,,! ,,s\l ,,( ,,democracy ,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,,! ,,_w ,,w> ,,9 ,,relation ,,to ,,human ,,lib]ty ,,by ,,edw>d ,,h[>d ,,griggs ,man = ! ,/ate means autocracy & imp]ialism2 ,,man ,,= ,,mank9d is ! s\l ( democracy4 #aiah ,,cont5ts ,i ,,! ,,_w ,,trag$y ,,ii ,,! ,,conflict ,,( ,,ideas ,,9 ,,! ,,w> ,,iii ,,! ,,ideas ,,= ,,:i* ,,! ,,alli$ ,,nations ,,fight ,,iv ,,moral ,,/&>ds ,,& ,,! ,,moral ,,ord] ,v ,,! ,,pres5t ,,/ate ,,( ,,int]national ,,relations ,,vi ,,! ,,e?ics ,,( ,,int]national ,,relation%ip ,,vii ,,am]ica',s ,,duty ,,9 ,,int]national ,,relations ,,viii ,,! ,,gospel ,,& ,,! ,,sup]/ition ,,( ,,non-,,resi/ance ,,ix ,,prep>$ness ,,= ,,self-,,def5se ,x ,,recon/ruction ,,f ,,! ,,w> ,,xi ,,! ,,w> ,,& ,,education ,,xii ,,socialism ,,& ,,! ,,w> ,,xiii ,,! ,,w> ,,& ,,fem9ism ,,xiv ,,! ,,trans=mation ,,( ,,democracy ,,xv ,,democracy ,,& ,,education ,,xvi ,,m5aces ,,( ,,democracy ,,xvii ,,! ,,dilemma ,,( ,,democracy ,,xviii ,,pat]nalism ,,v]sus ,,democracy ,,xix ,,! ,,solution ,,= ,,democracy ,,xx ,,tra9+ ,,= ,,moral ,,lead]%ip ,,xxi ,,democracy ,,& ,,sacrifice ,,xxii ,,! ,,h\r ,,( ,,sacrifice ,,! ,,s\l ,,( ,,democracy ,i ,,! ,,_w ,,trag$y ,we are liv+ "u ! %ad[ ( ! greate/ _w trag$y 9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d4 ,n ev5 ! ov]?r[ ( ! old ,roman empire 0 s colossal a disa/] z ?is4 ,inevitably we are bewild]$ by x4 ,utt]ly unanticipat$1 at lea/ 9 its _w ext5t1 = we _h believ$ mank9d too f> advanc$ = su* a *aos ( brute =ce to recur1 x ov]:elms our vision4 ,man _h be5 go+ =w>d /eadily1 inv5t+ & discov]+1 until 9 ! la/ hundr$ ye>s 8 :ole _w _h be5 trans=m$4 ,sudd5ly ! entire range ( inv5tion is turn$ aga9/ ,man4 ,! ma*9]y ( com=t & progress becomes ! eng9]y ( deva/ation4 ,"u su* a %ock1 we ask1 ,has civilization ov]-rea*$ itself8 ,has ! ma*9e run away ) its mak]8 ,! imag9ation is /agg]$4 ,we are too mu* 9 ! /orm to see across ! /orm4 ,:5 ! ,w> began1 x 0 ov] our m9ds z a d>k cl\d4 ,x 0 ! la/ consci\s ?\ght z we w5t to sleep at night1 & ! fir/ to :i* we awak5$ 9 ! morn+3 wak5+ ) a dumb s5se ( some?+ wrong1 z if we _h suff]$ a p]sonal trag$y1 & !n z we came to cle> consci\sness we said1 ,o yes1 ! ,w>6 ,! days h pass$ into weeks1 ! weeks into mon?s & ye>s3 inevitably we become b5umb$ to ! long cont9u$ disa/]4 ,x is impossible to ?9k dea?s & mutilations 9 t]ms ( millions4 ,ev5 ^? :o /& 9 ! imm$iate pres5ce ( x & suff] mo/ t]ribly become call\s$ to x3 mu* m mu/ we :o /ood s long ap>t & h n yet felt ! brunt ( x4 ,ev5 our entrance into ! :irl+ vortex1 draw+ ev] ne>] our %ores1 has fail$ to wak5 u to a realiz+ s5se ( x4 ,nev]!less1 ^! ye>s ?r\gh :i* we are n[ liv+ are ! mo/ important 9 ! entire hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,x is probable t ! future w look back ^u !m z ! ye>s det]m9+ ! de/9y ( mank9d = ages to come4 ,h[ ?is t]rible fact ( ,w> falls across all philosophies6 ,complac5t optimisms1 s widely curr5t rec5tly1 are put out ( c\rt by x4 ,! pleasant int]pretations m$iocrity =mulates ( ! univ]se are torn to tatt]s4 ,!re is at lea/ ! refre%m5t ( /&+ face to face ) brute actuality1 ?\gh x cra% all our little sy/ems to ! gr\nd4 ,philosophy mu/ wait4 ,! int]pretations _c be ha/5$1 :ile ! facts are multiply+ ) su* bewild]+ rapidity4 ,! "o c]ta9ty is t an entirely new _w is be+ born--:at x w be1 no "o kn[s4 ,nev]!less1 we h gone f> en\gh to recognize t all our ?9k+ w be trans=m$ "u ! influ5ce ( ! /ruggle4 ,x w be impossible = u1 aft] ! ,w>1 to d :at we h done s widely hi!rto3 proclaim "o range ( e?ical ideals & /&>ds1 & live to some?+ widely diff]5t 9 practice4 ,ei!r we %all h to ab&on ! /&>ds1 or br+ our conduct measurably into h>mony ) !m4 ,we %all be unable long] to hold unconsci\sly 9 solution ,*ri/ianity & ! gospel ( brute =ce4 ,"o or ! o!r mu/ be reject$1 or bo? consci\sly recon/ruct$4 ,! effect on ! ?\ght life ( ! _w w be ev5 great]--va/ly great]--?an t ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,! tw5tie? c5tury w diff] f ! n9ete5? m ?an t did f ! eighte5?4 ,! effect on ! relations ( diff]5t social gr\ps ?r\gh\t ! _w w be s f>-rea*+ t possibly ! democracy & socialism ( ! n9ete5? c5tury may look l remote hi/oric ph5om5a1 su* z ! ,a!nian tribal sy/em or m$iaeval feudalism4 ,?us our :ole social philosophy w h to be remold$4 ,we ,am]icans are /ill 9 ! pat5t m$ic9e p]iod ( politics1 tru/+ to political devices on ! surface = ! cure ( any evils t arise4 ,all across ! c\ntry1 l an epidemic ( disease has gone ! notion --if any?+ is ! matt] ) u1 j pass ano!r law4 ,?us we are suff]+ "u an ill-consid]$ mass ( legislation1 :ile bl9dly tru/+ to x to solve all problems4 ,legislation is no solution = moral evils4 ,x is possible1 to "s ext5t1 to suppress vice by legislation1 b n to create virtue4 ,virtue c be develop$ only by conduct & education4 ,y _c drive m5 into ! k+dom ( heav5 ) ! :ip ( legislation2 & if y c\ld1 y w\ld s *ange ! atmosph]e ( ! place t "o w\ld pref] to take ! o!r road4 ,if our democracy is to survive1 we mu/ ?9k x ?r\gh2 c>ry+ x d[n1 f ^! sup]ficial political devices1 into our indu/ry & comm]ce1 /ill s l>gely dom9at$ by feudal ideas ( ! middle age1 into our sci5ce & art1 f> m completely into our education1 into our social relation%ip1 & beyond all else1 into our fundam5tal attitude ( m9d4 ,democracy is1 at bottom1 n a s]ies ( political =ms1 b a way ( life4 ,?us ! ,w> w be ! supreme te/ ( democracy4 ,! "q x w settle is ?is3 c free m51 by volunt>y coop]ation1 develop an effici5cy & an endurance :i* w make x possible = !m to /& & protect _! lib]ties aga9/ ! ma*9]y & aggressive ambitions ( autocratic empires :]e ev]y?+ is done pat]nally f ! top8 ,if !y c1 !n democracy w survive & gr[ z ! highe/ =m ( society = ages to come2 if n1 !n democracy w pass & be succe$$ by "s o!r social ord]4 ,t is :y ?is ,w> has be5 our w> f ! beg9n+1 ?\gh we h ent]$ x s late4 ,z we look back ^u ! /ruggle ( ,a!ns & ! o!r free ,greek cities ) ! ov]:elm+ hordes ( ,asia1 at ,m>a?on & ,salamis1 z ! conflict t sav$ democracy = ,europe & made possible ! civilization ( ! ,occid5t1 s x is probable t ! _w w look back ^u ?is colossal ,w> z ! same /ruggle1 multipli$ a ?\s& times 9 ! m5 & munitions employ$1 ! /ruggle det]m9+ ! future ( democracy & civilization = g5]ations1 p]haps = all "t4 ,,ii ,,! ,,conflict ,,( ,,ideas ,,9 ,,! ,,w> ,! _w has be5 confus$ z to ! issue 9 ?is ,w>1 because ( ! multitude ( its causes & ( ! antagonisms x involves2 yet "u all ! national & racial hatr$s1 ! economic jeal\sies1 c]ta9 great ideas are be+ te/$ out4 ,apologi/s = ,g]many h told u1 ev5 ) pride1 t 9 ,g]many ! supreme conception is ! d$ication ( ,man to ! ,/ate4 ,?is 0 n true ( old ,g]many4 ,be=e ! =mation ( ! ,prussian empire1 h] _s 0 int5sely individuali/ic4 ,%e /ood preem95tly = fre$om ( ?\ght & action4 ,x 0 ?is t gave h] noble spiritual h]itage4 ,goe! is ! mo/ individuali/ic ( _w ma/]s4 ,froebel develop$1 9 ! ,k9d]g>t51 "o ( ! pure/ ( democracies4 ,lu!r & ,g]man prote/antism repres5t$ ! affirmation ( individual consci5ce z aga9/ hi]>*ical control4 ,x 0 ?is _s t gave ,g]many h] gold5 age ( lit]ature1 h] unmat*$ gr\p ( spiritual philosoph]s1 h] religi\s tea*]s1 h] pre-em95ce 9 music4 ,nev]!less1 ! ,prussian /ate1 autocratic f its inception1 receiv$ philosophic ju/ification 9 a s]ies ( ?9k]s1 culm9at+ 9 ,hegel1 :o reg>d$ ! individual z a caprici\s egoti/1 ! /ate1 inc>nate 9 its sov]eign1 z ! supreme spiritual entity4 ,he ju/ifi$ w>1 reg>d+ x z a p]man5t necessity1 & practically made might1 "r1 9 argu+ t a conqu]+ nation is ju/ifi$ by its m fruitful idea 9 annex+ ! weak]1 :ile ! conqu]$1 9 be+ conqu]$1 is judg$ ( ,god4 ,"h is ! philosophic ju/ification ( t ,prussian arrogance :i* 9 ,nietzs*e is c>ri$ into glitt]+ rhetoric4 ,?us ! ,prussian /ate f af> back 0 oppos$ to ! g5]al _s ( old ,g]many4 ,s9ce #ahgj1 x mu/ be admitt$1 t _s is gone4 ,) ! =mation ( ! ,prussian empire & = ! half c5tury ( its exi/5ce1 e =ce ( social control--press1 *ur*1 /ate1 education1 social op9ion--0 delib]ately employ$ to /amp on ! ,g]man p "o idea--! subord9ation ( ! individual to ! /ate1 z ! supreme & only virtue4 ,h[ f> has ! policy succe$$8 ,app>5tly absolutely4 ,to ! outside obs]v] ! old _s seems utt]ly gone4 ,h[ f> ?is policy has be5 help$ by ! cultivation ( ! fe> ( ! ,slav1 "o _c say4 ,look+ at ! map ( ,europe1 "o sees t ! geographical relation ( ,g]many to ! great ,slavic empire is n unlike ! relation ( ,holl& to ,g]many4 ,?us ! delib]ate fo/]+ ( fe> ( ! va/ empire ( ! ,ea/ has done mu* to /r5g!n ! h&s ( ! ,prussian regime 9 its *os5 task4 ,nev]!less1 :5 "o recalls ! spiritual h]itage ( ,g]many3 :5 "o ?9ks ( ,h]d]1 ,s*ill] & ,goe!2 ,taul]1 ,lu!r & ,s*lei]ma*]2 ,froebel1 ,h]b>t & ,ri*t]2 ,kant1 ,fi*te & ,novalis2 ,moz>t1 ,bee?ov5 & ,wagn]2 "o feels t some?+ ( ! old ,g]man h]itage mu/ survive4 ,:5 ! ,g]man p f9d out :at has happ5$ to !m & :y1 t h]itage surely ought to %[ 9 "s reaction aga9/ ! pres5t autocratic regime1 aft] ! ,w> closes1 if n be=e1 p]haps ev5 to ! ext5t ( mak+ ,g]many a republic4 ,t w\ld be "s comp5sation = ! wa/e & de/ruction ( ! ,w>4 ,meantime ,g]many /&s n[1 ru?lessly1 = ! d$ication ( ,man to ! ,/ate4 ,"o c und]/& :y a ,prussian m9i/] =bade ! tea*+ ( ,froebel's ideas 9 ,prussia dur+ ! latt] p]iod ( ! educator's life4 ,s "o und]/&s ! hatr$ ( ,goe! because he refus$ allegiance to a n>r[ nationalism & rema9$ cosmopolitan 9 8 _w-view4 ,simil>ly ,hegel1 ) 8 ju/ification ( absolute mon>*y & 8 !ory ( ! ,g]man /ate z ! acme ( all spiritual evolution1 0 ! acclaim$ or?odox philosoph] ( ,prussia1 :ile ! individuali/1 ,s*op5hau]1 0 neglect$ & despis$4 ,"o mu/ h liv$ 9 ,g]many to realize ! absolute control ( ! ,/ate ov] ! individual--! incessant surveillance1 ! petty regulations1 ! con/ant int]f]5ce ) private life4 ,x 0 to escape j ?is vexati\s control1 ) ! ardu\s milit>ism 9 :i* x culm9ates1 t s va/ a multitude ( ,g]mans left _! native l& & came to ! ,unit$ ,/ates--n all ( :om h %[n appreciation & loyalty to ! free l& t welcom$ !m4 ,,iii ,,! ,,ideas ,,= ,,:i* ,,! ,,alli$ ,,nations ,,fight ,9 contra/ to ! idea = :i* ,g]many n[ /&s1 ! ,anglo-,saxon in/9ctively & t5aci\sly believes 9 ! lib]ty & initiative ( ! individual4 ,we1 ( c\rse1 are no long] ,anglo-,saxon4 ,:5 ,de ,tocqueville 9 #ahca visit$ our c\ntry1 survey$ our in/itutions &1 aft] return+ home1 made 8 tr5*ant diagnosis ( our democracy1 he c\ld ju/ly designate u ,anglo-,am]icans4 ,t "t is pa/2 we are to-day ev]y?+ & no?+3 a great nation 9 ! womb ( "t1 /ruggl+ to be born4 ,nev]!less1 ,anglo-,am]ican ideas /ill dom9ate & inspire our civilization4 ,x is1 inde$1 rem>kable to :at an ext5t ?is is true1 9 ! face ( ! m+l+ ( het]og5e\s races 9 our population4 ,z ,engli% is our spee*1 s ,anglo-,am]ican ideas are /ill ! s\l ( our life & in/itutions4 ,?is is evid5t 9 ! jeal\sy ( au?ority4 ,we res5t ! intrusion ( ! gov]nm5t into affairs ( private life1 & pref] to submit to annoyances & ev5 inju/ice on ! "p ( o!r individuals1 r ?an to h protection at ! price ( pat]nali/ic regulation by ! /ate4 ,we res5t any law t we d n see is necess>y to ! g5]al welf>e1 & are r lawless ev5 !n4 ,?is %[s cle>ly 9 our reaction on legislation 9 reg>d to dr9k4 ,! prohibition ( intoxicat+ liquor is ab\t ! sure/ way to make an ,anglo-,saxon want to g out & get drunk1 ev5 :5 he has no o!r incl9ation 9 t direction4 ,9 ,bo/on1 "u ! elev5 o'clock clos+ law1 m5 9 public re/aurants w at times ord]1 at t5 m9utes ( elev51 eight or t5 glasses ( be] or :iskey1 = fe> !y might want !m1 :]eas1 if ! re/riction _h n be5 pres5t1 two or ?ree w\ld h suffic$4 ,n long ago we saw ! v labor lead]s :o =c$ ! ,adamson law ?r\gh congress1 ?reat5+ to disobey any legislation limit+ _! own fre$om ( action1 ev5 ?\gh vitally necess>y to ! fre$om ( all4 ,! g5]al behavior "u automobile & traffic regulation illu/rates ! t5d5cy ev5more cle>ly4 ,?9k+ ov] ! li/ ( acqua9tances :o own automobiles1 "o f9ds x h>d to recall "o :o w\ld n break ! spe$ law at a conv5i5t opportunity4 ,ev5 a /aid college pr(essor1 :o has walk$ ! wall$-9 pa? all 8 life3 let him get a ,=d runab\t1 & 9 ?ree mon?s he is exultant 9 runn+ z close z possible to e foot travel] & 9 exce$+ ! spe$ limit at any favorable *ance4 ,^! are n beautiful expressions ( our national _s1 b !y s]ve to illu/rate our in/9ctive individualism4 ,especially are we jeal\s ( highly c5traliz$ au?ority4 ,de ,tocqueville argu$ t we w\ld nev] be able to develop a /rong c5tral gov]nm5t1 & t our democracy w\ld be m5ac$ ) failure by t lack4 ,t 8 prophecy has prov$ false & our f$]al gov]nm5t has become s /rong is due only to ! accid5ts ( our hi/ory & ! exig5cy ( ! trem5d\s problems we h _h to solve4 ,! same individuali/ic _s is /rong 9 ,engl&4 ,x has be5 p>ticul>ly evid5t1 dur+ ! ,w>1 9 ! res5tm5t ( milit>y au?ority z appli$ to labor conditions4 ,! artisans & _! lead]s dread$ to give up lib]ties = :i* !y _h /ruggl$ ?r\gh g5]ations1 = fe> t ^? rights w\ld n be readily accord$ !m aga9 aft] ! ,w>4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t ?is fe> is ju/ifi$4 ,! same _s 0 evid5t 9 ! fight on conscription4 ,?is attitude has be5 a h&icap to ,engl& 9 successfully c>ry+ on ! ,w>1 z x is to u2 b x %[s h[ /rong is ! ess5tial _s ( democracy 9 bo? l&s4 ,9 ,france1 ! ,revolution 0 at bottom an affirmation ( individualism --( ! "r ( ! p1 z aga9/ classes & k+s1 to seek life1 lib]ty & happ9ess4 ,! great words1 ,lib]ty1 ,equality1 ,frat]nity1 t ! ,fr5* plac$ ^u _! public build+s 9 ! p]iod ( ! ,revolution1 are ! ess5tial battle-cry ( true democracy1--z x is to be1 r ?an z x is at pres5t4 ,?r\gh h] peculi> situation1 ?reat5$ & ov]%ad[$ by pot5tial enemies1 ,france has be5 =c$ to a policy ( milit>ism1 ) a l>ge subord9ation ( ! individual to ! /ate4 ,! subord9ation1 h[ev]1 is volunt>y4 ,t is t\*+ly evid5t 9 ! beautiful frat]nization ( ,fr5* (fic]s & m5 9 ! pres5t ,w>4 ,) our ,anglo-,saxon res]ve1 we smile at ! pictures ( grave g5]als kiss+ be>d$ soldi]s1 9 recognition ( valor1 b x is a significant expression ( ! volunt>y equality & bro!rhood ( ,fr5*m5 9 ?is ,w>4 ,! reason ,france has ris5 ) su* spl5did c\rage & unity is ! consci\sness ( e ,fr5*man t complete defeat 9 ?is ,w> w\ld mean t !re w\ld be no ,france 9 ! future1 t ,p>is w\ld be a l>g] ,/rassburg1 & ,france a great] ,alsace-,lorra9e4 ,:ile ! subord9ation has be5 ?us volunt>y1 surely ! ,fr5* soldi]s1 man = man1 h prov$ !mselves ! equal ( any soldi]s on e>?4 ,! anomaly ( ! fir/ two ye>s ( ! ,w> 0 ! pres5ce ( ! va/ ,russian autocratic empire on ! side ( ! alli$ democracies4 ,= ,russia1 h[ev]1 ! ,w> 0 ( ! p1 r ?an ( ! autocracy at ! top1 & "o saw t ,russia w\ld em]ge f ! ,w> *ang$ & purifi$4 ,:at "o c\ld n =esee 0 t1 "u ! awak5+ ( ! p1 ,russia c\ld pass1 9 a day1 ?r\gh a ,revolution z pr(\nd 9 its "* & consequ5ces z ! great explosion 9 ,france4 ,x w\ld be almo/ a miracle if s complete a ,revolution1 9 su* a va/1 b5ight$ empire1 7 n foll[$ by decades ( recurr5t *aos & an>*y4 ,if ,russia avoids ?is fate1 %e w pres5t a unique exp]i5ce 9 hi/ory4 ,! t5d5cy to abrogate all au?ority1 ! spectacle ( regim5ts ( soldi]s becom+ debat+ societies to discuss :e!r or n !y %all obey ord]s & fight1 are om9\s signs = ! next p]iod4 ,emancipat$ ,russia mu/ le>n1 if necess>y ?r\gh bitt] suff]+1 t lib]ty is n lic5se1 t democracy is n an>*y1 b volunt>y & intellig5t ob$i5ce to j laws & ! *os5 executors ( ^? laws4 ,meantime1 :atev] h] imm$iate future may be1 ,russia's trans=mation has cl>ifi$ ! issue & ju/ifi$ h] place ) ! alli$ democracies4 ,h[ev] long & confus$ h] /ruggle1 !re c be no return to ! pa/1 &1 9 ! end1 h] ,revolution means democracy4 ,?us1 9 democracy1 ! ,/ate exi/s = ,man4 ,o!r =ms ( society seek ! int]e/ or welf>e ( an individual1 a gr\p or a class1 democracy aims at ! welf>e1 t is1 ! lib]ty1 happ9ess1 gr[?1 intellig5ce1 helpfulness ( all ! p4 ,"u all ! welt] ( ?is _w /ruggle1 x is !re=e ^! great contra/+ ideas t are be+ te/$ out1 p]haps = all "t4 ,:at is _! relative value = effici5cy1 initiative1 inv5tion1 endurance1 p]man5ce2 b5ea? all1 :at is _! f9al value = ! happ9ess & helpfulness ( all human be+s8 ,,iv ,,moral ,,/&>ds ,,& ,,! ,,moral ,,ord] ,!re is only "o moral ord] ( ! univ]se--"o range ( moral z ( physical law4 ,= in/ance1 ! law ( gravitation--simple/ ( physical pr9ciples--holds ! la/ /> 9 ! abyss ( space1 r\nds ! dew-drop on ! petal ( a spr+ violet & det]m9es ! symmetry ( liv+ organisms2 b x is "o & un*ang+1 a fundam5tal pull 9 ! nature ( matt] itself4 ,s ) moral laws3 !y are n sup]add$ to life by "s div9e or o!r au?ority4 ,!y are simply ! fundam5tal pr9ciples 9 ! nature ( life itself1 :i* we mu/ obey to gr[ & be happy4 ,if ! moral ord] is "o & un*ang+1 man does *ange 9 relation to x1 & moral /&>ds are relative to ! /age ( 8 gr[?4 ,hi/ory is fill$ ) illu/rations ( ?is relativity ( e?ical /&>ds4 ,= in/ance3 human slav]y d\btless began z an act ( b5efic5ce on ! "p ( "s philan?ropi/ well 9 advance ( 8 age4 ,! fir/ man :o1 9 ! dim dawn ( hi/ory1 said to ! captive he _h made 9 w>1 ,i w n kill y & eat y2 ,i w let y live & "w = me ! re/ ( y\r life3 t man in/itut$ human slav]y2 b x 0 di/9ctly a /ep upw>d1 f some?+ t _h be5 f> worse4 ,hom] repres5ts ,ulysses z ! favorite pupil ( ,pallas ,a!na1 goddess ( wisdom3 :y8 ,baldly /at$1 because ,ulysses 0 ! %rewde/ & mo/ successful li> 9 classic antiquity4 ,if ,ulysses 7 to appe> 9 a society ( dec5t m5 to-day1 he w\ld be exclud$ f _! companion%ip1 & = ! same reason t l$ ,hom] to glorify him z ! favorite pupil ( ! goddess ( wisdom4 ,?us :at is a virtue at "o /age ( developm5t becomes a vice z man climbs to high] recognition ( ! moral ord]4 ,j because ! moral /&>d is relative1 x is absolutely b9d+ :]e x applies4 ,9 o!r words1 if y see ! light %9+ on y\r pa?1 y owe ob$i5ce to ! light2 "o :o does n see x1 does n owe ob$i5ce 9 ! same way4 ,if y d n obey y\r light1 y\r puni%m5t is t y lose ! light--deg5]ate to a l[] plane1 & x is ! wor/ puni%m5t imag9able4 ,?us ! same act may be = ! undevelop$ life1 non-moral1 = ! develop$1 di/9ctly immoral4 ,be=e ! in/9cts ( p]sonal mode/y & purity 7 develop$1 c>eless sex-promiscuity meant some?+ entirely diff]5t f :at a desc5t to x means 9 our society4 ,:5 a man ( "s primitive tribe w5t out & kill$ a man ( ano!r tribe1 ! action 0 totally diff]5t morally f 4! murd] by a man ( "o community ( a citiz5 ( a neighbor+ t[n to-day4 ,?is gradual elevation ( moral /&>ds1 or gr[? 9 ! recognition ( ! sacr$ness ( life & ! obligation to o!r individuals1 c be trac$ hi/orically z a long & confus$ process4 ,!re 0 a "t1 9 ! remote pa/1 :5 no law 0 recogniz$ except t ( ! /rong arm4 ,! man :o want$ any?+1 took x1 if he 0 /rong en\gh1 & o!rs submitt$ to 8 sup]ior =ce4 ,!n foll[s an age :5 ! family is ! supreme social unit4 ,ea* memb] ( ! family gr\p feels ! pa9 or pleasure ( all ! o!rs z some?+ l 8 own1 b all outside ?is circle are z ! bea/s4 ,?is is ! condition among ! ,v$dahs ( ,ceylon1 /udi$ s int]e/+ly by ,haeckel4 ,liv+ 9 isolat$ family gr\ps1 scatt]$ ?r\gh ! tropical wild]ness3 "o man1 "o woman & _! *ildr5 =m+ ! social unit3 !y z ne>ly repres5t primitive life z any o!r body ( p n[ on ! e>?4 ,!n foll[s a long roll ( ages :5 ! tribe is ! highe/ social unit4 ,ea* memb] ( ! tribe is consci\s ( ! sacr$ness ( life ( all ! o!r memb]s & ( "s obligation t[>d !m2 b m5 ( o!r tribes may be sla9 z freely z ! bea/s4 ,!n comes a p]iod :5 appreciation ( ! sacr$ness ( life is ext5d$ ov] all ^? ( ! same race1 te/$ g5]ally by _! speak+ some:at ! same language4 ,t 0 ! condition 9 classic antiquity3 x 0 ,jew & ,g5tile1 ,greek & b>b>ian--! v ^w b>b>\s com+ f ! un9telligible s\nds1 to ! ,greeks1 ( ^? :o spoke o!r ?an ! ,hell5ic tongue4 ,ev5 ,plato1 ) all 8 f>-sight$ humanism1 says1 9 ! ,republic1 t 9 ! ideal /ate1 ,greeks %\ld deal ) b>b>ians z ,greeks n[ deal ) "o ano!r4 ,if "o rememb]s :at occurr$ 9 ! ,peloponnesian w>--h[ ,greek m5 vot$ to kill all ! m5 ( milit>y age 9 a conqu]$ ,greek city & sell all ! wom5 & *ildr5 into slav]y--"o w see t ,plato's dream ( humanity 0 n s v wide4 ,f t "t on1 !re has be5 fur!r ext5sion ( ! appreciation ( ! sacr$ness ( life & ( ! consci\sness ( moral obligation t[>d o!r human be+s4 ,we are f> f ! end ( ! pa?4 ,our sympa?ies are /ill limit$ by accid5ts ( "t & place1 race & color2 b we h gone f> en\gh to see :at ! end w\ld be1 7 we to rea* x3 a sympa?y s wide1 an appreciation ( ! sacr$ness ( life s univ]sal1 t ea* ( u w\ld feel ! joy or sorr[ ( e o!r human be+1 alive to-day or to be alive to-morr[1 z some?+ l 8 own4 ,moreov]1 9 all civiliz$ society1 we h gone f> en\gh to r5\nce ! "r to private v5geance & adju/m5t ( qu>rels3 we live "u e/abli%$ c\rts ( law1 ) organiz$ civil =ce to c>ry out _! judgm5ts4 ,?is gives relative peace & security1 & a g5]al1 if imp]fect1 application ( ! moral law4 ,v ,,! ,,pres5t ,,/ate ,,( ,,int]national ,,relations ,! a/\nd+ anomaly ( mod]n civilization is ! way we h lagg$ beh9d 9 apply+ to gr\ps & nations ( m5 ! moral laws1 univ]sally recogniz$ z b9d+ ov] individuals4 ,= in/ance1 ab\t tw5ty ye>s ago we co9$ & us$ widely ! phrase1 s\lless corporation1 to designate our great comb9ations ( capital 9 indu/ry & comm]ce4 ,:y 0 t phrase us$ s widely8 ,! answ] is illum9at+3 we took x = grant$ t an individual employ] w\ld treat 8 artisans to "s ext5t z human be+s & n m]ely z cog-:eels 9 a productive ma*9e2 b we also took x = grant$ t an imp]sonal corporation1 :]e no individual 0 dom9antly responsible1 w\ld reg>d its artisans m]ely z pieces ( ma*9]y1 ) no respect :atev] = _! humanity4 ,! supreme p>adox1 h[ev]1 is 9 ! relation ( nations3 x is !re t we h mo/ amaz+ly lagg$ beh9d 9 apply+ ! moral laws univ]sally accept$ 9 ! relations ( individuals4 ,= in/ance1 long be=e ?is ,w> began we he>d x proclaim$1 ev5 pr\dly1 by c]ta9 philosoph]s1 9 m ?an "o nation1 t ! /ate is ! supreme spiritual unit1 t !re is no law high] ?an its int]e/1 t ! /ate makes ! law & may break x at w4 ,:5 a great /atesman 9 ,g]many1 d\btless 9 a mom5t ( int5se ang] & irritation1 us$ ! phrase t has gone all across ! e>?1 scrap ( pap]1 = a sacr$ treaty betwe5 nations1 he 0 only mak+ a pung5t practical application ( ! philosophy 9 "q4 ,d we reg>d self-pres]vation z ! highe/ law = ! individual8 ,di/9ctly n4 ,"h is a cr[d$ !at] & a sudd5 cry ( fire1 ) ! ensu+ panic3 if /rong m5 trample d[n & kill wom5 & *ildr51 9 ! ef=t to save _! own lives1 we reg>d !m ) loa?+ & contempt4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is j ?is plea ( national self-pres]vation t ! ,g]man regime has us$ 9 cynical ju/ification ( its e atrocity--! initial violation ( ,belgium1 ! mak+ w> ru?lessly on civil populations1 ! atroci\s spy+ & plott+ 9 ! bosom ( neutral & fri5dly nations1 ! de/ruction ( monum5ts ( art & deva/ation ( ! cities1 fields1 or*>ds & =e/s ( nor!rn ,france1 & f9ally ! subm>9e w>f>e on ! _w's %ipp+4 ,no civiliz$ human be+ w\ld1 = a mom5t1 ?9k ( us+ ! plea ( self-pres]vation to ju/ify comp>able conduct 9 individual life4 ,consid] int]national diplomacy3 mu* ( x has be5 m]ely %rewd & skillful ly+4 ,if y w review ! li/ ( ! mo/ fam\s diplomats ( ,europe = ! la/ ?\s& ye>s1 y w f9d t a consid]able portion ( !m won _! fame & reputation by be+ a little m %rewd & successful li>s ?an ! diplomats ) :om !y _h to deal 9 o!r l&s4 ,9 o!r words1 _! conduct has be5 exactly on ! plane t ,ulysses repres5t$ 9 p]sonal life1 af> back 9 classic antiquity4 ,take an illu/ration a little ne>] home4 ,if y 7 do+ bus9ess on "o side ( ! /reet & _h two competitors 9 ! same l9e1 across ! way1 & a cyclone swept ! t[n1 de/roy+ _! e/abli%m5ts & sp>+ y\rs3 y1 z an individual1 w\ld be a%am$ to take advantage ( ! disa/] "u :i* y\r rivals 7 suff]+1 us+ ! "t :ile !y 7 out ( bus9ess to lure _! cu/om]s away f !m & b9d ^? cu/om]s to y s securely t y\r competitors w\ld nev] be able to get !m back4 ,y w\ld scorn su* conduct z an individual2 b :5 x comes to a relation ( ! nations3 dur+ ! fir/ two ye>s ( ! ,w>1 f ! highe/ gov]nm5t circles d[n to ! smalle/ c\ntry newspap]1 we 7 urg$ to take advantage ( ! disa/] "u :i* our ,european rivals 7 suff]+1 w9 _! int]national cu/om]s away f !m & b9d ^? cu/om]s to u s securely t ,europe w\ld nev] be able to get !m back4 ,n t we 7 urg$ to indu/ry & ent]prise--t is always "r--b actually to seek to pr(it by ! suff]+s ( o!rs--conduct we w\ld reg>d z utt]ly unwor?y 9 p]sonal life4 ,if y\r neighbor 7 to say1 ,my p]sonal aspirations dem& ?is portion ( y\r front y>d1 & he 7 to attempt to f5ce x 93 ! situation is unimag9able2 b :5 a nation says1 ,my national aspirations dem& ?is portion ( y\r t]ritory1 & proce$s to annex x3 if ! nation is /rong en\gh to c>ry x out1 a l>ge "p ( ! _w acquiesces4 ,! relations ( nations are ?us /ill l>gely on ! plane ( primitive life among individuals1 or1 s9ce nations are made up ( civiliz$ & semi-civiliz$ p]sons1 x w\ld be fair] to say t ! relations ( nations are comp>able to ^? prevail+ among individuals :5 a gr\p ( m5 goes f> out f civil society1 to ! fronti]1 beyond ! rea* ( c\rts ( law & _! police =ces3 !n ne>ly always !re is a rev]sion to ! rule ( ! /rong arm4 ,t is :at ,kipl+ meant 9 exclaim+1 ,!re's nev] a law ( ,god or man runs nor? ( fifty-?ree4 ,t condition prevail$ all across our fronti] 9 ! e>ly days4 ,= in/ance1 ! cattle m5 came1 pa/ur+ _! h]ds on ! hills & pla9s1 us+ ! great expanse ( l& n yet tak5 up by private own]%ip4 ,a little lat] came ! %eep m51 ) va/ flocks ( %eep1 :i* nibbl$ e blade ( grass & o!r edible plant d[n to ! gr\nd1 ?us />v+ out ! cattle4 ,:at foll[$8 ,! cattle m5 got toge!r by night1 rode d[n ! %eep-h]d]s1 %ot !m or drove !m out1 or 7 !mselves driv5 out4 ,s on ! fronti]1 9 ! e>ly days1 a weakl+ /ak$ out an agricultural or m9+ claim4 ,a ruffian appe>s1 :o is a sure %ot1 jumps ! claim & drives ! o!r out4 ,x 0 ! rule ( ! /rong arm1 & x 0 evid5t on ! fronti] all across ! c\ntry4 ,?is is exactly ! /ate t a consid]able "p ( ! _w has rea*$ 9 int]national relation%ip to-day4 ,claim-jump+ is /ill accept$ & widely practis$ among ! nations4 ,t is1 9 fact1 ! way 9 :i* all empires h be5 built--by a succession ( successful claim-jump+s4 ,consid] ! mo/ impressive ( !m all1 ! old ,roman empire4 ,rome 0 a city ne> ! m\? ( ! ,tib]4 ,%e rea*$ out & conqu]$ a few neighbor+ cities 9 ! ,lat9 pla91 b9d+ !m securely to h]self by dome/ic & economic ties4 ,!n %e ext5d$ h] p[] s\? & nor?1 cross$ into nor!rn ,africa1 conqu]$ ,gaul & ,spa91 swept ,asia ,m9or1 until a t]ritory ?ree ?\s& by two ?\s& miles 9 ext5t 0 "u ! sway ( h] all-conqu]+ arm4 ,:at ju/ifi$ ,rome1 z f> z %e _h ju/ification1 0 ! rem>kable /r5g? & wisdom ) :i* %e e/abli%$ law & ord] & ! protections ( civil society ov] all ! conqu]$ t]ritory1 until (t5 ! subject populations 7 glad !y _h come "u ! all-dom9ant sway ( ,rome1 s9ce _! situation 0 s mu* m peaceful & happy ?an be=e4 ,su* ju/ification1 h[ev]1 is aft] ! fact3 x is n moral ju/ification ( ! build+ ( ! empire4 ,t repres5t$ a succession ( claim-jump+s4 ,= an illu/ration f m mod]n hi/ory1 take ! greate/ int]national crime ( ! la/ five hundr$ ye>s1 ) "o exception-- ! p>tition ( ,pol&4 ,x is true ! ,poli% nobles 7 a nuisance to _! neighbors1 ev] qu>rel+ among !mselves1 ) no c5tral au?ority p[]ful en\gh to re/ra9 !m1 b t did n ju/ify ! action tak54 ,?ree nations1 or r ! autocratic sov]eigns ( ^? nations1 p[]ful en\gh to accompli% ! crime1 agre$ to p>tition ,pol& among !mselves4 ,!y did x1 ) ! result t !re are pl5ty ( ,poles 9 ! _w to-day1 b !re is no ,pol&4 ,consid] ! possession ( ,silesia by ,prussia4 ,silesia 0 an integral "p ( ! ,au/rian doma91 long s recogniz$4 ,fri$ri* ! ,great want$ x4 ,he annex$ x4 ,! de$ caus$ him _m ye>s ( recurr+1 deva/at+ w>s2 aga9 & aga9 he 0 ne> ! po9t ( utt] defeat2 b he succe$$ 9 br++ ! w> to a successful conclusion1 & ,silesia is "p ( ,prussia to-day4 ,! /rong arm conque/ is ! only reason4 ,s is x ) ,g]many's possession ( ,s*leswig-,hol/e91 ) ,au/ria 9 ,h]zegov9a & ,bosnia1 ,france 9 ,algi]s1 ,italy 9 ,tripoli3 !y are all in/ances ( claim-jump+1 repreh5sible 9 v>y+ degrees4 ,i suppose no ?\ghtful ,engli%man w\ld attempt to ju/ify1 on high moral gr\nds1 ! build+ up ( ! ,briti% empire3 = in/ance1 ! possession ( ,egypt & ,india by ,brita94 ,h[ does ,india happ5 to be a "p ( ! ,briti% realm8 ,e "o kn[s ! answ]4 ,! ,ea/ ,india ,company 0 simply ! mo/ adv5tur\s & ent]pris+ trad+ company !n 9 ! _w4 ,x grew ri* trad+ ) ! ,ori5t1 e/abli%$ ! supremacy ( ! ,briti% m]*ant m>9e1 got into difficulties ) ,fr5* rivals & native rul]s1 f\ght brilliantly = its rights1 z x _h e reason to d1 conqu]$ t]ritory & consolidat$ its possessions1 rul+ *iefly ?r\gh native pr9ces4 ,x became s p[]ful t x did n seem wise to ! ,briti% gov]nm5t to p]mit a private corporation to ex]cise su* ev]-gr[+ political au?ority4 ,x 0 regulat$1 & 9 ! end aboli%$1 by act ( ,p>liam5t2 its possessions 7 tak5 ov] by ! ,cr[n2 ! conque/s 7 ext5d$ & complet$1 & ,india today is a gem 9 ! cr[n ( ! ,briti% empire4 ,:at ju/ifies ,brita91 z f> z %e has ju/ification1 is ! rem>kable wisdom & g5]osity ) :i* %e has ext5d$1 n onlylaw & ord] & protection to life & prop]ty1 b fre$om & autonom\s self-gov]nm5t1 to h] colonies & subject populations1 ) c]ta9 tragic exceptions1 ab\t z fa/ z ?is c\ld safely be done4 ,x is t :i* holds ! ,briti% empire toge!r4 ,great irregul> empire1 /ret*+ ov] a l>ge "p ( ! globe3 b = ?is x w\ld fall to pieces ov] night4 ,x w\ld be impossible = =ce1 adm9i/]$ at ! top1 to hold x toge!r4 ,! spl5did response ( h] colonies 9 ?is ,w> has be5 purely volunt>y4 ,t ,canada has f\r hundr$ ?\s& tra9$ m5 at ! front1 or ready to g1 is due :olly to h] free response to ! wise g5]osity ( ,engl&'s policy1 & 9 no degree to compulsion1 :i* w\ld h be5 impossible4 ,?is ju/ification ( ! ,briti% empire is1 nev]!less1 z 9 ! case ( ,rome1 aft] ! fact1 & does n ju/ify morally ! build+ up ( ! empire4 ,our own h&s are n entirely clean4 ,x is true we came late on ! /age ( hi/ory1 &1 />t+ z a democracy1 7 in/9ctively oppos$ to empire build+4 ,?us our brief record is clean] ?an t ( ! old] nations4 ,nev]!less1 !re are examples ( claim-jump+ 9 our hi/ory4 ,! mo/ tragic ( all is a l>ge "p ( our treatm5t ( ! ,am]ican ,indians4 ,x is true1 ) ,anglo-,saxon hypocrisy1 we tri$ to make e /eal a b>ga94 ,_m an expanse ( t]ritory has be5 b\ght ) a jug ( rum4 ,! ,indian knew no?+ ab\t ! own]%ip ( l&2 we did4 ,s we made ! de$1 & he accept$ x4 ,!n1 to 8 surprise1 he f\nd he _h to move (f f l& :]e = g5]ations 8 ance/ors _h hunt$ & f\ght1 ) no idea ( private own]%ip4 ,s we pu%$ him on & on4 ,( late decades we h become a%am$1 tri$ 9 awkw>d fa%ion to r5d] "s comp5sation = ! wrongs done1 b ! l>g] "p ( ! /ory is sad inde$4 ,!re is1 ( c\rse1 ano!r side to all ?is3 ! m highly develop$ nations d owe lead]%ip & s]vice 9 help+ ^? bel[ to climb ! pa? ( civilization2 b let "o answ] fairly h[ mu* ( empire build+ has be5 due to ?is altrui/ic _s1 & h[ mu* to selfi%ness & ! lu/ = p[] & possession4 ,,vi ,,! ,,e?ics ,,( ,,int]national ,,relation%ip ,we h se5 t all empires h be5 built up by a s]ies ( successful aggressions1 & t claim-jump+ /ill *>act]izes ! relations ( ! nations4 ,nev]!less1 !re has be5 "s progress 9 apply+ to gr\ps & nations ! moral pr9ciples we recognize z b9d+ ^u individuals4 ,consid] aga9 our int]nal life3 x 0 tw5ty ye>s ago t we co9$ & us$ s widely ! phrase s\lless corporations = our great comb9ations ( capital 9 indu/ry4 ,to-day t phrase is r>ely he>d4 ,"o sees x seldom ev5 9 ! pages ( surviv+ muck-rak+ magaz9es4 ,:y has a phrase1 us$ s widely 9 ! pa/1 all b disappe>$8 ,aga9 ! answ] is illum9at+3 !re has be5 trem5d\s gr[? 9 tw5ty ye>s1 on ! "p ( our great corporations1 9 treat+ _! employees z human be+s & n m]ely z cog-:eels 9 a productive ma*9e4 ,:5 ! greate/ corporation 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates volunt>ily raises ! wages ( all its employees 9 ! c\ntry t5 p] c5t41 five sev]al times1 )9 a few mon?s1 z ! ,/eel tru/ has rec5tly done1 some?+ has happ5$4 ,x may be said1 !y did x because x 0 good bus9ess3 tw5ty ye>s ago !y w\ld n h recogniz$ t x 0 good bus9ess4 ,x may be said1 !y did x to avoid /rikes3 tw5ty ye>s ago !y w\ld h welcom$ ! /rikes1 f\ght !m ?r\gh & ga9$ :at selfi% advantage 0 possible4 ,! po9t is1 !re has be5 va/ increase 9 ! consci\sness ( moral responsibility on ! "p ( corporations t[>d _! artisans4 ,?is has be5 due p>tly to legislation1 b ma9ly to education & ! awak5+ ( public consci5ce4 ,if y wi% to f9d ! greate/ arrogance & selfi%ness n[1 y w discov] x1 n among ! capitali/s3 !y are timid & submissive--/rangely s4 ,y w f9d x r 9 c]ta9 lead]s ( ! labor movem5t1 ) _! consci\sness ( newly-ga9$ p[]s4 ,"s gr[? !re has be5 9 ! application ( ! same moral pr9ciples ev5 to ! relations ( ! nations4 ,= in/ance3 a hundr$ ye>s ago ! ,napoleonic w>s _h j come to an end4 ,9 ! days ( ,napoleon m5 g5]ally glori$ 9 w>2 to-day mo/ ( !m bitt]ly regret x1 & fight because !y believe !y are fight+ = high moral aims or = national self-pres]vation1 :e!r !y are "r or wrong4 ,:5 ,napoleon conqu]$ a c\ntry1 (t5 he pu%$ ! weakl+ k+ (f ! ?rone1 & replac$ him ) a memb] ( 8 own family--at times a worse weakl+4 ,?9k ( su* a ?+ be+ attempt$ to-day3 x is unimag9able1 unless ! wor/ tyranny on e>? got ! upp] h& = ! next ?ree hundr$ ye>s ( human hi/ory4 ,a m pung5t illu/ration ( progress is ! fev]i% desire1 %[n by ea* ( ! combatants 9 ?is _w /ruggle1 to prove t he did n beg9 x4 ,n[ "s "o began x4 ,a hundr$ ye>s ago bellig]5ts w\ld n h be5 s anxi\s to prove _! innoc5ce3 !n victory clos$ all acc\nts & no "o w5t beh9d ! returns4 ,! fev]i% anxiety ea* combatant has %[n to e/abli% 8 innoc5ce ( initiat+ ?is deva/at+ ,w> is conclusive pro( t ev5 ! wor/ ( !m recognizes t !y all mu/ f9ally /& be=e ! moral c\rt ( ! _w's consci5ce & be judg$4 ,! same t5d5cy is %[n 9 ! ef=ts ( ,g]many--grotesquely & tragically sophi/ical z !y are-- to ju/ify h] ev]-exp&+1 fre%ly-inv5t$ atrocities4 ,at lea/ %e is aw>e t !y require ju/ification4 ,?is expla9s :y we react s bitt]ly ev5 on :at w\ld h be5 accept$ a c5tury ago4 ,:at 0 tak5 = grant$ ye/]day is n tol]at$ to-day1 & :at is tak5 = grant$ to-day w n be tol]at$ 9 a to-morr[ t maybe is n s di/ant z 9 our d>k] mom5ts we imag9e4 ,:at w\ld be ! conclusion ( ?is process8 ,x w\ld be1 w\ld x n1 ! complete application to ! relations ( ! nations1 ( ! moral pr9ciples univ]sally accept$ z b9d+ ^u individuals8 ,if x is true t ! moral ord] ( ! univ]se is "o & un*ang+1 !n :at is "r = a man is "r = a nation ( m51 & :at is wrong = a man is wrong = a nation2 & no fallaci\s reason+ %\ld be all[$ to bl9d u to t basic tru?4 ,?is w\ld mean ! end ( all diplomacy ( ly+ & deceit4 ,! relations ( ! nations w\ld be plac$ on ! same plane ( relative hone/y & frankness n[ prevail+ among individuals3 n absolute tru?--few ( u practice t--b t g5]al ability to tru/ ea* o!r1 9 ^w & conduct1 t is ! f\ndation ( our bus9ess & social life4 ,x w\ld mean ! end ( empire build+4 ,^? empires t exi/ w\ld fall naturally into _! compon5t p>ts4 ,if ^? p>ts rema9$ affiliat$ ) ! c5tral gov]nm5t1 x w\ld be only ?r\gh ! volunt>y *oice ( ! majority ( ! population dwell+ ^u ! t]ritory4 ,?us e p w\ld be affiliat$ ) ! gov]nm5t to :i* x naturally belong$ & ) :i* x wi%$ to be affiliat$4 ,x w\ld mean f9ally a volunt>y f$]ation ( ! nations1 ) ! e/abli%m5t ( a _w c\rt ( ju/ice2 b no weak-kne$1 sp9eless arbitration c\rt3 r a c\rt ( ju/ice1 comp>able to ^? e/abli%$ ov] individuals1 ^: judgm5ts w\ld be en=c$ by an int]national milit>y & naval police1 contribut$ by ! f$]at$ nations4 ,p misund]/& ?is proposal4 ,!y imag9e x w\ld mean ! giv+ ov] ( ! entire milit>y & naval equipm5t ( ea* f$]at$ nation to ! c5tral c\rt4 ,f> f x3 ea* nation w\ld reta91 = def5se purposes1 ! mass ( its manhood & ! l>g] fraction ( its limit$ equipm5t1 :ile a m9or fraction w\ld be contribut$ to ! _w c\rt4 ,:5 ?is is a*iev$ !re w be1 = ! fir/ "t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w1 ! dawn ( ! long$-= era ( univ]sal & relatively p]man5t peace = mank9d4 ,x is a f>-(f dream1 is x n8 ,let u admit x frankly1 & x seems fur!r (f ?an x did f\r ye>s ago2 = ! approximations to x1 a*iev$ ?r\gh int]national law1 we h se5 g d[n 9 a bl9d welt]1 ?r\gh ! inv5tion ( new in/rum5ts ( de/ruction & ! willful p]petration ( illegal & immoral atrocities 9 ?is horrible ,w>4 ,nev]!less1 x is n s f> (f z 9 ourd>k] mom5ts we fe>4 ,if ?is _w ,w> ends ju/ly2 :i* means if x ends s t ! p dwell+ on any t]ritory are affiliat$ ) ! gov]nm5t to :i* !y naturally belong & ) :i* !y wi% to be affiliat$1 ! dream w be br\ght appreciably ne>]4 ,if ! ,w> ends unju/ly1 :i* means if x ends ) ! gratification ( ! ambitions ( aggressive tyranny1 ! dream w be put remotely f> (f4 ,if a peace is pat*$ up meantime1 ) no solution1 x w mean ,europe sleep+ on its arms1 & ! break+ out ( ! w> ) multipli$ deva/ation )9 tw5ty ye>s4 ,t is :y ^! bli!ly und]tak5 peace missions & o!r ef=ts at peace )\t victory1 ev5 :5 n cloaks = pro-,g]man movem5ts1 are su* prepo/]\s absurdities or else play directly into ! h&s ( tyranny4 ,at be/1 h[ev]1 ! dream is a long way ahead4 ,m5 dislike to give up p[]1 nations equally4 ,x w take a long process ( int]national moral education to induce ! nations to r5\nce _! arbitr>y p[]s1 _! "r to adju/ all _! own qu>rels1 & lead !m to ent] volunt>ily a f$]ation "u a _w c\rt ( ,ju/ice4 ,?is1 nev]!less1 is ! hope ( ! _w1 t[>d :i* we %\ld "w ) all our might4 ,,vii ,,am]ica',s ,,duty ,,9 ,,int]national ,,relations ,s9ce ! _w solution is1 at be/1 s remote1 our "q is3 :at are we to d meantime8 ,our entrance into ! ,w> p>tially answ]s ! "q4 ,we h be=e u ! imm$iate task ( aid+ 9 ov]?r[+ autocracy & tyranny & ( def5d+ our lib]ties & ^? ( ! nations t /& = democracy4 ,?is is ! fir/ duty1 b n ! only "o4 ,m def9itely ?an any o!r nation we h ?r[n d[n to ! _w ! *all5ge ( democracy4 ,we h said1 ,away ) k+s1 we w h no m ( !m6 ,away ) ca/es & rul+ classes1 we w h no m ( !m6 ,z a matt] ( fact1 democracies h no rul]s--! ^w survives f an old] ord] ( society--!y h guides1 lead]s & repres5tatives4 ,if y wi% to use ! ^w1 9 a democracy e man is ! rul]--& e woman too1 we hope1 be=e long4 ,to ?is ideal we are committ$ & x c>ries c]ta9 obligations2 = e "r c>ries a duty1 & e duty1 a "r4 ,(t5 ! be/ way to get a privilege is by assum+ a responsibility4 ,t is a tru? x w\ld be well = ! lead]s ( ! fem9i/ & labor movem5ts to recognize4 ,! obligations c>ri$ by ! *all5ge ( our democracy are cle>4 ,we ,am]icans %\ld h done1 once & = all "t1 ) ! diplomacy ( ly+ & deceit4 ,=tunately our rec5t traditions are 9 h>mony ) ?is dem&2 b we %\ld n dep5d ^u ! happy accid5t ( an adm9i/ration :i* takes ! "r attitude4 ,x %\ld be ! op5 & univ]sal dem& ( ! ,am]ican p t ^? :o repres5t u %all place ! relations we su/a9 to o!r nations p]man5tly on ! same plane ( frank hone/y1 g5]ally prevail+ among individuals4 ,incid5tally1 any politician or /atesman :o1 at ?is he>t-break+ crisis ( ! _w's life1 d>es play p>ty politics ) our int]national relations1 %\ld be damn$ =ev] by ! vote ( ! ,am]ican p4 ,fur!r1 x is our duty to h done ) all dream ( empire build+4 ,x is n = u3 let u ab&on x frankly & =ev]4 ,^? dep5d5cies :i* h come to u ?r\gh ! accid5ts ( our hi/ory %\ld be grant$ autonom\s self-gov]nm5t at ! e>lie/ mom5t at :i* !y c safely take x ov]--:i* does n necess>ily mean to-morr[4 ,if !y rema9 affiliat$ ) u x %\ld be only ?r\gh ! volunt>y *oice ( ! majority ( ! population dwell+ ^u !m4 ,x is1 moreov]1 our duty to lead ! _w 9 ! ef=t to =m a f$]ation ( ! nations & e/abli% ! a=esaid _w c\rt ( ju/ice1 ) ! int]national milit>y & naval police to en=ce its judgm5ts4 ,m ?an ?is is dem&$3 on ! basis ( ! *all5ge ( our democracy1 x is our duty to rise to ! po9t ( plac+ ju/ice high] ?an comm]cial int]e/4 ,x is a h>d dem&2 b1 ) ! lat5t idealism 9 our ,am]ican life1 surely we c rise to x4 ,= in/ance1 ! vex$ puzzle ( ! t>iff w nev] be ju/ly & p]man5tly settl$1 till x is settl$ prim>ily z a problem ( moral int]national relation%ip1 & n z "o m]ely ( economic int]e/ & advantage4 ,= example1 a t>iff wall betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada is z prepo/]\s an absurdity z w\ld be a long l9e ( bri/l+ =tifications along ! ?ree ?\s& & m miles ( int]national b\nd>y4 ,we are n protect+ ourselves f slave labor ov] !re4 ,!y are n protect+ !mselves f slave labor "h4 ,b>r+ a few l9es ( indu/ry1 !re are ! same conditions ( labor1 production & di/ribution bo? sides ( ! l9e4 ,! only reason = a t>iff wall is _! wi%1 or our wi%1 or ! wi% ( ea*1 to ga9 "s advantage at ! exp5se ( ! o!r p>ty4 ,n[ e bus9ess man kn[s t any trade t b5efits "o & injures ! o!r p>ty to x is bad bus9ess1 z well z bad e?ics1 9 ! long run4 ,good bus9ess b5efits bo? trad]s all ! "t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 x comes to protect+ our labor f competition ) slave labor 9 o!r qu>t]s ( ! e>?1 we h n only ! "r1 b ! duty to d x4 ,s :5 x is a matt] ( protect+ our indu/ries f be+ swamp$ by ! unload+ ( va/ quantities ( goods1 produc$ "u ! fev]i% & abnormal conditions1 sure to prevail 9 ,europe aft] ! ,w>1 we h aga91 n only ! "r1 b ! duty to d x4 ,f9ally1 a /ill high] call is ^u u3 we mu/ someh[ rise to ! po9t ( plac+ humanity above ! nation4 ,x is true1 ,*>ity beg9s at home1 c]ta9ly ju/ice %\ld4 ,"o %\ld educate "o's own *ildr51 be=e worry+ ov] ! *ildr5 ( ! neighborhood2 clean up "o's own t[n1 be=e tr\bl+ ab\t ! city fur!r away4 ,(t5 ! :ole is help$ be/ by s]v+ ! "p2 b x is ) national patriotism z x is ) family affection4 ,! latt] is a lovely quality & ! s\rce ( mu* t is be/ 9 ! _w2 b :5 family affection is an in/rum5t = ga9+ special privilege at ! exp5se ( ! good ( society1 a means ( atta9+ debau*+ luxury & selfi% aggr&isem5t1 x is an abom9ation4 ,! man :o prays ,god's bless+ on himself1 8 wife & 8 *ildr51 & nobody else1 is a mean man1 & he nev] gets bless$--n f ,god4 ,simil>ly1 ! man :o seeks ! int]e/ ( 8 own nation1 aga9/ ! welf>e ( mank9d1 :o prays ,god's bless+ only on 8 own p1 is equally a mean man1 & 8 pray]1 also1 is nev] answ]$ f ! ,mo/ ,high4 ,! _w has advanc$ too f> = ! _s ( a n>r[ nationalism4 ,! recrudesc5ce ( su* a _s is "o ( ! sad consequ5ces ( ?is _w ,w>4 ,only 9 a _s ( int]national bro!rhood1 9 d$ication to ! welf>e ( humanity1 c democracy g t[>ds its goal4 ,^! are ! obligations foll[+ ^u ! *all5ge ( democracy we h proclaim$ to ! nations4 ,,viii ,,! ,,gospel ,,& ,,! ,,sup]/ition ,,( ,,non-,,resi/ance ,! fir/ condition ( fulfill+ ! responsibilities impos$ ^u u by ! *all5ge ( our democracy is1 n[ & h]eaft]1 read9ess & will+ness = self-respect+ self-def5se1 def5se ( our lib]ties & ( ! pr9ciples & ideals = :i* we /&4 ,!re is mu* nons5se talk$ ab\t non-resi/ance to evil4 ,x is a lovely ?+ 9 c]ta9 high places ( ! moral life4 ,x 0 well t ,socrates rema9$ 9 ! common crim9al prison 9 ,a!ns & drank ! hemlock poison2 b n9e times out ( t5 x w\ld h be5 bett] to run away1 z he _h an opportunity to d4 ,x 0 good t ,jesus heal$ ! e> ( ! s]vant ( ! high prie/1--& good t ,/4 ,pet] cut x (f4 ,9 o!r words1 acts ( non-resi/ance & self-sacrifice are f9e fl[]s ( ! moral life2 b y _c h fl[]s unless _! roots are bel[ gr\nd1 o!rwise !y quickly )]4 ,?us1 to h s\nd value1 ^! acts ( non-resi/ance & self-sacrifice mu/ re/ on a solid f\ndation ( self-affirmation & resi/ance to evil4 ,z ) ! individual1 s ) ! nation3 !re come high mom5ts 9 a nation's life1 :5 a /rong p might resi/ & delib]ately *ooses n to4 ,z an illu/ration1 take our ,mexican problem4 ,! ann\ncem5t t "u no circum/ances w\ld we int]v5e1 may h l$ to misund]/&+4 ,our purpose to let ! ,mexican p "w out _! own problem may h be5 tak5 to mean t we w\ld n ju/ly protect ourselves1 ) consequ5t enc\ragem5t to bord] raid+4 ,nev]!less1 if !re has be5 any error 9 h&l+ ! situation1 x has be5 on ! bett] side--on ! side ( pati5ce1 g5]osity1 long-suff]+1 giv+ ! o!r fell[ ano!r *ance1 & ano!r & ano!r1 ev5 ?\gh he does n des]ve !m4 ,n[ t is n ! side on :i* human nature usually errs4 ,! common temptation is to selfi%ness & unju/ aggression4 ,s9ce t is ! case1 if we _c /rike ! j balance1 x is bett] to pu% too f> on ! o!r side & avoid ! common mi/ake4 ,suppose1 aft] ! ,w>1 ,japan1 alone or 9 conjunction ) "o or ano!r ,european p[]1 closes ! door to ,*9a3 "o c imag9e circum/ances :]e we1 ) ! "r to insi/ t ! door be kept op51 & p]haps1 by t "t1 some?+ ( ! /r5g? to en=ce t "r1 might delib]ately say1 ,no1 we w n resi/4 ,n t1 ) our pres5t situation1 su* action is desirable1 b t "o c imag9e conditions aris+ :]e x might be ! high] *oice4 ,let me repeat t1 = ! nation z ) ! individual1 ^! high mom5ts mu/ re/ on some?+ else4 ,!y are ! high m\nta9 peaks ( ! moral life2 b deta*$ m\nta9 peaks are impossible1--except z a mirage4 ,!y mu/ re/ ^u ! granite f\ndation ( ! hills & plateaus bel[4 ,s ^! high virtues ( non-resi/ance1 magnanimity & self-sacrifice mu/ always re/ ^u ! granite f\ndation ( ! mascul9e virtues ( self-affirmation1 endurance1 h]oism1 /rong conflict ) evil4 ,x takes /r5g? to make magnanimity & self-sacrifice possible1 if _! lesson is n lo/4 ,a weak man _c be magnanim\s1 s9ce 8 g5]osity is mi/ak5 = s]vile c[>dice4 ,aft] all1 ! be/ "t to =give y\r enemy1 = 8 good & y\rs1 is n :5 he has 8 foot on y\r neck3 he is apt to misund]/& & ?9k y are afraid4 ,x is (t5 bett] to wait until y c get on y\r feet & face him1 man to man1 & !n if y c =give him1 x is s mu* ! bett] = y1 = him & = all conc]n$4 ,?us !re are two opposite l9es ( error 9 ! moral life4 ,! philosophy ( ! "o is giv5 by ,nietzs*e1 :ile ,tol/oy1 9 c]ta9 extremes ( 8 tea*+1 repres5ts ! o!r4 ,nietzs*e1 ,i suppose1 %\ld be reg>d$ z a symptom1 r ?an a cause ( any?+ important2 b ! ance/ors ( ,nietzs*e 7 ,goe! & ,ibs51 ) _! spl5did gospel ( self-realization4 ,nietzs*e1 on ! contr>y1 ) 8 contempt = ! morality ( ,*ri/ianity z ! morality ( slaves & weakl+s1 ) 8 eulogy ( ! blond brute /rid+ ov] =gott5 multitudes ( 8 weak] fell[s to a /ultify+ isolation ap>t--,nietzs*e is self-realization 9 ! mad-h\se4 ,x has always seem$ to me n )\t significance t 8 own life end$ !re4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 ,tol/oy respond$ to an inquir] t1 if he saw a *ild be+ attack$ by a brutal ruffian1 he w\ld n use =ce to int]v5e & protect ! *ild3 t1 too1 is non-resi/ance fit = ! insane asylum4 ,"o ( ^! is j z f> f sane1 balanc$ human morality z ! o!r4 ,x is a t]rible ?+ to suff] inju/ice2 x is f> worse to p]petrate x4 ,if "o _h to *oose betwe5 be+ victim or tyrant1 "o w\ld always *oose to be victim3 x is saf] = ! moral life & !re is m recov]y aft]w>d4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x is bett] to suff] inju/ice ?an to p]petrate x1 bett] ?an ei!r is to resi/ x1 fight x &1 if possible1 ov]?r[ x4 ,x has be5 said s _m times by extreme pacifi/s t ev5 sane human be+s sometimes take x = grant$1 t =ce nev] accompli%$ any?+ p]man5t 9 human hi/ory4 ,x is false1 & ! reason+ by :i* x is support$ involves ! mo/ sophi/ical ( fallacies4 ,all dep5ds on :o uses ! =ce & ! purpose = :i* x is us$4 ,! =ce employ$ by tyranny & inju/ice accompli%es no?+ p]man5t 9 hi/ory4 ,:y8 ,because tyranny & inju/ice are 9 _! v nature transi5t1 !y are oppos$ to ! moral ord] ( ! univ]se &1 9 ! end1 mu/ pass4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! =ce employ$ on ! "p ( lib]ty & ju/ice has atta9$ mo/ ( ! ends ( civilization we *]i% to-day4 ,! =ce ( ! million ( m]c5>ies1 collect$ ?r\gh ,asia & ,africa by ,d>ius & ,x]xes1 to ov]:elm a few ,greek cities1 accompli%$ no?+ p]man5t 9 hi/ory2 b ! =ce ( ! t5 ?\s& ,a!nians :o f\ght at ,m>a?on & ( ! o!r ?\s&s at ,salamis1 sav$ democracy = ,europe & made possible ! civilization ( ! ,occid5t4 ,! =ce employ$ by ,k+ ,l\is ( ,france to support a tott]+ ?rone & cont9ue ! exploitation ( ! p by an idle & selfi% ari/ocratic ca/e1 accompli%$ no?+ p]man5t 9 hi/ory2 b ! =ce ( ^? ,fr5*m5 :o m>*$ ^u ,p>is1 s++ ! ,m>seillaise1 made possible ! fre$om & culture ( ! la/ hundr$ ye>s4 ,! =ce employ$ by ,k+ ,george ( ,engl&1 to wr+ taxes )\t repres5tation f reluctant colonies1 accompli%$ no?+ p]man5t 9 hi/ory1 b ! =ce :i*1 at ,bunk] ,hill & ,concord ,bridge1 fir$ ! %ot he>d r\nd ! _w1 a*iev$ ! lib]ty & democracy ( ! ,am]ican cont95t4 ,x may be freely admitt$ t all use ( =ce is a confession ( failure to f9d a bett] way4 ,if y use =ce 9 ! education ( a *ild1 x is su* a confession ( failure4 ,s is x if =ce is us$ 9 controll+ defectives & crim9als1 or 9 adju/+ ! relations ( ! nations2 b note t ! failure may be "o = :i* ! individual p>5t1 tea*]1 society1 /ate or nation is 9 no degree responsible4 ,=ce is a tragic weapon--& ! ultimate "o4 ,,ix ,,prep>$ness ,,= ,,self-,,def5se ,s9ce =ce is /ill ! weapon ( int]national ju/ice1 read9ess & will+ness to use x = def5se1 :5 necess>y1 is !n ! fir/ condition ( fulfill+ ! aims & s]v+ ! causes = :i* ,am]ica /&s4 ,9 o!r words1 s9ce ! relations ( ! nations are /ill s l>gely ^? ( individuals "u ! conditions ( fronti] life1 z ) ! hone/ man on ! fronti]1 s = ! self-respect+1 peace-lov+ nation to-day1 x is well to c>ry a gun & "k h[ to %oot4 ,c>ry+ a gun is a dang]\s practice1 = two reasons3 x may g (f 9 y\r pocket2 y may get drunk & %oot :5 y ought n4 ,^? are ! only two rational argum5ts aga9/ national prep>ation = def5se1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( ! _w4 ,let u see4 ,! gun may g (f 9 y\r pocket3 t is1 if a /rong armam5t = def5se is built up1 !re is always dang] t x may be us$ int]nally1 aga9/ ! p1 unju/ly4 ,t1 inde$1 has be5 "o ( ! curses ( ,europe = a ?\s& ye>s4 ,x is a grave dang]1 b recogniz+ x is p>tly =e/all+ x2 moreov]1 we w\ld bett] face t dang] ?an "o f> worse4 ,s ) ! o!r m5ace3 y may get drunk & %oot :5 y ought n4 ,nations get drunk3 !y get drunk ) pride1 arrogance1 aggressive ambition1 rev5ge1 ev5 ) panic t]ror1 & s %oot :5 !y %\ld n4 ,?is1 also1 is a grave dang]2 b "h1 z well1 recogniz+ x is "p way =e/all+ x1 & ?is dang]1 too1 we w\ld bett] face ?an "o f> m t]rible4 ,moreov]1 x is armam5t = ! gratification ( aggressive ambition1 & "u ! control ( ! arbitr>y au?ority ( a despotic individual or gr\p1 t t5ds to initiate w>1 n armam5t solely to def5d ! lib]ties ( a p4 ,?us1 "u ! conditions cit$1 x is well to be arm$ & prep>$4 ,if a wolf is at l>ge1 if a mad dog is loose1 if a madman is abroad ) an ax1 x is ! "p ( wisdom to h an adequate weapon & be prep>$ to use x4 ,if ! ,a!nians _h n resi/$ ! hordes ( ,asia1 :at w\ld h be5 ! hi/ory ( ,europe8 ,if ! ,fr5* _h n resi/$ tyranny & inju/ice 9 ! ,revolution1 :at w\ld h be5 ! civilization ( ! la/ hundr$ ye>s8 ,if ! ,engli% coloni/s _h n resi/$ taxation )\t repres5tation1 :at w\ld be ! pres5t /atus ( ,am]ica8 ,if ! artisan gr\ps _h n unit$ & f\ght economic exploitation1 :at w\ld be _! life to-day8 ,if ,belgium _h n resi/$ ,g]many1 :at w\ld be ! future ( democracy 9 ,europe8 ,?us1 n[ & aft] ! ,w>1 ! ne$ is = all necess>y armam5t = self-respect+ self-def5se & n an atom to gratify aggressive ambition4 ,?is does n mean t1 once involv$ 9 w>1 ! milit>y tactics ( democracy %\ld be m]ely def5sive4 ,z has (t5 & wisely be5 said1 9 w> ! be/ def5se is a swift & h>d attack4 ,x is widely argu$1 h[ev]1 s9ce our aim is peace & a _w-c\rt ( ju/ice to settle ! disputes among ! nations1 mak+ g5]al dis>mam5t possible1 %\ld n "o great nation1 =tunately free f ! qu>rels ( ,europe1 occupy+ ! major portion ( a cont95t1 its %ores wa%$ by two great oceans1 ) peaceful fri5d%ip on ! nor? & weak an>*y on ! s\?--%\ld n su* a nation take ! lead1 dis>m & set an example to mank9d8 ,x is a beautiful dream6 ,w\ld t ^? :o really believe 9 non-resi/ance to evil w\ld be logical1 & apply x to int]nal z well z ext]nal policy4 ,:at is a police =ce8 ,x is a body ( m51 tra9$1 employ$ & paid to use =ce 9 resi/+ evil4 ,if y wi% to try out non-resi/ance1 :y n let "s city apply x8 ,let ,*icago d x3 aboli% its police =ce & set ! example to ! re/ ( ! b5ight$ cities ( ! c\ntry4 ,:at w\ld happ58 ,z long z !re are crim9als 9 all cities ( ! l&1 h[ !y w\ld flock to t fat pa/urage4 ,:at deva/ation ( prop]ty1 de/ruction ( life1 injury to innoc5t wom5 & *ildr56 ,until ! be/ m5 ( ,*icago w\ld get toge!r1 =m a vigilance committee1 %oot "s ( ! crim9als1 hang o!rs1 drive ! re/ out2 & ,*icago w\ld get back to law & ord]1 ) c\rts ( ju/ice & a regul> police body1 compos$ ( m5 tra9$1 employ$ & paid to use =ce 9 resi/+ evil4 ,! example ( ,canada & ! ,unit$ ,/ates is cit$1 & a noble example x is3 ?ree ?\s& & m miles ( int]national b\nd>y1 ) nev] a %9+ gun or bri/l+ =tress on ! entire fronti]4 ,a glori\s example1 prophetic ( :at is com+ all ov] ! _w1 p]haps m quickly ?an we d>e hope to-day2 b :at made x possible8 ,agreem5t 9 advance1 & t at a "t :5 "o ( ! p>ties 0 too weak to be fe>$4 ,canada is gett+ /rong3 %e has at pres5t f\r hundr$ ?\s& tra9$ m5 at ! front or ready to g4 ,be=e ! ,w> closes %e w h ov] a half million4 ,n[ suppose ,canada =tifi$3 we w\ld be compell$ to1 !re w\ld be no o!r way4 ,?us "o nation _c dis>m :ile ! o!rs are /rongly arm$1 & among !m are ^? ^: autocratic rul]s & imp]iali/ic ca/es are wat*+ = signs ( weakness 9 ord] to p]petrate int]national claim-jump+4 ,x is true t1 on ! fronti]1 9 ! e>ly days1 !re 7 individuals :o w5t ab\t un>m$ among ! gun m51 did x successfully1 & "s ( !m di$ peacefully 9 _! b$s3 ,*ri/ian m9i/]s--sky-pilots1 !y 7 call$4 ,please note1 h[ev]1 t ! sky-pilot nev] _h any money4 ,he _h no claims to be jump$4 ,we are n sky-pilots--f> f x4 ,z to money3 ! weal? ( ! _w has be5 fl[+ into our c(f]s 9 a gold5 /ream1 to ! emb>rassm5t ( our f9ancial in/itutions1 to ! exaltation ( ! co/ ( liv+ to su* a po9t t1 ) m money ?an we ev] dream$ ( hav+1 we f9d x m difficult to buy en\gh to eat & we>4 ,z = claims to be jump$3 !y are on e h&3 ,panama ,canal1 ,hawaiian ,isl&s1 ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 ports ( ,new ,york & ,san ,francisco1 va/ rea*es ( unprotect$ coa/4 ,no1 we are n sky-pilots1 we _c claim exemption on t gr\nd4 ,suppose1 aft] ! ,w>1 we attempt$ to dis>m1 )\t ! protection ( a _w c\rt & int]national police1 :ile ! o!r nations reta9$ w> armam5t4 ,!y1 ! victors & p]haps ! defeat$1 w\ld possess a great army & navy1 mann$ ) season$ vet]ans1 & be burd5$ ) an intol]able debt2 = ! ,w> has gone too f> = any "o to be able to pay adequate indemnity4 ,we1 ri*1 "y1 he$less1 sure t no "o on e>? c\ld ev] :ip u1 *iefly because no "o wor? :ile has ev] s]i\sly tri$3 suppose we 7 completely dis>m$4 ,x w\ld require only a little m$dl+ ) ,mexico or ,brazil1 & we %\ld h to give up ! ,monroe ,doctr9e or fight4 ,well1 p]haps we %all give x up3 x has ev5 be5 sugge/$ 9 ! halls ( ,congress t we %\ld--to ! %ame ( ! sugge/]1 be x said4 ,p d n und]/& ! ,monroe ,doctr9e3 !y talk ( x z if x 7 a law4 ,x is 9 no s5se a law1 b is m]ely a r arrogant expression ( our desires4 ,we said to ! o!r nations3 ,we desire t none ( y h5ce=? %all f5ce 9 any "p ( our front or back y>d1 or ! front or back y>d ( any ( our neighbors1 dwell+ on ! ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ican cont95ts4 ,t is ! ,monroe ,doctr9e1 & t is all t x is3 an expression ( our wi%es4 ,all v well if o!rs *oose to respect !m1 b suppose "s "o does n8 ,p]haps1 z /at$1 we may ab&on ! ,monroe ,doctr9e3 t is ! easie/ way1 & ! easie/ way1 = a nation or an individual1 is usually ! way ( damnation4 ,ev5 s1 suppose ! nation 9 "q to say1 ,my national aspirations dem& ! ,panama ,canal1 ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 or ,long ,isl& & ! ,port ( ,new ,york4 ,:y n8 ,! ,atlantic ,ocean is only a mill-pond4 ,x is n half s wide z ,lake ,erie 0 fifty ye>s ago1 9 relation to mod]n means ( transportation & communication4 ,p say1 ,d we want to give up our traditional isolation8 ,!y are too late 9 ask+ ! "q3 t isolation is irrecov]ably gone4 ,t %\ld be n[ evid5t ev5 to p dwell+ 9 fatu\sly fanci$ security betwe5 ! ,allegh5ies & ! ,rockies4 ,we are inevitably drawn into relation ) ! re/ ( mank9d4 ,! "q is no long]1 ,%all we take a "p 9 _w problems81 b ,:at "p %all we take8 ,! po9t is1 t if1 "u ! circum/ances cit$1 any "o wi%$ to d s1 we c\ld quickly be driv5 to su* a condition ( abject humiliation t we %\ld be compell$ to fight4 ,n[ suppose1 dis>m$1 we %\ld ent] ! conflict utt]ly unprep>$8 ,! result w\ld be1 hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( "y m51 go+ out bravely 9 ob$i5ce to an ideal--untra9$ & half equipp$--to be but*]$1 a humiliat+ peace1 & an indemnity ( _m billions to be groan$ "u = fifty ye>s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if we 7 adequately arm$ = def5se1 !re w\ld be mu* less temptation to any "o to tr\ble u2 & if we 7 compell$ to fight1 w\ld x n be bett] to fight reasonably prep>$8 ,!re is a /ory1 go+ ! r\nds ( ! press1 ab\t ! b&it1 ,jesse ,james3 tell+ h[1 on "o occasion1 he w5t to a lonely f>m h\se to comm&e] a meal4 ,ent]+1 he f\nd "o woman1 a wid[1 alone & weep+ bitt]ly4 ,he ask$ h] :at 0 ! matt]1 & %e repli$ t1 9 "o h\r1 ! l&lord 0 com+1 & if %e did n h h] mortgage money1 %e w\ld lose h] little f>m & home & be out 9 ! _w1 %elt]less4 ,! he>t ( ! b&it 0 t\*$4 ,he gave h] ! money to pay (f ! mortgage1 hid 9 ! bru% & held up ! l&lord on ! way back4 ,ne$ ! moral be po9t$8 ,we h be5 gett+ ! mortgage money4 ,dur+ ! fir/ ye>s ( ! ,w> x roll$ 91 an ev]-increas+ gold5 /ream1 until we held a mortgage on num]\s ,european nations4 ,we h ! mortgage money1 b bew>e ( ! way back6 ,?us ! agitation1 9 "o nation1 = dis>mam5t1 unprep>$ness & a pat*$ up peace1 :ile ! o!r nations are arm$ & embitt]$1 n only r5d]s ! situation ( ! "o p critically p]il\s1 b actually cripples its p[] to s]ve ! cause ( _w peace & humanity4 ,if only ! peace-at-any-price p _h to pay ! price1 "o w\ld be will+ to wait & see :at happ5$2 b !y nev] pay x1 !y take to cov]4 ,x is ^? hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( spl5did "y m51 go+ out bli!ly 9 ob$i5ce to duty1 to be but*]$1 x is ! millions ( wom5 & *ildr51 :o _c escape f a deva/at$ area1 :o pay t price4 ,e p 9 ! pa/ t turn$ to money & m]c5>ies = def5se has gone d[n4 ,no p ev] surviv$ t 0 unable & unwill+ to fight = its lib]ties & sp5d1 if necess>y1 ! la/ drop ( its blood = ! pr9ciples x believ$4 ,x ,,recon/ruction ,,f ,,! ,,w> ,we h se5 h[ impossible x is to =eca/ ! new _w t w foll[ ! ,w>1 we "k m]ely t x w be utt]ly new4 ,nev]!less1 ! great t5d5cies already at "w we c p>tly disc]n & recognize some?+ ( :at !y promise4 ,x is well to try to see !m1 t we may be n too unready to welcome ! opportunity & accept ! burd5 ( ! _w t is be+ born 9 pa94 ,peace & prosp]ity produce a peculi> type ( cons]vatism4 ,p are !n relatively free 9 action & expression1 ?+s are go+ well ) !m1 & !y are in/9ctively incl9$ to let well en\gh alone4 ,?us 9 ?\ght !y t5d to a cons]vative in]tia4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 p]iods ( great /ra9 & suff]+1 z 9 w> "t1 ?\ght is /imulat$1 all ord9>y views are brok5 d[n & ! mo/ radical notions are widely dissem9at$ & ev5 tak5 = grant$ by ^? :o1 %ortly be=e1 w\ld h be5 sc&aliz$ by !m4 ,action & c]ta9 phases ( free spee* are1 9 su* a p]iod1 mu* m widely re/ra9$ by au?ority4 ,!re is a swift & /rong developm5t ( social control1 urg$ by necessity4 ,?us1 9 w> "t1 !re is ! curi\s p>adox ( ev] wid5+ radicalism 9 ?\ght1 ) con/antly decreas+ fre$om 9 action & expression4 ,:5 ! discrepancy becomes too great1 y h ! explosion--,revolution4 ,?is cause ha/5$ & made m extreme ! ,russian ,revolution1 :i* _h be5 simm]+ = a c5tury4 ,x has n yet appe>$ 9 ,g]many because ( ! =ty ye>s ( successful "w 9 drill+ ! m9d ( ! ,g]man p to m>* 9 goose-/ep2 yet ! increas+ signs ( que/ion+ ! infallibility ( ! exi/+ regime & sy/em 9 ,g]many give evid5ce t !re1 too1 ! conflict is at "w4 ,) ourselves1 ! opposition appe>s1 z yet1 only 9 m9or degree4 ,nev]!less1 x is "h4 ,on ! "o h&1 are ! regi/ration1 conscription & espionage measures1 ! ef=t to control news1 ! gov]nm5tal sup]vision ( food supplies1 transportation1 production & corporation e>n+s1 ! w> taxes4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ?\ght is s /imulat$ t ev]y?+ is que/ion$3 our political sy/em1 our social in/itutions--m>riage1 ! family1 education4 ,z "s "o says1 ,no?+ is radical n[4 ,we probably %all escape a sudd5 revolution1 b ! conflict mu/ produce pr(\nd readju/m5t 9 e aspect ( our life2 = ?\ght & action mu/ come measurably toge!r1 s9ce !y are relat$ z s\l & body4 ,!re are s+ul> eddies 9 ! ma9 curr5t bo? ways4 ,= in/ance1 ! exig5cies & suff]+s ( w> produce a reaction t[>d n>r[]1 or?odox =ms ( religion & a h>%] _s ( nationalism2 :ile 9 fields ( action ap>t f ! /ruggle1 fre$om & ev5 lic5se may increase1 z 9 sex-relations4 ,nev]!less ^! cross-curr5ts1 :ile !y may obscure1 d n alt] ! ma9 t5d5cies1 :i* move swiftly & increas+ly t[>d ! ess5tial conflict4 ,ev5 be=e our actual entrance into ! ,w>1 its pr(\nd influ5ce ^u bo? our ?9k+ & our conduct & in/itutions 0 evid5t4 ,n[ t we are 9 ! conflict t influ5ce is multipli$4 ,we are ar\s$ to new s]i\sness ( ?\ght4 ,! frivolity & selfi% pleasure-seek+ t h m>k$ our life = rec5t decades are decreas+4 ,we may reasonably hope t ! lit]ature ( sup]ficial clev]ness & sm>t cynicism1 :i* has be5 9 vogue = ! la/ p]iod1 w h _h its day1 t ! p]petrators ( su* lit]ature w be1 measurably speak+1 )\t audi5ce at ! conclusion ( ! ,w>4 ,! philosophy ( complac5cy1 at lea/1 w be at an end1 & ! _w w face ) new e>ne/ness ! problem ( life4 ,?is g5]ation w be tir$1 p]haps exhau/$1 by ! titanic /ruggle2 b y\? comes on1 fre% & eag]1 ) exhau/less vital en]gy1 & ! g5]ations to come w take ! h]itage & "w out ! new philosophy4 ,z ,nature quickly & quietly cov]s ! wor/ sc>s we make 9 h] brea/1 s ,man has a p[] ( recov]y1 beyond all t we c\ld dream4 ,x is to t we mu/ look1 across ! "t ( demoniac de/ruction4 ,we may ev5 d>e to hope t ! next half-c5tury w see a great developm5t ( noble lit]ature 9 our own l&4 ,w> = lib]ty1 ju/ice & humanity always t5ds to create su* a productive p]iod 9 lit]ature & ! o!r f9e arts4 ,! /ruggle ) ,p]sia 0 beh9d ! ,p]iclean age 9 ,a!ns4 ,x 0 ! conflict ( ,engl& ) ! ov]%ad[+ might ( ,spa9 t s vitaliz$ ! ,elizabe?an p]iod4 ,! ,revolution 0 beh9d ! "o important s*ool ( lit]ature our own c\ntry has produc$ hi!rto4 ,s9ce ?is ,w> is wag$ on a scale f> m colossal ?an any o!r 9 human hi/ory1 & s9ce lib]ty & democracy are at /ake1 n only 9 "o l&1 b ?r\gh\t ! _w & = ! entire future ( humanity1 x is reasonable to expect t ! /imulation to ! creation ( art & lit]ature w be f> great] ?an t foll[+ any previ\s /ruggle4 ,:]e ! sacrifice = high aims has be5 greate/1 ! inspiration %\ld be greate/1 z 9 ,france4 ,! lit]ature curr5tly produc$1 z 9 ! books ( ,loti1 ,maet]l9ck & ,roll&1 is scrappy & disappo9t+1 x is true2 b t is to be expect$ :5 ! :ole nation is /ra9$ to its la/ en]gy & gasp+ = brea?1 "u ! titanic /ruggle1 & is no te/ ( :at w be4 ,9 spite ( ! de/ruction ( s l>ge a fraction ( h] manhood1 ,france w surely rise f ! a%es ( ?is _w conflagration reg5]at$ & re9spir$4 ,! pessimism ( h] late decades w be gone4 ,! lit]ature & o!r art %e w produce w be in/9ct ) new e>ne/ness & exalt$ vision1 & %e may excel ev5 h] own great pa/4 ,we too are awak5+4 ,s9ce ! ,w> began1 all ov] ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 m5 & wom5 h be5 ?9k+ m e>ne/ly & h be5 m will+ to li/5 to ! expression ( s]i\s ?\ght ?an ev] be=e = ! la/ qu>t] c5tury4 ,n[ t ! h\r ( sacrifice has /ruck1 ?is e>ne/ness mu/ greatly deep54 ,p]haps we1 too1 may h our gold5 age ( art4 ,! same inspiration c>ries naturally into ! religi\s life4 ,x is true1 z we h se51 t !re is a cross-curr5t ( rev]sion to n>r[] or?odoxy1 caus$ by ! ,w>4 ,! ,gods ( ,w> are all national & tribal div9ities4 ,:ile !y rule1 ! face ( ! ,god ( ,humanity is veil$4 ,! ,kais]'s possessive attitude t[>d ! ,div9e is b ! extreme case ( :at ,w> does to ! religi\s life4 ,ev5 among ourselves ! t5d5cy %[s 9 su* ph5om5a z ! curr5t popul> evangelism--an eloqu5t1 if artfully calculat$ & vulg>iz$ prea*+ ( ! purely p]sonal virtues1 ) an ignorance t !re is a social problem 9 mod]n civilization1 pr(\nd z t display$ by a m$iaeval *ur*man4 ,! evangeli/'s li/ ( inmates1 :om he relegates to ! k+dom ( ! lo/1 makes ! place s+ul>ly attractive to ! lov] ( good intellectual society4 ,nev]!less1 ! rev]sion to n>r[] cre$s b indicates ! newly awak5$ hung] ( ! religi\s life4 ,m5 :o sacrifice live ) grav] e>ne/ness ?an ^? :o are c>elessly prosp]\s4 ,cynicism & pessimism are *ildr5 ( idl5ess & frivolity1 nev] ( h]oic sacrifice & nobly accept$ pa94 ,^! latt] fo/] fai? 9 life & its inf9ite & et]nal mean+4 ,?us1 ) all ! tragic subm]g+ ( our spiritual h]itage ! ,w> involves1 we may hope t x w cause a revival1 n ( emotional hy/]ia1 b ( deep5$ fai? 9 ! _s1 9 ! supreme wor? ( life1 until at la/ we may see ! dawn ( ! religion ( humanity4 ,,xi ,,! ,,w> ,,& ,,education ,equally f>-rea*+ are ! *anges ! ,w> mu/ produce 9 our education4 ,tempor>ily1 our high] in/itutions w be crippl$ by ! draw+ (f ( ! y\? ( ! l& = w>4 ,?is is "o ( ! un=tunate sacrifices su* a /ruggle involves4 ,we mu/ see to x t x is n c>ri$ too f>4 ,"o /ill he>s old m5 9 ! ,s\? pa!tically say1 ,i miss$ my education because ( ! ,civil ,w>4 ,let u /rive to keep op5 our educational in/itutions & cont9ue all our cultural activities1 9 spite ( ! dra9 & /ra9 ( ! ,w>4 ,= nev] 0 intellectual guidance & lead]%ip m ne$$ ?an 9 ! pres5t crisis4 ,! p>am\nt effect ( ! ,w> on education is1 h[ev]1 9 ! multipli$ dem& = effici5cy4 ,?is is ! cry all across ! c\ntry to-day1 &1 9 ! ma91 x is j4 ,our education has be5 too academic1 too mu* mold$ by tradition4 ,x mu/ be m closely relat$ to life & to ! *ang$ conditions ( indu/ry & comm]ce4 ,ea* boy & girl1 y\? & maid51 mu/ leave ! s*ool able to take hold some:]e & make a significant contribution to ! society ( :i* he or %e is an integral "p4 ,vocational tra9+ mu/ be greatly increas$4 ,! problems ( ! s*ool mu/ be increas+ly practical problems1 & ?\ght & judgm5t mu/ be tra9$ to ! solution ( ^? problems4 ,?is is all a "p ( t socialization ( democracy :i* mu/ be a*iev$ if democracy is to survive 9 ! new _w foll[+ ! ,w>4 ,!re is1 nev]!less1 an elem5t ( emotional hy/]ia 9 ! dem& = effici5cy & only effici5cy4 ,effici5cy is too n>r[ a /&>d by :i* to e/imate any?+ conc]n+ human conduct & "*4 ,9 ! ef=t to meet & conqu] ,g]many1 let u bew>e ( ! mi/ake ( ,g]many4 ,"o ( ! _w trag$ies ( ?is epo* is ! way 9 :i* ,g]many has sacrific$ h] spiritual h]itage1 fir/ = economic1 !n = purely milit>y effici5cy4 ,:5 we recall t spiritual h]itage1 z previ\sly describ$1 :5 we ?9k ( ,s*ill]1 ,h]d] & ,goe!1 ,froebel1 ,h]b>t & ,ri*t]1 ,taul]1 ,lu!r & ,s*lei]ma*]1 ,kant1 ,fi*te & ,s*op5hau]1 ,moz>t1 ,bee?ov5 & ,wagn]1 we /& agha/ at ! way 9 :i* %e has plung$ x all into ! abyss1--= :at8 ,%all x pr(it a p1 m ?an a man1 if x ga9 ! :ole _w & lose its own s\l8 ,9 su* a "t1 !n1 all ( u :o believe 9 ! _s mu/ hold high ! tor* ( humani/ic culture4 ,education is = life & n m]ely = effici5cy4 ,( :at wor? is life1 if "o is only a cog-:eel 9 ! economic ma*9e8 ,x is to save ! spiritual h]itage ( humanity t we are fight+1 & x is t h]itage t education mu/ br+ to e *ild & y\?1 if x fulfills its supreme tru/4 ,education = ! purposes ( autocratic imp]ialism seeks to make a p a p]fect economically productive & milit>ily aggressive ma*9e4 ,education = democracy means ! developm5t ( ea* individual to ! mo/ intellig5t1 self-direct$ & gov]n$1 unselfi% & devot$1 sane1 balanc$ & effective humanity4 ,,xii ,,socialism ,,& ,,! ,,w> ,"o ( ! surprises ( ! ,w> 0 ! complete breakd[n ( int]national socialism4 ,n only sociali/s1 b ^? ( u :o _h be5 ?\ghtfully wat*+ ! movem5t f )\t1 _h come to believe t ! measure ( consci\sness ( int]national bro!rhood x _h develop$ 9 ! artisan gr\ps ( _m l&s1 w\ld be a p[]ful lev] aga9/ w>4 ,we 7 wrong3 ! sup]ficial int]national sympa?y evaporat$ l mi/ "u ! rays ( a reviv$ nationalism4 ,! sociali/s fell 9 l9e1 almo/ z completely z any o!r gr\p1 ) ! purely nationali/ aims 9 ea* l&4 ,?is mu/ h gratifi$ c]ta9 despots2 = "o cause ( ! ,w>1 n ! cause1 0 und\bt$ly ! pref]5ce on ! "p ( v>i\s autocrats1 to face an ext]nal w> r ?an ! ris+ tide ( democracy )9 ! nation4 ,tempor>ily1 !y h be5 successful1 b surely only = a brief "t4 ,! victory ( democracy w va/ly accel]ate ! gr[? ( ! _s ( bro!rhood ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,! t]rible wa/e ( ! ,w> mu/ ( itself produce a reaction ( ! p on k+s & ca/es 9 all l&s4 ,! suff]+ t w foll[ ! ,w>1 9 ! p]iod ( economic readju/m5t1 w acc5tuate ?is4 ,surely ! p1 9 ,engl&1 ,france1 ,am]ica1 ,italy1 ,russia1 & among ! neutral nations1 w /rive t no su* w> may come aga94 ,ev5 9 ,g]many1 :5 ! p f9d out :at !y h paid & :y1 inevitably !y mu/ /ruggle s to re=m _! in/itutions t no rul] or class may aga9 plunge !m into su* disa/] = ! selfi% b5efit or ambitions ( t rul] or class4 ,h[ our he>ts h w>m$ to ,liebkne*t6 ,! realignm5t ( nations mu/ "w to ! same end4 ,w>1 l politics1 makes /range b$-fell[s4 ,g]many & ,au/ria1 = c5turies rivals1 &1 at times1 enemies1 we behold unit$ s completely t x is difficult to imag9e !m dis5tangl$ aft] ! ,w>4 ,france & ,engl&1 long reg>d+ ea* o!r z natural enemies1 are fus$ he>t & s\l4 ,/range/ ( all1 we h se5 ,engl& /ruggl+ to w9 = ,russia t prize ( ,con/ant9ople1 :i* = g5]ations x has be5 a ma9 object ( ,briti% diplomacy to keep f ,russian grasp4 ,mo/ impressive ( all1 has be5 ! new consci\sness ( unity & common cause among ! nations ( ! e>?1 & ! gr\ps )9 all nations1 /&+ = democracy4 ,?us ! tide1 *eck$ = a "t1 w inevitably break =? ) r5ew$ =ce4 ,x is probable t ! next fifty ye>s w be a p]iod ( great *ange--ev5 ( revolutions1 peaceful or o!rwise1 ?r\gh\t ! e>?4 ,to und]/& ! effect on ! :ole sociali/ movem5t1 "o mu/ di/+ui% cle>ly ! two contra/+ types ( socialism4 ,x is ! curse ( ! or?odox1 or ,m>xian1 type ( socialism1 t x 0 made 9 ,g]many4 ,its economic /ate is model$ directly on ! ,prussian bureaucratic & pat]nali/ic /ate4 ,its dream realiz$1 w\ld mean ,prussian effici5cy c>ri$ to ! n? p[]1 9 a society ( z m]ciless slav]y z t prevail+ among ! ants & ! bees4 ,x is d\btless ?is *>act]i/ic t has made s _m bureaucratic or or?odox sociali/s in/9ctively ,pro-,g]man 9 s5tim5t & sympa?y dur+ ! ,w>4 ,! contra/+ type ( socialism is t :i* is really ! full developm5t ( democracy1 its movem5t f a n>r[ individualism to ev] wid] volunt>y co-op]ation4 ,x moves1 n t[>d gov]nm5t own]%ip1 b t[>d own]%ip by ! p1 ( natural monopolies4 ,x means1 n ! turn+ ov] to a bureaucratic gov]nm5t1 ( plants & in/rum5ts ( production1 b ! progressive coop]ative own]%ip ( !m by ! work]s !mselves4 ,x w end1 n 9 ! ov]?r[ ( ! capitali/ regime1 b 9 all work]s becom+ co-op]ative capitali/s1 & all capitali/s1 productive work]s1 s9ce no idle ri*--or poor1 w be tol]at$4 ,su* socialism1 if x be s call$1 w dep5d ^u ! highe/ individual initiative1 ! mo/ volunt>y co-op]ation & w include ! individualism :i* is ! *]i%$ boon ( democracy4 ,x is significant t ^? :o repres5t ?is type ( socialism & :o ?9k = !mselves1 are break+ away f ! or?odox p>ty1 "u ! c\rage\s lead]%ip & example ( ,john ,sp>go1 9 increas+ numb]s1 s9ce our entrance into ! ,w>4 ,!y are z in/9ctively ,am]ican & democratic 9 sympa?y1 z ^? ( ! opposite type are ,pro-,g]man4 ,ev5 9 ! mo/ democratic c\ntries1 h[ev]1 ! ,w> has caus$ a va/ increase ( ! undesirable type ( socialism3 t is "o ( its tempor>y p5alties4 ,to c>ry on su* a w> successfully1 x is necess>y to multiply ! au?ority ( ! c5tral gov]nm5t4 ,t has be5 ! exp]i5ce ( ,engl&1 n[ be+ repeat$ "h4 ,m51 :o 7 citiz5s ( a democracy1 become1 z soldi]s1 & 9 "p z work]s1 subjects ( ! gov]nm5t 9 w>4 ,to "s ext5t we are =c$ to imitate ! t5d5cies we deplore & seek to ov]?r[ 9 ,g]many1 to be able to meet & defeat ,g]many4 ,ev5 s1 ! diff]5ce is pr(\nd4 ,! subord9ation to ! gov]nm5t is1 = ! p z a :ole1 volunt>y1 a*iev$ ?r\gh laws pass$ by *os5 repres5tatives ( ! p1 & n by ! arbitr>y w ( a kais] & rul+ ca/e4 ,?us ! fre$om1 volunt>ily rel9qui%$ = a "t1 c be quickly rega9$ :5 ! crisis is pa/4 ,subjects w become citiz5s aga91 :5 soldi]s return to civil life4 ,nev]!less1 !re w be no return to ! old1 selfi%ly individuali/ic regime4 ,! lesson ( organiz$ action w h be5 le>n$1 & a va/ increase ( volunt>y co-op]ation1 t is1 ( ! socialism t is true democracy may be anticipat$ z a b5efic5t result ( ! ,w>4 ,?is w be "o ( ! great comp5sations = ! wa/e ( our h]itage1 spiritual & mat]ial1 ?r\gh ! ,w>4 ,! volunt>y socialization ( previ\sly individuali/ic democracy w be ! next great =w>d movem5t ( ! human _s4 ,,xiii ,,! ,,w> ,,& ,,fem9ism ,( all consequ5ces ( ! ,w>1 p]haps none is m significant ?an its effect ^u ! position ( wom54 ,milit>ism & fem9ism are c\nt] curr5ts 9 ! tide ( hi/ory4 ,all recrudesc5ce ( brute =ce c>ries ! subjugation ( wom54 ,9 ! degree to :i* pr(essional milit>ism prevails 9 any society1 wom5 are =c$ into h>d indu/rial activities1 despis$ because fulfill$ by wom54 ,on ! o!r h&1 a gr\p ( c>efully protect$ wom5 is held ap>t z a f9e adornm5t ( life4 ,bo? ways milit>ism acc5tuates ! prop]ty idea 9 ref]5ce to wom53 ! "o type1 useful1 ! o!r1 adorn+1 prop]ty4 ,! "o %[s 9 m>riage by pur*ase1 ! o!r 9 ! d[ry sy/em4 ,x is h>d to say :i* is m di%onor+ to wom54 ,x w\ld1 p]haps1 seem pref]able & less (f5sive to be b\ght z useful1 r ?an accept$ ) a money paym5t1 z an adorn+ b exp5sive possession1 :]e1 z ) ! automobile1 x is ! upkeep t c\nts4 ,surely1 h[ev]1 ei!r attitude is degrad+ en\gh4 ,! acc5tuation1 9 ! pres5t ,w>1 ( ! notion ( wom5 z prop]ty1 is evid5t 9 m brutal =m 9 ! horrors ( rape1 9 ! delib]ate & organiz$ use ( wom5 z bre$]s1 ) ! same effici5cy ) :i* ,g]many bre$s h] sw9e4 ,nev]!less1 "h1 too1 /rong c\nt] curr5ts are at "w4 ,z ?is is a w> ( nations1 n ( armies1 x is ! :ole p t1 9 ea* in/ance1 has _h to be mobiliz$ & organiz$4 ,9 all ! democracies wom5 h volunt>ily ris5 to ?is ne$1 j z citiz5s h volunt>ily become soldi]s4 ,?us wom51 by ! legion1 are work+ 9 munition factories1 on ! f>ms1 9 productive plants ( e k9d1 9 public s]vice & comm]ce organizations4 ,! noble way 9 :i* wom5 h accept$ ! d\ble burd5 has creat$ a wave ( rev]5t admiration ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,?us :]e pr(essional milit>ism t5ds to despise ! indu/rial activities into :i* x =ces wom51 w> = def5se & ju/ice causes rev]5ce = ! same socially necess>y activities & = ! wom5 :o s c\rage\sly und]take !m = ! sake ( all4 ,moreov]1 ! increas$ fre$om ( action = wom5 w outla/ its tempor>y cause4 ,once s admitt$ to new fields ( indu/rial1 bus9ess & pr(essional activity1 wom5 c nev] be g5]ally exclud$ f !m aga94 ,?us :5 ! soldi]s become citiz5s1 _m ( ! wom5 w rema9 produc]s1 work+ beside m5 "u new conditions ( equality4 ,! result1 ) ! g5]al /imulation ( radical ?9k+ t ! ,w> involves1 w be a pr(\nd accel]ation ( ! fem9i/ movem5t ?r\gh\t1 at lea/1 ! democracies ( ! _w4 ,already x is be+ recogniz$ t all valid pr9ciples ( democracy apply to wom5 equally ) m54 ,reg5]at$1 if *aotic1 ,russia takes = grant$ ! f>!/ rea*es ( fem9ism4 ,! regime 9 ,engl&1 t bitt]ly oppos$ suffrage = wom51 is n[ volunt>ily grant+ x be=e ! close ( ! ,w>4 ,?us ! victory ( ! alli$ nations w mean ! fruition ( mu* ( ! fem9ism t is a phase ( humanism4 ,x w mean free+ wom5 f outgr[n cu/om & tradition1 f unju/ limitations 9 indu/rial1 social & political life4 ,x w mean m5 & wom5 work+ toge!r1 on a plane ( moral equality1 ) free initiative & volunt>y co-op]ation1 = ! fruition ( democracy4 ,j z t fruition w see ! end ( idle ri* & poor1 s !re w be no m wom5 slaves or p>asites1 none reg>d$ or possess$ z prop]ty1 b only free human be+s1 ea* self-direct$ & self-controll$1 & responsible = 8 or h] own p]sonality & conduct4 ,,xiv ,,! ,,trans=mation ,,( ,,democracy ,! n9ete5? c5tury 0 ! p]iod ( rapid gr[? 9 adhesion to ^? ideals ( democracy = :i* ! ,w> is be+ f\ght4 ,x is n s well recogniz$ t dur+ ! same hundr$ ye>s democracy 0 s trans=m$ z to be to-day a new ?+ "u ! sun4 ,up to ! "t ( ! ,fr5* & ,am]ican revolutions democracy re/$ l>gely ^u c]ta9 ab/ract ideas ( human nature4 ,r\sseau c\ld argue t 9 primitive times m5 sat d[n toge!r to =m a /ate1 ea* giv+ up a "p ( 8 natural "r to a c5tral au?ority1 & ?us ju/ify+ x4 ,we n[ "k t no?+ ( ! k9d ev] happ5$1 t society _h und]gone a long process ( developm5t be=e m5 began to ?9k ab\t x at all4 ,we cont9ue to repeat ! spl5did at all4 ,i ref]1 ( c\rse1 to ! wom5 ( antiquity4 ,:]e respectable1 ^! 7 ! head ( ! h\sehold slaves1 sc>cely remov$ f ! condition ( ! latt]4 ,! few wom5 :o did a*ieve fre$om ( ?\ght & action1 & became ! companions ( cultivat$ m5--! ,aspasias ( antiquity--b\ght _! fre$om at a sad price4 ,s ,rome is call$ a republic1 & x is true t1 dur+ ! fir/ half ( h] long hi/ory1 fre$om gradually broad5$ d[n f ! patrician class to ! plebeian multitude4 ,:5 ,rome rea*$ out1 h[ev]1 to ! ma/]y ( ! mo/ impressive empire ! _w has se51 %e nev] dream$ ( ext5d+ t fre$om to ! conqu]$ populations4 ,if %e did grant ,roman citiz5%ip to an occasional community1 to enjoy ! rights & ex]cise ! privileges ( t citiz5%ip1 x 0 necess>y to j\rney to ,rome4 ,x 0 ! city & ! _w3 ! city rul+ ! _w z subject4 ,! same pr9ciple holds ) ! republics develop+ at ! close ( ! middle age1 9 ,italy1 9 ! t[ns ( ! ,hanseatic ,league & else:]e4 ,always ! fre$om a*iev$ 0 = a city1 a gr\p or a class1 nev] = all ! p4 ,our dream1 on ! contr>y1 is to take all ! m5 & wom5 9 ! l&1 ultimately 9 ! _w1 & help !m1 ?r\gh ! free & coop]ative activity ( ea* ) all ! re/1 on t[>d life1 lib]ty1 happ9ess1 intellig5ce--all ! ends ( life t are wor? :ile4 ,if we dem& life = ourselves1 we ask x only 9 h>mony ) ! be/ life = all4 ,we want no special privilege1 no b5efit ap>t1 b\ght at ! price ( ! be/ welf>e ( humanity4 ,we1 un=tunately1 does n yet mean all ( u1 b x does signify an increas+ multitude1 rally+ to ?is t is ! /&>d ( to-morr[4 ,a ?ird trans=mation1 at lea/ equally important ) ^!1 is 9 ! inv5tion1 = x is no less1 ( repres5tative gov]nm5t4 ,political ?9k]s1 su* z ,john ,fiske1 h tri$ to make u und]/& :at ?is inv5tion means3 we d n yet realize x4 ,! developm5t ( repres5tative gov]nm5t is ! cause1 fir/ ( all1 ( ! trem5d\s expansion ( ! area ov] :i* we apply democracy4 ,plato1 9 ! ,laws1 limits ! size ( ! ideal /ate--! "o realizable 9 ?is _w--to #ejdj citiz5s4 ,:y8 ,well1 ! exact numb] has a c]ta9 my/ical significance1 b ! ma9 reason is1 ,plato c\ld n imag9e a mu* l>g] body ( citiz5s ?an #ejjj meet+ toge!r 9 public assembly & fulfill+ ! functions ( citiz5%ip4 ,we h ext5d$ democracy ov] a hundr$ millions ( population1 dwell+ on ! l>g] "p ( a cont95t2 & if "o travels ,nor?1 ,s\?1 ,ea/1 ,we/1 to-day1 "o is impress$ t1 9 spite ( unassimilat$ elem5ts1 ev]y:]e m5 & wom5 are pr\d1 fir/ ( all1 ( be+ ,am]ican citiz5s1 & only 9 subord9ate ways devot$ to ! section or community to :i* !y belong4 ,?is has be5 made possible by ! inv5tion & developm5t ( repres5tative gov]nm5t4 ,t is n all3 x is repres5tative gov]nm5t t takes ! /+ out ( all ! old] criticisms ( democracy4 ,plato devotes "o ( ! sadde/ portions ( 8 ,republic to %[+ h[ 9 a brief "t1 democracy mu/ inevitably fall & be replac$ by tyranny4 ,) ! democracy ,plato knew ?is 0 true4 ,x 0 impossible = ,a!ns to protect & make p]man5t h] con/itution4 ,%e might pass a law decl>+ ! p5alty ( dea? on any "o propos+ a *ange 9 ! con/itution4 ,x did no good4 ,let "s demagogue arise1 sure ( ! suffrage ( a majority ( ! citiz5s3 he c\ld call !m into public assembly1 cause a repeal ( ! law1 & make any *ange 9 ! con/itution he desir$4 ,!re 0 no way to prev5t x4 ,x is ! inv5tion & developm5t ( repres5tative gov]nm5t t has *ang$ all t4 ,we *afe "u ! sl[-mov+ "* ( our democracy--ov] ! "t x takes to get laws enact$ & ! long] "t to get !m execut$4 ,we may well be pati5t3 ?is sl[-mov+ "* ( democracy is ! o!r side ( its greate/ safe-gu>d4 ,x is because we _c imm$iately express 9 action ! popul> w & op9ion1 b mu/ ?9k two1 ?ree1 _m times1 work+ ?r\gh *os5 & responsible repres5tatives ( ! p1 t our democracy is n subject to ! p]ils & criticisms ( ^? ( antiquity4 ,! voice ( ! p 9 ! day & h\r1 "u ! impulse ( sudd5 caprice or passion1 is any?+ b ! voice ( ,god3 x is mu* m apt to be ! voice ( all ! p[]s ( d>kness4 ,x is common ?\ght1 sift$ ?r\gh uncommon ?\ght1 t approa*es z ne> ! voice ( ,god z we c hope to get 9 ?is _w4 ,x is n ! surface :im ( public op9ion1 x is its greate/ common d5om9ator t approximates ! tru?4 ,x behooves u to rememb] ?is at a "t :5 *anges are com+ ) su* swiftness4 ,our life has develop$ s rapidly t ! old political =ms prov$ inadequate to ! solution ( ! new problems4 ,z a practical p1 we !re=e quickly adopt$ or inv5t$ new =ms4 ,d\btless ?is is1 9 ! ma91 "r1 b we %\ld und]/& cle>ly :at we are do+4 ,= in/ance1 "o ( ! great *anges1 rec5tly inaugurat$1 is ! election ( national s5ators by popul> vote4 ,our =efa!rs plann$ t ! national upp] h\se %\ld repres5t a d\ble sift+ ( popul> op9ion4 ,we elect$ /ate legislatures2 !y1 9 turn1 *ose ! national s5ators3 ?us ^! 7 twice remov$ f ! popul> w4 ,x prov$ easy to corrupt /ate legislatures2 ! national s5ate came to repres5t too mu* ! money$ int]e/s2 & s1 ?r\gh an am5dm5t to ! con/itution1 we *ang$ ! process1 & n[ elect our s5ators by direct vote ( ! p4 ,?is makes !m m imm$iately repres5tative ( ! popul> w1 & p]haps ! *ange 0 wise2 b we %\ld recognize t we h remov$ "o m safe-gu>d ( democracy4 ,a /ory1 told = a g5]ation1 & fix$ ^u v>i\s ,briti% /atesm51 w illu/rate my mean+4 ,! la/ repetition attribut$ x to ,john ,burns4 ,on "o occasion1 :ile he 0 a memb] ( ,p>liam5t1 x is said he 0 at a tea-p>ty 9 ! ,we/ ,end ( ,london4 ,! ho/ess1 p\r+ 8 cup ( tea1 anxi\s to make talk & %[ h] deep int]e/ 9 politics1 said1 ,mr4 ,burns1 :at is ! use ( ! h\se ( ,lords anyway8 ,! /atesman1 )\t reply+1 p\r$ 8 tea f ! cup into ! sauc]4 ,! ho/ess1 surpris$ at ! brea* ( etiquette1 wait$1 & !n said1 b ,mr4 ,burns1 y didn't answ] my "q4 ,he po9t$ to ! tea1 cool+ 9 ! sauc]3 t 0 ! function1 to cool ! tea ( legislation4 ,t 0 ! function int5d$ = our national s5ate4 ,! tr\ble 01 ! tea ( legislation (t5 became s /one cold 9 ! process t x 0 fit only = ! political slop-pail1 & t 0 n :at we want$4 ,s we h *ang$ x all1 b "o m safe-gu>d ( democracy is gone4 ,s ) o!r re=ms1 l\dly acclaim$1 z ! initiative & ref]5dum4 ,) ! new problems & complications ( an extraord9>ily develop$ life1 x is d\btless wise t ! p %\ld be able to initiate legislation & %\ld h ! f9al ^w z to :at legislation %all /&4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if we are n to suff] "u a mass ( ha/y & ill-consid]$ legislation1 if laws are to /&1 !y mu/ always be =mulat$ by a body ( tra9$ legislators1 & n by ! *ang+ :im ( popul> op9ion4 ,s ) ! recall1 n[ s widely dem&$ 9 _m sections ( ! c\ntry4 ,9 ! old days1 our c&idates 7 mo/ obsequi\s & pr(use 9 promises to _! con/itu5ts be=e election2 b once elect$1 only too (t5 !y turn$ _! backs on _! con/itu5ts1 w5t m]rily _! own way1 mak+ deals & b>ga9s1 9 ! _s t to ! victor belong ! spoils4 ,!re=e we ju/ly dem&$ "s control ( !m1 aft]1 z be=e1 election3 h5ce ! recall4 ,aga9 ! movem5t is "r2 b if ! fundam5tals ( democracy are to be p]man5t1 t body ( m51 conc]n$ ) ! int]pretation ( ! con/itution & ! fundam5tal law ( ! l&1 mu/ n be subject to ! imm$iate :im ( mob m9d1 & ! p[] to recall ^? judges occupi$ ) ?is task w\ld be a grav] dang] ?an advantage4 ,!y w make mi/akes1 at times !y w be ultra cons]vative & s]vants ( special int]e/s1 b t is "o ( ! incid5tal prices we h to pay = ! p]man5ce ( free in/itutions4 ,! problem is to keep ! basic pr9ciples ( democracy un*ang$1 ! =ms on ! surface z fluid & adju/able z possible4 ,x is ^! ?ree trans=mations--! ab&onm5t ( ! old ab/ract notions & ! te/+ ( democracy by its results1 ! expansion ( its application ov] ! entire population1 & ! inv5tion & developm5t ( repres5tative gov]nm5t--x is ^! ?ree *anges t make our democracy a new ord] ( society1 new 9 its problems1 its m5aces1 its solutions4 ,,xv ,,democracy ,,& ,,education ,all j gov]nm5t is a transi5t device to make ord]$ progress possible4 ,9 ! k+dom ( heav5 !re w\ld be no gov]nm5t1 = if all human be+s saw ! be/1 lov$ ! be/ & will$ ! be/1 ! function ( gov]nm5t w\ld be at an end4 ,obvi\sly !re is no hope or fe> t we %all get into ! k+dom ( heav5 soon1 & ! necessity = gov]nm5t w exi/ = an indef9itely long "t4 ,nev]!less1 gov]nm5t is due to ! imp]fection ( human nature &1 z /at$1 its aim is ord]$ progress4 ,progress )\t ord] is an>*y2 ord] )\t progress is /agnation & dea?4 ,x mu/ frankly be admitt$1 moreov]1 t democracy is n ! %orte/ road to good gov]nm5t nor to economic effici5cy4 ,t we recognize ?is z a p is prov$ by ! drift ( our op9ion & ( ! *anges 9 our less] in/itutions4 ,take1 = in/ance1 our city gov]nm5t4 ,a few decades ago our cities 7 s notori\sly misgov]n$ t !y 7 ! sc&al ( ! _w4 ,our bo>ds ( ald]m5 or c\ncilm51 repres5t+ w>d con/itu5cies1 ) all sorts ( local /r+s ti$ to !m1 7 clumsy & unwieldy & easily subject to corruption4 ,s1 ab\t tw5ty ye>s ago1 all across ! c\ntry w5t ! cry1 ,get a good mayor1 & give him a free h&4 ,t is ! way our great indu/ries are conduct$3 a wise capta9 ( indu/ry is secur$ & giv5 full control4 ,be+ a practical p1 & imag9+ ourselves to be mu* m practical ?an really we are1 we said1 let u conduct our city bus9ess 9 ! same way4 ,:y n8 ,plato %[$ long ago t y c get ! be/ gov]nm5t 9 ! %orte/ "t by gett+ a good tyrant1 & giv+ him a free h&4 ,!re arc j two objections4 ,! fir/ is incid5tal3 x is exce$+ly difficult to keep y\r tyrant good4 ,arbitr>y au?ority ov] "o's fell[s is ab\t ! mo/ corrupt+ influ5ce kn[n to man4 ,no "o is great & good en\gh to be entru/$ ) x4 ,responsible p[] sob]s & educates1 irresponsible p[] corrupts4 ,nev]!less we pay ! price ( ?is error & le>n ! lesson4 ,! o!r objection is m significant4 ,x is ! effect on ! rank & file ( ! citiz5%ip1 = ! mean+ ( democracy is n imm$iate results 9 gov]nm5t1 b ! education ( ! citiz51 & t education c come only by fulfill+ ! functions ( citiz5%ip4 ,?us x is bett] to be ! free citiz5 ( a democracy1 ) all ! wa/e & tempor>y ineffici5cy democracy involves1 ?an to be ! in]t slave ( ! mo/ p]fect pat]nal despotism ev] devis$ by man4 ,?us ! movem5t away f democratic city gov]nm5t is gravely to be que/ion$1 no matt] :at economic results x secures4 ,! same argum5t applies to m rec5t *anges1 z ! commission =m ( city gov]nm5t4 ,z 9 ! previ\s case1 react+ ^u ! sc&al\s situation1 we said1 ,let u *oose ! ?ree to five be/ m5 9 ! community1 & let !m run ! city's bus9ess = u4 ,ne>ly e "t ?is *ange has be5 made1 ! result has be5 an imm$iate clean+ up ( ! city gov]nm5t2 b :y8 ,*iefly because a new broom sweeps clean1--n s mu* = ! reason t x is new1 z because y are int]e/$ 9 ! in/rum5t4 ,y c get a dirty room rem>kably clean ) an old broom1 if y w sweep h>d en\gh4 ,! clean+ up is due1 n prim>ily to ! in/rum5t1 b to ! h& t wields x4 ,to speak less figuratively3 ! clean+ up ( ! city gov]nm5t ) ! inauguration ( ! commission sy/em1 came because ! *ange 0 made by an awak5+ ( ! good p ( ! community4 ,good p h a habit1 h[ev]1 ( go+ to sleep 9 an a/\nd+ly %ort "t2 b ! gang nev] sleeps4 ,n[ suppose1 :ile ! good p are doz+ 9 semi-somnol5ce1 assur$ t ! new broom w sweep ( itself1 ! gang gets toge!r & elects ! ?ree to five wor/ gang/]s 9 ! city to be ! commission8 ,is x n evid5t t ! v add$ effici5cy ( ! in/rum5t means great] graft & corruption8 ,equally ! argum5t applies to ! mo/ rec5t device sugge/$--! city manag] plan4 ,z we h l>gely tak5 our s*ools out ( politics1 & h a non-p>tisan educational exp]t z sup]9t5d5t1 s x is sugge/$ we %\ld conduct our city bus9ess4 ,aga91 suppose ! gang appo9ts ! city manag]3 he w be an exp]t 9 graft1 r ?an 9 gov]nm5t4 ,! mom5t a p gets to tru/+ to a device x is head$ = dang]4 ,!re is j "o safegu>d ( democracy1 & t is to keep ! good p awake & at ! task all ! "t4 ,"s in/rum5ts are bett] & "s are worse1 b ! in/rum5t nev] does ! "w1 x is ! h& & bra9 t wield x4 ,if !re is "o field :]e we c\ld reasonably expect to f9d pure democracy1 x is 9 our high] educational in/itutions4 ,9 a college or univ]sity1 :]e a gr\p ( "y m5 & wom51 & a gr\p ( old] m5 & wom5 are ga!r$ ap>t1 out ( ! sev]] economic /ruggle1 d$icat$ to ideal ends3 !re1 surely1 we c\ld expect pure democracy 9 organization & relation%ip2 yet ! t5d5cy has be5 /eadily t[>d autocracy4 ,"o c c\nt ! f+]s ( bo? h&s & n cov] ! li/ ( college & univ]sity presid5ts :o h tak5 (fice dur+ ! la/ fifte5 ye>s1 only on condition t !y h complete au?ority ov] ! educational policy ( ! in/itution1 & (t5 ov] its f9ancial policy z well4 ,! reason is obvi\s3 we run a railroad effici5tly by gett+ a good presid5t & giv+ him arbitr>y control2 :y n a univ]sity8 ,!re are j ! two objections cit$ above3 ev5 9 a univ]sity1 x is difficult to keep y\r tyrant good4 ,?is1 aga91 is ! m9or objection4 ,! real evil is 9 ! effect ^u ! rank & file ( ^? gov]n$ by ! autocrat4 ,!re are m5 9 univ]sity faculties to-day :o say1 privately1 t if !y c\ld get any o!r opportunity1 !y w\ld resign to-morr[1 = !y feel l cl]ks 9 a dep>tm5t /ore1 ) no opportunity to help det]m9e ! educational policy ( ! in/itutions ( :i* !y are integral p>ts4 ,! ,g]man univ]sity1 "u all ! autocracy & bureaucracy ( ! ,g]man /ate1 is m democratic 9 its organization ?an our own4 ,its faculty is a self-gov]n+ body1 elect+ to its own memb]%ip4 ,! ,rector%ip is an honor conf]r$ = ! ye> on "s faculty memb] = sup]ior wor? & s*ol>%ip4 ,ea* memb] ( ! faculty may ?us feel ! self-respect & dignity1 result+ f ! p[] & initiative he possesses z a free citiz5 ( ! in/itution4 ,let me sugge/ :at w\ld be ! ideal democratic organization ( a college or univ]sity4 ,:y n apply ! same division ( functions ( gov]nm5t t has prov$ s successful 9 ! /ate8 ,! bo>d ( ,tru/ees is ! natural judici>y2 ! ,presid5t1 ! executive4 ,! faculty is ! legislative body1 ) ! /ud5t body z a sort ( l[] h\se1 coop]at+ 9 enact+ ! legislation = its own gov]nm5t4 ,:]e has su* a plan be5 tri$8 ,if ! prim>y purpose ( democracy is ?us1 n imm$iate results 9 gov]nm5t1 b ! education ( ! citiz51 on ! o!r h&1 democracy re/s1 = its safety & progress1 on ! ev] bett] education ( ! citiz54 ,"u ! old] =ms ( human society1 laws may be pass$ & execut$ t are f> 9 advance ( public op9ion4 ,t _c be done 9 a democracy4 ,! law may be a slight /ep 9 advance1 & s p]haps educate public op9ion to its level2 b if x goes beyond t /ep1 aft] ! fir/ flurry ( int]e/ 9 ! law is pa/1 x rema9s a dead lett] on ! /atute books--worse ?an useless1 because cultivat+ t dang]\s disrespect = all law1 :i* we h se5 gr[+ ^u u z a p4 ,?us f ei!r side1 ! problem ( democracy is a problem ( education4 ,x re/s ^u education1 its aim is education4 ,9 a democracy1 ! supreme function ( ! /ate is1 n to e/abli% a milit>y sy/em = def5se1 or a police sy/em = protection1 x is n ! en=cem5t ( public & private contract3 x is to take ! *ildr5 & y\? ( ea* g5]ation & develop !m into m5 & wom5 able to fulfill ! responsibility & enjoy ! opportunity ( free citiz5%ip 9 a free society4 ,,xvi ,,m5aces ,,( ,,democracy ,s9ce mod]n democracy is a new ?+ "u ! sun1 s its m5aces are new1 or1 if old1 !y take mislead+ly new =ms4 ,= in/ance1 ! greate/ dang] 9 ! pa? ( our democracy is ! _w-old evil ( selfi%ness1 b x does take surpris+ly new =m4 ,x is n aggressive selfi%ness t we h prim>ily to dread4 ,!re are ^?1 x is true1 :o believe we may soon be endang]$ by ! ambitions ( "s arrogant lead] 9 ! nation4 ,! fe> is unw>rant$1 = our p are /ill s devot$ to ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( democracy1 t if any lead] 7 to take "o cle> /ep t[>d ov]-rid+ ! con/itution & mak+ himself despot1 t /ep w\ld be 8 political dea?-bl[4 ,no1 we are n yet endang]$ by ! aggressive ambitions ( ^? at ! front1 b we are 9 grave dang] f ! negative selfi%ness ( indiff]5ce1 %[n 9 its wor/ =m by j ^? p :o imag9e !y are good because !y are respectable1 :]eas !y may be m]ely good--= no?+4 ,plato argu$ t society c\ld nev] h patriotism 9 full measure until ! family 0 aboli%$4 ,a s+ul> notion t any s*ool boy to-day c readily answ]1 yet "h is ! curi\s situation4 ,family life1 among ourselves1 9 its bett] aspects1 has rea*$ a high] plane ?an ev] be=e 9 any p4 ,m m>riages are made on ! only dec5t ba/s ( any m>riage4 ,?is is ! woman's l&4 ,*ildr5 h _! rights & privileges1 ev5 to _! physical1 m5tal & moral detrim5t4 ,x is "h t m5 mo/ will+ly sacrifice = _! families1 slav+ ?r\gh ! hot summ] 9 ! cities1 to s5d wife & *ildr5 to ! sea%ore or ! m\nta9s2 yet x is j "h t m5 mo/ readily unh+e _! consci5ces :5 !y turn f private to public life4 ,"s cynic has said t !re is n an ,am]ican citiz5 :o w\ld n smuggle to please 8 wife4 ,( c\rse ! /atem5t is n true1 b if y h ev] cross$ ! ocean on a transatlantic l9]1 & wat*$ ! devices to :i* ord9>ily dec5t m5--m5 :o w\ld be a%am$ to /eal y\r pocket h&k]*ief or to lie to y z an individual--w resort1 9 ord] to lie to ! gov]nm5t or /eal f ! gov]nm5t1 y beg9 to wond] if ! cynic 0 n "r4 ,! law1 obvi\sly1 may be unju/3 if s1 prote/ aga9/ x & seek to h x *ang$1 b :ile x is ! law1 does x n des]ve y\r respectful ob$i5ce1 unless y w\ld add to ! dang]\sly gr[+ disrespect = all law8 ,next to ! m5ace ( selfi%ness is t ( ignorance1 & ?is1 too1 takes confus+ly new =m4 ,x is n ignorance ( sci5tific fact & law1 dang]\s z t is1 t ?reat5s1 b ignorance ( :at our in/itutions mean1 ( :at !y h co/1 ( ! ideal = :i* we /& among ! nations4 ,! cel]ity ) :i*1 ev5 dur+ ! pa/ two decades1 ! y\ng] g5]ation has ab&on$ old /&>ds & ideals1 is an om9\s illu/ration4 ,x is true3 ,new occasions tea* new duties1 "t makes anci5t goods unc\?2 ',!y mu/ upw>d /ill1 & onw>d1 :o w\ld keep abrea/ ( ,tru?4 ,^? words ( ,l[ell's are z fully applicable to ! pres5t crisis1 z to t = :i* ,l[ell wrote !m2 b to give up ! pa/1 )\t kn[+ t y are lett+ g1 is surely n ! "p ( wisdom4 ,a ?ird m5ace %[s 9 t fickl5ess ( temp] & false /&>d ( life t cause u to admire ! wrong type ( lead]4 ,probably "o half ( all ! attacks on m5 ( unusual weal? & success come f o!r m51 :o w\ld l to be 9 ! same situation ) ^? !y attack1 & h fail$ ( _! ambition4 ,"p ( ! attack is s9c]e1 no d\bt1 b if y assum$ t all ! abuse heap$ ^u conspicu\s m5 came f moral conviction1 y w\ld utt]ly misread ! situation4 ,on ! o!r h&1 m5 ( moral excell5ce make u a%am$4 ,n[ x takes a r>ely magnanim\s _s to be %am$ & n res5t x4 ,we are apt to feel t1 if we c pull ano!r d[n1 we raise ourselves4 ,to realize ?is1 consid] ! gr[l ( joy t comes f ! worse sort ( citiz5 & newspap] :5 "s public lead] is caught 9 a private sc&al4 ,z if pull+ him d[n1 rais$ u6 ,we are all t>r$ ) 8 disgrace4 ,!re are1 inde$1 two ways ( /at+ ! ideal ( democracy3 y c say1 ,i am j z good z any "o else1 :i* 9 ! fir/ place1 is n true1 &1 9 ! second1 w\ld be unlovely ( y to express1 7 x true4 ,y c say1 on ! contr>y1 ,e o!r human be+ ought to h j z good a *ance z ,i h1 :i* is "r2 & yet y w he> ! ideal ( democracy phras$ a doz5 times ! fir/ way1 :]e x is express$ once 9 ! second =m4 ,t democracies are fickle is "o ( ! olde/ criticisms ^u !m4 ,we _h ?\ght t we 7 n subject to t criticism1 & 9 ! old days we 7 n4 ,we _h ! c\ntry debat+ club & ! village lyceum4 ,we 7 an agricultural p1 sob] & sl[-mov+4 ,we _h few books1 !y 7 good books & we read !m _m times4 ,we _h few newspap]s1 we knew ! m5 :o wrote 9 !m1 & :5 we read an editorial1 our m9d 0 actively *all5g$ by ! s9c]e ?9k+ ( ano!r m9d4 ,to-day1 ev]y:]e1 we h mov$ into ! cities4 ,! /r5g? ( ! c\ntry-side is sobriety & sl[ incubation ( ! =ces ( life4 ,its vice is /upidity4 ,! /r5g? ( ! city is ke5 witt$ness1 v]satility1 quick response4 ,its vice is fickl5ess1 morbidity1 exhau/ion4 ,we h our great blanket %eet newspap]s1 repres5t+ a p>ty1 a clique1 a f9ancial int]e/1 ) writ]s l5d+ _! bra9s out1 = money1 to write editorials = causes 9 :i* !y d n believe4 ,we h ! multitude ( books1 incessantly & ha/ily produc$2 we read mu*1 & sc>cely ?9k at all4 ,we h got rid ( ! old ?ree deck] novel1 r$uc$ x to a s+le volume1 & !n tak5 out ! climax ( ! /ory1 publi%+ x 9 ! corn] ( ! daily newspap]1 z ! %ort /ory ( ! day1 s t he :o runs may read4 ,if he is a wise man he w run z fa/ z he c & n read t /uff at all4 ,we h our ev] increas+ movies1 ) _! incessant titillation ( ! m9d ) swift pass+ impressions1 z dis9tegrat+ to intellectual conc5tration1 z !y are injuri\s to ! eyes4 ,! result ( x all is an increas+ fickl5ess ( temp]1 s t ! same p :o %\t mo/ l\dly :5 ! popul> h]o goes by1 ! next week cov] 8 v "n ) vitup]ation & abuse1 if he (f5ds _! slighte/ :im4 ,?is evil bre$s ano!r3 fickl5ess 9 ! p means demagogu]y 9 ! lead]1 inevitably4 ,we h said to our public m5--n 9 words1 b by ! f> m impressive language ( our conduct--get money1 p[]1 success1 & we w give y m money1 p[] & success1 & n ask y h[ y got !m nor :at ends y s]ve 9 us+ !m4 ,t s _m h refus$ ! bribe is to _! cr$it1 n ours2 we h done :at we c\ld to corrupt !m4 ,f9ally1 we are ! mo/ irrev]5t p 9 ! _w4 ,we believe 9 y\?1 we scorn age4 ,we h spl5did en?usiasm1 we d n "k :at wisdom means4 ,"o he>s college presid5ts say--half jok+ly1 ( c\rse--t !re is no use appo9t+ a man ov] ?irty to ! faculty ^! days4 ,s "o he>s ,*ri/ian m9i/]s1 9 ^? d5om9ations :]e ! m9i/] is call$ by ! p>ticul> *ur*1 say !re is no use try+ to get ano!r call aft] "o is fifty6 ,( c\rse1 x is n true1 b x is true en\gh to be a s]i\s criticism ^u u4 ,= :at o!r vocation is !re :]e ! mell[ness t comes only f "t & long exp]i5ce1 f presid+ at w$d+s & /&+ beside op5 graves1 %>+ ! joys & sorr[s ( innum]able p]sons1 is s indisp5sable1 z 9 ! pa/or1 ! physician ( ! _s8 ,/ill1 we w turn out "s wise1 %y1 mell[ old man1 j rip5$ to ! po9t ( be+ ! true m9i/] to ! s\ls ( o!rs1 & replace him ) a rec5t graduate ( a !ological s*ool1 because ! latt] c talk ! language ( ! high] criticism or :atev] else happ5s to int]e/ u = ! mom5t4 ,obvi\sly1 we pay ! price1 b ?9k :at x indicates ( our civilization4 ,,xvii ,,! ,,dilemma ,,( ,,democracy ,we h se5 t ! grave/ m5aces ( democracy are ! faults 9 m9d & "* 9 ! multitude4 ,selfi%ness1 fickl5ess1 ignorance1 irrev]5ce 9 ! p1 ) demagogu]y 9 ! lead]-- ^! are ! m5aces ( ,am]ican democracy4 ,h[ !n c ! p be tru/$1 s9ce democracy dep5ds ^u tru/+ !m8 ,?is is an old indictm5t1 se>*+ to ! v he>t ( democracy4 ,plato made x ( anci5t ,a!ns1 :ile1 m rec5tly & tr5*antly1 ,ibs5 has made x = all mod]n society4 ,! argum5t runs ?us3 democracy means ! rule ( ! majority4 ,well1 !re are m fools ?an wise m5 9 ! _w1 m ignorant ?an intellig5t4 ,?us ! rule ( ! majority mu/ mean ! rule ( ! fools ov] ! wise m51 ( ! ignorant ov] ! intellig5t4 ,su* is ! significant indictm5t1 & we are compell$ to admit t our political life is fill$ ) illu/rations t w\ld seem to sub/antiate x4 ,! w>d bosses1 ! demagogues & graft]s :o are giv5 p[] by ! multitude1 "o campaign aft] ano!r1 w\ld seem to ju/ify ! pessimism ( ,plato & ,ibs54 ,is !re n1 h[ev]1 a subtle fallacy 9 ! v phras+ ( ! indictm5t8 ,! majority does n rule3 x elects repres5tatives :o guide4 ,t is some?+ entirely diff]5t4 ,:5 ! wor/ is said ( !m ^? repres5tatives ( ! p are di/9ctly above ! av]age ( ! majorities elect+ !m4 ,take ! roll ( our presid5ts1 = in/ance4 ,) all ! corruption & vulg>ity ( our national politics1 t li/1 f ,wa%+ton1 ?r\gh su* altitudes z ,jeff]son & ,l9coln1 to ! pres5t occupant ( ! ,:ite ,h\se1 is sup]ior to any ro/] ( k+s or emp]ors 9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d4 ,:at does ?is mean8 ,x means t ! hope ( democracy is ! in/9ctive p[] 9 ! brea/ ( common humanity to recognize ! highe/ :5 x appe>s4 ,7 ?is n true1 democracy w\ld be ! mo/ hopeless ( mi/akes1 & ! soon] we ab&on$ x1 ) its vulg>ity & wa/e1 ! bett] x w\ld be = u4 ,! in/9ctive p[] is !re1 h[ev]3 to recognize1 n to live1 ! highe/4 ,h[ _m h foll[$ ! example ( ,socrates1 rema9+ 9 prison & accept+ ! hemlock poison = ! sake ( tru?8 ,yet all :o "k ( him ?rill to 8 sacrifice4 ,( all :o h borne ! "n1 ,*ri/ian1 h[ _m h foll[$ consi/5tly ! foot/eps ( ,jesus & obey$ lit]ally & unv>y+ly ! precepts ( ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt8 ,( ! millions1 p]haps t5 or tw5ty individuals--to be g5]\s 9 our view2 b all ! _w recognizes him4 ,"h1 !n1 is ! hope t takes ! /+ f ! indictm5t ( ,plato1 ,ibs5 & h[ _m o!r critics ( democracy4 ,plato said1 ,until philosoph]s are k+s1 4 4 4 cities w nev] h re/ f _! evils1--no1 nor ! human race1 z ,i believe4 ,once1 p]haps once only1 ,plato's dream 0 realiz$3 9 t noble/ ( philosoph] emp]ors1 :olly d$icat$ to ! welf>e ( ! _w he rul$ ) autocratic p[]2 yet ! s\l ( ,m>cus ,aurelius 0 burd5$ ) an impossible task4 ,x is "o ( ! tragic ironies ( hi/ory t1 9 ?is "o realization ( ,plato's l(ty dream1 ! noble emp]or c\ld po/pone1 he c\ld n av]t1 ! colossal doom t ?reat5$ ! _w he rul$4 ,s he wrapp$ 8 ,roman cloak ab\t him & lay d[n to sleep1 ) /oic consci\sness t he _h done 8 "p 9 ! place :]e ,zeus _h put him1 b reliev$ t he might n see ! disa/] he knew mu/ swiftly come4 ,h[ diff]5t our dream3 x is no illusion ( a happy accid5t ( philosoph] k+s4 ,we want no arbitr>y mon>*s1 wise or brutal3 f ! noble/ ( emp]ors to ! but*] ( ,b]l91 we w\ld sweep !m all aside1 to ! a%-heap ( outworn tools4 ,our dream is ! awak5+ & education ( ! multitude1 s t ! majority w be able & glad to *oose1 z its guides1 lead]s & repres5tatives1 ! noble/ & be/4 ,:5 t day comes1 !re w be1 = ! fir/ "t 9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d1 ! dawn ( a true ari/ocracy or rule ( ! be/2 & x w come ?r\gh ! fulfillm5t ( democracy4 ,a long & tr\bl$ pa?1 ) _m faults & evils meantime8 ,yes1 b n s hopelessly long1 :5 "o consid]s ! ages ( sl[ /ruggle up ! m\nta9 & ! swiftly multiply+ p[] ( education ov] ! m9d ( all4 ,,xviii ,,pat]nalism ,,v]sus ,,democracy ,! contra/ betwe5 pat]nalism & democracy 9 aim & me?od is ?us extreme4 ,pat]nalism seeks directly organization1 ord]1 production & effici5cy1 incid5tally & occasionally ! welf>e ( ! subject population4 ,democracy seeks directly ! highe/ developm5t ( all m5 & wom51 _! fre$om1 happ9ess & culture1 9 ! end x hopes ?is w give social ord]1 good gov]nm5t & productive p[]4 ,x is will+1 meantime1 to sacrifice "s measure ( ord] = fre$om1 ( good gov]nm5t = individual initiative1 ( effici5cy = life4 ,pat]nalism seeks to a*ieve its aims1 quickly & effectively1 ?r\gh ! boss's :ip ( social control4 ,democracy works by ! sl[]1 b m p]man5tly hopeful pa? ( education1 nev] sacrific+ life to mat]ial ends4 ,pat]nalism ends 9 a social hi]>*y1 mat]ially prosp]\s1 b ca/e-ridd5 & )\t s\l4 ,democracy ends 9 ! aboli%m5t ( ca/es1 equality ( opportunity1 ) ! free/ individual initiative & f9e/ fl[]+ ( ! p]sonal _s4 ,:i* %all x be3 ,god or ,mammon1 ,m5 or ,ma*9es8 ,!re is no d\bt t effici5cy c be a*iev$ mo/ quickly "u a well-wield$ boss's :ip1 b at ! sacrifice ( initiative & inv5tion4 ,moreov]1 remove ! :ip1 & ! effici5cy quickly goes to pieces4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! effici5cy a*iev$ by volunt>y ef=t & free coop]ation comes mu* m sl[ly1 b x la/s4 ,moreov]1 x develops1 h& 9 h&1 ) initiative & inv5tion4 ,! negro1 d\btless1 has nev] be5 s g5]ally effici5t z be=e ! civil w>1 9 ! ,s\?1 "u ! ov]se]'s :ip2 yet e negro :o1 to-day1 has "* en\gh to save up & buy a mule & an acre ( gr\nd1 tills x ) a consi/5t & p]man5t effectiv5ess ( :i* slave labor is nev] capable4 ,9 ! "o case1 moreov]1 !re is ! av]age economic result1 9 ! o!r1 ! gradual developm5t ( manhood4 ,organize a factory on ! feudal l9es s preval5t 9 curr5t indu/ry4 ,get a /rong1 dom9at+ sup]9t5d5t & give him autocratic au?ority4 ,quickly he w %[ results4 ,always1 h[ev]1 !re is ! dang] ( /rikes1 & if ! /rong h& falt]s1 ! organization dis9tegrates4 ,on ! o!r h&1 let a corporation take its artisans into its confid5ce1 give ea* a small proportionate %>e 9 ! annual e>n+s4 ,ea* work] w feel increas+ly t ! bus9ess is 8 bus9ess4 ,he w take pride 9 8 accompli%m5t4 ,gradually he w atta9 effici5cy1 & "w p]man5tly1 )\t ov]sight1 ) a consi/5t e>ne/ness no boss's :ip ev] atta9$1 ,! exp]i5ce ( ! ,national ,ca% ,regi/] ,company at ,dayton1 ,ohio1 proves ?is4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,h5ry ,=d are a /ep t[>d ! same solution4 ,s1 9 less] measure1 is ! plan ( ! ,/eel tru/ to p]mit & enc\rage its employees to pur*ase annually its /ock1 some:at bel[ ! curr5t m>ket price1 giv+ a sub/antial bonus if ! /ock is held ov] t5 ye>s4 ,if y wi% an illu/ration on a l>g] scale1 consid] ! mass =mation tactics ( ! ,g]man soldi]s1 9 contra/ to ! individual c\rage1 initiative & action ( ! ,fr5*4 ,!re are ! two types ( effici5cy 9 %e]e/ contra/1 b beyond is always ! "q ( _! effect on manhood4 ,france has sav$ & reg5]at$ h] s\l2 b ,g]many--8 ,fur!r1 ! breakd[n ( pat]nali/ically a*iev$ effici5cy has be5 evid5t 9 ,g]many's utt] failure to und]/& ! m9d ( o!r peoples1 p>ticul>ly ( democracies4 ,%e _h volum9\s data1 ga!r$ by ! mo/ atroci\sly effici5t spy sy/em ev] develop$1 yet %e utt]ly misread ! m9d ( ,france1 ,engl& & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! same break-d[n is evid5t 9 ,g]many's failure 9 colonization 9 contra/ to ,engl&'s success4 ,= (f5sive w>1 x mu/ be admitt$1 ! effici5cy "u ! boss's :ip w g fur!r4 ,= def5sive w>1 or w> = high moral aims1 x is desirable t ! individual soldi] %\ld ?9k = himself1 respond to ! high appeal4 ,?us = su* w>f>e ! effici5cy ( volunt>y ef=t & coop]ation is sup]ior4 ,an autocracy w\ld bett] rule its soldi]s by a milit>y ca/e2 !re c be no excuse = su* 9 a democracy4 ,?us1 ! utmo/ possible frat]nization ( (fic]s & m5 is desirable1 & social snobb]y1 ! snubb+ ( (fic]s :o come up f ! ranks1 & o!r ana*roni/ic survivals1 %\ld be /amp$ out1 z utt]ly =eign to :at %\ld be ! _s ( ! milit>y arm ( democracy4 ,fur!r1 9 e/imat+ ! two types1 "o mu/ rememb] t pat]nalism may ex]cise its p[] 9 secret & t x accompli%es mu* 9 ! d>k4 ,democracy1 on ! o!r h&1 is afflict$ & bless$ ) pitiless publicity4 ,?us its evils are all expos$1 x wa%es all its dirty l95 9 public2 b ! ma9 ?+ is to get x clean4 ,:5 x comes to inv5tion & initiative1 z already indicat$1 democracy has ! advantage1 imm$iately1 z 9 ! long run4 ,we are ! mo/ inv5tive p on e>?1 & t quality is a direct result ( our democratic individualism4 ,x is a significant fact t mo/ ( ! />tl+ inv5tions us$ 9 ?is ,w> 7 made 9 ,am]ica--b develop$ & appli$ 9 ,g]many4 ,!re1 aga91 are evid5t ! contra/+ results ( ! two types ( social organization4 ,! indefatigably indu/ri\s & docile ,g]man m9d c "w out & apply ! inv5tions furni%$ x1 ) m>vel\s p]si/5cy & effectiv5ess1 "u pat]nal control4 ,we h ! problem ( a*iev+ by volunt>y ef=t & coop]ation a p]si/5t ?or\ghness 9 work+ out ! ideas & inv5tions t come to u 9 su* abundant measure4 ,! pa? ( democracy is education4 ,,xix ,,! ,,solution ,,= ,,democracy ,:5 we say t ! pa? ( democracy is education1 we d n mean t !re is an easy solution ( its problem4 ,!re is no pat5t m$ic9e we c fe$ ! ,am]ican p & cure x ( its diseases4 ,!re is no specific = ! m5aces t ?reat54 ,et]nal vigilance & ef=t are ! price1 n only ( lib]ty1 b ( e good ( man4 ,let ?+s alone1 & !y get bad2 to keep !m good1 we mu/ /ruggle ev]la/+ly to make !m bett]4 ,leave ! pool ( politics un/irr$ by putt+ into x ev] new individual ?\ght & ideal1 & h[ quickly x becomes a /agnant1 ill-smell+ pond4 ,leave a *ur* unvitaliz$1 by ev] fre% p]sonal consecration1 & h[ quickly x becomes a dead =m1 hamp]+ ! life ( ! _s4 ,leave a univ]sity un9flu5c$ by ev] new e>ne/ness & devotion on ! "p ( /ud5t & tea*]1 & h[ soon x becomes a s*ola/ic ma*9e1 positively oppress+ ! m9d & _s4 ,!re is a true s5se 9 :i* ! univ]se exi/s mom5t>ily by ! grace ( ,god4 ,take light away1 & y h d>kness4 ,take d>kness away1 & y h n necess>ily light2 y might h *aos4 ,take heal? away1 & y h disease4 ,take disease away1 & y h n necess>ily heal?2 y may h dea?4 ,take virtue away1 & y h vice4 ,take vice away1 & y h n necess>ily virtue2 y might h negative respectability4 ,?us x is ! cont9ual affirmation ( ! good t keeps ! h]itage ( ye/]day & takes ! /ep t[>d to-morr[4 ,nev]!less1 if !re is no easy solution ( ! problem1 !re are c]ta9 big l9es ( attack4 ,if we are "r 9 our diagnosis1 t ! problem ( democracy is a problem ( education1 !n our :ole sy/em ( education1 = *ild1 y\? & adult1 %\ld be recon/ruct$ to focus ^u ! build+ ( positive & effective moral p]sonality4 ,am]ican education began z a subsidi>y process4 ,*ildr5 got organic education 9 ! home1 on ! f>m1 9 ! "w %op4 ,!y w5t to s*ool to get c]ta9 =mal discipl9es1 to le>n to read1 write & ciph] & to acquire =mal gramm>4 ,) ! mov+ into ! cities1 ! indu/rial revolution & ! entire trans=mation ( our life1 ! s*ool has _h to take ov] m & m ( ! process ( organic education4 ,if *ildr5 fail to get su* education 9 ! s*ool1 !y are apt to miss x altoge!r4 ,) ?is entire *ange 9 ! mean+ ( ! s*ool1 old notions ( its purpose /ill survive4 ,probably no "o is s b5ight$ to-day z to imag9e t ! *ief function ( ! s*ool is to fill ! m9d ) in=mation2 b !re are _m :o /ill hold to ! tradition t ! *ief purpose ( education is to %>p5 ! intellectual tools ( ! individual = ! sake ( 8 p]sonal success4 ,?is notion is a mislead+ survival1 = tools are ( value only 9 t]ms ( ! "* us+ !m4 ,! same equipm5t may s]ve1 equally1 good or bad ends4 ,only z education focusses on ! developm5t ( positive & effective moral "* c x aid 9 solv+ ! problem ( democracy4 ,ne$ x be add$ t ?is does n mean tea*+ morals & mann]s to *ildr51 ?irty m9utes a day1 ?ree times a week8 ,t is a m9or fragm5t ( moral education4 ,x means t all phases ( ! process-- ! relation ( pupil & tea*]1 s*ool & home1 ! gov]nm5t & discipl9e1 ! lessons taught 9 e subject1 ! environm5t1 ! proportion+ ( ! curriculum1 ( physical1 emotional & intellectual culture--all %all be focuss$ & organiz$ ^u ! "o significant aim ( ! :ole--"*4 ,fur!r1 if education is to ov]come ! m5aces & solve ! dilemma ( democracy1 x mu/ be c>ri$ beyond *ildhood & y\? & outside ! walls ( academic in/itutions4 ,! ev] wid] education ( adult citiz5%ip is indisp5sable to ! progress & safety ( democracy4 ,x is "o ( ! gl>+ illu/rations ( ! ineffici5cy ( our democracy t !re are /ill communities :]e s*ool bo>ds build s*ool h\ses ) public money1 op5 !m five or six h\rs1 five days 9 ! week1 & refuse to all[ !m to be op5$ any o!r h\r ( ! day or night1 = a civic =um1 p>5ts' meet+1 public lecture or o!r activity ( adult education2 & yet we call ourselves a practical p6 ,surely1 9 a democracy1 ! /ate is z vitally int]e/$ 9 ! education ( ! adult citiz5 z ( ! *ild4 ,h]e9 is ! significance ( ^? v>i\s ext5sions ( education1 develop+ & spread+ s widely to-day4 ,univ]sity-ext5sion & ,*autauqua movem5ts1 civic =ums1 free lectures to ! p by bo>ds ( education & public libr>ies1 summ] s*ools1 night s*ools = adults--all are illu/rations ( ?is movem5t1 s vital to ! progress ( democracy4 ,?r\gh ^! in/rum5talities ! popul> ideal may be elevat$1 ! public m9d may be tra9$ to m logical & e>ne/ ?\ght1 citiz5%ip may be made m s]i\s & intellig5t1 & f9ally a mo/ helpful influ5ce may be ex]t$ on ! academic in/itutions !mselves4 ,x is an easily v]ifiable tru? t any academic in/itution t builds ar\nd itself an enclos+ s*ola/ic wall1 refuses to g outside & s]ve & le>n 9 ! l>g] _w ( humanity1 9 ! long run inevitably dies ( academic dry rot4 ,9 ! endeavor to solve ! problem ( democracy _c we d m ?an we h done hi!rto 9 cultivat+ rev]5ce = moral lead]%ip--! quality s mu* ne$$ 9 democracy at ! pres5t h\r8 ,?is may be a*iev$ ?r\gh _m aspects ( education1 b especially ?r\gh contact ) noble s\ls 9 lit]ature & hi/ory4 ,hi/ory1 above all1 is ! great opportunity1 &1 f ?is po9t ( view1 is x n necess>y to rewrite our hi/ories3 in/ead ( portray+ solely /atesm5 & w>riors1 to fill !m ) l(ty examples ( lead]%ip 9 all walks ( life8 ,wom5 z well z m53 = surely ideals ( bo? %\ld be fo/]$4 ,a colleague1 int]e/$ 9 ?is problem1 rec5tly took "o ( ! mo/ widely us$ text-books ( ,am]ican hi/ory1 & c\nt$ ! pages on :i* a woman 0 m5tion$4 ,( ! five hundr$ pages1 !re 7 f\r3 n f\r pages devot$ to wom52 b f\r m5tion+ a woman4 ,:at does x mean3 t wom5 h contribut$ less ?an "o "p 9 a hundr$ & five to ! developm5t ( ,am]ican life8 ,surely no "o w\ld ?9k t4 ,:at1 !n1 are ! reasons = ! discrepancy8 ,!re are sev]al1 b "o may be m5tion$3 m5 h writt5 ! hi/ories1 & !y h writt5 *iefly ( ! two fields ( action :]e m5 h be5 mo/ important & wom5 lea/1 w> & /atesman%ip4 ,surely1 h[ev]1 if ,am]ican hi/ory is to reveal ! ,am]ican _s1 ex]cise ! contagion ( noble ideals & develop rev]5ce = true moral lead]%ip1 x mu/ pres5t types ( bo? manhood & womanhood 9 all fields ( action & endeavor4 ,"o :o has /ood ) ,socrates 9 ! common crim9al prison 9 ,a!ns & wat*$ him dr9k ! hemlock poison1 say+ ,no evil c happ5 to a good man 9 life or aft] dea?1 :o has he>d ! oration ( ,paul on ,m>s ,hill or t ( ,p]icles ov] ! ,a!nian dead1 :o has ?rill$ to ! h]oism ( ,joan ( ,arc & ,edi? ,cavell1 ! noble s]vice ( ,elizabe? ,fry & ,flor5ce ,night+ale1 ! high appeal ( ,hel5 ,hunt ,jackson & ,elizabe? ,b>rett ,br[n+1 :o has he>d ,giordano ,bruno exclaim z ! flames crept up ab\t him1 ,i die a m>tyr1 & will+ly1 :o has respond$ to ! calm elevation ( ,m>cus ,aurelius1 ! cosmopolitan wisdom ( ,goe!1 ! sweet g5tl5ess ( ,maet]l9ck's _s & ! titan dreams ( ,ibs51 c sc>cely fail to appreciate ! bro!rhood ( all m5 & to le>n t rev]5ce = ! true moral lead]1 t dignifies alike giv] & recipi5t4 ,,xx ,,tra9+ ,,= ,,moral ,,lead]%ip ,s9ce ! pa? ( democracy is education1 moral lead]%ip is m necess>y to x1 ?an 9 any o!r =m ( society2 yet !re are exceptional ob/acles to its developm5t4 ,we speak ( ! :ite light t beats ^u a ?rone3 x is no?+ comp>$ to ! se>* light play$ ^u e lead] ( democracy4 ,) our lack ( rev]5ce1 we delight 9 pull+ to pieces ! p]sonalities ( ^? :o lead u4 ,?us x is increas+ly difficult to get m5 ( s5sitive _s to pay ! price ( lead]%ip = democracy4 ,is x n possible to d m ?an we h done1 consci\sly to develop su* lead]%ip8 ,:]e is x tra9$8 ,9 life1 ! college & univ]sity1 ! normal s*ool1 ! s*ools ( law1 m$ic9e & !ology4 ,yes1 b if n "o boy & girl 9 t5 graduates f ! high s*ool1 surely we want "o man & woman 9 t5 to fulfill "s measure ( moral lead]%ip1 & ! high s*ool is directly conc]n$ ) ! task ( furni%+ su* lead]%ip = ,am]ican democracy4 ,if t is true1 is x n a pity t ! high s*ool is s l>gely dom9at$ f above by ! dem& ( ! college ^u ! ent]+ fre%man8 ,x is n to be tak5 = grant$ t ! p>ticul> regim5 ( /udies1 be/ fitt+ ! /ud5t to pass ! entrance exam9ations ( a college or univ]sity1 is ! be/ possible = ! n9e out ( t5 /ud5ts1 :o g directly f ! high s*ool into ! _w1 & mu/ fulfill "s measure ( moral lead]%ip = ,am]ican democracy4 ,! presumption is to ! contr>y4 ,college pr(essors are human--"s ( !m4 ,!y want /ud5ts prep>$ to ent] z smoo?ly z possible into ! some:at artificial curricula ( academic /udies !y h arrang$4 ,! ,lat9 pr(essor wi%es n to g back & />t ) ! rudim5ts ( 8 subject1 z ! pr(essor ( ma!matics ) ! beg9n+s ( ,algebra & ,geometry4 ,! result is !y dem& ( ! high s*ool :at fits mo/ smoo?ly into _! s*eme4 ,n[ if x is n possible to s]ve equally ! ne$s ( bo? gr\ps1 w\ld x n be bett] to neglect ! "o t5? ( ! /ud5ts1 go+ on to college1 ev5 assum+ !y are ! pick ( ! flock1 :i* !y are n always8 ,!y h f\r m ye>s to correct _! mi/akes & r\nd out _! culture4 ,if any "o mu/ be subord9at$1 x w\ld be bett] to neglect !m1 & focus ^u ! ne$s ( ! n9e out ( t51 :o g directly f ! high s*ool into life & h n ano!r *ance2 yet !re are /ates 9 ! ,union1 :]e x is possible = a committee ( ! /ate univ]sity at ! top to say to e high s*ool tea*] 9 ! /ate1 ,con=m to our requirem5ts1 or leave ! /ate1 or get out ( ! pr(ession4 ,! ?reat1 moreov]1 has be5 c>ri$ out m ?an once4 ,t situation is utt]ly wrong4 ,we want organization ( ! educational sy/em1 ) ea* unit coop]at+ ) ! next high]1 b if education is to solve ! problem ( democracy & furni% moral lead]%ip = ,am]ican life1 we want ea* unit to be free1 fir/ ( all1 to s]ve its own con/itu5cy to ! be/ ( its p[]4 ,! problem is n s]i\s = ! big city high s*ool1 ) its multipli$ elective c\rses1 b = ! small rural or t[n high s*ool1 ) its limit$ corps ( tea*]s & its necess>ily fix$ c\rses1 ! burd5 is on]\s inde$4 ,is ! ,am]ican college & univ]sity do+ all t x might d 9 cultivat+ moral lead]%ip = ,am]ican democracy8 ,! la/ decades h se5 an a/\nd+ & unp>allel$ developm5t ( high] education 9 ,am]ica4 ,9 ! old days1 ! college 0 usually on a d5om9ational f\ndation4 ,x 0 support$ by ! doll>s & p5nies ( e>ne/ religioni/s :o believ$ t education 0 necess>y to religion & morality4 ,! presid5t 0 g5]ally a cl]gyman ( ! d5om9ation2 he taught ! e?ics c\rse1 & all /ud5ts 7 requir$ to take x4 ,!re 0 compulsory *apel att5dance1 & once a day ! entire /ud5t body ga!r$ toge!r to li/5 to "s moral & religi\s ?\ght4 ,!n came ! imm5se expansion ( high] education4 ,c\rses 7 multipli$ & div]sifi$4 ,univ]sities 7 e/abli%$ or end[$ by ! /ate4 ,academies became colleges1 & colleges1 univ]sities4 ,in/itutions 7 g5]ally secul>iz$4 ,compulsory *apel att5dance 0 rightly ab&on$4 ,ea* dep>tm5t s]v$ its own int]e/ ap>t4 ,until to-day c]ta9 ( our great univ]sities are n unlike va/ intellectual dep>tm5t /ores1 ) ea* pr(essor call+ 8 goods across ! c\nt]1 & ! presid5t1 a sort ( sup]ior floorwalk]1 to see t no "o cl]k gets too _m cu/om]s4 ,x is an impressive illu/ration ( :at has happ5$ to our high] in/itutions t1 9 c]ta9 ( !m1 ! "o regul> meet+ place ( ! entire /ud5t body 9 a common int]e/1 is ! blea*]s by ! a?letic field4 ,"o cont9ues to believe 9 college a?letics1 9 spite ( ! frequ5t absurdities & worse1 done 9 _! "n2 only if ! numb]s ( ^? play+ ! game & ^? ex]cis+ only _! lungs & ?roats f ! blea*]s1 7 rev]s$1 bett] all-r\nd a?letic education w\ld result4 ,is x n1 h[ev]1 a tr5*ant criticism on ! situation 9 our high] education1 t s (t5 ! "o common int]e/ %\ld be 9 some?+ t is1 at lea/1 aside f ! ma9 bus9ess ( ! in/itution8 ,moreov]1 no in/itution c rightly s]ve democracy1 unless x is itself democratic4 ,?us ! gr[? ( an ari/ocratic _s 9 our colleges & univ]sities is an om9\s sign4 ,= in/ance1 x is /ill true t any boy or girl1 ) a s\nd body & a good m9d & no family to support1 c get a college education4 ,money is n indisp5sable3 x is possible to "w "o's way ?r\gh4 ,w ?is always be true8 ,"o wond]s4 ,x is significant t x is easie/ to "w y\r way ?r\gh college1 & keep y\r self-respect & ! respect ( y\r fell[s1 9 ! small1 meag]ly end[$ college on ! fronti]4 ,x is mo/ difficult1 ) a few exceptions "o gladly recognizes1 9 ! great1 ri* univ]sities ( ! ,ea/4 ,:at does t mean8 ,/raws %[ ! tide3 x 0 ann\nc$ "s "t ago by ! presid5t ( "o ( our ri*e/ & olde/ univ]sities t h5ce=? s*ol>%ips 9 t in/itution w\ld be giv5 solely on ! basis ( intellectual s*ol>%ip1 z te/$ by exam9ation2 & applause w5t up f ! alumni all across ! c\ntry2 yet :at does x mean8 ,x means t ! boy :o has to "w on a ?re%+ ma*9e1 sell books to an unsuspect+ public1 or d "s o!r semi-honorable "w all summ] to get back into college 9 ! ,fall1 _c pass ^? exam9ations equally ) a ri* man's son ( equal m9d1 :o c take a tutor to ! sea%ore or ! m\nta9s & coa* up all summ]4 ,?us f\ndations1 e/abli%$ by well-mean+ p to help poor boys self-respect+ly ?r\gh college1 become intellectual prizes = ^? :o d n ne$ !m4 ,t is all wrong4 ,take ! special /ud5t problem4 ,:5 a college or univ]sity is f\nd$1 x ne$s /ud5ts3 !y are ! life-blood ( ! in/itution4 ,really all t is ne$$ to make a college is a tea*] & "s /ud5ts3 build+s are n indisp5sable1 b /ud5ts ! s*ool mu/ h4 ,?us x is apt to keep its b>s d[n & its entrance requirem5ts flexible4 ,special /ud5ts1 (t5 mature m5 & wom51 :o are n prep>$ to pass ! fre%man exam9ations1 are admitt$ on ! recomm5dation ( heads ( d ep>tm5ts1 to special c\rses !y are well fitt$ to take4 ,/ud5ts are admitt$ freely1 & !n sift$ out aft]w>d1 if !y prove unwor?y ( _! opportunity3 n a bad me?od1 by ! way4 ,a doz5 ye>s pass1 & ! in/itution wants to become respectable4 ,x is j z ) ! individual3 ! man1 at fir/1 is absorb$ 9 money-gett+1 & :5 he has x1 ye>ns = respectability4 ,n[ gett+ respectable1 = a college or univ]sity1 is call$ rais+ ! /&>d ( s*ol>%ip4 ,let ?is n be misund]/ood3 pa9/ak+1 inf9itely labori\s1 accurate s*ol>%ip is a noble aim1 well wor? ! consi/5t ef=t ( a lifetime2 b !re are two sides to rais+ ! /&>d ( s*ol>%ip4 ,does an educational in/itution exi/ = ! sake ( its reputation1 or to s]ve its con/itu5cy8 ,if x seeks to advance its reputation at ! exp5se ( its fulle/ & be/ s]vice to ^? :o ne$ its help1 is x n recreant to its duty & opportunity8 ,well1 9 ! mood cit$1 ! in/itution raises & /&>dizes its entrance-requirem5ts & g5]ally excludes special /ud5ts4 ,"o readily sees :y3 x is mu* easi] to "w ) ! regul>ly prep>$ fre%man1 he fits mu* m smoo?ly & com=tably into ! ma*9]y ( ! in/itution4 ,_m a wise tea*] w admit1 nev]!less1 t ! be/ /ud5ts he ev] taught & ! ones ^: lives he is pr\de/ ( hav+ influ5c$1 7 (t5 m5 & wom51 ?irty1 =ty1 fifty ye>s ( age--tea*]s :o sudd5ly realiz$ t ! ruts ( _! call+ _h become s deep !y c\ld no long] see ov] !m1 m9i/]s awak5+ to ! fact t !y _h giv5 all _! /ore & mu/ get a new supply1 bus9ess m5 aw>e ( a call to ano!r field ( action-- work+ ) a consi/5t e>ne/ness ! av]age fl$gl+ fre%man _c imag9e--he is n old en\gh2 yet g5]ally ! t5d5cy is to exclude su* /ud5ts1 unless !y w g back & d ! ardu\s1 & (t5 = !m useless1 "w ( prep>+ to pass ! exam9ations = entrance to ! fre%man class4 ,t1 too1 is all wrong4 ,! ,am]ican college & univ]sity /&s to-day at ! p>t+ ( ! ways3 ?is g5]ation w l>gely det]m9e its future4 ,if ! ,am]ican college & univ]sity ev] becomes a social club = ! sons & daught]s ( ! ri*1 an in/itution mak+ x easy = !m to secure bus9ess & pr(essional opportunity & advancem5t1 to ! exclusion ( _! poor] fell[s1 x may be z necess>y to dise/abli% ! f\ndations ( our great univ]sities1 z /atesm5 9 ,europe ?\ght x necess>y to dise/abli% ! mona/ic f\ndations at ! close ( ! middle age4 ,!y1 too1 began z educational in/itutions4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ,am]ican college & univ]sity rema9s true to its task1 if x keeps its doors op5 & its _s democratic1 if x seeks to r5d] ev] l>g] s]vice to ! great public & to develop moral lead]%ip = ,am]ican democracy1 !n1 inde$1 x w g ev] =w>d ^u its noble pa?4 ,,xxi ,,democracy ,,& ,,sacrifice ,we h se5 ! conflict ( ideas 9 ! ,w>3 ! ,g]man philosophy t man exi/s = ! /ate1 ! contra/+ idea ( democracy t ! /ate exi/s = man4 ,we may well ask :y any in/itution %\ld be reg>d$ z sacr$1 except z x has ! adv5titi\s sacr$ness1 com+ f "t1 conv5tion & ho>y tradition4 ,x 0 said long ago t ! ,sabba? 0 made = man & n man = ! ,sabba?1 & ! /atem5t may be univ]saliz$4 ,e in/itution on e>?--m>riage1 ! family1 education1 ! *ur*1 ! /ate--0 made = man & n man = ! in/itution4 ,humanity mu/ always be ! end4 ,:y %\ld we p]petuate any in/itution t does n s]ve life8 ,kant voic$ ! pr9ciple 9 8 second imp]ative ( duty3 ,always treat humanity1 :e!r 9 ?9e own p]son or t ( any o!r1 z an end )al1 & nev] z a means only4 ,kant 0 a ,prussian philosoph]3 "o wond]s :at he w\ld h ?\ght ( ! ,kanon5-,futt] !ory ( manhood6 ,an organization or in/itution is only a ma*9e1 an in/rum5t = a purpose4 ,?us always x is a means1 nev] an end3 its value lies 9 s]v+ its purpose--! end ( human life4 ,s ! :ole exi/+ ord] mu/ ju/ify itself4 ,:]e x re/s on =ms ( inju/ice1 x mu/ be brok5 or de/roy$1 & !re is no reason to fe> ! break+4 ,?us !re is no div9e "r ( k+s4 ,!y repres5t a ve/$ int]e/1 surviv+ f ! pa/4 ,!y mu/ ju/ify !mselves by ! s]vice ( ^? "u !m1 or pass4 ,simil>ly1 !re is no div9e "r ( a class or ca/e1 enjoy+ supremacy or special privilege4 ,x also is a surviv+ ve/$ int]e/1 t mu/ ju/ify itself1 or be swept aside z an incubus4 ,! same te/ applies to an empire4 ,x1 too1 is a ve/$ int]e/1 develop$ out ( conditions prevail+ 9 ! pa/4 ,if x does n ju/ify itself by ! l>ge/ s]vice ( all )9 x1 !n x1 too1 is an ana*roni/ic survival1 no long] to be tol]at$4 ,! pr9ciple is univ]sal3 ! in/itution ( private prop]ty1 ! controll+ p[] ( capta9s ( indu/ry1 ! capitali/ic sy/em1 f9ally1 ! /ate itself1 9 e =m3 all are ve/$ int]e/s t may be p]mitt$ to cont9ue 9 ! ex]cise ( p[] only z !y prove _! sup]iority to any o!r =m ( organization 9 s]v+ ! good ( all4 ,?is does n mean t1 "u democracy1 ! individual %all fail ( sacrifice & ! d$ication to some?+ high] ?an himself4 ,t is ! glory ( life1 transfigur+ human nature1 & )\t x1 life s9ks to sordid selfi%ness4 ,y\r life is wor?1 n :at y h1 b :at y are1 & :at y are is det]m9$ by t to :i* y d$icate y\rself4 ,is x creature com=ts1 pleasure1 selfi% privilege1 or ! l>ge/ life & ! fulle/ s]vice ( humanity8 ,:at y h is m]ely ! condition1 ! important "q is1 :at d y d ) x8 ,is x weal?1 prosp]ity3 d y sit d[n com=tably on ! fact ( x1 to secure all ! selfi% pleasures possible2 or d y reg>d y\r =tunate circum/ances z s mu* m opportunity & obligation ( lead]%ip & s]vice8 ,is x pov]ty1 ev5 />vation3 d y :9e & grovel1 or /& erect1 ) %ut tee?1 &wr+ h]oic manhood f ! brea/ ( suff]+8 ,t is :y peace c nev] be an end3 x1 too1 is m]ely a condition or means4 ,! "q is1 :at d y d ) y\r peace1 = peace may mean m]ely slo? & c[>dly ease1 :]e w> may mean unselfi% h]oism4 ,t is :at ! peace promot]s =get4 ,w> has its brutalities1 & t]rible inde$ !y are3 unlea%$ hate1 lu/1 cruelty & rev5ge2 b w> has its h]oisms4 ,x calls out ! devotion to some?+ high] ?an ! individual f ev5 ! commone/ ( m54 ,to-day all ov] ! e>?1 ord9>y m5 are quietly go+ out to probable dea? or mutilation 9 its mo/ horrible =ms1 & go+ = ! sake ( an ideal l>g] ?an !mselves4 ,wom5 are do+ ev5 m ?an t4 ,= x is n s h>d to die1 b to s5d out ^? y love1 de>] ?an life itself1 to almo/ c]ta9 dea?--t1 inde$1 is difficult1 & wom5 are do+ x ev]y:]e ) a smile on _! lips & *ok$-back te>s4 ,peace1 on ! o!r h&1 has its virtues3 ! s(t5+ & ref9+ ( life1 gradual developm5t ( sympa?y1 a*ievem5t ( com=t & beauty2 b peace has its vices4 ,9 times ( peace & prosp]ity !re seems to be no great cause at /ake4 ,( c\rse1 always x is !re1 b we d n see x4 ,we become increas+ly absorb$ 9 selfi% int]e/s1 9 ! good ( our imm$iate family4 ,?us petty1 "t-s]v+ selfi%ness is ! vice peculi>ly *>act]i/ic ( times ( peace & prosp]ity4 ,consid]1 = in/ance1 ! _s ( ,france dur+ ! clos+ ye>s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 & at ! pres5t d>k1 b pregnant1 h\r ( de/9y4 ,?us ! "q is n :e!r y h peace or w>1 b :at y d ) y\r peace or w>4 ,x is n :e!r y are ri* or poor1 b :at y d ) y\r ri*es or pov]ty4 ,suppose we 7 able to recon/ruct our entire social & indu/rial _w1 s t e human be+ w\ld h pl5ty to eat1 pl5ty to we> & a com=table h\se to live 93 w\ld we h ! k+dom ( heav58 ,n necess>ily3 we might h m]ely a com=table1 well-decorat$ pig-/y1 if m5 liv$ to no?+ high] ?an pigs4 ,man _c live by bread alone1 important z bread is1 b by d$ication to ! ?+s ( ! _s4 ,?us !re mu/ ev] be ! capacity = self-=getfulness1 self-sacrifice1 ! d$ication ( life to supreme aims1 b t does n mean ! d$ication ( man to ! in/itution4 ,r x is ! consecration to ! welf>e ( humanity4 ,man = ! ,/ate means autocracy & imp]ialism2 ,man = ,mank9d is ! s\l ( democracy4 ,t is ! ideal to :i* we mu/ rise1 if democracy is to prove itself wor?y to be ! =m ( human society = ! great future4 ,?is ideal is realiz$ ?r\gh _m less] =ms & in/rum5ts1 b always ) ! same f9al te/4 ,! family1 = in/ance1 is "o ( ^! less] =ms1 & ! subord9ation ( ! individual to ! family unit is j4 ,?us !re is a measure ( "r 9 seek+ fir/ ! int]e/ ( ! family gr\p2 b :5 ?is is s\ght to ! end ( special privilege & debau*+ luxury1 aga9/ ! welf>e ( all1 x becomes1 z we h se51 an evil4 ,!re is1 simil>ly1 a c]ta9 ju/ice 9 ! subord9ation ( ! individual to ! social class or gr\p int]e/4 ,x is "r t artisans %\ld unite 9 trade unions1 t employ]s %\ld get toge!r 9 associations = common b5efit4 ,"o ne$ only contra/ ! conditions :]e ea* workman _h to bid 9 competition aga9/ all o!rs1 & ea* manufactur]1 ! same1 to realize ! advance made ?r\gh gr\p union & coop]ation4 ,:5 ei!r gr\p1 h[ev]1 seeks to fur!r its own int]e/ at ! exp5se ( ! welf>e ( ! :ole society1 z 9 secur+ class legislation1 a*iev+ monopolies1 hold+ effici5t work]s to ! level ( production ( ! sl[e/ & lea/ capable ( ! gr\p1 !n ! class or gr\p _s becomes an evil t mu/ be f\ght = ! good ( all4 ,x is exactly ! same ) ! nation4 ,its int]e/ is ju/ly s]v$ only 9 h>mony ) ! welf>e ( humanity4 ,any curr5t problem w illu/rate ! pr9ciple1 z1 = in/ance1 t ( immigration4 ,c]ta9ly ! nation has ! "r to prohibit immigration :i* produces unassimilat$ plague-spots & ?reat5s to cause racial det]ioration1 z 9 phases ( ,ori5tal immigration to ! ,pacific coa/4 ,simil>ly1 x is "r to re/rict immigration t w\ld fur!r economic prosp]ity1 at ! exp5se ( ! manhood ( ! nation4 ,we mu/ answ] ! "q1 :e!r we want factories or m54 ,x is desirable to h "s ( bo?1 ( c\rse1 b :5 "o is to be obta9$ at ! exp5se ( ! o!r1 x is manhood t mu/ be ! decid+ end4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 x comes to refus+ a refuge to ! poor & oppress$1 :o are physically & morally acceptable1 b lack a small am\nt ( money1 or are unable to respond to a lit]>y te/1 !n ! welf>e ( humanity dem&s ! opposite decision4 ,bett] give !m ! fifty doll>s--a heal?y slave 0 wor? m ?an t 9 ! old days4 ,s tea* !m to read & write4 ,! nation1 c readily pay ! small economic price & accept ! incid5tal difficulties = ! sake ( ! l>g] end4 ,?us ! decid+ pr9ciple mu/ always be ! welf>e1 happ9ess1 gr[?1 intellig5ce1 helpfulness ( ea* individual 9 h>mony ) all o!rs4 ,humanity is inc>nate9 ea* man4 ,:ile1 !re=e1 ! individual mu/ d$icate &1 at times1 sacrifice himself1 x is = ! sake1 n ( ! /ate1 *ur* or o!r in/itution1 b = ! welf>e ( all--,man = ,mank9d4 ,f s _m s\rces ! view f9ds expression t mod]n life has be5 weak5$ by humanit>ianism4 ,if !re is tru? 9 ! view1 we w\ld bett] take acc\nt ( x & radically revise our e?ical philosophy4 ,if x is false1 x is a damn+ error1 ! reit]ation ( :i* t5ds to und]m9e all t has be5 a*iev$ = ! _s4 ,an int]e/+ comm5t on ! view is ! fact t1 9 spite ( all its horrors1 ?is ,w> has giv5 no atte/$ in/ance ( arrant c[>dice on any front4 ,cruelty1 lu/1 brutality1 hate3 ^! h appe>$ 9 unspeakable guise1 b app>5tly no c[>dice or weak timidity2 yet ! mail clad h]oes ( anci5t w>s1 :o met _! adv]s>ies face to face1 7 subject$ to no su* /ra9 z ! m5 /&+ 9 tr5*es wait+ mom5t>ily dea? or mutilation f an unse5 foe4 ,no1 mod]n life has n lo/ /rong fib] & is capable ( supreme h]oism4 ,! old society secur$ its lead]%ip ?r\gh noblesse oblige--! obligation ( nobility4 ,m5 ( ari/ocratic family & rank felt t1 because !y /ood above ! p1 !y ow$ a c]ta9 lead]%ip & s]vice1 & !y gave x1 (t5 9 abundant measure1 b always condesc5d+ly f above4 ,we h lo/ noblesse oblige3 we may ev5 be glad x is gone1 if we c sub/itute = x some?+ l>g] & bett]4 ,x is n ! obligation ( nobility1 b ! obligation ( humanity t is ! ne$3 to realize t all p[] is obligation4 ,z y c1 y owe2 & z y "k1 y owe4 ,if y h money1 x is s mu* obligation ( lead]%ip & s]vice4 ,if y h tal5t1 education1 social or political influ5ce1 x is all s mu* obligation ( lead]%ip & s]vice4 ,if1 z individuals1 we c g5]ally realize t & act ^u x1 !n inde$ we may hope to c>ry to successful completion ! exp]im5t ( democracy & see our belov$ c\ntry fulfill ! measure ( moral lead]%ip to :i* we believe %e is call$ among ! nations ( ! e>?1 b fulfill+ x n z ma/] ov] slave1 nor z "o empire among o!rs1 b z a m exp]i5c$ bro!r t[>d o!rs foll[+ ! same op5 pa?4 ,,xxii ,,! ,,h\r ,,( ,,sacrifice ,! supreme _w crisis is on4 ,we h ent]$ ! ,w> 9 ! pure/ _s ( democracy4 ,we /ate frankly 9 advance t we want no indemnity1 no ext5sion ( t]ritory4 ,we w> ) no p1 except z t p id5tifies itself ) aggressive autocracy & imp]ialism1 imp]ill+ our safety1 z ( all democracies1 & seek+ to ride tyrannically & unju/ly ov] ! rights & lib]ties ( o!r peoples4 ,?us we ent] ! ,w> solely = ! cause ( democracy & humanity4 ,! h\r ( sacrifice has /ruck = ! ,am]ican p3 w x rise to ! te/8 ,:5 "o consid]s ! *>act]i/ics ( our surface life = rec5t decades--! devotion to money-gett+1 ! rapid increase ( s5seless & debau*+ luxury1 ! reckless frivolity1 ! un?9k+ ha/e & selfi% pleasure-seek+--"o que/ions4 ,und]nea?1 h[ev]1 is a trem5d\s lat5t idealism4 ,we are "y1 en?usia/ic1 capable ( glori\s consecration4 ,cynical disillusionm5t is all ^u ! surface --! cult ( ! clique ( clev]ness1 uproot$ f ! soil ( common life & ! deeps ( ! et]nal v]ities4 ,b5ea? 9 ! great mass ( ! p is pr(\nd fai? 9 life1 deep tru/ 9 ! ideal1 belief 9 ! great future ( humanity4 ,democracy w ju/ify itself4 ,we %all rise to ! te/2 b h[ we ne$ to he> & he$ ! call6 ,awake ,am]ica means ,am]icans awake6 ,= 9 democracy ! individual is ! s\l4 ,on ea* p]son re/s ! responsibility4 ,let u accept ! bitt] burd5 & meet ! supreme te/1 giv+ "t1 money1 s]vice1 life & ^? we love bett] ?an life1 = ! sake ( ! saf]1 fre]1 nobl] _w t is to be4 ,s9ce we /ood ap>t s long & ent]$ ! horrible deva/ation s late1 x is our privilege to d all we c to save ! spiritual h]itage ( humanity1 to keep our he>ts clean f ! corrosive acid ( national & racial hatr$1 to d all 9 our p[] to remove x f ! brea/s ( o!rs4 ,inju/ice 9 high places is possible only because !re is inju/ice 9 ! he>ts ( m54 ,to ov]?r[ tyranny is b ! initial /ep ( emancipation3 unless ! tyrant hate 9 ! he>t is de?ron$1 ! ext]nal tyrant1 9 "s =m ( social inju/ice w surely return4 ,he :o conqu]s hate & ! lu/ = rev5ge 9 8 own brea/ is spiritually free & ma/] ( ! tyrant t wrongs him4 ,?us x is our privilege & duty to hate no "o2 b to hate inju/ice1 gre$1 tyranny1 aggressive selfi%ness1 ! wick$ ambitions ( autocratic imp]ialism1 to resi/ & help to ov]?r[ !m1 & s d our "p 9 br++ 9 ! free bro!rhood ( ! nations & peoples 9 "o humanity1 t w be ! dawn ( ! long$-= era ( univ]sal & p]man5t peace = mank9d4