,,! ,,essays ,,( ,,ar?ur ,,s*op5hau] ,,translat$ ,,by ,t4 ,,bailey ,,saund]s1 ,m4,a4 ,,on ,,human ,,nature4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,human ,,nature ,,gov]nm5t ,,free-,,w ,,& ,,fatalism ,,"* ,,moral ,,in/9ct ,,e?ical ,,reflections ,,translator',s ,,preface4 ,! foll[+ essays are drawn f ! *apt]s entitl$ ,zur ,e?ik & ,zur ,re*tslehre und ,politik :i* are to be f\nd bo? 9 ,s*op5hau]'s ,p>]ga & 9 8 po/hum\s writ+s4 ,z 9 my previ\s volumes1 s also 9 ?is1 ,i h omitt$ a few passages :i* appe>$ to me to be ei!r antiquat$ or no long] ( any g5]al int]e/4 ,= conv5i5ce' sake ,i h divid$ ! orig9al *apt]s into sections1 :i* ,i h _h to "n2 & ,i h also _h to inv5t a title :i* %\ld express _! real scope4 ,! read] w f9d t x is n s mu* ,e?ics & ,politics t are "h treat$1 z human nature itself 9 v>i\s aspects4 ,t4,b4,s4 ,,human ,,nature4 ,tru?s ( ! physical ord] may possess mu* ext]nal significance1 b int]nal significance !y h none4 ,! latt] is ! privilege ( intellectual & moral tru?s1 :i* are conc]n$ ) ! objectivation ( ! w 9 its highe/ /ages1 :]eas physical tru?s are conc]n$ ) x 9 its l[e/4 ,= example1 if we c\ld e/abli% ! tru? ( :at up till n[ is only a conjecture1 namely1 t x is ! action ( ! sun :i* produces !rmoelectricity at ! equator2 t ?is produces t]re/rial magnetism2 & t ?is magnetism1 aga91 is ! cause ( ! aurora borealis1 ^! w\ld be tru?s ext]nally ( great1 b int]nally ( little1 significance4 ,on ! o!r h&1 examples ( int]nal significance are furni%$ by all great & true philosophical sy/ems2 by ! cata/rophe ( e good trag$y2 nay1 ev5 by ! obs]vation ( human conduct 9 ! extreme manife/ations ( its morality & immorality1 ( its good & its evil "*4 ,= all ^! are expressions ( t reality :i* takes outw>d %ape z ! _w1 & :i*1 9 ! highe/ /ages ( its objectivation1 proclaims its inn]mo/ nature4 ,to say t ! _w has only a physical & n a moral significance is ! greate/ & mo/ p]nici\s ( all errors1 ! fundam5tal blund]1 ! real p]v]sity ( m9d & temp]2 &1 at bottom1 x is d\btless ! t5d5cy :i* fai? p]sonifies z ,anti-,*ri/4 ,nev]!less1 9 spite ( all religions--& !y are sy/ems :i* "o & all ma9ta9 ! opposite1 & seek to e/abli% x 9 _! my?ical way--?is fundam5tal error nev] becomes q ext9ct1 b raises its head f "t to "t afre%1 until univ]sal indignation compels x to hide itself once m4 ,yet1 h[ev] c]ta9 we may feel ( ! moral significance ( life & ! _w1 to expla9 & illu/rate x1 & to resolve ! contradiction betwe5 ?is significance & ! _w z x is1 =m a task ( great difficulty2 s great1 inde$1 z to make x possible t x has rema9$ = me to exhibit ! true & only g5u9e & s\nd basis ( morality ev]y:]e & at all times effective1 toge!r ) ! results to :i* x leads4 ,! actual facts ( morality are too mu* on my side = me to fe> t my !ory c ev] be replac$ or upset by any o!r4 ,h[ev]1 s long z ev5 my e?ical sy/em cont9ues to be ignor$ by ! pr(essorial _w1 x is ,kant's moral pr9ciple t prevails 9 ! univ]sities4 ,among its v>i\s =ms ! "o :i* is mo/ 9 fav\r at pres5t is ! dignity ( man4 ,i h already expos$ ! absurdity ( ?is doctr9e 9 my treatise on ! ,f\ndation ( ,morality4#a ,!re=e ,i w only say "h t if ! "q 7 ask$ on :at ! alleg$ dignity ( man re/s1 x w\ld n be long be=e ! answ] 0 made t x re/s ^u 8 morality4 ,9 o!r words1 8 morality re/s ^u 8 dignity1 & 8 dignity re/s ^u 8 morality4 ,footnote #a3 #h4 ,b ap>t f ?is circul> argum5t x seems to me t ! idea ( dignity c be appli$ only 9 an ironical s5se to a be+ ^: w is s s9ful1 ^: intellect is s limit$1 ^: body is s weak & p]i%able z man's4 ,h[ %all a man be pr\d1 :5 8 conception is a crime1 8 bir? a p5alty1 8 life a lab\r1 & dea? a necessity6-- ,quid sup]bit homo8 cujus conceptio culpa1 ,nasci po5a1 labor vita1 necesse mori6 ,!re=e1 9 opposition to ! above-m5tion$ =m ( ! ,kantian pr9ciple1 ,i %\ld be incl9$ to lay d[n ! foll[+ rule3 ,:5 y come into contact ) a man1 no matt] :om1 d n attempt an objective appreciation ( him accord+ to 8 wor? & dignity4 ,d n consid] 8 bad w1 or 8 n>r[ und]/&+ & p]v]se ideas2 z ! =m] may easily lead y to hate & ! latt] to despise him2 b fix y\r att5tion only ^u 8 suff]+s1 8 ne$s1 8 anxieties1 8 pa9s4 ,!n y w always feel y\r k9%ip ) him2 y w sympa?ise ) him2 & in/ead ( hatr$ or contempt y w exp]i5ce ! commis]ation t alone is ! peace to :i* ! ,gospel calls u4 ,! way to keep d[n hatr$ & contempt is c]ta9ly n to look = a man's alleg$ dignity1 b1 on ! contr>y1 to reg>d him z an object ( pity4 ,! ,buddhi/s1 z ! result ( ! m pr(\nd views :i* !y ent]ta9 on e?ical & metaphysical subjects1 />t f ! c>d9al vices & n ! c>d9al virtues2 s9ce ! virtues make _! appe>ance only z ! contr>ies or negations ( ! vices4 ,accord+ to ,s*midt's ,hi/ory ( ! ,ea/]n ,mongolians ! c>d9al vices 9 ! ,buddhi/ s*eme are f\r3 ,lu/1 ,indol5ce1 ,ang]1 & ,av>ice4 ,b probably in/ead ( ,indol5ce1 we %\ld read ,pride2 = s x /&s 9 ! ,lettres difiantes et curieuses1#a :]e ,envy1 or ,hatr$1 is add$ z a fif?4 ,i am confirm$ 9 correct+ ! /atem5t ( ! excell5t ,s*midt by ! fact t my r5d]+ agrees ) ! doctr9e ( ! ,sufis1 :o are c]ta9ly "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,brahm9s & ,buddhi/s4 ,! ,sufis also ma9ta9 t !re are f\r c>d9al vices1 & !y arrange !m 9 v /rik+ pairs1 s t ,lu/ appe>s 9 connection ) ,av>ice1 & ,ang] ) ,pride4 ,! f\r c>d9al virtues oppos$ to !m w\ld be ,*a/ity & ,g5]osity1 toge!r ) ,g5tl5ess & ,humility4 ,footnote #a3 ,edit1 ( #ahai1 vol4 vi41 p4 #cgb4 ,:5 we comp>e ^! pr(\nd ideas ( morality1 z !y are ent]ta9$ by ori5tal nations1 ) ! celebrat$ c>d9al virtues ( ,plato1 :i* h be5 recapitulat$ aga9 & aga9--,ju/ice1 ,val\r1 ,temp]ance1 & ,wisdom--x is pla9 t ! latt] are n bas$ on any cle>1 lead+ idea1 b are *os5 on gr\nds t are sup]ficial &1 9 "p1 obvi\sly false4 ,virtues mu/ be qualities ( ! w1 b ,wisdom is *iefly an attribute ( ! ,intellect4 ,greek3 ,sophrosynae1 :i* ,cic]o translates ,temp]antia1 is a v indef9ite & ambigu\s ^w1 & x admits1 !re=e1 ( a v>iety ( applications3 x may mean discretion1 or ab/95ce1 or keep+ a level head4 ,c\rage is n a virtue at all2 al?\gh sometimes x is a s]vant or in/rum5t ( virtue2 b x is j z ready to become ! s]vant ( ! greate/ villa9y4 ,x is really a quality ( temp]am5t4 ,ev5 ,geul9x 79 ! preface to ?is ,e?ics7 condemn$ ! ,platonic virtues & put ! foll[+ 9 _! place3 ,dilig5ce1 ,ob$i5ce1 ,ju/ice & ,humility2 :i* are obvi\sly bad4 ,! ,*9ese di/+ui% five c>d9al virtues3 ,sympa?y1 ,ju/ice1 ,propriety1 ,wisdom1 & ,s9c]ity4 ,! virtues ( ,*ri/ianity are !ological1 n c>d9al3 ,fai?1 ,love1 & ,hope4 ,fundam5tal disposition t[>ds o!rs1 assum+ ! "* ei!r ( ,envy or ( ,sympa?y1 is ! po9t at :i* ! moral virtues & vices ( mank9d fir/ div]ge4 ,^! two diametrically opposite qualities exi/ 9 e man2 = !y spr+ f ! inevitable comp>ison :i* he draws betwe5 8 own lot & t ( o!rs4 ,accord+ z ! result ( ?is comp>ison affects 8 individual "* does ! "o or ! o!r ( ^! qualities become ! s\rce & pr9ciple ( all 8 action4 ,envy builds ! wall betwe5 ,!e & ,me ?ick] & /rong]2 ,sympa?y makes x slight & transp>5t2 nay1 sometimes x pulls d[n ! wall altoge!r2 & !n ! di/9ction betwe5 self & n-self vani%es4 ,val\r1 :i* has be5 m5tion$ z a virtue1 or r ! ,c\rage on :i* x is bas$ 7= val\r is only c\rage 9 w>71 des]ves a clos] exam9ation4 ,! anci5ts reckon$ ,c\rage among ! virtues1 & c[>dice among ! vices2 b !re is no correspond+ idea 9 ! ,*ri/ian s*eme1 :i* makes = *>ity & pati5ce1 & 9 its tea*+ =bids all enmity or ev5 resi/ance4 ,! result is t ) ! mod]ns ,c\rage is no long] a virtue4 ,nev]!less x mu/ be admitt$ t c[>dice does n seem to be v compatible ) any nobility ( "*--if only = ! reason t x betrays an ov]great appreh5sion ab\t "o's own p]son4 ,c\rage1 h[ev]1 may also be expla9$ z a read9ess to meet ills t ?reat5 at ! mom5t1 9 ord] to avoid great] ills t lie 9 ! future2 :]eas c[>dice does ! contr>y4 ,b ?is read9ess is ( ! same quality z pati5ce1 = pati5ce consi/s 9 ! cle> consci\sness t great] evils ?an ^? :i* are pres5t1 & t any viol5t attempt to flee f or gu>d aga9/ ! ills we h may br+ ! o!rs ^u u4 ,c\rage1 !n1 w\ld be a k9d ( pati5ce2 & s9ce x is pati5ce t enables u to practise =be>ance & self control1 ,c\rage is1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( pati5ce1 at lea/ ak9 to virtue4 ,b p]haps ,c\rage admits ( be+ consid]$ f a high] po9t ( view4 ,! fe> ( dea? may 9 e case be trac$ to a defici5cy 9 t natural philosophy--natural1 & !re=e re/+ on m]e feel+--:i* gives a man ! assurance t he exi/s 9 ev]y?+ outside him j z mu* z 9 8 own p]son2 s t ! dea? ( 8 p]son c d him little h>m4 ,b x is j ?is v assurance t w\ld give a man h]oic ,c\rage2 & !re=e1 z ! read] w recollect f my ,e?ics1 ,c\rage comes f ! same s\rce z ! virtues ( ,ju/ice & ,humanity4 ,?is is1 ,i admit1 to take a v high view ( ! matt]2 b ap>t f x ,i _c well expla9 :y c[>dice seems contemptible1 & p]sonal c\rage a noble & sublime ?+2 = no l[] po9t ( view enables me to see :y a f9ite individual :o is ev]y?+ to himself--nay1 :o is himself ev5 ! v fundam5tal condition ( ! exi/5ce ( ! re/ ( ! _w--%\ld n put 8 own pres]vation above e o!r aim4 ,x is1 !n1 an insuffici5t explanation ( ,c\rage to make x re/ only on utility1 to give x an empirical & n a transc5d5tal "*4 ,x may h be5 = "s su* reason t ,cald]on once utt]$ a sceptical b rem>kable op9ion 9 reg>d to ,c\rage1 nay1 actually d5i$ its reality2 & put 8 d5ial into ! m\? ( a wise old m9i/]1 address+ 8 "y sov]eign4 ,al?\gh1 he obs]v$1 natural fe> is op]ative 9 all alike1 a man may be brave 9 n lett+ x be se52 & x is ?is t con/itutes ,c\rage3 ,que aunque el natural temor ,en todos obra igualm5te1 ,no mo/r>le es s] vali5te ,y e/o es lo que hace el valor4#a ,footnote #a3 ,la ,hija del ,aire1 ii41 #b4 ,9 reg>d to ! diff]5ce :i* ,i h m5tion$ betwe5 ! anci5ts & ! mod]ns 9 _! e/imate ( ,c\rage z a virtue1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t by ,virtue1 virtus1 ,greek3 aretae1 ! anci5ts und]/ood e excell5ce or quality t 0 praisewor?y 9 itself1 x might be moral or intellectual1 or possibly only physical4 ,b :5 ,*ri/ianity demon/rat$ t ! fundam5tal t5d5cy ( life 0 moral1 x 0 moral sup]iority alone ?an h5ce=? atta*$ to ! notion ( ,virtue4 ,mean:ile ! e>li] usage /ill surviv$ 9 ! eld] ,lat9i/s1 & also 9 ,italian writ]s1 z is prov$ by ! well-kn[n mean+ ( ! ^w virtuoso4 ,! special att5tion ( /ud5ts %\ld be drawn to ?is wid] range ( ! idea ( ,virtue among/ ! anci5ts1 z o!rwise x might easily be a s\rce ( secret p]plexity4 ,i may recomm5d two passages pres]v$ = u by ,/obaeus1 :i* w s]ve ?is purpose4 ,"o ( !m is app>5tly f ! ,py?agorean philosoph] ,metopos1 9 :i* ! fitness ( e bodily memb] is decl>$ to be a virtue4 ,! o!r pron\nces t ! virtue ( a %oemak] is to make good %oes4 ,?is may also s]ve to expla9 :y x is t 9 ! anci5t s*eme ( e?ics virtues & vices are m5tion$ :i* f9d no place 9 ours4 ,z ! place ( ,c\rage among/ ! virtues is a matt] ( d\bt1 s is t ( ,av>ice among/ ! vices4 ,x mu/ n1 h[ev]1 be conf\nd$ ) gre$1 :i* is ! mo/ imm$iate mean+ ( ! ,lat9 ^w av>itia4 ,let u !n draw up & exam9e ! argum5ts pro et contra 9 reg>d to ,av>ice1 & leave ! f9al judgm5t to be =m$ by e man = himself4 ,on ! "o h& x is argu$ t x is n ,av>ice :i* is a vice1 b extravagance1 its opposite4 ,extravagance spr+s f a bruti% limitation to ! pres5t mom5t1 9 comp>ison ) :i* ! future1 exi/+ z x does only 9 ?\ght1 is z no?+4 ,x re/s ^u ! illusion t s5sual pleasures possess a positive or real value4 ,accord+ly1 future ne$ & mis]y is ! price at :i* ! sp5d?rift pur*ases pleasures t are empty1 fleet+1 & (t5 no m ?an imag9>y2 or else fe$s 8 va91 /upid self-conceit on ! b[s & scrapes ( p>asites :o laugh at him 9 secret1 or on ! gaze ( ! mob & ^? :o envy 8 magnific5ce4 ,we %\ld1 !re=e1 %un ! sp5d?rift z ?\gh he _h ! plague1 & on discov]+ 8 vice break ) him betimes1 9 ord] t lat] on1 :5 ! consequ5ces ( 8 extravagance ensue1 we may nei!r h to help to be> !m1 nor1 on ! o!r h&1 h to play ! "p ( ! fri5ds ( ,timon ( ,a!ns4 ,at ! same "t x is n to be expect$ t he :o fooli%ly squ&]s 8 own =tune w leave ano!r man's intact1 if x %\ld *ance to be committ$ to 8 keep+2 nay1 sui pr(usus & ali5i appet5s are by ,sallu/ v rightly conjo9$4 ,h5ce x is t extravagance leads n only to impov]i%m5t b also to crime2 & crime among/ ! money$ classes is almo/ always ! result ( extravagance4 ,x is accord+ly ) ju/ice t ! ,koran decl>es all sp5d?rifts to be bro!rs ( ,satan4 ,b x is sup]fluity t ,av>ice br+s 9 its tra91 & :5 0 sup]fluity ev] unwelcome8 ,t mu/ be a good vice :i* has good consequ5ces4 ,av>ice proce$s ^u ! pr9ciple t all pleasure is only negative 9 its op]ation & t ! happ9ess :i* consi/s ( a s]ies ( pleasures is a *ima]a2 t1 on ! contr>y1 x is pa9s :i* are positive & extremely real4 ,accord+ly1 ! av>ici\s man =egoes ! =m] 9 ord] t he may be ! bett] pres]v$ f ! latt]1 & ?us x is t be> & =be>--su/9e et ab/9e--is 8 maxim4 ,& because he kn[s1 fur!r1 h[ inexhau/ible are ! possibilities ( mis=tune1 & h[ innum]able ! pa?s ( dang]1 he increases ! means ( avoid+ !m1 9 ord]1 if possible1 to surr\nd himself ) a triple wall ( protection4 ,:o1 !n1 c say :]e precaution aga9/ disa/] beg9s to be exagg]at$8 ,he alone :o kn[s :]e ! malignity ( fate rea*es its limit4 ,& ev5 if precaution 7 exagg]at$ x is an error :i* at ! mo/ w\ld hurt ! man :o took x1 & n o!rs4 ,if he w nev] ne$ ! treasures :i* he lays up = himself1 !y w "o day b5efit o!rs :om nature has made less c>eful4 ,t until !n he )draws ! money f circulation is no mis=tune2 = money is n an article ( consumption3 x only repres5ts ! good ?+s :i* a man may actually possess1 & is n "o itself4 ,co9s are only c\nt]s2 _! value is :at !y repres5t2 & :at !y repres5t _c be )drawn f circulation4 ,moreov]1 by hold+ back ! money1 ! value ( ! rema9d] :i* is 9 circulation is enhanc$ by precisely ! same am\nt4 ,ev5 ?\gh x be ! case1 z is said1 t _m a mis] comes 9 ! end to love money itself = its own sake1 x is equally c]ta9 t _m a sp5d?rift1 on ! o!r h&1 loves sp5d+ & squ&]+ = no bett] reason4 ,fri5d%ip ) a mis] is n only )\t dang]1 b x is pr(itable1 because ( ! great advantages x c br+4 ,= x is d\btless ^? :o are ne>e/ & de>e/ to ! mis] :o on 8 dea? w reap ! fruits ( ! self-control :i* he ex]cis$2 b ev5 9 8 lifetime1 too1 some?+ may be expect$ ( him 9 cases ( great ne$4 ,at any rate "o c always hope = m f him ?an f ! sp5d?rift1 :o has lo/ 8 all & is himself helpless & 9 debt4 ,mas da el duro que el desnudo1 says a ,spani% prov]b2 ! man :o has a h>d he>t w give m ?an ! man :o has an empty purse4 ,! up%ot ( all ?is is t ,av>ice is n a vice4 ,on ! o!r side1 x may be said t ,av>ice is ! qu9tess5ce ( all vices4 ,:5 physical pleasures s$uce a man f ! "r pa?1 x is 8 s5sual nature--! animal "p ( him--:i* is at fault4 ,he is c>ri$ away by its attractions1 &1 ov]come by ! impression ( ! mom5t1 he acts )\t ?9k+ ( ! consequ5ces4 ,:51 on ! o!r h&1 he is br\ght by age or bodily weakness to ! condition 9 :i* ! vices t he c\ld nev] ab&on end by ab&on+ him1 & 8 capacity = physical pleasure dies--if he turns to ,av>ice1 ! intellectual desire survives ! s5sual4 ,money1 :i* repres5ts all ! good ?+s ( ?is _w1 & is ^! good ?+s 9 ! ab/ract1 n[ becomes ! dry trunk ov]gr[n ) all ! dead lu/s ( ! fle%1 :i* are egoism 9 ! ab/ract4 ,!y come to life aga9 9 ! love ( ! ,mammon4 ,! transi5t pleasure ( ! s5ses has become a delib]ate & calculat$ lu/ ( money1 :i*1 l t to :i* x is direct$1 is symbolical 9 its nature1 &1 l x1 inde/ructible4 ,?is ob/9ate love ( ! pleasures ( ! _w--a love :i*1 z x 71 outlives itself2 ?is utt]ly incorrigible s91 ?is ref9$ & sublimat$ desire ( ! fle%1 is ! ab/ract =m 9 :i* all lu/s are conc5trat$1 & to :i* x /&s l a g5]al idea to individual p>ticul>s4 ,accord+ly1 ,av>ice is ! vice ( age1 j z extravagance is ! vice ( y\?4 ,?is disputatio 9 utramque p>tem--?is debate = & aga9/--is c]ta9ly calculat$ to drive u into accept+ ! ju/e milieu morality ( ,ari/otle2 a conclusion t is also support$ by ! foll[+ consid]ation4 ,e human p]fection is alli$ to a defect into :i* x ?reat5s to pass2 b x is also true t e defect is alli$ to a p]fection4 ,h5ce x is t if1 z (t5 happ5s1 we make a mi/ake ab\t a man1 x is because at ! beg9n+ ( our acqua9tance ) him we conf\nd 8 defects ) ! k9ds ( p]fection to :i* !y are alli$4 ,! cauti\s man seems to u a c[>d2 ! economical man1 a mis]2 ! sp5d?rift seems lib]al2 ! rude fell[1 d[nright & s9c]e2 ! foolh>dy p]son looks z if he 7 go+ to "w ) a noble self-confid5ce2 & s on 9 _m o!r cases4 99 99 99 99 99 ,no "o c live among m5 )\t feel+ drawn aga9 & aga9 to ! tempt+ supposition t moral bas5ess & intellectual incapacity are closely connect$1 z ?\gh !y bo? sprang direct f "o s\rce4 ,t t1 h[ev]1 is n s1 ,i h %[n 9 detail4#a ,t x seems to be s is m]ely due to ! fact t bo? are s (t5 f\nd toge!r2 & ! circum/ance is to be expla9$ by ! v frequ5t occurr5ce ( ea* ( !m1 s t x may easily happ5 = bo? to be compell$ to live "u "o ro(4 ,at ! same "t x is n to be d5i$ t !y play into ea* o!r's h&s to _! mutual b5efit2 & x is ?is t produces ! v un$ify+ spectacle :i* only too _m m5 exhibit1 & t makes ! _w to g z x goes4 ,a man :o is un9tellig5t is v likely to %[ 8 p]fidy1 villa9y & malice2 :]eas a clev] man und]/&s h[ to conceal ^! qualities4 ,& h[ (t51 on ! o!r h&1 does a p]v]sity ( he>t prev5t a man f see+ tru?s :i* 8 intellig5ce is q capable ( grasp+6 ,footnote #a3 ,9 my *ief "w1 vol4 ii41 *4 xix1 ,nev]!less1 let no "o boa/4 ,j z e man1 ?\gh he be ! greate/ g5ius1 has v def9ite limitations 9 "s "o sph]e ( k1 & ?us atte/s 8 common orig9 ) ! ess5tially p]v]se & /upid mass ( mank9d1 s also has e man some?+ 9 8 nature :i* is positively evil4 ,ev5 ! be/1 nay ! noble/1 "* w sometimes surprise u by isolat$ traits ( depravity2 z ?\gh x 7 to ackn[l$ge 8 k9%ip ) ! human race1 9 :i* villa9y--nay1 cruelty--is to be f\nd 9 t degree4 ,= x 0 j 9 virtue ( ?is evil 9 him1 ?is bad pr9ciple1 t ( necessity he became a man4 ,& = ! same reason ! _w 9 g5]al is :at my cle> mirror ( x has %[n x to be4 ,b 9 spite ( all ?is ! diff]5ce ev5 betwe5 "o man & ano!r is incalculably great1 & _m a "o w\ld be horrifi$ to see ano!r z he really is4 ,oh1 = "s ,asmodeus ( morality1 to make n only ro(s & walls transp>5t to 8 fav\rites1 b also to lift ! veil ( dissimulation1 fraud1 hypocrisy1 pret5ce1 falsehood & deception1 :i* is spread ov] all ?+s6 to %[ h[ little true hone/y !re is 9 ! _w1 & h[ (t51 ev5 :]e x is lea/ to be expect$1 beh9d all ! ext]ior outwork ( virtue1 secretly & 9 ! inn]mo/ recesses1 unrighte\sness sits at ! helm6 ,x is j on ?is acc\nt t s _m m5 ( ! bett] k9d h f\r-foot$ fri5ds3 =1 to be sure1 h[ is a man to get relief f ! endless dissimulation1 falsity & malice ( mank9d1 if !re 7 no dogs into ^: hone/ faces he c look )\t di/ru/8 ,= :at is our civilis$ _w b a big masqu]ade8 :]e y meet knights1 prie/s1 soldi]s1 m5 ( le>n+1 b>ri/]s1 cl]gym51 philosoph]s1 & ,i don't "k :at all6 ,b !y are n :at !y pret5d to be2 !y are only masks1 &1 z a rule1 beh9d ! masks y w f9d moneymak]s4 ,"o man1 ,i suppose1 puts on ! mask ( law1 :i* he has borr[$ = ! purpose f a b>ri/]1 only 9 ord] to be able to give ano!r man a s\nd drubb+2 a second has *os5 ! mask ( patriotism & ! public welf>e ) a simil> int5t2 a ?ird takes religion or purity ( doctr9e4 ,= all sorts ( purposes m5 h (t5 put on ! mask ( philosophy1 & ev5 ( philan?ropy1 & ,i "k n :at besides4 ,wom5 h a small] *oice4 ,z a rule !y avail !mselves ( ! mask ( morality1 mode/y1 dome/icity1 & humility4 ,!n !re are g5]al masks1 )\t any p>ticul> "* atta*+ to !m l dom9oes4 ,!y may be met ) ev]y:]e2 & ( ?is sort is ! /rict rectitude1 ! c\rtesy1 ! s9c]e sympa?y1 ! smil+ fri5d%ip1 t p pr(ess4 ,! :ole ( ^! masks z a rule are m]ely1 z ,i h said1 a disguise = "s indu/ry1 comm]ce1 or speculation4 ,x is m]*ants alone :o 9 ?is respect con/itute any hone/ class4 ,!y are ! only p :o give !mselves out to be :at !y are2 & !re=e !y g ab\t )\t any mask at all1 & consequ5tly take a humble rank4 ,x is v necess>y t a man %\ld be appris$ e>ly 9 life t x is a masqu]ade 9 :i* he f9ds himself4 ,= o!rwise !re are _m ?+s :i* he w fail to und]/& & put up )1 nay1 at :i* he w be completely puzzl$1 & t man longe/ ( all ^: he>t is made ( bett] clay-- ,et meliore luto f9xit praecordia ,titan4#a ,footnote #a3 ,juv5al1 ,sat4 #ad1 #cd ,su* = in/ance is ! fav\r t villa9y f9ds2 ! neglect t m]it1 ev5 ! r>e/ & ! greate/1 suff]s at ! h&s ( ^? ( ! same pr(ession2 ! hatr$ ( tru? & great capacity2 ! ignorance ( s*ol>s 9 _! own prov9ce2 & ! fact t true w>es are almo/ always despis$ & ! m]ely speci\s ones 9 reque/4 ,!re=e let ev5 ! "y be in/ruct$ betimes t 9 ?is masqu]ade ! apples are ( wax1 ! fl[]s ( silk1 ! fi% ( pa/ebo>d1 & t all ?+s--yes1 all ?+s--are toys & trifles2 & t ( two m5 :om he may see e>ne/ly engag$ 9 bus9ess1 "o is supply+ spuri\s goods & ! o!r pay+ = !m 9 false co94 ,b !re are m s]i\s reflections to be made1 & worse ?+s to be record$4 ,man is at bottom a savage1 horrible bea/4 ,we "k x1 if only 9 ! bus9ess ( tam+ & re/ra9+ him :i* we call civilisation4 ,h5ce x is t we are t]rifi$ if n[ & !n 8 nature breaks out4 ,:]ev] & :5ev] ! locks & *a9s ( law & ord] fall (f & give place to an>*y1 he %[s himself = :at he is4 ,b x is unnecess>y to wait = an>*y 9 ord] to ga9 enlight5m5t on ?is subject4 ,a hundr$ records1 old & new1 produce ! conviction t 9 8 unrel5t+ cruelty man is 9 no way inf]ior to ! tig] & ! hya5a4 ,a =cible example is suppli$ by a publication ( ! ye> #ahda entitl$ ,slav]y & ! ,int]nal ,slave ,trade 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,nor? ,am]ica3 be+ replies to que/ions transmitt$ by ! ,briti% ,anti-slav]y ,society to ! ,am]ican ,anti-slav]y ,society4#a ,?is book con/itutes "o ( ! heavie/ indictm5ts aga9/ ! human race4 ,no "o c put x d[n ) a feel+ ( horror1 & few )\t te>s4 ,= :atev] ! read] may h ev] he>d1 or imag9$1 or dreamt1 ( ! unhappy condition ( slav]y1 or inde$ ( human cruelty 9 g5]al1 x w seem small to him :5 he reads ( ! way 9 :i* ^? devils 9 human =m1 ^? bigot$1 *ur*-go+1 /rictly ,sabbat>ian rascals--& 9 p>ticul> ! ,anglican prie/s among !m--treat$ _! innoc5t black bro!rs1 :o by wrong & viol5ce _h got into _! diabolical clut*es4 ,footnote #a3 ,translator's ',note4--,if ,s*op5hau] 7 writ+ to-day1 he w\ld ) equal tru? po9t to ! mis]ies ( ! ,african trade4 ,i h slightly abridg$ ?is passage1 z "s ( ! evils aga9/ :i* he prote/$ no long] exi/4 ,o!r examples are furni%$ by ,t%udi's ,travels 9 ,p]u1 9 ! description :i* he gives ( ! treatm5t ( ! ,p]uvian soldi]s at ! h&s ( _! (fic]s2 & by ,macleod's ,travels 9 ,ea/]n ,africa1 :]e ! au?or tells ( ! cold-blood$ & truly devili% cruelty ) :i* ! ,portuguese 9 ,mozambique treat _! slaves4 ,b we ne$ n g = examples to ! ,new ,_w1 t obv]se side ( our planet4 ,9 ! ye> #ahdh x 0 br\ght to life t 9 ,engl&1 n 9 "o1 b app>5tly 9 a hundr$ cases )9 a brief p]iod1 a husb& _h poison$ 8 wife or vice v]s1 or bo? _h jo9$ 9 poison+ _! *ildr51 or 9 tortur+ !m sl[ly to dea? by />v+ & ill-treat+ !m1 ) no o!r object ?an to get ! money = bury+ !m :i* !y _h insur$ 9 ! ,burial ,clubs aga9/ _! dea?4 ,= ?is purpose a *ild 0 (t5 insur$ 9 sev]al1 ev5 9 z _m z tw5ty clubs at once4#a ,footnote #a3 ,cf4 ,! ,times1 #bj?1 #bbnd & #bcrd ,sept41 #ahdh1 & also #ab? ,dec41 #ahec4 ,details ( ?is "* belong1 inde$1 to ! blacke/ pages 9 ! crim9al records ( humanity4 ,b1 :5 all is said1 x is ! inw>d & innate "* ( man1 ?is god p> excell5ce ( ! ,pan!i/s1 f :i* !y & ev]y?+ l !m proce$4 ,9 e man !re dwells1 fir/ & =emo/1 a colossal egoism1 :i* breaks ! b\nds ( "r & ju/ice ) ! greate/ fre$om1 z ev]yday life %[s on a small scale1 & z hi/ory on e page ( x on a l>ge4 ,does n ! recognis$ ne$ ( a balance ( p[] 9 ,europe1 ) ! anxi\s way 9 :i* x is pres]v$1 demon/rate t man is a bea/ ( prey1 :o no soon] sees a weak] man ne> him ?an he falls ^u him )\t fail8 & does n ! same hold good ( ! affairs ( ord9>y life8 ,b to ! b\ndless egoism ( our nature !re is jo9$ m or less 9 e human brea/ a fund ( hatr$1 ang]1 envy1 ranc\r & malice1 accumulat$ l ! v5om 9 a s]p5t's too?1 & wait+ only = an opportunity ( v5t+ itself1 & !n1 l a demon un*a9$1 ( /orm+ & rag+4 ,if a man has no great occasion = break+ out1 he w end by tak+ advantage ( ! smalle/1 & by work+ x up into some?+ great by ! aid ( 8 imag9ation2 =1 h[ev] small x may be1 x is en\gh to r\se 8 ang]-- ,quantulacunque adeo e/ occasio1 sufficit irae#a-- ,footnote #a3 ,juv5al1 ,sat4 #ac1 #ahc4 & !n he w c>ry x z f> z he c & may4 ,we see ?is 9 daily life1 :]e su* outbur/s are well kn[n "u ! "n ( v5t+ "o's gall on some?+4 ,x w also h be5 obs]v$ t if su* outbur/s meet ) no opposition ! subject ( !m feels decid$ly ! bett] = !m aft]w>ds4 ,t ang] is n )\t its pleasure is a tru? t 0 record$ ev5 by ,ari/otle2#a & he quotes a passage f ,hom]1 :o decl>es ang] to be sweet] ?an honey4 ,b n 9 ang] alone--9 hatr$ too1 :i* /&s to ang] l a *ronic to an acute disease1 a man may indulge ) ! greate/ delight3 ,footnote #a3 ,rhet41 i41 #aa2 ii41 #b4 ,n[ hatr$ is by f> ! longe/ pleasure1 ,m5 love 9 ha/e1 b !y dete/ at leisure#a ,footnote #a3 ,byron ,don ,juan1 c4 xiii1 #f4 ,gob9eau 9 8 "w ,les ,races ,huma9es has call$ man l'animal m*ant p> excell5ce4 ,p take ?is v ill1 because !y feel t x hits !m2 b he is q "r1 = man is ! only animal :i* causes pa9 to o!rs )\t any fur!r purpose ?an j to cause x4 ,o!r animals nev] d x except to satisfy _! hung]1 or 9 ! rage ( combat4 ,if x is said aga9/ ! tig] t he kills m ?an eats1 he /rangles 8 prey only = ! purpose ( eat+ x2 & if he _c eat x1 ! only explanation is1 z ! ,fr5* phrase has x1 t ses yeux sont plus gr&s que son e/omac4 ,no animal ev] torm5ts ano!r = ! m]e purpose ( torm5t+1 b man does x1 & x is ?is t con/itutes ! diabolical feature 9 8 "* :i* is s mu* worse ?an ! m]ely animal4 ,i h already spok5 ( ! matt] 9 its broad aspect2 b x is manife/ ev5 9 small ?+s1 & e read] has a daily opportunity ( obs]v+ x4 ,= in/ance1 if two little dogs are play+ toge!r--& :at a g5ial & *>m+ sight x is--& a *ild ( ?ree or f\r ye>s jo9s !m1 x is almo/ inevitable = x to beg9 hitt+ !m ) a :ip or /ick1 & !reby %[ itself1 ev5 at t age1 l'animal m*ant p> excell5ce4 ,! love ( teas+ & play+ tricks1 :i* is common en\gh1 may be trac$ to ! same s\rce4 ,= in/ance1 if a man has express$ 8 annoyance at any int]ruption or o!r petty inconv5i5ce1 !re w be no lack ( p :o = t v reason w br+ x ab\t3 animal m*ant p> excell5ce6 ,?is is s c]ta9 t a man %\ld be c>eful n to express any annoyance at small evils4 ,on ! o!r h& he %\ld also be c>eful n to express 8 pleasure at any trifle1 =1 if he does s1 m5 w act l ! jail] :o1 :5 he f\nd t 8 prison] _h p]=m$ ! labori\s task ( tam+ a spid]1 & took a pleasure 9 wat*+ x1 imm$iately cru%$ x "u 8 foot3 l'animal m*ant p> excell5ce6 ,?is is :y all animals are in/9ctively afraid ( ! sight1 or ev5 ( ! track ( a man1 t animal m*ant p> excell5ce6 nor does _! in/9ct !m false2 = x is man alone :o hunts game = :i* he has no use & :i* does him no h>m4 ,x is a fact1 !n1 t 9 ! he>t ( e man !re lies a wild bea/ :i* only waits = an opportunity to /orm & rage1 9 its desire to inflict pa9 on o!rs1 or1 if !y /& 9 8 way1 to kill !m4 ,x is ?is :i* is ! s\rce ( all ! lu/ ( w> & battle4 ,9 try+ to tame & to "s ext5t hold x 9 *eck1 ! intellig5ce1 its appo9t$ keep]1 has always en\gh to d4 ,p may1 if !y please1 call x ! radical evil ( human nature--a "n :i* w at lea/ s]ve ^? ) :om a ^w /&s = an explanation4 ,i say1 h[ev]1 t x is ! w to live1 :i*1 m & m embitt]$ by ! con/ant suff]+s ( exi/5ce1 seeks to alleviate its own torm5t by caus+ torm5t 9 o!rs4 ,b 9 ?is way a man gradually develops 9 himself real cruelty & malice4 ,! obs]vation may also be add$ t z1 accord+ to ,kant1 matt] subsi/s only ?r\gh ! antagonism ( ! p[]s ( expansion & contraction1 s human society subsi/s only by ! antagonism ( hatr$1 or ang]1 & fe>4 ,= !re is a mom5t 9 ! life ( all ( u :5 ! malignity ( our nature might p]haps make u murd]]s1 if x 7 n accompani$ by a due admixture ( fe> to keep x )9 b\nds2 & ?is fe>1 aga91 w\ld make a man ! sport & laugh+ /ock ( e boy1 if ang] 7 n ly+ ready 9 him1 & keep+ wat*4 ,b x is ,s*ad5freude1 a mis*iev\s delight 9 ! mis=tunes ( o!rs1 :i* rema9s ! wor/ trait 9 human nature4 ,x is a feel+ :i* is closely ak9 to cruelty1 & diff]s f x1 to say ! tru?1 only z !ory f practice4 ,9 g5]al1 x may be said ( x t x takes ! place :i* pity ought to take--pity :i* is its opposite1 & ! true s\rce ( all real ju/ice & *>ity4 ,envy is also oppos$ to pity1 b 9 ano!r s5se2 envy1 t is to say1 is produc$ by a cause directly antagoni/ic to t :i* produces ! delight 9 mis*ief4 ,! opposition betwe5 pity & envy on ! "o h&1 & pity & ! delight 9 mis*ief on ! o!r1 re/s1 9 ! ma91 on ! occasions :i* call !m =?4 ,9 ! case ( envy x is only z a direct effect ( ! cause :i* excites x t we feel x at all4 ,t is j ! reason :y envy1 al?\gh x is a repreh5sible feel+1 /ill admits ( "s excuse1 & is1 9 g5]al1 a v human quality2 :]eas ! delight 9 mis*ief is diabolical1 & its taunts are ! laught] ( hell4 ,! delight 9 mis*ief1 z ,i h said1 takes ! place :i* pity ought to take4 ,envy1 on ! contr>y1 f9ds a place only :]e !re is no inducem5t to pity1 or r an inducem5t to its opposite2 & x is j z ?is opposite t envy arises 9 ! human brea/2 & s f>1 !re=e1 x may /ill be reckon$ a human s5tim5t4 ,nay1 ,i am afraid t no "o w be f\nd to be entirely free f x4 ,= t a man %\ld feel 8 own lack ( ?+s m bitt]ly at ! sight ( ano!r's delight 9 ! enjoym5t ( !m1 is natural2 nay1 x is inevitable2 b ?is %\ld n r\se 8 hatr$ ( ! man :o is happi] ?an himself4 ,x is j ?is hatr$1 h[ev]1 9 :i* true envy consi/s4 ,lea/ ( all %\ld a man be envi\s1 :5 x is a "q1 n ( ! gifts ( =tune1 or *ance1 or ano!r's fav\r1 b ( ! gifts ( nature2 because ev]y?+ t is innate 9 a man re/s on a metaphysical basis1 & possesses ju/ification ( a high] k9d2 x is1 s to speak1 giv5 him by ,div9e grace4 ,b1 unhappily1 x is j 9 ! case ( p]sonal advantages t envy is mo/ irreconcilable4 ,?us x is t intellig5ce1 or ev5 g5ius1 _c get on 9 ! _w )\t begg+ p>don = its exi/5ce1 :]ev] x is n 9 a position to be able1 pr\dly & boldly1 to despise ! _w4 ,9 o!r words1 if envy is ar\s$ only by weal?1 rank1 or p[]1 x is (t5 kept d[n by egoism1 :i* p]ceives t1 on occasion1 assi/ance1 enjoym5t1 support1 protection1 advancem5t1 & s on1 may be hop$ = f ! object ( envy or t at lea/ by int]c\rse ) him a man may himself w9 hon\r f ! reflect$ light ( 8 sup]iority2 & "h1 too1 !re is ! hope ( "o day atta9+ all ^? advantages himself4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! envy t is direct$ to natural gifts & p]sonal advantages1 l beauty 9 wom51 or intellig5ce 9 m51 !re is no consolation or hope ( "o k9d or ! o!r2 s t no?+ rema9s b to indulge a bitt] & irreconcilable hatr$ ( ! p]son :o possesses ^! privileges2 & h5ce ! only rema9+ desire is to take v5geance on him4 ,b "h ! envi\s man f9ds himself 9 an un=tunate position2 = all 8 bl[s fall p[]less z soon z x is kn[n t !y come f him4 ,accord+ly he hides 8 feel+s z c>efully z if !y 7 secret s9s1 & s becomes an inexhau/ible inv5tor ( tricks & artifices & devices = conceal+ & mask+ 8 proc$ure1 9 ord] t1 unp]ceiv$1 he may w\nd ! object ( 8 envy4 ,= in/ance1 ) an air ( ! utmo/ unconc]n he w ignore ! advantages :i* are eat+ 8 he>t out2 he w nei!r see !m1 nor "k !m1 nor h obs]v$ or ev5 he>d ( !m1 & ?us make himself a ma/] 9 ! art ( dissimulation4 ,) great cunn+ he w completely ov]look ! man ^: brilliant qualities are gnaw+ at 8 he>t1 & act z ?\gh he 7 q an unimportant p]son2 he w take no notice ( him1 &1 on occasion1 w h ev5 q =gott5 8 exi/5ce4 ,b at ! same "t he w be=e all ?+s endeav\r by secret ma*9ation c>efully to deprive ^? advantages ( any opportunity ( %[+ !mselves & becom+ kn[n4 ,!n out ( 8 d>k corn] he w attack ^! qualities ) c5sure1 mock]y1 ridicule & calumny1 l ! toad :i* spurts its poison f a hole4 ,no less w he en?usia/ically praise unimportant p1 or ev5 indiff]5t or bad p]=mances 9 ! same sph]e4 ,9 %ort1 he w becomes a ,proteas 9 /ratagem1 9 ord] to w\nd o!rs )\t %[+ himself4 ,b :at is ! use ( x8 ,! tra9$ eye recognises him 9 spite ( x all4 ,he betrays himself1 if by no?+ else1 by ! way 9 :i* he timidly avoids & flies f ! object ( 8 envy1 :o /&s ! m completely alone1 ! m brilliant he is2 & ?is is ! reason :y pretty girls h no fri5ds ( _! own sex4 ,he betrays himself1 too1 by ! causeless hatr$ :i* he %[s--a hatr$ :i* f9ds v5t 9 a viol5t explosion at any circum/ance h[ev] trivial1 ?\gh x is (t5 only ! product ( 8 imag9ation4 ,h[ _m su* m5 !re are 9 ! _w may be recognis$ by ! univ]sal praise ( mode/y1 t is1 ( a virtue inv5t$ on behalf ( dull & commonplace p4 ,nev]!less1 x is a virtue :i*1 by exhibit+ ! necessity = deal+ consid]ately ) ! wret*$ plight ( ^! p1 is j :at calls att5tion to x4 ,= our self-consci\sness & our pride !re c be no?+ m flatt]+ ?an ! sight ( envy lurk+ 9 its retreat & plott+ its s*emes2 b nev] let a man =get t :]e !re is envy !re is hatr$1 & let him be c>eful n to make a false fri5d out ( any envi\s p]son4 ,!re=e x is important to our safety to lay envy b>e2 & a man %\ld /udy to discov] its tricks1 z x is ev]y:]e to be f\nd & always goes ab\t incognito2 or z ,i h said1 l a v5om\s toad x lurks 9 d>k corn]s4 ,x des]ves nei!r qu>t] nor sympa?y2 b z we c nev] reconcile x let our rule ( conduct be to scorn x ) a good he>t1 & z our happ9ess & glory is torture to x we may rejoice 9 its suff]+s3 ,d5 ,neid wir/ nimm] du v]shn52 ,s mag/ du ihn getro/ v]hhn54 ,de9 ,glck1 de9 ,ruhm i/ ihm e9 ,leid53 ,mag/ drum an se9] ,quaal di* weid54 ,we h be5 tak+ a look at ! depravity ( man1 & x is a sight :i* may well fill u ) horror4 ,b n[ we mu/ ca/ our eyes on ! mis]y ( 8 exi/5ce2 & :5 we h done s1 & are horrifi$ by t too1 we mu/ look back aga9 at 8 depravity4 ,we %all !n f9d t !y hold ! balance to ea* o!r4 ,we %all p]ceive ! et]nal ju/ice ( ?+s2 = we %all recognise t ! _w is itself ! ,la/ ,judgm5t on x1 & we %all beg9 to und]/& :y x is t ev]y?+ t lives mu/ pay ! p5alty ( its exi/5ce1 fir/ 9 liv+ & !n 9 dy+4 ,?us ! evil ( ! p5alty accords ) ! evil ( ! s9--malum po5ae ) malum culpae4 ,f ! same po9t ( view we lose our indignation at t intellectual incapacity ( ! great majority ( mank9d :i* 9 life s (t5 disgu/s u4 ,9 ?is ,sans>a1 z ! ,buddhi/s call x1 human mis]y1 human depravity & human folly correspond ) "o ano!r p]fectly1 & !y are ( l magnitude4 ,b if1 on "s special inducem5t1 we direct our gaze to "o ( !m1 & survey x 9 p>ticul>1 x seems to exce$ ! o!r two4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is an illusion1 & m]ely ! effect ( _! colossal range4 ,all ?+s proclaim ?is ,sans>a2 m ?an all else1 ! _w ( mank9d2 9 :i*1 f a moral po9t ( view1 villa9y & bas5ess1 & f an intellectual po9t ( view1 incapacity & /upidity1 prevail to a horrify+ ext5t4 ,nev]!less1 !re appe> 9 x1 al?\gh v spasmodically1 & always z a fre% surprise1 manife/ations ( hone/y1 ( goodness1 nay1 ev5 ( nobility2 & also ( great intellig5ce1 ( ! ?9k+ m9d ( g5ius4 ,!y nev] q vani%1 b l s+le po9ts ( light gleam ^u u out ( ! great d>k mass4 ,we mu/ accept !m z a pl$ge t ?is ,sans>a conta9s a good & r$eem+ pr9ciple1 :i* is capable ( break+ ?r\gh & ( fill+ & free+ ! :ole ( x4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! read]s ( my ,e?ics "k t ) me ! ultimate f\ndation ( morality is ! tru? :i* 9 ! ,v$as & ! ,v$anta receives its expression 9 ! e/abli%$1 my/ical =mula1 ,tat twam asi 7,?is is ?yself71 :i* is spok5 ) ref]5ce to e liv+ ?+1 be x man or bea/1 & is call$ ! ,mahavakya1 ! great ^w4 ,actions :i* proce$ 9 accordance ) ?is pr9ciple1 su* z ^? ( ! philan?ropi/1 may inde$ be reg>d$ z ! beg9n+ ( my/icism4 ,e b5efit r5d]$ ) a pure int5tion proclaims t ! man :o ex]cises x acts 9 direct conflict ) ! _w ( appe>ance2 = he recognises himself z id5tical ) ano!r individual1 :o exi/s 9 complete sep>ation f him4 ,accord+ly1 all dis9t]e/$ k9dness is inexplicable2 x is a my/]y2 & h5ce 9 ord] to expla9 x a man has to resort to all sorts ( fictions4 ,:5 ,kant _h demoli%$ all o!r argum5ts = !ism1 he admitt$ "o only1 t x gave ! be/ int]pretation & solution ( su* my/]i\s actions1 & ( all o!rs l !m4 ,he !re=e all[$ x to /& z a presumption unsusceptible inde$ ( !oretical pro(1 b valid f a practical po9t ( view4 ,i may1 h[ev]1 express my d\bts :e!r he 0 q s]i\s ab\t x4 ,= to make morality re/ on !ism is really to r$uce morality to egoism2 al?\gh ! ,engli%1 x is true1 z also ! l[e/ classes ( society ) u1 d n p]ceive ! possibility ( any o!r f\ndation = x4 ,! above-m5tion$ recognition ( a man's own true be+ 9 ano!r individual objectively pres5t$ to him1 is exhibit$ 9 a p>ticul>ly beautiful & cle> way 9 ! cases 9 :i* a man1 already de/9$ to dea? beyond any hope ( rescue1 gives himself up to ! welf>e ( o!rs ) great solicitude & zeal1 & tries to save !m4 ,( ?is k9d is ! well-kn[n /ory ( a s]vant :o 0 bitt5 9 a c\rty>d at night by a mad dog4 ,9 ! belief t %e 0 beyond hope1 %e seiz$ ! dog & dragg$ x into a /able1 :i* %e !n lock$1 s t no "o else might be bitt54 ,!n aga9 !re is ! incid5t 9 ,naples1 :i* ,tis*be9 has immortalis$ 9 "o ( 8 aqu>elles4 ,a son1 flee+ f ! lava :i* is rapidly /ream+ t[>d ! sea1 is c>ry+ 8 ag$ fa!r on 8 back4 ,:5 !re is only a n>r[ /rip ( l& left betwe5 ! dev\r+ elem5ts1 ! fa!r bids ! son put him d[n1 s t ! son may save himself by flight1 z o!rwise bo? w be lo/4 ,! son obeys1 & z he goes ca/s a glance ( f>ewell on 8 fa!r4 ,?is is ! mom5t depict$4 ,! hi/orical circum/ance :i* ,scott repres5ts 9 8 ma/]ly way 9 ,! ,he>t ( ,midlo?ian1 *ap1 ii41 is ( a precisely simil> k9d2 :]e1 ( two del9qu5ts condemn$ to dea?1 ! "o :o by 8 awkw>dness caus$ ! capture ( ! o!r happily sets him free 9 ! *apel by ov]p[]+ ! gu>d aft] ! execution-s]mon1 )\t at ! same "t mak+ any attempt on 8 own behalf4 ,nay1 9 ! same category mu/ also be plac$ ! sc5e :i* is repres5t$ 9 a common engrav+1 :i* may p]haps be objectionable to we/]n read]s--,i mean ! "o 9 :i* a soldi]1 kneel+ to be %ot1 is try+ by wav+ a clo? to fright5 away 8 dog :o wants to come to him4 ,9 all ^! cases we see an individual 9 ! face ( 8 own imm$iate & c]ta9 de/ruction no long] ?9k+ ( sav+ himself1 s t he may direct ! :ole ( 8 ef=ts to sav+ "s "o else4 ,h[ c\ld !re be a cle>] expression ( ! consci\sness t :at is be+ de/roy$ is only a ph5om5on1 & t ! de/ruction itself is only a ph5om5on2 t1 on ! o!r h&1 ! real be+ ( ! man :o meets 8 dea? is unt\*$ by t ev5t1 & lives on 9 ! o!r man1 9 :om ev5 n[1 z 8 action betrays1 he s cle>ly p]ceives x to exi/8 ,= if ?is 7 n s1 & x 0 8 real be+ :i* 0 ab\t to be annihilat$1 h[ c\ld t be+ sp5d its la/ ef=ts 9 %[+ su* an ard5t sympa?y 9 ! welf>e & cont9u$ exi/5ce ( ano!r8 ,!re are two diff]5t ways 9 :i* a man may become consci\s ( 8 own exi/5ce4 ,on ! "o h&1 he may h an empirical p]ception ( x1 z x manife/s itself ext]nally--some?+ s small t x approa*es vani%+ po9t2 set 9 a _w :i*1 z reg>ds "t & space1 is inf9ite2 "o only ( ! ?\s& millions ( human creatures :o run ab\t on ?is planet = a v brief p]iod & are r5ew$ e ?irty ye>s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 by go+ d[n into ! dep?s ( 8 own nature1 a man may become consci\s t he is all 9 all2 t1 9 fact1 he is ! only real be+2 & t1 9 addition1 ?is real be+ p]ceives itself aga9 9 o!rs1 :o pres5t !mselves f )\t1 z ?\gh !y =m$ a mirror ( himself4 ,( ^! two ways 9 :i* a man may come to "k :at he is1 ! fir/ grasps ! ph5om5on alone1 ! m]e product ( ! pr9ciple ( individuation2 :]eas ! second makes a man imm$iately consci\s t he is ! ?+-9-itself4 ,?is is a doctr9e 9 :i*1 z reg>ds ! fir/ way1 ,i h ,kant1 & z reg>ds bo?1 ,i h ! ,v$as1 to support me4 ,!re is1 x is true1 a simple objection to ! second me?od4 ,x may be said to assume t "o & ! same be+ c exi/ 9 diff]5t places at ! same "t1 & yet be complete 9 ea* ( !m4 ,al?\gh1 f an empirical po9t ( view1 ?is is ! mo/ palpable impossibility--nay1 absurdity--x is nev]!less p]fectly true ( ! ?+-9-itself4 ,! impossibility & ! absurdity ( x1 empirically1 are only due to ! =ms :i* ph5om5a assume1 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciple ( individuation4 ,= ! ?+-9-itself1 ! w to live1 exi/s :ole & undivid$ 9 e be+1 ev5 9 ! smalle/1 z completely z 9 ! sum-total ( all ?+s t ev] 7 or are or w be4 ,?is is :y e be+1 ev5 ! smalle/1 says to itself1 ,s long z ,i am safe1 let ! _w p]i%--dum ego salvus sim1 p]eat mundus4 ,&1 9 tru?1 ev5 if only "o individual 7 left 9 ! _w1 & all ! re/ 7 to p]i%1 ! "o t rema9$ w\ld /ill possess ! :ole self-be+ ( ! _w1 un9jur$ & undim9i%$1 & w\ld laugh at ! de/ruction ( ! _w z an illusion4 ,?is conclusion p] impossible may be balanc$ by ! c\nt]-conclusion1 :i* is on all f\rs ) x1 t if t la/ individual 7 to be annihilat$ 9 & ) him ! :ole _w w\ld be de/roy$4 ,x 0 9 ?is s5se t ! my/ic ,angelas ,silesius#a decl>$ t ,god c\ld n live = a mom5t )\t him1 & t if he 7 to be annihilat$ ,god mu/ ( necessity give up ! gho/3 ,i* weiss dass ohne mi* ,gott ni*t e9 ,nu kann leb52 ,w]d' i* zuni*t1 er muss von ,no? d5 ,gei/ aufgeb54 ,footnote #a3 ,translator's ,note4--,angelus ,silesius1 see ,c\nsels & ,maxims1 p4 #ci1 note4 ,b ! empirical po9t ( view also to "s ext5t enables u to p]ceive t x is true1 or at lea/ possible1 t our self c exi/ 9 o!r be+s ^: consci\sness is sep>at$ & diff]5t f our own4 ,t ?is is s is %[n by ! exp]i5ce ( somnambuli/s4 ,al?\gh ! id5tity ( _! ego is pres]v$ ?r\gh\t1 !y "k no?+1 :5 !y awake1 ( all t a mom5t be=e !y !mselves said1 did or suff]$4 ,s entirely is ! individual consci\sness a ph5om5on t ev5 9 ! same ego two consci\snesses c arise ( :i* ! "o kn[s no?+ ( ! o!r4 ,,gov]nm5t4 ,x is a *>act]i/ic fail+ ( ! ,g]mans to look 9 ! cl\ds = :at lies at _! feet4 ,an excell5t example ( ?is is furni%$ by ! treatm5t :i* ! idea ( ,natural ,"r has receiv$ at ! h&s ( pr(essors ( philosophy4 ,:5 !y are call$ ^u to expla9 ^? simple relations ( human life :i* make up ! sub/ance ( ?is "r1 su* z ,"r & ,wrong1 ,prop]ty1 ,/ate1 ,puni%m5t & s on1 !y h rec\rse to ! mo/ extravagant1 ab/ract1 remote & mean+less conceptions1 & out ( !m build a ,t[] ( ,babel rea*+ to ! cl\ds1 & tak+ ?is or t =m accord+ to ! special :im ( ! pr(essor = ! "t be+4 ,! cle>e/ & simple/ relations ( life1 su* z affect u directly1 are ?us made q un9telligible1 to ! great detrim5t ( ! "y p :o are educat$ 9 su* a s*ool4 ,^! relations !mselves are p]fectly simple & easily und]/ood--z ! read] may conv9ce himself if he w turn to ! acc\nt :i* ,i h giv5 ( !m 9 ! ,f\ndation ( ,morality1 #ag1 & 9 my *ief "w1 bk4 i41 #fb4 ,b at ! s\nd ( c]ta9 words1 l ,"r1 ,fre$om1 ! ,good1 ,be+--?is nugatory inf9itive ( ! cupola--& _m o!rs ( ! same sort1 ! ,g]man's head beg9s to swim1 & fall+ /raightway into a k9d ( delirium he laun*es =? into high-fl[n phrases :i* h no mean+ :atev]4 ,he takes ! mo/ remote & empty conceptions1 & /r+s !m toge!r artificially1 in/ead ( fix+ 8 eyes on ! facts1 & look+ at ?+s & relations z !y really are4 ,x is ^! ?+s & relations :i* supply ! ideas ( ,"r & ,fre$om1 & give !m ! only true mean+ t !y possess4 ,! man :o />ts f ! preconceiv$ op9ion t ! conception ( ,"r mu/ be a positive "o1 & !n attempts to def9e x1 w fail2 = he is try+ to grasp a %ad[1 to pursue a spectre1 to se>* = :at does n exi/4 ,! conception ( ,"r is a negative "o1 l ! conception ( ,fre$om2 its cont5t is m]e negation4 ,x is ! conception ( ,wrong :i* is positive2 ,wrong has ! same significance z injury--laesio--9 ! wide/ s5se ( ! t]m4 ,an injury may be done ei!r to a man's p]son or to 8 prop]ty or to 8 hon\r2 & accord+ly a man's rights are easy to def9e3 e "o has a "r to d any?+ t injures no "o else4 ,to h a "r to d or claim a ?+ means no?+ m ?an to be able to d or take or vise x )\t !reby injur+ any "o else4 ,simplex sigillum v]i4 ,?is def9ition %[s h[ s5seless _m que/ions are2 = in/ance1 ! "q :e!r we h ! "r to take our own life1 ,z f> z conc]ns ! p]sonal claims :i* o!rs may possibly h ^u u1 !y are subject to ! condition t we are alive1 & fall to ! gr\nd :5 we die4 ,to dem& ( a man1 :o does n c>e to live any long] = himself1 t he %\ld live on z a m]e ma*9e = ! advantage ( o!rs is an extravagant pret5sion4 ,al?\gh m5's p[]s diff]1 _! rights are alike4 ,_! rights d n re/ ^u _! p[]s1 because ,"r is ( a moral complexion2 !y re/ on ! fact t ! same w to live %[s itself 9 e man at ! same /age ( its manife/ation4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 only applies to t orig9al & ab/ract ,"r1 :i* a man possesses z a man4 ,! prop]ty1 & also ! hon\r1 :i* a man acquires = himself by ! ex]cise ( 8 p[]s1 dep5d on ! measure & k9d ( p[] :i* he possesses1 & s l5d 8 ,"r a wid] sph]e ( application4 ,"h1 !n1 equality comes to an end4 ,! man :o is bett] equipp$1 or m active1 increases by add+ to 8 ga9s1 n 8 ,"r1 b ! numb] ( ! ?+s to :i* x ext5ds4 ,9 my *ief "w#a ,i h prov$ t ! ,/ate 9 its ess5ce is m]ely an in/itution exi/+ = ! purpose ( protect+ its memb]s aga9/ outw>d attack or inw>d diss5sion4 ,x foll[s f ?is t ! ultimate gr\nd on :i* ! ,/ate is necess>y is ! ackn[l$g$ lack ( ,"r 9 ! human race4 ,if ,"r 7 !re1 no "o w\ld ?9k ( a ,/ate2 = no "o w\ld h any fe> t 8 rights w\ld be impair$2 & a m]e union aga9/ ! attacks ( wild bea/s or ! elem5ts w\ld h v little analogy ) :at we mean by a ,/ate4 ,f ?is po9t ( view x is easy to see h[ dull & /upid are ! philosopha/]s :o 9 pomp\s phrases repres5t t ! ,/ate is ! supreme end & fl[] ( human exi/5ce4 ,su* a view is ! apo!osis ( ,phili/9ism4 ,footnote #a3 #a ,bk4 ii41 *4 xlvii4 ,if x 7 ,"r t rul$ 9 ! _w1 a man w\ld h done en\gh 9 build+ 8 h\se1 & w\ld ne$ no o!r protection ?an ! "r ( possess+ x1 :i* w\ld be obvi\s4 ,b s9ce ,wrong is ! ord] ( ! day1 x is requisite t ! man :o has built 8 h\se %\ld also be able to protect x4 ,o!rwise 8 ,"r is de facto incomplete2 ! aggressor1 t is to say1 has ! "r ( might--,fau/re*t2 & ?is is j ! conception ( ,"r :i* ,sp9oza ent]ta9s4 ,he recognises no o!r4 ,8 words are3 unusquisque tantum juris habet quantum pot5tia valet2#a ea* man has z mu* "r z he has p[]4 ,& aga93 uniuscujusque jus pot5tia ejus def9itur2 ea* man's "r is det]m9$ by 8 p[]4#b ,hobbes seems to h />t$ ?is conception ( ,"r1#c & he adds ! /range comm5t t ! ,"r ( ! good ,"l to all ?+s re/s on no?+ b ,8 omnipot5ce4 ,footnote #a3 ,tract4 ,!ol4 ,pol41 *4 ii41 #h4 ,footnote #b3 ,e?ics1 ,,iv41 xxxvii41 #a4 ,footnote #c3 ,p>ticul>ly 9 a passage 9 ! ,de ,cive1 ,i1 #ad4 ,n[ ?is is a conception ( ,"r :i*1 bo? 9 !ory & 9 practice1 no long] prevails 9 ! civic _w2 b 9 ! _w 9 g5]al1 ?\gh aboli%$ 9 !ory1 x cont9ues to apply 9 practice4 ,! consequ5ces ( neglect+ x may be se5 9 ! case ( ,*9a4 ,?reat5$ by rebellion )9 & foes )\t1 ?is great empire is 9 a def5celess /ate1 & has to pay ! p5alty ( hav+ cultivat$ only ! arts ( peace & ignor$ ! arts ( w>4 ,!re is a c]ta9 analogy betwe5 ! op]ations ( nature & ^? ( man :i* is a peculi> b n =tuit\s "*1 & is bas$ on ! id5tity ( ! w 9 bo?4 ,:5 ! h]bivor\s animals _h tak5 _! place 9 ! organic _w1 bea/s ( prey made _! appe>ance--necess>ily a late appe>ance--9 ea* species1 & proce$$ to live ^u !m4 ,j 9 ! same way1 z soon z by hone/ toil & 9 ! sweat ( _! faces m5 h won f ! gr\nd :at is ne$$ = ! support ( _! societies1 a numb] ( individuals are sure to arise 9 "s ( ^! societies1 :o1 in/ead ( cultivat+ ! e>? & liv+ on its produce1 pref] to take _! lives 9 _! h&s & risk heal? & fre$om by fall+ ^u ^? :o are 9 possession ( :at !y h hone/ly e>n$1 & by appropriat+ ! fruits ( _! lab\r4 ,^! are ! bea/s ( prey 9 ! human race2 !y are ! conqu]+ peoples :om we f9d ev]y:]e 9 hi/ory1 f ! mo/ anci5t to ! mo/ rec5t times4 ,_! v>y+ =tunes1 z at "o mom5t !y succe$ & at ano!r fail1 make up ! g5]al elem5ts ( ! hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,h5ce ,voltaire 0 p]fectly "r :5 he said t ! aim ( all w> is robb]y4 ,t ^? :o engage 9 x are a%am$ ( _! do+s is cle> by ! fact t gov]nm5ts l\dly prote/ _! reluctance to appeal to arms except = purposes ( self-def5ce4 ,in/ead ( try+ to excuse !mselves by tell+ public & (ficial lies1 :i* are almo/ m revolt+ ?an w> itself1 !y %\ld take _! /&1 z bold z brass1 on ,mac*iavelli's doctr9e4 ,! gi/ ( x may be /at$ to be ?is3 t :]eas betwe5 "o individual & ano!r1 & s f> z conc]ns ! law & morality ( _! relations1 ! pr9ciple1 ,don't d to o!rs :at y w\ldn't l done to y\rself1 c]ta9ly applies1 x is ! conv]se ( ?is pr9ciple :i* is appropriate 9 ! case ( nations & 9 politics3 ,:at y w\ldn't l done to y\rself d to o!rs4 ,if y d n want to be put "u a =eign yoke1 take "t by ! =elock1 & put y\r neighb\r "u x himself2 :5ev]1 t is to say1 8 weakness (f]s y ! opportunity4 ,= if y let ! opportunity pass1 x w des]t "o day to ! enemy's camp & (f] itself !re4 ,!n y\r enemy w put y "u 8 yoke2 & y\r failure to grasp ! opportunity may be paid =1 n by ! g5]ation :i* 0 guilty ( x1 b by ! next4 ,?is ,mac*iavellian pr9ciple is always a mu* m dec5t cloak = ! lu/ ( robb]y ?an ! rags ( v obvi\s lies 9 a spee* f ! head ( ! ,/ate2 lies1 too1 ( a description :i* recalls ! well-kn[n /ory ( ! rabbit attack+ ! dog4 ,e ,/ate looks ^u its neighb\rs z at bottom a horde ( robb]s1 :o w fall ^u x z soon z !y h ! opportunity4 99 99 99 99 99 ,betwe5 ! s]f1 ! f>m]1 ! t5ant1 & ! mortgagee1 ! diff]5ce is r "o ( =m ?an ( sub/ance4 ,:e!r ! peasant belongs to me1 or ! l& on :i* he has to get a liv+2 :e!r ! bird is m9e1 or its food1 ! tree or its fruit1 is a matt] ( little mom5t2 =1 z ,%akespe>e makes ,%ylock say3 ,y take my life ,:5 y d take ! means :]eby ,i live4 ,! free peasant has1 inde$1 ! advantage t he c g (f & seek 8 =tune 9 ! wide _w2 :]eas ! s]f :o is atta*$ to ! soil1 glebae adscriptus1 has an advantage :i* is p]haps /ill great]1 t :5 failure ( crops or illness1 old age or incapacity1 r5d] him helpless1 8 ma/] mu/ look aft] him1 & s he sleeps well at night2 :]eas1 if ! crops fail1 8 ma/] tosses ab\t on 8 b$ try+ to ?9k h[ he is to procure bread = 8 m54 ,z long ago z ,m5&] x 0 said t x is bett] to be ! slave ( a good ma/] ?an to live mis]ably z a freeman4 ,ano!r advantage possess$ by ! free is t if !y h any tal5ts !y c improve _! position2 b ! same advantage is n :olly )held f ! slave4 ,if he proves himself useful to 8 ma/] by ! ex]cise ( any skill1 he is treat$ accord+ly2 j z 9 anci5t ,rome me*anics1 =em5 ( work%ops1 ar*itects1 nay1 ev5 doctors1 7 g5]ally slaves4 ,slav]y & pov]ty1 !n1 are only two =ms1 ,i might almo/ say only two names1 ( ! same ?+1 ! ess5ce ( :i* is t a man's physical p[]s are employ$1 9 ! ma91 n = himself b = o!rs2 & ?is leads p>tly to 8 be+ ov]-load$ ) "w1 & p>tly to 8 gett+ a scanty satisfaction = 8 ne$s4 ,= ,nature has giv5 a man only z mu* physical p[] z w suffice1 if he ex]ts x 9 mod]ation1 to ga9 a su/5ance f ! e>?4 ,no great sup]fluity ( p[] is 84 ,if1 !n1 a n inconsid]able numb] ( m5 are reliev$ f ! common burd5 ( su/a9+ ! exi/5ce ( ! human race1 ! burd5 ( ! rema9d] is augm5t$1 & !y suff]4 ,?is is ! *ief s\rce ( ! evil :i* "u ! "n ( slav]y1 or "u ! "n ( ! prolet>iat1 has always oppress$ ! great majority ( ! human race4 ,b ! m remote cause ( x is luxury4 ,9 ord]1 x may be said1 t "s few p]sons may h :at is unnecess>y1 sup]flu\s1 & ! product ( ref9em5t--nay1 9 ord] t !y may satisfy artificial ne$s--a great "p ( ! exi/+ p[]s ( mank9d has to be devot$ to ?is object1 & !re=e )drawn f ! production ( :at is necess>y & indisp5sable4 ,in/ead ( build+ cottages = !mselves1 ?\s&s ( m5 build mansions = a few4 ,in/ead ( weav+ co>se mat]ials = !mselves & _! families1 !y make f9e clo?s1 silk1 or ev5 lace1 = ! ri*1 & 9 g5]al manufacture a ?\s& objects ( luxury = _! pleasure4 ,a great "p ( ! urban population consi/s ( workm5 :o make ^! articles ( luxury2 & = !m & ^? :o give !m "w ! peasants h to pl\gh & s[ & look aft] ! flocks z well z = !mselves1 & ?us h m lab\r ?an ,nature orig9ally impos$ ^u !m4 ,moreov]1 ! urban population devotes a great deal ( physical /r5g?1 & a great deal ( l&1 to su* ?+s z w9e1 silk1 tobacco1 hops1 asp>agus & s on1 in/ead ( to corn1 potatoes & cattle-bre$+4 ,fur!r1 a numb] ( m5 are )drawn f agriculture & employ$ 9 %ip-build+ & seaf>+1 9 ord] t sug>1 c(fee1 tea & o!r goods may be import$4 ,9 %ort1 a l>ge "p ( ! p[]s ( ! human race is tak5 away f ! production ( :at is necess>y1 9 ord] to br+ :at is sup]flu\s & unnecess>y )9 ! rea* ( a few4 ,z long !re=e z luxury exi/s1 !re mu/ be a correspond+ am\nt ( ov]-"w & mis]y1 :e!r x takes ! "n ( pov]ty or ( slav]y4 ,! fundam5tal diff]5ce betwe5 ! two is t slav]y orig9ates 9 viol5ce1 & pov]ty 9 craft4 ,! :ole unnatural condition ( society--! univ]sal /ruggle to escape f mis]y1 ! sea-trade att5d$ ) s mu* loss ( life1 ! complicat$ int]e/s ( comm]ce1 & f9ally ! w>s to :i* x all gives rise--is due1 only & alone1 to luxury1 :i* gives no happ9ess ev5 to ^? :o enjoy x1 nay1 makes !m ill & bad-temp]$4 ,accord+ly x looks z if ! mo/ effective way ( alleviat+ human mis]y w\ld be to dim9i% luxury1 or ev5 aboli% x altoge!r4 ,!re is unque/ionably mu* tru? 9 ?is tra9 ( ?\ght4 ,b ! conclusion at :i* x arrives is refut$ by an argum5t possess+ ?is advantage ov] x--t x is confirm$ by ! te/imony ( exp]i5ce4 ,a c]ta9 am\nt ( "w is devot$ to purposes ( luxury4 ,:at ! human race loses 9 ?is way 9 ! muscul> p[] :i* w\ld o!rwise be available = ! necessities ( exi/5ce is gradually made up to x a ?\s&fold by ! n]v\s p[]1 :i*1 9 a *emical s5se1 is !reby releas$4 ,& s9ce ! intellig5ce & s5sibility :i* are ?us promot$ are on a high] level ?an ! muscul> irritability :i* !y supplant1 s ! a*ievem5ts ( m9d exce$ ^? ( ! body a ?\s&fold4 ,"o wise c\nsel is wor? ! "w ( _m h&s3 ,greek3 ,hos en sophon b\leuma tas pollon *eiras nika4 ,a nation ( no?+ b peasants w\ld d little 9 ! way ( discov]y & inv5tion2 b idle h&s make active heads4 ,sci5ce & ! ,arts are !mselves ! *ildr5 ( luxury1 & !y dis*>ge _! debt to x4 ,! "w :i* !y d is to p]fect te*nology 9 all its bran*es1 me*anical1 *emical & physical2 an art :i* 9 our days has br\ght ma*9]y to a pit* nev] dreamt ( be=e1 & 9 p>ticul> has1 by /eam & electricity1 accompli%$ ?+s ! l ( :i* w\ld1 9 e>li] ages1 h be5 ascrib$ to ! ag5cy ( ! devil4 ,9 manufactures ( all k9ds1 & to "s ext5t 9 agriculture1 ma*9es n[ d a ?\s& times m ?an c\ld ev] h be5 done by ! h&s ( all ! well-to-d1 educat$1 & pr(essional classes1 & c\ld ev] h be5 atta9$ if all luxury _h be5 aboli%$ & e "o _h return$ to ! life ( a peasant4 ,x is by no means ! ri* alone1 b all classes1 :o d]ive b5efit f ^! indu/ries4 ,?+s :i* 9 =m] days h>dly any "o c\ld af=d are n[ *eap & abundant1 & ev5 ! l[e/ classes are mu* bett] (f 9 po9t ( com=t4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages a ,k+ ( ,engl& once borr[$ a pair ( silk /ock+s f "o ( 8 lords1 s t he might we> !m 9 giv+ an audi5ce to ! ,fr5* ambassador4 ,ev5 ,que5 ,elizabe? 0 greatly pleas$ & a/oni%$ to receive a pair z a ,new ,ye>'s pres5t2 to-day e %opman has !m4 ,fifty ye>s ago ladies wore ! k9d ( calico g[ns :i* s]vants we> n[4 ,if me*anical sci5ce cont9ues to progress at ! same rate = any l5g? ( "t1 x may end by sav+ human lab\r almo/ entirely1 j z horses are ev5 n[ be+ l>gely sup]s$$ by ma*9es4 ,= x is possible to conceive t intellectual culture might 9 "s degree become g5]al 9 ! human race2 & ?is w\ld be impossible z long z bodily lab\r 0 incumb5t on any great "p ( x4 ,muscul> irritability & n]v\s s5sibility are always & ev]y:]e1 bo? g5]ally & p>ticul>ly1 9 antagonism2 = ! simple reason t x is "o & ! same vital p[] :i* und]lies bo?4 ,fur!r1 s9ce ! arts h a s(t5+ effect on "*1 x is possible t qu>rels great & small1 w>s & duels1 w vani% f ! _w2 j z bo? h become mu* r>] occurr5ces4 ,h[ev]1 x is n my object "h to write a ,utopia4 ,b ap>t f all ?is ! argum5ts us$ above 9 fav\r ( ! abolition ( luxury & ! uni=m di/ribution ( all bodily lab\r are op5 to ! objection t ! great mass ( mank9d1 always & ev]y:]e1 _c d )\t lead]s1 guides & c\nsellors1 9 "o %ape or ano!r1 accord+ to ! matt] 9 "q2 judges1 gov]nors1 g5]als1 (ficials1 prie/s1 doctors1 m5 ( le>n+1 philosoph]s1 & s on1 are all a necessity4 ,_! common task is to lead ! race = ! great] "p s incapable & p]v]se1 ?r\gh ! labyr9? ( life1 ( :i* ea* ( !m accord+ to 8 position & capacity has obta9$ a g5]al view1 be 8 range wide or n>r[4 ,t ^! guides ( ! race %\ld be p]man5tly reliev$ ( all bodily lab\r z well z ( all vulg> ne$ & discom=t2 nay1 t 9 proportion to _! mu* great] a*ievem5ts !y %\ld necess>ily own & enjoy m ?an ! common man1 is natural & reasonable4 ,great m]*ants %\ld also be includ$ 9 ! same privileg$ class1 :5ev] !y make f>-sight$ prep>ations = national ne$s4 ,! "q ( ! sov]eignty ( ! p is at bottom ! same z ! "q :e!r any man c h an orig9al "r to rule a p aga9/ its w4 ,h[ t proposition c be reasonably ma9ta9$ ,i d n see4 ,! p1 x mu/ be admitt$1 is sov]eign2 b x is a sov]eign :o is always a m9or4 ,x mu/ h p]man5t gu>dians1 & x c nev] ex]cise its rights itself1 )\t creat+ dang]s ( :i* no "o c =esee ! end2 especially z l all m9ors1 x is v apt to become ! sport ( design+ %>p]s1 9 ! %ape ( :at are call$ demagogues4 ,voltaire rem>ks t ! fir/ man to become a k+ 0 a successful soldi]4 ,x is c]ta9ly ! case t all pr9ces 7 orig9ally victori\s lead]s ( armies1 & = a long "t x 0 z su* t !y bore sway4 ,on ! rise ( /&+ armies pr9ces began to reg>d _! p z a means ( su/a9+ !mselves & _! soldi]s1 & treat$ !m1 accord+ly1 z ?\gh !y 7 a h]d ( cattle1 :i* _h to be t5d$ 9 ord] t x might provide wool1 milk1 & meat4 ,! :y & :]e=e ( all ?is1 z ,i %all pres5tly %[ 9 detail1 is ! fact t orig9ally x 0 n "r1 b might1 t rul$ 9 ! _w4 ,might has ! advantage ( hav+ be5 ! fir/ 9 ! field4 ,t is :y x is impossible to d away ) x & aboli% x altoge!r2 x mu/ always h its place2 & all t a man c wi% or ask is t x %\ld be f\nd on ! side ( "r & associat$ ) x4 ,accord+ly says ! pr9ce to 8 subjects3 ,i rule y 9 virtue ( ! p[] :i* ,i possess4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 x excludes t ( any "o else1 & ,i %all suff] none b my own1 :e!r x comes f )\t1 or arises )9 by "o ( y try+ to oppress ano!r4 ,9 ?is way1 !n1 y are protect$4 ,! arrangem5t 0 c>ri$ out2 & j because x 0 c>ri$ out ! old idea ( k+%ip develop$ ) "t & progress into q a diff]5t idea1 & put ! o!r "o 9 ! backgr\nd1 :]e x may /ill be se51 n[ & !n1 flitt+ ab\t l a spectre4 ,its place has be5 tak5 by ! idea ( ! k+ z fa!r ( 8 p1 z ! firm & un%akable pill> :i* alone supports & ma9ta9s ! :ole organisation ( law & ord]1 & consequ5tly ! rights ( e man4#a ,b a k+ c accompli% ?is only by inborn pr]ogative :i* res]ves au?ority to him & to him alone--an au?ority :i* is supreme1 indubitable1 & beyond all attack1 nay1 to :i* e "o r5d]s in/9ctive ob$i5ce4 ,h5ce ! k+ is rightly said to rule by ! grace ( ,god4 ,he is always ! mo/ useful p]son 9 ! ,/ate1 & 8 s]vices are nev] too de>ly repaid by any ,civil ,li/1 h[ev] heavy4 ,footnote #a3 ,we read 9 ,/obaeus1 ,florilegium1 *4 xliv41 #da1 ( a ,p]sian cu/om1 by :i*1 :5ev] a k+ di$1 !re 0 a five days' an>*y1 9 ord] t p might p]ceive ! advantage ( hav+ k+s & laws4 ,b ev5 z late a writ] z ,mac*iavelli 0 s decid$ly imbu$ ) ! e>li] or m$iaeval conception ( ! position ( a pr9ce t he treats x z a matt] :i* is self-evid5t3 he nev] discusses x1 b tacitly takes x z ! presupposition & basis ( 8 advice4 ,x may be said g5]ally t 8 book is m]ely ! !oretical /atem5t & consi/5t & sy/ematic exposition ( ! practice prevail+ 9 8 "t4 ,x is ! novel /atem5t ( x 9 a complete !oretical =m t l5ds x su* a poignant int]e/4 ,! same ?+1 ,i may rem>k 9 pass+1 applies to ! immortal little "w ( ,la ,ro*efaucauld1 :o1 h[ev]1 takes private & n public life = 8 !me1 & (f]s1 n advice1 b obs]vations4 ,! title ( ?is f9e little book is op51 p]haps1 to "s objection3 ! cont5ts are n1 z a rule1 ei!r maxims or reflections1 b ap]u2 & t is :at !y %\ld be call$4 ,!re is mu*1 too1 9 ,mac*iavelli t w be f\nd also to apply to private life4 ,"r 9 itself is p[]less2 9 nature x is ,might t rules4 ,to enli/ might on ! side ( "r1 s t by means ( x "r may rule1 is ! problem ( /atesman%ip4 ,& x is inde$ a h>d problem1 z w be obvi\s if we rememb] t almo/ e human brea/ is ! seat ( an egoism :i* has no limits1 & is usually associat$ ) an accumulat$ /ore ( hatr$ & malice2 s t at ! v />t feel+s ( enmity l>gely prevail ov] ^? ( fri5d%ip4 ,we h also to be> 9 m9d t x is _m millions ( individuals s con/itut$ :o h to be kept 9 ! bonds ( law & ord]1 peace & tranquillity2 :]eas orig9ally e "o _h a "r to say to e "o else3 ,i am j z good z y are6 ,a consid]ation ( all ?is mu/ fill u ) surprise t on ! :ole ! _w pursues its way s peacefully & quietly1 & ) s mu* law & ord] z we see to exi/4 ,x is ! ma*9]y ( ,/ate :i* alone accompli%es x4 ,= x is physical p[] alone :i* has any direct action on m52 con/itut$ z !y g5]ally are1 x is = physical p[] alone t !y h any feel+ or respect4 ,if a man w\ld conv9ce himself by exp]i5ce t ?is is ! case1 he ne$ d no?+ b remove all compulsion f 8 fell[s1 & try to gov]n !m by cle>ly & =cibly repres5t+ to !m :at is reasonable1 "r1 & fair1 ?\gh at ! same "t x may be contr>y to _! int]e/s4 ,he w\ld be laugh$ to scorn2 & z ?+s g t is ! only answ] he w\ld get4 ,x w\ld soon be obvi\s to him t moral =ce alone is p[]less4 ,x is1 !n1 physical =ce alone :i* is capable ( secur+ respect4 ,n[ ?is =ce ultimately resides 9 ! masses1 :]e x is associat$ ) ignorance1 /upidity & inju/ice4 ,accord+ly ! ma9 aim ( /atesman%ip 9 ^! difficult circum/ances is to put physical =ce 9 subjection to m5tal =ce--to intellectual sup]iority1 & ?us to make x s]viceable4 ,b if ?is aim is n itself accompani$ by ju/ice & good int5tions ! result ( ! bus9ess1 if x succe$s1 is t ! ,/ate s erect$ consi/s ( knaves & fools1 ! deceiv]s & ! deceiv$4 ,t ?is is ! case is made gradually evid5t by ! progress ( intellig5ce among/ ! masses1 h[ev] mu* x may be repress$2 & x leads to revolution4 ,b if1 contr>ily1 intellig5ce is accompani$ by ju/ice & good int5tions1 !re arises a ,/ate z p]fect z ! "* ( human affairs w all[4 ,x is v mu* to ! purpose if ju/ice & good int5tions n only exi/1 b are also demon/rable & op5ly exhibit$1 & c be call$ to acc\nt publicly1 & be subject to control4 ,c>e mu/ be tak51 h[ev]1 le/ ! result+ p>ticipation ( _m p]sons 9 ! "w ( gov]nm5t %\ld affect ! unity ( ! ,/ate1 & inflict a loss ( /r5g? & conc5tration on ! p[] by :i* its home & =eign affairs h to be adm9i/]$4 ,?is is :at almo/ always happ5s 9 republics4 ,to produce a con/itution :i* %\ld satisfy all ^! dem&s w\ld accord+ly be ! highe/ aim ( /atesman%ip4 ,b1 z a matt] ( fact1 /atesman%ip has to consid] o!r ?+s z well4 ,x has to reckon ) ! p z !y exi/1 & _! national peculi>ities4 ,?is is ! raw mat]ial on :i* x has to "w1 & ! +r$i5ts ( t mat]ial w always ex]cise a great effect on ! complet$ s*eme4 ,/atesman%ip w h a*iev$ a good deal if x s f> atta9s its object z to r$uce wrong & inju/ice 9 ! community to a m9imum4 ,to bani% !m altoge!r1 & to leave no trace ( !m1 is m]ely ! ideal to be aim$ at2 & x is only approximately t x c be rea*$4 ,if !y disappe> 9 "o direction1 !y creep 9 aga9 9 ano!r2 = wrong & inju/ice lie deeply root$ 9 human nature4 ,attempts h be5 made to atta9 ! desir$ aim by artificial con/itutions & sy/ematic codes ( law2 b !y are n 9 complete t\* ) ! facts--!y rema9 an asymptote1 = ! simple reason t h>d & fa/ conceptions nev] embrace all possible cases1 & _c be made to meet individual in/ances4 ,su* conceptions resemble ! /ones ( a mosaic r ?an ! delicate %ad+ 9 a picture4 ,nay1 m3 all exp]im5ts 9 ?is matt] are att5d$ ) dang]2 because ! mat]ial 9 "q1 namely1 ! human race1 is ! mo/ difficult ( all mat]ial to h&le4 ,x is almo/ z dang]\s z an explosive4 ,no d\bt x is true t 9 ! ma*9]y ( ! ,/ate ! fre$om ( ! press p]=ms ! same function z a safety-valve 9 o!r ma*9]y2 = x enables all discont5t to f9d a voice2 nay1 9 do+ s1 ! discont5t exhau/s itself if x has n mu* sub/ance2 & if x has1 !re is an advantage 9 recognis+ x betimes & apply+ ! rem$y4 ,?is is mu* bett] ?an to repress ! discont5t1 & let x simm] & f]m5t1 & g on increas+ until x ends 9 an explosion4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! fre$om ( ! press may be reg>d$ z a p]mission to sell poison--poison = ! he>t & ! m9d4 ,!re is no idea s fooli% b t x _c be put into ! heads ( ! ignorant & incapable multitude1 especially if ! idea holds out "s prospect ( any ga9 or advantage4 ,& :5 a man has got hold ( any su* idea :at is !re t he w n d8 ,i am1 !re=e1 v mu* afraid t ! dang] ( a free press outweighs its utility1 p>ticul>ly :]e ! law (f]s a way ( r$ress+ wrongs4 ,9 any case1 h[ev]1 ! fre$om ( ! press %\ld be gov]n$ by a v /rict prohibition ( all & e anonymity4 ,g5]ally1 inde$1 x may be ma9ta9$ t "r is ( a nature analog\s to t ( c]ta9 *emical sub/ances1 :i* _c be exhibit$ 9 a pure & isolat$ condition1 b at ! mo/ only ) a small admixture ( "s o!r sub/ance1 :i* s]ves z a vehicle = !m1 or gives !m ! necess>y consi/5cy2 su* z fluor9e1 or ev5 alcohol1 or prussic acid4 ,pursu+ ! analogy we may say t "r1 if x is to ga9 a foot+ 9 ! _w & really prevail1 mu/ ( necessity be supplem5t$ by a small am\nt ( arbitr>y =ce1 9 ord] t1 not)/&+ its m]ely ideal & !re=e e!real nature1 x may be able to "w & subsi/ 9 ! real & mat]ial _w1 & n evaporate & vani% into ! cl\ds1 z x does 9 ,hesoid4 ,bir?-"r ( e description1 all h]itable privileges1 e =m ( national religion1 & s on1 may be reg>d$ z ! necess>y *emical base or alloy2 inasmu* z x is only :5 "r has "s su* firm & actual f\ndation t x c be en=c$ & consi/5tly v9dicat$4 ,!y =m = "r a sort ( ,greek3 os moi p\ /o--a fulcrum = support+ its lev]4 ,l9naeus adopt$ a vegetable sy/em ( an artificial & arbitr>y "*4 ,x _c be replac$ by a natural "o1 no matt] h[ reasonable ! *ange might be1 or h[ (t5 x has be5 attempt$ to make x1 because no o!r sy/em c\ld ev] yield ! same c]ta9ty & /ability ( def9ition4 ,j 9 ! same way ! artificial & arbitr>y basis on :i*1 z has be5 %[n1 ! con/itution ( a ,/ate re/s1 c nev] be replac$ by a purely natural basis4 ,a natural basis w\ld aim at do+ away ) ! conditions t h be5 m5tion$3 9 ! place ( ! privileges ( bir? x w\ld put ^? ( p]sonal m]it2 9 ! place ( ! national religion1 ! results ( rationali/ic inquiry1 & s on4 ,h[ev] agreeable to reason ?is might all prove1 ! *ange c\ld n be made2 because a natural basis w\ld lack t c]ta9ty & fixity ( def9ition :i* alone secures ! /ability ( ! commonweal?4 ,a con/itution :i* embodi$ ab/ract "r alone w\ld be an excell5t ?+ = natures o!r ?an human1 b s9ce ! great majority ( m5 are extremely egoi/ic1 unju/1 inconsid]ate1 deceitful1 & sometimes ev5 malici\s2 s9ce 9 addition !y are end[$ ) v scanty intellig5ce !re arises ! necessity = a p[] t %all be conc5trat$ 9 "o man1 a p[] t %all be above all law & "r1 & be completely irresponsible1 nay1 to :i* ev]y?+ %all yield z to some?+ t is reg>d$ z a creature ( a high] k9d1 a rul] by ! grace ( ,god4 ,x is only ?us t m5 c be p]man5tly held 9 *eck & gov]n$4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,nor? ,am]ica exhibit ! attempt to proce$ )\t any su* arbitr>y basis2 t is to say1 to all[ ab/ract "r to prevail pure & unalloy$4 ,b ! result is n attractive4 ,= ) all ! mat]ial prosp]ity ( ! c\ntry :at d we f9d8 ,! prevail+ s5tim5t is a base ,utilit>ianism ) its inevitable companion1 ignorance2 & x is ?is t has pav$ ! way = a union ( /upid ,anglican bigotry1 fooli% prejudice1 co>se brutality1 & a *ildi% v5]ation ( wom54 ,ev5 worse ?+s are ! ord] ( ! day3 mo/ iniquit\s oppression ( ! black freem51 lyn* law1 frequ5t assass9ation (t5 committ$ ) entire impunity1 duels ( a savag]y else:]e unkn[n1 n[ & !n op5 scorn ( all law & ju/ice1 repudiation ( public debts1 abom9able political rascality t[>ds a neighb\r+ ,/ate1 foll[$ by a m]c5>y raid on its ri* t]ritory1--aft]w>ds s\ght to be excus$1 on ! "p ( ! *ief au?ority ( ! ,/ate1 by lies :i* e "o 9 ! c\ntry knew to be su* & laugh$ at--an ev]-increas+ o*locracy1 & f9ally all ! disa/r\s influ5ce :i* ?is abnegation ( ju/ice 9 high qu>t]s mu/ h ex]cis$ on private morals4 ,?is specim5 ( a pure con/itution on ! obv]se side ( ! planet says v little = republics 9 g5]al1 b /ill less = ! imitations ( x 9 ,mexico1 ,guatemala1 ,colombia & ,p]u4 ,a peculi> disadvantage atta*+ to republics--& "o t might n be look$ =--is t 9 ?is =m ( gov]nm5t x mu/ be m difficult = m5 ( ability to atta9 high position & ex]cise direct political influ5ce ?an 9 ! case ( mon>*ies4 ,= always & ev]y:]e & "u all circum/ances !re is a conspiracy1 or in/9ctive alliance1 aga9/ su* m5 on ! "p ( all ! /upid1 ! weak1 & ! commonplace2 !y look ^u su* m5 z _! natural enemies1 & !y are firmly held toge!r by a common fe> ( !m4 ,!re is always a num]\s ho/ ( ! /upid & ! weak1 & 9 a republican con/itution x is easy = !m to suppress & exclude ! m5 ( ability1 s t !y may n be outflank$ by !m4 ,!y are fifty to "o2 & "h all h equal rights at ! />t4 ,9 a mon>*y1 on ! o!r h&1 ?is natural & univ]sal league ( ! /upid aga9/ ^? :o are possess$ ( intellectual advantages is a "o-sid$ affair2 x exi/s only f bel[1 = 9 a mon>*y tal5t & intellig5ce receive a natural advocacy & support f above4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! position ( ! mon>* himself is mu* too high & too firm = him to /& 9 fe> ( any sort ( competition4 ,9 ! next place1 he s]ves ! ,/ate m by 8 w ?an by 8 intellig5ce2 = no intellig5ce c\ld ev] be equal to all ! dem&s t w\ld 9 8 case be made ^u x4 ,he is !re=e compell$ to be always avail+ himself ( o!r m5's intellig5ce4 ,see+ t 8 own int]e/s are securely b\nd up ) ^? ( 8 c\ntry2 t !y are insep>able f !m & "o ) !m1 he w naturally give ! pref]5ce to ! be/ m51 because !y are 8 mo/ s]viceable in/rum5ts1 & he w be/[ 8 fav\r ^u !m--z soon1 t is1 z he c f9d !m2 :i* is n s difficult1 if only an hone/ se>* be made4 ,j 9 ! same way ev5 m9i/]s ( ,/ate h too mu* advantage ov] ris+ politicians to ne$ to reg>d !m ) jeal\sy2 & accord+ly = analog\s reasons !y are glad to s+le out di/+ui%$ m5 & set !m to "w1 9 ord] to make use ( _! p[]s = !mselves4 ,x is 9 ?is way t intellig5ce has always "u a mon>*ical gov]nm5t a mu* bett] *ance aga9/ its irreconcilable & ev]-pres5t foe1 /upidity2 & ! advantage :i* x ga9s is v great4 ,9 g5]al1 ! mon>*ical =m ( gov]nm5t is t :i* is natural to man2 j z x is natural to bees & ants1 to a flight ( cranes1 a h]d ( w&]+ elephants1 a pack ( wolves seek+ prey 9 common1 & _m o!r animals1 all ( :i* place "o ( _! numb] at ! head ( ! bus9ess 9 h&4 ,e bus9ess 9 :i* m5 engage1 if x is att5d$ ) dang]--e campaign1 e %ip at sea--mu/ also be subject to ! au?ority ( "o comm&]2 ev]y:]e x is "o w t mu/ lead4 ,ev5 ! animal organism is con/ruct$ on a mon>*ical pr9ciple3 x is ! bra9 alone :i* guides & gov]ns1 & ex]cises ! hegemony4 ,al?\gh he>t1 lungs1 & /oma* contribute mu* m to ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( ! :ole body1 ^! phili/9es _c on t acc\nt be all[$ to guide & lead4 ,t is a bus9ess :i* belongs solely to ! bra92 gov]nm5t mu/ proce$ f "o c5tral po9t4 ,ev5 ! sol> sy/em is mon>*ical4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a republic is z unnatural z x is unfav\rable to ! high] intellectual life & ! arts & sci5ces4 ,accord+ly we f9d t ev]y:]e 9 ! _w1 & at all times1 nations1 :e!r civilis$ or savage1 or occupy+ a position betwe5 ! two1 are always "u mon>*ical gov]nm5t4 ,! rule ( _m z ,hom] said1 is n a good ?+3 let !re be "o rul]1 "o k+2 ,greek3 ,ouk aga?on polykoiraniae-eis koiranos e/o ,eis basoleus4 #a ,footnote #a3 ,iliad1 ii41 #bjd4 ,h[ w\ld x be possible t1 ev]y:]e & at all times1 we %\ld see _m millions ( p1 nay1 ev5 hundr$s ( millions1 become ! will+ & ob$i5t subjects ( "o man1 sometimes ev5 "o woman1 & provisionally1 ev51 ( a *ild1 unless !re 7 a mon>*ical in/9ct 9 m5 :i* drove !m to x z ! =m ( gov]nm5t be/ suit$ to !m8 ,?is arrangem5t is n ! product ( reflection4 ,ev]y:]e "o man is k+1 & = ! mo/ "p 8 dignity is h]$it>y4 ,he is1 z x 71 ! p]sonification1 ! monogram1 ( ! :ole p1 :i* atta9s an individuality 9 him4 ,9 ?is s5se he c rightly say3 l'etat c'e/ moi4 ,x is precisely = ?is reason t 9 ,%akespe>e's hi/orical plays ! k+s ( ,engl& & ,france mutually address ea* o!r z ,france & ,engl&1 & ! ,duke ( ,au/ria goes by ! "n ( 8 c\ntry4 ,x is z ?\gh ! k+s reg>d$ !mselves z ! inc>nation ( _! nationalities4 ,x is all 9 accordance ) human nature2 & = ?is v reason ! h]$it>y mon>* _c sep>ate 8 own welf>e & t ( 8 family f ! welf>e ( 8 c\ntry2 z1 on ! o!r h&1 mo/ly happ5s :5 ! mon>* is elect$1 z1 = in/ance1 9 ! ,/ates ( ! ,*ur*4#a ,! ,*9ese c conceive ( a mon>*ical gov]nm5t only2 :at a republic is !y utt]ly fail to und]/&4 ,:5 a ,dut* legation 0 9 ,*9a 9 ! ye> #afeh1 x 0 oblig$ to repres5t t ! ,pr9ce ( ,orange 0 _! k+1 z o!rwise ! ,*9ese w\ld h be5 incl9$ to take ,holl& = a ne/ ( pirates liv+ )\t any "l or ma/]4#b ,/obaeus1 9 a *apt] 9 8 ,florilegium1 at ! head ( :i* he wrote ,t mon>*y is be/1 collect$ ! be/ ( ! passages 9 :i* ! anci5ts expla9$ ! advantages ( t =m ( gov]nm5t4 ,9 a ^w1 republics are unnatural & artificial2 !y are ! product ( reflection4 ,h5ce x is t !y occur only z r>e exceptions 9 ! :ole hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,!re 7 ! small ,greek republics1 ! ,roman & ! ,c>?ag9ian2 b !y 7 all r5d]$ possible by ! fact t five-six?s1 p]haps ev5 sev5-eigh?s1 ( ! population consi/$ ( slaves4 ,9 ! ye> #ahdj1 ev5 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 !re 7 ?ree million slaves to a population ( sixte5 millions4 ,!n1 aga91 ! duration ( ! republics ( antiquity1 comp>$ ) t ( mon>*ies1 0 v %ort4 ,republics are v easy to f\nd1 & v difficult to ma9ta91 :ile ) mon>*ies x is exactly ! rev]se4 ,if x is ,utopian s*emes t are want$1 ,i say ?is3 ! only solution ( ! problem w\ld be a despotism ( ! wise & ! noble1 ( ! true ari/ocracy & ! g5u9e nobility1 br\ght ab\t by ! me?od ( g5]ation--t is1 by ! m>riage ( ! noble/ m5 ) ! clev]e/ & mo/ intellectual wom54 ,?is is my ,utopia1 my ,republic ( ,plato4 ,footnote #a3 ,translator's ,note4--,! read] w recollect t ,s*op5hau] 0 writ+ long be=e ! ,papal t]ritories 7 absorb$ into ! k+dom ( ,italy4 ,footnote #b3 ,see ,jean ,nieuh(f1 ,l',ambassade de la ,compagnie ,ori5tale des ,prov9ces ,unies v]s ,l',emp]eur de la ,*9e1 traduit p> ,jean le ,*>p5ti] ,leyde1 #affe2 *4 #de4 ,con/itutional k+s are und\bt$ly 9 mu* ! same position z ! gods ( ,epicurus1 :o sit ^u high 9 undi/urb$ bliss & tranquillity1 & d n m$dle ) human affairs4 ,j n[ !y are ! fa%ion4 ,9 e ,g]man duodecimo-pr9cipality a p>ody ( ! ,engli% con/itution is set up1 q complete1 f ,upp] & ,l[] ,h\ses d[n to ! ,habeas ,corpus ,act & trial by jury4 ,^! in/itutions1 :i* proce$ f ,engli% "* & ,engli% circum/ances1 & presuppose bo?1 are natural & suitable to ! ,engli% p4 ,x is j z natural to ! ,g]man p to be split up into a numb] ( diff]5t /ocks1 "u a simil> numb] ( rul+ ,pr9ces1 ) an ,emp]or ov] !m all1 :o ma9ta9s peace at home1 & repres5ts ! unity ( ! ,/ate bo>d4 ,x is an arrangem5t :i* has proce$$ f ,g]man "* & ,g]man circum/ances4 ,i am ( op9ion t if ,g]many is n to meet ) ! same fate z ,italy1 x mu/ re/ore ! imp]ial cr[n1 :i* 0 done away ) by its ar*-enemy1 ! fir/ ,napoleon2 & x mu/ re/ore x z effectively z possible4 #a ,= ,g]man unity dep5ds on x1 & )\t ! imp]ial cr[n x w always be m]ely nom9al1 or prec>i\s4 ,b z we no long] live 9 ! days ( ,gn!r ( ,s*w>zburg1 :5 ! *oice ( ,emp]or 0 a s]i\s bus9ess1 ! imp]ial cr[n ought to g alt]nately to ,prussia & to ,au/ria1 = ! life ( ! we>]4 ,9 any case1 ! absolute sov]eignty ( ! small ,/ates is illusory4 ,napoleon ,i4 did = ,g]many :at ,otto ! ,great did = ,italy3 he divid$ x into small1 indep5d5t ,/ates1 on ! pr9ciple1 divide et imp]a4 ,footnote #a3 ,translator's ,note4--,"h1 aga91 x is h>dly necess>y to say t ,s*op5hau]1 :o di$ 9 #ahfj1 & wrote ?is passage at lea/ "s ye>s previ\sly1 _c be ref]r+ to any ( ! ev5ts :i* culm9at$ 9 #ahgj4 ,! :ole passage =ms a /rik+ illu/ration ( 8 political sagacity4 ,! ,engli% %[ _! great intellig5ce1 among/ o!r ways1 by cl++ to _! anci5t in/itutions1 cu/oms & usages1 & by hold+ !m sacr$1 ev5 at ! risk ( c>ry+ ?is t5acity too f>1 & mak+ x ridicul\s4 ,!y hold !m sacr$ = ! simple reason t ^? in/itutions & cu/oms are n ! inv5tion ( an idle head1 b h gr[n up gradually by ! =ce ( circum/ance & ! wisdom ( life itself1 & are !re=e suit$ to !m z a nation4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,g]man ,mi*el#a all[s himself to be p]suad$ by 8 s*oolma/] t he mu/ g ab\t 9 an ,engli% dress-coat1 & t no?+ else w d4 ,accord+ly he has bulli$ 8 fa!r into giv+ x to him2 & ) 8 awkw>d mann]s ?is unga9ly creature pres5ts 9 x a suffici5tly ridicul\s figure4 ,b ! dress-coat w "s day be too tight = him & incommode him4 ,x w n be v long be=e he feels x 9 trial by jury4 ,?is in/itution arose 9 ! mo/ b>b>\s p]iod ( ! ,middle ,ages--! times ( ,alfr$ ! ,great1 :5 ! ability to read & write exempt$ a man f ! p5alty ( dea?4 ,x is ! wor/ ( all crim9al proc$ures4 ,in/ead ( judges1 well v]s$ 9 law & ( great exp]i5ce1 :o h gr[n grey 9 daily unravell+ ! tricks & wiles ( ?ieves1 murd]]s & rascals ( all sorts1 & s are well able to get at ! bottom ( ?+s1 x is gossip+ tailors & tann]s :o sit 9 judgm5t2 x is _! co>se1 crude1 unpractis$1 & awkw>d intellig5ce1 incapable ( any su/a9$ att5tion1 t is call$ ^u to f9d out ! tru? f a tissue ( lies & deceit4 ,all ! "t1 moreov]1 !y are ?9k+ ( _! clo? & _! lea!r1 & long+ to be at home2 & !y h absolutely no cle> notion at all ( ! di/9ction betwe5 probability & c]ta9ty4 ,x is ) ?is sort ( a calculus ( probabilities 9 _! /upid heads t !y confid5tly und]take to seal a man's doom4 ,footnote #a3 ,translator's ,note4--,x may be well to expla9 t ,mi*el is sometimes us$ by ! ,g]mans z a nickname ( _! nation1 correspond+ to ,john ,bull z a nickname ( ! ,engli%4 ,flgel 9 8 ,g]man-,engli% ,diction>y decl>es t d] deuts*e ,mi*el repres5ts ! ,g]man nation z an hone/1 blunt1 unsuspici\s fell[1 :o easily all[s himself to be impos$ ^u1 ev51 he adds1 ) a t\* ( patriotism1 by ^? :o are greatly 8 inf]iors 9 po9t ( /r5g? & real wor?4 ,! same rem>k is applicable to !m :i* ,dr4 ,johnson made ( a c\rt-m>tial 9 :i* he _h little confid5ce1 summon$ to decide a v important case4 ,he said t p]haps !re 0 n a memb] ( x :o1 9 ! :ole c\rse ( 8 life1 _h ev] sp5t an h\r by himself 9 balanc+ probabilities4#a ,c any "o imag9e t ! tailor & ! tann] w\ld be imp>tial judges8 ,:at6 ! vici\s multitude imp>tial6 z if p>tiality 7 n t5 times m to be fe>$ f m5 ( ! same class z ! accus$ ?an f judges :o knew no?+ ( him p]sonally1 liv$ 9 ano!r sph]e altoge!r1 7 irremovable1 & consci\s ( ! dignity ( _! (fice4 ,b to let a jury decide on crimes aga9/ ! ,/ate & its head1 or on misdemean\rs ( ! press1 is 9 a v real s5se to set ! fox to keep ! geese4 ,footnote #a3 ,boswell's ,johnson1 #aghj1 set4 #ga4 ,ev]y:]e & at all times !re has be5 mu* discont5t ) gov]nm5ts1 laws & public regulations2 = ! mo/ "p1 h[ev]1 because m5 are always ready to make in/itutions responsible = ! mis]y insep>able f human exi/5ce itself2 :i* is1 to speak my?ically1 ! curse t 0 laid on ,adam1 & ?r\gh him on ! :ole race4 ,b nev] has t delusion be5 proclaim$ 9 a m m5daci\s & impud5t mann] ?an by ! demagogues ( ! ,jet/zeit--( ! day we live 94 ,z enemies ( ,*ri/ianity1 !y are1 ( c\rse1 optimi/s3 to !m ! _w is its own end & object1 & accord+ly 9 itself1 t is to say1 9 its own natural con/itution1 x is arrang$ on ! mo/ excell5t pr9ciples1 & =ms a regul> habitation ( bliss4 ,! enorm\s & gl>+ evils ( ! _w !y attribute :olly to gov]nm5ts3 if gov]nm5ts1 !y ?9k1 7 to d _! duty1 !re w\ld be a heav5 ^u e>?2 9 o!r words1 all m5 c\ld eat1 dr9k1 propagate & die1 free f tr\ble & want4 ,?is is :at !y mean :5 !y talk ( ! _w be+ its own end & object2 ?is is ! goal ( t p]petual progress ( ! human race1 & ! o!r f9e ?+s :i* !y are nev] tir$ ( proclaim+4 ,=m]ly x 0 fai? :i* 0 ! *ief support ( ! ?rone2 n[adays x is cr$it4 ,! ,pope himself is sc>cely m conc]n$ to reta9 ! confid5ce ( ! fai?ful ?an to make 8 cr$itors believe 9 8 own good fai?4 ,if 9 times pa/ x 0 ! guilty debt ( ! _w :i* 0 lam5t$1 n[ x is ! f9ancial debts ( ! _w :i* ar\se dismay4 ,=m]ly x 0 ! ,la/ ,day :i* 0 prophesi$2 n[ x is ! ,greek3 seisa*!ia ! great repudiation1 ! univ]sal bankruptcy ( ! nations1 :i* w "o day happ52 al?\gh ! prophet1 9 ?is z 9 ! o!r case1 ent]ta9s a firm hope t he w n live to see x himself4 ,f an e?ical & a rational po9t ( view1 ! "r ( possession re/s ^u an incomp>ably bett] f\ndation ?an ! "r ( bir?2 nev]!less1 ! "r ( possession is alli$ ) ! "r ( bir? & has come to be "p & p>cel ( x1 s t x w\ld h>dly be possible to aboli% ! "r ( bir? )\t endang]+ ! "r ( possession4 ,! reason ( ?is is t mo/ ( :at a man possesses he inh]it$1 & !re=e holds by a k9d ( "r ( bir?2 j z ! old nobility be> ! names only ( _! h]$it>y e/ates1 & by ! use ( ^? names d no m ?an give expression to ! fact t !y own ! e/ates4 ,accord+ly all own]s ( prop]ty1 if in/ead ( be+ envi\s !y 7 wise1 ought also to support ! ma9t5ance ( ! rights ( bir?4 ,! exi/5ce ( a nobility has1 !n1 a d\ble advantage3 x helps to ma9ta9 on ! "o h& ! rights ( possession1 & on ! o!r ! "r ( bir? belong+ to ! k+4 ,= ! k+ is ! fir/ nobleman 9 ! c\ntry1 &1 z a g5]al rule1 he treats ! nobility z 8 humble relations1 & reg>ds !m q o!rwise ?an ! common]s1 h[ev] tru/y & well-belov$4 ,x is q natural1 too1 t he %\ld h m confid5ce 9 ^? ^: ance/ors 7 mo/ly ! fir/ m9i/]s1 & always ! imm$iate associates1 ( 8 own4 ,a nobleman1 !re=e1 appeals ) reason to ! "n he be>s1 :5 on ! occurr5ce ( any?+ to r\se di/ru/ he repeats 8 assurance ( fidelity & s]vice to ! k+4 ,a man's "*1 z my read]s are aw>e1 assur$ly comes to him f 8 fa!r4 ,x is a n>r[-m9d$ & ridicul\s ?+ n to consid] ^: son a man is4 ,,free-,,w ,,& ,,fatalism4 ,no ?\ghtful man c h any d\bt1 aft] ! conclusions rea*$ 9 my prize-essay on ,moral ,fre$om1 t su* fre$om is to be s\ght1 n any:]e 9 nature1 b outside ( x4 ,! only fre$om t exi/s is ( a metaphysical "*4 ,9 ! physical _w fre$om is an impossibility4 ,accord+ly1 :ile our sev]al actions are 9 no wise free1 e man's individual "* is to be reg>d$ z a free act4 ,he is su* & su* a man1 because once = all x is 8 w to be t man4 ,= ! w itself1 & 9 itself1 & also 9 s f> z x is manife/ 9 an individual1 & accord+ly con/itutes ! orig9al & fundam5tal desires ( t individual1 is indep5d5t ( all k1 because x is antec$5t to su* k4 ,all t x receives f k is ! s]ies ( motives by :i* x successively develops its nature & makes itself cognisable or visible2 b ! w itself1 z some?+ t lies beyond "t1 & s long z x exi/s at all1 nev] *anges4 ,!re=e e man1 be+ :at he is & plac$ 9 ! circum/ances :i* = ! mom5t obta91 b :i* on _! "p also arise by /rict necessity1 c absolutely nev] d any?+ else ?an j :at at t mom5t he does d4 ,accord+ly1 ! :ole c\rse ( a man's life1 9 all its incid5ts great & small1 is z necess>ily pr$et]m9$ z ! c\rse ( a clock4 ,! ma9 reason ( ?is is t ! k9d ( metaphysical free act :i* ,i h describ$ t5ds to become a kn[+ consci\sness--a p]ceptive intuition1 :i* is subject to ! =ms ( space & "t4 ,by means ( ^? =ms ! unity & indivisibility ( ! act are repres5t$ z drawn asund] into a s]ies ( /ates & ev5ts1 :i* are subject to ! ,pr9ciple ( ,suffici5t ,reason 9 its f\r =ms--& x is ?is t is meant by necessity4 ,b ! result ( x all assumes a moral complexion4 ,x am\nts to ?is1 t by :at we d we "k :at we are1 & by :at we suff] we "k :at we des]ve4 ,fur!r1 x foll[s f ?is t a man's individuality does n re/ ^u ! pr9ciple ( individuation alone1 & !re=e is n altoge!r ph5om5al 9 its nature4 ,on ! contr>y1 x has its roots 9 ! ?+-9-itself1 9 ! w :i* is ! ess5ce ( ea* individual4 ,! "* ( ?is individual is itself individual4 ,b h[ deep ! roots ( individuality ext5d is "o ( ! que/ions :i* ,i d n und]take to answ]4 ,9 ?is connection x des]ves to be m5tion$ t ev5 ,plato1 9 8 own way1 repres5t$ ! individuality ( a man z a free act4#a ,he repres5t$ him z com+ into ! _w ) a giv5 t5d5cy1 :i* 0 ! result ( ! feel+s & "* already atta*+ to him 9 accordance ) ! doctr9e ( metempsy*osis4 ,! ,brahm9 philosoph]s also express ! unalt]able fixity ( innate "* 9 a my/ical fa%ion4 ,!y say t ,brahma1 :5 a man is produc$1 engraves 8 do+s & suff]+s 9 writt5 *>act]s on 8 skull1 & t 8 life mu/ take %ape 9 accordance !re)4 ,!y po9t to ! jagg$ edges 9 ! sutures ( ! skull-bones z evid5ce ( ?is writ+2 & ! purport ( x1 !y say1 dep5ds on 8 previ\s life & actions4 ,! same view appe>s to und]lie ! ,*ri/ian1 or r1 ! ,paul9e1 dogma ( ,pr$e/9ation4 ,footnote #a3 ,pha$rus & ,laws1 bk4 x4 ,b ?is tru?1 :i* is univ]sally confirm$ by exp]i5ce1 is att5d$ ) ano!r result4 ,all g5u9e m]it1 moral z well z intellectual1 is n m]ely physical or empirical 9 its orig91 b metaphysical2 t is to say1 x is giv5 a priori & n a po/]iori2 9 o!r words1 x lies innate & is n acquir$1 & !re=e its s\rce is n a m]e ph5om5on1 b ! ?+-9-itself4 ,h5ce x is t e man a*ieves only t :i* is irrevocably e/abli%$ 9 8 nature1 or is born ) him4 ,intellectual capacity ne$s1 x is true1 to be develop$ j z _m natural products ne$ to be cultivat$ 9 ord] t we may enjoy or use !m2 b j z 9 ! case ( a natural product no cultivation c take ! place ( orig9al mat]ial1 nei!r c x d s 9 ! case ( intellect4 ,t is ! reason :y qualities :i* are m]ely acquir$1 or le>n$1 or en=c$--t is1 qualities a po/]iori1 :e!r moral or intellectual--are n real or g5u9e1 b sup]ficial only1 & possess$ ( no value4 ,?is is a conclusion ( true metaphysics1 & exp]i5ce tea*es ! same lesson to all :o c look bel[ ! surface4 ,nay1 x is prov$ by ! great importance :i* we all atta* to su* innate *>act]i/ics z physiognomy & ext]nal appe>ance1 9 ! case ( a man :o is at all di/+ui%$2 & t is :y we are s curi\s to see him4 ,sup]ficial p1 to be sure1--&1 = v good reasons1 commonplace p too1--w be ( ! opposite op9ion2 = if any?+ fails !m !y w ?us be enabl$ to console !mselves by ?9k+ t x is /ill to come4 ,! _w1 !n1 is n m]ely a battlefield :]e victory & defeat receive _! due recomp5se 9 a future /ate4 ,no6 ! _w is itself ! ,la/ ,judgm5t on x4 ,e man c>ries ) him ! rew>d & ! disgrace t he des]ves2 & ?is is no o!r ?an ! doctr9e ( ! ,brahm9s & ,buddhi/s z x is taught 9 ! !ory ( metempsy*osis4 ,! "q has be5 rais$1 ,:at two m5 w\ld d1 :o liv$ a solit>y life 9 ! wilds & met ea* o!r = ! fir/ "t4 ,hobbes1 ,puf5dorf1 & ,r\sseau h giv5 diff]5t answ]s4 ,puf5dorf believ$ t !y w\ld approa* ea* o!r z fri5ds2 ,hobbes1 on ! contr>y1 z enemies2 ,r\sseau1 t !y w\ld pass ea* o!r by ,9 sil5ce4 ,all ?ree are bo? "r & wrong4 ,?is is j a case 9 :i* ! incalculable diff]5ce t !re is 9 innate moral disposition betwe5 "o individual & ano!r w\ld make its appe>ance4 ,! diff]5ce is s /rong t ! "q "h rais$ might be reg>d$ z ! /&>d & measure ( x4 ,= !re are m5 9 :om ! sight ( ano!r man at once r\ses a feel+ ( enmity1 s9ce _! inmo/ nature exclaims at once3 ,t is n me6 ,!re are1 o!rs 9 :om ! sight awak5s imm$iate sympa?y2 _! inmo/ nature says3 ,t is me ov] aga96 ,betwe5 ! two !re are c\ntless degrees4 ,t 9 ?is mo/ important matt] we are s totally diff]5t is a great problem1 nay1 a my/]y4 ,9 reg>d to ?is a priori nature ( moral "* !re is matt] = v>i$ reflection 9 a "w by ,ba/holm1 a ,dani% writ]1 entitl$ ,hi/orical ,contributions to ! ,k ( ,man 9 ! ,savage ,/ate4 ,he is /ruck by ! fact t intellectual culture & moral excell5ce are %[n to be entirely indep5d5t ( ea* o!r1 inasmu* z "o is (t5 f\nd )\t ! o!r4 ,! reason ( ?is1 z we %all f9d1 is simply t moral excell5ce 9 no wise spr+s f reflection1 :i* is develop$ by intellectual culture1 b f ! w itself1 ! con/itution ( :i* is innate & n susceptible 9 itself ( any improvem5t by means ( education4 ,ba/holm repres5ts mo/ nations z v vici\s & immoral2 & on ! o!r h& he reports t excell5t traits ( "* are f\nd among/ "s savage peoples2 z1 = in/ance1 among/ ! ,orot*yses1 ! inhabitants ( ! isl& ,savu1 ! ,tunguses1 & ! ,pelew isl&]s4 ,he ?us attempts to solve ! problem1 ,h[ x is t "s tribes are s rem>kably good1 :5 _! neighb\rs are all bad1 ,x seems to me t ! difficulty may be expla9$ z foll[s3 ,moral qualities1 z we "k1 are h]itable1 & an isolat$ tribe1 su* z is describ$1 might take its rise 9 "s "o family1 & ultimately 9 a s+le ance/or :o happ5$ to be a good man1 & !n ma9ta9 its purity4 ,is x n ! case1 = in/ance1 t on _m unpleasant occasions1 su* z repudiation ( public debts1 filibu/]+ raids & s on1 ! ,engli% h (t5 rem9d$ ! ,nor? ,am]icans ( _! desc5t f ,engli% p5al coloni/s8 ,x is a reproa*1 h[ev]1 :i* c apply only to a small "p ( ! population4 ,x is m>vell\s h[ e man's individuality 7t is to say1 ! union ( a def9ite "* ) a def9ite intellect7 accurately det]m9es all 8 actions & ?\ghts d[n to ! mo/ unimportant details1 z ?\gh x 7 a dye :i* p]vad$ !m2 & h[1 9 consequ5ce1 "o man's :ole c\rse ( life1 9 o!r words1 8 inn] & out] hi/ory1 turns out s absolutely diff]5t f ano!r's4 ,z a botani/ kn[s a plant 9 its entirety f a s+le leaf2 z ,cuvi] f a s+le bone con/ruct$ ! :ole animal1 s an accurate k ( a man's :ole "* may be atta9$ f a s+le *>act]i/ic act2 t is to say1 he himself may to "s ext5t be con/ruct$ f x1 ev5 ?\gh ! act 9 "q is ( v trifl+ consequ5ce4 ,nay1 t is ! mo/ p]fect te/ ( all1 = 9 a matt] ( importance p are on _! gu>d2 9 trifles !y foll[ _! natural b5t )\t mu* reflection4 ,t is :y ,s5eca's rem>k1 t ev5 ! smalle/ ?+s may be tak5 z evid5ce ( "*1 is s true3 argum5ta morum ex m9imis quoque licet cap]e4#a ,if a man %[s by 8 absolutely unscrupul\s & selfi% behavi\r 9 small ?+s t a s5tim5t ( ju/ice is =eign to 8 disposition1 he %\ld n be tru/$ ) a p5ny unless on due security4 ,= :o w believe t ! man :o e day %[s t he is unju/ 9 all matt]s o!r ?an ^? :i* conc]n prop]ty1 & ^: b\ndless selfi%ness ev]y:]e protrudes ?r\gh ! small affairs ( ord9>y life :i* are subject to no scrut9y1 l a dirty %irt ?r\gh ! holes ( a ragg$ jacket--:o1 ,i ask1 w believe t su* a man w act hon\rably 9 matt]s ( meum & tuum )\t any o!r inc5tive b t ( ju/ice8 ,! man :o has no consci5ce 9 small ?+s w be a sc\ndrel 9 big ?+s4 ,if we neglect small traits ( "*1 we h only ourselves to blame if we aft]w>ds le>n to our disadvantage :at ?is "* is 9 ! great affairs ( life4 ,on ! same pr9ciple1 we ought to break ) s-call$ fri5ds ev5 9 matt]s ( trifl+ mom5t1 if !y %[ a "* t is malici\s or bad or vulg>1 s t we may avoid ! bad turn :i* only waits = an opportunity ( be+ done u4 ,! same ?+ applies to s]vants4 ,let x always be our maxim3 ,bett] alone ?an among/ traitors4 ,footnote #a3 ,ep41 #eb4 ,( a tru? ! fir/ & =emo/ /ep 9 all k ( mank9d is ! conviction t a man's conduct1 tak5 z a :ole1 & 9 all its ess5tial p>ticul>s1 is n gov]n$ by 8 reason or by any ( ! resolutions :i* he may make 9 virtue ( x4 ,no man becomes ?is or t by wi%+ to be x1 h[ev] e>ne/ly4 ,8 acts proce$ f 8 innate & unalt]able "*1 & !y are m imm$iately & p>ticul>ly det]m9$ by motives4 ,a man's conduct1 !re=e1 is ! necess>y product ( bo? "* & motive4 ,x may be illu/rat$ by ! c\rse ( a planet1 :i* is ! result ( ! comb9$ effect ( ! tang5tial en]gy ) :i* x is end[$1 & ! c5tripetal en]gy :i* op]ates f ! sun4 ,9 ?is simile ! =m] en]gy repres5ts "*1 & ! latt] ! influ5ce ( motive4 ,x is almo/ m ?an a m]e simile4 ,! tang5tial en]gy :i* prop]ly speak+ is ! s\rce ( ! planet's motion1 :il/ on ! o!r h& ! motion is kept 9 *eck by gravitation1 is1 f a metaphysical po9t ( view1 ! w manife/+ itself 9 t body4 ,to grasp ?is fact is to see t we really nev] =m any?+ m ?an a conjecture ( :at we %all d "u circum/ances :i* are /ill to happ52 al?\gh we (t5 take our conjecture = a resolve4 ,:51 = in/ance1 9 pursuance ( a proposal1 a man ) ! greate/ s9c]ity1 & ev5 eag]ness1 accepts an engagem5t to d ?is or t on ! occurr5ce ( a c]ta9 future ev5t1 x is by no means c]ta9 t he w fulfil ! engagem5t2 unless he is s con/itut$ t ! promise :i* he gives1 9 itself & z su*1 is always & ev]y:]e a motive suffici5t = him1 by act+ ^u him1 ?r\gh consid]ations ( hon\r1 l "s ext]nal compulsion4 ,b above & beyond ?is1 :at he w d on ! occurr5ce ( t ev5t may be =etold f true & accurate k ( 8 "* & ! ext]nal circum/ances "u ! influ5ce ( :i* he w fall2 & x may ) complete c]ta9ty be =etold f ?is alone4 ,nay1 x is a v easy prophecy if he has be5 already se5 9 a l position2 = he w inevitably d ! same ?+ a second "t1 provid$ t on ! fir/ occasion he _h a true & complete k ( ! facts ( ! case4 ,=1 z ,i h (t5 rem>k$1 a f9al cause does n impel a man by be+ real1 b by be+ kn[n2 causa f9alis non movet secundum suum esse reale1 s$ secundum esse cognitum4#a ,:atev] he fail$ to recognise or und]/& ! fir/ "t c\ld h no influ5ce ^u 8 w2 j z an electric curr5t /ops :5 "s isolat+ body h9d]s ! action ( ! conductor4 ,?is unalt]able nature ( "*1 & ! consequ5t necessity ( our actions1 are made v cle> to a man :o has n1 on any giv5 occasion1 behav$ z he ought to h done1 by %[+ a lack ei!r ( resolution or endurance or c\rage1 or "s o!r quality dem&$ at ! mom5t4 ,aft]w>ds he recognises :at x is t he ought to h done2 &1 s9c]ely rep5t+ ( 8 incorrect behavi\r1 he ?9ks to himself1 ,if ! opportunity 7 (f]$ to me aga91 ,i %\ld act diff]5tly4 ,x is (f]$ once m2 ! same occasion recurs2 & to 8 great a/oni%m5t he does precisely ! same ?+ ov] aga94#b ,footnote #a3 ,su>ez1 ,disp4 ,metaph41 xxiii42 #g & #h4 ,footnote #b3 ,cf4 ,_w z ,w1 ii41 pp4 #bea ff4 sqq4 7?ird edition74 ,! be/ examples ( ! tru? 9 "q are 9 e way furni%$ by ,%akespe>e's plays4 ,x is a tru? ) :i* he 0 ?or\ghly imbu$1 & 8 intuitive wisdom express$ x 9 a concrete %ape on e page4 ,i %all "h1 h[ev]1 give an in/ance ( x 9 a case 9 :i* he makes x rem>kably cle>1 )\t exhibit+ any design or affectation 9 ! matt]2 = he 0 a real arti/ & nev] set out f g5]al ideas4 ,8 me?od 0 obvi\sly to "w up to ! psy*ological tru? :i* he grasp$ directly & intuitively1 reg>dless ( ! fact t few w\ld notice or und]/& x1 & )\t ! smalle/ idea t "s dull & %all[ fell[s 9 ,g]many w\ld "o day proclaim f> & wide t he wrote 8 works to illu/rate moral commonplaces4 ,i allude to ! "* ( ! ,e>l ( ,nor?umb]l&1 :om we f9d 9 ?ree plays 9 succession1 al?\gh he does n take a lead+ "p 9 any "o ( !m2 nay1 he appe>s only 9 a few sc5es di/ribut$ ov] fifte5 acts4 ,consequ5tly1 if ! read] is n v att5tive1 a "* exhibit$ at su* great int]vals1 & its moral id5tity1 may easily escape 8 notice1 ev5 ?\gh x has by no means escap$ ! poet's4 ,he makes ! e>l appe> ev]y:]e ) a noble & knightly grace1 & talk 9 language suitable to x2 nay1 he sometimes puts v beautiful & ev5 elevat$ passages1 into 8 m\?4 ,at ! same "t he is v f> f writ+ aft] ! mann] ( ,s*ill]1 :o 0 fond ( pa9t+ ! devil black1 & ^: moral approval or disapproval ( ! *>act]s :i* he pres5t$ c\ld be he>d 9 _! own words4 ,) ,%akespe>e1 & also ) ,goe!1 e "*1 z long z he is on ! /age & speak+1 seems to be absolutely 9 ! "r1 ev5 ?\gh x 7 ! devil himself4 ,9 ?is respect let ! read] comp>e ,duke ,alba z he appe>s 9 ,goe! ) ! same "* 9 ,s*ill]4 ,we make ! acqua9tance ( ! ,e>l ( ,nor?umb]l& 9 ! play ( ,ri*>d ,,ii41 :]e he is ! fir/ to hat* a plot aga9/ ! ,k+ 9 fav\r ( ,bol+broke1 aft]w>ds ,h5ry ,,iv41 to :om he ev5 (f]s "s p]sonal flatt]y 7,act ,,ii41 ,sc4 #c74 ,9 ! foll[+ act he suff]s a reprim& because1 9 speak+ ( ! ,k+ he talks ( him z ,ri*>d1 )\t m ado1 b prote/s t he did x only = brevity's sake4 ,a little lat] 8 insidi\s words induce ! ,k+ to surr5d]4 ,9 ! foll[+ act1 :5 ! ,k+ r5\nces ! cr[n1 ,nor?umb]l& treats him ) su* h>%ness & contempt t ! unlucky mon>* is q brok51 & los+ all pati5ce once m exclaims to him3 ,fi5d1 ?\ torm5t'/ me ere ,i come to hell6 ,at ! close1 ,nor?umb]l& ann\nces to ! new ,k+ t he has s5t ! heads ( ! =m] ,k+'s adh]5ts to ,london4 ,9 ! foll[+ trag$y1 ,h5ry ,,iv41 he hat*es a plot aga9/ ! new ,k+ 9 j ! same way4 ,9 ! f\r? act we see ! rebels unit$1 mak+ prep>ations = ! decisive battle on ! morr[1 & only wait+ impati5tly = ,nor?umb]l& & 8 division4 ,at la/ !re arrives a lett] f him1 say+ t he is ill1 & t he _c entru/ 8 =ce to any "o else2 b t nev]!less ! o!rs %\ld g =w>d ) c\rage & make a brave fight4 ,!y d s1 b1 greatly weak5$ by 8 abs5ce1 !y are completely defeat$2 mo/ ( _! lead]s are captur$1 & 8 own son1 ! valor\s ,hotspur1 falls by ! h& ( ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales4 ,aga91 9 ! foll[+ play1 ! ,second ,"p ( ,h5ry ,,iv41 we see him r$uc$ to a /ate ( ! fi]ce/ wra? by ! dea? ( 8 son1 & madd5$ by ! ?ir/ = rev5ge4 ,accord+ly he k9dles ano!r rebellion1 & ! heads ( x assemble once m4 ,9 ! f\r? act1 j z !y are ab\t to give battle1 & are only wait+ = him to jo9 !m1 !re comes a lett] say+ t he _c collect a prop] =ce1 & w !re=e seek safety = ! pres5t 9 ,scotl&2 t1 nev]!less1 he he>tily wi%es _! h]oic und]tak+ ! be/ success4 ,!reupon !y surr5d] to ! ,k+ "u a treaty :i* is n kept1 & s p]i%4 ,s f> is "* f be+ ! "w ( reason$ *oice & consid]ation t 9 any action ! intellect has no?+ to d b to pres5t motives to ! w4 ,!reaft] x looks on z a m]e spectator & witness at ! c\rse :i* life takes1 9 accordance ) ! influ5ce ( motive on ! giv5 "*4 ,all ! incid5ts ( life occur1 /rictly speak+1 ) ! same necessity z ! movem5t ( a clock4 ,on ?is po9t let me ref] to my prize-essay on ,! ,fre$om ( ! ,w4 ,i h !re expla9$ ! true mean+ & orig9 ( ! p]si/5t illusion t ! w is entirely free 9 e s+le action2 & ,i h indicat$ ! cause to :i* x is due4 ,i w only add "h ! foll[+ teleological explanation ( ?is natural illusion4 ,s9ce e s+le action ( a man's life seems to possess ! fre$om & orig9ality :i* 9 tru? only belong to 8 "* z he appreh5ds x1 & ! m]e appreh5sion ( x by 8 intellect is :at con/itutes 8 c>e]2 & s9ce :at is orig9al 9 e s+le action seems to ! empirical consci\sness to be always be+ p]=m$ anew1 a man ?us receives 9 ! c\rse ( 8 c>e] ! /ronge/ possible moral lesson4 ,!n1 & n be=e1 he becomes ?or\ghly consci\s ( all ! bad sides ( 8 "*4 ,consci5ce accompanies e act ) ! comm5t3 ,y %\ld act diff]5tly1 al?\gh its true s5se is3 ,y c\ld be o!r ?an y are4 ,z ! result ( ?is immutability ( "* on ! "o h&1 &1 on ! o!r1 ( ! /rict necessity :i* att5ds all ! circum/ances 9 :i* "* is successively plac$1 e man's c\rse ( life is precisely det]m9$ f ,alpha "r ?r\gh to ,omega4 ,b1 nev]!less1 "o man's c\rse ( life turns out immeasurably happi]1 nobl] & m wor?y ?an ano!r's1 :e!r x be reg>d$ f a subjective or an objective po9t ( view1 & unless we are to exclude all ideas ( ju/ice1 we are l$ to ! doctr9e :i* is well accept$ 9 ,brahmanism & ,buddhism1 t ! subjective conditions 9 :i*1 z well z ! objective conditions "u :i*1 e man is born1 are ! moral consequ5ces ( a previ\s exi/5ce4 ,mac*iavelli1 :o seems to h tak5 no int]e/ :atev] 9 philosophical speculations1 is drawn by ! ke5 subtlety ( 8 v unique und]/&+ into ! foll[+ obs]vation1 :i* possesses a really deep mean+4 ,x %[s t he _h an intuitive k ( ! entire necessity ) :i*1 *>act]s & motives be+ giv51 all actions take place4 ,he makes x at ! beg9n+ ( ! prologue to 8 com$y ,clitia4 ,if1 he says1 ! same m5 7 to recur 9 ! _w 9 ! way t ! same circum/ances recur1 a hundr$ ye>s w\ld nev] elapse )\t our f9d+ ourselves toge!r once m1 & do+ ! same ?+s z we are do+ n[--,se nel mondo tornass9o i m$esimi uom9i1 como tornano i m$esimi casi1 non pass>ebbono mai c5to anni *e noi non ci trovassimo un altra volta insieme1 a f>e le m$esime cose *e hora4 ,he seems h[ev] to h be5 drawn into ! rem>k by a rem9isc5ce ( :at ,augu/9e says 9 8 ,de ,civitate ,dei1 bk4 xii41 *4 xiii4 ,aga91 ,fate1 or ! ,greek3 eim>m5ae ( ! anci5ts1 is no?+ b ! consci\s c]ta9ty t all t happ5s is fa/ b\nd by a *a9 ( causes1 & !re=e takes place ) a /rict necessity2 t ! future is already orda9$ ) absolute c]ta9ty & c und]go z little alt]ation z ! pa/4 ,9 ! fatali/ic my?s ( ! anci5ts all t c be reg>d$ z fabul\s is ! pr$iction ( ! future2 t is1 if we refuse to consid] ! possibility ( magnetic clairvoyance & second sight4 ,in/ead ( try+ to expla9 away ! fundam5tal tru? ( ,fatalism by sup]ficial twaddle & fooli% evasion1 a man %\ld attempt to get a cle> k & compreh5sion ( x2 = x is demon/rably true1 & x helps u 9 a v important way to an und]/&+ ( ! my/]i\s riddle ( our life4 ,pr$e/9ation & ,fatalism d n diff] 9 ! ma94 ,!y diff] only 9 ?is1 t ) ,pr$e/9ation ! giv5 "* & ext]nal det]m9ation ( human action proce$ f a rational ,be+1 & ) ,fatalism f an irrational "o4 ,b 9 ei!r case ! result is ! same3 t happ5s :i* mu/ happ54 ,on ! o!r h& ! conception ( ,moral ,fre$om is insep>able f t ( ,orig9ality4 ,a man may be said1 b he _c be conceiv$1 to be ! "w ( ano!r1 & at ! same "t be free 9 respect ( 8 desires & acts4 ,he :o call$ him into exi/5ce out ( no?+ 9 ! same process creat$ & det]m9$ 8 nature--9 o!r words1 ! :ole ( 8 qualities4 ,= no "o c create )\t creat+ a some?+1 t is to say1 a be+ det]m9$ ?r\gh\t & 9 all its qualities4 ,b all t a man says & does necess>ily proce$s f ! qualities s det]m9$2 = x is only ! qualities !mselves set 9 motion4 ,x is only "s ext]nal impulse t !y require to make _! appe>ance4 ,z a man is1 s mu/ he act2 & praise or blame atta*es1 n to 8 sep>ate acts1 b to 8 nature & be+4 ,t is ! reason :y ,!ism & ! moral responsibility ( man are incompatible2 because responsibility always rev]ts to ! creator ( man & x is !re t x has its c5tre4 ,va9 attempts h be5 made to make a bridge f "o ( ^! incompatibles to ! o!r by means ( ! conception ( moral fre$om2 b x always breaks d[n aga94 ,:at is free mu/ also be orig9al4 ,if our w is free1 our w is also ! orig9al elem5t1 & conv]sely4 ,pre-,kantian dogmatism tri$ to sep>ate ^! two pr$icam5ts4 ,x 0 !reby compell$ to assume two k9ds ( fre$om1 "o cosmological1 ( ! fir/ cause1 & ! o!r moral & !ological1 ( human w4 ,^! are repres5t$ 9 ,kant by ! ?ird z well z ! f\r? antimony ( fre$om4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 my philosophy ! pla9 recognition ( ! /rictly necess>y "* ( all action is 9 accordance ) ! doctr9e t :at manife/s itself ev5 9 ! organic & irrational _w is w4 ,if ?is 7 n s1 ! necessity "u :i* irrational be+s obvi\sly act w\ld place _! action 9 conflict ) w2 if1 ,i mean1 !re 7 really su* a ?+ z ! fre$om ( individual action1 & ?is 7 n z /rictly necessitat$ z e o!r k9d ( action4 ,b1 z ,i h j %[n1 x is ?is same doctr9e ( ! necess>y "* ( all acts ( w :i* makes x ne$ful to reg>d a man's exi/5ce & be+ z itself ! "w ( 8 fre$om1 & consequ5tly ( 8 w4 ,! w1 !re=e1 mu/ be self-exi/5t2 x mu/ possess s-call$ a-se-ity4 ,"u ! opposite supposition all responsibility1 z ,i h %[n1 w\ld be at an end1 & ! moral l ! physical _w w\ld be a m]e ma*9e1 set 9 motion = ! amusem5t ( its manufactur] plac$ some:]e outside ( x4 ,s x is t tru?s hang toge!r1 & mutually advance & complete "o ano!r2 :]eas error gets jo/l$ at e corn]4 ,:at k9d ( influ5ce x is t moral in/ruction may ex]cise on conduct1 & :at are ! limits ( t influ5ce1 are que/ions :i* ,i h suffici5tly exam9$ 9 ! tw5tie? section ( my treatise on ! ,f\ndation ( ,morality4 ,9 all ess5tial p>ticul>s an analog\s influ5ce is ex]cis$ by example1 :i*1 h[ev]1 has a m p[]ful effect ?an doctr9e1 & !re=e x des]ves a brief analysis4 ,9 ! ma91 example works ei!r by re/ra9+ a man or by enc\rag+ him4 ,x has ! =m] effect :5 x det]m9es him to leave undone :at he want$ to d4 ,he sees1 ,i mean1 t o!r p d n d x2 & f ?is he judges1 9 g5]al1 t x is n exp$i5t2 t x may endang] 8 p]son1 or 8 prop]ty1 or 8 hon\r4 ,he re/s cont5t1 & gladly f9ds himself reliev$ f exam9+ into ! matt] = himself4 ,or he may see t ano!r man1 :o has n refra9$1 has incurr$ evil consequ5ces f do+ x2 ?is is example ( ! det]r5t k9d4 ,! example :i* enc\rages a man works 9 a tw(old mann]4 ,x ei!r induces him to d :at he w\ld be glad to leave undone1 if he 7 n afraid le/ ! omission might 9 "s way endang] him1 or injure him 9 o!rs' op9ion2 or else x enc\rages him to d :at he is glad to d1 b has hi!rto refra9$ f do+ f fe> ( dang] or %ame2 ?is is example ( ! s$uctive k9d4 ,f9ally1 example may br+ a man to d :at he w\ld h o!rwise nev] ?\ght ( do+4 ,x is obvi\s t 9 ?is la/ case example works 9 ! ma9 only on ! intellect2 its effect on ! w is second>y1 & if x has any su* effect1 x is by ! int]position ( ! man's own judgm5t1 or by reliance on ! p]son :o pres5t$ ! example4 ,! :ole influ5ce ( example--& x is v /rong--re/s on ! fact t a man has1 z a rule1 too little judgm5t ( 8 own1 & (t5 too little k1 o explore 8 own way = himself1 & t he is glad1 !re=e1 to tread 9 ! foot/eps ( "s "o else4 ,accord+ly1 ! m defici5t he is 9 ei!r ( ^! qualities1 ! m is he op5 to ! influ5ce ( example2 & we f9d1 9 fact1 t mo/ m5's guid+ /> is ! example ( o!rs2 t _! :ole c\rse ( life1 9 great ?+s & 9 small1 comes 9 ! end to be m]e imitation2 & t n ev5 9 ! pettie/ matt]s d !y act accord+ to _! own judgm5t4 ,imitation & cu/om are ! spr+ ( almo/ all human action4 ,! cause ( x is t m5 fight %y ( all & any sort ( reflection1 & v prop]ly mi/ru/ _! own disc]nm5t4 ,at ! same "t ?is rem>kably /rong imitative in/9ct 9 man is a pro( ( 8 k9%ip ) apes4 ,b ! k9d ( effect :i* example ex]cises dep5ds ^u a man's "*1 & ?us x is t ! same example may possibly s$uce "o man & det] ano!r4 ,an easy opportunity ( obs]v+ ?is is af=d$ 9 ! case ( c]ta9 social imp]t95ces :i* come into vogue & gradually spread4 ,! fir/ "t t a man notices any?+ ( ! k9d1 he may say to himself3 ,= %ame6 h[ c he d x6 h[ selfi% & inconsid]ate ( him6 really1 ,i %all take c>e nev] to d any?+ l t4 ,b tw5ty o!rs w ?9k3 ,aha6 if he does t1 ,i may d x too4 ,z reg>ds morality1 example1 l doctr9e1 may1 x is true1 promote civil or legal amelioration1 b n t inw>d am5dm5t :i* is1 /rictly speak+1 ! only k9d ( moral amelioration4 ,= example always works z a p]sonal motive alone1 & assumes1 !re=e1 t a man is susceptible to ?is sort ( motive4 ,b x is j ! pr$om9at+ s5sitiv5ess ( a "* to ?is or t sort ( motive t det]m9es :e!r its morality is true & real2 ?\gh1 ( :atev] k9d x is1 x is always innate4 ,9 g5]al x may be said t example op]ates z a means ( promot+ ! good & ! bad qualities ( a "*1 b x does n create !m2 & s x is t ,s5eca's maxim1 velle non discitur--w _c be le>n$--also holds good "h4 ,b ! innat5ess ( all truly moral qualities1 ( ! good z ( ! bad1 is a doctr9e t consorts bett] ) ! metempsy*osis ( ! ,brahm9s & ,buddhi/s1 accord+ to :i* a man's good & bad de$s foll[ him f "o exi/5ce to ano!r l 8 %ad[1 ?an ) ,judaism4 ,= ,judaism requires a man to come into ! _w z a moral blank1 s t1 9 virtue ( an inconceivable free w1 direct$ to objects :i* are nei!r to be s\ght nor avoid$--lib]um arbitrium indiff]5tiae--& consequ5tly z ! result ( reason$ consid]ation1 he may *oose :e!r he is to be an angel or a devil1 or any?+ else t may lie betwe5 ! two4 ,?\gh ,i am well aw>e :at ! ,jewi% s*eme is1 ,i pay no att5tion to x2 = my /&>d is tru?4 ,i am no pr(essor ( philosophy1 & !re=e ,i d n f9d my vocation 9 e/abli%+ ! fundam5tal ideas ( ,judaism at any co/1 ev5 ?\gh !y = ev] b> ! way to all & e k9d ( philosophical k4 ,lib]um arbitrium indiff]5tiae "u ! "n ( moral fre$om is a *>m+ doll = pr(essors ( philosophy to d&le2 & we mu/ leave x to ^? intellig5t1 hon\rable & upright g5tlem54 ,,"*4 ,m5 :o aspire to a happy1 a brilliant & a long life1 in/ead ( to a virtu\s "o1 are l fooli% actors :o want to be always hav+ ! great p>ts1--! p>ts t are m>k$ by spl5d\r & triumph4 ,!y fail to see t ! important ?+ is n :at or h[ mu*1 b h[ !y act4 ,s9ce a man does n alt]1 & 8 moral "* rema9s absolutely ! same all ?r\gh 8 life2 s9ce he mu/ play out ! "p :i* he has receiv$1 )\t ! lea/ deviation f ! "*2 s9ce nei!r exp]i5ce1 nor philosophy1 nor religion c effect any improvem5t 9 him1 ! "q arises1 ,:at is ! mean+ ( life at all8 ,to :at purpose is x play$1 ?is f>ce 9 :i* ev]y?+ t is ess5tial is irrevocably fix$ & det]m9$8 ,x is play$ t a man may come to und]/& himself1 t he may see :at x is t he seeks & has s\ght to be2 :at he wants1 & :at1 !re=e1 he is4 ,?is is a k :i* mu/ be imp>t$ to him f )\t4 ,life is to man1 9 o!r words1 to w1 :at *emical re-ag5ts are to ! body3 x is only by life t a man reveals :at he is1 & x is only 9 s f> z he reveals himself t he exi/s at all4 ,life is ! manife/ation ( "*1 ( ! some?+ t we und]/& by t ^w2 & x is n 9 life1 b outside ( x1 & outside "t1 t "* und]goes alt]ation1 z a result ( ! self-k :i* life gives4 ,life is only ! mirror into :i* a man gazes n 9 ord] t he may get a reflection ( himself1 b t he may come to und]/& himself by t reflection2 t he may see :at x is t ! mirror %[s4 ,life is ! pro( %eet1 9 :i* ! compositors' errors are br\ght to light4 ,h[ !y become visible1 & :e!r ! type is l>ge or small1 are matt]s ( no consequ5ce4 ,nei!r 9 ! ext]nals ( life nor 9 ! c\rse ( hi/ory is !re any significance2 = z x is all "o :e!r an error occurs 9 ! l>ge type or 9 ! small1 s x is all "o1 z reg>ds ! ess5ce ( ! matt]1 :e!r an evil disposition is mirror$ z a conqu]or ( ! _w or a common sw9dl] or ill-natur$ egoi/4 ,9 "o case he is se5 ( all m52 9 ! o!r1 p]haps only ( himself2 b t he %\ld see himself is :at signifies4 ,!re=e if egoism has a firm hold ( a man & ma/]s him1 :e!r x be 9 ! =m ( joy1 or triumph1 or lu/1 or hope1 or frantic grief1 or annoyance1 or ang]1 or fe>1 or suspicion1 or passion ( any k9d--he is 9 ! devil's clut*es & h[ he got into !m does n matt]4 ,:at is ne$ful is t he %\ld make ha/e to get out ( !m2 & "h1 aga91 x does n matt] h[4 ,i h describ$ "* z !oretically an act ( w ly+ beyond "t1 ( :i* life 9 "t1 or "* 9 action1 is ! developm5t4 ,= matt]s ( practical life we all possess ! "o z well z ! o!r2 = we are con/itut$ ( !m bo?4 ,"* modifies our life m ?an we ?9k1 & x is to a c]ta9 ext5t true t e man is ! ar*itect ( 8 own =tune4 ,no d\bt x seems z if our lot 7 assign$ to u almo/ entirely f )\t1 & imp>t$ to u 9 some?+ ( ! same way 9 :i* a melody outside u rea*es ! e>4 ,b on look+ back ov] our pa/1 we see at once t our life consi/s ( m]e v>iations on "o & ! same !me1 namely1 our "*1 & t ! same fundam5tal bass s\nds ?r\gh x all4 ,?is is an exp]i5ce :i* a man c & mu/ make 9 & by himself4 ,n only a man's life1 b 8 intellect too1 may be possess$ ( a cle> & def9ite "*1 s f> z 8 intellect is appli$ to matt]s ( !ory4 ,x is n e man1 h[ev]1 :o has an intellect ( ?is k9d2 = any su* def9ite individuality z ,i mean is g5ius--an orig9al view ( ! _w1 :i* presupposes an absolutely exceptional individuality1 :i* is ! ess5ce ( g5ius4 ,a man's intellectual "* is ! !me on :i* all 8 works are v>iations4 ,9 an essay :i* ,i wrote 9 ,weim> ,i call$ x ! knack by :i* e g5ius produces 8 works1 h[ev] v>i\s4 ,?is intellectual "* det]m9es ! physiognomy ( m5 ( g5ius--:at ,i might call ! !oretical physiognomy--& gives x t di/+ui%$ expression :i* is *iefly se5 9 ! eyes & ! =ehead4 ,9 ! case ( ord9>y m5 ! physiognomy pres5ts no m ?an a weak analogy ) ! physiognomy ( g5ius4 ,on ! o!r h&1 all m5 possess ! practical physiognomy1 ! /amp ( w1 ( practical "*1 ( moral disposition2 & x %[s itself *iefly 9 ! m\?4 ,s9ce "*1 s f> z we und]/& its nature1 is above & beyond "t1 x _c und]go any *ange "u ! influ5ce ( life4 ,b al?\gh x mu/ necess>ily rema9 ! same always1 x requires "t to unfold itself & %[ ! v div]se aspects :i* x may possess4 ,= "* consi/s ( two factors3 "o1 ! w-to-live itself1 bl9d impulse1 s-call$ impetuosity2 ! o!r1 ! re/ra9t :i* ! w acquires :5 x comes to und]/& ! _w2 & ! _w1 aga91 is itself w4 ,a man may beg9 by foll[+ ! crav+ ( desire1 until he comes to see h[ holl[ & unreal a ?+ is life1 h[ deceitful are its pleasures1 :at horrible aspects x possesses2 & ?is x is t makes p h]mits1 p5it5ts1 ,magdal5es4 ,nev]!less x is to be obs]v$ t no su* *ange f a life ( great indulg5ce 9 pleasure to "o ( resignation is possible1 except to ! man :o ( 8 own accord r5\nces pleasure4 ,a really bad life _c be *ang$ into a virtu\s "o4 ,! mo/ beautiful s\l1 be=e x comes to "k life f its horrible side1 may eag]ly dr9k ! sweets ( life & rema9 innoc5t4 ,b x _c commit a bad action2 x _c cause o!rs suff]+ to d a pleasure to itself1 = 9 t case x w\ld see cle>ly :at x w\ld be do+2 & :atev] be its y\? & inexp]i5ce x p]ceives ! suff]+s ( o!rs z cle>ly z its own pleasures4 ,t is :y "o bad action is a gu>antee t numb]less o!rs w be committ$ z soon z circum/ances give occasion = !m4 ,somebody once rem>k$ to me1 ) entire ju/ice1 t e man _h some?+ v good & humane 9 8 disposition1 & also some?+ v bad & malignant2 & t accord+ z he 0 mov$ "o or ! o!r ( !m made its appe>ance4 ,! sight ( o!rs' suff]+ ar\ses1 n only 9 diff]5t m51 b 9 "o & ! same man1 at "o mom5t an inexhau/ible sympa?y1 at ano!r a c]ta9 satisfaction2 & ?is satisfaction may increase until x becomes ! cruelle/ delight 9 pa94 ,i obs]ve 9 myself t at "o mom5t ,i reg>d all mank9d ) he>tfelt pity1 at ano!r ) ! greate/ indiff]5ce1 on occasion ) hatr$1 nay1 ) a positive enjoym5t ( _! pa94 ,all ?is %[s v cle>ly t we are possess$ ( two diff]5t1 nay1 absolutely contradictory1 ways ( reg>d+ ! _w3 "o accord+ to ! pr9ciple ( individuation1 :i* exhibits all creatures z entire /rang]s to u1 z def9itely n ourselves4 ,we c h no feel+s = !m b ^? ( indiff]5ce1 envy1 hatr$1 & delight t !y suff]4 ,! o!r way ( reg>d+ ! _w is 9 accordance ) :at ,i may call ! ,tat-twam-asi--?is-is-?yself pr9ciple4 ,all creatures are exhibit$ z id5tical ) ourselves2 & s x is pity & love :i* ! sight ( !m ar\ses4 ,! "o me?od sep>ates individuals by impassable b>ri]s2 ! o!r removes ! b>ri] & br+s ! individuals toge!r4 ,! "o makes u feel1 9 reg>d to e man1 t is :at ,i am2 ! o!r1 t is n :at ,i am4 ,b x is rem>kable t :ile ! sight ( ano!r's suff]+ makes u feel our id5tity ) him1 & ar\ses our pity1 ?is is n s ) ! sight ( ano!r's happ9ess4 ,!n we almo/ always feel "s envy2 & ev5 ?\gh we may h no su* feel+ 9 c]ta9 cases1--z1 = in/ance1 :5 our fri5ds are happy1--yet ! int]e/ :i* we take 9 _! happ9ess is ( a weak description1 & _c comp>e ) ! sympa?y :i* we feel ) _! suff]+4 ,is ?is because we recognise all happ9ess to be a delusion1 or an imp$im5t to true welf>e8 ,no6 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t x is because ! sight ( ! pleasure1 or ! possessions1 :i* are d5i$ to u1 ar\ses envy2 t is to say1 ! wi% t we1 & n ! o!r1 _h t pleasure or ^? possessions4 ,x is only ! fir/ way ( look+ at ! _w :i* is f\nd$ on any demon/rable reason4 ,! o!r is1 z x 71 ! gate out ( ?is _w2 x has no atte/ation beyond itself1 unless x be ! v ab/ract & difficult pro( :i* my doctr9e supplies4 ,:y ! fir/ way pr$om9ates 9 "o man1 & ! second 9 ano!r--?\gh p]haps x does n exclusively pr$om9ate 9 any man2 :y ! "o or ! o!r em]ges accord+ z ! w is mov$--^! are deep problems4 ,! pa?s ( night & day are close toge!r3 ,greek3 ,engus g> nuktos de kai aematos eisi keleu?oi4 ,x is a fact t !re is a great & orig9al diff]5ce betwe5 "o empirical "* & ano!r2 & x is a diff]5ce :i*1 at bottom1 re/s ^u ! relation ( ! individual's w to 8 intellectual faculty4 ,?is relation is f9ally det]m9$ by ! degree ( w 9 8 fa!r & ( intellect 9 8 "m2 & ! union ( fa!r & "m is = ! mo/ "p an affair ( *ance4 ,?is w\ld all mean a revolt+ inju/ice 9 ! nature ( ! _w1 if x 7 n t ! diff]5ce betwe5 p>5ts & son is ph5om5al only & all *ance is1 at bottom1 necessity4 ,z reg>ds ! fre$om ( ! w1 if x 7 ! case t ! w manife/$ itself 9 a s+le act alone1 x w\ld be a free act4 ,b ! w manife/s itself 9 a c\rse ( life1 t is to say1 9 a s]ies ( acts4 ,e "o ( ^! acts1 !re=e1 is det]m9$ z a "p ( a complete :ole1 & _c happ5 o!rwise ?an x does happ54 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! :ole s]ies is free2 x is simply ! manife/ation ( an individualis$ w4 ,if a man feels incl9$ to commit a bad action & refra9s1 he is kept back ei!r 7#a7 by fe> ( puni%m5t or v5geance2 or 7#b7 by sup]/ition 9 o!r words1 fe> ( puni%m5t 9 a future life2 or 7#c7 by ! feel+ ( sympa?y1 includ+ g5]al *>ity2 or 7#d7 by ! feel+ ( hon\r1 9 o!r words1 ! fe> ( %ame2 or 7#e7 by ! feel+ ( ju/ice1 t is1 an objective atta*m5t to fidelity & good-fai?1 c\pl$ ) a resolve to hold !m sacr$1 because !y are ! f\ndation ( all free int]c\rse betwe5 man & man1 & !re=e (t5 ( advantage to himself z well4 ,?is la/ ?\ght1 n inde$ z a ?\ght1 b z a m]e feel+1 influ5ces p v frequ5tly4 ,x is ?is t (t5 compels a man ( hon\r1 :5 "s great b unju/ advantage is (f]$ him1 to reject x ) contempt & pr\dly exclaim3 ,i am an hon\rable man6 ,= o!rwise h[ %\ld a poor man1 confront$ ) ! prop]ty :i* *ance or ev5 "s worse ag5cy has be/[$ on ! ri*1 ^: v exi/5ce x is t makes him poor1 feel s mu* s9c]e respect = ?is prop]ty1 t he refuses to t\* x ev5 9 8 ne$2 & al?\gh he has a prospect ( escap+ puni%m5t1 :at o!r ?\ght is x t c be at ! bottom ( su* a man's hone/y8 ,he is resolv$ n to sep>ate himself f ! great community ( hon\rable p :o h ! e>? 9 possession1 & ^: laws are recognis$ ev]y:]e4 ,he kn[s t a s+le di%one/ act w o/racise & proscribe him f t society = ev]4 ,no6 a man w sp5d money on any soil t yields him good fruit1 & he w make sacrifices = x4 ,) a good action1--t1 e action 9 :i* a man's own advantage is o/5sibly subord9at$ to ano!r's1--! motive is ei!r 7#a7 self-int]e/1 kept 9 ! backgr\nd2 or 7#b7 sup]/ition1 9 o!r words1 self-int]e/ 9 ! =m ( rew>d 9 ano!r life2 or 7#c7 sympa?y2 or 7#d7 ! desire to l5d a help+ h&1 9 o!r words1 atta*m5t to ! maxim t we %\ld assi/ "o ano!r 9 ne$1 & ! wi% to ma9ta9 ?is maxim1 9 view ( ! presumption t "s day we ourselves may f9d x s]ve our turn4 ,= :at ,kant calls a good action done f motives ( duty & = ! sake ( duty1 !re is1 z w be se51 no room at all4 ,kant himself decl>es x to be d\btful :e!r an action 0 ev] det]m9$ by pure motives ( duty alone4 ,i affirm mo/ c]ta9ly t no action 0 ev] s done2 x is m]e babble2 !re is no?+ 9 x t c\ld really act z a motive to any man4 ,:5 he %elt]s himself beh9d v]biage ( t sort1 he is always actuat$ by "o ( ! f\r motives :i* ,i h describ$4 ,among ^! x is obvi\sly sympa?y alone :i* is q g5u9e & s9c]e4 ,good & bad apply to "* only potiori2 t is to say1 we pref] ! good to ! bad2 b1 absolutely1 !re is no su* di/9ction4 ,! diff]5ce arises at ! po9t :i* lies betwe5 subord9at+ "o's own advantage to t ( ano!r1 & n subord9at+ x4 ,if a man keeps to ! exact middle1 he is j4 ,b mo/ m5 g an in* 9 _! reg>d = o!rs' welf>e to tw5ty y>ds 9 reg>d = _! own4 ,! s\rce ( good & ( bad "*1 s f> z we h any real k ( x1 lies 9 ?is1 t ) ! bad "* ! ?\ght ( ! ext]nal _w1 & especially ( ! liv+ creatures 9 x1 is accompani$--all ! m1 ! great] ! resemblance betwe5 !m & ! individual self--by a con/ant feel+ ( n ,i1 n ,i1 n ,i4 ,contr>ily1 ) ! good "* 7bo? be+ assum$ to exi/ 9 a high degree7 ! same ?\ght has = its accompanim5t1 l a fundam5tal bass1 a con/ant feel+ ( ,i1 ,i1 ,i4 ,f ?is spr+ b5evol5ce & a disposition to help all m51 & at ! same "t a *e]ful1 confid5t & tranquil frame ( m9d1 ! opposite ( t :i* accompanies ! bad "*4 ,! diff]5ce1 h[ev]1 is only ph5om5al1 al?\gh x is a diff]5ce :i* is radical4 ,b n[ we come to ! h>de/ ( all problems3 ,h[ is x t1 :ile ! w1 z ! ?+-9-itself1 is id5tical1 & f a metaphysical po9t ( view "o & ! same 9 all its manife/ations1 !re is nev]!less su* an enorm\s diff]5ce betwe5 "o "* & ano!r8--! malici\s1 diabolical wick$ness ( ! "o1 & set (f aga9/ x1 ! goodness ( ! o!r1 %[+ all ! m conspicu\sly4 ,h[ is x t we get a ,tib]ius1 a ,caligula1 a ,c>calla1 a ,domitian1 a ,n]o2 & on ! o!r h&1 ! ,anton9es1 ,titus1 ,hadrian1 ,n]va8 ,h[ is x t among ! animals1 nay1 9 a high] species1 9 individual animals1 !re is a l diff]5ce8--! malignity ( ! cat mo/ /rongly develop$ 9 ! tig]2 ! spite ( ! monkey2 on ! o!r h&1 goodness1 fidelity & love 9 ! dog & ! elephant4 ,x is obvi\s t ! pr9ciple ( wick$ness 9 ! brute is ! same z 9 man4 ,we may to "s ext5t modify ! difficulty ( ! problem by obs]v+ t ! :ole diff]5ce is 9 ! end only "o ( degree4 ,9 e liv+ creature1 ! fundam5tal prop5sities & in/9cts all exi/1 b !y exi/ 9 v diff]5t degrees & proportions4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n en\gh to expla9 ! facts4 ,we mu/ fall back ^u ! intellect & its relation to ! w2 x is ! only explanation t rema9s4 ,a man's intellect1 h[ev]1 by no means /&s 9 any direct & obvi\s relation ) ! goodness ( 8 "*4 ,we may1 x is true1 discrim9ate betwe5 two k9ds ( intellect3 betwe5 und]/&+1 z ! appreh5sion ( relation 9 accordance ) ! ,pr9ciple ( ,suffici5t ,reason1 & cognition1 a faculty ak9 to g5ius1 :i* acts m directly1 is indep5d5t ( ?is law1 & passes beyond ! ,pr9ciple ( ,individuation4 ,! latt] is ! faculty :i* appreh5ds ,ideas1 & x is ! faculty :i* has to d ) morality4 ,b ev5 ?is explanation leaves mu* to be desir$4 ,f9e m9ds are seldom f9e s\ls 0 ! correct obs]vation ( ,jean ,paul2 al?\gh !y are nev] ! contr>y4 ,"l ,bacon1 :o1 to be sure1 0 less a f9e s\l ?an a f9e m9d1 0 a sc\ndrel4 ,i h decl>$ space & "t to be "p ( ! ,pr9ciple ( ,individuation1 z x is only space & "t t make ! multiplicity ( simil> objects a possibility4 ,b multiplicity itself also admits ( v>iety2 multiplicity & div]sity are n only quantitative1 b also qualitative4 ,h[ is x t !re is su* a ?+ z qualitative div]sity1 especially 9 e?ical matt]s8 ,or h ,i fall5 into an error ! opposite ( t 9 :i* ,leibnitz fell ) 8 id5titas indisc]nibilium8 ,! *ief cause ( intellectual div]sity is to be f\nd 9 ! bra9 & n]v\s sy/em4 ,?is is a fact :i* some:at less5s ! obscurity ( ! subject4 ,) ! brutes ! intellect & ! bra9 are /rictly adapt$ to _! aims & ne$s4 ,) man alone !re is n[ & !n1 by way ( exception1 a sup]fluity1 :i*1 if x is abundant1 may yield g5ius4 ,b e?ical div]sity1 x seems1 proce$s imm$iately f ! w4 ,o!rwise e?ical "* w\ld n be above & beyond "t1 z x is only 9 ! individual t intellect & w are unit$4 ,! w is above & beyond "t1 & et]nal2 & "* is innate2 t is to say1 x is sprung f ! same et]nity1 & !re=e x does n admit ( any b a transc5d5tal explanation4 ,p]haps "s "o w come aft] me :o w ?r[ light into ?is d>k abyss4 ,,moral ,,in/9ct4 ,an act done by in/9ct diff]s f e o!r k9d ( act 9 t an und]/&+ ( its object does n prec$e x b foll[s ^u x4 ,in/9ct is !re=e a rule ( action giv5 priori4 ,we may be unaw>e ( ! object to :i* x is direct$1 z no und]/&+ ( x is necess>y to its atta9m5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if an act is done by an ex]cise ( reason or intellig5ce1 x proce$s accord+ to a rule :i* ! und]/&+ has itself devis$ = ! purpose ( c>ry+ out a preconceiv$ aim4 ,h5ce x is t action accord+ to rule may miss its aim1 :ile in/9ct is infallible4 ,on ! priori "* ( in/9ct we may comp>e :at ,plato says 9 ! ,philebus4 ,) ,plato in/9ct is a rem9isc5ce ( some?+ :i* a man has nev] actually exp]i5c$ 9 8 lifetime2 9 ! same way z1 9 ! ,pha$o & else:]e1 ev]y?+ t a man le>ns is reg>d$ z a rem9isc5ce4 ,he has no o!r ^w to express ! priori elem5t 9 all exp]i5ce4 ,!re are1 !n1 ?ree ?+s t are priori3 7#a7 ,!oretical ,reason1 9 o!r words1 ! conditions :i* make all exp]i5ce possible4 7#b7 ,in/9ct1 or ! rule by :i* an object promot+ ! life ( ! s5ses may1 ?\gh unkn[n1 be atta9$4 7#c7 ,! ,moral ,law1 or ! rule by :i* an action takes place )\t any object4 ,accord+ly rational or intellig5t action proce$s by a rule laid d[n 9 accordance ) ! object z x is und]/ood4 ,in/9ctive action proce$s by a rule )\t an und]/&+ ( ! object ( x4 ,moral action proce$s by a rule )\t any object at all4 ,!oretical ,reason is ! aggregate ( rules 9 accordance ) :i* all my k--t is to say1 ! :ole _w ( exp]i5ce--necess>ily proce$s4 ,9 ! same mann] ,in/9ct is ! aggregate ( rules 9 accordance ) :i* all my action necess>ily proce$s if x meets ) no ob/ruction4 ,h5ce x seems to me t ,in/9ct may mo/ appropriately be call$ practical reason1 = l !oretical reason x det]m9es ! mu/ ( all exp]i5ce4 ,! s-call$ moral law1 on ! o!r h&1 is only "o aspect ( ! bett] consci\sness1 ! aspect :i* x pres5ts f ! po9t ( view ( in/9ct4 ,?is bett] consci\sness is some?+ ly+ beyond all exp]i5ce1 t is1 beyond all reason1 :e!r ( ! !oretical or ! practical k9d1 & has no?+ to d ) x2 :il/ x is 9 virtue ( ! my/]i\s union ( x & reason 9 ! same individual t ! bett] consci\sness comes into conflict ) reason1 leav+ ! individual to *oose betwe5 ! two4 ,9 any conflict betwe5 ! bett] consci\sness & reason1 if ! individual decides = reason1 %\ld x be !oretical reason1 he becomes a n>r[1 p$antic phili/9e2 %\ld x be practical1 a rascal4 ,if he decides = ! bett] consci\sness1 we c make no fur!r positive affirmation ab\t him1 = if we 7 to d s1 we %\ld f9d ourselves 9 ! realm ( reason2 & z x is only :at takes place )9 ?is realm t we c speak ( at all x foll[s t we _c speak ( ! bett] consci\sness except 9 negative t]ms4 ,?is %[s u h[ x is t reason is h9d]$ & ob/ruct$2 t !oretical reason is suppress$ 9 fav\r ( g5ius1 & practical reason 9 fav\r ( virtue4 ,n[ ! bett] consci\sness is nei!r !oretical nor practical2 = ^! are di/9ctions t only apply to reason4 ,b if ! individual is 9 ! act ( *oos+1 ! bett] consci\sness appe>s to him 9 ! aspect :i* x assumes 9 vanqui%+ & ov]com+ ! practical reason 7or in/9ct1 to use ! common ^w74 ,x appe>s to him z an imp]ative comm&1 an ought4 ,x s appe>s to him1 ,i say2 9 o!r words1 t is ! %ape :i* x takes = ! !oretical reason :i* r5d]s all ?+s into objects & ideas4 ,b 9 s f> z ! bett] consci\sness desires to vanqui% & ov]come ! !oretical reason1 x takes no %ape at all2 on ! simple gr\nd t1 z x comes into play1 ! !oretical reason is suppress$ & becomes ! m]e s]vant ( ! bett] consci\sness4 ,t is :y g5ius c nev] give any acc\nt ( its own works4 ,9 ! morality ( action1 ! legal pr9ciple t bo? sides are to be he>d mu/ n be all[$ to apply2 9 o!r words1 ! claims ( self & ! s5ses mu/ n be urg$4 ,nay1 on ! contr>y1 z soon z ! pure w has f\nd expression1 ! case is clos$2 nec audi5da alt]a p>s4 ,! l[] animals are n end[$ ) moral fre$om4 ,probably ?is is n because !y %[ no trace ( ! bett] consci\sness :i* 9 u is manife/$ z morality1 or no?+ analog\s to x2 =1 if t 7 s1 ! l[] animals1 :i* are 9 s _m respects l ourselves 9 outw>d appe>ance t we reg>d man z a species ( animal1 w\ld possess "s raison d'tre entirely diff]5t f our own1 & actually be1 9 _! ess5tial & inmo/ nature1 some?+ q o!r ?an ourselves4 ,?is is a cont5tion :i* is obvi\sly refut$ by ! ?or\ghly malignant & inh]5tly vici\s "* ( c]ta9 animals1 su* z ! crocodile1 ! hya5a1 ! scorpion1 ! snake1 & ! g5tle1 affectionate & cont5t$ "* ( o!rs1 su* z ! dog4 ,"h1 z 9 ! case ( m51 ! "*1 z x is manife/$1 mu/ re/ ^u some?+ t is above & beyond "t4 ,=1 z ,jacob ,bhme says1#a !re is a p[] 9 e animal :i* is inde/ructible1 & ! _s ( ! _w draws x into itself1 aga9/ ! f9al sep>ation at ! ,la/ ,judgm5t4 ,!re=e we _c call ! l[] animals free1 & ! reason :y we _c d s is t !y are want+ 9 a faculty :i* is pr(\ndly subord9ate to ! bett] consci\sness 9 its highe/ phase1 ,i mean reason4 ,reason is ! faculty ( supreme compreh5sion1 ! idea ( totality4 ,h[ reason manife/s itself 9 ! !oretical sph]e ,kant has %[n1 & x does ! same 9 ! practical3 x makes u capable ( obs]v+ & survey+ ! :ole ( our life1 ?\ght1 & action1 9 cont9ual connection1 & !re=e ( act+ accord+ to g5]al maxims1 :e!r ^? maxims orig9ate 9 ! und]/&+ z prud5tial rules1 or 9 ! bett] consci\sness z moral laws4 ,footnote #a3 ,epi/les1 #ef4 ,if any desire or passion is ar\s$ 9 u1 we1 & 9 ! same way ! l[] animals1 are = ! mom5t fill$ ) ?is desire2 we are all ang]1 all lu/1 all fe>2 & 9 su* mom5ts nei!r ! bett] consci\sness c speak1 nor ! und]/&+ consid] ! consequ5ces4 ,b 9 our case reason all[s u ev5 at t mom5t to see our actions & our life z an unbrok5 *a91--a *a9 :i* connects our e>li] resolutions1 or1 x may be1 ! future consequ5ces ( our action1 ) ! mom5t ( passion :i* n[ fills our :ole consci\sness4 ,x %[s u ! id5tity ( our p]son1 ev5 :5 t p]son is expos$ to influ5ces ( ! mo/ v>i$ k9d1 & !reby we are enabl$ to act accord+ to maxims4 ,! l[] animal is want+ 9 ?is faculty2 ! passion :i* seizes x completely dom9ates x1 & c be *eck$ only by ano!r passion--ang]1 = in/ance1 or lu/1 by fe>2 ev5 ?\gh ! vision t t]rifies does n appeal to ! s5ses1 b is pres5t 9 ! animal only z a dim memory & imag9ation4 ,m51 !re=e1 may be call$ irrational1 if1 l ! l[] animals1 !y all[ !mselves to be det]m9$ by ! mom5t4 ,s f>1 h[ev]1 is reason f be+ ! s\rce ( morality t x is reason alone :i* makes u capable ( be+ rascals1 :i* ! l[] animals _c be4 ,x is reason :i* enables u to =m an evil resolution & to keep x :5 ! provocation to evil is remov$2 x enables u1 = example1 to nurse v5geance4 ,al?\gh at ! mom5t t we h an opportunity ( fulfill+ our resolution ! bett] consci\sness may manife/ itself z love or *>ity1 x is by =ce ( reason1 9 pursuance ( "s evil maxim1 t we act aga9/ x4 ,?us ,goe! says t a man may use 8 reason only = ! purpose ( be+ m be/ial ?an any bea/3 ,er hat ,v]nunft1 do* brau*t er sie alle9 ,um !iris*] als j$es ,?i] zu se94 ,= n only d we1 l ! bea/s1 satisfy ! desires ( ! mom5t1 b we ref9e ^u !m & /imulate !m 9 ord] to prep>e ! desire = ! satisfaction4 ,:5ev] we ?9k t we p]ceive a trace ( reason 9 ! l[] animals1 x fills u ) surprise4 ,n[ our surprise is n excit$ by ! good & affectionate disposition :i* "s ( !m exhibit--we recognise t z some?+ o!r ?an reason--b by "s action 9 !m :i* seems to be det]m9$ n by ! impression ( ! mom5t1 b by a resolution previ\sly made & kept4 ,elephants1 = in/ance1 are report$ to h tak5 prem$itat$ rev5ge = insults long aft] !y 7 suff]$2 lions1 to h requit$ b5efits on an opportunity t>dily (f]$4 ,! tru? ( su* /ories has1 h[ev]1 no be>+ at all on ! "q1 ,:at d we mean by reason8 ,b !y enable u to decide :e!r 9 ! l[] animals !re is any trace ( any?+ t we c call reason4 ,kant n only decl>es t all our moral s5tim5ts orig9ate 9 reason1 b he lays d[n t reason1 9 my s5se ( ! ^w1 is a condition ( moral action2 z he holds t = an action to be virtu\s & m]itori\s x mu/ be done 9 accordance ) maxims1 & n spr+ f a resolve tak5 "u "s mom5t>y impression4 ,b 9 bo? cont5tions he is wrong4 ,if ,i resolve to take v5geance on "s "o1 & :5 an opportunity (f]s1 ! bett] consci\sness 9 ! =m ( love & humanity speaks its ^w1 & ,i am influ5c$ by x r ?an by my evil resolution1 ?is is a virtu\s act1 = x is a manife/ation ( ! bett] consci\sness4 ,x is possible to conceive ( a v virtu\s man 9 :om ! bett] consci\sness is s cont9u\sly active t x is nev] sil5t1 & nev] all[s 8 passions to get a complete hold ( him4 ,by su* consci\sness he is subject to a direct control1 in/ead ( be+ guid$ indirectly1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( reason1 by means ( maxims & moral pr9ciples4 ,t is :y a man may h weak reason+ p[]s & a weak und]/&+ & yet h a high s5se ( morality & be em95tly good2 = ! mo/ important elem5t 9 a man dep5ds z little on intellectual z x does on physical /r5g?4 ,jesus says1 ,bless$ are ! poor 9 _s4 ,& ,jacob ,bhme has ! excell5t & noble obs]vation3 ,:oso lies quietly 9 8 own w1 l a *ild 9 ! womb1 & lets himself be l$ & guid$ by t inn] pr9ciple f :i* he is sprung1 is ! noble/ & ri*e/ on e>?4#a ,footnote #a3 ,epi/les1 #cg4 ,,e?ical ,,reflections4 ,! philosoph]s ( ! anci5t _w unit$ 9 a s+le conception a great _m ?+s t _h no connection ) "o ano!r4 ,( ?is e dialogue ( ,plato's furni%es abundant examples4 ,! greate/ & wor/ confusion ( ?is k9d is t betwe5 e?ics & politics4 ,! ,/ate & ! ,k+dom ( ,god1 or ! ,moral ,law1 are s entirely diff]5t 9 _! "* t ! =m] is a p>ody ( ! latt]1 a bitt] mock]y at ! abs5ce ( x4 ,comp>$ ) ! ,moral ,law ! ,/ate is a crut* in/ead ( a limb1 an automaton in/ead ( a man4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! pr9ciple ( hon\r /&s 9 close connection ) human fre$om4 ,x is1 z x 71 an abuse ( t fre$om4 ,in/ead ( us+ 8 fre$om to fulfil ! moral law1 a man employs 8 p[] ( volunt>ily und]go+ any feel+ ( pa91 ( ov]com+ any mom5t>y impression1 9 ord] t he may ass]t 8 self-w1 :atev] be ! object to :i* he directs x4 ,z he !reby %[s t1 unlike ! l[] animals1 he has ?\ghts :i* g beyond ! welf>e ( 8 body & :atev] makes = t welf>e1 x has come ab\t t ! pr9ciple ( hon\r is (t5 confus$ ) virtue4 ,!y are reg>d$ z if !y 7 tw9s4 ,b wrongly2 = al?\gh ! pr9ciple ( hon\r is some?+ :i* di/+ui%es man f ! l[] animals1 x is n1 9 itself1 any?+ t raises him above !m4 ,tak5 z an end & aim1 x is z d>k a delusion z any o!r aim t spr+s f self4 ,us$ z a means1 or casually1 x may be productive ( good2 b ev5 t is good :i* is va9 & frivol\s4 ,x is ! misuse ( fre$om1 ! employm5t ( x z a weapon = ov]com+ ! _w ( feel+1 t makes man s inf9itely m t]rible ?an ! l[] animals2 = !y d only :at mom5t>y in/9ct bids !m2 :ile man acts by ideas1 & 8 ideas may entail univ]sal ru9 be=e !y are satisfi$4 ,!re is ano!r circum/ance :i* helps to promote ! notion t hon\r & virtue are connect$4 ,a man :o c d :at he wants to d %[s t he c also d x if :at he wants to d is a virtu\s act4 ,b t ^? ( our actions :i* we are ourselves oblig$ to reg>d ) contempt are also reg>d$ ) contempt by o!r p s]ves m ?an any?+ t ,i h "h m5tion$ to e/abli% ! connection4 ,?us x (t5 happ5s t a man :o is n afraid ( ! "o k9d ( contempt is unwill+ to und]go ! o!r4 ,b :5 we are call$ ^u to *oose betwe5 our own approval & ! _w's c5sure1 z may occur 9 complicat$ & mi/ak5 circum/ances1 :at becomes ( ! pr9ciple ( hon\r !n8 ,two *>act]i/ic examples ( ! pr9ciple ( hon\r are to be f\nd 9 ,%akespe>e's ,h5ry ,,vi41 ,"p ,,ii41 ,act ,,iv41 ,sc4 #a4 ,a pirate is anxi\s to murd] 8 captive in/ead ( accept+1 l o!rs1 a ransom = him2 because 9 tak+ 8 captive he lo/ an eye1 & 8 own hon\r & t ( 8 =efa!rs w\ld 9 8 op9ion be /a9$1 if he 7 to all[ 8 rev5ge to be b\ght (f z ?\gh he 7 a m]e trad]4 ,! prison]1 on ! o!r h&1 :o is ! ,duke ( ,suffolk1 pref]s to h 8 head grace a pole ?an to uncov] x to su* a l[ fell[ z a pirate1 by approa*+ him to ask = m]cy4 ,j z civic hon\r--9 o!r words1 ! op9ion t we des]ve to be tru/$--is ! palladium ( ^? ^: endeav\r x is to make _! way 9 ! _w on ! pa? ( hon\rable bus9ess1 s knightly hon\r--9 o!r words1 ! op9ion t we are m5 to be fe>$--is ! palladium ( ^? :o aim at go+ ?r\gh life on ! pa? ( viol5ce2 & s x 0 t knightly hon\r arose among ! robb]-knights & o!r knights ( ! ,middle ,ages4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a !oretical philosoph] is "o :o c supply 9 ! %ape ( ideas = ! reason1 a copy ( ! pres5tations ( exp]i5ce2 j z :at ! pa9t] sees he c reproduce on canvas2 ! sculptor1 9 m>ble2 ! poet1 9 pictures = ! imag9ation1 ?\gh !y are pictures :i* he supplies only 9 s[+ ! ideas f :i* !y sprang4 ,a s-call$ practical philosoph]1 on ! o!r h&1 is "o :o1 contr>ily1 d$uces 8 action f ideas4 ,! !oretical philosoph] trans=ms life into ideas4 ,! practical philosoph] trans=ms ideas into life2 he acts1 !re=e1 9 a ?or\ghly reasonable mann]2 he is consi/5t1 regul>1 delib]ate2 he is nev] ha/y or passionate2 he nev] all[s himself to be influ5c$ by ! impression ( ! mom5t4 ,& inde$1 :5 we f9d ourselves among ^? full pres5tations ( exp]i5ce1 or real objects1 to :i* ! body belongs--s9ce ! body is only an objectifi$ w1 ! %ape :i* ! w assumes 9 ! mat]ial _w--x is difficult to let our bodies be guid$1 n by ^? pres5tations1 b by a m]e image ( !m1 by cold1 col\rless ideas1 :i* are relat$ to exp]i5ce z ! %ad[ ( ,orcus to life2 & yet ?is is ! only way 9 :i* we c avoid do+ ?+s ( :i* we may h to rep5t4 ,! !oretical philosoph] enri*es ! doma9 ( reason by add+ to x2 ! practical philosoph] draws ^u x1 & makes x s]ve him4 99 99 99 99 99 ,accord+ to ,kant ! tru? ( exp]i5ce is only a hypo!tical tru?4 ,if ! suppositions :i* und]lie all ! intimations ( exp]i5ce--subject1 object1 "t1 space & causality--7 remov$1 none ( ^? intimations w\ld conta9 a ^w ( tru?4 ,9 o!r words1 exp]i5ce is only a ph5om5on2 x is n k ( ! ?+-9-itself4 ,if we f9d some?+ 9 our own conduct at :i* we are secretly pleas$1 al?\gh we _c reconcile x ) exp]i5ce1 see+ t if we 7 to foll[ ! guidance ( exp]i5ce we %\ld h to d precisely ! opposite1 we mu/ n all[ ?is to put u out2 o!rwise we %\ld be ascrib+ an au?ority to exp]i5ce :i* x does n des]ve1 = all t x tea*es re/s ^u a m]e supposition4 ,?is is ! g5]al t5d5cy ( ! ,kantian ,e?ics4 99 99 99 99 99 ,innoc5ce is 9 its v nature /upid4 ,x is /upid because ! aim ( life 7,i use ! expression only figuratively1 & ,i c\ld j z well speak ( ! ess5ce ( life1 or ( ! _w7 is to ga9 a k ( our own bad w1 s t our w may become an object = u1 & t we may und]go an inw>d conv]sion4 ,our body is itself our w objectifi$2 x is "o ( ! fir/ & =emo/ ( objects1 & ! de$s t we accompli% = ! sake ( ! body %[ u ! evil inh]5t 9 our w4 ,9 ! /ate ( innoc5ce1 :]e !re is no evil because !re is no exp]i5ce1 man is1 z x 71 only an app>atus = liv+1 & ! object = :i* ! app>atus exi/s is n yet disclos$4 ,an empty =m ( life l ?is1 a /age unt5ant$1 is 9 itself1 l ! s-call$ real _w1 null & void2 & z x c atta9 a mean+ only by action1 by error1 by k1 by ! convulsions ( ! w1 x we>s a "* ( insipid /upidity4 ,a gold5 age ( innoc5ce1 a fools' p>adise1 is a notion t is /upid & unmean+1 & = t v reason 9 no way wor?y ( any respect4 ,! fir/ crim9al & murd]]1 ,ca91 :o acquir$ a k ( guilt1 & ?r\gh guilt acquir$ a k ( virtue by rep5tance1 & s came to und]/& ! mean+ ( life1 is a tragical figure m significant1 & almo/ m respectable1 ?an all ! innoc5t fools 9 ! _w put toge!r4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if ,i _h to write ab\t mode/y ,i %\ld say3 ,i "k ! e/eem$ public = :i* ,i h ! hon\r to write f> too well to d>e to give utt]ance to my op9ion ab\t ?is virtue4 ,p]sonally ,i am q cont5t to be mode/ & to apply myself to ?is virtue ) ! utmo/ possible circumspection4 ,b "o ?+ ,i %all nev] admit--t ,i h ev] requir$ mode/y ( any man1 & any /atem5t to t effect ,i repel z a sl&]4 ,! paltry "* ( mo/ m5 compels ! few :o h any m]it or g5ius to behave z ?\gh !y did n "k _! own value1 & consequ5tly did n "k o!r p's want ( value2 = x is only on ?is condition t ! mob acquiesces 9 tol]at+ m]it4 ,a virtue has be5 made out ( ?is necessity1 & x is call$ mode/y4 ,x is a piece ( hypocrisy1 to be excus$ only because o!r p are s paltry t !y mu/ be treat$ ) indulg5ce4 99 99 99 99 99 ,human mis]y may affect u 9 two ways1 & we may be 9 "o ( two opposite moods 9 reg>d to x4 ,9 "o ( !m1 ?is mis]y is imm$iately pres5t to u4 ,we feel x 9 our own p]son1 9 our own w :i*1 imbu$ ) viol5t desires1 is ev]y:]e brok51 & ?is is ! process :i* con/itutes suff]+4 ,! result is t ! w increases 9 viol5ce1 z is %[n 9 all cases ( passion & emotion2 & ?is increas+ viol5ce comes to a /op only :5 ! w turns & gives way to complete resignation1 9 o!r words1 is r$eem$4 ,! man :o is entirely dom9at$ by ?is mood w reg>d any prosp]ity :i* he may see 9 o!rs ) envy1 & any suff]+ ) no sympa?y4 ,9 ! opposite mood human mis]y is pres5t to u only z a fact ( k1 t is to say1 indirectly4 ,we are ma9ly engag$ 9 look+ at ! suff]+s ( o!rs1 & our att5tion is )drawn f our own4 ,x is 9 _! p]son t we become aw>e ( human mis]y2 we are fill$ ) sympa?y2 & ! result ( ?is mood is g5]al b5evol5ce1 philan?ropy4 ,all envy vani%es1 & in/ead ( feel+ x1 we are rejoic$ :5 we see "o ( our torm5t$ fell[-creatures exp]i5ce any pleasure or relief4 ,aft] ! same fa%ion we may be 9 "o ( two opposite moods 9 reg>d to human bas5ess & depravity4 ,9 ! "o we p]ceive ?is bas5ess indirectly1 9 o!rs4 ,out ( ?is mood arise indignation1 hatr$1 & contempt ( mank9d4 ,9 ! o!r we p]ceive x directly1 9 ourselves4 ,out ( x !re arises humiliation1 nay1 contrition4 ,9 ord] to judge ! moral value ( a man1 x is v important to obs]ve :i* ( ^! f\r moods pr$om9ate 9 him4 ,!y g 9 pairs1 "o out ( ea* division4 ,9 v excell5t *>act]s ! second mood ( ea* division w pr$om9ate4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! categorical imp]ative1 or absolute comm&1 is a contradiction4 ,e comm& is conditional4 ,:at is unconditional & necess>y is a mu/1 su* z is pres5t$ by ! laws ( nature4 ,x is q true t ! moral law is entirely conditional4 ,!re is a _w & a view ( life 9 :i* x has nei!r validity nor significance4 ,t _w is1 prop]ly speak+1 ! real _w 9 :i*1 z individuals1 we live2 = e reg>d paid to morality is a d5ial ( t _w & ( our individual life 9 x4 ,x is a view ( ! _w1 h[ev]1 :i* does n g beyond ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason2 & ! opposite view proce$s by ! intuition ( ,ideas4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if a man is "u ! influ5ce ( two opposite b v /rong motives1 ,a & ,b1 & ,i am greatly conc]n$ t he %\ld *oose ,a1 b /ill m t he %\ld nev] be untrue to 8 *oice1 & by *ang+ 8 m9d betray me1 or ! l1 x w n d = me to say any?+ t might h9d] ! motive ,b f hav+ its full effect ^u him1 & only emphasise ,a2 = !n ,i %\ld nev] be able to reckon on 8 decision4 ,:at ,i h to d is1 r1 to put bo? motives be=e him at ! same "t1 9 z vivid & cle> a way z possible1 s t !y may "w ^u him ) _! :ole =ce4 ,! *oice t he !n makes is ! decision ( 8 inmo/ nature1 & /&s firm to all et]nity4 ,9 say+ ,i w d ?is1 he has said ,i mu/ d ?is4 ,i h got at 8 w1 & ,i c rely ^u its work+ z /eadily z "o ( ! =ces ( nature4 ,x is z c]ta9 z fire k9dles & wat] wets t he w act accord+ to ! motive :i* has prov$ to be /rong] = him4 ,insight & k may be atta9$ & lo/ aga92 !y may be *ang$1 or improv$1 or de/roy$2 b w _c be *ang$4 ,t is :y ,i appreh5d1 ,i p]ceive1 ,i see1 is subject to alt]ation & unc]ta9ty2 ,i w1 pron\nc$ on a "r appreh5sion ( motive1 is z firm z nature itself4 ,! difficulty1 h[ev]1 lies 9 gett+ at a "r appreh5sion4 ,a man's appreh5sion ( motive may *ange1 or be correct$ or p]v]t$2 & on ! o!r h&1 8 circum/ances may und]go an alt]ation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a man %\ld ex]cise an almo/ b\ndless tol]ation & placability1 because if he is caprici\s en\gh to refuse to =give a s+le individual = ! meanness or evil t lies at 8 door1 x is do+ ! re/ ( ! _w a q unm]it$ hon\r4 ,b at ! same "t ! man :o is e "o's fri5d is no "o's fri5d4 ,x is q obvi\s :at sort ( fri5d%ip x is :i* we hold out to ! human race1 & to :i* x is op5 to almo/ e man to return1 no matt] :at he may h done4 99 99 99 99 99 ,) ! anci5ts fri5d%ip 0 "o ( ! *ief elem5ts 9 morality4 ,b fri5d%ip is only limitation & p>tiality2 x is ! re/riction to "o individual ( :at is ! due ( all mank9d1 namely1 ! recognition t a man's own nature & t ( mank9d are id5tical4 ,at mo/ x is a compromise betwe5 ?is recognition & selfi%ness4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a lie always has its orig9 9 ! desire to ext5d ! dom9ion ( "o's own w ov] o!r individuals1 & to d5y _! w 9 ord] ! bett] to affirm "o's own4 ,consequ5tly a lie is 9 its v nature ! product ( inju/ice1 malevol5ce & villa9y4 ,t is :y tru?1 s9c]ity1 c&\r & rectitude are at once recognis$ & valu$ z praisewor?y & noble qualities2 because we presume t ! man :o exhibits !m ent]ta9s no s5tim5ts ( inju/ice or malice1 & !re=e /&s 9 no ne$ ( conceal+ su* s5tim5ts4 ,he :o is op5 *]i%es no?+ t is bad4 99 99 99 99 99 ,!re is a c]ta9 k9d ( c\rage :i* spr+s f ! same s\rce z good-nature4 ,:at ,i mean is t ! good-natur$ man is almo/ z cle>ly consci\s t he exi/s 9 o!r individuals z 9 himself4 ,i h (t5 %[n h[ ?is feel+ gives rise to good-nature4 ,x also gives rise to c\rage1 = ! simple reason t ! man :o possesses ?is feel+ c>es less = 8 own individual exi/5ce1 z he lives almo/ z mu* 9 ! g5]al exi/5ce ( all creatures4 ,accord+ly he is little conc]n$ = 8 own life & its belong+s4 ,?is is by no means ! sole s\rce ( c\rage = x is a ph5om5on due to v>i\s causes4 ,b x is ! noble/ k9d ( c\rage1 z is %[n by ! fact t 9 its orig9 x is associat$ ) great g5tl5ess & pati5ce4 ,m5 ( ?is k9d are usually irresi/ible to wom54 99 99 99 99 99 ,all g5]al rules & precepts fail1 because !y proce$ f ! false assumption t m5 are con/itut$ :olly1 or almo/ :olly1 alike2 an assumption :i* ! philosophy ( ,helvetius expressly makes4 ,:]eas ! tru? is t ! orig9al diff]5ce betwe5 individuals 9 intellect & morality is immeasurable4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! "q z to :e!r morality is some?+ real is ! "q :e!r a well-gr\nd$ c\nt]-pr9ciple to egoism actually exi/s4 ,z egoism re/ricts conc]n = welf>e to a s+le individual1 viz41 ! man's own self1 ! c\nt]-pr9ciple w\ld h to ext5d x to all o!r individuals4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x is only because ! w is above & beyond "t t ! /+s ( consci5ce are in]adicable1 & d n1 l o!r pa9s1 gradually we> away4 ,no6 an evil de$ weighs on ! consci5ce ye>s aft]w>ds z heavily z if x _h be5 fre%ly committ$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,"* is innate1 & conduct is m]ely its manife/ation2 ! occasion = great misde$s comes seldom2 /rong c\nt]-motives keep u back2 our disposition is reveal$ to ourselves by our desires1 ?\ghts1 emotions1 :5 x rema9s unkn[n to o!rs4 ,reflect+ on all ?is1 we might suppose x possible = a man to possess1 9 "s sort1 an innate evil consci5ce1 )\t ev] hav+ done any?+ v bad4 99 99 99 99 99 ,don't d to o!rs :at y w\ldn't l done to y\rself4 ,?is is1 p]haps1 "o ( ^? argum5ts t prove1 or r ask1 too mu*4 ,= a prison] might address x to a judge4 99 99 99 99 99 ,/upid p are g5]ally malici\s1 = ! v same reason z ! ugly & ! de=m$4 ,simil>ly1 g5ius & sanctity are ak94 ,h[ev] simple-m9d$ a sa9t may be1 he w nev]!less h a da% ( g5ius 9 him2 & h[ev] _m errors ( temp]am5t1 or ( actual "*1 a g5ius may possess1 he w /ill exhibit a c]ta9 nobility ( disposition by :i* he %[s 8 k9%ip ) ! sa9t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! great diff]5ce betwe5 ,law )\t & ,law )91 betwe5 ! ,/ate & ! ,k+dom ( ,god1 is v cle>4 ,x is ! ,/ate's bus9ess to see t e "o %\ld h ju/ice done to him2 x reg>ds m5 z passive be+s1 & !re=e takes no acc\nt ( any?+ b _! actions4 ,! ,moral ,law1 on ! o!r h&1 is conc]n$ t e "o %\ld d ju/ice2 x reg>ds m5 z active1 & looks to ! w r ?an ! de$4 ,to prove t ?is is ! true di/9ction let ! read] consid] :at w\ld happ5 if he 7 to say1 conv]sely1 t x is ! ,/ate's bus9ess t e "o %\ld d ju/ice1 & ! bus9ess ( ! ,moral ,law t e "o %\ld h ju/ice done to him4 ,! absurdity is obvi\s4 ,z an example ( ! di/9ction1 let me take ! case ( a debtor & a cr$itor disput+ ab\t a debt :i* ! =m] d5ies4 ,a lawy] & a morali/ are pres5t1 & %[ a lively int]e/ 9 ! matt]4 ,bo? desire t ! dispute %\ld end 9 ! same way1 al?\gh :at !y want is by no means ! same4 ,! lawy] says1 ,i want ?is man to get back :at belongs to him2 & ! morali/1 ,i want t man to d 8 duty4 ,x is ) ! w alone t morality is conc]n$4 ,:e!r ext]nal =ce h9d]s or fails to h9d] ! w f work+ does n 9 ! lea/ matt]4 ,= morality ! ext]nal _w is real only 9 s f> z x is able or unable to lead & influ5ce ! w4 ,z soon z ! w is det]m9$1 t is1 z soon z a resolve is tak51 ! ext]nal _w & its ev5ts are ( no fur!r mom5t & practical d n exi/4 ,= if ! ev5ts ( ! _w _h any su* reality--t is to say1 if !y possess$ a significance 9 !mselves1 or any o!r ?an t d]iv$ f ! w :i* is affect$ by !m--:at a grievance x w\ld be t all ^! ev5ts lie 9 ! realm ( *ance & error6 ,x is1 h[ev]1 j ?is :i* proves t ! important ?+ is n :at happ5s1 b :at is will$4 ,accord+ly1 let ! incid5ts ( life be left to ! play ( *ance & error1 to demon/rate to man t he is z *aff be=e ! w9d4 ,! ,/ate conc]ns itself only ) ! incid5ts--) :at happ5s2 no?+ else has any reality = x4 ,i may dwell ^u ?\ghts ( murd] & poison z mu* z ,i please3 ! ,/ate does n =bid me1 s long z ! axe & rope control my w1 & prev5t x f becom+ action4 ,e?ics asks3 ,:at are ! duties t[>ds o!rs :i* ju/ice imposes ^u u8 9 o!r words1 ,:at mu/ ,i r5d]8 ,! ,law ( ,nature asks3 ,:at ne$ ,i n submit to f o!rs8 t is1 ,:at mu/ ,i suff]8 ,! "q is put1 n t ,i may d no inju/ice1 b t ,i may n d m ?an e man mu/ d if he is to safegu>d 8 exi/5ce1 & ?an e man w approve be+ done1 9 ord] t he may be treat$ 9 ! same way himself2 &1 fur!r1 t ,i may n d m ?an society w p]mit me to d4 ,! same answ] w s]ve = bo? que/ions1 j z ! same /raight l9e c be drawn f ei!r ( two opposite directions1 namely1 by oppos+ =ces2 or1 aga91 z ! angle c give ! s9e1 or ! s9e ! angle4 ,x has be5 said t ! hi/orian is an inv]t$ prophet4 ,9 ! same way x may be said t a tea*] ( law is an inv]t$ morali/ 7viz41 a tea*] ( ! duties ( ju/ice71 or t politics are inv]t$ e?ics1 if we exclude ! ?\ght t e?ics also tea*es ! duty ( b5evol5ce1 magnanimity1 love1 & s on4 ,! ,/ate is ! ,gordian knot t is cut in/ead ( be+ unti$2 x is ,columbus' egg :i* is made to /& by be+ brok5 in/ead ( balanc$1 z ?\gh ! bus9ess 9 "q 7 to make x /& r ?an to balance x4 ,9 ?is respect ! ,/ate is l ! man :o ?9ks t he c produce f9e wea!r by mak+ ! b>omet] g up4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! pseudo-philosoph]s ( our age tell u t x is ! object ( ! ,/ate to promote ! moral aims ( mank9d4 ,?is is n true2 x is r ! contr>y :i* is true4 ,! aim = :i* mank9d exi/s--! expression is p>abolic--is n t a man %\ld act 9 su* & su* a mann]2 = all op]a op]ata1 ?+s t h actually be5 done1 are 9 !mselves matt]s ( indiff]5ce4 ,no6 ! aim is t ! ,w1 ( :i* e man is a complete specim5--nay1 is ! v ,w itself--%\ld turn :i!r x ne$s to turn2 t ! man himself 7! union ( ,?\ght & ,w7 %\ld p]ceive :at ?is w is1 & :at horrors x conta9s2 t he %\ld %[ ! reflection ( himself 9 8 own de$s1 9 ! abom9ation ( !m4 ,! ,/ate1 :i* is :olly conc]n$ ) ! g5]al welf>e1 *ecks ! manife/ation ( ! bad w1 b 9 no wise *ecks ! w itself2 ! attempt w\ld be impossible4 ,x is because ! ,/ate *ecks ! manife/ation ( 8 w t a man v seldom sees ! :ole abom9ation ( 8 nature 9 ! mirror ( 8 de$s4 ,or does ! read] actually suppose !re are no p 9 ! _w z bad z ,robespi]re1 ,napoleon1 or o!r murd]]s8 ,does he fail to see t !re are _m :o w\ld act l !m if only !y c\ld8 ,_m a crim9al dies m quietly on ! scaffold ?an _m a non-crim9al 9 ! arms ( 8 family4 ,! "o has p]ceiv$ :at 8 w is & has disc>d$ x4 ,! o!r has n be5 able to disc>d x1 because he has nev] be5 able to p]ceive :at x is4 ,! aim ( ! ,/ate is to produce a fool's p>adise1 & ?is is 9 direct conflict ) ! true aim ( life1 namely1 to atta9 a k ( :at ! w1 9 its horrible nature1 really is4 99 99 99 99 99 ,napoleon 0 n really worse ?an _m1 n to say mo/1 m54 ,he 0 possess$ ( ! v ord9>y egoism t seeks its welf>e at ! exp5se ( o!rs4 ,:at di/+ui%$ him 0 m]ely ! great] p[] he _h ( satisfy+ 8 w1 & great] intellig5ce1 reason & c\rage2 add$ to :i*1 *ance gave him a fav\rable scope = 8 op]ations4 ,by means ( all ?is he did = 8 egoism :at a ?\s& o!r m5 w\ld l to d = !irs1 b _c4 ,e feeble lad :o by little acts ( villa9y ga9s a small advantage = himself by putt+ o!rs to "s disadvantage1 al?\gh x may be equally small1 is j z bad z ,napoleon4 ,^? :o fancy t retribution comes aft] dea? w\ld dem& t ,napoleon %\ld by unutt]able torm5ts pay ! p5alty = all ! numb]less calamities t he caus$4 ,b he is no m culpable ?an all ^? :o possess ! same w1 unaccompani$ by ! same p[]4 ,! circum/ance t 9 8 case ?is extraord9>y p[] 0 add$ all[$ him to reveal ! :ole wick$ness ( ! human w2 & ! suff]+s ( 8 age1 z ! necess>y obv]se ( ! m$al1 reveal ! mis]y :i* is inextricably b\nd up ) ?is bad w4 ,x is ! g5]al manipulation ( ?is w t con/itutes ! _w4 ,b x is precisely t x %\ld be und]/ood h[ inextricably ! w to live is b\nd up )1 & is really "o & ! same z1 ?is unspeakable mis]y1 t is ! _w's aim & purpose2 & x is an aim & purpose :i* ! appe>ance ( ,napoleon did mu* to assi/4 ,n to be an unmean+ fools' p>adise b a trag$y1 9 :i* ! w to live und]/&s itself & yields--t is ! object = :i* ! _w exi/s4 ,napoleon is only an enorm\s mirror ( ! w to live4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! man :o causes suff]+ & ! man :o suff]s x1 is only ph5om5al4 ,x is all a w to live1 id5tical ) great suff]+2 & x is only by und]/&+ ?is t ! w c m5d & end4 99 99 99 99 99 ,:at *iefly di/+ui%es anci5t f mod]n times is t 9 anci5t times1 to use ,napoleon's expression1 x 0 affairs t reign$3 les p>oles aux *oses4 ,9 mod]n times ?is is n s4 ,:at ,i mean is t 9 anci5t times ! "* ( public life1 ( ! ,/ate1 & ( ,religion1 z well z ( private life1 0 a /r5u\s affirmation ( ! w to live4 ,9 mod]n times x is a d5ial ( ?is w1 = su* is ! "* ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,b n[ :ile on ! "o h& t d5ial has suff]$ "s abatem5t ev5 9 public op9ion1 because x is too repugnant to human "*1 on ! o!r :at is publicly d5i$ is secretly affirm$4 ,h5ce x is t we see half measures & falsehood ev]y:]e2 & t is :y mod]n times look s small beside antiquity4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! /ructure ( human society is l a p5dulum sw++ betwe5 two impulses1 two evils 9 pol> opposition1 despotism & an>*y4 ,! fur!r x gets f ! "o1 ! ne>] x approa*es ! o!r4 ,f ?is ! read] might hit on ! ?\ght t if x 7 exactly midway betwe5 ! two1 x w\ld be "r4 ,f> f x4 ,= ^! two evils are by no means equally bad & dang]\s4 ,! =m] is incomp>ably less to be fe>$2 its ills exi/ 9 ! ma9 only z possibilities1 & if !y come at all x is only "o among millions t !y t\*4 ,b1 ) an>*y1 possibility & actuality are insep>able2 its bl[s fall on e man e day4 ,!re=e e con/itution %\ld be a ne>] approa* to a despotism ?an to an>*y2 nay1 x mu/ conta9 a small possibility ( despotism4