,,! ,,essays ,,( ,,ar?ur ,,s*op5hau]3 ,,/udies ,,9 ,,pessimism ,,translat$ ,,by ,t4 ,,bailey ,,saund]s1 ,m4,a4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,on ,,! ,,suff]+s ,,( ,,! ,,_w ,,on ,,! ,,vanity ,,( ,,exi/5ce ,,on ,,suicide ,,immortality3 ,a ,,dialogue ,,psy*ological ,,obs]vations ,,on ,,education ,,( ,,wom5 ,,on ,,noise ,a ,,few ,,p>ables ,,note4 ,! ,essays "h pres5t$ =m a fur!r selection f ,s*op5hau]'s ,p>]ga1 br\ght toge!r "u a title :i* is n to be f\nd 9 ! orig9al1 & does n claim to apply to e *apt] 9 ! volume4 ,! fir/ essay is1 9 ! ma91 a r5d]+ ( ! philosoph]'s rem>ks "u ! head+ ( ,na*trge zur ,lehre vom ,leid5 d] ,welt1 toge!r ) c]ta9 p>ts ( ano!r section entitl$ ,na*trge zur ,lehre von d] ,bejahung und ,v]ne9ung des ,will5s zum ,leb54 ,su* omissions z ,i h made are direct$ *iefly by ! desire to avoid repeat+ argum5ts already famili> to read]s ( ! o!r volumes 9 ?is s]ies4 ,! ,dialogue on ,immortality sums up views express$ at l5g? 9 ! philosoph]'s *ief "w1 & treat$ aga9 9 ! ,p>]ga4 ,! ,psy*ological ,obs]vations 9 ?is & ! previ\s volume practically exhau/ ! *apt] ( ! orig9al :i* be>s ?is title4 ,! essay on ,wom5 mu/ n be tak5 9 je/4 ,x expresses ,s*op5hau]'s s]i\s convictions2 &1 z a p5etrat+ obs]v] ( ! faults ( humanity1 he may be all[$ a he>+ on a "q :i* is j n[ receiv+ a good deal ( att5tion among u4 ,t4,b4,s4 ,,on ,,! ,,suff]+s ,,( ,,! ,,_w4 ,unless suff]+ is ! direct & imm$iate object ( life1 our exi/5ce mu/ entirely fail ( its aim4 ,x is absurd to look ^u ! enorm\s am\nt ( pa9 t ab\nds ev]y:]e 9 ! _w1 & orig9ates 9 ne$s & necessities insep>able f life itself1 z s]v+ no purpose at all & ! result ( m]e *ance4 ,ea* sep>ate mis=tune1 z x comes1 seems1 no d\bt1 to be some?+ exceptional2 b mis=tune 9 g5]al is ! rule4 ,i "k ( no great] absurdity ?an t prop\nd$ by mo/ sy/ems ( philosophy 9 decl>+ evil to be negative 9 its "*4 ,evil is j :at is positive2 x makes its own exi/5ce felt4 ,leibnitz is p>ticul>ly conc]n$ to def5d ?is absurdity2 & he seeks to /r5g!n 8 position by us+ a palpable & paltry sophism4#a ,x is ! good :i* is negative2 9 o!r words1 happ9ess & satisfaction always imply "s desire fulfill$1 "s /ate ( pa9 br\ght to an end4 ,footnote #a3 ,translator's ,note1 cf4 ,?od1 #aec4--,leibnitz argu$ t evil is a negative quality--i4e41 ! abs5ce ( good2 & t its active & seem+ly positive "* is an incid5tal & n an ess5tial "p ( its nature4 ,cold1 he said1 is only ! abs5ce ( ! p[] ( heat1 & ! active p[] ( expansion 9 freez+ wat] is an incid5tal & n an ess5tial "p ( ! nature ( cold4 ,! fact is1 t ! p[] ( expansion 9 freez+ wat] is really an increase ( repulsion among/ its molecules2 & ,s*op5hau] is q "r 9 call+ ! :ole argum5t a sophism4 ,?is expla9s ! fact t we g5]ally f9d pleasure to be n ne>ly s pleasant z we expect$1 & pa9 v mu* m pa9ful4 ,! pleasure 9 ?is _w1 x has be5 said1 outweighs ! pa92 or1 at any rate1 !re is an ev5 balance betwe5 ! two4 ,if ! read] wi%es to see %ortly :e!r ?is /atem5t is true1 let him comp>e ! respective feel+s ( two animals1 "o ( :i* is engag$ 9 eat+ ! o!r4 ,! be/ consolation 9 mis=tune or affliction ( any k9d w be ! ?\ght ( o!r p :o are 9 a /ill worse plight ?an y\rself2 & ?is is a =m ( consolation op5 to e "o4 ,b :at an awful fate ?is means = mank9d z a :ole6 ,we are l lambs 9 a field1 disport+ !mselves "u ! eye ( ! but*]1 :o *ooses out fir/ "o & !n ano!r = 8 prey4 ,s x is t 9 our good days we are all unconsci\s ( ! evil ,fate may h pres5tly 9 /ore = u--sickness1 pov]ty1 mutilation1 loss ( sight or reason4 ,no little "p ( ! torm5t ( exi/5ce lies 9 ?is1 t ,"t is cont9ually press+ ^u u1 nev] lett+ u take brea?1 b always com+ aft] u1 l a taskma/] ) a :ip4 ,if at any mom5t ,"t /ays 8 h&1 x is only :5 we are deliv]$ ov] to ! mis]y ( bor$om4 ,b mis=tune has its uses2 =1 z our bodily frame w\ld bur/ asund] if ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e 0 remov$1 s1 if ! lives ( m5 7 reliev$ ( all ne$1 h>d%ip & adv]sity2 if ev]y?+ !y took 9 h& 7 successful1 !y w\ld be s swoll5 ) arrogance t1 ?\gh !y might n bur/1 !y w\ld pres5t ! spectacle ( unbridl$ folly--nay1 !y w\ld g mad4 ,& ,i may say1 fur!r1 t a c]ta9 am\nt ( c>e or pa9 or tr\ble is necess>y = e man at all times4 ,a %ip )\t balla/ is un/able & w n g /raight4 ,c]ta9 x is t "w1 worry1 labor & tr\ble1 =m ! lot ( almo/ all m5 _! :ole life long4 ,b if all wi%es 7 fulfill$ z soon z !y arose1 h[ w\ld m5 occupy _! lives8 :at w\ld !y d ) _! "t8 ,if ! _w 7 a p>adise ( luxury & ease1 a l& fl[+ ) milk & honey1 :]e e ,jack obta9$ 8 ,jill at once & )\t any difficulty1 m5 w\ld ei!r die ( bor$om or hang !mselves2 or !re w\ld be w>s1 massacres1 & murd]s2 s t 9 ! end mank9d w\ld inflict m suff]+ on itself ?an x has n[ to accept at ! h&s ( ,nature4 ,9 e>ly y\?1 z we contemplate our com+ life1 we are l *ildr5 9 a !atre be=e ! curta9 is rais$1 sitt+ !re 9 high spirits & eag]ly wait+ = ! play to beg94 ,x is a bless+ t we d n "k :at is really go+ to happ54 ,c\ld we =esee x1 !re are times :5 *ildr5 might seem l innoc5t prison]s1 condemn$1 n to dea?1 b to life1 & z yet all unconsci\s ( :at _! s5t5ce means4 ,nev]!less1 e man desires to rea* old age2 9 o!r words1 a /ate ( life ( :i* x may be said3 ,x is bad to-day1 & x w be worse to-morr[2 & s on till ! wor/ ( all4 ,if y try to imag9e1 z ne>ly z y c1 :at an am\nt ( mis]y1 pa9 & suff]+ ( e k9d ! sun %9es ^u 9 its c\rse1 y w admit t x w\ld be mu* bett] if1 on ! e>? z little z on ! moon1 ! sun 7 able to call =? ! ph5om5a ( life2 & if1 "h z !re1 ! surface 7 /ill 9 a cry/all9e /ate4 ,aga91 y may look ^u life z an unpr(itable episode1 di/urb+ ! bless$ calm ( non-exi/5ce4 ,&1 9 any case1 ev5 ?\gh ?+s h gone ) y tol]ably well1 ! long] y live ! m cle>ly y w feel t1 on ! :ole1 life is a disappo9tm5t1 nay1 a *eat4 ,if two m5 :o 7 fri5ds 9 _! y\? meet aga9 :5 !y are old1 aft] be+ sep>at$ = a life-"t1 ! *ief feel+ !y w h at ! sight ( ea* o!r w be "o ( complete disappo9tm5t at life z a :ole2 because _! ?\ghts w be c>ri$ back to t e>li] "t :5 life seem$ s fair z x lay spread out be=e !m 9 ! rosy light ( dawn1 promis$ s mu*--& !n p]=m$ s little4 ,?is feel+ w s completely pr$om9ate ov] e o!r t !y w n ev5 consid] x necess>y to give x words2 b on ei!r side x w be sil5tly assum$1 & =m ! gr\nd-"w ( all !y h to talk ab\t4 ,he :o lives to see two or ?ree g5]ations is l a man :o sits "s "t 9 ! conjur]'s boo? at a fair1 & witnesses ! p]=mance twice or ?rice 9 succession4 ,! tricks 7 meant to be se5 only once2 & :5 !y are no long] a novelty & cease to deceive1 _! effect is gone4 ,:ile no man is mu* to be envi$ = 8 lot1 !re are c\ntless numb]s ^: fate is to be deplor$4 ,life is a task to be done4 ,x is a f9e ?+ to say defunctus e/2 x means t ! man has done 8 task4 ,if *ildr5 7 br\ght into ! _w by an act ( pure reason alone1 w\ld ! human race cont9ue to exi/8 ,w\ld n a man r h s mu* sympa?y ) ! com+ g5]ation z to sp>e x ! burd5 ( exi/5ce8 or at any rate n take x ^u himself to impose t burd5 ^u x 9 cold blood4 ,i %all be told1 ,i suppose1 t my philosophy is com=tless--because ,i speak ! tru?2 & p pref] to be assur$ t ev]y?+ ! ,"l has made is good4 ,g to ! prie/s1 !n1 & leave philosoph]s 9 peace6 ,at any rate1 d n ask u to accommodate our doctr9es to ! lessons y h be5 taught4 ,t is :at ^? rascals ( %am philosoph]s w d = y4 ,ask !m = any doctr9e y please1 & y w get x4 ,y\r ,univ]sity pr(essors are b\nd to prea* optimism2 & x is an easy & agreeable task to upset _! !ories4 ,i h rem9d$ ! read] t e /ate ( welf>e1 e feel+ ( satisfaction1 is negative 9 its "*2 t is to say1 x consi/s 9 fre$om f pa91 :i* is ! positive elem5t ( exi/5ce4 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t ! happ9ess ( any giv5 life is to be measur$1 n by its joys & pleasures1 b by ! ext5t to :i* x has be5 free f suff]+--f positive evil4 ,if ?is is ! true /&po9t1 ! l[] animals appe> to enjoy a happi] de/9y ?an man4 ,let u exam9e ! matt] a little m closely4 ,h[ev] v>i$ ! =ms t human happ9ess & mis]y may take1 lead+ a man to seek ! "o & %un ! o!r1 ! mat]ial basis ( x all is bodily pleasure or bodily pa94 ,?is basis is v re/rict$3 x is simply heal?1 food1 protection f wet & cold1 ! satisfaction ( ! sexual in/9ct2 or else ! abs5ce ( ^! ?+s4 ,consequ5tly1 z f> z real physical pleasure is conc]n$1 ! man is n bett] (f ?an ! brute1 except 9 s f> z ! high] possibilities ( 8 n]v\s sy/em make him m s5sitive to e k9d ( pleasure1 b also1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 to e k9d ( pa94 ,b !n comp>$ ) ! brute1 h[ mu* /rong] are ! passions ar\s$ 9 him6 :at an immeasurable diff]5ce !re is 9 ! dep? & vehem5ce ( 8 emotions6--& yet1 9 ! "o case1 z 9 ! o!r1 all to produce ! same result 9 ! end3 namely1 heal?1 food1 clo?+1 & s on4 ,! *ief s\rce ( all ?is passion is t ?\ght = :at is abs5t & future1 :i*1 ) man1 ex]cises su* a p[]ful influ5ce ^u all he does4 ,x is ?is t is ! real orig9 ( 8 c>es1 8 hopes1 8 fe>s--emotions :i* affect him mu* m deeply ?an c\ld ev] be ! case ) ^? pres5t joys & suff]+s to :i* ! brute is conf9$4 ,9 8 p[]s ( reflection1 memory & =esight1 man possesses1 z x 71 a ma*9e = cond5s+ & /or+ up 8 pleasures & 8 sorr[s4 ,b ! brute has no?+ ( ! k9d2 :5ev] x is 9 pa91 x is z ?\gh x 7 suff]+ = ! fir/ "t1 ev5 ?\gh ! same ?+ %\ld h previ\sly happ5$ to x times out ( numb]4 ,x has no p[] ( summ+ up its feel+s4 ,h5ce its c>eless & placid temp]3 h[ mu* x is to be envi$6 ,b 9 man reflection comes 91 ) all ! emotions to :i* x gives rise2 & tak+ up ! same elem5ts ( pleasure & pa9 :i* are common to him & ! brute1 x develops 8 susceptibility to happ9ess & mis]y to su* a degree t1 at "o mom5t ! man is br\ght 9 an in/ant to a /ate ( delight t may ev5 prove fatal1 at ano!r to ! dep?s ( despair & suicide4 ,if we c>ry our analysis a /ep f>!r1 we %all f9d t1 9 ord] to increase 8 pleasures1 man has int5tionally add$ to ! numb] & pressure ( 8 ne$s1 :i* 9 _! orig9al /ate 7 n mu* m difficult to satisfy ?an ^? ( ! brute4 ,h5ce luxury 9 all its =ms2 delicate food1 ! use ( tobacco & opium1 spiritu\s liquors1 f9e clo!s1 & ! ?\s& & "o ?+s ?an he consid]s necess>y to 8 exi/5ce4 ,& above & beyond all ?is1 !re is a sep>ate & peculi> s\rce ( pleasure1 & consequ5tly ( pa91 :i* man has e/abli%$ = himself1 also z ! result ( us+ 8 p[]s ( reflection2 & ?is occupies him out ( all proportion to its value1 nay1 almo/ m ?an all 8 o!r int]e/s put toge!r--,i mean ambition & ! feel+ ( honor & %ame2 9 pla9 words1 :at he ?9ks ab\t ! op9ion o!r p h ( him4 ,tak+ a ?\s& =ms1 (t5 v /range ones1 ?is becomes ! goal ( almo/ all ! ef=ts he makes t are n root$ 9 physical pleasure or pa94 ,x is true t besides ! s\rces ( pleasure :i* he has 9 common ) ! brute1 man has ! pleasures ( ! m9d z well4 ,^! admit ( _m gradations1 f ! mo/ innoc5t trifl+ or ! m]e/ talk up to ! highe/ intellectual a*ievem5ts2 b !re is ! accompany+ bor$om to be set aga9/ !m on ! side ( suff]+4 ,bor$om is a =m ( suff]+ unkn[n to brutes1 at any rate 9 _! natural /ate2 x is only ! v clev]e/ ( !m :o %[ fa9t traces ( x :5 !y are dome/icat$2 :]eas 9 ! case ( man x has become a d[nright sc\rge4 ,! cr[d ( mis]able wret*es ^: "o aim 9 life is to fill _! purses b nev] to put any?+ into _! heads1 (f]s a s+ul> in/ance ( ?is torm5t ( bor$om4 ,_! weal? becomes a puni%m5t by deliv]+ !m up to mis]y ( hav+ no?+ to d2 =1 to escape x1 !y w ru% ab\t 9 all directions1 travel+ "h1 !re & ev]y:]e4 ,no soon] d !y arrive 9 a place ?an !y are anxi\s to "k :at amusem5ts x af=ds2 j z ?\gh !y 7 begg>s ask+ :]e !y c\ld receive a dole6 ,( a tru?1 ne$ & bor$om are ! two poles ( human life4 ,f9ally1 ,i may m5tion t z reg>ds ! sexual relation1 a man is committ$ to a peculi> arrangem5t :i* drives him ob/9ately to *oose "o p]son4 ,?is feel+ gr[s1 n[ & !n1 into a m or less passionate love1#a :i* is ! s\rce ( little pleasure & mu* suff]+4 ,footnote #a3 ,i h treat$ ?is subject at l5g? 9 a special *apt] ( ! second volume ( my *ief "w4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a wond]ful ?+ t ! m]e addition ( ?\ght %\ld s]ve to raise su* a va/ & l(ty /ructure ( human happ9ess & mis]y2 re/+1 too1 on ! same n>r[ basis ( joy & sorr[ z man holds 9 common ) ! brute1 & expos+ him to su* viol5t emotions1 to s _m /orms ( passion1 s mu* convulsion ( feel+1 t :at he has suff]$ /&s writt5 & may be read 9 ! l9es on 8 face4 ,& yet1 :5 all is told1 he has be5 /ruggl+ ultimately = ! v same ?+s z ! brute has atta9$1 & ) an incomp>ably small] exp5diture ( passion & pa94 ,b all ?is contributes to increase ! measures ( suff]+ 9 human life out ( all proportion to its pleasures2 & ! pa9s ( life are made mu* worse = man by ! fact t dea? is some?+ v real to him4 ,! brute flies f dea? in/9ctively )\t really kn[+ :at x is1 & !re=e )\t ev] contemplat+ x 9 ! way natural to a man1 :o has ?is prospect always be=e 8 eyes4 ,s t ev5 if only a few brutes die a natural dea?1 & mo/ ( !m live only j long en\gh to transmit _! species1 & !n1 if n e>li]1 become ! prey ( "s o!r animal1--:il/ man1 on ! o!r h&1 manages to make s-call$ natural dea? ! rule1 to :i*1 h[ev]1 !re are a good _m exceptions1--! advantage is on ! side ( ! brute1 = ! reason /at$ above4 ,b ! fact is t man atta9s ! natural t]m ( ye>s j z seldom z ! brute2 because ! unnatural way 9 :i* he lives1 & ! /ra9 ( "w & emotion1 lead to a deg5]ation ( ! race2 & s 8 goal is n (t5 rea*$4 ,! brute is mu* m cont5t ) m]e exi/5ce ?an man2 ! plant is :olly s2 & man f9ds satisfaction 9 x j 9 proportion z he is dull & obtuse4 ,accord+ly1 ! life ( ! brute c>ries less ( sorr[ ) x1 b also less ( joy1 :5 comp>$ ) ! life ( man2 & :ile ?is may be trac$1 on ! "o side1 to fre$om f ! torm5t ( c>e & anxiety1 x is also due to ! fact t hope1 9 any real s5se1 is unkn[n to ! brute4 ,x is ?us depriv$ ( any %>e 9 t :i* gives u ! mo/ & be/ ( our joys & pleasures1 ! m5tal anticipation ( a happy future1 & ! inspirit+ play ( phantasy1 bo? ( :i* we owe to our p[] ( imag9ation4 ,if ! brute is free f c>e1 x is also1 9 ?is s5se1 )\t hope2 9 ei!r case1 because its consci\sness is limit$ to ! pres5t mom5t1 to :at x c actually see be=e x4 ,! brute is an embodim5t ( pres5t impulses1 & h5ce :at elem5ts ( fe> & hope exi/ 9 its nature--& !y d n g v f>--arise only 9 relation to objects t lie be=e x & )9 rea* ( ^? impulses3 :]eas a man's range ( vision embraces ! :ole ( 8 life1 & ext5ds f> into ! pa/ & future4 ,foll[+ ^u ?is1 !re is "o respect 9 :i* brutes %[ real wisdom :5 comp>$ ) u--,i mean1 _! quiet1 placid enjoym5t ( ! pres5t mom5t4 ,! tranquillity ( m9d :i* ?is seems to give !m (t5 puts u to %ame = ! _m times we all[ our ?\ghts & our c>es to make u re/less & discont5t$4 ,&1 9 fact1 ^? pleasures ( hope & anticipation :i* ,i h be5 m5tion+ are n to be _h = no?+4 ,! delight :i* a man has 9 hop+ = & look+ =w>d to "s special satisfaction is a "p ( ! real pleasure atta*+ to x enjoy$ 9 advance4 ,?is is aft]w>ds d$uct$2 = ! m we look =w>d to any?+1 ! less satisfaction we f9d 9 x :5 x comes4 ,b ! brute's enjoym5t is n anticipat$1 & !re=e1 suff]s no d$uction2 s t ! actual pleasure ( ! mom5t comes to x :ole & unimpair$4 ,9 ! same way1 too1 evil presses ^u ! brute only ) its own intr9sic weight2 :]eas ) u ! fe> ( its com+ (t5 makes its burd5 t5 times m griev\s4 ,x is j ?is *>act]i/ic way 9 :i* ! brute gives itself up entirely to ! pres5t mom5t t contributes s mu* to ! delight we take 9 our dome/ic pets4 ,!y are ! pres5t mom5t p]sonifi$1 & 9 "s respects !y make u feel ! value ( e h\r t is free f tr\ble & annoyance1 :i* we1 ) our ?\ghts & preoccupations1 mo/ly disreg>d4 ,b man1 t selfi% & he>tless creature1 misuses ?is quality ( ! brute to be m cont5t ?an we are ) m]e exi/5ce1 & (t5 works x to su* an ext5t t he all[s ! brute absolutely no?+ m ?an m]e1 b>e life4 ,! bird :i* 0 made s t x might rove ov] half ( ! _w1 he %uts up into ! space ( a cubic foot1 !re to die a sl[ dea? 9 long+ & cry+ = fre$om2 = 9 a cage x does n s+ = ! pleasure ( x4 ,& :5 ,i see h[ man misuses ! dog1 8 be/ fri5d2 h[ he ties up ?is intellig5t animal ) a *a91 ,i feel ! deepe/ sympa?y ) ! brute & burn+ indignation aga9/ its ma/]4 ,we %all see lat] t by tak+ a v high /&po9t x is possible to ju/ify ! suff]+s ( mank9d4 ,b ?is ju/ification _c apply to animals1 ^: suff]+s1 :ile 9 a great measure br\ght ab\t by m51 are (t5 consid]able ev5 ap>t f _! ag5cy4#a ,& s we are =c$ to ask1 ,:y & = :at purpose does all ?is torm5t & agony exi/8 ,!re is no?+ "h to give ! w pause2 x is n free to d5y itself & s obta9 r$emption4 ,!re is only "o consid]ation t may s]ve to expla9 ! suff]+s ( animals4 ,x is ?is3 t ! w to live1 :i* und]lies ! :ole _w ( ph5om5a1 mu/1 9 _! case satisfy its crav+s by fe$+ ^u itself4 ,?is x does by =m+ a gradation ( ph5om5a1 e "o ( :i* exi/s at ! exp5se ( ano!r4 ,i h %[n1 h[ev]1 t ! capacity = suff]+ is less 9 animals ?an 9 man4 ,any fur!r explanation t may be giv5 ( _! fate w be 9 ! nature ( hypo!sis1 if n actually my?ical 9 its "*2 & ,i may leave ! read] to speculate ^u ! matt] = himself4 ,footnote #a3 ,cf4 ,welt als ,wille und ,vor/ellung1 vol4 ii4 p4 #djd4 ,brahma is said to h produc$ ! _w by a k9d ( fall or mi/ake2 & 9 ord] to atone = 8 folly1 he is b\nd to rema9 9 x himself until he works out 8 r$emption4 ,z an acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( ?+s1 t is admirable6 ,accord+ to ! doctr9es ( ,buddhism1 ! _w came into be+ z ! result ( "s inexplicable di/urbance 9 ! heav5ly calm ( ,nirvana1 t bless$ /ate obta9$ by expiation1 :i* _h endur$ s long a "t--! *ange tak+ place by a k9d ( fatality4 ,?is explanation mu/ be und]/ood z hav+ at bottom "s moral be>+2 al?\gh x is illu/rat$ by an exactly p>allel !ory 9 ! doma9 ( physical sci5ce1 :i* places ! orig9 ( ! sun 9 a primitive /reak ( mi/1 =m$ "o kn[s n h[4 ,subsequ5tly1 by a s]ies ( moral errors1 ! _w became gradually worse & worse--true ( ! physical ord]s z well--until x assum$ ! dismal aspect x we>s to-day4 ,excell5t6 ,! ,greeks look$ ^u ! _w & ! gods z ! "w ( an inscrutable necessity4 ,a passable explanation3 we may be cont5t ) x until we c get a bett]4 ,aga91 ,ormuzd & ,ahriman are rival p[]s1 cont9ually at w>4 ,t is n bad4 ,b t a ,god l ,jehovah %\ld h creat$ ?is _w ( mis]y & woe1 out ( pure caprice1 & because he enjoy$ do+ x1 & %\ld !n h clapp$ 8 h&s 9 praise ( 8 own "w1 & decl>$ ev]y?+ to be v good--t w n d at all6 ,9 its explanation ( ! orig9 ( ! _w1 ,judaism is inf]ior to any o!r =m ( religi\s doctr9e pr(ess$ by a civiliz$ nation2 & x is q 9 keep+ ) ?is t x is ! only "o :i* pres5ts no trace :atev] ( any belief 9 ! immortality ( ! s\l4#a ,footnote #a3 ,see ,p>]ga1 vol4 i4 pp4 #aci et seq4 ,ev5 ?\gh ,leibnitz' cont5tion1 t ?is is ! be/ ( all possible worlds1 7 correct1 t w\ld n ju/ify ,god 9 hav+ creat$ x4 ,= he is ! ,creator n ( ! _w only1 b ( possibility itself2 &1 !re=e1 he ought to h s ord]$ possibility z t x w\ld admit ( some?+ bett]4 ,!re are two ?+s :i* make x impossible to believe t ?is _w is ! successful "w ( an all-wise1 all-good1 &1 at ! same "t1 all-p[]ful ,be+2 fir/ly1 ! mis]y :i* ab\nds 9 x ev]y:]e2 & secondly1 ! obvi\s imp]fection ( its highe/ product1 man1 :o is a burlesque ( :at he %\ld be4 ,^! ?+s _c be reconcil$ ) any su* belief4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y are j ! facts :i* support :at ,i h be5 say+2 !y are our au?ority = view+ ! _w z ! outcome ( our own misde$s1 & !re=e1 z some?+ t _h bett] n h be54 ,:il/1 "u ! =m] hypo!sis1 !y am\nt to a bitt] accusation aga9/ ! ,creator1 & supply mat]ial = s>casm2 "u ! latt] !y =m an indictm5t aga9/ our own nature1 our own w1 & tea* u a lesson ( humility4 ,!y lead u to see t1 l ! *ildr5 ( a lib]t9e1 we come into ! _w ) ! burd5 ( s9 ^u u2 & t x is only ?r\gh hav+ cont9ually to atone = ?is s9 t our exi/5ce is s mis]able1 & t its end is dea?4 ,!re is no?+ m c]ta9 ?an ! g5]al tru? t x is ! griev\s s9 ( ! _w :i* has produc$ ! griev\s suff]+ ( ! _w4 ,i am n ref]r+ "h to ! physical connection betwe5 ^! two ?+s ly+ 9 ! realm ( exp]i5ce2 my mean+ is metaphysical4 ,accord+ly1 ! sole ?+ t reconciles me to ! ,old ,te/am5t is ! /ory ( ! ,fall4 ,9 my eyes1 x is ! only metaphysical tru? 9 t book1 ev5 ?\gh x appe>s 9 ! =m ( an allegory4 ,!re seems to me no bett] explanation ( our exi/5ce ?an t x is ! result ( "s false /ep1 "s s9 ( :i* we are pay+ ! p5alty4 ,i _c refra9 f recomm5d+ ! ?\ghtful read] a popul>1 b at ! same "t1 pr(\nd treatise on ?is subject by ,claudius#a :i* exhibits ! ess5tially pessimi/ic _s ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,x is entitl$3 ,curs$ is ! gr\nd = ?y sake4 ,footnote #a3 ,translator's ,note4--,mat?ias ,claudius 7#agdj-ahae71 a popul> poet1 & fri5d ( ,klop/ock1 ,h]d] & ,leas+4 ,he edit$ ! ,w&sbeck] ,bote1 9 ! f\r? "p ( :i* appe>$ ! treatise m5tion$ above4 ,he g5]ally wrote "u ! pseudonym ( ,asmus1 & ,s*op5hau] (t5 ref]s to him by ?is "n4 ,betwe5 ! e?ics ( ! ,greeks & ! e?ics ( ! ,h9doos1 !re is a gl>+ contra/4 ,9 ! "o case 7) ! exception1 x mu/ be confess$1 ( ,plato71 ! object ( e?ics is to enable a man to lead a happy life2 9 ! o!r1 x is to free & r$eem him f life altoge!r--z is directly /at$ 9 ! v fir/ words ( ! ,sankhya ,k>ika4 ,alli$ ) ?is is ! contra/ betwe5 ! ,greek & ! ,*ri/ian idea ( dea?4 ,x is /rik+ly pres5t$ 9 a visible =m on a f9e antique s>cophagus 9 ! gall]y ( ,flor5ce1 :i* exhibits1 9 relief1 ! :ole s]ies ( c]emonies att5d+ a w$d+ 9 anci5t times1 f ! =mal (f] to ! ev5+ :5 ,hym5's tor* lights ! happy c\ple home4 ,comp>e ) t ! ,*ri/ian c(f91 drap$ 9 m\rnful black & surm\nt$ ) a crucifix6 ,h[ mu* significance !re is 9 ^! two ways ( f9d+ com=t 9 dea?4 ,!y are oppos$ to ea* o!r1 b ea* is "r4 ,! "o po9ts to ! affirmation ( ! w to live1 :i* rema9s sure ( life = all "t1 h[ev] rapidly its =ms may *ange4 ,! o!r1 9 ! symbol ( suff]+ & dea?1 po9ts to ! d5ial ( ! w to live1 to r$emption f ?is _w1 ! doma9 ( dea? & devil4 ,& 9 ! "q betwe5 ! affirmation & ! d5ial ( ! w to live1 ,*ri/ianity is 9 ! la/ resort "r4 ,! contra/ :i* ! ,new ,te/am5t pres5ts :5 comp>$ ) ! ,old1 accord+ to ! ecclesia/ical view ( ! matt]1 is j t exi/+ betwe5 my e?ical sy/em & ! moral philosophy ( ,europe4 ,! ,old ,te/am5t repres5ts man z "u ! dom9ion ( ,law1 9 :i*1 h[ev]1 !re is no r$emption4 ,! ,new ,te/am5t decl>es ,law to h fail$1 frees man f its dom9ion1#a & 9 its /ead prea*es ! k+dom ( grace1 to be won by fai?1 love ( neighbor & entire sacrifice ( self4 ,?is is ! pa? ( r$emption f ! evil ( ! _w4 ,! _s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t is und\bt$ly asceticism1 h[ev] y\r prote/ants & rationali/s may twi/ x to suit _! purpose4 ,asceticism is ! d5ial ( ! w to live2 & ! transition f ! ,old ,te/am5t to ! ,new1 f ! dom9ion ( ,law to t ( ,fai?1 f ju/ification by works to r$emption ?r\gh ! ,m$iator1 f ! doma9 ( s9 & dea? to et]nal life 9 ,*ri/1 means1 :5 tak5 9 its real s5se1 ! transition f ! m]ely moral virtues to ! d5ial ( ! w to live4 ,my philosophy %[s ! metaphysical f\ndation ( ju/ice & ! love ( mank9d1 & po9ts to ! goal to :i* ^! virtues necess>ily lead1 if !y are practis$ 9 p]fection4 ,at ! same "t x is c&id 9 confess+ t a man mu/ turn 8 back ^u ! _w1 & t ! d5ial ( ! w to live is ! way ( r$emption4 ,x is !re=e really at "o ) ! _s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 :il/ all o!r sy/ems are c\*$ 9 ! _s ( ! ,old2 t is to say1 !oretically z well z practically1 _! result is ,judaism--m]e despotic !ism4 ,9 ?is s5se1 !n1 my doctr9e might be call$ ! only true ,*ri/ian philosophy--h[ev] p>adoxical a /atem5t ?is may seem to p :o take sup]ficial views in/ead ( p5etrat+ to ! he>t ( ! matt]4 ,footnote #a3 ,cf4 ,romans vii2 ,galatians ii1 iii4 ,if y want a safe compass to guide y ?r\gh life1 & to bani% all d\bt z to ! "r way ( look+ at x1 y _c d bett] ?an accu/om y\rself to reg>d ?is _w z a p5it5ti>y1 a sort ( a p5al colony1 or ,greek3 erga/a]ion z ! e>lie/ philosoph] call$ x4#a ,among/ ! ,*ri/ian ,fa!rs1 ,orig51 ) praisewor?y c\rage1 took ?is view1#b :i* is fur!r ju/ifi$ by c]ta9 objective !ories ( life4 ,i ref]1 n to my own philosophy alone1 b to ! wisdom ( all ages1 z express$ 9 ,brahmanism & ,buddhism1 & 9 ! say+s ( ,greek philosoph]s l ,emp$ocles & ,py?agoras2 z also by ,cic]o1 9 8 rem>k t ! wise m5 ( old us$ to tea* t we come into ?is _w to pay ! p5alty ( crime committ$ 9 ano!r /ate ( exi/5ce--a doctr9e :i* =m$ "p ( ! initiation into ! my/]ies4#c ,& ,van9i--:om 8 contempor>ies burn$1 f9d+ t an easi] task ?an to confute him--puts ! same ?+ 9 a v =cible way4 ,man1 he says1 is s full ( e k9d ( mis]y t1 7 x n repugnant to ! ,*ri/ian religion1 ,i %\ld v5ture to affirm t if evil spirits exi/ at all1 !y h pos$ into human =m & are n[ aton+ = _! crimes4#d ,& true ,*ri/ianity--us+ ! ^w 9 its "r s5se--also reg>ds our exi/5ce z ! consequ5ce ( s9 & error4 ,footnote #a3 ,cf4 ,clem4 ,alex4 ,/rom4 ,l4 iii1 c1 #c1 p4 #cii4 ,footnote #b3 ,augu/9e de cvitate ,dei41 ,l4 xi4 c4 #bc4 ,footnote #c3 ,cf4 ,fragm5ta de philosophia4 ,footnote3 #d3 ,de admir&is naturae arcanis2 dial ,l4 p4 #ce4 ,if y accu/om y\rself to ?is view ( life y w regulate y\r expectations accord+ly1 & cease to look ^u all its disagreeable incid5ts1 great & small1 its suff]+s1 its worries1 its mis]y1 z any?+ unusual or irregul>2 nay1 y w f9d t ev]y?+ is z x %\ld be1 9 a _w :]e ea* ( u pays ! p5alty ( exi/5ce 9 8 own peculi> way4 ,among/ ! evils ( a p5al colony is ! society ( ^? :o =m x2 & if ! read] is wor?y ( bett] company1 he w ne$ no words f me to rem9d him ( :at he has to put up ) at pres5t4 ,if he has a s\l above ! common1 or if he is a man ( g5ius1 he w occasionally feel l "s noble prison] ( /ate1 condemn$ to "w 9 ! galleys ) common crim9als2 & he w foll[ 8 example & try to isolate himself4 ,9 g5]al1 h[ev]1 x %\ld be said t ?is view ( life w enable u to contemplate ! s-call$ imp]fections ( ! great majority ( m51 _! moral & intellectual defici5cies & ! result+ base type ( c\nt5ance1 )\t any surprise1 to say no?+ ( indignation2 = we %all nev] cease to reflect :]e we are1 & t ! m5 ab\t u are be+s conceiv$ & born 9 s91 & liv+ to atone = x4 ,t is :at ,*ri/ianity means 9 speak+ ( ! s9ful nature ( man4 ,p>don's ! ^w to all6 #a ,:atev] folly m5 commit1 be _! %ortcom+s or _! vices :at !y may1 let u ex]cise =be>ance2 rememb]+ t :5 ^! faults appe> 9 o!rs1 x is our follies & vices t we behold4 ,!y are ! %ortcom+s ( humanity1 to :i* we belong2 ^: faults1 "o & all1 we %>e2 yes1 ev5 ^? v faults at :i* we n[ wax s indignant1 m]ely because !y h n yet appe>$ 9 ourselves4 ,!y are faults t d n lie on ! surface4 ,b !y exi/ d[n !re 9 ! dep?s ( our nature2 & %\ld any?+ call !m =?1 !y w come & %[ !mselves1 j z we n[ see !m 9 o!rs4 ,"o man1 x is true1 may h faults t are abs5t 9 8 fell[2 & x is und5iable t ! sum total ( bad qualities is 9 "s cases v l>ge2 = ! diff]5ce ( individuality betwe5 man & man passes all measure4 ,footnote #a3 ,cymbel9e1 ,act v4 ,sc4 #e4 ,9 fact1 ! conviction t ! _w & man is some?+ t _h bett] n h be51 is ( a k9d to fill u ) indulg5ce t[>ds "o ano!r4 ,nay1 f ?is po9t ( view1 we might well consid] ! prop] =m ( address to be1 n ,monsieur1 ,sir1 me9 ,h]r1 b my fell[-suff]]1 ,soc malorum1 compagnon de mis]es6 ,?is may p]haps s\nd /range1 b x is 9 keep+ ) ! facts2 x puts o!rs 9 a "r light2 & x rem9ds u ( t :i* is aft] all ! mo/ necess>y ?+ 9 life--! tol]ance1 pati5ce1 reg>d1 & love ( neighbor1 ( :i* ev]yone /&s 9 ne$1 & :i*1 !re=e1 e man owes to 8 fell[4 ,,! ,,vanity ,,( ,,exi/5ce4 ,?is vanity f9ds expression 9 ! :ole way 9 :i* ?+s exi/2 9 ! inf9ite nature ( ,"t & ,space1 z oppos$ to ! f9ite nature ( ! individual 9 bo?2 9 ! ev]-pass+ pres5t mom5t z ! only mode ( actual exi/5ce2 9 ! int]dep5d5ce & relativity ( all ?+s2 9 cont9ual ,becom+ )\t ev] ,be+2 9 con/ant wi%+ & nev] be+ satisfi$2 9 ! long battle :i* =ms ! hi/ory ( life1 :]e e ef=t is *eck$ by difficulties1 & /opp$ until !y are ov]come4 ,"t is t 9 :i* all ?+s pass away2 x is m]ely ! =m "u :i* ! w to live--! ?+-9-itself & !re=e imp]i%able--has reveal$ to x t its ef=ts are 9 va92 x is t ag5t by :i* at e mom5t all ?+s 9 our h&s become z no?+1 & lose any real value !y possess4 ,t :i* has be5 exi/s no m2 x exi/s z little z t :i* has nev] be54 ,b ( ev]y?+ t exi/s y mu/ say1 9 ! next mom5t1 t x has be54 ,h5ce some?+ ( great importance n[ pa/ is inf]ior to some?+ ( little importance n[ pres5t1 9 t ! latt] is a reality1 & relat$ to ! =m] z some?+ to no?+4 ,a man f9ds himself1 to 8 great a/oni%m5t1 sudd5ly exi/+1 aft] ?\s&s & ?\s&s ( ye>s ( non-exi/5ce3 he lives = a little :ile2 & !n1 aga91 comes an equally long p]iod :5 he mu/ exi/ no m4 ,! he>t rebels aga9/ ?is1 & feels t x _c be true4 ,! crude/ intellect _c speculate on su* a subject )\t hav+ a pres5tim5t t ,"t is some?+ ideal 9 its nature4 ,?is ideality ( ,"t & ,space is ! key to e true sy/em ( metaphysics2 because x provides = q ano!r ord] ( ?+s ?an is to be met ) 9 ! doma9 ( nature4 ,?is is :y ,kant is s great4 ,( e ev5t 9 our life we c say only = "o mom5t t x is2 = ev] aft]1 t x 04 ,e ev5+ we are poor] by a day4 ,x might1 p]haps1 make u mad to see h[ rapidly our %ort span ( "t ebbs away2 if x 7 n t 9 ! fur!/ dep?s ( our be+ we are secretly consci\s ( our %>e 9 ! exhau/ible spr+ ( et]nity1 s t we c always hope to f9d life 9 x aga94 ,consid]ation ( ! k9d1 t\*$ on above1 might1 inde$1 lead u to embrace ! belief t ! greate/ wisdom is to make ! enjoym5t ( ! pres5t ! supreme object ( life2 because t is ! only reality1 all else be+ m]ely ! play ( ?\ght4 ,on ! o!r h&1 su* a c\rse might j z well be call$ ! greate/ folly3 = t :i* 9 ! next mom5t exi/s no m1 & vani%es utt]ly1 l a dream1 c nev] be wor? a s]i\s ef=t4 ,! :ole f\ndation on :i* our exi/5ce re/s is ! pres5t--! ev]-fleet+ pres5t4 ,x lies1 !n1 9 ! v nature ( our exi/5ce to take ! =m ( con/ant motion1 & to (f] no possibility ( our ev] atta9+ ! re/ = :i* we are always /riv+4 ,we are l a man runn+ d[nhill1 :o _c keep on 8 legs unless he runs on1 & w inevitably fall if he /ops2 or1 aga91 l a pole balanc$ on ! tip ( "o's f+]2 or l a planet1 :i* w\ld fall into its sun ! mom5t x ceas$ to hurry =w>d on its way4 ,unre/ is ! m>k ( exi/5ce4 ,9 a _w :]e all is un/able1 & n\ght c endure1 b is swept onw>ds at once 9 ! hurry+ :irlpool ( *ange2 :]e a man1 if he is to keep erect at all1 mu/ always be advanc+ & mov+1 l an acrobat on a rope--9 su* a _w1 happ9ess 9 inconceivable4 ,h[ c x dwell :]e1 z ,plato says1 cont9ual ,becom+ & nev] ,be+ is ! sole =m ( exi/5ce8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 a man nev] is happy1 b sp5ds 8 :ole life 9 /riv+ aft] some?+ :i* he ?9ks w make him s2 he seldom atta9s 8 goal1 & :5 he does1 x is only to be disappo9t$2 he is mo/ly %ipwreck$ 9 ! end1 & comes into h>bor ) ma/s & rigg+ gone4 ,& !n1 x is all "o :e!r he has be5 happy or mis]able2 = 8 life 0 nev] any?+ m ?an a pres5t mom5t always vani%+2 & n[ x is ov]4 ,at ! same "t x is a wond]ful ?+ t1 9 ! _w ( human be+s z 9 t ( animals 9 g5]al1 ?is manifold re/less motion is produc$ & kept up by ! ag5cy ( two simple impulses--hung] & ! sexual in/9ct2 aid$ a little1 p]haps1 by ! influ5ce ( bor$om1 b by no?+ else2 & t1 9 ! !atre ( life1 ^! suffice to =m ! primum mobile ( h[ complicat$ a ma*9]y1 sett+ 9 motion h[ /range & v>i$ a sc5e6 ,on look+ a little clos]1 we f9d t inorganic matt] pres5ts a con/ant conflict betwe5 *emical =ces1 :i* ev5tually works dissolution2 & on ! o!r h&1 t organic life is impossible )\t cont9ual *ange ( matt]1 & _c exi/ if x does n receive p]petual help f )\t4 ,?is is ! realm ( f9ality2 & its opposite w\ld be an inf9ite exi/5ce1 expos$ to no attack f )\t1 & ne$+ no?+ to support x2 ,greek3 haei hosautos dn1 ! realm ( et]nal peace2 ,greek3 oute giguom5on oute apollum5on1 "s timeless1 *angeless /ate1 "o & undiv]sifi$2 ! negative k ( :i* =ms ! dom9ant note ( ! ,platonic philosophy4 ,x is to "s su* /ate z ?is t ! d5ial ( ! w to live op5s up ! way4 ,! sc5es ( our life are l pictures done 9 r\gh mosaic4 ,look$ at close1 !y produce no effect4 ,!re is no?+ beautiful to be f\nd 9 !m1 unless y /& "s di/ance (f4 ,s1 to ga9 any?+ we h long$ = is only to discov] h[ va9 & empty x is2 & ev5 ?\gh we are always liv+ 9 expectation ( bett] ?+s1 at ! same "t we (t5 rep5t & long to h ! pa/ back aga94 ,we look ^u ! pres5t z some?+ to be put up ) :ile x la/s1 & s]v+ only z ! way t[>ds our goal4 ,h5ce mo/ p1 if !y glance back :5 !y come to ! end ( life1 w f9d t all along !y h be5 liv+ ad int]im3 !y w be surpris$ to f9d t ! v ?+ !y disreg>d$ & let slip by un5joy$1 0 j ! life 9 ! expectation ( :i* !y pass$ all _! "t4 ,( h[ _m a man may x n be said t hope made a fool ( him until he danc$ into ! arms ( dea?6 ,!n aga91 h[ insatiable a creature is man6 ,e satisfaction he atta9s lays ! se$s ( "s new desire1 s t !re is no end to ! wi%es ( ea* individual w4 ,& :y is ?is8 ,! real reason is simply t1 tak5 9 itself1 ,w is ! "l ( all worlds3 ev]y?+ belongs to x1 & !re=e no "o s+le ?+ c ev] give x satisfaction1 b only ! :ole1 :i* is endless4 ,= all t1 x mu/ r\se our sympa?y to ?9k h[ v little ! ,w1 ?is "l ( ! _w1 really gets :5 x takes ! =m ( an individual2 usually only j en\gh to keep ! body toge!r4 ,?is is :y man is s v mis]able4 ,life pres5ts itself *iefly z a task--! task1 ,i mean1 ( subsi/+ at all1 gagn] sa vie4 ,if ?is is accompli%$1 life is a burd51 & !n !re comes ! second task ( do+ some?+ ) t :i* has be5 won--( w>d+ (f bor$om1 :i*1 l a bird ( prey1 hov]s ov] u1 ready to fall :]ev] x sees a life secure f ne$4 ,! fir/ task is to w9 some?+2 ! second1 to bani% ! feel+ t x has be5 won2 o!rwise x is a burd54 ,human life mu/ be "s k9d ( mi/ake4 ,! tru? ( ?is w be suffici5tly obvi\s if we only rememb] t man is a comp\nd ( ne$s & necessities h>d to satisfy2 & t ev5 :5 !y are satisfi$1 all he obta9s is a /ate ( pa9lessness1 :]e no?+ rema9s to him b ab&onm5t to bor$om4 ,?is is direct pro( t exi/5ce has no real value 9 itself2 = :at is bor$om b ! feel+ ( ! empt9ess ( life8 ,if life--! crav+ = :i* is ! v ess5ce ( our be+--7 possess$ ( any positive intr9sic value1 !re w\ld be no su* ?+ z bor$om at all3 m]e exi/5ce w\ld satisfy u 9 itself1 & we %\ld want = no?+4 ,b z x is1 we take no delight 9 exi/5ce except :5 we are /ruggl+ = some?+2 & !n di/ance & difficulties to be ov]come make our goal look z ?\gh x w\ld satisfy u--an illusion :i* vani%es :5 we rea* x2 or else :5 we are occupi$ ) "s purely intellectual int]e/--:5 9 reality we h /epp$ =? f life to look ^u x f ! outside1 mu* aft] ! mann] ( spectators at a play4 ,& ev5 s5sual pleasure itself means no?+ b a /ruggle & aspiration1 ceas+ ! mom5t its aim is atta9$4 ,:5ev] we are n occupi$ 9 "o ( ^! ways1 b ca/ ^u exi/5ce itself1 its va9 & wor?less nature is br\ght home to u2 & ?is is :at we mean by bor$om4 ,! hank]+ aft] :at is /range & uncommon--an innate & in]adicable t5d5cy ( human nature--%[s h[ glad we are at any int]ruption ( t natural c\rse ( affairs :i* is s v t$i\s4 ,t ?is mo/ p]fect manife/ation ( ! w to live1 ! human organism1 ) ! cunn+ & complex work+ ( its ma*9]y1 mu/ fall to du/ & yield up itself & all its /riv+s to ext9ction--?is is ! nave way 9 :i* ,nature1 :o is always s true & s9c]e 9 :at %e says1 proclaims ! :ole /ruggle ( ?is w z 9 its v ess5ce b>r5 & unpr(itable4 ,7 x ( any value 9 itself1 any?+ uncondition$ & absolute1 x c\ld n ?us end 9 m]e no?+4 ,if we turn f contemplat+ ! _w z a :ole1 &1 9 p>ticul>1 ! g5]ations ( m5 z !y live _! little h\r ( mock-exi/5ce & !n are swept away 9 rapid succession2 if we turn f ?is1 & look at life 9 its small details1 z pres5t$1 say1 9 a com$y1 h[ ridicul\s x all seems6 ,x is l a drop ( wat] se5 ?r\gh a microscope1 a s+le drop teem+ ) infusoria2 or a speck ( *eese full ( mites invisible to ! nak$ eye4 ,h[ we laugh z !y bu/le ab\t s eag]ly1 & /ruggle ) "o ano!r 9 s t9y a space6 ,& :e!r "h1 or 9 ! little span ( human life1 ?is t]rible activity produces a comic effect4 ,x is only 9 ! microscope t our life looks s big4 ,x is an indivisible po9t1 drawn out & magnifi$ by ! p[]ful l5ses ( ,"t & ,space4 ,,on ,,suicide4 ,z f> z ,i "k1 none b ! vot>ies ( mono!i/ic1 t is to say1 ,jewi% religions1 look ^u suicide z a crime4 ,?is is all ! m /rik+1 inasmu* z nei!r 9 ! ,old nor 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t is !re to be f\nd any prohibition or positive disapproval ( x2 s t religi\s tea*]s are =c$ to base _! condemnation ( suicide on philosophical gr\nds ( _! own inv5tion4 ,^! are s v bad t writ]s ( ?is k9d endeavor to make up = ! weakness ( _! argum5ts by ! /rong t]ms 9 :i* !y express _! abhorr5ce ( ! practice2 9 o!r words1 !y declaim aga9/ x4 ,!y tell u t suicide is ! greate/ piece ( c[>dice2 t only a madman c\ld be guilty ( x2 & o!r insipidities ( ! same k9d2 or else !y make ! nons5sical rem>k t suicide is wrong2 :5 x is q obvi\s t !re is no?+ 9 ! _w to :i* e man has a m unassailable title ?an to 8 own life & p]son4 ,suicide1 z ,i h said1 is actually acc\nt$ a crime2 & a crime :i*1 especially "u ! vulg> bigotry t prevails 9 ,engl&1 is foll[$ by an ignom9i\s burial & ! seizure ( ! man's prop]ty2 & = t reason1 9 a case ( suicide1 ! jury almo/ always br+s 9 a v]dict ( insanity4 ,n[ let ! read]'s own moral feel+s decide z to :e!r or n suicide is a crim9al act4 ,?9k ( ! impression t w\ld be made ^u y by ! news t "s "o y "k _h committ$ ! crime1 say1 ( murd] or !ft1 or be5 guilty ( "s act ( cruelty or deception2 & comp>e x ) y\r feel+s :5 y he> t he has met a volunt>y dea?4 ,:ile 9 ! "o case a lively s5se ( indignation & extreme res5tm5t w be ar\s$1 & y w call l\dly = puni%m5t or rev5ge1 9 ! o!r y w be mov$ to grief & sympa?y2 & m+l$ ) y\r ?\ghts w be admiration = 8 c\rage1 r ?an ! moral disapproval :i* foll[s ^u a wick$ action4 ,:o has n _h acqua9tances1 fri5ds1 relations1 :o ( _! own free w h left ?is _w2 & are ^! to be ?\ght ( ) horror z crim9als8 ,mo/ emphatically1 ,no6 ,i am r ( op9ion t ! cl]gy %\ld be *all5g$ to expla9 :at "r !y h to g into ! pulpit1 or take up _! p5s1 & /amp z a crime an action :i* _m m5 :om we hold 9 affection & honor h committ$2 & to refuse an honorable burial to ^? :o rel9qui% ?is _w volunt>ily4 ,!y h no ,biblical au?ority to boa/ (1 z ju/ify+ _! condemnation ( suicide2 nay1 n ev5 any philosophical argum5ts t w hold wat]2 & x mu/ be und]/ood t x is argum5ts we want1 & t we w n be put (f ) m]e phrases or words ( abuse4 ,if ! crim9al law =bids suicide1 t is n an argum5t valid 9 ! ,*ur*2 & besides1 ! prohibition is ridicul\s2 = :at p5alty c fright5 a man :o is n afraid ( dea? itself8 ,if ! law puni%es p = try+ to commit suicide1 x is puni%+ ! want ( skill t makes ! attempt a failure4 ,! anci5ts1 moreov]1 7 v f> f reg>d+ ! matt] 9 t light4 ,pl9y says3 ,life is n s desirable a ?+ z to be protract$ at any co/4 ,:oev] y are1 y are sure to die1 ev5 ?\gh y\r life has be5 full ( abom9ation & crime4 ,! *ief ( all rem$ies = a tr\bl$ m9d is ! feel+ t among ! bless+s :i* ,nature gives to man1 !re is none great] ?an an opportune dea?2 & ! be/ ( x is t e "o c avail himself ( x4#a ,& else:]e ! same writ] decl>es3 ,n ev5 to ,god are all ?+s possible2 = he c\ld n compass 8 own dea?1 if he will$ to die1 & yet 9 all ! mis]ies ( our e>?ly life1 ?is is ! be/ ( 8 gifts to man4#b ,nay1 9 ,massilia & on ! isle ( ,ceos1 ! man :o c\ld give valid reasons = rel9qui%+ 8 life1 0 h&$ ! cup ( hemlock by ! magi/rate2 & t1 too1 9 public4#c ,& 9 anci5t times1 h[ _m h]oes & wise m5 di$ a volunt>y dea?4 ,ari/otle1#d x is true1 decl>$ suicide to be an (f5ce aga9/ ! ,/ate1 al?\gh n aga9/ ! p]son2 b 9 ,/obaeus' exposition ( ! ,p]ipatetic philosophy !re is ! foll[+ rem>k3 ,! good man %\ld flee life :5 8 mis=tunes become too great2 ! bad man1 also1 :5 he is too prosp]\s4 ,& simil>ly3 ,s he w m>ry & beget *ildr5 & take "p 9 ! affairs ( ! ,/ate1 &1 g5]ally1 practice virtue & cont9ue to live2 & !n1 aga91 if ne$ be1 & at any "t necessity compels him1 he w dep>t to 8 place ( refuge 9 ! tomb4#e ,& we f9d t ! ,/oics actually prais$ suicide z a noble & h]oic action1 z hundr$s ( passages %[2 above all 9 ! works ( ,s5eca1 :o expresses ! /ronge/ approval ( x4 ,z is well kn[n1 ! ,h9doos look ^u suicide z a religi\s act1 especially :5 x takes ! =m ( self-immolation by wid[s2 b also :5 x consi/s 9 ca/+ oneself "u ! :eels ( ! *>iot ( ! god at ,jugg]naut1 or be+ eat5 by crocodiles 9 ! ,ganges1 or be+ dr[n$ 9 ! holy tanks 9 ! temples1 & s on4 ,! same ?+ occurs on ! /age--t mirror ( life4 ,= example1 9 ,l',orphel9 de la ,*9e#f a celebrat$ ,*9ese play1 almo/ all ! noble *>act]s end by suicide2 )\t ! slighte/ h9t any:]e1 or any impression be+ produc$ on ! spectator1 t !y are committ+ a crime4 ,& 9 our own !atre x is mu* ! same--,palmira1 = in/ance1 9 ,mahomet1 or ,mortim] 9 ,m>ia ,/u>t1 ,o!llo1 ,c\ntess ,t]zky4#g ,is ,hamlet's monologue ! m$itation ( a crim9al8 ,he m]ely decl>es t if we _h any c]ta9ty ( be+ annihilat$ by x1 dea? w\ld be inf9itely pref]able to ! _w z x is4 ,b !re lies ! rub6 ,footnote #a3 ,hi/4 ,nat4 ,lib4 xxviii41 #a4 ,footnote #b3 ,loc4 cit4 ,lib4 ii4 c4 #g4 ,footnote #c3 #c ,val]ius ,maximus2 hi/4 ,lib4 ii41 c4 #f1 #g et #h4 ,h]aclides ,ponticus2 fragm5ta de rebus publicis1 ix4 ,aeliani v>iae hi/oriae1 iii41 #cg4 ,/rabo2 ,lib4 x41 c4 #e1 #f4 ,footnote #d3 ,e?4 ,ni*om41 v4 #ae4 ,footnote #e3 ,/obaeus4 ,ecl4 ,e?44 ii41 c4 #g1 pp4 #bhf1 #cab ,footnote #f3 ,traduit p> ,/4 ,juli51 #ahcd4 ,footnote #g3 ,translator's ,note4--,palmira3 a female slave 9 ,goe!'s play ( ,mahomet4 ,mortim]3 a w\ld-be lov] & rescu] ( ,m>y 9 ,s*ill]'s ,m>ia ,/u>t4 ,c\ntess ,t]zky3 a lead+ "* 9 ,s*ill]'s ,wall5/e9's ,tod4 ,! reasons advanc$ aga9/ suicide by ! cl]gy ( mono!i/ic1 t is to say1 ,jewi% religions1 & by ^? philosoph]s :o adapt !mselves !reto1 are weak sophisms :i* c easily be refut$4#a ,! mo/ ?or\gh-go+ refutation ( !m is giv5 by ,hume 9 8 ,essay on ,suicide4 ,?is did n appe> until aft] 8 dea?1 :5 x 0 imm$iately suppress$1 ow+ to ! sc&al\s bigotry & outrage\s ecclesia/ical tyranny t prevail$ 9 ,engl&2 & h5ce only a v few copies ( x 7 sold "u cov] ( secrecy & at a high price4 ,?is & ano!r treatise by t great man h come to u f ,basle1 & we may be ?ankful = ! repr9t4#b ,x is a great disgrace to ! ,engli% nation t a purely philosophical treatise1 :i*1 proce$+ f "o ( ! fir/ ?9k]s & writ]s 9 ,engl&1 aim$ at refut+ ! curr5t argum5ts aga9/ suicide by ! light ( cold reason1 %\ld be =c$ to sneak ab\t 9 t c\ntry1 z ?\gh x 7 "s rascally production1 until at la/ x f\nd refuge on ! ,cont95t4 ,at ! same "t x %[s :at a good consci5ce ! ,*ur* has 9 su* matt]s4 ,footnote #a3 ,see my treatise on ! ,f\ndation ( ,morals1 #e4 ,footnote #b3 ,essays on ,suicide & ! ,immortality ( ! ,s\l1 by ! late ,david ,hume1 ,basle1 #agii1 sold by ,james ,deck]4 ,9 my *ief "w ,i h expla9$ ! only valid reason exi/+ aga9/ suicide on ! score ( mortality4 ,x is ?is3 t suicide ?w>ts ! atta9m5t ( ! highe/ moral aim by ! fact t1 = a real release f ?is _w ( mis]y1 x sub/itutes "o t is m]ely app>5t4 ,b f a mi/ake to a crime is a f> cry2 & x is z a crime t ! cl]gy ( ,*ri/5dom wi% u to reg>d suicide4 ,! inmo/ k]nel ( ,*ri/ianity is ! tru? t suff]+--! ,cross--is ! real end & object ( life4 ,h5ce ,*ri/ianity condemns suicide z ?w>t+ ?is end2 :il/ ! anci5t _w1 tak+ a l[] po9t ( view1 held x 9 approval1 nay1 9 honor4#a ,b if t is to be acc\nt$ a valid reason aga9/ suicide1 x involves ! recognition ( asceticism2 t is to say1 x is valid only f a mu* high] e?ical /&po9t ?an has ev] be5 adopt$ by moral philosoph]s 9 ,europe4 ,if we ab&on t high /&po9t1 !re is no t5able reason left1 on ! score ( morality1 = condemn+ suicide4 ,! extraord9>y en]gy & zeal ) :i* ! cl]gy ( mono!i/ic religions attack suicide is n support$ ei!r by any passages 9 ! ,bible or by any consid]ations ( weight2 s t x looks z ?\gh !y mu/ h "s secret reason = _! cont5tion4 ,may x n be ?is--t ! volunt>y surr5d] ( life is a bad complim5t = him :o said t all ?+s 7 v good8 ,if ?is is s1 x (f]s ano!r in/ance ( ! crass optimism ( ^! religions1--d5\nc+ suicide to escape be+ d5\nc$ by x4 ,footnote #a3 ,translator's ,note4--,s*op5hau] ref]s to ,die ,welt als ,wille und ,vor/ellung1 vol4 i41 #fi1 :]e ! read] may f9d ! same argum5t /at$ at some:at great] l5g?4 ,accord+ to ,s*op5hau]1 moral fre$om--! highe/ e?ical aim--is to be obta9$ only by a d5ial ( ! w to live4 ,f> f be+ a d5ial1 suicide is an emphatic ass]tion ( ?is w4 ,= x is 9 flee+ f ! pleasures1 n f ! suff]+s ( life1 t ?is d5ial consi/s4 ,:5 a man de/roys 8 exi/5ce z an individual1 he is n by any means de/roy+ 8 w to live4 ,on ! contr>y1 he w\ld l to live if he c\ld d s ) satisfaction to himself2 if he c\ld ass]t 8 w aga9/ ! p[] ( circum/ance2 b circum/ance is too /rong = him4 ,x w g5]ally be f\nd t1 z soon z ! t]rors ( life rea* ! po9t at :i* !y outweigh ! t]rors ( dea?1 a man w put an end to 8 life4 ,b ! t]rors ( dea? (f] consid]able resi/ance2 !y /& l a s5t9el at ! gate lead+ out ( ?is _w4 ,p]haps !re is no man alive :o w\ld n h already put an end to 8 life1 if ?is end _h be5 ( a purely negative "*1 a sudd5 /oppage ( exi/5ce4 ,!re is some?+ positive ab\t x2 x is ! de/ruction ( ! body2 & a man %r9ks f t1 because 8 body is ! manife/ation ( ! w to live4 ,h[ev]1 ! /ruggle ) t s5t9el is1 z a rule1 n s h>d z x may seem f a long way (f1 ma9ly 9 consequ5ce ( ! antagonism betwe5 ! ills ( ! body & ! ills ( ! m9d4 ,if we are 9 great bodily pa91 or ! pa9 la/s a long "t1 we become indiff]5t to o!r tr\bles2 all we ?9k ab\t is to get well4 ,9 ! same way great m5tal suff]+ makes u ins5sible to bodily pa92 we despise x2 nay1 if x %\ld outweigh ! o!r1 x di/racts our ?\ghts1 & we welcome x z a pause 9 m5tal suff]+4 ,x is ?is feel+ t makes suicide easy2 = ! bodily pa9 t accompanies x loses all significance 9 ! eyes ( "o :o is tortur$ by an excess ( m5tal suff]+4 ,?is is especially evid5t 9 ! case ( ^? :o are driv5 to suicide by "s purely morbid & exagg]at$ ill-humor4 ,no special ef=t to ov]come _! feel+s is necess>y1 nor d su* p require to be work$ up 9 ord] to take ! /ep2 b z soon z ! keep] into ^: *>ge !y are giv5 leaves !m = a c\ple ( m9utes1 !y quickly br+ _! life to an end4 ,:51 9 "s dreadful & gha/ly dream1 we rea* ! mom5t ( greate/ horror1 x awakes u2 !reby bani%+ all ! hide\s %apes t 7 born ( ! night4 ,& life is a dream3 :5 ! mom5t ( greate/ horror compels u to break x (f1 ! same ?+ happ5s4 ,suicide may also be reg>d$ z an exp]im5t--a "q :i* man puts to ,nature1 try+ to =ce h] to an answ]4 ,! "q is ?is3 ,:at *ange w dea? produce 9 a man's exi/5ce & 9 8 insight into ! nature ( ?+s8 ,x is a clumsy exp]im5t to make2 = x involves ! de/ruction ( ! v consci\sness :i* puts ! "q & awaits ! answ]4 ,,immortality3#a ,a ,,dialogue4 ,footnote #a3 ,translator's ,note4--,! ^w immortality--,un/]bli*keit--does n occur 9 ! orig9al2 nor w\ld x1 9 its usual application1 f9d a place 9 ,s*op5hau]'s vocabul>y4 ,! ^w he uses is ,unz]/rb>keit--inde/ructibility4 ,b ,i h pref]r$ immortality1 because t ^w is commonly associat$ ) ! subject t\*$ ^u 9 ?is little debate4 ,if any critic d\bts ! wisdom ( ?is pref]5ce1 let me ask him to try 8 h& at a %ort1 concise1 &1 at ! same "t1 popul>ly intelligible r5d]+ ( ! ,g]man orig9al1 :i* runs ?us3 ,zur ,lehre von d] ,unz]/rb>keit uns]es wahr5 ,wes5s dur* d5 ,tod3 ,me9e dialogis*e ,s*lussbelu/igung4 ,,?rasyma*os--,,philale!s4 ,?rasyma*os4 ,tell me n[1 9 "o ^w1 :at %all ,i be aft] my dea?8 ,& m9d y be cle> & precise4 ,philale!s4 ,all & no?+6 ,?rasyma*os4 ,i ?\ght s6 ,i gave y a problem1 & y solve x by a contradiction4 ,t's a v /ale trick4 ,philale!s4 ,yes1 b y raise transc5d5tal que/ions1 & y expect me to answ] !m 9 language t is only made = imman5t k4 ,x's no wond] t a contradiction ensues4 ,?rasyma*os4 ,:at d y mean by transc5d5tal que/ions & imman5t k8 ,i've he>d ^! expressions be=e1 ( c\rse2 !y are n new to me4 ,! ,pr(essor 0 fond ( us+ !m1 b only z pr$icates ( ! ,deity1 & he nev] talk$ ( any?+ else2 :i* 0 all q "r & prop]4 ,he argu$ ?us3 if ! ,deity 0 9 ! _w itself1 he 0 imman5t2 if he 0 some:]e outside x1 he 0 transc5d5t4 ,no?+ c\ld be cle>] & m obvi\s6 ,y knew :]e y 74 ,b ?is ,kantian rigm>ole won't d any m3 x's antiquat$ & no long] applicable to mod]n ideas4 ,:y1 we've _h a :ole r[ ( em95t m5 9 ! metropolis ( ,g]man le>n+-- ,philale!s4 7,aside47 ,g]man humbug1 he means4 ,?rasyma*os4 ,! mighty ,s*lei]ma*]1 = in/ance1 & t gigantic intellect1 ,hegel2 & at ?is "t ( day we've ab&on$ t nons5se4 ,i %\ld r say we're s f> beyond x t we c't put up ) x any m4 ,:at's ! use ( x !n8 ,:at does x all mean8 ,philale!s4 ,transc5d5tal k is k :i* passes beyond ! b\nds ( possible exp]i5ce1 & /rives to det]m9e ! nature ( ?+s z !y are 9 !mselves4 ,imman5t k1 on ! o!r h&1 is k :i* conf9es itself entirely ) ^? b\nds2 s t x _c apply to any?+ b actual ph5om5a4 ,z f> z y are an individual1 dea? w be ! end ( y4 ,b y\r individuality is n y\r true & inmo/ be+3 x is only ! outw>d manife/ation ( x4 ,x is n ! ?+-9-itself1 b only ! ph5om5on pres5t$ 9 ! =m ( "t2 & !re=e ) a beg9n+ & an end4 ,b y\r real be+ kn[s nei!r "t1 nor beg9n+1 nor end1 nor yet ! limits ( any giv5 individual4 ,x is ev]y:]e pres5t 9 e individual2 & no individual c exi/ ap>t f x4 ,s :5 dea? comes1 on ! "o h& y are annihilat$ z an individual2 on ! o!r1 y are & rema9 ev]y?+4 ,t is :at ,i meant :5 ,i said t aft] y\r dea? y w\ld be all & no?+4 ,x is difficult to f9d a m precise answ] to y\r "q & at ! same "t be brief4 ,! answ] is contradictory1 ,i admit2 b x is s simply because y\r life is 9 "t1 & ! immortal "p ( y 9 et]nity4 ,y may put ! matt] ?us3 ,y\r immortal "p is some?+ t does n la/ 9 "t & yet is inde/ructible2 b !re y h ano!r contradiction6 ,y see :at happ5s by try+ to br+ ! transc5d5tal )9 ! limits ( imman5t k4 ,x is 9 "s sort do+ viol5ce to ! latt] by misus+ x = ends x 0 nev] meant to s]ve4 ,?rasyma*os4 ,look "h1 ,i %an't give twop5ce = y\r immortality unless ,i'm to rema9 an individual4 ,philale!s4 ,well1 p]haps ,i may be able to satisfy y on ?is po9t4 ,suppose ,i gu>antee t aft] dea? y %all rema9 an individual1 b only on condition t y fir/ sp5d ?ree mon?s ( complete unconsci\sness4 ,?rasyma*os4 ,i %all h no objection to t4 ,philale!s4 ,b rememb]1 if p are completely unconsci\s1 !y take no acc\nt ( "t4 ,s1 :5 y are dead1 x's all ! same to y :e!r ?ree mon?s pass 9 ! _w ( consci\sness1 or t5 ?\s& ye>s4 ,9 ! "o case z 9 ! o!r1 x is simply a matt] ( believ+ :at is told y :5 y awake4 ,s f>1 !n1 y c af=d to be indiff]5t :e!r x is ?ree mon?s or t5 ?\s& ye>s t pass be=e y recov] y\r individuality4 ,?rasyma*os4 ,yes1 if x comes to t1 ,i suppose y're "r4 ,philale!s4 ,& if by *ance1 aft] ^? t5 ?\s& ye>s h gone by1 no "o ev] ?9ks ( awak5+ y1 ,i fancy x w\ld be no great mis=tune4 ,y w\ld h become q accu/om$ to non-exi/5ce aft] s long a spell ( x--foll[+ ^u su* a v few ye>s ( life4 ,at any rate y may be sure y w\ld be p]fectly ignorant ( ! :ole ?+4 ,fur!r1 if y knew t ! my/]i\s p[] :i* keeps y 9 y\r pres5t /ate ( life _h nev] once ceas$ 9 ^? t5 ?\s& ye>s to br+ =? o!r ph5om5a l y\rself1 & to end[ !m ) life1 x w\ld fully console y4 ,?rasyma*os4 ,inde$6 ,s y ?9k y're quietly go+ to d me out ( my individuality ) all ?is f9e talk4 ,b ,i'm up to y\r tricks4 ,i tell y ,i won't exi/ unless ,i c h my individuality4 ,i'm n go+ to be put (f ) 'my/]i\s p[]s1' & :at y call 'ph5om5a4' ,i c't d )\t my individuality1 & ,i won't give x up4 ,philale!s4 ,y mean1 ,i suppose1 t y\r individuality is su* a delightful ?+1 s spl5did1 s p]fect1 & beyond comp>e--t y c't imag9e any?+ bett]4 ,ar5't y ready to ex*ange y\r pres5t /ate = "o :i*1 if we c judge by :at is told u1 may possibly be sup]ior & m endurable8 ,?rasyma*os4 ,don't y see t my individuality1 be x :at x may1 is my v self8 ,to me x is ! mo/ important ?+ 9 ! _w4 ,= ,god is ,god & ,i am ,i4 ,i want to exi/1 ,i1 ,i4 ,t's ! ma9 ?+4 ,i don't c>e ab\t an exi/5ce :i* has to be prov$ to be m9e1 be=e ,i c believe x4 ,philale!s4 ,?9k :at y're do+6 ,:5 y say ,i1 ,i1 ,i want to exi/1 x is n y alone t says ?is4 ,ev]y?+ says x1 absolutely ev]y?+ t has ! fa9te/ trace ( consci\sness4 ,x foll[s1 !n1 t ?is desire ( y\rs is j ! "p ( y t is n individual--! "p t is common to all ?+s )\t di/9ction4 ,x is ! cry1 n ( ! individual1 b ( exi/5ce itself2 x is ! intr9sic elem5t 9 ev]y?+ t exi/s1 nay1 x is ! cause ( any?+ exi/+ at all4 ,?is desire craves =1 & s is satisfi$ )1 no?+ less ?an exi/5ce 9 g5]al--n any def9ite individual exi/5ce4 ,no6 t is n its aim4 ,x seems to be s only because ?is desire--?is ,w--atta9s consci\sness only 9 ! individual1 & !re=e looks z ?\gh x 7 conc]n$ ) no?+ b ! individual4 ,!re lies ! illusion--an illusion1 x is true1 9 :i* ! individual is held fa/3 b1 if he reflects1 he c break ! fett]s & set himself free4 ,x is only indirectly1 ,i say1 t ! individual has ?is viol5t crav+ = exi/5ce4 ,x is ! ,w to ,live :i* is ! real & direct aspirant--alike & id5tical 9 all ?+s4 ,s9ce1 !n1 exi/5ce is ! free "w1 nay1 ! m]e reflection ( ! w1 :]e exi/5ce is1 !re1 too1 mu/ be w2 & = ! mom5t ! w f9ds its satisfaction 9 exi/5ce itself2 s f>1 ,i mean1 z t :i* nev] re/s1 b presses =w>d et]nally1 c ev] f9d any satisfaction at all4 ,! w is c>eless ( ! individual3 ! individual is n its bus9ess2 al?\gh1 z ,i h said1 ?is seems to be ! case1 because ! individual has no direct consci\sness ( w except 9 himself4 ,! effect ( ?is is to make ! individual c>eful to ma9ta9 8 own exi/5ce2 & if ?is 7 n s1 !re w\ld be no surety = ! pres]vation ( ! species4 ,f all ?is x is cle> t individuality is n a =m ( p]fection1 b r ( limitation2 & s to be fre$ f x is n loss b ga94 ,tr\ble y\rself no m ab\t ! matt]4 ,once ?or\ghly recognize :at y are1 :at y\r exi/5ce really is1 namely1 ! univ]sal w to live1 & ! :ole "q w seem to y *ildi%1 & mo/ ridicul\s6 ,?rasyma*os4 ,y're *ildi% y\rself & mo/ ridicul\s1 l all philosoph]s6 & if a man ( my age lets himself 9 = a qu>t]-(-an-h\r's talk ) su* fools1 x is only because x amuses me & passes ! "t4 ,i've m important bus9ess to att5d to1 s ,good-bye4 ,,fur!r ,,psy*ological ,,obs]vations4 ,!re is an unconsci\s propriety 9 ! way 9 :i*1 9 all ,european languages1 ! ^w p]son is commonly us$ to d5ote a human be+4 ,! real mean+ ( p]sona is a mask1 su* z actors 7 accu/om$ to we> on ! anci5t /age2 & x is q true t no "o %[s himself z he is1 b we>s 8 mask & plays 8 "p4 ,inde$1 ! :ole ( our social arrangem5ts may be lik5$ to a p]petual com$y2 & ?is is :y a man :o is wor? any?+ f9ds society s insipid1 :ile a blockhead is q at home 9 x4 99 99 99 99 99 ,reason des]ves to be call$ a prophet2 = 9 %[+ u ! consequ5ce & effect ( our actions 9 ! pres5t1 does x n tell u :at ! future w be8 ,?is is precisely :y reason is su* an excell5t p[] ( re/ra9t 9 mom5ts :5 we are possess$ by "s base passion1 "s fit ( ang]1 "s covet\s desire1 t w lead u to d ?+s :]e( we mu/ pres5tly rep5t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,hatr$ comes f ! he>t2 contempt f ! head2 & nei!r feel+ is q )9 our control4 ,= we _c alt] our he>t2 its basis is det]m9$ by motives2 & our head deals ) objective facts1 & applies to !m rules :i* are immutable4 ,any giv5 individual is ! union ( a p>ticul> he>t ) a p>ticul> head4 ,hatr$ & contempt are diametrically oppos$ & mutually exclusive4 ,!re are ev5 n a few cases :]e hatr$ ( a p]son is root$ 9 no?+ b =c$ e/eem = 8 qualities4 ,& besides1 if a man sets out to hate all ! mis]able creatures he meets1 he w n h mu* en]gy left = any?+ else2 :]eas he c despise !m1 "o & all1 ) ! greate/ ease4 ,true1 g5u9e contempt is j ! rev]se ( true1 g5u9e pride2 x keeps q quiet & gives no sign ( its exi/5ce4 ,= if a man %[s t he despises y1 he signifies at lea/ ?is mu* reg>d = y1 t he wants to let y "k h[ little he appreciates y2 & 8 wi% is dictat$ by hatr$1 :i* _c exi/ ) real contempt4 ,on ! contr>y1 if x is g5u9e1 x is simply ! conviction t ! object ( x is a man ( no value at all4 ,contempt is n incompatible ) indulg5t & k9dly treatm5t1 & = ! sake ( "o's own peace & safety1 ?is %\ld n be omitt$2 x w prev5t irritation2 & !re is no "o :o _c d h>m if he is r\s$ to x4 ,b if ?is pure1 cold1 s9c]e contempt ev] %[s itself1 x w be met ) ! mo/ trucul5t hatr$2 = ! despis$ p]son is n 9 a position to fight contempt ) its own weapons4 99 99 99 99 99 ,melan*oly is a v diff]5t ?+ f bad humor1 & ( ! two1 x is n ne>ly s f> remov$ f a gay & happy temp]am5t4 ,melan*oly attracts1 :ile bad humor repels4 ,hypo*ondria is a species ( torm5t :i* n only makes u unreasonably cross ) ! ?+s ( ! pres5t2 n only fills u ) gr\ndless anxiety on ! score ( future mis=tunes entirely ( our own manufacture2 b also leads to unm]it$ self-reproa* = :at we h done 9 ! pa/4 ,hypo*ondria %[s itself 9 a p]petual hunt+ aft] ?+s t vex & annoy1 & !n brood+ ov] !m4 ,! cause ( x is an inw>d morbid discont5t1 (t5 co-exi/+ ) a naturally re/less temp]am5t4 ,9 _! extreme =m1 ?is discont5t & ?is unre/ lead to suicide4 99 99 99 99 99 ,any incid5t1 h[ev] trivial1 t r\ses disagreeable emotion1 leaves an aft]-effect 9 our m9d1 :i* = ! "t x la/s1 prev5ts our tak+ a cle> objective view ( ! ?+s ab\t u1 & t+es all our ?\ghts3 j z a small object held close to ! eye limits & di/orts our field ( vision4 99 99 99 99 99 ,:at makes p h>d-he>t$ is ?is1 t ea* man has1 or fancies he has1 z mu* z he c be> 9 8 own tr\bles4 ,h5ce1 if a man sudd5ly f9ds himself 9 an unusually happy position1 x w 9 mo/ cases result 9 8 be+ sympa!tic & k9d4 ,b if he has nev] be5 9 any o!r ?an a happy position1 or ?is becomes 8 p]man5t /ate1 ! effect ( x is (t5 j ! contr>y3 x s f> removes him f suff]+ t he is incapable ( feel+ any m sympa?y ) x4 ,s x is t ! poor (t5 %[ !mselves m ready to help ?an ! ri*4 99 99 99 99 99 ,at times x seems z ?\gh we bo? want$ & did n want ! same ?+1 & felt at once glad & sorry ab\t x4 ,= in/ance1 if on "s fix$ date we are go+ to be put to a decisive te/ ab\t any?+ 9 :i* x w\ld be a great advantage to u to come (f victori\s1 we %all be anxi\s = x to take place at once1 & at ! same "t we %all tremble at ! ?\ght ( its approa*4 ,& if1 9 ! meantime1 we he> t1 = once 9 a way1 ! date has be5 po/pon$1 we %all exp]i5ce a feel+ bo? ( pleasure & ( annoyance2 = ! news is disappo9t+1 b nev]!less x af=ds u mom5t>y relief4 ,x is j ! same ?+ if we are expect+ "s important lett] c>ry+ a def9ite decision1 & x fails to arrive4 ,9 su* cases !re are really two diff]5t motives at "w 9 u2 ! /rong] b m di/ant ( ! two be+ ! desire to /& ! te/ & to h ! decision giv5 9 our favor2 & ! weak]1 :i* t\*es u m ne>ly1 ! wi% to be left = ! pres5t 9 peace & quiet1 & accord+ly 9 fur!r enjoym5t ( ! advantage :i* at any rate atta*es to a /ate ( hopeful unc]ta9ty1 comp>$ ) ! possibility t ! issue may be unfavorable4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 my head !re is a p]man5t opposition-p>ty2 & :5ev] ,i take any /ep or come to any decision--?\gh ,i may h giv5 ! matt] mature consid]ation--x aft]w>ds attacks :at ,i h done1 )\t1 h[ev]1 be+ ea* "t necess>ily 9 ! "r4 ,?is is1 ,i suppose1 only a =m ( rectification on ! "p ( ! _s ( scrut9y2 b x (t5 reproa*es me :5 ,i d n des]ve x4 ,! same ?+1 no d\bt1 happ5s to _m o!rs z well2 = :]e is ! man :o c help ?9k+ t1 aft] all1 x 7 bett] n to h done some?+ t he did ) great delib]ation3 ,quid tam dextro p$e concipis ut te ,conatus non po5iteat votique p]acti8 99 99 99 99 99 ,:y is x t common is an expression ( contempt8 & t uncommon1 extraord9>y1 di/+ui%$1 d5ote approbation8 ,:y is ev]y?+ t is common contemptible8 ,common 9 its orig9al mean+ d5otes t :i* is peculi> to all m51 i4e41 %>$ equally by ! :ole species1 & !re=e an inh]5t "p ( its nature4 ,accord+ly1 if an individual possesses no qualities beyond ^? :i* atta* to mank9d 9 g5]al1 he is a common man4 ,ord9>y is a mu* mild] ^w1 & ref]s r to intellectual "*2 :]eas common has m ( a moral application4 ,:at value c a creature h t is n a :it diff]5t f millions ( its k9d8 ,millions1 d ,i say8 nay1 an inf9iture ( creatures :i*1 c5tury aft] c5tury1 9 nev]-end+ fl[1 ,nature s5ds bubbl+ up f h] inexhau/ible spr+s2 z g5]\s ) !m z ! smi? ) ! useless sp>ks t fly ar\nd 8 anvil4 ,x is obvi\sly q "r t a creature :i* has no qualities except ^? ( ! species1 %\ld h to conf9e its claim to an exi/5ce entirely )9 ! limits ( ! species1 & live a life condition$ by ^? limits4 ,9 v>i\s passages ( my works1#a ,i h argu$ t :il/ a l[] animal possesses no?+ m ?an ! g5]ic "* ( its species1 man is ! only be+ :i* c lay claim to possess an individual "*4 ,b 9 mo/ m5 ?is individual "* comes to v little 9 reality2 & !y may be almo/ all rang$ "u c]ta9 classes3 ce sont des espces4 ,_! ?\ghts & desires1 l _! faces1 are ^? ( ! species1 or1 at any rate1 ^? ( ! class to :i* !y belong2 & accord+ly1 !y are ( a trivial1 e-day1 common "*1 & exi/ by ! ?\s&4 ,y c usually tell be=eh& :at !y are likely to d & say4 ,!y h no special /amp or m>k to di/+ui% !m2 !y are l manufactur$ goods1 all ( a piece4 ,footnote #a3 ,grundprobleme d] ,e?ik1 p4 #dh2 ,welt als ,wille und ,vor/ellung1 vol4 i4 p4 #cch4 ,if1 !n1 _! nature is m]g$ 9 t ( ! species1 h[ %all _! exi/5ce g beyond x8 ,! curse ( vulg>ity puts m5 on a p> ) ! l[] animals1 by all[+ !m none b a g5]ic nature1 a g5]ic =m ( exi/5ce4 ,any?+ t is high or great or noble1 mu/ !n1 z a mat] ( c\rse1 & by its v nature1 /& alone 9 a _w :]e no bett] expression c be f\nd to d5ote :at is base & contemptible ?an t :i* ,i h m5tion$ z 9 g5]al use1 namely1 common4 99 99 99 99 99 ,w1 z ! ?+-9-itself1 is ! f\ndation ( all be+2 x is "p & p>cel ( e creature1 & ! p]man5t elem5t 9 ev]y?+4 ,w1 !n1 is t :i* we possess 9 common ) all m51 nay1 ) all animals1 & ev5 ) l[] =ms ( exi/5ce2 & 9 s f> we are ak9 to ev]y?+--s f>1 t is1 z ev]y?+ is fill$ to ov]fl[+ ) w4 ,on ! o!r h&1 t :i* places "o be+ ov] ano!r1 & sets diff]5ces betwe5 man & man1 is intellect & k2 !re=e 9 e manife/ation ( self we %\ld1 z f> z possible1 give play to ! intellect alone2 =1 z we h se51 ! w is ! common "p ( u4 ,e viol5t exhibition ( w is common & vulg>2 9 o!r words1 x r$uces u to ! level ( ! species1 & makes u a m]e type & example ( x2 9 t x is j ! "* ( ! species t we are %[+4 ,s e fit ( ang] is some?+ common--e unre/ra9$ display ( joy1 or ( hate1 or fe>--9 %ort1 e =m ( emotion2 9 o!r words1 e movem5t ( ! w1 if x's s /rong z decid$ly to outweigh ! intellectual elem5t 9 consci\sness1 & to make ! man appe> z a be+ t wills r ?an kn[s4 ,9 giv+ way to emotion ( ?is viol5t k9d1 ! greate/ g5ius puts himself on a level ) ! commone/ son ( e>?4 ,contr>ily1 if a man desires to be absolutely uncommon1 9 o!r words1 great1 he %\ld nev] all[ 8 consci\sness to be tak5 possession ( & dom9at$ by ! movem5t ( 8 w1 h[ev] mu* he may be solicit$ !reto4 ,= example1 he mu/ be able to obs]ve t o!r p are badly dispos$ t[>ds him1 )\t feel+ any hatr$ t[>ds !m himself2 nay1 !re is no sur] sign ( a great m9d ?an t x refuses to notice annoy+ & insult+ expressions1 b /raightway ascribes !m1 z x ascribes c\ntless o!r mi/akes1 to ! defective k ( ! speak]1 & s m]ely obs]ves )\t feel+ !m4 ,?is is ! mean+ ( t rem>k ( ,gracian1 t no?+ is m unwor?y ( a man ?an to let x be se5 t he is "o--el mayor desdoro de un hombre es d> mue/ras de que es hombre4 ,& ev5 9 ! drama1 :i* is ! peculi> prov9ce ( ! passions & emotions1 x is easy = !m to appe> common & vulg>4 ,& ?is is specially obs]vable 9 ! works ( ! ,fr5* tragic writ]s1 :o set no o!r aim be=e !mselves b ! del9eation ( ! passions2 & by indulg+ at "o mom5t 9 a vapor\s k9d ( pa?os :i* makes !m ridicul\s1 at ano!r 9 epigrammatic witticisms1 endeavor to conceal ! vulg>ity ( _! subject4 ,i rememb] see+ ! celebrat$ ,mademoiselle ,ra*el z ,m>ia ,/u>t3 & :5 %e bur/ out 9 fury aga9/ ,elizabe?--?\gh %e did x v well--,i c\ld n help ?9k+ ( a wa%]woman4 ,%e play$ ! f9al p>t+ 9 su* a way z to deprive x ( all true tragic feel+1 ( :i*1 inde$1 ! ,fr5* h no notion at all4 ,! same "p 0 incomp>ably bett] play$ by ! ,italian ,ri/ori2 &1 9 fact1 ! ,italian nature1 ?\gh 9 _m respects v diff]5t f ! ,g]man1 %>es its appreciation = :at is deep1 s]i\s1 & true 9 ,art2 h]e9 oppos$ to ! ,fr5*1 :i* ev]y:]e betrays t x possesses none ( ?is feel+ :atev]4 ,! noble1 9 o!r words1 ! uncommon1 elem5t 9 ! drama--nay1 :at is sublime 9 x--is n rea*$ until ! intellect is set to "w1 z oppos$ to ! w2 until x takes a free flight ov] all ^? passionate movem5ts ( ! w1 & makes !m subject ( its contemplation4 ,%akespe>e1 9 p>ticul>1 %[s t ?is is 8 g5]al me?od1 m especially 9 ,hamlet4 ,& only :5 intellect rises to ! po9t :]e ! vanity ( all ef=t is manife/1 & ! w proce$s to an act ( self-annulm5t1 is ! drama tragic 9 ! true s5se ( ! ^w2 x is !n t x rea*es its highe/ aim 9 becom+ really sublime4 99 99 99 99 99 ,e man takes ! limits ( 8 own field ( vision = ! limits ( ! _w4 ,?is is an error ( ! intellect z inevitable z t error ( ! eye :i* lets u fancy t on ! horizon heav5 & e>? meet4 ,?is expla9s _m ?+s1 & among !m ! fact t ev]yone measures u ) 8 own /&>d--g5]ally ab\t z long z a tailor's tape1 & we h to put up ) x3 z also t no "o w all[ u to be tall] ?an himself--a supposition :i* is once = all tak5 = grant$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,!re is no d\bt t _m a man owes 8 good =tune 9 life solely to ! circum/ance t he has a pleasant way ( smil+1 & s w9s ! he>t 9 8 favor4 ,h[ev]1 ! he>t w\ld d bett] to be c>eful1 & to rememb] :at ,hamlet put d[n 9 8 tablets--t "o may smile1 & smile1 & be a villa94 99 99 99 99 99 ,ev]y?+ t is really fundam5tal 9 a man1 & !re=e g5u9e works1 z su*1 unconsci\sly2 9 ?is respect l ! p[] ( nature4 ,t :i* has pass$ ?r\gh ! doma9 ( consci\sness is !reby trans=m$ into an idea or picture2 & s if x comes to be utt]$1 x is only an idea or picture :i* passes f "o p]son to ano!r4 ,accord+ly1 any quality ( m9d or "* t is g5u9e & la/+1 is orig9ally unconsci\s2 & x is only :5 unconsci\sly br\ght into play t x makes a pr(\nd impression4 ,if any l quality is consci\sly ex]cis$1 x means t x has be5 work$ up2 x becomes int5tional1 & !re=e matt] ( affectation1 9 o!r words1 ( deception4 ,if a man does a ?+ unconsci\sly1 x co/s him no tr\ble2 b if he tries to d x by tak+ tr\ble1 he fails4 ,?is applies to ! orig9 ( ^? fundam5tal ideas :i* =m ! pi? & m>r[ ( all g5u9e "w4 ,only t :i* is innate is g5u9e & w hold wat]2 & e man :o wants to a*ieve some?+1 :e!r 9 practical life1 9 lit]ature1 or 9 art1 mu/ foll[ ! rules )\t kn[+ !m4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m5 ( v great capacity1 w z a rule1 f9d ! company ( v /upid p pref]able to t ( ! common run2 = ! same reason t ! tyrant & ! mob1 ! gr&fa!r & ! gr&*ildr51 are natural allies4 99 99 99 99 99 ,t l9e ( ,ovid's1 ,pronaque cum spect5t animalia cet]a t]ram1 c be appli$ 9 its true physical s5se to ! l[] animals alone2 b 9 a metaphorical & spiritual s5se x is1 alas6 true ( ne>ly all m5 z well4 ,all _! plans & projects are m]g$ 9 ! desire ( physical enjoym5t1 physical well-be+4 ,!y may1 inde$1 h p]sonal int]e/s1 (t5 embrac+ a v v>i$ sph]e2 b /ill ^! latt] receive _! importance entirely f ! relation 9 :i* !y /& to ! =m]4 ,?is is n only prov$ by _! mann] ( life & ! ?+s !y say1 b x ev5 %[s itself 9 ! way !y look1 ! expression ( _! physiognomy1 _! gait & ge/iculations4 ,ev]y?+ ab\t !m cries out2 9 t]ram prona6 ,x is n to !m1 x is only to ! nobl] & m highly end[$ natures--m5 :o really ?9k & look ab\t !m 9 ! _w1 & =m exceptional specim5s ( humanity--t ! next l9es are applicable2 ,os hom9i sublime d$it coelumque tu]i ,jussit et erectos ad sid]a toll]e vultus4 99 99 99 99 99 ,no "o kn[s :at capacities = do+ & suff]+ he has 9 himself1 until some?+ comes to r\se !m to activity3 j z 9 a pond ( /ill wat]1 ly+ !re l a mirror1 !re is no sign ( ! ro> & ?und] ) :i* x c leap f ! precipice1 & yet rema9 :at x is2 or aga91 rise high 9 ! air z a f\nta94 ,:5 wat] is z cold z ice1 y c h no idea ( ! lat5t w>m? conta9$ 9 x4 99 99 99 99 99 ,:y is x t1 9 spite ( all ! mirrors 9 ! _w1 no "o really kn[s :at he looks l8 ,a man may call to m9d ! face ( 8 fri5d1 b n 8 own4 ,"h1 !n1 is an initial difficulty 9 ! way ( apply+ ! maxim1 ,"k ?yself4 ,?is is p>tly1 no d\bt1 to be expla9$ by ! fact t x is physically impossible = a man to see himself 9 ! glass except ) face turn$ /raight t[>ds x & p]fectly motionless2 :]e ! expression ( ! eye1 :i* c\nts = s mu*1 & really gives its :ole "* to ! face1 is to a great ext5t lo/4 ,b co-exi/+ ) ?is physical impossibility1 !re seems to me to be an e?ical impossibility ( an analog\s nature1 & produc+ ! same effect4 ,a man _c look ^u 8 own reflection z ?\gh ! p]son pres5t$ !re 7 a /rang] to him2 & yet ?is is necess>y if he is to take an objective view4 ,9 ! la/ resort1 an objective view means a deep-root$ feel+ on ! "p ( ! individual1 z a moral be+1 t t :i* he is contemplat+ is n himself#a2 & unless he c take ?is po9t ( view1 he w n see ?+s 9 a really true light1 :i* is possible only if he is alive to _! actual defects1 exactly z !y are4 ,in/ead ( t1 :5 a man sees himself 9 ! glass1 some?+ out ( 8 own egoti/ic nature :isp]s to him to take c>e to rememb] t x is no /rang]1 b himself1 t he is look+ at2 & ?is op]ates z a noli me tang ere1 & prev5ts him tak+ an objective view4 ,x seems1 inde$1 z if1 )\t ! leav5 ( a gra9 ( malice1 su* a view 7 impossible4 ,footnote #a3 ,cf4 ,grundprobleme d] ,e?ik1 p4 #bge4 99 99 99 99 99 ,accord+ z a man's m5tal en]gy is ex]t$ or relax$1 w life appe> to him ei!r s %ort1 & petty1 & fleet+1 t no?+ c possibly happ5 ov] :i* x is wor? 8 :ile to sp5d emotion2 t no?+ really matt]s1 :e!r x is pleasure or ri*es1 or ev5 fame1 & t 9 :atev] way a man may h fail$1 he _c h lo/ mu*--or1 on ! o!r h&1 life w seem s long1 s important1 s all 9 all1 s mom5t\s & s full ( difficulty t we h to plunge into x ) our :ole s\l if we are to obta9 a %>e ( its goods1 make sure ( its prizes1 & c>ry out our plans4 ,?is latt] is ! imman5t & common view ( life2 x is :at ,gracian means :5 he speaks ( ! s]i\s way ( look+ at ?+s--tom> muy de v]as el vivir4 ,! =m] is ! transc5d5tal view1 :i* is well express$ 9 ,ovid's non e/ tanti--x is n wor? s mu* tr\ble2 /ill bett]1 h[ev]1 by ,plato's rem>k t no?+ 9 human affairs is wor? any great anxiety--,greek3 oute ti ton an?rop9on axion e/i megalaes sp\daes4 ,?is condition ( m9d is due to ! intellect hav+ got ! upp] h& 9 ! doma9 ( consci\sness1 :]e1 fre$ f ! m]e s]vice ( ! w1 x looks ^u ! ph5om5a ( life objectively1 & s _c fail to ga9 a cle> insight into its va9 & futile "*4 ,b 9 ! o!r condition ( m9d1 w pr$om9ates2 & ! intellect exi/s only to light x on its way to ! atta9m5t ( its desires4 ,a man is great or small accord+ z he leans to ! "o or ! o!r ( ^! views ( life4 99 99 99 99 99 ,p ( v brilliant ability ?9k little ( admitt+ _! errors & weaknesses1 or ( lett+ o!rs see !m4 ,!y look ^u !m z some?+ = :i* !y h duly paid2 & in/ead ( fancy+ t ^! weaknesses are a disgrace to !m1 !y consid] !y are do+ !m an honor4 ,?is is especially ! case :5 ! errors are ( ! k9d t hang toge!r ) _! qualities--conditiones s9e quibus non--or1 z ,george ,s& said1 les dfauts de ses v]tus4 ,contr>ily1 !re are p ( good "* & irreproa*able intellectual capacity1 :o1 f> f admitt+ ! few little weaknesses !y h1 conceal !m ) c>e1 & %[ !mselves v s5sitive to any sugge/ion ( _! exi/5ce2 & ?is1 j because _! :ole m]it consi/s 9 be+ free f error & infirmity4 ,if ^! p are f\nd to h done any?+ wrong1 _! reputation imm$iately suff]s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,) p ( only mod]ate ability1 mode/y is m]e hone/y2 b ) ^? :o possess great tal5t1 x is hypocrisy4 ,h5ce1 x is j z becom+ 9 ! latt] to make no secret ( ! respect !y be> !mselves & no disguise ( ! fact t !y are consci\s ( unusual p[]1 z x is 9 ! =m] to be mode/4 ,val]ius ,maximus gives "s v neat examples ( ?is 9 8 *apt] on self-confid5ce1 de fiducia sui4 99 99 99 99 99 ,n to g to ! !atre is l mak+ "o's toilet )\t a mirror4 ,b x is /ill worse to take a decision )\t consult+ a fri5d4 ,= a man may h ! mo/ excell5t judgm5t 9 all o!r matt]s1 & yet g wrong 9 ^? :i* conc]n himself2 because "h ! w comes 9 & d]anges ! intellect at once4 ,!re=e let a man take c\nsel ( a fri5d4 ,a doctor c cure ev]yone b himself2 if he falls ill1 he s5ds = a colleague4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 all t we d1 we wi%1 m or less1 to come to ! end2 we are impati5t to f9i% & glad to be done4 ,b ! la/ sc5e ( all1 ! g5]al end1 is some?+ t1 z a rule1 we wi% z f> (f z may be4 99 99 99 99 99 ,e p>t+ gives a =eta/e ( dea?2 e com+ toge!r aga9 a =eta/e ( ! resurrection4 ,?is is :y ev5 p :o 7 indiff]5t to ea* o!r1 rejoice s mu* if !y come toge!r aga9 aft] tw5ty or ?irty ye>s' sep>ation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,intellects diff] f "o ano!r 9 a v real & fundam5tal way3 b no comp>ison c well be made by m]ely g5]al obs]vations4 ,x is necess>y to come close1 & to g into details2 = ! diff]5ce t exi/s _c be se5 f af>2 & x is n easy to judge by outw>d appe>ances1 z 9 ! sev]al cases ( education1 leisure & occupation4 ,b ev5 judg+ by ^! alone1 x mu/ be admitt$ t _m a man has a degree ( exi/5ce at lea/ t5 times z high z ano!r--9 o!r words1 exi/s t5 times z mu*4 ,i am n speak+ "h ( savages ^: life is (t5 only "o degree above t ( ! apes 9 _! woods4 ,consid]1 = in/ance1 a port] 9 ,naples or ,v5ice 79 ! nor? ( ,europe solicitude = ! w9t] mon?s makes p m ?\ghtful & !re=e reflective72 look at ! life he leads1 f its beg9n+ to its end3--driv5 by pov]ty2 liv+ on 8 physical /r5g?2 meet+ ! ne$s ( e day1 nay1 ( e h\r1 by h>d "w1 great ef=t1 con/ant tumult1 want 9 all its =ms1 no c>e = ! morr[2 8 only com=t re/ aft] exhau/ion2 cont9u\s qu>rel+2 n a mom5t free = reflection2 su* s5sual delights z a mild climate & only j suffici5t food w p]mit (2 & !n1 f9ally1 z ! metaphysical elem5t1 ! crass sup]/ition ( 8 *ur*2 ! :ole =m+ a mann] ( life ) only a l[ degree ( consci\sness1 :]e a man hu/les1 or r is hu/l$1 ?r\gh 8 exi/5ce4 ,?is re/less & confus$ dream =ms ! life ( h[ _m millions6 ,su* m5 ?9k only j s mu* z is necess>y to c>ry out _! w = ! mom5t4 ,!y nev] reflect ^u _! life z a connect$ :ole1 let alone1 !n1 ^u exi/5ce 9 g5]al2 to a c]ta9 ext5t !y may be said to exi/ )\t really kn[+ x4 ,! exi/5ce ( ! mobsman or ! slave :o lives on 9 ?is un?9k+ way1 /&s v mu* ne>] ?an ours to t ( ! brute1 :i* is conf9$ entirely to ! pres5t mom5t2 b1 = t v reason1 x has also less ( pa9 9 x ?an ours4 ,nay1 s9ce all pleasure is 9 its nature negative1 t is to say1 consi/s 9 fre$om f "s =m ( mis]y or ne$1 ! con/ant & rapid int]*ange betwe5 sett+ ab\t some?+ & gett+ x done1 :i* is ! p]man5t accompanim5t ( ! "w !y d1 & !n aga9 ! augm5t$ =m :i* ?is takes :5 !y g f "w to re/ & ! satisfaction ( _! ne$s--all ?is gives !m a con/ant s\rce ( enjoym5t2 & ! fact t x is mu* common] to see happy faces among/ ! poor ?an among/ ! ri*1 is a sure pro( t x is us$ to good advantage4 ,pass+ f ?is k9d ( man1 consid]1 next1 ! sob]1 s5sible m]*ant1 :o leads a life ( speculation1 ?9ks long ov] 8 plans & c>ries !m out ) great c>e1 f\nds a h\se1 & provides = 8 wife1 8 *ildr5 & desc5dants2 takes 8 %>e1 too1 9 ! life ( a community4 ,x is obvi\s t a man l ?is has a mu* high] degree ( consci\sness ?an ! =m]1 & s 8 exi/5ce has a high] degree ( reality4 ,!n look at ! man ( le>n+1 :o inve/igates1 x may be1 ! hi/ory ( ! pa/4 ,he w h rea*$ ! po9t at :i* a man becomes consci\s ( exi/5ce z a :ole1 sees beyond ! p]iod ( 8 own life1 beyond 8 own p]sonal int]e/s1 ?9k+ ov] ! :ole c\rse ( ! _w's hi/ory4 ,!n1 f9ally1 look at ! poet or ! philosoph]1 9 :om reflection has rea*$ su* a height1 t1 in/ead ( be+ drawn on to inve/igate any "o p>ticul> ph5om5on ( exi/5ce1 he /&s 9 amazem5t be=e exi/5ce itself1 ?is great sph9x1 & makes x 8 problem4 ,9 him consci\sness has rea*$ ! degree ( cle>ness at :i* x embraces ! _w itself3 8 intellect has completely ab&on$ its function z ! s]vant ( 8 w1 & n[ holds ! _w be=e him2 & ! _w calls ^u him mu* m to exam9e & consid] x1 ?an to play a "p 9 x himself4 ,if1 !n1 ! degree ( consci\sness is ! degree ( reality1 su* a man w be said to exi/ mo/ ( all1 & !re w be s5se & significance 9 s describ+ him4 ,betwe5 ! two extremes "h sket*$1 & ! int]v5+ /ages1 ev]yone w be able to f9d ! place at :i* he himself /&s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we "k t man is 9 g5]al sup]ior to all o!r animals1 & ?is is also ! case 9 8 capacity = be+ tra9$4 ,mohamm$ans are tra9$ to pray ) _! faces turn$ t[>ds ,mecca1 five times a day2 & !y nev] fail to d x4 ,*ri/ians are tra9$ to cross !mselves on c]ta9 occasions1 to b[1 & s on4 ,inde$1 x may be said t religion is ! *ef d'oeuvre ( ! art ( tra9+1 because x tra9s p 9 ! way !y %all ?9k3 &1 z is well kn[n1 y _c beg9 ! process too e>ly4 ,!re is no absurdity s palpable b t x may be firmly plant$ 9 ! human head if y only beg9 to inculcate x be=e ! age ( five1 by con/antly repeat+ x ) an air ( great solemnity4 ,= z 9 ! case ( animals1 s 9 t ( m51 tra9+ is successful only :5 y beg9 9 e>ly y\?4 ,noblem5 & g5tlem5 are tra9$ to hold no?+ sacr$ b _! ^w ( honor--to ma9ta9 a zeal\s1 rigid1 & un%ak5 belief 9 ! ridicul\s code ( *ivalry2 & if !y are call$ ^u to d s1 to seal _! belief by dy+ = x1 & s]i\sly to reg>d a k+ z a be+ ( a high] ord]4 ,aga91 our expressions ( polit5ess1 ! complim5ts we make1 9 p>ticul>1 ! respectful att5tions we pay to ladies1 are a matt] ( tra9+2 z also our e/eem = good bir?1 rank1 titles1 & s on4 ,( ! same "* is ! res5tm5t we feel at any insult direct$ aga9/ u2 & ! measure ( ?is res5tm5t may be exactly det]m9$ by ! nature ( ! insult4 ,an ,engli%man1 = in/ance1 ?9ks x a deadly insult to be told t he is no g5tleman1 or1 /ill worse1 t he is a li>2 a ,fr5*man has ! same feel+ if y call him a c[>d1 & a ,g]man if y say he is /upid4 ,!re are _m p]sons :o are tra9$ to be /rictly honorable 9 reg>d to "o p>ticul> matt]1 :ile !y h little honor to boa/ ( 9 any?+ else4 ,_m a man1 = in/ance1 w n /eal y\r money2 b he w lay h&s on ev]y?+ ( y\rs t he c enjoy )\t hav+ to pay = x4 ,a man ( bus9ess w (t5 deceive y )\t ! slighte/ scruple1 b he w absolutely refuse to commit a !ft4 ,imag9ation is /rong 9 a man :5 t p>ticul> function ( ! bra9 :i* enables him to obs]ve is r\s$ to activity )\t any necess>y excitem5t ( ! s5ses4 ,accord+ly1 we f9d t imag9ation is active j 9 proportion z our s5ses are n excit$ by ext]nal objects4 ,a long p]iod ( solitude1 :e!r 9 prison or 9 a sick room2 quiet1 twilight1 d>kness--^! are ! ?+s t promote its activity2 & "u _! influ5ce x comes into play ( itself4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 a great deal ( mat]ial is pres5t$ to our faculties ( obs]vation1 z happ5s on a j\rney1 or 9 ! hurly-burly ( ! _w1 or1 aga91 9 broad daylight1 ! imag9ation is idle1 &1 ev5 ?\gh call may be made ^u x1 refuses to become active1 z ?\gh x und]/ood t t 0 n its prop] "t4 ,h[ev]1 if ! imag9ation is to yield any real product1 x mu/ h receiv$ a great deal ( mat]ial f ! ext]nal _w4 ,?is is ! only way 9 :i* its /oreh\se c be fill$4 ,! phantasy is n\ri%$ mu* 9 ! same way z ! body1 :i* is lea/ capable ( any "w & enjoys do+ no?+ j 9 ! v mom5t :5 x receives its food :i* x has to dige/4 ,& yet x is to ?is v food t x owes ! p[] :i* x aft]w>ds puts =? at ! "r "t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,op9ion is l a p5dulum & obeys ! same law4 ,if x goes pa/ ! c5tre ( gravity on "o side1 x mu/ g a l di/ance on ! o!r2 & x is only aft] a c]ta9 "t t x f9ds ! true po9t at :i* x c rema9 at re/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,by a process ( contradiction1 di/ance 9 space makes ?+s look small1 & !re=e free f defect4 ,?is is :y a l&scape looks s mu* bett] 9 a contract+ mirror or 9 a cam]a obscura1 ?an x is 9 reality4 ,! same effect is produc$ by di/ance 9 "t4 ,! sc5es & ev5ts ( long ago1 & ! p]sons :o took "p 9 !m1 we> a *>m+ aspect to ! eye ( memory1 :i* sees only ! outl9es & takes no note ( disagreeable details4 ,! pres5t enjoys no su* advantage1 & s x always seems defective4 ,& aga91 z reg>ds space1 small objects close to u look big1 & if !y are v close1 we may be able to see no?+ else1 b :5 we g a little way (f1 !y become m9ute & invisible4 ,x is ! same aga9 z reg>ds "t4 ,! little incid5ts & accid5ts ( e day fill u ) emotion1 anxiety1 annoyance1 passion1 z long z !y are close to u1 :5 !y appe> s big1 s important1 s s]i\s2 b z soon z !y are borne d[n ! re/less /ream ( "t1 !y lose :at significance !y _h2 we ?9k no m ( !m & soon =get !m altoge!r4 ,!y 7 big only because !y 7 ne>4 99 99 99 99 99 ,joy & sorr[ are n ideas ( ! m9d1 b affections ( ! w1 & s !y d n lie 9 ! doma9 ( memory4 ,we _c recall our joys & sorr[s2 by :i* ,i mean t we _c r5ew !m4 ,we c recall only ! ideas t accompani$ !m2 &1 9 p>ticul>1 ! ?+s we 7 l$ to say2 & ^! =m a gauge ( our feel+s at ! "t4 ,h5ce our memory ( joys & sorr[s is always imp]fect1 & !y become a matt] ( indiff]5ce to u z soon z !y are ov]4 ,?is expla9s ! vanity ( ! attempt1 :i* we sometimes make1 to revive ! pleasures & ! pa9s ( ! pa/4 ,pleasure & pa9 are ess5tially an affair ( ! w2 & ! w1 z su*1 is n possess$ ( memory1 :i* is a function ( ! intellect2 & ?is 9 its turn gives out & takes 9 no?+ b ?\ghts & ideas1 :i* are n "h 9 "q4 ,x is a curi\s fact t 9 bad days we c v vividly recall ! good "t t is n[ no m2 b t 9 good days1 we h only a v cold & imp]fect memory ( ! bad4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we h a mu* bett] memory ( actual objects or pictures ?an = m]e ideas4 ,h5ce a good imag9ation makes x easi] to le>n languages2 = by its aid1 ! new ^w is at once unit$ ) ! actual object to :i* x ref]s2 :]eas1 if !re is no imag9ation1 x is simply put on a p>allel ) ! equival5t ^w 9 ! "m tongue4 ,mnemonics %\ld n only mean ! art ( keep+ some?+ indirectly 9 ! memory by ! use ( "s direct pun or witticism2 x %\ld1 r1 be appli$ to a sy/ematic !ory ( memory1 & expla9 its sev]al attributes by ref]5ce bo? to its real nature1 & to ! relation 9 :i* ^! attributes /& to "o ano!r4 99 99 99 99 99 ,!re are mom5ts 9 life :5 our s5ses obta9 a high] & r>] degree ( cle>ness1 ap>t f any p>ticul> occasion = x 9 ! nature ( our surr\nd+s2 & explicable1 r1 on physiological gr\nds alone1 z ! result ( "s enhanc$ /ate ( susceptibility1 work+ f )9 outw>ds4 ,su* mom5ts rema9 indelibly impress$ ^u ! memory1 & pres]ve !mselves 9 _! individuality entire4 ,we c assign no reason = x1 nor expla9 :y ?is among s _m ?\s& mom5ts l x %\ld be specially rememb]$4 ,x seems z mu* a matt] ( *ance z :5 s+le specim5s ( a :ole race ( animals n[ ext9ct are discov]$ 9 ! lay]s ( a rock2 or :51 on op5+ a book1 we light ^u an insect accid5tally cru%$ )9 ! leaves4 ,memories ( ?is k9d are always sweet & pleasant4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x occasionally happ5s t1 = no p>ticul> reason1 long-=gott5 sc5es sudd5ly />t up 9 ! memory4 ,?is may 9 _m cases be due to ! action ( "s h>dly p]ceptible odor1 :i* accompani$ ^? sc5es & n[ recurs exactly same z be=e4 ,= x is well kn[n t ! s5se ( smell is specially effective 9 awak5+ memories1 & t 9 g5]al x does n require mu* to r\se a tra9 ( ideas4 ,& ,i may say1 9 pass+1 t ! s5se ( sight is connect$ ) ! und]/&+1#a ! s5se ( he>+ ) ! reason1#b &1 z we see 9 ! pres5t case1 ! s5se ( smell ) ! memory4 ,t\* & ,ta/e are m mat]ial & dep5d5t ^u contact4 ,!y h no ideal side4 ,footnote #a3,wi]fa*e ,wurzel #ba4 ,footnote #b3 ,p>]ga vol4 ii1 #caa4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x mu/ also be reckon$ among ! peculi> attributes ( memory t a slight /ate ( intoxication (t5 s greatly enhances ! recollection ( pa/ times & sc5es1 t all ! circum/ances connect$ ) !m come back mu* m cle>ly ?an w\ld be possible 9 a /ate ( sobriety2 b t1 on ! o!r h&1 ! recollection ( :at "o said or did :ile ! intoxication la/$1 is m ?an usually imp]fect2 nay1 t if "o has be5 absolutely tipsy1 x is gone altoge!r4 ,we may say1 !n1 t :il/ intoxication enhances ! memory = :at is pa/1 x all[s x to rememb] little ( ! pres5t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m5 ne$ "s k9d ( ext]nal activity1 because !y are inactive )94 ,contr>ily1 if !y are active )91 !y d n c>e to be dragg$ out ( !mselves2 x di/urbs & imp$es _! ?\ghts 9 a way t is (t5 mo/ ru9\s to !m4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i am n surpris$ t "s p are bor$ :5 !y f9d !mselves alone2 = !y _c laugh if !y are q by !mselves4 ,! v idea ( x seems folly to !m4 ,are we1 !n1 to look ^u laught] z m]ely ,o signal = o!rs--a m]e sign1 l a ^w8 ,:at makes x impossible = p to laugh :5 !y are alone is no?+ b want ( imag9ation1 dullness ( m9d g5]ally--,greek3 anai/haesia kai bradutaes psu*aes1 z ,!ophra/us has x4#a ,! l[] animals nev] laugh1 ei!r alone or 9 company4 ,myson1 ! misan?ropi/1 0 once surpris$ by "o ( ^! p z he 0 laugh+ to himself4 ,:y d y laugh8 he ask$2 !re is no "o ) y4 ,t is j :y ,i am laugh+1 said ,myson4 ,footnote #a3 ,*>act]s1 c4 #bg4 99 99 99 99 99 ,natural ge/iculation1 su* z commonly accompanies any lively talk1 is a language ( its own1 m widespread1 ev51 ?an ! language ( words--s f>1 ,i mean1 z x is indep5d5t ( words & alike 9 all nations4 ,x is true t nations make use ( x 9 proportion z !y are vivaci\s1 & t 9 p>ticul> cases1 among/ ! ,italians1 = in/ance1 x is supplem5t$ by c]ta9 peculi> ge/ures :i* are m]ely conv5tional1 & !re=e possess$ ( no?+ m ?an a local value4 ,9 ! univ]sal use made ( x1 ge/iculation has "s analogy ) logic & gramm>1 9 t x has to d ) ! =m1 r ?an ) ! matt] ( conv]sation2 b on ! o!r h& x is di/+ui%able f !m by ! fact t x has m ( a moral ?an ( an intellectual be>+2 9 o!r words1 x reflects ! movem5ts ( ! w4 ,z an accompanim5t ( conv]sation x is l ! bass ( a melody2 & if1 z 9 music1 x keeps true to ! progress ( ! treble1 x s]ves to height5 ! effect4 ,9 a conv]sation1 ! ge/ure dep5ds ^u ! =m 9 :i* ! subject-matt] is convey$2 & x is int]e/+ to obs]ve t1 :atev] t subject-matt] may be1 ) a recurr5ce ( ! =m1 ! v same ge/ure is repeat$4 ,s if ,i happ5 to see--f my w9d[1 say--two p]sons c>ry+ on a lively conv]sation1 )\t my be+ able to cat* a ^w1 ,i c1 nev]!less1 und]/& ! g5]al nature ( x p]fectly well2 ,i mean1 ! k9d ( ?+ t is be+ said & ! =m x takes4 ,!re is no mi/ake ab\t x4 ,! speak] is argu+ ab\t some?+1 advanc+ 8 reasons1 !n limit+ _! application1 !n driv+ !m home & draw+ ! conclusion 9 triumph2 or he is rec\nt+ 8 exp]i5ces1 prov+1 p]haps1 beyond ! %ad[ ( a d\bt1 h[ mu* he has be5 injur$1 b br++ ! cle>e/ & mo/ damn+ evid5ce to %[ t 8 oppon5ts 7 fooli% & ob/9ate p :o w\ld n be conv9c$2 or else he is tell+ ( ! spl5did plan he laid1 & h[ he c>ri$ x to a successful issue1 or p]haps fail$ because ! luck 0 aga9/ him2 or1 x may be1 he is say+ t he 0 completely at a loss to "k :at to d1 or t he 0 quick 9 see+ "s traps set = him1 & t by insi/+ on 8 rights or by apply+ a little =ce1 he succe$$ 9 fru/rat+ & puni%+ 8 enemies2 & s on 9 hundr$s ( cases ( a simil> k9d4 ,/rictly speak+1 h[ev]1 :at ,i get f ge/iculation alone is an ab/ract notion ( ! ess5tial drift ( :at is be+ said1 & t1 too1 :e!r ,i judge f a moral or an intellectual po9t ( view4 ,x is ! qu9tess5ce1 ! true sub/ance ( ! conv]sation1 & ?is rema9s id5tical1 no matt] :at may h giv5 rise to ! conv]sation1 or :at x may be ab\t2 ! relation betwe5 ! two be+ t ( a g5]al idea or class-"n to ! individuals :i* x cov]s4 ,z ,i h said1 ! mo/ int]e/+ & amus+ "p ( ! matt] is ! complete id5tity & solid>ity ( ! ge/ures us$ to d5ote ! same set ( circum/ances1 ev5 ?\gh by p ( v diff]5t temp]am5t2 s t ! ge/ures become exactly l words ( a language1 alike = e "o1 & subject only to su* small modifications z dep5d ^u v>iety ( acc5t & education4 ,& yet !re c be no d\bt b t ^! /&+ ge/ures1 :i* e "o uses1 are ! result ( no conv5tion or collusion4 ,!y are orig9al & innate--a true language ( nature2 consolidat$1 x may be1 by imitation & ! influ5ce ( cu/om4 ,x is well kn[n t x is "p ( an actor's duty to make a c>eful /udy ( ge/ure2 & ! same ?+ is true1 to a some:at small] degree1 ( a public speak]4 ,?is /udy mu/ consi/ *iefly 9 wat*+ o!rs & imitat+ _! movem5ts1 = !re are no ab/ract rules fairly applicable to ! matt]1 ) ! exception ( "s v g5]al lead+ pr9ciples1 su* z--to take an example--t ! ge/ure mu/ n foll[ ! ^w1 b r come imm$iately be=e x1 by way ( ann\nc+ its approa* & attract+ ! he>]'s att5tion4 ,engli%m5 ent]ta9 a peculi> contempt = ge/iculation1 & look ^u x z some?+ vulg> & undignifi$4 ,?is seems to me a silly prejudice on _! "p1 & ! outcome ( _! g5]al prud]y4 ,= "h we h a language :i* nature has giv5 to e "o1 & :i* e "o und]/&s2 & to d away ) & =bid x = no bett] reason ?an t x is oppos$ to t mu*-laud$ ?+1 g5tlemanly feel+1 is a v que/ionable proce$+4 ,,on ,,education4 ,! human intellect is said to be s con/itut$ t g5]al ideas arise by ab/raction f p>ticul> obs]vations1 & !re=e come aft] !m 9 po9t ( "t4 ,if ?is is :at actually occurs1 z happ5s 9 ! case ( a man :o has to dep5d solely ^u 8 own exp]i5ce = :at he le>ns--:o has no tea*] & no book1--su* a man kn[s q well :i* ( 8 p>ticul> obs]vations belong to & are repres5t$ by ea* ( 8 g5]al ideas4 ,he has a p]fect acqua9tance ) bo? sides ( 8 exp]i5ce1 & accord+ly1 he treats ev]y?+ t comes 9 8 way f a "r /&po9t4 ,?is might be call$ ! natural me?od ( education4 ,contr>ily1 ! artificial me?od is to he> :at o!r p say1 to le>n & to read1 & s to get y\r head cramm$ full ( g5]al ideas be=e y h any sort ( ext5d$ acqua9tance ) ! _w z x is1 & z y may see x = y\rself4 ,y w be told t ! p>ticul> obs]vations :i* g to make ^! g5]al ideas w come to y lat] on 9 ! c\rse ( exp]i5ce2 b until t "t arrives1 y apply y\r g5]al ideas wrongly1 y judge m5 & ?+s f a wrong /&po9t1 y see !m 9 a wrong light1 & treat !m 9 a wrong way4 ,s x is t education p]v]ts ! m9d4 ,?is expla9s :y x s frequ5tly happ5s t1 aft] a long c\rse ( le>n+ & read+1 we ent] ^u ! _w 9 our y\?1 p>tly ) an artless ignorance ( ?+s1 p>tly ) wrong notions ab\t !m2 s t our demeanor savors at "o mom5t ( a n]v\s anxiety1 at ano!r ( a mi/ak5 confid5ce4 ,! reason ( ?is is simply t our head is full ( g5]al ideas :i* we are n[ try+ to turn to "s use1 b :i* we h>dly ev] apply rightly4 ,?is is ! result ( act+ 9 direct opposition to ! natural developm5t ( ! m9d by obta9+ g5]al ideas fir/1 & p>ticul> obs]vations la/3 x is putt+ ! c>t be=e ! horse4 ,in/ead ( develop+ ! *ild's own faculties ( disc]nm5t1 & tea*+ x to judge & ?9k = itself1 ! tea*] uses all 8 en]gies to /uff its head full ( ! ready-made ?\ghts ( o!r p4 ,! mi/ak5 views ( life1 :i* spr+ f a false application ( g5]al ideas1 h aft]w>ds to be correct$ by long ye>s ( exp]i5ce2 & x is seldom t !y are :olly correct$4 ,?is is :y s few m5 ( le>n+ are possess$ ( common-s5se1 su* z is (t5 to be met ) 9 p :o h _h no in/ruction at all4 ,to acquire a k ( ! _w might be def9$ z ! aim ( all education2 & x foll[s f :at ,i h said t special /ress %\ld be laid ^u beg9n+ to acquire ?is k at ! "r end4 ,z ,i h %[n1 ?is means1 9 ! ma91 t ! p>ticul> obs]vation ( a ?+ %all prec$e ! g5]al idea ( x2 fur!r1 t n>r[ & circumscrib$ ideas %all come be=e ideas ( a wide range4 ,x means1 !re=e1 t ! :ole sy/em ( education %all foll[ 9 ! /eps t mu/ h be5 tak5 by ! ideas !mselves 9 ! c\rse ( _! =mation4 ,b :5ev] any ( ^! /eps are skipp$ or left out1 ! in/ruction is defective1 & ! ideas obta9$ are false2 & f9ally1 a di/ort$ view ( ! _w arises1 peculi> to ! individual himself--a view su* z almo/ ev]yone ent]ta9s = "s "t1 & mo/ m5 = z long z !y live4 ,no "o c look into 8 own m9d )\t see+ t x 0 only aft] rea*+ a v mature age1 & 9 "s cases :5 he lea/ expect$ x1 t he came to a "r und]/&+ or a cle> view ( _m matt]s 9 8 life1 t1 aft] all1 7 n v difficult or complicat$4 ,up till !n1 !y 7 po9ts 9 8 k ( ! _w :i* 7 /ill obscure1 due to 8 hav+ skipp$ "s p>ticul> lesson 9 ^? e>ly days ( 8 education1 :atev] x may h be5 l--:e!r artificial & conv5tional1 or ( t natural k9d :i* is bas$ ^u individual exp]i5ce4 ,x foll[s t an attempt %\ld be made to f9d out ! /rictly natural c\rse ( k1 s t education may proce$ me?odically by keep+ to x2 & t *ildr5 may become acqua9t$ ) ! ways ( ! _w1 )\t gett+ wrong ideas into _! heads1 :i* v (t5 _c be got out aga94 ,if ?is plan 7 adopt$1 special c>e w\ld h to be tak5 to prev5t *ildr5 f us+ words )\t cle>ly und]/&+ _! mean+ & application4 ,! fatal t5d5cy to be satisfi$ ) words in/ead ( try+ to und]/& ?+s--to le>n phrases by he>t1 s t !y may prove a refuge 9 "t ( ne$1 exi/s1 z a rule1 ev5 9 *ildr52 & ! t5d5cy la/s on into manhood1 mak+ ! k ( _m le>n$ p]sons to consi/ 9 m]e v]biage4 ,h[ev]1 ! ma9 endeavor mu/ always be to let p>ticul> obs]vations prec$e g5]al ideas1 & n vice v]sa1 z is usually & un=tunately ! case2 z ?\gh a *ild %\ld come feet =emo/ into ! _w1 or a v]se be begun by writ+ d[n ! rhyme6 ,! ord9>y me?od is to impr9t ideas & op9ions1 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w1 prejudices1 on ! m9d ( ! *ild1 be=e x has _h any b a v few p>ticul> obs]vations4 ,x is ?us t he aft]w>ds comes to view ! _w & ga!r exp]i5ce ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ^? ready-made ideas1 r ?an to let 8 ideas be =m$ = him out ( 8 own exp]i5ce ( life1 z !y ought to be4 ,a man sees a great _m ?+s :5 he looks at ! _w = himself1 & he sees !m f _m sides2 b ?is me?od ( le>n+ is n ne>ly s %ort or s quick z ! me?od :i* employs ab/ract ideas & makes ha/y g5]alizations ab\t ev]y?+4 ,exp]i5ce1 !re=e1 w be a long "t 9 correct+ preconceiv$ ideas1 or p]haps nev] br+ its task to an end2 = :]ev] a man f9ds t ! aspect ( ?+s seems to contradict ! g5]al ideas he has =m$1 he w beg9 by reject+ ! evid5ce x (f]s z p>tial & "o-sid$2 nay1 he w %ut 8 eyes to x altoge!r & d5y t x /&s 9 any contradiction at all ) 8 preconceiv$ notions1 9 ord] t he may ?us pres]ve !m un9jur$4 ,s x is t _m a man c>ries ab\t a burd5 ( wrong notions all 8 life long--crot*ets1 :ims1 fancies1 prejudices1 :i* at la/ become fix$ ideas4 ,! fact is t he has nev] tri$ to =m 8 fundam5tal ideas = himself out ( 8 own exp]i5ce ( life1 8 own way ( look+ at ! _w1 because he has tak5 ov] 8 ideas ready-made f o!r p2 & ?is x is t makes him--z x makes h[ _m o!rs6--s %all[ & sup]ficial4 ,in/ead ( t me?od ( in/ruction1 c>e %\ld be tak5 to educate *ildr5 on ! natural l9es4 ,no idea %\ld ev] be e/abli%$ 9 a *ild's m9d o!rwise ?an by :at ! *ild c see = itself1 or at any rate x %\ld be v]ifi$ by ! same means2 & ! result ( ?is w\ld be t ! *ild's ideas1 if few1 w\ld be well-gr\nd$ & accurate4 ,x w\ld le>n h[ to measure ?+s by its own /&>d r ?an by ano!r's2 & s x w\ld escape a ?\s& /range fancies & prejudices1 & n ne$ to h !m eradicat$ by ! lessons x w subsequ5tly be taught 9 ! s*ool ( life4 ,! *ild w\ld1 9 ?is way1 h its m9d once = all habituat$ to cle> views & ?or\gh-go+ k2 x w\ld use its own judgm5t & take an unbias$ e/imate ( ?+s4 ,&1 9 g5]al1 *ildr5 %\ld n =m _! notions ( :at life is l f ! copy be=e !y h le>n$ x f ! orig9al1 to :atev] aspect ( x _! att5tion may be direct$4 ,in/ead1 !re=e1 ( ha/5+ to place books1 & books alone1 9 _! h&s1 let !m be made acqua9t$1 /ep by /ep1 ) ?+s--) ! actual circum/ances ( human life4 ,& above all let c>e be tak5 to br+ !m to a cle> & objective view ( ! _w z x is1 to educate !m always to d]ive _! ideas directly f real life1 & to %ape !m 9 con=mity ) x--n to fet* !m f o!r s\rces1 su* z books1 fairy tales1 or :at p say--!n to apply !m ready-made to real life4 ,= ?is w mean t _! heads are full ( wrong notions1 & t !y w ei!r see ?+s 9 a false light or try 9 va9 to remodel ! _w to suit _! views1 & s ent] ^u false pa?s2 & t1 too1 :e!r !y are only con/ruct+ !ories ( life or engag$ 9 ! actual bus9ess ( x4 ,x is incr$ible h[ mu* h>m is done :5 ! se$s ( wrong notions are laid 9 ! m9d 9 ^? e>ly ye>s1 lat] on to be> a crop ( prejudice2 = ! subsequ5t lessons1 :i* are le>n$ f real life 9 ! _w h to be devot$ ma9ly to _! extirpation4 ,to unle>n ! evil 0 ! answ]1 accord+ to ,diog5es ,la]tius1#a ,anti/h5es gave1 :5 he 0 ask$ :at bran* ( k 0 mo/ necess>y2 & we c see :at he meant4 ,footnote #a3 vi4 #g4 ,no *ild "u ! age ( fifte5 %\ld receive in/ruction 9 subjects :i* may possibly be ! vehicle ( s]i\s error1 su* z philosophy1 religion1 or any o!r bran* ( k :]e x is necess>y to take l>ge views2 because wrong notions imbib$ e>ly c seldom be root$ out1 & ( all ! intellectual faculties1 judgm5t is ! la/ to arrive at maturity4 ,! *ild %\ld give its att5tion ei!r to subjects :]e no error is possible at all1 su* z ma!matics1 or to ^? 9 :i* !re is no p>ticul> dang] 9 mak+ a mi/ake1 su* z languages1 natural sci5ce1 hi/ory & s on4 ,& 9 g5]al1 ! bran*es ( k :i* are to be /udi$ at any p]iod ( life %\ld be su* z ! m9d is equal to at t p]iod & c p]fectly und]/&4 ,*ildhood & y\? =m ! "t = collect+ mat]ials1 = gett+ a special & ?or\gh k ( ! individual & p>ticul> ?+s4 ,9 ^? ye>s x is too e>ly to =m views on a l>ge scale2 & ultimate explanations mu/ be put (f to a lat] date4 ,! faculty ( judgm5t1 :i* _c come into play )\t mature exp]i5ce1 %\ld be left to itself2 & c>e %\ld be tak5 n to anticipate its action by inculcat+ prejudice1 :i* w p>alyze x = ev]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! memory %\ld be specially tax$ 9 y\?1 s9ce x is !n t x is /ronge/ & mo/ t5aci\s4 ,b 9 *oos+ ! ?+s t %\ld be committ$ to memory ! utmo/ c>e & =e?\ght mu/ be ex]cis$2 z lessons well le>nt 9 y\? are nev] =gott54 ,?is preci\s soil mu/ !re=e be cultivat$ s z to be> z mu* fruit z possible4 ,if y ?9k h[ deeply root$ 9 y\r memory are ^? p]sons :om y knew 9 ! fir/ twelve ye>s ( y\r life1 h[ indelible ! impression made ^u y by ! ev5ts ( ^? ye>s1 h[ cle> y\r recollection ( mo/ ( ! ?+s t happ5$ to y !n1 mo/ ( :at 0 told or taught y1 x w seem a natural ?+ to take ! susceptibility & t5acity ( ! m9d at t p]iod z ! gr\nd-"w ( education4 ,?is may be done by a /rict obs]vance ( me?od1 & a sy/ematic regulation ( ! impressions :i* ! m9d is to receive4 ,b ! ye>s ( y\? allott$ to a man are %ort1 & memory is1 9 g5]al1 b\nd )9 n>r[ limits2 /ill m s1 ! memory ( any "o individual4 ,s9ce ?is is ! case1 x is all-important to fill ! memory ) :at is ess5tial & mat]ial 9 any bran* ( k1 to ! exclusion ( ev]y?+ else4 ,! decision z to :at is ess5tial & mat]ial %\ld re/ ) ! ma/]m9ds 9 e dep>tm5t ( ?\ght2 _! *oice %\ld be made aft] ! mo/ mature delib]ation1 & ! outcome ( x fix$ & det]m9$4 ,su* a *oice w\ld h to proce$ by sift+ ! ?+s :i* x is necess>y & important = a man to "k 9 g5]al1 & !n1 necess>y & important = him to "k 9 any p>ticul> bus9ess or call+4 ,k ( ! fir/ k9d w\ld h to be classifi$1 aft] an encyclopa$ic fa%ion1 9 graduat$ c\rses1 adapt$ to ! degree ( g5]al culture :i* a man may be expect$ to h 9 ! circum/ances 9 :i* he is plac$2 beg9n+ ) a c\rse limit$ to ! necess>y requirem5ts ( prim>y education1 & ext5d+ upw>ds to ! subjects treat$ ( 9 all ! bran*es ( philosophical ?\ght4 ,! regulation ( ! second k9d ( k w\ld be left to ^? :o _h %[n g5u9e ma/]y 9 ! sev]al dep>tm5ts into :i* x is divid$2 & ! :ole sy/em w\ld provide an elaborate rule or canon = intellectual education1 :i* w\ld1 ( c\rse1 h to be revis$ e t5 ye>s4 ,"s su* arrangem5t z ?is w\ld employ ! y\?ful p[] ( ! memory to be/ advantage1 & supply excell5t work+ mat]ial to ! faculty ( judgm5t1 :5 x made its appe>ance lat] on4 ,a man's k may be said to be mature1 9 o!r words1 x has rea*$ ! mo/ complete /ate ( p]fection to :i* he1 z an individual1 is capable ( br++ x1 :5 an exact correspond5ce is e/abli%$ betwe5 ! :ole ( 8 ab/ract ideas & ! ?+s he has actually p]ceiv$ = himself4 ,?is w mean t ea* ( 8 ab/ract ideas re/s1 directly or indirectly1 ^u a basis ( obs]vation1 :i* alone end[s x ) any real value2 & also t he is able to place e obs]vation he makes "u ! "r ab/ract idea :i* belongs to x4 ,maturity is ! "w ( exp]i5ce alone2 & !re=e x requires "t4 ,! k we d]ive f our own obs]vation is usually di/9ct f t :i* we acquire ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ab/ract ideas2 ! "o com+ to u 9 ! natural way1 ! o!r by :at p tell u1 & ! c\rse ( in/ruction we receive1 :e!r x is good or bad4 ,! result is1 t 9 y\? !re is g5]ally v little agreem5t or correspond5ce betwe5 our ab/ract ideas1 :i* are m]ely phrases 9 ! m9d1 & t real k :i* we h obta9$ by our own obs]vation4 ,x is only lat] on t a gradual approa* takes place betwe5 ^! two k9ds ( k1 accompani$ by a mutual correction ( error2 & k is n mature until ?is coalition is accompli%$4 ,?is maturity or p]fection ( k is some?+ q indep5d5t ( ano!r k9d ( p]fection1 :i* may be ( a high or a l[ ord]--! p]fection1 ,i mean1 to :i* a man may br+ 8 own individual faculties2 :i* is measur$1 n by any correspond5ce betwe5 ! two k9ds ( k1 b by ! degree ( int5sity :i* ea* k9d atta9s4 ,= ! practical man ! mo/ ne$ful ?+ is to acquire an accurate & pr(\nd k ( ! ways ( ! _w4 ,b ?is1 ?\gh ! mo/ ne$ful1 is also ! mo/ we>isome ( all /udies1 z a man may rea* a great age )\t com+ to ! end ( 8 task2 :]eas1 9 ! doma9 ( ! sci5ces1 he ma/]s ! m important facts :5 he is /ill "y4 ,9 acquir+ t k ( ! _w1 x is :ile he is a novice1 namely1 9 boyhood & 9 y\?1 t ! fir/ & h>de/ lessons are put be=e him2 b x (t5 happ5s t ev5 9 lat] ye>s !re is /ill a great deal to be le>n$4 ,! /udy is difficult en\gh 9 itself2 b ! difficulty is d\bl$ by novels1 :i* repres5t a /ate ( ?+s 9 life & ! _w1 su* z1 9 fact1 does n exi/4 ,y\? is cr$ul\s1 & accepts ^! views ( life1 :i* !n become "p & p>cel ( ! m9d2 s t1 in/ead ( a m]ely negative condition ( ignorance1 y h positive error--a :ole tissue ( false notions to />t )2 & at a lat] date ^! actually spoil ! s*ool+ ( exp]i5ce1 & put a wrong con/ruction on ! lessons x tea*es4 ,if1 be=e ?is1 ! y\? _h no light at all to guide him1 he is n[ misl$ by a w-o'-!-wisp2 /ill m (t5 is ?is ! case ) a girl4 ,!y h bo? _h a false view ( ?+s foi/$ on !m by read+ novels2 & expectations h be5 ar\s$ :i* c nev] be fulfill$4 ,?is g5]ally ex]cises a baneful influ5ce on _! :ole life4 ,9 ?is respect ^? ^: y\? has all[$ !m no "t or opportunity = read+ novels--^? :o "w ) _! h&s & ! l--are 9 a position ( decid$ advantage4 ,!re are a few novels to :i* ?is reproa* _c be address$--nay1 :i* h an effect ! contr>y ( bad4 ,fir/ & =emo/1 to give an example1 ,gil ,blas1 & ! o!r works ( ,le ,sage 7or r _! ,spani% orig9als72 fur!r1 ,! ,vic> ( ,wakefield1 &1 to "s ext5t ,sir ,walt] ,scott's novels4 ,don ,quixote may be reg>d$ z a satirical exhibition ( ! error to :i* ,i am ref]r+4 ,,( ,,wom54 ,s*ill]'s poem 9 honor ( wom51 ,wrde d] ,frau51 is ! result ( mu* c>eful ?\ght1 & x appeals to ! read] by its anti!tic /yle & its use ( contra/2 b z an expression ( ! true praise :i* %\ld be accord$ to !m1 x is1 ,i ?9k1 inf]ior to ^! few words ( ,j\y's3 ,)\t wom51 ! beg9n+ ( our life w\ld be helpless2 ! middle1 devoid ( pleasure2 & ! end1 ( consolation4 ,! same ?+ is m feel+ly express$ by ,byron 9 ,s>danapalus3 ,! v fir/ ,( human life mu/ spr+ f woman's brea/1 ,y\r fir/ small words are taught y f h] lips1 ,y\r fir/ te>s qu5*'d by h]1 & y\r la/ sighs ,too (t5 brea!d out 9 a woman's he>+1 ,:5 m5 h %runk f ! ignoble c>e ,( wat*+ ! la/ h\r ( him :o l$ !m4 7,act ,i ,sc5e #b47 ,^! two passages indicate ! "r /&po9t = ! appreciation ( wom54 ,y ne$ only look at ! way 9 :i* %e is =m$1 to see t woman is n meant to und]go great labor1 :e!r ( ! m9d or ( ! body4 ,%e pays ! debt ( life n by :at %e does1 b by :at %e suff]s2 by ! pa9s ( *ild-be>+ & c>e = ! *ild1 & by submission to h] husb&1 to :om %e %\ld be a pati5t & *e]+ companion4 ,! ke5e/ sorr[s & joys are n = h]1 nor is %e call$ ^u to display a great deal ( /r5g?4 ,! curr5t ( h] life %\ld be m g5tle1 peaceful & trivial ?an man's1 )\t be+ ess5tially happi] or unhappi]4 ,wom5 are directly fitt$ = act+ z ! nurses & tea*]s ( our e>ly *ildhood by ! fact t !y are !mselves *ildi%1 frivol\s & %ort-sight$2 9 a ^w1 !y are big *ildr5 all _! life long--a k9d ( int]m$iate /age betwe5 ! *ild & ! full-gr[n man1 :o is man 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w4 ,see h[ a girl w fondle a *ild = days toge!r1 dance ) x & s+ to x2 & !n ?9k :at a man1 ) ! be/ w 9 ! _w1 c\ld d if he 7 put 9 h] place4 ,) "y girls ,nature seems to h _h 9 view :at1 9 ! language ( ! drama1 is call$ a /rik+ effect2 z = a few ye>s %e d[]s !m ) a weal? ( beauty & is lavi% 9 h] gift ( *>m1 at ! exp5se ( all ! re/ ( _! life2 s t dur+ ^? ye>s !y may capture ! fantasy ( "s man to su* a degree t he is hurri$ away into und]tak+ ! honorable c>e ( !m1 9 "s =m or o!r1 z long z !y live--a /ep = :i* !re w\ld n appe> to be any suffici5t w>ranty if reason only direct$ 8 ?\ghts4 ,accord+ly1 ,nature has equipp$ woman1 z %e does all h] creatures1 ) ! weapons & implem5ts requisite = ! safegu>d+ ( h] exi/5ce1 & = j z long z x is necess>y = h] to h !m4 ,"h1 z else:]e1 ,nature proce$s ) h] usual economy2 = j z ! female ant1 aft] fecundation1 loses h] w+s1 :i* are !n sup]flu\s1 nay1 actually a dang] to ! bus9ess ( bre$+2 s1 aft] giv+ bir? to "o or two *ildr51 a woman g5]ally loses h] beauty2 probably1 inde$1 = simil> reasons4 ,& s we f9d t "y girls1 9 _! he>ts1 look ^u dome/ic affairs or "w ( any k9d z ( second>y importance1 if n actually z a m]e je/4 ,! only bus9ess t really claims _! e>ne/ att5tion is love1 mak+ conque/s1 & ev]y?+ connect$ ) ?is--dress1 danc+1 & s on4 ,! nobl] & m p]fect a ?+ is1 ! lat] & sl[] x is 9 arriv+ at maturity4 ,a man rea*es ! maturity ( 8 reason+ p[]s & m5tal faculties h>dly be=e ! age ( tw5ty-eight2 a woman at eighte54 ,& !n1 too1 9 ! case ( woman1 x is only reason ( a sort--v nigg>d 9 its dim5sions4 ,t is :y wom5 rema9 *ildr5 _! :ole life long2 nev] see+ any?+ b :at is q close to !m1 cleav+ to ! pres5t mom5t1 tak+ appe>ance = reality1 & pref]r+ trifles to matt]s ( ! fir/ importance4 ,= x is by virtue ( 8 reason+ faculty t man does n live 9 ! pres5t only1 l ! brute1 b looks ab\t him & consid]s ! pa/ & ! future2 & ?is is ! orig9 ( prud5ce1 z well z ( t c>e & anxiety :i* s _m p exhibit4 ,bo? ! advantages & ! disadvantages :i* ?is involves1 are %>$ 9 by ! woman to a small] ext5t because ( h] weak] p[] ( reason+4 ,%e may1 9 fact1 be describ$ z intellectually %ort-sight$1 because1 :ile %e has an intuitive und]/&+ ( :at lies q close to h]1 h] field ( vision is n>r[ & does n rea* to :at is remote2 s t ?+s :i* are abs5t1 or pa/1 or to come1 h mu* less effect ^u wom5 ?an ^u m54 ,?is is ! reason :y wom5 are m (t5 incl9$ to be extravagant1 & sometimes c>ry _! incl9ation to a l5g? t bord]s ^u madness4 ,9 _! he>ts1 wom5 ?9k t x is m5's bus9ess to e>n money & !irs to sp5d x--- if possible dur+ _! husb&'s life1 b1 at any rate1 aft] 8 dea?4 ,! v fact t _! husb& h&s !m ov] 8 e>n+s = purposes ( h\sekeep+1 /r5g!ns !m 9 ?is belief4 ,h[ev] _m disadvantages all ?is may involve1 !re is at lea/ ?is to be said 9 its favor2 t ! woman lives m 9 ! pres5t ?an ! man1 & t1 if ! pres5t is at all tol]able1 %e enjoys x m eag]ly4 ,?is is ! s\rce ( t *e]fulness :i* is peculi> to wom51 fitt+ h] to amuse man 9 8 h\rs ( recreation1 &1 9 case ( ne$1 to console him :5 he is borne d[n by ! weight ( 8 c>es4 ,x is by no means a bad plan to consult wom5 9 matt]s ( difficulty1 z ! ,g]mans us$ to d 9 anci5t times2 = _! way ( look+ at ?+s is q diff]5t f ours1 *iefly 9 ! fact t !y l to take ! %orte/ way to _! goal1 &1 9 g5]al1 manage to fix _! eyes ^u :at lies be=e !m2 :ile we1 z a rule1 see f> beyond x1 j because x is 9 front ( our noses4 ,9 cases l ?is1 we ne$ to be br\ght back to ! "r /&po9t1 s z to recov] ! ne> & simple view4 ,!n1 aga91 wom5 are decid$ly m sob] 9 _! judgm5t ?an we are1 s t !y d n see m 9 ?+s ?an is really !re2 :il/1 if our passions are ar\s$1 we are apt to see ?+s 9 an exagg]at$ way1 or imag9e :at does n exi/4 ,! weakness ( _! reason+ faculty also expla9s :y x is t wom5 %[ m sympa?y = ! un=tunate ?an m5 d1 & s treat !m ) m k9dness & int]e/2 & :y x is t1 on ! contr>y1 !y are inf]ior to m5 9 po9t ( ju/ice1 & less honorable & consci5ti\s4 ,= x is j because _! reason+ p[] is weak t pres5t circum/ances h su* a hold ov] !m1 & ^? concrete ?+s1 :i* lie directly be=e _! eyes1 ex]cise a p[] :i* is seldom c\nt]act$ to any ext5t by ab/ract pr9ciples ( ?\ght1 by fix$ rules ( conduct1 firm resolutions1 or1 9 g5]al1 by consid]ation = ! pa/ & ! future1 or reg>d = :at is abs5t & remote4 ,accord+ly1 !y possess ! fir/ & ma9 elem5ts t g to make a virtu\s "*1 b !y are defici5t 9 ^? second>y qualities :i* are (t5 a necess>y in/rum5t 9 ! =mation ( x4#a ,footnote #a3 ,9 ?is respect !y may be comp>$ to an animal organism :i* conta9s a liv] b no gall-bladd]4 ,"h let me ref] to :at ,i h said 9 my treatise on ,! ,f\ndation ( ,morals1 #ag4 ,h5ce1 x w be f\nd t ! fundam5tal fault ( ! female "* is t x has no s5se ( ju/ice4 ,?is is ma9ly due to ! fact1 already m5tion$1 t wom5 are defective 9 ! p[]s ( reason+ & delib]ation2 b x is also traceable to ! position :i* ,nature has assign$ to !m z ! weak] sex4 ,!y are dep5d5t1 n ^u /r5g?1 b ^u craft2 & h5ce _! in/9ctive capacity = cunn+1 & _! in]adicable t5d5cy to say :at is n true4 ,= z lions are provid$ ) claws & tee?1 & elephants & bo>s ) tusks1 bulls ) horns1 & cuttle fi% ) its cl\ds ( inky fluid1 s ,nature has equipp$ woman1 = h] def5ce & protection1 ) ! arts ( dissimulation2 & all ! p[] :i* ,nature has conf]r$ ^u man 9 ! %ape ( physical /r5g? & reason1 has be5 be/[$ ^u wom5 9 ?is =m4 ,h5ce1 dissimulation is innate 9 woman1 & almo/ z mu* a quality ( ! /upid z ( ! clev]4 ,x is z natural = !m to make use ( x on e occasion z x is = ^? animals to employ _! means ( def5ce :5 !y are attack$2 !y h a feel+ t 9 do+ s !y are only )9 _! rights4 ,!re=e a woman :o is p]fectly tru?ful & n giv5 to dissimulation is p]haps an impossibility1 & = ?is v reason !y are s quick at see+ ?r\gh dissimulation 9 o!rs t x is n a wise ?+ to attempt x ) !m4 ,b ?is fundam5tal defect :i* ,i h /at$1 ) all t x entails1 gives rise to falsity1 fai?lessness1 trea*]y1 +ratitude1 & s on4 ,p]jury 9 a c\rt ( ju/ice is m (t5 committ$ by wom5 ?an by m54 ,x may1 inde$1 be g5]ally que/ion$ :e!r wom5 ought to be sworn 9 at all4 ,f "t to "t "o f9ds repeat$ cases ev]y:]e ( ladies1 :o want = no?+1 tak+ ?+s f %op-c\nt]s :5 no "o is look+1 & mak+ (f ) !m4 ,nature has appo9t$ t ! propagation ( ! species %all be ! bus9ess ( m5 :o are "y1 /rong & h&some2 s t ! race may n deg5]ate4 ,?is is ! firm w & purpose ( ,nature 9 reg>d to ! species1 & x f9ds its expression 9 ! passions ( wom54 ,!re is no law t is old] or m p[]ful ?an ?is4 ,woe1 !n1 to ! man :o sets up claims & int]e/s t w conflict ) x2 :atev] he may say & d1 !y w be unm]cifully cru%$ at ! fir/ s]i\s enc\nt]4 ,= ! innate rule t gov]ns wom5's conduct1 ?\gh x is secret & un=mulat$1 nay1 unconsci\s 9 its work+1 is ?is3 ,we are ju/ifi$ 9 deceiv+ ^? :o ?9k !y h acquir$ rights ov] ! species by pay+ little att5tion to ! individual1 t is1 to u4 ,! con/itution &1 !re=e1 ! welf>e ( ! species h be5 plac$ 9 our h&s & committ$ to our c>e1 ?r\gh ! control we obta9 ov] ! next g5]ation1 :i* proce$s f u2 let u dis*>ge our duties consci5ti\sly4 ,b wom5 h no ab/ract k ( ?is lead+ pr9ciple2 !y are consci\s ( x only z a concrete fact2 & !y h no o!r me?od ( giv+ expression to x ?an ! way 9 :i* !y act :5 ! opportunity arrives4 ,& !n _! consci5ce does n tr\ble !m s mu* z we fancy2 = 9 ! d>ke/ recesses ( _! he>t1 !y are aw>e t 9 committ+ a brea* ( _! duty t[>ds ! individual1 !y h all ! bett] fulfill$ _! duty t[>ds ! species1 :i* is inf9itely great]4#a ,footnote #a3 ,a m detail$ discussion ( ! matt] 9 "q may be f\nd 9 my *ief "w1 ,die ,welt als ,wille und ,vor/ellung1 vol4 ii1 *4 #dd4 ,& s9ce wom5 exi/ 9 ! ma9 solely = ! propagation ( ! species1 & are n de/9$ = any?+ else1 !y live1 z a rule1 m = ! species ?an = ! individual1 & 9 _! he>ts take ! affairs ( ! species m s]i\sly ?an ^? ( ! individual4 ,?is gives _! :ole life & be+ a c]ta9 levity2 ! g5]al b5t ( _! "* is 9 a direction fundam5tally diff]5t f t ( man2 & x is ?is to :i* produces t discord 9 m>ri$ life :i* is s frequ5t1 & almo/ ! normal /ate4 ,! natural feel+ betwe5 m5 is m]e indiff]5ce1 b betwe5 wom5 x is actual enmity4 ,! reason ( ?is is t trade-jeal\sy--odium figul9um--:i*1 9 ! case ( m5 does n g beyond ! conf9es ( _! own p>ticul> pursuit2 b1 ) wom51 embraces ! :ole sex2 s9ce !y h only "o k9d ( bus9ess4 ,ev5 :5 !y meet 9 ! /reet1 wom5 look at "o ano!r l ,guelphs & ,ghibell9es4 ,& x is a pat5t fact t :5 two wom5 make fir/ acqua9tance ) ea* o!r1 !y behave ) m con/ra9t & dissimulation ?an two m5 w\ld %[ 9 a l case2 & h5ce x is t an ex*ange ( complim5ts betwe5 two wom5 is a mu* m ridicul\s proce$+ ?an betwe5 two m54 ,fur!r1 :il/ a man w1 z a g5]al rule1 always pres]ve a c]ta9 am\nt ( consid]ation & humanity 9 speak+ to o!rs1 ev5 to ^? :o are 9 a v inf]ior position1 x is intol]able to see h[ pr\dly & disda9fully a f9e lady w g5]ally behave t[>ds "o :o is 9 a l[] social rank 7,i d n mean a woman :o is 9 h] s]vice71 :5ev] %e speaks to h]4 ,! reason ( ?is may be t1 ) wom51 diff]5ces ( rank are mu* m prec>i\s ?an ) u2 because1 :ile a hundr$ consid]ations c>ry weight 9 our case1 9 !irs !re is only "o1 namely1 ) :i* man !y h f\nd favor2 z also t !y /& 9 mu* ne>] relations ) "o ano!r ?an m5 d1 9 consequ5ce ( ! "o-sid$ nature ( _! call+4 ,?is makes !m endeavor to lay /ress ^u diff]5ces ( rank4 ,x is only ! man ^: intellect is cl\d$ by 8 sexual impulses t c\ld give ! "n ( ! fair sex to t "u-siz$1 n>r[-%\ld]$1 broad-hipp$1 & %ort-legg$ race2 = ! :ole beauty ( ! sex is b\nd up ) ?is impulse4 ,in/ead ( call+ !m beautiful1 !re w\ld be m w>rant = describ+ wom5 z ! un-ae/hetic sex4 ,nei!r = music1 nor = poetry1 nor = f9e art1 h !y really & truly any s5se or susceptibility2 x is a m]e mock]y if !y make a pret5ce ( x 9 ord] to assi/ _! endeavor to please4 ,h5ce1 z a result ( ?is1 !y are incapable ( tak+ a purely objective int]e/ 9 any?+2 & ! reason ( x seems to me to be z foll[s4 ,a man tries to acquire direct ma/]y ov] ?+s1 ei!r by und]/&+ !m1 or by =c+ !m to d 8 w4 ,b a woman is always & ev]y:]e r$uc$ to obta9+ ?is ma/]y indirectly1 namely1 ?r\gh a man2 & :atev] direct ma/]y %e may h is entirely conf9$ to him4 ,& s x lies 9 woman's nature to look ^u ev]y?+ only z a means = conqu]+ man2 & if %e takes an int]e/ 9 any?+ else1 x is simulat$--a m]e r\ndab\t way ( ga9+ h] ends by coquetry1 & feign+ :at %e does n feel4 ,h5ce1 ev5 ,r\sseau decl>$3 ,wom5 h1 9 g5]al1 no love = any art2 !y h no prop] k ( any2 & !y h no g5ius4#a ,footnote #a3 ,lettre d',alemb]t1 ,note xx4 ,no "o :o sees at all bel[ ! surface c h fail$ to rem>k ! same ?+4 ,y ne$ only obs]ve ! k9d ( att5tion wom5 be/[ ^u a conc]t1 an op]a1 or a play--! *ildi% simplicity1 = example1 ) :i* !y keep on *att]+ dur+ ! f9e/ passages 9 ! greate/ ma/]pieces4 ,if x is true t ! ,greeks exclud$ wom5 f _! !atres !y 7 q "r 9 :at !y did2 at any rate y w\ld h be5 able to he> :at 0 said ^u ! /age4 ,9 our day1 besides1 or 9 lieu ( say+1 ,let a woman keep sil5ce 9 ! *ur*1 x w\ld be mu* to ! po9t to say ,let a woman keep sil5ce 9 ! !atre4 ,?is might1 p]haps1 be put up 9 big lett]s on ! curta94 ,& y _c expect any?+ else ( wom5 if y consid] t ! mo/ di/+ui%$ intellects among ! :ole sex h nev] manag$ to produce a s+le a*ievem5t 9 ! f9e arts t is really great1 g5u9e1 & orig9al2 or giv5 to ! _w any "w ( p]man5t value 9 any sph]e4 ,?is is mo/ /rik+ly %[n 9 reg>d to pa9t+1 :]e ma/]y ( te*nique is at lea/ z mu* )9 _! p[] z )9 ours--& h5ce !y are dilig5t 9 cultivat+ x2 b /ill1 !y h n a s+le great pa9t+ to boa/ (1 j because !y are defici5t 9 t objectivity ( m9d :i* is s directly indisp5sable 9 pa9t+4 ,!y nev] get beyond a subjective po9t ( view4 ,x is q 9 keep+ ) ?is t ord9>y wom5 h no real susceptibility = art at all2 = ,nature proce$s 9 /rict sequ5ce--non facit saltum4 ,& ,hu>te#a 9 8 ,exam5 de +5ios p>a las sci5zias--a book :i* has be5 fam\s = ?ree hundr$ ye>s--d5ies wom5 ! possession ( all ! high] faculties4 ,! case is n alt]$ by p>ticul> & p>tial exceptions2 tak5 z a :ole1 wom5 are1 & rema91 ?or\gh-go+ ,phili/9es1 & q incurable4 ,h5ce1 ) t absurd arrangem5t :i* all[s !m to %>e ! rank & title ( _! husb&s !y are a con/ant /imulus to 8 ignoble ambitions4 ,&1 fur!r1 x is j because !y are ,phili/9es t mod]n society1 :]e !y take ! lead & set ! tone1 is 9 su* a bad way4 ,napoleon's say+--t wom5 h no rank--%\ld be adopt$ z ! "r /&po9t 9 det]m9+ _! position 9 society2 & z reg>ds _! o!r qualities ,*am=t#b makes ! v true rem>k3 ,!y are made to trade ) our own weaknesses & our follies1 b n ) our reason4 ,! sympa?ies t exi/ betwe5 !m & m5 are sk9-deep only1 & d n t\* ! m9d or ! feel+s or ! "*4 ,!y =m ! sexus sequior--! second sex1 inf]ior 9 e respect to ! fir/2 _! infirmities %\ld be treat$ ) consid]ation2 b to %[ !m great rev]5ce is extremely ridicul\s1 & l[]s u 9 _! eyes4 ,:5 ,nature made two divisions ( ! human race1 %e did n draw ! l9e exactly ?r\gh ! middle4 ,^! divisions are pol> & oppos$ to ea* o!r1 x is true2 b ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m is n qualitative m]ely1 x is also quantitative4 ,footnote #a3 ,translator's ,note4--- ,juan ,hu>te 7#aebj8-aeij7 practis$ z a physician at ,madrid4 ,! "w cit$ by ,s*op5hau] is kn[n1 & has be5 translat$ into _m languages4 ,footnote #b3 ,translator's ,note4--,see ,c\nsels & ,maxims1 p4 #ab1 ,note4 ,?is is j ! view :i* ! anci5ts took ( woman1 & ! view :i* p 9 ! ,ea/ take n[2 & _! judgm5t z to h] prop] position is mu* m correct ?an ours1 ) our old ,fr5* notions ( gallantry & our prepo/]\s sy/em ( rev]5ce--t highe/ product ( ,teutonico-,*ri/ian /upidity4 ,^! notions h s]v$ only to make wom5 m arrogant & ov]be>+2 s t "o is occasionally rem9d$ ( ! holy apes 9 ,b5>es1 :o 9 ! consci\sness ( _! sanctity & inviolable position1 ?9k !y c d exactly z !y please4 ,b 9 ! ,we/1 ! woman1 & especially ! lady1 f9ds h]self 9 a false position2 = woman1 rightly call$ by ! anci5ts1 sexus sequior1 is by no means fit to be ! object ( our honor & v5]ation1 or to hold h] head high] ?an man & be on equal t]ms ) him4 ,! consequ5ces ( ?is false position are suffici5tly obvi\s4 ,accord+ly1 x w\ld be a v desirable ?+ if ?is ,numb]-,two ( ! human race 7 9 ,europe also relegat$ to h] natural place1 & an end put to t lady nuisance1 :i* n only moves all ,asia to laught]1 b w\ld h be5 ridicul$ by ,greece & ,rome z well4 ,x is impossible to calculate ! good effects :i* su* a *ange w\ld br+ ab\t 9 our social1 civil & political arrangem5ts4 ,!re w\ld be no necessity = ! ,salic law3 x w\ld be a sup]flu\s truism4 ,9 ,europe ! lady1 /rictly s-call$1 is a be+ :o %\ld n exi/ at all2 %e %\ld be ei!r a h\sewife or a girl :o hopes to become "o2 & %e %\ld be br\ght up1 n to be arrogant1 b to be ?rifty & submissive4 ,x is j because !re are su* p z ladies 9 ,europe t ! wom5 ( ! l[] classes1 t is to say1 ! great majority ( ! sex1 are mu* m unhappy ?an !y are 9 ! ,ea/4 ,& ev5 ,"l ,byron says3 ,?\ght ( ! /ate ( wom5 "u ! anci5t ,greeks--conv5i5t en\gh4 ,pres5t /ate1 a remnant ( ! b>b>ism ( ! *ivalric & ! feudal ages--artificial & unnatural4 ,!y ought to m9d home--& be well f$ & clo!d--b n mix$ 9 society4 ,well educat$1 too1 9 religion--b to read nei!r poetry nor politics-- no?+ b books ( piety & cook]y4 ,music--draw+--danc+--also a little g>d5+ & pl\gh+ n[ & !n4 ,i h se5 !m m5d+ ! roads 9 ,epirus ) good success4 ,:y n1 z well z hay-mak+ & milk+8 ,! laws ( m>riage prevail+ 9 ,europe consid] ! woman z ! equival5t ( ! man--/>t1 t is to say1 f a wrong position4 ,9 our "p ( ! _w :]e monogamy is ! rule1 to m>ry means to halve "o's rights & d\ble "o's duties4 ,n[1 :5 ! laws gave wom5 equal rights ) man1 !y ought to h also end[$ h] ) a mascul9e intellect4 ,b ! fact is1 t j 9 proportion z ! honors & privileges :i* ! laws accord to wom51 exce$ ! am\nt :i* nature gives1 is !re a dim9ution 9 ! numb] ( wom5 :o really p>ticipate 9 ^! privileges2 & all ! rema9d] are depriv$ ( _! natural rights by j s mu* z is giv5 to ! o!rs ov] & above _! %>e4 ,= ! in/itution ( monogamy1 & ! laws ( m>riage :i* x entails1 be/[ ^u ! woman an unnatural position ( privilege1 by consid]+ h] ?r\gh\t z ! full equival5t ( ! man1 :i* is by no means ! case2 & see+ ?is1 m5 :o are %rewd & prud5t v (t5 scruple to make s great a sacrifice & to acquiesce 9 s unfair an arrangem5t4 ,consequ5tly1 :il/ among polygam\s nations e woman is provid$ =1 :]e monogamy prevails ! numb] ( m>ri$ wom5 is limit$2 & !re rema9s ov] a l>ge numb] ( wom5 )\t /ay or support1 :o1 9 ! upp] classes1 vegetate z useless old maids1 & 9 ! l[] succumb to h>d "w = :i* !y are n suit$2 or else become filles de joie1 ^: life is z de/itute ( joy z x is ( honor4 ,b "u ! circum/ances !y become a necessity2 & _! position is op5ly recogniz$ z s]v+ ! special end ( w>d+ (f temptation f ^? wom5 favor$ by fate1 :o h f\nd1 or may hope to f9d1 husb&s4 ,9 ,london alone !re are #hj1jjj pro/itutes4 ,:at are !y b ! wom51 :o1 "u ! in/itution ( monogamy h come (f worse8 ,!irs is a dreadful fate3 !y are human sacrifices (f]$ up on ! alt> ( monogamy4 ,! wom5 ^: wret*$ position is "h describ$ are ! inevitable set-(f to ! ,european lady ) h] arrogance & pret5sion4 ,polygamy is !re=e a real b5efit to ! female sex if x is tak5 z a :ole4 ,&1 f ano!r po9t ( view1 !re is no true reason :y a man ^: wife suff]s f *ronic illness1 or rema9s b>r51 or has gradually become too old = him1 %\ld n take a second4 ,! motives :i* induce s _m p to become conv]ts to ,mormonism#a appe> to be j ^? :i* militate aga9/ ! unnatural in/itution ( monogamy4 ,footnote #a3 ,translator's ,note4--,! ,mormons h rec5tly giv5 up polygamy1 & receiv$ ! ,am]ican fran*ise 9 its /ead4 ,moreov]1 ! be/[al ( unnatural rights ^u wom5 has impos$ ^u !m unnatural duties1 &1 nev]!less1 a brea* ( ^! duties makes !m unhappy4 ,let me expla94 ,a man may (t5 ?9k t 8 social or f9ancial position w suff] if he m>ries1 unless he makes "s brilliant alliance4 ,8 desire w !n be to w9 a woman ( 8 own *oice "u conditions o!r ?an ^? ( m>riage1 su* z w secure h] position & t ( ! *ildr54 ,h[ev] fair1 reasonable1 fit & prop] ^! conditions may be1 & ! woman cons5ts by =ego+ t undue am\nt ( privilege :i* m>riage alone c be/[1 %e to "s ext5t loses h] honor1 because m>riage is ! basis ( civic society2 & %e w lead an unhappy life1 s9ce human nature is s con/itut$ t we pay an att5tion to ! op9ion ( o!r p :i* is out ( all proportion to its value4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if %e does n cons5t1 %e runs ! risk ei!r ( hav+ to be giv5 9 m>riage to a man :om %e does n l1 or ( be+ l&$ high & dry z an old maid2 = ! p]iod dur+ :i* %e has a *ance ( be+ settl$ = life is v %ort4 ,& 9 view ( ?is aspect ( ! in/itution ( monogamy1 ,?omasius' pr(\ndly le>n$ treatise1 de ,concub9atu1 is well wor? read+2 = x %[s t1 among/ all nations & 9 all ages1 d[n to ! ,lu!ran ,re=mation1 concub9age 0 p]mitt$2 nay1 t x 0 an in/itution :i* 0 to a c]ta9 ext5t actually recogniz$ by law1 & att5d$ ) no di%onor4 ,x 0 only ! ,lu!ran ,re=mation t degrad$ x f ?is position4 ,x 0 se5 to be a fur!r ju/ification = ! m>riage ( ! cl]gy2 & !n1 aft] t1 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* did n d>e to rema9 beh9d-h& 9 ! matt]4 ,!re is no use argu+ ab\t polygamy2 x mu/ be tak5 z de facto exi/+ ev]y:]e1 & ! only "q is z to h[ x %all be regulat$4 ,:]e are !re1 !n1 any real monogami/s8 ,we all live1 at any rate1 = a "t1 & mo/ ( u1 always1 9 polygamy4 ,& s1 s9ce e man ne$s _m wom51 !re is no?+ fair] ?an to all[ him1 nay1 to make x incumb5t ^u him1 to provide = _m wom54 ,?is w r$uce woman to h] true & natural position z a subord9ate be+2 & ! lady--t mon/] ( ,european civilization & ,teutonico-,*ri/ian /upidity--w disappe> f ! _w1 leav+ only wom51 b no m unhappy wom51 ( :om ,europe is n[ full4 ,9 ,india1 no woman is ev] indep5d5t1 b 9 accordance ) ! law ( ,mamu1#a %e /&s "u ! control ( h] fa!r1 h] husb&1 h] bro!r or h] son4 ,x is1 to be sure1 a revolt+ ?+ t a wid[ %\ld immolate h]self ^u h] husb&'s fun]al pyre2 b x is also revolt+ t %e %\ld sp5d h] husb&'s money ) h] p>am\rs--! money = :i* he toil$ 8 :ole life long1 9 ! consol+ belief t he 0 provid+ = 8 *ildr54 ,happy are ^? :o h kept ! middle c\rse--m$ium t5u]e beati4 ,footnote #a3 ,*4 ,v41 v4 #adh4 ,! fir/ love ( a "m = h] *ild is1 ) ! l[] animals z ) m51 ( a purely in/9ctive "*1 & s x ceases :5 ! *ild is no long] 9 a physically helpless condition4 ,aft] t1 ! fir/ love %\ld give way to "o t is bas$ on habit & reason2 b ?is (t5 fails to make its appe>ance1 especially :]e ! "m did n love ! fa!r4 ,! love ( a fa!r = 8 *ild is ( a diff]5t ord]1 & m likely to la/2 because x has its f\ndation 9 ! fact t 9 ! *ild he recognizes 8 own inn] self2 t is to say1 8 love = x is metaphysical 9 its orig94 ,9 almo/ all nations1 :e!r ( ! anci5t or ! mod]n _w1 ev5 among/ ! ,hott5tots1#a prop]ty is inh]it$ by ! male desc5dants alone2 x is only 9 ,europe t a dep>ture has tak5 place2 b n among/ ! nobility1 h[ev]4 ,t ! prop]ty :i* has co/ m5 long ye>s ( toil & ef=t1 & be5 won ) s mu* difficulty1 %\ld aft]w>ds come into ! h&s ( wom51 :o !n1 9 _! lack ( reason1 squ&] x 9 a %ort "t1 or o!rwise fool x away1 is a grievance & a wrong z s]i\s z x is common1 :i* %\ld be prev5t$ by limit+ ! "r ( wom5 to inh]it4 ,9 my op9ion1 ! be/ arrangem5t w\ld be t by :i* wom51 :e!r wid[s or daught]s1 %\ld nev] receive any?+ beyond ! int]e/ = life on prop]ty secur$ by mortgage1 & 9 no case ! prop]ty itself1 or ! capital1 except :]e all male desc5dants fail4 ,! p :o make money are m51 n wom52 & x foll[s f ?is t wom5 are nei!r ju/ifi$ 9 hav+ unconditional possession ( x1 nor fit p]sons to be entru/$ ) its adm9i/ration4 ,:5 weal?1 9 any true s5se ( ! ^w1 t is to say1 funds1 h\ses or l&1 is to g to !m z an inh]itance !y %\ld nev] be all[$ ! free disposition ( x4 ,9 _! case a gu>dian %\ld always be appo9t$2 & h5ce !y %\ld nev] be giv5 ! free control ( _! own *ildr51 :]ev] x c be avoid$4 ,! vanity ( wom51 ev5 ?\gh x %\ld n prove to be great] ?an t ( m51 has ?is mu* dang] 9 x1 t x takes an entirely mat]ial direction4 ,!y are va91 ,i mean1 ( _! p]sonal beauty1 & !n ( f9]y1 %[ & magnific5ce4 ,t is j :y !y are s mu* 9 _! elem5t 9 society4 ,x is ?is1 too1 :i* makes !m s incl9$ to be extravagant1 all ! m z _! reason+ p[] is l[4 ,accord+ly we f9d an anci5t writ] describ+ woman z 9 g5]al ( an extravagant nature--,greek3 ,gynae to synolon e/i dapana]on ,physei#b ,b ) m5 vanity (t5 takes ! direction ( non-mat]ial advantages1 su* z intellect1 le>n+1 c\rage4 ,footnote #a3 ,l]oy1 ,lettres philosophiques sur l'intellig5ce et la p]fectibilit des animaux1 avec quelques lettres sur l'homme1 p4 #bih1 ,p>is1 #ahjb4 ,footnote #b3 ,brunck's ,gnomici poetae graeci1 v4 #aae4 ,9 ! ,politics#a ,ari/otle expla9s ! great disadvantage :i* accru$ to ! ,sp>tans f ! fact t !y conc$$ too mu* to _! wom51 by giv+ !m ! "r ( inh]itance & d[]1 & a great am\nt ( indep5d5ce2 & he %[s h[ mu* ?is contribut$ to ,sp>ta's fall4 ,may x n be ! case 9 ,france t ! influ5ce ( wom51 :i* w5t on increas+ /eadily f ! "t ( ,l\is ,,xiii41 0 to blame = t gradual corruption ( ! ,c\rt & ! ,gov]nm5t1 :i* br\ght ab\t ! ,revolution ( #aghi1 ( :i* all subsequ5t di/urbances h be5 ! fruit8 ,h[ev] t may be1 ! false position :i* wom5 occupy1 demon/rat$ z x is1 9 ! mo/ gl>+ way1 by ! in/itution ( ! lady1 is a fundam5tal defect 9 our social s*eme1 & ?is defect1 proce$+ f ! v he>t ( x1 mu/ spread its baneful influ5ce 9 all directions4 ,footnote #a3 ,bk4 ,i1 *4 #i4 99 99 99 99 99 ,t woman is by nature meant to obey may be se5 by ! fact t e woman :o is plac$ 9 ! unnatural position ( complete indep5d5ce1 imm$iately atta*es h]self to "s man1 by :om %e all[s h]self to be guid$ & rul$4 ,x is because %e ne$s a "l & ma/]4 ,if %e is "y1 x w be a lov]2 if %e is old1 a prie/4 ,,on ,,noise4 ,kant wrote a treatise on ,! ,vital ,p[]s4 ,i %\ld pref] to write a dirge = !m4 ,! sup]abundant display ( vitality1 :i* takes ! =m ( knock+1 hamm]+1 & tumbl+ ?+s ab\t1 has prov$ a daily torm5t to me all my life long4 ,!re are p1 x is true--nay1 a great _m p--:o smile at su* ?+s1 because !y are n s5sitive to noise2 b !y are j ! v p :o are also n s5sitive to argum5t1 or ?\ght1 or poetry1 or art1 9 a ^w1 to any k9d ( intellectual influ5ce4 ,! reason ( x is t ! tissue ( _! bra9s is ( a v r\gh & co>se quality4 ,on ! o!r h&1 noise is a torture to intellectual p4 ,9 ! biographies ( almo/ all great writ]s1 or :]ev] else _! p]sonal utt]ances are record$1 ,i f9d compla9ts ab\t x2 9 ! case ( ,kant1 = in/ance1 ,goe!1 ,li*t5b]g1 ,jean ,paul2 & if x %\ld happ5 t any writ] has omitt$ to express himself on ! matt]1 x is only = want ( an opportunity4 ,?is av]sion to noise ,i %\ld expla9 z foll[s3 ,if y cut up a l>ge diamond into little bits1 x w entirely lose ! value x _h z a :ole2 & an army divid$ up into small bodies ( soldi]s1 loses all its /r5g?4 ,s a great intellect s9ks to ! level ( an ord9>y "o1 z soon z x is int]rupt$ & di/urb$1 its att5tion di/ract$ & drawn (f f ! matt] 9 h&2 = its sup]iority dep5ds ^u its p[] ( conc5tration--( br++ all its /r5g? to be> ^u "o !me1 9 ! same way z a concave mirror collects into "o po9t all ! rays ( light t /rike ^u x4 ,noisy int]ruption is a h9drance to ?is conc5tration4 ,t is :y di/+ui%$ m9ds h always %[n su* an extreme dislike to di/urbance 9 any =m1 z some?+ t breaks 9 ^u & di/racts _! ?\ghts4 ,above all h !y be5 av]se to t viol5t int]ruption t comes f noise4 ,ord9>y p are n mu* put out by any?+ ( ! sort4 ,! mo/ s5sible & intellig5t ( all nations 9 ,europe lays d[n ! rule1 ,nev] ,int]rupt6 z ! elev5? comm&m5t4 ,noise is ! mo/ imp]t95t ( all =ms ( int]ruption4 ,x is n only an int]ruption1 b also a disruption ( ?\ght4 ,( c\rse1 :]e !re is no?+ to int]rupt1 noise w n be s p>ticul>ly pa9ful4 ,occasionally x happ5s t "s slight b con/ant noise cont9ues to bo!r & di/ract me = a "t be=e ,i become di/9ctly consci\s ( x4 ,all ,i feel is a /eady increase 9 ! labor ( ?9k+--j z ?\gh ,i 7 try+ to walk ) a weight on my foot4 ,at la/ ,i f9d out :at x is4 ,let me n[1 h[ev]1 pass f g5us to species4 ,! mo/ inexcusable & disgraceful ( all noises is ! crack+ ( :ips--a truly inf]nal ?+ :5 x is done 9 ! n>r[ res\nd+ /reets ( a t[n4 ,i d5\nce x z mak+ a peaceful life impossible2 x puts an end to all quiet ?\ght4 ,t ?is crack+ ( :ips %\ld be all[$ at all seems to me to %[ 9 ! cle>e/ way h[ s5seless & ?\ghtless is ! nature ( mank9d4 ,no "o ) any?+ l an idea 9 8 head c avoid a feel+ ( actual pa9 at ?is sudd51 %>p crack1 :i* p>alyzes ! bra91 r5ds ! ?read ( reflection1 & murd]s ?\ght4 ,e "t ?is noise is made1 x mu/ di/urb a hundr$ p :o are apply+ _! m9ds to bus9ess ( "s sort1 no matt] h[ trivial x may be2 :ile on ! ?9k] its effect is woeful & disa/r\s1 cutt+ 8 ?\ghts asund]1 mu* z ! execution]'s axe sev]s ! head f ! body4 ,no s\nd1 be x ev] s %rill1 cuts s %>ply into ! bra9 z ?is curs$ crack+ ( :ips2 y feel ! /+ ( ! la% "r inside y\r head2 & x affects ! bra9 9 ! same way z t\* affects a s5sitive plant1 & = ! same l5g? ( "t4 ,) all due respect = ! mo/ holy doctr9e ( utility1 ,i really _c see :y a fell[ :o is tak+ away a wagon-load ( gravel or dung %\ld !reby obta9 ! "r to kill 9 ! bud ! ?\ghts :i* may happ5 to be spr++ up 9 t5 ?\s& heads--! numb] he w di/urb "o aft] ano!r 9 half an h\r's drive ?r\gh ! t[n4 ,hamm]+1 ! b>k+ ( dogs1 & ! cry+ ( *ildr5 are horrible to he>2 b y\r only g5u9e assass9 ( ?\ght is ! crack ( a :ip2 x exi/s = ! purpose ( de/roy+ e pleasant mom5t ( quiet ?\ght t any "o may n[ & !n enjoy4 ,if ! driv] _h no o!r way ( urg+ on 8 horse ?an by mak+ ?is mo/ abom9able ( all noises1 x w\ld be excusable2 b q ! contr>y is ! case4 ,?is curs$ crack+ ( :ips is n only unnecess>y1 b ev5 useless4 ,its aim is to produce an effect ^u ! intellig5ce ( ! horse2 b ?r\gh ! con/ant abuse ( x1 ! animal becomes habituat$ to ! s\nd1 :i* falls ^u blunt$ feel+s & produces no effect at all4 ,! horse does n g any fa/] = x4 ,y h a rem>kable example ( ?is 9 ! ceaseless crack+ ( 8 :ip on ! "p ( a cab-driv]1 :ile he is proce$+ at a sl[ pace on ! look\t = a f>e4 ,if he 7 to give 8 horse ! slighte/ t\* ) ! :ip1 x w\ld h mu* m effect4 ,suppos+1 h[ev]1 t x 7 absolutely necess>y to crack ! :ip 9 ord] to keep ! horse con/antly 9 m9d ( its pres5ce1 x w\ld be en\gh to make ! hundr$? "p ( ! noise4 ,= x is a well-kn[n fact t1 9 reg>d to sight & he>+1 animals are s5sitive to ev5 ! fa9te/ indications2 !y are alive to ?+s t we c sc>cely p]ceive4 ,! mo/ surpris+ in/ances ( ?is are furni%$ by tra9$ dogs & can>y birds4 ,x is obvi\s1 !re=e1 t "h we h to d ) an act ( pure wantonness2 nay1 ) an impud5t defiance (f]$ to ^? memb]s ( ! community :o "w ) _! heads by ^? :o "w ) _! h&s4 ,t su* infamy %\ld be tol]at$ 9 a t[n is a piece ( b>b>ity & iniquity1 all ! m z x c\ld easily be rem$i$ by a police-notice to ! effect t e la% %all h a knot at ! end ( x4 ,!re c be no h>m 9 draw+ ! att5tion ( ! mob to ! fact t ! classes above !m "w ) _! heads1 = any k9d ( headwork is mortal angui% to ! man 9 ! /reet4 ,a fell[ :o rides ?r\gh ! n>r[ alleys ( a popul\s t[n ) unemploy$ po/-horses or c>t-horses1 & keeps on crack+ a :ip sev]al y>ds long ) all 8 might1 des]ves !re & !n to /& d[n & receive five really good bl[s ) a /ick4 ,all ! philan?ropi/s 9 ! _w1 & all ! legislators1 meet+ to advocate & decree ! total abolition ( corporal puni%m5t1 w nev] p]suade me to ! contr>y6 ,!re is some?+ ev5 m disgraceful ?an :at ,i h j m5tion$4 ,(t5 en\gh y may see a c>t] walk+ along ! /reet1 q alone1 )\t any horses1 & /ill crack+ away incessantly2 s accu/om$ has ! wret* become to x 9 consequ5ce ( ! unw>rantable tol]ation ( ?is practice4 ,a man's body & ! ne$s ( 8 body are n[ ev]y:]e treat$ ) a t5d] indulg5ce4 ,is ! ?9k+ m9d !n1 to be ! only ?+ t is nev] to obta9 ! slighte/ measure ( consid]ation or protection1 to say no?+ ( respect8 ,c>t]s1 port]s1 mess5g]s--^! are ! bea/s ( burd5 among/ mank9d2 by all means let !m be treat$ ju/ly1 fairly1 indulg5tly1 & ) =e?\ght2 b !y mu/ n be p]mitt$ to /& 9 ! way ( ! high] endeavors ( humanity by wantonly mak+ a noise4 ,h[ _m great & spl5did ?\ghts1 ,i %\ld l to "k1 h be5 lo/ to ! _w by ! crack ( a :ip8 ,if ,i _h ! upp] h&1 ,i %\ld soon produce 9 ! heads ( ^! p an indissoluble association ( ideas betwe5 crack+ a :ip & gett+ a :ipp+4 ,let u hope t ! m intellig5t & ref9$ among ! nations w make a beg9n+ 9 ?is matt]1 & !n t ! ,g]mans may take example by x & foll[ suit4#a ,mean:ile1 ,i may quote :at ,?omas ,hood says ( !m#b3 ,= a musical nation1 !y are ! mo/ noisy ,i ev] met )4 ,t !y are s is due to ! fact1 n t !y are m fond ( mak+ a noise ?an o!r p--!y w\ld d5y x if y ask$ !m--b t _! s5ses are obtuse2 consequ5tly1 :5 !y he> a noise1 x does n affect !m mu*4 ,x does n di/urb !m 9 read+ or ?9k+1 simply because !y d n ?9k2 !y only smoke1 :i* is _! sub/itute = ?\ght4 ,! g5]al tol]ation ( unnecess>y noise--! slamm+ ( doors1 = in/ance1 a v unmann]ly & ill-br$ ?+--is direct evid5ce t ! prevail+ habit ( m9d is dullness & lack ( ?\ght4 ,9 ,g]many x seems z ?\gh c>e 7 tak5 t no "o %\ld ev] ?9k = m]e noise--to m5tion "o =m ( x1 ! way 9 :i* drumm+ goes on = no purpose at all4 ,footnote #a3 ,accord+ to a notice issu$ by ! ,society = ! ,protection ( ,animals 9 ,muni*1 ! sup]flu\s :ipp+ & ! crack+ ( :ips 71 9 ,decemb]1 #aheh1 positively =bidd5 9 ,nuremb]g4 ,footnote #b3 ,9 ,up ! ,rh9e4 ,f9ally1 z reg>ds ! lit]ature ( ! subject treat$ ( 9 ?is *apt]1 ,i h only "o "w to recomm5d1 b x is a good "o4 ,i ref] to a poetical epi/le 9 t]zo rimo by ! fam\s pa9t] ,bronz9o1 entitl$ ,de' ,romori3 a ,mess] ,luca ,m>t9i4 ,x gives a detail$ description ( ! torture to :i* p are put by ! v>i\s noises ( a small ,italian t[n4 ,writt5 9 a tragicomic /yle1 x is v amus+4 ,! epi/le may be f\nd 9 ,op]e burles*e del ,b]ni1 ,aret9o ed altri1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 p4 #beh2 app>5tly publi%$ 9 ,utre*t 9 #agga4 ,a ,,few ,,p>ables4 ,9 a field ( rip5+ corn ,i came to a place :i* _h be5 trampl$ d[n by "s ru?less foot2 & z ,i glanc$ among/ ! c\ntless /alks1 e "o ( !m alike1 /&+ !re s erect & be>+ ! full weight ( ! e>1 ,i saw a multitude ( diff]5t fl[]s1 r$ & blue & violet4 ,h[ pretty !y look$ z !y grew !re s naturally ) _! little foliage6 ,b1 ?\ght ,i1 !y are q useless2 !y be> no fruit2 !y are m]e we$s1 suff]$ to rema9 only because !re is no gett+ rid ( !m4 ,& yet1 b = ^! fl[]s1 !re w\ld be no?+ to *>m ! eye 9 t wild]ness ( /alks4 ,!y are emblematic ( poetry & art1 :i*1 9 civic life--s sev]e1 b /ill useful & n )\t its fruit--play ! same "p z fl[]s 9 ! corn4 99 99 99 99 99 ,!re are "s really beautifully l&scapes 9 ! _w1 b ! human figures 9 !m are poor1 & y _h n bett] look at !m4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! fly %\ld be us$ z ! symbol ( imp]t95ce & audacity2 = :il/ all o!r animals %un man m ?an any?+ else1 & run away ev5 be=e he comes ne> !m1 ! fly lights ^u 8 v nose4 99 99 99 99 99 ,two ,*9am5 travel+ 9 ,europe w5t to ! !atre = ! fir/ "t4 ,"o ( !m did no?+ b /udy ! ma*9]y1 & he succe$$ 9 f9d+ out h[ x 0 work$4 ,! o!r tri$ to get at ! mean+ ( ! piece 9 spite ( 8 ignorance ( ! language4 ,"h y h ! ,a/ronom] & ! ,philosoph]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,wisdom :i* is only !oretical & nev] put into practice1 is l a d\ble rose2 its color & p]fume are delightful1 b x )]s away & leaves no se$4 ,no rose )\t a ?orn4 ,yes1 b _m a ?orn )\t a rose4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a wide-spread+ apple-tree /ood 9 full bloom1 & beh9d x a /raight fir rais$ its d>k & tap]+ head4 ,look at ! ?\s&s ( gay blossoms :i* cov] me ev]y:]e1 said ! apple-tree2 :at h y to %[ 9 comp>ison8 ,d>k-gre5 ne$les6 ,t is true1 repli$ ! fir1 b :5 w9t] comes1 y w be b>$ ( y\r glory2 & ,i %all be z ,i am n[4 99 99 99 99 99 ,once1 z ,i 0 botaniz+ "u an oak1 ,i f\nd among/ a numb] ( o!r plants ( simil> height "o t 0 d>k 9 color1 ) tightly clos$ leaves & a /alk t 0 v /raight & /iff4 ,:5 ,i t\*$ x1 x said to me 9 firm tones3 ,let me alone2 ,i am n = y\r collection1 l ^! plants to :i* ,nature has giv5 only a s+le ye> ( life4 ,i am a little oak4 ,s x is ) a man ^: influ5ce is to la/ = hundr$s ( ye>s4 ,z a *ild1 z a y\?1 (t5 ev5 z a full-gr[n man1 nay1 8 :ole life long1 he goes ab\t among 8 fell[s1 look+ l !m & seem+ly z unimportant4 ,b let him alone2 he w n die4 ,"t w come & br+ ^? :o "k h[ to value him4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! man :o goes up 9 a balloon does n feel z ?\gh he 7 asc5d+2 he only sees ! e>? s9k+ deep] "u him4 ,!re is a my/]y :i* only ^? w und]/& :o feel ! tru? ( x4 99 99 99 99 99 ,y\r e/imation ( a man's size w be affect$ by ! di/ance at :i* y /& f him1 b 9 two entirely opposite ways accord+ z x is 8 physical or 8 m5tal /ature t y are consid]+4 ,! "o w seem small]1 ! f>!r (f y move2 ! o!r1 great]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,nature cov]s all h] works ) a v>ni% ( beauty1 l ! t5d] bloom t is brea!d1 z x 71 on ! surface ( a pea* or a plum4 ,pa9t]s & poets lay !mselves out to take (f ?is v>ni%1 to /ore x up1 & give x u to be enjoy$ at our leisure4 ,we dr9k deep ( ?is beauty long be=e we ent] ^u life itself2 & :5 aft]w>ds we come to see ! works ( ,nature = ourselves1 ! v>ni% is gone3 ! arti/s h us$ x up & we h enjoy$ x 9 advance4 ,?us x is t ! _w s (t5 appe>s h>% & devoid ( *>m1 nay1 actually repulsive4 ,x 7 bett] to leave u to discov] ! v>ni% = ourselves4 ,?is w\ld mean t we %\ld n enjoy x all at once & 9 l>ge quantities2 we %\ld h no f9i%$ pictures1 no p]fect poems2 b we %\ld look at all ?+s 9 t g5ial & pleas+ light 9 :i* ev5 n[ a *ild ( ,nature sometimes sees !m--"s "o :o has n anticipat$ 8 ae/hetic pleasures by ! help ( art1 or tak5 ! *>ms ( life too e>ly4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,ca!dral 9 ,may5ce is s %ut 9 by ! h\ses t are built r\nd ab\t x1 t !re is no "o spot f :i* y c see x z a :ole4 ,?is is symbolic ( ev]y?+ great or beautiful 9 ! _w4 ,x ought to exi/ = its own sake alone1 b be=e v long x is misus$ to s]ve ali5 ends4 ,p come f all directions want+ to f9d 9 x support & ma9t5ance = !mselves2 !y /& 9 ! way & spoil its effect4 ,to be sure1 !re is no?+ surpris+ 9 ?is1 = 9 a _w ( ne$ & imp]fection ev]y?+ is seiz$ ^u :i* c be us$ to satisfy want4 ,no?+ is exempt f ?is s]vice1 no1 n ev5 ^? v ?+s :i* arise only :5 ne$ & want are = a mom5t lo/ sight (--! beautiful & ! true1 s\ght = _! own sakes4 ,?is is especially illu/rat$ & corroborat$ 9 ! case ( in/itutions--:e!r great or small1 weal?y or poor1 f\nd$1 no matt] 9 :at c5tury or 9 :at l&1 to ma9ta9 & advance human k1 & g5]ally to af=d help to ^? intellectual ef=ts :i* ennoble ! race4 ,:]ev] ^! in/itutions may be1 x is n long be=e p sneak up to !m "u ! pret5ce ( wi%+ to fur!r ^? special ends1 :ile !y are really l$ on by ! desire to secure ! emolum5ts :i* h be5 left = _! fur!rance1 & ?us to satisfy c]ta9 co>se & brutal in/9cts ( _! own4 ,?us x is t we come to h s _m *>latans 9 e bran* ( k4 ,! *>latan takes v diff]5t %apes accord+ to circum/ances2 b at bottom he is a man :o c>es no?+ ab\t k = its own sake1 & only /rives to ga9 ! semblance ( x t he may use x = 8 own p]sonal ends1 :i* are always selfi% & mat]ial4 99 99 99 99 99 ,e h]o is a ,samson4 ,! /rong man succumbs to ! intrigues ( ! weak & ! _m2 & if 9 ! end he loses all pati5ce he cru%es bo? !m & himself4 ,or he is l ,gulliv] at ,lilliput1 ov]:elm$ by an enorm\s numb] ( little m54 99 99 99 99 99 ,a "m gave h] *ildr5 ,aesop's fables to read1 9 ! hope ( educat+ & improv+ _! m9ds2 b !y v soon br\ght ! book back1 & ! elde/1 wise beyond 8 ye>s1 deliv]$ himself z foll[s3 ,?is is no book = u2 x's mu* too *ildi% & /upid4 ,y c't make u believe t foxes & wolves & rav5s are able to talk2 we've got beyond /ories ( t k9d6 ,9 ^! "y hopefuls y h ! enlight5$ ,rationali/s ( ! future4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a numb] ( porcup9es huddl$ toge!r = w>m? on a cold day 9 w9t]2 b1 z !y began to prick "o ano!r ) _! quills1 !y 7 oblig$ to disp]se4 ,h[ev] ! cold drove !m toge!r aga91 :5 j ! same ?+ happ5$4 ,at la/1 aft] _m turns ( huddl+ & disp]s+1 !y discov]$ t !y w\ld be be/ (f by rema9+ at a little di/ance f "o ano!r4 ,9 ! same way ! ne$ ( society drives ! human porcup9es toge!r1 only to be mutually repell$ by ! _m prickly & disagreeable qualities ( _! nature4 ,! mod]ate di/ance :i* !y at la/ discov] to be ! only tol]able condition ( int]c\rse1 is ! code ( polit5ess & f9e mann]s2 & ^? :o transgress x are r\ghly told--9 ! ,engli% phrase--to keep _! di/ance4 ,by ?is arrangem5t ! mutual ne$ ( w>m? is only v mod]ately satisfi$2 b !n p d n get prick$4 ,a man :o has "s heat 9 himself pref]s to rema9 outside1 :]e he w nei!r prick o!r p nor get prick$ himself4