,disc\rses on ! ,fir/ ,decade ( ,titus ,livius by ,niccolo ,ma*iavelli ,,citiz5 ,,& ,,secret>y ,,( ,,flor5ce ,,translat$ ,,f ,,! ,,italian ,,by ,,n9ian ,,hill ,,?omson1 ,m4,a4 ,,london ,,kegan ,,paul1 ,,tr5* ,,co41 #a1 ,,pat]no/] ,,squ>e #ahhc ,,to ,,pr(essor ,,pasquale ,,vill>i4 ,,de> ,,pr(essor ,,vill>i1 ,p]mit me to inscribe y\r "n on a translation ( ,ma*iavelli's ,disc\rses :i* ,i _h y\r enc\ragem5t to und]take1 & 9 :i* ,i h done my be/ to pres]ve some?+ ( ! flav\r ( ! orig9al4 ,y\rs fai?fully1 ,,n9ian ,,hill ,,?omson4 ,,flor5ce1 ,may #ag1 #ahhc4 ,,book ,i4 ,,preface ,,*apt] ,i4 ,( ! beg9n+s ( ,cities 9 g5]al1 & 9 p>ticul> ( t ( ,rome ,,ii4 ,( ! v>i\s k9ds ( ,gov]nm5t2 & to :i* ( !m ! ,roman ,commonweal? belong$ ,,iii4 ,( ! accid5ts :i* l$ 9 ,rome to ! creation ( ,tribunes ( ! ,p1 :]eby ! ,republic 0 made m p]fect ,,iv4 ,t ! diss5sions betwe5 ! ,s5ate & ,commons ( ,rome made ,rome free & p[]ful ,v4 ,:e!r ! gu>dian%ip ( public fre$om is saf] 9 ! h&s ( ! ,commons or ( ! ,nobles2 & :e!r ^? :o seek to acquire p[]1 or !y :o seek to ma9ta9 x1 are ! great] cause ( commotions ,,vi4 ,:e!r x 0 possible 9 ,rome to contrive su* a ,gov]nm5t z w\ld h compos$ ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! ,commons & ! ,s5ate ,,vii4 ,t to pres]ve lib]ty 9 a ,/ate1 !re mu/ exi/ ! "r to accuse ,,viii4 ,t calumny is z hurtful 9 a ,commonweal? z ! p[] to accuse is useful ,,ix4 ,t to give new in/itutions to a ,commonweal?1 or to recon/ruct old in/itutions on an entirely new basis1 mu/ be ! "w ( "o ,man ,x4 ,t 9 proportion z ! f\nd] ( a ,k+dom or ,commonweal? m]its praise1 he :o f\nds a ,tyranny des]ves blame ,,xi4 ,( ! ,religion ( ! ,romans ,,xii4 ,t x is ( mu* mom5t to make acc\nt ( ,religion2 & t ,italy1 ?r\gh ! ,roman ,*ur*1 be+ want+ !re91 has be5 ru9$ ,,xiii4 ,( ! use ! ,romans made ( ,religion 9 giv+ in/itutions to _! ,city2 9 c>ry+ out _! ent]prises2 & 9 quell+ tumults ,,xiv4 ,t ! ,romans int]pret$ ! auspices to meet ! occasion2 & made a prud5t %[ ( obs]v+ ! rites ( ,religion ev5 :5 =c$ to disreg>d !m2 & any :o ra%ly slight$ ,religion !y puni%$ ,,xv4 ,h[ ! ,samnites1 z a la/ res\rce 9 _! brok5 =tunes1 _h rec\rse to ,religion ,,xvi4 ,t a ,p accu/om$ to live "u a ,pr9ce1 if by any accid5t x become free1 c h>dly pres]ve t fre$om ,,xvii4 ,t a corrupt ,p obta9+ fre$om c h>dly pres]ve x ,,xviii4 ,h[ a free ,gov]nm5t exi/+ 9 a corrupt ,city may be pres]v$1 or n exi/+ may be creat$ ,,xix4 ,aft] a /rong ,pr9ce a weak ,pr9ce may ma9ta9 himself3 b aft] "o weak ,pr9ce no ,k+dom c /& a second ,,xx4 ,t ! consecutive reigns ( two valiant ,pr9ces produce great results3 & t well-ord]$ ,commonweal?s are assur$ ( a succession ( valiant ,rul]s by :om _! p[] & gr[? are rapidly ext5d$ ,,xxi4 ,t x is a great reproa* to a ,pr9ce or to a ,commonweal? to be )\t a ,national ,army ,,xxii4 ,:at is to be not$ 9 ! combat ( ! ?ree ,roman ,horatii & ! ?ree ,alban ,curiatii ,,xxiii4 ,t we %\ld nev] haz>d our :ole =tunes1 :]e we put n =? our entire /r5g?2 = :i* reason to gu>d a defile is (t5 hurtful ,,xxiv4 ,t well-ord]$ ,/ates always provide rew>ds & puni%m5ts = _! ,citiz5s2 & nev] set (f des]ts aga9/ misde$s ,,xxv4 ,t he :o w\ld re=m ! in/itutions ( a free ,/ate1 mu/ reta9 at lea/ ! semblance ( old ways ,,xxvi4 ,t a new ,pr9ce 9 a city or prov9ce ( :i* he has tak5 possession1 ought to make ev]y?+ new ,,xxvii4 ,t ,m5 seldom "k h[ to be :olly good or :olly bad ,,xxviii4 ,:5ce x came t ! ,romans 7 less ungrateful to _! citiz5s ?an 7 ! ,a!nians ,,xxix4 ,:e!r a ,p or a ,pr9ce is ! m ungrateful ,,xxx4 ,h[ ,pr9ces & ,commonweal?s may avoid ! vice ( +ratitude2 & h[ a ,capta9 or ,citiz5 may escape be+ undone by x ,,xxxi4 ,t ! ,roman ,capta9s 7 nev] puni%$ ) extreme sev]ity = misconduct2 & :]e loss result$ to ! ,republic m]ely ?r\gh _! ignorance or want ( judgm5t1 7 n puni%$ at all ,,xxxii4 ,t a ,pr9ce or ,commonweal? %\ld n def] b5efits until !y are =c$ to yield !m ,,xxxiii4 ,:5 a mis*ief has gr[n up 91 or aga9/ a ,/ate1 x is saf] to temporize ) x ?an to meet x ) viol5ce ,,xxxiv4 ,t ! au?ority ( ! ,dictator did good & n h>m to ! ,roman ,republic2 & t x is1 n ^? p[]s :i* are giv5 by ! free suffrages ( ! ,p1 b ^? :i* ambiti\s ,citiz5s usurp = !mselves t are p]nici\s to a ,/ate ,,xxxv4 ,:y ! creation ( ! ,decemvirate 9 ,rome1 al?\gh br\ght ab\t by ! free & op5 suffrage ( ! ,citiz5s1 0 hurtful to ! lib]ties ( t ,republic ,,xxxvi4 ,t ,citiz5s :o h held ! high] (fices ( a ,commonweal? %\ld n disda9 ! l[] ,,xxxvii4 ,( ! mis*ief br$ 9 ,rome by ! ,agr>ian ,law3 & h[ x is a great s\rce ( disord] 9 a ,commonweal? to pass a law oppos$ to anci5t usage ) /r+5t retrospective effect ,,xxxviii4 ,t weak ,republics are irresolute & undecid$2 & t ! c\rse !y may take dep5ds m on ,necessity ?an ,*oice ,,xxxix4 ,t (t5 ! same accid5ts are se5 to befall diff]5t ,nations ,,xl4 ,( ! creation ( ! ,decemvirate 9 ,rome1 & :at !re9 is to be not$4 ,:]e9 among o!r matt]s x is %[n h[ ! same causes may lead to ! safety or to ! ru9 ( a ,commonweal? ,,xli4 ,t x is unwise to pass at a b\nd f l5i5cy to sev]ity1 or to a haughty be>+ f a humble ,,xlii4 ,h[ easily m5 become corrupt$ ,,xliii4 ,t m5 fight+ 9 _! own cause make good & resolute ,soldi]s ,,xliv4 ,t ! ,multitude is helpless )\t a head3 & t we %\ld n ) ! same brea? ?reat5 & ask leave ,,xlv4 ,t x is ( evil example1 especially 9 ! mak] ( a law1 n to obs]ve ! law :5 made3 & t daily to r5ew acts ( sev]ity 9 a ,city is mo/ hurtful to ! ,gov]nor ,,xlvi4 ,t m5 climb f "o /ep ( ambition to ano!r1 seek+ at fir/ to escape injury1 & !n to injure o!rs ,,xlvii4 ,t ?\gh m5 deceive !mselves 9 g5]alities1 9 p>ticul>s !y judge truly ,,xlviii4 ,he :o w\ld n h an (fice be/[$ on "s wor?less or wick$ p]son1 %\ld contrive t x be solicit$ by "o :o is utt]ly wor?less & wick$1 or else by "o :o is 9 ! highe/ degree noble & good ,,xlix4 ,t if ,cities :i*1 l ,rome1 _h _! beg9n+ 9 fre$om1 h _h difficulty 9 fram+ su* laws z w\ld pres]ve _! fre$om1 ,cities :i* at ! fir/ h be5 9 subjection w f9d ?is almo/ impossible ,l4 ,t nei!r any ,c\ncil nor any ,magi/rate %\ld h p[] to br+ ! ,gov]nm5t ( a ,city to a /ay ,,li4 ,:at a ,pr9ce or ,republic does ( necessity1 %\ld seem to be done by *oice ,,lii4 ,t to *eck ! arrogance ( a ,citiz5 :o is gr[+ too p[]ful 9 a ,/ate1 !re is no saf] me?od1 nor less op5 to objection1 ?an to =e/all him 9 ^? ways :]eby he seeks to advance himself ,,liii4 ,t ! ,p1 deceiv$ by a false %[ ( advantage1 (t5 desire :at w\ld be _! ru92 & t l>ge hopes & brave promises easily move !m ,,liv4 ,( ! b\ndless au?ority :i* a great man may use to re/ra9 an excit$ ,multitude ,,lv4 ,t ! ,gov]nm5t is easily c>ri$ on 9 a ,city :]e9 ! body ( ! ,p is n corrupt$3 & t a ,pr9c$om is impossible :]e equality prevails1 & a ,republic :]e x does n ,,lvi4 ,t :5 great calamities are ab\t to befall a ,city or ,c\ntry1 signs are se5 to presage1 & se]s arise :o =etell !m ,,lvii4 ,t ! ,p are /rong collectively1 b individually weak ,,lviii4 ,t a ,p is wis] & m con/ant ?an a ,pr9ce ,,lix4 ,to :at ,leagues or ,alliances we may mo/ tru/1 :e!r ^? we make ) ,commonweal?s or ^? we make ) ,pr9ces ,,lx4 ,t ! ,consul%ip & all ! o!r ,magi/racies 9 ,rome 7 giv5 )\t respect to ,age ,,book ,,ii4 ,,preface ,i4 ,:e!r ! ,empire acquir$ by ! ,romans 0 m due to ,val\r or to ,=tune ,,ii4 ,) :at ,nations ! ,romans _h to cont5d1 & h[ /ubborn ^! 7 9 def5d+ _! ,fre$om ,,iii4 ,t ,rome became great by de/roy+ ! ,cities :i* lay r\nd ab\t h]1 & by readily admitt+ ,/rang]s to ! rights ( ,citiz5%ip ,,iv4 ,t ,commonweal?s h foll[$ ?ree me?ods = ext5d+ _! p[] ,v4 ,t *anges 9 ,sects & ,tongues1 & ! happ5+ ( ,floods & ,pe/il5ces1 oblit]ate ! memory ( ! pa/ ,,vi4 ,( ! me?ods foll[$ by ! ,romans 9 mak+ ,w> ,,vii4 ,( ! quantity ( l& assign$ by ! ,romans to ea* coloni/ ,,viii4 ,:y c]ta9 ,nations leave _! ance/ral seats & ov]fl[ ! ,c\ntries ( o!rs ,,ix4 ,( ! ,causes :i* commonly give rise to w>s betwe5 ,/ates ,x4 ,t contr>y to ! vulg> op9ion1 ,money is n ! s9ews ( ,w> ,,xi4 ,t x 7 unwise to ally y\rself ) a ,pr9ce :o has reputation r ?an /r5g? ,,xii4 ,:e!r :5 ,invasion is imm95t x is bett] to anticipate or to await x ,,xiii4 ,t ,m5 rise f humble to high =tunes r by ,fraud ?an by ,=ce ,,xiv4 ,t ,m5 (t5 err 9 ?9k+ !y c subdue ,pride by ,humility ,,xv4 ,t weak ,/ates are always dubi\s 9 _! resolves2 & t t>dy resolves are always hurtful ,,xvi4 ,t ! ,soldi]s ( our days dep>t widely f ! me?ods ( anci5t ,w>f>e ,,xvii4 ,:at importance ! ,armies ( ! pres5t day %\ld all[ to ,artill]y2 & :e!r ! commonly receiv$ op9ion conc]n+ x be j ,,xviii4 ,t ! au?ority ( ! ,romans & ! example ( anci5t w>f>e %\ld make u hold ,foot ,soldi]s ( m acc\nt ?an ,horse ,,xix4 ,t conque/s made by ill gov]n$ ,/ates & su* z foll[ n ! valiant me?ods ( ! ,romans1 l5d r to _! ru9 ?an to _! aggr&izem5t ,,xx4 ,( ! dang]s incurr$ by ,pr9ces or ,republics :o resort to ,auxili>y or ,m]c5>y ,arms ,,xxi4 ,t ,capua 0 ! fir/ ,city to :i* ! ,romans s5t a ,prtor2 nor !re1 until f\r hundr$ ye>s aft] !y began to make w> ,,xxii4 ,t 9 matt]s ( mom5t ,m5 (t5 judge amiss ,,xxiii4 ,t 9 *a/is+ _! ,subjects :5 circum/ances requir$ x ! ,romans always avoid$ half measures ,,xxiv4 ,t1 commonly1 ,=tresses d mu* m h>m ?an good ,,xxv4 ,t he :o attacks a ,city divid$ aga9/ itself1 mu/ n ?9k to get possession ( x ?r\gh its divisions ,,xxvi4 ,t ,taunts & ,abuse bre$ hatr$ aga9/ him :o uses !m1 )\t yield+ him any advantage ,,xxvii4 ,t prud5t ,pr9ces & ,republics %\ld be cont5t to h obta9$ a victory2 =1 commonly1 :5 !y are n1 _! victory turns to defeat ,,xxviii4 ,t to neglect ! r$ress ( ,grievances1 :e!r public or private1 is dang]\s = a ,pr9ce or ,commonweal? ,,xxix4 ,t ,=tune obscures ! m9ds ( ,m5 :5 %e w\ld n h !m h9d] h] designs ,,xxx4 ,t really p[]ful ,pr9ces & ,commonweal?s d n buy ,fri5d%ips ) money1 b ) _! val\r & ! fame ( _! pr[ess ,,xxxi4 ,( ! dang] ( tru/+ bani%$ m5 ,,xxxii4 ,9 h[ _m ways ! ,romans ga9$ possession ( ,t[ns ,,xxxiii4 ,t ! ,romans entru/$ ! ,capta9s ( _! ,armies ) ! fulle/ ,p[]s ,,book ,,iii4 ,i4 ,= a ,sect or ,commonweal? to la/ long1 x mu/ (t5 be br\ght back to its beg9n+s ,,ii4 ,t on occasion x is wise to feign folly ,,iii4 ,t to pres]ve a newly acquir$ fre$om we mu/ slay ! ,sons ( ,brutus ,,iv4 ,t an ,usurp] is nev] safe 9 8 ,pr9c$om :ile ^? live :om he has depriv$ ( x ,v4 ,h[ an ,h]$it>y ,k+ may come to lose 8 ,k+dom ,,vi4 ,( ,conspiracies ,,vii4 ,:y x is t *anges f ,fre$om to ,s]vitude1 & f ,s]vitude to ,fre$om1 are sometimes made )\t blood%$1 b at o!r times reek ) blood ,,viii4 ,t he :o w\ld effect *anges 9 a ,commonweal?1 mu/ give he$ to its "* & condition ,,ix4 ,t to enjoy con/ant good =tune we mu/ *ange ) ! times ,x4 ,t a ,capta9 _c escape battle :5 8 ,enemy =ces x on him at all haz>ds ,,xi4 ,t "o :o has to cont5d ) _m1 ?\gh he be weak] ?an !y1 w prevail if he c )/& _! fir/ onset ,,xii4 ,a prud5t ,capta9 w d :at he c to make x necess>y = 8 own ,soldi]s to fight1 & to relieve 8 ,enemy f t necessity ,,xiii4 ,:e!r we may tru/ m to a valiant ,capta9 ) a weak ,army1 or to a valiant ,army ) a weak ,capta9 ,,xiv4 ,( ! effect produc$ 9 ,battle by /range & unexpect$ ,sights or ,s\nds ,,xv4 ,t "o & n _m %\ld head an ,army2 & :y x is disadvantage\s to h m lead]s ?an "o ,,xvi4 ,t 9 times ( difficulty true ,wor? is s\ght aft] :]eas 9 quiet times x is n ! mo/ des]v+ b ^? :o are recomm5d$ by weal? or connection :o are mo/ 9 fav\r ,,xvii4 ,t we are n to (f5d a ,man1 & !n s5d him to fill an important ,(fice or ,comm& ,,xviii4 ,t x is ! highe/ quality ( a ,capta9 to be able to =e/all ! designs ( 8 adv]s>y ,,xix4 ,:e!r indulg5ce or sev]ity be m necess>y = controll+ a ,multitude ,,xx4 ,h[ "o humane act avail$ m ) ! m5 ( ,fal]ii ?an all ! might ( ! ,roman ,arms ,,xxi4 ,h[ x happ5$ t ,hannibal pursu+ a c\rse contr>y to t tak5 by ,scipio1 wr\ght ! same results 9 ,italy :i* ! o!r a*iev$ 9 ,spa9 ,,xxii4 ,t ! sev]ity ( ,manlius ,torquatus & ! g5tl5ess ( ,val]ius ,corv9us won = bo? ! same ,glory ,,xxiii4 ,:y ,camillus 0 bani%$ f ,rome ,,xxiv4 ,t prolong$ ,comm&s br\ght ,rome to ,s]vitude ,,xxv4 ,( ! ,pov]ty ( ,c9c9natus & ( _m o!r ,roman ,citiz5s ,,xxvi4 ,h[ wom5 are a cause ( ! ru9 ( ,/ates ,,xxvii4 ,h[ a divid$ ,city may be reunit$2 & h[ x is a false op9ion t to hold ,cities 9 subjection !y mu/ be kept divid$ ,,xxviii4 ,t a ,republic mu/ keep an eye on :at its ,citiz5s are ab\t2 s9ce (t5 ! se$s ( a ,tyranny lie hidd5 "u a semblance ( g5]\s de$s ,,xxix4 ,t ! faults ( a ,p are due to its ,pr9ce ,,xxx4 ,t a ,citiz5 :o seeks by 8 p]sonal influ5ce to r5d] signal s]vice to 8 ,c\ntry1 mu/ fir/ /& cle> ( ,envy4 ,h[ a ,city %\ld prep>e = its def5ce on ! approa* ( an ,enemy ,,xxxi ,t /rong ,republics & valiant ,m5 pres]ve ?r\gh e *ange ! same _s & be>+ ,,xxxii4 ,( ! me?ods :i* "s h us$ to make ,peace impossible ,,xxxiii4 ,t to insure victory 9 battle1 y mu/ inspire y\r soldi]s ) confid5ce 9 "o ano!r & 9 y ,,xxxiv4 ,by :at reports1 rum\rs1 or surmises ! ,citiz5s ( a ,republic are l$ to fav\r a fell[-citiz53 & :e!r ! ,magi/racies are be/[$ ) bett] judgm5t by a ,p or by a ,pr9ce ,,xxxv4 ,( ! dang] incurr$ 9 be+ ! fir/ to recomm5d new measures2 & t ! m unusual ! measures1 ! great] ! dang] ,,xxxvi4 ,:y x has be5 & /ill may be affirm$ ( ! ,gauls1 t at ! beg9n+ ( a fray !y are m ?an ,m51 b aft]w>ds less ?an ,wom5 ,,xxxvii4 ,:e!r a g5]al engagem5t %\ld be prec$$ by skirmi%es2 & h[1 avoid+ ^!1 we may get k ( a new ,enemy ,,xxxviii4 ,( ! ,qualities ( a ,capta9 9 :om 8 ,soldi]s c confide ,,xxxix4 ,t a ,capta9 %\ld h good k ( ,places ,,xl4 ,t ,fraud is fair 9 ,w> ,,xli4 ,t our ,c\ntry is to be def5d$ by ,hon\r or by ,di%on\r1 & 9 ei!r way is well def5d$ ,,xlii4 ,t ,promises made on compulsion are n to be obs]v$ ,,xliii4 ,t ,m5 born 9 ! same ,prov9ce reta9 ?r\gh all times ne>ly ! same "* ,,xliv4 ,t :]e ord9>y me?ods fail1 ,h>dihood & ,d>+ (t5 succe$ ,,xlv4 ,:e!r 9 battle x is bett] to await & repel ! enemy's attack1 or to anticipate x by an impetu\s onset ,,xlvi4 ,h[ ! ,*>act]i/ics ( ,families come to be p]petuat$ ,,xlvii4 ,t love ( 8 ,c\ntry %\ld lead a good ,citiz5 to =get private wrongs ,,xlviii4 ,t on f9d+ an ,enemy make :at seems a grave blund] we %\ld suspect "s fraud to lurk beh9d ,,xlix4 ,t a ,commonweal? to pres]ve its ,fre$om has con/ant ne$ ( new ,ord9ances4 ,( ! s]vices 9 respect ( :i* ,qu9tius ,fabius receiv$ ! surname ( ,maximus ,,niccol ,,ma*iavelli ,,to ,,zanobi ,,buondelmonti ,,& ,,cosimo ,,rucellai ,,heal?4 ,i s5d y a gift1 :i* if x answ]s ill ! obligations ,i owe y1 is at any rate ! greate/ :i* ,niccol ,ma*iavelli has x 9 8 p[] to (f]4 ,= 9 x ,i h express$ :atev] ,i h le>n$1 or h obs]v$ = myself dur+ a long exp]i5ce & con/ant /udy ( human affairs4 ,& s9ce nei!r y nor any o!r c expect m at my h&s1 y _c compla9 if ,i h n giv5 y m4 ,y may inde$ lam5t ! pov]ty ( my wit1 s9ce :at ,i h to say is b poorly said2 & tax ! weakness ( my judgm5t1 :i* on _m po9ts may h err$ 9 its conclusions4 ,b grant+ all ?is1 ,i "k n :i* ( u is less behold5 to ! o!r3 ,i to y1 :o h =c$ me to write :at ( myself ,i nev] %\ld h writt52 or y to me1 :o h writt5 :at c give y no cont5t4 ,take ?is1 h[ev]1 9 ! _s 9 :i* all t comes f a fri5d %\ld be tak51 9 respect :]e( we always look m to ! int5tion ( ! giv] ?an to ! quality ( ! gift4 ,&1 believe me1 t 9 "o ?+ only ,i f9d satisfaction1 namely1 9 kn[+ t :ile 9 _m matt]s ,i may h made mi/akes1 at lea/ ,i h n be5 mi/ak5 9 *oos+ y be=e all o!rs z ! p]sons to :om ,i d$icate ^! ,disc\rses2 bo? because ,i seem to myself1 9 do+ s1 to h %[n a little gratitude = k9dness receiv$1 & at ! same "t to h dep>t$ f ! hackney$ cu/om :i* leads _m au?ors to inscribe _! works to "s ,pr9ce1 & bl9d$ by hopes ( fav\r or rew>d1 to praise him z possess$ ( e virtue2 :]eas ) m reason !y might reproa* him z contam9at$ ) e %ameful vice4 ,to avoid :i* error ,i h *os51 n ^? :o are b ^? :o f _! inf9ite m]its des]ve to be ,pr9ces2 n su* p]sons z h x 9 _! p[] to load me ) hon\rs1 weal?1 & pref]m5t1 b su* z ?\gh !y lack ! p[]1 h all ! w to d s4 ,= m51 if !y w\ld judge ju/ly1 %\ld e/eem ^? :o are1 & n ^? ^: means enable !m to be g5]\s2 & 9 l mann] ^? :o "k h[ to gov]n k+doms1 r ?an ^? :o possess ! gov]nm5t )\t su* k4 ,= ,hi/orians aw>d high] praise to ,hi]o ( ,syracuse :5 9 a private /ation ?an to ,p]seus ! ,mac$onian :5 a ,k+ affirm+ t :ile ! =m] lack$ no?+ t a ,pr9ce %\ld h save ! "n1 ! latt] _h no?+ ( ! ,k+ b ! k+dom4 ,make ! mo/1 !re=e1 ( ?is good or ?is evil1 z y may e/eem x1 :i* y h br\ght ^u y\rselves2 & %\ld y p]si/ 9 ! mi/ake ( ?9k+ my op9ions wor?y y\r att5tion1 ,i %all n fail to proce$ ) ! re/ ( ! ,hi/ory 9 ! mann] promis$ 9 my ,preface4 ,f>ewell4 ,,disc\rses ,,on ,,! ,,fir/ ,,decade ,,( ,,titus ,,livius4 ,,book ,i4 ,,preface4 ,albeit ! jeal\s temp] ( mank9d1 ev] m dispos$ to c5sure ?an to praise ! "w ( o!rs1 has con/antly made ! pursuit ( new me?ods & sy/ems no less p]il\s ?an ! se>* aft] unkn[n l&s & seas2 nev]!less1 prompt$ by t desire :i* nature has implant$ 9 me1 fe>lessly to und]take :atsoev] ,i ?9k (f]s a common b5efit to all1 ,i ent] on a pa? :i*1 be+ hi!rto untrodd5 by any1 ?\gh x involve me 9 tr\ble & fatigue1 may yet w9 me ?anks f ^? :o judge my ef=ts 9 a fri5dly _s4 ,& al?\gh my feeble disc]nm5t1 my sl5d] exp]i5ce ( curr5t affairs1 & imp]fect k ( anci5t ev5ts1 r5d] ^! ef=ts ( m9e defective & ( no great utility1 !y may at lea/ op5 ! way to "s o!r1 :o1 ) bett] p>ts & s\nd] reason+ & judgm5t1 %all c>ry out my design2 :]eby1 if ,i ga9 no cr$it1 at all ev5ts ,i ought to incur no blame4 ,:5 ,i see antiquity held 9 su* rev]5ce1 t to omit o!r in/ances1 ! m]e fragm5t ( "s anci5t /atue is (t5 b\ght at a great price1 9 ord] t ! pur*as] may keep x by him to adorn 8 h\se1 or to h x copi$ by ^? :o take delight 9 ?is art2 & h[ ^!1 aga91 /rive ) all _! skill to imitate x 9 _! v>i\s works2 & :51 on ! o!r h&1 ,i f9d ^? noble lab\rs :i* hi/ory %[s to h be5 wr\ght on behalf ( ! mon>*ies & republics ( old times1 by k+s1 capta9s1 citiz5s1 lawgiv]s1 & o!rs :o h toil$ = ! good ( _! c\ntry1 r admir$ ?an foll[$1 nay1 s absolutely r5\nc$ by e "o t n a trace ( t antique wor? is n[ left among u1 ,i _c b at once m>vel & grieve2 at ?is inconsi/5cy2 & all ! m because ,i p]ceive t1 9 civil disputes betwe5 citiz5s1 & 9 ! bodily disord]s into :i* m5 fall1 rec\rse is always _h to ! decisions & rem$ies1 pron\nc$ or prescrib$ by ! anci5ts4 ,= ! civil law is no m ?an ! op9ions deliv]$ by ! anci5t jurisconsults1 :i*1 be+ r$uc$ to a sy/em1 tea* ! jurisconsults ( our own times h[ to det]m9e2 :ile ! heal+ art is simply ! record$ exp]i5ce ( ! old physicians1 on :i* our mod]n physicians f\nd _! practice4 ,& yet1 9 giv+ laws to a commonweal?1 9 ma9ta9+ ,/ates & gov]n+ k+doms1 9 organiz+ armies & conduct+ w>s1 9 deal+ ) subject nations1 & 9 ext5d+ a ,/ate's dom9ions1 we f9d no pr9ce1 no republic1 no capta91 & no citiz5 :o resorts to ! example ( ! anci5ts4 ,?is ,i p]suade myself is due1 n s mu* to ! feebl5ess to :i* ! pres5t me?ods ( education h br\ght ! _w1 or to ! injury :i* a p]vad+ apa?y has wr\ght 9 _m prov9ces & cities ( ,*ri/5dom1 z to ! want ( a "r intellig5ce ( ,hi/ory1 :i* r5d]s m5 incapable 9 read+ x to extract its true mean+ or to reli% its flav\r4 ,:5ce x happ5s t by f> ! great] numb] ( ^? :o read ,hi/ory1 take pleasure 9 foll[+ ! v>iety ( incid5ts :i* x pres5ts1 )\t a ?\ght to imitate !m2 judg+ su* imitation to be n only difficult b impossible2 z ?\gh ! heav5s1 ! sun1 ! elem5ts1 & man himself 7 no long] ! same z !y =m]ly 7 z reg>ds motion1 ord]1 & p[]4 ,desir+ to rescue m5 f ?is error1 ,i h ?\ght fit to note d[n ) respect to all ^? books ( ,titus ,livius :i* h escap$ ! malignity ( ,"t1 :atev] seems to me ess5tial to a "r und]/&+ ( anci5t & mod]n affairs2 s t any :o %all read ^! rem>ks ( m9e1 may reap f !m t pr(it = ! sake ( :i* a k ( ,hi/ory is to be s\ght4 ,& al?\gh ! task be ardu\s1 /ill1 ) ! help ( ^? at ^: in/ance ,i assum$ ! bur!n1 ,i hope to c>ry x =w>d s f>1 t ano!r %all h no long way to g to br+ x to its de/9ation4 ,,*apt] ,i4--,( ! ,beg9n+s ( ,cities 9 g5]al1 & 9 p>ticul> ( t ( ,rome4 ,no "o :o reads h[ ! city ( ,rome _h its beg9n+1 :o 7 its f\nd]s1 & :at its ord9ances & laws1 w m>vel t s mu* excell5ce 0 ma9ta9$ 9 x ?r\gh _m ages1 or t x grew aft]w>ds to be s great an ,empire4 ,&1 fir/1 z t\*+ its orig91 ,i say1 t all cities h be5 f\nd$ ei!r by ! p ( ! c\ntry 9 :i* !y /&1 or by /rang]s4 ,cities h _! orig9s 9 ! =m] ( ^! two ways :5 ! inhabitants ( a c\ntry f9d t !y _c live securely if !y live disp]s$ 9 _m & small societies1 ea* ( !m unable1 :e!r f its situation or its sl5d] numb]s1 to /& alone aga9/ ! attacks ( its enemies2 on ^: approa* !re is no "t left to unite = def5ce )\t ab&on+ _m /rongholds1 & ?us becom+ an easy prey to ! invad]4 ,to escape :i* dang]s1 :e!r ( _! own motion or at ! in/ance ( "s ( great] au?ority among !m1 !y re/rict !mselves to dwell toge!r 9 c]ta9 places1 :i* !y ?9k w be m conv5i5t to live 9 & easi] to def5d4 ,among _m cities tak+ _! orig9 9 ?is way 7 ,a!ns & ,v5ice2 ! =m] ( :i*1 = reasons l ^? j n[ m5tion$1 0 built by a scatt]$ population "u ! direction ( ,!seus4 ,to escape ! w>s :i*1 on ! decay ( ! ,roman ,empire daily r5ew$ 9 ,italy by ! arrival ( fre% hordes ( ,b>b>ians1 num]\s refugees1 %elt]+ 9 c]ta9 little isl&s 9 a corn] ( ! ,adriatic ,sea1 gave beg9n+ to ,v5ice2 :]e1 )\t any recogniz$ lead] to direct !m1 !y agre$ to live toge!r "u su* laws z !y ?\ght be/ suit$ to ma9ta9 !m4 ,& by reason ( ! prolong$ tranquility :i* _! position secur$1 !y be+ protect$ by ! n>r[ sea & by ! circum/ance t ! tribes :o !n h>ass$ ,italy _h no %ips :]e) to mole/ !m1 !y 7 able f v small beg9n+s to atta9 to t greatness !y n[ enjoy4 ,9 ! second case1 namely ( a city be+ f\nd$ by /rang]s1 ! settl]s are ei!r :olly indep5d5t1 or !y are controll$ by o!rs1 z :]e colonies are s5t =? ei!r by a pr9ce or by a republic1 to relieve _! c\ntries ( an excessive population1 or to def5d newly acquir$ t]ritories :i* x is s\ght to secure at small co/4 ,( ?is sort _m cities 7 settl$ by ! ,romans1 & 9 all p>ts ( _! dom9ions4 ,x may also happ5 t su* cities are f\nd$ by a pr9ce m]ely to add to 8 r5[n1 )\t any int5tion on 8 "p to dwell !re1 z ,alex&ria 0 built by ,alex&] ! ,great4 ,cities l ^!1 n hav+ _h _! beg9n+ 9 fre$om1 seldom make su* progress z to rank among ! *ief t[ns ( k+doms4 ,! city ( ,flor5ce belongs to t class ( t[ns :i* has n be5 indep5d5t f ! fir/2 = :e!r we ascribe its orig9 to ! soldi]s ( ,sylla1 or1 z "s h conjectur$1 to ! m\nta9e]s ( ,fiesole 7:o1 embold5$ by ! long peace :i* prevail$ ?r\gh\t ! _w dur+ ! reign ( ,octavianus1 came d[n to occupy ! pla9 on ! banks ( ! ,arno71 9 ei!r case1 x 0 f\nd$ "u ! auspices ( ,rome nor c\ld1 at fir/1 make o!r progress ?an 0 p]mitt$ by ! grace ( ! sov]eign ,/ate4 ,! orig9 ( cities may be said to be indep5d5t :5 a p1 ei!r by !mselves or "u "s pr9ce1 are con/ra9$ by fam9e1 pe/il5ce1 or w> to leave _! native l& & seek a new habitation4 ,settl]s ( ?is sort ei!r e/abli% !mselves 9 cities :i* !y f9d ready to _! h& 9 ! c\ntries ( :i* !y take possession1 z did ,moses2 or !y build new ones1 z did neas4 ,x is 9 ?is la/ case t ! m]its ( a f\nd] & ! good =tune ( ! city f\nd$ are be/ se52 & ?is good =tune w be m or less rem>kable accord+ to ! great] or less capacity ( him :o gives ! city its beg9n+4 ,! capacity ( a f\nd] is kn[n 9 two ways3 by 8 *oice ( a site1 or by ! laws :i* he frames4 ,& s9ce m5 act ei!r ( necessity or f *oice1 & m]it may seem great] :]e *oice is m re/rict$1 we h to consid] :e!r x may n be well to *oose a /]ile di/rict z ! site ( a new city1 9 ord] t ! inhabitants1 be+ con/ra9$ to indu/ry1 & less corrupt$ by ease1 may live 9 clos] union1 f9d+ less cause = division 9 ! pov]ty ( _! l&2 z 0 ! case 9 ,ragusa1 & 9 _m o!r cities built 9 simil> situations4 ,su* a *oice 7 c]ta9ly ! wise/ & ! mo/ advantage\s1 c\ld m5 be cont5t to enjoy :at is _! own )\t seek+ to "l x ov] o!rs4 ,b s9ce to be safe !y mu/ be /rong1 !y are compell$ avoid ^! b>r5 di/ricts1 & to plant !mselves 9 m f]tile regions2 :]e1 ! fruitfulness ( ! soil enabl+ !m to increase & multiply1 !y may def5d !mselves aga9/ any :o attack !m1 & ov]?r[ any :o w\ld )/& _! p[]4 ,& z = t languor :i* ! situation might bre$1 c>e mu/ be _h t h>d%ips :i* ! site does n en=ce1 %all be en=c$ by ! laws2 & t ! example ( ^? wise nations be imitat$1 :o1 inhabit+ mo/ fruitful & delightful c\ntries1 & su* z 7 likely to re> a li/less & effem9ate race1 unfit = all manly ex]cises1 9 ord] to obviate ! mis*ief wr\ght by ! am5ity & relax+ influ5ce ( ! soil & climate1 subject$ all :o 7 to s]ve z soldi]s to ! sev]e/ tra9+2 :5ce x came t bett] soldi]s 7 rais$ 9 ^! c\ntries ?an 9 o!rs by nature rugg$ & b>r54 ,su*1 ( old1 0 ! k+dom ( ! ,egyptians1 :i*1 ?\gh ( all l&s ! mo/ b\ntiful1 yet1 by ! sev]e tra9+ :i* its laws en=c$1 produc$ mo/ valiant soldi]s1 :o1 _h _! names n be5 lo/ 9 antiquity1 might be ?\ght to des]ve m praise ?an ,alex&] ! ,great & _m besides1 ^: memory is /ill fre% 9 m5's m9ds4 ,& ev5 9 rec5t times1 any "o contemplat+ ! k+dom ( ! ,soldan1 & ! milit>y ord] ( ! ,mamelukes be=e !y 7 de/roy$ by ,selim ! ,gr& ,turk1 mu/ h se5 h[ c>efully !y tra9$ _! soldi]s 9 e k9d ( w>like ex]cise2 %[+ !reby h[ mu* !y dread$ t indol5ce to :i* _! g5ial soil & climate might h dispos$ !m1 unless neutraliz$ by /r5u\s laws4 ,i say1 !n1 t x is a prud5t *oice to f\nd y\r city 9 a f]tile region :5 ! effects ( t f]tility are duly balanc$ by ! re/ra9t ( ! laws4 ,:5 ,alex&] ! ,great ?\ght to add to 8 r5[n by f\nd+ a city1 ,d9ocrates ! ar*itect came & %[$ him h[ he might build x on ,m\nt ,a?os1 :i* n only (f]$ a /rong position1 b c\ld be h&l$ t ! city built !re might pres5t a semblance ( ! human =m1 :i* w\ld be a ?+ /range & /rik+1 & wor?y ( s great a mon>*4 ,b on ,alex&] ask+ h[ ! inhabitants 7 to live1 ,d9ocrates answ]$ t he _h n ?\ght ( t4 ,:]eupon1 ,alex&] laugh$1 & leav+ ,m\nt ,a?os z x /ood1 built ,alex&ria2 :]e1 ! fruitfulness ( ! soil1 & ! vic9ity ( ! ,nile & ! sea1 might attract _m to take up _! abode4 ,to him1 !re=e1 :o inquires into ! orig9 ( ,rome1 if he assign its beg9n+ to neas1 x w seem to be ( ^? cities :i* 7 f\nd$ by /rang]s if to ,romulus1 !n ( ^? f\nd$ by ! natives ( ! c\ntry4 ,b 9 :i*ev] class we place x1 x w be se5 to h _h its beg9n+ 9 fre$om1 & n 9 subjection to ano!r ,/ate4 ,x w be se51 too1 z h]eaft] %all be not$1 h[ /rict 0 ! discipl9e :i* ! laws in/itut$ by ,romulus1 ,numa1 & its o!r f\nd]s made compulsory ^u x2 s t nei!r its f]tility1 ! proximity ( ! sea1 ! numb] ( its victories1 nor ! ext5t ( its dom9ion1 c\ld = _m c5turies corrupt x1 b1 on ! contr>y1 ma9ta9$ x replete ) su* virtues z 7 nev] mat*$ 9 any o!r commonweal?4 ,& because ! ?+s done by ,rome1 & :i* ,titus ,livius has celebrat$1 7 effect$ at home or abroad by public or by private wisdom1 ,i %all beg9 by treat+1 & not+ ! consequ5ces ( ^? ?+s done at home 9 accordance ) ! public voice1 :i* seem mo/ to m]it att5tion2 & to ?is object ! :ole ( ?is fir/ ,book or fir/ ,"p ( my ,disc\rses1 %all be direct$4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4--,( ! v>i\s k9ds ( ,gov]nm5t2 & to :i* ( !m ! ,roman ,commonweal? belong$4 ,i =ego all discussion conc]n+ ^? cities :i* at ! outset h be5 dep5d5t ^u o!rs1 & %all speak only ( ^? :i* f _! e>lie/ beg9n+s h /ood entirely cle> ( all =eign control1 be+ gov]n$ f ! fir/ z pleas$ !mselves1 :e!r z republics or z pr9c$oms4 ,^! z !y h _h diff]5t orig9s1 s likewise h _h diff]5t laws & in/itutions4 ,= to "s at _! v fir/ comm5cem5t1 or n long aft]1 laws h be5 giv5 by a s+le legislator1 & all at "o "t2 l ^? giv5 by ,lycurgus to ! ,sp>tans2 :ile to o!rs !y h be5 giv5 at diff]5t times1 z ne$ rose or accid5t det]m9$2 z 9 ! case ( ,rome4 ,t republic1 inde$1 may be call$ happy1 ^: lot has be5 to h a f\nd] s prud5t z to provide = x laws "u :i* x c cont9ue to live securely1 )\t ne$ to am5d !m2 z we f9d ,sp>ta pres]v+ h]s = eight hundr$ ye>s1 )\t det]ioration & )\t any dang]\s di/urbance4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "s measure ( unhapp9ess atta*es to ! ,/ate :i*1 n hav+ yield$ itself once = all into ! h&s ( a s+le wise legislator1 is oblig$ to reca/ its in/itutions = itself2 & ( su* ,/ates1 by f> ! mo/ unhappy is t :i* is fur!/ remov$ f a s\nd sy/em ( gov]nm5t1 by :i* ,i mean t its in/itutions lie :olly outside ! pa? :i* might lead x to a true & p]fect end4 ,= x is sc>cely possible t a ,/ate 9 ?is position c ev]1 by any *ance1 set itself to rights1 :]eas ano!r ^: in/itutions are imp]fect1 if x h made a good beg9n+ & su* z admits ( its am5dm5t1 may 9 ! c\rse ( ev5ts arrive at p]fection4 ,x is c]ta91 h[ev]1 t su* ,/ates c nev] be re=m$ )\t great risk2 =1 z a rule1 m5 w accept no new law alt]+ ! in/itutions ( _! ,/ate1 unless ! necessity = su* a *ange be demon/rat$2 & s9ce ?is necessity _c arise )\t dang]1 ! ,/ate may easily be ov]?r[n be=e ! new ord] ( ?+s is e/abli%$4 ,9 pro( :]e( we may in/ance ! republic ( ,flor5ce1 :i* 0 re=m$ 9 ! ye> #aejb1 9 consequ5ce ( ! affair ( ,arezzo1 b 0 ru9$ 9 #aeab1 9 consequ5ce ( ! affair ( ,prato4 ,desir+1 !re=e1 to discuss ! nature ( ! gov]nm5t ( ,rome1 & to asc]ta9 ! accid5tal circum/ances :i* br\ght x to its p]fection1 ,i say1 z has be5 said be=e by _m :o h writt5 ( ,gov]nm5ts1 t ( ^! !re are ?ree =ms1 kn[n by ! names ,mon>*y1 ,ari/ocracy1 & ,democracy1 & t ^? :o give its in/itutions to a ,/ate h rec\rse to "o or o!r ( ^! ?ree1 accord+ z x suits _! purpose4 ,o!r1 &1 z _m h ?\ght1 wis] tea*]s1 w h x1 t !re are altoge!r six =ms ( gov]nm5t1 ?ree ( !m utt]ly bad1 ! o!r ?ree good 9 !mselves1 b s readily corrupt$ t !y too are apt to become hurtful4 ,! good are ! ?ree above nam$2 ! bad1 ?ree o!rs dep5d5t ^u ^!1 & ea* s l t to :i* x is relat$1 t x is easy to pass imp]ceptibly f ! "o to ! o!r4 ,= a ,mon>*y readily becomes a ,tyranny1 an ,ari/ocracy an ,olig>*y1 :ile a ,democracy t5ds to deg5]ate into ,an>*y4 ,s t if ! f\nd] ( a ,/ate %\ld e/abli% any "o ( ^! ?ree =ms ( ,gov]nm5t1 he e/abli%es x = a %ort "t only1 s9ce no precaution he may take c prev5t x f slid+ into its contr>y1 by reason ( ! close resemblance :i*1 9 ?is case1 ! virtue be>s to ! vice4 ,^! div]sities 9 ! =m ( ,gov]nm5t spr+ up among m5 by *ance4 ,= 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! _w1 its inhabitants1 be+ few 9 numb]1 = a "t liv$ scatt]$ aft] ! fa%ion ( bea/s2 b aft]w>ds1 z !y increas$ & multipli$1 ga!r$ !mselves into societies1 &1 ! bett] to protect !mselves1 began to seek :o among !m 0 ! /ronge/ & ( ! highe/ c\rage1 to :om1 mak+ him _! head1 !y t5d]$ ob$i5ce4 ,next arose ! k ( su* ?+s z are hon\rable & good1 z oppos$ to ^? :i* are bad & %ameful4 ,= obs]v+ t :5 a man wrong$ 8 b5efactor1 hatr$ 0 univ]sally felt = ! "o & sympa?y = ! o!r1 & t ! ungrateful 7 blam$1 :ile ^? :o %[$ gratitude 7 hon\r$1 & reflect+ t ! wrongs !y saw done to o!rs might be done to !mselves1 to escape ^! !y resort$ to mak+ laws & fix+ puni%m5ts aga9/ any :o %\ld transgress !m2 & 9 ?is way grew ! recognition ( ,ju/ice4 ,:5ce x came t aft]w>ds1 9 *oos+ _! rul]s1 m5 no long] look$ ab\t = ! /ronge/1 b = him :o 0 ! mo/ prud5t & ! mo/ j4 ,b1 pres5tly1 :5 sov]eignty grew to be h]$it>y & no long] elective1 h]$it>y sov]eigns began to deg5]ate f _! ance/ors1 &1 quitt+ wor?y c\rses1 took up ! notion t pr9ces _h no?+ to d b to surpass ! re/ ( ! _w 9 sumptu\s display & wantonness1 & :atev] else m9i/]s to pleasure s t ! pr9ce com+ to be hat$1 & !re=e to feel fe>1 & pass+ f fe> to infliction ( injuries1 a tyranny soon sprang up4 ,=?) !re began movem5ts to ov]?r[ ! pr9ce1 & plots & conspiracies aga9/ him und]tak5 n by ^? :o 7 weak1 or afraid = !mselves1 b by su* z be+ conspicu\s = _! bir?1 c\rage1 weal?1 & /ation1 c\ld n tol]ate ! %ameful life ( ! tyrant4 ,! multitude1 foll[+ ! lead ( ^! p[]ful m51 took up arms aga9/ ! pr9ce &1 he be+ got rid (1 obey$ ^! o!rs z _! lib]ators2 :o1 on _! "p1 hold+ 9 hatr$ ! "n ( sole rul]1 =m$ !mselves into a gov]nm5t & at fir/1 :ile ! recollection ( pa/ tyranny 0 /ill fre%1 obs]v$ ! laws !y !mselves made1 & po/pon+ p]sonal advantage to ! common welf>e1 adm9i/]$ affairs bo? publicly & privately ) ! utmo/ dilig5ce & zeal4 ,b ?is gov]nm5t pass+1 aft]w>ds1 to _! desc5dants :o1 nev] hav+ be5 taught 9 ! s*ool ( ,adv]sity1 knew no?+ ( ! vicissitudes ( ,=tune1 ^! n *oos+ to re/ cont5t ) m]e civil equality1 b ab&on+ !mselves to av>ice1 ambition1 & lu/1 conv]t$1 )\t respect to civil rights :at _h be5 a gov]nm5t ( ! be/ into a gov]nm5t ( ! few2 & s v soon met ) ! same fate z ! tyrant4 ,= ! multitude loa?+ its rul]s1 l5t itself to any :o v5tur$1 9 :atev] way1 to attack !m2 :5 "s "o man spe$ily arose :o ) ! aid ( ! p ov]?rew !m4 ,b ! recollection ( ! tyrant & ( ! wrongs suff]$ at 8 h&s be+ /ill fre% 9 ! m9ds ( ! p1 :o !re=e felt no desire to re/ore ! mon>*y1 !y _h rec\rse to a popul> gov]nm5t1 :i* !y e/abli%$ on su* a foot+ t nei!r k+ nor nobles _h any place 9 x4 ,& because all gov]nm5ts inspire respect at ! fir/1 ?is gov]nm5t also la/$ = a :ile1 b n = long1 & seldom aft] ! g5]ation :i* br\ght x into exi/5ce _h di$ out4 ,=1 sudd5ly1 lib]ty pass$ into lic5se1 :]e9 nei!r private wor? nor public au?ority 0 respect$1 b1 e "o liv+ z he lik$1 a ?\s& wrongs 7 done daily4 ,:]eupon1 :e!r driv5 by necessity1 or on ! sugge/ion ( "s wis] man among !m & to escape an>*y1 ! p rev]t$ to a mon>*y1 f :i*1 /ep by /ep1 9 ! mann] & = ! causes already assign$1 !y came r\nd once m to lic5se4 ,= ?is is ! circle revolv+ )9 :i* all ,/ates are & h be5 gov]n$2 al?\gh 9 ! same ,/ate ! same =ms ( ,gov]nm5t r>ely repeat !mselves1 because h>dly any ,/ate c h su* vitality z to pass ?r\gh su* a cycle m ?an once1 & /ill toge!r4 ,= x may be expect$ t 9 "s sea ( disa/]1 :5 a ,/ate mu/ always be want+ prud5t c\nsels & 9 /r5g?1 x w become subject to "s neighb\r+ & bett]-gov]n$ ,/ate2 ?\gh assum+ ?is n to happ51 x might well pass = an indef9ite p]iod f "o ( ^! =ms ( gov]nm5t to ano!r4 ,i say1 !n1 t all ^! six =ms ( gov]nm5t are p]nici\s--! ?ree good k9ds1 f _! brief duration ! ?ree bad1 f _! inh]5t badness4 ,wise legislators !re=e1 kn[+ ^! defects1 & avoid+ ea* ( ^! =ms 9 its simplicity1 h made *oice ( a =m :i* %>es 9 ! qualities ( all ! fir/ ?ree1 & :i* !y judge to be m /able & la/+ ?an any ( ^! sep>ately4 ,= :]e we h a mon>*y1 an ari/ocracy1 & a democracy exi/+ toge!r 9 ! same city1 ea* ( ! ?ree s]ves z a *eck ^u ! o!r4 ,among ^? :o h e>n$ special praise by devis+ a con/itution ( ?is nature1 0 ,lycurgus1 :o s fram$ ! laws ( ,sp>ta z to assign _! prop] functions to k+s1 nobles1 & commons2 & 9 ?is way e/abli%$ a gov]nm5t1 :i*1 to 8 great glory & to ! peace & tranquility ( 8 c\ntry1 la/$ = m ?an eight hundr$ ye>s4 ,! contr>y1 h[ev]1 happ5$ 9 ! case ( ,solon2 :o by ! turn he gave to ! in/itutions ( ,a!ns1 creat$ !re a purely democratic gov]nm5t1 ( su* brief duration1 t he himself liv$ to witness ! beg9n+ ( ! despotism ( ,pisi/ratus4 ,& al?\gh1 =ty ye>s lat]1 ! heirs ( ,pisi/ratus 7 driv5 out1 & ,a!ns recov]$ h] fre$om1 nev]!less because %e rev]t$ to ! same =m gov]nm5t z _h be5 e/abli%$ by ,solon1 %e c\ld ma9ta9 x = only a hundr$ ye>s m2 = ?\gh to pres]ve x1 _m ord9ances 7 pass$ = repress+ ! ambition ( ! great & ! turbul5ce ( ! p1 aga9/ :i* ,solon _h n provid$1 /ill1 s9ce nei!r ! mon>*ic nor ! ari/ocratic elem5t 0 giv5 a place 9 h] con/itution1 ,a!ns1 z comp>$ ) ,sp>ta1 _h b a %ort life4 ,b let u n[ turn to ,rome1 :i* city1 al?\gh %e _h no ,lycurgus to give h] f ! fir/ su* a con/itution z w\ld pres]ve h] long 9 fre$om1 ?r\gh a s]ies ( accid5ts1 caus$ by ! conte/s betwe5 ! commons & ! s5ate1 obta9$ by *ance :at ! =esight ( h] f\nd]s fail$ to provide4 ,s t ,=tune1 if %e be/[$ n h] fir/ fav\rs on ,rome1 be/[$ h] second2 because1 al?\gh ! orig9al in/itutions ( ?is city 7 defective1 /ill !y lay n outside ! true pa? :i* c\ld br+ !m to p]fection4 ,= ,romulus & ! o!r k+s made _m & good laws1 & su* z 7 n incompatible ) fre$om2 b because !y s\ght to f\nd a k+dom & n a commonweal?1 :5 ! city became free _m ?+s 7 f\nd want+ :i* 9 ! int]e/ ( lib]ty x 0 necess>y to supply1 s9ce ^! k+s _h n suppli$ !m4 ,& al?\gh ! k+s ( ,rome lo/ _! sov]eignty1 9 ! mann] & = ! causes m5tion$ above1 nev]!less ^? :o drove !m out1 by at once creat+ two consuls to take _! place1 pres]v$ 9 ,rome ! regal au?ority :ile bani%+ f x ! regal ?rone1 s t z bo? s5ate & consuls 7 includ$ 9 t republic1 x 9 fact possess$ two ( ! elem5ts above enum]at$1 to wit1 ! mon>*ic & ! ari/ocratic4 ,x !n only rema9$ to assign its place to ! popul> elem5t1 & ! ,roman nobles gr[+ insol5t f causes :i* %all be notic$ h]eaft]1 ! commons aga9/ !m1 :51 n to lose ! :ole ( _! p[]1 !y 7 =c$ to conc$e a %>e to ! p2 :ile ) ! %>e :i* rema9$1 ! s5ate & consuls reta9$ s mu* au?ority t !y /ill held _! own place 9 ! republic4 ,9 ?is way ! tribunes ( ! p came to be creat$1 aft] ^: creation ! /ability ( ! ,/ate 0 mu* augm5t$1 s9ce ea* ! ?ree =ms ( gov]nm5t _h n[ its due influ5ce all[$ x4 ,& su* 0 ! good =tune ( ,rome t al?\gh h] gov]nm5t pass$ f ! k+s to ! nobles1 & f ^! to ! p1 by ! /eps & = ! reasons notic$ above1 /ill ! entire au?ority ( ! k+ly elem5t 0 n sacrific$ to /r5g!n ! au?ority ( ! nobles1 nor 7 ! nobles dive/$ ( _! au?ority to be/[ x on ! commons2 b ?ree1 bl5d+ toge!r1 made up a p]fect ,/ate2 :i* p]fection1 z %all be fully %[n 9 ! next two ,*apt]s1 0 rea*$ ?r\gh ! diss5sions ( ! commons & ! s5ate4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4--,( ! ,accid5ts :i* l$ 9 ,rome to ! creation ( ,tribunes ( ! ,p2 :]eby ! ,republic 0 made m p]fect4 ,!y :o lay ! f\ndations ( a ,/ate & furni% x ) laws mu/1 z is %[n by all :o h treat$ ( civil gov]nm5t1 & by examples ( :i* hi/ory is full1 assume t #8all m5 are bad1 & w always1 :5 !y h free field1 give loose to _! evil incl9ations2 & t if ^! = a :ile rema9 hidd51 x is ow+ to "s secret cause1 :i*1 f our hav+ no contr>y exp]i5ce1 we d n recognize at once1 b :i* is aft]w>ds reveal$ by ,"t1 ( :om we speak z ! fa!r ( all tru?4 ,9 ,rome1 aft] ! expulsion ( ! ,t>qu9s1 x seem$ z ?\gh ! close/ union prevail$ betwe5 ! s5ate & ! commons1 & t ! nobles1 lay+ aside _! natural arrogance1 _h le>n$ s to sympa?ize ) ! p z to h become supportable by all1 ev5 ( ! humble/ rank4 ,?is dissimulation rema9$ undetect$1 & its causes conceal$1 :ile ! ,t>qu9s liv$2 = ! nobles dread+ ! ,t>qu9s1 & fe>+ t ! p1 if !y us$ !m ill1 might take "p aga9/ !m1 treat$ !m ) k9dness4 ,b no soon] 7 ! ,t>qu9s got rid (1 & ! nobles ?us reliev$ ( _! fe>s1 :5 !y began to spit =? aga9/ ! commons all ! v5om :i* be=e !y _h kept 9 _! brea/s1 (f5d+ & insult+ !m 9 e way !y c\ld2 confirm+ :at ,i h obs]v$ already1 t m5 nev] behave well unless compell$1 & t :5ev] !y are free to act z !y please1 & are "u no re/ra9t ev]y?+ falls at once into confusion & disord]4 ,:]e=e x has be5 said t z pov]ty & hung] are ne$$ to make m5 indu/ri\s1 s laws are ne$$ to make !m good4 ,:5 we d well )\t laws1 laws are n ne$$2 b :5 good cu/oms are abs5t1 laws are at once requir$4 ,on ! ext9ction ( ! ,t>qu9s1 !re=e1 ! dread ( :om _h kept ! nobles 9 *eck1 "s new safegu>d _h to be contriv$1 :i* %\ld effect ! same result z _h be5 effect$ by ! ,t>qu9s :ile !y liv$4 ,accord+ly1 aft] mu* upro> & confusion1 & mu* dang] ( viol5ce ensu+ betwe5 ! commons & ! nobles1 to insure ! safety ( ! =m]1 tribunes 7 creat$1 & 7 inve/$ ) su* /ation & au?ority z always aft]w>ds enabl$ !m to /& betwe5 ! p & ! s5ate1 & to resi/ ! insol5ce ( ! nobles4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4--,t ! ,diss5sions betwe5 ! ,s5ate & ,commons ( ,rome1 made ,rome free & p[]ful4 ,t\*+ ^? tumults :i* prevail$ 9 ,rome f ! ext9ction ( ! ,t>qu9s to ! creation ( ! tribunes ! discussion ( :i* ,i h no wi% to avoid1 & z to c]ta9 o!r matt]s ( a l nature1 ,i desire to say some?+ 9 opposition to ! op9ion ( _m :o ass]t t ,rome 0 a turbul5t city1 & _h fall5 into utt] disord]1 t _h n h] good =tune & milit>y pr[ess made am5ds = o!r defects1 %e w\ld h be5 inf]ior to e o!r republic4 ,i _c inde$ d5y t ! good =tune & ! armies ( ,rome 7 ! causes ( h] empire2 yet x c]ta9ly seems to me t ^? hold+ ?is op9ion fail to p]ceive1 t 9 a ,/ate :]e !re are good soldi]s !re mu/ be good ord]1 &1 g5]ally speak+1 good =tune4 ,& look+ to ! o!r circum/ances ( ?is city1 ,i affirm t ^? :o condemn ^! diss5sions betwe5 ! nobles & ! commons1 condemn :at 0 ! prime cause ( ,rome becom+ free2 & give m he$ to ! tumult & upro> :]e) ^! diss5sions 7 att5d$1 ?an to ! good results :i* foll[$ f !m2 n reflect+ t :ile 9 e republic !re are two conflict+ factions1 t ( ! p & t ( ! nobles1 x is 9 ?is conflict t all laws fav\rable to fre$om h _! orig91 z may readily be se5 to h be5 ! case 9 ,rome4 ,= f ! "t ( ! ,t>qu9s to t ( ! ,grac*i1 a p]iod ( ov] ?ree hundr$ ye>s1 ! tumults 9 ,rome seldom gave occasion to puni%m5t by exile1 & v seldom to blood%$4 ,s t we _c truly decl>e ^? tumults to h be5 disa/r\s1 or t republic to h be5 disord]ly1 :i* dur+ all t "t1 on acc\nt ( h] int]nal broils1 bani%$ no m ?an eight or t5 ( h] citiz5s1 put v few to dea?1 & r>ely inflict$ money p5alties4 ,nor c we reasonably pron\nce t city ill-gov]n$ :]e9 we f9d s _m in/ances ( virtue2 = virtu\s actions h _! orig9 9 "r tra9+1 "r tra9+ 9 wise laws1 & wise laws 9 ^! v tumults :i* _m w\ld ?\ghtlessly condemn4 ,= he :o looks well to ! results ( ^! tumults w f9d t !y did n lead to bani%m5ts1 nor to viol5ce hurtful to ! common good1 b to laws & ord9ances b5eficial to ! public lib]ty4 ,& %\ld any object t ! behavi\r ( ! ,romans 0 extravagant & outrage\s2 t = ! assembl$ p to be he>d %\t+ aga9/ ! s5ate1 ! s5ate aga9/ ! p2 = ! :ole commons to be se5 ru%+ wildly ?r\gh ! /reets1 clos+ _! %ops1 & quitt+ ! t[n1 7 ?+s :i* might well affright him ev5 :o only reads ( !m2 x may be answ]$1 t ! inhabitants ( all cities1 m especially ( cities :i* seek to make use ( ! p 9 matt]s ( importance1 h _! own ways ( giv+ expression to _! wi%es2 among :i* ! city ( ,rome _h ! cu/om1 t :5 its p s\ght to h a law pass$ !y foll[$ "o or ano!r ( ^? c\rses m5tion$ above1 or else refus$ to be enroll$ z soldi]s :51 to pacify !m1 some?+ ( _! dem&s _h to be conc$$4 ,b ! dem&s ( a free p are hurtful to fre$om1 s9ce !y orig9ate ei!r 9 be+ oppress$1 or 9 ! fe> t !y are ab\t to be s4 ,:5 ?is fe> is gr\ndless1 x f9ds its rem$y 9 public meet+s1 :]e9 "s wor?y p]son may come =w>d & %[ ! p by argum5t t !y are deceiv+ !mselves4 ,= ?\gh !y be ignorant1 ! p are n !re=e1 z ,cic]o says1 incapable ( be+ taught ! tru?1 b are readily conv9c$ :5 x is told !m by "o 9 ^: hone/y !y c tru/4 ,we %\ld1 !re=e1 be c>eful h[ we c5sure ! gov]nm5t ( ,rome1 & %\ld reflect t all ! great results effect$ by t republic1 c\ld n h come ab\t )\t good cause4 ,& if ! popul> tumults l$ ! creation ( ! tribunes1 !y m]it all praise2 s9ce ^! magi/rates n only gave its due influ5ce to ! popul> voice 9 ! gov]nm5t1 b also act$ z ! gu>dians ( ,roman fre$om1 z %all be cle>ly %[n 9 ! foll[+ ,*apt]4 ,,*apt] ,v4--,:e!r ! ,gu>dian%ip ( public ,fre$om is saf] 9 ! h&s ( ! ,commons or ( ! ,nobles2 & :e!r ^? :o seek to acquire ,p[] or !y :o seek to ma9ta9 x are ! great] cause ( ,commotions4 ,( ! provisions made by wise f\nd]s ( republics1 "o ( ! mo/ necess>y is = ! creation ( a gu>dian%ip ( lib]ty2 = accord+ z ?is is plac$ 9 good or bad h&s1 ! fre$om ( ! ,/ate w be m or less la/+4 ,& because 9 e republic we f9d ! two p>ties ( nobles & commons1 ! "q arises1 to :i* ( ^! two ?is gu>dian%ip c mo/ safely be entru/$4 ,among ! ,lac$monians ( old1 z n[ ) ! ,v5etians1 x 0 plac$ 9 ! h&s ( ! nobles1 b ) ! ,romans x 0 ve/$ 9 ! commons4 ,we h1 !re=e1 to det]m9e :i* ( ^! ,/ates made ! wis] *oice4 ,if we look to reasons1 some?+ is to be said on bo? sides ( ! "q2 ?\gh 7 we to look to results1 we %\ld h to pron\nce 9 fav\r ( ! nobles1 inasmu* z ! lib]ty ( ,sp>ta & ,v5ice has _h a long] life ?an t ( ,rome4 ,z t\*+ reasons1 x may be plead$ = ! ,roman me?od1 t !y are mo/ fit to h *>ge ( a ?+1 :o lea/ desire to p]v]t x to _! own ends4 ,&1 d\btless1 if we exam9e ! aims :i* ! nobles & ! commons respectively set be=e !m1 we %all f9d 9 ! =m] a great desire to dom9ate1 9 ! latt] m]ely a desire n to be dom9at$ ov]1 & h5ce a great] atta*m5t to fre$om1 s9ce !y h less to ga9 ?an ! o!rs by de/roy+ x4 ,:]e=e1 :5 ! commons are put =w>d z ! def5d]s ( lib]ty1 !y may be expect$ to take bett] c>e ( x1 &1 z !y h no desire to tamp] ) x !mselves1 to be less apt to suff] o!rs to d s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he :o def5ds ! me?od foll[$ by ! ,sp>tans & ,v5etians1 may urge1 t by confid+ ?is gu>dian%ip to ! nobles1 two desirable ends are s]v$3 fir/1 t f be+ all[$ to reta9 9 _! own h&s a weapon :i* makes !m ! /rong] p>ty 9 ! ,/ate1 ! ambition ( ?is class is m fully satisfi$2 &1 second1 t an au?ority is )drawn f ! un/able multitude :i* z us$ by !m is likely to lead to endless disputes & tumults1 & to drive ! nobles into dang]\s & desp]ate c\rses4 ,9 in/ance :]e( might be cit$ ! case ( ,rome itself1 :]e9 ! tribunes ( ! p be+ ve/$ ) ?is au?ority1 n cont5t to h "o consul a plebeian1 insi/$ on hav+ bo?2 & aft]w>ds laid claim to ! c5sor%ip1 ! prtor%ip & all ! o!r magi/racies 9 ! city4 ,nor 0 ?is en\gh = !m1 b1 c>ri$ away by ! same facti\s _s1 !y began aft] a "t to pay c\rt to su* m5 z !y ?\ght able to attack ! nobility1 & s gave occasion to ! rise ( ,m>ius & ! ov]?r[ ( ,rome4 ,:]e=e "o :o weighs bo? sides ( ! "q well1 might hesitate :i* p>ty he %\ld *oose z ! gu>dian ( public lib]ty1 be+ unc]ta9 :i* class is m mis*iev\s 9 a commonweal?1 t :i* w\ld acquire :at x has n1 or t :i* w\ld keep ! au?ority :i* x has already4 ,b1 on ! :ole1 on a c>eful balance ( argum5ts we may sum up ?us3--,ei!r we h to deal ) a republic eag] l ,rome to ext5d its p[]1 or ) "o cont5t m]ely to ma9ta9 itself2 9 ! =m] case x is necess>y to d 9 all ?+s z ,rome did2 9 ! latt]1 = ! reasons & 9 ! mann] to be %[n 9 ! foll[+ ,*apt]1 we may imitate ,v5ice & ,sp>ta4 ,b rev]t+ to ! "q :i* class ( citiz5s is m mis*iev\s 9 a republic1 ^? :o seek to acquire or ^? :o fe> to lose :at !y h acquir$ already1 ,i note t :5 ,m>cus ,m55ius & ,m>cus ,fulvius1 bo? ( !m m5 ( plebeian bir?1 7 made ! "o dictator1 ! o!r ma/] ( ! knights1 t !y might inquire into c]ta9 plots aga9/ ,rome contriv$ 9 ,capua1 !y _h at ! same "t au?ority giv5 !m by ! p to inve/igate :e!r1 9 ,rome itself1 irregul> & corrupt practices _h be5 us$ to obta9 ! consul%ip & o!r hon\rs ( ! city4 ,! nobles suspect+ t ! p[]s ?us conf]r$ 7 to be turn$ aga9/ !m1 ev]y:]e gave out t if hon\rs _h be5 s\ght by any by irregul> & unwor?y means1 x 0 n by !m1 b by ! plebeians1 :o1 ) nei!r bir? nor m]it to recomm5d !m1 _h ne$ to resort to corruption4 ,& m p>ticul>ly !y accus$ ! dictator himself4 ,& s tell+ 0 ! effect ( ^! *>ges1 t ,m55ius1 aft] h>angu+ ! p & compla9+ to !m ( ! calumnies circulat$ aga9/ him1 laid d[n 8 dictator%ip1 & submitt$ himself to :atev] judgm5t might be pass$ ^u him4 ,:5 8 cause came to be tri$ he 0 acquitt$2 b at ! he>+ x 0 mu* debat$1 :e!r he :o w\ld reta9 p[] or he :o w\ld acquire x1 is ! m dang]\s citiz52 ! desires ( bo? be+ likely to lead to ! greate/ disord]s4 ,nev]!less1 ,i believe t1 z a rule1 disord]s are m commonly occasion$ by ^? seek+ to pres]ve p[]1 because 9 !m ! fe> ( loss bre$s ! same passions z are felt by ^? seek+ to acquire2 s9ce m5 nev] ?9k !y hold :at !y h securely1 unless :5 !y are ga9+ some?+ new f o!rs4 ,x is also to be said t _! position enables !m to op]ate *anges ) less ef=t & great] efficacy4 ,fur!r1 x may be add$1 t _! corrupt & insol5t behavi\r inflames ! m9ds ( ^? :o h no?+1 ) ! desire to h2 ei!r = ! sake ( puni%+ _! adv]s>ies by despoil+ !m1 or to obta9 = !mselves a %>e ( ^? ri*es & hon\rs :i* !y see ! o!rs abuse4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4--,:e!r x 0 possible 9 ,rome to contrive su* a ,gov]nm5t z w\ld h compos$ ! ,diff]5ces betwe5 ! ,commons & ! ,s5ate4 ,i h spok5 above ( ! effects produc$ 9 ,rome by ! controv]sies betwe5 ! commons & ! s5ate4 ,n[1 z ^! la/$ d[n to ! "t ( ! ,grac*i1 :5 !y br\ght ab\t ! ov]?r[ ( fre$om1 "s may ?9k x matt] = regret t ,rome %\ld n h a*iev$ ! great ?+s %e did1 )\t be+ torn by su* disputes4 ,:]e=e1 x seems to me wor? :ile to consid] :e!r ! gov]nm5t ( ,rome c\ld ev] h be5 con/itut$ 9 su* a way z to prev5t l controv]sies4 ,9 mak+ ?is inquiry we mu/ fir/ look to ^? republics :i* h enjoy$ fre$om = a great :ile1 undi/urb$ by any viol5t cont5tions or tumults1 & see :at _! gov]nm5t 01 & :e!r x w\ld h be5 possible to introduce x into ,rome4 ,( su* republics we h an example 9 anci5t times 9 ,sp>ta1 9 mod]n times 9 ,v5ice1 ( bo? :i* ,/ates ,i h already made m5tion4 ,sp>ta creat$ = h]self a gov]nm5t consi/+ ( a k+ & a limit$ s5ate4 ,v5ice has made no di/9ction 9 ! titles ( h] rul]s1 all qualifi$ to take "p 9 h] gov]nm5t be+ class$ "u ! "o designation ( 8,g5tlem510 an arrangem5t due r to *ance ?an to ! =esight ( ^? :o gave ?is ,/ate its con/itution4 ,= _m p]sons1 f causes already notic$1 seek+ %elt] on ^! rocks on :i* ,v5ice n[ /&s1 aft] !y _h s multipli$ t if !y 7 to cont9ue to live toge!r x became necess>y = !m to frame laws1 e/abli%$ a =m ( gov]nm5t2 & assembl+ (t5 9 _! c\ncils to consult = ! int]e/s ( _! city1 :5 x seem$ to !m t _! numb]s 7 suffici5t = political exi/5ce1 !y clos$ ! entrance to civil rights aga9/ all :o came aft]w>ds to live !re1 n all[+ !m to take any "p 9 ! managem5t ( affairs4 ,& :5 9 c\rse ( "t !re came to be _m citiz5s exclud$ f ! gov]nm5t1 to add to ! importance ( ! gov]n+ body1 !y nam$ ^! 8,g5tlem50 7g5tiluom9i71 ! o!rs 8,plebeians0 7popolani74 ,& ?is di/9ction c\ld gr[ up & ma9ta9 itself )\t caus+ di/urbance2 = z at ! "t ( its orig91 :osoev] !n liv$ 9 ,v5ice 0 made "o ( ! gov]n+ body1 none _h reason to compla92 :ile ^? :o came to live !re aft]w>ds1 f9d+ ! gov]nm5t 9 a complet$ =m1 _h nei!r gr\nd nor opportunity to object4 ,no gr\nd1 because no?+ 0 tak5 f !m2 & no opportunity1 because ^? 9 au?ority kept !m "u control1 & nev] employ$ !m 9 affairs 9 :i* !y c\ld acquire importance4 ,besides :i*1 !y :o came lat] to dwell 9 ,v5ice 7 n s num]\s z to de/roy all proportion betwe5 ! gov]nors & ! gov]n$2 ! numb] ( ! 8,g5tlem50 be+ z great z1 or great] ?an t ( ! 8,plebeians40 ,= ^! reasons1 !re=e1 x 0 possible = ,v5ice to make h] con/itution :at x is1 & to ma9ta9 x )\t divisions4 ,sp>ta1 aga91 be+ gov]n$1 z ,i h said1 by a k+ & a limit$ s5ate1 0 able to ma9ta9 h]self = ! long p]iod %e did1 because1 f ! c\ntry be+ ?9ly inhabit$ & fur!r influx ( population =bidd51 & f ! laws ( ,lycurgus 7! obs]vance :]e( remov$ all gr\nd ( di/urbance7 be+ held 9 high e/eem1 ! citiz5s 7 able to cont9ue long 9 unity4 ,= ,lycurgus hav+ by 8 laws e/abli%$ 9 ,sp>ta great equality z to prop]ty1 b less equality z to rank1 !re prevail$ !re an equal pov]ty2 & ! commons 7 less ambiti\s1 because ! (fices ( ! ,/ate1 :i* 7 held to _! exclusion1 7 conf9$ to a few2 & because ! nobles nev] by h>% treatm5t ar\s$ 9 !m any desire to usurp ^! (fices4 ,& ?is 0 due to ! ,sp>tan k+s1 :o1 be+ appo9t$ to t dignity = life1 & plac$ 9 ! mid/ ( ?is nobility1 _h no /rong] support to _! au?ority ?an 9 def5d+ ! p aga9/ inju/ice4 ,:5ce x result$ t z ! p nei!r fe>$ nor covet$ ! p[] :i* !y did n possess1 ! conflicts :i* might h aris5 betwe5 !m & ! nobles 7 escap$1 toge!r ) ! causes :i* w\ld h l$ to !m2 & 9 ?is way !y 7 able to live long unit$4 ,b ( ?is unity 9 ,sp>ta !re 7 two *ief causes3 "o1 ! fewness ( its inhabitants1 :i* all[$ ( _! be+ gov]n$ by a few2 ! o!r1 t by d5y+ =eign]s admission into _! c\ntry1 ! p _h less occasion to become corrupt$1 & nev] s increas$ 9 numb]s z to prove tr\blesome to _! few rul]s4 ,weigh+ all :i* circum/ances1 we see t to h kept ,rome 9 ! same tranquility :]e9 ^! republics 7 kept1 "o ( two c\rses mu/ h be5 foll[$ by h] legislators2 = ei!r1 l ! ,v5etians1 !y mu/ h refra9$ f employ+ ! commons 9 w>1 or else1 l ! ,sp>tans1 !y mu/ h clos$ _! c\ntry to =eign]s4 ,:]eas1 9 bo? p>ticul>s1 !y did ! opposite1 arm+ ! commons & increas+ _! numb]1 & ?us af=d+ endless occasions = disord]4 ,& _h ! ,roman commonweal? gr[n to be m tranquil1 ?is inconv5i5ce w\ld h result$1 t x mu/ at ! same "t h gr[n weak]1 s9ce ! road w\ld h be5 clos$ to t greatness to :i* x came1 = 9 remov+ ! causes ( h] tumults1 ,rome mu/ h int]f]$ ) ! causes ( h] gr[?4 ,& he :o looks c>efully into ! matt] w f9d1 t 9 all human affairs1 we _c rid ourselves ( "o inconv5i5ce )\t runn+ into ano!r4 ,s t if y w\ld h y\r p num]\s & w>like1 to ! end t ) _! aid y may e/abli% a great empire1 y w h !m ( su* a sort z y _c aft]w>ds control at y\r pleasure2 :ile %\ld y keep !m few & unw>like1 to ! end t y may gov]n !m easily1 y w be unable1 %\ld y ext5d y\r dom9ions1 to pres]ve !m1 & w become s contemptible z to be ! prey ( any :o attack y4 ,= :i* reason 9 all our delib]ations we ought to consid] :]e we are likely to enc\nt] lea/ inconv5i5ce1 & accept t z ! c\rse to be pref]r$1 s9ce we %all nev] f9d any l9e ( action entirely free f disadvantage4 ,rome might1 !re=e1 foll[+ ! example ( ,sp>ta1 h creat$ a k+ = life & a s5ate ( limit$ numb]s1 b desir+ to become a great empire1 %e c\ld n1 l ,sp>ta1 h re/rict$ ! numb] ( h] citiz5s4 ,s t to h creat$ a k+ = life & a limit$ s5ate _h be5 ( little s]vice to h]4 ,7 any "o1 !re=e1 ab\t to f\nd a :olly new republic1 he w\ld h to consid] :e!r he desir$ x to increase z ,rome did 9 t]ritory & dom9ion1 or to cont9ue )9 n>r[ limits4 ,9 ! =m] case he w\ld h to %ape its con/itution z ne>ly z possible on ! patt]n ( ! ,roman1 leav+ room = diss5sions & popul> tumults1 = )\t a great & w>like population no republic c ev] increase1 or increas+ ma9ta9 itself4 ,9 ! second case he might give 8 republic a con/itution l t ( ,v5ice or ,sp>ta2 b s9ce ext5sion is ! ru9 ( su* republics1 ! legislator w\ld h to provide 9 e possible way aga9/ ! ,/ate :i* he _h f\nd$ mak+ any additions to its t]ritories4 ,= ^!1 :5 sup]impos$ ^u a feeble republic1 are sure to be fatal to x3 z we see to h be5 ! case ) ,sp>ta & ,v5ice1 ! =m] ( :i*1 aft] subjugat+ ne>ly all ,greece1 on su/a9+ a trifl+ rev]se1 betray$ ! insuffici5cy ( h] f\ndations1 = :51 aft] ! revolt ( ,!bes "u ,pelopidas1 o!r cities also rebell$1 ! ,sp>tan k+dom 0 utt]ly ov]?r[n4 ,v5ice 9 l mann]1 aft] ga9+ possession ( a great portion ( ,italy 7mo/ ( x n by h] arms b by h] weal? & subtlety71 :5 h] /r5g? 0 put to ! pro(1 lo/ all 9 "o pit*$ battle4 ,i c well believe1 !n1 t to f\nd a republic :i* %all long endure1 ! be/ plan may be to give x int]nal in/itutions l ^? ( ,sp>ta or ,v5ice2 plac+ x 9 a naturally /rong situation1 & s =tify+ x t none c expect to get ! bett] ( x easily1 yet1 at ! same "t1 n mak+ x s great z to be =midable to its neighb\rs2 s9ce by tak+ ^! precautions1 x might long enjoy its indep5d5ce4 ,= !re are two causes :i* lead to w>s be+ made aga9/ a republic2 "o1 y\r desire to be its ma/]1 ! o!r ! fe> le/ x %\ld ma/] y2 bo? ( :i* dang]s ! precaution indicat$ w g f> to remove4 ,= if1 z we are to assume1 ?is republic be well prep>$ = def5ce1 & consequ5tly difficult ( attack1 x w seldom or nev] happ5 t any "o w =m ! design to attack x1 & :ile x keeps )9 its own b\nd>ies1 & is se5 f exp]i5ce n to be influ5c$ by ambition1 no "o w be l$1 out ( fe> = himself1 to make w> ^u x1 m p>ticul>ly :5 its laws & con/itution =bid its ext5sion4 ,& 7 x possible to ma9ta9 ?+s 9 ?is equilibrium1 ,i v]itably believe t h]e9 w\ld be f\nd ! true =m ( political life1 & ! true tranquility ( a republic4 ,b all human affairs be+ 9 movem5t1 & incapable ( rema9+ z !y are1 !y mu/ ei!r rise or fall2 & to _m conclusions to :i* we are n l$ by reason1 we are br\ght by necessity4 ,s t :5 we h giv5 in/itutions to a ,/ate on ! foot+ t x is to ma9ta9 itself )\t enl>gem5t1 %\ld necessity require its enl>gem5t1 its f\ndations w be cut f bel[ x1 & its d[nfall quickly ensue4 ,on ! o!r h&1 7 a republic s fav\r$ by ,heav5 z to lie "u no necessity ( mak+ w>1 ! result ( ?is ease w\ld be to make x effem9ate & divid$ :i* two evils toge!r1 & ea* by itself1 w\ld insure its ru94 ,& s9ce x is impossible1 z ,i believe1 to br+ ab\t an equilibrium1 or to adh]e /rictly to ! mean pa?1 we mu/1 9 arrang+ our republic1 consid] :at is ! m hon\rable c\rse = x to take1 & s contrive t ev5 if necessity compel its enl>gem5t1 x may be able to keep :at x ga9s4 ,b return+ to ! po9t fir/ rais$1 ,i believe x necess>y = u to foll[ ! me?od ( ! ,romans & n t ( ! o!r republics1 = ,i "k ( no middle way4 ,we mu/1 consequ5tly1 put up ) ^? diss5sions :i* arise betwe5 commons & s5ate1 look+ on !m z evils :i* _c be escap$ if we w\ld arrive at ! greatness ( ,rome4 ,9 connection ) ! argum5ts "h us$ to prove t ! au?ority ( ! tribunes 0 ess5tial 9 ,rome to ! gu>dian%ip ( fre$om1 we may naturally g on to %[ :at advantages result to a republic f ! p[] ( impea*m5t2 :i*1 toge!r ) o!rs1 0 conf]r$ ^u ! tribunes2 a subject to be notic$ 9 ! foll[+ ,*apt]4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4--,t to pres]ve ,lib]ty 9 a ,/ate !re mu/ exi/ ! ,"r to accuse4 ,to ^? set =w>d 9 a commonweal? z gu>dians ( public fre$om1 no m useful or necess>y au?ority c be giv5 ?an ! p[] to accuse1 ei!r be=e ! p1 or be=e "s c\ncil or tribunal1 ^? citiz5s :o 9 any way h (f5d$ aga9/ ! lib]ty ( _! c\ntry4 ,a law ( ?is k9d has two effects mo/ b5eficial to a ,/ate3 fir/1 t ! citiz5s f fe> ( be+ accus$1 d n engage 9 attempts hurtful to ! ,/ate1 or do+ s1 are put d[n at once & )\t respect ( p]sons3 & next1 t a v5t is giv5 = ! escape ( all ^? evil hum\rs :i*1 f :atev] cause1 ga!r 9 cities aga9/ p>ticul> citiz5s2 = unless an outlet be duly provid$ = ^! by ! laws1 !y fl[ into irregul> *annels & ov]:elm ! ,/ate4 ,!re is no?+1 !re=e1 :i* contributes s mu* to ! /ability & p]man5ce ( a ,/ate1 z to take c>e t ! f]m5tation ( ^! di/urb+ hum\rs be suppli$ by op]ation ( law ) a recogniz$ outlet4 ,?is might be %[n by _m examples1 b by none s cle>ly z by t ( ,coriolanus relat$ by ,livius1 :]e he tells u1 t at a "t :5 ! ,roman nobles 7 angry ) ! plebeians 7?9k+ t ! appo9tm5t ( tribunes = _! protection _h made !m too p[]ful71 x happ5$ t ,rome 0 visit$ by a griev\s fam9e1 to meet :i* ! s5ate s5t to ,sicily = corn4 ,b ,coriolanus1 hat+ ! commons1 s\ght to p]suade ! s5ate t n[ 0 ! "t to puni% !m1 & to deprive !m ( ! au?ority :i* !y _h usurp$ to ! prejudice ( ! nobles1 by )hold+ ! di/ribution ( corn1 & s suff]+ !m to p]i% ( hung]4 ,:i* advice ( 8 com+ to ! e>s ( ! p1 k9dl$ !m to su* fury aga9/ him1 t !y w\ld h sla9 him z he left ! ,s5ate ,h\se1 _h n ! tribunes cit$ him to appe> & answ] be=e !m to a =mal *>ge4 ,9 respect ( ?is incid5t ,i repeat :at ,i h j n[ said1 h[ useful & necess>y x is = republics to provide by _! laws a *annel by :i* ! displeasure ( ! multitude aga9/ a s+le citiz5 may f9d a v5t4 ,= :5 none su* is regul>ly provid$1 rec\rse w be _h to irregul> *annels1 & ^! w assur$ly lead to mu* worse results4 ,= :5 a citiz5 is borne d[n by ! op]ation ( ! ord9>y laws1 ev5 ?\gh he be wrong$1 little or no di/urbance is occasion$ to ! /ate3 ! injury he suff]s n be+ wr\ght by private viol5ce1 nor by =eign =ce1 :i* are ! causes ( ! ov]?r[ ( free in/itutions1 b by public au?ority & 9 accordance ) public ord9ances1 :i*1 hav+ def9ite limits set !m1 are n likely to pass beyond ^! s z to endang] ! commonweal?4 ,= pro( ( :i* ,i am cont5t to re/ on ?is old example ( ,coriolanus1 s9ce all may see :at a disa/] x w\ld h be5 = ,rome _h he be5 viol5tly put to dea? by ! p4 ,=1 z betwe5 citiz5 & citiz51 a wrong w\ld h be5 done af=d+ gr\nd = fe>1 fe> w\ld h s\ght def5ce1 def5ce h l$ to faction1 faction to divisions 9 ! ,/ate1 & ^! to its ru94 ,b ! matt] be+ tak5 up by ^? ^: (fice x 0 to deal ) x1 all ! evils :i* mu/ h foll[$ _h x be5 left 9 private h&s 7 escap$4 ,9 ,flor5ce1 on ! o!r h&1 & 9 our own days1 we h se5 :at viol5t commotions foll[ :5 ! p _c %[ _! displeasure aga9/ p>ticul> citiz5s 9 a =m recogniz$ by ! laws1 9 ! in/ance ( ,francesco ,valori1 at "o "t look$ ^u z ! =emo/ citiz5 ( our republic4 ,b _m ?9k+ him ambiti\s1 & likely f 8 high _s & d>+ to ov]/ep ! limits ( civil fre$om1 & !re be+ no way to oppose him save by sett+ up an adv]se faction1 ! result 01 t1 appreh5d+ irregul> attacks1 he s\ght to ga9 p>tisans = 8 support2 :ile 8 oppon5ts1 on _! side1 hav+ no c\rse op5 to !m ( :i* ! laws approv$1 resort$ to c\rses ( :i* ! laws did n approve1 &1 at la/1 to op5 viol5ce4 ,& z 8 influ5ce _h to be attack$ by unlawful me?ods1 ^! 7 att5d$ by injury n to him only1 b to _m o!r noble citiz5s2 :]eas1 c\ld he h be5 met by con/itutional re/ra9ts1 8 p[] might h be5 brok5 )\t injury to any save himself4 ,i might also cite f our ,flor5t9e hi/ory ! fall ( ,pi]o ,sod]9i1 :i* _h no o!r cause ?an !re n be+ 9 our republic any law "u :i* p[]ful & ambiti\s citiz5s c be impea*$4 ,= to =m a tribunal by :i* a p[]ful citiz5 is to be tri$1 eight judges only are n en\gh2 ! judges mu/ be num]\s1 because a few w always d ! w ( a few4 ,b _h !re be5 prop] me?ods = obta9+ r$ress1 ei!r ! p w\ld h impea*$ ,pi]o if he 0 guilty1 & ?us h giv5 v5t to _! displeasure )\t call+ 9 ! ,spani% army2 or if he 0 innoc5t1 w\ld n h v5tur$1 ?r\gh fe> ( be+ accus$ !mselves1 to h tak5 proce$+s aga9/ him4 ,s t 9 ei!r case ! bitt] _s :i* 0 ! cause ( all ! disord] w\ld h _h an end4 ,:]e=e1 :5 we f9d "o ( ! p>ties 9 a ,/ate call+ 9 a =eign p[]1 we may safely conclude t x is because ! defective laws ( t ,/ate provide no escape = ^? malignant hum\rs :i* are natural to m52 :i* c be/ be done by arrang+ = an impea*m5t be=e a suffici5t numb] ( judges1 & by giv+ c\nt5ance to ?is proc$ure4 ,?is 0 s well contriv$ 9 ,rome t 9 spite ( ! p]petual /ruggle ma9ta9$ betwe5 ! commons & ! s5ate1 nei!r ! s5ate nor ! commons1 nor any s+le citiz51 ev] s\ght r$ress at ! h&s ( a =eign p[]2 = hav+ a rem$y at home1 !re 0 no ne$ to seek "o abroad4 ,al?\gh ! examples above cit$ be pro( suffici5t ( :at ,i affirm1 ,i desire to adduce "o o!r1 record$ by ,titus ,livius 9 8 hi/ory1 :]e he relates t a si/] ( ,aruns hav+ be5 violat$ by a ,lucumo ( ,clusium1 ! *ief ( ! ,etruscan t[ns1 ,aruns be+ unable1 f ! int]e/ ( h] ravi%]1 to av5ge h]1 betook himself to ! ,gauls :o rul$ 9 ! prov9ce we n[ "n ,lomb>dy1 & bes\ght !m to come ) an arm$ =ce to ,clusium2 %[+ !m h[ ) advantage to !mselves !y might av5ge 8 wrongs4 ,n[1 _h ,aruns se5 t he c\ld h _h r$ress ?r\gh ! laws ( 8 c\ntry1 he nev] w\ld h resort$ to ^! ,b>b>ians = help4 ,b z ! "r to accuse is b5eficial 9 a republic1 s calumny1 on ! o!r h&1 is useless & hurtful1 z 9 ! foll[+ ,*apt] ,i %all proce$ to %[4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4--,t ,calumny is z hurtful 9 a ,commonweal? z ! p[] to accuse is useful4 ,su* 7 ! s]vices r5d]$ to ,rome by ,furius ,camillus 9 rescu+ h] f ! oppression ( ! ,gauls1 t no ,roman1 h[ev] high 8 degree or /ation1 held x d]ogatory to yield place to him1 save only ,manlius ,capitol9us1 :o c\ld n brook su* glory & di/9ction be+ giv5 to ano!r4 ,= he ?\ght t 9 sav+ ! ,capitol1 he _h himself done z mu* z ,camillus to pres]ve ,rome1 & t 9 respect ( 8 o!r w>like a*ievem5ts he 0 no :it beh9d him4 ,s t1 bur/+ ) jeal\sy1 & unable to rema9 at re/ by reason ( ! o!r's r5[n1 & see+ no way to s[ discord among ! ,fa!rs1 he set himself to spread abroad s9i/] reports among ! commons2 ?r[+ out1 among o!r *>ges1 t ! treasure collect$ to be giv5 to ! ,gauls1 b :i*1 aft]w>ds1 0 )held1 _h be5 embezzl$ by c]ta9 citiz5s1 & if recov]$ might be turn$ to public uses 9 reliev+ ! p f taxes or f private debts4 ,^! ass]tions s prevail$ ) ! commons t !y began to hold meet+s & to raise :at tumults !y lik$ ?r\gh\t ! city4 ,b ?is displeas+ ! s5ate1 & ! matt] appe>+ to !m grave & dang]\s1 !y appo9t$ a dictator to inquire into x1 & to re/ra9 ! attacks ( ,manlius4 ,! dictator1 =?)1 caus$ ,manlius to be cit$ be=e him2 & ^! two 7 ?us br\ght face to face 9 ! pres5ce ( ! :ole city1 ! dictator surr\nd$ by ! nobles1 & ,manlius by ! commons4 ,! latt]1 be+ desir$ to say ) :om ! treasure ( :i* he _h spok5 0 to be f\nd1 s9ce ! s5ate 7 z anxi\s to "k ?is z ! commons1 made no direct reply1 b answ]$ evasively t x 0 ne$less to tell !m :at !y already knew4 ,:]eupon ! dictator ord]$ him to prison4 ,9 ?is passage we are taught h[ hateful a ?+ is calumny 9 all free ,/ates1 z1 inde$1 9 e society1 & h[ we mu/ neglect no means :i* may s]ve to *eck x4 ,& !re c be no m effectual means = *eck+ calumny ?an by af=d+ ample facilities = impea*m5t1 :i* is z useful 9 a commonweal? z ! o!r is p]nici\s4 ,& betwe5 !m !re is ?is diff]5ce1 t calumny ne$s nei!r witness1 nor circum/antial pro( to e/abli% x1 s t any man may be calumniat$ by any o!r2 b n impea*$2 s9ce impea*m5t dem&s t !re be sub/antive *>ges made1 & tru/wor?y evid5ce to support !m4 ,aga91 x is be=e ! magi/rates1 ! p1 or ! c\rts ( ju/ice t m5 are impea*$2 b 9 ! /reets & m>ket places t !y are calumniat$4 ,calumny1 !re=e1 is mo/ rife 9 t ,/ate :]e9 impea*m5t is lea/ practis$1 & ! laws lea/ fav\r x4 ,= :i* reasons ! legislator %\ld s %ape ! laws ( 8 ,/ate t x %all be possible !re9 to impea* any ( its citiz5s )\t fe> or fav\r2 &1 aft] duly provid+ = ?is1 %\ld visit calumniators ) ! %>pe/ puni%m5ts4 ,^? puni%$ w h no cause to compla91 s9ce x 0 9 _! p[] to h impea*$ op5ly :]e !y h secretly calumniat$4 ,:]e ?is is n se5 to1 grave disord]s w always ensue4 ,= calumnies /+ )\t disabl+2 & ^? :o are /ung be+ m mov$ by hatr$ ( _! detractors ?an by fe> ( ! ?+s !y say aga9/ !m1 seek rev5ge4 ,?is matt]1 z we h said1 0 well arrang$ = 9 ,rome1 b has always be5 badly regulat$ 9 our city ( ,flor5ce4 ,& z ! ,roman ord9ances ) reg>d to x 7 productive ( mu* good1 s ! want ( !m 9 ,flor5ce has br$ mu* mis*ief4 ,= any "o read+ ! hi/ory ( our city may p]ceive1 h[ _m calumnies h at all times be5 aim$ aga9/ ^? ( its citiz5s :o h tak5 a lead+ "p 9 its affairs4 ,?us1 ( "o x w\ld be said t he _h plund]$ ! public treasury1 ( ano!r1 t he _h fail$ 9 "s ent]prise because he _h be5 brib$2 ( a ?ird1 t ?is or ! o!r disa/] _h orig9at$ 9 8 ambition4 ,h5ce hatr$ sprung up on e side1 & hatr$ gr[+ to division1 ^! l$ to factions1 & ^! aga9 to ru94 ,b _h !re exi/$ 9 ,flor5ce "s proc$ure :]eby citiz5s might h be5 impea*$1 & calumniators puni%$1 numb]less disord]s :i* h tak5 !re w\ld h be5 prev5t$4 ,= citiz5s :o 7 impea*$1 :e!r condemn$ or acquitt$1 w\ld h _h no p[] to injure ! ,/ate2 & !y w\ld h be5 impea*$ f> seldom] ?an !y h be5 calumniat$2 = calumny1 z ,i h said already1 is an easi] matt] ?an impea*m5t4 ,"s1 inde$1 h made use ( calumny z a means = rais+ !mselves to p[]1 & h f\nd _! advantage 9 traduc+ em95t citiz5s :o )/ood _! designs2 = by tak+ ! "p ( ! p1 & confirm+ !m 9 _! ill-op9ion ( ^! great m51 !y made !m _! fri5ds4 ,( ?is1 ?\gh ,i c\ld give _m in/ances1 ,i %all cont5t myself ) "o4 ,at ! siege ( ,lucca ! ,flor5t9e army 0 comm&$ by ,mess] ,giovanni ,guicci>d9i1 z its commiss>y1 ?r\gh ^: bad g5]al%ip or ill-=tune ! t[n 0 n tak54 ,b :atev] ! cause ( ?is failure1 ,mess] ,giovanni _h ! blame2 & ! rum\r ran t he _h be5 brib$ by ! p ( ,lucca4 ,:i* calumny be+ fo/]$ by 8 enemies1 br\ght ,mess] ,giovanni to v v]ge ( despair2 & ?\gh to cle> himself he w\ld will+ly h giv5 himself up to ! ,capta9 ( ,ju/ice he f\nd he c\ld n1 !re be+ no provision 9 ! laws ( ! republic :i* all[$ ( 8 do+ s4 ,h5ce arose ! bitt]e/ ho/ility betwe5 ! fri5ds ( ,mess] ,giovanni1 :o 7 mo/ly ( ! old nobility 7gr&i71 & ^? :o s\ght to re=m ! gov]nm5t ( ,flor5ce2 & f ?is & ! l causes1 ! affair grew to su* dim5sions z to br+ ab\t ! d[nfall ( our republic4 ,manlius ,capitol9us1 !n1 0 a calumniator1 n an accus]2 & 9 _! treatm5t ( him ! ,romans %[$ h[ calumniators %\ld be dealt )2 by :i* ,i mean1 t !y %\ld be =c$ to become accus]s2 & if _! accusation be prov$ true1 %\ld be rew>d$1 or at lea/ n puni%$1 b if prov$ false %\ld be puni%$ z ,manlius 04 ,,*apt] ,,ix4--,t to give new ,in/itutions to a ,commonweal?1 or to recon/ruct old ,in/itutions on an entirely new basis1 mu/ be ! "w ( "o ,man4 ,x may p]haps be ?\ght t ,i %\ld n h got s f> into ! hi/ory ( ,rome1 )\t "s m5tion ( ^? :o gave t city its in/itutions1 & say+ some?+ ( ^! in/itutions !mselves1 s f> z !y relate to religion & w>4 ,z ,i h no wi% to keep ^? :o w\ld "k my views on ^! matt]s 9 susp5se1 ,i say at once1 t to _m x might seem ( evil om5 t ! f\nd] ( a civil gov]nm5t l ,romulus1 %\ld fir/ h sla9 8 bro!r1 & aft]w>ds h cons5t$ to ! dea? ( ,titus ,tatius ! ,sab9e1 :om he _h *os5 to be 8 colleague 9 ! k+%ip2 s9ce 8 c\ntrym51 if mov$ by ambition & lu/ ( p[] to inflict l injuries on any :o oppos$ _! designs1 might plead ! example ( _! pr9ce4 ,?is view w\ld be a reasonable "o 7 we to disreg>d ! object :i* l$ ,romulus to put ^? m5 to dea?4 ,b we mu/ take x z a rule to :i* !re are v few if any exceptions1 t no commonweal? or k+dom ev] has salut>y in/itutions giv5 x f ! fir/ or has its in/itutions reca/ 9 an entirely new m\ld1 unless by a s+le p]son4 ,on ! contr>y1 x mu/ be f "o man t x receives its in/itutions at fir/1 & ^u "o man t all simil> recon/ruction mu/ dep5d4 ,= ?is reason ! wise f\nd] ( a commonweal? :o seeks to b5efit n himself only1 or ! l9e ( 8 desc5dants1 b 8 ,/ate & c\ntry1 mu/ endeav\r to acquire an absolute & undivid$ au?ority4 ,& none :o is wise w ev] blame any action1 h[ev] extraord9>y & irregul>1 :i* s]ves to lay ! f\ndation ( a k+dom or to e/abli% a republic4 ,= al?\gh ! act condemn ! do]1 ! end may ju/ify him2 & :51 z 9 ! case ( ,romulus1 ! end is good1 x w always excuse ! means2 s9ce x is he :o does viol5ce ) int5t to injure1 n he :o does x ) ! design to secure tranquility1 :o m]its blame4 ,su* a p]son ought h[ev] to be s prud5t & mod]ate z to avoid transmitt+ ! absolute au?ority he acquires1 z an inh]itance to ano!r2 = z m5 are1 by nature1 m prone to evil ?an to good1 a successor may turn to ambiti\s ends ! p[] :i* 8 pr$ecessor has us$ to promote wor?y ends4 ,moreov]1 ?\gh x be "o man t mu/ give a ,/ate its in/itutions1 once giv5 !y are n s likely to la/ long re/+ = support on ! %\ld]s ( "o man only1 z :5 entru/$ to ! c>e ( _m1 & :5 x is ! bus9ess ( _m to ma9ta9 !m4 ,= ?\gh ! multitude be unfit to set a ,/ate 9 ord]1 s9ce !y _c1 by reason ( ! divisions :i* prevail among !m1 agree :]e9 ! true well-be+ ( ! ,/ate lies1 yet :5 !y h once be5 taught ! tru?1 !y nev] w cons5t to ab&on x4 ,& t ,romulus1 ?\gh he put 8 bro!r to dea?1 is yet ( ^? :o are to be p>don$1 s9ce :at he did 0 done = ! common good & n f p]sonal ambition1 is %[n by 8 at once creat+ a s5ate1 ) :om he took c\nsel1 & 9 accordance ) ^: voice he det]m9$4 ,& :osoev] %all well exam9e ! au?ority :i* ,romulus res]v$ to himself1 w f9d t he res]v$ no?+ beyond ! comm& ( ! army :5 w> 0 resolv$ on1 & ! "r to assemble ! s5ate4 ,?is is se5 lat]1 on ,rome becom+ free by ! expulsion ( ! ,t>qu9s1 :5 ! ,romans alt]$ none ( _! anci5t in/itutions save 9 appo9t+ two consuls = a ye> in/ead ( a k+ = life2 = ?is proves t all ! orig9al in/itutions ( t city 7 m 9 con=mity ) a free & con/itutional gov]nm5t1 ?an ) an absolute & despotic "o4 ,9 support ( :at has be5 said above1 ,i might cite innum]able in/ances1 z ( ,moses1 ,lycurgus1 ,solon1 & o!r f\nd]s ( k+doms & commonweal?s1 :o1 f ! full p[]s giv5 !m1 7 enabl$ to %ape _! laws to ! public advantage2 b pass+ ov] ^! examples1 z ( common notoriety1 ,i take "o1 n inde$ s fam\s1 b :i* m]its ! att5tion ( all :o desire to frame wise laws4 ,agis1 ,k+ ( ,sp>ta1 desir+ to br+ back 8 c\ntrym5 to ^? limits )9 :i* ! laws ( ,lycurgus _h held !m1 because he ?\ght t1 f hav+ some:at deviat$ f !m1 8 city _h lo/ mu* ( its anci5t virtue &1 consequ5tly mu* ( its /r5g? & p[]1 01 at ! v outset ( 8 attempts1 sla9 by ! ,sp>tan ,ephori1 z "o :o s\ght to make himself a tyrant4 ,b ,cleom5es com+ aft] him 9 ! k+dom1 &1 on read+ ! notes & writ+s :i* he f\nd ( ,agis :]e9 8 designs & int5tions 7 expla9$1 be+ /irr$ by ! same desire1 p]ceiv$ t he c\ld n conf] ?is b5efit on 8 c\ntry unless he obta9$ sole p[]4 ,= he saw t ! ambition ( o!rs made x impossible = him to d :at 0 useful = _m aga9/ ! w ( a few4 ,:]e=e1 f9d+ fit occasion1 he caus$ ! ,ephori & all o!rs likely to ?r[ ob/acles 9 8 way1 to be put to dea?2 aft] :i*1 he completely r5ew$ ! laws ( ,lycurgus4 ,& ! result ( 8 measures w\ld h be5 to give fre% life to ,sp>ta1 & to ga9 = himself a r5[n n inf]ior to t ( ,lycurgus1 _h x n be5 = ! p[] ( ! ,mac$onians & ! weakness ( ! o!r ,greek ,/ates4 ,= :ile engag$ ) ^! re=ms1 he 0 attack$ by ! ,mac$onians1 & be+ by himself no mat* = !m1 & hav+ none to :om he c\ld turn = help1 he 0 ov]p[]$2 & 8 plans1 ?\gh wise & praisewor?y1 7 nev] br\ght to p]fection4 ,all :i* circum/ances consid]$1 ,i conclude t he :o gives new in/itutions to a ,/ate mu/ /& alone2 & t = ! dea?s ( ,remus & ,tatius1 ,romulus is to be excus$ r ?an blam$4 ,,*apt] ,x4--,t 9 proportion z ! ,f\nd] ( a ,k+dom or ,commonweal? m]its ,praise1 he :o f\nds a ,tyranny des]ves ,blame4 ,( all :o are prais$ !y are prais$ ! mo/1 :o are ! au?ors & f\nd]s ( religions4 ,aft] :om come ! f\nd]s ( k+doms & commonweal?s4 ,next to ^!1 !y h ! greate/ "n :o z comm&]s ( armies h add$ to _! own dom9ions or ^? ( _! c\ntry4 ,aft] ^!1 aga91 are rank$ m5 ( lett]s1 :o be+ ( v>i\s %ades ( m]it are celebrat$ ea* 9 8 degree4 ,to all o!rs1 ^: numb] is inf9ite1 is ascrib$ t measure ( praise to :i* 8 pr(ession or occupation entitles him4 ,&1 conv]sely1 all :o contribute to ! ov]?r[ ( religion1 or to ! ru9 ( k+doms & commonweal?s1 all :o are foes to lett]s & to ! arts :i* conf] hon\r & b5efit on ! human race 7among :om ,i reckon ! impi\s1 ! cruel1 ! ignorant1 ! indol5t1 ! base & ! wor?less71 are held 9 infamy & dete/ation4 ,no "o1 :e!r he be wise or fooli%1 bad or good1 if ask$ to *oose betwe5 ^! two k9ds ( m51 w ev] be f\nd to )hold praise f :at des]ves praise1 or blame f :at is to be blam$4 ,& yet almo/ all1 deceiv$ by a false good & a false glory1 all[ !mselves ei!r ignorantly or wilfully to foll[ 9 ! foot/eps su* z des]ve blame r ?an praise2 &1 h x 9 _! p[] to e/abli%1 to _! la/+ r5[n1 a commonweal? or k+dom1 turn aside to create a tyranny )\t a ?\ght h[ mu* !y !reby lose 9 "n1 fame1 security1 tranquility1 & peace ( m9d2 & into h[ mu* infamy1 scorn1 dang]1 & disquiet !y run4 ,b 7 !y to read hi/ory1 & turn to pr(it ! lessons ( ! pa/1 x seems impossible t ^? liv+ 9 a republic z private citiz5s1 %\ld n pref]1 9 _! native city1 to play ! "p ( ,scipio r ( ,cs>2 or t ^? :o by good =tune or m]it h ris5 to be rul]s1 %\ld n seek r to resemble ,agesilaus1 ,timoleon1 & ,dion1 ?an to ,nabis1 ,phal>is & ,dionysius2 s9ce !y w\ld see h[ ! latt] are load$ ) infamy1 :ile ! =m] h be5 extoll$ beyond b\nds4 ,!y w\ld see1 too1 h[ ,timoleon & o!rs l him1 _h z great au?ority 9 _! c\ntry z ,dionysius or ,phal>is 9 !irs1 :ile enjoy+ f> great] security4 ,nor let any "o f9d+ ,cs> celebrat$ by a cr[d ( writ]s1 be misl$ by 8 glory2 = ^? :o praise him h be5 corrupt$ by 8 good =tune1 & ov]aw$ by ! greatness ( t empire :i*1 be+ gov]n$ 9 8 "n1 w\ld n suff] any to speak _! m9ds op5ly conc]n+ him4 ,b let him :o desires to "k h[ hi/orians w\ld h writt5 ( ,cs> _h !y be5 free to decl>e _! ?\ghts m>k :at !y say ( ,catil9e1 ?an :om ,cs> is m hateful1 9 proportion z he :o does is m to be condemn$ ?an he :o only desires to d evil4 ,let him see also :at praises !y lavi% ^u ,brutus1 because be+ unable1 out ( respect = 8 p[]1 to reproa* ,cs>1 !y magnify 8 enemy4 ,& if he :o has become pr9ce 9 any ,/ate w b reflect1 h[1 aft] ,rome 0 made an empire1 f> great] praise 0 e>n$ ^? emp]ors :o liv$ )9 ! laws1 & wor?ily1 ?an by ^? :o liv$ 9 ! contr>y way1 he w see t ,titus1 ,n]va1 ,trajan1 ,hadrian1 ,anton9us & ,m>cus _h no ne$ ( prtorian cohorts1 or ( c\ntless legions to gu>d !m1 b 7 def5d$ by _! own good lives1 ! good-w ( _! subjects1 & ! atta*m5t ( ! s5ate4 ,9 l mann] he w p]ceive 9 ! case ( ,caligula1 ,n]o1 ,vitellius1 & ev] s _m m ( ^? evil emp]ors1 t all ! armies ( ! ea/ & ( ! we/ 7 ( no avail to protect !m f ! enemies :om _! bad & deprav$ lives rais$ up aga9/ !m4 ,& 7 ! hi/ory ( ^! emp]ors rightly /udi$1 x w\ld be a suffici5t lesson to any pr9ce h[ to di/+ui% ! pa?s :i* lead to hon\r & safety f ^? :i* end 9 %ame & insecurity4 ,= ( ! tw5ty-six emp]ors f ,cs> to ,maxim9us1 sixte5 came to a viol5t1 t5 only to a natural dea?2 & ?\gh "o or two ( ^? :o di$ by viol5ce may h be5 good pr9ces1 z ,galba or ,p]t9ax1 !y met _! fate 9 consequ5ce ( t corruption :i* _! pr$ecessors _h left beh9d 9 ! army4 ,& if among ^? :o di$ a natural dea?1 !re be f\nd "s bad emp]ors1 l ,sev]us1 x is to be ascrib$ to _! signal good =tune & to _! great abilities1 advantages seldom f\nd unit$ 9 ! same man4 ,f ! /udy ( ?is hi/ory we may also le>n h[ a good gov]nm5t is to be e/abli%$2 = :ile all ! emp]ors :o succe$$ to ! ?rone by bir?1 except ,titus1 7 bad1 all 7 good :o succe$$ by adoption2 z 9 ! case ( ! five f ,n]va to ,m>cus4 ,b s soon z ! empire fell once m to ! heirs by bir?1 its ru9 recomm5c$4 ,let a pr9ce !re=e look to t p]iod :i* ext5ds f ,n]va to ,m>cus1 & contra/ x ) t :i* w5t be=e & t :i* came aft]1 & !n let him say 9 :i* ( !m he w\ld wi% to h be5 born or to h reign$4 ,= dur+ ^! times 9 :i* good m5 gov]n$1 he w see ! pr9ce secure 9 ! mid/ ( happy subjects1 & ! :ole _w fill$ ) peace & ju/ice4 ,he w f9d ! s5ate ma9ta9+ its au?ority1 ! magi/rates enjoy+ _! hon\rs1 ri* citiz5s _! weal?1 rank & m]it held 9 respect1 ease & cont5t ev]y:]e prevail+1 ranc\r1 lic5ce1 corruption & ambition ev]y:]e qu5*$1 & t gold5 age re/or$ 9 :i* e "o might hold & support :at op9ions he pleas$4 ,he w see1 9 %ort1 ! _w triumph+1 ! sov]eign hon\r$ & rev]$1 ! p animat$ ) love1 & rejoic+ 9 _! security4 ,b %\ld he turn to exam9e ! times ( ! o!r emp]ors1 he w f9d !m wa/$ by battles1 torn by s$itions1 cruel alike 9 w> & peace2 _m pr9ces p]i%+ by ! sword2 _m w>s =eign & dome/ic2 ,italy ov]:elm$ ) unhe>d-( disa/]s2 h] t[ns de/roy$ & plund]$2 ,rome burn$2 ! ,capitol raz$ to ! gr\nd by ,roman citiz5s2 ! anci5t temples desolat$2 ! c]emonies ( religion corrupt$2 ! cities rank ) adult]y2 ! seas cov]$ ) exiles & ! isl&s pollut$ ) blood4 ,he w see outrage foll[ outrage2 rank1 ri*es1 hon\rs1 &1 above all1 virtue imput$ z mortal crimes2 in=m]s rew>d$2 slaves brib$ to betray _! ma/]s1 fre$m5 _! patrons1 & ^? :o 7 )\t enemies br\ght to de/ruction by _! fri5ds2 & !n he w "k ! true nature ( ! debt :i* ,rome1 ,italy1 & ! _w owe to ,cs>2 & if he possess a sp>k ( human feel+1 w turn f ! example ( ^? evil times1 & k9dle ) a consum+ passion to imitate ^? :i* 7 good4 ,& 9 tru? ! pr9ce :o seeks = worldly glory %\ld desire to be ! rul] ( a corrupt city2 n t1 l ,cs>1 he may de/roy x1 b t1 l ,romulus1 he may re/ore x2 s9ce man _c hope =1 nor ,heav5 (f] any bett] opportunity ( fame4 ,7 x inde$ necess>y 9 giv+ a con/itution to a ,/ate to =feit its sov]eignty1 ! pr9ce :o1 to reta9 8 /ation1 %\ld )hold a con/itution1 might plead excuse2 b = him :o 9 giv+ a con/itution c /ill reta9 8 sov]eignty1 no excuse is to be made4 ,let ^? !re=e to :om ,heav5 has af=d$ ?is opportunity1 rememb] t two c\rses lie op5 to !m2 "o :i* w r5d] !m secure :ile !y live & glori\s :5 !y die2 ano!r :i* exposes !m to cont9ual difficulties 9 life1 & condemns !m to et]nal infamy aft] dea?4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4--,( ! ,religion ( ! ,romans4 ,?\gh ,rome _h ,romulus = h] fir/ f\nd]1 & z a daught] ow$ him h] be+ & nurture1 nev]!less1 :5 ! in/itutions ( ,romulus 7 se5 by ,heav5 to be insuffici5t = s great a ,/ate1 ! ,roman s5ate 7 mov$ to *oose ,numa ,pompilius z 8 successor1 t he might look to all matt]s :i* ,romulus _h neglect$4 ,he f9d+ ! p fi]ce & turbul5t1 & desir+ ) ! help ( ! peaceful arts to br+ !m to ord] & ob$i5ce1 call$ 9 ! aid ( religion z ess5tial to ! ma9t5ance ( civil society1 & gave x su* a =m1 t = _m ages ,god 0 n[h]e s mu* fe>$ z 9 t republic4 ,! effect ( ?is 0 to r5d] easy any ent]prise 9 :i* ! s5ate or great m5 ( ,rome ?\ght fit to engage4 ,& :osoev] pays he$ to an inf9ity ( actions p]=m$1 sometimes by ! ,roman p collectively1 (t5 by s+le citiz5s1 w see1 t e/eem+ ! p[] ( ,god beyond t ( man1 !y dread$ f> m to violate _! oa? ?an to transgress ! laws2 z is cle>ly %[n by ! examples ( ,scipio & ( ,manlius ,torquatus4 ,= aft] ! defeat ( ! ,romans by ,hannibal at ,cann1 _m citiz5s meet+ toge!r1 resolv$1 9 _! t]ror & dismay1 to ab&on ,italy & seek refuge 9 ,sicily4 ,b ,scipio1 gett+ ^w ( ?is1 w5t among !m1 & m5ac+ !m ) 8 nak$ sword1 made !m swe> nev] to ab&on _! c\ntry4 ,aga91 :5 ,lucius ,manlius 0 accus$ by ! tribune ,m>cus ,pomponius1 be=e ! day fix$ = trial1 ,titus ,manlius1 aft]w>ds nam$ ,torquatus1 son to ,lucius1 w5t to seek ?is ,m>cus1 & ?reat5+ him ) dea? if he did n )draw ! *>ge aga9/ 8 fa!r1 compell$ him to swe> compliance2 & he1 ?r\gh fe>1 hav+ sworn1 kept 8 oa?4 ,9 ! fir/ ( ^! two in/ances1 !re=e1 citiz5s :om love ( _! c\ntry & its laws c\ld n h reta9$ 9 ,italy1 7 kept !re by ! oa? =c$ ^u !m2 & 9 ! second1 ! tribune ,m>cus1 to keep 8 oa?1 laid aside ! hatr$ he bore ! fa!r1 & ov]look$ ! injury done him by ! son1 & 8 own di%on\r4 ,& ?is f no o!r cause ?an ! religion :i* ,numa _h impress$ ^u ?is city4 ,& x w be pla9 to any "o :o c>efully /udies ,roman ,hi/ory1 h[ mu* religion help$ 9 discipl9+ ! army1 9 unit+ ! p1 9 keep+ good m5 good1 & putt+ bad m5 to %ame2 s t _h x to be decid$ to :i* pr9ce1 ,romulus or ,numa1 ,rome ow$ ! great] debt1 ,i ?9k ! balance mu/ turn 9 fav\r ( ,numa2 = :5 religion is once e/abli%$ y may readily br+ 9 arms2 b :]e y h arms )\t religion x is n easy aft]w>ds to br+ 9 religion4 ,we see1 too1 t :ile ,romulus 9 ord] to create a s5ate1 & to e/abli% 8 o!r ord9ances civil & milit>y1 ne$$ no support f ,div9e au?ority1 ?is 0 v necess>y to ,numa1 :o feign$ to h int]c\rse ) a ,nymph by ^: advice he 0 guid$ 9 c\nsell+ ! p4 ,& ?is1 because desir+ to introduce 9 ,rome new & untri$ in/itutions1 he fe>$ t 8 own au?ority might n effect 8 end4 ,nor1 inde$1 has any attempt ev] be5 made to introduce unusual laws among a p1 )\t resort+ to ,div9e au?ority1 s9ce )\t su* sanction !y nev] w\ld h be5 accept$4 ,= ! wise recognize _m ?+s to be good :i* d n be> su* reasons on ! face ( !m z comm& _! acceptance by o!rs2 :]e=e1 wise m5 :o w\ld obviate ^! difficulties1 h rec\rse to ,div9e aid4 ,?us did ,lycurgus1 ?us ,solon1 & ?us h done _m besides :o h _h ! same end 9 view4 ,! ,romans1 accord+ly1 admir+ ! prud5ce & virtues ( ,numa1 ass5t$ to all ! measures :i* he recomm5d$4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is to be said1 t ! circum/ance ( ^! times be+ deeply t9ctur$ ) religi\s feel+1 & ( ! m5 ) :om he _h to deal be+ rude & ignorant1 gave ,numa bett] facility to c>ry out 8 plans1 z enabl+ him to m\ld 8 subjects readily to any new impression4 ,&1 d\btless1 he :o %\ld seek at ! pres5t day to =m a new commonweal?1 w\ld f9d ! task easi] among a race ( simple m\nta9e]s1 ?an among ! dwell]s 9 cities :]e society is corrupt2 z ! sculptor c m easily c>ve a fair /atue f a r\gh block1 ?an f ! block :i* has be5 badly %ap$ out by ano!r4 ,b tak+ all ?is into acc\nt1 ,i ma9ta9 t ! religion introduc$ by ,numa 0 "o ( ! *ief causes ( ! prosp]ity ( ,rome1 s9ce x gave rise to good ord9ances1 :i* 9 turn br\ght ) !m good =tune1 & ) good =tune1 happy issues to :atsoev] 0 und]tak54 ,& z ! obs]vance ( ! ord9ances ( religion is ! cause ( ! greatness ( a ,/ate1 s _! neglect is ! occasion ( its decl9e2 s9ce a k+dom )\t ! fe> ( ,god mu/ ei!r fall to pieces1 or mu/ be ma9ta9$ by ! fe> ( "s pr9ce :o supplies t influ5ce n suppli$ by religion4 ,b s9ce ! lives ( pr9ces are %ort1 ! life ( ?is pr9ce1 also1 & ) x 8 influ5ce1 mu/ soon come to an end2 :5ce x happ5s t a k+dom :i* re/s :olly on ! qualities ( its pr9ce1 la/s = a brief "t only2 because ^! qualities1 t]m9at+ ) 8 life1 are r>ely r5ew$ 9 8 successor4 ,= z ,dante wisely says3-- 8,seldom ?r\gh ! b\ghs ,do? human wor? r5ew itself2 = su* ,! w ( ,him :o gives x1 t to ,him ,we may ascribe x40#a #a ,rade volta risurge p] li rami ,l'umana probitate3 e que/o vuole ,quei *e la d1 p]* da lui si *iami4 ,purg4 vii4 #aba-abc4 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t ! safety ( a commonweal? or k+dom lies1 n 9 its hav+ a rul] :o gov]ns x prud5tly :ile he lives1 b 9 hav+ "o :o s ord]s ?+s1 t :5 he dies1 ! ,/ate may /ill ma9ta9 itself4 ,& ?\gh x be easi] to impose new in/itutions or a new fai? on rude & simple m51 x is n !re=e impossible to p]suade _! adoption by m5 :o are civiliz$1 & :o d n ?9k !mselves rude4 ,! p ( ,flor5ce d n e/eem !mselves rude or ignorant1 & yet 7 p]suad$ by ! ,fri> ,girolamo ,savon>ola t he spoke ) ,god4 ,:e!r 9 ?is he said tru? or no1 ,i take n on me to pron\nce1 s9ce ( s great a man we mu/ speak ) rev]5ce2 b ?is ,i d say1 t v _m believ$ him )\t hav+ witness$ any?+ extraord9>y to w>rant _! belief2 8 life1 8 doctr9es1 ! matt] :]e( he treat$1 be+ suffici5t to enli/ _! fai?4 ,let no man1 !re=e1 lose he>t f ?9k+ t he _c d :at o!rs h done be=e him2 =1 z ,i said 9 my ,preface1 m5 are born1 & live1 & die1 always 9 accordance ) ! same rules4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4--,t x is ( mu* mom5t to make acc\nt ( ,religion2 & t ,italy1 ?r\gh ! ,roman ,*ur*1 be+ want+ !re91 has be5 ru9$4 ,pr9ces & commonweal?s t w\ld save !mselves f gr[+ corrupt$1 %\ld be=e all ?+s keep uncorrupt$ ! rites & c]emonies ( religion1 & always hold !m 9 rev]5ce2 s9ce we c h no sur] sign ( ! decay ( a prov9ce ?an to see ,div9e wor%ip held !re9 9 contempt4 ,?is is easily und]/ood :5 x is se5 on :at f\ndation t religion re/s 9 :i* a man is born4 ,= e religion has its root 9 c]ta9 fundam5tal ord9ances peculi> to itself4 ,! religion ( ! ,g5tiles _h its beg9n+ 9 ! responses ( ! oracles & 9 ! progno/ics ( ! augurs & soo?say]s4 ,all _! o!r c]emonies & obs]vances dep5d$ ^u ^!2 because m5 naturally believ$ t ! ,god :o c\ld =eca/ _! future weal or woe1 c\ld also br+ !m to pass4 ,:]e=e ! temples1 ! pray]s1 ! sacrifices1 & all ! o!r rites ( _! wor%ip1 _h _! orig9 9 ?is1 t ! oracles ( ,delos1 ( ,dodona1 & o!rs celebrat$ 9 antiquity1 held ! _w admir+ & dev\t4 ,b1 aft]w>ds1 :5 ^! oracles began to %ape _! answ]s to suit ! int]e/s ( p[]ful m51 & _! impo/ures to be se5 ?r\gh by ! multitude1 m5 grew incr$ul\s & ready to ov]turn e sacr$ in/itution4 ,= :i* reason1 ! rul]s ( k+doms & commonweal?s %\ld ma9ta9 ! f\ndations ( ! fai? :i* !y hold2 s9ce ?us x w be easy = !m to keep _! c\ntry religi\s1 &1 consequ5tly1 virtu\s & unit$4 ,to :i* end !y %\ld c\nt5ance & fur!r :atsoev] tells 9 fav\r ( religion1 ev5 %\ld !y ?9k x untrue2 & ! wis] !y are1 & ! bett] !y are acqua9t$ ) natural causes1 ! m ought !y to d s4 ,x is f ?is c\rse hav+ be5 foll[$ by ! wise1 t ! miracles celebrat$ ev5 9 false religions1 h come to be held 9 repute2 = f :atev] s\rce !y spr+1 discreet m5 w extol !m1 ^: au?ority aft]w>ds gives !m curr5cy ev]y:]e4 ,^! miracles 7 common en\gh 9 ,rome1 & among o!rs ?is 0 believ$1 t :5 ! ,roman soldi]s 7 sack+ ! city ( ,veii1 c]ta9 ( !m ent]$ ! temple ( ,juno & spoke to ! /atue ( ! goddess1 say+1 8,wilt ?\ come ) u to ,rome80 :5 to "s x seem$ t %e incl9$ h] head 9 ass5t1 & to o!rs t !y he>d h] answ]1 8,yea40 ,= ^! m5 be+ fill$ ) religi\s awe 7:i* ,titus ,livius %[s u by ! circum/ance t1 9 ent]+ ! temple1 !y ent]$ dev\tly1 rev]5tly1 & )\t tumult71 p]suad$ !mselves !y he>d t answ] to _! "q1 :i*1 p]haps1 !y _h =m$ be=eh& 9 _! m9ds4 ,b _! fai? & belief 7 :olly approv$ ( & confirm$ by ,camillus & by ! o!r *ief m5 ( ! city4 ,_h religion be5 ma9ta9$ among ! pr9ces ( ,*ri/5dom on ! foot+ on :i* x 0 e/abli%$ by its ,f\nd]1 ! ,*ri/ian ,/ates & republics _h be5 f> m unit$ & f> m prosp]\s ?an !y n[ are2 nor c we h sur] pro( ( its decay ?an 9 witness+ h[ ^? c\ntries :i* are ! ne>e/ neighb\rs ( ! ,roman ,*ur*1 ! head ( our fai?1 h less dev\tness ?an any o!rs2 s t any "o :o consid]s its e>lie/ beg9n+s & obs]ves h[ widely diff]5t is its pres5t practice1 might well believe its ru9 or its *a/isem5t to be close at h&4 ,b s9ce "s are ( op9ion t ! welf>e ( ,italy dep5ds ^u ! ,*ur* ( ,rome1 ,i desire to put =w>d c]ta9 argum5ts :i* occur to me aga9/ t view1 & %all adduce two v /rong ones1 :i*1 to my m9d1 admit ( no answ]4 ,! fir/ is1 t1 ?r\gh ! ill example ( ! ,roman ,c\rt1 ! c\ntry has lo/ all religi\s feel+ & dev\tness1 a loss :i* draws aft] x inf9ite mis*iefs & disord]s2 = z ! pres5ce ( religion implies e excell5ce1 s ! contr>y is involv$ 9 its abs5ce4 ,to ! ,*ur*1 !re=e1 & to ! prie/s1 we ,italians owe ?is fir/ debt1 t ?r\gh !m we h become wick$ & irreligi\s4 ,& a /ill great] debt we owe !m = :at is ! imm$iate cause ( our ru91 namely1 t by ! ,*ur* our c\ntry is kept divid$4 ,= no c\ntry 0 ev] unit$ or prosp]\s :i* did n yield ob$i5ce to "s "o pr9ce or commonweal?1 z has be5 ! case ) ,france & ,spa94 ,& ! ,*ur* is ! sole cause :y ,italy /&s on a diff]5t foot+1 & is subject to no "o k+ or commonweal?4 ,= ?\gh %e holds "h h] seat1 & ex]ts h] temporal au?ority1 %e has nev] yet ga9$ /r5g? & c\rage to seize ^u ! entire c\ntry1 or make h]self supreme2 yet nev] has be5 s weak t :5 9 fe> ( los+ h] temporal dom9ion1 %e c\ld n call 9 "s =eign pot5tate to aid h] aga9/ any ,italian ,/ate by :i* %e 0 ov]mat*$4 ,( :i* we f9d _m in/ances1 bo? 9 e>ly times1 z :5 by ! int]v5tion ( ,*>les ! ,great %e drove ! ,lomb>ds1 :o _h made !mselves ma/]s ( ne>ly ! :ole c\ntry1 out ( ,italy2 & also 9 rec5t times1 z :51 ) ! help ( ,france1 %e fir/ /ripp$ ! ,v5etians ( _! t]ritories1 & !n1 ) ! help ( ! ,swiss1 expell$ ! ,fr5*4 ,! ,*ur*1 !re=e1 nev] be+ p[]ful en\gh h]self to take possession ( ! entire c\ntry1 :ile1 at ! same "t1 prev5t+ any "o else f do+ s1 has made x impossible to br+ ,italy "u "o head2 & has be5 ! cause ( h] always liv+ subject to _m pr9ces or rul]s1 by :om %e has be5 br\ght to su* division & weakness z to h become a prey1 n to ,b>b>ian k+s only1 b to any :o h ?\ght fit to attack h]4 ,= ?is1 ,i say1 we ,italians h none to ?ank b ! ,*ur*4 ,& 7 any man p[]ful en\gh to transplant ! ,c\rt ( ,rome1 ) all ! au?ority x n[ wields ov] ! re/ ( ,italy1 into ! t]ritories ( ! ,swiss 7! only p :o at ?is day1 bo? z reg>ds religion & milit>y discipl9e1 live l ! anci5ts17 he w\ld h cle> pro( ( ! tru? ( :at ,i affirm1 & w\ld f9d t ! corrupt mann]s ( t ,c\rt _h1 9 a little :ile1 wr\ght great] mis*ief 9 ^! t]ritories ?an any o!r disa/] :i* c\ld ev] befall !m4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4--,( ! use ! ,romans made ( ,religion 9 giv+ ,in/itutions to _! ,city1 9 c>ry+ out _! ,ent]prises1 & 9 quell+ ,tumults4 ,"h x seems to me n out ( place to cite in/ances ( ! ,romans seek+ assi/ance f religion 9 re=m+ _! in/itutions & 9 c>ry+ out _! w>like designs4 ,& al?\gh _m su* are relat$ by ,titus ,livius1 ,i cont5t myself ) m5tion+ ! foll[+ only3 ,! ,romans hav+ appo9t$ tribunes ) consul> p[]s1 all ( !m1 save "o1 plebeians1 x s *anc$ t 9 t v ye> !y 7 visit$ by plague & fam9e1 accompani$ by _m /range port5ts4 ,tak+ occasion f ?is1 ! nobles1 at ! next creation ( tribunes1 gave out t ! gods 7 angry ) ,rome = l[]+ ! maje/y ( h] gov]nm5t1 nor c\ld be appeas$ b by ! *oice ( tribunes be+ re/or$ to a fair foot+4 ,:]eupon ! p1 smitt5 ) religi\s awe1 *ose all ! tribunes f ! nobles4 ,aga91 at ! siege ( ,veii1 we f9d ! ,roman comm&]s mak+ use ( religion to keep ! m9ds ( _! m5 well dispos$ t[>ds t ent]prise4 ,= :51 9 ! la/ ye> ( ! siege1 ! soldi]s1 disgu/$ ) _! protract$ s]vice1 began to clam\r to be l$ back to ,rome1 on ! ,alban lake sudd5ly ris+ to an uncommon height1 x 0 f\nd t ! oracles at ,delphi & else:]e _h =etold t ,veii %\ld fall t ye> 9 :i* ! ,alban lake ov]fl[$4 ,! hope ( ne> victory ?us excit$ 9 ! m9ds ( ! soldi]s1 l$ !m to put up ) ! we>9ess ( ! w>1 & to cont9ue 9 arms2 until1 on ,camillus be+ nam$ dictator1 ,veii 0 tak5 aft] a t5 ye>s' siege4 ,9 ^! cases1 !re=e1 we see religion1 wisely us$1 assi/ 9 ! r$uction ( ?is city1 & 9 re/or+ ! tribune%ip to ! nobles2 nei!r ( :i* ends c\ld well h be5 effect$ )\t x4 ,"o o!r example be>+ on ! same subject ,i mu/ n omit4 ,con/ant di/urbances 7 occasion$ 9 ,rome by ! tribune ,t]5tillus1 :o1 = reasons to be notic$ 9 _! place1 s\ght to pass a c]ta9 law4 ,! nobles1 9 _! ef=ts to baffle him1 _h rec\rse to religion1 :i* !y s\ght to turn to acc\nt 9 two ways4 ,= fir/ !y caus$ ! ,sibyll9e books to be se>*$1 & a feign$ answ] return$1 t 9 t ye> ! city ran great risk ( los+ its fre$om ?r\gh civil discord2 :i* fraud1 al?\gh expos$ by ! tribunes1 nev]!less ar\s$ su* al>m 9 ! m9ds ( ! commons t !y slack5$ 9 _! support ( _! lead]s4 ,_! o!r contrivance 0 z foll[s3 ,a c]ta9 ,appius ,h]donius1 at ! head ( a b& ( slaves & outlaws1 to ! numb] ( f\r ?\s&1 hav+ seiz$ ! ,capitol by night1 an al>m 0 spread t 7 ! ,equians & ,volscians1 ^? p]petual enemies ( ! ,roman "n1 !n to attack ! city1 !y might succe$ 9 tak+ x4 ,& :51 9 spite ( ?is1 ! tribunes /ubbornly p]si/$ 9 _! ef=ts to pass ! law1 decl>+ ! act ( ,h]donius to be a device ( ! nobles & no real dang]4 ,publius ,rubetius1 a citiz5 ( weight & au?ority1 came =? f ! ,s5ate ,h\se1 & 9 words p>tly fri5dly & p>tly m5ac+1 %[$ !m ! p]il 9 :i* ! city /ood1 & t _! dem&s 7 unseasonable2 & spoke to su* effect t ! commons b\nd !mselves by oa? to /& by ! consul2 9 fulfilm5t ( :i* engagem5t !y aid$ ! consul1 ,publius ,val]ius1 to c>ry ! ,capitol by assault4 ,b ,val]ius be+ sla9 9 ! attack1 ,titus ,qu9tius 0 at once appo9t$ 9 8 place1 :o1 to leave ! p no brea?+ "t1 nor suff] _! ?\ghts to rev]t to ! ,t]5tillian law1 ord]$ !m to quit ,rome & m>* aga9/ ! ,volscians2 decl>+ !m b\nd to foll[ him by virtue ( ! oa? !y _h sworn n to des]t ! consul4 ,& ?\gh ! tribunes )/ood him1 cont5d+ t ! oa? _h be5 sworn to ! dead consul & n to ,qu9tius1 yet ! p "u ! influ5ce ( religi\s awe1 *ose r to obey ! consul ?an believe ! tribunes4 ,& ,titus ,livius comm5ds _! behavi\r :5 he says3 8,t neglect ( ! gods :i* n[ prevails1 _h n !n made its way nor 0 x !n ! practice = e man to int]pret 8 oa?1 or ! laws1 to suit 8 private ends40 ,! tribunes accord+ly1 fe>+ to lose _! entire asc5d5cy1 cons5t$ to obey ! consul1 & to refra9 = a ye> f mov+ 9 ! matt] ( ! ,t]5tillian law2 :ile ! consuls1 on _! "p1 und]took t = a ye> ! commons %\ld n be call$ =? to w>4 ,& ?us1 ) ! help ( religion1 ! s5ate 7 able to ov]come a difficulty :i* !y nev] c\ld h ov]come )\t x4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4--,t ! ,romans int]pret$ ! ,auspices to meet ! occasion2 & made a prud5t %[ ( obs]v+ ! ,rites ( ,religion ev5 :5 =c$ to disreg>d !m2 & any :o ra%ly slight$ ,religion !y puni%$4 ,auguries 7 n only1 z we h %[n above1 a ma9 f\ndation ( ! old religion ( ! ,g5tiles1 b 7 also ! cause ( ! prosp]ity ( ! ,roman commonweal?4 ,accord+ly1 ! ,romans gave m he$ to ^! ?an to any o!r ( _! obs]vances2 resort+ to !m 9 _! consul> comitia2 9 und]tak+ new ent]prises2 9 call+ out _! armies2 9 go+ into battle2 &1 9 %ort1 9 e bus9ess ( importance1 :e!r civil or milit>y4 ,nor w\ld !y ev] set =? on any w>like exp$ition1 until !y _h satisfi$ _! soldi]s t ! gods _h promis$ !m victory4 ,among o!r means ( decl>+ ! auguries1 !y _h 9 _! armies a class ( soo?say]s1 nam$ by !m pull>ii1 :om1 :5 !y desir$ to give battle1 !y w\ld ask to take ! auspices1 :i* !y did by obs]v+ ! behavi\r ( f[ls4 ,if ! f[ls peck$1 ! engagem5t 0 begun ) a fav\rable om54 ,if !y refus$1 battle 0 decl9$4 ,nev]!less1 :5 x 0 pla9 on ! face ( x t a c]ta9 c\rse _h to be tak51 !y w\ld take x at all haz>ds1 ev5 ?\gh ! auspices 7 adv]se2 contriv+1 h[ev]1 to manage matt]s s adroitly z n to appe> to ?r[ any slight on religion2 z 0 done by ! consul ,papirius 9 ! great battle he f\ght ) ! ,samnites :]e9 t nation 0 f9ally brok5 & ov]?r[n4 ,= ,papirius be+ encamp$ ov] aga9/ ! ,samnites1 & p]ceiv+ t if he f\ght1 victory 0 c]ta91 & consequ5tly be+ eag] to engage1 desir$ ! om5s to be tak54 ,! f[ls refus$ to peck2 b ! *ief soo?say] obs]v+ ! eag]ness ( ! soldi]s to fight & ! confid5ce felt bo? by !m & by _! capta91 n to deprive ! army ( su* an opportunity ( glory1 report$ to ! consul t ! auspices 7 fav\rable4 ,:]eupon ,papirius began to array 8 army = battle4 ,b "s among ! soo?say]s hav+ divulg$ to c]ta9 ( ! soldi]s t ! f[ls _h n peck$1 ?is 0 told to ,spurius ,papirius1 ! nephew ( ! consul1 :o report+ x to 8 uncle1 ! latt] /raightway bade him m9d 8 own bus9ess1 = t s f> z he himself & ! army 7 conc]n$1 ! auspices 7 fair2 & if ! soo?say] _h li$1 ! consequ5ces 7 on 8 head4 ,& t ! ev5t might accord ) ! progno/ics1 he comm&$ 8 (fic]s to place ! soo?say]s 9 front ( ! battle4 ,x s *anc$ t z !y advanc$ aga9/ ! enemy1 ! *ief soo?say] 0 kill$ by a spe> ?r[n by a ,roman soldi]2 :i*1 ! consul he>+ (1 said1 8,all goes well1 & z ! ,gods w\ld h x1 = by ! dea? ( ?is li> ! army is purg$ ( blame & absolv$ f :atev] displeasure ^! may h conceiv$ aga9/ x40 ,& contriv+1 9 ?is way to make 8 designs tally ) ! auspices1 he jo9$ battle1 )\t ! army kn[+ t ! ord9ances ( religion _h 9 any degree be5 disreg>d$4 ,b an opposite c\rse 0 tak5 by ,appius ,pul*]1 9 ,sicily1 9 ! fir/ ,c>?ag9ian w>4 ,= desir+ to jo9 battle1 he bade ! soo?say]s take ! auspices1 & on _! ann\nc+ t ! f[ls refus$ to fe$1 he answ]$1 8,let u see1 !n1 :e!r !y w dr9k10 &1 s say+1 caus$ !m to be ?r[n into ! sea4 ,aft] :i* he f\ght & 0 defeat$4 ,= ?is he 0 condemn$ at ,rome1 :ile ,papirius 0 hon\r$2 n s mu* because ! "o _h ga9$ :ile ! o!r _h lo/ a battle1 z because 9 _! treatm5t ( ! auspices ! "o _h behav$ discreetly1 ! o!r ) ra%ness4 ,&1 9 tru?1 ! sole object ( ?is sy/em ( tak+ ! auspices 0 to insure ! army jo9+ battle ) t confid5ce ( success :i* con/antly leads to victory2 a device foll[$ n by ! ,romans only1 b by =eign nations z well2 ( :i* ,i %all give an example 9 ! foll[+ ,*apt]4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4--,h[ ! ,samnites1 z a la/ res\rce 9 _! brok5 ,=tunes1 _h rec\rse to ,religion4 ,! ,samnites1 :o be=e _h met ) _m defeats at ! h&s ( ! ,romans1 7 at la/ decisively r\t$ by !m 9 ,etruria1 :]e _! armies 7 cut to pieces & _! comm&]s sla94 ,& because _! allies also1 su* z ! ,etruscans1 ! ,umbrians1 & ! ,gauls1 7 likewise vanqui%$1 !y 8c\ld n[ no long]0 z ,livius tells u1 8ei!r tru/ to _! own /r5g? or to =eign aid2 yet1 = all t1 w\ld n cease f ho/ilities1 nor resign !mselves to =feit ! lib]ty :i* !y _h unsuccessfully def5d$1 pref]r+ new defeats to an +lori\s submission40 ,!y resolv$1 !re=e1 to make a f9al ef=t2 & z !y knew t victory 0 only to be secur$ by inspir+ _! soldi]s ) a /ubborn c\rage1 to :i* end no?+ c\ld help s mu* z religion1 at ! in/ance ( _! high prie/1 ,ovius ,paccius1 !y reviv$ an anci5t sacrificial rite p]=m$ by !m 9 ! mann] foll[+4 ,aft] (f]+ solemn sacrifice !y caus$ all ! capta9s ( _! armies1 /&+ betwe5 ! sla9 victims & ! smok+ alt>s1 to swe> nev] to ab&on ! w>4 ,!y !n summon$ ! common soldi]s1 "o by "o1 & be=e ! same alt>s1 & surr\nd$ by a r+ ( _m c5turions ) drawn swords1 fir/ b\nd !m by oa? nev] to reveal :at !y might see or he>2 & !n1 aft] imprecat+ ! ,div9e wra?1 & recit+ ! mo/ t]rible incantations1 made !m v[ & swe> to ! gods1 z !y w\ld n h a curse light on _! race & (fspr+1 to foll[ :]ev] _! capta9s l$1 nev] to turn back f battle1 & to put any !y saw turn back to dea?4 ,"s :o 9 _! t]ror decl9$ to swe>1 7 =?) sla9 by ! c5turions4 ,! re/1 w>n$ by _! cruel fate1 compli$4 ,assembl+ !reaft] to ! numb] ( =ty ?\s&1 "o-half ( :om1 to r5d] _! appe>ance ( unusual spl5d\r 7 clad 9 :ite1 ) plumes & cre/s ov] _! helmets1 !y took up _! gr\nd 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,aquilonia4 ,b ,papirius1 be+ s5t aga9/ !m1 bade 8 soldi]s be ( good *e]1 tell+ !m 8t fea!rs made no w\nds1 & t a ,roman spe> w\ld pi]ce a pa9t$ %ield20 & to less5 ! effect :i* ! oa? tak5 by ! ,samnites _h ^u ! m9ds ( ! ,romans1 he said t su* an oa? mu/ r di/ract ?an /r5g!n ^? b\nd by x1 s9ce !y _h to fe>1 at once1 _! enemies1 _! comrades1 & _! ,gods4 ,9 ! battle :i* ensu$1 ! ,samnites 7 r\t$1 any firmness l5t !m by religion or by ! oa? !y _h sworn1 be+ balanc$ by ! ,roman val\r1 & ! t]ror inspir$ by pa/ defeats4 ,/ill we see t1 9 _! own judgm5t1 !y _h no o!r refuge to :i* to turn1 nor o!r rem$y = re/or+ _! brok5 hopes2 & ?is is /rong te/imony to ! _s :i* religion rightly us$ c ar\se4 ,"s ( ! incid5ts :i* ,i h n[ be5 consid]+ may be ?\ght to relate r to ! =eign ?an to ! dome/ic affairs ( ,rome1 :i* la/ alone =m ! prop] subject ( ?is ,book2 nev]!less s9ce ! matt] connects itself ) "o ( ! mo/ important in/itutions ( ! ,roman republic1 ,i h ?\ght x conv5i5t to notice x "h1 s z n to divide ! subject & be oblig$ to return to x h]eaft]4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4--,t a ,p accu/om$ to live "u a ,pr9ce1 if by any accid5t x become free1 c h>dly pres]ve t ,fre$om4 ,%\ld a p accu/om$ to live "u a pr9ce by any accid5t become free1 z did ! ,romans on ! expulsion ( ! ,t>qu9s1 we "k f numb]less in/ances record$ 9 anci5t hi/ory1 h[ h>d x w be = x to ma9ta9 t fre$om4 ,& ?is is no m ?an we might expect4 ,= a p 9 su* circum/ances may be lik5$ to ! wild animal :i*1 ?\gh de/9$ by nature to roam at l>ge 9 ! woods1 has be5 re>$ 9 ! cage & 9 con/ant conf9em5t & :i*1 %\ld x *ance to be set free 9 ! op5 c\ntry1 be+ unus$ to f9d its own food1 & unfamili> ) ! cov]ts :]e x might lie conceal$1 falls a prey to ! fir/ :o seeks to recapture x4 ,ev5 ?us x f>es ) ! p :i* has be5 accu/om$ to be gov]n$ by o!rs2 s9ce ignorant h[ to act by itself ei!r = attack or def5ce1 & nei!r kn[+ =eign pr9ces nor be+ kn[n ( !m1 x is spe$ily br\ght back "u ! yoke1 & (t5 "u a heavi] yoke ?an t f :i* x has j fre$ its neck4 ,^! difficulties w be met )1 ev5 :]e ! great body ( ! citiz5s has n become :olly corrupt$2 b :]e ! corruption is complete1 fre$om1 z %all pres5tly be %[n1 is n m]ely fleet+ b impossible4 ,:]e=e my rem>ks are to be tak5 z apply+ to ^? ,/ates only :]e9 corruption has z yet made no great progress1 & 9 :i* !re is m t is s\nd ?an uns\nd4 ,to ! difficulties above notic$1 ano!r has to be add$1 :i* is1 t a ,/ate 9 becom+ free makes = itself bitt] enemies b n w>m fri5ds4 ,all become its bitt] enemies :o1 draw+ _! support f ! weal? ( ! tyrant1 fl\ri%$ "u 8 gov]nm5t4 ,= ^! m51 :5 ! causes :i* made !m p[]ful are )drawn1 c no long] live cont5t$1 b are "o & all impell$ to attempt ! re/oration ( ! tyranny 9 hopes ( rega9+ _! =m] importance4 ,on ! o!r h&1 z ,i h said1 ! ,/ate :i* becomes free does n ga9 = itself w>m fri5ds4 ,= a free gov]nm5t be/[s its hon\rs & rew>ds 9 accordance ) c]ta9 fix$ rules1 & on consid]ations ( m]it1 )\t :i* none is hon\r$ or rew>d$4 ,b :5 a man obta9s only ^? hon\rs or rew>ds :i* he seems to himself to des]ve1 he w nev] admit t he is "u any obligation to ^? :o be/[ !m4 ,moreov] ! common b5efits t all d]ive f a free gov]nm5t1 :i* consi/ 9 ! p[] to enjoy :at is our own1 op5ly & undi/urb$1 9 hav+ to feel no anxiety = ! hon\r ( wife or *ild1 nor any fe> = p]sonal safety1 are h>dly recogniz$ by m5 :ile !y /ill possess !m1 s9ce none w ev] confess obligation to him :o m]ely refra9s f injury4 ,= ^! reasons1 ,i repeat1 a ,/ate :i* has rec5tly become free1 is likely to h bitt] enemies & no w>m fri5ds4 ,n[1 to meet ^! difficulties & _! att5dant disord]s1 !re is no m pot5t1 effectual1 :olesome1 & necess>y rem$y ?an to slay ! sons ( ,brutus4 ,!y1 z ! hi/orian tells u1 7 along ) o!r "y ,romans l$ to conspire aga9/ _! c\ntry1 simply because ! unusual privileges :i* !y _h enjoy$ "u ! k+s1 7 )held "u ! consuls2 s t to !m x seem$ z ?\gh ! fre$om ( ! p impli$ _! s]vitude4 ,any "o1 !re=e1 :o und]takes to control a p1 ei!r z _! pr9ce or z ! head ( a commonweal?1 & does n make sure "w ) all :o are ho/ile to 8 new in/itutions1 f\nds a gov]nm5t :i* _c la/ long4 ,und\bt$ly ^? pr9ces are to be reckon$ unhappy1 :o1 to secure _! position1 are =c$ to advance by unusual & irregul> pa?s1 & ) ! p = _! enemies4 ,= :ile he :o has to deal ) a few adv]s>ies only1 c easily & )\t mu* or s]i\s difficulty secure himself1 he :o has an entire p aga9/ him c nev] feel safe & ! great] ! sev]ity he uses ! weak] 8 au?ority becomes2 s t 8 be/ c\rse is to /rive to make ! p 8 fri5ds4 ,b s9ce ^! views may seem to conflict ) :at ,i h said above1 treat+ !re ( a republic & "h ( a pr9ce1 t ,i may n h to return to ! subject aga91 ,i w 9 ?is place discuss x briefly4 ,speak+1 !n ( ^? pr9ces :o h become ! tyrants ( _! c\ntry1 ,i say t ! pr9ce :o seeks to ga9 ov] an unfri5dly p %\ld fir/ ( all exam9e :at x is ! p really desire1 & he w always f9d t !y desire two ?+s3 fir/1 to be rev5g$ ^u ^? :o are ! cause ( _! s]vitude2 & second1 to rega9 _! fre$om4 ,! fir/ ( ^! desires ! pr9ce c gratify :olly1 ! second 9 "p4 ,z reg>ds ! =m]1 we h an in/ance exactly 9 po9t4 ,cle>*us1 tyrant ( ,h]aclea1 be+ 9 exile1 x s happ5$ t on a feud aris+ betwe5 ! commons & ! nobles ( t city1 ! latt]1 p]ceiv+ !y 7 weak] ?an _! adv]s>ies1 began to look ) fav\r on ,cle>*us1 & conspir+ ) him1 9 opposition to ! popul> voice recall$ him to ,h]aclea & depriv$ ! p ( _! fre$om4 ,cle>*us f9d+ himself ?us plac$ betwe5 ! arrogance ( ! nobles1 :om he c\ld 9 no way ei!r satisfy or correct1 & ! fury ( ! p1 :o c\ld n put up ) ! loss ( _! fre$om1 resolv$ to rid himself at a /roke f ! h>assm5t ( ! nobles & recomm5d himself to ! p4 ,:]e=e1 wat*+ 8 opportunity1 he caus$ all ! nobles to be put to dea?1 & ?us1 to ! extreme delight ( ! p1 satisfi$ "o ( ^? desires by :i* !y are possess$1 namely1 ! desire = v5geance4 ,z = ! o!r desire ( ! p1 namely1 to recov] _! fre$om1 ! pr9ce1 s9ce he nev] c cont5t !m 9 ?is1 %\ld exam9e :at ! causes are :i* make !m long to be free2 & he w f9d a v few ( !m desir+ fre$om t !y may obta9 p[]1 b all ! re/1 ^: numb] is c\ntless1 only desir+ x t !y may live securely4 ,= 9 all republics1 :atev] ! =m ( _! gov]nm5t1 b>ely =ty or fifty citiz5s h any place 9 ! direction ( affairs2 :o1 f _! numb] be+ s small1 c easily be reckon$ )1 ei!r by mak+ away ) !m1 or by all[+ !m su* a %>e ( hon\rs z1 look+ to _! position1 may reasonably cont5t !m4 ,all ^? o!rs ^: sole aim x is to live safely1 are well cont5t$ :]e ! pr9ce enacts su* laws & ord9ances z provide = ! g5]al security1 :ile !y e/abli% 8 own au?ority2 & :5 he does ?is1 & ! p see t no?+ induces him to violate ^! laws1 !y soon beg9 to live happily & )\t anxiety4 ,( ?is we h an example 9 ! k+dom ( ,france1 :i* enjoys p]fect security f ?is cause alone1 t its k+s are b\nd to compliance ) an inf9ity ( laws ^u :i* ! well-be+ ( ! :ole p dep5ds4 ,& he :o gave ?is ,/ate its con/itution all[$ its k+s to d z !y pleas$ z reg>ds arms & money2 b provid$ t z reg>ds ev]y?+ else !y %\ld n int]f]e save z ! laws might direct4 ,^? rul]s1 !re=e1 :o omit to provide suffici5tly = ! safety ( _! gov]nm5t at ! outset1 mu/1 l ! ,romans1 d s on ! fir/ occasion :i* (f]s2 & :oev] lets ! occasion slip1 w rep5t too late ( n hav+ act$ z he %\ld4 ,! ,romans1 h[ev]1 be+ /ill uncorrupt$ at ! "t :5 !y recov]$ _! fre$om1 7 able1 aft] slay+ ! sons ( ,brutus & gett+ rid ( ! ,t>qu9s1 to ma9ta9 x ) all ^? safegu>ds & rem$ies :i* we h else:]e consid]$4 ,b _h !y already become corrupt$1 no rem$y c\ld h be5 f\nd1 ei!r 9 ,rome or out ( x1 by :i* _! fre$om c\ld h be5 secur$2 z ,i %all %[ 9 ! foll[+ ,*apt]4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4--,t a corrupt ,p obta9+ ,fre$om c h>dly pres]ve x4 ,i believe t if h] k+s _h n be5 expell$1 ,rome mu/ v soon h become a weak & inconsid]able ,/ate4 ,= see+ to :at a pit* ( corruption ^! k+s _h come1 we may conjecture t if two or ?ree m l reigns _h foll[$1 & ! ta9t spread f ! head to ! memb]s1 s soon z ! latt] became infect$1 cure w\ld h be5 hopeless4 ,b f ! head be+ remov$ :ile ! trunk 0 /ill s\nd1 x 0 n difficult = ! ,romans to return to a free & con/itutional gov]nm5t4 ,x may be assum$1 h[ev]1 z mo/ c]ta91 t a corrupt$ city liv+ "u a pr9ce c nev] recov] its fre$om1 ev5 7 ! pr9ce & all 8 l9e to be ext]m9at$4 ,= 9 su* a city x mu/ necess>ily happ5 t "o pr9ce w be replac$ by ano!r1 & t ?+s w nev] settle d[n until a new "l be e/abli%$2 unless1 inde$1 ! comb9$ goodness & val\r ( "s "o citiz5 %\ld ma9ta9 fre$om1 :i*1 ev5 !n1 w endure only = 8 lifetime2 z happ5$ twice 9 ,syracuse1 fir/ "u ! rule ( ,dion1 & aga9 "u t ( ,timoleon1 ^: virtues :ile !y liv$ kept _! city free1 b on ^: dea? x fell once m "u a tyranny4 ,b ! /ronge/ example t c be giv5 is t ( ,rome1 :i* on ! expulsion ( ! ,t>qu9s 0 able at once to seize on lib]ty & to ma9ta9 x2 yet1 on ! dea?s ( ,cs>1 ,caligula1 & ,n]o1 & on ! ext9ction ( ! ,julian l9e1 0 n only unable to e/abli% h] fre$om1 b did n ev5 v5ture a /ep 9 t direction4 ,results s opposite aris+ 9 "o & ! same city c only be acc\nt$ = by ?is1 t 9 ! "t ( ! ,t>qu9s ! ,roman p 7 n yet corrupt$1 b 9 ^! lat] times _h become utt]ly corrupt4 ,= on ! fir/ occasion1 no?+ m 0 ne$$ to prep>e & det]m9e !m to %ake (f _! k+s1 ?an t !y %\ld be b\nd by oa? to suff] no k+ ev] aga9 to reign 9 ,rome2 :]eas1 aft]w>ds1 ! au?ority & au/]e virtue ( ,brutus1 back$ by all ! legions ( ! ,ea/1 c\ld n r\se !m to ma9ta9 _! hold ( t fre$om1 :i* he1 foll[+ 9 ! foot/eps ( ! fir/ ,brutus1 _h won = !m2 & ?is because ( ! corruption :]e) ! p _h be5 infect$ by ! ,m>ian faction1 :]e( ,cs> becom+ head1 0 able s to bl9d ! multitude t x saw n ! yoke "u :i* x 0 ab\t to lay its neck4 ,?\gh ?is example ( ,rome be m complete ?an any o!r1 ,i desire to in/ance likewise1 to ! same effect1 c]ta9 peoples well kn[n 9 our own days2 & ,i ma9ta9 t no *ange1 h[ev] grave or viol5t1 c\ld ev] re/ore fre$om to ,naples or ,milan1 because 9 ^! ,/ates ! entire body ( ! p has gr[n corrupt$4 ,& s we f9d t ,milan1 al?\gh desir\s to return to a free =m ( gov]nm5t1 on ! dea? ( ,filippo ,visconti1 _h nei!r ! =ce nor ! skill ne$$ to pres]ve x4 ,mo/ =tunate1 !re=e1 0 x = ,rome t h] k+s grew corrupt soon1 s z to be driv5 out be=e ! ta9t ( _! corruption _h rea*$ ! vitals ( ! city4 ,= x 0 because ^! 7 s\nd t ! endless commotions :i* took place 9 ,rome1 s f> f be+ hurtful1 71 f _! object be+ good1 b5eficial to ! commonweal?4 ,f :i* we may draw ?is inf]5ce1 t :]e ! body ( ! p is /ill s\nd1 tumults & o!r l disord]s d little hurt1 b t :]e x has become corrupt$1 laws1 h[ev] well devis$1 are ( no advantage1 unless impos$ by "s "o ^: p>am\nt au?ority causes !m to be obs]v$ until ! community be once m re/or$ to a s\nd & heal?y condition4 ,:e!r ?is has ev] happ5$ ,i "k n1 nor :e!r x ev] c happ54 ,= we see1 z ,i h said a little way back1 t a city :i* ow+ to its p]vad+ corruption has once begun to decl9e1 if x is to recov] at all1 mu/ be sav$ n by ! excell5ce ( ! p collectively1 b ( "s "o man !n liv+ among !m1 on ^: dea? x at once relapses into its =m] plight2 z happ5$ ) ,!bes1 9 :i* ! virtue ( ,epam9ondas made x possible :ile he liv$ to pres]ve ! =m ( a free ,gov]nm5t1 b :i* fell aga9 on 8 dea? into its old disord]s2 ! reason be+ t h>dly any rul] lives s long z to h "t to accu/om to "r me?ods a city :i* has long be5 accu/om$ to wrong4 ,:]e=e1 unless ?+s be put on a s\nd foot+ by "s "o rul] :o lives to a v advanc$ age1 or by two virtu\s rul]s succe$+ "o ano!r1 ! city ^u _! dea? at once falls back into ru92 or1 if x be pres]v$1 mu/ be s by incurr+ great risks1 & at ! co/ ( mu* blood4 ,= ! corruption ,i speak (1 is :olly incompatible ) a free gov]nm5t1 because x results f an inequality :i* p]vades ! ,/ate & c only be remov$ by employ+ unusual & v viol5t rem$ies1 su* z few are will+ or "k h[ to employ1 z 9 ano!r place ,i %all m fully expla94 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4--,h[ a ,free ,gov]nm5t exi/+ 9 a corrupt ,city may be pres]v$1 or n exi/+ may be creat$4 ,i ?9k x nei!r out ( place1 nor inconsi/5t ) :at has be5 said above1 to consid] :e!r a free gov]nm5t exi/+ 9 a corrupt city c be ma9ta9$1 or1 n exi/+1 c be introduc$4 ,& on ?is head ,i say t x is v difficult to br+ ab\t ei!r ( ^! results1 & next to impossible to lay d[n rules z to h[ x may be done2 because ! measures to be tak5 mu/ v>y ) ! degree ( corruption :i* prevails4 ,nev]!less1 s9ce x is well to reason ?+s out1 ,i w n pass ?is matt] by1 b w assume1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! case ( a v corrupt city1 & !n take ! case ( "o 9 :i* corruption has rea*$ a /ill great] height2 b :]e corruption is univ]sal1 no laws or in/itutions w ev] h =ce to re/ra9 x4 ,because z good cu/oms /& 9 ne$ ( good laws = _! support1 s laws1 t !y may be respect$1 /& 9 ne$ ( good cu/oms4 ,moreov]1 ! laws & in/itutions e/abli%$ 9 a republic at its beg9n+1 :5 m5 7 good1 are no long] suitable :5 !y h become bad2 b :ile ! laws ( a city are alt]$ to suit its circum/ances1 its in/itutions r>ely or nev] *ange2 :5ce x results t ! introduction ( new laws is ( no avail1 because ! in/itutions1 rema9+ un*ang$1 corrupt !m4 ,& to make ?is pla9]1 ,i say t 9 ,rome x 0 fir/ ( all ! in/itutions ( ! ,/ate1 & next ! laws z en=c$ by ! magi/rates1 :i* kept ! citiz5s "u control4 ,! in/itutions ( ! ,/ate consi/$ 9 ! au?ority ( ! p1 ! s5ate1 ! tribunes1 & ! consuls2 9 ! me?ods ( *oos+ & appo9t+ magi/rates2 & 9 ! arrangem5ts = pass+ laws4 ,^! in/itutions *ang$ little1 if at all1 ) circum/ances4 ,b ! laws by :i* ! p 7 controll$1 z = in/ance ! law relat+ to adult]y1 ! sumptu>y laws1 ! law z to canvass+ at elections1 & _m o!rs1 7 alt]$ z ! citiz5s grew m & m corrupt$4 ,h5ce1 ! in/itutions ( ! ,/ate rema9+ ! same al?\gh f ! corruption ( ! p no long] suitable1 am5dm5ts 9 ! laws c\ld n keep m5 good1 ?\gh !y might h prov$ v useful if at ! "t :5 !y 7 made ! in/itutions _h likewise be5 re=m$4 ,t its orig9al in/itutions are no long] adapt$ to a city t has become corrupt$1 is pla9ly se5 9 two matt]s ( great mom5t1 ,i mean 9 ! appo9tm5t ( magi/rates & 9 ! pass+ ( laws4 ,= ! ,roman p conf]r$ ! consul%ip & o!r great (fices ( _! ,/ate on none save ^? :o s\ght !m2 :i* 0 a good in/itution at fir/1 because !n none s\ght ^! (fices save ^? :o ?\ght !mselves wor?y ( !m1 & to be reject$ 0 held disgraceful2 s t1 to be deem$ wor?y1 all 7 on _! be/ behavi\r4 ,b 9 a corrupt$ city ?is in/itution grew to be mo/ mis*iev\s4 ,= x 0 no long] ^? ( greate/ wor?1 b ^? :o _h mo/ influ5ce1 :o s\ght ! magi/racies2 :ile all :o 7 )\t influ5ce1 h[ev] des]v+1 refra9$ ?r\gh fe>4 ,?is unt[>d result 0 n rea*$ all at once1 b l o!r simil> results1 by gradual /eps4 ,= aft] subdu+ ,africa & ,asia1 & r$uc+ ne>ly ! :ole ( ,greece to submission1 ! ,romans became p]fectly assur$ ( _! fre$om1 & seem$ to !mselves no long] to h any enemy :om !y _h cause to fe>4 ,b ?is security & ! weakness ( _! adv]s>ies l$ !m 9 conf]r+ ! consul%ip1 no long] to look to m]it1 b only to fav\r1 select+ = ! (fice ^? :o knew be/ h[ to pay c\rt to !m1 n ^? :o knew be/ h[ to vanqui% _! enemies4 ,& aft]w>ds1 in/ead ( select+ ^? :o 7 be/ lik$1 !y came to select ^? :o _h mo/ influ5ce2 & 9 ?is way1 f ! imp]fection ( _! in/itutions1 good m5 came to be :olly exclud$4 ,aga91 z to mak+ laws1 any ( ! tribunes & c]ta9 o!rs ( ! magi/rates 7 entitl$ to submit laws to ! p2 b be=e ^! 7 pass$ x 0 op5 to e citiz5 to speak ei!r = or aga9/ !m4 ,?is 0 a good sy/em s long z ! citiz5s 7 good1 s9ce x is always well t e man %\ld be able to propose :at he ?9ks may be ( use to 8 c\ntry1 & t all %\ld be all[$ to express _! views ) reg>d to 8 proposal2 s t ! p1 hav+ he>d all1 may resolve on :at is be/4 ,b :5 ! p grew deprav$1 ?is became a v mis*iev\s in/itution2 = !n x 0 only ! p[]ful :o propos$ laws1 & ^! n 9 ! int]e/ ( public fre$om b ( _! own au?ority2 & because1 ?r\gh fe>1 none dur/ speak aga9/ ! laws !y propos$1 ! p 7 ei!r deceiv$ or =c$ into vot+ _! own de/ruction4 ,9 ord]1 !re=e1 t ,rome aft] %e _h become corrupt$ might /ill pres]ve h] fre$om1 x 0 necess>y t1 z 9 ! c\rse ( ev5ts %e _h made new laws1 s likewise %e %\ld frame new in/itutions1 s9ce diff]5t in/itutions & ord9ances are ne$$ 9 a corrupt ,/ate f ^? :i* suit a ,/ate :i* is n corrupt$2 = :]e ! matt] is :olly dissimil>1 ! =m _c be simil>4 ,b s9ce old in/itutions mu/ ei!r be re=m$ all at once1 z soon z !y are se5 to be no long] exp$i5t1 or else gradually1 z ! imp]fection ( ea* is recogniz$1 ,i say t ea* ( ^! two c\rses is all b impossible4 ,= to effect a gradual re=m requires a sagaci\s man :o c disc]n mis*ief :ile x is /ill remote & 9 ! g]m4 ,b x may well happ5 t no su* p]son is f\nd 9 a city2 or t1 if f\nd1 he is unable to p]suade o!rs ( :at he is himself p]suad$4 ,= m5 us$ to live 9 "o way are loa? to leave x = ano!r1 especially :5 !y are n br\ght face to face ) ! evil aga9/ :i* !y %\ld gu>d1 & only h x indicat$ to !m by conjecture4 ,& z = a sudd5 re=m ( in/itutions :i* are se5 by all to be no long] good1 ,i say t defects :i* are easily disc]n$ are n easily correct$1 because = _! correction x is n en\gh to use ord9>y means1 ^! be+ 9 !mselves insuffici5t2 b rec\rse mu/ be _h to extraord9>y means1 su* z viol5ce & arms2 &1 z a prelim9>y1 y mu/ become pr9ce ( ! city1 & be able to deal ) x at y\r pleasure4 ,b s9ce ! re/oration ( a ,/ate to new political life presupposes a good man1 & to become pr9ce ( a city by viol5ce presupposes a bad man1 x c1 consequ5tly1 v seldom happ5 t1 al?\gh ! end be good1 a good man w be f\nd ready to become a pr9ce by evil ways1 or t a bad man hav+ become a pr9ce w be dispos$ to act virtu\sly1 or ?9k ( turn+ to good acc\nt 8 ill-acquir$ au?ority4 ,f all ^! causes comes ! difficulty1 or r ! impossibility1 :i* a corrupt$ city f9ds 9 ma9ta9+ an exi/+ free gov]nm5t1 or 9 e/abli%+ a new "o4 ,s t _h we to e/abli% or ma9ta9 a gov]nm5t 9 t city1 x w\ld be necess>y to give x a mon>*ical1 r ?an a popul> =m1 9 ord] t m5 too arrogant to be re/ra9$ by ! laws1 might 9 "s measure be kept 9 *eck by a p[] almo/ absolute2 s9ce to attempt to make !m good o!rwise w\ld be a v cruel or a :olly futile endeav\r4 ,?is1 z ,i h said1 0 ! me?od foll[$ by ,cleom5es2 & if he1 t he might /& alone1 put to dea? ! ,ephori2 & if ,romulus1 ) a l object1 put to dea? 8 bro!r & ,titus ,tatius ! ,sab9e1 & if bo? aft]w>ds made good use ( ! au?ority !y ?us acquir$1 x is nev]!less to be rememb]$ t x 0 because nei!r ,cleom5es nor ,romulus _h to deal ) s corrupt a p z t ( :i* ,i am n[ speak+1 t !y 7 able to effect _! ends & to give a fair col\r to _! acts4 ,,*apt] ,,xix4--,aft] a /rong ,pr9ce a weak ,pr9ce may ma9ta9 himself3 b aft] "o weak ,pr9ce no ,k+dom c /& a second4 ,:5 we contemplate ! excell5t qualities ( ,romulus1 ,numa1 & ,tullus1 ! fir/ ?ree k+s ( ,rome1 & note ! me?ods :i* !y foll[$1 we recognize ! extreme good =tune ( t city 9 hav+ h] fir/ k+ fi]ce & w>like1 h] second peaceful & religi\s1 & h] ?ird1 l ! fir/1 ( a high _s & m dispos$ to w> ?an to peace4 ,= x 0 ess5tial = ,rome t almo/ at ! outset ( h] c>e]1 a rul] %\ld be f\nd to lay ! f\ndations ( h] civil life2 b1 aft] t _h be5 done1 x 0 necess>y t h] rul]s %\ld return to ! virtues ( ,romulus1 s9ce o!rwise ! city mu/ h gr[n feeble1 & become a prey to h] neighb\rs4 ,& "h we may note t a pr9ce :o succe$s to ano!r ( sup]ior val\r1 may reign on by virtue ( 8 pr$ecessor's m]its1 & reap ! fruits ( 8 lab\rs2 b if he live to a great age1 or if he be foll[$ by ano!r :o is want+ 9 ! qualities ( ! fir/1 t !n ! k+dom mu/ necess>ily dw9dle4 ,conv]sely1 :5 two consecutive pr9ces are ( r>e excell5ce1 we commonly f9d !m a*iev+ results :i* w9 = !m endur+ r5[n4 ,david1 = example1 n only surpass$ 9 le>n+ & judgm5t1 b 0 s valiant 9 arms t1 aft] conqu]+ & subdu+ all 8 neighb\rs1 he left to 8 "y son ,solomon a tranquil ,/ate1 :i* ! latt]1 ?\gh unskill$ 9 ! arts ( w>1 c\ld ma9ta9 by ! arts ( peace1 & ?us happily enjoy ! inh]itance ( 8 fa!r's val\r4 ,b ,solomon c\ld n transmit ?is inh]itance to 8 son ,rehoboam1 :o nei!r resembl+ 8 gr&fa!r 9 val\r1 nor 8 fa!r 9 good =tune1 ) difficulty made good 8 "r to a six? "p ( ! k+dom4 ,9 l mann] ,bajazet1 sultan ( ! ,turks1 ?\gh a man ( peace r ?an ( w>1 0 able to enjoy ! lab\rs ( ,mahomet 8 fa!r1 :o1 l ,david1 hav+ subdu$ 8 neighb\rs1 left 8 son a k+dom s safely e/abli%$ t x c\ld easily be reta9$ by him by peaceful arts4 ,b _h ,selim1 son to ,bajazet1 be5 l 8 fa!r1 & n l 8 gr&fa!r1 ! ,turki% mon>*y mu/ h be5 ov]?r[n2 z x is1 he seems likely to outdo ! fame ( 8 gr&sire4 ,i affirm x to be prov$ by ^! examples1 t aft] a valiant pr9ce a feeble pr9ce may ma9ta9 himself2 b t no k+dom c /& :5 two feeble pr9ces foll[ 9 succession1 unless1 z 9 ! case ( ,france1 x be support$ by its anci5t ord9ances4 ,by feeble pr9ces1 ,i mean su* z are n valiant 9 w>4 ,&1 to put ! matt] %ortly1 x may be said1 t ! great val\r ( ,romulus left ,numa a p]iod ( _m ye>s )9 :i* to gov]n ,rome by peaceful arts2 t aft] ,numa came ,tullus1 :o r5ew$ by 8 c\rage ! fame ( ,romulus2 & t he 9 turn 0 succe$$ by ,ancus1 a pr9ce s gift$ by nature t he c\ld equally avail himself ( ! me?ods ( peace or w>2 :o sett+ himself at fir/ to pursue ! =m]1 :5 he f\nd t 8 neighb\rs judg$ him to be effem9ate1 & !re=e held him 9 slight e/eem1 und]/ood t to pres]ve ,rome he mu/ resort to arms & resemble ,romulus r ?an ,numa4 ,f ^: example e rul] ( a ,/ate may le>n t a pr9ce l ,numa w hold or lose 8 p[] accord+ z =tune & circum/ances befri5d him2 b t ! pr9ce :o resembles ,romulus1 & l him is =tifi$ ) =esight & arms1 w hold 8 ,/ate :atev] befall1 unless depriv$ ( x by "s /ubborn & irresi/ible =ce4 ,= we may reckon ) c]ta9ty t if ,rome _h n _h = h] ?ird k+ "o :o knew h[ to re/ore h] cr$it by de$s ( val\r1 %e c\ld n1 or at any rate n )\t great difficulty1 h aft]w>ds held h] gr\nd1 nor c\ld ev] h a*iev$ ! great exploits %e did4 ,& = ^! reasons ,rome1 :ile %e liv$ "u h] k+s1 0 9 con/ant dang] ( de/ruction ?r\gh a k+ :o might be weak or bad4 ,,*apt] ,,xx4--,t ! consecutive ,reigns ( two valiant ,pr9ces produce great results3 & t well-ord]$ ,commonweal?s are assur$ ( a ,succession ( valiant ,rul]s by :om _! ,p[] & ,gr[? are rapidly ext5d$4 ,:5 ,rome _h driv5 out h] k+s1 %e 0 fre$ f ^? dang]s to :i*1 z ,i h said1 %e 0 expos$ by ! possible succession ( a weak or wick$ pr9ce4 ,= ! *ief %>e 9 ! gov]nm5t !n devolv$ ^u ! consuls1 :o took _! au?ority n by inh]itance1 nor yet by craft or by ambiti\s viol5ce1 b by ! free suffrages ( _! fell[-citiz5s1 & 7 always m5 ( signal wor?2 by ^: val\r & good =tune ,rome be+ con/antly aid$1 0 able to rea* ! height ( h] greatness 9 ! same numb] ( ye>s z %e _h liv$ "u h] k+s4 ,& s9ce we f9d t two successive reigns ( valiant pr9ces1 z ( ,philip ( ,mac$on & 8 son ,alex&]1 suffice to conqu] ! _w1 ?is ought to be /ill easi] = a commonweal?1 :i* has x 9 its p[] to *oose1 n two excell5t rul]s only1 b an endless numb] 9 succession4 ,& 9 e well ord]$ commonweal? provision w be made = a succession ( ?is sort4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi4--,t x is a great reproa* to a ,pr9ce or to a ,commonweal? to be )\t a national ,army4 ,^? pr9ces & republics ( ! pres5t day :o lack =ces ( _! own1 :e!r = attack or def5ce1 %\ld take %ame to !mselves1 & %\ld be conv9c$ by ! example ( ,tullus1 t _! defici5cy does n arise f want ( m5 fit = w>like ent]prises1 b f _! own fault 9 n kn[+ h[ to make _! subjects good soldi]s4 ,= aft] ,rome _h be5 at peace = =ty ye>s1 ,tullus1 succe$+ to ! k+dom1 f\nd n a s+le ,roman :o _h ev] be5 9 battle4 ,nev]!less :5 he made up 8 m9d to ent] on a w>1 x nev] occurr$ to him to h rec\rse to ! ,samnites1 or ! ,etruscans1 or to any o!r ( ! neighb\r+ nations accu/om$ to arms1 b he resolv$1 l ! prud5t pr9ce he 01 to rely on 8 own c\ntrym54 ,& su* 0 8 ability t1 "u 8 rule1 ! p v soon became admirable soldi]s4 ,= no?+ is m true ?an t :]e a c\ntry1 hav+ m51 lacks soldi]s1 x results f "s fault 9 its rul]1 & n f any defect 9 ! situation or climate4 ,( ?is we h a v rec5t in/ance4 ,e "o kn[s1 h[1 only ! o!r day1 ! ,k+ ( ,engl& invad$ ! realm ( ,france ) an army rais$ :olly f among 8 own p1 al?\gh f 8 c\ntry hav+ be5 at peace = ?irty ye>s1 he _h nei!r m5 nor (fic]s :o _h ev] look$ an enemy 9 ! face4 ,nev]!less1 he did n hesitate ) su* troops z he _h1 to attack a k+dom well provid$ ) (fic]s & excell5t soldi]s :o _h be5 con/antly "u arms 9 ! ,italian w>s4 ,& ?is 0 possible ?r\gh ! prud5ce ( ! ,engli% k+ & ! wise ord9ances ( 8 k+dom1 :i* nev] 9 "t ( peace relaxes its w>like discipl9e4 ,s too1 9 old times1 ,pelopidas & ,epam9ondas ! ,!bans1 aft] !y _h fre$ ,!bes f h] tyrants1 & rescu$ h] f ?raldom to ,sp>ta1 f9d+ !mselves 9 a city us$ to s]vitude & surr\nd$ by an effem9ate p1 scrupl$ n1 s great 0 _! c\rage1 to furni% ^! ) arms1 & g =? ) !m to meet & to conqu] ! ,sp>tan =ces on ! field4 ,& he :o relates ?is1 obs]ves1 t ^! two capta9s v soon %[$ t w>riors are n br$ 9 ,lac$mon alone1 b 9 e c\ntry :]e m5 are f\nd1 if only "s "o arise among !m :o kn[s h[ to direct !m to arms2 z we see ,tullus knew h[ to direct ! ,romans4 ,nor c\ld ,virgil bett] express ?is op9ion1 or %[ by fitt] words t he 0 conv9c$ ( its tru? ?an1 :5 he says3-- 8,to arms %all ,tullus r\se ,8 sluggi% w>riors40#b #b ,residesque movebit ,tullus 9 arma viros4 ,virg4 ,a54 vi4 #had4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii4--,:at is to be not$ 9 ! combat ( ! ?ree ,roman ,horatii & ! ?ree ,alban ,curiatii4 ,x 0 agre$ betwe5 ,tullus k+ ( ,rome1 & ,metius k+ ( ,alba1 t ! nation ^: *ampions 7 victori\s 9 combat %\ld rule ov] ! o!r4 ,! ?ree ,alban ,curiatii 7 sla92 "o ( ! ,roman ,horatii surviv$4 ,:]eupon ! ,alban k+ ) all 8 p became subject to ! ,romans4 ,! surviv+ ,horatius return+ victori\s to ,rome1 & meet+ 8 si/]1 wife to "o ( ! dead ,curiatii1 bewail+ ! dea? ( h] husb&1 slew h]2 & be+ tri$ = ?is crime1 01 aft] mu* cont5tion1 lib]at$1 r on ! entreaties ( 8 fa!r ?an = 8 own des]ts4 ,h]e9 ?ree po9ts are to be not$4 ,fir/1 t we %\ld nev] p]il our :ole =tunes on ! success ( only a "p ( our =ces4 ,second1 t 9 a well-gov]n$ ,/ate1 m]it %\ld nev] be all[$ to balance crime4 ,& ?ird1 t ^? are nev] wise cov5ants :i* we _c or %\ld n expect to be obs]v$4 ,n[1 = a ,/ate to be enslav$ is s t]rible a calamity t x ought nev] to h be5 suppos$ possible t ei!r ( ^! k+s or nations w\ld re/ cont5t "u a slav]y result+ f ! defeat ( ?ree only ( _! numb]4 ,& s x appe>$ to ,metius2 = al?\gh on ! victory ( ! ,roman *ampions1 he at once confess$ himself vanqui%$1 & promis$ ob$i5ce2 nev]!less1 9 ! v fir/ exp$ition :i* he & ,tullus und]took jo9tly aga9/ ! p ( ,veii1 we f9d him seek+ to circumv5t ! ,roman1 z ?\gh p]ceiv+ too late ! ra% "p he _h play$4 ,?is is en\gh to say ( ! ?ird po9t :i* ,i not$ z des]v+ att5tion4 ,( ! o!r two ,i %all speak 9 ! next two ,*apt]s4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4--,t we %\ld nev] haz>d our :ole ,=tunes :]e we put n =? our entire ,/r5g?2 = :i* reason to gu>d a ,defile is (t5 hurtful4 ,x 0 nev] judg$ a prud5t c\rse to p]il y\r :ole =tunes :]e y put n =? y\r :ole /r5g?2 z may happ5 9 m ways ?an "o4 ,"o ( ^! ways 0 t tak5 by ,tullus & ,metius1 :5 ea* /ak$ ! exi/5ce ( 8 c\ntry & ! cr$it ( 8 army on ! val\r & good =tune ( ?ree only ( 8 soldi]s1 t be+ an utt]ly insignificant fraction ( ! =ce at 8 disposal4 ,= nei!r ( ^! k+s reflect$ t all ! lab\rs ( _! pr$ecessors 9 fram+ su* in/itutions = _! ,/ates1 z might1 ) ! aid ( ! citiz5s !mselves1 ma9ta9 !m long 9 fre$om1 7 r5d]$ futile1 :5 ! p[] to ru9 all 0 left 9 ! h&s ( s small a numb]4 ,no ra%] /ep1 !re=e1 c\ld h be5 tak51 ?an 0 tak5 by ^! k+s4 ,a l risk is almo/ always incurr$ by ^? :o1 on ! approa* ( an enemy1 resolve to def5d "s place ( /r5g?1 or to gu>d ! defiles by :i* _! c\ntry is ent]$4 ,= unless room be f\nd 9 ?is place ( /r5g? = almo/ all y\r army1 ! attempt to hold x w almo/ always prove hurtful4 ,if y c f9d room1 x w be "r to def5d y\r /rong places2 b if ^! be difficult ( access1 & y _c !re keep y\r entire =ce toge!r1 ! ef=t to def5d is mis*iev\s4 ,i come to ?is conclusion f obs]v+ ! example ( ^? :o1 al?\gh _! t]ritories be enclos$ by m\nta9s & precipices1 h n1 on be+ attack$ by p[]ful enemies1 attempt$ to fight on ! m\nta9s or 9 ! defiles1 b h advanc$ beyond !m to meet _! foes2 or1 if unwill+ to advance1 h await$ attack beh9d _! m\nta9s1 on level & n on brok5 gr\nd4 ,! reason ( :i* is1 z ,i h above expla9$1 t _m m5 _c be assembl$ 9 ^! /rong places = _! def5ce2 p>tly because a l>ge numb] ( m5 _c long subsi/ !re1 & p>tly because su* places be+ n>r[ & conf9$1 af=d room = a few only2 s t no enemy c !re be )/ood1 :o comes 9 =ce to ! attack2 :i* he c easily d1 8 design be+ to pass on & n to make a /ay2 :]eas he :o /&s on ! def5sive _c d s 9 =ce1 because1 f n kn[+ :5 ! enemy may ent] ! conf9$ & /]ile tracts ( :i* ,i speak1 he may h to lodge himself !re = a long "t4 ,b %\ld y lose "s pass :i* y _h reckon$ on hold+1 & on ! def5ce ( :i* y\r c\ntry & army h reli$1 !re commonly foll[s su* panic among y\r p & among ! troops :i* rema9 to y1 t y are vanqui%$ )\t opportunity giv5 = any display ( val\r1 & lose ev]y?+ )\t br++ all y\r res\rces into play4 ,e "o has he>d ) :at difficulty ,hannibal cross$ ! ,alps :i* divide ,france f ,lomb>dy1 & aft]w>ds ^? :i* sep>ate ,lomb>dy f ,tuscany4 ,nev]!less ! ,romans await$ him1 9 ! fir/ in/ance on ! banks ( ! ,tic9o1 9 ! second on ! pla9 ( ,arezzo1 pref]r+ to be defeat$ on gr\nd :i* at lea/ gave !m a *ance ( victory1 to lead+ _! army into m\nta9 fa/nesses :]e x 0 likely to be de/roy$ by ! m]e difficulties ( ! gr\nd4 ,& any :o read hi/ory ) att5tion w f9d1 t v few capable comm&]s h attempt$ to hold passes ( ?is nature1 z well = ! reasons already giv51 z because to close !m all 7 impossible4 ,= m\nta9s1 l pla9s1 are trav]s$ n only by well-kn[n & frequ5t$ roads1 b also by _m by-ways1 :i*1 ?\gh unkn[n to /rang]s1 are famili> to ! p ( ! c\ntry1 "u ^: guidance y may always1 & 9 spite ( any opposition1 be easily conduct$ to :atev] po9t y please4 ,( ?is we h a rec5t in/ance 9 ! ev5ts ( ! ye> #aeae4 ,= :5 ,francis ,i4 ( ,france resolv$ on invad+ ,italy 9 ord] to recov] ! prov9ce ( ,lomb>dy1 ^? ho/ile to 8 attempt look$ ma9ly to ! ,swiss1 :o x 0 hop$ w\ld /op him 9 pass+ ?r\gh _! m\nta9s4 ,b ?is hope 0 disappo9t$ by ! ev5t4 ,= leav+ on "o side two or ?ree defiles :i* 7 gu>d$ by ! ,swiss1 ! k+ advanc$ by ano!r unkn[n pass1 & 0 9 ,italy & ^u 8 enemies be=e !y knew4 ,:]eupon !y fl$ t]ror-/rick5 into ,milan2 :ile ! :ole population ( ,lomb>dy1 f9d+ !mselves deceiv$ 9 _! expectation t ! ,fr5* w\ld be deta9$ 9 ! m\nta9s1 w5t ov] to _! side4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv4--,t well-ord]$ ,/ates always provide ,rew>ds & ,puni%m5ts = _! ,citiz5s2 & nev] set (f ,des]ts aga9/ ,misde$s4 ,! val\r ( ,horatius 9 vanqui%+ ! ,curiatii des]v$ ! highe/ rew>d4 ,b 9 slay+ 8 si/] he _h be5 guilty ( a he9\s crime4 ,& s displeas+ to ! ,romans 0 an outrage ( ?is nature1 t al?\gh 8 s]vices 7 s great & s rec5t1 !y br\ght him to trial = 8 life4 ,to "o look+ at x c>elessly1 ?is might seem an in/ance ( popul> +ratitude1 b he :o consid]s ! matt] m closely1 & exam9es ) s\nd] judgm5t :at ! ord9ances ( a ,/ate %\ld be1 w r blame ! ,roman p = acquitt+ ,horatius ?an = putt+ him on 8 trial4 ,& ?is because no well-ord]$ ,/ate ev] /rikes a balance betwe5 ! s]vices ( its citiz5s & _! misde$s2 b appo9t+ rew>ds = good actions & puni%m5t = bad1 :5 x has rew>d$ a man = act+ well1 w aft]w>ds1 %\ld he act ill1 *a/ise him1 )\t reg>d to 8 =m] des]ts4 ,:5 ^! ord9ances are duly obs]v$1 a city w live long 9 fre$om1 b :5 !y are neglect$1 x mu/ soon come to ru94 ,= :5 a citiz5 has r5d]$ "s spl5did s]vice to 8 c\ntry1 if to ! di/9ction :i* 8 action 9 itself conf]s1 7 add$ an ov]-we5+ confid5ce t any crime he might !nce=? commit w\ld pass unpuni%$1 he w\ld soon become s arrogant t no civil bonds c\ld re/ra9 him4 ,/ill1 :ile we w\ld h puni%m5t t]rible to wrongdo]s1 x is ess5tial t good actions %\ld be rew>d$1 z we see to h be5 ! case 9 ,rome4 ,= ev5 :]e a republic is poor1 & has b little to give1 x ought n to )hold t little2 s9ce a gift1 h[ev] small1 be/[$ z a rew>d = s]vices h[ev] great1 w always be e/eem$ mo/ hon\rable & preci\s by him :o receives x4 ,! /ory ( ,horatius ,cocles & t ( ,mutius ,scvola are well kn[n3 h[ ! "o )/ood ! enemy on ! bridge :ile x 0 be+ cut d[n1 & ! o!r ?ru/ 8 h& into ! fire 9 puni%m5t ( ! mi/ake made :5 he s\ght ! life ( ,pors5na ! ,etruscan k+4 ,to ea* ( ^! two1 9 requital ( _! spl5did de$s1 two pl\ghgates only ( ! public l& 7 giv54 ,ano!r fam\s /ory is t ( ,manlius ,capitol9us1 to :om1 = hav+ sav$ ! ,capitol f ! besieg+ ,gauls1 a small measure ( meal 0 giv5 by ea* ( ^? :o 7 %ut up ) him dur+ ! siege4 ,:i* recomp5se1 9 proportion to ! weal? ( ! citiz5s ( ,rome at t "t1 0 ?\ght ample2 s t aft]w>ds1 :5 ,manlius1 mov$ by jeal\sy & malice1 s\ght to ar\se s$ition 9 ,rome1 & to ga9 ov] ! p to 8 cause1 !y )\t reg>d to 8 pa/ s]vices ?rew him headlong f t ,capitol 9 sav+ :i* he _h =m]ly ga9$ s great a r5[n4 ,,*apt] ,,xxv4--,t he :o w\ld re=m ! ,in/itutions ( a free ,/ate1 mu/ reta9 at lea/ ! semblance ( old ,ways4 ,:oev] takes ^u him to re=m ! gov]nm5t ( a city1 mu/1 if 8 measures are to be well receiv$ & c>ri$ out ) g5]al approval1 pres]ve at lea/ ! semblance ( exi/+ me?ods1 s z n to appe> to ! p to h made any *ange 9 ! old ord] ( ?+s2 al?\gh1 9 tru?1 ! new ord9ances diff] altoge!r f ^? :i* !y replace4 ,= :5 ?is is att5d$ to1 ! mass ( mank9d accept :at seems z :at is2 nay1 are (t5 t\*$ m ne>ly by appe>ances ?an by realities4 ,?is t5d5cy be+ recogniz$ by ! ,romans at ! v outset ( _! civil fre$om1 :5 !y appo9t$ two consuls 9 place ( a s+le k+1 !y w\ld n p]mit ! consuls to h m ?an twelve lictors1 9 ord] t ! old numb] ( ! k+'s att5dants might n be exce$$4 ,aga91 !re be+ solemniz$ e ye> 9 ,rome a sacrificial rite :i* c\ld only be p]=m$ by ! k+ 9 p]son1 t ! p might n be l$ by ! abs5ce ( ! k+ to rem>k ! want ( any anci5t obs]vance1 a prie/ 0 appo9t$ = ! due celebration ( ?is rite1 to :om 0 giv5 ! "n ( ,rex sacrificulus1 & :o 0 plac$ "u ! ord]s ( ! *ief prie/4 ,9 ?is way ! p 7 cont5t$1 & _h no occasion f any defect 9 ! solemnities to desire ! return ( _! k+s4 ,l precautions %\ld be us$ by all :o w\ld put an end to ! old gov]nm5t ( a city & sub/itute new & free in/itutions4 ,= s9ce novelty di/urbs m5's m9ds1 we %\ld seek 9 ! *anges we make to pres]ve z f> z possible :at is anci5t1 s t if ! new magi/rates diff] f ! old 9 numb]1 9 au?ority1 or 9 ! duration ( _! (fice1 !y %all at lea/ reta9 ! old names4 ,?is1 ,i say1 %\ld be se5 to by him :o w\ld e/abli% a con/itutional gov]nm5t1 :e!r 9 ! =m ( a commonweal? or ( a k+dom4 ,b he :o w\ld create an absolute gov]nm5t ( ! k9d :i* political writ]s t]m a tyranny1 mu/ r5ew ev]y?+1 z %all be expla9$ 9 ! foll[+ ,*apt]4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvi4--,a new ,pr9ce 9 a ,city or ,prov9ce ( :i* he has tak5 ,possession1 ought to make ,ev]y?+ new4 ,:osoev] becomes pr9ce ( a city or ,/ate1 m especially if 8 position be s insecure t he _c resort to con/itutional gov]nm5t ei!r 9 ! =m ( a republic or a mon>*y1 w f9d t ! be/ way to pres]ve 8 pr9c$om is to r5ew ! :ole in/itutions ( t ,/ate2 t is to say1 to create new magi/racies ) new names1 conf] new p[]s1 & employ new m51 & l ,david :5 he became k+1 exalt ! humble & depress ! great1 8fill+ ! hungry ) good ?+s1 & s5d+ ! ri* empty away40 ,moreov]1 he mu/ pull d[n exi/+ t[ns & rebuild !m1 remov+ _! inhabitants f "o place to ano!r2 &1 9 %ort1 leave no?+ 9 ! c\ntry z he f\nd x2 s t !re %all be nei!r rank1 nor condition1 nor hon\r1 nor weal? :i* its possessor c ref] to any b to him4 ,& he mu/ take example f ,philip ( ,mac$on1 ! fa!r ( ,alex&]1 :o by means su* z ^!1 f be+ a petty pr9ce became mon>* ( all ,greece2 & ( :om x 0 writt5 t he %ift$ m5 f prov9ce to prov9ce z a %eph]d moves 8 flocks f "o pa/ure to ano!r4 ,^! inde$ are mo/ cruel exp$i5ts1 contr>y n m]ely to e ,*ri/ian1 b to e civiliz$ rule ( conduct1 & su* z e man %\ld %un1 *oos+ r to lead a private life ?an to be a k+ on t]ms s hurtful to mank9d4 ,b he :o w n keep to ! fair pa? ( virtue1 mu/ to ma9ta9 himself ent] ?is pa? ( evil4 ,m51 h[ev]1 n kn[+ h[ to be :olly good or :olly bad1 *oose = !mselves c]ta9 middle ways1 :i* ( all o!rs are ! mo/ p]nici\s1 z %all be %[n by an in/ance 9 ! foll[+ ,*apt]4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvii4--,t ,m5 seldom "k h[ to be :olly good or :olly bad4 ,:5 9 ! ye> #aeje1 ,pope ,julius ,,ii4 w5t to ,bologna to expel f t city ! family ( ! ,b5tivogli1 :o _h be5 pr9ces !re = ov] a hundr$ ye>s1 x 0 also 9 8 m9d1 z a "p ( ! g5]al design he _h plann$ aga9/ all ^? lords :o _h usurp$ ,*ur* l&s1 to remove ,giovanpagolo ,baglioni1 tyrant ( ,p]ugia4 ,& com+ to ,p]ugia ) ?is int5tion & resolve1 ( :i* all m5 knew1 he w\ld n wait to ent] ! t[n ) a =ce suffici5t = 8 protection1 b ent]$ x unatt5d$ by troops1 al?\gh ,giovanpagolo 0 !re ) a great company ( soldi]s :om he _h assembl$ = 8 def5ce4 ,& ?us1 urg$ on by t impetuosity :i* /amp$ all 8 actions1 accompani$ only by 8 body-gu>d1 he committ$ himself into ! h&s ( 8 enemy1 :om he =?) c>ri$ away ) him1 leav+ a gov]nor beh9d to hold ! t[n = ! ,*ur*4 ,all prud5t m5 :o 7 ) ! ,pope rem>k$ on 8 tem]ity1 & on ! pusillanimity ( ,giovanpagolo2 nor c\ld !y conjecture :y ! latt] _h n1 to 8 et]nal glory1 avail$ himself ( ?is opportunity = cru%+ 8 enemy1 & at ! same "t enri*+ himself ) plund]1 ! ,pope be+ att5d$ by ! :ole ,college ( ,c>d9als ) all _! luxuri\s equipage4 ,= x c\ld n be suppos$ t he 0 )held by any prompt+s ( goodness or scruples ( consci5ce2 because 9 ! brea/ ( a pr(ligate liv+ 9 ince/ ) 8 si/]1 & :o to obta9 ! pr9c$om _h put 8 nephews & k9sm5 to dea?1 no virtu\s impulse c\ld prevail4 ,s t ! only inf]5ce to be drawn 01 t m5 "k n h[ to be spl5didly wick$ or :olly good1 & %r9k 9 consequ5ce f su* crimes z are /amp$ ) an inh]5t greatness or disclose a nobility ( nature4 ,= :i* reason ,giovanpagolo1 :o ?\ght no?+ ( incurr+ ! guilt ( ince/1 or ( murd]+ 8 k9sm51 c\ld n1 or m truly dur/ n1 avail himself ( a fair occasion to d a de$ :i* all w\ld h admir$2 :i* w\ld h won = him a dea?less fame z ! fir/ to tea* ! prelates h[ little ^? :o live & reign z !y d are to be e/eem$2 & :i* w\ld h display$ a greatness f> transc5d+ any infamy or dang] t c\ld atta* to x4 ,,*apt] ,,xxviii4--,:5ce x came t ! ,romans 7 less ungrateful to _! ,citiz5s ?an 7 ! ,a!nians4 ,9 ! hi/ories ( all republics we meet ) in/ances ( "s sort ( +ratitude to _! great citiz5s1 b few] 9 ! hi/ory ( ,rome ?an ( ,a!ns1 or inde$ ( any o!r republic4 ,se>*+ = ! cause ( ?is1 ,i am p]suad$ t1 s f> z reg>ds ,rome & ,a!ns1 x 0 due to ! ,romans hav+ _h less occasion ?an ! ,a!nians to look ^u _! fell[-citiz5s ) suspicion4 ,=1 f ! expulsion ( h] k+s d[n to ! times ( ,sylla & ,m>ius1 ! lib]ty ( ,rome 0 nev] subv]t$ by any "o ( h] citiz5s2 s t !re nev] 0 9 t city grave cause = di/ru/+ any man1 & 9 consequ5ce mak+ him ! victim ( inconsid]ate inju/ice4 ,! rev]se 0 notori\sly ! case ) ,a!ns2 = t city1 hav+1 at a "t :5 %e 0 mo/ fl\ri%+1 be5 depriv$ ( h] fre$om by ,pisi/ratus "u a false %[ ( good-w1 rememb]+1 aft] %e rega9$ h] lib]ty1 h] =m] bondage & all ! wrongs %e _h endur$1 became ! rel5tless *a/is]1 n ( (f5ces only on ! "p ( h] citiz5s1 b ev5 ( ! %ad[ ( an (f5ce4 ,h5ce ! bani%m5t & dea? ( s _m excell5t m51 & h5ce ! law ( o/racism1 & all ^? o!r viol5t measures :i* f "t to "t dur+ ! hi/ory ( t city 7 direct$ aga9/ h] =emo/ citiz5s4 ,= ?is is mo/ true :i* is ass]t$ by ! writ]s on civil gov]nm5t1 t a p :i* has recov]$ its fre$om1 bites m fi]cely ?an "o :i* has always pres]v$ x4 ,& any :o %all weigh well :at has be5 said1 w n condemn ,a!ns 9 ?is matt]1 nor comm5d ,rome1 b ref] all to ! necessity aris+ out ( ! diff]5t conditions prevail+ 9 ! two ,/ates4 ,= c>eful reflection w %[ t _h ,rome be5 depriv$ ( h] fre$om z ,a!ns 01 %e w\ld n h be5 a :it m t5d] to h] citiz5s4 ,?is we may reasonably inf] f rem>k+ :at1 aft] ! expulsion ( ! k+s1 befell ,collat9us & ,publius ,val]ius2 ! =m] ( :om1 ?\gh he _h tak5 "p 9 ! lib]ation ( ,rome1 0 s5t into exile = no o!r reason ?an t he bore ! "n ( ,t>qu92 :ile ! sole gr\nd ( suspicion aga9/ ! latt]1 & :at almo/ l$ to 8 bani%m5t1 0 8 hav+ built a h\se ^u ! ,clian hill4 ,see+ h[ h>% & suspici\s ,rome 0 9 ^! two in/ances1 we may surmise t %e w\ld h %[n ! same +ratitude z ,a!ns1 _h %e1 l ,a!ns1 be5 wrong$ by h] citiz5s at an e>ly /age ( h] gr[?1 & be=e %e _h atta9$ to ! fulness ( h] /r5g?4 ,t ,i may n h to return to ?is "q ( +ratitude1 ,i %all say all t rema9s to be said ab\t x 9 my next ,*apt]4 ,,*apt] ,,xxix4--,:e!r a ,p or a ,pr9ce is ! m ungrateful4 ,9 connection ) :at has be5 said above1 x seems prop] to consid] :e!r m notable in/ances ( +ratitude are suppli$ by pr9ces or peoples4 ,&1 to g to ! root ( ! matt]1 ,i affirm t ?is vice ( +ratitude has its s\rce ei!r 9 av>ice or 9 suspicion4 ,= a pr9ce or p :5 !y h s5t =? a capta9 on "s important ent]prise1 by succe$+ 9 :i* he e>ns a great "n1 are b\nd 9 return to rew>d him2 & if mov$ by av>ice & covet\sness !y fail to d s1 or if1 in/ead ( rew>d+1 !y wrong & disgrace him1 !y commit an error :i* is n only )\t excuse1 b br+s ) x undy+ infamy4 ,&1 9 fact1 we f9d _m pr9ces :o h s9n$ 9 ?is way1 = ! cause giv5 by ,cornelius ,tacitus :5 he says1 t 8m5 are readi] to pay back injuries ?an b5efits1 s9ce to requite a b5efit is felt to be a bur!n1 to return an injury a ga940#c #c ,proclivius e/ injuri quam b5eficio vicem exsolv]e1 quia gratia on]i1 ultio 9 qua/u habetur4 ,tacit4 ,hi/4 iv4 #b4 ,:51 h[ev]1 rew>d is )held1 or1 to speak m correctly1 :]e (f5ce is giv51 n f av>ice b f suspicion1 ! pr9ce or p may des]ve "s excuse2 & we read ( _m in/ances ( +ratitude proce$+ f ?is cause4 ,= ! capta9 :o by 8 val\r has won new dom9ions = 8 pr9ce1 s9ce :ile ov]com+ 8 enemies1 he at ! same "t cov]s himself ) glory & enri*es 8 soldi]s1 mu/ ne$s acquire su* cr$it ) 8 own foll[]s1 & ) ! enemy1 & also ) ! subjects ( 8 pr9ce1 z _c be :olly agreeable to ! ma/] :o s5t him =?4 ,& s9ce m5 are by nature ambiti\s z well z jeal\s1 & none loves to set a limit to 8 =tunes1 ! suspicion :i* at once lays hold ( ! pr9ce :5 he sees 8 capta9 victori\s1 is sure to be inflam$ by "s arrogant act or ^w ( ! capta9 himself4 ,s t ! pr9ce w be unable to ?9k ( any?+ b h[ to secure himself2 & to ?is end w contrive h[ he may put 8 capta9 to dea?1 or at any rate deprive him ( ! cr$it he has ga9$ ) ! army & among ! p2 do+ all he c to %[ t ! victory 0 n won by 8 val\r1 b by good =tune1 or by ! c[>dice ( ! enemy1 or by ! skill & prud5ce ( ^? comm&]s :o 7 ) him at ?is or ! o!r battle4 ,aft] ,vespasian1 :o 0 !n 9 ,juda1 _h be5 proclaim$ emp]or by 8 army1 ,antonius ,primus1 :o comm&$ ano!r army 9 ,illyria1 adopt$ 8 cause1 & m>*+ into ,italy aga9/ ,vitellius :o _h be5 proclaim$ emp]or 9 ,rome1 c\rage\sly defeat$ two armies "u t pr9ce1 & occupi$ ,rome2 s t ,mutianus1 :o 0 s5t ?i!r by ,vespasian1 f\nd ev]y?+ done to 8 h&1 & all difficulties surm\nt$ by ! val\r ( ,antonius4 ,b all ! rew>d :i* ,antonius _h = 8 pa9s1 01 t ,mutianus =?) depriv$ him ( 8 comm& ( ! army1 & by degrees dim9i%$ 8 au?ority 9 ,rome till none 0 left him4 ,!reupon ,antonius w5t to jo9 ,vespasian1 :o 0 /ill 9 ,asia2 by :om he 0 s coldly receiv$ & s little consid]$1 t 9 despair he put himself to dea?4 ,& ( cases l ?is1 hi/ory is full4 ,e man liv+ at ! pres5t h\r kn[s ) :at zeal & c\rage ,gonsalvo ( ,cordova1 :ile conduct+ ! w> 9 ,naples aga9/ ! ,fr5*1 conqu]$ & subdu$ t k+dom = 8 ma/] ,f]d9& ( ,aragon2 & h[ 8 s]vices 7 requit$ by ,f]d9& com+ f ,aragon to ,naples1 & fir/ ( all depriv+ him ( ! comm& ( ! army1 aft]w>ds ( ! =tresses1 & f9ally c>ry+ him back ) him to ,spa91 :]e soon aft] he di$ 9 disgrace4 ,?is jeal\sy1 !n1 is s natural to pr9ces1 t !y _c gu>d !mselves aga9/ x1 nor %[ gratitude to ^? :o s]v+ "u _! /&>d h ga9$ great victories & made great conque/s on _! behalf4 ,& if x be impossible = pr9ces to free _! m9ds f su* suspicions1 !re is no?+ /range or surpris+ t a p %\ld be unable to d s4 ,= z a city liv+ "u free in/itutions has two ends always be=e x1 namely to acquire lib]ty & to pres]ve x1 x mu/ ( necessity be l$ by its excessive passion = lib]ty to make mi/akes 9 ! pursuit ( bo? ^! objects4 ,( ! mi/akes x commits 9 ! ef=t to acquire lib]ty1 ,i %all speak1 h]eaft]1 9 ! prop] place4 ,( mi/akes committ$ 9 ! endeav\r to pres]ve lib]ty are to be not$1 ! injur+ ^? citiz5s :o ought to be rew>d$1 & ! suspect+ ^? :o %\ld be tru/$4 ,n[1 al?\gh 9 a ,/ate :i* has gr[n corrupt ^! errors occasion great evils1 & commonly lead to a tyranny1 z happ5$ 9 ,rome :5 ,cs> took by =ce :at +ratitude _h d5i$ him1 !y are nev]!less ! cause ( mu* good 9 ! republic :i* has n be5 corrupt$1 s9ce !y prolong ! duration ( its free in/itutions1 & make m51 ?r\gh fe> ( puni%m5t1 bett] & less ambiti\s4 ,( all peoples possess$ ( great p[]1 ! ,romans1 = ! reasons ,i h giv51 h und\bt$ly be5 ! lea/ ungrateful1 s9ce we h no o!r in/ance ( _! +ratitude to cite1 save t ( ,scipio4 ,= bo? ,coriolanus & ,camillus 7 bani%$ on acc\nt ( ! wrongs :i* !y inflict$ on ! commons2 & ?\gh ! =m] 0 n =giv5 because he con/antly reta9$ ill w aga9/ ! p1 ! latt] 0 n only recall$1 b = ! re/ ( 8 life hon\r$ z a pr9ce4 ,b ! +ratitude %[n t[>ds ,scipio arose f ! suspicion :]e) ! citiz5s came to reg>d him1 :i* !y _h n felt 9 ! case ( ! o!rs1 & :i* 0 occasion$ by ! greatness ( ! enemy :om he _h ov]?r[n1 ! fame he _h won by prevail+ 9 s dang]\s & protract$ a w>1 ! sudd5ness ( 8 victories1 &1 f9ally1 ! fav\r :i* 8 y\?1 toge!r ) 8 prud5ce & 8 o!r memorable qualities _h ga9$ = him4 ,^! qualities 71 9 tru?1 s rem>kable t ! v magi/rates1 n to speak ( o!rs1 /ood 9 awe ( 8 au?ority1 a circum/ance displeas+ to prud5t citiz5s1 z be=e unhe>d ( 9 ,rome4 ,9 %ort1 8 :ole be>+ & "* 7 s mu* out ( ! common1 t ev5 ! eld] ,cato1 s celebrat$ = 8 au/]e virtue1 0 ! fir/ to decl>e aga9/ him1 say+ t no city c\ld be deem$ free :i* conta9$ a citiz5 :o 0 fe>$ by ! magi/rates4 ,& s9ce1 9 ?is in/ance1 ! ,romans foll[$ ! op9ion ( ,cato1 !y m]it t excuse :i*1 z ,i h said already1 %\ld be ext5d$ to ! pr9ce or p :o are ungrateful ?r\gh suspicion4 ,9 conclusion x is to be said t :ile ?is vice ( +ratitude has its orig9 ei!r 9 av>ice or 9 suspicion1 commonweal?s are r>ely l$ into x by av>ice1 & f> seldom] ?an pr9ces by suspicion1 hav+1 z %all pres5tly be %[n1 f> less reason ?an pr9ces = suspect+4 ,,*apt] ,,xxx4--,h[ ,pr9ces & ,commonweal?s may avoid ! vice ( ,+ratitude2 & h[ a ,capta9 or ,citiz5 may escape be+ undone by x4 ,t he may n be torm5t$ by suspicion1 nor %[ ungrateful1 a pr9ce %\ld g himself on 8 w>s z ! ,roman emp]ors did at fir/1 z ! ,turk does n[1 &1 9 %ort1 z all valiant pr9ces h done & d4 ,= :5 x is ! pr9ce himself :o conqu]s1 ! glory & ! ga9 are all 8 own2 b :5 he is abs5t1 s9ce ! glory is ano!r's1 x w seem to ! pr9ce t he pr(its no?+ by ! ga91 unless t glory be qu5*$ :i* he knew n h[ to w9 = himself2 & :5 he ?us becomes ungrateful & unju/1 d\btless 8 loss is great] ?an 8 ga94 ,to ! pr9ce1 !re=e1 :o1 ei!r ?r\gh indol5ce or f want ( =esight1 s5ds =? a capta9 to conduct 8 w>s :ile he himself rema9s inactive at home1 ,i h no advice to (f] :i* he does n already "k4 ,b ,i w\ld c\nsel ! capta9 :om he s5ds1 s9ce ,i am sure t he c nev] escape ! attacks ( +ratitude1 to foll[ "o or o!r ( two c\rses1 & ei!r quit 8 comm& at once aft] a victory1 & place himself 9 ! h&s ( 8 pr9ce1 :ile c>efully ab/a9+ f e va+lori\s or ambiti\s act1 s t ! pr9ce1 be+ reliev$ f all suspicion1 may be dispos$ to rew>d1 or at any rate n to injure him2 or else1 %\ld he ?9k x inexp$i5t = him to act 9 ?is way1 to take boldly ! contr>y c\rse1 & fe>lessly to foll[ out all su* measures z he ?9ks w secure = himself1 & n = 8 pr9ce1 :atev] he has ga9$2 conciliat+ ! good-w ( 8 soldi]s & fell[-citiz5s1 =m+ new fri5d%ips ) neighb\r+ pot5tates1 plac+ 8 own adh]5ts 9 =tifi$ t[ns1 corrupt+ ! *ief (fic]s ( 8 army & gett+ rid ( ^? :om he fails to corrupt1 & by all simil> means endeav\r+ to puni% 8 ma/] = ! +ratitude :i* he looks = at 8 h&s4 ,^! are ! only two c\rses op52 b s9ce1 z ,i said be=e1 m5 "k n h[ to be :olly good or :olly bad1 x w nev] happ5 t aft] a victory a capta9 w quit 8 army & conduct himself mode/ly1 nor yet t he w v5ture to use ^? h>dy me?ods :i* h 9 !m "s /ra9 ( greatness2 & s1 rema9+ undecid$1 he w be cru%$ :ile he /ill wav]s & d\bts4 ,a commonweal? desir+ to avoid ! vice ( +ratitude is1 z comp>$ ) a pr9ce1 at ?is disadvantage1 t :ile a pr9ce c g himself on 8 exp$itions1 ! commonweal? mu/ s5d "s "o ( its citiz5s4 ,z a rem$y1 ,i w\ld recomm5d t c\rse be+ adopt$ :i* 0 foll[$ by ! ,roman republic 9 ord] to be less ungrateful ?an o!rs1 hav+ its orig9 9 ! nature ( ! ,roman gov]nm5t4 ,= ! :ole city1 nobles & commons alike1 tak+ "p 9 h] w>s1 !re 7 always f\nd 9 ,rome at e /age ( h] hi/ory1 s _m valiant & successful soldi]s1 t by reason ( _! numb]1 & f "o act+ z a *eck ^u ano!r1 ! nation _h nev] gr\nd to be jeal\s ( any "o man among !m2 :ile !y1 on _! "p1 liv$ uprightly1 & 7 c>eful to betray no sign ( ambition1 nor give ! p ! lea/ cause to di/ru/ !m z ambiti\s2 s t he obta9$ mo/ glory f 8 dictator%ip :o 0 fir/ to lay x d[n4 ,:i* conduct1 z x excit$ no suspicion1 c\ld occasion no +ratitude4 ,we see1 !n1 t ! commonweal? :i* w\ld h no cause to be ungrateful1 mu/ act z ,rome did2 & t ! citiz5 :o w\ld escape +ratitude1 mu/ obs]ve ^? precautions :i* 7 obs]v$ by ,roman citiz5s4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxi4--,t ! ,roman ,capta9s 7 nev] puni%$ ) extreme sev]ity = ,misconduct2 & :]e loss result$ to ! ,republic m]ely ?r\gh _! ,ignorance or ,want ( ,judgm5t1 7 n puni%$ at all4 ,! ,romans 7 n only1 z has be5 said above1 less ungrateful ?an o!r republics1 b 7 also m l5i5t & m consid]ate ?an o!rs 9 puni%+ ! capta9s ( _! armies4 ,= if ^! err$ ( set purpose1 !y *a/is$ !m ) g5tl5ess2 :ile if !y err$ ?r\gh ignorance1 s f> f puni%+1 !y ev5 hon\r$ & rew>d$ !m4 ,& ?is conduct 0 well consid]$4 ,= z !y judg$ x ( ! utmo/ mom5t1 t ^? 9 comm& ( _! armies %\ld1 9 all !y _h to d1 h _! m9ds undi/urb$ & free f ext]nal anxieties1 !y w\ld n add fur!r difficulty & dang] to a task 9 itself bo? dang]\s & difficult1 le/ none %\ld ev] be f\nd to act ) val\r4 ,= suppos+ !m to be s5d+ =? an army aga9/ ,philip ( ,mac$on 9 ,greece or aga9/ ,hannibal 9 ,italy1 or aga9/ any o!r enemy at ^: h&s !y _h already su/a9$ rev]ses1 ! capta9 9 comm& ( t exp$ition w\ld be weight$ ) all ! grave & important c>es :i* att5d su* ent]prises4 ,b if to all ^! c>es1 _h be5 add$ ! example ( ,roman g5]als crucifi$ or o!rwise put to dea? = hav+ lo/ battles1 x w\ld h be5 impossible = a comm&] surr\nd$ by s _m causes = anxiety to h act$ ) vig\r & decision4 ,= :i* reason1 & because !y ?\ght t to su* p]sons ! m]e ignom9y ( defeat 0 9 itself puni%m5t en\gh1 !y w\ld n di%e>t5 _! g5]als by inflict+ on !m any heavi] p5alty4 ,( errors committ$ n ?r\gh ignorance1 ! foll[+ is an in/ance4 ,s]gius & ,virg9ius 7 engag$ 9 ! siege ( ,veii1 ea* be+ 9 comm& ( a division ( ! army1 & :ile ,s]gius 0 set to gu>d aga9/ ! approa* ( ! ,etruscans1 x fell to ,virg9ius to wat* ! t[n4 ,b ,s]gius be+ attack$ by ! ,faliscans & o!r tribes1 *ose r to be defeat$ & r\t$ ?an ask aid f ,virg9ius1 :o1 on 8 "p1 await+ ! humiliation ( 8 rival1 0 will+ to see 8 c\ntry di%on\r$ & an army de/roy$1 soon] ?an g unask$ to 8 relief4 ,?is 0 notable misconduct1 & likely1 unless bo? (f5d]s 7 puni%$1 to br+ discr$it on ! ,roman "n4 ,b :]eas ano!r republic w\ld h puni%$ ^! m5 ) dea?1 ! ,romans 7 cont5t to inflict only a money f9e3 n because ! (f5ce did n 9 itself des]ve sev]e h&l+1 b because !y 7 unwill+1 = ! reasons already giv51 to dep>t 9 ?is in/ance f _! anci5t practice4 ,( errors committ$ ?r\gh ignorance we h no bett] example ?an 9 ! case ( ,v>ro1 ?r\gh ^: ra%ness ! ,romans 7 defeat$ by ,hannibal at ,cann1 :]e ! republic well-nigh lo/ its lib]ty4 ,b because he _h act$ ?r\gh ignorance & ) no evil design1 !y n only refra9$ f puni%+ him1 b ev5 treat$ him ) di/9ction2 ! :ole s5ate go+ =? to meet him on 8 return to ,rome1 & z !y c\ld n ?ank him = hav+ f\ght1 ?ank+ him = hav+ come back1 & = n hav+ despair$ ( ! =tunes 8 c\ntry4 ,aga91 :5 ,papirius ,cursor w\ld h _h ,fabius put to dea?1 because1 contr>y to 8 ord]s1 he _h f\ght ) ! ,samnites1 among ! reasons plead$ by ! fa!r ( ,fabius aga9/ ! p]si/5cy ( ! dictator1 he urg$ t nev] on ! occasion ( ! defeat ( any ( _! capta9s _h ! ,romans done :at ,papirius desir$ !m to d on ! occasion ( a victory4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxii4--,t a ,pr9ce or ,commonweal? %\ld n delay conf]r+ ,b5efits until !y are !mselves 9 difficulties4 ,! ,romans f\nd x = _! advantage to be g5]\s to ! commons at a season ( dang]1 :5 ,pors5na came to attack ,rome & re/ore ! ,t>qu9s4 ,= ! s5ate1 appreh5d+ t ! p might *oose r to take back _! k+s ?an to support a w>1 secur$ _! adh]5ce by reliev+ !m ( ! duty on salt & ( all _! o!r bur!ns2 say+ t 8! poor did en\gh = ! common welf>e 9 re>+ _! (fspr+40 ,9 return = :i* indulg5ce ! commons 7 cont5t to und]go w>1 siege1 & fam9e4 ,let no "o h[ev]1 rely+ on ?is example1 delay conciliat+ ! p till dang] has actually come2 or1 if he d1 let him n hope to h ! same good =tune z ! ,romans4 ,= ! mass ( ! p w consid] t !y h to ?ank n him1 b 8 enemies1 & t !re is gr\nd to fe> t :5 ! dang] has pass$ away1 he w take back :at he gave "u compulsion1 &1 !re=e1 t to him !y lie "u no obligation4 ,& ! reason :y ! c\rse foll[$ by ! ,romans succe$$1 0 t ! ,/ate 0 /ill new & unsettl$4 ,besides :i*1 ! p knew t laws _h already be5 pass$ 9 _! fav\r1 z1 = in/ance1 ! law all[+ an appeal to ! tribunes1 & c\ld !re=e p]suade !mselves t ! b5efits grant$ !m proce$$ f ! good-w ent]ta9$ t[>ds !m by ! s5ate1 & 7 n due m]ely to ! approa* ( an enemy4 ,moreov]1 ! memory ( _! k+s1 by :om !y _h 9 _m ways be5 wrong$ & ill-treat$1 0 /ill fre% 9 _! m9ds4 ,b s9ce l conditions seldom recur1 x c only r>ely happ5 t l rem$ies are useful4 ,:]e=e1 all1 :e!r pr9ces or republics1 :o hold ! re9s ( gov]nm5t1 ought to ?9k be=eh& ( ! adv]se times :i* may await !m1 & ( :at help !y may !n /& 9 ne$2 & ought s to live ) _! p z !y w\ld ?9k "r 7 !y suff]+ "u any calamity4 ,&1 :osoev]1 :e!r pr9ce or republic1 b pr9ce m especially1 behaves o!rwise1 & believes t aft] ! ev5t & :5 dang] is ^u him he w be able to w9 m5 ov] by b5efits1 deceives himself1 & w n m]ely fail to ma9ta9 8 place1 b w ev5 precipitate 8 d[nfall4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxiii4--,:5 a ,mis*ief has gr[n up 91 or aga9/ a ,/ate1 x is saf] to temporize ) ?an to meet x ) ,viol5ce4 ,z ,rome grew 9 fame1 p[]1 & dom9ion1 h] neighb\rs1 :o at fir/ _h tak5 no he$ to ! injury :i* ?is new republic might d !m1 began too late to see _! mi/ake1 & desir+ to rem$y :at %\ld h be5 rem$i$ be=e1 comb9$ aga9/ h] to ! numb] ( =ty nations4 ,:]eupon ! ,romans1 resort+ to a me?od usual ) !m 9 seasons ( p]il1 appo9t$ a dictator2 t is1 gave p[] to "o man to decide )\t advice1 & c>ry out 8 resolves )\t appeal4 ,:i* exp$i5t1 z x !n enabl$ !m to ov]come ! dang]s by :i* !y 7 ?reat5$1 s always aft]w>ds prov$ mo/ s]viceable1 :51 at any "t dur+ ! gr[? ( _! p[]1 difficulties arose to emb>rass _! republic4 ,9 connection ) ?is league aga9/ ,rome we h fir/ to note1 t :5 a mis*ief :i* spr+s up ei!r 9 or aga9/ a republic1 & :e!r occasion$ by int]nal or ext]nal causes1 has gr[n to su* proportions t x beg9s to fill ! :ole community ) al>m1 x is a f> saf] c\rse to temporize ) x ?an to attempt to quell x by viol5ce4 ,= commonly ^? :o make ?is attempt only add fuel to ! flame1 & ha/5 ! imp5d+ ru94 ,su* disord]s arise 9 a republic m (t5 f int]nal causes ?an ext]nal1 ei!r ?r\gh "s citiz5 be+ suff]$ to acquire undue influ5ce1 or f ! corruption ( "s in/itution ( t republic1 :i* _h once be5 ! life & s9ew ( its fre$om2 & f ?is corruption be+ all[$ to ga9 su* head t ! attempt to *eck x is m dang]\s ?an to let x be4 ,& x is all ! h>d] to recognize ^! disord]s 9 _! beg9n+1 because x seems natural to m5 to look ) fav\r on ! beg9n+s ( ?+s4 ,fav\r ( ?is sort1 m ?an by any?+ else1 is attract$ by ^? actions :i* seem to h 9 !m a quality ( greatness1 or :i* are p]=m$ by ! "y4 ,= :5 9 a republic "s "y man is se5 to come =w>d end[$ ) r>e excell5ce1 ! eyes ( all ! citiz5s are at once turn$ ^u him1 & all1 )\t di/9ction1 concur to d him hon\r2 s t if he h "o sp>k ( ambition1 ! advantages :i* he has f nature1 toge!r ) ^? he takes f ?is fav\rable disposition ( m5's m9ds1 raise him to su* a pit* ( p[]1 t :5 ! citiz5s at la/ see _! mi/ake x is almo/ impossible = !m to correct x2 & :5 !y d :at !y c to oppose 8 influ5ce ! only result is to ext5d x4 ,( ?is ,i might cite num]\s examples1 b %all cont5t myself ) "o relat+ to our own city4 ,cosimo de' ,m$ici1 to :om ! h\se ( ! ,m$ici 9 ,flor5ce owes ! orig9 ( its =tunes1 acquir$ s great a "n f ! fav\r :]e) 8 own prud5ce & ! bl9dness ( o!rs inve/$ him1 t com+ to be held 9 awe by ! gov]nm5t1 8 fell[-citiz5s deem$ x dang]\s to (f5d him1 b /ill m dang]\s to let him alone4 ,nicol da ,uzzano1 8 cotempor>y1 :o 0 acc\nt$ well v]s$ 9 all civil affairs1 b :o _h made a fir/ mi/ake 9 n disc]n+ ! dang]s :i* might gr[ f ! ris+ influ5ce ( ,cosimo1 w\ld nev] :ile he liv$1 p]mit a second mi/ake to be made 9 attempt+ to cru% him2 judg+ t su* an attempt w\ld be ! ru9 ( ! ,/ate1 z 9 tru? x prov$ aft] 8 dea?4 ,= "s :o surviv$ him1 disreg>d+ 8 c\nsels1 comb9$ aga9/ ,cosimo & bani%$ him f ,flor5ce4 ,& s x came ab\t t ! p>tisans ( ,cosimo1 angry at ! wrong done him1 soon aft]w>ds recall$ him & made him pr9ce ( ! republic1 a dignity he nev] w\ld h rea*$ b = ?is op5 opposition4 ,! v same ?+ happ5$ 9 ,rome 9 ! case ( ,cs>4 ,= 8 s]vices hav+ ga9$ him ! good-w ( ,pompey & o!r citiz5s1 _! fav\r 0 pres5tly turn$ to fe>1 z ,cic]o te/ifies :]e he says t 8x 0 late t ,pompey began to fe> ,cs>40 ,?is fe> l$ m5 to ?9k ( rem$ies1 & ! rem$ies to :i* !y resort$ accel]at$ ! de/ruction ( ! republic4 ,i say1 !n1 t s9ce x is difficult to recognize ^! disord]s 9 _! beg9n+1 because ( ! false impressions :i* ?+s produce at ! fir/1 x is a wis] c\rse :5 !y become kn[n1 to temporize ) !m ?an to oppose !m2 = :5 y temporize1 ei!r !y die out ( !mselves1 or at any rate ! injury !y d is def]r$4 ,& ! pr9ce :o w\ld suppress su* disord]s or oppose himself to _! =ce & onset1 mu/ always be on 8 gu>d1 le/ he help :]e he w\ld h9d]1 ret>d :5 he w\ld advance1 & dr[n ! plant he ?9ks to wat]4 ,he mu/ !re=e /udy well ! symptoms ( ! disease2 &1 if he believe himself equal to ! cure1 grapple ) x fe>lessly2 if n1 he mu/ let x be1 & n attempt to treat x 9 any way4 ,=1 o!rwise1 x w f>e ) him z x f>$ ) ^? neighb\rs ( ,rome1 = :om x w\ld h be5 saf]1 aft] t city _h gr[n to be s great1 to h s\ght to soo! & re/ra9 h] by peaceful arts1 ?an to provoke h] by op5 w> to contrive new means ( attack & new me?ods ( def5ce4 ,= ?is league _h no o!r effect ?an to make ! ,romans m unit$ & resolute ?an be=e1 & to be?9k !mselves ( new exp$i5ts :]eby _! p[] 0 /ill m rapidly advanc$2 among :i* 0 ! creation ( a dictator2 = ?is innovation n only enabl$ !m to surm\nt ! dang]s :i* !n ?reat5$ !m1 b 0 aft]w>ds ! means ( escap+ inf9ite calamities into :i*1 )\t x1 ! republic mu/ h fall54 ,,*apt] ,,xxxiv4--,t ! au?ority ( ! ,dictator did good & n h>m to ! ,roman ,republic3 & t x is n ^? ,p[]s :i* are giv5 by ! free suffrages ( ! ,p1 b ^? :i* ambiti\s ,citiz5s usurp = !mselves1 t are p]nici\s to a ,/ate4 ,^? citiz5s :o fir/ devis$ a dictator%ip = ,rome h be5 blam$ by c]ta9 writ]s1 z ?\gh ?is _h be5 ! cause ( ! tyranny aft]w>ds e/abli%$ !re4 ,= ^! au?ors allege t ! fir/ tyrant ( ,rome gov]n$ x ) ! title ( ,dictator1 & t1 b = ! exi/5ce ( ! (fice1 ,cs> c\ld nev] h cloak$ 8 usurpation "u a con/itutional "n4 ,he :o fir/ took up ?is op9ion _h n well consid]$ ! matt]1 & 8 conclusion has be5 accept$ )\t good gr\nd4 ,= x 0 n ! "n nor (fice ( ,dictator :i* br\ght ,rome to s]vitude1 b ! influ5ce :i* c]ta9 ( h] citiz5s 7 able to assume f ! prolongation ( _! t]m ( p[]2 s t ev5 _h ! "n ( ,dictator be5 want+ 9 ,rome1 "s o!r _h be5 f\nd to s]ve _! ends1 s9ce p[] may readily give titles1 b n titles p[]4 ,we f9d1 accord+ly1 t :ile ! dictator%ip 0 conf]r$ 9 con=mity ) public ord9ances1 & n ?r\gh p]sonal influ5ce1 x 0 con/antly b5eficial to ! city4 ,= x is ! magi/racies creat$ & ! p[]s usurp$ 9 uncon/itutional ways t hurt a republic1 n ^? :i* con=m to ord9>y rule2 s t 9 ,rome1 ?r\gh ! :ole p]iod ( h] hi/ory1 we nev] f9d a dictator :o act$ o!rwise ?an well = ! republic4 ,= :i* !re 7 ! pla9e/ reasons4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 to enable a citiz5 to "w h>m & to acquire undue au?ority1 _m circum/ances mu/ be pres5t :i* nev] c be pres5t 9 a ,/ate :i* is n corrupt$4 ,= su* a citiz5 mu/ be exce$+ly ri*1 & mu/ h _m reta9]s & p>tisans1 :om he _c h :]e ! laws are /rictly obs]v$1 & :o1 if he _h !m1 w\ld occasion s mu* al>m1 t ! free suffrage ( ! p w\ld seldom be 9 8 fav\r4 ,9 ! second place1 ! dictator 0 n creat$ = life1 b = a fix$ t]m1 & only to meet ! em]g5cy = :i* he 0 appo9t$4 ,p[] 0 inde$ giv5 him to det]m9e by himself :at measures ! exig5cy dem&$2 to d :at he _h to d )\t consultation2 & to puni% )\t appeal4 ,b he _h no au?ority to d any?+ to ! prejudice ( ! ,/ate1 z x w\ld h be5 to deprive ! s5ate or ! p ( _! privileges1 to subv]t ! anci5t in/itutions ( ! city1 or introduce new4 ,s t tak+ into acc\nt ! brief "t = :i* 8 (fice la/$1 its limit$ au?ority1 & ! circum/ance t ! ,roman p 7 /ill uncorrupt$1 x 0 impossible = him to ov]/ep ! j limits ( 8 p[] s z to injure ! city2 & 9 fact we f9d t he 0 always useful to x4 ,&1 9 tru?1 among ! in/itutions ( ,rome1 ?is ( ! dictator%ip des]ves our special admiration1 & to be l9k$ ) ! *ief causes ( h] greatness2 = )\t "s su* safegu>d a city c h>dly pass unh>m$ ?r\gh extraord9>y dang]s4 ,because z ! ord9>y in/itutions ( a commonweal? "w b sl[ly1 no c\ncil & no magi/rate hav+ au?ority to act 9 ev]y?+ alone1 b 9 mo/ matt]s "o /&+ 9 ne$ ( ! o!r1 & "t be+ requir$ to reconcile _! diff]5ces1 ! rem$ies :i* !y provide are mo/ dang]\s :5 !y h to be appli$ 9 cases :i* d n brook delay4 ,= :i* reason1 e republic ought to h "s res\rce ( ?is nature provid$ by its con/itution2 z we f9d t ! ,republic ( ,v5ice1 "o ( ! be/ ( ^? n[ exi/+1 has 9 cases ( urg5t dang] res]v$ au?ority to a few ( h] citiz5s1 if agre$ among !mselves1 to det]m9e )\t fur!r consultation :at c\rse is to be foll[$4 ,:5 a republic is n provid$ ) "s safegu>d su* z ?is1 ei!r x mu/ be ru9$ by obs]v+ con/itutional =ms1 or else1 to save x1 ^! mu/ be brok5 ?r\gh4 ,b 9 a republic no?+ %\ld be left to be effect$ by irregul> me?ods1 because1 al?\gh = ! "t ! irregul>ity may be useful1 ! example w nev]!less be p]nici\s1 z giv+ rise to a practice ( violat+ ! laws = good ends1 "u col\r ( :i* !y may aft]w>ds be violat$ = ends :i* are n good4 ,= :i* reason1 t c nev] become a p]fect republic :]e9 e cont+5cy has n be5 =ese5 & provid$ = by ! laws1 & ! me?od ( deal+ ) x def9$4 ,to sum up1 !re=e1 ,i say t ^? republics :i* _c 9 sudd5 em]g5cies resort ei!r to a dictator or to "s simil> au?ority1 w1 :5 ! dang] is s]i\s1 always be undone4 ,we may note1 moreov]1 h[ prud5tly ! ,romans1 9 introduc+ ?is new (fice1 contriv$ ! conditions "u :i* x 0 to be ex]cis$4 ,= p]ceiv+ t ! appo9tm5t ( a dictator involv$ some?+ ( humiliation = ! consuls1 :o1 f be+ ! heads ( ! ,/ate1 7 r$uc$ to r5d] ob$i5ce l e "o else1 & anticipat+ t ?is might give (f5ce1 !y det]m9$ t ! p[] to appo9t %\ld re/ ) ! consuls1 ?9k+ t :5 ! occasion came :5 ,rome %\ld h ne$ ( ?is regal au?ority1 !y w\ld h ! consuls act+ will+ly & feel+ ! less aggriev$ f ! appo9tm5t be+ 9 _! own h&s4 ,= ^? w\nds or o!r injuries :i* a man inflicts ^u himself by *oice1 & ( 8 own free w1 pa9 him f> less ?an ^? inflict$ by ano!r4 ,nev]!less1 9 ! lat] days ( ! republic ! ,romans 7 wont to entru/ ?is p[] to a consul in/ead ( to a dictator1 us+ ! =mula1 ,videat ,,consul ne quid respublica detrim5ti capiat4 ,b to return to ! matt] 9 h&1 ,i say briefly1 t :5 ! neighb\rs ( ,rome s\ght to cru% h]1 !y l$ h] to take measures n m]ely = h] readi] def5ce1 b su* z enabl$ h] to attack !m ) a /rong] =ce1 ) bett] skill1 & ) an undivid$ comm&4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxv--,:y ! ,creation ( ! ,decemvirate 9 ,rome1 al?\gh br\ght ab\t by ! free & op5 ,suffrage ( ! ,citiz5s1 0 hurtful to ! ,lib]ties ( t ,republic ,! fact ( ^? t5 citiz5s :o 7 *os5 by ! ,roman p to make laws = ,rome1 9 "t becom+ h] tyrants & depriv+ h] ( h] fre$om1 may seem contr>y to :at ,i h said above1 namely t x is ! au?ority :i* is viol5tly usurp$1 & n t conf]r$ by ! free suffrages ( ! p :i* is injuri\s to a republic4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 we h to take into acc\nt bo? ! mode 9 :i*1 & ! t]m = :i* au?ority is giv54 ,:]e au?ority is unre/rict$ & is conf]r$ = a long t]m1 mean+ by t = a ye> or m1 x is always att5d$ ) dang]1 & its results w be good or bad accord+ z ! m5 are good or bad to :om x is committ$4 ,n[ :5 we comp>e ! au?ority ( ! ,t5 ) t possess$ by ! dictator1 we see t ! p[] plac$ 9 ! h&s ( ! =m] 0 out ( all proportion great] ?an t entru/$ to ! latt]4 ,= :5 a dictator 0 appo9t$ !re /ill rema9$ ! tribunes1 ! consuls1 & ! s5ate1 all ( !m inve/$ ) au?ority ( :i* ! dictator c\ld n deprive !m4 ,= ev5 if he c\ld h tak5 8 consul%ip f "o man1 or 8 /atus z a s5ator f ano!r1 he c\ld n aboli% ! s5atorial rank nor pass new laws4 ,s t ! s5ate1 ! consuls1 & ! tribunes cont9u+ to exi/ ) undim9i%$ au?ority 7 a *eck ^u him & kept him 9 ! "r road4 ,b on ! creation ( ! ,t51 ! opposite ( all ?is took place4 ,= on _! appo9tm5t1 consuls & tribunes 7 swept away1 & express p[]s 7 giv5 to ! new magi/rates to make laws & d :atev] else !y ?\ght fit1 ) ! entire au?ority ( ! :ole ,roman p4 ,s t f9d+ !mselves alone )\t consuls or tribunes to control !m1 & ) no appeal aga9/ !m to ! p1 & ?us !re be+ none to keep a wat* ^u !m1 & fur!r be+ /imulat$ by ! ambition ( ,appius1 9 ! second ye> ( _! (fice !y began to wax insol5t4 ,let x be not$1 !re=e1 t :5 x is said t au?ority giv5 by ! public vote is nev] hurtful to any commonweal?1 x is assum$ t ! p w nev] be l$ to conf] t au?ority )\t due limitations1 or = o!r ?an a reasonable t]m4 ,%\ld !y1 h[ev] ei!r f be+ deceiv$ or o!rwise bl9d$1 be induc$ to be/[ au?ority imprud5tly1 z ! ,romans be/[$ x on ! ,t51 x w always f>e ) !m z ) ! ,romans4 ,& ?is may readily be und]/ood on reflect+ :at causes op]at$ to keep ! dictator good1 :at to make ! ,t5 bad1 & by obs]v+ h[ ^? republics :i* h be5 acc\nt$ well gov]n$1 h act$ :5 conf]r+ au?ority = an ext5d$ p]iod1 z ! ,sp>tans on _! k+s & ! ,v5etians on _! doges2 = x w be se5 t 9 bo? ^! in/ances ! au?ority 0 controll$ by *ecks :i* made x impossible = x to be abus$4 ,b :]e an uncontroll$ au?ority is giv51 no security is af=d$ by ! circum/ance t ! body ( ! p is n corrupt$2 = 9 ! briefe/ possible "t absolute au?ority w make a p corrupt1 & obta9 = itself fri5ds & p>tisans4 ,nor w x be any h9drance to him 9 :om su* au?ority is ve/$1 t he is poor & )\t connections1 = weal? & e o!r advantage w quickly foll[1 z %all be %[n m fully :5 we discuss ! appo9tm5t ( ! ,t54 ,,*apt] ,,xxxvi4--,t ,citiz5s :o h held ! high] ,(fices ( a ,commonweal? %\ld n disda9 ! l[]4 ,"u ! consuls ,m4 ,fabius & ,cn4 ,manlius1 ! ,romans _h a memorable victory 9 a battle f\ght ) ! ,vei5t9es & ! ,etruscans1 9 :i* ,q4 ,fabius1 bro!r ( ! consul1 :o _h himself be5 consul ! ye> be=e1 0 sla94 ,?is ev5t may lead u to rem>k h[ well ! me?ods foll[$ by ! city ( ,rome 7 suit$ to increase h] p[]1 & h[ great a mi/ake is made by o!r republics 9 dep>t+ f !m4 ,=1 eag] z ! ,romans 7 9 ! pursuit ( glory1 !y nev] e/eem$ x a di%on\r to obey "o :om be=e !y _h comm&$1 or to f9d !mselves s]v+ 9 ! ranks ( an army :i* once !y _h l$4 ,?is usage1 h[ev]1 is oppos$ to ! ideas1 ! rules1 & ! practice :i* prevail at ! pres5t day1 z1 = in/ance1 9 ,v5ice1 :]e ! notion /ill obta9s t a citiz5 :o has fill$ a great (fice %\ld be a%am$ to accept a less2 & :]e ! ,/ate itself p]mits him to decl9e x4 ,?is c\rse1 assum+ x to l5d lu/re to individual citiz5s1 is pla9ly to ! disadvantage ( ! community1 :i* has reason to hope m f1 & to tru/ m to1 ! citiz5 :o desc5ds f a high (fice to fill a l[]1 ?an him :o rises f a l[ (fice to fill a high "o2 = 9 ! latt] no confid5ce c reasonably be plac$1 unless he be se5 to h o!rs ab\t him ( su* cr$it & wor? t x may be hop$ _! wise c\nsels & influ5ce w correct 8 inexp]i5ce4 ,b _h ! usage :i* prevails 9 ,v5ice & 9 o!r mod]n commonweal?s & k+doms1 prevail$ 9 ,rome :]eby he :o _h once be5 consul 0 nev] aft]w>ds to g ) ! army except z consul1 numb]less results mu/ h foll[$ detrim5tal to ! free in/itutions ( t city2 z well f ! mi/akes :i* ! inexp]i5ce ( new m5 w\ld h occasion$1 z because f _! ambition hav+ a fre] c\rse1 & f _! hav+ none ne> !m 9 ^: pres5ce !y might fe> to d amiss1 !y w\ld h gr[n less scrupul\s2 & 9 ?is way ! public s]vice mu/ h suff]$ grave h>m4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxvii4--,( ! ,mis*ief br$ 9 ,rome by ! ,agr>ian ,law3 & h[ x is a great s\rce ( disord] 9 a ,commonweal? to pass a ,law oppos$ to anci5t ,usage & ) /r+5t retrospective ,effect4 ,x has be5 said by anci5t writ]s t to be p9*$ by adv]sity or pamp]$ by prosp]ity is ! common lot ( m51 & t 9 :i*ev] way !y are act$ ^u ! result is ! same4 ,= :5 no long] urg$ to w> on "o ano!r by necessity1 !y are urg$ by ambition1 :i* has su* dom9ion 9 _! he>ts t x nev] leaves !m to :atsoev] heights !y climb4 ,= nature has s ord]$ x t :ile !y desire ev]y?+1 x is impossible = !m to h ev]y?+1 & ?us _! desires be+ always 9 excess ( _! capacity to gratify !m1 !y rema9 con/antly dissatisfi$ & discont5t$4 ,& h5ce ! vicissitudes 9 human affairs4 ,= "s seek+ to enl>ge _! possessions1 & "s to keep :at !y h got1 w>s & enmities ensue1 f :i* result ! ru9 ( "o c\ntry & ! gr[? ( ano!r4 ,i am l$ to ^! reflections f obs]v+ t ! commons ( ,rome 7 n cont5t to secure !mselves aga9/ ! nobles by ! creation ( tribunes1 a measure to :i* !y 7 driv5 by necessity1 b aft] effect+ ?is1 =?) ent]$ ^u an ambiti\s conte/ ) ! nobles1 seek+ to %>e ) !m :at all m5 mo/ e/eem1 namely1 _! hon\rs & _! weal?4 ,h5ce 0 br$ t disord] f :i* sprang ! feuds relat+ to ! ,agr>ian ,laws1 & :i* l$ 9 ! end to ! d[nfall ( ! ,roman republic4 ,& al?\gh x %\ld be ! object ( e well-gov]n$ commonweal? to make ! ,/ate ri* & keep individual citiz5s poor x mu/ be all[$ t 9 ! matt] ( ?is law ! city ( ,rome 0 to blame2 :e!r = hav+ pass$ x at fir/ 9 su* a %ape z to require x to be cont9ually reca/2 or = hav+ po/pon$ x s long t its retrospective effect 0 ! occasion ( tumult2 or else1 because1 al?\gh rightly fram$ at fir/1 x _h come 9 its op]ation to be p]v]t$4 ,b 9 :atev] way x happ5$1 s x 01 t ?is law 0 nev] spok5 ( 9 ,rome )\t ! :ole city be+ convuls$4 ,! law itself embrac$ two pr9cipal provisions4 ,by "o x 0 enact$ t no citiz5 %\ld possess m ?an a fix$ numb] ( acres ( l&2 by ! o!r t all l&s tak5 f ! enemy %\ld be di/ribut$ among ! :ole p4 ,a tw(old bl[ 0 ?us aim$ at ! nobles2 s9ce all :o possess$ m l& ?an ! law all[$1 z mo/ ( ! nobles did1 fell to be depriv$ ( x2 :ile by divid+ ! l&s ( ! enemy among ! :ole p1 ! road to weal? 0 clos$4 ,^! two gr\nds ( (f5ce be+ giv5 to a p[]ful class1 to :om x appe>$ t by resi/+ ! law !y did a s]vice to ! ,/ate1 ! :ole city1 z ,i h said1 0 ?r[n into an upro> on ! m]e m5tion ( its "n4 ,! nobles inde$ s\ght to temporize1 & to prevail by pati5ce & address2 sometimes call+ out ! army1 sometimes oppos+ ano!r tribune to ! "o :o 0 promot+ ! law1 & sometimes com+ to a compromise by s5d+ a colony into ! l&s :i* 7 to be divid$2 z 0 done 9 ! case ( ! t]ritory ( ,antium1 :i!r1 on a dispute conc]n+ ! law hav+ aris51 settl]s 7 s5t f ,rome1 & ! l& made ov] to !m4 ,9 speak+ ( :i* colony ,titus ,livius makes ! notable rem>k1 t h>dly any "o 9 ,rome c\ld be got to take "p 9 x1 s mu* readi] 7 ! commons to indulge 9 covet\s s*emes at home1 ?an to realize !m by leav+ x4 ,! ill hum\r eng5d]$ by ?is conte/ cont9u$ to prevail until ! ,romans began to c>ry _! arms into ! remot] p>ts ( ,italy & to c\ntries beyond its %ores2 aft] :i* x seem$ = a "t to slumb]--& ?is1 because ! l&s held by ! enemies ( ,rome1 out ( sight ( h] citiz5s & too remote to be conv5i5tly cultivat$1 came to be less desir$4 ,:]eupon ! ,romans grew less eag] to puni% _! enemies by divid+ _! l&s1 & 7 cont5t1 :5 !y depriv$ any city ( its t]ritory1 to s5d coloni/s to occupy x4 ,= causes su* z ^!1 ! measure rema9$ 9 abeyance d[n to ! "t ( ! ,grac*i2 b be+ by !m reviv$1 f9ally ov]?rew ! lib]ty ( ,rome4 ,= z x f\nd ! p[] ( its adv]s>ies d\bl$1 su* a flame ( hatr$ 0 k9dl$ betwe5 commons & s5ate1 t1 reg>dless ( all civil re/ra9ts1 !y resort$ to arms & blood%$4 ,& z ! public magi/rates 7 p[]less to provide a rem$y1 ea* ( ! two factions hav+ no long] any hopes f !m1 resolv$ to d :at x c\ld = itself1 & to set up a *ief = its own protection4 ,on rea*+ ?is /age ( tumult & disord]1 ! commons l5t _! influ5ce to ,m>ius1 mak+ him f\r times consul2 ^: au?ority1 la/+ ?us long1 & ) v brief int]vals1 became s firmly root$ t he 0 able to make himself consul o!r ?ree times4 ,aga9/ ?is sc\rge1 ! nobles1 lack+ o!r def5ce1 set !mselves to fav\r ,sylla1 & plac+ him at ! head ( _! faction1 ent]$ on ! civil w>s2 :]e91 aft] mu* blood _h be5 spilt1 & aft] _m *anges ( =tune1 !y got ! bett] ( _! adv]s>ies4 ,b aft]w>ds1 9 ! "t ( ,cs> & ,pompey1 ! di/emp] broke out afre%2 = ,cs> head+ ! ,m>ian p>ty1 & ,pompey1 t ( ,sylla1 & w> ensu+1 ! victory rema9$ ) ,cs>1 :o 0 ! fir/ tyrant 9 ,rome2 aft] ^: "t t city 0 nev] aga9 free4 ,su*1 !re=e1 0 ! beg9n+ & su* ! end ( ! ,agr>ian ,law4 ,b s9ce x has else:]e be5 said t ! /ruggle betwe5 ! commons & s5ate ( ,rome pres]v$ h] lib]ties1 z giv+ rise to laws fav\rable to fre$om1 x might seem t ! consequ5ces ( ! ,agr>ian ,law are oppos$ to t view4 ,i am n1 h[ev]1 l$ to alt] my op9ion on ?is acc\nt2 = ,i ma9ta9 t ! ambition ( ! great is s p]nici\s t unless controll$ & c\nt]act$ 9 a v>iety ( ways1 x w always r$uce a city to spe$y ru94 ,s t if ! controv]sy ov] ! ,agr>ian ,laws took ?ree hundr$ ye>s to br+ ,rome to slav]y1 %e w\ld 9 all likelihood h be5 br\ght to slav]y 9 a f> %ort] "t1 _h n ! commons1 by means ( ?is law1 & by o!r dem&s1 con/antly re/ra9$ ! ambition ( ! nobles4 ,we may also le>n f ?is conte/ h[ mu* m m5 value weal? ?an hon\rs2 = 9 ! matt] ( hon\rs1 ! ,roman nobles always gave way to ! commons )\t any extraord9>y resi/ance2 b :5 x came to be a "q ( prop]ty1 s /ubborn 7 !y 9 its def5ce1 t ! commons to effect _! ends _h to resort to ^? irregul> me?ods :i* h be5 describ$ above4 ,( :i* irregul>ities ! prime mov]s 7 ! ,grac*i1 ^: motives are m to be comm5d$ ?an _! measures2 s9ce to pass a law ) /r+5t retrospective effect1 9 ord] to remove an abuse ( long /&+ 9 a republic1 is an unwise /ep1 & "o :i*1 z ,i h already %[n at l5g?1 c h no o!r result ?an to accel]ate ! mis*ief to :i* ! abuse leads2 :]eas1 if y temporize1 ei!r ! abuse develops m sl[ly1 or else1 9 c\rse ( "t1 & be=e x comes to a head1 dies out ( itself4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxviii4--,t weak ,republics are irresolute & undecid$2 & t ! c\rse !y may take dep5ds m on ,necessity ?an ,*oice4 ,a t]rible pe/il5ce break+ out 9 ,rome seem$ to ! ,equians & ,volscians to (f] a fit opportunity = cru%+ h]4 ,! two nations1 !re=e1 assembl+ a great army1 attack$ ! ,lat9s & ,h]nicians & laid wa/e _! c\ntry4 ,:]eupon ! ,lat9s & ,h]nicians 7 =c$ to make _! case kn[n to ! ,romans1 & to ask to be def5d$ by !m4 ,! ,romans1 :o 7 sorely afflict$ by ! pe/il5ce1 answ]$ t !y mu/ look to _! own def5ce1 & ) _! own =ces1 s9ce ,rome 0 9 no position to succ\r !m4 ,"h we recognize ! prud5ce & magnanimity ( ! ,roman s5ate1 & h[ at all times1 & 9 all *anges ( =tune1 !y assum$ ! responsibility ( det]m9+ ! c\rse _! c\ntry %\ld take2 & 7 n a%am$1 :5 necess>y1 to decide on a c\rse contr>y to t :i* 0 usual ) !m1 or :i* !y _h decid$ to foll[ on "s o!r occasion4 ,i say ?is because on o!r occasions ?is same s5ate _h =bidd5 ^! nations to def5d !mselves2 & a less prud5t assembly might h ?\ght x l[]$ _! cr$it to )draw t prohibition4 ,b ! ,roman s5ate always took a s\nd view ( ?+s1 & always accept$ ! lea/ hurtful c\rse z ! be/4 ,s t1 al?\gh x 0 di/a/eful to !m n to be able to def5d _! subjects1 & equally di/a/eful--bo? = ! reasons giv51 & = o!rs :i* may be und]/ood--t _! subjects %\ld take up arms 9 _! abs5ce1 nev]!less kn[+ t ^! mu/ h rec\rse to arms 9 any case1 s9ce ! enemy 0 ^u !m1 !y took an hon\rable c\rse 9 decid+ t :at _h to be done %\ld be done ) _! leave1 le/ m5 driv5 to disobey by necessity %\ld come aft]w>ds to disobey f *oice4 ,& al?\gh ?is may seem ! c\rse :i* e republic ought reasonably to foll[1 nev]!less weak & badly-advis$ republics _c make up _! m9ds to foll[ x1 n kn[+ h[ to d !mselves hon\r 9 l extremities4 ,aft] ,duke ,val5t9o _h tak5 ,fa5za & =c$ ,bologna to yield to 8 t]ms1 desir+ to return to ,rome ?r\gh ,tuscany1 he s5t "o ( 8 p to ,flor5ce to ask leave = himself & 8 army to pass4 ,a c\ncil 0 held 9 ,flor5ce to consid] h[ ?is reque/ %\ld be dealt )1 b no "o 0 fav\rable to ! leave ask$ = be+ grant$4 ,:]e9 ! ,roman me?od 0 n foll[$4 ,= z ! ,duke _h a v /rong =ce ) him1 :ile ! ,flor5t9es 7 s b>e ( troops t !y c\ld n h prev5t$ 8 passage1 x w\ld h be5 f> m = _! cr$it t he %\ld seem to pass ) _! cons5t1 ?an t he %\ld pass 9 spite ( !m2 because1 :ile discr$it _h to be incurr$ ei!r way1 !y w\ld h incurr$ less by acc$+ to 8 dem&4 ,b ( all c\rses ! wor/ = a weak ,/ate is to be irresolute2 = !n :atev] x does w seem to be done "u compulsion1 s t if by *ance x %\ld d any?+ well1 ?is w be set d[n to necessity & n to prud5ce4 ,( ?is ,i %all cite two o!r in/ances happ5+ 9 our own times1 & 9 our own c\ntry4 ,9 ! ye> #aejj1 ,k+ ,l\is ( ,france1 aft] recov]+ ,milan1 be+ desir\s to re/ore ,pisa to ! ,flor5t9es1 s z to obta9 paym5t f !m ( ! fifty ?\s& ducats :i* !y _h promis$ him on ! re/itution be+ complet$1 s5t troops to ,pisa "u ,m4 ,beaumont1 9 :om1 ?\gh a ,fr5*man1 ! ,flor5t9es put mu* tru/4 ,beaumont accord+ly took up 8 position ) 8 =ces betwe5 ,casc9a & ,pisa1 to be 9 read9ess to attack ! t[n4 ,aft] he _h be5 !re = "s days mak+ arrangem5ts = ! assault1 envoys came to him f ,pisa (f]+ to surr5d] _! city to ! ,fr5* if a promise 7 giv5 9 ! k+'s "n1 n to h& x ov] to ! ,flor5t9es until f\r mon?s _h run4 ,?is condition 0 absolutely reject$ by ! ,flor5t9es1 & ! siege be+ proce$$ )1 !y 7 =c$ to retire ) disgrace4 ,n[ ! proposal ( ! ,pisans 0 reject$ by ! ,flor5t9es = no o!r reason ?an t !y di/ru/$ ! good fai? ( ! ,k+1 into ^: h&s _! weakness oblig$ !m to commit !mselves1 & did n reflect h[ mu* m x 0 = _! int]e/ t1 by obta9+ entrance into ,pisa1 he %\ld h x 9 8 p[] to re/ore ! t[n to !m1 or1 fail+ to re/ore x1 %\ld at once disclose 8 designs1 ?an t rema9+ outside he %\ld put !m (f ) promises = :i* !y _h to pay4 ,x w\ld !re=e h be5 a f> bett] c\rse = ! ,flor5t9es to h agre$ to ,beaumont tak+ possession on :atev] t]ms4 ,?is 0 se5 aft]w>ds by exp]i5ce 9 ! ye> #aejb1 :51 on ! revolt ( ,arezzo1 ,m4 ,imbalt 0 s5t by ! ,k+ ( ,france ) ,fr5* troops to assi/ ! ,flor5t9es4 ,= :5 he got ne> ,arezzo1 & began to negotiate ) ! ,aret9es1 :o1 l ! ,pisans1 7 will+ to surr5d] _! t[n on t]ms1 ! acceptance ( ^! t]ms 0 /rongly disapprov$ 9 ,flor5ce2 :i* ,imbalt le>n+1 & ?9k+ t ! ,flor5t9es 7 act+ ) little s5se1 he took ! entire settlem5t ( conditions into 8 own h&s1 &1 )\t consult+ ! ,flor5t9e commission]s1 conclud$ an arrangem5t to 8 own satisfaction1 9 execution ( :i* he ent]$ ,arezzo ) 8 army4 ,& he let ! ,flor5t9es "k t he ?\ght !m fools & ignorant ( ! ways ( ! _w2 s9ce if !y desir$ to h ,arezzo1 !y c\ld signify _! wi%es to ! ,k+1 :o w\ld be mu* bett] able to give x !m :5 he _h 8 soldi]s inside1 ?an :5 he _h !m outside ! t[n4 ,nev]!less1 9 ,flor5ce !y nev] ceas$ to blame & abuse ,m4 ,imbalt1 until at la/ !y came to see t if ,beaumont _h act$ 9 ! same way1 !y w\ld h got possession ,( ,pisa z well z ( ,arezzo4 ,apply+ :at has be5 said to ! matt] 9 h&1 we f9d t irresolute republics1 unless ^u compulsion1 nev] foll[ wise c\rses2 = :]ev] !re is room = d\bt1 _! weakness w n suff] !m to come to any resolve2 s t unless _! d\bts be ov]come by "s sup]ior =ce :i* impels !m =w>d1 !y rema9 always 9 susp5se4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxix4--,t (t5 ! same ,accid5ts are se5 to befall diff]5t ,nations4 ,any "o comp>+ ! pres5t ) ! pa/ w soon p]ceive t 9 all cities & 9 all nations !re prevail ! same desires & passions z always h prevail$2 = :i* reason x %\ld be an easy matt] = him :o c>efully exam9es pa/ ev5ts1 to =esee ^? :i* are ab\t to happ5 9 any republic1 & to apply su* rem$ies z ! anci5ts h us$ 9 l cases2 or f9d+ none :i* h be5 us$ by !m1 to /rike out new ones1 su* z !y might h us$ 9 simil> circum/ances4 ,b ^! lessons be+ neglect$ or n und]/ood by read]s1 or1 if und]/ood by !m1 be+ unkn[n to rul]s1 x foll[s t ! same disord]s are common to all times4 ,9 ! ye> #adid ! ,republic ( ,flor5ce1 hav+ lo/ a portion ( its t]ritories1 includ+ ,pisa & o!r t[ns1 0 =c$ to make w> aga9/ ^? :o _h tak5 possession ( !m1 :o be+ p[]ful1 x foll[$ t great sums 7 sp5t on ^! w>s to little purpose4 ,?is l>ge exp5diture _h to be met by heavy taxes :i* gave occasion to numb]less compla9ts on ! "p ( ! p2 & inasmu* z ! w> 0 conduct$ by a c\ncil ( t5 citiz5s1 :o 7 /yl$ 8! ,t5 ( ! ,w>10 ! multitude began to reg>d ^! ) displeasure1 z ?\gh !y 7 ! cause ( ! w> & ( ! consequ5t exp5diture2 & at la/ p]suad$ !mselves t if !y got rid ( ?is magi/racy !re w\ld be an end to ! w>4 ,:]e=e :5 ! magi/racy ( 8! ,t50 %\ld h be5 r5ew$1 ! p did n r5ew x1 b1 suff]+ x to lapse1 entru/$ _! affairs to ! 8,signory40 ,?is c\rse 0 mo/ p]nici\s1 s9ce n only did x fail to put an end to ! w>1 z ! p expect$ x w\ld1 b by sett+ aside m5 :o _h conduct$ x ) prud5ce1 l$ to su* mi%aps t n ,pisa only1 b ,arezzo also1 & _m o!r t[ns besides 7 lo/ to ,flor5ce4 ,:]eupon1 ! p recogniz+ _! mi/ake1 & t ! evil 0 9 ! disease & n 9 ! physician1 re9/at$ ! magi/racy ( ! ,t54 ,simil> dissatisfaction grew up 9 ,rome aga9/ ! consul> au?ority4 ,= ! p see+ "o w> foll[ ano!r1 & t !y 7 nev] all[$ to re/1 :5 !y %\ld h ascrib$ ?is to ! ambition ( neighb\r+ nations :o desir$ _! ov]?r[1 ascrib$ x to ! ambition ( ! nobles1 :o1 z !y believ$1 be+ unable to wreak _! hatr$ aga9/ !m )9 ! city1 :]e !y 7 protect$ by ! p[] ( ! tribunes1 s\ght to lead !m outside ! city1 :]e !y 7 "u ! au?ority ( ! consuls1 t !y might cru% !m :]e !y 7 )\t help4 ,9 :i* belief !y ?\ght x necess>y ei!r to get rid ( ! consuls altoge!r1 or s to re/rict _! p[]s z to leave !m no au?ority ov] ! p1 ei!r 9 ! city or out ( x4 ,! fir/ :o attempt$ to pass a law to ?is effect 0 ! tribune ,t]5tillus1 :o propos$ t a committee ( five %\ld be nam$ to consid] & regulate ! p[] ( ! consuls4 ,?is r\s$ ! ang] ( ! nobles1 to :om x seem$ t ! greatness ( _! au?ority 0 ab\t to set = ev]1 & t no "p w\ld be left !m 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ! republic4 ,su*1 h[ev]1 0 ! ob/9acy ( ! tribunes1 t !y succe$$ 9 aboli%+ ! consul> title1 nor 7 satisfi$ until1 aft] o!r *anges1 x 0 resolv$ t1 9 room ( consuls1 tribunes %\ld be appo9t$ ) consul> p[]s2 s mu* great] 0 _! hatr$ ( ! "n ?an ( ! ?+4 ,= a long "t matt]s rema9$ on ?is foot+2 till ev5tually1 ! commons1 discov]+ _! mi/ake1 resum$ ! appo9tm5t ( consuls 9 ! same way z ! ,flor5t9es rev]t$ to 8! ,t5 ( ! ,w>40 ,,*apt] ,,xl4--,( ! creation ( ! ,decemvirate 9 ,rome1 & :at !re9 is to be not$4 ,:]e9 among o!r ,matt]s is %[n h[ ! same ,causes may lead to ! ,safety or to ! ,ru9 ( a ,commonweal?4 ,x be+ my desire to treat fully ( ^? disord]s :i* arose 9 ,rome on ! creation ( ! decemvirate1 ,i ?9k x n amiss fir/ ( all to relate :at took place at ! "t ( t creation1 & !n to discuss ^? circum/ances att5d+ x :i* seem mo/ to des]ve notice4 ,^! are num]\s1 & %\ld be well consid]$1 bo? by ^? :o w\ld ma9ta9 ! lib]ties ( a commonweal? & by ^? :o w\ld subv]t !m4 ,= 9 ! c\rse ( our inquiry x w be se5 t _m mi/akes prejudicial to fre$om 7 made by ! s5ate & p1 & t _m 7 likewise made by ,appius1 ! *ief decemvir1 prejudicial to t tyranny :i* x 0 8 aim to e/abli% 9 ,rome4 ,aft] mu* controv]sy & wrangl+ betwe5 ! commons & ! nobles z to ! fram+ ( new laws by :i* ! fre$om ( ,rome might be bett] secur$1 ,spurius ,po/humius & two o!r citiz5s 71 by g5]al cons5t1 despat*$ to ,a!ns to procure copies ( ! laws :i* ,solon _h drawn up = ! ,a!nians1 to ! end t ^! might s]ve z a gr\ndwork = ! laws ( ,rome4 ,on _! return1 ! next /ep 0 to depute c]ta9 p]sons to exam9e ^! laws & to draft ! new code4 ,= :i* purpose a commission consi/+ ( t5 memb]s1 among :om 0 ,appius ,claudius1 a crafty & ambiti\s citiz51 0 appo9t$ = a ye>2 & t ! commission]s 9 fram+ _! laws might act )\t fe> or fav\r1 all ! o!r magi/racies1 & 9 p>ticul> ! consulate & tribune%ip1 7 susp5d$1 & ! appeal to ! p discont9u$2 s t ! decemvirs came to be absolute 9 ,rome4 ,v soon ! :ole au?ority ( ! commission]s came to be c5tr$ 9 ,appius1 ow+ to ! fav\r 9 :i* he 0 held by ! commons4 ,= al?\gh be=e he _h be5 reg>d$ z ! cruel p]secutor ( ! p1 he n[ %[$ himself s conciliatory 9 8 be>+ t m5 wond]$ at ! sudd5 *ange 9 8 "* & disposition4 ,?is set ( commission]s1 !n1 behav$ discreetly1 be+ att5d$ by no m ?an twelve lictors1 walk+ 9 front ( t decemvir :om ! re/ put =w>d z _! *ief2 & ?\gh ve/$ ) absolute au?ority1 yet :5 a ,roman citiz5 _h to be tri$ = murd]1 !y cit$ him be=e ! p & caus$ him to be judg$ by !m4 ,_! laws !y wrote ^u t5 tables1 b be=e sign+ !m !y expos$ !m publicly1 t e "o might read & consid] !m1 & if any defect 7 discov]$ 9 !m1 x might be correct$ be=e !y 7 f9ally pass$4 ,at ?is juncture ,appius caus$ x to be notifi$ ?r\gh\t ! city t 7 two o!r tables add$ to ^! t51 ! laws w\ld be complete2 hop+ t "u ?is belief ! p w\ld cons5t to cont9ue ! decemvirate = ano!r ye>4 ,?is cons5t ! p will+ly gave1 p>tly to prev5t ! consuls be+ re9/at$1 & p>tly because !y ?\ght !y c\ld hold _! gr\nd )\t ! aid ( ! tribunes1 :o1 z has already be5 said1 7 ! judges 9 crim9al cases4 ,on x be+ resolv$ to reappo9t ! decemvirate1 all ! nobles set to canvass = ! (fice1 ,appius among ! =emo/2 & su* cordiality did he display t[>ds ! commons :ile seek+ _! votes1 t ! o!r c&idates1 8unable to p]suade !mselves t s mu* affability on ! "p ( s pr\d a man 0 :olly dis9t]e/$10 began to suspect him2 b fe>+ to oppose him op5ly1 s\ght to circumv5t him1 by putt+ him =w>d1 ?\gh ! y\nge/ ( !m all1 to decl>e to ! p ! names ( ! propos$ decemvirs2 ?9k+ t he w\ld n v5ture to "n himself1 t be+ an unusual c\rse 9 ,rome1 & held discr$itable4 8,b :at !y meant z a h9drance1 he turn$ to acc\nt10 by propos+1 to ! surprise & displeasure ( ! :ole nobility1 8 own "n fir/1 & !n nom9at+ n9e o!rs on ^: support he ?\ght he c\ld dep5d4 ,! new appo9tm5ts1 :i* 7 to la/ = a ye>1 hav+ be5 made1 ,appius soon let bo? commons & nobles "k ! mi/ake !y _h committ$1 = ?r[+ (f ! mask1 he all[$ 8 innate arrogance to appe>1 & spe$ily infect$ 8 colleagues ) ! same _s2 :o1 to ov]awe ! p & ! s5ate1 in/ead ( twelve lictors1 appo9t$ "o hundr$ & tw5ty4 ,= a "t _! measures 7 direct$ aga9/ high & l[ alike2 b pres5tly !y began to intrigue ) ! s5ate1 & to attack ! commons2 & if any ( ! latt]1 on be+ h>%ly us$ by "o decemvir1 v5tur$ to appeal to ano!r1 he 0 worse h&l$ on ! appeal ?an 9 ! fir/ in/ance4 ,! commons1 on discov]+ _! error1 began 9 _! despair to turn _! eyes t[>ds ! nobles1 8& to look = a breeze ( fre$om f t v qu>t] :5ce fe>+ slav]y !y _h br\ght ! republic to its pres5t /raits40 ,to ! nobles ! suff]+s ( ! commons 7 n displeas+1 f ! hope 8t disgu/$ ) ! exi/+ /ate ( affairs1 !y too might come to desire ! re/oration ( ! consuls40 ,:5 ! ye> = :i* ! decemvirs 7 appo9t$ at la/ came to an end1 ! two additional tables ( ! law 7 ready1 b _h n yet be5 publi%$4 ,?is 0 made a pretext by !m = prolong+ _! magi/racy1 :i* !y took measures to reta9 by =ce1 ga!r+ r\nd !m = ?is purpose a ret9ue ( "y noblem51 :om !y enri*$ ) ! goods ( ^? citiz5s :om !y _h condemn$4 8,corrupt$ by :i* gifts1 ^! y\?s came to pref] selfi% lic5ce to public fre$om40 ,x happ5$ t at ?is "t ! ,sab9es & ,volscians began to /ir up a w> aga9/ ,rome1 & x 0 dur+ ! al>m !reby occasion$ t ! decemvirs 7 fir/ made aw>e h[ weak 0 _! position4 ,= )\t ! s5ate !y c\ld take no w>like measures1 :ile by assembl+ ! s5ate !y seem$ to put an end to _! own au?ority4 ,nev]!less1 be+ driv5 to x by necessity1 !y took ?is latt] c\rse4 ,:5 ! s5ate met1 _m ( ! s5ators1 b p>ticul>ly ,val]ius & ,horatius1 inveigh$ aga9/ ! insol5ce ( ! decemvirs1 ^: p[] w\ld =?) h be5 cut %ort1 _h n ! s5ate ?r\gh jeal\sy ( ! commons decl9$ to ex]cise _! au?ority4 ,= !y ?\ght t 7 ! decemvirs to lay d[n (fice ( _! own free w1 tribunes might n be reappo9t$4 ,:]e=e !y decid$ = w>1 & s5t =? ! armies "u comm& ( c]ta9 ( ! decemvirs4 ,b ,appius rema9+ beh9d to gov]n ! city1 x s fell out t he became enam\r$ ( ,virg9ia1 & t :5 he s\ght to lay viol5t h&s ^u h]1 ,virg9ius1 h] fa!r1 to save h] f di%on\r1 slew h]4 ,!reupon foll[$ tumults 9 ,rome1 & mut9y among ! soldi]s1 :o1 mak+ common cause ) ! re/ ( ! plebeians1 betook !mselves to ! ,sacr$ ,hill1 & !re rema9$ until ! decemvirs laid d[n _! (fice2 :5 tribunes & consuls be+ once m appo9t$1 ,rome 0 re/or$ to h] anci5t fre$om4 ,9 ^! ev5ts we note1 fir/ ( all1 t ! p]nici\s /ep ( creat+ ?is tyranny 9 ,rome 0 due to ! same causes :i* commonly give rise to tyrannies 9 cities2 namely1 ! excessive love ( ! p = lib]ty1 & ! passionate eag]ness ( ! nobles to gov]n4 ,= :5 !y _c agree to pass "s measure fav\rable to fre$om1 "o faction or ! o!r sets itself to support "s "o man1 & a tyranny at once spr+s up4 ,bo? p>ties 9 ,rome cons5t$ to ! creation ( ! decemvirs1 & to _! ex]cis+ unre/rict$ p[]s1 f ! desire :i* ! "o _h to put an end to ! consul> "n1 & ! o!r to aboli% ! au?ority ( ! tribunes4 ,:51 on ! appo9tm5t ( ! decemvirate1 x seem$ to ! commons t ,appius _h become fav\rable to _! cause1 & 0 ready to attack ! nobles1 !y incl9$ to support him4 ,b :5 a p is l$ to commit ?is error ( l5d+ its support to "s "o man1 9 ord] t he may attack ^? :om x holds 9 hatr$1 if he only be prud5t he w inevitably become ! tyrant ( t city4 ,= he w wait until1 ) ! support ( ! p1 he c deal a fatal bl[ to ! nobles1 & w nev] set himself to oppress ! p until ! nobles h be5 root$ out4 ,b :5 t "t comes1 ! p1 al?\gh !y recognize _! s]vitude1 w h none to :om !y c turn = help4 ,_h ?is me?od1 :i* has be5 foll[$ by all :o h successfully e/abli%$ tyrannies 9 republics1 be5 foll[$ by ,appius1 8 p[] w\ld h be5 m /able & la/+2 :]eas1 tak+ ! directly opposite c\rse1 he c\ld n h act$ m unwisely ?an he did4 ,= 9 8 eag]ness to grasp ! tyranny1 he made himself obnoxi\s to ^? :o 7 9 fact conf]r+ x1 & :o c\ld h ma9ta9$ him 9 x2 & he de/roy$ ^? :o 7 8 fri5ds1 :ile he s\ght fri5d%ip f ^? f :om he c\ld n h x4 ,= al?\gh x be ! desire ( ! nobles to tyrannize1 t section ( !m :i* f9ds itself outside ! tyranny is always ho/ile to ! tyrant1 :o c nev] succe$ 9 ga9+ ov] ! entire body ( ! nobles by reason ( _! gre$ & ambition2 = no tyrant c ev] h hon\rs or weal? en\gh to satisfy !m all4 ,9 ab&on+ ! p1 !re=e1 & sid+ ) ! nobles1 ,appius committ$ a manife/ mi/ake1 z well = ! reasons above giv51 z because to hold a ?+ by =ce1 he :o uses =ce mu/ ne$s be /rong] ?an he aga9/ :om x is us$4 ,:5ce x happ5s t ^? tyrants :o h ! mass ( ! p = _! fri5ds & ! nobles = _! enemies1 are m secure ?an ^? :o h ! p = _! enemies & ! nobles = _! fri5ds2 because 9 ! =m] case _! au?ority has ! /rong] support4 ,= ) su* support a rul] c ma9ta9 himself by ! int]nal /r5g? ( 8 ,/ate1 z did ,nabis1 tyrant ( ,sp>ta1 :5 attack$ by ! ,romans & by ! :ole ( ,greece2 = mak+ sure "w ) ! nobles1 :o 7 few 9 numb]1 & hav+ ! p on 8 side1 he 0 able ) _! assi/ance to def5d himself2 :i* he c\ld n h done _h !y be5 aga9/ him4 ,b 9 ! case ( a city1 :]e9 ! tyrant has few fri5ds1 its int]nal /r5g? w n avail him = its def5ce1 & he w h to seek aid f )\t 9 "o ( ?ree %apes4 ,= ei!r he mu/ hire =eign gu>ds to def5d 8 p]son2 or he mu/ arm ! peasantry1 s t !y may play ! "p :i* ought to be play$ by ! citiz5s2 or he mu/ league ) p[]ful neighb\rs = 8 def5ce4 ,he :o foll[s ^! me?ods & obs]ves !m well1 may contrive to save himself1 ?\gh he has ! p = 8 enemy4 ,b ,appius c\ld n foll[ ! plan ( ga9+ ov] ! peasantry1 s9ce 9 ,rome !y & ! p 7 "o4 ,& :at he might h done he knew n h[ to d1 & s 0 ru9$ at ! v outset4 ,9 creat+ ! decemvirate1 !re=e1 bo? ! s5ate & ! p made grave mi/akes4 ,= al?\gh1 z already expla9$1 :5 speak+ ( ! dictator%ip1 x is ^? magi/rates :o make !mselves1 & n ^? made by ! votes ( ! p1 t are hurtful to fre$om2 nev]!less ! p1 9 creat+ magi/rates ought to take su* precautions z w make x difficult = ^! to become bad4 ,b ! ,romans :5 !y ought to h set a *eck on ! decemvirs 9 ord] to keep !m good1 disp5s$ ) x1 mak+ !m ! sole magi/rates ( ,rome1 & sett+ aside all o!rs2 & ?is f ! excessive desire ( ! s5ate to get rid ( ! tribunes1 & ( ! commons to get rid ( ! consuls2 by :i* objects bo? 7 s bl9d$ z to fall into all ! disord]s :i* ensu$4 ,=1 z ,k+ ,f]r&o 0 wont to say1 m5 (t5 behave l c]ta9 ( ! small] birds1 :i* are s int5t on ! prey to :i* nature incites !m1 t !y disc]n n ! eagle hov]+ ov]head = _! de/ruction4 ,9 ?is ,disc\rse !n ! mi/akes made by ! ,roman p 9 _! ef=ts to pres]ve _! fre$om & ! mi/akes made by ,appius 9 8 endeav\r to obta9 ! tyranny1 h1 z ,i propos$ at ! outset1 be5 pla9ly %[n4 ,,*apt] ,,xli4--,t x is unwise to pass at a b\nd f l5i5cy to sev]ity1 or to a haughty be>+ f a humble4 ,among ! crafty devices us$ by ,appius to aid him 9 ma9ta9+ 8 au?ority1 ?is1 ( sudd5ly pass+ f "o "* to ! o!r extreme1 0 ( no small prejudice to him4 ,= 8 fraud 9 pret5d+ to ! commons to be well dispos$ t[>ds !m1 0 happily contriv$2 z 7 also ! means he took to br+ ab\t ! reappo9tm5t ( ! decemvirate4 ,mo/ skilful1 too1 0 8 audacity 9 nom9at+ himself contr>y to ! expectation ( ! nobles1 & 9 propos+ colleagues on :om he c\ld dep5d to c>ry out 8 ends4 ,b1 z ,i h said already1 x 0 n happily contriv$ t1 aft] do+ all ?is1 he %\ld sudd5ly turn r\nd1 & f be+ ! fri5d1 reveal himself ! enemy ( ! p2 haughty in/ead ( humane2 cruel in/ead ( k9dly2 & make ?is *ange s rapidly z to leave himself no %ad[ ( excuse1 b compel all to recognize ! d\bl5ess ( 8 nature4 ,= he :o has once seem$ good1 %\ld he aft]w>ds *oose1 = 8 own ends1 to become bad1 ought to *ange by sl[ degrees1 & z opportunity s]ves2 s t be=e 8 alt]$ nature /rip him ( old fav\r1 he may h ga9$ = himself an equal %>e ( new1 & ?us 8 influ5ce suff] no dim9ution4 ,= o!rwise1 be+ at once unmask$ & fri5dless1 he is undone3 ,,*apt] ,,xlii4--,h[ easily ,m5 become corrupt$4 ,9 ?is matt] ( ! decemvirate we may likewise note ! ease :]e) m5 become corrupt$1 & h[ completely1 al?\gh born good & well br\ght up1 !y *ange _! nature4 ,= we see h[ fav\rably dispos$ ! y\?s :om ,appius ga!r$ r\nd him became t[>ds 8 tyranny1 9 return = ! trifl+ b5efits :i* !y drew f x2 & h[ ,qu9tus ,fabius1 "o ( ! second decemvirate & a mo/ wor?y man1 bl9d$ by a little ambition1 & misl$ by ! evil c\nsels ( ,appius1 ab&on+ 8 fair fame1 betook himself to mo/ unwor?y c\rses1 & grew l 8 ma/]4 ,c>eful consid]ation ( ?is %\ld make ^? :o frame laws = commonweal?s & k+doms m alive to ! necessity ( plac+ re/ra9ts on m5's evil appetites1 & depriv+ !m ( all hope ( do+ wrong ) impunity4 ,,*apt] ,,xliii4--,t ,m5 fight+ 9 _! own ,cause make good & resolute ,soldi]s4 ,f :at has be5 t\*$ ^u above1 we are also l$ to rem>k h[ wide is ! diff]5ce betwe5 an army :i*1 hav+ no gr\nd = discont5t1 fights 9 its own cause1 & "o :i*1 be+ discont5t$1 fights to satisfy ! ambition ( o!rs4 ,= :]eas ! ,romans 7 always victori\s "u ! consuls1 "u ! decemvirs !y 7 always defeat$4 ,?is helps u to und]/& :y x is t m]c5>y troops are wor?less2 namely1 t !y h no incitem5t to keep !m true to y beyond ! pittance :i* y pay !m1 :i* nei!r is nor c be a suffici5t motive = su* fidelity & devotion z w\ld make !m will+ to die 9 y\r behalf4 ,b 9 ^? armies 9 :i* !re exi/s n su* an atta*m5t t[>ds him = :om !y fight z makes !m devot$ to 8 cause1 !re nev] w be val\r en\gh to )/& an enemy if only he be a little brave4 ,& s9ce su* atta*m5t & devotion _c be look$ = f any save y\r own subjects1 y mu/1 if y w\ld pres]ve y\r dom9ions1 or ma9ta9 y\r commonweal? or k+dom1 arm ! natives ( y\r c\ntry2 z we see to h be5 done by all ^? :o h a*iev$ great ?+s 9 w>4 ,"u ! decemvirs ! anci5t val\r ( ! ,roman soldi]s _h 9 no degree abat$2 yet1 because !y 7 no long] animat$ by ! same good w1 !y did n ex]t !mselves z !y 7 wont4 ,b s soon z ! decemvirate came to an end1 & ! soldi]s began once m to fight z free m51 ! old _s 0 reawak5$1 &1 z a consequ5ce1 _! ent]prises1 accord+ to =m] usage1 7 br\ght to a successful close4 ,,*apt] ,,xliv4--,t ! ,multitude is helpless )\t a ,head3 & t we %\ld n ) ! same brea? ?reat5 & ask leave4 ,:5 ,virg9ia di$ by h] fa!r's h&1 ! commons ( ,rome )drew "u arms to ! ,sacr$ ,hill4 ,:]eupon ! s5ate s5t mess5g]s to dem& by :at sanction !y _h des]t$ _! comm&]s & assembl$ !re 9 arms4 ,& 9 su* rev]5ce 0 ! au?ority ( ! s5ate held1 t ! commons1 lack+ lead]s1 dur/ make no reply4 8,n10 says ,titus ,livius1 8t !y 7 at a loss :at to answ]1 b because !y _h none to answ] = !m20 words :i* cle>ly %[ h[ helpless a ?+ is ! multitude :5 )\t a head4 ,?is defect 0 p]ceiv$ by ,virg9ius1 at ^: in/ance tw5ty milit>y tribunes 7 appo9t$ by ! commons to be _! spokesm5 ) ! s5ate1 & to negotiate t]ms2 :o1 hav+ ask$ t ,val]ius & ,horatius might be s5t to !m1 to :om _! wi%es w\ld be made kn[n1 ^! decl9$ to g until ! decemvirs _h laid d[n _! (fice4 ,:5 ?is 0 done1 & ,val]ius & ,horatius came to ! hill :]e ! commons 7 assembl$1 ! latt] dem&$ t tribunes ( ! p %\ld be appo9t$2 t 9 future !re %\ld be an appeal to ! p f ! magi/rates ( :atev] degree2 & t all ! decemvirs %\ld be giv5 up to !m to be burn$ alive4 ,val]ius & ,horatius approv$ ! fir/ two dem&s1 b reject$ ! la/ z inhuman2 tell+ ! commons t 8!y 7 ru%+ into t v cruelty :i* !y !mselves _h condemn$ 9 o!rs20 & c\nsell+ !m to say no?+ ab\t ! decemvirs1 b to be satisfi$ to rega9 _! own p[] & au?ority2 s9ce ?us ! way w\ld be op5 to !m = obta9+ e r$ress4 ,"h we see pla9ly h[ fooli% & unwise x is to ask a ?+ & ) ! same brea? to say1 8,i desire ?is t ,i may inflict an injury40 ,= we %\ld nev] decl>e our int5tion be=eh&1 b wat* = e opportunity to c>ry x out4 ,s t x is en\gh to ask ano!r = 8 weapons1 )\t add+1 8,) ^! ,i purpose to de/roy y20 = :5 once y h secur$ 8 weapons1 y c use !m aft]w>ds z y please4 ,,*apt] ,,xlv4--,t x is ( evil example1 especially 9 ! ,mak] ( a ,law1 n to obs]ve ! ,law :5 made3 & t daily to r5ew acts ( inju/ice 9 a ,city is mo/ hurtful to ! ,gov]nor4 ,t]ms hav+ be5 adju/$1 & ! old ord] ( ?+s re/or$ 9 ,rome1 ,virg9ius cit$ ,appius to def5d himself be=e ! p2 & on 8 appe>+ att5d$ by _m ( ! nobles1 ord]$ him to be l$ to prison4 ,:]eupon ,appius began to cry out & appeal to ! p4 ,b ,virg9ius told him t he 0 unwor?y to be all[$ t appeal :i* he _h himself done away )1 or to h t p :om he _h wrong$ = 8 protectors4 ,appius rejo9$1 t ! p %\ld n set at n\ght t "r ( appeal :i* !y !mselves _h insi/$ on ) s mu* zeal4 ,nev]!less1 he 0 dragg$ to prison1 & be=e ! day ( trial slew himself4 ,n[1 ?\gh ! wick$ life ( ,appius m]it$ e puni%m5t1 /ill x 0 impolitic to violate ! laws1 m p>ticul>ly a law :i* _h only j be5 pass$2 = no?+1 ,i ?9k1 is ( worse example 9 a republic1 ?an to make a law & n to keep x2 & mo/ ( all1 :5 he :o breaks is he t made x4 ,aft] ! ye> #adid1 ! city ( ,flor5ce re=m$ its gov]nm5t ) ! help ( ! ,fri> ,girolamo ,savon>ola1 ^: writ+s decl>e 8 le>n+1 8 wisdom1 & ! excell5ce ( 8 he>t4 ,among o!r ord9ances = ! safety ( ! citiz5s1 he caus$ a law to be pass$1 all[+ an appeal to ! p f ! s5t5ces pron\nc$ by 8! ,eight0 & by ! 8,signory0 9 trials = ,/ate (f5ces2 a law he _h long cont5d$ =1 & c>ri$ at la/ ) great difficulty4 ,x s happ5$ t a v %ort "t aft] x 0 pass$1 five citiz5s 7 condemn$ to dea? by ! 8,signory0 = ,/ate (f5ces1 & t :5 !y s\ght to appeal to ! p !y 7 n p]mitt$ to d s1 & ! law 0 violat$4 ,?is1 m ?an any o!r mis*ance1 help$ to less5 ! cr$it ( ! ,fri>2 s9ce if 8 law ( appeal 0 salut>y1 he %\ld h caus$ x to be obs]v$2 if useless1 he ought n to h promot$ x4 ,& 8 inconsi/5cy 0 ! m rem>k$1 because 9 all ! s]mons :i* he prea*$ aft] ! law 0 brok51 he nev] ei!r blam$ or excus$ ! p]son :o _h brok5 x1 z ?\gh unwill+ to condemn1 :ile unable to ju/ify :at suit$ 8 purposes4 ,?is1 z betray+ ! ambiti\s & p>tial turn ( 8 m9d1 took f 8 reputation & expos$ him to mu* obloquy4 ,ano!r ?+ :i* greatly hurts a gov]nm5t is to keep alive bitt] feel+s 9 m5's m9ds by (t5 r5ew$ attacks on individuals1 z 0 done 9 ,rome aft] ! decemvirate 0 put an end to4 ,= ea* ( ! decemvirs1 & o!r citiz5s besides1 7 at diff]5t times accus$ & condemn$1 s t ! greate/ al>m 0 spread ?r\gh ! :ole body ( ! nobles1 :o came to believe t ^! prosecutions w\ld nev] cease until _! entire ord] 0 ext]m9at$4 ,& ?is mu/ h l$ to grave mis*ief _h n ,m>cus ,duilius ! tribune provid$ aga9/ x1 by an edict :i* =bade e "o1 = ! p]iod ( a ye>1 cit+ or accus+ any ,roman citiz51 an ord9ance :i* _h ! effect ( reassur+ ! :ole nobility4 ,"h we see h[ hurtful x is = a pr9ce or commonweal? to keep ! m9ds ( _! subjects 9 con/ant al>m & susp5se by cont9ually r5ew$ puni%m5ts & viol5ce4 ,&1 9 tru?1 no c\rse c be m p]nici\s4 ,= m5 :o are 9 fe> = _! safety w seize on e opportunity = secur+ !mselves aga9/ ! dang]s :i* surr\nd !m1 & w gr[ at once m d>+1 & less scrupul\s 9 resort+ to new c\rses4 ,= ^! reasons we %\ld ei!r altoge!r avoid inflict+ injury1 or %\ld inflict e injury at a /roke1 & !n seek to reassure m5's m9ds & suff] !m to settle d[n & re/4 ,,*apt] ,,xlvi4--,t ,m5 climb f "o /ep ( ,ambition to ano!r1 seek+ at fir/ to escape ,injury & !n to injure o!rs4 ,z ! commons ( ,rome on recov]+ _! fre$om 7 re/or$ to _! =m] position--nay1 to "o /ill /rong] s9ce _m new laws _h be5 pass$ :i* confirm$ & ext5d$ _! au?ority1--x might reasonably h be5 hop$ t ,rome w\ld = a "t rema9 at re/4 ,! ev5t1 h[ev]1 %[$ ! contr>y1 = f day to day !re arose 9 t city new tumults & fre% diss5sions4 ,& s9ce ! causes :i* br\ght ?is ab\t h be5 mo/ judici\sly set =? by ,titus ,livius1 x seems to me mu* to ! purpose to cite 8 own words :5 he says1 t 8:5ev] ei!r ! commons or ! nobles 7 humble1 ! o!rs grew haughty2 s t if ! commons kept )9 due b\nds1 ! "y nobles began to inflict injuries ^u !m1 aga9/ :i* ! tribunes1 :o 7 !mselves made ! objects ( outrage1 7 little able to give r$ress2 :ile ! nobles on _! "p1 al?\gh !y c\ld n close _! eyes to ! ill behavi\r ( _! "y m51 7 yet well pleas$ t if excesses 7 to be committ$1 !y %\ld be committ$ by _! own faction1 & n by ! commons4 ,?us ! desire to secure its own lib]ty prompt$ ea* faction to make itself /rong en\gh to oppress ! o!r4 ,= ?is is ! common c\rse ( ?+s1 t 9 seek+ to escape cause = fe>1 m5 come to give o!rs cause to be afraid by inflict+ on !m ^? wrongs f :i* !y /rive to relieve !mselves2 z ?\gh ! *oice lay betwe5 injur+ & be+ injur$40 ,h]e91 among o!r ?+s1 we p]ceive 9 :at ways commonweal?s are ov]?r[n1 & h[ m5 climb f "o ambition to ano!r2 & recognize ! tru? ( ^? words :i* ,sallu/ puts 9 ! m\? ( ,cs>1 t 8all ill actions h _! orig9 9 fair beg9n+s40#d ,=1 z ,i h said already1 ! ambiti\s citiz5 9 a commonweal? seeks at ! outset to secure himself aga9/ injury1 n only at ! h&s ( private p]sons1 b also ( ! magi/rates2 to effect :i* he endeav\rs to ga9 himself fri5ds4 ,^! he obta9s by means hon\rable 9 appe>ance1 ei!r by supply+ !m ) money or protect+ !m aga9/ ! p[]ful4 ,& because su* conduct seems praisewor?y1 e "o is readily deceiv$ by x1 & consequ5tly no rem$y is appli$4 ,pursu+ ^! me?ods )\t h9drance1 ?is man pres5tly comes to be s p[]ful t private citiz5s beg9 to fe> him1 & ! magi/rates to treat him ) respect4 ,b :5 he has advanc$ ?us f> on ! road to p[] )\t enc\nt]+ opposition1 he has rea*$ a po9t at :i* x is mo/ dang]\s to cope ) him2 x be+ dang]\s1 z ,i h be=e expla9$1 to cont5d ) a disord] :i* has already made progress 9 a city4 ,nev]!less1 :5 he has br\ght ?+s to ?is pass1 y mu/ ei!r endeav\r to cru% him1 at ! risk ( imm$iate ru91 or else1 unless dea? or "s l accid5t int]pose1 y incur inevitable slav]y by lett+ him alone4 ,= :51 z ,i h said1 x has come to ?is t ! citiz5s & ev5 ! magi/rates fe> to (f5d him & 8 fri5ds1 little fur!r ef=t w aft]w>ds be ne$$ to enable him to proscribe & ru9 :om he pleases4 #d ,quod omnia mala exempla ex bonis initiis orta sunt4 7,sall4 ,cat4 #ea47 ,a republic ought1 !re=e1 to provide by its ord9ances t none ( its citiz5s %all1 "u col\r ( do+ good1 h x 9 _! p[] to d evil1 b %all be suff]$ to acquire su* influ5ce only z may aid & n injure fre$om4 ,h[ ?is may be done1 %all pres5tly be expla9$4 ,,*apt] ,,xlvii4--,t ?\gh ,m5 deceive !mselves 9 ,g5]alities1 9 ,p>ticul>s !y judge truly4 ,! commons ( ,rome hav+1 z ,i h said1 gr[n disgu/$ ) ! consul> "n1 & desir+ ei!r t m5 ( plebeian bir? %\ld be admitt$ to ! (fice or its au?ority be re/rict$1 ! nobles1 to prev5t its degradation 9 ei!r ( ^! two ways1 propos$ a middle c\rse1 :]eby f\r tribunes1 :o might ei!r be plebeians or nobles1 7 to be creat$ ) consul> au?ority4 ,?is compromise satisfi$ ! commons1 :o ?\ght !y w\ld ?us get rid ( ! consul%ip1 & secure ! highe/ (fices ( ! ,/ate = _! own ord]4 ,b "h a circum/ance happ5$ wor? not+4 ,:5 ! f\r tribunes came to be *os51 ! p1 :o _h x 9 _! p[] to *oose all f ! commons1 *ose all f ! nobles4 ,) respect to :i* election ,titus ,livius obs]ves1 t 8! result %[$ t ! p :5 decl>+ _! hone/ judgm5t aft] controv]sy 0 ov]1 7 gov]n$ by a diff]5t _s f t :i* _h inspir$ !m :ile cont5d+ = _! lib]ties & = a %>e 9 public hon\rs40 ,! reason = ?is ,i believe to be1 t m5 deceive !mselves m readily 9 g5]als ?an 9 p>ticul>s4 ,to ! commons ( ,rome x seem$1 9 ! ab/ract1 t !y _h e "r to be admitt$ to ! consul%ip1 s9ce _! p>ty 9 ! city 0 ! m num]\s1 s9ce !y bore ! great] %>e ( dang] 9 _! w>s1 & s9ce x 0 !y :o by _! val\r kept ,rome free & made h] p[]ful4 ,& because x appe>$ to !m1 z ,i h said1 t _! desire 0 a reasonable "o1 !y 7 resolv$ to satisfy x at all haz>ds4 ,b :5 !y _h to =m a p>ticul> judgm5t on ! m5 ( _! own p>ty1 !y recogniz$ _! defects1 & decid$ t individually no "o ( !m 0 des]v+ ( :at1 collectively1 !y seem$ entitl$ to2 & be+ a%am$ ( !m1 turn$ to be/[ _! hon\rs on ^? :o des]v$ !m4 ,( :i* decision ,titus ,livius1 speak+ ) due admiration1 says1 8,:]e %all we n[ f9d 9 any "o man1 t mode/y1 mod]ation1 & magnanimity :i* 7 !n common to ! entire p80 ,z confirm+ :at ,i h said1 ,i %all cite ano!r notewor?y incid5t1 :i* occurr$ 9 ,capua aft] ! r\t ( ! ,romans by ,hannibal at ,cann4 ,= all ,italy be+ convuls$ by t defeat1 ,capua too 0 ?reat5$ ) civil tumult1 ?r\gh ! hatr$ :i* prevail$ betwe5 h] p & s5ate4 ,b ,pacuvius ,calavius1 :o at ?is "t fill$ ! (fice ( *ief magi/rate1 p]ceiv+ ! dang]1 took ^u himself to reconcile ! cont5d+ factions4 ,) ?is object he assembl$ ! ,s5ate & po9t$ out to !m ! hatr$ 9 :i* !y 7 held by ! p1 & ! risk !y ran ( be+ put to dea? by !m1 & ( ! city1 n[ t ! ,romans 7 9 di/ress1 be+ giv5 up to ,hannibal4 ,b he add$ t1 7 !y to cons5t to leave ! matt] ) him1 he ?\ght he c\ld contrive to reconcile !m2 9 ! mean:ile1 h[ev]1 he mu/ %ut !m up 9 ! palace1 t1 by putt+ x 9 ! p[] ( ! p to puni% !m1 he might secure _! safety4 ,! s5ate cons5t+ to ?is proposal1 he %ut !m up 9 ! palace1 & summon+ ! p to a public meet+1 told !m ! "t _h at la/ come = !m to trample on ! insol5ce ( ! nobles1 & requite ! wrongs suff]$ at _! h&s2 = he _h !m all safe "u bolt & b>2 b1 z he suppos$ !y did n wi% ! city to rema9 )\t rul]s1 x 0 fit1 be=e putt+ ! old s5ators to dea?1 !y %\ld appo9t o!rs 9 _! room4 ,:]e=e he _h ?r[n ! names ( all ! old s5ators into a bag1 & w\ld n[ proce$ to draw !m out "o by "o1 & z !y 7 drawn w\ld cause !m to be put to dea?1 s soon z a successor 0 f\nd = ea*4 ,:5 ! fir/ "n he drew 0 decl>$1 !re arose a great upro> among ! p1 all cry+ out aga9/ ! cruelty1 pride1 & arrogance ( t s5ator ^: "n x 04 ,b on ,pacuvius desir+ !m to propose a sub/itute1 ! meet+ 0 quiet$1 & aft] a brief pause "o ( ! commons 0 nom9at$4 ,no soon]1 h[ev]1 0 8 "n m5tion$ ?an "o began to :i/le1 ano!r to laugh1 "s je]+ at him 9 "o way & "s 9 ano!r4 ,& ! same ?+ happ5+ 9 e case1 ea* & all ( ^? nom9at$ 7 judg$ unwor?y ( s5atorial rank4 ,:]eupon ,pacuvius1 pr(it+ by ! opportunity1 said1 8,s9ce y are agre$ t ! city w\ld be badly (f )\t a s5ate1 b are n agre$ :om to appo9t 9 ! room ( ! old s5ators1 x w1 p]haps1 be well = y to be reconcil$ to !m2 = ! fe> into :i* !y h be5 ?r[n mu/ h s subdu$ !m1 t y are sure to f9d 9 !m t affability :i* hi!rto y h look$ = 9 va940 ,?is proposal be+ agre$ to1 a reconciliation foll[$ betwe5 ! two ord]s2 ! commons hav+ se5 _! error s soon z !y 7 oblig$ to come to p>ticul>s4 ,a p !re=e is apt to err 9 judg+ ( ?+s & _! accid5ts 9 ! ab/ract1 b on becom+ acqua9t$ ) p>ticul>s1 spe$ily discov]s its mi/akes4 ,9 ! ye> #adid1 :5 h] greate/ citiz5s 7 bani%$ f ,flor5ce1 & no regul> gov]nm5t any long] exi/$ !re1 b a _s ( lic5ce prevail$1 & matt]s w5t cont9ually f bad to worse1 _m ,flor5t9es p]ceiv+ ! decay ( _! city1 & disc]n+ no o!r cause = x1 blam$ ! ambition ( ?is or ! o!r p[]ful citiz51 :o1 !y ?\ght1 0 fom5t+ ^! disord]s ) a view to e/abli% a gov]nm5t to 8 own lik+1 & to rob !m ( _! lib]ties4 ,^? :o ?\ght ?us1 w\ld hang ab\t ! arcades & public squ>es1 malign+ _m citiz5s1 & giv+ x to be und]/ood t if ev] !y f\nd !mselves 9 ! ,signory1 !y w\ld expose ! designs ( ^! citiz5s & h !m puni%$4 ,f "t to "t x happ5$ t "o or ano!r ( ^? :o us$ ?is language rose to be ( ! *ief magi/racy1 & s soon z he obta9$ ?is advancem5t1 & saw ?+s ne>]1 became aw>e :5ce ! disord]s ,i h spok5 ( really came1 ! dang]s att5d+ !m1 & ! difficulty 9 deal+ ) !m2 & recogniz+ t !y 7 ! gr[? ( ! times1 & n occasion$ by p>ticul> m51 sudd5ly alt]$ 8 views & conduct2 a ne>] k ( facts free+ him f ! false impressions he _h be5 l$ into on a g5]al view ( affairs4 ,b ^? :o _h he>d him speak z a private citiz51 :5 !y saw him rema9 inactive aft] he 0 made a magi/rate1 believ$ t ?is arose n f 8 hav+ obta9$ any bett] k ( ?+s1 b f 8 hav+ be5 cajol$ or corrupt$ by ! great4 ,& ?is happ5+ ) _m m5 & (t51 x came to be a prov]b among ! p1 t 8m5 _h "o m9d 9 ! m>ket-place1 ano!r 9 ! palace40 ,reflect+ on :at has be5 said1 we see h[ quickly m5's eyes may be op5$1 if kn[+ t !y deceive !mselves 9 g5]alities1 we c f9d a way to make !m pass to p>ticul>s2 z ,pacuvius did 9 ! case ( ! ,capuans1 & ! s5ate 9 ! case ( ,rome4 ,nor d ,i believe t any prud5t man ne$ %r9k f ! judgm5t ( ! p 9 que/ions relat+ to p>ticul>s1 z1 = in/ance1 9 ! di/ribution ( hon\rs & dignities4 ,= 9 su* matt]s only1 ! p are ei!r nev] mi/ak51 or at any rate f> seldom] ?an a small numb] ( p]sons w\ld be1 7 ! di/ribution entru/$ to !m4 ,x seems to me1 h[ev]1 n out ( place to notice 9 ! foll[+ ,*apt]1 a me?od employ$ by ! ,roman s5ate to enlight5 ! p 9 mak+ ?is di/ribution4 ,,*apt] ,,xlviii4--,he :o w\ld n h an ,(fice be/[$ on "s wor?less or wick$ ,p]son1 %\ld contrive t x be solicit$ by "o :o is utt]ly wor?less & wick$1 or else by "o :o is 9 ! highe/ degree noble & good4 ,:5ev] ! s5ate saw a likelihood ( ! tribunes ) consul> p[]s be+ *os5 exclusively f ! commons1 x took "o or o!r ( two ways1--ei!r by caus+ ! (fice to be solicit$ by ! mo/ di/+ui%$ among ! citiz5s2 or else1 to confess ! tru?1 by brib+ "s base & ignoble fell[ to fa/5 himself on to ^? o!r plebeians ( bett] quality :o 7 seek+ ! (fice1 & become a c&idate conjo9tly ) !m4 ,! latt] device made ! p a%am$ to give1 ! =m] a%am$ to refuse4 ,?is confirms :at ,i said 9 my la/ ,*apt]1 z to ! p deceiv+ !mselves 9 g5]alities b n 9 p>ticul>s4 ,,*apt] ,,xlix4--,t if ,cities :i*1 l ,rome1 _h _! beg9n+ 9 ,fre$om1 h _h difficulty 9 fram+ su* ,laws z w\ld pres]ve _! ,fre$om1 ,cities :i* at ! fir/ h be5 9 ,subjection w f9d ?is almo/ impossible4 ,h[ h>d x is 9 f\nd+ a commonweal? to provide x ) all ! laws ne$$ to ma9ta9 its fre$om1 is well se5 f ! hi/ory ( ! ,roman ,republic4 ,= al?\gh ord9ances 7 giv5 x fir/ by ,romulus1 !n by ,numa1 aft]w>ds by ,tullus ,ho/ilius & ,s]vius1 & la/ly by ! ,t5 creat$ = ! express purpose1 nev]!less1 9 ! actual gov]nm5t ( ,rome new ne$s 7 cont9ually develop$1 to meet :i*1 new ord9ances _h con/antly to be devis$2 z 9 ! creation ( ! c5sors1 :o 7 "o ( ! *ief means by :i* ,rome 0 kept free dur+ ! :ole p]iod ( h] con/itutional gov]nm5t4 ,= z ! c5sors became ! arbit]s ( morals 9 ,rome1 x 0 v mu* ow+ to !m t ! progress ( ! ,romans t[>ds corruption 0 ret>d$4 ,& ?\gh1 at ! fir/ creation ( ! (fice1 a mi/ake 0 d\btless made 9 fix+ its t]m at five ye>s1 ?is 0 correct$ n long aft] by ! wisdom ( ! dictator ,mam]cus1 :o pass$ a law r$uc+ x to eighte5 mon?s2 a *ange :i* ! c5sors !n 9 (fice took 9 su* ill "p1 t !y depriv$ ,mam]cus ( 8 rank z a s5ator4 ,?is /ep 0 mu* blam$ bo? by ! commons & ! ,fa!rs2 /ill1 z our ,hi/ory does n record t ,mam]cus obta9$ any r$ress1 we mu/ inf] ei!r t ! ,hi/orian has omitt$ some?+1 or t on ?is head ! laws ( ,rome 7 defective2 s9ce x is nev] well t ! laws ( a commonweal? %\ld suff] a citiz5 to incur irrem$iable wrong because he promotes a measure fav\rable to fre$om4 ,b return+ to ! matt] "u consid]ation1 we h1 9 connection ) ! creation ( ?is new (fice1 to note1 t if ^? cities :i*1 z 0 ! case ) ,rome1 h _h _! beg9n+ 9 fre$om1 & h by !mselves ma9ta9$ t fre$om1 h exp]i5c$ great difficulty 9 fram+ good laws = ! pres]vation ( _! lib]ties1 x is little to be wond]$ at t cities :i* at ! fir/ 7 dep5d5t1 %\ld f9d x n difficult m]ely b impossible s to %ape _! ord9ances z to enable !m to live free & undi/urb$4 ,?is difficulty we see to h aris5 9 ! case ( ,flor5ce1 :i*1 be+ subject at fir/ to ! p[] ( ,rome & subsequ5tly to t ( o!r rul]s1 rema9$ long 9 s]vitude1 tak+ no ?\ght = h]self2 & ev5 aft]w>ds1 :5 %e c\ld brea! m freely & began to frame h] own laws1 ^!1 s9ce !y 7 bl5d$ ) anci5t ord9ances :i* 7 bad1 c\ld n !mselves be good2 & ?us = ! two hundr$ ye>s ( :i* we h tru/wor?y record1 our city has gone on pat*+ h] in/itutions1 )\t ev] possess+ a gov]nm5t 9 respect ( :i* %e c\ld truly be t]m$ a commonweal?4 ,! difficulties :i* h be5 felt 9 ,flor5ce are ! same z h be5 felt 9 all cities :i* h _h a l orig92 & al?\gh1 repeat$ly1 by ! free & public votes ( h] citiz5s1 ample au?ority has be5 giv5 to a few ( _! numb] to re=m h] con/itution1 no alt]ation ( g5]al utility has ev] be5 introduc$1 b only su* z =w>d$ ! int]e/s ( ! p>ty to :i* ^? commission$ to make *anges belong$4 ,?is1 in/ead ( ord]1 has occasion$ ! greate/ disord] 9 our city4 ,b to come to p>ticul>s1 ,i say1 t among o!r matt]s :i* h to be consid]$ by ! f\nd] ( a commonweal?1 is ! "q into ^: h&s %\ld be committ$ ! p[] ( life & dea? ov] its citiz5s' ,?is 0 well se5 to 9 ,rome1 :]e1 z a rule1 !re 0 a "r ( appeal to ! p1 b :]e1 on any urg5t case aris+ 9 :i* x might h be5 dang]\s to delay ! execution ( a judicial s5t5ce1 rec\rse c\ld be _h to a dictator ) p[]s to execute ju/ice at once2 a rem$y1 h[ev]1 nev] resort$ to save 9 cases ( extremity4 ,b ,flor5ce1 & o!r cities hav+ a l orig91 committ$ ?is p[] into ! h&s ( a =eign]1 :om !y /yl$ ,capta91 & z he 0 op5 to be corrupt$ by p[]ful citiz5s ?is 0 a p]nici\s c\rse4 ,alt]+ ?is arrangem5t aft]w>ds 9 consequ5ce ( *anges 9 _! gov]nm5t1 !y appo9t$ eight citiz5s to dis*>ge ! (fice ( ,capta94 ,b ?is1 = a reason already m5tion$1 namely t a few w always be gov]n$ by ! w ( a few & ^! ! mo/ p[]ful1 0 a *ange f bad to worse4 ,! city ( ,v5ice has gu>d$ h]self aga9/ a l dang]4 ,= 9 ,v5ice t5 citiz5s are appo9t$ ) p[] to puni% any man )\t appeal2 & because1 al?\gh possess+ ! requisite au?ority1 ?is numb] might n be suffici5t to insure ! puni%m5t ( ! p[]ful1 9 addition to _! c\ncil ( ,t51 !y h also con/itut$ a c\ncil ( ,=ty1 & h fur!r provid$ t ! c\ncil ( ! 8,pregai10 :i* is _! supreme c\ncil1 %all h au?ority to *a/ise p[]ful (f5d]s4 ,s t1 unless an accus] be want+1 a tribunal is nev] want+ 9 ,v5ice to keep p[]ful citiz5s 9 *eck4 ,b :5 we see h[ 9 ,rome1 ) ord9ances ( h] own impos+1 & ) s _m & s wise legislators1 fre% occasion arose f day to day = fram+ new laws fav\rable to fre$om1 x is n to be wond]$ at t1 9 o!r cities less happy 9 _! beg9n+s1 difficulties %\ld h sprung up :i* no ord9ances c\ld rem$y4 ,,*apt] ,l4--,t nei!r any ,c\ncil nor any ,magi/rate %\ld h p[] to br+ ! ,gov]nm5t ( a ,city to a /ay4 ,t4,q4 ,,c9c9natus & ,cn4 ,julius ,m5to be+ consuls ( ,rome1 & be+ at v>iance ) "o ano!r1 br\ght ! :ole bus9ess ( ! city to a /ay2 :i* ! s5ate p]ceiv+1 7 mov$ to create a dictator to d :at1 by reason ( _! diff]5ces1 ! consuls w\ld n4 ,b ?\gh oppos$ to "o ano!r 9 ev]y?+ else1 ! consuls 7 ( "o m9d 9 resi/+ ! appo9tm5t ( a dictator2 s t ! s5ate _h no rem$y left !m b to seek ! help ( ! tribunes1 :o1 support$ by _! au?ority1 =c$ ! consuls to yield4 ,"h we h to note1 fir/1 ! usefulness ( ! tribunes' au?ority 9 *eck+ ! ambiti\s designs1 n only ( ! nobles aga9/ ! commons1 b also ( "o section ( ! nobles aga9/ ano!r2 & next1 t 9 no city ought ?+s ev] to be s ord]$ t x re/s ) a few to decide on matt]s1 :i*1 if ! ord9>y bus9ess ( ! ,/ate is to proce$ at all1 mu/ be c>ri$ out4 ,:]e=e1 if y grant au?ority to a c\ncil to di/ribute hon\rs & (fices1 or to a magi/rate to adm9i/] any bran* ( public bus9ess1 y mu/ ei!r impose an obligation t ! duty confid$ %all be p]=m$1 or orda9 t1 on failure to p]=m1 ano!r may & %all d :at has to be done4 ,o!rwise su* an arrangem5t w be f\nd defective & dang]\s2 z w\ld h be5 ! case 9 ,rome1 _h x n be5 possible to oppose ! au?ority ( ! tribunes to ! ob/9acy ( ! consuls4 ,9 ! ,v5etian ,republic1 ! great c\ncil di/ributes hon\rs & (fices4 ,b m ?an once x has happ5$ t ! c\ncil1 :e!r f ill-hum\r or f be+ badly advis$1 has decl9$ to appo9t successors ei!r to ! magi/rates ( ! city or to ^? adm9i/]+ ! gov]nm5t abroad4 ,?is gave rise to ! greate/ confusion & disord]2 =1 on a sudd51 bo? ! city itself & ! subject prov9ces f\nd !mselves depriv$ ( _! lawful gov]nors2 nor c\ld any r$ress be _h until ! majority ( ! c\ncil 7 pacifi$ or undeceiv$4 ,& ?is disord] mu/ h br\ght ! city to a bad end1 _h n provision be5 made aga9/ its recurr5ce by c]ta9 ( ! wis] citiz5s1 :o1 f9d+ a fit opportunity1 pass$ a law t no magi/racy1 :e!r )9 or )\t ! city1 %\ld ev] be deem$ to h be5 vacat$ until x 0 fill$ up by ! appo9tm5t ( a successor4 ,9 ?is way ! c\ncil 0 depriv$ ( its facilities = /opp+ public bus9ess to ! dang] ( ! ,/ate4 ,,*apt] ,,li4--,:at a ,pr9ce or ,republic does ( ,necessity1 %\ld seem to be done by ,*oice4 ,9 all _! actions1 ev5 9 ^? :i* are matt]s ( necessity r ?an *oice1 prud5t m5 w endeav\r s to conduct !mselves z to conciliate good-w4 ,?is species ( prud5ce 0 well ex]cis$ by ! ,roman s5ate :5 !y resolv$ to grant pay f ! public purse to soldi]s on active s]vice1 :o1 be=e1 _h s]v$ at _! own *>ges4 ,= p]ceiv+ t "u ! old sy/em !y c\ld ma9ta9 no w> ( any duration1 &1 consequ5tly1 c\ld n und]take a siege or lead an army to any di/ance f home1 & f9d+ x necess>y to be able to d bo?1 !y decid$ on grant+ ! pay ,i h spok5 (4 ,b ?is1 :i* !y c\ld n help do+1 !y did 9 su* a way z to e>n ! ?anks ( ! p1 by :om ! concession 0 s well receiv$ t all ,rome 0 intoxicat$ ) delight4 ,= x seem$ to !m a boon beyond any !y c\ld h v5tur$ to hope =1 or h dream$ ( dem&+4 ,& al?\gh ! tribunes s\ght to make light ( ! b5efit1 by %[+ ! p t _! bur!ns w\ld be increas$ r ?an dim9i%$ by x1 s9ce taxes w\ld h to be impos$ out ( :i* ! soldi]'s /ip5d might be paid1 !y c\ld n p]suade !m to reg>d ! measure o!rwise ?an ) gratitude2 :i* 0 fur!r increas$ by ! mann] 9 :i* ! s5ate di/ribut$ ! taxes1 impos+ on ! nobles all ! heavi] & great]1 & ^? :i* _h to be paid fir/4 ,,*apt] ,,lii4--,t to *eck ! arrogance ( a ,citiz5 :o is gr[+ too p[]ful 9 a ,/ate1 !re is no saf] ,me?od1 or less op5 to objection1 ?an to =e/all him 9 ^? ,ways :]eby he seeks to advance himself4 ,x has be5 se5 9 ! prec$+ *apt] h[ mu* cr$it ! nobles ga9$ ) ! commons by a %[ ( good-w t[>ds !m1 n only 9 provid+ = _! milit>y pay1 b also 9 adju/+ taxation4 ,_h ! s5ate con/antly adh]$ to me?ods l ^!1 !y w\ld h put an end to all di/urbances 9 ,rome1 & h depriv$ ! tribunes ( ! cr$it !y _h ) ! p1 & ( ! influ5ce !nce aris+4 ,= 9 tru?1 9 a commonweal?1 & especially 9 "o :i* has become corrupt$1 !re is no bett]1 or easi]1 or less objectionable way ( oppos+ ! ambition ( any citiz51 ?an to anticipate him 9 ^? pa?s by :i* he is se5 to be advanc+ to ! ends he has 9 view4 ,?is plan1 _h x be5 foll[$ by ! enemies ( ,cosimo de' ,m$ici1 w\ld h prov$ a f> m useful c\rse = !m ?an to bani% him f ,flor5ce2 s9ce if ^? citiz5s :o oppos$ him _h adopt$ 8 me?ods = ga9+ ov] ! p1 !y w\ld h succe$$1 )\t viol5ce or tumult1 9 tak+ 8 mo/ effective weapon f 8 h&s4 ,! influ5ce acquir$ 9 ,flor5ce by ,pi]o ,sod]9i 0 entirely due to 8 skill 9 secur+ ! affections ( ! p1 s9ce 9 ?is way he obta9$ among !m a "n = lov+ ! lib]ties ( ! commonweal?4 ,& truly1 = ^? citiz5s :o envi$ 8 greatness x w\ld h be5 bo? easi] & m hon\rable1 & at ! same "t f> less dang]\s & hurtful to ! ,/ate1 to =e/all him 9 ^? measures by :i* he 0 gr[+ p[]ful1 ?an to oppose him 9 su* a mann] t 8 ov]?r[ mu/ br+ ) x ! ru9 ( ! entire republic4 ,= _h !y1 z !y might easily h done1 depriv$ him ( ! weapons :i* made him =midable1 !y c\ld !n h )/ood him 9 all ! c\ncils1 & 9 all public delib]ations1 )\t ei!r be+ suspect$ or fe>$4 ,& %\ld any rejo9 t1 if ! citiz5s :o hat$ ,pi]o ,sod]9i committ$ an error 9 n be+ be=eh& ) him 9 ^? ways :]eby he came to h influ5ce ) ! p1 ,pi]o himself err$ 9 l mann]1 9 n anticipat+ 8 enemies 9 ^? me?ods :]eby !y grew =midable to him2 ,i answ] t ,pi]o is to be excus$1 bo? because x w\ld h be5 difficult = him to h s act$1 & because = him su* a c\rse w\ld n h be5 hon\rable4 ,= ! pa?s :]e9 8 dang] lay 7 ^? :i* fav\r$ ! ,m$ici1 & x 0 by ^! t 8 enemies attack$ him1 & 9 ! end ov]?rew him4 ,b ^! pa?s ,pi]o c\ld n pursue )\t di%on\r1 s9ce he c\ld n1 if he 0 to pres]ve 8 fair fame1 h jo9$ 9 de/roy+ t lib]ty :i* he _h be5 put =w>d to def5d4 ,moreov]1 s9ce fav\rs to ! ,m$icean p>ty c\ld n h be5 r5d]$ secretly & once = all1 !y w\ld h be5 mo/ dang]\s = ,pi]o1 :o1 _h he %[n himself fri5dly to ! ,m$ici1 mu/ h become suspect$ & hat$ by ! p2 9 :i* case 8 enemies w\ld h _h /ill bett] opportunities ?an be=e = 8 de/ruction4 ,m5 ought !re=e to look to ! risks & dang]s ( any c\rse :i* lies be=e !m1 nor engage 9 x :5 x is pla9 t ! dang]s outweigh ! advantages1 ev5 ?\gh !y be advis$ by o!rs t x is ! mo/ exp$i5t way to take4 ,%\ld !y act o!rwise1 x w f>e ) !m z ) ,tullius1 :o1 9 seek+ to dim9i% ! p[] ( ,m>cus ,antonius1 add$ to x4 ,= ,antonius1 :o _h be5 decl>$ an enemy by ! s5ate1 hav+ got toge!r a /rong =ce1 mo/ly made up ( vet]ans :o _h %>$ ! =tunes ( ,cs>1 ,tullius c\nsell$ ! s5ate to inve/ ,octavianus ) full au?ority1 & to s5d him aga9/ ,antonius ) ! consuls & ! army2 affirm+1 t s soon z ^? vet]ans :o _h s]v$ ) ,cs> saw ! face ( him :o 0 ,cs>'s nephew & _h assum$ 8 "n1 !y w\ld rally to 8 side & des]t ,antonius1 :o might easily be cru%$ :5 ?us left b>e ( support4 ,b ! rev]se ( all ?is happ5$4 ,= ,antonius p]suad$ ,octavianus to take "p ) him1 & to ?r[ ov] ,tullius & ! s5ate4 ,& ?is br\ght ab\t ! ru9 ( ! s5ate1 a result :i* might easily h be5 =ese54 ,= rememb]+ ! influ5ce ( t great capta91 :o1 aft] ov]?r[+ all oppon5ts1 _h seiz$ on sov]eign p[] 9 ,rome1 ! s5ate %\ld h turn$ a deaf e> to ! p]suasions ( ,tullius1 nor ev] h believ$ x possible t f ,cs>'s heir1 or f soldi]s :o _h foll[$ ,cs>1 !y c\ld look = any?+ t consi/$ ) ! "n ( ,fre$om4 ,,*apt] ,,liii4--,t ! ,p1 deceiv$ by a false %[ ( ,advantage1 (t5 desire :at w\ld be _! ,ru92 & t l>ge ,hopes & brave ,promises easily move !m4 ,:5 ,veii fell1 ! commons ( ,rome took up ! notion t x w\ld be to ! advantage ( _! city 7 half _! numb] to g & dwell !re4 ,= !y argu$ t z ,veii lay 9 a f]tile c\ntry & 0 a well-built city1 a moiety ( ! ,roman p might 9 ?is way be enri*$2 :ile1 by reason ( its vic9ity to ,rome1 ! managem5t ( civil affairs w\ld 9 no degree be affect$4 ,to ! s5ate1 h[ev]1 & ! wis] among ! citiz5s1 ! s*eme appe>$ s ra% & mis*iev\s t !y publicly decl>$ !y w\ld die soon] ?an cons5t to x4 ,! controv]sy cont9u+1 ! commons grew s inflam$ aga9/ ! s5ate t viol5ce & blood%$ mu/ h ensu$2 _h n ! s5ate = _! protection put =w>d c]ta9 old & e/eem$ citiz5s1 respect = :om re/ra9$ ! populace & put a /op to _! viol5ce4 ,two po9ts are "h to be not$4 ,fir/1 t a p deceiv$ by a false %[ ( advantage w (t5 lab\r = its own de/ruction2 &1 unless conv9c$ by "s "o :om x tru/s1 t ! c\rse on :i* x is b5t is p]nici\s1 & t "s o!r is to be pref]r$1 w br+ inf9ite dang] & injury ^u ! ,/ate4 ,& %\ld x s happ51 z sometimes is ! case1 t f hav+ be5 deceiv$ be=e1 ei!r by m5 or by ev5ts1 !re is none 9 :om ! p tru/1 _! ru9 is inevitable4 ,z to :i* ,dante1 9 8 treatise 8,de ,mon>*ia10 obs]ves t ! p w (t5 raise ! cry1 8,fl\ri% our dea? & p]i% our life40#e ,f :i* di/ru/ x arises t (t5 9 republics ! "r c\rse is n foll[$2 z :5 ,v5ice1 z has be5 relat$1 on be+ attack$ by _m enemies1 c\ld n1 until h] ru9 0 complete1 resolve to make fri5ds ) any "o ( !m by re/or+ ^? t]ritories %e _h tak5 f !m1 on acc\nt ( :i* w> _h be5 decl>$ & a league ( pr9ces =m$ aga9/ h]4 #e 8,viva la sua morte e muoia la sua vita40 ,! quotation does n seem to be f ! 8,de ,mon>*ia40 ,9 consid]+ :at c\rses x is easy1 & :at x is difficult to p]suade a p to foll[1 ?is di/9ction may be drawn3 ,ei!r :at y w\ld p]suade !m to1 pres5ts on ! face ( x a semblance ( ga9 or loss1 or x seems a spirit$ c\rse or a base "o4 ,:5 any proposal submitt$ to ! p holds out promise ( advantage1 or seems to !m a spirit$ c\rse to take1 ?\gh loss lie hid beh9d1 nay1 ?\gh ! ru9 ( _! c\ntry be involv$ 9 x1 !y w always be easily l$ to adopt x2 :]eas x w always be difficult to p]suade ! adoption ( su* c\rses z we> ! appe>ance ( disgrace or loss1 ev5 ?\gh safety & advantage be b\nd up ) !m4 ,! tru? ( :at ,i say is confirm$ by numb]less examples bo? ,roman & =eign1 mod]n & anci5t4 ,h5ce grew ! ill op9ion ent]ta9$ 9 ,rome ( ,fabius ,maximus1 :o c\ld nev] p]suade ! p t x behov$ !m to proce$ w>ily 9 _! conflict ) ,hannibal1 & )/& 8 onset )\t fight+4 ,= ?is ! p ?\ght a base c\rse1 n disc]n+ ! advantage result+ f x1 :i* ,fabius c\ld by no argum5t make pla9 to !m4 ,& s bl9d$ are m5 9 fav\r ( :at seems a spirit$ c\rse1 t al?\gh ! ,romans _h already committ$ ! blund] ( p]mitt+ ,v>ro1 ma/] ( ! knights to ,fabius1 to jo9 battle contr>y to ! latt]'s desire1 :]eby ! army mu/ h be5 de/roy$ _h n ,fabius by 8 prud5ce sav$ x1 ?is lesson 0 n en\gh2 = aft]w>ds !y appo9t$ ?is ,v>ro to be consul1 = no o!r reason ?an t he gave out1 9 ! /reets & m>ket-places1 t he w\ld make an end ( ,hannibal z soon z leave 0 giv5 him to d s4 ,:5ce came ! battle & defeat ( ,cann1 & well-nigh ! de/ruction ( ,rome4 ,ano!r example tak5 f ,roman hi/ory may be cit$ to ! same effect4 ,aft] ,hannibal _h ma9ta9$ himself = eight or t5 ye>s 9 ,italy1 dur+ :i* "t ! :ole c\ntry _h be5 delug$ ) ,roman blood1 a c]ta9 ,m>cus ,c5t5ius ,p5ula1 a man ( mean orig91 b :o _h held "s po/ 9 ! army1 came =w>d & propos$ to ! s5ate t 7 leave giv5 him to raise a =ce ( volunte]s 9 any "p ( ,italy he pleas$1 he w\ld spe$ily deliv] ,hannibal into _! h&s1 alive or dead4 ,to ! s5ate ?is man's (f] seem$ a ra% "o2 b reflect+ t 7 !y to refuse x1 & 7 ! p aft]w>ds to he> t x _h be5 made1 tumults1 ill w1 & res5tm5t aga9/ !m w\ld result1 !y grant$ ! p]mission ask$2 *oos+ r to risk ! lives ( all :o might foll[ ,p5ula1 ?an to excite fre% discont5t on ! "p ( ! p1 to :om !y knew t su* a proposal w\ld be welcome1 & t x w\ld be v h>d to dissuade !m f x4 ,& s ?is adv5tur]1 m>*+ =? ) an undiscipl9$ & disord]ly rabble to meet ,hannibal1 01 ) all 8 foll[]s1 defeat$ & sla9 9 ! v fir/ enc\nt]4 ,9 ,greece1 likewise1 & 9 ! city ( ,a!ns1 t mo/ grave & prud5t /atesman1 ,nicias1 c\ld n conv9ce ! p t ! proposal to g & attack ,sicily 0 disadvantage\s2 & ! exp$ition be+ resolv$ on1 contr>y to 8 advice & to ! wi%es ( ! wis] among ! citiz5s1 result$ 9 ! ov]?r[ ( ! ,a!nian p[]4 ,scipio1 on be+ appo9t$ consul1 ask$ t ! prov9ce ( ,africa might be aw>d$ to him1 promis+ t he w\ld utt]ly efface ,c>?age2 & :5 ! s5ate1 on ! advice ( ,fabius1 refus$ 8 reque/1 he ?reat5$ to submit ! matt] to ! p z v well kn[+ t to ! p su* proposals are always acceptable4 ,i might cite o!r in/ances to ! same effect f ! hi/ory ( our own city1 z :5 ,mess] ,ercole ,b5tivoglio & ,antonio ,giacom9i1 be+ 9 jo9t comm& ( ! ,flor5t9e armies1 aft] defeat+ ,b>tolommeo d',alviano at ,san ,v9c5zo1 proce$$ to inve/ ,pisa4 ,= ?is ent]prise 0 resolv$ on by ! p 9 consequ5ce ( ! brave promises ( ,mess] ,ercole2 & ?\gh _m wise citiz5s disapprov$ ( x1 !y c\ld d no?+ to prev5t x1 be+ c>ri$ away by ! popul> w1 :i* took its rise 9 ! assurances ( _! capta94 ,i say1 !n1 t !re is no readi] way to br+ ab\t ! ru9 ( a republic1 :5 ! p[] is 9 ! h&s ( ! p1 ?an to sugge/ d>+ c\rses = _! adoption4 ,= :]ev] ! p h a voice1 su* proposals w always be well receiv$1 nor w ^? p]sons :o are oppos$ to !m be able to apply any rem$y4 ,& z ?is occasions ! ru9 ( ,/ates1 x likewise1 & ev5 m frequ5tly1 occasions ! private ru9 ( ^? to :om ! execution ( ^! proposals is committ$2 because ! p anticipat+ victory1 d n :5 !re comes defeat ascribe x to ! %ort means or ill =tune ( ! comm&]1 b to 8 c[>dice & incapacity2 & commonly ei!r put him to dea?1 or imprison or bani% him2 z 0 done 9 ! case ( numb]less ,c>?ag9ian g5]als & ( _m ,a!nian1 no successes !y might previ\sly h obta9$ avail+ !m any?+2 = all pa/ s]vices are cancell$ by a pres5t loss4 ,& s x happ5$ ) our ,antonio ,giacom9i1 :o n succe$+ z ! p _h expect$1 & z he _h promis$1 9 tak+ ,pisa1 fell into su* discr$it ) ! p1 t not)/&+ 8 c\ntless pa/ s]vices1 8 life 0 sp>$ r by ! compassion ( ^? 9 au?ority ?an ?r\gh any movem5t ( ! citiz5s 9 8 behalf4 ,,*apt] ,,liv4--,( ! b\ndless ,au?ority :i* a great ,man may use to re/ra9 an excit$ ,multitude4 ,! next notewor?y po9t 9 ! passage ref]r$ to 9 ! =ego+ ,*apt] is1 t no?+ t5ds s mu* to re/ra9 an excit$ multitude z ! rev]5ce felt = "s grave p]son1 clo!d ) au?ority1 :o /&s =w>d to oppose !m4 ,= n )\t reason has ,virgil said-- 8,if !n1 by *ance1 "s rev]5d *ief appe>1 ,kn[n = 8 de$s & = 8 virtues de>1 ,sil5t !y wait 8 words & b5d a li/5+ e>40#f #f ,tum pietate gravem ac m]itis si =te virum quem ,conspex]e1 sil5t1 arrectisque auribus ad/ant4 ,virg4 ,a541 ,i4 #aed4 ,he !re=e :o comm&s an army or gov]ns a city :]e9 tumult %all h brok5 out1 ought to assume ! noble/ & brave/ be>+ he c1 & clo! himself ) all ! ensigns ( 8 /ation1 t he may make himself m rev]$4 ,x is n _m ye>s s9ce ,flor5ce 0 divid$ into two factions1 ! ,frates*i & ,arrabbiati1 z !y 7 nam$1 & ^! com+ to op5 viol5ce1 ! ,frates*i1 among :om 0 ,pagolo ,antonio ,sod]9i1 a citiz5 ( great reputation 9 ^! days1 7 wor/$4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ^! di/urbances ! p com+ ) arms 9 _! h&s to plund] ! h\se ( ,sod]9i1 8 bro!r ,mess] ,francesco1 !n bi%op ( ,volt]ra & n[ c>d9al1 :o happ5$ to be dwell+ !re1 s soon z he he>d ! upro> & saw ! cr[d1 putt+ on 8 be/ app>el & ov] x 8 episcopal robes1 w5t =? to meet ! arm$ multitude1 & by 8 words & mi5 br\ght !m to a /ay2 & = _m days 8 behavi\r 0 comm5d$ by ! :ole city4 ,! inf]5ce f all :i* is1 t !re is no sur] or m necess>y re/ra9t on ! viol5ce ( an unruly multitude1 ?an ! pres5ce ( "s "o ^: "* & be>+ comm& respect4 ,b to return once m to ! passage we are consid]+1 we see h[ /ubbornly ! p clung to ?is s*eme ( transplant+ !mselves to ,veii1 ?9k+ x = _! advantage1 & n disc]n+ ! mis*ief really involv$ 9 x2 s t 9 addition to ! _m diss5sions :i* x occasion$1 actual viol5ce mu/ h foll[$1 _h n ! s5ate ) ! aid ( c]ta9 grave & rev]5d citiz5s repress$ ! popul> fury4 ,,*apt] ,,lv4--,t ,gov]nm5t is easily c>ri$ on 9 a ,city :]e9 ! body ( ! ,p is n corrupt$3 & t a ,pr9c$om is impossible :]e ,equality prevails1 & a ,republic :]e x does n4 ,?\gh :at we h to fe> or hope f cities t h gr[n corrupt$ has already be5 discuss$1 /ill ,i ?9k x n out ( place to notice a resolution pass$ by ! s5ate t\*+ ! v[ :i* ,camillus made to ,apollo ( a t5? ( ! spoil tak5 f ! ,vei5t9es4 ,= ?is spoil hav+ fall5 into ! h&s ( ! p1 ! s5ate1 be+ unable by o!r means to get any acc\nt ( x1 pass$ an edict t e man %\ld publicly (f] "o t5? "p ( :at he _h tak54 ,& al?\gh ?is edict 0 n c>ri$ out1 f ! s5ate hav+ aft]w>ds foll[$ a diff]5t c\rse1 :]eby1 to ! cont5t ( ! p1 ! claim ( ,apollo 0 o!rwise satisfi$1 we nev]!less see f _! hav+ ent]ta9$ su* a proposal1 h[ completely ! s5ate tru/$ to ! hone/y ( ! p1 :5 !y assum$ t no "o w\ld )hold any "p ( :at ! edict comm&$ him to give2 on ! o!r h&1 we see t x nev] occurr$ to ! p t !y might evade ! law by giv+ less ?an 0 due1 _! only ?\ght be+ to free !mselves f ! law by op5ly manife/+ _! displeasure4 ,?is example1 toge!r ) _m o!rs already notic$1 %[s h[ mu* virtue & h[ pr(\nd a feel+ ( religion prevail$ among ! ,roman p1 & h[ mu* good 0 to be expect$ f !m4 ,&1 9 tru?1 9 ! c\ntry :]e virtue l ?is does n exi/1 no good c be look$ =1 z we %\ld look = x 9 va9 9 prov9ces :i* at ! pres5t day are se5 to be corrupt$2 z ,italy is beyond all o!rs1 ?\gh1 9 "s degree1 ,france & ,spa9 are simil>ly ta9t$4 ,9 :i* la/ two c\ntries1 if we see n s _m disord]s spr+ up z we see daily spr++ up 9 ,italy1 ?is is n s mu* due to ! sup]ior virtue ( _! inhabitants 7:o1 to say tru?1 fall f> %ort ( our c\ntrym571 z to _! be+ gov]n$ by a k+ :o keeps !m unit$1 n m]ely by 8 p]sonal qualities1 b also by ! laws & ord9ances ( ! realm :i* are /ill ma9ta9$ ) vig\r4 ,9 ,g]many1 h[ev]1 we d see signal excell5ce & a dev\t religi\s _s prevail among ! p1 giv+ rise to ! _m free ,/ates :i* !re ma9ta9 !mselves1 ) su* /rict obs]vance ( _! laws t none1 ei!r )9 or )\t _! walls1 d>e encroa* on !m4 ,t among ?is la/-nam$ p a great %>e ( ! anci5t excell5ce does 9 tru? /ill fl\ri%1 ,i %all %[ by an example simil> to t :i* ,i h above relat$ ( ! s5ate & p ( ,rome4 ,x is cu/om>y ) ! ,g]man ,free ,/ates :5 !y h to exp5d any l>ge sum ( money on ! public acc\nt1 = _! magi/rates or c\ncils hav+ au?ority giv5 !m 9 t behalf1 to impose a rate ( "o or two 9 ! hundr$ on e man's e/ate2 :i* rate be+ fix$1 e man1 9 con=mity ) ! laws ( ! city1 pres5ts himself be=e ! collectors ( ! impo/1 & hav+ fir/ made oa? to pay ! am\nt ju/ly due1 ?r[s into a *e/ provid$ = ! purpose :at he consci5ti\sly believes x fair = him to pay1 ( :i* paym5t none is witness save himself4 ,f ?is fact x may be ga!r$ :at hone/y & religion /ill prevail among ?is p4 ,= we mu/ assume t ea* pays 8 j %>e1 s9ce o!rwise ! impo/ w\ld n yield ! sum :i*1 ) ref]5ce to =m] impo/s1 x 0 e/imat$ to yield2 :]eby ! fraud w\ld be detect$1 & !reupon "s o!r me?od = rais+ money h to be resort$ to4 ,at ! pres5t "t ?is virtue is ! m to be admir$1 because x seems to h surviv$ 9 ?is prov9ce only4 ,t x has surviv$ !re may be ascrib$ to two circum/ances3 fir/1 t ! natives h little communication ) _! neighb\rs1 nei!r visit+ !m 9 _! c\ntries nor be+ visit$ by !m2 be+ cont5t to use su* commodities1 & subsi/ on su* food1 & to we> g>m5ts ( su* mat]ials z _! own l& supplies2 s t all occasion = int]c\rse1 & e cause ( corruption is remov$4 ,= liv+ aft] ?is fa%ion1 !y h n le>n$ ! mann]s ( ! ,fr5*1 ! ,italians1 or ! ,spani>ds1 :i* ?ree nations toge!r are ! corruption ( ! _w4 ,! second cause is1 t ^! republics 9 :i* a free & pure gov]nm5t is ma9ta9$ w n suff] any ( _! citiz5s ei!r to be1 or to live z g5tlem52 b on ! contr>y1 :ile pres]v+ a /rict equality among !mselves1 are bitt]ly ho/ile to all ^? g5tlem5 & lords :o dwell 9 _! neighb\rhood2 s t if by *ance any ( ^! fall into _! h&s1 !y put !m to dea?1 z ! *ief promot]s ( corruption & ! orig9 ( all disord]s4 ,b to make pla9 :at ,i mean :5 ,i speak ( g5tlem51 ,i say t ^? are s to be /yl$ :o live 9 opul5ce & idl5ess on ! rev5ues ( _! e/ates1 )\t conc]n+ !mselves ) ! cultivation ( ^! e/ates1 or incurr+ any o!r fatigue = _! support4 ,su* p]sons are v mis*iev\s 9 e republic or c\ntry4 ,b ev5 m mis*iev\s are !y :o1 besides ! e/ates ,i h spok5 (1 are lords ( /rongholds & ca/les1 & h vassals & reta9]s :o r5d] !m ob$i5ce4 ,( ^! two classes ( m5 ! k+dom ( ,naples1 ! c\ntry r\nd ,rome1 ,romagna1 & ,lomb>dy are full2 & h5ce x happ5s t 9 ^! prov9ces no commonweal? or free =m ( gov]nm5t has ev] exi/$2 because m5 ( ?is sort are ! sworn foes to all free in/itutions4 ,& s9ce to plant a commonweal? 9 prov9ces :i* are 9 ?is condition 7 impossible1 if ^! are to be re=m$ at all1 x c only be by "s "o man :o is able !re to e/abli% a k+dom2 ! reason be+ t :5 ! body ( ! p is gr[n s corrupt$ t ! laws are p[]less to control x1 !re mu/ 9 addition to ! laws be introduc$ a /rong] =ce1 to wit1 ! regal1 :i* by its absolute & unre/rict$ au?ority may curb ! excessive ambition & corruption ( ! great4 ,?is op9ion may be support$ by ! example ( ,tuscany1 9 :i* )9 a n>r[ compass ( t]ritory !re h long exi/$ ! ?ree republics ( ,flor5ce1 ,lucca1 & ,si5a1 :ile ! o!r cities ( t prov9ce1 al?\gh to a c]ta9 ext5t dep5d5t1 /ill %[ by _! _s & by _! in/itutions t !y pres]ve1 or at any rate desire to pres]ve1 _! fre$om3 & ?is because !re are 9 ,tuscany no lords possess$ ( /rongholds1 & few or no g5tlem51 b s complete an equality prevails1 t a prud5t /atesman1 well acqua9t$ ) ! hi/ory ( ! free ,/ates ( antiquity1 might easily introduce free in/itutions4 ,su*1 h[ev]1 has be5 ! unhapp9ess ( ?is our c\ntry1 t1 up to ! pres5t h\r1 x has nev] produc$ any man ) ! p[] & k :i* w\ld h enabl$ him to act 9 ?is way4 ,f :at has be5 said1 x foll[s1 t he :o w\ld f\nd a commonweal? 9 a c\ntry :]e9 !re are _m g5tlem51 _c d s unless he fir/ gets rid ( !m2 & t he :o w\ld f\nd a mon>*y or pr9c$om 9 a c\ntry :]e9 great equality prevails1 w nev] succe$1 unless he raise above ! level ( t equality _m p]sons ( a re/less & ambiti\s temp]am5t1 :om he mu/ make g5tlem5 n 9 "n m]ely b 9 reality1 by conf]r+ on !m ca/les & l&s1 supply+ !m ) ri*es1 & provid+ !m ) reta9]s2 t ) ^! g5tlem5 ar\nd him1 & ) _! help1 he may ma9ta9 8 p[]1 :ile !y ?r\gh him may gratify _! ambition2 all o!rs be+ con/ra9$ to endure a yoke1 :i* =ce & =ce alone imposes on !m4 ,= :5 9 ?is way !re comes to be a proportion betwe5 him :o uses =ce & him aga9/ :om x is us$1 ea* /&s fix$ 9 8 own /ation4 ,b to f\nd a commonweal? 9 a c\ntry suit$ = a k+dom1 or a k+dom 9 a c\ntry suit$ to be a commonweal?1 requires s r>e a comb9ation ( intellig5ce & p[]1 t ?\gh _m engage 9 ! attempt1 few are f\nd to succe$4 ,= ! greatness ( ! und]tak+ quickly daunts !m1 & s ob/ructs _! advance !y break d[n at ! v outset4 ,! case ( ! ,v5etian ,republic1 :]e9 none save g5tlem5 are p]mitt$ to hold any public (fice1 does1 d\btless1 seem oppos$ to ?is op9ion ( m9e t :]e !re are g5tlem5 x is impossible to f\nd a commonweal?4 ,b x may be answ]$ t ! case ( ,v5ice is n 9 tru? an in/ance to ! contr>y2 s9ce ! g5tlem5 ( ,v5ice are g5tlem5 r 9 "n ?an 9 reality1 inasmu* z !y draw no great rev5ues f l&s1 _! weal? consi/+ *iefly 9 m]*&ise & *attels1 & n "o ( !m possess+ a ca/le or enjoy+ any feudal au?ority4 ,= 9 ,v5ice ?is "n ( g5tleman is a title ( hon\r & dignity1 & does n dep5d on any ( ^? circum/ances 9 respect ( :i* ! "n is giv5 9 o!r ,/ates4 ,b z 9 o!r ,/ates ! diff]5t ranks & classes are divid$ "u diff]5t names1 s 9 ,v5ice we h ! division into g5tlem5 7g5tiluom9i7 & plebeians 7popolani71 x be+ und]/ood t ! =m] hold1 or h ! "r to hold all situations ( hon\r1 f :i* ! latt] are entirely exclud$4 ,& 9 ,v5ice ?is occasions no di/urbance1 = reasons :i* ,i h already expla9$4 ,let a commonweal?1 !n1 be con/itut$ 9 ! c\ntry :]e a great equality is f\nd or has be5 made2 &1 conv]sely1 let a pr9c$om be con/itut$ :]e great inequality prevails4 ,o!rwise :at is con/itut$ w be discordant 9 itself1 & )\t /ability4 ,,*apt] ,,lvi4--,t :5 great ,calamities are ab\t to befall a ,city or ,c\ntry1 ,signs are se5 to presage1 & ,se]s arise :o =etell !m4 ,:5ce x happ5s ,i "k n1 b x is se5 f examples bo? anci5t & rec5t1 t no grave calamity has ev] befall5 any city or c\ntry :i* has n be5 =etold by vision1 by augury1 by port5t1 or by "s o!r ,heav5-s5t sign4 ,& n to travel too f> afield = evid5ce ( ?is1 e "o kn[s t long be=e ! invasion ( ,italy by ,*>les ,,viii4 ( ,france1 8 com+ 0 =etold by ! fri> ,girolamo ,savon>ola2 & h[1 ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ,tuscany1 ! rum\r ran t ov] ,arezzo horsem5 _h be5 se5 fight+ 9 ! air4 ,& :o is !re :o has n he>d t be=e ! dea? ( ! eld] ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici1 ! highe/ p9nacle ( ! ca!dral 0 r5t by a ?und]bolt1 to ! great injury ( ! build+8 ,or :o1 aga91 b kn[s t %ortly be=e ,pi]o ,sod]9i1 :om ! p ( ,flor5ce _h made gonfaloni] = life1 0 depriv$ ( 8 (fice & bani%$1 ! palace itself 0 /ruck by lightn+8 ,o!r in/ances might be cit$1 :i*1 n to be t$i\s1 ,i %all omit1 & m5tion only a circum/ance :i* ,titus ,livius tells u prec$$ ! invasion ( ! ,gauls4 ,= he relates h[ a c]ta9 plebeian nam$ ,m>cus ,c$itius report$ to ! s5ate t z he pass$ by night along ! ,via ,nova1 he he>d a voice l\d] ?an mortal1 bidd+ him w>n ! magi/rates t ! ,gauls 7 on _! way to ,rome4 ,! causes ( su* manife/ations ought1 ,i ?9k1 to be inquir$ into & expla9$ by "s "o :o has a k1 :i* ,i h n1 ( causes natural & sup]natural4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be1 z c]ta9 wise m5 say1 t ! air is fill$ ) intellig5t be+s1 to :om x is giv5 to =eca/ future ev5ts2 :o1 tak+ pity ^u m51 w>n !m be=eh& by ^! signs to prep>e = :at awaits !m4 ,be ?is z x may1 c]ta9 x is t su* w>n+s are giv51 & t always aft] !m new & /range disa/]s befall nations4 ,,*apt] ,,lvii4--,t ! ,p are /rong collectively1 b individually weak4 ,aft] ! ru9 br\ght on _! c\ntry by ! invasion ( ! ,gauls1 _m ( ! ,romans w5t to dwell 9 ,veii1 9 opposition to ! edicts & comm&s ( ! s5ate1 :o1 to correct ?is mis*ief1 publicly orda9$ t )9 a "t fix$1 & "u p5alties /at$1 all %\ld return to live 9 ,rome4 ,! p]sons aga9/ :om ^! proclamations 7 direct$ at fir/ d]id$ !m2 b1 :5 ! "t came = !m to be obey$1 all obey$ !m4 ,& ,titus ,livius obs]ves t1 8al?\gh bold en\gh collectively1 ea* sep>ately1 fe>+ to be puni%$1 made 8 submission40 ,& inde$ ! temp] ( ! multitude 9 su* cases1 _c be bett] describ$ ?an 9 ?is passage4 ,= (t5 a p w be op5-m\!d 9 condemn+ ! decrees ( _! pr9ce1 b aft]w>ds1 :5 !y h to look puni%m5t 9 ! face1 putt+ no tru/ 9 "o ano!r1 !y ha/5 to comply4 ,:]e=e1 if y be 9 a position to keep ! p well-dispos$ t[>ds y :5 !y already are s1 or to prev5t !m injur+ y 9 case !y be ill-dispos$1 x is cle>ly ( little mom5t :e!r ! feel+s ) :i* !y pr(ess to reg>d y1 be fav\rable or no4 ,?is applies to all unfri5dl9ess on ! "p ( a p1 :5cesoev] x proce$1 except+ only ! res5tm5t felt by !m on be+ depriv$ ei!r ( lib]ty1 or ( a pr9ce :om !y love & :o /ill survives4 ,= ! ho/ile temp] produc$ by ^! two causes is m to be fe>$ ?an any beside1 & dem&s measures ( extreme sev]ity to correct x4 ,! o!r unt[>d hum\rs ( ! multitude1 %\ld !re be no p[]ful *ief to fo/] !m1 are easily dealt )2 because1 :ile on ! "o h& !re is no?+ m t]rible ?an an uncontroll$ & headless mob1 on ! o!r1 !re is no?+ feebl]4 ,= ?\gh x be furni%$ ) arms x is easily subdu$1 if y h "s place ( /r5g? :]e9 to %elt] f its fir/ onset4 ,= :5 its fir/ fury has some:at abat$1 & ea* man sees t he has to return to 8 own h\se1 all beg9 to lose he>t & to take ?\ght h[ to insure _! p]sonal safety1 :e!r by flight or by submission4 ,= :i* reason a multitude /irr$ 9 ?is way1 if x w\ld avoid dang]s su* z ,i speak (1 mu/ at once appo9t a head f among its own numb]s1 :o may control x1 keep x unit$1 & provide = its def5ce2 z did ! commons ( ,rome :51 aft] ! dea? ( ,virg9ia1 !y quitt$ ! city1 & = _! protection creat$ tw5ty tribunes f among !mselves4 ,unless ?is be done1 :at ,titus ,livius has obs]v$ 9 ! passage cit$1 w always prove true1 namely1 t a multitude is /rong :ile x holds toge!r1 b s soon z ea* ( ^? :o compose x beg9s to ?9k ( 8 own private dang]1 x becomes weak & contemptible4 ,,*apt] ,,lviii4--,t a ,p is wis] & m con/ant ?an a ,pr9ce ,t 8no?+ is m fickle & incon/ant ?an ! multitude0 is affirm$ n by ,titus ,livius only1 b by all o!r hi/orians1 9 ^: *ronicles ( human actions we (t5 f9d ! multitude condemn+ "s citiz5 to dea?1 & aft]w>ds lam5t+ him & griev+ greatly = 8 loss1 z ! ,romans griev$ & lam5t$ = ,manlius ,capitol9us1 :om !y _h !mselves condemn$ to die4 ,9 relat+ :i* circum/ance our au?or obs]ves 8,9 a %ort "t ! p1 hav+ no long] cause to fe> him1 began to deplore 8 dea?0 ,& else:]e1 :5 speak+ ( :at took place 9 ,syracuse aft] ! murd] ( ,hi]onymus1 gr&son ( ,hi]o1 he says1 8,x is ! nature ( ! multitude to be an abject slave1 or a dom9e]+ ma/]0 ,x may be t 9 attempt+ to def5d a cause1 :i*1 z ,i h said1 all writ]s are agre$ to condemn1 ,i take ^u me a task s h>d & difficult t ,i %all ei!r h to rel9qui% x ) %ame or pursue x ) opprobrium4 ,be t z x may1 ,i nei!r d1 nor ev] %all judge x a fault1 to support op9ion by argum5ts1 :]e x is n s\ght to impose !m by viol5ce or au?ority ,i ma9ta91 !n1 t ?is infirmity ) :i* hi/orians tax ! multitude1 may ) equal reason be *>g$ aga9/ e individual man1 b mo/ ( all aga9/ pr9ces1 s9ce all :o are n controll$ by ! laws1 w commit ! v same faults z are committ$ by an uncontroll$ multitude4 ,pro( :]e( 7 easy1 s9ce ( all ! _m pr9ces exi/+1 or :o h exi/$1 few inde$ are or h be5 ei!r wise or good4 ,i speak ( su* pr9ces z h _h x 9 _! p[] to break ! re9s by :i* !y are controll$1 among :om ,i d n reckon ^? k+s :o reign$ 9 ,egypt 9 ! mo/ remote antiquity :5 t c\ntry 0 gov]n$ 9 con=mity ) its laws2 nor d ,i include ^? k+s :o reign$ 9 ,sp>ta1 nor ^? :o 9 our own times reign 9 ,france1 :i* k+dom1 m ?an any o!r :]e( we h k at ! pres5t day1 is "u ! gov]nm5t ( its laws4 ,= k+s :o live1 z ^! d1 subject to con/itutional re/ra9t1 are n to be c\nt$ :5 we h to consid] ea* man's prop] nature1 & to see :e!r he resembles ! multitude4 ,= to draw a comp>ison ) su* pr9ces z ^!1 we mu/ take ! case ( a multitude controll$ z !y are1 & regulat$ by ! laws1 :5 we %all f9d x to possess ! same virtues :i* we see 9 !m1 & nei!r conduct+ itself z an abject slave nor z a dom9e]+ ma/]4 ,su* 0 ! p ( ,rome1 :o1 :ile ! commonweal? cont9u$ uncorrupt$1 nev] ei!r s]v$ abjectly nor dom9e]$ haughtily2 b1 on ! contr>y1 by means ( _! magi/rates & _! ord9ances1 ma9ta9$ _! place1 & :5 =c$ to put =? _! /r5g? aga9/ "s p[]ful citiz51 z 9 ! case ( ,manlius1 ! decemvirs1 & o!rs :o s\ght to oppress !m1 did s2 b :5 x 0 necess>y = ! public welf>e to yield ob$i5ce to ! dictator or consuls1 obey$4 ,& if ! ,roman p m\rn$ ! loss ( ! dead ,manlius1 x is no wond]2 = !y m\rn$ 8 virtues1 :i* _h be5 ( su* a sort t _! memory /irr$ ! regret ( all1 & w\ld h _h p[] to produce ! same feel+s ev5 9 a pr9ce2 all writ]s be+ agre$ t excell5ce is prais$ & admir$ ev5 by its enemies4 ,b if ,manlius :5 he 0 s greatly m\rn$1 c\ld h ris5 once m f ! dead1 ! ,roman p w\ld h pron\nc$ ! same s5t5ce aga9/ him :i* !y pron\nc$ :5 !y l$ him =? f ! prison-h\se1 & /raightway condemn$ him to die4 ,& 9 l mann] we see t pr9ces1 acc\nt$ wise1 h put m5 to dea?1 & aft]w>ds greatly lam5t$ !m1 z ,alex&] m\rn$ = ,clitus & o!rs ( 8 fri5ds1 & ,h]od = ,m>iamne4 ,b :at our hi/orian says ( ! multitude1 he says n ( a multitude :i* l ! p ( ,rome is controll$ by ! laws1 b ( an uncontroll$ multitude l ! ,syracusans1 :o 7 guilty ( all ^! crimes :i* infuriat$ & ungov]n$ m5 commit1 & :i* 7 equally committ$ by ,alex&] & ,h]od 9 ! cases m5tion$4 ,:]e=e ! nature ( a multitude is no m to be blam$ ?an ! nature ( pr9ces1 s9ce bo? equally err :5 !y c d s )\t reg>d to consequ5ces4 ,( :i* _m in/ances1 besides ^? already giv51 might be cit$ f ! hi/ory ( ! ,roman emp]ors1 & ( o!r pr9ces & tyrants1 9 ^: lives we f9d su* incon/ancy & fickl5ess1 z we might look 9 va9 = 9 a p4 ,i ma9ta91 !re=e1 contr>y to ! common op9ion :i* av]s t a p :5 !y h ! managem5t ( affairs are *angeable1 fickle1 & ungrateful1 t ^! faults exi/ n 9 !m o!rwise ?an z !y exi/ 9 individual pr9ces2 s t 7 any to accuse bo? pr9ces & peoples1 ! *>ge might be true1 b t to make exception 9 fav\r ( pr9ces is a mi/ake2 = a p 9 comm&1 if x be duly re/ra9$1 w h ! same prud5ce & ! same gratitude z a pr9ce has1 or ev5 m1 h[ev] wise he may be reckon$2 & a pr9ce on ! o!r h&1 if fre$ f ! control ( ! laws1 w be m ungrateful1 fickle1 & %ort-sight$ ?an a p4 ,& fur!r1 ,i say t any diff]5ce 9 _! me?ods ( act+ results n f any diff]5ce 9 _! nature1 t be+ ! same 9 bo?1 or1 if !re be advantage on ei!r side1 ! advantage re/+ ) ! p1 b f _! hav+ m or less respect = ! laws "u :i* ea* lives4 ,& :osoev] att5tively consid]s ! hi/ory ( ! ,roman p1 may see t = f\r hundr$ ye>s !y nev] relax$ 9 _! hatr$ ( ! regal "n1 & 7 con/antly devot$ to ! glory & welf>e ( _! c\ntry1 & w f9d numb]less pro(s giv5 by !m ( _! consi/5cy 9 bo? p>ticul>s4 ,& %\ld any allege aga9/ me ! +ratitude !y %[$ to ,scipio1 ,i reply by :at has already be5 said at l5g? on t head1 :]e ,i prov$ t peoples are less ungrateful ?an pr9ces4 ,b z = prud5ce & /ability ( purpose1 ,i affirm t a p is m prud5t1 m /able1 & ( bett] judgm5t ?an a pr9ce4 ,nor is x )\t reason t ! voice ( ! p has be5 lik5$ to ! voice ( ,god2 = we see t wide-spread beliefs fulfil !mselves1 & br+ ab\t m>vell\s results1 s z to h ! appe>ance ( presag+ by "s occult quality ei!r weal or woe4 ,aga91 z to ! ju/ice ( _! op9ions on public affairs1 seldom f9d t aft] he>+ two speak]s ( equal ability urg+ !m 9 opposite directions1 !y d n adopt ! s\nd] view1 or are unable to decide on ! tru? ( :at !y he>4 ,& if1 z ,i h said1 a p errs 9 adopt+ c\rses :i* appe> to x bold & advantage\s1 pr9ces w likewise err :5 _! passions are t\*$1 z is f> (t5] ! case ) !m ?an ) a p4 ,we see1 too1 t 9 ! *oice ( magi/rates a p w *oose f> m hone/ly ?an a pr9ce2 s t :ile y %all nev] p]suade a p t x is advantage\s to conf] dignities on ! infam\s & pr(ligate1 a pr9ce may readily1 & 9 a ?\s& ways1 be drawn to d s4 ,aga91 x may be se5 t a p1 :5 once !y h come to hold a ?+ 9 abhorr5ce1 rema9 = _m ages ( ! same m9d2 :i* we d n f9d happ5 ) pr9ces4 ,= ! tru? ( bo? ( :i* ass]tions ! ,roman p are my suffici5t witness1 :o1 9 ! c\rse ( s _m hundr$ ye>s1 & 9 s _m elections ( consuls & tribunes1 nev] made f\r appo9tm5ts ( :i* !y _h reason to rep5t2 &1 z ,i h said1 s dete/$ ! "n ( k+1 t no obligation !y might be "u to any citiz5 :o affect$ t "n1 c\ld %ield him f ! appo9t$ p5alty4 ,fur!r1 we f9d t ^? cities :]e9 ! gov]nm5t is 9 ! h&s ( ! p1 9 a v %ort space ( "t1 make m>vell\s progress1 f> exce$+ t made by cities :i* h be5 always rul$ by pr9ces2 z ,rome grew aft] ! expulsion ( h] k+s1 & ,a!ns aft] %e fre$ h]self f ,pisi/ratus2 & ?is we c ascribe to no o!r cause ?an t ! rule ( a p is bett] ?an ! rule ( a pr9ce4 ,nor w\ld ,i h x ?\ght t any?+ our hi/orian may h affirm$ 9 ! passage cit$1 or else:]e1 controv]ts ^! my op9ions4 ,= if all ! glories & all ! defects bo? ( peoples & ( pr9ces be c>efully weigh$1 x w appe> t bo? = goodness & = glory a p is to be pref]r$4 ,& if pr9ces surpass peoples 9 ! "w ( legislation1 9 %ap+ civil in/itutions1 9 m\ld+ /atutes1 & fram+ new ord9ances1 s f> d ! latt] surpass ! =m] 9 ma9ta9+ :at has once be5 e/abli%$1 z to m]it no less praise ?an !y4 ,& to /ate ! sum ( ! :ole matt] %ortly1 ,i say t popul> gov]nm5ts h endur$ = long p]iods 9 ! same way z ! gov]nm5ts ( pr9ces1 & t bo? h ne$ to be regulat$ by ! laws2 because ! pr9ce :o c d :at he pleases is a madman1 & ! p :i* c d z x pleases is nev] wise4 ,if1 !n1 we assume ! case ( a pr9ce b\nd1 & ( a p *a9$ d[n by ! laws1 great] virtue w appe> 9 ! p ?an 9 ! pr9ce2 :ile if we assume ! case ( ea* ( !m fre$ f all control1 x w be se5 t ! p commits few] errors ?an ! pr9ce1 & less s]i\s errors1 & su* z admit ( readi] cure4 ,= a turbul5t & unruly p may be spok5 to by a good man1 & readily br\ght back to good ways2 b none c speak to a wick$ pr9ce1 nor any rem$y be f\nd aga9/ him b by ! sword4 ,& f ?is we may inf] :i* ( ! two suff]s f ! worse disease2 = if ! disease ( ! p may be heal$ by words1 :ile t ( ! pr9ce mu/ be dealt ) by ! sword1 !re is none b w judge t evil to be ! great] :i* dem&s ! m viol5t rem$y4 ,:5 a p is absolutely uncontroll$1 x is n s mu* ! follies :i* x commits or ! evil :i* x actually does t excites al>m1 z ! mis*ief :i* may !nce result1 s9ce 9 su* disord]s x becomes possible = a tyrant to spr+ up4 ,b ) a wick$ pr9ce ! contr>y is ! case2 = we dread pres5t ill1 & place our hopes 9 ! future1 p]suad+ ourselves t ! evil life ( ! pr9ce may br+ ab\t our fre$om4 ,s t !re is ?is di/9ction betwe5 ! two1 t ) ! "o we fe> :at is1 ) ! o!r :at is likely to be4 ,aga91 ! cruelties ( a p are turn$ aga9/ him :o x fe>s w encroa* ^u ! common rights1 b ! cruelties ( ! pr9ce aga9/ ^? :o he fe>s may ass]t ^? rights4 ,! prejudice :i* is ent]ta9$ aga9/ ! p arises f ?is1 t any man may speak ill ( !m op5ly & fe>lessly1 ev5 :5 ! gov]nm5t is 9 _! h&s2 :]eas pr9ces are always spok5 ( ) a ?\s& res]ves & a con/ant eye to consequ5ces4 ,b s9ce ! subject sugge/s x1 x seems to me n out ( place to consid] :at alliances we c mo/ tru/1 :e!r ^? made ) commonweal?s or ^? made ) pr9ces4 ,,*apt] ,,lix4--,to :at ,leagues or ,alliances we may mo/ tru/2 :e!r ^? we make ) ,commonweal?s or ^? we make ) ,pr9ces4 ,s9ce leagues & alliances are e day ent]$ into by "o pr9ce ) ano!r1 or by "o commonweal? ) ano!r1 & z conv5tions & treaties are conclud$ 9 l mann] betwe5 pr9ces & commonweal?s1 x seems to me prop] to inquire :e!r ! fai? ( a commonweal? or t ( a pr9ce is ! m /able & ! saf] to c\nt on4 ,all ?+s consid]$1 ,i am dispos$ to believe t 9 mo/ cases !y are alike1 ?\gh 9 "s !y diff]4 ,( "o ?+1 h[ev]1 ,i am conv9c$1 namely1 t engagem5ts made "u duress w nev] be obs]v$ ei!r by pr9ce or by commonweal?2 & t if m5ac$ ) ! loss ( _! t]ritories1 bo? ! "o & ! o!r w break fai? ) y & treat y ) +ratitude4 ,demetrius1 :o 0 nam$ ! 8,city-tak]10 _h conf]r$ numb]less b5efits ^u ! ,a!nians2 b :51 aft]w>ds1 on be+ defeat$ by 8 enemies1 he s\ght %elt] 9 ,a!ns1 z be+ a fri5dly city & "u obligations to him1 x 0 refus$ him2 a circum/ance :i* griev$ him f> m ?an ! loss ( 8 soldi]s & army _h done4 ,pompey1 9 l mann]1 :5 r\t$ by ,cs> 9 ,!ssaly1 fl$ = refuge to ,ptolemy 9 ,egypt1 :o =m]ly _h be5 re/or$ by him to 8 k+dom2 by :om he 0 put to dea?4 ,9 bo? ^! in/ances ! same causes 7 at "w1 al?\gh ! inhumanity & ! wrong inflict$ 7 less 9 ! case ( ! commonweal? ?an ( ! pr9ce4 ,/ill1 :]ev] !re is fe>1 ! want ( fai? w be ! same4 ,& ev5 if !re be f\nd a commonweal? or pr9ce :o1 9 ord] to keep fai?1 w submit to be ru9$1 ?is is se5 to result f a l cause4 ,=1 z to ! pr9ce1 x may easily happ5 t he is fri5d to a p[]ful sov]eign1 :om1 ?\gh he be at ! "t )\t means to def5d him1 he may pres5tly hope to see re/or$ to 8 dom9ions2 or x may be t hav+ l9k$ 8 =tunes ) ano!r's1 he despairs ( f9d+ ei!r fai? or fri5d%ip f ! enemies ( 8 ally1 z 0 ! case ) ^? ,neapolitan pr9ces :o esp\s$ ! int]e/s ( ,france4 ,z to commonweal?s1 an in/ance simil> to t ( ! pr9ces la/ nam$1 is t ( ,saguntum 9 ,spa91 :i* await$ ru9 9 adh]+ to ! =tunes ( ,rome4 ,a l c\rse 0 also foll[$ by ,flor5ce :51 9 ! ye> #aeab1 %e /ood /eadfa/ly by ! cause ( ! ,fr5*4 ,& tak+ ev]y?+ into acc\nt1 ,i believe t 9 cases ( urg5cy1 we %all f9d a c]ta9 degree ( /ability soon] 9 commonweal?s ?an 9 pr9ces4 ,= ?\gh commonweal?s be l-m9d$ ) pr9ces1 & influ5c$ by ! same passions1 ! circum/ance t _! movem5ts mu/ be sl[]1 makes x h>d] = !m to resolve ?an x is = a pr9ce1 = :i* reason !y w be less ready to break fai?4 ,& s9ce leagues & alliances are brok5 = ! sake ( c]ta9 advantages1 9 ?is respect also1 commonweal?s obs]ve _! engagem5ts f> m fai?fully ?an pr9ces2 = abundant examples might be cit$ ( a v slight advantage hav+ caus$ a pr9ce to break fai?1 & ( a v great advantage hav+ fail$ to induce a commonweal? to d s4 ,( ?is we h an in/ance 9 ! proposal made to ! ,a!nians by ,!mi/ocles1 :5 he told !m at a public meet+ t he _h c]ta9 advice to (f] :i* w\ld prove ( great advantage to _! city1 b ! nature ( :i* he c\ld n disclose to !m1 le/ x %\ld become g5]ally kn[n1 :5 ! opportunity = act+ ^u x w\ld be lo/4 ,:]eupon ! ,a!nians nam$ ,ari/ides to receive 8 communication1 & to act ^u x z he ?\ght fit4 ,to him1 accord+ly1 ,!mi/ocles %[$ h[ ! navy ( unit$ ,greece1 = ! safety ( :i* ! ,a!nians /ood pl$g$1 0 s situat$ t !y might ei!r ga9 x ov] or de/roy x1 & ?us make !mselves absolute ma/]s ( ! :ole c\ntry4 ,ari/ides report+ to ! ,a!nians t ! c\rse propos$ by ,!mi/ocles 0 extremely advantage\s b extremely di%on\rable1 ! p utt]ly refus$ to ent]ta9 x4 ,b ,philip ( ,mac$on w\ld n h s act$1 nor any ( ^? o!r pr9ces :o h s\ght & f\nd m pr(it 9 break+ fai? ?an 9 any o!r way4 ,z to engagem5ts brok5 (f on ! pretext t !y h n be5 obs]v$ by ! o!r side1 ,i say no?+1 s9ce t is a matt] ( ev]yday occurr5ce1 & ,i am speak+ "h only ( ^? engagem5ts :i* are brok5 (f on extraord9>y gr\nds2 b 9 ?is respect1 likewise1 ,i believe t commonweal?s (f5d less ?an pr9ces1 & are !re=e m to be tru/$4 ,,*apt] ,,lx4--,t ! ,consul%ip & all ! o!r ,magi/racies 9 ,rome 7 giv5 )\t respect to ,age4 ,x is se5 9 ! c\rse ( ! ,roman hi/ory t1 aft] ! consul%ip 0 ?r[n op5 to ! commons1 ! republic conc$$ ?is dignity to all its citiz5s1 )\t di/9ction ei!r ( age or blood2 nay1 t 9 ?is matt] respect = age 0 nev] made a gr\nd = pref]5ce among ! ,romans1 ^: con/ant aim x 0 to discov] excell5ce :e!r exi/+ 9 old or "y4 ,to ?is we h ! te/imony ( ,val]ius ,corv9us1 himself made consul 9 8 tw5ty-f\r? ye>1 :o1 9 address+ 8 soldi]s1 said ( ! consul%ip t x 0 8! rew>d n ( bir? b ( des]t40 ,:e!r ! c\rse ?us foll[$ by ! ,romans 0 well judg$ or n1 is a "q on :i* mu* might be said4 ,! concession z to blood1 h[ev]1 0 made "u necessity1 & z ,i h obs]v$ on ano!r occasion1 ! same necessity :i* obta9$ 9 ,rome1 w be f\nd to obta9 9 e o!r city :i* desires to a*ieve ! results :i* ,rome a*iev$4 ,= y _c subject m5 to h>d%ips unless y hold out rew>ds1 nor c y )\t dang] deprive !m ( ^? rew>ds :]e( y h held out hopes4 ,x 0 consequ5tly necess>y to ext5d1 betimes1 to ! commons ! hope ( obta9+ ! consul%ip1 on :i* hope !y f$ !mselves = a :ile1 )\t actually realiz+ x4 ,b aft]w>ds ! hope alone 0 n en\gh1 & x _h to be satisfi$4 ,= :ile cities :i* d n employ m5 ( plebeian bir? 9 any ( ^? und]tak+s :]e9 glory is to be ga9$1 z we h se5 0 ! case ) ,v5ice1 may treat ^! m5 z !y please1 ^? o!r cities :i* desire to d z ,rome did1 _c make ?is di/9ction4 ,& if !re is to be no di/9ction 9 respect ( blood1 no?+ c be plead$ = a di/9ction 9 respect ( age4 ,on ! contr>y1 t di/9ction mu/ ( necessity cease to be obs]v$4 ,= :]e a "y man is appo9t$ to a po/ :i* requires ! prud5ce :i* are is suppos$ to br+1 x mu/ be1 s9ce ! *oice re/s ) ! p1 t he is ?us advanc$ 9 consid]ation ( "s noble action :i* he has p]=m$2 b :5 a "y man is ( su* excell5ce z to h made a "n = himself by "s signal a*ievem5t1 x 7 mu* to ! detrim5t ( 8 city 7 x unable at once to make use ( him1 b _h to wait until he _h gr[n old1 & _h lo/1 ) y\?1 t alacrity & vig\r by :i* 8 c\ntry might h pr(it$2 z ,rome pr(it$ by ! s]vices ( ,val]ius ,corv9us1 ( ,scipio1 ( ,pompey1 & ( _m o!rs :o triumph$ :ile yet v "y4 ,,book ,,ii4 ,,preface4 ,m5 d always1 b n always ) reason1 comm5d ! pa/ & condemn ! pres5t1 & are s mu* ! p>tisans ( :at has be51 z n m]ely to cry up ^? times :i* are kn[n to !m only f ! records left by hi/orians1 b also1 :5 !y gr[ old1 to extol ! days 9 :i* !y rememb] _! y\? to h be5 sp5t4 ,& al?\gh ?is pref]5ce ( !irs be 9 mo/ in/ances a mi/ak5 "o1 ,i c see t !re are _m causes to acc\nt = x2 *ief ( :i* ,i take to be t 9 respect ( ?+s long gone by we p]ceive n ! :ole tru?1 ^? circum/ances t w\ld detract f ! cr$it ( ! pa/ be+ = ! mo/ "p hidd5 f u1 :ile all t gives x lu/re is magnifi$ & embelli%$4 ,= ! g5]ality ( writ]s r5d] ?is tribute to ! good =tune ( conqu]ors1 t to make _! a*ievem5ts seem m spl5did1 !y n m]ely exagg]ate ! great ?+s !y h done1 b also l5d su* a col\r to ! actions ( _! enemies1 t any "o born aft]w>ds1 :e!r 9 ! conqu]+ or 9 ! conqu]$ c\ntry1 has cause to m>vel at ^! m5 & ^! times1 & is con/ra9$ to praise & love !m beyond all o!rs4 ,aga91 m5 be+ mov$ to hatr$ ei!r by fe> or envy1 ^! two mo/ p[]ful causes ( dislike are cancell$ 9 respect ( ?+s :i* are pa/1 because :at is pa/ c nei!r d u hurt1 nor af=d occasion = envy4 ,! contr>y1 h[ev]1 is ! case ) ! ?+s we see1 & 9 :i* we take "p2 = 9 ^!1 f our complete acqua9tance ) !m1 no "p ( !m be+ hidd5 f u1 we recognize1 along ) mu* t is good1 mu* t displeases u1 & s are =c$ to pron\nce !m f> inf]ior to ! old1 al?\gh 9 tru? !y des]ve f> great] praise & admiration4 ,i speak n1 "h1 ( :at relates to ! arts1 :i* h su* di/9ction inh]5t 9 !m1 t "t c give or take f !m b little ( ! glory :i* !y m]it ( !mselves4 ,i speak ( ! lives & mann]s ( m51 t\*+ :i* ! gr\nds = judg+ are n s cle>4 ,i repeat1 !n1 t x is true t ?is habit ( blam+ & prais+ obta9s1 b n always true t x is wrong appli$4 ,= sometimes x w happ5 t ?is judgm5t is j2 because1 z human affairs are 9 con/ant movem5t1 x mu/ be t !y ei!r rise or fall4 ,:]e=e1 we may see a city or prov9ce furni%$ ) free in/itutions by "s great & wise f\nd]1 fl\ri% = a :ile ?r\gh 8 m]its1 & advance /eadily on ! pa? ( improvem5t4 ,any "o born !re9 at t "t w\ld be 9 ! wrong to praise ! pa/ m ?an ! pres5t1 & 8 error w\ld be occasion$ by ! causes already notic$4 ,b any "o born aft]w>ds 9 t city or prov9ce :5 ! "t has come = x to fall away f its =m] felicity1 w\ld n be mi/ak5 9 prais+ ! pa/4 ,:5 ,i consid] h[ ?is happ5s1 ,i am p]suad$ t ! _w1 rema9+ cont9ually ! same1 has 9 x a con/ant quantity ( good & evil2 b t ?is good & ?is evil %ift ab\t f "o c\ntry to ano!r1 z we "k t 9 anci5t times empire %ift$ f "o nation to ano!r1 accord+ z ! mann]s ( ^! nations *ang$1 ! _w1 z a :ole1 cont9u+ z be=e1 & ! only diff]5ce be+ t1 :]eas at fir/ ,assyria 0 made ! seat ( its excell5ce1 ?is 0 aft]w>ds plac$ 9 ,m$ia1 !n 9 ,p]sia1 until at la/ x 0 transf]r$ to ,italy & ,rome4 ,& al?\gh aft] ! ,roman ,empire1 none has foll[$ :i* has endur$1 or 9 :i* ! _w has c5tr$ its :ole excell5ce1 we nev]!less f9d t excell5ce diffus$ among _m valiant nations1 ! k+dom ( ! ,franks1 = example1 t ( ! ,turks1 t ( ! ,soldan1 & ! ,/ates ( ,g]many at ! pres5t day2 & %>$ at an e>li] "t by t sect ( ! ,s>ac5s :o p]=m$ s _m great a*ievem5ts & ga9$ s wide a dom9ion1 aft] de/roy+ ! ,roman ,empire 9 ! ,ea/4 ,9 all ^! c\ntries1 !re=e1 aft] ! decl9e ( ! ,roman p[]1 & among all ^! races1 !re exi/$1 & 9 "s "p ( !m !re yet exi/s1 t excell5ce :i* alone is to be desir$ & ju/ly to be prais$4 ,:]e=e1 if any man be+ born 9 "o ( ^! c\ntries %\ld exalt pa/ times ov] pres5t1 he might be mi/ak52 b any :o1 liv+ at ! pres5t day 9 ,italy or ,greece1 has n 9 ,italy become an ultramontane or 9 ,greece a ,turk1 has reason to compla9 ( 8 own times1 & to comm5d ^? o!rs1 9 :i* !re 7 _m ?+s :i* made !m admirable2 :]eas1 n[1 no reg>d be+ _h to religion1 to laws1 or to arms1 b all be+ t>ni%$ ) e sort ( %ame1 !re is no?+ to r$eem ! age f ! la/ extremity ( wret*$ness1 ignom9y1 & disgrace4 ,& ! vices ( our age are ! m odi\s 9 t !y are practis$ by ^? :o sit on ! judgm5t seat1 gov]n ! ,/ate1 & dem& public rev]5ce4 ,b1 return+ to ! matt] 9 h&1 x may be said1 t if ! judgm5t ( m5 be at fault 9 pron\nc+ :e!r ! pres5t age or ! pa/ is ! bett] 9 respect ( ?+s :]e(1 by reason ( _! antiquity1 !y _c h ! same p]fect k :i* !y h ( _! own times1 x ought n to be at fault 9 old m5 :5 !y comp>e ! days ( _! y\? ) ^? ( _! maturity1 bo? ( :i* h be5 alike se5 & kn[n by !m4 ,?is 7 inde$ true1 if m5 at all p]iods ( _! lives judg$ ( ?+s 9 ! same way1 & 7 con/antly influ5c$ by ! same desires2 b s9ce !y alt]1 ! times1 al?\gh !y alt] n1 _c b seem diff]5t to ^? :o h o!r desires1 o!r pleasures1 & o!r ways ( view+ ?+s 9 _! old age f ^? !y _h 9 _! y\?4 ,= s9ce1 :5 !y gr[ old1 m5 lose 9 bodily /r5g? b ga9 9 wisdom & disc]nm5t1 x mu/ ne$s be t ^? ?+s :i* 9 _! y\? seem$ to !m tol]able & good1 %\ld 9 _! old age appe> intol]able & evil4 ,& :]eas !y %\ld ascribe ?is to _! judgm5t1 !y lay ! blame ^u ! times4 ,b1 fur!r1 s9ce ! desires ( m5 are insatiable1 ,nature prompt+ !m to desire all ?+s & ,=tune p]mitt+ !m to enjoy b few1 !re results a con/ant discont5t 9 _! m9ds1 & a loa?+ ( :at !y possess1 prompt+ !m to f9d fault ) ! pres5t1 praise ! pa/1 & long = ! future1 ev5 ?\gh !y be n mov$ !reto by any reasonable cause4 ,i "k n1 !re=e1 :e!r ,i may n des]ve to be reckon$ 9 ! numb] ( ^? :o ?us deceive !mselves1 if1 9 ^! ,disc\rses ( m9e1 ,i r5d] excessive praise to ! anci5t times ( ! ,romans :ile ,i c5sure our own4 ,&1 inde$1 7 n ! excell5ce :i* !n prevail$ & ! corruption :i* prevails n[ cle>] ?an ! sun1 ,i %\ld proce$ m gu>d$ly 9 :at ,i h to say1 f fe> le/ 9 accus+ o!rs ,i %\ld myself fall into ?is self-deception4 ,b s9ce ! ?+ is s pla9 t e "o sees x1 ,i %all be bold to speak freely all ,i ?9k1 bo? ( old times & ( new1 9 ord] t ! m9ds ( ! "y :o happ5 to read ^! my writ+s1 may be l$ to %un mod]n examples1 & be prep>$ to foll[ ^? set by antiquity :5ev] *ance af=ds ! opportunity4 ,= x is ! duty ( e good man to tea* o!rs ^? :olesome lessons :i* ! malice ( ,"t or ( ,=tune has n p]mitt$ him to put 9 practice2 to ! end1 t out ( _m :o h ! k1 "s "o bett] lov$ by ,heav5 may be f\nd able to c>ry !m out4 ,hav+ spok51 !n1 9 ! =ego+ ,book ( ! v>i\s me?ods foll[$ by ! ,romans 9 regulat+ ! dome/ic affairs ( _! city1 9 ?is ,i %all speak ( :at 0 done by !m to spread _! ,empire4 ,,*apt] ,i4--,:e!r ! ,empire acquir$ by ! ,romans 0 m due to ,val\r or to ,=tune4 ,_m au?ors1 & among o!rs t mo/ grave hi/orian ,plut>*1 h ?\ght t 9 acquir+ _! empire ! ,romans 7 m behold5 to _! good =tune ?an to _! val\r2 & besides o!r reasons :i* !y give = ?is op9ion1 !y affirm x to be prov$ by ! admission ( ! ,romans !mselves1 s9ce _! hav+ erect$ m temples to ,=tune ?an to any o!r deity1 %[s t x 0 to h] t !y ascrib$ _! success4 ,x w\ld seem1 too1 t ,titus ,livius 0 ( ! same m9d1 s9ce he v seldom puts a spee* into ! m\? ( any ,roman 9 :i* he disc\rses ( val\r1 :]e9 he does n also make m5tion ( ,=tune4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is an op9ion ) :i* ,i c 9 no way concur1 & :i*1 ,i take x1 _c be made good4 ,= if no commonweal? has ev] be5 f\nd to gr[ l ! ,roman1 x is because none 0 ev] f\nd s well fitt$ by its in/itutions to make t gr[?4 ,= by ! val\r ( h] armies %e spread h] empire1 :ile by h] conduct ( affairs1 & by o!r me?ods peculi> to h]self & devis$ by h] fir/ f\nd]1 %e 0 able to keep :at %e acquir$1 z %all be fully %[n 9 _m ( ! foll[+ ,disc\rses4 ,! writ]s to :om ,i h ref]r$ ass]t t x 0 ow+ to _! good =tune & n to _! prud5ce t ! ,romans nev] _h two great w>s on _! h&s at once2 z1 = in/ance1 t !y wag$ no w>s ) ! ,lat9s until !y _h n m]ely ov]come ! ,samnites1 b und]took 9 _! def5ce ! w> on :i* !y !n ent]$2 nor ev] f\ght ) ! ,etruscans until !y _h subjugat$ ! ,lat9s1 & _h almo/ worn out ! ,samnites by frequ5t defeats2 :]eas1 _h any two ( ^! p[]s1 :ile yet fre% & unexhau/$1 unit$ toge!r1 x may easily be believ$ t ! ru9 ( ! ,roman ,republic mu/ h foll[$4 ,b to :atsoev] cause we ascribe x1 x nev] s *anc$ t ! ,romans engag$ 9 two great w>s at ! same "t4 ,on ! contr>y1 x always seem$ z ?\gh on ! break+ out ( "o w>1 ano!r 0 ext+ui%$2 or t on ! t]m9ation ( "o1 ano!r broke out4 ,& ?is we may pla9ly see f ! ord] 9 :i* _! w>s succe$$ "o ano!r4 ,=1 omitt+ ^? wag$ by !m be=e _! city 0 tak5 by ! ,gauls1 we f9d t dur+ _! /ruggle ) ! ,equians & ! ,volscians1 & :ile ^! two nations cont9u$ /rong1 no o!rs rose aga9/ !m4 ,on ^! be+ subdu$1 !re broke out ! w> ) ! ,samnites2 & al?\gh be=e ! close ( t conte/ ! ,lat9 nations _h begun to rebel aga9/ ,rome1 nev]!less1 :5 _! rebellion came to a head1 ! ,samnites 7 9 league ) ,rome1 & help$ h] ) _! army to quell ! presumption ( ! rebels2 on ^: defeat ! w> ) ,samnium 0 r5ew$4 ,:5 ! /r5g? ( ,samnium _h be5 dra9$ by repeat$ rev]ses1 !re foll[$ ! w> ) ! ,etruscans2 :i* end$1 ! ,samnites 7 once m /irr$ to activity by ! com+ ( ,pyrrhus into ,italy4 ,:5 he1 too1 _h be5 defeat$1 & s5t back to ,greece1 ,rome ent]$ on h] fir/ w> ) ! ,c>?ag9ians2 :i* 0 no soon] ov] ?an all ! ,gallic nations on bo? sides ( ! ,alps comb9$ aga9/ ! ,romans1 by :om1 9 ! battle f\ght betwe5 ,populonia & ,pisa1 :]e n[ /&s ! =tress ( ,san ,v9c5zo1 !y 7 at la/ r\t$ ) trem5d\s slaught]4 ,?is w> end$1 = tw5ty ye>s toge!r ! ,romans 7 engag$ 9 no conte/ ( importance1 _! only adv]s>ies be+ ! ,ligurians1 & ! remnant ( ! ,gallic tribes :o occupi$ ,lomb>dy2 & on ?is foot+ ?+s cont9u$ d[n to ! second ,c>?ag9ian w>1 :i* = sixte5 ye>s kept ! :ole ( ,italy 9 a blaze4 ,?is too be+ br\ght to a mo/ glori\s t]m9ation1 !re foll[$ ! ,mac$onian w>1 at ! close ( :i* succe$$ ! w> ) ,antio*us & ,asia4 ,^! subdu$1 !re rema9$ n 9 ! :ole _w1 k+ or p :o ei!r s+ly or toge!r c\ld )/& ! p[] ( ,rome4 ,b ev5 be=e ?is la/ victory1 any "o obs]v+ ! ord] ( ^! w>s1 & ! me?od 9 :i* !y 7 conduct$1 mu/ h recogniz$ n only ! good =tune ( ! ,romans1 b also _! extraord9>y val\r & prud5ce4 ,& 7 any "o to se>* = ! causes ( ?is good =tune1 he w\ld h little difficulty 9 f9d+ !m1 s9ce no?+ is m c]ta9 ?an t :5 a pot5tate has atta9$ s great a reputation t e neighb\r+ pr9ce or p is afraid to engage him s+le-h&$1 & /&s 9 awe ( him1 none w ev] v5ture to attack him1 unless driv5 to d s by necessity2 s t x w almo/ re/ on 8 w to make w> z he likes on any ( 8 neighb\rs1 :ile he /udi\sly ma9ta9s peace ) ! re/2 :o1 on _! "p1 :e!r ?r\gh fe> ( 8 p[]1 or deceiv$ by ! me?ods he takes to dull _! vigilance1 are easily kept quiet4 ,di/ant p[]s1 9 ! mean "t1 :o h no int]c\rse ) ei!r1 treat ! matt] z too remote to conc]n !m 9 any way2 & abid+ 9 ?is error until ! conflagration approa*es _! own doors1 on its arrival h no res\rce = its ext9ction1 save 9 _! own /r5g?1 :i*1 z _! enemy has by t "t become exce$+ly p[]ful1 no long] suffices4 ,i =be> to relate h[ ! ,samnites /ood look+ on :ile ! ,romans 7 subjugat+ ! ,equians & ! ,volscians2 &1 to avoid be+ prolix1 %all cont5t myself ) ! s+le in/ance ( ! ,c>?ag9ians1 :o1 at ! "t :5 ! ,romans 7 cont5d+ ) ! ,samnites & ,etruscans1 7 possess$ ( great p[] & held 9 high repute1 be+ already ma/]s ( ! :ole ( ,africa toge!r ) ,sicily & ,s>d9ia1 besides occupy+ t]ritory 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,spa94 ,& because _! empire 0 s great1 & at su* a di/ance f ! ,roman fronti]1 !y 7 nev] l$ to ?9k ( attack+ ! ,romans or ( l5d+ assi/ance to ! ,etruscans or ,samnites4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y behav$ t[>ds ! ,romans z m5 behave t[>ds ^? :om !y see prosp]1 r tak+ _! "p & c\rt+ _! fri5d%ip4 ,nor did !y discov] _! mi/ake until ! ,romans1 aft] subdu+ all ! int]v5+ nations1 began to assail _! p[] bo? 9 ,spa9 & ,sicily4 ,:at happ5$ 9 ! case ( ! ,c>?ag9ians1 happ5$ also 9 ! case ( ! ,gauls1 ( ,philip ( ,mac$on1 & ( ,antio*us1 ea* ( :om1 :ile ,rome 0 engag$ ) ano!r ( !m1 believ$ t o!r w\ld h ! advantage1 & t !re w\ld be "t en\gh to provide = _! own safety1 :e!r by mak+ peace or w>4 ,x seems to me1 !re=e1 t ! same good =tune :i*1 9 ?is respect1 att5d$ ! ,romans1 might be %>$ by all pr9ces act+ z !y did1 & ( a val\r equal to !irs4 ,z be>+ on ?is po9t1 x might h be5 prop] = me to %[ :at me?ods 7 foll[$ by ! ,romans 9 ent]+ ! t]ritories ( o!r nations1 _h ,i n already spok5 ( ?is at l5g? 9 my ,treatise on ,pr9c$oms1 :]e9 ! :ole subject is discuss$4 ,"h x is en\gh to say briefly1 t 9 a new prov9ce !y always s\ght = "s fri5d :o %\ld be to !m z a ladd] :]eby to climb1 a door ?r\gh :i* to pass1 or an in/rum5t :]e) to keep _! hold4 ,?us we see !m effect _! entrance into ,samnium ?r\gh ! ,capuans1 into ,etruria ?r\gh ! ,cam]t9es1 into ,sicily ?r\gh ! ,mam]t9es1 into ,spa9 ?r\gh ! ,saguntans1 into ,africa ?r\gh ,mass9issa1 into ,greece ?r\gh ! ,etolians1 into ,asia ?r\gh ,eum5es & o!r pr9ces1 into ,gaul ?r\gh ! ,massilians & ,eduans2 &1 9 l mann]1 nev] )\t simil> assi/ance 9 _! ef=ts :e!r to acquire prov9ces or to keep !m4 ,! nations :o c>efully att5d to ?is precaution w be se5 to /& 9 less ne$ ( ,=tune's help ?an o!rs :o neglect x4 ,b t all may cle>ly und]/& h[ mu* m ! ,romans 7 aid$ by val\r ?an by ,=tune 9 acquir+ _! empire1 ,i %all 9 ! foll[+ ,*apt] consid] ! "* ( ^? nations ) :om !y _h to cont5d1 & %[ h[ /ubborn ^! 7 9 def5d+ _! fre$om4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4--,) :at ,nations ! ,romans _h to cont5d1 & h[ /ubborn ^! 7 9 def5d+ _! ,fre$om4 ,9 subdu+ ! c\ntries r\nd ab\t !m1 & c]ta9 ( ! m di/ant prov9ces1 no?+ gave ! ,romans s mu* tr\ble1 z ! love :i* 9 ^? days _m nations bore to fre$om1 def5d+ x ) su* ob/9acy z c\ld n h be5 ov]come save by a surpass+ val\r4 ,= we "k by numb]less in/ances1 :at p]ils ^! nations 7 ready to face 9 _! ef=ts to ma9ta9 or recov] _! fre$om1 & :at v5geance !y took aga9/ ^? :o depriv$ !m ( x4 ,we "k1 too1 f hi/ory1 :at hurt a p or city suff]s f s]vitude4 ,& ?\gh1 at ! pres5t day1 !re is b "o prov9ce :i* c be said to conta9 )9 x free cities1 we f9d t =m]ly ^! ab\nd$ ev]y:]e4 ,= we le>n t 9 ! anci5t times ( :i* ,i speak1 f ! m\nta9s :i* divide ,tuscany f ,lomb>dy d[n to ! extreme po9t ( ,italy1 !re dwelt num]\s free nations1 su* z ! ,etruscans1 ! ,romans1 & ! ,samnites1 besides _m o!rs 9 o!r p>ts ( ! ,p59sula4 ,nor d we ev] read ( !re be+ any k+s ov] !m1 except ^? :o reign$ 9 ,rome1 & ,pors5na1 k+ ( ,etruria4 ,h[ ! l9e ( ?is la/-nam$ pr9ce came to be ext+ui%$1 hi/ory does n in=m u2 b x is cle> t at ! "t :5 ! ,romans w5t to besiege ,veii1 ,etruria 0 free1 & s greatly rejoic$ 9 h] fre$om1 & s dete/$ ! regal "n1 t :5 ! ,vei5t9es1 :o = _! def5ce _h creat$ a k+ 9 ,veii1 s\ght aid f ! ,etruscans aga9/ ,rome1 ^!1 aft] mu* delib]ation resolv$ to l5d !m no help :ile !y cont9u$ to live "u a k+2 judg+ x useless to def5d a c\ntry giv5 ov] to s]vitude by its inhabitants4 ,x is easy to und]/& :5ce ?is love ( lib]ty arises among nations1 = we "k by exp]i5ce t ,/ates h nev] signally increas$1 ei!r z to dom9ion or weal?1 except :]e !y h liv$ "u a free gov]nm5t4 ,& truly x is /range to ?9k to :at a pit* ( greatness ,a!ns came dur+ ! hundr$ ye>s aft] %e _h fre$ h]self f ! despotism ( ,pisi/ratus2 & f> /rang] to contemplate ! m>vell\s gr[? :i* ,rome made aft] free+ h]self f h] k+s4 ,! cause1 h[ev]1 is n f> to seek1 s9ce x is ! well-be+1 n ( individuals1 b ( ! community :i* makes a ,/ate great2 &1 )\t "q1 ?is univ]sal well-be+ is n[h]e secur$ save 9 a republic4 ,= a republic w d :atsoev] makes = its int]e/2 & ?\gh its measures prove hurtful to ?is man or to t1 !re are s _m :om !y b5efit1 t ^! are able to c>ry !m out1 9 spite ( ! resi/ance ( ! few :om !y injure4 ,b ! contr>y happ5s 9 ! case ( a pr9ce2 =1 z a rule1 :at helps him hurts ! ,/ate1 & :at helps ! ,/ate hurts him2 s t :5ev] a tyranny spr+s up 9 a city :i* has liv$ free1 ! lea/ evil :i* c befall t city is to make no fur!r progress1 nor ev] increase 9 p[] or weal?2 b 9 mo/ cases1 if n 9 all1 x w be its fate to g back4 ,or %\ld !re *ance to arise 9 x "s able tyrant :o ext5ds 8 dom9ions by 8 val\r & skill 9 arms1 ! advantage :i* results is to himself only1 & n to ! ,/ate2 s9ce he c be/[ no hon\rs on ^? ( ! citiz5s ov] :om he tyrannizes :o h %[n !mselves good & valiant1 le/ aft]w>ds he %\ld h cause to fe> !m4 ,nor c he make ^? cities :i* he acquires1 subject or tribut>y to ! city ov] :i* he rules2 because to make ?is city p[]ful is n = 8 int]e/1 :i* lies 9 keep+ x s divid$ t ea* t[n & prov9ce may sep>ately recognize him alone z its ma/]4 ,9 ?is way he only1 & n 8 c\ntry1 is ! ga9] by 8 conque/s4 ,& if any "o desire to h ?is view confirm$ by numb]less o!r pro(s1 let him look into ,x5ophon's treatise ,de ,tirannide4 ,no wond]1 !n1 t ! nations ( antiquity pursu$ tyrants ) su* rel5tless hatr$1 & s passionately lov$ fre$om t its v "n 0 de> to !m1 z 0 se5 :5 ,hi]onymus1 gr&son ( ,hi]o ! ,syracusan1 0 put to dea? 9 ,syracuse4 ,= :5 ^w ( 8 dea? rea*$ ! army1 :i* lay encamp$ n f> (f1 at fir/ x 0 greatly mov$1 & eag] to take up arms aga9/ ! murd]]s4 ,b on he>+ ! cry ( lib]ty %\t$ 9 ! /reets ( ,syracuse1 quiet$ at once by ! "n1 x laid aside its res5tm5t aga9/ ^? :o _h sla9 ! tyrant1 & fell to consid] h[ a free gov]nm5t might be provid$ = ! city4 ,nor is x to be wond]$ at t ! anci5t nations took t]rible v5geance on ^? :o depriv$ !m ( _! fre$om2 ( :i*1 ?\gh !re be _m in/ances1 ,i mean only to cite "o :i* happ5$ 9 ! city ( ,corcyra at ! "t ( ! ,peloponnesian w>4 ,= ,greece be+ divid$ into two factions1 "o ( :i* sid$ ) ! ,a!nians1 ! o!r ) ! ,sp>tans1 x result$ t _m ( its cities 7 divid$ aga9/ !mselves1 "s ( ! citiz5s seek+ ! fri5d%ip ( ,sp>ta & "s ( ,a!ns4 ,9 ! a=esaid city ( ,corcyra1 ! nobles gett+ ! upp] h&1 depriv$ ! commons ( _! fre$om2 ^!1 h[ev]1 recov]+ !mselves ) ! help ( ! ,a!nians1 laid hold ( ! entire body ( ! nobles1 & ca/ !m into a prison l>ge en\gh to conta9 !m all1 :5ce !y br\ght !m =? by eight or t5 at a "t1 pret5d+ t !y 7 to be s5t to diff]5t places into bani%m5t1 :]eas1 9 fact1 !y put !m to dea? ) _m circum/ances ( cruelty4 ,^? :o 7 left1 le>n+ :at 0 go+ on1 resolv$ to d _! utmo/ to escape ?is ignom9i\s dea?1 & arm+ !mselves ) :at weapons !y c\ld f9d1 def5d$ ! door ( _! prison aga9/ all :o s\ght to ent]2 till ! p1 he>+ ! tumult & ru%+ 9 ha/e to ! prison1 dragg$ d[n ! ro(1 & smo!r$ ! prison]s 9 ! ru9s4 ,_m o!r horrible & atroci\s cruelties likewise p]petrat$ 9 ,greece1 %[ x to be true t a lo/ fre$om is av5g$ ) m f]ocity ?an a ?reat5$ fre$om is def5d$4 ,:5 ,i consid] :5ce x happ5$ t ! nations ( antiquity 7 s mu* m zeal\s 9 _! love ( lib]ty ?an ^? ( ! pres5t day1 ,i am l$ to believe t x arose f ! same cause :i* makes ! pres5t g5]ation ( m5 less vigor\s & d>+ ?an ^? ( anci5t times1 namely ! diff]5ce ( ! tra9+ ( ! pres5t day f t ( e>li] ages2 & ?is1 aga91 arises f ! diff]5t "* ( ! religions !n & n[ prevail+4 ,= our religion1 hav+ reveal$ to u ! tru? & ! true pa?1 tea*es u to make little acc\nt ( worldly glory2 :]eas1 ! ,g5tiles1 greatly e/eem+ x1 & plac+ !re9 _! highe/ good1 display$ a great] fi]c5ess 9 _! actions4 ,?is we may ga!r f _m ( _! cu/oms1 beg9n+ ) _! sacrificial rites1 :i* 7 ( mu* magnific5ce z comp>$ ) ! simplicity ( our wor%ip1 ?\gh t be n )\t a c]ta9 dignity ( its own1 ref9$ r ?an spl5did1 & f> remov$ f any t9cture ( f]ocity or viol5ce4 ,9 ! religi\s c]emonies ( ! anci5ts nei!r pomp nor spl5d\r 7 want+2 b to ^! 0 jo9$ ! ord9ance ( sacrifice1 giv+ occasion to mu* blood%$ & cruelty4 ,= 9 its celebration _m bea/s 7 slaught]$1 & ?is be+ a cruel spectacle imp>t$ a cruel temp] to ! wor%ipp]s4 ,moreov]1 "u ! old religions none obta9$ div9e hon\rs save ^? :o 7 load$ ) worldly glory1 su* z capta9s ( armies & rul]s ( cities2 :]eas our religion glorifies m5 ( a humble & contemplative1 r ?an ( an active life4 ,accord+ly1 :ile ! highe/ good ( ! old religions consi/$ 9 magnanimity1 bodily /r5g?1 & all ^? o!r qualities :i* make m5 brave1 our religion places x 9 humility1 l[l9ess1 & contempt = ! ?+s ( ?is _w2 or if x ev] calls ^u u to be brave1 x is t we %\ld be brave to suff] r ?an to d4 ,?is mann] ( life1 !re=e1 seems to h made ! _w feebl]1 & to h giv5 x ov] z a prey to wick$ m5 to deal ) z !y please2 s9ce ! mass ( mank9d1 9 ! hope ( be+ receiv$ into ,p>adise1 ?9k m h[ to be> injuries ?an h[ to av5ge !m4 ,b %\ld x seem t ! _w has gr[n effem9ate & ,heav5 laid aside h] arms1 ?is assur$ly results f ! bas5ess ( ^? :o h int]pret$ our religion to accord ) indol5ce & ease r ?an ) val\r4 ,= 7 we to rememb] t religion p]mits ! exaltation & def5ce ( our c\ntry1 we w\ld see x to be our duty to love & hon\r x1 & w\ld /rive to be able & ready to def5d x4 ,?is tra9+1 !re=e1 & ^! mo/ false int]pretations are ! causes :y1 9 ! _w ( ! pres5t day1 we f9d no long] ! num]\s commonweal?s :i* 7 f\nd ( old2 & 9 consequ5ce1 t we see n n[ among ! nations t love ( fre$om :i* prevail$ !n2 ?\gh1 at ! same "t1 ,i am p]suad$ t "o cause ( ?is *ange has be51 t ! ,roman ,empire by its arms & p[] put an end to all ! free ,/ates & free in/itutions ( antiquity4 ,= al?\gh ! p[] ( ,rome fell aft]w>ds into decay1 ^! ,/ates c\ld nev] recov] _! /r5g? or resume _! =m] mode ( gov]nm5t1 save 9 a v few di/ricts ( ! ,empire4 ,b1 be ?is z x may1 c]ta9 x is t 9 e c\ntry ( ! _w1 ev5 ! lea/ consid]able1 ! ,romans f\nd a league ( well-arm$ republics1 mo/ resolute 9 ! def5ce ( _! fre$om1 :om x is cle> !y nev] c\ld h subdu$ _h !y n be5 end[$ ) ! r>e/ & mo/ a/oni%+ val\r4 ,to cite a s+le in/ance1 ,i %all take ! case ( ! ,samnites :o1 /range z x may n[ seem1 7 on ! admission ( ,titus ,livius himself1 s p[]ful & s /eadfa/ 9 arms1 z to be able to )/& ! ,romans d[n to ! consul%ip ( ,papirius ,cursor1 son to ! fir/ ,papirius1 a p]iod ( six & =ty ye>s1 9 spite ( num]\s defeats1 ! loss ( _m ( _! t[ns1 & ! great slaught] :i* ov]took !m ev]y:]e ?r\gh\t _! c\ntry4 ,& ?is is ! m rem>kable :5 we see t c\ntry1 :i* once conta9$ s _m noble cities1 & support$ s great a population1 n[ almo/ un9habit$2 & reflect t x =m]ly enjoy$ a gov]nm5t & possess$ res\rces mak+ its conque/ impossible to less ?an ,roman val\r4 ,!re is no difficulty1 !re=e1 9 det]m9+ :5ce t anci5t greatness & ?is mod]n decay h aris51 s9ce !y c be trac$ to ! free life =m]ly prevail+ & to ! s]vitude :i* prevails n[4 ,= all c\ntries & prov9ces :i* enjoy complete fre$om1 make1 z ,i h said1 mo/ rapid progress4 ,because1 f m>riage be+ less re/rict$ 9 ^! c\ntries1 & m s\ght aft]1 we f9d !re a great] population2 e man be+ dispos$ to beget z _m *ildr5 z he ?9ks he c re>1 :5 he has no anxiety le/ !y %\ld be depriv$ ( _! patrimony1 & kn[s n only t !y are born to fre$om & n to slav]y1 b t !y may rise by _! m]it to be ! fir/ m5 ( _! c\ntry4 ,9 su* ,/ates1 accord+ly1 we see weal? multiply1 bo? t :i* comes f agriculture & t :i* comes f manufactures4 ,= all love to ga!r ri*es & to add to _! possessions :5 _! enjoym5t ( !m is n likely to be di/urb$4 ,& h5ce x happ5s t ! citiz5s ( su* ,/ates vie ) "o ano!r 9 :atev] t5ds to promote public or private well-be+2 9 bo? ( :i*1 consequ5tly1 !re is a wond]ful gr[?4 ,b ! contr>y ( all ?is takes place 9 ^? c\ntries :i* live 9 s]vitude1 & ! m oppressive _! s]vitude1 ! m !y fall %ort ( ! good :i* all desire4 ,& ! h>de/ ( all h>d s]vitudes is t :]e9 "o commonweal? is subject$ to ano!r4 ,fir/1 because x is m la/+1 & !re is less hope to escape f x2 &1 second1 because e commonweal? seeks to add to its own /r5g? by weak5+ & enfeebl+ all beside4 ,a pr9ce :o gets ! bett] ( y w n treat y aft] ?is fa%ion1 unless he be a b>b>ian l ^? ea/]n despots :o lay c\ntries wa/e & de/roy ! lab\rs ( civilization2 b if influ5c$ by ! ord9>y prompt+s ( humanity1 w1 z a rule1 reg>d all 8 subject ,/ates ) equal fav\r1 & suff] !m to pursue _! usual employm5ts1 & reta9 almo/ all _! anci5t in/itutions1 s t if !y fl\ri% n z free ,/ates might1 !y d n dw9dle z ,/ates t are enslav$2 by :i* ,i mean enslav$ by a /rang]1 = ( t o!r slav]y to :i* !y may be r$uc$ by "o ( _! own citiz5s1 ,i h already spok54 ,:oev]1 !re=e1 %all well consid] :at has be5 said above1 w n be a/oni%$ at ! p[] possess$ by ! ,samnites :ile !y 7 /ill free1 nor at ! weakness into :i* !y fell :5 !y 7 subjugat$4 ,( :i* *ange 9 _! =tunes ,livius (t5 rem9ds u1 & p>ticul>ly 9 connection ) ! w> ) ,hannibal1 :]e he relates t ! ,samnites1 be+ ill-treat$ by a ,roman legion qu>t]$ at ,nola1 s5t legates to ,hannibal to ask 8 aid2 :o 9 lay+ _! case be=e him told him1 t ) _! own soldi]s & capta9s !y _h f\ght s+le h&$ aga9/ ! ,romans = a hundr$ ye>s1 & _h m ?an once )/ood two consuls & two consul> armies2 b _h n[ fall5 s l[1 t !y 7 sc>ce able to def5d !mselves aga9/ "o poor legion4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4--,t ,rome became great by de/roy+ ! ,cities :i* lay r\nd ab\t h]1 & by readily admitt+ /rang]s to ! rights ( ,citiz5%ip4 8,crescit int]ea ,roma ,alb ru9is0--,mean:ile ,rome gr[s on ! ru9s ( ,alba4 ,!y :o w\ld h _! city become a great empire1 mu/ endeav\r by e means to fill x ) inhabitants2 = )\t a num]\s population no city c ev] succe$ 9 gr[+ p[]ful4 ,?is may be effect$ 9 two ways1 by g5tl5ess or by =ce4 ,by g5tl5ess1 :5 y (f] a safe & op5 pa? to all /rang]s :o may wi% to come & dwell 9 y\r city1 s z to enc\rage !m to come !re ( _! own accord2 by =ce1 :5 aft] de/roy+ neighb\r+ t[ns1 y transplant _! inhabitants to live 9 y\rs4 ,bo? ( ^! me?ods 7 practis$ by ,rome1 & ) su* success1 t 9 ! "t ( h] six? k+ !re dwelt )9 h] walls eighty ?\s& citiz5s fit to be> arms4 ,= ! ,romans lov$ to foll[ ! me?ods ( ! skilful husb&man1 :o1 to insure a plant gr[+ big & yield+ & matur+ its fruit1 cuts (f ! fir/ %oots x s5ds out1 t ! /r5g? rema9+ 9 ! /em1 x may 9 due season put =? new & m vigor\s & m fruitful bran*es4 ,& t ?is 0 a "r & a necess>y c\rse = ,rome to take = e/abli%+ & ext5d+ h] empire1 is prov$ by ! example ( ,sp>ta & ,a!ns1 :i*1 al?\gh exce$+ly well-arm$ ,/ates1 & regulat$ by excell5t laws1 nev] rea*$ ! same greatness z ! ,roman ,republic2 ?\gh ! latt]1 to all appe>ance1 0 m turbul5t & disord]ly ?an !y1 &1 s f> z laws w5t1 n s p]fectly gov]n$4 ,= ?is we c (f] no o!r explanation ?an t already giv54 ,= by augm5t+ ! numb]s ( h] citiz5s 9 bo? ! ways nam$1 ,rome 0 soon able to place two hundr$ & eighty ?\s& m5 "u arms2 :ile nei!r ,sp>ta nor ,a!ns c\ld ev] mu/] m ?an tw5ty ?\s&2 & ?is1 n because ! situation ( ^! c\ntries 0 less advantage\s ?an t ( ,rome1 b simply f ! diff]5ce 9 ! me?ods !y foll[$4 ,= ,lycurgus1 ! f\nd] ( ! ,sp>tan ,republic1 ?9k+ no?+ s likely to relax 8 laws z an admixture ( new citiz5s1 did all he c\ld to prev5t int]c\rse ) /rang]s2 ) :i* object1 besides refus+ ^! ! "r to m>ry1 ! "r ( citiz5%ip1 & all su* o!r social rights z induce m5 to become memb]s ( a community1 he orda9$ t 9 ?is republic ( 8 ! only money curr5t %\ld be ( lea!r1 s t none might be tempt$ to repair ?i!r to trade or to c>ry on any art4 ,"u su* circum/ances ! numb] ( ! inhabitants ( t ,/ate c\ld nev] mu* increase4 ,= z all our actions imitate nature1 & x is nei!r natural nor possible t a puny /em %\ld c>ry a great bran*1 s a small republic _c assume control ov] cities or c\ntries /rong] ?an h]self2 or1 do+ s1 w resemble ! tree ^: b\ghs be+ great] ?an its trunk1 are support$ ) difficulty1 & snapp$ by e gu/ ( w9d4 ,z x prov$ ) ,sp>ta4 ,= aft] %e _h spread h] dom9ion ov] all ! cities ( ,greece1 no soon] did ,!bes rebel ?an all ! o!rs rebell$ likewise1 & ! trunk 0 left /ripp$ ( its b\ghs4 ,b ?is c\ld n h happ5$ ) ,rome1 ^: /em 0 mighty en\gh to be> any bran* ) ease4 ,x 01 !re=e1 by add+ to h] population1 & by1 adopt+ c]ta9 o!r me?ods pres5tly to be notic$1 t ,rome became s great & p[]ful4 ,& ?is is well express$ by ,titus ,livius1 9 ! words1 8,crescit int]ea ,roma ,albae ru9is40 ,,*apt] ,,iv4--,t ,commonweal?s h foll[$ ?ree ,me?ods = ext5d+ _! ,p[]4 ,any "o :o has read anci5t hi/ory ) att5tion1 mu/ h obs]v$ t ?ree me?ods h be5 us$ by republics = ext5d+ _! p[]4 ,"o ( ^!1 foll[$ by ! old ,etruscans1 is to =m a conf$]ation ( _m ,/ates1 :]e9 none has prec$5ce ov] ! re/ 9 au?ority or rank1 & ea* all[s ! o!rs to %>e its acquisitions2 z d ! ,/ates ( ! ,swiss ,league 9 our days1 & z ! ,a*aians & ,etolians did 9 ,greece 9 e>li] times4 ,& because ! ,etruscans 7 oppos$ to ! ,romans 9 _m w>s1 t ,i may give a cle>] notion ( ?is me?od ( !irs1 ,i %all enl>ge a little 9 my acc\nt ( ! ,etruscan p4 ,9 ,italy1 be=e ! ,romans became supreme1 ! ,etruscans 7 v p[]ful1 bo? by sea & l&2 & al?\gh we h no sep>ate hi/ory ( _! affairs1 we h "s slight records left u ( !m1 & "s indications ( _! greatness4 ,we "k1 = in/ance1 t !y plant$ a colony1 to :i* !y gave ! "n ( ,hadria1 on ! coa/ ( ! upp] sea2 :i* colony became s r5[n$ t x l5t its "n to ! sea itself1 :i* to ?is day by ! ,lat9s is call$ ! ,hadriatic4 ,we "k1 too1 t _! arms 7 obey$ f ! ,tib] to ! foot ( ! m\nta9s :i* enclose ! great] "p ( ! ,italian p59sula2 al?\gh1 two hundr$ ye>s be=e ,rome grew to any great /r5g?1 !y _h lo/ _! supremacy 9 ! prov9ce n[ kn[n z ,lomb>dy1 ( :i* ! ,fr5* _h possess$ !mselves4 ,= t p1 :e!r driv5 by necessity1 or attract$ by ! excell5ce ( ! fruits1 & /ill m ( ! w9e ( ,italy1 came !re "u _! *ief1 ,bellovesus2 & aft] defeat+ & expell+ ! inhabitants ( ! c\ntry1 settl$ !mselves !re91 & !re built _m cities2 call+ ! di/rict ,gallia1 aft] ! "n !y !n bore3 & ?is t]ritory !y reta9$ until !y 7 subdu$ by ! ,romans4 ,^! ,etruscans1 !re=e1 liv+ ) "o ano!r on a foot+ ( complete equality1 :5 !y s\ght to ext5d _! p[]1 foll[$ t fir/ me?od ( :i* ,i h j n[ spok54 ,_! ,/ate 0 made up ( twelve cities1 among :i* 7 ,*iusi1 ,veii1 ,friuli1 ,arezzo1 ,volt]ra1 & ! l1 & _! gov]nm5t 0 conduct$ 9 ! =m ( a league4 ,!y c\ld n1 h[ev]1 ext5d _! conque/s beyond ,italy2 :ile ev5 )9 ! limits ( ,italy1 mu* t]ritory rema9$ unoccupi$ by !m = reasons pres5tly to be notic$4 ,! second me?od is to provide y\rself ) allies or companions1 tak+ he$1 h[ev]1 to reta9 9 y\r own h&s ! *ief comm&1 ! seat ( gov]nm5t1 & ! titul> supremacy4 ,?is 0 ! me?od foll[$ by ! ,romans4 ,! ?ird me?od is to hold o!r ,/ates 9 direct subjection to y1 & n m]ely associat$ ) y z companions2 & ?is 0 ! plan pursu$ by ! ,sp>tans & ,a!nians4 ,( ^! ?ree me?ods1 ! la/ is :olly useless1 z 0 se5 9 ! case ( ! two ,/ates nam$1 :i* came to ru9 f no o!r cause ?an t !y _h acquir$ a dom9ion great] ?an !y c\ld ma9ta94 ,= to und]take to gov]n cities by =ce1 especially su* cities z h be5 us$ to live 9 fre$om1 is a difficult & ardu\s task1 9 :i* y nev] c succe$ )\t an army & t a great "o4 ,b to h su* an army y mu/ ne$s h associates :o w help to swell ! numb]s ( y\r own citiz5s4 ,& because ,a!ns & ,sp>ta neglect$ ?is precaution1 :atev] !y did 0 done 9 va92 :]eas ,rome1 :i* (f]s an in/ance ( ! second ( ! me?ods we are consid]+1 by att5d+ to ?is precaution rea*$ a p[] t _h no limit4 ,& z %e alone has liv$ 9 ?is way1 s %e alone has atta9$ to ?is pit* ( p[]4 ,= jo9+ ) h]self _m ,/ates ?r\gh\t ,italy z h] companions1 :o 9 mo/ respects liv$ ) h] on a foot+ ( equality1 :ile1 z has be5 not$1 always res]v+ to h]self ! seat ( empire & ! titul> comm&1 x came ab\t t ^! ,/ates1 )\t be+ aw>e ( x1 by _! own ef=ts1 & ) _! own blood1 wr\ght out _! own enslavem5t4 ,= :5 ,rome began to s5d armies out ( ,italy1 = ! purpose ( r$uc+ =eign k+doms to prov9ces1 & ( subjugat+ nations :o1 be+ us$ to live "u k+s1 7 n impati5t ( h] yoke1 & :o1 receiv+ ,roman gov]nors1 & hav+ be5 conqu]$ by armies be>+ ! ,roman "n1 recogniz$ no ma/]s save ! ,romans1 ^? companions ( ,rome :o dwelt 9 ,italy sudd5ly f\nd !mselves surr\nd$ by ,roman subjects1 & weigh$ d[n by ! greatness ( ! ,roman p[]2 & :5 at la/ !y came to p]ceive ! mi/ake 9 :i* !y _h be5 liv+1 x 0 too late to rem$y x1 s va/ 0 ! au?ority :i* ,rome _h !n obta9$ ov] =eign c\ntries1 & s great ! res\rces :i* %e possess$ )9 h]self2 hav+ by ?is "t gr[n to be ! mightie/ & be/-arm$ ( ,/ates4 ,s t al?\gh ^! h] companions s\ght to av5ge _! wrongs by conspir+ aga9/ h]1 !y 7 soon defeat$ 9 ! attempt1 & rema9$ 9 a worse plight ?an be=e1 s9ce !y too became subjects & no long] associates4 ,?is me?od1 !n1 z ,i h said1 0 foll[$ by ! ,romans alone2 b no o!r plan c be pursu$ by a republic :i* desires to ext5d its p[]2 exp]i5ce hav+ %[n none o!r s safe & c]ta94 ,! me?od :i* consi/s 9 =m+ leagues1 ( :i* ,i h spok5 above z hav+ be5 adopt$ by ! ,etruscans1 ! ,a*aians1 & ! ,etolians ( old1 & 9 our own days by ! ,swiss1 is ! next be/ aft] t foll[$ by ! ,romans1 = z 9 ?is way !re c be no great ext5sion ( p[]1 two advantages result3 fir/1 t y d n readily involve y\rself 9 w>2 &1 second1 t y c easily pres]ve any little acquisition :i* y may make4 ,! reason :y y _c greatly ext5d y\r p[] is1 t z y\r league is made up ( sep>ate ,/ates ) di/9ct seats ( gov]nm5t1 x is difficult = ^! to consult & resolve 9 conc]t4 ,! same causes make ^! ,/ates c>eless to enl>ge _! t]ritories2 because acquisitions :i* h to be %>$ among _m communities are less ?\ght ( ?an ^? made by a s+le republic :i* looks to enjoy !m all to itself4 ,aga91 s9ce leagues gov]n ?r\gh g5]al c\ncils1 !y mu/ ne$s be sl[] 9 resolv+ ?an a nation dwell+ )9 "o fronti]4 ,moreov]1 we f9d f exp]i5ce t ?is me?od has c]ta9 fix$ limits beyond :i* !re is no in/ance ( its ev] hav+ pass$2 by :i* ,i mean t "s twelve or f\rte5 communities may league !mselves toge!r1 b w nev] seek to pass beyond t limit3 = aft] associat+ !mselves 9 su* numb]s z seem to !m to secure _! safety aga9/ all besides1 !y desire no fur!r ext5sion ( _! p[]1 p>tly because no necessity compels !m to ext5d1 & p>tly because1 = ! reasons already giv51 !y w\ld f9d no pr(it 9 ext5d+4 ,= 7 !y to seek ext5sion !y w\ld h to foll[ "o ( two c\rses3 ei!r cont9u+ to admit new memb]s to _! league1 ^: numb] mu/ lead to confusion2 or else mak+ subjects1 a c\rse :i* !y w avoid s9ce !y w see difficulty 9 mak+ !m1 & no great good 9 hav+ !m4 ,:]e=e1 :5 _! numb] has s increas$ t _! safety seems secur$1 !y h rec\rse to two exp$i5ts3 ei!r receiv+ o!r ,/ates "u _! protection & engag+ = _! def5ce 79 :i* way !y obta9 money f v>i\s qu>t]s :i* !y c easily di/ribute among !mselves72 or else hir+ !mselves out z soldi]s to =eign ,/ates1 & draw+ pay f ?is or ! o!r pr9ce :o employs !m to c>ry out 8 ent]prises2 z we see done by ! ,swiss at ! pres5t day1 & z we read 0 done 9 anci5t times by c]ta9 ( ^? nations :om we h nam$ above4 ,to :i* we h a witness 9 ,titus ,livius1 :o relates t :5 ,philip ( ,mac$on came to treat ) ,titus ,qu9tius ,flam99us1 & :ile t]ms 7 be+ discuss$ 9 ! pres5ce ( a c]ta9 ,etolian capta91 ?is man com+ to words ) ,philip1 ! latt] taunt$ him ) gre$ & bad fai?2 tell+ him t ! ,etolians 7 n a%am$ to draw pay f "o side1 & !n s5d _! m5 to s]ve on ! o!r2 s t (t5 ! bann] ( ,etolia might be se5 display$ 9 two ho/ile camps4 ,we see1 !re=e1 t ! me?od ( proce$+ by leagues has always be5 ( ! same "*1 & has l$ always to ! same results4 ,we see1 likewise1 t ! me?od :i* proce$s by r$uc+ ,/ates to direct subjection has con/antly prov$ a weak "o1 & produc$ insignificant ga9s2 & t :5ev] ^! ga9s h pass$ a c]ta9 limit1 ru9 has ensu$4 ,& if ! latt] ( ^! two me?ods be ( little utility among arm$ ,/ates1 among ^? t are un>m$1 z is n[ ! case ) ! republics ( ,italy1 x is worse ?an useless4 ,we may conclude1 !re=e1 t ! true me?od 0 t foll[$ by ! ,romans2 :i* is ! m rem>kable z we f9d none :o adopt$ x be=e !y did1 & none :o h foll[$ x s9ce4 ,z = leagues1 ,i "k ( no nations :o h _h rec\rse to !m 9 rec5t times except ! ,swiss & ! ,suevians4 ,b to br+ my rem>ks on ?is head to an end1 ,i affirm t all ! v>i\s me?ods foll[$ by ! ,romans 9 conduct+ _! affairs1 :e!r =eign or dome/ic1 s f> f be+ imitat$ 9 our day1 h be5 held ( no acc\nt1 "s pron\nc+ !m to be m]e fables1 "s ?9k+ !m impracticable1 o!rs out ( place & unpr(itable2 & s1 abid+ 9 ?is ignorance1 we re/ a prey to all :o h *os5 to invade our c\ntry4 ,b %\ld x seem difficult to tread 9 ! foot/eps ( ! ,romans1 x ought n to appe> s h>d1 especially = u ,tuscans1 to imitate ! ,tuscans ( antiquity1 :o if1 f ! causes already assign$1 !y fail$ to e/abli% an empire l t ( ,rome1 succe$$ 9 acquir+ 9 ,italy t degree ( p[] :i* _! me?od ( act+ all[$1 & :i* !y long pres]v$ 9 security1 ) ! greate/ r5[n 9 arms & gov]nm5t1 & ! highe/ reputation = mann]s & religion4 ,?is p[] & ?is glory ( !irs 7 fir/ impair$ by ! ,gauls1 & aft]w>ds ext+ui%$ by ! ,romans1 & s utt]ly ext+ui%$1 t ( ! ,etruscan ,empire1 s spl5did two ?\s& ye>s ago1 we h at ! pres5t day b>ely a record4 ,?is x is :i* has l$ me to inquire :5ce ?is oblivion ( ?+s arises1 a "q ( :i* ,i %all treat 9 ! foll[+ ,*apt]4 ,,*apt] ,v4--,t *anges 9 ,sects & ,tongues1 & ! happ5+ ( ,floods & ,pe/il5ces1 oblit]ate ! ,memory ( ! ,pa/4 ,to ^? philosoph]s :o w h x t ! _w has exi/$ f all et]nity1 x 71 ,i ?9k1 a good answ]1 t if :at !y say be true we ought to h record ( a long] p]iod ?an five ?\s& ye>s2 did x n appe> t ! memory ( pa/ times is blott$ out by a v>iety ( causes1 "s ref]able to m51 & "s to ,heav54 ,among ! causes :i* h a human orig9 are ! *anges 9 sects & tongues2 because :5 a new sect1 t is to say a new religion1 comes up1 its fir/ endeav\r1 9 ord] to give itself reputation1 is to efface ! old2 & %\ld x s happ5 t ! f\nd]s ( ! new religion speak ano!r tongue1 ?is may readily be effect$4 ,?is we "k f obs]v+ ! me?ods :i* ,*ri/ianity has foll[$ 9 deal+ ) ! religion ( ! ,g5tiles1 = we f9d t x has aboli%$ all ! rites & ord9ances ( t wor%ip1 & oblit]at$ e trace ( ! anci5t belief4 ,true1 x has n succe$$ 9 utt]ly blott+ out our k ( ?+s done by ! fam\s m5 :o held t belief2 & ?is because ! propagators ( ! new fai?1 reta9+ ! ,lat9 tongue1 7 con/ra9$ to use x 9 writ+ ! new law2 = c\ld !y h writt5 ?is 9 a new tongue1 we may inf]1 hav+ reg>d to _! o!r p]secutions1 t no record :atev] w\ld h surviv$ to u ( pa/ ev5ts4 ,= any "o :o reads ( ! me?ods foll[$ by ,sa9t ,gregory & ! o!r heads ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 w p]ceive ) :at animosity !y pursu$ all anci5t memorials2 burn+ ! works ( poets & hi/orians2 break+ images2 & de/roy+ :atsoev] else af=d$ any trace ( antiquity4 ,s t if to ?is p]secution a new language _h be5 jo9$1 x mu/ soon h be5 f\nd t ev]y?+ 0 =gott54 ,we may believe1 !re=e1 t :at ,*ri/ianity has s\ght to effect aga9/ ! sect ( ! ,g5tiles1 0 actually effect$ by t sect aga9/ ! religion :i* prec$$ !irs2 & t1 f ! repeat$ *anges ( belief :i* h tak5 place 9 ! c\rse ( five or six ?\s& ye>s1 ! memory ( :at happ5$ at a remote date has p]i%$1 or1 if any trace ( x rema91 has come to be reg>d$ z a fable to :i* no cr$it is due2 l ! ,*ronicle ( ,diodorus ,siculus1 :i*1 pr(ess+ to give an acc\nt ( ! ev5ts ( =ty or fifty ?\s& ye>s1 is held1 & ,i believe ju/ly1 a ly+ tale4 ,z = ! causes ( oblivion :i* we may ref] to ,heav51 !y are ^? :i* make havoc ( ! human race1 & r$uce ! population ( c]ta9 p>ts ( ! _w to a v small numb]4 ,?is happ5s by plague1 fam9e1 or flood1 ( :i* ?ree ! la/ is ! mo/ hurtful1 z well because x is ! mo/ univ]sal1 z because ^? sav$ are g5]ally rude & ignorant m\nta9e]s1 :o possess+ no k ( antiquity !mselves1 c imp>t none to ^? :o come aft] !m4 ,or if among ! survivors !re *ance to be "o possess$ ( su* k1 to give himself consequ5ce & cr$it1 he w conceal & p]v]t x to suit 8 private ends1 s t to 8 po/]ity !re w rema9 only s mu* z he may h be5 pleas$ to communicate1 & no m4 ,t ^! floods1 plagues1 & fam9es d 9 fact happ51 ,i see no reason to d\bt1 bo? because we f9d all hi/ories full ( !m1 & recognize _! effect 9 ?is oblivion ( ! pa/1 & also because x is reasonable t su* ?+s %\ld happ54 ,= z :5 mu* sup]flu\s matt] has ga!r$ 9 simple bodies1 nature makes repeat$ ef=ts to remove & purge x away1 !reby promot+ ! heal? ( ^! bodies1 s likewise z reg>ds t composite body ! human race1 :5 e prov9ce ( ! _w s teems ) inhabitants t !y c nei!r subsi/ :]e !y are nor remove else:]e1 e region be+ equally cr[d$ & ov]-peopl$1 & :5 human craft & wick$ness h rea*$ _! highe/ pit*1 x mu/ ne$s come ab\t t ! _w w purge h]self 9 "o or ano!r ( ^! ?ree ways1 to ! end t m51 becom+ few & contrite1 may am5d _! lives & live ) m conv5i5ce4 ,etruria1 !n1 z has be5 said above1 0 at "o "t p[]ful1 ab\nd+ 9 piety & val\r1 practis+ h] own cu/oms1 & speak+ h] own tongue2 b all ?is 0 effac$ by ! p[] ( ,rome1 s t1 z ,i h obs]v$ already1 no?+ is left ( h] b ! memory ( a "n4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4--,( ! ,me?ods foll[$ by ! ,romans 9 mak+ ,w>4 ,hav+ treat$ ( ! me?ods foll[$ by ! ,romans = increas+ _! p[]1 we %all n[ g on to consid] ^? :i* !y us$ 9 mak+ w>2 & 9 all !y did we %all f9d h[ wisely !y turn$ aside f ! common pa? 9 ord] to r5d] _! progress to supreme greatness easy4 ,:osoev] makes w>1 :e!r f policy or ambition1 means to acquire & to hold :at he acquires1 & to c>ry on ! w> he has und]tak5 9 su* a mann] t x %all enri* & n impov]i% 8 native c\ntry & ,/ate4 ,x is necess>y1 !re=e1 :e!r = acquir+ or hold+1 to consid] h[ co/ may be avoid$1 & ev]y?+ done mo/ advantage\sly = ! public welf>e4 ,b :oev] w\ld effect all ?is1 mu/ take ! c\rse & foll[ ! me?ods ( ! ,romans2 :i* consi/$1 fir/ ( all1 9 mak+ _! w>s1 z ! ,fr5* say1 great & %ort4 ,= ent]+ ! field ) /rong armies1 !y br\ght to a spe$y conclusion :atev] w>s !y _h ) ! ,lat9s1 ! ,samnites1 or ! ,etruscans4 ,& if we take note ( all ! w>s 9 :i* !y 7 engag$1 f ! f\ndation ( _! city d[n to ! siege ( ,veii1 all w be se5 to h be5 quickly end$ "s 9 tw5ty1 "s 9 t51 & "s 9 no m ?an six days4 ,& ?is 0 _! wont3 ,s soon z w> 0 decl>$ !y w\ld g =? ) _! armies to meet ! enemy & at once deliv] battle4 ,! enemy1 on be+ r\t$1 to save _! c\ntry f pillage1 v soon came to t]ms1 :5 ! ,romans w\ld take f !m c]ta9 portions ( _! t]ritory4 ,^! !y ei!r assign$ to p>ticul> p]sons1 or made ! seat ( a colony1 :i* be+ settl$ on ! conf9es ( ! conqu]$ c\ntry s]v$ z a def5ce to ! ,roman fronti]1 to ! advantage bo? ( ! coloni/s :o _h ^! l&s giv5 !m1 & ( ! ,roman p ^: bord]s 7 ?us gu>d$ at no exp5se to !mselves4 ,& no o!r sy/em ( def5ce c\ld h be5 at once s safe1 s /rong1 & s effectual4 ,= :ile ! enemy 7 n actually 9 ! field1 ?is gu>d 0 suffici5t2 & :5 !y came out 9 =ce to ov]:elm ! colony1 ! ,romans also w5t =? 9 /r5g? & gave !m battle2 & gett+ ! bett] ( !m1 impos$ h>d] t]ms ?an be=e1 & s return$ home4 ,& 9 ?is way !y came gradually to e/abli% _! "n abroad1 & to add to _! p[]4 ,^! me?ods !y cont9u$ to employ until !y *ang$ _! sy/em ( w>f>e1 :i* !y did dur+ ! siege ( ,veii2 :5 to enable !m to c>ry on a prolong$ w>1 !y pass$ a law = ! paym5t ( _! soldi]s1 :om1 up to t "t !y _h n paid1 nor ne$$ to pay1 because till !n _! w>s _h be5 ( brief duration4 ,nev]!less1 :ile all[+ pay to _! soldi]s t !y might ?us wage long] w>s1 & keep _! armies long] 9 ! field :5 employ$ on di/ant ent]prises1 !y nev] dep>t$ f _! old plan ( br++ _! campaigns to z spe$y an end z place & circum/ances all[$1 nor ev] ceas$ to plant colonies4 ,_! cu/om ( t]m9at+ _! w>s ) despat*1 besides be+ natural to ! ,romans1 0 /r5g!n$ by ! ambition ( _! consuls1 :o1 be+ appo9t$ = twelve mon?s only1 six ( :i* !y _h to sp5d 9 ! city1 7 eag] to br+ _! w>s to an end z rapidly z !y c\ld1 t !y might enjoy ! hon\rs ( a triumph4 ,! usage ( plant+ colonies 0 recomm5d$ by ! great advantage & conv5i5ce :i* result$ f x4 ,9 deal+ ) ! spoils ( w>f>e _! practice1 no d\bt1 9 a measure *ang$1 s t 9 ?is respect !y 7 n aft]w>ds s lib]al z !y 7 at fir/2 p>tly1 because lib]ality did n seem s necess>y :5 _! soldi]s 7 9 receipt ( pay2 &1 p>tly1 because ! spoils !mselves be+ great] ?an be=e1 !y ?\ght by _! help s to enri* ! public treasury z to be able to c>ry on _! w>s )\t tax+ ! city2 &1 9 fact1 by pursu+ ?is c\rse ! public rev5ues 7 soon greatly augm5t$4 ,! me?ods ?us foll[$ by ! ,romans 9 divid+ plund] & 9 plant+ colonies _h1 accord+ly1 ?is result1 t :]eas o!r less prud5t pr9ces & republics are impov]i%$ by w>1 ,rome 0 enri*$ by x2 nay1 s f> 0 ! sy/em c>ri$1 t no consul c\ld hope = a triumph unless he br\ght back ) him = ! public treasury mu* gold & silv] & spoils ( e k9d4 ,by me?ods su* z ^!1 at "o "t br++ _! w>s to a rapid conclusion by invasion & actual defeat1 at ano!r we>+ out an enemy by protract$ ho/ilities1 & aga9 by conclud+ peace on advantage\s t]ms1 ! ,romans cont9ually grew ri*] & m p[]ful4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4--,( ! ,quantity ( ,l& assign$ by ! ,romans to ea* ,coloni/4 ,x w\ld1 ,i ?9k1 be difficult to fix ) c]ta9ty h[ mu* l& ! ,romans allott$ to ea* coloni/1 = my belief is t !y gave m or less accord+ to ! "* ( ! c\ntry to :i* !y s5t !m4 ,we may1 h[ev]1 be sure t 9 e in/ance1 & to :atev] c\ntry !y 7 s5t1 ! quantity ( l& assign$ 0 n v l>ge3 fir/1 because1 ^! coloni/s be+ s5t to gu>d ! newly acquir$ c\ntry1 by giv+ little l& x became possible to s5d m m52 & second because1 z ! ,romans liv$ frugally at home1 x is unreasonable to suppose t !y %\ld wi% _! c\ntrym5 to be too well (f abroad4 ,& ,titus ,livius tells u t on ! capture ( ,veii1 ! ,romans s5t ?i!r a colony1 allott+ to ea* coloni/ ?ree jug]a & sev5 unciae ( l&1 :i*1 accord+ to our measurem5t w\ld be some?+ "u two acres4 ,besides ! above reasons1 ! ,romans may likely en\gh h ?\ght t x 0 n s mu* ! quantity ( ! l& allott$ z its c>eful cultivation t w\ld make x suffice4 ,x is v necess>y1 h[ev]1 t e colony %\ld h common pa/urage :]e all may s5d _! cattle to graze1 z well z woods :]e !y may cut fuel2 = )\t su* conv5i5ces no colony c ma9ta9 itself4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4--,:y c]ta9 ,nations leave _! ance/ral ,seats & ov]fl[ ! ,c\ntries ( o!rs4 ,hav+ spok5 above ( ! me?ods foll[$ by ! ,romans 9 mak+ w>1 & relat$ h[ ! ,etruscans 7 attack$ by ! ,gauls1 x seems to me n =eign to ^! topics to expla9 t ( w>s !re are two k9ds4 ,"o k9d ( w> has its orig9 9 ! ambition ( pr9ces or republics :o seek to ext5d _! dom9ions4 ,su* 7 ! w>s wag$ by ,alex&] ! ,great1 & by ! ,romans1 & su* are ^? :i* we see e day c>ri$ on by "o pot5tate aga9/ ano!r4 ,w>s ( ?is sort h _! dang]s1 b d n utt]ly extirpate ! inhabitants ( a c\ntry2 :at ! conqu]or seeks be+ m]ely ! submission ( ! conqu]$ p1 :om1 g5]ally speak+1 he suff]s to reta9 _! laws1 & always _! h\ses & goods4 ,! o!r species ( w> is :5 an entire p1 ) all ! families ( :i* x is made up1 be+ driv5 out by fam9e or defeat1 removes f its =m] seat1 & goes 9 se>* ( a new abode & a new c\ntry1 n simply ) ! view to e/abli% dom9ion ov] x1 b to possess x z its own1 & to expel or ext]m9ate ! =m] inhabitants4 ,( ?is mo/ t]rible & cruel species ( w>f>e ,sallu/ speaks at ! end ( 8 hi/ory ( ! w> ) ,jugur?a1 :]e 9 m5tion+ t aft] ! defeat ( ,jugur?a ! movem5t ( ! ,gauls into ,italy began to be notic$1 he obs]ves t 89 ! w>s ( ! ,romans ) o!r nations ! /ruggle 0 = ma/]y2 b t always 9 _! w>s ) ! ,gauls ! /ruggle on bo? sides 0 = life40 ,= a pr9ce or commonweal?1 :5 attack+ ano!r ,/ate1 w be cont5t to rid !mselves ( ^? only :o are at ! head ( affairs2 b an entire p1 set 9 motion 9 ! mann] describ$1 mu/ de/roy all :o oppose !m1 s9ce _! object is to subsi/ on t :]eon ^? :om !y invade h hi!rto subsi/$4 ,! ,romans _h to pass ?r\gh ?ree ( ^! desp]ate w>s2 ! fir/ be+ t 9 :i* _! city 0 actually captur$ by ^? ,gauls :o1 z already m5tion$1 _h previ\sly tak5 ,lomb>dy f ! ,etruscans & made x _! seat1 & = ^: invasion ,titus ,livius has assign$ two causes4 ,fir/1 t !y 7 attract$1 z ,i h said be=e1 by ! fruitful soil & by ! w9e ( ,italy :i* !y _h n 9 ,gaul2 second1 t _! population hav+ multipli$ s greatly t !y c\ld no long] f9d :]e)al to live on at home1 ! pr9ces ( _! l& decid$ t c]ta9 ( _! numb] %\ld g =? to seek a new abode2 & s decid+1 *ose z lead]s ( ^? :o 7 to g1 two ,gauli% *iefs1 ,bellovesus & ,siccovesus2 ! =m] ( :om came into ,italy :ile ! latt] pass$ into ,spa94 ,f ! immigration "u ,bellovesus result$ ! occupation ( ,lomb>dy1 &1 subsequ5tly1 ! fir/ w> ( ! ,gauls ) ,rome4 ,at a lat] date1 & aft] ! close ( ! fir/ w> ) ,c>?age1 came ! second ,gallic invasion1 :5 m ?an two hundr$ ?\s& ,gauls p]i%$ 9 battle betwe5 ,piomb9o & ,pisa4 ,! ?ird ( ^! w>s broke out on ! desc5t into ,italy ( ! ,todi & ,cimbri1 :o1 aft] defeat+ sev]al ,roman armies1 7 !mselves defeat$ by ,m>ius4 ,9 ^! ?ree mo/ dang]\s conte/s ! arms ( ,rome prevail$2 b no ord9>y val\r 0 ne$$ = _! success4 ,= we see aft]w>ds1 :5 ! _s ( ! ,romans _h decl9$1 & _! armies _h lo/ _! =m] excell5ce1 _! supremacy 0 ov]?r[n by m5 ( ! same race1 t is to say by ! ,go?s1 ! ,v&als1 & o!rs l !m1 :o spread !mselves ov] ! :ole ( ! ,we/]n ,empire4 ,nations su* z ^!1 quit1 z ,i h said1 _! native l&1 :5 =c$ by fam9e1 or by defeat 9 dome/ic w>s1 to seek a new habitation else:]e4 ,:5 ^? ?us driv5 =? are 9 l>ge numb]s1 !y viol5tly invade ! t]ritories ( o!r nations1 slaught]+ ! inhabitants1 seiz+ on _! possessions1 f\nd+ new k+doms1 & giv+ new names to prov9ces2 z 0 done by ,moses1 & by ^? tribes :o ov]ran ! ,roman ,empire4 ,= ! new names :i* we f9d 9 ,italy & else:]e1 h no o!r orig9 ?an 9 _! hav+ be5 giv5 by ^! new occupants2 z :5 ! c\ntries =m]ly kn[n z ,gallia ,cisalp9a & ,gallia ,transalp9a took ! names ( ,lomb>dy & ,france1 f ! ,lomb>ds & ! ,franks :o settl$ !mselves !re4 ,9 ! same way ,sclavonia 0 =m]ly kn[n z ,illyria1 ,hung>y z ,pannonia1 & ,engl& z ,brita92 :ile _m o!r prov9ces :i* x w\ld be t$i\s to enum]ate1 h simil>ly *ang$ _! designations2 z :5 ! "n ,juda 0 giv5 by ,moses to t "p ( ,syria ( :i* he took possession4 ,& s9ce ,i h said above t nations su* z ^? ,i h be5 describ+1 are (t5 driv5 by w>s f _! ance/ral homes1 & =c$ to seek a new c\ntry else:]e1 ,i %all cite ! in/ance ( ! ,maurusians1 a p :o anci5tly dwelt 9 ,syria1 b he>+ ( ! inroad ( ! ,hebrews1 & ?9k+ !mselves unable to resi/ !m1 *ose r to seek safety 9 flight ?an to p]i% ) _! c\ntry 9 a va9 ef=t to def5d x4 ,= :i* reason1 remov+ ) _! families1 !y w5t to ,africa1 :]e1 aft] driv+ out ! native inhabitants1 !y took up _! abode2 & al?\gh !y c\ld n def5d _! own c\ntry1 7 able to possess !mselves ( a c\ntry belong+ to o!rs4 ,& ,procopius1 :o writes ! hi/ory ( ! w> :i* ,belis>ius conduct$ aga9/ ^? ,v&als :o seiz$ on ,africa1 relates1 t on c]ta9 pill>s /&+ 9 places :]e ! ,maurusians once dwelt1 he _h read inscriptions 9 ^! words3 8,we ,maurusians :o fl$ be=e ,jo%ua1 ! robb]1 ! son ( ,nun20#g giv+ u to "k ! cause ( _! quitt+ ,syria4 ,be ?is z x may1 nations ?us driv5 =? by a supreme necessity1 are1 if !y be 9 great numb]1 9 ! highe/ degree dang]\s1 & _c be successfully )/ood except by a p :o excel 9 arms4 #g ,nos ,maurusii qui fugimus a facie ,jesu latronis filii ,nav4 ,procop4 ,hi/4 ,bell4 ,v&4 ,,ii4 ,:5 ^? con/ra9$ to ab&on _! homes are n 9 l>ge numb]s1 !y are n s dang]\s z ! nations ( :om ,i h be5 speak+1 s9ce !y _c use ! same viol5ce1 b mu/ tru/ to _! address to procure !m a habitation2 &1 aft] procur+ x1 mu/ live ) _! neighb\rs z fri5ds & companions1 z we f9d neas1 ,dido1 ! ,massilians1 & o!rs l !m to h liv$2 all ( :om contriv$ to ma9ta9 !mselves 9 ! di/ricts 9 :i* !y settl$1 by secur+ ! good w ( ! neighb\r+ nations4 ,almo/ all ! great emigrations ( nations h be5 & cont9ue to be f ! cold & b>r5 region ( ,scy?ia1 because f ! population !re be+ excessive1 & ! soil ill able to support !m1 !y are =c$ to quit _! home1 _m causes op]at+ to drive !m =? & none to keep !m back4 ,& if1 = ! la/ five hundr$ ye>s1 x has n happ5$ t any ( ^! nations has actually ov]run ano!r c\ntry1 !re are v>i\s reasons to acc\nt = x4 ,fir/1 ! great cle>ance :i* t region made ( its inhabitants dur+ ! decl9e ( ! ,roman ,empire1 :5 m ?an ?irty nations issu$ f x 9 succession2 & next1 ! circum/ance t ! c\ntries ( ,g]many & ,hung>y1 :5ce also ^! nations came1 are n[ s mu* improv$ t m5 c live !re 9 com=t1 & consequ5tly are n con/ra9$ to %ift _! habitations4 ,besides :i*1 s9ce ^! c\ntries are occupi$ by a v w>like race1 !y s]ve z a sort ( bulw>k to keep back ! neighb\r+ ,scy?ians1 :o = ?is reason d n v5ture to attack !m1 nor attempt to =ce a passage4 ,nev]!less1 movem5ts on a great scale h (t5times be5 begun by ! ,t>t>s1 & be5 at once )/ood by ! ,hung>ians & ,poles1 ^: frequ5t boa/ x is1 t b = !m1 ,italy & ! ,*ur* w\ld m ?an once h felt ! weight ( ! ,t>t> arms4 ,( ! nations ( :om ,i h be5 speak+1 ,i %all n[ say no m4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4--,( ! ,causes :i* commonly give rise to ,w>s betwe5 ,/ates4 ,! occasion :i* l$ to w> betwe5 ! ,romans & ,samnites1 :o = long _h be5 9 league ) "o ano!r1 is ( common occurr5ce 9 all p[]ful ,/ates1 be+ ei!r br\ght ab\t by accid5t1 or else purposely contriv$ by "s "o :o w\ld set w> a-foot4 ,z betwe5 ! ,romans & ! ,samnites1 ! occasion ( w> 0 accid5tal4 ,= 9 mak+ w> ^u ! ,sidic9ians & aft]w>ds on ! ,campanians1 ! ,samnites _h no ?\ght ( involv+ !mselves ) ! ,romans4 ,b ! ,campanians be+ ov]p[]$1 &1 contr>y to ! expectation ( ,romans & ,samnites alike1 resort+ to ,rome = aid1 ! ,romans1 on ^: protection !y ?rew !mselves1 7 =c$ to succ\r !m z dep5dants1 & to accept a w> :i*1 x seem$ to !m1 !y c\ld n ) hon\r decl9e4 ,= ?\gh !y might h ?\ght x unreasonable to be call$ on to def5d ! ,campanians z fri5ds aga9/ _! own fri5ds ! ,samnites1 x seem$ to !m %ameful n to def5d !m z subjects1 or z a p :o _h plac$ !mselves "u _! protection4 ,= !y reason$ t to decl9e _! def5ce w\ld close ! gate aga9/ all o!rs :o at any future "t might desire to submit !mselves to _! p[]4 ,&1 accord+ly1 s9ce glory & empire1 & n peace1 7 ! ends :i* !y always _h 9 view1 x became impossible = !m to refuse ?is protector%ip4 ,a simil> circum/ance gave rise to ! fir/ w> ) ! ,c>?ag9ians1 namely ! protectorate assum$ by ! ,romans ( ! citiz5s ( ,mess9a 9 ,sicily1 & ?is likewise came ab\t by *ance4 ,b ! second w> ) ,c>?age 0 n ! result ( *ance4 ,= ,hannibal ! ,c>?ag9ian g5]al attack$ ! ,saguntans1 :o 7 ! fri5ds ( ,rome 9 ,spa91 n f any desire to injure !m1 b 9 ord] to set ! arms ( ,rome 9 motion1 & s ga9 an opportunity ( engag+ ! ,romans 9 a w>1 & pass+ on into ,italy4 ,?is me?od ( pick+ a qu>rel is con/antly resort$ to by p[]ful ,/ates :5 !y are b\nd by scruples ( hon\r or l consid]ations4 ,= if ,i desire to make w> on a pr9ce ) :om ,i am "u an anci5t & b9d+ treaty1 ,i %all f9d "s col\r or pretext = attack+ ! fri5d ( t pr9ce1 v well kn[+ t :5 ,i attack 8 fri5d1 ei!r ! pr9ce w res5t x1 :5 my s*eme = engag+ him 9 w> w be realiz$2 or t1 %\ld he n res5t x1 8 weakness or bas5ess 9 n def5d+ "o :o is "u 8 protection w be made app>5t2 ei!r ( :i* alt]natives w discr$it him1 & fur!r my designs4 ,we are to note1 !re=e1 9 connection ) ?is submission ( ! ,campanians1 :at has j n[ be5 said z to provok+ ano!r p[] to w>2 & also ! rem$y op5 to a ,/ate :i*1 be+ unequal to its own def5ce1 is prep>$ to g all l5g?s to ru9 its assailant1--t rem$y be+ to give itself up unres]v$ly to "s "o :om x selects = its def5d]2 z ! ,campanians gave !mselves up to ! ,romans1 & z ! ,flor5t9es gave !mselves up to ,k+ ,rob]t ( ,naples1 :o1 aft] refus+ to def5d !m z 8 fri5ds aga9/ ,ca/ruccio ( ,lucca by :om !y 7 h>d press$1 def5d$ !m z 8 subjects4 ,,*apt] ,x4--,t contr>y to ! vulg> op9ion1 ,money is n ! ,s9ews ( ,w>4 ,s9ce any man may beg9 a w> at 8 pleasure1 b _c at 8 pleasure br+ x to a close1 a pr9ce be=e he engages 9 any w>like ent]prise ought to measure 8 /r5g? & gov]n himself accord+ly4 ,b he mu/ be prud5t en\gh n to deceive himself z to 8 /r5g?1 :i* he w always d1 if he measure x by money1 by advantage ( position1 or by ! good-w ( 8 subjects1 :ile he is unprovid$ ) an army ( 8 own4 ,^! are ?+s :i* may swell y\r /r5g? b d n con/itute x1 be+ 9 !mselves null & ( no avail )\t an army on :i* y c dep5d4 ,)\t su* an army no am\nt ( money w meet y\r wants1 ! natural /r5g? ( y\r c\ntry w n protect y1 & ! fidelity & atta*m5t ( y\r subjects w n endure1 s9ce x is impossible t !y %\ld cont9ue true to y :5 y _c def5d !m4 ,lakes1 & m\nta9s1 & ! mo/ inaccessible /rongholds1 :]e valiant def5d]s are want+1 become no bett] ?an ! level pla92 & money1 s f> f be+ a safegu>d1 is m likely to leave y a prey to y\r enemy2 s9ce no?+ c be fals] ?an ! vulg> op9ion :i* affirms x to be ! s9ews ( w>4 ,?is op9ion is put =w>d by ,qu9tus ,curtius1 :]e1 9 speak+ ( ! w> betwe5 ,antipat] ! ,mac$onian & ! ,k+ ( ,sp>ta1 he relates t ! latt]1 f want ( money1 0 con/ra9$ to give battle & 0 defeat$2 :]eas1 c\ld he h put (f fight+ = a few days ! news ( ,alex&]'s dea? w\ld h rea*$ ,greece1 & he might h _h a victory )\t a battle4 ,b lack+ money1 & fe>+ t on t acc\nt 8 soldi]s might des]t him1 he 0 =c$ to haz>d an engagem5t4 ,x 0 = ?is reason t ,qu9tus ,curtius decl>$ money to be ! s9ews ( w>1 a maxim e day cit$ & act$ ^u by pr9ces less wise ?an !y %\ld be4 ,= build+ ^u ?is1 !y ?9k x en\gh = _! def5ce to h laid up great treasures2 n reflect+ t 7 great treasures all t is ne$$ = victory1 ,d>ius ( old _h conqu]$ ,alex&]1 ! ,greeks ! ,romans1 & 9 our own times ,*>les ( ,burgundy ! ,swiss2 :ile ! pope & ! ,flor5t9es toge!r w\ld h _h little difficulty 9 defeat+ ,francesco ,m>ia1 nephew ( ,pope ,julius ,,ii41 9 ! rec5t w> ( ,urb9o2 & yet1 9 e "o ( ^! in/ances1 ! victory rema9$ ) him :o held ! s9ews ( w> to consi/1 n 9 money1 b 9 good soldi]s4 ,croesus1 k+ ( ,lydia1 aft] %[+ ,solon ! ,a!nian mu* besides1 at la/ display$ to him ! b\ndless ri*es ( 8 treasure-h\se1 & ask$ him :at he ?\ght ( 8 p[]4 ,:]eupon ,solon answ]$ t he ?\ght him no :it m p[]ful 9 respect ( ^! treasures1 = z w> is made ) iron & n ) gold1 ano!r com+ ) m iron might c>ry (f 8 gold4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,alex&] ! ,great a tribe ( ,gauls1 pass+ ?r\gh ,greece on _! way into ,asia1 s5t envoys to ! ,k+ ( ,mac$onia to treat = t]ms ( accord2 :5 ! k+1 to dismay !m by a display ( 8 res\rces1 %[$ !m great /ore ( gold & silv]4 ,b ^! b>b>ians1 :5 !y saw all ?is weal?1 9 _! gre$ to possess x1 ?\gh be=e !y _h look$ on peace z settl$1 broke (f negotiations2 & ?us ! k+ 0 ru9$ by ^? v treasures he _h amass$ = 8 def5ce4 ,9 l mann]1 n _m ye>s ago1 ! ,v5etians1 ) a full treasury1 lo/ _! :ole dom9ions )\t d]iv+ ! lea/ advantage f _! weal?4 ,i ma9ta91 !re=e1 t x is n gold1 z is vulg>ly suppos$1 t is ! s9ews ( w>1 b good soldi]s2 or :ile gold by itself w n ga9 y good soldi]s1 good soldi]s may readily get y gold4 ,_h ! ,romans *os5 to make w> ) gold r ?an ) iron all ! treasures ( ! e>? w\ld n h suffic$ !m hav+ reg>d to ! greatness ( _! ent]prises & ! difficulties !y _h to ov]come 9 c>ry+ !m out4 ,b mak+ _! w>s ) iron !y nev] felt any want ( gold2 = ^? :o /ood 9 fe> ( !m br\ght gold into _! camp4 ,& suppos+ x true t ! ,sp>tan k+ 0 =c$ by lack ( money to risk ! *ances ( a battle1 x only f>$ ) him 9 respect ( money z x has (t5 f>$ ) o!rs f o!r causes2 s9ce we see t :]e an army is 9 su* /raits = want ( victual t x mu/ ei!r fight or p]i% by fam9e1 x w always fight1 z be+ ! m hon\rable c\rse & t on :i* =tune may 9 "s way smile4 ,s1 too1 x has (t5 happ5$ t a capta91 see+ 8 enemy ab\t to be re9=c$1 has be5 oblig$ ei!r to tru/ to =tune & at once deliv] battle1 or else1 wait+ till ! re9=cem5t is complete1 to fight !n1 :e!r he w or no1 & at :atev] disadvantage4 ,we f9d also1 z 9 ! case ( ,hasdrubal :5 beset1 9 ! ,m>* ( ,ancona1 at once by ,claudius ,n]o & by ! o!r ,roman consul1 t a capta91 :5 he mu/ ei!r fight or fly1 w always fight1 s9ce x w seem to him t by ?is c\rse1 h[ev] haz>d\s1 he has at lea/ a *ance ( victory1 :ile by ! o!r 8 ru9 is c]ta94 ,!re are _m circum/ances1 !re=e1 :i* may =ce a capta9 to give battle contr>y to 8 int5tion1 among :i* ! want ( money may sometimes be "o4 ,b ?is is no gr\nd = pron\nc+ money to be ! s9ews ( w>1 any m ?an ^? o!r ?+s f ! want ( :i* m5 are r$uc$ to ! same necessity4 ,once m1 !re=e1 ,i repeat t n gold b good soldi]s con/itute ! s9ews ( w>4 ,money1 inde$1 is mo/ necess>y 9 a second>y place2 b ?is necessity good soldi]s w always be able to supply1 s9ce x is z impossible t good soldi]s %\ld lack money1 z t money by itself %\ld secure good soldi]s4 ,& t :at ,i say is true is %[n by c\ntless passages 9 hi/ory4 ,:5 ,p]icles p]suad$ ! ,a!nians to decl>e w> aga9/ ! :ole ,peloponnesus1 assur+ !m t _! dext]ity1 aid$ by _! weal?1 0 sure to br+ !m (f victori\s1 ! ,a!nians1 ?\gh = a :ile !y prosp]$ 9 ?is w>1 9 ! end 7 ov]p[]$1 ! prud5t c\nsels & good soldi]s ( ,sp>ta prov+ m ?an a mat* = ! dext]ity & weal? ( ,a!ns4 ,b1 inde$1 !re c be no bett] witness to ! tru? ( my cont5tion ?an ,titus ,livius himself4 ,= 9 t passage ( 8 hi/ory :]e9 he discusses :e!r if ,alex&] ! ,great _h invad$ ,italy1 he w\ld h succe$$ 9 vanqui%+ ! ,romans1 ?ree ?+s are not$ by him z ess5tial to success 9 w>2 to wit1 _m & good soldi]s1 prud5t capta9s1 & fav\rable =tune2 & aft] exam9+ :e!r ! ,romans or ,alex&] w\ld h _h ! advantage 9 ea* ( ^! ?ree p>ticul>s1 he arrives at 8 conclusion )\t any m5tion ( money4 ,! ,campanians1 !re=e1 :5 ask$ by ! ,sidic9ians to arm 9 _! behalf1 mu/ h measur$ _! /r5g? by weal? & n by soldi]s2 = aft] decl>+ 9 _! fav\r & suff]+ two defeats1 to save !mselves !y 7 oblig$ to become tribut>y to ,rome4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4--,t x 7 unwise to ally y\rself a ,pr9ce :o has ,reputation r ?an ,/r5g?4 ,to m>k ! mi/ake made by ! ,sidic9ians 9 tru/+ to ! protection ( ! ,campanians1 & by ! ,campanians 9 suppos+ !mselves able to protect ! ,sidic9ians1 ,titus ,livius c\ld n h express$ himself 9 apt] words ?an by say+1 t 8! ,campanians r l5t _! "n to ! ,sidic9ians ?an furni%$ any sub/antial aid t[>ds _! def5ce40 ,"h we h to note t alliances ) pr9ces :o f dwell+ at a di/ance h no facility1 or :o f _! own emb>rassm5ts1 or f o!r causes1 h no ability to r5d] aid1 af=d r reputation ?an protection to ^? :o put _! tru/ 9 !m4 ,z 0 ! case 9 our own times ) ! ,flor5t9es1 :51 9 ! ye> #adgi1 !y 7 attack$ by ! ,pope & ! ,k+ ( ,naples4 ,= be+ fri5ds ( ! ,fr5* k+ !y drew f t fri5d%ip m reputation ?an help4 ,! same w\ld be ! case ) t pr9ce :o %\ld engage 9 any ent]prise 9 reliance on ! ,emp]or ,maximilian1 8 be+ "o ( ^? fri5d%ips :i*1 9 ! words ( our hi/orian1 nom5 magis quam praesidium adf]unt4 ,on ?is occasion1 !re=e1 ! ,campanians 7 misl$ by imag9+ !mselves /rong] ?an !y really 74 ,= (t51 f defect ( judgm5t1 m5 take ^u !m to def5d o!rs1 :5 !y h nei!r skill nor ability to def5d !mselves4 ,( :i* we h a fur!r in/ance 9 ! ,t>5t9es1 :o1 :5 ! ,roman & ,samnite armies 7 already drawn up aga9/ "o ano!r = battle1 s5t mess5g]s to ! ,roman consul to acqua9t him t !y desir$ peace betwe5 ! two nations1 & w\ld !mselves decl>e w> aga9/ :i*soev] ( ! two fir/ began ho/ilities4 ,! consul1 laugh+ at _! ?reats1 9 ! pres5ce ( ! mess5g]s1 ord]$ ! signal = battle to s\nd1 & bade 8 army advance to meet ! enemy2 %[+ ! ,t>5t9es by acts r ?an words :at answ] he ?\ght _! message des]v$4 ,hav+ spok5 9 ! pres5t ,*apt] ( unwise c\rses foll[$ by pr9ces = def5d+ o!rs1 ,i %all speak 9 ! next1 ( ! me?ods !y foll[ 9 def5d+ !mselves4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4--,:e!r :5 ,invasion is imm95t x is bett] to anticipate or to await x4 ,i h (t5 he>d x disput$ by m5 well v]s$ 9 milit>y affairs1 :e!r1 :5 !re are two pr9ces ( ne>ly equal /r5g?1 & ! bold] ( ! two proclaims w> ^u ! o!r1 x is bett] = t o!r to await attack )9 8 own fronti]1 or to m>* into ! enemy's c\ntry & fight him !re2 & ,i h he>d reasons giv5 9 fav\r ( ea* ( ^! c\rses4 ,!y :o ma9ta9 t an enemy %\ld be attack$ 9 8 own c\ntry1 cite ! advice giv5 by ,croesus to ,cyrus1 :5 ! latt] _h come to ! fronti]s ( ! ,massaget to make w> on t p4 ,= ^w be+ s5t by ,tomyris _! que5 t ,cyrus might1 at 8 pleasure1 ei!r ent] h] dom9ions1 :]e %e w\ld await him1 or else all[ h] to come & meet him2 & ! matt] be+ debat$1 ,croesus1 contr>y to ! op9ion ( o!r advis]s1 c\nsell$ ,cyrus to g =w>d & meet ! que51 urg+ t 7 he to defeat h] at a di/ance f h] k+dom1 he might n be able to take x f h]1 s9ce %e w\ld h "t to repair h] /r5g?2 :]eas1 7 he to defeat h] )9 h] own dom9ions1 he c\ld foll[ h] up on h] flight1 &1 )\t giv+ h] "t to recov] h]self1 deprive h] ( h] ,/ate4 ,!y cite also ! advice giv5 by ,hannibal to ,antio*us1 :5 ! latt] 0 m$itat+ a w> on ! ,romans4 ,= ,hannibal told him t ! ,romans c\ld n be vanqui%$ except 9 ,italy1 :]e an invad] might turn to acc\nt ! arms & res\rces ( _! fri5ds1 :]eas any "o mak+ w> ^u !m out ( ,italy1 & leav+ t c\ntry 9 _! h&s1 w\ld leave !m an unfail+ s\rce :5ce to draw :atev] re9=cem5t !y might ne$2 & f9ally1 he told him1 t ! ,romans might m easily be depriv$ ( ,rome ?an ( _! empire1 & ( ,italy m easily ?an ( any ( _! o!r prov9ces4 ,!y likewise in/ance ,aga?ocles1 :o1 be+ unequal to support a w> at home1 invad$ ! ,c>?ag9ians1 by :om he 0 be+ attack$1 & r$uc$ !m to sue = peace4 ,!y also cite ,scipio1 :o to %ift ! w> f ,italy1 c>ri$ x into ,africa4 ,^? :o hold a contr>y op9ion cont5d t to h y\r enemy at a disadvantage y mu/ get him away f 8 home1 alleg+ ! case ( ! ,a!nians1 :o :ile !y c>ri$ on ! w> at _! conv5i5ce 9 _! own t]ritory1 reta9$ _! sup]iority2 b :5 !y quitt$ t t]ritory1 & w5t ) _! armies to ,sicily1 lo/ _! fre$om4 ,!y cite also ! fable ( ! poets :]e9 x is figur$ t ,antu1 k+ ( ,libya1 be+ assail$ by ! ,egyptian ,h]cules1 c\ld n be ov]come :ile he await$ 8 adv]s>y )9 ! b\nds ( 8 own k+dom2 b s soon z he 0 )drawn f ^! by ! craft ( ,h]cules1 lo/ 8 k+dom & 8 life4 ,:5ce ! fable runs t ,antu1 be+ son to ! goddess ,e>?1 :5 ?r[n to ! gr\nd drew fre% /r5g? f ! ,e>?1 8 "m2 & t ,h]cules1 p]ceiv+ ?is1 held him up away f ! ,e>?4 ,rec5t op9ions are likewise cit$ z fav\r+ ?is view4 ,e "o kn[s h[ ,f]r&o1 k+ ( ,naples1 0 9 8 day acc\nt$ a mo/ wise pr9ce2 & h[ two ye>s be=e 8 dea? !re came a rum\r t ,*>les ,,viii ( ,france 0 m$itat+ an attack ^u him2 & h[1 aft] mak+ great prep>ations = 8 def5ce1 he sick5$2 & be+ on ! po9t ( dea?1 among o!r c\nsels left 8 son ,alfonso ?is advice1 t no?+ 9 ! _w %\ld tempt him to pass out ( 8 own t]ritory1 b to await ! enemy )9 8 fronti]1 & ) 8 =ces unimpair$2 a w>n+ disreg>d$ by ,alfonso1 :o s5t into ,romagna an army1 :i* he lo/1 & ) x 8 :ole dom9ions1 )\t a battle4 ,o!r argum5ts on bo? sides ( ! "q 9 addition to ^? already notic$1 are z foll[s3 ,he :o attacks %[s high] c\rage ?an he :o /&s on 8 def5ce1 & ?is gives 8 army great] confid5ce4 ,moreov]1 by attack+ y\r enemy y deprive him ( _m opportunities = us+ 8 res\rces1 s9ce he c receive no aid f subjects :o h be5 /ripp$ ( _! possessions2 & :5 an enemy is at 8 gates1 a pr9ce mu/ be c>eful h[ he levies money & imposes taxes2 s t1 z ,hannibal said1 ! spr+s :i* enable a c\ntry to support a w> come to be dri$ up4 ,aga91 ! soldi]s ( an invad]1 f9d+ !mselves 9 a =eign l&1 are "u a /rong] necessity to fight1 & necessity1 z has (t5 be5 said1 is ! p>5t ( val\r4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x may be argu$ t !re are _m advantages to be ga9$ by await+ ! attack ( y\r enemy4 ,= )\t putt+ y\rself mu* ab\t1 y may h>ass him by int]cept+ 8 supplies1 :e!r ( victual or ( :atsoev] else an army /&s 9 ne$3 f y\r bett] k ( ! c\ntry y c imp$e 8 movem5ts2 & because m5 mu/] m will+ly to def5d _! homes ?an to g on di/ant exp$itions1 y c meet him ) m num]\s =ces1 if defeat$ y c m easily repair y\r /r5g?1 because ! bulk ( y\r army1 f9d+ %elt] at h&1 w be able to save itself1 & y\r res]ves w h no di/ance to come4 ,9 ?is way y c use y\r :ole /r5g? )\t risk+ y\r entire =tunes2 :]eas1 9 leav+ y\r c\ntry1 y risk y\r entire =tunes1 )\t putt+ =? y\r :ole /r5g?4 ,nay1 we f9d t to weak5 an adv]s>y /ill fur!r1 "s h suff]$ him to make a m>* ( sev]al days into _! c\ntry1 & !n to capture c]ta9 ( _! t[ns1 t by leav+ g>risons 9 ^!1 he might r$uce ! numb]s ( 8 army1 & s be attack$ at great] disadvantage4 ,b n[ to speak my own m9d on ! matt]1 ,i ?9k we %\ld make ?is di/9ction4 ,ei!r y h y\r c\ntry /rongly def5d$1 z ! ,romans _h & ! ,swiss h !irs1 or1 l ! ,c>?ag9ians ( old & ! ,k+ ( ,france & ! ,italians at ! pres5t day1 y h x undef5d$4 ,9 ! latt] case y mu/ keep ! enemy at a di/ance f y\r c\ntry1 = z y\r /r5g? lies n 9 m5 b 9 money1 :5ev] ! supply ( money is cut (f y are undone1 & no?+ s soon cuts (f ?is supply z a w> ( invasion4 ,( :i* we h example 9 ! ,c>?ag9ians1 :o1 :ile _! c\ntry 0 free f invasion1 7 able by means ( _! great rev5ues to c>ry on w> 9 ,italy aga9/ ! ,romans1 b :5 !y 7 invad$ c\ld n def5d !mselves ev5 aga9/ ,aga?ocles4 ,! ,flor5t9es1 9 l mann]1 c\ld make no head aga9/ ,ca/ruccio1 "l ( ,lucca1 :5 he attack$ !m 9 _! own c\ntry2 & to obta9 protection1 7 compell$ to yield !mselves up to ,k+ ,rob]t ( ,naples4 ,& yet1 aft] ,ca/ruccio's dea?1 ^! same ,flor5t9es 7 bold en\gh to attack ! ,duke ( ,milan 9 8 own c\ntry1 & /rong en\gh to /rip him ( 8 dom9ions4 ,su* val\r did !y display 9 di/ant w>s1 su* weakness 9 ^? t 7 ne>4 ,b :5 a c\ntry is arm$ z ,rome 0 & ,switz]l& n[ is1 ! clos] y press x1 ! h>d] x is to subdue2 because su* ,/ates c assemble a /rong] =ce to resi/ attack ?an = attack+ o!rs4 ,nor does ! great au?ority ( ,hannibal move me 9 ?is in/ance1 s9ce res5tm5t & 8 own advantage might lead him to speak z he spoke to ,antio*us4 ,= _h ! ,romans suff]$ 9 ,gaul1 & )9 ! same space ( "t1 ^? ?ree defeats at ! h&s ( ,hannibal :i* !y suff]$ 9 ,italy1 x mu/ h made an end ( !m2 s9ce !y c\ld n h turn$ ! remnants ( _! armies to acc\nt z !y did 9 ,italy1 n hav+ ! same opportunity = repair+ _! /r5g?2 nor c\ld !y h met _! enemy ) su* num]\s armies4 ,= we nev] f9d !m s5d+ =? a =ce ( m ?an fifty ?\s& m5 = ! invasion ( any prov9ce2 :]eas1 9 def5d+ _! own c\ntry aga9/ ! inroad ( ! ,gauls at ! end ( ! fir/ ,c>?ag9ian w>1 we he> ( !m br++ "s eighte5 hundr$ ?\s& m5 into ! field2 & _! failure to vanqui% ! ,gauls 9 ,lomb>dy z !y _h vanqui%$ ^? 9 ,tuscany arose f _! inability to lead a great =ce s f> aga9/ a num]\s enemy1 or to enc\nt] him ) ! same advantages4 ,9 ,g]many ! ,cimbrians r\t$ a ,roman army :o _h !re no means to repair _! disa/]2 b :5 !y came into ,italy1 ! ,romans c\ld collect _! :ole /r5g?1 & de/roy !m4 ,out ( _! native c\ntry1 :5ce !y c br+ no m ?an ?irty or =ty ?\s& m51 ! ,swiss may readily be defeat$2 b 9 _! own c\ntry1 :]e !y c assemble a hundr$ ?\s&1 !y are well-nigh inv9cible4 ,9 conclusion1 !re=e1 ,i repeat t ! pr9ce :o has 8 p arm$ & tra9$ = w>1 %\ld always await a great & dang]\s w> at home1 & nev] g =? to meet x4 ,b t he ^: subjects are un>m$1 & ^: c\ntry is n habituat$ to w>1 %\ld always c>ry ! w> to z great a di/ance z he c f home4 ,= 9 ?is way ea* w def5d himself 9 ! be/ mann] 8 means admit4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4--,t ,m5 rise f humble to high ,=tunes r by ,fraud ?an by ,=ce4 ,i hold x z mo/ c]ta9 t m5 seldom if ev] rise to great place f small beg9n+s )\t us+ fraud or =ce1 unless1 inde$1 !y be giv51 or take by inh]itance ! place to :i* "s o!r has already come4 ,=ce1 h[ev]1 w nev] suffice by itself to effect ?is end1 :ile fraud (t5 w1 z any "o may pla9ly see :o reads ! lives ( ,philip ( ,mac$on1 ,aga?ocles ( ,sicily1 & _m o!rs l !m1 :o f ! l[e/ or1 at any rate1 f v l[ beg9n+s1 rose ei!r to sov]eignty or to ! highe/ comm&4 ,?is necessity = us+ deceit is taught by ,x5ophon 9 8 life ( ,cyrus2 = ! v fir/ exp$ition on :i* ,cyrus is s5t1 aga9/ ! ,k+ ( ,arm5ia1 is se5 to teem ) fraud2 & x is by fraud1 & n by =ce1 t he is repres5t$ z hav+ acquir$ 8 k+dom2 s t ! only inf]5ce to be drawn f 8 conduct1 z ,x5ophon describes x1 is1 t ! pr9ce :o w\ld accompli% great ?+s mu/ h le>n$ h[ to deceive4 ,x5ophon1 moreov]1 repres5ts 8 h]o z deceiv+ 8 mat]nal gr&sire ,cyax>es1 k+ ( ! ,m$ians1 9 a v>iety ( ways2 giv+ x to be und]/ood t )\t su* deceit he c\ld n h rea*$ ! greatness to :i* he came4 ,nor d ,i believe t any man born to humble =tunes c be %[n to h atta9$ great /ation1 by %e] & op5 =ce1 :]eas ?is has (t5 be5 effect$ by m]e fraud1 su* z t us$ by ,giovanni ,galeazzo to deprive 8 uncle ,b]nabo ( ! ,/ate & gov]nm5t ( ,lomb>dy4 ,! same arts :i* pr9ces are con/ra9$ to use at ! outset ( _! c>e]1 mu/ also be us$ by commonweal?s1 until !y h gr[n p[]ful en\gh to disp5se ) !m & tru/ to /r5g? alone4 ,& because ,rome at all times1 :e!r f *ance or *oice1 foll[$ all su* me?ods z are necess>y to atta9 greatness1 9 ?is also %e 0 n beh9dh&4 ,&1 to beg9 )1 %e c\ld h us$ no great] fraud ?an 0 involv$ 9 h] me?od above notic$1 ( mak+ = h]self companions2 s9ce "u ?is "n %e made = h]self subjects1 = su* ! ,lat9s & ! o!r surr\nd+ nations1 9 fact1 became4 ,= avail+ h]self at fir/ ( _! arms to subdue neighb\r+ c\ntries & ga9 h]self reputation z a ,/ate1 h] p[] 0 s mu* increas$ by ^! conque/s t !re 0 none :om %e c\ld n ov]come4 ,b ! ,lat9s nev] knew t !y 7 enslav$ until !y saw ! ,samnites twice r\t$ & =c$ to make t]ms4 ,?is success1 :ile x add$ greatly to ! fame ( ! ,romans among pr9ces at a di/ance1 :o 7 !reby made famili> ) ! ,roman "n ?\gh n ) ! ,roman arms1 br$ at ! same "t jeal\sy & di/ru/ among ^? :o1 l ! ,lat9s1 bo? saw & felt ^! arms2 & su* 7 ! effects ( ?is jeal\sy & di/ru/1 t n ! ,lat9s only b all ! ,roman colonies 9 ,latium1 along ) ! ,campanians :om a little :ile be=e ! ,romans _h def5d$ leagu$ !mselves toge!r aga9/ ! au?ority ( ,rome4 ,?is w> 0 set on foot by ! ,lat9s 9 ! mann] 9 :i*1 z ,i h already expla9$1 mo/ w>s are begun1 n by directly attack+ ! ,romans1 b by def5d+ ! ,sidic9ians aga9/ ! ,samnites :o 7 mak+ w> ^u !m ) ! p]mission ( ! ,romans4 ,& t x 0 f _! hav+ f\nd out ! crafty policy ( ! ,romans t ! ,lat9s 7 l$ to take ?is /ep1 is pla9 f ! words :i* ,titus ,livius puts 9 ! m\? ( ,annius ,set9us ! ,lat9 prtor1 :o1 9 address+ ! ,lat9 c\ncil1 is made to say1 8,= if ev5 n[ we c put up ) slav]y "u ! disguise ( an equal alliance1 etc0 ,we see1 !re=e1 t ! ,romans1 f ! "t !y fir/ began to ext5d _! p[]1 7 n unfamili> ) ! art ( deceiv+1 an art always necess>y = ^? :o w\ld m\nt to great heights f l[ beg9n+s2 & :i* is ! less to be condemn$ :51 z 9 ! case ( ! ,romans1 x is skilfully conceal$4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4--,t ,m5 (t5 err 9 ?9k+ !y c subdue ,pride by ,humility4 ,y %all (t5 f9d t humility is n m]ely ( no s]vice to y1 b is ev5 hurtful1 especially :5 us$ 9 deal+ ) insol5t m51 :o1 ?r\gh envy or o!r l cause1 h conceiv$ hatr$ aga9/ y4 ,pro( :]e( is suppli$ by our hi/orian :]e he expla9s ! causes ( ?is w> betwe5 ! ,romans & ! ,lat9s4 ,= on ! ,samnites compla9+ to ! ,romans t ! ,lat9s _h attack$ !m1 ! ,romans1 desir+ n to give ! ,lat9s gr\nd ( (f5ce1 w\ld n =bid !m proce$+ ) ! w>4 ,b ! endeav\r to avoid giv+ (f5ce to ! ,lat9s only s]v$ to increase _! confid5ce1 & l$ !m ! soon] to decl>e _! ho/ility4 ,( :i* we h evid5ce 9 ! language us$ by ! same ,lat9 ,prtor1 ,annius ,set9us1 at ! a=esaid c\ncil1 :5 he said3--8,y h tri$ _! pati5ce by refus+ !m1 soldi]s4 ,:o d\bts b t !y are (f5d$8 ,/ill !y h put up ) ! affront4 ,!y h he>d t we are assembl+ an army aga9/ _! allies ! ,samnites2 & yet !y h n /irr$ f _! city4 ,:5ce ?is a/oni%+ =be>ance1 b f _! kn[+ our /r5g? & _! own weakness80 ,:i* words give u cle>ly to und]/& h[ mu* ! pati5ce ( ! ,romans increas$ ! arrogance ( ! ,lat9s4 ,a pr9ce1 !re=e1 %\ld nev] /oop f 8 dignity1 nor %\ld he if he w\ld h cr$it = any concession make x volunt>ily1 unless he be able or believe himself able to )hold x4 ,= almo/ always :5 matt]s h come to su* a pass t y _c give way ) cr$it x is bett] t a ?+ be tak5 f y by =ce ?an yield$ ?r\gh fe> ( =ce4 ,= if y yield ?r\gh fe> & to escape w>1 ! *ances are t y d n escape x2 s9ce he to :om1 out ( manife/ c[>dice y make ?is concession1 w n re/ cont5t1 b w endeav\r to wr+ fur!r concessions f y1 & mak+ less acc\nt ( y1 w only be ! m k9dl$ aga9/ y4 ,at ! same "t y w f9d y\r fri5ds less zeal\s on y\r behalf1 s9ce to !m y w appe> ei!r weak or c[>dly4 ,b if1 s soon z ! designs ( y\r enemy are disclos$1 y at once prep>e to resi/ ?\gh y\r /r5g? be inf]ior to 81 he w beg9 to ?9k m ( y1 o!r neighb\r+ pr9ces w ?9k m2 & _m w be will+ to assi/ y1 on see+ y take up arms1 :o1 _h y rel9qui%$ hope & ab&on$ y\rself to despair1 w\ld nev] h /irr$ a f+] to save y4 ,! above is to be und]/ood z apply+ :]e y h a s+le adv]s>y only2 b %\ld y h sev]al1 x w always be a prud5t c\rse1 ev5 aft] w> has be5 decl>$1 to re/ore to "s "o ( _! numb] some?+ y h ( 81 s z to rega9 8 fri5d%ip & deta* him f ! o!rs :o h leagu$ !mselves aga9/ y4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4--,t weak ,/ates are always dubi\s 9 _! ,resolves2 & t t>dy ,resolves are always hurtful4 ,t\*+ ?is v matt]1 & ) reg>d to ^! e>lie/ beg9n+s ( w> betwe5 ! ,lat9s & ! ,romans1 x may be not$1 t 9 all our delib]ations x behoves u to come quickly to a def9ite resolve1 & n to rema9 always 9 dubiety & susp5se4 ,?is is pla9ly se5 9 connection ) ! c\ncil conv5$ by ! ,lat9s :5 !y ?\ght to sep>ate !mselves f ! ,romans4 ,= ! ,romans suspect+ ! ho/ile hum\r :]e) ! ,lat9s 7 infect$1 9 ord] to le>n h[ ?+s really /ood1 & see :e!r !y c\ld n w9 back ! malcont5ts )\t rec\rse to arms1 gave !m to "k t !y mu/ s5d eight ( _! citiz5s to ,rome1 z !y _h occasion to consult ) !m4 ,on receiv+ :i* message ! ,lat9s1 kn[+ t !y _h done _m ?+s contr>y to ! wi%es ( ! ,romans1 call$ a c\ncil to det]m9e :o ( _! numb] %\ld be s5t1 & to in/ruct !m :at !y 7 to say4 ,b ,annius1 _! prtor1 be+ pres5t 9 ! c\ncil :5 ^! matt]s 7 be+ discuss$1 told !m 8t he ?\ght x ( f> great] mom5t = !m to consid] :at !y 7 to d ?an :at !y 7 to say2 = :5 _! resolves 7 =m$1 x w\ld be easy to clo! !m 9 fit words40 ,?is1 9 tru?1 0 s\nd advice & su* z e pr9ce & republic %\ld lay to he>t4 ,because1 :]e !re is d\bt & unc]ta9ty z to :at we may decide on do+1 we "k n h[ to suit our words to our conduct2 :]eas1 ) our m9ds made up1 & ! c\rse we are to foll[ fix$1 x is an easy matt] to f9d words to decl>e our resolves4 ,i h notic$ ?is po9t ! m readily1 because ,i h (t5 f\nd su* unc]ta9ty h9d] ! public bus9ess ( our own republic1 to its detrim5t & discr$it4 ,& 9 all matt]s ( difficulty1 :]e9 c\rage is ne$$ = resolv+1 ?is unc]ta9ty w always be met )1 :5ev] ^? :o h to delib]ate & decide are weak4 ,n less mis*iev\s ?an d\btful resolves are ^? :i* are late & t>dy1 especially :5 !y h to be made 9 behalf ( a fri5d4 ,= f _! lat5ess !y help none1 & hurt ourselves4 ,t>dy resolves are due to want ( _s or want ( /r5g?1 or to ! p]v]sity ( ^? :o h to det]m9e1 :o be+ mov$ by a secret desire to ov]?r[ ! gov]nm5t1 or to c>ry out "s selfi% purpose ( _! own1 suff] no decision to be come to1 b only ?w>t & h9d]4 ,:]eas1 good citiz5s1 ev5 :5 !y see ! popul> m9d to be b5t on dang]\s c\rses1 w nev] oppose ! adoption ( a fix$ plan1 m p>ticul>ly 9 matt]s :i* d n brook delay4 ,aft] ,hi]onymus1 ! ,syracusan tyrant1 0 put to dea?1 !re be+ at t "t a great w> betwe5 ! ,romans & ! ,c>?ag9ians1 ! citiz5s ( ,syracuse fell to disput+ among !mselves ) :i* nation !y %\ld take "p2 & s fi]ce grew ! controv]sy betwe5 ! p>tisans ( ! two alliances1 t no c\rse c\ld be agre$ on1 & !y took "p ) nei!r2 until ,apollonides1 "o ( ! =emo/ ( ! ,syracusan citiz5s1 told !m 9 a spee* replete ) wisdom1 t nei!r ^? :o incl9$ to hold by ! ,romans1 nor ^? :o *ose r to side ) ! ,c>?ag9ians1 7 des]v+ ( blame2 b t :at 0 utt]ly to be condemn$ 0 d\bt & delay 9 tak+ "o side or o!r2 = f su* unc]ta9ty he cle>ly =esaw ! ru9 ( _! republic2 :]eas1 by tak+ a decid$ c\rse1 :atev] x might be1 "s good might come4 ,n[ ,titus ,livius c\ld n %[ m cle>ly ?an he does 9 ?is passage1 ! mis*ief :i* results f re/+ 9 susp5se4 ,he %[s x1 likewise1 9 ! case ( ! ,lav9ians1 ( :om he relates1 t be+ urg$ by ! ,lat9s to aid !m aga9/ ,rome1 !y 7 s long 9 mak+ up _! m9ds1 t :5 ! army :i* !y at la/ s5t to succ\r ! ,lat9s 0 issu+ f _! gates1 ^w came t ! ,lat9s 7 defeat$4 ,:]eupon ,millionius1 _! prtor1 said1 8,) ! ,romans ?is %ort m>* w co/ u de>40 ,b _h ! ,lav9ians resolv$ at once ei!r to grant aid or to refuse x1 tak+ a latt] c\rse !y w\ld n h giv5 (f5ce to ! ,romans1 tak+ ! =m]1 & r5d]+ timely help1 !y & ! ,lat9s toge!r might h _h a victory4 ,b by delay !y /ood to lose 9 e way1 z ! ev5t %[$4 ,?is example1 _h x be5 rememb]$ by ! ,flor5t9es1 might h sav$ !m f all t loss & vexation :i* !y und]w5t at ! h&s ( ! ,fr5*1 at ! "t ,k+ ,l\is ,,xii4 ( ,france came into ,italy aga9/ ,lodovico1 duke ( ,milan4 ,= :5 ,l\is fir/ propos$ to pass ?r\gh ,tuscany he met ) no objection f ! ,flor5t9es1 ^: envoys at 8 c\rt arrang$ ) him t !y %\ld /& neutral1 :ile ! k+1 on 8 arrival 9 ,italy1 0 to ma9ta9 _! gov]nm5t & take !m "u 8 protection2 a mon?'s "t be+ all[$ ! republic to ratify ^! t]ms4 ,b c]ta9 p]sons1 :o1 9 _! folly1 fav\r$ ! cause ( ,lodovico1 delay$ ?is ratification until ! k+ 0 already on ! eve ( victory2 :5 ! ,flor5t9es sudd5ly becom+ eag] to ratify1 ! k+ w\ld n accept _! ratification1 p]ceiv+ _! cons5t to be giv5 "u con/ra9t & n ( _! own good-w4 ,?is co/ ! city ( ,flor5ce de>1 & w5t ne> to lose h] fre$om1 :]e( %e 0 aft]w>ds depriv$ on ano!r l occasion4 ,& ! c\rse tak5 by ! ,flor5t9es 0 ! m to be blam$ 9 t x 0 ( no sort ( s]vice to ,duke ,lodovico1 :o1 _h he be5 victori\s1 w\ld h %[n ! ,flor5t9es _m m signs ( 8 displeasure ?an did ! k+4 ,al?\gh ! hurt :i* results to republics f weakness ( ?is sort has already be5 discuss$ 9 ano!r ,*apt]1 nev]!less1 s9ce an opportunity (f]$ = t\*+ ^u x aga91 ,i h will+ly avail$ myself ( x1 because to me x seems a matt] ( :i* republics l ours %\ld take special he$4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4--,t ! ,soldi]s ( our days dep>t widely f ! me?ods ( anci5t ,w>f>e4 ,9 all _! w>s ) o!r nations1 ! mo/ mom5t\s battle ev] f\ght by ! ,romans1 0 t :i* !y f\ght ) ! ,lat9s :5 ,torquatus & ,decius 7 consuls4 ,= x may well be believ$ t z by ! loss ( t battle ! ,lat9s became subject to ! ,romans1 s ! ,romans _h !y n prevail$ mu/ h become subject to ! ,lat9s4 ,& ,titus ,livius is ( ?is op9ion1 s9ce he repres5ts ! armies z exactly equal 9 e respect1 9 discipl9e & 9 val\r1 9 numb]s & 9 ob/9acy1 ! only diff]5ce he draws be+1 t ( ! two armies ! ,romans _h ! m capable comm&]s4 ,we f9d1 h[ev]1 two circum/ances occurr+ 9 ! conduct ( ?is battle1 ! l ( :i* nev] happ5$ be=e1 & seldom s9ce1 namely1 t to give /ead9ess to ! m9ds ( _! soldi]s1 & r5d] !m ob$i5t to ! ^w ( comm& & resolute to fight1 "o ( ! consuls put himself1 & ! o!r 8 son1 to dea?4 ,! equality :i* ,titus ,livius decl>es to h prevail$ 9 ^! two armies1 arose f ?is1 t hav+ long s]v$ toge!r !y us$ ! same language1 discipl9e1 & arms2 t 9 dispos+ _! m5 = battle !y foll[$ ! same sy/em2 & t ! divisions & (fic]s ( _! armies bore ! same names4 ,x 0 necess>y1 !re=e1 t z !y 7 ( equal /r5g? & val\r1 some?+ extraord9>y %\ld take place to r5d] ! c\rage ( ! "o army m /ubborn & unfl9*+ ?an t ( ! o!r1 x be+ on ?is /ubbornness1 z ,i h already said1 t victory dep5ds4 ,= :ile ?is temp] is ma9ta9$ 9 ! m9ds ( ! combatants !y w nev] turn _! backs on _! foe4 ,& t x might endure long] 9 ! m9ds ( ! ,romans ?an ( ! ,lat9s1 p>tly *ance1 & p>tly ! val\r ( ! consuls caus$ x to fall out t ,torquatus slew 8 son1 & ,decius di$ by 8 own h&4 ,9 po9t+ out ?is equality ( /r5g?1 ,titus ,livius takes occasion to expla9 ! :ole sy/em foll[$ by ! ,romans 9 ! ord]+ ( _! armies & 9 dispos+ !m = battle2 & z he has treat$ ! subject at l5g?1 ,i ne$ n g ov] ! same gr\nd1 & %all t\* only on :at ,i judge 9 x mo/ to des]ve att5tion1 b1 be+ ov]look$ by all ! capta9s ( our times1 has l$ to disord] 9 _m armies & 9 _m battles4 ,f ?is passage ( ,titus ,livius1 !n1 we le>n t ! ,roman army _h ?ree pr9cipal divisions1 or battalions z we might n[ call !m1 ( :i* !y nam$ ! fir/ ha/ati1 ! second pr9cipes1 & ! ?ird tri>ii1 to ea* ( :i* cavalry 7 atta*$4 ,9 array+ an army = battle !y set ! ha/ati 9 front4 ,directly beh9d !m1 9 ! second rank1 !y plac$ ! pr9cipes2 & 9 ! ?ird rank ( ! same column1 ! tri>ii4 ,! cavalry ( ea* ( ^! ?ree divisions !y dispos$ to ! "r & left ( ! division to :i* x belong$2 & to ^! companies ( horse1 f _! =m & position1 !y gave ! "n w+s 7al71 f _! appe>+ l ! two w+s ( ! ma9 body ( ! army4 ,! fir/ division1 ! ha/ati1 :i* 0 9 front1 !y drew up 9 close ord] to enable x to )/& & repulse ! enemy4 ,! second division1 ! pr9cipes1 s9ce x 0 n to be engag$ f ! beg9n+1 b 0 meant to succ\r ! fir/ 9 case t 7 driv5 91 0 n =m$ 9 close ord] b kept 9 op5 file1 s t x might receive ! o!r into its ranks :5ev] x 0 brok5 & =c$ to retire4 ,! ?ird division1 t1 namely1 ( ! tri>ii1 _h its ranks /ill m op5 ?an ^? ( ! second1 s t1 if occasion requir$1 x might receive ! fir/ two divisions ( ! ha/ati & pr9cipes4 ,^! divisions1 !re=e1 be+ drawn up 9 ?is ord]1 ! engagem5t began1 & if ! ha/ati 7 ov]p[]$ & driv5 back1 !y retir$ )9 ! loose ranks ( ! pr9cipes1 :5 bo? ^! divisions1 be+ ?us unit$ into "o1 r5ew$ ! conflict4 ,if ^!1 aga91 7 r\t$ & =c$ back1 !y retreat$ )9 ! op5 ranks ( ! tri>ii1 & all ?ree divisions1 =m+ into "o1 once m r5ew$ ! fight1 9 :i*1 if !y 7 ov]p[]$1 s9ce !y _h no fur!r means ( recruit+ _! /r5g?1 !y lo/ ! battle4 ,& because :5ev] ?is la/ division1 ( ! tri>ii1 _h to be employ$1 ! army 0 9 jeop>dy1 !re arose ! prov]b1 8,res r$acta e/ ad tri>ios10 equival5t to our expression ( play+ a la/ /ake4 ,! capta9s ( our day1 z !y h ab&on$ all ! o!r cu/oms ( antiquity1 & pay no he$ to any "p ( ! anci5t discipl9e1 s also h disc>d$ ?is me?od ( dispos+ _! m51 ?\gh x 0 "o ( no small utility4 ,= to insure ! defeat ( a comm&] :o s arranges 8 =ces z to be able ?rice dur+ an engagem5t to r5ew 8 /r5g?1 ,=tune mu/ ?rice decl>e aga9/ him1 & he mu/ be mat*$ ) an adv]s>y able ?ree times ov] to defeat him2 :]eas he ^: sole *ance ( success lies 9 8 surviv+ ! fir/ onset1 z is ! case ) all ! armies ( ,*ri/5dom at ! pres5t day1 may easily be vanqui%$1 s9ce any slight mi%ap1 & ! lea/ failure 9 ! /ead9ess ( 8 m51 may deprive him ( victory4 ,& :at takes f our armies ! capacity to r5ew _! /r5g? is1 t provision is n[ no long] made = "o division be+ receiv$ into ! ranks ( ano!r1 :i* happ5s because at pres5t an army is arrang$ = battle 9 "o or o!r ( two imp]fect me?ods4 ,= ei!r its divisions are plac$ side by side1 s z to =m a l9e ( great wid? b ( no dep? or solidity2 or if1 to /r5g!n x1 x be drawn up 9 columns aft] ! fa%ion ( ! ,roman armies1 %\ld ! front l9e be brok51 no provision hav+ be5 made = its be+ receiv$ by ! second1 x is ?r[n into complete disord]1 & bo? divisions fall to pieces4 ,= if ! front l9e be driv5 back1 x jo/les ! second1 if ! second l9e endeav\r to advance1 ! fir/ /&s 9 its way3 & ?us1 ! fir/ driv+ aga9/ ! second1 & ! second aga9/ ! ?ird1 su* confusion foll[s t (t5 ! mo/ trifl+ accid5t w cause ! ru9 ( an entire army4 ,at ! battle ( ,rav5na1 :]e ,m4 de ,foix1 ! ,fr5* comm&]1 0 sla91 al?\gh accord+ to mod]n notions ?is 0 a well-f\ght field1 bo? ! ,fr5* & ! ,spani% armies 7 drawn up 9 ! fir/ ( ! faulty me?ods above describ$2 t is to say1 ea* army advanc$ ) ! :ole ( its battalions side by side1 s t ea* pres5t$ a s+le front mu* wid] ?an deep2 ?is be+ always ! plan foll[$ by mod]n armies :51 z at ,rav5na1 ! gr\nd is op54 ,= kn[+ ! disord] !y fall into on retreat1 =m+ !mselves 9 a s+le l9e1 !y endeav\r1 z ,i h said1 z mu* z possible to escape confusion by ext5d+ _! front4 ,b :]e ! gr\nd conf9es !m !y fall at once into ! disord] spok5 (1 )\t an ef=t to prev5t x4 ,troops trav]s+ an enemy's c\ntry1 :e!r to pillage or c>ry out any o!r op]ation ( w>1 are liable to fall into ! same disord]2 & at ,s4 ,regolo 9 ! ,pisan t]ritory1 & at o!r places :]e ! ,flor5t9es 7 beat5 by ! ,pisans dur+ ! w> :i* foll[$ on ! revolt ( ,pisa aft] ! com+ ( ,*>les ( ,france into ,italy1 our defeat 0 due to no o!r cause ?an ! behavi\r ( our own cavalry1 :o be+ po/$ 9 front1 & be+ repuls$ by ! enemy1 fell back on ! infantry & ?rew !m into confusion1 :]eupon ! :ole army took to flight2 & ,mess] ,ciriaco del ,borgo1 ! vet]an lead] ( ! ,flor5t9e foot1 has (t5 decl>$ 9 my pres5ce t he _h nev] be5 r\t$ by any cavalry save ^? :o 7 fight+ on 8 side4 ,= :i* reason ! ,swiss1 :o are ! greate/ pr(ici5ts 9 mod]n w>f>e1 :5 s]v+ ) ! ,fr5*1 make x _! fir/ c>e to place !mselves on _! flank1 s t ! cavalry ( _! fri5ds1 if repuls$1 may n ?r[ !m into disord]4 ,b al?\gh ^! matt]s seem easy to und]/& & n difficult to put 9 practice1 none has yet be5 f\nd among ! comm&]s ( our times1 :o attempt$ to imitate ! anci5ts or to correct ! mod]ns4 ,= al?\gh ^! also h a trip>tite division ( _! armies into van-gu>d1 ma9-body1 & re>-gu>d1 ! only use !y make ( x is 9 giv+ ord]s :5 _! m5 are 9 qu>t]s2 :]eas on active s]vice x r>ely happ5s t all divisions are n equally expos$ to ! same onset4 ,& because _m1 to excuse _! ignorance1 w h x t ! de/ructive fire ( artill]y =bids our employ+ at ! pres5t day _m ( ! tactics us$ by ! anci5ts1 ,i w discuss ?is "q 9 ! foll[+ ,*apt]1 & exam9e :e!r artill]y does 9 fact prev5t u f us+ ! valiant me?ods ( antiquity4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4--,:at importance ! ,armies ( ! pres5t day %\ld all[ to ,artill]y2 & :e!r ! commonly receiv$ op9ion conc]n+ x be j4 ,look+ to ! numb] ( pit*$ battles1 or :at are t]m$ by ! ,fr5* j\rnes1 & by ! ,italians fatti d'arme1 f\ght by ! ,romans at div]s times1 ,i am l$ fur!r to exam9e ! g5]ally receiv$ op9ion1 t _h artill]y be5 9 use 9 _! day1 ! ,romans w\ld n h be5 all[$1 or at lea/ n ) ! same ease1 to subjugate prov9ces & make o!r nations _! tribut>ies1 & c\ld nev] h spread _! p[] 9 ! a/oni%+ way !y did4 ,= x is said t by reason ( ^! fire-arms m5 c no long] use or display _! p]sonal val\r z !y c\ld ( old2 t !re is great] difficulty n[ ?an !re 0 9 =m] times 9 jo9+ battle2 t ! tactics foll[$ !n _c be foll[$ n[2 & t 9 "t all w>f>e mu/ resolve itself into a "q ( artill]y4 ,judg+ x n out ( place to inquire :e!r ^! op9ions are s\nd1 & h[ f> artill]y has add$ to or tak5 f ! /r5g? ( armies1 & :e!r its use less5s or increases ! opportunities = a good capta9 to behave valiantly1 ,i %all at once address myself to ! fir/ ( ! av]m5ts notic$ above1 namely1 t ! armies ( ! anci5t ,romans c\ld n h made ! conque/s !y did1 _h artill]y !n be5 9 use4 ,to ?is ,i answ] by say+ t1 s9ce w> is made = purposes ei!r ( (f5ce or def5ce1 we h fir/ to see 9 :i* ( ^! two k9ds ( w>f>e artill]y gives ! great] advantage or inflicts ! great] hurt4 ,n[1 ?\gh some?+ might be said bo? ways1 ,i nev]!less believe t artill]y is beyond comp>ison m hurtful to him :o /&s on ! def5sive ?an to him :o attacks4 ,= he :o def5ds himself mu/ ei!r d s 9 a t[n or 9 a =tifi$ camp4 ,if )9 a t[n1 ei!r ! t[n w be a small "o1 z =tifi$ t[ns commonly are1 or x w be a great "o4 ,9 ! =m] case1 he :o is on ! def5sive is at once undone4 ,= su* is ! %ock ( artill]y t !re is no wall s /rong t 9 a few days x w n batt] d[n1 :51 unless ^? )9 h ample room to )draw beh9d cov]+ works & tr5*es1 !y mu/ be beat52 x be+ impossible = !m to resi/ ! assault ( an enemy :o =ces an entrance ?r\gh ! brea*es 9 _! walls4 ,nor w any artill]y a def5d] may h be ( any s]vice to him2 s9ce x is an e/abli%$ axiom t :]e m5 are able to advance 9 numb]s & rapidly1 artill]y is p[]less to *eck !m4 ,= ?is reason1 9 /orm+ t[ns ! furi\s assaults ( ! nor!rn nations prove irresi/ible1 :]eas ! attacks ( our ,italian troops1 :o d n ru% on 9 =ce1 b advance to ! assault 9 small knots ( skirmi%]s 7sc>am\*es1 z !y are fitly nam$71 may easily be )/ood4 ,^? :o advance 9 su* loose ord]1 & ) s little _s1 aga9/ a brea* cov]$ by artill]y1 advance to c]ta9 de/ruction1 & z aga9/ !m artill]y is useful4 ,b :5 ! assailants sw>m to ! brea* s mass$ toge!r t "o pu%es on ano!r1 unless !y be br\ght to a /& by dit*es & e>?works1 !y p5etrate ev]y:]e1 & no artill]y has any effect to keep !m back2 & ?\gh "s mu/ fall1 yet n s _m z to prev5t a victory4 ,! frequ5t success ( ! nor!rn nations 9 /orm+ t[ns1 & m p>ticul>ly ! recov]y ( ,brescia by ! ,fr5*1 is pro( suffici5t ( ! tru? ( :at ,i say4 ,= ! t[n ( ,brescia ris+ aga9/ ! ,fr5* :ile ! citadel /ill held out1 ! ,v5etians1 to meet any attack :i* might be made f ! citadel ^u ! t[n1 rang$ guns along ! :ole l9e ( road :i* l$ f ! "o to ! o!r1 plant+ !m 9 front1 & 9 flank1 & :]ev] else !y c\ld be br\ght to be>4 ,( all :i* ,m4 de ,foix mak+ no acc\nt1 dism\nt$ ) 8 m5-at-arms f horseback1 &1 advanc+ ) !m on foot ?r\gh ! mid/ ( ! batt]ies1 took ! t[n2 nor d we le>n t he su/a9$ any consid]able loss f ! enemy's fire4 ,s t1 z ,i h said1 he :o has to def5d himself 9 a small t[n1 :5 8 walls are batt]$ d[n & he has no room to retire beh9d o!r works1 & has only 8 artill]y to tru/ to1 is at once undone4 ,b ev5 :]e ! t[n y def5d is a great "o1 s t y h room to fall back beh9d new works1 artill]y is /ill1 by a long way1 m useful = ! assailant ?an = ! def5d]4 ,= to enable y\r artill]y to d any hurt to ^? )\t1 y mu/ raise y\rself ) x above ! level ( ! gr\nd1 s9ce1 if y rema9 on ! level1 ! enemy1 by erect+ any l[ m\nd or e>?-"w1 c s secure himself t x w be impossible = y to t\* him4 ,b 9 rais+ y\rself above ! level ( ! gr\nd1 :e!r by ext5d+ y\rself along ! gall]y ( ! walls1 or o!rwise1 y are expos$ to two disadvantages2 =1 fir/1 y _c !re br+ into position guns ( ! same size or range z he :o is )\t c br+ to be> aga9/ y1 s9ce x is impossible to "w l>ge guns 9 a conf9$ space2 &1 secondly1 al?\gh y %\ld succe$ 9 gett+ y\r guns into position1 y _c con/ruct su* /rong & solid works = _! protection z ^? c :o are outside1 & on level gr\nd1 & :o h all ! room & e o!r advantage :i* !y c\ld desire4 ,x is consequ5tly impossible = him :o def5ds a t[n to ma9ta9 8 guns 9 position at any consid]able height1 :5 ^? :o are outside h mu* & p[]ful artill]y2 :ile1 if he place x l[]1 x becomes1 z has be5 expla9$1 to a great ext5t useless4 ,s t 9 ! end ! def5ce ( ! city has to be effect$1 z 9 anci5t times1 by h& to h& fight+1 or else by means ( ! small] k9ds ( fire-arms1 f :i* if ! def5d] d]ive "s slight advantage1 x is balanc$ by ! injury he su/a9s f ! great artill]y ( 8 enemy1 :]eby ! walls ( ! city are batt]$ d[n & almo/ buri$ 9 _! dit*es2 s t :5 x comes once m to an enc\nt] at close qu>t]s1 by reason ( 8 walls be+ demoli%$ & 8 dit*es fill$ up1 ! def5d] is n[ at a f> great] disadvantage ?an he 0 =m]ly4 ,:]e=e ,i repeat t ^! arms are inf9itely m useful = him :o attacks a t[n ?an = him :o def5ds x4 ,z to ! rema9+ me?od1 :i* consi/s 9 y\r tak+ up y\r position 9 an entr5*$ camp1 :]e y ne$ n fight unless y please1 & unless y h ! advantage1 ,i say t ?is me?od commonly af=ds y no great] facility = avoid+ an engagem5t ?an ! anci5ts _h2 nay1 t sometimes1 ow+ to ! use ( artill]y1 y are worse (f ?an !y 74 ,= if ! enemy fall sudd5ly ^u y1 & h "s slight advantage 7z may readily be ! case f 8 be+ on high] gr\nd1 or f y\r works on 8 arrival be+ /ill incomplete s t y are n :olly %elt]$ by !m71 =?)1 & )\t y\r be+ able to prev5t him1 he dislodges y1 & y are =c$ to quit y\r def5ces & deliv] battle3 z happ5$ to ! ,spani>ds at ! battle ( ,rav5na4 ,= hav+ po/$ !mselves betwe5 ! riv] ,ronco & an e>?work1 f _! n hav+ c>ri$ ?is "w high en\gh1 & f ! ,fr5* hav+ a slight advantage ( gr\nd1 !y 7 =c$ by ! fire ( ! latt] to quit _! entr5*m5ts come to an engagem5t4 ,b assum+ ! gr\nd y h *os5 = y\r camp to be1 z x always %\ld1 high] ?an t occupi$ by ! enemy1 & y\r works to be complete & suffici5t1 s t f y\r position & prep>ations ! enemy d>e n attack y1 rec\rse w !n be _h to ! v same me?ods z 7 resort$ to 9 anci5t times :5 an army 0 s po/$ t x c\ld n be assail$2 t is to say1 y\r c\ntry w be wa/$1 cities fri5dly to y besieg$ or /orm$1 & y\r supplies int]cept$2 until y are =c$1 at la/1 ( necessity to quit y\r camp & to fight a pit*$ battle1 9 :i*1 z w pres5tly appe>1 artill]y w be ( little s]vice to y4 ,if we consid]1 !re=e1 = :at ends ! ,romans made w>s1 & t attack & n def5ce 0 ! object ( almo/ all _! campaigns1 x w be cle>1 if :at ,i h said be true1 t !y w\ld h _h /ill great] advantage1 & might h a*iev$ _! conque/s ) ev5 great] ease1 _h artill]y be5 9 use 9 _! times4 ,& z to ! second compla9t1 t by reason ( artill]y m5 c no long] display _! val\r z !y c\ld 9 anci5t days1 ,i admit x to be true t :5 !y h to expose !mselves a few at a "t1 m5 run m risks n[ ?an =m]ly2 z :5 !y h to scale a t[n or p]=m "s simil> exploit1 9 :i* !y are n mass$ toge!r b mu/ advance s+ly & "o beh9d ano!r4 ,x is true1 also1 t ,capta9s & comm&]s ( armies are subject$ to a great] risk ( be+ kill$ n[ ?an ( old1 s9ce !y an be rea*$ ev]y:]e by ! enemy's fire2 & x is no protection to !m to be ) ^? ( _! m5 :o are fur!/ f ! enemy1 or to be surr\nd$ by ! brave/ ( _! gu>ds4 ,/ill1 we d n (t5 f9d ei!r ( ^! two dang]s occasion+ extraord9>y loss4 ,= t[ns /rongly =tifi$ are n attack$ by escalade1 nor w ! assail+ army advance aga9/ !m 9 weak numb]s2 b w endeav\r1 z 9 anci5t times1 to r$uce !m by regul> siege4 ,& ev5 9 ! case ( t[ns attack$ by /orm1 ! dang]s are n s v mu* great] n[ ?an !y 7 =m]ly2 = 9 ^? old days also1 ! def5d]s ( t[ns 7 n )\t w>like eng9es1 :i* if less t]rible 9 _! op]ation1 _h1 s f> z kill+ goes1 mu* ! same effect4 ,& z = ! dea?s ( capta9s & lead]s ( companies1 x may be said t dur+ ! la/ tw5ty-f\r ye>s ( w> 9 ,italy1 we h _h few] in/ances ( su* dea?s ?an might be f\nd 9 a p]iod ( t5 ye>s ( anci5t w>f>e4 ,= except+ ! ,c\nt ,lodovico della ,mir&ola1 :o fell at ,f]r>a1 :5 ! ,v5etians a few ye>s ago attack$ t city1 & ! ,duke de ,nem\rs1 sla9 at ,cirignuola1 we h no in/ance ( any comm&] be+ kill$ by artill]y4 ,=1 at ,rav5na1 ,m4 de ,foix di$ by /eel & n by %ot4 ,:]e=e ,i say t if m5 no long] p]=m de$s ( individual pr[ess1 x results n s mu* f ! use ( artill]y1 z f ! faulty discipl9e & weakness ( our armies1 :i* be+ collectively )\t val\r _c display x 9 p>ticul> in/ances4 ,z to ! ?ird ass]tion1 t armies c no long] be br\ght to engage "o ano!r1 & t w> w soon come to be c>ri$ on :olly ) artill]y1 ,i ma9ta9 t ?is allegation is utt]ly untrue1 & w always be s held by ^? :o are will+ 9 h&l+ _! troops to foll[ ! usages ( anci5t val\r4 ,= :osoev] w\ld h a good army mu/ tra9 x1 ei!r by real or by mimic w>f>e1 to approa* ! enemy1 to come )9 sword-?ru/1 & to grapple ) him2 & mu/ rely m on foot soldi]s ?an on horse1 = reasons pres5tly to be expla9$4 ,b :5 y tru/ to y\r foot-soldi]s1 & to ! me?ods already indicat$1 artill]y becomes p[]less to h>m y4 ,= foot-soldi]s1 9 approa*+ an enemy1 c ) m ease escape ! fire ( 8 artill]y ?an 9 anci5t times !y c\ld h avoid$ a *>ge ( elephants or ( scy!d *>iots1 or any o!r ( ^? /range contrivances :i* _h to be enc\nt]$ by ! ,romans1 & aga9/ :i* !y always devis$ "s rem$y4 ,&1 c]ta9ly1 z aga9/ artill]y1 _! rem$y w\ld h be5 easi]1 by z mu* z ! "t dur+ :i* artill]y c d hurt is %ort] ?an ! "t dur+ :i* elephants & *>iots c\ld4 ,= by ^! y 7 ?r[n into disord] aft] battle jo9$1 :]eas artill]y h>asses y only be=e y engage2 a dang] :i* infantry c easily escape1 ei!r by advanc+ s z to be cov]$ by ! inequalities ( ! gr\nd1 or by ly+ d[n :ile ! fir+ cont9ues2 nay1 we f9d f exp]i5ce t ev5 ^! precautions may be disp5s$ )1 especially z aga9/ great artill]y1 :i* c h>dly be levell$ ) su* precision t its fire %all n ei!r pass ov] y\r head f ! range be+ too high1 or fall %ort f its be+ too l[4 ,s soon1 h[ev]1 z ! engagem5t is begun1 x is p]fectly cle> t nei!r small nor great artill]y c h>m y any long]2 s9ce1 if ! enemy h 8 artill]ym5 9 front1 y take !m2 if 9 re>1 !y w injure him be=e !y injure y2 & if 9 flank1 !y c nev] fire s effectively z to prev5t y\r clos+1 ) ! result already expla9$4 ,nor does ?is admit ( mu* dispute1 s9ce we h pro( ( x 9 ! case ( ! ,swiss at ,nov>a1 9 ! ye> #aeac1 :51 ) nei!r guns nor cavalry1 !y advanc$ aga9/ ! ,fr5* army1 :o _h =tifi$ !mselves ) artill]y beh9d entr5*m5ts1 & r\t$ !m )\t suff]+ ! slighte/ *eck f _! fire4 ,9 fur!r explanation :]e( x is to be not$1 t to "w artill]y effectively x %\ld be protect$ by walls1 by dit*es1 or by e>?-works2 & t :5ev]1 f be+ left )\t su* protection x has to be def5d$ by m51 z happ5s 9 pit*$ battles & engagem5ts 9 ! op5 field1 x is ei!r tak5 or o!rwise becomes useless4 ,nor c x be employ$ on ! flank ( an army1 save 9 ! mann] 9 :i* ! anci5ts made use ( _! w>like eng9es1 :i* !y mov$ out f _! columns t !y might be work$ )\t inconv5i5ce1 b )drew )9 !m :5 driv5 back by cavalry or o!r troops4 ,he :o looks = any fur!r advantage f artill]y does n rightly und]/& its nature1 & tru/s to :at is mo/ likely to deceive him4 ,= al?\gh ! ,turk1 us+ artill]y1 has ga9$ victories ov] ! ,soldan & ! ,s(i1 ! only advantage he has _h f x has be5 ! t]ror into :i* ! horses ( ! enemy1 unus$ to su* s\nds1 are ?r[n by ! ro> ( ! guns4 ,& n[1 to br+ ^! rem>ks to a conclusion1 ,i say briefly t1 employ$ by an army :]e9 !re is "s /ra9 ( ! anci5t val\r1 artill]y is useful2 b employ$ o!rwise1 aga9/ a brave adv]s>y1 is utt]ly useless4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4--,t ! au?ority ( ! ,romans & ! example ( anci5t ,w>f>e %\ld make u hold ,foot ,soldi]s ( m acc\nt ?an ,horse4 ,by _m argum5ts & in/ances x c be cle>ly e/abli%$ t 9 _! milit>y ent]prises ! ,romans set f> m /ore on _! infantry ?an on _! cavalry1 & tru/$ to ! =m] to c>ry out all ! *ief objects :i* _! armies 7 meant to effect4 ,among _m o!r examples ( ?is1 we may notice ! great battle :i* !y f\ght ) ! ,lat9s ne> ! lake ,regillus1 :]e to /eady _! wav]+ ranks !y made _! horsem5 dism\nt1 & r5ew+ ! combat on foot obta9$ a victory4 ,"h we see pla9ly t ! ,romans _h m confid5ce 9 !mselves :5 !y f\ght on foot ?an :5 !y f\ght on horseback4 ,! same exp$i5t 0 resort$ to by !m 9 _m ( _! o!r battles1 & always 9 _! sore/ ne$ !y f\nd x _! sure/ /ay4 ,nor are we to condemn ! practice 9 def]5ce to ! op9ion ( ,hannibal1 :o1 at ! battle ( ,cann1 on see+ ! consuls make ! horsem5 dism\nt1 said sc(f+ly1 8,bett] /ill _h !y deliv]$ _! knights to me 9 *a9s40 ,= ?\gh ?is say+ came f ! m\? ( a mo/ excell5t soldi]1 /ill1 if we are to reg>d au?ority1 we ought r to foll[ ! au?ority ( a commonweal? l ,rome1 & ( ! _m great capta9s :o s]v$ h]1 ?an t ( ,hannibal alone4 ,b1 ap>t f au?ority1 !re are manife/ reasons to be> out :at ,i say4 ,= a man may g on foot into _m places :]e a horse _c g2 m5 c be taught to keep rank1 & if ?r[n into disord] to recov] =m2 :]eas1 x is difficult to keep horses 9 l9e1 & impossible if once !y be ?r[n into disord] to re=m !m4 ,moreov] we f9d t ) horses z ) m51 "s h little c\rage & "s mu*2 & t (t5 a spirit$ horse is ridd5 by a fa9t-he>t$ rid]1 or a dull horse by a c\rage\s rid]1 & t 9 :atev] way su* disp>ity is caus$1 confusion & disord] result4 ,aga91 infantry1 :5 drawn up 9 column1 c easily break & is n easily brok5 by cavalry4 ,?is is v\*$1 n only by _m anci5t & _m mod]n in/ances1 b also by ! au?ority ( ^? :o lay d[n rules = ! gov]nm5t ( ,/ates1 :o %[ t at fir/ w>s 7 c>ri$ on by m\nt$ soldi]s1 because ! me?ods = array+ infantry 7 n yet und]/ood1 b t s soon z ^! 7 discov]$1 ! sup]iority ( foot ov] horse 0 at once recogniz$4 ,9 say+ ?is1 ,i w\ld n h x suppos$ t horsem5 are n ( ! greate/ use 9 armies1 :e!r = purposes ( obs]vation1 = h>ry+ & lay+ wa/e ! enemy's c\ntry1 = pursu+ a retreat+ foe or help+ to repulse 8 cavalry4 ,b ! sub/ance & s9ew ( an army1 & t "p ( x :i* ought con/antly to be mo/ consid]$1 %\ld always be ! infantry4 ,& among s9s ( ! ,italian pr9ces :o h made _! c\ntry ! slave ( =eign]s1 !re is none worse ?an t !y h held ^! arms 9 contempt1 & turn$ _! :ole att5tion to m\nt$ troops4 ,?is error is due to ! craft ( our capta9s & to ! ignorance ( our rul]s4 ,= ! control ( ! armies ( ,italy = ! la/ five & tw5ty ye>s re/+ 9 ! h&s ( m51 :o1 z hav+ no l&s ( _! own1 may be look$ on z m]e soldi]s ( =tune1 ^! fell =?) on contriv+ h[ !y might ma9ta9 _! cr$it by be+ suppli$ ) ! arms :i* ! pr9ces ( ! c\ntry 7 )\t4 ,& z !y _h no subjects ( _! own ( :om !y c\ld make use1 & c\ld n obta9 con/ant employm5t & pay = a l>ge numb] ( foot-soldi]s1 & z a small numb] w\ld h giv5 !m no importance1 !y _h rec\rse to horsem54 ,= a condotti]e draw+ pay = two or ?ree hundr$ horsem5 0 ma9ta9$ by !m 9 ! highe/ cr$it1 & yet ! co/ 0 n too great to be met by ! pr9ces :o employ$ him4 ,& to effect _! object ) m ease1 & increase _! cr$it /ill fur!r1 ^! adv5tur]s w\ld all[ no m]it or fav\r to be due to foot-soldi]s1 b claim$ all = _! horsem54 ,& to su* a l5g? 0 ?is bad sy/em c>ri$1 t 9 ! v greate/ army only ! smalle/ spr9kl+ ( infantry 0 to be f\nd4 ,?is1 toge!r ) _m o!r ill practices :i* accompani$ x1 has s weak5$ ! militia ( ,italy1 t ! c\ntry has easily be5 trampl$ ^u by all ! nations ( ! ,nor?4 ,t x is a mi/ake to make m acc\nt ( cavalry ?an ( infantry1 may be /ill m cle>ly se5 f ano!r example tak5 f ,roman hi/ory4 ,! ,romans be+ engag$ on ! siege ( ,sora1 a troop ( horse a sally f ! t[n to attack _! camp2 :5 ! ,roman ma/] ( ! knights advanc+ ) 8 own horsem5 to give !m battle1 x s *anc$ t1 at ! v fir/ onset1 ! lead]s on bo? sides 7 sla94 ,bo? p>ties be+ ?us left )\t comm&]s1 & ! combat1 nev]!less1 cont9u+1 ! ,romans ?9k+ !reby to h ! advantage ( _! adv]s>ies1 alight$ f horseback1 oblig+ ! enemy's cavalry1 9 ord] to def5d !mselves1 to d ! l4 ,! result 0 t ! ,romans _h ! victory4 ,n[ !re c\ld be no /rong] in/ance ?an ?is to %[ ! sup]iority ( foot ov] horse4 ,= :ile 9 o!r battles ! ,roman cavalry 7 made by _! consuls to dism\nt 9 ord] to succ\r _! infantry :o 7 9 di/ress & 9 ne$ ( su* aid1 on ?is occasion !y dism\nt$1 n to succ\r _! infantry1 nor to enc\nt] an enemy cont5d+ on foot1 b because !y saw t ?\gh !y c\ld n prevail aga9/ ! enemy fight+ z horsem5 aga9/ horsem51 on foot !y readily might4 ,& f ?is ,i conclude t foot-soldi]s1 if rightly h&l$1 c h>dly be beat5 except by o!r soldi]s fight+ on foot4 ,) v few cavalry1 b ) a consid]able =ce ( infantry1 ! ,roman comm&]s1 ,crassus & ,m>cus ,antonius1 ea* = _m days toge!r ov]ran ! t]ritories ( ! ,p>?ians1 al?\gh oppos$ by ! c\ntless horsem5 ( t nation4 ,crassus1 inde$1 ) ! great] "p ( 8 army1 0 left !re dead1 & ,antonius only sav$ himself by 8 val\r2 b ev5 9 ! extremities to :i* ! ,romans 7 !n br\ght1 see h[ greatly sup]ior foot-soldi]s are to horse4 ,= ?\gh fight+ 9 an op5 c\ntry1 f> f ! sea-coa/1 & cut (f f 8 supplies1 ,antonius prov$ himself a valiant soldi] 9 ! judgm5t ev5 ( ! ,p>?ians !mselves1 ! :ole /r5g? ( ^: cavalry nev] v5tur$ to attack ! columns ( 8 army4 ,& ?\gh ,crassus p]i%$ !re1 any "o :o reads att5tively ! acc\nt ( 8 exp$ition mu/ see t he 0 r outwitt$ ?an defeat$1 & t ev5 :5 8 condition 0 desp]ate1 ! ,p>?ians dur/ n close ) him1 b effect$ 8 de/ruction by hang+ cont9ually on ! flanks ( 8 army1 & int]cept+ 8 supplies1 :ile cajol+ him ) promises :i* !y nev] kept4 ,x might1 ,i grant1 be h>d] to demon/rate ?is great sup]iority ( foot ov] horse1 _h we n v _m mod]n examples af=d+ ! cle>e/ pro( ( x4 ,= in/ance1 at ! battle ( ,nov>a1 ( :i* we h already spok51 n9e ?\s& ,swiss foot 7 se5 to attack t5 ?\s& cavalry toge!r ) an equal numb] ( infantry1 & to defeat !m2 ! cavalry be+ p[]less to injure !m1 :ile ( ! infantry1 :o 7 mo/ly ,gascons1 & badly discipl9$1 !y made no acc\nt4 ,on ano!r occasion we h se5 tw5ty-six ?\s& ,swiss m>* on ,milan to attack ,francis ,i4 ( ,france1 :o _h ) him tw5ty ?\s& m5-at-arms1 =ty ?\s& foot1 & a hundr$ pieces ( artill]y2 & al?\gh !y 7 n victori\s z at ,nov>a1 !y nev]!less f\ght valiantly = two days toge!r1 &1 9 ! end1 ?\gh beat51 7 able to br+ (f half _! numb]4 ,) foot-soldi]s only ,m>cus ,attilius ,regulus v5tur$ to oppose himself1 n to cavalry m]ely1 b to elephants2 & if ! attempt fail$ x does n foll[ t he 0 n ju/ifi$ by ! val\r ( 8 m5 9 believ+ !m equal to surm\nt ?is dang]4 ,i repeat1 !re=e1 t to prevail aga9/ well-discipl9$ infantry1 y mu/ meet !m ) infantry discipl9$ /ill bett]1 & t o!rwise y advance to c]ta9 de/ruction4 ,9 ! "t ( ,filippo ,visconti1 ,duke ( ,milan1 "s sixte5 ?\s& ,swiss made a desc5t on ,lomb>dy1 :]eupon ! ,duke1 :o at t "t _h ,il ,c>magnola z 8 capta91 s5t him ) six ?\s& m5-at-arms & a sl5d] foll[+ ( foot-soldi]s to meet !m4 ,n kn[+ _! mann] ( fight+1 ,c>magnola fell ^u !m ) 8 horsem51 expect+ to put !m at once to r\t2 b f9d+ !m immovable1 aft] los+ _m ( 8 m5 he )drew4 ,b1 be+ a mo/ wise capta91 & skilful 9 devis+ new rem$ies to meet unwont$ dang]s1 aft] re9=c+ 8 company he aga9 advanc$ to ! attack2 & :5 ab\t to engage made all 8 m5-at-arms dism\nt1 & plac+ !m 9 front ( 8 foot-soldi]s1 fell once m ^u ! ,swiss1 :o c\ld !n no long] )/& him4 ,= 8 m51 be+ on foot & well arm$1 easily p5etrat$ ! ,swiss ranks )\t hurt to !mselves2 & gett+ among !m1 _h no difficulty 9 cutt+ !m d[n1 s t ( ! entire army ( ! ,swiss ^? only escap$ :o 7 sp>$ by 8 humanity4 ,( ?is diff]5ce 9 ! effici5cy ( ^! two k9ds ( troops1 _m ,i believe are aw>e2 b su* is ! unhapp9ess & p]v]sity ( ! times 9 :i* we live1 t nei!r anci5t nor mod]n examples1 nor ev5 ! consci\sness ( error1 c move our pres5t pr9ces to am5d _! ways1 or conv9ce !m t to re/ore cr$it to ! arms ( a ,/ate or prov9ce1 x is necess>y to revive ?is bran* ( _! militia also1 to keep x ne> !m1 to make mu* ( x1 & to give x life1 t 9 return1 x may give back life & reputation to !m4 ,b z !y h dep>t$ f all ^? o!r me?ods already spok5 (1 s h !y dep>t$ f ?is1 & ) ?is result1 t to !m ! acquisition ( t]ritory is r a loss ?an a ga91 z pres5tly %all be %[n4 ,,*apt] ,,xix4--,t ,acquisitions made by ill-gov]n$ ,/ates & su* z foll[ n ! valiant me?ods ( ! ,romans1 t5d r to _! ,ru9 ?an to _! ,aggr&izem5t4 ,to ^! false op9ions1 f\nd$ on ! p]nici\s example fir/ set by ! pres5t corrupt age1 we owe x1 t no man ?9ks ( dep>t+ f ! me?ods :i* are 9 use4 ,x _h be5 impossible1 = in/ance1 "s ?irty ye>s ago1 to p]suade an ,italian t t5 ?\s& foot-soldi]s c\ld1 on pla9 gr\nd1 attack t5 ?\s& cavalry toge!r ) an equal numb] ( infantry2 & n m]ely attack1 b defeat !m2 z we saw done by ! ,swiss at t battle ( ,nov>a1 to :i* ,i h already ref]r$ s (t54 ,= al?\gh hi/ory ab\nds 9 simil> examples1 none w\ld h believ$ !m1 or1 believ+ !m1 w\ld h said t n[adays m5 are s mu* bett] arm$1 t a squadron ( cavalry c\ld %att] a rock1 to say no?+ ( a column ( infantry4 ,) su* false pleas w\ld !y h beli$ _! judgm5t1 tak+ no acc\nt t ) a v scanty =ce ( foot-soldi]s1 ,lucullus r\t$ a hundr$ & fifty ?\s& ( ! cavalry ( ,tigranes1 among :om 7 a body ( horsem5 v ne>ly resembl+ our own m5-at-arms4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 ?is error is demon/rat$ by ! example ( ! nor!rn nations4 ,& s9ce :at hi/ory tea*es z to ! sup]iority ( foot-soldi]s is ?us prov$ to be true1 m5 ought likewise to believe t ! o!r me?ods practis$ by ! anci5ts are 9 l mann] salut>y & useful4 ,& 7 ?is once accept$1 bo? pr9ces & commonweal?s w\ld make few] blund]s ?an !y d1 w\ld be /rong] to resi/ sudd5 attack1 & w\ld no long] place _! sole hope ( safety 9 flight2 :ile ^? :o take 9 h& to provide a ,/ate ) new in/itutions w\ld "k bett] :at direction to give !m1 :e!r 9 ! way ( ext5d+ or m]ely ( pres]v+2 & w\ld see t to augm5t ! numb]s ( _! citiz5s1 to assume o!r ,/ates z companions r ?an r$uce !m to subjection1 to s5d out colonies = ! def5ce ( acquir$ t]ritories1 to hold _! spoils at ! cr$it ( ! common /ock1 to ov]come enemies by inroads & pit*$ battles r ?an by sieges1 to enri* ! public purse1 keep d[n private weal?1 & zeal\sly1 to ma9ta9 all milit>y ex]cises1 are ! true ways to aggr&ize a ,/ate & to ext5d its empire4 ,or if ^! me?ods = add+ to _! p[] are n to _! m9d1 let !m rememb] t acquisitions made 9 any o!r way are ! ru9 ( republics1 & s set b\nds to _! ambition1 wisely regulat+ ! int]nal gov]nm5t ( _! c\ntry by suitable laws & ord9ances1 =bidd+ ext5sion1 & look+ only to def5ce1 & tak+ he$ t _! def5ces are 9 good ord]1 z d ^? republics ( ,g]many :i* live & = long h liv$1 9 fre$om4 ,& yet1 z ,i h said on ano!r occasion1 :5 speak+ ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! me?ods suitable = acquir+ & ^? suitable = ma9ta9+1 x is impossible = a republic to rema9 long 9 ! peaceful enjoym5t ( fre$om )9 a re/rict$ fronti]4 ,= %\ld x =be> f mole/+ o!rs1 o!rs are n likely to refra9 f mole/+ x2 :5ce mu/ gr[ at once ! desire & ! necessity to make acquisitions2 or %\ld no enemies be f\nd abroad1 !y w be f\nd at home1 = ?is seems to be incid5tal to all great ,/ates4 ,& if ! free ,/ates ( ,g]many are1 & h long be5 able to ma9ta9 !mselves on _! pres5t foot+1 ?is arises f c]ta9 conditions peculi> to t c\ntry1 & to be f\nd n[h]e else1 )\t :i* ^! communities c\ld n g on liv+ z !y d4 ,! di/rict ( ,g]many ( :i* ,i speak 0 =m]ly subject to ! ,roman ,empire1 9 ! same way z ,france & ,spa92 b on ! decl9e ( ! ,empire1 & :5 its v "n came to be limit$ to ?is "o prov9ce1 its m p[]ful cities tak+ advantage ( ! weakness & necessities ( ! ,emp]ors1 began to free !mselves by buy+ f !m _! lib]ty1 subject to ! paym5t ( a trifl+ ye>ly tribute2 until1 gradually1 all ! cities :i* held directly f ! ,emp]or1 & 7 n subject to any int]m$iate "l1 _h1 9 l mann]1 pur*as$ _! fre$om4 ,:ile ?is w5t on1 x s happ5$ t c]ta9 communities subject to ! ,duke ( ,au/ria1 among :i* 7 ,friburg1 ! p ( ,s*weitz1 & ! l1 rose 9 rebellion aga9/ him1 & meet+ at ! outset ) good success1 by degrees acquir$ su* accession ( /r5g? t s f> f return+ "u ! ,au/rian yoke1 !y are become =midable to all _! neighb\rs ,^! are ! ,/ates :i* we n[ "n ,swiss4 ,g]many is1 consequ5tly1 divid$ betwe5 ! ,swiss1 ! communities :i* take ! "n ( ,free ,t[ns1 ! ,pr9ces1 & ! ,emp]or2 & ! reason :y1 amid s _m conflict+ int]e/s1 w>s d n break out1 or break+ out are ( %ort cont9uance1 is ! rev]5ce 9 :i* all hold ?is symbol ( ! ,imp]ial au?ority4 ,= al?\gh ! ,emp]or be )\t /r5g? ( 8 own1 he has nev]!less su* cr$it ) all ^! o!rs t he alone c keep !m unit$1 &1 int]pos+ z m$iator1 c spe$ily repress by 8 influ5ce any diss5sions among !m4 ,! greate/ & mo/ protract$ w>s :i* h tak5 place 9 ?is c\ntry h be5 ^? betwe5 ! ,swiss & ! ,duke ( ,au/ria2 & al?\gh = _m ye>s pa/ ! ,empire & ! duk$om ( ,au/ria h be5 unit$ 9 ! same man1 he has always fail$ to subdue ! /ubbornness ( ! ,swiss1 :o are nev] to be br\ght to t]ms save by =ce4 ,nor has ! re/ ( ,g]many l5t ! ,emp]or mu* assi/ance 9 8 w>s ) ! ,swiss1 ! ,free ,t[ns be+ little dispos$ to attack o!rs ^: desire is to live z !y !mselves d1 9 fre$om2 :ile ! ,pr9ces ( ! ,empire ei!r are s poor t !y _c1 or f jeal\sy ( ! p[] ( ! ,emp]or w n1 take "p ) him aga9/ !m4 ,^! communities1 !re=e1 abide cont5t$ )9 _! n>r[ conf9es1 because1 hav+ reg>d to ! ,imp]ial au?ority1 !y h no occasion to desire great]2 & are at ! same "t oblig$ to live 9 unity )9 _! walls1 because an enemy is always at h&1 & ready to take advantage ( _! divisions to effect an entrance4 ,b 7 ! circum/ances ( ! c\ntry o!r ?an !y are ^! communities w\ld be =c$ to make attempts to ext5d _! dom9ions1 & be con/ra9$ to rel9qui% _! pres5t peaceful mode ( life4 ,& s9ce ! same conditions are n f\nd else:]e1 o!r nations _c adopt ?is way ( liv+1 b are compell$ to ext5d _! p[] ei!r by means ( leagues1 or else by ! me?ods us$ by ! ,romans2 & any "o :o %\ld act o!rwise w\ld f9d n safety b r dea? & de/ruction4 ,= s9ce 9 a ?\s& ways1 & f causes innum]able1 conque/s are surr\nd$ ) dang]s1 x may well happ5 t 9 add+ to our dom9ions1 we add no?+ to our /r5g?2 b :osoev] increases n 8 /r5g? :ile he adds to 8 dom9ions1 mu/ ne$s be ru9$4 ,he :o is impov]i%$ by 8 w>s1 ev5 %\ld he come (f victori\s1 c add no?+ to 8 /r5g?1 s9ce he sp5ds m ?an he ga9s1 z ! ,v5etians & ,flor5t9es h done4 ,= ,v5ice has be5 f> feebl] s9ce %e acquir$ ,lomb>dy1 & ,flor5ce s9ce %e acquir$ ,tuscany1 ?an :5 ! "o 0 cont5t to be mi/ress ( ! seas1 & ! o!r ( ! l&s ly+ )9 six miles f h] walls4 ,& ?is f _! eag]ness to acquire )\t kn[+ :at way to take4 ,= :i* ignorance ^! ,/ates are ! m to be blam$ 9 proportion z !re is less to excuse !m2 s9ce !y _h se5 :at me?ods 7 us$ by ! ,romans1 & c\ld h foll[$ 9 _! foot/eps2 :]eas ! ,romans1 )\t any example set !m1 7 able by _! own prud5ce to %ape a c\rse = !mselves4 ,b ev5 to well-gov]n$ ,/ates1 _! conque/s may *ance to occasion mu* h>m2 z :5 "s city or prov9ce is acquir$ ab\nd+ 9 luxury & delights1 by ^: mann]s ! conqu]or becomes infect$2 z happ5$ fir/ to ! ,romans1 & aft]w>ds to ,hannibal on tak+ possession ( ,capua4 ,& _h ,capua be5 at su* a di/ance f ,rome t a ready rem$y c\ld n h be5 appli$ to ! disord]s ( ! soldi]y1 or _h ,rome h]self be5 9 any degree ta9t$ ) corruption1 ?is acquisition _h c]ta9ly prov$ h] ru94 ,to :i* ,titus ,livius be>s witness :5 he says1 8,mo/ mis*iev\s at ?is "t to our milit>y discipl9e 0 ,capua2 = m9i/]+ to all delights1 %e turn$ away ! corrupt$ m9ds ( our soldi]s f ! remembrance ( _! c\ntry40 ,&1 truly1 cities & prov9ces l ?is1 av5ge !mselves on _! conqu]ors )\t blood or bl[2 s9ce by infect+ !m ) _! own evil cu/oms !y prep>e !m = defeat at ! h&s ( any assailant4 ,nor c\ld ! subject h be5 bett] h&l$ ?an by ,juv5al1 :]e he says 9 8 ,satires1 t into ! he>ts ( ! ,romans1 ?r\gh _! conque/s 9 =eign l&s1 =eign mann]s f\nd _! way2 & 9 place ( frugality & o!r admirable virtues-- 8,came luxury m mortal ?an ! sword1 ,& settl+ d[n1 av5g$ a vanqui%$ _w40#h #h ,svior armis ,luxuria occubuit victumque ulciscitur orbem4 ,juv4 ,sat4 vi4 #bib4 ,& if _! conque/s 7 l to be fatal to ! ,romans at a "t :5 !y 7 /ill animat$ by great virtue & prud5ce1 h[ mu/ x f>e ) ^? :o foll[ me?ods altoge!r diff]5t f !irs1 & :o1 to cr[n _! o!r errors ( :i* we h already said en\gh1 resort to auxili>y & m]c5>y arms1 br++ ^u !mselves ^? dang]s :]e( m5tion %all be made 9 ! ,*apt] foll[+4 ,,*apt] ,,xx4--,( ! ,dang]s incurr$ by ,pr9ces or ,republics :o resort to ,auxili>y or ,m]c5>y ,arms4 ,_h ,i n already1 9 ano!r treatise1 enl>g$ on ! inutility ( m]c5>y & auxili>y1 & on ! usefulness ( national arms1 ,i %\ld dwell on ^! matt]s 9 ! pres5t ,disc\rse m at l5g? ?an x is my design to d4 ,= hav+ giv5 ! subject v full consid]ation else:]e1 "h ,i w\ld be brief4 ,/ill :5 ,i f9d ,titus ,livius supply+ a complete example ( :at we h to look = f auxili>ies1 by :om ,i mean troops s5t to our assi/ance by "s o!r pr9ce or rul]1 paid by him & "u (fic]s by him appo9t$1 x is n fit t ,i %\ld pass x by 9 sil5ce4 ,x is relat$1 !n1 by our hi/orian1 t ! ,romans1 aft] defeat+ on two diff]5t occasions armies ( ! ,samnites ) =ces s5t by !m to succ\r ! ,capuans1 :om !y ?us reliev$ f ! w> :i* ! ,samnites ,7 wag+ aga9/ !m1 be+ desiri\s to return to ,rome1 left beh9d two legions to def5d ! ,capuans1 t ! latt] might n1 f be+ altoge!r depriv$ ( _! protection1 once m become a prey to ! ,samnites4 ,b ^! two legions1 rott+ 9 idl5ess began to take su* delight !re91 t =getful ( _! c\ntry & ! rev]5ce due to ! s5ate1 !y resolv$ to seize by viol5ce ! city !y _h be5 left to gu>d by _! val\r4 ,= to !m x seem$ t ! citiz5s ( ,capua 7 unwor?y to enjoy advantages :i* !y knew n h[ to def5d4 ,! ,romans1 h[ev]1 gett+ timely notice ( ?is design1 at once met & defeat$ x1 9 ! mann] to be m fully notic$ :5 ,i come to treat ( conspiracies4 ,once m !n1 ,i repeat1 t ( all ! v>i\s k9ds ( troops1 auxili>ies are ! mo/ p]nici\s1 because ! pr9ce or republic resort+ to !m = aid has no au?ority ov] !m1 ! only p]son :o possesses su* au?ority be+ he :o s5ds !m4 ,=1 z ,i h said1 auxili>y troops are ^? s5t to y\r assi/ance by "s o!r pot5tate1 "u 8 own flag1 "u 8 own (fic]s1 & 9 8 own pay1 z 7 ! legions s5t by ! ,romans to ,capua4 ,su* troops1 if victori\s1 w = ! mo/ "p plund] him by :om1 z well z him aga9/ :om1 !y are hir$ to fight2 & ?is !y d1 sometimes at ! in/igation ( ! pot5tate :o s5ds !m1 sometimes = ambiti\s ends ( _! own4 ,x 0 n ! purpose ( ! ,romans to violate ! league & treaty :i* !y _h made ) ,capua2 b to _! soldi]s x seem$ s easy a matt] to ma/] ! ,capuans1 t !y 7 readily l$ into ?is plot = depriv+ !m ( _! t[n & t]ritories4 ,_m o!r examples might be giv5 to ! same effect1 b x is en\gh to m5tion besides ?is in/ance1 t ( ! p ( ,regium1 :o 7 depriv$ ( _! city & ( _! lives by ano!r ,roman legion s5t = _! protection4 ,pr9ces & republics1 !re=e1 %\ld resort to any o!r exp$i5t = ! def5ce ( _! ,/ates soon] ?an call 9 hir$ auxili>ies1 :5 !y h to re/ _! entire hopes ( safety on !m2 s9ce any accord or t]ms1 h[ev] h>d1 :i* y may make ) y\r enemy1 w be c>efully /udi$ & curr5t ev5ts well consid]$1 x w be se5 t = "o :o has succe$$ ) su* assi/ance1 hundr$s h be5 betray$4 ,nor1 9 tru?1 c any bett] opportunity = usurp+ a city or prov9ce pres5t itself to an ambiti\s pr9ce or commonweal?1 ?an to be ask$ to s5d an army = its def5ce4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he :o is s gre$y ( conque/ z to summon su* help1 n = purposes ( def5ce b 9 ord] to attack o!rs1 seeks to h :at he c nev] hold & is mo/ likely to be tak5 f him by ! v p]son :o helps him to ga9 x4 ,yet su* is ! p]v]sity ( m5 t1 to gratify ! desire ( ! mom5t1 !y %ut _! eyes to ^? ills :i* mu/ spe$ily ensue & are no m mov$ by example 9 ?is matt] ?an 9 all ^? o!rs ( :i* ,i h spok52 = 7 !y mov$ by ^! examples !y w\ld see t ! m dispos$ !y are to deal g5]\sly ) _! neighb\rs1 & ! m av]se !y are to usurp au?ority ov] !m1 ! readi] w ^! be to ?r[ !mselves into _! arms2 z w at once appe> f ! case ( ! ,capuans4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi4--,t ,capua 0 ! fir/ ,city to :i* ! ,romans s5t a ,prtor2 nor !re1 until f\r hundr$ ye>s aft] !y began to make ,w>4 ,! great diff]5ce betwe5 ! me?ods foll[$ by ! anci5t ,romans 9 add+ to _! dom9ions1 & ^? us$ = t purpose by ! ,/ates ( ! pres5t "t1 has n[ be5 suffici5tly discuss$4 ,x has be5 se51 too h[ 9 deal+ ) ! cities :i* !y did n ?9k fit to de/roy1 & ev5 ) ^? :i* _h made _! submission n z companions b z subjects1 x 0 cu/om>y ) ! ,romans to p]mit !m to live on "u _! own laws1 )\t impos+ any outw>d sign ( dep5d5ce1 m]ely b9d+ !m to c]ta9 conditions1 or comply+ ) :i* !y 7 ma9ta9$ 9 _! =m] dignity & importance4 ,we "k1 fur!r1 t ! same me?ods cont9u$ to be foll[$ by ! ,romans until !y pass$ beyond ! conf9es ( ,italy1 & began to r$uce =eign k+doms & ,/ates to prov9ces3 z pla9ly appe>s 9 ! fact t ,capua 0 ! fir/ city to :i* !y s5t a prtor1 & him f no motive ( ambition1 b at ! reque/ ( ! ,capuans !mselves :o1 liv+ at v>iance ) "o ano!r1 ?\ght x necess>y to h a ,roman citiz5 9 _! t[n :o might re/ore unity & good ord] among !m4 ,influ5c$ by ?is example1 & urg$ by ! same ne$1 ! p ( ,antium 7 ! next to ask t !y too might h a prtor giv5 !m2 t\*+ :i* reque/ & 9 connection ) :i* new me?od ( gov]n+1 ,titus ,livius obs]ves1 8t n ! arms only b also ! laws ( ,rome n[ began to ex]t an influ5ce20 %[+ h[ mu* ! c\rse ?us foll[$ by ! ,romans promot$ ! gr[? ( _! au?ority4 ,= ^? cities1 m especially1 :i* h be5 us$ to fre$om or to be gov]n$ by _! own citiz5s1 re/ f> bett] satisfi$ ) a gov]nm5t :i* !y d n see1 ev5 ?\gh x involve some?+ ( oppression1 ?an ) "o :i* /&+ con/antly be=e _! eyes1 seems e day to reproa* !m ) ! disgrace ( s]vitude4 ,& to ! pr9ce !re is ano!r advantage 9 ?is me?od ( gov]nm5t1 namely1 t z ! judges & magi/rates :o adm9i/] ! laws civil & crim9al )9 ^! cities1 are n "u 8 control1 no decision ( !irs c ?r[ responsibility or discr$it ^u him2 s t he ?us escapes _m occasions ( calumny & hatr$4 ,( ! tru? :]e(1 besides ! anci5t in/ances :i* might be not$1 we h a rec5t example "h 9 ,italy4 ,= ,g5oa1 z e "o kn[s1 has _m times be5 occupi$ by ! ,fr5* k+1 :o always1 until lately1 s5t ?i!r a ,fr5* gov]nor to rule 9 8 "n4 ,rec5tly1 h[ev]1 n f *oice b ( necessity1 he has p]mitt$ ! t[n to be self-gov]n$ "u a ,g5oese rul]2 & any "o :o _h to decide :i* ( ^! two me?ods ( gov]n+ gives ! great] security to ! k+'s au?ority & ! great] cont5t to ! p !mselves1 w\ld assur$ly h to pron\nce 9 fav\r ( ! latt]4 ,m51 moreov]1 9 proportion z !y see y av]se to usurp au?ority ov] !m1 gr[ ! readi] to surr5d] !mselves into y\r h&s2 & fe> y less on ! score ( _! fre$om1 :5 !y f9d y act+ t[>ds !m ) consid]ation & k9dness4 ,x 0 ! display ( ^! qualities t mov$ ! ,capuans to ask ! ,romans = a prtor2 = _h ! ,romans betray$ ! lea/ eag]ness to s5d !m "o1 !y w\ld at once h conceiv$ jeal\sy & gr[n e/rang$4 ,b :y turn = examples to ,capua & ,rome1 :5 we h !m close at h& 9 ,tuscany & ,flor5ce8 ,:o is !re b kn[s :at a "t x is s9ce ! city ( ,pi/oja submitt$ ( h] own accord to ! ,flor5t9e supremacy8 ,:o1 aga91 b kn[s ! animosity :i* d[n to ! pres5t day exi/s betwe5 ,flor5ce & ! cities ( ,pisa1 ,lucca1 & ,si5a8 ,?is diff]5ce ( feel+ does n arise f ! citiz5s ( ,pi/oja valu+ _! fre$om less ?an ! citiz5s ( ^! o!r t[ns or ?9k+ !mselves inf]ior to !m1 b f ! ,flor5t9es hav+ always act$ t[>ds ! =m] z bro!rs1 t[>ds ! latt] z foes4 ,?is x 0 t l$ ! ,pi/ojans to come volunt>ily "u our au?ority :ile ! o!rs h done & d all 9 _! p[] to escape x4 ,= !re seems no reason to d\bt1 t if ,flor5ce1 in/ead ( exasp]at+ ^! neighb\rs ( h]s1 _h s\ght to w9 !m ov]1 ei!r by ent]+ into league ) !m or by l5d+ !m assi/ance1 %e w\ld at ?is h\r h be5 mi/ress ( ,tuscany4 ,n t ,i w\ld be und]/ood to ma9ta9 t rec\rse is nev] to be _h to =ce & to arms1 b t ^! are only to be us$ 9 ! la/ resort1 & :5 all o!r rem$ies are unavail+4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii4--,t 9 matt]s ( mom5t ,m5 (t5 judge amiss4 ,h[ falsely m5 (t5 judge ( ?+s1 !y :o are pres5t at _! delib]ations h con/ant occasion to "k4 ,= 9 _m matt]s1 unless ^! delib]ations be guid$ by m5 ( great p>ts1 ! conclusions come to are c]ta9 to be wrong4 ,& because 9 corrupt republics1 & especially 9 quiet times1 ei!r ?r\gh jeal\sy or f o!r l causes1 m5 ( great ability are (t5 oblig$ to /& alo(1 x foll[s t measures n good 9 !mselves are by a common error judg$ to be good1 or are promot$ by ^? :o seek public fav\r r ?an ! public advantage4 ,mi/akes ( ?is sort are f\nd out aft]w>ds 9 seasons ( adv]sity1 :5 rec\rse mu/ be _h to ^? p]sons :o 9 peaceful times _h be51 z x 71 =gott51 z %all h]eaft] 9 its prop] place be m fully expla9$4 ,cases1 moreov]1 arise 9 :i* ^? :o h little exp]i5ce ( affairs are sure to be misl$1 f ! matt]s ) :i* !y h to deal be+ att5d$ by _m deceptive appe>ances su* z lead m5 to believe :atsoev] !y are m9d$ to believe4 ,^! rem>ks ,i make ) ref]5ce to ! false hopes :i* ! ,lat9s1 aft] be+ defeat$ by ! ,romans1 7 l$ to =m on ! p]suasion ( _! prtor ,numitius1 & also ) ref]5ce to :at 0 believ$ by _m a few ye>s ago1 :5 ,francis1 k+ ( ,france1 came to recov] ,milan f ! ,swiss4 ,= ,francis ( ,ang\lme1 succe$+ on ! dea? ( ,l\is ,,xii4 to ! ?rone ( ,france1 & desir+ to recov] = t realm ! ,du*y ( ,milan1 on :i*1 "s ye>s be=e1 ! ,swiss _h seiz$ at ! in/ance ( ,pope ,julius1 s\ght = allies 9 ,italy to second him 9 8 attempt2 & besides ! ,v5etians1 :o _h already be5 ga9$ ov] by ,k+ ,l\is1 endeav\r$ to secure ! aid ( ! ,flor5t9es & ,pope ,leo ,x42 ?9k+ t 7 he to succe$ 9 gett+ ^! o!rs to take "p ) him1 8 ent]prise w\ld be easi]4 ,= ! =ces ( ! ,spani% k+ 7 !n 9 ,lomb>dy1 & ! army ( ! ,emp]or at ,v]ona4 ,pope ,leo1 h[ev]1 did n fall 9 ) ! wi%es ( ,francis1 be+1 x is said1 p]suad$ by 8 advis]s t 8 be/ c\rse 0 to /& neutral4 ,= !y urg$ t x 0 n = ! advantage ( ! ,*ur* to h p[]ful /rang]s1 :e!r ,fr5* or ,swiss1 9 ,italy2 b t to re/ore ! c\ntry to its anci5t fre$om1 x mu/ be deliv]$ f ! yoke ( bo?4 ,& s9ce to conqu] bo?1 :e!r s+ly or toge!r1 0 impossible1 x 0 to be desir$ t ! "o %\ld ov]?r[ ! o!r1 aft] :i* ! ,*ur* ) h] fri5ds might fall ^u ! victor4 ,& x 0 av]r$ t no bett] opportunity = c>ry+ out ?is design c\ld ev] be f\nd ?an !n pres5t$ itself2 = bo? ! ,fr5* & ! ,swiss 7 9 ! field2 :ile ! ,pope _h 8 troops 9 read9ess to appe> on ! ,lomb>d fronti] & 9 ! vic9ity ( ! two armies1 :]e1 "u col\r ( wat*+ 8 own int]e/s1 he c\ld easily keep !m until ! oppos$ ho/s came to an engagem5t2 :51 z bo? armies 7 full ( c\rage1 _! enc\nt] might be expect$ to be a bloody "o1 & likely to leave ! victor s weak5$ t x w\ld be easy = ! ,pope to attack & defeat him2 & s1 to 8 own great glory1 rema9 ma/] ( ,lomb>dy & supreme ?r\gh\t ,italy4 ,h[ baseless ?is expectation 01 0 se5 f ! ev5t4 ,= ! ,swiss be+ r\t$ aft] a protract$ combat1 ! troops ( ! ,pope & ,spa91 s f> f v5tur+ to attack ! conqu]or1 prep>$ = flight2 nor w\ld flight h sav$ !m1 _h n ! humanity or indiff]5ce ( ! k+ )held him f pursu+ 8 victory1 & dispos$ him to make t]ms ) ! ,*ur*4 ,! argum5ts put =w>d by ! ,pope's advis]s _h a c]ta9 %[ ( reason 9 _! fav\r1 :i* look$ at f a di/ance seem$ plausible en\gh2 b 7 9 reality :olly contr>y to tru?2 s9ce x r>ely happ5s t ! capta9 :o w9s a victory loses any great numb] ( 8 m51 8 loss be+ 9 battle only1 & n 9 flight4 ,= 9 ! heat ( battle1 :ile m5 /& face to face1 b few fall1 *iefly because su* combats d n la/ long2 & ev5 :5 !y d la/1 & _m ( ! victori\s army are sla91 s spl5did is ! reputation :i* att5ds a victory1 & s great ! t]ror x inspires1 z f> to outweigh any loss ! victor suff]s by ! slaught] ( 8 soldi]s2 s t an enemy :o1 tru/+ to f9d him weak5$1 %\ld !n v5ture to attack him1 w\ld soon be taught 8 mi/ake1 unless /rong en\gh to give him battle at any "t1 be=e 8 victory z well z aft]4 ,= 9 t case he might1 z =tune & val\r %\ld det]m9e1 ei!r w9 or lose2 ?\gh1 ev5 !n1 ! army :i* _h fir/ f\ght & won w\ld h an advantage4 ,& ?is we "k = a tru? f :at befell ! ,lat9s 9 consequ5ce ( ! mi/ake made by ,numitius _! prtor1 & _! bl9dness 9 believ+ him4 ,= :5 !y _h already suff]$ defeat at ! h&s ( ! ,romans1 ,numitius caus$ x to be proclaim$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole c\ntry ( ,latium1 t n[ 0 ! "t to fall ^u ! enemy1 exhau/$ by a /ruggle 9 :i* !y 7 victori\s only 9 "n1 :ile 9 reality suff]+ all ^? ills :i* att5d defeat1 & :o might easily be cru%$ by any fre% =ce br\ght aga9/ !m4 ,:]eupon ! ,lat9s believ$ him1 & gett+ toge!r a new army1 7 =?) r\t$ ) su* loss z always awaits ^? :o li/5 to l c\nsels4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4--,t 9 *a/is+ _! ,subjects :5 circum/ances requir$ x ! ,romans always avoid$ half-measures4 8,su* 0 n[ ! /ate ( affairs 9 ,latium1 t peace & w> seem$ alike intol]able40 ,no worse calamity c befall a pr9ce or commonweal? ?an to be r$uc$ to su* /raits t !y c nei!r accept peace nor support w>2 z is ! case ) ^? :om x w\ld ru9 to conclude peace on ! t]ms (f]$1 :ile w> obliges !m ei!r to yield !mselves a spoil to _! allies1 or rema9 a prey to _! foes4 ,to ?is griev\s alt]native are m5 l$ by evil c\nsels & unwise c\rses1 &1 z already said1 f n rightly measur+ _! /r5g?4 ,= ! commonweal? or pr9ce :o has rightly measur$ 8 /r5g?1 c h>dly be br\ght s l[ z 7 ! ,lat9s1 :o made w> ) ! ,romans :5 !y %\ld h made t]ms1 & made t]ms :5 !y %\ld h made w>1 & s mismanag$ ev]y?+ t ! fri5d%ip & ! enmity ( ,rome 7 alike fatal4 ,:5ce x came t1 9 ! fir/ place1 !y 7 defeat$ & brok5 by ,manlius ,torquatus1 & aft]w>ds utt]ly subdu$ by ,camillus2 :o1 :5 he _h =c$ !m to surr5d] at discretion to ! ,roman arms1 & _h plac$ g>risons 9 all _! t[ns1 & tak5 ho/ages f all1 return$ to ,rome & report$ to ! s5ate t ! :ole ( ,latium n[ lay at _! m]cy4 ,& because ! s5t5ce !n pass$ by ! s5ate is memorable1 & wor?y to be /udi$ by pr9ces t x may be imitat$ by !m on l occasion1 ,i %all cite ! exact words :i* ,livius puts into ! m\? ( ,camillus1 z confirm+ :at ,i h already said t\*+ ! me?ods us$ by ! ,romans to ext5d _! p[]1 & z %[+ h[ 9 *a/is+ _! subjects !y always avoid$ half-measures & took a decid$ c\rse4 ,= gov]nm5t consi/s 9 no?+ else ?an 9 s controll+ y\r subjects t x %all nei!r be 9 _! p[] nor = _! int]e/ to h>m y4 ,& ?is is effect$ ei!r by mak+ su* sure "w ) !m z puts x out ( _! p[] to d y injury1 or else by s load+ !m ) b5efits t x w\ld be folly 9 !m to seek to alt] _! condition4 ,all :i* is impli$ fir/ 9 ! measures propos$ by ,camillus1 & next 9 ! resolutions pass$ on ^! proposals by ! s5ate4 ,! words ( ,camillus 7 z foll[s3 8,! immortal gods h made y s entirely ma/]s 9 ! matt] y are n[ consid]+1 t x lies ) y to pron\nce :e!r ,latium %all or %all n long] exi/4 ,s f> z ! ,lat9s are conc]n$1 y c secure a la/+ peace ei!r by clem5cy or by sev]ity4 ,w\ld y deal h>%ly ) ^? :om y h conqu]$ & :o h giv5 !mselves into y\r h&s1 y c blot out ! :ole ,lat9 nation4 ,w\ld y1 aft] ! fa%ion ( our ance/ors1 increase ! /r5g? ( ,rome by admitt+ ! vanqui%$ to ! rights ( citiz5%ip1 "h y h opportunity to d s1 & ) ! greate/ glory to y\rselves4 ,t1 assur$ly1 is ! /ronge/ gov]nm5t :i* !y rejoice 9 :o obey x4 ,n[1 !n1 is y\r "t1 :ile ! m9ds ( all are b5t on :at is ab\t to happ51 to obta9 an asc5d5cy ov] !m1 ei!r by puni%m5t or by b5efits40 ,^u ?is motion ! s5ate resolv$1 9 accordance ) ! advice giv5 by ! consul1 to take ! case ( ea* city sep>ately1 & ei!r de/roy utt]ly or else treat ) t5d]ness all ! m important ( ! ,lat9 t[ns4 ,to ^? cities !y dealt ) l5i5tly1 !y grant$ exemptions & privileges1 conf]r+ ^u !m ! rights ( citiz5%ip1 & secur+ _! welf>e 9 e p>ticul>4 ,! o!rs !y raz$ to ! gr\nd1 & plant+ colonies 9 _! room1 ei!r remov$ ! inhabitants to ,rome1 or s scatt]$ & disp]s$ !m t nei!r by arms nor by c\nsels 0 x ev] aga9 9 _! p[] to inflict hurt4 ,=1 z ,i h said already1 ! ,romans nev]1 9 matt]s ( mom5t1 resort$ to half-measures4 ,& ! s5t5ce :i* !y !n pron\nc$ %\ld be a patt]n = all rul]s1 & ought to h be5 foll[$ by ! ,flor5t9es :51 9 ! ye> #aejb1 ,arezzo & all ! ,val di ,*iana rose 9 revolt4 ,= _h !y foll[$ x1 !y w\ld h e/abli%$ _! au?ority on a sur] foot+1 & add$ mu* to ! greatness ( _! city by secur+ = x ^? l&s :i* are ne$$ to supply x ) ! necess>ies ( life4 ,b pursu+ t half-he>t$ policy :i* is mo/ mis*iev\s 9 execut+ ju/ice1 "s ( ! ,aret9es !y outlaw$1 "s !y condemn$ to dea?1 & all !y depriv$ ( _! dignities & anci5t importance 9 _! t[n1 :ile leav+ ! t[n itself unt\*$4 ,& if 9 ! c\ncils !n held any ,flor5t9e recomm5d$ t ,arezzo %\ld be dismantl$1 !y :o ?\ght !mselves wis] ?an _! fell[s object$1 t to d s w\ld be little to ! hon\r ( our republic1 s9ce x w\ld look z ?\gh %e lack$ /r5g? to hold x4 ,reasons l ?is are ( a sort :i* seem s\nd1 b are n really s2 =1 by ! same rule1 no p>ricide %\ld be put to dea?1 nor any o!r malefactor1 h[ev] atroci\s 8 crimes2 because1 =soo?1 x w\ld be discr$itable to ! rul] to appe> unequal to ! control ( a s+le crim9al4 ,!y :o hold su* op9ions fail to see t :5 m5 individually1 or entire cities collectively1 (f5d aga9/ ! ,/ate1 ! pr9ce = 8 own safety1 & z a w>n+ to o!rs1 has no alt]native b to make an end ( !m2 & t true hon\r lies 9 be+ able & 9 kn[+ h[ to *a/ise su* (f5d]s1 & n 9 incurr+ endless dang]s 9 ! ef=t to reta9 !m4 ,= ! pr9ce :o does n *a/ise (f5d]s 9 a way t puts x out ( _! p[] to (f5d aga91 is acc\nt$ unwise or wor?less4 ,h[ necess>y x 0 = ! ,romans to execute ,ju/ice aga9/ ! ,lat9s1 is fur!r se5 f ! c\rse took ) ! m5 ( ,priv]num4 ,& "h ! text ( ,livius sugge/s two po9ts = our att5tion3 fir/1 z already not$1 t a subjugat$ p is ei!r to be c>ess$ or cru%$2 & second1 h[ mu* x is = our advantage to ma9ta9 a manly be>+1 & to speak ! tru? fe>lessly 9 ! pres5ce ( ! wise4 ,= ! s5ate be+ met to det]m9e ! fate ( ! citiz5s ( ,priv]num1 :o aft] rebell+ _h be5 r$uc$ to submission by ! ,roman arms1 c]ta9 ( ^! citiz5s 7 s5t by _! c\ntrym5 to plead = p>don4 ,:5 ^! _h come into ! pres5ce ( ! s5ate1 "o ( !m 0 ask$ by a s5ator1 8,:at puni%m5t he ?\ght 8 fell[ citiz5s des]v$80 ,to :i* he ( ,priv]num answ]$1 8,su* puni%m5t z !y des]ve :o deem !mselves wor?y ( fre$om40 8,b10 said ! consul1 8%\ld we remit y\r puni%m5t1 :at sort ( peace c we hope to h ) y80 ,to :i* ! o!r repli$1 8,if grant$ on fair t]ms1 a firm & la/+ peace2 if on unfair1 a peace ( brief duration40 ,^u ?is1 ?\gh _m ( ! s5ators 7 displeas$1 ! wis] among !m decl>$ 8t !y _h he>d ! voice ( fre$om & manhood1 & w\ld nev] believe t ! man or p :o s spoke ought to rema9 long] ?an 0 ne$ful 9 a position :i* gave !m cause = %ame2 s9ce t 0 a safe peace :i* 0 accept$ will+ly2 :]eas good fai? c\ld n be look$ = :]e x 0 s\ght to impose s]vitude40 ,s say+1 !y decid$ t ! p ( ,priv]num %\ld be admitt$ to ,roman citiz5%ip1 ) all ! rights & privileges !reto app]ta9+2 decl>+ t 8m5 ^: only ?\ght 0 = fre$om1 7 inde$ wor?y to be ,romans40 ,s pleas+ 0 ?is true & high answ] to g5]\s m9ds1 :ile any o!r mu/ h seem$ at once false & %ameful4 ,& !y :o judge o!rwise ( m51 & ( ^? m51 especially1 :o h be5 us$ to be free1 or s to ?9k !mselves1 are mi/ak52 & are l$ ?r\gh _! mi/ake to adopt c\rses unpr(itable = !mselves & af=d+ no cont5t to o!rs4 ,:5ce1 ! frequ5t rebellions & ! d[nfall ( ,/ates4 ,b1 return+ to our subject1 ,i conclude1 z well f ?is in/ance ( ,priv]num1 z f ! measures foll[$ ) ! ,lat9s1 t :5 we h to pass s5t5ce ^u p[]ful ,/ates accu/om$ to live 9 fre$om1 we mu/ ei!r de/roy !m utt]ly1 or else treat !m ) mu* indulg5ce2 & t any o!r c\rse we may take ) !m w be unpr(itable4 ,b mo/ c>efully %\ld we avoid1 z ( all c\rses ! mo/ p]nici\s1 su* half-measures z 7 foll[$ by ! ,samnites :5 !y _h ! ,romans %ut up 9 ! ,caud9e ,=ks1 & w\ld n li/5 to ! c\nsels ( ! old man :o urg$ !m ei!r to s5d _! captives away ) e hon\rable att5tion1 or else put !m all to dea?2 b adopt$ a middle c\rse1 & aft] dis>m+ !m & mak+ !m pass "u ! yoke1 suff]$ !m to dep>t at once disgrac$ & ang]$4 ,& no long "t aft]1 !y f\nd to _! sorr[ t ! old man's w>n+ 0 true1 & t ! c\rse !y _h !mselves *os5 0 calamit\s2 z %all1 h]eaft]1 9 its place be %[n4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv4--,t1 commonly1 ,=tresses d mu* m ,h>m ?an ,good ,to ! wise m5 ( our day x may seem an ov]sight on ! "p ( ! ,romans1 t1 :5 !y s\ght to protect !mselves aga9/ ! m5 ( ,latium & ,priv]num1 x nev] occurr$ to !m to build /rongholds 9 _! cities to be a curb ^u !m1 & insure _! fidelity1 especially :5 we rememb] ! ,flor5t9e say+ :i* ^! same wise m5 (t5 quote1 to ! effect t ,pisa & o!r l cities mu/ be held by =tresses ,d\btless1 _h ^? old ,romans be5 l-m9d$ ) our mod]n sages1 !y w\ld n h neglect$ to build !mselves =tresses1 b because !y f> surpass$ !m 9 c\rage1 s5se1 & vig\r1 !y refra9$4 ,& :ile ,rome reta9$ h] fre$om1 & adh]$ to h] own wise ord9ances & :olesome usages1 %e nev] built a s+le =tress ) ! view to hold any city or prov9ce1 ?\gh1 sometimes1 %e may h suff]$ ^? to /& :i* %e f\nd already built4 ,look+1 !re=e1 to ! c\rse foll[$ by ! ,romans 9 ?is p>ticul>1 & to t adopt$ by our mod]n rul]s1 x seems prop] to consid] :e!r or n x is advisable to build =tresses1 & :e!r !y are m likely to help or to hurt him :o builds !m ,9 ! fir/ place1 !n1 we are to rememb] t =tresses are built ei!r z a def5ce aga9/ =eign foes or aga9/ subjects ,9 ! =m] case1 ,i pron\nce !m unnecess>y1 9 ! latt] mis*iev\s4 ,& to /ate ! reasons :y 9 ! latt] case !y are mis*iev\s1 ,i say t :5 pr9ces or republics are afraid ( _! subjects & 9 fe> le/ !y rebel1 ?is mu/ proce$ f kn[+ t _! subjects hate !m1 :i* hatr$ 9 its turn results f _! own ill conduct1 & t aga9 f _! ?9k+ !mselves able to rule _! subjects by m]e =ce1 or f _! gov]n+ ) little prud5ce4 ,n[ "o ( ! causes :i* lead !m to suppose t !y c rule by m]e =ce1 is ?is v circum/ance ( _! p hav+ ^! =tresses on _! backs ,s t ! conduct :i* bre$s hatr$ is itself ma9ly occasion$ by ^! pr9ces or republics be+ possess$ ( =tresses1 :i*1 if ?is be true1 are really f> m hurtful ?an useful ,fir/1 because1 z has be5 said already1 !y r5d] a rul] bold] & m viol5t 9 8 be>+ t[>ds 8 subjects1 &1 next1 because !y d n 9 reality af=d him t security :i* he believes !m to give ,= all ^? me?ods ( viol5ce & co]cion :i* may be us$ to keep a p "u1 resolve !mselves into two2 s9ce ei!r l ! ,romans y mu/ always h x 9 y\r p[] to br+ a /rong army into ! field1 or else y mu/ dissipate1 de/roy1 & disunite ! subject p1 & s divide & scatt] !m t !y c nev] aga9 comb9e to injure y ,= %\ld y m]ely /rip !m ( _! weal?1 spoliatis arma sup]sunt1 arms /ill rema9 to !m1 or if y deprive !m ( _! weapons1 furor arma m9i/rat1 rage w supply !m1 if y put _! *iefs to dea? & cont9ue to maltreat ! re/1 heads w r5ew !mselves l ^? ,hydra2 :ile1 if y build =tresses1 ^! may s]ve 9 "t ( peace to make y bold] 9 outrag+ y\r subjects1 b 9 "t ( w> !y w prove :olly useless1 s9ce !y w be attack$ at once by foes bo? =eign & dome/ic1 :om toge!r x w be impossible = y to resi/4 ,& if ev] =tresses 7 useless !y are s at ! pres5t day1 by reason ( ! inv5tion ( artill]y1 aga9/ ! fury ( :i*1 z ,i h %[n already1 a petty =tress :i* af=ds no room = retreat beh9d fre% works1 _c be def5d$4 ,b to g deep] into ! matt]1 ,i say1 ei!r y are a pr9ce seek+ by means ( ^! =tresses to hold ! p ( y\r city 9 *eck2 or y are a pr9ce1 or x may be a republic1 desir\s to control "s city :i* y h ga9$ 9 w>4 ,to ! pr9ce ,i w\ld say1 t1 = ! reasons already giv51 no?+ c be m uns]viceable ?an a =tress z a re/ra9t ^u y\r subjects1 s9ce x only makes y ! readi] to oppress !m1 & less scrupul\s h[ y d s2 :ile x is ?is v oppression :i* moves !m to de/roy y1 & s k9dles _! hatr$1 t ! =tress1 :i* is ! cause ( all ! mis*ief1 is p[]less to protect y4 ,a wise & good pr9ce1 !re=e1 t he may cont9ue good1 & give no occasion or enc\ragem5t to 8 desc5dants to become evil1 w nev] build a =tress1 to ! end t nei!r he nor !y may ev] be l$ to tru/ to x r ?an to ! good-w ( _! subjects4 ,& if ,francesco ,s=za1 :o 0 acc\nt$ a wise rul]1 on becom+ ,duke ( ,milan erect$ a =tress 9 t city1 ,i say t h]e9 he 0 unwise1 & t ! ev5t has %[n ! build+ ( ?is =tress to h be5 hurtful & n helpful to 8 heirs4 ,= ?9k+ t by its aid !y c\ld behave z badly z !y lik$ to _! citiz5s & subjects1 & yet be secure1 !y refra9$ f no sort ( viol5ce or oppression1 until1 becom+ beyond measure odi\s1 !y lo/ _! ,/ate z soon z an enemy attack$ x4 ,nor 0 ?is =tress1 :i* 9 peace _h occasion$ !m mu* hurt1 any def5ce or ( any s]vice !m 9 w>4 ,= _h !y be+ )\t x1 ?r\gh ?\ghtlessness1 treat$ _! subjects inhumanely1 !y mu/ soon h discov]$ & )drawn f _! dang]2 & might1 !reaft]1 ) no o!r help ?an t ( atta*$ subjects1 h )/ood ! attacks ( ! ,fr5* f> m successfully ?an !y c\ld ) _! =tress1 b ) subjects :om !y _h e/rang$4 ,&1 9 tru?1 =tresses are uns]viceable 9 e way1 s9ce !y may be lo/ ei!r by ! trea*]y ( ^? to :om y commit _! def5ce1 or by ! ov]:elm+ /r5g? ( an assailant1 or else by fam9e4 ,& :]e y seek to recov] a ,/ate :i* y h lo/1 & 9 :i* only ! =tress rema9s to y1 if t =tress is to be ( any s]vice or assi/ance to y1 y mu/ h an army :]e) to attack ! enemy :o has driv5 y out4 ,b ) su* an army y might succe$ 9 recov]+ y\r ,/ate z readily )\t a =tress z ) "o2 nay1 p]haps1 ev5 m readily1 s9ce y\r subjects1 _h y n us$ !m ill1 f ! ov]we5+ confid5ce y\r =tress gave y1 might !n h felt bett] dispos$ t[>ds y4 ,& ! ev5t %[s t 9 times ( adv]sity ?is v =tress ( ,milan has be5 ( no advantage :atev]1 ei!r to ! ,s=zas or to ! ,fr5*2 b1 on ! contr>y1 has br\ght ru9 on bo?1 because1 tru/+ to x1 !y did n turn _! ?\ghts to nobl] me?ods = pres]v+ t ,/ate4 ,guido ,ubaldo1 duke ( ,urb9o & son to ,duke ,f$]igo1 :o 9 8 day 0 a w>rior ( mu* r5[n1 b :o 0 driv5 f 8 dom9ions by ,ces>e ,borgia1 son to ,pope ,alex&] ,,vi41 :5 aft]w>ds1 by a sudd5 /roke ( good =tune1 he 0 re/or$ to ! duk$om caus$ all ! =tresses ( ! c\ntry to be dismantl$1 judg+ !m to be hurtful4 ,= z he 0 belov$ by 8 subjects1 s f> z !y 7 conc]n$ he _h no ne$ = =tresses2 :ile1 z aga9/ =eign enemies1 he saw he c\ld n def5d !m1 s9ce ?is w\ld h requir$ an army kept con/antly 9 ! field4 ,= :i* reasons he made !m be raz$ to ! gr\nd4 ,:5 ,pope ,julius ,,ii4 _h driv5 ! ,b5tivogli f ,bologna1 aft] erect+ a citadel 9 t t[n1 he caus$ ! p to be cruelly oppress$ by 8 gov]nor2 :]eupon1 ! p rebell$1 & he =?) lo/ ! citadel2 s t 8 citadel1 & ! oppressions to :i* x l$1 7 ( less s]vice to him ?an diff]5t behavi\r on 8 "p _h be54 ,:5 ,niccolo da ,ca/ello1 ! ance/or ( ! ,vitelli1 return$ to 8 c\ntry out ( exile1 he /raightway pull$ d[n ! two =tresses built !re by ,pope ,sixtus ,,iv41 p]ceiv+ t x 0 n by =tresses1 b by ! good-w ( ! p1 t he c\ld be ma9ta9$ 9 8 gov]nm5t4 ,b ! mo/ rec5t1 & 9 all respects mo/ notewor?y in/ance1 & t :i* be/ demon/rates ! futility ( build+1 & ! advantage ( de/roy+ =tresses1 is :at happ5$ only ! o!r day 9 ,g5oa4 ,e "o kn[s h[1 9 #aejg1 ,g5oa rose 9 rebellion aga9/ ,l\is ,,xii4 ( ,france1 :o came 9 p]son & ) all 8 =ces to recov] x2 & aft] recov]+ x built !re a citadel /rong] ?an any be=e kn[n1 be+1 bo? f its position & f e o!r circum/ance1 mo/ inaccessible to attack4 ,= /&+ on ! extremity ( a hill1 nam$ by ! ,g5oese ,codefa1 :i* juts out into ! sea1 x comm&$ ! :ole h>b\r & ! great] "p ( ! t[n4 ,b1 aft]w>ds1 9 ! ye> #aeab1 :5 ! ,fr5* 7 driv5 out ( ,italy1 ! ,g5oese1 9 spite ( ?is citadel1 aga9 rebell$1 & ,ottaviano ,fregoso assum+ ! gov]nm5t1 aft] ! greate/ ef=ts1 cont9u$ ov] a p]iod ( sixte5 mon?s1 at la/ succe$$ 9 r$uc+ ! citadel by fam9e4 ,by all x 0 believ$ t he w\ld reta9 x z a rock ( refuge 9 case ( any rev]se ( =tune1 & by "s he 0 advis$ to d s2 b he1 be+ a truly wise rul]1 & kn[+ well t x is by ! atta*m5t ( _! subjects & n by ! /r5g? ( _! =tifications t pr9ces are ma9ta9$ 9 _! gov]nm5ts1 dismantl$ ?is citadel2 & f\nd+ 8 au?ority1 n ^u mat]ial def5ces1 b on 8 own val\r & prud5ce1 kept & /ill keeps x4 ,& :]eas1 =m]ly1 a =ce ( a ?\s& foot-soldi]s c\ld effect a *ange 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ,g5oa1 ! enemies ( ,ottaviano h assail$ him ) t5 ?\s&1 )\t be+ able to h>m him4 ,"h1 !n1 we see t1 :ile to dismantle ?is =tress occasion$ ,ottaviano no loss1 its con/ruction gave ! ,fr5* k+ no sort ( advantage4 ,= :5 he c\ld come into ,italy ) an army1 he c\ld recov] ,g5oa1 ?\gh he _h no citadel !re2 b :5 he c\ld n come ) an army1 x 0 n 9 8 p[] to hold ! city by means ( ! citadel4 ,moreov] x 0 co/ly = ! k+ to build1 & %ameful = him to lose ?is =tress2 :ile = ,ottaviano x 0 glori\s to take1 & advantage\s to de/roy x4 ,let u turn n[ to ^? republics :i* build =tresses n )9 _! own t]ritories1 b 9 t[ns :]e( !y h tak5 possession4 ,& if ! above example ( ,france & ,g5oa suffice n to %[ ! futility ( ?is c\rse1 t ( ,flor5ce & ,pisa ought1 ,i ?9k1 to be conclusive4 ,= 9 erect+ =tresses to hold ,pisa1 ! ,flor5t9es fail$ to p]ceive t a city :i* _h always be5 op5ly ho/ile to !m1 :i* _h liv$ 9 fre$om1 & :i* c\ld cloak rebellion "u ! "n ( lib]ty1 mu/1 if x 7 to be reta9$ at all1 be reta9$ by ^? me?ods :i* 7 us$ by ! ,romans1 & ei!r be made a companion or be de/roy$4 ,( h[ little s]vice ^! ,pisan =tresses 71 0 se5 on ! com+ ( ,*>les ,,viii4 ( ,france into ,italy1 to :om1 :e!r ?r\gh ! trea*]y ( _! def5d]s or f fe> ( worse evils1 !y 7 at once deliv]$ up2 :]eas1 _h !re be5 no =tresses 9 ,pisa1 ! ,flor5t9es w\ld n h look$ to !m z ! means :]eby ! t[n 0 to be held2 ! k+ c\ld n by _! assi/ance h tak5 ! t[n f ! ,flor5t9es2 & ! me?ods :]eby x _h previ\sly be5 pres]v$ might1 9 all likelihood1 h cont9u$ suffici5t to pres]ve x2 &1 at any rate1 _h s]v$ t end no worse ?an ! =tresses4 ,^!1 !n1 are ! conclusions to :i* ,i come1 namely1 t =tresses built to hold y\r own c\ntry "u are hurtful1 & t ^? built to reta9 acquir$ t]ritories are useless2 & ,i am cont5t to rely on ! example ( ! ,romans1 :o 9 ! t[ns !y s\ght to hold by ! /rong h&1 r pull$ d[n =tresses ?an built !m4 ,& if any1 to controv]t ^! views ( m9e1 7 to cite ! case ( ,t>5tum 9 anci5t times1 or ( ,brescia 9 rec5t1 z t[ns :i* :5 !y rebell$ 7 recov]$ by means ( _! citadels2 ,i answ]1 t = ! recov]y ( ,t>5tum1 ,fabius ,maximus 0 s5t at ! end ( a ye> ) an army /rong en\gh to retake x ev5 _h !re be5 no =tress !re2 & t al?\gh he avail$ himself ( ! =tress = ! recov]y ( ! t[n1 he might1 )\t x1 h resort$ to o!r means :i* w\ld h br\ght ab\t ! same result4 ,nor d ,i see ( :at s]vice a citadel c be said to be1 :5 to recov] ! city y mu/ employ a consul> army "u a ,fabius ,maximus4 ,b t ! ,romans w\ld1 9 any case1 h recov]$ ,t>5tum1 is pla9 f :at happ5$ at ,capua1 :]e !re 0 no citadel1 & :i* !y retook1 simply by ! val\r ( _! soldi]s4 ,aga91 z reg>ds ,brescia1 ,i say t ! circum/ances att5d+ ! revolt ( t t[n 7 su* z occur b seldom1 namely1 t ! citadel rema9+ 9 y\r h&s aft] ! defection ( ! city1 y %\ld happ5 to h a great army nigh at h&1 z ! ,fr5* _h !irs on ?is occasion4 ,= ,m4 de ,foix be+ 9 comm& ( ! k+'s =ces at ,bologna1 on he>+ ( ! loss ( ,brescia1 m>*$ ?i!r )\t an h\r's delay1 & rea*+ ,brescia 9 ?ree days1 retook ! t[n ) ! help ( ! citadel4 ,b "h1 aga91 we see t1 to be ( any s]vice1 ! citadel ( ,brescia _h to be succ\r$ by a de ,foix1 & by t ,fr5* army :i* 9 ?ree days' "t m>*$ to its relief4 ,s t ?is in/ance _c be consid]$ conclusive z aga9/ o!rs ( a contr>y t5d5cy4 ,=1 9 ! c\rse ( rec5t w>s1 _m =tresses h be5 tak5 & retak51 ) ! same v>iety ( =tune ) :i* op5 c\ntry has be5 acquir$ or lo/2 & ?is n only 9 ,lomb>dy1 b also 9 ,romagna1 9 ! k+dom ( ,naples1 & 9 all p>ts ( ,italy4 ,&1 fur!r1 t\*+ ! erection ( =tresses z a def5ce aga9/ =eign enemies1 ,i say t su* def5ces are n ne$$ by ! pr9ce or p :o possess a good army2 :ile = ^? :o d n possess a good army1 !y are useless4 ,= good armies )\t =tresses are 9 !mselves a suffici5t def5ce3 :]eas1 =tresses )\t good armies avail no?+4 ,& ?is we see 9 ! case ( ^? nations :i* h be5 ?\ght to excel bo? 9 _! gov]nm5t & o!rwise1 z1 = in/ance1 ! ,romans & ! ,sp>tans4 ,= :ile ! ,romans w\ld build no =tresses1 ! ,sp>tans n m]ely ab/a9$ f build+ !m1 b w\ld n ev5 suff] _! cities to be enclos$ ) walls2 desir+ to be protect$ by _! own val\r only1 & by no o!r def5ce4 ,s t :5 a ,sp>tan 0 ask$ by an ,a!nian :at he ?\ght ( ! walls ( ,a!ns1 he answ]$ 8t !y 7 f9e walls if meant to hold wom5 only40 ,if a pr9ce :o has a good army has likewise1 on ! sea-front ( 8 dom9ions1 "s =tress /rong en\gh to keep an enemy 9 *eck = a few days1 until he gets 8 =ces toge!r1 ?is1 ?\gh n necess>y1 may sometimes be = 8 advantage4 ,b = a pr9ce :o is )\t a /rong army to h =tresses erect$ ?r\gh\t 8 t]ritories1 or ^u 8 fronti]1 is ei!r useless or hurtful1 s9ce !y may readily be lo/ & !n turn$ aga9/ him2 or1 suppos+ !m s /rong t ! enemy is unable to take !m by assault1 he may leave !m beh9d1 & s r5d] !m :olly unpr(itable4 ,= a brave army1 unless /\tly met1 ent]s an enemy's c\ntry )\t reg>d to ! t[ns or =tifi$ places x leaves 9 its re>1 z we read ( happ5+ 9 anci5t times1 & h se5 done by ,francesco ,m>ia della ,rov]e1 :o no long :ile ago1 :5 he m>*$ aga9/ ,urb9o1 made little ( leav+ t5 ho/ile cities beh9d him4 ,! pr9ce1 !re=e1 :o c br+ toge!r a /rong army c d )\t build+ =tresses1 :ile he :o has n a /rong army ought n to build !m1 b %\ld c>efully /r5g!n ! city :]e9 he dwells1 & keep x well /or$ ) supplies1 & its inhabitants well affect$1 s t he may resi/ attack till an accord be agre$ on1 or he be reliev$ by =eign aid4 ,all o!r exp$i5ts are co/ly 9 "t ( peace1 & 9 w> useless4 ,:oev] c>efully weighs all t has n[ be5 said w p]ceive1 t ! ,romans1 z !y 7 mo/ prud5t 9 all _! o!r me?ods1 s also %[$ _! wisdom 9 ! measures !y took ) ! m5 ( ,latium & ,priv]num1 :51 )\t ev] ?9k+ ( =tresses1 !y s\ght security 9 bold] & m sagaci\s c\rses4 ,,*apt] ,,xxv4--,t he :o attacks a ,city divid$ aga9/ itself1 mu/ n ?9k to get possession ( x ?r\gh its ,divisions4 ,viol5t diss5sions break+ out 9 ,rome betwe5 ! commons & ! nobles1 x appe>$ to ! ,vei5t9es & ,etruscans t n[ 0 _! "t to deal a fatal bl[ to ! ,roman supremacy4 ,accord+ly1 !y assembl$ an army & invad$ ! t]ritories ( ,rome4 ,! s5ate s5t ,caius ,manlius & ,m>cus ,fabius to meet !m1 ^: =ces encamp+ close by ! ,vei5t9es1 ! latt] ceas$ n to reproa* & vilify ! ,roman "n ) e sort ( taunt & abuse1 & s inc5s$ ! ,romans by _! unmeasur$ insol5ce t1 f be+ divid$ !y became reconcil$1 & giv+ ! enemy battle1 broke & defeat$ !m4 ,"h1 aga91 we see1 :at has already be5 not$1 h[ prone m5 are to adopt wrong c\rses1 & h[ (t5 !y miss _! object :5 !y ?9k to secure x4 ,! ,vei5t9es imag9$ t !y c\ld conqu] ! ,romans by attack+ !m :ile !y 7 at feud among !mselves2 b ?is v attack reunit$ ! ,romans & br\ght ru9 on _! assailants4 ,= ! causes ( division 9 a commonweal? are1 = ! mo/ "p1 ease & tranquillity1 :ile ! causes ( union are fe> & w>4 ,:]e=e1 _h ! ,vei5t9es be5 wise1 ! m divid$ !y saw ,rome to be1 ! m %\ld !y h s\ght to avoid w> ) h]1 & endeav\r$ to ga9 an advantage ov] h] by peaceful arts4 ,& ! be/ way to effect ?is 9 a divid$ city lies 9 ga9+ ! confid5ce ( bo? factions1 & 9 m$iat+ betwe5 !m z arbit] s long z !y d n come to bl[s2 b :5 !y resort to op5 viol5ce1 !n to r5d] "s t>dy aid to ! weak] side1 s z to plunge !m deep] 9 ho/ilities1 :]e9 bo? may exhau/ _! =ces )\t be+ l$ by y\r putt+ =? an excess ( /r5g? to suspect y ( a desire to ru9 !m & rema9 _! ma/]4 ,:]e ?is is well manag$1 x w almo/ always happ5 t y succe$ 9 effect+ ! object y propose to y\rself4 ,! city ( ,pi/oja1 z ,i h said already 9 connection ) ano!r matt]1 0 won ov] to ! ,flor5t9e republic by no o!r artifice ?an ?is4 ,= ! t[n be+ split by factions1 ! ,flor5t9es1 by n[ fav\r+ "o side & n[ ! o!r1 )\t incurr+ ! suspicions ( ei!r1 br\ght bo? to su* extremities t1 we>i$ out ) _! h>ass$ life1 !y ?rew !mselves at la/ ( _! own accord into ! arms ( ,flor5ce4 ,! city ( ,si5a1 aga91 has nev] made any *ange 9 h] gov]nm5t :i* has _h ! support ( ! ,flor5t9es1 save :5 t support has be5 slight & insignificant2 = :5ev] ! int]f]5ce ( ,flor5ce has be5 m>k$ & decid$1 x has _h ! effect ( unit+ all p>ties 9 support ( ?+s z !y /ood4 ,"o o!r in/ance ,i %all add to ^? already giv54 ,(t5] ?an once ,filippo ,visconti1 duke ( ,milan1 rely+ on _! divisions1 set w>s on foot aga9/ ! ,flor5t9es1 & always )\t success2 s t1 9 lam5t+ ov] ^! failures1 he 0 wont to compla9 t ! mad hum\rs ( ! ,flor5t9es _h co/ him two millions ( gold1 )\t 8 hav+ any?+ to %[ = x4 ,! ,vei5t9es & ,etruscans1 !re=e1 z ,i h said already1 7 misl$ by false hopes1 & 9 ! end 7 r\t$ by ! ,romans 9 a s+le pit*$ battle2 & any :o %\ld look h]eaft] to prevail on l gr\nds & by simil> means aga9/ a divid$ p1 w always f9d !mselves deceiv$4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvi4--,t ,taunts & ,abuse bre$ ,hatr$ aga9/ him :o uses !m1 )\t yield+ him any ,advantage4 ,to ab/a9 f ?reats & injuri\s language1 is1 me?9ks1 "o ( ! wise/ precautions a man c use4 ,= abuse & m5ace take no?+ f ! /r5g? ( an adv]s>y2 ! latt] only mak+ him m cauti\s1 :ile ! =m] inflames 8 hatr$ aga9/ y1 & leads him to consid] m dilig5tly h[ he may cause y hurt4 ,?is is se5 f ! example ( ! ,vei5t9es1 ( :om ,i spoke 9 ! la/ ,*apt]1 :o1 to ! injury ( w> aga9/ ! ,romans1 add$ ^? v]bal injuries f :i* all prud5t comm&]s %\ld compel _! soldi]s to refra94 ,= ^! are injuries :i* /ir & k9dle y\r enemy to v5geance1 & yet1 z has be5 said1 9 no way disable him f do+ y hurt2 s t1 9 tru?1 !y are weapons :i* w\nd ^? :o use !m4 ,( ?is we f9d a notable in/ance 9 ,asia1 9 connection ) ! siege ( ,amida4 ,= ,gabade1 ! ,p]sian g5]al1 aft] besieg+ ?is t[n = a great :ile1 we>i$ out at la/ by its protract$ def5ce1 det]m9$ on )draw+ 8 army2 & _h actually begun to /rike 8 camp1 :5 ! :ole inhabitants ( ! place1 elat$ by _! success1 came out ^u ! walls to taunt & upbraid _! enemies ) _! c[>dice & meanness ( _s1 & to load !m ) e k9d ( abuse4 ,/ung by ^! insults1 ,gabade1 *ang+ 8 resolution1 r5ew$ ! siege ) su* fury t 9 a few days he /orm$ & sack$ ! t[n4 ,& ! v same ?+ befell ! ,vei5t9es1 :o1 n cont5t1 z we h se51 to make w> on ! ,romans ) arms1 mu/ ne$s assail !m ) f\l reproa*es1 advanc+ to ! palisade ( _! camp to revile !m1 & mole/+ !m m ) _! tongues ?an ) _! swords1 until ! ,roman soldi]s1 :o at fir/ 7 mo/ unwill+ to fight1 =c$ ! consuls to lead !m to ! attack4 ,:]eupon1 ! ,vei5t9es1 l ^? o!rs ( :om m5tion has j n[ be5 made1 _h to pay ! p5alty ( _! insol5ce4 ,wise capta9s ( armies1 !re=e1 & prud5t gov]nors ( cities1 %\ld take all fit precautions to prev5t su* insults & reproa*es f be+ us$ by _! soldi]s & subjects1 ei!r among/ !mselves or aga9/ an enemy4 ,= :5 direct$ aga9/ an enemy !y lead to ! mis*iefs above notic$1 :ile /ill worse consequ5ces may foll[ f our n prev5t+ !m among ourselves by su* measures z s5sible rul]s h always tak5 = t purpose4 ,! legions :o 7 left beh9d = ! protection ( ,capua hav+1 z %all 9 its place be told1 conspir$ aga9/ ! ,capuans1 _! conspiracy l$ to a mut9y1 :i* 0 pres5tly suppress$ by ,val]ius ,corv9us2 :51 z "o ( ! conditions on :i* ! mut9e]s made _! submission1 x 0 decl>$ t :osoev] %\ld !reaft] upbraid any soldi] ( ^! legions ) hav+ tak5 "p 9 ?is mut9y1 %\ld be visit$ ) ! sev]e/ puni%m5t4 ,s likewise1 :5 ,tib]ius ,grac*us 0 appo9t$1 dur+ ! w> ) ,hannibal1 to comm& a body ( slaves1 :om ! ,romans 9 _! /raits = soldi]s _h furni%$ ) arms1 "o ( 8 fir/ acts 0 to pass an ord] mak+ x dea? = any to reproa* 8 m5 ) _! s]vile orig94 ,s mis*iev\s a ?+ did ! ,romans e/eem x to use insult+ words to o!rs1 or to taunt !m ) _! %ame4 ,:e!r ?is be done 9 sport or e>ne/1 no?+ vexes m5 m1 or r\ses !m to fi]c] indignation2 8= ! bit+ je/ :i* flav\rs too mu* ( tru?1 leaves always beh9d x a rankl+ memory40#i #i ,nam faceti asp]1 qu&o nimium ex v]o trax]e1 acrem sui memoriam rel9quunt4 ,tacit4 ,an4 xv4 #fh4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvii4--,t prud5t ,pr9ces & ,republics %\ld be cont5t to h obta9$ a ,victory2 =1 commonly1 :5 !y are n1 !ft-,victory turns to ,defeat4 ,! use ( di%on\r+ language t[>ds an enemy is mo/ly caus$ by an insol5t hum\r1 br$ by victory or ! false hope ( x1 :]eby m5 are (t5times l$ n only to speak1 b also to act amiss4 ,= su* false hopes1 :5 !y ga9 an entry into m5's m9ds1 cause !m to ov]run _! goal1 & to miss opportunities = secur+ a c]ta9 good1 on ! *ance ( obta9+ "s ?+ bett]1 b unc]ta94 ,& ?is1 be+ a matt] t des]ves att5tion1 because 9 deceiv+ !mselves m5 (t5 injure _! c\ntry1 ,i desire to illu/rate x by p>ticul> in/ances1 anci5t & rec5t1 s9ce m]e argum5t might n place x 9 s cle> a light4 ,aft] r\t+ ! ,romans at ,cann1 ,hannibal s5t mess5g]s to ,c>?age to ann\nce 8 victory1 & to ask support4 ,a debate aris+ 9 ! ,c>?ag9ian s5ate z to :at 0 to be done1 ,hanno1 an ag$ & wise citiz51 advis$ t !y %\ld prud5tly take advantage ( _! victory to make peace ) ! ,romans1 :ile z conqu]ors !y might h x on fav\rable t]ms1 & n wait to make x aft] a defeat2 s9ce x %\ld be _! object to %[ ! ,romans t !y 7 /rong en\gh to fight !m1 b n to p]il ! victory !y _h won 9 ! hope ( w9n+ a great]4 ,?is advice 0 n foll[$ by ! ,c>?ag9ian s5ate1 b its wisdom 0 well se5 lat]1 :5 ! opportunity to act ^u x 0 gone4 ,:5 ! :ole ,ea/ _h be5 ov]run by ,alex&] ( ,mac$on1 ! citiz5s ( ,tyre 7!n at ! height ( its r5[n1 & v /rong f be+ built1 l ,v5ice1 9 ! sea71 recogniz+ 8 greatness1 s5t ambassadors to him to say t !y desir$ to be 8 good s]vants1 & to yield him all ob$i5ce1 yet c\ld n cons5t to receive ei!r him or 8 soldi]s )9 _! walls4 ,:]eupon1 ,alex&]1 displeas$ t a s+le city %\ld v5ture to close its gates aga9/ him to :om all ! re/ ( ! _w _h ?r[n !irs op51 repuls$ ! ,tyrians1 & reject+ _! ov]tures set to "w to besiege _! t[n4 ,b z x /ood on ! wat]1 & 0 well /or$ ) victual & all o!r munitions ne$$ = its def5ce1 aft] f\r mon?s _h gone1 ,alex&]1 p]ceiv+ t he 0 wa/+ m "t 9 an +lori\s attempt to r$uce ?is "o city ?an _h suffic$ = mo/ ( 8 o!r conque/s1 resolv$ to (f] t]ms to ! ,tyrians1 & to make !m ^? concessions :i* !y !mselves _h ask$4 ,b !y1 puff$ up by _! success1 n m]ely refus$ ! t]ms (f]$1 b put to dea? ! envoy s5t to propose !m4 ,enrag$ by ?is1 ,alex&] r5ew$ ! siege1 & ) su* vig\r1 t he took & de/roy$ ! city1 & ei!r slew or made slaves ( its inhabitants4 ,9 ! ye> #aeab1 a ,spani% army ent]$ ! ,flor5t9e t]ritory1 ) ! object ( re/or+ ! ,m$ici to ,flor5ce1 & ( levy+ a subsidy f ! t[n2 hav+ be5 summon$ ?i!r by c]ta9 ( ! citiz5s1 :o _h promis$ !m t s soon z !y appe>$ )9 ! ,flor5t9e conf9es !y w\ld arm 9 _! behalf4 ,b :5 ! ,spani>ds _h come into ! pla9 ( ! ,arno1 & none decl>$ 9 _! fav\r1 be+ 9 sore ne$ ( supplies1 !y (f]$ to make t]ms4 ,?is (f] ! p ( ,flor5ce 9 _! pride reject$1 & s gave occasion = ! sack ( ,prato & ! ov]?r[ ( ! ,flor5t9e ,republic4 ,a pr9ce1 !re=e1 :o is attack$ by an enemy mu* m p[]ful ?an himself1 c make no great] mi/ake ?an to refuse to treat1 especially :5 ov]tures are made to him2 = h[ev] poor ! t]ms (f]$ may be1 !y are sure to conta9 "s conditions advantage\s = him :o accepts !m1 & :i* he may con/rue z a p>tial success4 ,= :i* reason x ought to h be5 en\gh = ! citiz5s ( ,tyre t ,alex&] 0 br\ght to accept t]ms :i* he _h at fir/ reject$2 & !y %\ld h e/eem$ x a suffici5t triumph t1 by _! resi/ance 9 arms1 !y _h =c$ s great a w>rior to b[ to _! w4 ,&1 9 l mann]1 x %\ld h be5 a suffici5t victory = ! ,flor5t9es t ! ,spani>ds _h 9 "p yield$ to _! wi%es1 & abat$ some?+ ( _! own dem&s1 ! purport ( :i* 0 to *ange ! gov]nm5t ( ,flor5ce1 to sev] h] f h] allegiance to ,france1 &1 fur!r1 to obta9 money f h]4 ,= if ( ^! ?ree objects ! ,spani>ds _h succe$$ 9 secur+ ! la/ two1 :ile ! ,flor5t9es ma9ta9$ ! integrity ( _! gov]nm5t1 a fair %>e ( hon\r & cont5tm5t w\ld h fall5 to ea*4 ,& :ile pres]v+ _! political exi/5ce1 ! ,flor5t9es %\ld h made small acc\nt ( ! o!r two conditions2 nor ought !y1 ev5 ) ! possibility & almo/ c]ta9ty ( great] advantages be=e !m1 to h left matt]s 9 any degree to ! arbitration ( ,=tune1 by pu%+ ?+s to extremes1 & incurr+ risks :i* no prud5t man %\ld incur1 unless compell$ by necessity4 ,hannibal1 :5 recall$ by ! ,c>?ag9ians f ,italy1 :]e = sixte5 ye>s he _h cov]$ himself ) glory1 to ! def5ce ( 8 native c\ntry1 f\nd on 8 arrival t ,hasdrubal & ,syphax _h be5 defeat$1 ! k+dom ( ,numidia lo/1 & ,c>?age conf9$ )9 ! limits ( h] walls1 & left )\t o!r res\rce save 9 him & 8 army4 ,p]ceiv+1 !re=e1 t ?is 0 ! la/ /ake 8 c\ntry _h to play1 & n *oos+ to haz>d x until he _h tri$ e o!r exp$i5t1 he felt no %ame to sue = peace1 judg+ t 9 peace r ?an 9 w> lay ! be/ hope ( safety = 8 c\ntry4 ,b1 :5 peace 0 refus$ him1 no fe> ( defeat det]r$ him f battle1 be+ resolv$ ei!r to conqu]1 if conqu] he might1 or if he mu/ fall1 to fall glori\sly4 ,n[1 if a comm&] s valiant z ,hannibal1 at ! head ( an unconqu]$ army1 0 will+ to sue = peace r ?an appeal to battle :5 he saw t by defeat 8 c\ntry mu/ be enslav$1 :at c\rse ought to be foll[$ by ano!r comm&]1 less valiant & ) less exp]i5ce ?an he8 ,b m5 lab\r "u ?is infirmity1 t !y "k n :]e to set b\nds to _! hopes1 & build+ on ^! )\t o!rwise measur+ _! /r5g?1 ru% headlong on de/ruction4 ,,*apt] ,,xxviii4--,t to neglect ! r$ress ( ,grievances1 :e!r public or private1 is dang]\s = a ,pr9ce or ,commonweal?4 ,c]ta9 ,gauls com+ to attack ,etruria1 & m p>ticul>ly ,clusium its *ief city1 ! citiz5s ( ,clusium s\ght aid f ,rome2 :]eupon ! ,romans s5t ! ?ree ,fabii1 z envoys to ^! ,gauls1 to notify to !m1 9 ! "n ( ! ,roman p1 t !y mu/ refra9 f mak+ w> on ! ,etruscans4 ,f :at befell ! ,romans 9 connection ) ?is embassy1 we see cle>ly h[ f> m5 may be c>ri$ 9 res5t+ an affront4 ,= ^! envoys arriv+ at ! v mom5t :5 ! ,gauls & ,etruscans 7 ab\t to jo9 battle1 be+ readi] at de$s ?an words1 took "p ) ! ,etruscans & f\ght 9 _! =emo/ ranks4 ,:5ce x came t ! ,gauls recogniz+ ! ,roman envoys1 turn$ aga9/ ! ,romans all ! hatr$ :i* be=e !y _h felt = ! ,etruscans2 & grew /ill m inc5s$ :5 on mak+ compla9t to ! ,roman s5ate1 ?r\gh _! ambassador1 ( ! wrong done !m1 & dem&+ t ! ,fabii %\ld be giv5 up to !m 9 atonem5t = _! (f5ce1 n m]ely 7 ! (f5d]s n giv5 up or puni%$ 9 any way1 b1 on ! contr>y1 :5 ! comitia met 7 creat$ tribunes ) consul> p[]s4 ,b :5 ! ,gauls f\nd ^! m5 hon\r$ :o des]v$ to be *a/is$1 !y conclud$ t :at _h happ5$ _h be5 done by way ( slight & insult to !m1 &1 burn+ ) fury & res5tm5t1 ha/5$ =w>d to attack ,rome1 :i* !y took ) ! exception ( ! ,capitol4 ,n[ ?is disa/] ov]took ! ,romans entirely f _! disreg>d ( ju/ice4 ,= _! envoys1 :o _h violat$ ! law ( nations1 & _h !re=e des]v$ puni%m5t1 !y _h on ! contr>y treat$ ) hon\r4 ,& ?is %\ld make u reflect1 h[ c>efully all pr9ces & commonweal?s ought to refra9 f committ+ l wrongs1 n only aga9/ communities1 b also aga9/ p>ticul> m54 ,= if a man be deeply wrong$1 ei!r by a private h& or by a public (fic]1 & be n av5g$ to 8 satisfaction1 if he live 9 a republic1 he w seek to av5ge himself1 ?\gh 9 do+ s he br+ ru9 on 8 c\ntry2 or if he live "u a pr9ce1 & be ( a resolute & haughty _s1 he w nev] re/ until he has wreak$ 8 res5tm5t aga9/ ! pr9ce1 ?\gh he kn[s x may co/ him de>4 ,:]e( we h no f9] or tru] example ?an 9 ! dea? ( ,philip ( ,mac$on1 ! fa!r ( ,alex&]4 ,= ,pausanias1 a h&some & high-born y\? belong+ to ,philip's c\rt1 hav+ be5 mo/ f\lly & cruelly di%on\r$ by ,attalus1 "o ( ! =emo/ m5 ( ! royal h\sehold1 repeat$ly compla9$ to ,philip ( ! outrage2 :o = a :ile put him (f ) promises ( v5geance1 b 9 ! end1 s f> f av5g+ him1 promot$ ,attalus to be gov]nor ( ! prov9ce ( ,greece4 ,:]eupon1 ,pausanias1 see+ 8 enemy hon\r$ & n puni%$1 turn$ all 8 res5tm5t f him :o _h outrag$1 aga9/ him :o _h n av5g$ him1 & on ! morn+ ( ! day fix$ = ! m>riage ( ,philip's daught] to ,alex&] ( ,epirus1 :ile ,philip walk$ betwe5 ! two ,alex&]s1 8 son & 8 son-9-law1 t[>ds ! temple to celebrate ! nuptials1 he slew him4 ,?is in/ance ne>ly resembles t ( ! ,roman envoys2 & (f]s a w>n+ to all rul]s nev] to ?9k s lightly ( any man z to suppose1 t :5 wrong ^u wrong has be5 done him1 he w n be?9k himself ( rev5ge1 h[ev] great ! dang] he runs1 or ! puni%m5t he !reby br+s ^u himself4 ,,*apt] ,,xxix4--,t ,=tune obscures ! m9ds ( ,m5 :5 %e w\ld n h !m h9d] h] ,designs4 ,if we note well ! c\rse ( human affairs1 we %all (t5 f9d ?+s come ab\t & accid5ts befall1 aga9/ :i* x seems to be ! w ( ,heav5 t m5 %\ld n provide4 ,& if ?is 7 ! case ev5 9 ,rome1 s r5[n$ = h] val\r1 religion1 & wise ord9ances1 we ne$ n wond] if x be f> m common 9 o!r cities & prov9ces :]e9 ^! safegu>ds are want+4 ,hav+ "h a notable opportunity to %[ h[ ,heav5 influ5ces m5's actions1 ,titus ,livius turns x to acc\nt1 & treats ! subject at l>ge & 9 pregnant words1 :]e he says1 t s9ce x 0 ,heav5's w1 = ends ( its own1 t ! ,romans %\ld feel its p[]1 x fir/ ( all caus$ ^! ,fabii1 :o 7 s5t z envoys to ! ,gauls1 to act amiss1 & !n by _! misconduct /irr$ up ! ,gauls to make w> on ,rome2 &1 la/ly1 s ord]$ matt]s t no?+ wor?y ( _! "n 0 done by ! ,romans to )/& _! attack4 ,= x 0 =e-orda9$ by ,heav5 t ,camillus1 :o alone c\ld supply ! rem$y to s mighty an evil1 %\ld be bani%$ to ,ardea2 & aga91 t ! citiz5s1 :o _h (t5 creat$ a dictator to meet attacks ( ! ,volscians & o!r neighb\r+ ho/ile nations1 %\ld fail to d s :5 ! ,gauls 7 m>*+ ^u ,rome4 ,moreov]1 ! army :i* ! ,romans got toge!r 0 b a weak "o1 s9ce !y us$ no signal ef=t to make x /rong2 nay1 7 s dilatory 9 arm+ t !y 7 b>ely 9 "t to meet ! enemy at ! riv] ,allia1 ?\gh no m ?an t5 miles di/ant f ,rome4 ,"h1 aga91 ! ,roman tribunes pit*$ _! camp )\t obs]v+ any ( ! usual precautions1 att5d+ nei!r to ! *oice ( gr\nd1 nor to surr\nd !mselves ) tr5* or ,palisade1 nor to avail !mselves ( any o!r aid1 human or ,div9e4 ,9 ord]+ _! army = battle1 moreov]1 dispos$ x 9 weak columns1 & ^! f> ap>t3 s t nei!r m5 nor (fic]s accompli%$ any?+ wor?y ( ! ,roman discipl9e4 ,! battle 0 bloodless = ! ,romans fl$ be=e !y 7 attack$2 mo/ ( !m retreat+ to ,veii1 ! re/ to ,rome1 :]e1 )\t turn+ aside to visit _! homes1 !y made /raight = ! ,capitol4 ,mean:ile1 ! s5ate1 s f> f be?9k+ !mselves h[ !y might def5d ! city1 did n ev5 att5d to clos+ ! gates2 & :ile "s ( !m made _! escape f ,rome1 o!rs ent]$ ! ,capitol along ) ^? :o s\ght %elt] !re4 ,x 0 only 9 ! def5ce ( ! ,capitol t any me?od 0 obs]v$1 measures be+ tak5 to prev5t x be+ cr[d$ ) useless numb]s1 & all ! victual :i* c\ld be got1 be+ br\ght into x to enable x to /& a siege4 ,( ! wom51 ! *ildr51 & ! m5 ^: ye>s unfitt$ !m = s]vice1 ! mo/ "p fl$ = refuge to ! neighb\r+ t[ns1 ! re/ rema9$ 9 ,rome a prey to ! invad]s2 s t no "o :o _h he>d ( ! a*ievem5ts ( ! ,romans 9 pa/ ye>s1 on be+ told ( :at took place on ?is occasion1 c\ld h believ$ t x 0 ( ! same p t ?+s s contr>y 7 relat$4 ,:]e=e1 ,titus ,livius1 aft] sett+ =? all ^! disord]s1 concludes ) ! words1 8,s f> does ,=tune d>k5 m5's m9ds :5 %e w\ld n h h] asc5d5cy ga9said40 ,nor c\ld any ju/] obs]vation be made4 ,& h5ce x is t ^? :o exp]i5ce ! extremes :e!r ( good or ( evil =tune1 are1 commonly1 little des]v+ ei!r ( praise or blame2 s9ce x is app>5t t x is f ,heav5 hav+ af=d$ !m1 or d5i$ !m opportunities = act+ wor?ily1 t !y h be5 br\ght to _! greatness or to _! undo+4 ,=tune1 d\btless1 :5 %e seeks to effect great ends1 w (t5 *oose z h] in/rum5t a man ( su* s5se & wor? t he c recognize ! opportunities :i* %e holds out to him2 &1 9 l mann]1 :5 %e desires to br+ ab\t great calamities1 w put =w>d su* m5 z w ( !mselves contribute to t result4 ,& all :o /& 9 h] way1 %e ei!r removes by dea?1 or deprives ( ! means ( effect+ good4 ,& x is well se5 9 ! passage we are consid]+1 h[ ,=tune1 to aggr&ize ,rome1 & raise h] to ! height %e rea*$1 judg$ x necess>y1 z %all be m fully %[n 9 ! foll[+ ,book1 to humble h]2 yet w\ld n h h] utt]ly undone4 ,= :i* reason we f9d h] caus+ ,camillus to be bani%$1 b n put to dea?2 suff]+ ,rome to be tak51 b n ! ,capitol2 & br++ x to pass t1 :ile ! ,romans took no wise precaution = ! def5ce ( _! city1 !y neglect$ none 9 def5d+ _! citadel4 ,t ,rome might be tak51 ,=tune caus$ ! mass ( ! army1 aft] ! r\t at ! ,allia1 to direct its flight to ,veii1 ?us )draw+ ! means :]e) ! city might h be5 def5d$2 b :ile ?us dispos+ matt]s1 %e at ! same "t prep>$ all ! ne$ful /eps = its recov]y1 9 br++ an almo/ entire ,roman array to ,veii1 & ,camillus to ,ardea1 s t a great =ce might be assembl$ = ! rescue ( _! c\ntry1 "u a capta9 9 no way compromis$ by previ\s rev]ses1 b1 on ! contr>y1 9 ! enjoym5t ( an unt>ni%$ r5[n4 ,i might cite _m mod]n in/ances to confirm ^! op9ions1 b s9ce en\gh has be5 said to conv9ce any fair m9d1 ,i pass !m ov]4 ,b once m ,i repeat :at1 f all hi/ory1 may be se5 to be mo/ true1 t m5 may aid ,=tune1 b n )/& h]2 may int]weave _! ?reads ) h] web1 b _c break x ,b1 = all t1 !y mu/ nev] lose he>t1 s9ce n kn[+ :at _! end is to be1 & mov+ t[>ds x by cross-roads & untravell$ pa?s1 !y h always room = hope1 & ought nev] to ab&on x1 :atsoev] befalls1 & into :atsoev] /raits !y come4 ,,*apt] ,,xxx4--,t really p[]ful ,pr9ces &1 ,commonweal?s d n buy ,fri5d%ips ) ,money1 b ) _! ,val\r & ! ,fame ( _! ,pr[ess4 ,:5 besieg$ 9 ! ,capitol1 ! ,romans al?\gh expect+ succ\r f ,veii & f ,camillus1 nev]!less1 be+ /rait5$ by fam9e1 ent]$ into an agreem5t to buy (f ! ,gauls ) gold ,b at ! v mom5t :51 9 pursuance ( ?is agreem5t1 ! gold 0 be+ weigh$ out1 ,camillus came up ) 8 army4 ,?is1 says our hi/orian1 0 contriv$ by ,=tune1 8t ! ,romans might n live !reaft] z m5 ransom$ = a price10 & ! matt] is notewor?y1 n only ) ref]5ce to ?is p>ticul> occasion1 b also z x be>s on ! me?ods g5]ally foll[$ by ?is republic4 ,= we nev] f9d ,rome seek+ to acquire t[ns1 or to pur*ase peace ) money1 b always confid+ 9 h] own w>like val\r1 :i* c\ld n1 ,i believe1 be said ( any o!r republic4 ,n[1 "o ( ! te/s :]eby to gauge ! /r5g? ( any ,/ate1 is to obs]ve on :at t]ms x lives ) its neighb\rs3 = :5 x s c>ries itself t1 to secure its fri5d%ip1 its neighb\rs pay x tribute1 ?is is a sure sign ( its /r5g?1 b :5 its neighb\rs1 ?\gh ( less reputation1 receive paym5ts f x1 ?is is a cle> pro( ( its weakness ,9 ! c\rse ( ! ,roman hi/ory we read h[ ! ,massilians1 ! ,eduans1 ! ,rhodians1 ,hi]o ( ,syracuse1 ! ,k+s ,eum5es & ,mass9issa1 all ( !m neighb\rs to ! ,roman fronti]s1 9 ord] to secure ! fri5d%ip ( ,rome1 submitt$ to impo/s & tribute :5ev] ,rome _h ne$ ( !m1 ask+ no return save h] protection4 ,b ) a weak ,/ate we f9d ! rev]se ( all ?is happ5+ ,&1 to beg9 ) our own republic ( ,flor5ce1 we "k t 9 times pa/1 :5 %e 0 at ! height ( h] r5[n1 !re 0 nev] a lordl+ ( ,romagna :o _h n a subsidy f h]1 to say no?+ ( :at %e paid to ! ,p]ugians1 to ! ,ca/ellans1 & to all h] o!r neighb\rs ,b _h our city be5 arm$ & /rong1 ! direct contr>y w\ld h be5 ! case1 =1 to obta9 h] protection1 all w\ld h p\r$ money into h] lap1 n seek+ to sell _! fri5d%ip b to pur*ase h]s4 ,nor are ! ,flor5t9es ! only p :o h liv$ on ?is di%on\rable foot+ ,! ,v5etians h done ! same1 nay1 ! ,k+ ( ,france himself1 = all 8 great dom9ions1 lives tribut>y to ! ,swiss & to ! ,k+ ( ,engl&2 & ?is because ! ,fr5* k+ & ! o!rs nam$1 ) a view to escape dang]s r imag9>y ?an real1 h dis>m$ _! subjects2 seek+ to reap a pres5t ga9 by wr++ money f !m1 r ?an foll[ a c\rse :i* w\ld secure _! own safety & ! la/+ welf>e ( _! c\ntry4 ,:i* ill-practices ( !irs1 ?\gh !y quiet ?+s = a "t1 mu/ 9 ! end exhau/ _! res\rces1 & give rise 9 seasons ( dang] to incurable mis*ief & disord]4 ,x w\ld be t$i\s to c\nt up h[ (t5 9 ! c\rse ( _! w>s1 ! ,flor5t9es1 ! ,v5etians1 & ! k+dom ( ,france h _h to ransom !mselves f _! enemies1 & to submit to an ignom9y to :i*1 once only1 ! ,romans 7 v ne> be+ subject$4 ,x w\ld be t$i\s1 too1 to recite h[ _m t[ns h be5 b\ght by ! ,flor5t9es & by ! ,v5etians1 :i*1 aft]w>ds1 h only be5 a tr\ble to !m1 f _! n kn[+ h[ to def5d ) iron :at !y _h won ) gold4 ,:ile ! ,romans cont9u$ free !y adh]$ to ?is m g5]\s & noble me?od1 b :5 !y came "u ! emp]ors1 & ^!1 aga91 began to det]iorate1 & to love ! %ade r ?an ! sun%9e1 !y also took to pur*as+ peace1 n[ f ! ,p>?ians1 n[ f ! ,g]mans1 & at o!r times f o!r neighb\r+ nations4 ,& ?is 0 ! beg9n+ ( ! decl9e ( _! great empire4 ,su* are ! evils t befall :5 y )hold arms f y\r subjects2 & ?is c\rse is att5d$ by ! /ill great] disadvantage1 t ! clos] an enemy presses y ! weak] he f9ds y4 ,= any "o :o foll[s ! evil me?ods ( :i* ,i speak1 mu/1 9 ord] to support troops :om he ?9ks c be tru/$ to keep (f 8 enemies1 be v exact+ 9 8 deal+s ) ^? ( 8 subjects :o dwell 9 ! he>t ( 8 dom9ions2 s9ce1 to wid5 ! int]val betwe5 himself & 8 enemies1 he mu/ subsidize ^? pr9ces & peoples :o adjo9 8 fronti]s4 ,/ates ma9ta9$ on ?is foot+ may make a little resi/ance on _! conf9es2 b :5 ^! are pass$ by ! enemy no fur!r def5ce rema9s4 ,^? :o pursue su* me?ods z ^! seem n to p]ceive t !y are oppos$ to reason & common s5se4 ,= ! he>t & vital p>ts ( ! body1 n ! extremities1 are ^? :i* we %\ld keep gu>d$1 s9ce we may live on )\t ! latt]1 b mu/ die if ! =m] be hurt4 ,b ! ,/ates ( :i* ,i speak1 leav+ ! he>t undef5d$1 def5d only ! h&s & feet4 ,! mis*ief :i* has ?us be51 & is at ?is day wr\ght 9 ,flor5ce is pla9 en\gh to see4 ,= s soon z an enemy p5etrates )9 h] fronti]s1 & approa*es h] he>t1 all is ov] ) h]4 ,& ! same 0 witness$ a few ye>s ago 9 ! case ( ! ,v5etians1 ^: city1 _h x n be5 girdl$ by ! sea1 mu/ !n h f\nd its end4 ,9 ,france1 inde$1 a l result has n be5 se5 s (t51 %e be+ s great a k+dom z to h few enemies mighti] ?an h]self4 ,nev]!less1 :5 ! ,engli% invad$ ,france 9 ! ye> #aeac1 ! :ole k+dom tott]$2 & ! ,k+ himself1 z well z e "o else1 _h to own t a s+le defeat might h co/ him 8 dom9ions4 ,b ) ! ,romans ! rev]se ( all ?is took place4 ,= ! ne>] an enemy approa*$ ,rome1 ! m completely he f\nd h] arm$ = resi/ance2 & accord+ly we see t on ! occasion ( ,hannibal's invasion ( ,italy1 ! ,romans1 aft] ?ree defeats1 & aft] ! slaught] ( s _m ( _! capta9s & soldi]s1 7 /ill able1 n m]ely to )/& ! invad]1 b ev51 9 ! end1 to come (f victori\s4 ,?is we may ascribe to ! he>t be+ well gu>d$1 :ile ! extremities 7 b little he$$4 ,= ! /r5g? ( ,rome re/$ on ! ,roman p !mselves1 on ! ,lat9 league1 on ! conf$]ate t[ns ( ,italy1 & on h] colonies1 f all ( :i* s\rces %e drew s num]\s an army1 z enabl$ h] to subdue ! :ole _w & to keep x 9 subjection4 ,! tru? ( :at ,i say may be fur!r se5 f ! "q put by ,hanno ! ,c>?ag9ian to ! mess5g]s s5t to ,c>?age by ,hannibal aft] 8 victory at ,cann4 ,= :5 ^! 7 vaunt+ ! a*ievem5ts ( ,hannibal1 !y 7 ask$ by ,hanno :e!r any "o _h come =w>d on behalf ( ! ,romans to propose t]ms ( peace1 & :e!r any t[n ( ! ,lat9 league or ( ! coloniz$ di/ricts _h revolt$ f ! ,romans4 ,& :5 to bo? inquiries ! envoys answ]$1 8,no10 ,hanno obs]v$ t ! w> 0 no ne>] an end ?an on ! day x 0 begun4 ,we c und]/&1 !re=e1 z well f :at has n[ be5 said1 z f :at ,i h (t5 said be=e1 h[ great a diff]5ce !re is betwe5 ! me?ods foll[$ by ! republics ( ! pres5t times1 & ^? foll[$ by ! republics ( antiquity2 & :y x is t we see e day a/\nd+ losses alt]nate ) extraord9>y ga9s4 ,= :]e m5 are weak1 ,=tune %[s h]self /rong2 & because %e *anges1 ,/ates & ,gov]nm5ts *ange ) h]2 & w cont9ue to *ange1 until "s "o arise1 :o1 foll[+ rev]5tly ! example ( ! anci5ts1 %all s control h]1 t %e %all n h opportunity ) e revolution ( ! sun to display anew ! greatness ( h] p[]4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxi4--,( ! ,dang] ( tru/+ bani%$ ,m54 ,! dang] ( tru/+ ^? :o are 9 exile f _! own c\ntry1 be+ "o to :i* ! rul]s ( ,/ates are (t5 expos$1 may1 ,i ?9k1 be fitly consid]$ 9 ^! ,disc\rses2 & ,i notice x ! m will+ly1 because ,i am able to illu/rate x by a memorable in/ance :i* ,titus ,livius1 ?\gh ) ano!r purpose1 relates 9 8 hi/ory4 ,:5 ,alex&] ! ,great pass$ ) 8 army into ,asia1 8 bro!r-9-law & uncle1 ,alex&] ( ,epirus1 came ) ano!r army into ,italy1 be+ invit$ ?i!r by ! bani%$ ,lucanians1 :o gave him to believe t1 ) _! aid1 he might get possession ( ! :ole ( t c\ntry4 ,b :51 confid+ 9 ! promises ( ^! exiles1 & f$ by ! hopes !y held out to him1 he came into ,italy1 !y put him to dea?1 _! fell[-citiz5s hav+ (f]$ to re/ore !m to _! c\ntry ^u ?is condition4 ,x behoves u1 !re=e1 to rememb] h[ empty are ! promises1 & h[ d\btful ! fai?1 ( m5 9 bani%m5t f _! native l&4 ,= z to _! fai?1 x may be assum$ t :5ev] !y c effect _! return by o!r means ?an y\rs1 not)/&+ any cov5ants !y may h made ) y1 !y w ?r[ y ov]1 & take "p ) _! c\ntrym54 ,& z = ! empty promises & delusive hopes :i* !y set be=e y1 s extreme is _! desire to return home t !y naturally believe _m ?+s :i* are untrue1 & design$ly misrepres5t _m o!rs2 s t betwe5 _! beliefs & :at !y say !y believe1 !y fill y ) false impressions1 on :i* if y build1 y\r lab\r is 9 va91 & y are l$ to engage 9 ent]prises f :i* no?+ b ru9 c result4 ,to ?is in/ance ( ,alex&] ,i %all add only "o o!r1 t1 namely1 ( ,!mi/ocles ! ,a!nian1 :o1 be+ proclaim$ a traitor1 fl$ into ,asia to ,d>ius1 to :om he made su* lavi% promises if he w\ld only attack ,greece1 t he induc$ him to und]take ! ent]prise4 ,b aft]w>ds1 :5 he c\ld n fulfil :at he _h promis$1 ei!r f %ame1 or ?r\gh fe> ( puni%m5t1 he poison$ himself4 ,b1 if su* a mi/ake z ?is 0 made by a man l ,!mi/ocles1 we may reckon t mi/akes /ill great] w be made by ^? :o1 be+ ( a feebl] nature1 suff] !mselves to be m completely sway$ by _! feel+s & wi%es ,:]e=e1 let a pr9ce be c>eful h[ he emb>ks 9 any ent]prise on ! repres5tations ( an exile2 = o!rwise1 he is likely ei!r to be put to %ame1 or to incur ! grave/ calamities4 ,because t[ns are sometimes1 ?\gh seldom1 tak5 by craft1 ?r\gh secret practices _h ) _! inhabitants1 ,i ?9k x n out ( place to discuss ! matt] 9 ! foll[+ ,*apt]1 :]e9 ,i %all likewise %[ 9 h[ _m ways ! ,romans 7 wont to make su* acquisitions4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxii4--,9 h[ _m ,ways ! ,romans ga9$ ,possession ( ,t[ns4 ,turn+ _! ?\ghts :olly to arms1 ! ,romans always conduct$ _! milit>y ent]prises 9 ! mo/ advantage\s way1 bo? z to co/ & e o!r circum/ance ( w>4 ,= :i* reason !y avoid$ attempt+ t[ns by siege1 judg+ ! exp5se & inconv5i5ce ( ?is me?od ( c>ry+ on w> greatly to outweigh any advantage to be ga9$ by x4 ,accord+ly1 !y ?\ght x bett] & m = _! int]e/ to r$uce t[ns 9 any o!r way ?an ?is2 & 9 all ^? ye>s dur+ :i* !y 7 con/antly engag$ 9 w>s we f9d v few in/ances ( _! proce$+ by siege4 ,= ! capture ( t[ns1 !re=e1 !y tru/$ ei!r to assault or to surr5d]4 ,assaults 7 effect$ ei!r by op5 =ce1 or by =ce & /ratagem comb9$4 ,:5 a t[n 0 assail$ by op5 =ce1 ! walls 7 /orm$ )\t be+ brea*$1 & ! assailants 7 said 8aggr$i urbem corona10 because !y encircl$ ! city ) _! entire /r5g? & kept up an attack on all sides4 ,9 ?is way !y (t5 succe$$ 9 c>ry+ t[ns1 & ev5 great t[ns1 at a fir/ onset1 z :5 ,scipio took new ,c>?age 9 ,spa94 ,b :5 !y fail$ to c>ry a t[n by /orm1 !y set !mselves to brea* ! walls ) batt]+ rams & o!r w>like eng9es2 or !y dug m9es s z to obta9 an entrance )9 ! walls1 ?is be+ ! me?od foll[$ 9 tak+ ,veii2 or else1 to be on a level ) ! def5d]s1 !y erect$ t[]s ( timb] or ?rew up m\nds ( e>? aga9/ ! outside ( ! walls s z to rea* ! top4 ,( ^! me?ods ( attack1 ! fir/1 :]e9 ! city 0 entirely surr\nd$1 expos$ ! def5d]s to m sudd5 p]ils & left !m m d\btful rem$ies4 ,= :ile x 0 necess>y = !m to h a suffici5t =ce at all po9ts1 x might happ5 t ! =ces at _! disposal 7 n num]\s en\gh to be ev]y:]e at once1 or to relieve "o ano!r4 ,or if _! numb]s 7 suffici5t1 !y might n all be equally resolute 9 /&+ _! gr\nd1 & _! failure at any "o po9t involv$ a g5]al defeat4 ,consequ5tly1 z ,i h said1 ?is me?od ( attack 0 (t5 successful4 ,b :5 x did n succe$ at ! fir/1 x 0 r>ely r5ew$1 be+ a me?od dang]\s to ! attack+ army1 :i* hav+ to secure itself along an ext5d$ l9e1 0 left ev]y:]e too weak to resi/ a sally made f ! t[n2 nay1 ( itself1 0 apt to fall into confusion & disord]4 ,?is me?od ( attack1 !re=e1 c\ld be attempt$ once only & by way ( surprise4 ,aga9/ brea*es 9 ! walls ! def5ce 01 z at ! pres5t day1 to ?r[ up new works2 :ile m9es 7 met by c\nt]-m9es1 9 :i* ! enemy 7 ei!r )/ood at ! po9t ( ! sword1 or baffl$ by "s o!r w>like contrivance2 z by fill+ casks ) fea!rs1 :i*1 be+ set on fire & plac$ 9 ! m9e1 *ok$ out ! assailants by _! smoke & /5*4 ,:]e t[]s 7 employ$ = ! attack1 ! def5d]s s\ght to de/roy !m ) fire2 & :]e m\nds ( e>? 7 ?r[n up aga9/ ! walls1 !y w\ld dig holes at ! base ( ! wall aga9/ :i* ! m\nd re/$1 & c>ry (f ! e>? :i* ! enemy 7 heap+ up2 :i*1 be+ remov$ f )9 z fa/ z x 0 ?r[n up f )\t1 ! m\nd made no progress4 ,none ( ^! me?ods ( attack c long be p]si/$ 9 & ! assailant1 if unsuccessful1 mu/ ei!r /rike 8 camp & seek victory 9 "s o!r direction1 z ,scipio did :5 he invad$ ,africa &1 aft] fail+ 9 ! attempt to /orm ,utica1 )drew f 8 attack on t t[n & turn$ 8 /r5g? aga9/ ! ,c>?ag9ian army 9 ! field2 or else rec\rse mu/ be _h to regul> siege1 z by ! ,romans at ,veii1 ,capua1 ,c>?age1 ,j]usalem1 & div]s o!r cities :i* !y r$uc$ 9 ?is way4 ,! capture ( t[ns by /ratagem comb9$ ) =ce is effect$1 z by ! ,romans at ,palopolis1 ?r\gh a secret und]/&+ ) "s )9 ! walls4 ,_m attempts ( ?is sort h be5 made1 bo? by ! ,romans & by o!rs1 b few successfully1 because ! lea/ h9drance dis>ranges ! plan ( action1 & because su* h9drances are v likely to occur4 ,= ei!r ! plot is discov]$ be=e x c be c>ri$ out1 z x readily may1 :e!r f trea*]y on ! "p ( ^? to :om x has be5 communicat$1 or f ! difficulties :i* att5d its inception1 ! prelim9>y arrangem5ts hav+ to be made ) ! enemy & ) p]sons ) :om x is n p]mitt$1 save "u "s pretext or o!r1 to hold int]c\rse2 or if x be n discov]$ :ile x is be+ contriv$1 a ?\s& difficulties w /ill be met ) 9 its execution4 ,= if y arrive ei!r be=e or aft] ! appo9t$ "t1 all is ru9$4 ,! fa9te/ s\nd1 z ( ! cackl+ ( ! geese 9 ! ,capitol1 ! lea/ dep>ture f "s ord9>y r\t9e1 ! mo/ trifl+ mi/ake or error1 m>s ! :ole ent]prise4 ,add to :i*1 ! d>kness ( night l5ds fur!r t]ror to ! p]ils ( su* und]tak+s2 :ile ! great majority ( ^? engag$ 9 !m1 hav+ no k ( ! di/rict or places into :i* !y are br\ght1 are bewild]$ & disconc]t$ by ! lea/ mi%ap1 & put to flight by e imag9>y dang]4 ,9 secret nocturnal ent]prises ( ?is sort1 no man 0 ev] m successful ?an ,aratus ( ,sicyon1 al?\gh 9 any enc\nt] by day !re nev] 0 a m arrant c[>d4 ,?is we mu/ suppose due r to "s special & occult quality inh]5t 9 ! man1 ?an to success be+ naturally to be look$ = 9 ! l attempts4 ,su* ent]prises1 accord+ly1 are (t5 plann$1 b few are put into execution1 & few] /ill ) success4 ,:5 cities are acquir$ by surr5d]1 ! surr5d] is ei!r volunt>y or "u compulsion2 volunt>y1 :5 ! citiz5s appeal to y = protection aga9/ "s ?reat5$ dang] f )\t1 z ,capua submitt$ to ! ,romans2 or :]e !y are mov$ by a desire to be bett] gov]n$1 & are attract$ by ! good gov]nm5t :i* he to :om !y surr5d] is se5 ex]cis+ ov] o!rs :o h plac$ !mselves 9 8 h&s2 z 0 ! case ) ! ,rhodians1 ! ,massilians1 & o!rs :o = l causes gave !mselves up to ! ,roman p4 ,compulsory surr5d]s take place1 ei!r z ! result ( a protract$ siege1 l ^? we h spok5 ( above2 or f ! c\ntry be+ cont9ually wa/$ by incursions1 =ays1 & simil> sev]ities1 to escape :i* a city makes its submission4 ,( ! me?ods :i* h be5 notic$1 ! ,romans1 9 pref]5ce to all o!rs1 us$ ?is la/2 & = f\r hundr$ & fifty ye>s made x _! aim to we> out _! neighb\rs by invasion & by defeat 9 ! op5 field1 :ile endeav\r+1 z ,i h else:]e said1 to e/abli% _! influ5ce ov] !m by treaties & conv5tions4 ,x 0 to ?is me?od ( w>f>e !re=e t !y always ma9ly tru/$1 because1 aft] try+ all o!rs1 !y f\nd none s free f inconv5i5ce & disadvantage--! proc$ure by siege involv+ exp5se & delay1 t by assault1 difficulty & dang]1 & t by secret practice1 unc]ta9ty & d\bt4 ,!y f\nd1 likewise1 t :ile 9 subdu+ "o ob/9ate city by siege _m ye>s might be wa/$1 a k+dom might be ga9$ 9 a s+le day by ! defeat ( a ho/ile army 9 ! field4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxiii4--,t ! ,romans intru/$ ! ,capta9s ( _! ,armies ) ! fulle/ ,p[]s4 ,9 read+ ?is ,hi/ory ( ,titus ,livius ) a view to pr(it by x1 ,i ?9k t all ! me?ods ( conduct foll[$ by ! ,roman p & s5ate m]it att5tion4 ,& among o!r ?+s fit to be consid]$1 x %\ld be not$1 ) h[ ample an au?ority !y s5t =? _! consuls1 _! dictators1 & ! o!r capta9s ( _! armies1 all ( :om we f9d clo!d ) ! fulle/ p[]s3 no o!r pr]ogative be+ res]v$ to itself by ! s5ate save t ( decl>+ w> & mak+ peace1 :ile ev]y?+ else 0 left to ! discretion & det]m9ation ( ! consul4 ,= s soon z ! p & s5ate _h resolv$ on w>1 = in/ance on a w> aga9/ ! ,lat9s1 !y ?rew all fur!r responsibility ^u ! consul1 :o might fight or decl9e battle z he pleas$1 & attack ?is or ! o!r city z he ?\ght fit4 ,t ?is 0 s1 is se5 9 _m in/ances1 & especially f :at happ5$ dur+ an exp$ition made aga9/ ! ,etruscans4 ,= ! consul ,fabius hav+ r\t$ t p ne> ,sutrium1 & ?9k+ to pass onw>d ?r\gh ! ,cim9ian =e/ into ,etruria1 s f> f seek+ ! advice ( ! s5ate1 gave !m no h9t :atev] ( 8 design1 al?\gh = its execution ! w> _h to be c>ri$ into a new1 difficult1 & dang]\s c\ntry4 ,we h fur!r witness to ! same effect1 9 ! action tak5 9 respect ( ?is ent]prise by ! s5ate1 :o be+ in=m$ ( ! victory obta9$ by ,fabius1 & appreh5d+ t he might decide to pass onw>d ?r\gh ! a=esaid =e/1 & deem+ x inexp$i5t t he %\ld incur risk by attempt+ ?is invasion1 s5t two mess5g]s to w>n him n to ent] ,etruria4 ,^! mess5g]s1 h[ev]1 did n come up ) ! consul until he _h already made 8 way into t c\ntry & ga9$ a second victory2 :51 in/ead ( oppos+ 8 fur!r advance1 !y return$ to ,rome to ann\nce 8 good =tune & ! glory :i* he _h won4 ,:oev]1 !re=e1 %all well consid] ! "* ( ! au?ority :]e( ,i speak1 w see t x 0 mo/ wisely accord$2 s9ce _h x be5 ! wi% ( ! s5ate t a consul1 9 conduct+ a w>1 %\ld proce$ /ep by /ep z !y might direct him1 ?is mu/ h made him at once less cauti\s & m dilatory2 because ! cr$it ( victory w\ld n !n h seem$ to be :olly 8 own1 b %>$ by ! s5ate on ^: advice he act$4 ,besides :i*1 ! s5ate mu/ h tak5 ^u itself ! task ( advis+ on matt]s :i* x c\ld n possibly und]/&2 = al?\gh x might conta9 among its memb]s all :o 7 mo/ v]s$ 9 milit>y affairs1 /ill1 s9ce ^! m5 7 n on ! spot1 & 7 ignorant ( _m p>ticul>s :i*1 if !y 7 to give s\nd advice1 x 0 necess>y = !m to "k1 !y mu/ 9 advis+ h made numb]less mi/akes4 ,= ^! reasons !y desir$ t ! consul %\ld act on 8 own responsibility1 & t ! hon\rs ( success %\ld be :olly 82 judg+ t ! love ( fame w\ld act on him at once z a spur & z a curb1 mak+ him d :atev] he _h to d well4 ,?is matt] ,i h ! r dwelt ^u because ,i obs]ve t our mod]n republics1 su* z ! ,v5etian & ! ,flor5t9e1 view x 9 a diff]5t light2 s t :5 _! capta9s1 commiss>ies1 or prov$ditori h a s+le gun to place 9 position1 ! au?orities at home mu/ be in=m$ & consult$2 a c\rse des]v+ ! same approval z is due to all ^? o!r me?ods ( !irs1 :i*1 "o ) ano!r1 h br\ght ,italy to h] pres5t condition4 ,,book ,,iii4 ,,*apt] ,i4--,= a ,sect or ,commonweal? to la/ long1 x mu/ (t5 be br\ght back to its ,beg9n+s4 ,d\btless1 all ! ?+s ( ?is _w h a limit set to _! duration2 yet ^? ( !m ! bodies :]e( h n be5 suff]$ to gr[ disord]$1 b h be5 s c>$ = t ei!r no *ange at all has be5 wr\ght 9 !m1 or1 if any1 a *ange = ! bett] & n = ! worse1 w run t c\rse :i* ,heav5 has 9 a g5]al way appo9t$ !m4 ,& s9ce ,i am n[ speak+ ( mix$ bodies1 = ,/ates & ,sects are s to be reg>d$1 ,i say t = !m ^! are :olesome *anges :i* br+ !m back to _! fir/ beg9n+s4 ,^? ,/ates consequ5tly /& sure/ & endure longe/ :i*1 ei!r by ! op]ation ( _! in/itutions c r5ew !mselves1 or come to be r5ew$ by accid5t ap>t f any design4 ,no?+1 h[ev]1 c be cle>] ?an t unless ?us r5ew$ ^! bodies d n la/4 ,n[ ! way to r5ew !m is1 z ,i h said1 to br+ !m back to _! beg9n+s1 s9ce all beg9n+s ( sects1 commonweal?s1 or k+doms mu/ ne$s h 9 !m a c]ta9 excell5ce1 by virtue ( :i* !y ga9 _! fir/ reputation & make _! fir/ gr[?4 ,b because 9 progress ( "t ?is excell5ce becomes corrupt$1 unless some?+ be done to re/ore x to :at x 0 at fir/1 ^! bodies necess>ily decay2 = z ! physicians tell u 9 speak+ ( ! human body1 8,some?+ or o!r is daily add$ :i* soon] or lat] w require treatm5t40#aj #aj 8,quod quotidie aggregatur aliquid quod qu&oque indiget curatione40 ,z reg>ds commonweal?s1 ?is return to ! po9t ( dep>ture is br\ght ab\t ei!r by extr9sic accid5t or by intr9sic =esight4 ,z to ! fir/1 we h se5 h[ x 0 necess>y t ,rome %\ld be tak5 by ! ,gauls1 t be+ ?us 9 a mann] reborn1 %e might recov] life & vig\r1 & resume ! obs]vances ( religion & ju/ice :i* %e _h suff]$ to gr[ ru/$ by neglect4 ,?is is well se5 f ^? passages ( ,livius :]e9 he tells u t :5 ! ,roman army 0 #8s5t =? aga9/ ! ,gauls1 & aga9 :5 tribunes 7 creat$ ) consul> au?ority1 no religi\s rites :atev] 7 celebrat$1 & :]e9 he fur!r relates h[ ! ,romans n only fail$ to puni% ! ?ree ,fabii1 :o contr>y to ! law ( nations _h f\ght aga9/ ! ,gauls1 b ev5 clo!d !m ) hon\r4 ,=1 f ^! in/ances1 we may well inf] t ! re/ ( ! wise ord9ances in/itut$ by ,romulus1 & ! o!r prud5t k+s1 _h begun to be held ( less acc\nt ?an !y des]v$1 & less ?an 0 ess5tial = ! ma9t5ance ( good gov]nm5t4 ,& !re=e x 0 t ,rome 0 visit$ by ?is calamity f )\t1 to ! end t all h] ord9ances might be re=m$1 & ! p taught t x behov$ !m n only to ma9ta9 religion & ju/ice1 b also to e/eem _! wor?y citiz5s1 & to prize _! virtues beyond any advantages ( :i* !y !mselves might seem to h be5 depriv$ at _! in/ance4 ,& ?is1 we f9d1 0 j ! effect produc$4 ,= no soon] 0 ! city retak51 ?an all ! ord9ances ( ! old religion 7 at once re/or$2 ! ,fabii1 :o _h f\ght 9 violation ( ! law ( nations1 7 puni%$2 & ! wor? & excell5ce ( ,camillus s fully recogniz$1 t ! s5ate & ! :ole p1 lay+ all jeal\sies aside1 once m committ$ to him ! entire *>ge ( public affairs4 ,x is necess>y !n1 z ,i h said already1 t :]e m5 dwell toge!r 9 a regulat$ society1 !y be (t5 rem9d$ ( ^? ord9ances 9 con=mity ) :i* !y ought to live1 ei!r by some?+ inh]5t 9 ^!1 or else by "s ext]nal accid5t4 ,a rem9d] is giv5 9 ! =m] ( ^! two ways1 ei!r by ! pass+ ( "s law :]eby ! memb]s ( ! society are br\ght to an acc\nt2 or else by "s man ( r>e wor? aris+ among !m1 ^: virtu\s life & example h ! same effect z a law4 ,9 a ,commonweal?1 accord+ly1 ?is end is s]v$ ei!r by ! virtues ( "s "o ( its citiz5s1 or by ! op]ation ( its in/itutions4 ,! in/itutions :]eby ! ,roman ,commonweal? 0 l$ back to its />t+ po9t1 7 ! tribune%ip ( ! p & ! c5sor%ip1 toge!r ) all ^? laws :i* 7 pass$ to *eck ! insol5ce & ambition ( its citiz5s4 ,su* in/itutions1 h[ev]1 require fre% life to be infus$ into !m by ! wor? ( "s "o man :o fe>lessly devotes himself to give !m effect 9 opposition to ! p[] ( ^? :o set !m at defiance4 ,( ! laws be+ ?us re9=c$ 9 ,rome1 be=e its capture by ! ,gauls1 we h notable examples 9 ! dea?s ( ! sons ( ,brutus1 ( ! ,decemvirs1 & ( ,manlius ,frum5t>ius2 & aft] its capture1 9 ! dea?s ( ,manlius ,capitol9us1 & ( ! son ( ,manlius ,torquatus 9 ! prosecution ( 8 ma/] ( ! knights by ,papirius ,cursor1 & 9 ! impea*m5t ( ! ,scipios4 ,su* examples z ^!1 be+ signal & extraord9>y1 _h ! effect1 :5ev] !y took place1 ( br++ m5 back to ! true /&>d ( "r2 b :5 !y came to be ( r>] occurr5ce1 !y left m5 m leisure to gr[ corrupt$1 & 7 att5d$ by great] dang] & di/urbance4 ,:]e=e1 betwe5 "o & ano!r ( ^! v9dications ( ! laws1 no m ?an t5 ye>s1 at mo/1 ought to int]v5e2 because aft] t "t m5 beg9 to *ange _! mann]s & to disreg>d ! laws2 & if no?+ occur to recall ! idea ( puni%m5t1 & unless fe> resume its hold on _! m9ds1 s _m (f5d]s sudd5ly spr+ up toge!r t x is impossible to puni% !m )\t dang]4 ,& to ?is purport x us$ to be said by ^? :o rul$ ,flor5ce f ! ye> #adcd to #adid1 t _! gov]nm5t c\ld h>dly be ma9ta9$ unless x 0 r5ew$ e five ye>s2 by :i* !y meant t x 0 necess>y = !m to ar\se ! same t]ror & al>m 9 m5's m9ds1 z !y inspir$ :5 !y fir/ assum$ ! gov]nm5t1 & :5 all :o (f5d$ aga9/ _! au?ority 7 signally *a/is$4 ,= :5 ! recollection ( su* *a/isem5t has di$ out1 m5 are embold5$ to engage 9 new designs1 & to speak ill ( _! rul]s2 = :i* ! only rem$y is to re/ore ?+s to :at !y 7 at fir/4 ,a republic may1 likewise1 be br\ght back to its orig9al =m1 )\t rec\rse to ord9ances = en=c+ ju/ice1 by ! m]e virtues ( a s+le citiz51 by reason t ^! virtues are ( su* influ5ce & au?ority t good m5 love to imitate !m1 & bad m5 are a%am$ to dep>t f !m4 ,^? to :om ,rome ow$ mo/ = s]vices ( ?is sort1 7 ,horatius ,cocles1 ,mutius ,scvola1 ! two ,decii1 ,atilius ,regulus1 & div]s o!rs1 ^: r>e excell5ce & g5]\s example wr\ght = _! city almo/ ! same results z might h be5 effect$ by ord9ances & laws4 ,& if to ^! in/ances ( individual wor? _h be5 add$1 e t5 ye>s1 "s signal en=cem5t ( ju/ice1 x w\ld h be5 impossible = ,rome ev] to h gr[n corrupt$4 ,b :5 bo? ( ^! incitem5ts to virtu\s behavior began to recur less frequ5tly1 corruption spread1 & aft] ! "t ( ,atilius ,regulus1 no l example 0 aga9 witness$4 ,= ?\gh ! two ,catos came lat]1 s great an int]val _h elaps$ be=e ! eld] ,cato appe>$1 & aga91 s long a p]iod int]v5$ betwe5 him & ! y\ng]1 & ^! two1 moreov]1 /ood s mu* alone1 t x 0 impossible = !m1 by _! influ5ce1 to "w any important *ange2 m especially = ! y\ng]1 :o f\nd ,rome s mu* corrupt$ t he c\ld d no?+ to improve 8 fell[-citiz5s4 ,?is is en\gh to say conc]n+ commonweal?s1 b z reg>ds sects1 we see f ! in/ance ( our own religion t "h too a l r5ewal is ne$$4 ,= _h n ?is religion ( ours be5 br\ght back to its orig9al condition by ,sa9t ,francis & ,sa9t ,dom9ick1 x mu/ soon h be5 utt]ly ext+ui%$4 ,!y1 h[ev]1 by _! volunt>y pov]ty1 & by _! imitation ( ! life ( ,*ri/1 rek9dl$ 9 ! m9ds ( m5 ! dy+ flame ( fai?2 & by ! efficaci\s rules :i* !y e/abli%$ av]t$ f our ,*ur* t ru9 :i* ! ill lives ( its prelates & heads mu/ o!rwise h br\ght ^u x4 ,= liv+ 9 pov]ty1 & ga9+ great au?ority ) ! p by confess+ !m & prea*+ to !m1 !y got !m to believe t x is evil to speak ill ev5 ( :at is evil2 & t x is good to be ob$i5t to rul]s1 :o1 if !y d amiss1 may be left to ! judgm5t ( ,god4 ,by :i* tea*+ ^! rul]s are enc\rag$ to behave z badly z !y c1 hav+ no fe> ( puni%m5ts :i* !y nei!r see nor cr$it4 ,nev]!less1 x is ?is r5ewal :i* has ma9ta9$1 & /ill ma9ta9s1 our religion4 ,k+doms also /& 9 ne$ ( a l r5ewal1 & to h _! laws re/or$ to _! =m] =ce2 & we see h[1 by att5d+ to ?is1 ! k+dom ( ,france has pr(it$4 ,= t k+dom1 m ?an any o!r1 lies "u ! control ( its laws & ord9ances1 :i* are ma9ta9$ by its p>liam5ts1 & m especially by ! p>liam5t ( ,p>is1 f :i* la/ !y d]ive fre% vig\r :5ev] !y h to be en=c$ aga9/ any pr9ce ( ! realm2 = ?is assembly pron\nces s5t5ce ev5 aga9/ ! k+ himself4 ,h]et(ore ?is p>liam5t has ma9ta9$ its "n z ! fe>less *ampion ( ! laws aga9/ ! nobles ( ! l&2 b %\ld x ev] at any future "t suff] wrongs to pass unpuni%$1 & %\ld (f5ces multiply1 ei!r ^! w h to be correct$ ) great di/urbance to ! ,/ate1 or ! k+dom itself mu/ fall to pieces4 ,?is1 !n1 is our conclusion--t no?+ is s necess>y 9 any society1 be x a religi\s sect1 a k+dom1 or a commonweal?1 z to re/ore to x t reputation :i* x _h at fir/1 & to see t x is provid$ ei!r ) :olesome laws1 or ) good m5 ^: actions may effect ! same ends1 )\t ne$ to resort to ext]nal =ce4 ,= al?\gh ?is la/ may sometimes1 z 9 ! case ( ,rome1 af=d an efficaci\s rem$y1 x is too haz>d\s a rem$y to make u ev] wi% to employ x4 ,& t all may und]/& h[ mu* ! actions ( p>ticul> citiz5s help$ to make ,rome great1 & h[ _m admirable results !y wr\ght 9 t city1 ,i %all n[ proce$ to set !m =? & exam9e !m2 ) :i* survey ?is ,?ird ,book ( m9e1 & la/ division ( ! ,fir/ ,decade ( ,titus ,livius1 %all be br\ght to a close4 ,b1 al?\gh great & notable actions 7 done by ! ,roman k+s1 nev]!less1 s9ce hi/ory has treat$ ( ^! at mu* l5g?1 "h ,i %all pass !m ov]1 & say no m ab\t ^! pr9ces1 save z reg>ds c]ta9 ?+s done by !m ) an eye to _! private int]e/4 ,i %all beg91 !re=e1 ) ,brutus1 ! fa!r ( ,roman fre$om4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4--,t on occasion x is wise to feign ,folly4 ,nev] did any man by ! mo/ spl5did a*ievem5ts ga9 = himself s great a "n = wisdom & prud5ce z is ju/ly due to ,junius ,brutus = feign+ to be a fool4 ,& al?\gh ,titus ,livius m5tions "o cause only z hav+ l$ him to assume ?is "p1 namely1 t he might live m securely & look aft] 8 patrimony2 yet on consid]+ 8 behavior we may believe t 9 c\nt]feit+ folly x 0 also 8 object to escape notice1 & s f9d bett] conv5i5ce to ov]?r[ ! k+s1 & to free 8 c\ntry :5ev] an occasion (f]$4 ,t ?is 0 9 8 m9d is se5 fir/ ( all f ! int]pretation he gave to ! oracle ( ,apollo1 :51 to r5d] ! gods fav\rable to 8 designs1 he pret5d$ to /umble1 & secretly kiss$ 8 "m e>?2 &1 aga91 f ?is1 t on ! dea? ( ,lucretia1 ?\gh h] fa!r1 h] husb&1 & o!rs ( h] k9sm5 7 pres5t1 he 0 ! fir/ to draw ! dagg] f h] w\nd1 & b9d ! by/&]s by oa? nev] m to suff] k+ to reign 9 ,rome4 ,f 8 example all :o are discont5t$ ) _! pr9ce are taught1 fir/ ( all1 to measure1 & to weigh _! /r5g?1 & if !y f9d !mselves /rong en\gh to disclose _! ho/ility & proclaim op5 w>1 !n to take t c\rse z at once ! nobl] & less dang]\s2 b1 if too weak to make op5 w>1 !n s$ul\sly to c\rt ! fav\r ( ! pr9ce1 us+ to t end all su* me?ods z !y may judge ne$ful1 adapt+ !mselves to 8 pleasures1 & %[+ delight 9 :atev] !y see him delight 94 ,su* an intimacy1 9 ! fir/ place1 enables y to live securely1 & p]mits y1 )\t incurr+ any risk1 to %>e ! happy =tunes ( ! pr9ce1 :ile x af=ds y e facility = c>ry+ out y\r plans4 ,"s1 no d\bt1 w tell y t y %\ld n /& s ne> ! pr9ce z to be involv$ 9 8 d[nfall2 nor yet at su* a di/ance t :5 he falls y %all be too f> (f to use ! occasion = ris+ on 8 ru94 ,b al?\gh ?is mean c\rse1 c\ld we only foll[ x1 7 c]ta9ly ! be/1 yet1 s9ce ,i believe x to be impracticable1 we mu/ resort to ! me?ods above indicat$1 & ei!r keep altoge!r alo(1 or else cleave closely to ! pr9ce4 ,:osoev] does o!rwise1 if he be ( great /ation1 lives 9 con/ant p]il2 nor w x avail him to say1 8,i conc]n myself ) no?+2 ,i covet nei!r hon\rs nor pref]m5t2 my sole wi% is to live a quiet & peaceful life40 ,= su* excuses1 ?\gh !y be li/5$ to1 are n accept$2 nor c any man ( great position1 h[ev] mu* & s9c]ely he desire x1 elect to live ?is life ( tranquillity s9ce 8 pr(essions w n be believ$2 s t al?\gh he might be cont5t$ to be let alone1 o!rs w n suff] him to be s4 ,:]e=e1 l ,brutus1 m5 mu/ feign folly2 & to play ! "p effectively1 & s z to please _! pr9ce1 mu/ say1 d1 see1 & praise ?+s contr>y to _! incl9ations4 ,b n[1 hav+ spok5 ( ! prud5ce %[n by ,brutus :5 he s\ght to recov] ! fre$om ( ,rome1 let u next speak ( ! sev]ity :i* he us$ to ma9ta9 x4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4--,t to pres]ve a newly acquir$ ,fre$om we mu/ slay ! ,sons ( ,brutus4 ,! sev]ity us$ by ,brutus 9 pres]v+ = ,rome ! fre$om he _h won = h]1 0 n less necess>y ?an useful4 ,! spectacle ( a fa!r sitt+ on ! judgm5t1 & n m]ely s5t5c+ 8 own sons to dea?1 b be+ himself pres5t at _! execution1 af=ds an example r>e 9 hi/ory4 ,b ^? :o /udy ! records ( anci5t times w und]/&1 t aft] a *ange 9 ! =m ( a gov]nm5t1 :e!r x be f a commonweal? to a tyranny or f a tyranny to a commonweal?1 ^? :o are ho/ile to ! new ord] ( ?+s mu/ always be visit$ ) signal puni%m5t4 ,s t he :o sets up z a tyrant & slays n ,brutus1 & he :o creates a free gov]nm5t & slays n ! sons ( ,brutus1 c nev] ma9ta9 himself long4 ,b s9ce ,i h else:]e treat$ ( ?is matt] at l>ge1 ,i %all m]ely ref] to :at has !re be5 said conc]n+ x1 & %all cite "h "o in/ance only1 happ5+ 9 our own days1 & memorable 9 ! hi/ory ( our c\ntry4 ,i speak ( ,pi]o ,sod]9i1 :o ?\ght by 8 pati5ce & goodness to ov]come ! v same temp] :i* prompt$ ! sons ( ,brutus to rev]t to ! old gov]nm5t1 & :o fail$ 9 ! endeav\r4 ,= al?\gh 8 sagacity %\ld h taught him ! necessity1 :ile *ance & ! ambition ( ^? :o attack$ him furni%$ him ) ! opportunity ( mak+ an end ( !m1 he nev] c\ld resolve to /rike ! bl[2 & n m]ely believ$ himself able to subdue disaffection by pati5ce & k9dness1 & to mitigate ! enmity ( p>ticul> m5 by ! rew>ds he held out to !m1 b also p]suad$ himself1 & (t5 decl>$ 9 ! pres5ce ( 8 fri5ds1 t he c\ld n confront opposition op5ly1 nor cru% 8 adv]s>ies1 )\t assum+ extraord9>y p[]s & pass+ laws de/ructive ( civil equality2 :i* measures1 al?\gh n aft]w>d us$ by him = tyrannical ends1 w\ld s al>m ! community1 t aft] 8 dea? !y w\ld nev] aga9 cons5t to appo9t a ,gonfaloni] = life1 an (fice :i* he judg$ x ess5tial bo? to ma9ta9 & /r5g!n4 ,n[ al?\gh ^! scruples ( 8 7 wise & good1 we ought nev] out ( reg>d = :at is good1 to suff] an evil to run its c\rse1 s9ce x may well happ5 t ! evil w prevail ov] ! good4 ,& ,pi]o %\ld h believ$ t z 8 acts & int5tions 7 to be judg$ by results1 he might1 if he liv$ & if =tune befri5d$ him1 h made x cle> to all1 t :at he did 0 done to pres]ve 8 c\ntry1 & n f p]sonal ambition2 & he might h s contriv$ matt]s t no successor ( 8 c\ld ev] turn to bad ends ! means :i* he _h us$ = good ends4 ,b he 0 misl$ by a preconceiv$ op9ion1 & fail$ to und]/& t ill-w is n to be vanqui%$ by "t nor propitiat$ by fav\rs4 ,&1 s1 f n kn[+ h[ to resemble ,brutus1 he lo/ p[]1 & fame1 & 0 driv5 an exile f 8 c\ntry4 ,t x is z h>d a matt] to pres]ve a pr9c$om z x is to pres]ve a commonweal?1 w be %[n 9 ! ,*apt] foll[+4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4--,t an ,usurp] is nev] safe 9 8 ,pr9c$om :ile ^? live :om he has depriv$ ( x4 ,f :at befell ! eld] ,t>qu9 at ! h&s ( ! sons ( ,ancus1 & ,s]vius ,tullius at ! h&s ( ,t>qu9 ! ,pr\d1 we see :at an ardu\s & p]il\s c\rse x is to /rip a k+ ( 8 k+dom & yet suff] him to live on1 hop+ to conciliate him by b5efits4 ,we see1 too1 h[ ! eld] ,t>qu9 0 ru9$ by 8 belief t he held ! k+dom by a j title1 s9ce x _h be5 giv5 him by ! p & confirm$ to him by ! s5ate1 nev] suspect+ t ! sons ( ,ancus w\ld be s /irr$ by res5tm5t t x w\ld be impossible to cont5t !m ) :at cont5t$ all ! re/ ( ,rome4 ,s]vius ,tullius aga91 0 ru9$ ?r\gh believ+ t he c\ld conciliate ! sons ( ,ancus by load+ !m ) fav\rs4 ,by ! fate ( ! fir/ ( ^! k+s e pr9ce may be w>n$ t he c nev] live securely 9 8 pr9c$om s long z ^? f :om he has tak5 x survive2 :ile ! fate ( ! second %\ld rem9d all rul]s t old injuries are n to be heal$ by subsequ5t b5efits1 & lea/ ( all :5 ! new b5efit is less 9 degree ?an ! injury suff]$4 ,&1 truly1 ,s]vius 0 want+ 9 wisdom :5 he imag9$ t ! sons ( ,t>qu9 w\ld cont5t$ly resign !mselves to be ! sons-9-law ( "o :om !y ?\ght %\ld be _! subject4 ,= ! desire to reign is s prevail+ a passion1 t x p5etrates ! m9ds n only ( ^? :o are rightful heirs1 b also ( ^? :o are n2 z happ5$ ) ! wife ( ! y\ng] ,t>qu91 :o 0 daught] to ,s]vius1 b :o1 possess$ by ?is madness1 & sett+ at naught all filial duty1 incit$ h] husb& to take h] fa!r's k+dom1 & ) x 8 life2 s mu* nobl] did %e e/eem x to be a que5 ?an ! daught] ( a k+4 ,b :ile ! eld] ,t>qu9 & ,s]vius ,tullius lo/ ! k+dom f n kn[+ h[ to secure !mselves aga9/ ^? :om !y _h depriv$ ( x1 ! y\ng] ,t>qu9 lo/ x f n obs]v+ ! ord9ances ( ! old k+s1 z %all be %[n 9 ! foll[+ ,*apt]4 ,,*apt] ,v4--,h[ an ,h]$it>y ,k+ may come to lose 8 ,k+dom4 ,t>qu9 ! ,pr\d1 :5 he _h put ,s]vius ,tullius to dea?1 inasmu* z ! latt] left no heirs1 took secure possession ( ! k+dom1 hav+ no?+ to fe> f any ( ^? dang]s :i* _h /ood 9 ! way ( 8 pr$ecessors4 ,& al?\gh ! means :]eby he made himself k+ 7 hateful & mon/r\s1 nev]!less1 _h he adh]$ to ! anci5t ord9ances ( ! e>li] k+s1 he might h be5 endur$1 nor w\ld he h ar\s$ bo? s5ate & p to comb9e aga9/ him & deprive him ( 8 gov]nm5t4 ,x 0 n1 !re=e1 because 8 son ,sextus violat$ ,lucretia t ,t>qu9 0 driv5 out1 b because he himself _h violat$ ! laws ( ! k+dom1 & gov]n$ z a tyrant1 /ripp+ ! s5ate ( all au?ority1 & br++ ev]y?+ "u 8 own control4 ,= all bus9ess :i* =m]ly _h be5 transact$ 9 public1 & ) ! sanction ( ! s5ate1 he caus$ to be transact$ 9 8 palace1 on 8 own responsibility1 & to ! displeasure ( e "o else1 & s v soon depriv$ ,rome ( :atev] fre$om %e _h enjoy$ "u h] o!r k+s4 ,nor 0 x en\gh = him to h ! ,fa!rs 8 enemies1 b he mu/ ne$s also k9dle ! commons aga9/ him1 we>+ !m out ) m]e me*anic lab\rs1 v diff]5t f ! ent]prises 9 :i* !y _h be5 employ$ by 8 pr$ecessors2 s t :5 ,rome ov]fl[$ ) in/ances ( 8 cruelty & pride1 he _h already dispos$ ! m9ds ( all ! citiz5s to rebel :5ev] !y f\nd ! opportunity4 ,:]e=e1 _h n occasion (f]$ 9 ! viol5ce done to ,lucretia1 "s o!r _h soon be5 f\nd to br+ ab\t ! same result4 ,b _h ,t>qu9 liv$ l ! o!r k+s1 :5 ,sextus 8 son committ$ t outrage1 ,brutus & ,collat9us w\ld h _h rec\rse to him to puni% ! (f5d]1 & n to ! commons ( ,rome4 ,& h5ce let pr9ces le>n t f ! h\r !y fir/ violate ^? laws1 cu/oms1 & usages "u :i* m5 h liv$ = a great :ile1 !y beg9 to weak5 ! f\ndations ( _! au?ority4 ,& %\ld !y1 aft] !y h be5 /ripp$ ( t au?ority1 ev] gr[ wise en\gh to see h[ easily pr9c$oms are pres]v$ by ^? :o are cont5t to foll[ prud5t c\nsels1 ! s5se ( _! loss w grieve !m f> m1 & condemn !m to a worse puni%m5t ?an any !y suff] at ! h&s ( o!rs4 ,= x is f> easi] to be lov$ by good m5 ?an by bad1 & to obey ! laws ?an to seek to control !m4 ,& to le>n :at means !y mu/ use to reta9 _! au?ority1 !y h only to take example by ! conduct ( good pr9ces1 su* z ,timoleon ( ,cor9?1 ,aratus ( ,sicyone1 & ! l1 9 ^: lives !y w f9d su* security & cont5t1 bo? on ! side ( ! rul] & ! rul$1 z ought to /ir !m ) ! desire to imitate !m1 :i*1 = ! reasons already giv51 x is easy = !m to d4 ,= m51 :5 !y are well gov]n$1 ask no m1 nor look = fur!r fre$om2 z 0 ! case ) ! peoples gov]n$ by ! two :om ,i h nam$1 :om !y con/ra9$ to cont9ue _! rul]s :ile !y liv$1 ?\gh bo? ( !m s\ght repeat$ly to return to private life4 ,b because1 9 ?is & ! two prec$+ ,*apt]s1 ,i h notic$ ! ill-w :i* arose aga9/ ! k+s1 ! plots contriv$ by ! sons ( ,brutus aga9/ _! c\ntry1 & ^? direct$ aga9/ ! eld] ,t>qu9 & ,s]vius ,tullius1 x seems to me n out ( place to disc\rse ( ^! matt]s m at l5g? 9 ! foll[+ ,*apt]1 z des]v+ ! att5tion bo? ( pr9ces & private citiz5s4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4--,( ,conspiracies4 ,x 7 an omission n to say some?+ on ! subject ( conspiracies1 ^! be+ a s\rce ( mu* dang] bo? to pr9ces & to private m54 ,= we see t _m m pr9ces h lo/ _! lives & /ates ?r\gh ^! ?an 9 op5 w>f>e2 p[] to wage op5 w> ^u a pr9ce be+ conc$$ to few1 :]eas p[] to conspire aga9/ him is d5i$ to none4 ,on ! o!r h&1 s9ce conspiracies are att5d$ at e /age by difficulties & dang]s1 no m haz>d\s or desp]ate und]tak+s c be engag$ 9 by any private citiz52 :5ce x comes t :ile _m conspiracies are plann$1 few effect _! object4 ,:]e=e1 to put pr9ces on _! gu>d aga9/ ^! dang]s1 & to make subjects m cauti\s h[ !y take "p 9 !m1 & r le>n to live cont5t "u :atev] gov]nm5t =tune has assign$ !m1 ,i %all treat ( !m at l5g?1 )\t omitt+ any notewor?y circum/ance :i* may s]ve = ! in/ruction ( ei!r4 ,?\gh1 inde$1 ?is is a gold5 s5t5ce ,( ,cornelius ,tacitus1 :]e9 he says t 8! pa/ %\ld h our rev]5ce1 ! pres5t our ob$i5ce1 & t we %\ld wi% = good pr9ces1 b put up ) any40#aa ,= assur$ly :osoev] does o!rwise is likely to br+ ru9 bo? on himself & on 8 c\ntry4 #aa ,tac4 ,hi/4 iv4 #h4 ,b1 to g deep] into ! matt]1 we h fir/ ( all to exam9e aga9/ :om conspiracies are direct$2 & we %all f9d t m5 conspire ei!r aga9/ _! c\ntry or _! pr9ce2 & x is ( ^! two k9ds ( conspiracy t at pres5t ,i desire to speak4 ,= ( conspiracies :i* h = _! object ! surr5d] ( cities to enemies :o are besieg+ !m1 & ( all o!rs contriv$ = l ends1 ,i h already said en\gh4 ,fir/1 !n1 ,i %all treat ( ^? conspiracies :i* are direct$ aga9/ a pr9ce1 & beg9 by inquir+ into _! causes1 :i* are manifold1 b ( :i* "o is m mom5t\s ?an all ! re/2 ,i mean1 ! be+ hat$ by ! :ole community4 ,= x may reasonably be assum$1 t :5 a pr9ce has drawn ^u himself ?is univ]sal hatr$1 he mu/ also h giv5 special (f5ce to p>ticul> m51 :i* !y w be eag] to av5ge4 ,& ?is eag]ness w be augm5t$ by ! feel+ ( g5]al ill-w :i* ! pr9ce is se5 to h incurr$4 ,a pr9ce ought1 !re=e1 to avoid ?is load ( public hatr$4 ,h[ he is to d s ,i ne$ n /op "h to expla91 hav+ discuss$ ! matt] already 9 ano!r place2 b if he c gu>d aga9/ ?is1 (f5ce giv5 to p>ticul> m5 w expose him to b few attacks4 ,"o reason be+1 t !re are few m5 :o ?9k s mu* ( an injury done !m z to run great risks to rev5ge x2 ano!r1 t assum+ !m to h bo? ! disposition & ! c\rage to av5ge !mselves1 !y are re/ra9$ by ! univ]sal fav\r :i* !y see ent]ta9$ t[>ds ! pr9ce4 ,injuries are ei!r to a man's life1 to 8 prop]ty1 or to 8 hon\r4 ,z reg>ds ! fir/1 !y :o ?reat5 injuries to life incur m dang] ?an !y :o actually inflict !m2 or r1 :ile great dang] is incurr$ 9 ?reat5+1 none at all is incurr$ f inflict+ su* injuries4 ,= ! dead are pa/ ?9k+ ( rev5ge2 & ^? :o survive1 = ! mo/ "p leave su* ?\ghts to ! dead4 ,b he ^: life is ?reat5$1 f9d+ himself =c$ by necessity ei!r to d or suff]1 becomes a man mo/ dang]\s to ! pr9ce1 z %all be fully expla9$ h]eaft]4 ,aft] m5aces to life1 injuries to prop]ty & hon\r /ir m5 m ?an any o!rs1 & ( ^! a ,pr9ce has mo/ to bew>e4 ,= he c nev] /rip a man s b>e ( 8 possessions z n to leave him "s weapon :]e) to r$ress 8 wrongs1 nor ev] s f> di%on\r him z to quell ! /ubborn _s :i* prompts rev5ge4 ,( all di%on\rs ^? done to ! wom5 ( a h\sehold are ! wor/2 aft] :i* come su* p]sonal indignities z n]v$ ! arm ( ,pausanias aga9/ ,philip ( ,mac$on1 & ( _m ano!r aga9/ o!r pr9ces2 &1 9 our own days1 x 0 no o!r reason t mov$ ,giulio ,belanti to conspire aga9/ ,p&olfo1 "l ( ,si5a1 ?an t ,p&olfo1 :o _h giv5 him 8 daught] to wife1 aft]w>ds took h] f him1 z pres5tly %all be told4 ,*ief among ! causes :i* l$ ! ,pazzi to conspire aga9/ ! ,m$ici1 0 ! law pass$ by ! latt] depriv+ !m ( ! inh]itance ( ,giovanni ,bonromei4 ,ano!r mo/ p[]ful motive to conspire aga9/ a pr9ce is ! desire m5 feel to free _! c\ntry f a usurp]4 ,?is x 0 :i* impell$ ,brutus & ,cassius to conspire aga9/ ,cs>1 & c\ntless o!rs aga9/ su* tyrants z ,phal>is1 ,dionysius1 & ! l4 ,aga9/ ?is hum\r no tyrant c gu>d1 except by lay+ d[n 8 tyranny2 :i* z none w d1 few escape an unhappy end4 ,:5ce ! v]ses ( ,juv5al3-- 8,few tyrants die a peaceful dea?1 & few ,! k+s :o visit ,pros]p9e's dread "l1 ,unsca!d by w\nds & blood40#ab #ab ,ad g5]um ,c]]is s9e ca$e et vuln]e pauci ,desc5dunt reges1 et sicca morte tiranni4 ,juv4 ,sat4 x4 #aab4 ,great1 z ,i h said already1 are ! dang]s :i* m5 run 9 conspir+2 = at all times !y are 9 p]il1 :e!r 9 contriv+1 9 execut+1 or aft] execution4 ,& s9ce 9 conspiracies ei!r _m are engag$1 or "o only 7= al?\gh x _c prop]ly be said ( "o man t he conspires1 !re may exi/ 9 him ! fix$ resolve to put ! pr9ce to dea?71 x is only ! solit>y plott] :o escapes ! fir/ ( ^! ?ree /ages ( dang]4 ,= he runs no risk be=e execut+ 8 design1 s9ce z he imp>ts x to none1 !re is none to br+ x to ! e> ( ! pr9ce4 ,a delib]ate resolve l ?is may be conceiv$ by a p]son 9 any rank ( life1 high or l[1 base or noble1 & :e!r or no he be ! famili> ( 8 pr9ce4 ,= e "o mu/1 at "s "t or o!r1 h leave to speak to ! pr9ce1 & :oev] has ?is leave has opportunity to accompli% 8 design4 ,pausanias1 ( :om we h made m5tion s (t51 slew ,philip ( ,mac$on z he walk$ betwe5 8 son & 8 son-9-law to ! temple1 surr\nd$ by a ?\s& arm$ gu>ds4 ,pausanias inde$ 0 noble1 & kn[n to ! pr9ce1 b ,f]d9& ( ,spa9 0 /abb$ 9 ! neck by a poor & mis]able ,spani>d2 & ?\gh ! w\nd 0 n mortal1 x suffic$ to %[ t nei!r c\rage nor opportunity 7 want+ to ! w\ld-be-assass94 ,a ,d]vi%1 or ,turki% prie/1 drew 8 scimit> on ,bajazet1 fa!r ( ! ,sultan n[ reign+1 & if he did n w\nd him1 x 0 f no lack ei!r ( d>+ or ( opportunity4 ,& ,i believe t !re are _m :o 9 _! m9ds desire ! de$1 no puni%m5t or dang] att5d+ ! m]e wi%1 ?\gh !re be b few :o d>e d x4 ,= s9ce few or none :o v5ture1 escape dea?1 few are will+ to g =w>d to c]ta9 de/ruction4 ,b to pass f ^! solit>y attempts to ^? 9 :i* sev]al are engag$1 ,i affirm x to be %[n by hi/ory t all su* plots h be5 contriv$ by m5 ( great /ation1 or by ^? :o h be5 on t]ms ( close intimacy ) ! pr9ce1 s9ce no o!rs1 n be+ d[nright madm51 w\ld ev] ?9k ( conspir+4 ,= m5 ( humble rank1 & su* z are n ! intimates ( _! pr9ce1 are nei!r f$ by ! hopes nor possess$ ( ! opportunities ess5tial = su* attempts4 ,because1 9 ! fir/ place1 m5 ( l[ degree w nev] f9d any to keep fai? ) !m1 none be+ mov$ to jo9 9 _! s*emes by ^? expectations :i* enc\rage m5 to run great risks2 :]e=e1 s soon z _! design has be5 imp>t$ to two or ?ree1 !y are betray$ & ru9$4 ,or1 assum+ !m =tunate en\gh to h no traitor ( _! numb]1 !y w be s hamp]$ 9 ! execution ( _! plot by ! want ( easy access to ! pr9ce1 t !y are sure to p]i% 9 ! m]e attempt4 ,= if ev5 m5 ( great position1 :o h ready access to ! pr9ce1 succumb to ! difficulties :i* ,i %all pres5tly notice1 ^? difficulties mu/ be inf9itely increas$ 9 ! case ( m5 :o are )\t ^! advantages4 ,& because :5 life & prop]ty are at /ake m5 are n utt]ly reckless1 on p]ceiv+ !mselves to be weak !y gr[ cauti\s1 & ?\gh curs+ ! tyrant 9 _! he>ts1 are cont5t to endure him1 & to wait until "s "o ( high] /ation ?an !y1 comes =w>d to r$ress _! wrongs4 ,s t %\ld we ev] f9d ^! weakl+s attempt+ any?+1 we may comm5d _! c\rage r ?an _! prud5ce4 ,we see1 h[ev]1 t ! great majority ( conspirators h be5 p]sons ( position & ! famili>s ( _! pr9ce1 & t _! plots h be5 z (t5 ! consequ5ce ( excessive indulg5ce z ( excessive injury2 z :5 ,p]5nius conspir$ aga9/ ,commodus1 ,plautianus aga9/ ,sev]us1 & ,sejanus aga9/ ,tib]ius2 all ( :om _h be5 rais$ by _! ma/]s to su* weal?1 hon\rs1 & dignities1 t no?+ seem$ want+ to _! au?ority save ! imp]ial "n4 ,t !y might n lack ?is also1 !y fell to conspir+ aga9/ _! pr9ce2 b 9 e in/ance _! conspiracies _h ! end :i* _! +ratitude des]v$4 ,! only in/ance 9 rec5t times ( su* attempts succe$+1 is ! conspiracy ( ,jacopo ,,iv4 d',appiano aga9/ ,mess] ,pi]o ,gambacorti1 "l ( ,pisa4 ,= ,jacopo1 :o _h be5 br$ & br\ght up by ,pi]o1 & load$ by him ) hon\rs1 depriv$ him ( 8 ,/ate4 ,simil> to ?is1 9 our own days1 0 ! conspiracy ( ,coppola aga9/ ,k+ ,f]d9& ( ,aragon4 ,= ,coppola _h rea*$ su* a pit* ( p[] t he seem$ to himself to h ev]y?+ b sov]eignty2 9 seek+ to obta9 :i* he lo/ 8 life2 ?\gh if any plot ent]$ into by a man ( great position c\ld be expect$ to succe$1 ?is c]ta9ly might1 be+ contriv$1 z we may say1 by ano!r k+1 & by "o :o _h ! ample/ opportunities = its accompli%m5t4 ,b t lu/ ( p[] :i* bl9ds m5 to dang]s d>k5$ ! m9ds ( ^? to :om ! execution ( ! s*eme 0 committ$2 :o1 _h !y only kn[n h[ to add prud5ce to _! villa9y1 c\ld h>dly h miss$ _! aim4 ,! pr9ce1 !re=e1 :o w\ld gu>d himself aga9/ plots1 ought m to fe> ^? m5 to :om he has be5 too indulg5t1 ?an ^? to :om he has done great wrongs4 ,= ! latt] lack opportunities :i* ! =m] h 9 abundance2 & ! mov+ cause is equally /rong 9 bo?1 lu/ ( p[] be+ at lea/ z /rong a passion z lu/ ( rev5ge4 ,:]e=e1 a pr9ce %\ld entru/ 8 fri5ds ) s mu* au?ority only z leaves a c]ta9 int]val betwe5 8 position & !irs2 t betwe5 ! two some?+ be /ill left !m to desire4 ,o!rwise x w be /range if he d n f>e l ^? pr9ces :o h be5 nam$ above4 ,b to return f ?is digression1 ,i say1 t hav+ %[n x to be necess>y t conspirators %\ld be m5 ( great /ation1 & su* z h ready access to ! pr9ce1 we h next to consid] :at h be5 ! results ( _! plots1 & to trace ! causes :i* h made !m succe$ or fail4 ,n[1 z ,i h said already1 we f9d t conspiracies are att5d$ by dang] at ?ree /ages3 be=e dur+1 & aft] _! execution2 = :i* reason v few ( !m h _h a happy issue2 x be+ next to impossible to surm\nt all ^! diff]5t dang]s successfully4 ,& to beg9 ) ^? :i* are incurr$ be=eh&1 & :i* are grav] ?an all ! re/1 ,i say t he mu/ be bo? v prud5t & v =tunate :o1 :5 contriv+ a conspiracy1 does n suff] 8 secret to be discov]$4 ,conspiracies are discov]$ ei!r by disclosures made1 or by conjecture4 ,disclosures are made ?r\gh ! trea*]y or folly ( ^? to :om y communicate y\r design4 ,trea*]y is to be look$ =1 because y c imp>t y\r plans only to su* p]sons z y believe ready to face dea? on y\r behalf1 or to ^? :o are discont5t$ ) ! pr9ce4 ,( m5 :om y c tru/ ?us implicitly1 "o or two may be f\nd2 b :5 y h to op5 y\r designs to _m1 !y _c all be ( ?is nature2 & _! goodwill t[>ds y mu/ be extreme if !y are n daunt$ by ! dang] & by fe> ( puni%m5t4 ,moreov] m5 commonly deceive !mselves 9 respect ( ! love :i* !y imag9e o!rs be> !m1 nor c ev] be sure ( x until !y h put x to ! pro(4 ,b to make pro( ( x 9 a matt] l ?is is v p]il\s2 & ev5 if y h prov$ x already1 & f\nd x true 9 "s o!r dang]\s trial1 y _c assume t !re w be ! same fidelity "h1 s9ce ?is f> transc5ds e o!r k9d ( dang]4 ,aga91 if y gauge a man's fidelity by 8 discont5t ) ! pr9ce1 y may easily deceive y\rself2 = s soon z y h tak5 ?is discont5t$ man into y\r confid5ce1 y h suppli$ him ) ! means :]eby he may become cont5t$2 s t ei!r 8 hatr$ ( ! pr9ce mu/ be great inde$1 or y\r influ5ce ov] him extraord9>y1 if x keep him fai?ful4 ,h5ce x comes t s _m conspiracies h be5 discov]$ & cru%$ 9 _! e>lie/ /age1 & t :5 ! secret is pres]v$ among _m accomplices = any l5g? ( "t1 x is look$ on z a miracle2 z 9 ! case ( ! conspiracy ( ,piso aga9/ ,n]o1 &1 9 our own days1 9 t ( ! ,pazzi aga9/ ,lor5zo & ,giuliano de' ,m$ici2 :i* la/1 ?\gh m ?an fifty p]sons 7 privy to x1 0 n discov]$ until x came to be c>ri$ out4 ,conspiracies are disclos$ ?r\gh ! imprud5ce ( a conspirator :5 he talks s indiscreetly t "s s]vant1 or o!r p]son n 9 ! plot1 ov]he>s him2 z happ5$ ) ! sons ( ,brutus1 :o1 :5 treat+ ) ! envoys ( ,t>qu91 7 ov]he>d by a slave1 :o became _! accus]2 or else ?r\gh y\r own weakness 9 imp>t+ y\r secret to "s woman or boy :om y love1 or to "s o!r su* light p]son2 z :5 ,dymnus1 :o 0 "o ( ^? :o conspir$ ) ,philotas aga9/ ,alex&] ! ,great1 reveal$ ! plot to ,nicoma*us1 a y\? :om he lov$1 :o at once told ,cebal9us1 & ,cebal9us ! k+4 ,( discov]ies by conjecture we h an in/ance 9 ! conspiracy ( ,piso aga9/ ,n]o2 = ,scaev9us1 "o ( ! conspirators1 ! day be=e he 0 to kill ,n]o1 made 8 w1 lib]at$ all 8 slaves & gave !m money1 & bade ,mili*us1 8 fre$man1 %>p5 8 old ru/y dagg]1 & h b&ages ready = b9d+ up w\nds4 ,f all :i* prep>ations ,mili*us conjectur+ :at "w 0 9 h&1 accus$ ,scaev9us be=e ,n]o2 :]eupon ,scaev9us 0 arre/$1 & ) him ,natalis1 ano!r ( ! conspirators1 :o ! day be=e _h be5 se5 to speak ) him = a long "t 9 private2 & :5 ! two diff]$ 9 _! acc\nt ( :at !n pass$ betwe5 !m1 !y 7 put to ! torture & =c$ to confess ! tru?4 ,9 ?is way ! conspiracy 0 br\ght to light1 to ! ru9 ( all conc]n$4 ,aga9/ ^! causes ( ! discov]y ( conspiracies x is impossible s to gu>d z t ei!r ?r\gh trea*]y1 want ( caution1 or levity1 ! secret %all n be f\nd out1 :5ev] m ?an ?ree or f\r p]sons are privy to x4 ,& :5ev] m ?an "o conspirator is arre/$1 ! plot is c]ta9 to be detect$1 because no two p]sons c p]fectly agree 9 a false acc\nt ( :at has pass$ betwe5 !m4 ,if only "o be tak51 %\ld he be a man ( resolute c\rage1 he may refuse to implicate 8 comrades2 b !y on _! "p mu/ h no less c\rage1 to /ay quiet :]e !y are1 & n betray !mselves by flight2 = if c\rage be abs5t any:]e1 :e!r 9 him :o is tak5 or 9 ^? /ill at l>ge1 ! conspiracy is reveal$4 ,& :at is relat$ by ,titus ,livius z hav+ happ5$ 9 ! conspiracy aga9/ ,hi]onymus1 tyrant ( ,syracuse1 is mo/ extraord9>y1 namely1 t on ! capture ( "o ( ! conspirators1 nam$ ,!odorus1 he1 ) great =titude1 )held ! names ( all 8 accomplices1 & accus$ fri5ds ( ! tyrant2 :ile 8 companions1 on _! "p1 tru/$ s completely 9 8 c\rage1 t n "o ( !m quitt$ ,syracuse or %[$ any sign ( fe>4 ,all ^! dang]s1 !re=e1 :i* att5d ! contrivance ( a plot1 mu/ be pass$ ?r\gh be=e y come to its execution2 or if y w\ld escape !m1 y mu/ obs]ve ! foll[+ precautions3 ,y\r fir/ & sure/1 nay1 to say tru?1 y\r only safegu>d1 is to leave y\r accomplices no "t to accuse y2 = :i* reason y mu/ imp>t ! affair to !m1 only at ! mom5t :5 y mean x to be c>ri$ out1 & n be=e4 ,^? :o h foll[$ ?is c\rse h :olly escap$ ! prelim9>y dang]s ( conspiracies1 &1 g5]ally speak+1 ! o!rs also2 inde$1 ,i may say t !y h all succe$$1 & t x is op5 to e prud5t man to act z !y did4 ,x w be en\gh to give two in/ances ( plots effect$ 9 ?is way4 ,nelematus1 unable to endure ! tyranny ( ,ari/otimus1 despot ( ,epirus1 assembl+ _m ( 8 fri5ds & k9sm5 9 8 h\se1 exhort$ !m to free _! c\ntry2 & :5 "s ( !m ask$ = "t to consid] & mature _! plans1 he bade 8 slaves close ! doors1 & told ^? assembl$ t unless !y swore to g at once & d z he direct$ he w\ld make !m ov] to ,ari/otimus z prison]s4 ,al>m$ by 8 ?reats1 !y b\nd !mselves by a solemn oa?1 & go+ =? at once & )\t delay1 successfully c>ri$ out 8 bidd+4 ,a c]ta9 ,magus hav+ fraudul5tly usurp$ ! ?rone ( ,p]sia2 ,ortanes1 a gr&ee ( t realm1 discov]+ ! fraud1 disclos$ x to six o!rs ( ! *ief nobility1 tell+ !m t x behov$ !m to free ! k+dom f ! tyranny ( ?is impo/or4 ,& :5 "s among !m ask$ = "t1 ,d>ius1 :o 0 "o ( ! six summon$ by ,ortanes1 /ood up & said1 8,ei!r we g at once to d ?is de$1 or ,i g to ! ,magus to accuse y all40 ,:]eupon1 all ris+ toge!r1 )\t "t giv5 to any to *ange 8 m9d1 !y w5t =? & succe$$ 9 effect+ _! end4 ,n unlike ^! in/ances 0 ! plan tak5 by ! ,etolians to rid !mselves ( ,nabis1 ! ,sp>tan tyrant1 to :om1 "u pret5ce ( succ\r+ him1 !y s5t ,alasam5es1 _! fell[-citiz51 ) two hundr$ foot soldi]s & ?irty horsem54 ,= !y imp>t$ _! real design to ,alasam5es only1 *>g+ ! re/1 "u pa9 ( exile1 to obey him 9 :atev] he comm&$4 ,alasam5es repair$ to ,sp>ta1 & nev] divulg$ 8 commission till ! "t came = execut+ x2 & s succe$$ 9 putt+ ,nabis to dea?4 ,x 01 !re=e1 by ! precautions !y obs]v$1 t ! p]sons ( :om ,i h j n[ spok5 escap$ all ^? p]ils t att5d ! contrivance ( conspiracies2 & any foll[+ _! example may expect ! l good =tune4 ,& t all may le>n to d z !y did ,i %all notice ! case ( ,piso1 ( :i* m5tion has be=e be5 made4 ,by reason ( 8 rank1 8 reputation1 & ! intimate t]ms on :i* he liv$ ) ,n]o1 :o tru/$ him )\t res]ve1 & w\ld (t5 come to 8 g>d5 to sup ) him1 ,piso 0 able to ga9 ! fri5d%ip ( _m p]sons ( _s & c\rage1 & well fitt$ 9 e way to take "p 9 8 plot aga9/ ! emp]or1 :i*1 "u ^! circum/ances1 might easily h be5 c>ri$ out4 ,= :5 ,n]o came to 8 g>d51 ,piso c\ld readily h communicat$ 8 design to ^? fri5ds ( 81 & ) suitable words h enc\rag$ !m to d :at1 9 fact1 !y w\ld n h _h "t to )draw f1 & 0 c]ta9 to succe$4 ,& 7 we to exam9e all simil> attempts1 x w\ld be se5 t !re are few :i* might n h be5 effect$ 9 ! mann] %[n4 ,b s9ce mo/ m5 are v ignorant ( practical affairs1 !y commit ! grave/ blund]s1 especially 9 matt]s :i* lie1 z ?is does1 a little way out ( ! beat5 track4 ,:]e=e1 ! contriv] ( a plot ought nev]1 if he c help x1 to communicate 8 design until ! mom5t :5 x is to be execut$2 or if he mu/ communicate x1 !n to "s "o man only1 ) :om he has long be5 intimate1 & :om he kn[s to be mov$ by ! same feel+s z himself4 ,to f9d "o su* p]son is f> easi] ?an to f9d sev]al1 &1 at ! same "t1 involves less risk2 = ?\gh ?is "o man play y false1 y are n left altoge!r )\t res\rce1 z y are :5 y\r accomplices are num]\s4 ,= ,i h he>d x %rewdly said t to "o man y may imp>t any?+1 s9ce1 unless y h be5 l$ to commit y\rself by writ+1 y\r d5ial w g z f> z 8 ass]tion4 ,%un writ+1 !re=e1 z y w\ld a rock1 = !re is no?+ s damn+ z a lett] "u y\r own h&4 ,plautianus1 desir+ to procure ! dea?s ( ! ,emp]or ,sev]us & 8 son ,c>acalla1 intru/$ ! bus9ess to ! tribune ,saturn9us1 :o1 be+ m dispos$ to betray ?an obey ,plautianus1 b at ! same "t afraid t1 if x came to lay+ a *>ge1 ,plautianus might be believ$ soon] ?an he1 ask$ him = a writt5 au?ority1 t 8 commission might be cr$it$4 ,bl9d$ by ambition1 ,plautianus compli$1 & =?) 0 accus$ by ,saturn9us & f\nd guilty2 :]eas1 b = t writt5 w>rant1 toge!r ) o!r corroborat+ pro(s1 he mu/ h escap$ by 8 bold d5ial ( ! *>ge4 ,aga9/ ! te/imony ( a s+le witness1 y h ?us "s def5ce1 unless convict$ by y\r own h&writ+1 or by o!r circum/antial pro( aga9/ :i* y mu/ gu>d4 ,a woman1 nam$ ,epi*>is1 :o _h =m]ly be5 a mi/ress ( ,n]o1 0 privy to ,piso's conspiracy1 & ?9k+ x might be useful to h ! help ( a c]ta9 capta9 ( triremes :om ,n]o _h among 8 body-gu>ds1 %e acqua9t$ him ) ! plot1 b n ) ! names ( ! plott]s4 ,?is fell[1 turn+ traitor1 & accus+ ,epi*>is to ,n]o1 s /\tly did %e d5y ! *>ge1 t ,n]o1 conf\nd$ by h] effront]y1 let h] g4 ,9 imp>t+ a plot to a s+le p]son !re are1 !re=e1 two risks3 "o1 t he may come =w>d ( 8 own accord to accuse y2 ! o!r1 t if arre/$ on suspicion1 or on "s pro( ( 8 guilt1 he may1 on be+ convict$1 9 ! hope to escape puni%m5t1 betray y4 ,b 9 nei!r ( ^! dang]s are y left )\t a def5ce2 s9ce y may meet ! "o by ascrib+ ! *>ge to ! malice ( y\r accus]1 & ! o!r by alleg+ t ! witness 8 be5 =c$ by torture to say :at is untrue4 ,! wise/ c\rse1 h[ev]1 is to imp>t y\r design to none1 b to act l ^? :o h be5 m5tion$ above2 or if y imp>t x1 !n to "o only3 = al?\gh ev5 9 ?is c\rse !re be a c]ta9 degree ( dang]1 x is f> less ?an :5 _m are admitt$ to y\r confid5ce4 ,a case ne>ly resembl+ t j n[ notic$1 is :]e an em]g5cy1 s urg5t z to leave y no "t to provide o!rwise = y\r safety1 con/ra9s y to d to a pr9ce :at y see him m9d$ to d to y4 ,a necessity ( ?is sort leads almo/ always to ! end desir$1 z two in/ances may suffice to %[4 ,among ! close/ fri5ds & intimates ( ! ,emp]or ,commodus1 7 two capta9s ( ! pretorian gu>ds1 ,letus & ,electus1 :ile among ! mo/ fav\r$ ( 8 di/resses 0 a c]ta9 ,m>tia4 ,b because ^! ?ree (t5 reprov$ him = 8 mann] ( liv+1 z disgraceful to himself & to 8 /ation1 he resolv$ to rid himself ( !m2 & s wrote _! names1 along ) ^? ( c]ta9 o!rs :om he meant %\ld be put to dea? ! next night1 9 a li/ :i* he plac$ "u ! pill[ ( 8 b$4 ,b on 8 go+ to ba!1 a boy1 :o 0 a fav\rite ( 81 :ile play+ ab\t 8 room & on 8 b$1 f\nd ! li/1 & com+ out ( ! *amb] ) x 9 8 h&1 0 met by ,m>tia1 :o took x f him1 & on read+ x & f9d+ :at x conta9$1 s5t = ,letus & ,electus4 ,& all ?ree recogniz+ ! dang] 9 :i* !y /ood1 resolv$ to be be=eh& ) ! tyrant1 & los+ no "t1 murd]$ him t v night4 ,! ,emp]or ,c>acalla1 be+ ) 8 armies 9 ,mesopotamia1 _h ) him ,macr9us1 :o 0 m ( a /atesman ?an a soldi]1 z 8 prefect4 ,b because pr9ces :o are n !mselves good are always afraid le/ o!rs treat !m z !y des]ve1 ,c>acalla wrote to 8 fri5d ,mat]nianus 9 ,rome to le>n f ! a/rolog]s :e!r any man _h ambiti\s designs ^u ! empire1 & to s5d him ^w4 ,mat]nianus1 accord+ly1 wrote back t su* designs 7 ent]ta9$ by ,macr9us4 ,b ?is lett]1 ere x rea*$ ! emp]or1 fell into ! h&s ( ,macr9us1 :o1 see+ :5 he read x t he mu/ ei!r put ,c>acalla to dea? be=e fur!r lett]s arriv$ f ,rome1 or else die himself1 committ$ ! bus9ess to a c5turion1 nam$ ,m>tialis1 :om he tru/$1 & ^: bro!r _h be5 sla9 by ,c>acalla a few days be=e1 :o succe$$ 9 kill+ ! emp]or4 ,we see1 !re=e1 t an urg5cy :i* leaves no room = delay has almo/ ! same results z ! me?od already notic$ z foll[$ by ,nelematus ( ,epirus4 ,we see1 too1 :at ,i rem>k$ almo/ at ! outset ( ?is ,disc\rse1 t ! ?reats ( pr9ces expose !m to great] dang] ?an ! wrongs !y actually inflict1 & lead to m active conspiracies3 &1 !re=e1 t a pr9ce %\ld be c>eful n to ?reat52 s9ce m5 are ei!r to be treat$ k9dly or else got rid (1 b nev] br\ght to su* a pass t !y h to *oose betwe5 slay+ & be+ sla94 ,z to ! dang]s att5d+ ! execution ( plots1 ^! result ei!r f "s *ange made 9 ! plan1 or f a failure 9 c\rage on ! "p ( him :o is to c>ry x out2 or else f "s mi/ake he falls into ?r\gh want ( =esight1 or f 8 n giv+ ! affair its f9i%+ /roke1 z :5 "s are left alive :om x 0 meant to put to dea?4 ,n[1 no?+ causes s mu* di/urbance & h9drance 9 human affairs1 z to be =c$1 at a mom5t's notice & )\t "t all[$ = reflection1 to v>y y\r plan ( action & adopt a diff]5t "o f t fix$ on at ! fir/4 ,& if su* *anges cause confusion any:]e1 x is 9 matt]s app]ta9+ to w>1 & 9 ent]prises ( ! k9d we are n[ speak+ (2 = 9 su* affairs z ^!1 !re is no?+ s ess5tial z t m5 be prep>$ to d ! exact ?+ intru/$ to !m4 ,b :5 m5 h = _m days toge!r turn$ _! :ole ?\ghts to do+ a ?+ 9 a c]ta9 way & 9 a c]ta9 ord]1 & ! way & ord] are sudd5ly alt]$1 x is impossible b t !y %\ld be disconc]t$ & ! :ole s*eme ru9$4 ,= :i* reason1 x is f> bett] to d ev]y?+ 9 accordance ) ! preconc]t$ plan1 ?\gh x be se5 to be att5d$ ) "s disadvantages1 ?an1 9 ord] to escape ^!1 to involve y\rself 9 an inf9ity ( dang]s4 ,& ?is w happ5 :5 y dep>t f y\r orig9al design )\t "t giv5 to =m a new "o4 ,= :5 "t is giv5 y may manage z y please4 ,! conspiracy ( ! ,pazzi aga9/ ,lor5zo & ,giuliano de' ,m$ici is well kn[n4 ,! s*eme agre$ on 0 to give a banquet to ! ,c>d9al ,s4 ,giorgio1 at :i* ! bro!rs %\ld be put to dea?4 ,to ea* ( ! conspirators a "p 0 assign$3 to "o ! murd]1 to ano!r ! seizure ( ! palace1 :ile a ?ird 0 to ride ?r\gh ! /reets & call on ! p to free !mselves4 ,b x s *anc$ t at a "t :5 ! ,pazzi1 ! ,m$ici1 & ! ,c>d9al 7 all assembl$ 9 ! ca!dral *ur* ( ,flor5ce to he> ,high ,mass1 x became kn[n t ,giuliano w\ld n be pres5t at ! banquet2 :]eupon ! conspirators1 lay+ _! heads toge!r1 resolv$ to d 9 *ur* :at !y 7 to h done else:]e4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 d]ang$ ! :ole s*eme4 ,= ,giovambatti/a ( ,montesecco1 w\ld h no h& 9 ! murd] if x 0 to be done 9 a *ur*2 & ! :ole di/ribution ( p>ts _h 9 consequ5ce to be *ang$2 :51 z ^? to :om ! new p>ts 7 assign$ _h no "t all[$ !m to n]ve _! m9ds to _! new tasks1 !y manag$ matt]s s badly t !y 7 ov]p[]$ 9 _! attempt4 ,c\rage fails a conspirator ei!r f 8 own poorness ( _s1 or f 8 be+ ov]come by "s feel+ ( rev]5ce4 ,= su* maje/y & awe att5d ! p]son ( a pr9ce1 t x may well happ5 t he s(t5s or dismays 8 execution]s4 ,:5 ,caius ,m>ius 0 tak5 by ! p ( ,m9turnum1 ! slave s5t 9 to slay him1 ov]aw$ by ! be>+ ( ! man1 & by ! memories :i* 8 "n call$ up1 became unn]v$1 & p[]less to p]=m 8 (fice4 ,& if ?is influ5ce 0 ex]cis$ by "o :o 0 a prison]1 & 9 *a9s1 & ov]:elm$ by adv]se =tune1 h[ mu* m mu/ rev]5ce be inspir$ by a pr9ce :o is free & uncontroll$1 surr\nd$ by 8 ret9ue & by all ! pomp & spl5d\r ( 8 /ation2 ^: dignity conf\nds1 & ^: graci\sness conciliates4 ,c]ta9 p]sons conspir+ aga9/ ,sitalces1 k+ ( ,?race1 fix$ a day = 8 murd]1 & assembl$ at ! place appo9t$1 :i!r ! k+ _h already come4 ,yet none ( !m rais$ a h& to h>m him1 & all dep>t$ )\t attempt+ any?+ aga9/ him or kn[+ :y !y refra9$2 ea* blam+ ! o!rs4 ,& m ?an once ! same folly 0 repeat$1 until ! plot gett+ w9d1 !y 7 tak5 & puni%$ = :at !y might h done1 yet dur/ n d4 ,two bro!rs ( ,alfonso1 ,duke ( ,f]r>a1 conspir$ aga9/ him1 employ+ z _! tool a c]ta9 prie/ nam$ ,gi5nes1 a s++-man 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,duke4 ,he1 at _! reque/1 repeat$ly br\ght ! ,duke into _! company1 s t !y _h full opportunity to make away ) him4 ,yet nei!r ( !m ev] v5tur$ to /rike ! bl[2 till at la/1 _! s*eme be+ discov]$1 !y paid ! p5alty ( _! comb9$ c[>dice & tem]ity4 ,su* irresolution c only h aris5 f _! be+ ov]aw$ by ! maje/y ( ! pr9ce1 or t\*$ by 8 graci\sness4 ,9 ! execution ( conspiracies1 !re=e1 errors & mi%aps arise f a failure ( prud5ce or c\rage to :i* all are subject1 :51 los+ self-control1 !y are l$ 9 _! bewild]m5t to d & say :at !y ought n4 ,t m5 are ?us conf\nd$1 & ?r[n (f _! balance1 c\ld n be bett] %[n ?an 9 ! words ( ,titus ,livius1 :]e he describes ! behavi\r ( ,alasam5es ! ,etolian1 at ! "t :5 he resolv$ on ! dea? ( ,nabis ! ,sp>tan1 ( :om ,i h spok5 be=e4 ,= :5 ! "t to act came1 & he _h disclos$ to 8 foll[]s :at !y _h to d1 ,livius repres5ts him z 8collect+ 8 ?\ghts :i* _h gr[n confus$ by dwell+ on s desp]ate an ent]prise40 ,= x is impossible = any "o1 ?\gh ( ! mo/ /eadfa/ temp] & us$ to ! sight ( dea? & to h&le deadly weapons1 n to be p]turb$ at su* a mom5t4 ,= :i* reason we %\ld on su* occasions *oose = our tools ^? :o h _h exp]i5ce 9 simil> affairs1 & tru/ no o!rs ?\gh reput$ ( ! true/ c\rage4 ,= 9 ^! grave und]tak+s1 no "o :o is )\t su* exp]i5ce1 h[ev] bold & resolute1 is to be tru/$4 ,! confusion ( :i* ,i speak may ei!r cause y to drop y\r weapon f y\r h&1 or to use words :i* w h ! same results4 ,qu9tianus be+ comm&$ by ,lucilla1 si/] ( ,commodus1 to slay him1 lay 9 wait = him at ! entrance ( ! amphi!atre1 & ru%+ ^u him ) a drawn dagg]1 cri$ out1 8,! s5ate s5ds y ?is20 :i* words caus$ him to be seiz$ be=e 8 bl[ desc5d$4 ,9 l mann] ,mess] ,antonio ( ,volt]ra1 :o z we h else:]e se5 0 told (f to kill ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici1 exclaim$ z he approa*$ him1 8,ah traitor60 & ?is exclamation prov$ ! salvation ( ,lor5zo & ! ru9 ( t conspiracy4 ,= ! reasons n[ giv51 a conspiracy aga9/ a s+le rul] may readily break d[n 9 its execution2 b a conspiracy aga9/ two rul]s is n only difficult1 b s haz>d\s t its success is almo/ hopeless4 ,= to effect l actions1 at ! same "t1 9 diff]5t places1 is well-nigh impossible2 nor c !y be effect$ at diff]5t times1 if y w\ld n h "o c\nt]act ano!r4 ,s t if conspiracy aga9/ a s+le rul] be imprud5t & dang]\s1 to conspire aga9/ two1 is 9 ! la/ degree fool-h>dy & desp]ate4 ,& 7 x n = ! respect 9 :i* ,i hold ! hi/orian1 ,i c\ld n cr$it z possible :at ,h]odian relates ( ,plautianus1 namely1 t he committ$ to ! c5turion ,saturn9us ! task ( slay+ s+le-h&$ bo? ,sev]us & ,c>acalla1 !y dwell+ 9 diff]5t places2 = ! ?+ is s oppos$ to reason t on no o!r au?ority c\ld ,i be induc$ to accept x z true4 ,c]ta9 "y ,a!nians conspir$ aga9/ ,diocles & ,hippias1 tyrants ( ,a!ns4 ,diocles !y slew2 b ,hippias1 mak+ 8 escape1 av5g$ him4 ,*ion & ,leonidas ( ,h]aclea1 disciples ( ,plato1 conspir$ aga9/ ! despots ,cle>*us & ,satirus4 ,cle>*us fell1 b ,satirus surviv$ & av5g$ him4 ,! ,pazzi1 ( :om we h spok5 s (t51 succe$$ 9 murd]+ ,giuliano only4 ,f su* conspiracies1 !re=e1 z are direct$ aga9/ m heads ?an "o1 all %\ld ab/a92 = no good is to be got f !m1 :e!r = ourselves1 = our c\ntry1 or = any "o else4 ,on ! contr>y1 :5 ^? conspir$ aga9/ escape1 !y become h>%] & m unsuff]able ?an be=e1 z1 9 ! examples giv51 ,flor5ce1 ,a!ns1 & ,h]aclea _h cause to "k4 ,true x is t ! conspiracy contriv$ by ,pelopidas = ! lib]ation ( 8 c\ntry1 _h to enc\nt] e conceivable h9drance1 & yet _h ! happie/ end4 ,= ,pelopidas _h to deal1 n ) two tyrants only1 b ) t52 & s f> f hav+ _! confid5ce1 c\ld n1 be+ an outlaw1 ev5 approa* !m4 ,& yet he succe$$ 9 com+ to ,!bes1 9 putt+ ! tyrants to dea?1 & 9 free+ 8 c\ntry4 ,b :atev] he did 0 done ) ! aid ( "o ( ! c\nsellors ( ! tyrants1 a c]ta9 ,*>on1 ?r\gh :om he _h all facilities = execut+ 8 design4 ,let none1 h[ev]1 take ?is case z a patt]n2 = t x 0 9 tru? a desp]ate attempt1 & its success a m>vel1 0 & is ! op9ion ( all hi/orians1 :o speak ( x z a ?+ altoge!r extraord9>y & unexampl$4 ,! execution ( a plot may be fru/rat$ by "s gr\ndless al>m or un=ese5 mis*ance occurr+ at ! v mom5t :5 ! s*eme is to be c>ri$ out4 ,on ! morn+ on :i* ,brutus & 8 conf$]ates 7 to slay ,cs>1 x s happ5$ t ,cs> talk$ = a great :ile ) ,cneus ,pompilius ,l5as1 "o ( ! conspirators2 :i* "s ( ! o!rs obs]v+1 7 9 t]ror t ,pompilius 0 divulg+ ! conspiracy to ,cs>2 ^: life !y w\ld !re=e h attempt$ !n & !re1 )\t wait+ 8 arrival 9 ! s5ate h\se1 _h !y n be5 reassur$ by see+ t :5 ! conf]5ce end$ he %[$ no sign ( unusual emotion4 ,false al>ms ( ?is sort are to be tak5 into acc\nt & all[$ =1 all ! m t !y are easily rais$4 ,= he :o has n a cle> consci5ce is apt to assume t o!rs are speak+ ( him4 ,a ^w us$ ) a :olly diff]5t purpose1 may ?r[ 8 m9d (f its balance & lead him to fancy t ref]5ce is int5d$ to ! matt] he is engag$ on1 & cause him ei!r to betray ! conspiracy by flight1 or to d]ange its execution by anticipat+ ! "t fix$4 ,& ! m !re are privy to ! conspiracy1 ! likeli] is ?is to happ54 ,z to ! mis*ances :i* may befall1 s9ce ^! are un=ese51 !y c only be in/anc$ by examples :i* may make m5 m cauti\s4 ,giulio ,belanti ( ,si5a1 ( :om ,i h spok5 be=e1 f ! hate he bore ,p&olfo ,petrucci1 :o _h giv5 him 8 daught] to wife & aft]w>ds tak5 h] f him1 resolv$ to murd] him1 & ?us *ose 8 "t4 ,almo/ e day ,p&olfo w5t to visit a sick k9sman1 pass+ ! h\se ( ,giulio on ! way1 :o1 rem>k+ ?is1 took measures to h 8 accomplices ready 9 8 h\se to kill ,p&olfo z he pass$4 ,:]e=e1 plac+ ! re/ arm$ )9 ! doorway1 "o he /ation$ at a w9d[ to give ! signal ( ,p&olfo's approa*4 ,x s happ5$ h[ev]1 t z he came nigh ! h\se1 & aft] ! look-out _h giv5 ! signal1 ,p&olfo fell 9 ) a fri5d :o /opp$ him to conv]se2 :5 "s ( ^? ) him1 go+ on 9 advance1 saw & he>d ! gleam & cla% ( weapons1 & s discov]$ ! ambuscade2 :]eby ,p&olfo 0 sav$1 :ile ,giulio ) 8 companions _h to fly f ,si5a4 ,?is plot accord+ly 0 m>r$1 & ,giulio's s*emes baulk$1 9 consequ5ce ( a *ance meet+4 ,aga9/ su* accid5ts1 s9ce !y are out ( ! common c\rse ( ?+s1 no provision c be made4 ,/ill x is v necess>y to take into acc\nt all t may happ51 & devise :at rem$ies y c4 ,x n[ only rema9s = u to consid] ^? dang]s :i* foll[ aft] ! execution ( a plot4 ,^! 9 fact resolve !mselves into "o1 namely1 t "s %\ld survive :o w av5ge ! dea? ( ! murd]$ pr9ce4 ,! "p ( av5g] is likely to be assum$ by a son1 a bro!r1 or o!r k9sman ( ! deceas$1 :o 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( ev5ts might h look$ to succe$ to ! pr9c$om4 ,& su* p]sons are suff]$ to live1 ei!r f inadv]t5ce1 or f "s ( ! causes not$ already1 z :5 ,giovann' ,&rea ( ,lampognano1 ) ! help ( 8 companions1 put to dea? ! ,duke ( ,milan4 ,= ! son & two bro!rs ( ! ,duke1 :o surviv$ him1 7 able to av5ge 8 dea?4 ,9 cases l ?is1 inde$1 ! conspirators may be held excus$1 s9ce !re is no?+ !y c d to help !mselves4 ,b :5 f c>elessness & want ( due caution "s "o is all[$ to live ^: dea? ought to h be5 secur$1 !re is no excuse4 ,c]ta9 conspirators1 aft] murd]+ ! "l1 ,c\nt ,girolamo ( ,=li1 made prison]s ( 8 wife & ( 8 *ildr5 :o 7 /ill v "y4 ,by ?9k+ !y c\ld n be safe unless !y got possession ( ! citadel1 :i* ! gov]nor refus$ to surr5d]1 !y obta9$ a promise f ,madonna ,cat]9a1 = s ! ,c\ntess 0 nam$1 t on _! p]mitt+ h] to ent] ! citadel %e w\ld cause x to be giv5 up to !m1 h] *ildr5 9 ! mean "t rema9+ ) !m z ho/ages4 ,on :i* und]tak+ !y suff]$ h] to ent] ! citadel4 ,b no soon] _h %e got inside ?an %e fell to upbraid !m f ! walls ) ! murd] ( h] husb&1 & to ?reat5 !m ) e k9d ( v5geance2 & to %[ !m h[ little /ore %e set ^u h] *ildr51 told !m sc(f+ly t %e knew h[ o!rs c\ld be got4 ,9 ! end1 ! rebels hav+ no lead] to advise !m1 & p]ceiv+ too late ! error into :i* !y _h be5 betray$1 _h to pay ! p5alty ( _! ra%ness by p]petual bani%m5t4 ,b ( all ! dang]s :i* may foll[ on ! execution ( a plot1 none is s mu* or s ju/ly to be fe>$ z t ! p %\ld be well affect$ to ! pr9ce :om y h put to dea?4 ,= aga9/ ?is dang] conspirators h no res\rce :i* c ensure _! safety4 ,( ?is we h example 9 ! case ( ,cs>1 :o z he _h ! love ( ! ,roman p 0 by !m av5g$2 = !y x 0 :o1 by driv+ out ! conspirators f ,rome1 7 ! cause t all ( !m1 at diff]5t times & 9 diff]5t places1 came to viol5t ends4 ,conspiracies aga9/ _! c\ntry are less dang] = ^? :o take "p 9 !m ?an conspiracies aga9/ pr9ces2 s9ce !re is less risk be=eh&1 & ?\gh !re be ! same dang] 9 _! execution1 !re is none aft]w>ds4 ,be=eh&1 ! risks are few1 because a citiz5 may use means = obta9+ p[] )\t betray+ 8 wi%es or designs to any2 & unless 8 c\rse be arre/$1 8 designs are likely en\gh to succe$2 nay1 ?\gh laws be pass$ to re/ra9 him1 he may /rike out a new pa?4 ,?is is to be und]/ood ( a commonweal? :i* has to "s degree become corrupt$2 = 9 "o :]e9 !re is no ta9t ( corruption1 !re be+ no soil 9 :i* evil se$ c gr[1 su* designs w nev] sugge/ !mselves to any citiz54 ,9 a commonweal?1 !re=e1 a citiz5 may by _m means & 9 _m ways aspire to ! pr9c$om )\t risk+ de/ruction1 bo? because republics are sl[] ?an pr9ces are to take al>m1 are less suspici\s & consequ5tly less cauti\s1 & because !y look ) great] rev]5ce ^u _! great citiz5s1 :o are 9 ?is way r5d]$ bold] & m reckless 9 attack+ !m4 ,any "o :o has read ,sallu/'s acc\nt ( ! conspiracy ( ,catil9e1 mu/ rememb] h[1 :5 t conspiracy 0 discov]$1 ,catil9e n only rema9$ 9 ,rome1 b ev5 made 8 appe>ance 9 ! s5ateh\se1 :]e he 0 suff]$ to address ! s5ate 9 ! mo/ insult+ t]ms1--s scrupul\s 0 t city 9 protect+ ! lib]ty ( all its citiz5s4 ,nay1 ev5 aft] he _h left ,rome & plac$ himself at ! head ( 8 army1 ,l5tulus & 8 o!r accomplices w\ld n h be5 imprison$1 _h n lett]s be5 f\nd ^u !m cle>ly e/abli%+ _! guilt4 ,hanno1 ! =emo/ citiz5 ( ,c>?age1 aspir+ to absolute p[]1 on ! occasion ( ! m>riage ( a daught] contriv$ a plot = adm9i/]+ poison to ! :ole s5ate & s mak+ himself pr9ce4 ,! s*eme be+ discov]$1 ! s5ate took no /eps aga9/ him beyond pass+ a law to limit ! exp5se ( banquets & m>riage c]emonies4 ,s great 0 ! respect !y paid to 8 quality4 ,true1 ! execution ( a plot aga9/ y\r c\ntry is att5d$ ) great] difficulty & dang]1 s9ce x seldom happ5s t1 9 conspir+ aga9/ s _m1 y\r own res\rces are suffici5t by !mselves2 = x is n e "o :o1 l ,cs>1 ,aga?ocles1 or ,cleom5es1 is at ! head ( an army1 s z to be able at a /roke1 & by op5 =ce to make himself ma/] ( 8 c\ntry4 ,to su* z ^!1 d\btless1 ! pa? is safe & easy en\gh2 b o!rs :o h n su* an assembl$ =ce ready at _! comm&1 mu/ effect _! ends ei!r by /ratagem & fraud1 or ) ! help ( =eign troops4 ,( su* /ratagems & frauds we h an in/ance 9 ! case ( ,pisi/ratus ! ,a!nian1 :o aft] defeat+ ! ,meg>ians & !reby ga9+ ! fav\r ( 8 fell[-citiz5s1 %[$ himself to !m "o morn+ cov]$ ) w\nds & blood1 decl>+ t he _h be5 ?us outrag$ ?r\gh ! jeal\sy ( ! nobles1 & ask+ t he might h an arm$ gu>d assign$ = 8 protection4 ,) ! au?ority :i* ?is l5t him1 he easily rose to su* a pit* ( p[] z to become tyrant ( ,a!ns4 ,9 l mann] ,p&olfo ,petrucci1 on 8 return ) ! o!r exiles to ,si5a1 0 appo9t$ ! comm& ( ! public gu>d1 z a m]e (fice ( r\t9e :i* o!rs _h decl9$4 ,v soon1 h[ev]1 ?is arm$ =ce gave him s mu* importance t he became ! supreme rul] ( ! ,/ate4 ,& _m o!rs h foll[$ o!r plans & me?ods1 & 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 & )\t incurr+ dang]1 h a*iev$ _! aim4 ,conspirators aga9/ _! c\ntry1 :e!r tru/+ to _! own =ces or to =eign aid1 h _h m or less success 9 proportion z !y h be5 fav\r$ by ,=tune4 ,catil9e1 ( :om we spoke j n[1 0 ov]?r[n4 ,hanno1 :o has also be5 m5tion$1 fail+ to accompli% 8 object by poison1 arm$ 8 p>tisans to ! numb] ( _m ?\s&s2 b bo? he & !y came to an ill end4 ,on ! o!r h&1 c]ta9 citiz5s ( ,!bes conspir+ to become its tyrants1 summon$ a ,sp>tan army to _! assi/ance1 & usurp$ ! absolute control ( ! city4 ,9 %ort1 if we exam9e all ! conspiracies :i* m5 h engag$ 9 aga9/ _! c\ntry1 we %all f9d t few or none h be5 quell$ 9 _! inception1 b t all h ei!r succe$$1 or h brok5 d[n 9 _! execution4 ,once execut$1 !y entail no fur!r risks beyond ^? impli$ 9 ! nature ( a pr9c$om4 ,= ! man :o becomes a tyrant incurs all ! natural & ord9>y dang]s 9 :i* a tyranny involves him1 & has no rem$ies aga9/ !m save ^? ( :i* ,i h already spok54 ,?is is all t occurs to me to say on ! subject ( conspiracies4 ,if ,i h notic$ ^? :i* h be5 c>ri$ out ) ! sword r ?an ^? :]e9 poison has be5 ! in/rum5t1 x is because1 g5]ally speak+1 ! me?od ( proce$+ is ! same 9 bo?4 ,x is true1 nev]!less1 t conspiracies :i* are to be c>ri$ out by poison are1 by reason ( _! unc]ta9ty1 att5d$ by great] dang]4 ,= s9ce few] opportunities (f] = _! execution1 y mu/ h an und]/&+ ) p]sons :o c comm& opportunities4 ,b x is dang]\s to h to dep5d on o!rs4 ,aga91 _m causes may h9d] a poison$ draught f prov+ mortal2 z :5 ! murd]]s ( ,commodus1 on 8 vomit+ ! poison giv5 him1 _h to /rangle him4 ,pr9ces1 !n1 h no worse enemy ?an conspiracy1 = :5 a conspiracy is =m$ aga9/ !m1 x ei!r c>ries !m (f1 or discr$its !m3 s9ce1 if x succe$s1 !y die2 :ile1 if x be discov]$1 & ! conspirators be put to dea? !mselves1 x w always be believ$ t ! :ole affair has be5 trump$ up by ! pr9ce t he might glut 8 gre$ & cruelty ) ! goods & blood ( ^? :om he has made away )4 ,let me n1 h[ev]1 =get to w>n ! pr9ce or commonweal? aga9/ :om a conspiracy is direct$1 t on gett+ ^w ( x1 & be=e tak+ any /eps to puni% x1 !y endeav\r1 z f> z !y c1 to asc]ta9 its "*1 & aft] c>efully weigh+ ! /r5g? ( ! conspirators ) _! own1 on f9d+ x prepond]ate1 nev] suff] _! k ( ! plot to appe> until !y are ready ) a =ce suffici5t to cru% x4 ,= o!rwise1 to disclose _! k w only give ! signal = _! de/ruction4 ,!y mu/ /rive !re=e to seem unconsci\s ( :at is go+ on2 = conspirators :o see !mselves detect$ are driv5 =w>d by necessity & w /ick at no?+4 ,( ?is precaution we h an example 9 ,roman hi/ory1 :5 ! (fic]s ( ! two legions1 :o1 z has already be5 m5tion$1 7 left beh9d to def5d ! ,capuans f ! ,samnites1 conspir$ toge!r aga9/ ! ,capuans4 ,= on rum\rs ( ?is conspiracy rea*+ ,rome1 ,rutilius ! new consul 0 *>g$ to see to x2 :o1 n to excite ! suspicions ( ! conspirators1 publicly gave out t by ord] ( ! s5ate ! ,capuan legions 7 cont9u$ 9 _! /ation4 ,! conspirators believ+ ?is1 & ?9k+ !y w\ld h ample "t to execute _! plans1 made no ef=t to ha/5 matt]s1 b rema9$ at _! ease1 until !y f\nd t ! consul 0 mov+ "o ( ! two legions to a di/ance f ! o!r4 ,?is ar\s+ _! suspicion1 l$ !m to disclose _! designs & endeav\r to c>ry !m out4 ,n[1 we c\ld h no m in/ructive example ?an ?is 9 :atev] way we look at x4 ,= x %[s h[ sl[ m5 are to move 9 ^? matt]s :]e9 "t seems ( little importance1 & h[ active !y become :5 necessity urges !m4 ,nor c a pr9ce or commonweal? desir+ = _! own ends to ret>d ! execution ( a conspiracy1 use any m effectual means to d s1 ?an by artfully hold+ out to ! conspirators "s special opportunity z likely soon to pres5t itself2 await+ :i*1 & believ+ !y h "t & to sp>e = :at !y h to d1 !y w af=d t pr9ce or commonweal? all ! leisure ne$$ to prep>e = _! puni%m5t4 ,:osoev] neglects ^! precautions ha/5s 8 own de/ruction1 z happ5$ ) ! ,duke ( ,a!ns1 & ) ,guglielmo de' ,pazzi4 ,= ! ,duke1 :o _h made himself tyrant ( ,flor5ce1 on le>n+ t he 0 be+ conspir$ aga9/1 )\t fur!r inquiry into ! matt]1 caus$ "o ( ! conspirators to be seiz$2 :]eupon ! re/ at once arm$ !mselves & depriv$ him ( 8 gov]nm5t4 ,guglielmo1 aga91 be+ commiss>y 9 ! ,val di ,*iana 9 ! ye> #aeja1 & le>n+ t a conspiracy 0 be+ hat*$ 9 ,arezzo to take ! t[n f ! ,flor5t9es & give x ov] to ! ,vitelli1 repair$ ?i!r ) all ha/e2 & )\t provid+ himself ) ! necess>y =ces or giv+ a ?\ght to ! /r5g? ( ! conspirators1 on ! advice ( ! bi%op1 8 son1 _h "o ( !m arre/$4 ,:i* becom+ kn[n to ! o!rs1 !y =?) ru%$ to arms1 & tak+ ! t[n f ! ,flor5t9es1 made ,guglielmo _! prison]4 ,:]e1 h[ev]1 conspiracies are weak1 !y may & %\ld be put d[n )\t scruple or hesitation4 ,two me?ods1 some:at oppos$ to "o ano!r1 :i* h occasionally be5 foll[$ 9 deal+ ) conspiracies1 are 9 no way to be comm5d$4 ,"o ( ^! 0 t adopt$ by ! ,duke ( ,a!ns1 ( :om ,i h j n[ spok51 :o to h x ?\ght t he confid$ 9 ! goodwill ( ! ,flor5t9es1 caus$ a c]ta9 man :o gave in=mation ( a plot aga9/ him1 to be put to dea?4 ,! o!r 0 t foll[$ by ,dion ! ,syracusan1 :o1 to s\nd ! int5tions ( "o :om he suspect$1 arrang$ ) ,calippus1 :om he tru/$1 to pret5d to get up a conspiracy aga9/ him4 ,nei!r ( ^! tyrants reap$ any advantage f ! c\rse he foll[$4 ,= ! "o disc\rag$ in=m]s & gave he>t to ^? :o 7 dispos$ to conspire1 ! o!r prep>$ an easy road to 8 own dea?1 or r 0 prime mov] 9 a conspiracy aga9/ himself4 ,z ! ev5t %[$4 ,= ,calippus hav+ free leave to plot aga9/ ,dion1 plott$ to su* effect1 t he depriv$ him at once ( 8 ,/ate & life4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4--,:y x is t *anges f ,fre$om to ,s]vitude1 & f ,s]vitude to ,fre$om1 are sometimes made )\t ,blood%$1 b at o!r times reek ) ,blood4 ,s9ce we f9d f hi/ory t 9 ! c\ntless *anges :i* h be5 made f fre$om to s]vitude & f s]vitude to fre$om1 sometimes an inf9ite multitude h p]i%$1 :ile at o!rs n a s\l has suff]$ 7z :5 ,rome made h] *ange f k+s to consuls1 on :i* occasion none 0 bani%$ save ,t>qu91 & no h>m 0 done to any o!r71 x may p]haps be ask$1 h[ x happ5s t ( ^! revolutions1 "s h be5 att5d$ by blood%$ & o!rs n4 ,! answ] ,i take to be ?is4 ,! gov]nm5t :i* suff]s *ange ei!r has or has n _h its beg9n+ 9 viol5ce4 ,& s9ce ! gov]nm5t :i* has its beg9n+ 9 viol5ce mu/ />t by inflict+ injuries on _m1 x mu/ ne$s happ5 t on its d[nfall ^? :o 7 injur$ w desire to av5ge !mselves2 f :i* desire = v5geance ! slaught] & dea? ( _m w result4 ,b :5 a gov]nm5t orig9ates )1 & d]ives its au?ority f ! :ole community1 !re is no reason :y ! community1 if x )draw t au?ority1 %\ld seek to injure any except ! pr9ce f :om x )draws x4 ,n[ ! gov]nm5t ( ,rome 0 ( ?is nature1 & ! expulsion ( ! ,t>qu9s took place 9 ?is way4 ,( a l "* 0 ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,m$ici 9 ,flor5ce1 &1 accord+ly1 ^u _! ov]?r[ 9 ! ye> #adid1 no injury 0 done to any save !mselves4 ,9 su* cases1 !re=e1 ! *anges ,i speak ( d n occasion any v great dang]4 ,b ! *anges wr\ght by m5 :o h wrongs to rev5ge1 are always ( a mo/ dang]\s k9d1 & su*1 to say ! lea/1 z may well cause dismay 9 ! m9ds ( ^? :o read ( !m4 ,b s9ce hi/ory ab\nds ) in/ances ( su* *anges ,i ne$ say no m ab\t !m4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4--,t he :o w\ld effect ,*anges 9 a ,commonweal?1 mu/ give he$ to its ,"* & ,condition ,i h said be=e t a bad citiz5 _c "w grave mis*ief 9 a commonweal? :i* has n become corrupt$4 ,?is op9ion is n only support$ by ! argum5ts already advanc$1 b is fur!r confirm$ by ! examples ( ,spurius ,cassius & ,manlius ,capitol9us4 ,= ,spurius1 be+ ambiti\s1 & desir+ to obta9 extraord9>y au?ority 9 ,rome1 & to w9 ov] ! p by load+ !m ) b5efits 7z1 = in/ance1 by sell+ !m ^? l&s :i* ! ,romans _h tak5 f ! ,h]nici17 8 designs 7 se5 ?r\gh by ! s5ate1 & laid him "u su* suspicion1 t :5 9 h>angu+ ! p he (f]$ !m ! money realiz$ by ! sale ( ! gra9 br\ght f ,sicily at ! public exp5se1 !y w\ld h none ( x1 believ+ t he (f]$ x z ! price ( _! fre$om4 ,n[1 _h ! p be5 corrupt$1 !y w\ld n h refus$ ?is bribe1 b w\ld h op5$ r ?an clos$ ! way to ! tyranny4 ,! example ( ,manlius is /ill m /rik+4 ,= 9 8 case we see :at excell5t gifts bo? ( m9d & body1 & :at spl5did s]vices to 8 c\ntry 7 aft]w>ds cancell$ by t %ameful eag]ness to reign :i* we f9d br$ 9 him by 8 jeal\sy ( ! hon\rs paid ,camillus4 ,= s d>k5$ did 8 m9d become1 t )\t reflect+ :at 7 ! in/itutions to :i* ,rome 0 accu/om$1 or te/+ ! mat]ial he _h to "w on1 :5 he w\ld h se5 t x 0 /ill unfit to be m\ld$ to evil ends1 he set himself to /ir up tumults aga9/ ! s5ate & aga9/ ! laws ( 8 c\ntry4 ,& h]e9 we recognize ! excell5ce ( ?is city ( ,rome1 & ( ! mat]ials :]e( x 0 compos$4 ,= al?\gh ! nobles 7 wont to /& up /\tly = "o ano!r1 n "o ( !m /irr$ to succ\r ,manlius1 & n "o ( 8 k9sfolk made any ef=t on 8 behalf1 s t al?\gh x 0 cu/om>y1 9 ! case ( o!r accus$ p]sons1 = _! fri5ds to put on black & sordid raim5t1 ) all ! o!r outw>d signs ( grief1 9 ord] to excite pity = ! accus$1 none 0 se5 to d any ( ^! ?+s = ,manlius4 ,ev5 ! tribunes ( ! p1 ?\gh con/antly ready to promote :atev] c\rses seem$ to fav\r ! popul> cause1 & ! m vehem5tly ! m !y seem$ to make aga9/ ! nobles1 9 ?is in/ance sid$ ) ! nobles to put d[n ! common enemy4 ,nay ! v p !mselves1 ke5ly alive to _! own int]e/s1 & well dispos$ t[>ds any attempt to damage ! nobles1 ?\gh !y %[$ ,manlius _m pro(s ( _! reg>d1 nev]!less1 :5 he 0 cit$ by ! tribunes to appe> be=e !m & submit 8 cause = _! decision1 assum$ ! "p ( judges & n ( def5d]s1 & )\t scruple or hesitation s5t5c$ him to die4 ,:]e=e1 ,i ?9k1 t !re is no example 9 ! :ole ,roman hi/ory :i* s]ves s well z ?is to demon/rate ! virtues ( all ranks 9 t republic4 ,= n a man 9 ! :ole city be/irr$ himself to %ield a citiz5 end[$ ) e great quality1 & :o1 bo? publicly & privately1 _h done s mu* t des]v$ praise4 ,b 9 all1 ! love ( c\ntry outweigh$ e o!r ?\ght1 & all look$ less to 8 pa/ des]ts ?an to ! dang]s :i* 8 pres5t conduct ?reat5$2 f :i* to relieve !mselves !y put him to dea?4 8,su*10 says ,livius1 80 ! fate ( a man wor?y our admiration _h he n be5 born 9 a free ,/ate40 ,& "h two po9ts %\ld be not$4 ,! fir/1 t glory is to be s\ght by diff]5t me?ods 9 a corrupt city1 & 9 "o :i* /ill pres]ves its fre$om4 ,! second1 :i* h>dly diff]s f ! fir/1 t 9 _! actions1 & especially 9 matt]s ( mom5t1 m5 mu/ h reg>d to times & circum/ances & adapt !mselves !reto4 ,= ^? p]sons :o f an unwise *oice1 or f natural incl9ation1 run c\nt] to ! times w = ! mo/ "p live unhappily1 & f9d all !y und]take issue 9 failure2 :]eas ^? :o accommodate !mselves to ! times are =tunate & successful4 ,& f ! passage cit$ we may pla9ly inf]1 t _h ,manlius liv$ 9 ! days ( ,m>ius & ,sylla1 :5 ! body ( ! ,/ate _h become corrupt$1 s t he c\ld h impress$ x ) ! /amp ( 8 ambition1 he might h _h ! same success z !y _h1 & z ^? o!rs _h :o aft] !m aspir$ to absolute p[]2 &1 conv]sely1 t if ,sylla & ,m>ius _h liv$ 9 ! days ( ,manlius1 !y mu/ h brok5 d[n at ! v beg9n+ ( _! attempts4 ,= "o man1 by mis*iev\s arts & measures1 may easily prep>e ! gr\nd = ! univ]sal corruption ( a city2 b no "o man 9 8 lifetime c c>ry t corruption s f>1 z himself to reap ! h>ve/2 or grant+ t "o man's life might be long en\gh = ?is purpose1 x w\ld be impossible = him1 hav+ reg>d to ! ord9>y habits ( m51 :o gr[ impati5t & _c long =ego ! gratification ( _! desires1 to wait until ! corruption 0 complete4 ,moreov]1 m5 deceive !mselves 9 respect ( _! own affairs1 & mo/ ( all 9 respect ( ^? on :i* !y are mo/ b5t2 s t ei!r f impati5ce or f self-deception1 !y ru% ^u und]tak+s = :i* ! "t is n ripe1 & s come to an ill end4 ,:]e=e to obta9 absolute au?ority 9 a commonweal? & to de/roy its lib]ties1 y mu/ f9d ! body ( ! ,/ate already corrupt$1 & corrupt$ by a gradual wa/+ cont9u$ f g5]ation to g5]ation2 :i*1 inde$1 takes place necess>ily1 unless1 z has be5 already expla9$1 ! ,/ate be (t5 re9=c$ by good examples1 or br\ght back to its fir/ beg9n+s by wise laws4 ,manlius1 !re=e1 w\ld h be5 a r>e & r5[n$ man _h he be5 born 9 a corrupt city2 & f 8 example we see t citiz5s seek+ to introduce *anges 9 ! =m ( _! gov]nm5t1 :e!r 9 fav\r ( lib]ty or despotism1 ought to consid] :at mat]ials !y h to deal )1 & !n judge ( ! difficulty ( _! task4 ,= x is no less ardu\s & dang]\s to attempt to free a p dispos$ to live 9 s]vitude1 ?an to enslave a p :o desire to live free4 ,& because x has be5 said above1 t 9 _! actions m5 mu/ take into acc\nt ! "* ( ! times 9 :i* !y live1 & guide !mselves accord+ly1 ,i %all treat ?is po9t m fully 9 ! foll[+ ,*apt]4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4--,t to enjoy con/ant good ,=tune we mu/ *ange ) ! ,times4 ,i h repeat$ly not$ t ! good or bad =tune ( m5 dep5ds on :e!r _! me?ods ( act+ accord ) ! "* ( ! times4 ,= we see t 9 :at !y d "s m5 act impulsively1 o!rs w>ily & ) caution4 ,& because1 f inability to pres]ve ! j mean1 !y 9 bo? ( ^! ways ov]/ep ! true limit1 !y commit mi/akes 9 "o direction or ! o!r4 ,he1 h[ev]1 w make fewe/ mi/akes1 & may expect to prosp] mo/1 :o1 :ile foll[+ ! c\rse to :i* nature incl9es him1 f9ds1 z ,i h said1 8 me?od ( act+ 9 accordance ) ! times 9 :i* he lives4 ,all "k t 9 8 comm& ( ! ,roman armies1 ,fabius ,maximus display$ a prud5ce & caution v diff]5t f ! audacity & h>dihood natural to 8 c\ntrym52 & x 0 8 good =tune t 8 me?ods suit$ ) ! times4 ,= ,hannibal com+ into ,italy 9 all ! flu% ( y\? & rec5t success1 hav+ already by two defeats /ripp$ ,rome ( h] be/ soldi]s & fill$ h] ) dismay1 no?+ c\ld h be5 m =tunate = t republic ?an to f9d a g5]al able1 by 8 delib]at5ess & caution1 to keep ! enemy at bay4 ,nor1 on ! o!r h&1 c\ld ,fabius h fall5 ^u times bett] suit$ to ! me?ods :i* he us$1 & by :i* he cr[n$ himself ) glory4 ,t he act$ 9 accordance ) 8 natural b5t1 & n f a reason$ *oice1 we may ga!r f ?is1 t :5 ,scipio1 to br+ ! w> to an end1 propos$ to pass ) 8 army into ,africa1 ,fabius1 unable to dep>t f 8 *>act]i/ic me?ods & habits1 /r5u\sly oppos$ him2 s t _h x re/$ ) him1 ,hannibal might nev] h left ,italy4 ,= he p]ceiv$ n t ! times _h *ang$1 & t ) !m x 0 necess>y to *ange ! me?ods ( prosecut+ ! w>4 ,_h ,fabius1 !re=e1 be5 ,k+ ( ,rome1 he might well h caus$ ! w> to end unhappily1 n kn[+ h[ to accommodate 8 me?ods to ! *ange 9 ! times4 ,z x 01 he liv$ 9 a commonweal? 9 :i* !re 7 _m citiz5s1 & _m diff]5t dispositions2 & :i* z x produc$ a ,fabius1 excell5t at a "t :5 x 0 necess>y to protract ho/ilities1 s also1 aft]w>ds gave bir? to a ,scipio1 at a "t suit$ to br+ !m to a successful close4 ,& h5ce x comes t a commonweal? endures long]1 & has a m su/a9$ good =tune ?an a pr9c$om1 because f ! div]sity 9 ! *>act]s ( its citiz5s1 x c adapt itself bett] ?an a pr9ce c to ! div]sity ( times4 ,=1 z ,i h said be=e1 a man accu/om$ to foll[ "o me?od1 w nev] alt] x2 :5ce x mu/ ne$s happ5 t :5 times *ange s z no long] to accord ) 8 me?od1 he w be ru9$4 ,pi]o ,sod]9i1 ( :om ,i h already spok51 0 guid$ 9 all 8 actions by pati5ce & g5tl5ess1 & he & 8 c\ntry prosp]$ :ile ! times 7 9 h>mony ) ^! me?ods4 ,b1 aft]w>ds1 :5 a "t came :5 x behov$ him to h done ) pati5ce & g5tl5ess1 he knew n h[ to drop !m1 & 0 ru9$ toge!r ) 8 c\ntry4 ,pope ,julius ,,ii41 ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( 8 pontificate1 0 gov]n$ by impulse & passion1 & because ! times 7 9 p]fect accord1 all 8 und]tak+s prosp]$4 ,b _h o!r times come requir+ o!r qualities1 he c\ld n h escap$ de/ruction1 s9ce he c\ld n h *ang$ 8 me?ods nor 8 habitual l9e ( conduct4 ,z to :y su* *anges are impossible1 two reasons may be giv54 ,"o is t we _c act 9 opposition to ! b5t ( our nature4 ,! o!r1 t :5 a man has be5 v successful :ile foll[+ a p>ticul> me?od1 he c nev] be conv9c$ t x is = 8 advantage to try "s o!r4 ,& h5ce x results t a man's =tunes v>y1 because times *ange & he does n *ange ) !m4 ,s1 too1 ) commonweal?s1 :i*1 z we h already %[n at l5g?1 are ru9$ f n alt]+ _! in/itutions to suit ! times4 ,& commonweal?s are sl[] to *ange ?an pr9ces are1 *anges co/+ !m m ef=t2 because occasions mu/ be wait$ = :i* %all /ir ! :ole community1 & x is n en\gh t a s+le citiz5 alt]s 8 me?od ( act+4 ,b s9ce ,i h made m5tion ( ,fabius ,maximus :o wore out ,hannibal by keep+ him at bay1 ,i ?9k x opportune to consid] 9 ! foll[+ ,*apt] :e!r a g5]al :o desires to engage 8 enemy at all risks1 c be prev5t$ by t enemy f do+ s4 ,,*apt] ,x4--,t a ,capta9 _c escape ,battle :5 8 ,enemy =ces x on him at all risks4 8,cneius ,sulpitius :5 appo9t$ dictator aga9/ ! ,gauls1 be+ unwill+ to tempt ,=tune by attack+ an enemy :om delay & a disadvantage\s position w\ld e day r5d] weak]1 protract$ ! w>40 ,:5 a mi/ake is made ( a sort t all or mo/ m5 are likely to fall into1 ,i ?9k x n amiss to m>k x aga9 & aga9 ) disapproval4 ,:]e=e1 al?\gh ,i h already %[n repeat$ly h[ 9 affairs ( mom5t ! actions ( ! mod]ns con=m n to ^? ( antiquity1 /ill x seems to me n sup]flu\s1 9 ?is place1 to say ! same ?+ once m4 ,= if 9 any p>ticul> ! mod]ns h deviat$ f ! me?ods ( ! anci5ts1 x is especially 9 _! me?ods ( w>f>e1 :]e9 n "o ( ^? rules =m]ly s mu* e/eem$ is n[ att5d$ to4 ,& ?is because bo? pr9ces & commonweal?s h devolv$ ! *>ge ( su* matt]s ^u o!rs1 &1 to escape dang]1 h kept alo( f all milit>y s]vice2 s t al?\gh "o or ano!r ( ! pr9ces ( our times may occasionally be se5 pres5t 9 p]son ) 8 army1 we are n !re=e to expect f him any fur!r praisewor?y behavi\r4 ,= ev5 :]e su* p]sonages take "p 9 any w>like ent]prise1 !y d s out ( o/5tation & f no nobl] motive2 ?\gh d\btless f sometimes see+ _! soldi]s face to face1 & f reta9+ to !mselves ! title ( comm&1 !y are likely to make few] blund]s ?an we f9d made by republics1 & mo/ ( all by ! republics ( ,italy1 :i* ?\gh altoge!r dep5d5t ^u o!rs1 & !mselves utt]ly ignorant ( ev]y?+ relat+ to w>f>e1 d yet1 t !y may figure z ! comm&]s ( _! armies1 take ^u !m to direct _! movem5ts1 & 9 do+ s commit c\ntless mi/akes2 "s ( :i* h be5 consid]$ else:]e b "o is ( su* importance z to des]ve notice "h4 ,:5 ^! slugg>d pr9ces or effem9ate republics s5d =? any ( _! ,capta9s1 x seems to !m t ! wise/ in/ruction !y c give him is to *>ge him on no acc\nt to give battle1 b1 on ! contr>y1 to d :at he c to avoid fight+4 ,:]e9 !y imag9e !mselves to imitate ! prud5ce ( ,fabius ,maximus1 :o by protract+ ! w> ) ,hannibal1 sav$ ! ,roman commonweal?2 n p]ceiv+ t 9 mo/ in/ances su* advice to a capta9 is ei!r useless or hurtful4 ,= ! tru? ( ! matt] is1 t a capta9 :o w\ld keep ! field1 _c decl9e battle :5 8 adv]s>y =ces x on him at all haz>ds4 ,s t ! in/ruction to avoid battle is b tantam\nt to say+1 8,y %all engage :5 x pleases y\r enemy1 & n :5 x suits y\rself40 ,= if y w\ld keep ! field & yet avoid battle1 ! only safe c\rse is to int]pose a di/ance ( at lea/ fifty miles betwe5 y & y\r enemy1 & aft]w>ds to ma9ta9 s vigilant a look-out1 t %\ld he advance y w h "t to make y\r retreat4 ,ano!r me?od is to %ut y\rself up 9 "s t[n4 ,b bo? ( ^! me?ods are extremely disadvantage\s4 ,= by foll[+ ! =m]1 y leave y\r c\ntry a prey to ! enemy1 & a valiant pr9ce w\ld f> soon] risk ! *ances ( battle ?an prolong a w> 9 a mann] s disa/r\s to 8 subjects2 :ile by adopt+ ! latt] me?od1 & %utt+ y\rself up 9 a t[n ) y\r army1 !re is manife/ dang] ( y\r be+ besieg$1 & pres5tly r$uc$ by fam9e & =c$ to surr5d]4 ,:]e=e x is mo/ mis*iev\s to seek to avoid battle 9 ei!r ( ^! two ways4 ,to intr5* y\rself 9 a /rong position1 z ,fabius 0 wont to d1 is a good me?od :5 y\r army is s =midable t ! enemy d>e n advance to attack y 9 y\r intr5*m5ts2 yet x _c truly be said t ,fabius avoid$ battle1 b r t he s\ght to give battle :]e he c\ld d s ) advantage4 ,= _h ,hannibal desir$ to fight1 ,fabius w\ld h wait$ = him & f\ght him4 ,b ,hannibal nev] d>$ to engage him on 8 own gr\nd4 ,s t an engagem5t 0 avoid$ z mu* by ,hannibal z by ,fabius1 s9ce if ei!r _h be5 m9d$ to fight at all haz>ds ! o!r w\ld h be5 con/ra9$ to take "o ( ?ree c\rses1 t is to say1 "o or o!r ( ! two j n[ m5tion$1 or else to retreat4 ,! tru? ( ?is is confirm$ by numb]less examples1 & m p>ticul>ly by :at happ5$ 9 ! w> wag$ by ! ,romans aga9/ ,philip ( ,mac$on1 ! fa!r ( ,p]seus4 ,= ,philip be+ invad$ by ! ,romans1 resolv$ n to give !m battle2 & to avoid battle1 s\ght at fir/ to d z ,fabius _h done 9 ,italy1 po/+ himself on ! summit ( a hill1 :]e he intr5*$ himself /rongly1 ?9k+ t ! ,romans w\ld n v5ture to attack him !re4 ,b !y advanc+ & attack+ him 9 8 intr5*m5ts1 drove him f 8 position2 :51 unable to make fur!r resi/ance1 he fl$ ) ! great] "p ( 8 army1 & 0 only sav$ f utt] de/ruction by ! difficulty ( ! gr\nd1 :i* made x impossible = ! ,romans to pursue him4 ,philip1 !re=e1 :o _h no m9d to fight1 encamp+ too ne> ! ,romans1 0 =c$ to fly2 & le>n+ f ?is exp]i5ce t to escape fight+ x 0 n en\gh = him to intr5* himself on a hill1 yet n *oos+ to %ut himself up 9 a wall$ t[n1 he 0 con/ra9$ to take ! o!r alt]native ( keep+ at a di/ance ( _m miles f ! ,roman legions4 ,accord+ly1 :5 ! ,romans ent]$ "o prov9ce1 he betook himself to ano!r1 & :5 !y left a prov9ce he ent]$ x4 ,b p]ceiv+ t by protract+ ! w> 9 ?is way1 8 condition grew con/antly worse1 :ile 8 subjects suff]$ griev\sly1 n[ f 8 own troops1 at ano!r "t f ^? ( ! enemy1 he at la/ resolv$ to haz>d battle1 & s came to a regul> engagem5t ) ! ,romans4 ,x is = y\r int]e/1 !re=e1 n to fight1 :5 y possess ! same advantages z ,fabius1 or z ,cneius ,sulpitius _h2 9 o!r words1 :5 y\r army is s =midable 9 itself t ! enemy d>e n attack y 9 y\r intr5*m5ts1 & al?\gh he has got )9 y\r t]ritory has yet ga9$ no foot+ !re1 & suff]s 9 consequ5ce f ! want ( necess>y supplies4 ,9 su* circum/ances delay is useful1 = ! reasons assign$ by ,titus ,livius :5 speak+ ( ,sulpitius4 ,9 no o!r circum/ances1 h[ev]1 c an engagem5t be avoid$ )\t di%on\r or dang]4 ,= to retire z ,philip did1 is no?+ else ?an defeat2 & ! disgrace is great] 9 proportion z y\r val\r has be5 less put to ! pro(4 ,& if ,philip 0 lucky en\gh to escape1 ano!r1 n simil>ly fav\r$ by ! nature ( ! gr\nd1 might n h ! same good =tune4 ,t ,hannibal 0 n a ma/] 9 ! arts ( w>f>e !re is none w v5ture to ma9ta94 ,:]e=e1 :5 he _h to enc\nt] ,scipio 9 ,africa1 x may be assum$ t _h he se5 any advantage 9 prolong+ ! w> he w\ld h done s2 &1 possibly1 be+ a skilful capta9 & 9 comm& ( a valiant army1 he might h be5 able to d :at ,fabius did 9 ,italy4 ,b s9ce he took n t c\rse1 we may inf] t he 0 mov$ by suffici5t reasons4 ,= ! capta9 :o has got an army toge!r1 & p]ceives t f want ( money or fri5ds he _c ma9ta9 x long1 mu/ be a m]e madman if he d n at once1 & be=e 8 army melts away1 try ! =tunes ( battle2 s9ce he is c]ta9 to lose by delay1 :ile by fight+ he may *ance to succe$4 ,& !re is ?is also to be kept 9 view1 t we mu/ /rive1 ev5 if we be defeat$1 to ga9 glory2 & t m glory is to be won 9 be+ beat5 by =ce1 ?an 9 a defeat f any o!r cause4 ,& ?is we may suppose to h weigh$ ) ,hannibal4 ,on ! o!r h&1 suppos+ ,hannibal to h decl9$ battle1 ,scipio1 ev5 if he _h lack$ c\rage to foll[ him up & attack him 9 8 intr5*$ camp1 w\ld n h suff]$ !reby2 = z he _h defeat$ ,syphax1 & got possession ( _m ( ! ,african t[ns1 he c\ld h re/$ :]e he 0 9 ! same security & ) ! same conv5i5ce z if he _h be5 9 ,italy4 ,b ?is 0 n ! case ) ,hannibal :5 he _h to enc\nt] ,fabius1 nor ) ! ,gauls :5 !y 7 oppos$ to ,sulpitius4 ,lea/ ( all c he decl9e battle :o invades ) 8 army ! c\ntry ( ano!r2 = seek+ to ent] 8 enemy's c\ntry1 he mu/ fight :5ev] ! enemy comes =w>d to meet him2 & is "u /ill great] necessity to fight1 if he und]take ! siege ( any t[n4 ,z happ5$ 9 our own day ) ,duke ,*>les ( ,burgundy1 :o1 :5 beleagu]+ ,morat1 a t[n ( ! ,swiss1 0 by !m attack$ & r\t$2 or z happ5$ ) ! ,fr5* army encamp$ aga9/ ,nov>a1 :i* 0 9 l mann] defeat$ by ! ,swiss4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4--,t "o :o has to cont5d ) _m1 ?\gh he be weak] ?an !y1 w prevail if he c )/& _! fir/ onset4 ,! p[] ex]cis$ 9 ,rome by ! tribunes ( ! p 0 great1 &1 z ,i h repeat$ly expla9$1 0 necess>y1 s9ce o!rwise !re w\ld h be5 no *eck on ! ambition ( ! nobles1 & ! commonweal? mu/ h gr[n corrupt$ f> soon] ?an x did4 ,b because1 z ,i h said else:]e1 !re is 9 ev]y?+ a lat5t evil peculi> to x1 giv+ rise to new mis*ances1 x becomes necess>y to provide aga9/ ^! by new ord9ances4 ,! au?ority ( ! tribunes1 !re=e1 be+ insol5tly ass]t$ s z to become =midable to ! nobility & to ! entire city1 disord]s dang]\s to ! lib]ty ( ! ,/ate mu/ !nce h result$1 _h n a me?od be5 devis$ by ,appius ,claudius = controll+ ! ambition ( ! tribunes4 ,?is 01 to secure t !re %\ld always be "o ( _! numb] timid1 or v5al1 or else a lov] ( ! g5]al good1 :o c\ld be influ5c$ to oppose ! re/ :5ev] ^! s\ght to pass any measure contr>y to ! wi%es ( ! s5ate4 ,?is rem$y 0 a great re/ra9t on ! excessive au?ority ( ! tribunes1 & on _m occasions prov$ s]viceable to ,rome4 ,i am l$ by ?is circum/ance to rem>k1 t :5 _m p[]ful p]sons are unit$ aga9/ "o1 :o1 al?\gh no mat* = ! o!rs collectively1 is also p[]ful1 ! *ances are m 9 fav\r ( ?is s+le & less ,i p[]ful p]son1 ?an ( ! _m :o toge!r are mu* /rong]4 ,= sett+ aside an inf9ity ( accid5ts :i* c be turn$ to bett] acc\nt by "o ?an by _m1 x w always happ5 t1 by ex]cis+ a little dext]ity1 ! "o w be able to divide ! _m1 & weak5 ! =ce :i* 0 /rong :ile x 0 unit$4 ,9 pro( :]e(1 ,i %all n ref] to anci5t examples1 ?\gh _m su* might be cit$1 b cont5t myself ) c]ta9 mod]n in/ances tak5 f ! ev5ts ( our own times4 ,9 ! ye> #adhd1 all ,italy comb9$ aga9/ ! ,v5etians1 :o f9d+ _! position desp]ate1 & be+ unable to keep _! army any long] 9 ! field1 brib$ ,sign] ,lodovico1 :o !n gov]n$ ,milan1 & s succe$$ 9 effect+ a settlem5t1 :]eby !y n only recov]$ ! t[ns !y _h lo/1 b also obta9$ = !mselves a "p ( ! t]ritories ( ,f]r>a2 s t ^? 7 by peace ! ga9]s1 :o 9 w> _h be5 ! los]s4 ,n _m ye>s ago ! :ole _w 0 b&$ toge!r aga9/ ,france2 b be=e ! w> came to a close1 ,spa9 break+ ) ! conf$]ates & ent]+ into a sep>ate treaty ) ,france1 ! o!r memb]s ( ! league also1 7 pres5tly =c$ to make t]ms4 ,:]e=e we may always assume :5 we see a w> set on foot by _m aga9/ "o1 t ?is "o1 if he h /r5g? to )/& ! fir/ %ock1 & c temporize & wait 8 opportunity1 is c]ta9 to prevail4 ,b unless he c d ?is he runs a ?\s& dang]s3 z did ! ,v5etians 9 ! ye> #aejh1 :o1 c\ld !y h temporiz$ ) ! ,fr5*1 & s got "t to conciliate "s ( ^? :o _h comb9$ aga9/ !m1 might h escap$ ! ru9 :i* !n ov]took !m4 ,b n possess+ su* a /rong army z w\ld h enabl$ !m to temporize ) _! enemies1 & consequ5tly n hav+ ! "t ne$$ = ga9+ any to _! side1 !y 7 undone4 ,yet we "k t ! ,pope1 z soon z he _h obta9$ :at he want$1 made fri5ds ) !m1 & t ,spa9 did ! l2 & t bo? ! "o & ! o!r ( ^! p[]s w\ld gladly h sav$ ! ,lomb>d t]ritory = !mselves1 nor w\ld1 if !y c\ld h help$ x1 h left x to ,france1 s z to augm5t h] influ5ce 9 ,italy4 ,! ,v5etians1 !re=e1 %\ld h giv5 up a "p to save ! re/2 & _h !y done s at a "t :5 ! surr5d] w\ld n h seem$ to be made "u compulsion1 & be=e any /ep _h be5 tak5 9 ! direction ( w>1 x w\ld h be5 a mo/ prud5t c\rse2 al?\gh discr$itable & probably ( little avail aft] w> _h be5 begun4 ,b until ! w> broke out1 few ( ! ,v5etian citiz5s recogniz$ ! dang]1 few] /ill ! rem$y1 & none v5tur$ to prescribe x4 ,b to return to ! po9t :5ce we />t$1 ,i say t ! same safegu>d = _! c\ntry :i* ! ,roman s5ate f\nd aga9/ ! ambition ( ! tribunes 9 _! numb]1 is )9 ! rea* ( ! pr9ce :o is attack$ by _m adv]s>ies1 if he only "k to use prud5tly ^? me?ods :i* promote division4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4--,a prud5t ,capta9 w d :at he c to make x necess>y = 8 own ,soldi]s to fight1 & to relieve 8 ,enemy f t necessity4 ,else:]e ,i h not$ h[ greatly m5 are gov]n$ 9 :at !y d by ,necessity1 & h[ mu* ( _! r5[n is due to h] guidance1 s t x has ev5 be5 said by "s philosoph]s1 t ! h&s & tongues ( m51 ! two noble/ in/rum5ts ( _! fame1 w\ld nev] h work$ to p]fection1 nor h br\ght _! lab\rs to t pit* ( excell5ce we see !m to h rea*$1 _h !y n be5 impell$ by ?is cause4 ,! capta9s ( antiquity1 !re=e1 kn[+ ! virtues ( ?is necessity1 & see+ ! /eadfa/ c\rage :i* x gave _! soldi]s 9 battle1 sp>$ no ef=t to br+ _! armies "u its influ5ce1 :ile us+ all _! address to loos5 its hold ^u _! enemies4 ,= :i* reason1 !y w\ld (t5 leave op5 to an adv]s>y "s way :i* !y might h clos$1 & close aga9/ _! own m5 "s way !y might h left op54 ,:osoev]1 !re=e1 w\ld h a city def5d itself /ubbornly1 or an army fight resolutely 9 ! field1 mu/ be=e all ?+s endeav\r to impress ! m9ds ( ^? :om he comm&s ) ! belief t no o!r c\rse is op5 to !m4 ,9 l mann] a prud5t capta9 :o und]takes ! attack ( a city1 w measure ! ease or difficulty ( 8 ent]prise1 by kn[+ & consid]+ ! nature ( ! necessity :i* compels ! inhabitants to def5d x2 & :]e he f9ds t necessity to be /rong1 he may inf] t 8 task w be difficult1 b if o!rwise1 t x w be easy4 ,& h5ce x happ5s t cities are h>d] to be recov]$ aft] a revolt ?an to be tak5 = ! fir/ "t4 ,because on a fir/ attack1 hav+ no occasion to fe> puni%m5t1 s9ce !y h giv5 no gr\nd ( (f5ce1 !y readily surr5d]2 b :5 !y h revolt$1 !y "k t !y h giv5 gr\nd ( (f5ce1 &1 fe>+ puni%m5t1 are n s easily br\ght "u4 ,a l /ubbornness gr[s f ! natural ho/ility ) :i* pr9ces or republics :o are neighb\rs reg>d "o ano!r2 :i* aga9 is caus$ by ! desire to dom9ate ov] ^? :o live ne>1 or f jeal\sy ( _! p[]4 ,?is is m p>ticul>ly ! case ) republics1 z 9 ,tuscany = example2 = cont5tion & rivalry h always made1 & always w make x extremely h>d = "o republic to br+ ano!r into subjection4 ,& = ?is reason any "o :o consid]s att5tively :o are ! neighb\rs ( ,flor5ce1 & :o ( ,v5ice1 w n m>vel s mu* z "s h done1 t ,flor5ce %\ld h sp5t m ?an ,v5ice on h] w>s & ga9$ less2 s9ce ?is results entirely f ! ,v5etians f9d+ _! neighb\r+ t[ns less ob/9ate 9 _! resi/ance ?an ! ,flor5t9es !irs4 ,= all ! t[ns 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,v5ice h be5 us$ to live "u pr9ces & n 9 fre$om2 & ^? :o are us$ to s]vitude commonly ?9k little ( *ang+ ma/]s1 nay are (t5 eag] = ! *ange4 ,9 ?is way ,v5ice1 ?\gh %e has _h m p[]ful neighb\rs ?an ,flor5ce1 has be5 able1 f f9d+ _! t[ns less /ubborn1 to subdue !m m easily ?an ! latt]1 surr\nd$ exclusively by free cities1 has _h x 9 h] p[] to d4 ,b1 to return to ! matt] 9 h&1 ! capta9 :o attacks a t[n %\ld use :at c>e he c1 n to drive ! def5d]s to extremities1 le/ he r5d] !m /ubborn2 b :5 !y fe> puni%m5t %\ld promise !m p>don1 & :5 !y fe> = _! fre$om %\ld assure !m t he has no designs aga9/ ! common welf>e1 b only aga9/ a few ambiti\s m5 9 _! city2 = su* assurances h (t5 smoo!d ! way to ! surr5d] ( t[ns4 ,& al?\gh pretexts ( ?is sort are easily se5 ?r\gh1 especially by ! wise1 ! mass ( ! p are (t5 beguil$ by !m1 because desir+ pres5t tranquillity1 !y %ut _! eyes to ! sn>es hidd5 beh9d ^! speci\s promises4 ,by means su* z ^!1 !re=e1 cities innum]able h be5 br\ght into subjection1 z rec5tly 0 ! case ) ,flor5ce4 ,! ru9 ( ,crassus & 8 army 0 simil>ly caus$3 = al?\gh he himself saw ?r\gh ! empty promises ( ! ,p>?ians1 z meant only to bl9d ! ,roman soldi]s to ! necessity ( def5d+ !mselves1 yet he c\ld n keep 8 m5 /eadfa/1 !y1 z we cle>ly ga!r 9 read+ ! life ( ?is capta91 be+ deceiv$ by ! (f]s ( peace held out to !m by _! enemies4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 ! ,samnites1 :o1 at ! in/ance ( a few ambiti\s m51 & 9 violation ( ! t]ms ( ! truce made ) !m1 _h ov]run & pillag$ l&s belong+ to ! allies ( ,rome1 aft]w>ds s5t envoys to ,rome to implore peace1 (f]+ to re/ore :atev] !y _h tak51 & to surr5d] ! au?ors ( ^! injuries & outrages z prison]s1 & ^! (f]s 7 reject$ by ! ,romans1 & ! envoys return$ to ,samnium br++ ) !m no hope ( an adju/m5t1 ,claudius ,pontius1 :o !n comm&$ ! army ( ! ,samnites1 %[$ !m 9 a rem>kable spee*1 t ! ,romans desir$ w> at all haz>ds1 & decl>$ t1 al?\gh = ! sake ( 8 c\ntry he wi%$ = peace1 necessity con/ra9$ him to prep>e = w>2 tell+ !m 8t 0 a j w> :i* c\ld n be escap$1 & ^? arms sacr$ 9 :i* lay _! only hopes40 ,& build+ on ?is necessity1 he rais$ 9 ! m9ds ( 8 soldi]s a confid5t expectation ( success4 ,t ,i may n h to rev]t to ?is matt] aga91 x w be conv5i5t to notice "h ^? examples f ,roman hi/ory :i* mo/ m]it att5tion4 ,:5 ,caius ,manilius 0 9 comm& ( ! legions encamp$ aga9/ ,veii1 a division ( ! ,vei5t9e army hav+ got )9 ! ,roman intr5*m5ts1 ,manilius ran =w>d ) a company ( 8 m5 to def5d !m1 &1 to prev5t ! escape ( ! ,vei5t9es1 gu>d$ all ! approa*es to ! camp4 ,! ,vei5t9es f9d+ !mselves ?us %ut 91 began to fight ) su* fury t !y slew ,manilius1 & w\ld h de/roy$ all ! re/ ( ! ,roman army1 _h n ! prud5ce ( "o ( ! tribunes op5$ a way = ! ,vei5t9es to retreat4 ,"h we see t s long z necessity compell$1 ! ,vei5t9es f\ght mo/ fi]cely1 b on f9d+ a pa? op5$ = escape1 pref]r$ flight to combat4 ,on ano!r occasion :5 ! ,volscians & ,equians pass$ ) _! armies across ! ,roman fronti]1 ! consuls 7 s5t out to oppose !m1 & an engagem5t ensu$4 ,x s happ5$ t :5 ! combat 0 at its height1 ! army ( ! ,volscians1 comm&$ by ,vectius ,mescius1 sudd5ly f\nd !mselves %ut 9 betwe5 _! own camp1 :i* a division ( ! ,romans _h occupi$1 & ! body ( ! ,roman army2 :5 see+ t !y mu/ ei!r p]i% or cut a way = !mselves ) _! swords1 ,vectius said to !m1 8,come on1 my m51 "h is no wall or ramp>t to be scal$3 we fight man ) man2 9 val\r we are _! equals1 & necessity1 t la/ & mightie/ weapon1 gives u ! advantage40 ,"h1 !n1 necessity is spok5 ( by ,titus ,livius z ! la/ & mightie/ weapon4 ,camillus1 ! wise/ & mo/ prud5t ( all ! ,roman comm&]s1 :5 he _h got )9 ! t[n ( ,veii ) 8 army1 to make its surr5d] easi] & n to drive its inhabitants to desp]ation1 call$ out to 8 m51 s t ! ,vei5t9es might he>1 to sp>e all :om !y f\nd un>m$4 ,:]eupon ! def5d]s ?r[+ away _! weapons1 ! t[n 0 tak5 almo/ )\t blood%$4 ,& ?is device 0 aft]w>ds foll[$ by _m o!r capta9s4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4--,:e!r we may tru/ m to a valiant ,capta9 ) a weak ,army1 or to a valiant ,army ) a weak ,capta94 ,coriolanus be+ bani%$ f ,rome betook himself to ! ,volscians1 & :5 he _h got toge!r an army :]e) to av5ge himself on 8 c\ntrym51 came back to ,rome2 yet1 aga9 )drew1 n con/ra9$ to retire by ! might ( ! ,roman arms1 b out ( rev]5ce = 8 "m4 ,f ?is incid5t1 says ,titus ,livius1 we may le>n t ! spread ( ! ,roman p[] 0 due m to ! val\r ( h] capta9s ?an ( h] soldi]s4 ,= be=e ?is ! ,volscians _h always be5 r\t$1 & only grew successful :5 ,coriolanus became _! capta94 ,b ?\gh ,livius be ( ?is op9ion1 !re are _m passages 9 8 hi/ory to %[ t ! ,roman soldi]s1 ev5 :5 left )\t lead]s1 (t5 p]=m$ a/oni%+ feats ( val\r1 nay1 sometimes ma9ta9$ bett] discipl9e & f\ght ) great] _s aft] _! consuls 7 sla9 ?an !y _h be=e4 ,= example1 ! army "u ! ,scipios 9 ,spa91 aft] its two lead]s _h fall51 0 able by its val\r n m]ely to secure its own safety1 b to ov]come ! enemy & pres]ve ! prov9ce = ! ,roman ,republic4 ,s t to /ate ! case fairly1 we f9d _m in/ances 9 :i* ! val\r ( ! soldi]s alone ga9$ ! day1 z well z _m 9 :i* success 0 :olly due to ! excell5ce ( ! capta94 ,f :i* x may be inf]r$ t ! "o /&s 9 ne$ ( ! o!r4 ,& "h ! "q sugge/s itself3 :i* is ! m =midable1 a good army badly l$1 or a good capta9 comm&+ an indiff]5t army2 ?\gh1 7 we to adopt ! op9ion ( ,cs> on ?is head1 we ought lightly to e/eem bo?4 ,= :5 ,cs> w5t to ,spa9 aga9/ ,afranius & ,petreius1 :o 7 !re 9 comm& ( a /rong army1 he made little acc\nt ( !m1 say+1 8t he w5t to fight an army )\t a capta910 indicat+ !reby ! weakness ( ^! g5]als4 ,&1 conv]sely1 :5 he w5t to enc\nt] ,pompeius 9 ,!ssaly1 he said1 8,i g aga9/ a capta9 )\t an army40#ac #ac ,pr(essus ante int] suos1 ire se ad ex]citum s9e duce1 et inde rev]surum ad ducem s9e ex]citu4 7,suet4 9 ,vita ,j4 ,caes47 ,a fur!r "q may also be rais$1 :e!r x is easi] = a good capta9 to make a good army1 or = a good army to make a good capta94 ,z to ?is x might be ?\ght !re 0 b>ely room = d\bt1 s9ce x ought to be f> easi] = _m :o are good to f9d "o :o is good or tea* him to become s1 ?an = "o :o is good to f9d or make _m good4 ,lucullus :5 s5t aga9/ ,mi?ridates 0 :olly )\t exp]i5ce 9 w>3 b 8 brave army1 :i* 0 provid$ ) _m excell5t (fic]s1 spe$ily taught him to be a good capta94 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 ! ,romans1 be+ badly (f = soldi]s1 arm$ a numb] ( slaves & gave !m ov] to be drill$ by ,sempronius ,grac*us1 he 9 a %ort "t made !m into a s]viceable army4 ,s too1 z ,i h already m5tion$1 ,pelopidas & ,epam9ondas aft] rescu+ ,!bes1 _! native city1 f ,sp>tan ?raldom1 9 a %ort "t made su* valiant soldi]s ( ! ,!ban peasantry1 z to be able ) _! aid n only to )/&1 b ev5 to defeat ! ,sp>tan armies4 ,s t ! "q may seem to be equally balanc$1 excell5ce on "o side g5]ally f9d+ excell5ce on ! o!r4 ,a good army1 h[ev]1 :5 left )\t a good lead]1 z ! ,mac$onian army 0 on ! dea? ( ,alex&]1 or z ^? vet]ans 7 :o _h f\ght 9 ! civil w>s1 is apt to gr[ re/less & turbul5t4 ,:]e=e ,i am conv9c$ t x is bett] to tru/ to ! capta9 :o has "t all[$ him to discipl9e 8 m51 & means :]e) to equip !m1 ?an to a tumultu>y ho/ ) a *ance lead] ( its own *oos+4 ,b tw(old is ! m]it & tw(old ! glory ( ^? capta9s :o n only h _h to subdue _! enemies1 b also be=e enc\nt]+ !m to organize & discipl9e _! =ces4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is a task requir+ qualities s seldom comb9$1 t 7 _m ( ^? capta9s :o n[ enjoy a great "n ) ! _w1 call$ on to p]=m x1 !y w\ld be mu* less ?\ght ( ?an !y are4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4--,( ! effect produc$ 9 ,battle by /range & unexpect$ ,sights or ,s\nds4 ,t ! disord] occasion$ by /range & unexpect$ sights or s\nds may h mom5t\s consequ5ces 9 combat1 might be %[n by _m in/ances1 b by none bett] ?an by :at befell 9 ! battle f\ght betwe5 ! ,romans & ! ,volscians1 :5 ,qu9tius1 ! ,roman g5]al1 see+ "o w+ ( 8 army beg9 to wav]1 %\t$ al\d to 8 m5 to /& firm1 = ! o!r w+ 0 already victori\s4 ,:i* words ( 8 giv+ confid5ce to 8 own troops & /rik+ ! enemy ) dismay won him ! battle4 ,b if a cry l ?is1 produce great effect on a well discipl9$ army1 f> great] mu/ be its effect on "o :i* is ill discipl9$ & disord]ly4 ,= by su* a w9d ! :ole mass w be mov$1 z ,i %all %[ by a well-kn[n in/ance happ5+ 9 our own times4 ,a few ye>s ago ! city ( ,p]ugia 0 split into ! two factions ( ! ,baglioni & ! ,oddi1 ! =m] hold+ ! gov]nm5t1 ! latt] be+ 9 exile4 ,! ,oddes*i1 h[ev]1 ) ! help ( fri5ds1 hav+ got toge!r an arm$ =ce :i* !y lodg$ 9 villages ( _! own ne> ,p]ugia1 obta9$1 by ! fav\r ( "s ( _! p>ty1 an entrance into ! city by night1 & mov+ =w>d )\t discov]y1 came z f> z ! public squ>e4 ,& z all ! /reets ( ,p]ugia are b>r$ ) *a9s drawn across !m at _! corn]s1 ! ,oddes*i _h 9 front ( !m a man :o c>ri$ an iron hamm] :]e) to break ! fa/5+s ( ! *a9s s t horsem5 might pass4 ,:5 ! only *a9 rema9+ unbrok5 0 t :i* clos$ ! public squ>e1 ! al>m hav+ n[ be5 giv51 ! hamm]man 0 s imp$$ by ! cr[d press+ beh9d him t he c\ld n raise 8 arm to /rike freely4 ,:]eupon1 to get m room = 8 "w1 he call$ al\d to ! o!rs to /& back2 & ! ^w back pass+ f rank to rank ^? fur!/ (f began to run1 &1 pres5tly1 ! o!rs also1 ) su* precipitancy1 t !y fell into utt] disord]4 ,9 ?is way1 & f ?is trifl+ circum/ance1 ! attempt ( ! ,oddes*i came to no?+4 ,"h we may note t discipl9e is ne$$ 9 an army1 n s mu* to enable x to fight accord+ to a settl$ ord]1 z t x may n be ?r[n into confusion by e insignificant accid5t4 ,= a tumultu>y ho/ is useless 9 w>1 simply because e ^w1 or cry1 or s\nd1 may ?r[ x into a panic & cause x to fly4 ,:]e=e x behoves a good capta9 to provide t c]ta9 fix$ p]sons %all receive 8 ord]s & pass !m on to ! re/1 & to accu/om 8 soldi]s to look to ^! p]sons1 & to !m only1 to be in=m$ :at 8 ord]s are4 ,= :5ev] ?is precaution is neglect$ ! grave/ mi%aps are con/antly se5 to ensue4 ,z reg>ds /range & unexpect$ sights1 e capta9 %\ld endeav\r :ile 8 army is actually engag$ ) ! enemy1 to effect "s su* fe9t or div]sion z w enc\rage 8 own m5 & dismay 8 adv]s>y s9ce ?is ( all ?+s t c happ5 is ! likelie/ to ensure victory4 ,9 evid5ce :]e( we may cite ! example ( ,cneius ,sulpitius1 ! ,roman dictator1 :o1 :5 ab\t to give battle to ! ,gauls1 aft] arm+ 8 sutl]s & camp foll[]s1 m\nt$ !m on mules & o!r bea/s ( burd51 furni%$ !m ) spe>s & bann]s to look l cavalry1 & plac+ !m beh9d a hill1 ord]$ !m on a giv5 signal1 :5 ! fight 0 at ! hotte/1 to appe> & %[ !mselves to ! enemy4 ,all :i* be+ c>ri$ out z he _h arrang$1 ?rew ! ,gauls into su* al>m1 t !y lo/ ! battle4 ,a good capta91 !re=e1 has two ?+s to see to3 fir/1 to contrive h[ by "s sudd5 surprise he may ?r[ 8 enemy into confusion2 & next1 to be prep>$ %\ld ! enemy use a l /ratagem aga9/ him to discov] & defeat x2 z ! /ratagem ( ,semiramis 0 defeat$ by ! ,k+ ( ,india4 ,= ,semiramis see+ t ?is k+ _h elephants 9 great numb]s1 to dismay him by %[+ t %e1 too1 0 well suppli$1 caus$ ! sk9s ( _m ox5 & buffaloes to be sewn toge!r 9 ! %ape ( elephants & plac$ ^u camels & s5t to ! front4 ,b ! trick be+ detect$ by ! k+1 turn$ out n only useless b hurtful to its contriv]4 ,9 a battle :i* ! ,dictator ,mam]cus f\ght aga9/ ! p ( ,fid5ae1 ! latt]1 to /rike t]ror into ! m9ds ( ! ,romans1 contriv$ t :ile ! combat rag$ a numb] ( soldi]s %\ld issue f ,fid5ae be>+ lances tipp$ ) fire1 ?9k+ t ! ,romans1 di/urb$ by s /range a sight1 w\ld be ?r[n into confusion4 ,we are to note1 h[ev]1 ) reg>d to su* contrivances1 t if !y are to s]ve any useful end1 !y %\ld be =midable z well z seem s2 = :5 !y m5ace a real dang]1 _! weak po9ts are n s soon disc]n$4 ,:5 !y h m ( pret5ce ?an reality1 x w be well ei!r to disp5se ) !m altoge!r1 or resort+ to !m1 to keep !m1 l ! mulete]s ( ,sulpitius1 9 ! backgr\nd1 s t !y be n too readily f\nd out4 ,= any weakness inh]5t 9 !m is soon discov]$ if !y be br\ght ne>1 :51 z happ5$ ) ! elephants ( ,semiramis & ! fi]y spe>s ( ! m5 ( ,fid5ae1 !y d h>m r ?an good4 ,= al?\gh by ?is la/-m5tion$ device ! ,romans at ! fir/ 7 some:at disconc]t$1 s soon z ! dictator came up & began to *ide !m1 ask+ if !y 7 n a%am$ to fly l bees f smoke1 & call+ on !m to turn on _! enemy1 & 8) h] own flames efface t ,fid5ae :om _! b5efits c\ld n conciliate10 !y took c\rage2 s t ! device prov$ ( no s]vice to its contriv]s1 :o 7 vanqui%$ 9 ! battle4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4--,t "o & n _m %\ld head an ,army3 & :y x is h>mful to h m ,lead]s ?an "o4 ,! m5 ( ,fid5ae ris+ aga9/ ! coloni/s :om ! ,romans _h settl$ among !m1 & putt+ !m to ! sword1 ! ,romans to av5ge ! insult appo9t$ f\r tribunes ) consul> p[]s3 "o ( :om !y reta9$ to see to ! def5ce ( ,rome1 :ile ! o!r ?ree 7 s5t aga9/ ! ,fid5ati & ! ,vei5t9es4 ,b ^! ?ree fall+ out among !mselves1 & be+ divid$ 9 _! c\nsels1 return$ f _! mission ) discr$it ?\gh n ) loss4 ,( :i* discr$it !y 7 !mselves ! cause4 ,t !y su/a9$ no loss 0 due to ! val\r ( _! soldi]s ,b ! s5ate p]ceiv+ ! s\rce ( ! mis*ief1 to ! end t "o man might put to rights :at ?ree _h ?r[n into confusion1 resort$ to ! appo9tm5t ( a dictator4 ,"h we see ! disadvantage ( hav+ sev]al lead]s 9 "o army or 9 a t[n :i* has to def5d itself4 ,& ! case c\ld n be put 9 cle>] words ?an by ,titus ,livius1 :]e he says1 8,! ?ree tribunes ) consul> au?ority gave pro( h[ hurtful x is 9 w> to h _m lead]s2 = ea* =m+ a diff]5t op9ion1 & ea* abid+ by 8 own1 !y ?rew opportunities 9 ! way ( _! enemies40 ,& ?\gh ?is example suffice by itself to %[ ! disadvantage 9 w> ( divid$ comm&s1 to make ! matt] /ill pla9] ,i %all cite two fur!r in/ances1 "o anci5t & "o mod]n4 ,9 ! ye> #aejj1 ,l\is ,,xii4 ( ,france1 aft] recov]+ ,milan1 s5t troops to re/ore ,pisa to ! ,flor5t9es1 ,giovambatti/a ,ridolfi & ,luca d',antonio ,albizzi go+ ) !m z commiss>ies4 ,n[1 because ,giovambatti/a _h a great "n1 & 0 old] ?an ,luca1 ! latt] left ! :ole managem5t ( ev]y?+ to him2 & al?\gh he did n %[ 8 jeal\sy ( him by oppos+ him1 he betray$ x by 8 sil5ce1 & by be+ s c>eless & indiff]5t ab\t ev]y?+1 t he gave no help 9 ! bus9ess ( ! siege ei!r by ^w or de$1 j z ?\gh he _h be5 a p]son ( no acc\nt4 ,b :51 9 consequ5ce ( an accid5t1 ,giovambatti/a _h to return to ,flor5ce1 all ?is 0 *ang$2 = ,luca1 rema9+ 9 sole *>ge1 behav$ ) ! greate/ c\rage1 prud5ce1 & zeal1 all :i* qualities _h be5 hidd5 :ile he held a jo9t comm&4 ,fur!r to be> me out ,i %all aga9 borr[ ! words ( ,titus ,livius1 :o1 9 relat+ h[ :5 ,qu9tius & ,agrippa 8 colleague 7 s5t by ! ,romans aga9/ ! ,equians1 ,agrippa contriv$ t ! conduct ( ! w> %\ld re/ ) ,qu9tius1 obs]ves1 8,mo/ :olesome is x t 9 affairs ( great mom5t1 supreme au?ority be ve/$ 9 "o man40 ,v diff]5t1 h[ev]1 is ! c\rse foll[$ by ! republics & pr9ces ( our own days1 :o1 ?9k+ to be bett] s]v$1 are us$ to appo9t sev]al capta9s or commission]s to fill "o comm&2 a practice giv+ rise to s mu* confusion1 t 7 we seek+ = ! causes ( ! ov]?r[ ( ! ,fr5* & ,italian armies 9 rec5t times1 we %\ld f9d ?is to be ! mo/ active ( any4 ,rightly1 !re=e1 may we conclude t 9 s5d+ =? an army ^u s]vice1 x is wis] to entru/ x to "o man ( ord9>y prud5ce1 ?an to two ( great p>ts b ) a divid$ comm&4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4--,t 9 ,times ( ,difficulty true ,wor? is s\ght aft]2 :]eas 9 quiet ,times x is n ! mo/ des]v+1 b ^? :o are recomm5d$ by ,weal? or ,connection :o are mo/ 9 fav\r4 ,x always has happ5$ & always w1 t ! great & admirable m5 ( a republic are neglect$ 9 peaceful times2 because at su* seasons _m citiz5s are f\nd1 :o1 envy+ ! reputation ^! m5 h ju/ly e>n$1 seek to be reg>d$ n m]ely z _! equals b z _! sup]iors4 ,t\*+ ?is !re is a notable passage 9 ,?ucydides1 ! ,greek hi/orian1 :]e he tells h[ ! republic ( ,a!ns com+ victori\s out ( ! ,peloponessian w>1 :]e9 %e _h bridl$ ! pride ( ,sp>ta1 & br\ght almo/ ! :ole ( ,greece "u h] au?ority1 0 enc\rag$ by ! greatness ( h] r5[n to propose to h]self ! conque/ ( ,sicily4 ,9 ,a!ns ?is s*eme 0 mu* debat$1 ,alcibiades & c]ta9 o!rs :o _h ! public welf>e v little 9 _! ?\ghts1 b :o hop$ t ! ent]prise1 7 !y plac$ 9 comm&1 might m9i/] to _! fame1 recomm5d+ t x %\ld be und]tak54 ,nicias1 on ! o!r h&1 "o ( ! be/ e/eem$ ( ! ,a!nian citiz5s1 0 aga9/ x1 & 9 address+ ! p1 gave x z ! /ronge/ reason = tru/+ 8 advice1 t 9 advis+ !m n to engage 9 ?is w>1 he urg$ :at 0 n = 8 own advantage2 = he knew t :ile ,a!ns rema9$ at peace numb]less citiz5s 7 ready to take prec$5ce ( him3 :]eas1 7 w> decl>$1 he 0 c]ta9 t none w\ld rank be=e him or ev5 be look$ ^u z 8 equal4 ,"h we see t 9 tranquil times republics are subject to ! infirmity ( lightly e/eem+ _! wor?ie/ citiz5s4 ,& ?is (f5ds ^! p]sons = two reasons3 fir/1 because !y are n giv5 ! place !y des]ve2 & second1 because !y see unwor?y m5 & ( abilities inf]ior to _! own1 z mu* or m consid]$ ?an !y4 ,inju/ice su* z ?is has caus$ ! ru9 ( _m republics4 ,= citiz5s :o f9d !mselves undes]v$ly slight$1 & p]ceive ! cause to be t ! times are tranquil & n tr\bl$1 w /rive to *ange ! times by /irr+ up w>s hurtful to ! public welf>e4 ,:5 ,i look = rem$ies = ?is /ate ( ?+s1 ,i f9d two3 fir/1 to keep ! citiz5s poor1 s t weal? )\t wor? %all corrupt nei!r !m nor o!rs2 second1 to be s prep>$ = w> z always to be ready to make w>2 = !n !re w always be a ne$ = wor?y citiz5s1 z 0 ! case 9 ,rome 9 e>ly times4 ,= z ,rome con/antly kept h] armies 9 ! field1 !re 0 con/ant opportunity = m5 to display _! val\r1 nor 0 x possible to deprive a des]v+ man ( 8 po/ & give x to ano!r :o 0 n des]v+4 ,or if ev] ?is 7 done by inadv]t5cy1 or by way ( exp]im5t1 !re =?) result$ su* disord] & dang]1 t ! city at once retrac$ its /eps & rev]t$ to ! true pa?4 ,b o!r republics :i* are n regulat$ on ! same plan1 & make w> only :5 driv5 to x by necessity1 _c help committ+ ?is inju/ice1 nay1 w con/antly run into x1 :51 if ! great citiz5 :o f9ds himself slight$ be v9dictive1 & h "s cr$it & foll[+ 9 ! city1 disord] w always ensue4 ,& ?\gh ,rome escap$ ?is dang] = a "t1 %e too1 z has else:]e be5 said1 hav+ no long]1 aft] %e _h conqu]$ ,c>?age & ,antio*us1 any fe> ( w>1 came to ?9k %e might commit h] armies to :om %e w\ld1 mak+ less acc\nt ( ! val\r ( h] capta9s ?an ( ^? o!r qualities :i* ga9 fav\r ) ! p4 ,accord+ly we f9d ,paulus ,emilius reject$ (t5] ?an once :5 he s\ght ! consul%ip2 nor1 9 fact1 obta9+ x until ! ,mac$onian w> broke out1 :i*1 be+ judg$ a =midable bus9ess1 0 by ! voice ( ! :ole city committ$ to 8 managem5t4 ,aft] ! ye> #adid our city ( ,flor5ce 0 involv$ 9 a s]ies ( w>s1 9 conduct+ :i* none ( our citiz5s _h any success until *ance ?rew ! comm& into ! h&s ( "o :o %[$ u h[ an army %\ld be l$4 ,?is 0 ,antonio ,giacom9i1 & s long z !re 7 dang]\s w>s on foot1 all rivalry on ! "p ( o!r citiz5s 0 susp5d$2 & :5ev] a capta9 or commiss>y _h to be appo9t$ he 0 unoppos$4 ,b :5 a w> came to be und]tak51 z to ! issue ( :i* no misgiv+s 7 felt1 & :i* promis$ bo? hon\r & pref]m5t1 s num]\s 7 ! competitors = comm&1 t ?ree commiss>ies hav+ to be *os5 to conduct ! siege ( ,pisa1 ,antonio 0 left out2 & ?\gh x _c ) c]ta9ty be %[n t any h>m result$ to our republic f 8 n hav+ be5 s5t on ?is ent]prise1 we may reasonably conjecture t su* 0 inde$ ! case4 ,= z ! p ( ,pisa 7 !n )\t means ei!r = subsi/5ce or def5ce1 x may be believ$ t _h ,antonio be5 !re he w\ld h r$uc$ !m to su* extremities z w\ld h =c$ !m to surr5d] at discretion to ! ,flor5t9es4 ,b ,pisa be+ besieg$ by capta9s :o knew nei!r h[ to blockade nor h[ to /orm x1 held out s long1 t ! ,flor5t9es1 :o %\ld h r$uc$ x by =ce1 7 oblig$ to buy its submission4 ,neglect l ?is might well move ,antonio to res5tm5t2 & he mu/ ne$s h be5 bo? v pati5t & v =giv+ if he felt no desire to rev5ge himself :5 he c\ld1 by ! ru9 ( ! city or by injuries to individual citiz5s4 ,b a republic %\ld bew>e n to r\se su* feel+s1 z ,i %all %[ 9 ! foll[+ ,*apt]4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4--,t we are n to (f5d a ,man1 & !n s5d him to fill an important ,(fice or ,comm&4 ,a republic %\ld ?9k twice be=e appo9t+ to an important comm& a citiz5 :o has su/a9$ notable wrong at ! h&s ( 8 fell[-citiz5s4 ,claudius ,n]o1 quitt+ ! army ) :i* he 0 oppos+ ,hannibal1 w5t ) a "p ( 8 =ces into ! ,m>* ( ,ancona1 design+ to jo9 ! o!r consul !re1 & aft] jo9+ him to attack ,hasdrubal be=e he came up ) 8 bro!r4 ,n[ ,claudius _h previ\sly comm&$ aga9/ ,hasdrubal 9 ,spa91 & aft] driv+ him ) 8 army into su* a position t x seem$ he mu/ ei!r fight at a disadvantage or p]i% by fam9e1 _h be5 outwitt$ by 8 adv]s>y1 :o1 :ile div]t+ 8 att5tion ) proposals ( t]ms1 contriv$ to slip ?r\gh 8 h&s & rob him ( ! opportunity = effect+ 8 de/ruction4 ,?is becom+ kn[n 9 ,rome br\ght ,claudius into s mu* discr$it bo? ) ! s5ate & p1 t to 8 great mortification & displeasure1 he 0 slight+ly spok5 ( by ! :ole city4 ,b be+ aft]w>ds made consul & s5t to oppose ,hannibal1 he took ! c\rse m5tion$ above1 :i* 0 9 itself s haz>d\s t all ,rome 0 fill$ ) d\bt & anxiety until tid+s came ( ,hasdrubal's defeat4 ,:5 subsequ5tly ask$ :y he _h play$ s dang]\s a game1 :]e9 )\t urg5t necessity he _h /ak$ ! v exi/5ce ( ,rome1 ,claudius answ]$1 he _h done s because he knew t 7 he to succe$ he w\ld recov] :atev] cr$it he _h lo/ 9 ,spa92 :ile if he fail$1 & 8 attempt _h an unt[>d issue1 he w\ld be rev5g$ on t city & ,on ^? citiz5s :o _h s ungratefully & indiscreetly wrong$ him4 ,b if res5tm5t = an (f5ce l ?is s deeply mov$ a ,roman citiz5 at a "t :5 ,rome 0 /ill uncorrupt$1 we %\ld consid] h[ x may act on ! citiz5 ( a ,/ate n con/itut$ z ,rome !n 04 ,& because !re is no c]ta9 rem$y we c apply to su* disord]s :5 !y arise 9 republics1 x foll[s t x is impossible to e/abli% a republic :i* %all endure always2 s9ce 9 a ?\s& un=ese5 ways ru9 may ov]take x4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4--,t x is ! highe/ ,quality ( a ,capta9 to be able to =e/all ! designs ( 8 ,adv]s>y4 ,x 0 a say+ ( ,epam9ondas ! ,!ban t no?+ 0 s useful & necess>y = a comm&] z to be able to see ?r\gh ! int5tions & designs ( 8 adv]s>y4 ,& because x is h>d to come at ?is k directly1 ! m cr$it is due to him :o rea*es x by conjecture4 ,yet sometimes x is easi] to fa?om an enemy's designs ?an to con/rue 8 actions2 & n s mu* ^? actions :i* are done at a di/ance f u1 z ^? done 9 our pres5ce & "u our v eyes4 ,= in/ance1 x has (t5 happ5$ t :5 a battle has la/$ till nightfall1 ! w9n] has believ$ himself ! los]1 & ! los] has believ$ himself ! w9n] & t ?is mi/ake has l$ him :o made x to foll[ a c\rse hurtful to himself4 ,x 0 f a mi/ake ( ?is sort1 t ,brutus & ,cassius lo/ ! battle ( ,philippi4 ,= ?\gh ,brutus 0 victori\s ) 8 w+ ( ! army ,cassius1 ^: w+ 0 beat51 believ$ ! entire army to be defeat$1 & "u ?is belief gave way to despair & slew himself4 ,s too1 9 our own days1 9 ! battle f\ght by ,francis1 k+ ( ,france1 ) ! ,swiss at ,santa ,cecilia 9 ,lomb>dy1 :5 night fell1 ^? ( ! ,swiss :o rema9$ unbrok51 n kn[+ t ! re/ _h be5 r\t$ & sla91 ?\ght !y _h ! victory2 & s believ+ w\ld n retreat1 b1 rema9+ on ! field1 r5ew$ ! combat ! foll[+ morn+ to _! great disadvantage4 ,nor 7 !y ! only suff]]s f _! mi/ake1 s9ce ! armies ( ! ,pope & ( ,spa9 7 also misl$ by x1 & well-nigh br\ght to de/ruction4 ,= on ! false report ( a victory !y cross$ ! ,po1 & _h !y only advanc$ a little fur!r mu/ h be5 made prison]s by ! victori\s ,fr5*4 ,an in/ance is record$ ( a l mi/ake hav+ be5 made 9 ! camps bo? ( ! ,romans & ( ! ,equians4 ,= ! ,consul ,sempronius be+ 9 comm& aga9/ ! ,equians1 & giv+ ! enemy battle1 ! engagem5t la/$ ) v>y+ success till nightfall1 :5 z bo? armies _h suff]$ :at 0 almo/ a defeat1 nei!r return$ to _! camp1 b ea* drew (f to ! neighbor+ hills :]e !y ?\ght !y w\ld be saf]4 ,! ,romans sep>at$ into two divisions1 "o ( :i* ) ! consul1 ! o!r ) ! c5turion ,tempanius by ^: val\r ! army _h t day be5 sav$ f utt] r\t4 ,at daybreak ! consul1 )\t wait+ = fur!r tid+s ( ! enemy1 made /raight = ,rome2 & ! ,equians1 9 l mann]1 )drew to _! own c\ntry4 ,= z ea* suppos$ ! o!r to be victori\s1 nei!r ?\ght mu* ( leav+ _! camp to be plund]$ by ! enemy4 ,x s *anc$1 h[ev]1 t ,tempanius1 :o 0 himself retreat+ ) ! second division ( ! ,roman army1 fell 9 ) c]ta9 w\nd$ ,equians1 f :om he le>n$ t _! comm&]s _h fl$1 ab&on+ _! camp2 on he>+ :i*1 he at once return$ to ! ,roman camp & secur$ x1 & !n1 aft] sack+ ! camp ( ! ,equians1 w5t back victori\s to ,rome4 ,8 success1 z we see1 turn$ entirely on 8 be+ ! fir/ to be in=m$ ( ! enemy's condition4 ,& "h we are to note t x may (t5 happ5 t bo? ! "o & ! o!r ( two oppos$ armies %all fall into ! same disord]1 & be r$uc$ to ! same /raits2 9 :i* case1 t :i* soone/ detects ! o!r's di/ress is sure to come (f be/4 ,i %all give an in/ance ( ?is :i* occurr$ rec5tly 9 our own c\ntry4 ,9 ! ye> #adih1 :5 ! ,flor5t9es _h a great army 9 ! t]ritory ( ,pisa & _h closely inve/$ ! t[n1 ! ,v5etians1 :o _h und]tak5 its protection1 see+ no o!r way to save x1 resolv$ to make a div]sion 9 its fav\r by attack+ ! t]ritories ( ! ,flor5t9es 9 ano!r qu>t]4 ,:]e=e1 hav+ assembl$ a /rong =ce1 !y ent]$ ,tuscany by ! ,val di ,lamona1 & seiz+ on ! village ( ,m>radi1 besieg$ ! /ronghold ( ,ca/iglione :i* /&s on ! height above x4 ,gett+ ^w ( ?is1 ! ,flor5t9es s\ght to relieve ,m>radi1 )\t weak5+ ! army :i* lay r\nd ,pisa4 ,!y accord+ly rais$ a new levy ( foot-soldi]s1 & equipp$ a fre% squadron ( horse1 :i* !y despat*$ to ,m>radi "u ! jo9t comm& ( ,jacopo ,,iv4 d',appiano1 "l ( ,piomb9o1 & ,c\nt ,r9uccio ( ,m>ciano4 ,^! troops tak+ up _! position on ! hill above ,m>radi1 ! ,v5etians )drew f ! inve/m5t ( ,ca/iglione & lodg$ !mselves 9 ! village4 ,b :5 ! two armies _h confront$ "o ano!r = sev]al days1 bo? began to suff] sorely f want ( victuals & o!r necess>ies1 & nei!r ( !m d>+ to attack ! o!r1 or kn[+ to :at extremities ! o!r 0 r$uc$1 bo? simultane\sly resolv$ to /rike _! camps ! foll[+ morn+1 & to retreat1 ! ,v5etians t[>ds ,b]zighella & ,fa5za1 ! ,flor5t9es t[>ds ,casaglia & ! ,mugello4 ,b at daybreak1 :5 bo? armies _h begun to remove _! baggage1 x s happ5$ t an old woman1 ^: ye>s & pov]ty p]mitt$ h] to pass unnotic$1 leav+ ! village ( ,m>radi1 came to ! ,flor5t9e camp1 :]e 7 c]ta9 ( h] k9sfolk :om %e desir$ to visit4 ,le>n+ f h] t ! ,v5etians 7 9 retreat1 ! ,flor5t9e comm&]s took c\rage1 & *ang+ _! plan1 w5t 9 pursuit ( ! enemy z ?\gh !y _h dislodg$ !m1 s5d+ ^w to ,flor5ce t !y _h repuls$ ! ,v5etians & ga9$ a victory4 ,b 9 tru? ?is victory 0 :olly due to _! hav+ notice ( ! enemy's movem5ts be=e ! latt] _h notice ( !irs4 ,= _h t notice be5 giv5 to ! ,v5etians fir/1 x w\ld h wr\ght aga9/ u ! same results z x actually wr\ght = u4 ,,*apt] ,,xix4--,:e!r ,indulg5ce or ,sev]ity be m necess>y = controll+ a ,multitude4 ,! ,roman ,republic 0 di/ract$ by ! feuds ( ! nobles & commons4 ,nev]!less1 on w> break+ out1 ,qu9tius & ,appius ,claudius 7 s5t =? 9 comm& ( ,roman armies4 ,f 8 h>%ness & sev]ity to 8 soldi]s1 ,appius 0 s ill obey$ by !m1 t aft] su/a9+ :at almo/ am\nt$ to a defeat1 he _h to resign 8 comm&4 ,qu9tius1 on ! contr>y1 by k9dly & humane treatm5t1 kept 8 m5 ob$i5t & return$ victori\s to ,rome4 ,f ?is x might seem t to gov]n a l>ge body ( m51 x is bett] to be humane ?an haughty1 & k9dly r ?an sev]e4 ,& yet ,cornelius ,tacitus1 ) :om _m o!r au?ors are agre$1 pron\nces a contr>y op9ion :]e he says1 8,9 gov]n+ a multitude x avails m to puni% ?an to be compliant40#ad ,if x be ask$ h[ ^! opposite views c be reconcil$1 ,i answ] t y ex]cise au?ority ei!r ov] m5 us$ to reg>d y z _! equal1 or ov] m5 :o h always be5 subject to y4 ,:5 ^? ov] :om y ex]cise au?ority are y\r equals1 y _c tru/ :olly to puni%m5t or to t sev]ity ( :i* ,tacitus speaks4 ,& s9ce 9 ,rome itself ! commons _h equal weight ) ! nobles1 none appo9t$ _! capta9 = a "t only1 c\ld control !m by us+ h>%ness & sev]ity4 ,accord+ly we f9d t ^? ,roman capta9s :o ga9$ ! love ( _! soldi]s & 7 consid]ate ( !m1 (t5 a*iev$ great] results ?an ^? :o made !mselves fe>$ by !m 9 an unusual degree1 unless1 l ,manlius ,torquatus1 ^! la/ 7 end[$ ) consummate val\r4 ,b he :o has to gov]n subjects su* z ^? ( :om ,tacitus speaks1 to prev5t _! gr[+ insol5t & trampl+ ^u him by reason ( 8 too great eas9ess1 mu/ resort to puni%m5t r ?an to compliance4 ,/ill1 to escape hatr$1 puni%m5t %\ld be mod]ate 9 degree1 = to make himself hat$ is nev] = ! int]e/ ( any pr9ce4 ,& to escape hatr$1 a pr9ce has *iefly to gu>d aga9/ tamp]+ ) ! prop]ty ( any ( 8 subjects2 = :]e no?+ is to be ga9$ by x1 no pr9ce w desire to %$ blood1 unless1 z seldom happ5s1 con/ra9$ to d s by necessity4 ,b :]e advantage is to be ga9$ !reby1 blood w always fl[1 & nei!r ! desire to %$ x1 nor causes = %$d+ x w ev] be want+1 z ,i h fully %[n :5 discuss+ ?is subject 9 ano!r treatise4 #ad 8,9 multitud9e reg5da plus po5a quam obsequium valet40 ,b comp>e ,annals1 ,,iii4 #ee1 8,obsequium inde 9 pr9cipem et mul&i amoi validioi quam po5a ex legibus et metus40 ,qu9tius !re=e 0 m des]v+ ( praise ?an ,appius4 ,nev]!less ! op9ion ( ,tacitus1 duly re/rict$ & n und]/ood z apply+ to a case l t ( ,appius1 m]its approval4 ,b s9ce ,i h spok5 ( puni%m5t & indulg5ce1 x seems n out ( place to %[ h[ a s+le act ( humanity avail$ m ?an arms ) ! citiz5s ( ,fal]ii4 ,,*apt] ,,xx4--,h[ "o humane act avail$ m ) ! m5 ( ,fal]ii1 ?an all ! might ( ! ,roman ,arms4 ,:5 ! besieg+ army ( ! ,romans lay r\nd ,fal]ii1 ! ma/] ( a s*ool :]e9 ! be/-born y\?s ( ! city 7 taught1 ?9k+ to curry fav\r ) ,camillus & ! ,romans1 came =? f ! t[n ) ^! boys1 on pret5ce ( giv+ !m ex]cise1 & br++ !m into ! camp :]e ,camillus 01 pres5t$ !m to him1 say+1 8,to ransom ^! t city w\ld yield itself into y\r h&s40 ,camillus1 h[ev]1 n only reject$ ?is (f]1 b caus+ ! s*oolma/] to be /ripp$ & 8 h&s ti$ beh9d him1 gave ea* ( ! boys a sc\rge1 & bade !m lead ! fell[ back to ! t[n sc\rg+ him z !y w5t4 ,:5 ! citiz5s ( ,fal]ii he>d ( ?is1 s mu* 7 !y pleas$ ) ! humanity & integrity ( ,camillus1 t !y resolv$ to surr5d] _! t[n to him )\t fur!r def5ce4 ,?is au!ntic in/ance may lead u to believe t a humane & k9dly action may sometimes t\* m5's m9ds m ne>ly ?an a h>% & cruel "o2 & t ^? cities & prov9ces into :i* ! in/rum5ts & eng9es ( w>1 ) e o!r viol5ce to :i* m5 resort1 h fail$ to =ce a way1 may be ?r[n op5 to a s+le act ( t5d]ness1 m]cy1 *a/ity1 or g5]osity4 ,:]e( hi/ory supplies u ) _m examples besides ! "o :i* ,i h j n[ notic$4 ,= we f9d t :5 ! arms ( ,rome 7 p[]less to drive ,pyrrhus out ( ,italy1 he 0 mov$ to dep>t by ! g5]osity ( ,fabritius 9 disclos+ to him ! proposal :i* 8 slave _h made ! ,romans to poison him4 ,aga91 we read h[ ,scipio ga9$ less reputation 9 ,spa9 by ! capture ( ,new ,c>?age1 ?an by 8 virtue 9 re/or+ a "y & beautiful wife unviolat$ to h] husb&2 ! fame ( :i* action won him ! love ( ! :ole prov9ce4 ,we see1 too1 h[ mu* ?is g5]\s temp] is e/eem$ by a p 9 its great m52 & h[ mu* x is prais$ by hi/orians & by ^? :o write ! lives ( pr9ces1 z well z by ^? :o lay d[n rules ( human conduct4 ,among :om ,x5ophon has tak5 great pa9s to %[ :at hon\rs1 & victories1 & h[ fair a fame accru$ to ,cyrus f 8 be+ k9dly & graci\s1 )\t ta9t ( pride1 or cruelty1 or luxury1 or any o!r ( ^? vices :i* ca/ a /a9 ^u m5's lives4 ,& yet :5 we note t ,hannibal1 by me?ods :olly opposite to ^!1 a*iev$ spl5did victories & a great r5[n1 ,i ?9k ,i am b\nd to say some?+ 9 my next ,*apt] z to h[ ?is happ5$4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi4--,h[ x happ5$ t ,hannibal pursu+ a c\rse contr>y to t tak5 by ,scipio1 wr\ght ! same results 9 ,italy :i* ! o!r a*iev$ 9 ,spa94 ,"s1 ,i suspect1 may m>vel to f9d a capta91 tak+ a contr>y c\rse1 nev]!less arrive at ! same ends z ^? :o h pursu$ ! me?ods above spok5 (2 s9ce x mu/ seem z ?\gh success did n dep5d on ! causes ,i h nam$2 nay1 t if glory & fame are to be won 9 o!r ways1 ^! causes nei!r add to our /r5g? nor advance our =tunes4 ,:]e=e1 to make my mean+ pla91 & n to "p company ) ! m5 ( :om ,i h be5 speak+1 ,i say1 t z1 on ! "o h&1 we see ,scipio ent] ,spa91 & by 8 humane & g5]\s conduct at once secure ! good-w ( ! prov9ce1 & ! admiration & rev]5ce ( its inhabitants1 s on ! o!r h&1 we see ,hannibal ent] ,italy1 & by me?ods :olly opposite1 to wit1 by viol5ce & rap9e1 by cruelty & trea*]y ( e k9d1 effect 9 t c\ntry ! v same results4 ,= all ! ,/ates ( ,italy revolt$ 9 8 fav\r1 & all ! ,italian nations rang$ !mselves on 8 side4 ,:5 we seek to "k :y ?is 01 sev]al reasons pres5t !mselves1 ! fir/ be+ t m5 s passionately love *ange1 t1 commonly speak+1 ^? :o are well (f are z eag] = x z ^? :o are badly (f3 = z already has be5 said ) tru?1 m5 are pamp]$ by prosp]ity1 s\r$ by adv]sity4 ,?is love ( *ange1 !re=e1 makes !m op5 ! door to any "o :o puts himself at ! head ( new movem5ts 9 _! c\ntry1 & if he be a =eign] !y adopt 8 cause1 if a fell[-c\ntryman !y ga!r r\nd him & become 8 p>tisans & support]s2 s t :atev] me?ods he may !re use1 he w succe$ 9 mak+ great progress4 ,moreov]1 m5 be+ mov$ by two *ief passions1 love & fe>1 he :o makes himself fe>$ comm&s ) no less au?ority ?an he :o makes himself lov$2 nay1 z a rule1 is foll[$ & obey$ m implicitly ?an ! o!r4 ,x matt]s little1 h[ev]1 :i* ( ^! two ways a capta9 *ooses to foll[1 provid$ he be ( transc5d5t val\r1 & has !reby won = himself a great "n ,= :51 l ,hannibal or ,scipio1 a man is v valiant1 ?is quality w cloak any error he may commit 9 seek+ ei!r to be too mu* lov$ or too mu* fe>$4 ,yet f ea* ( ^! two t5d5cies1 grave mis*iefs1 & su* z lead to ! ru9 ( a pr9ce1 may arise4 ,= he :o w\ld be greatly lov$1 if he sw]ve ev] s little f ! "r road1 becomes contemptible2 :ile he :o w\ld be greatly fe>$1 if he g a jot too f>1 incurs hatr$4 ,& s9ce x is impossible1 our nature n all[+ x1 to adh]e to ! exact mean1 x is ess5tial t any excess %\ld be balanc$ by an exce$+ val\r1 z x 0 9 ,hannibal & ,scipio4 ,& yet we f9d t ev5 !y1 :ile !y 7 exalt$ by ! me?ods !y foll[$1 7 also injur$ by !m4 ,h[ !y 7 exalt$ has be5 %[n4 ,! injury :i* ,scipio suff]$ 01 t 9 ,spa9 8 soldi]s1 9 conc]t ) c]ta9 ( 8 allies1 rose aga9/ him1 = no o!r reason ?an t !y /ood 9 no fe> ( him4 ,= m5 are s re/less1 t if ev] s small a door be op5$ to _! ambition1 !y =?) =get all ! love !y h borne _! pr9ce 9 return = 8 graci\sness & goodness1 z did ^! soldi]s & allies ( ,scipio2 :51 to correct ! mis*ief1 he 0 =c$ to use some?+ ( a cruelty =eign to 8 nature4 ,z to ,hannibal1 we _c po9t to any p>ticul> in/ance :]e9 8 cruelty or want ( fai? are se5 to h be5 directly hurtful to him2 b we may well believe t ,naples & o!r t[ns :i* rema9$ loyal to ! ,roman p1 did s by reason ( ! dread :i* 8 "* inspir$4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is abundantly cle>1 t 8 inhumanity made him m dete/$ by ! ,romans ?an any o!r enemy !y ev] _h2 s t :ile to ,pyrrhus1 9 ,italy ) 8 army1 !y gave up ! traitor :o (f]$ to poison him1 ,hannibal1 ev5 :5 dis>m$ & a fugitive1 !y nev] =gave1 until !y _h compass$ 8 dea?4 ,to ,hannibal1 !re=e1 f 8 be+ acc\nt$ impi\s1 p]fidi\s1 & cruel1 ^! disadvantages result$2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 !re accru$ to him "o great ga91 notic$ ) admiration by all hi/orians1 namely1 t 9 8 army1 al?\gh made up ( m5 ( e race & c\ntry1 no diss5sions ev] broke out among ! soldi]s !mselves1 nor any mut9y aga9/ _! lead]4 ,?is we c only ascribe to ! awe :i* 8 "* inspir$1 :i* toge!r ) ! great "n 8 val\r _h won = him1 _h ! effect ( keep+ 8 soldi]s quiet & unit$4 ,i repeat1 !re=e1 t x is ( little mom5t :i* me?od a capta9 may foll[ if he be end[$ ) su* val\r z w be> him out 9 ! c\rse :i* he adopts4 ,=1 z ,i h said1 !re are disadvantages incid5t to bo? me?ods unless correct$ by extraord9>y val\r4 ,& n[1 s9ce ,i h spok5 ( ,scipio & ,hannibal1 ! =m] ( :om by praisewor?y1 ! latt] by odi\s qualities1 effect$ ! same results1 ,i mu/ n1 ,i ?9k1 omit to notice ! *>act]s ( two ,roman citiz5s1 :o by diff]5t1 yet bo? by hon\rable me?ods1 obta9$ a l glory4 ,*apt] ,,xxii4--,t ! sev]ity ( ,manlius ,torquatus & ! g5tl5ess ( ,val]ius ,corv9us won = bo? ! same ,glory4 ,!re liv$ 9 ,rome1 at ! same "t1 two excell5t capta9s1 ,manlius ,torquatus & ,val]ius ,corv9us1 equal 9 _! triumphs & 9 _! r5[n1 & 9 ! val\r :i* 9 obta9+ ^! !y _h display$ aga9/ ! enemy2 b :o 9 ! conduct ( _! armies & treatm5t ( _! soldi]s1 foll[$ v diff]5t me?ods4 ,= ,manlius1 9 8 comm&1 resort$ to e k9d ( sev]ity1 nev] sp>+ 8 m5 fatigue1 nor remitt+ puni%m5t2 :ile ,val]ius1 on ! contr>y1 treat$ !m ) all k9dness & consid]ation1 & 0 easy & famili> 9 8 int]c\rse ) !m4 ,s t :ile ! "o1 to secure ! ob$i5ce ( 8 soldi]s1 put 8 own son to dea?1 ! o!r nev] dealt h>%ly ) any man4 ,yet1 = all ?is div]sity 9 _! modes ( act+1 ea* _h ! same success aga9/ ! enemy1 & ea* obta9$ ! same advantages bo? = ! republic & = himself4 ,= no soldi] ( !irs ev] fl9*$ 9 battle1 or rose 9 mut9y aga9/ !m1 or 9 any p>ticul> oppos$ _! w2 ?\gh ! comm&s ( ,manlius 7 ( su* sev]ity t any ord] ( excessive rig\r came to be spok5 ( z a ,manlian ord]4 ,"h1 !n1 we h to consid] fir/ ( all :y ,manlius 0 oblig$ to use su* sev]ity2 next1 :y ,val]ius c\ld behave s humanely2 ?irdly1 h[ x 0 t ^! opposite me?ods _h ! same results2 & la/ly1 :i* ( ! two me?ods x is bett] & m useful = u to foll[4 ,n[1 if we well exam9e ! "* ( ,manlius f ! mom5t :5 ,titus ,livius fir/ beg9s to make m5tion ( him1 we %all f9d him to h be5 end[$ ) a r>e vig\r bo? ( m9d & body1 dutiful 9 8 behavi\r to 8 fa!r & to 8 c\ntry1 & mo/ rev]5t to 8 sup]iors4 ,all :i* we see 9 8 slay+ ! ,gaul1 9 8 def5ce ( 8 fa!r aga9/ ! tribune1 & 9 ! words 9 :i*1 be=e go+ =? to fight ! ,gaul1 he address$ ! consul1 :5 he said1 8,al?\gh assur$ ( victory1 nev] w ,i )\t ?y bidd+ engage an enemy40 ,b :5 su* a man z ?is atta9s to comm&1 he looks to f9d all o!rs l himself2 8 dauntless _s prompts him to engage 9 d>+ ent]prises1 & to insi/ on _! be+ c>ri$ out4 ,& ?is is c]ta91 t :]e ?+s h>d to execute are ord]$ to be done1 ! ord] mu/ be en=c$ ) /]nness1 s9ce1 o!rwise1 x w be disobey$4 ,& "h be x not$ t if y w\ld be obey$ y mu/ "k h[ to comm&1 & t !y alone h ?is k :o h measur$ _! p[] to en=ce1 ) ! will+ness ( o!rs to yield ob$i5ce2 & :o issue _! ord]s :5 !y f9d ^! conditions comb9+1 b1 o!rwise1 ab/a94 ,:]e=e1 a wise man 0 wont to say t to hold a republic by =ce1 !re mu/ be a proportion betwe5 him :o uses ! =ce & him aga9/ :om x is us$2 & t :ile ?is proportion obta9s ! =ce w op]ate2 b t :5 he :o suff]s is /rong] ?an he :o uses ! =ce1 we may expect to see x br\ght to an end at any mom5t4 ,b return+ to ! matt] 9 h&1 ,i say t to comm& ?+s h>d ( execution1 requires h>dness 9 him :o gives ! comm&1 & t a man ( ?is temp] & :o issues su* comm&s1 _c look to en=ce !m by g5tl5ess4 ,he :o is n ( su* a temp] mu/ be c>eful n to impose tasks ( extraord9>y difficulty1 b may use 8 natural g5tl5ess 9 impos+ su* z are ord9>y4 ,= common puni%m5ts are n imput$ to ! pr9ce1 b to ! laws & ord9ances :i* he has to adm9i/]4 ,we mu/ believe1 !re=e1 t ,manlius 0 con/ra9$ to act ) sev]ity by ! unusual "* ( ! comm&s :i* 8 natural disposition prompt$ him to issue4 ,su* comm&s are useful 9 a republic1 z re/or+ its ord9ances to _! orig9al efficacy & excell5ce4 ,& 7 a republic1 z ,i h be=e obs]v$1 =tunate en\gh to come frequ5tly "u ! influ5ce ( m5 :o1 by _! example1 re9=ce its laws1 & n only ret>d its progress t[>ds corruption1 b br+ x back to its fir/ p]fection1 x might endure = ev]4 ,manlius1 !re=e1 0 ( ^? :o by ! sev]ity ( _! comm&s ma9ta9$ ! milit>y discipl9e ( ,rome2 urg$ !reto1 9 ! fir/ place1 by 8 natural temp]1 & next by ! desire t :atev] he 0 m9d$ to comm& %\ld be done4 ,val]ius1 on ! o!r h&1 c\ld af=d to act humanely1 because = him x 0 en\gh if all 7 done :i* 9 a ,roman army x 0 cu/om>y to d4 ,&1 s9ce ! cu/oms ( t army 7 good cu/oms1 !y suffic$ to ga9 him hon\r1 :ile at ! same "t _! ma9t5ance co/ him no ef=t1 nor ?rew on him ! bur!n ( puni%+ transgressors2 z well because !re 7 none :o trangress$1 z because _h !re be5 any1 !y w\ld1 z ,i h said1 h imput$ _! puni%m5t to ! ord9>y rules ( discipl9e1 & n to ! sev]ity ( _! comm&]4 ,9 ?is way ,val]ius _h room to ex]cise t humane disposition :i* enabl$ him at once to ga9 influ5ce ov] 8 soldi]s & to cont5t !m4 ,h5ce x 0 t bo? ^! capta9s obta9+ ! same ob$i5ce1 c\ld1 :ile foll[+ diff]5t me?ods1 arrive at ! same ends4 ,^?1 h[ev]1 :o seek to imitate !m may *ance to fall into ! errors ( :i* ,i h already spok51 9 connection ) ,hannibal & ,scipio1 z bre$+ contempt or hatr$1 & :i* are only to be correct$ by ! pres5ce ( extraord9>y val\r1 & n o!rwise4 ,x re/s n[ to det]m9e :i* ( ^! two me?ods is ! m to be comm5d$4 ,?is1 ,i take x1 is matt] ( dispute1 s9ce bo? me?ods h _! advocates4 ,^? writ]s1 h[ev]1 :o h laid d[n rules = ! conduct ( pr9ces1 describe a "* approa*+ m ne>ly to t ( ,val]ius ?an to t ( ,manlius2 & ,x5ophon1 :om ,i h already cit$1 :ile giv+ _m in/ances ( ! humanity ( ,cyrus1 con=ms closely to :at ,livius tells u ( ,val]ius4 ,= ,val]ius be+ made consul aga9/ ! ,samnites1 on ! eve ( battle spoke to 8 m5 ) ! same k9dl9ess ) :i* he always treat$ !m2 & ,livius1 aft] tell+ u :at he said1 rem>ks ( him3 8,nev] 0 !re a lead] m famili> ) 8 m52 *e]fully %>+ ) ! meane/ among !m e h>d%ip & fatigue4 ,ev5 9 ! milit>y games1 :]e9 ^? ( ! same rank 7 wont to make trial ( _! /r5g? or swiftness1 he w\ld good-natur$ly take a "p1 nor disda9 any adv]s>y :o (f]$2 meet+ victory or defeat ) an unruffl$ temp] & an un*ang$ c\nt5ance4 ,:5 call$ on to act1 8 b\nty & g5]osity nev] fell %ort4 ,:5 he _h to speak1 he 0 z m9dful ( ! feel+s ( o!rs z ( 8 own dignity4 ,&1 :at m ?an any?+ else secures ! popul> fav\r1 he ma9ta9$ :5 ex]cis+ 8 magi/racies ! same be>+ he _h worn 9 seek+ !m40 ,( ,manlius also1 ,titus ,livius speaks 9 l hon\rable t]ms1 po9t+ out t 8 sev]ity 9 putt+ 8 son to dea? br\ght ! ,roman army to t pit* ( discipl9e :i* enabl$ x to prevail aga9/ ! ,lat9s1 nay1 he goes s f> 9 8 praises t aft] describ+ ! :ole ord] ( ! battle1 comp>+ ! /r5g? ( bo? armies1 & %[+ all ! dang]s ! ,romans ran1 & ! difficulties !y _h to surm\nt1 he w9ds up by say+1 t x 0 ! val\r ( ,manlius :i* alone ga9$ = !m ?is great victory1 & t :i*ev] side _h ,manlius = its lead] mu/ h won ! day4 ,s t weigh+ all t ! hi/orians tell u ( ^! two capta9s1 x might be difficult to decide betwe5 !m4 ,nev]!less1 n to leave ! "q entirely op51 ,i say1 t = a citiz5 liv+ "u a republic1 ,i ?9k ! conduct ( ,manlius m des]v+ ( praise & less dang]\s 9 its consequ5ces4 ,= me?ods l 8 t5d only to ! public good & 9 no way subs]ve private ends4 ,he :o %[s himself h>% & /]n at all times & to all m5 alike1 & is se5 to c>e only = ! common welf>e1 w nev] ga9 himself p>tisans1 s9ce ?is is n ! way to w9 p]sonal fri5ds1 to :om1 z ,i said be=e1 ! "n ( p>tisans is giv54 ,= a republic1 !re=e1 no l9e ( conduct c\ld be m useful or m to be desir$ ?an ?is1 because 9 foll[+ x ! public int]e/ is n neglect$1 & no room is giv5 to suspect p]sonal ambition4 ,b ! contr>y holds z to ! me?ods foll[$ by ,val]ius4 ,= ?\gh ! public s]vice !y r5d] be ! same1 misgiv+s mu/ ne$s arise t ! p]sonal good-w :i*1 9 ! c\rse ( a prolong$ comm&1 a capta9 obta9s f 8 soldi]s1 may lead to consequ5ces fatal to ! public lib]ty4 ,& if ?is 0 n f\nd to happ5 9 ! case ( ,val]ius1 x 0 because ! m9ds ( ! ,roman p 7 n yet corrupt$1 & because !y _h nev] rema9$ = a long "t & cont9u\sly "u 8 comm&4 ,_h we1 h[ev]1 l ,x5ophon1 to consid] :at is mo/ = ! int]e/ ( a pr9ce1 we %\ld h to give up ,manlius & hold by ,val]ius2 =1 und\bt$ly1 a pr9ce %\ld /rive to ga9 ! love ( 8 soldi]s & subjects1 z well z _! ob$i5ce4 ,! latt] he c secure by discipl9e & by 8 reputation = val\r4 ,b = ! =m] he w be indebt$ to 8 affability1 k9dl9ess1 g5tl5ess1 & all ^? o!r l qualities :i* 7 possess$ by ,val]ius1 & :i* are describ$ by ,x5ophon z exi/+ 9 ,cyrus4 ,t a pr9ce %\ld be p]sonally lov$ & h 8 army :olly devot$ to him is consi/5t ) ! "* ( 8 gov]nm5t2 b t ?is %\ld happ5 to a p]son ( private /ation does n consi/ ) 8 position z a citiz5 :o has to live 9 con=mity ) ! laws & 9 subord9ation to ! magi/rates4 ,we read 9 ! e>ly annals ( ! ,v5etian ,republic1 t once1 on ! return ( ! fleet1 a dispute broke out betwe5 ! sailors & ! p1 result+ 9 tumults & arm$ viol5ce :i* nei!r ! ef=ts ( ! public (fic]s1 ! respect felt = p>ticul> citiz5s1 nor ! au?ority ( ! magi/rates c\ld quell4 ,b on a c]ta9 g5tleman1 :o ! ye> be=e _h be5 9 comm& ( ^! sailors1 %[+ himself among !m1 /raightway1 f ! love !y bore him1 !y submitt$ to 8 au?ority & )drew f ! fray4 ,:i* def]5ce on _! "p ar\s$ su* jeal\sy & suspicion 9 ! m9ds ( ! ,v5etian s5ators t v soon aft] !y got rid ( ?is g5tleman1 ei!r by dea? or exile4 ,! sum ( ! matt]1 !re=e1 is1 t ! me?ods foll[$ by ,val]ius are useful 9 a pr9ce1 b p]nici\s 9 a private citiz51 bo? = 8 c\ntry & = himself1 = 8 c\ntry1 because su* me?ods pave ! way to a tyranny2 = himself1 because 8 fell[-citiz5s1 gr[+ suspici\s ( 8 conduct1 are con/ra9$ to protect !mselves to 8 hurt4 ,& conv]sely1 ,i ma9ta91 t ! me?ods ( ,manlius1 :ile hurtful 9 a pr9ce are useful 9 a citiz51 & 9 ! highe/ degree = 8 c\ntry2 &1 moreov]1 seldom give (f5ce1 unless ! hatr$ caus$ by 8 sev]ity be augm5t$ by ! jeal\sy :i* ! fame ( 8 o!r virtues inspires3 a matt] n[ to be consid]$ 9 connection ) ! bani%m5t ( ,camillas4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4--,:y ,camillus 0 bani%$ f ,rome4 ,x has be5 %[n above h[ me?ods l ^? ( ,val]ius are hurtful to ! citiz5 :o employs !m & to 8 c\ntry1 :ile me?ods l ^? ( ,manlius are advantage\s = a man's c\ntry1 ?\gh sometimes !y be hurtful to ! man himself4 ,?is is well se5 9 ! example ( ,camillus1 ^: be>+ m ne>ly resembl$ t ( ,manlius ?an t ( ,val]ius1 s t ,titus ,livius1 9 speak+ ( him1 says1 8,8 virtues 7 at once hat$ & admir$ by 8 soldi]s40 ,:at ga9$ him _! admiration 0 8 c>e = _! safety1 8 prud5ce1 8 magnanimity1 & ! good ord] he ma9ta9$ 9 conduct+ & comm&+ !m4 ,:at made him hat$ 0 8 be+ m /]n to puni% ?an b\ntiful to rew>d2 & ,livius in/ances ! foll[+ circum/ances z giv+ rise to ?is hatr$4 ,fir/1 8 hav+ appli$ ! money got by ! sale ( ! goods ( ! ,vei5t9es to public purposes1 & n divid$ x along ) ! re/ ( ! spoils4 ,second1 8 hav+1 on ! occasion ( 8 triumph1 caus$ 8 *>iot to be drawn by f\r :ite horses1 seek+ 9 8 pride1 m5 said1 to make himself ! equal ( ! sun god4 ,&1 ?ird1 8 hav+ v[$ to ,apollo a t5? ( ! ,vei5t9e plund]1 :i*1 if he 0 to fulfil 8 v[1 he _h to recov] f 8 soldi]s1 into ^: h&s x _h already come4 ,h]e9 we may well & readily disc]n :at causes t5d to make a pr9ce hateful to 8 p2 ! *ief :]e( is ! depriv+ !m ( "s advantage4 ,& ?is is a matt] ( mu* importance4 ,= :5 a man is depriv$ ( :at is 9 itself useful1 he nev] =gets x1 & e trifl+ occasion recalls x to 8 m9d2 & because su* occasions recur daily1 he is e day rem9d$ ( 8 loss4 ,ano!r error :i* we are "h taught to gu>d aga9/1 is ! appe>+ haughty & pr\d1 ?an :i* no?+ is m di/a/eful to a p1 & mo/ ( all to a free p2 = al?\gh su* pride & haught9ess d !m no hurt1 !y nev]!less hold 9 dete/ation any :o display ^! qualities4 ,e %[ ( pride1 !re=e1 a pr9ce %\ld %un z he w\ld a rock1 s9ce to invite hatr$ )\t result+ advantage 7 utt]ly ra% & futile4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv4--,t prolong$ ,comm&s br\ght ,rome to ,s]vitude4 ,if we well exam9e ! c\rse ( ,roman hi/ory1 we %all f9d two causes lead+ to ! break-up ( t republic3 "o1 ! diss5sions :i* arose 9 connection ) ! agr>ian laws2 ! o!r1 ! prolongation ( comm&s4 ,= _h ^! matt]s be5 rightly und]/ood f ! fir/1 & due rem$ies appli$1 ! fre$om ( ,rome _h be5 f> m la/+1 &1 possibly1 less di/urb$4 ,& al?\gh1 z t\*+ ! prolongation ( comm&s1 we nev] f9d any tumult break+ out 9 ,rome on t acc\nt1 we d 9 fact disc]n h[ mu* h>m 0 done to ! city by ! asc5d5cy :i* c]ta9 ( its citiz5s !reby ga9$4 ,?is mis*ief inde$ w\ld n h aris51 if o!r citiz5s ^: p]iod ( (fice 0 ext5d$ _h be5 z good & wise z ,lucius ,qu9tius1 ^: virtue af=ds a notable example4 ,= t]ms ( accord hav+ be5 settl$ betwe5 ! s5ate & commons ( ,rome1 ! latt]1 ?9k+ _! tribunes well able to )/& ! ambition ( ! nobles1 prolong$ _! au?ority = a ye>4 ,:]eupon1 ! s5ate1 n to be outdone by ! commons1 propos$1 out ( rivalry1 to ext5d ! consul%ip ( ,qu9tius4 ,he1 h[ev]1 refus$ absolutely to l5d himself to _! designs1 & insi/$ on _! appo9t+ new consuls1 tell+ !m t !y %\ld seek to discr$it evil examples1 n add to !m by sett+ worse4 ,_h ?is prud5ce & virtue ( 8 be5 %>$ by all ! citiz5s ( ,rome1 ! practice ( prolong+ ! t]ms ( civil (fices w\ld n h be5 suff]$ to e/abli% itself1 nor h l$ to ! k9dr$ practice ( ext5d+ ! t]m ( milit>y comm&s1 :i* 9 progress ( "t effect$ ! ru9 ( _! republic4 ,! fir/ milit>y comm&] ^: t]m 0 ext5d$1 0 ,publius ,philo2 = :5 8 consul%ip 0 ab\t to expire1 he be+ !n engag$ 9 ! siege ( ,palopolis1 ! s5ate1 see+ he _h ! victory 9 8 h&s1 w\ld n displace him by a successor1 b appo9t$ him ,proconsul1 :i* (fice he 0 ! fir/ to hold4 ,n[1 al?\gh 9 ?us act+ ! s5ate did :at !y ?\ght be/ = ! public good1 nev]!less x 0 ?is act ( !irs t 9 "t br\ght ,rome to slav]y4 ,= ! fur!r ! ,romans c>ri$ _! arms1 ! m necess>y x seem$ to !m to grant simil> ext5sions ( comm&1 & ! (t5] !y1 9 fact1 did s4 ,?is gave rise to two disadvantages3 fir/ t a small] numb] ( m5 7 tra9$ to comm&2 second1 t by ! long cont9uance ( 8 comm& a capta9 ga9$ s mu* influ5ce & asc5d5cy ov] 8 soldi]s t 9 "t !y came to hold ! s5ate ( no acc\nt1 & look$ only to him4 ,?is x 01 t enabl$ ,sylla & ,m>ius to f9d adh]5ts ready to foll[ !m ev5 to ! public detrim5t1 & enabl$ ,cs> to ov]?r[ ! lib]ties ( 8 c\ntry2 :]eas1 _h ! ,romans nev] prolong$ ! p]iod ( au?ority1 :e!r civil or milit>y1 ?\gh !y might h tak5 long] to build up _! empire1 !y c]ta9ly _h be5 lat] 9 incurr+ s]vitude4 ,,*apt] ,,xxv4--,( ! pov]ty ( ,c9c9natus & ( _m o!r ,roman ,citiz5s4 ,else:]e ,i h %[n t no ord9ance is ( su* advantage to a commonweal?1 z "o :i* en=ces pov]ty on its citiz5s4 ,& al?\gh x does n appe> :at p>ticul> law x 0 t _h ?is op]ation 9 ,rome 7especially s9ce we "k ! agr>ian law to h be5 /ubbornly resi/$71 we f9d1 z a fact1 t f\r hundr$ ye>s aft] ! city 0 f\nd$1 great pov]ty /ill prevail$ !re2 & may assume t no?+ help$ s mu* to produce ?is result z ! k t ! pa? to hon\rs & pref]m5t 0 clos$ to none1 & t m]it 0 s\ght aft] :]esoev] x 0 to be f\nd2 = ?is mann] ( conf]r+ hon\rs made ri*es ! less c\rt$4 ,9 pro( :]e( ,i %all cite "o in/ance only4 ,:5 ! consul ,m9utius 0 beset 9 8 camp by ! ,equians1 ! ,roman p 7 fill$ ) su* al>m le/ _! army %\ld be de/roy$1 t !y appo9t$ a dictator1 always _! la/ /ay 9 seasons ( p]il4 ,_! *oice fell on ,lucius ,qu9tius ,c9c9natus1 :o at ! "t 0 liv+ on 8 small f>m ( little m ?an f\r acres1 :i* he till$ ) 8 own h&4 ,! /ory is nobly told by ,titus ,livius :]e he says3 8,?is is wor? li/5+ to by ^? :o contemn all ?+s human z comp>$ ) ri*es1 & ?9k t glory & excell5ce c h no place unless accompani$ by lavi% weal?40 ,c9c9natus1 !n1 0 pl\gh+ 9 8 little field1 :5 !re arriv$ f ,rome ! mess5g]s s5t by ! s5ate to tell him he _h be5 made dictator1 & in=m him ( ! dang]s :i* ?reat5$ ! ,republic4 ,putt+ on 8 g[n1 he ha/5$ to ,rome1 & gett+ toge!r an army1 m>*$ to deliv] ,m9utius4 ,b :5 he _h defeat$ & spoil$ ! enemy1 & releas$ ,m9utius1 he w\ld n suff] ! army he _h rescu$ to p>ticipate 9 ! spoils1 say+1 8,i w n h y %>e 9 ! plund] ( ^? to :om y _h s ne>ly fall5 a prey40 ,m9utius he depriv$ ( 8 consul%ip1 & r$uc$ to be a subalt]n1 9 :i* rank he bade him rema9 till he _h le>n$ h[ to comm&4 ,& be=e ?is he _h made ,lucius ,t>qu99us1 al?\gh =c$ by 8 pov]ty to s]ve on foot1 8 ma/] ( ! knights4 ,"h1 !n1 we see :at hon\r 0 paid 9 ,rome to pov]ty1 & h[ f\r acres ( l& suffic$ to support s good & great a man z ,c9c9natus4 ,we f9d ! same ,pov]ty /ill prevail+ 9 ! "t ( ,m>cus ,regulus1 :o :5 s]v+ ) ! army 9 ,africa s\ght leave ( s5ate to return home t he might look aft] 8 f>m :i* 8 lab\r]s _h suff]$ to run to wa/e4 ,"h aga9 we le>n two ?+s wor?y our att5tion3 fir/1 ! pov]ty ( ^! m5 & _! cont5tm5t "u x1 & h[ _! sole /udy 0 to ga9 r5[n f w>1 leav+ all its advantages to ! ,/ate4 ,= _h !y ?\ght ( enri*+ !mselves by w>1 x _h giv5 !m little conc]n t _! fields 7 runn+ to wa/e ,fur!r1 we h to rem>k ! magnanimity ( ^! citiz5s1 :o :5 plac$ at ! head ( armies surpass$ all pr9ces 9 ! l(t9ess ( _! _s1 :o c>$ nei!r = k+ nor = commonweal?1 & :om no?+ c\ld daunt or dismay2 b :o1 on return+ to private life1 became once m s humble1 s frugal1 s c>eful ( _! sl5d] means1 & s submissive to ! magi/rates & rev]5tial to _! sup]iors1 t x might seem impossible = ! human m9d to und]go s viol5t a *ange4 ,?is pov]ty prevail$ d[n to ! days ( ,paulus ,emilius1 almo/ ! la/ happy days = ?is republic :]e9 a citiz51 :ile enri*+ ,rome by 8 triumphs1 himself rema9$ poor4 ,& yet s greatly 0 pov]ty /ill e/eem$ at ?is "t1 t :5 ,paulus1 9 conf]r+ rew>ds on ^? :o _h behav$ well 9 ! w>1 pres5t$ 8 own son-9-law ) a silv] cup1 x 0 ! fir/ vessel ( silv] ev] se5 9 8 h\se4 ,i might run on to a great l5g? po9t+ out h[ mu* bett] are ! fruits ( pov]ty ?an ^? ( ri*es1 & h[ pov]ty has br\ght cities1 prov9ces1 & nations to hon\r1 :ile ri*es h wr\ght _! ru91 _h n ?is subject be5 (t5 treat$ by o!rs4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvi4--,h[ ,wom5 are a cause ( ! ru9 ( ,/ates4 ,a feud broke out 9 ,ardea t\*+ ! m>riage ( an heiress1 ^: h& 0 s\ght at ! same "t by two suitors1 ! "o ( plebeian1 ! o!r ( noble bir?4 ,= h] fa!r be+ dead1 h] gu>dian wi%$ h] to w$ ! plebeian1 h] "m ! noble4 ,& s hot grew ! dispute t resort 0 _h to arms1 ! :ole nobility sid+ ) _! fell[-noble1 & all ! plebeians ) ! plebeian4 ,! latt] faction be+ wor/$1 left ! t[n1 & s5t to ! ,volscians = help2 :]eupon1 ! nobles s\ght help f ,rome4 ,! ,volscians 7 fir/ 9 ! field1 & on _! arrival encamp$ r\nd ,ardea4 ,! ,romans1 com+ up lat]1 %ut 9 ! ,volscians betwe5 !mselves & ! t[n1 &1 r$uc+ !m by fam9e1 =c$ !m to surr5d] at discretion4 ,!y !n ent]$ ,ardea1 & putt+ all ! r+lead]s 9 ?is dispute to ! sword1 compos$ ! disord]s ( ! city4 ,9 connection ) ?is affair !re are sev]al po9ts to be not$4 ,& 9 ! fir/ place we see h[ wom5 h be5 ! occasion ( _m divisions & calamities 9 ,/ates1 & h wr\ght great h>m to rul]s2 z :51 accord+ to our hi/orian1 ! viol5ce done to ,lucretia drove ! ,t>qu9s f _! k+dom1 & t done to ,virg9ia broke ! p[] ( ! decemvirs4 ,& among ! *ief causes :i* ,ari/otle assigns = ! d[nfall ( tyrants are ! wrongs done by !m to _! subjects 9 respect ( _! wom51 :e!r by adult]y1 rape1 or o!r l injury to _! hon\r1 z has be5 suffici5tly notic$ 9 ! ,*apt] :]e9 we treat$ 8( ,conspiracies0 ,i say1 !n1 t nei!r absolute pr9ces nor ! rul]s ( free ,/ates %\ld und]rate ! importance ( matt]1 b take he$ to ! disord]s :i* x may bre$ & provide aga9/ !m :ile rem$ies c /ill be us$ )\t discr$it to !mselves or to _! gov]nm5ts ,& ?is %\ld h be5 done by ! rul]s ( ,ardea :o by suff]+ ! rivalry betwe5 _! citiz5s to come to a head1 promot$ _! divisions1 & :5 !y s\ght to reunite !m _h to summon =eign help1 ?an :i* no?+ soon] leads to s]vitude4 ,b n[ let u turn to ano!r subject :i* m]its att5tion1 namely1 ! means :]eby divid$ cities may be reunit$2 & ( ?is ,i propose to speak 9 ! foll[+ ,*apt]4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvii4--,h[ a divid$ ,city may be reunit$1 & h[ x is a false op9ion t to hold ,cities 9 subjection !y mu/ be kept divid$4 ,f ! example ( ! ,roman consuls :o reconcil$ ! citiz5s ( ,ardea1 we are taught ! me?od :]eby ! feuds ( a divid$ city may be compos$1 namely1 by putt+ ! r+lead]s ( ! di/urbances to dea?2 & t no o!r rem$y %\ld be us$4 ,?ree c\rses1 inde$1 are op5 to y1 s9ce y may ei!r put to dea?1 z ^! consuls did1 or bani%1 or b9d ! citiz5s to live at peace ) "o ano!r1 tak+ security = _! good behavi\r4 ,( :i* ?ree ways ! la/ is ! mo/ hurtful1 ! mo/ unc]ta91 & ! lea/ effectual2 because :5 mu* blood has be5 %$1 or o!r l outrage done1 x _c be t a peace impos$ on compulsion %\ld endure betwe5 m5 :o are e day br\ght face to face ) "o ano!r2 = s9ce fre% cause ( cont5tion may at any mom5t result f _! meet+1 x w be impossible = !m to refra9 f mutual injury4 ,( ?is we c\ld h no bett] in/ance ?an 9 ! city ( ,pi/oja4 ,fifte5 ye>s ago ?is city 0 divid$ betwe5 ! ,panciati*i & ,cancelli]i1 z inde$ x /ill cont9ues1 ! only diff]5ce be+ t !n !y 7 9 arms1 :]eas1 n[1 !y h laid !m aside4 ,aft] mu* controv]sy & wrangl+1 ^! factions w\ld pres5tly proce$ to blood%$1 to pull+ d[n h\ses1 plund]+ prop]ty1 & all ! o!r viol5t c\rses usual 9 divid$ cities4 ,! ,flor5t9es1 ) :om x lay to compose ^! feuds1 /rove = a long "t to d s by us+ ! ?ird ( ! me?ods m5tion$2 b :5 ?is only l$ to increas$ tumult & disord]1 los+ pati5ce1 !y decid$ to try ! second me?od & get rid ( ! r+lead]s ( bo? factions by imprison+ "s & bani%+ o!rs4 ,9 ?is way a sort ( settlem5t 0 arriv$ at1 :i* cont9ues 9 op]ation up to ! pres5t h\r4 ,!re c be no "q1 h[ev]1 t ! fir/ ( ! me?ods nam$ w\ld h be5 ! sure/4 ,b because extreme measures h 9 !m an elem5t ( greatness & nobility1 a weak republic1 s f> f kn[+ h[ to use ?is fir/ me?od1 c ) difficulty be br\ght to employ ev5 ! second4 ,?is1 z ,i said at ! beg9n+1 is ! k9d ( blund] made by ! pr9ces ( our times :5 !y h to decide on matt]s ( mom5t1 f _! n consid]+ h[ ^? m5 act$ :o 9 anci5t days _h to det]m9e "u l conditions4 ,= ! weakness ( ! pres5t race ( m5 7! result ( _! enfeebl+ education & _! ignorance ( affairs71 makes !m reg>d ! me?ods foll[$ by ! anci5ts z p>tly inhuman & p>tly impracticable4 ,accord+ly1 !y h _! own newfangl$ ways ( look+ at ?+s1 :olly at v>iance ) ! true1 z :5 ! sages ( our city1 "s "t s9ce1 pron\nc$ t ,pi/oja 0 to be held by feuds & ,pisa by =tresses1 n p]ceiv+ h[ useless ea* ( ^! me?ods is 9 itself4 ,hav+ spok5 ( =tresses already at "s l5g?1 ,i %all n fur!r ref] to !m "h1 b %all consid] ! futility ( try+ to hold subject cities by keep+ !m divid$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is impossible = ! rul+ p[]1 :e!r pr9ce or republic1 to be fri5ds ) bo? factions4 ,= :]ev] !re is division1 x is human nature to take a side1 & to fav\r "o p>ty m ?an ano!r4 ,b if "o p>ty 9 a subject city be unfri5dly to y1 ! consequ5ce w be t y w lose t city s soon z y are involv$ 9 w>1 s9ce x is impossible = y to hold a city :]e y h enemies bo? )9 & )\t4 ,%\ld ! rul+ p[] be a republic1 !re is no?+ s likely to corrupt its citiz5s & s[ diss5sion among !m1 z hav+ to control a divid$ city4 ,= z ea* faction 9 t city w seek support & endeav\r to make fri5ds 9 a v>iety ( corrupt ways1 two v s]i\s evils w result3 fir/1 t ! gov]n$ city w nev] be cont5t$ ) its gov]nors1 s9ce !re c be no good gov]nm5t :]e y (t5 *ange its =m1 adapt+ y\rself to ! hum\rs n[ ( "o p>ty & n[ ( ano!r2 & next1 t ! facti\s _s ( ! subject city is c]ta9 to infect y\r own republic4 ,to :i* ,biondo te/ifies1 :51 9 speak+ ( ! citiz5s ( ,flor5ce & ,pi/oja1 he says1 8,9 seek+ to unite ,pi/oja ! ,flor5t9es !mselves fell out40#ae #ae ,flav4 ,blondri ,hi/41 dec4 ii4 lib4 #i4 ,basle ed4 #aeei1 p4 #ccg ,x is easy1 !re=e1 to und]/& h[ mu* mis*ief att5ds on su* divisions4 ,9 ! ye> #aeja1 :5 we lo/ ,arezzo1 & :5 all ! ,val di ,tev]e & ,val di ,*iana 7 occupi$ by ! ,vitelli & by ,duke ,val5t9o1 a c]ta9 ,m4 de ,lant 0 s5t by ! ,k+ ( ,france to cause ! :ole ( ! lo/ t[ns to be re/or$ to ! ,flor5t9es2 :o f9d+ 9 all ^! t[ns m5 :o came to him claim+ to be ( ! p>ty ( ! ,m>zocco1#af greatly blam$ ?is di/9ction1 obs]v+1 t if 9 ,france any ( ! k+'s subjects 7 to say t he 0 ( ! k+'s p>ty1 he w\ld be puni%$2 s9ce ! expression w\ld imply t !re 0 a p>ty ho/ile to ! k+1 :]eas x 0 8 maje/y's desire t all 8 subjects %\ld be 8 fri5ds & live unit$ )\t any di/9ction ( p>ty4 ,b all ^! mi/ak5 me?ods & op9ions orig9ate 9 ! weakness ( rul]s1 :o1 see+ t !y _c hold _! ,/ates by _! own /r5g? & val\r1 h rec\rse to l devices2 :i*1 if n[ & !n 9 tranquil times !y prove ( "s slight assi/ance to !m1 9 times ( dang] are %[n to be wor?less4 #af ,! h]aldic ,lion ( ,flor5ce4 ,,*apt] ,,xxviii4--,t a ,republic mu/ keep an eye on :at its ,citiz5s are ab\t2 s9ce (t5 ! se$s ( a ,tyranny lie hidd5 "u a semblance ( g5]\s de$s4 ,! gran>ies ( ,rome n suffic+ to meet a fam9e ) :i* ! city 0 visit$1 a c]ta9 ,spurius ,melius1 a v weal?y citiz5 = ^! days1 privately laid 9 a supply ( corn :]e) to fe$ ! p at 8 own exp5se2 ga9+ !reby su* g5]al fav\r ) ! commons1 t ! s5ate1 appreh5d+ t 8 b\nty might h dang]\s consequ5ces1 9 ord] to cru% him be=e he grew too p[]ful1 appo9t$ a dictator to deal ) him & caus$ him to be put to dea?4 ,"h we h to note t actions :i* seem good 9 !mselves & unlikely to occasion h>m to any "o1 v (t5 become hurtful1 nay1 unless correct$ 9 "t1 mo/ dang]\s = a republic4 ,& to treat ! matt] ) great] fulness1 ,i say1 t :ile a republic c nev] ma9ta9 itself long1 or manage its affairs to advantage1 )\t citiz5s ( good reputation1 on ! o!r h& ! cr$it enjoy$ by p>ticul> citiz5s (t5 leads to ! e/abli%m5t ( a tyranny4 ,= :i* reasons1 & t ?+s may take a safe c\rse1 x %\ld be s arrang$ t a citiz5 %all h cr$it only = su* behavi\r z b5efits1 & n = su* z injures ! ,/ate & its lib]ties4 ,we mu/ !re=e exam9e by :at ways cr$it is acquir$4 ,^!1 briefly1 are two1 public or secret4 ,public1 :5 a citiz5 ga9s a great "n by advis+ well or by act+ /ill bett] = ! common advantage4 ,to cr$it ( ?is sort we %\ld op5 a wide door1 hold+ out rew>ds bo? = good c\nsels & = good actions1 s t he :o r5d]s su* s]vices may be at once hon\r$ & satisfi$4 ,reputation acquir$ hone/ly & op5ly by su* means z ^! c nev] be dang]\s4 ,b cr$it acquir$ by secret practices1 :i* is ! o!r me?od spok5 (1 is mo/ p]il\s & prejudicial4 ,( su* secret practices may be in/anc$1 acts ( k9dness done to ?is or ! o!r citiz5 9 l5d+ him money1 9 assi/+ him to m>ry 8 daught]s1 9 def5d+ him aga9/ ! magi/rates1 & 9 conf]r+ su* o!r private fav\rs z ga9 m5 devot$ adh]5ts1 & enc\rage !m aft] !y h obta9$ su* support1 to corrupt ! in/itutions ( ! ,/ate & to violate its laws4 ,a well-gov]n$ republic1 !re=e1 ought1 z ,i h said1 to ?r[ wide ! door to all :o seek public fav\r by op5 c\rses1 & to close x aga9/ any :o w\ld +ratiate !mselves by und]h& means4 ,& ?is we f9d 0 done 9 ,rome4 ,= ! ,roman republic1 z a rew>d to any citiz5 :o s]v$ x well1 orda9$ triumphs & all ! o!r hon\rs :i* x _h to be/[2 :ile aga9/ ^? :o s\ght to aggr&ize !mselves by secret intrigues1 x orda9$ accusations & impea*m5t2 & :51 f ! p be+ bl9d$ by a false %[ ( b5evol5ce1 ^! prov$ insuffici5t1 x provid$ = a dictator1 :o ) regal au?ority might br+ to b\nds any :o _h /ray$ beyond !m1 z in/anc$ 9 ! case ( ,spurius ,melius4 ,& if conduct l 8 be ev] suff]$ to pass un*a/is$1 x may well be ! ru9 ( a republic1 = m5 :5 !y h su* examples set !m are n easily l$ back into ! "r pa?4 ,,*apt] ,,xxix4--,t ! ,faults ( a ,p are due to its ,pr9ce4 ,let no pr9ce compla9 ( ! faults committ$ by a p "u 8 control2 s9ce ^! mu/ be ascrib$ ei!r to 8 neglig5ce1 or to 8 be+ himself blemi%$ by simil> defects4 ,& 7 any "o to consid] :at peoples 9 our own times h be5 mo/ giv5 to robb]y & o!r l (f5ces1 he w\ld f9d t !y h only copi$ _! rul]s1 :o h !mselves be5 ( a l nature4 ,romagna1 be=e ^? lords :o rul$ x 7 driv5 out by ,pope ,alex&] ,,vi41 0 a nurs]y ( all ! wor/ crimes1 ! slighte/ occasion giv+ rise to :olesale rap9e & murd]4 ,?is result$ f ! wick$ness ( ^! lords1 & n1 z !y ass]t$1 f ! evil disposition ( _! subjects4 ,= ^! pr9ces be+ poor1 yet *oos+ to live z ?\gh !y 7 ri*1 7 =c$ to resort to cruelties innum]able & practis$ 9 div]s ways2 & among o!r %ameful devices contriv$ by !m to extort money1 !y w\ld pass laws prohibit+ c]ta9 acts1 & !n be ! fir/ to give occasion = break+ !m2 nor w\ld !y *a/ise (f5d]s until !y saw _m involv$ 9 ! same (f5ce2 :5 !y fell to puni%+1 n f any zeal = ! laws :i* !y _h made1 b out ( gre$ to realize ! p5alty4 ,:5ce fl[$ _m mis*iefs1 & m p>ticul>ly ?is1 t ! p be+ impov]i%$1 b n correct$1 s\ght to make good _! injuries at ! exp5se ( o!rs weak] ?an !mselves4 ,& ?us !re sprang up all ^? evils spok5 ( above1 :]e( ! pr9ce is ! true cause4 ,! tru? ( :at ,i say is confirm$ by ,titus ,livius :]e he relates h[ ! ,roman envoys1 :o 7 convey+ ! spoils ( ! ,vei5t9es z an (f]+ to ,apollo1 7 seiz$ & br\ght on %ore by ! corsairs ( ! ,lip>i isl&s 9 ,sicily2 :5 ,timasi!us1 ! pr9ce ( ^! isl&s1 on le>n+ ! nature ( ! (f]+1 its de/9ation1 & by :om s5t1 ?\gh himself ( ,lip>i1 behav$ z a ,roman might1 %[+ 8 p :at sacrilege x w\ld be to int]cept su* a gift1 & speak+ to su* purpose t by g5]al cons5t ! envoys 7 suff]$ to proce$ ^u _! voyage1 tak+ all _! possessions ) !m4 ,) ref]5ce to :i* incid5t ! hi/orian obs]ves3 8,! multitude1 :o always take _! col\r f _! rul]1 7 fill$ by ,timasi!us ) a religi\s awe40 ,& to l purport we f9d x said by ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici3-- 8,a pr9ce's acts 8 p imitate2 ,= on _! "l ! eyes ( all m5 wait40#ag #ag ,e quel *e fa il sign]1 fanno poi molti2 ,* nel sign] son tutti gli oc*i volti4 7,la ,rappres5tazione di ,san ,giovanni e ,paolo47 ,,*apt] ,,xxx4--,t a ,citiz5 :o seeks by 8 p]sonal influ5ce to r5d] signal s]vice to 8 ,c\ntry1 mu/ fir/ /& cle> ( ,envy4 ,h[ a ,city %\ld prep>e = its def5ce on ! approa* ( an ,enemy4 ,:5 ! ,roman s5ate le>n$ t all ,etruria 0 assembl$ 9 arms to m>* aga9/ ,rome1 & t ! ,lat9s & ,h]nicians1 :o be=e _h be5 ! fri5ds ( ! ,romans1 _h rang$ !mselves ) ! ,volscians ! anci5t enemies ( ! ,roman "n1 !y =esaw t a p]il\s conte/ await$ !m4 ,b because ,camillus 0 at t "t tribune ) consul> au?ority !y ?\ght all might be manag$ )\t ! appo9tm5t ( a dictator1 provid$ ! o!r tribunes1 8 colleagues w\ld agree to 8 assum+ ! sole direction ( affairs4 ,?is !y will+ly did2 8nor10 says ,titus ,livius1 8did !y acc\nt any?+ z tak5 f _! own dignity :i* 0 add$ to 840 ,on receiv+ _! promise ( ob$i5ce1 ,camillus gave ord]s t ?ree armies %\ld be enroll$4 ,( ! fir/1 :i* 0 to be direct$ aga9/ ! ,etruscans1 he himself assum$ comm&4 ,! comm& ( ! second1 :i* he meant to rema9 ne> ,rome & meet any movem5t ( ! ,lat9s & ,h]nicians1 he gave to ,qu9tius ,s]vilius4 ,! ?ird army1 :i* he design$ = ! protection ( ! city1 & ! def5ce ( ! gates & ,curia1 he entru/$ to ,lucius ,qu9tius4 ,& he fur!r direct$1 t ,horatius1 "o ( 8 colleagues1 %\ld furni% supplies ( arms1 & corn1 & ( all else ne$ful 9 "t ( w>4 ,f9ally he put =w>d 8 colleague ,cornelius to preside 9 ! s5ate & public c\ncil1 t f day to day he might advise :at %\ld be done4 ,= 9 ^? times ^! tribunes 7 ready ei!r to comm& or obey z ! welf>e ( _! c\ntry might require4 ,we may ga!r f ?is passage h[ a brave & prud5t man %\ld act1 h[ mu* good he may effect1 & h[ s]viceable he may be to 8 c\ntry1 :5 by ! =ce ( 8 "* & wor? he succe$s 9 ext+ui%+ envy4 ,= ?is (t5 disables m5 f act+ to ! be/ advantage1 n p]mitt+ !m to obta9 t au?ority :i* x is ess5tial !y %\ld h 9 matt]s ( importance4 ,n[1 envy may be ext+ui%$ 9 "o or o!r ( two ways3 fir/1 by ! approa* ( "s flagrant dang]1 :]eby see+ !mselves l to be ov]:elm$1 all =ego _! own private ambition & l5d a will+ ob$i5ce to him :o c\nts on 8 val\r to rescue !m4 ,z 9 ! case ( ,camillas1 :o f hav+ giv5 _m pro(s ( surpass+ ability1 & f hav+ be5 ?ree times dictator & always ex]cis$ ! (fice = ! public good & n = 8 private advantage1 _h br\ght m5 to fe> no?+ f 8 advancem5t2 :ile 8 fame & reputation made x no %ame = !m to recognize him z _! sup]ior4 ,wisely1 !re=e1 does ,titus ,livius use conc]n+ him ! words :i* ,i h cit$4 ,! o!r way 9 :i* envy may be ext+ui%$1 is by ! dea?1 :e!r by viol5ce or 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( nature1 ( ^? :o h be5 y\r rivals 9 ! pursuit ( fame or p[]1 & :o see+ y bett] e/eem$ ?an !mselves1 c\ld nev] acquiesce 9 y\r sup]iority or put up ) x 9 pati5ce4 ,= :5 ^! m5 h be5 br\ght up 9 a corrupt city1 :]e _! tra9+ is little likely to improve !m1 no?+ t c happ5 w induce !m to )draw _! pret5sions2 nay1 to h _! own way & satisfy _! p]v]se hum\r1 !y w be cont5t to look on :ile _! c\ntry is ru9$4 ,= envy su* z ?is !re is no cure save by ! dea? ( ^? ( :om x has tak5 possession4 ,& :5 =tune s befri5ds a great man t 8 rivals are remov$ f 8 pa? by a natural dea?1 8 glory is e/abli%$ )\t sc&al or (f5ce1 s9ce he is !n able to display 8 great qualities unh9d]$4 ,b :5 =tune is n ?us propiti\s to him1 he mu/ contrive o!r means to rid himself ( rivals1 & mu/ d s successfully be=e he c accompli% any?+4 ,any "o :o reads ) intellig5ce ! lessons ( ,holy ,writ1 w rememb] h[ ,moses1 to give effect to 8 laws & ord9ances1 0 con/ra9$ to put to dea? an endless numb] ( ^? :o out ( m]e envy )/ood 8 designs4 ,! necessity ( ?is c\rse 0 well und]/ood by ! ,fri> ,girolamo ,savon>ola1 & by ! ,gonfaloni] ,pi]o ,sod]9i4 ,b ! =m] c\ld n comply ) x1 because1 z a fri>1 he himself lack$ ! ne$ful au?ority2 :ile ^? ( 8 foll[]s :o might h ex]cis$ t au?ority1 did n rightly compreh5d 8 tea*+4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 no fault ( 82 = 8 s]mons are full ( invectives & attacks aga9/ 8! wise ( ?is _w10 t be+ ! "n he gave to envi\s rivals & to all :o oppos$ 8 re=ms4 ,z = ,pi]o ,sod]9i1 he 0 possess$ by ! belief t 9 "t & ) fav\rable =tune he c\ld allay envy by g5tl5ess-& by b5efits conf]r$ on p>ticul> m52 = z he 0 /ill 9 ! prime ( life1 & 9 ! fre% enjoym5t ( t good-w :i* 8 "* & op9ions _h ga9$ = him1 he ?\ght to get ! bett] ( all :o out ( jeal\sy oppos$ him1 )\t giv+ occasion = tumult1 viol5ce1 or disord]2 n kn[+ h[ "t /ays n1 wor? suffices n1 =tune %ifts1 & malice w n be won ov] by any b5efit ,:]e=e1 because !y c\ld n or knew n h[ to vanqui% ?is envy1 ! two :om ,i h nam$ came to _! d[nfall4 ,ano!r po9t to be not$ 9 ! passage we are consid]+1 is ! c>eful provision made by ,camillus = ! safety ( ,rome bo? )9 & )\t ! city4 ,&1 truly1 n )\t reason d wise hi/orians1 l our au?or1 set =? c]ta9 ev5ts ) mu* m9ut5ess & detail1 to ! end t ^? :o come aft] may le>n h[ to protect !mselves 9 l dang]s4 ,fur!r1 we h to note t !re is no m haz>d\s or less useful def5ce ?an "o conduct$ )\t me?od or sy/em4 ,?is is %[n 9 ,camillus caus+ a ?ird army to be enroll$ t x might be left 9 ,rome = ! protection ( ! city4 ,_m p]sons1 d\btless1 bo? !n & n[1 w\ld e/eem ?is precaution sup]flu\s1 ?9k+ t z ! ,romans 7 a w>like p & con/antly "u arms1 !re c\ld be no occasion = a special levy1 & t x 0 "t en\gh to arm :5 ! ne$ came4 ,b ,camillus1 & any o!r equally prud5t capta9 w\ld be ( ! same m9d1 judg$ o!rwise1 n p]mitt+ ! multitude to take up arms unless !y 7 to be b\nd by ! rules & discipl9e ( milit>y s]vice4 ,let him1 !re=e1 :o is call$ on to def5d a city1 tak+ example by ,camillus1 be=e all ?+s avoid plac+ arms 9 ! h&s ( an undiscipl9$ multitude1 b fir/ ( all select & enroll ^? :om he proposes to arm1 s t !y may be :olly gov]n$ by him z to :]e !y %all assemble & :i!r !y %all m>*2 & !n let him direct ^? :o are n enroll$1 to abide e man 9 8 own h\se = its def5ce4 ,:osoev] obs]ves ?is me?od 9 a city :i* is attack$1 w be able to def5d x ) ease2 b :osoev] disreg>ds x1 & foll[s n ! example ( ,camillus1 %all nev] succe$4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxi4--,t /rong ,republics & valiant ,m5 pres]ve ?r\gh e *ange ! same ,_s & ,be>+4 ,among o!r high say+s :i* our hi/orian ascribes to ,camillus1 z %[+ ( :at /uff a truly great man %\ld be made1 he puts 9 8 m\? ! words1 8,my c\rage came n ) my dictator%ip nor w5t ) my exile20 = by ^! words we are taught t a great man is con/antly ! same ?r\gh all vicissitudes ( ,=tune2 s t al?\gh %e *ange1 n[ exalt+1 n[ depress+1 he rema9s un*ang$1 & reta9s always a m9d s unmov$1 & 9 su* complete accordance ) 8 nature z decl>es to all t ov] him ,=tune has no dom9ion4 ,v diff]5t is ! behavi\r ( ^? weak-m9d$ mortals :o1 puff$ up & intoxicat$ ) _! success1 ascribe all _! felicity to virtues :i* !y nev] knew1 & ?us gr[ hateful & insupportable to all ar\nd !m4 ,:5ce also ! *anges 9 _! =tunes4 ,= :5ev] !y h to look adv]sity 9 ! face1 !y sudd5ly pass to ! o!r extreme1 becom+ abject & base4 ,& ?us x happ5s t feeble-m9d$ pr9ces1 :5 !y fall into difficulties1 ?9k r ( flight ?an ( def5ce1 because1 hav+ made bad use ( _! prosp]ity1 !y are :olly unprep>$ to def5d !mselves4 ,! same m]its & defects :i* ,i say are f\nd 9 individual m51 are likewise f\nd 9 republics1 :]e( we h example 9 ! case ( ,rome & ( ,v5ice4 ,= no rev]se ( =tune ev] broke ! _s ( ! ,roman p1 nor did any success ev] unduly elate !m2 z we see pla9ly aft] _! defeat at ,cann1 & aft] ! victory !y _h ov] ,antio*us4 ,= ! defeat at ,cann1 al?\gh mo/ mom5t\s1 be+ ! ?ird !y _h met )1 no :it daunt$ !m2 s t !y cont9u$ to s5d =? armies1 refus$ to ransom prison]s z contr>y to _! cu/om1 & despat*$ no envoy to ,hannibal or to ,c>?age to sue = peace2 b )\t ev] look+ back on pa/ humiliations1 ?\ght always ( w>1 ?\gh 9 su* /raits = soldi]s t !y _h to arm _! old m5 & slaves4 ,:i* facts be+ made kn[n to ,hanno ! ,c>?ag9ian1 he1 z ,i h already relat$1 w>n$ ! ,c>?ag9ian s5ate n to lay too mu* /ress ^u _! victory4 ,"h1 !re=e1 we see t 9 times ( adv]sity ! ,romans 7 nei!r ca/ d[n nor dismay$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 no prosp]ity ev] made !m arrogant4 ,be=e fight+ ! battle :]e9 he 0 f9ally r\t$1 ,antio*us s5t mess5g]s to ,scipio to treat = an accord2 :5 ,scipio (f]$ peace on condition t he )drew at once into ,syria1 leav+ all 8 o!r dom9ions to be dealt ) by ! ,romans z !y ?\ght fit4 ,antio*us refus+ ^! t]ms1 f\ght & 0 defeat$1 & aga9 s5t envoys to ,scipio1 enjo9+ !m to accept :atev] conditions ! victor might be pleas$ to impose4 ,b ,scipio propos$ no diff]5t t]ms f ^? he _h (f]$ be=e say+ t 8! ,romans1 z !y lo/ n he>t on defeat1 s wax$ n insol5t ) success40 ,! contr>y ( all ?is is se5 9 ! behavi\r ( ! ,v5etians1 :o ?9k+ _! good =tune due to val\r ( :i* !y 7 devoid1 9 _! pride address$ ! ,fr5* k+ z 8,son ( ,/4 ,m>k20 & mak+ no acc\nt ( ! ,*ur*1 & no long] re/rict+ _! ambition to ! limits ( ,italy1 came to dream ( f\nd+ an empire l ! ,roman4 ,b aft]w>ds1 :5 _! good =tune des]t$ !m1 & !y met at ,vail a half-defeat at ! h&s ( ! ,fr5* k+1 !y lo/ _! :ole dom9ions1 n altoge!r f revolt1 b ma9ly by a base & abject surr5d] to ! ,pope & ! ,k+ ( ,spa94 ,nay1 s l[ did !y /oop z to s5d ambassadors to ! ,emp]or (f]+ to become 8 tribut>ies1 & to write lett]s to ! ,pope1 full ( submission & s]vility1 9 ord] to move 8 compassion4 ,to su* abasem5t 7 !y br\ght 9 f\r days' "t by :at 0 9 reality only a half-defeat4 ,= on _! flight aft] ! battle ( ,vail only ab\t a half ( _! =ces 7 engag$1 & "o ( _! two prov$ditori escap$ to ,v]ona ) five & tw5ty ?\s& m51 horse & foot4 ,s t _h !re be5 a sp>k ( val\r 9 ,v5ice1 or any s\ndness 9 h] milit>y sy/em1 %e might easily h r5ew$ h] armies1 & aga9 confront+ =tune h /ood prep>$ ei!r to conqu]1 or1 if %e mu/ fall1 to fall m glori\sly2 & at any rate might h obta9$ = h]self m hon\rable t]ms4 ,b a pusillanim\s _s1 occasion$ by ! defects ( h] ord9ances 9 s f> z !y relate to w>1 caus$ h] to lose at once h] c\rage & h] dom9ions4 ,& s w x always happ5 ) ^? :o behave l ! ,v5etians4 ,= :5 m5 gr[ insol5t 9 good =tune1 & abject inn evil1 ! fault lies 9 !mselves & 9 ! "* ( _! tra9+1 :i*1 :5 slight & frivol\s1 assimilates !m to itself2 b :5 o!rwise1 makes !m ( ano!r temp]1 & giv+ !m bett] acqua9tance ) ! _w1 causes !m to be less di%e>t5$ by mis=tunes & less elat$ by success4 ,& :ile ?is is true ( individual m51 x holds good also ( a conc\rse ( m5 liv+ toge!r 9 "o republic1 :o w arrive at t measure ( p]fection :i* ! in/itutions ( _! ,/ate p]mit4 ,& al?\gh ,i h already said on ano!r occasion t a good militia is ! f\ndation ( all ,/ates1 & :]e t is want+ !re c nei!r be good laws1 nor aught else t is good1 x seems to me n sup]flu\s to say ! same aga92 because 9 read+ ?is hi/ory ( ,titus ,livius ! necessity ( su* a f\ndation is made app>5t 9 e page4 ,x is likewise %[n t no army c be good unless x be ?or\ghly tra9$ & ex]cis$1 & t ?is c only be ! case ) an army rais$ f y\r own subjects4 ,= z a ,/ate is n & _c always be at w>1 y mu/ h opportunity to tra9 y\r army 9 times ( peace2 b ?is1 hav+ reg>d to ! co/1 y c only h 9 respect ( y\r own subjects4 ,:5 ,camillus1 z already relat$1 w5t =? to meet ! ,etruscans1 8 soldi]s on see+ ! great army ( _! enemy1 7 fill$ ) fe>1 ?9k+ !mselves too to )/& its onset4 ,?is unt[>d disposition be+ report$ to ,camillus1 he %[$ himself to 8 m5 & by visit+ _! t5ts1 & conv]s+ ) ?is & ! o!r among !m1 0 able to remove _! misgiv+s2 &1 f9ally1 )\t o!r ^w ( comm&1 he bade !m 8ea* d 8 "p z he _h le>n$ & be5 accu/om$40 ,n[1 any "o :o well consid]s ! me?ods foll[$ by ,camillus1 & ! words spok5 by him to enc\rage 8 soldi]s to face _! enemy1 w p]ceive t ^! words & me?ods c\ld nev] h be5 us$ ) an army :i* _h n be5 tra9$ & discipl9$ 9 "t ( peace z well z ( w>4 ,= no capta9 c tru/ to untra9$ soldi]s or look = good s]vice at _! h&s2 nay1 ?\gh he 7 ano!r ,hannibal1 ) su* troops 8 defeat 7 c]ta94 ,=1 z a capta9 _c be pres5t ev]y:]e :ile a battle is be+ f\ght1 unless he h tak5 all measures be=eh& to r5d] 8 m5 ( ! same temp] z himself1 & h made sure t !y p]fectly und]/& 8 ord]s & arrangem5ts1 he w inevitably be de/roy$4 ,:5 a city !re=e is arm$ & tra9$ z ,rome 01 & :5 its citiz5s h daily opportunity1 bo? s+ly & toge!r1 to make trial ( _! val\r & le>n :at =tune c effect1 x w always happ51 t at all times1 & :e!r circum/ances be adv]se or fav\rable1 !y w rema9 ( unalt]$ c\rage & pres]ve ! same noble be>+4 ,b :5 its citiz5s are unpractis$ 9 arms1 & tru/ n to _! own val\r b :olly to ! arbitration ( ,=tune1 !y w *ange _! temp] z %e *anges1 & (f] always ! same example ( behavi\r z 0 giv5 by ! ,v5etians4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxii4--,( ! me?ods :i* "s h us$ to make ,peace impossible4 ,! t[ns ( ,cre & ,velitr1 two ( h] own colonies1 revolt$ f ,rome 9 expectation ( be+ protect$ by ! ,lat9s4 ,b ! ,lat9s be+ r\t$ & all hopes ( help f t qu>t] at an end1 _m ( ! t[nsm5 recomm5d$ t envoys %\ld be s5t to ,rome to make _! peace ) ! s5ate4 ,?is proposal1 h[ev]1 0 defeat$ by ^? :o _h be5 ! prime mov]s ( ! revolt1 :o1 fe>+ t ! :ole puni%m5t might fall on _! heads1 to put a /op to any talk ( an adju/m5t1 incit$ ! multitude to take up arms & make a =ay into ! ,roman t]ritory4 ,&1 9 tru?1 :5 x is desir$ t a pr9ce or p %\ld bani% f _! m9ds e ?\ght ( reconciliation1 !re is no sur] or m effectual plan ?an to incite !m to inflict grave wrong on him ) :om y w\ld n h !m be reconcil$2 =1 !n1 ! fe> ( t puni%m5t :i* !y w seem to !mselves to h des]v$1 w always keep !m ap>t4 ,at ! close ( ! fir/ w> wag$ by ! ,romans aga9/ ,c>?age1 ! soldi]s :o _h s]v$ "u ! ,c>?ag9ians 9 ,s>d9ia & ,sicily1 ^u peace be+ proclaim$1 return$ to ,africa2 :]e1 be+ dissatisfi$ ) _! pay1 !y mut9i$ aga9/ ! ,c>?ag9ians1 & *oos+ two ( _! numb]1 ,mato & ,sp5dio1 to be _! lead]s1 seiz$ & sack$ _m t[ns subject to ,c>?age4 ,! ,c>?ag9ians1 be+ loa? to use =ce until !y _h tri$ all o!r me?ods = br++ !m to reason1 s5t ,hasdrubal1 _! fell[-citiz51 to m$iate ) !m1 ?9k+ t f =m]ly hav+ comm&$ !m he might be able to ex]cise "s influ5ce ov] !m4 ,b on 8 arrival1 ,sp5dio & ,mato1 to ext+ui% any hope ^! mut9e]s might h _h ( mak+ peace ) ,c>?age1 & s leave !m no alt]native b w>1 p]suad$ !m t _! be/ c\rse 0 to put ,hasdrubal1 ) all ! o!r ,c>?ag9ian citiz5s :om !y _h tak5 prison]s1 to dea?4 ,:]eupon1 !y n only put !m to dea?1 b fir/ subject$ !m to an inf9ity ( tortures2 cr[n+ _! wick$ness by a proclamation to ! effect t e ,c>?ag9ian :o might !reaft] fall into _! h&s %\ld meet a l fate4 ,?is advice1 !re=e1 & its consummation _h ! effect ( r5d]+ ^! mut9e]s rel5tless & invet]ate 9 _! ho/ility to ! ,c>?ag9ians4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxiii4--,t to insure victory 9 battle y mu/ inspire y\r ,m5 ) confid5ce 9 "o ano!r & 9 y4 ,to insure an army be+ victori\s 9 battle y mu/ inspire x ) ! conviction t x is c]ta9 to prevail4 ,! causes :i* give x ?is confid5ce are its be+ well arm$ & discipl9$1 & ! soldi]s kn[+ "o ano!r4 ,^! conditions are only to be f\nd unit$ 9 soldi]s born & br$ 9 ! same c\ntry4 ,x is likewise ess5tial t ! army %\ld ?9k s well ( its capta9 z to tru/ implicitly to 8 prud5ce2 :i* x w always d if x see him c>eful ( its welf>e1 att5tive to discipl9e1 brave 9 battle1 & o!rwise support+ well & hon\rably ! dignity ( 8 position4 ,^! conditions he fulfils :51 :ile puni%+ faults1 he does n ne$lessly h>ass 8 m51 keeps 8 ^w ) !m1 %[s !m t ! pa? to victory is easy1 & conceals f !m1 or makes light ( ?+s :i* se5 f a di/ance might appe> to ?reat5 dang]4 ,! obs]vance ( ^! precautions w give an army great confid5ce1 & su* confid5ce leads to victory4 ,?is confid5ce ! ,romans 7 wont to inspire 9 ! m9ds ( _! soldi]s by ! aid ( religion2 & accord+ly _! consuls 7 appo9t$1 _! armies 7 enroll$1 _! soldi]s m>*$ =?1 & _! battles 7 begun1 only :5 ! auguries & auspices 7 fav\rable2 & )\t att5d+ to all ^! obs]vances no prud5t capta9 w\ld ev] engage 9 combat2 kn[+ t unless 8 soldi]s 7 fir/ assur$ t ! gods 7 on _! side1 he might readily suff] defeat4 ,b if any consul or o!r lead] ev] jo9$ battle contr>y to ! auspices1 ! ,romans w\ld puni% him1 z !y did ,claudius ,pul*]4 ,! tru? ( :at ,i affirm is pla9ly se5 f ! :ole c\rse ( ! ,roman hi/ory1 b is m p>ticul>ly e/abli%$ by ! words :i* ,livius puts into ! m\? ( ,appius ,claudius1 :o1 :5 compla9+ to ! p ( ! insol5ce ( ! tribunes1 & tax+ !m ) hav+ caus$ ! corruption ( ! auspices & o!r rites ( religion1 is made to say1 8,& n[ !y w\ld /rip ev5 religion ( its au?ority4 ,= :at matt]s x1 !y w tell y1 t ! f[ls refuse to peck1 or come sl[ly f ! coop1 or t a cock has cr[$8 ,^! are small matt]s d\btless2 b x 0 by n contemn+ su* small matt]s z ^!1 t our =efa!rs built up ?is great republic40 ,&1 inde$1 9 ^! small matt]s lies a p[] :i* keeps m5 unit$ & ( good c\rage1 :i* is ( itself ! *ief condition ( success4 ,b ! obs]vances ( religion mu/ be accompani$ by val\r1 = o!rwise !y c no?+ avail4 ,! m5 ( ,prane/e1 lead+ =? _! army aga9/ ! ,romans1 took up _! position ne> ! riv] ,allia1 on ! v spot :]e ! ,romans _h be5 r\t$ by ! ,gauls1 select+ ?is gr\nd t x might inspire _! own side ) confid5ce1 & di%e>t5 _! enemies ) ! unhappy memories :i* x recall$ ,b al?\gh1 = ! reasons already not$1 ?is 0 a c\rse :i* promis$ success1 ! result nev]!less %[$ t true val\r is n to be daunt$ by trifl+ disadvantages4 ,& ?is ! hi/orian well expresses by ! words he puts 9 ! m\? ( ! dictator z spok5 to 8 ma/] ( ! knights 8,see h[ ^! fell[s1 9 encamp+ on ! banks ( ! ,allia1 h *os5 _! gr\nd 9 reliance ^u =tune4 ,d y1 !re=e1 rely+ on discipl9e & val\r1 fall ^u !n c5tre40 ,= true val\r1 tight discipl9e1 & ! feel+ ( security ga9$ by repeat$ victories1 are n to be c\nt]act$ by ?+s ( no real mom5t1 dismay$ by empty t]rors1 or quell$ by a solit>y mi%ap4 ,z 0 well se5 :5 ! two ,manlii1 be+ consuls 9 comm& aga9/ ! ,volscians1 ra%ly all[$ a "p ( _! army to g out =ag+1 & bo? ^? :o w5t out & ^? :o /ay$ beh9d f\nd !mselves attack$ at ! same mom5t ,= f ?is dang] !y 7 sav$ by ! c\rage ( ! soldi]s1 & n by ! =esight ( ! consuls4 ,) reg>d to :i* occurr5ce ,titus ,livius obs]ves1 8,ev5 )\t a lead] ! /eadfa/ val\r ( ! soldi]s 0 ma9ta9$40 ,"h ,i mu/ n omit to notice ! device practis$ by ,fabius to give 8 army confid5ce1 :5 he l$ x = ! fir/ "t into ,etruria4 ,= judg+ su* enc\ragem5t to be especially ne$$ by 8 m51 s9ce !y 7 ent]+ an unkn[n c\ntry to enc\nt] a new foe1 he address$ !m be=e !y jo9$ battle1 &1 aft] recit+ _m reasons = expect+ a victory1 told !m1 t 8he c\ld h m5tion$ o!r fav\rable circum/ances mak+ victory c]ta91 _h x n be5 dang]\s to disclose !m40 ,& z ?is device 0 dext]\sly us$ x m]its imitation4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxiv4--,by :at reports1 rum\rs1 or surmises ! ,citiz5s ( a ,republic are l$ to fav\r a ,fell[-citiz53 &-:e!r ! ,magi/racies are be/[$ ) bett] judgm5t by a ,p or by a ,pr9ce4 ,i h else:]e relat$ h[ ,titus ,manlius1 aft]w>ds nam$ ,torquatus1 rescu$ 8 fa!r f ! *>ge laid aga9/ him by ,m>cus ,pomponius1 tribune ( ! p4 ,& ?\gh ! means he took to effect ?is 7 some:at viol5t & irregul>1 s pleas+ to ev]yone 7 8 filial piety & affection1 t n only did he escape rebuke1 b :5 milit>y tribunes _h to be appo9t$ 8 "n 0 second on ! li/ ( ^? *os54 ,to expla9 8 good =tune1 x w1 ,i ?9k1 be useful to consid] :at are ! me?ods foll[$ by ! citiz5s ( a republic 9 e/imat+ ! "* ( ^? on :om !y be/[ hon\rs1 s z to see :e!r :at ,i h already said on ?is head be true1 namely1 t a p is m discrim9at+ 9 aw>d+ hon\rs ?an a pr9ce4 ,i say1 !n1 t 9 conf]r+ hon\rs & (fices1 ! p1 :5 x has no k ( a man f 8 public c>e]1 foll[s ! e/imate giv5 ( him by ! g5]al voice1 & by common report2 or else is guid$ by "s prepossession or preconceiv$ op9ion :i* x has adopt$ conc]n+ him4 ,su* impressions are =m$ ei!r f consid]ation ( a man's desc5t 7x be+ assum$1 until ! contr>y appe>s1 t :]e 8 ance/ors h be5 great & di/+ui%$ citiz5s _! desc5dant w resemble !m71 or else f reg>d to 8 mann]s & habits2 & no?+ c be m 9 8 fav\r ?an t he frequ5ts ! company ( ! grave & virtu\s1 & su* z are g5]ally reput$ wise4 ,= z we c h no bett] clue to a man's "* ?an ! company he keeps1 he :o frequ5ts wor?y company des]v$ly obta9s a good "n1 s9ce !re c h>dly fail to be "s simil>ity betwe5 himself & 8 associates4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 ! popul> e/imate ( a man is f\nd$ on "s rem>kable & notewor?y action1 ?\gh n ( public mom5t1 9 :i* he has acquitt$ himself well4 ,& ( all ! ?ree causes :i* create a prepossession 9 a man's fav\r1 none is s effectual z ?is la/4 ,= ! presumption t he w resemble 8 ance/ors & k9sm5 is s (t5 mislead+1 t m5 are sl[ to tru/ & quick to disc>d x1 unless confirm$ by ! p]sonal wor? ( him ( :om !y are judg+4 ,! crit]ion ( "* af=d$ by a man's mann]s & conv]sation is a saf] guide ?an ! presumption ( inh]it$ excell5ce1 b is f> inf]ior to t af=d$ by 8 actions2 = until he has giv5 actual pro( ( 8 wor?1 8 cr$it is built on m]e op9ion1 :i* may readily *ange4 ,b ?is ?ird mode ( judg+1 :i* orig9ates 9 & re/s ^u 8 actions1 at once gives him a "n :i* c only be de/roy$ by 8 aft]w>ds do+ _m actions ( a contr>y nature4 ,^? !re=e :o live 9 a republic %\ld con=m to ?is ?ird crit]ion1 & endeav\r1 z did _m ( ! ,roman y\?1 to make _! />t 9 life ) "s extraord9>y a*ievem5t1 ei!r by promot+ a law conducive to ! g5]al well-be+1 or by accus+ "s p[]ful citiz5 z a transgressor ( ! laws1 or by p]=m+ "s simil> new & notable action :i* _c fail to be mu* spok5 (4 ,actions l ?is are necess>y n only to lay a f\ndation = y\r fame1 b also to ma9ta9 & ext5d x4 ,to :i* end1 !y mu/ cont9ually be r5ew$1 z we f9d done by ,titus ,manlius ?r\gh\t ! :ole c\rse ( 8 life4 ,= aft] w9n+ 8 e>lie/ r5[n by 8 bold & s+ul> def5ce ( 8 fa!r1 :5 "s ye>s _h pass$ he f\ght 8 fam\s duel ) ! ,gaul1 f :om1 :5 he _h sla9 him1 he took ! twi/$ gold5 coll> :i* gave him ! "n ( ,torquatus4 ,nor 0 ?is ! la/ ( 8 rem>kable actions1 = at a lat] p]iod1 :5 he 0 ( ripe ye>s1 he caus$ 8 own son to be put to dea?1 because he _h f\ght )\t leave1 al?\gh successfully4 ,:i* ?ree actions ga9$ = him at ! "t a great] "n1 & h made him m r5[n$ ?r\gh aft] ages ?an all 8 triumphs & victories1 ?\gh ( ^! he _h z l>ge a %>e z fell to ! lot ( any o!r ,roman4 ,! explanation ( :i* is1 t :ile 9 8 victories ,manlius _h _m :o resembl$ him1 9 ^! p>ticul> actions he /ood almo/ or entirely alone4 ,s1 too1 ) ! eld] ,scipio1 all ^: victories toge!r did n obta9 = him s mu* reputation1 z did 8 rescue1 :ile he 0 yet "y1 ( 8 fa!r at ! ,tic9o1 & 8 undaunt$ be>+ aft] ! r\t at ,cann1 :5 ) 8 nak$ sword he con/ra9$ a numb] ( ! ,roman y\? to swe> nev] to ab&on _! c\ntry1 z "s among !m _h be=e be5 m9d$ to d4 ,x 0 ^! two actions1 !re=e1 :i* laid ! f\ndation ( 8 future fame & pav$ ! way = 8 triumphs 9 ,spa9 & ,africa4 ,& ! fair e/eem 9 :i* m5 held him1 0 /ill fur!r height5$ :5 9 ,spa9 he re/or$ a daught] to h] fa!r1 a wife to h] husb&4 ,nor is x only ! citiz5 :o seeks reputation z lead+ to civil hon\rs1 :o mu/ act 9 ?is way2 ! pr9ce :o w\ld ma9ta9 8 cr$it 9 8 pr9c$om mu/ d likewise2 s9ce no?+ helps s mu* to make a pr9ce e/eem$ z to give signal pro(s ( 8 wor?1 :e!r by words or by de$s :i* t5d to promote ! public good1 & %[ him to be s magnanim\s1 g5]\s1 & j1 t he may well pass into a prov]b among 8 subjects4 ,b to return to ! po9t :5ce ,i digress$1 ,i say t if a p1 :5 !y fir/ conf] hon\rs on a fell[-citiz51 re/ _! judgm5t on any "o ( ! ?ree circum/ances above-m5tion$1 !y build on a reasonable f\ndation2 b1 :5 _m in/ances ( noble conduct h made a man fav\rably kn[n1 t ! f\ndation is /ill bett]1 s9ce !n !re is h>dly room = mi/ake4 ,i speak m]ely ( ^? hon\rs :i* are be/[$ on a man at ! outset ( 8 c>e]1 be=e he has come to be kn[n by cont9u$ pro(1 or is f\nd to h pass$ f "o k9d ( conduct to ano!r & dissimil> k9d1 & ,i ma9ta9 t 9 su* cases1 s f> z errone\s judgm5ts or corrupt motives are conc]n$1 a p w always commit few] mi/akes ?an a pr9ce4 ,b s9ce a p may happ5 to be deceiv$ z reg>ds ! "*1 reputation1 & actions ( a man1 ?9k+ !m bett] or great] ?an 9 tru? !y are1 an error a pr9ce is less likely to fall into f 8 be+ in=m$ & w>n$ by 8 advis]s1 9 ord] t ! p may n lack simil> advice1 wise f\nd]s ( republics h provid$1 t :5 ! highe/ dignities ( ! ,/ate1 to :i* x w\ld be dang]\s to appo9t incapable m51 h to be fill$ up1 & x appe>s t "s incapable man is ! object ( ! popul> *oice1 x %all be lawful & acc\nt$ hon\rable = any citiz5 to decl>e 9 ! public assemblies ! defects ( ! fav\r$ c&idate1 t ! p1 be+ made acqua9t$ !re)1 may be bett] able to judge ( 8 fitness4 ,t ?is 0 ! practice 9 ,rome we h pro( 9 ! spee* made by ,fabius ,maximus to ! p dur+ ! second ,punic w>1 :5 9 ! appo9tm5t ( consuls public fav\r lean$ t[>ds ,titus ,ottacilius4 ,= ,fabius judg+ him unequal to ! duties ( ! consul%ip at su* a crisis1 spoke aga9/ him & po9t$ out 8 insuffici5cy1 & s prev5t$ 8 appo9tm5t1 turn+ ! popul> fav\r t[>ds ano!r :o des]v$ x m4 ,9 ! *oice ( its magi/rates1 !re=e1 a p judges ( ^? among :om x has to *oose1 9 accordance ) ! sure/ indications x c get2 & :5 x c be advis$ z pr9ces are1 makes few] mi/akes ?an !y4 ,b ! citiz5 :o w\ld make a beg9n+ by ga9+ ! good-w ( ! p1 mu/1 to obta9 x1 p]=m1 l ,titus ,manlius1 "s notewor?y action4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxv4--,( ! ,dang] incurr$ 9 be+ ! fir/ to recomm5d new ,measures2 & t ! m unusual ! ,measures ! great] ! ,dang]4 ,h[ p]il\s a ?+ x is to put "o's self at ! head ( *anges :]eby _m are affect$1 h[ difficult to guide & br+ !m to p]fection1 & :5 p]fect$ to ma9ta9 !m1 7 too wide & ardu\s a subject to be treat$ "h4 ,:]e=e ,i res]ve x = a fitt] occasion1 & %all n[ speak only ( ^? dang]s :i* are incurr$ by ! citiz5s ( a republic or by ! c\nsellors ( a pr9ce 9 be+ ! fir/ to promote "s grave & important measure 9 su* mann] t ! :ole responsibility att5d+ x re/s ) !m4 ,= z m5 judge ( ?+s by _! results1 any evil :i* ensues f su* measures w be imput$ to _! au?or4 ,& al?\gh if good ensue he w be applaud$1 nev]!less 9 matt]s ( ?is k9d1 :at a man may ga9 is z no?+ to :at he may lose4 ,selim1 ! pres5t sultan1 or ,gr& ,turk z he is call$1 be+ 9 read9ess1 z "s :o come f 8 c\ntry relate1 to set =? on an exp$ition aga9/ ,egypt & ,syria1 0 urg$ by "o ( 8 ba%aws :om he _h /ation$ on ! conf9es ( ,p]sia1 to make w> ^u ! ,s(i4 ,9 compliance ) :i* advice he w5t on ?is new ent]prise ) a va/ army4 ,b com+ to a great pla91 :]e9 7 _m des]ts & few /reams1 & enc\nt]+ ! same difficulties z 9 anci5t times _h prov$ ! ru9 ( _m ,roman armies1 he suff]$ s mu* f pe/il5ce & fam9e1 t1 al?\gh victori\s 9 battle1 he lo/ a great "p ( 8 m54 ,?is s enrag$ him aga9/ ! ba%aw on ^: advice he _h act$1 t he =?) put him to dea?4 ,9 l mann]1 we read ( _m citiz5s :o hav+ /r5u\sly promot$ v>i\s measures 7 bani%$ :5 ^! turn$ out badly4 ,c]ta9 citiz5s ( ,rome1 = in/ance1 7 v active 9 =w>d+ a law all[+ ! appo9tm5t ( a plebeian to be consul4 ,?is law pass+1 x s happ5$ t ! fir/ plebeian consul :o w5t =? ) ! armies 0 r\t$2 & _h x n be5 t ! p>ty 9 ^: behalf ! law 0 made 0 extremely p[]ful1 its promot]s w\ld h f>$ badly4 ,x is pla9 !re=e t ! c\nsellors :e!r ( a republic or ( a pr9ce /& 9 ?is dilemma1 t if !y d n consci5ti\sly advise :atsoev] !y ?9k advantage\s = _! city or pr9ce1 !y fail 9 _! duty2 if !y d advise x1 !y risk _! places & _! lives2 all m5 be+ subject to ?is infirmity ( judg+ advice by ! ev5t4 ,:5 ,i consid] 9 :at way ?is reproa* or ?is dang] may be/ be escap$1 ,i f9d no o!r rem$y to recomm5d ?an t 9 giv+ advice y proce$ discreetly n id5tify+ y\rself 9 a special mann] ) ! measure y w\ld see c>ri$ out1 b (f]+ y\r op9ion )\t heat1 & support+ x temp]ately & mode/ly1 s t if ! pr9ce or city foll[ x1 !y %all d s ( _! own good-w1 & n seem to be dragg$ into x by y\r importunity4 ,:5 y act ?us1 nei!r pr9ce nor p c reasonably be> y a grudge 9 respect ( ! advice giv5 by y1 s9ce t advice 0 n adopt$ contr>y to ! g5]al op9ion4 ,= y\r dang] lies 9 _m hav+ oppos$ y1 :o aft]w>ds1 %\ld y\r advice prove hurtful1 comb9e to ru9 y4 ,& al?\gh 9 tak+ ?is c\rse y fall %ort ( ! glory :i* is e>n$ by him :o /&s alone aga9/ _m 9 urg+ "s measure :i* succe$s1 y h nev]!less two advantages to make up = x3 fir/1 t y escape dang]2 & second1 t :5 y h temp]ately /at$ y\r views1 & :51 9 consequ5ce ( opposition1 y\r advice has n be5 tak51 %\ld o!r c\nsels prevail & mis*ief come ( !m1 y\r cr$it w be va/ly enhanc$4 ,& al?\gh cr$it ga9$ at ! co/ ( mis=tune to y\r pr9ce or city _c be matt] ( rejoic+1 /ill x is some?+ to be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,on ?is head1 !n1 ,i "k ( no o!r advice to (f]4 ,= t y %\ld be sil5t & express no op9ion at all1 7 a c\rse hurtful = y\r pr9ce or city1 & :i* w\ld n absolve y f dang]1 s9ce y w\ld soon gr[ to be suspect$1 :5 x might f>e ) y z ) ! fri5d ( ,p]seus ! ,mac$onian k+4 ,= ,p]seus be+ defeat$ by ,paulus ,emilius1 & mak+ 8 escape ) a few companions1 x happ5$ t "o ( !m1 9 review+ ! pa/1 began to po9t out to ! k+ _m mi/akes :i* he _h made & :i* _h be5 8 ru94 ,:]eupon ,p]seus turn+ ^u him said1 8,traitor1 ha/ ?\ wait$ till n[ :5 !re is no rem$y to tell me ^! ?+s80 & s say+1 slew him ) 8 own h&4 ,su* 0 ! p5alty incurr$ by "o :o 0 sil5t :5 he %\ld h spok51 & :o spoke :5 he %\ld h be5 sil5t2 & :o f\nd no escape f dang] 9 hav+ refra9$ f giv+ advice4 ,:]e=e1 ,i believe1 t ! c\rse :i* ,i h recomm5d$ %\ld be obs]v$ & foll[$4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxvi4--,:y x has be5 & /ill may be affirm$ ( ! ,gauls1 t at ! beg9n+ ( a fray !y are m ?an ,m51 b aft]w>ds less ?an ,wom54 ,! brav]y ( ! ,gaul :o on ! banks ( ! ,anio *all5g$ any among ! ,romans to fight ) him1 & ! combat t !reupon ensu$ betwe5 him & ,titus ,manlius1 rem9d me ( :at ,titus ,livius (t5] ?an once obs]ves 9 8 hi/ory1 t 8at ! beg9n+ ( a fray ! ,gauls are m ?an m51 b ere x is end$ %[ !mselves less ?an wom540 ,t\*+ ! cause ( ?is1 _m are cont5t to believe t su* is _! nature1 :i*1 inde$1 ,i take to be true2 b we are n1 !re=e1 to assume t ! natural temp] :i* makes !m brave at ! outset1 may n be s tra9$ & regulat$ z to keep !m brave to ! end4 ,&1 to prove ?is1 ,i say1 t armies are ( ?ree k9ds4 ,9 "o ( ^! y h discipl9e ) brav]y & val\r z its consequ5ce4 ,su* 0 ! ,roman army1 :i* is %[n by all hi/orians to h ma9ta9$ excell5t discipl9e z ! result ( con/ant milit>y tra9+4 ,& because 9 a well-discipl9$ army none mu/ d any?+ save by rule1 we f9d t 9 ! ,roman army1 f :i* z x conqu]$ ! _w all o!rs %\ld take example1 none ei!r eat1 or slept1 or b\ght1 or sold1 or did any?+ else1 :e!r 9 8 milit>y or 9 8 private capacity1 )\t ord]s f ! consul4 ,^? armies :i* d o!rwise are n true armies1 & if ev] !y h any success1 x is ow+ to ! fury & impetuosity ( _! onset & n to tra9$ & /eady val\r4 ,b ( ?is impetuosity & fury1 tra9$ val\r1 :5 occasion requires1 w make use2 nor w any dang] daunt x or cause x to lose he>t1 its c\rage be+ kept alive by its discipl9e1 & its confid5ce f$ by ! hope ( victory :i* nev] fails x :ile t discipl9e is ma9ta9$4 ,b ! contr>y happ5s ) armies ( ! second sort1 ^?1 namely1 :i* h impetuosity )\t discipl9e1 z 0 ! case ) ! ,gauls ^: c\rage 9 a protract$ conflict gradually wore away2 s t unless !y succe$$ 9 _! fir/ attack1 ! impetuosity to :i* !y tru/$1 hav+ no support f discipl9$ val\r1 soon cool$2 :51 z !y _h no?+ else to dep5d on1 _! ef=ts ceas$4 ,! ,romans1 on ! o!r h&1 be+ less disquiet$ 9 dang] by reason ( _! p]fect discipl9e1 & nev] los+ hope1 f\ght /eadily & /ubbornly to ! la/1 & ) ! same c\rage at ! end z at ! outset2 nay1 gr[+ heat$ by ! conflict1 only became ! fi]c] ! long] x 0 cont9u$4 ,9 armies ( ! ?ird sort bo? natural _s & tra9$ val\r are want+2 & to ?is class belong ! ,italian armies ( our own times1 ( :i* x may be affirm$ t !y are absolutely wor?less1 nev] obta9+ a victory1 save :51 by "s accid5t1 ! enemy !y enc\nt] takes to flight4 ,b s9ce we h daily pro(s ( ?is abs5ce ( val\r1 x 7 ne$less to set =? p>ticul> in/ances ( x4 ,t all1 h[ev]1 may "k on ! te/imony ( ,titus ,livius :at me?ods a good army %\ld take1 & :at are tak5 by a bad army1 ,i %all cite ! words he repres5ts ,papirius ,cursor to h us$ :5 urg+ t ,fabius1 8 ma/] ( ! knights1 %\ld be puni%$ = disob$i5ce1 & d5\nc+ ! consequ5ces :i* w\ld ensue 7 he absolv$1 say+3--8,let nei!r ,god nor man be held 9 rev]5ce2 let ! ord]s ( capta9s & ! ,div9e auspices be alike disreg>d$2 let a vagrant soldi]y range )\t leave ?r\gh ! c\ntry ( fri5d or foe2 reckless ( _! milit>y oa?1 let !m disb& at _! pleasure2 let !m =sake _! des]t$ /&>ds1 & nei!r rally nor disp]se at ! ^w ( comm&2 let !m fight :5 !y *oose1 by day or by night1 ) or )\t advantage ( gr\nd1 ) or )\t ! bidd+ ( _! lead]1 nei!r ma9ta9+ _! ranks nor obs]v+ ! ord] ( battle2 & let our armies1 f be+ a solemn & consecrat$ company1 gr[ to resemble "s d>k & =tuit\s ga!r+ ( cut-?roats40 ,) ?is passage be=e u1 x is easy to pron\nce :e!r ! armies ( our times be 8a d>k & =tuit\s ga!r+10 or 8a solemn & consecrat$ company20 nay1 h[ f> !y fall %ort ( any?+ wor?y to be call$ an army1 possess+ nei!r ! impetu\s b discipl9$ val\r ( ! ,romans1 nor ev5 ! m]e undiscipl9$ impetuosity ( ! ,gauls4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxvii4--,:e!r a g5]al engagem5t %\ld be prec$$ by skirmi%es2 & h[1 avoid+ ^!1 we may get k ( a new ,enemy4 ,besides all ! o!r difficulties :i* h9d] m5 f br++ any?+ to its utmo/ p]fection1 x appe>s1 z ,i h already obs]v$1 t 9 close vic9ity to e good is f\nd also an evil1 s apt to gr[ up along ) x t x is h>dly possible to h ! "o )\t accept+ ! o!r4 ,?is we see 9 all human affairs1 & ! result is1 t unless =tune aid u to ov]come ?is natural & common disadvantage1 we nev] arrive at any excell5ce4 ,i am rem9d$ ( ?is by ! combat betwe5 ,titus ,manlius & ! ,gaul1 conc]n+ :i* ,livius writes t x 8det]m9$ ! issue ( ! entire w>2 s9ce ! ,gauls1 ab&on+ _! camp1 ha/ily )drew to ! c\ntry ab\t ,tivoli1 :5ce !y pres5tly pass$ into ,campania40 ,x may be said1 !re=e1 on ! "o h&1 t a prud5t capta9 ought absolutely to refra9 f all ^? op]ations :i*1 :ile ( trifl+ mom5t 9 !mselves1 may possibly produce an ill effect on 8 army4 ,n[1 to engage 9 a combat :]e9 y risk y\r :ole =tunes )\t putt+ =? y\r entire /r5g?1 is1 z ,i obs]v$ be=e1 :5 condemn+ ! def5ce ( a c\ntry by gu>d+ its defiles1 an utt]ly foolh>dy c\rse4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is to be said t a prud5t capta91 :5 he has to meet a new & r$\btable adv]s>y1 ought1 be=e com+ to a g5]al engagem5t1 to accu/om 8 m5 by skirmi%es & passages ( arms1 to ! quality ( _! enemy2 t !y may le>n to "k him1 & h[ to deal ) him1 & s free !mselves f ! feel+ ( dread :i* 8 "n & fame inspire4 ,?is = a capta9 is a matt] ( ! v greate/ importance1 & "o :i* x might be almo/ fatal = him to neglect1 s9ce to risk a pit*$ battle )\t fir/ giv+ y\r soldi]s su* opportunities to "k _! enemy & %ake (f _! fe> ( him1 is to ru% on c]ta9 de/ruction4 ,:5 ,val]ius ,corv9us 0 s5t by ! ,romans ) _! armies aga9/ ! ,samnites1 ^! be+ new adv]s>ies ) :om up to t "t !y _h n measur$ _! /r5g?1 ,titus ,livius tells u t be=e giv+ battle he made 8 m5 make trial ( ! enemy 9 sev]al unimportant skirmi%es1 8le/ !y %\ld be dismay$ by a new foe & a new me?od ( w>f>e40 ,nev]!less1 !re is v great dang] t1 if y\r soldi]s get ! wor/ 9 ^! enc\nt]s1 _! al>m & self-di/ru/ may be increas$1 & a result foll[ contr>y to t int5d$1 namely1 t y dispirit :]e y meant to reassure4 ,?is1 !re=e1 is "o ( ^? cases 9 :i* ! evil lies s nigh ! good1 & bo? are s mix$ up toge!r t y may readily lay hold ( ! "o :5 y ?9k to grasp ! o!r4 ,& ) reg>d to ?is ,i say1 t a good capta9 %\ld d :at he c t no?+ happ5 :i* might disc\rage 8 m51 nor is !re any?+ s likely to disc\rage !m z to beg9 ) a defeat4 ,= :i* reason skirmi%es are1 z a rule1 to be avoid$1 & only to be all[$ :]e y fight to great advantage & ) a c]ta9ty ( victory4 ,9 l mann]1 no attempt %\ld be made to def5d ! passes lead+ into y\r c\ntry unless y\r :ole army c co-op]ate2 nor are any t[ns to be def5d$ save ^? ^: loss necess>ily involves y\r ru94 ,& z to ^? t[ns :i* y d def5d1 y mu/ s arrange1 bo? 9 respect ( ! g>rison )9 & ! army )\t1 t 9 ! ev5t ( a siege y\r :ole =ces c be employ$4 ,all o!r t[ns y mu/ leave undef5d$4 ,=1 provid$ y\r army be kept toge!r1 y d n1 9 los+ :at y volunt>ily ab&on1 =feit y\r milit>y reputation1 or sacrifice y\r hopes ( f9al success4 ,b :5 y lose :at x 0 y\r purpose1 & :at all "k x 0 y\r purpose to hold1 y suff] a real loss & injury1 &1 l ! ,gauls on ! defeat ( _! *ampion1 y are ru9$ by a mi%ap ( no mom5t 9 itself4 ,philip ( ,mac$on1 ! fa!r ( ,p]seus1 a great soldi] 9 8 day1 & ( a great "n1 on be+ invad$ by ! ,romans1 laid wa/e & rel9qui%$ mu* ( 8 t]ritory :i* he ?\ght he c\ld n def5d2 rightly judg+ x m hurtful to 8 reputation to lose t]ritory aft] an attempt to def5d x1 ?an to ab&on x to ! enemy z some?+ he c>$ little to reta94 ,s1 likewise1 aft] ! battle ( ,cann1 :5 _! affairs 7 at _! wor/1 ! ,romans refus$ aid to _m subject & protect$ ,/ates1 *>g+ !m to def5d !mselves z be/ !y c\ld4 ,& ?is is a bett] c\rse ?an to und]take to def5d & !n to fail2 = by refus+ to def5d1 y lose only y\r fri5d2 :]eas 9 fail+1 y n only lose y\r fri5d1 b weak5 y\rself4 ,b to return to ! matt] 9 h&1 ,i affirm1 t ev5 :5 a capta9 is con/ra9$ by inexp]i5ce ( 8 enemy to make trial ( him by means ( skirmi%es1 he ought fir/ to see t he has s mu* ! advantage t he runs no risk ( defeat2 or else1 & ?is is 8 bett] c\rse1 he mu/ d z ,m>ius did :5 s5t aga9/ ! ,cimbrians1 a v c\rage\s p :o 7 lay+ ,italy wa/e1 & by _! fi]c5ess & numb]s1 & f ! fact ( _! hav+ already r\t$ a ,roman army1 spread+ t]ror :]ev] !y came4 ,= be=e fight+ a decisive battle1 ,m>ius judg$ x necess>y to d some?+ to less5 ! dread 9 :i* ^! enemies 7 held by 8 army2 & be+ a prud5t comm&]1 he1 on sev]al occasions1 po/$ 8 m5 at po9ts :]e ! ,cimbrians mu/ pass1 t see+ & gr[+ famili> ) _! appe>ance1 :ile !mselves 9 safety & )9 ! %elt] ( _! intr5*$ camp1 & f9d+ !m to be a m]e disord]ly rabble1 encumb]$ ) baggage1 & ei!r )\t weapons1 or ) none t 7 =midable1 !y might at la/ assume c\rage & gr[ eag] to engage !m 9 battle4 ,! "p ?us prud5tly tak5 by ,m>ius1 %\ld be c>efully imitat$ by o!rs :o w\ld escape ! dang]s above spok5 ( & n h to betake !mselves l ! ,gauls to a disgraceful flight1 on su/a9+ "s trifl+ defeat4 ,b s9ce 9 ?is ,disc\rse ,i h ref]r$ by "n to ,val]ius ,corv9us1 9 my next ,*apt] ,i %all cite 8 words to %[ :at mann] ( man a capta9 ought to be4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxviii4--,( ! ,qualities ( a ,capta9 9 :om 8 ,soldi]s c confide4 ,val]ius ,corv9us1 z ,i h said already1 0 s5t 9 comm& ( an army aga9/ ! ,samnites1 :o 7 !n new enemies to ,rome4 ,:]e=e1 to reassure 8 soldi]s & famili>ize !m ) _! adv]s>ies1 he made !m engage ) !m 9 v>i\s unimportant passages ( arms4 ,b n ?9k+ ?is en\gh1 he resolv$ be=e deliv]+ battle to address 8 m51 & by rem9d+ !m ( _! val\r & 8 own1 to make x pla9 h[ little !y %\ld e/eem su* enemies4 ,& f ! words :i* ,titus ,livius puts 9 8 m\? we may ga!r :at mann] ( man ! capta9 ought to be 9 :om an army w put its tru/4 ,= he makes him say3--8,be> ye also ?is 9 m9d "u ^: conduct & auspices y are ab\t to fight1 & :e!r he :om y are to obey be great only 9 exhort+1 bold only 9 words1 & all unpractis$ 9 arms2 or :e!r he be "o :o himself kn[s h[ to use 8 spe>1 to m>* be=e ! eagles1 & play 8 "p 9 ! ?icke/ ( ! fight4 ,soldi]s6 ,i w\ld h y foll[ my de$s & n my words1 & look to me = example r ?an = comm&s2 = ) ?is "r h& ,i h won = myself ?ree consul%ips1 & an unsurpass$ r5[n40 ,:i* words rightly und]/ood give e "o to "k :at he mu/ d to m]it a capta9's rank4 ,& if any man obta9 x by o!r means1 he w soon discov] t advancem5t due to *ance or intrigue r takes away ?an br+s reputation1 s9ce x is m5 :o give lu/re to titles & n titles to m54 ,f :at has be5 said x w likewise be und]/ood t if great capta9s :5 mat*$ aga9/ an unfamili> foe h _h to resort to unusual me?ods = reassur+ ! m9ds ev5 ( vet]an soldi]s1 mu* m w x be necess>y = !m to use all _! address :5 9 comm& ( a raw & untri$ army :i* has nev] be=e look$ an enemy 9 ! face4 ,= if an unfamili> adv]s>y inspire t]ror ev5 9 a vet]an army1 h[ mu* great] mu/ be ! t]ror :i* any army w inspire 9 ! m9ds ( untra9$ m54 ,& yet we (t5 f9d all ^! difficulties ov]come by ! supreme prud5ce ( a great capta9 l ! ,roman ,grac*us or ! ,!ban ,epam9ondas1 ( :om ,i h be=e spok51 :o ) untri$ troops defeat$ ! mo/ practis$ vet]ans4 ,& ! me?od !y are said to h foll[$ 0 to tra9 _! m5 = "s mon?s 9 mimic w>f>e1 s z to accu/om !m to discipl9e & ob$i5ce1 aft] :i* !y employ$ !m ) complete confid5ce on actual s]vice4 ,no man1 !re=e1 ( w>like g5ius1 ne$ despair ( creat+ a good army if only he h ! m52 = ! pr9ce :o has _m subjects & yet lacks soldi]s1 has only to ?ank 8 own in]tness & want ( =esight1 & mu/ n compla9 ( ! c[>dice ( 8 p4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxix4--,t a ,capta9 %\ld h good k ( ,places4 ,among o!r qualifications ess5tial 9 a good capta9 is a k1 bo? g5]al & p>ticul>1 ( places & c\ntries1 = )\t su* k x is impossible = him to c>ry out any ent]prise 9 ! be/ way4 ,& :ile practice is ne$$ = p]fection 9 e art1 9 ?is x is ne$$ 9 ! highe/ degree4 ,su* practice1 or p>ticul> k z x may be t]m$1 is soon] acquir$ 9 ! *ase ?an 9 any o!r ex]cise2 &1 accord+ly1 we f9d x said by anci5t hi/orians t ^? h]oes :o1 9 _! day1 rul$ ! _w1 7 br$ 9 ! woods & tra9$ to ! *ase2 = ?is ex]cise n m]ely gives ! k ,i speak (1 b tea*es c\ntless o!r lessons ne$ful 9 w>4 ,& ,x5ophon 9 8 life ( ,cyrus tells u1 t ,cyrus1 on 8 exp$ition aga9/ ! ,k+ ( ,arm5ia1 :5 assign+ to ea* ( 8 foll[]s ! "p he 0 to p]=m1 rem9d$ !m t ! ent]prise on :i* !y 7 engag$1 diff]$ little f "o ( ^? hunt+ exp$itions on :i* !y _h gone s (t5 9 8 company2 lik5+ ^? :o 7 to lie 9 ambu% 9 ! m\nta9s1 to ! m5 s5t to spread ! toils on ! hill-tops2 & ^? :o 7 to ov]run ! pla91 to ! beat]s ^: bus9ess x is to />t ! game f its lair t x may be driv5 into ! toils4 ,n[1 ?is is relat$ to %[ h[1 9 ! op9ion ( ,x5ophon1 ! *ase is a mimic repres5tation ( w>1 & !re=e to be e/eem$ by ! great z useful & hon\rable4 ,nor c t k ( c\ntries :i* ,i h spok5 ( z necess>y 9 a comm&]1 be obta9$ 9 any conv5i5t way except by ! *ase4 ,= he :o jo9s !re9 ga9s a special acqua9tance ) ! "* ( ! c\ntry 9 :i* x is foll[$2 & he :o has made himself specially famili> ) "o di/rict1 w aft]w>ds readily und]/& ! "* ( any /range c\ntry into :i* he comes4 ,= all c\ntries1 & ! di/ricts ( :i* !y are made up1 h a c]ta9 resemblance to "o ano!r1 s t f a k ( "o we c pass easily to ! k ( ano!r4 ,he !re=e :o is )\t su* practical acqua9tance ) "s "o c\ntry1 c only ) difficulty1 & aft] a long "t1 obta9 a k ( ano!r1 :ile he :o possesses x c take 9 at a glance h[ ?is pla9 spreads1 h[ t m\nta9 slopes1 :i!r t valley w9ds1 & all o!r l p>ticul>s 9 respect ( :i* he has already acquir$ a c]ta9 famili>ity4 ,! tru? ( :at ,i affirm is %[n by ,titus ,livius 9 ! case ( ,publius ,decius1 :o1 be+ milit>y tribune 9 ! army :i* ! consul ,cornelius l$ aga9/ ! ,samnites1 :5 ! consul advanc$ into a defile :]e ! ,roman army 7 l to be %ut 9 by ! enemy1 p]ceiv+ ! great dang] !y ran1 & not+1 z ,livius relates1 a hill :i* rose by a /eep asc5t & ov]hung ! enemy's camp1 & :i*1 ?\gh h>d ( access = heavy-arm$ troops1 pres5t$ little difficulty to troops lightly arm$1 turn$ to ! consul & said3--8,see/ ?\1 ,aulus ,cornelius1 yond] height ov] above ! enemy1 :i* !y h be5 bl9d en\gh to neglect8 ,!re1 7 we manfully to seize x1 might we f9d ! citadel ( our hopes & ( our safety40 ,:]eupon1 he 0 s5t by ! consul ) ?ree ?\s& m5 to secure ! height1 & s sav$ ! ,roman army4 ,& z x 0 "p ( 8 plan to make 8 own escape & c>ry (f 8 m5 safely "u %elt] ( night1 ,livius repres5ts him z say+ to 8 soldi]s3--8,come ) me1 t1 :ile daylight /ill s]ves1 we may le>n :]e ! enemy h po/$ _! gu>ds1 & by :at exit we may issue h5ce40 ,accord+ly1 putt+ on ! cloak ( a common soldi]1 le/ ! enemy %\ld obs]ve t an (fic] 0 mak+ 8 r\nds he survey$ _! camp 9 all directions4 ,n[ any "o :o c>efully /udies ! :ole ( ?is passage1 mu/ p]ceive h[ useful & necess>y x is = a capta9 to "k ! nature ( places1 :i* k _h ,decius n possess$ he c\ld n h decid$ t x w\ld be = ! advantage ( ! ,roman army to occupy ?is hill2 nor c\ld he h judg$ f a di/ance :e!r ! hill 0 accessible or no2 & :5 he rea*$ ! summit & desir$ to return to ! consul1 s9ce he 0 surr\nd$ on all sides by ! enemy1 he nev] c\ld h di/+ui%$ ! pa? x 0 safe = him to take1 f ^? gu>d$ by ! foe4 ,= all :i* reasons x 0 absolutely ess5tial t ,decius %\ld h t ?or\gh k :i* enabl$ him by ga9+ possession ( ?is hill to save ! ,roman army1 & to discov] a pa? :]eby1 9 ! ev5t ( 8 be+ attack$1 he & 8 foll[]s might escape4 ,,*apt] ,,xl4--,t ,fraud is fair 9 ,w>4 ,al?\gh 9 all o!r affairs x be hateful to use fraud1 9 ! op]ations ( w> x is praisewor?y & glori\s2 s t he :o gets ! bett] ( 8 enemy by fraud1 is z mu* extoll$ z he :o prevails by =ce4 ,?is appe>s 9 ! judgm5ts pass$ by su* z h writt5 ( ! lives ( great w>riors1 :o praise ,hannibal & ^? o!r capta9s :o h be5 mo/ not$ = act+ 9 ?is way4 ,b s9ce we may read ( _m in/ances ( su* frauds1 ,i %all n cite !m "h4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 ,i desire to say1 t ,i w\ld n h x und]/ood t any fraud is glori\s :i* leads y to break y\r plight$ ^w1 or to dep>t f cov5ants to :i* y h agre$2 = ?\gh to d s may sometimes ga9 y t]ritory & p[]1 x c nev]1 z ,i h said else:]e1 ga9 y glory4 ,! fraud1 !n1 :i* ,i "h speak ( is t employ$ aga9/ an enemy :o places no tru/ 9 y1 & is :olly direct$ to milit>y op]ations1 su* z ! /ratagem ( ,hannibal at ! ,lake ( ,?rasym5e1 :5 he feign$ flight 9 ord] to draw ! ,roman consul & 8 army into an ambuscade2 or :5 to escape f ! h&s ( ,fabius ,maximus he fa/5$ lights to ! horns ( 8 ox54 ,simil> to ! above 0 ! deceit practis$ by ,pontius ! ,samnite comm&] to inveigle ! ,roman army into ! ,caud9e ,=ks4 ,= aft] he _h drawn up 8 =ces beh9d ! hills1 he s5t out a numb] ( 8 soldi]s1 disguis$ z h]dsm51 to drive great h]ds ( cattle across ! pla92 :o be+ captur$ by ! ,romans1 & int]rogat$ z to :]e ! ,samnite army 01 all ( !m1 z !y _h be5 taught by ,pontius1 agre$ 9 say+ t x _h gone to besiege ,noc]a3 :i* be+ believ$ by ! consuls1 l$ !m to advance )9 ! ,caud9e ,valley1 :]e no soon] 7 !y come ?an !y 7 beset by ! ,samnites4 ,& ! victory ?us won by a fraud w\ld h be5 mo/ glori\s = ,pontius _h he b tak5 ! advice ( 8 fa!r ,h]5nius1 :o urg$ t ! ,romans %\ld ei!r be set at lib]ty unconditionally1 or all be put to dea?2 b t a mean c\rse 8:i* nei!r ga9s fri5ds nor gets rid ( foes0 %\ld be avoid$4 ,& ?is 0 s\nd advice1 =1 z has already be5 %[n1 9 affairs ( mom5t a mean c\rse is always hurtful4 ,,*apt] ,,xli4--,t our ,c\ntry is to be def5d$ by ,hon\r or by ,di%on\r2 & 9 ei!r way is well def5d$4 ,! consuls toge!r ) ! :ole ,roman army fell1 z ,i h relat$1 into ! h&s ( ! ,samnites1 :o impos$ on !m ! mo/ ignom9i\s t]ms1 insi/+ t !y %\ld be /ripp$ ( _! arms1 & pass "u ! yoke be=e !y 7 all[$ to return to ,rome4 ,! consuls be+ a/\nd$ by ! h>%ness ( ^! conditions & ! :ole army ov]:elm$ ) dismay1 ,lucius ,l5tulus1 ! ,roman lieut5ant1 /ood =w>d & said1 t 9 8 op9ion !y ought to decl9e no c\rse :]eby _! c\ntry might be sav$2 & t z ! v exi/5ce ( ,rome dep5d$ on ! pres]vation ( h] army1 t army mu/ be sav$ at any sacrifice1 = :e!r ! means be hon\rable or ignom9i\s1 all is well done t is done = ! def5ce ( our c\ntry4 ,& he said t 7 h] army pres]v$1 ,rome1 9 c\rse ( "t1 might wipe out ! disgrace2 b if h] army 7 de/roy$1 h[ev] glori\sly x might p]i%1 ,rome & h] fre$om w\ld p]i% ) x4 ,9 ! ev5t 8 c\nsel 0 foll[$4 ,n[ ?is incid5t des]ves to be not$ & pond]$ ov] by e citiz5 :o is call$ on to advise 8 c\ntry2 = :5 ! entire safety ( our c\ntry is at /ake1 no consid]ation ( :at is j or unju/1 m]ciful or cruel1 praisewor?y or %ameful1 mu/ int]v5e4 ,on ! contr>y1 e o!r consid]ation be+ set aside1 t c\rse alone mu/ be tak5 :i* pres]ves ! exi/5ce ( ! c\ntry & ma9ta9s its lib]ty4 ,& ?is c\rse we f9d foll[$ by ! p ( ,france1 bo? 9 _! words & 9 _! actions1 ) ! view ( support+ ! dignity ( _! k+ & ! integrity ( _! k+dom2 = !re is no rem>k !y li/5 to ) m impati5ce ?an t ?is or ! o!r c\rse is disgraceful to ! k+4 ,= _! k+1 !y say1 c incur no disgrace by any resolve he may take1 :e!r x turn out well or ill2 & :e!r x succe$ or fail1 all ma9ta9 t he has act$ z a k+ %\ld4 ,,*apt] ,,xlii4--,t ,promises made on ,compulsion are n to be obs]v$4 ,:51 aft] be+ subject$ to ?is disgrace1 ! consuls return$ to ,rome ) _! dis>m$ legions1 ,spurius ,po/humius1 himself "o ( ! consuls1 0 ! fir/ to cont5d 9 ! s5ate t ! t]ms made 9 ! ,caud9e ,valley 7 n to be obs]v$4 ,= he argu$ t ! ,roman p 7 n b\nd by !m1 ?\gh he himself d\btless 01 toge!r ) all ! o!rs :o _h promis$ peace2 :]e=e1 if ! p desir$ to set !mselves free f e engagem5t1 he & all ! re/ :o _h giv5 ?is promise mu/ be made ov] z prison]s into ! h&s ( ! ,samnites4 ,& s /eadfa/ly did he hold to ?is op9ion1 t ! s5ate 7 cont5t to adopt x1 & s5d+ him & ! re/ z prison]s back to ,samnium1 prote/$ to ! ,samnites t ! peace 0 n b9d+4 ,& s k9d 0 ,=tune to ,po/humius on ?is occasion1 t ! ,samnites w\ld n keep him z a prison]1 & t on 8 return to ,rome1 not)/&+ 8 defeat1 he 0 held 9 high] hon\r by ! ,romans ?an ! victori\s ,pontius by 8 c\ntrym54 ,"h two po9ts are to be not$2 fir/1 t glory may be won by any action2 = al?\gh1 commonly1 x foll[ ^u victory1 x may also foll[ on defeat1 if ?is defeat be se5 to h happ5$ ?r\gh no fault ( y\rs1 or if1 directly aft]1 y p]=m "s valiant action :i* cancels x4 ,! o!r po9t to be not$ is t !re is no disgrace 9 n obs]v+ promises wrung f y by =ce2 = promises ?us extort$ :5 !y affect ! public welf>e w always be brok5 s soon z ! pressure "u :i* !y 7 made is )drawn1 & t1 too1 )\t %ame on ! "p ( him :o breaks !m2 ( :i* we read _m in/ances 9 hi/ory1 & f9d !m con/antly occurr+ at ! pres5t day4 ,nay1 z betwe5 pr9ces1 n only are su* compulsory promises brok5 :5 ! =ce :i* extort$ !m is remov$1 b all o!r promises z well1 are 9 l mann] disreg>d$ :5 ! causes :i* l$ to !m no long] op]ate4 ,:e!r ?is is a ?+ to be comm5d$ or no1 & :e!r su* me?ods ought or ought n to be foll[$ by pr9ces1 has already be5 consid]$ by me 9 my 8,treatise ( ! ,pr9ce0 :]e=e ,i say no m on t subject "h4 ,,*apt] ,,xliii4--,t ,m5 born 9 ! same ,prov9ce reta9 ?r\gh all ,times ne>ly ! same ,"*4 ,! wise are wont to say1 & n )\t reason or at r&om1 t he :o w\ld =eca/ :at is ab\t to happ5 %\ld look to :at has be52 s9ce all human ev5ts1 :e!r pres5t or to come1 h _! exact c\nt]p>t 9 ! pa/4 ,& ?is1 because ^! ev5ts are br\ght ab\t by m51 ^: passions & dispositions rema9+ 9 all ages ! same naturally give rise to ! same effects2 al?\gh1 d\btless1 ! op]ation ( ^! causes takes a high] =m1 n[ 9 "o prov9ce1 & n[ 9 ano!r1 accord+ to ! "* ( ! tra9+ :]e9 ! inhabitants ( ^! prov9ces acquire _! way ( life4 ,ano!r aid t[>ds judg+ ( ! future by ! pa/1 is to obs]ve h[ ! same nation long reta9s ! same cu/oms1 rema9+ con/antly covet\s or deceitful1 or simil>ly /amp$ by "s "o vice or virtue4 ,any "o read+ ! pa/ hi/ory ( our city ( ,flor5ce1 & not+ :at has rec5tly befall5 x1 w f9d ! ,fr5* & ,g]man nations ov]fl[+ ) av>ice1 pride1 cruelty1 & p]fidy1 all ( :i* f\r vices h at div]s times wr\ght mu* h>m to our city4 ,z an in/ance ( _! p]fidy1 e "o kn[s h[ (t5 paym5ts ( money 7 made to ,*>les ,,viii4 ( ,france1 9 return = :i* he engag$ to re/ore ! =tresses ( ,pisa1 yet nev] did re/ore !m1 manife/+ !reby 8 bad fai? & grasp+ av>ice4 ,or1 to pass f ^! v rec5t ev5ts1 all may h he>d ( :at happ5$ 9 ! w> 9 :i* ! ,flor5t9es 7 involv$ ) ! ,visconti1 dukes ( ,milan1 :5 ,flor5ce1 be+ left )\t o!r res\rce1 resolv$ to invite ! emp]or into ,italy1 t %e might be assi/$ by 8 "n & p[] 9 h] /ruggle ) ,lomb>dy4 ,! emp]or promis$ to come ) a /rong army to take "p aga9/ ! ,visconti & to protect ,flor5ce f !m1 on condition t ! ,flor5t9es paid him a hundr$ ?\s& ducats on 8 sett+ out1 & ano!r hundr$ ?\s& on 8 arrival 9 ,italy2 to :i* t]ms ! ,flor5t9es agre$4 ,b al?\gh he !n receiv$ paym5t ( ! fir/ in/alm5t &1 aft]w>ds1 on rea*+ ,v]ona1 ( ! second1 he turn$ back f ! exp$ition )\t effect+ any?+1 alleg+ z 8 excuse t he 0 /opp$ by c]ta9 p]sons :o _h fail$ to fulfil _! engagem5ts4 ,b if ,flor5ce _h n be5 urg$ by passion or ov]come by necessity1 or _h %e read ( & und]/ood ! anci5t usages ( ! b>b>ians1 %e w\ld nei!r on ?is1 nor on _m o!r occasions1 h be5 deceiv$ by !m1 see+ t ^! nations h always be5 ( ! same "*1 & h always1 9 all circum/ances1 & ) all m5 alike1 us$ ! same me?ods4 ,= 9 anci5t times we f9d !m behav+ aft] ! same fa%ion to ! ,etruscans1 :o1 :5 ov]p[]$ by ! ,romans1 by :om !y _h be5 repeat$ly r\t$ & put to flight1 p]ceiv+ t !y c\ld n /& )\t help1 ent]$ into a compact ) ! ,gauls dwell+ 9 ! p>ts ( ,italy s\? ( ! ,alps1 to pay !m a c]ta9 sum if !y w\ld unite ) !m 9 a campaign aga9/ ! ,romans4 ,b ! ,gauls1 aft] tak+ _! money1 refus$ to arm on _! behalf1 alleg+ t !y _h n be5 paid to make w> on ! enemies ( ! ,etruscans1 b only to refra9 f pillag+ _! l&s4 ,& ?us ! p ( ,etruria1 ?r\gh ! av>ice & p]fidy ( ! ,gauls1 7 at once defraud$ ( _! money & disappo9t$ ( ! help :i* !y _h c\nt$ on obta9+4 ,f :i* two in/ances ( ! ,etruscans 9 anci5t times & ( ! ,flor5t9es 9 rec5t1 we may see t b>b>ic races h con/antly foll[$ ! same me?ods1 & may easily draw our conclusions z to h[ f> pr9ces %\ld tru/ !m4 ,,*apt] ,,xliv4--,t :]e ord9>y me?ods fail1 ,h>dihood & ,d>+ (t5 succe$4 ,:5 attack$ by ! ,romans1 ! ,samnites z !y c\ld n )\t help /& aga9/ !m 9 ! field1 resolv$ to leave g>risons 9 ! t[ns ( ,samnium1 & to pass ) _! ma9 army into ,etruria1 t c\ntry be+ !n at truce ) ,rome1 & ?us asc]ta9 :e!r _! actual pres5ce 9 arms might n move ! ,etruscans to r5ew ho/ilities aga9/ ,rome1 :i* !y _h refus$ to r5ew :5 invit$ ?r\gh envoys4 ,dur+ ! negotiations :i*1 on ?is occasion1 pass$ betwe5 ! two nations1 ! ,samnites 9 expla9+ ! *ief causes t l$ !m to take up arms1 us$ ! memorable words--8!y _h ris5 because peace is a heavi] bur!n = slaves ?an w> = freem50 ,9 ! end1 p>tly by _! p]suasions1 & p>tly by ! pres5ce ( _! army1 !y induc$ ! ,etruscans to jo9 =ces ) !m4 ,"h we are to note t :5 a pr9ce w\ld obta9 some?+ f ano!r1 he ought1 if ! occasion all[1 to leave him no "t to delib]ate1 b %\ld s contrive t ! o!r may see ! ne$ ( resolv+ at once2 z he w1 if he p]ceive t refusal or delay 9 comply+ ) :at is ask$ ( him1 w draw ^u him a sudd5 & dang]\s res5tm5t4 ,?is me?od we h se5 employ$ ) good effect 9 our own times by ,pope ,julius ,,ii4 9 deal+ ) ,france1 & by ,m4 de ,foix1 ! g5]al ( ! ,fr5* k+1 9 deal+ ) ! ,m>quis ( ,mantua4 ,= ,pope ,julius desir+ to expel ! ,b5tivogli f ,bologna1 & ?9k+ t = ?is purpose he ne$$ ! help ( ,fr5* troops1 & to h ! ,v5etians neutral1 aft] s\nd+ bo? & receiv+ f bo? hesitat+ & ambigu\s answ]s1 det]m9$ to make bo? fall 9 ) 8 views1 by giv+ !m no "t to oppose him2 & s1 sett+ =? f ,rome ) z /rong a =ce z he c\ld get toge!r1 he m>*$ on ,bologna1 s5d+ ^w to ! ,v5etians t !y mu/ /& alo(1 & to ! ,k+ ( ,france to s5d him troops4 ,! result 0 t 9 ! brief "t all[$ !m1 nei!r ( ! two p[]s c\ld make up _! m9d to ?w>t him2 & kn[+ t refusal or delay w\ld be viol5tly res5t$ by ! ,pope1 !y yield$ to 8 dem&s1 ! k+ s5d+ him soldi]s & ! ,v5etians ma9ta9+ neutrality4 ,m4 de ,foix1 aga91 be+ ) ! k+'s army 9 ,bologna :5 ^w came t ,brescia _h ris51 c\ld n re/ till he _h recov]$ t t[n4 ,b1 to get !re he _h to *oose betwe5 two r\tes1 "o long & circuit\s lead+ ?r\gh ! t]ritories ( ! k+1 ! o!r %ort & direct4 ,9 tak+ ! latt] r\te1 h[ev]1 n only w\ld he h to pass ?r\gh ! dom9ions ( ! ,m>quis ( ,mantua1 b also to make 8 way into ^! ?r\gh ! lakes & m>%es :]e) t c\ntry ab\nds1 by foll[+ an embank$ road1 clos$ & gu>d$ by ! m>quis ) =ts & o!r def5sive works4 ,resolv+1 nev]!less1 to take ! %orte/ road at all haz>ds1 he wait$ till 8 m5 7 already on _! m>* be=e signify+ to ! m>quis t he desir$ leave to pass ?r\gh 8 c\ntry1 s t no "t might be left him to delib]ate4 ,tak5 aback by ! unexpect$ dem&1 ! m>quis gave ! leave s\ght1 :i* he nev] w\ld h giv5 _h ,de ,foix act$ ) less impetuosity4 ,= he 0 9 league ) ! ,v5etians & ) ! ,pope1 & _h a son 9 ! h&s ( ! latt]2 all :i* circum/ances w\ld h af=d$ him fair pretexts = refusal4 ,b c>ri$ away by ! sudd5ness & urg5cy ( ! dem&1 he yield$4 ,& 9 l mann] ! ,etruscans yield$ to ! in/ances ( ! ,samnites1 ! pres5ce ( ^: army decid$ !m to r5ew ho/ilities :i* be=e !y _h decl9$ to r5ew4 ,,*apt] ,,xlv4--,:e!r 9 battle x is bett] to await & repel ! ,enemy's attack1 or to anticipate x by an impetu\s onset4 ,decius & ,fabius1 ! ,roman consuls1 7 ea* ( !m 9 comm& ( a sep>ate army1 "o direct$ aga9/ ! ,samnites1 ! o!r aga9/ ! ,etruscans3 & z bo? deliv]$ battle1 we h to pron\nce1 9 respect ( ! two engagem5ts1 :i* comm&] foll[$ ! bett] me?od4 ,decius attack$ 8 enemy at once ) ! utmo/ fury & ) 8 :ole /r5g?4 ,fabius 0 cont5t1 at fir/1 m]ely to ma9ta9 8 gr\nd2 = judg+ t m 0 to be ga9$ by a lat] attack1 he res]v$ 8 =ces = a f9al ef=t1 :5 ! ard\r ( ! enemy _h cool$ & 8 en]gy sp5t itself4 ,! ev5t %[$ ,fabius to be m successful 9 8 tactics ?an ,decius1 :o be+ exhau/$ by 8 fir/ onset1 & see+ 8 ranks beg9 to wav]1 to secure by dea? ! glory he c\ld no long] hope f victory1 foll[$ ! example set him by 8 fa!r1 & sacrific$ himself to save ! ,roman legions4 ,^w :]e( be+ br\ght to ,fabius1 he1 to ga91 :ile he yet liv$1 z mu* hon\r z ! o!r _h e>n$ by 8 dea?1 pu%$ =w>d all ! troops he _h res]v$ = 8 f9al ef=t1 & s obta9$ an unexampl$ victory4 ,:5ce we see t ( ! two me?ods1 t ( ,fabius 0 ! saf] & ! m des]v+ our imitation4 ,,*apt] ,,xlvi4--,h[ ! ,*>act]i/ics ( ,families come to be p]petuat$4 ,mann]s & in/itutions diff]+ 9 diff]5t cities1 seem "h to produce a h>d] & !re a s(t] race2 & a l diff]5ce may also be disc]n$ 9 ! "* ( diff]5t families 9 ! same city4 ,& :ile ?is holds good ( all cities1 we h _m in/ances ( x 9 read+ ! hi/ory ( ,rome4 ,= we f9d ! ,manlii always /]n & /ubborn2 ! ,val]ii k9dly & c\rte\s2 ! ,claudii haughty & ambiti\s2 & _m families besides simil>ly di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r by _! peculi> qualities4 ,^! qualities we _c ref] :olly to ! blood1 = t mu/ *ange z a result ( repeat$ int]m>riages1 b mu/ ascribe r to ! diff]5t tra9+ & education giv5 9 diff]5t families4 ,= mu* turns on :e!r a *ild ( t5d] ye>s he>s a ?+ well or ill spok5 (1 s9ce ?is mu/ ne$s make an impression on him :]eby 8 :ole conduct 9 aft] life w be influ5c$4 ,7 x o!rwise we %\ld n h f\nd ! :ole family ( ! ,claudii mov$ by ! desires & /irr$ by ! passions :i* ,titus ,livius notes 9 _m ( !m1 & m especially 9 "o hold+ ! (fice ( c5sor1 :o1 :5 8 colleague laid d[n 8 magi/racy1 z ! law prescrib$1 at ! end ( eighte5 mon?s1 w\ld n resign1 ma9ta9+ t he 0 entitl$ to hold ! (fice = five ye>s 9 accordance ) ! orig9al law by :i* ! c5sor%ip 0 regulat$4 ,& al?\gh 8 refusal gave occasion to mu* controv]sy1 & br$ great tumult & di/urbance1 no means c\ld be f\nd to depose him f 8 (fice1 :i* he p]si/$ 9 reta9+ 9 opposition to ! w ( ! entire commons & a majority ( ! s5ate4 ,& any :o %all read ! spee* made aga9/ him by ,publius ,sempronius1 tribune ( ! p1 w f9d !re9 all ! ,claudian insol5ce expos$1 & w recognize ! docility & good temp] %[n by ! body ( ! citiz5s 9 respect+ ! laws & in/itutions ( _! c\ntry4 ,,*apt] ,,xlvii4--,t love ( 8 ,c\ntry %\ld lead a good ,citiz5 to =get private ,wrongs4 ,:ile comm&+ z consul aga9/ ! ,samnites1 ,manlius 0 w\nd$ 9 a skirmi%4 ,8 army be+ !reby endang]$1 ! s5ate judg$ x exp$i5t to s5d ,papirius ,cursor z dictator to supply 8 place4 ,b z x 0 necess>y t ! dictator %\ld be nom9at$ by ,fabius1 ! o!r consul1 :o 0 ) ! army 9 ,etruria1 & z a d\bt 0 felt t he might refuse to nom9ate ,papirius1 :o 0 8 enemy1 ! s5ate s5t two mess5g]s to entreat him to lay aside private animosity1 & make ! nom9ation :i* ! public int]e/ requir$4 ,mov$ by love ( 8 c\ntry ,fabius did z he 0 ask$1 al?\gh by 8 sil5ce1 & by _m o!r signs1 he gave x to be kn[n t compliance 0 di/a/eful4 ,f 8 conduct at ?is juncture all :o w\ld be ?\ght good citiz5s %\ld take example4 ,,*apt] ,,xlviii4--,t on f9d+ an ,enemy make :at seems a grave blund]1 we %\ld suspect "s fraud to lurk beh9d4 ,! consul hav+ gone to ,rome to p]=m c]ta9 c]emonial rites1 & ,fulvius be+ left 9 *>ge ( ! ,roman army 9 ,etruria1 ! ,etruscans1 to see :e!r !y c\ld n circumv5t ! new comm&]1 plant+ an ambu% n f> f ! ,roman camp1 s5t =w>d soldi]s disguis$ z %eph]ds driv+ l>ge flocks ( %eep s z to pass 9 sight ( ! ,roman army4 ,^! pret5d$ %eph]ds com+ close to ! wall ( 8 camp1 ,fulvius1 m>vell+ at :at appe>$ to him unacc\ntable audacity1 hit ^u a device :]eby ! artifice ( ! ,etruscans 0 detect$ & _! design defeat$4 ,"h x seems prop] to note t ! capta9 ( an army ought n to build on :at seems a manife/ blund] on ! "p ( an enemy2 = z m5 are unlikely to act ) conspicu\s want ( caution1 x w commonly be f\nd t ?is blund] is cov] to a fraud4 ,& yet1 s bl9d$ are m5's m9ds by _! eag]ness = victory1 t !y look only to :at appe>s on ! surface4 ,aft] defeat+ ! ,romans on ! ,allia1 ! ,gauls1 ha/5+ on to ,rome1 f\nd ! gates ( ! city left op5 & ungu>d$4 ,b fe>+ "s /ratagem1 & be+ unable to believe t ! ,romans c\ld be s fooli% & c[>dly z to ab&on _! city1 !y wait$ dur+ ! :ole ( t day & ! foll[+ night outside ! gates1 )\t d>+ to ent]4 ,9 ! ye> #aejh1 :5 ! ,flor5t9es ,av]e engag$ 9 besieg+ ,pisa1 ,alfonso del ,mutolo1 a citiz5 ( t t[n1 happ5+ to be tak5 prison]1 0 releas$ on 8 promise to procure ! surr5d] to ! ,flor5t9es ( "o ( ! gates ( ! city4 ,aft]w>ds1 on pret5ce ( arrang+ = ! execution ( ?is surr5d]1 he came repeat$ly to conf] ) ^? :om ! ,flor5t9e commiss>ies _h deput$ to treat ) him1 com+ n secretly b op5ly1 & accompani$ by o!r citiz5s ( ,pisa1 :om he caus$ to /& aside :ile he conv]s$ ) ! ,flor5t9es4 ,f all :i* circum/ances 8 duplicity might h be5 suspect$1 s9ce1 _h he meant to d z he _h engag$1 x 0 mo/ unlikely t he %\ld be negotiat+ s op5ly4 ,b ! desire to recov] possession ( ,pisa s bl9d$ ! ,flor5t9es t !y all[$ !mselves to be conduct$ "u 8 guidance to ! ,lucca ,gate1 :]e1 ?r\gh 8 trea*]y1 b to _! own disgrace1 !y lo/ a l>ge numb] ( _! m5 & (fic]s4 ,,*apt] ,,xlix4--,t a ,commonweal? to pres]ve its ,fre$om has con/ant ne$ ( new ,ord9ances4 ,( ! s]vices 9 respect ( :i* ,qu9tius ,fabius receiv$ ! surname ( ,maximus4 ,x mu/ happ51 z ,i h already said1 9 e great city1 t disord]s ne$+ ! c>e ( ! physician cont9ually spr+ up2 & ! grav] ^! disord]s are1 ! great] w be ! skill ne$$ = _! treatm5t4 ,& if ev] 9 any city1 mo/ assur$ly 9 ,rome1 we see ^! disord]s assume /range & unexpect$ %apes4 ,z :5 x appe>$ t all ! ,roman wives _h conspir$ to murd] _! husb&s1 _m ( !m be+ f\nd to h actually adm9i/]$ poison1 & _m o!rs to h drugs 9 read9ess = ! purpose4 ,( l nature 0 ! conspiracy ( ! ,bac*anals1 discov]$ at ! "t ( ! ,mac$onian w>1 :]e9 _m ?\s&s1 bo? m5 & wom51 7 implicat$1 & :i*1 _h x n be5 f\nd out1 or _h ! ,romans n be5 accu/om$ to deal ) l>ge bodies ( (f5d]s1 mu/ h prov$ p]il\s = _! city4 ,&1 inde$1 if ! greatness ( ! ,roman ,republic 7 n decl>$ by c\ntless o!r signs1 z well z by ! mann] 9 :i* x caus$ its laws to be obs]v$1 x might be se5 9 ! "* ( ! puni%m5ts :i* x inflict$ aga9/ wrong-do]s4 ,= 9 v9dicat+ ju/ice1 x w\ld n scruple or hesitate to put a :ole legion to dea?1 to depopulate an entire city1 or s5d eight or t5 ?\s& m5 at a "t into bani%m5t1 subject to ! mo/ /r+5t conditions1 :i* _h to be obs]v$1 n by "o ( ^! exiles only1 b by all4 ,z 9 ! case ( ^? soldi]s :o f\ght unsuccessfully at ,cann1 :o 7 bani%$ to ,sicily1 subject to ! condition t !y %\ld n h>b\r 9 t[ns1 & %\ld all eat /&+4 ,b ! mo/ =midable ( all _! puni%m5ts 0 t :]eby "o man out ( e t5 9 an entire army 0 *os5 by lot to be put to dea?4 ,= correct+ a great body ( m5 no m effectual means c\ld be devis$2 because1 :5 a multitude h (f5d$ & ! r+lead]s are n kn[n1 all _c be puni%$1 _! numb] be+ too great2 :ile to puni% "s only1 & leave ! re/ unpuni%$1 7 unju/ to ^? puni%$ & an enc\ragem5t to ^? pass$ ov] to (f5d aga94 ,b :]e y put to dea? a t5? *os5 by lot1 :]e all equally des]ve dea?1 he :o is puni%$ w blame 8 unlucky =tune1 :ile he :o escapes w be afraid t ano!r "t ! lot may be 81 & = t reason w be c>eful h[ he repeats 8 (f5ce4 ,! poison]s & ! ,bac*anals1 !re=e1 7 puni%$ z _! crimes des]v$4 ,al?\gh disord]s l ^! occasion mis*iev\s results 9 a commonweal?1 /ill !y are n fatal1 s9ce almo/ always !re is "t to correct !m4 ,b no "t is giv5 9 ! case ( disord]s 9 ! ,/ate itself1 :i* unless !y be treat$ by "s wise citiz51 w always br+ a city to de/ruction4 ,f ! read9ess :]e) ! ,romans conf]r$ ! "r ( citiz5%ip on =eign]s1 !re came to be s _m new citiz5s 9 ,rome1 & possess$ ( s l>ge a %>e ( ! suffrage1 t ! gov]nm5t itself began to alt]1 =sak+ ^? c\rses :i* x 0 accu/om$ to foll[1 & gr[+ e/rang$ f ! m5 to :om x _h be=e look$ = guidance4 ,:i* be+ obs]v$ by ,qu9tius ,fabius :5 c5sor1 he caus$ all ^? new citiz5s to be class$ 9 f\r ,tribes1 t be+ r$uc$ )9 ?is n>r[ limit !y might n h x 9 _! p[] to corrupt ! entire ,/ate4 ,& ?is 0 a wisely contriv$ measure1 =1 )\t introduc+ any viol5t *ange1 x suppli$ a conv5i5t rem$y1 & "o s acceptable to ! republic z to ga9 = ,fabius ! well-des]v$ "n ( ,maximus4 ,,! ,,end4