 fe>ful date ,) ?is night's revels4 &1 lack+ t =ekn[l$ge1 x misses ! specifically dramatic effect ( ! sc5es4 ,! au?or invites x to play at bl9d-man's-buff ) ! *>act]s1 in/ead ( unseal+ its eyes & enabl+ x to wat* ! game f its ,olympian coign ( vantage4 ,let ! dramati/1 !n1 nev] neglect to place ! requisite f+]-po/s on ! road he w\ld h u foll[4 ,x is n1 ( c\rse1 necess>y t we %\ld be consci\s ( all ! implications ( any giv5 sc5e or incid5t1 b we mu/ "k en\gh ( !m n only to create ! requisite t5sion1 b to direct x t[>ds ! "r qu>t] ( ! compass4 ,retrospective elucidations are valueless & sometimes irritat+4 ,x is 9 n[ise to ! au?or's int]e/ t we %\ld say1 ,ah1 if we _h only kn[n ?is1 or =ese5 t1 9 "t1 ! effect ( su*-&-su* a sc5e w\ld h be5 entirely diff]5t6 ,we h no use = f+]-po/s t po9t backw>ds4#c ,9 ! works ( ,sir ,ar?ur ,p9]o ,i recall two cases 9 :i* ! lack ( a f+]-po/ impairs ! desir$ effect3 slightly1 9 ! "o in/ance1 9 ! o!r1 v consid]ably4 ,! ?ird act ( t delightful com$y ,! ,pr9cess & ! ,butt]fly conta9s no suffici5t indication ( ,fay ,zuliani's jeal\sy ( ! fri5d%ip betwe5 ,sir ,george ,lamorant & ! ,pr9cess ,pannonia4 ,we are r at a loss to acc\nt = ! coldness ( h] attitude to ! ,pr9cess1 & h] p]v]se naught9ess 9 go+ (f to ! ,op]a ,ball4 ,?is r5d]s ! end ( ! act practically ineffective4 ,we s little =esee :at is to come ( ,fay's midnight escapade1 t we take no p>ticul> int]e/ 9 x1 & are r disconc]t$ by ! c>e ) :i* x is l$ up to1 & ! prom95ce assign$ to x4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is a trifl+ fault4 ,f> diff]5t is ! case 9 ! la/ act ( ,! ,b5efit ( ! ,d\bt1 :i* goes ne> to ru9+ :at is o!rwise a v f9e play4 ,! defect1 inde$1 is n purely te*nical3 on look+ into x we f9d t ! au?or is n 9 fact work+ t[>ds an end+ :i* c be call$ ei!r inevitable or conspicu\sly desirable4 ,8 failure to po9t =w>d is no d\bt p>tly due to 8 hav+ no?+ v satisfactory to po9t =w>d to4 ,b x is only 9 retrospect t ?is becomes app>5t4 ,:at we feel :ile ! act is 9 progress is simply ! lack ( any f+]-po/ to af=d u an inkl+ ( ! end t[>ds :i* we are proce$+4 ,?r\gh sc5e aft] sc5e we appe> to be mak+ no progress1 b go+ r\nd & r\nd 9 a depress+ circle4 ,! t5sion1 9 a ^w1 is fatally relax$4 ,x may p]haps be sugge/$ z a maxim t :5 an au?or f9ds a difficulty 9 plac+ ! requisite f+]-po/s1 z he ne>s ! end ( 8 play1 he w d well to suspect t ! end he has 9 view is defective1 & to try if he _c am5d x4 ,9 ! anci5t1 & 9 ! mod]n romantic1 drama1 oracles1 port5ts1 prophecies1 horoscopes & su*-l intromissions ( ! sup]natural af=d$ a v conv5i5t aid to ! plac+ ( ! requisite f+]-po/s--=e%ad[+ )\t =e/all+4 ,x has (t5 be5 said t ,macbe? approa*es ! ne>e/ ( all ,%akespe>e's trag$ies to ! antique model3 & 9 no?+ is ! resemblance cle>] ?an 9 ! employm5t ( ! ,wit*es to po9t _! sk9ny f+]s into ! fat$ future4 ,9 ,romeo & ,juliet1 inw>d =ebod+ takes ! place ( outw>d prophecy4 ,i h quot$ above ,romeo's prevision ( ,"s consequ5ce yet hang+ 9 ! />s2 & beside x may be plac$ ,juliet's-- ,i h no joy ( ?is contract to-night2 ,x is too ra%1 too unadvis$1 too sudd51 ,too l ! lightn+ :i* do? cease to be ,ere "o c say x light5s4 ,9 ,o!llo1 on ! o!r h&1 ! mo/ mod]n ( all 8 plays1 ,%akespe>e _h rec\rse nei!r to outw>d bod+1 nor to inw>d =ebod+1 b plant$ a pla9 f+]-po/ 9 ! soil ( human nature1 :5 he made ,brabantio say-- ,look to h]1 ,moor1 if ?\ ha/ eyes to see3 ,%e has deceiv$ h] fa!r1 & may !e4 ,mr4 ,/eph5 ,phillips1 9 ! fir/ act ( ,paolo & ,francesca1 outdoes all 8 pr$ecessors1 anci5t or mod]n1 9 8 d>+ use ( sibyll9e prophecy4 ,he makes ,giovanni's bl9d fo/]-"m1 ,angela1 =etell ! trag$y 9 almo/ e detail1 save t1 9 h] vision1 %e _c see ! face ( ,francesca's lov]4 ,mr4 ,phillips1 ,i take x1 is "h re9=c+ anci5t tradition by a ref]5ce to mod]n psy*ical rese>*4 ,he tru/s to our conceiv+ su* clairvoyance to be n :olly impossible1 & giv+ x :at may be call$ provisional cr$5ce4 ,:e!r ! device be arti/ic or n we ne$ n "h consid]4 ,i m]ely po9t to x z a conspicu\s example ( ! use ( ! f+]-po/4#d ,x ne$ sc>cely be said t a mislead+ f+]-po/ is c>efully to be avoid$1 except 9 ! r>e cases :]e x may be advisable to beget a mom5t>y misappreh5sion on ! "p ( ! audi5ce1 :i* %all be almo/ in/antly correct$ 9 "s pleasant or o!rwise effective fa%ion4#e ,x is naturally difficult to ?9k ( /rik+ in/ances ( ! mislead+ f+]-po/s2 = plays :i* conta9 su* a blund] are n apt to survive1 ev5 9 ! memory4 ,a small example occurs 9 a clev] play nam$ ,a ,mod]n ,aspasia by ,mr4 ,hamilton ,fyfe4 ,edw>d ,m]$i? has two h\seholds3 a ,london h\se ov] :i* 8 lawful wife1 ,muriel1 presides2 & a c\ntry cottage :]e dwells 8 mi/ress1 ,m>g>et1 ) h] two *ildr54 ,"o day ,muriel's automobile breaks d[n ne> ,m>g>et's cottage1 &1 :ile ! tyre is be+ repair$1 ,m>g>et gives h] visitor tea1 nei!r ( !m kn[+ ! o!r4 ,?r\gh\t ! sc5e we are naturally wond]+ :e!r a revelation is to occur2 & :51 t[>ds ! close1 ,muriel goes to ,m>g>et's room1 to put h] hat /raight1 we h no long] any d\bt on ! subject4 ,x is practically inevitable t %e %\ld f9d 9 ! room h] husb&'s photograph1 or "s object :i* %e %\ld in/antly recognize z 81 & %\ld return to ! /age 9 full possession ( ! secret4 ,?is is s probable t no?+ b a miracle c prev5t x3 we m5tally give ! au?or cr$it = br++ ab\t 8 revelation 9 a v simple & natural way2 & we are proportionately disappo9t$ :5 we f9d t ! miracle has occurr$1 & t ,muriel returns to ! sitt+-room no wis] ?an %e left x4 ,v possibly ! g5]al economy ( ! play dem&$ t ! revelation %\ld n take place at ?is juncture4 ,t "q does n "h conc]n u4 ,! po9t is t1 hav+ det]m9$ to res]ve ! revelation = 8 next act1 ! au?or ought n1 by s5d+ ,muriel into ,m>g>et's b$room1 to h awak5$ 9 u a confid5t anticipation ( its occurr+ !re & !n4 ,a romantic play by ,mr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,fagan1 entitl$ ,"u ,:i* ,k+8 (f]s ano!r small in/ance ( ! same nature4 ,! date is #agdf2 c]ta9 despat*es ( va/ importance h to be c>ri$ by a ,hanov]ian (fic] f ,moid>t to ,=t ,william4 ,! ,jacobites arrange to drug ! (fic]2 &1 to make assurance d\bly sure1 9 case ! drug %\ld fail to act1 !y po/ a ,highl& m>ksman 9 a n>r[ gl5 to pick him (f z he passes4 ,! drug does act2 b 8 lady-love1 to save 8 milit>y hon\r1 assumes male attire & rides (f ) ! despat*es4 ,we he> h] horse's ho(s g clatt]+ d[n ! road2 & !n1 z ! curta9 falls1 we he> a %ot r+ out into ! night4 ,?is %ot is a mislead+ f+]-po/4 ,no?+ comes ( x3 we f9d 9 ! next act t ! m>ksman has miss$6 ,b m>ksm51 "u su* circum/ances1 h no bus9ess to miss4 ,x is a brea* ( ! dramatic proprieties4 ,we feel t ! au?or has be5 trifl+ ) u 9 inflict+ on u ?is purely me*anical & mom5t>y sc>e4 ,! case w\ld be diff]5t if ! "y lady knew t ! m>ksman 0 ly+ 9 ambu%1 & det]m9$ to run ! gantlet4 ,9 t case ! incid5t w\ld be a trait ( "*2 b1 unless my memory deceives me1 t is n ! case4 ,on ! /age1 e bullet %\ld h its billet--n necess>ily 9 ! p]son aim$ at1 b 9 ! emotions or anticipations ( ! audi5ce4 ,?is bullet may1 inde$1 give u a mom5t>y ?rill ( al>m2 b x is de>ly b\ght at ! exp5se ( subsequ5t disillusionm5t4 ,we h n[ to consid] ! subject ( ov]-prep>ation1 too obtrusive prep>ation1 m\nta9\s prep>ation lead+ only to a m\se-l effect4 ,?is is ! *>act]i/ic error ( ! s-call$ well-made play1 ! play ( elaborate & +5i\s intrigue4 ,! tr\ble ) ! well-made play is t x is almo/ always1 & ( necessity1 ill-made4 ,v r>ely does ! playwright succe$ 9 weav+ a web :i* is at once intricate1 consi/5t1 & cle>4 ,9 n9ete5 cases out ( tw5ty !re are gl>+ flaws t h to be ov]look$2 or else ! patt]n is s involv$ t ! m9d's eye _c foll[ x1 & becomes bewild]$ & fatigu$4 ,a classical example ( bo? faults may be f\nd 9 ,congreve's s-call$ com$y ,! ,d\ble-,deal]4 ,?is is1 9 fact1 a p[]ful drama1 some:at 9 ! ,s>d\ mann]2 b ,congreve _h none ( ,s>d\'s deftness 9 manipulat+ an intrigue4 ,maskwell is n only a d\ble-deal]1 b a triple--or quadruple-deal]2 s t ! bra9 soon gr[s dizzy 9 ! vortex ( 8 villa9ies4 ,! play1 x may be not$1 0 a failure4 ,!re is a q legitimate pleasure to be f\nd1 no d\bt1 9 a complex intrigue :i* is also p]spicu\s4 ,plays su* z ,alex&re ,dumas's ,mademoiselle de ,belle-,isle1 or ! pseudo-hi/orical dramas ( ,scribe-,adri5ne ,lec\vreur1 ,b]tr& et ,raton1 ,un ,v]re d',eau1 ,les ,trois ,maup91 etc4--are amus+ toys1 l ^? social or milit>y tableaux1 ! figures ( :i* y c set 9 motion by dropp+ a p5ny 9 ! slot4 ,b ! trick ( ?is sort ( prep>ation has long be5 f\nd out1 & ev5 unsophi/icat$ audi5ces are sc>cely to be ?rill$ by x4 ,we may accept x z a s\nd pr9ciple1 bas$ on common s5se & ju/ifi$ by exp]i5ce1 t an audi5ce %\ld nev] be tempt$ to exclaim1 ,:at a m>vell\sly clev] fell[ is ?is playwright6 ,h[ inf9itely clev]] ?an ! dramati/ :o con/ructs ! tragi-com$y ( life4 ,?is is :at we inevitably exclaim z we wat* ,victori5 ,s>d\1 9 :om ,fr5* +5uity culm9at$ & c>icatur$ itself1 lay+ ! f\ndations ( "o ( 8 labyr9?9e intrigues4 ,! absurdities ( prep>ation 9 ?is s5se c\ld sc>cely be bett] satiriz$ ?an 9 ! foll[+ page f ,francisque ,s>cey's criticism ( ,nos ,intimes 7kn[n 9 ,engli% z ,p]il7--a page :i* is int5d$1 n z satire1 b z eulogy-- ,at ! six? p]=mance1 ,i met1 dur+ ! fir/ int]act1 a man ( inf9ite ta/e :o 444 compla9$ ( ! l5g?9ess ( ?is fir/ act3 ,:at a lot ( details1 he said1 :i* s]ve no purpose1 & _h bett] h be5 omitt$6 ,:at is ! use ( t long /ory ab\t ! cactus ) a fl[] t is unique 9 all ! _w8 ,:y tr\ble u ) t dahlia-root1 :i* ,m4 ,caussade's neighb\r has ?r[n ov] ! g>d5 wall8 ,0 x necess>y to inflict on u all t talk ab\t ! fox t plays havoc 9 ! g>d58 ,:at h we to d ) t mis*iev\s bea/8 ,& t ,tolozan1 ) 8 endless digressions6 ,:at d we c>e ab\t 8 ideas on love1 on metempsy*osis1 on fri5d%ip1 etc48 ,all ?is /uff only ret>ds ! action4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,i repli$1 all ?is is j :at is go+ to int]e/ y4 ,y are impati5t ( ^! details1 because y are look+ out = ! sc5es ( passion :i* h be5 promis$ y4 ,b reflect t1 )\t ^! prep>ations1 ! sc5es ( passion w\ld n t\* y4 ,t cactus-fl[] w play its "p1 y may be sure2 t dahlia-root is n !re = no?+2 t fox to :i* y object1 & ( :i* y w he> m talk dur+ two m acts1 w br+ ab\t ! solution ( "o ( ! mo/ ent]ta9+ situations 9 all drama4 ,m4 ,s>cey does n tell u :at 8 int]locutor repli$2 b he might h said1 l ! h]o ( ,le ,rveillon3 ,are y sure !re is no mi/ake8 ,are y def5d+ ,s>d\1 or attack+ him8 ,= ano!r example ( ultra-complex prep>ation let me turn to a play by ,mr4 ,sydney ,grundy1 entitl$ ,! ,deg5]ates4 ,mr4 ,grundy1 ?\gh an adept ( ! ,scribe s*ool1 has done s mu* /rong & orig9al "w t ,i apologize = exhum+ a play 9 :i* he almo/ burlesqu$ 8 own me?od2 b = t v reason x is difficult to f9d a m conv9c+ or m det]r5t example ( misdirect$ +5uity4 ,! details ( ! plot ne$ n be recit$4 ,x is suffici5t to say t ! curta9 has n be5 rais$ t5 m9utes be=e our att5tion has be5 drawn to ! fact t a c]ta9 ,lady ,saum>ez has h] monogram on ev]y?+ %e we>s1 ev5 to h] gloves3 :5ce we at once =esee t %e is de/9$ to get into a compromis+ situation1 to escape f x1 b to leave a glove beh9d h]4 ,9 due "t ! compromis+ situation arrives1 & we f9d t x n only requires a room ) ?ree doors1#f b t a locksmi? has to be specially call$ 9 to provide two ( ^! doors ) peculi> locks1 s t1 :5 once %ut1 !y _c be op5$ f inside except ) a key6 ,:at int]e/ c we take 9 a situation turn+ on su* contrivances8 ,sane te*nic laughs at locksmi?s4 ,& aft] all ?is prep>ation1 ! situation proves to be a famili> trick ( !atrical ?imble-rigg+3 y lift ! ?imble1 & in/ead ( ,pea ,a1 behold ,pea ,b6--in/ead ( ,lady ,saum>ez x is ,mrs4 ,trevelyan :o is conceal$ 9 ,isidore de ,lorano's b$room4 ,sir ,william ,saum>ez mu/ be an exce$+ly simple-m9d$ p]son to accept ! sub/itution1 & exce$+ly unfamili> ) ! ,fr5* drama ( ! 'sev5ties & 'eighties4 ,if he _h 8 wits ab\t him he w\ld say3 ,i "k ?is dodge3 x comes f ,s>d\4 ,lady ,saum>ez has j slipp$ out by t door1 up ,r41 & if ,i look ab\t ,i %all c]ta9ly f9d h] fan1 or h] glove1 or h] h&k]*ief some:]e on ! premises4 ,! au?or may object t su* criticism w\ld end 9 p>alys+ ! playwright1 & t1 if m5 always pr(it$ by ! lessons ( ! /age1 ! _w w\ld long ago h become s wise t !re w\ld be no m room 9 x = drama1 :i* lives on human folly4 ,y w tell me next1 he may say1 t ,i mu/ n make gr\ndless jeal\sy ! !me ( a play1 because e "o :o has se5 ,o!llo w\ld at once detect ! ma*9ations ( an ,iago6 ,! retort is logically speci\s1 b x mi/akes ! po9t4 ,x w\ld c]ta9ly be ra% to put any limit to human gullibility1 or to d5y t ,sir ,william ,saum>ez1 9 ! giv5 situation1 might conceivably be hoodw9k$4 ,! "q is n "o ( psy*ology b ( !atrical exp$i5cy3 & ! po9t is t :5 a situation is at once highly improbable 9 real life & exce$+ly famili> on ! /age1 we _c help m5tally c>icatur+ x z x proce$s1 & are ?us prev5t$ f l5d+ x ! provisional cr$5ce on :i* int]e/ & emotion dep5d4 ,an in/ructive contra/ to ,! ,deg5]ates may be f\nd 9 a ne>ly contempor>y play1 ,mrs4 ,dane's ,def5ce1 by ,mr4 ,h5ry ,ar?ur ,jones4 ,! fir/ ?ree acts ( ?is play may be cit$ z an excell5t example ( dext]\s prep>ation & developm5t4 ,our int]e/ 9 ! sequ5ce ( ev5ts is ar\s$1 su/a9$1 & work$ up to a high t5sion ) consummate skill4 ,!re is no fev]i% ov]cr[d+ ( incid5t1 z is s (t5 ! case 9 ! great ,fr5* /ory-plays--,adri5ne ,lec\vreur1 = example1 or ,fdora4 ,! action moves onw>ds1 unha/+1 unre/+1 & ! f+]-po/s are plac$ j :]e !y are want$4 ,! obs]vance ( a due proportion betwe5 prep>ation & result is a matt] ( great mom5t4 ,ev5 :5 ! result a*iev$ is 9 itself v rem>kable1 x may be de>ly pur*as$ by a too long & too elaborate process ( prep>ation4 ,a fam\s play :i* is ju/ly *>geable ) ?is fault is ,! ,gay ,"l ,quex4 ,! ?ird act is c]ta9ly "o ( ! mo/ brea?lessly absorb+ sc5es 9 mod]n drama2 b by :at long1 & s]p5t9e1 & gritty pa?s d we n approa* x6 ,! elaborate s]ies ( trifl+ incid5ts by means ( :i* ,sophy ,fullg>ney is fir/ br\ght f ,new ,bond ,/reet to ,fauncey ,c\rt1 & !n sub/itut$ = ! ,du*ess's maid1 is at no po9t actually improbable2 & yet we feel t a va/ ef=t has be5 made to atta9 an end :i*1 ow+ to ! v l5g? ( ! sequ5ce ( *ances1 at la/ assumes an air ( improbability4 ,!re is little d\bt t ! sub/ructure ( ! great sc5e might h be5 v mu* simpl]4 ,i imag9e t ,sir ,ar?ur ,p9]o 0 betray$ into complexity & ov]-elaboration by 8 desire to use1 z a backgr\nd = 8 action1 a /udy ( t curi\s phase ( mod]n life1 ! manicuri/'s p>l\r4 ,to ^? :o f9d ?is /udy int]e/+1 ! disproportion betwe5 prelim9>ies & result may be less app>5t4 ,x c]ta9ly did n int]f]e ) ! success ( ! play 9 its novelty2 b x may v probably curtail its lease ( life4 ,:at %\ld we "k ( ,! ,s*ool = ,sc&al to-day1 if x consi/$ ( no?+ b ! ,scre5 ,sc5e & two labori\s acts ( prep>ation8 ,a too obvi\s prep>ation is v apt to defeat its end by begett+ a p]v]sely quizzical frame ( m9d 9 ! audi5ce4 ,! desir$ effect is disc\nt$1 l a conjur+ trick 9 :i* ! me*anism is too transp>5t4 ,let me recall a trivial b in/ructive in/ance ( ?is error4 ,! occasion 0 ! fir/ p]=mance ( ,pill>s ( ,society at ! ,gaiety ,!atre1 ,london--! fir/ ,ibs5 p]=mance ev] giv5 9 ,engl&4 ,at ! end ( ! ?ird act1 ,krap1 ,consul ,b]nick's cl]k1 knocks at ! door ( 8 ma/]'s (fice & says1 ,x is bl[+ up to a /iff gale4 ,is ! ,indian ,girl to sail 9 spite ( x8 ,:]eupon ,b]nick1 ?\gh he kn[s t ! ,indian ,girl is hopelessly unseawor?y1 replies1 ,! ,indian ,girl is to sail 9 spite ( x4 ,x _h occurr$ to someone t ! effect ( ?is incid5t w\ld be height5$ if ,krap1 be=e knock+ at ! ,consul's door1 7 to consult ! b>omet]1 & %[ by 8 demean\r t x 0 fall+ rapidly4 ,a b>omet] _h accord+ly be5 hung1 up /age1 ne> ! v]&a entrance2 &1 z ! sc5ic app>atus ( a ,gaiety mat9e 0 9 ^? days always ( ! scantie/1 x 0 practically ! "o decoration ( a room o!rwise b>e almo/ to indec5cy4 ,x _h />$ ! audi5ce full 9 ! face ?r\gh ?ree long acts2 & :51 at ! end ( ! ?ird1 ,krap w5t up to x & tapp$ x1 a sigh ( relief ran ?r\gh ! h\se1 z mu* z to say1 ,at la/6 s t 0 :at x 0 =6--to ! no small detrim5t ( ! situation4 ,"h ! fault lay 9 ! obtrusiv5ess ( ! prep>ation4 ,_h ! b>omet] pass$ practically unnotic$ among ! o!r details ( a well-furni%$ hall1 x w\ld at any rate h be5 innoc5t1 & p]haps helpful4 ,z x 01 x seem$ to *all5ge ! curiosity ( ! audi5ce1 say+1 ,i am evid5tly "h ) "s int5tion2 guess1 n[1 :at ! int5tion c be6 ,! produc] _h fail$ 9 ! art :i* conceals art4 ,ano!r little trait f a play ( ^? f>-pa/ days illu/rates ! same po9t4 ,x 0 a draw+-room drama ( ! ,scribe s*ool4 ,ne> ! beg9n+ ( an act1 "s "o spilt a bottle ( r$ ink1 & mopp$ x up ) 8 7or h]7 h&k]*ief1 leav+ ! h&k]*ief on ! escritoire4 ,! act proce$$ f sc5e to sc5e1 & ! h&k]*ief rema9$ unnotic$2 b e "o 9 ! audi5ce :o knew ! rules ( ! game1 kept 8 eye on ! escritoire1 & 0 c]ta9 t t ink _h n be5 spilt = no?+4 ,9 due c\rse a situation ( great int5sity 0 rea*$1 :]e9 ! villa9 produc$ a pi/ol & fir$ at ! h]o9e1 :o fa9t$4 ,z a matt] ( fact he _h miss$ h]2 b h] quick-witt$ fri5d seiz$ ! gory h&k]*ief1 &1 wav+ x 9 ! air1 p]suad$ ! villa9 t ! %ot _h tak5 deadly effect1 & t he mu/ flee = 8 life4 ,ev5 9 ^? days1 su* an unblu%+ piece ( trick]y 0 f\nd m comic ?an impressive4 ,x 0 a case ( prep>ation giv+ itself away4 ,a some:at lat] play1 ,! ,mummy & ! ,humm+ ,bird1 by ,mr4 ,isaac ,h5d]son1 conta9s a good example ( ov]-elaborate prep>ation4 ,! ,e>l ( ,lumley1 lo/ 9 8 *emical /udies ) a m ?an ,newtonian absorption1 suff]s 8 "y wife to =m a s5tim5tal fri5d%ip ) a sc\ndrel ( an ,italian noveli/1 ,signor ,d',orelli4 ,rema9+ at home "o ev5+1 :5 ,lady ,lumley & a p>ty ( fri5ds1 includ+ ,d',orelli1 h gone (f to d9e at a re/aurant1 ! ,e>l *ances to look out ( ! w9d[1 & obs]ves an organ-gr9d] mak+ doleful music 9 ! sn[4 ,8 he>t is t\*$1 & he invites ! music-mong] to jo9 him 9 8 /udy & %>e 8 in=mal d9n]4 ,! conv]sation betwe5 !m is c>ri$ on by means ( signs1 = ! organ-gr9d] kn[s no ,engli%1 & ! ,e>l is pa9fully & improbably ignorant ( ,italian4 ,he does n ev5 "k t ,roma means ,rome1 & ,londra1 ,london4 ,?is ignorance1 h[ev]1 is "p ( ! au?or's +5uity4 ,x leads to ! e/abli%m5t ( a sort ( object-spee*1 by aid ( :i* ! ,e>l le>ns t 8 gue/ has come to ,engl& to prosecute a v5detta aga9/ ! man :o ru9$ 8 happy ,sicilian home4 ,i ne$ sc>cely say t ?is villa9 is none o!r ?an ,d',orelli2 & :5 at la/ he & ! ,c\ntess elope to ,p>is1 ! object-spee* enables ,giuseppe to convey to ! ,e>l1 by aid ( a br&y-bottle1 a siphon1 a brok5 plate1 & half-a-cr[n1 n only ! place ( _! de/9ation1 b ! v hotel to :i* !y are go+4 ,?is is a fair example ( t +5uity = +5uity's sake :i* 0 once ?\ght ! v ess5ce ( ! playwright's craft1 b has long ago lo/ all attraction = intellig5t audi5ces4 ,we may take x z a rule t any sc5e :i* requires an obvi\sly purposeful sc5ic arrangem5t is !reby disc\nt$4 ,x may be /rong en\gh to live d[n ! disadvantage2 b a disadvantage x is none ! less4 ,9 a play ( ,mr4 ,c>ton's1 ,! ,home ,secret>y1 a pap] ( great importance 0 kn[n to be conta9$ 9 an (ficial despat*-box4 ,:5 ! curta9 rose on ! la/ act1 x reveal$ ?is despat*-box on a table "r opposite a ,fr5* w9d[1 :ile at ! o!r side ( ! room a high-back$ arm-*air discreetly av]t$ its face4 ,e "o c\ld see at a glance t ! romantic ,an>*i/ 0 go+ to sneak 9 at ! w9d[ & attempt to ab/ract ! despat*-box1 :ile ! h]o9e 0 to lie p]due 9 ! high-back$ *air2 & :51 at ! fat$ mom5t1 all ?is punctually occurr$1 "o c\ld sc>cely repress an ,ah6 ( s>ca/ic satisfaction4 ,simil>ly1 9 an able play nam$ ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,dav5try1 ,mr4 ,frank ,h>ris _h conceiv$ a situation :i* requir$ t ! sc5e %\ld be specially built = eavesdropp+4#g ,z soon z ! curta9 rose1 & reveal$ a scre5 drawn halfway d[n ! /age1 ) a s(a ensconc$ beh9d x1 we knew :at to expect4 ,( c\rse ,mrs4 ,dav5try 0 to lie on ! s(a & ov]he> a duologue betwe5 h] husb& & 8 mi/ress3 ! only puzzle 0 to und]/& :y ! guilty pair %\ld neglect ! precaution ( look+ beh9d ! scre54 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ,mrs4 ,dav5try1 be=e %e lay d[n1 swit*$ (f ! lights1 & ,dav5try & ,lady ,langham1 f9d+ ! room d>k1 assum$ x to be empty4 ,) a/\nd+ foolh>d9ess1 consid]+ t ! h\se 0 full ( gue/s1 & ?is a mu* frequ5t$ public room1 ,dav5try proce$$ to lock ! door1 & cont9ue 8 conv]sation ) ,lady ,langham 9 ! firelight4 ,?us1 :5 ! lady's husb& came knock+ at ! door1 ,mrs4 ,dav5try 0 able to rescue ! guilty pair f an app>5tly hopeless pr$icam5t1 by calmly swit*+ on ! lights & op5+ ! door to ,sir ,john ,langham4 ,! situation 0 und\bt$ly a /rong "o2 b ! t5d5cy ( mod]n te*nic is to hold /r5g? too de>ly pur*as$ at su* reckless exp5se ( prep>ation4 ,!re are1 !n1 v cle> limits to ! validity ( ! ,dumas maxim t ,! art ( ! !atre is ! art ( prep>ations4 ,c]ta9 x is t ov]-prep>ation is ! mo/ fatal ( errors4 ,! clumsie/ ?+ a dramati/ c possibly d is to lay a long & elaborate tra9 = ! ignition ( a squib4 ,we take pleasure 9 an ev5t :i* has be5 prep>$ 9 ! s5se t we h be5 l$ to desire x1 & h wond]$ h[ x 0 to be br\ght ab\t4 ,b we sc(f at an occurr5ce :i* no?+ b our k ( ! tricks ( ! /age c\ld possibly lead u to expect1 yet :i*1 kn[+ ^! tricks1 we h =ese5 f af>1 & res5t$ 9 advance4 99 99 99 99 99 ,footnote #a3 ,( ,dramatic ,poesy1 ed4 ,arnold1 #aijc1 p4 #fj4 ,footnote #b3 ,! ,_w1 ,decemb] #bj1 #ahii4 ,footnote #c3 ,at ! end ( ! fir/ act ( ,lady ,+] ( ,o/raat1 ,ibs5 evid5tly int5ds to produce a />tl+ effect ?r\gh ! sudd5 appe>ance ( ,olaf ,skaktavl 9 ,lady ,+]'s hall4 ,b z he has totally omitt$ to tell u :o ! /range man is1 ! incid5t has no mean+ = u4 ,9 #ahee ,ibs5 _h all 8 te*nical lessons yet to le>n4 ,footnote #d3 ,! fact t ,mr4 ,phillips %\ld h deem$ su* a =e%ad[+ necess>y %[s h[ in/9ctively a dramati/ feels t ! logic ( 8 art requires him to assume t 8 audi5ce is ignorant ( 8 fable4 ,9 reality1 v few memb]s ( ! fir/-night audi5ce1 or ( any o!r1 c h dep5d$ on old ,angela's vatic9ation = ! requisite =esight ( ev5ts4 ,b ?is does n prove ,angela to be arti/ically sup]flu\s4 ,footnote #e3 ,see pp4 #aah1 #bdj4 ,footnote #f3 ,!re is no special h>m 9 ?is3 ! "q ( exits & entrances & _! me*anism is discuss$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,footnote #g3 ,?is might be said ( ! sc5e ( ! second act ( ,! ,b5efit ( ! ,d\bt2 b "h ! actual /age-topography is natural en\gh4 ,! au?or1 h[ev]1 is r ov]-anxi\s to emphasize ! ac\/ic relations ( ! two rooms4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,! ,,obligatory ,,sc5e ,i d n "k :e!r x 0 ,francisque ,s>cey :o inv5t$ ! phrase scne faire2 b x c]ta9ly owes its curr5cy to t valiant *ampion ( ! !atrical !atre1 if ,i may s express x4 ,note t 9 ?is t]m ,i int5d no disrespect4 ,my conception ( ! !atrical !atre may n be exactly ! same z ,m4 ,s>cey's2 b at all ev5ts ,i %>e 8 abhorr5ce ( ! un!atrical !atre4 ,:at is ! scne faire8 ,s>cey has us$ ! phrase s (t51 & 9 s _m contexts1 t x is impossible to tie him d[n to any /rict def9ition4 ,in/ead ( try+ to d s1 ,i w give a typical example ( ! way 9 :i* he usually employs ! t]m4 ,9 ,les ,f\r*ambault1 by ,emile ,augi]1 ! fir/ act introduces u to ! h\sehold ( a m]*ant1 ( ,havre1 :o has m>ri$ a weal?y1 b extravagant woman1 & has a son & daught] :o are be+ gradually corrupt$ by _! "m's worldl9ess4 ,we le>n t ,f\r*ambault1 s5ior1 has1 9 8 y\?1 betray$ a "y woman :o 0 a gov]ness 9 8 family4 ,he want$ to m>ry h]1 b 8 relations malign$ h] "*1 & he ca/ h] (f2 nor does he "k :at has become ( h] & h] *ild4 ,9 ! second act we pass to ! h\se ( an en]getic & successful "y %ip[n] nam$ ,b]n>d1 :o lives alone ) 8 "m4 ,b]n>d1 z we div9e1 is secretly devot$ to a "y lady nam$ ,m>ie ,letelli]1 a gue/ 9 ! ,f\r*ambault h\se1 to :om "y ,leopold ,f\r*ambault is pay+ undesirable att5tions4 ,"o day ,b]n>d casually m5tions to 8 "m t ! h\se ( ,f\r*ambault is on ! v]ge ( bankruptcy2 no?+ less ?an a qu>t] ( a million francs w enable x to tide ov] ! crisis4 ,mme4 ,b]n>d1 to h] son's a/oni%m5t1 begs him to l5d ! tott]+ firm ! sum requir$4 ,he objects t1 unless ! bus9ess is bett] manag$1 ! loan w only po/pone ! inevitable disa/]4 ,well1 !n1 my son1 %e repli$1 y mu/ g into p>tn]%ip ) ,m4 ,f\r*ambault4 ,i6 ) t imbecile6 he exclaims4 ,my son1 %e says gravely1 & emphatically1 y mu/--x is y\r duty--,i dem& x ( y6 ,ah6 cries ,b]n>d4 ,i und]/&--he is my fa!r6 ,aft] ec/atically laud+ ?is situation & ! sc5es :i* h l$ up to x1 ,m4 ,s>cey cont9ues-- ,:5 ! curta9 falls ^u ! words ,he is my fa!r1 ,i at once see two scnes faire1 & ,i "k t !y w be faites3 ! sc5e betwe5 ! son & ! fa!r :om he is to save1 ! sc5e betwe5 ,b]n>d & 8 half-bro!r ,leopold1 :o are 9 love ) ! same woman1 ! "o di%on\rably & ! o!r secretly & nobly4 ,:at w !y say to ea* o!r8 ,i h no idea4 ,b x is precisely ?is expectation m+l$ ) unc]ta9ly t is "o ( ! *>ms ( ! !atre4 ,i say to myself1 ,ah1 !y w h an enc\nt]6 ,:at w come ( x8 ,& t ?is is ! /ate ( m9d ( ! :ole audi5ce is prov$ by ! fact t :5 ! two *>act]s ( ! scnes faire /& face to face1 a ?rill ( anticipation runs r\nd ! :ole !atre4 ,?is1 !n1 is ! obligatory sc5e z ,s>cey g5]ally und]/&s x--a sc5e :i*1 = "o reason or ano!r1 an audi5ce expects & ard5tly desires4 ,i h italiciz$ ! phrase expectation m+l$ ) unc]ta9ty because x expresses 9 o!r t]ms ! idea :i* ,i h s\ght to convey 9 ! =mula =e%ad[+ )\t =e/all+4 ,b be=e we c judge ( ! m]its ( ,m4 ,s>cey's !ory1 we mu/ look into x a little m closely4 ,i %all try1 !n1 to /ate x 9 my own words1 9 :at ,i believe to be its mo/ rational & def5sible =m4 ,an obligatory sc5e is "o :i* ! audi5ce 7m or less cle>ly & consci\sly7 =esees & desires1 & ! abs5ce ( :i* x may ) reason res5t4 ,on a r\gh analysis1 x w appe>1 ,i ?9k1 t !re are five ways 9 :i* a sc5e may become1 9 ?is s5se1 obligatory3 7#a7 ,x may be necessitat$ by ! inh]5t logic ( ! !me4 7#b7 ,x may be dem&$ by ! manife/ exig5cies ( specifically dramatic effect4 7#c7 ,! au?or himself may h r5d]$ x obligatory by seem+ unmi/akably to lead up to x4 7#d7 ,x may be requir$ 9 ord] to ju/ify "s modification ( "* or alt]ation ( w1 too important to be tak5 = grant$4 7#e7 ,x may be impos$ by hi/ory or leg5d4 ,^! five classes ( obligatory sc5es may be docket$1 respectively1 z ! ,logical1 ! ,dramatic1 ! ,/ructural1 ! ,psy*ological1 & ! ,hi/oric4 ,m4 ,s>cey g5]ally employ$ ! t]m 9 "o ( ! fir/ ?ree s5ses1 )\t cle>ly di/+ui%+ betwe5 !m4 ,x is1 inde$1 n always easy to det]m9e :e!r ! compulsion 7assum+ x to exi/ at all7 lies 9 ! v ess5ce ( ! !me or situation1 or only 9 ! au?or's manipulation ( x4 ,0 ,s>cey "r 9 assum+ su* a compulsion to be a con/ant & dom9ant factor 9 ! playwright's craft8 ,i ?9k we %all see reason to believe him "r 9 hold+ t x frequ5tly arises1 b wrong if he w5t ! l5g? ( ma9ta9+ t !re c be no good play )\t a def9ite scne faire--z eighte5?-c5tury l&scape pa9t]s are said to h held t no "o c\ld be a ma/] ( 8 art till he knew :]e to place ! br[n tree4 ,i rememb] no passage 9 :i* ,s>cey explicitly lays d[n s h>d & fa/ a rule1 b sev]al 9 :i* he seems to take x = grant$4#a ,x may be ask$ :e!r--& if s1 :y--! !ory ( ! obligatory sc5e holds good = ! dramati/ & n = ! noveli/8 ,p]haps x has m application to ! novel ?an is commonly suppos$2 b 9 s f> z x applies peculi>ly to ! drama1 ! reason is pretty cle>4 ,x lies 9 ! /rict conc5tration impos$ on ! dramati/1 & ! high m5tal t5sion :i* is1 or ought to be1 *>act]i/ic ( ! !atrical audi5ce4 ,! leisurely & comp>atively passive novel-read] may nev] miss a sc5e :i* an audi5ce1 ) its in/9cts ( logic & ( economy ke5ly al]t1 may feel to be inevitable4 ,! dramati/ is b\nd to extract f 8 mat]ial ! la/ p>ticle ( t p>ticul> ord] ( effect :i* ! /age1 & ! /age alone1 c give u4 ,if he fails to d s1 we feel t !re has be5 no adequate ju/ification = sett+ 9 motion all ! complex me*anism ( ! !atre4 ,8 play is l a badly-design$ eng9e 9 :i* a l>ge "p ( ! pot5tial en]gy is dissipat$ to no purpose4 ,! noveli/1 ) a f> wid] range ( effects at 8 comm&1 & employ+ no special me*anism to br+ !m home to u1 is mu* m free to select & to reject4 ,he is exempt f ! law ( rigid economy to :i* ! dramati/ mu/ submit4 ,f> f be+ b\nd to d ?+s 9 ! mo/ dramatic way1 he (t5 does wisely 9 reject+ t c\rse1 z unsuit$ to 8 m$ium4 ,fundam5tally1 no d\bt1 ! same pr9ciple applies to bo? arts1 b ) a :olly diff]5t /r+5cy 9 ! case ( ! drama4 ,advisable 9 ! noveli/'s vocabul>y is translat$ by imp]ative 9 ! dramati/'s4 ,! "o is play+ a long-drawn game1 9 :i* ! loss ( a trick or two ne$ n prove fatal2 ! o!r has /ak$ 8 all on a s+le rubb]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,obligatory sc5es ( ! fir/ type--^? necessitat$ by ! inh]5t logic ( ! !me--c naturally arise only 9 plays to :i* a def9ite !me c be assign$4 ,if we say t woman's claim to possess a s\l ( h] own1 ev5 9 m>riage1 is ! !me ( ,a ,doll's ,h\se1 !n evid5tly ! la/ great balanc+ ( acc\nts betwe5 ,nora & ,helm] is an obligatory sc5e4 ,x w\ld h be5 q possible = ,ibs5 to h complet$ ! play )\t any su* sc5e3 he might1 = in/ance1 h let ,nora fulfil h] int5tion ( dr[n+ h]self2 b 9 t case 8 play w\ld h be5 m]ely a tragic anecdote ) ! po9t omitt$4 ,we %\ld h felt vague intimations ( a g5]al idea hov]+ 9 ! air1 b x w\ld h rema9$ undef9$ & undevelop$4 ,z we review1 h[ev]1 ! s]ies ( ,ibs5's plays1 & notice h[ difficult x is to po9t to any individual sc5e & say1 ,?is 0 cle>ly ! scne faire1 we feel t1 ?\gh ! phrase may express a useful idea 9 a conv5i5tly brief =m1 !re is no possibility ( mak+ ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( a scne faire a g5]al te/ ( dramatic m]it4 ,9 ,! ,wild ,duck1 :o w\ld n say t1 !oretically1 ! sc5e 9 :i* ,greg]s op5s ,hialm>'s eyes to ! true hi/ory ( 8 m>riage 0 obligatory 9 ! highe/ degree8 ,yet ,ibs51 z a matt] ( fact1 does n pres5t x to u3 he s5ds ! two m5 (f = a long walk toge!r3 & :o does n feel t ?is is a /roke ( consummate art8 ,9 ,rosm]%olm1 z we "k1 he has be5 accus$ ( neglect+1 n m]ely ! sc5e1 b ! play1 faire2 b :o w n[ ma9ta9 t accusation8 ,9 ,john ,gabriel ,borhman1 if we def9e ! !me z ! cla% ( two dev\r+ egoisms1 ,ibs5 has1 9 ! ?ird act1 giv5 u ! obligatory sc5e2 b he has done x1 un=tunately1 ) an enfeebl$ h&2 :]eas ! fir/ & second acts1 ?\gh l>gely expository1 & ev5 79 ! ,foldal sc5e7 episodic1 rank ) 8 greate/ a*ievem5ts4 ,= abundant examples ( sc5es r5d]$ obligatory by ! logic ( ! !me1 we h only to turn to ! works ( ^? remorseless dialecticians1 ,,mm4 ,h]vieu & ,brieux4 ,9 su* a play z ,la ,c\rse du ,flambeau1 !re is sc>cely a sc5e t may n be call$ an obligatory d$uction f ! !sis duly enunciat$1 ) no small p>ade ( erudition1 9 ! fir/ t5 m9utes ( ! play4 ,x is t1 9 h&+ on ! vital lampada1 z ,plato & le bon pote ,lucrce express x1 ! love ( ! p>5t = ! *ild becomes a dev\r+ mania1 to :i* ev]y?+ else is sacrific$1 :ile ! love ( ! *ild = ! p>5t is a tame & ess5tially selfi% emotion1 absolutely p[]less :5 x comes into competition ) ! passions :i* are conc]n$ ) ! transmission ( ! vital flame4 ,?is !orem hav+ be5 /at$1 :at is ! fir/ obligatory sc5e8 ,evid5tly "o 9 :i* a "m %all refuse a second m>riage1 ) a man :om %e loves1 because x w\ld injure ! prospects & w\nd ! feel+s ( h] ador$ daught]4 ,!n1 :5 ! ador$ daught] h]self m>ries1 ! "m mu/ make e possible sacrifice = h]1 & ! daught] mu/ accept !m all ) indiff]5ce1 z m]e matt]s ( c\rse4 ,b :at is ! f9al1 triumphant pro( ( ! !orem8 ,:y1 ( c\rse1 ! "m mu/ kill h] "m to save ! daught]'s life6 ,& ?is ultra-obligatory sc5e ,m4 ,h]vieu duly s]ves up to u4 ,m>ie-,jeanne 7! daught]7 is ord]$ to ! ,engad9e2 ,sab9e 7! "m7 is w>n$ t ,madame ,font5ais 7! gr&mo!r7 mu/ n g to t altitude on pa9 ( dea?2 b1 by a s]ies ( viol5tly artificial devices1 ?+s are s arrang$ t ,m>ie-,jeanne _c g unless ,madame ,font5ais goes too2 & ,sab9e1 r ?an endang] h] daught]'s recov]y1 does n hesitate to let h] "m set =?1 unwitt+ly1 to h] doom4 ,9 ! la/ sc5e ( all1 ,m>ie-,jeanne light-he>t$ly prep>es to leave h] "m & g (f ) h] husb& to ! ends ( ! e>?2 ,sab9e le>ns t ! man %e lov$ & reject$ = ,m>ie-,jeanne's sake is = ev] lo/ to h]2 &1 to complete ! demon/ration1 ,madame ,font5ais falls dead at h] feet4 ,^! sc5es are unmi/akably scnes faire1 dictat$ by ! logic ( ! !me2 b !y belong to a conception ( art 9 :i* ! free rhy?ms ( life are ru?lessly sacrific$ to ! ne$s ( a demon/ration4 ,obligatory sc5es ( ?is ord] are m]e diagrams drawn ) rul] & compass--! obligatory illu/rations ( an extravagantly ov]-sy/ematic lecture4 ,m4 ,brieux 9 "s ( 8 plays 7n 9 all7 is no less logic-ridd5 ?an ,m4 ,h]vieu4 ,take1 = in/ance1 ,les ,trois ,filles de ,m4 ,dupont3 e "* is a t]m 9 a syllogism1 e sc5e is dictat$ by an imp]i\s crav+ = symmetry4 ,! ma9 !orem may be /at$ 9 "s su* t]ms z ^!3 ,! ,fr5* m>riage sy/em is immoral & abom9able2 yet ! m>ri$ woman is1 on ! :ole1 less pitiable ?an h] unm>ri$ si/]s4 ,9 ord] to prove ?is !sis 9 due =m1 we beg9 at ! beg9n+1 & %[ h[ ! m>riage ( ,anton9 ,mairaut & ,julie ,dupont is br\ght ab\t by ! di%one/ cupidity ( ! p>5ts on bo? sides4 ,! ,duponts flatt] !mselves t !y h *eat$ ! ,mairauts1 ! ,mairauts t !y h sw9dl$ ! ,duponts2 :ile ,anton9 delib]ately simulates arti/ic ta/es to deceive ,julie1 & ,julie z delib]ately makes a %[ ( bus9ess capacity 9 ord] to take 9 ,anton94 ,e sc5e betwe5 fa!r & daught] is balanc$ by a correspond+ sc5e betwe5 "m & son4 ,e t\* ( hypocrisy on ! "o side is scrupul\sly set (f aga9/ a trait ( di%one/y on ! o!r4 ,julie's passion = *ildr5 is emphasiz$1 ,anton9's av]sion f !m is und]l9$4 ,b le/ he %\ld be accus$ ( see+ ev]y?+ 9 black1 ,m4 ,brieux w n make ! p>5ts altoge!r dete/able4 ,/ill hold+ ! balance true1 he lets ,m4 ,mairaut on ! "o side1 & ,madame ,dupont on ! o!r1 develop amiable impulses1 & prote/1 at a giv5 mom5t1 aga9/ ! infamies committ$ & c\nt5anc$ by _! respective sp\ses4 ,& 9 ! second & ?ird acts1 ! edifice ( deception symmetrically built up 9 ! fir/ act is no less symmetrically demoli%$4 ,! p>5ts expose & d5\nce ea* o!r's villa9ies2 ,julie & ,anton91 9 a great sc5e ( conjugal recrim9ation1 lay b>e ! hypocrisies ( allurem5t t h br\ght !m toge!r4 ,julie !n det]m9es to escape f ! loa?some prison-h\se ( h] m>riage2 & ?is br+s u to ! second "p ( ! !orem4 ,! title %[s t ,julie has two si/]s2 b hi!rto !y h rema9$ 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,:y d !y exi/ at all8 ,:y has ,provid5ce bless$ ,m4 ,dupont ) ?ree fair daught]s & no m8 ,because ,provid5ce =esaw exactly ! numb] ,m4 ,brieux w\ld require = 8 demon/ration4 ,are !re n ?ree c\rses op5 to a p5niless woman 9 our social sy/em--m>riage1 wage-e>n+ indu/ry1 & wage-e>n+ pr(ligacy8 ,well1 ,m4 ,dupont mu/ h "o daught] to repres5t ea* ( ^! cont+5cies4 ,julie has illu/rat$ ! mis]ies ( m>riage2 ,c>ol9e & ,angle %all illu/rate respectively ! /ill great] mis]ies ( unm>ri$ virtue & unm>ri$ vice4 ,:5 ,julie decl>es h] int5tion ( break+ away f ! h\se ( bondage1 h] si/]s rise up symmetrically1 "o on ei!r h&1 & implore h] r to be> ! ills %e has ?an to fly to o!rs t %e kn[s n (4 ,symmetry ( symmetries1 all is symmetry 9 ! poetics ( ,m4 ,brieux4 ,b life does n fall into su* obvi\s patt]ns4 ,! obligatory sc5e :i* is impos$ ^u u1 n by ! logic ( life1 b by ! logic ( demon/ration1 is n a scne faire1 b a scne fuir4 ,mr4 ,b]n>d ,%aw1 9 "s s5se ! ,brieux ( ! ,engli% !atre1 is n a man to be dom9at$ by logic1 or by any?+ else "u ! sun4 ,he has1 h[ev]1 giv5 u "o or two excell5t examples ( ! obligatory sc5e 9 ! true & really arti/ic s5se ( ! t]m4 ,! sc5e ( ,c&ida's *oice betwe5 ,eug5e & ,morell cr[ns ! edifice ( ,c&ida z no?+ else c\ld4 ,giv5 ! *>act]s & _! respective attitudes t[>ds life1 ?is s5t5ti\s ?ra%+-out ( ! situation 0 inevitable4 ,s1 too1 9 ,mrs4 ,w>r5's ,pr(ession1 ! great sc5e ( ! second act betwe5 ,vivie & h] "m is a sup]b example ( a sc5e impos$ by ! logic ( ! !me4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ,mr4 ,h5ry ,ar?ur ,jones's f9ely conceiv$1 ?\gh unequal1 play1 ,mi*ael & 8 ,lo/ ,angel1 we miss :at 0 surely an obligatory sc5e4 ,! play is 9 fact a conte/ betwe5 ! paganism ( ,audrie ,lesd5 & ! ascetic1 sac]dotal idealism ( ,mi*ael ,fev]%am4 ,9 ! second act1 paganism snat*es a mom5t>y victory2 & we confid5tly expect1 9 ! ?ird act1 a set & /r5u\s ef=t on ,audrie's "p to break d[n 9 !ory ! ascetic ideal :i* has collaps$ 9 practice4 ,x is probable en\gh t %e might n succe$ 9 dragg+ h] lov] =? f :at %e reg>ds z ! prison-h\se ( a sup]/ition2 b ! logic ( ! !me absolutely dem&s t %e %\ld make ! attempt4 ,mr4 ,jones has pref]r$ to g a/ray aft] "s comp>atively irrelevant & commonplace matt]1 & has ?us left 8 play incomplete4 ,s1 too1 9 ,! ,triumph ( ! ,phili/9es1 ,mr4 ,jones makes ! mi/ake ( expect+ u to take a t5d] int]e/ 9 a pair ( lov]s :o h _h nev] a love-sc5e to set our int]e/ ago+4 ,!y are introduc$ to ea* o!r 9 ! fir/ act1 & we %rewdly suspect 7= 9 ! !atre we are all invet]ate mat*-mak]s7 t !y are go+ to fall 9 love2 b we h n ! smalle/ positive evid5ce ( ! fact be=e we f9d1 9 ! second act1 t misund]/&+s h aris51 & ! lady decl9es to look at ! g5tleman4 ,! actress :o play$ ! "p at ! ,/4 ,james's ,!atre 0 blam$ = fail+ to enli/ our sympa?ies 9 ?is romance2 b :at actress c make mu* ( a love "p :i*1 up to ! v la/ mom5t1 is all suspicion & jeal\sy8 ,fancy ,romeo & ,juliet ) ! love-sc5es omitt$1 by special reque/6 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 a second class1 accord+ to our analysis1 we place ! obligatory sc5e :i* is impos$ by ! manife/ exig5cies ( specifically dramatic effect4 ,"h x mu/ ( c\rse be not$ t ! conception ( specifically dramatic effect v>ies 9 "s degree1 f age to age1 f g5]ation to g5]ation1 & ev51 "o may almo/ say1 f !atre to !atre4 ,sc5es ( viol5ce & slaught] 7 bani%$ f ! ,greek !atre1 ma9ly1 no d\bt1 because rapid movem5t 0 r5d]$ difficult by ! hi]atic trapp+s ( ! actors1 & 0 altoge!r =eign to ! _s ( trag$y2 b x c sc>cely be d\bt$ t ! tragic poets 7 ! less incl9$ to rebel aga9/ ?is conv5tion1 because !y extract$ specifically dramatic effects ( a v high ord] out ( _! mess5g]-sc5es4 ,ev5 9 ! mod]n !atre we are ?rill$ by ! description ( ,hippolytus dragg$ at 8 own *>iot :eel1 or ,creusa & ,creon dev\r$ by ,m$ea's veil ( fire4#b ,on ! ,elizabe?an /age1 ! murd] ( ,agamemnon w\ld no d\bt h be5 subject$ to our fai?ful eyes l ! bl9d+ ( ,gl\ce/] or ! suffocation ( ,edw>d ,,ii2 b :o %all say t !re is less specifically dramatic effect 9 ,aes*ylus's me?od ( mirror+ ! sc5e 9 ! clairvoyant ec/asy ( ,cass&ra8 ,i am mu* incl9$ to ?9k t ! dramatic effect ( highly emotional n>rative is und]rat$ 9 ! mod]n !atre4 ,aga91 at "o class ( !atre1 ! au?or ( a sport+ play--is b\nd to exhibit a horse-race on ! /age1 or he is held to h %irk$ 8 obligatory sc5e4 ,at ano!r class ( !atre1 we %all h a sc5e1 p]haps1 9 a box 9 ! ,gr& ,/&1 :]e "s ,lady ,gay ,spank] %all brea?lessly depict1 f />t to f9i%1 ! race :i* is visible to h]1 b invisible to ! audi5ce4 ,at a ?ird class ( ! !atre1 ! specifically dramatic effect to be extract$ f a horse-race is f\nd 9 a sc5e 9 a ,black-,c\ntry slum1 :]e a gr\p ( work+-m5 & wom5 are fev]i%ly await+ ! ev5+ pap] :i* %all br+ !m ! result ( ! ,/4 ,leg]1 involv+ = "s ( !m opul5ce--to ! ext5t1 p]haps1 ( a #e note--& = o!rs ru94#c ,! difficulty ( decid+ t any "o =m ( sc5e is pr$e/9$ by ! laws ( dramatic effect is illu/rat$ 9 ,tol/oy's grisly drama1 ,! ,p[] ( ,d>kness4 ,! sc5e 9 :i* ,nikita kills ,ak\l9a's *ild 0 felt to be too horrible = repres5tation2 :]eupon ! au?or wrote an alt]native sc5e betwe5 ,mitrit* & ,anna1 :i* passes simultane\sly ) ! murd] sc5e1 9 an adjo9+ room4 ,! two sc5es fulfil exactly ! same function 9 ! economy ( ! play2 x c be act$ ) ei!r ( !m1 x might be act$ ) bo?2 & x is impossible to say :i* produces ! int5s] or m specifically dramatic effect4 ,! fact rema9s1 h[ev]1 t !re is almo/ always a dramatic & undramatic1 a m dramatic & a less dramatic1 way ( do+ a ?+2 & an au?or :o all[s u to =esee & expect a dramatic way ( atta9+ a giv5 end1 & !n *ooses an undramatic or less dramatic way1 is guilty ( hav+ miss$ ! obligatory sc5e4 ,= a g5]al discussion ( :at we mean by ! t]ms dramatic & undramatic ! read] may ref] back to ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,"h ,i ne$ only give "o or two p>ticul> illu/rations4 ,x w be rememb]$ t "o ( ! scnes faire :i* ,m4 ,s>cey =esaw 9 ,les ,f\r*ambault 0 ! enc\nt] betwe5 ! two bro!rs2 ! illegitimate ,b]n>d & ! legitimate ,leopold4 ,x w\ld h be5 q possible1 & q natural1 to let ! action ( ! play "w itself out )\t any su* enc\nt]2 or to let ! enc\nt] take place beh9d ! sc5es2 b ?is w\ld h be5 a pat5t ignor+ ( dramatic possibilities1 & ,m4 ,s>cey w\ld h _h ample reason to p\r ! vials ( 8 wra? on ,augi]'s head4 ,he 0 "r1 h[ev]1 9 8 confid5ce t ,augi] w\ld n fail to make ! sc5e4 ,& h[ did he make x8 ,! "o ?+ inevitable ab\t x 0 t ! tru? %\ld be reveal$ to ,leopold2 b !re 7 a doz5 diff]5t ways 9 :i* t might h be5 effect$4 ,p]haps1 9 real life1 ,b]n>d w\ld h said some?+ to ?is effect3 ,"y man1 y are mak+ que/ionable advances to a lady 9 :om ,i am int]e/$4 ,i beg t y w cease to p]secute h]2 & if y ask by :at "r ,i d s1 ,i reply t ,i am 9 fact y\r eld] bro!r1 t ,i h sav$ our fa!r f ru91 t ,i am h5ce=? ! pr$om9ant p>tn] 9 8 bus9ess1 & t1 if y d n behave y\rself1 ,i %all see t y\r all[ance is )drawn1 & t y h no long] ! means to lead an idle & dissolute life4 ,?is w\ld h be5 an ungraci\s b n unnatural way ( go+ ab\t ! bus9ess4 ,_h ,augi] *os5 x1 we %\ld h _h no "r to compla9 on ! score ( probability2 b x w\ld h be5 evid5t to ! lea/ imag9ative t he _h left ! specifically dramatic opportunities ( ! sc5e entirely undevelop$4 ,let u n[ see :at he actually did4 ,m>ie ,letelli]1 compromis$ by ,leopold's conduct1 has left ! ,f\r*ambault h\se & tak5 refuge ) ,mme4 ,b]n>d4 ,b]n>d loves h] devot$ly1 b does n dream t %e c see any?+ 9 8 unc\? p]sonality1 & imag9es t %e loves ,leopold4 ,accord+ly1 he det]m9es t ,leopold %all m>ry h]1 & tells him s4 ,leopold sc(fs at ! idea2 ,b]n>d insi/s2 & little by little ! conflict rises to a tone ( p]sonal alt]cation4 ,at la/ ,leopold says some?+ slight+ ( ,mile4 ,letelli]1 & ,b]n>d--:o1 be x not$1 has begun ) no int5tion ( reveal+ ! k9%ip betwe5 !m--loses 8 self-control & cries1 ,ah1 !re speaks ! blood ( ! man :o sl&]$ a woman 9 ord] to prev5t 8 son f keep+ 8 ^w to h]4 ,i recognize 9 y y\r gr&fa!r1 :o 0 a mis]able calumniator4 ,repeat t ^w6 says ,leopold4 ,b]n>d does s1 & ! o!r /rikes him across ! face ) 8 glove4 ,= a p]ceptible int]val ,b]n>d /ruggles ) 8 rage 9 sil5ce1 & !n3 ,x is well = y1 he cries1 t y are my bro!r6 ,we ne$ n foll[ ! sc5e 9 ! s5tim5tal turn+ :i* x !n takes1 :]eby x comes ab\t1 ( c\rse1 t ,b]n>d1 n ,leopold1 m>ries ,mile4 ,letelli]4 ,! po9t is t ,augi] has ju/ifi$ ,s>cey's confid5ce by mak+ ! sc5e ?or\ghly & specifically dramatic2 9 o!r words1 by *>g+ x ) emotion1 & work+ up ! t5sion to a v high pit*4 ,& ,s>cey 0 no d\bt "r 9 hold+ t ?is 0 :at ! :ole audi5ce in/9ctively expect$1 & t !y w\ld h be5 m or less consci\sly disappo9t$ _h ! au?or baulk$ _! expectation4 ,an in/ructive example ( ! failure to make a dramatically obligatory sc5e may be f\nd 9 ,aga?a by ,mrs4 ,humphry ,w>d & ,mr4 ,l\is ,p>k]4 ,aga?a is believ$ to be ! *ild ( ,sir ,ri*>d & ,lady ,fanc\rt2 b at a giv5 po9t %e le>ns t a g5tleman :om %e has kn[n all h] life z ,c\s9 ,ralph is 9 reality h] fa!r4 ,%e has a middle-ag$ suitor1 ,colonel ,=d1 :om %e is v will+ to m>ry2 b at ! end ( ! second act %e refuses him1 because %e %r9ks f ! idea1 on ! "o h&1 ( conceal+ ! tru? f him1 on ! o!r h&1 ( reveal+ h] "m's trespass4 ,?is is n1 9 itself1 a v /rong situation1 = we feel ! b>ri] betwe5 ! lov]s to be unreal4 ,colonel ,=d is a man ( s5se4 ,! secret ( ,aga?a's p>5tage c make no real diff]5ce to him4 ,no?+ mat]ial--no po9t ( law or ( hon\r--dep5ds on x4 ,he w le>n ! tru?1 & all w come "r betwe5 !m4 ,! only po9t on :i* our int]e/ c c5tre is ! "q h[ he is to le>n ! tru?2 & "h ! au?ors g v f> a/ray4 ,!re are two1 & only two1 really dramatic ways 9 :i* ,colonel ,=d c be enlight5$4 ,lady ,fanc\rt mu/ realize t ,aga?a is wreck+ h] life to keep h] "m's secret1 & mu/ ei!r h]self reveal x to ,colonel ,=d1 or mu/ enc\rage & enjo9 ,aga?a to d s4 ,n[1 ! au?ors *oose nei!r ( ^! ways3 ! secret slips out1 ?r\gh a *ance misund]/&+ 9 a conv]sation betwe5 ,sir ,ri*>d ,fanc\rt & ! ,colonel4 ,?is is a typical in/ance ( an error ( con/ruction2 & :y8--because x leaves to *ance :at %\ld be an act ( w4 ,drama means a ?+ done1 n m]ely a ?+ t happ5s2 & ! playwright :o lets accid5t effect :at might naturally & probably be a result ( volition1 or1 9 o!r words1 ( "*1 s9s aga9/ ! fundam5tal law ( 8 craft4 ,9 ! case be=e u1 ,lady ,fanc\rt & ,aga?a--! two *>act]s on :om our int]e/ is c5tr$--are depriv$ ( all %>e 9 "o ( ! crucial mom5ts ( ! action4 ,:e!r ! actual disclosure 0 made by ! "m or by ! daught]1 !re ought to h be5 a great sc5e betwe5 ! two1 9 :i* ! "m %\ld h insi/$ t1 by "o or o!r1 ! tru? mu/ be told4 ,x w\ld h be5 a pa9ful1 a delicate1 a difficult sc5e1 b x 0 ! obligatory sc5e ( ! play2 & _h we be5 all[$ cle>ly to =esee x at ! end ( ! second act1 our int]e/ w\ld h be5 decisively c>ri$ =w>d4 ,! sc5e1 too1 might h giv5 ! play a moral relevance :i* 9 fact x lacks4 ,! readju/m5t ( ,aga?a's s*eme ( ?+s1 s z to make room = h] "m's hi/ory1 might h be5 made explicit & p>tly intellectual1 in/ead ( implicit1 in>ticulate & :olly emotional4 ,?is case1 !n1 cle>ly falls "u our second head+4 ,we _c say t x is ! logic ( ! !me :i* dem&s ! sc5e1 = no !sis or ab/ract idea is enunciat$4 ,nor c we say t ! c\rse ( ev5ts is unnatural or improbable2 our compla9t is t1 )\t be+ at all less natural1 !y might h be5 highly dramatic1 & t 9 fact !y are n s4 ,9 a v diff]5t type ( play1 we f9d ano!r example ( ! ignor+ ( a dramatically obligatory sc5e4 ,! au?or ( t *>m+ fantasy1 ,! ,pass+ ( ! ,?ird ,floor ,back1 0 long ago guilty ( a play nam$ ,! ,rise ( ,dick ,halw>d1 *iefly memorable = hav+ elicit$ f ,mr4 ,b]n>d ,%aw "o ( ! mo/ brilliant pages 9 ,engli% dramatic criticism4 ,! h]o ( ?is play1 aft] an adv5tur\s y\? 9 ,mexico1 has gone to ! b>1 b gets no briefs1 & is !re=e unable to m>ry a lady :o ann\nces t no suitor ne$ apply :o has less ?an #ejjj a ye>4 ,"o f9e day ,dick receives f ,mexico ! w ( an old comrade1 :i* purports to leave to him1 absolutely1 half a million doll>s1 gold2 b ! w is accompani$ by a lett]1 9 :i* ! old comrade /ates t ! prop]ty is really left to him only 9 tru/ = ! te/ator's long-lo/ son1 :om ,dick is enjo9$ to se>* out & end[ ) a capital :i*1 at #e p] c5t1 repres5ts accurately ! desid]at$ #ejjj a ye>4 ,z a matt] ( fact 7b ?is is n to our pres5t purpose71 ! long-lo/ son is actually1 at t mom5t1 %>+ ,dick's *amb]s 9 ! ,temple4 ,dick1 h[ev]1 does n "k ?is1 & _c resi/ ! temptation to de/roy ! old m9]'s lett]1 & grab ! prop]ty4 ,we "k1 ( c\rse1 t retribution is b\nd to desc5d ^u him2 b does n dramatic effect imp]atively require t1 = a brief space at any rate1 he %\ld be se5--) :atev] qualms ( consci5ce 8 nature might dictate--enjoy+ 8 ill-gott5 weal?8 ,mr4 ,j]ome1 h[ev]1 baulks u ( ?is j expectation4 ,9 ! v fir/ sc5e ( ! second act we f9d t ! game is up4 ,! deceas$ m9] wrote 8 lett] to ,dick seat$ 9 ! doorway ( a hut2 a *ance photograph] took a snap-%ot at him2 & on return+ to ,engl&1 ! *ance photograph] has no?+ m press+ to d ?an to *ance ^u ! "o man :o kn[s ! long-lo/ son1 & to %[ him ! photograph ( ! dy+ m9]1 :om he at once recognizes4 ,by aid ( a microscope1 ! lett] he is writ+ c be deciph]$1 & ?us ,dick's fraud is br\ght home to him4 ,n[ "o w\ld suppose t an au?or :o _h inv5t$ ?is mon/r\s & /agg]+ concat5ation ( *ances1 mu/ hope to ju/ify x by "s highly dramatic situation1 9 ! obvi\s & commonplace s5se ( ! ^w4 ,x is n difficult1 inde$1 to =esee su* a situation1 9 :i* ,dick ,halw>d %\ld be confront$1 z if by magic1 ) ! v words ( ! lett] he has s c>efully de/roy$4 ,i am f> f say+ t ?is sc5e w\ld1 9 fact1 h ju/ifi$ its amaz+ antec$5ts2 b x w\ld h %[n a realization on ! au?or's "p t he mu/ at any rate attempt "s effect proportionate to ! /ra9 he _h plac$ ^u our cr$ulity4 ,mr4 ,j]ome %[$ no su* realization4 ,he made ! man :o h&$ ,dick ! copy ( ! lett] expla9 be=eh& h[ x _h be5 obta9$2 s t ,dick1 ?\gh d\btless surpris$ & disgu/$1 0 n 9 ! lea/ ?und]/ruck1 & manife/$ no emotion4 ,"h1 !n1 ,mr4 ,j]ome evid5tly miss$ a sc5e r5d]$ obligatory by ! law ( ! maximum ( specifically dramatic effect4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ?ird1 or /ructural1 class ( obligatory sc5es may be m briefly dealt )1 see+ t we h already1 9 ! la/ *apt]1 discuss$ ! pr9ciple involv$4 ,9 ?is class we h plac$1 by def9ition1 sc5es :i* ! au?or himself has r5d]$ obligatory by seem+ unmi/akably to lead up to !m--or1 9 o!r words1 sc5es indicat$1 or seem+ to be indicat$1 by delib]ately-plant$ f+]-po/s4 ,x may appe> z ?\gh ! case ( ,dick ,halw>d1 :i* we h j be5 exam9+1 9 reality came "u ?is head+4 ,b x _c actually be said t ,mr4 ,j]ome ei!r did1 or seem$ to1 po9t by f+]-po/s t[>ds ! obligatory sc5e4 ,he r appe>s to h be5 blankly unconsci\s ( its possibility4 ,we h not$ 9 ! =ego+ *apt] ! unwisdom ( plant+ mislead+ f+]-po/s2 "h we h only to deal ) ! p>ticul> case 9 :i* !y seem to po9t to a def9ite & crucial sc5e4 ,an example giv5 by ,m4 ,s>cey himself w1 ,i ?9k1 make ! matt] q cle>4 ,m4 ,jules ,lematre's play1 ,rvolte1 tells ! /ory ( a w\ld-be intellectual1 ill-condition$ "y woman1 m>ri$ to a pla9 & unga9ly pr(essor ( ma!matics1 :om %e despises4 ,we "k t %e is 9 dang] ( yield+ to ! fasc9ations ( a s$uctive man-ab\t-t[n2 & hav+ %[n u ?is dang]1 ! au?or proce$s to emphasize ! manly & /]l+ "* ( ! husb&4 ,he has ! g5tl5ess t goes ) /r5g?2 b :]e 8 affections or 8 hon\r is conc]n$1 he is n a man to be trifl$ )4 ,?is hav+ be5 sev]al times impress$ ^u u1 we naturally expect t ! wife is to be rescu$ by "s /rik+ manife/ation ( ! husb&'s ma/]ful virility4 ,b no su* matt]6 ,rescu$ %e is1 inde$2 b x is by ! int]v5tion ( h] half-bro!r1 :o fights a duel on h] behalf1 & is br\ght back w\nd$ to re/ore peace to ! ma!matician's h\sehold3 t man ( sci5ce hav+ be5 q passive ?r\gh\t1 save = "s ineffectual remon/rances4 ,x happ5s t 9 ?is case we "k j :]e ! au?or w5t a/ray4 ,hlne 7! wife7 is ! unackn[l$g$ daught] ( a great lady1 ,mme4 de ,voves2 & ! subject ( ! play1 z ! au?or fir/ conceiv$ x1 0 ! relation betwe5 ! "m1 ! illegitimate daught]1 & ! legitimate son2 ! daught]'s husb& tak+ only a subord9ate place4 ,b ,lematre *ose z a model = ! husb& a man :om he _h kn[n & admir$2 & he all[$ himself to depict 9 vivid col\rs 8 /rong & sympa!tic "*1 )\t notic+ t he 0 !reby upsett+ ! economy ( 8 play1 & giv+ 8 audi5ce reason to anticipate a l9e ( developm5t q diff]5t f t :i* he _h 9 m9d4 ,inadv]t5tly1 9 fact1 he plant$1 n "o1 b two or ?ree1 mislead+ f+]-po/s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we come n[ to ! f\r?1 or psy*ological1 class ( obligatory sc5es--^? :i* are requir$ 9 ord] to ju/ify "s modification ( "* or alt]ation ( w1 too important to be tak5 = grant$4 ,an obvi\s example ( an obligatory sc5e ( ?is class may be f\nd 9 ! ?ird act ( ,o!llo4 ,! poet is b\nd to %[ u ! process by :i* ,iago in/ils 8 poison into ,o!llo's m9d4 ,he has back$ himself1 s to speak1 to make ?is process cr$ible to u2 &1 by a ma/]piece ( dext]ity & d>+1 he w9s 8 wag]4 ,_h he omitt$ ?is sc5e--_h he %[n u ,o!llo at "o mom5t full ( s]5e confid5ce1 & at 8 next appe>ance already conv9c$ ( ,desdemona's guilt--he w\ld h omitt$ ! pivot & turn+--po9t ( ! :ole /ructure4 ,x may seem fanta/ic to conceive t any dramati/ c\ld blund] s grossly2 b !re are n a few plays 9 :i* we obs]ve a sc>cely less gl>+ hiatus4 ,a case 9 po9t may be f\nd 9 ,"l ,t5nyson's ,becket4 ,i am n "o ( ^? :o hold ,t5nyson m]ely contemptible z a dramati/4 ,i believe t1 _h he tak5 to playwrit+ ne>ly half-a-c5tury e>li]1 & /udi$ ! root pr9ciples ( craftsman%ip1 in/ead ( bl9dly accept+ ! ,elizabe?an conv5tions1 he might h done "w z f9e 9 ! mass z are ! be/ mom5ts ( ,que5 ,m>y & ,h>old4 ,z a :ole1 ,becket is "o ( 8 weake/ productions2 b ! ,prologue & ! fir/ act w\ld h =m$ an excell5t fir/ & ?ird act = a play ( :olly diff]5t sequel1 _h he int]pos$1 9 a second act1 ! obligatory sc5e requir$ to elucidate ,becket's "*4 ,! hi/oric & psy*ological problem ( ,?omas ,becket is 8 />tl+ trans=mation f an easy-go+1 luxuri\s1 worldly /atesman into a gaunt ecclesia/ic1 fanatically fight+ = ! rights ( 8 see1 ( 8 ord]1 & ( ,rome4 ,9 any drama :i* pr(esses to deal 7z ?is does7 ) 8 :ole c>e]1 ! intellectual int]e/ _c b c5tre 9 an analysis ( ! =ces t br\ght ab\t ?is seem+ new-bir? ( 8 s\l4 ,x w\ld h be5 op5 to ! poet1 no d\bt1 to take up 8 hi/ory at a lat] po9t1 :5 he 0 already ! full-fl$g$ cl]ical & ultramontane4 ,b ?is ,t5nyson does n d4 ,he is at pa9s to pres5t to u ! magnific5t ,*ancellor1 ! bosom fri5d ( ! ,k+1 & mild reprov] ( 8 vices2 & !n1 )\t ! smalle/ transition1 hey pre/o6 he is ! intransig5t prie/1 bitt]ly combat+ ! ,con/itutions ( ,cl>5don4 ,x is true t 9 ! ,prologue ! poet places "o or two f+]-po/s--small1 conv5tional =e%ad[+s ( com+ tr\ble4 ,= in/ance1 ! game ( *ess betwe5 ,k+ & ,*ancellor ends ) a victory = ,becket1 :o says-- ,y see my bi%op ,ha? br\ght y\r k+ to a /&/ill4 ,y are beat54 ,! symbolical game ( *ess is a well-worn dramatic device4 ,becket1 moreov]1 seems to feel "s vague disquietude z to :at may happ5 if he accepts ! ar*bi%opric2 b !re is no?+ to %[ t he is consci\s ( any bias t[>ds ! intransig5t cl]icalism ( ! lat] act4 ,! "*-problem1 9 fact1 is n only n solv$1 b is ignor$4 ,! obligatory sc5e is skipp$ ov]1 9 ! int]val betwe5 ! ,prologue & ! fir/ act4 ,"o ( ! f9e/ plays ( our "t--,sir ,ar?ur ,p9]o's ,iris--lacks1 9 my judgm5t1 an obligatory sc5e4 ,! "* ( ,iris is admirably true1 s f> z x goes2 b x is incomplete4 ,! au?or seems to h evad$ ! crucial po9t ( 8 play--! sc5e ( h] in/allation 9 ,maldonado's flat4 ,to p]fect 8 psy*ological /udy1 he 0 b\nd to bridge ! *asm betwe5 ! ,iris ( ! ?ird act & ! ,iris ( ! f\r?4 ,he builds two ends ( ! bridge1 9 ! incid5t ( ! *eque-book at ! close ( ! "o act1 & 9 ! /ate ( hebetude 9 :i* we f9d h] at ! op5+ ( ! o!r2 b !re rema9s a great gap at :i* ! imag9ation boggles4 ,! au?or has tri$ to ?r[ a retrospective footway across x 9 ,iris's confession to ,tr5) 9 ! fif? act2 b ,i d n f9d t x q meets ! case4 ,x w\ld no d\bt h be5 v difficult to keep ! action )9 reasonable limits _h a new act tak5 ! place ( ! exi/+ f\r?2 b ,sir ,ar?ur ,p9]o w\ld probably h produc$ a complet] "w ( art _h he fac$ ?is difficulty1 & contriv$ to compress into a s+le la/ act some?+ l ! matt] ( ! exi/+ f\r? & fif?4 ,x may be t he delib]ately pref]r$ t ,iris %\ld give 9 n>rative ! hi/ory ( h] decl9e2 b ,i d n consid] ?is a case 9 support ( t slight plea = impassion$ n>rative :i* ,i v5tur$ to put =? a few pages back4 ,h] confession to ,tr5) w\ld h be5 f> m dramatic & mov+ _h x be5 ab\t "o-f\r? "p z long & "o-f\r? "p z articulate4 99 99 99 99 99 ,( ! sc5e impos$ by hi/ory or leg5d x is unnecess>y to say v mu*4 ,we saw 9 ,*apt] ,,ix t ! !atre is n ! place = exp\nd+ ! results ( orig9al rese>*1 :i* ca/ a new light on hi/oric "*4 ,x is n ! place = :itewa%+ ,ri*>d ,,iii1 or repres5t+ him z a man ( erect & graceful figure4 ,x is n ! place = prov+ t ,guy ,fawkes 0 an e>ne/ ,presbyt]ian1 t ,nell ,gwynn 0 a lady ( ! /ricte/ morals1 or t ,george ,wa%+ton 0 incapable ( tell+ ! tru?4 ,! playwright :o deals ) ,h5ry ,,viii is b\nd to pres5t him1 9 ! s*oolboy's phrase1 z a great wid[]4 ,william ! ,sil5t mu/ n be a *att]box1 ,torquemada a humanit>ian1 ,ivan ! ,t]rible a consci5ti\s oppon5t ( capital puni%m5t4 ,& leg5d has its fix$ po9ts no less ?an hi/ory4 ,9 ! !atre1 inde$1 !re is little di/9ction betwe5 !m3 hi/ory is leg5d1 & leg5d hi/ory4 ,a dramati/ may1 if he pleases 7?\gh x is a difficult task71 break :olly unfamili> gr\nd 9 ! pa/2 b :]e a hi/oric leg5d exi/s he mu/ respect x at 8 p]il4 ,f all ?is x is a simple d$uction t :]e leg5d 7hi/oric or o!rwise7 associates a p>ticul> "* ) a p>ticul> sc5e t is by any means pres5table on ! /age1 t sc5e becomes obligatory 9 a drama ( :i* he is ! lead+ figure4 ,! fact t ,%akespe>e c\ld write a play ab\t ,k+ ,john1 & say no?+ ab\t ,runnym$e & ,magna ,*>ta1 %[s t t incid5t 9 con/itutional hi/ory _h n yet pass$ into popul> leg5d4 ,:5 ,sir ,h]b]t ,tree reviv$ ! play1 he repair$ ! poet's omission by means ( an ins]t$ tableau4 ,ev5 ,%akespe>e _h n ! h>dihood to let ,caes> fall )\t say+1 ,! ,ides ( ,m>* are come & ,et tu1 ,brute6 ,n]o is b\nd to fiddle :ile ,rome burns1 or ! audi5ce w "k ! reason :y4#d ,hi/oric criticism w n he> ( ! ,?\ ha/ conqu]$1 ,galilean6 :i* leg5d attributes to ,julian ! ,apo/ate2 yet ,ibs5 n only makes him say x1 b may almo/ be said to f9d 9 ! phrase ! keynote ( 8 _w-hi/oric drama4 ,tri/ram & ,iseult mu/ dr9k a love-philtre or !y are n ,tri/ram & ,iseult4 ,x w\ld be ! extreme ( p>adox to write a ,paolo-&-,francesca play & omit ! sc5e ( ,quel giorno pi non vi leggemmo avante4 ,! cases are n v frequ5t1 h[ev]1 9 :i* an individual incid5t is ?us impos$ by hi/ory or leg5d4 ,! practical po9t to be not$ is r t1 :5 an au?or introduces a /rongly-m>k$ hi/orical "*1 he mu/ be prep>$ to give him at lea/ "o good opportunity ( act+ up to ! "* :i* leg5d--! be/ ( evid5ce 9 ! !atre--assigns to him4 ,:5 su* a p]sonage is pres5t$ to u1 x ought to be at 8 highe/ pot5cy4 ,we d n want to see-- ,f ,m>lbor\gh's eyes ! te>s ( dotage fl[1 ,& ,swift expire1 a drivell] & a %[4 ,if y deal ) ,napoleon1 = in/ance1 x is p]fectly cle> t he mu/ dom9ate ! /age4 ,z soon z y br+ 9 ! "n1 ! idea1 ( ,napoleon ,bonap>te1 m5 h eyes & e>s = no?+ else2 & !y dem& to see him1 9 a g5]al way1 act+ up to _! g5]al conception ( him4 ,t 0 :at ,messrs4 ,lloyd ,osb\rne & ,au/9 ,/rong =got 9 _! o!rwise clev] play1 ,! ,exile4 ,x is useless to prove1 hi/orically1 t at a giv5 mom5t he 0 passive1 sup9e1 unconsci\s1 :ile p ar\nd him 7 eag]ly plott+ 8 escape & re/oration4 ,t may h be5 s2 b x is n :at an audi5ce wants to see4 ,x wants to see ,napoleon ,napoleoniz+4 ,= anomalies & un*>act]i/ic episodes 9 ,napoleon's c>e] we mu/ g to books2 ! playh\se is n ! place = !m4 ,x is true t a dramati/ l ,mr4 ,b]n>d ,%aw may1 at 8 own risk & p]il1 set =? to give u a new read+ ( ,caes> or ( ,napoleon1 :i* may or may n be dramatically acceptable4#e ,b ?is is n :at ,messrs4 ,osb\rne & ,/rong tri$ to d4 ,_! ,napoleon 0 ! ,napoleon ( tradition--only he fail$ to act 9 a concat5ation accord+4 ,!re are a few figures 9 hi/ory--& ,napoleon is "o ( !m--:i* s ?rill ! imag9ation t _! m]e "n c dom9ate ! /age1 bett]1 p]haps1 ?an _! bodily pres5ce4 ,9 ,l',aiglon1 by ,m4 ,ro/&1 ,napoleon is 9 fact ! h]o1 ?\gh he lies dead 9 8 f>-(f isl&1 "u ! ,s\!rn ,cross4 ,ano!r su* figure is ,abraham ,l9coln4 ,9 ,james ,h]ne's sadly und]rat$ play1 ,griffi? ,dav5port1 we 7 always consci\s ( ,mr4 ,l9coln 9 ! backgr\nd2 & ! act 9 :i* ,gov]nor ,morton ( ,indiana br\ght ! ,presid5t's in/ructions to ,dav5port might fairly be call$ an obligatory sc5e1 inasmu* z x gave u ! requisite s5se ( p]sonal ne>ness to ! ma/]-_s1 )\t involv+ any risk ( belittlem5t ?r\gh imp]fections ( repres5tation4 ,!re is a popul> melodrama1 pass+ 9 ,pale/9e "u ! ,romans1 ?r\gh\t ! c\rse ( :i* we con/antly feel ! influ5ce ( a /range new prophet1 unse5 b wond]-work+1 :o1 if ,i rememb] rightly1 is p]sonally pres5t$ to u only 9 a f9al tableau1 :]e9 he appe>s rid+ into ,j]usalem amid ! hosannas ( ! multitude4 ,! execution ( ,b5 ,hur is crude & commonplace1 b ! conception is by no means in>ti/ic4 ,hi/orical figures ( ! highe/ rank may p]haps be be/ adumbrat$ 9 ?is fa%ion1 ) or )\t "o p]sonal appe>ance1 s brief t !re %all be no dang] ( anti-climax4 ,! la/ p>agraph rem9ds u t ! accompli%$ playwright %[s 8 accompli%m5t q z mu* 9 8 recognition & avoidance ( ! scne ne pas faire z 9 8 div9ation ( ! obligatory sc5e4 ,!re is always ! *ance t no "o may miss a sc5e dem&$ by logic or psy*ology2 b an audi5ce kn[s too well :5 x has be5 bor$ or di/ress$ by a sup]flu\s1 or inconsequ5t1 or wantonly pa9ful sc5e4 ,"s tw5ty ye>s ago1 9 criticiz+ a play nam$ ,le ,matre d',armes1 ,m4 ,s>cey took ! au?ors gravely to task1 9 ! "n ( ,ari/otle & common s5se1 = foll[+ ! mod]n & repreh5sible t5d5cy to pres5t slices ( life r ?an con/ruct$ & develop$ dramas4 ,especially he reproa*$ !m ) delib]ately omitt+ ! scne faire4 ,a "y lady is s$uc$1 he says1 &1 = ! sake ( h] *ild1 implores h] betray] to keep 8 promise ( m>riage4 ,he r5ews ! promise1 )\t ! slighte/ int5tion ( fulfill+ x1 & goes on bo>d 8 ya*t 9 ord] to make 8 escape4 ,%e discov]s 8 purpose & foll[s him on bo>d ! ya*t4 ,:at is ! sc5e1 asks ,m4 ,s>cey--"h ,i translate lit]ally--:i* y expect1 y1 ! public8 ,x is ! sc5e betwe5 ! ab&on$ fair "o & h] s$uc]4 ,! au?or may make x 9 a hundr$ ways1 b make x he mu/6 ,in/ead ( :i*1 ! critic proce$s1 we are fobb$ (f ) a /orm-sc5e1 a rescue1 & o!r s5sational incid5ts1 & he> no ^w ( :at passes betwe5 ! villa9 & 8 victim4 ,"h1 ,i ?9k1 ,m4 ,s>cey is mi/ak5 9 8 application ( 8 pet pr9ciple4 ,words _c express our unconc]n z to :at passes betwe5 ! h]o9e & ! villa9 on bo>d ! ya*t--nay1 m1 our gratitude = be+ sp>$ t pa9ful & ?readb>e sc5e ( recrim9ation4 ,! plot dem&s1 obs]ve1 t ! villa9 %all n rel5t4 ,we "k q well t he _c1 = if he did ! play w\ld fall to pieces4 ,:y1 !n1 %\ld we expect or dem& a sordid squabble :i* c lead to no?+8 ,we--& by we ,i mean ! public :i* reli%es su* plays--_c possibly h any ke5 appetite = copi\s re-ha%es ( su* v cold mutton z ! appeals ( ! p5it5t h]o9e to ! recalcitrant villa94 ,& ! moral seems to be t 9 ?is class ( play--! drama1 if "o may call x s1 ( =egone "*--! scne faire is precisely ! sc5e to be omitt$4 ,9 plays ( a m ambiti\s class1 skill is (t5 %[n by ! indication1 9 place ( ! =mal pres5tm5t1 ev5 ( an important sc5e :i* ! audi5ce may1 or might1 h expect$ to witness 9 full4 ,we h already not$ su* a case 9 ,! ,wild ,duck3 ,ibs5 knew t :at we really requir$ to witness 0 n ! actual process ( ,greg]s's disclosure to ,hialm>1 b its effects4 ,a small1 b q noticeable1 example ( a sc5e ?us rightly left to ! imag9ation occurr$ 9 ,mr4 ,som]set ,maugham's fir/ play1 ,a ,man ( ,hon\r4 ,9 ! fir/ act1 ,jack ,halliwell1 8 wife1 & 8 si/]-9-law call ^u 8 fri5d ,basil ,k5t4 ,! si/]-9-law1 ,hilda ,murray1 is a ri* wid[2 & %e & ,k5t pres5tly g out on ! balcony toge!r & are lo/ to view4 ,!n x appe>s1 9 a sc5e betwe5 ! ,halliwells1 t !y fully believe t ,k5t is 9 love ) ,mrs4 ,murray & is n[ propos+ to h]4 ,b :5 ! two re-ent] f ! balcony1 x is evid5t f _! mi5 t1 :atev] may h pass$ betwe5 !m1 !y are n affianc$ lov]s2 & we pres5tly le>n t ?\gh ,k5t is 9 fact /rongly attract$ to ,mrs4 ,murray1 he consid]s himself b\nd 9 hon\r to m>ry a c]ta9 ,j5ny ,bu%1 a ,fleet ,/reet b>maid1 ) :om he has become entangl$4 ,_m playwrights w\ld1 s to speak1 h dott$ ! i's ( ! situation by giv+ u ! sc5e betwe5 ,k5t & ,mrs4 ,murray2 b ,mr4 ,maugham has done exactly "r 9 leav+ u to div9e x4 ,we "k all t1 at ?is po9t1 we require to "k ( ! relation betwe5 !m2 to h told u m w\ld h be5 to anticipate & disc\nt ! c\rse ( ev5ts4 ,a m /rik+ in/ance ( a sc5e rightly plac$ beh9d ! sc5es occurs 9 ,m4 de ,curel's t]rible drama ,les ,fossiles4 ,i ne$ n g into ! s+ul>ly unpleas+ details ( ! plot4 ,suffice x to say t a v peculi> condition ( ?+s exi/s 9 ! family ( ! ,duc de ,*antemelle4 ,x has be5 fully discuss$ 9 ! second act betwe5 ! ,duke & 8 daught] ,claire1 :o has be5 induc$ to accept x = ! sake ( ! family "n4 ,b a p]son m imm$iately conc]n$ is ,rob]t de ,*antemelle1 ! only son ( ! h\se--w he also accept x quietly8 ,a nurse1 :o is acqua9t$ ) ! black secret1 misbehaves h]self1 & is to be pack$ (f4 ,z %e is a viol5t woman1 ,rob]t insi/s on dismiss+ h] himself1 & leaves ! room to d s4 ,! re/ ( ! family are sure t1 9 h] rage1 %e w blurt out ! :ole /ory2 & !y wait1 9 brea?less anxiety1 = ,rob]t's return4 ,:at foll[s ne$ n be told3 ! po9t is t ?is sc5e--! sc5e ( t5se expectancy z to ! result ( a crisis :i* is tak+ place 9 ano!r room ( ! same h\se--is really f> m dramatic ?an ! crisis itself w\ld be4 ,! audi5ce already kn[s all t ! angry virago c say to h] ma/]2 & ( c\rse no discussion ( ! m]its ( ! case is possible betwe5 ^! two4 ,!re=e ,m4 de ,curel is conspicu\sly "r 9 sp>+ u ! sc5e ( vulg> viol5ce1 & giv+ u ! sc5e ( f> high] t5sion 9 :i* ,rob]t's fa!r1 wife & si/] expect 8 return1 _! appreh5sion deep5+ ) e mom5t t he delays4 ,we see1 !n1 t !re is su* a ?+ z a false scne faire--a sc5e :i* at fir/ sight seems obligatory1 b is 9 fact mu* bett] tak5 = grant$4 ,x may be absolutely indisp5sable t x %\ld be sugge/$ to ! m9d ( ! audi5ce1 b nei!r indisp5sable nor advisable t x %\ld be pres5t$ to _! eyes4 ,! judici\s playwright w (t5 ask himself1 ,is x ! actual sub/ance ( ?is sc5e t ,i require1 or only its rep]cussion8 99 99 99 99 99 ,footnote #a3 ,= example1 9 8 criticism ( ,becque's ,la ,p>isi5ne 7,qu>ante ,ans de ,?tre1 ,,vi1 p4 #cfd71 he tells h[1 at ! end ( ! second act1 "o ( 8 neighb\rs said to him1 ,eh6 bi51 v\s voil bi5 attrap6 ,o e/ la scne faire8 ,i freely admit1 he cont9ues1 t !re is no scne faire2 if !re _h be5 no ?ird act ,i %\ld n h be5 greatly a/oni%$4 ,:5 y make x y\r bus9ess to recite on ! /age articles f ! ,vie ,p>isi5ne1 x makes no diff]5ce :e!r y /op at ! end ( ! second article or at ! end ( ! ?ird4 ,?is cle>ly implies t a play 9 :i* !re is no scne faire is no?+ b a s]ies ( newspap] sket*es4 ,becque1 "o fancies1 might h repli$ t ! sc5e betwe5 ,clotilde & ,monsieur ,simpson at ! beg9n+ ( ,act ,,iii 0 precisely ! scne faire dem&$ by ! logic ( 8 cynicism4 ,footnote #b3 ,i ne$ sc>cely direct ! read]'s att5tion to ,mr4 ,gilb]t ,murray's noble r5d]+s ( ^! spee*es4 ,footnote #c3 ,su* a sc5e occurs 9 t v able play1 ,! ,way ! ,money ,goes1 by ,lady ,bell4 ,footnote #d3 ,9 ,mr4 ,/eph5 ,phillips's play he does n actually play on ! lyre1 b he improvises & recites an ode to ! conflagration4 ,footnote #e3 ,&1 aft] all1 ,mr4 ,%aw does n run c\nt] to ! leg5d4 ,he exhibits ,caes> & ,napoleon 9 _! well-kn[n attitudes3 only1 by an odd metempsy*osis1 ! s\l ( ,mr4 ,%aw has someh[ ent]$ into !m4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,! ,,p]ipety ,9 ! ,greek !atre1 z e "o kn[s1 ! p]ipeteia or rev]sal ( =tune--! turn+ ( ! tables1 z we might say--0 a cle>ly-def9$ & recogniz$ portion ( ! dramatic organism4 ,x 0 (t5 associat$ ) ! anagnorisis or recognition4 ,mr4 ,gilb]t ,murray has rec5tly %[n cause = believ+ t bo? ^! dramatic =ms desc5d$ f ! ritual 9 :i* ,greek drama took its orig9--! ritual celebrat+ ! dea? & resurrection ( ! season ( mell[ fruitfulness4 ,if ?is !ory be true1 ! p]ipeteia 0 at fir/ a *ange f sorr[ to joy--joy 9 ! rebir? ( ! b5efic5t p[]s ( nature4 ,& to ?is day a sudd5 *ange f gloom to exhil>ation is a popul> & effective incid5t--z :51 at ! end ( a melodrama1 ! h&cuffs are transf]r$ f ! wri/s ( ! virtu\s naval lieut5ant to ^? ( ! wick$ b>onet1 &1 ?r\gh ! disclosure ( a /rawb]ry-m>k on 8 left arm1 ! lieut5ant is recogniz$ z ! long-lo/ heir to a duk$om & #ej1jjj a ye>4 ,b :51 z soon happ5$ 9 ,greece1 ! =ms appropriate to a celebration ( ! dea? & resurrection ( ,dionysus came to be bl5t ) ! tomb-ritual ( a h]o1 ! t]m p]ipeteia acquir$ a special association ) a sudd5 decl9e f prosp]ity into adv]sity4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages1 ?is 0 ?\ght to be ! v ess5ce & mean+ ( trag$y1 z we may see f ,*auc]'s l9es3 ,trag$ie is to seyn a c]teyn /orie1 ,z old boks mak5 u memorie1 ,( him t /ood 9 gret prosp]itee1 ,& is y-fall5 out ( heigh degree ,into mis]ie1 & ende? wrec*$ly4 ,ari/otle cites a good in/ance ( a p]ipety--to ,anglicize ! ^w--:]e1 9 ! ,lynceus1 ! h]o is l$ away to execution1 foll[$ by ,danaus z execution]2 b1 z ! effect ( ! antec$5ts1 ,danaus is execut$ & ,lynceus escapes4 ,b "h1 z 9 s _m o!r contexts1 we mu/ turn = ! classic example to ! ,o$ipus ,rex4 ,joca/a1 he>+ f ! ,cor9?ian /rang] t ,polybus1 ,k+ ( ,cor9?1 ! reput$ fa!r ( ,o$ipus1 is dead1 s5ds = h] husb& to tell him t ! oracle :i* doom$ him to p>ricide is defeat$1 s9ce ,polybus has di$ a natural dea?4 ,o$ipus exults 9 ! news & triumphs ov] ! oracles2 b1 z ! sc5e proce$s1 ! fur!r revelations made by ! same /rang] lead ,joca/a to recognize 9 ,o$ipus h] own *ild1 :o 0 expos$ on ,m\nt ,ki?airon2 &1 9 ! subsequ5t sc5e1 ! evid5ce ( ! old ,%eph]d br+s ,o$ipus himself to ! same cru%+ realization4 ,no complet] case ( anagnorisis & p]ipeteia c\ld well be conceiv$--:atev] we may h to say ( ! means by :i* x is l$ up to4#a ,has ! conception ( ! p]ipety1 z an almo/ obligatory elem5t 9 drama1 any significance = ! mod]n playwright8 ,obligatory1 ( c\rse1 x _c be3 x is easy to cite a hundr$ admirable plays 9 :i* x is impossible to discov] any?+ t c reasonably be call$ a p]ipety4 ,b ?is1 ,i ?9k1 we may safely say3 ! dramati/ is =tunate :o f9ds 9 ! developm5t ( 8 !me1 )\t unnatural /ra9 or too mu* prep>ation1 opportunity = a great sc5e1 highly-wr\ght1 arre/+1 absorb+1 :]e9 "o or m ( 8 *>act]s %all exp]i5ce a m>k$ rev]sal ei!r ( inw>d s\l-/ate or ( outw>d =tune4 ,! !ory ( ! p]ipety1 9 %ort1 practically resolves itself = u into ! !ory ( ! great sc5e1 ,plays !re are1 _m & excell5t plays1 9 :i* "s "o sc5e /&s out f all ! re/1 impress+ itself ) peculi> vividness on ! spectator's m9d2 &1 n9e times out ( t51 ?is sc5e w be f\nd to involve a p]ipety4 ,x c d no h>m1 !n1 if ! playwright %\ld ask himself3 ,c ,i1 )\t any undue sacrifice1 s develop my !me z to entail ^u my lead+ *>act]s1 naturally & probably1 an exp]i5ce ( ?is ord]8 ,! p]ipeties ( real life are frequ5t1 ?\gh !y are apt to be too small 9 scale1 or else too fatally conclusive1 to provide mat]ial = drama4 ,"o ( ! commone/1 p]haps1 is t ( ! man :o ent]s a physician's consult+-room to seek advice 9 "s trifl+ ailm5t1 & comes out aga91 half an h\r lat]1 doom$ ei!r to dea? or to "s calamity worse ?an dea?4 ,?is situation has be5 employ$1 n ineffectively1 by ,sir ,ar?ur ,conan ,doyle1 9 ! fir/ act ( a romantic drama1 ,! ,fires ( ,fate2 b x is v difficult to f9d any dramatic sequel to a p]ipety involv+ m]e physical disa/]4#b ,! moral p]ipety--! sudd5 dissipation ( "s illusion1 or defeat ( "s impo/ure1 or crumbl+ ( "s ca/le 9 ! air--is a no less *>act]i/ic incid5t ( real life1 & mu* m am5able to ! playwright's uses4 ,c]ta9ly !re are few ?+s m impressive 9 drama ?an to see a man or woman--or a man & woman--come ^u ! /age1 radiant1 confid5t1 assur$ t ,god's 9 8 heav51 ,all's "r ) ! _w1 & leave x cru%$ & desp]ate1 aft] a gradual & yet swift desc5t into ,av]nus4 ,su* a sc5e is ( ! v m>r[ ( drama4 ,x is a play )9 a play2 a conc5trat$1 qu9tess5tiat$ crisis4 ,9 ! ?ird act ( ,o!llo we h a p]ipety h&l$ ) consummate !atrical skill4 ,to me--,i confess x ) bat$ brea?--! craftsman%ip seems greatly sup]ior to ! psy*ology4 ,o!llo1 :5 we look into x1 succumbs ) incr$ible facility to ,iago's poison$ p9-pricks2 b no audi5ce dreams ( look+ into x2 & !re lies ! pro( ( ,%akespe>e's te*nical ma/]y4 ,9 ! ,trial ,sc5e 9 ,! ,m]*ant ( ,v5ice we h ano!r great p]ipety4 ,x illu/rates ! obvi\s pr9ciple t1 :]e ! drama consi/s 9 a conflict betwe5 two p]sons or p>ties1 ! p]ipety is g5]ally a d\ble "o--! sudd5 collapse ( ,%ylock's case imply+ an equally sudd5 re/oration ( ,antonio's =tunes4 ,p]haps ! mo/ /rik+ p]ipety 9 ,ibs5 is ,/ockmann's fall f jubilant self-confid5ce to defiant impot5ce 9 ! ?ird act ( ,an ,enemy ( ! ,p4 ,?9k+ t he has ! compact majority at 8 back1 he assumes ! ,burgoma/]'s insignia ( (fice1 & lords x ov] 8 inc5s$ bro!r1 only to le>n1 by bl[ on bl[ ( disillusionm5t1 t ! compact majority has ratt$1 t he is to be depriv$ ( 8 position & income1 & t ! commone/ fre$om ( spee* is to be d5i$ him4 ,9 ,a ,doll's ,h\se !re are two p]ipeties3 ,nora's fall f elation to despair 9 ! fir/ sc5e ) ,krog/ad1 & ! collapse ( ,helm]'s illusions 9 ! la/ sc5e ( all4 ,a good in/ance ( ! great sc5e :i* involves a m>k$ p]ipety occurs 9 ,s>d\'s ,dora1 once fam\s 9 ,engl& "u ! title ( ,diplomacy4 ,! sc5e ( ! ?ree m5 %[s h[ ,tkli1 a ,hung>ian exile1 calls ^u 8 old fri5d ,&r de ,maurillac1 on ! day ( ,&r's m>riage1 & congratulates him on hav+ elud$ ! wiles ( a dang]\s adv5turess1 ,dora de ,rio-,z>s1 by :om he _h once seem$ to be attract$4 ,b x is precisely ,dora :om ,&r has m>ri$2 &1 le>n+ ?is1 ,tkli tries to )draw1 or m9imize1 8 imputation4 ,= a mom5t a duel seems imm95t2 b ,&r's fri5d1 ,favrolles1 adjures him to keep 8 head2 & ! ?ree m5 proce$ to ?ra% ! matt] out z calmly z possible1 ) ! result t1 9 ! c\rse ( half-an-h\r or s1 x seems to be prov$ beyond all d\bt t ! woman ,&r adores1 & :om he has j m>ri$1 is a trea*]\s spy1 :o sells to tyrannical =eign gov]nm5ts ! lives ( political exiles & ! hon\r ( ! m5 :o fall into h] toils4 ,! cru%+ suspicion is ultimately disprov$1 by "o ( ! tricks 9 :i* ,s>d\ delight$2 b t does n "h conc]n u4 ,artificial z are its causes & its consequ5ces1 ! sc5e ( ! ?ree m51 :ile x la/s1 holds u brea?less & absorb$2 & ,&r's fall f ! p9nacle ( happ9ess to ! dep? ( mis]y1 is a typical p]ipety4 ,equally typical & inf9itely m tragic is ano!r po/nuptial p]ipety--! sc5e ( ! mutual confession ( ,angel ,cl>e & ,tess 9 ,mr4 ,h>dy's great novel4 ,z x /&s on ! pr9t$ page1 ?is sc5e is a sup]b piece ( drama4 ,its greatness has be5 obscur$ 9 ! ,engli% !atre by ! g5]al unskilfulness ( ! dramatic v]sion pres5t$4 ,"o magnific5t sc5e does n make a play4 ,9 ,am]ica1 on ! o!r h&1 ! f9e act+ ( ,mrs4 ,fiske secur$ popul>ity = a v]sion :i* 01 p]haps1 r bett] ?an t :i* we saw 9 ,engl&4 ,i h said t dramatic p]ipeties are n infrequ5t 9 real life2 & _! sc5e1 z is natural1 is (t5 laid 9 ! law c\rts4 ,x is unnecess>y to recall ! awful rev]sal ( =tune t ov]took "o ( ! mo/ brilliant ( mod]n dramati/s4 ,ab\t ! same p]iod1 ano!r drama ( ! ,engli% c\rts end$ 9 a />tl+ & t]rible p]ipety4 ,a "y lady 0 /ay+ z a gue/ ) a half-pay (fic] & 8 wife4 ,a valuable pe>l belong+ to ! ho/ess disappe>$2 & ! ho/ess accus$ h] gue/ ( hav+ /ol5 x4 ,! "y lady1 :o _h mean:ile m>ri$1 br\ght an action = sl&] aga9/ h] quondam fri5d4 ,= sev]al days ! case cont9u$1 & ev]y?+ seem$ to be go+ 9 ! pla9tiff's fav\r4 ,major ,blank1 ! def5dant's husb&1 0 ru?lessly cross-exam9$ by ,sir ,*>les ,russell1 aft]w>ds ,"l ,*ief ,ju/ice ( ,engl&1 ) a view to %[+ t he 0 ! real ?ief4 ,he made a v bad witness1 & ?+s look$ black aga9/ him4 ,! end 0 ne>+1 & e "o anticipat$ a v]dict 9 ! pla9tiff's fav\r1 :5 !re came a sudd5 *ange ( sc5e4 ,! /ol5 pe>l _h be5 sold to a firm ( jewell]s1 :o _h record$ ! numb]s ( ! ,bank ( ,engl& notes ) :i* !y paid = x4 ,"o ( ^! notes 0 produc$ 9 c\rt1 & lo6 x 0 endors$ ) ! "n ( ! pla9tiff4#c ,9 a mom5t1 9 ! tw9kl+ ( an eye1 ! :ole edifice ( m5dacity & p]jury fell to pieces4 ,! ?ief 0 arre/$ & imprison$2 b ! p]ipety = h] 0 less t]rible ?an = h] husb&1 :o _h m>ri$ h] 9 *ivalr\s fai? 9 h] innoc5ce4 ,w\ld x h be5--or may x "s day prove to be--possible to transf] ?is well-made drama ( real life bodily to ! /age8 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k n4 ,x looks to me v mu* l "o ( ^? bl9d alley !mes ( :i* m5tion has be5 made4 ,!re is matt]1 inde$1 = mo/ pa9ful drama 9 ! relations ( ! husb& & wife1 bo? be=e & aft] ! trial2 b1 f ! psy*ological po9t ( view1 "o c see no?+ 9 ! case b a di/ress+ & inexplicable anomaly4#d ,at ! same "t1 ! b>e fact ( ! sudd5 & trem5d\s p]ipety is irresi/ibly dramatic2 & ,mr4 ,h5ry ,ar?ur ,jones has admitt$ t x sugge/$ to him ! great sc5e ( ! unmask+ ( ,felicia ,h9dem>% 9 ,mrs4 ,dane's ,def5ce4 ,x is in/ructive to note ! delicate adju/m5t :i* ,mr4 ,jones f\nd necess>y 9 ord] to adapt ! !me to dramatic uses4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 n wi%+ to plunge into ! dep?s ( trag$y1 he left ! h]o9e unm>ri$1 ?\gh on ! po9t ( m>riage4 ,9 ! second place1 he made ! blot on h] pa/1 n a !ft foll[$ by an attempt to %ift ! guilt on to o!r %\ld]s1 b an error ( conduct1 due to y\? & inexp]i5ce1 s]i\s 9 itself1 b r5d]$ disa/r\s by tragic consequ5ces ov] :i* %e1 ,felicia1 _h no control4 ,?us ,mr4 ,jones rais$ a real & fairly suffici5t ob/acle betwe5 8 lov]s1 )\t r5d]+ 8 h]o9e entirely unsympa!tic1 or pres5t+ h] 9 ! guise ( a bewild]+ moral anomaly4 ,?irdly1 he transf]r$ ! sc5e ( ! p]ipety f a c\rt ( ju/ice1 ) its difficult adjuncts & t$i\s proc$ure1 to ! private /udy ( a great lawy]4 ,at ! op5+ ( ! sc5e betwe5 ,mrs4 ,dane & ,sir ,daniel ,c>t]et1 %e is1 no d\bt1 /ill anxi\s & ill-at-ease1 b reasonably confid5t ( hav+ av]t$ all dang] ( exposure4 ,sir ,daniel1 too 7l ,sir ,*>les ,russell 9 ! pe>l suit71 is practically conv9c$ ( h] innoc5ce4 ,he m]ely wants to get ! case absolutely cle>1 = ! f9al conf\nd+ ( h] accus]s4 ,at fir/1 all goes smoo?ly4 ,mrs4 ,dane's answ]s to 8 que/ions are pat & plausible4 ,!n %e makes a s+le1 almo/ imp]ceptible1 slip ( ! tongue3 %e says1 ,we _h gov]nesses1 in/ead ( ,i _h gov]nesses4 ,sir ,daniel pricks up 8 e>s3 ,we8 ,y say y 7 an only *ild4 ,:o's we8 ,my c\s9 & ,i1 %e answ]s4 ,sir ,daniel ?9ks x odd t he has n he>d ( ?is c\s9 be=e2 b he cont9ues 8 int]rogatory )\t s]i\s suspicion4 ,!n x occurs to him to look up1 9 a topographical diction>y1 ! little t[n ( ,ta:ampton1 :]e ,mrs4 ,dane sp5t h] y\?4 ,he reads ! bald acc\nt ( x1 end+ ?us1 ,! liv+ is a ,vic>age1 net ye>ly value #cgf1 & has be5 held s9ce #ahge by--& he turns r\nd ^u h]--by ! ,rev4 ,francis ,h9dem>%6 ,h9dem>%8 ,mrs4 ,dane3 ,he 0 my uncle4 ,sir ,daniel3 ,y\r uncle8 ,mrs4 ,dane3 ,sir ,daniel1 ,i've done wrong to hide f y t ,felicia ,h9dem>% 0 my c\s94 ,sir ,daniel3 ,felicia ,h9dem>% 0 y\r c\s96 ,mrs4 ,dane3 ,c't y und]/& :y ,i h hidd5 x8 ,! :ole affair 0 s t]rible4 ,& s %e /umbles on1 f "o inevitable admission to ano!r1 until ! damn+ tru? is cle> t %e h]self is ,felicia ,h9dem>%1 ! c5tral1 ?\gh n ! mo/ guilty1 figure 9 a horrible sc&al4 ,?is sc5e is wor?y ( /udy z an excell5t type ( :at may be call$ ! judicial p]ipety1 ! cru%+ cross-exam9ation1 9 :i* x is possible to comb9e ! t5sion ( ! detective /ory ) no small psy*ological subtlety4 ,9 ,mr4 ,jones's sc5e1 ! psy*ology is obvi\s en\gh2 b x is an admirable example ( nice adju/m5t )\t any obtrusive +5uity4 ,! :ole drama1 9 %ort1 up to ! la/ act is1 9 ! exact s5se ( ! ^w1 a well-made play--complex yet cle>1 +5i\s yet natural4 ,9 ! comp>ative weakness ( ! la/ act we h a common *>act]i/ic ( latt]-day drama1 :i* w h to be discuss$ 9 due c\rse4 ,9 ?is case we h a p]ipety ( ext]nal =tune4 ,= a cle>ly-m>k$ moral p]ipety we may turn to ! great sc5e betwe5 ,vivie & h] "m 9 ! second act ( ,mrs4 ,w>r5's ,pr(ession4 ,:atev] may be ?\ght ( ! matt] ( ?is sc5e1 its movem5t is excell5t4 ,aft] a %ort1 %>p op5+1 :i* reveals to ,mrs4 ,w>r5 ! unfilial dispositions ( h] daught]1 & r$uces h] to :imp]+ dismay1 ! foll[+ little passage occurs3 ,mrs4 ,w>r53 ,y're v r\gh ) me1 ,vivie4 ,vivie3 ,nons5se4 ,:at ab\t b$8 ,x's pa/ t54 ,mrs4 ,w>r5 7passionately73 ,:at's ! use ( my go+ to b$8 ,d y ?9k ,i c\ld sleep8 ,vivie3 ,:y n8 ,i %all4 ,!n ! "m turns ^u ! daught]'s /ony self-righte\sness1 & p\rs =? h] sordid hi/ory 9 su* a way z to ?r[ a se>*light on ! conditions :i* make su* hi/ories possible2 until1 exhau/$ by h] outbur/1 %e says1 ,oh1 de>6 ,i d believe ,i am gett+ sleepy aft] all1 & ,vivie replies1 ,i believe x is ,i :o w n be able to sleep n[4 ,mr4 ,%aw1 we see1 is at pa9s to emphasize 8 p]ipety4 ,"s great sc5es consi/1 n ( "o decisive turn+ ( ! tables1 b ( a :ole s]ies ( m9or vicissitudes ( =tune4 ,su* a sc5e is ! ?ird act ( ,! ,gay ,"l ,quex1 a prolong$ & ?rill+ duel1 9 :i* ,sophy ,fullg>ney passes by degrees f imp]t95t exultation to abject surr5d] & !n spr+s up aga9 to a mood ( reckless defiance4 ,9 ! great sc5e ( ,! ,?und]bolt1 on ! o!r h&--! sc5e ( ,?addeus's false confession ( hav+ de/roy$ 8 bro!r's w--?\gh !re is1 9 fact1 a great p]ipety1 x is n t :i* attracts & absorbs our int]e/4 ,all ! gre$y ,mortimore family fall f ! height ( jubilant confid5ce 9 _! new-f\nd weal? to ! dep? ( disappo9tm5t & exasp]ation4 ,b ?is is n ! aspect ( ! sc5e :i* grips & moves u4 ,our att5tion is c5tr$ on ,?addeus's /ruggle to take 8 wife's misde$ ^u himself2 & 8 failure _c be describ$ z a p]ipety1 see+ t x s9ks him only "o degree l[] 9 ! sl\gh ( despair4 ,l ! sc5e 9 ,mrs4 ,dane's ,def5ce1 ?is is practically a piece ( judicial drama--a h>d-f\ght cross-exam9ation4 ,b z !re is no rev]sal ( =tune = ! "* 9 :om we are *iefly int]e/$1 x sc>cely ranks z a sc5e ( p]ipety4#e ,be=e leav+ ?is subject1 we may note t a fav\rite effect ( romantic drama is an upw>d rev]sal ( =tune ?r\gh ! recognition--! anagnorisis--( "s great p]sonage 9 disguise4 ,victor ,hugo excell$ 9 ! sup]b ge/ures appropriate to su* a sc5e3 witness ! passage 9 ,h]nani1 be=e ! tomb ( ,*>lemagne1 :]e ! obscure b&it claims ! "r to take 8 place at ! head ( ! pr9ces & nobles :om ! newly-elect$ ,emp]or has ord]$ (f to execution3 ,h]nani3 ,dieu qui donne le sceptre et qui te le donna ,m'a fait duc de ,segorbe et duc de ,c>dona1 ,m>quis de ,monroy1 comte ,albatra1 vicomte ,de ,gor1 seigneur de lieux dont j'ignore le compte4 ,je suis ,jean d',aragon1 gr& matre d',avis1 n ,dans l'exil1 fils proscrit d'un pre assass9 ,p> s5t5ce du ti51 roi ,c>los de ,ca/ille4 99 99 99 99 99 7,aux autres conjurs7 ,c\vrons n\s1 gr&s d',espagnol 7,t\s les ,espagnols se c\vr5t7 ,oui1 nos ttes1 roi6 ,ont le droit de tomb] c\v]tes devant toi6 ,an effective sc5e ( ?is type occurs 9 ,monsieur ,beaucaire1 :]e ! suppos$ hairdress] is on ! po9t ( be+ eject$ ) contumely f ! pump-room at ,ba?1 :5 ! ,fr5* ,ambassador ent]s1 drops on 8 knee1 kisses ! "y man's h&1 & pres5ts him to ! a/\nd$ company z ! ,duc d',orlans1 ,comte de ,valois1 & ,i "k n :at besides--a p]sonage :o immeasurably out%9es ! noble/ ( 8 insult]s4 ,quiet]1 b n less tell+1 is ! p]ipety 9 ,! ,little ,fa!r ( ! ,wild]ness1 by ,messrs4 ,lloyd ,osb\rne & ,au/9 ,/rong4 ,! ,pre ,m>lotte1 :o1 by 8 h]oism & self-devotion1 has add$ va/ t]ritories to ! ,fr5* possessions 9 ,am]ica1 is summon$ to ! c\rt ( ,l\is ,,xv1 & naturally concludes t ! k+ has he>d ( 8 s]vices & wi%es to rew>d !m4 ,he f9ds1 on ! contr>y1 t he is want$ m]ely to decide a fooli% bet2 & he is treat$ ) ! grosse/ insol5ce & contempt4 ,j z he is dep>t+ 9 humiliation1 ! ,gov]nor-,g5]al ( ,canada arrives1 ) a suite ( (fic]s & ,indians4 ,! mom5t !y are aw>e ( ,pre ,m>lotte's pres5ce1 !y all kneel to him & pay him deep] homage ?an !y h paid to ! k+1 :o accepts ! rebuke & jo9s 9 _! demon/ration4 ,a fam\s p]ipety ( ! romantic ord] occurs 9 ,h4,m4,s4 ,p9a=e1 :]e1 on ! discov]y t ,capta9 ,corcoran & ,ralph ,rack/raw h be5 *ang$ at bir?1 ,ralph in/antly becomes capta9 ( ! %ip1 :ile ! capta9 decl9es into an able-bodi$ seaman4 ,?is is "o ( ! in/ances 9 :i* ! idealism ( art ekes out ! imp]fections ( reality4 99 99 99 99 99 ,footnote #a3 ,t great spiritual drama kn[n z ! ,book ( ,job op5s1 aft] ! ,prologue 9 ,heav51 ) "o ( ! mo/ />tl+ ( p]ipeties4 ,footnote #b3 ,! fir/ act ( ,mr4 ,gilb]t ,murray's ,c>lyon ,sahib conta9s an incid5t ( ?is nature2 b x c sc>cely be call$ a p]ipety1 s9ce ! victim rema9s unconsci\s ( 8 doom4 ,footnote #c3 ,= ! b5efit ( ,am]ican read]s1 x may be well to /ate t ! p]son :o *anges a ,bank ( ,engl& note is (t5 ask$ to write 8 or h] "n on ! back ( x4 ,x mu/ h be5 9 a mom5t ( %e] ab]ration t ! lady 9 "q wrote h] own "n4 ,footnote #d3 ,m4 ,b]n/e91 di%+ up a simil> !me ) a piquant sauce ( s5suality1 made b a vulg> & trivial piece ( "w ( x4 ,footnote #e3 ,"o ( ! mo/ /rik+ p]ipeties 9 rec5t ,engli% drama occurs 9 ! ?ird act ( ,! ,build] ( ,bridges1 by ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,sutro4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,probability1 ,,*ance1 ,,& ,,co9cid5ce ,ari/otle indulges 9 an (t5-quot$ p>adox to ! effect t1 9 drama1 ! probable impossible is to be pref]r$ to ! improbable possible4 ,) all respect1 ?is seems to be a some:at cumbr\s way ( /at+ ! fact t plausibility is ( m importance on ! /age ?an :at may be call$ demon/rable probability4 ,!re is no "t1 9 ! ru% ( a dramatic action1 = a ma!matical calculation ( ! *ances = & aga9/ a giv5 ev5t1 or = exp]im5tal pro( t su* & su* a ?+ c or _c be done4 ,if a ?+ seem plausible1 an audi5ce w accept x )\t cavil2 if x1 seem incr$ible on ! face ( x1 no evid5ce ( its cr$ibility w be ( mu* avail4 ,?is is m]ely a coroll>y f ! fundam5tal pr9ciple t ! /age is ! realm ( appe>ances2 n ( realities1 :]e pa/e jewels are at lea/ z effective z real ones1 & a pa9t$ =e/ is f> m sylvan ?an a few wilt$ & droop+ sapl+s1 insecurely plant$ ^u ! bo>ds4 ,t is :y an improbable or o!rwise inacceptable incid5t _c be validly def5d$ on ! plea t x actually happ5$3 t x is on record 9 hi/ory or 9 ! newspap]s4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! dramati/ c nev] put x on ! /age z x happ5$4 ,! b>e fact may be hi/orical1 b x is n ! b>e fact t matt]s4 ,! dramati/ _c re/ore x to its place 9 t intricate plexus ( cause & effect1 :i* is ! ess5ce & mean+ ( reality4 ,he c only give 8 int]pretation ( ! fact2 & "o kn[s n h[ to calculate ! *ances t 8 int]pretation may be a false "o4 ,b ev5 if ?is difficulty c\ld be ov]come2 if ! dramati/ c\ld prove t he _h reproduc$ ! ev5t ) photographic & c9ematographic accuracy1 8 position w\ld n !reby be improv$4 ,he w\ld /ill h fail$ 9 8 peculi> task1 :i* is precisely t ( int]pretation4 ,n tru?1 b v]isimilitude1 is 8 aim2 = ! /age is ! realm ( appe>ances1 9 :i* intrusive realities become unreal4 ,!re are1 z ,i h said1 incalculable *ances to "o t ! playwright's v]sion ( a giv5 ev5t w n co9cide ) t ( ! ,record+ ,angel3 b x may be true & conv9c+ 9 relation to human nature 9 g5]al1 9 :i* case x w belong to ! sph]e ( great art2 or1 on a l[] level1 x may be agreeable & ent]ta9+ )\t be+ conspicu\sly false to human nature1 9 :i* case x w d no h>m1 s9ce x makes no pret5ce to hi/oric tru?4 ,x may be object$ t ! sixte5?-c5tury public1 & ev51 9 ! next c5tury1 ! great ,duke ( ,m>lbor\gh1 got _! k ( ,engli% hi/ory f ,%akespe>e1 & ! o!r writ]s ( *ronicle-plays4 ,well1 ,i leave x to hi/orians to det]m9e :e!r ?is v defective &1 9 great measure1 false vision ( ! pa/ 0 bett] or worse ?an none4 ,! dang] at any rate1 if dang] !re 01 is n[ pa/ & done )4 ,ev5 our g5]als no long] g to ! !atre or to ! ,fir/ ,folio = _! hi/ory4 ,! dramati/ may1 ) an easy consci5ce1 int]pret hi/oric fact 9 ! light ( 8 g5]al insight into human nature1 s long z he does n s falsify ! record$ ev5t t common k cries out aga9/ him4#a ,plausibility1 !n1 n ab/ract or concrete probability1 & /ill less lit]al fai?fulness to record$ fact1 is :at ! dramati/ is b\nd to aim at4 ,to und]/& ?is z a belittl+ ( 8 art is to misund]/& ! nature ( art 9 g5]al4 ,! plausibility ( bad art is d\btless contemptible & may be h>mful4 ,b to say t good art mu/ be plausible is only to say t n e sort ( tru?1 or e aspect ( tru?1 is equally suitable = arti/ic repres5tation--or1 9 m g5]al t]ms1 t ! arti/1 )\t prejudice to 8 allegiance to nature1 mu/ respect ! conditions ( ! m$ium 9 :i* he works4 ,our /&>ds ( plausibility1 h[ev]1 are f> f be+ inv>iable4 ,to ea* sep>ate =m ( art1 a diff]5t /&>d is applicable4 ,9 :at may r\ghly be call$ reali/ic art1 ! t]ms plausible & probable are v ne>ly int]*angeable4 ,:]e ! dramati/ appeals to ! sanction ( our own exp]i5ce & k1 he mu/ n introduce matt] aga9/ :i* our exp]i5ce & k cry out4 ,a v small inaccuracy 9 a picture :i* is o!rwise photographic w (t5 h a v di/urb+ effect4 ,9 plays ( society 9 p>ticul>1 ! criticism ,no "o does su* ?+s1 is held by a l>ge class ( playgo]s to be conclusive & de/ructive4 ,"o has kn[n p despise a play because ,lady ,s-&-s's mann] ( speak+ to h] s]vants 0 n :at !y 7! cavill]s7 7 accu/om$ to4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "o has he>d a :ole production highly applaud$ because ! buttons on a p>ticul> uni=m 7 absolutely "r4 ,?is m]ely means t :5 an ef=t aft] lit]al accuracy is app>5t1 ! att5tion ( ! audi5ce seizes on ! mo/ trifl+ details & is apt to magnify _! importance4 ,niceties ( language 9 especial are ke5ly1 & (t5 unju/ly1 criticiz$4 ,if a p>ticul> expression does n happ5 to be curr5t 9 ! critic's own circle1 he concludes t nobody uses x1 & t ! au?or is a p$ant or a vulg>ian4 ,9 view ( ?is inevitable t5d5cy1 ! prud5t dramati/ w try to keep out ( 8 dialogue expressions t are peculi> to 8 own circle1 & to use only :at may be call$ ev]ybody's ,engli%1 or ! language und\bt$ly curr5t ?r\gh\t ! :ole class to :i* 8 p]sonage belongs4 ,x may be "h po9t$ out t !re are ?ree diff]5t planes on :i* plausibility may or may n1 be a*iev$4 ,!re is fir/ ! purely ext]nal plane1 :i* conc]ns ! produc] almo/ z mu* z ! playwright4 ,on ?is plane we look = plausibility ( co/ume1 ( mann]s1 ( dialect1 ( g5]al environm5t4 ,!n we h plausibility ( :at may be call$ un*>act]i/ic ev5t--( su* ev5ts z are indep5d5t ( ! w ( ! *>act]s1 & are n condition$ by _! psy*ology4 ,on ?is plane we h to deal ) *ance & accid5t1 co9cid5ce1 & all circum/ances ov] :i* we h no control4 ,= in/ance1 ! playwright :o makes ! ,m>seillaise become popul> ?r\gh\t ,p>is )9 half-an-h\r ( its hav+ left ! compos]'s desk1 is guilty ( a brea* ( plausibility on ?is plane4 ,s1 too1 if ,i 7 to make my h]o ent] ,p>liam5t = ! fir/ "t1 & rise 9 a s+le session to be ,prime ,m9i/] ( ,engl&--!re w\ld be no absolute impossibility 9 ! feat1 b x w\ld be a r gross improbability ( ! second ord]4 ,on ! ?ird plane we come to psy*ological plausibility1 ! plausibility ( ev5ts dep5d5t ma9ly or entirely on "*4 ,= example--to cite a mu* disput$ in/ance--is x plausible t ,nora1 9 ,a ,doll's ,h\se1 %\ld sudd5ly develop ! ma/]y ( dialectics ) :i* %e cru%es ,helm] 9 ! f9al sc5e1 & %\ld des]t h] husb& & *ildr51 slamm+ ! door beh9d h]8 ,x ne$ sc>cely be said t plausibility on ! ?ird plane is va/ly ! mo/ important4 ,a v au/]e criticism might ev5 call x ! "o ?+ wor? consid]ation4 ,b1 z a matt] ( fact1 :5 we speak ( plausibility1 x is almo/ always ! second plane--! plane ( un*>act]i/ic circum/ance--t we h 9 m9d4 ,to plausibility ( ! ?ird ord] we give a m impos+ "n--we call x tru?4 ,we say t ,nora's action is true--or untrue--to nature4 ,we speak ( ! tru? ) :i* ! madness ( ,le>1 ! malignity ( ,iago1 ! race hatr$ ( ,%ylock1 is portray$4 ,tru?1 9 fact1 is ! t]m :i* we use 9 cases :]e ! te/s to be appli$ are ^? ( introspection1 intuition1 or k sub-consci\sly g>n]$ f spiritual exp]i5ce4 ,:]e ! te/s are ext]nal1 & matt]s ( common k or tangible evid5ce1 we speak ( plausibility4 ,x w\ld be a mi/ake1 h[ev]1 to imag9e t because plausibility ( ! ?ird degree1 or tru?1 is ! noble/ attribute ( drama1 x is !re=e ! "o ?+ ne$ful4 ,9 "s =ms ( drama x is greatly impair$1 or absolutely nullifi$1 if plausibility ( ! second degree1 its necess>y prelim9>y1 be n c>efully secur$4 ,9 ! case above imag9$1 = in/ance1 ( ! "y politician :o %\ld become ,prime ,m9i/] imm$iately on ent]+ ,p>liam5t3 x w\ld matt] no?+ ) :at pr(undity ( k or subtlety ( skill ! "* 0 drawn3 we %\ld none ! less decl9e to believe 9 him4 ,"s dramati/s1 z a matt] ( fact1 f9d x mu* easi] to atta9 tru? ( "* ?an plausibility ( incid5t4 ,e "o :o is 9 ! habit ( read+ manuscript plays1 mu/ h come across ! w\ld-be playwright :o has a good deal ( g5]al ability & a consid]able p[] ( *>act]ization1 b seems to be cong5itally defici5t 9 ! s5se ( ext]nal reality1 s t ! "o ?+ he 7or %e7 c by no means d is to inv5t or conduct an action t %all be 9 ! lea/ l any sequ5ce ( ev5ts 9 real life4 ,x is naturally difficult to give examples1 = ! plays compos$ "u ?is curi\s limitation are apt to rema9 9 manuscript1 or to be produc$ = "o p]=mance1 & =gott54 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o rec5t play ( ?is ord] :i* holds a c]ta9 place 9 dramatic lit]ature4 ,i d n "k t ,mr4 ,granville ,b>k] 0 well-advis$ 9 pr9t+ ,! ,m>ry+ ( ,anne ,leete along ) su* immeasurably matur] & san] productions z ,! ,voysey ,inh]itance & ,wa/e2 b by do+ s he has s]v$ my pres5t purpose 9 provid+ me ) a p]fect example ( a play z to :i* we _c tell :e!r x possesses plausibility ( ! ?ird degree1 s absolutely does x lack t plausibility ( ! second degree :i* is its indisp5sable condition prec$5t4 ,francisque ,s>cey 0 fond ( insi/+ t an audi5ce w\ld g5]ally accept )\t cavil any po/ulates 9 reason :i* an au?or *ose to impose ^u x1 ) reg>d to ev5ts suppos$ to h occurr$ be=e ! rise ( ! curta92 always provid$ t ! consequ5ces d$uc$ f !m )9 ! limits ( ! play 7 logical1 plausible1 & ent]ta9+4 ,! public w swall[ a camel1 he w\ld ma9ta91 9 ! pa/1 ?\gh !y w /ra9 at a gnat 9 ! pres5t4 ,a classical example ( ?is pr9ciple is 7once m7 ! ,o$ipus ,rex1 9 :i* sev]al ( ! initial po/ulates are wildly improbable3 = in/ance1 t ,o$ipus %\ld nev] h inquir$ into ! circum/ances ( ! dea? ( ,laius1 & t1 hav+ be5 w>n$ by an oracle t he 0 doom$ to m>ry 8 "m1 he %\ld n h be5 c>eful1 be=e m>ry+ any woman1 to asc]ta9 t %e 0 y\ng] ?an himself4 ,!re is at lea/ s mu* ju/ification = ,s>cey's fav\rite pr9ciple1 t we are less apt to scrut9ize ?+s m]ely n>rat$ to u ?an ev5ts :i* take place be=e our eyes4 ,x is simply a special in/ance ( ! well-worn ,segnius irritant animos demissa p] aurem ,quam quae sunt oculis subjecta fidelibus4 ,b ! pr9ciple is ( v limit$ arti/ic validity4 ,no "o w\ld n[adays ?9k ( ju/ify+ a gross improbability 9 ! antec$5ts ( a play by ,ibs5 or ,sir ,ar?ur ,p9]o1 by ,mr4 ,galswor?y or ,mr4 ,granville ,b>k]1 on ! plea t x occurr$ outside ! frame ( ! picture4 ,su* a plea might1 inde$1 secure a mitigation ( s5t5ce1 b nev] a v]dict ( acquittal4 ,s>cey1 on ! o!r h&1 br\ght up 9 ! s*ool ( ! well-made play1 w\ld r h held x a fea!r 9 ! playwright's cap t he %\ld h kn[n j :]e1 & j h[1 he might safely outrage probability #b4 ,! inf]5ce is t we n[ take ! dramati/'s art m s]i\sly ?an did ! g5]ation ( ! ,second ,empire 9 ,france4 ,?is br+s u1 h[ev]1 to an important fact1 :i* mu/ by no means be ov]look$4 ,!re is a l>ge class ( plays--or r1 !re are sev]al classes ( plays1 "s ( !m n at all to be despis$--! *>m ( :i* resides1 n 9 probability1 b 9 +5i\s & delightful improbability4 ,i am1 ( c\rse1 n ?9k+ ( %e] fantasies1 l ,a ,midsumm] ,night's ,dream1 or ,pet] ,pan1 or ,! ,blue ,bird4 ,!y may1 inde$1 possess plausibility ( ! ?ird ord]1 b plausibility ( ! second ord] has no application to !m4 ,its writs d n run on _! extramundane plane4 ,! plays :i* appeal to u 9 virtue ( _! pleasant dep>tures f probability are romances1 f>ces1 a c]ta9 ord] ( light com$ies & semi-comic melodramas--9 %ort1 ! ?\s& & "o plays 9 :i* ! au?or1 )\t altoge!r despis+ & abjur+ tru?1 makes x on pr9ciple subsidi>y to delightfulness4 ,plays ( ! ,prison] ( ,z5da type w\ld come "u ?is head3 s w\ld ,sir ,ar?ur ,p9]o's f>ces1 ,! ,magi/rate1 ,! ,s*oolmi/ress1 ,d&y ,dick2 s w\ld ,mr4 ,c>ton's light com$ies1 ,"l & ,lady ,algy1 ,:eels )9 ,:eels1 ,lady ,huntwor?'s ,exp]im5t2 s w\ld mo/ ( ,mr4 ,b>rie's com$ies2 s w\ld ,mr4 ,arnold ,b5nett's play1 ,! ,honeymoon4 ,9 a previ\s *apt] ,i h sket*$ ! op5+ act ( ,mr4 ,c>ton's ,:eels )9 ,:eels1 :i* is a typical example ( ?is /yle ( "w4 ,its *>m lies 9 a subtle1 all-p]vad+ improbability1 an infusion ( fantasy s delicate t1 :ile at no po9t c "o say1 ,?is is impossible1 ! total effect is f> m ent]ta9+ ?an t ( any probable sequ5ce ( ev5ts 9 real life4 ,! :ole atmosph]e ( su* a play %\ld be impregnat$ ) hum\r1 )\t rea*+ t gross sup]saturation :i* we f9d 9 ! l[] ord] ( f>ce-plays ( ! type ( ,*>lie's ,aunt or ,niobe4 99 99 99 99 99 ,plausibility ( developm5t1 z di/9ct f plausibility ( !me or ( "*1 dep5ds v l>gely on ! judici\s h&l+ ( *ance1 & ! exclusion1 or v sp>+ employm5t1 ( co9cid5ce4 ,?is is a matt] ( importance1 into :i* we %all f9d x wor? :ile to look some:at closely4 ,x is n always cle>ly recogniz$ t *ance & co9cid5ce are by no means ! same ?+4 ,co9cid5ce is a special & complex =m ( *ance1 :i* ought by no means to be conf\nd$ ) ! ev]yday v>iety4 ,we ne$ n "h analyse *ance1 or discuss ! philosophic value ( ! t]m4 ,x is en\gh t we all "k :at we mean by x 9 common p>lance4 ,x may be well1 h[ev]1 to look into ! etymology ( ! two words we are consid]+4 ,!y bo? come ultimately1 f ! ,lat9 cad]e1 to fall4 ,*ance is a fall+-out1 l t ( a die f ! dice-box2 & co9cid5ce signifies "o fall+-out on ! top ( ano!r1 ! concurr5t happ5+ ( two or m *ances :i* resemble or someh[ fit into ea* o!r4 ,if y rattle six dice 9 a box & ?r[ !m1 & !y turn up at haphaz>d--say1 two aces1 a deuce1 two f\rs1 & a six--!re is no?+ rem>kable 9 ?is fall+ out4 ,b if !y all turn up sixes1 y at once suspect t ! dice are cogg$2 & if t be n s--if !re be no suffici5t cause beh9d ! ph5om5on--y say t ?is id5tical fall+-out ( six sep>ate possibilities 0 a rem>kable co9cid5ce4 ,n[1 apply+ ! illu/ration to drama1 ,i %\ld say t ! playwright is p]fectly ju/ifi$ 9 lett+ *ance play its probable & ev5 inevitable "p 9 ! affairs ( 8 *>act]s2 b t1 ! mom5t we suspect him ( cogg+ ! dice1 we feel t he is tak+ an unfair advantage ( u1 & our imag9ation ei!r cries1 ,i won't play6 or cont9ues ! game "u prote/4 ,"s critics h consid]$ x a flaw 9 ,%akespe>e's art t ! cata/rophe ( ,romeo & ,juliet %\ld dep5d ^u a s]ies ( *ances1 & especially on ! misc>riage ( ! ,fri>'s lett] to ,romeo4 ,?is is n1 ,i ?9k1 a valid criticism4 ,we may1 if we are s m9d$1 pick to pieces ! c\rse ( action :i* br\ght ^! *ances into play4 ,! device ( ! potion--ev5 if su* a drug 7 kn[n to ! ph>macopoeia--is c]ta9ly a v clumsy me?od ( escape f ! position 9 :i* ,juliet is plac$ by h] fa!r's ob/9acy4 ,b :5 once we h accept$ t integral "p ( ! leg5d1 ! int]v5tion ( *ance 9 ! cata/rophe is entirely natural & probable4 ,obs]ve t !re is no co9cid5ce 9 ! matt]1 no int]l9k+ or dovetail+ ( *ances4 ,! cata/rophe results f ! hot-head$ impetuosity ( all ! *>act]s1 :i* s hurries ev5ts t !re is no "t = ! elim9ation ( ! results ( *ance4 ,lett]s d con/antly g a/ray1 ev5 "u our highly-organiz$ sy/em ( conveyance2 b _! delay or disappe>ance seldom leads to tragic results1 because mo/ ( u h le>nt to take ?+s calmly & wait = ! next po/4 ,yet if we c\ld survey ! _w at l>ge1 x is highly probable t e day or e h\r we %\ld some:]e or o!r f9d "s ,romeo on ! v]ge ( committ+ suicide because ( a *ance misund]/&+ ) reg>d to 8 ,juliet2 & 9 a c]ta9 p]c5tage ( cases ! explanatory lett] or telegram w\ld d\btless arrive too late4 ,we all rememb] h[1 9 ,mr4 ,h>dy's ,tess1 ! ma9 tr\ble arises f ! fact t ! lett] pu%$ "u ,angel ,cl>e's door slips also "u ! c>pet ( 8 room1 & s is nev] discov]$4 ,?is is an entirely probable *ance2 & ! /]ne/ criticism w\ld h>dly call x a flaw 9 ! /ructure ( ! fable4 ,b take ano!r case3 ,madame ,x has _h a *ild1 ( :om %e has lo/ sight = m ?an tw5ty ye>s1 dur+ :i* %e has liv$ abroad4 ,%e returns to ,france1 & imm$iately on l&+ at ,bordeaux %e kills a man :o accompanies h]4 ,! c\rt assigns h] def5ce to a "y advocate1 & ?is "y advocate happ5s to be h] son4 ,we h "h a pil+ ( *ance ^u *ance1 9 :i* ! long arm ( co9cid5ce#c is v app>5t4 ,! co9cid5ce w\ld h be5 less />tl+ _h %e return$ to ! place :]e %e left h] son & :]e %e believ$ him to be4 ,b no6 %e left him 9 ,p>is1 & x is only by a s]ies ( pure *ances t he happ5s to be 9 ,bordeaux1 :]e %e happ5s to l&1 & happ5s to %oot a man4 ,= ! sake ( a c]ta9 ord] ( emotional effect1 a c]ta9 ord] ( audi5ce is will+ to accept ?is pil+ up ( *ances2 b x relegates ! play to a l[ & *ildi% plane ( art4 ,! ,o$ipus ,rex1 inde$--:i* meets u at e turn--is f\nd$ on an absolutely a/\nd+ s]ies ( co9cid5ces2 b "h ! conception ( fate comes 91 & we vaguely figure to ourselves "s malignant p[] delib]ately pull+ ! /r+s :i* guide its puppets into su* abhorr5t tangles4 ,on ! mod]n view t "* is de/9y1 ! conception ( sup]natural wire-pull+ is exclud$4 ,x is true t amaz+ co9cid5ces d occur 9 life2 b :5 !y are inv5t$ to s]ve an arti/'s purposes1 we feel t he is simplify+ 8 task altoge!r beyond reason1 & sub/itut+ = normal & probable developm5t an irrelevant plunge into ! m]ely m>vell\s4 ,( ! abuse ( co9cid5ce1 ,i h already giv5 a specim5 9 speak+ ( ,! ,rise ( ,dick ,halw>d 7,*apt] ,,xii74 ,"o or two m examples may n be out ( place4 ,i ne$ n dwell on ! significance ( ! fact t mo/ ( !m occur 9 =gott5 plays4 ,9 ,! ,man ( ,=ty1 by ,mr4 ,walt] ,fri?1 we f9d ! foll[+ conjuncture ( circum/ances3 ,mr4 ,lewis ,dun/] has a long-lo/ wife & a long-lo/ bro!r4 ,he has be5 = ye>s 9 ,s\? ,africa2 !y h mean:ile liv$ 9 ,london1 b !y d n "k ea* o!r1 & h held no communication4 ,lewis1 return+ f ,africa1 arrives 9 ,london4 ,he does n "k :]e to f9d ei!r wife or bro!r1 & has n ! slighte/ wi% to look = !m2 yet 9 ! fir/ h\se he goes to1 ! home ( a lady ^: acqua9tance he *anc$ to make on ! voyage1 he enc\nt]s bo? 8 wife & 8 bro!r6 ,n q s />tl+ is ! co9cid5ce on :i* ,mrs4 ,will\ghby's ,kiss1 by ,mr4 ,frank ,/ayton1 is f\nd$4 ,an upp] & l[] flat 9 ,we/ ,k5s+ton are inhabit$1 respectively1 by ,mrs4 ,br&ram & ,mrs4 ,will\ghby1 ^: husb&s h bo? be5 _m ye>s abs5t 9 ,india4 ,by pure *ance ! two husb&s come home 9 ! same %ip2 ! two wives g to ,plym\? to meet !m1 & by pure *ance1 = !y are totally unacqua9t$ ) ea* o!r1 !y g to ! same hotel2 :5ce x happ5s t ,mrs4 ,will\ghby1 meet+ ,mr4 ,br&ram 9 a half-light$ room1 takes him = h] husb&1 flies to 8 arms & kisses him4 ,m elaborate ?an ei!r ( ^! is ! tangle ( co9cid5ces 9 ,mr4 ,/u>t ,ogilvie's play1 ,! ,:ite ,knight-- ,giulietta1 ! w>d ( ,david ,p5nycuick1 goes to /udy s++ at ,milan4 ,mr4 ,h>ry ,rook1 ,p5nycuick's mo/ intimate fri5d1 meets h] by *ance 9 ,milan1 & %e becomes 8 mi/ress1 nei!r hav+ ! lea/ idea t ! o!r kn[s ,p5nycuick4 ,!n ,visc\nt ,h9tle%am1 l ,p5nycuick1 a dupe ( ,rook's1 meets h] by *ance at ,monte ,c>lo & falls 9 love ) h]4 ,he does n "k t %e kn[s ,rook or ,p5nycuick1 & %e does n "k t he kn[s !m4 ,arriv+ 9 ,engl&1 %e f9ds 9 ! manag]1 ! promot]1 & ! *airman ( ! ,electric ,:ite ,lead ,company h] gu>dian1 h] s$uc]1 & h] lov]4 ,:5 %e comes to see h] gu>dian1 ! fir/ p]son %e meets is h] s$uc]1 & %e le>ns t h] lov] has j left ! h\se4 ,up to t mom5t1 ,i repeat1 %e did n "k t any "o ( ^! m5 knew any o!r2 yet %e does n ev5 say1 ,h[ small ! _w is6#d ,surely "s su* obs]vation 0 obligatory "u ! circum/ances4 ,let u turn n[ to a m memorable piece ( "w2 t int]e/+ play ( ,sir ,ar?ur ,p9]o's transition p]iod1 ,! ,pr(ligate4 ,"h ! great situation ( ! ?ird act is br\ght ab\t by a *a9 ( co9cid5ces :i* w\ld be utt]ly un?9kable 9 ! au?or's matur] "w4 ,leslie ,brud5ell1 ! h]o9e1 is ! w>d ( ,mr4 ,*eal1 a solicitor4 ,%e is to be m>ri$ to ,dun/an ,r5%aw2 &1 z %e has no home1 ! bridal p>ty meets at ,mr4 ,*eal's (fice be=e proce$+ to ! regi/r>'s4 ,no soon] h !y dep>t$ ?an ,janet ,preece1 :o has be5 betray$ & des]t$ by ,dun/an ,r5%aw 7"u an assum$ "n7 comes to ! (fice to /ate h] pite\s case4 ,?is is n 9 itself a pure co9cid5ce2 = ,janet happ5$ to come to ,london 9 ! same tra9 ) ,leslie ,brud5ell & h] bro!r ,wilfrid2 & ,wilfrid1 see+ 9 h] a damsel 9 di/ress1 recomm5d$ h] to lay h] tr\bles be=e a respectable solicitor1 giv+ h] ,mr4 ,*eal's address4 ,s f>1 !n1 ! co9cid5ce is n />tl+4 ,x is natural en\gh t ,r5%aw's mi/ress & 8 betro!d %\ld live 9 ! same c\ntry t[n2 & x is n improbable t !y %\ld come to ,london by ! same tra91 & t ,wilfrid ,brud5ell %\ld give ! bewild]$ & weep+ "y woman a commonplace piece ( advice4 ,! concat5ation ( circum/ances is rem>kable r ?an improbable4 ,b :51 9 ! next act1 n a mon? lat]1 ,janet ,preece1 by pure *ance1 drops 9 at ! ,flor5t9e villa :]e ,r5%aw & ,leslie are sp5d+ _! honeymoon1 we feel t ! long arm ( co9cid5ce is /ret*$ to its utt]mo/1 & t ev5 ! ?rill+ situation :i* foll[s is v de>ly b\ght4 ,x w\ld n h be5 difficult to att5uate ! co9cid5ce4 ,:at has actually happ5$ is ?is3 ,janet has 7we "k n h[7 become a sort ( maid-companion to a ,mrs4 ,/onehay1 ^: daught] 0 a s*ool-fri5d ( ,leslie's2 ! ,/onehays h come to ,flor5ce1 kn[+ no?+ ( ,leslie's pres5ce !re2 & !y happ5 to visit ! villa 9 ord] to see a fresco :i* x conta9s4 ,if1 n[1 we _h be5 told t ,janet's engagem5t by ! ,/onehays _h result$ f h] visit to ,mr4 ,*eal1 & t ! ,/onehays _h come to ,flor5ce kn[+ ,leslie to be !re1 & eag] to f9d h]1 sev]al l9ks w\ld h be5 /ruck (f ! *a9 ( co9cid5ce2 or1 to put x m exactly1 a fairly coh]5t sequ5ce ( ev5ts w\ld h be5 sub/itut$ = a s]ies ( incoh]5t *ances4 ,! same result might no d\bt h be5 a*iev$ 9 _m o!r & neat] ways4 ,i m]ely indicate1 by way ( illu/ration1 a q obvi\s me?od ( r$uc+ ! elem5t ( co9cid5ce 9 ! case4 ,! co9cid5ce 9 ,! ,second ,mrs4 ,tanqu]ay1 by :i* ,ellean meets & falls 9 love ) "o ( ,paula's ex-lov]s1 has be5 v sev]ely criticiz$4 ,x is c]ta9ly n "o ( ! /rong po9ts ( ! play2 b1 unlike ! s]ies ( *ances we h j be5 exam9+1 x places no excessive /ra9 on our cr$ulity4 ,su* co9cid5ces d occur 9 real life2 we h all ( u se5 or he>d ( !m2 ! wor/ we c say ( ?is "o is t x is nei!r positively good nor positively bad--a piece ( indiff]5t craftsman%ip4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if we turn to ,letty1 ! *ance :i*1 9 ! ?ird act1 leads ,let*m]e's p>ty & ,m&eville's p>ty to *oose ! same re/aurant1 seems to me entirely ju/ifi$4 ,x is n really a co9cid5ce at all1 b "o ( ^? ev]yday happ5+s :i* are n only admissible 9 drama1 b positively desirable1 z "p ( ! ord9>y surface-texture ( life4 ,entirely to elim9ate *ance f our repres5tation ( life w\ld be a v unreasonable au/]ity4 ,/rictly speak+1 inde$1 x is impossible2 = ev5 :5 we h work$ out an unbrok5 *a9 ( rational & comm5surate causes & effects1 x rema9s a *ance1 & an unlikely *ance1 t *ance %\ld n h int]f]$ ) x4 ,all ! plays t\*$ ^u 9 ! la/ f\r p>agraphs are 9 int5tion reali/ic4 ,!y aim1 t is to say1 at a lit]al & sob] repres5tation ( life4 ,9 ! o!r class ( plays1 :i* seek _! effect1 n 9 plodd+ probability1 b 9 delightful improbability1 ! long arm ( co9cid5ce has its legitimate functions4 ,yet ev5 "h x is n q unfett]$4 ,"o ( ! mo/ agreeable co9cid5ces 9 fiction1 ,i take x1 is ! simultane\s arrival 9 ,bagdad1 f diff]5t qu>t]s ( ! globe1 ( ?ree "o-ey$ cal5d]s1 all bl9d ( ! "r eye1 & all1 9 reality1 ! sons ( k+s4 ,b x is to be not$ t ?is co9cid5ce is n a crucial occurr5ce 9 a /ory1 b only a "p ( ! /ory-tell]'s framework or me*anism--a device = introduc+ fre% s]ies ( adv5tures4 ,?is illu/rates ! ,s>ceyan pr9ciple above ref]r$ to1 :i* ,pr(essor ,br&] ,mat!ws has re-/at$ 9 :at seems to me an entirely acceptable =m--namely1 t improbabilities :i* may be admitt$ on ! outskirts ( an action1 mu/ be rigidly exclud$ :5 ! issue is jo9$ & we are 9 ! ?ick ( ?+s4 ,co9cid5ces1 9 fact1 become ! m improbable 9 ! direct ratio ( _! importance4 ,we h all1 9 our own exp]i5ce1 met ) amaz+ co9cid5ces2 b h[ few ( u h ev] ga9$ or lo/1 be5 made happy or unhappy1 by a co9cid5ce1 z di/9ct f a *ance6 ,x is n precisely probable t ?ree bro!rs1 :o h sep>at$ 9 e>ly life1 & h n he>d ( "o ano!r = tw5ty ye>s1 %\ld f9d !mselves seat$ side by side at an ,italian table-d'hte2 yet su* co9cid5ces h occurr$1 & are cr$itable en\gh s long z no?+ p>ticul> comes ( !m4 ,b if a dramati/ 7 to make ^! ?ree bro!rs meet 9 ,mess9a on ! eve ( ! e>?quake1 9 ord] t !y might all be kill$1 & ?us enable 8 h]o 7_! c\s97 to succe$ to a pe]age & m>ry ! h]o9e1 we %\ld say t 8 use ( co9cid5ce 0 n /rictly arti/ic4 ,a co9cid5ce1 9 %ort1 :i* co9cides ) a crisis is !reby rais$ to ! n? p[]1 & is :olly inacceptable 9 s]i\s art4 ,mr4 ,b]n>d ,%aw has bas$ ! action ( ,y ,nev] ,c ,tell on ! amaz+ co9cid5ce t ,mrs4 ,cl&on & h] *ildr51 com+ to ,engl& aft] eighte5 ye>s' abs5ce1 %\ld by pure *ance run /raight into ! arms1 or r into ! tee?1 ( ! husb& & fa!r :om ! "m1 at any rate1 only wi%es to avoid4 ,?is is no bad />t+-po9t = an extravaganza2 b ev5 ,mr4 ,%aw1 ?\gh a despis] ( niceties ( craftsman%ip1 introduces no co9cid5ces into s]i\s plays su* z ,c&ida or ,! ,doctor's ,dilemma4 99 99 99 99 99 ,footnote #a3 ,! malignant c>icature ( ,cromwell 9 ,w4,g4 ,wills' ,*>les ,i did n1 inde$1 prev5t ! acceptance ( ! play by ! mid-,victorian public2 b x w c]ta9ly %ort5 ! life ( ! "o play :i* might h secur$ = its au?or a la/+ place 9 dramatic lit]ature4 ,x is unimag9able t future g5]ations %\ld accept a repres5tation ( ,cromwell z ,a m\?+ patriot1 ) an it*+ palm1 ,9 "o h& m5ace1 9 ! o!r gre$4 ,footnote #b3 ,x is only fair to say t ,s>cey drew a di/9ction betwe5 antec$5t ev5ts & :at he calls po/ulates ( "*4 ,he did n ma9ta9 t an audi5ce ought to accept a psy*ological impossibility1 m]ely because x 0 plac$ outside ! frame ( ! picture4 ,see ,qu>ante ,ans de ,?tre1 vii1 p4 #cie4 ,footnote #c3 ,?is phrase1 :i* occurs 9 ,mr4 ,haddon ,*amb]s's romantic melodrama1 ,capta9 ,swift1 0 greet$ ) a bur/ ( laught] by ! fir/-night audi5ce2 b little did we !n ?9k t ,mr4 ,*amb]s 0 enri*+ ! ,engli% language4 ,x is n1 on exam9ation1 a p>ticul>ly lum9\s phrase3 ! ?ree or f\r arms ( co9cid5ce w\ld really be m to ! po9t4 ,b x is n always ! mo/ accurate expression t is fitte/ to survive4 ,footnote #d3 ,! abuse ( co9cid5ce is a legacy to mod]n drama f ! ,lat9 com$y1 :i*1 aga91 0 f\nd$ on ! ,greek ,new ,com$y4 ,x is wor? not+ t 9 ! days ( ,m5&] ! _w really 0 mu* small] ?an x is to-day1 :5 ?alassic has gr[n into oceanic civilization4 ,travell]s 9 ^? days foll[$ a few ma9 r\tes2 half a doz5 great seaports 7 r5dezv\s = all ! _w2 ! slave-trade 0 active1 & kidnapp+s & abductions ) ! correspond+ meet+s & recognitions 7 no d\bt frequ5t4 ,?us su* a plot z t ( ! ,m5ae*mi 0 by no means ! %e] impossibility :i* ,%akespe>e made x by atta*+ indi/+ui%able ,dromios to 8 indi/+ui%able ,antipholuses4 ,to r$uplicate a co9cid5ce is 9 fact to multiply x by a figure f> beyond my ma!matics4 ,x may be not$1 too1 t ! practice ( expos+ *ildr51 on :i* ! ,o$ipus1 & _m plays ( ,m5&]1 are f\nd$1 0 common 9 hi/oric ,greece1 & t ! hapless *ildr5 7 g5]ally provid$ ) id5tification-tok5s gnorismata4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,logic ,! t]m logic is (t5 v vaguely us$ 9 relation to drama4 ,fr5* writ]s especially1 :o reg>d logic z "o ( ! peculi> faculties ( _! national g5ius1 are apt to insi/ ^u x 9 & out ( season4 ,b1 z we h already se51 logic is a gift :i* may easily be misappli$4 ,x too (t5 leads su* writ]s z ,m4 ,brieux & ,m4 ,h]vieu to sacrifice ! undulant & div]se rhy?ms ( life to a /iff & symmetrical =malism4 ,! conception ( a play z ! exhau/ive demon/ration ( a !sis has nev] tak5 a /rong hold on ! ,anglo-,saxon m9d2 &1 ?\gh "s ( ,m4 ,brieux's plays are mu* m ?an m]e dramatic argum5ts1 we ne$ n1 9 ! ma91 envy ! ,fr5* _! logician-dramati/s4 ,b1 ?\gh ! pres5ce ( logic %\ld nev] be =c$ ^u ! spectator's att5tion1 /ill less %\ld he be di/urb$ & baffl$ by its conspicu\s abs5ce4 ,if ! playwright ann\nces a !me at all3 if he lets x be se5 t "s g5]al idea und]lies 8 "w3 he is b\nd to pres5t & develop t idea 9 a logical fa%ion1 n to %ift 8 gr\nd1 :e!r inadv]t5tly or insidi\sly1 & n to w&] (f into irrelevant side-issues4 ,he mu/ face 8 problem squ>ely4 ,if he sets =? to prove any?+ at all1 he mu/ prove t ?+ & n "s totally diff]5t ?+4 ,he mu/ bew>e ( ! r$-h]r+ across ! trail4 ,= a cle> example ( defective logic1 ,i turn to a ,fr5* play--,s>d\'s ,spiritisme4 ,bo? f int]nal & f ext]nal evid5ce1 x is c]ta9 t ,m4 ,s>d\ 0 a believ] 9 spiritualism--9 ! exi/5ce ( disembodi$ intellig5ces1 & _! p[] ( communicat+ ) ! liv+4 ,yet he _h n ! c\rage to assign to !m an ess5tial "p 9 8 drama4 ,! spirits hov] r\nd ! outskirts ( ! action1 b d n really or effectually int]v5e 9 x4 ,! h]o's belief 9 !m1 inde$1 helps to br+ ab\t ! conclusion2 b ! app>ition :i* s pot5tly works ^u him is an admitt$ impo/ure1 a pi\s fraud4 ,e>li] 9 ! play1 two or ?ree trivial & unnecess>y miracles are introduc$--j en\gh to h9t at ! au?or's fai? )\t decisively affirm+ x4 ,= in/ance3 t[>ds ! close ( ,act ,i ,madame d',aub5as has gone (f1 nom9ally to take ! night tra9 = ,poiti]s1 9 reality to pay a visit to h] lov]1 ,m4 de ,/\dza4 ,:5 %e has gone1 h] husb& & 8 gue/s arrange a sance & evoke a _s4 ,no soon] h prelim9>ies be5 settl$ ?an ! _s spells out ! ^w ,o-u-v-r-e-z4 ,!y op5 ! w9d[1 & behold6 ! sky is r$ ) a gl>e :i* proves to proce$ f ! burn+ ( ! tra9 9 :i* ,madame d',aub5as is suppos$ to h />t$4 ,! incid5t is effective en\gh1 & a little creepy2 b its effect is q incomm5surate ) ! /ra9 ^u our p[]s ( belief4 ,! ?+ is suppos$ to be a miracle1 ( t !re c be no d\bt2 b x has n ! smalle/ influ5ce on ! c\rse ( ! play1 except to br+ on ! hurry-scurry & al>m a few m9utes e>li] ?an might o!rwise h be5 ! case4 ,n[1 if ! _s1 in/ead ( m]ely ann\nc+ ! accid5t1 _h in=m$ ,m4 d',aub5as t 8 wife 0 n 9 x--if1 = example1 x _h rapp$ out ,gilb]te *ez ,/\dza--x w\ld h be5 an hone/ gho/ 7?\gh indiscreet71 & we %\ld n h felt t our cr$ulity _h be5 tax$ to no purpose4 ,z x is1 ! logical d$uction f ,m4 ,s>d\'s fable is t1 ?\gh _s communications are g5u9e en\gh1 !y are nev] ( ! slighte/ use2 b we c sc>cely suppose t t 0 :at he int5d$ to convey4 ,x may be said1 & p]haps ) tru?1 t :at ,s>d\ lack$ 9 ?is in/ance 0 n logic1 b c\rage3 he felt t an audi5ce w\ld accept episodic miracles1 b w\ld reject sup]natural int]f]5ce at a det]m9+ crisis 9 ! play4 ,9 t case he w\ld h done bett] to let ! !me alone3 = ! manife/ failure ( logic leaves ! play nei!r good drama nor good argum5t4 ,?is is a totally diff]5t matt] f ,ibs5's treatm5t ( ! sup]natural 9 su* plays z ,! ,lady f ! ,sea1 ,! ,ma/] ,build] & ,little ,eyolf4 ,ibs51 l ,haw?orne1 sugge/s )\t affirm+ ! action ( occult p[]s4 ,he %[s u no?+ t is n capable ( a p]fectly natural explanation2 b he leaves u to imag9e1 if we are s dispos$1 t !re may be influ5ces at "w t are n yet =mally recogniz$ 9 physics & psy*ology4 ,9 ?is !re is no?+ illogical4 ,! poet is m]ely appeal+ to a mood1 famili> to all ( u1 9 :i* we wond] :e!r !re may n be m ?+s 9 heav5 & e>? ?an are cry/alliz$ 9 our sci5tific =mulas4 ,x is a grave defect ( logic to /ate1 or h9t at1 a problem1 & !n illu/rate x 9 su* t]ms ( "* t x is solv$ 9 advance4 ,9 ,! ,li>s1 by ,mr4 ,h5ry ,ar?ur ,jones1 !re is an evid5t sugge/ion ( ! problem :e!r a man is ev] ju/ifi$ 9 rescu+ a woman1 by means ( ! ,divorce ,c\rt1 f m>ital bondage :i* h] s\l abhors4 ,! s5t5ti\s ,sir ,*ri/oph] ,de]+ argues ! matt] at great l5g?3 b all ! "t we are hung]+ = him to say ! "o ?+ dem&$ by ! logic ( ! situation3 to wit3 ,:atev] ! ab/ract rights & wrongs ( ! case1 ?is man w\ld be an imbecile to elope ) ?is woman1 :o is an empty-head$1 empty-he>t$ creature1 incapable ei!r ( ! passion or ( ! loa?+ :i* alone c\ld l5d any semblance ( reason to a brea* ( social law4 ,simil>ly1 9 ,! ,pr(ligate1 ,sir ,ar?ur ,p9]o no d\bt int5d$ u to reflect ^u ! "q :e!r1 9 ent]+ ^u m>riage1 a woman has a "r to assume 9 h] husb& ! same purity ( antec$5t conduct :i* he dem&s ( h]4 ,t is an arguable "q1 & x has be5 argu$ (t5 en\gh2 b 9 ?is play x does n really arise1 = ! husb& pres5t$ to u is no ord9>y loose-liv]1 b 7x w\ld seem--= ! case is n cle>ly /at$7 a p>ticul>ly base & he>tless s$uc]1 :om x is evid5tly a mis=tune = any woman to h m>ri$4 ,! au?ors ( ^! two plays h committ$ an id5tical error ( logic3 namely1 t ( sugge/+ a broad issue1 & !n /at+ su* a set ( circum/ances t ! issue does n really arise4 ,9 o!r words1 !y h f ! outset begg$ ! "q4 ,! plays1 x may be said1 7 bo? successful 9 _! day4 ,yes2 b _h !y be5 logical _! day might h la/$ a c5tury4 ,a some:at simil> defect ( logic con/itutes a fatal blemi% 9 ,! ,ideal ,husb&1 by ,osc> ,wilde4 ,int5tionally or o!rwise1 ! "q sugge/$ is :e!r a s+le flaw ( conduct 7! betrayal to f9anci]s ( a /ate secret7 ought to bla/ a political c>e]4 ,"h1 aga91 is an arguable po9t1 on ! assumption t ! /atesman is p5it5t & det]m9$ nev] to repeat 8 misde$2 b :5 we f9d t ?is p>ticul> /atesman is prep>$ to g on betray+ 8 c\ntry indef9itely1 9 ord] to save 8 own sk91 ! "q falls to ! gr\nd--! answ] is too obvi\s4 ,x happ5$ "s ye>s ago t two plays satiriz+ yell[ j\rnalism 7 produc$ almo/ simultane\sly 9 ,london--,! ,e>? by ,mr4 ,james ,b4 ,fagan1 & ,:at ! ,public ,wants by ,mr4 ,arnold ,b5nett4 ,9 po9t ( intellectual grasp1 or p[] ( *>act]ization1 !re c\ld be no comp>ison betwe5 ! two writ]s2 yet ,i hold t1 f ! po9t ( view ( dramatic composition1 ,! ,e>? 0 ! bett] play ( ! two1 simply because x dealt logically ) ! !me ann\nc$1 in/ead ( w&]+ away into all sorts ( irrelevances4 ,mr4 ,b5nett1 to beg9 )1 c\ld n resi/ mak+ 8 ,napoleon ( ! ,press a native ( ! ,five ,t[ns1 & exhibit+ him at l>ge 9 prov9cial middle-class surr\nd+s4 ,all ?is is %e] irrelevance2 = ! type ( j\rnalism 9 "q is n *>act]i/ically an outcome ( any phase ( prov9cial life4 ,mr4 ,b5nett may allege t ,sir ,*>les ,worgan _h to be born some:]e1 & might z well be born 9 ,bursley z any:]e else4 ,i reply t1 = ! purposes ( ! play1 he ne$ n h be5 born any:]e4 ,8 bir?place & ! surr\nd+s ( 8 boyhood h no?+ to d ) :at may be call$ 8 j\rnali/ic psy*ology1 :i* is1 or ought to be1 ! !me ( ! play4 ,!n1 aga91 ,mr4 ,b5nett %[s him dabbl+ 9 !atrical managem5t & fall+ 9 love--irrelevances bo?4 ,z a manag]1 no d\bt1 he insi/s on do+ :at ! public wants 7x is no?+ worse ?an a revival ( ,! ,m]*ant ( ,v5ice7 & ?us (f]s ano!r illu/ration ( ! results ( obey+ t pr9ciple4 ,b all ?is is beside ! real issue4 ,! true gravam5 ( ! *>ge aga9/ a ,napoleon ( ! ,press is n t he gives ! public :at x wants1 b t he c make ! public want :at he wants1 ?9k :at he ?9ks1 believe :at he wants !m to believe1 & d :at he wants !m to d4 ,by d9t ( ass]tion1 innu5do1 & it]ation 9 a hundr$ pap]s1 he c create an app>5t public op9ion1 or public emotion1 :i* may be direct$ t[>ds ! mo/ dang]\s ends4 ,?is po9t ,mr4 ,b5nett entirely miss$4 ,:at he gave u 0 9 reality a com$y ( middle-class life ) a numb] ( incid5tal allusions to yell[ j\rnalism & k9dr$ topics4 ,mr4 ,fagan1 work+ 9 broad] outl9es1 &1 x mu/ be own$1 9 crud] col\rs1 nev] /ray$ f ! logical l9e ( developm5t1 & took u mu* ne>] ! he>t ( 8 subject4 ,a some:at diff]5t1 & v common1 fault ( logic 0 exemplifi$ 9 ,mr4 ,clyde ,fit*'s la/ play1 ,! ,city4 ,8 !me1 z ann\nc$ 9 8 title & indicat$ 9 8 exposition1 0 ! influ5ce ( ,new ,york ^u a family :i* migrates ?i!r f a prov9cial t[n4 ,b ! action is n really %ap$ by ! influ5ce ( ! city4 ,x might h tak5 practically ! same c\rse if ! family _h rema9$ at home4 ,! au?or _h fail$ to e/abli% a logical connection betwe5 8 !me & ! incid5ts suppos$ to illu/rate x4#a ,fanta/ic plays1 :i* assume an ord] ( ?+s m or less exempt f ! limitations ( physical reality1 ought1 nev]!less1 to be logically fai?ful to _! own assumptions4 ,"s fantasies1 inde$1 :i* s9n$ aga9/ ?is pr9ciple1 h _h no small success4 ,9 ,pygmalion & ,galatea1 = example1 !re is a conspicu\s lack ( logic4 ,! foll[+ passage f a criticism ( ?irty ye>s ago puts my po9t s cle>ly t ,i am tempt$ to copy x3 ,z we h no sci5tific record ( a /atue com+ to life1 ! probable moral & intellectual condition ( a be+ s creat$ is left to ! wide/ conjecture4 ,! playwright may assume = x any /age ( developm5t he pleases1 & 8 audi5ce w readily grant 8 assumption4 ,b if 8 "w is to h any claim to arti/ic value1 he mu/ n assume all sorts ( diff]5t /ages ( developm5t at e second ^w 8 creation utt]s4 ,he mu/ n make h] a *ild 9 "o spee*1 a woman ( ! _w 9 ! next1 & an idiot 9 ! next aga94 ,( c\rse1 x w\ld be an extremely difficult task cle>ly to def9e 9 all its be>+s & details ! p>ticul> intellectual condition assum$ at ! outset1 & !n gradually to indicate ! natural gr[? ( a full] consci\sness4 ,difficult x w\ld be1 b by no means impossible2 nay1 x w\ld be ?is v problem :i* w\ld tempt ! true dramati/ to adopt su* a !me4 ,mr4 ,gilb]t has n essay$ ! task4 ,he regulates ,galatea's /ate ( consci\sness by ! fluctuat+ exig5cies ( dialogue ^: hum\r is levell$ /raight at ! heads ( ! old ,haym>ket pit4 ,to indicate ! nature ( ! inconsi/5cies :i* ab\nd 9 e sc5e1 ,i may say t1 9 ! fir/ act1 ,galatea does n "k t %e is a woman1 b und]/&s ! ^w beauty1 kn[s 7?\gh ,pygmalion is ! only liv+ creature %e has ev] se57 ! mean+ ( agreem5t & diff]5ce ( ta/e1 & is alive to ! di/9ction betwe5 an orig9al & a copy4 ,9 ! second act %e has got ! l5g? ( kn[+ ! enormity ( tak+ life1 & appreciat+ ! f9e di/9ction betwe5 tak+ x ( "o's own motive1 & tak+ x = money4 ,yet ! next mom5t1 :5 ,leucippe ent]s ) a fawn he has kill$1 x appe>s t %e does n realize ! diff]5ce betwe5 man & ! brute creation4 ,?us we are = ev] %ift+ f "o plane ( conv5tion to ano!r4 ,!re is no fix$ />t+-po9t = our imag9ation1 no logical developm5t ( a cle>ly-/at$ initial condition4 ,! play1 x is true1 enjoy$ "s five-&-tw5ty ye>s ( life2 b x c]ta9ly _c claim an endur+ place ei!r 9 lit]ature or on ! /age4 ,x is /ill op5 to ! philosophic dramati/ to write a logical ,pygmalion & ,galatea4 99 99 99 99 99 ,footnote #a3 ,i am "h writ+ f memory1 hav+ be5 unable to obta9 a copy ( ,! ,city2 b my memory is pretty cle>4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,keep+ ,a ,,secret ,x has be5 (t5 & au?oritatively laid d[n t a dramati/ mu/ on no acc\nt keep a secret f 8 audi5ce4 ,l mo/ au?oritative maxims1 ?is "o seems to require a good deal ( qualification4 ,let u look into ! matt] a little m closely4 ,s f> z ,i c see1 ! /ronge/ reason aga9/ keep+ a secret is t1 try z y may1 y _c d x4 ,?is po9t has already be5 discuss$ 9 ,*apt] ,,ix1 :]e we saw t f only "o audi5ce c a secret be really hidd51 a consid]able p]c5tage ( any subsequ5t audi5ce be+ c]ta9 to "k all ab\t x 9 advance4 ,! m /rik+ & successful is ! fir/-night effect ( surprise1 ! m c]ta9ly & rapidly w ! report ( x circulate ?r\gh all /rata ( ! !atrical public4 ,b = ?is fact1 "o c\ld q well conceive a fasc9at+ melodrama con/ruct$1 l a detective /ory1 ) a view to keep+ ! audi5ce 9 ! d>k z long z possible4 ,a pi/ol %ot might r+ out j be=e ! rise ( ! curta93 a man 7or woman7 might be discov]$ 9 an o!rwise empty room1 welt]+ 9 8 7or h]7 gore3 & ! rema9d] ( ! play might consi/ 9 ! track+ d[n ( ! murd]]1 :o w\ld1 ( c\rse1 prove to be ! v la/ p]son to be suspect$4 ,su* a play might make a great fir/-night success2 b ! m ! au?or reli$ ^u ! my/]y = 8 effect1 ! m fatally w\ld t effect be disc\nt$ at ea* successive repetition4 ,"o au?or ( di/9ction1 ,m4 ,h]vieu1 has actually made ! exp]im5t ( pres5t+ an enigma--he calls ! play ,l',enigme--& res]v+ ! solution to ! v end4 ,we "k f ! outset t "o ( two si/]s-9-law is unfai?ful to h] husb&1 & ! "q is--:i*8 ,! :ole +5uity ( ! au?or is c5tr$ on keep+ ! secret1 & ! spectator :o does n "k x 9 advance is all ! "t 9 ! attitude ( a detective que/+ = clues4 ,he is *all5g$ to guess :i* ( ! ladies is ! frail "o2 & he is f> too int5t on ?is game to ?9k or c>e ab\t ! emotional process ( ! play4 ,i myself 7,i rememb]7 guess$ "r1 ma9ly because ! "n ,giselle seem$ to me m sugge/ive ( flight9ess ?an ! /aid & sob] ,leonore1 :]e=e ,i suspect$ t ,m4 ,h]vieu1 9 ord] to ?r[ du/ 9 our eyes1 _h giv5 x to ! virtu\s lady4 ,b :e!r we guess "r or wrong1 ?is clue-hunt+ is an intellectual sport1 n an arti/ic enjoym5t4 ,if !re is any ae/hetic quality 9 ! play1 x c only come home to u :5 we "k ! secret4 ,& ! same dilemma w pres5t itself to any playwright :o seeks to imitate ,m4 ,h]vieu4 ,! actual keep+ ( a secret1 !n--! appeal to ! prim>y curiosity ( actual ignorance--may be rul$ out z practically impossible1 &1 :5 possible1 unwor?y ( s]i\s art4 ,b !re is also1 z we h se51 ! second>y curiosity ( ! audi5ce :i*1 ?\gh m or less cognizant ( ! ess5tial facts1 in/9ctively assumes ignorance1 & judges ! developm5t ( a play f t po9t ( view4 ,we all realize t a dramati/ has no "r to tru/ to our previ\s k1 acquir$ f outside s\rces4 ,we "k t a play1 l e o!r "w ( art1 ought to be self-suffici5t1 & ev5 if1 at any giv5 mom5t1 we h1 z a matt] ( fact1 k :i* supplem5ts :at ! playwright has told u1 we feel t he ought n to h tak5 = grant$ our possession ( any su* ext]nal & =tuit\s in=mation4 ,to put x briefly1 ! dramati/ mu/ =mally assume ignorance 9 8 audi5ce1 ?\gh he mu/ n practically rely ^u x4 ,!re=e x becomes a po9t ( real importance to det]m9e h[ long a secret may be kept f an audi5ce1 assum$ to h no outside k1 & at :at po9t x ought to be reveal$4 ,:5 ,lady ,w9d]m]e's ,fan 0 fir/ produc$1 no h9t 0 giv5 9 ! fir/ act ( ! fact t ,mrs4 ,erlynne 0 ,lady ,w9d]m]e's "m2 s t ,"l ,w9d]m]e's insi/5ce on invit+ h] to 8 wife's bir?day reception rema9$ :olly unexpla9$4 ,b aft] a few nights ! au?or made ,"l ,w9d]m]e exclaim1 j z ! curta9 fell1 ,my ,god6 ,:at %all ,i d8 ,i d>e n tell h] :o ?is woman really is4 ,! %ame w\ld kill h]4 ,x 01 ( c\rse1 said t ?is *ange _h be5 made 9 def]5ce to newspap] criticism2 & ,osc> ,wilde1 9 a *>act]i/ic lett] to ! ,/4 ,james's ,gazette1 promptly repell$ ?is calumny4 ,at a fir/-night supp]-p>ty1 he said-- ,all ( my fri5ds )\t exception 7 ( ! op9ion t ! psy*ological int]e/ ( ! second act w\ld be greatly increas$ by ! disclosure ( ! actual relation%ip exi/+ betwe5 ,lady ,w9d]m]e & ,mrs4 ,erlynne--an op9ion1 ,i may add1 t _h previ\sly be5 /rongly held & urg$ by ,mr4 ,alex&]4444 ,i det]m9$1 consequ5tly1 to make a *ange 9 ! precise mom5t ( revelation4 ,x is impossible to say :e!r ,wilde s]i\sly believ$ t psy*ology ent]$ into ! matt] at all1 or :e!r he 0 laugh+ 9 8 sleeve 9 putt+ =w>d ?is solemn plea4 ,! tru? is1 ,i ?9k1 t ?is example _c be cit$ ei!r = or aga9/ ! keep+ ( a secret1 ! ess5tial fact be+ t ! secret 0 su* a bad & inacceptable "o--inacceptable1 ,i mean1 z an explanation ( ,"l ,w9d]m]e's conduct--t x 0 probably wise to make a clean brea/ ( x z soon z possible1 & get x ov]4 ,x may be said ) p]fect confid5ce t x is useless to keep a secret :i*1 :5 reveal$1 is c]ta9 to disappo9t ! audi5ce1 & to make x feel t x has be5 trifl$ )4 ,t is an elem5t>y dictate ( prud5ce4 ,b if ! reason = ,"l ,w9d]m]e's conduct _h be5 adequate1 +5i\s1 su* z to give u1 :5 reveal$1 a little %ock ( pleasant surprise1 ! au?or ne$ c]ta9ly h be5 9 no hurry to disclose x4 ,x is n improbable 7?\gh my memory is n cle> on ! po9t7 t "p ( ! /rong int]e/ we und\bt$ly felt on ! fir/ night arose f ! hope t ,"l ,w9d]m]e's seem+ly unacc\ntable conduct might be satisfactorily acc\nt$ =4 ,z ?is hope 0 futile1 !re 0 no reason1 at subsequ5t p]=mances1 to keep up ! pret5ce ( pres]v+ a secret :i* 0 probably kn[n1 z a matt] ( fact1 to mo/ ( ! audi5ce1 & :i* 0 wor?less :5 reveal$4 ,9 ! second act ( ,! ,devil's ,disciple1 by ,mr4 ,b]n>d ,%aw1 we h an in/ance ( :olly in>ti/ic secrecy1 :i* w\ld c]ta9ly be condemn$ 9 ! "w ( any au?or :o 0 n accept$ 9 advance z a law unto himself4 ,ri*>d ,dudgeon has be5 arre/$ by ! ,briti% soldi]s1 :o mi/ake him = ! ,rev]5d ,an?ony ,&]son4 ,:5 ,&]son comes home1 x takes a v long "t = 8 silly wife1 ,judi?1 to acqua9t him ) a situation t might h be5 expla9$ 9 ?ree words2 & :51 at la/1 he does und]/& x1 he calls = a horse & 8 boots1 & ru%es (f 9 mad ha/e1 z ?\gh 8 "o desire 7 to escape f ! ,briti% & leave ,dudgeon to 8 fate4 ,9 reality 8 purpose is to br+ up a body ( ,cont95tal troops to ! rescue ( ,dudgeon2 & ?is also he might 7& c]ta9ly w\ld7 h convey$ 9 ?ree words4 ,b ,mr4 ,%aw 0 s b5t on lett+ ,judi? cont9ue to conduct h]self idiotically1 t he made h] s5sible husb& act no less idiotically1 9 ord] to ?r[ du/ 9 h] eyes1 & 7incid5tally7 9 ! eyes ( ! audi5ce4 ,9 ! "w ( any o!r man1 we %\ld call ?is n only an injudici\s1 b a purposeless & fooli%1 keep+ ( a secret4 ,mr4 ,%aw may say t 9 ord] to develop ! "* ( ,judi? z he _h conceiv$ x1 he 0 =c$ to make h] misund]/& h] husb&'s motives4 ,a developm5t ( "* obta9$ by su* artificial means _c be ( mu* wor?2 b ev5 grant+ ?is plea1 "o _c b po9t out t x w\ld h be5 easy to keep ,judi? 9 ! d>k z to ,&]son's purpose1 )\t keep+ ! audi5ce also 9 ! d>k1 & mak+ him behave l a fool4 ,all t 0 requir$ 0 to get ,judi? (f ! /age = a few mom5ts1 j be=e ! true /ate ( matt]s bur/ ^u ,an?ony4 ,x w\ld !n h be5 p]fectly natural & probable t1 n =esee+ h] misund]/&+1 he %\ld hurry (f )\t wait+ to expla9 matt]s to h]4 ,b t he %\ld delib]ately leave h] 9 h] delusion1 & ev5 use phrases c>efully calculat$ to deceive bo? h] & ! audi5ce1#a w\ld be1 9 a writ] :o pr(ess$ to place reason above caprice1 a r gross fault ( art4 ,mr4 ,h5ry ,ar?ur ,jones's light com$y1 ,:itewa%+ ,julia1 proves t x is possible1 )\t incurr+ disa/]1 to keep a secret ?r\gh\t a play1 & nev] reveal x at all4 ,m accurately1 :at ,mr4 ,jones does is to pret5d t !re is "s explanation ( ,mrs4 ,julia ,wr5's relations ) ! ,duke ( ,savona1 o!r ?an ! simple explanation t %e 0 8 mi/ress1 & to keep u wait+ = ?is :itewa%+ disclosure1 :5 9 fact he has no?+ ( ! sort up 8 sleeve1 & ! pla9 tru? is precisely :at ! gossips ( ,%anctonbury surmise4 ,julia does n ev5 expla9 or ju/ify h] conduct f h] own po9t ( view4 ,%e gives out t an explanation w be =?com+ at ! "r mom5t2 b ! "r mom5t nev] arrives4 ,all we are told is t %e1 ,julia1 consid]s t !re 0 nev] any?+ degrad+ 9 h] conduct2 & ?is we are ask$ to accept z suffici5t4 ,x 0 a d>+ policy to dangle be=e our eyes an explanation1 :i* always rec$$ z we advanc$ t[>ds x1 & prov$ 9 ! end to be :olly unexplanatory4 ,! success ( ! play1 h[ev]1 0 suffici5t to %[ t1 9 light com$y1 at any rate1 a secret may ) impunity be kept1 ev5 to ! po9t ( tantalization4#b ,let u n[ look at a c\ple ( cases 9 :i* ! keep+ ( a secret seems pretty cle>ly wrong1 inasmu* z x dim9i%es t5sion1 & deprives ! audi5ce ( t sup]ior k 9 :i* lies ! irony ( drama4 ,9 a play nam$ ,h] ,advocate1 by ,mr4 ,walt] ,fri? 7f\nd$ on "o ( ,gr5ville ,murray's ,fr5* ,pictures 9 ,engli% ,*alk71 a ,k4,c4 has fall5 madly 9 love ) a woman ^: def5ce he has und]tak54 ,he believes passionately 9 h] innoc5ce1 &1 nev] d\bt+ t %e loves him 9 return1 he is det]m9$ to secure = h] a triumphant acquittal4 ,j at ! crucial mom5t1 h[ev]1 he le>ns t %e loves ano!r man2 &1 ov]:elm$ by ?is disillusion1 he has /ill to face ! ordeal & plead h] cause4 ,! conjuncture w\ld be /ill m dramatic if ! revelation ( ?is love 7 to put a diff]5t complexion on ! murd]1 &1 by introduc+ a new motive1 %ake ! advocate's fai? 9 8 cli5t's innoc5ce4 ,b t is ano!r matt]2 ! "q "h to be consid]$ is :e!r ! au?or did "r 9 res]v+ ! revelation to ! la/ possible mom5t4 ,9 my op9ion he w\ld h done bett] to h giv5 u an e>li] inkl+ ( ! true /ate ( affairs4 ,to keep ! secret1 9 ?is case1 0 to place ! audi5ce z well z ! advocate on a false trail1 & to deprive x ( ! s5se ( sup]iority x w\ld h felt 9 see+ him m>*+ confid5tly t[>ds a happ9ess :i* x knew to be illusory4 ,! second case is t ( ,la ,d\l\reuse1 by ,m4 ,maurice ,donnay4 ,?r\gh two acts out ( ! f\r an important secret is s c>efully kept t !re seems to be no ob/acle betwe5 ! lov]s ) :om 7f ! au?or's po9t ( view7 we are suppos$ to sympa?ize4 ,! fir/ act is devot$ to an elaborate pa9t+ ( a some:at revolt+ phase ( p>v5u society 9 ,p>is4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! act we le>n t ! sculptor1 ,philippe ,laub]?ie1 is ! lov] ( ,hlne ,ardan1 a m>ri$ woman2 & at ! v end h] husb&1 ,ardan1 commits suicide4 ,?is act1 !re=e1 is devot$1 n1 z ! or?odox =mula goes1 to rais+ an ob/acle betwe5 ! lov]s1 b r to de/roy+ "o4 ,9 ! second act !re /ill seems to be no ob/acle ( any sort4 ,hlne's ye> ( wid[hood is ne>ly ov]2 %e & ,philippe are pres5tly to be m>ri$2 all is h>mony1 adoration1 & security4 ,9 ! la/ sc5e ( ! act1 a cl\d no bigg] ?an a man's h& appe>s on ! horizon4 ,we f9d t ,gotte des ,trembles1 ,hlne's bosom fri5d1 is also 9 love ) ,philippe1 & is det]m9$ to let him "k x4 ,b ,philippe resi/s h] bl&i%m5ts ) melan*oly au/]ity1 & :5 ! curta9 falls on ! second act1 ?+s seem to be p]fectly safe & 9 ord]4 ,hlne a wid[1 & ,philippe au/]e--:at h>m c ,gotte possibly d8 ,! fact is1 ,m4 ,donnay is c>efully keep+ a secret f u4 ,philippe is n ,hlne's fir/ lov]2 h] son1 ,georges1 is n ! *ild ( h] late husb&2 & ,gotte1 & ,gotte alone1 kn[s ! tru?4 ,_h we also be5 initiat$ f ! outset 7& no?+ w\ld h be5 easi] or m natural--?ree words ex*ang$ betwe5 ,gotte & ,hlne w\ld h done x7 we %\ld h be5 at no loss to =esee ! imp5d+ drama1 & ! s5se ( irony w\ld h tripl$ ! int]e/ ( ! int]v5+ sc5es4 ,! effect ( ,m4 ,donnay's ?ird act is n a :it m =cible because x comes ^u u unprep>$4 ,we le>n at ! beg9n+ t ,philippe's au/]ity has n aft] all be5 pro( aga9/ ,gotte's s$uctions2 b x has n[ return$ ^u him embitt]$ by remorse1 & he treats ,gotte ) /]nness approa*+ to contumely4 ,%e takes h] rev5ge by reveal+ ,hlne's secret2 he tells ,hlne t he kn[s x2 & %e1 putt+ two & two toge!r1 div9es h[ x has come to 8 k4 ,?is long sc5e ( mutual reproa* & remorseful mis]y is1 9 reality1 ! :ole drama1 & might h be5 cit$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xiv z a f9e example ( a p]ipety4 ,hlne ent]s ,philippe's /udio happy & s]5e1 %e leaves x brok5-he>t$2 b ! effect ( ! sc5e is n a :it great] because1 9 ! two previ\s acts1 we h be5 /udi\sly depriv$ ( ! in=mation t w\ld h l$ u vaguely to anticipate x4 ,to sum up ?is "q ( secrecy3 ! curr5t maxim1 ,nev] keep a secret f y\r audi5ce1 w\ld appe> to be an ov]-simplification ( a some:at difficult "q ( craftsman%ip4 ,we may agree t x is (t5 dang]\s & sometimes manife/ly fooli% to keep a secret2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 !re is c]ta9ly no reason :y ! playwright %\ld blurt out all 8 secrets at ! fir/ possible opportunity4 ,! true art lies 9 kn[+ j h[ long to keep sil5t1 & j ! "r "t to speak4 ,9 ! fir/ act ( ,letty1 ,sir ,ar?ur ,p9]o ga9s a memorable effect by keep+ a secret1 n v long1 inde$1 b long en\gh & c>efully en\gh to %[ t he knew v cle>ly :at he 0 do+4 ,we are introduc$ to ,nevill ,let*m]e's ba*elor ap>tm5ts4 ,animat$ sc5es occur betwe5 ,let*m]e & 8 bro!r-9-law1 ,let*m]e & 8 si/]1 ,let*m]e & ,letty1 ,m>ion & ,hilda ,gunn+4 ,x is evid5t t ,letty dreams ( m>riage ) ,let*m]e2 & = aught t we see or he>1 !re is no j cause or imp$im5t to ! contr>y4 ,x is only1 at ! end ( ! v admirable sc5e betwe5 ,let*m]e & ,m&eville t ! foll[+ little passage occurs3 ,,m&eville3 444 ,at all ev5ts ,i am qualifi$ to tell h] ,i'm fairly gone on h]--hon\rably gone on h]--if ,i *oose to d x4 ,,let*m]e3 ,qualifi$8 ,,m&eville3 ,:i* is m ?an y are1 ,mr4 ,let*m]e4 ,i am a s+le man2 y a9't1 be> 9 m9d4 ,,let*m]e3 7imp]turbably73 ,v true4 ,?is "o little t\* is a ma/]piece ( craftsman%ip4 ,x w\ld h be5 ! mo/ natural ?+ 9 ! _w = ei!r ! si/] or ! bro!r-9-law1 conc]n$ ab\t _! own matrimonial difficulties1 to let fall "s pass+ allusion to ,let*m]e's sep>ation f 8 wife2 b ! au?or c>efully avoid$ ?is1 c>efully all[$ u to make our fir/ acqua9tance ) ,letty 9 ignorance ( ! irony ( h] position1 & !n all[$ ! tru? to slip out j 9 "t to let u feel ! :ole =ce ( t irony dur+ ! la/ sc5e ( ! act & ! great] "p ( ! second act4 ,a f9] in/ance ( ! delicate grad+ ( t5sion x w\ld be difficult to cite4 ,"o ?+ is c]ta92 namely1 t if a secret is to be kept at all1 x mu/ be wor? ! keep+2 if a riddle is prop\nd$1 its answ] mu/ be pleas+ & +5i\s1 or ! audi5ce w res5t hav+ be5 l$ to cudgel its bra9s = no?+4 ,?is is simply a "p ( ! l>g] pr9ciple1 be=e insi/$ on1 t :5 a reasonable expectation is ar\s$1 x c be baffl$ only at ! au?or's p]il4 ,if ! crux ( a sc5e or ( a :ole play lie 9 ! solution ( "s mat]ial difficulty or moral problem1 x mu/ on no acc\nt be solv$ by a m]e trick or evasion4 ,! dramati/ is v ill-advis$ :o sets =? ) pomp & circum/ance to p]=m "s intellectual or te*nical feat1 & !n m]ely skirts r\nd x or runs away f x4 ,a fair proportion %\ld always be obs]v$ betwe5 ef=t & effect1 betwe5 promise & p]=mance4 ,b if ! audi5ce happ5s to misread ! playwright's design1 & =m exagg]at$ & irrational expectations8 ,t m]ely means t ! playwright does n "k 8 bus9ess1 or1 at any rate1 does n "k 8 audi5ce4 ,x is 8 bus9ess to play ^u ! collective m9d ( 8 audi5ce z ^u a keybo>d--to ar\se j ! "r ord] & measure ( anticipation1 & fulfil x1 or outdo x1 9 j ! "r way at j ! "r "t4 ,! skill ( ! dramati/1 z di/9ct f 8 g5ius or inspiration1 lies 9 ! correctness ( 8 insight into ! m9d ( 8 audi5ce4 99 99 99 99 99 ,footnote #a3 ,= in/ance3 ,if y c get a ^w ) him by pret5d+ t y are 8 wife1 tell him to hold 8 tongue until morn+2 t w give me all ! />t ,i ne$4 ,footnote #b3 ,9 ,! ,idyll1 by ,h]r ,egge1 ( :i* "s acc\nt is giv5 9 ,*apt] ,x1 ! au?or c]ta9ly does "r 9 n all[+ ! audi5ce = a mom5t to %>e ! h]o's d\bts z to ! h]o9e's pa/4 ,x w\ld h be5 v easy = him to h kept ! secret2 b he takes ! e>lie/ opportunity ( assur+ u t h] relations ) ,r+ve 7 q innoc5t4 ,,book ,,iv ,,! ,,end ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,climax ,,& ,,anticlimax ,if x 7 z easy to write a good la/ act z a good fir/ act1 we %\ld be able to reckon ?ree ma/]pieces = e "o t we c "n at pres5t4 ,! reason :y ! la/ act %\ld (f] special difficulties is n f> to seek4 ,we h agre$ to reg>d a play z ess5tially a crisis 9 ! lives ( "o or m p]sons2 & we all "k t crises are mu* m apt to h a def9ite beg9n+ ?an a def9ite end4 ,we c almo/ always put our f+] ^u ! mom5t--n1 inde$1 :5 ! crisis began--b :5 we cle>ly realiz$ its pres5ce or its imm95ce4 ,a *ance meet+1 ! receipt ( a lett] or a telegram1 a p>ticul> turn giv5 to a c]ta9 conv]sation1 ev5 ! m]e em]g5ce into consci\sness ( a previ\sly lat5t feel+ or ?\ght1 may m>k q def9itely ! mom5t ( g]m9ation1 s to speak1 ( a giv5 crisis2 & x is comp>atively easy to dramatize su* a mom5t4 ,b h[ few crises come to a def9ite or dramatic conclusion6 ,n9e times out ( t5 !y end 9 "s petty compromise1 or d n end at all1 b simply subside1 l ! waves ( ! sea :5 ! /orm has bl[n itself out4 ,x is ! playwright's *ief difficulty to f9d a crisis ) an end+ :i* satisfies at once 8 arti/ic consci5ce & ! requirem5ts ( dramatic effect4 ,& ! difficulty becomes great] ! ne>] we approa* to reality4 ,9 ! days :5 trag$y & com$y 7 ca/ 9 fix$1 conv5tional m\lds1 ! playwright's task 0 mu* simpl]4 ,x 0 ?or\ghly und]/ood t a trag$y end$ ) "o or m dea?s1 a com$y ) "o or m m>riages2 s t ! "q ( a /rong or a weak end+ did n arise4 ,! end might be /rongly or weakly l$ up to1 b1 9 itself1 x 0 =e-orda9$4 ,n[ t ^! m\lds are brok51 & bo? m>riage & dea? may be said to h lo/ _! pre/ige z ! be-all & end-all ( drama1 ! playwright's range ( *oice is unlimit$1 & ! difficulty ( *oos+ has become inf9itely great]4 ,our com$ies are mu* m apt to beg9 ?an to end ) m>riage1 & dea? has come to be reg>d$ z a r *eap & conv5tional exp$i5t = cutt+ ! knots ( life4 ,f ! fact t ! difficulty becomes great] ! ne>] we approa* to reality1 x fur!r foll[s t ! high] ! =m ( drama1 ! m probable is x t ! dem&s ( tru? & ! requirem5ts ( dramatic effect may be f\nd to cla%4 ,9 melodrama1 ! curta9 falls ( its own accord1 s to speak1 :5 ! h&cuffs are transf]r$ f ! h]o's wri/s to ! villa9's4 ,9 an adv5ture-play1 :e!r f>cical or romantic1 :5 ! adv5ture is ov] ! play is done4 ,! au?or's task is m]ely to keep ! int]e/ ( ! adv5ture afoot until he is ready to drop 8 curta94 ,?is is a po9t ( craftsman%ip 9 :i* playwrights (t5 fail2 b x is a po9t ( craftsman%ip only4 ,9 plays ( a high] ord]1 on ! o!r h&1 ! difficulty is (t5 inh]5t 9 ! !me1 & n to be ov]come by any feat ( craftsman%ip4 ,if ! dramati/ 7 to es*ew all crises t c\ld n be made to resolve !mselves ) specifically dramatic crispness & decisiv5ess1 he w\ld v s]i\sly limit ! doma9 ( 8 art4 ,_m excell5t !mes w\ld be di/ort$ & ru9$ by hav+ an emphatic end+ =c$ ^u !m4 ,x is surely mu* bett] t !y %\ld be br\ght to _! natural unemphatic end+1 ?an t !y %\ld be ei!r falsifi$ or ignor$4 ,i sugge/1 !n1 t ! mod]n t5d5cy to take lightly ,ari/otle's dem& t ! drama %\ld h a beg9n+1 a middle1 & an end1 arises f ! nature ( ?+s1 & implies1 n necess>ily1 nor ev5 probably1 a decl9e 9 craftsman%ip1 b a new intimacy ( relation to life1 & a new s9c]ity ( arti/ic consci5ce4 ,i sugge/ t ! weak la/ act1 ( :i* critics s (t5 compla91 is a natural developm5t f :i* au?ors ought n1 on occasion1 to %r9k1 & ( :i* critics ought1 on occasion1 to recognize ! necessity4 ,to elevate x into a sy/em is absurd4 ,!re is c]ta9ly no m reason = delib]ately avoid+ an emphatic end+ ?an = me*anically =c+ "o4 ,b au?ors & critics alike %\ld le>n to di/+ui% ! !mes :i* d1 f ! !mes :i* d n1 call = a def9ite1 tr5*ant solution1 & %\ld h&le !m1 & judge !m1 9 accordance ) _! inh]5t quality4 ,let u1 h[ev]1 def9e our t]ms1 & be sure t we "k :at we are talk+ ab\t4 ,by an unemphatic end+ ,i am f> f mean+ a make%ift end+1 an end+ c>elessly & conv5tionally huddl$ up4 ,nor d ,i mean an indecisive end+1 :]e ! curta9 falls1 z ! say+ goes1 on a note ( int]rogation4 ,an unemphatic end+1 z ,i und]/& x1 is a delib]ate anticlimax1 an idyllic1 or elegiac1 or philosophic la/ act1 foll[+ ^u a p5ultimate act ( v mu* high] t5sion4 ,! disposition to condemn su* an end+ (f-h& is :at ,i am "h plead+ aga9/4 ,x is sometimes assum$ t ! playwright ought always to make 8 action conclude )9 five m9utes ( its culm9ation2 b = su* a h>d-&-fa/ rule ,i c f9d no suffici5t reason4 ,! consequ5ces ( a great emotional or spiritual crisis _c always be work$ out1 or ev5 =e%ad[$1 )9 s brief a space ( "t4 ,if1 aft] su* a crisis1 we are unwill+ to keep our seats = ano!r half-h\r1 9 ord] to le>n :at came ( x all1 ! au?or has evid5tly fail$ to awak5 9 u any real int]e/ 9 8 *>act]s4 ,a good in/ance ( ! unemphatic end+ is ! la/ act ( ,sir ,ar?ur ,p9]o's ,letty4 ,?is epilogue--s ! au?or calls x--has be5 d5\nc$ z a concession to popul> s5tim5tality1 & an unp>donable anticlimax4 ,an anticlimax x is1 beyond all d\bt2 b x does n foll[ t x is an arti/ic blemi%4 ,no?+ w\ld h be5 easi] ?an n to write x--to make ! play end ) ,letty's awak5+ f h] dream1 & h] flight f ,let*m]e's rooms4 ,b ! au?or has set =?1 n m]ely to int]e/ u 9 an adv5ture1 b to draw a "*2 & x 0 ess5tial to our full appreciation ( ,letty's "* t we %\ld "k :at1 aft] all1 %e made ( h] life4 ,:5 ,iris1 mo/ hapless ( wom51 w5t out into ! d>k1 !re 0 no?+ m t we ne$$ to "k ( h]4 ,we c\ld guess ! sequel only too easily4 ,b ! case ( ,letty 0 :olly diff]5t4 ,h] exit 0 an act ( w1 triumph+ ov] a =m ( temptation peculi>ly allur+ to h] temp]am5t4 ,!re 0 9 h] "* precisely t grit :i* ,iris lack$2 & we want$ to "k :at x w\ld d = h]4 ,?is 0 n a case = an indecisive end+1 a note ( int]rogation4 ,! au?or felt no d\bt z to ,letty's de/9y1 & he want$ to leave 8 audi5ce 9 no d\bt4 ,f ,iris's fate we 7 only too will+ to av]t our eyes2 b x w\ld h be5 a s5sible discom=t to u to be left 9 ! d>k ab\t ,letty's4 ,?is1 !n1 ,i reg>d z a typical in/ance ( ju/ifi$ anticlimax4 ,ano!r is ! idyllic la/ act ( ,! ,pr9cess & ! ,butt]fly1 9 :i*1 moreov]1 despite its comp>atively subdu$ tone1 ! t5sion is ma9ta9$ to ! end4 ,a v diff]5t matt] is ! ?ird act ( ,! ,b5efit ( ! ,d\bt1 already allud$ to4 ,?is is a pron\nc$ case ( ! make%ift end+1 inspir$ 7to all appe>ance7 simply by ! fact t ! play mu/ end someh[1 & t no bett] idea happ5s to pres5t itself4 ,admirable z are ! o!r acts1 "o is almo/ incl9$ to agree ) ,dumas t an au?or ought n to emb>k ^u a !me unless he =esees a bett] way out ( x ?an ?is4 ,x %\ld be not$1 too1 t ,! ,b5efit ( ! ,d\bt is a ?ree-act play1 & t1 9 a play laid out on ?is scale1 a :ole act ( anticlimax is necess>ily disproportionate4 ,x is "o ?+ to relax ! t5sion 9 ! la/ act out ( f\r or five2 q ano!r ?+ 9 ! la/ act out ( ?ree4 ,9 o!r words1 ! culm9at+ po9t ( a f\r-or five-act play may be plac$ 9 ! p5ultimate act2 9 a ?ree-act play1 x %\ld come1 at e>lie/1 9 ! p5ultimate sc5e4#a ,9 ! works ( ,mr4 ,h5ry ,ar?ur ,jones we f9d sev]al in/ances ( ! unemphatic la/ act--"s cle>ly ju/ifi$1 o!rs mu* less s4 ,among ! =m] ,i unhesitat+ly reckon ! f\r? act ( ,mrs4 ,dane's ,def5ce4 ,x w\ld n h be5 difficult1 b surely mo/ in>ti/ic1 to huddle up ! action 9 five m9utes aft] ,mrs4 ,dane's tragic collapse "u ,sir ,daniel ,c>t]et's cross-exam9ation4 ,%e might h tak5 poison & di$ 9 picturesque contortions on ! s(a2 or ,lionel might h defi$ all c\nsels ( prud5ce & gone (f ) h] 9 spite ( h] pa/2 or %e might h plac$ ,lionel's h& 9 ,janet's1 say+3 ,! game is up4 ,bless y1 my *ildr54 ,i am go+ into ! ne>e/ nunn]y4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ,mr4 ,jones br\ght 8 action to its natural close 9 a quiet1 suffici5tly adroit1 la/ act2 & ,i d n see t criticism has any j compla9t to make4 ,9 rec5t ,fr5* drama1 ,la ,d\l\reuse1 already cit$1 af=ds an excell5t in/ance ( a quiet la/ act4 ,aft] ! viol5t & he>tr5d+ rupture betwe5 ! lov]s 9 ! ?ird act1 we feel t1 ?\gh ?is p>oxysm ( pa9 is ju/ifi$ by ! circum/ances1 x w n la/ = ev]1 & ,philippe & ,hlne w come toge!r aga94 ,?is is also ,m4 ,donnay's view2 & he devotes 8 :ole la/ act1 q simply1 to a duologue ( reconciliation4 ,x seems to me a fault ( proportion1 h[ev]1 t he %\ld %ift 8 locality f ,p>is to ! ,rivi]a1 & %\ld place ! brief duologue 9 a romantic woodl& sc5e4 ,an act ( anticlimax %\ld be treat$1 s to speak1 z unpret5ti\sly z possible4 ,to inv5t an elaborate app>atus = x is to emphasize ! anticlimax by ?r[+ x into unnecess>y relief4 ,?is may be a conv5i5t place = a few words on ! mod]n fa%ion ( es*ew+ emphasis1 n only 9 la/ acts1 b at e po9t :]e ! old ,fr5* dramaturgy dem&$ x1 & especially 9 act-end+s4 ,pun* has a pleasant allusion to ?is t5d5cy 9 two sugge/$ exam9ation-pap]s = an ,academy ( ,dramati/s3 ,a--,,= ,,! ,,classical ,,side ,,only4 #a4 ,:at is a curta92 & h[ %\ld x be l$ up to8 ,b--,,= ,,! ,,mod]n ,,side ,,only4 #a4 ,:at is a curta92 & h[ c x be avoid$8 ,"s mod]n playwrights h fl$ 9 a sort ( panic f ! old picture-po/] situation to ! o!r extreme ( always dropp+ _! curta9 :5 ! audi5ce lea/ expects x4 ,?is is n a practice to be comm5d$4 ,"o has (t5 se5 an audi5ce q unnecess>ily *ill$ by a disconc]t+ curta94 ,!re %\ld be mod]ation ev5 9 ! %r9k+ f !atricality4 ,?is %r9k+ is p>ticul>ly m>k$1 ?\gh ,i d n say x is c>ri$ too f>1 9 ! plays ( ,mr4 ,galswor?y4 ,ev5 ! mo/ innoc5t tricks ( emphasis are to him sn>es ( ! ,evil ,"o4 ,he w\ld soon] die ?an drop 8 curta9 on a p>ticul>ly effective l9e4 ,x is 8 *ief ambition t y %\ld nev] disc]n any arrangem5t1 any int5tion1 9 8 "w4 ,z a rule1 ! only reason y c see = 8 do+ ?us or ?us is 8 desire t y %\ld see no reason = x4 ,he does n c>ry ?is t5d5cy1 z "s d1 to ! po9t ( ecc5tricity2 b he c]ta9ly goes z f> z any "o %\ld be advis$ to foll[4 ,a little fur!r1 & y incur ! dang] ( becom+ affect$ly unaffect$1 artificially in>tificial4 ,i am f> f plead+ = ! conv5tional tableau at ! end ( ea* act1 ) all ! *>act]s petrifi$1 z x 71 9 p5ny-pla9-twop5ce-col\r$ attitudes4 ,b x is c]ta9ly desirable t ! fall ( ! curta9 %\ld n take an audi5ce entirely by surprise1 & ev5 t ! spectator %\ld feel ! mom5t to be rightly *os51 ?\gh he might be unable to give any reason = 8 feel+4 ,moreov]--?is may seem a sup]-subtlety1 b "o has se5 x neglect$ ) notably bad effect--a playwright %\ld nev] let 8 audi5ce expect ! fall ( a curta9 at a giv5 po9t1 & !n balk _! expectancy1 unless he is sure t he holds 9 res]ve a m ?an adequate comp5sation4 ,!re is no?+ s dang]\s z to let a play1 or an act1 drag on :5 ! audi5ce feels 9 its he>t t x is really ov]1 & t ! re/ is sil5ce--or ought to be4 ,! end ( ,mr4 ,granville ,b>k]'s f9e play1 ,! ,voysey ,inh]itance1 0 injur$ by ! fact t1 sev]al m9utes be=e ! curta9 actually fell1 he _h giv5 :at seem$ an obvi\s cue = curta94 ,i d n say t :at foll[$ 0 sup]flu\s2 :at ,i d say is t ! au?or ought to h be5 c>eful n to let u imag9e t ! colloquy betwe5 ,edw>d & ,alice 0 ov] :5 9 fact x _h /ill "s m9utes to run4 ,an ev5 m rem>kable play1 ,! ,madras ,h\se1 0 ru9$1 on its fir/ night1 by a long f9al anticlimax4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 ! fault did n lie 9 awak5+ a premature expectation ( ! close1 b 9 ! fact t we someh[ 7 m int]e/$ 9 ! o!r *>act]s ( ! play ?an 9 ! pair :o held ! /age ?r\gh\t ! long conclud+ sc5e4 ,once m ,i turn to ,la ,d\l\reuse = an in/ance ( an admirable act-end+ ( ! quiet mod]n type4 ,! ?ird act--! t]rible p]ipety 9 ! love ( ,philippe & ,hlne--has run its agoniz+ c\rse1 & work$ itself out4 ,! old dramaturgy w\ld c]ta9ly h end$ ! sc5e ) a bang1 s to speak--a swoon or a scream1 a tableau ( desolation1 or1 at ! v lea/1 a piece ( te>ful rhetoric4 ,m4 ,donnay does no?+ ( ! sort4 ,he lets 8 lov]s unpack _! he>ts ) words until !y are exhau/$1 brok51 daz$ ) mis]y1 & h no?+ m to say4 ,!n ,hlne asks3 ,:at o'clock is x8 ,philippe looks at 8 wat*3 ,ne>ly sev54 ,i mu/ be go+--& %e dries h] eyes1 smoo!s h] hair1 pulls h]self toge!r1 9 a ^w1 to face ! _w aga94 ,! me*anical r\nd ( life re-ass]ts its hold ^u !m4 ,help me ) my cloak1 %e says2 & he holds h] mantle = h]1 & tucks 9 ! puff$ sleeves ( h] bl\se4 ,!n he takes up ! lamp & lights h] out--& ! curta9 falls4 ,a model curta96 99 99 99 99 99 ,footnote #a3 ,! fact t a great poet c ignore su* precepts ) impunity is prov$ by ! exquisite anticlimax ( ! ?ird act ( ,d',annunzio's ,la ,gioconda4 ,,*apt] ,,xix ,,conv]sion ,! read] may h notic$1 possibly ) surprise1 t "s ( ! /ock t]ms ( dramatic criticism occur b r>ely 9 ^! pages1 or n at all4 ,"o ( !m is dn\em5t4 ,accord+ to or?odox !ory1 ,i ought to h made ! dn\em5t ! subject ( a :ole *apt]1 if n ( a :ole book4 ,:y h ,i n done s8 ,= two reasons4 ,! less]1 b n negligible1 reason is t we possess no conv5i5t ,engli% ^w = ! unknott+ or dis5tangl+ ( a complication4 ,dn\em5t itself _c be plausibly ,angliciz$1 & no native ^w has z yet1 by common cons5t1 be5 accept$ z its equival5t4 ,i sometimes wi% we c\ld adopt1 & pr9t )\t italics1 ! excell5t & expressive ,greek ^w lusis2 b ,i _c1 on my own responsibility1 attempt s d>+ an innovation4 ,! second & det]m9+ reason = n mak+ ! dn\em5t "o ( ! heads ( my argum5t1 is t1 ! play ( intrigue be+ no long] ! dom9ant dramatic =m1 ! image ( dis5tangl+ has lo/ "s ( its special fitness4 ,x is only 9 a some:at /ra9$ & conv5tional s5se t ! t]m nodus1 or knot1 c be appli$ to ! sort ( crisis ) :i* ! mod]n drama normally deals2 & if we d n naturally ?9k ( ! crisis z a knot1 we naturally d n ?9k ( its close z an unknott+4 ,nev]!less1 !re are frequ5t cases 9 :i* ! end ( a play dep5ds on some?+ v l ! unravell+ ( a tangl$ ske92 & /ill m (t51 p]haps1 is x br\ght ab\t ?r\gh ! loos5+ ( "s knot 9 ! m9d ( "o or m ( ! *>act]s4 ,?is 0 ! *>act]i/ic end ( ! old com$y4 ,! heavy fa!r1 or cantank]\s gu>dian1 :o = f\r acts & a half _h /ood betwe5 ! lov]s1 sudd5ly *ang$ 8 m9d1 & all 0 well4 ,ev5 by our ance/ors ?is 0 reckon$ a r too simple me?od ( dis5tanglem5t4 ,lisideius1 9 ,dryd5's dialogue1#a 9 enum]at+ ! po9ts 9 :i* ! ,fr5* drama is sup]ior to ! ,engli% notes t-- ,y nev] see any ( _! plays end ) a conv]sion1 or simple *ange ( w1 :i* is ! ord9>y way :i* our poets use to end !irs4 ,x %ew little art 9 ! conclusion ( a dramatick poem1 :5 !y :o h h9d]$ ! felicity dur+ ! f\r acts1 desi/ f x 9 ! fif?1 )\t "s p[]ful cause to take !m (f _! design4 ,! rem>k ( ,lisideius is sugge/$ by a passage 9 ,corneille1 :o in/ances1 z an apt & arti/ic me?od ( br++ ab\t ! conv]sion ( a heavy fa!r1 t 8 daught]'s lov] %\ld e>n 8 gratitude by rescu+ him f assass9ation6 ,conv]sions1 closely exam9$1 w be f\nd to fall into two classes3 *anges 9 volition1 & *anges 9 s5tim5t4 ,x 0 ! =m] class t ,dryd5 _h 9 m9d2 &1 ) ref]5ce to ?is class1 ! pr9ciple he indicates rema9s a s\nd "o4 ,a *ange ( resolve %\ld nev] be due to a m]e lapse ( "t--to ! necessity = br++ ! curta9 d[n & lett+ ! audi5ce g home4 ,x mu/ always be r5d]$ plausible by "s new fact or new motive3 "s hi!rto untri$ appeal to reason or emotion4 ,?is rule1 h[ev]1 is too obvi\s to require en=cem5t4 ,x 0 n q sup]flu\s s long z ! old conv5tion ( com$y endur$4 ,= a c5tury & a half aft] ,dryd5's "t1 h>d-he>t$ p>5ts 7 apt to )draw _! opposition to _! *ildr5's felicity = no bett] reason ?an t ! fif? act 0 draw+ to a close4 ,b ?is =mula is practically obsolete4 ,*anges ( w1 on ! mod]n /age1 are n always adequately motiv$2 b t is because ( individual inexp]tness1 n because ( any failure to recognize !oretically ! necessity = adequate motivation4 ,*anges ( s5tim5t are mu* m important & m difficult to h&le4 ,a *ange ( w c always manife/ itself 9 action b x is v difficult to ext]nalize conv9c+ly a m]e *ange ( he>t4 ,:5 ! conclusion ( a play h+es 7z x frequ5tly does7 on a conv]sion ( ?is nature1 x becomes a matt] ( ! fir/ mom5t t x %\ld n m]ely be ass]t$1 b prov$4 ,_m a promis+ play has gone wrong because ( ! au?or's neglect1 or inability1 to comply ) ?is condition4 ,x has (t5 be5 obs]v$ t ( all ,ibs5's ?or\ghly mature works1 f ,a ,doll's ,h\se to ,john ,gabriel ,borkman1 ,! ,lady f ! ,sea is ! loose/ 9 texture1 ! lea/ ma/]ly 9 con/ruction4 ,! fact t x leaves ?is impression on ! m9d is l>gely due1 ,i ?9k1 to a s+le fault4 ,! conclusion ( ! play--,ellida's cl++ to ,wangel & rejection ( ! ,/rang]--dep5ds entirely on a *ange 9 ,wangel's m5tal attitude1 ( :i* we h no pro( :atev] beyond 8 b>e ass]tion4 ,ellida1 9 h] ov]wr\ght mood1 is evid5tly incl9+ to yield to ! uncanny allurem5t ( ! ,/rang]'s claim ^u h]1 :5 ,wangel1 realiz+ t h] sanity is ?reat5$1 says3 ,,wangel3 ,x %all n come to t4 ,!re is no o!r way ( deliv]ance = y--at lea/ ,i see none4 ,& !re=e--!re=e ,i--cancel our b>ga9 on ! spot4 ,n[ y c *oose y\r own pa?1 9 full--full fre$om4 ,,ellida 7,gazes at him a:ile1 z if spee*less73 ,is ?is true--true--:at y say8 ,d y mean x--f y\r inmo/ he>t8 ,,wangel3 ,yes--f ! inmo/ dep?s ( my tortur$ he>t1 ,i mean x4444 ,n[ y\r own true life c return to its--its "r groove aga94 ,= n[ y c *oose 9 fre$om2 & on y\r own responsibility1 ,ellida4 ,,ellida3 ,9 fre$om--& on my own responsibility8 ,responsibility8 ,?is--?is trans=ms ev]y?+4 --& %e promptly gives ! ,/rang] 8 dismissal4 ,n[ ?is is inevitably felt to be a weak conclusion1 because x turns entirely on a condition ( ,wangel's m9d ( :i* he gives no positive & conv9c+ evid5ce4 ,no?+ mat]ial is *ang$ by 8 *ange ( he>t4 ,he c\ld n 9 any case h re/ra9$ ,ellida by =ce2 or1 if ! law gave him ! ab/ract "r to d s1 he c]ta9ly nev] _h ! slighte/ int5tion ( ex]cis+ x4 ,psy*ologically1 inde$1 ! incid5t is acceptable en\gh4 ,! san] "p ( ,ellida's w 0 always on ,wangel's side2 & a m]ely v]bal undo+ ( ! b>ga9 ) :i* %e reproa*$ h]self might q naturally suffice to turn ! scale decisively 9 8 fav\r4 ,b :at may suffice = ,ellida is n en\gh = ! audi5ce4 ,too mu* is made to hang ^u a v]bally ann\nc$ conv]sion4 ,! poet ought to h inv5t$ "s mat]ial--or1 at ! v lea/1 "s impressively symbolic--pro( ( ,wangel's *ange ( he>t4 ,_h he done s1 ,! ,lady f ! ,sea w\ld assur$ly h tak5 a high] rank among 8 works4 ,let me fur!r illu/rate my po9t by comp>+ a v small ?+ ) a v great4 ,! late ,capta9 ,m>%all wrote a f>cical romance nam$ ,! ,duke ( ,killiecrankie1 9 :i* t nobleman1 hav+ be5 aga9 & aga9 reject$ by ! ,lady ,h5rietta ,addison1 kidnapp$ ! obdurate fair "o1 & imprison$ h] 9 a crag-ca/le 9 ! ,highl&s4 ,hav+ kept h] = a week 9 def]5tial durance1 & %[n h] t he 0 n ! ineffici5t n9compoop %e _h tak5 him =1 he ?rew op5 ! prison gate1 & said to h]3 ,g6 ,i set y free6 ,! mom5t %e saw ! gate unlock$1 & realiz$ t %e c\ld inde$ g :5 & :]e %e pleas$1 %e also realiz$ t %e _h n ! lea/ wi% to g1 & flung h]self into h] captor's arms4 ,"h we h ,ibs5's situation transpos$ into ! key ( fantasy1 & provid$ ) ! mat]ial gu>antee ( good fai? :i* is lack+ 9 ,! ,lady f ! ,sea4 ,! ,duke's *ange ( m9d1 8 w to set ! ,lady ,h5rietta free1 is visibly demon/rat$ by ! actual op5+ ( ! prison gate1 s t we believe 9 x1 & believe t %e believes 9 x4 ,! play 0 a trivial affair1 & is des]v$ly =gott52 b ! situation 0 effective because x obey$ ! law t a *ange ( w or ( feel+1 occurr+ at a crucial po9t 9 a dramatic action1 mu/ be c]tifi$ by "s ext]nal evid5ce1 on pa9 ( leav+ ! audi5ce unimpress$4 ,?is is a m important matt] ?an x may at fir/ sight appe>4 ,h[ to br+ home to ! audi5ce a decisive *ange ( he>t is "o ( ! ev]-recurr+ problems ( ! playwright's craft4 ,9 ,! ,lady f ! ,sea1 ,ibs5 fail$ to solve x3 9 ,rosm]%olm he solv$ x by h]oic measures4 ,! :ole cata/rophe is det]m9$ by ,rosm]'s inability to accept )\t pro( ,rebecca's decl>ation t ,rosm]%olm has ennobl$ h]1 & t %e is no long] ! same woman ^: rel5tless egoism drove ,beata into ! mill-race4 ,rebecca h]self puts x to him3 ,h[ c y believe me on my b>e ^w aft] to-day8 ,!re is only "o pro( %e c give--t ( go+ ! way ,beata w5t4 ,%e gives x3 & ,rosm]1 :o _c believe h] if %e lives1 & w n survive h] if %e dies1 goes ) h] to h] end4 ,b ! cases are n v frequ5t1 =tunately1 9 :i* su* dra/ic me?ods ( pro( are appropriate or possible4 ,! dramati/ mu/1 z a rule1 atta9 8 end by less viol5t means2 & (t5 he fails to atta9 x at all4 ,a play by ,mr4 ,haddon ,*amb]s1 ,! ,awak5+1 turn$ on a sudd5 conv]sion--! awak5+1 9 fact1 ref]r$ to 9 ! title4 ,a pr(essional lady-kill]1 a not$ ,don ,juan1 has be5 idly mak+ love to a c\ntry maid51 ^: he>t is full ( innoc5t idealisms4 ,%e discov]s 8 true "*1 or1 at any rate1 8 reputation1 & is horror-/rick51 :ile practically at ! same mom5t1 he awak5s to ! error ( 8 ways1 & is seiz$ ) a passion = h] z s+le m9d$ & ideali/ic z h]s = him4 ,b h[ are ! h]o9e & ! audi5ce to be assur$ ( ! fact8 ,t is j ! difficulty2 & ! au?or takes no effectual measures to ov]come x4 ,! h]o9e1 ( c\rse1 is ultimately conv9c$2 b ! audi5ce rema9s sceptical1 to ! detrim5t ( ! desir$ effect4 ,sceptical1 p]haps1 is n q ! "r ^w4 ,! /ate ( m9d ( a fictiti\s "* is n a subject = actual belief or disbelief4 ,we are b\nd to accept !oretically :at ! au?or tells u2 b 9 ?is case he has fail$ to make u intimately feel & "k t x is true4#b ,9 ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,sutro's play ,! ,build] ( ,bridges1 ,doro?y ,f>+ay1 9 h] devotion to h] =g] bro!r1 has conceiv$ ! r disgraceful s*eme ( mak+ "o ( 8 (ficial sup]iors fall 9 love ) h]1 9 ord] to induce him to become practically an accomplice 9 h] bro!r's crime4 ,%e succe$s beyond h] hopes4 ,edw>d ,?ursfield does fall 9 love ) h]1 &1 at a great sacrifice1 replaces ! money ! bro!r has /ol54 ,b1 9 a v p[]ful p]ipety-sc5e 9 ! ?ird act1 ,?ursfield le>ns t ,doro?y has be5 delib]ately beguil+ him1 :ile 9 fact %e 0 engag$ to ano!r man4 ,! tru? is1 h[ev]1 t %e has really come to love ,?ursfield passionately1 & has brok5 h] engagem5t ) ! o!r1 = :om %e nev] truly c>$4 ,s ! au?or tells u1 & s we are will+ en\gh to believe--if he c devise any adequate me?od ( mak+ ,?ursfield believe x4 ,mr4 ,sutro's h&l+ ( ! difficulty seems to me fairly1 b n conspicu\sly1 successful4 ,i cite ! case z a typical in/ance ( ! problem1 ap>t f ! m]its or dem]its ( ! solution4 ,x may be said t ! difficulty ( br++ home to u ! reality ( a revulsion ( feel+1 or a radical *ange ( m5tal attitude1 is only a p>ticul> case ( ! playwright's g5]al problem ( conv9c+ly ext]naliz+ inw>d conditions & processes4 ,t is true3 b ! special importance ( a conv]sion :i* unties ! knot & br+s ! curta9 d[n seem$ to r5d] x wor?y ( special consid]ation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,footnote #a3 ,( ,dramatic ,poesy1 ed4 ,arnold1 #aijc1 p4 #ea4 ,footnote #b3 ,9 ,mr4 ,som]set ,maugham's ,grace ! h]o9e und]goes a some:at analog\s *ange ( he>t1 com+ to love ! husb& :om %e has previ\sly despis$4 ,b we h no difficulty 9 accept+ h] conv]sion1 p>tly because its reasons are cle> & fairly adequate1 p>tly because !re is no "q ( conv9c+ ! husb&1 :o has nev] realiz$ h] previ\s contempt = him4 ,,*apt] ,,xx ,,bl9d-,,alley ,,!mes--,,& ,,o!rs ,a bl9d-alley !me1 z its "n imports1 is "o f :i* !re is no exit4 ,x is a problem incapable ( solution1 or1 r1 ( :i* all possible solutions are equally unsatisfactory & undesirable4 ,! playwright _c too soon make sure t he has n /ray$ into su* a no-?or\ghf>e4 ,:e!r an end be comic or tragic1 romantic or ironic1 happy or disa/r\s1 x %\ld satisfy some?+ )9 u--our s5se ( tru?1 or ( beauty1 or ( sublimity1 or ( ju/ice1 or ( hum\r1 or1 at ! lea/ or l[e/1 our cynical s5se ( ! bas5ess ( human nature1 & ! vanity ( human aspirations4 ,b a play :i* satisfies nei!r our high] nor our l[] in/9cts1 baffles our sympa?ies1 & leaves our desires at fault betwe5 equally inacceptable alt]natives--su* a play1 :atev] beauties ( detail x may possess1 is a we>9ess ( ! _s1 & an arti/ic blund]4 ,!re are 9 lit]ature two conspicu\s examples ( ! bl9d-alley !me--two fam\s plays1 :]e9 two h]o9es are plac$ 9 some:at simil> dilemmas1 :i* m]ely p>alyse our sympa?ies & inhibit our moral judgm5t4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is ,measure = ,measure4 ,if ev] !re 0 an insoluble problem 9 casui/ry1 x is t :i* ,%akespe>e has "h *os5 to pres5t to u4 ,isabella is =c$ to *oose betwe5 :at we c only describe z two dete/able evils4 ,if %e resi/s ,angelo1 & lets h] bro!r die1 %e recoils f an act ( self-sacrifice2 &1 al?\gh we may coldly approve1 we _c admire or take pleasure 9 h] action4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 %e det]m9es at all co/s to save h] bro!r's life1 h] sacrifice is a ?+ f :i* we want only to av]t ! m9d3 x belongs to ! region ( :at ,ari/otle calls to mi>on1 ! odi\s & intol]able4 ,%akespe>e1 inde$1 confesses ! problem insoluble 9 ! fact t he leaves x unsolv$--evad+ x by means ( a m$iaeval trick4 ,b :]e1 !n1 0 ! use ( pres5t+ x8 ,:at is ! arti/ic pr(it ( lett+ ! imag9ation play ar\nd a problem :i* m]ely baffles & repels x8 ,s>d\1 inde$1 pres5t$ ! same problem1 n z ! !me ( a :ole play1 b only ( a s+le act2 & he solv$ x by mak+ ,floria ,tosca kill ,sc>pia4 ,?is is a solution :i*1 at any rate1 satisfies our crav+ = crude ju/ice1 & is melodramatically effective4 ,%akespe>e probably ignor$ x1 p>tly because x 0 n 9 8 s\rces1 p>tly because1 = "s obscure reason1 he suppos$ himself to be writ+ a com$y4 ,! result is t1 ?\gh ! play conta9s "s wond]ful poetry1 & has be5 f "t to "t reviv$1 x has nev] tak5 any real hold ^u popul> e/eem4 ,! second gl>+ in/ance ( a bl9d-alley !me is t ( ,monna ,vanna4 ,we h all ( u1 ,i suppose1 /umbl$1 ei!r z actors or onlook]s1 into pa9ful situations1 :i* n ev5 a miracle ( tact c\ld possibly save4 ,z a rule1 ( c\rse1 !y are comic1 & ! agony !y cause may f9d a safety-valve 9 laught]4 ,b sometimes !re occurs "s dete/able incid5t1 ov] :i* x is equally impossible to laugh & to weep4 ,! wise/ words1 ! mo/ graceful acts1 are ( no avail4 ,"o longs only to s9k into ! e>?1 or vani% into ?9 air4 ,su* a situation1 on ! l>ge/ possible scale1 is t pres5t$ 9 ,monna ,vanna4 ,x diff]s f t ( ,measure = ,measure 9 ! fact t !re c be no d\bt z to ! moral aspect ( ! case4 ,x is q cle> t ,giovanna ought to sacrifice h]self to save1 n "o pul+ ,claudio1 b a :ole city full ( m51 wom51 & *ildr54 ,:at %e does is absolutely "r2 b ! conjuncture is none ! less a grotesque & dete/able "o1 :i* ought to be talk$ ab\t & ?\ght ab\t z little z possible4 ,e ^w t is utt]$ is a failure 9 tact4 ,guido1 ! husb&1 behaves1 9 ! fir/ act1 ) a viol5t egoism1 :i* is c]ta9ly lack+ 9 dignity2 b w any "o tell me :at w\ld be a dignifi$ c\rse = him to pursue "u ! circum/ances8 ,! sage old ,m>co1 too--t fifte5?-c5tury ,r5an--fl\nd]s j z pa9fully z ! hot-head$ ,guido4 ,x is ! fatality ( ! case t he _c op5 8 m\? )\t putt+ 8 foot 9 x2 & a !me :i* exposes a well-mean+ old g5tleman to ?is pa9ful necessity is "o by all means to be avoid$4 ,! fact t x is a false al>m1 & t !re is no rational explanation = ,pr9zivalle's wanton insult to a woman :om he rev]5tly idolizes1 9 no way makes matt]s bett]4#a ,n ! lea/ grotesque ?+ 9 ! play is ,giovanna's expectation t ,guido w receive ,pr9zivalle ) op5 arms because he has--*ang$ 8 m9d4 ,we c feel nei!r approval nor disapproval1 sympa?y nor antipa?y1 9 su* a deplorable conjunction ( circum/ances4 ,all we wi% is t we _h n be5 call$ ^u to contemplate x4#b ,maet]l9ck1 l ,%akespe>e1 0 simply dally+ ) ! idea ( a squalid h]oism--s squalid1 inde$1 t nei!r he nor 8 pr$ecessor _h ! c\rage to c>ry x ?r\gh4 ,pray obs]ve t ! defect ( ^! two !mes is n m]ely t !y are unpleasant4 ,x is t !re is no possible way out ( !m :i* is n worse ?an unpleasant3 humiliat+1 & di/ress+4 ,let ! playwright1 !n1 be=e emb>k+ on a !me1 make sure t he has "s sort ( satisfaction to (f] u at ! end1 if x be only ! pessimi/ic pleasure ( realiz+ "s "p ( ! bitt]1 old & wr9kl$ tru? ab\t life4 ,! crimes ( de/9y !re is "s pr(it 9 contemplat+2 b its /upid vulg>ities m9i/] nei!r to pr(it nor delight4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x may n be sup]flu\s to give at ?is po9t a little li/ ( subjects :i*1 ?\gh n bl9d-alley !mes1 are equally to be avoid$4 ,"s ( !m1 inde$1 are ! rev]se ( bl9d-alley !mes1 _! drawback ly+ 9 ! fact t ! way out ( !m is too t$i\sly app>5t4 ,at ! head ( ?is li/ ,i w\ld place :at may be call$ ! :ite m>riage !me3 n because x is ineffective1 b because its effectiv5ess is v *eap & has be5 sadly ov]done4 ,x occurs 9 two v>ieties3 ei!r a pr\d b p5niless damsel is m>ri$ to a weal?y p>v5u1 or a woman ( culture & ref9em5t is m>ri$ to a r\gh diamond4 ,9 bo? cases ! action consi/s ( ! trans=mation ( a nom9al into a real m>riage2 & x is almo/ impossible1 9 ^! days1 to l5d any novelty to ! process4 ,9 ! good old ,lady ( ,lyons ! !me 0 deck$ 9 trapp+s ( romantic absurdity1 :i* someh[ h>moniz$ ) x4 ,"o c\ld he> 9 x a f>-(f e*o ( revolution>y rodomontade4 ,! social aspect ( ! matt] 0 emphasiz$1 & ! satire on middle-class snobb]y 0 cruelly effective4 ,! p]sonal aspect1 on ! o!r h&--! unfulfilm5t ( ! nom9al m>riage--0 lightly & discreetly h&l$1 accord+ to e>ly-,victorian conv5tion4 ,9 lat] days--f ! "t ( ,m4 ,george ,ohnet's ,matre de ,=ges onw>ds--?is is ! aspect on :i* playwrights h pref]r$ to dwell4 ,usually1 ! !me %ades (f into ! almo/ equally hackney$ ,/ill ,wat]s ,run ,deep !me2 = !re is apt to be an ari/ocratic lov] :om ! unpoli%$ b =midable husb& ?reat5s to %oot or horse:ip1 & !reby ov]comes ! la/ remnant ( repugnance 9 ! brea/ ( 8 haughty sp\se4 ,9 ,! ,ironma/] ! lov] 0 call$ ! ,duc de ,bligny1 or1 m commonly1 ! ,dook de ,ble5y2 b he has appe>$ "u _m aliases4 ,9 ! *ief ,am]ican v]sion ( ! !me1 ,mr4 ,vaughn ,moody's ,great ,divide1 ! lov] is disp5s$ ) altoge!r1 be+ inconsi/5t1 no d\bt1 ) ! au/]e mann]s ( ,mil=d ,corn]s1 ,mass4 ,9 "o ( ! rec5t ,fr5* v]sions1 on ! o!r h&--,m4 ,b]n/e9's ,samson--! ari/ocratic lov] is almo/ z important a "* z ! virile1 ma/]ful1 plebeian husb&4 ,x appe>s f ?is survey--:i* might be l>gely ext5d$--t !re are sev]al ways ( h&l+ ! !me2 b !re is no way ( r5ew+ & deconv5tionaliz+ x4 ,no d\bt x has a long life be=e x on ! plane ( popul> melodrama1 b sc>cely1 "o hopes1 on any high] plane4 ,ano!r !me :i* ought to be relegat$ to ! !atrical lumb]-room is t ( pati5t1 invet]ate rev5ge4 ,?is =m ( v9dictiv5ess is1 f a dramatic po9t ( view1 an outworn passion4 ,x is too obvi\sly irrational & anti-social to pass mu/] 9 mod]n co/ume4 ,! actual v5detta may possibly survive 9 "s semi-b>b>\s regions1 & ,grang]=ds & ,%eph]dsons 7z 9 ,m>k ,twa9's immortal romance7 may /ill be %oot+ ea* o!r at sight4 ,b ^! ?+s are relics ( ! pa/2 !y d n belong to ! normal1 typical life ( our "t4 ,x is useless to say t human nature is ! same 9 all ages4 ,t is "o ( ! facile axioms ( psy*ological incompet5ce4 ,f> be x f me to d5y t malice1 hatr$1 spite1 & ! _s ( retaliation are1 & w be until ! mill5nium1 among ! mo/ active =ces 9 human nature4 ,b mo/ p are com+ to recognize t life is too %ort = delib]ate1 elaborate1 cold-drawn rev5ge4 ,!y w hit back :5 !y conv5i5tly c2 !y w *]i% = half a lifetime a passive1 an ob/ructive1 ill-w2 !y w ev5 await = ye>s an opportunity ( gett+ _! knife into an enemy4 ,b !y h gr[n *>y ( cutt+ (f _! nose to spite _! face2 !y w v r>ely sacrifice _! own com=t 9 life to ! m]e joy ( protract$1 elaborate reprisals4 ,vitriol & ! revolv]--an outbur/ ( rage1 culm9at+ 9 a %ort1 %>p %ock--^! belong1 if y w1 to mod]n life4 ,b long-drawn1 unha/+1 unre/+ ma*9ation1 ) no end 9 view beyond an ultimate unmask+1 a turn ( ! tables--9 a ^w1 a /rong situation--?is1 ,i take x1 belongs to a phase ( exi/5ce m leisurely ?an ours4 ,!re is no room 9 our cr[d$ c5tury = su* l>ge & su/a9$ passions4 ,"o c\ld m5tion plays--b !y are happily =gott5--9 :i* retribution 0 delay$ = "s ?irty or =ty ye>s1 dur+ :i* ! unconsci\s object ( x enjoy$ a happy & prosp]\s exi/5ce4 ,^!1 no d\bt1 are extreme in/ances2 b cold-/orage rev5ge1 z a :ole1 ought to be z r>e on ! /age z x is 9 real life4 ,! s]i\s playwright w d well to leave x to ! melodramati/s4 ,a ?ird !me to be h&l$ ) ! greate/ caution1 if at all1 is t ( h]oic self-sacrifice4 ,n t self-sacrifice1 l rev5ge1 is an outworn passion4 ,x /ill rages 9 daily life2 b no audi5ce ( av]age intellig5ce w to-day accept x ) ! uncritical admiration :i* x us$ to excite 9 ! s5tim5tal dramas ( la/ c5tury4 ,ev5 !n--ev5 9 #ahfi--,meilhac & ,halvy1 9 _! ev]-memorable ,fr\fr\1 %[$ :at disa/]s (t5 result f x2 b x reta9$ its pre/ige ) ! av]age playwright--& ) "s :o 7 above ! av]age--= _m a day aft] t4 ,i c recall a play1 by a liv+ ,engli% au?or1 9 :i* a ,colonel 9 ! ,indian ,army plead$ guilty to a damn+ *>ge ( c[>dice r ?an all[ a lady :om he *ivalr\sly ador$ to le>n t x 0 h] husb& :o 0 ! real c[>d & traitor4 ,he knew t ! lady dete/$ h] husb&2 he knew t !y _h no *ildr5 to suff] by ! husb&'s disgrace2 he knew t !re 0 a q probable way by :i* he might h cle>$ 8 own "* )\t ca/+ any imputation on ! o!r man4 ,b 9 a %e] fr5zy ( self-sacrifice he bla/$ 8 own c>e]1 & !reby inflict$ f> great] pa9 ^u ! woman he lov$ ?an if he _h told ! tru? or suff]$ x to be told4 ,& tw5ty ye>s aft]w>ds1 :5 ! villa9 0 dead1 ! h]o /ill resolutely refus$ to cle> 8 own "*1 le/ ! villa9's wid[ %\ld le>n ! tru? ab\t h] :olly unlam5t$ husb&4 ,?is 0 an extravagant & *ildi% case2 b ! sup]/ition ( h]oic self-sacrifice /ill l+]s 9 c]ta9 qu>t]s1 & _c be too soon eradicat$4 ,i d n mean1 ( c\rse1 t self-sacrifice is nev] admirable1 b only t x c no long] be accept$ z a ?+ inh]5tly noble1 ap>t f its circum/ances & its consequ5ces4 ,an excell5t play might be writt5 ) ! express design ( plac+ ! e?ics ( self-sacrifice 9 _! true light4 ,p]haps ! up%ot might be ! recognition ( ! simple pr9ciple t x is immoral to make a sacrifice :i* ! p]son suppos$ to b5efit by x has no "r to accept4 ,ano!r motive aga9/ :i* x is p]haps n q sup]flu\s to w>n ! aspir+ playwright is ! voix du sang4 ,x is only a few ye>s s9ce ?is miracul\s voice 0 he>d speak+ l\d & long 9 ,8 ,maje/y's ,!atre1 ,london1 & 9 a play by a no less mod]n-m9d$ au?or ?an ! late ,clyde ,fit*4 ,x 0 call$ ,! ,la/ ( ! ,d&ies1#c & its h]o 0 ,c\nt ,d',orsay4 ,at a giv5 mom5t1 ,d',orsay le>n$ t a "y man kn[n z ,"l ,ra\l ,ardale 0 9 reality 8 son4 ,in/antly ! man ( ! _w1 ! squire ( dames1 w5t (f into a deliquium ( t5d] emotion4 ,= my bo--oy he w\ld d any?+ & ev]y?+4 ,he w\ld g d[n to ,crock=d's & w9 a pot ( money to pay my boy's debts--,=tune c\ld n b be k9d to a dot+ p>5t4 ,9 ! beautiful simplicity ( 8 s\l1 he look$ =w>d ) eag] delight to tell+ ,ra\l t ! "m he ador$ 0 no bett] ?an %e %\ld be1 & t he _h no "r to 8 "n or title4 ,n = a mom5t did he d\bt t ! "y man w\ld %>e 8 transports4 ,:5 ! "m oppos$ 8 purpose ( betray+ h] secret1 he wept ) disappo9tm5t4 ,all day1 he said1 ,i h be5 say+ to myself3 ,:5 t sun sets1 ,i %all he> him say1 ',good-night1 ,fa!r6' ,he po/ulat$ 9 s _m words ! voix du sang1 tru/+ t1 ev5 if ! revelation 7 n =mally made1 ,nature w\ld s5d ! boy "s impulse ( filial affection4 ,x is h>d to believe--b x is ! fact--t1 well )9 ! pres5t c5tury1 su* +5u\s nons5se z ?is 0 gravely pres5t$ to ! public ( a lead+ !atre1 by an au?or ( ke5 intellig5ce1 :o1 b = an unhappy accid5t1 w\ld n[ be at ! z5i? ( 8 c>e]4 ,!re are few m fooli% conv5tions ?an t ( ! voix du sang4 ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 ! ris+ g5]ation ( playwrights has m ne$ to be w>n$ aga9/ ! opposite or ,%awesque conv5tion1 t k9%ip utt]s itself ma9ly 9 wrangl+ & mutual dislike4 ,among inh]5tly feeble & greatly ov]done exp$i5ts may be reckon$ ! oa? or promise ( secrecy1 exact$ = no suffici5t reason1 & kept 9 defiance ( common s5se & common humanity4 ,"l ,w9d]m]e's conduct 9 ,osc> ,wilde's play is a case 9 po9t1 ?\gh he has n ev5 an oa? to excuse 8 ins5sate secretiv5ess4 ,a /ill cle>] in/ance is af=d$ by ,clyde ,fit*'s play ,! ,girl ) ! ,gre5 ,eyes4 ,9 o!r respects a v able play1 x is vitiat$ by ! c]ta9ty t ,au/9 ought to h1 & w\ld h1 told ! tru? t5 times ov]1 r ?an subject 8 wife's jeal\s disposition to ! /ra9 he puts ^u x4 ,x w\ld n be difficult to prolong ?is catalogue ( !mes & motives t h come d[n 9 ! _w1 & are no long] pres5table 9 any society t pret5ds to intellig5ce4 ,b x is ne$less to ent] into fur!r details4 ,!re is a g5]al rule1 ( sov]eign efficacy1 = avoid+ su* ana*ronisms3 ,g to life = y\r !mes1 & n to ! !atre4 ,obs]ve t rule1 & y are safe4 ,b x is easi] said ?an done4 99 99 99 99 99 ,footnote #a3 ,i h good reason = believ+ t1 9 ,m4 ,maet]l9ck's orig9al s*eme1 ,pr9zivalle impos$ no su* humiliat+ condition4 ,giovanna w5t ( h] own motive to appeal to 8 clem5cy2 & h] success 0 s complete t h] husb&1 on h] return1 c\ld n believe t x _h be5 won by av[able means4 ,?is is a really f9e conception--:at a pity t ! poet dep>t$ f x6 ,footnote #b3 ,mu* has be5 made ( ! ,c5sor's refusal to lic5se ,monna ,vanna2 b ,i ?9k !re is m to be said = 8 action 9 ?is ?an 9 _m o!r cases4 ,9 ^? c\ntries :]e ! play has succe$$1 ,i _c b suspect t ! appeal x made 0 n :olly to ! high] in/9cts ( ! public4 ,footnote #c3 ,i am n sure :at 0 ! precise relation%ip ( ?is play to ! same au?or's ,beau ,brummel4 ,d',orsay's dea? sc5e 0 c]ta9ly a repetition ( ,brummel's4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi ,,! ,,full ,,close ,9 an e>li] *apt]1 ,i h tri$ to %[ t a c]ta9 tol]ance = anticlimax1 = a f\r? or fif? act ( calm aft] ! /orm ( ! p5ultimate act1 is consonant ) "r reason1 & is a practically inevitable result ( a really intimate relation betwe5 drama & life4 ,b x w\ld be a complete misund]/&+ ( my argum5t to suppose t ,i d5y ! practical1 & ev5 ! arti/ic1 sup]iority ( ^? !mes 9 :i* ! t5sion c be ma9ta9$ & height5$ to ! v end4 ,! fact t trag$y has f ( old be5 recogniz$ z a high] =m ?an com$y is p>tly due1 no d\bt1 to ! tragic poet's traditional "r to r\nd (f a human de/9y 9 dea?4 ,call no man happy till 8 life be end$1 said ,sophocles1 quot+ f an e>li] sage2 & x ne$$ no pr(undity ( wisdom to recognize 9 ! happy end+ ( com$y a conv5tional1 ephem]al ?+4 ,b :51 aft] all ! p]ipeties ( life1 ! h]o home has gone & ta'en 8 wages1 we feel t1 at any rate1 we h look$ de/9y squ>ely 9 ! face1 )\t evasion or subt]fuge4 ,p]haps ! true ju/ification ( trag$y z a =m ( art is t1 aft] ?is exp]i5ce1 we %\ld feel life to be1 n less wor? liv+1 b great] & m significant ?an be=e4 ,?is is no place1 h[ev]1 = a discussion ( ! ae/hetic basis ( trag$y 9 g5]al4#a ,:at is "h requir$1 f ! po9t ( view ( craftsman%ip1 is n s mu* a glorification ( ! tragic end+1 z a w>n+ aga9/ its facile misuse4 ,a v great play may1 & (t5 mu/1 end 9 dea?2 b y _c make a play great by simply kill+ (f y\r protagoni/4 ,dea? is1 aft] all1 a v inexp5sive means ( avoid+ anticlimax4 ,t5sion1 z we saw1 is symboliz$ 9 ! sword ( ,damocles2 & x c always be ma9ta9$1 9 a me*anical way1 by lett+ y\r h]o play ab\t ) a revolv]1 or plac+ an ov]dose ( *loral well )9 y\r h]o9e's rea*4 ,at ! "t :5 ! ,engli% drama 0 awak+ f ! le?>gy ( ! 'sev5ties1 an idea got abroad t a non-sangu9>y end+ 0 always & necess>ily in>ti/ic1 & t a self-respect+ playwright mu/ at all haz>ds kill somebody be=e dropp+ 8 curta94 ,?is 0 an extravagant reaction aga9/ ! purely comm]cial pr9ciple t ! public w\ld n1 on any t]ms1 accept a tragic end+4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! mortality 0 n v great2 = manag]s 7 resolute 9 ! old belief1 & few dramati/s _h ! c\rage or au?ority to /& up aga9/ !m4 ,b ,i h (t5 he>d playwrights lam5t+ _! inability to massacre ! luckless *ildr5 ( _! fancy1 :o1 n9e times out ( t51 _h done no?+ to incur su* a doom4 ,! real tr\ble 0 t dea? seem$ to be ! only me?od ( avoid+ anticlimax4 ,x is a v s\nd rule t1 be=e y det]m9e to write a trag$y1 y %\ld make sure t y h a really tragic !me3 t y c place y\r h]o at su* odds ) life t reconciliation1 or m]e endurance1 w\ld be morally base or psy*ologically improbable4 ,moreov]1 y mu/ /rike deep into "* be=e y are ju/ifi$ 9 pass+ capital s5t5ce on y\r p]sonages4 ,dea? is a disproportionate close = a commonplace & sup]ficially-/udi$ life4 ,x is true t q commonplace p d die2 inde$1 !y prepond]ate 9 ! bills ( mortality2 b dea? on ! /age conf]s a sort ( di/9ction :i* ought n to be accord$ )\t due & suffici5t cause4 ,to "o god 9 p>ticul> we may apply ! ,horatian maxim1 ,nec deus int]sit1 nisi dignus v9dice nodus4 ,9 ,g]man ae/hetic !ory1 ! conception tragis*e ,s*uld--tragic guilt--plays a l>ge "p4 ,x desc5ds1 no d\bt1 f ! ,ari/otelian maxim t a tragic h]o mu/ nei!r be too good nor too bad2 b x also belongs to a moraliz+ conception1 :i* tacitly or explicitly assumes t ! dramati/'s aim ought to be to ju/ify ! ways ( ,god to man4 ,9 ^! days we look at drama m objectively1 & d n insi/ on decid+ 9 :at degree a man has des]v$ dea?1 if only we feel t he has necess>ily or probably incurr$ x4 ,b 9 ord] t we may be satisfi$ ( ?is1 we mu/ "k him intimately & feel ) him int5sely4 ,we mu/1 9 o!r words1 believe t he dies because he _c live1 & n m]ely to suit ! playwright's conv5i5ce & help him to an effective curta94 ,z we review ! s]ies ( ,ibs5's mod]n plays1 we _c b feel t1 ?\gh he did n %r9k f dea?1 he nev] employ$ x1 except p]haps 9 8 la/ melan*oly ef=t1 z a m]e way ( escape f a difficulty4 ,9 five out ( 8 ?irte5 mod]n plays1 no "o dies at all4#b ,"o might ev5 say six3 = ,oswald1 9 ,gho/s1 may live = ye>s2 b ,i hold x z only fair to c\nt ! dea? ( 8 m9d z m ?an equival5t to bodily dea?4 ,solness1 on ! plane ( lit]al fact1 dies by an accid5t2 on ! plane ( symbolic int]pretation1 he dies ( ! ov]-great dem&s :i* ,hilda makes ^u 8 sickly consci5ce4 ,little ,eyolf's dea? c also be reg>d$ f a symbolic po9t ( view2 b !re is no sub/antial reason to ?9k ( x o!rwise ?an z an accid5t4 ,john ,gabriel ,borkman dies ( he>t seizure1 result+ f sudd5 exposure to extreme cold4 ,9 ! case ( ,solness & ,borkman1 dea? is a q natural & probable result ( ! antec$5t conditions2 & 9 ! case ( ,eyolf1 x is n a way out ( ! action1 b r ! way into x4 ,!re rema9 ! ?ree cases ( suicide3 ,rebecca & ,rosm]1 ,h$da ,gabl]1 & ,h$vig4 ,i h already1 9 ,*apt] ,,xix1 %[n h[ ! dea? ( ,rebecca 0 ! inevitable outcome ( ! situation--! "o conclusive pro( ( h] ennoblem5t--& h[ x 0 almo/ equally inevitable t ,rosm] %\ld accompany h] to h] end4 ,h$da ,gabl] 0 con/itutionally fat$ to suicide3 a woman ( l[ vitality1 ov]ma/]+ egoism1 & acute sup]s5sitiv5ess1 plac$ 9 a pr$icam5t :i* left h] no?+ to expect f life b t$ium & humiliation4 ,! "o case left--t ( ,h$vig--is ! only "o 9 :i* ,ibs5 c possibly be accus$ ( wanton blood%$4 ,bjrnson1 9 a v mov+ passage 9 8 novel1 ,! ,pa?s ( ,god1 did actually1 ?\gh indirectly1 make t accusation4 ,c]ta9ly1 !re is no m he>tr5d+ incid5t 9 fiction2 & c]ta9ly x is a ?+ t only consummate g5ius c ju/ify4 ,ibs5 happ5$ to possess t g5ius1 & ,i am n f> f agree+ ) ^? :o hold ,! ,wild ,duck to be 8 greate/ "w4 ,b = playwrights :o are tempt$ to seek = effects ( pa?os by simil> means1 "o may )\t hesitation lay d[n ?is maxim3 ,be sure y are an ,ibs5 be=e y kill y\r ,h$vig4 ,?is analysis ( ,ibs5's practice po9ts to ! fact--= su* ,i believe x to be--t :at ! mod]n playwright has *iefly to gu>d aga9/ is ! temptation to ov]do suicide z a means ( cutt+ ! dramatic knot4 ,9 ,france & ,g]many !re is ano!r temptation1 t ( ! duel2#c b 9 ,anglo-,saxon c\ntries x sc>cely pres5ts itself4 ,dea?1 o!r ?an self-inflict$1 is mu* less tempt+1 & less apt to be resort$ to 9 & out ( season4 ,! h]o9e1 :e!r virtu\s or err+1 :o dies ( consumption1 has gone greatly out ( vogue4 ,a brok5 he>t is no long] held to be necess>ily fatal4 ,! v]ie/ tyro realizes t dea? by crude accid5t is inadmissible z a det]m9+ factor 9 s]i\s drama2 & murd] is practically 7?\gh n absolutely7 relegat$ to ! melodramatic doma94 ,! "o urg5t "q1 !n1 is t ( ! arti/ic use & abuse ( suicide4 ,! pr9ciple is pretty pla91 ,i ?9k1 t x ought to be ! arti/'s1 z x is ! man's1 la/ resort4 ,we "k t1 9 mo/ civiliz$ c\ntries1 suicide is greatly on ! increase4 ,x _c be call$ an infrequ5t incid5t 9 daily life4 ,x is c]ta91 too1 t ! motives impell+ to x are apt to be ( a dramatic nature1 & !re=e suit$ to ! playwright's purposes4 ,b x is1 on ! o!r h&1 su* a crude & unreason+ means ( exit f ! tangle ( exi/5ce t a playwright ( delicate in/9cts w c]ta9ly employ x only "u ! /ronge/ compulsion f 8 arti/ic consci5ce4 ,sir ,ar?ur ,p9]o has ?ree suicides on 8 record1 ?\gh "o ( !m 01 s to speak1 nipp$ 9 ! bud4 ,9 ,! ,pr(ligate1 z pres5t$ on ! /age1 ,dun/an ,r5%aw *ang$ 8 m9d be=e dra9+ ! fatal goblet2 & 9 ?is case ! /age v]sion 0 surely ! "r "o4 ,! suicide1 to :i* ! au?or /ill cl+s 9 ! pr9t$ text1 practically dates ! play z belong+ to ! above-m5tion$ p]iod ( rebellion aga9/ ! conv5tional happy end+1 :5 ! ambiti\s ,briti% dramati/ felt t hon\r requir$ him to kill 8 man on ! smalle/ provocation4#d ,ne>ly a qu>t] ( a c5tury has pass$ s9ce !n1 & ! disproportion betwe5 su* a play & su* a cata/rophe is n[ app>5t to ev]yone4 ,x is n t we judge ,r5%aw's del9qu5cies to be ov]-puni%$ by dea?--t is n ! "q4 ,! fact is simply t ! *>act]s are n l>ge en\gh1 true en\gh1 liv+ en\gh--t ! play does n probe deep en\gh into human exp]i5ce--to make ! augu/ int]v5tion ( dea? seem o!r ?an an incongruity4 ,! suicide ( ,paula ,tanqu]ay1 ?\gh x1 too1 has be5 mu* criticiz$1 is a v diff]5t matt]4 ,inevitable x _c be call$3 if ! play _h be5 writt5 )9 ! pa/ t5 ye>s1 ,sir ,ar?ur w\ld v likely h contriv$ to d )\t x4 ,b x is1 9 itself1 probable en\gh3 bo? ! good & ! bad 9 ,paula's "* might easily make h] feel t only ! dregs ( life rema9$ to h]1 & !y n wor? dr9k+4 ,! wor/ "o c say ( x is t x s9s aga9/ ! canon ( practical conv5i5ce :i* enjo9s on ! prud5t dramati/ /rict economy 9 suicide4 ,! ?ird case1 ,zoe ,blundell's leap to no?+ness1 9 t h>% & ru?less ma/]piece1 ,mid-,*annel1 is z inevitable z any?+ c well be 9 human de/9y4 ,zoe has made a mis]able & hopeless muddle ( h] life4 ,9 spite ( h] goodness ( he>t1 %e has no int]e/s & no ideals1 ap>t f ! p]sonal satisfactions :i* h n[ be5 poison$ at _! s\rce4 ,%e has int]v5$ disa/r\sly 9 ! de/9ies ( o!rs4 ,%e is ill2 h] n]ves are all on edge2 & %e is1 z x 71 driv5 into a corn]1 f :i* !re is b "o easy & rapid exit4 ,"h is a case1 if ev] !re 0 "o1 :]e ! end is impos$ ^u ! arti/ by ! :ole drift ( 8 action4 ,x may be said t *ance plays a l>ge "p 9 ! concat5ation ( ev5ts--t1 = in/ance1 if ,leon>d ,f]ris _h n happ5$ to live at ! top ( a v high build+1 ,zoe w\ld n h enc\nt]$ ! sudd5 temptation to :i* %e yields4 ,b ?is1 z ,i h tri$ to %[ above1 is a baseless compla9t4 ,*ance is a con/ant factor 9 life1 n[ aid+1 n[ ?w>t+1 ! w4 ,to elim9ate x altoge!r w\ld be to produce a mo/ unlifelike _w4 ,x is only :5 ! playwright s manipulates & r$uplicates *ance z to make x seem no long] *ance1 b purposeful arrangem5t1 t we h ! "r to prote/4 ,ano!r in/ance ( indisputably ju/ifi$ suicide may be f\nd 9 ,mr4 ,galswor?y's ,ju/ice4 ,! :ole !me ( ! play is no?+ b ! h\nd+ to 8 end ( a luckless y\?1 :o has got on ! wrong side ( ! law1 & f9ds all ! =ces ( society leagu$ aga9/ him4 ,9 ,mr4 ,granville ,b>k]'s ,wa/e1 ! arti/ic ju/ification = ,trebell's self-effacem5t is less cle> & compulsive4 ,x is true t ! play 0 sugge/$ by ! actual suicide1 n ( a politician1 b ( a soldi]1 :o f\nd 8 c>e] ru9$ by "s pitiful sc&al4 ,b ! au?or has made no attempt to reproduce ! actual circum/ances ( t case2 & ev5 if he _h reproduc$ ! ext]nal circum/ances1 ! psy*ological conditions w\ld cle>ly h elud$ him4 ,?us ! appeal to fact is1 z x always mu/ be1 b>r$4 ,9 two cases1 inde$1 mu* m closely analog\s to ,trebell's ?an t :i* actually sugge/$ x--two fam\s cases 9 :i* a sc&al cut %ort a brilliant political c>e]--suicide play$ no "p 9 ! cata/rophe4 ,^! real-life in/ances are1 ,i repeat1 irrelevant4 ,! only "q is :e!r ,mr4 ,b>k] has made u feel t a man ( ,trebell's "* w\ld c]ta9ly n survive ! p>alys+ ( 8 en]gies2 & t "q e spectator mu/ answ] = himself4 ,i am f> f answ]+ x 9 ! negative4 ,i m]ely sugge/ t ! playwright may "o day come across a !me = :i* !re is no conceivable end+ b suicide1 & may wi% t he _h let ,trebell live1 le/ p %\ld come to reg>d him z a sp5d?rift ( self-slaught]4 ,! suicide :i* br+s to a close ,mr4 ,clyde ,fit*'s v able play1 ,! ,climb]s1 /&s on a some:at diff]5t level4 ,"h x is n ! protagoni/ :o makes away ) himself1 nor is 8 de/9y ! ma9 !me ( ! play4 ,mr4 ,fit* has pa9t$ a broad social picture1 9 :i*1 if !re is any conc5tration ( int]e/1 x is ^u ,blan*e & ,w>d54 ,/]l+'s suicide1 !n1 ?\gh x does 9 fact cut ! *ief knot ( ! play1 is to be reg>d$ r z a *>act]i/ic & probable incid5t ( a c]ta9 phase ( life1 ?an z ! culm9ation ( a spiritual trag$y4 ,x has n ! arti/ic significance1 ei!r good or bad1 t x w\ld h if ! "* & de/9y ( ,/]l+ 7 our ma9 conc]nm5t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! happy playwright1 "o may say1 is he ^: !me does n =ce ^u him ei!r a sangu9>y or a tame la/ act1 b enables him1 )\t tr\bl+ ! coron]1 to su/a9 & increase ! t5sion up to ! v close4 ,su* !mes are n too common1 b !y d occur4 ,dumas f\nd "o 9 ,d5ise1 & ano!r 9 ,francillon1 :]e ! fam\s ,il en a m5ti6 comes )9 two m9utes ( ! fall ( ! curta94 ,9 ,heimat 7,magda7 & 9 ,johannisfeu]1 ,sud]mann keeps ! t5sion at its height up to ! fall ( ! curta94 ,sir ,ar?ur ,p9]o's ,iris is a case 9 po9t2 s are ,mr4 ,%aw's ,c&ida & ,! ,devil's ,disciple2 s is ,mr4 ,galswor?y's ,/rife4 ,o!r in/ances w no d\bt occur to ! read]2 yet he w probably be surpris$ to f9d t x is n v easy to recall !m4 ,= ?is is n1 9 fact1 ! typical mod]n =mula4 ,9 plays :i* d n end 9 dea?1 x w g5]ally be f\nd t ! culm9at+ sc5e occurs 9 ! p5ultimate act1 & t1 if anticlimax is avoid$1 x is n by ! ma9t5ance ( an unbrok5 t5sion1 by its skilful r5ewal & re9=cem5t 9 ! la/ act4 ,?is is a res\rce :i* ! playwright w d well to be> 9 m9d4 ,:]e he _c place 8 great sc5e 9 8 la/ act1 he %\ld always consid] :e!r x be n possible to hold "s developm5t 9 res]ve :]eby ! t5sion may be screw$ up aga9--if unexpect$ly1 s mu* ! bett]4 ,"s ( ! mo/ successful plays )9 my recollection h be5 ^? 9 :i* ! la/ act came ^u u z a pleasant surprise4 ,an anticlimax _h seem$ inevitable2 & behold6 ! au?or _h f\nd a way out ( x4 ,an ,enemy ( ! ,p may p]haps be plac$ 9 ?is class1 ?\gh1 z be=e rem>k$1 ! la/ act is almo/ an indep5d5t com$y4 ,_h ! play end$ ) ! f\r? act1 no "o w\ld h felt t any?+ 0 lack+2 s t 9 8 fif? act1 ,ibs5 0 n s mu* grappl+ ) an urg5t te*nical problem1 z amus+ himself by wr++ ! la/ drop ( hum\r out ( ! giv5 situation4 ,a m /rictly apposite example may be f\nd 9 ,sir ,ar?ur ,p9]o's play1 ,8 ,h\se 9 ,ord]4 ,"h ! action und\bt$ly culm9ates 9 ! great sc5e betwe5 ,n9a & ,hil>y ,jesson 9 ! ?ird act2 yet we await ) eag] anticipation ! discomfiture ( ! ,ridgeley family2 & :5 we realize t x is to be br\ght ab\t by ! disclosure to ,film] ( ,annabel's secret1 ! manife/ rightness ( ! proce$+ gives u a little %ock ( pleasure4 ,mr4 ,som]set ,maugham1 aga91 9 ! la/ act ( ,grace1 employs an +5i\s device to keep ! t5sion at a high pit*4 ,! matt] ( ! act consi/s ma9ly ( a debate z to :e!r ,grace ,insole ought1 or ought n1 to make a c]ta9 pa9ful av[al to h] husb&4 ,z ! negative op9ion 0 to c>ry ! day1 ,mr4 ,maugham saw t !re 0 grave dang] t ! f9al sc5e might appe> an almo/ ludicr\s anticlimax4 ,to obviate ?is1 he made ,grace1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! act1 write a lett] ( confession1 & address x to ,claude2 s t all ?r\gh ! discussion we _h at ! back ( our m9d ! "q ,w ! lett] rea* 8 h&s8 ,w ! sword ( ,damocles fall8 ,?is may seem l a leaf f ! book ( ,s>d\2 b 9 reality x 0 a p]fectly natural & ju/ifi$ exp$i5t4 ,x kept ! t5sion alive ?r\gh\t a sc5e ( e?ical discussion1 int]e/+ 9 itself1 b pretty cle>ly de/9$ to lead up to ! undramatic alt]native--a policy ( sil5ce & inaction4 ,mr4 ,clyde ,fit*1 9 ! la/ act ( ,! ,tru?1 made an elaborate & d>+ endeav\r to relieve ! mawki%ness ( ! cle>ly-=ese5 reconciliation betwe5 ,w>d] & ,becky4 ,he let ,becky fall 9 ) h] fa!r's mad idea ( work+ ^u ,w>d]'s compassion by pret5d+ t %e _h tri$ to kill h]self4 ,only at ! la/ mom5t did %e ab&on ! sordid com$y1 & s prove h]self 7z we are ask$ to suppose7 cur$ = ev] ( ! habit ( fibb+4 ,mr4 ,fit* "h %[$ good te*nical insight m>r$ by ov]-ha/y execution4 ,t ,becky %\ld be tempt$ to employ h] old me?ods1 & %\ld ov]come ! temptation1 0 entirely "r2 b ! actual deception attempt$ 0 s crude & hopeless t !re 0 no plausibility 9 h] cons5t+ to x1 & no m]it 9 h] desi/+ f x4 ,9 light com$y & f>ce x is ev5 m desirable ?an 9 s]i\s drama to avoid a tame & p]functory la/ act4 ,v (t5 a seem+ly trivial inv5tion w "w wond]s 9 keep+ ! int]e/ afoot4 ,9 ,mr4 ,an/ey's delightful f>ce1 ,! ,brass ,bottle1 "o look$ =w>d r dolefully to a flat conclusion2 b by ! simple device ( lett+ ! ,j9ny omit to include ,pr+le 9 8 act ( oblivion1 ! au?or is enabl$ to make 8 la/ sc5e q z amus+ z any ( its pr$ecessors4 ,mr4 ,arnold ,b5nett1 9 ,! ,honeymoon1 _h ! audacity to play a delib]ate trick on ! audi5ce1 9 ord] to evade an anticlimax4 ,see+ t 8 ?ird act c\ld n at be/ be v good1 he purposely put ! audi5ce on a false sc5t1 made x expect an absolutely commonplace end+ 7! m>riage ( ,flora to ,*>les ,haslam71 & !n sub/itut$ "o :i*1 if n v brilliant1 0 at lea/ +5i\s & un=ese54 ,?us1 by defeat+ ! expectation ( a sup]latively bad act1 he made a positively insignificant act seem comp>atively good4 ,su* feats ( craftsman%ip are ent]ta9+1 b too dang]\s to be comm5d$ = imitation4 ,9 "s mod]n plays a full close is a*iev$ by ! simple exp$i5t ( altoge!r omitt+ ! la/ act1 or la/ sc5e1 & leav+ ! end ( ! play to ! imag9ation4 ,?is me?od is boldly & 7,i und]/&7 successfully employ$ by ,mr4 ,edw>d ,%eldon 9 8 p[]ful play1 ,! ,nigg]4 ,philip ,morr[1 ! popul> ,gov]nor ( "o ( ! ,s\!rn ,/ates1 has le>nt t 8 gr&mo!r 0 a quadroon1 & t consequ5tly he has 9 him a mu*-att5uat$ /ra9 ( ,african blood4 ,9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates1 att5uation matt]s no?+3 if ! remote/ filam5t ( a man's ance/ry runs back to ,africa1 he is a nigg] all "r4 ,philip has j suppress$ a race-riot 9 ! city1 &1 f ! balcony ( ! ,/ate ,capitol1 is to address ! troops :o h aid$ him1 & ! assembl$ multitude4 ,hav+ resolutely p>t$ f ! woman he adores1 b c no long] m>ry1 he /eps out ^u ! balcony to ann\nce t he is a negro1 t he resigns ! ,gov]nor%ip1 & t h5ce=? he ca/s 9 8 lot ) 8 black bre?r54 ,! /age-direction runs ?us-- ,! aft]noon sun /rikes 8 figure4 ,at 8 appe>ance a %\t goes up--long1 /eady1 en?usia/ic *e]+2 &1 aft] a mom5t1 ! big regim5tal b& beg9s play+1 v sl[ly1 ,my ,c\ntry1 'tis ( ,!e4 444 ,all ! p 9 ! room are smil+ & applaud+ en?usia/ically2 &--z ,phil 9 va9 raises 8 h& = sil5ce1 & ! b& cra%es ?r\gh ! ,national ,an!m1 & ! ro> ( voices /ill rises f bel[-- ,,! ,,curta9 ,,falls4 ,"o does n "k :e!r to praise ,mr4 ,%eldon = hav+ adroitly avoid$ an anticlimax1 or to reproa* him ) hav+ unblu%+ly %irk$ a difficulty4 ,to my s5se1 ! play has some:at ! air ( a hexamet] l9e ) ! spondee cut (f4#e ,"o does want to see ! p]ipety ?r\gh4 ,b if ! audi5ce is cont5t to imag9e ! sequel1 ,mr4 ,%eldon's craftsman%ip is ju/ifi$1 & !re is no m to be said4 ,m4 ,brieux exp]i5c$ "s difficulty 9 br++ 8 e>ly play1 ,blan*ette1 to a satisfactory close4 ,! ?ird act :i* he orig9ally wrote 0 f\nd un5durably cynical2 a m agreeable ?ird act 0 condemn$ z an anticlimax2 & = "s "t ! play 0 pres5t$ ) no ?ird act at all4 ,x did n end1 b simply left (f4 ,no d\bt x is bett] t a play %\ld /op 9 ! middle ?an t x %\ld drag on t$i\sly & ineffectually4 ,b x w\ld be fooli% to make a sy/em ( su* an exp$i5t4 ,x is1 aft] all1 an evasion1 n a solution1 ( ! arti/'s problem4 ,an incid5t :i* occurr$ dur+ ! rehe>sals = ! fir/ production ( ,a ,doll's ,h\se1 at ! ,novelty ,!atre1 ,london1 illu/rates ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! old1 & :at 0 !n ! new1 fa%ion ( end+ a play4 ,! bus9ess manag] ( ! company1 a man ( ripe !atrical exp]i5ce1 happ5$ to be pres5t "o day :5 ,miss ,a*ur* & ,mr4 ,w>+ 7 rehe>s+ ! la/ great sc5e betwe5 ,nora & ,helm>4 ,at ! end ( x1 he came up to me1 9 a /ate ( high excitem5t4 ,?is is a f9e play6 he said4 ,?is is sure to be a big ?+6 ,i 0 greatly pleas$4 ,if ?is sc5e1 ( all o!rs1 ,i ?\ght1 c>ries a man l ,mr4 ,smi? (f 8 feet1 x _c fail to hold ! ,briti% public4 ,b ,i 0 some:at da%$ :51 a day or two lat]1 ,mr4 ,smi? came up to me aga91 9 mu* less buoyant spirits4 ,i made a mi/ake ab\t t sc5e1 he said4 ,!y tell me x's ! end ( ! la/ act--,i ?\ght x 0 ! end ( ! fir/6 99 99 99 99 99 ,footnote #a3 ,! read] :o wi%es to pursue ! !me may d s to excell5t advantage 9 ,pr(essor ,bradley's ,%akespe>ean ,trag$y4 ,footnote #b3 ,x is true t 9 ,a ,doll's ,h\se1 ,dr4 ,rank ann\nces 8 approa*+ demise3 b he does n actually die1 nor is 8 fate an ess5tial "p ( ! action ( ! play4 ,footnote #c3 ,! duel1 ev5 9 c\ntries ^: cu/oms p]mit ( x1 is ess5tially an in>ti/ic end2 = x leaves ! cata/rophe to be decid$ ei!r by ,*ance or ,provid5ce--two equally inadmissible arbit]s 9 mod]n drama4 ,alex&re ,dumas fils1 9 8 preface to ,hlose ,p>anquet1 condemns ! duel z a dramatic exp$i5t4 ,n to m5tion1 he says1 ! fact t x has be5 mu* ov]-done1 we are b\nd to recognize t ,provid5ce1 9 a fit ( abs5ce ( m9d1 sometimes suff]s ! rascal to kill ! hone/ man4 ,let me recomm5d my "y colleagues1 he proce$s1 nev] to end a piece :i* pret5ds to reproduce a phase ( real life1 by an int]v5tion ( *ance4 ,! recomm5dation came r oddly f ! dramati/ :o1 9 ,l',etrangre1 _h dispos$ ( 8 vibrion1 ! ,duc de ,septmonts1 by mak+ ,cl>kson kill him 9 a duel4 ,p]haps he did n reckon ,l',etrangre z pret5d+ to reproduce a phase ( real life4 ,a duel is1 ( c\rse1 p]fectly admissible 9 a ,fr5* or ,g]man play1 simply z "p ( a picture ( mann]s4 ,its /upid inconclusiv5ess may be ! v po9t to be illu/rat$4 ,x is only :5 repres5t$ z a moral arbitram5t t x becomes an ana*ronism4 ,footnote #d3 ,i am glad to see1 f ,mr4 ,malcolm ,salaman's introduction to ! pr9t$ play1 t1 ev5 9 ^? days ( our hot y\?1 my own ae/hetic pr9ciples 7 less trucul5t4 ,footnote #e3 ,?is image is sometimes sugge/$ by an act-end+ :i* leaves a m>k$ situation obvi\sly unresolv$4 ,! curta9 %\ld nev] be dropp$ at su* a po9t z to leave ! *>act]s 9 a physical or m5tal attitude :i* _c la/ = m ?an a mom5t1 & mu/ c]ta9ly be foll[$1 !n & !re1 by important developm5ts4 ,9 o!r words1 a situation ought n to be cut %ort at ! v height ( its t5sion1 b only :5 x has rea*$ a po9t (--at any rate mom5t>y--relaxation4 ,,book ,v ,,epilogue ,,*apt] ,,xxii ,,"* ,,& ,,psy*ology ,= ! inv5tion & ord]+ ( incid5t x is possible1 if n to lay d[n rules1 at any rate to make plausible recomm5dations2 b ! p[] to obs]ve1 to p5etrate1 & to reproduce "* c nei!r be acquir$ nor regulat$ by !oretical recomm5dations4 ,indirectly1 ( c\rse1 all ! te*nical discussions ( ! previ\s *apt]s t5d1 or ought to t5d1 t[>ds ! effective pres5tm5t ( "*2 = con/ruction1 9 drama ( any intellectual quality1 has no o!r end4 ,b specific directions = "*-draw+ w\ld be l rules = becom+ six feet high4 ,ei!r y h x 9 y1 or y h x n4 ,"u ! head+ ( "*1 h[ev]1 two po9ts arise :i* may be wor? a brief discussion3 fir/1 ought we always to aim at developm5t 9 "*8 second1 :at d we1 or ought we to1 mean by psy*ology8 ,x is a frequ5t critical compla9t t 9 su*-&-su* a "* !re is no developm5t3 t x rema9s ! same ?r\gh\t a play2 or 7s ! reproa* is sometimes word$7 t x is n a "* b an inv>iable attitude4 ,a little exam9ation w %[ u1 ,i ?9k1 t1 ?\gh ! critic may 9 ^! cases be po9t+ to a real fault1 he does n express himself q accurately4 ,:at is "*8 ,= ! practical purposes ( ! dramati/1 x may be def9$ z a complex ( intellectual1 emotional1 & n]v\s habits4 ,"s ( ^! habits are innate & temp]am5tal--habits =m$1 no d\bt1 by f>-(f ance/ors4#a ,b ?is di/9ction does n "h conc]n u4 ,temp]am5tal bias is a habit1 l ano!r1 only some:at old]1 &1 !re=e1 h>d] to deflect or eradicate4 ,:at d we imply1 !n1 :5 we compla9 t1 9 a giv5 "*1 no developm5t has tak5 place8 ,we imply t he ought1 )9 ! limits ( ! play1 to h alt]$ ! m5tal habits und]ly+ 8 spee* & actions4 ,b is ?is a reasonable dem&8 ,is x consi/5t ) ! usual & desirable "t-limits ( drama8 ,9 ! long process ( a novel1 !re may be "t = ! gradual alt]ation ( habits3 9 ! drama1 :i* normally consi/s ( a s+le crisis1 any real *ange ( "* w\ld h to be ( a cata/rophic nature1 9 :i* exp]i5ce does n enc\rage u to put mu* fai?4 ,x 01 inde$--z ,dryd5 po9t$ out 9 a passage quot$ above#b--"o ( ! foibles ( our easy-go+ ance/ors to treat "* z practically rev]sible :5 ! "t approa*$ = r++ d[n ! curta94 ,! same conv5tion survives to ?is day 9 c]ta9 =ms ( drama4 ,ev5 ,ibs51 9 8 e>li] "w1 _h n %ak5 x (f2 witness ! sudd5 ennoblem5t ( ,b]nick 9 ,pill>s ( ,society4 ,b x c sc>cely be t sort ( developm5t :i* ! critics consid] indisp5sable4 ,:at is x1 !n1 t !y h 9 m9d8 ,by developm5t ( "*1 ,i ?9k !y mean1 n *ange1 b r unveil+1 disclosure4 ,!y hold1 n unreasonably1 t a dramatic crisis ought to disclose lat5t qualities 9 ! p]sons *iefly conc]n$ 9 x1 & involve1 n1 inde$1 a *ange1 b1 z x 71 an exhau/ive manife/ation ( "*4 ,! int]e/ ( ! highe/ ord] ( drama %\ld consi/ 9 ! reaction ( "* to a s]ies ( crucial exp]i5ces4 ,we %\ld1 at ! end ( a play1 "k m ( ! protagoni/'s "* ?an he himself1 or 8 mo/ intimate fri5d1 c\ld "k at ! beg9n+2 = ! action %\ld h be5 su* z to put x to "s novel & se>*+ te/4 ,! ^w developm5t might be v aptly us$ 9 ! photographic s5se4 ,a drama ought to br+ out "* z ! photograph]'s *emicals br+ out ! =ms lat5t 9 ! negative4 ,b ?is is q a diff]5t ?+ f developm5t 9 ! s5se ( gr[? or radical *ange4 ,9 all mod]n drama1 !re is p]haps no "* :o develops1 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! ^w1 s />tl+ly z ,ibs5's ,nora2 & we _c b feel t ! poet has compress$ into a week an evolution :i*1 9 fact1 w\ld h dem&$ _m mon?s4 ,! compla9t t a "* pres]ves ! same attitude ?r\gh\t means 7if x be ju/ifi$7 t x is n a human be+ at all1 b a m]e embodim5t ( two or ?ree *>act]i/ics :i* are fully display$ )9 ! fir/ t5 m9utes1 & !n keep on repeat+ !mselves1 l a recurr5t decimal4 ,/rong !atrical effects c be produc$ by ?is me?od1 :i* is t ( ! com$y ( types1 or ( humors4 ,b x is n[ g5]ally1 & rightly1 held t a "* %\ld be prim>ily an individual1 & only incid5tally 7if at all7 capable ( classification "u ?is type or t4 ,x is a little surpris+ to f9d ,s>cey1 s rec5tly z #ahhi1 lay+ x d[n t a "* is a ma/] faculty or passion1 :i* absorbs all ! re/4444 ,to /udy & pa9t a "* is1 !re=e1 by plac+ a man 9 a c]ta9 numb] ( situations1 to %[ h[ ?is pr9cipal motive =ce 9 8 nature annihilates or directs all ^? :i*1 if he _h be5 ano!r man1 w\ld probably h come into action4 ,?is dogma ( ! rul+ passion belongs r to ! eighte5? c5tury ?an to ! close ( ! n9ete5?4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we come n[ to ! second ( ! que/ions above prop\nd$1 :i* ,i w /ate m def9itely 9 ?is =m3 ,is psy*ology simply a m p$antic t]m = "*-draw+8 ,or c we e/abli% a di/9ction betwe5 ! two ideas8 ,i d n ?9k t1 z a matt] ( fact1 any diff]5ce is g5]ally & cle>ly recogniz$2 b ,i sugge/ t x is possible to draw a di/9ction :i* might1 if accept$1 prove s]viceable bo? to critics & to playwrights4 ,let me illu/rate my mean+ by an example4 ,9 ,bella ,donna1 by ,messrs4 ,rob]t ,hi*5s & ,james ,b4 ,fagan1 we h a murd]-/ory ( a n uncommon or improbable type4 ,a woman ( v %ady reputation m>ries an amiable ideali/ :o is infatuat$ ) h]4 ,%e naturally f9ds 8 idealism incompreh5sible & 8 amiability t$i\s4 ,8 position z heir-presumptive to a pe]age is %att]$ by ! bir? ( an heir-app>5t4 ,%e becomes passionately enam\r$ ( an ,egyptian millionaire2 & %e sets to "w to poison h] husb& ) sug>-(-lead1 provid$ by h] ori5tal lov]4 ,h[ h] crim9al purpose is ?w>t$ by a wise ,jewi% physician is no?+ to ! pres5t purpose4 ,9 int5t %e is a murd]ess1 no less ?an ,lucrezia ,borgia or ! ,m>quise de ,br9villi]s4 ,& ! au?ors h drawn h] "* clev]ly en\gh4 ,!y h %[n h] 9 ! fir/ act z a %all[-s\l$ mat]iali/1 & 9 ! lat] acts z a va91 irritable1 s5sual1 unscrupul\s creature4 ,b h !y giv5 u any insight into h] psy*ology8 ,no1 t is j :at !y h n done4 ,!y h assign$ to h] c]ta9 *>act]i/ics )\t :i* cruel & cold-blood$ murd] w\ld be inconceivable2 b !y h af=d$ u no insight into ! moral conditions &1 m5tal processes :i* make x1 n only conceivable1 b almo/ an ev]yday occurr5ce4 ,= ! av]age human m9d1 ,i suppose1 ! psy*ology ( crime1 & especially ( fi5di%1 hypocritical murd]-by-in*es1 has an und5iable fasc9ation4 ,to mo/ ( u x seems an abhorr5t miracle2 & x w\ld int]e/ u greatly to h x br\ght m or less )9 ! range ( our compreh5sion1 & co-ord9at$ ) o!r m5tal ph5om5a :i* we c & d und]/&4 ,b ( su* illum9ation we f9d no?+ 9 ,bella ,donna4 ,x leaves ! work+ ( a poison]'s m9d z d>k to u z ev]4 ,s f> z t goes1 we might j z well h read ! report ( a murd]-trial1 :]e9 ! facts are /at$ )1 p]haps1 "s sup]ficial speculation z to motive1 b no attempt is made to p5etrate to und]ly+ s\l-/ates4 ,yet ?is is surely ! highe/ privilege ( art--to take u beh9d & b5ea? ^? surfaces ( ?+s :i* are app>5t to ! detective & ! report]1 ! juryman & ! judge4 ,h we n "h1 !n1 ! di/9ction betwe5 "*-draw+ & psy*ology8 ,"*-draw+ is ! pres5tm5t ( human nature 9 its commonly-recogniz$1 und]/ood1 & accept$ aspects2 psy*ology is1 z x 71 ! exploration ( "*1 ! br++ ( hi!rto unsurvey$ tracts )9 ! circle ( our k & compreh5sion4 ,9 o!r words1 "*-draw+ is syn!tic1 psy*ology analytic4 ,?is does n mean t ! "o is necess>ily inf]ior to ! o!r4 ,"s ( ! greate/ ma/]pieces ( creative art h be5 a*iev$ by ! syn!sis ( kn[n elem5ts4 ,fal/aff1 = example--!re is no m brilliant or m liv+ "* 9 all fiction2 yet x is impossible to say t ,%akespe>e has "h tak5 u into previ\sly unplumb$ dep?s ( human nature1 z he has 9 ,hamlet1 or 9 ,le>4 ,no d\bt x is (t5 v h>d to decide :e!r a giv5 p]sonage is a m]e projection ( ! kn[n or a div9ation ( ! unkn[n4 ,:at are we to say1 = example1 ( ,cleopatra1 or ( ,%ylock1 or ( ,macbe?8 ,ri*>d ,,ii1 on ! o!r h&1 is z cle>ly a piece ( psy*ology z ! ,nurse 9 ,romeo & ,juliet is a piece ( "*-draw+4 ,! com$y ( types necess>ily t5ds to keep )9 ! limits ( ! kn[n1 & ,molire--9 spite ( ,alce/e & ,don ,juan--is *>act]i/ically a "*-draw]1 z ,rac9e is *>act]i/ically a psy*ologi/4 ,ibs5 is a psy*ologi/ or he is no?+4 ,e>l ,skule & ,bi%op ,ni*olas1 ,h$da ,gabl] & ,john ,gabriel ,borkman are d>+ explorations ( hi!rto un*>t$ regions ( ! human s\l4 ,b ,ibs51 too1 0 a "*-draw] :5 x suit$ him4 ,"o is tempt$ to say t !re is no psy*ology 9 ,br&--he is a m]e inc>nation ( intransig5t idealism--:ile ,pe] ,gynt is z brilliant a psy*ological inspiration z ,don ,quixote4 ,dr4 ,/ockmann is a vigor\sly-project$ "*1 ,hialm> ,ekdal a piece ( se>*+ psy*ology4 ,f9ally1 my po9t c\ld sc>cely be bett] illu/rat$ ?an by a comp>ison--cruel b in/ructive --betwe5 ,rebecca 9 ,rosm]%olm & ! h]o9e 9 ,bella ,donna4 ,ea* is1 9 effect1 a murd]ess1 ?\gh x 0 a moral1 n a m9]al1 poison t ,rebecca employ$4 ,b :ile we "k no?+ :atev] ( ,mrs4 ,arm9e's m5tal processes1 ,rebecca's temptations1 /ruggles1 sophi/ries1 hesitations1 resolves1 & revulsions ( feel+ are all laid b>e to u1 s t we feel h] to be no mon/]1 b a liv+ woman1 compreh5sible to our intellig5ce1 &1 h[ev] blamewor?y1 n :olly beyond ! range ( our sympa?ies4 ,!re are few great] a*ievem5ts ( psy*ology4 ,among ! playwrights ( to-day1 ,i %\ld call ,mr4 ,granville ,b>k] above all ?+s a psy*ologi/4 ,x is 8 in/9ct to v5ture into untrodd5 fields ( "*1 or1 at any rate1 to probe deeply into ph5om5a :i* o!rs h not$ b sup]ficially1 if at all4 ,h5ce ! occasional obscurity ( 8 dialogue4 ,mr4 ,%aw is n1 prim>ily1 ei!r a "*-draw] or a psy*ologi/1 b a deal] 9 p]sonifi$ ideas4 ,8 lead+ figures are1 z a rule1 ei!r 8 m\?pieces or 8 butts4 ,:5 he gives u a piece ( real "*-draw+1 x is g5]ally 9 "s subord9ate p]sonage4 ,mr4 ,galswor?y1 ,i %\ld say1 %[s himself a psy*ologi/ 9 ,/rife1 a "*-draw] 9 ,! ,silv] ,box & ,ju/ice4 ,sir ,ar?ur ,p9]o1 a "*-draw] ( great v]satility1 becomes a psy*ologi/ 9 "s ( 8 /udies ( fem99e types--9 ,iris1 9 ,letty1 9 ! luckless h]o9e ( ,mid-,*annel4 ,mr4 ,clyde ,fit* _h1 at lea/1 laudable ambitions 9 ! direction ( psy*ology4 ,becky 9 ,! ,tru?1 & ,j9ny 9 ,! ,girl ) ! ,gre5 ,eyes1 9 s f> z !y are successfully drawn1 really d mean a c]ta9 advance on our k ( fem99e human nature4 ,un=tunately1 ow+ to ! au?or's ov]-facile & ov]-ha/y me?od ( "w1 !y are n[ & !n a little out ( draw+4 ,! mo/ /rik+ piece ( psy*ology kn[n to me 9 ,am]ican drama is ! ,fai? ,heal] 9 ,william ,vaughn ,moody's drama ( t "n4 ,if ! la/ act ( ,! ,fai? ,heal] 7 z good z ! re/ ( x1 "o might safely call x ! f9e/ play ev] writt51 at any rate 9 ! ,engli% language1 beyond ! ,atlantic4 ,! psy*ologi/s ( ! mod]n ,fr5* /age1 ,i take x1 are ,m4 de ,curel & ,m4 de ,porto-,ri*e4 ,,mm4 ,brieux & ,h]vieu are1 l ,mr4 ,%aw1 too mu* conc]n$ ) ideas to probe v deep into "*4 ,9 ,g]many1 ,hauptmann1 &1 s f> z ,i und]/& him1 ,w$ek9d1 are psy*ologi/s1 ,sud]mann1 a vigor\s "*-draw]4 ,x is pretty cle> t1 if ?is di/9ction 7 accept$1 x w\ld be ( use to ! critic1 inasmu* z we %\ld h two t]ms = two ideas1 in/ead ( "o popul> t]m ) a r p$antic synonym4 ,b :at w\ld be its practical use to ! arti/1 ! craftsman8 ,simply ?is1 t if ! ^w psy*ology took on = him a cle> & def9ite mean+1 x might /imulate at once 8 imag9ation & 8 ambition4 ,messrs4 ,hi*5s & ,fagan1 = example1 might h ask$ !mselves--or ea* o!r--,are we gett+ b5ea? ! surface ( ?is woman's nature8 ,are we pluck+ ! he>t out ( h] my/]y8 ,_c we make ! specific processes ( a murd]ess's m9d cle>] to ourselves & to our audi5ces8 ,:e!r !y w\ld h be5 capable ( ris+ to ! opportunity1 ,i _c tell2 b 9 ! case ( o!r au?ors "o n infrequ5tly feels3 ,?is man c\ld h tak5 u deep] into ?is problem if he _h only ?\ght ( x4 ,i d n = a mom5t mean t e s]i\s dramati/ %\ld always be aim+ at psy*ological exploration4 ,! "*-draw]'s appeal to common k & in/ant recognition is (t5 all t is requir$1 or t w\ld be 9 place4 ,b !re are also occasions n a few :5 ! dramati/ %[s himself unequal to 8 opportunities if he does n at lea/ attempt to br+ hi!rto unrecord$ or unscrut9iz$ phases ( "* )9 ! scope ( our und]/&+ & our sympa?ies4 99 99 99 99 99 ,footnote #a3 ,if ?is runs c\nt] to ! late/ biological or?odoxy1 ,i am sorry4 ,habits are at any rate transmissible by imitation1 if n o!rwise4 ,footnote #b3 ,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii ,,dialogue ,,& ,,details ,! extraord9>y progress made by ! drama ( ! ,engli% language dur+ ! pa/ qu>t] ( a c5tury is 9 no?+ m app>5t ?an 9 ! av]age quality ( mod]n dialogue4 ,tol]ably well-writt5 dialogue is n[adays ! rule r ?an ! exception4 ,?irty ye>s ago1 ! idea t x 0 possible to comb9e naturalness ) vivacity & vig\r _h sc>cely dawn$ ^u ! playwright's m9d4 ,he pass$ & repass$ f /ilt$ pa?os to /ra9$ & v]bal wit 7(t5 m]e punn+72 & :5 a re=m] l ,t4,w4 ,rob]tson tri$ to come a little ne>] to ! tru? ( life1 he 0 apt to fall into babyi% simplicity or flat commonness4 ,criticism has n giv5 suffici5t weight to ! fact t ,engli% dramatic writ+ lab\r$ = c5turies--& /ill lab\rs to "s degree--"u a hi/oric mis=tune4 ,x has nev] :olly recov]$ f ! euphuism--to use ! ^w 9 its wide/ s5se--( ! late sixte5? c5tury4 ,! influ5ce ( ,john ,lyly & 8 tribe is /ill traceable1 despite a hundr$ metamorphoses1 9 "s ( ! plays ( to-day & 9 _m ( ! plays ( ye/]day4 ,f ! v beg9n+s ( ,engli% com$y1 x 0 accept$ z almo/ self-evid5t t wit--a factiti\s1 sup]]ogatory sp>kle--0 indisp5sable to all dialogue ( a non-tragic ord]4 ,language 0 a newly discov]$ & irresi/ibly fasc9at+ playgr\nd = ! fancy4 ,conv]sation mu/ be ?ick-/rewn ) v]bal quibbles1 similes1 figures1 & fl\ri%es ( e description1 else x 0 unwor?y to be spok5 on ! /age4 ,we all "k h[ freely ,%akespe>e yield$ to ?is conv5tion1 & s help$ to e/abli% x4 ,sometimes1 n always1 8 g5ius enabl$ him to r5d] x delightful2 b 9 mo/ ( ! ,elizabe?ans--?\gh x be h]esy to say s--x is an extremely t$i\s mann]ism4 ,aft] ! ,re/oration1 :5 mod]n light talk came into be+ 9 ! c(fee-h\ses1 ! fa%ion ( ! day1 no d\bt1 fav\r$ a /ra9+ aft] wit2 s t ! playwrights 7 9 "s measure foll[+ nature--t v small corn] ( nature :i* !y call$ ! t[n--9 accept+ & mak+ a law ( ! ,elizabe?an conv5tion4 ,! lead+ *>act]s ( ,re/oration com$y1 f ,e!rege to ,vanbrugh1 are consci\sly & almo/ pr(essionally wits4 ,simile & rep>tee are z indisp5sable a "p ( a g5tleman's social outfit z 8 wig or 8 rapi]4 ,9 ,congreve ! ^w wit is almo/ z common z ! ?+4 ,:5 ,f>quh> made "s movem5t t[>ds a return to nature1 he 0 rew>d$ ) ,pope's l9e1 :i* cl+s l a burr to 8 memory-- ,:at p]t1 l[ dialogue has ,f>quh> writ4 ,if eighte5?-c5tury com$y1 z a :ole1 is n brilliantly writt51 x is = lack ( tal5t 9 ! playwrights1 n = lack ( desire or int5tion4 ,goldsmi?1 l ,f>quh> & ,/eele1 vaguely realiz$ ! sup]iority ( hum\r to wit2 b he di$ too e>ly to ex]cise mu* influ5ce on 8 successors4 ,9 ,%]idan ! conv5tion ( wit reass]t$ itself triumphantly1 & ! sc5e 9 :i* ,lady ,teazle1 ,mrs4 ,c&\r1 & ! re/ ( ! sc&al\s college sit 9 a semicircle & cap malici\s similes1 came to be reg>d$ z an unapproa*able model ( com$y dialogue4 ,! conv5tion ma9ta9$ itself firmly d[n to ! days ( ,money & ,london ,assurance1 ! dullness ( ! int]v5+ p]iod be+ due1 n to any *ange ( !ory1 b to %e] impot5ce ( practice4 ,t4,w4 ,rob]tson1 z above m5tion$1 attempt$ a return to nature1 ) occasional & v p>tial success2 b wit1 ) a da% ( fanciful s5tim5t1 reass]t$ itself 9 ,james ,alb]y2 :ile 9 ,h4,j4 ,byron x deg5]at$ into m]e punn+ & v]bal horse-play4 ,i %\ld n be surpris$ if ! hi/orian ( ! future 7 to f9d 9 ! plays ( ,mr4 ,h5ry ,ar?ur ,jones ! fir/ m>k$ symptoms ( a reaction--( a t5d5cy to reject extr9sic & fanciful ornam5t 9 dialogue1 & to rely = its effect ^u its vivid appropriat5ess to "* & situation4 ,9 ! e>ly plays ( ,sir ,ar?ur ,p9]o !re is a great deal ( extr9sic ornam5t2 especially ( t metaphor-hunt+ :i* 0 "o ( ! *>act]i/ic =ms ( euphuism4 ,take ?is1 = example1 f ,! ,pr(ligate4 ,dun/an ,r5%aw has express$ to ,hugh ,murray ! op9ion t m>riages ( cont5tm5t are ! rew>d ( husb&s :o h tak5 ! precaution to s[ _! wild oats r ?ickly2 :]eupon ! ,scot* solicitor replies-- ,,hugh ,,murray3 ,cont5tm5t6 ,r5%aw1 d y imag9e t !re is no autumn 9 ! life ( a pr(ligate8 ,d y ?9k !re is no mom5t :5 ! accurs$ crop beg9s to re> its millions ( heads above gr\nd2 :5 ! ri* man w\ld give 8 weal? to be able to tread !m back into ! e>? :i* rejects ! f\l load8 ,to-day y h robb$ "s hone/ man ( a sweet companion6 ,,dun/an ,,r5%aw3 ,look "h1 ,mr4 ,murray--6 ,,hugh ,,murray3 ,to-morr[1 next week1 next mon?1 y may be happy--b :at ( ! "t :5 ^? wild oats ?ru/ _! e>s ?r\gh ! v seams ( ! floor trodd5 by ! wife ^: respect y w h le>n$ to covet6 ,y may drag h] into ! cr[d$ /reets--!re is ! same vile gr[? spr++ up f ! *9ks ( ! pavem5t6 ,9 y\r h\se or 9 ! op51 ! sc5t ( ! mildew$ gra9 always 9 y\r no/rils1 & 9 y\r e>s no music b ! w9d's ru/le among/ ! fat %eaves6 ,&1 wor/ ( all1 y\r wife's he>t a gran>y bur/+ ) ! load ( %ame y\r pr(ligacy has /or$ !re6 ,i w>n y--,mr4 ,lawr5ce ,k5w>d6 ,if we comp>e ?is passage ) any page tak5 at r&om f ,mid-,*annel1 we might ?9k t a c5tury ( evolution lay betwe5 !m1 in/ead ( b>ely tw5ty ye>s4 ,! conv5tion ( wit-at-any-price is1 inde$1 moribund2 b x is p]haps n q sup]flu\s1 ev5 n[1 to emphasize ! diff]5ce betwe5 :at ! ,fr5* call ! mot d'auteur & ! mot de situation4 ,! t]ms practically expla9 !mselves2 b a ?ird class ought to be add$--! mot de c>actre4 ,! mot d'auteur is ! di/+ui%+ m>k ( ! ,congreve-,%]idan conv5tion4 ,x survives 9 full vig\r--or1 %all "o say1 x s+s its swan-song8--9 ! works ( ,osc> ,wilde4 ,= in/ance1 ! sc5e ( ! five m5 9 ! ?ird act ( ,lady ,w9d]m]e's ,fan is a v]itable runn+-fire ( epigrams :olly unconnect$ ) ! situation1 & v slightly relat$1 if at all1 to ! *>act]s ( ! speak]s4 ,! m>k ( ! mot d'auteur is t x c ) p]fect ease be deta*$ f its context4 ,i c\ld fill ?is page ) say+s f ! sc5e 9 "q1 all p]fectly compreh5sible )\t any acc\nt ( ! situation4 ,among !m w\ld be "o ( ^?2 pr(\nd say+s :i* ,wilde n[ & !n ?rew (f 9 8 lighte/ moods1 l opals among soap-bubbles4 ,9 ! _w1 says ,dumby1 !re are two trag$ies4 ,"o is n gett+ :at "o wants1 & ! o!r is gett+ x4 ,?is may rank ) ,"l ,ill+wor?'s spee* 9 ,a ,woman ( ,no ,importance3 ,all ?\ght is immoral4 ,its v ess5ce is de/ruction4 ,if y ?9k ( any?+ y kill x4 ,no?+ survives be+ ?\ght (4 ,:5 we he> su* say+s z ^!--or ! immortal ,vulg>ity is ! behavi\r ( o!r p--we d n enquire too curi\sly into _! appropriat5ess to "* or situation2 b none ! less d !y belong to an antiquat$ conception ( drama4 ,x is useless to beg9 to give specim5s ( ! mot de c>actre & mot de situation4 ,all really dramatic dialogue falls "u "o head or ! o!r4 ,"o c\ld easily pick out a few brilliantly effective examples ( ea* class3 b z _! *>act]i/ic is to fade :5 uproot$ f ! soil 9 :i* !y gr[1 !y w\ld take up space to v little purpose4 ,b !re is ano!r hi/oric influ5ce1 besides t ( euphuism1 :i* has be5 hurtful1 ?\gh 9 a m9or degree1 to ! developm5t ( a s\nd /yle 9 dialogue4 ,"s ( ! lat] ,elizabe?ans1 & notably ,web/] & ,=d1 cultivat$ a fa%ion ( abrupt utt]ance1 :]eby an imm5sity ( spiritual significance--g5]ally tragic--0 suppos$ to be conc5trat$ into a few brief words4 ,! classic example is ,f]d9&'s ,cov] h] face4 ,m9e eyes dazzle4 ,%e di$ "y1 9 ,! ,du*ess ( ,malfy4 ,*>les ,lamb celebrat$ ! virtues ( ?is pregnant1 /accato /yle ) some:at immod]ate admiration1 & ?us help$ to set a fa%ion ( spasmodic pi?9ess 9 dialogue1 :i* too (t5 result$ 9 d5se obscurity4 ,n _m plays compos$ "u ?is influ5ce h rea*$ ! /age2 n "o has held x4 ,b we f9d 9 "s rec5t writ+ a qualifi$ recrudesc5ce ( ! spasmodic mann]1 ) a t\* ( euphuism ?r[n 94 ,?is is ma9ly due1 ,i ?9k1 to ! influ5ce ( ,george ,m]$i?1 :o accept$ ! conv5tion ( wit z ! in=m+ _s ( com$y dialogue1 & ^: abnormally rapid faculty ( association l$ him to delight 9 a sort ( intellectual %or?& :i* ! normal m9d f9ds v difficult to deciph]4 ,m]$i? 0 a man ( brilliant g5ius1 :i* l5t a fasc9ation to 8 v mann]isms2 b :5 ^! mann]isms are transf]r$ by less] m5 to a m$ium mu* less suit$ to !m--t ( ! /age--! result is apt to be disa/r\s4 ,i ne$ n g into p>ticul>s2 = no play ( :i* ! dialogue places a con/ant /ra9 on ! intellectual muscles ( ! audi5ce ev] has held1 or ev] w hold1 a place 9 liv+ dramatic lit]ature4 ,i w m]ely note ! curi\s fact t ,engli%--my own language--is ! only language out ( ! ?ree or f\r kn[n to me 9 :i* ,i h ev] come across an entirely incompreh5sible play4 ,i c\ld "n ,engli% plays1 bo? pre-,m]$i?ian & po/-,m]$i?ian1 :i* might almo/ z well be writt5 9 ,*9ese = all t ,i c make ( !m4 ,obscurity & precocity are g5]ally symptoms ( an exagg]at$ dread ( ! commonplace4 ,! writ] ( dramatic prose has1 inde$1 a v difficult task if he is to a*ieve /yle )\t des]t+ nature4 ,p]haps x w\ld be m accurate to say t ! difficulty lies 9 gett+ criticism to give him cr$it = ! possession ( /yle1 )\t incurr+ ! reproa* ( mann]ism4 ,h[ is "o to give conc5tration & di/9ction to ord9>y talk1 :ile mak+ x /ill seem ord9>y8 ,ei!r ! di/9ction w /rike ! critics1 & !y w call x pomp\s & unreal1 or ! ord9>9ess w come home to !m1 & !y w d5y ! di/9ction4 ,?is is ! dramati/'s con/ant dilemma4 ,"o c only com=t him ) ! assurance t if he has giv5 8 dialogue ! necess>y conc5tration1 & has yet kept x plausibly ne> to ! language ( life1 he has a*iev$ /yle1 & may snap 8 f+]s at ! critics4 ,/yle1 9 prose drama1 is ! sift+ ( common spee*4 ,x is true1 h[ev]1 t1 ) equal conc5tration & equal naturalness1 "o man may give 8 "w a beauty ( cad5ce & phras+ :i* ano!r man may entirely miss4 ,two rec5t writ]s ( ,engli% dramatic prose h /ood out f _! fell[s 9 respect ( ! %e] beauty ( _! /yle--,i ne$ sc>cely "n ,osc> ,wilde & ,j4,m4 ,synge4 ,b ,wilde's dialogue c by no means be call$ free f mann]ism1#a :ile ,synge wrote 9 a language :i* _h a music ( its own1 ev5 be=e 8 g5ius took hold ( x4 ,x does n seem v pr(itable to try to conc5trate into a def9ition ! di/9ctive qualities ( dramatic dialogue4 ,! late ,mrs4 ,craigie 7,john ,oliv] ,hobbes7 attempt$ to d s 9 ! preface to a *>m+ play1 ,! ,ambassador2 & ! result at any rate ! sequel--0 t h] next play1 ,! ,wisdom ( ! ,wise1 0 s+ul>ly self-consci\s & artificial4 ,%e f\nd 9 emotion ! te/ ( dramatic quality 9 any giv5 utt]ance4 ,/age dialogue1 %e says1 may or may n h _m qualities1 b x mu/ be emotional4 ,"h we h a /atem5t :i* is true 9 a vague & g5]al s5se1 untrue 9 ! def9ite & p>ticul> s5se 9 :i* alone x c\ld af=d any practical guidance4 ,my "l1 ! c>riage waits1 may be1 9 its "r place1 a highly dramatic spee*1 ev5 ?\gh x be utt]$ ) no emotion1 & ar\se no emotion 9 ! p]son address$4 ,:at ,mrs4 ,craigie meant1 ,i take x1 0 t1 to be really dramatic1 e spee* mu/ h "s be>+1 direct or indirect1 prospective1 pres5t1 or retrospective1 ^u individual human de/9ies4 ,! dull play1 ! dull sc5e1 ! dull spee*1 is t 9 :i* we d n p]ceive ?is connection2 b :5 once we are int]e/$ 9 ! individuals conc]n$1 we are s quick to p]ceive ! connection1 ev5 ?\gh x be exce$+ly di/ant & indirect1 t ! dramati/ :o %\ld always hold ! fe> ( ,mrs4 ,craigie's aphorism consci\sly be=e 8 eyes w\ld unnecess>ily fett] & re/rict himself4 ,ev5 ! drie/ sci5tific proposition may1 "u special circum/ances1 become electrical ) drama4 ,! /atem5t t ! e>? moves r\nd ! sun does n1 9 itself1 /ir our pulses2 yet :at playwright has ev] inv5t$ a m dramatic utt]ance ?an t :i* "s "o inv5t$ = ,galileo3 ,e pur si muove68 ,9 all ?is1 to be sure1 ,i am illu/rat+1 n confut+1 ,mrs4 ,craigie's maxim4 ,i h no wi% to confute x1 =1 9 ! l>ge/ int]pretation1 x is true2 b ,i sugge/ t x is true only :5 att5uat$ almo/ beyond recognition1 & q beyond ! po9t at :i* x c be ( any practical help to ! practical dramati/4 ,he mu/ rely on 8 in/9ct1 n numb & bewild] x by con/antly subject+ x to ! dictates ( h>d-&-fa/ ae/hetic !ory4 ,we %all sc>cely come mu* ne>] to helpful tru? ?an ! po9t we h already rea*$1 9 ! pr9ciple t all dialogue1 except ! m]ely me*anical p>ts--! connective tissue ( ! play--%\ld consi/ ei!r ( mots de c>actre or ( mots de situation4 ,b if we g to ,fr5* critics = ?is pr9ciple1 d n let u g to ,fr5* dramati/s = models ( practice4 ,x is "p ( ! abid+ insul>ity ( our criticism t ! same writ]s :o _c =give an ,engli% dramati/ :at !y conceive to be a /ilt$ turn ( phrase1 w pass )\t rem>k1 if n ) positive admiration1 ! outrage\sly rhetorical /yle :i* is /ill preval5t 9 ,fr5* drama4 ,"h1 = in/ance1 is a q typical passage f ,le ,duel1 by ,m4 ,h5ri ,lav$an1 an au?or ( no small repute2 & x w\ld be easy to f9d ev5 m magniloqu5t tirades 9 ! works ( almo/ any ( 8 contempor>ies4 ,i translate f ! conclud+ sc5e betwe5 ! ,abb & ! ,du*ess3 ,,! ,,abb3 ,9 our /range life1 !re are sometimes unexpect$ & decisive mom5ts1 sov]eign1 ?\gh we "k n :y4 ,we feel x1 t is all6--fulgurant mom5ts1 :i* ?r[1 z x 71 a fla% ( lightn+ ^u our de/9ies1 l ^? meteors :i* %9e =? f "t to "t 9 ! heav5s1 & ( :i* none c say :at _! purple signifies1 :e!r x be a cataclysm or an apo!osis4 ,well1 x appe>s to me t we1 y & ,i1 are n[ face to face ) "o ( ^! mom5ts6 ,,! ,,du*ess3 ,s ,i1 too1 believe4 ,,! ,,abb3 ,we mu/ take c>e1 !n1 t x be an apo!osis4 ,t is :y ,i want--,mon ,dieu1 madame6 h[ %all ,i say x to y8 ,:]e %all ,i g to f9d ! *os5 words1 ! words ( pure gold1 ( diamonds1 ! immaculate words t are wor?y ( u8 ,all t y are1 all t y are wor?1 ,i "k1 & ,i alone "k4 ,y h op5$1 t ,i might read x1 ! book ( h\rs t is y\r m9d4 ,i am 9 no wise disquiet$ ab\t y or y\r future2 yet1 t ,i may be fully reassur$ be=e we "p1 ,i wi%1 ,i wi% y to tell me1 to decl>e to me1 t y are at ?is v mom5t 9 absolute repose1 calm z a lake4 ,& s ,monsieur l',abb goes on = ano!r page4 ,if x be said t ?is ornate eloqu5ce is m]ely pr(essional1 ,i reply t 8 bro!r1 ! a!i/ doctor1 & ! ,du*ess h]self1 are q z copi\s 9 _! rhetoric1 & sc>cely less ornate4 ,x is a mi/ake to suppose t lit]>y m]it c be imp>t$ to drama by su* flagrant dep>tures f nature2 ?\gh "s critics h n yet outgr[n t sup]/ition4 ,let ! playwright take to he>t an anecdote told by ,pr(essor ,mat!ws 9 8 ,inquiries & ,op9ions--an anecdote ( a ,new ,engl& f>m]1 :o1 be+ ask$ :o 0 ! ar*itect ( 8 h\se1 repli$3 ,oh1 ,i built t h\se myself2 b !re's a man com+ d[n f ,bo/on next week to put on ! ar*itecture4 ,bett] no /yle at all ?an /yle ?us pla/]$ on4 99 99 99 99 99 ,:at is to be said ( ! possibilities ( blank v]se z a dramatic m$ium8 ,?is is a ?orny "q1 to be h&l$ ) caution4 ,"o c say ) p]fect assurance1 h[ev]1 t its possibilities are problematical1 its difficulties & dang]s c]ta94 ,to discuss ! "q :e!r drama 9 v]se is 9 its v nature nobl] ?an drama 9 prose w\ld lead u away f craftsman%ip into ! realm ( pure ae/hetics4 ,= my own "p1 ,i d\bt x4 ,i suspect t ! drama1 l all lit]ature1 took its rise 9 v]se1 = ! simple reason t v]se is easi] to make--& to memorize--?an prose4 ,primitive peoples felt ) ,goe!--?\gh n q 9 ! same s5se--t art is art because x is n nature4 ,n m]ely = emotional1 b = all sorts ( lit]>y1 expression1 !y dem&$ a m$ium cle>ly m>k$ (f f ! spee* ( ev]yday life4 ,! drama lisp$ 9 numb]s1 = ! numb]s came4 ,ev5 ( s mod]n a writ] 7comp>atively7 z ,%akespe>e1 x w\ld sc>cely be true to say t he *ose v]se z 8 m$ium1 9 ! same s5se 9 :i* ,ibs5 *ose prose4 ,he accept$ x j z he accept$ ! o!r traditions & me?ods ( ! !atre ( 8 "t4 ,9 famili> passages he broke away f x2 b on ! :ole x provid$ 7among o!r advantages7 a conv5i5t & ev5 necess>y means ( diff]5tiation betwe5 ! mimic p]sonage & ! audi5ce1 f :om he 0 n m>k$ (f by ! prosc5ium ar* & ! artificial lights :i* make a _w ap>t ( ! mod]n /age4 ,& ,%akespe>e s glorifi$ ?is metrical m$ium z to give x an ov]:elm+ pre/ige4 ,x 0 extremely easy to write blank v]se aft] a fa%ion2 & playwrights :o f\nd x fl[ almo/ spontane\sly f _! p5s 7 only too ready to ov]look ! _w-wide diff]5ce betwe5 _! v]se & t ( ! really great ,elizabe?ans4 ,j aft] ! ,re/oration1 !re 0 an attempt to introduce ! rhym$ c\plet z ! m$ium = h]oic plays2 b t1 on ! o!r h&1 0 too difficult to e/abli% itself 9 g5]al use4 ,trag$y soon fell back ^u ! fatally facile unrhym$ iambic1 & a reign ( /ilt$1 /odgy m$iocrity set 94 ,!re is no?+ dre>i] 9 lit]ature ?an ! c5tury-&-a-half ( ,engli% trag$y1 f ,otway to ,%]idan ,kn[les4 ,"o is lo/ 9 wond] at ! g5ius ( ! actors :o c\ld infuse life & passion into ^? ma/]pieces ( turgid conv5tionality4 ,! wor%ip ( ! m9or ,elizabe?ans1 :i* began ) ,lamb & culm9at$ 9 ,sw9burne1 br\ght into fa%ion 7z we h se57 a spasmodic r ?an a smoo?ly rhetorical way ( writ+1 b did n really put new life into ! outworn =m4 ,x may almo/ be call$ an appall+ fact t = at lea/ two c5turies--f #agjj to #aijj--n a s+le blank-v]se play 0 produc$ :i* lives1 or des]ves to live1#b on ! /age ( to-day4 ,i h ?us glanc$ at ! hi/ory ( ! blank-v]se play because ,i believe t x c nev] revive until we cle>ly realize & admit t x is1 & has be5 = a c5tury1 ?or\ghly dead1 :ile1 = a c5tury be=e t aga91 x 0 only galvaniz$ into a semblance ( life by a great s*ool ( rhetorical act+4 ,! playwright :o sets =? ) ! idea t1 9 writ+ a poetical drama1 he is go+ to cont9ue ! great ,elizabe?an tradition1 is />t+ on a wild-goose *ase4 ,! great ,elizabe?an tradition is an incubus to be exorcis$4 ,x 0 because ,mr4 ,/eph5 ,phillips 0 n ,elizabe?aniz+1 b clo?+ a vital & p]sonal conception ( drama 9 v]se ( v appeal+ lyrical quality1 t "s ( u ?\ght we saw 9 ,paolo & ,francesca ! dawn ( a new art4 ,app>5tly x 0 a false dawn2 b ,i /ill believe t our ori5tation 0 "r :5 we look$ = ! daybreak 9 ! lyric qu>t] ( ! heav5s4 ,! v summits ( ,%akespe>e's a*ievem5t are 8 glori\s lyrical passages4 ,?9k ( ! exquisite elegiacs ( ,macbe?6 ,?9k ( ! immortal dea?-song ( ,cleopatra6 ,if v]se has any function on ! /age1 x is t ( imp>t+ lyric beauty to passionate spee*4 ,= ! m]e rhetorical elevation ( blank v]se we h no use :atev]4 ,x consi/s 9 say+ simple ?+s ) v]bose pomposity4 ,b %\ld !re arise a man :o comb9es highly-develop$ dramatic faculty ) great lyric g5ius1 x is q possible t he may give u ! new poetic drama = :i* our ideali/s are sigh+4 ,he w *oose 8 !mes1 ,i take x1 f leg5d1 or f ! doma9 ( pure fantasy--!mes :i* c be /eep$ f fir/ to la/ 9 an atmosph]e ( poetry1 z ,tri/an und ,isolde is /eep$ 9 an atmosph]e ( music4 ,( hi/oric !mes1 ,i w\ld c\nsel ?is hypo!tical g5ius to bew>e4 ,if !re are any :i* c fitt+ly be /eep$ 9 a lyric atmosph]e1 !y are to be s\ght on ! outskirts ( hi/ory1 or 9 ! debatable l& betwe5 hi/ory & leg5d4 ,! =mula ( ,s*ill] c no m be reviv$ ?an ! =mula ( ,*apman or ( ,r[e4 ,t a new hi/oric drama awaits u 9 ! future1 ,i h little d\bt2 b x w be writt5 9 prose4 ,! idea t ! poetry ( drama is to be s\ght specifically 9 v]se has long ago be5 explod$ by ,ibs5 & ,maet]l9ck & ,d',annunzio & ,synge4 ,b !re are1 no d\bt1 !mes :i* peculi>ly l5d !mselves to lyrico-dramatic treatm5t1 & we %all all welcome ! poet :o discov]s & develops !m4 ,"o w>n+ let me add1 9 no unc]ta9 voice4 ,if y *oose to write a blank-v]se play1 write x 9 blank v]se1 & n 9 "s nondescript rhy?m :i* is "o long s]ies ( jolts & pitfalls to ! s5sitive e>4 ,_m playwrights h ?\ght by ?is means to escape f ! monotony ( blank v]se2 n "o 7t ,i ev] he>d (7 has a*iev$ ev5 tempor>y success4 ,if y _c save y\r blank v]se f monotony )\t break+ x on ! :eel1 t m]ely means t y _c write blank v]se1 & _h bett] let x alone4 ,aga91 9 spite ( ,elizabe?an prec$5t1 !re is no?+ m irritat+ on ! mod]n /age ?an a play :i* keeps on *ang+ f v]se to prose & back aga94 ,x gives ! v]se-passages an air ( pomp\s self-consci\sness4 ,we seem to he> ! au?or say+1 z he %ifts 8 ge>1 ,look y n[6 ,i am go+ to be eloqu5t & impressive6 ,! mo/ de/ructive fault a dramati/ c commit1 9 my judgm5t1 is to pass1 9 ! same "w ( art1 f "o plane ( conv5tion to ano!r4#c 99 99 99 99 99 ,we mu/ n[ consid] = a mom5t ! "q--if "q x c be call$--( ! soliloquy & ! aside4 ,! example ( ,ibs5 has gone f> t[>ds expell+ ^! slov5l9esses f ! "w ( all self-respect+ playwrights4 ,b !ori/s spr+ up e n[ & !n to def5d !m4 ,! /age is ! realm ( conv5tion1 !y argue4 ,if y accept a room ) its f\r? wall remov$1 :i* no?+ %ort ( an e>?quake c\ld r5d] possible 9 real life1 :y %\ld y jib at ! idea--9 :i*1 aft] all1 !re is no?+ absolutely impossible--t a man %\ld utt] al\d ! ?\ghts t are pass+ ?r\gh 8 m9d8 ,x is all a "q1 once m1 ( planes ( conv5tion4 ,no d\bt !re is an irr$ucible m9imum ( conv5tion 9 all drama2 b h[ /range is ! logic :i* leaps f t po/ulate to ! ass]tion t1 if we admit a m9imum1 we _c1 or ought n to1 exclude a maximum6 ,!re are plays :i* d n1 & !re are plays :i* d1 set =? to give z ne>ly z possible an exact reproduction ( ! visual & auditory realities ( life4 ,9 ! ,elizabe?an !atre1 ) its plat=m /age "u ! op5 sky1 any pictorial exactness ( reproduction 0 cle>ly impossible4 ,its fundam5tal conditions necessitat$ v ne>ly#d a maximum ( conv5tion2 !re=e su* conv5tions z blank v]se & ! soliloquy 7 simply ( a piece ) all ! re/4 ,9 ! !atre ( ! eighte5? c5tury & e>ly n9ete5?1 ! prosc5ium ar*--! frame ( ! picture--made pictorial realism !oretically possible4 ,b no "o recogniz$ ! possibility2 & inde$1 on a c&le-lit /age1 x w\ld h be5 extremely difficult4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! ,elizabe?an plat=m surviv$ 9 ! %ape ( a long apron1 project+ 9 front ( ! prosc5ium1 on :i* ! mo/ important p>ts ( ! action took place4 ,! *>act]s1 t is to say1 7 con/antly /epp+ out ( ! frame ( ! picture2 & :ile ?is visual conv5tion ma9ta9$ itself1 !re 0 no?+ inconsi/5t or j>r+ 9 ! auditory conv5tion ( ! soliloquy4 ,only 9 ! la/ qu>t] ( ! n9ete5? c5tury did new me?ods ( light+1 comb9$ ) new lit]>y & arti/ic influ5ces1 complete ! evolution>y process1 & lead to ! )drawal ( ! :ole /age--! :ole dramatic doma9--)9 ! frame ( ! picture4 ,x 0 ?us possible to r$uce visual conv5tion to a m9imum s trifl+ t 9 a well-set int]ior x ne$s a di/9ct ef=t ( att5tion to be consci\s ( x at all4 ,9 fact1 if we come to ?9k ( x1 ! removal ( ! f\r? wall is sc>cely to be class$ z a conv5tion2 = 9 real life1 z we d n happ5 to h eyes 9 ! back ( our heads1 we are nev] visually consci\s ( all f\r walls ( a room at once4 ,if1 !n1 9 a room t is absolutely real1 we see a man :o 79 all o!r respects7 /rives to be equally real1 sudd5ly beg9 to exp\nd himself al\d1 9 good1 set t]ms1 8 own emotions1 motives1 or purposes1 we in/antly plump d[n f "o plane ( conv5tion to ano!r1 & receive a disagreeable j> to our s5se ( reality4 ,up to t mom5t1 all ! ef=ts ( au?or1 produc]1 & actor h c5tr$ 9 begett+ 9 u a p>ticul> ord] ( illusion2 & lo6 ! ef=t is sudd5ly ab&on$1 & ! illusion %att]$ by a cry+ unreality4 ,9 mod]n s]i\s drama1 !re=e1 ! soliloquy c only be reg>d$ z a di/urb+ ana*ronism4#e ,! physical conditions :i* t5d$ to bani% x f ! /age 7 re9=c$ by ! gr[+ p]ception ( its arti/ic slov5l9ess4 ,x 0 f\nd t ! mo/ delicate analyses c\ld be a*iev$ )\t its aid2 & x became a po9t ( hon\r ) ! self-respect+ arti/ to accept a condition :i* r5d]$ 8 mat]ial some:at h>d] ( manipulation1 inde$1 b all ! m tempt+ to wre/le ) & ov]come4 ,a drama ) soliloquies & asides is l a picture ) inscrib$ labels issu+ f ! m\?s ( ! figures4 ,9 t way1 any bungl] c reveal :at is pass+ 9 ! m9ds ( 8 p]sonages4 ,b ! glori\s problem ( ! mod]n playwright is to make 8 *>act]s reveal ! inmo/ work+s ( _! s\ls )\t say+ or do+ any?+ t !y w\ld n say or d 9 ! real _w4#f ,!re are degrees1 h[ev]1 ev5 9 ! make%ift & ! slov5ly2 & n all lapses into ana*ronism are equally to be condemn$4 ,"o ?+ is s pat5t z to call = no demon/ration3 to wit1 t ! aside is t5 times worse ?an ! soliloquy4 ,x is always possible t a man might speak 8 ?\ght1 b x is gl>+ly impossible t he %\ld speak x s z to be he>d by ! audi5ce & n he>d by o!rs on ! /age4 ,9 ,fr5* light com$y & f>ce ( ! mid-n9ete5? c5tury1 ! aside is abus$ beyond ev5 ! lic5se ( fantasy4 ,a man w speak an aside ( sev]al l9es ov] ! %\ld] ( ano!r p]son :om he is embrac+4 ,n infrequ5tly 9 a conv]sation betwe5 two *>act]s1 ea* w comm5t aside on e utt]ance ( ! o!r1 be=e reply+ to x4 ,! conv5i5ce ( ?is me?od ( proce$+ is manife/4 ,x is z ?\gh ! au?or /ood by & deliv]$ a runn+ comm5t>y on ! secret motives & designs ( 8 *>act]s4 ,b x is su* a cry+ confession ( unreality t1 on ! ,engli%-speak+ /age1 at any rate1 x w\ld sc>cely be tol]at$ to-day1 ev5 9 f>ce4 ,9 s]i\s mod]n drama ! aside is n[ practically unkn[n4 ,x is s obsolete1 inde$1 t actors are puzzl$ h[ to h&le x1 & audi5ces :at to make ( x4 ,9 an ambiti\s play produc$ at a lead+ ,london !atre ab\t t5 ye>s ago1 a lady1 on leav+ ! /age1 ann\nc$1 9 an aside1 h] int5tion ( dr[n+ h]self1 & sev]al critics1 ! next day1 n und]/&+ t %e 0 speak+ aside1 sev]ely blam$ ! g5tleman :o 0 on ! /age ) h] = n fru/rat+ h] int5tion4 ,ab\t ! same "t1 !re occurr$ "o ( ! mo/ gl>+ in/ances )9 my recollection ( inept conv5tionalism4 ,! h]o ( ! play 0 ,eug5e ,aram4 ,alone 9 8 room at dead ( night1 ,aram he>d ,h\seman break+ op5 ! outside %utt]s ( ! w9d[4 ,design+ to entrap ! robb]1 :at did he d8 ,he w5t up to ! w9d[ & drew back ! curta9s1 ) a noise l\d en\gh to be he>d 9 ! next p>i%4 ,x 0 inaudible1 h[ev]1 to ,h\seman on ! o!r side ( ! %utt]s4 ,he proce$$ ) 8 "w1 op5$ ! w9d[1 & slipp$ 91 ,aram hid+ 9 ! %ad[4 ,!n1 :ile ,h\seman pe]$ ab\t him ) 8 lant]n1 n six feet f ,aram1 & actually betwe5 him & ! audi5ce1 ,aram indulg$ 9 a long & l\d monologue z to :e!r he %\ld %oot ,h\seman or n1 end+ ) a pray] to heav5 to save him f m blood-guilt9ess6 ,su* are ! *ildi% excesses to :i* a playwright w pres5tly desc5d :5 once he beg9s to dally ) facile conv5tion4 ,an aside is intol]able because x is n he>d by ! o!r p]son on ! /age3 x outrages physical possibility4 ,an ov]he>d soliloquy1 on ! o!r h&1 is intol]able because x is he>d4 ,x keeps )9 ! b\nds ( physical possibility1 b x /ultifies ! only logical excuse = ! soliloquy1 namely1 t x is an ext]nalization ( ?\ght :i* w\ld 9 reality rema9 unutt]$4 ,?is po9t is s cle> t ,i ne$ n insi/ ^u x4 ,are !re1 9 mod]n drama1 any admissible soliloquies8 ,a few brief ejaculations ( joy1 or despair1 are1 ( c\rse1 natural en\gh1 & no "o w cavil at !m4 ,! approa* ( m5tal disease is (t5 m>k$ by a t5d5cy to unre/ra9$ loquacity1 :i* goes on ev5 :ile ! suff]] is alone2 & ?is di/ress+ symptom may1 on r>e occasions1 be put to arti/ic use4 ,%ort ( actual d]angem5t1 h[ev]1 !re are c]ta9 /ates ( n]v\s surexcitation :i* cause ev5 heal?y p to talk to !mselves2 & if an au?or has ! skill to make u realize t 8 "* is pass+ ?r\gh su* a crisis1 he may risk a soliloquy1 n only )\t reproa*1 b ) conspicu\s psy*ological ju/ification4 ,9 ! ?ird act ( ,clyde ,fit*'s play1 ,! ,girl ) ! ,gre5 ,eyes1 !re is a d>+ attempt at su* a soliloquy1 :]e ,j9ny says3 ,good ,heav5s6 :y am ,i maudl+ on l ?is to myself out l\d8 ,x's really no?+--,jack w expla9 once m t he c't expla9--& s on4 ,:e!r ! attempt ju/ifi$ itself or n w\ld dep5d l>gely on ! act+4 ,9 any case1 x is cle> t ! au?or1 ?\gh z a rule some:at lax 9 8 craftsman%ip1 0 "h aim+ at psy*ological tru?4 ,a ^w mu/ be said z to a special case ( ! soliloquy--! lett] :i* a p]son speaks al\d z he writes x1 or reads ov] to himself al\d4 ,?is is a conv5tion to be employ$ z sp>+ly z possible2 b x is n exactly on a level ) ! ord9>y soliloquy4 ,a lett] has an actual objective exi/5ce4 ,! words are =mulat$ 9 ! "*'s m9d & are suppos$ to be ext]naliz$1 ev5 ?\gh ! actor may n really write !m on ! pap]4 ,?us ! lett] has1 s to speak1 ! same "r to come to ! k ( ! audi5ce z any o!r utt]ance4 ,x is1 9 fact1 "p ( ! dialogue ( ! play1 only t x happ5s to be inaudible4 ,a soliloquy1 on ! o!r h&1 has no real exi/5ce4 ,x is a purely artificial unravell+ ( motive or emotion1 :i*1 n9e times out ( t51 w\ld n become articulate at all1 ev5 9 ! speak]'s bra9 or he>t4 ,?us x is by _m degrees a great] infraction ( ! surface texture ( life ?an ! spok5 lett]1 :i* we may call inadvisable r ?an inadmissible4 ,"s !ori/s c>ry _! solicitude = surface reality to su* an extreme z to object to any communication betwe5 two *>act]s :i* is n audible to e "o on ! /age4 ,?is is a v idle p$antry4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 a conv]sation 9 und]tones & a soliloquy or aside is abundantly pla93 ! "o occurs e h\r ( ! day1 ! o!r nev] occurs at all4 ,:5 two p1 or a gr\p1 are talk+ among !mselves1 unhe>d by ! o!rs on ! /age1 x requires a special ef=t to rememb] t1 z a matt] ( fact1 ! o!rs probably d he> !m4 ,ev5 if ! sc5e be unskilfully arrang$1 x is n ! audibility ( "o gr\p1 b ! inaudibility ( ! o!rs1 t is apt to /rike u z unreal4 99 99 99 99 99 ,?is is n ! only =m ( te*nical p$antry t "o occasionally enc\nt]s4 ,"s ye>s ago1 a little b& ( playwrights & w\ld-be playwrights1 9 fanatical reaction aga9/ ! ,s>d\ te*nique1 tri$ to lay d[n a rule t no room on ! /age mu/ ev] h m ?an "o door1 & t no lett] mu/ ev] ent] into ! me*anism ( a play4 ,i d n "k :i* cont5tion 0 ! m ridicul\s4 ,no?+ is common] 9 mod]n h\se-plann+ ?an rooms :i* h at lea/ two doors & a ,fr5* w9d[4 ,we con/antly see rooms or halls :i*1 if transport$ to ! /age1 w\ld provide ?ree or f\r entrances & exits2 & ?is is ev5 m true ( ! c5tral heat$ h\ses ( ,am]ica ?an ( ,engli% h\ses4 ,! te*nical puri/s us$ especially to despise ! ,fr5* w9d[--a h>mless1 agreeable & v common device4 ,:y ! playwright %\ld make "o room "o door an inexorable canon ( art is m ?an human reason c div9e4 ,!re are cases1 no d\bt1 9 :i* probability dem&s t ! dramati/ %\ld be cont5t ) "o practicable op5+ to 8 sc5e1 & %\ld plan 8 entrances & exits accord+ly4 ,?is is no su* great feat z might be imag9$4 ,inde$ a playwright w sometimes delib]ately place a p>ticul> act 9 a room ) "o door1 because x happ5s to facilitate ! movem5t he desires4 ,x is absurd to lay d[n any rule 9 ! matt]1 o!r ?an t ! sc5e %\ld provide a probable locality = :atev] action is to take place 9 x4 ,i am ! la/ to def5d ! old ,fr5* f>ce ) its t5 or a doz5 doors ?r\gh :i* ! *>act]s kept scuttl+ 9 & out l rabbits 9 a w>r54 ,b ! fact t we are tir$ ( conv5tional laxity is no good reason = ru%+ to ! o!r extreme ( conv5tional & hamp]+ au/]ity4 ,simil>ly1 because ! =g$ w & ! lo/ m>riage l9es h be5 rightly relegat$ to melodrama1 is !re any reason :y we %\ld bani% f ! /age e =m ( writt5 docum5t8 ,mr4 ,b]n>d ,%aw1 9 an article celebrat+ ! adv5t ( ! new te*nique1 once wrote1 ,n[adays an actor _c op5 a lett] or toss (f somebody else's glass ( poison )\t hav+ to face a brutal outbur/ ( je]+4 ,:at an extravagance to bracket z equally explod$ absurdities ! op5+ ( a lett] & ! toss+ (f ( ! wrong glass ( poison6 ,lett]s--m's ! pity--play a gigantic "p 9 ! economy ( mod]n life4 ,! ,g5]al ,po/ ,(fice is a va/ me*anism = ! di/ribution ( trag$y1 com$y1 melodrama1 & f>ce ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry & ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,to ^: door has n ,de/9y come 9 ! disguise ( a po/man1 & slipp$ its decree1 ) a d\ble rat-tat1 into ! lett]-box8 ,^: he>t has n sick5$ z he he>d ! po/man's foot/ep pass 8 door )\t paus+8 ,^: h& has n trembl$ z he op5$ a lett]8 ,^: face has n blan*$ z he took 9 its import1 almo/ )\t read+ ! words8 ,:y1 ,i w\ld fa9 "k1 %\ld our /age-picture ( life be falsifi$ by ! bani%m5t ( ! po/man8 ,ev5 ! revelation br\ght ab\t by ! discov]y ( a =gott5 lett] or bundle ( lett]s is n an infrequ5t incid5t ( daily life4 ,:y %\ld x be tabu on ! /age8 ,because ! ,fr5* dramati/1 =ty ye>s ago1 w\ld sometimes con/ruct a ,*9ese-puzzle play ar\nd "s /ol5 lett] or hidd5 docum5t1 are we to suff] no scrap ( pap] to play any "p :atev] 9 ,engli% drama8 ,ev5 ! ,hebrew s5se ( ju/ice w\ld recoil f su* a conclusion4 ,x w\ld be a case ( ,! fa!rs h eat5 s\r grapes1 & o!r p's *ildr5 mu/ pay ! p5alty4 ,aga9/ su* :imsies ( reaction>y purism1 ! playwright's sole & suffici5t safegu>d is a mod]ate ex]cise ( common s5se4 99 99 99 99 99 ,footnote #a3 ,s1 too1 ) ! /yle ( ,congreve4 ,x is mu*1 & ju/ly1 admir$2 b :o does n feel m ?an a t\* ( mann]ism 9 su* a passage z ?is8-- ,,millamant3 444 ,let u nev] visit toge!r1 nor g to a play toge!r2 b let u be v /range & well-br$3 let u be z /range z if we _h be5 m>ri$ a great :ile2 & z well-br$ z if we 7 n m>ri$ at all4 ,,mirabell3 ,h y any m conditions to (f]8 ,hi!rto y\r dem&s are pretty reasonable4 ,,millamant3 ,trifles6--z lib]ty to pay & receive visits to & f :om ,i please2 to write & receive lett]s1 )\t int]rogatories or wry faces on y\r "p2 to we> :at ,i please2 & *oose conv]sation ) reg>d only to my own ta/e2 to h no obligation ^u me to conv]se ) wits t ,i don't l because !y are y\r acqua9tances2 or to be intimate ) fools because !y may be y\r relatives4444 ,^! articles subscrib$1 if ,i cont9ue to endure y a little long]1 ,i may by degrees dw9dle into a wife4 ,?is is v pretty prose1 grant$2 b x is ! prose ( lit]ature1 n ( life4 ,footnote #b3 ,f ! fact t ,i d n make an exception 9 fav\r ( ,! ,blot 9 ! ,scut*eon or ,/rat=d1 ,i mu/ leave ! read] to draw :at inf]5ce he pleases4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,i believe t a recon/ruction ( ,t5nyson's ,que5 ,m>y1 ) a few connect+ l9ks writt5 91 might take a p]man5t place 9 ! !atre4 ,footnote #c3 ,mr4 ,israel ,zangwill1 9 8 symbolic play1 ,! ,w>-,god1 has put blank v]se to :at ,i believe to be a new use1 ) notewor?y success4 ,he writes 9 v /rict measure1 b )\t ! lea/ inv]sion or inflation1 )\t a t\* ( ,elizabe?an1 or conv5tionally poetic1 diction4 ,he is ?us enabl$ to use ! mo/ mod]n expressions1 & ev5 slang1 )\t incongruity2 :ile at ! same "t he c give rhetorical movem5t to ! spee*es ( 8 symbolic p]sonages1 &1 9 passages ( argum5t1 c a*ieve t cla% ( measur$ phrase aga9/ measur$ phrase :i* ! ,greeks call$ /i*omy?y1 & :i* ! ,fr5* dramati/ sometimes produces 9 rapid rapi] play ) ! ,alex&r9e4 ,mr4 ,zangwill's practice is 9 absolute contradiction ( ! pr9ciple above sugge/$ t blank v]se1 to be ju/ifi$ 9 drama1 ought to be lyrical4 ,8 v]se is a product ( pure intellect & wit1 )\t a s+le lyric acc5t4 ,x is measur$ prose2 if x ev] tries to be m1 x fails4 ,i ?9k1 !n1 t he has %[n a new use = blank v]se1 9 rhetorico-symbolic drama4 ,b x is no small lit]>y feat to h&le ! measure z he does4 ,footnote #d3 ,n q4 ,! drama ( "s ,ori5tal peoples recognizes conv5tions :i* ! ,elizabe?ans did n admit4 ,footnote #e3 ,a conv]sation on ! telephone (t5 provides a conv5i5t & up-to-date sub/itute = a soliloquy2 b t is an exp$i5t :i* ought n to be abus$4 ,footnote #f3 ,! soliloquy is (t5 n only slov5ly1 b a gratuit\s & unnecess>y slov5l9ess4 ,9 ,les ,corbeaux1 by ,h5ry ,becque1 produc$ 9 #ahhi1 !re occur two soliloquies--"o by ,teissi] 7,act ii1 ,sc5e #c71 ! o!r by ,madame de ,sa9t-,g5is 7,act 91 ,sc5e #aj7--;ei!r or bo? ( :i* c\ld be omitt$ )\t leav+ any s5sible gap4 ,! latt] is :olly sup]flu\s1 ! =m] conveys "s in=mation :i* might h be5 tak5 = grant$1 & c\ld1 9 any case1 h be5 convey$ )\t difficulty 9 "s o!r way4 ,yet ,becque 01 9 8 day1 reg>d$ z a q advanc$ te*nician4