,,! ,,essays ,,( ,,ar?ur ,,s*op5hau] ,,translat$ ,,by ,t4 ,,bailey ,,saund]s1 ,m4,a4 ,,! ,,wisdom ,,( ,,life4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,,introduction ,i4 ,,division ,,( ,,! ,,subject ,,ii4 ,,p]sonality1 ,,or ,,:at ,a ,,man ,,is ,,iii4 ,,prop]ty1 ,,or ,,:at ,a ,,man ,,has ,,iv4 ,,position1 ,,or ,a ,,man',s ,,place ,,9 ,,! ,,e/imation ,,( ,,o!rs-- ,sect4 #a4 ,reputation #b4 ,pride #c4 ,rank #d4 ,honor #e4 ,fame ,,introduction4 ,9 ^! pages ,i %all speak ( ,! ,wisdom ( ,life 9 ! common mean+ ( ! t]m1 z ! art1 namely1 ( ord]+ our lives s z to obta9 ! greate/ possible am\nt ( pleasure & success2 an art ! !ory ( :i* may be call$ ,eudaemonology1 = x tea*es u h[ to lead a happy exi/5ce4 ,su* an exi/5ce might p]haps be def9$ z "o :i*1 look$ at f a purely objective po9t ( view1 or1 r1 aft] cool & mature reflection--= ! "q necess>ily involves subjective consid]ations1--w\ld be decid$ly pref]able to non-exi/5ce2 imply+ t we %\ld cl+ to x = its own sake1 & n m]ely f ! fe> ( dea?2 & fur!r1 t we %\ld nev] l x to come to an end4 ,n[ :e!r human life corresponds1 or c\ld possibly correspond1 to ?is conception ( exi/5ce1 is a "q to :i*1 z is well-kn[n1 my philosophical sy/em returns a negative answ]4 ,on ! eudaemoni/ic hypo!sis1 h[ev]1 ! "q mu/ be answ]$ 9 ! affirmative2 & ,i h %[n1 9 ! second volume ( my *ief "w 7*4 #di71 t ?is hypo!sis is bas$ ^u a fundam5tal mi/ake4 ,accord+ly1 9 elaborat+ ! s*eme ( a happy exi/5ce1 ,i h _h to make a complete surr5d] ( ! high] metaphysical & e?ical /&po9t to :i* my own !ories lead2 & ev]y?+ ,i %all say "h w to "s ext5t re/ ^u a compromise2 9 s f>1 t is1 z ,i take ! common /&po9t ( e day1 & embrace ! error :i* is at ! bottom ( x4 ,my rem>ks1 !re=e1 w possess only a qualifi$ value1 = ! v ^w eudaemonology is a euphemism4 ,fur!r1 ,i make no claims to complet5ess2 p>tly because ! subject is inexhau/ible1 & p>tly because ,i %\ld o!rwise h to say ov] aga9 :at has be5 already said by o!rs4 ,! only book compos$1 z f> z ,i rememb]1 ) a l purpose to t :i* animates ?is collection ( aphorisms1 is ,c>dan's ,de utilitate ex adv]sis capi5da1 :i* is well wor? read+1 & may be us$ to supplem5t ! pres5t "w4 ,ari/otle1 x is true1 has a few words on eudaemonology 9 ! fif? *apt] ( ! fir/ book ( 8 ,rhetoric2 b :at he says does n come to v mu*4 ,z compilation is n my bus9ess1 ,i h made no use ( ^! pr$ecessors2 m especially because 9 ! process ( compil+1 individuality ( view is lo/1 & individuality ( view is ! k]nel ( works ( ?is k9d4 ,9 g5]al1 inde$1 ! wise 9 all ages h always said ! same ?+1 & ! fools1 :o at all times =m ! imm5se majority1 h 9 _! way too act$ alike1 & done j ! opposite2 & s x w cont9ue4 ,=1 z ,voltaire says1 we %all leave ?is _w z fooli% & z wick$ z we f\nd x on our arrival4 ,,! ,,wisdom ,,( ,,life4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,division ,,( ,,! ,,subject4 ,ari/otle#a divides ! bless+s ( life into ?ree classes--^? :i* come to u f )\t1 ^? ( ! s\l1 & ^? ( ! body4 ,keep+ no?+ ( ?is division b ! numb]1 ,i obs]ve t ! fundam5tal diff]5ces 9 human lot may be r$uc$ to ?ree di/9ct classes3 ,footnote #a3 ,e?4 ,ni*om41 ,i4 #h4 7#a7 ,:at a man is3 t is to say1 p]sonality1 9 ! wide/ s5se ( ! ^w2 "u :i* are includ$ heal?1 /r5g?1 beauty1 temp]am5t1 moral "*1 intellig5ce1 & education4 7#b7 ,:at a man has3 t is1 prop]ty & possessions ( e k9d4 7#c7 ,h[ a man /&s 9 ! e/imation ( o!rs3 by :i* is to be und]/ood1 z ev]ybody kn[s1 :at a man is 9 ! eyes ( 8 fell[m51 or1 m /rictly1 ! light 9 :i* !y reg>d him4 ,?is is %[n by _! op9ion ( him2 & _! op9ion is 9 its turn manife/$ by ! honor 9 :i* he is held1 & by 8 rank & reputation4 ,! diff]5ces :i* come "u ! fir/ head are ^? :i* ,nature h]self has set betwe5 man & man2 & f ?is fact alone we may at once inf] t !y influ5ce ! happ9ess or unhapp9ess ( mank9d 9 a mu* m vital & radical way ?an ^? conta9$ "u ! two foll[+ heads1 :i* are m]ely ! effect ( human arrangem5ts4 ,comp>$ ) g5u9e p]sonal advantages1 su* z a great m9d or a great he>t1 all ! privileges ( rank or bir?1 ev5 ( royal bir?1 are b z k+s on ! /age1 to k+s 9 real life4 ,! same ?+ 0 said long ago by ,metrodorus1 ! e>lie/ disciple ( ,epicurus1 :o wrote z ! title ( "o ( 8 *apt]s1 ,! happ9ess we receive f ourselves is great] ?an t :i* we obta9 f our surr\nd+s#a ,& x is an obvi\s fact1 :i* _c be call$ 9 "q1 t ! pr9cipal elem5t 9 a man's well-be+1--inde$1 9 ! :ole t5or ( 8 exi/5ce1--is :at he is made (1 8 inn] con/itution4 ,= ?is is ! imm$iate s\rce ( t inw>d satisfaction or dissatisfaction result+ f ! sum total ( 8 s5sations1 desires & ?\ghts2 :il/ 8 surr\nd+s1 on ! o!r h&1 ex]t only a m$iate or indirect influ5ce ^u him4 ,?is is :y ! same ext]nal ev5ts or circum/ances affect no two p alike2 ev5 ) p]fectly simil> surr\nd+s e "o lives 9 a _w ( 8 own4 ,= a man has imm$iate appreh5sion only ( 8 own ideas1 feel+s & volitions2 ! out] _w c influ5ce him only 9 s f> z x br+s ^! to life4 ,! _w 9 :i* a man lives %apes itself *iefly by ! way 9 :i* he looks at x1 & s x proves diff]5t to diff]5t m52 to "o x is b>r51 dull1 & sup]ficial2 to ano!r ri*1 int]e/+1 & full ( mean+4 ,on he>+ ( ! int]e/+ ev5ts :i* h happ5$ 9 ! c\rse ( a man's exp]i5ce1 _m p w wi% t simil> ?+s _h happ5$ 9 _! lives too1 completely =gett+ t !y %\ld be envi\s r ( ! m5tal aptitude :i* l5t ^? ev5ts ! significance !y possess :5 he describes !m2 to a man ( g5ius !y 7 int]e/+ adv5tures2 b to ! dull p]ceptions ( an ord9>y individual !y w\ld h be5 /ale1 ev]yday occurr5ces4 ,?is is 9 ! highe/ degree ! case ) _m ( ,goe!'s & ,byron's poems1 :i* are obvi\sly f\nd$ ^u actual facts2 :]e x is op5 to a fooli% read] to envy ! poet because s _m delightful ?+s happ5$ to him1 in/ead ( envy+ t mighty p[] ( phantasy :i* 0 capable ( turn+ a fairly common exp]i5ce into some?+ s great & beautiful4 ,footnote #a3 ,cf4 ,clem5s ,alex4 ,/rom4 ,,ii41 #ba4 ,9 ! same way1 a p]son ( melan*oly temp]am5t w make a sc5e 9 a trag$y out ( :at appe>s to ! sangu9e man only 9 ! light ( an int]e/+ conflict1 & to a phlegmatic s\l z some?+ )\t any mean+2--all ( :i* re/s ^u ! fact t e ev5t1 9 ord] to be realiz$ & appreciat$1 requires ! co-op]ation ( two factors1 namely1 a subject & an object1 al?\gh ^! are z closely & necess>ily connect$ z oxyg5 & hydrog5 9 wat]4 ,:5 !re=e ! objective or ext]nal factor 9 an exp]i5ce is actually ! same1 b ! subjective or p]sonal appreciation ( x v>ies1 ! ev5t is j z mu* a diff]5t "o 9 ! eyes ( diff]5t p]sons z if ! objective factors _h n be5 alike2 = to a blunt intellig5ce ! faire/ & be/ object 9 ! _w pres5ts only a poor reality1 & is !re=e only poorly appreciat$1--l a f9e l&scape 9 dull wea!r1 or 9 ! reflection ( a bad cam]a obscura4 ,9 pla9 language1 e man is p5t up )9 ! limits ( 8 own consci\sness1 & _c directly get beyond ^? limits any m ?an he c get beyond 8 own sk92 s ext]nal aid is n ( mu* use to him4 ,on ! /age1 "o man is a pr9ce1 ano!r a m9i/]1 a ?ird a s]vant or a soldi] or a g5]al1 & s on1--m]e ext]nal diff]5ces3 ! inn] reality1 ! k]nel ( all ^! appe>ances is ! same--a poor play]1 ) all ! anxieties ( 8 lot4 ,9 life x is j ! same4 ,diff]5ces ( rank & weal? give e man 8 "p to play1 b ?is by no means implies a diff]5ce ( inw>d happ9ess & pleasure2 "h1 too1 !re is ! same be+ 9 all--a poor mortal1 ) 8 h>d%ips & tr\bles4 ,?\gh ^! may1 inde$1 9 e case proce$ f dissimil> causes1 !y are 9 _! ess5tial nature mu* ! same 9 all _! =ms1 ) degrees ( int5sity :i* v>y1 no d\bt1 b 9 no wise correspond to ! "p a man has to play1 to ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( position & weal?4 ,s9ce ev]y?+ :i* exi/s or happ5s = a man exi/s only 9 8 consci\sness & happ5s = x alone1 ! mo/ ess5tial ?+ = a man is ! con/itution ( ?is consci\sness1 :i* is 9 mo/ cases f> m important ?an ! circum/ances :i* g to =m its cont5ts4 ,all ! pride & pleasure ( ! _w1 mirror$ 9 ! dull consci\sness ( a fool1 are poor inde$ comp>$ ) ! imag9ation ( ,c]vantes writ+ 8 ,don ,quixote 9 a mis]able prison4 ,! objective half ( life & reality is 9 ! h& ( fate1 & accord+ly takes v>i\s =ms 9 diff]5t cases3 ! subjective half is ourself1 & 9 ess5tials is always rema9s ! same4 ,h5ce ! life ( e man is /amp$ ) ! same "* ?r\gh\t1 h[ev] mu* 8 ext]nal circum/ances may alt]2 x is l a s]ies ( v>iations on a s+le !me4 ,no "o c get beyond 8 own individuality4 ,an animal1 "u :atev] circum/ances x is plac$1 rema9s )9 ! n>r[ limits to :i* nature has irrevocably consign$ x2 s t our endeavors to make a pet happy mu/ always keep )9 ! compass ( its nature1 & be re/rict$ to :at x c feel4 ,s x is ) man2 ! measure ( ! happ9ess he c atta9 is det]m9$ be=eh& by 8 individuality4 ,m especially is ?is ! case ) ! m5tal p[]s1 :i* fix once = all 8 capacity = ! high] k9ds ( pleasure4 ,if ^! p[]s are small1 no ef=ts f )\t1 no?+ t 8 fell[m5 or t =tune c d = him1 w suffice to raise him above ! ord9>y degree ( human happ9ess & pleasure1 half animal ?\gh x be2 8 only res\rces are 8 s5sual appetite1--a cozy & *e]ful family life at ! mo/1--l[ company & vulg> pa/ime2 ev5 education1 on ! :ole1 c avail little1 if any?+1 = ! enl>gem5t ( 8 horizon4 ,= ! highe/1 mo/ v>i$ & la/+ pleasures are ^? ( ! m9d1 h[ev] mu* our y\? may deceive u on ?is po9t2 & ! pleasures ( ! m9d turn *iefly on ! p[]s ( ! m9d4 ,x is cle>1 !n1 t our happ9ess dep5ds 9 a great degree ^u :at we are1 ^u our individuality1 :il/ lot or de/9y is g5]ally tak5 to mean only :at we h1 or our reputation4 ,our lot1 9 ?is s5se1 may improve2 b we d n ask mu* ( x if we are inw>dly ri*3 on ! o!r h&1 a fool rema9s a fool1 a dull blockhead1 to 8 la/ h\r1 ev5 ?\gh he 7 surr\nd$ by h\ris 9 p>adise4 ,?is is :y ,goe!1 9 ! ,we/-/licli5 ,divan1 says t e man1 :e!r he occupies a l[ position 9 life1 or em]ges z its victor1 te/ifies to p]sonality z ! greate/ factor 9 happ9ess3-- ,volk und ,kne*t und ,ub]w9d] ,sie ge/eh51 zu j$] ,zeit1 ,h*tes ,glck d] ,erd5k9d] ,sei nur die ,p]snli*keit4 ,ev]y?+ confirms ! fact t ! subjective elem5t 9 life is incomp>ably m important = our happ9ess & pleasure ?an ! objective1 f su* say+s z ,hung] is ! be/ sauce1 & ,y\? & ,age _c live toge!r1 up to ! life ( ! ,g5ius & ! ,sa9t4 ,heal? outweighs all o!r bless+s s mu* t "o may really say t a heal?y begg> is happi] ?an an ail+ k+4 ,a quiet & *e]ful temp]am5t1 happy 9 ! enjoym5t ( a p]fectly s\nd physique1 an intellect cle>1 lively1 p5etrat+ & see+ ?+s z !y are1 a mod]ate & g5tle w1 & !re=e a good consci5ce--^! are privileges :i* no rank or weal? c make up = or replace4 ,= :at a man is 9 himself1 :at accompanies him :5 he is alone1 :at no "o c give or take away1 is obvi\sly m ess5tial to him ?an ev]y?+ he has 9 ! way ( possessions1 or ev5 :at he may be 9 ! eyes ( ! _w4 ,an intellectual man 9 complete solitude has excell5t ent]ta9m5t 9 8 own ?\ghts & fancies1 :ile no am\nt ( div]sity or social pleasure1 !atres1 excursions & amusem5ts1 c w>d (f bor$om f a dull>d4 ,a good1 temp]ate1 g5tle "* c be happy 9 ne$y circum/ances1 :il/ a covet\s1 envi\s & malici\s man1 ev5 if he be ! ri*e/ 9 ! _w1 goes mis]able4 ,nay m2 to "o :o has ! con/ant delight ( a special individuality1 ) a high degree ( intellect1 mo/ ( ! pleasures :i* are run aft] by mank9d are simply sup]flu\s2 !y are ev5 a tr\ble & a burd54 ,& s ,horace says ( himself1 t1 h[ev] _m are depriv$ ( ! fancy-goods ( life1 !re is "o at lea/ :o c live )\t !m3-- ,gemmas1 m>mor1 ebur1 ,tyrrh5a sigilla1 tabellas1 ,arg5tum1 ve/es1 ,gaetulo murice t9ctas ,sunt qui non habeant1 e/ qui non curat hab]e2 & :5 ,socrates saw v>i\s articles ( luxury spread out = sale1 he exclaim$3 ,h[ mu* !re is 9 ! _w ,i d n want4 ,s ! fir/ & mo/ ess5tial elem5t 9 our life's happ9ess is :at we are1--our p]sonality1 if = no o!r reason ?an t x is a con/ant factor com+ into play "u all circum/ances3 besides1 unlike ! bless+s :i* are describ$ "u ! o!r two heads1 x is n ! sport ( de/9y & _c be wre/$ f u2--&1 s f>1 x is end[$ ) an absolute value 9 contra/ to ! m]ely relative wor? ( ! o!r two4 ,! consequ5ce ( ?is is t x is mu* m difficult ?an p commonly suppose to get a hold on a man f )\t4 ,b "h ! all-p[]ful ag5t1 ,"t1 comes 9 & claims its rights1 & be=e its influ5ce physical & m5tal advantages gradually wa/e away4 ,moral "* alone rema9s inaccessible to x4 ,9 view ( ! de/ructive effect ( "t1 x seems1 inde$1 z if ! bless+s nam$ "u ! o!r two heads1 ( :i* "t _c directly rob u1 7 sup]ior to ^? ( ! fir/4 ,ano!r advantage might be claim$ = !m1 namely1 t be+ 9 _! v nature objective & ext]nal1 !y are atta9able1 & e "o is pres5t$ ) ! possibility1 at lea/1 ( com+ into possession ( !m2 :il/ :at is subjective is n op5 to u to acquire1 b mak+ its entry by a k9d ( div9e "r1 x rema9s = life1 immutable1 inali5able1 an inexorable doom4 ,let me quote ^? l9es 9 :i* ,goe! describes h[ an unalt]able de/9y is assign$ to e man at ! h\r ( 8 bir?1 s t he c develop only 9 ! l9es laid d[n = him1 z x 71 by ! conjunctions ( ! />s3 & h[ ! ,sybil & ! prophets decl>e t himself a man c nev] escape1 nor any p[] ( "t avail to *ange ! pa? on :i* 8 life is ca/3-- ,wie an dem ,tag1 d] di* d] ,welt v]lieh51 ,de ,sonne /& zum ,grusse d] ,planet51 ,bi/ alsobald und =t und =t g$ieh51 ,na* dem ,gesetz1 wona* du angetret54 ,s mus/ du se91 dir kann/ du ni*t entflieh51 ,s tagt5 s*on ,sybill5 und ,prophet52 ,und ke9e ,zeit1 und ke9e ,ma*t z]/ckelt ,geprgte ,=m1 die leb5d si* entwickelt4 ,! only ?+ t /&s 9 our p[] to a*ieve1 is to make ! mo/ advantage\s use possible ( ! p]sonal qualities we possess1 & accord+ly to foll[ su* pursuits only z w call !m into play1 to /rive aft] ! k9d ( p]fection ( :i* !y admit & to avoid e o!r2 consequ5tly1 to *oose ! position1 occupation & mann] ( life :i* are mo/ suitable = _! developm5t4 ,imag9e a man end[$ ) h]culean /r5g? :o is compell$ by circum/ances to foll[ a s$5t>y occupation1 "s m9ute exquisite "w ( ! h&s1 = example1 or to engage 9 /udy & m5tal labor dem&+ q o!r p[]s1 & j ^? :i* he has n got1--compell$1 t is1 to leave unus$ ! p[]s 9 :i* he is pre-em95tly /rong2 a man plac$ l ?is w nev] feel happy all 8 life ?r\gh4 ,ev5 m mis]able w be ! lot ( ! man ) intellectual p[]s ( a v high ord]1 :o has to leave !m undevelop$ & unemploy$1 9 ! pursuit ( a call+ :i* does n require !m1 "s bodily labor1 p]haps1 = :i* 8 /r5g? is insuffici5t4 ,/ill1 9 a case ( ?is k9d1 x %\ld be our c>e1 especially 9 y\?1 to avoid ! precipice ( presumption1 & n ascribe to ourselves a sup]fluity ( p[] :i* is n !re4 ,s9ce ! bless+s describ$ "u ! fir/ head decid$ly outweigh ^? conta9$ "u ! o!r two1 x is manife/ly a wis] c\rse to aim at ! ma9t5ance ( our heal? & ! cultivation ( our faculties1 ?an at ! amass+ ( weal?2 b ?is mu/ n be mi/ak5 z mean+ t we %\ld neglect to acquire an adequate supply ( ! necess>ies ( life4 ,weal?1 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w1 t is1 great sup]fluity1 c d little = our happ9ess2 & _m ri* p feel unhappy j because !y are )\t any true m5tal culture or k1 & consequ5tly h no objective int]e/s :i* w\ld qualify !m = intellectual occupations4 ,= beyond ! satisfaction ( "s real & natural necessities1 all t ! possession ( weal? c a*ieve has a v small influ5ce ^u our happ9ess1 9 ! prop] s5se ( ! ^w2 inde$1 weal? r di/urbs x1 because ! pres]vation ( prop]ty entails a great _m unavoidable anxieties4 ,& /ill m5 are a ?\s& times m int5t on becom+ ri* ?an on acquir+ culture1 ?\gh x is q c]ta9 t :at a man is contributes mu* m to 8 happ9ess ?an :at he has4 ,s y may see _m a man1 z indu/ri\s z an ant1 ceaselessly occupi$ f morn+ to night 9 ! endeavor to increase 8 heap ( gold4 ,beyond ! n>r[ horizon ( means to ?is end1 he kn[s no?+2 8 m9d is a blank1 & consequ5tly unsusceptible to any o!r influ5ce4 ,! highe/ pleasures1 ^? ( ! intellect1 are to him inaccessible1 & he tries 9 va9 to replace !m by ! fleet+ pleasures ( s5se 9 :i* he indulges1 la/+ b a brief h\r & at trem5d\s co/4 ,& if he is lucky1 8 /ruggles result 9 8 hav+ a really great pile ( gold1 :i* he leaves to 8 heir1 ei!r to make x /ill l>g]1 or to squ&] x 9 extravagance4 ,a life l ?is1 ?\gh pursu$ ) a s5se ( e>ne/ness & an air ( importance1 is j z silly z _m ano!r :i* has a fool's cap = its symbol4 ,:at a man has 9 himself is1 !n1 ! *ief elem5t 9 8 happ9ess4 ,because ?is is1 z a rule1 s v little1 mo/ ( ^? :o are plac$ beyond ! /ruggle ) p5ury feel at bottom q z unhappy z ^? :o are /ill engag$ 9 x4 ,_! m9ds are vacant1 _! imag9ation dull1 _! spirits poor1 & s !y are driv5 to ! company ( ^? l !m--= similis simili gaudet--:]e !y make common pursuit ( pa/ime & ent]ta9m5t1 consi/+ = ! mo/ "p 9 s5sual pleasure1 amusem5t ( e k9d1 & f9ally1 9 excess & lib]t9ism4 ,a "y man ( ri* family ent]s ^u life ) a l>ge patrimony1 & (t5 runs ?r\gh x 9 an incr$ibly %ort space ( "t1 9 vici\s extravagance2 & :y8 ,simply because1 "h too1 ! m9d is empty & void1 & s ! man is bor$ ) exi/5ce4 ,he 0 s5t =? into ! _w outw>dly ri* b inw>dly poor1 & 8 va9 endeavor 0 to make 8 ext]nal weal? comp5sate = 8 inn] pov]ty1 by try+ to obta9 ev]y?+ f )\t1 l an old man :o seeks to /r5g!n himself z ,k+ ,david or ,m>*al de ,rex tri$ to d4 ,& s 9 ! end "o :o is inw>dly poor comes to be also poor outw>dly4 ,i ne$ n insi/ ^u ! importance ( ! o!r two k9ds ( bless+s :i* make up ! happ9ess ( human life2 n[-a-days ! value ( possess+ !m is too well kn[n to require adv]tisem5t4 ,! ?ird class1 x is true1 may seem1 comp>$ ) ! second1 ( a v e!real "*1 z x consi/s only ( o!r p's op9ions4 ,/ill e "o has to /rive = reputation1 t is to say1 a good "n4 ,rank1 on ! o!r h&1 %\ld be aspir$ to only by ^? :o s]ve ! /ate1 & fame by v few inde$4 ,9 any case1 reputation is look$ ^u z a priceless treasure1 & fame z ! mo/ preci\s ( all ! bless+s a man c atta91--! ,gold5 ,fleece1 z x 71 ( ! elect3 :il/ only fools w pref] rank to prop]ty4 ,! second & ?ird classes1 moreov]1 are reciprocally cause & effect2 s f>1 t is1 z ,petronius' maxim1 habes habeb]is1 is true2 & conv]sely1 ! favor ( o!rs1 9 all its =ms1 (t5 puts u 9 ! way ( gett+ :at we want4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,p]sonality1 ,,or ,,:at ,a ,,man ,,is4 ,we h already se51 9 g5]al1 t :at a man is contributes mu* m to 8 happ9ess ?an :at he has1 or h[ he is reg>d$ by o!rs4 ,:at a man is1 & s :at he has 9 8 own p]son1 is always ! *ief ?+ to consid]2 = 8 individuality accompanies him always & ev]y:]e1 & gives its color to all 8 exp]i5ces4 ,9 e k9d ( enjoym5t1 = in/ance1 ! pleasure dep5ds pr9cipally ^u ! man himself4 ,e "o admits ?is 9 reg>d to physical1 & h[ mu* tru] x is ( intellectual1 pleasure4 ,:5 we use t ,engli% expression1 to enjoy "o's self1 we are employ+ a v /rik+ & appropriate phrase2 = obs]ve--"o says1 n he enjoys ,p>is1 b he enjoys himself 9 ,p>is4 ,to a man possess$ ( an ill-condition$ individuality1 all pleasure is l delicate w9e 9 a m\? made bitt] ) gall4 ,!re=e1 9 ! bless+s z well z 9 ! ills ( life1 less dep5ds ^u :at befalls u ?an ^u ! way 9 :i* x is met1 t is1 ^u ! k9d & degree ( our g5]al susceptibility4 ,:at a man is & has 9 himself1--9 a ^w p]sonality1 ) all x entails1 is ! only imm$iate & direct factor 9 8 happ9ess & welf>e4 ,all else is m$iate & indirect1 & its influ5ce c be neutraliz$ & fru/rat$2 b ! influ5ce ( p]sonality nev]4 ,?is is :y ! envy :i* p]sonal qualities excite is ! mo/ implacable ( all1--z x is also ! mo/ c>efully dissembl$4 ,fur!r1 ! con/itution ( our consci\sness is ! ev] pres5t & la/+ elem5t 9 all we d or suff]2 our individuality is p]si/5tly at "w1 m or less1 at e mom5t ( our life3 all o!r influ5ces are temporal1 incid5tal1 fleet+1 & subject to e k9d ( *ance & *ange4 ,?is is :y ,ari/otle says3 ,x is n weal? b "* t la/s4#a ,greek3 --hae g> phusis bebion ou ta *raemata ,footnote #a3 ,e?4 ,eud41 vii4 #b4 #cg3 ,& j = ! same reason we c m easily be> a mis=tune :i* comes to u entirely f )\t1 ?an "o :i* we h drawn ^u ourselves2 = =tune may always *ange1 b n "*4 ,!re=e1 subjective bless+s1--a noble nature1 a capable head1 a joyful temp]am5t1 bright spirits1 a well-con/itut$1 p]fectly s\nd physique1 9 a ^w1 m5s sana 9 corpore sano1 are ! fir/ & mo/ important elem5ts 9 happ9ess2 s t we %\ld be m int5t on promot+ & pres]v+ su* qualities ?an on ! possession ( ext]nal weal? & ext]nal honor4 ,& ( all ^!1 ! "o :i* makes u ! mo/ directly happy is a g5ial fl[ ( good spirits2 = ?is excell5t quality is its own imm$iate rew>d4 ,! man :o is *e]ful & m]ry has always a good reason = be+ s1--! fact1 namely1 t he is s4 ,!re is no?+ :i*1 l ?is quality1 c s completely replace ! loss ( e o!r bless+4 ,if y "k anyone :o is "y1 h&some1 ri* & e/eem$1 & y want to "k1 fur!r1 if he is happy1 ask1 ,is he *e]ful & g5ial8--& if he is1 :at does x matt] :e!r he is "y or old1 /raight or humpback$1 poor or ri*8--he is happy4 ,9 my e>ly days ,i once op5$ an old book & f\nd ^! words3 ,if y laugh a great deal1 y are happy2 if y cry a great deal1 y are unhappy2--a v simple rem>k1 no d\bt2 b j because x is s simple ,i h nev] be5 able to =get x1 ev5 ?\gh x is 9 ! la/ degree a truism4 ,s if *e]fulness knocks at our door1 we %\ld ?r[ x wide op51 = x nev] comes inopportunely2 in/ead ( t1 we (t5 make scruples ab\t lett+ x 94 ,we want to be q sure t we h e reason to be cont5t$2 !n we are afraid t *e]fulness ( spirits may int]f]e ) s]i\s reflections or weighty c>es4 ,*e]fulness is a direct & imm$iate ga91--! v co91 z x 71 ( happ9ess1 & n1 l all else1 m]ely a *eque ^u ! bank2 = x alone makes u imm$iately happy 9 ! pres5t mom5t1 & t is ! highe/ bless+ = be+s l u1 ^: exi/5ce is b an inf9itesimal mom5t betwe5 two et]nities4 ,to secure & promote ?is feel+ ( *e]fulness %\ld be ! supreme aim ( all our endeavors aft] happ9ess4 ,n[ x is c]ta9 t no?+ contributes s little to *e]fulness z ri*es1 or s mu*1 z heal?4 ,is x n 9 ! l[] classes1 ! s-call$ work+ classes1 m especially ^? ( !m :o live 9 ! c\ntry1 t we see *e]ful & cont5t$ faces8 & is x n among/ ! ri*1 ! upp] classes1 t we f9d faces full ( ill-humor & vexation8 ,consequ5tly we %\ld try z mu* z possible to ma9ta9 a high degree ( heal?2 = *e]fulness is ! v fl[] ( x4 ,i ne$ h>dly say :at "o mu/ d to be heal?y--avoid e k9d ( excess1 all viol5t & unpleasant emotion1 all m5tal ov]/ra91 take daily ex]cise 9 ! op5 air1 cold ba?s & su* l hygi5ic measures4 ,= )\t a prop] am\nt ( daily ex]cise no "o c rema9 heal?y2 all ! processes ( life dem& ex]cise = ! due p]=mance ( _! functions1 ex]cise n only ( ! p>ts m imm$iately conc]n$1 b also ( ! :ole body4 ,=1 z ,ari/otle rightly says1 ,life is movem5t2 x is its v ess5ce4 ,ceaseless & rapid motion goes on 9 e "p ( ! organism4 ,! he>t1 ) its complicat$ d\ble sy/ole & dia/ole1 beats /rongly & untir+ly2 ) tw5ty-eight beats x has to drive ! :ole ( ! blood ?r\gh art]ies1 ve9s & capill>ies2 ! lungs pump l a /eam-eng9e1 )\t int]mission2 ! inte/9es are always 9 p]i/altic action2 ! gl&s are all con/antly absorb+ & secret+2 ev5 ! bra9 has a d\ble motion ( its own1 ) e beat ( ! pulse & e brea? we draw4 ,:5 p c get no ex]cise at all1 z is ! case ) ! c\ntless numb]s :o are condemn$ to a s$5t>y life1 !re is a gl>+ & fatal disproportion betwe5 outw>d inactivity & inn] tumult4 ,= ?is ceaseless int]nal motion requires "s ext]nal c\nt]p>t1 & ! want ( x produces effects l ^? ( emotion :i* we are oblig$ to suppress4 ,ev5 trees mu/ be %ak5 by ! w9d1 if !y are to ?rive4 ,! rule :i* f9ds its application "h may be mo/ briefly express$ 9 ,lat93 omnis motus1 quo cel]ior1 eo magis motus4 ,h[ mu* our happ9ess dep5ds ^u our spirits1 & ^! aga9 ^u our /ate ( heal?1 may be se5 by comp>+ ! influ5ce :i* ! same ext]nal circum/ances or ev5ts h ^u u :5 we are well & /rong ) ! effects :i* !y h :5 we are depress$ & tr\bl$ ) ill-heal?4 ,x is n :at ?+s are objectively & 9 !mselves1 b :at !y are = u1 9 our way ( look+ at !m1 t makes u happy or ! rev]se4 ,z ,epictetus says1 ,m5 are n influ5c$ by ?+s1 b by _! ?\ghts ab\t ?+s4 ,&1 9 g5]al1 n9e-t5?s ( our happ9ess dep5ds ^u heal? alone4 ,) heal?1 ev]y?+ is a s\rce ( pleasure2 )\t x1 no?+ else1 :atev] x may be1 is enjoyable2 ev5 ! o!r p]sonal bless+s1--a great m9d1 a happy temp]am5t--are degrad$ & dw>f$ = want ( x4 ,s x is really ) good reason t1 :5 two p meet1 ! fir/ ?+ !y d is to inquire aft] ea* o!r's heal?1 & to express ! hope t x is good2 = good heal? is by f> ! mo/ important elem5t 9 human happ9ess4 ,x foll[s f all ?is t ! greate/ ( follies is to sacrifice heal? = any o!r k9d ( happ9ess1 :atev] x may be1 = ga91 advancem5t1 le>n+ or fame1 let alone1 !n1 = fleet+ s5sual pleasures4 ,ev]y?+ else %\ld r be po/pon$ to x4 ,b h[ev] mu* heal? may contribute to t fl[ ( good spirits :i* is s ess5tial to our happ9ess1 good spirits d n entirely dep5d ^u heal?2 = a man may be p]fectly s\nd 9 8 physique & /ill possess a melan*oly temp]am5t & be g5]ally giv5 up to sad ?\ghts4 ,! ultimate cause ( ?is is und\bt$ly to be f\nd 9 innate1 & !re=e unalt]able1 physical con/itution1 especially 9 ! m or less normal relation ( a man's s5sitiv5ess to 8 muscul> & vital en]gy4 ,abnormal s5sitiv5ess produces inequality ( spirits1 a pr$om9at+ melan*oly1 ) p]iodical fits ( unre/ra9$ livel9ess4 ,a g5ius is "o ^: n]v\s p[] or s5sitiv5ess is l>gely 9 excess2 z ,ari/otle#a has v correctly obs]v$1 ,m5 di/+ui%$ 9 philosophy1 politics1 poetry or art appe> to be all ( a melan*oly temp]am5t4 ,?is is d\btless ! passage :i* ,cic]o has 9 8 m9d :5 he says1 z he (t5 does1 ,ari/oteles ait omnes +5iosos melan*olicos esse4#b ,%akespe>e has v neatly express$ ?is radical & innate div]sity ( temp]am5t 9 ^? l9es 9 ,! ,m]*ant ( ,v5ice3 ,footnote #a3 ,probl4 xxx41 ep4 #a ,footnote #b3 ,tusc4 i41 #cc4 ,nature has fram$ /range fell[s 9 h] "t2 ,"s t w ev]more peep ?r\gh _! eyes1 ,& laugh1 l p>rots at a bag-pip]2 ,& o!rs ( su* v9eg> aspect1 ,t !y'll n %[ _! tee? 9 way ( smile1 ,?\gh ,ne/or swe> ! je/ be laughable4 ,?is is ! diff]5ce :i* ,plato draws betwe5 ,greek3 eukolos & ,greek3 dyskolos--! man ( easy1 & ! man ( difficult disposition--9 pro( ( :i* he ref]s to ! v>y+ degrees ( susceptibility :i* diff]5t p %[ to pleasurable & pa9ful impressions2 s t "o man w laugh at :at makes ano!r despair4 ,z a rule1 ! /rong] ! susceptibility to unpleasant impressions1 ! weak] is ! susceptibility to pleasant ones1 & vice v]sa4 ,if x is equally possible = an ev5t to turn out well or ill1 ! ,greek3 dyskolos w be annoy$ or griev$ if ! issue is unfavorable1 & w n rejoice1 %\ld x be happy4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,greek3 eukolos w nei!r worry nor fret ov] an unfavorable issue1 b rejoice if x turns out well4 ,if ! "o is successful 9 n9e out ( t5 und]tak+s1 he w n be pleas$1 b r annoy$ t "o has misc>ri$2 :il/ ! o!r1 if only a s+le "o succe$s1 w manage to f9d consolation 9 ! fact & rema9 *e]ful4 ,b "h is ano!r in/ance ( ! tru?1 t h>dly any evil is entirely )\t its comp5sation2 = ! mis=tunes & suff]+s :i* ! ,greek3 auskoloi1 t is1 p ( gloomy & anxi\s "*1 h to ov]come1 are1 on ! :ole1 m imag9>y & !re=e less real ?an ^? :i* befall ! gay & c>eless2 = a man :o pa9ts ev]y?+ black1 :o con/antly fe>s ! wor/ & takes measures accord+ly1 w n be disappo9t$ s (t5 9 ?is _w1 z "o :o always looks ^u ! bright side ( ?+s4 ,& :5 a morbid affection ( ! n]ves1 or a d]angem5t ( ! dige/ive organs1 plays into ! h&s ( an innate t5d5cy to gloom1 ?is t5d5cy may rea* su* a height t p]man5t discom=t produces a we>9ess ( life4 ,s arises an incl9ation to suicide1 :i* ev5 ! mo/ trivial unpleasantness may actually br+ ab\t2 nay1 :5 ! t5d5cy atta9s its wor/ =m1 x may be occasion$ by no?+ 9 p>ticul>1 b a man may resolve to put an end to 8 exi/5ce1 simply because he is p]man5tly unhappy1 & !n coolly & firmly c>ry out 8 det]m9ation2 z may be se5 by ! way 9 :i* ! suff]]1 :5 plac$ "u sup]vision1 z he usually is1 eag]ly waits to seize ! fir/ ungu>d$ mom5t1 :51 )\t a %udd]1 )\t a /ruggle or recoil1 he may use ! n[ natural & welcome means ( effect+ 8 release4#a ,ev5 ! heal?ie/1 p]haps ev5 ! mo/ *e]ful man1 may resolve ^u dea? "u c]ta9 circum/ances2 :51 = in/ance1 8 suff]+s1 or 8 fe>s ( "s inevitable mis=tune1 rea* su* a pit* z to outweigh ! t]rors ( dea?4 ,! only diff]5ce lies 9 ! degree ( suff]+ necess>y to br+ ab\t ! fatal act1 a degree :i* w be high 9 ! case ( a *e]ful1 & l[ 9 t ( a gloomy man4 ,! great] ! melan*oly1 ! l[] ne$ ! degree be2 9 ! end1 x may ev5 s9k to z]o4 ,b if a man is *e]ful1 & 8 spirits are support$ by good heal?1 x requires a high degree ( suff]+ to make him lay h&s ^u himself4 ,!re are c\ntless /eps 9 ! scale betwe5 ! two extremes ( suicide1 ! suicide :i* spr+s m]ely f a morbid int5sification ( innate gloom1 & ! suicide ( ! heal?y & *e]ful man1 :o has entirely objective gr\nds = putt+ an end to 8 exi/5ce4 ,footnote #a3 ,= a detail$ description ( ?is condition ( m9d ,cf ,esquirol1 ,des maladies m5tales4 ,beauty is p>tly an affair ( heal?4 ,x may be reckon$ z a p]sonal advantage2 ?\gh x does n1 prop]ly speak+1 contribute directly to our happ9ess4 ,x does s indirectly1 by impress+ o!r p2 & x is no unimportant advantage1 ev5 9 man4 ,beauty is an op5 lett] ( recomm5dation1 pr$ispos+ ! he>t to favor ! p]son :o pres5ts x4 ,z is well said 9 ^! l9es ( ,hom]1 ! gift ( beauty is n lightly to be ?r[n away1 t glori\s gift :i* none c be/[ save ! gods alone-- ,greek3 outoi hapoblaet erti !on erikuoea dora1 ossa k5 autoi dos91 ekon d\k an tis eloito4#a ,footnote #a3 ,iliad #c1 #fe4 ,! mo/ g5]al survey %[s u t ! two foes ( human happ9ess are pa9 & bor$om4 ,we may g fur!r1 & say t 9 ! degree 9 :i* we are =tunate en\gh to get away f ! "o1 we approa* ! o!r4 ,life pres5ts1 9 fact1 a m or less viol5t oscillation betwe5 ! two4 ,! reason ( ?is is t ea* ( ^! two poles /&s 9 a d\ble antagonism to ! o!r1 ext]nal or objective1 & inn] or subjective4 ,ne$y surr\nd+s & pov]ty produce pa92 :ile1 if a man is m ?an well (f1 he is bor$4 ,accord+ly1 :ile ! l[] classes are engag$ 9 a ceaseless /ruggle ) ne$1 9 o!r words1 ) pa91 ! upp] c>ry on a con/ant & (t5 desp]ate battle ) bor$om4#a ,! inn] or subjective antagonism arises f ! fact t1 9 ! individual1 susceptibility to pa9 v>ies inv]sely ) susceptibility to bor$om1 because susceptibility is directly proportionate to m5tal p[]4 ,let me expla94 ,a dull m9d is1 z a rule1 associat$ ) dull s5sibilities1 n]ves :i* no /imulus c affect1 a temp]am5t1 9 %ort1 :i* does n feel pa9 or anxiety v mu*1 h[ev] great or t]rible x may be4 ,n[1 intellectual dullness is at ! bottom ( t vacuity ( s\l :i* is /amp$ on s _m faces1 a /ate ( m9d :i* betrays itself by a con/ant & lively att5tion to all ! trivial circum/ances 9 ! ext]nal _w4 ,?is is ! true s\rce ( bor$om--a cont9ual pant+ aft] excitem5t1 9 ord] to h a pretext = giv+ ! m9d & spirits some?+ to occupy !m4 ,! k9d ( ?+s p *oose = ?is purpose %[s t !y are n v p>ticul>1 z witness ! mis]able pa/imes !y h rec\rse to1 & _! ideas ( social pleasure & conv]sation3 or aga91 ! numb] ( p :o gossip on ! door/ep or gape out ( ! w9d[4 ,x is ma9ly because ( ?is inn] vacuity ( s\l t p g 9 que/ ( society1 div]sion1 amusem5t1 luxury ( e sort1 :i* lead _m to extravagance & mis]y4 ,no?+ is s good a protection aga9/ su* mis]y z inw>d weal?1 ! weal? ( ! m9d1 because ! great] x gr[s1 ! less room x leaves = bor$om4 ,! inexhau/ible activity ( ?\ght6 ,f9d+ ev] new mat]ial to "w ^u 9 ! multif>i\s ph5om5a ( self & nature1 & able & ready to =m new comb9ations ( !m1--!re y h some?+ t invigorates ! m9d1 & ap>t f mom5ts ( relaxation1 sets x f> above ! rea* ( bor$om4 ,footnote #a3 ,& ! extremes meet2 = ! l[e/ /ate ( civilization1 a nomad or w&]+ life1 f9ds its c\nt]p>t 9 ! highe/1 :]e ev]yone is at times a t\ri/4 ,! e>li] /age 0 a case ( necessity2 ! latt] is a rem$y = bor$om4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ?is high degree ( intellig5ce is root$ 9 a high degree ( susceptibility1 great] /r5g? ( w1 great] passionat5ess2 & f ! union ( ^! qualities comes an increas$ capacity = emotion1 an enhanc$ s5sibility to all m5tal & ev5 bodily pa91 great] impati5ce ( ob/acles1 great] res5tm5t ( int]ruption2--all ( :i* t5d5cies are augm5t$ by ! p[] ( ! imag9ation1 ! vivid "* ( ! :ole range ( ?\ght1 includ+ :at is disagreeable4 ,?is applies1 9 v>i\s degrees1 to e /ep 9 ! long scale ( m5tal p[]1 f ! v]ie/ dunce to ! greate/ g5ius t ev] liv$4 ,!re=e ! ne>] anyone is1 ei!r f a subjective or f an objective po9t ( view1 to "o ( ^? s\rces ( suff]+ 9 human life1 ! f>!r he is f ! o!r4 ,& s a man's natural b5t w lead him to make 8 objective _w con=m to 8 subjective z mu* z possible2 t is to say1 he w take ! greate/ measures aga9/ t =m ( suff]+ to :i* he is mo/ liable4 ,! wise man w1 above all1 /rive aft] fre$om f pa9 & annoyance1 quiet & leisure1 consequ5tly a tranquil1 mode/ life1 ) z few enc\nt]s z may be2 & s1 aft] a little exp]i5ce ( 8 s-call$ fell[m51 he w elect to live 9 retirem5t1 or ev51 if he is a man ( great intellect1 9 solitude4 ,= ! m a man has 9 himself1 ! less he w want f o!r p1--! less1 inde$1 o!r p c be to him4 ,?is is :y a high degree ( intellect t5ds to make a man unsocial4 ,true1 if quality ( intellect c\ld be made up = by quantity1 x might be wor? :ile to live ev5 9 ! great _w2 b un=tunately1 a hundr$ fools toge!r w n make "o wise man4 ,b ! individual :o /&s at ! o!r end ( ! scale is no soon] free f ! pangs ( ne$ ?an he endeavors to get pa/ime & society at any co/1 tak+ up ) ! fir/ p]son he meets1 & avoid+ no?+ s mu* z himself4 ,= 9 solitude1 :]e e "o is ?r[n ^u 8 own res\rces1 :at a man has 9 himself comes to light2 ! fool 9 f9e raim5t groans "u ! burd5 ( 8 mis]able p]sonality1 a burd5 :i* he c nev] ?r[ (f1 :il/ ! man ( tal5t peoples ! wa/e places ) 8 animat+ ?\ghts4 ,s5eca decl>es t folly is its own burd51--omnis /ultitia laborat fa/idio sui1--a v true say+1 ) :i* may be comp>$ ! words ( ,jesus1 ! son ( ,sira*1 ,! life ( a fool is worse ?an dea?#a4 ,&1 z a rule1 x w be f\nd t a man is sociable j 9 ! degree 9 :i* he is intellectually poor & g5]ally vulg>4 ,= "o's *oice 9 ?is _w does n g mu* beyond solitude on "o side & vulg>ity on ! o!r4 ,x is said t ! mo/ sociable ( all p are ! negroes2 & !y are at ! bottom ( ! scale 9 intellect4 ,i rememb] read+ once 9 a ,fr5* pap]#b t ! blacks 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 :e!r free or enslav$1 are fond ( %utt+ !mselves up 9 l>ge numb]s 9 ! smalle/ space1 because !y _c h too mu* ( "o ano!r's snub-nos$ company4 ,footnote #a3 ,ecclesia/icus1 xxii4 #aa4 ,footnote #b3 ,le ,comm]ce1 ,oct4 #ai?1 #ahcg4 ,! bra9 may be reg>d$ z a k9d ( p>asite ( ! organism1 a p5sion]1 z x 71 :o dwells ) ! body3 & leisure1 t is1 ! "t "o has = ! free enjoym5t ( "o's consci\sness or individuality1 is ! fruit or produce ( ! re/ ( exi/5ce1 :i* is 9 g5]al only labor & ef=t4 ,b :at does mo/ p's leisure yield8--bor$om & dullness2 except1 ( c\rse1 :5 x is occupi$ ) s5sual pleasure or folly4 ,h[ little su* leisure is wor? may be se5 9 ! way 9 :i* x is sp5t3 &1 z ,ario/o obs]ves1 h[ mis]able are ! idle h\rs ( ignorant m56--ozio lungo d'uom9i ignoranti4 ,ord9>y p ?9k m]ely h[ !y %all sp5d _! "t2 a man ( any tal5t tries to use x4 ,! reason :y p ( limit$ intellect are apt to be bor$ is t _! intellect is absolutely no?+ m ?an ! means by :i* ! motive p[] ( ! w is put into =ce3 & :5ev] !re is no?+ p>ticul> to set ! w 9 motion1 x re/s1 & _! intellect takes a holiday1 because1 equally ) ! w1 x requires some?+ ext]nal to br+ x into play4 ,! result is an awful /agnation ( :atev] p[] a man has--9 a ^w1 bor$om4 ,to c\nt]act ?is mis]able feel+1 m5 run to trivialities :i* please = ! mom5t !y are tak5 up1 hop+ ?us to engage ! w 9 ord] to r\se x to action1 & s set ! intellect 9 motion2 = x is ! latt] :i* has to give effect to ^! motives ( ! w4 ,comp>$ ) real & natural motives1 ^! are b z pap] money to co92 = _! value is only arbitr>y--c>d games & ! l1 :i* h be5 inv5t$ = ?is v purpose4 ,& if !re is no?+ else to be done1 a man w twirl 8 ?umbs or beat ! devil's tattoo2 or a cig> may be a welcome sub/itute = ex]cis+ 8 bra9s4 ,h5ce1 9 all c\ntries ! *ief occupation ( society is c>d-play+1#a & x is ! gauge ( its value1 & an outw>d sign t x is bankrupt 9 ?\ght4 ,because p h no ?\ghts to deal 91 !y deal c>ds1 & try & w9 "o ano!r's money4 ,idiots6 ,b ,i d n wi% to be unju/2 s let me rem>k t x may c]ta9ly be said 9 def5ce ( c>d-play+ t x is a prep>ation = ! _w & = bus9ess life1 because "o le>ns !reby h[ to make a clev] use ( =tuit\s b unalt]able circum/ances 7c>ds1 9 ?is case71 & to get z mu* out ( !m z "o c3 & to d ?is a man mu/ le>n a little dissimulation1 & h[ to put a good face ^u a bad bus9ess4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 x is exactly = ?is reason t c>d-play+ is s demoraliz+1 s9ce ! :ole object ( x is to employ e k9d ( trick & ma*9ation 9 ord] to w9 :at belongs to ano!r4 ,& a habit ( ?is sort1 le>nt at ! c>d-table1 /rikes root & pu%es its way into practical life2 & 9 ! affairs ( e day a man gradually comes to reg>d meum & tuum 9 mu* ! same light z c>ds1 & to consid] t he may use to ! utmo/ :atev] advantages he possesses1 s long z he does n come )9 ! arm ( ! law4 ,examples ( :at ,i mean are ( daily occurr5ce 9 m]cantile life4 ,s9ce1 !n1 leisure is ! fl[]1 or r ! fruit1 ( exi/5ce1 z x puts a man into possession ( himself1 ^? are happy inde$ :o possess some?+ real 9 !mselves4 ,b :at d y get f mo/ p's leisure8--only a good-=-no?+ fell[1 :o is t]ribly bor$ & a burd5 to himself4 ,let u1 !re=e1 rejoice1 de> bre?r51 = we are n *ildr5 ( ! bondwoman1 b ( ! free4 ,footnote #a3 ,translator's ,note4--,c>d-play+ to ?is ext5t is n[1 no d\bt1 a ?+ ( ! pa/1 at any rate among/ ! nations ( nor!rn ,europe4 ,! pres5t fa%ion is r 9 favor ( a dilettante int]e/ 9 art or lit]ature4 ,fur!r1 z no l& is s well (f z t :i* requires few imports1 or none at all1 s ! happie/ man is "o :o has en\gh 9 8 own inn] weal?1 & requires little or no?+ f outside = 8 ma9t5ance1 = imports are exp5sive ?+s1 reveal dep5d5ce1 entail dang]1 occasion tr\ble1 & :5 all is said & done1 are a poor sub/itute = home produce4 ,no man ought to expect mu* f o!rs1 or1 9 g5]al1 f ! ext]nal _w4 ,:at "o human be+ c be to ano!r is n a v great deal3 9 ! end e "o /&s alone1 & ! important ?+ is :o x is t /&s alone4 ,"h1 !n1 is ano!r application ( ! g5]al tru? :i* ,goe! recognizes 9 ,di*tung und ,wahrheit 7,bk4 ,,iii471 t 9 ev]y?+ a man has ultimately to appeal to himself2 or1 z ,goldsmi? puts x 9 ,! ,travell]3 ,/ill to ourselves 9 e place consign'd ,our own felicity we make or f9d4 ,himself is ! s\rce ( ! be/ & mo/ a man c be or a*ieve4 ,! m ?is is s--! m a man f9ds 8 s\rces ( pleasure 9 himself--! happi] he w be4 ,!re=e1 x is ) great tru? t ,ari/otle#a says1 ,to be happy means to be self-suffici5t4 ,= all o!r s\rces ( happ9ess are 9 _! nature mo/ unc]ta91 prec>i\s1 fleet+1 ! sport ( *ance2 & s ev5 "u ! mo/ favorable circum/ances !y c easily be exhau/$2 nay1 ?is is unavoidable1 because !y are n always )9 rea*4 ,& 9 old age ^! s\rces ( happ9ess mu/ necess>ily dry up3--love leaves u !n1 & wit1 desire to travel1 delight 9 horses1 aptitude = social int]c\rse2 fri5ds & relations1 too1 are tak5 f u by dea?4 ,!n m ?an ev]1 x dep5ds ^u :at a man has 9 himself2 = ?is w /ick to him longe/2 & at any p]iod ( life x is ! only g5u9e & la/+ s\rce ( happ9ess4 ,!re is n mu* to be got any:]e 9 ! _w4 ,x is fill$ ) mis]y & pa92 & if a man escapes ^!1 bor$om lies 9 wait = him at e corn]4 ,nay m2 x is evil :i* g5]ally has ! upp] h&1 & folly makes ! mo/ noise4 ,fate is cruel1 & mank9d is pitiable4 ,9 su* a _w z ?is1 a man :o is ri* 9 himself is l a bright1 w>m1 happy room at ,*ri/ma/ide1 :ile )\t are ! fro/ & sn[ ( a ,decemb] night4 ,!re=e1 )\t d\bt1 ! happie/ de/9y on e>? is to h ! r>e gift ( a ri* individuality1 &1 m especially to be possess$ ( a good end[m5t ( intellect2 ?is is ! happie/ de/9y1 ?\gh x may n be1 aft] all1 a v brilliant "o4 ,footnote #a3 ,e?4 ,eud1 vii #b ,!re 0 a great wisdom 9 t rem>k :i* ,que5 ,*ri/9a ( ,sw$5 made1 9 h] n9ete5? ye>1 ab\t ,desc>tes1 :o _h !n liv$ = tw5ty ye>s 9 ! deepe/ solitude 9 ,holl&1 &1 ap>t f report1 0 kn[n to h] only by a s+le essay3 ,m4 ,desc>tes1 %e said1 is ! happie/ ( m51 & 8 condition seems to me mu* to be envi$4#a ,( c\rse1 z 0 ! case ) ,desc>tes1 ext]nal circum/ances mu/ be favorable en\gh to all[ a man to be ma/] ( 8 life & happ9ess2 or1 z we read 9 ,ecclesia/es#b--,wisdom is good toge!r ) an inh]itance1 & pr(itable unto !m t see ! sun4 ,! man to :om nature & fate h grant$ ! bless+ ( wisdom1 w be mo/ anxi\s & c>eful to keep op5 ! f\nta9s ( happ9ess :i* he has 9 himself2 & = ?is1 indep5d5ce & leisure are necess>y4 ,to obta9 !m1 he w be will+ to mod]ate 8 desires & h>bor 8 res\rces1 all ! m because he is n1 l o!rs1 re/rict$ to ! ext]nal _w = 8 pleasures4 ,s he w n be misl$ by expectations ( (fice1 or money1 or ! favor & applause ( 8 fell[m51 into surr5d]+ himself 9 ord] to con=m to l[ desires & vulg> ta/es2 nay1 9 su* a case he w foll[ ! advice t ,horace gives 9 8 epi/le to ,maec5as4#c ,footnote #a3 ,vie de ,desc>tes1 p> ,baillet4 ,liv4 vii41 *4 #aj4 ,footnote #b3 vii4 #ab4 ,footnote #c3 ,lib4 #a41 ep4 #g4 ,nec somnum plebis laudo1 satur altilium1 nec ,otia divitiis ,arabum lib]rima muto4 ,x is a great piece ( folly to sacrifice ! inn] = ! out] man1 to give ! :ole or ! great] "p ( "o's quiet1 leisure & indep5d5ce = spl5dor1 rank1 pomp1 titles & honor4 ,?is is :at ,goe! did4 ,my good luck drew me q 9 ! o!r direction4 ,! tru? :i* ,i am insi/+ ^u "h1 ! tru?1 namely1 t ! *ief s\rce ( human happ9ess is int]nal1 is confirm$ by t mo/ accurate obs]vation ( ,ari/otle 9 ! ,ni*oma*ean ,e?ics#a t e pleasure presupposes "s sort ( activity1 ! application ( "s sort ( p[]1 )\t :i* x _c exi/4 ,! doctr9e ( ,ari/otle's1 t a man's happ9ess consi/s 9 ! free ex]cise ( 8 highe/ faculties1 is also enunciat$ by ,/obaeus 9 8 exposition ( ! ,p]ipatetic philosophy#b3 happ9ess1 he says1 means vigor\s & successful activity 9 all y\r und]tak+s2 & he expla9s t by vigor ,greek3 aretae he means ma/]y 9 any ?+1 :atev] x be4 ,n[1 ! orig9al purpose ( ^? =ces ) :i* nature has end[$ man is to enable him to /ruggle aga9/ ! difficulties :i* beset him on all sides4 ,b if ?is /ruggle comes to an end1 8 unemploy$ =ces become a burd5 to him2 & he has to set to "w & play ) !m1--to use !m1 ,i mean1 = no purpose at all1 beyond avoid+ ! o!r s\rce ( human suff]+1 bor$om1 to :i* he is at once expos$4 ,x is ! upp] classes1 p ( weal?1 :o are ! greate/ victims ( bor$om4 ,lucretius long ago describ$ _! mis]able /ate1 & ! tru? ( 8 description may be /ill recogniz$ to-day1 9 ! life ( e great capital--:]e ! ri* man is seldom 9 8 own halls1 because x bores him to be !re1 & /ill he returns ?i!r1 because he is no bett] (f outside2--or else he is away 9 po/-ha/e to 8 h\se 9 ! c\ntry1 z if x 7 on fire2 & he is no soon] arriv$ !re1 ?an he is bor$ aga91 & seeks to =get ev]y?+ 9 sleep1 or else hurries back to t[n once m4 ,footnote #a3 i4 #g & vii4 #ac1 #ad4 ,footnote #b3 ,ecl4 e?4 ii41 * #g4 ,exit saepe =as magnis ex a$ibus ille1 ,esse domi quem p]taesum e/1 subitoque rev5tat1 ,quippe =is nihilo melius qui s5tiat esse4 ,currit1 ag5s mannos1 ad villam precipitant]1 ,auxilium tectis quasi f]re ard5tibus in/ans3 ,oscitat extemplo1 tetigit quum lim9a villae2 ,aut abit 9 somnum gravis1 atque oblivia qua]it2 ,aut etiam prop]ans urbem petit atque revisit4#a ,footnote #a3 ,,iii #ajgc4 ,9 _! y\?1 su* p mu/ h _h a sup]fluity ( muscul> & vital en]gy1--p[]s :i*1 unlike ^? ( ! m9d1 _c ma9ta9 _! full degree ( vigor v long2 & 9 lat] ye>s !y ei!r h no m5tal p[]s at all1 or _c develop any = want ( employm5t :i* w\ld br+ !m into play2 s t !y are 9 a wret*$ plight4 ,w1 h[ev]1 !y /ill possess1 = ?is is ! only p[] t is inexhau/ible2 & !y try to /imulate _! w by passionate excitem5t1 su* z games ( *ance = high /akes--und\bt$ly a mo/ degrad+ =m ( vice4 ,& "o may say g5]ally t if a man f9ds himself ) no?+ to d1 he is sure to *oose "s amusem5t suit$ to ! k9d ( p[] 9 :i* he excels1--b[ls1 x may be1 or *ess2 hunt+ or pa9t+2 horse-rac+ or music2 c>ds1 or poetry1 h]aldry1 philosophy1 or "s o!r dilettante int]e/4 ,we might classify ^! int]e/s me?odically1 by r$uc+ !m to expressions ( ! ?ree fundam5tal p[]s1 ! factors1 t is to say1 :i* g to make up ! physiological con/itution ( man2 & fur!r1 by consid]+ ^! p[]s by !mselves1 & ap>t f any ( ! def9ite aims :i* !y may subs]ve1 & simply z af=d+ ?ree s\rces ( possible pleasure1 out ( :i* e man w *oose :at suits him1 accord+ z he excels 9 "o direction or ano!r4 ,fir/ ( all come ! pleasures ( vital en]gy1 ( food1 dr9k1 dige/ion1 re/ & sleep2 & !re are p>ts ( ! _w :]e x c be said t ^! are *>act]i/ic & national pleasures4 ,secondly1 !re are ! pleasures ( muscul> en]gy1 su* z walk+1 runn+1 wre/l+1 danc+1 f5c+1 rid+ & simil> a?letic pursuits1 :i* sometimes take ! =m ( sport1 & sometimes ( a milit>y life & real w>f>e4 ,?irdly1 !re are ! pleasures ( s5sibility1 su* z obs]vation1 ?\ght1 feel+1 or a ta/e = poetry or culture1 music1 le>n+1 read+1 m$itation1 inv5tion1 philosophy & ! l4 ,z reg>ds ! value1 relative wor? & duration ( ea* ( ^! k9ds ( pleasure1 a great deal might be said1 :i*1 h[ev]1 ,i leave ! read] to supply4 ,b e "o w see t ! nobl] ! p[] :i* is br\ght into play1 ! great] w be ! pleasure :i* x gives2 = pleasure always involves ! use ( "o's own p[]s1 & happ9ess consi/s 9 a frequ5t repetition ( pleasure4 ,no "o w d5y t 9 ?is respect ! pleasures ( s5sibility occupy a high] place ?an ei!r ( ! o!r two fundam5tal k9ds2 :i* exi/ 9 an equal1 nay1 9 a great] degree 9 brutes2 x is ?is prepond]at+ am\nt ( s5sibility :i* di/+ui%es man f o!r animals4 ,n[1 our m5tal p[]s are =ms ( s5sibility1 & !re=e a prepond]at+ am\nt ( x makes u capable ( t k9d ( pleasure :i* has to d ) m9d1 s-call$ intellectual pleasure2 & ! m s5sibility pr$om9ates1 ! great] ! pleasure w be4#a ,footnote #a3 ,nature exhibits a cont9ual progress1 />t+ f ! me*anical & *emical activity ( ! inorganic _w1 proce$+ to ! vegetable1 ) its dull enjoym5t ( self1 f t to ! animal _w1 :]e intellig5ce & consci\sness beg91 at fir/ v weak1 & only aft] _m int]m$iate /ages atta9+ its la/ great developm5t 9 man1 ^: intellect is ,nature's cr[n+ po9t1 ! goal ( all h] ef=ts1 ! mo/ p]fect & difficult ( all h] works4 ,& ev5 )9 ! range ( ! human intellect1 !re are a great _m obs]vable diff]5ces ( degree1 & x is v seldom t intellect rea*es its highe/ po9t1 intellig5ce prop]ly s-call$1 :i* 9 ?is n>r[ & /rict s5se ( ! ^w1 is ,nature's mo/ consummate product1 & s ! r>e/ & mo/ preci\s ?+ ( :i* ! _w c boa/4 ,! highe/ product ( ,nature is ! cle>e/ degree ( consci\sness1 9 :i* ! _w mirrors itself m pla9ly & completely ?an any:]e else4 ,a man end[$ ) ?is =m ( intellig5ce is 9 possession ( :at is noble/ & be/ on e>?2 & accord+ly1 he has a s\rce ( pleasure 9 comp>ison ) :i* all o!rs are small4 ,f 8 surr\nd+s he asks no?+ b leisure = ! free enjoym5t ( :at he has got1 "t1 z x 71 to poli% 8 diamond4 ,all o!r pleasures t are n ( ! intellect are ( a l[] k9d2 = !y are1 "o & all1 movem5ts ( w--desires1 hopes1 fe>s & ambitions1 no matt] to :at direct$3 !y are always satisfi$ at ! co/ ( pa91 & 9 ! case ( ambition1 g5]ally ) m or less ( illusion4 ,) intellectual pleasure1 on ! o!r h&1 tru? becomes cle>] & cle>]4 ,9 ! realm ( intellig5ce pa9 has no p[]4 ,k is all 9 all4 ,fur!r1 intellectual pleasures are accessible entirely & only ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! intellig5ce1 & are limit$ by its capacity4 ,= all ! wit !re is 9 ! _w is useless to him :o has none4 ,/ill ?is advantage is accompani$ by a sub/antial disadvantage2 = ! :ole ( ,nature %[s t ) ! gr[? ( intellig5ce comes increas$ capacity = pa91 & x is only ) ! highe/ degree ( intellig5ce t suff]+ rea*es its supreme po9t4 ,! normal1 ord9>y man takes a vivid int]e/ 9 any?+ only 9 s f> z x excites 8 w1 t is to say1 is a matt] ( p]sonal int]e/ to him4 ,b con/ant excitem5t ( ! w is nev] an unmix$ good1 to say ! lea/2 9 o!r words1 x involves pa94 ,c>d-play+1 t univ]sal occupation ( good society ev]y:]e1 is a device = provid+ ?is k9d ( excitem5t1 & t1 too1 by means ( int]e/s s small z to produce slight & mom5t>y1 in/ead ( real & p]man5t1 pa94 ,c>d-play+ is1 9 fact1 a m]e tickl+ ( ! w4#a ,footnote #a3 ,vulg>ity is1 at bottom1 ! k9d ( consci\sness 9 :i* ! w completely pr$om9ates ov] ! intellect1 :]e ! latt] does no?+ m ?an p]=m ! s]vice ( its ma/]1 ! w4 ,!re=e1 :5 ! w makes no dem&s1 supplies no motives1 /rong or weak1 ! intellect entirely loses its p[]1 & ! result is complete vacancy ( m9d4 ,n[ w )\t intellect is ! mo/ vulg> & common ?+ 9 ! _w1 possess$ by e blockhead1 :o1 9 ! gratification ( 8 passions1 %[s ! /uff ( :i* he is made4 ,?is is ! condition ( m9d call$ vulg>ity1 9 :i* ! only active elem5ts are ! organs ( s5se1 & t small am\nt ( intellect :i* is necess>y = appreh5d+ ! data ( s5se4 ,accord+ly1 ! vulg> man is con/antly op5 to all sorts ( impressions1 & imm$iately p]ceives all ! little trifl+ ?+s t g on 9 8 environm5t3 ! lighte/ :isp]1 ! mo/ trivial circum/ance1 is suffici5t to r\se 8 att5tion2 he is j l an animal4 ,su* a man's m5tal condition reveals itself 9 8 face1 9 8 :ole ext]ior2 & h5ce t vulg>1 repulsive appe>ance1 :i* is all ! m (f5sive1 if1 z is usually ! case1 8 w--! only factor 9 8 consci\sness--is a base1 selfi% & altoge!r bad "o4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a man ( p[]ful intellect is capable ( tak+ a vivid int]e/ 9 ?+s 9 ! way ( m]e k1 ) no admixture ( w2 nay1 su* an int]e/ is a necessity to him4 ,x places him 9 a sph]e :]e pa9 is an ali51--a div9] air1 :]e ! gods live s]5e4 ,greek3 phusis bebion ou ta *raemata!oi reia xoontes#a ,footnote #a3 ,odyssey ,,iv41 #hje4 ,look on ^! two pictures--! life ( ! masses1 "o long1 dull record ( /ruggle & ef=t entirely devot$ to ! petty int]e/s ( p]sonal welf>e1 to mis]y 9 all its =ms1 a life beset by intol]able bor$om z soon z ev] ^? aims are satisfi$ & ! man is ?r[n back ^u himself1 :5ce he c be r\s$ aga9 to "s sort ( movem5t only by ! wild fire ( passion4 ,on ! o!r side y h a man end[$ ) a high degree ( m5tal p[]1 lead+ an exi/5ce ri* 9 ?\ght & full ( life & mean+1 occupi$ by wor?y & int]e/+ objects z soon z ev] he is free to give himself to !m1 be>+ 9 himself a s\rce ( ! noble/ pleasure4 ,:at ext]nal prompt+s he wants come f ! works ( nature1 & f ! contemplation ( human affairs & ! a*ievem5ts ( ! great ( all ages & c\ntries1 :i* are ?or\ghly appreciat$ by a man ( ?is type alone1 z be+ ! only "o :o c q und]/& & feel ) !m4 ,& s x is = him alone t ^? great ones h really liv$2 x is to him t !y make _! appeal2 ! re/ are b casual he>]s :o only half und]/& ei!r !m or _! foll[]s4 ,( c\rse1 ?is *>act]i/ic ( ! intellectual man implies t he has "o m ne$ ?an ! o!rs1 ! ne$ ( read+1 obs]v+1 /udy+1 m$itat+1 practis+1 ! ne$1 9 %ort1 ( undi/urb$ leisure4 ,=1 z ,voltaire has v rightly said1 !re are no real pleasures )\t real ne$s2 & ! ne$ ( !m is :y to su* a man pleasures are accessible :i* are d5i$ to o!rs1--! v>i$ beauties ( nature & art & lit]ature4 ,to heap ^! pleasures r\nd p :o d n want !m & _c appreciate !m1 is l expect+ gray hairs to fall 9 love4 ,a man :o is privileg$ 9 ?is respect leads two lives1 a p]sonal & an intellectual life2 & ! latt] gradually comes to be look$ ^u z ! true "o1 & ! =m] z m]ely a means to x4 ,o!r p make ?is %all[1 empty & tr\bl$ exi/5ce an end 9 itself4 ,to ! life ( ! intellect su* a man w give ! pref]5ce ov] all 8 o!r occupations3 by ! con/ant gr[? ( insight & k1 ?is intellectual life1 l a sl[ly-=m+ "w ( art1 w acquire a consi/5cy1 a p]man5t int5sity1 a unity :i* becomes ev] m & m complete2 comp>$ ) :i*1 a life devot$ to ! atta9m5t ( p]sonal com=t1 a life t may broad5 inde$1 b c nev] be deep5$1 makes b a poor %[3 & yet1 z ,i h said1 p make ?is bas] sort ( exi/5ce an end 9 itself4 ,! ord9>y life ( e day1 s f> z x is n mov$ by passion1 is t$i\s & insipid2 & if x is s mov$1 x soon becomes pa9ful4 ,^? alone are happy :om nature has favor$ ) "s sup]fluity ( intellect1 some?+ beyond :at is j necess>y to c>ry out ! behe/s ( _! w2 = x enables !m to lead an intellectual life z well1 a life unatt5d$ by pa9 & full ( vivid int]e/s4 ,m]e leisure1 t is to say1 intellect unoccupi$ 9 ! s]vice ( ! w1 is n ( itself suffici5t3 !re mu/ be a real sup]fluity ( p[]1 set free f ! s]vice ( ! w & devot$ to t ( ! intellect2 =1 z ,s5eca says1 otium s9e litt]is mors e/ et vivi hom9is sepultura--illit]ate leisure is a =m ( dea?1 a liv+ tomb4 ,v>y+ ) ! am\nt ( ! sup]fluity1 !re w be c\ntless developm5ts 9 ?is second life1 ! life ( ! m9d2 x may be ! m]e collection & labell+ ( insects1 birds1 m9]als1 co9s1 or ! highe/ a*ievem5ts ( poetry & philosophy4 ,! life ( ! m9d is n only a protection aga9/ bor$om2 x also w>ds (f ! p]nici\s effects ( bor$om2 x keeps u f bad company1 f ! _m dang]s1 mis=tunes1 losses & extravagances :i* ! man :o places 8 happ9ess entirely 9 ! objective _w is sure to enc\nt]1 ,my philosophy1 = in/ance1 has nev] br\ght me 9 a six-p5ce2 b x has sp>$ me _m an exp5se4 ,! ord9>y man places 8 life's happ9ess 9 ?+s ext]nal to him1 9 prop]ty1 rank1 wife & *ildr51 fri5ds1 society1 & ! l1 s t :5 he loses !m or f9ds !m disappo9t+1 ! f\ndation ( 8 happ9ess is de/roy$4 ,9 o!r words1 8 c5tre ( gravity is n 9 himself2 x is con/antly *ang+ its place1 ) e wi% & :im4 ,if he is a man ( means1 "o day x w be 8 h\se 9 ! c\ntry1 ano!r buy+ horses1 or ent]ta9+ fri5ds1 or travel+1--a life1 9 %ort1 ( g5]al luxury1 ! reason be+ t he seeks 8 pleasure 9 ?+s outside him4 ,l "o ^: heal? & /r5g? are gone1 he tries to rega9 by ! use ( jellies & drugs1 in/ead ( by develop+ 8 own vital p[]1 ! true s\rce ( :at he has lo/4 ,be=e proce$+ to ! opposite1 let u comp>e ) ?is common type ! man :o comes midway betwe5 ! two1 end[$1 x may be1 n exactly ) di/+ui%$ p[]s ( m9d1 b ) some:at m ?an ! ord9>y am\nt ( intellect4 ,he w take a dilettante int]e/ 9 art1 or devote 8 att5tion to "s bran* ( sci5ce--botany1 = example1 or physics1 a/ronomy1 hi/ory1 & f9d a great deal ( pleasure 9 su* /udies1 & amuse himself ) !m :5 ext]nal =ces ( happ9ess are exhau/$ or fail to satisfy him any m4 ,( a man l ?is x may be said t 8 c5tre ( gravity is p>tly 9 himself4 ,b a dilettante int]e/ 9 art is a v diff]5t ?+ f creative activity2 & an amateur pursuit ( sci5ce is apt to be sup]ficial & n to p5etrate to ! he>t ( ! matt]4 ,a man _c entirely id5tify himself ) su* pursuits1 or h 8 :ole exi/5ce s completely fill$ & p]meat$ ) !m t he loses all int]e/ 9 ev]y?+ else4 ,x is only ! highe/ intellectual p[]1 :at we call g5ius1 t atta9s to ?is degree ( int5sity1 mak+ all "t & exi/5ce its !me1 & /riv+ to express its peculi> conception ( ! _w1 :e!r x contemplates life z ! subject ( poetry or ( philosophy4 ,h5ce1 undi/urb$ occupation ) himself1 8 own ?\ghts & works1 is a matt] ( urg5t necessity to su* a man2 solitude is welcome1 leisure is ! highe/ good1 & ev]y?+ else is unnecess>y1 nay1 ev5 burd5some4 ,?is is ! only type ( man ( :om x c be said t 8 c5tre ( gravity is entirely 9 himself2 :i* expla9s :y x is t p ( ?is sort--& !y are v r>e--no matt] h[ excell5t _! "* may be1 d n %[ t w>m & unlimit$ int]e/ 9 fri5ds1 family1 & ! community 9 g5]al1 ( :i* o!rs are s (t5 capable2 = if !y h only !mselves !y are n inconsolable = ! loss ( ev]y?+ else4 ,?is gives an isolation to _! "*1 :i* is all ! m effective s9ce o!r p nev] really q satisfy !m1 z be+1 on ! :ole1 ( a diff]5t nature3 nay m1 s9ce ?is diff]5ce is con/antly =c+ itself ^u _! notice !y get accu/om$ to move ab\t among/ mank9d z ali5 be+s1 & 9 ?9k+ ( humanity 9 g5]al1 to say !y in/ead ( we4 ,s ! conclusion we come to is t ! man :om nature has end[$ ) intellectual weal? is ! happie/2 s true x is t ! subjective conc]ns u m ?an ! objective2 = :atev] ! latt] may be1 x c "w only indirectly1 secondly1 & ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! =m]--a tru? f9ely express$ by ,lucian3-- ,greek3 ,ael\tos ho taes psy*aes pl\tus monos e/9 alae?aes ,talla de*ei ata5 pleiona ton kteanon--#a ,footnote #a3 ,epigrammata1 #ab4 ! weal? ( ! s\l is ! only true weal?1 = ) all o!r ri*es comes a bane ev5 great] ?an !y4 ,! man ( inn] weal? wants no?+ f outside b ! negative gift ( undi/urb$ leisure1 to develop & mature 8 intellectual faculties1 t is1 to enjoy 8 weal?2 9 %ort1 he wants p]mission to be himself1 8 :ole life long1 e day & e h\r4 ,if he is de/9$ to impress ! "* ( 8 m9d ^u a :ole race1 he has only "o measure ( happ9ess or unhapp9ess--to succe$ or fail 9 p]fect+ 8 p[]s & complet+ 8 "w4 ,all else is ( small consequ5ce4 ,accord+ly1 ! greate/ m9ds ( all ages h set ! highe/ value ^u undi/urb$ leisure1 z wor? exactly z mu* z ! man himself4 ,happ9ess appe>s to consi/ 9 leisure1 says ,ari/otle2#a & ,diog5es ,la]tius reports t ,socrates prais$ leisure z ! faire/ ( all possessions4 ,s1 9 ! ,ni*oma*ean ,e?ics1 ,ari/otle concludes t a life devot$ to philosophy is ! happie/2 or1 z he says 9 ! ,politics1#b ! free ex]cise ( any p[]1 :atev] x may be1 is happ9ess4 ,?is aga91 tallies ) :at ,goe! says 9 ,wilhelm ,mei/]3 ,! man :o is born ) a tal5t :i* he is meant to use1 f9ds 8 greate/ happ9ess 9 us+ x4 ,footnote #a3 ,e?4 ,ni*om4 x4 #g4 ,footnote #b3 iv4 #aa4 ,b to be 9 possession ( undi/urb$ leisure1 is f> f be+ ! common lot2 nay1 x is some?+ ali5 to human nature1 = ! ord9>y man's de/9y is to sp5d life 9 procur+ :at is necess>y = ! subsi/5ce ( himself & 8 family2 he is a son ( /ruggle & ne$1 n a free intellig5ce4 ,s p z a rule soon get tir$ ( undi/urb$ leisure1 & x becomes burd5some if !re are no fictiti\s & =c$ aims to occupy x1 play1 pa/ime & hobbies ( e k9d4 ,= ?is v reason x is full ( possible dang]1 & difficilis 9 otio quies is a true say+1--x is difficult to keep quiet if y h no?+ to d4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a measure ( intellect f> surpass+ ! ord9>y1 is z unnatural z x is abnormal4 ,b if x exi/s1 & ! man end[$ ) x is to be happy1 he w want precisely t undi/urb$ leisure :i* ! o!rs f9d burd5some or p]nici\s2 = )\t x he is a ,pegasus 9 h>ness1 & consequ5tly unhappy4 ,if ^! two unnatural circum/ances1 ext]nal1 & int]nal1 undi/urb$ leisure & great intellect1 happ5 to co9cide 9 ! same p]son1 x is a great piece ( =tune2 & if ! fate is s f> favorable1 a man c lead ! high] life1 ! life protect$ f ! two opposite s\rces ( human suff]+1 pa9 & bor$om1 f ! pa9ful /ruggle = exi/5ce1 & ! incapacity = endur+ leisure 7:i* is free exi/5ce itself7--evils :i* may be escap$ only by be+ mutually neutraliz$4 ,b !re is some?+ to be said 9 opposition to ?is view4 ,great intellectual gifts mean an activity pre-em95tly n]v\s 9 its "*1 & consequ5tly a v high degree ( susceptibility to pa9 9 e =m4 ,fur!r1 su* gifts imply an int5se temp]am5t1 l>g] & m vivid ideas1 :i*1 z ! insep>able accompanim5t ( great intellectual p[]1 entail on its possessor a correspond+ int5sity ( ! emotions1 mak+ !m incomp>ably m viol5t ?an ^? to :i* ! ord9>y man is a prey4 ,n[1 !re are m ?+s 9 ! _w productive ( pa9 ?an ( pleasure4 ,aga91 a l>ge end[m5t ( intellect t5ds to e/range ! man :o has x f o!r p & _! do+s2 = ! m a man has 9 himself1 ! less he w be able to f9d 9 !m2 & ! hundr$ ?+s 9 :i* !y take delight1 he w ?9k %all[ & insipid4 ,"h1 !n1 p]haps1 is ano!r in/ance ( t law ( comp5sation :i* makes itself felt ev]y:]e4 ,h[ (t5 "o he>s x said1 & said1 too1 ) "s plausibility1 t ! n>r[-m9d$ man is at bottom ! happie/1 ev5 ?\gh 8 =tune is un5viable4 ,i %all make no attempt to =e/all ! read]'s own judgm5t on ?is po9t2 m especially z ,sophocles himself has giv5 utt]ance to two diametrically opposite op9ions3-- ,greek3 ,pollo to phrone9 eudaimonias proton up>*ei4#a he says 9 "o place--wisdom is ! greate/ "p ( happ9ess2 & aga91 9 ano!r passage1 he decl>es t ! life ( ! ?\ghtless is ! mo/ pleasant ( all-- ,greek3 ,en ta phrone9 g> ma$5 a$i/os bios4#b ,! philosoph]s ( ! ,old ,te/am5t f9d !mselves 9 a l contradiction4 ,! life ( a fool is worse ?an dea?#c &-- ,9 mu* wisdom is mu* grief2 & he t increase? k increase? sorr[4#d ,footnote #a3 ,antigone1 #acdg-h4 ,footnote #b3 ,ajax1 #eed4 ,footnote #c3 ,ecclesia/icus1 xxii4 #aa4 ,footnote #d3 ,ecclesia/es1 i4 #ah4 ,i may rem>k1 h[ev]1 t a man :o has no m5tal ne$s1 because 8 intellect is ( ! n>r[ & normal am\nt1 is1 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w1 :at is call$ a phili/9e--an expression at fir/ peculi> to ! ,g]man language1 a k9d ( slang t]m at ! ,univ]sities1 aft]w>ds us$1 by analogy1 9 a high] s5se1 ?\gh /ill 9 its orig9al mean+1 z d5ot+ "o :o is n a ,son ( ! ,muses4 ,a phili/9e is & rema9s ,greek3 am\sos ana]4 ,i %\ld pref] to take a high] po9t ( view1 & apply ! t]m phili/9e to p :o are always s]i\sly occupi$ ) realities :i* are no realities2 b z su* a def9ition w\ld be a transc5d5tal "o1 & !re=e n g5]ally intelligible1 x w\ld h>dly be 9 place 9 ! pres5t treatise1 :i* aims at be+ popul>4 ,! o!r def9ition c be m easily elucidat$1 indicat+1 z x does1 satisfactorily en\gh1 ! ess5tial nature ( all ^? qualities :i* di/+ui% ! phili/9e4 ,he is def9$ to be a man )\t m5tal ne$s4 ,f ?is is foll[s1 fir/ly1 9 relation to himself1 t he has no intellectual pleasures2 =1 z 0 rem>k$ be=e1 !re are no real pleasures )\t real ne$s4 ,! phili/9e's life is animat$ by no desire to ga9 k & insight = _! own sake1 or to exp]i5ce t true aee/hetic pleasure :i* is s ne>ly ak9 to !m4 ,if pleasures ( ?is k9d are fa%ionable1 & ! phili/9e f9ds himself compell$ to pay att5tion to !m1 he w =ce himself to d s1 b he w take z little int]e/ 9 !m z possible4 ,8 only real pleasures are ( a s5sual k9d1 & he ?9ks t ^! indemnify him = ! loss ( ! o!rs4 ,to him oy/]s & *ampagne are ! height ( exi/5ce2 ! aim ( 8 life is to procure :at w contribute to 8 bodily welf>e1 & he is inde$ 9 a happy way if ?is causes him "s tr\ble4 ,if ! luxuries ( life are heap$ ^u him1 he w inevitably be bor$1 & aga9/ bor$om he has a great _m fanci$ rem$ies1 balls1 !atres1 p>ties1 c>ds1 gambl+1 horses1 wom51 dr9k+1 travel+ & s on2 all ( :i* c n protect a man f be+ bor$1 = :]e !re are no intellectual ne$s1 no intellectual pleasures are possible4 ,! peculi> *>act]i/ic ( ! phili/9e is a dull1 dry k9d ( gravity1 ak9 to t ( animals4 ,no?+ really pleases1 or excites1 or int]e/s him1 = s5sual pleasure is quickly exhau/$1 & ! society ( phili/9es soon becomes burd5some1 & "o may ev5 get tir$ ( play+ c>ds4 ,true1 ! pleasures ( vanity are left1 pleasures :i* he enjoys 9 8 own way1 ei!r by feel+ himself sup]ior 9 po9t ( weal?1 or rank1 or influ5ce & p[] to o!r p1 :o !reupon pay him honor2 or1 at any rate1 by go+ ab\t ) ^? :o h a sup]fluity ( ^! bless+s1 sunn+ himself 9 ! reflection ( _! spl5dor--:at ! ,engli% call a snob4 ,f ! ess5tial nature ( ! phili/9e x foll[s1 secondly1 9 reg>d to o!rs1 t1 z he possesses no intellectual1 b only physical ne$1 he w seek ! society ( ^? :o c satisfy ! latt]1 b n ! =m]4 ,! la/ ?+ he w expect f 8 fri5ds is ! possession ( any sort ( intellectual capacity2 nay1 if he *ances to meet ) x1 x w r\se 8 antipa?y & ev5 hatr$2 simply because 9 addition to an unpleasant s5se ( inf]iority1 he exp]i5ces1 9 8 he>t1 a dull k9d ( envy1 :i* has to be c>efully conceal$ ev5 f himself4 ,nev]!less1 x sometimes gr[s into a secret feel+ ( rancor4 ,b = all t1 x w nev] occur to him to make 8 own ideas ( wor? or value con=m to ! /&>d ( su* qualities2 he w cont9ue to give ! pref]5ce to rank & ri*es1 p[] & influ5ce1 :i* 9 8 eyes seem to be ! only g5u9e advantages 9 ! _w2 & 8 wi% w be to excel 9 !m himself4 ,all ?is is ! consequ5ce ( 8 be+ a man )\t intellectual ne$s4 ,! great affliction ( all phili/9es is t !y h no int]e/ 9 ideas1 & t1 to escape be+ bor$1 !y are 9 con/ant ne$ ( realities4 ,b realities are ei!r unsatisfactory or dang]\s2 :5 !y lose _! int]e/1 !y become fatigu+4 ,b ! ideal _w is illimitable & calm1 some?+ af> ,f ! sph]e ( our sorr[4 ,,note4--,9 ^! rem>ks on ! p]sonal qualities :i* g to make happ9ess1 ,i h be5 ma9ly conc]n$ ) ! physical & intellectual nature ( man4 ,= an acc\nt ( ! direct & imm$iate influ5ce ( morality ^u happ9ess1 let me ref] to my prize essay on ,! ,f\ndation ( ,morals 7,sec4 #bb47 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,prop]ty1 ,,or ,,:at ,a ,,man ,,has4 ,epicurus divides ! ne$s ( mank9d into ?ree classes1 & ! division made by ?is great pr(essor ( happ9ess is a true & a f9e "o4 ,fir/ come natural & necess>y ne$s1 su* z1 :5 n satisfi$1 produce pa91--food & clo?+1 victus et amictus1 ne$s :i* c easily be satisfi$4 ,secondly1 !re are ^? ne$s :i*1 ?\gh natural1 are n necess>y1 su* z ! gratification ( c]ta9 ( ! s5ses4 ,i may add1 h[ev]1 t 9 ! report giv5 by ,diog5es ,la]tius1 ,epicurus does n m5tion :i* ( ! s5ses he means2 s t on ?is po9t my acc\nt ( 8 doctr9e is some:at m def9ite & exact ?an ! orig9al4 ,^! are ne$s r m difficult to satisfy4 ,! ?ird class consi/s ( ne$s :i* are nei!r natural nor necess>y1 ! ne$ ( luxury & prodigality1 %[ & spl5dor1 :i* nev] come to an end1 & are v h>d to satisfy4#a ,footnote #a3 ,cf4 ,diog5es ,la]tius1 ,bk4 x41 *4 xxvii41 pp4 #abg & #adi2 also ,cic]o de f9ibus1 i41 #ac4 ,x is difficult1 if n impossible1 to def9e ! limits :i* reason %\ld impose on ! desire = weal?2 = !re is no absolute or def9ite am\nt ( weal? :i* w satisfy a man4 ,! am\nt is always relative1 t is to say1 j s mu* z w ma9ta9 ! proportion betwe5 :at he wants & :at he gets2 = to measure a man's happ9ess only by :at he gets1 & n also by :at he expects to get1 is z futile z to try & express a fraction :i* %all h a num]ator b no d5om9ator4 ,a man nev] feels ! loss ( ?+s :i* x nev] occurs to him to ask =2 he is j z happy )\t !m2 :il/ ano!r1 :o may h a hundr$ times z mu*1 feels mis]able because he has n got ! "o ?+ he wants4 ,9 fact1 "h too1 e man has an horizon ( 8 own1 & he w expect z mu* z he ?9ks x is possible = him to get4 ,if an object )9 8 horizon looks z ?\gh he c\ld confid5tly reckon on gett+ x1 he is happy2 b if difficulties come 9 ! way1 he is mis]able4 ,:at lies beyond 8 horizon has no effect at all ^u him4 ,s x is t ! va/ possessions ( ! ri* d n agitate ! poor1 & conv]sely1 t a weal?y man is n consol$ by all 8 weal? = ! failure ( 8 hopes4 ,ri*es1 "o may say1 are l sea-wat]2 ! m y dr9k ! ?ir/i] y become2 & ! same is true ( fame4 ,! loss ( weal? & prosp]ity leaves a man1 z soon z ! fir/ pangs ( grief are ov]1 9 v mu* ! same habitual temp] z be=e2 & ! reason ( ?is is1 t z soon z fate dim9i%es ! am\nt ( 8 possessions1 he himself imm$iately r$uces ! am\nt ( 8 claims4 ,b :5 mis=tune comes ^u u1 to r$uce ! am\nt ( our claims is j :at is mo/ pa9ful2 once t we h done s1 ! pa9 becomes less & less1 & is felt no m2 l an old w\nd :i* has heal$4 ,conv]sely1 :5 a piece ( good =tune befalls u1 our claims m\nt high] & high]1 z !re is no?+ to regulate !m2 x is 9 ?is feel+ ( expansion t ! delight ( x lies4 ,b x la/s no long] ?an ! process itself1 & :5 ! expansion is complete1 ! delight ceases2 we h become accu/om$ to ! increase 9 our claims1 & consequ5tly indiff]5t to ! am\nt ( weal? :i* satisfies !m4 ,!re is a passage 9 ! ,odyssey#a illu/rat+ ?is tru?1 ( :i* ,i may quote ! la/ two l9es3 ,greek3 ,toios g> noos e/9 epi*?onion an?ropon ,oion e? aem> agei pata] &ron te !\ te --! ?\ghts ( man t dwells on ! e>? are z ! day grant$ him by ! fa!r ( gods & m54 ,discont5t spr+s f a con/ant endeavor to increase ! am\nt ( our claims1 :5 we are p[]less to increase ! am\nt :i* w satisfy !m4 ,footnote #a3 xviii41 #acj-g4 ,:5 we consid] h[ full ( ne$s ! human race is1 h[ its :ole exi/5ce is bas$ ^u !m1 x is n a matt] = surprise t weal? is held 9 m s9c]e e/eem1 nay1 9 great] honor1 ?an any?+ else 9 ! _w2 nor ought we to wond] t ga9 is made ! only good ( life1 & ev]y?+ t does n lead to x pu%$ aside or ?r[n ov]bo>d--philosophy1 = in/ance1 by ^? :o pr(ess x4 ,p are (t5 reproa*$ = wi%+ = money above all ?+s1 & = lov+ x m ?an any?+ else2 b x is natural & ev5 inevitable = p to love t :i*1 l an unwe>i$ ,proteus1 is always ready to turn itself into :atev] object _! w&]+ wi%es or manifold desires may = ! mom5t fix ^u4 ,ev]y?+ else c satisfy only "o wi%1 "o ne$3 food is good only if y are hungry2 w9e1 if y are able to enjoy x2 drugs1 if y are sick2 fur = ! w9t]2 love = y\?1 & s on4 ,^! are all only relatively good1 ,greek3 aga?a pros ti4 ,money alone is absolutely good1 because x is n only a concrete satisfaction ( "o ne$ 9 p>ticul>2 x is an ab/ract satisfaction ( all4 ,if a man has an indep5d5t =tune1 he %\ld reg>d x z a bulw>k aga9/ ! _m evils & mis=tunes :i* he may enc\nt]2 he %\ld n look ^u x z giv+ him leave to get :at pleasure he c out ( ! _w1 or z r5d]+ x incumb5t ^u him to sp5d x 9 ?is way4 ,p :o are n born ) a =tune1 b end by mak+ a l>ge "o ?r\gh ! ex]cise ( :atev] tal5ts !y possess1 almo/ always come to ?9k t _! tal5ts are _! capital1 & t ! money !y h ga9$ is m]ely ! int]e/ ^u x2 !y d n lay by a "p ( _! e>n+s to =m a p]man5t capital1 b sp5d _! money mu* z !y h e>n$ x4 ,accord+ly1 !y (t5 fall into pov]ty2 _! e>n+s decreas$1 or come to an end altoge!r1 ei!r because _! tal5t is exhau/$ by becom+ antiquat$1--z1 = in/ance1 v (t5 happ5s 9 ! case ( f9e art2 or else x 0 valid only "u a special conjunction ( circum/ances :i* has n[ pass$ away4 ,!re is no?+ to prev5t ^? :o live on ! common labor ( _! h&s f treat+ _! e>n+s 9 t way if !y l2 because _! k9d ( skill is n likely to disappe>1 or1 if x does1 x c be replac$ by t ( _! fell[-workm52 morev]1 ! k9d ( "w !y d is always 9 dem&2 s t :at ! prov]b says is q true1 a useful trade is a m9e ( gold4 ,b ) arti/s & pr(essionals ( e k9d ! case is q diff]5t1 & t is ! reason :y !y are well paid4 ,!y ought to build up a capital out ( _! e>n+s2 b !y recklessly look ^u !m z m]ely int]e/1 & end 9 ru94 ,on ! o!r h&1 p :o inh]it money "k1 at lea/1 h[ to di/+ui% betwe5 capital & int]e/1 & mo/ ( !m try to make _! capital secure & n encroa* ^u x2 nay1 if !y c1 !y put by at lea/ an eigh? ( _! int]e/s 9 ord] to meet future cont+5cies4 ,s mo/ ( !m ma9ta9 _! position4 ,^! few rem>ks ab\t capital & int]e/ are n applicable to comm]cial life1 = m]*ants look ^u money only z a means ( fur!r ga91 j z a workman reg>ds 8 tools2 s ev5 if _! capital has be5 entirely ! result ( _! own ef=ts1 !y try to pres]ve & increase x by us+ x4 ,accord+ly1 weal? is n[h]e s mu* at home z 9 ! m]*ant class4 ,x w g5]ally be f\nd t ^? :o "k :at x is to h be5 9 ne$ & de/itution are v mu* less afraid ( x1 & consequ5tly m incl9$ to extravagance1 ?an ^? :o "k pov]ty only by he>say4 ,p :o h be5 born & br$ 9 good circum/ances are z a rule mu* m c>eful ab\t ! future1 m economical1 9 fact1 ?an ^? :o1 by a piece ( good luck1 h sudd5ly pass$ f pov]ty to weal?4 ,?is looks z if pov]ty 7 n really su* a v wret*$ ?+ z x appe>s f a di/ance4 ,! true reason1 h[ev]1 is r ! fact t ! man :o has be5 born into a position ( weal? comes to look ^u x z some?+ )\t :i* he c\ld no m live ?an he c\ld live )\t air2 he gu>ds x z he does 8 v life2 & s he is g5]ally a lov] ( ord]1 prud5t & economical4 ,b ! man :o has be5 born into a poor position looks ^u x z ! natural "o1 & if by any *ance he comes 9 = a =tune1 he reg>ds x z a sup]fluity1 some?+ to be enjoy$ or wa/$1 because1 if x comes to an end1 he c get on j z well z be=e1 ) "o anxiety ! less2 or1 z ,%akespe>e says 9 ,h5ry ,,vi41#a 4444 ! adage mu/ be v]ifi$ ,t begg>s m\nt$ run _! horse to dea?4 ,footnote #a3 ,"p ,,iii41 ,act #a41 ,sc4 #d4 ,b x %\ld be said t p ( ?is k9d h a firm & excessive tru/1 p>tly 9 fate1 p>tly 9 ! peculi> means :i* h already rais$ !m out ( ne$ & pov]ty1--a tru/ n only ( ! head1 b ( ! he>t also2 & s !y d n1 l ! man born ri*1 look ^u ! %all[s ( pov]ty z bottomless1 b console !mselves ) ! ?\ght t once !y h t\*$ gr\nd aga91 !y c take ano!r upw>d flight4 ,x is ?is trait 9 human "* :i* expla9s ! fact t wom5 :o 7 poor be=e _! m>riage (t5 make great] claims1 & are m extravagant1 ?an ^? :o h br\ght _! husb&s a ri* d[ry2 because1 z a rule1 ri* girls br+ ) !m1 n only a =tune1 b also m eag]ness1 nay1 m ( ! inh]it$ in/9ct1 to pres]ve x1 ?an poor girls d4 ,if anyone d\bts ! tru? ( ?is1 & ?9ks t x is j ! opposite1 he w f9d au?ority = 8 view 9 ,ario/o's fir/ ,satire2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 ,dr4 ,johnson agrees ) my op9ion4 ,a woman ( =tune1 he says1 be+ us$ to ! h&l+ ( money1 sp5ds x judici\sly2 b a woman :o gets ! comm& ( money = ! fir/ "t ^u h] m>riage1 has su* a gu/o 9 sp5d+ x1 t %e ?r[s x away ) great pr(usion4#a ,& 9 any case let me advise anyone :o m>ries a poor girl n to leave h] ! capital b only ! int]e/1 & to take especial c>e t %e has n ! managem5t ( ! *ildr5's =tune4 ,footnote #a3 ,boswell's ,life ( ,johnson3 ann3 #aggf1 aetat3 #fg4 ,i d n by any means ?9k t ,i am t\*+ ^u a subject :i* is n wor? my :ile to m5tion :5 ,i recomm5d p to be c>eful to pres]ve :at !y h e>n$ or inh]it$4 ,= to />t life ) j z mu* z w make "o indep5d5t1 t is1 all[ "o to live com=tably )\t hav+ to "w--ev5 if "o has only j en\gh = oneself1 n to speak ( a family--is an advantage :i* _c be ov]-e/imat$2 = x means exemption & immunity f t *ronic disease ( p5ury1 :i* fa/5s on ! life ( man l a plague2 x is emancipation f t =c$ labor :i* is ! natural lot ( e mortal4 ,only "u a favorable fate l ?is c a man be said to be born free1 to be1 9 ! prop] s5se ( ! ^w1 sui juris1 ma/] ( 8 own "t & p[]s1 & able to say e morn+1 ,?is day is my own4 ,& j = ! same reason ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! man :o has a hundr$ a ye> & ! man :o has a ?\s&1 is inf9itely small] ?an ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! =m] & a man :o has no?+ at all4 ,b inh]it$ weal? rea*es its utmo/ value :5 x falls to ! individual end[$ ) m5tal p[]s ( a high ord]1 :o is resolv$ to pursue a l9e ( life n compatible ) ! mak+ ( money2 = he is !n d\bly end[$ by fate & c live = 8 g5ius2 & he w pay 8 debt to mank9d a hundr$ times1 by a*iev+ :at no o!r c\ld a*ieve1 by produc+ "s "w :i* contributes to ! g5]al good1 & r$\nds to ! honor ( humanity at l>ge4 ,ano!r1 aga91 may use 8 weal? to fur!r philan?ropic s*emes1 & make himself well-des]v+ ( 8 fell[m54 ,b a man :o does none ( ^! ?+s1 :o does n ev5 try to d !m1 :o nev] attempts to le>n ! rudim5ts ( any bran* ( k s t he may at lea/ d :at he c t[>ds promot+ x--su* a "o1 born z he is into ri*es1 is a m]e idl] & ?ief ( "t1 a contemptible fell[4 ,he w n ev5 be happy1 because1 9 8 case1 exemption f ne$ deliv]s him up to ! o!r extreme ( human suff]+1 bor$om1 :i* is su* m>tyrdom to him1 t he w\ld h be5 bett] (f if pov]ty _h giv5 him some?+ to d4 ,& z he is bor$ he is apt to be extravagant1 & s lose ! advantage ( :i* he %[$ himself unwor?y4 ,c\ntless numb]s ( p f9d !mselves 9 want1 simply because1 :5 !y _h money1 !y sp5t x only to get mom5t>y relief f ! feel+ ( bor$om :i* oppress$ !m4 ,x is q ano!r matt] if "o's object is success 9 political life1 :]e favor1 fri5ds & connections are all-important1 9 ord] to m\nt by _! aid /ep by /ep on ! ladd] ( promotion1 & p]haps ga9 ! topmo/ rung4 ,9 ?is k9d ( life1 x is mu* bett] to be ca/ ^u ! _w )\t a p5ny2 & if ! aspirant is n ( noble family1 b is a man ( "s tal5t1 x w r$\nd to 8 advantage to be an absolute paup]4 ,= :at e "o mo/ aims at 9 ord9>y contact ) 8 fell[s is to prove !m inf]ior to himself2 & h[ mu* m is ?is ! case 9 politics4 ,n[1 x is only an absolute paup] :o has su* a ?or\gh conviction ( 8 own complete1 pr(\nd & positive inf]iority f e po9t ( view1 ( 8 own utt] insignificance & wor?lessness1 t he c take 8 place quietly 9 ! political ma*9e4#a ,he is ! only "o :o c keep on b[+ l[ en\gh1 & ev5 g "r d[n ^u 8 face if necess>y2 he alone c submit to ev]y?+ & laugh at x2 he alone kn[s ! entire wor?lessness ( m]it2 he alone uses 8 l\de/ voice & 8 bolde/ type :5ev] he has to speak or write ( ^? :o are plac$ ov] 8 head1 or occupy any position ( influ5ce2 & if !y d a little scribbl+1 he is ready to applaud x z a ma/]work4 ,he alone und]/&s h[ to beg1 & s betimes1 :5 he is h>dly out ( 8 boyhood1 he becomes a high prie/ ( t hidd5 my/]y :i* ,goe! br+s to light4 ,ub]'s ,ni$]tr*tige ,niem& si* beklage3 ,d5n es i/ das ,ma*tige ,0 man dir au* sage3 --x is no use to compla9 ( l[ aims2 =1 :atev] p may say1 !y rule ! _w4 ,footnote #a3 ,translator's ,note4--,s*op5hau] is probably "h mak+ "o ( 8 mo/ virul5t attacks ^u ,hegel2 9 ?is case on acc\nt ( :at he ?\ght to be ! philosoph]'s abject s]vility to ! gov]nm5t ( 8 day4 ,?\gh ! ,hegelian sy/em has be5 ! fruitful "m ( _m lib]al ideas1 !re c be no d\bt t ,hegel's influ5ce1 9 8 own lifetime1 0 an effective support ( ,prussian bureaucracy4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! man :o is born ) en\gh to live ^u is g5]ally ( a some:at indep5d5t turn ( m9d2 he is accu/om$ to keep 8 head up2 he has n le>n$ all ! arts ( ! begg>2 p]haps he ev5 presumes a little ^u ! possession ( tal5ts :i*1 z he ought to "k1 c nev] compete ) cr++ m$iocrity2 9 ! long run he comes to recognize ! inf]iority ( ^? :o are plac$ ov] 8 head1 & :5 !y try to put insults ^u him1 he becomes refractory & %y4 ,?is is n ! way to get on 9 ! _w4 ,nay1 su* a man may at lea/ incl9e to ! op9ion freely express$ by ,voltaire3 ,we h only two days to live2 x is n wor? our :ile to sp5d !m 9 cr++ to contemptible rascals4 ,b alas6 let me obs]ve by ! way1 t contemptible rascal is an attribute :i* may be pr$icat$ ( an abom9able numb] ( p4 ,:at ,juv5al says--x is difficult to rise if y\r pov]ty is great] ?an y\r tal5t-- ,haud facile em]gunt quorum virtutibus ob/at ,res angu/a domi-- is m applicable to a c>e] ( art & lit]ature ?an to a political & social ambition4 ,wife & *ildr5 ,i h n reckon$ among/ a man's possessions3 he is r 9 _! possession4 ,x w\ld be easi] to include fri5ds "u t head2 b a man's fri5ds belong to him n a :it m ?an he belongs to !m4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,position1 ,,or ,a ,,man',s ,,place ,,9 ,,! ,,e/imation ,,( ,,o!rs4 ,section #a4--,reputation4 ,by a peculi> weakness ( human nature1 p g5]ally ?9k too mu* ab\t ! op9ion :i* o!rs =m ( !m2 al?\gh ! slighte/ reflection w %[ t ?is op9ion1 :atev] x may be1 is n 9 itself ess5tial to happ9ess4 ,!re=e x is h>d to und]/& :y ev]ybody feels s v pleas$ :5 he sees t o!r p h a good op9ion ( him1 or say any?+ flatt]+ to 8 vanity4 ,if y /roke a cat1 x w purr2 &1 z inevitably1 if y praise a man1 a sweet expression ( delight w appe> on 8 face2 & ev5 ?\gh ! praise is a palpable lie1 x w be welcome1 if ! matt] is "o on :i* he prides himself4 ,if only o!r p w applaud him1 a man may console himself = d[nright mis=tune or = ! pittance he gets f ! two s\rces ( human happ9ess already discuss$3 & conv]sely1 x is a/oni%+ h[ infallibly a man w be annoy$1 & 9 "s cases deeply pa9$1 by any wrong done to 8 feel+ ( self-importance1 :atev] be ! nature1 degree1 or circum/ances ( ! injury1 or by any depreciation1 slight1 or disreg>d4 ,if ! feel+ ( honor re/s ^u ?is peculi>ity ( human nature1 x may h a v salut>y effect ^u ! welf>e ( a great _m p1 z a sub/itute = morality2 b ^u _! happ9ess1 m especially ^u t peace ( m9d & indep5d5ce :i* are s ess5tial to happ9ess1 its effect w be di/urb+ & prejudicial r ?an salut>y4 ,!re=e x is advisable1 f our po9t ( view1 to set limits to ?is weakness1 & duly to consid] & rightly to e/imate ! relative value ( advantages1 & ?us temp]1 z f> z possible1 ?is great susceptibility to o!r p's op9ion1 :e!r ! op9ion be "o flatt]+ to our vanity1 or :e!r x causes u pa92 = 9 ei!r case x is ! same feel+ :i* is t\*$4 ,o!rwise1 a man is ! slave ( :at o!r p are pleas$ to ?9k1--& h[ little x requires to disconc]t or soo! ! m9d t is gre$y ( praise3 ,sic leve1 sic p>vum e/1 animum quod laudis av>um ,subruit ac reficit4#a ,footnote #a3 ,horace1 ,epi/3 ,,ii41 #a1 #ahj4 ,!re=e x w v mu* conduce to our happ9ess if we duly comp>e ! value ( :at a man is 9 & = himself ) :at he is 9 ! eyes ( o!rs4 ,"u ! =m] conies ev]y?+ t fills up ! span ( our exi/5ce & makes x :at x is1 9 %ort1 all ! advantages already consid]$ & summ$ up "u ! heads ( p]sonality & prop]ty2 & ! sph]e 9 :i* all ?is takes place is ! man's own consci\sness4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! sph]e ( :at we are = o!r p is _! consci\sness1 n ours2 x is ! k9d ( figure we make 9 _! eyes1 toge!r ) ! ?\ghts :i* ?is ar\ses4#a ,b ?is is some?+ :i* has no direct & imm$iate exi/5ce = u1 b c affect u only m$iately & indirectly1 s f>1 t is1 z o!r p's behavior t[>ds u is direct$ by x2 & ev5 !n x ought to affect u only 9 s f> z x c move u to modify :at we are 9 & = ourselves4 ,ap>t f ?is1 :at goes on 9 o!r p's consci\sness is1 z su*1 a matt] ( indiff]5ce to u2 & 9 "t we get really indiff]5t to x1 :5 we come to see h[ sup]ficial & futile are mo/ p's ?\ghts1 h[ n>r[ _! ideas1 h[ mean _! s5tim5ts1 h[ p]v]se _! op9ions1 & h[ mu* ( error !re is 9 mo/ ( !m2 :5 we le>n by exp]i5ce ) :at depreciation a man w speak ( 8 fell[1 :5 he is n oblig$ to fe> him1 or ?9ks t :at he says w n come to 8 e>s4 ,& if ev] we h _h an opportunity ( see+ h[ ! greate/ ( m5 w meet ) no?+ b slight f half-a-doz5 blockheads1 we %all und]/& t to lay great value ^u :at o!r p say is to pay !m too mu* honor4 ,footnote #a3 ,let me rem>k t p 9 ! highe/ positions 9 life1 ) all _! brilliance1 pomp1 display1 magnific5ce & g5]al %[1 may well say3--,our happ9ess lies entirely outside u2 = x exi/s only 9 ! heads ( o!rs4 ,at all ev5ts1 a man is 9 a v bad way1 :o f9ds no s\rce ( happ9ess 9 ! fir/ two classes ( bless+s already treat$ (1 b has to seek x 9 ! ?ird1 9 o!r words1 n 9 :at he is 9 himself1 b 9 :at he is 9 ! op9ion ( o!rs4 ,=1 aft] all1 ! f\ndation ( our :ole nature1 &1 !re=e1 ( our happ9ess1 is our physique1 & ! mo/ ess5tial factor 9 happ9ess is heal?1 &1 next 9 importance aft] heal?1 ! ability to ma9ta9 ourselves 9 indep5d5ce & fre$om f c>e4 ,!re c be no competition or comp5sation betwe5 ^! ess5tial factors on ! "o side1 & honor1 pomp1 rank & reputation on ! o!r1 h[ev] mu* value we may set ^u ! latt]4 ,no "o w\ld hesitate to sacrifice ! latt] = ! =m]1 if x 7 necess>y4 ,we %\ld add v mu* to our happ9ess by a timely recognition ( ! simple tru? t e man's *ief & real exi/5ce is 9 8 own sk91 & n 9 o!r p's op9ions2 &1 consequ5tly1 t ! actual conditions ( our p]sonal life1--heal?1 temp]am5t1 capacity1 income1 wife1 *ildr51 fri5ds1 home1 are a hundr$ times m important = our happ9ess ?an :at o!r p are pleas$ to ?9k ( u3 o!rwise we %all be mis]able4 ,& if p insi/ t honor is de>] ?an life itself1 :at !y really mean is t exi/5ce & well-be+ are z no?+ comp>$ ) o!r p's op9ions4 ,( c\rse1 ?is may be only an exagg]at$ way ( /at+ ! prosaic tru? t reputation1 t is1 ! op9ion o!rs h ( u1 is indisp5sable if we are to make any progress 9 ! _w2 b ,i %all come back to t pres5tly4 ,:5 we see t almo/ ev]y?+ m5 devote _! lives to atta91 sp>+ no ef=t & enc\nt]+ a ?\s& toils & dang]s 9 ! process1 has1 9 ! end1 no fur!r object ?an to raise !mselves 9 ! e/imation ( o!rs2 :5 we see t n only (fices1 titles1 decorations1 b also weal?1 nay1 ev5 k#a & art1 are /riv5 = only to obta91 z ! ultimate goal ( all ef=t1 great] respect f "o's fell[m51--is n ?is a lam5table pro( ( ! ext5t to :i* human folly c g8 ,to set mu* too high a value on o!r p's op9ion is a common error ev]y:]e2 an error1 x may be1 root$ 9 human nature itself1 or ! result ( civilization1 & social arrangem5ts g5]ally2 b1 :atev] its s\rce1 x ex]cises a v immod]ate influ5ce on all we d1 & is v prejudicial to our happ9ess4 ,we c trace x f a timor\s & slavi% reg>d = :at o!r p w say1 up to ! feel+ :i* made ,virg9ius plunge ! dagg] into 8 daught]'s he>t1 or induces _m a man to sacrifice quiet1 ri*es1 heal? & ev5 life itself1 = po/hum\s glory4 ,und\bt$ly ?is feel+ is a v conv5i5t in/rum5t 9 ! h&s ( ^? :o h ! control or direction ( _! fell[m52 & accord+ly we f9d t 9 e s*eme = tra9+ up humanity 9 ! way x %\ld g1 ! ma9t5ance & /r5g!n+ ( ! feel+ ( honor occupies an important place4 ,b x is q a diff]5t matt] 9 its effect on human happ9ess1 ( :i* x is "h our object to treat2 & we %\ld r be c>eful to dissuade p f sett+ too mu* /ore by :at o!rs ?9k ( !m4 ,daily exp]i5ce %[s u1 h[ev]1 t ?is is j ! mi/ake p p]si/ 9 mak+2 mo/ m5 set ! utmo/ value precisely on :at o!r p ?9k1 & are m conc]n$ ab\t x ?an ab\t :at goes on 9 _! own consci\sness1 :i* is ! ?+ mo/ imm$iately & directly pres5t to !m4 ,!y rev]se ! natural ord]1--reg>d+ ! op9ions ( o!rs z real exi/5ce & _! own consci\sness z some?+ %ad[y2 mak+ ! d]ivative & second>y into ! pr9cipal1 & consid]+ ! picture !y pres5t to ! _w ( m importance ?an _! own selves4 ,by ?us try+ to get a direct & imm$iate result out ( :at has no really direct or imm$iate exi/5ce1 !y fall into ! k9d ( folly :i* is call$ vanity--! appropriate t]m = t :i* has no solid or in/r9sic value4 ,l a mis]1 su* p =get ! end 9 _! eag]ness to obta9 ! means4 ,footnote #a3 ,scire tuum nihil e/ nisi te scire hoc sciat alt]1 7,p]s9s i1 #bg7--k is no use unless o!rs "k t y h x4 ,! tru? is t ! value we set ^u ! op9ion ( o!rs1 & our con/ant endeavor 9 respect ( x1 are ea* q out ( proportion to any result we may reasonably hope to atta92 s t ?is att5tion to o!r p's attitude may be reg>d$ z a k9d ( univ]sal mania :i* e "o inh]its4 ,9 all we d1 almo/ ! fir/ ?+ we ?9k ab\t is1 :at w p say2 & ne>ly half ! tr\bles & bo!rs ( life may be trac$ to our anxiety on ?is score2 x is ! anxiety :i* is at ! bottom ( all t feel+ ( self-importance1 :i* is s (t5 mortifi$ because x is s v morbidly s5sitive4 ,x is solicitude ab\t :at o!rs w say t und]lies all our vanity & pret5sion1 yes1 & all our %[ & swagg] too4 ,)\t x1 !re w\ld n be a t5? "p ( ! luxury :i* exi/s4 ,pride 9 e =m1 po9t d'honneur & punctilio1 h[ev] v>i$ _! k9d or sph]e1 are at bottom no?+ b ?is--anxiety ab\t :at o!rs w say--& :at sacrifices x co/s6 ,"o c see x ev5 9 a *ild2 & ?\gh x exi/s at e p]iod ( life1 x is /ronge/ 9 age2 because1 :5 ! capacity = s5sual pleasure fails1 vanity & pride h only av>ice to %>e _! dom9ion4 ,fr5*m51 p]haps1 af=d ! be/ example ( ?is feel+1 & among/ !m x is a regul> epidemic1 appe>+ sometimes 9 ! mo/ absurd ambition1 or 9 a ridicul\s k9d ( national vanity & ! mo/ %ameless boa/+4 ,h[ev]1 !y fru/rate _! own ga9s1 = o!r p make fun ( !m & call !m la gr&e nation4 ,by way ( specially illu/rat+ ?is p]v]se & exub]ant respect = o!r p's op9ion1 let me take passage f ! ,times ( ,m>* #ca/1 #ahdf1 giv+ a detail$ acc\nt ( ! execution ( "o ,?omas ,wix1 an appr5tice :o1 f motives ( v5geance1 _h murd]$ 8 ma/]4 ,"h we h v unusual circum/ances & an extraord9>y "*1 ?\gh "o v suitable = our purpose2 & ^! comb9e to give a /rik+ picture ( ?is folly1 :i* is s deeply root$ 9 human nature1 & all[ u to =m an accurate notion ( ! ext5t to :i* x w g4 ,on ! morn+ ( ! execution1 says ! report1 ! rev4 ord9>y 0 e>ly 9 att5dance ^u him1 b ,wix1 beyond a quiet demeanor1 betray$ no int]e/ 9 8 m9i/rations1 appe>+ to feel anxi\s only to acquit himself bravely be=e ! spectators ( 8 ignom99\s end4444 ,9 ! procession ,wix fell into 8 prop] place ) alacrity1 &1 z he ent]$ ! ,*apel-y>d1 rem>k$1 suffici5tly l\d to be he>d by sev]al p]sons ne> him1 ,n[1 !n1 z ,dr4 ,dodd said1 ,i %all soon "k ! gr& secret4 ,on rea*+ ! scaffold1 ! mis]able wret* m\nt$ ! drop )\t ! slighte/ assi/ance1 & :5 he got to ! c5tre1 he b[$ to ! spectators twice1 a proce$+ :i* call$ =? a trem5d\s *e] f ! degrad$ cr[d b5ea?4 ,?is is an admirable example ( ! way 9 :i* a man1 ) dea? 9 ! mo/ dreadful =m be=e 8 v eyes1 & et]nity beyond x1 w c>e = no?+ b ! impression he makes ^u a cr[d ( gap]s1 & ! op9ion he leaves beh9d him 9 _! heads4 ,!re 0 mu* ! same k9d ( ?+ 9 ! case ( ,lecompte1 :o 0 execut$ at ,frankfurt1 also 9 #ahdf1 = an attempt on ! k+'s life4 ,at ! trial he 0 v mu* annoy$ t he 0 n all[$ to appe>1 9 dec5t attire1 be=e ! ,upp] ,h\se2 & on ! day ( ! execution x 0 a special grief to him t he 0 n p]mitt$ to %ave4 ,x is n only 9 rec5t times t ?is k9d ( ?+ has be5 kn[n to happ54 ,mateo ,aleman tells u1 9 ! ,introduction to 8 celebrat$ romance1 ,juzman de ,alf>a*e1 t _m infatuat$ crim9als1 in/ead ( devot+ _! la/ h\rs to ! welf>e ( _! s\ls1 z !y ought to h done1 neglect ?is duty = ! purpose ( prep>+ & committ+ to memory a spee* to be made f ! scaffold4 ,i take ^! extreme cases z be+ ! be/ illu/rations to :at ,i mean2 = !y give u a magnifi$ reflection ( our own nature4 ,! anxieties ( all ( u1 our worries1 vexations1 bo!rs1 tr\bles1 uneasy appreh5sions & /r5u\s ef=ts are due1 9 p]haps ! l>ge majority ( in/ances1 to :at o!r p w say2 & we are j z fooli% 9 ?is respect z ^? mis]able crim9als4 ,envy & hatr$ are v (t5 traceable to a simil> s\rce4 ,n[1 x is obvi\s t happ9ess1 :i* consi/s = ! mo/ "p 9 peace ( m9d & cont5tm5t1 w\ld be s]v$ by no?+ s mu* z by r$uc+ ?is impulse ( human nature )9 reasonable limits1--:i* w\ld p]haps make x "o fiftie? "p ( :at x is n[4 ,by do+ s1 we %\ld get rid ( a ?orn 9 ! fle% :i* is always caus+ u pa94 ,b x is a v difficult task1 because ! impulse 9 "q is a natural & innate p]v]sity ( human nature4 ,tacitus says1 ,! lu/ ( fame is ! la/ t a wise man %akes (f#a ,! only way ( putt+ an end to ?is univ]sal folly is to see cle>ly t x is a folly2 & ?is may be done by recogniz+ ! fact t mo/ ( ! op9ions 9 m5's heads are apt to be false1 p]v]se1 errone\s & absurd1 & s 9 !mselves unwor?y ( att5tion2 fur!r1 t o!r p's op9ions c h v little real & positive influ5ce ^u u 9 mo/ ( ! circum/ances & affairs ( life4 ,aga91 ?is op9ion is g5]ally ( su* an unfavorable "* t x w\ld worry a man to dea? to he> ev]y?+ t 0 said ( him1 or ! tone 9 :i* he 0 spok5 (4 ,& f9ally1 among o!r ?+s1 we %\ld be cle> ab\t ! fact t honor itself has no really direct1 b only an indirect1 value4 ,if p 7 g5]ally conv]t$ f ?is univ]sal folly1 ! result w\ld be su* an addition to our piece ( m9d & *e]fulness z at pres5t seems inconceivable2 p w\ld pres5t a firm] & m confid5t front to ! _w1 & g5]ally behave ) less emb>rassm5t & re/ra9t4 ,x is obs]vable t a retir$ mode ( life has an exce$+ly b5eficial influ5ce on our peace ( m9d1 & ?is is ma9ly because we ?us escape hav+ to live con/antly 9 ! sight ( o!rs1 & pay ev]la/+ reg>d to _! casual op9ions2 9 a ^w1 we are able to return ^u ourselves4 ,at ! same "t a good deal ( positive mis=tune might be avoid$1 :i* we are n[ drawn into by /riv+ aft] %ad[s1 or1 to speak m correctly1 by indulg+ a mis*iev\s piece ( folly2 & we %\ld consequ5tly h m att5tion to give to solid realities & enjoy !m ) less int]ruption t at pres5t4 ,b ,greek3 *alepa ga kala--:at is wor? do+ is h>d to d4 ,footnote #a3 ,hi/41 iv41 #f4 ,section #b4--,pride4 ,! folly ( our nature :i* we are discuss+ puts =? ?ree %oots1 ambition1 vanity & pride4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! la/ two is ?is3 pride is an e/abli%$ conviction ( "o's own p>am\nt wor? 9 "s p>ticul> respect2 :ile vanity is ! desire ( r\s+ su* a conviction 9 o!rs1 & x is g5]ally accompani$ by ! secret hope ( ultimately com+ to ! same conviction oneself4 ,pride works f )92 x is ! direct appreciation ( oneself4 ,vanity is ! desire to arrive at ?is appreciation indirectly1 f )\t4 ,s we f9d t va9 p are talkative1 pr\d1 & taciturn4 ,b ! va9 p]son ought to be aw>e t ! good op9ion ( o!rs1 :i* he /rives =1 may be obta9$ mu* m easily & c]ta9ly by p]si/5t sil5ce ?an by spee*1 ev5 ?\gh he has v good ?+s to say4 ,anyone :o wi%es to affect pride is n !re=e a pr\d man2 b he w soon h to drop ?is1 z e o!r1 assum$ "*4 ,x is only a firm1 un%akeable conviction ( pre-em95t wor? & special value :i* makes a man pr\d 9 ! true s5se ( ! ^w1--a conviction :i* may1 no d\bt1 be a mi/ak5 "o or re/ on advantages :i* are ( an adv5titi\s & conv5tional "*3 /ill pride is n ! less pride = all t1 s long z x be pres5t 9 real e>ne/4 ,& s9ce pride is ?us root$ 9 conviction1 x resembles e o!r =m ( k 9 n be+ )9 our own arbitram5t4 ,pride's wor/ foe1--,i mean its greate/ ob/acle1--is vanity1 :i* c\rts ! applause ( ! _w 9 ord] to ga9 ! necess>y f\ndation = a high op9ion ( "o's own wor?1 :il/ pride is bas$ ^u a pre-exi/+ conviction ( x4 ,x is q true t pride is some?+ :i* is g5]ally f\nd fault )1 & cri$ d[n2 b usually1 ,i imag9e1 by ^? :o h no?+ ^u :i* !y c pride !mselves4 ,9 view ( ! impud5ce & foolh>d9ess ( mo/ p1 anyone :o possesses any k9d ( sup]iority or m]it w d well to keep 8 eyes fix$ on x1 if he does n want x to be entirely =gott52 = if a man is good-natur$ en\gh to ignore 8 own privileges1 & hob-nob ) ! g5]ality ( o!r p1 z if he 7 q on _! level1 !y w be sure to treat him1 frankly & c&idly1 z "o ( !mselves4 ,?is is a piece ( advice ,i w\ld specially (f] to ^? ^: sup]iority is ( ! highe/ k9d--real sup]iority1 ,i mean1 ( a purely p]sonal nature--:i* _c1 l ord]s & titles1 appeal to ! eye or e> at e mom5t2 z1 o!rwise1 !y w f9d t famili>ity bre$s contempt1 or1 z ! ,romans us$ to say1 sus ,m9]vam4 ,joke ) a slave1 & he'll soon %[ 8 heels1 is an excell5t ,arabian prov]b2 nor ought we to despise :at ,horace says1 ,sume sup]biam ,quaesitam m]itis4 --usurp ! fame y h des]v$4 ,no d\bt1 :5 mode/y 0 made a virtue1 x 0 a v advantage\s ?+ = ! fools2 = ev]ybody is expect$ to speak ( himself z if he 7 "o4 ,?is is level+ d[n inde$2 = x comes to look z if !re 7 no?+ b fools 9 ! _w4 ,! *eape/ sort ( pride is national pride2 = if a man is pr\d ( 8 own nation1 x argues t he has no qualities ( 8 own ( :i* he c be pr\d2 o!rwise he w\ld n h rec\rse to ^? :i* he %>es ) s _m millions ( 8 fell[m54 ,! man :o is end[$ ) important p]sonal qualities w be only too ready to see cle>ly 9 :at respects 8 own nation falls %ort1 s9ce _! fail+s w be con/antly be=e 8 eyes4 ,b e mis]able fool :o has no?+ at all ( :i* he c be pr\d adopts1 z a la/ res\rce1 pride 9 ! nation to :i* he belongs2 he is ready & glad to def5d all its faults & follies too? & nail1 ?us reimburs+ himself = 8 own inf]iority4 ,= example1 if y speak ( ! /upid & degrad+ bigotry ( ! ,engli% nation ) ! contempt x des]ves1 y w h>dly f9d "o ,engli%man 9 fifty to agree ) y2 b if !re %\ld be "o1 he w g5]ally happ5 to be an intellig5t man4 ,! ,g]mans h no national pride1 :i* %[s h[ hone/ !y are1 z ev]ybody kn[s6 & h[ di%one/ are ^? :o1 by a piece ( ridicul\s affectation1 pret5d t !y are pr\d ( _! c\ntry--! ,deuts*e ,brud] & ! demagogues :o flatt] ! mob 9 ord] to mislead x4 ,i h he>d x said t gunp[d] 0 inv5t$ by a ,g]man4 ,i d\bt x4 ,li*t5b]g asks1 ,:y is x t a man :o is n a ,g]man does n c>e ab\t pret5d+ t he is "o2 & t if he makes any pret5ce at all1 x is to be a ,fr5*man or an ,engli%man8#a ,footnote #a3 ,translator's ,note4--,x %\ld be rememb]$ t ^! rem>ks 7 writt5 9 ! e>li] "p ( ! pres5t c5tury1 & t a ,g]man philosoph] n[-a-days1 ev5 ?\gh he 7 z apt to say bitt] ?+s z ,s*op5hau]1 c\ld h>dly write 9 a simil> /ra94 ,h[ev] t may be1 individuality is a f> m important ?+ ?an nationality1 & 9 any giv5 man des]ves a ?\s&-fold m consid]ation4 ,& s9ce y _c speak ( national "* )\t ref]r+ to l>ge masses ( p1 x is impossible to be l\d 9 y\r praises & at ! same "t hone/4 ,national "* is only ano!r "n = ! p>ticul> =m :i* ! littl5ess1 p]v]sity & bas5ess ( mank9d take 9 e c\ntry4 ,if we become disgu/$ ) "o1 we praise ano!r1 until we get disgu/$ ) ?is too4 ,e nation mocks at o!r nations1 & all are "r4 ,! cont5ts ( ?is *apt]1 :i* treats1 z ,i h said1 ( :at we repres5t 9 ! _w1 or :at we are 9 ! eyes ( o!rs1 may be fur!r di/ribut$ "u ?ree heads3 honor rank & fame4 ,section #c4--,rank4 ,let u take rank fir/1 z x may be dismiss$ 9 a few words1 al?\gh x plays an important "p 9 ! eyes ( ! masses & ( ! phili/9es1 & is a mo/ useful :eel 9 ! ma*9]y ( ! ,/ate4 ,x has a purely conv5tional value4 ,/rictly speak+1 x is a %am2 its me?od is to exact an artificial respect1 &1 z a matt] ( fact1 ! :ole ?+ is a m]e f>ce4 ,ord]s1 x may be said1 are bills ( ex*ange drawn on public op9ion1 & ! measure ( _! value is ! cr$it ( ! draw]4 ,( c\rse1 z a sub/itute = p5sions1 !y save ! ,/ate a good deal ( money2 &1 besides1 !y s]ve a v useful purpose1 if !y are di/ribut$ ) discrim9ation & judgm5t4 ,= p 9 g5]al h eyes & e>s1 x is true2 b n mu* else1 v little judgm5t inde$1 or ev5 memory4 ,!re are _m s]vices ( ! ,/ate q beyond ! range ( _! und]/&+2 o!rs1 aga91 are appreciat$ & made mu* ( = a "t1 & !n soon =gott54 ,x seems to me1 !re=e1 v prop]1 t a cross or a /> %\ld proclaim to ! mass ( p always & ev]y:]e1 ,?is man is n l y2 he has done some?+4 ,b ord]s lose _! value :5 !y are di/ribut$ unju/ly1 or )\t due selection1 or 9 too great numb]s3 a pr9ce %\ld be z c>eful 9 conf]r+ !m z a man ( bus9ess is 9 sign+ a bill4 ,x is a pleonasm to inscribe on any ord] = di/+ui%$ s]vice2 = e ord] ought to be = di/+ui%$ s]vice4 ,t /&s to reason4 ,section #d4--;,honor4 ,honor is a mu* l>g] "q ?an rank1 & m difficult to discuss4 ,let u beg9 by try+ to def9e x4 ,if ,i 7 to say ,honor is ext]nal consci5ce1 & consci5ce is inw>d honor1 no d\bt a good _m p w\ld ass5t2 b !re w\ld be m %[ ?an reality ab\t su* a def9ition1 & x w\ld h>dly g to ! root ( ! matt]4 ,i pref] to say1 ,honor is1 on its objective side1 o!r p's op9ion ( :at we are wor?2 on its subjective side1 x is ! respect we pay to ?is op9ion4 ,f ! latt] po9t ( view1 to be a man ( honor is to ex]cise :at is (t5 a v :olesome1 b by no means a purely moral1 influ5ce4 ,! feel+s ( honor & %ame exi/ 9 e man :o is n utt]ly deprav$1 & honor is ev]y:]e recogniz$ z some?+ p>ticul>ly valuable4 ,! reason ( ?is is z foll[s4 ,by & 9 himself a man c accompli% v little2 he is l ,rob9son ,crusoe on a des]t isl&4 ,x is only 9 society t a man's p[]s c be call$ into full activity4 ,he v soon f9ds ?is out :5 8 consci\sness beg9s to develop1 & !re arises 9 him ! desire to be look$ ^u z a useful memb] ( society1 z "o1 t is1 :o is capable ( play+ 8 "p z a man--pro p>te virili--!reby acquir+ a "r to ! b5efits ( social life4 ,n[1 to be a useful memb] ( society1 "o mu/ d two ?+s3 fir/ly1 :at ev]yone is expect$ to d ev]y:]e2 &1 secondly1 :at "o's own p>ticul> position 9 ! _w dem&s & requires4 ,b a man soon discov]s t ev]y?+ dep5ds ^u 8 be+ useful1 n 9 8 own op9ion1 b 9 ! op9ion ( o!rs2 & s he tries 8 be/ to make t favorable impression ^u ! _w1 to :i* he atta*es su* a high value4 ,h5ce1 ?is primitive & innate *>act]i/ic ( human nature1 :i* is call$ ! feel+ ( honor1 or1 "u ano!r aspect1 ! feel+ ( %ame--v]ecundia4 ,x is ?is :i* br+s a blu% to 8 *eeks at ! ?\ght ( hav+ sudd5ly to fall 9 ! e/imation ( o!rs1 ev5 :5 he kn[s t he is innoc5t1 nay1 ev5 if 8 remissness ext5ds to no absolute obligation1 b only to "o :i* he has tak5 ^u himself ( 8 own free w4 ,conv]sely1 no?+ 9 life gives a man s mu* c\rage z ! atta9m5t or r5ewal ( ! conviction t o!r p reg>d him ) favor2 because x means t ev]yone jo9s to give him help & protection1 :i* is an inf9itely /rong] bulw>k aga9/ ! ills ( life ?an any?+ he c d himself4 ,! v>iety ( relations 9 :i* a man c /& to o!r p s z to obta9 _! confid5ce1 t is1 _! good op9ion1 gives rise to a di/9ction betwe5 sev]al k9ds ( honor1 re/+ *iefly on ! diff]5t be>+s t meum may take to tuum2 or1 aga91 on ! p]=mance ( v>i\s pl$ges2 or f9ally1 on ! relation ( ! sexes4 ,h5ce1 !re are ?ree ma9 k9ds ( honor1 ea* ( :i* takes v>i\s =ms--civic honor1 (ficial honor1 & sexual honor4 ,civic honor has ! wide/ sph]e ( all4 ,x consi/s 9 ! assumption t we %all pay unconditional respect to ! rights ( o!rs1 &1 !re=e1 nev] use any unju/ or unlawful means ( gett+ :at we want4 ,x is ! condition ( all peaceable int]c\rse betwe5 man & man2 & x is de/roy$ by any?+ t op5ly & manife/ly militates aga9/ ?is peaceable int]c\rse1 any?+1 accord+ly1 :i* entails puni%m5t at ! h&s ( ! law1 always suppos+ t ! puni%m5t is a j "o4 ,! ultimate f\ndation ( honor is ! conviction t moral "* is unalt]able3 a s+le bad action implies t future actions ( ! same k9d w1 "u simil> circum/ances1 also be bad4 ,?is is well express$ by ! ,engli% use ( ! ^w "* z mean+ cr$it1 reputation1 honor4 ,h5ce honor1 once lo/1 c nev] be recov]$2 unless ! loss re/$ on "s mi/ake1 su* z may occur if a man is sl&]$ or 8 actions view$ 9 a false light4 ,s ! law provides rem$ies aga9/ sl&]1 libel1 & ev5 insult2 = insult ?\gh x am\nts to no m ?an m]e abuse1 is a k9d ( summ>y sl&] ) a suppression ( ! reasons4 ,:at ,i mean may be well put 9 ! ,greek phrase--n quot$ f any au?or--,greek3 e/9 hae loidoria diabolae4 ,x is true t if a man abuses ano!r1 he is simply %[+ t he has no real or true causes ( compla9t aga9/ him2 z1 o!rwise1 he w\ld br+ ^! =w>d z ! premises1 & rely ^u 8 he>]s to draw ! conclusion !mselves3 in/ead ( :i*1 he gives ! conclusion & leaves out ! premises1 tru/+ t p w suppose t he has done s only = ! sake ( be+ brief4 ,civic honor draws its exi/5ce & "n f ! middle classes2 b x applies equally to all1 n except+ ! highe/4 ,no man c disreg>d x1 & x is a v s]i\s ?+1 ( :i* e "o %\ld be c>eful n to make light4 ,! man :o breaks confid5ce has = ev] =feit$ confid5ce1 :atev] he may d1 & :oev] he may be2 & ! bitt] consequ5ces ( ! loss ( confid5ce c nev] be av]t$4 ,!re is a s5se 9 :i* honor may be said to h a negative "* 9 opposition to ! positive "* ( fame4 ,= honor is n ! op9ion p h ( p>ticul> qualities :i* a man may happ5 to possess exclusively3 x is r ! op9ion !y h ( ! qualities :i* a man may be expect$ to exhibit1 & to :i* he %\ld n prove false4 ,honor1 !re=e1 means t a man is n exceptional2 fame1 t he is4 ,fame is some?+ :i* mu/ be won2 honor1 only some?+ :i* mu/ n be lo/4 ,! abs5ce ( fame is obscurity1 :i* is only a negative2 b loss ( honor is %ame1 :i* is a positive quality4 ,?is negative "* ( honor mu/ n be confus$ ) any?+ passive2 = honor is above all ?+s active 9 its work+4 ,x is ! only quality :i* proce$s directly f ! man :o exhibits x2 x is conc]n$ entirely ) :at he does & leaves undone1 & has no?+ to d ) ! actions ( o!rs or ! ob/acles !y place 9 8 way4 ,x is some?+ entirely 9 our own p[]--,greek3 ton ephaemon4 ,?is di/9ction1 z we %all see pres5tly1 m>ks (f true honor f ! %am honor ( *ivalry4 ,sl&] is ! only weapon by :i* honor c be attack$ f )\t2 & ! only way to repel ! attack is to confute ! sl&] ) ! prop] am\nt ( publicity1 & a due unmask+ ( him :o utt]s x4 ,! reason :y respect is paid to age is t old p h necess>ily %[n 9 ! c\rse ( _! lives :e!r or n !y h be5 able to ma9ta9 _! honor unblemi%$2 :ile t ( "y p has n be5 put to ! pro(1 ?\gh !y are cr$it$ ) ! possession ( x4 ,= nei!r l5g? ( ye>s1--equall$1 z x is1 & ev5 excell$1 9 ! case ( ! l[] animals1--nor1 aga91 exp]i5ce1 :i* is only a clos] k ( ! _w's ways1 c be any suffici5t reason = ! respect :i* ! "y are ev]y:]e requir$ to %[ t[>ds ! old3 = if x 7 m]ely a matt] ( ye>s1 ! weakness :i* att5ds on age w\ld call r = consid]ation ?an = respect4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a rem>kable fact t :ite hair always comm&s rev]5ce--a rev]5ce really innate & in/9ctive4 ,wr9kles--a mu* sur] sign ( old age--comm& no rev]5ce at all2 y nev] he> any "o speak ( v5]able wr9kles2 b v5]able :ite hair is a common expression4 ,honor has only an indirect value4 ,=1 z ,i expla9$ at ! beg9n+ ( ?is *apt]1 :at o!r p ?9k ( u1 if x affects u at all1 c affect u only 9 s f> z x gov]ns _! behavior t[>ds u1 & only j s long z we live )1 or h to d )1 !m4 ,b x is to society alone t we owe t safety :i* we & our possessions enjoy 9 a /ate ( civilization2 9 all we d we ne$ ! help ( o!rs1 & !y1 9 _! turn1 mu/ h confid5ce 9 u be=e !y c h any?+ to d ) u4 ,accord+ly1 _! op9ion ( u is1 indirectly1 a matt] ( great importance2 ?\gh ,i _c see h[ x c h a direct or imm$iate value4 ,?is is an op9ion also held by ,cic]o4 ,i q agree1 he writes1 ) :at ,*rysippus & ,diog5es us$ to say1 t a good reputation is n wor? rais+ a f+] to obta91 if x 7 n t x is s useful4#a ,?is tru? has be5 insi/$ ^u at great l5g? by ,helvetius 9 8 *ief "w ,de l',esprit1#b ! conclusion ( :i* is t we love e/eem n = its own sake1 b solely = ! advantages :i* x br+s4 ,& z ! means c nev] be m ?an ! end1 t say+1 ( :i* s mu* is made1 ,honor is de>] ?an life itself1 is1 z ,i h rem>k$1 a v exagg]at$ /atem5t4 ,s mu* !n1 = civic honor4 ,footnote #a3 ,de f9ilus iii41 #ag4 ,footnote #b3 ,disc3 iii4 #ag4 ,(ficial honor is ! g5]al op9ion ( o!r p t a man :o fills any (fice really has ! necess>y qualities = ! prop] dis*>ge ( all ! duties :i* app]ta9 to x4 ,! great] & m important ! duties a man has to dis*>ge 9 ! ,/ate1 & ! high] & m influ5tial ! (fice :i* he fills1 ! /rong] mu/ be ! op9ion :i* p h ( ! moral & intellectual qualities :i* r5d] him fit = 8 po/4 ,!re=e1 ! high] 8 position1 ! great] mu/ be ! degree ( honor paid to him1 express$1 z x is1 9 titles1 ord]s & ! g5]ally subs]vi5t behavior ( o!rs t[>ds him4 ,z a rule1 a man's (ficial rank implies ! p>ticul> degree ( honor :i* ought to be paid to him1 h[ev] mu* ?is degree may be modifi$ by ! capacity ( ! masses to =m any notion ( its importance4 ,/ill1 z a matt] ( fact1 great] honor is paid to a man :o fulfills special duties ?an to ! common citiz51 ^: honor ma9ly consi/s 9 keep+ cle> ( di%onor4 ,(ficial honor dem&s1 fur!r1 t ! man :o occupies an (fice mu/ ma9ta9 respect = x1 = ! sake bo? ( 8 colleagues & ( ^? :o w come aft] him4 ,?is respect an (ficial c ma9ta9 by a prop] obs]vance ( 8 duties1 & by repell+ any attack t may be made ^u ! (fice itself or ^u its occupant3 he mu/ n1 = in/ance1 pass ov] unhe$$ any /atem5t to ! effect t ! duties ( ! (fice are n prop]ly dis*>g$1 or t ! (fice itself does n conduce to ! public welf>e4 ,he mu/ prove ! unw>rantable nature ( su* attacks by en=c+ ! legal p5alty = !m4 ,subord9ate to ! honor ( (ficial p]sonages comes t ( ^? :o s]ve ! ,/ate 9 any o!r capacity1 z doctors1 lawy]s1 tea*]s1 anyone1 9 %ort1 :o1 by graduat+ 9 any subject1 or by any o!r public decl>ation t he is qualifi$ to ex]cise "s special skill1 claims to practice x2 9 a ^w1 ! honor ( all ^? :o take any public pl$ges :atev]4 ,"u ?is head comes milit>y honor1 9 ! true s5se ( ! ^w1 ! op9ion t p :o h b\nd !mselves to def5d _! c\ntry really possess ! requisite qualities :i* w enable !m to d s1 especially c\rage1 p]sonal brav]y & /r5g?1 & t !y are p]fectly ready to def5d _! c\ntry to ! dea?1 & nev] & "u any circum/ances des]t ! flag to :i* !y h once sworn allegiance4 ,i h "h tak5 (ficial honor 9 a wid] s5se ?an t 9 :i* x is g5]ally us$1 namely1 ! respect due by citiz5s to an (fice itself4 ,9 treat+ ( sexual honor & ! pr9ciples on :i* x re/s1 a little m att5tion & analysis are necess>y2 & :at ,i %all say w support my cont5tion t all honor really re/s ^u a utilit>ian basis4 ,!re are two natural divisions ( ! subject--! honor ( wom5 & ! honor ( m51 9 ei!r side issu+ 9 a well-und]/ood esprit de corps4 ,! =m] is by f> ! m important ( ! two1 because ! mo/ ess5tial feature 9 woman's life is h] relation to man4 ,female honor is ! g5]al op9ion 9 reg>d to a girl t %e is pure1 & 9 reg>d to a wife t %e is fai?ful4 ,! importance ( ?is op9ion re/s ^u ! foll[+ consid]ations4 ,wom5 dep5d ^u m5 9 all ! relations ( life2 m5 ^u wom51 x might be said1 9 "o only4 ,s an arrangem5t is made = mutual int]dep5d5ce--man und]tak+ responsibility = all woman's ne$s & also = ! *ildr5 t spr+ f _! union--an arrangem5t on :i* is bas$ ! welf>e ( ! :ole female race4 ,to c>ry out ?is plan1 wom5 h to b& toge!r ) a %[ ( esprit de corps1 & pres5t "o undivid$ front to _! common enemy1 man1--:o possesses all ! good ?+s ( ! e>?1 9 virtue ( 8 sup]ior physical & intellectual p[]1--9 ord] to lay siege to & conqu] him1 & s get possession ( him & a %>e ( ^? good ?+s4 ,to ?is end ! honor ( all wom5 dep5ds ^u ! en=cem5t ( ! rule t no woman %\ld give h]self to a man except 9 m>riage1 9 ord] t e man may be =c$1 z x 71 to surr5d] & ally himself ) a woman2 by ?is arrangem5t provision is made = ! :ole ( ! female race4 ,?is is a result1 h[ev]1 :i* c be obta9$ only by a /rict obs]vance ( ! rule2 &1 accord+ly1 wom5 ev]y:]e %[ true esprit de corps 9 c>efully insi/+ ^u its ma9t5ance4 ,any girl :o commits a brea* ( ! rule betrays ! :ole female race1 because its welf>e w\ld be de/roy$ if e woman 7 to d likewise2 s %e is ca/ out ) %ame z "o :o has lo/ h] honor4 ,no woman w h any?+ m to d ) h]2 %e is avoid$ l ! plague4 ,! same doom is aw>d$ to a woman :o breaks ! m>riage tie2 = 9 s do+ %e is false to ! t]ms ^u :i* ! man capitulat$2 & z h] conduct is su* z to fright5 o!r m5 f mak+ a simil> surr5d]1 x imp]ils ! welf>e ( all h] si/]s4 ,nay1 m2 ?is deception & co>se brea* ( tro? is a crime puni%able by ! loss1 n only ( p]sonal1 b also ( civic honor4 ,?is is :y we m9imize ! %ame ( a girl1 b n ( a wife2 because1 9 ! =m] case1 m>riage c re/ore honor1 :ile 9 ! latt]1 no atonem5t c be made = ! brea* ( contract4 ,once ?is esprit de corps is ackn[l$g$ to be ! f\ndation ( female honor1 & is se5 to be a :olesome1 nay1 a necess>y arrangem5t1 z at bottom a matt] ( prud5ce & int]e/1 its extreme importance = ! welf>e ( wom5 w be recogniz$4 ,b x does n possess any?+ m ?an a relative value4 ,x is no absolute end1 ly+ beyond all o!r aims ( exi/5ce & valu$ above life itself4 ,9 ?is view1 !re w be no?+ to applaud 9 ! =c$ & extravagant conduct ( a ,lucretia or a ,virg9ius--conduct :i* c easily deg5]ate into tragic f>ce1 & produce a t]rible feel+ ( revulsion4 ,! conclusion ( ,emilia ,galotti1 = in/ance1 makes "o leave ! !atre completely ill at ease2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 all ! rules ( female honor _c prev5t a c]ta9 sympa?y ) ,cl>a 9 ,egmont4 ,to c>ry ?is pr9ciple ( female honor too f> is to =get ! end 9 ?9k+ ( ! means--& ?is is j :at p (t5 d2 = su* exagg]ation sugge/s t ! value ( sexual honor is absolute2 :ile ! tru? is t x is m relative ?an any o!r k9d4 ,"o might g s f> z to say t its value is purely conv5tional1 :5 "o sees f ,?omasius h[ 9 all ages & c\ntries1 up to ! "t ( ! ,re=mation1 irregul>ities 7 p]mitt$ & recogniz$ by law1 ) no d]ogation to female honor1--n to speak ( ! temple ( ,mylitta at ,babylon4#a ,footnote #a3 ,h]oditus1 i4 #aii4 ,!re are also ( c\rse c]ta9 circum/ances 9 civil life :i* make ext]nal =ms ( m>riage impossible1 especially 9 ,ca?olic c\ntries1 :]e !re is no su* ?+ z divorce4 ,rul+ pr9ces ev]y:]e1 w\ld1 9 my op9ion1 d mu* bett]1 f a moral po9t ( view1 to disp5se ) =ms altoge!r r ?an contract a morganatic m>riage1 ! desc5dants ( :i* might raise claims to ! ?rone if ! legitimate /ock happ5$ to die out2 s t !re is a possibility1 ?\gh1 p]haps1 a remote "o1 t a morganatic m>riage might produce a civil w>4 ,&1 besides1 su* a m>riage1 conclud$ 9 defiance ( all outw>d c]emony1 is a concession made to wom5 & prie/s--two classes ( p]sons to :om "o %\ld be mo/ c>eful to give z little te!r z possible4 ,x is fur!r to be rem>k$ t e man 9 a c\ntry c m>ry ! woman ( 8 *oice1 except "o poor individual1 namely1 ! pr9ce4 ,8 h& belongs to 8 c\ntry1 & c be giv5 9 m>riage only = reasons ( ,/ate1 t is1 = ! good ( ! c\ntry4 ,/ill1 = all t1 he is a man2 &1 z a man1 he likes to foll[ :i!r 8 he>t leads4 ,x is an unju/1 ungrateful & priggi% ?+ to =bid1 or to desire to =bid1 a pr9ce f foll[+ 8 incl9ations 9 ?is matt]2 ( c\rse1 z long z ! lady has no influ5ce ^u ! ,gov]nm5t ( ! c\ntry4 ,f h] po9t ( view %e occupies an exceptional position1 & does n come "u ! ord9>y rules ( sexual honor2 = %e has m]ely giv5 h]self to a man :o loves h]1 & :om %e loves b _c m>ry4 ,& 9 g5]al1 ! fact t ! pr9ciple ( female honor has no orig9 9 nature1 is %[n by ! _m bloody sacrifices :i* h be5 (f]$ to x1--! murd] ( *ildr5 & ! "m's suicide4 ,no d\bt a girl :o contrav5es ! code commits a brea* ( fai? aga9/ h] :ole sex2 b ?is fai? is "o :i* is only secretly tak5 = grant$1 & n sworn to4 ,& s9ce1 9 mo/ cases1 h] own prospects suff] mo/ imm$iately1 h] folly is inf9itely great] ?an h] crime4 ,! correspond+ virtue 9 m5 is a product ( ! "o ,i h be5 discuss+4 ,x is _! esprit de corps1 :i* dem&s t1 once a man has made t surr5d] ( himself 9 m>riage :i* is s advantage\s to 8 conqu]or1 he %all take c>e t ! t]ms ( ! treaty are ma9ta9$2 bo? 9 ord] t ! agreem5t itself may lose none ( its =ce by ! p]mission ( any laxity 9 its obs]vance1 & t m51 hav+ giv5 up ev]y?+1 may1 at lea/1 be assur$ ( _! b>ga91 namely1 exclusive possession4 ,accord+ly1 x is "p ( a man's honor to res5t a brea* ( ! m>riage tie on ! "p ( 8 wife1 & to puni% x1 at ! v lea/ by sep>at+ f h]4 ,if he condones ! (f5ce1 8 fell[m5 cry %ame ^u him2 b ! %ame 9 ?is case is n ne>ly s f\l z t ( ! woman :o has lo/ h] honor2 ! /a9 is by no means ( s deep a dye--levioris notae macula2--because a man's relation to woman is subord9ate to _m o!r & m important affairs 9 8 life4 ,! two great dramatic poets ( mod]n times h ea* tak5 man's honor z ! !me ( two plays2 ,%akespe>e 9 ,o!llo & ,! ,w9t]'s ,tale1 & ,cald]on 9 ,el m$ico de su honra1 7,! ,physician ( 8 ,honor71 & ,a secreto agravio secreta v5ganza1 7= ,secret ,insult ,secret ,v5geance74 ,x %\ld be said1 h[ev]1 t honor dem&s ! puni%m5t ( ! wife only2 to puni% h] p>am\r too1 is a "w ( sup]]ogation4 ,?is confirms ! view ,i h tak51 t a man's honor orig9ates 9 esprit de corps4 ,! k9d ( honor :i* ,i h be5 discuss+ hi!rto has always exi/$ 9 its v>i\s =ms & pr9ciples among/ all nations & at all times2 al?\gh ! hi/ory ( female honor %[s t its pr9ciples h und]gone c]ta9 local modifications at diff]5t p]iods4 ,b !re is ano!r species ( honor :i* diff]s f ?is entirely1 a species ( honor ( :i* ! ,greeks & ,romans _h no conception1 & up to ?is day x is p]fectly unkn[n among/ ,*9ese1 ,h9doos or ,mohamm$ans4 ,x is a k9d ( honor :i* arose only 9 ! ,middle ,age1 & is indig5\s only to ,*ri/ian ,europe1 nay1 only to an extremely small portion ( ! population1 t is to say1 ! high] classes ( society & ^? :o ape !m4 ,x is knightly honor1 or po9t d'honneur4 ,its pr9ciples are q diff]5t f ^? :i* und]lie ! k9d ( honor ,i h be5 treat+ until n[1 & 9 "s respects are ev5 oppos$ to !m4 ,! sort ,i am ref]r+ to produces ! cavali]2 :ile ! o!r k9d creates ! man ( honor4 ,z ?is is s1 ,i %all proce$ to give an explanation ( its pr9ciples1 z a k9d ( code or mirror ( knightly c\rtesy4 7#a47 ,to beg9 )1 honor ( ?is sort consi/s1 n 9 o!r p's op9ion ( :at we are wor?1 b :olly & entirely 9 :e!r !y express x or n1 no matt] :e!r !y really h any op9ion at all1 let alone :e!r !y "k ( reasons = hav+ "o4 ,o!r p may ent]ta9 ! wor/ op9ion ( u 9 consequ5ce ( :at we d1 & may despise u z mu* z !y l2 s long z no "o d>es to give expression to 8 op9ion1 our honor rema9s unt>ni%$4 ,s if our actions & qualities compel ! highe/ respect f o!r p1 & !y h no option b to give ?is respect1--z soon z anyone1 no matt] h[ wick$ or fooli% he may be1 utt]s some?+ depreciatory ( u1 our honor is (f5d$1 nay1 gone = ev]1 unless we c manage to re/ore x4 ,a sup]flu\s pro( ( :at ,i say1 namely1 t knightly honor dep5ds1 n ^u :at p ?9k1 b ^u :at !y say1 is furni%$ by ! fact t insults c be )drawn1 or1 if necess>y1 =m ! subject ( an apology1 :i* makes !m z ?\gh !y _h nev] be5 utt]$4 ,:e!r ! op9ion :i* und]lays ! expression has also be5 rectifi$1 & :y ! expression %\ld ev] h be5 us$1 are que/ions :i* are p]fectly unimportant3 s long z ! /atem5t is )drawn1 all is well4 ,! tru? is t conduct ( ?is k9d aims1 n at e>n+ respect1 b at extort+ x4 7#b47 ,9 ! second place1 ?is sort ( honor re/s1 n on :at a man does1 b on :at he suff]s1 ! ob/acles he enc\nt]s2 diff]+ f ! honor :i* prevails 9 all else1 9 consi/+1 n 9 :at he says or does himself1 b 9 :at ano!r man says or does4 ,8 honor is ?us at ! m]cy ( e man :o c talk x away on ! tip ( 8 tongue2 & if he attacks x1 9 a mom5t x is gone = ev]1--unless ! man :o is attack$ manages to wre/ x back aga9 by a process :i* ,i %all m5tion pres5tly1 a process :i* involves dang] to 8 life1 heal?1 fre$om1 prop]ty & peace ( m9d4 ,a man's :ole conduct may be 9 accordance ) ! mo/ righte\s & noble pr9ciples1 8 _s may be ! pure/ t ev] brea!d1 8 intellect ( ! v highe/ ord]2 & yet 8 honor may disappe> ! mom5t t anyone is pleas$ to insult him1 anyone at all :o has n (f5d$ aga9/ ?is code ( honor himself1 let him be ! mo/ wor?less rascal or ! mo/ /upid bea/1 an idl]1 gambl]1 debtor1 a man1 9 %ort1 ( no acc\nt at all4 ,x is usually ?is sort ( fell[ :o likes to insult p2 =1 z ,s5eca#a rightly rem>ks1 ut quisque contemtissimus et ludibrio e/1 ita solutissimae e/1 ! m contemptible & ridicul\s a man is1--! readi] he is ) 8 tongue4 ,8 insults are mo/ likely to be direct$ aga9/ ! v k9d ( man ,i h describ$1 because p ( diff]5t ta/es c nev] be fri5ds1 & ! sight ( pre-em95t m]it is apt to raise ! secret ire ( a ne'er-d-well4 ,:at ,goe! says 9 ! ,we//li*] ,divan is q true1 t x is useless to compla9 aga9/ y\r enemies2 = !y c nev] become y\r fri5ds1 if y\r :ole be+ is a /&+ reproa* to !m3-- ,0 klag/ du b] ,fe9de8 ,sollt5 ,sol*e je w>d5 ,freunde ,d55 das ,wes51 wie du bi/1 ,im /ill5 e9 ewig] ,vorwurf i/8 ,footnote #a3 ,de ,con/antia1 #aa4 ,x is obvi\s t p ( ?is wor?less description h good cause to be ?ankful to ! pr9ciple ( honor1 because x puts !m on a level ) p :o 9 e o!r respect /& f> above !m4 ,if a fell[ likes to insult any "o1 attribute to him1 = example1 "s bad quality1 ?is is tak5 prima facie z a well-f\nd$ op9ion1 true 9 fact2 a decree1 z x 71 ) all ! =ce ( law2 nay1 if x is n at once wip$ out 9 blood1 x is a judgm5t :i* holds good & valid to all "t4 ,9 o!r words1 ! man :o is insult$ rema9s--9 ! eyes ( all honorable p--:at ! man :o utt]$ ! insult--ev5 ?\gh he 7 ! greate/ wret* on e>?--0 pleas$ to call him2 = he has put up ) ! insult--! te*nical t]m1 ,i believe4 ,accord+ly1 all honorable p w h no?+ m to d ) him1 & treat him l a lep]1 &1 x may be1 refuse to g into any company :]e he may be f\nd1 & s on4 ,?is wise proce$+ may1 ,i ?9k1 be trac$ back to ! fact t 9 ! ,middle ,age1 up to ! fifte5? c5tury1 x 0 n ! accus] 9 any crim9al process :o _h to prove ! guilt ( ! accus$1 b ! accus$ :o _h to prove 8 innoc5ce4#a ,?is he c\ld d by swe>+ he 0 n guilty2 & 8 back]s--consacram5tales--_h to come & swe> t 9 _! op9ion he 0 incapable ( p]jury4 ,if he c\ld f9d no "o to help him 9 ?is way1 or ! accus] took objection to 8 back]s1 rec\rse 0 _h to trial by ! ,judgm5t ( ,god1 :i* g5]ally meant a duel4 ,= ! accus$ 0 n[ 9 disgrace1#b & _h to cle> himself4 ,"h1 !n1 is ! orig9 ( ! notion ( disgrace1 & ( t :ole sy/em :i* prevails n[-a-days among/ honorable p--only t ! oa? is omitt$4 ,?is is also ! explanation ( t deep feel+ ( indignation :i* honorable p are call$ ^u to %[ if !y are giv5 ! lie2 x is a reproa* :i* !y say mu/ be wip$ out 9 blood4 ,x seldom comes to ?is pass1 h[ev]1 ?\gh lies are ( common occurr5ce2 b 9 ,engl&1 m ?an else:]e1 x is a sup]/ition :i* has tak5 v deep root4 ,z a matt] ( ord]1 a man :o ?reat5s to kill ano!r = tell+ a lie %\ld nev] h told "o himself4 ,! fact is1 t ! crim9al trial ( ! ,middle ,age also admitt$ ( a %ort] =m4 ,9 reply to ! *>ge1 ! accus$ answ]$3 ,t is a lie2 :]eupon x 0 left to be decid$ by ! ,judgm5t ( ,god4 ,h5ce1 ! code ( knightly honor prescribes t1 :5 ! lie is giv51 an appeal to arms foll[s z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,s mu*1 !n1 = ! !ory ( insult4 ,footnote #a3 ,see ,c4,g4 von ,waeht]'s ,beitrge zur deuts*5 ,ges*i*te1 especially ! *apt] on crim9al law4 ,footnote #b3 ,translator's ,note4--,x is true t ?is expression has ano!r special mean+ 9 ! te*nical t]m9ology ( ,*ivalry1 b x is ! ne>e/ ,engli% equival5t :i* ,i c f9d = ! ,g]man--e9 ,bes*olt5] ,b !re is some?+ ev5 worse ?an insult1 some?+ s dreadful t ,i mu/ beg p>don ( all honorable p = s mu* z m5tion+ x 9 ?is code ( knightly honor2 = ,i "k !y w %iv]1 & _! hair w /& on end1 at ! v ?\ght ( x--! summum malum1 ! greate/ evil on e>?1 worse ?an dea? & damnation4 ,a man may give ano!r--horrible dictu6--a slap or a bl[4 ,?is is su* an awful ?+1 & s utt]ly fatal to all honor1 t1 :ile any o!r species ( insult may be heal$ by blood-lett+1 ?is c be cur$ only by ! c\p-de-grace4 7#c47 ,9 ! ?ird place1 ?is k9d ( honor has absolutely no?+ to d ) :at a man may be 9 & = himself2 or1 aga91 ) ! "q :e!r 8 moral "* c ev] become bett] or worse1 & all su* p$antic inquiries4 ,if y\r honor happ5s to be attack$1 or to all appe>ances gone1 x c v soon be re/or$ 9 its entirety if y are only quick en\gh 9 hav+ rec\rse to ! "o univ]sal rem$y--a duel4 ,b if ! aggressor does n belong to ! classes :i* recognize ! code ( knightly honor1 or has himself once (f5d$ aga9/ x1 !re is a saf] way ( meet+ any attack ^u y\r honor1 :e!r x consi/s 9 bl[s1 or m]ely 9 words4 ,if y are arm$1 y c /rike d[n y\r oppon5t on ! spot1 or p]haps an h\r lat]4 ,?is w re/ore y\r honor4 ,b if y wi% to avoid su* an extreme /ep1 f fe> ( any unpleasant consequ5ces aris+ !refrom1 or f unc]ta9ty z to :e!r ! aggressor is subject to ! laws ( knightly honor or n1 !re is ano!r means ( mak+ y\r position good1 namely1 ! ,avantage4 ,?is consi/s 9 return+ rud5ess ) /ill great] rud5ess2 & if insults are no use1 y c try a bl[1 :i* =ms a sort ( climax 9 ! r$emption ( y\r honor2 = in/ance1 a box on ! e> may be cur$ by a bl[ ) a /ick1 & a bl[ ) a /ick by a ?ra%+ ) a horse:ip2 &1 z ! approv$ rem$y = ?is la/1 "s p recomm5d y to spit at y\r oppon5t4#a ,if all ^! means are ( no avail1 y mu/ n %r9k f draw+ blood4 ,& ! reason = ^! me?ods ( wip+ out insult is1 9 ?is code1 z foll[s3 ,footnote #a3 ,translator's ,note4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ,s*op5hau] is "h describ+1 or p]haps c>icatur+ ! mann]s & cu/oms ( ! ,g]man ari/ocracy ( half a c5tury ago4 ,n[1 ( c\rse1 n\s avons *ange t\t cela6 7#d47 ,to receive an insult is disgraceful2 to give "o1 honorable4 ,let me take an example4 ,my oppon5t has tru?1 "r & reason on 8 side4 ,v well4 ,i insult him4 ,!reupon "r & honor leave him & come to me1 &1 = ! "t be+1 he has lo/ !m--until he gets !m back1 n by ! ex]cise ( "r or reason1 b by %oot+ & /ick+ me4 ,accord+ly1 rud5ess is a quality :i*1 9 po9t ( honor1 is a sub/itute = any o!r & outweighs !m all4 ,! rude/ is always "r4 ,:at m d y want8 ,h[ev] /upid1 bad or wick$ a man may h be51 if he is only rude into ! b>ga91 he condones & legitimizes all 8 faults4 ,if 9 any discussion or conv]sation1 ano!r man %[s m k1 great] love ( tru?1 a s\nd] judgm5t1 bett] und]/&+ ?an we1 or g5]ally exhibits intellectual qualities :i* ca/ ours into ! %ade1 we c at once annul 8 sup]iority & our own %all[ness1 & 9 our turn be sup]ior to him1 by be+ insult+ & (f5sive4 ,= rud5ess is bett] ?an any argum5t2 x totally eclipses intellect4 ,if our oppon5t does n c>e = our mode ( attack1 & w n answ] /ill m rudely1 s z to plunge u into ! ignoble rivalry ( ! ,avantage1 we are ! victors & honor is on our side4 ,tru?1 k1 und]/&+1 intellect1 wit1 mu/ beat a retreat & leave ! field to ?is almighty insol5ce4 ,honorable p imm$iately make a %[ ( m\nt+ _! w>-horse1 if anyone utt]s an op9ion adv]se to !irs1 or %[s m intellig5ce ?an !y c mu/]2 & if 9 any controv]sy !y are at a loss = a reply1 !y look ab\t = "s weapon ( rud5ess1 :i* w s]ve z well & come readi] to h&2 s !y retire ma/]s ( ! position4 ,x mu/ n[ be obvi\s t p are q "r 9 applaud+ ?is pr9ciple ( honor z hav+ ennobl$ ! tone ( society4 ,?is pr9ciple spr+s f ano!r1 :i* =ms ! he>t & s\l ( ! entire code4 7#e47 ,fif?ly1 ! code implies t ! highe/ c\rt to :i* a man c appeal 9 any diff]5ces he may h ) ano!r on a po9t ( honor is ! c\rt ( physical =ce1 t is1 ( brutality4 ,e piece ( rud5ess is1 /rictly speak+1 an appeal to brutality2 = x is a decl>ation t intellectual /r5g? & moral insight are incompet5t to decide1 & t ! battle mu/ be f\ght out by physical =ce--a /ruggle :i*1 9 ! case ( man1 :om ,frankl9 def9es z a tool-mak+ animal1 is decid$ by ! weapons peculi> to ! species2 & ! decision is irrevocable4 ,?is is ! well-kn[n pr9ciple ( "r ( might--irony1 ( c\rse1 l ! wit ( a fool1 a p>allel phrase4 ,! honor ( a knight may be call$ ! glory ( might4 7#f47 ,la/ly1 if1 z we saw above1 civic honor is v scrupul\s 9 ! matt] ( meum & tuum1 pay+ great respect to obligations & a promise once made1 ! code we are "h discuss+ displays1 on ! o!r h&1 ! noble/ lib]ality4 ,!re is only "o ^w :i* may n be brok51 ! ^w ( honor--^u my honor1 z p say--! presumption be+1 ( c\rse1 t e o!r =m ( promise may be brok54 ,nay1 if ! wor/ comes to ! wor/1 x is easy to break ev5 "o's ^w ( honor1 & /ill rema9 honorable--aga9 by adopt+ t univ]sal rem$y1 ! duel1 & fight+ ) ^? :o ma9ta9 t we pl$g$ our ^w4 ,fur!r1 !re is "o debt1 & "o alone1 t "u no circum/ances mu/ be left unpaid--a gambl+ debt1 :i* has accord+ly be5 call$ a debt ( honor4 ,9 all o!r k9ds ( debt y may *eat ,jews & ,*ri/ians z mu* z y l2 & y\r knightly honor rema9s )\t a /a94 ,! unprejudic$ read] w see at once t su* a /range1 savage & ridicul\s code ( honor z ?is has no f\ndation 9 human nature1 nor any w>rant 9 a heal?y view ( human affairs4 ,! extremely n>r[ sph]e ( its op]ation s]ves only to int5sify ! feel+1 :i* is exclusively conf9$ to ,europe s9ce ! ,middle ,age1 & !n only to ! upp] classes1 (fic]s & soldi]s1 & p :o imitate !m4 ,nei!r ,greeks nor ,romans knew any?+ ( ?is code ( honor or ( its pr9ciples2 nor ! highly civiliz$ nations ( ,asia1 anci5t or mod]n4 ,among/ !m no o!r k9d ( honor is recogniz$ b t :i* ,i discuss$ fir/1 9 virtue ( :i* a man is :at he %[s himself to be by 8 actions1 n :at any wagg+ tongue is pleas$ to say ( him4 ,!y ?\ght t :at a man said or did might p]haps affect 8 own honor1 b n any o!r man's4 ,to !m1 a bl[ 0 b a bl[--& any horse or donkey c\ld give a h>d] "o--a bl[ :i* "u c]ta9 circum/ances might make a man angry & dem& imm$iate v5geance2 b x _h no?+ to d ) honor4 ,no "o kept acc\nt ( bl[s or insult+ words1 or ( ! satisfaction :i* 0 dem&$ or omitt$ to be dem&$4 ,yet 9 p]sonal brav]y & contempt ( dea?1 ! anci5ts 7 c]ta9ly n inf]ior to ! nations ( ,*ri/ian ,europe4 ,! ,greeks & ,romans 7 ?or\gh h]oes1 if y l2 b !y knew no?+ ab\t po9t d'honneur4 ,if !y _h any idea ( a duel1 x 0 totally unconnect$ ) ! life ( ! nobles2 x 0 m]ely ! exhibition ( m]c5>y gladiators1 slaves devot$ to slaught]1 condemn$ crim9als1 :o1 alt]nately ) wild bea/s1 7 set to but*] "o ano!r to make a ,roman holiday4 ,:5 ,*ri/ianity 0 introduc$1 gladiatorial %[s 7 done away )1 & _! place tak51 9 ,*ri/ian times1 by ! duel1 :i* 0 a way ( settl+ difficulties by ! ,judgm5t ( ,god4 ,if ! gladiatorial fight 0 a cruel sacrifice to ! prevail+ desire = great spectacles1 duel+ is a cruel sacrifice to exi/+ prejudices--a sacrifice1 n ( crim9als1 slaves & prison]s1 b ( ! noble & ! free4#a ,footnote #a3 ,translator's ,note4 ,^! & o!r rem>ks on duel+ w no d\bt we> a belat$ look to ,engli% read]s2 b !y are h>dly yet antiquat$ = mo/ p>ts ( ! ,cont95t4 ,!re are a great _m traits 9 ! "* ( ! anci5ts :i* %[ t !y 7 entirely free f ^! prejudices4 ,:51 = in/ance1 ,m>ius 0 summon$ to a duel by a ,teutonic *ief1 he return$ answ] to ! effect t1 if ! *ief 7 tir$ ( 8 life1 he might g & hang himself2 at ! same "t he (f]$ him a vet]an gladiator = a r\nd or two4 ,plut>* relates 9 8 life ( ,!mi/ocles t ,eurybiades1 :o 0 9 comm& ( ! fleet1 once rais$ 8 /ick to /rike him2 :]eupon ,!mi/ocles1 in/ead ( draw+ 8 sword1 simply said3 ,/rike1 b he> me4 ,h[ sorry ! read] mu/ be1 if he is an honorable man1 to f9d t we h no in=mation t ! ,a!nian (fic]s refus$ 9 a body to s]ve any long] "u ,!mi/ocles1 if he act$ l t6 ,!re is a mod]n ,fr5* writ] :o decl>es t if anyone consid]s ,demo/h5es a man ( honor1 8 ignorance w excite a smile ( pity2 & t ,cic]o 0 n a man ( honor ei!r6#a ,9 a c]ta9 passage 9 ,plato's ,laws#b ! philosoph] speaks at l5g? ( ,greek3 aikia or assault1 %[+ u cle>ly en\gh t ! anci5ts _h no notion ( any feel+ ( honor 9 connection ) su* matt]s4 ,socrates' frequ5t discussions 7 (t5 foll[$ by 8 be+ sev]ely h&l$1 & he bore x all mildly4 ,once1 = in/ance1 :5 somebody kick$ him1 ! pati5ce ) :i* he took ! insult surpris$ "o ( 8 fri5ds4 ,d y ?9k1 said ,socrates1 t if an ass happ5$ to kick me1 ,i %\ld res5t x8#c ,on ano!r occasion1 :5 he 0 ask$1 ,has n t fell[ abus$ & insult$ y8 ,no1 0 8 answ]1 :at he says is n address$ to me#d ,/obaeus has pres]v$ a long passage f ,musonius1 f :i* we c see h[ ! anci5ts treat$ insults4 ,!y knew no o!r =m ( satisfaction ?an t :i* ! law provid$1 & wise p despis$ ev5 ?is4 ,if a ,greek receiv$ a box on ! e>1 he c\ld get satisfaction by ! aid ( ! law2 z is evid5t f ,plato's ,gorgias1 :]e ,socrates' op9ion may be f\nd4 ,! same ?+ may be se5 9 ! acc\nt giv5 by ,gellius ( "o ,lucius ,v]atius1 :o _h ! audacity to give "s ,roman citiz5s :om he met on ! road a box on ! e>1 )\t any provocation :atev]2 b to avoid any ult]ior consequ5ces1 he told a slave to br+ a bag ( small money1 & on ! spot paid ! trivial legal p5alty to ! m5 :om he _h a/oni%$ by 8 conduct4 ,footnote #a3litt]aires3 p> ,c4 ,dur&4 ,r\51 #ahbh4 ,footnote #b3 ,bk4 ,,ix44 ,footnote #c3 ,diog5es ,la]tius1 ii41 #ba4 ,footnote #d3 ,ibid #cf4 ,crates1 ! celebrat$ ,cynic philosoph]1 got su* a box on ! e> f ,nicodromus1 ! musician1 t 8 face swell$ up & became black & blue2 :]eupon he put a label on 8 =ehead1 ) ! inscription1 ,nicodromus fecit1 :i* br\ght mu* disgrace to ! fluteplay] :o _h committ$ su* a piece ( brutality ^u ! man :om all ,a!ns honor$ z a h\sehold god4#a ,& 9 a lett] to ,melesippus1 ,diog5es ( ,s9ope tells u t he got a beat+ f ! drunk5 sons ( ! ,a!nians2 b he adds t x 0 a matt] ( no importance4#b ,& ,s5eca devotes ! la/ few *apt]s ( 8 ,de ,con/antia to a l5g?y discussion on insult--contumelia2 9 ord] to %[ t a wise man w take no notice ( x4 ,9 ,*apt] ,,xiv1 he says1 ,:at %all a wise man d1 if he is giv5 a bl[8 ,:at ,cato did1 :5 "s "o /ruck him on ! m\?2--n fire up or av5ge ! insult1 or ev5 return ! bl[1 b simply ignore x4 ,footnote #a3 ,diog5es ,la]tius1 vi4 #hg1 & ,apul3 ,flor3 p4 #abf4 ,footnote #b3 ,cf4 ,casaubon's ,note1 ,diog4 ,la]t41 vi4 #cc4 ,yes1 y say1 b ^! m5 7 philosoph]s4--,& y are fools1 eh8 ,precisely4 ,x is cle> t ! :ole code ( knightly honor 0 utt]ly unkn[n to ! anci5ts2 = ! simple reason t !y always took a natural & unprejudic$ view ( human affairs1 & did n all[ !mselves to be influ5c$ by any su* vici\s & abom9able folly4 ,a bl[ 9 ! face 0 to !m a bl[ & no?+ m1 a trivial physical injury2 :]eas ! mod]ns make a cata/rophe out ( x1 a !me = a trag$y2 z1 = in/ance1 9 ! ,cid ( ,corneille1 or 9 a rec5t ,g]man com$y ( middle-class life1 call$ ,! ,p[] ( ,circum/ance1 :i* %\ld h be5 entitl$ ,! ,p[] ( ,prejudice4 ,if a memb] ( ! ,national ,assembly at ,p>is got a bl[ on ! e>1 x w\ld res\nd f "o end ( ,europe to ! o!r4 ,! examples :i* ,i h giv5 ( ! way 9 :i* su* an occurr5ce w\ld h be5 treat$ 9 classic times may n suit ! ideas ( honorable p2 s let me recomm5d to _! notice1 z a k9d ( antidote1 ! /ory ( ,monsieur ,desgl&s 9 ,did]ot's ma/]piece1 ,jacques le fatali/e4 ,x is an excell5t specim5 ( mod]n knightly honor1 :i*1 no d\bt1 !y w f9d enjoyable & edify+4#a ,footnote3 #a3 ,translator's ,note4 ,! /ory to :i* ,s*op5hau] "h ref]s is briefly z foll[s3 ,two g5tlem51 "o ( :om 0 nam$ ,desgl&s1 7 pay+ c\rt to ! same lady4 ,z !y sat at table side by side1 ) ! lady opposite1 ,desgl&s did 8 be/ to *>m h] ) 8 conv]sation2 b %e pret5d$ n to he> him1 & kept look+ at 8 rival4 ,9 ! agony ( jeal\sy1 ,desgl&s1 z he 0 hold+ a fre% egg 9 8 h&1 involunt>ily cru%$ x2 ! %ell broke1 & its cont5ts bespatt]$ 8 rival's face4 ,see+ him raise 8 h&1 ,desgl&s seiz$ x & :isp]$3 ,sir1 ,i take x z giv54 ,! next day ,desgl&s appe>$ ) a l>ge piece ( black /ick+-pla/] ^u 8 "r *eek4 ,9 ! duel :i* foll[$1 ,desgl&s sev]ely w\nd$ 8 rival2 ^u :i* he r$uc$ ! size ( ! pla/]4 ,:5 8 rival recov]$1 !y _h ano!r duel2 ,desgl&s drew blood aga91 & aga9 made 8 pla/] a little small]2 & s on = five or six times4 ,aft] e duel ,desgl&s' pla/] grew less & less1 until at la/ 8 rival4 ,f :at ,i h said x mu/ be q evid5t t ! pr9ciple ( knightly honor has no ess5tial & spontane\s orig9 9 human nature4 ,x is an artificial product1 & its s\rce is n h>d to f9d4 ,its exi/5ce obvi\sly dates f ! "t :5 p us$ _! fi/s m ?an _! heads1 :5 prie/craft _h en*a9$ ! human intellect1 ! mu* beprais$ ,middle ,age1 ) its sy/em ( *ivalry4 ,t 0 ! "t :5 p let ! ,almighty n only c>e = !m b judge = !m too2 :5 difficult cases 7 decid$ by an ordeal1 a ,judgm5t ( ,god2 :i*1 ) few exceptions1 meant a duel1 n only :]e nobles 7 conc]n$1 b 9 ! case ( ord9>y citiz5s z well4 ,!re is a neat illu/ration ( ?is 9 ,%akespe>e's ,h5ry ,,vi4#a ,e judicial s5t5ce 0 subject to an appeal to arms--a c\rt1 z x 71 ( high] in/ance1 namely1 ! ,judgm5t ( ,god3 & ?is really meant t physical /r5g? & activity1 t is1 our animal nature1 usurp$ ! place ( reason on ! judgm5t seat1 decid+ 9 matt]s ( "r & wrong1 n by :at a man _h done1 b by ! =ce ) :i* he 0 oppos$1 ! same sy/em1 9 fact1 z prevails to-day "u ! pr9ciples ( knightly honor4 ,if any "o d\bts t su* is really ! orig9 ( our mod]n duel1 let him read an excell5t "w by ,j4,b4 ,mill+51 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,duel+4#b ,nay1 y may /ill f9d among/ ! support]s ( ! sy/em1--:o1 by ! way are n usually ! mo/ educat$ or ?\ghtful ( m51--"s :o look ^u ! result ( a duel z really con/itut+ a div9e judgm5t 9 ! matt] 9 dispute2 no d\bt 9 consequ5ce ( ! traditional feel+ on ! subject4 ,b leav+ aside ! "q ( orig91 x mu/ n[ be cle> to u t ! ma9 t5d5cy ( ! pr9ciple is to use physical m5ace = ! purpose ( extort+ an appe>ance ( respect :i* is deem$ too difficult or sup]flu\s to acquire 9 reality2 a proce$+ :i* comes to mu* ! same ?+ z if y 7 to prove ! w>m? ( y\r room by hold+ y\r h& on ! !rmomet] & s make x rise4 ,9 fact1 ! k]nel ( ! matt] is ?is3 :]eas civic honor aims at peaceable int]c\rse1 & consi/s 9 ! op9ion ( o!r p t we des]ve full confid5ce1 because we pay unconditional respect to _! rights2 knightly honor1 on ! o!r h&1 lays d[n t we are to be fe>$1 z be+ det]m9$ at all co/s to ma9ta9 our own4 ,z n mu* reliance c be plac$ ^u human integrity1 ! pr9ciple t x is m ess5tial to ar\se fe> ?an to invite confid5ce w\ld n1 p]haps1 be a false "o1 if we 7 liv+ 9 a /ate ( nature1 :]e e man w\ld h to protect himself & directly ma9ta9 8 own rights4 ,b 9 civiliz$ life1 :]e ! ,/ate und]takes ! protection ( our p]son & prop]ty1 ! pr9ciple is no long] applicable3 x /&s1 l ! ca/les & wat*-t[]s ( ! age :5 might 0 "r1 a useless & =lorn object1 amid/ well-till$ fields & frequ5t$ roads1 or ev5 railways4 ,accord+ly1 ! application ( knightly honor1 :i* /ill recognizes ?is pr9ciple1 is conf9$ to ^? small cases ( p]sonal assault :i* meet ) b slight puni%m5t at ! h&s ( ! law1 or ev5 none at all1 = de m9imis non1--m]e trivial wrongs1 committ$ sometimes only 9 je/4 ,! consequ5ce ( ?is limit$ application ( ! pr9ciple is t x has =c$ itself into an exagg]at$ respect = ! value ( ! p]son1--a respect utt]ly ali5 to ! nature1 con/itution or de/9y ( man--:i* x has elat$ into a species ( sanctity3 & z x consid]s t ! ,/ate has impos$ a v insuffici5t p5alty on ! commission ( su* trivial injuries1 x takes ^u itself to puni% !m by attack+ ! aggressor 9 life or limb4 ,! :ole ?+ manife/ly re/s ^u an excessive degree ( arrogant pride1 :i*1 completely =gett+ :at man really is1 claims t he %all be absolutely free f all attack or ev5 c5sure4 ,^? :o det]m9e to c>ry out ?is pr9ciple by ma9 =ce1 & ann\nce1 z _! rule ( action1 :oev] insults or /rikes me %all die6 ought = _! pa9s to be bani%$ ! c\ntry4#a ,footnote #a3 ,knightly honor is ! *ild ( pride & folly1 & x is ne$y n pride1 :i* is ! h]itage ( ! human race4 ,x is a v rem>kable fact t ?is extreme =m ( pride %\ld be f\nd exclusively among/ ! adh]5ts ( ! religion :i* tea*es ! deepe/ humility4 ,/ill1 ?is pride mu/ n be put d[n to religion1 b1 r1 to ! feudal sy/em1 :i* made e nobleman a petty sov]eign :o recogniz$ no human judge1 & le>n$ to reg>d 8 p]son z sacr$ & inviolable1 & any attack ^u x1 or any bl[ or insult+ ^w1 z an (f5ce puni%able ) dea?4 ,! pr9ciple ( knightly honor & ( ! duel 7 at fir/ conf9$ to ! nobles1 &1 lat] on1 also to (fic]s 9 ! army1 :o1 enjoy+ a k9d ( (f-&-on relation%ip ) ! upp] classes1 ?\gh !y 7 nev] incorporat$ ) !m1 7 anxi\s n to be beh9d !m4 ,x is true t duels 7 ! product ( ! old ordeals2 b ! latt] are n ! f\ndation1 b r ! consequ5ce & application ( ! pr9ciple ( honor3 ! man :o recogniz$ no human judge appeal$ to ! div9e4 ,ordeals1 h[ev]1 are n peculi> to ,*ri/5dom3 !y may be f\nd 9 great =ce among ! ,h9doos1 especially ( anci5t times2 & !re are traces ( !m ev5 n[4 ,z a palliative to ?is ra% arrogance1 p are 9 ! habit ( giv+ way on ev]y?+4 ,if two intrepid p]sons meet1 & nei!r w give way1 ! slighte/ diff]5ce may cause a %[] ( abuse1 !n fi/icuffs1 &1 f9ally1 a fatal bl[3 s t x w\ld really be a m decor\s proce$+ to omit ! int]m$iate /eps & appeal to arms at once4 ,an appeal to arms has its own special =malities2 & ^! h develop$ into a rigid & precise sy/em ( laws & regulations1 toge!r =m+ ! mo/ solemn f>ce !re is--a regul> temple ( honor d$icat$ to folly6 ,= if two intrepid p]sons dispute ov] "s trivial matt]1 7m important affairs are dealt ) by law71 "o ( !m1 ! clev]] ( ! two1 w ( c\rse yield2 & !y w agree to diff]4 ,t ?is is s is prov$ by ! fact t common p1--or1 r1 ! num]\s classes ( ! community :o d n ackn[l$ge ! pr9ciple ( knightly honor1 let any dispute run its natural c\rse4 ,among/ ^! classes homicide is a hundr$fold r>] ?an among/ ^?--& !y am\nt1 p]haps1 9 all1 to h>dly "o 9 a ?\s&1--:o pay homage to ! pr9ciple3 & ev5 bl[s are ( no v frequ5t occurr5ce4 ,!n x has be5 said t ! mann]s & tone ( good society are ultimately bas$ ^u ?is pr9ciple ( honor1 :i*1 ) its sy/em ( duels1 is made out to be a bulw>k aga9/ ! assaults ( savag]y & rud5ess4 ,b ,a!ns1 ,cor9? & ,rome c\ld assur$ly boa/ ( good1 nay1 excell5t society1 & mann]s & tone ( a high ord]1 )\t any support f ! bogey ( knightly honor4 ,x is true t wom5 did n occupy t prom95t place 9 anci5t society :i* !y hold n[1 :5 conv]sation has tak5 on a frivol\s & trifl+ "*1 to ! exclusion ( t weighty disc\rse :i* di/+ui%$ ! anci5ts4 ,?is *ange has c]ta9ly contribut$ a great deal to br+ ab\t ! t5d5cy1 :i* is obs]vable 9 good society n[-a-days1 to pref] p]sonal c\rage to ! possession ( any o!r quality4 ,! fact is t p]sonal c\rage is really a v subord9ate virtue1--m]ely ! di/+ui%+ m>k ( a subalt]n1--a virtue1 inde$1 9 :i* we are surpass$ by ! l[] animals2 or else y w\ld n he> p say1 z brave z a lion4 ,f> f be+ ! pill> ( society1 knightly honor af=ds a sure asylum1 9 g5]al = di%one/y & wick$ness1 & also = small incivilities1 want ( consid]ation & unmann]l9ess4 ,rude behavior is (t5 pass$ ov] 9 sil5ce because no "o c>es to risk 8 neck 9 correct+ x4 ,aft] :at ,i h said1 x w n appe> /range t ! duel+ sy/em is c>ri$ to ! highe/ pit* ( sangu9>y zeal precisely 9 t nation ^: political & f9ancial records %[ t !y are n too honorable4 ,:at t nation is l 9 its private & dome/ic life1 is a "q :i* may be be/ put to ^? :o are exp]i5c$ 9 ! matt]4 ,_! urbanity & social culture h long be5 conspicu\s by _! abs5ce4 ,!re is no tru?1 !n1 9 su* pretexts4 ,x c be urg$ ) m ju/ice t z1 :5 y sn>l at a dog1 he sn>ls 9 return1 & :5 y pet him1 he fawns2 s x lies 9 ! nature ( m5 to return ho/ility by ho/ility1 & to be embitt]$ & irritat$ at any signs ( depreciatory treatm5t or hatr$3 &1 z ,cic]o says1 !re is some?+ s p5etrat+ 9 ! %aft ( envy t ev5 m5 ( wisdom & wor? f9d its w\nd a pa9ful "o2 & n[h]e 9 ! _w1 except1 p]haps1 9 a few religi\s sects1 is an insult or a bl[ tak5 ) equanimity4 ,& yet a natural view ( ei!r w\ld 9 no case dem& any?+ m ?an a requital proportionate to ! (f5ce1 & w\ld nev] g to ! l5g? ( assign+ dea? z ! prop] p5alty = anyone :o accuses ano!r ( ly+ or /upidity or c[>dice4 ,! old ,g]man !ory ( blood = a bl[ is a revolt+ sup]/ition ( ! age ( *ivalry4 ,& 9 any case ! return or requital ( an insult is dictat$ by ang]1 & n by any su* obligation ( honor & duty z ! advocates ( *ivalry seek to atta* to x4 ,! fact is t1 ! great] ! tru?1 ! great] ! sl&]2 & x is cle> t ! slighte/ h9t ( "s real del9qu5cy w give mu* great] (f5ce ?an a mo/ t]rible accusation :i* is p]fectly baseless3 s t a man :o is q sure t he has done no?+ to des]ve a reproa* may treat x ) contempt1 & w be safe 9 do+ s4 ,! !ory ( honor dem&s t he %all %[ a susceptibility :i* he does n possess1 & take bloody v5geance = insults :i* he _c feel4 ,a man mu/ himself h b a poor op9ion ( 8 own wor? :o ha/5s to prev5t ! utt]ance ( an unfavorable op9ion by giv+ 8 enemy a black eye4 ,true appreciation ( 8 own value w make a man really indiff]5t to insult2 b if he _c help res5t+ x1 a little %rewdness & culture w enable him to save appe>ances & dissemble 8 ang]4 ,if he c\ld only get rid ( ?is sup]/ition ab\t honor--! idea1 ,i mean1 t x disappe>s :5 y are insult$1 & c be re/or$ by return+ ! insult2 if we c\ld only /op p f ?9k+ t wrong1 brutality & insol5ce c be legaliz$ by express+ read9ess to give satisfaction1 t is1 to fight 9 def5ce ( x1 we %\ld all soon come to ! g5]al op9ion t insult & depreciation are l a battle 9 :i* ! los] w9s2 & t1 z ,v9c5zo ,monti says1 abuse resembles a *ur*-procession1 because x always returns to ! po9t f :i* x set out4 ,if we c\ld only get p to look ^u insult 9 ?is light1 we %\ld no long] h to say some?+ rude 9 ord] to prove t we are 9 ! "r4 ,n[1 un=tunately1 if we want to take a s]i\s view ( any "q1 we h fir/ ( all to consid] :e!r x w n give (f5ce 9 "s way or o!r to ! dull>d1 :o g5]ally %[s al>m & res5tm5t at ! m]e/ sign ( intellig5ce2 & x may easily happ5 t ! head :i* conta9s ! intellig5t view has to be pitt$ aga9/ ! noodle :i* is empty ( ev]y?+ b n>r[ness & /upidity4 ,if all ?is 7 done away )1 intellectual sup]iority c\ld take ! lead+ place 9 society :i* is its due--a place n[ occupi$1 ?\gh p d n l to confess x1 by excell5ce ( physique1 m]e fight+ pluck1 9 fact2 & ! natural effect ( su* a *ange w\ld be t ! be/ k9d ( p w\ld h "o reason ! less = )draw+ f society4 ,?is w\ld pave ! way = ! introduction ( real c\rtesy & g5u9ely good society1 su* z und\bt$ly exi/$ 9 ,a!ns1 ,cor9? & ,rome4 ,if anyone wants to see a good example ( :at ,i mean1 ,i %\ld l him to read ,x5ophon's ,banquet4 ,! la/ argum5t 9 def5ce ( knightly honor no d\bt is1 t1 b = its exi/5ce1 ! _w--awful ?\ght6--w\ld be a regul> be>-g>d54 ,to :i* ,i may briefly reply t n9e hundr$ & n9ety-n9e p out ( a ?\s& :o d n recognize ! code1 h (t5 giv5 & receiv$ a bl[ )\t any fatal consequ5ces3 :]eas among/ ! adh]5ts ( ! code a bl[ usually means dea? to "o ( ! p>ties4 ,b let me exam9e ?is argum5t m closely4 ,i h (t5 tri$ to f9d "s t5able1 or at any rate1 plausible basis--o!r ?an a m]ely conv5tional "o--"s positive reasons1 t is to say1 = ! root$ conviction :i* a portion ( mank9d ent]ta9s1 t a bl[ is a v dreadful ?+2 b ,i h look$ = x 9 va91 ei!r 9 ! animal or 9 ! rational side ( human nature4 ,a bl[ is1 & always w be1 a trivial physical injury :i* "o man c d to ano!r2 prov+1 !reby1 no?+ m ?an 8 sup]iority 9 /r5g? or skill1 or t 8 enemy 0 (f 8 gu>d4 ,analysis w c>ry u no fur!r4 ,! same knight :o reg>ds a bl[ f ! human h& z ! greate/ ( evils1 if he gets a t5 times h>d] bl[ f 8 horse1 w give y ! assurance1 z he limps away 9 suppress$ pa91 t x is a matt] ( no consequ5ce :atev]4 ,s ,i h come to ?9k t x is ! human h& :i* is at ! bottom ( ! mis*ief4 ,& yet 9 a battle ! knight may get cuts & ?ru/s f ! same h&1 & /ill assure y t 8 w\nds are n wor? m5tion+4 ,n[1 ,i he> t a bl[ f ! flat ( a sword is n by any means s bad z a bl[ f a /ick2 & t1 a %ort "t ago1 cadets 7 liable to be puni%$ by ! "o b n ! o!r1 & t ! v greate/ honor ( all is ! accolade4 ,?is is all ! psy*ological or moral basis t ,i c f9d2 & s !re is no?+ left me b to pron\nce ! :ole ?+ an antiquat$ sup]/ition t has tak5 deep root1 & "o m ( ! _m examples :i* %[ ! =ce ( tradition4 ,my view is confirm$ by ! well-kn[n fact t 9 ,*9a a beat+ ) a bamboo is a v frequ5t puni%m5t = ! common p1 & ev5 = (ficials ( e class2 :i* %[s t human nature1 ev5 9 a highly civiliz$ /ate1 does n run 9 ! same groove "h & 9 ,*9a4 ,on ! contr>y1 an unprejudic$ view ( human nature %[s t x is j z natural = a man to beat z x is = savage animals to bite & r5d 9 pieces1 or = horn$ bea/s to butt or pu%4 ,man may be said to be ! animal t beats4 ,h5ce x is revolt+ to our s5se ( ! fitness ( ?+s to he>1 z we sometimes d1 t "o man bitt5 ano!r2 on ! o!r h&1 x is a natural & ev]yday occurr5ce = him to get bl[s or give !m4 ,x is intelligible en\gh t1 z we become educat$1 we are glad to disp5se ) bl[s by a sy/em ( mutual re/ra9t4 ,b x is a cruel ?+ to compel a nation or a s+le class to reg>d a bl[ z an awful mis=tune :i* mu/ h dea? & murd] = its consequ5ces4 ,!re are too _m g5u9e evils 9 ! _w to all[ ( our increas+ !m by imag9>y mis=tunes1 :i* br+s real ones 9 _! tra93 & yet ?is is ! precise effect ( ! sup]/ition1 :i* ?us proves itself at once /upid & malign4 ,x does n seem to me wise ( gov]nm5ts & legislative bodies to promote any su* folly by attempt+ to d away ) flogg+ z a puni%m5t 9 civil or milit>y life4 ,_! idea is t !y are act+ 9 ! int]e/s ( humanity2 b1 9 po9t ( fact1 !y are do+ j ! opposite2 = ! abolition ( flogg+ w s]ve only to /r5g!n ?is inhuman & abom9able sup]/ition1 to :i* s _m sacrifices h already be5 made4 ,= all (f5ces1 except ! wor/1 a beat+ is ! obvi\s1 & !re=e ! natural p5alty2 & a man :o w n li/5 to reason w yield to bl[s4 ,x seems to me "r & prop] to adm9i/] corporal puni%m5t to ! man :o possesses no?+ & !re=e _c be f9$1 or _c be put 9 prison because 8 ma/]'s int]e/s w\ld suff] by ! loss ( 8 s]vice4 ,!re are really no argum5ts aga9/ x3 only m]e talk ab\t ! dignity ( man--talk :i* proce$s1 n f any cle> notions on ! subject1 b f ! p]nici\s sup]/ition ,i h be5 describ+4 ,t x is a sup]/ition :i* lies at ! bottom ( ! :ole bus9ess is prov$ by an almo/ laughable example4 ,n long ago1 9 ! milit>y discipl9e ( _m c\ntries1 ! cat 0 replac$ by ! /ick4 ,9 ei!r case ! object 0 to produce physical pa92 b ! latt] me?od involv$ no disgrace1 & 0 n d]ogatory to honor4 ,by promot+ ?is sup]/ition1 ! ,/ate is play+ into ! h&s ( ! pr9ciple ( knightly honor1 & !re=e ( ! duel2 :ile at ! same "t x is try+1 or at any rate x pret5ds x is try+1 to aboli% ! duel by legislative enactm5t4 ,z a natural consequ5ce we f9d t ?is fragm5t ( ! !ory t might is "r1 :i* has come d[n to u f ! mo/ savage days ( ! ,middle ,age1 has /ill 9 ?is n9ete5? c5tury a good deal ( life left 9 x--m %ame to u6 ,x is high "t = ! pr9ciple to be driv5 out bag & baggage4 ,n[-a-days no "o is all[$ to set dogs or cocks to fight ea* o!r1--at any rate1 9 ,engl& x is a p5al (f5ce1--b m5 are plung$ into deadly /rife1 aga9/ _! w1 by ! op]ation ( ?is ridicul\s1 sup]/iti\s & absurd pr9ciple1 :i* imposes ^u u ! obligation1 z its n>r[-m9d$ support]s & advocates decl>e1 ( fight+ ) "o ano!r l gladiators1 = any little trifle4 ,let me recomm5d our puri/s to adopt ! expression bait+#a in/ead ( duel1 :i* probably comes to u1 n f ! ,lat9 duellum1 b f ! ,spani% duelo1--mean+ suff]+1 nuisance1 annoyance4 ,footnote #a3 ,ritt]hetze ,9 any case1 we may well laugh at ! p$antic excess to :i* ?is fooli% sy/em has be5 c>ri$4 ,x is really revolt+ t ?is pr9ciple1 ) its absurd code1 c =m a p[] )9 ! ,/ate--imp]ium 9 imp]io--a p[] too easily put 9 motion1 :i*1 recogniz+ no "r b might1 tyrannizes ov] ! classes :i* come )9 its range1 by keep+ up a sort ( inquisition1 be=e :i* any "o may be hal$ on ! mo/ flimsy pretext1 & !re & !n be tri$ on an issue ( life & dea? betwe5 himself & 8 oppon5t4 ,?is is ! lurk+ place f :i* e rascal1 if he only belongs to ! classes 9 "q1 may m5ace & ev5 ext]m9ate ! noble/ & be/ ( m51 :o1 z su*1 mu/ ( c\rse be an object ( hatr$ to him4 ,our sy/em ( ju/ice & police-protection has made x impossible 9 ^! days = any sc\ndrel 9 ! /reet to attack u )--,y\r money or y\r life6 ,an end %\ld be put to ! burd5 :i* weighs ^u ! high] classes--! burd51 ,i mean1 ( hav+ to be ready e mom5t to expose life & limb to ! m]cy ( anyone :o takes x into 8 rascally head to be co>se1 rude1 fooli% or malici\s4 ,x is p]fectly atroci\s t a pair ( silly1 passionate boys %\ld be w\nd$1 maim$ or ev5 kill$1 simply because !y h _h a few words4 ,! /r5g? ( ?is tyrannical p[] )9 ! ,/ate1 & ! =ce ( ! sup]/ition1 may be measur$ by ! fact t p :o are prev5t$ f re/or+ _! knightly honor by ! sup]ior or inf]ior rank ( _! aggressor1 or any?+ else t puts ! p]sons on a diff]5t level1 (t5 come to a tragic-comic end by committ+ suicide 9 %e] despair4 ,y may g5]ally "k a ?+ to be false & ridicul\s by f9d+ t1 if x is c>ri$ to its logical conclusion1 x results 9 a contradiction2 & "h1 too1 we h a v gl>+ absurdity4 ,= an (fic] is =bidd5 to take "p 9 a duel2 b if he is *all5g$ & decl9es to come out1 he is puni%$ by be+ dismiss$ ! s]vice4 ,z ,i am on ! matt]1 let me be m frank /ill4 ,! important di/9ction1 :i* is (t5 insi/$ ^u1 betwe5 kill+ y\r enemy 9 a fair fight ) equal weapons1 & ly+ 9 ambu% = him1 is entirely a coroll>y ( ! fact t ! p[] )9 ! ,/ate1 ( :i* ,i h spok51 recognizes no o!r "r ?an might1 t is1 ! "r ( ! /rong]1 & appeals to a ,judgm5t ( ,god z ! basis ( ! :ole code4 ,= to kill a man 9 a fair fight1 is to prove t y are sup]ior to him 9 /r5g? or skill2 & to ju/ify ! de$1 y mu/ assume t ! "r ( ! /rong] is really a "r4 ,b ! tru? is t1 if my oppon5t is unable to def5d himself1 x gives me ! possibility1 b n by any means ! "r1 ( kill+ him4 ,! "r1 ! moral ju/ification1 mu/ dep5d entirely ^u ! motives :i* ,i h = tak+ 8 life4 ,ev5 suppos+ t ,i h suffici5t motive = tak+ a man's life1 !re is no reason :y ,i %\ld make 8 dea? dep5d ^u :e!r ,i c %oot or f5ce bett] ?an he4 ,9 su* a case1 x is immat]ial 9 :at way ,i kill him1 :e!r ,i attack him f ! front or ! re>4 ,f a moral po9t ( view1 ! "r ( ! /rong] is no m conv9c+ ?an ! "r ( ! m skillful2 & x is skill :i* is employ$ if y murd] a a man trea*]\sly4 ,might & skill are 9 ?is case equally "r2 9 a duel1 = in/ance1 bo? ! "o & ! o!r come into play2 = a fe9t is only ano!r "n = trea*]y4 ,if ,i consid] myself morally ju/ifi$ 9 tak+ a man's life1 x is /upid ( me to try fir/ ( all :e!r he c %oot or f5ce bett] ?an ,i2 z1 if he c1 he w n only h wrong$ me1 b h tak5 my life into ! b>ga94 ,x is ,r\sseau's op9ion t ! prop] way to av5ge an insult is1 n to fight a duel ) y\r aggressor1 b to assass9ate him1--an op9ion1 h[ev]1 :i* he is cauti\s en\gh only to b>ely indicate 9 a my/]i\s note to "o ( ! books ( 8 ,emile4 ,?is %[s ! philosoph] s completely "u ! influ5ce ( ! m$iaeval sup]/ition ( knightly honor t he consid]s x ju/ifiable to murd] a man :o accuses y ( ly+3 :il/ he mu/ h kn[n t e man1 & himself especially1 has des]v$ to h ! lie giv5 him times )\t numb]4 ,! prejudice :i* ju/ifies ! kill+ ( y\r adv]s>y1 s long z x is done 9 an op5 conte/ & ) equal weapons1 obvi\sly looks ^u might z really "r1 & a duel z ! int]f]5ce ( ,god4 ,! ,italian :o1 9 a fit ( rage1 falls ^u 8 aggressor :]ev] he f9ds him1 & despat*es him )\t any c]emony1 acts1 at any rate1 consi/5tly & naturally3 he may be clev]]1 b he is n worse1 ?an ! dueli/4 ,if y say1 ,i am ju/ifi$ 9 kill+ my adv]s>y 9 a duel1 because he is at ! mom5t do+ 8 be/ to kill me2 ,i c reply t x is y\r *all5ge :i* has plac$ him "u ! necessity ( def5d+ himself2 & t by mutually putt+ x on ! gr\nd ( self-def5ce1 ! combatants are seek+ a plausible pretext = committ+ murd]4 ,i %\ld r ju/ify ! de$ by ! legal maxim ,vol5ti non fit injuria2 because ! p>ties mutually agree to set _! life ^u ! issue4 ,?is argum5t may1 h[ev]1 be rebutt$ by %[+ t ! injur$ p>ty is n injur$ vol5s2 because x is ?is tyrannical pr9ciple ( knightly honor1 ) its absurd code1 :i* =cibly drags "o at lea/ ( ! combatants be=e a bloody inquisition4 ,i h be5 r prolix on ! subject ( knightly honor1 b ,i _h good reason = be+ s1 because ! ,augean /able ( moral & intellectual enormity 9 ?is _w c be clean$ out only ) ! besom ( philosophy4 ,!re are two ?+s :i* m ?an all else s]ve to make ! social arrangem5ts ( mod]n life comp>e unfavorably ) ^? ( antiquity1 by giv+ our age a gloomy1 d>k & s9i/] aspect1 f :i* antiquity1 fre%1 natural &1 z x 71 9 ! morn+ ( life1 is completely free2 ,i mean mod]n honor & mod]n disease1--p> nobile fratrum6--:i* h comb9$ to poison all ! relations ( life1 :e!r public or private4 ,! second ( ?is noble pair ext5ds its influ5ce mu* f>!r ?an at fir/ appe>s to be ! case1 z be+ n m]ely a physical1 b also a moral disease4 ,f ! "t t poison$ arr[s h be5 f\nd 9 ,cupid's quiv]1 an e/rang+1 ho/ile1 nay1 devili% elem5t has ent]$ into ! relations ( m5 & wom51 l a s9i/] ?read ( fe> & mi/ru/ 9 ! w>p & wo( ( _! int]c\rse2 indirectly %ak+ ! f\ndations ( human fell[%ip1 & s m or less affect+ ! :ole t5or ( exi/5ce4 ,b x w\ld be beside my pres5t purpose to pursue ! subject fur!r4 ,an influ5ce analog\s to ?is1 ?\gh work+ on o!r l9es1 is ex]t$ by ! pr9ciple ( knightly honor1--t solemn f>ce1 unkn[n to ! anci5t _w1 :i* makes mod]n society /iff1 gloomy & timid1 =c+ u to keep ! /ricte/ wat* on e ^w t falls4 ,nor is ?is all4 ,! pr9ciple is a univ]sal ,m9otaur2 & ! goodly company ( ! sons ( noble h\ses :i* x dem&s 9 ye>ly tribute1 comes1 n f "o c\ntry alone1 z ( old1 b f e l& 9 ,europe4 ,x is high "t to make a regul> attack ^u ?is fooli% sy/em2 & ?is is :at ,i am try+ to d n[4 ,w\ld t ^! two mon/]s ( ! mod]n _w might disappe> be=e ! end ( ! c5tury6 ,let u hope t m$ic9e may be able to f9d "s means ( prev5t+ ! "o1 & t1 by cle>+ our ideals1 philosophy may put an end to ! o!r3 = x is only by cle>+ our ideas t ! evil c be eradicat$4 ,gov]nm5ts h tri$ to d s by legislation1 & fail$4 ,/ill1 if !y are really conc]n$ to /op ! duel+ sy/em2 & if ! small success t has att5d$ _! ef=ts is really due only to _! inability to cope ) ! evil1 ,i d n m9d propos+ a law ! success ( :i* ,i am prep>$ to gu>antee4 ,x w involve no sangu9>y measures1 & c be put into op]ation )\t rec\rse ei!r to ! scaffold or ! gall[s1 or to imprisonm5t = life4 ,x is a small homeopa?ic pilule1 ) no s]i\s aft] effects4 ,if any man s5d or accept a *all5ge1 let ! corporal take him be=e ! gu>d h\se1 & !re give him1 9 broad daylight1 twelve /rokes ) a /ick a la ,*9oise2 a non-commission$ (fic] or a private to receive six4 ,if a duel has actually tak5 place1 ! usual crim9al proce$+s %\ld be in/itut$4 ,a p]son ) knightly notions might1 p]haps1 object t1 if su* a puni%m5t 7 c>ri$ out1 a man ( honor w\ld possibly %oot himself2 to :i* ,i %\ld answ] t x is bett] = a fool l t to %oot himself r ?an o!r p4 ,h[ev]1 ,i "k v well t gov]nm5ts are n really 9 e>ne/ ab\t putt+ d[n duel+4 ,civil (ficials1 & mu* m s1 (fic]s 9 ! army1 7except ^? 9 ! highe/ positions71 are paid mo/ inadequately = ! s]vices !y p]=m2 & ! defici5cy is made up by honor1 :i* is repres5t$ by titles & ord]s1 &1 9 g5]al1 by ! sy/em ( rank & di/9ction4 ,! duel is1 s to speak1 a v s]viceable extra-horse = p ( rank3 s !y are tra9$ 9 ! k ( x at ! univ]sities4 ,! accid5ts :i* happ5 to ^? :o use x make up 9 blood = ! defici5cy ( ! pay4 ,j to complete ! discussion1 let me "h m5tion ! subject ( national honor4 ,x is ! honor ( a nation z a unit 9 ! aggregate ( nations4 ,& z !re is no c\rt to appeal to b ! c\rt ( =ce2 & z e nation mu/ be prep>$ to def5d its own int]e/s1 ! honor ( a nation consi/s 9 e/abli%+ ! op9ion1 n only t x may be tru/$ 7its cr$it71 b also t x is to be fe>$4 ,an attack ^u its rights mu/ nev] be all[$ to pass unhe$$4 ,x is a comb9ation ( civic & knightly honor4 ,section #e4--;,fame4 ,"u ! head+ ( place 9 ! e/imation ( ! _w we h put ,fame2 & ?is we mu/ n[ proce$ to consid]4 ,fame & honor are tw9s2 & tw9s1 too1 l ,ca/or & ,pollux1 ( :om ! "o 0 mortal & ! o!r 0 n4 ,fame is ! undy+ bro!r ( ephem]al honor4 ,i speak1 ( c\rse1 ( ! highe/ k9d ( fame1 t is1 ( fame 9 ! true & g5u9e s5se ( ! ^w2 =1 to be sure1 !re are _m sorts ( fame1 "s ( :i* la/ b a day4 ,honor is conc]n$ m]ely ) su* qualities z ev]yone may be expect$ to %[ "u simil> circum/ances2 fame only ( ^? :i* _c be requir$ ( any man4 ,honor is ( qualities :i* ev]yone has a "r to attribute to himself2 fame only ( ^? :i* %\ld be left to o!rs to attribute4 ,:il/ our honor ext5ds z f> z p h k ( u2 fame runs 9 advance1 & makes u kn[n :]ev] x f9ds its way4 ,ev]yone c make a claim to honor2 v few to fame1 z be+ atta9able only 9 virtue ( extraord9>y a*ievem5ts4 ,^! a*ievem5ts may be ( two k9ds1 ei!r actions or works2 & s to fame !re are two pa?s op54 ,on ! pa? ( actions1 a great he>t is ! *ief recomm5dation2 on t ( works1 a great head4 ,ea* ( ! two pa?s has its own peculi> advantages & detrim5ts2 & ! *ief diff]5ce betwe5 !m is t actions are fleet+1 :ile works rema94 ,! influ5ce ( an action1 be x nev] s noble1 c la/ b a %ort "t2 b a "w ( g5ius is a liv+ influ5ce1 b5eficial & ennobl+ ?r\gh\t ! ages4 ,all t c rema9 ( actions is a memory1 & t becomes weak & disfigur$ by "t--a matt] ( indiff]5ce to u1 until at la/ x is ext+ui%$ altoge!r2 unless1 inde$1 hi/ory takes x up1 & pres5ts x1 fossiliz$1 to po/]ity4 ,works are immortal 9 !mselves1 & once committ$ to writ+1 may live = ev]4 ,( ,alex&] ! ,great we h b ! "n & ! record2 b ,plato & ,ari/otle1 ,hom] & ,horace are alive1 & z directly at "w to-day z !y 7 9 _! own lifetime4 ,! ,v$as1 & _! ,upani%ads1 are /ill ) u3 b ( all contemporane\s actions n a trace has come d[n to u4#a ,footnote #a3 ,accord+ly x is a poor complim5t1 ?\gh sometimes a fa%ionable "o1 to try to pay honor to a "w by call+ x an action4 ,= a "w is some?+ ess5tially high] 9 its nature4 ,an action is always some?+ bas$ on motive1 &1 !re=e1 fragm5t>y & fleet+--a "p1 9 fact1 ( t ,w :i* is ! univ]sal & orig9al elem5t 9 ! con/itution ( ! _w4 ,b a great & beautiful "w has a p]man5t "*1 z be+ ( univ]sal significance1 & sprung f ! ,intellect1 :i* rises1 l a p]fume1 above ! faults & follies ( ! _w ( ,w4 ,! fame ( a great action has ?is advantage1 t x g5]ally />ts ) a l\d explosion2 s l\d1 inde$1 z to be he>d all ov] ,europe3 :]eas ! fame ( a great "w is sl[ & gradual 9 its beg9n+s2 ! noise x makes is at fir/ slight1 b x goes on gr[+ great]1 until at la/1 aft] a hundr$ ye>s p]haps1 x atta9s its full =ce2 b !n x rema9s1 because ! works rema91 = ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,b 9 ! o!r case1 :5 ! fir/ explosion is ov]1 ! noise x makes gr[s less & less1 & is he>d by few] & few] p]sons2 until x ends by ! action hav+ only a %ad[y exi/5ce 9 ! pages ( hi/ory4 ,ano!r disadvantage "u :i* actions labor is t !y dep5d ^u *ance = ! possibility ( com+ into exi/5ce2 & h5ce1 ! fame !y w9 does n fl[ entirely f _! intr9sic value1 b also f ! circum/ances :i* happ5$ to l5d !m importance & lu/re4 ,aga91 ! fame ( actions1 if1 z 9 w>1 !y are purely p]sonal1 dep5ds ^u ! te/imony ( few] witnesses2 & ^! are n always pres5t1 & ev5 if pres5t1 are n always j or unbias$ obs]v]s4 ,?is disadvantage1 h[ev]1 is c\nt]balanc$ by ! fact t actions h ! advantage ( be+ ( a practical "*1 &1 !re=e1 )9 ! range ( g5]al human intellig5ce2 s t once ! facts h be5 correctly report$1 ju/ice is imm$iately done2 unless1 inde$1 ! motive und]ly+ ! action is n at fir/ prop]ly und]/ood or appreciat$4 ,no action c be really und]/ood ap>t f ! motive :i* prompt$ x4 ,x is j ! contr>y ) works4 ,_! inception does n dep5d ^u *ance1 b :olly & entirely ^u _! au?or2 & :oev] !y are 9 & = !mselves1 t !y rema9 z long z !y live4 ,fur!r1 !re is a difficulty 9 prop]ly judg+ !m1 :i* becomes all ! h>d]1 ! high] _! "*2 (t5 !re are no p]sons compet5t to und]/& ! "w1 & (t5 no unbias$ or hone/ critics4 ,_! fame1 h[ev]1 does n dep5d ^u "o judge only2 !y c ent] an appeal to ano!r4 ,9 ! case ( actions1 z ,i h said1 x is only _! memory :i* comes d[n to po/]ity1 & !n only 9 ! traditional =m2 b works are h&$ d[n !mselves1 &1 except :5 p>ts ( !m h be5 lo/1 9 ! =m 9 :i* !y fir/ appe>$4 ,9 ?is case !re is no room = any disfigurem5t ( ! facts2 & any circum/ance :i* may h prejudic$ !m 9 _! orig91 fall away ) ! lapse ( "t4 ,nay1 x is (t5 only aft] ! lapse ( "t t ! p]sons really compet5t to judge !m appe>--exceptional critics sitt+ 9 judgm5t on exceptional works1 & giv+ _! weighty v]dicts 9 succession4 ,^! collectively =m a p]fectly j appreciation2 & ?\gh !re are cases :]e x has tak5 "s hundr$s ( ye>s to =m x1 no fur!r lapse ( "t is able to rev]se ! v]dict2--s secure & inevitable is ! fame ( a great "w4 ,:e!r au?ors ev] live to see ! dawn ( _! fame dep5ds ^u ! *ance ( circum/ance2 & ! high] & m important _! works are1 ! less likelihood !re is ( _! do+ s4 ,t 0 an incomp>able f9e say+ ( ,s5eca's1 t fame foll[s m]it z surely z ! body ca/s a %ad[2 sometimes fall+ 9 front1 & sometimes beh9d4 ,& he goes on to rem>k t ?\gh ! envy ( contempor>ies be %[n by univ]sal sil5ce1 !re w come ^? :o w judge )\t enmity or favor4 ,f ?is rem>k x is manife/ t ev5 9 ,s5eca's age !re 7 rascals :o und]/ood ! art ( suppress+ m]it by malici\sly ignor+ its exi/5ce1 & ( conceal+ good "w f ! public 9 ord] to favor ! bad3 x is an art well und]/ood 9 our day1 too1 manife/+ itself1 bo? !n & n[1 9 an envi\s conspiracy ( sil5ce4 ,z a g5]al rule1 ! long] a man's fame is likely to la/1 ! lat] x w be 9 com+2 = all excell5t products require "t = _! developm5t4 ,! fame :i* la/s to po/]ity is l an oak1 ( v sl[ gr[?2 & t :i* endures b a little :ile1 l plants :i* spr+ up 9 a ye> & !n die2 :il/ false fame is l a fungus1 %oot+ up 9 a night & p]i%+ z soon4 ,& :y8 ,= ?is reason2 ! m a man belongs to po/]ity1 9 o!r words1 to humanity 9 g5]al1 ! m ( an ali5 he is to 8 contempor>ies2 s9ce 8 "w is n meant = !m z su*1 b only = !m 9 s f> z !y =m "p ( mank9d at l>ge2 !re is none ( t famili> local color ab\t 8 productions :i* w\ld appeal to !m2 & s :at he does1 fails ( recognition because x is /range4 ,p are m likely to appreciate ! man :o s]ves ! circum/ances ( 8 own brief h\r1 or ! temp] ( ! mom5t1--belong+ to x1 liv+ & dy+ ) x4 ,! g5]al hi/ory ( art & lit]ature %[s t ! highe/ a*ievem5ts ( ! human m9d are1 z a rule1 n favorably receiv$ at fir/2 b rema9 9 obscurity until !y w9 notice f intellig5ce ( a high ord]1 by ^: influ5ce !y are br\ght into a position :i* !y !n ma9ta91 9 virtue ( ! au?ority ?us giv5 !m4 ,if ! reason ( ?is %\ld be ask$1 x w be f\nd t ultimately1 a man c really und]/& & appreciate ^? ?+s only :i* are ( l nature ) himself4 ,! dull p]son w l :at is dull1 & ! common p]son :at is common2 a man ^: ideas are mix$ w be attract$ by confusion ( ?\ght2 & folly w appeal to him :o has no bra9s at all2 b be/ ( all1 a man w l 8 own works1 z be+ ( a "* ?or\ghly at "o ) himself4 ,?is is a tru? z old z ,epi*>mus ( fabul\s memory-- ,greek3 ,?auma/on oud5 e/i me tau? outo lege9 ,kal &ane9 autois9 aut\s kal doke9 ,kalos pe?uk5ai kal g> ho kuon kuni ,kalloton eim5 pha9etai koi b\s boi ,onos dono kalli/on e/91 u dut4 ,! s5se ( ?is passage--= x %\ld n be lo/--is t we %\ld n be surpris$ if p are pleas$ ) !mselves1 & fancy t !y are 9 good case2 = to a dog ! be/ ?+ 9 ! _w is a dog2 to an ox1 an ox2 to an ass1 an ass2 & to a s[1 a s[4 ,! /ronge/ arm is unavail+ to give impetus to a fea!rweight2 =1 in/ead ( spe$+ on its way & hitt+ its m>k ) effect1 x w soon fall to ! gr\nd1 hav+ exp5d$ :at little en]gy 0 giv5 to x1 & possess+ no mass ( its own to be ! vehicle ( mom5tum4 ,s x is ) great & noble ?\ghts1 nay1 ) ! v ma/]pieces ( g5ius1 :5 !re are none b little1 weak1 & p]v]se m9ds to appreciate !m1--a fact :i* has be5 deplor$ by a *orus ( ! wise 9 all ages4 ,jesus1 ! son ( ,sira*1 = in/ance1 decl>es t ,he t telle? a tale to a fool speake? to "o 9 slumb]3 :5 he ha? told 8 tale1 he w say1 ,:at is ! matt]8#a ,& ,hamlet says1 ,a knavi% spee* sleeps 9 a fool's e>4#b ,& ,goe! is ( ! same op9ion1 t a dull e> mocks at ! wise/ ^w1 ,das glckti*/e ,wort es wird v]hhnt1 ,w5n d] ,hr] e9 ,s*iefohr i/3 & aga91 t we %\ld n be disc\rag$ if p are /upid1 = y c make no r+s if y ?r[ y\r /one into a m>%4 ,du iwirke/ ni*t1 ,alles bleibt s /umpf3 ,sei gut] ,d+e6 ,d] ,/e9 9 ,sumpf ,ma*t ke9e ,r+e4 ,footnote #a3 ,ecclesia/icus1 xxii41 #h4 ,footnote #b3 ,act iv41 ,sc4 #b4 ,li*t5b]g asks3 ,:5 a head & a book come into collision1 & "o s\nds holl[1 is x always ! book8 ,& 9 ano!r place3 ,works l ?is are z a mirror2 if an ass looks 91 y _c expect an apo/le to look out4 ,we %\ld d well to rememb] old ,gell]t's f9e & t\*+ lam5t1 t ! be/ gifts ( all f9d ! fewe/ admir]s1 & t mo/ m5 mi/ake ! bad = ! good1--a daily evil t no?+ c prev5t1 l a plague :i* no rem$y c cure4 ,!re is b "o ?+ to be done1 ?\gh h[ difficult6--! fooli% mu/ become wise1--& t !y c nev] be4 ,! value ( life !y nev] "k2 !y see ) ! out] eye b nev] ) ! m9d1 & praise ! trivial because ! good is /range to !m3-- ,nie k5n5 sie d5 ,w]? d] ,d+e1 ,ihr ,auge s*lies/1 ni*t ihr ,v]/&2 ,sie lob5 ewig das ,g]+e ,weil sie das ,gute nie gekannt4 ,to ! intellectual incapacity :i*1 z ,goe! says1 fails to recognize & appreciate ! good :i* exi/s1 mu/ be add$ some?+ :i* comes into play ev]y:]e1 ! moral bas5ess ( mank9d1 "h tak+ ! =m ( envy4 ,! new fame t a man w9s raises him afre% ov] ! heads ( 8 fell[s1 :o are ?us degrad$ 9 proportion4 ,all conspicu\s m]it is obta9$ at ! co/ ( ^? :o possess none2 or1 z ,goe! has x 9 ! ,we//li*] ,divan1 ano!r's praise is "o's own depreciation-- ,w5n wir ,&]n ,ehre geb5 ,mss5 wir uns selb/ entadeln4 ,we see1 !n1 h[ x is t1 :atev] be ! =m :i* excell5ce takes1 m$iocrity1 ! common lot ( by f> ! greate/ numb]1 is leagu$ aga9/ x 9 a conspiracy to resi/1 & if possible1 to suppress x4 ,! pass-^w ( ?is league is bas le mrite4 ,nay m2 ^? :o h done some?+ !mselves1 & enjoy a c]ta9 am\nt ( fame1 d n c>e ab\t ! appe>ance ( a new reputation1 because its success is apt to ?r[ !irs into ! %ade4 ,h5ce1 ,goe! decl>es t if we _h to dep5d = our life ^u ! favor ( o!rs1 we %\ld nev] h liv$ at all2 f _! desire to appe> important !mselves1 p gladly ignore our v exi/5ce3-- ,htte i* gezaud]t zu w]d51 ,bis man mir's ,leb5 gegnut1 ,i* wre no* ni*t auf ,erd51 ,wie ihr begreif5 knnt1 ,w5n ihr seht1 wie sie si* geb]d51 ,die1 um etwas zu s*e951 ,mi* g]ne mo*t5 v]ne954 ,honor1 on ! contr>y1 g5]ally meets ) fair appreciation1 & is n expos$ to ! onslaught ( envy2 nay1 e man is cr$it$ ) ! possession ( x until ! contr>y is prov$4 ,b fame has to be won 9 despite ( envy1 & ! tribunal :i* aw>ds ! laurel is compos$ ( judges bias$ aga9/ ! applicant f ! v fir/4 ,honor is some?+ :i* we are able & ready to %>e ) ev]yone2 fame suff]s encroa*m5t & is r5d]$ m unatta9able 9 proportion z m p come by x4 ,fur!r1 ! difficulty ( w9n+ fame by any giv5 "w /&s 9 rev]se ratio to ! numb] ( p :o are likely to read x2 & h5ce x is s mu* h>d] to become fam\s z ! au?or ( a le>n$ "w ?an z a writ] :o aspires only to amuse4 ,x is h>de/ ( all 9 ! case ( philosophical works1 because ! result at :i* !y aim is r vague1 &1 at ! same "t1 useless f a mat]ial po9t ( view2 !y appeal *iefly to read]s :o are work+ on ! same l9es !mselves4 ,x is cle>1 !n1 f :at ,i h said z to ! difficulty ( w9n+ fame1 t ^? :o labor1 n out ( love = _! subject1 nor f pleasure 9 pursu+ x1 b "u ! /imulus ( ambition1 r>ely or nev] leave mank9d a legacy ( immortal works4 ,! man :o seeks to d :at is good & g5u9e1 mu/ avoid :at is bad1 & be ready to defy ! op9ions ( ! mob1 nay1 ev5 to despise x & its mislead]s4 ,h5ce ! tru? ( ! rem>k1 7especially insi/$ ^u by ,osorius de ,gloria71 t fame %uns ^? :o seek x1 & seeks ^? :o %un x2 = ! "o adapt !mselves to ! ta/e ( _! contempor>ies1 & ! o!rs "w 9 defiance ( x4 ,b1 difficult ?\gh x be to acquire fame1 x is an easy ?+ to keep :5 once acquir$4 ,"h1 aga91 fame is 9 direct opposition to honor1 ) :i* ev]yone is presumably to be accr$it$4 ,honor has n to be won2 x mu/ only n be lo/4 ,b !re lies ! difficulty6 ,= by a s+le unwor?y action1 x is gone irretrievably4 ,b fame1 9 ! prop] s5se ( ! ^w1 c nev] disappe>2 = ! action or "w by :i* x 0 acquir$ c nev] be undone2 & fame atta*es to its au?or1 ev5 ?\gh he does no?+ to des]ve x anew4 ,! fame :i* vani%es1 or is outliv$1 proves itself !reby to be spuri\s1 9 o!r words1 unm]it$1 & due to a mom5t>y ov]e/imate ( a man's "w2 n to speak ( ! k9d ( fame :i* ,hegel enjoy$1 & :i* ,li*t5b]g describes z trumpet$ =? by a clique ( admir+ und]graduates--! res\nd+ e*o ( empty heads2--su* a fame z w make po/]ity smile :5 x lights ^u a grotesque ar*itecture ( words1 a f9e ne/ ) ! birds long ago fl[n2 x w knock at ! door ( ?is decay$ /ructure ( conv5tionalities & f9d x utt]ly empty6--n ev5 a trace ( ?\ght !re to invite ! pass]-by4 ,! tru? is t fame means no?+ b :at a man is 9 comp>ison ) o!rs4 ,x is ess5tially relative 9 "*1 & !re=e only indirectly valuable2 = x vani%es ! mom5t o!r p become :at ! fam\s man is4 ,absolute value c be pr$icat$ only ( :at a man possesses "u any & all circum/ances1--"h1 :at a man is directly & 9 himself4 ,x is ! possession ( a great he>t or a great head1 & n ! m]e fame ( x1 :i* is wor? hav+1 & conducive to happ9ess4 ,n fame1 b t :i* des]ves to be fam\s1 is :at a man %\ld hold 9 e/eem4 ,?is is1 z x 71 ! true und]ly+ sub/ance1 & fame is only an accid5t1 affect+ its subject *iefly z a k9d ( ext]nal symptom1 :i* s]ves to confirm 8 own op9ion ( himself4 ,light is n visible unless x meets ) some?+ to reflect x2 & tal5t is sure ( itself only :5 its fame is nois$ abroad4 ,b fame is n a c]ta9 symptom ( m]it2 because y c h ! "o )\t ! o!r2 or1 z ,less+ nicely puts x1 ,"s p obta9 fame1 & o!rs des]ve x4 ,x w\ld be a mis]able exi/5ce :i* %\ld make its value or want ( value dep5d ^u :at o!r p ?9k2 b su* w\ld be ! life ( a h]o or a g5ius if its wor? consi/$ 9 fame1 t is1 9 ! applause ( ! _w4 ,e man lives & exi/s on 8 own acc\nt1 &1 !re=e1 ma9ly 9 & = himself2 & :at he is & ! :ole mann] ( 8 be+ conc]n himself m ?an anyone else2 s if he is n wor? mu* 9 ?is respect1 he _c be wor? mu* o!rwise4 ,! idea :i* o!r p =m ( 8 exi/5ce is some?+ second>y1 d]ivative1 expos$ to all ! *ances ( fate1 & 9 ! end affect+ him b v indirectly4 ,besides1 o!r p's heads are a wret*$ place to be ! home ( a man's true happ9ess--a fanciful happ9ess p]haps1 b n a real "o4 ,& :at a mix$ company inhabits ! ,temple ( ,univ]sal ,fame6--g5]als1 m9i/]s1 *>latans1 juggl]s1 danc]s1 s+]s1 millionaires & ,jews6 ,x is a temple 9 :i* m s9c]e recognition1 m g5u9e e/eem1 is giv5 to ! sev]al excell5cies ( su* folk1 ?an to sup]iority ( m9d1 ev5 ( a high ord]1 :i* obta9s f ! great majority only a v]bal ackn[l$gm5t4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( human happ9ess1 fame is1 surely1 no?+ b a v r>e & delicate morsel = ! appetite t fe$s on pride & vanity--an appetite :i*1 h[ev] c>efully conceal$1 exi/s to an immod]ate degree 9 e man1 & is1 p]haps /ronge/ ( all 9 ^? :o set _! he>ts on becom+ fam\s at any co/4 ,su* p g5]ally h to wait "s "t 9 unc]ta9ty z to _! own value1 be=e ! opportunity comes :i* w put x to ! pro( & let o!r p see :at !y are made (2 b until !n1 !y feel z if !y 7 suff]+ secret inju/ice4#a ,footnote #a3 ,our greate/ pleasure consi/s 9 be+ admir$2 b ^? :o admire u1 ev5 if !y h e reason to d s1 are sl[ to express _! s5tim5ts4 ,h5ce he is ! happie/ man :o1 no matt] h[1 manages s9c]ely to admire himself--s long z o!r p leave him alone4 ,b1 z ,i expla9$ at ! beg9n+ ( ?is *apt]1 an unreasonable value is set ^u o!r p's op9ion1 & "o q disproportionate to its real wor?4 ,hobbes has "s /rong rem>ks on ?is subject2 & no d\bt he is q "r4 ,m5tal pleasure1 he writes1 & ec/acy ( any k9d1 arise :51 on comp>+ ourselves ) o!rs1 we come to ! conclusion t we may ?9k well ( ourselves4 ,s we c easily und]/& ! great value :i* is always atta*$ to fame1 z wor? any sacrifices if !re is ! slighte/ hope ( atta9+ x4 ,fame is ! spur t ! cle> _s do? raise 7,t ha? infirmity ( noble m9d7 ,to scorn delights & live labori\s days#a ,& aga93 ,h[ h>d x is to climb ,! heights :]e ,fame's pr\d temple %9es af>6 ,footnote #a3 ,milton4 ,lycidas4 ,we c ?us und]/& h[ x is t ! va9e/ p 9 ! _w are always talk+ ab\t la gloire1 ) ! mo/ implicit fai? 9 x z a /imulus to great actions & great works4 ,b !re c he no d\bt t fame is some?+ second>y 9 its "*1 a m]e e*o or reflection--z x 71 a %ad[ or symptom--( m]it3 &1 9 any case1 :at excites admiration mu/ be ( m value ?an ! admiration itself4 ,! tru? is t a man is made happy1 n by fame1 b by t :i* br+s him fame1 by 8 m]its1 or to speak m correctly1 by ! disposition & capacity f :i* 8 m]its proce$1 :e!r !y be moral or intellectual4 ,! be/ side ( a man's nature mu/ ( necessity be m important = him ?an = anyone else3 ! reflection ( x1 ! op9ion :i* exi/s 9 ! heads ( o!rs1 is a matt] t c affect him only 9 a v subord9ate degree4 ,he :o des]ves fame )\t gett+ x possesses by f> ! m important elem5t ( happ9ess1 :i* %\ld console him = ! loss ( ! o!r4 ,x is n t a man is ?\ght to be great by masses ( incompet5t & (t5 infatuat$ p1 b t he really is great1 :i* %\ld move u to envy 8 position2 & 8 happ9ess lies1 n 9 ! fact t po/]ity w he> ( him1 b t he is ! creator ( ?\ghts wor?y to be treasur$ up & /udi$ = hundr$s ( ye>s4 ,besides1 if a man has done ?is1 he possesses some?+ :i* _c be wre/$ f him2 &1 unlike fame1 x is a possession dep5d5t entirely ^u himself4 ,if admiration 7 8 *ief aim1 !re w\ld be no?+ 9 him to admire4 ,?is is j :at happ5s 9 ! case ( false1 t is1 unm]it$1 fame2 = its recipi5t lives ^u x )\t actually possess+ ! solid sub/ratum ( :i* fame is ! outw>d & visible sign4 ,false fame mu/ (t5 put its possessor out ( conceit ) himself2 = ! "t may come :51 9 spite ( ! illusions borne ( self-love1 he w feel giddy on ! heights :i* he 0 nev] meant to climb1 or look ^u himself z spuri\s co92 & 9 ! angui% ( ?reat5$ discov]y & well-m]it$ degradation1 he w read ! s5t5ce ( po/]ity on ! =eheads ( ! wise--l a man :o owes 8 prop]ty to a =g$ w4 ,! true/ fame1 ! fame t comes aft] dea?1 is nev] he>d ( by its recipi5t2 & yet he is call$ a happy man4 ,8 happ9ess lay bo? 9 ! possession ( ^? great qualities :i* won him fame1 & 9 ! opportunity t 0 grant$ him ( develop+ !m--! leisure he _h to act z he pleas$1 to d$icate himself to 8 favorite pursuits4 ,x is only "w done f ! he>t t ev] ga9s ! laurel4 ,greatness ( s\l1 or weal? ( intellect1 is :at makes a man happy--intellect1 su* z1 :5 /amp$ on its productions1 w receive ! admiration ( c5turies to come1--?\ghts :i* make him happy at ! "t1 & w 9 _! turn be a s\rce ( /udy & delight to ! noble/ m9ds ( ! mo/ remote po/]ity4 ,! value ( po/hum\s fame lies 9 des]v+ x2 & ?is is its own rew>d4 ,:e!r works de/9$ to fame atta9 x 9 ! lifetime ( _! au?or is a *ance affair1 ( no v great importance4 ,= ! av]age man has no critical p[] ( 8 own1 & is absolutely incapable ( appreciat+ ! difficulty ( a great "w4 ,p are always sway$ by au?ority2 & :]e fame is widespread1 x means t n9ety-n9e out ( a hundr$ take x on fai? alone4 ,if a man is fam$ f> & wide 9 8 own lifetime1 he w1 if he is wise1 n set too mu* value ^u x1 because x is no m ?an ! e*o ( a few voices1 :i* ! *ance ( a day has t\*$ 9 8 favor4 ,w\ld a musician feel flatt]$ by ! l\d applause ( an audi5ce if he knew t !y 7 ne>ly all deaf1 & t1 to conceal _! infirmity1 !y set to "w to clap vigor\sly z soon z ev] !y saw "o or two p]sons applaud+8 ,& :at w\ld he say if he got to "k t ^? "o or two p]sons _h (t5 tak5 bribes to secure ! l\de/ applause = ! poore/ play]6 ,x is easy to see :y contempor>y praise s seldom develops into po/hum\s fame4 ,d',alemb]t1 9 an extremely f9e description ( ! temple ( lit]>y fame1 rem>ks t ! sanctu>y ( ! temple is inhabit$ by ! great dead1 :o dur+ _! life _h no place !re1 & by a v few liv+ p]sons1 :o are ne>ly all eject$ on _! dea?4 ,let me rem>k1 9 pass+1 t to erect a monum5t to a man 9 8 lifetime is z mu* z decl>+ t po/]ity is n to be tru/$ 9 its judgm5t ( him4 ,if a man does happ5 to see 8 own true fame1 x c v r>ely be be=e he is old1 ?\gh !re h be5 arti/s & musicians :o h be5 exceptions to ?is rule1 b v few philosoph]s4 ,?is is confirm$ by ! portraits ( p celebrat$ by _! works2 = mo/ ( !m are tak5 only aft] _! subjects h atta9$ celebrity1 g5]ally depict+ !m z old & grey2 m especially if philosophy has be5 ! "w ( _! lives4 ,f ! eudaemoni/ic /&po9t1 ?is is a v prop] arrangem5t2 z fame & y\? are too mu* = a mortal at "o & ! same "t4 ,life is su* a poor bus9ess t ! /ricte/ economy mu/ be ex]cis$ 9 its good ?+s4 ,y\? has en\gh & to sp>e 9 itself1 & mu/ re/ cont5t ) :at x has4 ,b :5 ! delights & joys ( life fall away 9 old age1 z ! leaves f a tree 9 autumn1 fame buds =? opportunely1 l a plant t is gre5 9 w9t]4 ,fame is1 z x 71 ! fruit t mu/ gr[ all ! summ] be=e x c be enjoy$ at ,yule4 ,!re is no great] consolation 9 age ?an ! feel+ ( hav+ put ! :ole =ce ( "o's y\? into works :i* /ill rema9 "y4 ,f9ally1 let u exam9e a little m closely ! k9ds ( fame :i* atta* to v>i\s intellectual pursuits2 = x is ) fame ( ?is sort t my rem>ks are m imm$iately conc]n$4 ,i ?9k x may be said broadly t ! intellectual sup]iority x d5otes consi/s 9 =m+ !ories1 t is1 new comb9ations ( c]ta9 facts4 ,^! facts may be ( v diff]5t k9ds2 b ! bett] !y are kn[n1 & ! m !y come )9 ev]yday exp]i5ce1 ! great] & wid] w be ! fame :i* is to be won by !oriz+ ab\t !m4 ,= in/ance1 if ! facts 9 "q are numb]s or l9es or special bran*es ( sci5ce1 su* z physics1 zoology1 botany1 anatomy1 or corrupt passages 9 anci5t au?ors1 or undeciph]able inscriptions1 writt51 x may be1 9 "s unkn[n alphabet1 or obscure po9ts 9 hi/ory2 ! k9d ( fame t may be obta9$ by correctly manipulat+ su* facts w n ext5d mu* beyond ^? :o make a /udy ( !m--a small numb] ( p]sons1 mo/ ( :om live retir$ lives & are envi\s ( o!rs :o become fam\s 9 _! special bran* ( k4 ,b if ! facts be su* z are kn[n to ev]yone1 = example1 ! fundam5tal *>act]i/ics ( ! human m9d or ! human he>t1 :i* are %>$ by all alike2 or ! great physical ag5cies :i* are con/antly 9 op]ation be=e our eyes1 or ! g5]al c\rse ( natural laws2 ! k9d ( fame :i* is to be won by spread+ ! light ( a new & manife/ly true !ory 9 reg>d to !m1 is su* z 9 "t w ext5d almo/ all ov] ! civiliz$ _w3 = if ! facts be su* z ev]yone c grasp1 ! !ory also w be g5]ally intelligible4 ,b ! ext5t ( ! fame w dep5d ^u ! difficulties ov]come2 & ! m g5]ally kn[n ! facts are1 ! h>d] x w be to =m a !ory t %all be bo? new & true3 because a great _m heads w h be5 occupi$ ) !m1 & !re w be little or no possibility ( say+ any?+ t has n be5 said be=e4 ,on ! o!r h&1 facts :i* are n accessible to ev]ybody1 & c be got at only aft] mu* difficulty & labor1 ne>ly always admit ( new comb9ations & !ories2 s t1 if s\nd und]/&+ & judgm5t are br\ght to be> ^u !m--qualities :i* d n involve v high intellectual p[]--a man may easily be s =tunate z to light ^u "s new !ory 9 reg>d to !m :i* %all be also true4 ,b fame won on su* pa?s does n ext5d mu* beyond ^? :o possess a k ( ! facts 9 "q4 ,to solve problems ( ?is sort requires1 no d\bt1 a great ideal ( /udy & labor1 if only to get at ! facts2 :il/ on ! pa? :]e ! greate/ & mo/ widespread fame is to be won1 ! facts may be grasp$ )\t any labor at all4 ,b j 9 proportion z less labor is necess>y1 m tal5t or g5ius is requir$2 & betwe5 su* qualities & ! drudg]y ( rese>* no comp>ison is possible1 9 respect ei!r ( _! intr9sic value1 or ( ! e/imation 9 :i* !y are held4 ,& s p :o feel t !y possess solid intellectual capacity & a s\nd judgm5t1 & yet _c claim ! highe/ m5tal p[]s1 %\ld n be afraid ( labori\s /udy2 = by its aid !y may "w !mselves above ! great mob ( humanity :o h ! facts con/antly be=e _! eyes1 & rea* ^? seclud$ spots :i* are accessible to le>n$ toil4 ,= ?is is a sph]e :]e !re are inf9itely few] rivals1 & a man ( only mod]ate capacity may soon f9d an opportunity ( proclaim+ a !ory :i* %all be bo? new & true2 nay1 ! m]it ( 8 discov]y w p>tly re/ ^u ! difficulty ( com+ at ! facts4 ,b applause f "o's fell[-/ud5ts1 :o are ! only p]sons ) a k ( ! subject1 s\nds v fa9t to ! f>-(f multitude4 ,& if we foll[ up ?is sort ( fame f> en\gh1 we %all at la/ come to a po9t :]e facts v difficult to get at are 9 !mselves suffici5t to lay a f\ndation ( fame1 )\t any necessity = =m+ a !ory2--travels1 = in/ance1 9 remote & little-kn[n c\ntries1 :i* make a man fam\s by :at he has se51 n by :at he has ?\ght4 ,! great advantage ( ?is k9d ( fame is t to relate :at "o has se51 is mu* easi] ?an to imp>t "o's ?\ghts1 & p are apt to und]/& descriptions bett] ?an ideas1 read+ ! "o m readily ?an ! o!r3 =1 z ,asmus says1 ,:5 "o goes =? a-voyag+ ,he has a tale to tell4 ,& yet = all t1 a p]sonal acqua9tance ) celebrat$ travel]s (t5 rem9d u ( a l9e f ,horace--new sc5es d n always mean new ideas-- ,caelum non animum mutant qui trans m>e currunt4#a ,footnote #a3 ,epi/4 ,i4 ,,ii4 ,b if a man f9ds himself 9 possession ( great m5tal faculties1 su* z alone %\ld v5ture on ! solution ( ! h>de/ ( all problems--^? :i* conc]n nature z a :ole & humanity 9 its wide/ range1 he w d well to ext5d 8 view equally 9 all directions1 )\t ev] /ray+ too f> amid ! intricacies ( v>i\s by-pa?s1 or invad+ regions little kn[n2 9 o!r words1 )\t occupy+ himself ) special bran*es ( k1 to say no?+ ( _! petty details4 ,!re is no necessity = him to seek out subjects difficult ( access1 9 ord] to escape a cr[d ( rivals2 ! common objects ( life w give him mat]ial = new !ories at once s]i\s & true2 & ! s]vice he r5d]s w be appreciat$ by all ^?--& !y =m a great "p ( mank9d--:o "k ! facts ( :i* he treats4 ,:at a va/ di/9ction !re is betwe5 /ud5ts ( physics1 *emi/ry1 anatomy1 m9]alogy1 zoology1 philology1 hi/ory1 & ! m5 :o deal ) ! great facts ( human life1 ! poet & ! philosoph]6