,,am]ican ,,educational ,,s]ies ,,/udies ,,9 ,,civics ,,by ,,james ,t4 ,mc,c,l,e,a,r,y1 ,m4,c4 ,,late ,,tea*] ,,( ,,civics ,,& ,,hi/ory ,,9 ,,! ,,/ate ,,normal ,,s*ool ,,mankato1 ,,m9nesota ,,life ,,memb] ,,m9nesota ,,hi/orical ,,society ,,revis$ ,,to #ahig ,illu/ration3 7,h\se ( ,repres5tatives7 ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,capitol 7,s5ate47 ,,to ,,! ,,memb]s ,,( ,,my ,,classes ,,9 ,,civics1 ,,^: ,,que/ions ,,h ,,aid$ ,,me ,,9 ,,det]m9+ ,,:at ,,subjects ,,to ,,treat1 ,,& ,,^: ,,e>ne/ness ,,& ,,intellig5ce ,,h ,,made ,,x ,a ,,pleasure ,,to ,,be ,,_! ,,tea*]1 ,,?is ,,book ,,is ,,affectionately ,,inscrib$4 ,,preface4 ,! ?\ght con/antly 9 m9d 9 ! prep>ation ( ?is book has be5 to furni% useful mat]ial 9 usable =m4 ,att5tion is invit$ to ! scope ( ! "w4 ,! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 n a m]e ab/ract ( x b a c>eful /udy ( ! text1 is prop]ly giv5 mu* space b is n all[$ a monopoly ( x4 ,ea* ( our gov]nm5tal in/itutions des]ves & receives a %>e ( consid]ation4 ,! ord] ( pres5tation--beg9n+ ) ! t[n1 :]e ! /ud5t c obs]ve ! op]ations ( gov]nm5t1 & proce$+ gradually to ! consid]ation ( gov]nm5t 9 g5]al--is bas$ ^u conclusions rea*$ dur+ eighte5 ye>s ( exp]i5ce 9 tea*+ ?is subject4 ,matt] to be us$ *iefly = ref]5ce is plac$ 9 ! app5dix4 ,att5tion is ask$ to ! am\nt ( in=mation :i*1 by means ( tabulations & o!r modes ( cond5sation1 is !re9 conta9$4 ,docum5ts easily obta9able1 su* z ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce1 are omitt$ to make room = typical & o!r int]e/+ docum5ts n usually accessible4 ,is ?is book int5d$ to be an (fice-hold]s' manual8 ,no2 b x is int5d$ to help /ud5ts to get an insight into ! way 9 :i* public bus9ess is c>ri$ on4 ,is x design$ z an elem5t>y treatise on law8 ,no2 b ! hope is indulg$ t ! "y p :o /udy x w cat* some?+ ( ! _s ( law1 :i* to "k is to respect4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,preface1 ,,to ,,tea*]s1 ,,to ,,/ud5ts1 ,,prelim9>y ,,*apt]4 ,,gov]nm5t3 ,,:at ,,x ,,is ,,& ,,:y ,,x ,,is1 ,,"p ,i4--,,gov]nm5t ,,)9 ,,! ,,/ate4 ,,*apt]4 ,i4--,,! ,,t[n3 ,,:y ,,& ,,h[ ,,organiz$1 ,,etc41 ,,ii4--,,primitive ,,modes ,,( ,,adm9i/]+ ,,ju/ice1 ,,iii4--,,proce$+s ,,9 ,a ,,ju/ice ,,c\rt1 ,,iv4--,,! ,,incorporat$ ,,village1 ,v4--,,! ,,city1 ,,vi4--,,! ,,c\nty1 ,,vii4--,,e/abli%+ ,,ju/ice ,,9 ,,! ,,c\nty1 ,,viii4--,,hi/orical1 ,,"p ,,ii4--,,! ,,/ate4 ,,ix4--,,/ates3 ,,:y ,,& ,,h[ ,,creat$1 ,x4--,,/ate ,,con/itutions1 ,,xi4--,,dep>tm5ts ,,( ,,gov]nm5t1 ,,xii4--,,! ,,legislative ,,dep>tm5t1 ,,xiii4--,,! ,,executive ,,dep>tm5t1 ,,xiv4--,,o!r ,,/ate ,,(fic]s1 ,,xv4--,,! ,,judicial ,,dep>tm5t1 ,,xvi4--,,retrospect ,,& ,,prospect1 ,,"p ,,iii4--,,! ,,nation4 ,,xvii4--,,! ,,causes ,,( ,,! ,,revolution1 ,,xviii4--,,! ,,articles ,,( ,,conf$]ation1 ,,xix4--,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,con/itution1 ,,xx4--,,! ,,con/itution3 ,,preamble1 ,,xxi4--,,/ructure ,,( ,,! ,,legislative ,,bran*1 ,,xxii4--,,p[]s ,,( ,,congress1 ,,xxiii4--,,! ,,executive ,,bran*1 ,,xxiv4--,,! ,,judicial ,,bran*1 ,,xxv4--,,! ,,relations ,,( ,,! ,,/ates1 ,,xxvi4--,,modes ,,( ,,am5d+ ,,! ,,con/itution1 ,,xxvii4--,,miscellane\s ,,provisions1 ,,xxviii4--,,ratification ,,( ,,! ,,con/itution1 ,,xxix4--,,! ,,am5dm5ts1 ,,"p ,,iv4--,,gov]nm5t ,,9 ,,g5]al4 ,,xxx4--,,=ms ,,( ,,gov]nm5t1 ,,"p ,v4--,,comm]cial ,,law4 ,,xxxi4--,,contracts1 ,,xxxii4--,,ag5cy1 ,,xxxiii4--,,p>tn]%ip1 ,,xxxiv4--,,corporations1 ,,xxxv4--,,comm]cial ,,pap]1 ,,app5dix4 ,a4--,,=ms1 ,b4--,,tables1 ,c4--,,h[ ,,"s ,,?+s ,,are ,,done1 ,d4--,,"s ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,int]national ,,law1 ,e4--,,docum5ts1 ,,g5]al ,,index1 ,,to ,,tea*]s4 ,highly compet5t tea*]s are ! v ones :o receive mo/ k9dly sugge/ions meant to be helpful4 ,= su* ^! words are int5d$4 ,! local organizations are s relat$ t x is advisable = all classes to consid] ea* ( !m4 ,especial att5tion %\ld1 h[ev]1 be giv5 to ! organization 7t[n1 village or city7 9 :i* ! s*ool is4 ,"h consid]able "t c be pr(itably sp5t1 & ! matt] 9 ! book may be mu* amplifi$4 ,"h mu/ be laid ! basis ( future /udy4 ,c]ta9 typical in/rum5ts des]ve c>eful /udy4 ,= a /ud5t to h made out und]/&+ly an (ficial bond1 = in/ance1 is = him to h ga9$ greatly 9 intellig5ce4 ,x w be ( great advantage to ! class = ! tea*] to h a complete set ( ! pap]s ^: =ms are giv5 9 ,app5dix ,a4 ,^! may be obta9$ at almo/ any newspap] (fice1 at a co/ ( ab\t #ej c5ts4 ,a scrap-book or s]ies ( envelopes 9 :i* to file newspap] clipp+s illu/rative ( ! e-day work+s ( gov]nm5t1 may be made v useful4 ,pupils %\ld be p]mitt$ & enc\rag$ to contribute4 ,"o good way to review is = ! tea*] to give out1 say once 9 two weeks1 a set ( tw5ty-five or m que/ions1 ea* ( :i* may be answ]$ 9 a few words2 h ! pupils write _! answ]s2 & ! correct answ]s be+ giv5 by tea*] or pupils1 ea* may m>k 8 own pap]4 ,ea* pupil may ?us discov] :]e he is /rong & :]e weak4 ,! que/ions giv5 = debate may be discuss$ by ! lit]>y society4 ,or = morn+ ex]cises1 "o /ud5t may on a c]ta9 day pres5t "o side ( ! argum5t1 & on ! foll[+ day ! negative may be br\ght out by ano!r /ud5t4 ,a /ud5t %\ld n be requir$ to submit 8 good "n to ! *ances ( answ]+ a c]ta9 set ( que/ions1 h[ev] excell5t1 at ! exam9ation1 :5 f anxiety or o!r causes he may fall f> %ort ( do+ himself ju/ice4 ,"o good plan is to all[ ea* /ud5t to make up #ej p]c5t ( 8 record dur+ ! progress ( ! "w1 by br++ 91 say1 five c>efully prep>$ pap]s4 ,"o ( ^! may be a resum ( matt] p]ta9+ to 8 local organization2 ano!r may be an acc\nt ( a trial obs]v$1 or o!r gov]nm5tal "w :i* ! /ud5t may h se5 p]=m$2 a ?ird may be a synopsis ( ! presid5t's message2 ! f\r?1 a g5]al tabulation ( ! con/itution2 ! fif?1 a review ( "s book on gov]nm5t1 or a pap] on a subject ( ! /ud5t's own *oice4 ,among ref]5ce books1 e s*ool %\ld h at lea/ ! ,revis$ ,/atutes ( ! /ate & ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! ,legislative ,manual ( ! /ate1 a good political almanac = ! curr5t ye>1 ! ,congressional ,directory1 & ,alton's ,among ! ,lawmak]s4 ,a ,tea*]s' ,manual1 giv+ answ]s to ! p]t95t que/ions conta9$ h]e91 & _m useful h9ts z to ! details ( tea*+ ,civics1 is publi%$ 9 connection ) ?is book4 ,,to ,,/ud5ts4 ,y w notice 9 *apt] "o t at ! close ( ne>ly e p>agraph que/ions are ?r[n 94 ,!y are ins]t$ to help y cultivate 9 y\rself ! v valuable habit ( rigid self-exam9ation4 ,we are all liable to assume too soon t we h ! ?\ght4 ,n to m> ! look ( ! page1 ! que/ions are !nce=w>d plac$ only at ! close ( ! *apt]s4 ,y w soon discov] t ^! que/ions are s fram$ z to require y to read n only on ! l9es & betwe5 !m1 b also "r d[n into !m4 ,ev5 !n y w n be able to answ] all ( ! que/ions4 ,! in=mation may n be 9 ! book at all4 ,y may h to look ar\nd a long "t = ! answ]4 ,if y occasionally come to a "q :i* y c nei!r answ] nor dismiss f y\r m9d1 be ?ankful = ! "q & t y are bright en\gh to be affect$ 9 ?is way4 ,y h d\btless discov]$ t "s ( y\r be/ intellectual "w1 y\r mo/ fruitful /udy1 has be5 done on j su* que/ions4 ,aft] /udy+ a provision ( ! con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 y %\ld be able to answ] ^! f\r que/ions3 #a4 ,:at does x say8 #b4 ,:at does x mean8 #c4 ,:y 0 ! provision ins]t$8 #d4 ,h[ is x c>ri$ into practical effect8 ,"s ( ! provisions %\ld be s ?or\ghly committ$ to memory t at any "t !y may be accurately quot$4 ,! ability to quote exactly is an accompli%m5t well wor? acquir+4 ,aft] y h got ?r\gh ) a l9e ( inve/igation x is a good ?+ to make a synopsis ( ! conclusions rea*$4 ,h9ts are giv5 at appropriate places z to h[ ?is may be done4 ,b ! do+ ( x is left to y1 t y may h ! pleasure & pr(it result+ !refrom4 ,f9ally1 )\t frett+ y\rself unnecess>ily1 be possess$ ( a noble dissatisfaction ) vague half-k4 ,try to see cle>ly4 ,gov]nm5t is s mu* a matt] ( common s5se1 t y c assur$ly und]/& mu* ( x if y det]m9e s to d4 ,,/udies ,,9 ,,civics4 ,,prelim9>y ,,*apt]4 ,,gov]nm5t3 ,,:at ,,x ,,is ,,& ,,:y ,,x ,,is4 ,at ! v beg9n+ ( our /udy1 two que/ions naturally pres5t !mselves3 ,fir/4 ,:at is gov]nm5t8 ,second4 ,:y d we h su* a ?+8 ,^! que/ions are mu* easi] to ask ?an to answ]4 ,! wise/ m5 ( ! ages h pond]$ ^u !m1 & _! answ]s h v>i$ widely4 ,yet we ne$ n despair4 ,ev5 boys & girls c "w out mod]ately good answ]s1 if !y w approa* ! que/ions s]i\sly & ) a det]m9ation to get z ne> ! root ( ! matt] z possible4 ,beg9n+ )\t attempt+ an exact def9ition ( gov]nm5t1 because we all h a notion ( :at x is1 we notice t only c]ta9 animals are gov]nm5t-=m+4 ,among ^! may be m5tion$ ! ant1 ! bee1 & man4 ,! fox1 ! be>1 & ! lion repres5t ! o!r class4 ,if we %\ld make two li/s1 includ+ 9 "o all ! animals ( ! fir/ class & 9 ! o!r all ^? ( ! second class1 we %\ld make ?is discov]y1 t gov]nm5t-=m+ animals are ^? :i* by nature live toge!r 9 companies1 :ile ! o!r class z a rule live ap>t4 ,! g5]alization rea*$ is1 t only greg>i\s animals =m gov]nm5ts4 ,we w\ld discov] ^u fur!r inve/igation t ! great] ! int]dep5d5ce ( ! individuals1 ! m complex ! gov]nm5t4 ,conf9+ our att5tion n[ to man1 ^: gov]nm5t is ! mo/ complex1 we may put our g5]alization into ?is =m3 ,man e/abli%es gov]nm5t because by nature he is a social be+4 ,?is may be tak5 z ! fundam5tal reason4 ,let u n[ proce$ to trace ! relation betwe5 cause & effect4 ,9 ord] t p may g f place to place to meet o!rs = pleasure or bus9ess1 roads are ne$$4 ,"s ( ^! roads may cross /reams too deep = =d+1 s bridges mu/ be provid$4 ,^! ?+s are = ! good ( all2 !y are public ne$s1 & %\ld be provid$ by ! public4 ,b :at is e body's bus9ess is nobody's bus9ess4 ,x foll[s t ! public mu/ appo9t c]ta9 p]sons to look aft] su* ?+s4 ,by ! act ( appo9t+ ^! p]sons1 society becomes to t ext5t organiz$4 ,we see1 !n1 t society organizes 9 ord] to provide c]ta9 public improvem5ts1 to c>ry on c]ta9 public works4 ,= 8 own pres]vation1 man is end[$ ) ano!r quality1 namely1 selfi%ness4 ,sometimes ?is is s /rong 9 a p]son z to cause him to disreg>d ! rights ( o!rs4 ,by exp]i5ce man has le>n$ t e p]son is int]e/$ 9 see+ t conflict+ claims are settl$ on a bett] basis ?an t ( ! relative /r5g? ( ! conte/ants4 ,9 o!r words1 all are int]e/$ 9 ! preval5ce ( peace & ! rightful settlem5t ( disputes4 ,t ?is "w may surely be done1 x is obvi\s t society mu/ appo9t c]ta9 p]sons to att5d to x2 t is1 society organizes to e/abli% ju/ice4 ,communities take _! "* f t ( ! individuals compos+ !m1 !re=e communities are selfi%4 ,a ?ird reason appe>s1 !n1 = ! organization ( society1 namely1 ! common def5se4 ,b ?is organization ( society is ! v ?+ t we call gov]nm5t4 ,we may1 !re=e1 answ] ! two que/ions propos$ at ! beg9n+ 9 ?is way3 ,gov]nm5t is ! organization ( society to c>ry on public works1 to e/abli% ju/ice1 & to provide = ! common def5se4 ,! t]m gov]nm5t is also appli$ to ! body ( p]sons into ^: h&s is committ$ ! managem5t ( public affairs4 ,to %[ t gov]nm5t is a necessity to man1 let u imag9e a company ( sev]al hundr$ m51 wom51 & *ildr51 :o h left _! =m] home on acc\nt ( ! tyranny ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,s h>%ly h !y be5 treat$1 t !y h ascrib$ all _! mis]y to ! ?+ call$ gov]nm5t1 & !y resolve t !y w h none 9 _! new home4 ,!y discov] an isl& 9 ! ocean1 :i* seems nev] to h be5 occupi$1 & :i* appe>s a goodly l&4 ,"h !y resolve to settle4 ,!y help ea* o!r 9 build+ ! h\ses2 ea* takes f ! =e/ ! wood t he ne$s = fuel2 !y graze ! cattle 9 a common mead[2 !y till a common field & all %>e 9 ! h>ve/4 ,= a "t all goes well4 ,b mutt]+s beg9 to be he>d4 ,x is f\nd t "s are unwill+ to d _! %>e ( ! "w4 ,x becomes manife/ to ! ?\ghtful t community ( prop]ty mu/ be giv5 up & private own]%ip be introduc$1 or else t ! common "w mu/ be regulat$4 ,9 ! latt] case1 gov]nm5t is e/abli%$ by ! v act ( regulation2 !y are e/abli%+ ju/ice4 ,if !y resolve to adopt private own]%ip1 indu/ry w div]sify1 !y w beg9 to spread out ov] ! isl&1 & public improvem5ts w be ne$$1 su* z ^? specifi$ above4 ,! conflict ( int]e/s w soon necessitate tribunals = ! settlem5t ( disputes4 ,& ?us gov]nm5t w\ld1 9 ei!r case1 inevitably be e/abli%$4 ,a visit f savages inhabit+ ano!r isl& w\ld %[ ! utility ( ! organization = common def5se4 ,?us gov]nm5t seems a necess>y consequ5ce ( man's nature4 ,9 ?is c\ntry we h ! g5]al gov]nm5t & /ate gov]nm5ts1 ! latt] act+ *iefly ?r\gh local organizations4 ,= obvi\s reasons1 ! common def5se is ve/$ 9 ! g5]al gov]nm5t4 ,= reasons t w appe>1 mo/ ( ! "w ( public improvem5t & e/abli%+ ju/ice is entru/$ to ! /ate & local gov]nm5ts4 ,^! we %all n[ proce$ to /udy1 beg9n+ at home4 ,,qu]ies4--,w\ld gov]nm5t be necess>y if man 7 morally p]fect8 ,:y is ?is organization ( society call$ gov]nm5t8 ,,"p ,i4 ,,gov]nm5t ,,)9 ,,! ,,/ate4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,t[n3 ,,:y ,,& ,,h[ ,,organiz$2 ,,(fic]s2 ,,t[n ,,bus9ess4 ,necessity4--,n[ in/ead ( a company go+ to an isl& to f\nd new homes1 let u ?9k ( immigrants to a new "p ( a /ate4 ,l ! p on ! isl&1 !y w ne$ roads1 bridges1 & s*ools2 & !y w desire to pres]ve ! local peace4 ,h5ce !y1 too1 w ne$ to organize z a political body4 ,size4--,s9ce ^! p are go+ to meet at /at$ p]iods to agree ^u ! am\nts to be put into public improvem5ts & to select (fic]s to c>ry out _! wi%es1 ! t]ritory cov]$ by ! organization %\ld n be v l>ge4 ,x %\ld be ( su* a size t e "o entitl$ to d s c rea* ! place ( meet+1 take "p 9 ! "w !re(1 & return home ! same day1 ev5 if he has no team4 ,basis4--,w any?+ be f\nd already done to facilitate matt]s8 ,yes4 ,^? p>ts ( ! /ate op5 to settlem5t w be f\nd survey$ into portions six miles squ>e4 ,^! squ>es are call$ 9 ! survey t[n%ips1 pla9ly indicat+ t !y 7 meant by ! g5]al gov]nm5t to be conv5i5t bases = ! organization ( t[ns4 ,& !y h be5 s accept$4 ,draw a t[n%ip4 ,subdivide x into sections & numb] !m 9 accordance ) ! ,u4,s4 survey4 ,subdivide a section into =ties1 & describe ea* =ty4 ,:y d we h su* divisions ( a t[n%ip8 ,locate y\r fa!r's f>m4 ,:at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 a t[n%ip & a t[n8 ,footnote3 ,9 "s /ates ! t]ms congressional t[n%ip & civil t[n%ip are us$4 ,corporate ,p[]s4--,a t[n is 9 "s respects l an individual4 ,x c sue & be su$4 ,x c borr[ money4 ,x c buy or r5t prop]ty ne$$ = public purposes4 ,& x c sell prop]ty = :i* x has no fur!r use4 ,because a t[n c d ^! ?+s z an individual c x is call$ a corporation1 & su* p[]s are call$ corporate p[]s4 ,:5 we say t ! t[n c d ^! ?+s1 we mean ( c\rse t ! p ( ! t[n z a political body c d !m1 ?r\gh ! prop] (fic]s4 ,(fic]s ,ne$$4--,! t[n ne$s "o or m p]sons to act = x 9 its corporate capacity & to h g5]al *>ge ( its int]e/s4 ,%\ld !re be "o1 or m ?an "o8 ,:y8 ,h[ _m are !re8 ,e bus9ess transaction %\ld be record$1 & ! t[n %\ld h a record+ (fic] or secret>y4 ,:at is ! record+ (fic] 9 ?is t[n call$8 ,:at is 8 "n8 ,:i* (fic] w\ld naturally be ! cu/odian ( public pap]s8 ,x takes money to build bridges & to c>ry on o!r public works1 & ! t[n ne$s "s "o to take *>ge ( ! public funds4 ,:at is ! (fic] call$8 ,:o occupies t position 9 ?is t[n8 ,h[ is he prev5t$ f misappropriat+ ! money belong+ to ! p8 ,our plan = rais+ public money = local purposes is1 9 g5]al1 t ea* p]son %all contribute accord+ to ! value ( 8 prop]ty4 ,h5ce ! t[n ne$s a compet5t & reliable man to value ea* p]son's prop]ty4 ,:at is su* an (fic] call$8 ,:at is ! "n ( ! "o 9 ?is t[n8 ,is any prop]ty exempt f taxation8 ,:y8 ,j h[ is ! value ( ! real e/ate 9 ! t[n asc]ta9$ = ! purpose ( taxation8 ,! value ( ! p]sonal prop]ty8 ,get a li/ & f9d out :at que/ions ?is (fic] asks4 ,read ! /atem5t at ! bottom ( ! li/ c>efully1 & !n =m an op9ion ( a p]son :o w\ld answ] ! que/ions untru?fully = ! purpose ( l[]+ 8 taxes4 ,! imm$iate c>e ( ! roads w dem& ! att5tion ( "o or m (fic]s4 ,h[ _m 9 ?is t[n8 ,:at are su* (fic]s call$8 ,"n !m4 ,diff]5ces ab\t prop]ty ( small value sometimes arise1 & to g f> f home to h !m settl$ w\ld involve too mu* exp5se ( "t & money2 h5ce ! necessity ( local (fic]s ( ju/ice4 ,^! (fic]s are ne$$ also because petty acts ( lawlessness are liable to occur4 ,h[ _m ju/ices ( ! peace are !re 9 ea* t[n8 ,:y t numb]8 ,:at is ! ext5t ( _! jurisdiction8 ,! arre/ ( crim9als1 ! s]v+ ( legal pap]s1 & ! c>ry+ out ( ! decisions ( ju/ices ( ! peace1 make x necess>y to h "o or m o!r (fic]s4 ,:at are su* (fic]s call$8 ,h[ _m 9 ea* t[n8 ,:y8 ,look up ! hi/ory ( ?is (fice2 x is int]e/+4 ,! public s*ools ( ! t[n may be manag$ ei!r by a t[n bo>d ( tru/ees1 :o locate all ( ! s*ool-h\ses1 engage all ( ! tea*]s1 & provide necess>y mat]ial = all ( ! s*ools 9 ! t[n2 or ! t[n may be divid$ into di/ricts1 ! s*ool 9 ea* be+ manag$ by its own s*ool bo>d4 ,does ! t[n%ip sy/em or ! di/rict sy/em prevail 9 ?is /ate8 ,"n "s /ate 9 :i* ! o!r sy/em prevails4 ,h[ ,*os54--,9 ?is c\ntry mo/ ( ! public (fic]s are *os5 by ! p int]e/$4 ,! great problem ( election is h[ to asc]ta9 ! real w ( ^? entitl$ to express an op9ion or h a *oice4 ,& all ! arrangem5ts = conduct+ elections h 9 view "o ( two ?+s3 ei!r to facilitate vot+ or to prev5t fraud4 ,! t[n s]ves z a conv5i5t vot+ prec9ct4 ,f9d out f ! /atutes or f ! t[n manual or by inquiry1 :5 ! t[n meet+ is held2 h[ notice is giv52 h[ x is kn[n :o may vote2 :o are judges ( election2 h[ _m cl]ks !re are2 h[ vot+ is done2 h[ ! votes are c\nt$ & ! result made kn[n2 :at reports ( ! election are made4 ,give ! reason = ea* provision4 ,c a p]son vote by proxy8 ,:y8 ,:at is to prev5t a p]son f vot+ m ?an once8 ,if ! polls are op5 sev5 h\rs1 & x takes "o m9ute to vote1 h[ _m p]sons c vote at "o poll+ place8 ,:at may be done 9 case !re are m ?an t numb] ( vot]s 9 ! t[n8 ,h[ are road ov]se]s elect$1 & 9 :at "p ( ! day8 ,:y !n8 ,:at o!r bus9ess is transact$ at t[n meet+8 ,h[ d ! p "k h[ mu* money w be ne$$ = ! com+ ye>'s improvem5ts8 ,h[ d !y le>n ! nature & exp5se ( la/ ye>'s improvem5ts8 ,give f\r g5]al reasons = our hav+ t[ns4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,practical ,,"w ,,= ,,/ud5ts4 ,i4 ,,organiz+ ,a ,,t[n4 ,prep>e 9 due =m a petition to ! prop] au?orities ask+ t a new t[n be organiz$4 ,footnote3 ,= =ms see ,app5dix4 ,if necess>y1 all ! pupils 9 ! room or s*ool may act z legal vot]s4 7,?is ,practical ,"w may be omitt$ until ! review1 if deem$ be/47 ,be sure t ! ord] e/abli%+ ! new t[n is duly made out1 sign$1 atte/$ & fil$4 ,give reasons = ea* /ep4 ,,ii4 ,,hold+ ,,annual ,,t[n ,,meet+4 #a4 ,prelim9>y4--,:at report does ea* road ov]se] make to ! sup]visors8 ,:5 is ! report due8 ,:at d ! sup]visors require ?is in=mation =8 ,:o gives notice ( ! t[n meet+8 ,:58 ,h[8 ,:5 does ! t[n treasur] make 8 report to ! p]sons appo9t$ to exam9e 8 acc\nts8 ,:5 does ?is exam9ation take place8 ,:at is its purpose8 ,:at report does ! bo>d ( sup]visors make to ! p at ! t[n meet+8 ,:5 is x prep>$8 ,:y is x necess>y8 ,:y s _m prelim9>ies8 #b4 ,! ,t[n ,meet+4--,t ev]y?+ may be done dec5tly & 9 ord]1 x w be necess>y to consult c>efully ! /atutes or ! t[n manual4 ,be sure 7a7 ,t ! prop] (fic]s are 9 *>ge4 7b7 ,t ! ord] ( bus9ess is ann\nc$ & foll[$4 7c7 ,t ! polls are duly decl>$ op54 7d7 ,t ! vot+ is done 9 exact accordance ) law4 7e7 ,t g5]al bus9ess is att5d$ to at ! prop] "t4 7f7 ,t reports ( (fic]s are duly read & act$ ^u4 7g7 ,t appropriations = ! succe$+ ye> are duly made4 7h7 ,t ! m9utes ( ! meet+ are c>efully kept4 7i7 ,t ! polls are clos$ 9 due =m4 7j7 ,t ! votes are c\nt$ & ! result made kn[n accord+ to law4 7k7 ,t all reports ( ! meet+ are made on "t & 9 due =m4 #c4 ,aft] ,t[n ,meet+4--,see t all (fic]s elect$ qualify on "t & 9 /rict accordance ) law4 ,especial c>e w be ne$$ 9 mak+ out ! bonds4 ,t[n cl]k mu/ c]tify to prop] (fic] ! tax levi$ at t[n meet+4 ,,iii4 ,,lay+ ,,out ,,& ,,ma9ta9+ ,,roads4 #a4 ,lay+ out a ,road4--,make out a petition = a t[n road1 h x duly sign$ & po/$4 ,9 due season pres5t x to ! sup]visors :o 7 elect$ at y\r t[n meet+4 ,! sup]visors1 aft] exam9+ ! petition c>efully & be+ sure t x is 9 prop] =m & t x has be5 duly po/$1 w appo9t a "t & place ( he>+ & give due notice !re(4 ,:5 ! day ( he>+ arrives !y w exam9e ! pro(s ( ! po/+ & s]vice ( ! notices ( he>+ be=e proce$+ to act ^u ! petition4 ,hav+ he>d argum5ts = & aga9/ ! lay+ ( ! road1 ! sup]visors w r5d] _! decision 9 due =m4 ,9 aw>d+ damages1 ! sup]visors w probably f9d f\r classes ( p]sons3 fir/1 ^? to :om ! road is ( z mu* b5efit z damage1 & :o admit ! fact2 second1 ^? :o %\ld h damages1 & are reasonable 9 _! dem&s2 ?ird1 ^? :o claim m damages ?an !y are 9 ! judgm5t ( ! sup]visors entitl$ to2 & f\r?1 ^? :o f "s cause1 7abs5ce1 p]haps17 d n pres5t any claim4 ,f ! fir/ class1 ! sup]visors c readily get a release ( damages4 ,) ! second1 !y c easily come to an agreem5t z to damages4 ,to ! ?ird & f\r?1 !y mu/ make an aw>d ( damages4 ,let all ( ^! cases arise & be tak5 c>e (4 ,! sup]visors mu/ be c>eful to issue _! road ord] 9 prop] =m1 & to see t ! ord]1 toge!r ) ! petition1 notices1 affidavits & aw>ds ( damages1 are fil$ correctly & on "t4 ,! t[n cl]k mu/ read ! law c>efully to asc]ta9 8 duty1 & !n p]=m x exactly4 ,see t f5ces are ord]$ to be remov$4 ,let "o ( ! p]sons :o feels himself aggriev$ by ! decision ( ! sup]visors1 appeal to a prop] c\rt4 ,let ?is be done 9 due =m4 ,z ea* /ep is tak51 let ! reasons = x be made cle>4 #b4 ,ma9ta9+ ,roads4--,road ov]se]s return ! li/ ( p]sons liable to road labor4 ,h[ are ^! facts asc]ta9$1 & :5 mu/ ! return be made8 ,sup]visors meet & assess road labor1 & sign road tax w>rants4 ,:5 & h[ is ?is done8 ,h[ is ! road tax usually paid8 ,h[ else may x be paid8 ,h[ does ! ov]se] indicate t a p]son's tax is paid8 ,if a p]son liable to road tax does n commute1 & yet neglects or refuses to appe> :5 duly notifi$ by ! road ov]se]1 :at c ! latt] d ab\t x8 ,h[ is del9qu5t road tax collect$8 ,h[ c a p]son :o has paid 8 tax prove t he has paid x8 ,"u :i* ( ! ?ree great purposes ( gov]nm5t m5tion$ 9 ! prelim9>y *apt] does ! mak+ ( roads come8 ,,! ,,t[n--,cont9u$4 ,,! ,,s*ools4 ,does ! t[n sy/em or ! di/rict sy/em prevail 9 ?is /ate8 ,if ! latt]1 tell h[ a s*ool di/rict is organiz$4 ,give an acc\nt ( ! organization ( ?is di/rict4 ,h[ _m & :at (fic]s h *>ge ( ! s*ools8 ,/ate ! duties ( ea*4 ,"n ! (fic]s 9 ?is di/rict4 ,:5 are ! (fic]s *os51 & h[ long d !y s]ve8 ,are all *os5 at once8 ,:y8 ,h[ d !y qualify8 ,are wom5 eligible to s*ool (fices8 ,to any o!r8 ,did y ev] att5d ! annual meet+8 ,:5 is x held8 ,:y held !n8 ,:o take "p8 ,:at bus9ess is transact$8 ,:at are special s*ool meet+s8 ,:at exp5ses mu/ be met 9 hav+ a s*ool8 ,:]e does ! money come f8 ,h[ does ! treasur] get x into 8 possession8 ,:at is to prev5t 8 misus+ x8 ,by :om is ! tea*] *os58 ,:y n elect ! tea*] at ! annual meet+8 ,get a tea*]'s contract & f9d out :o ! contract+ p>ties are1 & :at ea* agrees to d4 ,:y is ! contract 9 writ+8 ,h[ _m copies ( x are made8 ,:o keep !m1 & :y8 ,if y _h a bill aga9/ ! di/rict1 h[ w\ld y proce$ to get y\r money8 ,if ! di/rict refus$ or neglect$ to pay y1 :at c\ld y d8 ,if "s "o ow$ ! di/rict & refus$ to pay1 :at c\ld x d8 ,:o owns ! s*ool build+s & gr\nds8 ,h[ 0 own]%ip obta9$8 ,if x seem$ be/ to erect a new s*oolh\se 9 "s o!r "p ( ! di/rict1 :at c\ld be done ) ! pres5t build+s & gr\nds8 ,c\ld ! di/rict buy l& = o!r ?an s*ool purposes8 ,c\ld x l5d money if x _h any to sp>e8 ,if ! di/rict _h n money en\gh to erect its build+s1 :at c\ld x d8 ,:at are ! corporate p[]s ( a di/rict8 ,que/ions = ,debate4 ,resolv$1 ,t x is unfair to tax a ba*elor to support a s*ool4 ,resolv$1 ,t ! t[n sy/em is bett] ?an ! di/rict sy/em4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,primitive ,,modes ,,( ,,adm9i/]+ ,,ju/ice4 ,trial by ,ordeal4--,boys settle "s matt]s ab\t :i* !y _c agree by toss+ up a p5ny1 or by draw+ cuts4 ,9 a game ( ball !y det]m9e fir/ inn+s by toss+ ! bat4 ,diff]5ces 9 a game ( m>bles1 !y settle by guess+ odd or ev51 or by try+ x ov] to prove x4 ,9 all ^! modes ( adju/m5t !re is an appeal to *ance4 ,probably beh9d ^! practices is ! feel+ t ! boy :o ought to w9 w someh[ guess "r4 ,?is appeal+ to *ance to settle que/ions ( fact is *>act]i/ic ( society 9 its primitive /ate4 ,modes ( e/abli%+ ju/ice simil> 9 pr9ciple to ^! boy practices prevail to ?is day among sup]/iti\s peoples4 ,!y h prevail$ ev5 9 ,europe1 n only among p ( l[ m5tal p[]1 b also among ! cultur$ ,greeks4 ,among our own ,saxon ance/ors ! foll[+ modes ( trial are kn[n to h be5 us$3 ,a p]son accus$ ( crime 0 requir$ to walk bl9dfold$ & b>efoot ov] a piece ( gr\nd on :i* hot pl\gh%>es lay at unequal di/ances1 or to plunge 8 arm into hot wat]4 ,if 9 ei!r case he escap$ unhurt he 0 decl>$ innoc5t4 ,?is 0 call$ ,trial by ,ordeal4 ,! !ory 0 t ,provid5ce w\ld protect ! innoc5t4 ,trial by ,battle4--,sometimes boys settle _! disputes by fight+4 ,?is1 too1 0 "o ( ! modes ( adjudication preval5t 9 e>ly times among m54 ,trial by ,battle 0 introduc$ into ,engl& by ! ,normans4 ,x 0 ! la/ & mo/ solemn resort to try titles to real e/ate4 ,footnote3 ,dole's ,talks ab\t ,law1 p4 #ec4 ,! duel rema9$ until rec5tly1 & inde$ yet rema9s 9 "s c\ntries1 z a rem9d] ( t "t4 ,& disputes betwe5 c\ntries are ev5 n[1 almo/ )\t exception1 settl$ by an appeal to arms4 ,p]haps ! ?\ght is t he is ?rice arm$ t ha? 8 qu>rel j4 ,sometimes :5 "o ( ! boys is too small to fight = 8 rights1 ano!r boy w take 8 "p & fight 9 8 /ead4 ,simil>ly1 9 ! ,trial by ,battle1 ! p>ties c\ld fight p]sonally or by *ampion4 ,int]e/+ acc\nts ( ?is mode ( trial are giv5 by ,gre5 & ,black/one1 & 9 ,scott's ,talisman4 ,arbitration4--,two boys :o h a diff]5ce may leave x to "s o!r boy 9 :om !y bo? h confid5ce4 ,& m5 did & d settle disputes 9 a simil> way4 ,!y call x settlem5t by ,arbitration4 ,a boy w\ld h>dly ref] a matt] = decision to 8 little bro!r4 ,:y8 ,folk-,moot4--,/ill ano!r common way = two boys to decide a "q ab\t :i* !y diff] is to leave x to ! boys1 "s ( :om are kn[+ to ! facts & o!rs n4 ,ea* ( ! disputants tells 8 /ory1 subject to m or less int]ruption1 & calls ^u o!r boys to corroborate 8 /atem5ts4 ,! assembl$ company !n decides ! matt]1 r5d]s its v]dict1 & if necess>y c>ries x into execution4 ,9 ?is proc$ure ! boys are re-enact+ ! sc5es ( ! ,folk-moot or t[n meet+ ( our ,saxon ance/ors4 ,boy-,c\rts4--,let u look at ?is boy-c\rt aga9 to discov] its pr9cipal elem5ts4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we see t e boy 9 ! cr[d feels t he has a "r to assi/ 9 arriv+ at ! decision1 t ! boys collectively are to settle ! matt]4 ,9 o!r words1 t ! e/abli%m5t ( ju/ice is a public tru/4 ,s our ,saxon =efa!rs us$ to come toge!r 9 ! ,folk-moot & z a body decide diff]5ces betwe5 man & man4 ,! boys h no special p]sons to p]=m special duties2 t is1 no c\rt (fic]s4 ,nei!r1 at fir/1 did ^? old ,saxons4 ,secondly1 9 ! boy-c\rt ! facts 9 ! case are br\ght out by means ( witnesses4 ,s x 0 9 ! ,folk-moot1 & s x is 9 mo/ civiliz$ c\ntries today4 ,among ^? old ,saxons ! cu/om grew up ( all[+ ! facts 9 ! case to be det]m9$ by twelve m5 ( ! neighborhood1 :o 7 mo/ intimately acqua9t$ ) ^? facts4 ,:5 !y came ov] to ,engl& ^! ,saxons br\ght ?is cu/om ) !m1 & f x has be5 develop$ ! ,trial by ,jury4 ,! coloni/s ( ?is c\ntry1 mo/ ( :om came f ,engl&1 br\ght ) !m ?is important elem5t 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( ju/ice1 & x is f\nd today 9 ne>ly all ! /ates4 ,aga91 :5 9 ! boy-c\rt ! facts ( ! case h be5 e/abli%$ & x becomes necess>y to apply ! rules ( ! game to ! p>ticul> case1 ! boys frequ5tly1 inv>iably 9 difficult cases1 turn to "s boy or boys kn[n to be well v]s$ 9 ! pr9ciples ( ! game1 & def] to 8 or _! op9ion4 ,&1 simil>ly1 9 ! ,folk-moot1 mu* def]5ce 0 paid 9 r5d]+ judgm5t to ! old m5 :o = _m ye>s _h help$ to r5d] ju/ice1 & :o1 9 consequ5ce1 _h mu* k ( ! cu/oms1 unwritt5 laws1 9 accordance ) :i* decisions 7 r5d]$4 ,9 ?is def]5ce to "o or m p]sons :o are recogniz$ z und]/&+ ! pr9ciples involv$ 9 ! case1 we see ! g]m ( judge%ip 9 our pres5t c\rts4 ,& f9ally1 a boy naturally res]ves ! "r1 m5tally or av[$ly1 ( appeal+ f ! decision ( ! boys to ! tea*] or 8 fa!r1 9 case he feels t he has be5 unju/ly dealt )4 ,?us we see t ! pr9cipal elem5ts ( ! c\rts ( today1 ! e/abli%m5t ( ju/ice z a public tru/1 ! det]m9ation ( ! facts by means ( witnesses & a jury1 ! application ( ! law by "o or m judges1 ! "r ( appeal to a high] c\rt1 are n artificial1 b 9 ! nature ( ?+s4 ,we inh]it$ !m f our primitive ance/ors1 & 9 t s5se !y may be said to h be5 impos$ ^u u4 ,b _! naturalness appe>s 9 ! fact t boys :5 left to !mselves introduce ! same elem5ts into _! boy-c\rts4 ,,*anges ,,made ,,9 ,,c\rse ,,( ,,"t4 ,9 ! ,jury ,sy/em4--,! jurors 7 orig9ally1 z has be5 said1 p]sons acqua9t$ ) ! facts4 ,aft] ! ,norman conque/1 x came ab\t t ! jury consi/$ ( twelve p]sons dis9t]e/$ & unacqua9t$ ) ! facts4 ,probably ! *ange gradually came ab\t f ! difficulty ( gett+ twelve m5 eligible to ! jury :o knew ( ! facts4 ,p]sons ineligible to ! jury 7 !n invit$ to give x in=mation1 b n to jo9 x 9 ! v]dict4 ,! next /ep1 tak5 ab\t #adjj ,a4,d41 0 to require ^! witnesses to give _! evid5ce 9 op5 c\rt1 subject to exam9ation & cross-exam9ation4 ,! te/imony ( ! witnesses1 h[ev]1 0 /ill m]ely supplem5t>y4 ,!n 9 ! "t ( ,que5 ,anne1 ab\t #agjg ,a4,d41 x 0 decid$ t any p]son :o _h k ( ! facts ( ! case %\ld appe> z a witness1 t ! jury %\ld consi/ ( p]sons unacqua9t$ ) ! facts1 & t ! v]dict %\ld be r5d]$ 9 accordance ) ! evid5ce4 ,& s x is to ?is day1 bo? 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica4 ,footnote3 ,! be/ hi/ory ( ! jury sy/em is probably ,=sy?'s4 ,x is n true1 h[ev]1 t a man is disqualifi$ f s]v+ on a jury simply because he has he>d or read ( ! case1 & has =m$ & express$ "s impression 9 reg>d to its m]its2 if x 71 ! qualifications = jury s]vice 9 cases t attract great att5tion w\ld be ignorance & /upidity4 ,! te/1 !re=e1 is n :e!r ! juryman is entirely ignorant ( ! case1 b :e!r he has =m$ su* an op9ion z w\ld be likely to prev5t him f imp>tially weigh+ ! evid5ce & return+ a v]dict 9 accordance !re)4 ,footnote3 ,dole's ,talks ab\t ,law1 p4 #ei4 ,9 ! ,(fic]s4--,z has be5 said1 !re 7 9 ! old ,saxon c\rts no c\rt (fic]s4 ,b q e>ly ! necessity = su* (fic]s became manife/4 ,& sev]al ( ! (fices !n e/abli%$ h come d[n to u4 ,"s ( !m1 h[ev]1 h be5 s modifi$ 9 ! progress ( "t z to be h>dly recognizable4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,proce$+s ,,9 ,a ,,ju/ice ,,c\rt4 ,i4 ,,9 ,,ord9>y ,,civil ,,actions4 ,def9itions4--,a ,civil ,action is "o hav+ = its object ! protection or en=cem5t ( a private "r or ! secur+ ( comp5sation = an infraction !re(4 ,= in/ance a suit br\ght to secure possession ( a horse1 or to secure damages = a trespass is a civil action4 ,! p]son br++ ! action is call$ ! pla9tiff2 ! "o aga9/ :om x is br\ght1 ! def5dant4 ,! pla9tiff & ! def5dant are call$ ! p>ties to ! action4 ,jurisdiction4--,a ju/ice ( ! peace has jurisdiction )9 ! c\nty 9 mo/ civil actions :5 ! am\nt 9 controv]sy does n exce$ a c]ta9 sum1 usually "o hundr$ doll>s4 7,see p4 #bif47 ,,prelim9>y ,,to ,,trial4 ,compla9t & ,summons4--,9 br++ a civil action1 ! pla9tiff or 8 ag5t appe>s be=e ! ju/ice ( ! peace & files a ,compla9t4 ,9 ?is he /ates ! cause ( ! action4 ,! ju/ice !n issues a ,summons4 ,?is is an ord] to a %]iff or con/able comm&+ him to notify ! def5dant to appe> be=e ! ju/ice at a c]ta9 "t & place to make answ] to ! pla9tiff's dem&s4 7,=m on p4 #bgg47 ,sometimes on br++ an action or dur+ its progress a writ ( atta*m5t is obta9$4 ,to secure ?is writ1 ! cr$itor mu/ make affidavit to ! fact ( ! debt1 & t ! debtor is dispos+ or prep>+ to dispose ( 8 prop]ty ) int5t to defraud him1 or t ! debtor is himself n rea*able1 because hid+ or because ( non-resid5ce4 ,9 addition1 ! cr$itor mu/ give a bond = ! co/s ( ! suit1 & = any damages su/a9$ by ! def5dant4 ,! ju/ice !n issues ! writ1 :i* comm&s ! %]iff or con/able to take possession ( & hold suffici5t goods ( ! debtor & summon him z def5dant 9 ! suit4 ,ano!r writ sometimes us$ is ! writ ( replev94 ,to secure ?is writ1 ! pla9tiff mu/ make affidavit t ! def5dant is 9 wrongful possession ( c]ta9 7describ$7 p]sonal prop]ty belong+ to ! pla9tiff4 ,! pla9tiff !n gives a bond = ! co/s ( ! suit & = ! return ( ! prop]ty 9 case he fails to secure judgm5t1 & = ! paym5t ( damages if ! return ( ! prop]ty _c be en=c$1 & ! ju/ice issues ! writ4 ,?is comm&s ! %]iff or con/able to take ! prop]ty describ$ & turn x ov] to ! pla9tiff1 & to summon ! def5dant z be=e4 ,plead+s4--,! next /ep 9 ! process1 9 any ( ! cases1 is ! fil+ ( an ,answ] by ! def5dant1 9 :i* he /ates ! gr\nds ( 8 def5se4 ,! compla9t ( ! pla9tiff & ! answ] ( ! def5dant con/itute :at are call$ ! plead+s4 ,footnote3 ,= a m ext5sive discussion ( plead+s1 see *apt] ,,vii42 or ,dole1 pp4 #cj-db4 ,if ! answ] conta9s a c\nt]-claim1 ! pla9tiff is entitl$ to a fur!r plead+ call$ ! ,reply4 ,! plead+s conta9 simply a /atem5t ( ! facts ^u :i* ! p>ties rely 9 support ( _! case4 ,no evid5ce1 inf]5ce or argum5t is p]mitt$ 9 !m4 ,issue4--,x is a pr9ciple ( plead+ t ev]y?+ n d5i$ is presum$ to be admitt$4 ,! fact or facts ass]t$ by "o p>ty & d5i$ by ! o!r con/itute ! issue4 ,if ! def5dant does n make answ] on or be=e ! day appo9t$ 9 ! summons & does n appe> on t day1 judgm5t may be r5d]$ aga9/ him4 ,if ! pla9tiff fail to appe>1 he loses ! suit & has to pay ! co/s4 ,= suffici5t cause ei!r p>ty may h ! suit adj\rn$ or po/pon$ = a %ort "t4 ,jury4--,on dem& ( ei!r p>ty a jury mu/ be impanel$4 ,! jury usually consi/s ( twelve p]sons1 b by cons5t ( ! p>ties ! numb] may be less4 ,! jury is impanel$ z foll[s3 ,! ju/ice directs ! %]iff or con/able to make a li/ ( tw5ty-f\r inhabitants ( ! c\nty qualifi$ to s]ve z jurors 9 ! di/rict c\rt1 or ( eighte5 if ! jury is to consi/ ( six p]sons4 ,ea* p>ty may !n /rike out six ( ! names4 ,! ju/ice !n issues a v5ire ,footnote3 ,= =ms1 see page #bhj4 to ! %]iff or a con/able1 direct+ him to summon ! p]sons ^: names rema9 on ! li/ to act z jurors4 ,witnesses4--,if any ( ! witnesses %\ld be unwill+ to come1 ! ju/ice issues a subpo5a ,footnote3 ,= =ms1 see page #bgi4 comm&+ !m to appe>4 ,! subpo5a may conta9 any numb] ( names & may be s]v$ by any "o4 ,x is s]v$ by read+ x to ! p]son nam$ !re91 or by deliv]+ a copy ( x to him4 ,a witness1 h[ev]1 is n b\nd to come unless paid mileage & "o day's s]vice 9 advance4 ,,! ,,trial4 ,op5+ ,/atem5t4--,! usual proc$ure is z foll[s3 ,aft] ! jury has be5 sworn1 ! pla9tiff's attorney reads ! compla9t & makes an op5+ /atem5t ( ! facts :i* he expects to prove4 ,! purpose ( ! op5+ /atem5t is to pres5t ! sali5t po9ts ( ! case1 s t ! importance & be>+ ( ! te/imony may be readily se5 by ! jury4 ,evid5ce4--,! evid5ce ,footnote3 ,! mo/ important ,rules ( ,evid5ce are giv5 9 *apt] ,,vii4 = ! pla9tiff is !n introduc$4 ,ea* witness1 aft] be+ duly sworn1 gives 8 te/imony by answ]+ ! que/ions ( c\nsel4 ,aft] ! direct exam9ation by ! pla9tiff's attorney1 ! witness may be cross-exam9$ by ! attorney = ! def5dant4 ,:5 ! evid5ce = ! pla9tiff is all 91 ! def5dant's attorney makes 8 op5+ /atem5t1 & !n ! witnesses = ! def5se are exam9$4 ,! direct exam9ation is n[1 ( c\rse1 conduct$ by ! c\nsel = ! def5dant1 & ! cross-exam9ation by oppos+ c\nsel4 ,:5 all ! evid5ce = ! def5se has be5 introduc$1 ! pla9tiff may (f] evid5ce 9 rebuttal1 t is1 to contradict or disprove new matt] adduc$ by ! def5se4 ,& ! def5dant may !n introduce evid5ce to refute matt] fir/ br\ght out by ! rebuttal4 ,argum5t4--,! case is n[ ready = argum5t4 ,"o attorney on ea* side addresses ! jury4 ,ea* tries to %[ t ! evid5ce adduc$ has prov$ ! facts alleg$ 9 8 plead+s1 & ea* asks = a decision 9 favor ( 8 cli5t4 ,usually ! side ^u :i* re/s ! burd5 ( pro( has ! clos+ argum5t4 ,c\nsel mu/ conf9e !mselves to ! law1 ! admitt$ facts & ! evid5ce4 ,v]dict4--,! jury !n retire 9 c>e ( an (fic] to a room set ap>t = _! use4 ,"h !y delib]ate 9 secret4 ,if aft] a reasonable "t !y _c agree1 !y are dis*>g$1 & ! case /&s z if no trial _h tak5 place4 ,b if !y agree !y return to ! c\rt room & r5d] _! v]dict4 ,?is is giv5 by ! =eman1 & is ass5t$ to by ! re/4 ,judgm5t4--,aft] ! v]dict1 ! ju/ice ent]s judgm5t 9 accordance !re)4 ,judgm5t may include c]ta9 sums ( money all[$ to ! successful p>ty 9 "p comp5sation ( 8 exp5ses4 ,su* all[ances & c]ta9 c\rt exp5ses are call$ ! co/s4 ,,aft] ,,! ,,trial4 ,appeal4--,if ! defeat$ p>ty feels t he has n be5 ju/ly dealt )1 he may ask = a new trial4 ,if ?is be refus$ he may appeal 8 case to a high] c\rt4 ,he mu/ make affidavit t ! appeal is n tak5 = ! purpose ( delay1 & mu/ give bonds to cov] ! judgm5t & ! co/s ( appeal4 ,! high] c\rt affirms or rev]ses ! judgm5t1 9 ! latt] case grant+ a new trial4 ,sometimes ! case is tri$ anew 9 ! high] c\rt1 j z if !re _h be5 no trial 9 ! ju/ice c\rt4 ,execution4--,if no appeal is tak5 ! defeat$ p>ty may satisfy ! judgm5t1 t is1 pay to ! ju/ice ! sum specifi$ !re94 ,if at ! expiration ( ! "t all[$ = appeal ! judgm5t rema9s unsatisfi$1 ! ju/ice may issue an execution ,footnote3 ,= =ms1 see ,app5dix1 pp4 #bhb-c4 aga9/ ! prop]ty ( ! debtor4 ,,ii4 ,,9 ,,crim9al ,,actions4 ,jurisdiction4 ,ju/ices ( ! peace h jurisdiction ?r\gh\t _! respective c\nties1 z foll[s3 #a4 ,to try *>ges :]e ! puni%m5t prescrib$ by law does n exce$ a f9e ( "o hundr$ doll>s or imprisonm5t = ?ree mon?s4 ,footnote3 ,! ext5t ( ?is jurisdiction v>ies some:at 9 diff]5t /ates4 #b4 ,to exam9e p]sons *>g$ ) crimes great] ?an ^? specifi$ above1 & to dismiss !m or hold !m = trial 9 a c\rt hav+ jurisdiction1 z ! facts seem to w>rant4 #c4 ,to prev5t crimes1 by requir+ reckless p]sons to give security to keep ! peace4 ,,proce$+s ,,9 ,,crim9al ,,trial4 ,prelim9>y4 ,compla9t4--,if a crime has be5 committ$1 ! suff]]1 or any "o else1 may appe> be=e ! ju/ice ( ! peace & make compla9t1 "u oa?1 specify+ ! nature ( ! crime1 ! "t ( its commission1 & ! "n ( ! p]son believ$ to h p]petrat$ x1 & reque/+ t he be appreh5d$ = trial4 ,w>rant4--,if ^u c>eful exam9ation ( ! compla9ant & any witnesses :om he may br+1 x appe>s t ! (f5se has probably be5 committ$1 ! ju/ice issues a w>rant1 recit+ ! sub/ance ( ! compla9t1 & comm&+ an (fic] to arre/ ! accus$ & produce him = trial4 ,return4--,! (fic] arre/s ! accus$1 br+s him be=e ! ju/ice1 & makes a return ( ! w>rant4 ,! return is a /atem5t on ! back ( ! w>rant tell+ h[ its comm&s h be5 execut$4 7,see p4 #bhc7 ,bail4--,! accus$ is entitl$ to a spe$y trial4 ,b if = good cause x seems be/ to po/pone x1 ! accus$ may be releas$ f cu/ody ^u giv+ suffici5t bail = 8 appe>ance at ! "t fix$ = trial4 ,if he _c furni% bail1 he is committ$ to jail or left 9 *>ge ( ! (fic]4 ,subpo5a4--,"o good reason = po/pon+ a trial is to enable ! p>ties to secure witnesses4 ,to ?is end1 ! ju/ice issues subpo5as4 ,b 9 ?is case ! witnesses mu/ come )\t ! t5d] ( ! fee4 ,! ,trial4 ,arraignm5t4--,! fir/ /ep 9 ! trial prop] is to in=m ! def5dant ( ! nature ( ! crime ) :i* he is *>g$4 ,! accusation1 z /at$ 9 ! w>rant1 is di/9ctly read to him by ! ju/ice1 & he is requir$ to plead !reto4 ,if he pleads guilty1 conviction & s5t5ce may foll[ at once4 ,if he pleads n guilty1 ! trial proce$s4 ,trial4--,aft] ! jo9+ ( issue1 & be=e ! c\rt proce$s to ! exam9ation ( ! m]its ( ! case1 a jury is impanel$ z 9 a civil action4 ,a jury may be waiv$ by ! def5dant4 ,!n foll[ ! tak+ ( ! te/imony1 ! argum5ts ( c\nsel1 ! consid]ation & v]dict by ! jury4 ,! def5dant is !n dis*>g$ if n guilty1 or s5t5c$ if f\nd guilty4 ,! p5alty dep5ds1 ( c\rse1 ^u ! nature ( ! (f5se4 ,,proce$+s ,,9 ,,exam9ation4 ,ne$ ( ,exam9ation4--,ov] crimes puni%able by f9e great] ?an #ajj or imprisonm5t = m ?an ?ree mon?s1 a ju/ice ( ! peace usually has no jurisdiction ( trial4 ,! action mu/ be tri$ 9 ! di/rict c\rt1 on ! indictm5t ( a gr& jury4 ,b 9 ! meantime ! p]petrator ( a crime might escape4 ,to prev5t ?is1 ! accus$ may be arre/$ & exam9$ by a ju/ice ( ! peace1 to asc]ta9 :e!r or n !re are suffici5t gr\nds = hold+ him = trial4 ,proce$+s4--,! prelim9>y proce$+s are precisely l ^? 9 case ( a trial4 ,^u compla9t duly made a w>rant is issu$1 & ! accus$ is arre/$ & br\ght be=e ! ju/ice4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( ! accus$1 ! magi/rate exam9es ! compla9ant & witnesses 9 support ( ! prosecution1 ^u oa?1 9 relation to any matt] connect$ ) su* *>ge :i* may be deem$ p]t95t4 ,rights ( ,accus$4--,! accus$ has a "r to h witnesses 9 8 behalf1 & to h ! aid ( c\nsel1 :o may cross-exam9e ! witnesses = ! prosecution4 ,! ,result4--,if x appe>s ^u exam9ation t ! accus$ is innoc5t ( ! crime1 he is dis*>g$4 ,if 8 guilt seems probable1 he is held to await ! action ( ! gr& jury4 ,9 ! case ( "s (f5ses bail may be accept$4 ,b if no suitable bail is (f]$1 or if ! (f5se is n bailable1 ! accus$ is committ$ to jail4 ,mat]ial witnesses = ! prosecution may be requir$ to give bonds = _! appe>ance at ! trial1 or 9 default !re( may be committ$ to jail4 ,reports4--,! ju/ice makes a report ( ! proce$+s 9 ! exam9ation1 & files x ) ! cl]k ( ! c\rt be=e :i* ! accus$ is b\nd to appe> = trial4 ,,proce$+s ,,= ,,prev5t+ ,,crime4 ,prefatory4--,b x is bett] to prev5t crime ?an to puni% x4 ,inde$1 "o reason = puni%+ wrongdo]s is t ! fe> ( puni%m5t may det] p f committ+ crime4 ,proce$+s4--,z a cons]vator ( ! public peace1 !n1 a ju/ice may require p]sons to give bonds = good behavior4 ,! prelim9>y proce$+s are simil> to ^? 9 ! case ( a trial--! compla9t1 w>rant & return4 ,b ! compla9ant simply alleges ^u oa?1 t a crime aga9/ 8 p]son or prop]ty has be5 ?reat5$4 ,! exam9ation is conduct$ z 9 case ( a crim9al (f5se4 ,result4--,if ^u exam9ation !re appe>s reason to fe> t ! crime w be committ$ by ! p>ty compla9$ (1 he %all be requir$ to ent] into recognizance to keep ! peace1 fail+ 9 :i* he %all be committ$ to jail = ! "t to be cov]$ by ! surety1 said "t n to exce$ six mon?s4 ,,rem>ks ,,on ,,crim9al ,,trials4 ,! c>e = ! rights ( ! accus$ is bas$ ^u ! pr9ciple 9 our law1 t e man %all be held innoc5t till prov$ guilty4 ,ano!r pr9ciple is t a p]son accus$ ( crime _c be tri$ 9 8 abs5ce4 ,! purpose ( arre/+ him is to secure 8 pres5ce at ! trial4 ,if he c gu>antee ?is by bail he is set at lib]ty1 o!rwise he is conf9$ 9 jail4 7,see p4 #bca47 ,p]t95t ,que/ions4 ,are ! ju/ices & con/ables t[n1 c\nty or /ate (fic]s8 ,h[ is x kn[n at ! c\nty seat :o ! ju/ices & con/ables 9 ea* t[n are8 ,def9e docket1 summons1 w>rant1 plead+1 subpo5a1 crime1 felony1 misdemeanor1 v5ire1 co/s1 execution1 recognizance4 ,:y are !re two ju/ices 9 ea* t[n8 ,:at is meant by *ange ( v5ue8 ,h[ is an oa? adm9i/]$ 9 c\rt8 ,:at p]sons may n s]ve z witnesses8 ,if a crim9al %\ld make confession ( ! crime to 8 lawy]1 c\ld ! lawy] be subpo5a$ z a witness on ! trial8 ,"n "s ?+s exempt f execution 9 ?is /ate4 ,:at is to h9d] a bitt] enemy ( y\rs1 if y h "o1 f hav+ y committ$ to prison4 ,c a civil suit proce$ 9 ! abs5ce ( ! def5dant8 ,practical ,"w4 ,assume t ,john ,smi? b\ght f ,reub5 ,:ite a c[1 ! price agre$ ^u be+ #cj2 t ,smi? refuses to pay1 & ,:ite sues him4 ,write up all ! pap]s 9 ! case1 make prop] entries 9 ! docket1 assess+ co/s1 etc4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,incorporat$ ,,village4 ,ne$ (4--,ow+ to conditions1 natural & artificial1 favorable to bus9ess ent]prises1 p gr\p toge!r 9 c]ta9 places4 ,liv+ 9 a limit$ area1 ! am\nt ( l& occupi$ by ea* family is small1 & ! t]ritory is survey$ into lots & blocks4 ,to make ea* home/ead accessible1 /reets are laid out4 ,! di/ances travel$ be+ %ort1 p g ab\t pr9cipally on foot2 h5ce ! ne$ ( sidewalks4 ,to r$uce ! dang] ( go+ ab\t aft] d>k1 /reet-lamps are ne$$4 ,! ne>ness ( ! h\ses to ea* o!r r5d]s x necess>y to take special precautions = ! prev5tion ( fires1 & = _! ext+ui%m5t 9 case !y break out4 ,b to provide & ma9ta9 all ^! ?+s takes money1 & ! p liv+ 9 ! o!r p>ts ( ! t[n n %>+ ! b5efits w\ld h>dly l to help pay = !m4 ,h5ce x is b j t ! p liv+ 9 ! ?ickly settl$ portion ( ! t[n %\ld be p]mitt$ to sep>ate f ! re/ & =m an organization by !mselves4 ,aga91 ! circum/ances be+ diff]5t1 ! regulations mu/ be diff]5t 9 ?is "p ( ! t[n4 ,= in/ance1 9 ! c\ntry a man may drive z fa/ z he pleases1 :ile "h fa/ driv+ endang]s life & mu/ be prohibit$4 ,9 ! c\ntry sleigh-bells are n ne$$1 :ile "h !y mu/ be us$ to w>n p ( ! approa* ( teams4 ,9 ! c\ntry1 if a man's h\se takes fire no o!r p]son's prop]ty is endang]$2 b "h ! dang] is su* t all ! p are int]e/$ 9 ea* man's h\se1 & ! community may require t *imneys be prop]ly con/ruct$ & a%es safely dispos$ (4 ,h[ ,incorporat$4--,villages are1 ) r>e exceptions1 incorporat$ "u a g5]al law specify+ ! numb] ( inhabitants1 ! mode ( vot+ on incorporation1 etc4 ,! me?od 9 ,m9nesota1 :i* may be tak5 z typical1 is z foll[s3 ,^u petition ( ?irty or m vot]s resid5t ^u ! l&s to be incorporat$1 :i* l&s h be5 divid$ into lots & blocks1 ! c\nty commission]s appo9t a "t1 & give due notice !re(1 :5 ! vot]s actually resid+ )9 ! t]ritory describ$1 may vote ^u ! "q4 ,if a majority ( ^? vot+ favor incorporation1 ! commission]s file ) ! regi/] ( de$s ! orig9al petition1 a true copy ( ! notice ( election1 & ! c]tificate %[+ ! result ( ! vote4 ,! village ?us becomes incorporat$1 & has ! usual corporate p[]s4 ,x organizes by elect+ (fic]s4 ,elective ,(fic]s4--,! usual elective (fic]s ( a village are a presid5t1 ?ree tru/ees1 a treasur]1 & a record]1 :o are *os5 = "o ye>1 & two ju/ices ( ! peace & a con/able1 elect$ = two ye>s4 ,footnote3 ,! diff]5ce 9 t]m is acc\nt$ = by ! fact t ! ju/ices & con/ables are 9 a measure c\nty (fic]s4 ,! ,c\ncil & ,its ,p[]s4--,! presid5t1 ! ?ree tru/ees1 & ! record] con/itute ! village c\ncil4 ,!y may make1 = ! foll[+ purposes among o!rs1 su* ord9ances or by-laws z !y deem necess>y3 #a4 ,to e/abli% & regulate a fire dep>tm5t2 to pur*ase app>atus = ext+ui%+ fires2 to con/ruct wat]-works2 to designate limits )9 :i* wood5 build+s %all n be erect$2 to regulate ! mann] ( build+ & clean+ *imneys1 & ( dispos+ ( a%es2 & g5]ally to enact su* necess>y measures = ! prev5tion or ext+ui%m5t ( fires z may be prop]4 #b4 ,to lay out /reets1 alleys1 p>ks1 & o!r public gr\nds2 to grade1 improve1 or discont9ue !m2 to make1 repair1 improve1 or discont9ue sidewalks1 & to prev5t _! be+ encumb]$ ) m]*&ise1 sn[ or o!r ob/ructions2 to regulate driv+ on ! /reets2 to appo9t a /reet commission]4 #c4 ,to erect lamp-po/s & lamps1 & provide = ! c>e & light+ ( ! lamps4 #d4 ,to appo9t a bo>d ( heal?1 ) due p[]s2 to provide public hospitals2 to regulate slaught]-h\ses2 to def9e1 prev5t1 & abate nuisances4 #e4 ,to e/abli% & ma9ta9 a public libr>y & read+-room4 #f4 ,to prohibit gambl+2 to prev5t1 or lic5se & regulate ! sale ( liquor1 ! keep+ ( billi>d-tables1 & ! exhibition ( circuses & %[s ( all k9ds2 to appo9t policem51 & provide a place ( conf9em5t = (f5d]s aga9/ ! ord9ances4 #g4 ,9 g5]al1 to orda9 & e/abli% all su* ord9ances & by-laws = ! gov]nm5t & good ord] ( ! village1 ! suppression ( vice & immorality1 ! prev5tion ( crime1 ! protection ( public & private prop]ty1 ! b5efit ( trade & comm]ce1 & ! promotion ( heal?1 n inconsi/5t ) ! con/itution & laws ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates or ( ?is /ate1 z !y %all deem exp$i5t1 & to provide p5alties = ! violation ( ! ord9ances4 ,all f9es & p5alties impos$ belong to ! village4 ,appo9tive ,(fic]s4--,! c\ncil appo9ts1 z provid$ by law1 a village attorney1 a p\ndma/]1 "o or m keep]s ( cemet]ies1 "o or m fire-w>d5s1 & regul> & special policem52 & x prescribes ! duties & fixes ! comp5sation ( ^! (fic]s4 ,! c\ncil also elects at its fir/ meet+1 a village assessor1 :o %all hold 8 (fice "o ye>4 ,vacancies & ,removals4--,vacancies 9 any ( ! village (fices are fill$ by ! c\ncil1 & x has p[] to remove any (fic] elect$ or appo9t$ by x :5ev] x seems t ! public welf>e w be promot$ !reby4 ,l ,t[n ,(fic]s4--,! assessor1 treasur]1 ju/ices ( ! peace1 & con/able1 h ! same duties & responsibilities z ! correspond+ (fic]s 9 ! t[n4 ,! village has a seal1 ( :i* ! record] is ! cu/odian2 & he is1 z has be5 said1 a memb] ( ! c\ncil4 ,o!rwise ! duties ( ! record] are simil> to ^? ( ! t[n cl]k4 ,elections4--,a village usually con/itutes "o election di/rict & "o road di/rict4 ,village elections are conduct$ z are ^? 9 a t[n4 ,enl>gem5ts4--,l&s adjo9+ ! village may be annex$ to x1 at ! wi% & ) ! cons5t ( ! vot]s ( ! t]ritory & ( ! village4 ,! w ( ! vot]s a=esaid is express$ at an election call$1 aft] due notice1 by ! c\nty commission]s4 ,"s ,p]t95t ,que/ions4 ,"n ! incorporat$ villages 9 y\r c\nty4 ,any o!rs t y "k4 ,"n "s villages1 s-call$1 :i* are n incorporat$4 ,:y are ! petition & o!r pap]s ( incorporation record$8 ,c a p]son liv+ 9 a village build a sidewalk to suit 8 own fancy8 ,:y8 ,suppose t ow+ to a defective sidewalk y %\ld break y\r leg1 :at responsibility w\ld lie on ! village8 ,h[ w\ld y get y\r pay if y _h a bill aga9/ a village8 ,! village c\ncil has p[] to e/abli% & regulate m>kets4 ,:y %\ld ! sale ( meats be regulat$ any m ?an ! sale ( fl\r or ( clo?+8 ,may ! sale ( bread be regulat$8 ,:at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 a policeman & a con/able4 ,comp>e ! village & ! t[n1 tell+ :]e9 !y are alike & :]e9 !y are diff]5t4 ,debate4 ,resolv$1 ,t = a village ( #ajjj inhabitants or less x is wise n to become incorporat$4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,city4 ,ne$ ,(4--,a village be+ "o election di/rict has only "o poll+ place4 ,! community may increase s 9 numb]s z to make x necess>y to h sev]al vot+ places4 ,= ! accommodation ( ! p1 ^! w\ld naturally be locat$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! community2 & to prev5t fraud1 vot+ prec9cts w\ld h to be c>efully def9$4 ,! c\ncil w\ld naturally be made up ( repres5tatives f ^! divisions4 ,:51 "u ?is arrangem5t1 ! vot]s assemble 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! community1 !y c\ld n li/5 to f9ancial reports & vote taxes1 z !y d 9 ! t[n & ! village4 ,h5ce x w\ld be necess>y to end[ ! c\ncil ) increas$ p[]s1 includ+ ! p[] to levy taxes )\t ! direct au?orization ( ! p4 ,! exp5ses = public improvem5ts1 = wat]works1 sew]s1 /reet-light+1 etc41 may take m money ?an x w\ld be prud5t to assess ^u ! community = imm$iate paym5t4 ,9 ?is case x w\ld be desirable = ! community to h ! p[] to issue bonds4 ,aga91 ) increase 9 population !re is an increase 9 ! numb] ( disputes ov] private rights1 & temptations to crime become m num]\s4 ,h5ce ! ne$ ( "o or m c\rts hav+ jurisdiction great] ?an t possess$ by ju/ices ( ! peace4 ,! conditions necessitate also an increase 9 ! numb] & ! effici5cy ( ! police4 ,& to r5d] ! police effici5t x is necess>y t !y be "u ! direction ( "o man1 ! same "o :o is responsible = ! c>ry+ out ( ! ord9ances ( ! c\ncil1 namely1 ! mayor4 ,a community organiz$ to comply ) ! =ego+ requirem5ts--divid$ into w>ds1 hav+ a c\ncil made up ( ald]m5 f ^? w>ds1 hav+ a c\ncil au?oriz$ to levy taxes at its discretion1 hav+ a municipal c\rt1 hav+ regul>ly employ$ police act+ "u ! direction ( ! mayor--is a city1 z ! t]m is g5]ally us$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,ano!r reason = e/abli%+ a city gov]nm5t is frequ5tly pot5t1 al?\gh unm5tion$4 ,! pride ( ! community c be !reby indulg$1 & m citiz5s c h _! ambition to hold public (fice gratifi$4 ,h[ ,organiz$4--,a city may be organiz$ "u g5]al law or special *>t] f ! legislature4 ,l>ge cities1 & small ones ) great expectations1 usually "w "u a *>t]4 ,b ! cu/om is gr[+ ( organiz+ cities at fir/ "u g5]al law4 ,!n if a city outgr[s ! g5]al law1 gr[s s t x ne$s p[]s & privileges n grant$ !re91 x may prop]ly ask ! legislature = a special *>t]4 ,z a type1 ! pr9cipal provisions ( ! g5]al law ( ,m9nesota are "h giv51 z foll[s3 ,:5ev] ! legal vot]s resid+ )9 ! limits ( a t]ritory compris+ n less ?an two ?\s& inhabitants1 & n m ?an fifte5 ?\s&1 & :i* t]ritory !y wi% to h incorporat$ z a city1 %all sign & h pres5t$ to ! judge ( probate ( ! c\nty 9 :i* su* t]ritory is situat$1 a petition sett+ =? ! metes & b\nds ( said city1 & ( ! sev]al w>ds !re(1 & pray+ t said city %all be incorporat$ "u su* "n z may !re9 be designat$1 ! judge ( probate %all issue an ord] decl>+ su* t]ritory duly incorporat$ z a city1 & %all designate ! metes1 b\nds1 w>ds1 & "n !re(1 z 9 said petition describ$4 ,& ! judge ( probate designates ! "t & places ( hold+ ! fir/ election1 giv+ due notice !re(4 ,he also appo9ts ?ree p]sons 9 ea* w>d1 ( :i* !re %all be n less ?an two nor m ?an five1 to act z judges ( election4 ,! corporation is e/abli%$ ^u ! pres5tation ( ! petition1 & ! organization is complet$ by ! election ( (fic]s4 ,! usual elective (fic]s ( a city are a mayor1 a treasur]1 a record]1 "o ju/ice ( ! peace = ea* w>d1 /yl$ city ju/ice1 all ( :om %all be qualifi$ vot]s ( ! city1 & "o or m ald]m5 = ea* w>d1 :o %all be qualifi$ vot]s !re94 ,all o!r city (fic]s are appo9t$4 ,! t]m ( mayor1 city ju/ices & ald]m5 is 9 mo/ /ates two ye>s2 t ( ! o!r (fic]s1 "o ye>4 ,any (fic] ( ! city may be remov$ f (fice by vote ( two-?irds ( ! :ole numb] ( ald]m54 ,b an elective (fic] mu/ be giv5 an opportunity to be he>d 9 8 own def5se4 ,a vacancy 9 ! (fice ( mayor or ald]man is fill$ by a new election4 ,a vacancy 9 any o!r (fice is fill$ by appo9tm5t4 ,! p]son elect$ or appo9t$ s]ves = ! unexpir$ t]m4 ,! ,mayor is ! *ief executive (fic] & head ( ! police ( ! city4 ,by & ) ! cons5t ( ! c\ncil1 he appo9ts a *ief ( police & o!r police (fic]s & wat*m54 ,9 case ( di/urbance he may appo9t z _m special con/ables z he may ?9k necess>y1 & he may dis*>ge !m :5ev] he ?9ks _! s]vices no long] ne$$4 ,! ,city ,c\ncil consi/s ( ! ald]m54 ,footnote3 ,9 "s /ates ! city c\ncil consi/s ( two bodies4 ,x is ! judge ( ! election ( its own memb]s4 ,a majority ( ! memb]s elect$ con/itutes a quorum = ! transaction ( bus9ess4 ,! c\ncil *ooses its own presid5t & vice-presid5t4 ,9 case ! mayor is abs5t f ! city or = any reason is tempor>ily unable to act1 ! presid5t ( ! c\ncil acts z mayor1 ) ! title ,act+ ,mayor4 ,pass+ ,ord9ances4--,! mode ( pass+ an ord9ance is unlike any?+ t we h consid]$ up to ?is "t1 & des]ves special att5tion on acc\nt ( its resemblance to ! mode ( mak+ laws 9 ! /ate & g5]al gov]nm5ts4 ,x is z foll[s4 ,if a propos$ ord9ance is vot$ = by a majority ( ! memb]s ( ! c\ncil pres5t at any meet+1 x is pres5t$ to ! mayor4 ,if he approves x1 he signs x1 & x becomes an ord9ance4 ,b if he does n approve x1 he returns x1 ?r\gh ! record]1 to ! c\ncil1 toge!r ) 8 objections4 ,footnote3 ,?is is call$ veto+ x1 f a ,lat9 ^w veto1 mean+ ,i =bid4,! c\ncil1 !n reconsid]s ! propos$ ord9ance 9 ! light ( ! mayor's objections4 ,if1 aft] su* reconsid]ation1 two-?irds ( ! memb]s elect$ vote = x1 x becomes an ord9ance1 j z if approv$ by ! mayor4 ,if an ord9ance or resolution %all n be return$ by ! mayor )9 five days1 ,sundays except$1 aft] x %all h be5 pres5t$ to him1 x %all h ! same effect z if approv$ by him4 ,publication ( ,ord9ances4--,! ord9ances & by-laws ( ! c\ncil are publi%$ 9 a newspap] ( ! city1 select$ by ! c\ncil z ! (ficial means ( publication1 & are po/$ 9 ?ree conspicu\s places 9 ea* w>d = two weeks1 be=e !y become op]ative4 ,c\ncil ,p[]s4--,! city c\ncil has ab\t ! same p[]s z a village c\ncil 9 reg>d to /reets1 ! prev5tion & ext+ui%m5t ( fires1 etc4--! same 9 k9d b some:at m ext5sive4 ,b x c also levy taxes = public purposes1 z has be=e be5 said4 ,x usually elects ! assessor1 ! city attorney1 ! /reet commission]1 & a city surveyor1 & 9 "s /ates o!r (fic]s4 ,! record]1 treasur]1 assessor1 ju/ices ( ! peace1 & police con/ables1 h duties simil> to ^? ( ! correspond+ (fic]s 9 a village or a t[n4 ,"s ,p]t95t ,que/ions4 ,if two p]sons %\ld claim ! same seat 9 ! city c\ncil1 :o w\ld decide ! matt]8 ,/ate ?ree ways 9 :i* a propos$ ord9ance may become an ord9ance4 ,two ways 9 :i* x may fail4 ,h[ c p]sons liv+ 9 a city f9d out :at ord9ances ! c\ncil passes8 ,h[ f> are ! ord9ances ( any city op]ative8 ,comp>e ! gov]nm5t ( a village ) t ( a city4 ,are s*ool affairs manag$ by ! city c\ncil8 ,h[ is x 9 a village8 ,9 a t[n4 ,if a new s*ool-h\se is ne$$ 9 a city1 & !re is n money en\gh 9 ! treasury to build x1 :at c be done8 ,if y live 9 a city hav+ a special *>t]1 borr[ a copy ( x f a lawy] or f ! city record]1 & f9d out :at p[]s & privileges are grant$ to ! corporation n specifi$ 9 ! g5]al law2 :at limitations are impos$2 &1 if a municipal c\rt is provid$ =1 :at its jurisdiction is 9 civil actions & 9 crim9al prosecutions4 ,"n ! pr9cipal (fic]s 9 y\r city4 ,! ald]m5 f y\r w>d4 ,:at are "s ( ! dang]s ( city gov]nm5t8 ,consult ,macy's ,our ,gov]nm5t1 pp4 #ea-ec1 & ,nordh(f's ,politics = ,"y ,am]icans4 ,que/ions = ,debate4 ,resolv$1 ,t = a community ( #ejjj inhabitants or less a village organization is bett] ?an a city organization4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,c\nty4 ,ne$ ,(4--,a c\nty organization is ne$$ = ! foll[+ reasons3 #a4 ,to e/abli% ! l[] organizations4 ,z we h se51 ! organizations )9 ! c\nty are e/abli%$ by c\nty (fic]s4 ,b1 x may prop]ly be ask$1 :y n h !m organiz$ by ! /ate directly8 ,!re are at lea/ ?ree good reasons3 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x w\ld be too burd5some to ! /ate2 t is1 ! /ate w\ld act ?r\gh ! legislature1 & to organize all ! individual s*ool di/ricts1 t[ns1 villages1 & cities1 w\ld take up too mu* ( ! "t ( ! legislature4 ,9 ! second place1 ! organiz+ c\ld only be done at c]ta9 times1 namely dur+ ! session ( ! legislature1 & 9 ! meantime communities w\ld h to wait4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 ! records ( incorporation w\ld be inaccessible 9 case !y 7 ne$$ = ref]5ce4 #b4 ,to s]ve z a m$ium betwe5 ! /ate & ! l[] organizations4 ,! /ate uses ! t[n1 village1 & city to value prop]ty = purposes ( taxation & z election di/ricts4 ,b x gets its taxes & its election returns ?r\gh ! c\nty4 ,"h aga9 may arise ! "q1 :y n s5d ! /ate taxes directly to ! capital & make election returns directly also8 ,at lea/ two good reasons appe>3 ,x w\ld increase ! "w & !re=e ! numb] ( (ficials at ! capital1 & if a mi/ake %\ld be made x c\ld n be s easily discov]$ & correct$4 #c4 ,to c>ry on public works beyond ! p[] ( ! t[ns individually4 ,a desir$ local improvem5t may be beyond ! p[] ( a t[n ei!r because x is outside ( ! jurisdiction ( ! t[n or because ( its exp5se4 ,?us1 a road may be ne$$ betwe5 two c5t]s ( population1 villages or cities1 :i* w\ld run ?r\gh sev]al t[ns1 :ile ! jurisdiction ( ! t[ns individually ext5ds only to _! own bord]s4 ,or a bridge ov] a wide /ream may be ne$$1 :i* w\ld be too exp5sive = ! t[n 9 :i* x is locat$4 ,! road & ! bridge w\ld bett] be provid$ by ! c\nty4,footnote3 ,sometimes /ate aid is secur$4 ,d y ?9k x wise1 z a rule1 = ! /ate to grant su* aid8 ,& ! poor c g5]ally be bett] c>$ = by ! c\nty ?an by ! individual t[ns1 = ! c\nty c erect & ma9ta9 a poor-h\se4 #d4 ,to secure c]ta9 local (fic]s n ne$$ 9 e t[n2 = in/ance1 a regi/] ( de$s1 ! coron]1 ! judge ( probate1 ! sup]9t5d5t ( s*ools 79 mo/ /ates71 & ! surveyor4 #e4 ,to s]ve z a t]ritorial basis = ! apportionm5t ( memb]s ( ! legislature4 ,?is is1 p]haps1 m]ely an incid5tal ga94 ,b its conv5i5ce 9 def9+ legislative di/ricts is obvi\s4 #f4 ,to make ju/ice *eap & accessible4 ,x is well 9 _m ways1 z we h se51 to h 9 e t[n1 village1 & city1 c\rts ( limit$ jurisdiction4 ,b to e/abli% ju/ice 9 any g5]\s or satisfy+ s5se !re %\ld be )9 ! rea* ( e citiz5 a c\rt compet5t to try any diff]5ce betwe5 individuals reg>dless ( ! am\nt 9 controv]sy1 & able to puni% any crime aga9/ ! laws ( ! /ate4 ,to br+ su* a c\rt )9 ! rea* ( e "o 0 ! orig9al reason = ! e/abli%m5t ( ! c\nty1 & rema9s today ! greate/ advantage d]iv$ f its exi/5ce4 ,e/abli%m5t4--,c\nties are e/abli%$ by ! /ate legislature4 ,9 ?9ly settl$ p>ts ( a /ate ! c\nties are mu* l>g] ?an 9 ! popul\s p>ts4 ,a c\nty %\ld be l>ge en\gh to make its adm9i/ration economical1 & yet small en\gh to br+ its seat ( ju/ice )9 easy rea* ( e "o )9 its b\nd>ies4 ,9 ! ideal c\nty a p]son liv+ 9 any "p !re( c g to ! c\nty seat by team1 h sev]al h\rs = bus9ess1 & return home ! same day4 ,c\nty ,bo>d4--,! adm9i/ration ( c\nty affairs is 9 ! h&s ( ! c\nty commission]s or sup]visors4 ,?is bo>d is usually con/ruct$ on "o ( two plans3 ,ei!r x consi/s ( ?ree or five memb]s1 ! c\nty be+ divid$ into commission] di/ricts2 or else x is con/itut$ ( ! *airm5 or o!r memb] ( ea* ( ! sev]al t[n bo>ds4 ,! =m] plan prevails 9 ,m9nesota1 ,i[a1 & o!r /ates2 ! latt] 9 ,wiscons91 ,mi*igan1 mo/ ( ,ill9ois1 & 9 o!r /ates4 ,! commission]s h *>ge ( c\nty roads & bridges1 c\nty build+s & o!r c\nty prop]ty1 & ! c>e ( ! c\nty poor4 ,?r\gh ! commission]s ! c\nty ex]cises ! usual corporate p[]s4 ,record+ ,(fic]4--,! record+ (fic] ( ! c\nty is call$ 9 "s /ates ! c\nty auditor1 9 o!rs ! record]1 & 9 o!rs ! c\nty cl]k4 ,z we w\ld expect1 he is secret>y ( ! bo>d ( commission]s & ! cu/odian ( c\nty pap]s2 & all ord]s ^u ! treasur] are issu$ by him4 ,! auditor is also bookkeep] = ! c\nty1 t is1 he keeps an acc\nt ( ! money receiv$ & paid out by ! c\nty treasur]4 ,9 ,m9nesota & "s o!r /ates1 he computes all ! taxes = ! c\nty1 ,footnote3 ,9 "s /ates1 among !m ,wiscons91 ?is computation is p]=m$ by ! sev]al t[n cl]ks1 & ! moneys are collect$ by ! t[n treasur]s4 & makes ! tax-li/s1 %[+ 9 books provid$ = ! purpose j h[ mu* ! tax is on ea* piece ( real e/ate & on p]sonal prop]ty4 ,^! books he turns ov] to ! c\nty treasur] to be us$ 9 collect+ ! taxes4 ,treasur]4--,! c\nty treasur] is1 9 "s /ates1 "o ( ! mo/ important (fic]s4 ,he is ! great f9ancial ag5t1 collect+ all ! taxes paid by ! p = s*ool1 t[n1 village1 city1 c\nty & /ate purposes1 except assessm5ts = city sidewalks & /reet grad+4 ,great c>e mu/1 !re=e1 be tak5 to gu>d ! public money4 ,! precautions s]ve z a *eck ^u weak or di%one/ (ficials1 :ile "r-m9d$ ones welcome !m z keep+ _! good "n above suspicion4 ,z a type1 ! precautions tak5 9 ,m9nesota are giv51 to-wit3 #a4 ,! selection ( an hone/ man = ! (fice1 s f> z possible1 is a prime consid]ation4 #b4 ,! treasur] mu/ give a bond = su* am\nt z ! c\nty commission]s direct4 #c4 ,he %all pay out money only ^u ! ord] ( prop] au?ority4 ,footnote3 ,moneys belong+ to s*ool di/rict1 t[n1 village1 or city1 are paid on ! w>rant ( ! c\nty auditor2 c\nty money1 on ! ord] ( ! c\nty commission]s1 sign$ by ! *airman & atte/$ by ! c\nty auditor2 /ate money1 on ! draft ( ! /ate auditor 9 favor ( ! /ate treasur]4 ,?is ord] sign$ by ! payee is ! treasur]'s receipt or v\*]4 #d4 ,he %all keep 8 books s z to %[ ! am\nt receiv$ & paid on acc\nt ( sep>ate & di/9ct funds or appropriations1 :i* he %all exhibit 9 sep>ate acc\nts4 #e4 ,! books mu/ be balanc$ at ! close ( ea* day4 #f4 ,:5 any money is paid to ! c\nty treasur]1 except+ t paid on taxes *>g$ on duplicate1 ! treasur] %all give1 to ! p]son pay+ ! same1 duplicate receipts !re=1 "o ( :i* su* p]sons %all =?) deposit ) ! c\nty auditor1 9 ord] t ! c\nty treasur] may be *>g$ ) ! am\nt !re(4 #g4 ,! c\nty auditor1 ! *airman ( ! bo>d ( c\nty commission]s1 & ! cl]k ( ! di/rict c\rt1 act+ z an audit+ bo>d1 c>efully exam9e at lea/ ?ree times a ye> ! acc\nts1 books & v\*]s ( ! c\nty treasur]1 & c\nt ! money 9 ! treasury4 #h4 ,! /ate exam9] makes a simil> exam9ation at lea/ once a ye>4 ,no notice is giv5 9 ei!r case4 #i4 ,z security aga9/ robb]s1 ! money 9 ! possession ( ! c\nty treasur] mu/ be deposit$ on or be=e ! fir/ ( e mon? 9 "o or m banks4 ,! banks are designat$ by ! audit+ bo>d1 & mu/ give bonds = twice ! am\nt to be deposit$4 ,regi/] ( ,de$s4--,)\t hope ( rew>d no "o w\ld "w4 ,to enc\rage frugality1 p mu/ be reasonably secure 9 ! possession ( _! sav+s4 ,"o ( ! ?+s = :i* a p]son /rives is a home4 ,!re=e1 great c>e is tak5 to r5d] a p]son :o has b\ght a home1 or o!r l&$ prop]ty1 secure 9 its possession4 ,among ! means employ$ are ^!3 #a4 ,! pur*as] is giv5 a writt5 title to ! l&4 ,?is is call$ a de$4 #b4 ,9 ord] t any p]son may f9d out :o owns ! l&1 ?us prev5t+ a p]son reput$ to own x f sell+ x1 or ! own] f sell+ to sev]al p]sons1 a copy ( ! de$ is made by a compet5t & responsible public (fic] 9 a book :i* is kept = t purpose & :i* is op5 to public inspection4 ,?is is call$ regi/]+ ! de$1 & ! (fic] is call$ ! regi/] ( de$s4 ,footnote3 ,incid5tally ?is (fic] records o!r in/rum5ts1 su* z (ficial bonds1 (ficial oa?s1 etc4 ,! regi/] may h assi/ants1 if necess>y1 he be+ responsible = _! "w4 ,judge ( ,probate4--,b n only %\ld a p]son enjoy ! fruit ( 8 labors :ile liv+1 he %\ld also be able to feel t at 8 dea? 8 prop]ty %all desc5d to 8 family or o!rs :om he loves4 ,_m p]sons be=e !y die make a writt5 /atem5t1 tell+ h[ !y wi% _! prop]ty dispos$ (4 ,?is writt5 /atem5t is call$ a w or te/am5t4 ,"s :o are possess$ ( prop]ty die )\t mak+ a w4 ,!y are said to die inte/ate4 ,to see t ! provisions ( wills1 if any be made1 are compli$ )1 &1 9 case no w is made1 to make sure t ! prop]ty comes into possession ( ^? be/ entitl$ to x1 is ! important & wellnigh sacr$ duty ( an (fic] call$ ! judge ( probate4 ,if no "o is nam$ 9 ! w to look aft] ! education & prop]ty ( m9or heirs1 ! judge ( probate may appo9t a gu>dian4 ,! appo9tee mu/ give bonds = ! fai?ful dis*>ge ( 8 duty4 ,footnote3 see *apt] ,,vii4 ,incid5tally x is made ! duty ( ! judge ( probate to appo9t gu>dians = any p]sons ne$+ !m1 su* z insane p]sons1 sp5d?rifts1 & ! l4 ,he seems to be ! fri5d ( ! weak4 ,c\nty ,surveyor4--,to survey all public improvem5ts = ! c\nty1 su* z roads1 l&s = public build+s1 c41 !re is an (fic] call$ ! c\nty surveyor4 ,he is requir$ to pres]ve 8 field notes 9 c\nty books furni%$ = ! purpose4 ,individuals frequ5tly call ^u him to settle disputes ab\t b\nd>y l9es betwe5 _! e/ates4 ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,s*ools4--,n e "o is compet5t to tea*1 & to protect ! *ildr5 z f> z possible f hav+ _! "t worse ?an wa/$ by incompet5t w\ld-be tea*]s1 is ! v responsible duty ( ! c\nty sup]9t5d5t ( s*ools4 ,f among ^? :o pres5t !mselves z c&idates he selects by a c>eful exam9ation ^? :om he deems mo/ compet5t1 & gives to ea* a c]tificate ( qualification4 ,he visits ! s*ools & c\nsels ) ! tea*]s reg>d+ me?ods ( in/ruction & managem5t4 ,x is 8 duty also to hold tea*]'s meet+s4 ,he reports annually to ! /ate sup]9t5d5t ( public in/ruction su* facts z ! sup]9t5d5t calls =4 ,c\nty ,attorney4--,l railroads & o!r corporations1 ! c\nty keeps a regul>ly employ$ attorney to act = x 9 all suits at law4 ,?is (fic] is call$ ! c\nty attorney4 ,he repres5ts ! /ate 9 all crim9al prosecutions & is = ?is reason sometimes call$ ! /ate's attorney4 ,%]iff4--,an anci5t (fic] ( ! c\nty is ! %]iff4 ,he has ?ree pr9cipal l9es ( duty3 #a4 ,to pres]ve ! peace )9 ! c\nty4 #b4 ,to att5d c\rt4 #c4 ,to s]ve processes4 ,he pursues crim9als & commits !m to jail4 ,he has *>ge ( ! c\nty jail & is responsible = ! cu/ody ( ! prison]s conf9$ 9 x4 ,he op5s & closes ea* session ( ! di/rict c\rt1 & dur+ ! t]m has *>ge ( ! witnesses1 ! juries1 & ! prison]s4 ,x is 8 duty to c>ry into execution ! s5t5ce ( ! c\rt4 ,he s]ves writs & processes n only = ! di/rict c\rt1 b also = ju/ices ( ! peace & c\rt commission]s4 ,coron]4--,ano!r (fic] ( ! c\nty1 anci5t almo/ z ! %]iff1 is ! coron]4 ,if ! dead body ( a human be+ is f\nd "u circum/ances :i* w>rant ! suspicion t ! deceas$ came to 8 dea? by viol5ce1 x is ! coron]'s duty to inve/igate ! matt] & asc]ta9 if possible ! cause ( ! dea?4 ,he is aid$ by a jury summon$ by him = ! purpose4 ,at a "t 9 e>ly ,engli% hi/ory :5 ! only c\nty (fic]s 7 ! %]iff & ! coron]1 ! coron] act$ z %]iff :5 ! latt] 0 = any reason incapacitat$4 ,& ! practice /ill cont9ues4 ,?us1 if !re is a vacancy 9 ! (fice ( %]iff1 ! coron] acts till a new %]iff is *os54 ,& 9 mo/ /ates ! coron] is ! only (fic] :o c s]ve process ^u ! %]iff or :o c arre/ him4 ,cl]k ( ! ,c\rt4--,! di/rict c\rt ,footnote3 ,see next *apt]4 is a c\rt ( record4 ,t is1 x has a seal & a special (fic] to record its proce$+s4 ,he is call$ ! cl]k ( ! c\rt4 ,he ( c\rse also files & pres]ves ! pap]s 9 ea* case4 ,he has also c]ta9 incid5tal duties4 ,c\rt ,commission]4--,c\rt is n always 9 session1 & !re are c]ta9 p[]s possess$ by a judge 9 *amb]s1 t is1 :i* ! judge may ex]cise out ( c\rt4 ,= in/ance1 he may grant a writ ( atta*m5t or ( habeas corpus4 ,:]e a judicial di/rict comprises sev]al c\nties1 z is usually ! case1 a provision is made 9 "s /ates = an (fic] 9 ea* c\nty au?oriz$ to p]=m su* duties 9 ! abs5ce ( ! judge4 ,9 ,m9nesota & mo/ o!r /ates he is call$ ! c\rt commission]4 ,election & ,t]m4--,! c\nty (fic]s are 9 mo/ sections ( ! c\ntry elect$ by ! p ( ! c\nty4 ,! t]m is usually two ye>s4 ,removals & ,vacancies4--,provision is made = ! removal ( any c\nty (fic] = non-feasance or malfeasance 9 (fice4 ,! p[] to remove is g5]ally ve/$ 9 ! gov]nor4 ,! accus$ mu/ be giv5 an opportunity to be he>d 9 8 own def5se4 ,vacancies are g5]ally fill$ by ! c\nty commission]s4 ,!y appo9t "s "o1 n "o ( !mselves1 to s]ve until ! next election4 ,qualify+4--,ea* (fic] be=e assum+ ! duties ( 8 (fice takes ! (ficial oa?4 ,all ( ! (fic]s except ! commission]s & ! sup]9t5d5t ( s*ools are requir$ to give bonds4 ,copies ( ^! bonds are pres]v$ by ! regi/] ( de$s1 & ! orig9als are =w>d$ to ! secret>y ( /ate4 ,comp5sation4--,comp5sation is usually by sal>y or by fees4 ,! matt] is usually 9 ! h&s ( ! c\nty commission]s1 except s f> z conc]ns _! own comp5sation1 :i* is fix$ by law4 ,?is is usually a p] diem4 ,eligibility4--,any vot] :o has resid$ 9 ! c\nty a c]ta9 "t 7usually ab\t ?irty days7 is eligible to any c\nty (fice1 except t ( attorney or c\rt commission]4 ,! =m] mu/ be a p]son admitt$ to practice 9 all ! c\rts ( ! /ate4 ,! latt] mu/ be a man le>n$ 9 ! law4 ,9 "s cases a p]son may hold two (fices at ! same "t2 ?us1 a p]son may be c\rt commission] & judge ( probate4 ,b no p]son c hold two (fices "o ( :i* is meant to be a *eck ^u ! o!r4 ,= in/ance1 no "o c\ld be auditor & treasur] at ! same "t4 ,9 "s /ates !re is a b> aga9/ hold+ c]ta9 (fices = two t]ms 9 succession4 ,"s ,p]t95t ,que/ions4 ,:at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 a t[n road & a c\nty road8 ,po9t out "o ( ea* k9d4 ,if y want$ a *ange 9 a c\nty road1 to :om w\ld y apply8 ,get a w>ranty de$ & fill x out = a suppos$ sale4 ,comp>e ) x a mortgage de$4 ,a quitclaim de$4 ,comp>e a mortgage de$ ) a *attel mortgage4 ,acc\nt = ! diff]5ces4 ,if ,a buys a f>m f ,b & does n file 8 de$1 :o owns ! f>m8 ,if a man possess+ "s prop]ty %\ld get into habits ( gambl+ & debau*]y1 squ&]+ 8 money & n provid+ = 8 family1 :at c\ld be done8 ,on :at gr\nds c\ld ?is int]f]5ce by a public (fic] be ju/ifi$8 ,:o w\ld be keep] ( ! jail if ! %]iff %\ld be a prison]8 ,:y n "o ( ! deputy %]iffs8 ,/udy out c>efully ! d]ivation ( ! words auditor1 %]iff1 coron]1 probate1 commission]1 sup]visor1 sup]9t5d5t4 ,! c\nty attorney is usually paid a sal>y :ile ! regi/] ( de$s usually gets ! fees ( 8 (fice4 ,:at seems to gov]n 9 ! matt]8 ,"n ! sal>i$ (fic]s 9 ?is c\nty4 ,! (fic]s :o are paid fees4 ,to :om are s*ool taxes paid8 ,t[n taxes8 ,c\nty taxes8 ,/ate taxes8 ,h[ mu* ( ! money paid at ?is "t goes to ! ,unit$ ,/ates8 ,h[ does ! tax collector "k h[ mu* to take f ea* p]son8 ,f :om does he get ?is book8 ,! am\nt ( a p]son's tax dep5ds ^u ! value ( 8 prop]ty & ! rate ( tax4 ,h[ is ! =m] fact asc]ta9$8 ,to :om1 !n1 does ! assessor report :5 he has conclud$ 8 labors8 ,! rate ( tax dep5ds ^u ! am\nt to be rais$ & ! value ( ! prop]ty on :i* x is to be assess$4 ,:o det]m9es h[ mu* money %all be rais$ 9 a di/rict = s*ool purposes dur+ any ye>8 ,:5 is ?is det]m9$8 ,:o records ! proce$+s ( ! meet+8 ,to :om mu/ he report ! am\nt ( tax vot$8 ,:o det]m9es h[ mu* money is to be rais$ 9 ! t[n = bridges1 etc48 ,:58 ,:o records ! proce$+s ( ! meet+8 ,to :om mu/ he report ! am\nt ( tax vot$8 ,:o vote ! taxes 9 a village8 ,:58 ,:o reports to ! comput+ (fic]8 ,:o vote ! taxes 9 a city8 ,:y n ! p8 ,:58 ,h[ report$ to ! comput+ (fic]8 ,:o det]m9es h[ mu* money is to be rais$ = c\nty purposes8 ,:58 ,:o is secret>y ( ! meet+8 ,to :om does he report8 ,:o det]m9es h[ mu* money %all be rais$ = /ate purposes8 ,h[ does ! prop] (fic] become acqua9t$ ) ! facts necess>y to ! rais+ ( ! money8 ,/ate ! gi/ ( ! matt] br\ght out by ! que/ions 9 ! la/ f\r p>agraphs4 ,h[ does ! s*ool di/rict treasur] get ! s*ool di/rict money8 ,trace a doll> f ! "t x leaves a f>m]'s h& z taxes till x rea*es ! tea*] z sal>y4 ,if y _h a bill aga9/ ! c\nty h[ w\ld y get y\r pay8 ,:at c\ld y d if pay 7 refus$8 ,make out 9 due =m a bill aga9/ y\r c\nty4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,e/abli%+ ,,ju/ice ,,9 ,,! ,,c\nty4 ,classes ( ,cases4--,!re are ?ree g5]al classes ( judicial bus9ess c>ri$ on 9 ! c\nty3 probate bus9ess1 civil actions1 & crim9al prosecutions4 ,,probate ,,c\rts4 ,jurisdiction4--,! pr9cipal bus9ess & *>act]i/ic "w ( probate c\rts is ! settlem5t ( ! e/ates ( deceas$ p]sons4 ,jurisdiction ext5ds 9 mo/ /ates ov] bo? p]sonal prop]ty & real e/ate4 ,incid5tally probate c\rts appo9t gu>dians = m9ors & o!rs subject to gu>dian%ip1 & control ! conduct & settle ! acc\nts ( su* appo9tees4 ,9 _m /ates jurisdiction :olly extrane\s to ! *>act]i/ic "w ( ^! c\rts is impos$ ^u !m1 or ! probate bus9ess is associat$ ) o!r jurisdiction 9 ! same c\rt4 ,?us1 9 ,m9nesota ! judge ( probate is petition$ 9 ! organization ( cities1 z we h se54 ,9 ,wiscons91 ! c\nty c\rt1 :i* has *>ge ( ! probate bus9ess1 has civil jurisdiction also4 ,9 ,ill9ois1 ! c\nty c\rt 9 addition to ! probate bus9ess has jurisdiction 9 proce$+s = ! collection ( taxes & assessm5ts4 ,& 9 ,kansas1 ! probate c\rt has jurisdiction 9 cases ( habeas corpus4 ,proc$ure 9 case a ,w has be5 made4--,! proce$+s ( a probate c\rt h 9 view two *ief objects1 namely1 to pay ! debts ( ! deceas$ & to di/ribute ! rema9d] ( 8 prop]ty among ^? entitl$ to x4 ,9 case ! deceas$ has left a w1 ! proce$+s are z foll[s3 #a4 ,petition = probate4 ,)9 a %ort "t1 usually ?irty days1 aft] ! dea? ( ! te/ator1 ! executor or o!r cu/odian ( ! w pres5ts x to ! probate c\rt ) a petition t x be admitt$ to probate4 7,= =m ( petition1 see p4 #bhf47 #b4 ,citation to p]sons int]e/$4 ,act+ on ! petition1 ! probate judge publi%es 9 a newspap] a notice to all p]sons int]e/$ 9 ! e/ate t at a specifi$ "t1 action w be tak5 on ! petition4 ,to af=d all :o are int]e/$ an opportunity to be pres5t at ! he>+1 ! notice mu/ be publi%$ = a prescrib$ "t1 & 9 "s /ates ea* ( ! heirs mu/1 if possible1 be p]sonally notifi$4 #c4 ,he>+ ! pro(s4 ,at ! "t specifi$ 9 ! notice1 unless po/ponem5t be grant$ = cause1 ! pro(s ( ! validity ( ! w are pres5t$4 ,x mu/ be %[n t ! te/ator is dead1 t ! in/rum5t 0 execut$ by him volunt>ily1 9 ! mann] prescrib$ by /atute1 & :ile he 0 ( s\nd m9d & dispos+ memory4 ,usually x w be suffici5t = ! two witnesses to ! in/rum5t to appe> & te/ify to ! mat]ial facts4 ,if any "o int]e/$ 9 ! di/ribution ( ! prop]ty ?9ks t ?is w %\ld n be accept$ z ! la/ w & te/am5t ( ! deceas$1 he %\ld n[ ent] objections4 ,9 case ( a conte/1 ! proce$+s are ab\t ! same z ^? 9 a ju/ice or circuit c\rt2 b !re is no jury 9 ! probate c\rt1 nor is !re any plea except ! petition4 #d4 ,admission to probate4 ,if ! pro(s are satisfactory to ! c\rt1 ! w is admitt$ to probate1 t is1 x is accept$ z true & valid4 ,its validity is e/abli%$ by a decree ( ! c\rt1 & a c]tificate ( ! fact is atta*$ to ! w4 ,a copy ( ! w is made 9 a book kept = ! purpose4 ,! orig9al & all ! pap]s 9 ! case are fil$ & pres]v$ by ! judge ( probate4 7,see pp4 #bhg & #bhh47 #e4 ,issuance ( lett]s te/am5t>y4 ,! g5u95ess ( ! w be+ e/abli%$1 x is n[ 9 ord] to c>ry out its provisions4 ,usually ! te/ator designates 9 8 w ! p]son or p]sons :om he wi%es to act z 8 repres5tative 9 ! settlem5t ( ! e/ate4 ,su* a p]son is call$ an executor4 ,if no p]son is s nam$1 ! c\rt appo9ts an adm9i/rator ) ! w annex$4 ,9 ei!r case ! p]son d]ives 8 au?ority f ! c\rt4 ,unless excus$ 9 ! w1 ! executor or adm9i/rator is requir$ to give bonds proportion$ to ! am\nt ( ! p]sonal prop]ty 9 ! e/ate1 ! am\nt ( bond be+ specifi$ by ! c\rt4 ,! executor is !n furni%$ ) a copy ( ! w & ) lett]s te/am5t>y4 7,! au?ority grant$ by ! lett]s may be se5 by ref]5ce to ! =m 9 ! app5dix1 p4 #bhh47 #f4 ,notice to cr$itors4 ,x is a pr9ciple ( law t all j debts %all be paid out ( "o's prop]ty be=e any fur!r disposition !re( c take effect4 ,9 ord] t all p]sons hav+ claims aga9/ ! e/ate ( ! deceas$ may h an opportunity to pres5t _! acc\nts1 a "t = su* pres5tation is designat$ by ! c\rt1 & due notice !re( is giv51 usually by publication 9 a newspap]4 #g4 ,inv5tory ( ! e/ate4 ,9 ! meantime1 ! executor makes an inv5tory ( ! prop]ty1 & apprais]s appo9t$ = ! purpose put a value !reon1 ! sev]al items ( ! inv5tory be+ valu$ sep>ately4 #h4 ,audit+ claims4 ,at ! "t appo9t$ 9 ! notice1 ! c\rt passes ^u ! claims ( cr$itors4 ,s9ce unscrupul\s p]sons are at su* times tempt$ to pres5t fraudul5t claims1 ! judge ex]cises great c>e 9 exam9+ ! acc\nts4 ,to facilitate matt]s x is requir$ t acc\nts be itemiz$1 & t !y be v]ifi$ by oa?4 ,debts are paid out ( ! p]sonal prop]ty1 if !re be en\gh4 ,if n1 ! c\rt au?orizes ! executor to sell real e/ate to pay ! balance4 #i4 ,settlem5t ( e/ate & division ( prop]ty4 ,! executor hav+ collect$ debts due ! e/ate & settl$ all claims aga9/ x1 makes 8 f9al /atem5t to ! c\rt1 & ! rema9+ prop]ty is di/ribut$ among ! heirs & legatees4 ,to cont9ue & p]fect ! *a9 ( title1 ! division ( ! real e/ate is record$ 9 ! (fice ( ! regi/] ( de$s4 ,if !re are m9or heirs1 ! c\rt appo9ts gu>dians = !m4 ,proc$ure 9 case no ,w is made4--,if !re is no w1 ! f\r /eps :i* h 9 view ! e/abli%m5t ( ! validity ( ! w1 are unnecess>y4 ,! initial /ep 9 ?is case is ! appo9tm5t ( an adm9i/rator to d ! "w :i* "u a w is done by ! executor4 ,9 ord] t an adm9i/rator acceptable to ! heirs may be appo9t$1 ! foll[+ /eps are tak53 #a4 ,someone int]e/$ 9 ! e/ate petitions = ! appo9tm5t ( a c]ta9 p]son z adm9i/rator4 #b4 ,notice ( he>+ is giv5 by publication1 cit+ ^? int]e/$ 9 ! e/ate to appe> at a c]ta9 day if !y desire to ent] any objection to ! appo9tm5t4 #c4 ,if at ! "t specifi$ = ! he>+ no objection is made1 ! p]son petition$ = is appo9t$ adm9i/rator1 & lett]s ( adm9i/ration are issu$ to him4 ,!n beg9n+ ) ! six? /ep ! proce$+s are sub/antially ! same z 9 case ( a w1 except t ! basis ( di/ribution 9 ! n9? is ! law in/ead ( ! w4 ,z befits an au?ority :i* ?us p]vades ! sanctity ( a h\sehold1 crosses ! ?re%old & exposes to public view ! *amb] ( m\rn+1 probate jurisdiction 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is ex]cis$ ) great simplicity ( =m z well z decorum4 ,footnote3 ,s*\l]'s ,executors & ,adm9i/rators4 ,"s ,p]t95t ,que/ions4 ,:at is a w8 ,footnote3 ,see ,dole's ,talks ab\t ,law4 ,:y mu/ x be 9 writ+8 ,mu/ x be 9 ! h&writ+ ( ! te/ator8 ,:y are ! witnesses ess5tial8 ,is ! =m ( a w ess5tial8 ,is x necess>y t ! witnesses "k ! cont5ts ( ! w8 ,:at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 an heir & a legatee8 ,may ei!r be witness to ! w8 ,:y8 ,if ! witnesses die be=e ! te/ator1 h[ c ! w be prov$8 ,:at is a codicil8 ,if !re be two wills ( diff]5t dates1 :i* w /&8 ,:at diff]5ce does x make :e!r a p]son hav+ prop]ty makes a w or n8 ,gr\p ! proce$+s 9 case ( a w into ?ree gr\ps4 ,a m9or may h two gu>dians1 "o ( its p]son & ! o!r ( its prop]ty8 ,:y8 ,:at is to h9d] a gu>dian f abus+ 8 tru/8 ,,di/rict1 ,,circuit ,,or ,,sup]ior ,,c\rts4 ,jurisdiction4--,?is c\rt has orig9al jurisdiction 9 all civil & crim9al cases )9 ! di/rict :i* d n come )9 ! jurisdiction ( ! ju/ice c\rts4 ,x has appellate jurisdiction f probate & ju/ice c\rts z provid$ by law4 ,proc$ure4--,! proce$+s are sub/antially ! same z 9 a ju/ice c\rt except t 9 crim9al cases !y are bas$ ^u an indictm5t by ! gr& jury1 & aft] ! argum5ts ! judge *>ges ! jury1 t is1 in/ructs x reg>d+ its duty4 ,plead+s4--,! plead+s 9 ! di/rict c\rt are some:at m elaborate ?an 9 a ju/ice c\rt1 & a few words 9 reg>d to !m fur!r ?an :at has already be5 giv5 may n be out ( place "h4 ,! def5dant 9 mak+ 8 plea may raise a "q z to ! jurisdiction ( ! c\rt1 or he may ask t ! case be ?r[n out ( c\rt on acc\nt ( "s irregul>ity ( ! writ ^u :i* x is bas$4 ,s9ce ^! pleas1 if successful1 simply delay ! trial1 because a new suit may aft]w>ds be br\ght1 !y are call$ dilatory pleas4 ,b he may d5y ! pla9tiff's gr\nd ( action by d5y+ ! allegations ( ! pla9tiff & *all5g+ him to trial4 ,?is plea is call$ ! g5]al issue4 ,he may admit ! pla9tiff's allegations b plead o!r facts to avoid _! effect4 ,?is is call$ ! plea ( confession & avoidance4 ,^! pleas are on ! m]its ( ! case1 & are call$ pleas 9 b>4 ,!re are o!r pleas ( ?is k9d4 ,pleas 9 b>1 except ! g5]al issue1 may give rise to c\nt] pleas introduc$ by ! p>ties alt]nately4 ,b ! issue may be "o ( law in/ead ( fact1 & ! def5dant may ent] a demurr]1 claim+ t ! matt]s alleg$ are n suffici5t 9 law to su/a9 ! action4 ,evid5ce4--,"s ( ! fundam5tal pr9ciples or rules :i* gov]n ! tak+ ( evid5ce & ! weigh+ ( te/imony may prop]ly appe> "h4 ,^! rules are design$ to exclude all irrelevant matt] & to secure ! be/ pro( t c be _h4 #a4 ,witnesses mu/ be compet5t4 ,t is1 9 g5]al1 !y mu/ be able to und]/& ! nature & solemnity ( an oa?4 ,?is w usually exclude *ildr5 bel[ a c]ta9 age1 insane p]sons & p]sons drunk at ! "t ( (f]+ te/imony4 #b4 ,witnesses mu/ te/ify ( _! own k4 ,usually !y are b>r$ f tell+ :at !y simply believe to be ! fact or :at !y h le>n$ f he>say4 #c4 ,evid5ce mu/ g to prove ! mat]ial allegations ( ! plead+s4 ,x mu/ be conf9$ to ! "q at issue4 ,x is to be obs]v$ t ! evid5ce mu/ n only g to prove ! matt] alleg$1 b x mu/ be ! mat]ial n ! sup]flu\s matt]4 ,:at is mat]ial & :at sup]flu\s w dep5d ^u ! case4 ,?us if x is alleg$ t a suit ( clo!s 0 obta9$ by ! def5dant at a c]ta9 "t1 8 obta9+ ! clo!s is ! mat]ial fact & ! "t may be sup]flu\s or immat]ial4 ,b if a note is 9 controv]sy its date is mat]ial z e/abli%+ its id5tity4 #d4 ,! evid5ce mu/ be ! be/ ( :i* ! case is susceptible4 ,?us1 9 case ( a writt5 in/rum5t ! be/ evid5ce is ! in/rum5t itself2 ! next be/1 a copy ( x2 ! next1 oral /atem5t ( its cont5ts4 ,& a copy w n be accept$ if ! orig9al c be produc$4 #e4 ,! burd5 ( pro( lies on ! affirmative4 ,9 civil cases ! p>ty affirm+ is usually ! pla9tiff4 ,9 crim9al cases x is ! /ate4 ,h>moniz+ ) ?is pr9ciple is ! con/itutional provision t 9 crim9al cases ! accus$ %all n be requir$ to give evid5ce aga9/ himself4 ,^! are ! pr9cipal rules ( evid5ce1 b !y h _m applications4 ,le>n$ volumes h be5 writt5 elaborat+ !m4 ,gr& ,jury4--,a gr& jury may be def9$ z a body ( m5 return$ at /at$ p]iods f ! citiz5s ( ! c\nty1 be=e a c\rt ( compet5t jurisdiction1 *os5 by lot1 & sworn to inquire ( public (f5ses committ$ or triable 9 ! c\nty4 ,! numb] ( gr& jurors 0 =m]ly tw5ty-?ree4 ,by /atute _m ( ! /ates h fix$ ^u a small] numb]1 ,oregon hav+ only sev54 ,a common numb] is fifte54 ,"s /ates h no gr& jury4 ,9 "s o!rs ! gr& jury is summon$ only :5 reque/$ by ! c\rt4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates con/itution & mo/ ( ! ,/ate con/itutions decl>e t no p]son %all be held to answ] = a crim9al (f5se1 except a m9or "o1 unless on ! pres5tm5t or indictm5t ( a gr& jury4 ,?is is to save p f ! vexation & exp5se ( arre/ & trial unless !re is reasonable presumption ( _! guilt4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a gr& jury %\ld aid 9 br++ to ju/ice p]sons :o indulge 9 practices subv]sive ( public peace1 b :i* individuals are dis9cl9$ to prosecute1 su* z gambl+4 ,incid5tally ! gr& jury exam9es into ! condition ( ! c\nty jail & poor-h\se4 ,! mode ( select+ gr& jurors is 9 g5]al ! same 9 all ! /ates4 ,! /eps are ?ree3 fir/1 ! c>eful prep>ation ( a li/ ( p]sons 9 ! c\nty qualifi$ to s]ve2 second1 ! selection1 by lot1 f ?is li/ ( ! numb] ( p]sons ne$$2 ?ird1 ! summon+ ( ! p]sons s *os54 ,! numb] ( p]sons 9 ! fir/ li/ is f two to ?ree times ! numb] ( jurors4 ,! prep>ation ( ! li/ is 9 "s /ates entru/$ to ! c\nty bo>d2 9 o!rs1 to jury commission]s2 9 o!rs1 to ! local bo>ds4 ,! names are report$ to ! cl]k ( ! c\rt1 :o 9 ! pres5ce ( witnesses1 makes ! selection by lot4 ,! summon+ is done by ! %]iff4 ,on ! fir/ day ( ! t]m1 ! c\rt appo9ts "o ( ! jurors =eman4 ,! jury is !n sworn1 &1 aft] be+ *>g$ by ! c\rt1 retires to a private room & proce$s to ! p]=mance ( its duty4 ,! delib]ations ( ! gr& jury are conduct$ 9 secret4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 summon & exam9e witnesses1 ,footnote3 ,witnesses = ! accus$ are n usually exam9$ by ! gr& jury4 & may h ! advice ( ! c\rt or ( ! c\nty attorney4 ,! fact t a crime has be5 committ$ )9 ! c\nty may be br\ght to ! notice ( ! gr& jury by any memb] !re( or by any o!r p]son4 ,if ^u exam9ation !re seems to be reason = believ+ t x 0 committ$ by ! p]son accus$1 ! c\nty attorney is call$ ^u to frame a =mal accusation aga9/ him1 call$ an indictm5t1 :i* is endors$ ) ! words a true bill1 & s5t to ! c\rt4 ,^u ! indictm5t ! p]son accus$ is arre/$ & tri$4 ,if ! evid5ce aga9/ ! accus$ is insuffici5t to w>rant indictm5t1 b yet 8 innoc5ce is que/ionable1 ! gr& jury may br+ a pres5tm5t aga9/ him4 ,?is is an in=mal /atem5t 9 writ+ address$ to ! c\rt sett+ =? ! (f5se & /at+ t !re is a reasonable probability t a c]ta9 p]son1 nam$1 has committ$ x4 ,a p]son arre/$ on a pres5tm5t is exam9$ be=e a ju/ice ( ! peace or o!r magi/rate1 z if arre/$ on a compla9t4 ,nei!r an indictm5t nor a pres5tm5t c issue except ^u concurr5ce ( ! numb] ( gr& jurors specifi$ by /atute4 ,"u =m] practice ! jury numb]$ tw5ty-?ree & ! concurr5ce ( twelve 0 necess>y4 ,! gr& jury is b\nd to inve/igate ! *>ge aga9/ any "o held by a ju/ice to await ! action ( ! gr& jury2 also any *>ge br\ght by a memb] ( ! gr& jury4 ,& conv]sely x is ! sworn duty ( ea* memb] to report any crime kn[n by him to h be5 committ$ )9 ! c\nty4 ,any outsid] may file in=mation or br+ *>ges1 b ! gr& jury may use its own judgm5t z to ! necessity ( inve/igat+ !m4 ,petit ,jury4--,a petit jury is a body ( twelve m5 impanel$ & sworn 9 a di/rict c\rt to try & det]m9e by a true & unanim\s v]dict1 any "q or issue ( fact1 9 any civil or crim9al action or proce$+1 accord+ to law & ! evid5ce z giv5 !m 9 c\rt4 ,! mode ( select+ petit jurors is 9 g5]al ! same z t pursu$ 9 select+ gr& jurors4 ,! li/ ( p]sons qualifi$ to s]ve is1 h[ev]1 usually l>g]4 ,! selection by lot is made ?us3 slips ( pap]1 ea* conta9+ "o ( ! names1 are fold$ & deposit$ 9 a box4 ,! box is %ak51 & ! prescrib$ numb] ( slips is drawn4 ,! p]sons ^: names ?us appe> are summon$ z jurors4 ,:5 an action is call$ = trial by jury1 ! cl]k draws f ! jury box ! ballots conta9+ ! names ( ! jurors1 until ! jury is complet$ or ! ballots exhau/$4 ,if necess>y1 ! %]iff "u direction ( ! c\rt summons by/&]s or o!rs 9 ! c\nty to complete ! jury4 ,su* p]sons are call$ talesm54 ,to secure an imp>tial jury1 ea* p>ty may object to or *all5ge1 a numb] ( ! jurors4 ,! *all5ge may be p]emptory or = cause4 ,! p]emptory *all5ge1 z its "n implies1 is "o 9 :i* no reason ne$ be assign$4 ,! numb] ( su* *all5ges mu/1 ( c\rse1 be limit$4 ,9 civil suits x is usually limit$ to ?ree by ea* p>ty4 ,9 crim9al cases1 ! /ate has usually two p]emptory *all5ges & ! def5dant five4 ,if ! (f5se is puni%able ) dea? or /ate prison = life1 ! /ate has 9 ,m9nesota sev5 p]emptory *all5ges & ! def5dant tw5ty4 ,*all5ges = cause may be ei!r g5]al or p>ticul>4 ,a g5]al *all5ge ( a propos$ juror may be made on ! basis ( 8 incompet5cy or unwor?9ess to act 9 su* capacity 9 any action4 ,a p>ticul> *all5ge may be bas$ on "s bias 9 ?is p>ticul> case :i* w\ld unfit ! propos$ juror = r5d]+ an imp>tial v]dict4 ,habeas ,corpus4--,n connect$ directly ) trials b relat$ to ! di/rict c\rt is ! writ ( habeas corpus4 ,?is is ! mo/ fam\s writ 9 law1 & has be5 /yl$ ! *ief bulw>k ( lib]ty4 ,x 0 design$ orig9ally to secure a p]son f be+ deta9$ 9 prison )\t due process ( law1 & x s]v$ z a mighty *eck ^u arbitr>y p[]4 ,its op]ation has be5 ext5d$ s z to include any det5tion aga9/ ! w ( ! p]son deta9$4 ,! writ1 z w be se5 by ref]5ce to ! app5dix 7p4 #bij71 comm&s ! p]son hold+ ano!r 9 cu/ody to br+ him be=e ! judge & %[ cause = ! det5tion4 ,if ! judge f9ds t ! prison] is deta9$ = cause he rem&s him to cu/ody2 if n he ord]s 8 dis*>ge4 ,conclud+ ,rem>ks4--,?is discussion might easily be cont9u$4 ,volumes h be5 writt5 on ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice4 ,b p]haps en\gh has be5 giv5 to %[ t great c>e is tak5 to protect ! int]e/s ( ! innoc5t & to d equal & exact ju/ice to all4 ,9 view ( flippant rem>ks sometimes made reg>d+ c\rts ( ju/ice1 x is p]t95t & prop] to g at lea/ s f> into detail4 ,! /udy ( ,civil ,gov]nm5t w h be5 pursu$ to little purpose if respect = law be n "o ( its fruits4 ,"s ,p]t95t ,que/ions ,h[ _m judicial di/ricts 9 ?is /ate8 ,footnote3 ,consult ,legislative ,manual4 ,h[ _m c\nties 9 ! l>ge/8 ,9 ! smalle/8 ,h[ _m h m ?an "o judge8 ,:y n let ea* c\nty con/itute a judicial di/rict8 ,if "s "o ow$ y #dj & refus$ to pay1 9 :at c\rt c\ld y sue8 ,if he ow$ y #bej8 ,if ! suit involv$ #a1jjj1jjj8 ,:at is ! relation ( ! plea to ! action8 ,c any?+ be prov$ :i* is n alleg$ 9 ! plea8 ,%[ ! purpose ( ea* rule ( plead+4 ,( ea* rule ( evid5ce4 ,:at are ! diff]5ces betwe5 a gr& jury & a petit jury8 ,:y is ea* s nam$8 ,if a p]son accus$ ( crime is exam9$ & held by a ju/ice ( ! peace1 z /at$ 9 a previ\s *apt]1 mu/ he be indict$ by a gr& jury be=e he c be tri$8 ,:y8 ,may a p]son's acts be inquir$ into by ! gr& jury )\t 8 kn[+ any?+ ab\t x8 ,may gr& jurors reveal ! proce$+s ( ! jury8 ,:y8 ,:y is !re su* a ?+ z a p]emptory *all5ge ( a juror8 ,:y s _m giv5 to a p]son accus$ ( crime8 ,are lawy]s (fic]s ( ! c\rt8 ,:at oa? does ea* take on admission to ! b>8 ,que/ions = ,debate ,resolv$1 ,t trial by jury has outliv$ its usefulness4 ,resolv$1 ,t capital puni%m5t is n ju/ifiable4 ,ref]5ces4--,dole's ,talks ab\t ,law2 ,lieb]'s ,civil ,lib]ty & ,self ,gov]nm5t1 #bcd-f2 ,! ,c5tury1 ,novemb] #ahhb2 ,atlantic ,mon?ly1 ,july #ahha2 ,nor? ,am]ican ,review1 ,m>* #ahhb & ,july #ahhd4 ,illu/ration3 ,pap]s--,prep>e ) c>e ! tabul> views ( ! t[n1 village1 city & c\nty1 z foll[s ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,hi/orical4 ,old ,engl&4--,n only our language b also v _m ( our political in/itutions we h inh]it$ f ,engl&4 ,b ! c\ntry n[ call$ by t "n is n ! real old ,engl&4 ,! fa!rl& ( ! ,engli% race is ! i/hmus 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ,g]many :i* we n[ call ,s*leswig4 ,"h dwelt ! old ,angles or ,engli%4 ,to ! nor? ( !m 9 ,jutl& 0 ! tribe call$ ! ,jutes1 & to ! s\? ( !m1 9 :at we n[ call ,hol/e9 & ,friesl&1 dwelt ! ,saxons4 ,h[ close 0 ! union ( ^! tribes 0 %[n by _! use ( a common "n1 :ile ! *oice ( ?is "n po9ts out ! tribe :i* at ! mom5t :5 we fir/ meet !m1 9 ! fif? c5tury1 mu/ h be5 ! mo/ p[]ful 9 ! conf$]acy4 ,footnote3 ,gre5's ,hi/ory ( ! ,engli% ,p4 ,among !mselves !y bore 9 common ! "n ( ,engli%m54 ,among ! *>act]i/ics ( ^? ,g]man ance/ors ( ours are ! foll[+3 ,!y 7 v indep5d5t2 ! free l&hold] 0 ! free-neck$ man4 ,! ties ( k9%ip 7 v /rong4 ,ea* k9sman 0 8 k9sman's keep]1 b\nd to protect him f wrong1 to h9d] him f wrong-do+1 & to suff] ) & pay = him if wrong 7 done4 ,footnote3 ,gre5's ,hi/ory ( ! ,engli% ,p4 ,!y 7 v mu* atta*$ to home4 ,l& ) ! ,g]man race seems ev]y:]e to h be5 ! accompanim5t ( full fre$om4444 ,! l&less man ceas$ = all practical purposes to be free1 ?\gh he 0 no man's slave4 ,footnote3 ,gre5's ,hi/ory ( ! ,engli% ,p4 ,among !mselves !y 7 q social4 ,?\gh till]s ( ! soil !y liv$1 n isolat$1 b gr\p$ toge!r 9 small villages4 ,?is may h be5 p>tly = mutual protection4 ,!y 7 lov]s ( law & ord]4 ,! ,t[n%ip4,footnote3 ,see ,am]ican ,political ,ideas1 pp4 #ca-fc4--,! d]ivation ( ! ^w t[n%ip %[s u to :om we are indebt$ = ! in/itution itself4 ,! ^w is d]iv$ f ! ,anglo-,saxon tun-scipe4 ,tun meant h$ge1 dit* or def5se2 & scipe1 :i* we h also 9 l&scape1 meant :at may be se54 ,ar\nd ! village be=e m5tion$ 0 ! tun1 & beyond 7 ! fields & mead[s & woodl&s1 ! :ole =m+ ! tun scipe or t[n%ip4 ,to adm9i/] ju/ice & to take any o!r action = ! common good1 ! freem5 ga!r$ 9 folk-moot ar\nd ! moot hill or ! sacr$ tree4 ,?\gh ! proce$+s ( ^! assemblies diff]$ 9 detail f ^? ( our t[n meet+s1 bo? conta9 ! great pr9ciple ( local self gov]nm5t4 ,! ,c\nty4,footnote3 ,see ,am]ican ,political ,ideas1 pp4 #ca-fc4--;,al?\gh ) u ! /ate is divid$ into c\nties & ! c\nties into t[ns1 ! ord] ( =mation 0 orig9ally ! o!r way4 ,! t[ns are ! olde/ in/itutions 9 our sy/em4 ,lat]1 f unit+ =ces 9 w> came a union ( action among adjo9+ t[ns dur+ peace4 ,?us grew up :at 0 call$ ! ,hundr$4 ,:5 9 ! fif? c5tury ! ,engli% invad$ ,brita91 _m ( ! *iefta9s or milit>y lead]s rose to k+%ip ov] small areas4 ,on ! completion ( ! conque/ ^! k+s /ruggl$ among !mselves = lead]%ip1 until f9ally ,engl& became unit$ into "o k+dom1 & ! little k+doms 7 r$uc$ to %ires rul$ by e>ls4 ,) ! gr[? ( ! k+'s p[]1 t ( ! und]k+s or e>ls grew less4 ,!n o!r %ires 7 =m$1 & ?is in/itution became simply an adm9i/rative division4 ,aft] ! ,norman conque/ ! ,fr5* t]ms c\nt & c\nty came into use4 ,! e>ne/ /ud5t w f9d bo? pleasure & pr(it 9 look+ up ! orig9 & hi/ory ( ! trial by jury1 ! crim9al w>rant1 ! writ ( habeas corpus1 bail1 common law1 ! g5]al rules ( p>liam5t>y practice1 etc4 ,t[n & ,c\nty 9 ,am]ica4--,9 ,new ,engl& ! mo/ important division ( ! /ate is ! t[n2 9 ! ,s\? x is ! c\nty4,footnote3 ,an excell5t discussion ( ?is may be f\nd 9 ,samuel ,adams1 ! ,man ( ! ,t[n ,meet+1 ,john's ,hopk9s ,univ]sity ,/udies 9 ,hi/ory1 ,volume ,,ii1 ,numb] #d4 ,9 o!r /ates ! relative importance ( ! two organizations dep5ds ^u ! influ5ce to :i* ! /ate 0 mo/ /rongly subject$4 ,! reason = ! diff]5ce is f\nd 9 ! "* & circum/ances ( ! e>ly coloni/s4 ,9 ,new ,engl&1 ! *ur* 0 ! c5t] ( ! community4 ,! sev]ity ( ! climate & ! "* ( ! soil made x impracticable to cultivate l>ge f>ms4 ,! coloni/s _h come ma9ly f ! t[ns ( ,engl&4 ,^! consid]ations & ! pres5ce ( fi]ce & unfri5dly ,indians caus$ ! settl]s to gr\p !mselves into compact settlem5ts4 ,_! self ass]tion prompt$ !m1 & _! intellig5ce enabl$ !m1 to take active "p 9 public affairs4 ,h5ce ! importance ( ! t[n 9 ,new ,engl&4 ,9 ! ,s\?1 ! colonies 7 plant$ l>gely 9 ! int]e/s ( ! propriet>ies4 ,! lead+ spirits _h be5 c\nty g5tlem5 9 ,engl& & !y naturally favor$ ! c\nty sy/em4 ,! mass ( ! p 7 unaccu/om$ & indiff]5t to direct p>ticipation 9 ! gov]nm5t4 ,aga91 ! w>m climate & f]tile l&s 7 favorable to l>ge plantations & a disp]s$ population2 s t ! "* ( ! p & ! circum/ances "u :i* !y liv$ 7 alike favorable to ! e/abli%m5t ( ! c\nty sy/em pure & simple4 ,to quote ! pi?y /atem5t ( ,pr(essor ,macy1 ,! s\!rn c\nty 0 a modifi$ ,engli% %ire1 ) ! t[ns left out4 ,local gov]nm5t 9 ,new ,engl& 0 made up ( ,engli% t[ns ) ! %ire left out4 ,subsequ5tly c\nties 7 =m$ 9 ,new ,engl& = judicial purposes1 b ! t[ns reta9$ ! great] numb] ( _! functions2 & 9 ! s\?1 ! c\nties 7 aft]w>ds subdivid$ into election & police di/ricts1 b ! adm9i/rative p[] rema9$ ) ! c\nty4 ,! ,middle ,/ates divid$ ! local p[] betwe5 ! t[n & ! c\nty4 ,migration is *iefly along ! p>allels ( latitude4 ,& p f habit & in/9ct organize new gov]nm5ts l>gely on ! plans to :i* !y are accu/om$4 ,h5ce we are n surpris$ to f9d t 9 ! /ates =m$ s\? ( ! l9e ( ! ,ohio1 ! c\nty is ! pr9cipal division2 :ile 9 ! nor?we/]n /ates ! t[n is ! important factor4 ,?\gh 9 ! ,nor?we/ ! c\nty is m important ?an 9 ,new ,engl&1 ! influ5ce ( ! t[ns 9 c\nty affairs is g5]ally ma9ta9$ by ! selection ( memb]s ( ! c\nty bo>d f ! sev]al t[ns4 ,ill9ois is a good example ( ! tru? ( ! g5]alizations at ! beg9n+ ( ! prec$+ p>agraph4 ,! /ate is v long & rea*es f> to ! s\?4 ,! s\!rn "p ( ! /ate 0 settl$ fir/1 & almo/ pure c\nty gov]nm5t prevail$4 ,by & by ! nor!rn "p began to settle1 & x grew 9 population fa/] ?an ! s\!rn "p4 ,! t[n 0 introduc$1 & n[ prevails 9 all b a few c\nties4 ,c y see ! relation ( ^! facts to ! g5]alization8 ,c y tell :]e ! p ( ! two sections ( ! /ate came f8 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,! ,,/ate4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,:y ,,we ,,h ,,/ates4 #a4 ,hi/orical reason4 ,we h /ates n[ because we _h su* organizations at ! "t ?is gov]nm5t 0 e/abli%$4 ,! colonies1 f\nd$ at diff]5t times1 "u diff]5t auspices1 by p diff]+ 9 religion1 politics1 & mat]ial int]e/s1 rema9$ l>gely indep5d5t ( ea* o!r dur+ colonial times1 & on sep>at+ f ,engl& became indep5d5t /ates4 #b4 ,geographical reason4 ,diff]5t climatic & topographic conditions give rise to diff]5t indu/ries1 & !re=e necessitate diff]5t regulations or laws4 #c4 ,!oretical reason4 ,! !ory ( our gov]nm5t is t ( dec5tralization ( p[]4,footnote3 ,!re be+ a con/ant t5d5cy to c5tralization1 ?is ?\ght %\ld be emphasiz$4 ,see ,nordh(f's ,politics = ,"y ,am]icans4 7#ga7 ,t is1 we ?9k x be/ to keep p[] z ne> z possible to ! p4 ,if a c]ta9 "w c be accompli%$ fairly by individual ent]prise1 we pref] t x be done s r ?an ?r\gh any gov]nm5tal ag5cy4 ,if "w c be done by ! t[n j z well z by ! c\nty1 we assign x to ! t[n4 ,& z betwe5 ! /ate & ! g5]al gov]nm5t1 we assign no duty to ! latt] :i* c be p]=m$ z well by ! =m]4 #d4 ,practical reasons4 ,!re are _m practical reasons4 ,among !m may be m5tion$ ! foll[+3 ,we ne$ ! /ate z a basis = ! apportionm5t ( memb]s ( congress4 ,?is is a f$]al republic1 & repres5tation 9 ! national c\ncils c be _h only ?r\gh /atehood4 ,we ne$ ! /ate to e/abli% a sy/em ( education1 to control corporations1 to put d[n riots :5 ! local au?orities _c d s1 to e/abli% ! small] organizations1 etc4 ,^! are "s ( ! ?+s ref]r$ to 9 p>agraph ?ree1 :i* ! /ate c d bett] ?an ! g5]al gov]nm5t4 ,!re is 9 ! /ate also a high c\rt ( ju/ice to :i* cases may be appeal$ f ! c\rts bel[4 ,,h[ ,,/ates ,,are ,,creat$4 ,! old ?irte5 orig9at$ 9 revolution4 ,!y decl>$ !mselves free & indep5d5t /ates1 & ma9ta9$ ! decl>ation by =ce ( arms4 ,ea* became a /ate 9 ! ,union by ratify+ ! con/itution4 ,"u ! con/itution /ates h be5 admitt$ into ! ,union on t]ms prescrib$ by congress4 ,! plan 9 g5]al is z foll[s3 #a4 ,:5 ! numb] ( p 9 a t]ritory equals or ne>ly equals ! numb] requir$ to secure a repres5tative 9 congress1 ! inhabitants !re( may petition congress1 ?r\gh _! delegate1 = an act au?oriz+ ! =mation ( a /ate gov]nm5t4 #b4 ,if ! petition is grant$1 an enabl+ act is pass$4 ,?is usually def9es ! t]ritory to be compris$ 9 ! new /ate1 provides = ! call+ ( a con/itutional conv5tion1 requires t ! /ate gov]nm5t to be fram$ %all be republican 9 =m1 /ates ! numb] ( repres5tatives 9 congress :i* ! /ate %all h until ! next c5sus1 & (f]s a numb] ( propositions = acceptance or rejection by ! conv5tion4 ,among ^! are proposals giv+ l& = ! support ( common s*ools & ( a univ]sity1 & = ! erection ( public build+s2 & (f]+ a portion ( ! net proce$s ( ! sale ( public l&s )9 ! /ate = int]nal improvem5ts4 ,^! (f]s are condition$ ^u non-int]f]5ce on ! "p ( ! /ate ) ! hold+ & sell+ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ! l&s )9 ! /ate own$ by ! g5]al gov]nm5t1 & _! exemption f taxation4 ,! enabl+ act = ,m9nesota is giv5 9 ! app5dix1 pp4 #cee-h4 ,x is 9 a l>ge measure typical4 ,/ud5ts 9 mo/ ( ! /ates c f9d ! enabl+ act = _! /ate 9 ! legislative manual !re(4 ,mi*igan1 ,kansas & ,oregon =m$ _! con/itutions )\t an enabl+ act4 #c4 ,! con/itutional conv5tion provid$ = 9 ! enabl+ act1 hav+ asc]ta9$ t x is ! wi% ( ! p to =m a /ate1 frames a con/itution & submits x to ! p ( ! propos$ /ate = adoption4 #d4 ,if x is adopt$1 ,footnote3 ,wiscons9 reject$ ! con/itution ( #ahdf1 & ,new ,york t ( #ahfg4 copies ( ! con/itution are s5t to ! presid5t & to ea* h\se ( congress4 #e4 ,if ! con/itution fram$ is 9 accordance ) our in/itutions1 x is accept$ & ! /ate is admitt$4 ,footnote3 ,! acts ( congress ( #ahff & #ahfg1 admitt+ ,colorado1 7 bo? veto$ by presid5t ,&rew ,johnson4 ,k5tucky1 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,ma9e1 ,cali=nia & ,texas became /ates 9 ! ,union )\t hav+ be5 t]ritories4 ,! fir/ two 7 deta*$ f ,virg9ia1 & ! ?ird f ,massa*usetts1 & admitt$ at once z /ates4 ,cali=nia & ,texas _h be5 indep5d5t /ates be=e admission4 ,z typical ( ! mode ( re/or+ ! s\!rn /ates to _! old place 9 ! ,union1 ! act re/or+ ,t5nessee is giv5 on page #ceh4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,/ate ,,con/itutions4 ,_! purpose4--,a con/itution 9 ! ,am]ican s5se ( ! t]m is a writt5 in/rum5t def9+ ! p[]s ( gov]nm5t & di/ribut+ ^? p[]s among ! bran*es or dep>tm5ts !re(4 ,x is ! fundam5tal law1 ! voice ( ! p grant+ or )hold+ p[]4 ,a prim>y purpose ( ! in/rum5t is to give =m & au?ority to ! gov]nm5t2 ano!r is to protect individuals & m9orities f ! tyranny ( ! majority4 ,ea* ( ! /ates has a con/itution4 ,_! orig94--,9 mo/ ( ! c\ntries ( ,europe1 includ+ ,engl&1 :at is call$ ! con/itution is n writt54 ,x consi/s l>gely ( ! maxims ( exp]i5ce1 ! pr9ciples sanction$ by cu/om4 ,:5 a new political cu/om becomes preval5t x gradually becomes recogniz$ z "p ( ! con/itution4 ,writt5 con/itutions 9 ?is c\ntry probably arose f ! fact t ! *>t]s grant$ to ! colonies & secur+ to !m privileges1 7 9 writ+4 ,& ^! writt5 *>t]s !mselves grew out ( a practice preval5t 9 ,engl& ( secur+ ! rights ( t[ns & cities by writt5 *>t]s wrung f ! k+4 ,"s g5]al *>t]s ( lib]ties1 too1 _h be5 secur$4 ,among ^! may be m5tion$ ! *>t] grant$ by ,h5ry ,i4 9 #aajj2 ! ,magna ,*>ta1 or great *>t]1 wrung f ,k+ ,john 9 #abae2 & ! ,petition ( ,"r1 ! ,habeas ,corpus ,act1 & ! ,bill ( ,rights1 secur$ 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,"s ( ! *>t]s grant$ to colonies 7 s lib]al 9 _! t]ms t !y 7 adopt$ z con/itutions :5 ! colonies became /ates4 ,! *>t] ( ,connecticut rema9$ its con/itution till #ahah4 ,& ev5 9 #ahdb x 0 ) difficulty t ! p ( ,rhode ,isl& c\ld be prevail$ ^u to give up ! old *>t] = a new con/itution4 ,_! ,cont5ts4--,! /ate con/itutions are v mu* alike 9 _! g5]al *>act]i/ics4 ,aft] a preamble1 sett+ =? ! purpose ( ! in/rum5t1 !y usually conta9 a bill ( rights1 int5d$ to secure p]sonal lib]ty & o!r p]sonal rights4 ,!y !n di/ribute ! p[]s ( gov]nm5t among ?ree bran*es or dep>tm5ts1 & provide = ! organization & g5]al proc$ure ( ea*4 ,!n foll[ miscellane\s provisions1 relat+ to fran*ise1 education1 am5dm5ts1 etc4 ,_! usual defects4--,we h fl\ri%$ s wond]fully "u our sy/em ( gov]nm5t t we naturally h a great rev]5ce = our national & /ate con/itutions4 ,s f> has ?is feel+ gone t a l>ge numb] ( p seem to fancy t !re is "s magic 9 ! v ^w con/itution4 ,z a consequ5ce /ate con/itutions are usually too long2 !y conta9 too _m miscellane\s provisions4 ,mo/ ( ^! relate to transi5t or petty matt]s :i*1 if made affairs = public action at all1 %\ld be left to legislation4 ,*anges 9 ! con/itution weak5 our respect = x4 ,r>ely %\ld any?+ g into t great *>t] :i* has n /ood ! te/ ( "t1 unless x has ! promise ( endurance z a necess>y safegu>d ( ! rights & lib]ties ( ! p4 ,,bills ,,( ,,rights4 ,^! usually ass]t or gu>antee ! foll[+3 ,republican ,pr9ciples4--,t gov]nm5ts are in/itut$ by ! p & = _! b5efit2 t all p]sons are equal be=e ! law2 t no title ( nobility %all be grant$4 ,fre$om ( ,consci5ce4--,t !re %all be p]fect religi\s fre$om1 n1 h[ev]1 cov]+ immoral practices2 t !re %all be no e/abli%$ or /ate *ur*2 t no religi\s te/ %all be requir$ = ! p]=mance ( any public function4 ,fre$om ( ,spee*4--,t any "o may freely ?9k1 & publi% 8 op9ions1 on any subject1 be+ responsible = ! abuse ( ?is "r4 ,fre$om ( ,assembly4--,t ! p may peaceably assemble to discuss matt]s ( public int]e/ & to petition ! gov]nm5t = r$ress ( grievances4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 does n p]mit meet+s design$ to arrange = ! commission ( crime4 ,fre$om ( ,p]son4--,t !re %all be no slav]y2 nor imprisonm5t = debt1 except 9 cases ( fraud2 nor unw>rant$ se>*es or seizures ( p]sons or prop]ty2 t no g5]al w>rants %all be issu$2 t ! writ ( habeas corpus %all n be susp5d$1 except 9 c]ta9 em]g5cies2 t p]sons may freely move f place to place4 ,security ( ,prop]ty4--,t private prop]ty %all n be tak5 = public use )\t j comp5sation !re=1 previ\sly paid or secur$2 t to prev5t feudal t5ure ( l&1 long leases ( agricultural l& %all n be made1 9 mo/ /ates ! longe/ p]mitt$ t]m be+ tw5ty-"o ye>s4 ,"r to be> ,arms4--,t ! "r ( ! p to keep & be> arms %all n be infr+$4 ,fre$om f ,milit>y ,tyranny4--,t ! milit>y %all be 9 /rict subord9ation to ! civil p[]2 t !re %all be no /&+ army 9 "t ( peace2 nor %all any soldi] 9 "t ( peace be qu>t]$ 9 private h\ses )\t ! cons5t ( ! own]4 ,=bidd5 ,laws4--,t no ex po/ facto law1 no law impair+ ! obligation ( contracts1 nor any bill ( atta9d] %all be pass$2 t !re %all be no special laws 9 c]ta9 specifi$ cases4 ,rights ( ,accus$ ,p]sons4--7a7 ,be=e trial4 ,t no unw>rant$ se>*es or seizures %all be made2 t1 except 9 capital (f5ses1 ! accus$ %all1 :ile await+ trial1 be bailable2 t1 except 9 m9or cases1 a p]son %all n be held to answ] = a crim9al (f5se unless on ! pres5tm5t or indictm5t ( a gr& jury4 7b7 ,on trial4 ,t ! accus$ p]son %all h a spe$y & public trial 9 ! di/rict :]e ! crime 0 committ$2 t trial by jury %all rema9 inviolable2 t ! accus$ %all be in=m$ ( ! nature ( ! *>ge aga9/ him2 t he %all be confront$ ) ! witnesses aga9/ him2 t he may be he>d 9 8 own def5se & %all h ! b5efit ( c\nsel 9 8 behalf2 t he %all n be requir$ to witness aga9/ himself2 t he %all h compulsory process to compel ! att5dance ( witnesses 9 8 behalf2 t he %all n be depriv$ ( life1 lib]ty or prop]ty )\t due process ( law4 7c7 ,aft] trial4 ,t no cruel or unusual puni%m5t %all be inflict$2 t no "o %all twice be plac$ 9 jeop>dy = ! same (f5se4 ,rights n enum]at$4--,!re is usually a f9al /atem5t t ! enum]ation ( ! above rights %all n be con/ru$ to d5y or impair o!rs inh]5t 9 ! p4 ,,comm5ts ,,on ,,! ,,above4 ,! rights above enum]at$ are among ^? :i* to u 9 ,am]ica to-day seem almo/ matt]s ( c\rse4 ,x seems /range t any "o ev] s]i\sly que/ion$ ! fairness or ! ju/ice ( ! claims !re set =?4 ,b 9 enum]at+ !m we are tread+ on sacr$ gr\nd4 ,_! e/abli%m5t co/ our ance/ors hundr$s ( ye>s ( /ruggle aga9/ arbitr>y p[]1 9 :i* !y gave freely ( _! blood & treasure4 ,_m ( ^! rights are gu>ante$ 9 ! con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b only z aga9/ ! g5]al gov]nm5t4 ,t !y may n be invad$ by ! /ate gov]nm5t1 ! p h res]v$ !m 9 ! /ate con/itutions4 ,p]t95t ,que/ions4 ,9 :at s5se are all m5 creat$ equal8 ,is !re any?+ 9 good blood8 ,:at 0 meant by ! div9e "r ( k+s to rule8 ,c\ld a ,mormon practice polygamy 9 ?is /ate1 x be+ "p ( 8 religi\s cre$8 ,:y8 ,c an a!i/ give evid5ce 9 c\rt8 ,:at con/itutes libel8 ,sl&]8 ,on :at basis may a mob be disp]s$8 ,:at cases ( petition h y kn[n8 ,:at is a g5]al w>rant8 ,a passport8 ,:y may habeas corpus be susp5d$ 9 "t ( w>4 ,give in/ances ( private prop]ty tak5 = public use4 ,:at is meant by feudal t5ure8 ,h[ long a lease ( agricultural l&s may be giv5 9 ?is /ate8 ,h[ ab\t bus9ess prop]ty 9 a city8 ,may a p]son lawfully c>ry a revolv] 9 8 pocket8 ,:y8 ,:at is meant by ! milit>y be+ subord9ate to ! civil p[]8 ,:i* outranks1 ! secret>y ( w> or ! g5]al ( ! army8 ,:y %\ld ! /atem5t be made ab\t qu>t]+ soldi]s1 9 view ( ! prec$+ /atem5t8 ,:at is meant by an ex po/ facto law8 ,:y =bidd58 ,may a law be pass$ legaliz+ an act :i* 0 p]=m$ z a matt] ( necessity b )\t au?ority8 ,:at is to h9d] an enemy ( y\rs f hav+ y arre/$ & ca/ into prison & kept !re a long "t8 ,:at is ! purpose ( bail8 ,:y reg>d$ z an important elem5t ( lib]ty8 ,:y %\ld a gr& jury h to indict a p]son :o has be5 exam9$ & held = trial by a ju/ice ( ! peace8 ,does a prison] *>g$ ) murd] or o!r high crime rema9 9 h&cuffs dur+ 8 trial8 ,"n ! ?ree or f\r mo/ important gu>antees to an accus$ p]son4 ,:y are s _m provisions made 9 8 behalf8 ,if a rul] %\ld wi% to subv]t ! lib]ties ( a p us$ to ^! gu>antees1 :]e w\ld he beg98 ,:at are "s ( ! advantages possess$ by a writt5 con/itution ov] an unwritt5 "o8 ,( an unwritt5 ov] a writt5 "o8 ,is any "p ( our con/itution unwritt58 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,bran*es ,,( ,,gov]nm5t4 ,regulations & ,laws4--,:5 ! s*ool (fic]s1 act+ = ! p ( ! di/rict1 /ate =mally :at may & :at may n be done by tea*]s & pupils1 ! =mal expressions ( gov]n+ w are call$ rules & regulations4 ,simil> expressions by ! t[n1 village1 city1 or c\nty au?orities are call$ ord9ances or by-laws4 ,b :5 ! /ate expresses its w ?r\gh ! regul> *annels1 ! =mal expression is call$ a law4 ,! ,?ree ,bran*es ( ,gov]nm5t4--,aft] a law is made x ne$s to be c>ri$ into effect4 ,incid5tally que/ions w come up z to its mean+ & application4 ,gov]nm5t1 !n1 has ?ree great functions or p[]s ) reg>d to law4 ,9 our gov]nm5t1 & to a great] or less ext5t 9 all free c\ntries1 ^! p[]s are ve/$ 9 ?ree di/9ct sets ( p]sons4 ,if "o p]son or gr\p ( p]sons c\ld make ! laws1 int]pret !m1 & en=ce ob$i5ce to !m z int]pret$1 ! p[] ( su* p]son or p]sons w\ld be unlimit$1 & unlimit$ p[] begets tyranny4 ,"o ( ! purposes ( a con/itution is to limit ! p[] ( ! gov]nm5t )9 its prop] sph]e1 & to prev5t misuse ( au?ority2 & ?is organization ( ! gov]nm5t 9 ?ree dep>tm5ts1 ea* act+ indep5d5tly s f> z may be1 & act+ z a *eck ^u ! o!rs1 is "o ( ! modes ( limitation4 ,! law-mak+1 ! law-int]pret+1 & ! law-en=c+ bran*es are call$ respectively ! legislative1 ! judicial1 & ! executive bran*es4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,! ,,legislative ,,bran*4 ,bicam]al4--,! legislature ( e /ate consi/s ( two *amb]s or h\ses4 ,! reason = ?is is t dur+ colonial times mo/ ( ! legislatures consi/$ ( two h\ses1 ! gov]nor's c\ncil & ! repres5tative assembly4 ,!n on becom+ /ates1 ea* ( ! old ?irte51 except ,p5nsylvania1 organiz$ bicam]al legislatures4 ,& ! new /ates1 be+ l>gely settl$ by p f ! old] /ates1 naturally foll[$ _! example4 ,! /ructure ( congress has also _h mu* influ5ce4 ,! advantages to be d]iv$ f hav+ two h\ses are num]\s4 ,p]haps ! only "o :i* x is necess>y to m5tion "h is t x t5ds to prev5t ha/y legislation1 because "u ?is arrangem5t a bill mu/ be consid]$ at lea/ twice be=e passage4 ,apportionm5t4--,z ! population ( a /ate is *angeful1 ! con/itution does n usually specify ! numb] ( memb]s to compose ea* h\se4 ,?is is det]m9$1 )9 c]ta9 limitations impos$ 9 ! con/itution1 by ! legislature itself4 ,a re-apportionm5t is usually made e five ye>s1 aft] a c5sus by ! /ate or g5]al gov]nm5t4 ,! numb] ( s5ators usually ranges betwe5 ?irty & fifty2 t ( repres5tatives f sev5ty-five to "o hundr$ & fifty4 ,meet+4--,! legislature meets bi5nially 9 mo/ ( ! /ates4 ,p are beg9n+ to und]/& t !y may suff] f an excess ( legislation4 ,"s ( ! ,engli% k+s us$ to try to run ! gov]nm5t )\t p>liam5t1 & frequ5t sessions ( p>liam5t 7 !n dem&$ z a protection to popul> rights4 ,h5ce our =efa!rs in/9ctively favor$ frequ5t sessions ( ! legislature4 ,b su* necessity no long] exi/s1 & = _m reasons ! /ates h ) a few exceptions *ang$ f annual to bi5nial sessions4 ,footnote3 ,extra sessions may be call$ by ! gov]nor4 ,mississippi has its regul> sessions = g5]al legislation once 9 f\r ye>s1 & special sessions midway betwe54 ,election4--,s5ators & repres5tatives are bo? elect$ by ! p4 ,9 "s cases ! /ates are divid$ into s5atorial & repres5tative di/ricts 9 su* a way t ea* elects "o s5ator & "o repres5tative1 ! s5ate di/ricts be+ ( c\rse ! l>g]4 ,9 o!r cases1 ! /ate is divid$ into s5ate di/ricts only1 & ea* s5ate di/rict *ooses "o s5ator & an assign$ numb] ( repres5tatives4 ,! =m] plan prevails 9 ,wiscons91 = in/ance1 & ! latt] 9 ,m9nesota4 ,! numb] ( repres5tatives *os5 9 a s5atorial di/rict v>ies f "o to half a doz51 dep5d5t ^u population4 ,ill9ois has a peculi>1 & x w\ld seem an excell5t1 plan4 ,! /ate is divid$ on ! basis ( population into fifty-"o p>ts z ne>ly equal z possible4 ,ea* ( ^! di/ricts elects "o s5ator & ?ree repres5tatives4 ,9 vot+ = repres5tatives1 a p]son may mass 8 ?ree votes on "o c&idate1 or give !m to two or ?ree4 ,! purpose is to enable a p>ty 9 ! m9ority to secure "s repres5tation4 ,t]m4--,! l5g? ( t]m ( legislators usually dep5ds ^u ! frequ5cy ( sessions4 ,! g5]al pr9ciple seems to be t repres5tatives %all s]ve ?r\gh "o session & s5ators ?r\gh two4 ,h[ long1 !n1 w\ld y expect ! respective t]ms to be 9 /ates hav+ annual sessions8 ,9 /ates hav+ bi5nial sessions8 ,by ref]5ce to ! comp>ative legislative table on page #bic confirm or rev]se y\r judgm5t4 ,vacancy4--,9 case ( a vacancy 9 ei!r h\se ! gov]nor ord]s a new election 9 ! di/rict affect$ by ! vacancy4 ,individual ,h\se ,p[]s4--,ea* h\se has c]ta9 p[]s conf]r$ by ! con/itution hav+ = _! object ! pres]vation ( ! purity & indep5d5ce ( ! legislature4 ,among ^! are ! foll[+3 #a4 ,ea* h\se is ! judge ( ! election1 returns1 & qualification ( its own memb]s4 ,ea* p]son elect$ to ei!r h\se receives f ! canvass+ bo>d ( ! di/rict ?r\gh its cl]k a c]tificate ( election1 :i* he pres5ts :5 he goes to take 8 seat4 ,%\ld two p]sons claim ! same seat1 ! h\se to :i* admission is claim$ det]m9es betwe5 ! conte/ants4 ,! conte/ may be bas$1 among o!r ?+s1 ^u fraud 9 ! election1 a mi/ake 9 ! returns1 or alleg$ lack ( legal qualification on ! "p ( ! p]son hold+ ! c]tificate4 ,into any or all ( ^! matt]s ! h\se int]e/$1 & x only1 may probe1 & ^u ! "q ( admission x may pass f9al judgm5t4 #b4 ,ea* h\se makes its own rules ( proc$ure4 ,^!1 usually call$ rules ( p>liam5t>y practice1 y c f9d 9 ! legislative manual4 ,^u _! importance z relat$ to civil lib]ty1 consult ,lieb]'s ,civil ,lib]ty & ,self-,gov]nm5t4 ,! p[] to pres]ve ord] applies n only to memb]s b to spectators also4 ,disord]ly spectators may be remov$ by ! s]geant-at-arms4 ,on ! ord] ( ! presid+ (fic] su* p]sons may be plac$ 9 conf9em5t dur+ ! rema9d] ( ! daily session4 ,unruly memb]s are z a g5]al ?+ simply call$ to ord]4 ,= p]si/5t disord] !y may be reprim&$ or f9$4 ,footnote3 ,see ,among ! ,lawmak]s1 pp4 #bcj-c4 ,b 9 extreme cases !y may be expell$4 ,to prev5t a p>tizan majority f trump+ up *>ges & expell+ memb]s ( ! opposite p>ty1 x is a common con/itutional provision t ! concurr5ce ( two-?irds ( all ! memb]s elect$ %all be necess>y = expulsion4 #c4 ,ea* h\se *ooses its own (fic]s4 ,ea* h\se has a presid+ (fic]1 sev]al secret>ies or cl]ks1 a s]geant-at-arms1 a po/ma/]1 & a *apla94 ,! s]geant-at-arms usually has a numb] ( assi/ants appo9t$ by himself1 & !re are a numb] ( pages appo9t$ by ! presid+ (fic]4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 h>dly c\nt z (fic]s4 ,! only exception to ! rule enunciat$ is 9 ^? /ates hav+ a lieut5ant gov]nor1 :o is ex (ficio presid5t ( ! s5ate4 ,ev5 9 t case1 ! s5ate elects 9 case ( a vacancy1 ! p]son s elect$ be+ *os5 f among _! own numb] & receiv+ usually ! title ( presid5t pro tempore4 ,quorum4--,x w\ld h>dly be possible = all memb]s to be pres5t e day1 !re=e a numb] less ?an ! :ole %\ld h au?ority to act4 ,b ?is numb] %\ld n be v small4 ,! sev]al con/itutions fix ! quorum = ea* h\se1 usually at a majority ( ! memb]s elect$ to x4 ,b a small] numb] has p[] ( adj\rnm5t f day to day1 s t ! organization may n be lo/2 & x may compel ! att5dance ( abs5t memb]s1 by s5d+ ! s]geant-at-arms aft] !m4 ,publicity4--,on ! !ory t legislators are s]vants ( ! p1 we w\ld naturally expect ! proce$+s to be made public4 ,& s !y are4 ,publicity is secur$ 9 ! foll[+ ways3 #a4 ,9 accordance ) ! con/itutional provision1 ea* h\se keeps a j\rnal ( its proce$+s :i* x publi%es f "t to "t1 usually e day4 #b4 ,spectators are admitt$ to witness ! daily sessions4 #c4 ,newspap] report]s are admitt$1 & are furni%$ facilities = mak+ full & accurate reports4 ,privileges ( ,memb]s4--,9 ord] t _! con/itu5ts may n1 = frivol\s or s9i/] reasons1 be depriv$ ( _! s]vices 9 ! legislature1 ! memb]s ( ea* h\se are privileg$ f arre/ dur+ ! session ( _! respective h\ses1 & 9 go+ to & return+ f ! same4 ,nor c civil suit be br\ght aga9/ !m dur+ t "t4 ,b !y may be arre/$ = treason1 7def9$ 9 ! con/itution71 felony1 or brea* ( ! peace1 because if guilty !y are unwor?y ( a seat 9 ! legislature4 ,& 9 ord] t !re may be ! utmo/ fre$om ( spee* 9 ! legislature1 t any memb] :o kn[s ( wrong be+ done may feel p]fectly free to say s1 ! con/itution ( ea* /ate provides t = any spee* or debate 9 ei!r h\se1 !y %all n be que/ion$ 9 any o!r place4 ,comp5sation4--,memb]s ( ! legislature receive = _! s]vices a sal>y1 :i* is sometimes specifi$ 9 ! con/itution1 b :i* is usually fix$ by law4 ,9 ! latt] case no increase vot$ c be 9 effect until a new legislative t]m beg9s4 ,?is proviso is1 ( c\rse1 design$ to remove ! temptation to increase ! sal>y = selfi% ends4 ,9 "s c\ntries no sal>y is paid to legislators1 ! !ory be+ t ) ! temptation ( sal>y remov$ only p]sons ( public _s w accept election4 ,our argum5t is t unless "s remun]ation be giv51 _m p]sons ( public _s & possess$ ( capacity = public s]vice w\ld be b>r$ f accept+ seats 9 ! legislature4 ,9 o!r words1 ! /ate wants ! s]vices ( h] be/ citiz5s1 & does n wi% lack ( weal? on ! "p ( any compet5t p]son to /& 9 ! way4 ,on ! o!r h&1 t !re may be no temptation to cont9ue ! sessions = ! purpose ( draw+ ! pay1 ! con/itution provides1 :]e a p] diem sal>y is paid1 t memb]s %all n receive m ?an a c]ta9 sum = any regul> session1 or a c]ta9 o!r sum = any extra session4 ,prohibitions on ,memb]s4--,to secure = 8 legislative duties ! undivid$ att5tion ( ea* memb]1 ! con/itution provides t no s5ator or repres5tative %all1 dur+ ! "t = :i* he is elect$1 hold any (fice "u ! ,unit$ ,/ates or ! ,/ate4 ,9 "s /ates1 z 9 ,m9nesota1 ! (fice ( po/ma/] is except$4 ,& 9 ord] t legislators may be fre$ f ! temptation to create (fices = !mselves or to increase ! emolum5ts ( any (fice = _! own b5efit1 x provides t no s5ator or repres5tative %all hold any (fice "u ! /ate :i* has be5 creat$ or ! emolum5ts ( :i* h be5 increas$ dur+ ! session ( ! legislature ( :i* he 0 a memb]1 until "o ye> aft] ! expiration ( 8 t]m ( (fice 9 ! legislature4 ,eligibility4--,to be eligible to ! legislature a p]son mu/ be a qualifi$ vot] ( ! /ate1 & a resid5t !re( =1 usually1 "o or two ye>s2 & %all h resid$ = "s "t1 usually six mon?s or a ye>1 imm$iately prec$+ election1 9 ! di/rict f :i* he is *os54 ,?is la/ provision is made to preclude p :o h n be5 liv+ 9 ! di/rict1 & :o !re=e _c "k x or be int]e/$ p>ticul>ly 9 its welf>e1 f repres5t+ x 9 ! legislature4 ,sole ,p[]s4--,! mode ( mak+ laws is discuss$ 9 ano!r place4 ,footnote3 ,see ,h[ ,laws ,are ,made1 page #cdd4 ,9 mak+ laws ! h\ses h concurr5t jurisdiction--!y bo? take "p4 ,b !re are "s p>ts :i* belong to ea* h\se sep>ately1 besides ! election ( (fic]s be=e m5tion$4 ,! h\se ( repres5tatives has 9 all /ates ! sole p[] ( impea*m5t1 ,footnote3 ,= mode ( proce$+ see page #cca4 & 9 "s /ates ( orig9at+ bills = rais+ rev5ue4 ,?is latt] p[] is giv5 to x because be+ elect$ = a %ort t]m x is m directly "u ! control ( ! p ?an is ! s5ate4 ,! p[] to impea* is ve/$ 9 ! repres5tatives because = ! reason /at$1 !y seem m imm$iately 9 fact z well z 9 "n to repres5t ! p1 :o x w be rememb]$ are always ! compla9ant 9 crim9al cases4 ,& ! s5ate has ! sole p[] ( try+ impea*m5ts4 ,footnote3 ,:5 ! gov]nor is be+ tri$1 ! lieut5ant gov]nor _c act z a memb] ( ! c\rt4 ,! l5g? ( t]m frees ! memb]s f ! fe> ( imm$iate puni%m5t 9 case ( an unpopul> v]dict4 ,& if !y are "r "t w %[ x4 ,hi/orically1 ?is division ( p[] 9 cases ( impea*m5t is d]iv$ f colonial practice & f ! con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! s5ate has also ! sole p[] ( confirm+ or reject+ ! appo9tm5ts ( ! gov]nor4 ,=bidd5 ,laws4--,9 addition to ! laws =bidd5 9 t "p ( ! con/itution call$ ! bill ( rights1 ! legislature is usually =bidd5 to pass laws au?oriz+ any lott]y2 or grant+ divorces2 or giv+ /ate aid to private corporations2 or involv+ ! /ate 9 debt1 except 9 case ( w> or o!r em]g5cy4 ,p]t95t ,que/ions4 ,def9e con/itution4 ,:at is a law8 ,:at is meant by common law8 ,/atute law8 ,equity8 ,by ref]5ce to ! comp>ative legislative table 9 ! app5dix1 tell ! mo/ common "n appli$ to ! legislative body2 any peculi> names2 ! names mo/ commonly appli$ to ! respective h\ses2 ! usual qualifications ( memb]s2 ! frequ5cy ( regul> sessions1 & ! mon? ( meet+ mo/ usual4 ,:y is ?is "t ( ye> s uni=mly *os58 ,:at relation d y see betwe5 ! frequ5cy ( sessions & ! t]m ( memb]s8 ,:at is ! relation betwe5 ! t]ms ( ! respective h\ses8 ,h[ does ! numb] ( s5ators comp>e ) ! numb] 9 ! l[] h\se8 ,:at /ate has ! l>ge/ h\se8 ,! smalle/8 ,:y is ! t]m s5ate s common8 ,look up ! d]ivation ( ! ^w4 ,9 :at section ( ! c\ntry are ! t]ms ! %orte/8 ,c y acc\nt = ?is8 ,:i* /ates require ! highe/ qualifications 9 memb]s8 ,f9d out :e!r 9 y\r /ate !re are any requirem5ts n giv5 9 ! tabulation4 ,by ref]5ce to ! legislative manual or o!r s\rce ( in=mation f9d out any o!r facts ( int]e/1 su* z ! names ( ! speak] & o!r legislative (fic]s2 ! numb] ( y\r s5atorial di/rict1 & ! "n ( y\r s5ator2 ( y\r repres5tative di/rict1 & ! "n ( y\r repres5tative2 :at committees are appo9t$ 9 ea* h\se1 & on :i* y\r local repres5tatives are1 & h[ !y came to be select$ = ^! p>ticul> committees2 h[ vacancies are fill$ 9 ! legislature2 any conte/$ elections t h occurr$ 9 y\r /ate & ! basis ( ! conte/2 "s ( ! important rules ( p>liam5t>y practice2 ! sal>y paid memb]s 9 y\r /ate2 any cases ( impea*m5t1 ! *>ge1 & ! outcome2 o!r =bidd5 laws4 ,if two p]sons claim ! same seat 9 ! s5ate1 :o w decide betwe5 !m8 ,9 ! l[] h\se8 ,:at are ! returns1 & :]e are !y kept8 ,:at appeal f decision is !re8 ,if y\r legislature is n[ 9 session1 write to y\r repres5tatives ask+ !m to s5d y regul> reports ( ! proce$+s4 ,don't expect to get su* reports = ! :ole session1 h[ev]2 t w\ld be ask+ too mu*4 ,f ! newspap]s1 report on ,monday ! pr9cipal proce$+s ( ! previ\s week4 ,h y ev] se5 a legislature 9 session8 ,:at is to keep a memb] ( ! legislature f sl&]+ p8 ,/ate five p[]s :i* c be ex]cis$ only by ! s5ate4 ,five1 9 "s /ates f\r1 :i* c be ex]cis$ only by ! l[] h\se4 ,are y eligible to ! legislature8 ,if n1 :at legal qualifications d y lack8 ,c\ld a memb] ( ! legislature be elect$ gov]nor or ,unit$ ,/ates s5ator8 ,at ! la/ election did y pres]ve any ( ! tickets8 ,c\ld y secure any ( ! ballots t 7 actually us$ 9 vot+8 ,:y8 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,executive ,,bran*4 ,(fic]s4--,! *ief executive (fice 9 e /ate is t ( gov]nor4 ,!re is 9 ea* a secret>y ( /ate & a /ate treasur]4 ,mo/ /ates h also a lieut5ant gov]nor1 a /ate auditor or comptroll]1 an attorney g5]al1 & a /ate sup]9t5d5t ( public in/ruction4 ,9 ne>ly e case ^! (fices are creat$ by ! /ate con/itution4 ,eligibility4--,! qualifications requir$ 9 ! gov]nor & lieut5ant gov]nor are age1 citiz5%ip ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & resid5ce )9 ! ,/ate4 ,! age qualification is requir$ because ! responsibilities are s great z to dem& ! maturity ( judgm5t t comes only ) ye>s4 ,! requirem5t ( citiz5%ip & t ( resid5ce are s obvi\sly prop] z to ne$ no comm5t4 ,= ! o!r (fices ! qualifications requir$ 9 mo/ /ates are simply ^? requir$ 9 a vot]4 ,footnote3 ,= :i* see page #bih4 ,election4--,9 e /ate ! gov]nor is elect$ by ! p1 & 9 mo/ /ates ! o!r (fic]s are also4 ,9 a few /ates1 "s ( ! (fic]s are *os5 by ! legislature on jo9t ballot1 or are appo9t$ by ! gov]nor & confirm$ by ! s5ate4 ,t]m4--,! t]ms ( (fice ( ! gov]nors are giv5 9 ! table4 ,unless o!rwise /at$1 ! t]m ( ! o!r (fic]s 9 ea* /ate is ! same z t ( ! gov]nor !re(4 ,= ! highe/ effici5cy ! t]m ( a /ate (fic] %\ld n be v %ort1 two ye>s be+ bett] ?an "o1 & f\r ye>s bett] ?an two4 ,:5 ! t]m is f\r ye>s1 x may be well to limit ! numb] ( t]ms = :i* an (fic] may be elect$4 ,9 "s cases ?is is done4 ,removal4--,^! (fic]s & ! o!rs provid$ by /atute may be remov$ on impea*m5t by ! h\se ( repres5tatives1 & conviction by ! s5ate4 ,vacancy4--,= ! (fice ( gov]nor !re is 9 e /ate a l9e ( succession appo9t$ 9 its con/itution4 ,by ref]5ce to ! comp>ative table1 x w be se5 t !re is consid]able uni=mity 9 ! ord] ( succession4 ,9 case ( a vacancy 9 any ( ! o!r elective (fices1 ! mo/ usual plan is = ! gov]nor to make a tempor>y appo9tm5t until a new election c be held4 ,= an appo9tive (fice1 ! appo9tm5t is usually good until ! end ( ! next legislature or = ! rema9d] ( ! t]m4 ,sal>y4-,! sal>y atta*$ to ea* (fice is usually fix$ by law1 subject to ! con/itutional limitation t x %all n be increas$ nor dim9i%$ dur+ ! t]m ( ! incumb5t4 ,see page #bid4 ,! ,duties ( ! ,(fic]s4 ,gov]nor4--,! great1 ! *>act]i/ic duty ( ! gov]nor is to see t ! laws are fai?fully execut$4 ,s9ce ?is may sometimes require =ce1 he is made by ! con/itution comm&]-9-*ief ( ! milit>y =ces ( ! /ate1 & may call out ^! =ces to execute ! laws1 suppress insurrection1 or repel invasion4 ,he appo9ts1 by & ) ! advice & cons5t ( ! s5ate1 mo/ ( ! important /ate (fic]s & bo>ds1 z provid$ by law4 ,! advice ( ! s5ate is r>ely if ev] ask$4 ,b its cons5t mu/ be obta9$ to make any su* appo9tm5t valid4 ,z 8 duties cont9ue ?r\gh ! ye> & h to d ) ! :ole /ate1 & z he may require ! op9ion1 9 writ+1 ( ! pr9cipal (fic] 9 ea* ( ! executive dep>tm5ts ^u any subject p]ta9+ to ! duties ( _! respective (fices1 he is suppos$ to "k m ?an any o!r p]son ab\t ! situation & ne$s ( ! /ate z a :ole2 & x is1 !re=e1 made 8 duty to communicate by message to ea* session ( ! legislature su* in=mation t\*+ ! affairs ( ! /ate z he deems exp$i5t4 ,! regul> message is s5t at ! op5+ ( ! legislative session1 & special messages at any "t dur+ ! session z !y seem to be ne$$4 ,on extraord9>y occasions he may conv5e ! legislature 9 extra session4 ,to place ano!r ob/ruction 9 ! way ( ha/y legislation1 ! gov]nor 7except 9 ,delaw>e1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,ohio1 & ,rhode ,isl&7 has a limit$ veto4 ,footnote3 ,see comm5ts on ! presid5t's veto1 page #aej4 ,9 ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice mi/akes are "s times made4 ,an innoc5t p]son may be f\nd guilty1 or a guilty p]son may be s5t5c$ too sev]ely1 mitigat+ circum/ances appe>+ aft] s5t5ce is pass$4 ,= ^! & o!r reasons1 !re %\ld be p[] some:]e to grant reprieves1 commutations1 & p>dons4 ,9 mo/ ( ! /ates ?is p[] is ve/$ 9 ! gov]nor4 ,x does n1 = obvi\s reasons1 ext5d to cases ( impea*m5t4 ,_m ?\ghtful p1 includ+ "s gov]nors & ex-gov]nors1 "q v s]i\sly ! wisdom ( ?is absolute assignm5t ( ! p>don+ p[]4 ,"o sugge/ion by way ( limitation is t no p>don issue except ^u recomm5dation ( ! judge ( ! c\rt 9 :i* conviction 0 wr\ght4 ,lieut5ant ,gov]nor4--,z may be se5 by ref]5ce to ! comp>ative table1 sev]al ( ! /ates h no su* (fic]4 ,! (fice is design$ simply to save confusion 9 case ( a vacancy 9 ! (fice ( gov]nor1 9 :i* case ! lieut5ant gov]nor acts z gov]nor dur+ ! vacancy4 ,to give him some?+ to d ! lieut5ant gov]nor is ex (ficio presid5t ( ! s5ate4 ,footnote3 ,9 case ( a vacancy 9 ?is (fice1 ! s5ate1 9 mo/ /ates1 *ooses "o ( its own numb] to act z presid5t pro tempore4 ,9 mo/ ( ! /ates1 he has no voice 9 legislation1 except a ca/+ vote 9 case ( a tie4 ,b 9 "s /ates1 z indicat$ 9 ! comp>ative table on page #bid1 he c debate 9 committee ( ! :ole4 ,/ate ,treasur]4--,?is (fic] has duties & responsibilities simil> to ^? ( a c\nty treasur]4 ,attorney ,g5]al4--,?is (fic] has two *ief duties4 ,he repres5ts ! /ate 9 suits at law1 & may be call$ ^u to aid c\nty attorneys 9 crim9al prosecutions4 ,:5 invit$ to d s he gives legal advice to ! legislature & to ! executive (fic]s1 on matt]s p]ta9+ to _! (ficial duties4 ,secret>y ( ,/ate & ,auditor4--,! c\nty auditor1 y rememb]1 has ?ree g5]al l9es ( duty3 #a4 ,to act z (ficial record] & cu/odian ( pap]s = ! c\nty bo>d4 #b4 ,to be bookkeep] = ! c\nty1 & 9 connection !re) to audit all claims aga9/ ! c\nty1 & issue w>rants on ! c\nty treasur] = _! paym5t4 #c4 ,to apportion ! taxes4 ,! correspond+ duties 9 ! /ate1 except record+ ! acts ( ! legislature1 :i* is done by legislative cl]ks1 are 9 mo/ /ates divid$ betwe5 two (fic]s1 ! secret>y ( /ate & ! /ate auditor or comptroll]4 ,! secret>y ( /ate has1 z 8 *>act]i/ic duty1 ! pres]vation or cu/ody ( /ate pap]s1 acts ( ! legislature1 etc4 ,he is also keep] ( ! great seal ( ! /ate1 & au!nticates /ate docum5ts1 commissions1 etc4 ,incid5tally he has o!r duties4 ,9 "s /ates he prep>es ! legislative manual2 he sees t ! halls are ready = ! sessions ( ! legislature1 calls ! h\se to ord] at its fir/ meet+1 & presides until a speak] is *os54 ,he also indexes ! laws & o!r /ate docum5ts1 & sup]9t5ds _! pr9t+ & di/ribution4 ,footnote3 ,9 "s /ates !re is a sup]9t5d5t ( pr9t+4 ,! auditor or comptroll] is bookkeep] = ! /ate1 audits acc\nts aga9/ x1 & draws w>rants ^u ! /ate treasur] = _! paym5t4 ,footnote3 ,no money c be paid out except on appropriation by ! legislature4 ,! /ate auditor1 also1 comp>+ ! legislative appropriations ) ! assess$ value ( ! prop]ty ( ! /ate1 computes ! rate ( ! /ate tax & reports x to c\nty auditors4 ,9 "s /ates1 ,wiscons91 = in/ance1 ! duties ( bo? (fices are p]=m$ by ! secret>y ( /ate4 ,9 "s /ates ! auditor is ex (ficio l& commission]4 ,9 o!r /ates !re is a sep>ate (fic] to take *>ge ( /ate l&s4 ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,public ,in/ruction4--,?is (fic] has g5]al sup]vision & control ( ! educational int]e/s ( ! /ate4 ,he is (t5 ex (ficio a memb] ( ! bo>d ( reg5ts ( ! /ate univ]sity1 ( ! bo>d ( directors ( ! /ate normal s*ools1 & ( ! /ate high s*ool bo>d4 ,he has ! appo9tm5t & g5]al managem5t ( /ate tea*]s' in/itutes4 ,he meets & c\nsels ) c\nty & city sup]9t5d5ts4 ,?us an active1 e>ne/1 compet5t man may influ5ce = good ! s*ools ( all grades ?r\gh\t ! /ate4 ,he reports to ! legislature at ea* session1 ?r\gh ! gov]nor1 ! condition & ne$s ( ! s*ools ( ! /ate4 ,9 ?is report he recomm5ds su* measures = ! improvem5t ( ! educational sy/em ( ! /ate z he deems advisable4 ,9 _m /ates he apportions ! /ate s*ool money4 ,assi/ants4--,usually ! above (fic]s h assi/ants appo9t$ by !mselves4 ,,o!r ,,/ate ,,(fic]s4 ,! (fic]s giv5 above are ! typical /ate (fic]s1 b e /ate has o!rs4 ,( ^! ! mo/ important are %[n 9 ! comp>ative tabulation4 ,"s /ates provide ! gov]nor ) a c\ncil4 ,?is is 9 mo/ cases simply an advisory1 n an adm9i/rative or executive body4 ,"s ,p]t95t ,que/ions4 ,:at are ! qualifications requir$ 9 ! gov]nor ( ?is /ate8 ,! lieut5ant gov]nor8 ,! o!r (fic]s8 ,! names ( ! /ate (fic]s8 ,! l5g? ( _! t]ms8 ,! (fic]s n m5tion$ 9 ! text1 & _! duties8 ,"n ! /ate (fic]s :om y h se54 ,:i* /ates require ! highe/ qualifications 9 ! gov]nor8 ,! l[e/8 ,:i* give ! longe/ t]m8 ,! %orte/8 ,! highe/ sal>y8 ,! l[e/8 ,:i* /ates limit ! numb] ( t]ms8 ,:i* h no lieut5ant gov]nor8 ,9 :i* /ates is a majority vote requir$8 ,does !re seem to be any sectional law z to ^! ?+s2 t is1 is !re any?+ peculi> to ,new ,engl&1 or to ! s\?1 or to ! nor?we/8 ,:at seems to be ! g5]al law ( succession to ! gov]nor%ip8 ,:at exceptions8 ,:at is meant by say+ t ! gov]nor executes ! law8 ,is ?is say+ /rictly true8 ,is a %]iff an executive or a judicial (fic]8 ,! con/able8 ,! mayor ( a city8 ,c an executive (fic] be su$8 ,a judicial (fic]8 ,h[ _m s5ators & repres5tatives w\ld x take to pass a bill ov] ! gov]nor's veto8 ,h y ev] kn[n ( its be+ done8 ,if ! gov]nor %\ld g to ,wa%+ton on bus9ess ( ! /ate or on private bus9ess1 :o w\ld act z gov]nor8 ,h[ long w\ld he s act8 ,c\ld he p>don convicts at t "t8 ,h y ev] read a message ( ! gov]nor8 ,if ! /ate sup]9t5d5t ( public in/ruction wants in=mation on "s po9t ( s*ool law1 to :om %\ld he appeal8 ,h[ mu* w\ld he h to pay = ! advice8 ,:at =ce w\ld ! op9ion h8 ,c\ld he obta9 a legal op9ion z to a private matt] on ! same t]ms8 ,if y _h a bill aga9/ ! /ate1 h[ w\ld y get y\r pay8 ,if paym5t 7 refus$ :at c\ld y d8 7,d n try to answ] (f-h&4 ,ask a lawy]47 ,h[ are ! exp5ses ( ! /ate gov]nm5t met8 ,! am\nt ( /ate exp5ses la/ ye>8 7,see report ( treasur]47 ,:at are ! s\rces ( ! s*ool fund1 ( ?is /ate8 ,did y ev] "k ( s*ool l&s be+ sold 9 y\r c\nty8 ,by :om1 h[1 & on :at t]ms8 ,"n y\r c\nty sup]9t5d5t ( s*ools4 ,! /ate sup]9t5d5t4 ,is !re a ,unit$ ,/ates sup]9t5d5t8 ,get ! report ( ! /ate sup]9t5d5t & f9d out :at x conta9s4 ,ask y\r tea*] to let y see ! tea*]s' report to ! c\nty sup]9t5d5t4 ,h[ mu* /ate money did y\r di/rict receive la/ ye>8 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,o!r ,,/ate ,,(fic]s4 ,adjutant-,g5]al4--,to aid ! gov]nor 9 ! dis*>ge ( 8 duties z comm&]-9-*ief1 !re is an (fic] call$ ! adjutant-g5]al4 ,?r\gh him all g5]al ord]s to ! /ate militia are issu$4 ,he also keeps ! rolls & records ( ! militia4 ,9 "s /ates he is requir$ by law to act z attorney = ^? seek+ p5sions f ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,railroad ,commission]s4--,to prev5t railroads f *>g+ extortionate rates = pass5g]s or freight2 to see t reasonable facilities are provid$1 su* z depots1 side tracks to w>eh\ses1 c>s = transport+ gra91 etc42 to prev5t discrim9ation = or aga9/ any p]son or corporation ne$+ ^! c>s2 9 o!r words1 to secure fair play betwe5 ! railroads & ! p1 a railroad commission consi/+ ( f "o to ?ree memb]s has be5 e/abli%$ 9 _m /ates by ! legislature4 ,insurance ,commission]4--,to protect ! p f unreliable insurance companies1 !re is an (fic] call$ ! insurance commission]4 ,no insurance company c legally transact bus9ess 9 ! /ate until x has satisfi$ ! commission] t its me?ods ( insurance & its f9ancial condition are su* z to give ! security promis$ to ^? insur$ by x4 ,! c]tificate ( au?ority grant$ to any company may be revok$ by ! commission] at any "t if ! company refuses or neglects to comply ) ! conditions e/abli%$ by law4 ,/ate ,libr>ian4--,ea* /ate has a valuable libr>y1 compos$ *iefly ( law books1 b conta9+ also _m o!r valuable books & pamphlets4 ,?is libr>y is op5 to ! public4 ,x is 9 *>ge ( ! /ate libr>ian1 :o acts "u prescrib$ rules4 ,public ,exam9]4--,to r5d] assurance d\bly sure t public money %all be us$ only = ! purposes = :i* x is design$1 provision is made = ! appo9tm5t ( a skillful acc\ntant1 well v]s$ 9 ! !ory & practice ( bookkeep+1 to ex]cise con/ant sup]vision ov] ! f9ancial acc\nts ( /ate & c\nty (fic]s & ( bank+ in/itutions incorporat$ "u /ate laws4 ,?is (fic] is call$ ! public exam9]4 ,! (fic]s visit$ are requir$ by law to furni% ! public exam9] facilities = 8 "w1 & to make returns to him "u oa?4 ,! exam9] reports to ! gov]nor1 :o is emp[]$ to take action to protect ! int]e/s ( ! p4 ,oil ,inspector4--,to protect ! p f ! dang] ( burn+ oil unfit = illum9at+ purposes1 !re is an (fic] call$ ! inspector ( illum9at+ oils4 ,! inspector appo9ts a deputy = ea* c\nty4 ,x is ! duty ( ^! (fic]s to te/ ! illum9at+ oils (f]$ = sale1 & to m>k ! b>rel or package conta9+ x approv$ or unsafe = illum9at+ purposes1 z ! case may be4 ,p5alties are atta*$ to ! sell+ ( oils n approv$4 ,boil] ,inspector4--,/eam is n[ us$ z p[] 9 ?re%+ gra9 & 9 gr9d+ x1 9 saw+ lumb]1 9 propell+ boats & c>s1 etc4 ,to prev5t loss ( life1 eng9e]s mu/ pass an exam9ation & secure a c]tificate ( qualification4 ,& boil]s mu/ be inspect$ at lea/ once a ye> to prev5t explosions4 ,! latt] duty devolves ^u ! /ate boil] inspector & 8 assi/ants4 ,locomotive eng9es on railroads are sometimes exempt f gov]nm5t inspection1 because ( ! inv>iably high skill ( ! eng9e]s & ! great c>e ( ! companies4 ,labor ,commission]4--,among ! que/ions n[ receiv+ consid]ation f /ates & nations are _m ref]r+ to labor--! heal?fulness ( factories1 h\rs ( labor1 employm5t ( *ildr51 protection aga9/ accid5ts1 etc4 ,9 _m ( ! /ates !re is a commission] ( labor to make inspections & =mulate /ati/ics p]ta9+ to labor4 ,(fic]s ,peculi> to ,c]ta9 ,/ates4--,!re are 9 "s /ates o!r (fic]s1 necessitat$ by special indu/ries4 ,?us1 9 ,m9nesota1 :]e ! gra91 dairy & lumb] int]e/s are v important1 !re are inspectors ( gra91 a dairy commission]1 & surveyors-g5]al ( logs4 ,appo9tm5t & ,t]m4--,! (fic]s nam$ 9 ?is *apt] are elect$ 9 "s /ates2 9 o!rs !y are appo9t$ by ! gov]nor & confirm$ by ! s5ate4 ,! t]m is usually two ye>s4 ,all are requir$ to give bonds = ! fai?ful dis*>ge ( _! duties4 ,all h cl]ks1 deputies1 or assi/ants1 appo9t$ by !mselves1 = ^: (ficial acts !y are responsible4 ,,adm9i/rative ,,bo>ds4 ,besides ! bo>ds 9 *>ge ( ! sev]al /ate in/itutions !re are usually a numb] ( adm9i/rative bo>ds4 ,( ^! ! mo/ important are3 #a4 ,! /ate ho>d ( heal?1 ^: duty x is to make inquiries conc]n+ ! causes ( disease1 especially ( epidemics2 ! effect ( employm5ts1 conditions1 & circum/ances ^u ! public heal?1 etc4 #b4 ,! /ate bo>d ( *>ities & corrections1 ^: duty x is to inve/igate ! :ole sy/em ( public *>ities & correctional in/itutions ( ! /ate1 & exam9e into ! condition & managem5t !re(1 especially ( prisons1 jails1 infirm>ies1 public hospitals1 & asylums4 #c4 ,/ate bo>d ( equalization1 :i* equalizes assessm5ts ?r\gh\t ! /ate s z to r5d] taxation z ne>ly j z possible4 ,?is bo>d takes cognizance only ( classes ( prop]ty2 x does n attempt to correct individual grievances4 #d4 ,! /ate bo>d ( immigration1 appo9t$ to enc\rage immigration1 by dissem9at+ in=mation reg>d+ ! advantages (f]$ by ?is /ate to immigrants4 #e4 ,! commission]s ( fi%]ies1 ^: duty is to take means to increase ! numb] ( food fi% 9 lakes & riv]s4 ,to ?is end ! bo>d secures f ! ,unit$ ,/ates commission] ( fi%]ies ! quota ( spawn allott$ f "t to "t to ! /ate1 & f o!r s\rces spawn ( su* fi% z seem desirable1 & has !m plac$ 9 su* lakes & riv]s z !y w be mo/ likely to ?rive 94 ,! memb]s ( ^! bo>ds are appo9t$ by ! gov]nor4 ,!y s]ve )\t pay1 except ! bo>d ( equalization4 ,! /ate pays ! exp5ses incid5t to ! dis*>ge ( _! duty4 ,! secret>y ( ea* bo>d receives a sal>y1 specifi$ by law4 ,!re are also bo>ds to exam9e c&idates = admission to practice m$ic9e1 ph>macy1 d5ti/ry1 & law4 ,"s ,p]t95t ,que/ions4 ,locate ! /ate univ]sity1 ! /ate normal s*ools1 all ( ! s*ools = ! un=tunate1 ! lunatic asylums1 ! /ate prisons4 ,:at is ! maximum rate p] mile t c be *>g$ by railroads = ! transportation ( pass5g]s 9 ?is /ate8 ,h[ came ?is to be8 ,if a f>m] wi%$ to %ip a c>load ( :eat )\t putt+ x into a w>eh\se1 h[ c\ld he get a c>8 ,if a c> 7 refus$ :at c\ld he d8 ,exam9e ! end ( a k]os5e cask1 & f9d out :at ! m>ks on x mean4 ,by ref]5ce to ! late/ report ( ! secret>y ( ! /ate bo>d ( immigration1 f9d out :at inducem5ts to immigrants ?is /ate (f]s4 ,is !re probably su* a bo>d z ?is 9 ! ea/]n /ates8 ,:y8 ,9 ,european c\ntries8 ,:y8 ,does y\r s*ool receive copies ( ! pamphlets issu$ by ! /ate bo>d ( heal?8 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,! ,,judicial ,,bran*4 ,we h se5 t m9or diff]5ces may be adjudicat$ 9 ea* t[n1 village & city1 by ju/ices ( ! peace & municipal c\rts2 & t c\rts hav+ jurisdiction unlimit$ z to ! am\nt at controv]sy are held 9 e c\nty4 ,& ^! may all be prop]ly call$ /ate c\rts1 ! /ate be+ subdivid$ into judicial di/ricts1 ea* compris+ "o or m c\nties1 = ! purpose ( br++ ju/ice )9 ! rea* ( e p]son4 ,b !re is also 9 e /ate a ,,/ate ,,supreme ,,c\rt4 ,ne$ (4--,! supreme c\rt is ne$$ = ! foll[+ reasons3 #a4 ,to review cases on appeal4 ,not)/&+ ! great c>e ex]cis$ 9 ! l[] c\rts1 errors are liable to occur1 & ! p]son aggriev$ may ask = a new trial4 ,if ?is be d5i$1 he may appeal to ! supreme c\rt4 ,appeals are usually tak5 on "o or m ( ?ree gr\nds--7a7 ,on exceptions to rul+s ( ! judge z to ! admissibility ( te/imony2 7b7 ,on exceptions to ! judge's *>ge to ! jury2 7c7 ,on ! gr\nd t ! v]dict ( ! jury is n w>rant$ by ! evid5ce4 #b4 ,to int]pret ! law4 ,! exceptions ref]r$ to 9 ! prec$+ p>agraph may involve ! mean+ ( a law4 ,9 t case ! decision ( ! supreme c\rt e/abli%es ! mean+ ( ! law 9 "q1 & ! l[] c\rts ( ! /ate are !reaft] b\nd by ! int]pretation giv54 #c4 ,to pass ^u ! con/itutionality ( a law4 ,! appeal may be made = ! purpose ( te/+ ! con/itutionality ( a law4 ,if decl>$ uncon/itutional by ! supreme c\rt1 ! law is void4 #d4 ,to issue c]ta9 rem$ial writs4 ,among ^! may be m5tion$ ! writ ( habeas corpus & ! writ ( m&amus4 ,?us1 if a p]son has be5 committ$ to prison by decree ( "o ( ! l[] c\rts1 to appeal ! case & get x review$1 might take s mu* "t t ! t]m ( imprisonm5t w\ld expire be=e relief c\ld be obta9$4 ,to br+ ! matt] quickly to ! te/1 ! writ ( habeas corpus may be us$4 ,h[ ,con/itut$4--,! supreme c\rt consi/s ( "o *ief ju/ice & two or m associate ju/ices4 ,! numb] 9 ea* /ate may be se5 by ref]5ce to ! app5dix 7pp4 #bif-g71 z may also ! t]m ( s]vice1 ! numb] ( sessions held dur+ ! ye>1 etc4 ,reports4--,s9ce ! decisions ( ! supreme c\rt are b9d+ ^u all ! l[] c\rts ( ! /ate1 !y mu/ be publi%$ 9 p]man5t =m4 ,to ?is end1 ! cl]k ( ! supreme c\rt makes an elaborate record ( ea* case2 ! judges r5d] _! decisions 9 writ+1 giv+ _! reasons at l5g?2 & ! reports ( ! decisions are prep>$ = publication ) great c>e by an (fic] call$ ! report]4 ,! decision is writt5 by "o ( ! judges1 :o signs x1 b x mu/ be agre$ to by a majority ( ! c\rt4 ,! b\nd volumes ( reports are f\nd 9 e lawy]'s libr>y4 ,a ,c\rt ( ,f9al ,appeal4--,9 all cases involv+ only /ate laws1 & ?is includes a l>ge majority ( cases1 ! decision ( ! /ate supreme c\rt is f9al4 ,only on ! gr\nd t ! /ate law is n 9 h>mony ) ! con/itution or laws ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates c a case involv+ su* a law be appeal$ f ! supreme c\rt ( ! /ate4 ,! appeal is to ! supreme c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :i* decides m]ely ! "q ( ! validity ( ! law4 ,/ate ,c\rts & ,f$]al ,c\rts4--,! jurisdiction ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates c\rts is giv5 9 ! con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,article ,,iii1 section #b4 ,if dur+ ! progress ( a trial 9 a /ate c\rt1 rights claim$ "u ! ,unit$ ,/ates con/itution or laws or "u a treaty ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates become involv$1 ! case may be remov$ to a f$]al c\rt4 ,no ,jury 9 ! ,supreme ,c\rt4--,!re is no jury 9 ! supreme c\rt4 ,que/ions ( fact are det]m9$ 9 ! l[] c\rts4 ,appeals are on que/ions ( law4 ,a transcript ( ! proce$+s 9 ! trial c\rt is submitt$ to ! supreme c\rt4 ,ask a lawy] to %[ y a brief & a pap] book4 ,"s ,p]t95t ,que/ions4 ,give ! jurisdiction ( a ju/ice c\rt4 ,( a probate c\rt4 ,( a di/rict or circuit c\rt4 ,( ! supreme c\rt8 ,:o is ! record+ (fic] ( a ju/ice c\rt8 ,( a probate c\rt8 ,( a di/rict c\rt8 ,( ! supreme c\rt8 ,:o keeps a record ( ! te/imony 9 a ju/ice c\rt8 ,9 a di/rict c\rt8 ,:at is meant by not+ an exception1 & :y is x done8 ,if a p]son is dissatisfi$ ) ! decision ( ! supreme c\rt1 :at c he d ab\t x8 ,:o besides ! judges ( ! supreme c\rt c issue ! writ ( habeas corpus8 ,"n ! ju/ices ( ! supreme c\rt ( ?is /ate4 ,h[ are !y *os58 ,h[ long d !y s]ve8 ,h[ _m t]ms does ?is c\rt hold annually8 ,:]e are !y held8 ,h[ long d !y la/8 ,read "s ( ! syllabi ( ! decisions z !y appe> 9 ! newspap]s4 ,:o prep>es ^! outl9es = ! press8 ,:i* /ate 9 ! ,union has ! l>ge/ supreme c\rt8 ,:i* has ! smalle/8 ,:i* dem&s ! highe/ qualifications8 ,9 :i* is ! t]m ! longe/8 ,9 :i* ! %orte/8 ,does a decision ( ! supreme c\rt ( ,new ,york h any weight 9 ,m9nesota8 ,:i* /ates rank highe/ 9 ! value atta*$ to ! decisions ( _! supreme c\rts8 ,h[ d y acc\nt = ?is8 ,pap]3 ,by means ( pages #bib-g1 c41 prep>e a tabul> view ( y\r /ate1 tak+ t on pages #cad-ae z a model4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,retrospect ,,& ,,prospect4 ,ea* ,organization a ,m9iature ,gov]nm5t4--,"s ?+s ( g5]al int]e/ are matt]s = regulation by ! /ate z a :ole1 ?r\gh its legislature4 ,b _m ?+s are prop]ly left to local regulation4 ,= in/ance1 9 a timb]$ t[n1 :]e f5ces c be *eaply built1 x may be desirable1 especially if !re is mu* wild l&1 to let cattle run at l>ge1 ea* p]son f5c+ out ! cattle f 8 crops4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 a prairie t[n1 :]e f5c+ is exp5sive1 or :]e !re is little wild l&1 x may seem be/ to arrange t ea* p]son %all f5ce 9 8 own cattle4 ,no p]sons c judge :i* is ! bett] plan = a giv5 neighborhood s well z ! p :o live !re4 ,& to !m x is left1 to be det]m9$ at ! annual meet+4 ,9 pass+ ^u su* que/ions1 9 appropriat+ money = local improvem5ts1 c41 p[]s pseudo-legislative are ex]cis$4 ,matt]s ( detail are det]m9$ by ! sup]visors1 & !y ) ! cl]k1 ! treasur]1 ! road ov]se]s1 ! con/ables1 & ! assessor1 con/itute :at may be call$ ! executive1 or m prop]ly ! adm9i/rative1 dep>tm5t4 ,& ! local judicial functions are p]=m$ by ! ju/ices ( ! peace4 ,simil>ly x may be %[n t ! village1 ! city1 & ! c\nty are gov]nm5ts 9 m9iature4 ,local ,(fic]s z ,/ate ,(fic]s4--,! gov]nor is ! *ief executive (fic] ( ! /ate1 b n ! only "o4 ,!re are o!rs enum]at$ on pages #ij-ii4 ,b besides ^!1 ! /ate uses local (fic]s 9 "p to c>ry into execution ! acts ( ! legislature4 ,= in/ance1 :5 ! legislature has appropriat$ a c]ta9 sum = a specific purpose1 ! executive dep>tm5t raises & applies ! money4 ,to ?is end1 ! taxable prop]ty ( ! /ate is valu$ by ! assessors2 ^! e/imates are review$ by ! bo>ds ( equalization2 ! c\nty auditors make up ! tax li/s2 ! c\nty treasur]s collect ! money & transmit x to ! /ate treasur]1 f :om x goes to ! in/itution = ^: b5efit x 0 appropriat$4 ,all writs issu$ by ju/ices ( ! peace run 9 ! "n ( ! /ate1 %[+ t ^! are 9 a c]ta9 s5se /ate judicial (fic]s4 ,/ate ,(fic]s z ,unit$ ,/ates ,(fic]s4--,z a rule ! ,unit$ ,/ates appo9ts its own (fic]s1 & /ations !m :]e !y are ne$$4 ,b 9 a v few cases1 /ate (fic]s are us$4 ,= in/ance1 9 ord] t p]sons accus$ ( crime aga9/ ! ,unit$ ,/ates may be promptly appreh5d$1 commission]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates circuit c\rt are appo9t$ 9 e /ate ) p[] to issue w>rants ( arre/ & take te/imony4 ,b 9 ! abs5ce ( a commission]1 ! w>rant may be issu$ & te/imony tak5 by any judicial (fic] ( ! /ate4 ,9 su* a case1 a ju/ice ( ! peace may act tempor>ily z a ,unit$ ,/ates (fic]4 ,! be/ int]e/s ( society are s]v$ !reby4 ,elective & ,appo9tive ,(fic]s4--,9 ! s*ool di/rict & ! t[n all (fic]s are elect$1 none be+ appo9t$ except to fill vacancies4 ,z ! organizations increase 9 size1 appo9tive (fices increase relatively 9 numb]1 until among (fic]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates only two are elect$4 ,memb]s ( ! legislative dep>tm5t 9 ea* ( ! organizations are elect$4 ,vacancies4--,^! occur usually ei!r by dea? or resignation1 occasionally by removal f (fice4 ,to save ! exp5se ( a special election1 vacancies 9 elective (fices are fill$ by tempor>y appo9tm5t1 except 9 ! case ( memb]s ( ! legislature & memb]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates h\se ( repres5tatives4 ,resignations4--,^! are s5t z a rule3 7a7 by elective (fic]s1 to t (fic] :o is au?oriz$ to make ! tempor>y appo9tm5t or to ord] a new election2 7b7 by appo9tive (fic]s1 to ! body1 bo>d1 or (fic] t appo9t$ !m4 ,p]t95t ,que/ions4 ,:o con/itute ! legislative dep>tm5t 9 a t[n8 ,9 a village8 ,9 a city8 ,9 a c\nty8 ,! executive 9 ea*8 ,! judicial8 ,%[ t ! c\nty sup]9t5d5t ( s*ools is also "o ( ! executive (fic]s ( ! /ate4 ,d any local (fic]s belong to ! /ate legislative dep>tm5t8 ,%\ld ! judges ( ! circuit c\rt be elect$ or appo9t$8 ,%\ld all ! c\nty (fic]s be elect$ at ! same "t8 ,to :om w\ld a memb] ( congress s5d 8 resignation if he desir$ to be reliev$8 ,a judge ( ! /ate supreme c\rt8 ,! c\nty auditor8 ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,! ,,nation4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,hi/orical4 ,9 ord] to und]/& ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 we mu/ exam9e its beg9n+s & antec$5ts4 ,,! ,,colonies4 ,:5 ,columbus return$ to ,spa9 ) 8 m>vel\s /ories ( ! ,new ,_w1 exp$itions 7 fitt$ out :i* soon fill$ ! c(f]s ( t c\ntry ) weal? f ,mexico1 ,c5tral & ,s\? ,am]ica1 & ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,spa9 became ! weal?ie/ nation ( ! _w4 ,o!r c\ntries soon caught ! infection1 & exp$itions 7 s5t f ,france1 ,holl& & ,engl&1 ! o!r great comm]cial nations ( we/]n ,europe4 ,= a long "t sc>cely any ef=t 0 made to =m p]man5t settlem5ts1 & ! attempts t 7 by & by made 7 unsuccessful4 ,= m ?an a hundr$ ye>s ! t]ritory n[ includ$ )9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates rema9$ unoccupi$1 except at a few po9ts 9 ! s\!rn "p4 ,explorations 71 h[ev]1 pu%$ ) vigor1 & _m conflict+ claims 7 bas$ ^u !m4 ,ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury p]man5t settlem5ts began to be made1 yet ! increase 9 population 0 = ! succe$+ hundr$ & fifty ye>s v sl[4 ,dur+ ?is "t settlem5ts 7 made 9 ! tropical "p ( ,am]ica by ! ,spani%2 ! ,fr5* f\nd$ settlem5ts 9 ,canada & e/abli%$ a *a9 ( =ts along ! ,ohio & ,mississippi2 & ! ,engli%1 ?\gh claim+ all ! l& to ! ,pacific1 made settlem5ts only along ! ,atlantic4 ,! ,dut* & ! ,sw$es made settlem5ts along ! ,hudson & ab\t ,delaw>e ,bay1 respectively4 ,by ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ! ,sw$es _h be5 dispossess$ by ! ,dut*1 :o 9 turn _h succumb$ to ! ,engli%4 ,& 9 #agef began ! great /ruggle betwe5 ,france & ,engl& = ! possession ( ! ,mississippi ,valley4 ,engl& won1 & ! exi/5ce ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates z we "k & love x became a possibility4 ,,! ,,causes ,,( ,,! ,,revolution4 ,! causes ( ! ,revolution>y ,w> fall naturally into two great classes1 ! remote & ! imm$iate4 ,! ,remote ,causes4--,among ! und]ly+ causes ( ! w> may be m5tion$ ! foll[+3 #a4 ,! location ( ! colonies4 ,!y 7 sep>at$ f ! "m c\ntry by a great ocean1 :i* !n seem$ _m times z wide z x does n[4 ,communication 0 s infrequ5t t ! au?orities 9 ,engl& c\ld n keep track ( :at 0 go+ on 9 ,am]ica1 & misgov]nm5t c\ld fl\ri% un*eck$ because unkn[n4 ,& s f> away & s diff]5tly circum/anc$ f ! p 9 ,engl& 7 ! p ( ! colonies t ! =m] c\ld n appreciate ! real ne$s ( ! latt]4 #b4 ,! "* ( ! coloni/s4 ,"* is ! product l>gely ( ance/ry & circum/ances4 ,! ance/ors ( ^! p1 aft] a /ruggle la/+ hundr$s ( ye>s1 _h e/abli%$ lib]ty 9 ,engl& & intr5*$ x 9 gu>antees ! wise/ ev] devis$ by man4 ,f !m ! coloni/s inh]it$ ! "r ( fre$om f arbitr>y arre/2 ( giv+ bail 9 ord9>y (f5ses2 ( a spe$y1 public trial by jury1 ne> ! place :]e ! crime 0 alleg$ to h be5 committ$2 ( ! writ ( habeas corpus2 ( e/abli%$ rules ( evid5ce2 &1 inde$1 ( ne>ly all ! rights m5tion$ 9 ! fir/ t5 am5dm5ts to ! con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,_! ance/ors _h1 9 ! w> betwe5 ,cromwell & ,*>les ,i41 laid d[n _! lives to e/abli% ! pr9ciple t taxes c be laid only by ! p or by _! repres5tatives4 ,! coloni/s !mselves _h be5 compell$ to face difficulties incid5t to life 9 a new c\ntry1 & _h develop$ ! p[] to act indep5d5tly 9 matt]s p]ta9+ to _! individual good4 ,& 9 ! managem5t ( _! sev]al commonweal?s !y _h ga9$ consid]able exp]i5ce 9 gov]nm5tal affairs4 ,) su* ance/ry & su* exp]i5ce !y w\ld n tamely endure be+ impos$ ^u4 #c4 ,! "* ( ! k+4 ,on ! dea? ( ,que5 ,anne )\t an heir1 ,george ,i41 elector ( ,hanov]1 _h become k+ ( ,engl&1 & he _h be5 succe$$ by 8 son1 ,george ,,ii4 ,to bo? ( ^! k+s ,engl& 0 really a =eign c\ntry1 ( ^: in/itutions1 & ( ^: language ev51 !y 7 pr(\ndly ignorant4 ,z a consequ5ce1 _! p]sonal influ5ce 9 ,engl& 0 small4 ,:51 9 #agfj1 "y ,george ,,iii4 asc5d$ ! ?rone1 he resolv$ to be k+ 9 fact z well z 9 "n4 ,?is det]m9ation1 :i* he adh]$ to1 c\pl$ ) 8 unfamili>ity ) ,engli% in/itutions1 expla9s _m ?+s o!rwise difficult to und]/&4 7,see ,fiske's ,w> ( ,indep5d5ce1 pp4 #eh-gj47 #d4 ,! prevail+ mode ( colonization4 ,_m ( ! colonies _h be5 f\nd$ = comm]cial reasons m]ely1 ) no int5tion ( =m+ gov]nm5tal in/itutions1 ,*>t]$ companies & individuals plant$ settlem5ts = ! pr(it !re 0 suppos$ to be 9 do+ s4 ,^! colonies 7 design$ to be m]ely self-support+ trad+ outpo/s ( ,engl&4 ,money _h be5 put into ^! ent]prises1 & 9 ! ef=t to secure a pr(itable return _m unju/ comm]cial re/rictions 7 impos$ ^u ! coloni/s4 ,imm$iate ,causes4--,among ! imm$iate causes ( ! ,revolution>y ,w> may be m5tion$3 #a4 ,! ,fr5* & ,indian ,w>4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ?is w> facilitat$ ! union ( ! colonies4 ,sev]al attempts at union _h fail$2 !re 7 too _m oppos+ influ5ces4 ,:ile by f> ! great] numb] ( ! coloni/s 7 ,engli%1 !re 7 _m ,dut* 9 ,new ,york1 & "s ,sw$es rema9$ 9 ,delaw>e4 ,moreov]1 ! ,engli% !mselves diff]$ radically 9 politics1 ^? 9 ! ,s\? hav+ be5 royali/s1 :ile ^? 9 ,new ,engl& sympa?iz$ ) ,cromwell & p>liam5t4 ,b m s]i\s ?an ^! political diff]5ces1 7 ! diff]5ces 9 religion4 ,! old ,european qu>rels _h an e*o "h1 & ! ca?olics ( ,m>yl&1 ! episcopalians ( ,virg9ia1 ! puritans ( ,massa*usetts1 ! bapti/s ( ,rhode ,isl&1 ! lu!rans ( ,new ,york1 & ! quak]s ( ,p5nsylvania1 all _h grievances to rememb]4 ,travel1 :i* does s mu* to broad5 ! m9d & free x f prejudice1 0 bo? difficult & dang]\s4 ,! ,fr5* & ,indian ,w>1 br++ toge!r m5 f all ! colonies1 0 ( great s]vice 9 break+ d[n int]colonial animosities4 ,fac+ ! same dang]s1 /&+ %\ld] to %\ld] 9 battle1 & m+l+ ) ea* o!r ar\nd ! camp fires1 ! m5 ( ! sev]al colonies came to "k ea* o!r bett]1 & ?is k rip5$ into affection4 ,! soldi]s on _! return home did mu* to dissem9ate ! good feel+4 ,9 ! second place1 ! ,fr5* & ,indian ,w> by annihilat+ all ! claims ( ,france to ,am]ican soil remov$ ! pr9cipal enemy t _h r5d]$ ! protection ( ,engl& necess>y to ! colonies4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 ?is w> gave ! coloni/s an exp]i5ce 9 milit>y affairs & a confid5ce 9 _! own p[]s :i* embold5$ !m to d>e op5 rebellion4 ,& 9 ! f\r? place1 ?is w> produc$ ! debt :i* l$ to ! taxation :i* 0 ! mo/ imm$iate cause ( ! outbreak4 #b4 ,v>i\s tyrannical acts ( ! k+4 ,^! are giv5 explicitly 9 ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce4 ,"s ,p]t95t ,que/ions4 ,"n a c\ntry 9 ! _w's hi/ory t ev] all[$ its colonies repres5tation 9 its home p>liam5t or legislative body4 ,"n "o t does x today4 ,:y d t]ritories 9 ?is c\ntry desire to become /ates8 ,"n "s c\ntry1 o!r ?an ,engl&1 :i* c\ld h giv5 bir? to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,prove y\r proposition4 ,! ,duc de ,*oiseul1 ! ,fr5* m9i/] :o sign$ ! treaty :]eby ,france yield$ to ,engl& h] claims to ,am]ican soil1 rem>k$ aft] do+ x1 ,t is ! beg9n+ ( ! end ( ,engli% p[] 9 ,am]ica4 ,:at did he mean8 ,^u :at did he base 8 op9ion8 ,:y did ,france help ! ,am]icans 9 ! ,revolution>y ,w>8 ,:at is meant1 9 speak+ ( ! colonies1 by royal prov9ce8 ,*>t] gov]nm5t8 ,propriet>y gov]nm5t8 ,:at exp]i5ce 9 law mak+ did ! coloni/s h8 ,:]e & :5 did ! fir/ repres5tative assembly 9 ,am]ica conv5e8 ,f9d 9 ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce an expression compla9+ ( non-repres5tation 9 p>liam5t4 ,to ! patriotic & f> sight$ m5 :o _h /riv5 to =m a union ( ! colonies1 did ! religi\s diff]5ces :i* fru/rat$ _! plans seem =tunate or un=tunate8 ,c y see h[ x came ab\t t we h no /ate *ur*1 t we enjoy religi\s fre$om8 ,doesn't x seem t !re mu/ h be5 a ,plann] wis] ?an any man :o 0 work+ out ,8 own designs8 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,! ,,articles ,,( ,,conf$]ation4 ,,:at ,,prec$$ ,,!m4 ,! ,revolution>y ,p]iod4--,! nation 0 born ,july #d1 #aggf4 ,f t "t until ! adoption ( ! articles ( conf$]ation 9 #agha ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates c>ri$ on _! gov]nm5tal affairs by means ( a congress clo!d ) undef9$ p[]s = ! g5]al good4 ,?is congress _h1 speak+ 9 ! "n & by ! au?ority ( ! good p ( ^! colonies1 issu$ ! decl>ation ( indep5d5ce2 x _h ent]$ into an alliance ) ,france2 & x _h prosecut$ ! w> almo/ to a successful issue1 be=e x _h receiv$ any def9ite w>rant = its acts4 ,its acts 7 ju/ifi$ by necessity1 & _h _! au?ority 9 ! common cons5t ( a majority ( ! p4 ,dur+ ne>ly all ( ! revolution>y w>1 ! p ( ! colonies 7 l>gely held toge!r by _! fe>s4 ,,! ,,articles ,,!mselves4 ,_! ,hi/ory4--,b ^! 7 pre-em95tly a p ( peace & good ord]4 ,?is is %[n 9 "p by ! _s & =m ( ! decl>ation ( indep5d5ce4 ,!y _h no idea ( all[+ !mselves to lapse or drift into an>*y4 ,!y und]/ood ! necessity = a p]man5t gov]nm5t4 ,accord+ly1 :51 on ! elev5? ( ,june1 #aggf1 a committee ( congress 0 appo9t$ to aboli% "o =m ( gov]nm5t by draft+ a decl>ation ( indep5d5ce1 ano!r committee 0 appo9t$ to frame a plan on :i* to in/itute a new gov]nm5t4 ,aft] m ?an a mon?'s delib]ation ?is committee report$ its plan1 embodi$ 9 :at is call$ articles ( conf$]ation4 ,?is plan 0 discuss$ f "t to "t1 & f9ally1 some:at modifi$1 0 agre$ to by congress1 ,novemb] #ae1 #aggg4 ,x 0 !n submitt$ to ! /ates = ratification4 ,9 ,july1 #aggh1 ! articles 7 ratifi$ by t5 ( ! /ates4 ,new ,j]sey ratifi$ 9 ,novemb]1 #aggh1 & ,delaw>e 9 ,febru>y1 #aggi4 ,b ! articles 7 n to become b9d+ until ratifi$ by all ! /ates1 & ,m>yl& did n au?orize h] delegates 9 congress to sign ! in/rum5t 9 ratification until ,m>* #a1 #agha4 7,m>yl& claims to h f\ght ?r\gh ! revolution>y w>1 n z a memb] b z an ally ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates47 ,_! peculi>ities4--,! articles ( conf$]ation 7 diff]5t f our pres5t con/itution1 bo? 9 pr9ciple & 9 me?od ( op]ation1 z foll[s3 #a4 ,! nature ( ! gov]nm5t =m$4 ,! gov]nm5t 0 t ( a conf$]ation ( /ates1 ea* reta9+ its sov]eignty & indep5d5ce4 ,! union 0 decl>$ to be a firm league ( fri5d%ip4 ,x 0 to be p]petual4 #b4 ,! bran*es ( gov]nm5t4 ,only "o 0 provid$ =1 a congress4 ,no provision 0 made = executive or judicial (fic]s ap>t f ! congress itself4 #c4 ,! /ructure ( ! congress4 ,! congress consi/$ ( only "o h\se or *amb]4 ,memb]s 7 elect$ = "o ye>1 subject to recall at any "t1 & !y 7 paid by _! respective /ates4 ,no p]son 0 eligible to memb]%ip = m ?an ?ree ye>s 9 any p]iod ( six ye>s4 ,no /ate c\ld be repres5t$ by less ?an two1 nor m ?an sev5 memb]s4 ,ea* /ate _h "o vote4 #d4 ,! p[]s ( congress4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 congress assembl$ _h p[] to treat ) =eign c\ntries1 to s5d & receive ambassadors1 to det]m9e peace & w>4 ,congress 0 ! la/ resort on appeal 9 all disputes betwe5 ! /ates2 c\ld fix ! /&>d ( weights & measures1 & ( ! f95ess ( co92 c\ld e/abli% & regulate po/(fices2 c\ld asc]ta9 & appropriate ! necess>y sums ( money to be rais$ = ! s]vice ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 c\ld borr[ money on ! cr$it ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 c\ld agree ^u ! numb] ( l& =ces & make requisition on ea* /ate = its quota2 & c\ld appo9t a committee consi/+ ( "o memb] f ea* /ate1 to sit dur+ ! vacations ( congress4 #e4 ,p[]s d5i$ to ! /ates4 ,no /ate c\ld ent] into any treaty ) ano!r /ate or ) a =eign nation1 nor engage 9 w>1 except by cons5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 congress assembl$2 nor keep vessels ( w> or a /&+ army 9 "t ( peace1 except su* numb] z congress %\ld deem necess>y4 ,reasons = ! peculi>ities4--,suff]+ bre$s caution4 ,e "o ( ! peculi>ities 0 bas$ ^u di/ru/4 ,! p 7 afraid to tru/ _! delegates4 ,?is is manife/ 9 ! %ortness ( ! t]m1 ! provision = recall1 ! res]v$ "r to control ! delegates by controll+ _! pay1 & ! limitation z to s]vice4 ,! /ates 7 afraid ( ea* o!r1 especially 7 ! small /ates di/ru/ful ( ! l>ge ones4 ,?is is evid5c$ 9 ! provision t ea* /ate %\ld h "o vote4 ,by ?is arrangem5t ! /ates _h equal p[] 9 ! congress4 ,! p & ! /ates 7 afraid ( ! g5]al gov]nm5t4 ,a c5tral gov]nm5t 0 a necessity1 b x 0 giv5 only v limit$ p[]s4 ,! p w\ld n h an executive (fic]1 because !y fe>$ any?+ resembl+ k+ly rule4 ,!y did n d>e to e/abli% a national judici>y hav+ jurisdiction ov] p]sons & prop]ty1 because _! exp]i5ce ) trials beyond ! sea _h made !m w>y ( outside tribunals4 ,x is to be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t ) all _! di/ru/1 9 spite ( ! fact t _! colonial or /ate jeal\sies & habits _h return$ ^u !m1 not)/&+ _! specific /atem5t 9 ! in/rum5t itself t ea* /ate reta9s its sov]eignty1 ! in/9ct ( nationality 0 yet /rong en\gh to cause !m to cont9ue 9 ! g5]al gov]nm5t ! actual sov]eign p[]s4 ,?us1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates alone c\ld treat ) =eign nations1 decl>e w>1 & make peace4 ,ano!r great sov]eign p[]1 t ( co9+ money1 0 un=tunately %>$ by ! /ates4 ,_! defects4--,! great defect 9 ! articles ( conf$]ation 0 t !y plac$ too little p[] 9 ! h&s ( ! g5]al gov]nm5t4 ,al?\gh congress possess$ ! "r to decl>e w>1 x c\ld only apportion ! quota ( m5 to ea* /ate2 ! /ates rais$ ! troops4 ,& s on ) ! o!r p[]s4 ,! gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates dur+ ! conf$]ation p]iod 0 a "n )\t a body1 a %ad[ )\t a sub/ance4 ,an em95t /atesman ( ! "t rem>k$ t by ?is political compact ! cont95tal congress h exclusive p[] = ! foll[+ purposes )\t be+ able to execute "o ( !m3 ,!y may make & conclude treaties2 b !y c only recomm5d ! obs]vance ( !m4 ,!y may appo9t ambassadors2 b !y _c defray ev5 ! exp5ses ( _! tables4 ,!y may borr[ money on ! fai? ( ! ,union2 b !y _c pay a doll>4 ,!y may co9 money2 b !y _c buy an ounce ( bullion4 ,!y may make w> & det]m9e :at troops are necess>y2 b !y _c raise a s+le soldi]4 ,9 %ort1 !y may decl>e ev]y?+1 b !y c d no?+4 ,! consequ5ces4--,! hi/ory ( ! conf$]ation dur+ ! twelve ye>s beyond :i* x 0 n able to ma9ta9 itself1 is ! hi/ory ( ! utt] pro/ration1 ?r\gh\t ! :ole c\ntry1 ( e public & private int]e/1--( t :i* 01 beyond all comp>ison1 ! mo/ try+ p]iod ( our national & social life4 ,= x 0 ! extreme weakness ( ! conf$]ate gov]nm5t1 if su* x c\ld be call$1 :i* caus$ ! w> ( indep5d5ce to drag its sl[ l5g? along ?r\gh sev5 dre>y ye>s1 & :i*1 b = a provid5tial concurr5ce ( circum/ances 9 ,europe1 mu/ h prev5t$ x f rea*+ any o!r ?an a disa/r\s conclusion4 ,:51 at la/1 peace 0 proclaim$1 ! conf$]ate congress _h dw9dl$ d[n to a feeble junto ( ab\t tw5ty p]sons1 & 0 s degrad$ & demoraliz$1 t its decisions 7 h>dly m respect$ ?an ^? ( any volunt>y & irresponsible association4 ,! treaties :i* ! conf$]ation _h made ) =eign p[]s1 x 0 =c$ to see violat$1 & treat$ ) contempt by its own memb]s2 :i* br\ght ^u x di/ru/ f its fri5ds1 & scorn f its enemies4 ,x _h no /&+ among ! nations ( ! _w1 because x _h no p[] to secure ! fai? ( its national obligations4 ,= want ( an uni=m sy/em ( duties & impo/s1 ,footnote3 ,ea* /ate regulat$ its own comm]ce4 & by conflict+ comm]cial regulations 9 ! diff]5t /ates1 ! comm]ce ( ! :ole c\ntry 0 pro/rat$ & well-nigh ru9$4444 ,bankruptcy & di/ress 7 ! rule r ?an ! exception4444 ,! curr5cy ( ! c\ntry _h h>dly a nom9al value4 ,! /ates !mselves 7 ! objects ( jeal\s ho/ility to ea* o!r4444 ,9 "s ( ! /ates rebellion 0 already rais+ its horrid front1 ?reat5+ ! ov]?r[ ( all regul> gov]nm5t & ! inauguration or univ]sal an>*y4 ,footnote3 ,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,mc,ilvaine 9 ,pr9ceton ,review1 ,octob]1 #ahfa4 ,read also ,fiske's ,critical ,p]iod ( ,am]ican ,hi/ory1 *apt] ,,iv4 ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,con/itution4 ,= sev]al ye>s ef=ts 7 made by "s ( our wise/ & be/ patriots to procure an enl>gem5t ( ! p[]s ( ! cont95tal congress1 b f ! pr$om9ance ( /ate jeal\sies1 & ! suppos$ incompatibility ( /ate int]e/s ) ea* o!r1 !y all fail$4 ,at l5g?1 h[ev]1 x became app>5t1 t ! conf$]ation1 be+ left )\t res\rces & )\t p[]s1 mu/ soon expire ( its own debility4 ,x _h n only lo/ all vigor1 b x _h ceas$ ev5 to be respect$4 ,x _h approa*$ ! la/ /ages ( its decl9e2 & ! only "q :i* rema9$ 0 :e!r x %\ld be left to a sil5t dissolution1 or an attempt %\ld be made to =m a m effici5t gov]nm5t be=e ! great int]e/s ( ! ,union 7 buri$ b5ea? its ru9s4 ,footnote3 ,/ory ,prelim9>y ,movem5ts4--,9 #aghe a resolution 0 pass$ by ! legislature ( ,massa*usetts decl>+ ! articles ( conf$]ation inadequate1 & sugge/+ a conv5tion ( delegates f all ! /ates to am5d !m4 ,no action1 h[ev]1 0 tak54 ,9 ! same ye> commission]s f ,virg9ia & ,m>yl& met at ,alex&ria1 ,va41 to arrange diff]5ces relative to ! navigation ( ! ,potomac1 ! ,roanoke1 & ,*esapeake ,bay4 ,! delib]ations %[$ ! necessity ( hav+ o!r /ates p>ticipate 9 ! arrangem5t ( a compact4 ,9 #aghf ! legislature ( ,virg9ia appo9t$ commission]s to meet su* z might be appo9t$ by ! o!r /ates ( ! ,union1 444 to take into consid]ation ! trade ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,only f\r /ates accept$ ! invitation4 ,commission]s f ! five /ates met at ,annapolis1 & fram$ a report advis+ t ! /ates appo9t commission]s to meet at ,philadelphia on ! second ,monday 9 ,may next1 to take into consid]ation ! situation ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 to devise su* fur!r provisions z %all appe> to !m necess>y to r5d] ! con/itution ( ! f$]al gov]nm5t adequate to ! exig5cies ( ! ,union4 ,footnote3 ,elliot's ,debates ,9 accordance ) ?is sugge/ion1 congress pass$ a resolution1 ,febru>y #ba1 #aghg1 recomm5d+ t a conv5tion ( delegates1 :o %all h be5 appo9t$ by ! sev]al /ates1 be held at ,philadelphia1 = ! sole & express purpose ( revis+ ! articles ( conf$]ation4 ,footnote3 ,elliott's ,debates ,! ,con/itutional ,conv5tion4--,9 response to ! call ( congress1 delegates f all ! /ates except ,rhode ,isl& met 9 ,philadelphia4 ,by ,may #be1 a quorum _h assembl$1 ! conv5tion organiz$1 ) ,george ,wa%+ton z *airman1 & began its mom5t\s "w4 ,x 0 soon discov]$ t x w\ld be useless to attempt to am5d ! articles ( conf$]ation4 ,!y 7 radically defective1 & a new plan ( gov]nm5t 0 se5 to be necess>y4 ,! national idea mu/ be re-e/abli%$ z ! basis ( ! political organization4 ,x 0 object$ by "s memb]s t !y _h no p[]1 no au?ority1 to con/ruct a new gov]nm5t4 ,!y c]ta9ly _h no au?ority1 if _! decisions 7 to be f9al2 & no au?ority :atev]1 "u ! articles ( conf$]ation1 to adopt ! c\rse !y did4 ,b !y knew t _! labors 7 only to be sugge/ions2 & t !y z well z any private individuals1 & any private individuals z well z !y1 _h a "r to propose a plan ( gov]nm5t to ! p = _! adoption4444 ,! p1 by _! express$ w1 trans=m$ ?is sugge/ion1 ?is proposal1 into an organic law1 & ! p might h done ! same ) a con/itution submitt$ to !m by a s+le citiz54 ,pom]oy's ,con/itutional ,law1 p4 #ee ,! labors ( ! conv5tion la/$ f\r mon?s4 ,! con/itution 0 agre$ to ,septemb] #ae1 #aghg4 ,"s ( ! difficulties enc\nt]$4--,( ^! p]haps ! mo/ =midable 0 ! adju/m5t ( p[] s z to satisfy bo? ! l>ge & ! small /ates4 ,s long z ! idea ( hav+ ! congress consi/ ( "o h\se rema9$1 ?is difficulty seem$ insurm\ntable4 ,b ! proposal ( ! bicam]al congress prov$ a happy solution ( ! "q4 ,footnote3 ,see discussion ( section #a1 ,article ,i41 ,con/itution1 page #abd4 ,al?\gh s mu* di/ress _h foll[$ /ate regulation ( comm]ce1 & al?\gh mo/ ( ! delegates f ! comm]cial /ates 7 9 favor ( ve/+ ?is p[] 9 ! f$]al gov]nm5t1 x 0 only aft] mu* delib]ation1 & aft] mak+ ! concession t no export duties %\ld be levi$1 t ! p[] to regulate comm]ce 0 ve/$ 9 congress4 ,ano!r p]plex+ "q 0 ! regulation ( ! slave trade4 ,= two days !re 0 a /ormy debate on ?is "q4 ,by a compromise congress 0 =bidd5 to prohibit ! importation ( slaves prior to #ahjh1 b ! imposition ( a tax ( t5 doll>s a head 0 p]mitt$4 ,! m5 :o con/itut$ ! conv5tion4--,! conv5tion includ$ su* m5 z ,george ,wa%+ton1 ,alex&] ,hamilton1 ,b5jam9 ,frankl91 ,james ,madison1 ,rog] ,%]man1 ,g\v]neur ,morris1 ,edmund ,r&olph1 & ! ,p9ckneys4 ,( ! de/ructive elem5t1 t :i* c po9t out defects b _c rem$y !m1 :i* is eag] to te> d[n b inapt to build up1 x w\ld be difficult to "n a repres5tative 9 ! conv5tion4 ,footnote3 ,cyclop$ia ( ,political ,sci5ce1 vol4 ,i41 article ,compromises4 ,! con/itution a gr[?4--,! con/itution 0 n an entirely new inv5tion4 ,! m5 :o prep>$ x 7 wise en\gh n to !orize v mu*1 b r to avail !mselves ( ! exp]i5ce ( ! ages4 ,almo/ e /ate furni%$ "s feature4 ,= in/ance3 ,! title ,presid5t _h be5 us$ 9 ,p5nsylvania1 ,new ,hamp%ire1 ,delaw>e1 & ,s\? ,c>ol9a2 ,! t]m ,s5ate _h be5 us$ 9 eight /ates2 ! appo9tm5t & confirmation ( judicial (fic]s _h be5 practic$ 9 all ! /ates2 ! practice ( ,new ,york sugge/$ ! presid5t's message1 & t ( ,massa*usetts 8 veto2 ea* p[] ( ! presid5t _h its analogy 9 "s /ate2 ! (fice ( vice-presid5t came f t ( lieut5ant gov]nor 9 sev]al ( ! /ates4 ,"s ( its peculi>ities4--,& yet ! in/rum5t is "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable ev] p5n$ by man4 #a4 ,x is %ort4 ,x w\ld n occupy m ?an ab\t two columns ( a newspap]4 #b4 ,x cov]s ! "r gr\nd4 ,x deals ) ?+s p]man5t1 & leaves transi5t matt]s to legislation4 ,its adaptation to our ne$s is se5 9 ! fact t x has rema9$ sub/antially un*ang$1 al?\gh 9 t]ritory & population our c\ntry has gr[n imm5sely4 #c4 ,x is a model 9 arrangem5t & language4 ,! lucidity & p]spicuity ( ! language ( ! con/itution h call$ =? expressions ( admiration f all :o h /udi$ x c>efully4 ,probably its ma/]-/roke is ! creation ( ! national judici>y4 ,let u n[ proce$ to a /udy ( ! in/rum5t itself1 prep>$ to weigh c>efully e s5t5ce4 ,"s ,p]t95t ,que/ions4 ,gr\p all ! defects ( ! gov]nm5t "u ! articles ( conf$]ation us+ ^! two heads3 #a4 ,defects 9 organization4 #b4 ,defects 9 ess5tial p[]s4 ,9 ! con/itutional conv5tion !re 7 sev]al plans propos+ =ms ( gov]nm5t4 ,/ate ! provisions ( ! ,virg9ia plan2 ( ! ,new ,j]sey plan2 ( ! ,hamilton plan2 ! ,connecticut plan4 ,wat* = traces ( ea* z y proce$ 9 y\r /udy ( ! con/itution4 ,memorize ! foll[+ outl9e ( ! con/itution3 ,,g5]al ,,outl9e ,,( ,,! ,,con/itution4 ,,preamble1 giv+ reasons = ! =mation ( ! con/itution4 ,,article ,i4--,! ,legislative ,dep>tm5t4 ,sec4 #a4 ,ve/m5t ( p[] 9 a congress ( two h\ses4 ,sec4 #b4 ,h\se ( repres5tatives3 apportionm5t1 qualifications1 election1 t]m1 sole p[]s4 ,sec4 #c4 ,s5ate3 apportionm5t1 qualifications1 election1 t]m1 sole p[]s4 ,sec4 #d4 ,congress3 "t & place ( election1 "t ( meet+4 ,sec4 #e4 ,h\ses respectively3 relations to memb]s4 ,sec4 #f4 ,provisions common3 privileges & disabilities4 ,sec4 #g4 ,mode ( pass+ laws4 ,sec4 #h4 ,p[]s ( congress4 ,sec4 #i4 ,prohibitions on congress4 ,sec4 #aj4 ,prohibitions on ! /ates4 ,,article ,,ii4--,! ,executive ,dep>tm5t4 ,sec4 #a4 ,ve/m5t ( p[]1 t]m1 qualifications1 election1 etc4 ,sec4 #b4 ,p[]s4 ,sec4 #c4 ,duties4 ,sec4 #d4 ,responsibility4 ,,article ,,iii4--,! ,judicial ,dep>tm5t4 ,sec4 #a4 ,ve/m5t ( au?ority1 appo9tm5t1 t]m1 etc4 ,sec4 #b4 ,jurisdiction4 ,sec4 #c4 ,treason1 def9ition1 proc$ure4 ,,article ,,iv4--,! ,/ates4 ,sec4 #a4 ,mutual cr$it ( (ficial pap]s4 ,sec4 #b4 ,int]-/ate relations4 ,sec4 #c4 ,new /ates & t]ritories4 ,sec4 #d4 ,republican =m ( gov]nm5t gu>ante$4 ,,article ,v4--,mode ( ,am5d+ ! ,con/itution ,,article ,,vi4--,miscellane\s ,,article ,,vii4--,ratification ,,am5dm5ts4 #a-aj4 ,p]sonal rights gu>ante$4 #aa4 ,limitation on ,jurisdiction ( ,u4,s4 ,c\rts4 #ab4 ,mode ( elect+ ! presid5t & vice-presid5t4 #ac-ae4 ,fruits ( ! ,civil ,w>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pr9cipal ,,/ory 7,= ,key see back ( page47 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,pr9cipal ,,/ory ,,( ,,! ,,capitol4 ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,! ,,con/itution ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates4 ,,! ,,enact+ ,,clause #a ,,or ,,preamble4 ,we1 ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1#b 9 ord] to =m a m p]fect union1#c e/abli% ju/ice1#d insure dome/ic tranquillity1#e provide = ! common def5se1#f promote ! g5]al welf>e1#g & secure ! bless+s ( lib]ty to ourselves & our po/]ity1#h d orda9 & e/abli% ?is con/itution = ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica4 #a ,! preamble or enact+ clause is v important1 because x /ates ! purposes = :i* ! con/itution 0 fram$1 & is1 !re=e1 a valuable aid 9 int]pret+ its provisions4 #b ,^! words are important1 because3 ,fir/1 !y recognize ! p z ! s\rce ( p[]4 ,second1 !y %[ t ! con/itution is diff]5t 9 nature f ! articles ( conf$]ation4 ,! latt] 0 a compact betwe5 /ates1 adopt$ by /ate legislatures act+ = ! /ates z su*2 ! =m] 0 orda9$ & e/abli%$ by ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 "o p1 act+ z a unit4 ,& ! expression1 :i* 0 ins]t$ 9 ! preamble aft] due delib]ation1 is1 !re=e1 an argum5t 9 favor ( ! proposition t ?is is a nation & n a m]e conf$]acy4 #c ,m p]fect ?an "u ! articles ( conf$]ation1 9 :i* ! /ates 7 decl>$ sov]eign & indep5d5t4 ,! sov]eignty is giv5 by ! con/itution to ! g5]al gov]nm5t1 :i* is clo!d ) ample p[] to ma9ta9 its indep5d5ce4 ,at ! same "t su* limitations are plac$ ^u its p[] z w prev5t its becom+ despotic4 #d ,to e/abli% ju/ice is "o ( ! prim>y purposes ( gov]nm5t4 ,"u ! articles ( conf$]ation !re _h be5 no national judici>y1 & /ate c\rts (t5 discrim9at$ aga9/ =eign]s & citiz5s ( o!r /ates4 ,to rem$y ?is1 to e/abli% fair-h&$ ju/ice ?r\gh\t ! l&1 ! national judici>y 0 creat$ by ! con/itution4 #e ,dome/ic tranquillity means "h peace among ! /ates & )9 ea* /ate4 ,! condition ( affairs dur+ ! conf$]ation p]iod _h be5 woeful4 ,a long w> _h impov]i%$ ! p1 & unable to pay _! taxes !y _h 9 sev]al places brok5 out 9 rebellion4 ,ea* /ate by comm]cial regulations 0 try+ to bett] its =tunes ev5 at ! exp5se ( ! o!rs4 ,^! regulations1 & disputes ab\t b\nd>ies1 kept ! /ates qu>rel+ among !mselves4 ,by transf]r+ to ! g5]al gov]nm5t ! p[] to regulate comm]ce ) =eign nations & among ! /ates1 by giv+ x p[] to en=ce treaties1 & by creat+ a tribunal ) au?ority to settle controv]sies betwe5 /ates1 ! fram]s ( ! con/itution remov$ 9 a l>ge measure ! irritat+ causes ( discord4 ,b to insure peace1 ! g5]al gov]nm5t 0 expressly giv5 p[] to put d[n insurrections 9 ! /ates4 #f ,to def5d ! c\ntry is ano!r ( ! important duties ( gov]nm5t4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates c\ld d ?is bett] ?an ea* /ate c\ld def5d itself4 ,sev]al reasons are obvi\s4 ,!re=e ! g5]al gov]nm5t 0 emp[]$ to raise & ma9ta9 an army & navy1 & x ?us became compet5t to inspire confid5ce at home & respect abroad4 #g ,to promote ! g5]al welf>e 0 ! great object = :i* ! gov]nm5t 0 organiz$1 & all ! provisions ( ! con/itution h t 9 view4 ,?is expression 0 int5d$ to cov] all ^? ?+s :i* a gov]nm5t may prop]ly d = ! good ( ! p4 ,x is v ela/ic1 z x 0 int5d$ to be1 & has cov]$ acts z diff]5t z ! pur*ase ( ,l\isiana1 & ! end[m5t ( agricultural colleges1 ! grant+ ( a pat5t1 & ! e/abli%m5t ( po/-(fices4 #h ,?is is a wor?y climax to ! preamble4 ,! great /ruggle1 :i* began 9 ! "m c\ntry1 cont9u$ ?r\gh colonial times1 & culm9at$ 9 ! revolution1 _h be5 = lib]ty4 ,! love ( lib]ty _h illum9$ ! pa?way ( ! pilgrims cross+ unkn[n seas2 x _h gl[$ 9 ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce2 x _h w>m$ ! he>ts ( ! half-clad soldi]s at ,valley ,=ge4 ,lib]ty _h n[ be5 won2 ! problem 0 h[ to r5d] x secure4 ,! desir$ security 0 to be f\nd only 9 ! =mation ( a gov]nm5t hav+ all p[]s necess>y = national sov]eignty & indep5d5ce1 :ile reta9+ 9 ! /ates all p[]s necess>y = local self-gov]nm5t4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,,article ,i4--,,! ,,legislative ,,bran*4#a ,,section ,i4--,,congress4 ,all legislative p[]s h]e9 grant$1 %all be ve/$ 9 a congress ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :i* %all consi/ ( a s5ate & h\se ( repres5tatives4#b #a ,! division ( gov]nm5tal functions among ?ree bran*es has already be5 discuss$ on page #gi4 ,! legislative bran* comes fir/ & occupies mo/ space 9 ! con/itution because its fram]s reg>d$ ! legislative z ! mo/ important bran*4 ,& laws mu/ be made be=e !y c be int]pret$ or execut$4 #b ,! reason = ! creation ( two h\ses or *amb]s 0 t ?us only c\ld ! conflict+ claims ( ! l>ge & small /ates be reconcil$4 ,x 01 9 fact1 a compromise1 ! fir/ ( a s]ies4 ,only a few 9 ! conv5tion ?\ght at fir/ ( hav+ two h\ses1 ! plan be+ to cont9ue z "u ! articles ( conf$]ation ) "o h\se4 ,on ! "q ( apportion+ repres5tatives1 x 0 f\nd t !re 0 a decid$ diff]5ce ( op9ion4 ,! small /ates wi%$ to cont9ue ! pr9ciple ( ! articles ( conf$]ation1 :i* gave ! sev]al /ates equal p[]4 ,b ! l>ge /ates insi/$ t ! p[] ( a /ate %\ld be 9 proportion to its population4 ,! diff]5ces 7 f9ally settl$ by ! creation ( two h\ses1 9 "o ( :i* ! /ates %\ld h equal p[]1 & 9 ! o!r ! repres5tation %\ld be bas$ ^u population4 ,connecticut has ! honor ( furni%+ ?is valuable compromise4 ,9 h] legislature1 repres5tation 9 "o h\se 0 bas$ on population2 9 ! o!r1 ! t[ns _h equal repres5tation4 ,among ! advantages ( hav+ two h\ses1 aside f t m5tion$ on page #hj1 are ^!3 ,x t5ds to prev5t a few popul> lead]s f c>ry+ ?r\gh laws n design$ = ! common good2 x secures a review ( any propos$ measure by m5 elect$ 9 diff]5t ways & look+ at x f diff]5t /&po9ts4 ,z our congress is organiz$1 ! memb]s ( ! h\se ( repres5tatives1 be+ elect$ by popul> vote & = a %ort t]m1 are likely to repres5t ) consid]able fai?fulness ! wi%es ( ! p4 ,b ! p may be = a "t wrong--z1 = in/ance1 9 ! p]secution ( ! wit*es--& s5ators1 :o by _! mode ( election & l5g? ( t]m are made some:at indep5d5t1 c comp>atively )\t fe> d :at seems "r1 ev5 if tempor>ily unsupport$ by public op9ion4 ,,section ,,ii4--,,h\se ,,( ,,repres5tatives4#a ,clause #a4--;,composition & ,t]m4 ,! h\se ( repres5tatives %all be compos$ ( memb]s *os5 e second ye>#b by ! p#c ( ! sev]al /ates1 & ! electors#d 9 ea* /ate %all h ! qualifications requisite = electors ( ! mo/ num]\s bran* ( ! /ate legislature4#e #a ,s call$ because x repres5ts ! p4 #b ,! t]m "u ! conf$]ation _h be5 "o ye>4 ,?is 0 too %ort to p]mit any adequate /udy ( ! subjects to be legislat$ ^u4 ,?is long] t]m1 two ye>s1 is /ill %ort en\gh to impose ^u repres5tatives ! feel+ ( responsibility4 ,! t]m beg9s ,m>* #d1 at noon4 ,! "t cov]$ by a repres5tative's t]m is call$ a congress2 ?us we speak ( ! =tie? congress1 mean+ ! =tie? two ye>s ( our con/itutional exi/5ce4 ,! "n also applies to ! body con/itut+ our national legislative dep>tm5t dur+ t "t4 ,?us we say t a c]ta9 p]son is a memb] ( congress4 ,a congress includes two regul> sessions & any numb] ( extra sessions :i* ! presid5t may see fit to call or :i* may be provid$ = by law4 ,! fir/ regul> session is call$ ! long session1 because congress may rema9 9 session ?r\gh ! summ]1 if x *oose4 ,! second is call$ ! %ort session1 because x mu/ end ,m>* #d1 at noon4 ,expir+ ?us by limitation1 x la/s n m ?an ab\t ?ree mon?s4 #c ,! ^w p "h means vot]s4 ,ea* /ate is divid$ by its legislature into congressional di/ricts equal 9 numb] to ! repres5tatives to :i* x is entitl$1 & ! p ( ea* di/rict elect "o repres5tative4 ,sometimes :5 a /ate has its repres5tation increas$ aft] a new c5sus1 ! old congressional di/ricts are left = a "t undi/urb$1 & ! add$ repres5tatives are elect$ at l>ge1 :ile ! o!rs are *os5 by di/ricts z be=e4 #d ,vot]s4 #e ,! qualifications = vot+ 9 any /ate are fix$ by ! /ate itself1 & diff]5t /ates require diff]5t qualifications4 ,:5 ! con/itution 0 fram$1 b n n[1 "s /ates requir$ high] qualifications 9 vot]s = ! upp] h\se ( ! /ate legislature ?an 9 vot]s = ! l[]2 s t m p]sons c\ld vote = memb]s ( ! l[]1 :i* is always ! mo/ num]\s bran*1 ?an = ! high]4 ,desir+ to make ! ,unit$ ,/ates h\se ( repres5tatives z popul> z possible1 ! fram]s ( ! con/itution det]m9$ t all :om any /ate 0 will+ to tru/ to vote = a memb] ( ! l[] h\se ( ! /ate legislature1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates c\ld tru/ to vote = memb]s ( its l[] h\se4 ,clause #b4--,qualifications4 ,no p]son %all be a repres5tative :o %all n h atta9$ ! age ( tw5ty-five ye>s1#a & be5 sev5 ye>s a citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1#b & :o %all n1 :5 elect$1 be an inhabitant ( t /ate 9 :i* he %all he *os54#c #a ,= bus9ess & vot+ purposes a man comes ( age at tw5ty-"o ye>s4 ,f\r ye>s ( probation are consid]$ ! lea/ am\nt ( "t necess>y to fit him = ! responsibilities ( a memb] ( ! h\se ( repres5tatives4 #b ,a born citiz5 w at tw5ty-five ye>s ( age h be5 a citiz5 = tw5ty-five ye>s4 ,a naturaliz$ citiz5 mu/ h liv$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates = at lea/ twelve ye>s1 ,footnote3 ,eight ye>s 9 ! case ( an honorably dis*>g$ soldi] :o may become a citiz5 on "o ye>'s resid5ce4 five ye>s to become a citiz5 & sev5 ye>s aft]w>ds1 be=e be+ eligible to ! h\se ( repres5tatives4 ,^! twelve ye>s w h giv5 him "t to become ,am]icaniz$4 #c ,resid5ce 9 ! /ate is requir$ 9 ord] t ! /ate may be repres5t$ by p]sons int]e/$ 9 its welf>e4 ,no l5g? ( "t is specifi$1 h[ev]4 ,resid5ce 9 ! di/rict is n requir$ by ! con/itution1 because ! di/ribution ( repres5tatives )9 a /ate is left to ! /ate itself4 ,a p]son may be *os5 to repres5t a di/rict 9 :i* he does n live1 & ?is has be5 done 9 a few in/ances4 ,"o does n lose 8 seat by mov+ f ! di/rict or ev5 f ! /ate1 b propriety w\ld impel resignation4 ,,:o ,,may ,,n ,,be ,,repres5tatives4 #a4 ,p]sons hold+ any (fice "u ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,i41 #f1 #b4 #b4 ,p]sons :o by engag+ 9 rebellion aga9/ ! ,unit$ ,/ates h violat$ _! oa? to support ! con/itution1 unless ! disability be remov$4 ,am4 ,,xiv41 #c4 ,clause #c4--;,apportionm5t4 ,! p>ts ( ?is clause enclos$ 9 brackets are n[ obsolete4 ,repres5tatives & direct taxes#a %all be apportion$ among ! sev]al /ates :i* may be includ$ )9 ?is ,union1 accord+ to _! respective numb]s1#b :i* %all he det]m9$ by add+ to ! :ole numb] ( free p]sons#c includ+ ^? b\nd to s]vice #d = a numb] ( ye>s1 & exclud+ ,indians n tax$1 ?ree-fif?s ( all o!r p]sons4#e ,! actual enum]ation#f %all he made )9 ?ree ye>s aft] ! fir/ meet+ ( ! congress ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1#g & )9 e subsequ5t t]m ( t5 ye>s1 9 su* mann] z !y %all by law direct4 ,! numb] ( repres5tatives %all n exce$ "o = e ?irty ?\s&1#h b ea* /ate %all h at lea/ "o repres5tative1#i & until su* enum]ation %all he made1 ! ,/ate ( ,new ,hamp%ire1 %all be entitl$ to *oose ?ree1 ,massa*usetts eight1 ,rhode ,isl& & ,provid5ce ,plantations "o1 ,connecticut five1 ,new ,york six1 ,new ,j]sey f\r1 ,p5nsylvania eight1 ,delaw>e "o1 ,m>yl& six1 ,virg9ia t51 ,nor? ,c>ol9a five1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a five1 & ,georgia ?ree4 #a ,^! are l ! usual local taxes2 t is1 poll taxes & taxes on real & p]sonal prop]ty4 ,a tax on incomes d]iv$ f su* prop]ty 01 9 ,may1 #ahie1 decl>$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,supreme ,c\rt to be a direct tax4 ,unit$ ,/ates direct taxes h be5 laid only 9 #agih1 #ahac1 #ahae1 #ahaf1 #ahfb4 #b ,! revolution>y w> _h j be5 f\ght to ma9ta9 ! pr9ciple1 taxation & repres5tation g h& 9 h&1 & ?is provision 0 made 9 h>mony !re)4 ,! includ+ ( direct taxes 0 a concession to ! slavehold+ /ates4 #c ,m51 wom5 & *ildr54 #d ,appr5tices4 #e ,slaves4 ,! fram]s ( ! con/itution did n l to use ! ^w slave1 & !re=e us$ ?is expression4 ,mo/ ( !m1 ev5 ! slavehold]s1 hop$ t slav]y w\ld soon cease to be4 ,9 det]m9+ ! p]sons to be enum]at$1 mu* difficulty 0 enc\nt]$4 ,! slavehold+ /ates wi%$ ! slaves c\nt$ z individuals1 claim+ t !y _h z mu* "r to be repres5t$ z _h wom51 *ildr5 & o!r non-vot]s4 ,! non-slavehold+ ,footnote3 ,9 all ! /ates except ,massa*usetts slav]y !n exi/$4 ,b 9 ! nor!rn /ates ! numb] ( slaves 0 s small1 t we may call !m non-slavehold+4 /ates ?\ght t be+ held z prop]ty !y %\ld n be c\nt$ at all = purposes ( repres5tation4 ,?is provision 9 ! con/itution 0 ! outcome1--ano!r compromise4 #f ,call$ ! ,c5sus4 ,! prime purpose 9 tak+ ! c5sus is to f9d out ! numb] ( p 9 ea* /ate1 s t repres5tation may be equaliz$4 ,b ! c5sus tak]s collect at ! same "t a va/ am\nt ( o!r useful in=mation ^u ! agriculture1 manufactures1 comm]ce1 etc41 ( ! c\ntry4 ,reports ( ! c5sus are publi%$ by ! gov]nm5t = gratuit\s di/ribution4 #g ,! fir/ meet+ ( congress 0 held 9 #aghi1 & ! fir/ c5sus 0 tak5 9 #agij4 #h ,to prev5t ! ,h\se f becom+ too l>ge4 ,b ! population ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates has con/antly & rapidly increas$1 s t ! ratio ( repres5tation1 z x is call$1 has be5 made great] at ea* c5sus4 ,x n[ takes #agc1ija p to secure a repres5tative4 7,= ratio 9 ea* decade1 see pages #cab-ac47 #i ,s t ev5 ! smalle/ /ates %all be repres5t$4 ,clause #d4--,vacancies4 ,:5 vacancies#a happ5 9 ! repres5tation f any /ate1 ! executive au?ority#b !re( %all issue writs ( election#c to fill su* vacancies4#d #a ,vacancies usually happ5 ?r\gh ! dea? or resignation ( ! incumb5t4 ,b a vacancy may be made by ! expulsion ( a memb] or by ! election ( an ineligible p]son4 #b ,! gov]nor or act+ gov]nor4 #c ,t is1 he ord]s an election4 ,! ord] is pr9t$ 9 ! newspap]s ( ! di/rict1 & specifies ! "t ! election is to be held4 ,at ! "t specifi$ ! electors vote z 9 regul> elections4 ,?is is call$ a special election4 #d ,! p]son elect$ s]ves = ! unexpir$ t]m4 ,clause #e4--;,h\se ,p[]s4 ,! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives %all *oose _! speak]#a & o!r (fic]s2#b & %all h ! sole p[] ( impea*m5t#c4 #a ,call$ s 9 imitation ( ! title ( ! presid+ (fic] ( ! ,briti% ,h\se ( ,commons1 :o 0 orig9ally call$ ! speak] because he act$ z spokesman 9 communicat+ to ! k+ ! wi%es ( ! ,h\se4 ,! speak] is *os5 by ballot f among ! memb]s1 & s]ves dur+ ! pleasure ( ! ,h\se4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ea* congress a new election is held4 ,a speak] may be re-elect$4 ,h5ry ,clay s]v$ z speak] = t5 ye>s4 ,! duties ( ! speak] are prescrib$ by ! rules ( ! ,h\se4 ,s f>1 he has always appo9t$ ! committees4 ,z ! "w ( legislation is l>gely %ap$ by committees1 x may be fairly ask$ :e!r any "o else c s affect ! legislation ( ! c\ntry z c ! speak]--:e!r1 inde$1 he has n too mu* p[]4 #b ,! mo/ important o!r (fic]s are ! cl]k & ! s]geant-at-arms4 ,! cl]k1 z 8 title w\ld indicate1 has *>ge ( ! records ( ! ,h\se4 ,he has a numb] ( assi/ants4 ,! s]geant-at-arms acts "u ! ord]s ( ! speak] 9 keep+ ord] & 9 s]v+ processes4 ,8 duties 9 ! ,h\se resemble ^? ( ! %]iff 9 c\rt4 ,! doorkeep]1 po/ma/]1 & *apla91 h duties indicat$ by _! titles4 ,^! (fic]s are elect$ by ! ,h\se & s]ve dur+ its pleasure1 usually two ye>s4 ,assi/ants are appo9t$ by ! (fic]s :om !y assi/4 ,none ( ^! (fic]s are memb]s ( ! ,h\se4 #c ,an impea*m5t is a solemn accusation 9 writ+1 =mally *>g+ a public (fic] ) crime4 ,! articles ( impea*m5t are a sort ( indictm5t2 & ! ,h\se1 9 pres5t+ !m1 acts z a gr& jury1 & also z a public prosecutor4 ,footnote3 ,/ory's ,exposition ( ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,= fur!r discussion ( impea*m5t1 see pages #ach1 #bjc & #cca4 ,a v int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! impea*m5t trial ( ,secret>y ,belknap is giv5 9 ,alton's ,among ! ,lawmak]s1 pages #bde-bej4 ,mr4 ,b4 is hidd5 "u a fictiti\s "n4 ,on impea*m5t1 see also ,wilson's ,congressional ,gov]nm5t1 page #bge4 ,,writt5 ,,ex]cise4 ,ea* memb] ( ! class %\ld prep>e a tabulation l ?is1 fill+ out ! blanks briefly4 ,,h\se ,,( ,,repres5tatives4 ,i4 ,,numb]-- #a4 ,bas$ ^u4 #b4 ,limitations4 7a7 7b7 ,,ii4 ,,qualifications4 #a4 #b4 #c4 #d4 #e4 ,,iii4 ,,election-- ,,iv4 ,,t]m-- ,y4 ,,vacancy-- ,p]t95t ,que/ions4 ,:at is a con/itution8 ,a law8 ,a preamble8 ,h[ _m ( ! reasons assign$ 9 ! preamble = e/abli%+ ?is gov]nm5t are g5]al & h[ _m are special8 ,h[ _m h\ses d mo/ legislative bodies h8 ,h[ _m did ! congress "u ! conf$]ation h8 ,:y8 ,:y has congress two h\ses8 ,h[ _m repres5tatives has ?is /ate 9 ! ,u4,s4 congress8 ,give _! names by di/ricts4 ,9 :i* di/rict d y live8 ,:5 0 y\r repres5tative elect$8 ,by ! c5sus ( #ahhj1 ,alabama _h a population ( #a1bfb1eje2 h[ _m repres5tatives %\ld x h8 ,nevada _h only #fb1bfa inhabitants1 b has a repres5tative2 h[ d y acc\nt = ! fact8 ,:at proportion ( ,u4,s4 (fic]s are elect$8 ,:at is ! mo/ num]\s bran* ( ?is /ate's legislature call$8 ,:at qualifications mu/ electors to t h\se h8 ,:om else c su* p]sons !re=e vote =8 ,if ?is /ate desir$ high] qualifications 9 electors = ,unit$ ,/ates repres5tatives1 h[ c\ld %e require !m8 ,%\ld n ! ,unit$ ,/ates designate ! qualifications ( vot]s = memb]s ( congress8 ,may "o :o is n a citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates vote = a memb] ( congress8 ,:at is ! numb] ( ! pres5t congress8 ,:5 did x beg98 ,h[ _m memb]s 9 ! pres5t ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives8 ,j h[ 0 t numb] det]m9$8 ,"n ! speak]4 ,:at political p>ty is 9 ! majority 9 ! pres5t ,h\se8 ,is congress n[ 9 session8 ,mu/ a repres5tative reside 9 ! di/rict f :i* he is *os58 ,if y\r repres5tative %\ld move to ano!r /ate1 w\ld he lose 8 seat8 ,if a p]son tw5ty-f\r ye>s & t5 mon?s old at ! "t ( election %\ld be *os5 repres5tative1 w\ld he be eligible8 ,h[ long mu/ an ali5 live 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates to be eligible to ! h\se8 ,is !re any exception8 ,if #ac1jjj1jjj 7 to be rais$ = ! use ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates by direct taxation1 h[ mu* w\ld ?is /ate h to pay8 ,h[ mu* w\ld ,alaska h to pay8 ,h[ w\ld ?is /ate raise ! money8 ,are !re any p 9 ?is /ate :o are n c\nt$ 9 mak+ up ! repres5tative population8 ,:5 0 ! fir/ ,unit$ ,/ates c5sus tak58 ,h[ _m h s9ce be5 tak58 ,:5 0 ! la/ tak58 ,:5 w ! next be tak58 ,h[ did memb]s ( congress vote "u ! conf$]ation8 ,h[ d !y n[ vote8 ,h[ is ,utah repres5t$ 9 congress8 ,! ,di/rict ( ,columbia8 ,:at five /ates _h ! l>ge/ repres5tation 9 ! fir/ congress8 ,:at five h n[8 ,:i* two h few] memb]s n[ ?an 9 ! fir/ congress8 ,:i* ?ree h j ! same numb]8 ,"n ! pres5t (fic]s ( ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives4 ,are any ( !m f ?is /ate8 ,h[ does our ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives comp>e ) ! ,briti% ,h\se ( ,commons 9 ! numb] ( memb]s8 ,9 ! l5g? ( _! t]ms8 ,9 ! age requir$ = eligibility8 ,:at fam\s spee* h y read 9 reply to "o 9 :i* a c]ta9 memb] ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons _h be5 allud$ to contemptu\sly z a "y man8 ,c\ld "o :o is n a vot] be elect$ to ! h\se8 ,is a woman eligible8 ,c\ld ! /ate impose o!r qualifications ?an ^? m5tion$ 9 ! con/itution8 ,,section ,,iii4--,,! ,,s5ate4#a ,clause #a4--;,composition4 ,! ,s5ate ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates %all be compos$ ( two s5ators f ea* /ate1#b *os5 by ! legislature !re(1#c = six ye>s2#d & ea* s5ator %all h "o vote4#e #a ,lat9 s5atus1 f s5ex1 an old man4 ,?is dignifi$ t]m seems a favorite1 be+ us$ 9 _m c\ntries to designate ! upp] h\se4 ,9 o!r c\ntries a t]m is us$ hav+ ! same signification4 #b ,?is arrangem5t w be rememb]$ z ! concession made by ! l>ge /ates to ! small ones4 ,_h ! numb] ( s5ators be5 fix$ at "o f ea* /ate1 equality ( p[] among ! /ates w\ld /ill h be5 secur$2 b sickness or accid5t might !n leave a /ate unrepres5t$4 ,by hav+ two1 ?is difficulty is obviat$4 ,! two c consult ab\t ! ne$s ( _! /ate2 & ! ,s5ate is l>ge en\gh to conf] p[] & enc\rage firmness4 ,?ree f ea* /ate w\ld br+ no advantages :i* are n n[ secur$1 :ile ! ,s5ate w\ld be unnecess>ily l>ge & exp5sive4 #c ,?is mode ( election 0 fix$ ^u = two reasons3 ,fir/1 ! s5ators repres5t ! /ate1 z su*1 & h5ce x seem$ prop] t !y %\ld be *os5 by ! body :i* acts = ! /ate 9 its corporate capacity2 second1 ! memb]s ( ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives be+ elect$ by ! p1 x 0 deem$ advisable to elect ! s5ators 9 a diff]5t way1 9 ord] t1 by repres5t+ diff]5t elem5ts1 ea* h\se might act z a *eck ^u ! o!r4 ,incid5tally1 election by ! legislature 0 consid]$ good1 because x w\ld s]ve z a connect+ l9k betwe5 ! /ates & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #d ,! long t]m gives dignity & indep5d5ce to ! position ( s5ator2 x gives assurance ( /ability 9 ! national c\ncils1 & t5ds to secure = !m confid5ce at home & respect abroad2 x raises s5ators above ! :ims & caprices ( _! con/itu5ts1 s t !y may consult _! solid int]e/s1 r ?an _! imm$iate wi%es4 #e ,"u ! conf$]ation ea* /ate _h f two to sev5 memb]s ( congress1 b only "o vote4 ,if ! delegation 0 equally divid$ on any "q1 or if only "o memb] 0 pres5t1 ! /ate lo/ its vote4 ,by ! pres5t arrangem5t a /ate ne$ n g entirely unrepres5t$ on acc\nt ( ! abs5ce ( "o ( its s5ators4 ,clause #b4--;,classification & ,vacancies4 ,imm$iately aft] !y %all be assembl$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! fir/ election1 !y %all be divid$1 z equally z may be1 into ?ree classes4#a ,! seats ( ! s5ators ( ! fir/ class %all be vacat$ at ! expiration ( ! second ye>2 ( ! second class1 at ! expiration ( ! f\r? ye>2 & ( ! ?ird class1 at ! expiration ( ! six? ye>2#b s t "o-?ird may be *os5 e second ye>2 & if vacancies happ5 by resignation1 or o!rwise1 dur+ ! recess ( ! legislature ( any /ate1 ! executive !re( may make tempor>y appo9tm5ts until ! next meet+ ( ! legislature1 :i* %all !n fill su* vacancies4#c #a ,! object ( ?is division is to secure = ! ,s5ate at all times a l>ge proportion ( exp]i5c$ memb]s4 ,by ?is arrangem5t1 too1 ! ,s5ate becomes a p]man5t body1 ready at any "t to conv5e = ! consid]ation ( treaties1 = ! trial ( impea*m5ts1 or = confirm+ executive appo9tm5ts4 #b ,only t5 /ates 7 repres5t$ :51 on ,may #ae1 #aghi1 ?is classification 0 fir/ made4 7,nor? ,c>ol9a & ,rhode ,isl& _h n yet ratifi$ ! con/itution1 & ,new ,york's s5ators _h n yet pres5t$ _! cr$5tials47 ,! tw5ty s5ators _h on ! prec$+ day be5 gr\p$ by "n into ?ree classes1 two ( sev5 s5ators ea*1 & "o ( six4 ,by ! draw+ ( ?ree numb]$ slips ( pap]1 sev5 fell into class #a1 sev5 into class #b1 & six into class #c1 ) t]ms end+ ,m>* #c1 #agia1 #agic1 & #agie1 respectively4 ,aft] ! classification _h be5 fix$1 ! two s5ators f ,new ,york appe>$4 ,"o 0 plac$1 by lot1 9 class #c 7?us fill+ ! classes71 & !n ! o!r1 also by lot1 9 class #a4 ,! two s5ators f ! next /ate1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 7 !re=e plac$ 9 ! unfill$ classes #b & #c4 ,s9ce #agie1 ea* class holds = six ye>s1 & a s5ator's t]m expires ) t ( 8 class4 #c ,s5ators repres5t ! /ate1 & are elect$ by ! body :i* acts = ! /ate1--by ! legislature if 9 session1 tempor>ily by ! gov]nor if x is n4 ,clause #c4--,qualifications4 ,no p]son %all be a s5ator1 :o %all n h atta9$ to ! age ( ?irty ye>s1#a & be5 n9e ye>s a citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1#b & :o %all n1 :5 elect$1 be an inhabitant ( t /ate f :i* he %all be *os54#c #a ,?is 0 also ! age = eligibility to ! ,roman ,s5ate4 ,x is five ye>s m ?an ! requirem5t = memb]%ip 9 ! ,h\se4 #b ,two ye>s ( citiz5%ip m ?an requir$ ( a repres5tative4 ,z ! ,s5ate acts ) ! presid5t 9 mak+ treaties1 ?is requirem5t seems none too great4 #c ,! propriety ( ?is is self-evid5t4 7,i4 #b3 #b47 ,clause #d4--,presid+ ,(fic]4 ,! vice-presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates %all be presid5t ( ! ,s5ate1#a b %all h no vote1#b unless !y be equally divid$4#c #a ,?is arrangem5t 0 made = ?ree reasons3 ,fir/4 ,x w\ld give ! vice-presid5t some?+ to d4 ,second4 ,p>tak+ 9 ! executive bus9ess ( ! ,s5ate w\ld give ! vice-presid5t excell5t tra9+ = ! duties ( ! presid5cy1 9 case he %\ld be call$ !reto4 ,?ird4 ,! equality ( p[] among ! /ates w\ld rema9 undi/urb$4 ,_h x be5 arrang$ t ! ,s5ate %\ld *oose its own presid+ (fic] f among its memb]s1 "o /ate might !reby ga9 7or lose7 p[] 9 ! ,s5ate4 #b ,because he is n a memb] ( ! ,s5ate4 ,= ?is reason1 also1 he _c take "p 9 debates1 nor c he appo9t committees4 ,^! are elect$ by ! ,s5ate itself4 #c ,b = 8 ca/+ vote2 a dead-lock might occur on "s important "q4 ,?is might give rise to dang]\s feuds1 or intrigues1 & create /ate or national agitations4 ,clause #e4--,o!r ,(fic]s4 ,! ,s5ate %all *oose _! o!r (fic]s1#a & also a presid5t pro tempore1#b 9 ! abs5ce ( ! vice-presid5t1 or :5 he %all ex]cise ! (fice ( presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #a ,^! are simil> to ^? ( ! ,h\se4 7,see p4 #aca47 #b ,! presid5t pro tempore is *os5 f among ! s5ators4 ,be+ a s5ator1 he c debate & vote ^u any "q4 ,he _c1 ( c\rse1 give a ca/+ vote1 because t w\ld virtually give him two votes4 ,! presid5t pro tempore s]ves dur+ ! pleasure ( ! ,s5ate1 or until ! expiration ( 8 s5atorial t]m4 ,x is ! g5]al practice = ! vice-presid5t to vacate 8 *air at ! beg9n+ ( ! session1 to p]mit ! ,s5ate to *ose a presid5t pro tempore1 s t if dur+ vacation ! vice-presid5t %\ld become presid5t1 ! ,s5ate might n be )\t a presid+ (fic]4 ,until rec5tly ?is 0 q important1 = ! presid5t pro tempore ( ! ,s5ate 0 next to ! vice-presid5t 9 ! succession to ! presid5cy4 ,b ! succession has be5 *ang$4 7,see p4 #aij47 ,clause #f4--;,impea*m5t4 ,! ,s5ate %all h ! sole p[] to try all impea*m5ts4#a ,:5 sitt+ = t purpose1 !y %all be on oa? or affirmation4#b ,:5 ! presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is tri$1 ! *ief ,ju/ice %all preside2#c & no p]son %all be convict$ )\t ! concurr5ce ( two-?irds ( ! memb]s pres5t4#d ,judgem5t 9 cases ( impea*m5t %all n ext5d fur!r ?an to removal f (fice1 & disqualification to hold & enjoy any (fice ( honor1 tru/ or pr(it1 "u ! ,unit$ ,sates2#e b ! p>ty convict$ %all1 nev]!less1 be liable & subject to indictm5t1 trial1 judgm5t & puni%m5t1 accord+ to law4#f #a ,= ! mode ( conduct+ impea*m5ts1 see pages #aca & #cca4 ,to h impea*m5ts tri$ by a c\rt ( law w\ld be unwise = sev]al reasons3 ,9 ! fir/ place1 judges %\ld be kept free f political conte/s1 9 ord] t !y may reta9 ! prop] judicial frame ( m9d4 ,9 ! second place1 judges are appo9t$ by ! executive1 :o may be ! "o impea*$4 ,la/ly1 a judge is himself subject to impea*m5t4 #b ,to enhance ! solemnity ( ! occasion4 ,! ,briti% ,h\se ( ,lords :5 sitt+ z a high c\rt ( impea*m5t is n "u oa?4 ,b c\rts usually are4 #c ,! vice-presid5t1 hav+ int]e/ 9 ! result1 w\ld be disqualifi$4 ,! *ief ju/ice1 f ! dignity ( 8 /ation & 8 great exp]i5ce 9 law1 seems ! fitte/ p]son to preside on su* a grave occasion4 ,except 9 ?is s+le in/ance1 h[ev]1 ! vice-presid5t presides 9 trials on impea*m5t4 #d ,9 an ord9>y c\rt1 ! v]dict ( ! jury mu/ be unanim\s4 ,to require simil> agreem5t 9 ?is case w\ld be to make x next to impossible ev] to convict4 ,to all[ a b>e majority to convict w\ld be to place too little protection ov] a public (fic]4 #e ,b = ?is provision abuses ( p[] might occur 9 times ( political excitem5t & /rife4 ,! "q :i* ! ,s5ate settles is simply :e!r1 9 view ( ! evid5ce1 ! accus$ is or is n wor?y to hold public (fice4 #f ,?is provision 0 ins]t$ to prev5t an (ficial :o _h be5 depos$ = crime f plead+ ! pr9ciple t ,no "o c be twice tri$ & puni%$ = ! same (f5se4 ,,writt5 ,,ex]cise4 ,,comp>ative ,,tabulation4 ,,po9ts ,,consid]$4 ,,h\se ,,( ,r4 ,,s5ate ,numb]4444444444444444444444444444444444 4444444444444 ,age ,qualifications444444,citiz5%ip444444444 4444444444444 ,inhabitancy ,election4444444444444444444444444444444 44444444444444 ,t]m444444444444444444444444444444444444 4444444444444 ,vacancy44444444444444444444444444444444 44444444444444 ,presid+ ,(fic] ,title44444444444444444444444444444 ,h[ ,*os5444444444444444444444444 ,sole ,p[]s44444444444444444444444444444444444 4444444 ,debate4 ,resolv$1 ,t ,unit$ ,/ates ,s5ators %\ld be elect$ by ! p4 ,p]t95t ,que/ions4 ,"n ! pres5t s5ators f ?is /ate4 ,:5 7 !y elect$8 ,7 !y elect$ to fill a vacancy or = a full t]m8 ,h[ _m times has ea* be5 elect$8 ,h[ _m m s5ators has ,new ,york t ,rhode ,isl&8 ,h[ _m memb]s 9 ! pres5t ,s5ate8 ,h[ _m 9 ea* class8 ,:5 ! next /ate is admitt$1 9 :at classes w its s5ators be plac$8 ,h[ w ! class ( ea* be decid$8 ,:y n h s5ators *os5 = life8 ,if "o ( our s5ators %\ld resign today1 to :om w\ld ! resignation be address$8 ,h[ w\ld ! vacancy be fill$8 ,h[ long w\ld ! appo9tee s]ve8 ,c\ld ! gov]nor appo9t himself8 ,h[ long at lea/ mu/ an ali5 live 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates be=e be+ eligible to ! ,s5ate8 ,has anyone ev] be5 refus$ admission1 aft] be+ duly elect$1 on acc\nt ( %ortness ( citiz5%ip8 ,:o is n[ vice-presid5t8 ,:o is presid5t pro tempore ( ! ,s5ate8 ,:y is x n correct "u any circum/ances to speak ( ! presid5t pro tempore z vice-presid5t8 ,has ! vice-presid5t's vote ev] help$ to c>ry any measures ( great importance8 ,if e s5ator be pres5t1 :at numb] ( s5ators w\ld x take to convict8 ,does ! accus$ cont9ue to p]=m 8 (ficial duties dur+ ! trial8 ,0 ,presid5t ,johnson impea*$8 ,is !re any appeal f ! ,s5ate's v]dict8 ,h[ d s5ators vote 9 cases ( impea*m5t8 ,h[ is judgm5t pron\nc$8 ,:at puni%m5ts foll[ conviction on impea*m5t 9 o!r c\ntries8 ,:at is treason8 ,brib]y8 ,:at are crimes8 ,high crimes8 ,misdemeanors8 ,h[ is an impea*m5t trial conduct$8 7,see app5dix47 ,,section ,,iv4--,,elections ,,& ,,meet+s4 ,clause #a4--;,elections to ,congress4 ,! times1 places & mann] ( hold+ elections = s5ators & repres5tatives1 %all be prescrib$ 9 ea* /ate by ! legislature !re(3 b ! congress may at any "t1 by law1 make or alt] su* regulations1#a except z to ! place ( *oos+ s5ators4#b #a ,until #ahdb ^! matt]s 7 left entirely ) ! sev]al /ates4 ,congress !n provid$ t repres5tatives %\ld be elect$ by di/ricts ( contigu\s t]ritory1 equal to ! numb] ( repres5tatives4 ,x has s9ce provid$ t elections = repres5tatives %all be by ballot1 & t ! election %all be on ! fir/ ,tuesday aft] ! fir/ ,monday ( ,novemb] 9 ! ev5 numb]$ ye>s4 ,! "t & mode ( elect+ s5ators are giv5 on page #ccc4 #b ,?is w\ld 9 effect be giv+ congress p[] to locate ! capital ( a /ate4 ,clause #b4--,meet+s4 ,! congress %all assemble at lea/ once 9 e ye>1 & su* meet+ %all be on ! fir/ ,monday 9 ,decemb]1 unless !y %all by law appo9t a diff]5t day4 ,!y h n by law appo9t$ a diff]5t day4 ,annual meet+s ( ! legislature h long be5 deem$1 bo? 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica1 a great security to lib]ty & ju/ice4 ,by mak+ provision 9 ! con/itution = annual meet+s1 ! duty c\ld n be evad$4 ,extra sessions ( congress may be call$ at any "t by ! presid5t or be provid$ by law4 ,!re us$ to be ?ree sessions1 "o beg9n+ ,m>* #d4 ,! place ( meet+ is n nam$1 because ! capital _h n be5 locat$1 & 9 "s cases x might be desirable to hold ! session else:]e4 ,,section ,v4 ,,sep>ate ,,p[]s ,,& ,,duties4 ,clause #a4 ,memb]%ip3 ,quorum4 ,ea* h\se %all be ! judge ( ! elections1 returns & qualifications ( its own memb]s1#a & a majority ( ea* %all con/itute a quorum to d bus9ess2#b b a small] numb] may adj\rn f day to day1 & may be au?oriz$ to compel ! att5dance ( abs5t memb]s1 9 su* mann]1 & "u su* p5alties1 z ea* h\se may provide4#c #a ,?is means simply t ea* h\se has ! p[] to det]m9e :o are entitl$ to memb]%ip 9 x4 ,?is has long be5 recogniz$ 9 free c\ntries z a "r belong+ to a legislative body1 necess>y to ! ma9t5ance ( its indep5d5ce & purity--ev5 its exi/5ce4 ,b :5 ! p>ties are ne>ly balanc$1 ! majority is tempt$ to seat its fell[-p>tizan4 #a ,?is is ! numb] usually e/abli%$ z a quorum = a delib]ative body4 ,c]ta9ly no small] numb] %\ld h a "r to transact bus9ess1 = t w\ld give too mu* p[] to an active m9ority4 ,& to require m ?an a majority1 w\ld make x possible = a m9ority to prev5t legislation4 #c ,"u ! rules no memb] has a "r to be abs5t f a session unless excus$ or sick4 ,unexcus$ abs5tees1 unless sick1 may be arre/$ & br\ght to ! capitol by ! s]geant-at-arms or a special mess5g]4 ,:5 few] ?an fifte5 memb]s are pres5t1 !y usually adj\rn4 ,clause #b4--;,discipl9e4 ,ea* h\se may det]m9e ! rules ( its proce$+s1#a puni% its memb]s = disord]ly behavior1 & ) ! concurr5ce ( two-?irds1 expel a memb]4#b #a ,! rules are int5d$ to facilitate bus9ess1 by prev5t+ confusion & unnecess>y delay4 ,!y are design$ also to *eck undue ha/e4 ,! rules ( ea* h\se are bas$ ^u ! ,engli% p>liam5t>y practice1 z are ! rules ( all legislative or delib]ative bodies :]ev] ! ,engli% language is spok54 7,see ,manuals ( ,s5ate & ,h\se47 #b ,x seems unlikely t ev5 9 times ( great excitem5t two-?irds ( ei!r h\se w\ld favor expulsion unless x 7 des]v$4 ,?is is also1 x w be obs]v$1 ! numb] necess>y to convict 9 case ( impea*m5t4 ,clause #c4--,publicity4 ,ea* h\se %all keep a j\rnal ( its proce$+s1 &1 f "t to "t1 publi% ! same1#a except+ su* p>ts z may1 9 _! judgm5t1 require secrecy2#b & ! yeas & nays#c ( ! memb]s ( ei!r h\se1 %all at ! desire ( "o-fif? ( ^? pres5t1 be ent]$ on ! j\rnal4#d #a ,?is is to give publicity to ! proce$+s ( congress1 = ! b5efit ( bo? legislators & con/itu5ts4 ,?is provision is a valuable "o1 9 spite ( ! fact t demagogues are sometimes able !reby to ga9 *eap glory4 ,to give /ill fur!r publicity to ! proce$+s1 spectators & newspap] report]s are admitt$ to ! gall]y ( ea* h\se1 & memb]s may h _! spee*es pr9t$ & di/ribut$4 #b ,! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives r>ely has a secret session4 ,b ! ,s5ate /ill keeps its executive sessions secret4 #c ,= me?ods ( vot+ see page #cad4 #d ,! purpose ( ?is provision is to make memb]s c>eful h[ !y vote1 = ! record is pres]v$4 ,x w be notic$ t ! numb] necess>y to secure ! record is small4 ,:ile ?is provision is int5d$ to protect ! m9ority1 by enabl+ !m to impose responsibility ^u ! majority1 x is op5 to abuse4 ,x is sometimes us$ by a m9ority to delay unnecess>ily ! prop] transaction ( bus9ess4 7,= a graphic acc\nt ( filibu/]+1 see ,among ! ,law ,mak]s1 #afe-agc47 ,clause #d--;,adj\rnm5t4 ,nei!r h\se1 dur+ ! session ( congress1 %all )\t ! cons5t ( ! o!r1 adj\rn = m ?an ?ree days1 nor to any o!r place ?an t 9 :i* ! two h\ses %all be sitt+4 ,! purpose ( ?is provision is evid5t4 ,! sessions ( congress may end 9 any "o ( ?ree ways3 #a4 ,! t]ms ( repres5tatives may end4 #b4 ,! h\ses may agree to adj\rn4 ,illu/ration3 ,,s5ate ,,*amb] ,illu/ration3 ,,h\se ,,( ,,repres5tatives ,illu/ration3 ,,/ate1 ,,w> ,,& ,,navy ,,dep>tm5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,int]ior ,,dep>tm5t #c4 ,9 case ( disagreem5t betwe5 ! h\ses z to ! "t ( adj\rnm5t1 ! presid5t may adj\rn !m4 7,?is cont+5cy has nev] yet aris51 h[ev]47 ,,section ,,vi4 ,,memb]s4 ,clause #a4--,privileges4 ,! s5ators & repres5tatives %all receive a comp5sation = ! s]vices1#a to be asc]ta9$ by law1#b & paid out ( ! treasury ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4#c ,!y %all 9 all cases except treason1#d felony1#d & brea* ( ! peace1 be privileg$ f arre/ dur+ _! att5dance at ! session ( _! respective h\ses1 & 9 go+ to & return+ f ! same2#e & = any spee* or debate 9 ei!r h\se1 !y %all n be que/ion$ 9 any o!r place4#f #a ,see discussion 9 connection ) /ate legislature1 p4 #he4 #b ,! sal>y ( congressm5 is1 !re=e1 fix$ by !mselves1 subject only to ! approval ( ! presid5t4 ,x is n[ #ejjj a ye>1 & mileage4 ,! speak] receives #hjjj a ye> & mileage4 ,! presid5t pro tempore ( ! ,s5ate receives ! same :ile s]v+ z presid5t ( ! ,s5ate4 #c ,!y are s]v+ ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #d ,def9$ on pages #aeh & #baa4 #e ,s t _! con/itu5ts may n = frivol\s or s9i/] reasons be depriv$ ( repres5tation4 #f ,t is1 he _c be su$ = sl&] 9 a c\rt ( ju/ice1 b he c be *eck$ by 8 h\se1 if necess>y1 & ! (f5sive matt] omitt$ f ! ,record4 ,! purpose ( ?is provision is n to %ield c[>ds 9 speak+ ill ( p]sons :o d n des]ve reproa*1 b to protect "r-m9d$ memb]s 9 expos+ iniquity1 no matt] h[ ! do]s ( x may be intr5*$ 9 weal? or p[]4 ,clause #b4--,re/rictions4 ,no s5ator or repres5tative %all1 dur+ ! "t = :i* he 0 elect$1 be appo9t$ to any civil (fice "u ! au?ority ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :i* %all h be5 creat$1 or ! emolum5ts :]e( %all h be5 increas$ dur+ su* "t2#a & no p]son hold+ any (fice "u ! ,unit$ ,/ates %all be a memb] ( ei!r h\se dur+ 8 cont9uance 9 (fice4#b #a ,! obvi\s purpose ( ?is provision is to remove f memb]s ( congress ! temptation to create (fices ) l>ge sal>ies = _! own b5efit1 or to increase = a simil> reason ! sal>ies ( (fices already exi/+4 ,x 0 design$ also to secure congress f undue influ5ce on ! "p ( ! presid5t4 ,! wisdom ( ! provision has1 h[ev]1 be5 s]i\sly que/ion$4 ,z !re is a degree ( depravity 9 mank9d1 :i* requires a c]ta9 degree ( circumspection & di/ru/1 s !re are o!r qualities 9 human nature1 :i* ju/ify a c]ta9 portion ( e/eem & confid5ce4 ,republican gov]nm5t presupposes ! exi/5ce ( ^! qualities 9 a high] =m1 ?an any o!r4 ,x might well be deem$ h>% to disqualify an individual f any (fice1 cle>ly requir$ by ! exig5cies ( ! c\ntry1 simply because he _h done 8 duty4444 ,! *ances ( receiv+ an appo9tm5t to a new (fice are n s _m1 or s entic+1 z to bewild] _m m9ds2 & if !y are1 ! ab]rations f duty are s easily trac$1 t !y r>ely1 if ev]1 escape ! public reproa*es4 ,& if influ5ce is to be ex]t$ by ! executive1 = improp] purposes1 x w be q z easy1 & its op]ation less se51 & less suspect$1 to give ! /ipulat$ patronage 9 ano!r =m4 ,footnote3 ,judge ,/ory4 #b ,?is 0 to obviate /ate jeal\sy1 to allay ! fe>s ent]ta9$ by "s t ! g5]al gov]nm5t w\ld obta9 undue influ5ce 9 ! national c\ncils4 ,,tabul> ,,view4 ,ea* pupil may make out a tabulation1 giv+ briefly ! facts call$ = 9 ?is outl9e3 ,i4 ,,congressional ,,elections1 ,,h[ ,,regulat$4 ,,ii4 ,,sessions ,,( ,,congress-- #a4 ,frequ5cy4 #b4 ,"t ( beg9n+4 ,,iii4 ,,p[]s ,,& ,,duties ,,( ,,ea* ,,h\se-- #a4 ,memb]%ip4 #b4 ,quorum4 #c4 ,discipl9e4 #d4 ,publicity4 #e4 ,adj\rnm5t4 ,,iv4 ,,memb]s ,,( ,,congress-- #a4 ,privileges4 #b4 ,re/rictions4 ,debate4 ,resolv$1 ,t memb]s ( ! cab9et %\ld h seats 9 congress ex (ficio4 ,p]t95t ,que/ions4 ,:y n leave ! p[] to regulate congressional elections unres]v$ly ) ! /ates8 ,:]e are ! ,unit$ ,/ates s5ators f ?is /ate elect$8 ,h[ are ,unit$ ,/ates s5ators elect$8 ,see app5dix4 ,is congress n[ 9 session8 ,w ! next session be ! long or ! %ort "o8 ,:51 )9 y\r recollection1 0 !re an extra session ( congress8 ,c\ld ! presid5t conv5e "o h\se )\t ! o!r8 ,:i* is ! longe/ session ( congress on record8 ,does congress meet too (t58 ,:]e does congress n[ meet8 ,is t ! be/ place8 ,at :at diff]5t places has congress met s9ce ! adoption ( ! con/itution8 ,if two p]sons %\ld claim ! same seat 9 ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1 :o w\ld decide betwe5 !m8 ,h[ w\ld ! conte/ be c>ri$ on8 7,see page #ccj47 ,has !re ev] be5 a conte/$ election f ?is /ate8 ,:at numb] ( repres5tatives is ! lea/ t c\ld transact bus9ess8 ,! lea/ numb] ( s5ators8 ,! lea/ numb] ( repres5tatives t c\ld possibly pass a bill8 ,( s5ators8 ,:at is done if at any "t dur+ ! proce$+s x is f\nd t !re is no quorum pres5t8 ,has a memb] ev] be5 expell$ f ei!r h\se8 ,may ei!r h\se puni% = disord] p]sons :o are n memb]s8 ,c ei!r h\se tempor>ily set aside all ( its rules8 ,did y ev] see a copy ( ! ,congressional ,record8 ,if congress be n[ 9 session1 make a weekly report ( its proce$+s4 ,h[ c\ld y see congress 9 session8 ,c\ld y be a spectator at a committee meet+8 ,h[ c\ld y witness an executive session ( ! ,s5ate8 ,c a memb] be puni%$ = an (f5se committ$ be=e he 0 elect$8 ,h[ is vot+ usually done 9 a delib]ative assembly8 ,h[ 9 ,congress8 ,h[ are t]ritories repres5t$ 9 congress8 ,di/+ui% betwe5 ! capital & ! capitol ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,:o has p[] to locate ! capital ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates8 ,has ! sal>y ( congressm5 ev] be5 m ?an #ejjj a ye>8 ,h[ 7 congressm5 paid "u ! conf$]ation8 ,:at is meant by ! ,h\se resolv+ itself into a committee ( ! :ole8 ,:5 does ! fre$om f arre/ ( a memb] ( congress beg98 ,:5 does x end8 ,c\ld a summons be s]v$ ^u him dur+ t "t8 ,:at is sl&]8 ,libel8 ,is a memb] ( congress liable = ! publication ( 8 spee* 9 ! ,congressional ,record8 ,w\ld he be responsible if he %\ld h x publi%$ 9 any o!r ?an ! (ficial way8 ,c a memb] ( congress resign to accept an (fice already 9 exi/5ce1 & ^: emolum5ts h n be5 increas$ dur+ 8 t]m8 ,give examples4 ,if a ,unit$ ,/ates (fic] be elect$ to congress1 h[ long c he reta9 8 (fice8 ,c\ld a memb] ( congress be appo9t$ to a milit>y (fice creat$ dur+ 8 t]m8 ,c a memb] be appo9t$ aft] 8 t]m is out to an (fice creat$ dur+ 8 t]m8 ,is a memb] ( congress an (fic] ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates8 ,,section ,,vii4--,,law ,,mak+4 ,clause #a4--,rev5ue ,bills4 ,all bills = rais+ rev5ue#a %all orig9ate 9 ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives2#b b ! ,s5ate may propose or concur ) am5dm5ts1 z on o!r bills4#c #a ,t is1 bills 9 relation to ! levy+ ( taxes or = br++ money into ! treasury 9 any o!r way4 #b ,because ! repres5tatives are ne>] to ! p1 :o mu/ pay ! taxes1 & c !re=e be m readily held to acc\nt4 #c ,su* bills 9 ,engl& orig9ate 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 & ! ,h\se ( ,lords has no p[] ( am5dm5t4 ,! purpose ( giv+ ! ,s5ate p[] to am5d is to pres]ve ! due influ5ce ( ! small /ates 9 ?is important matt]4 ,clause #b4--,mode ( ,mak+ ,laws4 ,e bill :i* %all h pass$ ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives & ! ,s5ate1#a %all1 be=e x becomes a law1 be pres5t$ to ! presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2#b if he approve1 he %all sign x2 b if n1 he %all return x1 ) 8 objections1 to t h\se 9 :i* x %all h orig9at$1 :o %all ent] ! objections at l>ge on _! j\rnal1 & proce$ to reconsid] x4 ,if1 aft] su* reconsid]ation1 two-?irds ( t h\se %all agree to pass ! bill1 x %all be s5t1 toge!r ) ! objections1 to ! o!r h\se1 by :i* x %all likewise be consid]$1 &1 if approv$ by two-?irds ( t h\se1 x %all become a law4#c ,b 9 all su* cases ! votes ( bo? h\ses %all be det]m9$ by yeas & nays1 & ! names ( ! p]sons vot+ = & aga9/ ! bill %all be ent]$ on ! j\rnal ( ea* h\se1 respectively4#d ,if any bill %all n he return$ by ! presid5t )9 t5 days 7,sundays except$7 aft] x %all h be5 pres5t$ to him1 ! same %all he a law1 9 l mann] z if he _h sign$ x1#e unless ! congress1 by _! adj\rnm5t1 prev5t its return1 9 :i* case x %all n be a law4#f #a ,or ! ,s5ate & ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1 s9ce any bills except ^? = rais+ rev5ue may orig9ate 9 ei!r h\se4 #b ,! two great purposes ( giv+ ! presid5t a negative ^u legislative acts1 are to protect ! prop] au?ority ( ! executive f ! encroa*m5ts ( ! congress1 & to int]pose a /ay on ha/y legislation4 #c ,! veto ( ! ,roman ,tribune 0 f9al1 z is t ( almo/ e ,european sov]eign today4 ,b no ,briti% k+ or que5 has veto$ an act ( ,p>liam5t 9 ! la/ hundr$ & eighty ye>s4 ,9 ,norway1 if a bill1 veto$ by ! k+1 passes ?ree successive ,/or?+s1 x becomes a law4 #d ,to secure a p]man5t record = future ref]5ce4 ,?is helps to r5d] memb]s c>eful h[ !y vote4 #e ,?is gives due "t = consid]ation1 b prev5ts ! presid5t's kill+ a bill by ignor+ or neglect+ x4 #f ,?us congress 7:i* has ! v human fail+ ( putt+ (f or po/pon+7 _c break d[n ! veto p[] ( ! presid5t1 by p\r+ an avalan*e ( bills ^u him )9 ! la/ few days ( ! session4 ,b ! presid5t c easily kill any bill :i* he does n l1 if x is pres5t$ )9 t5 days ( ! adj\rnm5t ( congress1 simply by keep+ x4 ,?is is call$ pocket+ a bill1 or ! pocket veto4 ,clause #c4--;,jo9t ,resolutions4 ,e ord]1 resolution1 or vote to :i* ! concurr5ce ( ! ,s5ate & ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives may be necess>y 7except on a "q ( adj\rnm5t71 %all be pres5t$ to ! presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 & be=e ! same %all take effect1 %all be approv$ by him1 or1 be+ disapprov$ by him1 %all be repass$ by two-?irds ( ! ,s5ate & ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1 accord+ to ! rules & limitations prescrib$ 9 ! case ( a bill4 ,! purpose ( ?is provision is to prev5t congress f pass+ a law "u "s o!r "n4 ,! resolution to adj\rn is except$1 because1 z we h se51 ! "t = adj\rnm5t is g5]ally a matt] ( agreem5t betwe5 ! h\ses4 ,a resolution pass$ by ! two h\ses1 b n int5d$ to h ! =ce ( law1 su* z an agreem5t to d some?+1 is call$ a concurr5t resolution1 & does n require ! presid5t's signature4 ,p]t95t ,que/ions4 ,:at is a bill8 ,:at is meant by ent]+ ! objections at l>ge8 ,:y is !re no committee ( ways & means 9 ! ,s5ate8 ,h[ _m memb]s 9 ea* h\se does x take = ! fir/ passage ( a bill8 ,h[ _m aft] ! presid5t's veto8 ,does ! expression two-?irds ref] to ! entire numb] 9 a h\se1 or to ! numb] vot+8 ,/ate ?ree ways 9 :i* a bill may become a law4 ,five ways 9 :i* x may fail4 ,dur+ :at "t has ! presid5t ! equival5t ( an absolute veto8 ,does a resolution m]ely express+ an op9ion ( ei!r or bo? h\ses ne$ ! presid5t's signature8 ,does a resolution propos+ an am5dm5t to ! con/itution8 ,is ! presid5t b\nd to en=ce a law pass$ ov] 8 veto8 ,a ,summ>y4 ,we h n[ complet$ ! review ( ! /ructure & organization ( ! legislative dep>tm5t2 & x has be5 %[n t x is admirably adapt$ = a :olesome & upright ex]cise ( ! p[]s confid$ to x4 ,all ! *ecks :i* human +5uity has be5 able to devise1 or at lea/ all :i*1 ) ref]5ce to our habits1 our in/itutions1 & our div]sities ( local int]e/s1 to give p]fect op]ation to ! ma*9]y1 to adju/ its movem5ts1 to prev5t its ecc5tricities1 & to balance its =ces3 all ^! h be5 introduc$1 ) s+ul> skill1 +5uity & wisdom1 into ! arrangem5ts4 ,yet1 aft] all1 ! fabric may fall2 = ! "w ( man is p]i%able4 ,nay1 x mu/ fall1 if !re be n t vital _s 9 ! p1 :i* alone c n\ri%1 su/a9 & direct all its movem5ts4 ,if ev] ! day %all arrive1 9 :i* ! be/ tal5ts & ! be/ virtues1 %all be driv5 f (fice by intrigue or corruption1 by ! d5unciations ( ! press or by ! p]secution ( p>ty factions1 legislation w cease to be national4 ,x w be wise by accid5t1 & bad by sy/em4 ,footnote3 ,/ory's ,exposition ( ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,review4 ,comp>e ! organization ( congress "u ! con/itution ) t ( congress "u ! conf$]ation4 ,%[ ! sup]iority ( our pres5t organization4 ,specify "s ( ! *ecks ref]r$ to by ,judge ,/ory4 ,read ,woodr[ ,wilson's ,congressional ,gov]nm5t1 pp4 #dj1 #da1 #eb1 #bai1 #bbh1 #bhc-e1 #caa4 ,also1 ,among ! ,lawmak]s1 ,*apt] #cc4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,,section ,,viii4--,,p[]s ,,ve/$ ,,9 ,,congress4 ,clause #a4--,taxation4 ,congress %all h p[]3 ,to lay & collect taxes#a1 duties1 impo/s & excises1 to pay ! debts & provide = ! common def5se & g5]al welf>e ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2#b b all duties1 impo/s & excises %all be uni=m ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates4#c ,= discussion ( me?ods ( taxation1 see page #caf4 #a ,! want ( p[] 9 congress to impose taxes 01 p]haps1 ! greate/ defect ( ! articles ( conf$]ation2 !re=e 9 ! con/itution ?is 0 ! fir/ p[] grant$ to congress4 #b ,z usually int]pret$1 ! phrase beg9n+1 to pay ! debts1 is int5d$ to /ate ! purposes = :i* taxes may be levi$4 ,b ?is limitation is m]ely !oretical1 = taxes are levi$ be=e be+ exp5d$4 #c ,?is is to prev5t legislation 9 favor ( any /ate or section1 z aga9/ o!r /ates or sections4 ,clause #b4--;,borr[+4 ,to borr[ money on ! cr$it ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x %\ld n be necess>y1 ord9>ily1 = congress to ex]cise ?is p[]4 ,b 9 times ( w> ! regul> s\rces ( income may n be suffici5t1 h5ce ! necessity ( ?is p[] to provide = extraord9>y exp5ses4 ,x is "o ( ! pr]ogatives ( sov]eignty2 x is indisp5sable to ! exi/5ce ( a nation4 ,= m ab\t national borr[+1 see page #cag4 ,clause #c4--,regulation ( ,comm]ce4 ,to regulate comm]ce#a ) =eign nations1 & among ! sev]al /ates1#b & ) ! ,indian tribes4#c #a ,! p[] to regulate comm]ce implies ! p[] to prescribe rules = traffic & navigation1 & to d su* ?+s z are necess>y to r5d] !m safe4 ,x has be5 int]pret$ to cov]1 among o!r ?+s1 ! imposition ( duties1 ! designation ( ports ( entry1 ! removal ( ob/ructions 9 bays & riv]s1 ! e/abli%m5t & ma9t5ance ( buoys & ligh?\ses1 & legislation gov]n+ pilotage1 salvage f wrecks1 m>itime insurance1 & ! privileges ( ,am]ican & =eign %ips4 #b ,! p[] to regulate comm]ce ) =eign nations %\ld g h& 9 h& ) t ( regulat+ comm]ce among ! /ates4 ,?is p[] _h1 "u ! conf$]ation1 be5 9 ! h&s ( ! sev]al /ates4 ,_! jeal\sies & rivalries _h l$ to retaliatory measures ^u ea* o!r4 ,?is condition ( affairs 0 enc\rag$ by o!r nations1 because !y pr(it$ by x4 ,at ! "t ( ! adoption ( ! con/itution1 bus9ess 0 t]ribly depress$1 & ! bitt]ness ( feel+ among ! /ates w\ld probably soon h disrupt$ ! ,union4 ,!re=e1 to insure dome/ic tranquility1 & to promote ! g5]al welf>e1 ! p[] to regulate comm]ce 0 delegat$ to ! g5]al gov]nm5t4 #c ,?is control is ex]cis$ ev5 :5 ! ,indians live )9 ! b\nd>ies ( a /ate4 ,by plac+ ! p[] to regulate comm]ce ) ,indians 9 ! h&s ( ! g5]al gov]nm5t x 0 hop$ t uni=mity ( regulations & ! /r5g? ( ! gov]nm5t w\ld secure peace & safety to ! fronti] /ates4 ,clause #d4--,naturalization & ,bankruptcy4 ,to e/abli% a uni=m rule ( naturalization#a & uni=m laws on ! subject ( bankruptcies#b ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #a ,naturalization is ! process by :i* an ali5 becomes a citiz54 ,! mode is giv5 on page #cai4 #b ,a bankrupt is "o :o has be5 decl>$ by a c\rt to be ow+ m ?an he c pay4 ,! purposes ( a bankrupt law are3 #a4 ,to secure an equitable di/ribution ( all ! debtor's prop]ty among ! cr$itors4 #b4 ,to secure to ! debtor a complete dis*>ge f ! indebt$ness4 ,clause #e4--;,co9age & ,measures4 ,to co9 money1#a regulate ! value !re(#b & ( =eign co91#c & fix ! /&>d ( weights & measures4#d #a ,?is is ano!r sov]eign p[]1 & _c be ex]cis$ by /ates1 c\nties or cities4 ,co9age by ! ,unit$ ,/ates secures uni=mity 9 value1 & !reby facilitates bus9ess4 ,to co9 money is simply to /amp ^u a preci\s metal ! value ( ! giv5 piece4 ,footnote3 ,:5 metals 7 fir/ us$ z money1 !y 7 weigh$ & _! purity 0 det]m9$ by te/+4 ,?is invit$ fraud4 ,= conv5i5ce 9 bus9ess transactions1 ^! are co9$ ( c]ta9 sizes4 ,to disc\rage ! mutilation ( co9s = s9i/] purposes1 !y are mill$ on ! edges1 & ! /amp cov]s ea* face s t ! metal c\ld h>dly be cut (f )\t ! co9 %[+ defacem5t4 #b ,! value is %[n by ! /amp4 #c ,o!rwise1 =eign co9 w\ld become an article ( comm]ce1 & x w\ld be m difficult to regulate ! value ( dome/ic co94 #d ,?is p[] congress has nev] ex]cis$4 ,b see ,johnson's ,cyclop$ia1 article ,gallon4 ,clause #f4--,puni%m5t ( ,c\nt]feit+4 ,to provide = ! puni%m5t ( c\nt]feit+ ! securities & curr5t co9 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,?is is an indisp5sable app5dage ( ! p[] grant$ 9 ! prec$+ clause1 t ( co9+ money4 ,to disc\rage c\nt]feit+1 ! securities are engrav$ ) r>e skill & ^u peculi> pap]4 ,! p5alties = c\nt]feit+ are pr9t$ on ! back ( "s ( ! gre5backs4 ,"u securities are includ$ bonds1 c\pons1 national curr5cy1 gre5backs1 rev5ue & po/age /amps1 & all o!r repres5tatives ( value issu$ "u any act ( congress4 ,clause #g4--,po/(fices4 ,to e/abli% po/(fices#a & po/ roads4#b #a ,! b5efic5ce & usefulness ( ! po/(fice e "o c appreciate2 x m9i/]s to ! com=t ( all1 ri* & poor4 ,plac+ ! managem5t ( ! po/(fices ) ! g5]al gov]nm5t secures great] effici5cy & economy ?an w\ld be possible if x 7 ve/$ 9 ! /ates4 #b ,congress g5]ally uses roads already 9 exi/5ce4 ,^! are regul>ly select$1 h[ev]1 & decl>$ to be po/ roads be=e !y are us$ z su*4 ,! road may be a wat]way4 ,b "u au?ority ( ?is clause congress has e/abli%$ "s po/ roads4 ,! pr9cipal highway ?us e/abli%$ 0 ! ,cumb]l& road f ! ,potomac to ! ,ohio4 ,! ,union ,pacific & ,c5tral ,pacific railways 7 built "u ! au?ority & ) ! assi/ance ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates z po/ & milit>y roads4 ,clause #h4--;,copyrights & ,pat5ts4 ,to promote ! progress ( sci5ce & useful arts1 by secur+1 = limit$ times1 to au?ors & inv5tors1 ! exclusive "r to _! respective writ+s & discov]ies4 ,no "o d5ies t an au?or or inv5tor is entitl$ to a fair rew>d = :at he has done4 ,b if e "o 7 at lib]ty to pr9t ! book or to make ! article inv5t$1 ! due rew>d might n be receiv$4 ,! wisdom ( grant+ ?is p[] to ! g5]al gov]nm5t becomes app>5t :5 we consid] h[ poorly ! end might be secur$ if ! matt] 7 left to ! /ates4 ,a p]son might secure a pat5t 9 "o /ate & be entirely unprotect$ 9 ! re/4 ,= fur!r in=mation ^u ?is subject1 see pages #cah-ai4 ,clause #i4--,unit$ ,/ates ,c\rts4 ,to con/itute tribunals inf]ior to ! ,supreme ,c\rt4 ,"u ?is provision1 congress has ?us f> con/itut$ ! foll[+3 #a4 ,unit$ ,/ates ,circuit ,c\rts ( ,appeal1 "o 9 ea* ( ! n9e judicial circuits ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #b4 ,unit$ ,/ates ,circuit ,c\rts1 hold+ at lea/ "o session annually 9 ea* /ate4 #c4 ,unit$ ,/ates ,di/rict ,c\rts1 f "o to ?ree 9 ea* /ate4 ,see pages #cjg-i4 #d4 ,a ,unit$ ,/ates ,c\rt ( ,claims1 to he> claims aga9/ ! gov]nm5t4 ,su* claims 7 =m]ly exam9$ by congress4 ,al?\gh n /rictly ,unit$ ,/ates ,c\rts1 ! foll[+ may also be m5tion$ "h1 because !y 7 e/abli%$ "u au?ority ( ?is clause3 #a4 ,! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia4 #b4 ,a ,supreme ,c\rt & ,di/rict ,c\rts 9 ea* t]ritory4 ,con/itut+ ^! c\rts involves e/abli%+ !m1 designat+ ! numb]1 appo9tm5t1 & sal>ies ( ! judges1 & ! p[]s ( ea* c\rt4 ,! t]m ( ,unit$ ,/ates judges is dur+ good behavior4 ,?is is fix$ by ! con/itution 7,art4 ,,iii41 section #a74 ,! t]m ( a t]ritorial judge is f\r ye>s4 ,clause #aj4--;,crimes at ,sea4 ,to def9e & puni% piracies#a & felonies#b committ$ on ! high seas#c & (f5ses aga9/ ! law ( nations4#d #a ,piracy is robb]y at sea1 p]=m$ n by an individual b by a %ip's crew4 ,pirates are outlaws1 & may be put to dea? by any nation captur+ !m4 #b ,a felony is any crime puni%able by dea? or /ate prison4 ,felony cov]s murd]1 arson1 l>c5y1 burgl>y1 etc4 ,b congress may def9e piracy & felony to cov] m or few] crimes4 #c ,! high seas are ! wat]s ( ! ocean beyond l[ wat] m>k4 ,l[ wat] m>k is ! limit ( jurisdiction ( a /ate1 b ! jurisdiction ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ext5ds ?ree miles fur!r into ! ocean1 & includes all bays & gulfs4 ,beyond ! ?ree-mile limit1 ! ocean is common gr\nd1 belong+ n to "o nation b to all4 ,ea* nation has jurisdiction1 h[ev]1 ov] its m]*ant %ips on ! high seas1 b n 9 a =eign port1 & ov] its w> %ips ev]y:]e4 #d ,= an outl9e ( ! ,law ( ,nations1 see page #cdf4 ,cases aris+ "u ?is clause h be5 plac$ 9 ! jurisdiction ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,di/rict ,c\rts4 ,clause #aa4--;,decl>ation ( ,w>4 ,to decl>e w>1#a grant lett]s ( m>que & reprisal#b & make rules conc]n+ captures on l& & wat]4#c #a3 ,a decl>ation ( w> is a solemn notice to ! _w t ho/ilities actually exi/ or are ab\t to comm5ce4 ,! p[] to decl>e w> is "o ( ! attributes ( sov]eignty4 ,if ?is p[] 7 9 ! h&s ( ! sev]al /ates1 any "o ( !m c\ld at any "t involve ! :ole c\ntry 9 ! calamities ( w>1 aga9/ ! wi%es ( all ! o!r /ates4 ,) all _! fe> ( ! g5]al gov]nm5t1 %[n 9 ! "* ( ! articles ( conf$]ation1 ! p 9 fram+ t in/rum5t saw ! necessity ( ve/+ ?is p[] 9 ! g5]al gov]nm5t4 ,9 mon>*ies1 ! p[] to decl>e w> is g5]ally ve/$ 9 ! executive4 ,b 9 a republic1 x w\ld be dang]\s to ! int]e/s & ev5 ! lib]ties ( ! p1 to entru/ ?is p[] to ! presid5t4 ,to put ! ?\ght 9 o!r words1 ! p[] to decl>e w> belongs to ! sov]eign3 9 ?is c\ntry1 ! p are sov]eign1 !re=e ! p[] to decl>e w> belongs to ! p1 & !y act ?r\gh _! repres5tative body1 congress4 7,see pages #cea-d47 #b ,^! are commissions grant$ to private p]sons usually 9 "t ( w>1 au?oriz+ ! be>] to pass beyond ! b\nd>ies ( 8 own c\ntry = ! purpose ( seiz+ ! prop]ty ( an enemy4 ,sometimes su* a lett] is grant$ 9 times ( peace1 to r$ress a grievance to a private citiz51 :i* ! (f5d+ nation refuses to r$ress4 ,by au?ority ( su* a commission1 ! injur$ individual may seize prop]ty to ! value ( 8 injury f ! subjects ( ! nation s refus+4 ,b ?is practice is prop]ly becom+ r>e4 #c ,vessels act+ "u lett]s ( m>que & reprisal are call$ private]s1 & ! captur$ vessels are call$ prizes4 ,prizes are usually sold "u au?ority ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,di/rict ,c\rt1 & ! proce$s divid$ among ! crew ( ! %ip mak+ ! capture4 ,! proce$s ( captures on l& belong to ! gov]nm5t4 ,clause #ab4--,ma9t5ance ( ,armies4 ,to raise & support armies2#a b no appropriation ( money to t use %all be = a long] t]m ?an two ye>s4#b #a ,?is is ano!r sov]eign p[]1 & w\ld seem ! necess>y accompanim5t ( ! p[] to decl>e w>4 ,"u ! conf$]ation1 h[ev]1 congress c\ld only designate ! quota ( m5 :i* ea* /ate ought to raise1 & ! actual enli/m5t ( m5 0 done by ! sev]al /ates4 ,_! exp]i5ce 9 c>ry+ on ! ,revolution>y ,w> on t basis satisfi$ !m t effici5cy & economy w\ld bo? be secur$ by ve/+ ?is p[] 9 ! g5]al gov]nm5t4 #b ,b to prev5t misuse ( ! p[]1 ?is proviso 0 ins]t$4 ,z repres5tatives are elect$ e two ye>s1 ! p c promptly *eck any attempt to ma9ta9 an unnecess>ily l>ge army 9 times ( peace4 ,a /&+ army is dang]\s to lib]ty1 because x is comm&$ by ! executive1 to :om x yields unque/ion+ ob$i5ce4 ,armies obey comm&s1 :ile citiz5s comply ) laws4 ,& ?us a l>ge /&+ army creates a ca/e1 out ( sympa?y ) ! lives ( citiz5s4 ,m ?an "o republic has be5 ov]?r[n by a successful milit>y lead]1 support$ by a devot$ army4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 congress makes ! appropriation annually4 ,clause #ac4--,! ,navy4 ,to provide & ma9ta9 a navy4 ,! navy is necess>y to protect fi%]ies & comm]ce4 ,& 9 times ( w> ! navy is ne$$ to protect our sea coa/1 to transport soldi]s1 to cripple ! enemy's res\rces1 & to r5d] blockades effectual4 ,x w be notic$ t !re is no limitation ^u appropriations = ! navy4 ,?is is = two g5]al reasons3 ,fir/1 !re is no?+ to fe> f a navy4 ,no nation 0 ev] depriv$ ( its lib]ty by its navy4 ,second1 x takes "t to provide a navy1 & x %\ld !re=e be kept at all times 9 a /ate ( effici5cy4 ,= fur!r in=mation ab\t ! army & navy1 see page #cji4 ,clause #ad4--;,army & ,navy ,regulations4 ,to make rules = ! gov]nm5t & regulation ( ! l& & naval =ces4 ,?is is an incid5t to ! prec$+ p[]s4 ,! army & navy regulations prescribe duties ( (fic]s1 soldi]s & seam51 & provide = ! organization & managem5t ( c\rts m>tial4 ,disob$i5ce to ord]s & insubord9ation are crimes 9 a soldi] or sailor2 & refusal to pay j debts or any o!r conduct unbecom+ to a g5tleman1 are puni%able (f5ses 9 an (fic]4 ,?us x is se5 t milit>y law takes cognizance ( (f5ses n usually notic$ by civil law4 ,clause #ae4--,! ,militia4 ,to provide = call+ =? ! militia#a to execute ! laws ( ! ,union1 suppress insurrections & repel invasions4#b #a ,congress has decl>$ ! militia to be all citiz5s & ^? :o h decl>$ _! int5tion to become su*1 betwe5 ! ages ( eighte5 & =ty-five4 ,^! con/itute :at is call$ ! unorganiz$ militia4 ,! milit>y companies & regim5ts =m$ by au?ority ( ,unit$ ,/ates & /ate laws con/itute ! organiz$ militia4 ,"o ( two policies we mu/ pursue1 ei!r to ma9ta9 a l>ge /&+ army or to dep5d ^u ! citiz5-soldi]s to meet em]g5cies4 ,= sev]al reasons1 we pref] ! latt]4 ,t our citiz5-soldi] may be dep5d$ ^u has be5 demon/rat$ on _m a battlefield4 #b ,! clause specifies ! purposes = :i* ! militia may be call$ out4 ,^! are ?ree 9 numb]4 ,ea* /ate may = simil> purposes call =? its own militia4 ,"u ! laws ( congress1 ! presid5t is au?oriz$ 9 c]ta9 em]g5cies to issue ! call4 ,?is he directs to ! gov]nors ( /ates1 & ^? call$ on are b\nd to furni% ! troops requir$4 ,on ?ree occasions only h ! militia be5 call$ out "u ?is clause3 ,9 ! ,:isky ,rebellion ( #agid1 to en=ce ! laws2 9 ! w> ( #ahab1 to repel invasion2 & 9 ! ,civil ,w>1 to suppress insurrection4 ,clause #af4--,organization ( ! ,militia4 ,to provide = organiz+1 arm+1 & discipl9+ ! militia1 & = gov]n+ su* "p ( !m z may be employ$ 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1#a res]v+ to ! /ates respectively1 ! appo9tm5t ( ! (fic]s1 & ! au?ority ( tra9+ ! militia accord+ to ! discipl9e prescrib$ by congress4#b #a ,?us only c ! uni=mity s ess5tial to effici5cy be secur$4 #b ,?is is design$ z a prop] recognition ( ! "r ( ea* /ate to h militia companies & to control !m1 subject only to ! necess>y limitation m5tion$4 ,! militia ( a /ate consi/s ( "o or m regim5ts1 ) ! prop] regim5tal & company (fic]s appo9t$ by /ate au?ority4 ,:5 ^! are mu/]$ into ! s]vice ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & are =m$ into brigades & divisions1 ! appo9tm5t ( ! g5]al (fic]s is ve/$ 9 ! presid5t4 ,clause #ag4--;,exclusive ,legislation4 ,to ex]cise exclusive legislation 9 all cases :atsoev]1 ov] su* di/rict 7n exce$+ t5 miles squ>e7 z may1 by ! cession ( p>ticul> /ates1 & ! acceptance ( congress1 become ! seat ( gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1#a & to ex]cise l au?ority ov] all places pur*as$ by ! cons5t ( ! legislature ( ! /ate 9 :i* ! same %all be1 = ! erection ( =ts1 magaz9es1 ars5als1 dock y>ds1 & o!r ne$ful build+s4#b #a ,?is ref]s to ! t]ritory aft]w>ds select$1 & n[ kn[n z ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia4 ,! purpose ( ?is provision is to free ! g5]al gov]nm5t f hav+ to dep5d ^u ! protection ( any /ate1 & to enable x to secure ! public build+s & ar*ives f injury & itself f insult4 ,footnote3 ,! ,cont95tal ,congress1 :ile ! capital 0 at ,philadelphia1 _h to adj\rn to ,pr9ceton to escape ! viol5ce ( "s dissatisfi$ soldi]s4 ,see ,fiske's ,critical ,p]iod ( ,am]ican ,hi/ory1 page #aab4 ,congress gov]n$ ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia directly until #ahga1 :5 = ?ree ye>s ! exp]im5t 0 tri$ ( gov]n+ x z a t]ritory4 ,! t]ritorial gov]nm5t 9 t "t ran 9 debt ov] #bj1jjj1jjj = public improvem5ts1 & congress aboli%$ x4 ,! sup]vision ( ! di/rict is n[ 9 ! h&s ( ?ree commission]s1 appo9t$ by ! presid5t1 b controll$ by congressional legislation4 #b ,! propriety ( ! g5]al gov]nm5t hav+ exclusive au?ority ov] su* places is too obvi\s to ne$ comm5t4 ,crimes committ$ !re are tri$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,di/rict ,c\rts1 b accord+ to ! laws ( ! /ate or t]ritory4 ,! /ate 9 mak+ ! cession usually res]ves ! "r to s]ve civil & crim9al writs ^u p]sons f\nd )9 ! c$$ t]ritory1 9 ord] t su* places may n become asylums = fugitives f ju/ice4 ,clause #ah4--;,impli$ ,p[]s4 ,to make all laws :i* %all be necess>y & prop] = c>ry+ into execution ! =ego+ p[]s1 & all o!r p[]s ve/$ by ?is con/itution 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or 9 any dep>tm5t or (fic] !re(4 ,?is clause does n grant any new p[]4 ,x is m]ely a decl>ation1 to remove all unc]ta9ty1 t e p[] is to be s int]pret$1 z to include suitable means to c>ry x into execution4 ,footnote3 ,/ory4 ,x w be notic$ t ! p[]s ( congress are enum]at$1 n def9$1 9 ! con/itution2 & ! above clause has giv5 rise to ! doctr9e ( impli$ p[]s1 ! basis ( _m political controv]sies4 ,foll[+ are samples ( impli$ p[]s3 ,by clause #b1 congress has p[] to borr[ money on ! cr$it ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,impli$ 9 ?is1 is ! p[] to issue securities or evid5ces ( debt1 su* z treasury notes4 ,to increase ! cr$it ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 congress may make su* evid5ces ( debt a legal t5d] = debts1 public & private4 ,footnote3 ,lalor's ,cylop$ia ( ,political ,sci5ce4 ,congress has p[] 7clause #aa7 to decl>e w>4 ,by implication x has p[] to prosecute ! w> by all ! legitimate me?ods kn[n to int]national law4 ,to t end1 x may confiscate ! prop]ty ( public enemies1 =eign or dome/ic2 x may confiscate1 !re=e1 _! slaves4 7,see ,emancipation ,proclamation1 page #cfb4 ,= a h9t ( :at congress might d1 see ,among ! ,lawmak]s1 p4 #bif47 ,p]t95t ,que/ions4 #a4 ,9 :at two ways may ! fir/ "p ( ! fir/ clause be int]pret$8 ,9 :at ways does ! gov]nm5t levy taxes8 ,h[ mu* ( ! money paid to ! local treasur] goes to ! ,unit$ ,/ates8 ,h y ev] paid a ,u4,s4 tax8 ,did y ev] buy a p\nd ( nails8 ,d y rememb] ! /amps t us$ to be on mat* boxes8 ,h[ came !y !re8 ,0 t a direct or an indirect tax8 ,a man :o pays = a glass ( be] or :isky pays a ,u4,s4 tax4 ,h[8 ,e "t a p]son buys a cig> he pays a ,u4,s4 tax4 ,if !re be a cig> factory )9 rea*1 talk ) ! proprietor ab\t ?is matt]4 ,look at a cig> box & a be] keg to f9d "s evid5ce ( ! tax paid4 ,"n "s ?+s :i* 7 tax$ a few ye>s ago b are n n[4 ,:at is a cu/om h\se8 ,a port ( entry8 ,:at are !y =8 ,"n ! port ( entry ne>e/ to y4 ,:at is ! pres5t income ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates f all k9ds ( taxation8 ,:at is done ) ! money8 ,look up ! d]ivation ( ! ^w t>iff4 #b4 ,h[ does ! gov]nm5t borr[8 ,does ! gov]nm5t owe y any money8 ,if y h a gre5back1 read its face4 ,if ! gov]nm5t is unable or unwill+ to pay a cr$itor1 :at c he d8 ,:at is ! cr$it ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates8 ,h[ mu* does ! ,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5t owe1 & 9 :at =m is ! debt8 ,h[ came x to be s l>ge8 ,is ! gov]nm5t pay+ x up8 ,h[ mu* has be5 paid ?is fiscal ye>8 ,:at rate ( int]e/ has ! gov]nm5t to pay8 ,:at is ! curr5t rate = private borr[]s8 ,h[ is x t ! gov]nm5t c borr[ at s l[ a rate8 ,:at is a bond-call1 & h[ is x made8 #c4 ,has congress p[] to prohibit comm]ce ) "o or m =eign nations8 ,has x p[] to regulate comm]ce c>ri$ on :olly )9 a /ate8 ,c y buy l&s f ! ,indians8 ,c ! /ate8 ,has congress impos$ a t>iff to be paid 9 go+ f "o /ate to ano!r8 ,:at has requir+ ! eng9e] ( a /eamboat to secure a gov]nm5t lic5se to d ) regulat+ comm]ce8 ,:5 did congress "u ?is clause prohibit ,am]ican m]*ant %ips f leav+ port8 ,"u :at provision ( ! con/itution does congress impose re/rictions ^u ! railroads8 ,does congress ex]cise any control ov] railroads ly+ :olly )9 "o /ate8 ,:y8 #d4 ,h[ c an ali5 become naturaliz$8 ,:o are citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates8 7,see ,am5d4 ,,xiv47 ,is a *ild ( ,am]ican p>5ts1 born dur+ a tempor>y abs5ce f ?is c\ntry1 a citiz5 or an ali58 ,an ali5 liv+ 9 ?is c\ntry has *ildr5 born "h2 are !y citiz5s or ali5s8 ,a *ild is born on ! ocean1 :ile its p>5ts are on ! way "h to f\nd a new home & int5d+ to become citiz5s2 :at is ! /atus ( ! *ild8 ,are y a citiz58 ,h[ may female ali5s become citiz5s8 ,:y %\ld !y desire to d s8 ,h[ did citiz5s ( ,texas at ! "t ( its admission become citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates8 ,:at is an insolv5t law8 ,has ?is /ate su* a law8 ,c ?is /ate pass a bankrupt law8 ,c any /ate8 ,:y8 ,is !re any ,unit$ ,/ates bankrupt law8 ,has congress ev] pass$ su* a law8 #e4 ,:at is money8 ,is a bank bill money8 ,read "o & see :e!r x pret5ds to be4 ,:at gold co9s h y ev] se58 ,:at o!rs h y he>d (8 ,:at silv] co9s h y ev] se58 ,:at o!rs h y he>d (8 ,:at o!r co9s h y se5 or he>d (8 ,h[ are co9s made8 ,:]e is ! ,unit$ ,/ates m9t locat$8 ,:]e are ! bran* m9ts8 ,h[ mu* value does ! /amp ( ! gov]nm5t add to a piece ( gold8 ,is !re a doll>'s wor? ( silv] 9 a silv] doll>8 ,:y8 7,see ,jevons' ,money & ! ,me*anism ( ,ex*ange47 ,h[ are national banks organiz$8 7,see app5dix47 ,"u :at con/itutional provision does congress ex]cise ?is p[]8 ,are any banks organiz$ "u /ate au?ority8 ,:at is meant by legal t5d]8 ,are =eign co9s legal t5d] at ! rate fix$ by congress8 ,= ! value ( ! pr9cipal =eign co9s1 see app5dix4 ,c congress puni% c\nt]feit+ ( ^! co9s8 ,is !re a /&>d p\nd 9 ?is /ate8 ,a /&>d bu%el8 #f4 ,look on ! back ( a gre5back = ! law ab\t c\nt]feit+4 ,is !re any law aga9/ pass+ c\nt]feits8 #g4 ,:5 0 our po/(fice dep>tm5t e/abli%$8 ,:o 0 plac$ at ! head ( x8 ,:o is ! po/ma/] g5]al8 ,:at is meant by presid5tial (fices 9 speak+ ( po/(fices8 ,:at are ! pres5t rates ( po/age 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates8 ,h[ mu* does x co/ to s5d a lett] to ,engl&8 ,to ,prussia8 ,to ,au/ralia8 ,:5 7 po/age /amps introduc$8 ,/amp$ envelopes8 ,po/al c>ds8 ,9 :at f\r ways may money be s5t by mail8 ,expla9 ! work+s & advantages ( ea* me?od4 ,:at is ! dead lett] (fice8 ,:at is meant by ! frank+ privilege8 ,f9d ! rates ( po/age 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 #agie1 #ahae1 #ahde1 #ahej1 #ahfj4 ,does ! p[] to e/abli% po/ roads1 au?orize congress to make int]nal improvem5ts8 ,:at is meant by /> r\te8 #h4 ,is ?is book copyright$8 ,"n "s book t is n copyright$4 ,:at ?+s besides books are copyright$8 ,c a copyright be sold8 ,h[ is a copyright secur$8 ,h[ long d copyrights cont9ue 9 =ce8 ,h[ may !y be r5ew$8 ,mu/ new editions be copyright$8 ,:at is a pat5t8 ,h[ are lett]s pat5t secur$8 ,h[ may an inv5tor secure "t to p]fect 8 inv5tion8 ,h[ c a pat5t be sold8 ,may a p]son1 n ! pat5tee1 make a pat5t$ article = 8 own use8 ,"n t5 important pat5t$ inv5tions4 ,:at is ! purpose ( ! gov]nm5t 9 grant+ pat5ts8 ,is ?is always secur$8 ,h[ does ! expiration ( a pat5t affect ! price ( an inv5tion8 ,if a p]son inv5ts an article :i* proves helpful to millions ( p1 is x unfair t he %\ld make a =tune out ( x8 #i4 ,by :at au?ority does congress organize c\rts 9 ! t]ritories8 ,c\ld congress e/abli% m ?an "o ,supreme ,c\rt8 ,"n ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,di/rict ,judge = ?is /ate4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,attorney4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,m>%al4 ,if y _h a claim aga9/ ! ,unit$ ,/ates h[ w\ld y get y\r money8 #aj4 ,:o may puni% a pirate8 ,c a pirate claim ! protection ( ! ,am]ican flag8 #aa4 ,has ! ,unit$ ,/ates ev] =mally decl>$ w>8 ,may w> beg9 )\t a =mal decl>ation8 ,does ! presid5t act ) congress 9 decl>+ w>1 z 9 case ( a law8 ,:at protection is af=d$ by lett]s ( m>que & reprisal8 ,"n "s well kn[n private]s4 ,tell ab\t ! ,alabama ,claims1 & _! settlem5t4 ,^u :at pr9ciple ( int]national law did ! decision h+e8 ,see page #cec4 #ab4 ,) :at o!r p[] is t ( rais+ an army intimately connect$8 ,t ( ma9ta9+ an army8 ,h[ l>ge is ! ,unit$ ,/ates army at ! pres5t "t8 ,give argum5ts 9 favor ( ! militia sy/em1 z aga9/ t ( a l>ge /&+ army4 ,:at circum/ances favor u 9 adopt+ ! militia sy/em8 ,:at c\ntry 9 ,europe is mo/ l u 9 ?is respect8 ,:y is ?is possible 9 t c\ntry8 ,:]e are mo/ ( ! (fic]s ( ! ,u4,s4 army educat$8 ,h[ are appo9tm5ts to ! in/itution made8 ,by :at au?ority has congress e/abli%$ x8 ,:at is a milit>y draft8 ,:o has *>ge ( ?is dep>tm5t ( ! gov]nm5t8 ,"n ! f\r highe/ (fic]s 9 ! ,u4 ,s4 army4 ,= ! organization ( ! army1 see page #cji4 #ac4 ,"n ! pres5t secret>y ( ! navy2 ! two highe/ naval (fic]s4 ,:]e are mo/ ( ! naval (fic]s educat$8 ,h[ does ! navy ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates comp>e ) ! navies ( o!r great p[]s8 ,:y8 ,= organization ( navy1 see app5dix4 #ad4 ,:at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 milit>y law & m>tial law8 ,h[ are ^! rules made kn[n8 ,:at is ! s\rce ( au?ority 9 a milit>y c\rt8 ,9 a civil c\rt8 ,is !re any liability ( a conflict ( jurisdiction betwe5 ^! c\rts8 ,:5 0 flogg+ aboli%$ 9 ! army8 ,9 ! navy8 ,:at puni%m5ts are inflict$ by c\rts m>tial8 #ae4 ,di/+ui% betwe5 ! militia & ! regul> army4 ,betwe5 militia & volunte]s4 #af4 ,h[ _m regim5ts ( organiz$ militia 9 ?is /ate8 ,"n ! pr9cipal regim5tal (fic]s4 ,by ^: au?ority 7 ^! appo9t$8 ,is !re any company ne> y8 ,h y se5 !m drill+8 ,:o prescrib$ ! tactics8 #ag4 ,ov] :at portions ( ?is /ate has congress ?is exclusive jurisdiction8 ,give a brief sket* ( ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia4 ,:5 & by :om 0 slav]y aboli%$ !re98 #ah4 ,:y %\ld ?is be spok5 ( z ! sweep+ clause8 ,debate4 ,resolv$1 ,t free trade %\ld be ! ultimate policy = any c\ntry4 ,ref]5ces4 ,,protection4--,articles 9 ,cyclop$ias2 ,casey's ,social ,sci5ce1 ,mc,kean's ,abridgm5t2 ,greeley's ,political ,economy2 ,byle's ,sophisms ( ,free ,trade2 ,eld]'s ,que/ions ( ! ,day2 ,b[5's ,political ,economy4 ,,free ,,trade4--,articles 9 ,cyclop$ias2 ,grosv5or's ,does ,protection ,protect8 ,sumn]'s ,hi/ory ( ,protection 9 ,u4,s42 ,fawcett's ,free ,trade & ,protection2 ,david ,a4 ,wells' ,essays2 ,pamphlets publi%$ by ! ,free ,trade ,club1 ,n4,y4 ,a v fair /atem5t ( bo? views may be f\nd 9 ,macvane's ,political ,economy4 ,,section ,,ix4--,,prohibitions ,,on ,,congress4 ,clause #a4--,! ,slave ,trade4 ,! migration or importation ( su* p]sons#a z any ( ! /ates n[ exi/+ %all ?9k prop] to admit1 %all n be prohibit$ by congress prior to ! ye> "o ?\s& eight hundr$ & eight1 b a tax or duty may he impos$ on su* importation1#b n exce$+ t5 doll>s = ea* p]son4#a #a ,! fram]s ( ! con/itution dislik$ to t>ni% ! in/rum5t by us+ ! ^w slave1 & adopt$ ?is euphemism4 ,at t "t !re 0 a g5]al desire1 n rip5$ into a purpose h[ev]1 t slav]y might soon cease to exi/ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,?is clause1 :i* p]mitt$ ! cont9uance = a "t ( ! slave trade1 0 a concession to ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a & ,georgia4 ,! o!r /ates _h already prohibit$ ! slave trade1 & x 0 hop$ by all t be=e ! "t specifi$ ! abolition ( slav]y w\ld be gradually accompli%$4 #b ,no su* tax 0 impos$4 ,?is provision is n[ obsolete1 & is ( int]e/ only hi/orically4 7,= fur!r discussion ( slav]y1 see page #cdc47 ,clause #b4--,! ,writ ( ,habeas ,corpus4 ,! privileges ( ! writ ( habeas corpus %all n be susp5d$1 unless :5 9 cases ( rebellion or invasion ! public safety may require x4 ,x has be5 judicially decid$ t ! "r to susp5d ! privilege ( ! writ re/s 9 congress1 b t congress may by act give ! p[] to ! presid5t4 ,footnote3 ,lalor's ,cyclop$ia ( ,political ,economy ,! privilege ( ! writ nev] 0 susp5d$ by ! g5]al gov]nm5t until #ahfa4 ,que/ionable susp5sions ( ! writ1 cov]+ a v limit$ t]ritory1 _h be5 made 9 two or ?ree in/ances by g5]als4 ,s valuable z a bulw>k ( lib]ty is ?is writ consid]$ to be1 t ! c\rts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates h decid$ t1 ev5 9 "t ( w>1 ! privilege ( ! writ c be susp5d$ only 9 t "p ( ! c\ntry actually invad$1 or 9 su* a /ate ( w> z to ob/ruct ! action ( ! f$]al c\rts4 ,clause #c4--;,c]ta9 ,laws ,=bidd54 ,no bill ( atta9d]#a or ex po/ facto law#b %all be pass$4 #a ,a bill ( atta9d] 0 a legislative conviction = alleg$ crime1 ) judgm5t ( dea?4 ,^? legislative convictions :i* impos$ puni%m5ts less ?an t ( dea? 7 call$ bills ( pa9s & p5alties4 ,footnote3 ,cooley's ,con/itutional ,limitations ,! t]m is "h us$ 9 its g5]ic s5se1 s z to include bills ( pa9s & p5alties4 ,! great objection to bills ( atta9d] is t !y are purely judicial acts p]=m$ by a legislative body4 ,a legislative body may & %\ld try a political (f5se1 & r5d] a v]dict z to ! wor?9ess ( ! accus$ to hold public (fice4 ,b to try him :5 conviction w\ld deprive him ( any ( 8 p]sonal rights--life1 lib]ty1 or prop]ty1--%\ld be ! "w ( a duly organiz$ judicial body4 ,?is provision1 !n is direct$ n s mu* aga9/ ! p5alty 7= limitations ^u p5alties are f\nd else:]e 9 ! con/itution17 z aga9/ ! mode ( trial4 ,or we may say t x is int5d$ to prev5t conviction )\t a trial2 = 9 previ\s times legislative bodies _h frequ5tly puni%$ political enemies )\t ev5 ! =m ( a trial1 or )\t giv+ !m an opportunity to be he>d 9 _! own def5se1 by pass+ aga9/ !m bills ( atta9d]4 #b ,an ex po/ facto law is1 lit]ally1 "o :i* acts back ^u a de$ previ\sly p]=m$4 ,b z "h int5d$1 x means a law mak+ worse su* an act1 ei!r by decl>+ crim9al t :i* 0 n s reg>d$ 9 law :5 committ$1 or by increas+ ! p5alty & apply+ x to ! act previ\sly p]=m$4 ,b a law may be pass$ mak+ bett]1 9 a s5se1 "s previ\s act4 ,t is1 an un=se5 b imp]ative necessity may call = ! do+ ( some?+ :i* is n unlawful1 b :i* ne$s1 yet has n receiv$1 ! sanction ( law4 ,?is act may aft]w>ds be legaliz$ by ! legislature4 ,! ?+s =bidd5 by ?is clause w\ld1 if p]mitt$1 r5d] unsafe all ^? p]sonal rights = ! security ( :i* ! con/itution 0 fram$ & ! gov]nm5t f\nd$4 ,clause #d4--;,direct ,taxes ,no capitation or o!r direct tax %all be laid1 unless 9 proportion to ! c5sus or enum]ation h]e9be=e direct$ to be tak54 ,?is clause emphasizes ! fir/ s5t5ce ( clause ?ree1 section two1 ( ?is article4 ,x 0 int5d$ to prev5t ! taxation ( ! two-fif?s ( ! slaves n enum]at$ = repres5tation1 & 0 evid5tly ins]t$ z a concession to ! slave /ates4 ,b ! abolition ( slav]y takes f ! clause all =ce except t m5tion$ at ! beg9n+ ( ?is p>agraph4 ,no capitation tax 7t is1 s mu* p] head7 has ev] be5 levi$ by ! g5]al gov]nm5t4 ,clause #e4--;,duties on ,exports4 ,no tax or duty %all be laid on articles export$ f any /ate4 ,?is 0 design$ to prev5t discrim9ation aga9/ any /ate or section4 ,?\gh ! "q has nev] be5 judicially det]m9$1 x is g5]ally und]/ood t s9ce any?+ export$ mu/ be export$ f "s /ate 7or t]ritory71 ?is clause prohibits all export duties4 ,clause #f4--;,comm]cial ,re/rictions4 ,no pref]5ce %all be giv5 by any regulation ( comm]ce or rev5ue to ! ports ( "o /ate ov] ^? ( ano!r2 nor %all vessels b\nd to or f "o /ate1 be oblig$ to ent]1 cle> or pay duties 9 ano!r4 ,?is provision has ! same object 9 view z t :i* requires duties to be uni=m--! imp>tial treatm5t ( ! sev]al /ates4 ,x %[s1 too1 ! fe> felt by _m t ! g5]al gov]nm5t might %[ p>tiality4 ,! latt] "p ( ! clause virtually e/abli%es free trade among ! /ates4 ,clause #g4--;,c>e ( ,public ,funds4 ,no money %all be drawn f ! treasury b 9 consequ5ce ( appropriations made by law2 & a regul> /atem5t & acc\nt ( ! receipts & exp5ditures ( all public money %all he publi%$ f "t to "t4 ,!re are two great purposes to be subs]v$ by ?is provision3 ,fir/1 to impose ^u ^? h&l+ ! money a feel+ ( responsibility1 & ?us to increase ! probability ( c>efulness2 second1 to prev5t ! use ( public funds = any purpose except ^? au?oriz$ by ! repres5tatives ( ! p4 ,?is is 9 h>mony ) ! provision :i* gives to congress ! p[] to raise money4 ,incid5tally1 too1 ?is is a protector ( our lib]ties4 ,^? :o h *>ge ( ! public purse are appo9tees ( ! presid5t4 ,b = ?is provision he might1 z rul]s 9 arbitr>y gov]nm5ts d1 use ! public treasury to accompli% 8 own private purposes2 & "o ( ^! purposes might be ! ov]?r[ ( our lib]ties4 ,?is ?\ght und\bt$ly 0 a prom95t "o 9 ! m9ds ( ! fram]s ( ! con/itution4 ,! acc\nt ( receipts & exp5ditures is report$ to congress annually by ! secret>y ( ! treasury4 ,clause #h4--,titles ( ,nobility4 ,no title ( nobility %all be grant$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates2#a & no p]son hold+ an (fice ( pr(it or tru/ "u !m1 %all1 )\t ! cons5t ( ! congress1 accept ( any pres5t1 emolum5t1 (fice1 or title ( any k9d :atev]1 f any k+1 pr9ce1 or =eign /ate#b4 #a ,?is is 9 h>mony ) ! pr9ciple ,all m5 are creat$ equal4 ,&1 :ile 9 society !re are classes & grades bas$ ^u le>n+1 weal?1 etc41 we int5d t all %all be equal be=e ! law1 t !re %all be no privileg$ classes4 #b ,! purpose ( ?is is evid5t--to free public (fic]s f bl&i%m5ts1 :i* are _m times ! precursors ( temptations to treason4 ,an am5dm5t to ! con/itution 0 propos$ 9 #ahaa1 prohibit+ any citiz5 f receiv+ any k9d ( (fice or pres5t f a =eign p[]1 b x 0 n ratifi$4 ,,section ,x4--,,prohibitions ,,on ,,! ,,/ates4 ,clause #a4--,unconditional ,prohibitions4 ,no /ate %all ent] into any treaty1 alliance1 or conf$]ation2#a grant lett]s ( m>que & reprisal2#b co9 money2#c emit bills ( cr$it2#d make any?+ b gold & silv] co9 a t5d] 9 paym5t ( debts2#e pass any bill ( atta9d]1#f ex po/ facto law1#f or law impair+ ! obligation ( contracts1#g or grant any title ( nobility4#f #a ,o!rwise ! intrigues ( =eign nations w\ld soon break up ! ,union4 #b ,_h ! /ates ?is p[]1 x w\ld be possible = any "o ( !m to involve ! :ole c\ntry 9 w>4 #c ,?is provision secures ! uni=mity & reliability ( our co9age4 #d ,a /ate may borr[ money & may issue bonds = ! purpose4 ,b ^! bonds are n bills ( cr$it1 because !y are n design$ to circulate z money4 ,! evils ( /ate issuance ( bills ( cr$it we _c appreciate1 b ! fram]s ( ! con/itution _h exp]i5c$ !m1 & bas$ ?is provision on t bitt] exp]i5ce4 #e ,?is has ! same g5]al purpose z ! prec$+4 ,x w be obs]v$ t !re is no su* prohibition on ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ! impli$ p[] to emit bills ( cr$it & to make ?+s o!r ?an gold & silv] legal t5d]1 has be5 ex]cis$4 #f ,=bidd5 to ! /ates = ! same reason t !y are =bidd5 to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #g ,! purpose is to pres]ve ! legal obligation ( contracts4 ,! _s ( ! provision is ?is3 ,a contract :i* is legally b9d+ ^u ! p>ties at ! "t & place x is ent]$ into by !m1 %all rema9 s1 any law ( ! /ates to ! contr>y not)/&+4 ,footnote3 ,tiffany quot$ by ,&rews4 ,"u ?is provision _m que/ions h aris54 ,"o ( !m is ?is3 ,may a /ate pass insolv5t or bankrupt laws8 ,x has be5 decid$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,supreme ,c\rt t a /ate may pass insolv5t laws ^u future contracts1 b n ^u pa/ contracts4 ,b no /ate c pass a bankrupt law4 ,clause #b4--;,conditional ,prohibitions4 ,no /ate %all1 )\t ! cons5t ( ! congress1#a lay any impo/s or duties on imports or exports1 except :at may be absolutely necess>y = execut+ its inspection laws2#b & ! net produce ( all duties & impo/s1 laid by any /ate on imports or exports1 %all be = ! use ( ! treasury ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2#c & all su* laws %all be subject to ! revision ( ! congress4#d ,no /ate %all1 )\t ! cons5t ( congress1 lay any duty ( tonnage1#e keep troops or %ips ( w> 9 "t ( peace1#f ent] into any agreem5t or compact ) ano!r /ate1#g or ) a =eign p[]1#g or engage 9 w>1 unless actually invad$1 or 9 su* imm95t dang] z n to admit ( delay4#h #a ,by implication1 congress may give ! /ates p]mission to d ! ?+s enum]at$ 9 ?is p>agraph4 ,b x nev] has4 #b ,! inspection laws are design$ to secure to consum]s quality & quantity 9 commodities pur*as$4 ,?us1 9 "s /ates !re is a dairy commission] ^: duty x is to see t no sub/ance is (f]$ = sale z butt] :i* is n butt]4 ,& (fic]s may be appo9t$ to inspect ! weights & measures 9 /ores4 ,su* (fic]s may be provid$ = )\t ! cons5t ( congress4 ,b no fees c be *>g$ = ?is s]vice m ?an are necess>y to pay ! (fic]s4 ,9 o!r words1 ! (fices _c be made a s\rce ( rev5ue to ! /ate4 #c ,?is is to free ! /ates f any temptation to use ! p[] :i* might be conf]r$ "u ?is clause = _! own ga91 to ! detrim5t ( a si/] /ate4 #d ,?is secures to congress ! control ( ! matt]4 #e ,t is1 a tax ^u ! c>ry+ p[] ( a %ip4 ,?is is 9 h>mony ) ! provision :i* =bids ! /ates to levy duties on imports4 #f ,?is prohibits ! keep+ ( a /&+ army1 b ea* /ate may h its organiz$ militia4 #g ,9 ! prec$+ clause1 ! /ates are =bidd5 to ent] into treaties1 etc41--t is1 into political compacts2 & ! prohibition is absolute4 ,"h !y are prohibit$ f ent]+ into bus9ess compacts1 unless p]mitt$ by congress4 #h ,= a /ate to engage 9 w> w\ld be to embroil ! c\ntry 9 w>4 ,b ! militia might be s5t to repel invasion4 ,!y w\ld1 h[ev]1 be def5d+ n ! /ate simply1 b also ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,we h ?us pass$ ?r\gh ! positive prohibitions introduc$ ^u ! p[]s ( ! /ates4 ,x w be obs]v$ t !y divide !mselves into two classes3 ^? :i* are political 9 _! "*1 z an ex]cise ( sov]eignty1 & ^? :i* m especially reg>d ! private rights ( individuals4 ,9 ! latt] ! prohibition is absolute & univ]sal4 ,9 ! =m] x is sometimes absolute & sometimes subject$ to ! cons5t ( congress4 ,x w at once be p]ceiv$ h[ full ( difficulty & delicacy ! task 01 to reconcile ! jeal\s t5acity ( ! /ates ov] _! own sov]eignty1 ) ! p]man5t security ( ! national gov]nm5t1 & ! inviolability ( private rights4 ,! task has be5 accompli%$ ) em95t success4 ,footnote3 ,/ory4 ,p]t95t ,que/ions4 ,:5 0 slav]y introduc$ into ! ,unit$ ,/ates8 ,give an acc\nt ( ! /eps tak5 to aboli% x4 ,:at is ! use ( ! writ ( habeas corpus8 ,if a sane p]son 7 conf9$ 9 an asylum1 h[ c\ld he be got out8 ,c\ld a p]son :o _h tak5 religi\s v[s impos+ seclusion f ! _w1 be releas$ by means ( ?is writ8 ,%[ ! necessity ( p[] to susp5d ! writ 9 cases ( rebellion or invasion4 ,c\ld ! ?+ =bidd5 9 a bill ( atta9d] be done by a c\rt8 ,give an example ( an ex po/ facto law4 ,:at is meant by ent]+ & cle>+ a port8 ,h[ c\ld ! presid5t get hold ( any ,unit$ ,/ates money o!r ?an t receiv$ 9 paym5t ( 8 sal>y8 ,c\ld y receive a pres5t f a =eign gov]nm5t8 ,"n any ,am]ican :o has receiv$ a title or a pres5t f a =eign gov]nm5t4 ,mu/ a titl$ =eign] r5\nce 8 title on becom+ an ,am]ican citiz58 ,:at are gre5backs8 ,did y ev] see a /ate gre5back8 ,:5 d y expect to see "o8 ,:at is a contract8 ,c\ld a legislature pass a law do+ away ) imprisonm5t = debt8 ,:at argum5t did ,daniel ,web/] make 9 ! fam\s ,d>tm\? ,college ,case8 ,"n ! v>i\s /ate inspectors 9 ?is /ate4 ,h[ are !y paid8 ,may a /ate impose taxes to defray its own exp5ses8 ,:at prohibitions apply to bo? ! g5]al & ! /ate gov]nm5ts4 ,arrange all ! prohibitions 9 tabul> =m1 classify+ z indicat$ by ,judge ,/ory 9 ! p>agraph quot$4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,,article ,,ii4--,,! ,,executive ,,bran*4 ,x seems to u a matt] ( c\rse t aft] ! laws are made !re %\ld be "s p]son or p]sons ^: duty x %\ld be to c>ry !m into execution4 ,b x w be rememb]$ t "u ! conf$]ation !re 0 no executive dep>tm5t4 ,! coloni/s _h suff]$ f k+ly rule1 & 9 =m+ _! fir/ gov]nm5t aft] indep5d5ce1 !y naturally avoid$ any?+ hav+ ! appe>ance ( k+l9ess4 ,aft] try+ _! exp]im5t = "s ye>s1 h[ev]1 _! sob] second s5se told !m t ! executive bran* is a necessity1 & :5 ! conv5tion assembl$ to revise ! articles ( conf$]ation 7z !y at fir/ int5d$ to d7 "o ( ! ?+s ^u :i* !re 0 practical unanimity ( op9ion 0 ! necessity ( hav+ ! gov]nm5t organiz$ into ?ree bran*es1 or1 z !y are sometimes call$1 dep>tm5ts4 ,! "q 9 reg>d to ! executive bran* 0 h[ to organize x1 s z to secure two *ief qualities2 namely1 en]gy ( execution & safety to ! p4 ,! =m] 0 fully appreciat$1 = ! weakness ( execution dur+ ! conf$]ation p]iod1 or ! lack ( execution1 _h impress$ ^u all ?9k+ p]sons ! necessity ( m vigor 9 c>ry+ out ! laws4 ,! exp]i5ce dur+ colonial days emphasiz$ ! necessity ( surr\nd+ ! (fice ) prop] safegu>ds4 ,& among ^? intru/$ ) ! organization ( a s*eme ( gov]nm5t1 7 _m :o 7 well v]s$ 9 hi/ory--m5 :o knew t ! executive bran* is ! "o 9 :i* lies ! m5ace to human lib]ty4 ,"u ^! two ma9 divisions ( ! problem1 arose su* que/ions z3 ,h[ _m p]sons %all con/itute ! executive8 ,:at %all ! t]m be8 ,h[ %all ! executive be *os58 ,:at p[]s1 o!r ?an ^? :i* are purely executive1 %all be ve/$ 9 ?is bran*8 ,h[ %all ?is bran* be held responsible1 )\t crippl+ its effici5cy8 ,h[ well ! problem 0 solv$1 we %all f9d out 9 our /udy ( ! provisions ( ! con/itution p]ta9+ to ?is bran*4 ,,section ,i4--,,election ,,& ,,s]vice4 ,clause #a4--,ve/m5t ( ,p[]4 ,! executive p[] %all be ve/$ 9 a presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica4#a ,he %all hold 8 (fice dur+ ! t]m ( f\r ye>s1#b & toge!r ) ! vice-presid5t1#c *os5 = ! same t]m1 %all be elect$ z foll[s3 #a ,?is s5t5ce answ]s ! "q1 ,h[ _m p]sons %all con/itute ! executive8 & gives ! (ficial title !re(4 ,! executive au?ority is ve/$ 9 "o p]son = two *ief reasons3 ,to secure en]gy 9 execution1 & to impose ^u ! executive a s5se ( responsibility4 ,if ! executive p[] 7 ve/$ 9 a numb] ( p]sons1 ! diff]5ces & jeal\sies sure to arise1 & ! abs5ce ( responsibility1 w\ld result 9 a feeble adm9i/ration1 :i* is b ano!r "n = a bad adm9i/ration4 #b ,! t]m fir/ report$ by ! committee ( ! :ole 0 sev5 ye>s1 ) ! provision =bidd+ re-election4 ,"s ( ! delegates 7 9 favor ( annual elections1 :ile o!rs ?\ght t ! executive %\ld be elect$ = life or good behavior4 ,& o!r t]ms1 v>y+ f two to t5 ye>s1 _h _! advocates4 ,aft] mu* discussion1 ! t]m ( f\r ye>s 0 agre$ ^u z a compromise1 & no limitation 0 put ^u ! numb] ( t]ms = :i* a p]son might be elect$4 ,9 ano!r place x is made ! duty ( ! presid5t to recomm5d$ to congress su* measures z he deems necess>y = ! good ( ! c\ntry4 ,he %\ld1 !re=e1 h a t]m long en\gh to fairly te/ 8 policy & to /imulate him to p]sonal firmness 9 ! execution ( 8 duties1 yet n s long z to free him f a s5se ( responsibility4 ,x 0 ?\ght t a t]m ( f\r ye>s w\ld cov] bo? ( ! conditions m5tion$4 #c ,! purpose ( hav+ a vice-presid5t is to provide a successor = ! presid5t 9 case ( 8 disability or dea?4 ,,*oos+ ,,! ,,presid5t ,,& ,,vice-,,presid5t4 ,clause #b4--,numb] & ,appo9tm5t ( ,electors4 ,ea* /ate %all appo9t1 9 su* mann] z ! legislature !re( may direct1 a numb] ( electors equal to ! :ole numb] ( s5ators & repres5tatives to :i* ! /ate may be entitl$ 9 ! congress2 b no s5ator or repres5tative1 or p]son hold+ an (fice ( tru/ or pr(it "u ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 %all be appo9t$ an elector4 ,?ree plans = ! election ( presid5t & vice-presid5t 7 propos$3 ,fir/1 election by congress2 second1 election by ! p2 ?ird1 election by p]sons *os5 by ! p = t special purpose4 ,! objection to ! fir/ plan 01 t x w\ld rob ! executive bran* ( t indep5d5ce :i* 9 our plan ( gov]nm5t x is design$ to possess--x w\ld r5d] ! executive bran* 9 a measure subord9ate to ! legislative4 ,! objections to ! second plan came f two s\rces4 ,"s ( ! delegates fe>$ t1 inexp]i5c$ z !y 71 ! p c\ld n be tru/$ to act wisely 9 ! *oice ( a presid5t--t !y w\ld be sway$ by p>tizan feel+1 in/ead ( act+ ) cool delib]ation4 ,& ! small /ates fe>$ t 9 a popul> election _! p[] w\ld c\nt = little4 ,!n ! compromise 9 ! organization ( ! congress 0 rememb]$1 & x 0 resolv$ t ! election ( ! presid5t & vice-presid5t %\ld be plac$ 9 ! h&s ( p]sons *os5 = t special purpose1 & t ! numb] ( ! electors f ea* /ate %\ld be t ( its repres5tation 9 congress4 ,?is satisfi$ bo? p>ties4 ,^? :o ?\ght t ! p c\ld n be intru/$ ) s important a matt] z ! *oice ( ! presid5t1 hop$ t ?is mode w\ld place ! election 9 ! h&s ( ! wise m5 ( ! sev]al /ates4 ,& ! delegates f ! small /ates secur$ 9 ?is all ! concession :i* !y c\ld fairly ask4 ,?is matt] be+ settl$1 ! next "q 03 ,h[ %all ! electors be *os58 ,!re be+ mu* diff]5ce ( op9ion on ! subject1 x 0 ?\ght be/ to let ea* /ate *oose its electors 9 ! way :i* x might pref]4 ,naturally ! modes ( *oos+ electors v>i$4 ,9 "s /ates ! legislature *ose !m1 b ?is mode soon became unpopul>4 ,footnote3 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 h[ev]1 reta9$ ?is mode until v rec5tly4 ,9 "s /ates !y 7 *os5 by ! p on a g5]al ticket1 & 9 o!rs1 by ! p by congressional di/ricts4 ,! la/ is ! faire/ way1 because x mo/ ne>ly repres5ts ! wi%es ( ! p4 ,by elect+ on a g5]al ticket1 ! p>ty :i* is 9 ! majority 9 any /ate c elect all ( ! electors4 ,b1 = ?is v reason1 ! majority 9 ea* /ate has f9ally arrang$ ! matt] s t ?is is n[ ! practice 9 ne>ly all ! /ates4 ,! pres5t sy/em ( nom9ations & pl$g$ electors 0 undream$ ( by ! fram]s ( ! con/itution4 ,!y int5d$ t 9 ! selection ( ! presid5t ea* elector %\ld be free to vote accord+ to 8 own be/ judgm5t4 ,b x has come to pass t ! electors simply regi/] a v]dict already r5d]$4 ,briefly ! hi/ory ( ! *ange is ?is3 ,dur+ ! adm9i/ration ( ,wa%+ton 7:o _h be5 elect$ unanim\sly7 diff]5ces ( op9ion on que/ions ( policy gave rise to political p>ties4 ,to secure ! unity ( action s ess5tial to success1 ! lead]s ( ! respective p>ties1 by agreem5t among !mselves1 designat$1 z ea* election approa*$1 p]sons :om !y recomm5d$ = support by electors ( _! p>ty4 ,gradually ! recomm5dation came to be look$ ^u z b9d+4 ,9 #ahbh ! ,anti-,masonic p>ty1 hav+ no memb]s ( congress to act z lead]s1 held a p's conv5tion4 ,its nom9ees receiv$ a surpris+ly l>ge vote4 ,! popul>ity ( ?is mode ( nom9ation ?us appe>+1 ! o!r p>ties gradually adopt$ x1 & s9ce #ahdj x has rema9$ a recogniz$ "p ( our political ma*9]y4 ,clause #c4--;,election ( ,presid5t & ,vice-,presid5t4 ,! electors %all meet 9 _! respective /ates1 & vote by ballot = two p]sons1 ( :om "o at lea/ %all n be an inhabitant ( ! same /ate ) !mselves4 ,& !y %all make a li/ ( all ! p]sons vot$ =1 & ! numb] ( votes = ea*2 :i* li/ !y %all sign & c]tify1 & transmit1 seal$1 to ! seat ( ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 direct$ to ! presid5t ( ! s5ate4 ,! presid5t ( ! s5ate %all1 9 ! pres5ce ( ! s5ate & h\se ( repres5tatives1 op5 all ! c]tificates1 & ! votes %all !n be c\nt$4 ,! p]son hav+ ! greate/ numb] ( votes %all be presid5t1 if su* numb] be a majority ( ! :ole numb] ( electors appo9t$2 & if !re be m ?an "o :o h su* a majority1 & h an equal numb] ( votes1 !n ! h\se ( repres5tatives %all imm$iately *oose by ballot "o ( !m presid5t1 & if no p]son h a majority1 !n f ! five highe/ on ! li/ ! said h\se %all 9 l mann] *oose ! presid5t4 ,b 9 *oos+ ! presid5t1 ! vote %all be tak5 by /ates1 ! repres5tation f ea* /ate hav+ "o vote2 a quorum = ?is purpose %all consi/ ( a memb] or memb]s f two-?irds ( ! /ates1 & a majority ( all ! /ates %all be necess>y to a *oice4 ,9 e case1 aft] ! *oice ( ! presid5t1 ! p]son hav+ ! greate/ numb] ( votes ( ! electors1 %all be vice-presid5t4 ,b if !re %\ld rema9 two or m :o h equal votes1 ! s5ate %all *oose f !m by ballot ! vice-presid5t4 ,"u ?is provision ,wa%+ton 0 elect$ presid5t twice & ,adams once4 ,9 ! disput$ election ( #ahjj1 x 0 f\nd t ?is mode w\ld n d4 ,! faulty feature 9 ! plan is f\nd 9 ! fir/ s5t5ce1 :i* requires ! electors to vote = two p]sons = presid5t4 ,9 ?is election1 ,jeff]son & ,burr1 c&idates ( ! same p>ty1 receiv$ ! same numb] ( votes & ea* _h a majority4 ,! p[] to *oose !n devolv$ ^u ! h\se ( repres5tatives4 ,!re 7 at t "t sixte5 /ates1 & consequ5tly sixte5 votes4 ,( ^! ,jeff]son receiv$ eight1 ,burr six1 & ! rema9+ two 7 scatt]+4 ,z x requir$ n9e votes to make a majority1 no "o 0 elect$4 ,! ballot+ 0 cont9u$ = sev5 days1 ?irty-six ballots be+ tak54 ,on ! ?irty-six? ballot ,jeff]son receiv$ t5 votes to f\r = ,burr4 ,jeff]son ?us became presid5t & ,burr vice-presid5t4 ,b ! consequ5t bitt]ness ( feel+ 0 mu* regrett$1 & x 0 det]m9$ to *ange1 slightly1 ! mode ( election4 ,! *anges consi/$ 9 hav+ ! electors vote = "o p]son = presid5t & = a diff]5t p]son = vice-presid5t2 & :5 ! election is ?r[n into ! h\se ( repres5tatives1 ! selection is to be made f ! ?ree highe/ in/ead ( ! five highe/ z orig9ally4 ,! *ange 0 made by ! twelf? am5dm5t1 pass$ 9 #ahjd1 :i* is "h giv5 9 full4 ,! ,twelf? ,am5dm5t4 ,! electors %all meet 9 _! respective /ates & vote by ballot = presid5t & vice-presid5t1 "o ( :om1 at lea/1 %all n be an inhabitant ( ! same /ate ) !mselves2 !y %all "n 9 _! ballots ! p]son vot$ = z presid5t1 & 9 di/9ct ballots ! p]son vot$ = z vice-presid5t1 & !y %all make di/9ct li/s ( all p]sons vot$ = z presid5t1 & ( all p]sons vot$ = z vice-presid5t1 & ( ! numb] ( votes = ea*2 :i* li/s !y %all sign & c]tify1 & transmit seal$ to ! seat ( gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 direct$ to ! presid5t ( ! s5ate4 ,! presid5t ( ! s5ate %all1 9 ! pres5ce ( ! s5ate & h\se ( repres5tatives1 op5 all ! c]tificates1 & ! votes %all !n be c\nt$2 ! p]son hav+ ! greate/ numb] ( votes = presid5t %all be presid5t1 if su* numb] be a majority ( ! :ole numb] ( electors appo9t$2 & if no p]son h su* majority1 !n f ! p]sons hav+ ! highe/ numb]s n exce$+ ?ree on ! li/ ( ^? vot$ = z presid5t1 ! h\se ( repres5tatives %all *oose imm$iately by ballot1 ! presid5t4 ,b 9 *oos+ ! presid5t1 ! votes %all be tak5 by /ates1 ! repres5tation f ea* /ate hav+ "o vote2 a quorum = ?is purpose %all consi/ ( a memb] or memb]s f two-?irds ( ! /ates1 & a majority ( all ! /ates %all be necess>y to a *oice4 ,& if ! h\se ( repres5tatives %all n *oose a presid5t :5ev] ! "r ( *oice %all devolve ^u !m1 be=e ! f\r? day ( ,m>*1 next foll[+1 !n ! vice-presid5t %all act z presid5t1 z 9 ! case ( ! dea? or o!r con/itutional disability ( ! presid5t4 ,! p]son hav+ ! greate/ numb] ( votes z vice-presid5t1 %all be ! vice-presid5t1 if su* numb] be a majority ( ! :ole numb] ( electors appo9t$1 & if no p]son h a majority1 !n f ! two highe/ numb]s on ! li/ ! s5ate %all *oose ! vice-presid5t2 a quorum = ! purpose %all consi/ ( two-?irds ( ! :ole numb] ( s5ators1 & a majority ( ! :ole numb] %all be necess>y to a *oice4 ,b no p]son con/itutionally ineligible to (fice ( presid5t %all be eligible to t ( vice-presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,?us we see t ! presid5t may be elect$ 9 "o ( two ways--by electors or by ! h\se ( repres5tatives2 & t ! vice-presid5t may also be elect$ 9 "o ( two ways--by electors or by ! s5ate4 ,! mode ( *oos+ ! presid5t is reg>d$ by _m z difficult to rememb]4 ,p]haps mak+ an outl9e l ! foll[+ w aid ! memory3 ,fir/ ,mode or ,process4 ,i4 ,! electors1 aft] !y are *os53 #a4 ,,meet 9 _! respective /ates4 #b4 ,,vote by ballot1 = presid5t & vice-presid5t4 #c4 ,,make ,,li/s ( ! p]sons vot$ = & ! numb] ( votes = ea*4 #d4 ,,sign1 ,,c]tify & ,,seal ^? li/s4 #e4 ,,transmit !m to ! seat ( gov]nm5t1 address$ to ! presid5t ( ! s5ate4 ,,ii4 ,! presid5t ( ! s5ate3 #a4 ,,op5s ! c]tificates1 9 pres5ce ( bo? h\ses4 #b4 ,,decl>es ,,! ,,result1 aft] ! votes h be5 c\nt$4 ,second ,mode or ,process4 ,po9ts-- ,presid5t-- ,vice-,presid5t-- ,*os5 by4444444444 ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives ,! ,s5ate4 ,f444444444444444 ,?ree highe/4 ,two highe/4 ,vot+4444444444444 ,by ballot4 ,by ballot4 ,/ate p[]44444444 ,ea* "o vote4 ,ea* two votes4 ,quorum4444444444444 ,repres5tatives f ,two-?irds ( s5ators4 two-?irds ( ! /ates4 ,necess>y to *oice ,majority ( /ates4 ,majority ( s5ators ,! place ( meet+ is usually ! capital ( ! /ate4 ,?ree li/s ( ! vote = presid5t & ?ree = vice-presid5t are prep>$1 & sign$1 c]tifi$ & seal$4 ,"o pair ( ^! li/s is s5t by mail & ano!r by special mess5g]4 ,! ?ird is deposit$ ) ! judge ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,di/rict ,c\rt 9 ^: di/rict ! electors meet1 to be call$ = if necess>y4 ,! purpose ( ^! precautions is to make sure t ! vote ( ! /ate may n be lo/1 b %all )\t fail rea* ! presid5t ( ! s5ate4 ,clause #d4--,times ( ,^! ,elections4 ,! congress may det]m9e ! "t ( *oos+ ! electors1#a & ! day on :i* !y %all give _! votes2#b :i* day %all be ! same ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates4#c #a ,! day designat$ by congress is ! fir/ ,tuesday aft] ! fir/ ,monday 9 ,novemb]4 ,! election always comes 9 leap ye>4 #b ,! electors meet & vote on ! second ,monday 9 ,janu>y4 #c ,?is provision 0 design$1 fir/1 to prev5t fraud 9 vot+2 & second to leave ea* /ate free to act z x ?\ght be/ 9 ! matt] ( p]sons = ! (fices1 unbias$ by ! probability ( success or failure :i* w\ld be %[n if ! elections occurr$ on diff]5t days 9 diff]5t /ates4 ,x may be desirable to "k 9 ?is connection t3 ,! presid5t ( ! s5ate s5ds = miss+ votes1 if !re be any1 on ! f\r? ,monday 9 ,janu>y4 ,! c\nt+ ( votes is begun on ! second ,w$nesday 9 ,febru>y & cont9u$ until ! c\nt is f9i%$4 7,see page #ccd47 ,9 case ! electors h n giv5 any "o a majority = ! presid5cy1 ! h\se proce$s at once to elect4 ,9 a simil> case ! s5ate proce$s at once to *oose a vice-presid5t4 ,! provisions ( ! cont95tal congress = ! fir/ election 73 #a4 ,electors to be *os51 fir/ ,w$nesday 9 ,janu>y1 #aghi4 #b4 ,electors to vote1 fir/ ,w$nesday 9 ,febru>y4 #c4 ,! presid5tial t]m to comm5ce fir/ ,w$nesday 9 ,m>*4 ,! fir/ ,w$nesday 9 ,m>* 9 #aghi 0 ! f\r? day ( ! mon?1 & on t day ! presid5tial t]ms h cont9u$ to beg94 ,clause #e4--,qualifications ( ,presid5t & ,vice-,presid5t4 ,no p]son except a natural born citiz51#a or a citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates at ! "t ( ! adoption ( ?is con/itution1#b %all be eligible to ! (fice ( presid5t2 nei!r %all any p]son be eligible to t (fice1 :o %all n h atta9$ to ! age ( ?irty-five ye>s1#c & be5 f\rte5 ye>s a resid5t )9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4#d #a ,! importance ( ! (fice is su* z1 9 ! op9ion ( ! fram]s ( ! con/itution1 to necessitate ?is requirem5t4 ,& x does n seem unju/ to make ?is limitation4 #b ,?is exception 0 made f a s5se ( gratitude to _m di/+ui%$ p]sons1 :o1 ?\gh n native citiz5s1 _h plac$ _! lives & =tunes at ! s]vice ( ?is c\ntry dur+ ! revolution1 & :o _h already become citiz5s ( ! "y republic4 ,?is provision is n[1 ( c\rse1 obsolete4 #c ,age %\ld br+ wisdom4 ,! age specifi$ is great en\gh to p]mit ! passions ( y\? to become mod]at$ & ! judgm5t matur$4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! y\nge/ presid5t yet elect$ 0 mu* old] ?an ?is m9imum4 ,9 mon>*ies ! rul]s are sometimes *ildr54 ,x _c be s ) u4 #d ,b a natural born citiz51 ev51 may live s long 9 a =eign c\ntry z to lose 8 int]e/ 9 8 native l&4 ,?is provision is int5d$ to preclude ! election ( su* p]sons to ! presid5cy4 ,!y might seek x at ! in/ance ( a =eign gov]nm5t1 = s9i/] purposes4 ,w resid5ce dur+ any f\rte5 ye>s satisfy ! requirem5t8 ,comm5tators g5]ally h express$ an affirmative op9ion1 bas$ ^u ! fact t ,james ,bu*anan & o!rs 7 elect$ presid5t on _! return f diplomatic s]vice abroad4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t a p]son s5t abroad to repres5t ?is gov]nm5t does n lose 8 resid5ce 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,!re=e ! fact ( ,mr4 ,bu*anan be+ elect$ aft] act+ z our m9i/] to ,engl&1 has no be>+ ^u ! "q4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! evid5t purpose ( ! provision c\ld h>dly be satisfi$ if a boy1 a native ( ?is c\ntry1 %\ld live "h until f\rte5 ye>s ( age & !n sp5d ! re/ ( 8 ye>s 9 a =eign c\ntry4 ,& :5 ! matt] is c>efully consid]$1 x w be se5 t ! only f\rte5 ye>s :i* w secure t /ate ( m9d 9 ! c&idate :i* is s\ght by ! provision1 are ! f\rte5 ye>s imm$iately prec$+ election4 ,aga91 tw5ty-"o & f\rte5 equal ?irty-five4 ,a p]son comes ( age at tw5ty-"o4 ,! f\rte5 ye>s ( manhood add$ w\ld j make ?irty-five ye>s1 ! m9imum age requir$4 ,?is co9cid5ce c\ld h>dly h be5 accid5tal1 & ju/ifies ! view express$4 ,accord+ to ! twelf? am5dm5t1 ! qualifications ( ! vice-presid5t are ! same z ^? ( ! presid5t4 ,clause #f4--,vacancies4 ,9 case ( ! removal ( ! presid5t f (fice1 or ( 8 dea?1 resignation or inability to dis*>ge ! p[]s & duties ( ! said (fice1 ! same %all devolve on ! vice-presid5t1 & ! congress may by law provide = ! case ( removal1 dea?1 resignation or inability1 bo? ( ! presid5t & vice-presid5t1 decl>+ :at (fic] %all !n act z presid5t1 & su* (fic] %all act accord+ly1 until ! disability be remov$1 or a presid5t %all be elect$4 ,if no regul> succession 7 e/abli%$1 !re w\ld be dang] ( an>*y4 ,by an act pass$ ,m>* #a1 #agib1 congress provid$ t 9 case ( ! disability ( bo? presid5t & vice-presid5t1 ! duties ( ! (fice ( presid5t %\ld devolve ^u ! presid5t pro tempore ( ! s5ate2 & 9 case ( a vacancy 9 t (fice1 t !y %\ld !n devolve ^u ! speak] ( ! h\se ( repres5tatives4 ,b :5 presid5t ,g>field di$ !re 0 no presid5t pro tempore ( ! s5ate & no speak] ( ! h\se2 s t :5 vice-presid5t ,ar?ur became presid5t1 !re 0 no "o to succe$ him 9 case ( 8 disability4 ,x 0 !n expect$ t congress w\ld devise ano!r plan ( succession2 b x did n4 ,:5 vice-presid5t ,h5dricks di$1 !re 0 aga9 no presid5t pro tempore ( ! s5ate or speak] ( ! h\se4 ,?is recurr5ce ( ! dang] )9 f\r ye>s prompt$ congress to provide an ord] ( succession less liable to accid5t ?an ! "o s long 9 use4 ,! succession 0 plac$ 9 ! cab9et 9 ! foll[+ ord]3 ,secret>y ( /ate1 secret>y ( ! treasury1 secret>y ( w>1 attorney-g5]al1 po/ma/]-g5]al1 secret>y ( ! navy1 & secret>y ( ! int]ior4 ,:5 ! vice-presid5t or secret>y becomes presid5t1 he s]ves = ! rema9d] ( ! t]m4 ,"o v important item 9 ?is connection ! con/itution leaves unprovid$ =1 namely1 :o %all det]m9e :5 disability1 o!r ?an dea?1 occurs or ceases8 ,c]ta9ly ! decision %\ld n be left to ^? int]e/$ 9 ! succession4 ,no (ficial answ] to ?is "q has yet be5 giv54 ,clause #g4--,presid5t's ,sal>y4 ,! presid5t %all1 at /at$ times1 receive = 8 s]vices a comp5sation#a :i* %all be nei!r increas$ nor dim9i%$ dur+ ! p]iod = :i* he %all h be5 elect$1#b & he %all n receive )9 t p]iod any o!r emolum5t f ! ,unit$ ,/ates or any ( !m4#c #a ,o!rwise a p]son ( mod]ate means w\ld be deb>r$ f accept+ ! position1 & ! c\ntry might !reby be depriv$ ( ! s]vices ( "s man ( l(ty "*4 #b ,?us congress c nei!r bribe nor drive ! presid5t into do+ any?+ :i* he may reg>d z unwise or wrong4 ,& on ! o!r h&1 ! presid5t has no temptation to try to und]m9e ! virtue ( congress = 8 own pecuni>y b5efit4 #c ,?is provision has ! same purpose 9 view z ! la/4 ,he is ?us secur$1 9 a great measure1 aga9/ all s9i/] =eign influ5ces4 ,& he mu/ be lo/ to all j s5se ( high duties ( 8 /ation1 if he does n conduct himself ) an exclusive devotion to ! good ( ! :ole p1 unm9dful at once ( ! bl&i%m5ts ( c\rti]s1 :o seek to deceive him1 & ( p>tizans1 :o aim to gov]n him1 & ?us accompli% _! own selfi% purposes4 ,footnote3 ,/ory ,till #ahgc ! sal>y ( ! presid5t 0 #be1jjj a ye>4 ,x 0 !n rais$ to #ej1jjj a ye>4 ,he also has ! use ( ! ,:ite ,h\se1 :i* is furni%$ at national exp5se2 & special appropriations are frequ5tly made to cov] special exp5ses4 ,& yet few presid5ts h be5 able to save any?+ out ( _! sal>ies4 ,! vice-presid5t receives #hjjj a ye>4 ,clause #h4--,oa? ( ,(fice4 ,be=e he ent] ^u ! execution ( 8 (fice1 he %all take ! foll[+ oa? or affirmation3 ,i d solemnly swe> 7or affirm7 t ,i w fai?fully execute ! (fice ( presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & w to ! be/ ( my ability1 pres]ve1 protect & def5d ! con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,?is oa? is usually adm9i/]$ by ! *ief ju/ice ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt4 ,x is v simple1 pl$g+ ! presid5t to two ?+s only2 b !y are ! ess5tial ?+s4 ,tak+ ! oa? is a "p ( ! inauguration c]emonies :i* occur1 usually1 on ! f\r? ( ,m>*4 ,p]t95t ,que/ions4 ,0 !re any presid5t "u ! conf$]ation8 ,:y8 ,:5 does ! presid5t's t]m beg98 ,suppose t day comes on ,sunday8 ,h[ does a presid5tial t]m comp>e ) t ( s5ator8 ,( repres5tative8 ,! fir/ proposition 9 ! con/itutional conv5tion 0 to make ! presid5tial t]m sev5 ye>s1 & limit a p]son to "o t]m4 ,is ! pres5t plan bett] or n z good8 ,= h[ _m t]ms may a p]son be elect$ presid5t8 ,:at presid5ts h be5 elect$ = a second t]m8 ,h[ _m presid5tial electors is ?is /ate entitl$ to8 ,new ,york8 ,ill9ois8 ,wiscons98 ,delaw>e8 ,h[ _m are !re altoge!r8 ,%[ h[ ! pres5t mode is an advantage to ! small /ates4 ,:o 7 ! electors ( ?is /ate 9 ! la/ presid5tial election8 ,get a ticket or ballot & /udy x4 ,te> (f1 beg9n+ at ! top1 all t y c )\t affect+ ! vote4 ,h[ c\ld a p]son h vot$ = "o ( ! republican c&idates )\t vot+ = ! o!r8 ,:]e did ! electors ( ?is /ate meet8 ,:58 ,did y pres]ve ! newspap] report ( _! proce$+s8 ,c\ld ! presid5t & vice-presid5t be *os5 f ! same /ate8 ,h[ _m electoral votes 7 necess>y to a *oice la/ "t8 ,h[ _m did ea* c&idate receive8 ,9 case ( election by ! h\se ( repres5tatives1 :at is ! smalle/ possible numb] t c\ld elect8 ,9 case ! h\se %\ld fail to *oose a presid5t be=e ! f\r? ( ,m>*1 :o w\ld be presid5t8 ,h we ev] be5 ?reat5$ ) a case ( ?is k9d8 ,:i* presid5ts h be5 elect$ by ! h\se8 ,has a vice-presid5t ev] be5 *os5 by ! s5ate8 ,specify f\r diff]5ces betwe5 ! old & ! new way ( elect+ presid5t & vice-presid5t4 ,:i* 0 ! mo/ important *ange8 ,:at /atem5t 9 ! twelf? am5dm5t 0 unnecess>y 9 ! orig9al provision8 ,if two-?irds ( ! s5ators are pres5t1 are two-?irds ( ! /ates necess>ily repres5t$8 ,:at is ! smalle/ numb] ( s5ators t c\ld elect a vice-presid5t8 ,h[ _m times has ! vice-presid5t succe$$ to ! presid5cy8 ,:at caus$ ! vacancies8 ,is ! result ( ! election kn[n be=e ! meet+ ( ! electors8 ,:o is our pres5t m9i/] to ,engl&8 ,w\ld a son ( 8 born 9 ,engl& today be eligible 9 due "t to ! presid5cy8 ,make a comp>ative table1 giv+ ! qualifications1 mode ( election 7g5]al71 & t]m ( repres5tatives1 s5ators & presid5t4 ,:o is n[ vice-presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates8 ,h we ev] _h m ?an "o vice-presid5t at ! same "t8 ,"n ! p]sons1 9 _! ord]1 :o w\ld succe$ to ! presid5cy if ! presid5t %\ld be unable to p]=m 8 duties4 ,if ! presid5t %\ld become insane1 :o w\ld decide t su* is ! fact8 ,h[ long w\ld ! p]son ?us succe$+ to ! position ( act+ presid5t s]ve8 ,/ate f\r ways 9 :i* a vacancy 9 ! (fice ( presid5t may occur4 ,if ! presid5t leaves ,wa%+ton1 is a vacancy creat$8 ,if he leaves ! c\ntry8 ,if he is impea*$8 ,9 case ( ! non-election ( ei!r presid5t or vice-presid5t1 :o w\ld s]ve8 ,h[ long8 ,h[ is a vacancy 9 ! (fice ( vice-presid5t fill$8 ,at :at /at$ times is ! sal>y ( ! presid5t paid8 ,9 ,novemb]1 #ahgb1 ,presid5t ,grant 0 re-elect$4 ,8 new t]m began ,m>*1 #ahgc4 ,9 ! meantime ! sal>y ( ! presid5t 0 increas$ to #ej1jjj4 ,did ,presid5t ,grant get ! increase8 ,expla94 ,does ! vice-presid5t take an oa? ( (fice8 ,if he succe$s to ! presid5cy mu/ he take ! oa? prescrib$ 9 ! con/itution8 ,:at con/itutional provision = ! sal>y ( ! vice presid5t8 ,comp>e ! duties ( a gov]nor ( a /ate ) ^? ( ! presid5t4 ,debate4 ,resolv$1 ,t ! presid5t %\ld be elect$ by a direct vote ( ! p4 ,resolv$1 ,t ! presid5tial t]m %\ld be l5g!n$1 & a second t]m =bidd54 ,,section ,,ii4--,,p[]s ,,( ,,! ,,presid5t4 ,clause #a4--,"s ,sole ,p[]s4 ,! presid5t %all be comm&]-9-*ief ( ! army & navy ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ( ! militia ( ! sev]al /ates1 :5 call$ into ! actual s]vice ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2#a he may require ! op9ion1 9 writ+1 ( ! pr9cipal (fic] 9 ea* ( ! executive dep>tm5ts1 ^u any subject relat+ to ! duties ( _! respective (fices1#b & he %all h p[] to grant reprieves & p>dons = (f5ses aga9/ ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 except 9 cases ( impea*m5t4#c #a ,else:]e x is made ! duty ( ! presid5t to see t ! laws are fai?fully execut$4 ,! execution ( ! law may sometimes require =ce1 h5ce x seems prop] t ! comm& ( ! army %\ld be ve/$ 9 him4 ,aga91 an army may be necess>y to def5d ! c\ntry4 ,9 ord] t x may act promptly & effici5tly1 x mu/ be direct$ by "o p]son2 & ! p]son :om we in/9ctively designate = ! purpose is ! presid5t4 ,! possession ( ?is p[] by ! presid5t is fraught ) dang]1 h[ev]4 ,unless surr\nd$ by prop] *ecks1 x might be us$ to ov]turn our sy/em ( gov]nm5t4 ,b ! presid5t c h>dly1 z n[ situat$1 misuse ?is p[]4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! g5]al rules = ! managem5t & gov]nm5t ( ! army are made by congress4 ,9 ! second place1 ! army is support$ by appropriations made by congress1 & ^! are made = %ort p]iods4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 congress c\ld r$uce or ev5 aboli% ! army1 if t /ep seem$ necess>y 9 def5se ( our lib]ties4 ,9 brief1 ! support & control ( ! army are 9 ! h&s ( congress2 ! presid5t m]ely directs its movem5ts4 ,?us f> ! presid5t has nev] actually tak5 ! field 9 comm& ( ! army2 he has appo9t$ milit>y comm&]s1 & has simply giv5 !m g5]al directions1 :i* !y h c>ri$ out z be/ !y c\ld4 ,at any "t1 h[ev]1 if dissatisfi$ ) ! results1 he may *ange ! comm&]4 #b ,! presid5t _c p]sonally see to ! c>ry+ out ( all ! laws1 & yet he is ! "o responsible = _! execution4 ,to assi/ him1 ! "w is divid$ up into p>ts1 & ea* "p is plac$ 9 ! h&s ( an (fic] appo9t$ by ! presid5t 7) ! cons5t ( ! s5ate7 & responsible to him4 ,^! p]sons con/itute :at is kn[n z ! cab9et1 & all b two h ! title secret>y4 ,! "o :o keeps ! orig9als ( ! public docum5ts1 ! great seal1 & ! public records1 is call$ ! secret>y ( /ate4 ,he is to ! ,unit$ ,/ates some:at z ! cl]k is to ! di/rict or t[n1 or ! auditor to ! c\nty4 ,b 9 addition1 he is ! "o :o has *>ge ( our relations ) =eign c\ntries4 ,he is ! "o to :om y w\ld apply = a passport1 if y 7 go+ to travel 9 =eign l&s4 ,he has an assi/ant & _m subord9ate (fic]s4 ,9 ?is dep>tm5t are ?ree bureaus1 z !y are call$--! diplomatic1 ! consul>1 & ! dome/ic4 7,= fur!r in=mation1 see pages #cba1 #cdi1 #cej47 ,! (fic] :o has g5]al *>ge ( ! receiv+ & pay+ out ( money is call$ ! secret>y ( ! treasury4 ,he has two assi/ants & ?\s&s ( subord9ates1 "s 9 ,wa%+ton & o!rs ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,"u 8 direction money is co9$1 gre5backs & o!r tok5s ( indebt$ness are issu$ & r$eem$4 ,he also has g5]al *>ge ( all gov]nm5t provisions = mak+ navigation safe along ! coa/1 su* z ligh?\ses1 etc4 ,all t p]ta9s to executive control ( ! army is 9 *>ge ( ! secret>y ( w>4 ,! *iefs ( bureaus 9 ?is dep>tm5t are army (fic]s4 ,! secret>y may or may n be4 ,! milit>y academy at ,we/ ,po9t is also1 z we might expect1 9 *>ge ( ?is dep>tm5t4 7,see p4 #caa47 ,! control ( ! navy is ex]cis$ by ! secret>y ( ! navy4 ,! *iefs ( bureaus "h are navy (fic]s4 ,! secret>y may or may n be4 ,?is dep>tm5t has *>ge ( ! con/ruction ( w> %ips & ! equipm5t ( !m2 &1 z we w\ld expect x has *>ge ( ! naval academy at ,annapolis 7p4 #caa74 ,! dep>tm5t :i* has ! greate/ div]sity ( duties is t ( ! int]ior4 ,?is dep>tm5t has *>ge ( pat5ts & trade-m>ks1 ( p5sions1 ( ,unit$ ,/ates l&s1 ( ! ,indians1 ( ! c5sus1 & ( education4 ,its *ief (fic] is call$ ! secret>y ( ! int]ior4 ,! *iefs ( bureaus 9 ?is dep>tm5t1 except t ( ! c5sus1 are call$ commission]s4 ,! *ief (fic] ( ! po/(fice dep>tm5t is call$ ! po/ma/] g5]al4 ,"h !re are five bureaus1 9 *>ge respectively ( appo9tm5ts1 contracts1 f9ances1 money ord]s1 & =eign mail4 ,! (fic] :o has *>ge ( prosecution or def5se ( suits = or aga9/ ! ,unit$ ,/ates is call$ ! attorney g5]al4 ,he is to ! ,unit$ ,/ates :at ! c\nty attorney is to ! c\nty4 ,he has1 ( necessity1 _m assi/ants4 ,all ,unit$ ,/ates di/rict attorneys & m>%als act "u direction ( ?is dep>tm5t4 ,he is also legal advis] ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,by an act approv$ ,febru>y #aa1 #ahhi1 ! dep>tm5t ( agriculture 0 e/abli%$ ) appropriate duties assign$ to x4 ,! practice ( hold+ regul> cab9et meet+s 0 begun by ,jeff]son1 & has cont9u$ z a matt] ( cu/om & exp$i5cy ev] s9ce4 ,! meet+s are att5d$ only by ! presid5t1 8 private secret>y1 & ! cab9et4 ,!y are held = ! purpose ( consultation4 ,! presid5t may act ^u ! advice ( 8 cab9et or n z he *ooses4 ,! reports or op9ions ref]r$ to 9 ! provision ( ! con/itution n[ "u consid]ation1 are call$ = at lea/ once a ye> & are transmitt$ to congress ) ! presid5t's message4 ,b !y may be call$ = at any "t4 ,cab9et (fic]s are n directly au?oriz$ by ! con/itution1 b provisions ( ?is section seem to take x = grant$ t ! presid5t w\ld h su* assi/ants4 #c ,?is p[] ext5ds to milit>y (f5ses z well z to ! crim9al (f5ses ( civilians4 ,! ,supreme ,c\rt has decid$ t ! presid5t has p[] also to commute s5t5ces2 & t he may act 9 ! matt] at any "t aft] ! (f5se is committ$1 ev5 be=e ! trial4 ,he may also /op proce$+s 9 any crim9al case prosecut$ 9 ! "n ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! exception 9 case ( impea*m5t 0 fir/ made 9 ,engl&1 to prev5t ! k+ f %ield+ 8 m9i/]s4 ,x is 9 our con/itution z a simil> *eck ^u ! presid5t4 ,clause #b4--,p[]s %>$ by ! ,s5ate4 ,he %all h p[]1 by & ) ! advice & cons5t ( ! s5ate1 to make treaties1 provid$ t two-?irds ( ! s5ators pres5t concur2#a & he %all nom9ate & by & ) ! advice & cons5t ( ! s5ate1 %all appo9t ambassadors1 o!r public m9i/]s & consuls1 judges ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 & all o!r (fic]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ^: appo9tm5ts are n o!rwise h]e9 provid$ =1 & :i* %all be e/abli%$ by law2#b b congress may by law ve/ ! appo9tm5t = su* inf]ior (fic]s z !y may ?9k prop]1 9 ! presid5t alone1 9 ! c\rts ( law1 or 9 ! heads ( dep>tm5ts4#c #a ,! advice ( ! s5ate is r>ely1 if ev]1 ask$2 b its cons5t mu/ be _h 9 ord] to make ! treaties lawful4 ,= ! mode ( mak+ treaties1 see pp4 #cbj1 #cej1 #cfj4 ,! p[] to make treaties 0 confid$ to ! presid5t orig9ally because x _h be5 ! cu/om = ! executive to possess ! treaty-mak+ p[]4 ,b x is def5sible on o!r gr\nds4 ,"s treaties ne$ to be consid]$ secretly4 ,?is c\ld h>dly be done if congress 7 ! treaty-mak+ p[]4 ,b ! presid5t & ! cab9et c consid] ! matt] 9 secret4 ,!n promptness is sometimes ne$$1 z 9 case ( a treaty to close a w>4 ,promptness may prev5t useless loss ( life4 ,if congress _h to be summon$1 valuable "t w\ld be tak54 ,z two-?irds ( ! s5ators pres5t mu/ agree to ! provisions ( ! treaty1 ! presid5t _c misuse ! p[] grant$ 9 ?is provision4 ,:5 ! treaty necessitates ! rais+ ( money1 ! h\se ( repres5tatives is g5]ally consult$1 also4 ,9 fact1 if ! h\se oppos$ su* a treaty x is que/ionable :e!r x c\ld be c>ri$ out4 ,9 ea* ( ! ?ree great pur*ases ( t]ritory ! presid5t consult$ congress be=e mak+ ! pur*ase4 #b ,! nom9ations are made 9 writ+1 & ! s5ate may ei!r confirm or reject ! nom9ees4 ,! p]son or p]sons confirm$ are !n appo9t$ by ! presid5t4 ,:5 a nom9ee is reject$1 ! presid5t g5]ally s5ds 9 a new nom9ation4 ,?is mode ( appo9tm5t is ?us def5d$ by ,alex&] ,hamilton1 9 ! ,f$]ali/3 ,! blame ( a bad nom9ation w\ld fall ^u ! presid5t s+ly & absolutely4 ,! c5sure ( reject+ a good "o w\ld lie entirely at ! door ( ! s5ate2 aggravat$ by ! consid]ation ( _! hav+ c\nt]act$ ! good int5tions ( ! executive4 ,if an ill appo9tm5t %\ld be made1 ! executive = nom9at+1 & ! s5ate = approv+ w\ld p>ticipate1 ?\gh 9 diff]5t degrees1 9 ! opprobrium & disgrace4 ,x w be not$ 9 ?is connection t1 :ile 9 ! /ate mo/ ( ! (fic]s are elect$1 9 ! g5]al gov]nm5t all (fic]s except ! presid5t & vice-presid5t are appo9t$4 ,9 ,wa%+ton's adm9i/ration ! "q 0 rais$1 c ! presid5t remove (fic]s )\t ! cons5t ( congress8 ,& x 0 decid$ t ! presid5t c remove all (fic]s :om he c appo9t4 ,judges1 :o hold = life1 are ( c\rse except$4 ,dur+ ,johnson's adm9i/ration1 ! p[] ( ! presid5t 9 ?is direction 0 decl>$ to be exactly equal to 8 p[] ( appo9tm5t1--t is1 if ! cons5t ( ! s5ate be necess>y to an appo9tm5t1 x w\ld also be necess>y = removal4 ,b aft]w>ds ! law 0 am5d$1 s t n[ ! presid5t may susp5d an (fic] until ! end ( ! next session ( ! s5ate1 & make a tempor>y appo9tm5t4 ,if ! s5ate does n at its next session confirm ! nom9ation to fill ! vacancy1 ! old (fic] is re-in/at$4 ,b if ! presid5t is det]m9$ to c>ry 8 po9t1 he may imm$iately susp5d ! old (fic] aga91 & re-appo9t ! reject$ c&idate1 & cont9ue s to d4 ,dur+ ! e>ly adm9i/rations comp>atively few removals 7 made1 except :]e x seem$ necess>y = ! improvem5t ( ! public s]vice4 ,b ,&rew ,jackson introduc$ into our politics ! proposition1 ,to ! victors belong ! spoils2 :i* means t ! p>ty elect+ ! presid5t %\ld h all ! (fices4 ,?is view ( ! case pres5ts to e public (fic] ! temptation to secure himself 9 place1 n by m]itori\s s]vice 9 ! l9e ( 8 duty1 b by activity 9 ! s]vice ( 8 p>ty2 ! t5d5cy is1 to displace love ( c\ntry & devotion to duty1 & to sub/itute !re= subs]vi5cy to /rong p>ty lead]s4 ,s cry+ has ! evil become1 t _m ( ! wise/ & mo/ patriotic m5 9 ! c\ntry are seek+ to s f> re=m ! public s]vice t an (fic] may feel reasonably secure 9 8 position s long z he p]=ms 8 duties fai?fully1 & t vacancies %all be fill$ by ! promotion ( wor?y subord9ates4 #c ,?is is to secure two objects3 fir/1 to relieve ! presid5t ( ! burd5 ( appo9t+ ?\s&s ( su* (fic]s2 & second1 to place ! appo9tm5t 9 ! h&s ( ! (fic]s responsible = ! "w ( ^! subord9ates4 ,! pr9cipal (fic]s ?us appo9t$ are3 #a4 ,po/ma/]s hav+ sal>ies less ?an #ajjj a ye>1 appo9t$ by ! po/ma/] g5]al4 #b4 ,cl]ks1 mess5g]s1 janitors1 etc41 9 ! sev]al dep>tm5ts1 appo9t$ by ! respective secret>ies4 ,! *iefs ( bureaus & "s ( ! m important (fic]s 9 ea* dep>tm5t are appo9t$ by ! presid5t ) ! cons5t ( ! s5ate4 #c4 ,! subord9ates 9 ea* cu/om h\se1 appo9t$ by ! collector !re(4 #d4 ,cl]ks ( ,unit$ ,/ates c\rts1 appo9t$ by ! judges4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates di/rict attorneys & m>%als are appo9t$ by ! presid5t1 ) ! cons5t ( ! s5ate4 ,! t]m ( appo9tees is f\r ye>s1 unless soon] remov$4 ,!y may be & are remov$1 h[ev]1 z be=e said1 n only = unfitness1 b also = political reasons4 ,clause #c4--,tempor>y ,appo9tm5ts4 ,! presid5t %all h p[] to fill up all vacancies t may happ5 dur+ ! recess ( ! s5ate1 by grant+ commissions :i* %all expire at ! end ( _! next session4 ,?is provision is necess>y because ! s5ate is n always 9 session1 & x w\ld n pay to conv5e x = ! purpose ( act+ ^u nom9ations e "t a vacancy occurs4 ,! presid5t may wait1 h[ev]1 if ! case w p]mit1 until ! next session ( congress be=e mak+ an appo9tm5t4 ,,section ,,iii4--,,duties ,,( ,,! ,,presid5t4 ,he %all f "t to "t give to congress in=mation ( ! /ate ( ! ,union1 & recomm5d to _! consid]ation su* measures z he %all judge necess>y & exp$i5t2#a he may on extraord9>y occasions1 conv5e bo? h\ses or ei!r ( !m1#b & 9 case ( disagreem5t betwe5 !m1 ) respect to ! "t ( adj\rnm5t1 he may adj\rn !m to su* "t z he %all ?9k prop]2#c he %all receive ambassadors & o!r public m9i/]s2#d he %all take c>e t ! laws be fai?fully execut$1#e & %all commission all (fic]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4#f #a ,! presid5t complies ) ?is provision by s5d+ to congress at ! beg9n+ ( ea* regul> session 8 annual message4 ,& at o!r times1 z occasion dem&s1 he s5ds special messages4 #b ,congress has be5 conv5$ 9 extra session by presid5tial proclamation only twelve times 9 all4 ,! s5ate is frequ5tly conv5$ 9 extra session at ! close ( ! regul> session to consid] appo9tm5ts4 ,?is usually happ5s on ! accession ( a new presid5t4 #c ,no occasion has ev] aris5 = ! ex]cise ( ?is p[]4 #d ,9 all gov]nm5ts1 diplomatic int]c\rse ) o!r gov]nm5ts is c>ri$ on ?r\gh ! executive dep>tm5t4 7,see pages #cdg & #cdi47 ,by receiv+ an ambassador1 ! c\ntry f :i* he comes is recogniz$ z an indep5d5t sov]eignty1 a nation4 ,ambassadors may be reject$ or dismiss$1 if p]sonally objectionable to ?is c\ntry1 if ! c\ntries f :i* !y come are n recogniz$ z belong+ to ! si/]hood ( nations1 or if ! relations betwe5 _! c\ntry & ?is become unfri5dly4 ,nations at w> ) ea* o!r d n ex*ange ambassadors2 ea* recalls its repres5tative at ! "t ( decl>+ w>4 ,our ambassadors or o!r public m9i/]s may be reject$ by o!r nations = ! reasons giv5 above4 ,x w readily be se5 t ?is p[] or duty may impose ^u ! presid5t at times1 grave responsibility4 ,! nature ( ?is responsibility may be und]/ood :5 we rememb] ! ef=ts made by ! conf$]ate /ates to secure recognition ( _! ag5ts at ! c\rts ( ,london & ,p>is1 dur+ ! civil w>4 ,= ei!r c\ntry to h recogniz$ !m w\ld h be5 to int]rupt our fri5dly relations ) t c\ntry1 & might h l$ to w> betwe5 x & u4 7,see page #cdg47 #e ,?is is ! presid5t's mo/ important duty2 & x is 8 duty to en=ce ! law :e!r he believes 9 its wisdom or n4 ,he acts ?r\gh ! executive (fic]s previ\sly ref]r$ to4 #f ,! commission be>s ! signature ( ! presid5t & ! great seal ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! latt] affix$ by ! secret>y ( /ate4 ,,section ,,iv4--,,responsibility ,,( ,,(fic]s4 ,! presid5t1 vice-presid5t1 & all civil (fic]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 %all be remov$ f (fice on impea*m5t =1 & conviction (1 treason1 brib]y1 or o!r high crimes & misdemeanors4 ,! ^w civil 9 ! provision is us$ "h 9 di/9ction f milit>y & naval4 ,x is g5]ally und]/ood t memb]s ( congress are n civil (fic]s )9 ! mean+ ( ?is provision4 ,milit>y & naval (fic]s are tri$ by c\rts-m>tial1 & memb]s ( congress are subject to trial by ! h\se to :i* !y belong4 ,! def9ition ( high crimes & misdemeanors re/s ) ! s5ate4 ,treason is def9$ 9 ! con/itution1 & brib]y has a mean+ und]/ood by all4 ,!re h be5 sev5 cases ( impea*m5t be=e ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,s5ate4 7,see pages #aca1 #ach & #ccc47 ,p]t95t ,que/ions4 ,:51 ne> ! close ( ! late w>1 ,g5]al ,grant comm&$ all ! armies ( ! ,union1 _h he any sup]ior (fic]8 7,t is1 0 !re any (fic] high] 9 rank ?an he87 ,:o is comm&]-9-*ief ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates army today8 ,:o is ! highe/ purely milit>y (fic]1 & :at is 8 rank8 ,"n ! memb]s ( ! pres5t cab9et4 ,if y want$ to trade ) ! ,indians1 to :om w\ld y make application = p]mission8 ,c ! presid5t p>don be=e trial8 ,:at cases c he n p>don8 ,"n "s "o p>don$ by ! presid5t4 ,c\ld he p>don prison]s conf9$ = brea* ( /ate law8 ,:]e does ! g5]al gov]nm5t conf9e its prison]s8 ,:at is ! smalle/ numb] ( s5ators t c\ld confirm or reject a treaty8 ,:at is meant by ! executive session ( ! s5ate8 ,h[ c\ld y witness ! proce$+s at su* a session8 ,h[ l>ge a vote is necess>y to confirm a nom9ation ( ! presid5t8 ,:at is an ambassador8 ,a m9i/]8 ,a consul8 ,:at is meant by inf]ior (fic]s8 ,by civil s]vice re=m8 ,/ate ! pr9ciple :i* seems to cov] ! matt] ( removals4 ,h y read ! presid5t's la/ annual message8 ,:at in=mation did he give to congress8 ,:at recomm5dations did he make8 ,h[ 0 ! message deliv]$ to congress8 ,:at extra sessions ( congress d y rememb]8 ,:at ones h y read ab\t 9 books8 ,:5 7 ! diff]5t extra sessions call$8 ,give ! numb] ( bills veto$ by ea* presid5t4 ,has ! presid5t ev] _h to adj\rn congress8 ,= h[ long c\ld he d x8 ,h[ is ! ,briti% p>liam5t prorogu$8 ,:]e d impea*m5ts orig9ate8 ,by :om are !y tri$8 ,:o may be impea*$8 ,:at =8 ,c p]sons :o h ceas$ to be (fic]s be impea*$8 ,:at is ! ext5t ( s5t5ce8 ,0 ,presid5t ,johnson impea*$8 ,h[ is an impea*m5t trial conduct$8 ,:at p]sons h be5 impea*$8 ,prep>e a tabulation tell+3 #a4 ,mode ( election ( presid5t 7g5]al /atem5t only7 #b4 ,qualifications4 #c4 ,t]m4 #d4 ,vacancy4 #e4 ,sal>y--con/itutional provision2 law4 #f4 ,p[]s4 #g4 ,duties4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,,article ,,iii4--,,! ,,judicial ,,bran*4 ,9 ! two articles s f> consid]$1 we h /udi$ ab\t ! law-mak+ & ! law-en=c+ bran*es ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,we %all next exam9e ! ?ird great bran*1 ! "o :i* int]prets & applies ! laws4 ,,section ,i4--,,organization4 ,! judicial p[] ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates %all be ve/$ 9 "o ,supreme ,c\rt1#a & 9 su* inf]ior c\rts z ! congress may f "t to "t orda9 & e/abli%4#b ,! judges bo? ( ! ,supreme & inf]ior c\rts1 %all hold _! (fices dur+ good behavior1#c & %all at /at$ times receive = _! s]vices a comp5sation#d :i* %all n be dim9i%$ dur+ _! cont9uance 9 (fice4#e #a ,! creation ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 a di/9ct coord9ate bran* = ! f9al int]pretation ( law1 0 ! ma/]-/roke ( ! con/itution4 ,! ,supreme ,c\rt has no prototype 9 hi/ory4 ,:ile ! exi/5ce ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt is ?us provid$ = 9 ! con/itution1 ! numb] ( judges to con/itute x 0 wisely left ) congress4 ,?us ! organization may be *ang$ z circum/ances *ange4 ,! ,supreme ,c\rt at fir/ consi/$ ( six ju/ices1 z !y are call$2 b ow+ to ! gr[? ( ! c\ntry & ! consequ5t increase ( labor to be p]=m$1 ! numb] ( ju/ices has be5 increas$ to n9e4 #b ,"u ?is provision congress has e/abli%$ ?ree grades ( inf]ior ,unit$ ,/ates c\rts1 ! ,circuit ,c\rts ( ,appeal1 ,circuit ,c\rts1 & ! ,di/rict ,c\rts4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates is divid$ into n9e judicial circuits1 to ea* ( :i* are assign$ "o ju/ice ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt & two circuit judges4 7,see page #cjg47 ,^! con/itute :at is call$ ! ,circuit ,c\rt ( ,appeals1 hav+ appellate jurisdiction 9 _! respective circuits & hold+ annual sessions = t purpose4 7,see page #baj47 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates is fur!r subdivid$ into m ?an sixty judicial di/ricts4 ,9 ea* ( ^! di/ricts1 at lea/ "o session ( ! circuit c\rt & "o ( ! di/rict c\rt is held ea* ye>4 7,see pages #baj & #cjg-i47 ,a full circuit c\rt b5* consi/s ( a supreme c\rt ju/ice1 a circuit judge1 & a di/rict judge2 b c\rt may be held by any "o or two ( !m4 ,! di/rict c\rt consi/s ( ! di/rict judge4 #c ,?is virtually means dur+ life4 ,! purpose ( ?is provision is to raise ! judges above temptation1 to put !m 9 a position :]e !y may feel safe 9 do+ _! exact duty1 unaw$ by any outside p[]4 ,if ) ?is opportunity !y prove unju/1 !y may be impea*$4 ,b s f>1 almo/ )\t exception1 ^? :o h be5 honor$ ) a place on a ,unit$ ,/ates c\rt h prov$ wor?y ( _! high call+4 #d ,! purpose ( ?is also is to remove temptation f ! judges4 ,! sal>y ( ! *ief ju/ice is #aj1ejj a ye>1 & t ( ea* associate ju/ice1 #aj1jjj4 ,?is seems l a g5]\s am\nt4 ,b sev]al times a place on ! supreme b5* has be5 decl9$1 on ! plea t ! nom9ee c\ld n af=d to s]ve = ! sal>y atta*$4 #e ,?is is to prev5t ! o!r two bran*es f occupy+ a ?reat5+ attitude t[>d ! judici>y4 ,b ! sal>y may be increas$4 ,& ! sal>y may be r$uc$1 to take effect ) appo9tm5ts made aft] ! passage ( ! law4 ,,section ,,ii4--,,jurisdiction ,,( ,,! ,,c\rts4 ,clause #a4--;,ext5t4 ,! judicial p[] %all ext5d to all cases1#a 9 law & equity1#b aris+ "u ?is con/itution1 ! laws ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & treaties made or :i* %all be made1 "u _! au?ority2#c to all cases affect+ ambassadors1 o!r public m9i/]s1 & consuls2#d to all cases ( admiralty jurisdiction2#e to controv]sies to :i* ! ,unit$ ,/ates %all be a p>ty2#f to controv]sies betwe5 two or m /ates2#g betwe5 a /ate & citiz5s ( ano!r /ate2#h betwe5 citiz5s ( diff]5t /ates2#i betwe5 citiz5s ( ! same /ate claim+ l&s "u grants ( diff]5t /ates2#aj & betwe5 a /ate or ! citiz5s !re(1 & =eign /ates1 citiz5s or subjects4#aa #a ,! c\rts decide :at ! law is1 :e!r a specifi$ law is con/itutional or n1 & :at ! mean+ ( con/itutional provisions is1 b only z ^! que/ions arise 9 cases br\ght be=e !m = trial4 ,!y d n advise congress or ! presid5t z to ! con/itutionality or uncon/itutionally ( a law4 ,!y d n directly make law4 ,b 9 det]m9+ ! mean+ ( c]ta9 laws & ( con/itutional provisions !y may det]m9e :at ! law is1 & ?us !y may be said to make law indirectly4 ,b sometimes a legal "q or a "q z to ! mean+ ( a con/itutional provision rema9s = a long "t unansw]$1 because no case involv+ ! "q comes be=e ! c\rts4 #b ,sometimes ! law provides no adequate rem$y = a wrong4 ,"h is ! necessity = a c\rt ( equity4 ,= in/ance1 ,a sells 8 bus9ess to ,b1 agree+ n to become a rival1 b imm$iately reop5s 9 ! next block4 ,b's only rem$y 9 law is to secure damages4 ,if ?is rem$y is %[n to be inadequate1 a c\rt ( equity w close ,a's /ore4 ,or if ,c1 hav+ contract$ to d a c]ta9 act = ,d1 fails or decl9es to p]=m 8 "p1 ! law c only aw>d ,d damages2 equity w compel ! fulfillm5t ( ! contract4 ,law is curative1 equity is prev5tive4 7,see ,dole1 #ejb47 ,9 "s /ates !re are sep>ate c\rts ( law & ( equity4 ,b ! provision "u discussion gives ! ,unit$ ,/ates c\rts jurisdiction 9 cases bo? ( law & ( equity4 ,!re are no juries 9 equity cases1 & no crim9al trials4 #c ,^! p]ta9 to ! :ole ,unit$ ,/ates1 s cases aris+ "u !m %\ld be tri$ by a national1 n by a /ate1 c\rt4 #d ,?us %[+ respect = ! gov]nm5ts repres5t$ by !m4 #e ,t is1 to cases aris+ on ! high seas or on navigable wat]s4 ,^! matt]s1 accord+ also to ,i4 #h3 #aj1 #aa1 are "u ! jurisdiction ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & !re=e ?is provision is simply a consequ5ce ( ! two ref]r$ to4 #f ,because !n ! int]e/s ( ! :ole c\ntry are at /ake1 & %\ld n be left to any /ate4 #g ,because ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 organiz$ to insure dome/ic tranquility4 #h ,?is provision has be5 modifi$ by ! elev5? am5dm5t1 :i* reads z foll[s3 ,! judicial p[] ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates %all n be con/ru$ to ext5d to any suit 9 law or equity1 comm5c$ or prosecut$ aga9/ "o ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates by citiz5s ( ano!r /ate1 or by citiz5s or subjects ( any =eign /ate4 ,t is1 if ! /ate is ! pla9tiff1 ! suit may be tri$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,supreme ,c\rt 7comp>e clause #b74 ,claims ( individuals aga9/ a /ate1 if d5i$ by ! auditor1 may be ref]r$ by !m to ! legislature4 ,a /ate _c be su$ by an individual or corporation4 ,:5 a citiz5 is su$ he mu/ be su$ ei!r 9 ! c\rts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates or 9 ^? ( 8 own /ate4 ,x w\ld be a s\rce ( irritation to compel a /ate to sue a citiz5 ( ano!r /ate 9 ! c\rts ( 8 own /ate1 h5ce ?is provision t su* suits %all be 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates c\rt4 #i ,to remove temptation to inju/ice ?r\gh local prejudice4 ,b ! suit is tri$ 91 & 9 accordance ) ! laws (1 ! /ate ( :i* ! def5dant is a citiz54 #aj ,because ! /ates are involv$ 9 ! suit1 & x w\ld be unfair to let ei!r decide ! controv]sy4 ,?is provision is n ( mu* importance n[1 because /ate b\nd>ies are cle>ly def9$4 ,b :5 ! con/itution 0 fram$1 ?is k9d ( "q meant a good deal4 ,! *>t]s giv5 dur+ colonial times 7 v loosely drawn1 & claims ( diff]5t colonies & proprietors ov]lapp$ ea* o!r4 ,! "q ( own]%ip _h n be5 settl$ at ! "t ( ! revolution4 ,dur+ ! =mative or conf$]ation p]iod1 ^! disputes _h be5 a s\rce ( mu* ill-feel+4 #aa ,because ! g5]al gov]nm5t1 & n ! individual /ates1 has *>ge ( our =eign relations4 ,a =eign c\ntry holds ! ,unit$ ,/ates responsible = ! acts ( its citiz5s2 & only ! ,unit$ ,/ates c be look$ to1 to secure ju/ice to its citiz5s on ! "p ( =eign c\ntries or citiz5s4 ,clause #b4--;,jurisdiction ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt4 ,9 all cases affect+ ambassadors1 o!r public m9i/]s & consuls1 & ^? 9 :i* a /ate %all be a p>ty1 ! ,supreme ,c\rt %all h orig9al jurisdiction4#a ,9 all ! o!r cases be=e m5tion$1 ! ,supreme ,c\rt %all h appellate jurisdiction1#b bo? z to law & fact1 ) su* exceptions & "u su* regulations z ! congress %all make4#c #a ,t is1 su* a suit mu/ comm5ce 9 ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 & s _c be tri$ else:]e4 #b ,t is1 ! action mu/ comm5ce 9 "s l[] c\rt1 b x may be appeal$ to ! ,supreme ,c\rt4 ,! ,u4,s4 ,di/rict ,c\rt has jurisdiction ov] crimes committ$ on ! high seas1 & ov] admiralty cases 9 g5]al2 ov] crimes cognizable by ! au?ority ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7n capital7 committ$ )9 ! di/rict1 & ov] cases 9 bankruptcy4 ,! ,u4,s4 ,circuit ,c\rt has orig9al jurisdiction 9 civil suits involv+ #bjjj or m1 ov] equity cases1 & ov] cases aris+ "u pat5t & copyright laws4 #c ,to relieve ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 :i* 0 ye>s beh9d ) its "w1 congress rec5tly provid$ = a ,u4,s4 ,circuit ,c\rt ( ,appeals 9 ea* ( ! n9e circuits1 :i* has f9al appellate jurisdiction 9 ne>ly all cases except ^? involv+ ! con/itutionality ( a law4 ,clause #c4--,! ,trial ( ,crimes4 ,! trial ( all crimes1 except 9 cases ( impea*m5t1 %all be by jury1#a & su* trial %all be held 9 ! /ate :]e said crimes %all h be5 committ$2#d b :5 n committ$ )9 any /ate1#c ! trial %all be at su* place or places z congress may by law h direct$4#d #a ,a trial by jury is a trial by twelve m5 imp>tially select$4 ,?is is reg>d$ z "o ( ! great bulw>ks ( lib]ty4 ,civil cases may1 at ! desire ( bo? p>ties1 be tri$ by ! c\rt only4 ,b = crim9al trials a jury is gu>ante$ by ?is provision4 ,9 a crim9al trial1 ! /ate or ! nation is ! prosecutor1 & /ate or national judges might be tempt$ to decide unju/ly1 if ! matt] 7 left to !m4 #b ,?is leaves ! accus$ 9 bett] condition to def5d himself1 ?an if he c\ld be tak5 away f> f home4 ,he is ?us able at ! lea/ exp5se to br+ witnesses 9 8 own behalf4 ,9 h>mony ) ?is1 ea* /ate has at lea/ "o ,u4 ,s4 ,di/rict ,c\rt = ! trial ( crimes aga9/ ! g5]al gov]nm5t4 7,see ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce47 ,?is provision is probably b9d+ also ^u ! /ates4 #c ,t is1 9 ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia1 9 "o ( ! t]ritories1 9 ! ,indian c\ntry1 9 ! =ts or ars5als ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or ^u ! high seas4 #d ,congress has specifi$ c\rts = ! trial ( su* crimes4 ,^? committ$ on ! high seas are tri$ 9 ! /ate :]e ! vessel arrives4 7,see pages #bcj-d47 ,,section ,,iii4--,,treason4 ,clause #a4--;,def9ition & ,trial4 ,treason aga9/ ! ,unit$ ,/ates %all consi/ only 9 levy+ w> aga9/ !m1 or 9 adh]+ to _! enemies1 giv+ !m aid & com=t4#a ,no p]son %all be convict$ ( treason unless on ! te/imony ( two witnesses to ! same ov]t act1 or on confession 9 op5 c\rt4#b #a ,treason is1 9 ess5ce1 a delib]ate & viol5t brea* ( ! allegiance due f a citiz5 or subject to 8 gov]nm5t4 ,be+ direct$ aga9/ ! p[]s t be1 ! gov]nm5t 9 self def5se is tempt$ to puni% x sev]ely4 ,! m tyrannical a gov]nm5t is ! m likely x is to be plott$ aga9/1 & ! m suspici\s x becomes4 ,if treason 7 undef9$1 ! gov]nm5t might decl>e acts to be treasonable :i* ! p nev] suspect$ to be s4 ,?is _h occurr$ s _m times1 & good m5 _h s (t5 be5 s5t on ?is *>ge to an ignom9i\s dea?1 t ! fram]s ( ! con/itution deem$ x prud5t to def9e treason c>efully 9 ! fundam5tal law itself4 ,^! provisions are tak5 f ! fam\s /atute ( ,edw>d ,,iii :i* fir/ def9$ treason 9 ,engl&4 ,?is /atute decl>$ five ?+s to be treasonable1 only ! ?ird & f\r? ( :i* are held by our con/itution to be s4 #b ,an ov]t act is an op5 act1 n "o t is simply m$itat$ or talk$ ab\t1 b "o actually p]=m$4 ,! ,supreme ,c\rt has decid$ t !re mu/ be an actual levy+ ( w>2 t plott+ to ov]?r[ ! gov]nm5t is n treason4 ,b if ho/ilities h actually begun1 if w> has comm5c$1 all ^? :o p]=m any "p1 h[ev] m9ute1 or h[ev] remote f ! sc5e ( action1 & :o are leagu$ 9 ! g5]al conspiracy1 are to be consid]$ traitors4 ,two witnesses1 at lea/1 to ! same ov]t act1 are requir$1 because ?us only c a prepond]ance ( te/imony be secur$4 ,clause #b4--,puni%m5t4 ,! congress %all h p[] to decl>e ! puni%m5t ( treason1 b no atta9d] ( treason %all "w corruption ( blood or =feiture except dur+ ! life ( ! p]son atta9t$4 ,z has be5 h9t$1 ! puni%m5t ( treason _h be5 v sev]e 9 ,european c\ntries4 ,n only 0 ! p]son convict$ ( treason put to dea? 9 ! mo/ horrible ways1 b 8 prop]ty 0 =feit$1 & no "o c\ld inh]it prop]ty f him or ?r\gh him4 ,?us n only ! p]son himself1 b also 8 *ildr5 & 8 *ildr5's *ildr51 7 puni%$4 ,! purpose ( ?is provision is1 9 ! words ( ,mr4 ,madison1 to re/ra9 congress f ext5d+ ! consequ5ces ( guilt beyond ! p]son ( its au?or4 ,p]t95t ,que/ions4 ,by :at au?ority 0 ! ,supreme ,c\rt e/abli%$8 ,by :om is x organiz$8 ,:y is su* a c\rt necess>y8 ,h[ _m judges or ju/ices con/itute ! ,supreme ,c\rt8 ,"n !m4 ,tell :at presid5t appo9t$ ea*4 ,h[ _m & :at inf]ior c\rts has congress e/abli%$8 ,"n ! ,supreme ,c\rt ju/ice assign$ to ?is circuit4 ,h[ _m o!r /ates 9 ?is circuit8 ,"n our two ,unit$ ,/ates circuit judges4 ,"n ! ,unit$ ,/ates di/rict judge4 ,h[ are ^! (fic]s appo9t$8 ,h[ long d !y s]ve8 ,/ate ! sal>y ( ea* class ( judges4 ,:at legal provision is !re 9 reg>d to retir+ ,unit$ ,/ates judges8 ,if a p]son %\ld rob ! mail1 9 :at c\rt w\ld he be tri$8 ,tell ab\t ! ,d>tm\? ,college case4 ,if any "o %\ld be caught mak+ cig>s )\t a lic5se1 be=e :at c\rt w\ld he be tri$8 ,if an ,am]ican ow$ money to an ambassador f a =eign c\ntry1 & decl9$ to pay x1 h[ c\ld ! ambassador get 8 pay8 ,if ! ambassador ow$ an ,am]ican1 h[ c\ld ! ,am]ican get 8 pay8 ,w\ld y1 if ! ,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5t ask$ y to repres5t x 9 a =eign c\ntry1 l to be tri$ by a c\rt ( t c\ntry8 ,if a murd] be committ$ 9 ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia1 9 :at c\rt is ! trial _h8 ,if committ$ 9 ,m9nesota8 ,9 ,wyom+8 ,if a sailor %\ld /eal f a pass5g]1 :5 out on ! ocean1 :]e w\ld ! case be tri$ & 9 :at c\rt8 ,if a /ate o!r ?an ! "o 9 :i* y live %\ld sue y :]e c\ld ! case be tri$8 ,h[ c ! ,unit$ ,/ates be a p>ty to a suit8 ,h y k ( any case 9 :i* "o /ate su$ ano!r8 ,if a m]*ant 9 y\r t[n %\ld buy goods f a :olesale h\se 9 ,*icago or ,new ,york1 & %\ld fail or refuse to pay = !m1 h[ c\ld ! h\se get its pay8 ,:at laws w\ld apply to ! case8 ,:at pr9ciple seems to be involv$ 9 ^! answ]s8 ,h[ _m acts ( congress h be5 decl>$ uncon/itutional by ! ,supreme ,c\rt8 ,c a citiz5 ( ,wyom+ br+ a suit 9 a ,unit$ ,/ates c\rt8 ,if y liv$ 9 ,montana1 h[ c\ld y recov] money ow$ y 9 ,m9nesota8 ,c a ,unit$ ,/ates (ficial be su$ = acts p]=m$ 9 ! dis*>ge ( 8 duties8 ,:at fam\s case ( treason 0 tri$ 9 #ahjg8 ,0 ,jeff]son ,davis ev] tri$ = treason8 ,if ! prop]ty ( a traitor is tak5 by ! gov]nm5t1 mu/ x be re/or$ to 8 heirs at 8 dea?8 ,c y commit treason aga9/ ?is /ate8 ,:at d y "k ab\t ! ,john ,br[n case8 ,comp>e ,,iii4 #b1 #c1 ) am5dm5ts #e & #f1 & /ate ! rights ( a p]son accus$ ( crime1 :i* are gu>ante$ by ! con/itution4 ,debate4 ,resolv$1 ,t all judicial (fic]s %\ld be appo9t$4 ,tabul> ,view4 ,prep>e a tabul> view comp>+ ! ?ree dep>tm5ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5t4 ,,*apt] ,,xxv4 ,,article ,,iv4--,,! ,,relations ,,( ,,! ,,/ates4 ,,section ,i4--,,/ate ,,records4 ,full fai? & cr$it#a %all be giv5 9 ea* /ate to ! public acts1#b records1#c & judicial proce$+s#d( e o!r /ate4 ,& ! congress may by g5]al laws prescribe ! mann] 9 :i* su* acts1 records & proce$+s %all be prov$1#e & ! effect !re(4 #a ,t is1 su* fai? & cr$it z w\ld be giv5 to su* acts1 etc41 9 ! /ate 9 :i* !y orig9at$4 #b ,t is1 ! legislative acts1--! /atutes & ! con/itutions4 #c ,su* z ! regi/ration ( de$s1 wills1 m>riages1 j\rnals ( ! legislature1 etc4 #d ,! proce$+s1 judgm5ts1 ord]s1 etc41 ( ! c\rts4 #e ,! records ( a c\rt are prov$ 7t is1 %[n to be au!ntic7 by ! atte/ation ( ! cl]k1 ) ! seal ( ! c\rt affix$1 & ! c]tificate ( ! judge4 ,! acts ( ! legislature are au!nticat$ by ! /ate seal4 ,,section ,,ii4--,,relations ,,to ,,inhabitants ,,( ,,o!r ,,/ates4 ,clause #a4--;,citiz5s4 ,! citiz5s ( ea* /ate %all be entitl$ to all privileges & immunities ( citiz5s 9 ! sev]al /ates4 ,t is1 no /ate c give its citiz5s any privileges :i* x d5ies to citiz5s ( o!r /ates4 ,= in/ance1 a citiz5 ( ,wiscons91 ,new ,york or ,cali=nia1 com+ to ,m9nesota has all ! privileges ( a citiz5 ( ,m9nesota4 ,to be sure he _c vote 9 ,m9nesota until he has resid$ "h = a "t4 ,?is is simply a police regulation1 to prev5t fraud 9 vot+4 ,b he is entitl$ to ! protection ( ! laws ( ,m9nesota1 may hold prop]ty "h1 & may engage 9 any bus9ess 9 :i* a citiz5 ( ,m9nesota may engage4 ,he _c1 h[ev]1 c>ry ) him any special privileges :i* he may h enjoy$ 9 ! /ate f :i* he came4 ,?us1 if "o /ate p]mits a p]son to vote ^u decl>+ 8 int5tion to become a citiz5 :ile ano!r requires t a vot] %all be a full citiz51 a p]son com+ f ! fir/ /ate _c claim ! "r to vote 9 ! second until he becomes a full citiz54 ,/udy 9 ?is connection ! fir/ clause ( ! f\rte5? am5dm5t4 ,clause #b4--;,fugitives f ,ju/ice4 ,a p]son *>g$ 9 any /ate ) treason1 felony or o!r crime1 :o %all flee f ju/ice1 & be f\nd 9 ano!r /ate1 %all1 on dem& ( ! executive au?ority ( ! /ate f :i* he fl$1 be deliv]$ up1 to be remov$ to ! /ate hav+ jurisdiction ( ! crime4 ,! necessity = ?is provision w readily be und]/ood1 :5 x is rememb]$ t ea* /ate has jurisdiction only )9 its own limits4 ,b = ?is provision1 crim9als w\ld be comp>atively free f re/ra9t1 because !y c\ld 9 mo/ cases get into ano!r /ate4 ,& ?is w\ld ( c\rse t5d to increase ! numb] ( crim9als4 7,see pp4 #ccg1 #cdi47 ,z civilization advances1 c\ntries indep5d5t ( ea* o!r politically agree1 = _! mutual protection1 to surr5d] to ea* o!r fugitives f ju/ice4 ,treaties made = ?is purpose are call$ extradition treaties4 ,clause #c4--;,fugitives f ,s]vice4 ,no p]son held to s]vice or labor 9 "o /ate1 "u ! laws !re(1 escap+ into ano!r1 %all1 9 consequ5ce ( any law or regulation !re91 be dis*>g$ f su* s]vice or labor1 b %all be deliv]$ up on claim ( ! p>ty to :om su* s]vice or labor may be due4 ,?is clause 0 ins]t$ z a concession to ! slave-hold+ /ates1 & _h special ref]5ce to slaves1 ?\gh x also appli$ to appr5tices & any o!r p]sons :o = any reason might be b\nd to s]vice4 ,b z slav]y no long] exi/s1 & appr5tice%ip & o!r b9d+ to s]vice are almo/ ?+s ( ! pa/1 ?is provision is practically obsolete4 ,,section ,,iii4--,,new ,,/ates ,,& ,,t]ritories4 ,clause #a4--,! ,admission ( ,new ,/ates4 ,new /ates may be admitt$ by ! congress into ?is ,union2#a b no new /ate %all be =m$ or erect$ )9 ! jurisdiction ( any o!r /ate2#b nor %all any /ate be =m$ by ! junction ( two or m /ates or p>ts ( /ates1 )\t ! cons5t ( ! legislatures ( ! /ates conc]n$ z well z ( ! congress4#c #a ,^! few words m>k an era 9 political hi/ory4 ,h]et(ore nations _h acquir$ new t]ritory m]ely to enl>ge ! ext5t ( _! prov9ces or subject /ates1 nev] ) a view ( unit+ ! acquir$ t]ritory ) ! orig9al sy/em1 all[+ x equal political privileges4 ,b :5 we look at ! matt] c>efully1 we %all see t our gov]nm5t c\ld n consi/5tly d o!rwise ?an x did4 ,! proposition involv$ 9 ! revolution 0 t new t]ritory %\ld ei!r be p]mitt$ to enjoy equal privileges ) ! p>5t /ate1 or x %\ld become indep5d5t4 ,b x 0 n simply to c>ry out a political !ory t ?is provision 0 made2 x 0 to solve a practical difficulty4 ,at ! close ( ! ,revolution>y ,w>1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ext5d$ we/ to ! ,mississippi riv]4 ,! t]ritory we/ ( ! ,alleghany m\nta9s conta9$ almo/ no inhabitants1 & 0 ( c\rse unorganiz$4 ,?is t]ritory became ! object ( cont5tion4 ,"s ( ! /ates claim$ jurisdiction ov] x1 :ile o!rs ma9ta9$ t x 0 n )9 ! limits ( any /ates1 & t1 z x _h be5 secur$ by a w> wag$ by ! g5]al gov]nm5t1 ?is t]ritory %\ld be consid]$ common prop]ty1 to be manag$ by ! g5]al gov]nm5t4 ,! /ates hav+ claims ^u ! t]ritory express$ a will+ness to rel9qui% !m ^u ! condition t ! t]ritory %\ld be =m$ into /ates z soon z ! population w\ld w>rant4 ,accord+ly1 be=e ! con/itution 0 fram$ all ^! /ates except ,nor? ,c>ol9a & ,georgia _h rel9qui%$ _! claims1 & all b a small portion ( ! t]ritory 0 "u ! jurisdiction ( ! g5]al gov]nm5t4 ,& ,july #ac1 #aghg1 t portion ( ! c\ntry we/ ( ,p5nsylvania & nor? ( ! ,ohio1 _h be5 organiz$ into ! ,nor?we/ ,t]ritory4 ,?is act ( congress is g5]ally kn[n z ,! ,ord9ance ( #aghg4 ,x 0 = a long "t ! model ^u :i* o!r t]ritories 7 organiz$4 #b ,?is %[s ! fe> ent]ta9$ le/ ! g5]al gov]nm5t %\ld try to control a /ate by ?reat5+ its exi/5ce4 #c ,v]mont 0 claim$ by bo? ,new ,york & ,new ,hamp%ire4 ,bo? cons5t$ to h] admission4 ,k5tucky 0 a "p ( ,virg9ia1 & became a /ate ) h] cons5t4 ,ma9e became a /ate ) ! cons5t ( ,massa*usetts1 ( :i* x _h be5 a "p4 ,we/ ,virg9ia 0 admitt$ dur+ ! w>1 ! cons5t ( ,virg9ia be+ obta9$ aft]w>ds4 ,clause #b4--,! ,t]ritories4 ,! congress %all h p[] to dispose ( & make all ne$ful rules & regulations respect+ ! t]ritory or o!r prop]ty belong+ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates2#a & no?+ 9 ?is con/itution %all be s con/ru$ z to prejudice any claims ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or ( any p>ticul> /ate4#b #a ,! p[] to acquire t]ritory is n expressly grant$ 9 ! con/itution1 b x is impli$ z an act ( sov]eignty4 ,t]ritory 0 acquir$ by ! g5]al gov]nm5t be=e ! con/itution by cession f /ates1 & s9ce ! adoption ( ! con/itution x has be5 acquir$ by pur*ase1 by discov]y1 by conque/1 & by annexation4 ,! p[] to dispose ( t]ritory is also an attribute ( sov]eignty1 & w\ld h belong$ to ! g5]al gov]nm5t )\t ?is provision4 ,b ?is provision places ! p[] 9 ! h&s ( congress2 o!rwise l& c\ld be sold by ! treaty-mak+ p[]4 ,"u ?is provision congress rec$$ to ,virg9ia t portion ( ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia s\? ( ! ,potomac4 ,! p[] to gov]n any t]ritory :i* x possesses is also an attribute ( sov]eignty4 ,?is clause gives ! p[] to congress2 b any law = ! regulation ( t]ritories ne$s ! presid5t's signature1 ! same z any o!r law4 #b ,x w be rememb]$ t ,nor? ,c>ol9a & ,georgia _h n at ! "t ( ! adoption ( ! con/itution rel9qui%$ _! claims to c]ta9 t]ritory ly+ outside ( _! /ate limits4 ,?is provision 0 made z a concession to !m4 ,b !y aft]w>ds1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a 9 #agij & ,georgia 9 #ahjb1 c$$ ! disput$ t]ritory to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,section ,,iv4--,,gu>anties ,,to ,,! ,,/ates4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates %all gu>antee to e /ate 9 ?is ,union a republican =m ( gov]nm5t1#a & %all protect ea* ( !m aga9/ invasion1#b & on application ( ! legislature1 or ( ! executive 7:5 ! legislature _c be conv5$71 aga9/ dome/ic viol5ce4#c #a ,t is1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates w protect ea* /ate aga9/ "o man or a few m5 :o may try to usurp ! functions ( ! /ate gov]nm5t4 ,by inf]5ce1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates c\ld insi/ ^u a republican =m ( gov]nm5t ev5 if ! p ( ! /ate desir$ "s o!r4 ,happily1 no necessity = ! ex]cise ( ?is p[] has yet aris54 #b ,?is w\ld h be5 ! duty ( ! g5]al gov]nm5t1 ev5 if ?is provision _h n be5 made4 ,to def5d ! c\ntry aga9/ invasion is "o ( ! pr9cipal duties ( gov]nm5t4 ,! gov]nm5t 0 organiz$ to provide = ! common def5se4 #c ,to insure dome/ic tranquillity 0 ano!r reason giv5 = ! e/abli%m5t ( ! con/itution4 ,b le/ ! g5]al gov]nm5t %\ld make e little di/urbance a pretext = int]f]+ ) ! local affairs ( a /ate1 x 0 provid$ t no int]f]5ce %\ld occur until ask$ = by /ate au?ority4 ,p]t95t ,que/ions4 ,if a judgm5t is secur$ aga9/ a resid5t ( ,new ,york & he moves to ,m9nesota )\t pay+ x1 c\ld he be held responsible 9 ,m9nesota )\t ano!r suit8 ,is a m>riage c]emony p]=m$ 9 ,ill9ois b9d+ 9 ,kansas8 ,def9e citiz54 ,c a p]son be a citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates )\t be+ a citiz5 ( any /ate8 ,c\ld he be a citiz5 ( a /ate & n be a citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates8 ,a c]ta9 s\!rn /ate impos$ a tax ^u comm]cial travel]s n resid5ts ( t /ate2 0 ! act con/itutional8 ,:at is ! ,civil ,rights bill1 & :y 0 x pass$8 ,c a citiz5 ( any /ate claim 9 ano!r /ate any privileges peculi> to ! /ate f :i* he remov$8 ,h[ is a fugitive f ju/ice secur$ :5 he has escap$ into ano!r /ate8 ,is a gov]nor oblig$ to surr5d] an escap$ crim9al ^u dem& ( ! au?orities ( ! /ate f :i* he escap$8 ,h[ is a crim9al secur$ if he escapes into ano!r c\ntry8 ,"n c\ntries ) :i* we h extradition treaties4 ,h we any ) ,canada8 ,:at 7 ! provisions ( ! fugitive slave law8 ,did ! articles ( conf$]ation provide = ! admission ( new /ates into ! union8 ,"n ! fir/ /ate admitt$ into ! ,union4 ,! la/4 ,:at t]ritories are n[ seek+ admission into ! si/]hood ( /ates8 ,h[ does a t]ritory become a /ate8 ,:at advantages are ga9$ by becom+ a /ate8 ,is congress b\nd to admit new /ates8 ,c congress compel a t]ritory to become a /ate8 ,c x compel a /ate to rema9 a /ate8 ,is !re su* a ?+ 9 our sy/em z a /ate out ( ! ,union8 ,:at does a citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates lose by mov+ into a t]ritory8 ,does ! con/itution def9e a republican gov]nm5t8 ,is any p>ticul> dep>tm5t *>g$ ) ! duty ( gu>antee+ to ea* /ate a republican =m ( gov]nm5t8 ,:5 did ! ,unit$ ,/ates protect a /ate aga9/ invasion8 ,aga9/ dome/ic viol5ce8 ,h any /ates be5 admitt$ into ! ,union m ?an once8 ,,*apt] ,,xxvi4 ,,article ,v4--,,am5dm5ts ,,to ,,! ,,con/itution4 ,! congress1 :5ev] two-?irds ( bo? h\ses %all deem x necess>y1 %all propose am5dm5ts to ?is con/itution1 or1 on ! application ( ! legislatures ( two-?irds ( ! sev]al /ates1 %all call a conv5tion = propos+ am5dm5ts1 :i*1 9 ei!r case1 %all be valid to all int5ts & purposes1 z a "p ( ?is con/itution1 :5 ratifi$ by ! legislatures ( ?ree-f\r?s ( ! sev]al /ates1 or by conv5tions 9 ?ree-f\r?s !re(1 z ! "o or ! o!r mode ( ratification may be propos$ by ! congress2#a provid$1 t no am5dm5t1 :i* may be made prior to ! ye> "o ?\s& eight hundr$ & eight1 %all1 9 any mann]1 affect ! fir/ & f\r? clauses 9 ! n9? section ( ! fir/ article2#b & t no /ate1 )\t its cons5t1 %all be depriv$ ( its equal suffrage 9 ! s5ate4#c #a ,no "o realiz$ m fully ?an ! fram]s ( ! con/itution t1 ) ! be/ ?\ght :i* !y c\ld give to x1 ! con/itution might ne$ am5d+1 & !re=e !y provid$ ways = propos+ & ratify+ am5dm5ts4 ,x is purposely made difficult to am5d ! con/itution because ! fundam5tal law %\ld n be *ang$ except = weighty reasons4 ,if ^! exi/1 ! am5dm5ts may be made2 ! difficulty is n s great z to be insurm\ntable4 #b ,by read+ ! clauses ref]r$ to1 ! /ud5t w readily see :om ?is 0 a concession to4 #c ,?is 0 to protect ! small /ates1 9 ^: int]e/ ! s5ate 0 organiz$4 ,! fir/ t5 am5dm5ts 7 propos$ by congress at its fir/ session 9 #aghi1 & !y 7 ratifi$ 9 #agia4 ,two o!r am5dm5ts 7 propos$ at ! same "t1 b !y 7 n ratifi$4 ,"o ( !m 0 to regulate ! numb] ( repres5tatives2 ! o!r1 to prev5t congressm5 f increas+ _! own sal>ies4 ,! elev5? am5dm5t 0 propos$ 9 #agif1 & ratifi$ 9 #agih4 ,! twelf? am5dm5t1 a consequ5ce ( ! disput$ election ( #ahja1 0 propos$ 9 #ahjc1 & ratifi$ 9 #ahjd4 ,an am5dm5t prohibit+ citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates f accept+ any titles1 p5sions1 pres5ts1 or o!r emolum5ts f any =eign p[]1 on pa9 ( loss ( citiz5%ip1 0 propos$ 9 #ahaa1 b x 0 n ratifi$4 ,an am5dm5t mak+ slav]y p]petual 0 propos$ 9 #ahfa1 9 ! hope t ?is might av]t ! w>1 b x 0 n ratifi$4 ,! ?irte5? & f\rte5? am5dm5ts 7 propos$ 9 #ahfe & #ahfh respectively1 & !y 7 ratifi$ ! same ye>s4 ,! fifte5? am5dm5t 0 propos$ 9 #ahfi1 & ratifi$ 9 #ahgj4 ,! propositions ( am5dm5ts h ?us f> be5 made by congress1 & all ratifications h be5 made by ! /ate legislatures4 ,p]t95t ,que/ions4 ,/ate f\r ways 9 :i* ! con/itution may be am5d$4 ,:at tempor>y limitation 0 plac$ ^u ! p[] to am5d ! con/itution8 ,:at p]man5t prohibition8 ,h[ is ! ,engli% con/itution am5d$8 ,9 :at case mu/ congress call a conv5tion to propose am5dm5ts8 ,mu/ ! conv5tion ?us call$ propose any am5dm5ts8 ,:i* is ! bett] ( ! two ways ( propos+ am5dm5ts8 ,:5 an am5dm5t is propos$ by two-?irds ( bo? h\ses ( congress1 is x necess>y to secure ! approval ( ! presid5t8 ,c a /ate )draw its ratification ( an am5dm5t8 ,:5 is an am5dm5t1 once propos$1 dead8 ,did x take ?ree-f\r?s ( all ! /ates or only ?ree-f\r?s ( ! loyal /ates to ratify ! ?irte5? am5dm5t8 ,h[ _m ( ! disloyal /ates f9ally ratifi$ x8 ,h[ is ! ratification & consequ5t validity ( any propos$ am5dm5t made kn[n8 ,,*apt] ,,xxvii4 ,,article ,,vi4--,,miscellane\s4 ,clause #a4--,prior ,debts & ,engagem5ts4 ,all debts contract$ & engagem5ts ent]$ into be=e ! adoption ( ?is con/itution1 %all be z valid aga9/ ! ,unit$ ,/ates "u ?is con/itution z "u ! conf$]ation4 ,! debts 7 incurr$ & ! engagem5ts 7 ent]$ into by ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & *ang+ ! =m ( gov]nm5t w\ld n release ! c\ntry f its obligations4 ,! ins]tion ( ?is provision h[ev]1 s]v$ z an explicit /atem5t ( ! purpose ( ! gov]nm5t to live up to its engagem5ts4 ,clause #b4--,national ,supremacy4 ,?is con/itution1 & ! laws ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates :i* %all be made 9 pursuance !re(1 & all treaties made1 or :i* %all be made1 "u ! au?ority ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 %all be ! supreme law ( ! l&2 & ! judges 9 e /ate %all be b\nd !reby1 any?+ 9 ! con/itution or laws ( any /ate to ! contr>y not)/&+4 ,?is provision settles def9itely1 & 9 :at w\ld seem to be unmi/akable t]ms1 ! "q ( supremacy1 ab\t :i* s mu* discussion has be5 c>ri$ on4 ,)9 its sph]e1 )9 ! limitations plac$ ^u x by ! con/itution itself1 ! national gov]nm5t has ! supremacy ov] any & all /ate gov]nm5ts4 ,clause #c4--,oa? ( ,(fice4 ,! s5ators & repres5tatives be=e m5tion$1 & ! memb]s ( ! sev]al /ate legislatures1 & all executive & judicial (fic]s1 bo? ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ( ! sev]al /ates1 %all be b\nd by oa? or affirmation1 to support ?is con/itution2#a b no religi\s te/ %all ev] be requir$ z a qualification to any (fice or public tru/ "u ! ,unit$ ,/ates4#b #a ,! fir/ law pass$ by congress "u ! con/itution 0 an act prescrib+ ! =m ( ! oa? requir$ by ! provision above4 ,x is z foll[s3 ,i1 ,a4 ,b41 d solemnly swe>1 or affirm 7z ! case may be71 t ,i w support ! con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #b ,9 all o!r c\ntries at ! "t ( ! adoption ( ?is con/itution eligibility to public (fice 0 limit$ to memb]s ( ! e/abli%$ *ur* ( ! c\ntry4 ,?is con/itution set ! example ( aboli%+ religi\s te/s = public (fice1 & ! wisdom ( ?is is s app>5t t x has be5 foll[$ entirely or 9 "p by _m ( ! civiliz$ nations4 ,,*apt] ,,xxviii4 ,,article ,,vii4--,,ratification ,,( ,,?is ,,con/itution4 ,! ratification ( ! conv5tions ( n9e /ates %all be suffici5t = ! e/abli%m5t ( ?is con/itution betwe5 ! /ates s ratify+ ! same4 ,n9e /ates made two-?irds ( ! entire numb]4 ,elev5 /ates ratifi$ ! con/itution )9 n9e mon?s ( ! "t ( its submission to !m4 ,z soon z n9e /ates _h ratifi$1 congress made arrangem5ts = putt+ ! new =m ( gov]nm5t into op]ation4 ,! mode ( ratification h]e9 specifi$ ignor$ ! exi/5ce ( ! articles ( conf$]ation1 & 9 specify+ ?is mode ! conv5tion disreg>d$ ! in/ructions ( ! congress :i* call$ x4 ,! congress _h expressly provid$ t ! "w ( ! conv5tion %\ld be submitt$ to ! congress & ! /ate legislatures = approval4 ,b ?is provision places ! p[] to ratify 9 ! h&s ( conv5tions elect$ by ! p 9 ! sev]al /ates1 :i* arrangem5t is 9 h>mony ) ! op5+ words ( ! preamble4 ,p]t95t ,que/ions4 ,:at is ! recogniz$ law ( nations 9 reg>d to ! paym5t ( ! debts ( a nation :5 x *anges its =m ( gov]nm5t8 ,if ,engl& %\ld become a republic w\ld ?is rule apply8 ,does x apply :5 a t]ritory becomes a /ate8 ,7 ! debts ( ! conf$]ation paid8 ,h[8 ,:at 0 ! am\nt ( ! debt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates at ! "t ( ! adoption ( ! con/itution8 ,:at is ! value ( ! notes & bonds ( ! ,conf$]ate ,/ates ( ,am]ica8 ,:y8 ,:i* is sov]eign1 ! nation or ! individual /ates8 ,:]e else are !re any provisions :i* tea* ! same ?+8 ,:y %\ld judges be specially m5tion$ 9 ,,vi4 #b8 ,:at dep>tm5t ( ! gov]nm5t makes treaties8 ,are !y b9d+ ^u ! o!r dep>tm5ts8 ,^u ! sev]al /ates8 ,c a /ate nullify an act ( congress8 ,has any /ate ev] tri$ to d s8 ,:y are /ate (fic]s b\nd to support ! con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates8 ,is ! requirem5t to take ! oa? ( (fice a religi\s te/8 ,:y is ! *oice ( oa? or affirmation giv58 ,:at 0 ! iron-clad oa?8 ,w\ld ! ratification ( ! con/itution by n9e /ates h made x b9d+ ^u ! o!r f\r8 ,! articles ( conf$]ation requir$ ! cons5t ( all ! /ates to any am5dm5t to !m2 by :at "r 0 ?is con/itution adopt$ aga9/ ! wi%es ( ,rhode ,isl& & ,nor? ,c>ol9a8 ,if ^? two /ates _h p]si/$ 9 _! refusal to ratify ! con/itution1 :at w\ld h be5 _! relations to ! ,unit$ ,/ates8 ,ju/ify y\r answ]4 ,,*apt] ,,xxix4 ,,! ,,am5dm5ts4 ,we h n[ consid]$ ! con/itution ab\t z x 0 pres5t$ to ! /ates = ratification4 ,judg+ by our own affection = ! noble in/rum5t we w\ld expect to le>n t x 0 ratifi$ promptly & unanim\sly4 ,b1 z a matt] ( fact1 mu* h>d "w 0 requir$ on ! "p ( its fri5ds to secure its ratification4 ,its e provision _h to be expla9$ & ju/ifi$4 ,probably ! mo/ able exposition 0 made by ,hamilton1 ,madison & ,jay1 9 a s]ies ( pap]s entitl$1 ,! ,f$]ali/4 ,"o ( ! greate/ objections urg$ aga9/ ! con/itution 0 t x did n gu>antee suffici5tly ! rights ( individuals4 ,x w be rememb]$ 9 ?is connection t ! pr9cipal grievance aga9/ ,engl&1 z express$ 9 ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce1 0 t p]sonal rights _h n be5 respect$2 & t1 9 consequ5ce1 ! fir/ =m ( gov]nm5t organiz$ aft] indep5d5ce1 ,! ,articles ( ,conf$]ation1 gave ! g5]al gov]nm5t no p[] to rea* individuals4 ,exp]i5ce %[$ ?is to h be5 a mi/ake1 & ! con/itution au?orizes ! g5]al gov]nm5t to execute its laws directly1 enabl+ x to hold individuals responsible4 ,on acc\nt ( ?is re-enl>gem5t ( p[]1 _m p hone/ly fe>$ t ! new gov]nm5t might trespass ^u p]sonal rights z ,engl& _h done4 ,& sev]al /ates at ! "t ( ratify+ sugge/$ ! propriety ( s am5d+ ! con/itution z to remove ^! fe>s4 ,9 accordance ) ^! recomm5dations1 am5dm5ts 7 propos$ at ! fir/ session ( congress4 ,! h\se ( repres5tatives propos$ sev5te51 to twelve ( :i* ! s5ate agre$4 ,only t51 h[ev]1 7 ratifi$ by ! legislatures ( ?ree-f\r?s ( ! /ates4 ,!y are1 ( c\rse1 ! fir/ t5 among ^? t foll[4 ,x 0 decid$ by ! same congress t ! am5dm5ts %\ld n be incorporat$ into ! ma9 body ( ! con/itution1 b %\ld be app5d$ to x z di/9ct articles4 ,!y h1 h[ev]1 ! same =ce z ! orig9al con/itution4 ,,article ,i4 ,,fre$om ,,( ,,religion1 ,,( ,,spee*1 ,,& ,,( ,,assembly4 ,congress %all make no law respect+ an e/abli%m5t ( religion1 or prohibit+ ! free ex]cise !re(2#a or abridg+ ! fre$om ( spee* or ( ! press2#b or ! "r ( ! p peaceably to assemble & to petition ! gov]nm5t = a r$ress or grievances4#c #a ,! *ief purpose = :i* _m ( ! e>ly settl]s came to ,am]ica 0 t !y might wor%ip ,god accord+ to ! dictates ( _! own consci5ce4 ,h5ce _! desc5dants put fir/ among ! individual rights to be protect$1 ?is fre$om ( religion4 ,b ?is provision does n au?orize any "o to commit crime 9 ! "n ( religion4 #b ,! only limitation ^u spee* 9 ?is c\ntry is t ! rights ( o!rs be respect$4 ,any "o may ?9k z he pleases ^u any subject1 & may freely express 8 op9ion1 provid$ t 9 do+ s he does n trespass ^u ! rights ( o!rs4 #c ,x w\ld seem t "u a republican =m ( gov]nm5t ?is "r might be assum$ to be secure4 ,! provision is meant to make assurance d\bly sure4 ,hi/ory _h %[n ! necessity ( su* precaution4 ,,article ,,ii4 ,,"r ,,to ,,be> ,,arms4 ,a well-regulat$ militia be+ necess>y to ! security ( a free /ate1 ! "r ( ! p to keep & be> arms %all n be infr+$4 ,x %\ld n be ! policy ( a republic to keep a l>ge /&+ army4 ,an army is exp5sive1 x takes s _m m5 f productive indu/ries1 & x is dang]\s to lib]ty--x may f its tra9+ become ! in/rum5t ( tyranny4 ,b a republic mu/ h def5d]s aga9/ foes =eign or dome/ic4 ,a well-tra9$ militia may be dep5d$ ^u to fight ) valor aga9/ a =eign foe1 & may at ! same "t s]ve z a *eck ^u usurpation4 ,= def9ition ( militia1 see page #afb4 ,,article ,,iii4 ,,qu>t]+ ,,soldi]s4 ,no soldi] %all1 9 "t ( peace1 be qu>t]$ 9 any h\se )\t ! cons5t ( ! own]1 nor 9 "t ( w>1 b 9 a mann] to be describ$ by law4 ,to qu>t] soldi]s 9 any h\se is to allot !m to x = food & %elt]4 ,?is1 x w be rememb]$1 0 "o ( ! grievances ( ! colonies4 ,?is qu>t]+ ( soldi]s _h be51 & inde$ is 9 "s c\ntries to ?is day1 a mode ( wat*+ & worry+ p]sons = :om (fic]s ( ! gov]nm5t ent]ta9$ suspicion or ill w4 ,,article ,,iv4 ,,security ,,aga9/ ,,unw>rant$ ,,se>*es4 ,! "r ( ! p to be secure 9 _! p]sons1 h\ses1 pap]s1 & effects1 aga9/ unreasonable se>*es1 & seizures1 %all n be violat$1 & no w>rants %all issue1 b ^u probable cause1 support$ by oa? or affirmation1 & p>ticul>ly describ+ ! place to be se>*$1 & ! p]sons or ?+s to be seiz$4 ,?is1 z well z ! prec$+ provision1 recognizes ! maxim1 ,a man's h\se is 8 ca/le4 ,x prev5ts ! issuance ( g5]al w>rants4 ,,article ,v4 ,,security ,,to ,,life1 ,,lib]ty ,,& ,,prop]ty4 ,no p]son %all be held to answ] = a capital or o!rwise infam\s crime unless on a pres5tm5t or indictm5t ( a gr& jury1#a except 9 cases aris+ 9 ! l& or naval =ces1 or 9 ! militia :5 9 actual s]vice 9 "t ( w>1 or public dang]2#b nor %all any p]son be subject = ! same (f5se to be twice put 9 jeop>dy ( life or limb2#c nor %all be compell$ 9 any crim9al case to be a witness aga9/ himself1#d nor be depriv$ ( life1 lib]ty1 or prop]ty1 )\t due process ( law2#e nor %all private prop]ty be tak5 = public use )\t j comp5sation4#f #a ,= in=mation 9 reg>d to ! me?od ( conduct+ crim9al trials1 see ,division ,i4 #b ,! necessity "h = prompt & exact ob$i5ce to ord]s is s urg5t1 t summ>y me?ods ( trial mu/ be p]mitt$4 ,= in=mation reg>d+ trial by c\rt m>tial1 see app5dix1 page #cch4 #c ,t is1 :5 a jury has r5d]$ its v]dict & judgm5t has be5 pron\nc$1 ! accus$ _c be compell$ to submit to ano!r trial on ! same *>ge4 ,b if ! jury disagrees & fails to br+ 9 a v]dict1 he may be tri$ aga94 #d ,accus$ p]sons us$ to be tortur$ = ! purpose ( extort+ f !m a confession ( guilt4 #e ,9 a despotism1 ! lives1 lib]ty & prop]ty ( ! p are at ! comm& ( ! rul]1 subject to 8 :im4 #f ,= an illu/ration ( ! me?od ( secur+ private prop]ty = public use1 see page #ah4 ,,article ,,vi4 ,,rights ,,( ,,accus$ ,,p]sons4 ,9 all crim9al prosecutions ! accus$ %all enjoy ! "r to a spe$y#a & public#b trial by an imp>tial jury#c ( ! /ate & di/rict :]e9 ! crime %all h be5 committ$1 :i* di/rict %all h be5 previ\sly asc]ta9$ by law1#d & to be in=m$ ( ! nature & cause ( ! accusation2#e to be confront$ ) ! witnesses aga9/ him2#f to h compulsory process = obta9+ witnesses 9 8 favor2#g & to h ! assi/ance ( c\nsel = 8 def5se4#h ,! importance ( ?is provision is likely to be und]e/imat$4 ,says ,montesquieu1 ,lib]ty consi/s 9 security4 ,?is security is nev] m attack$ ?an 9 public & private accusations4 ,x is1 !re=e1 ^u ! excell5ce ( ! crim9al laws t *iefly ! lib]ty ( ! citiz5 dep5ds4 ,& ,lieb]1 9 8 v able "w on ,civil ,lib]ty & ,self-,gov]nm5t1 says1 ,a s\nd p5al trial is inv>iably "o ( ! la/ fruits ( political civilization1 p>tly because x is "o ( ! mo/ difficult ( subjects to elaborate1 & because x requires long exp]i5ce to f9d ! prop] mean betwe5 a due protection ( ! indict$ p]son & an equally due protection ( society4444 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ difficult ?+s 9 all sph]es ( action to induce irritat$ p[] to limit itself4 ,besides ! gu>antees ( ! con/itution1 ,lieb] m5tions ! foll[+ z *>act]i/ic ( a s\nd p5al trial3 ! p]son to be tri$ mu/ be pres5t 7&1 ( c\rse1 liv+72 e man mu/ be held innoc5t until prov$ o!rwise2 ! indictm5t mu/ be def9ite1 & ! prison] mu/ be all[$ reasonable "t to prep>e 8 def5se2 ! trial mu/ be oral2 !re mu/ be well-consid]$ law ( evid5ce1 :i* mu/ exclude he>say evid5ce2 ! judge mu/ refra9 f cross-exam9+ witnesses2 ! v]dict mu/ be ^u ! evid5ce alone1 & x mu/ be guilty or n guilty2 ,footnote3 ,9 "s c\ntries ! v]dict may leave a /igma ^u an accus$ p]son1 aga9/ :om guilt _c be prov54 ,( ?is nature 0 ! old v]dict1 n prov54 ! puni%m5t mu/ be 9 proportion to ! (f5se1 & 9 accordance ) common s5se & ju/ice2 & !re mu/ be no injudici\s p>don+ p[]1 :i* is a direct int]f]5ce ) ! true gov]nm5t ( law4 ,mo/1 if n all b ! la/1 ( ! po9ts m5tion$ by ,dr4 ,lieb] are cov]$ by t ri* inh]itance :i* we h f ,engl&1 t unwritt5 con/itution1 ! common law4 ,! "q ( h[ be/ to regulate ! p>don+ p[] is /ill unsettl$4 #a ,he may h 8 trial at ! next t]m ( c\rt1 :i* is nev] v remote4 ,b ! accus$ may1 at 8 own reque/1 h 8 trial po/pon$4 #b ,publicity is secur$ by ! keep+ ( (ficial records to :i* all may h access1 by hav+ an oral trial1 by ! admission ( spectators to ! c\rt room1 & by publication ( ! proce$+s 9 ! newspap]s4 #c ,= ! mode ( secur+ ! imp>tial jury1 see page #fc4 #d ,x is provid$ 9 ! body ( ! con/itution 7,,iii41 #b1 #c17 t crim9al trial %all be by jury1 & 9 ! /ate :]e ! crime 0 committ$4 ,?is am5dm5t makes ! fur!r limitation t ! trial %all be 9 ! di/rict :]e ! crime 0 committ$1 s a p]son accus$ ( crime _c be put to ! tr\ble & exp5se ( transport+ witnesses a great di/ance4 #e ,! nature ( ! accusation is specifi$ 9 ! w>rant & 9 ! indictm5t1 bo? ( :i*1 or c]tifi$ copies ( !m1 ! accus$ has a "r to see4 #f ,n only d ! witnesses give _! evid5ce 9 ! pres5ce ( ! accus$1 b he has also ! "r to cross-exam9e !m4 #g ,b = ?is compulsory process 7call$ a subpo5a71 p]sons entirely guiltless might be unable to produce evid5ce 9 _! own behalf4 ,! natural desire ( p to keep out ( tr\ble w\ld keep "s kn[+ ! circum/ances ( ! case f giv+ _! te/imony1 & o!rs w\ld be afraid to speak up = "o "u a cl\d & ) all ! p[] ( ! gov]nm5t array$ aga9/ him4 #h ,! accus$ may plead 8 own cause1 or he may engage a lawy] to d x = him4 ,if he is too poor to employ c\nsel1 ! judge appo9ts a lawy] to def5d him1 ^: s]vices are paid = out ( ! public treasury4 ,f ! =ego+1 x w be se5 t great c>e is ex]cis$ to give a p]son accus$ ( crime full opportunity to def5d himself4 ,& x mu/ be rememb]$ 9 ?is connection t x is a pr9ciple ( our jurisprud5ce t ! burd5 ( pro( lies ^u ! gov]nm5t4 ,t is1 ! accus$ is to be deem$ innoc5t until he is prov$ guilty4 ,we pref] t a numb] ( guilty p]sons %\ld escape puni%m5t r ?an t "o innoc5t p]son %\ld suff]4 ,,article ,,vii4 ,,jury ,,trial ,,9 ,,common ,,law ,,suits4 ,9 suits at common law1#a :]e ! am\nt 9 controv]sy %all exce$ tw5ty doll>s1 ! "r ( trial by jury %all be pres]v$2 & no fact tri$ by a jury %all be o!rwise re-exam9$ 9 any c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ?an accord+ to ! rules ( common law4#b #a ,! mean+ ( ?is expression is difficult ( explanation1 b x cov]s mo/ ord9>y lawsuits4 ,f ! fact t a jury 9 crim9al cases has already be5 gu>ante$ 7,,iii41 #b1 #c1 & ,am4 ,,vi471 x may be assum$ t ?is provision is int5d$ to cov] civil suits4 #b ,among ! rules ( common law are ^!3 #a4 ,all suits are tri$ be=e a judge & a jury1 ! jury det]m9+ ! facts 9 ! case & ! judge apply+ ! law4 #b4 ,! facts tri$ by a jury c be re-exam9$ only by means ( a new trial be=e ! same c\rt or "o ( ! same jurisdiction4 ,! purpose ( ?is provision is to pres]ve ! jury trial z a real def5se aga9/ gov]nm5tal oppression4 ,9 ! ,supreme ,c\rt !re is no jury2 ! trials are by ! c\rt4 ,if que/ions ( fact c\ld be review$ or re-exam9$ by su* a c\rt on appeal ! protection n[ giv5 by ! jury w\ld be nullifi$4 ,,article ,,viii4 ,,excessive ,,bails1 ,,f9es ,,& ,,puni%m5ts ,,=bidd54 ,excessive bail %all n he requir$1 nor excessive f9es impos$1 nor cruel & unusual puni%m5ts inflict$4 ,hav+ enjoy$ ! protection ( ?is & simil> provisions = s _m ye>s1 we c h>dly appreciate _! value4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ^? :o orda9$ & e/abli%$ ! con/itution _h be5 abus$ 9 j ^! ways1 & t 9 ?is provision !y provid$ aga9/ a real dang]4 ,,article ,,ix4 ,,unspecifi$ ,,p]sonal ,,rights ,,pres]v$4 ,! enum]ation 9 ! con/itution ( c]ta9 rights %all n be con/ru$ to d5y or disp>age o!rs reta9$ by ! p4 ,c]ta9 rights :i* gov]nm5ts are prone to trample on h be5 m5tion$ 9 ! prec$+ provisions4 ,b n all ( ! p]sonal rights c\ld be enum]at$4 ,h5ce ?is provision cov]+ ^? unnam$4 ,,article ,x4 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,gov]nm5t ,,"o ,,( ,,limit$ ,,p[]s4 ,! p[]s n delegat$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates by ! con/itution1 nor prohibit$ by x to ! /ates1 are res]v$ to ! /ates respectively1 or to ! p4 ,?is provision gives a rule = int]pret+ ! con/itution4 ,x is important z a security aga9/ two opposite t5d5cies ( op9ion1 ea* ( :i* is equally subv]sive ( ! true import ( ! con/itution4 ,! "o is to imply all p[]s1 :i* may be useful to ! national gov]nm5t1 :i* are n expressly prohibit$2 & ! o!r is1 to d5y all p[]s to ! national gov]nm5t :i* are n expressly grant$4 ,footnote3 ,/ory ,! ,unit$ ,/ates is a gov]nm5t ( limit$ p[]s1 & has only su* impli$ p[]s z are necess>y to c>ry out ! express p[]s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a /ate has all p[]s n d5i$ to x by ! /ate or f$]al con/itutions4 ,p]t95t ,que/ions4 ,:at is ! g5]al purpose ( ! fir/ t5 am5dm5ts8 ,d !y re/rict ! g5]al gov]nm5t or ! /ate gov]nm5ts1 or bo?8 ,:5 & h[ 7 ^! am5dm5ts propos$8 ,:5 & h[ ratifi$8 ,:at ?ree limitations to ! p[] ( am5dm5t does ! con/itution conta98 ,is !re any e/abli%$ or /ate *ur* 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates8 ,h[ d y suppose t ?is came ab\t8 ,are we z a p indiff]5t to religion8 ,c a p]son say :at he pleases8 ,c he publi% :atev] op9ions he pleases8 ,:at is sl&]8 ,libel8 ,:y %\ld ^! la/ two que/ions be ask$ "h8 ,petition :om8 ,:at's ! good ( petition+8 ,:at petitions did y le>n ab\t at ! beg9n+ ( ?is /udy8 ,c soldi]s 9 ! regul> army petition8 ,:y8 ,has ! "r ( petition ev] be5 d5i$ 9 ?is c\ntry8 ,:]e9 is a /&+ army dang]\s to lib]ty8 ,is ?is true ( ! navy8 ,h[ is a well-regulat$ militia a *eck ^u usurpation ( au?ority8 ,does ,am5dm5t ,,ii4 au?orize y to keep a revolv]8 ,to c>ry x 9 y\r pocket8 ,h[ (t5 is ! army m5tion$ 9 ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce1 & :at is said8 ,:at are ! objections to qu>t]+ soldi]s 9 a private h\se8 ,does ! am5dm5t protect t5ants8 ,:y ! exception 9 ! am5dm5t8 ,:at m5tion ( qu>t]+ soldi]s 9 ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce8 ,get & read a w>rant ( arre/4 ,a se>* w>rant4 ,has a w>rant always be5 ne$$ z au?ority = arre/8 ,are arbitr>y arre/s1 se>*es & seizures p]mitt$ 9 any civiliz$ c\ntries today8 ,:at is a capital crime8 ,an infam\s crime8 ,a pres5tm5t8 ,an indictm5t8 ,a gr& jury8 ,h[ d ! proce$+s ( a gr& jury comp>e ) ^? ( a petit jury8 ,:y ! diff]5ces8 ,:y ! exception 9 ! fir/ clause ( ! am5dm5t8 ,c a convict$ & s5t5c$ p]son ask = a new trial8 ,"u :at o!r circum/ances c p]sons be tri$ aga98 ,9 :at connections h y he>d ( private prop]ty be+ tak5 = public use4 ,tak+ ea* gu>antee 9 ! six? am5dm5t1 %[ ! wrongs :i* an accus$ p]son1 presumably innoc5t1 w\ld suff] if ! provision 7 n recogniz$ or t gu>antee remov$4 ,f9d out all y c ab\t common law4 ,:at is meant by a civil suit z di/+ui%$ f a crim9al suit8 ,:at is meant by a case 9 equity8 ,:5 an appeal is tak5 :at is subject to re-exam9ation8 ,:at is n8 ,:y8 ,:at conditions det]m9e ! j am\nt ( bail8 ,( f9es8 ,:at cruel puni%m5ts h y he>d or read ( z be+ adm9i/]$ by public au?ority8 ,:5 & :]e 7 su* puni%m5ts n unusual8 ,0 ! eigh? am5dm5t necess>y8 ,:at limit is !re to ?+s :i* ,! ,p may d8 ,to ! p[]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5t8 ,to ^? ( a ,/ate gov]nm5t8 ,f9d ! hi/ory beh9d ea* provision 9 ! t5 am5dm5ts4 ,f :at c\ntry did we obta9 ! notions t ! rights "h pres]v$ belong to freem58 ,f "u :at o!r c\ntry c\ld ! ,colonies h come ready to be ! ,unit$ ,/ates z we love x1 or f :at o!r c\ntry c\ld we h inh]it$ su* notions8 ,s9ce ^! t5 am5dm5ts are int5d$ = ! protection ( individuals aga9/ gov]nm5tal oppression1 x w be an excell5t s*eme n[ = ! /ud5t to arrange 9 ! =m ( a tabulation ! v>i\s directions 9 :i* su* protection is gu>ante$ by ! con/itution z am5d$4 ,! foll[+ is simply sugge/ive3 ,i4 ,f ,legislative ,oppression4--#a4 ,?\ght2 #b4 ,expression2 #c4 ,bills ( ,atta9d]2 #d4 ,ex po/ facto laws2 #e4 ,social di/9ctions2 #f4 ,assembly2 #g4 ,petition4 ,,ii4 ,f ,executive ,oppression4-#a4 ,milit>y2 #b4 ,se>*es & seizures2 #c4 ,life1 ,lib]ty1 or ,prop]ty2 #d4 ,susp5sion ( ,habeas ,corpus4 ,,iii4 ,f ,judicial ,oppression4-#a4 ,be=e trial3 arre/1 bail1 in=mation z to accusation1 "t ( trial2 #b4 ,dur+ trial3 publicity1 jury1 evid5ce1 c\nsel1 puni%m5t2 #c4 ,aft] trial3 retrial2 #d4 ,treason4 ,,iv4 ,f ,/ate oppression4 ,,article ,,xi4 ,,limit+ ,,! ,,jurisdiction ( ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,c\rts4 ,! judicial p[] ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates %all n be con/ru$ to ext5d to any suit 9 law or equity1#a comm5c$ or prosecut$ aga9/ "o ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates#b by citiz5s ( ano!r /ate1 or by citiz5s or subjects ( any =eign /ate4#c #a ,equity is h>d to def9e4 ,accord+ to ,ari/otle x is ! rectification ( ! law1 :51 by reason ( its univ]sality1 x is defici5t4 ,black/one says1 ,equity1 9 its true & g5u9e mean+1 is ! s\l & _s ( all law4444 ,equity is synonym\s ) ju/ice4 ,x is ! prov9ce ( law to e/abli% a code ( rules :]eby inju/ice may be prev5t$1 & x may !re=e be said t all law is equitable4 ,9 a te*nical s5se1 ! t]m equity is appli$ to ^? cases n specifically provid$ = by positive law4 7,see page #bjh2 also ,dole's ,talk's ,ab\t ,law1 page #ejb47 #b ,accord+ to ,,iii4 #b1 a /ate c\ld be su$ = a debt ! same z an individual1 & %ortly aft] ! adoption ( ! con/itution sev]al ( !m 7 su$ = debts incurr$ dur+ ! ,revolution>y ,w>4 ,pride & pov]ty bo? prompt$ ! /ates to desire immunity f su* suits4 ,h5ce ! adoption ( ?is am5dm5t4 7,see page #bji47 #c ,a non-resid5t secures ! paym5t ( a debt due f a /ate 9 ! same way z a resid5t--by legislative appropriation4 ,,article ,,xii4 ,,mode ,,( ,,*oos+ ,,! ,,presid5t ,,& ,,vice-,,presid5t4 ,! am5dm5t has be5 discuss$ 9 connection ) ,article ,,ii4 ( ! con/itution1 pages #ahd-f4 ,,article ,,xiii4 ,,abolition ,,( ,,slav]y4 #a4 ,nei!r slav]y nor involunt>y s]vitude1 except z a puni%m5t = crime1 :]e( ! p>ty %all h be5 duly convict$1 %all exi/ )9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or any place subject to _! jurisdiction4 #b4 ,congress %all h p[] to en=ce ?is article by appropriate legislation4 ,?is am5dm5t1 "o ( ! fir/ fruits ( ! ,civil ,w>1 put an end to slav]y 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! word+ 0 tak51 almo/ v]batim1 f ! ,ord9ance ( #aghg4 ,,article ,,xiv4 ,,miscellane\s ,,recon/ruction ,,provisions4 ,,section ,i4--,,citiz5 ,,def9$4 ,,privileges ,,gu>ante$4 ,all p]sons born or naturaliz$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & subject to ! jurisdiction !re(1 are citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ( ! /ate :]e9 !y reside4#a ,no /ate %all make or en=ce any law :i* %all abridge ! privileges or immunities ( citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 nor %all deprive any p]son ( life1 lib]ty or prop]ty1 )\t due process ( law1 nor d5y to any p]son )9 its jurisdiction ! equal protection ( ! laws4#b #a ,?is provision def9es citiz5%ip4 ,x 0 word$ ) ! special view ( includ+ ! negroes4 ,x embodies ! pr9ciple ( ! ,civil ,rights ,bill1 & is int5d$ to gu>antee to ! negroes ! protection impli$ 9 citiz5%ip4 #b ,"s ( ! am5dm5ts impose limitations only on ! g5]al gov]nm5t4 ,le/ ! /ates 9 :i* slav]y _h rec5tly be5 aboli%$ %\ld endeavor to oppress ! ex-slaves ?is provision 0 made z a limitation ^u ! /ates4 ,b ?is provision is g5]al 9 x nature1 & by means ( x ! ,unit$ ,/ates c protect individuals aga9/ oppression on ! "p ( ! /ates4 ,pom]oy ,footnote3 ,con/itutional ,law1 p4 #aea4 reg>ds ?is z ! mo/ important am5dm5t except ! ?irte5?4 ,,section ,,ii4--,,basis ( ,,repres5tation4 ,repres5tatives %all be apportion$ among ! sev]al /ates accord+ to _! respective numb]s1 c\nt+ ! :ole numb] ( p]sons 9 ea* /ate1 exclud+ ,indians n tax$4 ,b :5 ! "r to vote at any election = ! *oice ( electors = presid5t & vice-presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 repres5tatives 9 congress1 ! executive & judicial (fic]s ( a /ate1 or ! memb]s ( ! legislature !re(1 is d5i$ to any ( ! male inhabitants ( su* /ate1 be+ tw5ty-"o ye>s ( age1 & citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or 9 any way abridg$1 except = p>ticipation 9 rebellion or o!r crime1 ! basis ( repres5tation !re9 %all be r$uc$ 9 ! proportion :i* ! numb] ( su* male citiz5s %all be> to ! :ole numb] ( male citiz5s tw5ty-"o ye>s ( age 9 su* /ate4 ,ea* /ate det]m9es :o may vote )9 its bord]s4 ,?is provision 0 int5d$ z an inducem5t to ! =m] slave /ates to grant fran*ise to ! color$ m54 ,x does n compel !m to d ?is4 ,b grant+ ! fran*ise increases _! repres5tation4 ,! fifte5? am5dm5t is m imp]ative 9 ?is direction4 ,,section ,,iii4--,,disabilities ( ,,rebels4 ,no p]son %all be a s5ator or repres5tative 9 congress1 or elector ( presid5t or vice-presid5t1 or hold any (fice1 civil or milit>y1 "u ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or "u any /ate1 :o1 hav+ previ\sly tak5 an oa?1 z a memb] ( congress1 or z an (fic] ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or z a memb] ( any /ate legislature1 or z an executive or judicial (fic] ( any /ate1 to support ! con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 %all h engag$ 9 insurrection or rebellion aga9/ ! same1 or giv5 aid or com=t to ! enemies !re(4#a ,b congress may1 by a two-?irds vote ( ea* h\se1 remove su* disability4#b #a ,! prim>y purpose ( ?is provision 0 to exclude f public (fice ^? :o 9 ! ,civil ,w>1 by ent]+ ! s]vice ( ! ,conf$]ate ,/ates1 broke an oa? previ\sly tak54 ,?\gh ! p]sons :om x 0 imm$iately int5d$ to affect w soon all be ) ! sil5t majority1 ! provision1 by be+ made "p ( ! con/itution1 w rema9 a w>n+ to all 9 ! future4 #b ,! disabilities h be5 remov$ f all b a few ( ^? imm$iately ref]r$ to4 ,?is clause seems to put ano!r limitation ^u ! p[] ( ! presid5t to grant p>dons4 ,f #ahfb to #ahfg ! presid5t _h be5 specially au?oriz$ by congress to grant amne/y to political (f5d]s4 ,& 9 #ahfg ,presid5t ,johnson cont9u$ to grant su* amne/y1 d5y+ ! p[] ( congress to put any limitation ^u ! presid5t's p>don+ p[]4 ,b ?is provision specifically places ! p[] to relieve c]ta9 disabilities 9 ! h&s ( congress4 ,! two-?irds vote is requir$ 9 ord] t su* disabilities may n be easily remov$4 ,,section ,,iv4--,,public ,,debt4 ,! validity ( ! public debt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 au?oriz$ by law1 includ+ debts incurr$ = ! paym5t ( p5sions1 & b\nties = s]vices 9 suppress+ insurrection or rebellion1 %all n be que/ion$4 ,b nei!r ! ,unit$ ,/ates nor any /ate %all assume or pay any debt or obligation incurr$ 9 aid ( insurrection or rebellion aga9/ ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or any claim = ! loss or emancipation ( any slave1 b all su* debts1 obligations & claims %all be held illegal & void4 ,congress %all h p[] to en=ce1 by appropriate legislation1 ! provisions ( ?is article4 ,?is section ne$s little comm5t4 ,x means simply t any exp5se incurr$ on ! "p ( gov]nm5t 9 suppress+ rebellion %all be paid2 & t debts incurr$ 9 aid ( rebellion %all n be paid4 ,x applies n only to ! late ,civil ,w> b to all future w>s ( ! same k9d4 ,,article ,,xv4 ,,suffrage4 ,! "r ( citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to vote %all n be d5i$ or abridg$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or by any /ate1 on acc\nt ( race1 color1 or previ\s condition ( s]vitude4 ,congress %all h p[] to en=ce ?is article by appropriate legislation4 ,?is am5dm5t 0 int5d$ to put negroes ^u ! same foot+ z :ite p 9 ! matt] ( suffrage4 ,ea* /ate1 z has previ\sly be5 /at$1 prescribes ! qualifications ( vot]s )9 its bord]s4 ,x may require t !y be fifte5 or tw5ty-five or tw5ty-"o or any o!r numb] ( ye>s old2 x may or may n require a prop]ty qualification2 x may or may n require an educational qualification2 x may include or exclude wom5 z vot]s2 x may draw ! l9e at imbeciles & felons1 b x _c draw ! color l9e4 ,a black citiz5 mu/ be p]mitt$ to vote ^u ! same conditions z a :ite "o4 ,p]t95t ,que/ions4 ,:at is meant by a /ate repudiat+ a debt8 ,:at /ates h done s8 ,:at reason did ea* assign = do+ s8 ,c a city repudiate8 ,a c\nty8 ,7 am5dm5ts ,,xiii41 ,,xiv41 & ,,xv4 con/itutionally adopt$8 ,footnote3 ,see ,wright1 #bhd2 ,&rews1 #bgb2 & ,pom]oy1 #gf4 ,h[ 0 slav]y aboli%$ 9 ea* ( ! /ates8 ,footnote3 ,see page #cdc4 ,:at does ! emancipation proclamation say ab\t slav]y8 ,c slav]y exi/ 9 ,alaska8 ,:y8 ,are y a citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates8 ,h[ may an ali5 become a citiz58 ,may a p]son be a citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates )\t be+ a citiz5 ( any /ate8 ,a citiz5 ( a /ate )\t be+ a citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates8 ,footnote3 ,see ,wright1 #bhg4 ,h[ does a citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates become a citiz5 ( a c]ta9 /ate8 ,:at are "s ( ! privileges & immunities ( a citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates8 ,footnote3 ,see ,wright1 #bhg4 ,c a ,*9aman become a citiz58 ,an ,indian8 ,does ?is section give wom5 ! "r to vote8 ,:at provision ( ! con/itution is am5d$ by ! second clause ( ! f\rte5? am5dm5t8 ,:at *ange is made8 ,h[ (t5 does ! c\nt+ take place8 ,:at is x call$8 ,:5 w ! next "o occur8 ,has ! p5alty m5tion$ 9 ! second clause ev] be5 inflict$8 ,"n p]sons affect$ by ! ?ird clause ( ! f\rte5? am5dm5t4 ,"n p]sons f :om ! disabilities h be5 remov$4 ,h[ 7 !y remov$8 ,"n p]sons aga9/ :om ! disabilities /ill lie4 ,may !y vote8 ,:at provision ( ! orig9al con/itution is affect$ by ! la/ s5t5ce ( ?is clause1 & h[ is x modifi$8 ,h[ mu* money 0 exp5d$ 9 suppress+ ! rebellion8 ,h[ 0 x rais$8 ,h[ mu* debt has be5 paid8 ,h[ mu* rema9s unpaid8 ,did y ev] see a ,unit$ ,/ates bond or note8 ,h[ mu* is a conf$]ate bond = #ajjj wor?8 ,:y8 ,h any emancipat$ slaves be5 paid = by ! gov]nm5t8 ,:at is ! necessity ( ! clause comm5c+1 ,! congress %all h p[]8 ,:at is secur$ to negroes by ! ?irte5? am5dm5t8 ,by ! f\rte5?8 ,by ! fifte5?8 ,"n p]sons :o are citiz5s b _c vote4 ,"n ?ree em95t color$ m54 ,:at clause c\ld be omitt$ f ! con/itution )\t affect+ x8 ,,"p ,,iv4 ,,gov]nm5t ,,9 ,,g5]al4 ,,*apt] ,,xxx4 ,,=ms ,,( ,,gov]nm5t4 ,classification4--,ari/otle divid$ gov]nm5ts into ?ree *ief classes1 bas$ ^u ! numb] ( p]sons con/itut+ ! gov]n+ elem5t1 z foll[s3 gov]nm5t by "o1 mon>*y2 by ! few1 olig>*y2 by ! _m1 democracy4 ,subdivisions ( ^! classes may be made z foll[s4 #a4 ,by "o1 mon>*y2 h]$it>y or elective2 absolute or limit$4 #b4 ,by ! few1 olig>*y or ari/ocracy4 #c4 ,by ! _m1 democracy or republic4 ,def9itions & examples4--,a h]$it>y mon>*y is "o 9 :i* ! succession is acquir$ by bir?1 ! usual ord] be+ f fa!r to elde/ son2 examples1 ,engl&1 ,prussia1 etc4 ,an elective mon>*y is "o 9 :i* ! succession is by election2 ! t]m = life2 example1 ! old ,g]man empire1 9 :i* ! emp]or 0 *os5 by c]ta9 pr9ces call$ electors4 ,footnote3 ,our mode ( elect+ a presid5t may h be5 sugge/$ 9 "p by ?is old practice4 ,an absolute mon>*y is "o 9 :i* ! ?ree functions ( gov]nm5t z relat$ to law--! legislative1 executive & judicial--are all ve/$ 9 "o p]son2 examples1 ,russia & ,turkey 9 ,europe1 & mo/ ( ! c\ntries ( ,asia & ,africa4 ,a limit$ mon>*y is "o 9 :i* ! sov]eign's p[] is conf9$ *iefly to execut+ ! laws fram$ & int]pret$ by o!r dep>tm5ts2 examples1 ,engl&1 & mo/ ( ! o!r c\ntries ( ,europe4 ,an olig>*y is t =m ( gov]nm5t 9 :i* ! supreme p[] is ve/$ 9 ! h&s ( a few 7oligos1 few72 example1 ! triumvirates ( ,rome4 ,an ari/ocracy is really a gov]nm5t by ! be/ 7ari/os1 ! select1 ! be/74 ,?is is ! s5se 9 :i* ! ^w 0 fir/ us$4 ,x has come to mean gov]nm5t by a privileg$ class4 ,ari/ocracy seldom1 if ev]1 exi/s alone4 ,a democracy is t =m ( gov]nm5t 9 :i* ! functions are adm9i/]$ directly by ! p1 only ! cl]ical or m9i/]ial "w be+ done by (fic]s1 & !y appo9t$ by ! p2 examples1 ! old ,g]man tribes1 "s ( ! /ates ( anci5t ,greece1 "s ( ! pres5t cantons ( ,switz]l&1 ! e>ly settlem5ts ( ,new ,engl&1 & 9 a limit$ s5se our own s*ool di/ricts & t[ns4 ,a republic is a repres5tative democracy4 ,a democracy is practicable only )9 a v limit$ area4 ,:5 ! area gr[s l>ge ! p mu/ delegate mu* ( "w ( gov]nm5t to repres5tatives4 ,examples1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ea* /ate 9 ! ,union1 ,switz]l&1 & mo/ ( ! c\ntries ( ,am]ica4 ,! ,orig9 ( ,ea* ,typical ,=m4--,mon>*y & olig>*y bo? probably owe _! exi/5ce to w>4 ,! successful *iefta9 or lead] 9 w> became ! k+1 & 8 reta9]s or foll[]s became ! privileg$ classes4 ,^? :o 7 subdu$ ei!r became slaves or 7 simply ! common p4 ,democracy _h its beg9n+s1 & fl\ri%es be/1 9 times ( peace4 ,! p1 ?\gh !y _h to fight aga9 & aga9 to secure recognition1 h really won _! "r to x by ! arts ( peace4 ,! ,crit]ia ( ,good ,gov]nm5t4--,among ! te/s by :i* ! goodness or badness ( a gov]nm5t1 or =m ( gov]nm5t1 may be det]m9$1 are ! foll[+3 #a4 ,a good gov]nm5t is /able4 ,/ability is ! f\ndation ( wor?9ess ( "* 9 gov]nm5ts z well z 9 p]sons4 ,! basis ( progress is p]man5ce--"o _c gr[ wise1 or ri*1 or /rong1 unless he c pres]ve at lea/ a "p ( :at he ga9s4 ,conduciv5ess to progress includes ! :ole excell5ce ( gov]nm5t4 ,footnote3 ,mills ,repres5tative ,gov]nm5t4 #b4 ,a good gov]nm5t t5ds to increase ! sum ( good qualities 9 ! gov]n$4 ,/r5g? comes f ex]cise4 ,!re=e a gov]nm5t is excell5t 9 proportion z x works up to ! possibilities ( a p = self-gov]nm5t & fits !m to g on advanc+ 9 intellectual & moral p[]4 #c4 ,a good gov]nm5t has prop] ma*9]y4 ,?is %\ld be adapt$ to take advantage ( ! am\nt ( good qualities :i* may at any "t exi/1 & make !m in/rum5tal to "r purposes4 ,footnote3 ,mills ,repres5tative ,gov]nm5t4 ,repres5tative ,gov]nm5t ! ,ideally ,be/ ,polity4--,e /ud5t :o has access to ,mills' ,repres5tative ,gov]nm5t %\ld read ! *apt] ) ! head+ at ! beg9n+ ( ?is p>agraph4 ,he combats ! proposition1 if a good despot c\ld be insur$1 despotic mon>*y w\ld be ! be/ =m ( gov]nm5t4 ,grant+ t mu* good might be done1 he %[s t ! v passivity ( ! p mu/ result 9 det]ioration1 t is1 if ! nation _h ev] atta9$ any?+ to decl9e f4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he %[s t p>ticipation 9 public affairs gives a m5tal & moral tra9+ o!rwise unatta9able4 ,aft] %[+ ! nature ( ! m5tal developm5t acquir$1 he says3 ,/ill m salut>y is ! moral "p ( ! in/ruction af=d$ by ! p>ticipation ( ! private citiz51 if ev5 r>ely1 9 public functions4 ,he is call$ ^u1 :ile s engag$1 to weigh int]e/s n 8 own2 to be guid$1 9 case ( conflict+ claims by ano!r rule ?an 8 private p>tialities2 to apply1 at e turn1 pr9ciples & maxims :i* h = _! reason ( exi/5ce ! g5]al good2 & he usually f9ds associat$ ) him 9 ! same "w m9ds m famili>iz$ ?an 8 own ) ^! ideas & op]ations1 ^: /udy x w be to supply reasons to 8 und]/&+1 & /imulation to 8 feel+ = ! g5]al good4 ,he is made to feel himself "o ( ! public1 & :atev] is _! int]e/ to be 8 int]e/4 ,:]e ?is s*ool ( public _s does n exi/ 444 a neighbor1 n be+ an ally or an associate1 s9ce he is nev] engag$ 9 any common und]tak+ = ! jo9t b5efit1 is !re=e only a rival4 ,dang]s 9 ,ea* ,=m ( ,gov]nm5t4--,:ile ea* ( ! typical =ms has m]its ( its own1--! mon>*y hav+ /ability1 ! ari/ocracy secur+ ! b5efit ( inh]it$ good qualities1 & democracy ! advantages ref]r$ to 9 ! prec$+ p>agraph--!re is dang] 9 ea* =m4 ,mon>*y cont9ually t5ds t[>d t inconsid]ate ex]cise ( p[] :i* we call tyranny4 ,ari/ocracy t5ds t[>d olig>*y2 gov]nm5t by ! be/ is prone to decl9e into gov]nm5t by ! few )\t reg>d to qualification4 ,& democracy is 9 dang] ( deg5]at+ into mob rule4 ,e ,gov]nm5t ,aims to be ,ari/ocratic4--,t is1 ea* gov]nm5t 9 !ory seeks to h ^? rule :o are be/ fitt$ to manage public affairs4 ,?is is ! ?\ght1 = in/ance1 9 our requir+ c]ta9 qualifications 9 vot]s & (fice-hold]s4 ,our ,own ,gov]nm5t4--,we fondly believe t our own gov]nm5t comb9es to a high degree ! excell5cies ( all ! =ms4 ,our hope = /ability lies *iefly 9 ! fact t our corn] /one is et]nal ju/ice1 ! equality ( all m5 be=e ! law4 ,ev5 ! sev]e %ock ( civil w> has be5 endur$1 & our sy/em is m /rongly intr5*$ 9 ! confid5ce ( ! _w ?an ev] be=e4 ,we believe 9 ! pot5cy ( good blood & good tra9+4 ,b ! wor? ( ea* individual mu/ be %[n1 x w n be tak5 = grant$4 ,we w nei!r lift him up because he is 8 fa!r's son1 nor ca/ him d[n because 8 fa!r 0 unwor?y4 ,situat$ z we are1 ) no p[]ful rivals ne> u1 ) ! ocean betwe5 u & ! c\ntries ( ,europe1 ! common def5se requires no great /&+ army to eat up our sub/ance & to m5ace our lib]ties4 ,liv+ 9 ! nor? temp]ate zone1 ! belt ( highe/ civilization1 9 a c\ntry capable ( produc+ almo/ ev]y?+ desirable1 !re is e reason to believe t1 if we are true to ourselves & our opportunities1 we may long enjoy prosp]ity & peace4 ,debate4 ,resolv$1 ,t univ]sal suffrage is dang]\s to ! well be+ ( society4 ,,"p ,v4 ,,comm]cial ,,law4 ,,responsibility4 ,ignorance ( ! law is no excuse4 ,at fir/ sight ?is w\ld seem unju/1 s9ce no "o b a lawy] c be expect$ to h mu* legal k4 ,b z law is simply common s5se appli$1 ! ex]cise ( ord9>y judgm5t is usually suffici5t to enable a p]son to act safely4 ,to pres5t a few ( ! m common pr9ciples ( comm]cial law1 is ! purpose ( ! foll[+ pages4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxi4 ,,contracts4 ,def9itions4--,a contract is an agreem5t betwe5 two or m p>ties1 conta9+ on ! "o h& an (f] & on ! o!r an acceptance4 ,contracts are express or impli$4 ,an express contract is "o ^: t]ms are def9itely /at$ 9 words2 an impli$ contract is "o ^: t]ms are und]/ood f ! circum/ances4 ,a writt5 contract is express2 an oral contract may be express or impli$4 ,fundam5tal ,pr9ciples4--,e "o able to contract is free to ent] into any agreem5t n =bidd5 by law4 ,e su* p]son is b\nd to fulfill e legal contract t he makes4 ,ess5tial to a ,contract4--,to be b9d+1 h[ev]3 #a4 ,a contract mu/ be to d a lawful act4 ,mo/ contracts are p]mitt$ by law4 ,b a contract ! c>ry+ out ( :i* is recogniz$ z subv]sive ( ju/ice1 morality1 or ! g5]al welf>e1 is illegal1 & !re=e void4 #b4 ,! ?+ contract$ to be done mu/ be possible 9 its nature4 ,t a p]son f9ds x impossible "u ! circum/ances to live up to 8 contract %\ld n & does n release him f responsibility4 #c4 ,! p>ties to ! agreem5t mu/ be compet5t to contract4 ,p]sons n able to contract are m9ors1 lunatics1 idiots & drunk p1 & m>ri$ wom5 7except 9 "s /ates 9 relation to _! sep>ate e/ates74 ,! purpose ( ?is arrangem5t is to protect ^? :o _c protect !mselves4 ,a m9or may1 h[ev]1 en=ce a contract if he *ooses to d s4 ,a contract ) a m9or = ! necess>ies ( life1 :5 !y are n or _c be furni%$ by a p>5t or gu>dian1 is valid4 ,& any contract ratifi$ by a m9or aft] com+ ( age is b9d+ ^u him4 ,a p]son unable to contract p]sonally _c contract ?r\gh an ag5t4 ,b he may act z an ag5t4 #d4 ,! p>ties to ! contract mu/ ass5t to x4 ,! ass5t mu/ be volunt>y4 ,x may be giv5 by words1 by acts1 or by accept+ ! b5efits ( ! (f]4 ,if acceptance is by lett]1 ! contract is complete :5 ! lett] ( acceptance is mail$4 ,! p>ties mu/ ass5t to ! same ?+4 ,ass5t impos+ a new condition is no ass5t4 #e4 ,! promise mu/ be = a consid]ation4 ,! law w n compel a p]son to give some?+ = no?+4 ,b ! am\nt ( ! consid]ation is usually unimportant1 s long z x is reasonable4 ,any?+ is a consid]ation :i* is ( b5efit to ! p]son promis+ or ( loss or inconv5i5ce to ! o!r4 ,an illegal consid]ation is1 h[ev]1 n a consid]ation2 nor is ! p]=mance ( a moral duty1 nor ! do+ ( :at w\ld be a legal duty )\t ! promise 9 "q4 ,if ! consid]ation fails1 ! contract fails4 ,"o has no "r to sue on a contract unless he has p]=m$ or (f]$ to p]=m 8 "p4 #f4 ,! contract mu/ be made )\t fraud4 ,fraud may be practic$ 9 two ways1 by mak+ /atem5ts kn[n to be false or by conceal+ facts t ought to be reveal$4 ,b if ! p>ties meet on equal t]ms1 ) ! same s\rces ( in=mation1 & if no?+ is done to conceal faults1 !re is no fraud 9 law4 ,let ! buy] bew>e1 is an anci5t maxim1 & a buy] mu/ ex]cise reasonable dilig5ce & prud5ce4 ,fraud absolves ! injur$ p>ty1 b ! defraud+ p>ty may be held to ! contract2 t is1 ! contract is voidable at ! option ( ! p>ty deceiv$4 #g4 ,"s contracts mu/ be 9 writ+4 ,! pr9cipal classes ( comm]cial contracts :i* mu/ be 9 writ+ to be b9d+1 are3 7a7 agreem5ts = ! sale ( prop]ty ( m ?an a c]ta9 value2 7b7 agreem5ts ( gu>anty2 7c7 agreem5ts n to be p]=m$ )9 a ye>4 ,9 ! fam\s ,engli% ,/atute ( ,frauds1 :i* is ! basis ( ! ,am]ican local /atutes on matt]s ref]r$ to 9 ?is section1 ! value ( p]sonal prop]ty requir+ writt5 contract 0 t5 p\nds or fifty doll>s4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! value v>ies 9 diff]5t /ates f #cj to #bjj4 ,b if "p ( ! prop]ty is deliv]$ or "p ( ! pur*ase money is paid ! :ole contract is b9d+1 ev5 if n 9 writ+4 ,a gu>anty is an agreem5t by :i* a p]son w>rants t a c]ta9 ?ird p]son %all duly p]=m an engagem5t4 ,?us if ,a obta9s goods f ,b ^u ! assurance ( ,c t !y w be paid =1 ,c is said to gu>antee ! debt4 ,a contract :i* may be p]=m$ )9 a ye> does n come "u ! /atute1 ev5 if su* p]=mance seems improbable at ! "t ( mak+ ! contract4 ,! /yle ( ! writ+ is immat]ial--x may be =mal or in=mal1 9 ink or p5cil4 ,x may be made by ! pr9cipal or by 8 ag5t4 ,p]t95t ,que/ions4 ,h[ are ! laws--legislative enactm5ts & decisions ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt--made public8 ,:y are !y ?us publi%$8 ,tell :e!r ! foll[+ agreem5ts are valid contracts or n1 & :y3 #a4 ,an agreem5t to pr9t a libel4 ,a lease ( a h\se = gambl+ purposes4 ,a contract execut$ on ,sunday4 ,a contract = "w to be done = five consecutive days1 beg9n+ on ,friday4 ,h[ w\ld x affect ! case if ! "w 7 ! remov+ ( goods f a build+ 9 imm95t dang] ( fall+8 ,! agreem5t ( a t9smi? nev] aga9 to "w at 8 trade4 ,8 agreem5t n to "w at x )9 a specifi$ "t or 9 a c]ta9 t[n4 #b4 ,an agreem5t to swim across ! ocean4 ,to pay = a horse at ! rate ( "o k]nel = ! fir/ nail 9 ! horse's %oes1 two = ! second1 f\r = ! ?ird1 eight = ! f\r?1 & s on4 ,to deliv] goods at a c]ta9 "t1 ?\gh ! deliv]y at ! prop] "t may be prev5t$ by "s accid5t4 ,is a p]son releas$ f responsibility by sickness8 #c4 ,an agreem5t by an orphan to pay = necess>ies at "s future "t4 ,if ! price *>g$ is exorbitant1 is he b\nd to pay x or only a fair m>ket price8 ,a man :ile drunk buys a horse = :i* he has no use1 b aft] becom+ sob] cont9ues to use ! horse4 ,if ! price is excessive1 h[ mu* mu/ he pay8 ,:5 a m>ri$ wom5 buys goods on cr$it1 is %e act+ z ! pr9cipal or z h] husb&'s ag5t8 #d4 ,an ord] = goods to be s5t to a man's h\se1 no?+ be+ said ab\t paym5t4 ,an (f] retract$ be=e acceptance4 ,an (f] = a c]ta9 horse2 an acceptance "u ! impression t a diff]5t horse is meant4 ,a s]vice p]mitt$ ?\gh un9vit$2 give an example4 ,a man 9 ,/4 ,paul (f]s by lett] a c]ta9 piece ( prop]ty at a c]ta9 price to a man 9 ,*icago2 an h\r aft] mail+ ! lett] he *anges 8 m9d2 h[ c he prev5t a contract8 #e4 ,a agrees to give ,b #be = a silv] dime4 ,b if ?is p>ticul> dime 7 ( a r>e k9d & desir$ by ,a1 a weal?y co9 collector1 to complete a set1 w\ld ! consid]ation be suffici5t8 ,an (f] %\t$ f a f\r? /ory w9d[ j z ! ro( is ab\t to fall1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* (f] a fireman at unusual p]sonal risk successfully attempts ! rescue4 ,an (f] & acceptance = a horse :i* is aft]w>ds discov]$ to h be5 dead at "t ( sale4 ,a promise made "u ?reat ( spread+ an infam\s report4 ,an agreem5t = ! purpose ( secur+ ! po/ponem5t ( ! paym5t ( a debt4 ,h[ _m consid]ations are !re 9 a valid contract8 #f4 ,! sale ( an unfa%ionable ready-made suit ( clo!s1 no?+ be+ said ab\t ! /yle4 ,! sale ( a plat$ wat* *a91 ! deal] p]mitt+ ! pur*as] to suppose x solid gold4 ,! sale ( a bl9d horse1 no?+ be+ said ab\t its sight1 no ef=t be+ made to conceal its bl9dness1 & full opportunity = exam9ation be+ giv5 to ! pur*as]4 ,! sale ( a h\se & lot at a c]ta9 price1 great] ?an ! pur*as] _h at fir/ int5d$ to give1 ^u ! repres5tation ( ! sell] t he _h be5 (f]$ su* a sum4 ,! pur*ase ( a piece ( l& :i* unkn[n to ! v5dor conta9s a valuable m9e1 no?+ be+ said to mislead said v5dor4 #g4 ,an oral ord] = goods to ! value ( #ejj4 ,h[ does ! buy]'s receiv+ "p ( ! goods affect ! matt]8 ,h[ else c\ld ! contract be made b9d+8 ,:at position does a p]son assume by endors+ a note8 ,by orally say+ t a debt ( ano!r w be paid8 ,an oral engagem5t made ,decemb] fir/ to "w a ye> beg9n+ ,janu>y fir/4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxii4 ,,ag5cy4 ,def9itions4--,an ag5t is a p]son au?oriz$ to act = ano!r 9 deal+ ) ?ird p>ties4 ,! "o = :om ! ag5t acts is call$ ! pr9cipal4 ,au?ority ( ,ag5t4--,an ag5t's au?ority may be grant$ orally or 9 writ+4 ,:5 writt5 x is call$ a p[] ( attorney4 ,a g5]al ag5t has all ! au?ority impli$ 9 8 employm5t4 ,a special ag5t has only su* au?ority z is specifically grant$4 ,responsibility ( ! ,pr9cipal4--,betwe5 ! pr9cipal & 8 ag5t responsibility is det]m9$ by _! contract4 ,expressly or impli$ly ! pr9cipal agrees to pay = ! s]vice r5d]$4 ,x is 9 ! pr9cipal's relation to ?ird p>ties t ! mo/ important rule ( ag5cy appe>s4 ,x is ?is3 ,! pr9cipal is responsible = ! au?oriz$ acts ( 8 ag5t4 ,! !ory is t ! acts are ^? ( ! pr9cipal1 ! ag5t be+ m]ely an in/rum5t4 ,& accord+ly1 ! pr9cipal is b\nd n only by su* acts ( 8 ag5t z he has really au?oriz$1 b also by su* z he app>5tly au?orizes4 ,responsibility ( ,ag5t4--,! ag5t is responsible to 8 pr9cipal = any violation ( _! contract4 ,expressly or impli$ly he is b\nd to obey ord]s1 to ex]cise ord9>y skill & c>e 9 ! p]=mance ( 8 duty1 & to refra9 f putt+ 8 int]e/s 9 adv]se relation to ^? ( 8 pr9cipal4 ,to ! ?ird p>ty ! ag5t is n responsible1 except 9 ! foll[+ cases3 ,:5 he specifically assumes responsibility1 :5 he conceals ! id5tity ( 8 pr9cipal1 :5 he exce$s 8 au?ority1 or :5 he acts fraudul5tly4 ,t]m9ation ( ,ag5cy4--,an ag5cy t]m9ates at ! dea? ( ei!r pr9cipal or ag5t4 ,x may also be t]m9at$ by revocation ( au?ority1 :i* takes effect ^u receipt ( ! notice1 or by ! bankruptcy or lunacy ( ! pr9cipal1 judicially decl>$4 ,p]t95t ,que/ions4 ,9 ! foll[+ cases "n ! pr9cipal1 ! ag5t1 & ! ?ird p>ty3 ,a cl]k 9 a /ore2 a man employ$ to sell goods by sample2 a ca%i] 9 a bank2 a conductor on a tra92 a commission m]*ant2 a p>tn] act+ = a firm1 a %]iff4 ,may a m9or act z pr9cipal8 ,z ag5t8 ,a wat* left at a jewel]'s /ore = repairs is injur$ by ! workman2 :o is responsible to ! own]8 ,on acc\nt ( a road ov]se]'s neglect a horse is injur$ by /epp+ ?r\gh a hole 9 a bridge2 to :om %all ! own] look = damages8 ,if a p]son is notifi$ t ano!r claims to repres5t him z ag5t & he neglects to repudiate ! claim1 is he responsible = acts ( ! claimant z ag5t8 ,may an ag5t hav+ au?ority to fix prices sell to himself8 ,may a cl]k 9 a /ore take goods at regul> m>k$ prices8 ,an ag5t transacts bus9ess aft] 8 pr9cipal's dea? b be=e he has receiv$ notice !re(1 is ! transaction b9d+ ^u ! heirs8 ,,*apt] ,,xxxiii4 ,,p>tn]%ip4 ,:at x is4--,p>tn]%ip is ! relation exi/+ betwe5 p]sons :o h agre$ to comb9e _! prop]ty or skill = ! prosecution ( a giv5 ent]prise1 & to %>e ! pr(its or losses result+ !refrom4 ,h[ ,=m$4--,p>tn]%ip be+ a matt] ( agreem5t is subject to ! law ( contracts4 ,:5 ! agreem5t is 9 writ+1 x is call$ articles ( cop>tn]%ip4 ,! articles usually specify ! p>ties & ! firm "n1 ! nature & ! location ( ! bus9ess to be c>ri$ on1 ! inve/m5t ( ea* p>ty1 ! basis = apportion+ pr(its & losses1 & sometimes ! duration ( ! co-p>tn]%ip4 ,!re are g5]ally o!r provisions1 _! nature dep5d+ ^u ! circum/ances4 ,responsibility4--,z to ea* o!r1 ! p>tn]s h ! rights & duties :i* !y agree ^u4 ,z to ?ird p>ties1 ! two mo/ important rules ( law are3 fir/1 t ! firm is b\nd by ! acts ( ea* memb]1 9 matt]s p]ta9+ to ! firm's bus9ess2 second1 ea* memb] is liable = all ! debts ( ! firm4 ,dissolution4--,if ! duration ( ! p>tn]%ip is n specifi$1 x may be dissolv$ by any p>tn] at any "t4 ,if its duration is specifi$1 x expires1 ( c\rse1 by limitation or by mutual cons5t4 ,9 ei!r case1 ! dea? ( a p>tn] dissolves ! firm4 ,if a p>tn] becomes insane or acts fraudul5tly1 ! p>tn]%ip may be dissolv$ by a decree ( ! c\rt4 ,! sale ( an int]e/ 7:i* mu/ h ! cons5t ( ea* p>tn]7 dissolves ! p>tn]%ip & =ms a new "o4 ,notice ( ,dissolution4--,t ! retir+ p>tn]s may be fre$ f responsibility = new debts1 if ! dissolution be by sale ( int]e/ 7& ?is is a v common way71 notice ( ! dissolution mu/ be giv5 to ! _w1 & special notice ( ! fact mu/ be giv5 to ^? f :om ! firm has be5 9 ! habit ( buy+4 ,limit$ ,p>tn]%ip4--,9 mo/ /ates1 :at is call$ a limit$ p>tn]%ip may be =m$1 :]eby ! responsibility ( "s ( ! p>tn]s may be limit$ to _! inve/m5t 9 ! bus9ess4 ,by ?is arrangem5t ! private prop]ty ( ! special p>tn]s 7z !y are call$7 _c be tak5 = debts ( ! firm4 ,9 su* a case1 h[ev]1 x is b j1 & ! law !re=e dem&s1 t notice ( ! fact ( limit$ responsibility be giv5 & t no appe>ance ( responsibility be assum$4 ,to ?is end x is requir$3 7a7 t ! articles ( cop>tn]%ip be 9 writ+1 & t !y be publi%$ & record$2 7b7 t ! am\nt contribut$ by ! special p>tn]s be actually paid 92 7c7 t ! names ( ! special p>tn]s d n appe> 9 ! firm "n2 7d7 t !y take no active "p 9 ! managem5t ( ! bus9ess4 ,p]t95t ,que/ions4 ,:y are p>tn]%ips =m$8 ,may "o p]son inve/ money :ile ano!r inve/s skill8 ,is a p]son :o receives a p]c5tage ( 8 sales by way ( sal>y a p>tn]8 ,:y _c a p>tn] sell 8 int]e/ )\t consult+ ! o!r memb]s ( ! firm8 ,:y may ! fraudul5t act ( a p>tn] dissolve ! firm8 ,:y does ! dea? ( a memb] end ! firm--t is1 :y n let 8 heir succe$ to 8 "r 9 ! firm z he succe$s to 8 real e/ate8 ,may ! private prop]ty ( a p>tn] be tak5 to satisfy ! debts ( 8 firm8 ,may ! firm's prop]ty be tak5 to satisfy ! debt ( "o ( its memb]s8 ,c m5 dissolve _! debts by dissolv+ _! p>tn]%ip8 ,if "o p>tn] cont9ues ! bus9ess agree+ to pay all indebt$ness ( ! firm1 is ! retir+ p>tn] releas$ f obligation 9 relation to ! debts8 ,%[ ! ju/ice ( ea* requirem5t 9 case ( special p>tn]s4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxiv4 ,,corporations4 ,purpose--,p>tn]%ip enables a numb] ( p]sons1 z we h se51 to accompli% by comb9+ _! prop]ty & skill :at w\ld be unatta9able by !m act+ individually4 ,b ! individual responsibility involv$ 9 p>tn]%ip1 & ! difficulty ( transf]r+ int]e/1 r5d] necess>y "s o!r mode ( comb9+ capital = c>ry+ on ent]prises requir+ va/ res\rces1 &1 f _! nature1 dem&+ long "t & fre$om f int]ruption = _! accompli%m5t4 ,= in/ance1 no "o w\ld d>e to assume p]sonal responsibility = ! debts ( a railroad1 nor c\ld su* an ent]prise be manag$ if e transf] ( int]e/ dissolv$ ! company4 ,! desir$ limitation ( responsibility & facility ( transf] ( int]e/ are secur$ by ! =mation ( corporations4 ,nature4--,b responsibility !re mu/ be1 or ! comb9ation c\ld transact no bus9ess4 ,& responsibility dep5ds ^u p]sonality--a ?+ _c be held responsible4 ,z ?is p]sonality does n exi/ aside f ! p]sons ( ^? unit+ _! res\rces1 x mu/ be creat$4 ,! creative p[] is ! legislature4 ,! p]sonality creat$ is ! corporation4 ,footnote3 ,f ! ,lat9 corpus1 corporis1 a body4 ,a corporation is1 !re=e1 an artificial or fictiti\s p]son1 creat$ "u g5]al law or by a special act ( ! legislature1 ,footnote3 ,?is special act def9+ ! p[]s & duties ( ! corporation is call$ its *>t]4 & capable ( act+ )9 prescrib$ limits z if x 7 a natural p]son1 b beyond ^? limits incapable ( act+ at all4 ,managem5t4--,! p]sons :o contribute to ! capital ( ! corporation1 or company1 receive c]tificates ( /ock1 t is1 pieces ( pap] c]tify+ t said p]sons own s _m %>es 9 ! company4 ,! capital1 be x rememb]$1 is ! prop]ty ( ! corporation1 n ( ! individuals4 ,! numb] ( ^! /ockhold]s may be l>ge or small1 a doz5 or a ?\s&4 ,! g5]al managem5t ( corporate bus9ess is necess>ily entru/$ to a small numb] ( p]sons call$ directors4 ,^! are elect$ by ! /ockhold]s1 ea* %>e hav+ "o vote4 ,! directors select f _! own numb] a presid5t1 a secret>y1 & o!r necess>y (fic]s4 ,^! p]sons & ! o!r ag5ts ( ! corporation c>ry out ! policy det]m9$ ^u by ! directors4 ,:y ,limit$ 9 ,p[]s4--,! "q sugge/s itself1 ,:y c a corporation d only c]ta9 ?+s8 ,! mo/ obvi\s answ] is1 t ?is is consequ5t ^u its mode ( creation4 ,be+ a creature ( ! legislature1 x c h only ^? p[]s :i* are specifically or impli$ly grant$ to x4 ,b pu%+ ! matt] f>!r1 x may p]t95tly be ask$1 ,:y doesn't ! legislature end[ x ) p[] to d any?+ t may prop]ly be done by a natural p]son8 ,two reasons1 at lea/1 appe>4 ,fir/1 f ! corporation's /&po9t1 x is a matt] ( bus9ess prud5ce to h its purpose & p[]s def9$3 7a7 to enable x to secure subscrib]s to its /ock1 z no "o w\ld l to risk 8 money bl9dly2 & 7b7 because ?us only c ! directors be held to acc\ntability4 ,second1 f ! /&po9t ( ! public1 = :om ! legislature acts1 ! def9+ is necess>y 9 ord] t corporations may be controll$ & dang]\s comb9ations prev5t$4 ,9 ?is connection x may be not$ t corporations are grant$ "s privileges n possess$ by individuals4 ,= in/ance1 private prop]ty su* z l& may be tak51 ev5 aga9/ ! wi%es ( ! own]1 to p]mit ! build+ ( a railroad4 ,?is c be done1 h[ev]1 only on ! gr\nd ( public good1 & by giv+ ! own] j comp5sation4 ,responsibility4--,a corporation1 l any o!r p]son is responsible = any contracts t x makes1 )9 its *>t]4 ,x necess>ily acts entirely ?r\gh ag5ts1 h5ce ! law ( ag5cy has an important be>+ ^u all contracts ) a corporation4 ,debts incurr$ lie aga9/ ! corporation1 n z a rule aga9/ ! /ockhold]s individually4 ,sometimes /ockhold]s are by ! *>t] made liable to limit$ ext5t1 say to an am\nt equal to ! p> value ( _! /ock4 ,dissolution4--,"s companies are incorporat$ s t !y may la/ =ev]4 ,o!rs are incorporat$ = a specifi$ "t4 ,! latt] expire by limitation or by becom+ insolv5t4 ,a corporation ( ei!r k9d may secure dissolution by volunt>ily surr5d]+ its *>t]4 ,& sometimes ! legislature res]ves 9 ! *>t] ! "r to dissolve ! company "u c]ta9 conditions4 ,! affairs ( a corporation are usually clos$ up by a receiv]1 :o collects ! bills1 disposes ( ! prop]ty1 pays ! indebt$ness z f> z he c1 & di/ributes ! residue among ! /ockhold]s4 ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,p>tn]%ip ,,) ,,corporation4 ,,po9ts ,,( ,,p>tn]%ip4 ,,corporation4 ,,comp>ison4 #a4 ,/atus4 ,a collection ( natural ,a fictiti\s p]son4 p]sons4 #b4 ,=mation4 ,by agreem5t4 ,by legislative enactm5t4 #c4 ,p[]s4 ,^? ( natural p]sons4 ,only ^? conf]r$ by law4 #d4 ,debts4 ,all p>tn]s liable = all ,/ockhold]s n debts4 usually liable4 #e4 ,transf] ( ,dissolves p>tn]%ip4 ,new /ockhold] int]e/ by sale succe$s to %>es ( or dea?4 ! old4 ,p]t95t ,que/ions4 ,:o con/itute ! manag+ body 9 a s*ool di/rict8 ,9 a t[n8 ,9 a village8 ,9 a city8 ,9 a c\nty8 ,9 ! /ate8 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates8 ,footnote3 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates3 ,its *>t]1 ! con/itution4444 ,its flag ! symbol ( its p[]2 its seal1 ( its au?ority4--,dole4 ,9 a railroad8 ,9 a m9+ company8 ,9 a bank8 ,9 a *ur*8 ,9 a college8 ,write a li/ ( all ! corporations t y "k or h ev] he>d (1 gr\p+ !m "u ! heads public & private4 ,h[ c\ld a pa/or collect 8 sal>y if ! *ur* %\ld refuse to pay x8 ,c\ld a bank buy a piece ( gr\nd on speculation8 ,to build its bank+-h\se on8 ,c\ld a c\nty l5d money if x _h a surplus8 ,/ate ! g5]al p[]s ( a corporation4 ,"s ( ! special p[]s ( a bank4 ,( a city4 ,a portion ( a man's f>m is tak5 = a highway1 & he is paid damages2 to :om does said l& belong8 ,! road int]sects ! f>m1 & cross+ ! road is a brook conta9+ tr\t1 :i* h be5 put !re & c>$ = by ! f>m]2 may a boy sit on ! public bridge & cat* tr\t f t brook8 ,if ! road %\ld be ab&on$ or lift$1 to :om w\ld ! use ( ! l& g8 ,,*apt] ,,xxxv4 ,,comm]cial ,,pap]4 ,k9ds & ,uses4--,if a man wi%es to buy "s commodity f ano!r b has n ! money to pay = x1 he may secure :at he wants by giv+ 8 writt5 promise to pay at "s future "t4 ,?is writt5 promise1 or note1 ! sell] pref]s to an oral promise = sev]al reasons1 only two ( :i* ne$ be m5tion$ "h3 fir/1 because x is prima facie evid5ce ( ! debt2 &1 second1 because x may be m easily transf]r$ or h&$ ov] to "s "o else4 ,if ,j4,m4 ,johnson1 ( ,sa9t ,paul1 owes ,c4,m4 ,jones1 ( ,*icago1 a hundr$ doll>s1 & ,nelson ,blake1 ( ,*icago1 owes ,j4,m4 ,johnson a hundr$ doll>s1 x is pla9 t ! risk1 exp5se1 "t & tr\ble ( s5d+ ! money to & f ,*icago may be avoid$1 & ! indebt$ness wip$ out by ,j4,m4 ,johnson ord]+ ,nelson ,blake to pay ! hundr$ doll>s to ,c4,m4 ,jones4 ,! writt5 ord] to ?is effect1 call$ a draft1 w\ld be s5t to ,c4,m4 ,jones1 :o w\ld pres5t x = paym5t to ,nelson ,blake1 & ^u receiv+ 8 money w\ld turn ! draft ov] to ,blake4 ,to avoid ! risk ( be+ robb$1 m]*ants & "s o!rs are 9 ! habit ( deposit+ ea* ev5+ 9 a bank ! receipts ( ! day1 ) ! und]/&+ t ! money w be paid out1 at any "t1 to any p]son :om !y ord] x paid to4 ,! ord] on ! bank is call$ a *eck4 ,x is v easy to see t ^! ?ree devices are ( imm5se value to ! comm]cial _w2 ! fir/ by r5d]+ available future res\rces1 & ! o!r two by enabl+ paym5ts to be made safely4 ,def9itions4--,a note is an unconditional promise 9 writ+1 to pay a def9ite sum ( money at a c]ta9 "t to a specifi$ p]son4 ,a draft is an ord]1 writt5 by "o p]son & address$ to ano!r1 direct+ him to pay a def9ite sum ( money at a c]ta9 "t to a specifi$ ?ird p>ty4 ,a *eck is a draft = imm$iate paym5t1 drawn ^u a bank or bank]4 ,9 ! case ( a note1 ! p]son :o promises to pay is call$ ! mak] ( ! note2 & ! p]son nam$ to be paid1 ! payee4 ,9 ! case ( a draft or *eck1 ! p]son ord]+ ! paym5t is call$ ! draw]2 ! p]son address$1 ! p]son drawn ^u or ! drawee2 & ! p]son to be paid1 ! payee4 ,negotiability4--,! payee 9 any ( ^! cases may wi% to transf] ! pap] to "s o!r p]son4 ,= in/ance1 ! hold] ( ! note may wi% to use ! money be=e x is due1 or ! payee ( a draft may wi% to realize )\t go+ to ! drawee4 ,9 ei!r case1 ! desir$ accommodation c be secur$ only by sell+ ! pap] to "s "o else4 ,?is ability to be transf]r$ is "p ( :at is meant by ! t]m negotiability4 ,b ?is liability to h to pay ano!r p]son ?an ! "o nam$1 _c be impos$ ^u ! mak] or draw] )\t 8 cons5t4 ,?is he gives by ins]t+ aft] ! "n ( ! payee ! words or ord]1 or ! words or be>]4 ,9 ! latt] case1 :oev] holds ! pap] :5 x becomes due c collect ^u x4 ,9 case ! =m] words are us$1 ! pap] c be transf]r$ only by indorsem5t1 ( :i* m anon4 ,a v important *>act]i/ic ( negotiability is t x enables a p]son to grant to ano!r rights :i* he may n himself possess4 ,to illu/rate3 ,z betwe5 ! mak] & ! payee1 a note is a contract1 & is b9d+ only if x has all ! requisites ( a b9d+ contract4 ,!re=e1 if !re 0 no consid]ation1 or if ! note 0 obta9$ by fraud or by intimidation1 ! payee1 kn[+ ^! facts1 has no "r to collect ^u ! note1 & he c\ld n by law compel paym5t4 ,b ) a ?ird p>ty x is diff]5t4 ,he sees only ! note1 & may n-- presumably does n--"k any?+ else ab\t ! contract4 ,to compel him be=e buy+ ! note to le>n all ! details ( its hi/ory1 might be emb>rass+ to ! p>ties1 ev5 :]e ev]y?+ is all "r1 & w\ld c]ta9ly delay1 p]haps mat]ially1 ! transf]4 ,!re=e1 to enable p to keep _! bus9ess to !mselves1 & to facilitate transf]s ( comm]cial pap]1 x has seem$ be/ n to require ?is inve/igation4 ,! law presumes t :5 a p]son makes a transf]able note1 he has done s delib]ately2 & if loss ensues1 x says t he mu/ be> x r ?an ! innoc5t pur*as] ( 8 note4 ,conditions ( ,negotiability4--,b ?is peculi> protection is giv51 be x obs]v$1 only to an innoc5t pur*as]4 ,if 9 good fai?1 9 ! regul> c\rse ( bus9ess1 a p]son comes into possession ( comm]cial pap]1 negotiable 9 =m1 n yet mature1 & = :i* he has giv5 a reasonable consid]ation1 he c collect on x4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if he has f\nd ! pap] or /ol5 x1 or if he has b\ght x "u circum/ances calculat$ to raise a suspicion z to "r ( ! sell]1 he %\ld n h1 & w n by law receive1 ?is privilege4 ,?us if a man is (f]$ comm]cial pap] ( p]fectly responsible p>ties at "o-?ird its value1 x w\ld be reasonable to suppose t ! p]son (f]+ x _h f\nd or /ol5 x1 & ! buy] w\ld obta9 only ! rights ( ! p]son f :om he b\ght4 ,or if a note pa/ due is (f]$ = sale1 ! presumption is t x is paid or t x is = "s reason uncollectable1 & ! pur*as] w\ld buy at 8 p]il4 ,9 o!r words1 if !re is any?+ on ! face ( ! pap] or 9 ! circum/ances ( ! case to w>n ! pur*as]1 he buys at 8 own risk1 & secures only su* rights z ! v5dor has4 ,transf]4--,negotiable pap] ) ! words or be>] is transf]able by deliv]y alone4 ,if made payable to "s p]son or ord]1 x is transf]able only by 8 indorsem5t4 ,an indorsem5t 9 full consi/s ( ! signature ( ! payee & 8 ord] t ! money be paid to a specifi$ p]son4 ,an indorsem5t 9 blank consi/s simply ( ! signature ( ! payee4 ,! effect ( ! latt] mode ( indors+ is to make ! pap] payable to be>]4 ,responsibility ( ,mak]4--,a note be+ a contract1 ! mak] ( "o is responsible to ! payee1 z has be5 said1 only if all ! requisites ( a b9d+ contract are pres5t4 ,if ! note is negotiable 9 =m1 he is responsible to ! innoc5t pur*as] ( x4 ,responsibility ( ,drawee4--,! p]son drawn ^u may "k no?+ ( ! draft4 ,he _c be made a p>ty to a contract )\t 8 k & cons5t4 ,t he may h k ( ! draft1 x mu/ be pres5t$ to him4 ,if ^u see+ x he is will+ to assume ! responsibility ( pay+ x :5 due1 he signifies 8 will+ness by writ+ across ! face ( ! draft ! ^w accept$1 ) ! date ( pres5tation & 8 "n4 ,! draft !reby becomes 8 unconditional promise1 & he becomes ! pr9cipal debtor1 occupy+ ! position ( a mak] ( a note4 ,responsibility ( ,indors]4--,:5 a p]son endorses any comm]cial pap]1 he n only expresses !reby 8 cons5t to ! transf] ( x1 b he also ent]s into a conditional contract ) ea* p]son :o may aft]w>d come into possession ( ! pap]1 :]eby he becomes responsible = its paym5t1 if ! pr9cipal debtor fails to meet 8 obligation4 ,to fix responsibility ^u an indors]1 paym5t mu/ be dem&$ ( ! pr9cipal debtor on ! v day :5 ! obligation matures1 & if paym5t is n made notice ( ! fact mu/ be s5t to ! indors] be=e ! end ( ! foll[+ day4 ,responsibility ( ,draw]4--,betwe5 ! draw] & ! payee a draft is a conditional contract1 :]eby ! =m] impli$ly agrees to pay ! draft if ! p]son drawn ^u does n4 ,8 obligation is t ( a surety or fir/ indors]4 ,to fix responsibility ^u ! draw]1 ! hold] ( ! draft mu/ promptly pres5t x = acceptance to ! p]son drawn ^u2 !n1 if x is n accept$1 he mu/ imm$iately notify ! draw]4 ,=g$ ,pap]4--,=g]y is ! fraudul5t mak+ or alt]+ ( a writt5 in/rum5t4 ,"o ^: "n is =g$ _c be made responsible1 s9ce ! act is n 84 ,& s9ce money paid "u a mi/ake mu/ be refund$1 a p]son :o1 deceiv$ by ! skill ( ! =g]1 %\ld pay ! seem+ obligation1 w\ld be entitl$ to get 8 money back4 ,b e p]son is b\nd to use reasonable ef=t to prev5t =g]y4 ,?us1 if a m]*ant writes out a note all b ! am\nt1 & au?orizes a cl]k to put t 9 at "s o!r "t1 & ! cl]k ins]ts a l>g] sum1 any innoc5t pur*as] c compel ! m]*ant to pay ! full am\nt4 ,9 "s /ates x is held t a p]son :o leaves space 9 an obligation :]e9 ! am\nt c readily be rais$1 is b\nd to /& ! loss caus$ by 8 neglig5ce4 ,accommodation ,pap]4--,a man may be p]fectly will+ to l5d a fri5d "s money & yet be unable to d s4 ,he may1 h[ev]1 9 any "o ( sev]al ways1 make x possible = 8 fri5d to obta9 ! money4 ,?us ,a1 wi%+ to accommodate 8 fri5d ,b1 may make a note payable to ,b's ord]2 or he may endorse ,b's note2 or he may make a draft payable to ,b's ord]2 or he may accept ,b's draft on him4 ,by sell+ ! pap]1 ,b secures ! money desir$4 ,! impli$ contract betwe5 ,a & ,b is t ,b w pay ! obligation4 ,9 none ( ^! cases c\ld ,b compel ,a to pay him any money1 because ! contract betwe5 !m lacks consid]ation4 ,b ,a w\ld be responsible to an innoc5t pur*as]1 because !re is no?+ on ! face ( ! pap] to indicate ! defect4 ,& he w\ld be responsible ev5 to a pur*as] :o kn[s ! pap] to be accommodation1 because by sign+ he b9ds himself to pay if ,b does n1 & 8 signature is :at enables ! sale to be made4 ,c]tifi$ ,*ecks4--,bus9ess m5 make mo/ ( _! paym5ts by *eck4 ,if ! receiv] ( a *eck does n1 = any reason1 wi% ! money1 he may deposit ! *eck 9 ! bank z if x 7 ca%4 ,if he is go+ away f home1 or if he wi%es to make a paym5t 9 "s o!r place1 he may save ! exp5se ( a draft1 & make a *eck equally z acceptable1 by gett+ ! ca%i] ( ! bank to c]tify x1 t is to /ate (ficially t ! draw] has ! money 9 ! bank4 ,?is he does by writ+ across ! face ( ! draft ! ^w ,good1 ) 8 signature z ca%i]4 ,:5 ?is is done ! responsibility re/s prim>ily on ! bank4 ,x occupies ! position ( ! acceptor ( a draft4 ,p]t95t ,que/ions4 ,two ( ! foll[+ are valid notes2 :i* two8 ,! o!rs are n2 ,:y8 #a4 ,m>* #e1 #ahij1 ,i promise to pay ,john ,smi? "o hundr$ doll>s1 if he is !n liv+4--,william ,jones4 #b4 ,on or be=e ,m>* #e1 #ahij1 ,i promise to pay ,john ,smi? "o hundr$ bu%els ( :eat4--,william ,jones4 #c4 ,on ,m>* #e1 #ahij1 ,i promise to pay ,john ,smi? :atev] is !n due him4-- ,william ,jones4 #d4 ,:5 he comes ( age1 ,i promise to pay ,john ,smi? "o hundr$ doll>s4--,william ,jones4 #e4 ,m>* #e1 #ahij1 ,i promise to pay "o hundr$ doll>s4--,william ,jones4 #f4 ,"o ye> aft] date1 ,i promise to pay to ,john ,smi? "o hundr$ doll>s4--,william ,jones4 #g4 ,mankato1 ,m9n41 ,decemb] #aa1 #ahhh4 ,"o ye> aft] date ,i promise to pay ,john ,smi? "o hundr$ doll>s4 #h4 ,on ! dea? ( 8 fa!r1 ,i promise to pay ,john ,smi? "o hundr$ doll>s4--,william ,jones4 #i4 ,on ,m>* #e1 #ahij1 ,i1 ,william ,jones1 promise to pay ,john ,smi? "o hundr$ doll>s4 ,h[ _m p>ties may !re be to a note8 ,h[ _m1 at lea/1 mu/ !re be8 ,z betwe5 !m1 mu/ !re be consid]ation to make x b9d+8 ,mu/ ! words = value receiv$ appe> on ! note8 ,a note be+ a contract1 :at ?+s are necess>y to make x b9d+8 ,write two valid notes 9 diff]5t =ms4 ,write a negotiable note transf]able )\t indorsem5t4 ,a note transf]able by indorsem5t4 ,:i* is saf] to c>ry 9 ! pocket8 ,:y8 ,:i* imposes ! less responsibility if transf]r$8 ,if y 7 tak+ a note payable to be>]1 w\ld y require ! p]son f :om y 7 gett+ x to indorse x8 ,a man has "s non-negotiable notes2 if he dies c 8 heir collect !m8 ,a note payable to ord] is indors$ 9 blank2 to :om is x payable8 ,may a note payable to be>] be made payable only to ord]8 ,:5 does a note cease to be negotiable8 ,"u :at circum/ances may a p]son h to pay a note :i* he has already paid8 ,:at is a gre5back8 ,h[ _m p]sons1 at lea/1 mu/ !re be to an accept$ draft8 ,:5 does ! responsibility ( ! draw] beg98 ,t ( ! p]son drawn ^u8 ,h[ does ! acceptance ( a draft affect ! responsibility ( ! draw]8 ,if ! draft is n accept$1 to :om %all ! hold] look = pay8 ,are drafts negotiable be=e acceptance8 ,comp>e & contra/ a note & a draft4 ,a draft & a *eck4 ,is ! bank "u any obligation to ! hold] ( an unc]tifi$ *eck8 ,does c]tify+ a *eck release ! draw] ( x8 ,are *ecks negotiable8 ,:at responsibility does an indors] assume 9 case ( a note8 ,( an unaccept$ draft8 ,( an accept$ draft8 ,( a *eck8 ,:at does )\t rec\rse mean8 ,to h[ _m p]sons is ! mak] ( a note responsible8 ,! fir/ indors]8 ,! second8 ,h[ c ! fir/ indors] be di/+ui%$ f ! second8 ,to :om is ! second indors] n responsible8 ,:o are n responsible to ! hold] ( a negotiable pap] unless notifi$8 ,:o are responsible )\t notice8 ,:at pr9ciple d y discov]8 ,:5 is a dem& note due8 ,a *eck8 ,a "t note8 ,a sight draft8 ,a "t draft8 ,:at %\ld y d1 & :y1 9 ! foll[+ cases3 #a4 ,:5 y pay a note8 #b4 ,:5 y make a p>tial paym5t on a note8 #c4 ,if y %\ld lose a note8 #d4 ,if y h a note )\t indorsees1 to r5d] ! mak] responsible8 #e4 ,if y hold a note hav+ indors]s1 to r5d] ! indors]s responsible8 #f4 ,if y hold an unaccept$ draft8 #g4 ,9 case acceptance is refus$8 #h4 ,if y hold an accept$ draft8 #i4 ,if ! acceptor fails to pay :5 ! pap] becomes due8 #aj4 ,if y hold an unc]tifi$ *eck1 9 ord] to r5d] ! draw] responsible8 #aa4 ,if x is indors$1 to make ! indors]s responsible8 #ab4 ,if y h a c]tifi$ *eck1 to make ! bank responsible8 #ac4 ,if y are a ?ird indors] ( a note1 :om c y hold responsible 9 case ! pap] is di%onor$1 & h[8 #ad4 ,if y h a be>] note & y wi% to transf] x )\t assum+ responsibility8 #ae4 ,h[ if x is an ord] note8 ,,app5dix ,a4--,,=ms4 ,,t[n ,,bus9ess4 ,i4 ,organization ( a ,t[n4 ,,petition4 ,to ! bo>d ( c\nty commission]s ( ! c\nty ( 1 3 ,! und]sign$1 a majority ( ! legal vot]s ( congressional t[n%ip numb] nor?1 ( range numb] we/1 9 said c\nty1 conta9+ n less ?an tw5ty-five legal vot]s1 h]eby petition y\r honorable bo>d to be organiz$ z a new t[n "u ! t[n%ip organization law1 & respectfully ask t y =?) proce$ to fix & det]m9e ! b\nd>ies ( su* new t[n & to "n ! same 7giv+ ! propos$ "n47 7,dat$1 & sign$ by a majority ( all ! legal vot]s 9 ! t[n47 ,,commission]s' ,,report4 ,/ate ( 1 c\nty ( 1 ss4 ,^u receiv+ a petition ( a majority ( all ! legal vot]s ( congressional t[n%ip numb] nor?1 ( range numb] we/1 9 said c\nty1 ask+ t ! same be organiz$ z a new t[n "u ! t[n%ip organization law1 to be nam$ 1 we1 ! c\nty commission]s ( said c\nty did1 on ! day ( ,a4,d4 #ah1 proce$ to fix ! b\nd>ies ( su* new t[n & "n ! same 1 9 accordance ) ! said petition1 & designat$ z ! place = hold+ ! fir/ t[n meet+ 9 su* t[n1 to be held on 1 #ah4 ,! b\nd>ies ( said t[n ( 1 z fix$ & e/abli%$ by u1 are z foll[s3 7,beg9n+ at ! s\!a/ corn] ( section 1 t[n nor?1 ( range we/1 !nce we/ on ! t[n%ip l9e to ! s\?we/ corn] ( section 1 t[n & range z a=esaid1 !nce nor?1 c41 giv+ ! b\nd>y l9es complete47 ,giv5 "u our h&s ?is day ( 1 #ah4 ,auditor's (ficial seal4 7,sign$ by ! ,commission]s47 ,atte/3 ,o4,j41 ,c\nty ,auditor4 ,,ii4 ,elections4 ,,notice ,,( ,,annual ,,election4 ,notice is h]eby giv51 t on ,tuesday1 ! day ( ,novemb]1 #ah1 at 1 9 ! election di/rict compos$ ( ! 1 9 ! c\nty ( 1 & /ate ( 1 an election w be held = 7"h "n ! /ate1 judicial1 congressional1 legislative & c\nty (fic]s to be elect$72 7if con/itutional am5dm5ts are to be submitt$1 add37 also ! foll[+ am5dm5ts to ! con/itution ( ! /ate w be submitt$ to ! p = _! approval or rejection1 viz43 am5dm5t to section 1 article 1 ( ! con/itution 7nam+ ea* "o propos$72 7& if any special matt]s1 su* z removal ( c\nty seat1 c41 are to be vot$ on1 !n specifically /ate !m72 :i* election w be op5$ at n9e o'clock 9 ! morn+1 & w cont9ue op5 until five o'clock 9 ! aft]noon ( ! same day1 at :i* "t ! polls w be clos$4 ,dat$ at ?is day ( ,octob]1 #ah4 ,c4,o4,s41 ,t[n ,cl]k 7or ,city or ,village ,record]47 ,,regi/] ,,poll ,,li/4 ,li/ ( qualifi$ electors 9 ! election di/rict compos$ ( ! ( 1 9 ! c\nty ( 1 & /ate ( 1 = an election to be held 9 ! said election di/rict1 on ,tuesday1 ! day ( ,novemb]1 #ah3 ,adams1 ,james ,little1 ,joseph ,babcock1 ,george ,mann1 ,osc>4 7,write ! surnames 9 alphabetical ord]1 & leave suffici5t space betwe5 ! alphabetical lett]s to ins]t all additional names47 ,notice is h]eby giv5 t ! und]sign$ judges ( election ( said election di/rict1 w be pres5t at ! 1 9 said 1 at ! times nam$ bel[1 = ! purpose ( mak+ corrections 9 ! =ego+ li/1 viz43 ,on ,w$nesday1 ,octob] 1 & 7"h ins]t ! days & times ( ! day !y are to meet71 f #i o'clock ,a4,m4 till #d o'clock ,p4,m4 ( ea* day1 & also on ! morn+ ( election day1 f #g o'clock ,a4,m4 to #i o'clock ,a4,m4 ,giv5 "u our h&s ?is day ( ,octob]1 #ah4 7,sign$ by all ! judges ( election47 ,,m9utes ,,( ,,t[n ,,meet+4 ,at ! annual 7special7 t[n meet+ held 9 ! t[n ( 1 c\nty ( 1 /ate ( 1 at 1 on ! day ( 1 #ah 1 ! meet+ 0 call$ to ord] by ,r4,g41 t[n cl]k4 ,m4,j4,h4 0 !n *os5 to preside z mod]ator ( ! meet+4 ,! mod]ator1 at ! op5+ ( ! meet+1 /at$ ! bus9ess to be transact$ & ! ord] ( ! same z foll[s3 ,t ! bus9ess to be transact$ w\ld be to elect ?ree sup]visors1 c41 7/at+ ! (fic]s to be elect$17 & to d any o!r bus9ess prop] to be done at said meet+4 ,t said bus9ess w\ld be ent]ta9$ 9 ! foll[+ ord]3 #a/--,! election by ballot ( t[n (fic]s1 ! polls to be kept op5 ?r\gh\t ! day4 #b;d--,at "o o'clock ,p4,m41 election ( ov]se]s ( highways = ea* road di/rict 9 ! t[n4 #c;d--,t imm$iately foll[+ ! election ( ov]se]s ( highways ! g5]al bus9ess ( ! t[n w\ld be tak5 up & proce$$ ) until dispos$ (4 ,proclamation ( op5+ ! polls 0 !n made by ! mod]ator & ! polls op5$ & ! election ( t[n (fic]s proce$$4 ,! h\r ( "o o'clock ,p4,m4 hav+ arriv$ & ! g5]al bus9ess ( ! t[n be+ n[ 9 ord]1 ! foll[+ nam$ p]sons 7 elect$1 by ayes & noes1 ov]se]s ( highways = ! ensu+ ye> 9 ! foll[+ road di/ricts1 viz43 7"h give ! numb]s ( ! road di/ricts & ! names ( ! p]sons elect$ ov]se]s !re(47 ,a4,b4 0 elect$ p\ndma/] ( said t[n4 ,on motion1 ord]$ t a p\nd1 c41 7give ! location1 co/1 c41 ( p\nd1 if ord]$47 ,! foll[+ ?ree places 7 det]m9$ & designat$ by ! vot]s pres5t z ! mo/ public places 9 said t[n = ! po/+ up ( legal notices1 & suitable po/s = su* purpose 7 ord]$ to be erect$ or ma9ta9$ by ! sup]visors at ea* ( su* places1 viz43 7describe ! places47 ,! sup]visors submitt$ to ! electors a report ( all ! places at :i* guide po/s are erect$ & ma9ta9$ )9 ! t[n1 & ( all places at :i*1 9 _! op9ion1 !y ought to be erect$ & ma9ta9$4 ,!reupon1 x 0 ord]$ t guide po/s be erect$ & ma9ta9$ at ! foll[+ places1 viz43 7describe ! places47 ,! t[n cl]k read publicly ! report ( ! bo>d ( auditors1 includ+ a /atem5t ( ! fiscal conc]ns ( ! t[n & an e/imate ( ! sum necess>y = ! curr5t & incid5tal exp5ses ( ! t[n = ! ensu+ ye>4 ,! sup]visors r5d]$ an acc\nt 9 writ+1 /at+ ! labor assess$ & p]=m$ 9 ! t[n1 ! sums receiv$ by !m = f9es & commutation1 c42 a /atem5t ( ! improvem5ts necess>y to be made on ! roads & bridges1 & an e/imate ( ! probable exp5se ( mak+ su* improvem5ts beyond t ( ! labor to be assess$ = ?is ye>1 t ! road tax w accompli%2 also a /atem5t 9 writ+ ( all exp5ses & damages 9 consequ5ce ( lay+ out1 alt]+ or discont9u+ roads4 ,on motion1 x 0 ord]$ t ! foll[+ sums ( money be rais$ by tax ^u ! taxable prop]ty 9 said t[n = ! foll[+ purposes = ! curr5t ye>3 7ent] ! specific am\nts c>efully47 ,on motion ( ,h4,s4,h4,h41 ! foll[+ by-law 0 adopt$1 ayes 1 noes 3 ,x is h]eby ord]$ & det]m9$ t x %all be lawful = horses1 mules & asses to run at l>ge 9 ! t[n ( 1 9 ! day "t1 f ! fir/ day ( ,april to ! #ae? day ( ,octob]1 9 ea* ye>1 until fur!r ord]$4 ,on motion1 x 0 resolv$1 c41 7set =? 9 ord] ea* resolution or ord] z x transpires47 ,! next annual t[n meet+ 0 ord]$ to be held at 7nam+ ! place47 ,at five o'clock ! polls 7 clos$1 proclamation !re( be+ made by ! mod]ator4 ,! judges !n proce$$ to publicly canvass ! votes1 & ! p]sons hav+ ! greate/ numb] ( votes = ! respective (fices vot$ = 7 decl>$ elect$4 ,,/atem5t ,,( ,,result ,,( ,,canvass4 7,to be read publicly47 ,! foll[+ is a /atem5t ( ! result ( ! canvass ( votes by ballot = ! election ( (fic]s at ! annual t[n meet+ 9 ! ( 1 c\nty ( 1 & /ate ( 1 ,m>* 1 #ah1 z publicly canvass$ by ! judges at said meet+3 ,h4,b4 _h votes = *airman ( sup]visors4 ,j4,l4 _h votes = *airman ( sup]visors4 ,h4,b4 0 decl>$ elect$ *airman ( sup]visors4 7,9 ?is way give a /atem5t ( ! votes ca/ = ea* (fic]47 ,on motion ! meet+ adj\rn$ )\t day4 ,j4,h4,t41 ,c4,o4,c41 ,judges ,atte/3 ,r4,g41 ,cl]k4 ,,(ficial ,,oa?4 ,/ate ( 1 c\nty ( 1 t[n ( 1 ss4 ,i1 ,j4,a41 d solemnly swe> 7or affirm7 t ,i w support ! con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ( ! /ate ( 1 & fai?fully dis*>ge ! duties ( ! (fice ( ( ! t[n ( 1 9 ! c\nty ( 1 & /ate ( 1 to ! be/ ( my ability4 ,j4,a4 ,subscrib$ & sworn to be=e me ?is day ( ,a4,d4 #ah ,t4,s41 ,ju/ice ( ! ,peace4 ,,(ficial ,,bond4 ,"k all m5 by ^! pres5ts1 t we1 ,r4,s41 z pr9cipal1 & ,b4,b4,s4 & ,j4,e4 z sureties1 all ( ! c\nty ( 1 & /ate ( 1 are held & firmly b\nd unto ,j4,d4,e41 ,e4,c41 & ,e4,e41 z sup]visors ( ! t[n ( 1 9 said c\nty1 & _! successors 9 (fice1 9 ! sum ( 7five hundr$7 doll>s1 lawful money ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 to be paid to !m z su* sup]visors1 _! successors or assigns2 = :i* paym5t well & truly to be made1 we b9d ourselves1 our heirs1 executors & adm9i/rators1 jo9tly & sev]ally1 firmly by ^! pres5ts4 ,seal$ ) our seals dat$ ! day ( 1 #ah4 ,! condition ( ! above obligation is su*1 t :]eas1 ! above b\nd$ ,r4,s4 01 on ! day ( 1 ,a4,d4 #ah1 duly elect$ 7or appo9t$7 9 & = ! t[n ( 1 9 said c\nty1 = ! t]m ( 1 & is ab\t to ent] ^u ! duties ( said (fice2 n[1 !re=e1 if ! said ,r4,s4 %all1 w & does fai?fully dis*>ge all 8 duties z su* 9 & = said t[n1 !n ! above obligation to be void1 o!rwise to rema9 9 full =ce & virtue4 ,r4,s4 ,seal4 ,b4,b4,s4 ,seal4 ,j4,e4 ,seal4 ,seal$ & deliv]$ 9 pres5ce ( ,j4,b4 & ,g4,j4 ,/ate ( 1 ,c\nty ( 1 ss4 ,on ?is day ( 1 ,a4,d4 #ah1 be=e me1 ! subscrib]1 a 9 & = said c\nty1 p]sonally appe>$ to me kn[n to be ! p]son describ$ 91 & :o execut$ ! =ego+ in/rum5t1 & ackn[l$g$ t he execut$ ! same z free act & de$4 ,c\nty ( 1 ss4 ,b4,b4,s4 & ,j4,e41 be+ duly sworn1 say ea* = himself1 t he is surety 9 ! )9 bond2 t he is a resid5t & freehold] ( ! /ate ( 1 & t he is wor? ! sum ( 7five hundr$7 doll>s ov] & above 8 debts & liabilities1 & exclusive ( prop]ty exempt f execution4 ,b4,b4,s4 & ,j4,e4 ,subscrib$ & sworn to be=e me1 ?is day ( 1 #ah4 ,w4,r4,p41 ,ju/ice ( ! ,peace4 7,aft] fold+ ! in/rum5t ! approv+ (fic] mu/ indorse on its back ! foll[+ words37 ,i h]eby approve ! )9 bond & ! sureties !re9 conta9$1 ?is day ( 1 #ah4 7,sign$ (ficially by ! approv+ (fic]47 ,,notice ,,to ,,cl]k ,,( ,,di/rict ,,c\rt ,,( ,,election ,,( ,,ju/ice ,,( ,,! ,,peace4 ,/ate ( 1 c\nty ( 1 t[n ( 1 ss4 ,to ,h4,a4,b41 7address17 cl]k ( ! di/rict c\rt ( ! c\nty ( 4 ,y are h]eby notifi$ t at ! t[n meet+ held 9 ! t[n ( 1 9 ! c\nty ( 1 & /ate ( 1 on ! day ( ,m>*1 ,a4,d4 #ah1 ,p4,e4,c4 0 duly elect$ to ! (fice ( ju/ice ( ! peace1 = ! t]m ( two ye>s4 7,if elect$ to fill a vacancy1 /ate :o 0 ! la/ incumb5t47 ,giv5 "u my h&1 ?is day ( ,m>*1 ,a4,d4 #ah4 ,a4,r41 ,t[n ,cl]k4 ,,iii4 ,roads4 ,,petition4 ,to ! sup]visors ( ! t[n ( 1 9 ! c\nty ( 1 & /ate ( 3 ,! und]sign$1 legal vot]s 7:o own real e/ate1 or :o occupy real e/ate "u ! home/ead or pre-emption laws ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or "u contract f ! /ate ( 1 )9 "o mile71 7or :o are freehold]s & resid5ts ( ! t[n )9 two miles7 ( ! road to be laid out 7or alt]$1 or discont9u$71 h]eby petition y to lay out a new road 7or alt]1 or discont9ue a road7 z foll[s3 ,beg9n+ 7give ! po9t at :i* x is to comm5ce1 its g5]al c\rse & its t]m9ation47 ,! description ( ! l&s ov] :i* ! said 7new7 road passes1 & ! names ( ! own]s !re( :i* are kn[n1 z well z ! l&s ^: own]s are unkn[n1 are z foll[s3 7,give ! own]s ( ! l&s t are kn[n & describe ! l&s ^: own]s are unkn[n47 ,& y\r petition]s pray t y w proce$ to lay out said new road & cause ! same to be op5$ 7or alt]1 or discont9ue said road7 accord+ to law4 7,dat$1 & sign$ by at lea/ six resid5t legal vot]s own+ real e/ate or occupy+ ,unit$ ,/ates or s*ool l&s )9 "o mile1 or at lea/ eight resid5t freehold]s )9 two miles ( ! road47 ,,pro( ,,( ,,po/+4 ,/ate ( 1 c\nty ( 1 t[n ( 1 ss4 ,d4,s4 be+ sworn1 says1 t on ! day ( 1 #ah1 he po/$ copies ( ! )9 petition 9 ?ree ( ! mo/ public places ( said t[n1 to-wit3 ,at 7nam+ ! places47 ,d4,s4 ,subscrib$ & sworn to be=e me ?is day ( 1 #ah4 ,e4,w4,r41 ,ju/ice ( ! ,peace4 ,,sup]visors' ,,notice ,,( ,,he>+4 ,notice is h]eby giv5 t ! sup]visors ( ! t[n ( 1 9 ! c\nty ( 1 & /ate ( 1 w meet on ! day ( ,a4,d4 #ah1 at o'clock 9 ! noon1 at 1 9 said t[n1 = ! purpose ( p]sonally exam9+ ! r\te nam$ bel[1 propos$ = a new 7or alt]+1 or discont9u+ a7 road1 & = he>+ all reasons = or aga9/ said propos$ lay+ out 7or alt]+1 or discont9uance7 & decid+ ^u said application4 ,said propos$ new road 7or alt]ation1 or discont9uance7 z describ$ 9 ! petition is z foll[s3 7,"h give ! description ( ! r\te z conta9$ 9 ! petition47 ,! sev]al tracts ( l& ?r\gh :i* said road w pass 7passes7 & ! occupants !re(1 z ne>ly z we c det]m9e ! same1 are z foll[s3 7,give a description ( ! l&s & ! names ( ! occupants1 & if any h no occupants & ! own]s are unkn[n1 /ate t fact47 7,dat$1 & sign$ (ficially by ! sup]visors47 ,,pro( ,,( ,,po/+ ,,notice4 ,/ate ( 1 c\nty ( 1 t[n ( 1 ss4 ,d4,s4 be+ sworn1 says t on ! day ( 1 ,a4,d4 #ah1 he s]v$ ! )9 notice ^u ea* ( ! occupants ( ! l& ?r\gh :i* ! )9 describ$ road may pass1 by leav+ copies z foll[s3 ,to ,a4,b4 p]sonally2 to ,c4,d4 at 8 usual place ( abode ) ,e4,f41 a p]son ( suitable age & discretion1 7describ+ ea* s]vice47 ,t1 also1 on ! day ( ,a4,d4 #ah1 he po/$ copies ( ! )9 notice 9 ?ree public places 9 said t[n1 to-wit3 ,at 7nam+ ! places47 ,d4,s4 ,subscrib$ & sworn to be=e me ?is day ( 1 #ah4 ,e4,w4,r41 ,ju/ice ( ! ,peace4 ,,sup]visor',s ,,road ,,ord]4 ,/ate ( 1 c\nty ( 1 t[n ( 1 ss4 ,:]eas1 ^u ! petition ( 7six7 legal vot]s1 own+ real e/ate1 or occupy+ real e/ate "u ! home/ead or pre-emption laws ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or "u contract f ! /ate ( 1 )9 "o mile 7or eight legal vot]s1 freehold]s & resid5ts ( ! t[n1 )9 two miles71 ( ! road propos$ 9 said petition to be laid out 7alt]$ or discont9u$71 copies ( said petition hav+ be5 fir/ duly po/$ up 9 ?ree ( ! mo/ public places ( said t[n at lea/ tw5ty days be=e any action 0 _h 9 relation !reto1 pro( ( :i* po/+ 0 duly %[n to u by affidavit2 ,:i* said propos$ new road 7alt]ation or discont9uance7 is set =? & describ$ 9 said petition z foll[s1 viz43 ,beg9n+1 etc41 7set =? ! road z giv5 9 ! petition47 ,& :]eas1 ^u receiv+ said petition we did1 )9 ?irty days !reaft]1 make out a notice & fix !re9 a "t & place at :i* we w\ld meet & decide ^u su* application1 to-wit3 on ! day ( 1 ,a4,d4 #ah1 at 1 caus+ copies ( su* notice to be po/$ 9 ?ree public places 9 said t[n1 at lea/ t5 days previ\s to su* meet+2 & hav+ met at su* "t & place z above nam$ 9 said notice1 & be+ satisfi$ t ! applicant _h1 at lea/ t5 days previ\s to said "t1 caus$ said notice ( "t & place ( he>+ to be giv5 to all ! occupants ( ! l& ?r\gh :i* su* highway might pass1 by s]v+ ! same p]sonally or by copy left at ! usual place ( abode ( ea* ( said occupants1 pro( ( :i* 0 %[n by affidavit1 we proce$$ to exam9e p]sonally su* highway & he>d any & all reasons = or aga9/ lay+ out 7alt]+ or discont9u+7 ! same1 & be+ ( ! op9ion t su* lay+ out 7or alt]+1 or discont9u+17 0 necess>y & prop] & t ! public int]e/ w\ld be promot$ !reby1 we grant$ ! pray] ( said petition]s & det]m9$ to lay out 7alt] or discont9ue7 said road1 ! description ( :i* z s laid out is z foll[s1 to-wit3 ,beg9n+1 c4 ,x is !re=e ord]$ & det]m9$ t a road be & ! same is h]eby laid out 7or alt]$7 & e/abli%$ accord+ to ! description la/ a=esaid1 & x is h]eby decl>$ to be a public highway1 f\r rods wide1 ! said description above giv5 be+ ! c5t] ( said road4 ,giv5 "u our h&s1 ?is1 c41 7dat$ & sign$ (ficially by ! sup]visors47 ,,surveyor',s ,,report4 ,to ! sup]visors ( ! t[n ( 1 c\nty ( 1 & /ate ( 3 ,! und]sign$ hav+ be5 employ$ by y to make a survey ( a road 9 said t[n w\ld report t ! foll[+ is a correct survey !re(1 z made by me "u y\r directions1 to-wit3 7,give an accurate description ( ! road by c\rse & di/ance7 & t bel[ is a correct plot ( said road accord+ to said survey4 7,dat$ & sign$47 ,,release ,,( ,,damages4 ,/ate ( 1 c\nty ( 1 t[n ( 1 ss43 ,:]eas1 a road 0 laid out 7or alt]$ or discont9u$7 on ! day ( 1 ,a4,d4 #ah1 by ! sup]visors ( ! said t[n ( 1 on ! petition ( 7six7 legal vot]s1 own+ real e/ate1 or occupy+ real e/ate "u ! home/ead or pre-emption laws ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or "u contract f ! /ate ( 1 )9 "o mile 7or eight legal vot]s freehold]s & resid5ts ( ! t[n )9 two miles7 ( said road2 :i* said road 7or alt]ation1 or discont9uance7 is set =? & describ$ 9 ! sup]visors' ord]1 z foll[s1 viz43 ,beg9n+ 7describe ! road z 9 ! ord] lay+ x out72 :i* said road passes ?r\gh c]ta9 l&s own$ by u z describ$ bel[3 ,n[1 !re=e1 "k all m5 by ^! pres5ts1 t we1 ! own]s ( ! l&s describ$ bel[1 = value receiv$1 d h]eby 99 release all claims to damages su/a9$ by u by reason ( ! lay+ out 7or alt]+1 or discont9u+7 & op5+ said road ?r\gh our l&s1 viz43 7,"h give a description ( ! l&s & _! own]s' names4799 ,9 witness :]e(1 we h h]eunto set our h&s & seals ?is day ( 1 ,a4,d4 #ah4 7,signatures & seals47 ,sign$1 seal$ & deliv]$ 9 pres5ce ( two witnesses4 ,,agreem5t ,,z ,,to ,,damages4 7,use =m ,release ( ,damages to ! 99 !n sub/itute to ! next 99 z foll[s37 d h]eby agree to & ) ! said sup]visors t ! damages su/a9$ by u by reason ( lay+ out 7or alt]+1 or discont9u+7 said road be asc]ta9$ & fix$1 & ! same are h]eby asc]ta9$ & fix$ z foll[s3 7,describe ! l&s1 give ! own]s' names1 & ! am\nts agre$ on2 & conclude z 9 =m ,release ( ,damages47 ,,aw>d ,,( ,,damages4 ,/ate ( 1 c\nty ( 1 t[n ( 1 ss43 ,:]eas1 a road 0 laid out 7or alt]$ or discont9u$7 on ! day ( 1 ,a4,d4 #ah1 by ! und]sign$ sup]visors ( ! said t[n ( 1 on ! petition ( 7six7 legal vot]s1 own+ real e/ate1 or occupy+ real e/ate "u ! home/ead or pre-emption laws ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or "u contract f ! /ate ( 1 )9 "o mile 7or eight legal vot]s1 freehold]s & resid5ts ( ! t[n )9 two miles7 ( said road2 :i* said road 7or alt]ation1 or discont9uance7 is set =? & describ$ 9 ! sup]visors' ord] z foll[s1 viz43 ,beg9n+ 7describe ! road z 9 ! ord] lay+ x out47 ,& n be+ able to agree ) ! own]s ( ! foll[+ describ$ l&s1 claim+ damages by reason ( said highway pass+ ?r\gh1 we h assess$ ! damages to ea* ( su* individual claimants ) :om we c\ld n agree1 & aw>d$ damages to ! own]s ( su* l&s ?r\gh :i* su* highway passes z are unkn[n1 at :at we deem$ j & "r2 tak+ into acc\nt & e/imat+ ! advantages & b5efits ! road w conf] on ! claimants & own]s1 z well z ! disadvantages4 ,we h assess$ & aw>d$ damages z foll[s3 7,"h give a p>ticul> description ( ea* tract ( l& & its own]1 if kn[n2 b if n kn[n1 /ate t fact also47 ,& 9 case ( ! foll[+ l&s & claimants = damages1 we e/imate t ! advantages & b5efits said road w conf] on !m are equal to all damages su/a9$ by !m by reason ( lay+ out 7or alt]+1 or discont9u+7 said road1 to-wit3 7,set =? l&s & own]s z f> z kn[n2 & describe ! unkn[n l&s1 /at+ t ! own]s are unkn[n47 7,dat$1 & sign$ by ! sup]visors47 ,,application ,,= ,,jury4 ,/ate ( 1 c\nty ( 1 t[n ( 1 ss4 ,to ,j4,p41 ju/ice ( ! peace 9 & = said c\nty3 ,i1 ,j4,a4,b41 ( said t[n1 feel+ myself aggriev$ by ! det]m9ation 7aw>d ( damages7 made by ! sup]visors ( said t[n 7c\nty commission]s ( said c\nty7 by _! ord] be>+ date ! day ( 1 ,a4,d4 #ah1 9 lay+ out 7alt]+ or discont9u+7 7or refus+ to lay out1 alt] or discont9ue7 a highway 9 said t[n 7c\nty71 d h]eby appeal to y = a jury to be summon$ by y to he> & det]m9e su* appeal4 ,! highway 7alt]ation or discont9uance7 9 "q is describ$ 9 said ord]1 fil$ 9 ! t[n cl]k's 7c\nty auditor's7 (fice ( said t[n 7c\nty7 1 ,a4,d4 #ah1 z foll[s3 7describe ! road1 z 9 ! ord] on file71 :i* said road passes ?r\gh l&s own$ by me1 viz43 7describ+ !m47 ,! gr\nds ^u :i* ?is appeal is br\ght1 are3 7to recov] #hj damages to my said l& by reason ( su* lay+ out1 in/ead ( #dj z aw>d$ 9 said ord]7 7or1 9 relation to ! lay+ out1 or alt]+1 or discont9u+ said highway27 7or _! refusal to lay out1 or alt]1 or discont9ue said highway27 7or said appeal is br\ght to rev]se entirely ! decision ( ! said sup]visors or commission]s27 7or is br\ght to rev]se t "p ( _! ord] specify+ :i* "p1 c47 7,dat$ & sign$ by ! appellant47 ,,ju/ice ,,c\rt4 ,i4 ,civil ,suit4 ,,summons4 ,/ate ( 1 ss4 ,c\nty ( ,footnote3 ,?is brace ( l9es1 giv+ ! /ate & c\nty z introductory to a process1 c]tificate1 affidavit or o!r pap]1 is call$ a v5ue1 & %\ld be ins]t$ :]ev] ! ^w 7,v5ue7 is express$ 9 =ms giv5 h]eaft]4 ,! /ate ( to ! %]iff or any con/able ( said c\nty3 ,y are h]eby comm&$ to summon ,a4,m41 if he %all be f\nd 9 y\r c\nty1 to be & appe> be=e ! und]sign$1 "o ( ! ju/ices ( ! peace 9 & = said c\nty1 on ! day ( #ah1 at o'clock 9 ! noon1 at my (fice 9 ! 1 9 said c\nty1 to answ] to ,j4,t4 9 a civil action2 & h y !n & !re ?is writ4 ,giv5 "u my h& ?is day ( 1 ,a4,d4 #ah4 ,w4,d4,d41 ,ju/ice ( ! ,peace4 ,,con/able',s ,,return4 7,v5ue z 9 ,summons47 ,i h]eby c]tify t ,i p]sonally s]v$ ! )9 summons ^u ! )9 nam$ def5dant1 by read+ ! same to him1 9 said c\nty1 on ! day ( 1 #ah4 ,fees--,mileage1 #h miles1 - - 4#hj ,s]vice1 - - - - - - - - - 4#ae -- 4#ie ,g4,m4,g41 ,con/able4 ,,compla9t4 ,/ate ( ss4 ,9 ,ju/ice ,c\rt1 ,c\nty ( ,be=e ,w4,d4,d41 ,ju/ice ( ! ,peace4 ,j4,t41 pla9tiff1 aga9/ ,a4,m41 def5dant4 ,footnote3 ,all ! affidavits1 plead+s1 & o!r pap]s fil$ by p>ties 9 an action %\ld be entitl$1 t is to say1 %\ld beg9 ) a caption simil> to ! above1 giv+ ! /ate & c\nty1 "n ( ju/ice1 & ! names ( ! p>ties1 pla9tiff & def5dant1 to ! action4 ,?is caption 7title ( cause7 is to be ins]t$ 9 e =m giv5 h]eaft]1 :]ev] x is s express$4 ,! compla9t ( ! pla9tiff %[s to ?is c\rt t at 1 9 ! /ate ( 1 on ! day ( 1 #ah1 ! def5dant made 8 promissory note 9 writ+1 dat$ on t day1 & !reby promis$ to pay to ! pla9tiff 7"o ye> aft] date7 ! sum ( 7eighty7 doll>s1 = value receiv$1 ) int]e/ !reon f ! said date at ! rate ( 7t57 p] c5t1 p] annum until fully paid1 & deliv]$ ! same to ! pla9tiff4 ,t ! pla9tiff is n[ ! hold] & own] ( said note2 t ! same has n be5 paid1 nor any "p !re(2 b ! def5dant is n[ ju/ly indebt$ to ! pla9tiff !reon 9 ! sum ( 7eighty7 doll>s1 ) int]e/ z a=esaid4 ,:]e=e1 ! pla9tiff dem&s judgm5t aga9/ ! def5dant = ! sum ( 7eighty-n9e7 doll>s & 7sixty7 c5ts1 ) co/s ( suit4 ,j4,t4 7,v5ue47 ,j4,t41 ! pla9tiff 7or def5dant7 9 ?is action1 be+ duly sworn1 says t ! =ego+ compla9t 7or answ]1 or reply17 is true1 to 8 own k1 except z to ^? matt]s /at$ on 8 in=mation & belief1 & z to ^? matt]s1 t he believes x to be true4 ,j4,t4 7,jurat47 ,,answ]4 7,title ( cause47 ,! answ] ( ! def5dant to ! compla9t h]e91 %[s to ?is c\rt3 #a4 ,t he admits ! mak+ & deliv]+ ( ! note !re9 /at$1 b d5ies ea* & e o!r allegation !re9 conta9$4 #b4 ,& = a fur!r def5se ?is def5dant %[s t on ! day ( 1 #ah1 he b\ght 7a horse7 ( ! pla9tiff = ! sum ( 7"o hundr$ & ?irty7 doll>s1 & paid him 7fifty7 doll>s 9 money1 & ! note ( 7eighty7 doll>s describ$ 9 ! compla9t2 :i* 7horse71 by ! contract ( sale1 ! pla9tiff w>rant$ to ! def5dant to be s\nd2 & ! def5dant fur!r /ates t ! said 7horse7 0 uns\nd at ! "t1 :]eby ! def5dant su/a9$ damage 9 ! sum ( 7"o hundr$7 doll>s4 ,:]e=e he asks t said am\nt ( damage be set (f aga9/ ! am\nt ( said note1 & dem&s judgm5t = ! balance ( 7tw5ty7 doll>s1 besides co/s ( suit4 ,a4,m4 7,v]ifi$47 ,,reply4 7,title ( cause47 ,! reply ( ! pla9tiff to ! facts set =? 9 ! answ] ( ! def5dant1 d5ies ea* & e allegation !re9 conta9$4 ,j4,t4 7,v]ifi$47 ,,adj\rnm5t4 7,title ( cause47 7,v5ue47 ,a4,m41 be+ duly sworn1 says1 t he is ! def5dant 9 ?is action2 t ,j4,c4,s41 :o resides 9 ! t[n ( 1 9 said c\nty1 is a mat]ial witness = ?is def5dant1 )\t ^: te/imony he _c safely proce$ to ! trial ( ?is action2 t ! said ,j4,c4,s41 if exam9$ z a witness on ! trial1 w te/ify t he 0 pres5t at ! "t ! horse m5tion$ 9 ! answ] 0 pur*as$1 & he>d ! pla9tiff say to ! def5dant1 ! horse is s\nd1 & ,i w>rant him s2 t he he>d ?is def5dant reply1 well1 ,i %all rely entirely ^u y\r w>ranty2 & t !reupon def5dant gave 8 note = ! balance ( ! pur*ase money ( ! horse4 ,t on ! day ( 1 #ah1 he procur$ a subpo5a = ! said ,j4,c4,s41 & w5t ) ! same to 8 resid5ce to s]ve ! same1 :5 he !re le>n$ = ! fir/ "t t said ,j4,c4,s4 _h unexpect$ly left home ! day be=e & _h gone to 1 9 ! /ate ( 1 to be abs5t 7?ree7 weeks4 ,t he kn[s ( no o!r p]son by :om he c prove ^! facts2 & t he expects to be able to procure ! att5dance ( said ,j4,c4,s4 z a witness on ! trial1 if ?is cause is adj\rn$ = 7?irty7 days4 ,a4,m4 7,jurat47 ,,subpo5a4 ,/ate ( 1 ss4 ,c\nty ( ,! ,/ate ( to ,j4,k41 ,j4,l4 & ,g4,g43 ,y are h]eby requir$ to appe> be=e ! und]sign$1 "o ( ! ju/ices ( ! peace 9 & = said c\nty1 at my (fice 9 ! t[n ( 1 on ! day ( 1 #ah1 at o'clock 9 ! noon ( said day1 to give evid5ce 9 a c]ta9 cause !n & !re to be tri$ betwe5 ,j4,t41 pla9tiff1 & ,a4,m41 def5dant1 on ! "p ( ! pla9tiff 7or def5dant47 ,giv5 "u my h& ?is day ( 1 #ah4 ,w4,d4,d41 ,ju/ice ( ! ,peace4 ,,atta*m5t ,,aga9/ ,,witness4 7,v5ue47 ,! ,/ate ( to ! %]iff or any con/able ( said c\nty3 ,y are h]eby comm&$ to atta* ! body ( ,s4,k4,b41 if he %all be f\nd 9 y\r c\nty1 & br+ him =?) be=e ! und]sign$1 "o ( ! ju/ices ( ! peace 9 & = said c\nty1 at my (fice 9 ! t[n ( 1 9 said c\nty1 to give evid5ce 9 a c]ta9 cause n[ p5d+ be=e me1 betwe5 ,j4,t41 pla9tiff1 & ,a4,m41 def5dant1 on ! "p ( ! def5dant 7or pla9tiff72 & also to answ] all su* matt]s z %all be object$ aga9/ him1 = t ! said ,s4,k4,b41 hav+ be5 duly subpo5a$ to att5d at ! trial ( said action1 _h refus$ 7or fail$ )\t j cause7 to att5d1 9 con=mity to said subpo5a2 & h y !n & !re ?is writ4 ,giv5 "u my h&1 etc4 ,w4,b4,d41 ,ju/ice ( ! ,peace4 ,,con/able',s ,,jury ,,li/4 7,title ( cause47 ,li/ ( names ( 7tw5ty-f\r7 inhabitants ( ! c\nty ( 1 qualifi$ to s]ve z jurors 9 ! di/rict c\rt ( said c\nty1 made by me z direct$ by said ju/ice ( ! peace1 f :i* to impanel a jury 9 ! above entitl$ cause4 ,g4,w41 ,con/able4 ,dat$1 etc4 ,john ,j4 ,cooke1 ,x ,allan ,k4 ,w>e1 ,x ,j>$ ,s4 ,b5son1 ,walt] ,g4 ,br[n1 ,george ,w4 ,jones1 ,elias ,b$all1 ,erick ,pet]son1 ,patrick ,kelly1 ,x ,x ,?omas ,o4 ,jones1 ,julius ,graetz1 ,john ,%annon1 ,x ,x ,david ,f4 ,lamb1 ,wm4 ,w4 ,w]tsel1 ,x ,daniel ,g ,pratt1 ,horace ,s ,rob]ts1 ,x ,j4,w4 ,ev]/9e1 ,a>on ,m ,ozmun1 ,x ,ole ,t4 ,ruhd1 ,l>s ,&]son1 ,conrad ,s*a*t1 ,o4,p4 ,:itcomb1 ,x ,j4,q4 ,leon>d1 ,z]a ,fairman1 ,x ,russell ,blakely4 ,x 9999 ,names /ruck (f by pla9tiff *eck$ on ! "r2 by def5dant *eck$ on ! left4 ,w4,d4,d41 ,ju/ice ( ! ,peace4 ,,v5ire4 ,/ate ( 1 ,c\nty ( ss4 ,! ,/ate ( to ! %]iff or any con/able ( said c\nty3 ,y are h]eby comm&$ to summon 7"h ins]t ! names 9 full71 to be & appe> be=e ! und]sign$1 "o ( ! ju/ices ( ! peace 9 & = said c\nty1 on ! day ( 1 #ah1 at o'clock 9 ! noon ( said day1 9 ! 7t[n7 ( 1 9 said c\nty1 to make a jury = ! trial ( a civil action betwe5 ,j4,t41 pla9tiff1 & ,a4,m41 def5dant1 & h y !n & !re ?is writ4 ,giv5 "u my h& ?is day ( 1 ,a4,d4 #ah4 ,w4,d4,d41 ,ju/ice ( ! ,peace4 ,,return4 7,v5ue47 ,i h]eby c]tify t1 by virtue ( ! )9 writ1 ,i h p]sonally summon$ z jurors ! sev]al p]sons nam$ !re91 viz4 7give ! li/ s]v$2 & if any are n s]v$1 add73 & t ! foll[+ nam$ p]sons c\ld n be f\nd 7giv+ _! names47 ,dat$ ?is day ( 1 #ah4 ,g4,w41 ,con/able4 ,fees1 etc4 ,,w>rant ,,= ,,juror4 ,/ate ( 1 ,c\nty ( ss4 ,! ,/ate ( to ! %]iff or any con/able ( said c\nty3 ,:]eas1 on ! day ( 1 ,a4 ,d4 #ah1 a v5ire 0 duly issu$ by ! und]sign$1 "o ( ! ju/ices ( ! peace ( ! said c\nty1 9 ! case ( ,j4,t4 vs ,a4 ,m41 !n p5d+ be=e me z su* ju/ice2 &1 :]eas1 "o ,e4,f4 0 duly nam$ z juror !re91 & said v5ire 0 duly s]v$ ^u said ,e4,f4 by ,g4,h41 a con/able ( said c\nty2 &1 :]eas1 ! said ,e4,f4 fail$ to appe> z su* juror1 or to r5d] any reasonable excuse = 8 default1 z appe>s f ! return ( said con/able1 & f my docket2 n[1 !re=e1 y are h]eby comm&$ =?) to appreh5d ! said ,e4,f4 & br+ him be=e me to %[ cause :y he %\ld n be f9$ = contempt 9 n obey+ said writ1 & to be fur!r dealt ) accord+ to law4 ,giv5 "u my h&1 etc4 ,w4,d4,d41 ,ju/ice ( ! ,peace4 ,,docket4 7,) oral plead+s1 jury trial1 execution1 etc47 ,/ate ( 1 ,c\nty ( 1ss4 ,9 ,ju/ice ,c\rt4 ,be=e ,w4,d4,d41 ,ju/ice ( ! ,peace4 ,j4,t41 ,pla9tiff1 aga9/ ,a4,m41 ,def5dant4 ,,pla9tiff',s ,,co/s4 ,ju/ice's ,fees4 ,summons444444444444444 #be ,compla9t4444444444444 #ae ,answ]4444444444444444 #ae ,reply44444444444444444 #ae ,adj\rnm5t44444444444 #ae ,oa?1 #b;d adjt444444444 #ae #b;d adj\rnm5t44444444 #ae ,fil+ two pap]s44444 #aj #c;d adj\rnm5t44444444 #ae ,swe>+ jury444444444 #be ,oa?1 n9e witnesses44 #a #ce ,oa?1 (fic]444444444 #ae ,judgm5t44444444444444 #be ,tax+ co/s4444444444 #ae #c #ee ,con/able's ,fees4 ,on summons444444444444#a #aj ,jury li/4444444444444 #ae ,summon+ jury44444444 #a #jj #a day's att4 c\rt4444 #a #jj ,att5d+ jury44444444 #ej #c #ge ,pla9tiff's ,witnesses4 ,w4,a41att4 & mil44444#a #dh ,l4,d41 44444 #a #bd ,z4,s41 44444 #a #ab ,j4,b41 44444 #a #cf #e #bj #ab #ej ,augu/ l1 #ahhg4--,summons issu$1 returnable ,augu/ #i1ahhg1 at #a o'clock ,p4,m4 ,augu/ #e4--,summons return$ by ,con/able ,s4 7,"h give ! return ( ! (fic]47 ,augu/ #i1 #a ,p4,m4--,p>ties appe>$ & jo9$ issue4 ,pla9tiff compla9$ orally ^u a promissory note1 & deliv]$ ! same to ! c\rt1 & /at$ t !re 0 due him #hj & int]e/ !reon1 :i* he claim$ to recov] ,( def5dant2 v]ifi$ ! same4 ,def5dant answ]$ orally1 alleg+ t said note 0 giv5 = a horse1 :i* horse 0 w>rant$ to be s\nd1 :]eas1 9 fact1 x 0 uns\nd1 claim+ #ajj damages !reby2 v]ifi$4 ,pla9tiff repli$ orally1 d5y+ ! w>ranty2 v]ifi$4 ,pla9tiff !n appli$ = an adj\rnm5t1 & ! suit 0 adj\rn$ to ,augu/ #af1 #ahhg1 at #a ,p4,m41 at my (fice4 ,augu/ #af1 #a ,p4,m4--,p>ties appe>$1 & def5dant appli$ = an adj\rnm5t ( ?irty days1 to obta9 mat]ial witness1 & hav+ %[n cause !re=1 ^u oa?1 ! suit 0 adj\rn$ to ,septemb] #af1 #ahhg1 at #a ,p4,m41 at my (fice4 ,septemb] #af1 #ahhg1 #a ,p4,m4--,p>ties appe>$1 & def5dant dem&$ a jury ( twelve p]sons1 pay+ _! fees4 ,v5ire issu$ & deliv]$ to ,con/able ,g4,w4 ,cause adj\rn$ to ,septemb] #ag1 #ahhg1 at #a ,p4,m41 at my (fice1 to give "t to summon ! jury1 & = !m to appe>4 ,septemb] #ag1 #a ,p4,m4--,p>ties appe>4 ,two ( ! jurors n appe>+1 ,g4,d4 & ,e4,f4 7 summon$ z talesm54 ,! foll[+ jurors 7 sworn3 7,give ! li/47 ,! foll[+ witnesses 7 sworn = ! pla9tiff3 7,note 9 ord] 9 ! docket all exceptions tak5 to any te/imony47 ,! foll[+ witnesses 7 sworn = ! def5dant1 etc4 ,! foll[+ witnesses 7 sworn 9 rebuttal1 etc4 7,all exceptions to rul+s ( ! c\rt are to be not$ 9 ! docket 9 ord] :5ev] !y occur47 ,septemb] #ag1 #e ,p4,m4--,aft] he>+ ! te/imony1 ! jury retire1 "u *>ge ( ,con/able ,g4,w41 sworn = t purpose4 #f ,p4,m4--,jury return$ into c\rt1 & say t !y f9d = ! pla9tiff = ! sum ( #hf4jj4 ,judgm5t r5d]$ !reupon aga9/ ! def5dant = #hf4jj & co/s ( suit1 tax$ at #ab4ej1 on ?is #ag? day ( ,septemb]1 #ahhg4 ,w4,d4,d41 ,ju/ice ( ! ,peace4 ,septemb] #bi1 #ahhg4--;,execution issu$ = #hf4jj1 & int]e/ f ,septemb] #ag1 & = #ab4ej co/s1 & deliv]$ to ,con/able ,g4,w4 to collect4 ,w4,d4,d41 ,ju/ice ( ! ,peace4 ,octob] #aa4--;,execution return$ satisfi$4 ,w4,d4,d41 ,ju/ice ( ! ,peace4 ,octob] #ae1ahhg4--,receiv$ ! above judgm5t & co/s 9 full4 ,j4,t41 ,pla9tiff4 ,,oa? ,,to ,,jurors4 ,y d solemnly swe> t y w well & truly try ! matt]s 9 diff]5ce betwe5 ! p>ties 9 ?is cause1 & a true v]dict give1 accord+ to ! evid5ce giv5 y 9 c\rt & ! laws ( ?is /ate4 ,s help y ,god4 ,,oa? ,,to ,,witness4 ,y d solemnly swe> t ! evid5ce y %all give relative to ! cause n[ "u consid]ation %all be ! :ole tru?1 & no?+ b ! tru?4 ,s help y ,god4 ,,oa? ,,to ,,(fic]4 ,y d solemnly swe> t y w keep ?is jury toge!r 9 "s suitable place1 )\t food or dr9k1 unless ord]$ by ! c\rt2 t y w suff] no p]son to speak to !m ^u ! matt]s submitt$ to _! *>ge until !y are agre$1 nor w y speak to !m y\rself ab\t ! cause1 except to ask !m :e!r !y are agre$2 t y w p]mit no p]son to li/5 to1 or ov]he>1 any conv]sation or discussion !y may h :ile delib]at+ on _! v]dict2 t y w n disclose _! v]dict nor any conv]sation !y may h respect+ ! cause1 until !y h deliv]$ _! v]dict 9 c\rt1 or be5 dis*>g$ by ord] ( ! c\rt4 ,s help y ,god4 ,,execution4 ,/ate ( 1 ,c\nty ( ss4 ,! /ate ( to ! %]iff or any con/able ( said c\nty3 ,:]eas1 judgm5t aga9/ ,a4,m4 = ! sum ( 7eighty-six7 doll>s1 lawful money ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & = 7twelve7 doll>s & 7fifty7 c5ts1 co/s ( suit1 0 recov]$ ! day ( 1 #ah1 be=e me1 at ! suit ( ,j4,t42 ^! are !re=e to comm& y to levy di/ress on ! goods & *attels ( ! said ,a4,m4 7except+ z ! law exempts71 & make sale !re( accord+ to law1 9 su* case made & provid$1 to ! am\nt ( ! said sum1 toge!r ) tw5ty-five c5ts = ?is execution1 & ! same return to me )9 ?irty days1 to be r5d]$ to ! said ,j4,t4 = 8 said judgm5t & co/s4 ,h]e( fail n1 "u p5alty ( ! law4 ,w4,d4,d41 ,ju/ice ( ! ,peace ,,endorsem5ts ,,on ,,execution4 ,,9 ,,ju/ice ,,c\rt ,,c\nty ,,(4444444444444444444444444444444444444 4444 ,j4,t41 pla9tiff aga9/ ,a4,m41 def5dant ,,execution4 ,collect ,judgm5t44444444#hf #jj ,co/s4444444444444444444 #ab #jj #ih #ej ,int]e/ !reon at sev5 p] c5t1 f ,sept4 #ag1 #ahhg1 & y\r fees4 ,w4,d4,d41 ,ju/ice ( ! ,peace ,receiv$ ! )9 execution ,sept4 #bi1 #ahhg4 ,g4,w41 ,con/able4 7,see con/able's return47 ,,return ,,( ,,execution4 7,v5ue47 ,by virtue ( ! )9 execution1 on ?is fir/ day ( ,octob]1 #ahhg1 ,i h levi$ on "o bay horse ab\t sev5 ye>s old1 "o s+le h>ness1 & "o s+le buggy1 ! prop]ty ( ! said ,a4,m4 ,g4,w41 ,con/able4 ,,con/able',s ,,sale4 7,v5ue47 ,by virtue ( an execution issu$ by ,e4,m41 ju/ice ( ! peace1 aga9/ ! goods & *attels ( ,a4,m41 ,i h seiz$ & tak5 ! foll[+ describ$ prop]ty1 to-wit3 7describ+ x71 :i* ,i %all expose = sale at public v5due to ! highe/ bidd]1 on ,tuesday1 ! elev5? day ( ,octob]1 #ahhg1 at t5 o'clock ,a4,m4 79 front ( ! po/(fice71 at 1 9 said c\nty4 ,g4 ,w41 ,con/able4 ,dat$ ,oct4 #a1 #ahhg4 ,,f9al ,,return4 7,v5ue47 ,i h]eby c]tify t1 by virtue ( ! )9 execution1 on ! fir/ day ( ,octob]1 #ahhg1 ,i levi$ on ! goods & *attels 9 ! annex$ inv5tory nam$1 ! prop]ty ( said ,a4,m41 & on ! fir/ day ( ,octob]1 #ahhg1 ,i adv]tis$ ! said prop]ty = sale by po/+ up 9 ?ree public places 9 ! election di/rict :]e x 0 to be sold1 to-wit1 9 ! t[n ( 1 ?ree notices describ+ said prop]ty1 & giv+ notice ( ! "t & place1 :5 & :]e ! same w\ld be expos$ = sale2 t at ! "t s appo9t$ 7nam+ x71 ,i att5d$ at ! place m5tion$ 9 said notice 7nam+ ! place71 & !n & !re expos$ ! said goods & *attels to sale at public v5due to ! highe/ bidd]2 & sold ! said horse to ,john ,smi?1 = #gf2 ! h>ness to ,edw>d ,:ite1 = #ac4ej2 & ! buggy to ,samuel ,jones1 = #bc4dj1 !y be+ ! highe/ bidd]s !re=2 t ,i h reta9$ #d4af1 my fees & disbursem5ts1 f said am\nt1 & h appli$ #hf4dj 9 paym5t ( ! )9 execution1 ,:i* is h]eby return$ fully satisfi$4 ,g4 ,w41 ,con/able4 7,dat$ & sign$47 ,,ii4 ,crim9al ,prosecutions4 ,,oa? ,,to ,,compla9ant4 ,y d solemnly swe> t y w true answ]s make to su* que/ions z %all be put to y t\*+ ?is compla9t aga9/ ,r4,f4 ,s help y ,god4 ,,crim9al ,,compla9t4 ,/ate ( 1 ,c\nty ( 1ss4 ,! compla9t ( ,j4,d41 ( said c\nty1 made be=e ,a4,j4,s41 ,esq41 "o ( ! ju/ices ( ! peace 9 & = said c\nty1 :o1 be+ duly sworn1 on 8 oa? says1 t on ! day ( 1 #ah1 at ! ( 1 9 said c\nty1 "o ,r4,f4 did 99 ?reat5 to beat 7or w\nd1 or maim1 or z ! case may be7 him1 ! said ,j4,d41 & to d him great bodily h>m2 7or to burn 8 dwell+-h\se2 or z ! case may be72 & t he has great cause = fe> ! said ,r4,f4 w beat1 etc41 7z above47 ,! said ,j4,d41 !re=e1 prays surety ( ! peace to be grant$ him aga9/ ! said ,r4,f41 & ?is he does1 n f any private malice or ill-w t[>ds ! said ,r4,f41 b simply because he is afraid1 & has good cause to fe>1 t ! said ,r4,f4 w beat1 etc41 7z above71 aga9/ ! =m ( ! /atute 9 su* case made & provid$1 & aga9/ ! peace & dignity ( ! /ate ( ,m9nesota1 99 & prays t ! said ,r4,f4 may be arre/$ & dealt ) accord+ to law4 ,j4,d4 7,jurat47 ,a4,j4,s41 ,ju/ice ( ! ,peace4 ,,w>rant4 ,/ate ( 1 ,c\nty ( 1ss4 ,! ,/ate ( to ! %]iff or any con/able ( said c\nty3 ,:]eas1 ,j4,d4 has ?is day compla9$ 9 writ+ to me1 on oa?1 t ,r4,f41 on ! day ( 1 #ah1 at 9 said c\nty1 did 7ins]t ! /atem5t ( ! (f5se1 z 9 ! compla9t72 & pray$ t ! said ,r4,f4 might be arre/$ & dealt ) accord+ to law2 ,n[1 !re=e1 y are comm&$ =?) to appreh5d ! said ,r4,f41 & br+ him be=e me1 to be dealt ) accord+ to law2 & y are also comm&$ to summon ,a4,b41 ,c4,d41 & ,e4,f41 mat]ial witnesses 9 said compla9t1 to appe> & te/ify conc]n+ ! same4 ,giv5 "u my h& ?is day (1 ,a4,d4 #ah4 ,a4,j4,s41 ,ju/ice ( ! ,peace4 ,,return ,,on ,,w>rant4 7,v5ue47 ,i h]eby c]tify t by virtue ( ! )9 w>rant ,i h arre/$ ! )9 nam$ def5dant1 & h him n[ be=e ! c\rt 9 cu/ody4 7,fees1 etc47 7,dat$47 ,j4,n41 ,con/able4 ,,recognizance4 ,/ate ( 1 ,c\nty ( 1ss4 ,we1 ,r4,f41 z pr9cipal1 & ,j4,b4 & ,l4,o41 z sureties1 ( 1 9 said c\nty1 ackn[l$ge ourselves to owe & be indebt$ unto ! /ate ( ,m9nesota 9 ! sum ( 7two hundr$7 doll>s1 to be levi$ ( our sev]al goods & *attels1 l&s & t5em5ts1 to ! use ( said /ate1 if default be made 9 ! condition foll[+1 to-wit3 ,! condition ( ?is recognizance is su*1 t if ! above b\nd5 ,r4,f4 %all & does keep ! peace1 & be ( good behavior1 = ! p]iod ( 7?ree mon?s7 f ! date h]e(1 t[>ds all ! p ( ?is /ate1 & p>ticul>ly t[>ds ,j4,d41 !n ?is recognizance to be void2 o!rwise ( =ce4 ,r4,f4 ,j4,b4 ,l4,o4 ,tak5 & ackn[l$g$ be=e me1 etc4 ,a4,j4,s41 ,ju/ice ( ! ,peace4 ,,commitm5t4 ,/ate ( 1 ,c\nty ( 1ss4 ,! ,/ate ( to ! %]iff or any con/able1 & to ! keep] ( ! common jail ( said c\nty3 ,:]eas1 ,b4,f4 01 on ! day ( 1 #ah1 br\ght be=e ! und]sign$1 "o ( ! ju/ices ( ! peace 9 & = said c\nty1 *>g$1 on ! oa? ( ,j4,d41 ) hav+1 on ! day ( 1 #ah1 at 1 9 ! said c\nty 7"h /ate ! (f5se z *>g$ 9 ! w>rant71 & ^u exam9ation ( ! said *>ge1 x appe>+ to me t !re is j cause to fe> t su* (f5se w be committ$ by ! said ,r4,f41 he 0 ord]$ to ent] into a recognizance1 ) suffici5t sureties 9 ! sum ( 7#bjj71 to keep ! peace t[>d all ! p ( ?is /ate1 & especially t[>d ! said ,j4,d41 = ! t]m ( 7?ree7 mon?s2 & ! said ,r4,f4 hav+ refus$ 7or fail$1 or neglect$17 to comply ) su* ord]3 ,n[1 !re=e1 y1 ! said con/able1 are comm&$ =?) to convey & deliv] into ! cu/ody ( ! said keep] ! body ( ! said ,r4,f41 & y1 ! said keep]1 are h]eby comm&$ to receive ! said ,r4,f4 into y\r cu/ody 9 ! said jail1 & him !re safely kept = ! t]m ( 7?ree7 mon?s f ! date h]e(1 or until he s recognizes z a=esaid1 or until he %all !nce be dis*>g$ by due c\rse ( law4 ,giv5 "u my h& ?is day ( 1 ,a4,d4 #ah4 ,j4,p41 ,ju/ice ( ! ,peace4 ,,jail]',s ,,receipt4 7,v5ue47 ,i h]eby c]tify t ,i h receiv$ into my cu/ody ! )9 nam$ ,r4,f41 & h lodg$ him 9 ! common jail ( said c\nty1 z )9 comm&$4 ,dat$1 etc4 ,l4,s4,p41 ,%]iff1 by ,g4,s41 ,deputy4 ,,con/able',s ,,return4 7,v5ue47 ,i h]eby c]tify t by virtue ( ! )9 w>rant ,i h deliv]$ ! )9 nam$ ,r4,f4 to ! keep] ( ! common jail ( ! said c\nty1 z appe>s by 8 receipt indors$ h]eon4 ,dat$1 etc4 ,t4,r41 ,con/able4 ,fees1 etc4 ,,iii4 ,miscellane\s4 ,,compla9t ,,= ,,se>* ,,w>rant4 7,foll[ =m ,crim9al ,compla9t to ! 991 !n say73 ,div]s goods & *attels1 viz43 7describ+ !m p>ticul>ly1 & _! value17 7 feloni\sly /ol51 tak5 & c>ri$ away2 & t ! said ,c4,w4 has good reason to believe1 & does believe1 t ! said goods & *attels are conceal$ 9 ! 7dwell+-h\se7 ( "o ,j4,s41 situat$ 9 ! 7t[n7 ( 1 9 said c\nty 7p>ticul>ly describ+ ! place71 & t ! gr\nds ( 8 said belief are z foll[s3 7"h /ate ! facts & circum/ances on :i* 8 belief is f\nd$47 ,he1 !re=e1 prays t a w>rant may issue to make se>* = said goods & *attels 9 said 7dwell+-h\se7 ( ! said ,j4,s41 accord+ to ! /atute 9 su* case made & provid$4 ,c4,w4 7,jurat47 ,,se>* ,,w>rant4 7,use ! g5]al =m ( w>rant1 except 9 ! conclud+ s5t5ce say73 ,n[1 !re=e1 y are comm&$ =?) to ent] ! 7dwell+-h\se7 ( "o ,j4,s41 situat$1 etc41 7p>ticul>ly describ+ ! place71 & !re make se>* = ! above describ$ prop]ty 7or1 z ! case may be72 & if ! same1 or any "p !re(1 %all !re be f\nd1 y are h]eby comm&$ to br+ ! same1 toge!r ) ! p]son7s7 9 ^: possession ! same may be f\nd1 be=e me1 to be dealt ) accord+ to law4 ,giv5 "u my h&1 etc4 ,a4,j4,s41 ,ju/ice ( ! ,peace4 ,probate ,c\rt4 ,,petition ,,= ,,admission ,,( ,,w4 ,/ate ( 1 ,c\nty ( 1ss4 ,9 ,probate ,c\rt4 ,to ! ,judge ( said ,c\rt3 ,! petition ( ( said 1 respectfully repres5ts t late ( 1 deceas$ ! day ( 1 at 1 di$ te/ate1 z petition] believe2 t ! in/rum5t 9 writ+ h]e) pres5t$ to ?is c\rt1 is ! la/ w & te/am5t ( said deceas$ z petition] believe2 & t ! said petition] ! id5tical nam$ & appo9t$ 9 & by said la/ w & te/am5t z executor !re(2 t ! heirs at law ( said deceas$ are 4 ,y\r petition] w\ld fur!r repres5t1 t ! goods1 *attels & p]sonal e/ate ( said deceas$ am\nt to ab\t doll>s2 & t ! said deceas$ left debts due & unpaid to ! probable am\nt ( doll>s4 ,y\r petition] w\ld pray t a day be appo9t$ = he>+ ! pro(s ( said la/ w & te/am5t1 & t public notice !re( be giv5 to all p]sons int]e/$1 z ?is c\rt %all direct2 & t ^u ! pro( & all[ance ( said w1 & ! approval ( ! bond ( y\r petition] 1 lett]s te/am5t>y be to issu$ !reon1 & apprais]s & commission]s appo9t$1 accord+ to ! rules & practices ( ?is c\rt4 ,dat$ at 1 ?is day ( 1 ,a4,d4 #ah4 ,/ate ( 1 ,c\nty ( 1ss4 ,on ?is day ( 1 ,a4,d4 #ah1 be=e me p]sonally appe>$ ! above nam$ & made oa? t he he>d read ! above & =ego+ petition1 subscrib$ by & "k ! cont5ts !re(1 & t ! same is true ( own k1 except z to ! matt]s :i* are !re9 /at$ to be on in=mation & belief1 & z to ^? matt]s he believe x to be true4 ,,ord] ,,admitt+ ,,w4 ,/ate ( 1 ,c\nty ( 1ss4 ,9 ,probate ,c\rt4 ,t]m 1 #ah ,9 ! matt] ( ! e/ate ( 1 deceas$4 ,pursuant to an ord] ( ?is c\rt made 9 ! above entitl$ matt]1 on ! day ( 1 #ah1 ! he>+ ( ! pro(s ( t c]ta9 in/rum5t be>+ date ! day ( 1 #ah1 purport+ to be ! la/ w & te/am5t ( 1 deceas$1 came on ?is day2 & x appe>+ to ! satisfaction ( ! c\rt t ! notice direct$ 9 ! ord] a=esaid to be giv51 has be5 giv52 !reupon & 1 ! subscrib+ witnesses to said in/rum5t1 7 duly sworn & exam9$ on behalf ( ! propon5t !re(1 _! te/imony r$uc$ to writ+1 subscrib$ by !m1 & fil$4 ,& x appe>+ to ! c\rt aft] a full he>+ & exam9ation ( ! te/imony 9 said matt]1 t said di$ on ! day ( 1 #ah1 te/ate1 9 ! said c\nty ( 1 & t he 0 at ! "t ( 8 dea? a resid5t ( said c\nty1 & left assets !re92 t said in/rum5t (f]$ = probate z & = ! la/ w & te/am5t ( said deceas$1 0 duly execut$ z 8 la/ w & te/am5t by said te/ator accord+ to law2 t said te/ator1 at ! "t ( execut+ ! same1 0 ( s\nd m9d1 ( lawful age & "u no re/ra9t1 & t ! same is valid & g5u9e2 & no adv]se appe>ance or objection be+ made3 ,n[1 !re=e1 x is ord]$1 adjudg$1 & decre$1 t said in/rum5t be & h]eby is e/abli%$ & all[$ z ! la/ w & te/am5t ( said 1 deceas$1 & t ! same h]eby is admitt$ to probate4 ,ord]$1 fur!r1 t said la/ w & te/am5t1 ) a c]tificate ( ! probate !re(1 be record$4 ,judge ( ,probate4 ,,c]tificate ,,( ,,pro( ,,( ,,w4 ,/ate ( 1 ,c\nty ( ,9 ,probate ,c\rt4 ,9 ! matt] ( ! e/ate ( 1 deceas$3 ,be x rememb]$1 t on ! day ( ! date h]e(1 at a t]m ( said probate c\rt1 pursuant to notice duly giv51 ! la/ w & te/am5t ( 1 late ( said c\nty ( 1 deceas$1 be>+ date ! day (1 #ah1 & be+ ! annex$ writt5 in/rum5t1 0 duly prov$ be=e ! probate c\rt 9 & = ! c\nty ( a=esaid2 & 0 duly all[$ & admitt$ to probate by said c\rt accord+ to law1 z & = ! la/ w & te/am5t ( said 1 deceas$1 :i* said la/ w & te/am5t is record$ & ! exam9ation tak5 !reon fil$ 9 ?is (fice4 ,9 te/imony :]e(1 ! judge ( ! probate c\rt ( said c\nty ha? h]eunto set 8 h& & affix$ ! seal ( ! said c\rt1 at 9 said c\nty1 ?is day ( 1 ,a4,d4 #ah ,judge ( ,probate4 ,,lett]s ,,te/am5t>y4 ,/ate ( 1 ,c\nty ( ss ,! ,/ate ( 1 to all to :om ^! pres5ts %all come or may conc]n1 & especially to ( ! c\nty ( & /ate ( 1 greet+3 ,"k ye1 t :]eas1 late ( ! c\nty ( & /ate ( 1 lately di$ te/ate1 & be+ at ! "t ( 8 decease a ( said c\nty1 by means :]e( ! prov+ & record+ 8 la/ w & te/am5t1 & grant+ adm9i/ration ( all & s+ul> ! goods1 *attels1 rights1 cr$its & e/ate :]e( he di$ possess$1 & also ! audit+1 all[+ & f9ally dis*>g+ ! acc\nt !re(1 is )9 ! jurisdiction ( ! probate c\rt ( said c\nty ( 4 ,& :]eas1 on ! day ( 1 ,a4,d4 #ah1 at 9 said c\nty1 be=e ! ,hon4 1 probate judge ( said c\nty1 ! la/ w & te/am5t ( ! said 7a copy :]e( is h]eunto annex$7 0 prov$1 all[$ & admitt$ to probate3 ,&1 :]eas1 1 executor nam$ & appo9t$ 9 & by said la/ w & te/am5t1 has giv5 bond1 z requir$ by law1 = ! fai?ful execution ( said tru/1 :i* said bond has be5 approv$ by said judge1 & fil$ 9 ! a=esaid probate c\rt2 we !re=e1 repos+ full confid5ce 9 y\r integrity & ability1 h grant$ & by ^! pres5ts d grant ! adm9i/ration ( all & s+ul> ! goods1 *attels1 rights1 cr$its & e/ate ( ! said deceas$1 & any way conc]n+ 8 said la/ w & te/am5t1 unto y1 ! said executor a=esaid3 ,h]eby au?oriz+ & emp[]+ y to take & h possession ( all ! real & p]sonal e/ate ( said deceas$1 & to receive ! r5ts1 issues & pr(its !re(1 until said e/ate %all h be5 settl$1 or until deliv]$ ov] by ord] ( said c\rt1 to ! heirs or devisees ( said deceas$2 & to dem&1 collect1 recov] & receive all & s+ul>1 ! debts1 claims1 dem&s1 rights1 & *ooses 9 action1 :i* to ! said deceas$ :ile liv+ & at ! "t ( 8 dea? did belong2 & requir+ y to keep 9 good t5antable repair1 all h\ses1 build+s & f5ces on said real e/ate1 :i* may & %all be "u y\r control1 & 9 accordance ) y\r bond approv$ & fil$ z a=esaid1 to make & return into ! probate c\rt ( said c\nty ( )9 ?ree mon?s1 a true & p]fect inv5tory ( all ! goods1 *attels1 rights1 cr$its & e/ate ( said deceas$1 :i* %all come to y\r possession or k1 or to ! possession ( any o!r p]son = y2 to adm9i/]1 accord+ to law1 & to said la/ w & te/am5t1 all ! goods1 *attels1 rights1 cr$its & e/ate ( ! said deceas$1 :i* %all at any "t come to y\r possession or to ! possession ( any o!r p]son = y1 & out ( ! same to pay & dis*>ge all debts1 legacies & *>ges *>geable on ! same1 or su* divid5ds !reon z %all be ord]$ & decre$ by said c\rt2 to r5d] a j & true acc\nt ( y\r adm9i/ration to said c\rt )9 "o ye>1 & at any o!r "t :5 requir$ by said c\rt1 & to p]=m all ord]s & decrees ( said c\rt1 by y to be p]=m$ 9 ! premises4 ,9 te/imony :]e(1 we h caus$ ! seal ( our probate c\rt to be h]eunto affix$3 ,witness ! ,hon4 1 judge ( probate1 at 1 9 said c\nty1 ?is day ( 1 ,a4,d4 #ah4 ,judge ( ,probate ,c\rt1 ,c\nty ( 1 4 ,,=m ,,( ,,w4 ,i1 7"n ( te/ator71 ( 7resid5ce71 be+ ( s\nd m9d & memory1 d h]eby make1 publi%1 & decl>e ?is to be my la/ w & te/am5t1 h]eby revok+ & mak+ void all =m] wills by me at any "t h]et(ore made4 ,fir/4--,i ord] & direct my executors1 z soon aft] my dea? z possible1 to pay (f & dis*>ge all debts & liabilities t may exi/ aga9/ me at ! "t ( my decease4 ,second4--,i give & bequea? unto my wife1 7nam+ h]1 & specify+ prop]ty bequea!d47 ,?ird4--,i give & bequea? unto my son1 7nam+ him1 & specify+ prop]ty bequea!d47 ,& s on = ea* legacy4 ,f\r?4--,i h]eby nom9ate & appo9t 7nam+ ! p]son or p]sons7 z ! executors ( ?is1 my la/ w & te/am5t4 ,9 witness :]e(1 ,i h h]eunto subscrib$ my "n1 ?is day ( 1 ,a4,d4 ,autograph signature ( te/ator4 ,! above & =ego+ in/rum5t 0 at ! date !re( sign$1 seal$1 publi%$1 & decl>$1 by ! said 7"n ( te/ator71 z & = 8 la/ w & te/am5t1 9 pres5ce ( u1 :o1 at 8 reque/1 & 9 8 pres5ce1 & 9 ! pres5ce ( ea* o!r1 h subscrib$ our names z witnesses4 ,"n 1 ,resid5ce4 ,"n 1 ,resid5ce4 ,= citations1 pupils %\ld wat* ! newspap]s & make clipp+s4 ,di/rict ,c\rt4 ,,habeas ,,corpus4 ,/ate ( 1 ,c\nty ( ss ,di/rict ,c\rt1 ,judicial ,di/rict4 ,! ,/ate ( to ,y are h]eby comm&$ to h ! body ( 1 by y imprison$ & deta9$1 z x is said1 toge!r ) ! "t & cause ( su* imprisonm5t & det5tion1 by :atsoev] "n ! said %all be call$ or *>g$1 be=e ! ,honorable 1 judge ( ! di/rict c\rt1 to d & receive :at %all !n & !re be consid]$ conc]n+ ! said 4 ,& h y !n & !re ?is writ4 ,witness ! ,honorable 1 judge ( said di/rict c\rt1 at 9 said c\nty1 ?is day ( 1 ,a4,d4 #ah4 ,cl]k4 ,,indictm5t4 ,/ate ( 1 ,c\nty ( ss ,di/rict ,c\rt1 ,judicial ,di/rict4 ,! ,/ate ( aga9/ 1 accus$ by ! gr& jury ( ! c\nty ( 1 9 ! /ate ( 1 by ?is indictm5t ( ! crime ( 1 committ$ z foll[s3 ,! said 1 on ! day ( 1 ,a4,d4 #ah1 at ! city ( 1 9 ! c\nty ( 1 & /ate ( 1 did1 )\t ! au?ority ( law1 & ) malice a=e?\ght1 1 contr>y to ! =m ( ! /atute 9 su* case made & provid$1 & aga9/ ! peace & dignity ( ! /ate ( 4 ,dat$ at ! city ( 1 9 ! c\nty ( 1 & /ate ( 1 ?is day ( 1 ,a4,d4 #ah4 ,a4,l4,h41 ,=eman ( ! ,gr& ,jury4 ,names ( witnesses exam9$ be=e ! gr& jury3 ,b4,f4,h41 ,r4,d4,h41 ,a4,f4,b41 ,e4,s41 ,h4,p4,c41 ,l4,h4 ,,naturalization ,,pap]s4 7,fir/ ,pap]47 ,/ate ( 1 ,c\nty ( ss ,i1 1 d solemnly decl>e on oa? to 1 cl]k ( ! di/rict c\rt ( ! c\nty ( 1 & /ate ( 1 t x is bona fide my int5tion to become a citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & to r5\nce =ev] all allegiance & fidelity to any =eign pr9ce1 pot5tate1 /ate or sov]eignty :atev]1 & p>ticul>ly to ! sov]eign ( 1 :]e( ,i 0 h]et(ore a citiz5 or subject4 7,sign$47 ,subscrib$ & sworn to be=e me ?is day ( 1 ,a4,d4 #ah4 ,cl]k ( said ,c\rt4 ,/ate ( 1 ,c\nty ( ss ,i h]eby c]tify t ! =ego+ is a true copy ( ! orig9al decl>ation ( 1 ?is day fil$ 9 my (fice4 ,9 te/imony :]e(1 ,i h h]eunto subscrib$ my "n & affix$ ! seal ( ! di/rict c\rt a=esaid1 at 1 ?is day ( 1 ,a4,d4 #ah4 ,cl]k4 7,second ,pap]47 ,/ate ( 1 ,c\nty ( ss ,di/rict ,c\rt1 ,judicial ,di/rict4 ,be x rememb]$1 t on ?is day ( 1 #ah1 appe>$ 9 ! di/rict c\rt ( ! judicial di/rict ( ! ,/ate ( 1 & = ! c\nty a=esaid1 ! said c\rt be+ a c\rt ( record1 hav+ a common law jurisdiction & a cl]k & seal1 & appli$ to said c\rt to be admitt$ to become a citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 pursuant to ! sev]al acts ( congress ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica = t purpose made & provid$2 & ! said applicant hav+ !reupon produc$ to ! c\rt su* evid5ce1 decl>ation & r5unciation1 & hav+ tak5 su* oa?s z are by ! said acts requir$3 ,!reupon x 0 ord]$ by ! said c\rt t ! said applicant be admitt$1 & he 0 accord+ly admitt$ by ! said c\rt to be a citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica4 ,9 te/imony :]e(1 ,i h h]eunto subscrib$ my "n & affix$ ! seal ( ! c\rt a=esaid1 ?is day ( 1 ,a4,d4 #ah4 ,cl]k ( said ,c\rt4 ,,satisfaction ,,( ,,judgm5t4 ,/ate ( 1 ,c\nty ( ss ,di/rict ,c\rt1 ,judicial ,di/rict4 7,title ( ,cause47 ,! judgm5t 9 ! above entitl$ action1 r5d]$ 9 c\nty1 1 on ! day ( 1 ,a4,d4 #ah1 & duly docket$ 9 ! (fice ( ! cl]k ( ! di/rict c\rt ( said c\nty1 on ! day ( 1 ,a4,d4 #ah1 = 9 favor ( aga9/ 1 is paid & satisfi$ 9 full2 & ! cl]k ( said c\rt is h]eby au?oriz$ to dis*>ge said judgm5t ( record4 ,9 te/imony :]e(1 has h]eunto set h& & seal ?is day ( 1 ,a4,d4 #ah4 ,sign$1 seal$ & deliv]$ 9 pres5ce ( ,seal4 ,seal4 ,seal4 ,/ate ( 1 ,c\nty ( ss ,on ?is day ( 1 ,a4,d4 #ah1 be=e me1 ! subscrib]1 a 9 & = said c\nty1 p]sonally appe>$ to me kn[n to be ! p]son describ$ 91 & :o execut$ ! =ego+ in/rum5t1 & ackn[l$g$ t he execut$ ! same z free act & de$4 ,,app5dix ,b4--,,tables4 ,,comp>ative ,,legislative ,,table ,,( ,,! ,,/ates4 ,/ate ,legislature ,s5ate ---------------------------------------- -- ,"n ,h\ses ,numb] ,t]m_/,age #a ,alabama ,leg4 ,s4 ,r4#b #cc #d #bg #b ,arkansas ,s4 ,r4 #cb #d #be #c ,cali=nia ,s4 ,a4 #dj #d #ba #d ,colorado ,s4 ,r4 #bf #d #be #e ,connecticut ,g54 ,a4 d #bd #b #ba #f ,delaw>e ,leg4 #i #d #bg #g ,florida ,s4 ,a4 #cb #d #ba #h ,georgia ,g54 ,a4 ,s4 ,r4 #dd #d #be #i ,idaho ,leg4 #dh #b #ba #aj ,ill9ois #ea #d #be #aa ,indiana #ej #d #be #ab ,i[a ,g54 ,a4 #ej #d #be #ac ,kansas ,leg4 #dj #d #ba #ad ,k5tucky #ch #d #cj #ae ,l\isiana ,g54 ,a4 #ce #d #be #af ,ma9e ,leg4 #ca #b #be #ag ,m>yl& ,g54 ,a4 ,s4 ,d4e #bf #d #be #ah ,massa*usetts ,g54 ,ct4 f ,s4 ,r4 #dj #a #ba #ai ,mi*igan ,leg4 #cb #b #ba #bj ,m9nesota #fc #d #ba #ba ,mississippi #dj #d #be #bb ,miss\ri ,g54 ,a4 #cd #d #cj #bc ,montana ,leg4 ,a4 #af #d #bd #bd ,nebraska ,leg4 #cc #b #ba #be ,nevada ,s4 ,ass4 #bj #d #ba #bf ,new ,hamp%ire ,g54 ,ct4 ,s4 ,r4 #bd #b #cj #bg ,new ,j]sey ,leg4 ,s4 ,g54 ,a4 #ba #c #cj #bh ,new ,york ,s4 ,ass4 #ej #b #ba #bi ,nor? ,c>ol9a ,g54 ,a4 ,s4 ,r4 #ej #b #be #cj ,nor? ,dakota ,leg4 ,a4 #ejc #d #be #ca ,ohio ,g54 ,a4 #cg #b #cj #cb ,oregon ,leg4 ,a4 #cj #d #ba #cc ,p5nsylvania ,g54 ,a4 #ej #d #be #cd ,rhode ,isl& #cf #a #ba #ce ,s\? ,c>ol9a #ce;h #d #be #cf ,s\? ,dakota ,leg4 #dec #b #be #cg ,t5nessee ,g54 ,a4 #cc #b #cj #ch ,texas ,leg4 #ca #d #bf #ci ,utah #ah #d #be #dj ,v]mont ,g54 ,a4 #cj #b #cj #da ,virg9ia ,s4 ,d4e #dj #d #ba #db ,wa%+ton ,leg4 ,s4 ,r4 #ce #d #ba #dc ,we/ ,virg9ia ,s4 ,d4 #bd #d #ba #dd ,wiscons9 ,s4 ,ass4 #cc #d #ba #de ,wyom+ ,s4 ,r4 #af #d #be #df ,t]ritories ,leg4 ,c4 ,r4 #ab #b #ba ,,comp>ative ,,legislative ,,table ,,( ,,! ,,/ates4 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,"r-h& page1 cont9u+ previ\s table ,h\se4 ,meet+4 ,sal>y ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,numb],t]m,age,freq ,duration ,beg9s ,same = ea* ,h\se1 presid+ ,(fic] usually d\ble4 _/_/_/ #a #ajj #b #ba ,b4 #ej ,nov4 #d & #aj;c4 mileage4#a #b #ib #b #ba ,b4 #fj ,jan4 #f a day4 #c #hj #b #ba ,b4 #fj #h & #aj;c4 mileage1 & #be4 #d #di #b #be ,b4 #ij #g & #ae4;c mileage4 #e #bdi;a #b #ba ,b4 44444b #cjj & mileage4 #f #bj #b #bd ,b4 44444 #c & mileage4 #g #gf #b #ba ,b4 #fj #f & #aj;c4 mileage4 #h #age #b #ba ,a4 #ej;c ,oct4 #d & mileage4 #i #cf #b #ba ,b4 #fj ,jan4 #e & #aj;c4 mileage4 #aj #aec #b #ba ,b4 44444 #e & #aj;c4 mileage1 & #ej4 #aa #ajj #b #ba ,b4 #fj #f & #bj;c4 mileage4 #ab #ajj #b #ba ,b4 44444 #ejj p] t]m & #aj;c4 mileage4 #ac #abe #b #ba ,b4 #ej #c & #ae;c4 mileage4#a #ad #ajj #b #bd ,b4 #fj;c ,dec4 #e & #ae;c4 mileage4 #ae #ih #d #ba ,b4 #fj ,may4 #d & mileage4 #af #aea #b #ba ,b4 44444 ,jan4 #aej a ye> & #bj;c4 mileage4 #ag #ia #b #ba ,b4 #ij #e & mileage4#a #ah #bdj #a #ba ,a4 44444 #agj a ye> & #bj;c4 mileage4 #ai #ajj #b #ba ,b4 44444 #c & #aj;c4 mileage4#a #bj #aai #b #ba ,b4 #ij #e & #ae;c4 mileage4 #ba #abj #d #ba ,q4j 44444 #djj p] reg4 sess4 & #aj;c4 mileage4 #bb #adj #b #bd ,b4 #gj #e & mileage1 & #cj4 #bc #ee #b #ba ,b4 #fj #f & #bj;c4 mileage4#a #bd #ajj #b #ba ,b4 #ij #e & #aj;c4 mileage4#a #be #dj #b #ba ,b4 #fj #g & #dj;c4 mileage4 #bf #cba #b #ba ,b4 44444 #bjj p] t]m4 #bg #fj #a #ba ,a4 44444 #ejj a ye>4#a #bh #aej #a #ba ,a4 44444 #aejj & #aj;c4 mileage4#a #bi #abj #b #ba ,b4 #fj #d & #aj;c4 mileage4#a #cj #adjc #b #ba ,b4 #fj #e & #aj;c4 mileage4#a #ca #aaj #b #be ,b4 44444 #fjj & #aj;c4 mileage4 #cb #fj #b #ba ,b4 #dj #c & #ae;c4 mileage4#a #cc #bja #b #ba ,b4 44444 #aejj & #e;c4 mileage1 & #ajj4 #cd #gb;a #a #ba ,a4g 44444 ,may4 #a & #h;c4 mileage4#a #ce #abc #b #bb ,a4 44444 ,jan4 #d & #aj;c4 mileage4 #cf #acec #b #be ,b4 44444 #e & #aj;c4 mileage4#a #cg #ii #b #ba ,b4 #ge #d & #af;c4 mileage4#a #ch #ajf #b #ba ,b4 #ij #e & #bj;c4 mileage4#a #ci #de #b #be ,b4 #fj #d & #aj;c4 mileage4 #dj #bdj #b #ba ,b4 44444 ,oct4 #c a day4 #da #ajj #b #ba ,b4 #ij;c ,dec4 #edj a ye>4 #db #gj #b #ba ,b4 #fj ,jan4 #e & #aj;c4 mileage4#a #dc #fe #b #ba ,b4 #de;c #d & #aj;c4 mileage4#a #dd #ajj #b #ba ,b4 44444 #ejj & #aj;c4 mileage4#a #de #cc #b #ba ,b4 #dj #e & #ae;c4 mileage4 #df #bd #b #ba ,b4 #fj i #d & #bj;c4 mileage4 ,footnote a3 ,"o f ea* t[n4 ,footnote b3 ,no limitation4 ,footnote c3 ,may be ext5d$ by special vote4 ,footnote d3 ,g5]al ,assembly4 ,footnote e3 ,h\se ( ,delegates4 ,footnote f3 ,g5]al ,c\rt4 ,footnote g3 ,two sess4 annually1 9 ,may & ,oct4 ,footnote h3 ,"o = ea* c\nty4--,/ate ,con/4 ,footnote i3 ,new ,mexico 9 ,decemb]4 ,footnote j3 ,quadr5nially 9 g5]al session1 ) sp4 sess midway betwe54 ,footnote #a3 ,/ate con/itution4 ,footnote #b3 ,s5ate & h\se ( repres5tatives4 ,footnote #c3 ,n m ?an4--,con/itution4 ,,comp>ative ,,executive ,,table ,,( ,,! ,,/ates4 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,^! pages 7 modifi$ slightly f _! orig9al =m4 ,! orig9als 7 pr9t$ l5g?wise 7l&scape-/yle7 across bo? pages to take maximum advantage ( space4 ,z ?is _c be done 9 an ,,ascii m$ium1 ! table has _h l9e numb]s add$ to x l ! ,legislative ,table above 7:i* 0 done 9 ! orig9al71 & w be %[n 9 cont9u+ pieces4 ,,/ates4 ,,gov]nor4 ---------------------------------------- -- ,qualifications4 ,t]m4 ,sal>y4 ,election4 ye>s4 #a ,alabama #cj1;c1r#g;a #b #c1jjj ,pb #b ,arkansas #cj1;c1r#g #b #c1ejj ,p #c ,cali=nia #cj1;c1r#b #d #f1jjj ,p #d ,colorado #cj1;c1r#b #b #e1jjj ,p #e ,connecticut #cj1vot] #b #d1jjj ,md #f ,delaw>e #cj1;,c#ab1;c#fd;i #d;h #b1jjja ,p #g ,florida ,c #i1;c#c #d #c1ejj ,p #h ,georgia #cj1;,c#ae1;,c#f #b #c1jjja ,m #i ,idaho #cj1;c1r#b #b #c1jjj ,p #aj ,ill9ois #cj1;,c#e1;c#e #d #f1jjja ,p #aa ,indiana #cj1;,c#e1r#e #d;h #e1jjj ,p #ab ,i[a #cj1;,c1r#b #b #c1jjj ,p #ac ,kansas 444444444444444 #b #c1jjj ,p #ad ,k5tucky #ce1;,c1r#f #d;h #f1ejja ,p #ae ,l\isiana ,c1r#b #d;h #d1jjj ,p #af ,ma9e #cj1;,c1r#e;f #b #b1ejj ,md #ag ,m>yl& #cj1;c#aj1r#e #d #d1ejja ,p #ah ,massa*usetts #cg1;,*ri/ian #a #h1jjj ,md #ai ,mi*igan #cj1;,c#e1r#b #b #d1jjj ,p #bj ,m9nesota #be1;,c1r#a #b #e1jjj ,p #ba ,mississippi #cj1;,c#bj1r#b #d #d1jjja ,p #bb ,miss\ri #ce1;,c#aj1r#g #d #e1jjja ,p #bc ,montana #cj1;,c1r#b #d #e1jjj ,p #bd ,nebraska #cj1;,c#b1;c#b #b #b1ejj ,p #be ,nevada #be1;,c1r#b #d #e1jjj ,p #bf ,new ,hamp%ire #cj1r#g #b #b1jjj ,md #bg ,new ,j]sey #cj1;,c#bj1r#g #c;h #aj1jjj ,p #bh ,new ,york #cj1;,c1r#e #b #aj1jjja ,p #bi ,nor? ,c>ol9a #cj1;,c#e1r#b #d #c1jjja ,p #cj ,nor? ,dakota #cj1;,c1c1r#e #b #c1jjj ,p #ca ,ohio ,vot] #b #h1jjj ,p #cb ,oregon #cj1;,c1r#c #d #a1ejj ,p #cc ,p5nsylvania #cj1r#g #d #aj1jjja ,p #cd ,rhode ,isl& ,vot]1c #a #c1jjj ,md #ce ,s\? ,c>ol9a #cj1;,c#b1;c1r#b #b #c1ejja ,p #cf ,s\? ,dakota #cj1;c1c1r#b #b #b1ejj ,p #cg ,t5nessee #cj1;,c1c#g #b #d1jjj ,p #ch ,texas #cj1;,c1r#e #b #d1jjja ,p #ci ,utah #cj1;c1r#e #d #b1jjj ,p #dj ,v]mont ,vot] #b #a1ejj ,m #da ,virg9ia #cj1;c1r#c #d;h #e1jjja ,p #db ,wa%+ton ,c1c #d #d1jjj ,p #dc ,we/ ,virg9ia ,vot] #d #b1gjj ,p #dd ,wiscons9 ,vot] #b #e1jjj ,p #de ,wyom+ #cj1;,c1r#e #d #b1ejj ,p #df ,t]ritories ,p>tisan #d #b1fjj ,aj ,,comp>ative ,,executive ,,table ,,( ,,! ,,/ates4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,next set ( columns1 cont9u+ table4 ,lieut4 ,gov4 ,usual ,adm9i/rative ,(fic]s ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,t]m & ,succession to ,secret>y ,/ate ,/ate ,sal>y ,gov]nor%ip ( /ate ,treasur] ,auditor or ,comptroll] #a ,none ,p1,s#c #b1 #ahjj #b1 #baej #b1 #ahjj #b ,none ,p1,s #b1 #ahjj #b1 #bbej #b1 #bbej #c #d1 #cjjj ,l1,p #d1 #cjjj #d1 #cjjj #d1 #cjjj #d #b1 #ajjj ,l1,p1,se #b1 #cjjj #b1 #cjjj #b1 #bjjj #e #b1 #ejjb ,l1,p1,s #b1 #aejj #b1 #aejj #b1 #abjj #f ,none ,p1,s #d1 #ajjj;j #b1 #adej #d1 #bjj #g #d1 #ejj ,l1,p #d1 #aejj #d1 #bjjj #d1 #aejj #h ,none4 ,p #b1 #bjjj #b1 #bjjj #b1 #bjjj #i #b1 #g4ej_/;day,l1,p1,s #b1 #ahjj #b1 #ajjj #b1 #bjjj #aj #d1 #ajjj ,l1,p #d1 #cejj #b1 #cejj #d1 #cejj #aa #d1 #h_/;day#b,l1,p #b1 #bjjj #b1 #cejj #b1 #bejj #ab #b1 #aajj ,l1,p1,s #b1 #bbjj #b1 #bbjj #aejj #ac #b1 #f_/;day ,l1,p1,s #b1 #bjjj #b1 #bejj #b1 #bejj #ad #d1 ,l1,p1,s #d1 #aejj #b1 #bdjj #d1 #ejj #aj_/;day#b #ae #d1 #h_/;day ,l1,p #d1 #ahjj #d1 #bjjj #d1 #cjjj #af ,none4 ,p1,s #b1 #abjj #b1 #afjj #b1 #ajjj #ag ,none4 ,p1,s #d1 #bjjj #b1 #bejj #d1 #cjjj #ah #a1 #bjj ,l4 ,c\ncil #a1 #cjjj #a1 #ejjj #a1 #djjj #ai #b1 #abjj ,l1,p #b1 #bjjj #b1 #bjjj #b1 #cjjj #bj #b1 #aj_/;day ,l1,p #b1 #cejj #b1 #cejj #b1 #cejj #ba #d1 #hjjb ,l1,p1,s #d1 #bejj #d1 #bejj #d1 #bejj #bb #d1 #e_/;day#b,l1,p1,s #d1 #cjjj #d1 #cjjj 4444444 #bc #d1 #ab_/;day ,l1,p1,s #d1 #cjjj #d1 #cjjj #d1 #cjjj #bd #b1 #f_/;day ,l1,p1,s #b1 #bjjj #b1 #bejj #b1 #bejj #be ,lib4 ,l1,p #d1 #cjjj #d1 #cjjj #d1 #cjjj #d1 #bgjj #bf ,none4 ,p #b1 #hjj #b1 #ahjj 4444444 #bg ,none4 ,p #e1 #fjjj #c1 #fjjj #c1 #fjjj #bh #c1 #ejjj ,l1,p #b1 #ejjj #b1 #ejjj #b1 #fjjj #bi #d1 #h_/;day ,l1,p #d1 #bjjj #d1 #cjjj #d1 #aejj #cj #b1 #ajjj ,l1,sec #b1 #bjjj #b1 #bjjj #b1 #bjjj #ca #b1 #hjj ,l1,p #b1 #cjjj #b1 #cjjj #d1 #cjjj #cb ,sec ,/4 ,l1,p #d1 #aejj;g #d1 #hjj 4444444 ex-(ficio #cc #d1 #cjjj ,l1,p #djjj;j #b1 #ejjj #c1 #cjjj #cd #a1 #ejj ,l1,p #a1 #cejj #a1 #bejj #a1 #aejj #ce #b1 #ajjj ,l1,p #b1 #bajj #b1 #bajj #b1 #bajj #cf #b1 #aj_/;day ,l1,sec #b1 #ahjj #b1 #ahjj #b1 #ahjj #cg ,none4 ,p1,s #d1 #ahjj #b1 #bgej #b1 #bgej #ch #b1 #e_/;day ,l1,p #bjjj;j #b1 #bejj #b1 #bejj #ci ,none4 ,sec1,p #d1 #bjjj #d1 #ajjj #d1 #aejj #dj #b1 #f_/;day ,l #b1 #agjj;j #b1 #agjj #b1 #bjjj;j #da #d1 #ijj ,l #b1 #bjjj #b1 #bjjj #b1 #cjjj #db #d1 #ajjj ,l #d1 #bejj #d1 #bjjj #d1 #bjjj #dc ,none ,p1,s #d1 #ajjj #d1 #adjj #d1 #bjjj #dd #b1 #ajjj ,l1,sec1,s #b1 #ejjj #b1 #ejjj #de ,none ,sec #d1 #bjjj #d1 #bjjj #d1 #bjjj #df 4444444 4444444 #d1 #ahjj #b1 v>ies #b1 v>ies ,,comp>ative ,,executive ,,table ,,( ,,! ,,/ates4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,next set ( columns1 cont9u+ table4 ,usual ,adm9i/rative ,(fic]s4 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,attorney ,supt4 ( ,public ,railroad ,g5]al ,in/ruction ,commission]s #a #b1 #aejj #bbej;j #b1 #cjjj;c #b #b1 #aejj #b1 #afjj ,gov41 ,sec4 #c #d1 #cjjj #d1 #cjjj #d1 #djjj #d #b1 #bjjj #b1 #cjjj 4444444444 #e #b1 #abjj #b1 #cjjj #b1 #cjjj #f #d1 #bjj #d1 #aejj 4444444444 #g #d1 #aejj #d1 #aejj 4444444444 #h #b1 #bjjj #b1 #bjjj #b1 #bejj #i #b1 #bjjj #b1 #aejj 4444444444 #aj #d1 #cejj #d1 #cejj #b1 #cejj #aa #b1 #bejj #b1 #bejj 4444444444 #ab #aejj #b1 #bbjj #c1 #cjjj #ac #b1 #bejj #b1 #bjjj #c1 #cjjj #ad #d1 #ejj #d1 #bdjj #b1 #bjjj #ae #d1 #cjjj #d1 #bjjj 4444444444 #af #b1 #ajjj #c1 #ajjj #c1 #ajjj #ag #d1 #cjjj #b1 #bejj 4444444444 #ah #a1 #djjj #a1 #cdjj #c1 #cejj #ai #b1 #cjjj #b1 #bjjj #b1 #aj_/;day #bj #b1 #cejj #b1 #bejj;j #c1 #cjjj #ba #d1 #bejj #d1 #bjjj #c1 #bejj #bb 4444444 #d1 #cjjj #f1 #cjjj #bc #d1 #cjjj #d1 #bejj 4444444444 #bd #b1 #bjjj #b1 #bjjj 4444444444 #be #d1 #cjjj #d1 #bdjj 4444444444 #bf #e1 #bbjj #b1 #bejj #c1 #bejj #bg #e1 #gjjj #c1 #cjjj 4444444444 #bh #b1 #ejjj #c1 #ejjj #c1 #hjjj #bi #d1 #bjjj #d1 #aejj #cj #b1 #bjjj #b1 #bjjj #b1 #bjjj #ca #b1 #bjjj #c1 #bjjj #b1 #bjjj #cb #d1 #aejj 4444444444 #cc #cejj;j #d1 #bejj 4444444444 #cd #a1 #dejj #cjjj;j #a1 #ejj #ce #b1 #bajj #b1 #bajj #f1 #cjjj #cf #b1 #ajjj #b1 #ahjj 4444444444 #cg #f1 #cjjj #b1 #acjj #ch #b1 #bjjj #b1 #bejj #b1 #cjjj #ci #d1 #aejj #d1 #aejj 4444444444 #dj 4444444444 #b1 #adjj #b1 #ejj;j #da #d1 #bejj #d1 #bejj #cjjj #db #d1 #bjjj #d1 #bejj 4444444444 #dc #d1 #acjj #d1 #aejj 4444444444 #dd #b1 #cjjj #b1 #cejj #b1 #cjjj #de 4444444444 #d1 #bjjj 4444444444 #df 4444444444 #b1 v>ies 4444444444 ,footnote a3 ,t is1 #cj ye>s old1 a citiz5 ( ! /ate1 & a resid5t !re( #g ye>s4 ,footnote b3 ,plurality or majority to elect4 ,footnote c3 ,!re are ?ree railroad commission]s ea* 9 ,ala41 ,cal41 ,conn41 ,ga41 ,ill41 ,i[a1 ,kan41 ,ky41 ,me41 ,mass41 ,m9n41 ,miss41 ,mo41 ,n4,d41 ,n4,h41 ,n4,y41 ,s4,c2 "o 9 o!r /ates4 ,footnote d3 ,9 case no "o has a majority1 election goes to legislature4 ,footnote e3 ,t is1 ! ord] ( succession is ,lieut5ant ,gov]nor1 ,presid5t ( ,s5ate1 ,speak] ( ,h\se4 ,footnote f3 ,gov]nor mu/ be native citiz5 ( ,u4,s4 ,footnote g3 ,9 ,oregon ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate is also ex-(ficio ,lieut5ant ,gov]nor1 ,auditor1 & "o ( ! ,l& ,commission]s4 ,footnote h3 ,ineligible = succe$+ t]m4 ,footnote i3 ,9 ,delaw>e1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,ohio1 & ,rhode ,isl& ! ,gov]nor has no veto4 ,footnote j3 ,appo9t$4 ,footnote #a3 ,9 ^! ?irte5 /ates ! ,gov]nor also has ! use ( ! ,executive ,mansion ( ! /ate4 ,footnote #b3 ,9 ^! /ates ! ,lieut5ant ,gov]nor may debate 9 committee ( ! :ole4 ,footnote #c3 ,t is1 ! ord] ( succession is ,presid5t ( ,s5ate1 ,speak] ( ,h\se4 ,footnote #d3 ,?irty ye>s old2 citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #ab2 & ( ! /ate1 #f ye>s4 ,9 ,me41 ,mass41 ,n4,h41 & ,vt4 ! ,gov]nor is assi/$ by an executive c\ncil ( #g1 #h1 #ab1 & #e memb]s respectively4 ,,comp>ative ,,judicial ,,table ,,( ,,! ,,/ates4 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,?is table is =matt$ 9 ! same way z ! ,executive & ,legislative ,tables above x4 ,see notes above = details4 ,9 addition1 places :]e ! scann$ text is illegible are m>k$ ) a 994 ,supreme ,c\rt -------------------------------------- ,*ief ,/ates4 ,memb]s ,ju/ice ,election ,t]m #a ,alabama #c ,a ,p'ple #f #b ,arkansas #c ,a ,p #h #c ,cali=nia #g ,c ,p #ab #d ,colorado #c ,c ,p #i #e ,connecticut #e ,a ,leg4 #h #f ,delaw>e #e ,a ,gov4 ,life #g ,florida #c ,a ,gov4 ,life #h ,georgia #c ,a ,leg4 #ab #i ,idaho #c ,c ,p #f #aj ,ill9ois #g ,b ,p #i #aa ,indiana #e ,b ,p #f #ab ,i[a #e ,c ,p #f #ac ,kansas #c ,a ,p #f #ad ,k5tucky #d ,c ,p #f #ae ,l\isiana #e ,a ,gov4 #ab #af ,ma9e #h ,a ,gov4 #g #ag ,m>yl& #i ,a ,p #ae #ah ,massa*usetts #g ,a ,gov4 ,life #ai ,mi*igan #e ,a ,p #aj #bj ,m9nesota #e ,a ,p #f #ba ,mississippi #c ,a ,gov4 #i #bb ,miss\ri #e ,a ,p #aj #bc ,montana #c ,a ,p #f #bd ,nebraska #c ,c ,p #f #be ,nevada #c ,a ,p #f #bf ,new ,hamp%ire #g ,a ,gov4 till #gj #bg ,new ,j]sey #i ,a ,gov4 #g #bh ,new ,york #g ,a ,p #ad #bi ,nor? ,c>ol9a #c ,a ,p #h #cj ,nor? ,dakota #c ,c ,p #f #ca ,ohio 99 ,a ,p #e #cb ,oregon #d ,c ,p #f #cc ,p5nsylvania #g ,c ,p #ba #cd ,rhode ,isl& #f ,a ,leg4 ,life #ce ,s\? ,c>ol9a #c ,a ,leg4 #f #cf ,s\? ,dakota #c ,b ,p #f #cg ,t5nessee #e ,a ,p #h #ch ,texas #c ,a ,p #f #ci ,utah #c ,c ,p #f #dj ,v]mont 99 99 ,leg4 #b #da ,virg9ia 99 ,b ,leg4 #ab #db ,wa%+ton #c ,c ,p #f #dc ,we/ ,virg9ia #d ,a ,p #ab #dd ,wyom+ #c ,c ,p #h #de ,t]ritories #c-f ,a ,pres4 #d ,,comp>ative ,,judicial ,,table ,,( ,,! ,,/ates4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,next set ( columns1 cont9u+ table4 ,supreme ,c\rt ,circuit ,c\rt ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,qualifi- ,juris- ,meet+s ,sal>y cations diction ,election ,t]m #a #a #cfjj #be ,l ,p #f #b #b #cjjj #cj1;,c1r#b1,l#h ,l ,p #d #c #c #fjjj 4444444444 ,,le ,p #f #d #b #ejjj #cj1;,c1r#b1,,ll ,,le ,p #f #e #fa #dejj 4444444444 ,,le 44444444 #h #djjj #f #b #bejj 4444444444 ,held by ,s4,c4 ,judges4 #bbjj #g #c #cjjj 4444444444 ,,le ,gov4 #f #h #b #cjjj #cj1;c#c1,l#g ,,le ,p #d #i #d #cjjj #cj1;,c1r#b ,,le ,p #d #aj #fa #ejjj #cj1;,c1r#e ,,le ,p #d #aa #b #ejjj 4444444444 ,,le ,p #f #ab #d #djjj 4444444444 ,,le ,p #d #ac #aa #cjjj 4444444444 ,,le ,p #d #ad #b #djjj #cj1;,c1r#b1,l#h ,,le ,p #f #ae #d #ejjj 4444444444 ,l ,p #d #af #c #cjjj 4444444444 ,by ,judges ,supreme ,ct4 #ag #c #cejj #cj1;c#e1,,ll ,,le ,p #ae #ah #c #cjjj 4444444444 ,l ,gov4 ,lf4 #ai #d #ejjj 4444444444 ,,le ,p #f #bj #b #ejjj 4444444444 ,,le ,p #f #ba #b #cejj #cj1;c#b ,l ,gov4 #f #bb #b #dejj #cj1;,c1c#e1,,ll ,,le ,p #f #bc #c #djjj #cj1;,c1r#b1,,ll ,,le ,p #d #bd #b #bejj #cj1;,c1r#c ,,le ,p #d #be #d #gjjj 4444444444 ,,le ,p #fjjj #bf #b #cejj 4444444444 ,held by ,judges ( ,sup4 ,ct4 #ccjj #bg #c #ajjjj 4444444444 ,l ,leg #e #ijjj #bh #b #abejj ,held by ,judges ( ,sup4 ,ct4 #bi #b #bejj #cj #c #cj1;,c1r#c1,,ll ,,le ,p #d #ca #a #ejjj ,p #e #cb #b #bjjj ,,le ,p #f #cc #c #h99jj ,l ,p #aj #cd 99 9999#jj ,held by ,judges ( ,sup4 ,ct4 99#jjj #ce #b #djjj #cj1;,c1r#e ,l ,leg #d #cejj #cf #b #bejj #cj1;,c1r#b1,,ll ,,le ,p #d #cg #c #djjj #cj1r#e ,l ,p #h #ch #c #cejj #cj1;,c1c1,l#g ,,le ,p #d #ci #c #cjjj #cj1,,ll1r#e ,l ,p #d #dj #cjjj ,held by ,judges ( ,sup4 ,ct4 #da #c #c99ej ,,le ,leg #h 99#jjj #db #c #djjj #a,,le ,p #d #dc #c #bbej ,,le ,p #h #dd #b #cj1;,c1r#c1,l#i ,,le ,p #f #de #cjjj ,,le ,judges ( ,s4,c4 ,,comp>ative ,,judicial ,,table ,,( ,,! ,,/ates4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,next set ( columns1 cont9u+ table4 ,probate ,c\rt ,ju/ice ,c\rt ,rem>ks ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,juris- ,election ,t]m ,juris- ,numb] ,t]m 7,municipal & diction diction ,special c\rts n giv57 #a ,pr4#b ,p'ple #f #ajj #b 4444 ,*anc]y4 #b ,pr4#b ,p #b #ajj #b #b ,com4 ,pleas4 #c ,pr4#b,l ,p #d #cjj #b #b ,naturalization #d ,pr4#b;,c ,p #c #cjj 444444 #b 9 ,c\nty ,c\rt #e 44444444 44444 4444 #ajj 444444 4444 ,common ,pleas1 less ?an #ejj #f ,held by ! ,*ancellor #ajj 444444 4444 ,*anc]y4 #g ,pr4 ,l ,gov4 #d #ajj ,gov4 #d #h ,pr4#b ,p #d #ajj ,p #d ,sup]ior ,ct4 betwe54 ,c4 & ,s4,c4 #i ,pr4#b ,p 4444 #cjj 444444 4444 #aj ,pr4#b ,p #d #bjj 444444 #d ,appellate ,c\rts #aa ,9 ,circuit ,c\rt #bjj 444444 #d compos'd ( ,circuit ,judges #ab ,9 ,circuit ,c\rt #ajj 444444 4444 ,by cons5t ( p>ties1 #cjj4 #ac ,pr4#b ,p #b #cjj #b #b #ad ,pr4#b ,p #d #ej #b #d #ae ,pr4 #ejj 44444 4444 #ajj 444444 #b ,no equity proce$+s 9 ,la4 #af ,pr4#b,l 44444 4444 #ej 444444 4444 ,probate ,c\rt #ag ,pr4 ,p #f #ajj ,gov4 #b also ,c\rt ( ,insolv5cy4 #ah ,pr4#b,l ,gov4 ,lf4 #cjj ,gov4 #g ,probate ,c\rt #ai ,p4 ,p #d #cjj #d #d also ,c\rt ( ,insolv5cy4 #bj ,pr4#b ,p #b #ajj #b #b #ba ,9 ,*anc]y ,c\rt #aej #d #b ,*anc]y4 #bb ,pr4 ,p 4444 #aej #e 4444 #bc 44444444 44444 4444 #cjj #b 4444 #bd ,pr4#b,l ,p #b #ajj #b #b #be #cjj #bf ,pr4 #ajj #bg #ajj ,*ancellor1 #aj1jjj4 #bh ,pr4 ,p #bjj ,probate ,c\rt call$ ,surrogate #bi ,clk ,sup]ior ,ct acts z #bjj ,cir4 ,ct call$ ,probate ,judge ,sup]ior ,ct4 #cj ,pr4#b,l #bjj #ca ,pr4#b ,p #c #ajj #c ,!re is a ,c\rt ( #cb ,pr4#b ,p #d #bej ,common ,pleas #cc ,pr4#b ,p #ajj #b ,prob4 ,ct call$ #cd ,t[n ,c\ncils are ,prb ,cts #ajj ,orphan's ,ct4 #ce ,pr4#b ,p #b #ajj #d #cf ,pr4#b,l ,p #b #ajj #b #cg ,pr4 #ajj #b #ch ,pr4#b ,p #b #bjj #a #f ,j4 ( ,peace are ,c\nty ,com'rs & ,prob4 ,ct4 #ci ,di/rict ,judges #b ,ct ( ,appeals bel[ ,s4,c4 #dj ,pr4#b,l #b #bjj #b ,*anc]y ,c\rt by ,judges ( ,s4,c4 #da ,pr4#b ,leg #f #ajj #db #dc ,pr4#b ,p #d #ajj #b #d ,two ,j4,p4s associat$ ) ,pr4 ,j 9 hold+ c\rt #dd #bjj #e #de ,pr4#b #ajj ,! ?ree modes ( select+ ! ,*ief ,ju/ice are by elect+ or appo9t+ "o z su*1 by leav+ ! judges !mselves to det]m9e :i* %all act1 or by a provision mak+ ! "o ^: t]m expires fir/ act4 ,^! modes are indicat$ 9 ! table by ,a1 ,b1 & ,c1 respectively4 ,9 ! sal>y column1 :]e two numb]s appe>1 ! upp] is ! sal>y ( ! ,*ief ,ju/ice4 ,9 giv+ jurisdiction ( ,circuit c\rts1 ,l means law only1 ,,le means jurisdiction 9 bo? law & equity1 #cj1 ,c1 c1 ,l#g means #cj ye>s old1 a citiz5 ( ! ,,u & ( ! /ate1 & sev5 ye>s legal practice4 ,,ll means le>n$ 9 ! law4 ,9 ,me1 ,mass1 ,n4,h41 & ,s4,d41 ! ,supreme ,c\rt is requir$ to give legal advice to ! ,gov]nor4 ,footnote #a3 ,call$ ,sup]ior ,c\rt1 at lea/ "o 9 ea* c\nty4 ,?is c\rt also ex]cises ! ,probate p[]s4 ,footnote #b3 ,probate ,c\rt giv5 "s o!r duty1 unrelat$ to its regul> function4 ,l means t x has also c]ta9 civil jurisdiction4 ,footnote #c3 ,cont9u\s4 ,footnote #d3 ,compet5t numb]4 ,footnote #e3 ,z _m z are ne$$4 ,,comp>ative ,,suffrage ,,table4 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,?is table crosses fac+ pages ( ! book 7,portrait ori5tation74 ,?us1 ref]5ce numb]s are us$ z 9 ! tables above to ref] to ! /ates ! in=mation belongs to4 ,/ates ,age ,requirem5t ,z ,to ,resid5ce ,resid5ce ,citiz5%ip ( ,u4,s4 ,9 ,/ate ,9 ,c\nty #a ,alabama #ba ,citiz5s or decl>$ #a ye> #c mon?s int5tion #b ,arkansas #ba ,citiz5s or decl>$ #a ye> #f mon?s int5tion #c ,cali=nia #ba ,actual citiz5s #a ye> #ij days #d ,colorado #ba ,citiz5s or decl>$ #f mon?s int5tion #e ,connecticut #ba ,actual citiz5s #a ye> #f mon?s #f ,delaw>e #ba ,actual c\nty #a ye> #a mon? taxpay]s #g ,florida #ba ,unit$ ,/ates #a ye> #f mon?s citiz5s or decl>$ int5tion #h ,georgia #ba ,actual citiz5s #a ye> #f mon?s #i ,idaho #ba ,actual citiz5s #f mon?s #cj days #aj ,ill9ois #ba ,actual citiz5s #a ye> #ij days #aa ,indiana #ba ,citiz5s or decl>$ #f mon?s #fj days int5tion #ab ,i[a #ba ,actual citiz5s #f mon?s #fj days #ac ,kansas #ba ,citiz5s or decl>$ #f mon?s int5tion #ad ,k5tucky #ba ,free :ite male #b ye>s #a ye> citiz5s #ae ,l\isiana #ba ,citiz5s or decl>$ #a ye> #f mon?s int5tion #af ,ma9e #ba ,actual citiz5s #c mon?s #ag ,m>yl& #ba ,actual citiz5s #a ye> #f mon?s #ah ,massa*usetts #ba ,actual citiz5s #a ye> #ai ,mi*igan #ba ,citiz5s or decl>$ #c mon?s int5tion #bj ,m9nesota #ba ,actual citiz5s = #a ye> #c mon?s #ba ,mississippi #ba ,actual citiz5s #f mon?s #a mon? #bb ,miss\ri #ba ,citiz5s or decl>$ #a ye> #fj days int5tion #bc ,montana #ba ,actual citiz5s #a ye> #bd ,nebraska #ba ,citiz5s or decl>$ #f mon?s int5tion #be ,nevada #ba ,citiz5s or decl>$ #f mon?s #cj days int5tion #bf ,new ,hamp%ire #ba ,actual citiz5s #bg ,new ,j]sey #ba ,actual citiz5s #a ye> #e mon?s #bh ,new ,york #ba ,actual citiz5s = #a ye> #d mon?s #ij days #bi ,nor? ,c>ol9a #ba ,actual citiz5s #ab mon?s #ij days #cj ,nor? ,dakota #ba ,cit or dec int5t or #a ye> #f mon?s ,indians #b yrs out ( tribal relations #ca ,ohio #ba ,actual citiz5s #a ye> #cb ,oregon #ba ,citiz5s or decl>$ #f mon?s int5tion #cc ,p5nsylvania #ba ,actual citiz5s #a ye> #cd ,rhode ,isl& #ba ,actual tax pay+ #a ye> citiz5s #ce ,s\? ,c>ol9a #ba ,actual citiz5s #a ye> #cf ,s\? ,dakota #ba ,citiz5s or decl>$ #f mon?s #fj days int5tion #cg ,t5nessee #ba ,actual citiz5s #ab mon?s #cj days #ch ,texas #ba ,citiz5s or decl>$ #a ye> #f mon?s int5tion #ci ,utah #ba ,actual citiz5s = #a ye> #d mon?s #ij days #dj ,v]mont #ba ,actual citiz5s #a ye> #da ,virg9ia #ba ,actual citiz5s #ab mon?s #db ,wa%+ton #ba ,actual citiz5s #a ye> #ij days #dc ,we/ ,virg9ia #ba ,actual citiz5s #a ye> #fj days #dd ,wiscons9 #ba ,citiz5s or decl>$ #a ye> int5tion #de ,wyom+ #ba ,actual citiz5s #a ye> #fj days ,,comp>ative ,,suffrage ,,table4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,next set ( columns1 cont9u+ table4 ,resid5ce ,regi/ration ,exclud$ ,f ,vot+ ,9 ,vot+ ,prec9ct #a #a mon? ,legislature may regulate ,idiots ,indians convict$ ( crime #b #a mon? ,prohibit$ z a b> to ,idiots ,indians convict$ ( suffrage crime #c #cj days ,regi/ration requir$ by ,idiots ,indians convicts law ,*9ese #d ,requir$ by con/itution ,p]sons 9 prison #e #f mon?s ,requir$ by law ,^? unable to read & convicts #f ,no regi/ration requir$ ,idiots insane paup]s crim9als #g ,requir$ by con/itution ,idiots insane crim9als bettors on elections dueli/s #h ,leg may regulate no act ,idiots insane crim9als non-taxpay]s #i ,requir$ by con/itution ,idiots crim9als polygami/s #aj #cj days ,requir$ by law ,convicts #aa #cj days ,no law = regi/ration ,fraudul5t vot]s & brib]s #ab ,requir$ by law ,idiots insane crim9als #ac #cj days ,requir$ 9 cities only ,idiots insane convicts #ad #fj days ,no regi/ration requir$ ,brib]y robb]y =g]y c #ae #cj days ,legislature my regulate ,idiots insane crim9als #af ,requir$ by law ,paup]s ,indians n tax$ #ag ,requir$ by con/itution ,lunatics convicts1 & guilty ( brib]y #ah #f mon?s ,requir$ by law ,paup]s p]sons "u gu>dians non-taxpay]s & m5 unable to read & write #ai #aj days ,requir$ by law ,dueli/s #bj #aj days ,requir$ by law ,idiots insane convicts #ba ,requir$ by con/itution ,idiots insane crim9als #bb ,requir$ by con/itution ,inmates ( asylums1 9 cities only poorh\ses1 & prisons1 ,,u army #bc ,leg may require ,insane #bd ,requir$ by law ,idiots convicts ,,u army #be ,requir$ by con/itution ,idiots insane convicts #bf ,t[n #f ms ,requir$ by law ,paup]s #bg ,requir$ 9 cities ( ,paup]s idiots insane #aj1jjj convicts #bh #cj days ,requir$ 9 cities ( ,election bettors or brib]s #aj1jjj convicts #bi ,requir$ by con/itution ,convicts #cj #ij days ,convicts1 insane #ca ,no regi/ration requir$ ,idiots insane #cb ,idiots insane convicts ,,u army ,*9ese #cc #b mon?s ,requir$ by con/itution ,non-taxpay]s political brib]s #cd ,t[n #f ms ,requir$ by law ,p]sons )\t prop]ty to ! value ( #acd #ce ,requir$ by con/itution ,insane inmates ( asylums alm%\ses prisons1 ,,u army1 dueli/s #cf #aj days ,convicts insane #cg ,no regi/ration requir$ ,non-pay]s ( poll tax #ch #f mon?s ,prohibit$ by ,lunatics1 idiots1 paup]s1 con/itution convicts1 ,,u army #ci #fj days ,idiots crim9als #dj ,t[n #c ms ,requir$ by law ,brib]s #da ,requir$ by law ,lunatics idiots convicts1 dueli/s1 ,,u army #db #cj days ,requir$ by law ,convicts1 insane #dc ,prohibit$ by ,lunatics paup]s convicts con/itution #dd ,requir$ by law ,insane idiot convict brib] bettor1 dueli/ #de ,requir$ by con/itution ,idiots insane crim9als ,,comp>ative ,,legislative ,,table ,,( ,,pr9cipal ,,con/itutional ,,gov]nm5ts4 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,?is table crosses fac+ pages ( ! book 7,portrait ori5tation74 ,?us1 ref]5ce numb]s are us$ z 9 ! tables above to ref] to ! nations ! in=mation belongs to4 ,bo? ,h\ses ------------------------------------ ,names ( ,k9d ( ,"n appli$ ,names ( ! ,mtgs4 ,nations4 ,gov't4 to ! ,h\ses4 ,legislative ,body4 #a ,au/ria- ,f4,h4,m4 ,delegations4 ,upp]1 ,a ,hung>y ,l[] #b ,au/ria ,s4,h4,m4 ,diet or ,h]r5haus1 ,a ,rei*sra?4 ,abgeordnet5haus #c ,hung>y ,s4,h4,m4 ,diet or ,magnates1 ,a ,rei*/ag4 ,repres5tatives4 #d ,belgium ,s4,h4,m4 ,legislative ,s5ate1 ,a ,*amb]s4 ,deputies4 #e ,d5m>k ,s4,h4,m4 ,diet or ,l&/h+1 ,a ,rigsdag4 ,folke?+4 #f ,france ,s4,r4 ,assembly4 ,s5ate1 ,a ,deputies4 #g ,g]many ,f4,h4,m4 444444444444 ,bundesra?1 ,a ,rei*/ag4 #h ,prussia ,s4,h4,m4 ,legislative ,h]r5haus1 ,a ,*amb]s4 ,abgeordnet5haus #i ,great ,brita9 ,f4,h4,m4 ,p>liam5t4 ,lords1 ,a ,commons4 #aj ,italy ,s4,h4,m4 ,legislative ,s5ate1 ,a ,*amb]s4 ,deputati4 #aa ,ne!rl&s ,s4,h4,m4 ,/ates- ,upp]1 ,a ,g5]al4 ,l[]4 #ab ,spa9 ,s4,h4,m4 ,cortex4 ,s5ate1 ,a ,congress4 #ac ,sw$5 ,s4,h4,m4#c ,diet4 ,upp]1 ,a ,l[]4 #ad ,norway ,s4,h4,m4 ,/or?+4 ,lag?+1 ,a ,odol/h+4 #ae ,switz]l& ,f4,r4 ,bundes- ,/&]a?1 ,a ,v]sammlung4 ,nationalra?4 #af ,arg5t9a ,f4,r4 ,congress4 ,s5ate1 ,a ,deputies #ag ,columbia ,f4,r4 ,congress4 ,s5ate1 ,a ,h4 ( ,r4 #ah ,mexico ,f4,r4 ,congress4 ,s5ate1 ,a ,h4 ( ,r4 #ai ,brazil ,f4,r4 ,legislative ,s5ate1 ,a ,assembly4 ,congress4 ,,comp>ative ,,legislative ,,table ,,( ,,pr9cipal ,,con/itutional ,,gov]nm5ts4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,next set ( columns1 cont9u+ table4 ,upp] ,h\se ---------------------------------------- ------ ,h[ ,compos$4 ,election ,t]m ,qualifications #a #bj ,au/rians1 ,/ate ,leg4 #bj ,hung>ians #b ,royal ,pr9ces1 life ,nobles1 #c ,ar*bi%ops1 life ,appo9tees #d #fh ,p #h #dj1;c1r1,p #e #ff #ab ap1 #h #be1r #ed el #f #cjj #ge = life #dj1;c #bbe = #i #g #ei ,/ates #a #h ,royal ,pr9ces1 ,sov]eign life ,h]$ ,nobles1 ,appo9tees1 c #i ,h]$ ,nobles1 ,sov]eign life ,bi%ops1 ,life ,pe]s1 etc4 #aj ,royal ,pr9ces1 ,sov]eign life ,appo9tees #djb #aa #ci ,by #b ,divisions #ab ,h]$ ,nobles1 ,sov]eign #ajj ,life ,s5 #acj elect$ by,/ates #aj #ac #acg1 "o = #i #ce1,p #cj1jjj #ad ,"o-f\r? ( ,p #c ,/or?+ indirectly #ae #dd1 #b f ,by cantons #c ,vot] ea* canton #af #bh1 #b f ,by ea* prov9ce prov9ces #ag #bg1 #c f ,by ! ea* /ate /ates #ah #ed1 #b f ,/ate ,leg4 #f #cj ea* /ate #ai #eh ,p #dj1,n1,p indirectly ,,comp>ative ,,legislative ,,table ,,( ,,pr9cipal ,,con/itutional ,,gov]nm5ts4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,next set ( columns1 cont9u+ table4 ,l[] ,h\se ---------------------------------------- ----- ,h[ ,compos$4 ,election ,t]m ,qualifications ,sal>ies #a #dj ,au/rians1 ,/ate ,leg4 #dj ,hung>ians #b #cec ,p #f #aghj1 yr #c #dde #c #d #acf1 "o = #d #be1;c1r #hd1 m h #dj1jjj inh #e #ajb #c #be1r #d1 day #f #eeg #d #be1;c #aghj1 yr #g #cig #c #h #dcc ,p #c #cj1;c indirectly #i #feh ,p #g #ba1;c ,none indirectly #aj #ejh1 "o = #e #cj1,v1,p ,none #dj1jjj inh #aa #hf1 "o = #c #hcj1 yr #de1jjj inh #ab ,"o = #e #be #ej1jjj inh #ac #fd1 t[n1 #c #ba1,p #adj1 c\ntry #ad #c_/d ( ,p #c ,/or?+ indirectly #ae #ace1 "o = ,p #c ,vot] #b4ej1 dy #bj1jjj inh #af #ej #ajdj1 yr #ag #ff1 "o = #b #ej1jjj inh #ah #cca1 "o = #b #be1r1#h #hj1jjj inh #ai #abb ,p #d ,n1,p indirectly ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,p]haps because ( a poor scan1 ,i _c f9d ! places :]e footnotes #a & #b are ref]5c$4 ,footnote #a3 ,! ,*ancellor is responsible only to ! ,emp]or4 ,! adm9i/ration is ?r\gh ! ,bundesra? 9 sev5 /&+ committees4 ,footnote #b3 ,^! appo9tees mu/ h held high (fice1 or be em95t 9 sci5ce1 lit]ature or art1 or pay annual taxes ( at lea/ #fjj4 ,footnote #c3 ,sw$5 & ,norway =m a ,f4,h4,m4 ,9 giv+ qualifications1 ,n means native1 & ,p means a prop]ty qualification4 ,greece has only "o *amb] 9 its legislature4 ,consult ! ,/atesman's ,ye>-,book1 or an encyclop$ia4 ,,table ,,( ,,rul]s or ,,pr9cipal ,,nations1 #ahig4 ,,ye> ,,( ,,date ,,( ,,gov]nm5ts ,,rul]s ,,title ,,bir? ,,accession ,arg5t9a ,jose ,e4 ,uriburu ,presid5t ,jan #bb1 '#ie ,au/ria ,hung>y ,franz ,joset ,i ,emp]or #ahcj ,dec #b '#dh ,belgium ,leopold ,,ii ,k+ #ahce ,dec #aj '#fe ,bolivia ,g5]al ,alonzo ,presid5t ,aug -- '#if ,brazil ,prud5te de ,moraes ,presid5t #ahda ,nov #ae '#id ,bulg>ia ,f]d9& ,i ,pr9ce #ahfa ,july #g '#hg ,*ili ,f$4 ,errazuriz ,presid5t #ahej ,sept #ah '#if ,*9a ,tsai ,ti5 ,emp]or #ahgb ,jan #ab '#ge ,colombia 7,,u (7 ,m4,a4 ,c>o ,presid5t ,sept #ah '#id ,d5m>k ,*ri/ian ,,ix ,k+ #ahah ,nov #ae '#fc ,ecuador ,g5 ,eloy ,alf>o ,presid5t #ahdc ------- '#ig ,france ,franois ,f4 ,faure ,presid5t #ahda ,jan #ag '#ie ,g]many ,wilhelm ,,ii ,emp]or #ahei ,june #ae '#hh ,bad5 ,fri$ri* ,i ,gr& ,duke #ahbf ,apr #bd '#eb ,bav>ia ,otto ,i ,k+ #ahdh ,june #ac '#hf ,hesse ,ern/ ,l\is ,v ,gr& ,duke #ahfh ,m> #ac '#ib ,meckl5burg ,s*w]m ,fri$ri* ,franz ,,iii ,gr& ,duke #ahca ,apr #ae '#hc ,meckl5burg ,/relitz ,fri$ri* ,wilhelm ,gr& ,duke #ahai ,sept #f '#fj ,old5burg ,ni*olas ,f4 ,pet] ,gr& ,duke #ahbg ,feb #bg '#cc ,prussia ,wilhelm ,,ii ,k+ #ahei ,june #ae '#hh ,saxony ,alb]t ,k+ #ahbh ,oct #bi '#gc ,wurttemb]g ,wilhelm ,,ii ,k+ #ahdh ,oct #f '#ia ,great ,brita9 & ,irel& ,victoria ,i ,que5 #ahai ,june #bj '#cg ,briti% ,india ,e>l ( ,elgan ,vic]oy #ahdi ------- '#id ,canada ,dom9ion ( ,e>l ( ,ab]de5 ,gov ,g5 #ahdg ,sept -- '#ic ,greece ,georgios ,i ,k+ #ahde ,june #e '#fc ,guatemala ,g54 ,j4,m4,r4 ,burios ,presid5t #ahec ,m> #ae '#ib ,haiti ,g54 ,tiresias ,a4,s4 ,presid5t ------- '#if ,sam ,hawaiian ,isl&s ,san=d ,b4 ,dole ,presid5t #ahdd ,july #d '#id ,honduras ,dr4 ,p4 ,bonilla ,presid5t ,jan #a '#ie ,italy ,humb]t ,i ,k+ #ahdd ,jan #i '#gh ,japan ,mutsu ,hito ,emp]or #aheb ,feb #ac '#fg ,korea ,yi ,hi ,k+ #ahea ------- '#fd ,mexico ,porfirio ,diaz ,presid5t #ahcj ------- '#hd ,mont5egro ,ni*olas ,i ,pr9ce #ahda ,aug #ad '#fj ,morocco ,abdul ,azziz ,sultan #ahgh ,june #g '#id ,ne!rl&s ,wilhelm9a ,que5 #ahhj ,nov #bc '#ij ,nic>agua ,g54 ,santos ,zelaya ,presid5t #ahec ,feb #a '#id ,p>aguay ,g54 ,fgusquiza ,presid5t ,nov #be '#id ,p]sia ,mozaff] ed ,d9 ,%ah #ahec ,may #a '#if ,p]u ,nicolas de ,pi]ola ,presid5t ,aug #ab '#ie ,portugal ,c>los ,i ,k+ #ahfc ,oct #ai '#hi ,rome 7,pontificate (7 ,leo ,,xiii ,pope #ahaj ,feb #bj '#gh ,romania ,c>ol ,i ,k+ #ahci ,m> #bf '#ha ,russia ,ni*olas ,,ii ,emp]or #ahfh ,nov #a '#id ,santo ,dom+o ,ulises ,heureaux ,presid5t ---- '#hf ,s]via ,alex&] ,i ,k+ #ahgf ,m> #f '#hi ,siam ,*ulalongkorn ,i ,k+ #ahec ,oct #a '#fh ,s\? ,african ,rep'blic ,s4,j4 ,paul ,krug] ,presid5t #ahbe ,may #ab '#ic ,spa9 ,alfonso ,,xiii ,k+ #ahhf ,may #ag '#hf ,sw$5 & ,norway ,osc> ,,ii ,k+ #ahbi ,sept #ah '#gb ,switz]l& ,adri5 ,la*5al ,presid5t ,jan #a '#if ,turkey ,abdul ,hamid ,,ii ,sultan #ahdb ,aug #ca1 '#gf ,egypt ,abbas ,,ii ,kh$ive #ahgd ,jan #g '#ib ,unit$ ,/ates ,william ,mc,kinley ,presid5t #ahdc ,m> #d '#ig ,uruguay ,idi>te ,borda ,presid5t #ahdd ,m> #a '#id ,v5ezuela ,joaqu9 ,crespo ,presid5t #ahda ,m> #e1 '#id ,,presid5ts ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates4 ,"n ,bir?place ,ye> ,pat]nal ,resi- ,ye> ,ance/ry d5ce ,inaug4 #a ,george ,wa%+ton ,we/morel& #agcb ,engli% ,va4 #aghi ,co41 ,va4 #b ,john ,adams ,qu9cey1 ,mass4 #agce ,engli% ,mass4 #agig #c ,?omas ,jeff]son ,%adwell1 ,va4 #agdc ,wel% ,va4 #ahja #d ,james ,madison ,port ,conway1 #agea ,engli% ,va4 #ahji ,va4 #e ,james ,monroe ,we/morel& #ageh ,scot* ,va4 #ahag ,co41 ,va4 #f ,john ,qu9cy ,adams ,qu9cey1 ,mass4 #agfg ,engli% ,mass4 #ahbe #g ,&rew ,jackson ,union ,co41 ,n4,c4#agfg ,scot*- ,t5n4 #ahbi ,iri% #h ,m>t9 ,van ,bur5 ,k9d]hook1 #aghb ,dut* ,n4,y4 #ahcg ,n4,y4 #i ,william ,h4 ,b]keley1 ,va4 #aggc ,engli% ,o4 #ahda ,h>rison #aj ,john ,tyl] ,gre5way1 ,va4 #agij ,engli% ,va4 #ahda #aa ,james ,k4 ,polk ,meckl5burg #agie ,scot*- ,t5n4 #ahde ,co41 ,n4,c4 ,iri% #ab ,za*>y ,taylor ,orange ,co41 ,va4#aghd ,engli% ,la4 #ahdi #ac ,mill>d ,fillmore ,summ] ,hill1 #ahjj ,engli% ,n4,y4 #ahej ,n4,y4 #ad ,frankl9 ,pi]ce ,hillsboro1 ,n4,h4#ahjd ,engli% ,n4,h4 #ahec #ae ,james ,bu*anan ,cove ,gam1 ,pa4 #agia ,scot*- ,pa4 #aheg ,iri% #af ,abraham ,l9coln ,l>ue ,co41 ,ky4 #ahji ,engli% ,ill4 #ahfa #ag ,&rew ,johnson ,raleigh1 ,n4,c4 #ahjh ,engli% ,t5n4 #ahfe #ah ,ulysses ,s4 ,grant ,po9t ,pleasant1#ahbb ,scot* ,d4,c4 #ahfi ,o4 #ai ,ru!r=d ,b4 ,delaw>e1 ,o4 #ahbb ,scot* ,o4 #ahgg ,hayes #bj ,james ,a4 ,g>field ,cuyahoga ,co41 #ahca ,engli% ,o4 #ahha ,o4 #ba ,*e/] ,a4 ,ar?ur ,fairfield1 ,vt4 #ahcj ,scot*- ,n4,y4 #ahha ,iri% #bb ,grov] ,clevel& ,caldwell1 ,n4,j4 #ahcg ,engli% ,n4,y4 #ahhc #bc ,b5jam9 ,h>rison ,nor? ,b5d1 ,o4 #ahcc ,engli% ,ind4 #ahhi #bd ,grov] ,clevel& ,caldwell1 ,n4,j4 #ahcg ,engli% ,n4,y4 #ahic #be ,william ,mc,kinley ,niles1 ,o4 #ahdc ,scot*- ,o4 #ahig ,iri% ,,vice-,,presid5ts ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates4 ,"n ,bir?place ,ye> ,pat]nal ,resi- ,inaug4 ,ance/ry d5ce #a ,john ,adams ,qu9cey1 ,mass4 #agce ,engli% ,mass4 #aghi #b ,?omas ,%adwell1 ,va4 #agdc ,wel% ,va4 #agig ,jeff]son #c ,a>on ,burr ,new>k1 ,n4,j4 #agef ,engli% ,n4,y4 #ahja #d ,george ,cl9ton ,ul/] ,co41 ,n4,y4 #agci ,engli% ,n4,y4 #ahje #e ,elbridge ,g]ry ,m>blehead1 ,mass4 #agdd ,engli% ,mass4 #ahac #f ,daniel ,d4 ,sc>sdale1 ,n4,y4 #aggd ,engli% ,n4,y4 #ahag ,tompk9s #g ,john ,c4 ,abbeville1 ,s4,c4 #aghb ,scot*- ,s4,c4 #ahbe ,calh\n ,iri% #h ,m>t9 ,van ,k9d]hook1 ,n4,y4 #aghb ,dut* ,n4,y4 #ahcc ,bur5 #i ,ri*>d ,m4 ,l\isville1 ,ky4 #aghj ,engli% ,ky4 #ahcg ,johnson #aj ,john ,tyl] ,gre5way1 ,va4 #agij ,engli% ,va4 #ahda #aa ,george ,m4 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 #agib ,engli% ,pa4 #ahde ,dallas #ab ,mill>d ,summ] ,hill1 ,n4,y4 #ahjj ,engli% ,n4,y4 #ahdi ,fillmore #ac ,william ,r4 ,sampson ,co41 ,n4,c4 #aghf ,engli% ,ala4 #ahec ,k+ #ad ,john ,c4 ,lex+ton1 ,ky4 #ahba ,scot* ,ky4 #aheg ,breck9ridge #ae ,hannibal ,p>is1 ,me4 #ahji ,engli% ,me4 #ahfa ,haml9 #af ,&rew ,johnson ,raleigh1 ,n4,c4 #ahjh ,engli% ,t5n4 #ahfe #ag ,s*uyl] ,new ,york ,city #ahbc ,engli% ,ind4 #ahfi ,colfax #ah ,h5ry ,wilson ,f>m+ton1 ,n4,h4 #ahbb ,engli% ,mass4 #ahgc #ai ,william ,a4 ,malone1 ,n4,y4 #ahai ,engli% ,n4,y4 #ahgg ,:eel] #bj ,*e/] ,a4 ,fairfield1 ,vt4 #ahcj ,scot*- ,n4,y4 #ahha ,ar?ur ,iri% #ba ,?omas ,a4 ,musk+um ,co41 ,o4 #ahai ,scot*- ,ind4 #ahhe ,h5dricks ,iri% #bb ,levi ,p4 ,morton ,%oreham1 ,vt4 #ahbd ,scot* ,n4,y4 #ahhi #bc ,adlai ,e4 ,*ri/ian ,co41 ,ky4#ahce ,scot*- ,ill4 #ahic ,/ev5son ,iri% #bd ,g>ret ,a4 ,long ,bran*1 ,n4,j4 #ahdd ,engli% ,n4,j4 #ahig ,hob>t ,,presid5ts ,,pro ,,tempore ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,s5ate4 ,,congress ,,ye>s ,,"n ,,/ate ,,born ,,di$ #a1 #b #aghi-ib ,john ,langdon ,n ,h #agci #ahai #b #agib ,ri*>d ,h ,lee ,va #agcb #agid #b1 #c #agib #id ,john ,langdon ,n ,h #agci #ahai #c #agid #ie ,ralph ,iz>d ,s ,c #agdb #ahjd #c1 #d #agie #if ,h5ry ,tazewell ,va #agec #agii #d #agif #ig ,samuel ,liv]more ,n ,h #agcb #ahjc #d1 #e #agig ,william ,b+ham ,pa #agea #ahjd #e #agig ,william ,brad=d ,r ,i #agbi #ahjh #e #agig #ih ,jacob ,read ,s ,c #ageb #ahaf #e #agih ,!o ,s$gwick ,mass #agdf #ahac #e #agih #ii ,john ,laur5ce ,n ,y #agej #ahaj #e #agii ,james ,ross ,pa #agfb #ahdg #f #agii-ahjj ,samuel ,liv]more ,n ,h #agcb #ahjc #f #ahjj ,uriah ,tracy ,ct #agee #ahjg #f #ahjj-ahja ,john ,e ,h[>d ,md #ageb #ahbg #f #ahja ,james ,hillh\se ,ct #aged #ahcb #g #ahja #jb ,abraham ,baldw9 ,ga #aged #ahjg #g #ahjb-jc ,/eph5 ,r ,bradley ,vt #aged #ahcj #h #ahjc #jd ,john ,br[n ,ky #ageg #ahcg #h #ahjd-je ,jesse ,frankl9 ,n ,c #ageh #ahbc #h #ahje ,joseph ,&]son ,t5n #ageg #ahcg #i1 #aj #ahje-jh ,samuel ,smi? ,md #ageb #ahbc #aj #ahjh-ji ,/eph5 ,r ,bradley ,vt #aged #ahcg #aj1 #aa #ahji ,john ,mill$ge ,ga #ageg #ahci #aa #ahji-aj ,&rew ,gregg ,pa #agee #ahce #aa #ahaj #aa ,john ,gaill>d ,s ,c #ahbf #aa1 #ab #ahaa-ab ,john ,pope ,ky #aggj #ahde #ab1 #ac #ahab #ac ,wm ,h4 ,craw=d ,ga #aggb #ahcd #ac #ahac #ad ,jos ,b ,v>num ,mass #agej #ahba #ac-ae #ahad-ah ,john ,gaill>d ,s ,c #ahbf #ae #af #ahah #ai ,james ,b>b\r ,va #agge #ahdb #af #ai #ahbj-bf ,john ,gaill>d ,s ,c #ahbf #ai1 #bj #ahbf #bh ,na?aniel ,macon ,n ,c #ageg #ahcg #bj #bb #ahbh-cb ,samuel ,smi? ,md #ageb #ahci #bb #ahcb ,l ,w ,tazewell ,va #aggd #ahfc #bb1 #bc #ahcb-cd ,hugh ,l ,:ite ,t5n #aggc #ahdj #bc #ahcd #ce ,geo ,po9dext] ,miss #aggi #ahec #bd #ahce #ce ,john ,tyl] ,va #agij #ahfb #bd-bf #ahcf #da ,william ,r ,k+ ,ala #aghf #ahec #bf1 #bg #ahda #db ,samuel ,l ,s\?>d ,n ,j #aghg #ahdb #bg #bi #ahdb #df ,w ,p ,mangum ,n ,c #agib #ahfa #bi1 #cj #ahdf-di ,d ,r ,at*ison ,mo #ahjg #ahhf #ca1 #cb #ahej #eb ,william ,r ,k+ ,ala #aghf #ahec #cb #cc #aheb #ed ,d ,r ,at*ison ,mo #ahjg #ahhf #cc #cd #ahed-eg ,jesse ,d ,bright ,ind #ahab #ahge #cd #aheg ,james ,m ,mason ,va #agih #ahga #ce1 #cf #aheg #fa ,b5j ,fitzpatrick ,ala #ahjb #ahfi #cf #ch #ahfa-fd ,solomon ,foot ,vt #ahjb #ahff #ch #ahfd-fe ,daniel ,cl>k ,n ,h #ahji #ahia #ci #ahfe-fg ,lafayette ,s4 ,fo/] ,ct #ahjf #ahhj #dj #ahfg-fi ,b5j ,f ,wade ,ohio #ahjj #ahgh #da1 #db #ahfi-gc ,h5ry ,b ,an?ony ,r ,i #ahae #ahhd #dc #ahgc-ge ,m ,h ,c>p5t] ,wis #ahbd #ahha #dd1 #de #ahge #gi ,?omas ,w ,f]ry ,mi* #ahbg #ahif #df #ahgi-ha ,a ,g ,?urman ,ohio #ahac #ahie #dg #ahha ,?omas ,f ,bay>d ,del #ahbh #dg #ahha-hc ,david ,david ,ill #ahae #ahhf #dh #ahhc #he ,geo ,f ,edmunds ,vt #ahah #di #ahhe #hg ,john ,%]man ,ohio #ahbc #aijj #di-ea #ahhg #ia ,john ,j ,+alls ,kan #ahcc #eb #ahia-ic ,c ,f ,m&]son ,neb #ahcg #ec #ahic-ie ,i%am ,g ,h>ris ,t5n #ahah 4444 #ed1 #ee #ahie-ii ,william ,p ,frye ,me #ahca 4444 ,,speak]s ,,( ,,! ,u4,s4 ,,h\se ,,( ,,repres5tatives4 ,,congress4 ,,ye>s4 ,,"n4 ,,/ate4 ,,born4 ,,di$4 #a #aghi-ia ,f4,a4 ,muhl5burg ,pa4 #agej #ahja #b #agia-ic ,jona?an ,trumbull ,ct4 #agdj #ahji #c #agic-ie ,f4,a4 ,muhl5burg ,pa4 #agej #ahja #d1 #e #agie-ii ,jona?an ,dayton ,n4,j4 #agfj #ahbd #f #agii-ahja ,!o4 ,s$gwick ,mass4 #agdf #ahac #g-i #ahja-jg ,na?aniel ,macon ,n4,c4 #ageg #ahcg #aj1 #aa #ahjg-aa ,joseph ,b4 ,v>num ,mass4 #agej #ahba #ab1 #ac #ahaa-ad ,h5ry ,clay ,ky4 #aggg #aheb #ac #ahad-ae ,langdon ,*eves ,s4,c4 #aggf #aheg #ad-af #ahae-bj ,h5ry ,clay ,ky4 #aggg #aheb #af #ahbj-ba ,john ,w4 ,taylor ,n4,y4 #aghd #ahed #ag #ahba-bc ,philip ,p4 ,b>b\r ,va4 #aghc #ahda #ah #ahbc-be ,h5ry ,clay ,ky4 #aggg #aheb #ai #ahbe-bg ,john ,w4 ,taylor ,n4,y4 #aghd #ahed #bj-bc #ahbg-cd ,&rew ,/ev5son ,va4 #aghd #aheg #bc #ahcd-ce ,john ,bell ,t5n4 #agig #ahfi #bd1 #be #ahce-ci ,james ,k4 ,polk ,t5n4 #agie #ahdi #bf #ahci-da ,r4 ,m4 ,t4 ,hunt] ,va4 #ahji #ahhg #bg #ahda-dc ,john ,:ite ,ky4 #ahje #ahde #bh #ahdc-de ,john ,w4 ,jones ,va4 #ahje #ahdh #bi #ahde-dg ,john ,w4 ,davis ,ind4 #agii #ahej #cj #ahdg-di ,rob]t ,c4 ,w9?rop ,mass4 #ahji #ahid #ca #ahdi-ea ,h[ell ,cobb ,ga4 #ahae #ahfh #cb1 #cc #ahea-ee ,l9n ,boyd ,ky4 #ahjj #ahei #cd #ahee-eg ,na?aniel ,p4 ,banks ,mass4 #ahaf #ahid #ce #aheg-ei ,james ,l4 ,orr ,s4,c4 #ahbb #ahgc #cf #ahfj-fa ,wm4 ,p5n+ton ,n4,j4 #agif #ahfb #cg #ahfa-fc ,galu%a ,a4 ,gr[ ,pa4 #ahbc 4444 #ch-dj #ahfc-fi ,s*uyl] ,colfax ,ind4 #ahbc #ahhe #da-dc #ahfi-ge ,james ,g4 ,bla9e ,me4 #ahcj #ahic #dd #ahge-gf ,mi*ael ,c4 ,k]r ,ind4 #ahbg #ahgf #dd-df #ahgf-ha ,samuel ,j4 ,r&all ,pa4 #ahbh #ahij #dg #ahha-hc ,john ,w4 ,keif] ,o4 #ahcf 4444 #dh-ej #ahhc-hi ,john ,g4 ,c>lisle ,ky4 #ahce 4444 #ea #ahhi-ia ,?omas ,b4 ,re$ ,me4 #ahci 4444 #eb1 #ec #ahia-ie ,*>les ,f4 ,crisp ,ga4 #ahde #ahif #ed1 #ee #ahie-ii ,?omas ,b4 ,re$ ,me4 #ahci 4444 ,,pr9cipal ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,executive ,,(fic]s ,,& ,,sal>ies4 ,,executive ,,mansion4 ,(fice4 ,sal>y4 ,presid5t ( ,unit$ ,/ates44444 #cj1jjj ,vice ,presid5t44444444444444444 #h1jjj ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,/ate4 ,secret>y ( ,/ate4444444444444 #h1jjj ,assi/ant ,secret>y444444444444 #d1ejj ,second ,assi/ant ,sec'y444444444 #c1ejj ,?ird ,assi/ant ,sec'y4444444444 #c1ejj ,*ief ,cl]k44444444444444444444 #b1gej ,*ief ( ,diplomatic ,bureau44444 #b1ajj ,*iel ( ,consul> ,bureau4444444 #b1ajj ,*ief ( ,indexes ,ar*ives4444 #b1ajj ,f\r o!r bureau (fic]s44444 #b1ajj ,,treasury ,,dep>tm5t4 ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury444444 #h1jjj #b ,assi/ant ,secret>ies44444444 #d1ejj ,*ief ,cl]k ( ,dep>tm5t444444 #c1jjj ,*ief ( ,appo9tm]it ,div444444 #b1gej ,*ief ( ,w>rant ,division444444 1#jjj ,transcrib]'s ,note3 mispr9t ,*ief ( ,public ,moneys ,div44444 #b1ejj ,*ief ( ,cu/oms ,division444444 #b1gej ,*ief ,m]4,m>4 ,int4 ,rev4444444 #b1ejj ,*ief ,loans ,curr5cy ,div44444 #c1ejj ,*ief ,rev5ue ,m>9e ,div4444444 #b1ejj ,*ief ,/ation]y ,pr9t+4444 #b1ejj ,sup]vis+ ,inspector-,g5]al ( ,/eamboats4444444444444444 #c1ejj ,director ( ! ,m9t44444444444 #d1ejj ,*ief ( ,bureau ( ,/ati/ics44 #c1jjj ,supt4 ( ,life-,sav+ ,s]vice444 #d1jjj ,*airman ,light-,h\se ,bo>d44444 44444 ,sup]vis+ ,surgeon-,g5]al4444 #d1jjj ,*ief ( ,bureau ( ,engrav+ & ,pr9t+44444444444444444 #d1ejj ,sup]vis+ ,ar*itect4444444444 #d1ejj ,supt1 ,u4,s4 ,coa/ ,survey 7,act+7 #f1jjj #b ,comptroll]s444444444444444444 #e1jjj ,commission] ( ,cu/oms444444444 #d1jjj #f ,auditors4444444444444444444444 #c1fjj ,treasur] ( ! ,u4 ,s44444444444 #f1jjj ,regi/] ( ! ,treasury44444444 #d1jjj ,comptroll] ( ! ,curr5cy44444 #e1jjj ,com'r ( ,int]nal ,rev5ue4444444 #f1jjj ,,w> ,,dep>tm5t4 ,secret>y ( ,w>444444444444444 #h1jjj ,*ief ,cl]k44444444444444444444 #b1gej ,adjutant-,g5]al444444444444444 #e1ejj ,inspector-,g5]al44444444444444 #e1ejj ,qu>t]ma/]-,g5]al4444444444 #e1ejj ,payma/]-,g5]al44444444444444 #e1ejj ,commiss>y-,g5]al4444444444444 #e1ejj ,surgeon-,g5]al4444444444444444 #e1ejj ,judge ,advocate ,g54 7,act+7444 #e1ejj ,*ief ( ,eng9e]s4444444444444 #e1ejj ,*ief ,signal ,(fic]44444444444 #e1ejj ,*ief ( ,ordnance44444444444444 #e1ejj ,(fic] 9 ,*>ge ,w> ,records44 #c1ejj ,,navy ,,dep>tm5t4 ,secret>y ( ! ,navy4444444444 #h1jjj ,*ief ,cl]k44444444444444444444 #b1ejj ,judge-,advocate ,g5]al444444444 #d1ejj ,*ief ( ,bureau ( ,y>ds & ,docks444444444444444444444444 #e1jjj ,*ief ( ,bureau ( ,navigation44 #e1jjj ,*ief ( ,bureau ( ,ordnance4444 #e1jjj ,*ief ( ,bureau ( ,provisions & ,clo?+44444444444444444 #e1jjj ,*ief ( ,bureau ( ,m$ic9e & ,surg]y444444444444444444 #e1jjj ,*ief ( ,bureau ( ,equipm5t & ,recruit+444444444444444 #e1jjj ,*ief ( ,bureau ( ,con/ruction & ,repair4444444444444444444 #e1jjj ,*ief ( ,bureau ( ,/eam ,eng9e]+444444444444444444 #e1jjj ,*ief ( ,libr>y & ,w> ,records4444444444444444444444 #c1jjj ,pay ,director4444444444444444444 #c1jjj ,supt4 ,naval ,obs]vatory44444444 #e1jjj ,supt4 ,nautical ,almanac444444444 #c1ejj ,,po/-,,(fice ,,dep>tm5t4 ,po/ma/]-,g5]al4444444444444 #h1jjj ,*ief ,cl]k44444444444444444444 #b1bjj #c ,ass't ,po/ma/]-,g5]als4444 #d1jjj ,supt4 ( ,=eign ,mails444444444 #c1jjj ,supt4 ( ,money ,ord] ,sy/em4444 #c1ejj ,as/4 ,attorney-,g5]al = ,po/-,(fice ,dep>tm5t4444444 #d1jjj ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,! ,,int]ior4 ,secret>y ( ! ,int]ior444444 #h1jjj ,fir/ ,assi/ant ,secret>y444444 #d1ejj ,assi/ant ,secret>y444444444444 #d1jjj ,*ief ,cl]k ,sup]9t5d5t444 #b1gej ,assi/ant ,attorney-,g5]al44444 #e1jjj ,com'r ,g5]al ,l& ,(fice444444 #d1jjj ,com'r ,p5sion ,(fice44444444444 #e1jjj ,com'r ( ,indian ,affairs44444444 #d1jjj ,commission] ,pat5t ,(fice44444 #e1jjj ,assi/ant ,commission]444444444 #c1jjj #c ,exam9]s-9-,*ief44444444444 #c1jjj #cj ,pr9cipal ,exam9]s1 ea*444 #b1djj ,commission] ( ,education444444 #c1jjj ,director ,geological ,survey44444 #f1jjj ,commission] ( ,labor4444444444 #c1jjj ,commission] ( ,railroads444444 #d1ejj #c ,civil ,s]vice ,com'rs1 ea*444 #c1ejj ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,ju/ice4 ,attorney-,g5]al444444444444444 #h1jjj ,solicitor-,g5]al44444444444444 #g1jjj ,two ,as/4 ,attorney-,g5]als4444 #e1jjj ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,agriculture4 ,secret>y ( ,agriculture4444444 #h1jjj ,entomologi/4444444444444444444 #b1ejj ,botani/44444444444444444444444 #b1jjj ,*emi/444444444444444444444444 #b1ejj ,microscopi/4444444444444444444 #b1jjj ,,note4--,= appo9tees consult any political almanac ( ?is ye>4 ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,judicial ,,dep>tm5t4 ,,supreme ,,c\rt ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates4 ,! c\rt holds annual sessions at ,wa%+ton1 comm5c+ on ! second ,monday 9 ,octob]4 ,appo9t$ ,date ( ,sal>y f ,commission ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,*ief ,ju/ice ,melville ,w4 ,ill9ois ,july #bj1 #ahhh #aj1ejj ,full] ,ju/ice ,/eph5 ,j4 ,field ,cali=nia ,m> #aj1 #ahfc #aj1jjj ,ju/ice ,john ,m4 ,h>lan ,k5tucky ,nov #bi1 #ahgg #aj1jjj ,ju/ice ,horace ,gray ,massa*usetts ,dec #bj1 #ahha #aj1jjj ,ju/ice ,david ,j4 ,brew] ,kansas ,dec #ah1 #ahhi #aj1jjj ,ju/ice ,h5ry ,b4 ,br[n ,mi*igan ,dec #cj1 #ahij #aj1jjj ,ju/ice ,george ,%iras ,p5nsylvania ,oct --1 #ahib #aj1jjj ,ju/ice ,edw>d ,d4 ,:ite ,l\isiana ,feb --1 #ahid #aj1jjj ,ju/ice ,rufus ,w4 ,peckham ,new ,york ,dec --1 #ahic #aj1jjj ,cl]k ( ! ,supreme ,di/4 ( ,columbia #ahhj #f1jjj ,c\rt3 ,james ,h4 ,mc,kenny ,m>%al3 ,john ,m4 ,wright ,k5tucky ,jan #d1 #ahhh #c1jjj ,report]3 ,j4,c4 ,bancr(t ,new ,york #ahhc #e1gjj ,davis ,,circuit ,,c\rts ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates 7,sal>y ( ,circuit ,judges #f1jjj a ye>7 ,fir/ ,judicial ,circuit--,mr ,ju/ice ,gray1 ,bo/on1 ,mass ,di/ricts ( ,ma9e1 ,new ,hamp%ire1 ,massa*usetts1 & ,rhode ,isl&4 ,circuit ,judges--,le ,b>on ,b4 ,colt1 ,r4,i4 #ahhd ,wm4 ,l4 ,putnam1 ,me4 #ahib ,second ,judicial ,circuit--,mr ,ju/ice ,peckham1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,di/ricts ( ,v]mont1 ,connecticut & ,new ,york ,circuit ,judges--,wm4 ,j4 ,wallace1 ,n4,y4 #ahhb ,e4 ,h5ry ,lacombe1 ,n4,y4 #ahhh ,na?aniel ,%ipman1 ,ct4 #ahib ,?ird ,judicial ,circuit--,mr ,ju/ice ,%iras1 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 ,di/ricts ( ,new ,j]sey1 ,p5nsylvania1 & ,delaw>e ,circuit ,judges--,m>cus ,w4 ,a*eson1 ,pa4 #ahia ,geo4 ,m4 ,dallas1 ,pa4 #ahib ,f\r? ,judicial ,circuit--,mr ,*ief ,ju/ice ,full]1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4 ,di/ricts ( ,m>yl&1 ,virg9ia1 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,nor? & ,s\? ,c>ol9a ,circuit ,judges--,na?an ,g(f1 ,w4 ,va4 #ahib ,*>les ,h4 ,simonton1 ,s4,c4 #ahic ,fif? ,judicial ,circuit--,mr ,ju/ice ,:ite1 ,new ,orleans1 ,la4 ,di/ricts ( ,georgia1 ,florida1 ,alabama1 ,mississippi1 ,l\isiana1 & ,texas4 ,circuit ,judges--,don ,a4 ,p>dee1 ,la4 #ahha ,a4,p4 ,mc,cormick1 ,tex4 #ahib ,six? ,judicial ,circuit--,mr ,ju/ice ,h>lan1 ,na%ville1 ,t5n4 ,di/ricts ( ,ohio1 ,mi*igan1 ,k5tucky1 & ,t5nessee ,circuit ,judges--,william ,h4 ,taft1 ,ohio #ahib ,horace ,h4 ,lurton1 ,t5n4 #ahic ,sev5? ,judicial ,circuit--,mr ,ju/ice ,br[n1 ,*icago1 ,i#aa4 ,di/ricts ( ,indiana1 ,ill9ois & ,wiscons9 ,circuit ,judges--,william ,a4 ,woods1 ,ind4 #ahib ,james ,g4 ,j5k9s1 ,wis4 #ahic ,eigh? ,judicial ,circuit--,mr ,ju/ice ,brew]1 ,leav5wor?1 ,kan4 ,di/ricts ( ,m9nesota1 ,i[a1 ,miss\ri1 ,kansas1 ,arkansas1 ,nebraska1 ,colorado1 ,nor? & ,s\? ,dakota1 ,wyom+ ,circuit ,judges--,h5ry ,c4 ,caldwell1 ,ark4 #ahij ,walt] ,h4 ,sanborn1 ,m9n4 #ahib ,amos ,m4 ,?ay]1 ,mo4 #ahib ,n9? ,judicial ,circuit--,mr ,ju/ice ,field1 ,san ,francisco1 ,cal4 ,di/ricts ( ,cali=nia1 ,oregon1 ,wa%+ton1 ,idaho1 ,nevada1 & ,montana4 ,circuit ,judges--,joseph ,mc,kenna1 ,cal4 #ahib ,william ,b4 ,gilb]t1 ,ore4 #ahib ,,judges ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,di/rict ,,c\rts4 7,sal>y1 #e1jjj a ye>47 ,,di/ricts4 ,,"n4 ,,resid5ce4 ,,date ,,( ,,commission ,alabama3 ,n4 ,mobile ,di/rict ,john ,bruce ,montgom]y ,feb4 #bg1 #ahge ,s\!rn ,h>ry ,t4 ,t\lm9 ,mobile ,dec4 #ad1 #ahhf ,arkansas3 ,ea/]n ,di/rict ,john ,a4 ,williams ,p9e ,bluff -------- #ahij ,we/]n ,john ,h4 ,rodg]s ,=t ,smi? ,cali=nia3 ,nor!rn ,di/rict ,w4,w4 ,morr[ ,san ,francisco ,s\!rn ,ol9 ,wellborn ,los ,angeles ,colorado ,moses ,hallett ,d5v] ,jan4 #bj1 #ahgg ,connecticut ,w4,k4 ,t[ns5d ,new ,hav5 -------- #ahib ,delaw>e ,leon>d ,e4 ,wales ,wilm+ton ,m>4 #bj1 #ahhd ,florida3 ,nor!rn ,di/rict ,*>les ,swayne ,jacksonville ,s\!rn ,james ,w4 ,locke ,key ,we/ ,feb4 #a1 #ahgb ,georgia3 ,nor!rn ,di/rict ,william ,t4 ,newman ,atlanta ,aug4 #ac1 #ahhf ,s\!rn ,emory ,spe] ,savannah ,feb4 #ah1 #ahhe ,idaho ,j4,h4 ,beatty ,hailey -------- #ahij ,ill9ois3 ,nor!rn ,di/rict ,p4,s4 ,grosscup ,*icago4 ,s\!rn ,william ,j4 ,all5 ,spr+field ,april #ah1 #ahhg ,indiana ,john ,h4 ,bak] ,go%5 -------- #ahib ,i[a3 ,nor!rn ,di/rict ,oliv] ,p4 ,%iras ,dubuque ,aug4 #ad1 #ahhb ,s\!rn ,john ,s4 ,woolson ,keokuk ,kansas ,cassius ,g4 ,fo/] ,topeka ,m>4 #aj1 #ahgd ,k5tucky ,john ,w4 ,b>r ,l\isville ,april #ae1 #ahhj ,l\isiana3 ,ea/]n ,di/rict ,*>les ,p>lange ,new ,orleans ,we/]n ,aleck ,bo>man ,%reveport ,may #ah1 #ahha ,ma9e ,na?an ,webb ,portl& ,jan4 #bd1 #ahhb ,m>yl& ,?omas ,j4 ,morris ,baltimore ,july #a1 #ahgi ,massa*usetts ,?omas ,l4 ,nelson ,worce/] ,jan4 #aj1 #ahgi ,mi*igan3 ,ea/]n ,di/rict ,h5ry ,h4 ,swan ,detroit -------- #ahij ,we/]n ,h5ry ,f4 ,sev]5s ,kalamazoo ,may #be1 #ahhf ,m9nesota ,william ,lo*r5 ,m9neapolis -------- #ahif ,mississippi 7,two ,di/ricts7 ,h5ry ,c4 ,niles ,jackson ,miss\ri3 ,ea/]n ,di/rict ,elm] ,e4 ,adams ,/4 ,l\is -------- #ahif ,we/]n ,john ,f4 ,phillips -------- #ahhh ,montana ,h5ry ,kn[les ,hel5a -------- #ahhi ,nebraska ,w4,d4,m4 ,hugh ,omaha ,nevada ,t4,p4 ,hawley ,c>son ,city ,new ,hamp%ire ,edg> ,aldri* ,littleton ,new ,j]sey ,a4 ,kirkpatrick ,tr5ton ,new ,york ,nor!rn ,di/rict ,alfr$ ,c4 ,coxe ,utica ,may #d1 #ahhb ,s\!rn ,addison ,br[n ,new ,york ,june #b1 #ahha ,city ,ea/]n ,*>les ,l4 ,brooklyn ,m>4 #i1 #ahfe ,b5$ict ,nor? ,c>ol9a3 ,ea/]n ,di/rict ,we/]n ,rob]t ,p4 ,dick4 ,gre5sboro ,june #g1 #ahgb ,nor? ,dakota ,c4,f4 ,amidon ,f>go -------- #ahif ,ohio3 ,nor!rn ,di/rict ,a4,j4 ,ricks ,clevel& ,s\!rn ,george ,r4 ,sage ,c9c9nati ,m>4 #bj1 #ahhc ,oregon ,c4,b4 ,bell+] ,portl& ,p5nsylvania3 ,ea/]n ,di/rict ,william ,butl] ,philadelphia ,feb4 #ai1 #ahgi ,we/]n ,j4 ,buff+ton ,pittsburgh -------- #ahia ,rhode ,isl& ,ar?ur ,l4 ,br[n ,provid5ce ,s\? ,c>ol9a ,w4,h4 ,brawley ,*>le/on -------- #ahic ,s\? ,dakota ,john ,e4 ,c>l& ,si\x ,falls ,t5nessee3 ,ea/ ,mid4 ,di/4 ,c4,d4 ,cl>k ,*attanooga ,we/]n ,di/rict ,s4 ,hammond ,memphis ,june #ag1 #ahgh ,texas3 ,ea/]n ,di/rict ,d4,e4 ,bryant ,%]man ,we/]n ,?os ,s4 ,maxey ,au/9 -------- #ahhh ,nor!rn ,john ,b4 ,rector ,dallas ,utah ,john ,a4 ,m>%all ,salt ,lake ,city ,v]mont ,hoyt ,h4 ,:eel] ,jamaica ,m>4 #af1 #ahgg ,virg9ia3 ,ea/]n ,di/rict ,rob]t ,w4 ,hughes ,norfolk ,jan4 #ad1 #ahgd ,we/]n ,john ,paul ,h>risonburg ,m>4 #c1 #ahhc ,wa%+ton ,c4,h4 ,han=d ,seattle -------- #ahhi ,we/ ,virg9ia ,john ,j4,jackson1 ,jr ,p>k]sburg ,aug4 #c1 #ahfa ,wiscons93 ,ea/]n ,di/rict ,w4,h4 ,seaman ,%eboygan -------- #ahih ,we/]n ,romanzo ,e4 ,bunn ,madison ,oct4 #cj1 #ahgg ,wyom+ ,john ,a4 ,r9] ,*ey5ne -------- #ahij ,,correspond+ ,,(fic]s ,,( ,u4,s4 ,,army ,,& ,,navy4 ,,field ,,(fic]s3 #a ,g5]al1 #ac1ejj4 #b ,lieut5ant ,g5]al1 #aa1jjj4 #c ,major ,g5]als1 #g1ejj4 #d ,brigadi] ,g5]als1 #e1ejj4 ,,regim5tal ,,(fic]s3 #e ,colonels1 #c1ejj to #d1ejj4 #f ,lieut5ant ,colonels1 #c1jjj to #d1jjj4 #g ,majors1 #b1ejj to #c1ejj4 ,,company ,,(fic]s3 #h ,capta9s1 #a1hjj to #b1hjj4 #i ,fir/ ,lieut5ants1 #a1ejj to #b1bdj4 #aj ,second ,lieut5ants1 #a1djj to #b1ajj ,,fleet ,,(fic]s3 #a ,admiral1 #ac1jjj4 #b ,vice-,admiral1 #i1jjj4 #c ,re> ,admirals1 #f1jjj4 #d ,commodores1 #e1jjj4 ,,%ip ,,(fic]s3 #e ,capta9s1 #d1ejj #f ,comm&]s1 #c1ejj4 #g ,lieut5ant ,comm&]s1 #b1hjj4 ,,subord9ate ,,%ip ,,(fic]s3 #h ,lieut5ants1 #b1djj to #b1fjj4 #i ,ma/]s1 #a1hjj to #b1jjj4 #aj ,ensigns1 #a1bjj to #a1djj4 ,= names ( (fic]s1 see ,political ,almanac4 ,,ju/ices ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,supreme ,,c\rt4 7,names ( ! ,*ief ,ju/ices 9 italics7 ,,s]vice ,,"n ,,t]m ,,ye>s ,,born ,,di$ ,john ,jay1 ,n ,y #aghi #agie #f #agde #ahbi ,john ,rutl$ge1 ,s ,c #aghi #agia #b #agci #ahjj ,william ,cu%+1 ,mass #aghi #ahjj #ba #agcc #ahaj ,james ,wilson1 ,pa #aghi #agih #i #agdb #agih ,john ,blair1 ,va #aghi #agif #g #agcb #ahjj ,rob]t ,h ,h>rison1 ,md #aghi #agij #a #agde #agij ,james ,ir$ell1 ,n ,c #agij #agii #i #agea #agii ,?omas ,johnson1 ,md #agia #agic #b #agcb #ahai ,william ,pat]son1 ,n ,j #agic #ahjf #ac #agde #ahjf ,john ,rutl$ge1 ,s ,c #agie #agci #ahjj ,samuel ,*ase1 ,md #agif #ahaa #ae #agda #ahaa ,oliv] ,ellswor?1 ,ct #agif #ahjj #e #agde #ahjg ,bu%rod ,wa%+ton1 ,va #agih #ahbi #ca #agfb #ahbi ,alfr$ ,moore1 ,n ,c #agii #ahjd #e #agee #ahce ,john ,m>%all1 ,va #ahja #ahce #cd #agga #ahcd ,william ,johnson1 ,s ,c #ahjd #ahcd #cj #ageg #ahbc ,brock ,liv+/on1 ,n ,y #ahjf #ahbc #ag #agfe #ahbf ,?omas ,todd1 ,ky #ahjg #ahbf #ai #agfe #ahbf ,joseph ,/ory1 ,mass #ahaa #ahde #cd #aggj #ahdf ,gabriel ,duval1 ,md #ahaa #ahcf #be #agcb #ahdd ,smi? ,?ompson1 ,n ,y #ahbc #ahdc #bj #agfg #ahdc ,rob]t ,trimble1 ,ky #ahbf #ahbh #b #aggg #ahbh ,john ,mc,lean1 ,ohio #ahbi #ahfa #cb #aghe #ahfa ,h5ry ,baldw91 ,pa #ahcj #ahdd #af #aggi #ahdd ,james ,m ,wayne1 ,ga #ahce #ahfg #cb #agij #ahfg ,rog] ,b ,taney1 ,md #ahcf #ahfd #bh #aggg #ahfd ,philip ,p ,b>b\r1 ,va #ahcf #ahda #e #aghc #ahda ,john ,catron1 ,t5n #ahcg #ahfe #bh #aghf #ahfe ,john ,mc,kinley1 ,ala #ahcg #aheb #ae #aghj #aheb ,pet] ,v ,daniel1 ,va #ahda #ahfj #ai #aghe #ahfj ,samuel ,nelson1 ,n ,y #ahde #ahgb #bg #agib #ahgc ,levi ,woodbury1 ,n ,h #ahde #ahea #f #aghi #ahea ,rob]t ,c ,gri]1 ,pa #ahdf #ahgj #bc #agid #ahgj ,b5j ,r ,curtis1 ,mass #ahea #aheg #f #ahjj #ahgd ,john ,a ,campbell1 ,ala #ahec #ahfa #h #ahaa #ahhi ,na?an ,clif=d1 ,ma9e #aheh #ahha #bc #ahjc #ahha ,noah ,h ,swayne1 ,ohio #ahfa #ahha #bj #ahjd #ahhd ,samuel ,f ,mill]1 ,i[a #ahfb #ahij #bh #ahaf #ahij ,david ,davis1 ,ill #ahfb #ahgg #ae #ahae #ahhe ,/eph5 ,j ,field1 ,cal #ahfc #ahaf ,salmon ,p ,*ase1 ,ohio #ahfd #ahgc #i #ahjh #ahgc ,william ,/rong1 ,pa #ahgj #ahhj #aj #ahjh ,joseph ,p ,bradley1 ,n ,j #ahgj #ahib #bb #ahah #ahib ,w>d ,hunt1 ,n ,y #ahgb #ahhb #aj #ahaa #ahhf ,morrison ,r ,waite1 ,ohio #ahgd #ahhh #ad #ahaf #ahhh ,john ,m ,h>lan1 ,ky #ahgg #ahgg ,william ,b ,woods1 ,ga #ahhj #ahhg #g #ahbd #ahhg ,/anley ,mat!ws1 ,ohio #ahha #ahhi #h #ahbd #ahhi ,horace ,gray1 ,mass #ahha #ahbh ,samuel ,blat*=d1 ,n ,y #ahhb #ahic #aa #ahbj #ahic ,lucius ,q ,c ,lam>1 ,miss #ahhh #aiic #e #ahbe #ahic ,melville ,w ,full]1 ,ill #ahhh #ahcc ,david ,j ,brew]1 ,kan #ahhi #ahcg ,h5ry ,b ,br[n1 ,mi* #ahij #ahcf ,george ,%iras ,jr1 ,pa #ahib #ahcb ,h[ell ,d ,jackson1 ,t5n #ahic #ahie #b #ahcb #ahie ,edw>d ,d ,:ite1 ,la #ahic #ahde ,rufus ,w ,peckham #ahie #ahcg ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,milit>y ,,academy ,,at ,,we/ ,,po9t4 ,ea* ,congressional ,di/rict & ,t]ritory--also ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia-- is entitl$ to h "o cadet at ! ,academy4 ,!re are also t5 appo9tm5ts at l>ge1 specially conf]r$ by ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! numb] ( /ud5ts is ?us limit$ to ?ree hundr$ & sev5ty-"o4 ,appo9tm5ts are usually made "o ye> 9 advance ( date ( admission1 by ! ,secret>y ( ,w>1 ^u ! nom9ation ( ! ,repres5tative4 ,^! nom9ations may ei!r be made aft] competitive exam9ations or giv5 direct1 at ! option ( ! ,repres5tative4 ,appo9tees to ! ,milit>y ,academy mu/ be betwe5 sev5te5 & tw5ty-two ye>s ( age1 free f any infirmity :i* may r5d] !m unfit = milit>y s]vice1 & able to pass a c>eful exam9ation 9 read+1 writ+1 or?ography1 ari?metic1 gramm>1 geography1 & hi/ory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! c\rse ( in/ruction1 :i* is q ?or\gh1 requires f\r ye>s1 & is l>gely ma!matical & pr(essional4 ,ab\t "o-f\r? ( ^? appo9t$ usually fail to pass ! prelim9>y exam9ation1 & b little ov] "o-half ! rema9d] are f9ally graduat$4 ,! discipl9e is v /rict--ev5 m s ?an 9 ! army--& ! en=cem5t ( p5alties = (f5ces is inflexible r ?an sev]e4 ,academic duties beg9 ,septemb] #a & cont9ue until ,june #a4 ,exam9ations are held 9 ea* ,janu>y & ,june4 ,f ab\t ! middle ( ,june to ! end ( ,augu/ cadets live 9 camp1 engag$ only 9 milit>y duties & receiv+ practical milit>y in/ruction4 ,cadets are all[$ b "o leave ( abs5ce dur+ ! f\r ye>s' c\rse1 & ?is is grant$ at ! expiration ( ! fir/ two ye>s4 ,! pay ( a cadet is five hundr$ & =ty doll>s p] ye>4 ,^u graduat+1 cadets are commission$ z second lieut5ants 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,army4 ,! ,academy 0 e/abli%$ by act ( ,congress 9 #ahjb4 ,an annual ,bo>d ( ,visitors is appo9t$1 sev5 be+ appo9t$ by ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 two by ! ,presid5t ( ! ,s5ate1 & ?ree by ! ,speak] ( ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives4 ,!y visit ! ,academy 9 ,june1 & are pres5t at ! conclud+ ex]cises ( ! graduat+ class ( t ye>4 ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,naval ,,academy ,,at ,,annapolis4 ,!re are all[$ at ! ,academy "o naval cadet = ea* ,memb] or ,delegate ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1 "o = ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia1 & t5 at l>ge4 ,! appo9tm5t ( cadets at l>ge & = ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia is made by ! ,presid5t4 ,! ,secret>y ( ! ,navy1 z soon aft] ,m>* #e 9 ea* ye> z possible1 mu/ notify 9 writ+ ea* ,memb] & ,delegate ( ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives ( any vacancy t may exi/ 9 8 di/rict4 ,! nom9ation ( a c&idate to fill ! vacancy is made1 on ! recomm5dation ( ! ,memb] or ,delegate1 by ! ,secret>y4 ,c&idates mu/ be actual resid5ts ( ! di/ricts f :i* !y are nom9at$4 ,! c\rse ( naval cadets is six ye>s1 ! la/ two ( :i* are sp5t at sea4 ,c&idates at ! "t ( _! exam9ation = admission mu/ be n "u fifte5 nor ov] tw5ty ye>s ( age1 & physically s\nd1 well =m$1 & ( robu/ condition4 ,!y ent] ! ,academy imm$iately aft] pass+ ! prescrib$ exam9ations1 & are requir$ to sign articles b9d+ !mselves to s]ve 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,navy eight ye>s 7includ+ ! "t ( probation at ! ,naval ,academy71 unless soon] dis*>g$4 ,! pay ( a naval cadet is five hundr$ doll>s a ye>1 beg9n+ at ! date ( admission4 ,at lea/ t5 appo9tm5ts f among ! graduates are made ea* ye>4 ,surplus graduates :o d n receive appo9tm5ts are giv5 a c]tificate ( graduation1 an honorable dis*>ge1 & "o ye>'s sea pay4 ,! ,academy 0 f\nd$ 9 #ahde by ! ,hon4 ,george ,bancr(t1 ,secret>y ( ! ,navy 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ,presid5t ,polk4 ,x 0 =mally op5$ ,octob] #aj ( t ye>1 ) ,comm&] ,frankl9 ,bu*anan z ,sup]9t5d5t4 ,dur+ ! ,civil ,w> x 0 remov$ f ,annapolis1 ,md41 to ,newport1 ,r4,i41 b 0 return$ to ! =m] place 9 #ahfe4 ,x is "u ! direct sup]vision ( ! ,bureau ( ,navigation1 ,navy ,dep>tm5t4 ,,repres5tation ,,9 ,,congress ,,= ,,ea* ,,decade ,,) ,,ratios4 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,?is table w5t horizontally across two pages1 s x's giv5 9 pieces1 ) l9e numb]s1 z "s ( ! o!rs 74 ,ratios ,con/i- #cc1ijj #cc1ijj #ce1jjj #dj1jjj #dg1jjj tution ,/ates #aghg #agij #ahjj #ahaj #ahbj #ahcj #a ,alabama 4444 4444 4444 #aa #h #e #b ,arkansas 4444 4444 4444 4444 4444 #aa #c ,cali=nia 4444 4444 4444 4444 4444 4444 #d ,colorado 4444 4444 4444 4444 4444 4444 #e ,connecticut #e #g #g #g #f #f #f ,delaw>e #a #a #a #b #a #a #g ,florida 4444 4444 4444 4444 4444 4444 #h ,georgia #c #b #d #f #g #i #i ,idaho 4444 4444 4444 4444 4444 4444 #aj ,ill9ois 4444 4444 4444 #aa #a #h #aa ,indiana 4444 4444 4444 #aa #c #g #ab ,i[a 4444 4444 4444 4444 4444 4444 #ac ,kansas 4444 4444 4444 4444 4444 4444 #ad ,k5tucky 4444 #ba #f #aj #ab #ac #ae ,l\isiana 4444 4444 4444 #aa #c #c #af ,ma9e 4444 4444 4444 #ga #g #h #ag ,m>yl& #h #h #i #i #i #h #ah ,massa*usetts #h #ad #ag #bj #ac #ab #ai ,mi*igan 4444 4444 4444 4444 4444 #aa #bj ,m9nesota 4444 4444 4444 4444 4444 4444 #ba ,mississippi 4444 4444 4444 #aa #a #c #bb ,miss\ri 4444 4444 4444 4444 #aa #b #bc ,montana 4444 4444 4444 4444 4444 4444 #bd ,nebraska 4444 4444 4444 4444 4444 4444 #be ,nevada 4444 4444 4444 4444 4444 4444 #bf ,new ,hamp%ire #c #d #e #f #f #e #bg ,new ,j]sey #d #e #f #f #f #f #bh ,new ,york #f #aj #ag #bg #cd #dj #bi ,nor? ,c>ol9a #e #aj #ab #ac #ac #ac #cj ,nor? ,dakota 4444 4444 4444 4444 4444 4444 #ca ,ohio 4444 4444 #aa #f #ad #ai #cb ,oregon 4444 4444 4444 4444 4444 4444 #cc ,p5nsylvania #h #ac #ah #bc #be #bh #cd ,rhode ,isl& #a #b #b #b #b #b #ce ,s\? ,c>ol9a #e #f #h #i #i #i #cf ,s\? ,dakota 4444 4444 4444 4444 4444 4444 #cg ,t5nessee 4444 #aa #c #f #i #ac #ch ,texas 4444 4444 4444 4444 4444 4444 #ci ,utah 4444 4444 4444 4444 4444 4444 #dj ,v]mont 4444 #ba #d #f #e #e #da ,virg9ia #aj #ai #bb #bc #bb #ab #db ,wa%+ton 4444 4444 4444 4444 4444 4444 #dc ,we/ ,virg9ia 4444 4444 4444 4444 4444 4444 #dd ,wiscons9 4444 4444 4444 4444 4444 4444 #de ,wyom+ 4444 4444 4444 4444 4444 4444 #df ,totals #fe #ajf #adb #aic #bac #bcd ,,repres5tation ,,9 ,,congress ,,= ,,ea* ,,decade ,,) ,,ratios4 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,cont9u$ f previ\s table4 #gj1fhj #ic1dbj #abg1jjj #aca1dbe #aea1iab #agc1ija #dg1jjj #ahdj #ahej #ahfj #ahgj #ahhj #ahij #ahcj #a #g #g #f #h #h #i #e #b #a #b #c #d #e #f #aa #c #ba #b #c #d #f #g 4444 #d 4444 4444 4444 #aa #a #b 4444 #e #d #d #d #d #d #d #f #f #a #a #a #a #a #a #a #g #aa #a #a #b #b #b 4444 #h #h #h #g #i #aj #aa #i #i 4444 4444 4444 4444 4444 4444 4444 #aj #g #i #ad #ai #bj #bb #h #aa #aj #aa #aa #ac #ac #ac #g #ab #ba #b #f #i #aa #aa 4444 #ac 4444 4444 #aa #c #g #h 4444 #ad #aj #aj #i #aj #aa #aa #ac #ae #d #d #e #f #f #f #c #af #g #f #e #e #d #d #h #ag #f #f #e #f #f #f #h #ah #aj #aa #aj #aa #ab #ac #ab #ai #c #d #f #i #aa #ab #aa #bj 4444 #ba #b #c #e #g 4444 #ba #d #e #e #f #g #g #c #bb #e #g #i #ac #ad #ae #b #bc 4444 4444 4444 4444 #aa #a 4444 #bd 4444 4444 #aa #a #c #f 4444 #be 4444 4444 #aa #a #a #a 4444 #bf #d #c #c #c #b #b #e #bg #e #e #e #g #g #h #f #bh #cd #cc #ca #cc #cd #cd #dj #bi #i #h #g #h #i #i #ac #cj 4444 4444 4444 4444 #aa #a 4444 #ca #ba #ba #ai #bj #ba #ba #ai #cb 4444 #aa #a #a #a #b 4444 #cc #bd #be #bd #bg #bh #cj #bh #cd #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #ce #g #f #d #e #g #g #i #cf 4444 4444 4444 4444 #ba #b 4444 #cg #aa #aj #h #aj #aj #aj #ac #ch #ba #b #d #f #aa #ac 4444 #ci 4444 4444 4444 4444 4444 #aa 4444 #dj #d #c #c #c #b #b #e #da #ae #ac #aa #i #aj #aj #ab #db 4444 4444 4444 4444 #aa #b 4444 #dc 4444 4444 #ca #c #d #d 4444 #dd #ba #c #f #h #i #aj 4444 #de 4444 4444 4444 4444 4444 #a 4444 #df #bcb #bdf #bdf #bic #ccj #ceg #bcd ,,repres5tation ,,9 ,,congress ,,= ,,ea* ,,decade ,,) ,,ratios4 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,! data bel[ is f ! same table1 b c /& on its own4 ,/ates ,t]ritory1 ,h[ ,obta9$ ,alabama ,c$$ by ,s4,c4 & ,ga4 ,arkansas ,"p ( ,l\isiana pur*ase4 ,cali=nia ,c$$ by ,mexico4 ,colorado ,f ,france & ,mexico4 ,connecticut ,"o ( orig9al ?irte54 ,delaw>e ,"o ( orig9al ?irte54 ,florida ,"p ( ,florida pur*ase4 ,georgia ,"o ( orig9al ?irte54 ,idaho ,"p ( ,oregon ,c\ntry4 ,ill9ois ,c$$ to ,u4,s4 by ,virg9ia4 ,indiana ,c$$ to ,u4,s4 by ,virg9ia4 ,i[a ,"p ( ,l\isiana ,pur*ase4 ,kansas ,f ,france & ,texas4 ,k5tucky ,c$$ to ,u4,s4 by ,virg9ia4 ,l\isiana ,"p ( ,l\isiana ,pur*ase4 ,ma9e ,f ,massa*usetts4 ,m>yl& ,"o ( orig9al ?irte54 ,massa*usetts ,"o ( orig9al ?irte54 ,mi*igan ,c$$ to ,u4,s4 by ,virg9ia4 ,m9nesota ,f ,virg9ia & ,france4 ,mississippi ,c$$ by ,ga4 & ,s4 ,c>ol9a4 ,miss\ri ,"p ( ,l\isiana pur*ase4 ,montana ,"p ( ,l\isiana pur*ase4 ,nebraska ,"p ( ,l\isiana pur*ase4 ,nevada ,"p ( ,mexican cession4 ,new ,hamp%ire ,"o ( orig9al ?irte54 ,new ,j]sey ,"o ( orig9al ?irte54 ,new ,york ,"o ( orig9al ?irte54 ,nor? ,c>ol9a ,"o ( orig9al ?irte54 ,nor? ,dakota ,"p ( ,l\isiana pur*ase4 ,ohio ,c$$ to ,u4,s4 by ,virg9ia4 ,oregon ,france1 ,spa9 & ,great ,brita94 ,p5nsylvania ,"o ( orig9al ?irte54 ,rhode ,isl& ,"o ( orig9al ?irte54 ,s\? ,c>ol9a ,"o ( orig9al ?irte54 ,s\? ,dakota ,"p ( ,l\isiana pur*ase4 ,t5nessee ,c$$ to ,u4,s4 by ,n4 ,c>ol9a4 ,texas ,indep5d5t republic4 ,utah ,"p ( ,mexican cession4 ,v]mont ,c$$ to ,u4,s4 by ,new ,york4 ,virg9ia ,"o ( orig9al ?irte54 ,wa%+ton ,exploration & treaty4 ,we/ ,virg9ia ,portion ( ,virg9ia4 ,wiscons9 ,c$$ to ,u4,s4 by ,virg9ia4 ,wyom+ ,"p ( ,oregon ,c\ntry4 ,,tabul> ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,/ate ,,gov]nm5t ,,( ,,m9nesota ,s5ators_/,repres5tatives3 ,creat$ 3 ,con/itution4 ,h[ ,*os53 ,by ! ,p 9 ,s5atorial ,di/ricts4 ,duties 3 ,make ,laws4 ,beg9n+ 3 ,fir/ ,monday 9 ,janu>y4 ,vacancy 3 ,new ,election4 ,bonds 3 ,none4 ,s5ators3 ,no4 3 #fc ,duties 3 ,try ,impea*m5ts1 ,confirm ,appo9tm5ts4 ,t]m 3 #d ye>s4 ,removal 3 #b_/c ( ,s5ate4 ,sal>y 3 #e a day & ,mileage4 ,repres5tatives3 ,no4 3 #aai ,duties 3 ,impea*1 ,orig9ate ,rev5ue ,bills4 ,t]m 3 #b ye>s4 ,removal 3 #b_/c ( ,h4 ( ,r4 ,sal>y 3 #e a day & ,mileage2 ,speak]1 #aj4 ,gov]nor_/,lieut5ant-,gov]nor_/,/ate ,auditor_/,/ate ,treasur]_/,secret>y ( ,/ate_/,attorney ,g5]al3 ,creat$ 3 ,by ! ,con/itution4 ,no4 3 #a ,h[ ,*os53 ,by ! ,p ( ! ,/ate on a ,g5]al ,ticket4 ,beg9n+ 3 ,fir/ ,monday 9 ,janu>y4 ,removal 3 ,impea*m5t by ,h\se ( ,r4 & ,conviction by ,s5ate4 ,gov]nor3 ,duties 3 ,execute ,laws1 ,veto1 ,appo9tm5ts1 ,p>dons4 ,t]m 3 #b ye>s4 ,vacancy 3 ,lieut4-,gov4 ,bonds 3 ,none4 ,sal>y 3 #e1jjj a ye>4 ,lieut5ant-,gov]nor3 ,duties 3 ,preside ov] ,s5ate1 ,act z ,gov]nor 9 ,vacancy4 ,t]m 3 #b ye>s4 ,vacancy 3 ,n fill$4 ,bonds 3 ,none4 ,sal>y 3 #aj a day dur+ ,leg4 ,/ate ,auditor3 ,duties 3 ,book-,keep]1 ,exam9e ,acc\nts1 ,w>rants1 ,l& ,commission]4 ,t]m 3 #d ye>s4 ,vacancy 3 ,appo9tm5t by ,gov]nor till next ,election4 ,bonds 3 #bj1jjj ,sal>y 3 #c1fjj a ye>4 ,/ate ,treasur]3 ,duties 3 ,act z ,cu/odian ( ,/ate ,funds4 ,t]m 3 #b ye>s4 ,vacancy 3 ,appo9tm5t by ,gov]nor till next ,election4 ,bonds 3 #djj1jjj ,sal>y 3 #c1ejj a ye>4 ,secret>y ( ,/ate3 ,duties3 ,keep ,/ate ,pap]s & ,great ,seal1 ,manual1 ,public ,pr9t+4 ,t]m 3 #b ye>s4 ,vacancy 3 ,appo9tm5t by ,gov]nor till next ,election4 ,bonds 3 ,none4 ,sal>y 3 #c1ejj a ye>4 ,attorney ,g5]al3 ,duties3 ,repres5t ,/ate 9 ,suits1 ,legal ,advice to o!r ,/ate ,(fic]s4 ,t]m 3 #b ye>s4 ,vacancy 3 ,appo9tm5t by ,gov]nor till next ,election4 ,bonds 3 ,none4 ,sal>y 3 #c1ejj a ye>4 ,/ate ,supt4 ,pub4 ,in/4_/,public ,exam9]_/,/ate ,libr>ian_/,insurance ,commission]_/,/ate ,oil ,inspector_/,dairy ,commission]_/3 ,creat$ 3 ,except ,libr>ian1 by ,/atute4 ,no4 3 #a ,h[ ,*os53 ,appo9t$ by ! ,gov]nor & ,confirm$ by ! ,s5ate4 ,t]m 3 #b ye>s4 ,beg9n+ 3 ,fir/ ,monday 9 ,janu>y4 ,removal 3 ,by ,gov]nor aft] due ,exam9ation4 ,vacancy 3 ,new ,appo9tm5t made by ,gov]nor4 ,/ate ,supt4 ,pub4 ,in/43 ,duties 3 ,act z ,*ief ,educational ,(fic]1 ,secret>y ( ,educational ,bo>ds4 ,bonds 3 ,none4 ,sal>y 3 #b1ejj a ye>4 ,public ,exam9]3 ,duties 3 ,inspect ,books1 c41 ( ,/ate & ,c\nty ,f9ancial ,(fic]s4 ,bonds 3 #ej1jjj ,sal>y 3 #c1ejj a ye>4 ,/ate ,libr>ian3 ,duties 3 ,take c>e ( ,/ate ,libr>y4 ,bonds 3 #b1jjj ,sal>y 3 #b1jjj a ye>4 ,r4,r4 ,commission]s3 ,creat$ 3 ,by ,/atute4 ,no4 3 #c ,duties 3 ,regulate ,railroads & ,w>eh\ses1 ,appo9t ,gra9 ,inspectors4 ,h[ ,*os53 ,appo9t$ by ! ,gov]nor & ,confirm$ by ! ,s5ate4 ,t]m 3 #b ye>s4 ,beg9n+ 3 ,fir/ ,monday 9 ,janu>y4 ,removal 3 ,by ,gov]nor aft] due ,exam9ation4 ,vacancy 3 ,new ,appo9tm5t made by ,gov]nor4 ,bonds 3 #bj1jjj ea*4 ,sal>y 3 #c1jjj ea*4 ,insurance ,commission]3 ,duties 3 ,au?orize ,op]ation ( ,insurance ,companies4 ,bonds 3 #e1jjj ,sal>y 3 #b1jjj ( ,fees4 ,/ate ,oil ,inspector3 ,duties 3 ,r5d] ! ,use ( ,illum9at+ ,oils ,safe4 ,bonds 3 #e1jjj ,sal>y 3 ,fees4 ,dairy ,commission]3 ,duties 3 ,regulate ,sale ( ,dairy ,products4 ,bonds 3 ,none4 ,sal>y 3 #a1hjj & ,exp5ses4 ,surveyors-,g5]al3 ,creat$ 3 ,by ,/atute4 ,no4 3 #g ,duties 3 ,scale ,logs1 ,record ,m>ks1 ,secure ,labor]s' ,li5s4 ,h[ ,*os53 ,appo9t$ by ! ,gov]nor & ,confirm$ by ! ,s5ate4 ,t]m 3 #b ye>s4 ,beg9n+ 3 ,fir/ ,monday 9 ,janu>y4 ,removal 3 ,by ,gov]nor aft] due ,exam9ation4 ,vacancy 3 ,new ,appo9tm5t made by ,gov]nor4 ,bonds 3 #e1jjj ,sal>y 3 ,fees4 ,adm9i/rative ,bo>ds_/,bo>ds ( ,tru/ees3 ,creat$ 3 ,by ,/atute4 ,no4 3 ,v>ies ,h[ ,*os53 ,appo9t$ z ,above4 ,t]m 3 ,v>i\s4 ,beg9n+ 3 ,specifi$ 9 ,appo9tm5t4 ,removal 3 ,by ,gov]nor aft] due ,exam9ation4 ,vacancy 3 ,new ,appo9tm5t made by ,gov]nor4 ,bonds 3 ,none4 ,sal>y 3 ,none1 except ,sec4 ,adm9i/rative ,bo>ds3 ,duties 3 ,immigration1 ,heal?1 ,fi%]ies1 ,*>ities1 ,taxes4 ,bo>ds ( ,tru/ees3 ,duties 3 ,/ate ,in/itutions1 ,educational1 ,*>itable & ,p5al4 ,ju/ices ( ,supreme ,c\rt3 ,creat$ 3 ,con/itution4 ,no4 3 #e ,duties 3 ,int]pret ,laws1 ,try ,appeal$ ,cases4 ,h[ ,*os53 ,by ,p ( ,/ate4 ,t]m 3 #f ye>s4 ,beg9n+ 3 ,fir/ ,monday 9 ,janu>y4 ,removal 3 ,impea*m5t & ,conviction4 ,vacancy 3 ,same z ,auditor1 etc4 ,bonds 3 ,none4 ,sal>y 3 #e1jjj a ye>4 ,cl]k ( ,supreme ,c\rt3 ,creat$ 3 ,con/itution4 ,no4 3 #a ,duties 3 ,keep ,records ( ,supreme ,c\rt4 ,h[ ,*os53 ,by ,p ( ,/ate4 ,t]m 3 #d ye>s4 ,beg9n+ 3 ,fir/ ,monday 9 ,janu>y4 ,removal 3 ,impea*m5t & ,conviction4 ,vacancy 3 ,same z ,auditor1 etc4 ,bonds 3 #a1jjj ,sal>y 3 #a1ejj a ye> & fees4 ,ju/ices ( ,di/rict ,c\rts3 ,creat$ 3 ,con/itution4 ,no4 3 #ba ,duties 3 ,e/abli% ,ju/ice 9 ,c\nties4 ,h[ ,*os53 ,by ,p 9 ,judicial ,di/4 ,t]m 3 #f ye>s4 ,beg9n+ 3 ,fir/ ,monday 9 ,janu>y4 ,removal 3 ,impea*m5t & ,conviction4 ,vacancy 3 ,same z ,auditor1 etc4 ,bonds 3 ,none4 ,sal>y 3 #c1ejj a ye>4 ,,app5dix ,c4--,,h[ ,,"s ,,?+s ,,are ,,done4 ,,h[ ,,taxes ,,are ,,levi$4 ,def9itions4--,taxes may be def9$ z ! moneys contribut$ by ! p to defray ! public exp5ses4 ,!y are spok5 ( z direct & indirect1 ! =m] be+ paid z taxes1 ! latt] z "p ( ! price ( a commodity4 ,)9 ! ,/ate4--,local & /ate taxes are all direct4 ,!y are meant to be proportion$ to a p]son's ability to pay4 ,9 fact1 h[ev]1 a p]son's tax is bas$ ^u ! value ( 8 discov]able prop]ty4 ,! value ( su* prop]ty is e/imat$ by local (fic]s call$ assessors4 ,! e/imates ( ^! (fic]s are review$ by ! local bo>d1 & ! review$ e/imates are aga9 exam9$ & equaliz$ by ! c\nty bo>d4 ,b assessors1 local bo>ds1 & c\nty bo>ds are all tempt$ to make ! e/imates l[1 to r$uce _! %>e ( taxation = ! use ( ! /ate4 ,s a f9al review is made by ! /ate bo>d ( equalization4 ,! f9al e/imates be+ report$ to ! comput+ (fic]1 & ! v>i\s sums to be rais$ hav+ be5 report$ to him1 he f9ds ! rate ( taxation1 computes ! taxes1 & turns ! books ov] to ! collect+ (fic]4 ,c]ta9 classes ( prop]ty are exempt f taxation4 ,among ^? usually exempt may be m5tion$ prop]ty own$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! /ate1 or ! municipal corporation2 *ur* prop]ty2 educational & *>itable in/itutions2 & a c]ta9 am\nt ( p]sonal prop]ty4 ,unit$ ,/ates bonds _c be tax$4 ,by ! ,g5]al ,gov]nm5t4--,! s\rces ( rev5ue to ! g5]al gov]nm5t are3 #a1 cu/oms2 #b1 excises2 #c1 direct taxes2 #d1 public l&s2 #e1 receipts f po/ (fices1 pat5ts1 copyrights1 f9es1 es*eats1 c4 ,! la/ two classes _c be call$ taxes4 ,z x _c compel a /ate to collect taxes = x1 ! g5]al gov]nm5t is practically b>r$1 on acc\nt ( exp5se1 f lay+ direct taxes4 ,s t x is practically true t national taxation is all indirect4 ,! cu/oms are duties on imports4 ,! excises1 or int]nal rev5ue1 consi/ ( taxes on tobacco1 f]m5t$ & alcoholic liquors1 c4 ,a ,difficult ,problem4--,?\gh taxes h be5 levi$ = untold c5turies1 x is /ill "o ( ! unsolv$ problems h[ to levy !m s z to be j to all4 ,mu* progress has be5 made1 b entirely satisfactory answ]s h n yet be5 wr\ght out to ! que/ions3 ,:at are ! prop] ?+s to tax8 ,= :at purposes %\ld taxes be levi$8 ,,h[ ,,! ,,gov]nm5t ,,borr[s4 ,:5 an individual wi%es to borr[ money1 he looks ar\nd = "s "o :o has ! money to sp>e & :o has confid5ce en\gh 9 him to let him h x4 ,he gives 8 note or bond1 & gets ! money4 ,simil>ly ! ,unit$ ,/ates borr[s4 ,! secret>y ( ! treasury looks = l5d]s 9 ! money-c5t]s ( ! _w1 consults great bank+-h\ses1 & sometimes adv]tises 9 newspap]s4 ,a private borr[] pays = ! use ( ! money1 & simil>ly ! debt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is l>gely int]e/-be>+4 ,! notes call$ gre5backs be> no int]e/1 because1 be+ legal t5d]1 !y circulate z money1 z d also ! gold & silv] c]tificates ( deposit4 ,,h[ ,,national ,,banks ,,are ,,e/abli%$4 ,organization4--,associations = c>ry+ on ! bus9ess ( bank+ may be =m$ by any numb] ( natural p]sons n less ?an five4 ,a sign$ & c]tifi$ copy ( ! articles ( association is =w>d$ to ! comptroll] ( ! curr5cy2 also a c]tificate giv+ ! "n ( ! association1 its place ( bus9ess1 its capital1 ! numb] ( %>es & _! own]s4 ,capital4--,! m9imum capital requir$ is3 9 cities ( less ?an #fjjj inhabitants1 #ej1jjj2 less ?an #ej1jjj inhabitants1 #ajj1jjj2 o!rs1 #bjj1jjj4 ,p[]s4--,su* associations h ! usual corporate & bank+ p[]s4 ,9 addition1 !y may issue _! notes to circulate z curr5cy on ! foll[+ conditions3 ,^u deposit+ ) ! ,u4 ,s4 ,treasur] regi/]$ bonds ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 to an am\nt n less ?an #cj1jjj nor less ?an "o-?ird ( its capital1 ! bank receives f ! comptroll] ( ! curr5cy blank notes ( face value n to exce$ n9ety p] c5t ( ! p> value ( ! bonds4 ,^! notes1 aft] be+ sign$ by ! presid5t & ! ca%i] ( ! bank1 may circulate z money1 b are n legal t5d] = private debts4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,obta9 ,a ,,copyright4 ,by ,a4 ,r4 ,sp(=d1 ,libr>ian ( ,congress ,e applicant = a copyright mu/ /ate di/9ctly ! "n & resid5ce ( ! claimant1 & :e!r "r is claim$ z au?or1 design]1 or proprietor4 ,no affidavit or =mal application is requir$4 ,a pr9t$ copy ( ! title ( ! book1 map1 *>t1 dramatic or musical composition1 engrav+1 cut1 pr9t1 or photograph1 or a description ( ! pa9t+1 draw+1 *romo1 /atue1 /atu>y1 or model or design = a "w ( ! f9e arts1 = :i* copyright is desir$1 mu/ be s5t by mail or o!rwise1 prepaid1 address$1 ,libr>ian ( ,congress1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4 ,?is mu/ be done be=e publication ( ! book or o!r article4 ,a fee ( #ej c5ts1 = record+ ! title ( ea* book or o!r article1 mu/ be inclos$ ) ! title z above1 & #ej c5ts 9 addition 7or "o doll> 9 all7 = ea* c]tificate ( copyright "u seal ( ! ,libr>ian ( ,congress1 :i* w be transmitt$ by e>ly mail4 ,)9 t5 days aft] publication ( ea* book or o!r article1 two complete copies mu/ be s5t prepaid1 or "u free labels1 furni%$ by ! ,libr>ian1 to p]fect ! copyright1 ) ! address1 ,libr>ian ( ,congress1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4 ,no copyright is valid unless notice is giv5 by ins]t+ 9 e copy publi%$1 ,ent]$ accord+ to ! act ( ,congress1 9 ! ye> ----1 by ----1 9 ! (fice ( ! ,libr>ian ( ,congress1 at ,wa%+ton1 or1 at ! option ( ! p]son ent]+ ! copyright1 ! words ,copyright1 #ah--1 by ----4 ,! law imposes a p5alty ( #a99j ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,illegible ^u any p]son :o has n obta9$ copyright :o %all ins]t ! notice ,ent]$ accord+ to act ( ,congress1 or ,copyright1 or words ( ! same import1 9 or ^u any book or o!r article4 ,ea* copyright secures ! exclusive "r ( publi%+ ! book or article copyright$ = ! t]m ( tw5ty-eight ye>s4 ,six mon?s be=e ! end ( t "t1 ! au?or or design]1 or 8 wid[ or *ildr51 may secure a r5ewal = ! fur!r t]m ( f\rte5 ye>s1 mak+ =ty-two ye>s 9 all4 ,any copyright is assignable 9 law by any in/rum5t ( writ+1 b su* assignm5t mu/ be record$ 9 ! (fice ( ! ,libr>ian ( ,congress )9 sixty days f its date4 ,! fee = ?is record & c]tificate is "o doll>4 ,a copy ( ! record 7or duplicate c]tificate7 ( any copyright entry w be furni%$1 "u seal1 at ! rate ( fifty c5ts4 ,copyrights _c be grant$ ^u ,trade-m>ks1 nor ^u ,labels int5d$ to be us$ ) any article ( manufacture4 ,if protection = su* pr9ts or labels is desir$1 application mu/ be made to ! ,pat5t ,(fice1 :]e !y are regi/]$ at a fee ( #f = labels & #be = trade-m>ks4 ,up to #ahdi ! secret>y ( /ate _h ! c>e ( issu+ copyrights4 ,x 0 !n assign$ to ! dep>tm5t ( ! int]ior1 newly creat$4 ,9 #ahgj x 0 transf]r$ to ! libr>ian ( congress4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,obta9 ,a ,,pat5t4 #a4 ,! p]son desir+ a pat5t mu/ decl>e ^u oa? t he believes himself to be ! inv5tor or discov]] ( ! art1 ma*9e1 or improvem5t = :i* he solicits ! pat5t4 #b4 ,he mu/ also give 9 writ+ a def9ite & m9ute description ( x1 accompani$ by draw+s to illu/rate4 ,if necess>y1 he mu/ make & deliv] to ! commission] ( pat5ts a model ( 8 inv5tion4 ,to be pat5table1 ! inv5tion mu/ be new1 unus$ & unkn[n be=e1 & useful4 ,! inv5tion is c>efully exam9$ by ! appropriate exp]t at ! pat5t (fice1 & if f\nd to be des]v+ a pat5t is issu$1 sign$ by ! secret>y ( ! int]ior1 c\nt]sign$ by ! commission] ( pat5ts1 & seal$ ) 8 seal4 ,?is gives ! pat5tee ! sole "r ( manufacture & sale & use = sev5te5 ye>s4 ,! "r to make1 sell1 or use ! inv5tion may be sold by ! pat5tee4 ,he may assign ! pat5t entire1 an int]e/ 9 x1 or ! exclusive "r = a c]ta9 specifi$ di/rict4 ,,h[ ,,an ,,ali5 ,,becomes ,a ,,citiz54 #a4 ,decl>ation ( ,int5tion4--,an ali51 :o has come to ! ,unit$ ,/ates aft] rea*+ ! age ( eighte51 may appe> be=e any c\rt ( record 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates hav+ common law jurisdiction1 or ! cl]k !re(1 & decl>e ^u oa? t x is bona fide 8 int5tion to become a citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & to r5\nce =ev] all allegiance to any =eign pr9ce1 pot5tate1 /ate1 or sov]eignty :atev]1 & p>ticul>ly by "n ! pot5tate or sov]eignty :]e( su* ali5 may at any "t h be5 a citiz5 or subject4 ,?is decl>ation is record$1 & a c]tifi$ copy ( x is furni%$ by ! cl]k ( ! c\rt to ! p]son s decl>+ 8 int5tion4 ,he is !n said to h 8 fir/ pap]s4 ,see page #bij4 #b4 ,! ,f9al ,/ep4--,aft] two ye>s f ! "t ( decl>+ 8 int5tion1 provid$ t he has resid$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates cont9u\sly = five ye>s1 & also at lea/ "o ye> )9 ! /ate or t]ritory :]e9 ! c\rt is held1 he may appe> 9 op5 c\rt & !re ^u oa? r5\nce all allegiance1 z decl>$ 9 8 /atem5t ( int5tion1 & swe> to support ! con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,if he has borne any h]$it>y title1 he mu/ r5\nce x4 ,he mu/ h two witnesses to c]tify to 8 resid5ce & to 8 moral "*4 ,^! proce$+s are record$1 & he is giv5 a c]tificate ( naturalization4 ,see page #bja4 ,an ali5 arriv+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates be=e rea*+ ! age ( eighte5 & cont9u\sly resid+ !re9 until mak+ 8 application = citiz5%ip1 provid$ t he has resid$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates five ye>s1 may on com+ ( age be admitt$ to citiz5%ip at once1 )\t ! int]val betwe5 ! decl>ation & ! consummation4 ,he mu/1 h[ev]1 make decl>ation1 mu/ prove 8 moral "* by two witnesses1 & mu/ satisfy ! c\rt t = ?ree ye>s x has be5 bona fide 8 int5tion to become a citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,/atus ( ,m9ors4--,! naturalization ( a man conf]s citiz5%ip ^u 8 wife & ^u su* ( 8 *ildr5 z are m9ors at ! "t4 ,a *ild ( 8 born 9 ?is c\ntry1 ei!r be=e or aft] 8 naturalization1 is a natural-born citiz54 ,?is is also ! case if ! *ild is born on ! ocean :ile ! p>5ts are com+ to ?is c\ntry1 provid$ t !y are com+ ) ! int5tion ( seek+ citiz5%ip4 ,if an ali5 dies aft] decl>+ 8 int5tion1 8 wife & m9or *ildr5 may become citiz5s ^u tak+ ! oa? requir$4 ,los+ ,citiz5%ip4--,by treaties ) ,au/ria1 ,bad51 ,bav>ia1 ,belgium1 ,great ,brita91 ,g]many1 ! ,gr& ,du*y ( ,hesse1 ,mexico1 ,norway & ,sw$51 ,d5m>k1 & ,wurtemb]g1 x is provid$ t a r5ewal ( domicile 9 ! "m c\ntry1 ) ! int5t n to return 7& two ye>s resid5ce is presumptive evid5ce ( su* int5t71 %all "w r5ewal ( ! =m] allegiance4 ,9 "s ( ! treaties x is fur!r provid$ t :5 ! subject has emigrat$ to avoid milit>y duty1 ! "r to exact :i* 0 complete be=e 8 dep>ture1 su* s]vice may be en=c$ on 8 return 9 spite ( int]v5+ naturalization4 7,see also ,u4,s4 ,revis$ ,/atutes ( #ahgh1 #bafe-gd47 ,,h[ ,,citiz5s ,,abroad ,,are ,,protect$4 ,"o ( ! ?+s t makes citiz5%ip desirable is ! protection :i* x secures4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly grateful :5 "o is 9 a =eign c\ntry4 ,:at a feel+ ( /r5g? & security "o has :5 f> away f home among /rang]s to "k t 8 rights mu/ be respect$1 to realize t beh9d him is ! might ( ! nation6 ,passports4--,a ,unit$ ,/ates passport is an in/rum5t 9 writ+1 issu$ by ! secret>y ( /ate & "u 8 seal1 in=m+ ! _w t ! be>] is a citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 t he travels "u its protection4 ,t passport is a means ( id5tification = ! be>] & secures to him all ! rights & privileges gu>ante$ to citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates by treaties ) ! c\ntry 9 :i* he may be travel+4 ,passports1 z a means ( +ress or egress1 are n[ requir$ 9 only a few c\ntries ( ,europe4 ,= ! conv5i5ce ( citiz5s :o may h left home )\t secur+ passports1 arrangem5ts h be5 made :]eby !y may be obta9$ f our repres5tatives 9 =eign c\ntries4 ,ano!r k9d ( passport is t = ,am]ican %ips4 ,ea* %ip-ma/] obta9s "o be=e leav+ = a =eign port4 ,x tells ! nationality ( ! %ip1 %[s t %e is "u ! protection ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,consuls4--,^! are ! bus9ess repres5tatives ( ! gov]nm5t resid+ 9 =eign l&s4 ,!y are ! gu>dians ( _! c\ntrym5 aga9/ ! vexations1 injuries1 & inju/ices ( ! c\ntry :]e !y reside2 & !y ex]cise c]ta9 police p[]s ov] all ! individuals ( _! nation )9 _! respective consulates4 ,! orig9 ( consulates dates back to ! "t ( ! ,crusades4 ,!y 7 in/itut$ by ! great comm]cial cities ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,! ,pisans1 ,v5etians1 & ,g5oese _h trad+-places 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,asia1 & !y secur$ f ! pr9ces ( ! c\ntries :]e ^! trad+-po/s 7 locat$ ! "r to h judges or arbitrators ( _! own nation locat$ at ea* ( ^! po/s :o 7 privileg$ to settle disputes betwe5 citiz5s ( ^! cities 9 accordance ) _! own laws4 ,at fir/1 !n1 ! consuls 7 only arbitrators 9 comm]cial matt]s4 ,b _! pr]ogatives h increas$ until n[ !y are intru/$ ) ! protection ( m]*ants ( _! c\ntry 9 _! relations ) ! c\ntries to :i* !y come to trade4 ,9 "s c\ntries1 su* z ,*9a1 ,japan1 ,siam1 & ,turkey1 our consuls are by treaty inve/$ ) judicial p[]s4 ,!y try & puni% ,am]ican citiz5s = crimes committ$ !re4 ,incid5tally x is ! duty ( a consul to provide = sick1 disabl$ or de/itute ,am]ican seam51 & to s5d !m home to ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 to receive & take c>e ( ! p]sonal prop]ty ( any ,am]ican citiz5 :o dies )9 8 consulate1 & to =w>d to ! secret>y ( /ate ! balance rema9+ aft] ! necess>y fun]al exp5ses1 to be held 9 tru/ = ! heirs4 7,see also page #cej47 ,"s ( ! consul> reports conta9 v valuable in=mation reg>d+ ! products & indu/ries ( ! c\ntries :]e !y are locat$4 ,^! reports c sometimes be obta9$ 9 limit$ numb]s ?r\gh a memb] ( congress4 ,,h[ ,,we ,,are ,,protect$ ,,at ,,home4 ,life4--,our lives are protect$ v c>efully1 n only aga9/ crime1 b also aga9/ accid5t4 ,tak+ human life is made ! wor/ crime & suff]s ! sev]e/ puni%m5t4 ,dea?-deal+ weapons1 su* z revolv]s & dirks1 _c lawfully be c>ri$ conceal$4 ,poisons are cauti\sly sold1 & usually a record is made ( ! sale4 ,if dea? results f accid5t ! p]son to blame is held responsible4 ,b e precaution is tak5 to prev5t accid5ts4 ,lamps are provid$ = /reets2 fa/ driv+ is prohibit$2 horses are n all[$ to be left /&+ unhit*$2 bus9ess dang]\s to life1 su* z p[d]-mak+1 mu/ be c>ri$ on at a di/ance f resid5ces2 railroads are requir$ to /op tra9s at cross+s1 to r+ a bell 9 go+ ?r\gh a t[n1 to c>ry axes & buckets to be us$ 9 case ( fire2 /eamboats mu/ be inspect$1 & mu/ be suppli$ ) life-boats1 life-pres]v]s1 & o!r appliances4 ,heal?4--,to protect our heal? precautions are tak5 aga9/ ! outbreak ( prev5table diseases1 su* z diph!ria1 typhoid fev]1 etc41 by requir+ cleanl9ess 9 y>ds & alleys2 & aga9/ small pox by requir+ vacc9ation4 ,! gov]nm5t also supports hospitals = ! c>e ( ! sick4 ,reputation4--,to secure to ea* p]son z good a reputation z 8 "* w w>rant x is made a crime to make false & malici\s /atem5ts ab\t any "o4 ,if spok51 ! malici\s /atem5t is call$ sl&]2 if writt5 or pr9t$1 x is call$ libel4 ,! ess5tial elem5ts ( ^! crimes are malice & injury4 ,if a false /atem5t is made )\t int5t to injure1 x is n sl&]4 ,& a true /atem5t injur+ ano!r mu/ n be made except = a prop] purpose4 ,lib]ty4--,?is includes all ^? rights gu>ante$ 9 ! ,bills ( ,rights ( ! sev]al con/itutions1 & ! "r to come & g )\t re/ra9t1 ! "r to *oose a vocation & to *ange x1 & o!r rights4 ,to appreciate ! protection receiv$ 9 ?is direction1 ! /ud5t %\ld read up ! hi/ory ( ea* ( ! gu>antees1 & ( ca/e1 curfew1 passports1 etc4 ,prop]ty4--,! "r ( private prop]ty cov]s ! acquir+1 us+1 & dispos+ ( any?+ t a p]son may call 8 own1 includ+ "t & labor4 ,a p]son's prop]ty rights may be int]f]$ ) 9 s _m ways t _m laws are necess>y to protect him4 ,a brief outl9e ( comm]cial law is giv5 else:]e4 ,,h[ ,,elections ,,are ,,conduct$4 ,electors4--,! vot]s ( ea* /ate are designat$ by ! con/itution !re(4 ,see page #bih4 ,"t4--,! "t ( elections is usually also a matt] ( con/itutional provision4 ,! local 7t[n1 village1 & city7 elections are1 9 mo/ if n all ( ! /ates1 held 9 ! spr+2 probably because ! public improvem5ts contemplat$ are to be made *iefly 9 ! summ]4 ,! g5]al elections are held 9 ! fall4 ,?is may be p>tly at lea/1 9 ord] t ! (ficial ye> may beg9 ) ! cal5d> ye>4 ,place4--,t[ns1 villages1 & city w>ds are ! usual election prec9cts1 b any ( ^! may be divid$ if necess>y4 ,! location ( ! poll+-place is det]m9$ by ! conv5i5ce ( ! vot]s4 ,sup]vision4--,ea* poll+-place is 9 *>ge ( sup]visors ( election1 usually ?ree4 ,9 t[ns & villages1 ! regul> tru/ees sup]vise ! elections4 ,9 cities1 ?ree p]sons = ea* prec9ct are appo9t$ to act by ! c\ncil or by ! mayor4 ,! sup]visors are assi/$ by "o or two cl]ks4 ,regi/ration4--,to prev5t fraud1 x is requir$ t a p]son %all h be5 a resid5t ( ! prec9ct 9 :i* he (f]s to vote = at lea/ t5 days4 ,9 ! cities1 :]e population fluctuates greatly1 x has be5 f\nd necess>y to require vot]s to regi/] be=e ! day ( election2 t is1 to enroll _! names & places ( resid5ce ) ! (fic]s ( election4 ,notices4--,due notice ( ! times & places ( regi/ration & election is giv51 at lea/ t5 days 9 advance4 ,vot+4--,?is is by ballot1 ! two *ief reasons be+1 7a7 to p]mit ! vot] to express 8 *oice un9flu5c$ by any "o else2 7b7 to facilitate ! vot+4 ,! vot] h&s to ! *airman ( ! sup]visors 8 ballot1 fold$ s z to conceal ! names4 ,aft] asc]ta9+ f ! o!r sup]visors t ! "n ( ! p]son (f]+ ! vote is regi/]$1 or be+ satisfi$ 9 "s o!r way t he is entitl$ to vote1 ! *airman1 9 ! pres5ce ( ! vot]1 deposits ! ballot 9 ! box4 ,! vot]'s "n is !n *eck$ on ! regi/]1 & enroll$ by ! cl]ks on ! li/ ( p]sons :o h vot$4 ,c\nt+4--,ea* "n z x is writt5 by ! cl]ks is numb]$1 & ! sup]visors 9 *eck+ ! regi/] d s by writ+ ! numb] ( ! vote4 ,at ! close ( ! polls1 !re=e1 ! numb] ( p]sons :o h vot$ is kn[n4 ,! ballots are !n turn$ out ( ! box ^u a table1 &1 )\t be+ unfold$1 are c>efully c\nt$1 to see :e!r !y correspond 9 numb] ) ! records4 ,if1 z once 9 a :ile happ5s1 x is f\nd t !re are too _m ballots1 ^? 9 excess are drawn hap-haz>d f ! pile by ! sup]visors & de/roy$4 ,! ballots are !n unfold$1 & ! c\nt ( ! p]sons vot$ = is c>efully made & record$4 ,^! proce$+s are all op5 to ! public4 ,report+4--,9 local elections1 ! result ( ! vote is read by a cl]k to ^? pres5t4 ,an ab/ract ( ! vote is fil$ 9 ! (fice ( ! cl]k ( ! corporation1 & a li/ ( ! p]sons elect$ is s5t to ! auditor 7cl]k7 ( ! c\nty4 ,! names ( ! ju/ices ( ! peace & ! con/ables are report$ to ! cl]k ( ! c\rt4 ,9 g5]al elections1 ! ab/ract ( ! vote is s5t to ! c\nty auditor4 ,he makes a g5]al ab/ract ( ! vote ( ! c\nty on /ate (fic]s1 memb]s ( congress1 & presid5tial electors1 & s5ds x to ! /ate auditor4 ,he also s5ds to ! same (fic] a li/ ( ! p]sons elect$ to c\nty (fices4 ,an ab/ract ( ! vote is publi%$ 9 "o or m ( ! c\nty pap]s4 ,canvass+ ,bo>ds4--,! p]sons compos+ ^! bo>ds are designat$ by /atute4 ,! secret>y ( ! organization is always a memb]4 ,he is usually assi/$ by two or m judicial (fic]s4 ,c]tificates ( ,election4--,^! are furni%$ to (fic]s-elect by ! secret>y ( ! organization4 ,c]tificates ( memb]s ( congress & presid5tial electors are sign$ by ! gov]nor & ! secret>y ( /ate1 & are au!nticat$ by ! /ate seal4 ,defects4--,) all ! ?\ght t has be5 giv5 to ! subject1 x is /ill an unsolv$ problem h[ to secure a free vote & a fair c\nt4 ,( ! two purposes giv5 above to be subs]v$ by ! use ( ! ballot r ?an by viva voce vot+1 ! fir/ is too commonly n realiz$4 ,p]haps ! greate/ dang] to our gov]nm5t is brib]y or ov]aw+ ( ! vot]4 ,a rem$y sugge/$4--,! ma9 reliance = ! purity ( ! ballot mu/ ( c\rse be ! intellig5ce & uprightness ( ! p1 & he :o enlight5s & uplifts "o or m individuals is to t ext5t truly a patriot4 ,! second reliance is ! removal ( temptation4 ,!re may be honor among ?ieves1 b wrong do+ makes a p]son suspici\s1 & if ! brib] _c see ! brib$ deposit 8 ballot he has no good reason = believ+ t he did z direct$4 ,9 ,au/ralia !y h a plan :i* seems to obviate brib]y1 & to h c]ta9 o!r incid5tal advantages4 ,! plan includes two ma9 features3 #a4 ,! pr9t+ ( ballots at /ate exp5se1 ! ballots to conta9 all ! nom9ees ( all ! p>ties & appropriate blank spaces = ! ins]tion ( o!r names2 #b4 ,! secret prep>ation ( ! ballot by ! vot] & 8 ca/+ x 9 ! pres5ce ( ! (fic]s only4 ,! op]ation ( ! plan slightly modifi$1 z n[ propos$ 9 ,massa*usetts1 is briefly ?is3 ,9 ! poll+ room z n[1 is ! ballot-box2 ?is none b ^? 9 ! act ( vot+ & ! (fic]s are all[$ to approa*4 ,z ! vot]s ent] ! enclos$ area a /ile numb]s !m1 & an (fic] h&s ea* a ballot1 conta9+ ! names ( all nom9ees4 ,! vot] takes ?is into a boo?1 & makes a cross 9 ink opposite ! "n ( ea* p]son t he wi%es to vote =4 ,hav+ ?us prep>$ 8 ballot alone1 he deposits x 9 ! usual way4 ,! advantages promis$ by ?is plan are obvi\s4 ,! pr9t+ ( ! ballots at /ate exp5se w\ld d away ) "o ( ! pretexts = ble$+ a c&idate = legitimate exp5ses4 ,x w\ld take _! occupation f ! ticket-p$dl]s1 & d away ) ! deceiv+ pa/]s4 ,! electors w\ld be fre$ f ! nuisance ( p]sonal solicitation or dictation4 ,! poll+-places w\ld be quiet] & m ord]ly4 ,be/ ( all1 x w\ld greatly m9ify ! evils ( brib]y = reasons giv5 above4 ,! pr9ciple is c]ta9ly a good "o1 & ! ma*9]y is wor?y ( ! c>eful consid]ation ( our legislators4 ,lat]3 ,?is sy/em is n[ us$ 9 sev]al /ates4 ,,:y ,,& ,,h[ ,,nom9ations ,,are ,,made4 ,a political p>ty may be def9$ z a numb] ( p]sons hold+ simil> views 9 relation to "o or m que/ions ( public policy1 & :o ?r\gh unity ( action seek to h ^! views prevail4 ,! great in/rum5t = secur+ unity is ! conv5tion4 ,x may be a mass meet+1 or1 z is m usual among ! l>ge & well-organiz$ p>ties1 a conv5tion ( delegates4 ,9 ei!r case x is1 be x rememb]$1 n a "p ( ! elective ma*9]y design$ by ! legislature1 b a political device to increase ! *ances ( victory ?r\gh unity ( purpose & action4 ,p>ty organization consi/s ( committees--t[n1 village1 city-w>d1 c\nty1 /ate1 & national4 ,! local committees are *os5 by ! resid5t p>tisans2 ! c\nty committees by ! c\nty conv5tions2 ! /ate committees by /ate conv5tions2 & ! national committee1 consi/+ usually ( "o memb] f ea* /ate1 by ! delegates ( ! respective /ates to ! national conv5tion4 ,ea* committee *ooses its own *airman & secret>y4 ,besides ^? m5tion$1 !re are di/rict committees1 su* z congressional-di/rict committees1 s5ate-di/rict committees1 etc41 ^: memb]s are appo9t$ 9 a mann] simil> to t giv5 above4 ,! t]m ( a memb] is1 z might be expect$1 f ! close ( "o regul> conv5tion to ! close ( ! succe$+ "o4 ,?us a t[n committeeman's t]m is "o ye>1 :ile t ( a national committeeman is f\r ye>s4 ,! mode ( nom9at+ a c&idate = ! presid5cy ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates w illu/rate ! way ( mak+ nom9ations 9 g5]al4 #a4 ,by long-e/abli%$ practice1 ea* /ate is entitl$ to twice z _m delegates to ! national conv5tion z ! numb] ( its presid5tial electors1 & ea* t]ritory to two delegates4 ,?us1 ,m9nesota be+ entitl$ to n9e electors1 may s5d eighte5 delegates3 & ,new ,york1 hav+ ?irty-six electors1 is entitl$ to sev5ty-two delegates4 ,ea* delegate has an alt]nate1 :o acts 9 ! delegate's abs5ce4 #b4 ,?\gh ! popul> election does n take place until ,novemb]1 ! national conv5tions are usually held 9 ,june or ,july4 ,?is is probably to all[ pl5ty ( "t = ! campaign4 #c4 ,to all[ ! ma*9]y "t to gr9d out ! delegates1 ! national committee1 hav+ e>ly det]m9$ ^u ! "t & place = hold+ ! conv5tion1 issues its call "s mon?s 9 advance1 say 9 ,febru>y or ,m>*4 ,?is is publi%$ 9 ! newspap]s ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 #d4 ,! next /ep 9 ! process is ! issuance ( calls by ! sev]al /ate committees4 ,^! are issu$ z soon z practicable aft] t ( ! national committee1 & usually appo9t ! /ate conv5tion = ! latt] "p ( ,may4 #e4 ,9 "s /ates all ( ! delegates to ! national conv5tion are *os5 by ! /ate conv5tion4 ,b ! numb] ( /ates is increas+1 & prop]ly s1 9 :i* ea* congressional di/rict *ooses its own two delegates1 leav+ only ! f\r delegates at l>ge to be *os5 by ! /ate conv5tion4 ,9 ^! /ates1 ! next /ep is ! call ( ! di/rict committee = a conv5tion slightly ant$at+ t ( ! /ate4 #f4 ,z soon z practicable aft] ! di/rict call is ann\nc$1 ! sev]al c\nty committees issue _! call = c\nty conv5tions1 to be held %ortly be=e ! di/rict conv5tion4 #g4 ,la/ly1 ! local committees issue _! calls1 usually giv+ a week or t5 days' notice4 ,! local conv5tion is call$ a caucus4 #h4 ,!n 9 succession ! local1 c\nty1 di/rict1 /ate1 & national conv5tions are held4 ,! caucuses s5d repres5tatives to ! c\nty conv5tions1 :i* 9 turn *oose ! deputations to ! di/rict & /ate conv5tions1 & ^! f9ally select ! delegates to ! national conv5tion4 ,an equal numb] ( alt]nates are *os5 at ! same "t4 ,! /ate conv5tion also names ! presid5tial electors to be support$ by ! p>ty4 ,?us ! national conv5tion is ! fir/ to be call$ & ! la/ to be held1 :ile ! caucuses are ! la/ to be call$ & ! fir/ to be held4 ,! caucuses are ! real battl+-place = ! p4 ,! delegates f ea* conv5tion receive c]tificates ( election sign$ by ! *airman & secret>y !re(4 ,^! cr$5tials are giv5 to prev5t fraud1 & con/itute ! delegates' title to seats 9 ! conv5tion to :i* !y are s5t4 ,! fir/ /ep tak5 9 ! national conv5tion1 aft] secur+ a tempor>y organization1 is ! appo9tm5t ( a committee on cr$5tials & ano!r on p]man5t organization1 by ! tempor>y *airman4 ,:5 ! =m] committee reports1 x is kn[n :o are entitl$ to p>ticipate 9 ! proce$+s2 & :5 ! latt] committee reports1 ! conv5tion almo/ inv>iably adopts ! report & !reby p]fects its organization4 ,a committee on rules & "o on plat=m are !n appo9t$4 ,! /ates are !n call$ 9 alphabetical ord]1 & ea* "o t c>es to1 pres5ts to ! conv5tion ! "n ( h] favorite son4 ,?us 9 ! republican conv5tion ( #ahfj1 :5 ,ill9ois 0 call$1 ! "n ( ,abraham ,l9coln 0 pres5t$2 & :5 ,new ,york 0 call$1 ! "n ( ,william ,h4 ,sew>d 0 pres5t$1 & s on4 ,:5 ! roll ( ! /ates is complet$1 ! ballot+ beg9s4 ,9 ! republican conv5tion1 nom9ation is by majority vote2 9 ! democratic1 x takes a two-?irds vote to nom9ate4 ,! vice-presid5t is !n nom9at$ 9 a simil> mann]4 ,aft] adopt+ a plat=m ! conv5tion adj\rns4 ,,h[ ,,congress ,,is ,,organiz$4 ,footnote3 ,see also ,among ! ,lawmak]s1 *apt] ,,iii4 ,?\gh ! s5ate is q a p]man5t body1 two-?irds ( its memb]s hold+ ov] f "o congress to ano!r1 its committees are reorganiz$ at ! beg9n+ ( ea* congress4 ,! t]ms ( all memb]s ( ! h\se ( repres5tatives expire ,m>* #d ( ! odd-numb]$ ye>s1 &1 ?\gh _m ( ! old memb]s are re-elect$1 ! h\se mu/ be reorganiz$ at ! beg9n+ ( ea* congress4 ,! mode ( organiz+ ! h\se is briefly z foll[s3 #a4 ,at ! fir/ session1 ! h\se is call$ to ord] by ! cl]k ( ! prec$+ h\se1 :o !n calls ! roll ( memb]s-elect ,footnote3 ,! memb]s-elect h previ\sly s5t him _! c]tificates ( election1 receiv$ f ! /ate canvass+ bo>d4 by /ates4 ,if a quorum is f\nd to be pres5t1 ! cl]k decl>es x to be 9 ord] to proce$ to ! election ( a speak]4 ,! vote is viva voce on ! call ( ! roll1 ea* memb] :5 8 "n is call$ pron\nc+ ! "n ( 8 *oice = speak]4 ,election is by majority ( ! votes giv54 ,! result is decl>$ by ! cl]k1 :o !n designates two memb]s 7usually ( diff]5t politics1 & f ! numb] ( ^? vot$ = z speak]7 to conduct ! speak]-elect to ! *air2 & also "o memb] 7usually t "o :o has be5 longe/ 9 cont9u\s s]vice a memb] ( ! h\se7 to adm9i/] to him ! oa? requir$ by ! con/itution4 ,footnote3 ,manual ( ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives4 ,! speak] !n adm9i/]s ! oa? to ! memb]s1 9 gr\ps ( ab\t =ty1 all /&+ 9 l9e be=e ! speak]'s desk4 #c4 ,! organization is complet$ by ! election ( a cl]k1 a s]geant-at-arms2 a doorkeep]1 a po/ma/]1 & a *apla94 ,! vote is viva voce1 & ! t]m is until _! successors are *os5 & qualifi$--usually ab\t two ye>s1 ?\gh all are subject to removal at ! w ( ! h\se4 ,! delegates f ! t]ritories are !n sworn 94 ,at ?is /age x is usual = ! h\se to adopt an ord] t a message be s5t to ! s5ate to in=m t body t a quorum ( ! h\se ( repres5tatives has assembl$1 & t --------1 "o ( ! repres5tatives f ! /ate ( ----1 has be5 elect$ speak]1 & ----- ---1 a citiz5 ( ! /ate ( ---1 has be5 *os5 cl]k1 & t ! h\se is n[ ready to proce$ to bus9ess4 ,footnote3 ,manual ( ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives4 ,ea* h\se !n ord]s a committee ( ?ree memb]s to be appo9t$1 ! jo9t committee to wait ^u ! presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & in=m him t a quorum ( ! two h\ses has assembl$1 & t congress is ready to receive any communication he may be pleas$ to make4 ,footnote3 ,manual ( ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives4 ,x is 9 ord] !n = ! presid5t to =w>d 8 message to congress4 ,! above are ! usual proce$+s1 & !y g5]ally occur on ! fir/ day ( ! session4 ,! seat+ ( ! memb]s is by lot1 except 9 ! case ( c]ta9 memb]s privileg$ by v long exp]i5ce or o!rwise1 :o are by c\rtesy p]mitt$ to make ! fir/ selection4 ,ea* memb] is numb]$1 & correspond+ numb]s are plac$ 9 a box & ?or\ghly int]m+l$4 ,!n ! numb]s are drawn f ! box successively by a page1 ! memb] ^: numb] is drawn fir/ hav+ fir/ *oice ( seat1 & s on4 ,?is may be done :ile ! committees are wait+ on ! presid5t1 z above describ$4 ,,h[ ,,conte/$ ,,elections ,,are ,,settl$4 ,ea* h\se %all be ! judge ( ! elections1 returns1 & qualifications ( its own memb]s4--,con/itution1 ,i41 #e1 #e4 ,a conte/$ election resembles v mu* 9 its mode ( settlem5t ! trial ( a civil suit4 #a4 ,)9 ?irty days aft] ! result ( ! election is made kn[n1 ! conte/ant mu/ s]ve ^u ! p]son decl>$ elect$ by ! canvass+ bo>d a notice ( int5tion to conte/ 8 seat1 & ! gr\nds !re=4 #b4 ,)9 ?irty days ( receiv+ said notice1 ! memb]-elect mu/ answ] x1 /at+ specifically ! gr\nds ( 8 def5se1 & mu/ s]ve a copy ( ?is answ] ^u ! conte/ant4 #c4 ,n9ety days are !n all[$ = ! tak+ ( te/imony--! fir/ =ty to ! conte/ant1 ! second =ty to ! memb]-elect1 & ! rema9+ t5 to ! conte/ant = te/imony 9 rebuttal4 ,te/imony may be tak5 be=e any ,unit$ ,/ates1 /ate or municipal judge1 not>y public1 or by two ju/ices ( ! peace4 ,! opposite p>ty mu/ h due notice ( ! times & places ( tak+ ! evid5ce2 b te/imony may be tak5 at sev]al places at ! same "t4 ,! witnesses are summon$ by subpo5a s]v$ 9 ! usual way4 ,! exam9ation ( ! witnesses is by ! (fic] issu+ ! subpo5a1 b ei!r p>ty may propose que/ions4 ,! que/ions & answ]s are committ$ to writ+1 & au!nticat$4 ,all ! pap]s 9 ea* case1 c]tifi$1 c>efully seal$1 & ! envelopes indors$ ) "n ( ! case1 are s5t by mail to ,wa%+ton1 address$ to ! cl]k ( ! h\se 9 :i* is ! conte/$ seat4 ,! matt] is ref]r$ to ! committee on elections4 ,footnote3 ,?is is ! olde/ ( all ! committees1 hav+ be5 e/abli%$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! fir/ congress4 ,?is committee hav+ c>efully consid]$ ! matt] may br+ 9 its report at any "t1 ?is be+ :at is kn[n z a privileg$ "q4 ,! decision is by majority vote ( ! h\se int]e/$4 ,9 ! meantime ! p]son :o has obta9$ ! c]tificate ( election f ! /ate canvass+ bo>d is presum$ to h be5 elect$1 & is treat$ accord+ly4 ,9 ord] t lack ( means may n compel a man to submit to a wrong1 & t ! real w ( ! congressional di/rict z express$ 9 ! election may be asc]ta9$1 ! conte/ant may be all[$ n to exce$ two ?\s& doll>s = exp5ses4 ,,h[ ,,an ,,impea*m5t ,,case ,,is ,,conduct$4 ,! h\se ( repres5tatives 444 %all h ! sole p[] ( impea*m5t4--,con/itution ,i4 #b3 #i4 ,! s5ate %all h ! sole p[] to try all impea*m5ts4'--,ib41 ,i4 #c3 #f4 ,! presid5t1 vice-presid5t1 & all civil (fic]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 %all be remov$ f (fice on impea*m5t =1 & conviction (1 treason1 brib]y1 or o!r high crimes & misdemeanors4--,ib41 ,,ii4 #d3 #ag4 ,! h\se1 hav+ resolv$ t a c]ta9 civil (fic] be impea*$1 ord]s t a committee be appo9t$ to notify ! s5ate ( ! fact2 & to /ate t ! h\se ( repres5tatives w1 9 due "t1 exhibit p>ticul> articles ( impea*m5t aga9/ him1 & make good ! same2 & to dem& t ! s5ate prep>e to try ! impea*m5t4 ,! h\se !n1 on motion1 appo9ts a committee 7usually ( five memb]s7 to prep>e c>efully ! articles ( impea*m5t4 ,footnote3 ,?is corresponds to ! indictm5t ( a gr& jury4 ,! report ( ?is committee1 hav+ be5 consid]$ 9 committee ( ! :ole1 is report$ to ! h\se1 ) su* am5dm5ts z seem necess>y4 ,if ! report is agre$ to by ! h\se1 a committee ( five manag]s is appo9t$ to conduct ! impea*m5t on ! "p ( ! h\se4 ,! s5ate is !n notifi$ by ! cl]k ( ! h\se1 t ! manag]s1 nam+ !m1 h be5 appo9t$1 & t ! articles ( impea*m5t are ready to be exhibit$4 ,! s5ate hav+ appo9t$ ! "t :5 x w\ld resolve itself into a c\rt ( impea*m5t notifies ! h\se4 ,at ! appo9t$ "t ! manag]s c>ry ! articles to ! s5ate1 & on _! return report to ! h\se4 ,! s5ate !n issues a summons to ! def5dant1 ord]+ him to file 8 answ] ) ! secret>y ( ! s5ate by a c]ta9 day4 ,on ! day appo9t$1 ! h\se1 hav+ resolv$ itself into committee ( ! :ole1 att5ds ! trial 9 ! s5ate *amb]4 ,! next day ! h\se att5ds simil>ly1 if a reply is to be made to ! def5dant's answ]4 ,dur+ ! tak+ ( ! te/imony only ! manag]s att5d1 ! h\se devot+ itself to its regul> bus9ess4 ,:5 ! case is ready = argum5t1 ! h\se att5ds daily1 z committee ( ! :ole4 ,! report ( ! f9al action ( ! s5ate is made to ! h\se by ! *airman ( ! committee ( ! :ole4 ,9 an impea*m5t trial ! s5ate is bo? judge & jury4 ,b1 = conv5i5ce1 ! functions ( judge are usually p]=m$ by ! presid5t ( ! c\rt ( impea*m5t2 & a s5ator may be call$ ^u to te/ify4 ,! secret>y ( ! s5ate corresponds to ! cl]k ( ! c\rt1 & ! s]geant-at-arms corresponds to ! %]iff 9 an ord9>y c\rt4 ,on ! f9al "q :e!r ! impea*m5t is su/a9$1 ! yeas & nays %all be tak5 on ea* article ( impea*m5t sep>ately2 & if ! impea*m5t %all n1 ^u any ( ! articles pres5t$1 be su/a9$ by ! votes ( two-?irds ( ! memb]s pres5t1 a judgm5t ( acquittal %all be ent]$2 b if ! p]son accus$ 9 su* articles ( impea*m5t %all be convict$ ^u any ( said articles by ! votes ( two-?irds ( ! memb]s pres5t1 ! s5ate %all proce$ to pron\nce judgm5t1 & a c]tifi$ copy ( su* judgm5t %all be deposit$ 9 ! (fice ( ! secret>y ( /ate4 ,footnote3 ,manual ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,s5ate4 ,only sev5 cases ( impea*m5t be=e ! ,u4,s4 s5ate h occurr$4 ,to save space !y are %[n 9 tabul> =m3 ,"t ,"n4 ,(fice4 ,*>ge4 ,result4 #agih ,william ,bl\nt4 ,u4,s4 ,s5ator ,intrigues ) ,case dismiss$2 f ,t5nessee4 ,indians4 n an (fic] #ahjc ,john ,pick]+4 ,u4,s4 di/rict ,intemp]ance ,remov$ f judge1 ,n4,h4 & malfeasance (fice4#a 9 (fice4 #ahjd ,samuel ,*ase4 ,associate ,j4 ,p>tiality & ,acquitt$4#a ,u4,s4 ,sup4 ,ct4 inju/ice4 #ahcj ,james ,peck4 ,u4,s4 di/rict ,abuse ( p[]4 ,acquitt$4 judge1 ,mo4 #ahfj ,we/ ,w4 ,u4,s4 di/rict ,treason 9 ,remov$ & ,humphreys judge1 ,t5n4 advocat+ & disqualifi$4 aid+ secession4 #ahfh ,&rew ,johnson4 ,presid5t ( ! ,violation ( ,acquitt$ by ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,t5ure ( "o vote4 ,(fice act & o!r crimes4 #ahgf ,william ,w4 ,sec'y ( w>4 ,malfeasance 9 ,acquitt$4 ,belknap4 (fice & accept+ bribes4 ,footnote #a3 ,see ,?omas ,jeff]son1 ,am]ican ,/atesm5 ,s]ies1 pp4 #bei-fc4 ,,h[ ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,s5ators ,,are ,,elect$4 ,! s5ate ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates %all be compos$ ( two s5ators f ea* /ate1 *os5 by ! legislature !re(4--,con/itution1 ,i4 #c3 #a4 ,! "t ( ?is election is ! second ,tuesday aft] ! meet+ & organization ( ! legislature4 ,if a vacancy occurs 9 ! s5ate dur+ ! session ( ! legislature1 ! election occurs on ! second ,tuesday aft] notice ( ! vacancy is receiv$ by ! legislature4 ,on ! day appo9t$1 ! roll ( ea* h\se be+ call$1 ea* memb] responds by nam+ "o p]son = ! s5ator%ip4 ,! result ( ! vote is ent]$ on ! j\rnal ( ea* h\se by ! cl]k !re(4 ,! next day at noon1 ! memb]s ( bo? h\ses conv5e 9 jo9t assembly1 & ! j\rnal ( ea* h\se is read4 ,if ! same p]son has receiv$ a majority ( all ! votes 9 ea* h\se1 he is decl>$ elect$4 ,b if no p]son has receiv$ su* majority1 ! jo9t assembly proce$s to *oose1 by viva voce vote ( ea* memb] pres5t1 a p]son = s5ator4 ,a quorum consi/s ( a majority ( ea* h\se1 & a majority ( ^? pres5t & vot+ is necess>y to a *oice4 ,if no "o receives su* majority on ! fir/ day1 ! jo9t assembly meets daily at noon1 & takes at lea/ "o vote1 until a s5ator is elect$4 ,a c]tificate ( election is made out by ! gov]nor1 c\nt]sign$ & au!nticat$ "u seal ( ! /ate by ! secret>y ( /ate1 & =w>d$ to ! presid5t ( ! s5ate ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,electoral ,,vote ,,is ,,c\nt$4 ,! presid5t ( ! s5ate %all1 9 ! pres5ce ( ! s5ate & h\se ( repres5tatives1 op5 all ! c]tificates1 & ! vote %all !n be c\nt$4--,con/itution1 ,am5dm5t ,,xii4 ,! con/itution gives no directions z to ! mann] ( c\nt+4 ,no tr\ble 0 exp]i5c$1 h[ev]1 until ! ,hayes-,tild5 election4 ,! result ( ?is election dep5d$ ^u ! votes ( ?ree /ates1 ea* ( :i* s5t 9 two conflict+ sets ( c]tificates4 ,!re be+ no legal provision = ! settlem5t ( su* disputes1 ! fam\s electoral commission 0 creat$ to det]m9e :i* c]tificates %\ld be c\nt$4 ,x consi/$ ( five s5ators1 five repres5tatives1 & five ju/ices ( ! supreme c\rt4 ,! gravity ( ! dang] ?us reveal$ made x obvi\sly necess>y t "s g5]al plan be devis$ :]eby su* disputes might be obviat$4 ,?\gh consid]ation ( ! subject began at once1 & v>i\s measures 7 f "t to "t propos$1 no satisfactory solution 0 pres5t$ until ,febru>y #c1 #ahhg1 :5 ! ,electoral ,c\nt ,bill 0 pass$ & receiv$ ! signature ( ! presid5t4 ,an outl9e ( ! bill is "h giv51 ! pr9cipal provisions be+ ! second & six? z "h numb]$4 #a4 ,! electors %all meet & vote on ! second ,monday 9 ,janu>y foll[+ _! election4 ,footnote3 ,! "t ( meet+ _h be5 ! fir/ ,w$nesday 9 ,decemb]4 ,! *ange 0 made to give "t = ! settlem5t ( any disputes1 z provid$ 9 ! second section4 #b4 ,if !re be any disputes z to ! *oice ( ! electors1 !y are to be settl$ 9 ! respective /ates 9 ! way t ea* /ate %all det]m9e1 provid$ t ! laws gov]n+ ! matt] %all h be5 pass$ be=e ! election1 & t disputes %all h be5 settl$ at lea/ six days be=e ! "t fix$ = ! meet+ ( ! electors4 ,a report ( ! conte/ & its mode ( settlem5t %all be made by ! gov]nor1 & =w>d$ "u seal to ! secret>y ( /ate ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #c4 ,z soon z practicable aft] x %all h be5 asc]ta9$ :o h be5 *os5 electors1 ! executive ( ! /ate %all transmit "u ! seal ( ! /ate to ! secret>y ( /ate ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! names ( ! electors1 ) an ab/ract ( ! popul> vote = ea* c&idate = elector4 ,! executive %all also deliv] to ! electors1 on or be=e ! day ( meet+1 ?ree copies ( said c]tificate1 "o ( :i* ! electors %all enclose ) ea* li/ ( p]sons vot$ = z presid5t & vice-presid5t4 #d4 ,z soon z practicable aft] receiv+ ! c]tificates z a=esaid1 ! secret>y ( /ate %all publi% !m 9 full 9 su* newspap] z he %all designate2 & at ! fir/ meet+ ( congress !reaft] he %all transmit to ea* h\se a copy 9 full ( ea* c]tificate receiv$4 #e4 ,! c\nt+ ( ! vote w take place1 z h]et(ore1 on ! second ,w$nesday 9 ,febru>y foll[+ ! meet+ ( ! electors4 ,at "o o'clock 9 ! aft]noon ! s5ate & h\se ( repres5tatives meet 9 ! hall ( ! h\se ( repres5tatives1 & ! presid5t ( ! s5ate takes ! *air4 ,two tell]s %all be previ\sly appo9t$ on ! "p ( ! s5ate & two on ! "p ( ! h\se ( repres5tatives1 to :om %all be h&$1 z !y are op5$ by ! presid5t ( ! s5ate1 all ! c]tificates & pap]s purport+ to be c]tificates ( ! electoral votes1 :i* c]tificates & pap]s %all be op5$1 pres5t$1 & act$ ^u 9 ! alphabetical ord] ( ! /ates1 beg9n+ ) ! lett] ,a2 & said tell]s1 hav+ !n read ! same 9 ! pres5ce & he>+ ( ! two h\ses1 %all make a li/ ( ! votes z !y %all appe> f ! said c]tificates2 & ! votes hav+ be5 asc]ta9$ & c\nt$ 9 ! mann] & accord+ to ! rules 9 ?is act provid$ ! result ( ! same %all be deliv]$ to ! presid5t ( ! s5ate1 :o %all !reupon ann\nce ! /ate ( ! vote1 :i* ann\ncem5t %all be deem$ a suffici5t decl>ation ( ! p]sons1 if any1 elect$ presid5t & vice-presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 &1 toge!r ) a li/ ( ! votes1 be ent]$ on ! j\rnals ( ! two h\ses4 #f4 ,^u ! read+ ( ea* c]tificate ! presid5t ( ! s5ate asks :e!r !re be any objections to x4 ,objection mu/ be made 9 writ+1 & mu/ /ate cle>ly & concisely1 & )\t argum5t1 ! gr\nd !re(4 ,to entitle x to consid]ation1 ! objection mu/ be sign$ by at lea/ "o s5ator & "o repres5tative4 ,:5 all ! objections to any pap] h be5 receiv$ & read1 ! s5ate )draws1 & ! two h\ses proce$ sep>ately to consid] !m4 ,if f any /ate b "o set ( electors are c]tifi$1 & ! c]tification has be5 done z prescrib$ 9 section ?ree1 ! c]tificate _c be reject$4 ,b if n prop]ly c]tifi$1 ! two h\ses act+ concurr5tly may reject ! vote or votes :5 !y agree t su* vote or votes h n be5 s regul>ly giv5 by ^? ^: appo9tm5t has be5 s c]tifi$4 ,if m ?an "o return has be5 receiv$ f any /ate1 ^? votes only %all be c\nt$ :i* h be5 det]m9$ z provid$ 9 section two4 ,if two or m returns appe>1 ea* c]tifi$ by au?orities claim+ to be ! lawful tribunal ( ! /ate1 ! vote %all be c\nt$ :i* ! two h\ses1 act+ sep>ately1 concurr5tly decide is support$ by ! decision ( su* /ate s au?oriz$ by its laws4 ,if m ?an "o return comes 9 f any /ate1 no det]m9ation su* z is prescrib$ 9 section two hav+ be5 made1 ! two h\ses concurr5tly decide :i*1 if any1 ( ! votes %all be c\nt$4 ,if 9 su* a case ! h\ses disagree1 ! votes ( ^? electors %all be c\nt$ ^: appo9tm5t %all h be5 c]tifi$ by ! executive ( ! /ate4 ,:5 ! case 9 "q has be5 dispos$ (1 ! jo9t session is resum$ & ! c\nt+ cont9u$4 #g4 ,9 ! jo9t meet+1 ! presid5t ( ! s5ate has au?ority to pres]ve ord]4 ,no debate is all[$1 & no "q c be put1 except to ei!r h\se on a motion to )draw4 #h4 ,:5 discuss+ an objection1 9 sep>ate session1 no memb] c speak m ?an once1 & !n = n long] ?an five m9utes4 ,! entire "t = discussion is limit$ to two h\rs4 #i4 ,provision is made = ! seat+ ( e "o entitl$ to a seat on ! floor ( ! h\se2 & ! act decl>es t su* jo9t meet+ %all n be dissolv$ until ! c\nt ( electoral votes %all be complet$ & ! result decl>$4 ,"s "t aft] ! passage ( ! law1 x 0 discov]$ t a /range omission _h be5 made4 ,by ! old law1 ! electors 9 ea* /ate 7 requir$ to appo9t a mess5g] to take "o ( ! c]tificates ( votes ca/1 & deliv] x to ! presid5t ( ! s5ate on or be=e ! fir/ ,w$nesday 9 ,janu>y4 ,by ! new law ! electors d n meet until ! second ,monday 9 ,janu>y4 ,! inconsit5cy 0 rem$i$1 h[ev]1 by a supplem5t>y act1 provid+ t c]tificates %all be =w>d$ z soon z possible1 & au?oriz+ ! presid5t ( ! s5ate to s5d = miss+ c]tificates on ! f\r? ,monday 9 ,janu>y4 ,,h[ ,,fugitives ,,f ,,ju/ice ,,are ,,extradit$4 ,extradition is ! deliv]+ up to ju/ice ( fugitive crim9als by ! au?orities ( "o /ate or c\ntry to ^? ( ano!r4 ,footnote3 ,lalor's ,cyclop$ia ( ,political ,sci5ce4 ,! duty ( extradition betwe5 ! /ates ( ?is republic is impos$ by ! f$]al con/itution1 ,,iv4 #b2 & ! mode ( proc$ure is prescrib$ by an act ( congress pass$ 9 #agic4 ,! t]m o!r crimes us$ 9 ! con/itution is g5]ally int]pret$ s z to include any (f5se aga9/ ! laws ( ! /ate or t]ritory mak+ ! dem&4 ,on ! "q :e!r ! executive ^u :om dem& is made is b\nd to comply1 ! f$]al c\rts h decid$ t 8 duty 9 ! matt] is imp]ative2 t he mu/ deliv] up ! fugitive1 unless ! accus$ %all also be "u prosecution = brea* ( ! laws ( ! /ate to :i* he has fl$4 ,! proc$ure is ?is3 ,! accus$ mu/ be indict$ 9 ! /ate 9 :i* ! crime 0 committ$1 or a *>ge mu/ be br\ght aga9/ him be=e a magi/rate1 :o1 if satisfi$ t ! *>ge is true1 issues a w>rant = ! arre/ ( ! crim9al4 ,a copy ( ! indictm5t or affidavit is =w>d$ to ! executive ( ! /ate1 & he issues to ! executive ( ! /ate to :i* ! fugitive has gone1 a requisition = 8 surr5d]4 ,if ! executive ^u :om ! requisition is made is satisfi$ t ! pap]s are regul> & ! pro( ( ! crime suffici5t1 he issues a w>rant = ! arre/ & deliv]y ( ! accus$ to ! ag5t ( ! /ate mak+ ! dem&4 ,! exp5se ( ^! proce$+s is borne by ! /ate mak+ ! dem&4 ,betwe5 nations extradition is reg>d$ z a matt] ( comity1 & is bas$ ^u special treaty4 ,9 ?is c\ntry1 p[] to make su* a surr5d] is conf]r$ ^u ! executive ,footnote3 ,?is ( c\rse means ! presid5t1 z /ates _c treat ) =eign p[]s4 only :]e ! ,unit$ ,/ates are b\nd by treaty1 & h a reciprocal "r to claim simil> surr5d] f ! o!r p[]4 ,9 relation to ! crimes = :i* extradition may be dem&$1 x may be said 9 g5]al t !y are specifi$ 9 ! treaty1 & are su* (f5ses z are recogniz$ z crimes by bo? c\ntries4 ,consequ5tly no two treaties are exactly alike4 ,g5]ally only ?+s wrong 9 !mselves1 n ?+s wrong by local prohibition1 are includ$4 ,(f5ses m]ely political are n includ$2 & z op9ions diff] 9 diff]5t c\ntries on :at con/itutes a political crime1 ! surr5d]+ nation is v prop]ly made ! judge ( ?is "q4 ,z a coroll>y to ! prec$+1 x is a well-e/abli%$ rule ( int]national law1 t ! surr5d]$ p>ty c be tri$ only on ! allegations = :i* extradition has be5 accord$4 ,?is pr9ciple is also g5]ally recogniz$ among ! /ates4 ,,h[ ,a ,,c\rt ,,m>tial ,,is ,,conduct$4 ,a c\rt m>tial is a c\rt consi/+ ( milit>y or naval (fic]s1 = ! trial ( (f5ses aga9/ milit>y or naval laws4 ,c\rts m>tial are ( ?ree classes1 g5]al1 g>rison1 & regim5tal4 ,g5]al c\rts m>tial consi/s ( f five to ?irte5 (fic]s1 appo9t$ by a g5]al or by ! presid5t4 ,g>rison & regim5tal c\rts m>tial consi/ ( ?ree (fic]s appo9t$ respectively by ! g>rison & ! regim5tal comm&]s4 ,only g5]al c\rts m>tial h jurisdiction ( capital (f5ses4 ,!re are two m>k$ *>act]i/ics ( c\rts m>tial4 ,fir/1 ! accus$ is tri$1 n z 9 a civil c\rt by 8 pe]s1 b by 8 sup]iors4 ,second1 !re is no di/9ction betwe5 judge & jury2 ! (fic]s compris+ ! c\rt act 9 bo? capacities--!y det]m9e ! fact & apply ! law4 ,s5t5ce is by majority vote1 except t to pron\nce s5t5ce ( dea? a two-?irds vote is necess>y4 ,= conv5i5ce1 "o ( ! (fic]s is designat$ to act z presid5t by ! ord] conv5+ ! c\rt4 ,z prosecutor 9 ! case1 & also z ! responsible advis] ( ! c\rt1 a judge-advocate is appo9t$1 usually by ! same ord]4 ,! accus$ is entitl$ to c\nsel2 b if he is unable to obta9 any1 ! judge-advocate mu/ insi/ ^u all rights belong+ to ! accus$ "u ! law & ! evid5ce4 ,! f9d+s ( a c\rt m>tial mu/ 9 ea* case be transmitt$ to ! conv5+ au?ority & by x be approv$1 be=e be+ c>ri$ into execution4 ,9 "t ( peace1 no s5t5ce ( a c\rt m>tial involv+ loss ( life or ! dismissal ( a commission$ (fic]1 & ei!r 9 "t ( peace or w> no s5t5ce aga9/ a g5]al (fic]1 c be c>ri$ into effect )\t approval by ! presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! jurisdiction ( c\rts m>tial ext5d only ov] (f5ses committ$ by p]sons enli/$ 9 ! milit>y or ! naval s]vice ( ! c\ntry4 ,,:y ,,& ,,h[ ,,t]ritories ,,are ,,organiz$4 ,! organization ( t]ritories 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is = two purposes3 to provide good gov]nm5t :ile population is sp>se1 & to enc\rage _! developm5t into self-gov]n+ commonweal?s1 & _! incorporation into ! f$]al sy/em z rapidly z possible4 7,see page #bag47 ,t]ritories are organiz$ by congress4 ,9 ! organic act ! b\nd>ies ( ! t]ritory are def9$1 & a sy/em ( gov]nm5t is e/abli%$4 ,! gov]nor & ! adm9i/rative & judicial (fic]s are appo9t$ by ! presid5t1 b a t]ritorial legislature is entru/$ ) limit$ p[]s1 subject to ! approval ( congress4 ,ea* ( ! sev]al t]ritories may elect "o delegate to a seat 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,congress4 ,! delegate may speak on subjects 9 :i* 8 t]ritory is int]e/$1 b he _c vote4 ,,:y ,,& ,,h[ ,,! ,,public ,,l&s ,,are ,,survey$4 ,! public l&s are n meant to be held =ev] by ! g5]al gov]nm5t4 ,!y are design$ to be own$ & occupi$ by ,am]ican citiz5s4 ,to divide ! l& into pieces & ?us to facilitate ! description & ! location ( any piece1 is ! pr9cipal purpose ( ! survey4 ,incid5tally ! portions six miles squ>e s]ve z bases = ! political divisions call$ t[ns1 & ?is 0 "p ( ! orig9al plan4 ,! old ?irte5 & ,ma9e1 ,v]mont1 ,k5tucky1 ,t5nessee1 & ,we/ ,virg9ia 7 survey$ 9 a v irregul> way4 ,l&s 7 describ$ z b\nd$ by l9es runn+ f /umps to /ones1 !nce to a creek & d[n ! ma9 *annel !re(4 ,9 #aghe1 a committee ( ! cont95tal congress 0 appo9t$1 ) ,?omas ,jeff]son z *airman1 to devise a simple & uni=m mode ( survey+ ! public l&s 9 :at 0 ab\t to be organiz$ z ! ,nor?we/ ,t]ritory4 ,! mo/ noticeable peculi>ity ( ! sy/em is t x is rectangul>4 ,a prime m]idian is fir/ det]m9$1 !n a basel9e cross+ x at "r angles4 ,!n f po9ts on ! basel9e six miles & multiples !re( f ! m]idian1 l9es are run due nor?4 ,& p>allels to ! base-l9e are run at di/ances ( six miles4 ,! approximate squ>es ?us =m$ are call$ t[n%ips4 ,! r[s ( t[n%ips runn+ nor? & s\? are call$ ranges4 ,t[n%ips are numb]$ nor? & s\? f ! base-l9e2 ranges ea/ & we/ f ! m]idian4 ,! diagram on page #cda illu/rates ! sy/em4 ,s9ce m]idians all t]m9ate at ! poles1 ! l9es betwe5 ranges1 be+ m]idians1 gradually approa* ea* o!r z !y g nor?w>d4 ,! l9es1 !n1 soon become s mu* less ?an six miles ap>t t a new beg9n+ has to be made4 ,! p>allel ^u :i* ?is correction is made is naturally call$ ! correction l9e4 ,corrections 7 at fir/ made e ?irty-six miles1 b !y are n[ made e tw5ty-f\r miles4 ,! fir/ prime m]idian />ts at ! m\? ( ! ,great ,miami & =ms ! we/]n b\nd>y ( ,ohio4 ,! second prime m]idian beg9s at ! m\? ( ,little ,blue ,creek1 9 ,indiana4 ,! ?ird1 at ! m\? ( ! ,ohio2 ! f\r? at ! m\? ( ! ,ill9ois2 & ! fif? at ! m\? ( ! ,arkansas4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ranges ,,& ,,t[n%ips ,illu/ration3 ,! numb]+ ( sections 9 a t[n%ip4 ,illu/ration3 ,divisions ( a section4 ,! fir/ prime m]idian has sev]al base-l9es4 ,! base-l9e ( ! second m]idian crosses x ab\t tw5ty-f\r miles nor? ( its po9t ( beg9n+1 & ! base-l9e ( ! ?ird is a cont9uation ( t ( ! second4 ,! pr9cipal base-l9e ( ! f\r? m]idian co9cides ) ! s\!rn b\nd>y ( ,wiscons94 ,x has also a %ort base-l9e ab\t six miles nor? ( ,qu9cy1 ,ills4 ,! base-l9e ( ! fif? m]idian is j s\? ( ,little ,rock1 ,ark4 ,f ! fir/ m]idian mo/ ( ,ohio is survey$2 f ! second1 ,indiana & ! ea/]n tw5ty-f\r miles ( ,ill9ois2 f ! ?ird1 ! re/ ( ,ill9ois1 except a small portion nor? ( ,qu9cy2 f ! f\r?1 ! portion ( ,ill9ois j ref]r$ to1 all ( ,wiscons91 & t "p ( ,m9nesota ea/ ( ! ,mississippi2 f ! fif?1 ,arkansas1 ,miss\ri1 ,i[a1 ,m9nesota we/ ( ! ,mississippi1 & ! ,dakotas ea/ ( ! ,miss\ri4 ,! six? co9cides ) m]idian #ig #bb'1 we/ ( ,gre5wi*4 ,f x are survey$ ,kansas1 ,nebraska1 ,dakota s\? & we/ ( ! ,miss\ri1 ,wyom+1 & all ( ,colorado except ! valley ( ! ,rio ,gr&e del ,norte4 ,mi*igan1 ,florida1 ,alabama1 ,mississippi1 & ! /ates & t]ritories 9 ! f> we/ are survey$ f special m]idians4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,secure ,,public ,,l&s4 ,z a g5]al rule1 only survey$ l&s are subject to entry4 ,"u ! m9]al l& laws1 h[ev]1 claims c be locat$ ^u unsurvey$ l&s4 ,! public l&s are divid$ z to price into two classes3 ^? ^: m9imum price is #a4be p] acre & ^? ^: m9imum is #b4ej p] acre4 ,! latt]1 usually call$ d\ble m9imum l&s1 are 9 mo/ cases ! alt]nate sections res]v$ 9 railroad or o!r public l& grants4 ,9 "s cases ,indian res]vations re/or$ to ! public doma9 h be5 rat$ diff]5tly1 ! price v>y+ f bel[ ! s+le m9imum to above ! d\ble m9imum4 ,! rema9+ public l&s are subject to entry "u ! home/ead law1 ! des]t l& law1 & ! timb] & /one act2 by ! location ( scrip2 & z t[n-site entries4 ,m9]al l&s are subject to entry only "u ! m9+ laws2 & special laws provide = ! disposal ( coal l&s & l&s conta9+ petroleum4 ,any p]son :o is ! head ( a family or is ov] tw5ty-"o ye>s old1 & :o is a citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or has decl>$ 8 or h] int5tion to become su*1 may ent] #afj acres ( l& )\t co/1 except ! l&-(fice fees provid$ by law1 inhabit+1 cultivat+1 & mak+ actual resid5ce !reon = ! p]iod ( five ye>s2 or su* a settl] may at ! expiration ( f\rte5 mon?s f date ( settlem5t commute ! entry by pay+ ! gov]nm5t price = ! l&4 ,no "p ( ! public doma9 is n[ 7s9ce #ahhi7 subject to private ca% entry1 except 9 ! /ate ( ,miss\ri & 9 cases :]e ,congress has made special provision !re=4 ,! preemption & timb] culture laws 7 repeal$ 9 #ahia4 ,x has also be5 provid$ t no public l&s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates %all be sold by public sale1 except ab&on$ milit>y res]vations ( less ?an #e1jjj acres1 m9]al l&s & o!r l&s ( a special nature1 & isolat$ tracts t h be5 subject to home/ead entry = ?ree ye>s aft] ! surr\nd+ l& has be5 dispos$ (4 ,,h[ ,,slav]y ,,0 ,,aboli%$ ,,9 ,,! ,,sev]al ,,/ates4 ,! slave trade 0 prohibit$ by congress 9 #ahjh4 ,f t "t on x 0 a felony to br+ slaves into ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,slav]y nev] legally exi/$ 9 ! /ates c>v$ out ( ! ,nor?we/ ,t]ritory4 ,x 0 =bidd5 by ! ord9ance ( #aghg4 ,v]mont aboli%$ x 9 =m+ h] /ate con/itution 9 #aggg4 ,footnote3 ,be=e h] admission into ! ,union4 ,massa*usetts1 by con/itution1 #aghj4 ,p5nsylvania1 gradual abolition by /atute1 began 9 #aghj2 _h #fd 9 #ahdj4 ,new ,hamp%ire1 by con/itution1 #aghc4 ,rhode ,isl& & ,connecticut1 gradual abolition1 #aghd4 ,new ,york began 9 #agii1 f9i%$ ,july #d1 #ahbg4 ,new ,j]sey began 9 #ahjd1 b _h #ah 9 #ahfj4 ,by ! ,miss\ri compromise1 #ahbj1 slav]y ceas$ 9 all t t]ritory c$$ by ,france to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 "u ! "n ( ,l\isiana1 :i* lies nor? ( #cf degrees & #cj m9utes nor? latitude1 ,footnote3 ,?omas am5dm5t to act = admitt+ ,miss\ri4 except ,miss\ri4 ,?is "p ( ! act 01 9 ! ,dr$ ,scott case1 decl>$ by ! supreme c\rt to be invalid1 /ill a provision =bidd+ slav]y f\nd its way into ! con/itution ( ea* ( ! /ates aft]w>d seek+ admission4 ,by ! emancipation proclamation1 ,jan4 #a1 #ahfc1 ! slaves ( ^? 9 arms aga9/ ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7 decl>$ free4 ,! ?irte5? am5dm5t1 adopt$ #ahfe1 aboli%$ slav]y 9 all p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,h[ ,,vot+ ,,is ,,done ,,9 ,,legislative ,,bodies4 ,footnote3 ,see also ,among ! ,lawmak]s1 pp4 #afh-gj4 ,acclamation4--,! mo/ common way ( vot+ on ord9>y que/ions is by acclamation2 t is1 :5 a "q is put ^? 9 favor ( x say aye1 & !n ^? oppos$ say no4 ,9 ?is case1 a majority ( ^? vot+ prevails4 ,?is is sometimes call$ vot+ viva voce4 ,division4--,if ! presid+ (fic] is unc]ta9 z to :i* side is 9 ! majority1 he may call = a division1 or ?is may be dem&$ by any memb]4 ,!n ^? vot+ 9 ! affirmative /& & are c\nt$1 aft] :i* ^? vot+ 9 ! negative d simil>ly4 ,yea & ,nay4--,on important que/ions 9 congress1 or on any "q by dem& ( "o-fif? ( ! memb]s1 ! vote is by yeas & nays t is1 ! roll is call$1 & ea* memb] responds yea or nay4 ,9 "s /ates1 includ+ ,m9nesota1 all bills mu/ be vot$ on 9 ?is way1 & mu/ receive a majority ( ! total memb]%ip 9 ord] to pass4 ,,h[ ,,laws ,,are ,,made4 ,footnote3 ,! ,m9nesota process1 giv5 z a type4 ,fram+ a ,bill4--,a bill is a propos$ law4 ,! fram+ or draw+ up ( a bill may be done by any p]son4 ,= in/ance1 a citiz5 desir+ legislation on any matt] may =mulate a bill = consid]ation by ! legislature4 ,b _m reque/s = legislation come 9 ! =m ( petitions1 9 :i* case ! memb] to :om ! matt] is committ$ by ! petition]s usually frames ! bill4 ,_m bills orig9ate 9 committee1 "s ( !m z sub/itutes4 ,br++ 94--,at ! "t set 9 ! daily ord] ( bus9ess = introduc+ bills1 ! memb] ann\nces 8 bill by title1 :i* %\ld indicate ! matt] consid]$ !re91 & s5ds x to ! cl]k's desk4 ,fir/ ,read+4--,no bill c pass )\t at lea/ ?ree read+s4 ,:5 a bill is fir/ pres5t$1 ! cl]k reads x at ! table1 & h&s x to ! speak]1 :o1 ris+1 /ates to ! h\se ! title ( ! bill1 & t ?is is ! fir/ read+ ( x4 ,commitm5t4--,unless objection is made1 ! bill1 if n "o :i* has be5 =mulat$ by a committee1 is !n ref]r$ = c>eful consid]ation to a committee1 /&+ or special4 ,! numb] ( subjects com+ be=e a legislative body is too great to p]mit ! initial consid]ation ( ea* by ! :ole body4 ,x is a note-wor?y fact t our lawmak+ is virtually committee legislation4 ,all bills = appropriat+ money %all be=e passage be ref]r$ to ! f9ance committee4 ,second ,read+4--,:5 report$ favorably by ! committee1 ) am5dm5ts1 su* am5dm5ts mu/ be read 9 full1 & if !y are adopt$ ! bill passes to its second read+1 :i* is by title only4 ,if ! bill is ( a g5]al nature1 x is pr9t$ & plac$ on ! ,g5]al ,ord]s or li/ ( bills ready = consid]ation by ! committee ( ! :ole4 ,committee ( ! ,:ole4-,?is consi/s ( ! entire memb]%ip ( ! h\se4 ,its "w is to p]fect bills be=e !y come up = f9al passage4 ,to ?is end great fre$om ( debate is p]mitt$4 ,?is is ! la/ opportunity to (f] am5dm5ts1 except by unanim\s cons5t4 ,:5 ! h\se resolves itself into committee1 ! regul> presid+ (fic] leaves ! *air aft] designat+ a memb] to act z *airman4 ,:5 ! committee rises1 ! presid+ (fic] resumes ! *air & ! *airman ( ! committee reports its action4 ,bills report$ favorably are engross$1 t is1 rewritt5 neatly z am5d$1 & are plac$ on ! ,cal5d>1 or li/ ( bills ready = ?ird read+4 ,?ird ,read+4--,?is is 9 full1 & ! "q is on ! passage ( ! bill4 ,if pass$ ! bill is s5t to ! o!r h\se1 ) ! ann\ncem5t t x has pass$ ! fir/ h\se4 ,action 9 o!r ,h\se4--,! bill is treat$ 9 ! o!r h\se z 9 ! fir/4 ,if pass$1 x is return$ simil>ly to ! h\se 9 :i* x orig9at$4 ,if pass$ ) am5dm5ts1 ^! are consid]$4 ,,enrollm5t4-- ,:5 x has pass$ bo? h\ses1 ! bill is pla9ly & accurately writt5 on p>*m5t1 "u sup]vision ( ! committee on enroll$ bills4 ,,sign+4--,! enroll$ bill is sign$ by ! presid+ (fic] ( ea* h\se1 &1 if he approves x1 by ! executive4 ,,disposition4--,! bill is !n c>ri$ by ! executive to ! secret>y ( /ate1 :o deposits x among ! ar*ives4 ,copies are made = publication4 ,footnote3 ,read ,among ! ,lawmak]s1 pp4 #fj-fd4 ,,app5dix ,d4--,,"s ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,int]national ,,law4 ,nature & ,orig94--,a savage meet+ 9 ! =e/ a p]son :om he has nev] se5 be=e is apt to look ^u him z a foe4 ,z civilization increases1 dang] to "o's p]sonal rights decreases1 & /rang] ceases to mean enemy4 ,x has gradually come ab\t t ! confid5ce & c\rtesy %[n to "o ano!r by m5 9 _! individual relations h ext5d$ to ! relations ( /ates4 ,morality1 reason1 & cu/om h e/abli%$ among ! nations c]ta9 rules ( conduct ) respect to "o ano!r4 ,! rules con/itute :at is call$ int]national law4 ,z might be guess$1 int]national law is a matt] ( comp>atively rec5t orig91 & exi/s only among ! mo/ highly civiliz$ nations4 ,n be+ ! enactm5t ( any g5]al legislative body1 hav+ no c\rts compet5t to pass ^u x nor executive to en=ce its provisions1 ?is law mu/ be fram$ by agreem5t1 & its c>ry+ out mu/ re/ ^u national good fai?4 ,,peace ,,relations4 ,! great purpose ( int]national law be+ to pres]ve peace by remov+ ! causes ( w>1 we %all fir/ consid] "s ( ! arrangem5ts op]ative 9 times ( peace4 ,non-int]f]5ce4--,among individuals x is f\nd t1 z a rule1 x is be/ = ea* p]son to m9d 8 own bus9ess4 ,simil>ly1 among nations non-int]f]5ce by "o ) ! int]nal affairs ( ano!r is a c>d9al pr9ciple4 ,x is1 !re=e1 a g5]al rule t a p may adopt su* =m ( gov]nm5t z !y *oose1 & t :5ev] !y wi% !y may am5d or entirely alt] x4 ,footnote3 ,a *ange 9 ! =m ( gov]nm5t does n release ! nation f prior obligations4 ,& ! gov]nm5t =m$ has a "r to op]ate )\t dictation f o!r p[]s4 ,nor has any =eign nation a "r to inquire h[ ! gov]nm5t has come into be+2 suffici5t t x is ! gov]nm5t4 ,?is "r ( a nation to manage its own affairs is call$ sov]eignty4 ,x belongs to a small indep5d5t nation z completely z to a l>ge "o4 ,! act ( "o gov]nm5t 9 ackn[l$g+ ! validity & sov]eignty ( ano!r is call$ recogniz+ x4 7,see page #cdi1 la/ p>agraph47 ,x is sometimes a delicate "q to det]m9e :e!r to recognize a community z a nation or n4 ,?us1 if a dep5d5cy is seek+ to become indep5d5t1 our p]sonal sympa?ies are naturally ) x1 & yet x might be contr>y to ! law ( nations1 an unfri5dly act to ! sov]eign p[]1 = our gov]nm5t to recognize its indep5d5ce4 ,dur+ ! /ruggle ( ! ,spani%-,am]ican colonies = sep>ate political exi/5ce1 ,john ,qu9cy ,adams1 !n 7#ahbb7 secret>y ( /ate1 =mulat$ ! prop] rule ( action ?us3 ,9 e "q relat+ to ! indep5d5ce ( a nation two pr9ciples are involv$1 "o ( "r & ! o!r ( fact1 ! =m] exclusively dep5d+ ^u ! det]m9ation ( ! nation itself1 & ! latt] result+ f ! successful execution ( t det]m9ation 444 ,! gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates yield$ to an obligation ( duty ( ! highe/ ord] by recogniz+ z indep5d5t /ates nations :i*1 aft] delib]ately ass]t+ _! "r to t "*1 h ma9ta9$ & e/abli%$ x aga9/ all ! resi/ance :i* _h be5 or c\ld be br\ght to oppose x4 ,?is recognition is 444 ! m]e ackn[l$gm5t ( exi/+ facts4 ,footnote3 ,:>ton's ,int]national ,law ,dige/1 ,volume ,i41 page #afb4 ,al?\gh sov]eignty implies ! "r ( a gov]nm5t to ent] freely into su* relations ) any o!r nation z may be mutually agreeable1 ! nations ( ,europe feel at lib]ty 9 self-def5se to int]f]e ) any arrangem5ts t ?reat5 ! balance ( p[]4 ,?us ,france w\ld feel ju/ifi$ 9 oppos+ a v close alliance betwe5 ,prussia & ,spa94 ,x is our good =tune n to h any dang]\s neighbors4 ,we are reasonably sure ( peace s long z we act 9 accordance ) ! c\nsel ( ,wa%+ton1 ,fri5dly relations ) all1 entangl+ alliances ) none4 ,jurisdiction4--,x is cle> t ! au?ority ( a nation prop]ly ext5ds ov] ! l& )9 its bord]s & ov] its inl& wat]s4 ,x is equally cle> t no nation %\ld h exclusive jurisdiction ov] ! ocean4 ,x is g5]ally und]/ood t a nation's au?ority ext5ds out into ! sea a m>9e league f %ore4 ,b difficulty is enc\nt]$ 9 det]m9+ a rule ( jurisdiction ov] bays1 /raits1 wide-m\!d riv]s & o!r coa/-wat]s4 ,%all ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( "r freely navigate ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce to its m\?1 & ! ,briti% ! ,yukon8 ,%\ld ,d5m>k receive tribute ( %ips pass+ ?r\gh ! s\nds to ! ,baltic1 & may ,turkey prohibit =eign w> vessels f pass+ ?r\gh ! ,bosphorus8 ,is ! m\? ( ! ,amazon "p ( ! high seas8 ,is ,hudson's ,bay8 ,is ,delaw>e ,bay8 ,! difficulty is to =mulate a rule t %all n unnecess>ily abridge comm]cial fre$om b %all /ill h due reg>d to national def5se4 ,! "q at l>ge is n settl$ yet1 b x seems to be agre$ t 9 ! cases ( bays n m ?an t5 miles wide at ! m\?1 ! m>9e league %all be measur$ f a /raight l9e jo9+ ! headl&s4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates _c pur*ase a grant ( l& 91 or concession ( "r ( way ov]1 ! t]ritories ( ano!r nation1 z c\ld an individual or a private corporation4 ,int]c\rse4--,:ile z an act ( sov]eignty a nation may %ut out f its bord]s any or all ( ! re/ ( mank9d1 int]c\rse is s natural & is usually s mutually pr(itable t su* prohibition is almo/ unkn[n among civiliz$ nations4 ,int]c\rse is regulat$ 9 diff]5t nations 9 v>i\s ways4 ,"s limit or control x by a passport sy/em2 "s by special sup]vision ( /rang]s2 "s by a protective t>iff2 o!rs by giv+ to "o nation comm]cial privileges n giv5 to ano!r4 ,among ! g5]al rules t gov]n int]c\rse are ^!3 ,ali5s are entitl$ to protection f viol5ce = !mselves & _! prop]ty4 ,!y are am5able to ! laws ( ! c\ntry 9 :i* !y are soj\rn+1 except 9 c]ta9 ori5tal & o!r p>tly civiliz$ c\ntries4 ,ali5s may expatriate !mselves & may become naturaliz$ 9 ! l& ( _! adoption4 ,! "r ( emigration is inali5able2 only self-impos$ or unfulfill$ obligations c re/rict x4 ,footnote3 ,hefft]1 quot$1 9 ,woolsey's ,int]national ,law4 ,! pr9ciple t crime %\ld be tri$ & puni%$ :]e committ$ /&s 9 ! way ( ! trial ( a culprit :o has escap$ to ano!r c\ntry4 ,b = mutual protection mo/ ( ! civiliz$ nations h treaties = ! extradition ( crim9als4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates h extradition treaties ) ov] tw5ty c\ntries4 7,see ,h[ ,crim9als ,are ,extradit$1 page #ccg47 ,ambassadors & ,consuls4--,we h consid]$ briefly ! rights & duties ( individual soj\rn]s 9 =eign l&s4 ,let u n[ consid] ! modes & means ( int]c\rse betwe5 ! gov]nm5ts !mselves4 ,=m]ly :5 a nation wi%$ to come to an und]/&+ ) ano!r x s5t a special mess5g] clo!d ) necess>y au?ority to act2 b = ab\t two hundr$ ye>s ^! repres5tatives h1 z a rule1 tak5 up _! resid5ce at ! capitals ( ! c\ntries to :i* !y are s5t4 ,!re are v>i\s grades ( ^! ambassadors4 ,ours 9 ord] ( rank are ambassadors1 envoys-extraord9>y & m9i/]s pl5ipot5ti>y1 m9i/]s resid5t1 envoys1 *>ges d'affaires1 &1 tempor>ily1 secret>ies ( legation4 ,ambassadors includ+ all ( ! above always & ev]y:]e h _h special immunities & (t5 some?+ ( a sacr$ "* 444 ,nei!r public au?ority nor private p]sons c use any =ce1 or d any viol5ce to him1 )\t (f5d+ aga9/ ! law ( nations4 ,footnote3 ,except t if necess>y = self-def5se1 passive resi/ance may be made4 ,?is immunity ext5ds to 8 h\se1 furniture1 & att5dants4 ,except 9 extreme cases1 he is exempt f civil or crim9al process4 ,^! diplomatic ag5ts are appo9tees ( ! executive4 ,(ficial communications ) ! presid5t are made ?r\gh ! secret>y ( /ate4 ,9 all negotiations betwe5 nations1 sov]eign %\ld always speak to sov]eign & m9i/] to m9i/]4 ,a c\ntry may decl9e to receive any ambassador f a c]ta9 nation2 & ?is may be necess>y 9 case ( a civil w> 9 :i* two p>ties claim to be ! legal au?orities1 because receiv+ ! ambassador ( "o p>ty w\ld be equival5t to recogniz+ x z ! legitimate au?ority4 ,& x may1 )\t (f5se1 decl9e to receive a p>ticul> ambassador1 on acc\nt ( "s objection to him p]sonally4 ,x may also decl9e to treat ) a m9i/] :o has s deport$ himself z to become di/a/eful4 ,:5 an ambassador arrives at ! capitol ( ! c\ntry to :i* he is s5t1 he seeks an int]view ) ! secret>y 9 *>ge ( =eign affairs & deliv]s to him a copy ( 8 cr$5tials4 ,aft]w>ds on a day appo9t$ = ! purpose1 ! secret>y pres5ts him to ! executive 7sov]eign or presid5t71 to :om he deliv]s ! orig9al commission4 ,ambassadors ( all grades are expect$ to avoid all int]f]5ce ) political movem5ts 9 ! c\ntries :]e !y are /ation$4 ,consuls are ! comm]cial ag5ts ( a c\ntry4 ,!y are /ation$ at ! pr9cipal ports ( ! _w4 ,_! *ief functions are3 #a4 ,to furni% _! gov]nm5t in=mation t may be ( s]vice 9 ! comm]cial relations ( ! c\ntries4 #b4 ,to settle disputes betwe5 ma/]s & crews ( m]*ant vessels 9 ! port sail+ "u ! protection ( ! flag ( ! consul's c\ntry4 #c4 ,to reclaim des]t]s f vessels1 & provide = de/itute seam54 #d4 ,9 "s non-,*ri/ian l&s to act z judge 9 cases 9 :i* a c\ntryman or o!r p]son f a ,*ri/ian /ate is a p>ty4 7,see also page #cba47 ,treaties4--,treaties are contracts betwe5 nations#a1 & 9 int]national law mu* resemble ord9>y contracts 9 municipal law4 ,= in/ance1 !y c be made only by c]ta9 p]sons--! con/itut$ au?orities ( nations1 or by p]sons specially deput$ by !m = t purpose4 ,a treaty _c obligate to d an unlawful act4 ,!re mu/ be consid]ation --a treaty :i* sacrifices ! int]e/s ( "o p>ty is n b9d+ ^u t p>ty4 ,treaties obta9$ by fraud or =ce are n b9d+4 ,footnote #a3 ,?is f ,woolsey's ,int]national ,law is too good to be omitt$3 ,a contract is "o ( ! highe/ acts ( human free-w2 x is ! w b9d+ itself 9 reg>d to ! future1 & surr5d]+ its "r to *ange express$ int5tion1 s t x becomes morally & jurally a wrong to act o!rwise2 x is ! act ( two p>ties 9 :i* ea* or "o ( ! two conveys p[] ov] himself to ! o!r 9 consid]ation ( some?+2 done or to be done by ! o!r4 ,! b9d+ =ce ( contracts is to be d$uc$ f ! fre$om & =esight ( man1 :i* w\ld h almo/ no sph]e 9 society or p[] ( co-op]ation1 unless tru/ c\ld be excit$4 ,tru/ lies at ! basis ( society2 society is ess5tial = ! developm5t ( ! individual2 ! individual c\ld n develop 8 free =e?\ght unless an ackn[l$g$ obligation made him sure 9 reg>d to ! actions ( o!rs4 ,t nations z well z individuals are b\nd by contract1 w n be d\bt$ :5 we rememb] t !y h ! same prop]ties ( free w & =esight2 t !y c h no safe int]c\rse o!rwise4 ,fur!r simil>ity betwe5 municipal & int]national law is to be se54 ,! m9i/] appo9t$ to negotiate ! treaty is an ag5t1 & 8 "w is subject to ! g5]al law ( ag5cy4 ,?us1 if he acts )9 8 in/ructions1 8 pr9cipal 7! nation7 is b\nd by :at he does1 & ! treaty-mak+ p[] is 9 honor b\nd to ratify ! treaty4 ,f ?is x w prop]ly be inf]r$ t !re is an impli$ und]/&+ t ! sov]eign1 or o!r p[] intru/$ ) ! mak+ ( treaties1 res]ves ! "r to accept or reject ! "w ( ! ag5t4 7,see sample treaty1 page #cfj47 ,rem$y4--,9 municipal law1 rem$y = a wrong is obta9$ ?r\gh ! c\rts1 if p]sonal influ5ce fails4 ,among nations !re is no g5]al c\rt hav+ jurisdiction4 ,if r$ress _c be obta9$ by remon/rance1 arbitration1 or o!r peaceful means1 x may be s\ght ?r\gh retaliation or f9ally 9 w>4 ,,w> ,,relations4 ,int]national law assumes t !re mu/ be w>s & fight+s among nations1 & endeavors to lay d[n rules by :i* !y %all be br\ght )9 ! limits ( ju/ice & humanity4 ,causes4--,a nation may wage w> to def5d any "r :i* z a /ate x is b\nd to protect1 to r$ress wrong1 or to prev5t injury2 = in/ance1 to def5d its own sov]eignty2 to protect a citiz5 9 8 rights2 to obta9 satisfaction = insults to its flag1 its ambassadors1 or its good "n2 = ! violation ( treaty rights2 to prev5t injury1 z by *eck+ ! onw>d m>* ( "s conqu]+ h]o4 ,w> = conque/ is n n[ recogniz$ z legitimate4 ,beg9n+4--,w> betwe5 indep5d5t sov]eignties1 is & ought to be1 an av[$1 op5 way ( obta9+ ju/ice4 ,ev5 among ! anci5ts ann\ncem5ts 7 usually made be=e w> 0 begun4 ,! ,greeks s5t a h]ald to c>ry ! news4 ,among ! ,romans ! c]emonies ( mak+ kn[n ! /ate ( w> 7 v punctili\s4 ,b =mal decl>ations ( w> are n[ fall+ into disuse2 n f any int5tion ( tak+ ! enemy unaw>es1 b because ( ! rapidity ) :i* news is n[ dissem9at$4 ,/ill a /ate is 9 honor b\nd to indicate 9 "s way its *ang$ relation4 ,?is is due to ! enemy1 & j to its own citiz5s & to neutrals1 t !y may "k h[ to act4 ,! enemy is usually in=m$ by ! p]emptory dismissal ( its ambassador2 ! citiz5s & neutrals by a manife/o ( "s k9d4 7,see p4#ced47 ,betwe5 :om4--,w> be+ an int]ruption ( peaceful relations1 comm]ce betwe5 ! citiz5s is at an end--is =bidd54 ,contracts betwe5 !m !n become ei!r impossible 9 _! nature or unlawful1 & !re=e void4 ,! w> is n betwe5 ! individual citiz5s ( ! two c\ntries1 x is betwe5 ! gov]nm5ts & is wag$ by au?oriz$ ag5ts--! soldi]s & sailors enli/$ = ! purpose4 ,! smalle/ am\nt ( injury consi/5t ) self-def5se & ! sad necessity ( w>1 is to be inflict$4 ,passive citiz5s are n unnecess>ily to be mole/$4 ,weapons4--,n all ?+s are fair 9 w>4 ,?\gh +5uity may prop]ly tax itself to produce dea?-deal+ in/rum5ts1 und]h&$ means1 su* z poison+ spr+s or spread+ a plague1 are condemn$2 nor is x n[ reg>d$ z consi/5t ) "r = a civiliz$ nation to employ aga9/ ano!r1 p]sons accu/om$ to an inhuman mode ( w>f>e4 ,h]alds & ,spies4--,h]alds be>+ flags ( truce are inviolable--!y mu/ n be mole/$4 ,spies1 unless 9 _! regim5tals1 are subject to ! dea? p5alty if caught4 ,pirates & ,private]s4--,pirates1 act+ "u no au?ority1 hav+ no purpose to s]ve except to enri* !mselves at ! exp5se ( any "o else1 are n protect$ by any nation1 & may be put to dea? by any "o captur+ !m4 ,b private]s1 act+ z an arm ( ! gov]nm5t & by its au?ority1 grant$ by its lett]s ( m>que & reprisal1 mu/ be treat$ z prison]s ( w>4 ,prison]s ( ,w>4--,prison]s tak5 9 w> 7 =m]ly ! prop]ty ( _! captors1 to be us$ = _! pleasure or pr(it z slaves4 ,mod]n usage requires t !y be m]ely deta9$2 t !y be f$ & %elt]$ ) reasonable com=t1 & n treat$ ) any unnecess>y h>%ness4 ,a common practice1 wor?y ( enc\ragem5t1 is t ( ex*ang+ prison]s1 ?us re/or+ !m to _! own side4 ,sometimes1 too1 prison]s are releas$ on p>ole1 t is1 on _! ^w ( honor n to re-ent] ! army4 ,if a p>ol$ prison] breaks 8 ^w 9 ?is respect1 ^u recapture he is liable to be put to dea?4 ,t]m9ation4--,peace comes by treaty4 ,!re is usually a prelim9>y treaty1 conta9+ ! g5]al /atem5t ( conditions to :i* bo? p>ties w cons5t4 ,:5 all ! details h be5 arrang$1 a def9itive treaty is conclud$4 ,treaties ( peace g into effect z betwe5 ! p>ties1 :5 !y are sign$2 z betwe5 individuals ( ! bellig]5t nations1 :5 !y are notifi$4 ,,rights ,,& ,,obligations ,,( ,,neutrals4 ,:5 int]c\rse betwe5 ! c\ntries ( ! _w 0 small1 ow+ to lack ( facilities1 ! rights ( neutrals 7 reg>d$ z unimportant4 ,b int]c\rse has increas$ s enorm\sly1 t no great w> c be wag$ )\t int]f]+ ) ! int]e/s ( almo/ all ! re/ ( ! _w1 & ! rights ( neutrals are assum+ m importance 9 int]national law4 ,! great obligation re/+ ^u neutrals is to all[ no?+ to ! bellig]5ts :i* ei!r w\ld object to z be+ adv]se to 8 int]e/s4 ,:at ,neutrals may d4--,! common in/9cts ( humanity may be compli$ )4 ,?us a %ip ( w> 9 di/ress may run into a neutral port4 ,soldi]s runn+ into neutral t]ritory may be dis>m$ & !n protect$ z non-combatants4 ,?+s ,contrab&4--,x is a brea* ( neutrality to l5d money or furni% troops or munitions ( w> to a bellig]5t1 or to all[ %ips ( w> to be built by citiz5s ( ! neutral p[] )9 its bord]s1 if x kn[s 7or %\ld "k7 t !y are to be armor$ & us$ 9 ! s]vice ( "o ( ! bellig]5ts4 ,citiz5s ( ,neutral ,/ates4--,memb]s ( a neutral /ate may l5d money to a bellig]5t or may g into ! army or navy ( a bellig]5t )\t brea* ( ! neutrality ( _! nation4 ,!y may sell goods1 except mat]ials ( w>1 to ei!r bellig]5t1 ,blockade4--,a bellig]5t may1 z a w> measure1 close ! ports ( ! enemy4 ,?is is call$ a blockade4 ,two ?+s are necess>y to make a blockade valid--due notice mu/ be giv51 & ! blockade mu/ be made effective by plac+ be=e ! ports arm$ vessels to prev5t ! entrance ( trad+ vessels4 ,if ! conditions h be5 compli$ )1 neutrals trade ) ! port at ! risk ( los+ all captur$ %ips & c>goes4 ,,decl>ation ,,( ,,w>--#ahab4 ,an act decl>+ w> betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&1 & ! dep5d5cies !re(1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica & _! t]ritories4,footnote3 ,drawn by ,william ,p9ckney1 ,attorney ,g5]al ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,be x enact$ by ! ,s5ate & ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica 9 ,congress assembl$1 ,t w> be1 & ! same is h]eby decl>$ to exi/ betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&1 & ! dep5d5cies !re(1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica & _! t]ritories2 & t ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is h]eby au?oriz$ to use ! :ole l& & naval =ce ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to c>ry ! same into effect1 & to issue to private arm$ vessels ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates commissions1 or lett]s ( m>que & g5]al reprisal1 9 su* =m z he %all ?9k prop]1 & "u ! seal ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 aga9/ ! vessels1 goods1 & effects1 ( ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel& & ! subjects !re(4 ,,app5dix ,e4--,,docum5ts4 ,,act ,,au?oriz+ ,a ,,/ate ,,gov]nm5t4 ,pass$ ,febru>y #bf1 #aheg4 ,,section #a4 ,be x enact$ by ! ,s5ate & ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 9 ,congress assembl$1 ,t ! inhabitants ( t portion ( ! ,t]ritory ( ,m9nesota :i* is embrac$ )9 ! foll[+ limits1 to-wit3 beg9n+ at ! po9t 9 ! c5t] ( ! ma9 *annel ( ! ,r$ ,riv] ( ! ,nor?1 :]e ! b\nd>y l9e betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ! ,briti% ,possessions crosses ! same2 !nce up ! ma9 *annel ( said riv] to t ( ! ,bois de ,si\x ,riv]2 !nce up ! ma9 *annel ( said riv] to ,lake ,trav]se2 !nce up ! c5tre ( said lake to ! s\!rn extremity !re(2 !nce 9 a direct l9e to ! head ( ,big ,/one ,lake2 !nce ?r\gh its c5tre to its outlet2 !nce by a due s\? l9e to ! nor? l9e ( ! ,/ate ( ,i[a2 !nce along ! nor!rn b\nd>y ( said /ate to ! ma9 *annel ( ! ,mississippi ,riv]2 !nce up ! ma9 *annel ( said riv]1 & foll[+ ! b\nd>y l9e ( ! ,/ate ( ,wiscons91 until ! same int]sects ! ,/4 ,l\is ,riv]2 !nce d[n ! said riv] to & ?r\gh ,lake ,sup]ior on ! b\nd>y l9e ( ,wiscons9 & ,mi*igan1 until x int]sects ! divid+ l9e betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ! ,briti% ,possessions2 !nce up ,pigeon ,riv] & foll[+ said divid+ l9e to ! place ( beg9n+1 be1 & !y h]eby are au?oriz$ to =m = !mselves a con/itution & /ate gov]nm5t by ! "n ( ! ,/ate ( ,m9nesota1 & to come into ! ,union on an equal foot+ ) ! orig9al /ates1 accord+ to ! f$]al con/itution4 ,,sec4 #b4 ,& be x fur!r enact$1 ,t ! ,/ate ( ,m9nesota %all h concurr5t jurisdiction on ! ,mississippi & all o!r riv]s & wat]s bord]+ on ! said ,/ate ( ,m9nesota1 s f> z ! same %all =m a common b\nd>y to said /ate & any /ate or /ates n[ or h]eaft] to be =m$ or b\nd$ by ! same2 & said riv] or wat]s lead+ into ! same %all be common highways1 & =ev] free1 z well to ! inhabitants ( said /ate z to all o!r citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 )\t any tax1 duty1 impo/1 or toll !re=4 ,,sec4 #c4 ,& be x fur!r enact$1 ,t on ! fir/ ,monday 9 ,june next1 ! legal vot]s 9 ea* repres5tative di/rict !n exi/+ )9 ! limits ( ! propos$ /ate1 are h]eby au?oriz$ to elect two delegates = ea* repres5tative to :i* said di/rict may be entitl$ accord+ to ! apportionm5t = repres5tatives to ! t]ritorial legislature1 :i* election = delegates %all be held & conduct$1 & ! returns made1 9 all respects 9 con=mity ) ! laws ( said t]ritory regulat+ ! election ( repres5tatives2 & ! delegates s elect$ %all assemble at ! capitol ( said t]ritory on ! second ,monday 9 ,july next1 & fir/ det]m9e by a vote :e!r x is ! wi% ( ! p ( ! propos$ /ate to be admitt$ into ! ,union at t "t2 & if s1 %all proce$ to =m a con/itution1 & take all necess>y /eps = ! e/abli%m5t ( a /ate gov]nm5t1 9 con=mity ) ! f$]al con/itution1 subject to ! approval & ratification ( ! p ( ! propos$ /ate4 ,,sec #d4 ,& be x fur!r enact$1 ,t 9 ! ev5t said conv5tion %all decide 9 favor ( ! imm$iate admission ( ! propos$ /ate into ! ,union1 x %all be ! duty ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates m>%al = said t]ritory to proce$ to take a c5sus or enum]ation ( ! inhabitants )9 ! limits ( ! propos$ /ate1 "u su* rules & regulations z %all be prescrib$ by ! ,secret>y ( ! ,int]ior1 ) a view ( asc]ta9+ ! numb] ( repres5tatives to :i* said /ate may be entitl$ 9 ! ,congress ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,& said /ate %all be entitl$ to "o repres5tative1 & su* additional repres5tatives z ! population ( ! /ate %all1 accord+ to ! c5sus1 %[ x w\ld be entitl$ to accord+ to ! pres5t ratio ( repres5tation4 ,,sec #e4 ,& be x fur!r enact$1 ,t ! foll[+ propositions be1 & ! same are h]eby (f]$ to ! said conv5tion ( ! p ( ,m9nesota = _! free acceptance or rejection1 :i*1 if accept$ by ! conv5tion1 %all be obligatory on ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ^u ! said ,/ate ( ,m9nesota1 to-wit4 ,fir/--,t sections numb]$ sixte5 & ?irty-six 9 e t[n%ip ( public l&s 9 said /ate1 & :]e ei!r ( said sections1 or any "p !re(1 has be5 sold or o!rwise dispos$ (1 o!r l&s1 equival5t !reto1 & z contigu\s z may be1 %all be grant$ to said /ate = ! use ( s*ools4 ,second--,t sev5ty-two sections ( l& %all be set ap>t & res]v$ = ! use & support ( a /ate univ]sity1 to be select$ by ! ,gov]nor ( said /ate1 subject to ! approval ( ! ,commission] ( ! ,g5]al ,l& ,(fice1 & to be appropriat$ & appli$ 9 su* mann] z ! legislature ( said /ate may prescribe1 = ! purpose a=esaid1 b = no o!r purpose4 ,?ird--,t5 entire sections ( l& to be select$ by ! ,gov]nor ( said /ate1 9 legal sub-divisions1 %all be grant$ to said /ate = ! purpose ( complet+ ! public build+s1 or = ! erection ( o!rs at ! seat ( gov]nm5t1 "u ! direction ( ! legislature !re(4 ,f\r?--,t all salt spr+s )9 said /ate1 n exce$+ twelve 9 numb]1 ) six sections ( l& adjo9+ or z contigu\s z may be to ea*1 %all be grant$ to said /ate = its use1 & ! same to be select$ by ! ,gov]nor !re( )9 "o ye> aft] ! admission ( said /ate1 &1 :5 s select$1 to be us$ or dispos$ ( on su* t]ms1 conditions & regulations z ! legislature %all direct1 provid$1 t no salt spr+ or l&1 ! "r :]e( is n[ ve/$ 9 any individual or individuals1 or :i* may be h]eaft] confirm$ or adjudg$ to any individual or individuals1 %all by ?is article be grant$ to said /ate4 ,fif?--,t five p] c5tum ( ! net proce$s ( sales ( all public l&s ly+ )9 said /ate1 :i* %all be sold by ,congress aft] ! admission ( said /ate into ! ,union1 aft] d$uct+ all ! exp5ses incid5t to ! same1 %all be paid to said /ate = ! purpose ( mak+ public roads & int]nal improvem5ts1 z ! legislature %all direct1 provid$1 ! =ego+ propositions h]e9 (f]$1 are on ! condition t ! said conv5tion :i* %all =m ! con/itution ( said /ate1 %all provide1 by a clause 9 said con/itution1 or an ord9ance1 unrevocable )\t ! cons5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 t said /ate %all nev] int]f]e ) ! prim>y disposal ( ! soil )9 ! same by ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or ) any regulations ,congress may f9d necess>y = secur+ ! title 9 said soil to bona fide pur*as]s !re(2 & t no tax %all be impos$ on l&s belong+ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & t 9 no case %all non-resid5t proprietors be tax$ high] ?an resid5ts4 ,,act ,,admitt+ ,,m9nesota ,,into ,,! ,,union4 ,pass$ ,may #aa1 #aheh4 ,:]eas1 an act ( ,congress 0 pass$ ,febru>y tw5ty-six?1 eighte5 hundr$ & fifty-sev51 entitl$ ,an act to au?orize ! p ( ! ,t]ritory ( ,m9nesota to =m a con/itution & /ate gov]nm5t prep>atory to _! admission into ! ,union on an equal foot+ ) ! orig9al /ates2 & :]eas1 ! p ( said t]ritory did1 on ! tw5ty-n9? day ( ,augu/1 eighte5 hundr$ & fifty-sev51 by delegates elect$ = t purpose1 =m = !mselves a con/itution & /ate gov]nm5t1 :i* is republican 9 =m1 & 0 ratifi$ & adopt$ by ! p at an election held on ! ?irte5? day ( ,octob]1 eighte5 hundr$ & fifty-sev51 = t purpose2 !re=e1 ,be x enact$ by ! ,s5ate & ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica 9 ,congress assembl$1 ,t ! ,/ate ( ,m9nesota %all be "o1 & is h]eby decl>$ to be "o ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 & admitt$ into ! ,union on an equal foot+ ) ! orig9al /ates1 9 all respects :atev]4 ,,sec4 #b4 ,& be x fur!r enact$1 ,t said /ate %all be entitl$ to two repres5tatives 9 ,congress1 until ! next apportionm5t ( repres5tatives among/ ! sev]al /ates4 ,,sec4 #c4 ,& be x fur!r enact$1 ,t f & aft] ! admission ( ! ,/ate ( ,m9nesota1 z h]e9be=e provid$1 all ! laws ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :i* are n locally inapplicable1 %all h ! same =ce & effect )9 t /ate z 9 o!r /ates ( ! ,union2 & ! said /ate is h]eby con/itut$ a judicial di/rict ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 )9 :i* a di/rict c\rt ) ! l p[]s & jurisdiction z ! di/rict c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates = ! di/rict ( ,i[a1 %all be e/abli%$2 ! judge1 attorney & m>%al ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates = ! said di/rict ( ,m9nesota1 %all reside )9 ! same1 & %all be entitl$ to ! same comp5sation z ! judge1 attorney & m>%al ( ! di/rict ( ,i[a2 & 9 all cases ( appeal or writ ( error h]et(ore prosecut$ & n[ p5d+ 9 ! supreme c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ^u any record f ! supreme c\rt ( ,m9nesota ,t]ritory1 ! m&ate ( execution or ord] ( fur!r proce$+s %all be direct$ by ! supreme c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to ! di/rict c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates = ! di/rict ( ,m9nesota1 or to ! supreme c\rt ( ! ,/ate ( ,m9nesota1 z ! nature ( su* appeal or writ ( error may require2 & ea* ( ^? c\rts %all be ! successor ( ! supreme c\rt ( ,m9nesota ,t]ritory1 z to all su* cases1 ) full p[] to he> & det]m9e ! same1 & to aw>d mesne or f9al process !re94 ,,re/oration ,,( ,,t5nessee ,,to ,,! ,,union1 #ahff4 7,?irty-n9? ,congress1 ,fir/ ,session47 ,jo9t resolution re/or+ ,t5nessee to h] relations to ! ,union4 ,:]eas1 9 ! ye> eighte5 hundr$ & sixty-"o1 ! gov]nm5t ( ! /ate ( ,t5nessee 0 seiz$ ^u & tak5 possession ( by p]sons 9 ho/ility to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ! inhabitants ( ! /ate 9 pursuance ( an act ( ,congress1 7 decl>$ to be 9 a /ate ( insurrection aga9/ ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 & :]eas1 said /ate gov]nm5t c only be re/or$ to its =m] political relations 9 ! ,union by cons5t ( ! law-mak+ p[] ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 & :]eas1 ! p ( said /ate did on ! tw5ty-second day ( ,febru>y1 eighte5 hundr$ & sixty-five1 by a l>ge popul> vote1 adopt & ratify a con/itution ( gov]nm5t :]eby slav]y 0 aboli%$1 & all ord9ances & laws ( secession & debts contract$ "u ! same 7 decl>$ void2 & :]eas a /ate gov]nm5t has be5 organiz$ "u said con/itution :i* has ratifi$ ! am5dm5t to ! con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates aboli%+ slav]y1 also ! am5dm5t propos$ by ! ?irty-n9? ,congress1 & has done o!r acts proclaim+ & d5ot+ loyalty2 ,!re=e1 ,be x resolv$ by ! ,s5ate & ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica 9 ,congress assembl$1 ,t ! /ate ( ,t5nessee is h]eby re/or$ to h] =m] prop]1 practical relations to ! ,union1 & is aga9 entitl$ to be repres5t$ by s5ators & repres5tatives 9 ,congress4 ,approv$1 ,july #bd1ahff4 ,,! ,,meckl5burgh ,,resolutions--#agge4 ,i4 ,resolv$1 ,t :osoev] directly or indirectly abets1 or 9 any way1 =m1 or mann] c\nt5ances ! un*>t]$ & dang]\s invasion ( our rights1 z claim$ by ,great ,brita91 is an enemy to ?is c\ntry1 to ,am]ica1 & to ! inh]5t & inali5able rights ( man4 ,,ii4 ,resolv$1 ,t we d h]eby decl>e ourselves a free & indep5d5t p2 are1 & ( "r ought to be a sov]eign & self-gov]n+ association1 "u ! control ( no p[]1 o!r ?an t ( our ,god & ! g5]al gov]nm5t ( ! congress3 ,to ! ma9ta9ance ( :i* indep5d5ce we solemnly pl$ge to ea* o!r our mutual co-op]ation1 our lives1 our =tunes1 & our mo/ sacr$ honor4 ,,iii4 ,resolv$1 ,t z we ackn[l$ge ! exi/5ce & control ( no law or legal (fic]1 civil or milit>y1 )9 ?is c\nty1 we d h]eby orda9 & adopt z a rule ( life1 all1 ea*1 & e "o ( our =m] laws1 :]e91 nev]!less1 ! cr[n ( ,great ,brita9 nev] c be consid]$ z hold+ rights1 privileges1 or au?orities !re94 ,,iv4 ,resolv$1 ,t all1 ea*1 & e milit>y (fic] 9 ?is c\nty is h]eby re9/at$ 9 8 =m] comm& & au?ority1 he act+ con=mably to _! regulations1 & t e memb] pres5t ( ?is delegation1 %all h5ce=? be a civil (fic]1 viz42 a ju/ice ( ! peace1 9 ! "* ( a committee man1 to issue process1 he> & det]m9e all matt]s ( controv]sy1 accord+ to said adopt$ laws1 & to pres]ve peace1 union1 & h>mony 9 said c\nty1 to use e ex]tion to spread ! love ( c\ntry & fire ( fre$om ?r\gh\t ,am]ica1 until a m g5]al & organiz$ gov]nm5t be e/abli%$ 9 ?is prov9ce4 ,,abraham ,,alex&]1 ,*airman4 ,,john ,,mcknitt ,,alex&]1 ,secret>y4 ,,note4--,?is decl>ation ( indep5d5ce 7) a supplem5t>y set ( resolutions e/abli%+ a =m ( gov]nm5t7 0 adopt$ by a conv5tion ( delegates f diff]5t sections ( ,meckl5burgh c\nty1 :i* assembl$ at ,*>lotte1 ,may #bj1 #agge4 ,,agreem5t ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,settl]s ,,at ,,new ,,plym\?4 ,9 ! "n ( ,god1 am54 ,we1 ^: names are und]writt51 ! loyal subjects ( our dread ,sov]eign ,"l ,k+ ,james1 by ! grace ( ,god1 ( ,great ,brita91 ,france1 & ,irel&1 ,k+1 ,def5d] ( ! ,fai?1 c4 ,hav+ und]tak5 = ! glory ( ,god1 & advancem5t ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 & ! hon\r ( our k+ & c\ntry1 a voyage to plant ! fir/ colony 9 ! nor!rn p>ts ( ,virg9ia2 ,d by ^! pres5ts1 solemnly & mutually1 9 ! pres5ce ( ,god & "o ano!r1 cov5ant & comb9e ourselves toge!r into a civil body politick1 = our bett] ord]+ & pres]vation1 & fur!rance ( ! ends a=esaid4 ,& by virtue h]e( d enact1 con/itute & frame1 su* j & equal laws1 ord9ances1 acts1 con/itutions1 & (fic]s1 f "t to "t1 z %all be ?\ght mo/ meet & conv5i5t = ! g5]al good ( ! colony1 unto :i* we promise all due submission & ob$i5ce4 ,9 witness :]e( we h h]eunto subscrib$ our names at ,cape ,cod ! elev5? ( ,novemb]1 9 ! reign ( our ,sov]eign ,"l ,k+ ,james1 ( ,engl&1 ,france1 & ,irel&1 ! eighte5?1 & ( ,scotl&1 ! fifty-f\r?1 anno dom9i1 #afbj4 ,john ,c>v]1 ,samuel ,full]1 ,edw>d ,tilly1 ,william ,brad=d1 ,*ri/oph] ,m>t91 ,john ,tilly1 ,edw>d ,w9sl[1 ,william ,mull9s1 ,francis ,cooke1 ,william ,brew/]1 ,william ,:ite1 ,?omas ,rog]s1 ,isaac ,all]ton1 ,ri*>d ,w>r51 ,?omas ,t9k]1 ,miles ,/&i%1 ,john ,h[l&1 ,john ,ridgdale1 ,john ,ald51 ,/ev5 ,hopk9s1 ,edw>d ,full]1 ,john ,turn]1 ,dig]y ,prie/1 ,ri*>d ,cl>k1 ,francis ,eaton1 ,?omas ,williams1 ,ri*>d ,g>d9]1 ,james ,*ilton1 ,gilb]t ,w9sl[1 ,john ,all]ton1 ,john ,craxton1 ,edmund ,m>gesson1 ,?omas ,engli%1 ,john ,bill+ton1 ,pet] ,br[n1 ,edw>d ,dot51 ,joses ,flet*]1 ,ri*>d ,bitt]idge1 ,edw>d ,lie/]1 ,john ,goodman1 ,george ,s\le4 ,,note4--,! ,pilgrims :o l&$ at ,plym\? _h procur$ be=e leav+ ,europe a grant ( l& f ! ,london or ,s\? ,virg9ia ,company1 b _h subsequ5tly decid$ to e/abli% a colony 9 ,new ,engl&4 ,be=e leav+ ! %ip :i* _h br\ght !m across ! ,atlantic !y drew up ?is compact4 ,!y obta9$ sev]al successive lett]s pat5t f ! ,plym\? ,company1 b none ( !m 7 confirm$ by ! cr[n1 & 9 #afia ! ,plym\? colony 0 annex$ to ,massa*usetts ,bay4 ,,texas ,,decl>ation ,,( ,,indep5d5ce--#ahcf4 ,:]eas1 ,g5]al ,antonio ,lopez de ,santa ,anna & o!r milit>y *iefta9s h1 by =ce ( arms1 ov]?r[n ! f$]al in/itutions ( ,mexico1 & dissolv$ ! social compact :i* exi/$ betwe5 ,texas & ! o!r memb]s ( ! ,mexican ,conf$]acy1--,n[1 ! good p ( ,texas1 avail+ !mselves ( _! natural rights1 solemnly decl>e3 #a/4 ,t !y h tak5 up arms 9 def5se ( _! rights & lib]ties1 :i* 7 ?reat5$ by ! encroa*m5ts ( milit>y despots1 & 9 def5se ( ! republican pr9ciples ( ! f$]al con/itution ( ,mexico ( eighte5 hundr$ & tw5ty-f\r4 #bnd4 ,t ,texas is no long]1 morally or civilly1 b\nd by ! compact ( union2 yet1 /imulat$ by ! g5]osity & sympa?y common to a free p1 !y (f] _! support & assi/ance to su* ( ! memb]s ( ! ,mexican ,conf$]acy z w take up arms aga9/ milit>y despotism4 #c;d4 ,t !y d n ackn[l$ge t ! pres5t au?orities ( ! nom9al ,mexican ,republic h ! "r to gov]n )9 ! limits ( ,texas4 #e?4 ,t !y hold x to be _! "r1 dur+ ! disorganization ( ! f$]al sy/em & ! reign ( despotism1 to )draw f ! union1 to e/abli% an indep5d5t gov]nm5t1 or to adopt su* measures z !y may deem be/ calculat$ to protect _! rights & lib]ties1 b t !y w cont9ue fai?ful to ! ,mexican gov]nm5t s long z t nation is gov]n$ by ! con/itution & laws t 7 =m$ = ! gov]nm5t ( ! political association4 #f?4 ,t ,texas is responsible = ! exp5ses ( h] armies n[ 9 ! field4 #g?4 ,t ! public fai? ( ,texas is pl$g$ = ! paym5t ( any debts contract$ by h] ag5ts4 #h?4 ,t %e w rew>d by donations 9 l&1 all :o volunte] _! s]vices 9 h] pres5t /ruggle1 & receive !m z citiz5s4 ,^! decl>ations we solemnly av[ to ! _w1 & call ,god to witness _! tru? & s9c]ity2 & invoke defeat & disgrace ^u our heads1 %\ld1 we prove guilty ( duplicity4 ,,ri*>d ,,ellis1 ,presid5t4 ,a4,h4,s4 ,,kimble1 ,secret>y4 ,,treaty ,,) ,,great ,,brita9--#ahdf4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica & ,h] ,maje/y ! ,que5 ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&1 deem+ x to be desirable = ! future welf>e ( bo? c\ntries t ! /ate ( d\bt & unc]ta9ty :i* has hi!rto prevail$ respect+ ! sov]eignty & gov]nm5t ( ! t]ritory on ! nor?we/ coa/ ( ,am]ica1 ly+ we/w>d ( ! ,rocky or ,/ony ,m\nta9s1 %\ld be f9ally t]m9at$ by an amicable compromise ( ! rights mutually ass]t$ by ! two p>ties ov] ! said t]ritory1 h respectively nam$ pl5ipot5t>ies to treat & agree conc]n+ ! t]ms ( su* settlem5t1 t is to say3 ,! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica has1 on 8 "p1 furni%$ ) full p[]s ,james ,bu*anan1 ,secret>y ( ,/ate ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ,h] ,maje/y ! ,que5 ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&1 has1 on h] "p1 appo9t$ ! ,"r ,honorable ,ri*>d ,p>k5ham1 a memb] ( ,h] ,maje/y's ,mo/ ,honorable ,privy ,c\ncil1 & ,h] ,maje/y's ,envoy ,extraord9>y & ,m9i/] ,pl5ipot5ti>y to ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 ,:o aft] hav+ communicat$ to ea* o!r _! respective full p[]s1 f\nd 9 good & due =m1 h agre$ ^u & conclud$ ! foll[+ articles3 ,,article ,i4 ,f ! po9t on ! =ty-n9? p>allel ( nor? latitude1 :]e ! b\nd>y laid d[n 9 exi/+ treaties & conv5tions betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,great ,brita9 t]m9ates1 ! l9e ( b\nd>y betwe5 ! t]ritories ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ^? ( ,h] ,brittanic ,maje/y %all be cont9u$ we/w>d along ! said =ty-n9? p>allel ( nor? latitude to ! middle ( ! *annel :i* sep>ates ! cont95t f ,vanc\v]'s ,isl&1 & !nce s\!rly ?r\gh ! middle ( ! said *annel1 & ( ,fuca's ,/raits1 to ! ,pacific ,ocean3 ,provid$1 h[ev]1 ,t ! navigation ( ! :ole ( ! said *annel & /raits1 s\? ( ! =ty-n9? p>allel ( nor? latitude1 rema9 free & op5 to bo? p>ties4 ,,article ,,ii4 ,f ! po9t at :i* ! =ty-n9? p>allel ( nor? latitude %all be f\nd to int]sect ! great nor!rn bran* ( ! ,columbia ,riv]1 ! navigation ( ! said bran* %all be free & op5 to ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company1 & to all ,briti% subjects trad+ ) ! same1 to ! po9t :]e ! said bran* meets ! ma9 /ream ( ! ,columbia1 & !nce d[n ! said ma9 /ream to ! ocean1 ) free access into & ?r\gh ! said riv] or riv]s1 x be+ und]/ood t all ! usual portages along ! l9e ?us describ$ %all1 9 l mann]1 be free & op54 ,9 navigat+ ! said riv] or riv]s1 ,briti% subjects1 ) _! goods & produce1 %all be treat$ on ! same foot+ z citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 x be+1 h[ev]1 always und]/ood t no?+ 9 ?is article %all be con/ru$ z prev5t+1 or int5d$ to prev5t1 ! ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates f mak+ any regulations respect+ ! navigation ( ! said riv] or riv]s n inconsi/5t ) ! pres5t treaty4 ,,article ,,iii4 ,9 ! future appropriation ( ! t]ritory s\? ( ! =ty-n9? p>allel ( nor? latitude1 z provid$ 9 ! fir/ article ( ?is treaty1 ! possessory rights ( ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company1 & ( all ,briti% subjects :o may be already 9 ! occupation ( l& or o!r prop]ty lawfully acquir$ )9 ! said t]ritory1 %all be respect$4 ,,article ,,iv4 ,! f>ms1 l&s1 & o!r prop]ty ( e description belong+ to ! ,puget's ,s\nd ,agricultural ,company1 on ! nor? side ( ! ,columbia ,riv]1 %all be confirm$ to ! said company4 ,9 case1 h[ev]1 ! situation ( ^? f>ms & l&s %\ld be consid]$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates to be ( public & political importance1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t %\ld signify a desire to obta9 possession ( ! :ole1 or ( any "p !re(1 ! prop]ty s requir$ %all be transf]r$ to ! said ,gov]nm5t1 at a prop] valuation1 to be agre$ ^u betwe5 ! p>ties4 ,,article ,v4 ,! pres5t treaty %all be ratifi$ by ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 by & ) ! advice & cons5t ( ! ,s5ate !re(1 & by ,h] ,brittanic ,maje/y2 & ! ratifications %all be ex*ang$ at ,london1 at ! expiration ( six mon?s f ! date h]e(1 or soon] if possible4 ,9 witness :]e( ! respective pl5ipot5ti>ies h sign$ ! same1 & h affix$ !reto ! seals ( _! arms4 ,done at ,wa%+ton ! fifte5? day ( ,june1 9 ! ye> ( our ,"l "o ?\s& eight hundr$ & =ty-six4 ,,james ,,bu*anan4 ,l4,s4 ,,ri*>d ,,p>k5ham4 ,l4,s4 ,,note4--,?is treaty 0 conclud$ at ,wa%+ton1 ,june #ae1 #ahdf1 ratifications 7 ex*ang$ ,july #ag1 #ahdf1 & x 0 proclaim$ ,aug4 #e1ahdf4 ,,emancipation ,,proclamation4 ,:]eas on ! tw5ty-second day ( ,septemb]1 9 ! ye> ( our ,"l "o ?\s& eight hundr$ & sixty two1 a proclamation 0 issu$ by ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 conta9+1 among o!r ?+s1 ! foll[+1 to-wit3 ,t on ! fir/ day ( ,janu>y1 9 ! ye> ( our ,"l "o ?\s& eight hundr$ & sixty-?ree1 all p]sons held z slaves )9 any ,/ate1 or designat$ "p ( a ,/ate1 ! p :]e( %all !n be 9 rebellion aga9/ ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 %all be !n1 !nce=w>d1 & =ev] free2 & ! ,executive ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 includ+ ! milit>y & naval au?ority !re(1 w recognize & ma9ta9 ! fre$om ( su* p]sons1 & w d no act or acts to repress su* p]sons1 or any ( !m1 9 any ef=ts !y may make = _! actual fre$om4 ,t ! ,executive w1 on ! fir/ day ( ,janu>y a=esaid1 by proclamation1 designate ! ,/ates & p>ts ( ,/ates1 if any1 9 :i* ! p !re(1 respectively1 %all !n be 9 rebellion aga9/ ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 & ! fact t any ,/ate1 or ! p !re(1 %all on t day be 9 good fai? repres5t$ 9 ! ,congress ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 by memb]s *os5 !reto at elections :]e9 a majority ( ! qualifi$ vot]s ( su* /ate %all h p>ticipat$1 %all1 9 ! abs5ce ( /rong c\nt]vail+ te/imony1 be deem$ conclusive evid5ce t su* ,/ate1 & ! p !re(1 are n !n 9 rebellion aga9/ ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,n[1 !re=e1 ,i1 ,abraham ,l9coln1 ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 by virtue ( ! p[] 9 me ve/$ z ,comm&]-9-,*ief ( ! ,army & ,navy ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 "t ( actual arm$ rebellion aga9/ ! au?ority & ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & z a fit & necess>y w> measure = suppress+ said rebellion1 d1 on ?is fir/ day ( ,janu>y1 9 ! ye> ( our ,"l "o ?\s& eight hundr$ & sixty-?ree1 & 9 accordance ) my purpose s to d1 publicly proclaim$ = ! full p]iod ( "o hundr$ days1 f ! day fir/ above m5tion$1 ord] & designate z ! ,/ates & p>ts ( ,/ates :]e91 ! p !re( respectively are ?is day 9 rebellion aga9/ ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! foll[+1 to-wit3 ,arkansas1 ,texas1 ,l\isiana 7except ! p>i%es ( ,/4 ,b]n>d1 ,plaquem9os1 ,jeff]son1 ,/4 ,john1 ,/4 ,*>les1 ,/4 ,james1 ,asc5sion1 ,assumption1 ,t]re ,bonne1 ,laf\r*e1 ,/e4 ,m>ie1 ,/4 ,m>t91 & ,orleans1 includ+ ! city ( ,new ,orleans71 ,mississippi1 ,alabama1 ,florida1 ,georgia1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 & ,virg9ia1 7except ! =ty-eight c\nties designat$ z ,we/ ,virg9ia1 & also ! c\nties ( ,b]keley1 ,accomac1 ,nor?ampton1 ,elizabe? ,city1 ,york1 ,pr9cess ,ann1 & ,norfolk1 includ+ ! cities ( ,norfolk & ,portsm\?71 & :i* except$ p>ts are = ! pres5t left precisely z if ?is proclamation 7 n issu$4 ,& by virtue ( ! p[] & = ! purpose a=esaid1 ,i d ord] & decl>e t all p]sons held z slaves )9 said designat$ ,/ates & p>ts ( ,/ates are & h5ce=w>d %all be free2 & t ! ,executive ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 includ+ ! milit>y & naval au?orities !re(1 w recognize & ma9ta9 ! fre$om ( said p]sons4 ,& ,i h]eby enjo9 ^u ! p s decl>$ to be free to ab/a9 f all viol5ce1 unless 9 necess>y self-def5se2 & ,i recomm5d to !m t1 9 all cases :5 all[$1 !y labor fai?fully = reasonable wages4 ,& ,i fur!r decl>e & make kn[n t su* p]sons1 ( suitable condition1 w be receiv$ into ! arm$ s]vice ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to g>rison =ts1 positions1 /ations1 & o!r places1 & to man vessels ( all sorts 9 said s]vice4 ,& ^u ?is act1 s9c]ely believ$ to be an act ( ju/ice1 w>rant$ by ! ,con/itution ^u milit>y necessity1 ,i invoke ! consid]ate judgm5t ( mank9d1 & ! graci\s favor ( ,almighty ,god4 ,9 te/imony :]e( ,i h h]eunto set my "n & caus$ ! seal ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to be affix$4 ,done at ! city ( ,wa%+ton ?is fir/ day ( ,janu>y1 9 ! ye> ( our ,"l "o ?\s& eight hundr$ & sixty-?ree1 & ( ! indep5d5ce ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! eighty-sev5?4 ,sid5ote3 ,l4,s4 ,,abraham ,,l9coln4 ,by ! ,presid5t3 ,,william ,h4 ,,sew>d1 ,secret>y ( ,/ate4