,,! ,,essays ,,( ,,ar?ur ,,s*op5hau]3 ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,controv]sy ,,translat$ ,,by ,t4 ,,bailey ,,saund]s1 ,m4,a4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,controv]sy-- #a4 ,,prelim9>y3 ,,logic ,,& ,,dialectic #b4 ,,! ,,basis ,,( ,,all ,,dialectic #c4 ,,/ratagems ,,on ,,! ,,comp>ative ,,place ,,( ,,int]e/ ,,& ,,beauty ,,9 ,,works ,,( ,,art ,,psy*ological ,,obs]vations ,,on ,,! ,,wisdom ,,( ,,life3 ,,aphorisms ,,g5ius ,,& ,,virtue ,,translator',s ,,preface4 ,! volume n[ be=e ! read] is a t>dy addition to a s]ies 9 :i* ,i h endeav\r$ to pres5t ,s*op5hau]'s m9or writ+s 9 an adequate =m4 ,its cont5ts are drawn entirely f 8 po/hum\s pap]s4 ,a selection ( !m 0 giv5 to ! _w "s ?ree ( f\r ye>s aft] 8 dea? by 8 fri5d & lit]>y executor1 ,julius ,frau5/dt1 :o = ?is & o!r (fices ( piety1 has receiv$ less recognition ?an he des]ves4 ,! pap]s !n publi%$ h rec5tly be5 issu$ afre%1 ) consid]able additions & corrections1 by ,dr4 ,edu>d ,griseba*1 :o is also entitl$ to gratitude = ! c>e ) :i* he has foll[$ ! text ( ! manuscripts1 n[ 9 ! ,royal ,libr>y at ,b]l91 & = hav+ drawn att5tion--al?\gh 9 t]ms t are unnecess>ily sev]e--to a numb] ( faults & fail+s on ! "p ( ! previ\s editor4 ,! fact t all ,s*op5hau]'s works1 toge!r ) a volume ( 8 correspond5ce1 may n[ be obta9$ 9 a c]ta9 *eap collection ( ! be/ national & =eign lit]ature display$ 9 almo/ e book%op 9 ,g]many1 is suffici5t evid5ce t 9 8 own c\ntry ! writ]'s popul>ity is /ill v great2 nor does ! dem& = translations indicate t 8 fame has at all dim9i%$ abroad4 ,! fav\r ) :i* ! new edition ( 8 po/hum\s pap]s has be5 receiv$ induces me1 !re=e1 to resume a task :i* ,i ?\ght1 five ye>s ago1 t ,i _h f9ally complet$2 & x is my int5tion to br+ out "o m volume1 select$ p>tly f ^! pap]s & p>tly f 8 ,p>]ga4 ,a small "p ( ! essay on ,! ,art ( ,controv]sy 0 publi%$ 9 ,s*op5hau]'s lifetime1 9 ! *apt] ( ! ,p>]ga head$ ,zur ,logik und ,dialektik4 ,! intellig5t read] w discov] t a good deal ( its cont5ts is ( an ironical "*4 ,z reg>ds ! la/ ?ree essays ,i mu/ obs]ve t ,i h omitt$ su* passages z appe> to be no long] ( any g5]al int]e/ or o!rwise unsuitable4 ,i mu/ also confess to hav+ tak5 "o or two lib]ties ) ! titles1 9 ord] t !y may ! m effectively fulfil ! purpose = :i* titles exi/4 ,9 o!r respects ,i h adh]$ to ! orig9al ) ! k9d ( fidelity :i* aims at produc+ an impression z ne>ly z possible simil> to t produc$ by ! orig9al4 ,t4,b4,s4 ,febru>y1 #ahif ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,controv]sy4 ,,prelim9>y3 ,,logic ,,& ,,dialectic4 ,by ! anci5ts1 ,logic & ,dialectic 7 us$ z synonym\s t]ms2 al?\gh ,greek3 logize/hai1 to ?9k ov]1 to consid]1 to calculate1 & ,greek3 dialege/hai1 to conv]se1 are two v diff]5t ?+s4 ,! "n ,dialectic 01 z we are in=m$ by ,diog5es ,la]tius1 fir/ us$ by ,plato2 & 9 ! ,pha$rus1 ,sophi/1 ,republic1 bk4 vii41 & else:]e1 we f9d t by ,dialectic he means ! regul> employm5t ( ! reason1 & skill 9 ! practice ( x4 ,ari/otle also uses ! ^w 9 ?is s5se2 b1 accord+ to ,laur5tius ,valla1 he 0 ! fir/ to use ,logic too 9 a simil> way4#a ,dialectic1 !re=e1 seems to be an old] ^w ?an ,logic4 ,cic]o & ,qu9tilian use ! words 9 ! same g5]al signification4#b ,footnote #a3 ,he speaks ( ,greek3 dys*]elai logicai1 t is1 difficult po9ts1 ,greek3 protasis logicae aporia logicae ,footnote #b3 ,cic4 9 ,lucullo3 ,dialecticam inv5tam esse1 v]i et falsi quasi disceptatricem4 ,topica1 c4 #b3 ,/oici enim judic&i vias dilig5t] p]secuti sunt1 ea sci5tia1 quam ,dialectic5 appellant4 ,qu9t41 lib4 ii41 #ab3 ,itaque haec p>s dialecticae1 sive illam disputatricem dic]e malimus2 & ) him ?is latt] ^w appe>s to be ! ,lat9 equival5t = ,dialectic4 7,s f> accord+ to ,petri ,rami dialectica1 ,audom>i ,talaei praelectionibus illu/rata4 #aefi47 ,?is use ( ! words & synonym\s t]ms la/$ ?r\gh ! ,middle ,ages into mod]n times2 9 fact1 until ! pres5t day4 ,b m rec5tly1 & 9 p>ticul> by ,kant1 ,dialectic has (t5 be5 employ$ 9 a bad s5se1 z mean+ ! art ( sophi/ical controv]sy2 & h5ce ,logic has be5 pref]r$1 z ( ! two ! m innoc5t designation4 ,nev]!less1 bo? orig9ally meant ! same ?+2 & 9 ! la/ few ye>s !y h aga9 be5 recognis$ z synonym\s4 ,x is a pity t ! words h ?us be5 us$ f ( old1 & t ,i am n q at lib]ty to di/+ui% _! mean+s4 ,o!rwise1 ,i %\ld h pref]r$ to def9e ,logic 7f ,greek3 logos1 ^w & reason1 :i* are insep>able7 z ! sci5ce ( ! laws ( ?\ght1 t is1 ( ! me?od ( reason2 & ,dialectic 7f ,greek3 dialege/hai1 to conv]se--& e conv]sation communicates ei!r facts or op9ions1 t is to say1 x is hi/orical or delib]ative7 z ! art ( disputation1 9 ! mod]n s5se ( ! ^w4 ,x x cle>1 !n1 t ,logic deals ) a subject ( a purely priori "*1 sep>able 9 def9ition f exp]i5ce1 namely1 ! laws ( ?\ght1 ! process ( reason or ! ,greek3 logos1 ! laws1 t is1 :i* reason foll[s :5 x is left to itself & n h9d]$1 z 9 ! case ( solit>y ?\ght on ! "p ( a rational be+ :o is 9 no way misl$4 ,dialectic1 on ! o!r h&1 w\ld treat ( ! int]c\rse betwe5 two rational be+s :o1 because !y are rational1 ought to ?9k 9 common1 b :o1 z soon z !y cease to agree l two clocks keep+ exactly ! same "t1 create a disputation1 or intellectual conte/4 ,reg>d$ z purely rational be+s1 ! individuals w\ld1 ,i say1 necess>ily be 9 agreem5t1 & _! v>iation spr+s f ! diff]5ce ess5tial to individuality2 9 o!r words1 x is drawn f exp]i5ce4 ,logic1 !re=e1 z ! sci5ce ( ?\ght1 or ! sci5ce ( ! process ( pure reason1 %\ld be capable ( be+ con/ruct$ priori4 ,dialectic1 = ! mo/ "p1 c be con/ruct$ only po/]iori2 t is to say1 we may le>n its rules by an exp]i5tial k ( ! di/urbance :i* pure ?\ght suff]s ?r\gh ! diff]5ce ( individuality manife/$ 9 ! int]c\rse betwe5 two rational be+s1 & also by acqua9tance ) ! means :i* disputants adopt 9 ord] to make good aga9/ "o ano!r _! own individual ?\ght1 & to %[ t x is pure & objective4 ,= human nature is su* t if ,a4 & ,b4 are engag$ 9 ?9k+ 9 common1 & are communicat+ _! op9ions to "o ano!r on any subject1 s long z x is n a m]e fact ( hi/ory1 & ,a4 p]ceives t ,b4's ?\ghts on "o & ! same subject are n ! same z 8 own1 he does n beg9 by revis+ 8 own process ( ?9k+1 s z to discov] any mi/ake :i* he may h made1 b he assumes t ! mi/ake has occurr$ 9 ,b4's4 ,9 o!r words1 man is naturally ob/9ate2 & ?is quality 9 him is att5d$ ) c]ta9 results1 treat$ ( 9 ! bran* ( k :i* ,i %\ld l to call ,dialectic1 b :i*1 9 ord] to avoid misund]/&+1 ,i %all call ,controv]sial or ,eri/ical ,dialectic4 ,accord+ly1 x is ! bran* ( k :i* treats ( ! ob/9acy natural to man4 ,eri/ic is only a h>%] "n = ! same ?+4 ,controv]sial ,dialectic is ! art ( disput+1 & ( disput+ 9 su* a way z to hold "o's own1 :e!r "o is 9 ! "r or ! wrong--p] fas et nefas4#a ,a man may be objectively 9 ! "r1 & nev]!less 9 ! eyes ( by/&]s1 & sometimes 9 8 own1 he may come (f wor/4 ,= example1 ,i may advance a pro( ( "s ass]tion1 & my adv]s>y may refute ! pro(1 & ?us appe> to h refut$ ! ass]tion1 = :i* !re may1 nev]!less1 be o!r pro(s4 ,9 ?is case1 ( c\rse1 my adv]s>y & ,i *ange places3 he comes (f be/1 al?\gh1 z a matt] ( fact1 he is 9 ! wrong4 ,footnote #a3 ,accord+ to ,diog5es ,la]tius1 v41 #bh1 ,ari/otle put ,rhetoric & ,dialectic toge!r1 z aim+ at p]suasion1 ,greek3 to pi?anon2 & ,analytic & ,philosophy z aim+ at tru?4 ,ari/otle does1 inde$1 di/+ui% betwe5 7#a7 ,logic1 or ,analytic1 z ! !ory or me?od ( arriv+ at true or apodeictic conclusions2 & 7#b7 ,dialectic z ! me?od ( arriv+ at conclusions t are accept$ or pass curr5t z true1 ,greek3 endoxa probabilia2 conclusions 9 reg>d to :i* x is n tak5 = grant$ t !y are false1 & also n tak5 = grant$ t !y are true 9 !mselves1 s9ce t is n ! po9t4 ,:at is ?is b ! art ( be+ 9 ! "r1 :e!r "o has any reason = be+ s or n1 9 o!r words1 ! art ( atta9+ ! appe>ance ( tru?1 reg>dless ( its sub/ance8 ,t is1 !n1 z ,i put x above4 ,ari/otle divides all conclusions into logical & dialectical1 9 ! mann] describ$1 & !n into eri/ical4 7#c7 ,eri/ic is ! me?od by :i* ! =m ( ! conclusion is correct1 b ! premisses1 ! mat]ials f :i* x is drawn1 are n true1 b only appe> to be true4 ,f9ally 7#d7 ,sophi/ic is ! me?od 9 :i* ! =m ( ! conclusion is false1 al?\gh x seems correct4 ,^! ?ree la/ prop]ly belong to ! art ( ,controv]sial ,dialectic1 z !y h no objective tru? 9 view1 b only ! appe>ance ( x1 & pay no reg>d to tru? itself2 t is to say1 !y aim at victory4 ,ari/otle's book on ,sophi/ic ,conclusions 0 edit$ ap>t f ! o!rs1 & at a lat] date4 ,x 0 ! la/ book ( 8 ,dialectic4 ,if ! read] asks h[ ?is is1 ,i reply t x is simply ! natural bas5ess ( human nature4 ,if human nature 7 n base1 b ?or\ghly hon\rable1 we %\ld 9 e debate h no o!r aim ?an ! discov]y ( tru?2 we %\ld n 9 ! lea/ c>e :e!r ! tru? prov$ to be 9 fav\r ( ! op9ion :i* we _h begun by express+1 or ( ! op9ion ( our adv]s>y4 ,t we %\ld reg>d z a matt] ( no mom5t1 or1 at any rate1 ( v second>y consequ5ce2 b1 z ?+s are1 x is ! ma9 conc]n4 ,our innate vanity1 :i* is p>ticul>ly s5sitive 9 ref]5ce to our intellectual p[]s1 w n suff] u to all[ t our fir/ position 0 wrong & our adv]s>y's "r4 ,! way out ( ?is difficulty w\ld be simply to take ! tr\ble always to =m a correct judgm5t4 ,= ?is a man w\ld h to ?9k be=e he spoke4 ,b1 ) mo/ m51 innate vanity is accompani$ by loquacity & innate di%one/y4 ,!y speak be=e !y ?9k2 & ev5 ?\gh !y may aft]w>ds p]ceive t !y are wrong1 & t :at !y ass]t is false1 !y want x to seem ! contr>y4 ,! int]e/ 9 tru?1 :i* may be presum$ to h be5 _! only motive :5 !y /at$ ! proposition alleg$ to be true1 n[ gives way to ! int]e/s ( vanity3 & s1 = ! sake ( vanity1 :at is true mu/ seem false1 & :at is false mu/ seem true4 ,h[ev]1 ?is v di%one/y1 ?is p]si/5ce 9 a proposition :i* seems false ev5 to ourselves1 has some?+ to be said = x4 ,x (t5 happ5s t we beg9 ) ! firm conviction ( ! tru? ( our /atem5t2 b our oppon5t's argum5t appe>s to refute x4 ,%\ld we ab&on our position at once1 we may discov] lat] on t we 7 "r aft] all2 ! pro( we (f]$ 0 false1 b nev]!less !re 0 a pro( = our /atem5t :i* 0 true4 ,! argum5t :i* w\ld h be5 our salvation did n occur to u at ! mom5t4 ,h5ce we make x a rule to attack a c\nt]-argum5t1 ev5 ?\gh to all appe>ances x is true & =cible1 9 ! belief t its tru? is only sup]ficial1 & t 9 ! c\rse ( ! dispute ano!r argum5t w occur to u by :i* we may upset x1 or succe$ 9 confirm+ ! tru? ( our /atem5t4 ,9 ?is way we are almo/ compell$ to become di%one/2 or1 at any rate1 ! temptation to d s is v great4 ,?us x is t ! weakness ( our intellect & ! p]v]sity ( our w l5d ea* o!r mutual support2 & t1 g5]ally1 a disputant fights n = tru?1 b = 8 proposition1 z ?\gh x 7 a battle pro aris et focis4 ,he sets to "w p] fas et nefas2 nay1 z we h se51 he _c easily d o!rwise4 ,z a rule1 !n1 e man w insi/ on ma9ta9+ :atev] he has said1 ev5 ?\gh = ! mom5t he may consid] x false or d\btful4#a ,footnote #a3 ,ma*iavelli recomm5ds 8 ,pr9ce to make use ( e mom5t t 8 neighb\r is weak1 9 ord] to attack him2 z o!rwise 8 neighb\r may d ! same4 ,if hon\r & fidelity prevail$ 9 ! _w1 x w\ld be a diff]5t matt]2 b z ^! are qualities n to be expect$1 a man mu/ n practise !m himself1 because he w meet ) a bad return4 ,x is j ! same 9 a dispute3 if ,i all[ t my oppon5t is "r z soon z he seems to be s1 x is sc>cely probable t he w d ! same :5 ! position is rev]s$2 & z he acts wrongly1 ,i am compell$ to act wrongly too4 ,x is easy to say t we mu/ yield to tru?1 )\t any prepossession 9 fav\r ( our own /atem5ts2 b we _c assume t our oppon5t w d x1 & !re=e we _c d x ei!r4 ,nay1 if ,i 7 to ab&on ! position on :i* ,i _h previ\sly be/[$ mu* ?\ght1 z soon z x appe>$ t he 0 "r1 x might easily happ5 t ,i might be misl$ by a mom5t>y impression1 & give up ! tru? 9 ord] to accept an error4 ,to "s ext5t e man is arm$ aga9/ su* a proc$ure by 8 own cunn+ & villa9y4 ,he le>ns by daily exp]i5ce1 & ?us comes to h 8 own natural ,dialectic1 j z he has 8 own natural ,logic4 ,b 8 ,dialectic is by no means z safe a guide z 8 ,logic4 ,x is n s easy = any "o to ?9k or draw an inf]5ce contr>y to ! laws ( ,logic2 false judgm5ts are frequ5t1 false conclusions v r>e4 ,a man _c easily be defici5t 9 natural ,logic1 b he may v easily be defici5t 9 natural ,dialectic1 :i* is a gift apportion$ 9 unequal measure4 ,9 s f> natural ,dialectic resembles ! faculty ( judgm5t1 :i* diff]s 9 degree ) e man2 :ile reason1 /rictly speak+1 is ! same4 ,= x (t5 happ5s t 9 a matt] 9 :i* a man is really 9 ! "r1 he is conf\nd$ or refut$ by m]ely sup]ficial argum5ts2 & if he em]ges victori\s f a conte/1 he owes x v (t5 n s mu* to ! correctness ( 8 judgm5t 9 /at+ 8 proposition1 z to ! cunn+ & address ) :i* he def5d$ x4 ,"h1 z 9 all o!r cases1 ! be/ gifts are born ) a man2 nev]!less1 mu* may be done to make him a ma/] ( ?is art by practice1 & also by a consid]ation ( ! tactics :i* may be us$ to defeat an oppon5t1 or :i* he uses himself = a simil> purpose4 ,!re=e1 ev5 ?\gh ,logic may be ( no v real1 practical use1 ,dialectic may c]ta9ly be s2 & ,ari/otle1 too1 seems to me to h drawn up 8 ,logic prop]1 or ,analytic1 z a f\ndation & prep>ation = 8 ,dialectic1 & to h made ?is 8 *ief bus9ess4 ,logic is conc]n$ ) ! m]e =m ( propositions2 ,dialectic1 ) _! cont5ts or matt]--9 a ^w1 ) _! sub/ance4 ,x 0 prop]1 !re=e1 to consid] ! g5]al =m ( all propositions be=e proce$+ to p>ticul>s4 ,ari/otle does n def9e ! object ( ,dialectic z exactly z ,i h done x "h2 = :ile he all[s t its pr9cipal object is disputation1 he decl>es at ! same "t t x is also ! discov]y ( tru?4#a ,aga91 he says1 lat] on1 t if1 f ! philosophical po9t ( view1 propositions are dealt ) accord+ to _! tru?1 ,dialectic reg>ds !m accord+ to _! plausibility1 or ! measure 9 :i* !y w w9 ! approval & ass5t ( o!rs4#b ,he is aw>e t ! objective tru? ( a proposition mu/ be di/+ui%$ & sep>at$ f ! way 9 :i* x is press$ home1 & approbation won = x2 b he fails to draw a suffici5tly %>p di/9ction betwe5 ^! two aspects ( ! matt]1 s z to res]ve ,dialectic = ! latt] alone4#c ,! rules :i* he (t5 gives = ,dialectic conta9 "s ( ^? :i* prop]ly belong to ,logic2 & h5ce x appe>s to me t he has n provid$ a cle> solution ( ! problem4 ,footnote #a3 ,topica1 bk4 i41 #b4 ,footnote #b3 ,ib41 #ab4 ,footnote #c3 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 8 book ,de ,sophi/icis ,el5*is1 he takes too mu* tr\ble to sep>ate ,dialectic f ,sophi/ic & ,eri/ic1 :]e ! di/9ction is said to consi/ 9 ?is1 t dialectical conclusions are true 9 _! =m & _! cont5ts1 :ile sophi/ical & eri/ical conclusions are false4 ,eri/ic s f> diff]s f ,sophi/ic t1 :ile ! ma/] ( ,eri/ic aims at m]e victory1 ! ,sophi/ looks to ! reputation1 & ) x1 ! monet>y rew>ds :i* he w ga94 ,b :e!r a proposition is true 9 respect ( its cont5ts is f> too unc]ta9 a matt] to =m ! f\ndation ( ! di/9ction 9 "q2 & x is a matt] on :i* ! disputant lea/ ( all c arrive at c]ta9ty2 nor is x disclos$ 9 any v sure =m ev5 by ! result ( ! disputation4 ,!re=e1 :5 ,ari/otle speaks ( ,dialectic1 we mu/ include 9 x ,sophi/ic1 ,eri/ic1 & ,peira/ic1 & def9e x z ! art ( gett+ ! be/ ( x 9 a dispute1 9 :i*1 unque/ionably1 ! safe/ plan is to be 9 ! "r to beg9 )2 b ?is 9 itself is n en\gh 9 ! exi/+ disposition ( mank9d1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ) ! weakness ( ! human intellect1 x is n altoge!r necess>y4 ,o!r exp$i5ts are requir$1 :i*1 j because !y are unnecess>y to ! atta9m5t ( objective tru?1 may also be us$ :5 a man is objectively 9 ! wrong2 & :e!r or n ?is is ! case1 is h>dly ev] a matt] ( complete c]ta9ty4 ,i am ( op9ion1 !re=e1 t a %>p] di/9ction %\ld be drawn betwe5 ,dialectic & ,logic ?an ,ari/otle has giv5 u2 t to ,logic we %\ld assign objective tru? z f> z x is m]ely =mal1 & t ,dialectic %\ld be conf9$ to ! art ( ga9+ "o's po9t1 & contr>ily1 t ,sophi/ic & ,eri/ic %\ld n be di/+ui%$ f ,dialectic 9 ,ari/otle's fa%ion1 s9ce ! diff]5ce :i* he draws re/s on objective & mat]ial tru?2 & 9 reg>d to :at ?is is1 we _c atta9 any cle> c]ta9ty be=e discussion2 b we are compell$1 ) ,pilate1 to ask1 ,:at is tru?8 ,= tru? is 9 ! dep?s1 ,greek3 en bu?o hae halae!ia 7a say+ ( ,democritus1 ,diog4 ,la]t41 ix41 #gb74 ,two m5 (t5 engage 9 a w>m dispute1 & !n return to _! homes ea* ( ! o!r's op9ion1 :i* he has ex*ang$ = 8 own4 ,x is easy to say t 9 e dispute we %\ld h no o!r aim ?an ! advancem5t ( tru?2 b be=e dispute no "o kn[s :]e x is1 & ?r\gh 8 oppon5t's argum5ts & 8 own a man is misl$4 ,we mu/ always keep ! subject ( "o bran* ( k q di/9ct f t ( any o!r4 ,to =m a cle> idea ( ! prov9ce ( ,dialectic1 we mu/ pay no att5tion to objective tru?1 :i* is an affair ( ,logic2 we mu/ reg>d x simply z ! art ( gett+ ! be/ ( x 9 a dispute1 :i*1 z we h se51 is all ! easi] if we are actually 9 ! "r4 ,9 itself ,dialectic has no?+ to d b to %[ h[ a man may def5d himself aga9/ attacks ( e k9d1 & especially aga9/ di%one/ attacks2 &1 9 ! same fa%ion1 h[ he may attack ano!r man's /atem5t )\t contradict+ himself1 or g5]ally )\t be+ defeat$4 ,! discov]y ( objective tru? mu/ be sep>at$ f ! art ( w9n+ acceptance = propositions2 = objective tru? is an entirely diff]5t matt]3 x is ! bus9ess ( s\nd judgm5t1 reflection & exp]i5ce1 = :i* !re is no special art4 ,su*1 !n1 is ! aim ( ,dialectic4 ,x has be5 def9$ z ! ,logic ( appe>ance2 b ! def9ition is a wrong "o1 z 9 t case x c\ld only be us$ to repel false propositions4 ,b ev5 :5 a man has ! "r on 8 side1 he ne$s ,dialectic 9 ord] to def5d & ma9ta9 x2 he mu/ "k :at ! di%one/ tricks are1 9 ord] to meet !m2 nay1 he mu/ (t5 make use ( !m himself1 s z to beat ! enemy ) 8 own weapons4 ,accord+ly1 9 a dialectical conte/ we mu/ put objective tru? aside1 or1 r1 we mu/ reg>d x z an accid5tal circum/ance1 & look only to ! def5ce ( our own position & ! refutation ( our oppon5t's4 ,9 foll[+ out ! rules to ?is end1 no respect %\ld be paid to objective tru?1 because we usually d n "k :]e ! tru? lies4 ,z ,i h said1 a man (t5 does n himself "k :e!r he is 9 ! "r or n2 he (t5 believes x1 & is mi/ak53 bo? sides (t5 believe x4 ,tru? is 9 ! dep?s4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( a conte/ ea* man believes1 z a rule1 t "r is on 8 side2 9 ! c\rse ( x1 bo? become d\btful1 & ! tru? is n det]m9$ or confirm$ until ! close4 ,dialectic1 !n1 ne$ h no?+ to d ) tru?1 z little z ! f5c+ ma/] consid]s :o is 9 ! "r :5 a dispute leads to a duel4 ,?ru/ & p>ry is ! :ole bus9ess4 ,dialectic is ! art ( intellectual f5c+2 & x is only :5 we s reg>d x t we c erect x into a bran* ( k4 ,= if we take purely objective tru? z our aim1 we are r$uc$ to m]e ,logic2 if we take ! ma9t5ance ( false propositions1 x is m]e ,sophi/ic2 & 9 ei!r case x w\ld h to be assum$ t we 7 aw>e ( :at 0 true & :at 0 false2 & x is seldom t we h any cle> idea ( ! tru? be=eh&4 ,! true conception ( ,dialectic is1 !n1 t :i* we h =m$3 x is ! art ( intellectual f5c+ us$ = ! purpose ( gett+ ! be/ ( x 9 a dispute2 &1 al?\gh ! "n ,eri/ic w\ld be m suitable1 x is m correct to call x controv]sial ,dialectic1 ,dialectica eri/ica4 ,dialectic 9 ?is s5se ( ! ^w has no o!r aim b to r$uce to a regul> sy/em & collect & exhibit ! arts :i* mo/ m5 employ :5 !y obs]ve1 9 a dispute1 t tru? is n on _! side1 & /ill attempt to ga9 ! day4 ,h5ce1 x w\ld be v inexp$i5t to pay any reg>d to objective tru? or its advancem5t 9 a sci5ce ( ,dialectic2 s9ce ?is is n done 9 t orig9al & natural ,dialectic innate 9 m51 :]e !y /rive = no?+ b victory4 ,! sci5ce ( ,dialectic1 9 "o s5se ( ! ^w1 is ma9ly conc]n$ to tabulate & analyse di%one/ /ratagems1 9 ord] t 9 a real debate !y may be at once recognis$ & defeat$4 ,x is = ?is v reason t ,dialectic mu/ admitt$ly take victory1 & n objective tru?1 = its aim & purpose4 ,i am n aw>e t any?+ has be5 done 9 ?is direction1 al?\gh ,i h made inquiries f> & wide4#a ,x is1 !re=e1 an uncultivat$ soil4 ,to accompli% our purpose1 we mu/ draw f our exp]i5ce2 we mu/ obs]ve h[ 9 ! debates :i* (t5 arise 9 our int]c\rse ) our fell[-m5 ?is or t /ratagem is employ$ by "o side or ! o!r4 ,by f9d+ out ! common elem5ts 9 tricks repeat$ 9 diff]5t =ms1 we %all be enabl$ to exhibit c]ta9 g5]al /ratagems :i* may be advantage\s1 z well = our own use1 z = fru/rat+ o!rs if !y use !m4 ,footnote #a3 ,diog5es ,la]tes tells u t among ! num]\s writ+s on ,rhetoric by ,!ophra/us1 all ( :i* h be5 lo/1 !re 0 "o entitl$ ,greek3 ,agoni/ikon taes p]i t\s eri/ik\s gog\s !orias4 ,t w\ld h be5 j :at we want4 ,:at foll[s is to be reg>d$ z a fir/ attempt4 ,,! ,,basis ,,( ,,all ,,dialectic4 ,fir/ ( all1 we mu/ consid] ! ess5tial nature ( e dispute3 :at x is t really takes place 9 x4 ,our oppon5t has /at$ a !sis1 or we ourselves1--x is all "o4 ,!re are two modes ( refut+ x1 & two c\rses t we may pursue4 ,i4 ,! modes are 7#a7 ad rem1 7#b7 ad hom9em or ex concessis4 ,t is to say3 ,we may %[ ei!r t ! proposition is n 9 accordance ) ! nature ( ?+s1 i4e41 ) absolute1 objective tru?2 or t x is inconsi/5t ) o!r /atem5ts or admissions ( our oppon5t1 i4e41 ) tru? z x appe>s to him4 ,! latt] mode ( argu+ a "q produces only a relative conviction1 & makes no diff]5ce :atev] to ! objective tru? ( ! matt]4 ,,ii4 ,! two c\rses t we may pursue are 7#a7 ! direct1 & 7#b7 ! indirect refutation4 ,! direct attacks ! reason = ! !sis2 ! indirect1 its results4 ,! direct refutation %[s t ! !sis is n true2 ! indirect1 t x _c be true4 ,! direct c\rse admits ( a tw(old proc$ure4 ,ei!r we may %[ t ! reasons = ! /atem5t are false 7nego majorem1 m9orem72 or we may admit ! reasons or premisses1 b %[ t ! /atem5t does n foll[ f !m 7nego consequ5tiam72 t is1 we attack ! conclusion or =m ( ! syllogism4 ,! direct refutation makes use ei!r ( ! div]sion or ( ! in/ance4 7a7 ,! div]sion4--,we accept our oppon5t's proposition z true1 & !n %[ :at foll[s f x :5 we br+ x into connection ) "s o!r proposition ackn[l$g$ to be true4 ,we use ! two propositions z ! premisses ( a syllogism giv+ a conclusion :i* is manife/ly false1 z contradict+ ei!r ! nature ( ?+s1#a or o!r /atem5ts ( our oppon5t himself2 t is to say1 ! conclusion is false ei!r ad rem or ad hom9em4#b ,consequ5tly1 our oppon5t's proposition mu/ h be5 false2 =1 :ile true premisses c give only a true conclusion1 false premisses ne$ n always give a false "o4 ,footnote #a3 ,if x is 9 direct contradiction ) a p]fectly und\bt$1 tru?1 we h r$uc$ our oppon5t's position ad absurdum4 ,footnote #b3 ,socrates1 9 ,hippia ,maj4 et alias4 7b7 ,! in/ance1 or ! example to ! contr>y4--,?is consi/s 9 refut+ ! g5]al proposition by direct ref]5ce to p>ticul> cases :i* are includ$ 9 x 9 ! way 9 :i* x is /at$1 b to :i* x does n apply1 & by :i* x is !re=e %[n to be necess>ily false4 ,su* is ! framework or skeleton ( all =ms ( disputation2 = to ?is e k9d ( controv]sy may be ultimately r$uc$4 ,! :ole ( a controv]sy may1 h[ev]1 actually proce$ 9 ! mann] describ$1 or only appe> to d s2 & x may be support$ by g5u9e or spuri\s argum5ts4 ,x is j because x is n easy to make out ! tru? 9 reg>d to ?is matt]1 t debates are s long & s ob/9ate4 ,nor c we1 9 ord]+ ! argum5t1 sep>ate actual f app>5t tru?1 s9ce ev5 ! disputants are n c]ta9 ab\t x be=eh&4 ,!re=e ,i %all describe ! v>i\s tricks or /ratagems )\t reg>d to que/ions ( objective tru? or falsity2 = t is a matt] on :i* we h no assurance1 & :i* _c be det]m9$ previ\sly4 ,moreov]1 9 e disputation or argum5t on any subject we mu/ agree ab\t some?+2 & by ?is1 z a pr9ciple1 we mu/ be will+ to judge ! matt] 9 "q4 ,we _c argue ) ^? :o d5y pr9ciples3 ,contra negantem pr9cipia non e/ disput&um4 ,,/ratagems4 ,i4 ,! ,ext5sion4--,?is consi/s 9 c>ry+ y\r oppon5t's proposition beyond its natural limits2 9 giv+ x z g5]al a signification & z wide a s5se z possible1 s z to exagg]ate x2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 9 giv+ y\r own proposition z re/rict$ a s5se & z n>r[ limits z y c1 because ! m g5]al a /atem5t becomes1 ! m num]\s are ! objections to :i* x is op54 ,! def5ce consi/s 9 an accurate /atem5t ( ! po9t or ess5tial "q at issue4 ,example #a4--;,i ass]t$ t ! ,engli% 7 supreme 9 drama4 ,my oppon5t attempt$ to give an in/ance to ! contr>y1 & repli$ t x 0 a well-kn[n fact t 9 music1 & consequ5tly 9 op]a1 !y c\ld d no?+ at all4 ,i repell$ ! attack by rem9d+ him t music 0 n includ$ 9 dramatic art1 :i* cov]$ trag$y & com$y alone4 ,?is he knew v well4 ,:at he _h done 0 to try to g5]alise my proposition1 s t x w\ld apply to all !atrical repres5tations1 &1 consequ5tly1 to op]a & !n to music1 9 ord] to make c]ta9 ( defeat+ me4 ,contr>ily1 we may save our proposition by r$uc+ x )9 n>r[] limits ?an we _h fir/ int5d$1 if our way ( express+ x fav\rs ?is exp$i5t4 ,example #b4--;,a4 decl>es t ! ,peace ( #ahad gave back _! indep5d5ce to all ! ,g]man t[ns ( ! ,hanseatic ,league4 ,b4 gives an in/ance to ! contr>y by recit+ ! fact t ,dantzig1 :i* receiv$ its indep5d5ce f ,buonap>te1 lo/ x by t ,peace4 ,a4 saves himself ?us3 ,i said 'all ,g]man t[ns1' & ,dantzig 0 9 ,pol&4 ,?is trick 0 m5tion$ by ,ari/otle 9 ! ,topica 7bk4 viii41 cc4 #aa1 #ab74 ,example #c4--,lam>ck1 9 8 ,philosophic ,zoologique 7vol4 i41 p4 #bjh71 /ates t ! polype has no feel+1 because x has no n]ves4 ,x is c]ta91 h[ev]1 t x has "s sort ( p]ception2 = x advances t[>ds light by mov+ 9 an +5i\s fa%ion f bran* to bran*1 & x seizes its prey4 ,h5ce x has be5 assum$ t its n]v\s sy/em is spread ov] ! :ole ( its body 9 equal measure1 z ?\gh x 7 bl5d$ ) x2 = x is obvi\s t ! polype possesses "s faculty ( p]ception )\t hav+ any sep>ate organs ( s5se4 ,s9ce ?is assumption refutes ,lam>ck's position1 he argues ?us3 ,9 t case all p>ts ( its body mu/ be capable ( e k9d ( feel+1 & also ( motion1 ( w1 ( ?\ght4 ,! polype w\ld h all ! organs ( ! mo/ p]fect animal 9 e po9t ( its body2 e po9t c\ld see1 smell1 ta/e1 he>1 & s on2 nay1 x c\ld ?9k1 judge1 & draw conclusions2 e p>ticle ( its body w\ld be a p]fect animal & x w\ld /& high] ?an man1 z e "p ( x w\ld possess all ! faculties :i* man possesses only 9 ! :ole ( him4 ,fur!r1 !re w\ld be no reason = n ext5d+ :at is true ( ! polype to all monads1 ! mo/ imp]fect ( all creatures1 & ultimately to ! plants1 :i* are also alive1 etc41 etc4 ,by us+ dialectical tricks ( ?is k9d a writ] betrays t he is secretly consci\s ( be+ 9 ! wrong4 ,because x 0 said t ! creature's :ole body is s5sitive to light1 & is !re=e possess$ ( n]ves1 he makes out t its :ole body is capable ( ?\ght4 ,,ii4 ,! ,homonymy4--,?is trick is to ext5d a proposition to some?+ :i* has little or no?+ 9 common ) ! matt] 9 "q b ! simil>ity ( ! ^w2 !n to refute x triumphantly1 & s claim cr$it = hav+ refut$ ! orig9al /atem5t4 ,x may be not$ "h t synonyms are two words = ! same conception2 homonyms1 two conceptions :i* are cov]$ by ! same ^w4 7,see ,ari/otle1 ,topica1 bk4 i41 c4 #ac47 ,deep1 cutt+1 high1 us$ at "o mom5t ( bodies at ano!r ( tones1 are homonyms2 hon\rable & hone/ are synonyms4 ,?is is a trick :i* may be reg>d$ z id5tical ) ! sophism ex homonymia2 al?\gh1 if ! sophism is obvi\s1 x w deceive no "o4 ,e light c be ext+ui%$4 ,! intellect is a light4 ,!re=e x c be ext+ui%$4 ,"h x is at once cle> t !re are f\r t]ms 9 ! syllogism1 light be+ us$ bo? 9 a real & 9 a metaphorical s5se4 ,b if ! sophism takes a subtle =m1 x is1 ( c\rse1 apt to mislead1 especially :]e ! conceptions :i* are cov]$ by ! same ^w are relat$1 & incl9$ to be int]*angeable4 ,x is nev] subtle en\gh to deceive1 if x is us$ int5tionally2 & !re=e cases ( x mu/ be collect$ f actual & individual exp]i5ce4 ,x w\ld be a v good ?+ if e trick c\ld receive "s %ort & obvi\sly appropriate "n1 s t :5 a man us$ ?is or t p>ticul> trick1 he c\ld be at once reproa*$ = x4 ,i w give two examples ( ! homonymy4 ,example #a4--;,a43 ,y are n yet initiat$ into ! my/]ies ( ! ,kantian philosophy4 ,b43 ,oh1 if x's my/]ies y're talk+ (1 ,i'll h no?+ to d ) !m4 ,example #b4--;,i condemn$ ! pr9ciple involv$ 9 ! ^w hon\r z a fooli% "o2 =1 accord+ to x1 a man loses 8 hon\r by receiv+ an insult1 :i* he _c wipe out unless he replies ) a /ill great] insult1 or by %$d+ 8 adv]s>y's blood or 8 own4 ,i cont5d$ t a man's true hon\r _c be outrag$ by :at he suff]s1 b only & alone by :at he does2 = !re is no say+ :at may befall any "o ( u4 ,my oppon5t imm$iately attack$ ! reason ,i _h giv51 & triumphantly prov$ to me t :5 a tradesman 0 falsely accus$ ( misrepres5tation1 di%one/y1 or neglect 9 8 bus9ess1 x 0 an attack ^u 8 hon\r1 :i* 9 ?is case 0 outrag$ solely by :at he suff]$1 & t he c\ld only retrieve x by puni%+ 8 aggressor & mak+ him retract4 ,"h1 by a homonymy1 he 0 foi/+ civic hon\r1 :i* is o!rwise call$ good "n1 & :i* may be outrag$ by libel & sl&]1 on to ! conception ( knightly hon\r1 also call$ po9t d'honneur1 :i* may be outrag$ by insult4 ,& s9ce an attack on ! =m] _c be disreg>d$1 b mu/ be repell$ by public dispro(1 s1 ) ! same ju/ification1 an attack on ! latt] mu/ n be disreg>d$ ei!r1 b x mu/ be defeat$ by /ill great] insult & a duel4 ,"h we h a confusion ( two ess5tially diff]5t ?+s ?r\gh ! homonymy 9 ! ^w hon\r1 & a consequ5t alt]ation ( ! po9t 9 dispute4 ,,iii4 ,ano!r trick is to take a proposition :i* is laid d[n relatively1 & 9 ref]5ce to "s p>ticul> matt]1 z ?\gh x 7 utt]$ ) a g5]al or absolute application2 or1 at lea/1 to take x 9 "s q diff]5t s5se1 & !n refute x4 ,ari/otle's example is z foll[s3 ,a ,moor is black2 b 9 reg>d to 8 tee? he is :ite2 !re=e1 he is black & n black at ! same mom5t4 ,?is is an obvi\s sophism1 :i* w deceive no "o4 ,let u contra/ x ) "o drawn f actual exp]i5ce4 ,9 talk+ ( philosophy1 ,i admitt$ t my sy/em upheld ! ,quieti/s1 & comm5d$ !m4 ,%ortly aft]w>ds ! conv]sation turn$ ^u ,hegel1 & ,i ma9ta9$ t 8 writ+s 7 mo/ly nons5se2 or1 at any rate1 t !re 7 _m passages 9 !m :]e ! au?or wrote ! words1 & x 0 left to ! read] to f9d a mean+ = !m4 ,my oppon5t did n attempt to refute ?is ass]tion ad rem1 b cont5t$ himself by advanc+ ! argum5tum ad hom9em1 & tell+ me t ,i _h j be5 prais+ ! ,quieti/s1 & t !y _h writt5 a good deal ( nons5se too4 ,?is ,i admitt$2 b1 by way ( correct+ him1 ,i said t ,i _h prais$ ! ,quieti/s1 n z philosoph]s & writ]s1 t is to say1 = _! a*ievem5ts 9 ! sph]e ( !ory1 b only z m51 & = _! conduct 9 m]e matt]s ( practice2 & t 9 ,hegel's case we 7 talk+ ( !ories4 ,9 ?is way ,i p>ri$ ! attack4 ,! fir/ ?ree tricks are ( a k9dr$ "*4 ,!y h ?is 9 common1 t some?+ diff]5t is attack$ f t :i* 0 ass]t$4 ,x w\ld !re=e be an ignoratio el5*i to all[ oneself to be dispos$ ( 9 su* a mann]4 ,= 9 all ! examples t ,i h giv51 :at ! oppon5t says is true1 b x /&s 9 app>5t & n 9 real contradiction ) ! !sis4 ,all t ! man :om he is attack+ has to d is to d5y ! validity ( 8 syllogism2 to d5y1 namely1 ! conclusion :i* he draws1 t because 8 proposition is true1 ours is false4 ,9 ?is way 8 refutation is itself directly refut$ by a d5ial ( 8 conclusion1 p] negationem consequ5tiae4 ,ano!r trick is to refuse to admit true premisses because ( a =ese5 conclusion4 ,!re are two ways ( defeat+ x1 incorporat$ 9 ! next two sections4 ,,iv4 ,if y want to draw a conclusion1 y mu/ n let x be =ese51 b y mu/ get ! premisses admitt$ "o by "o1 unobs]v$1 m+l+ !m "h & !re 9 y\r talk2 o!rwise1 y\r oppon5t w attempt all sorts ( *ican]y4 ,or1 if x is d\btful :e!r y\r oppon5t w admit !m1 y mu/ advance ! premisses ( ^! premisses2 t is to say1 y mu/ draw up pro-syllogisms1 & get ! premisses ( sev]al ( !m admitt$ 9 no def9ite ord]4 ,9 ?is way y conceal y\r game until y h obta9$ all ! admissions t are necess>y1 & s rea* y\r goal by mak+ a circuit4 ,^! rules are giv5 by ,ari/otle 9 8 ,topica1 bk4 viii41 c4 #a4 ,x is a trick :i* ne$s no illu/ration4 ,v4 ,to prove ! tru? ( a proposition1 y may also employ previ\s propositions t are n true1 %\ld y\r oppon5t refuse to admit ! true ones1 ei!r because he fails to p]ceive _! tru?1 or because he sees t ! !sis imm$iately foll[s f !m4 ,9 t case ! plan is to take propositions :i* are false 9 !mselves b true = y\r oppon5t1 & argue f ! way 9 :i* he ?9ks1 t is to say1 ex concessis4 ,= a true conclusion may foll[ f false premisses1 b n vice v]s4 ,9 ! same fa%ion y\r oppon5t's false propositions may be refut$ by o!r false propositions1 :i* he1 h[ev]1 takes to be true2 = x is ) him t y h to d1 & y mu/ use ! ?\ghts t he uses4 ,= in/ance1 if he is a memb] ( "s sect to :i* y d n belong1 y may employ ! decl>$1 op9ions ( ?is sect aga9/ him1 z pr9ciples4#a ,footnote #a3 ,ari/otle1 ,topica bk4 viii41 *ap4 #b4 ,,vi4 ,ano!r plan is to beg ! "q 9 disguise by po/ulat+ :at has to be prov$1 ei!r 7#a7 "u ano!r "n2 = in/ance1 good repute in/ead ( hon\r2 virtue in/ead ( virg9ity1 etc42 or by us+ su* conv]tible t]ms z r$-blood$ animals & v]tebrates2 or 7#b7 by mak+ a g5]al assumption cov]+ ! p>ticul> po9t 9 dispute2 = in/ance1 ma9ta9+ ! unc]ta9ty ( m$ic9e by po/ulat+ ! unc]ta9ty ( all human k4 7#c7 ,if1 vice v]s1 two ?+s foll[ "o f ! o!r1 & "o is to be prov$1 y may po/ulate ! o!r4 7#d7 ,if a g5]al proposition is to be prov$1 y may get y\r oppon5t to admit e "o ( ! p>ticul>s4 ,?is is ! conv]se ( ! second4#a ,footnote #a3 ,idem1 *ap4 #aa4 ,! la/ *apt] ( ?is "w conta9s "s good rules = ! practice ( ,dialectics4 ,,vii4 ,%\ld ! disputation be conduct$ on some:at /rict & =mal l9es1 & !re be a desire to arrive at a v cle> und]/&+1 he :o /ates ! proposition & wants to prove x may proce$ aga9/ 8 oppon5t by "q1 9 ord] to %[ ! tru? ( ! /atem5t f 8 admissions4 ,! erotematic1 or ,socratic1 me?od 0 especially 9 use among ! anci5ts2 & ?is & "s ( ! tricks foll[+ lat] on are ak9 to x4#a ,footnote #a3 ,!y are all a free v]sion ( *ap4 #ae ( ,ari/otle's ,de ,sophi/ici ,el5*is4 ,! plan is to ask a great _m wide-rea*+ que/ions at once1 s z to hide :at y want to get admitt$1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 quickly prop\nd ! argum5t result+ f ! admissions2 = ^? :o are sl[ ( und]/&+ _c foll[ accurately1 & d n notice any mi/akes or gaps !re may be 9 ! demon/ration4 ,,viii4 ,?is trick consi/s 9 mak+ y\r oppon5t angry2 = :5 he is angry he is incapable ( judg+ aright1 & p]ceiv+ :]e 8 advantage lies4 ,y c make him angry by do+ him repeat$ inju/ice1 or practis+ "s k9d ( *ican]y1 & be+ g5]ally insol5t4 ,,ix4 ,or y may put que/ions 9 an ord] diff]5t f t :i* ! conclusion to be drawn f !m requires1 & transpose !m1 s z n to let him "k at :at y are aim+4 ,he c !n take no precautions4 ,y may also use 8 answ]s = diff]5t or ev5 opposite conclusions1 accord+ to _! "*4 ,?is is ak9 to ! trick ( mask+ y\r proc$ure4 ,x4 ,if y obs]ve t y\r oppon5t design$ly returns a negative answ] to ! que/ions :i*1 = ! sake ( y\r proposition1 y want him to answ] 9 ! affirmative1 y mu/ ask ! conv]se ( ! proposition1 z ?\gh x 7 t :i* y 7 anxi\s to see affirm$2 or1 at any rate1 y may give him 8 *oice ( bo?1 s t he may n p]ceive :i* ( !m y are ask+ him to affirm4 ,,xl4 ,if y make an induction1 & y\r oppon5t grants y ! p>ticul> cases by :i* x is to be support$1 y mu/ refra9 f ask+ him if he also admits ! g5]al tru? :i* issues f ! p>ticul>s1 b introduce x aft]w>ds z a settl$ & admitt$ fact2 =1 9 ! mean:ile1 he w himself come to believe t he has admitt$ x1 & ! same impression w be receiv$ by ! audi5ce1 because !y w rememb] ! _m que/ions z to ! p>ticul>s1 & suppose t !y mu/1 ( c\rse1 h atta9$ _! end4 ,,xii4 ,if ! conv]sation turns ^u "s g5]al conception :i* has no p>ticul> "n1 b requires "s figurative or metaphorical designation1 y mu/ beg9 by *oos+ a metaphor t is fav\rable to y\r proposition4 ,= in/ance1 ! names us$ to d5ote ! two political p>ties 9 ,spa91 ,s]viles & ,lib]ates1 are obvi\sly *os5 by ! latt]4 ,! "n ,prote/ants is *os5 by !mselves1 & also ! "n ,evangelicals2 b ! ,ca?olics call !m h]etics4 ,simil>ly1 9 reg>d to ! names ( ?+s :i* admit ( a m exact & def9ite mean+3 = example1 if y\r oppon5t proposes an alt]ation1 y c call x an innovation1 z ?is is an invidi\s ^w4 ,if y y\rself make ! proposal1 x w be ! conv]se4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 y c call ! antagoni/ic pr9ciple ! exi/+ ord]1 9 ! second1 antiquat$ prejudice4 ,:at an imp>tial man ) no fur!r purpose to s]ve w\ld call public wor%ip or a sy/em ( religion1 is describ$ by an adh]5t z piety1 godl9ess3 & by an oppon5t z bigotry1 sup]/ition4 ,?is is1 at bottom1 a subtle petitio pr9cipii4 ,:at is s\ght to be prov$ is1 fir/ ( all1 ins]t$ 9 ! def9ition1 :5ce x is !n tak5 by m]e analysis4 ,:at "o man calls plac+ 9 safe cu/ody1 ano!r calls ?r[+ into prison4 ,a speak] (t5 betrays 8 purpose be=eh& by ! names :i* he gives to ?+s4 ,"o man talks ( ! cl]gy2 ano!r1 ( ! prie/s4 ,( all ! tricks ( controv]sy1 ?is is ! mo/ frequ5t1 & x is us$ in/9ctively4 ,y he> ( religi\s zeal1 or fanaticism2 a faux pas a piece ( gallantry1 or adult]y2 an equivocal1 or a bawdy /ory2 emb>rassm5t1 or bankruptcy2 ?r\gh influ5ce & connection1 or by brib]y & nepotism2 s9c]e gratitude1 or good pay4 ,,xiii4 ,to make y\r oppon5t accept a proposition1 y mu/ give him ! c\nt]-proposition z well1 leav+ him 8 *oice ( ! two2 & y mu/ r5d] ! contra/ z gl>+ z y c1 s t to avoid be+ p>adoxical he w accept ! proposition1 :i* is ?us made to look q probable4 ,= in/ance1 if y want to make him admit t a boy mu/ d ev]y?+ t 8 fa!r tells him to d1 ask him :e!r 9 all ?+s we mu/ obey or disobey our p>5ts4 ,or1 if a ?+ is said to occur (t51 ask :e!r by (t5 y are to und]/& few or _m cases2 & he w say _m4 ,x is z ?\gh y 7 to put grey next black1 & call x :ite2 or next :ite1 & call x black4 ,,xiv4 ,?is1 :i* is an impud5t trick1 is play$ z foll[s3 ,:5 y\r oppon5t has answ]$ sev]al ( y\r que/ions )\t ! answ]s turn+ out fav\rable to ! conclusion at :i* y are aim+1 advance ! desir$ conclusion1--al?\gh x does n 9 ! lea/ foll[1--z ?\gh x _h be5 prov$1 & proclaim x 9 a tone ( triumph4 ,if y\r oppon5t is %y or /upid1 & y y\rself possess a great deal ( impud5ce & a good voice1 ! trick may easily succe$4 ,x is ak9 to ! fallacy non causae ut causae4 ,,xv4 ,if y h advanc$ a p>adoxical proposition & f9d a difficulty 9 prov+ x1 y may submit = y\r oppon5t's acceptance or rejection "s true proposition1 ! tru? ( :i*1 h[ev]1 is n q palpable1 z ?\gh y wi%$ to draw y\r pro( f x4 ,%\ld he reject x because he suspects a trick1 y c obta9 y\r triumph by %[+ h[ absurd he is2 %\ld he accept x y h got reason on y\r side = ! mom5t1 & mu/ n[ look ab\t y2 or else y c employ ! previ\s trick z well1 & ma9ta9 t y\r p>adox is prov$ by ! proposition :i* he has accept$4 ,= ?is an extreme degree ( impud5ce is requir$2 b exp]i5ce %[s cases ( x1 & !re are p :o practise x by in/9ct4 ,,xvi4 ,ano!r trick is to use argum5ts ad hom9em1 or ex concessis#a ,:5 y\r oppon5t makes a proposition1 y mu/ try to see :e!r x is n 9 "s way--if ne$s be1 only app>5tly--inconsi/5t ) "s o!r proposition :i* he has made or admitt$1 or ) ! pr9ciples ( a s*ool or sect :i* he has comm5d$ & approv$1 or ) ! actions ( ^? :o support ! sect1 or else ( ^? :o give x only an app>5t & spuri\s support1 or ) 8 own actions or want ( action4 ,= example1 %\ld he def5d suicide1 y may at once exclaim1 ,:y don't y hang y\rself8 ,%\ld he ma9ta9 t ,b]l9 is an unpleasant place to live 91 y may say1 ,:y don't y leave by ! fir/ tra98 ,"s su* claptrap is always possible4 ,footnote #a3 ,! tru? f :i* ,i draw my pro( may he ei!r 7#a7 ( an objective & univ]sally valid "*2 9 t case my pro( is v]aci\s1 secundum v]itatem2 & x is su* pro( alone t has any g5u9e validity4 ,or 7#b7 x may be valid only = ! p]son to :om ,i wi% to prove my proposition1 & ) :om ,i am disput+4 ,he has1 t is to say1 ei!r tak5 up "s position once = all z a prejudice1 or ha/ily admitt$ x 9 ! c\rse ( ! dispute2 & on ?is ,i gr\nd my pro(4 ,9 t case1 x is a pro( valid only = ?is p>ticul> man1 ad kom9em4 ,i compel my oppon5t to grant my proposition1 b ,i fail to e/abli% x z a tru? ( univ]sal validity4 ,my pro( avails = my oppon5t alone1 b = no "o else4 ,= example1 if my oppon5t is a devotee ( ,kant's1 & ,i gr\nd my pro( on "s utt]ance ( t philosoph]1 x is a pro( :i* 9 itself is only ad hom9em4 ,if he is a ,mohamm$an1 ,i may prove my po9t by ref]5ce to a passage 9 ! ,koran1 & t is suffici5t = him2 b "h x is only a pro( ad hom9em1 ,,xvii4 ,if y\r oppon5t presses y ) a c\nt]-pro(1 y w (t5 be able to save y\rself by advanc+ "s subtle di/9ction1 :i*1 x is true1 _h n previ\sly occurr$ to y2 t is1 if ! matt] admits ( a d\ble application1 or ( be+ tak5 9 any ambigu\s s5se4 ,,xviii4 ,if y obs]ve t y\r oppon5t has tak5 up a l9e ( argum5t :i* w end 9 y\r defeat1 y mu/ n all[ him to c>ry x to its conclusion1 b int]rupt ! c\rse ( ! dispute 9 "t1 or break x (f altoge!r1 or lead him away f ! subject1 & br+ him to o!rs4 ,9 %ort1 y mu/ effect ! trick :i* w be notic$ lat] on1 ! mutatio controv]siae4 7,see xxix47 ,,xix4 ,%\ld y\r oppon5t expressly *all5ge y to produce any objection to "s def9ite po9t 9 8 argum5t1 & y h no?+ mu* to say1 y mu/ try to give ! matt] a g5]al turn1 & !n talk aga9/ t4 ,if y are call$ ^u to say :y a p>ticul> physical hypo!sis _c be accept$1 y may speak ( ! fallibility ( human k1 & give v>i\s illu/rations ( x4 ,,xx4 ,:5 y h elicit$ all y\r premisses1 & y\r oppon5t has admitt$ !m1 y mu/ refra9 f ask+ him = ! conclusion1 b draw x at once = y\rself2 nay1 ev5 ?\gh "o or o!r ( ! premisses %\ld be lack+1 y may take x z ?\gh x too _h be5 admitt$1 & draw ! conclusion4 ,?is trick is an application ( ! fallacy non causae ut causae4 ,,xxi4 ,:5 y\r oppon5t uses a m]ely sup]ficial or sophi/ical argum5t & y see ?r\gh x1 y c1 x is true1 refute x by sett+ =? its capti\s & sup]ficial "*2 b x is bett] to meet him ) a c\nt]-argum5t :i* is j z sup]ficial & sophi/ical1 & s dispose ( him2 = x is ) victory t y are conc]n$1 & n ) tru?4 ,if1 = example1 he adopts an argum5tum ad hom9em1 x is suffici5t to take ! =ce out ( x by a c\nt] argum5tum ad hom9em or argum5tum ex concessis2 &1 9 g5]al1 in/ead ( sett+ =? ! true /ate ( ! case at equal l5g?1 x is %ort] to take ?is c\rse if x lies op5 to y4 ,,xxii4 ,if y\r oppon5t requires y to admit some?+ f :i* ! po9t 9 dispute w imm$iately foll[1 y mu/ refuse to d s1 decl>+ t x is a petitio pr9cipii ,= he & ! audi5ce w reg>d a proposition :i* is ne> ak9 to ! po9t 9 dispute z id5tical ) x1 & 9 ?is way y deprive him ( 8 be/ argum5t4 ,,xxiii4 ,contradiction & cont5tion irritate a man into exagg]at+ 8 /atem5t4 ,by contradict+ y\r oppon5t y may drive him into ext5d+ beyond its prop] limits a /atem5t :i*1 at all ev5ts )9 ^? limits & 9 itself1 is true2 & :5 y refute ?is exagg]at$ =m ( x1 y look z ?\gh y _h also refut$ 8 orig9al /atem5t4 ,contr>ily1 y mu/ take c>e n to all[ y\rself to be misl$ by contradictions into exagg]at+ or ext5d+ a /atem5t ( y\r own4 ,x w (t5 happ5 t y\r oppon5t w himself directly try to ext5d y\r /atem5t fur!r ?an y meant x2 "h y mu/ at once /op him1 & br+ him back to ! limits :i* y set up2 ,t's :at ,i said1 & no m4 ,,xxiv4 ,?is trick consi/s 9 /at+ a false syllogism4 ,y\r oppon5t makes a proposition1 & by false inf]5ce & di/ortion ( 8 ideas y =ce f x o!r propositions :i* x does n conta9 & he does n 9 ! lea/ mean2 nay1 :i* are absurd or dang]\s4 ,x !n looks z if 8 proposition gave rise to o!rs :i* are inconsi/5t ei!r ) !mselves or ) "s ackn[l$g$ tru?1 & s x appe>s to be indirectly refut$4 ,?is is ! div]sion1 & x is ano!r application ( ! fallacy non causae ut causae4 ,,xxv4 ,?is is a case ( ! div]sion by means ( an in/ance to ! contr>y4 ,) an induction 7,greek3 epagogae71 a great numb] ( p>ticul> in/ances are requir$ 9 ord] to e/abli% x z a univ]sal proposition2 b ) ! div]sion 7,greek3 apagogae7 a s+le in/ance1 to :i* ! proposition does n apply1 is all t is necess>y to ov]?r[ x4 ,?is is a controv]sial me?od kn[n z ! in/ance--in/antia1 ,greek3 en/asis4 ,= example1 all rum9ants are horn$ is a proposition :i* may be upset by ! s+le in/ance ( ! camel4 ,! in/ance is a case 9 :i* a univ]sal tru? is s\ght to be appli$1 & some?+ is ins]t$ 9 ! fundam5tal def9ition ( x :i* is n univ]sally true1 & by :i* x is upset4 ,b !re is room = mi/ake2 & :5 ?is trick is employ$ by y\r oppon5t1 y mu/ obs]ve 7#a7 :e!r ! example :i* he gives is really true2 = !re are problems ( :i* ! only true solution is t ! case 9 po9t is n true--= example1 _m miracles1 gho/ /ories1 & s on2 & 7#b7 :e!r x really comes "u ! conception ( ! tru? ?us /at$2 = x may only appe> to d s1 & ! matt] is "o to be settl$ by precise di/9ctions2 & 7#c7 :e!r x is really inconsi/5t ) ?is conception2 = ?is aga9 may be only an app>5t inconsi/5cy4 ,,xxvi4 ,a brilliant move is ! retorsio argum5ti1 or turn+ ( ! tables1 by :i* y\r oppon5t's argum5t is turn$ aga9/ himself4 ,he decl>es1 = in/ance1 ,s-&-s is a *ild1 y mu/ make all[ance = him4 ,y retort1 ,j because he is a *ild1 ,i mu/ correct him2 o!rwise he w p]si/ 9 8 bad habits4 ,,xxvii4 ,%\ld y\r oppon5t surprise y by becom+ p>ticul>ly angry at an argum5t1 y mu/ urge x ) all ! m zeal2 n only because x is a good ?+ to make him angry1 b because x may be presum$ t y h "h put y\r f+] on ! weak side ( 8 case1 & t j "h he is m op5 to attack ?an ev5 = ! mom5t y p]ceive4 ,,xxviii4 ,?is is *iefly practicable 9 a dispute betwe5 s*ol>s 9 ! pres5ce ( ! unle>n$4 ,if y h no argum5t ad rem1 & none ei!r ad hom9em1 y c make "o ad auditores2 t is to say1 y c />t "s invalid objection1 :i*1 h[ev]1 only an exp]t sees to be invalid4 ,n[ y\r oppon5t is an exp]t1 b ^? :o =m y\r audi5ce are n1 & accord+ly 9 _! eyes he is defeat$2 p>ticul>ly if ! objection :i* y make places him 9 any ridicul\s light4 ,p are ready to laugh1 & y h ! laugh]s on y\r side4 ,to %[ t y\r objection is an idle "o1 w\ld require a long explanation on ! "p ( y\r oppon5t1 & a ref]5ce to ! pr9ciples ( ! bran* ( k 9 "q1 or to ! elem5ts ( ! matt] :i* y are discuss+2 & p are n dispos$ to li/5 to x4 ,= example1 y\r oppon5t /ates t 9 ! orig9al =mation ( a m\nta9-range ! granite & o!r elem5ts 9 its composition 71 by reason ( _! high temp]ature1 9 a fluid or molt5 /ate2 t ! temp]ature mu/ h am\nt$ to "s #dhj ,fahr5heit2 & t :5 ! mass took %ape x 0 cov]$ by ! sea4 ,y reply1 by an argum5t ad auditores1 t at t temp]ature--nay1 inde$1 long be=e x _h be5 rea*$1 namely1 at #bab ,fahr5heit--! sea w\ld h be5 boil$ away1 & spread ?r\gh ! air 9 ! =m ( /eam4 ,at ?is ! audi5ce laughs4 ,to refute ! objection1 y\r oppon5t w\ld h to %[ t ! boil+-po9t dep5ds n only on ! degree ( w>m?1 b also on ! atmosph]ic pressure2 & t z soon z ab\t half ! sea-wat] _h gone (f 9 ! %ape ( /eam1 ?is pressure w\ld be s greatly increas$ t ! re/ ( x w\ld fail to boil ev5 at a temp]ature ( #dhj4 ,he is deb>r$ f giv+ ?is explanation1 z x w\ld require a treatise to demon/rate ! matt] to ^? :o _h no acqua9tance ) physics4 ,,xxix4#a ,footnote #a3 ,see xviii4 ,if y f9d t y are be+ wor/$1 y c make a div]sion--t is1 y c sudd5ly beg9 to talk ( some?+ else1 z ?\gh x _h a be>+ on ! matt] 9 dispute1 & af=d$ an argum5t aga9/ y\r oppon5t4 ,?is may be done )\t presumption if ! div]sion has1 9 fact1 "s g5]al be>+ on ! matt]2 b x is a piece ( impud5ce if x has no?+ to d ) ! case1 & is only br\ght 9 by way ( attack+ y\r oppon5t4 ,= example1 ,i prais$ ! sy/em prevail+ 9 ,*9a1 :]e !re is no su* ?+ z h]$it>y nobility1 & (fices are be/[$ only on ^? :o succe$ 9 competitive exam9ations4 ,my oppon5t ma9ta9$ t le>n+1 z little z ! privilege ( bir? 7( :i* he _h a high op9ion7 fits a man = (fice4 ,we argu$1 & he got ! wor/ ( x4 ,!n he made a div]sion1 & decl>$ t 9 ,*9a all ranks 7 puni%$ ) ! ba/9ado1 :i* he connect$ ) ! immod]ate indulg5ce 9 tea1 & proce$$ to make bo? ( !m a subject ( reproa* to ! ,*9ese4 ,to foll[ him into all ?is w\ld h be5 to all[ oneself to be drawn into a surr5d] ( ! victory :i* _h already be5 won4 ,! div]sion is m]e impud5ce if x completely ab&ons ! po9t 9 dispute1 & raises1 = in/ance1 "s su* objection z ,yes1 & y also said j n[1 & s on4 ,= !n ! argum5t becomes to "s ext5t p]sonal2 ( ! k9d :i* w be treat$ ( 9 ! la/ section4 ,/rictly speak+1 x is half-way betwe5 ! argum5tum ad p]sonam1 :i* w !re be discuss$1 & ! argum5tum ad hom9em4 ,h[ v innate ?is trick is1 may be se5 9 e qu>rel betwe5 common p4 ,if "o ( ! p>ties makes "s p]sonal reproa* aga9/ ! o!r1 ! latt]1 in/ead ( answ]+ x by refut+ x1 all[s x to /&1--z x 71 admits x2 & replies by reproa*+ 8 antagoni/ on "s o!r gr\nd4 ,?is is a /ratagem l t pursu$ by ,scipio :5 he attack$ ! ,c>?ag9ians1 n 9 ,italy1 b 9 ,africa4 ,9 w>1 div]sions ( ?is k9d may be pr(itable2 b 9 a qu>rel !y are poor exp$i5ts1 because ! reproa*es rema91 & ^? :o look on he> ! wor/ t c be said ( bo? p>ties4 ,x is a trick t %\ld be us$ only faute de mieux4 ,,xxx4 ,?is is ! argum5tum ad v]ecundiam4 ,x consi/s 9 mak+ an appeal to au?ority r ?an reason1 & 9 us+ su* an au?ority z may suit ! degree ( k possess$ by y\r oppon5t4 ,e man pref]s belief to ! ex]cise ( judgm5t1 says ,s5eca2 & x is !re=e an easy matt] if y h an au?ority on y\r side :i* y\r oppon5t respects4 ,! m limit$ 8 capacity & k1 ! great] is ! numb] ( ! au?orities :o weigh ) him4 ,b if 8 capacity & k are ( a high ord]1 !re are v few2 inde$1 h>dly any at all4 ,he may1 p]haps1 admit ! au?ority ( pr(essional m5 v]s$ 9 a sci5ce or an art or a h&icraft ( :i* he kn[s little or no?+2 b ev5 s he w reg>d x ) suspicion4 ,contr>ily1 ord9>y folk h a deep respect = pr(essional m5 ( e k9d4 ,!y are unaw>e t a man :o makes a pr(ession ( a ?+ loves x n = ! ?+ itself1 b = ! money he makes by x2 or t x is r>e = a man :o tea*es to "k 8 subject ?or\ghly2 = if he /udies x z he ought1 he has 9 mo/ cases no "t left 9 :i* to tea* x4 ,b !re are v _m au?orities :o f9d respect ) ! mob1 & if y h none t is q suitable1 y c take "o t appe>s to be s2 y may quote :at "s said 9 ano!r s5se or 9 o!r circum/ances4 ,au?orities :i* y\r oppon5t fails to und]/& are ^? ( :i* he g5]ally ?9ks ! mo/4 ,! unle>n$ ent]ta9 a peculi> respect = a ,greek or a ,lat9 fl\ri%4 ,y may also1 %\ld x be necess>y1 n only twi/ y\r au?orities1 b actually falsify !m1 or quote some?+ :i* y h inv5t$ entirely y\rself4 ,z a rule1 y\r oppon5t has no books at h&1 & c\ld n use !m if he _h4 ,! f9e/ illu/ration ( ?is is furni%$ by ! ,fr5* cur1 :o1 to avoid be+ compell$1 l o!r citiz5s1 to pave ! /reet 9 front ( 8 h\se1 quot$ a say+ :i* he describ$ z biblical3 paveant illi1 ego non pavebo4 ,t 0 q en\gh = ! municipal (fic]s4 ,a univ]sal prejudice may also be us$ z an au?ority2 = mo/ p ?9k ) ,ari/otle t t may be said to exi/ :i* _m believe4 ,!re is no op9ion1 h[ev] absurd1 :i* m5 w n readily embrace z soon z !y c be br\ght to ! conviction t x is g5]ally adopt$4 ,example affects _! ?\ght j z x affects _! action4 ,!y are l %eep foll[+ ! bell-we!r j z he leads !m4 ,!y w\ld soon] die ?an ?9k4 ,x is v curi\s t ! univ]sality ( an op9ion %\ld h s mu* weight ) p1 z _! own exp]i5ce might tell !m t its acceptance is an entirely ?\ghtless & m]ely imitative process4 ,b x tells !m no?+ ( ! k9d1 because !y possess no self-k :atev]4 ,x is only ! elect ,:o ,say ) ,plato3 ,greek3 tois pollois polla dokei :i* means t ! public has a good _m bees 9 its bonnet1 & t x w\ld be a long bus9ess to get at !m4 ,b to speak s]i\sly1 ! univ]sality ( an op9ion is no pro(1 nay1 x is n ev5 a probability1 t ! op9ion is "r4 ,^? :o ma9ta9 t x is s mu/ assume 7#a7 t l5g? ( "t deprives a univ]sal op9ion ( its demon/rative =ce1 z o!rwise all ! old errors :i* 7 once univ]sally held to be true w\ld h to be recall$2 = in/ance1 ! ,ptolemaic sy/em w\ld h to be re/or$1 or ,ca?olicism re-e/abli%$ 9 all ,prote/ant c\ntries4 ,!y mu/ assume 7#b7 t di/ance ( space has ! same effect2 o!rwise ! respective univ]sality ( op9ion among ! adh]5ts ( ,buddhism1 ,*ri/ianity1 & ,islam w put !m 9 a difficulty4 ,:5 we come to look into ! matt]1 s-call$ univ]sal op9ion is ! op9ion ( two or ?ree p]sons2 & we %\ld be p]suad$ ( ?is if we c\ld see ! way 9 :i* x really arises4 ,we %\ld f9d t x is two or ?ree p]sons :o1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 accept$ x1 or advanc$ & ma9ta9$ x2 & ( :om p 7 s good z to believe t !y _h ?or\ghly te/$ x4 ,!n a few o!r p]sons1 p]suad$ be=eh& t ! fir/ 7 m5 ( ! requisite capacity1 also accept$ ! op9ion4 ,^!1 aga91 7 tru/$ by _m o!rs1 ^: laz9ess sugge/$ to !m t x 0 bett] to believe at once1 ?an to g ?r\gh ! tr\blesome task ( te/+ ! matt] = !mselves4 ,?us ! numb] ( ^! lazy & cr$ul\s adh]5ts grew f day to day2 = ! op9ion _h no soon] obta9$ a fair measure ( support ?an its fur!r support]s attribut$ ?is to ! fact t ! op9ion c\ld only h obta9$ x by ! cog5cy ( its argum5ts4 ,! rema9d] 7 !n compell$ to grant :at 0 univ]sally grant$1 s z n to pass = unruly p]sons :o resi/$ op9ions :i* e "o accept$1 or p]t fell[s :o ?\ght !mselves clev]] ?an any "o else4 ,:5 op9ion rea*es ?is /age1 adhesion becomes a duty2 & h5ce=w>d ! few :o are capable ( =m+ a judgm5t hold _! peace4 ,^? :o v5ture to speak are su* z are entirely incapable ( =m+ any op9ions or any judgm5t ( _! own1 be+ m]ely ! e*o ( o!rs' op9ions2 &1 nev]!less1 !y def5d !m ) all ! great] zeal & intol]ance4 ,= :at !y hate 9 p :o ?9k diff]5tly is n s mu* ! diff]5t op9ions :i* !y pr(ess1 z ! presumption ( want+ to =m _! own judgm5t2 a presumption ( :i* !y !mselves are nev] guilty1 z !y are v well aw>e4 ,9 %ort1 !re are v few :o c ?9k1 b e man wants to h an op9ion2 & :at rema9s b to take x ready-made f o!rs1 in/ead ( =m+ op9ions = himself8 ,s9ce ?is is :at happ5s1 :]e is ! value ( ! op9ion ev5 ( a hundr$ millions8 ,x is no m e/abli%$ ?an an hi/orical fact report$ by a hundr$ *ronicl]s :o c be prov$ to h plagi>is$ x f "o ano!r2 ! op9ion 9 ! end be+ traceable to a s+le individual4#a ,x is all :at ,i say1 :at y say1 &1 f9ally1 :at he says2 & ! :ole ( x is no?+ b a s]ies ( ass]tions3 ,footnote #a3 ,see ,bayle's ,p5ses sur les ,comtes1 i41 p4 #aj4 ,dico ego1 tu dicis1 s$ d5ique dixit et ille2 ,dictaque po/ toties1 nil nisi dicta vides4 ,nev]!less1 9 a dispute ) ord9>y p1 we may employ univ]sal op9ion z an au?ority4 ,= x w g5]ally be f\nd t :5 two ( !m are fight+1 t is ! weapon :i* bo? ( !m *oose z a means ( attack4 ,if a man ( ! bett] sort has to deal ) !m1 x is mo/ advisable = him to condesc5d to ! use ( ?is weapon too1 & to select su* au?orities z w make an impression on 8 oppon5t's weak side4 ,=1 ex hypoihesi1 he is z ins5sible to all rational argum5t z a horny-hid$ ,siegfri$1 dipp$ 9 ! flood ( incapacity1 & unable to ?9k or judge4 ,be=e a tribunal ! dispute is "o betwe5 au?orities alone1--su* au?oritative /atem5ts1 ,i mean1 z are laid d[n by legal exp]ts2 & "h ! ex]cise ( judgm5t consi/s 9 discov]+ :at law or au?ority applies to ! case 9 "q4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 pl5ty ( room = ,dialectic2 = %\ld ! case 9 "q & ! law n really fit ea* o!r1 !y c1 if necess>y1 be twi/$ until !y appe> to d s1 or vice v]sa4 ,,xxxi4 ,if y "k t y h no reply to ! argum5ts :i* y\r oppon5t advances1 y may1 by a f9e /roke ( irony1 decl>e y\rself to be an incompet5t judge3 ,:at y n[ say passes my poor p[]s ( compreh5sion2 x may be all v true1 b ,i c't und]/& x1 & ,i refra9 f any expression ( op9ion on x4 ,9 ?is way y ins9uate to ! by/&]s1 ) :om y are 9 good repute1 t :at y\r oppon5t says is nons5se4 ,?us1 :5 ,kant's ,kritik appe>$1 or1 r1 :5 x began to make a noise 9 ! _w1 _m pr(essors ( ! old ecclectic s*ool decl>$ t !y fail$ to und]/& x1 9 ! belief t _! failure settl$ ! bus9ess4 ,b :5 ! adh]5ts ( ! new s*ool prov$ to !m t !y 7 q "r1 & _h really fail$ to und]/& x1 !y 7 9 a v bad hum\r4 ,?is is a trick :i* may be us$ only :5 y are q sure t ! audi5ce ?9ks mu* bett] ( y t ( y\r oppon5t4 ,a pr(essor1 = in/ance may try x on a /ud5t4 ,/rictly1 x is a case ( ! prec$+ trick3 x is a p>ticul>ly malici\s ass]tion ( "o's own au?ority1 in/ead ( giv+ reasons4 ,! c\nt]-trick is to say3 ,i beg y\r p>don2 b1 ) y\r p5etrat+ intellect1 x mu/ be v easy = y to und]/& any?+2 & x c only be my poor /atem5t ( ! matt] t is at fault2 & !n g on to rub x into him until he und]/&s x nol5s vol5s1 & sees = himself t x 0 really 8 own fault alone4 ,9 ?is way y p>ry 8 attack4 ,) ! greate/ polit5ess he want$ to ins9uate t y 7 talk+ nons5se2 & y1 ) equal c\rtesy1 prove to him t he is a fool4 ,,xxxii4 ,if y are confront$ ) an ass]tion1 !re is a %ort way ( gett+ rid ( x1 or1 at any rate1 ( ?r[+ suspicion on x1 by putt+ x into "s odi\s category2 ev5 ?\gh ! connection is only app>5t1 or else ( a loose "*4 ,y c say1 = in/ance1 ,t is ,mani*asism1 or ,x is ,arianism1 or ,pelagianism1 or ,idealism1 or ,sp9ozism1 or ,pan!ism1 or ,br[nianism1 or ,naturalism1 or ,a!ism1 or ,rationalism1 ,spiritualism1 ,my/icism1 & s on4 ,9 mak+ an objection ( ?is k9d1 y take x = grant$ 7#a7 t ! ass]tion 9 "q is id5tical )1 or is at lea/ conta9$ 91 ! category cit$--t is to say1 y cry out1 ,oh1 ,i h he>d t be=e2 & 7#b7 t ! sy/em ref]r$ to has be5 entirely refut$1 & does n conta9 a ^w ( tru?4 ,,xxxiii4 ,t's all v well 9 !ory1 b x won't d 9 practice4 ,9 ?is sophism y admit ! premisses b d5y ! conclusion1 9 contradiction ) a well-kn[n rule ( logic4 ,! ass]tion is bas$ ^u an impossibility3 :at is "r 9 !ory mu/ "w 9 practice2 & if x does n1 !re is a mi/ake 9 ! !ory2 some?+ has be5 ov]look$ & n all[$ =2 &1 consequ5tly1 :at is wrong 9 practice is wrong 9 !ory too4 ,,xxxiv4 ,:5 y /ate a "q or an argum5t1 & y\r oppon5t gives y no direct answ] or reply1 b evades x by a c\nt]-"q or an indirect answ]1 or "s ass]tion :i* has no be>+ on ! matt]1 &1 g5]ally1 tries to turn ! subject1 x is a sure sign t y h t\*$ a weak spot1 sometimes )\t kn[+ x4 ,y h1 z x 71 r$uc$ him to sil5ce4 ,y mu/1 !re=e1 urge ! po9t all ! m1 & n let y\r oppon5t evade x1 ev5 :5 y d n "k :]e ! weakness :i* y h hit ^u really lies4 ,,xxxv4 ,!re is ano!r trick :i*1 z soon z x is practicable1 makes all o!rs unnecess>y4 ,in/ead ( work+ on y\r oppon5t's intellect by argum5t1 "w on 8 w by motive2 & he1 & also ! audi5ce if !y h simil> int]e/s1 w at once be won ov] to y\r op9ion1 ev5 ?\gh y got x out ( a lunatic asylum2 =1 z a g5]al rule1 half an ounce ( w is m effective ?an a hundr$weight ( insight & intellig5ce4 ,?is1 x is true1 c be done only "u peculi> circum/ances4 ,if y succe$ 9 mak+ y\r oppon5t feel t 8 op9ion1 %\ld x prove true1 w be di/9ctly prejudicial to 8 int]e/1 he w let x drop l a hot potato1 & feel t x 0 v imprud5t to take x up4 ,a cl]gyman1 = in/ance1 is def5d+ "s philosophical dogma2 y make him s5sible ( ! fact t x is 9 imm$iate contradiction ) "o ( ! fundam5tal doctr9es ( 8 ,*ur*1 & he ab&ons x4 ,a l&$ proprietor ma9ta9s t ! use ( ma*9]y 9 agricultural op]ations1 z practis$ 9 ,engl&1 is an excell5t in/itution1 s9ce an eng9e does ! "w ( _m m54 ,y give him to und]/& t x w n be v long be=e c>riages are also work$ by /eam1 & t ! value ( 8 l>ge /ud w be greatly depreciat$2 & y w see :at he w say4 ,9 su* cases e man feels h[ ?\ghtless x is to sanction a law unju/ to himself--quam tem]e 9 nosmet legem sancimus iniquam6 ,nor is x o!rwise if ! by/&]s1 b n y\r oppon5t1 belong to ! same sect1 guild1 indu/ry1 club1 etc41 z y\rself4 ,let 8 !sis be nev] s true1 z soon z y h9t t x is prejudicial to ! common int]e/s ( ! said society1 all ! by/&]s w f9d t y\r oppon5t's argum5ts1 h[ev] excell5t !y be1 are weak & contemptible2 & t y\rs1 on ! o!r h&1 ?\gh !y 7 r&om conjecture1 are correct & to ! po9t2 y w h a *orus ( l\d approval on y\r side1 & y\r oppon5t w be driv5 out ( ! field ) ignom9y4 ,nay1 ! by/&]s w believe1 z a rule1 t !y h agre$ ) y out ( pure conviction4 ,= :at is n to our int]e/ mo/ly seems absurd to u2 our intellect be+ no siccum lum54 ,?is trick might be call$ tak+ ! tree by its root2 its usual "n is ! argum5tum ab utili4 ,,xxxvi4 ,y may also puzzle & bewild] y\r oppon5t by m]e bomba/2 & ! trick is possible1 because a man g5]ally supposes t !re mu/ be "s mean+ 9 words3 ,gewhnli* glaubt d] ,m5s*1 w5n er nur ,worte hrt1 ,es msse si* dabei do* au* 0 d5k5 lass54 ,if he is secretly consci\s ( 8 own weakness1 & accu/om$ to he> mu* t he does n und]/&1 & to make z ?\gh he did1 y c easily impose ^u him by "s s]i\s fool+ t s\nds v deep or le>n$1 & deprives him ( he>+1 sight1 & ?\ght2 & by giv+ out t x is ! mo/ indisputable pro( ( :at y ass]t4 ,x is a well-kn[n fact t 9 rec5t times "s philosoph]s h practis$ ?is trick on ! :ole ( ! public ) ! mo/ brilliant success4 ,b s9ce pres5t examples are odi\s1 we may ref] to ,! ,vic> ( ,wakefield = an old "o4 ,,xxxvii4 ,%\ld y\r oppon5t be 9 ! "r1 b1 luckily = y\r cont5tion1 *oose a faulty pro(1 y c easily manage to refute x1 & !n claim t y h ?us refut$ 8 :ole position4 ,?is is a trick :i* ought to be "o ( ! fir/2 x is1 at bottom1 an exp$i5t by :i* an argum5tum ad hom9em is put =w>d z an argum5tum ad rem4 ,if no accurate pro( occurs to him or to ! by/&]s1 y h won ! day4 ,= example1 if a man advances ! ontological argum5t by way ( prov+ ,god's exi/5ce1 y c get ! be/ ( him1 = ! ontological argum5t may easily be refut$4 ,?is is ! way 9 :i* bad advocates lose a good case1 by try+ to ju/ify x by an au?ority :i* does n fit x1 :5 no fitt+ "o occurs to !m4 ,,xxxviii4 ,a la/ trick is to become p]sonal1 insult+1 rude1 z soon z y p]ceive t y\r oppon5t has ! upp] h&1 & t y are go+ to come (f wor/4 ,x consi/s 9 pass+ f ! subject ( dispute1 z f a lo/ game1 to ! disputant himself1 & 9 "s way attack+ 8 p]son4 ,x may be call$ ! argum5tum ad p]sonam1 to di/+ui% x f ! argum5tum ad hom9em1 :i* passes f ! objective discussion ( ! subject pure & simple to ! /atem5ts or admissions :i* y\r oppon5t has made 9 reg>d to x4 ,b 9 becom+ p]sonal y leave ! subject altoge!r1 & turn y\r attack to 8 p]son1 by rem>ks ( an (f5sive & spiteful "*4 ,x is an appeal f ! virtues ( ! intellect to ! virtues ( ! body1 or to m]e animalism4 ,?is is a v popul> trick1 because e "o is able to c>ry x into effect2 & s x is ( frequ5t application4 ,n[ ! "q is1 ,:at c\nt]-trick avails = ! o!r p>ty8 = if he has rec\rse to ! same rule1 !re w be bl[s1 or a duel1 or an action = sl&]4 ,x w\ld be a great mi/ake to suppose t x is suffici5t n to become p]sonal y\rself4 ,= by %[+ a man q quietly t he is wrong1 & t :at he says & ?9ks is incorrect--a process :i* occurs 9 e dialectical victory--y embitt] him m ?an if y us$ "s rude or insult+ expression4 ,:y is ?is8 ,because1 z ,hobbes obs]ves1#a all m5tal pleasure consi/s 9 be+ able to comp>e oneself ) o!rs to "o's own advantage4 ,no?+ is ( great] mom5t to a man ?an ! gratification ( 8 vanity1 & no w\nd is m pa9ful ?an t :i* is inflict$ on x4 ,h5ce su* phrases z ,dea? be=e di%on\r1 & s on4 ,! gratification ( vanity arises ma9ly by comp>ison ( oneself ) o!rs1 9 e respect1 b *iefly 9 respect ( "o's intellectual p[]s2 & s ! mo/ effective & ! /ronge/ gratification ( x is to be f\nd 9 controv]sy4 ,h5ce ! embitt]m5t ( defeat1 ap>t f any "q ( inju/ice2 & h5ce rec\rse to t la/ weapon1 t la/ trick1 :i* y _c evade by m]e polit5ess4 ,a cool demean\r may1 h[ev]1 help y "h1 if1 z soon z y\r oppon5t becomes p]sonal1 y quietly reply1 ,t has no be>+ on ! po9t 9 dispute1 & imm$iately br+ ! conv]sation back to x1 & cont9ue to %[ him t he is wrong1 )\t tak+ any notice ( 8 insults4 ,say1 z ,!mi/ocles said to ,eurybiades--,/rike1 b he> me4 ,b su* demean\r is n giv5 to e "o4 ,footnote #a3 ,elem5ta philosophica de ,cive4 ,z a %>p5+ ( wits1 controv]sy is (t51 inde$1 ( mutual advantage1 9 ord] to correct "o's ?\ghts & awak5 new views4 ,b 9 le>n+ & 9 m5tal p[] bo? disputants mu/ be tol]ably equal4 ,if "o ( !m lacks le>n+1 he w fail to und]/& ! o!r1 z he is n on ! same level ) 8 antagoni/4 ,if he lacks m5tal p[]1 he w be embitt]$1 & l$ into di%one/ tricks1 & end by be+ rude4 ,! only safe rule1 !re=e1 is t :i* ,ari/otle m5tions 9 ! la/ *apt] ( 8 ,topica3 n to dispute ) ! fir/ p]son y meet1 b only ) ^? ( y\r acqua9tance ( :om y "k t !y possess suffici5t intellig5ce & self-respect n to advance absurdities2 to appeal to reason & n to au?ority1 & to li/5 to reason & yield to x2 &1 f9ally1 to *]i% tru?1 to be will+ to accept reason ev5 f an oppon5t1 & to be j en\gh to be> be+ prov$ to be 9 ! wrong1 %\ld tru? lie ) him4 ,f ?is x foll[s t sc>cely "o man 9 a hundr$ is wor? y\r disput+ ) him4 ,y may let ! rema9d] say :at !y please1 = e "o is at lib]ty to be a fool--desip]e e/ jus g5tium4 ,rememb] :at ,voltaire says3 ,la paix vaut encore mieux que la vrit4 ,rememb] also an ,arabian prov]b :i* tells u t on ! tree ( sil5ce !re hangs its fruit1 :i* is peace4 ,,on ,,! ,,comp>ative ,,place ,,( ,,int]e/ ,,& ,,beauty ,,9 ,,works ,,( ,,art4 ,9 ! productions ( poetic g5ius1 especially ( ! epic & dramatic k9d1 !re is1 ap>t f ,beauty1 ano!r quality :i* is attractive3 ,i mean ,int]e/4 ,! beauty ( a "w ( art consi/s 9 ! fact t x holds up a cle> mirror to c]ta9 ideas inh]5t 9 ! _w 9 g5]al2 ! beauty ( a "w ( poetic art 9 p>ticul> is t x r5d]s ! ideas inh]5t 9 mank9d1 & !reby leads x to a k ( ^! ideas4 ,! means :i* poetry uses = ?is end are ! exhibition ( significant *>act]s & ! inv5tion ( circum/ances :i* w br+ ab\t significant situations1 giv+ occasion to ! *>act]s to unfold _! peculi>ities & %[ :at is 9 !m2 s t by "s su* repres5tation a cle>] & full] k ( ! _m-sid$ idea ( humanity may be atta9$4 ,beauty1 h[ev]1 9 its g5]al aspect1 is ! insep>able *>act]i/ic ( ! idea :5 x has become kn[n4 ,9 o!r words1 ev]y?+ is beautiful 9 :i* an idea is reveal$2 = to be beautiful means no m ?an cle>ly to express an idea4 ,?us we p]ceive t beauty is always an affair ( k1 & t x appeals to ! kn[+ subject1 & n to ! w2 nay1 x is a fact t ! appreh5sion ( beauty on ! "p ( ! subject involves a complete suppression ( ! w4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we call drama or descriptive poetry int]e/+ :5 x repres5ts ev5ts & actions ( a k9d :i* necess>ily ar\se conc]n or sympa?y1 l t :i* we feel 9 real ev5ts involv+ our own p]son4 ,! fate ( ! p]son repres5t$ 9 !m is felt 9 j ! same fa%ion z our own3 we await ! developm5t ( ev5ts ) anxiety2 we eag]ly foll[ _! c\rse2 our he>ts quick5 :5 ! h]o is ?reat5$2 our pulse falt]s z ! dang] rea*es its acme1 & ?robs aga9 :5 he is sudd5ly rescu$4 ,until we rea* ! end ( ! /ory we _c put ! book aside2 we lie away f> into ! night sympa?is+ ) our h]o's tr\bles z ?\gh !y 7 our own4 ,nay1 in/ead ( f9d+ pleasure & recreation 9 su* repres5tations1 we %\ld feel all ! pa9 :i* real life (t5 inflicts ^u u1 or at lea/ ! k9d :i* pursues u 9 our uneasy dreams1 if 9 ! act ( read+ or look+ at ! /age we _h n ! firm gr\nd ( reality always b5ea? our feet4 ,z x is1 9 ! /ress ( a too viol5t feel+1 we c f9d relief f ! illusion ( ! mom5t1 & !n give way to x aga9 at w4 ,moreov]1 we c ga9 ?is relief )\t any su* viol5t transition z occurs 9 a dream1 :5 we rid ourselves ( its t]rors only by ! act ( awak+4 ,x is obvi\s t :at is affect$ by poetry ( ?is "* is our w1 & n m]ely our intellectual p[]s pure & simple4 ,! ^w int]e/ means1 !re=e1 t :i* ar\ses ! conc]n ( ! individual w1 quod no/r int]e/2 & "h x is t beauty is cle>ly di/+ui%$ f int]e/4 ,! "o is an affair ( ! intellect1 & t1 too1 ( ! pure/ & simple/ k9d4 ,! o!r works ^u ! w4 ,beauty1 !n1 consi/s 9 an appreh5sion ( ideas2 & k ( ?is "* is beyond ! range ( ! pr9ciple t no?+ happ5s )\t a cause4 ,int]e/1 on ! o!r h&1 has its orig9 n[h]e b 9 ! c\rse ( ev5ts2 t is to say1 9 ! complexities :i* are possible only ?r\gh ! action ( ?is pr9ciple 9 its diff]5t =ms4 ,we h n[ obta9$ a cle> conception ( ! ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ! beauty & ! int]e/ ( a "w ( art4 ,we h recognis$ t beauty is ! true end ( e art1 & !re=e1 also1 ( ! poetic art4 ,x n[ rema9s to raise ! "q :e!r ! int]e/ ( a "w ( art is a second end1 or a means to ! exhibition ( its beauty2 or :e!r ! int]e/ ( x is produc$ by its beauty z an ess5tial concomitant1 & comes ( itself z soon z x is beautiful2 or :e!r int]e/ is at any rate compatible ) ! ma9 end ( art2 or1 f9ally1 :e!r x is a h9drance to x4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is to be obs]v$ t ! int]e/ ( a "w ( art is conf9$ to works ( poetic art4 ,x does n exi/ 9 ! case ( f9e art1 or ( music or ar*itecture4 ,nay1 ) ^! =ms ( art x is n ev5 conceivable1 unless1 inde$1 ! int]e/ be ( an entirely p]sonal "*1 & conf9$ to "o or two spectators2 z1 = example1 :]e a picture is a portrait ( "s "o :om we love or hate2 ! build+1 my h\se or my prison2 ! music1 my w$d+ dance1 or ! tune to :i* ,i m>*$ to ! w>4 ,int]e/ ( ?is k9d is cle>ly q =eign to ! ess5ce & purpose ( art2 x di/urbs our judgm5t 9 s f> z x makes ! purely arti/ic attitude impossible4 ,x may be1 inde$1 t to a small] ext5t ?is is true ( all int]e/4 ,n[1 s9ce ! int]e/ ( a "w ( art lies 9 ! fact t we h ! same k9d ( sympa?y ) a poetic repres5tation z ) reality1 x is obvi\s t ! repres5tation mu/ deceive u = ! mom5t2 & ?is x c d only by its tru?4 ,b tru? is an elem5t 9 p]fect art4 ,a picture1 a poem1 %\ld be z true z nature itself2 b at ! same "t x %\ld lay /ress on :atev] =ms ! unique "* ( its subject by draw+ out all its ess5tial manife/ations1 & by reject+ ev]y?+ t is uness5tial & accid5tal4 ,! picture or ! poem w ?us emphasize its idea1 & give u t ideal tru? :i* is sup]ior to nature4 ,tru?1 !n1 =ms ! po9t t is common bo? to int]e/ & beauty 9 a "w ( art1 z x is its tru? :i* produces ! illusion4 ,! fact t ! tru? ( :i* ,i speak is ideal tru? might1 inde$1 be detrim5tal to ! illusion1 s9ce x is j "h t we h ! g5]al diff]5ce betwe5 poetry & reality1 art & nature4 ,b s9ce x is possible = reality to co9cide ) ! ideal1 x is n actually necess>y t ?is diff]5ce %\ld de/roy ! illusion4 ,9 ! case ( f9e arts !re is1 9 ! range ( ! means :i* art adopts1 a c]ta9 limit1 & beyond x illusion is impossible4 ,sculpture1 t is to say1 gives u m]e col\rless =m2 its figures are )\t eyes & )\t movem5t2 & pa9t+ provides u ) no m ?an a s+le view1 enclos$ )9 /rict limits1 :i* sep>ate ! picture f ! adjac5t reality4 ,"h1 !n1 !re is no room = illusion1 & consequ5tly none = t int]e/ or sympa?y :i* resembles ! int]e/ we h 9 reality2 ! w is at once exclud$1 & ! object alone is pres5t$ to u 9 a mann] t frees x f any p]sonal conc]n4 ,x is a highly rem>kable fact t a spuri\s k9d ( f9e art ov]/eps ^! limits1 produces an illusion ( reality1 & ar\ses our int]e/2 b at ! same "t x de/roys ! effect :i* f9e art produces1 & s]ves z no?+ b a m]e means ( exhibit+ ! beautiful1 t is1 ( communicat+ a k ( ! ideas :i* x embodies4 ,i ref] to waxwork4 ,"h1 we might say1 is ! divid+ l9e :i* sep>ates x f ! prov9ce ( f9e art4 ,:5 waxwork is prop]ly execut$1 x produces a p]fect illusion2 b = t v reason we approa* a wax figure z we approa* a real man1 :o1 z su*1 is = ! mom5t an object pres5t$ to our w4 ,t is to say1 he is an object ( int]e/2 he ar\ses ! w1 & consequ5tly /ills ! intellect4 ,we come up to a wax figure ) ! same res]ve & caution z a real man w\ld inspire 9 u3 our w is excit$2 x waits to see :e!r he is go+ to be fri5dly to u1 or ! rev]se1 fly f u1 or attack u2 9 a ^w1 x expects "s action ( him4 ,b z ! figure1 nev]!less1 %[s no sign ( life1 x produces ! impression :i* is s v disagreeable1 namely1 ( a corpse4 ,?is is a case :]e ! int]e/ is ( ! mo/ complete k9d1 & yet :]e !re is no "w ( art at all4 ,9 o!r words1 int]e/ is n 9 itself a real end ( art4 ,! same tru? is illu/rat$ by ! fact t ev5 9 poetry x is only ! dramatic & descriptive k9d to :i* int]e/ atta*es2 = if int]e/ 71 ) beauty1 ! aim ( art1 poetry ( ! lyrical k9d w\ld1 = t v reason1 n take half s great a position z ! o!r two4 ,9 ! second place1 if int]e/ 7 a means 9 ! production ( beauty1 e int]e/+ "w w\ld also be beautiful4 ,t1 h[ev]1 is by no means ! case4 ,a drama or a novel may (t5 attract u by its int]e/1 & yet be s utt]ly defici5t 9 any k9d ( beauty t we are aft]w>ds a%am$ ( hav+ wa/$ our "t on x4 ,?is applies to _m a drama :i* gives no true picture ( ! real life ( man2 :i* conta9s *>act]s v sup]ficially drawn1 or s di/ort$ z to be actual mon/rosities1 su* z are n to be f\nd 9 nature2 b ! c\rse ( ev5ts & ! play ( ! action are s intricate1 & we feel s mu* = ! h]o 9 ! situation 9 :i* he is plac$1 t we are n cont5t until we see ! knot untangl$ & ! h]o rescu$4 ,! action is s clev]ly gov]n$ & guid$ 9 its c\rse t we rema9 9 a /ate ( con/ant curiosity z to :at is go+ to happ51 & we are utt]ly unable to =m a guess2 s t betwe5 eag]ness & surprise our int]e/ is kept active2 & z we are pleasantly ent]ta9$1 we d n notice ! lapse ( "t4 ,mo/ ( ,kotzebue's plays are ( ?is "*4 ,= ! mob ?is is ! "r ?+3 x looks = amusem5t1 some?+ to pass ! "t1 n = intellectual p]ception4 ,beauty is an affair ( su* p]ception2 h5ce s5sibility to beauty v>ies z mu* z ! intellectual faculties !mselves4 ,= ! inn] tru? ( a repres5tation1 & its correspond5ce ) ! real nature ( humanity1 ! mob has no s5se at all4 ,:at is flat & sup]ficial x c grasp1 b ! dep?s ( human nature are op5$ to x 9 va94 ,x is also to be obs]v$ t dramatic repres5tations :i* dep5d = _! value on _! int]e/ lose by repetition1 because !y are no long] able to ar\se curiosity z to _! c\rse1 s9ce x is already kn[n4 ,to see !m (t51 makes !m /ale & t$i\s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 works ( :i* ! value lies 9 _! beauty ga9 by repetition1 z !y are !n m & m und]/ood4 ,mo/ novels are on ! same foot+ z dramatic repres5tations ( ?is "*4 ,!y are creatures ( ! same sort ( imag9ation z we see 9 ! /ory-tell] ( ,v5ice & ,naples1 :o lays a hat on ! gr\nd & waits until an audi5ce is assembl$4 ,!n he sp9s a tale :i* s captivates 8 he>]s t1 :5 he gets to ! cata/rophe1 he makes a r\nd ( ! cr[d1 hat 9 h&1 = contributions1 )\t ! lea/ fe> t 8 he>]s w slip away4 ,simil> /ory-tell]s ply _! trade 9 ?is c\ntry1 ?\gh 9 a less direct fa%ion4 ,!y d x ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( publi%]s & circulat+ libr>ies4 ,?us !y c avoid go+ ab\t 9 rags1 l _! colleagues else:]e2 !y c (f] ! *ildr5 ( _! imag9ation to ! public "u ! title ( novels1 %ort /ories1 romantic poems1 fairy tales1 & s on2 & ! public1 9 a dress+-g[n by ! fireside1 sits d[n m at its ease1 b also ) a great] am\nt ( pati5ce1 to ! enjoym5t ( ! int]e/ :i* !y provide4 ,h[ v little ae/hetic value !re g5]ally is 9 productions ( ?is sort is well kn[n2 & yet x _c be d5i$ t _m ( !m are int]e/+2 or else h[ c\ld !y be s popul>8 ,we see1 !n1 9 reply to our second "q1 t int]e/ does n necess>ily involve beauty2 &1 conv]sely1 x is true t beauty does n necess>ily involve int]e/4 ,significant *>act]s may be repres5t$1 t op5 up ! dep?s ( human nature1 & x may all be express$ 9 actions & suff]+s ( an exceptional k9d1 s t ! real nature ( humanity & ! _w may /& =? 9 ! picture 9 ! cle>e/ & mo/ =cible l9es2 & yet no high degree ( int]e/ may be excit$ 9 ! c\rse ( ev5ts by ! cont9u$ progress ( ! action1 or by ! complexity & unexpect$ solution ( ! plot4 ,! immortal ma/]pieces ( ,%akespe>e conta9 little t excites int]e/2 ! action does n g =w>d 9 "o /raight l9e1 b falt]s1 z 9 ,hamlet1 all ?r\gh ! play2 or else x spreads out 9 bread?1 z 9 ,! ,m]*ant ( ,v5ice1 :]eas l5g? is ! prop] dim5sion ( int]e/2 or ! sc5es hang loosely toge!r1 z 9 ,h5ry ,,iv4 ,?us x is t ,%akespe>e's dramas produce no appreciable effect on ! mob4 ,! dramatic requirem5t /at$ by ,ari/otle1 & m p>ticul>ly ! unity ( action1 h 9 view ! int]e/ ( ! piece r ?an its arti/ic beauty4 ,x may be said1 g5]ally1 t ^! requirem5ts are drawn up 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason to :i* ,i h ref]r$ above4 ,we "k1 h[ev]1 t ! idea1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! beauty ( a "w ( art1 exi/ only = ! p]ceptive intellig5ce :i* has fre$ itself f ! dom9ation ( t pr9ciple4 ,x is j "h t we f9d ! di/9ction betwe5 int]e/ & beauty2 z x is obvi\s t int]e/ is "p & p>cel ( ! m5tal attitude :i* is gov]n$ by ! pr9ciple1 :]eas beauty is always beyond its range4 ,! be/ & mo/ /rik+ refutation ( ! ,ari/otelian unities is ,manzoni's4 ,x may be f\nd 9 ! preface to 8 dramas4 ,:at is true ( ,%akespe>e's dramatic works is true also ( ,goe!'s4 ,ev5 ,egmont makes little effect on ! public1 because x conta9s sc>cely any complication or developm5t2 & if ,egmont fails1 :at are we to say ( ,tasso or ,iphig5ia8 ,t ! ,greek trag$ians did n look to int]e/ z a means ( work+ ^u ! public1 is cle> f ! fact t ! mat]ial ( _! ma/]pieces 0 almo/ always kn[n to e "o3 !y select$ ev5ts :i* _h (t5 be5 treat$ dramatically be=e4 ,?is %[s u h[ s5sitive 0 ! ,greek public to ! beautiful1 z x did n require ! int]e/ ( unexpect$ ev5ts & new /ories to season its enjoym5t4 ,nei!r does ! quality ( int]e/ (t5 atta* to ma/]pieces ( descriptive poetry4 ,fa!r ,hom] lays ! _w & humanity be=e u 9 its true nature1 b he takes no tr\ble to attract our sympa?y by a complexity ( circum/ance1 or to surprise u by unexpect$ entanglem5ts4 ,8 pace is l+]+2 he /ops at e sc5e2 he puts "o picture aft] ano!r tranquilly be=e u1 elaborat+ x ) c>e4 ,we exp]i5ce no passionate emotion 9 read+ him2 our demean\r is "o ( pure p]ceptive intellig5ce2 he does n ar\se our w1 b s+s x to re/2 & x co/s u no ef=t to break (f 9 our read+1 = we are n 9 condition ( eag] curiosity4 ,?is is all /ill m true ( ,dante1 ^: "w is n1 9 ! prop] s5se ( ! ^w1 an epic1 b a descriptive poem4 ,! same ?+ may be said ( ! f\r immortal romances3 ,don ,quixote1 ,tri/ram ,%&y1 ,la ,n\velle ,helose1 & ,wilhelm ,mei/]4 ,to ar\se our int]e/ is by no means ! *ief aim ( ^! works2 9 ,tri/ram ,%&y ! h]o1 ev5 at ! end ( ! book1 is only eight ye>s ( age4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we mu/ n v5ture to ass]t t ! quality ( int]e/ is n to be f\nd 9 ma/]pieces ( lit]ature4 ,we h x 9 ,s*ill]'s dramas 9 an appreciable degree1 & consequ5tly !y are popul>2 also 9 ! ,o$ipus ,rex ( ,sophocles4 ,among/ ma/]pieces ( description1 we f9d x 9 ,ario/o's ,orl&o ,furioso2 nay1 an example ( a high degree ( int]e/1 b\nd up ) ! beautiful1 is af=d$ 9 an excell5t novel by ,walt] ,scott--,! ,he>t ( ,midlo?ian4 ,?is is ! mo/ int]e/+ "w ( fiction t ,i "k1 :]e all ! effects due to int]e/1 z ,i h giv5 !m g5]ally 9 ! prec$+ rem>ks1 may be mo/ cle>ly obs]v$4 ,at ! same "t x is a v beautiful romance ?r\gh\t2 x %[s ! mo/ v>i$ pictures ( life1 drawn ) /rik+ tru?2 & x exhibits highly diff]5t *>act]s ) great ju/ice & fidelity4 ,int]e/1 !n1 is c]ta9ly compatible ) beauty4 ,t 0 our ?ird "q4 ,nev]!less1 a comp>atively small admixture ( ! elem5t ( int]e/ may well be f\nd to be mo/ advantage\s z f> z beauty is conc]n$2 = beauty is & rema9s ! end ( art4 ,beauty is 9 tw(old opposition ) int]e/2 fir/ly1 because x lies 9 ! p]ception ( ! idea1 & su* p]ception takes its object entirely out ( ! range ( ! =ms enunciat$ by ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason2 :]eas int]e/ has its sph]e ma9ly 9 circum/ance1 & x is out ( ?is pr9ciple t ! complexity ( circum/ance arises4 ,secondly1 int]e/ works by excit+ ! w2 :]eas beauty exi/s only = ! pure p]ceptive intellig5ce1 :i* has no w4 ,h[ev]1 ) dramatic & descriptive lit]ature an admixture ( int]e/ is necess>y1 j z a volatile & gase\s sub/ance requires a mat]ial basis if x is to be pres]v$ & transf]r$4 ,! admixture is necess>y1 p>tly1 inde$1 because int]e/ is itself creat$ by ! ev5ts :i* h to be devis$ 9 ord] to set ! *>act]s 9 motion2 p>tly because our m9ds w\ld be we>y ( wat*+ sc5e aft] sc5e if !y _h no conc]n = u1 or ( pass+ f "o significant picture to ano!r if we 7 n drawn on by "s secret ?read4 ,x is ?is t we call int]e/2 x is ! sympa?y :i* ! ev5t 9 itself =ces u to feel1 & :i*1 by rivet+ our att5tion1 makes ! m9d ob$i5t to ! poet1 & able to foll[ him into all ! p>ts ( 8 /ory4 ,if ! int]e/ ( a "w ( art is suffici5t to a*ieve ?is result1 x does all t c be requir$ ( x2 = its only s]vice is to connect ! pictures by :i* ! poet desires to communicate a k ( ! idea1 z if !y 7 pe>ls1 & int]e/ 7 ! ?read t holds !m toge!r1 & makes an ornam5t out ( ! :ole4 ,b int]e/ is prejudicial to beauty z soon z x ov]/eps ?is limit2 & ?is is ! case if we are s l$ away by ! int]e/ ( a "w t :5ev] we come to any detail$ description 9 a novel1 or any l5g?y reflection on ! "p ( a "* 9 a drama1 we gr[ impati5t & want to put spurs to our au?or1 s t we may foll[ ! developm5t ( ev5ts ) great] spe$4 ,epic & dramatic writ+s1 :]e beauty & int]e/ are bo? pres5t 9 a high degree1 may be comp>$ to ! work+ ( a wat*1 :]e int]e/ is ! spr+ :i* keeps all ! :eels 9 motion4 ,if x work$ unh9d]$1 ! wat* w\ld run d[n 9 a few m9utes4 ,beauty1 hold+ u 9 ! spell ( description & reflection1 is l ! b>rel :i* *ecks its movem5t4 ,or we may say t int]e/ is ! body ( a poetic "w1 & beauty ! s\l4 ,9 ! epic & ! drama1 int]e/1 z a necess>y quality ( ! action1 is ! matt]2 & beauty1 ! =m t requires ! matt] 9 ord] to be visible4 ,,psy*ological ,,obs]vations4 ,9 ! mom5t :5 a great affliction ov]takes u1 we are hurt to f9d t ! _w ab\t u is unconc]n$ & goes its own way4 ,z ,goe! says 9 ,tasso1 h[ easily x leaves u helpless & alone1 & cont9ues its c\rse l ! sun & ! moon & ! o!r gods3 444 die ,welt1 wie sie s lei*t1 ,uns hlflos1 e9sam ls/1 und ihr5 ,weg1 ,wie ,sonn' und ,mond und &re ,gtt] geht4 ,nay m6 x is some?+ intol]able t ev5 we ourselves h to g on ) ! me*anical r\nd ( our daily bus9ess1 & t ?\s&s ( our own actions are & mu/ be unaffect$ by ! pa9 t ?robs )9 u4 ,& s1 to re/ore ! h>mony betwe5 our outw>d do+s & our inw>d feel+s1 we /orm & %\t1 & te> our hair1 & /amp ) pa9 or rage4 ,our temp]am5t is s despotic t we are n satisfi$ unless we draw ev]y?+ into our own life1 & =ce all ! _w to sympa?ise ) u4 ,! only way ( a*iev+ ?is w\ld be to w9 ! love ( o!rs1 s t ! afflictions :i* oppress our own he>ts might oppress !irs z well4 ,s9ce t is att5d$ ) "s difficulty1 we (t5 *oose ! %ort] way1 & blab out our burd5 ( woe to p :o d n c>e1 & li/5 ) curiosity1 b )\t sympa?y1 & mu* (t5] ) satisfaction4 ,spee* & ! communication ( ?\ght1 :i*1 9 _! mutual relations1 are always att5d$ by a slight impulse on ! "p ( ! w1 are almo/ a physical necessity4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 ! l[] animals ent]ta9 me mu* m ?an ! av]age man4 ,=1 9 ! fir/ place1 :at c su* a man say8 ,x is only conceptions1 t is1 ! drie/ ( ideas1 t c be communicat$ by means ( words2 & :at sort ( conceptions has ! av]age man to communicate1 if he does n m]ely tell a /ory or give a report1 nei!r ( :i* makes conv]sation8 ,! greate/ *>m ( conv]sation is ! mimetic "p ( x1--! "* t is manife/$1 be x nev] s little4 ,take ! be/ ( m52 h[ little he c say ( :at goes on )9 him1 s9ce x is only conceptions t are communicable2 & yet a conv]sation ) a clev] man is "o ( ! greate/ ( pleasures4 ,x is n only t ord9>y m5 h little to say1 b :at intellect !y h puts !m 9 ! way ( conceal+ & di/ort+ x2 & x is ! necessity ( practis+ ?is concealm5t t gives !m su* a pitiable "*2 s t :at !y exhibit is n ev5 ! little t !y h1 b a mask & disguise4 ,! l[] animals1 :i* h no reason1 c conceal no?+2 !y are altoge!r nave1 & !re=e v ent]ta9+1 if we h only an eye = ! k9d ( communications :i* !y make4 ,!y speak n ) words1 b ) %ape & /ructure1 & mann] ( life1 & ! ?+s !y set ab\t2 !y express !mselves1 to an intellig5t obs]v]1 9 a v pleas+ & ent]ta9+ fa%ion4 ,x is a v>i$ life t is pres5t$ to him1 & "o t 9 its manife/ation is v diff]5t f 8 own2 & yet ess5tially x is ! same4 ,he sees x 9 its simple =m1 :5 reflection is exclud$2 = ) ! l[] animals life is liv$ :olly 9 & = ! pres5t mom5t3 x is ! pres5t t ! animal grasps2 x has no c>e1 or at lea/ no consci\s c>e1 = ! morr[1 & no fe> ( dea?2 & s x is :olly tak5 up ) life & liv+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! conv]sation among ord9>y p1 :5 x does n relate to any special matt] ( fact1 b takes a m g5]al "*1 mo/ly consi/s 9 hackney$ commonplaces1 :i* !y alt]nately repeat to ea* o!r ) ! utmo/ complac5cy4#a ,footnote #a3 ,translator's ,note4--,?is obs]vation is 9 ,s*op5hau]'s own ,engli%4 99 99 99 99 99 ,"s m5 c despise any bless+ z soon z !y cease to possess x2 o!rs only :5 !y h obta9$ x4 ,! latt] are ! m unhappy1 & ! nobl]1 ( ! two4 99 99 99 99 99 ,:5 ! a*+ he>t grieves no m ov] any p>ticul> object1 b is oppress$ by life z a :ole1 x )draws1 z x 71 into itself4 ,!re is "h a retreat & gradual ext9ction ( ! w1 :]eby ! body1 :i* is ! manife/ation ( ! w1 is sl[ly b surely und]m9$2 & ! individual exp]i5ces a /eady dissolution ( 8 bonds1--a quiet pres5tim5t ( dea?4 ,h5ce ! he>t :i* a*es has a secret joy ( its own2 & x is ?is1 ,i fancy1 :i* ! ,engli% call ! joy ( grief4 ,! pa9 t ext5ds to life z a :ole1 & loos5s our hold on x1 is ! only pa9 t is really tragic4 ,t :i* atta*es to p>ticul> objects is a w t is brok51 b n resign$2 x exhibits ! /ruggle & inn] contradiction ( ! w & ( life itself2 & x is comic1 be x nev] s viol5t4 ,x is l ! pa9 ( ! mis] at ! loss ( 8 ho>d4 ,ev5 ?\gh pa9 ( ! tragic k9d proce$s f a s+le def9ite object1 x does n rema9 !re2 x takes ! sep>ate affliction only z a symbol ( life z a :ole1 & transf]s x ?i!r4 99 99 99 99 99 ,vexation is ! attitude ( ! individual z intellig5ce t[>ds ! *eck impos$ ^u a /rong manife/ation ( ! individual z w4 ,!re are two ways ( avoid+ x3 ei!r by repress+ ! viol5ce ( ! w--9 o!r words1 by virtue2 or by keep+ ! intellig5ce f dwell+ ^u ! *eck--9 o!r words1 by ,/oicism4 99 99 99 99 99 ,to w9 ! fav\r ( a v beautiful woman by "o's p]sonality alone is p]haps a great] satisfaction to "o's vanity ?an to any?+ else2 = x is an assurance t "o's p]sonality is an equival5t = ! p]son t is treasur$ & desir$ & defi$ above all o!rs4 ,h5ce x is t despis$ love is s great a pang1 especially :5 x is associat$ ) well-f\nd$ jeal\sy4 ,) ?is joy & ?is pa91 x is probable t vanity is m l>gely conc]n$ ?an ! s5ses1 because x is only ! ?+s ( ! m9d1 & n m]e s5suality1 t produce su* viol5t convulsions4 ,! l[] animals are famili> ) lu/1 b n ) ! passionate pleasures & pa9s ( love4 99 99 99 99 99 ,to be sudd5ly plac$ 9 a /range t[n or c\ntry :]e ! mann] ( life1 possibly ev5 ! language1 is v diff]5t f our own1 is1 at ! fir/ mom5t1 l /epp+ into cold wat]4 ,we are br\ght into sudd5 contact ) a new temp]ature1 & we feel a p[]ful & sup]ior influ5ce f )\t :i* affects u uncom=tably4 ,we f9d ourselves 9 a /range elem5t1 :]e we _c move ) ease2 &1 ov] & above t1 we h ! feel+ t :ile ev]y?+ /rikes u z /range1 we ourselves /rike o!rs 9 ! same way4 ,b z soon z we are a little compos$ & reconcil$ to our surr\nd+s1 z soon z we h appropriat$ "s ( its temp]ature1 we feel an extraord9>y s5se ( satisfaction1 z 9 ba?+ 9 cool wat]2 we assimilate ourselves to ! new elem5t1 & cease to h any necess>y pre-occupation ) our p]son4 ,we devote our att5tion undi/urb$ to our environm5t1 to :i* we n[ feel ourselves sup]ior by be+ able to view x 9 an objective & dis9t]e/$ fa%ion1 in/ead ( be+ oppress$ by x1 z be=e4 99 99 99 99 99 ,:5 we are on a j\rney1 & all k9ds ( rem>kable objects press !mselves on our att5tion1 ! intellectual food :i* we receive is (t5 s l>ge 9 am\nt t we h no "t = dige/ion2 & we regret t ! impressions :i* succe$ "o ano!r s quickly leave no p]man5t trace4 ,b at bottom x is ! same ) travell+ z ) read+4 ,h[ (t5 d we compla9 t we _c rememb] "o ?\s&? "p ( :at we read6 ,9 bo? cases1 h[ev]1 we may console ourselves ) ! reflection t ! ?+s we see & read make an impression on ! m9d be=e !y are =gott51 & s contribute to its =mation & nurture2 :ile t :i* we only rememb] does no m ?an /uff x & puff x out1 fill+ up its holl[s ) matt] t w always be /range to x1 & leav+ x 9 itself a blank4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x is ! v _m & v>i$ =ms 9 :i* human life is pres5t$ to u on our travels t make !m ent]ta9+4 ,b we nev] see m ?an its outside1 su* z is ev]y:]e op5 to public view & accessible to /rang]s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 human life on its inside1 ! he>t & c5tre1 :]e x lives & moves & %[s its "*1 & 9 p>ticul> t "p ( ! inn] side :i* c\ld be se5 at home among/ our relatives1 is n se52 we h ex*ang$ x = ! out] side4 ,?is is :y on our travels we see ! _w l a pa9t$ l&scape1 ) a v wide horizon1 b no =egr\nd2 & :y1 9 "t1 we get tir$ ( x4 99 99 99 99 99 ,"o man is m conc]n$ ) ! impression :i* he makes ^u ! re/ ( mank9d2 ano!r1 ) ! impression :i* ! re/ ( mank9d makes ^u him4 ,! disposition ( ! "o is subjective2 ( ! o!r1 objective2 ! "o is1 9 ! :ole ( 8 exi/5ce1 m 9 ! nature ( an idea :i* is m]ely pres5t$2 ! o!r1 m ( ! be+ :o pres5ts x4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a woman 7) c]ta9 exceptions :i* ne$ n be m5tion$7 w n take ! fir/ /ep ) a man2 = 9 spite ( all ! beauty %e may h1 %e risks a refusal4 ,a man may be ill 9 m9d or body1 or busy1 or gloomy1 & s n c>e = advances2 & a refusal w\ld be a bl[ to h] vanity4 ,b z soon z he takes ! fir/ /ep1 & helps h] ov] ?is dang]1 he /&s on a foot+ ( equality ) h]1 & w g5]ally f9d h] q tractable4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! praise ) :i* _m m5 speak ( _! wives is really giv5 to _! own judgm5t 9 select+ !m4 ,?is arises1 p]haps1 f a feel+ ( ! tru? ( ! say+1 t a man %[s :at he is by ! way 9 :i* he dies1 & by ! *oice ( 8 wife4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if education or w>n+ 7 ( any avail1 h[ c\ld ,s5eca's pupil be a ,n]o8 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,py?agorean#a pr9ciple t l is kn[n only by l is 9 _m respects a true "o4 ,x expla9s h[ x is t e man und]/&s 8 fell[ only 9 s f> z he resembles him1 or1 at lea/1 is ( a simil> "*4 ,:at "o man is q sure ( p]ceiv+ 9 ano!r is t :i* is common to all1 namely1 ! vulg>1 petty or mean elem5ts ( our nature2 "h e man has a p]fect und]/&+ ( 8 fell[s2 b ! advantage :i* "o man has ov] ano!r does n exi/ = ! o!r1 :o1 be ! tal5ts 9 "q z extraord9>y z !y may1 w nev] see any?+ beyond :at he possesses himself1 = ! v good reason t ?is is all he wants to see4 ,if !re is any?+ on :i* he is 9 d\bt1 x w give him a vague s5se ( fe>1 mix$ ) pique2 because x passes 8 compreh5sion1 & !re=e is uncong5ial to him4 ,footnote #a3 ,see ,porphyry1 de ,vita ,py?agorae4 ,?is is :y x is m9d alone t und]/&s m9d2 :y works ( g5ius are :olly und]/ood & valu$ only by a man ( g5ius1 & :y x mu/ necess>ily be a long "t be=e !y indirectly attract att5tion at ! h&s ( ! cr[d1 = :om !y w nev]1 9 any true s5se1 exi/4 ,?is1 too1 is :y "o man w look ano!r 9 ! face1 ) ! impud5t assurance t he w nev] see any?+ b a mis]able resemblance ( himself2 & ?is is j :at he w see1 z he _c grasp any?+ beyond x4 ,h5ce ! bold way 9 :i* "o man w contradict ano!r4 ,f9ally1 x is = ! same reason t great sup]iority ( m9d isolates a man1 & t ^? ( high gifts keep !mselves alo( f ! vulg> 7& t means e "o72 = if !y m+le ) ! cr[d1 !y c communicate only su* p>ts ( !m z !y %>e ) ! cr[d1 & s make !mselves common4 ,nay1 ev5 ?\gh !y possess "s well-f\nd$ & au?oritative reputation among/ ! cr[d1 !y are n long 9 los+ x1 toge!r ) any p]sonal weight x may give !m1 s9ce all are bl9d to ! qualities on :i* x is bas$1 b h _! eyes op5 to any?+ t is vulg> & common to !mselves4 ,!y soon discov] ! tru? ( ! ,arabian prov]b3 ,joke ) a slave1 & he'll %[ y 8 heels4 ,x also foll[s t a man ( high gifts1 9 8 int]c\rse ) o!rs1 mu/ always reflect t ! be/ "p ( him is out ( sight 9 ! cl\ds2 s t if he desires to "k accurately h[ mu* he c be to any "o else1 he has only to consid] h[ mu* ! man 9 "q is to him4 ,?is1 z a rule1 is preci\s little2 & !re=e he is z uncong5ial to ! o!r1 z ! o!r to him4 99 99 99 99 99 ,goe! says some:]e t man is n )\t a ve9 ( v5]ation4 ,to satisfy ?is impulse to v5]ate1 ev5 9 ^? :o h no s5se = :at is really wor?y1 sub/itutes are provid$ 9 ! %ape ( pr9ces & pr9cely families1 nobles1 titles1 ord]s1 & money-bags4 99 99 99 99 99 ,vague long+ & bor$om are close ak94 99 99 99 99 99 ,:5 a man is dead1 we envy him no m2 & we only half envy him :5 he is old4 99 99 99 99 99 ,misan?ropy & love ( solitude are conv]tible ideas4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 *ess1 ! object ( ! game1 namely1 to *eckmate "o's oppon5t1 is ( arbitr>y adoption2 ( ! possible means ( atta9+ x1 !re is a great numb]2 & accord+ z we make a prud5t use ( !m1 we arrive at our goal4 ,we ent] on ! game ( our own *oice4 ,nor is x o!rwise ) human life1 only t "h ! entrance is n ( our *oos+1 b is =c$ on u2 & ! object1 :i* is to live & exi/1 seems1 inde$1 at times z ?\gh x 7 ( arbitr>y adoption1 & t we c\ld1 if necess>y1 rel9qui% x4 ,nev]!less x is1 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w1 a natural object2 t is to say1 we _c rel9qui% x )\t giv+ up exi/5ce itself4 ,if we reg>d our exi/5ce z ! "w ( "s arbitr>y p[] outside u1 we mu/1 inde$1 admire ! cunn+ by :i* t creative m9d has succe$$ 9 mak+ u place s mu* value on an object :i* is only mom5t>y & mu/ ( necessity be laid aside v soon1 & :i* we see1 moreov]1 on reflection1 to be altoge!r vanity--9 mak+1 ,i say1 ?is object s de> to u t we eag]ly ex]t all our /r5g? 9 work+ at x2 al?\gh we knew t z soon z ! game is ov]1 ! object w exi/ = u no long]1 & t1 on ! :ole1 we _c say :at x is t makes x s attractive4 ,nay1 x seems to be an object z arbitr>ily adopt$ z t ( *eckmat+ our oppon5t's k+2 &1 nev]!less1 we are always int5t on ! means ( atta9+ x1 & ?9k & brood ov] no?+ else4 ,x is cle> t ! reason ( x is t our intellect is only capable ( look+ outside1 & has no p[] at all ( look+ )92 &1 s9ce ?is is s1 we h come to ! conclusion t we mu/ make ! be/ ( x4 ,,on ,,! ,,wisdom ,,( ,,life3 ,,aphorisms4 ,! simple ,phili/9e believes t life is some?+ inf9ite & uncondition$1 & tries to look ^u x & live x z ?\gh x left no?+ to be desir$4 ,by me?od & pr9ciple ! le>n$ ,phili/9e does ! same3 he believes t 8 me?ods & 8 pr9ciples are unconditionally p]fect & objectively valid2 s t z soon z he has f\nd !m1 he has no?+ to d b apply !m to circum/ances1 & !n approve or condemn4 ,b happ9ess & tru? are n to be seiz$ 9 ?is fa%ion4 ,x is phantoms ( !m alone t are s5t to u "h1 to /ir u to action2 ! av]age man pursues ! %ad[ ( happ9ess ) unwe>i$ lab\r2 & ! ?9k]1 ! %ad[ ( tru?2 & bo?1 ?\gh phantoms are all !y h1 possess 9 !m z mu* z !y c grasp4 ,life is a language 9 :i* c]ta9 tru?s are convey$ to u2 c\ld we le>n !m 9 "s o!r way1 we %\ld n live4 ,?us x is t wise say+s & prud5tial maxims w nev] make up = ! lack ( exp]i5ce1 or be a sub/itute = life itself4 ,/ill !y are n to be despis$2 = !y1 too1 are a "p ( life2 nay1 !y %\ld be highly e/eem$ & reg>d$ z ! loose pages :i* o!rs h copi$ f ! book ( tru? z x is imp>t$ by ! _s ( ! _w4 ,b !y are pages :i* mu/ ne$s be imp]fect1 & c nev] replace ! real liv+ voice4 ,/ill less c ?is be s :5 we reflect t life1 or ! book ( tru?1 speaks diff]5tly to u all2 l ! apo/les :o prea*$ at ,p5teco/1 & in/ruct$ ! multitude1 appe>+ to ea* man to speak 9 8 own tongue4 99 99 99 99 99 ,recognise ! tru? 9 y\rself1 recognise y\rself 9 ! tru?2 & 9 ! same mom5t y w f9d1 to y\r a/oni%m5t1 t ! home :i* y h long be5 look+ = 9 va91 :i* has fill$ y\r mo/ ard5t dreams1 is !re 9 its entirety1 ) e detail ( x true1 9 ! v place :]e y /&4 ,x is !re t y\r heav5 t\*es y\r e>?4 99 99 99 99 99 ,:at makes u almo/ inevitably ridicul\s is our s]i\s way ( treat+ ! pass+ mom5t1 z ?\gh x necess>ily _h all ! importance :i* x seems to h4 ,x is only a few great m9ds t are above ?is weakness1 &1 in/ead ( be+ laugh$ at1 h come to laugh !mselves4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! bright & good mom5ts ( our life ought to tea* u h[ to act aright :5 we are melan*oly & dull & /upid1 by pres]v+ ! memory ( _! results2 & ! melan*oly1 dull1 & /upid mom5ts %\ld tea* u to be mode/ :5 we are bright4 ,= we g5]ally value ourselves accord+ to our be/ & brighte/ mom5ts2 & ^? 9 :i* we are weak & dull & mis]able1 we reg>d z no prop] "p ( u4 ,to rememb] !m w tea* u to be mode/1 humble1 & tol]ant4 ,m>k my words once = all1 my de> fri5d1 & be clev]4 ,m5 are entirely self-c5tr$1 & incapable ( look+ at ?+s objectively4 ,if y _h a dog & want$ to make him fond ( y1 & fanci$ t ( y\r hundr$ r>e & excell5t *>act]i/ics ! mongrel w\ld be sure to p]ceive "o1 & t t w\ld be suffici5t to make him devot$ to y body & s\l--if1 ,i say1 y fanci$ t1 y w\ld be a fool4 ,pat him1 give him some?+ to eat2 & = ! re/1 be :at y please3 he w n 9 ! lea/ c>e1 b w be y\r fai?ful & devot$ dog4 ,n[1 believe me1 x is j ! same ) m5--exactly ! same4 ,z ,goe! says1 man or dog1 x is a mis]able wret*3 ,d5n e9 erbrmli*] ,s*uft1 s wie d] ,m5s*1 i/ d] hund4 ,if y ask :y ^! contemptible fell[s are s lucky1 x is j because1 9 !mselves & = !mselves & to !mselves1 !y are no?+ at all4 ,! value :i* !y possess is m]ely comp>ative2 !y exi/ only = o!rs2 !y are nev] m ?an means2 !y are nev] an end & object 9 !mselves2 !y are m]e bait1 set to cat* o!rs4#a ,i d n admit t ?is rule is susceptible ( any exception1 t is to say1 complete exceptions4 ,!re are1 x is true1 m5--?\gh !y are suffici5tly r>e--:o enjoy "s subjective mom5ts2 nay1 !re are p]haps "s :o = e hundr$ subjective mom5ts enjoy a few t are objective2 b a high] /ate ( p]fection sc>cely ev] occurs4 ,b d n take y\rself = an exception3 exam9e y\r love1 y\r fri5d%ip1 & consid] if y\r objective judgm5ts are n mo/ly subjective judgm5ts 9 disguise2 consid] if y duly recognise ! good qualities ( a man :o is n fond ( y4 ,!n be tol]ant3 conf\nd x6 x's y\r duty4 ,z y are all s self-c5tr$1 recognise y\r own weakness4 ,y "k t y _c l a man :o does n %[ himself fri5dly to y2 y "k t he _c d s = any l5g? ( "t unless he likes y1 & t he _c l y unless y %[ t y are fri5dly to him2 !n d x3 y\r false fri5dl9ess w gradually become a true "o4 ,y\r own weakness & subjectivity mu/ h "s illusion4 ,footnote #a3 ,all ?is is v euphemi/ically express$ 9 ! ,sophoclean v]se3 7,greek3 *>is *>9 g> e/9 ha tikt\s aei7 ,?is is really an priori ju/ification ( polit5ess2 b ,i c\ld give a /ill deep] reason = x4 99 99 99 99 99 ,consid] t *ance1 :i*1 ) error1 its bro!r1 & folly1 its aunt1 & malice1 its gr&mo!r1 rules 9 ?is _w2 :i* e ye> & e day1 by bl[s great & small1 embitt]s ! life ( e son ( e>?1 & y\rs too2 consid]1 ,i say1 t x is to ?is wick$ p[] t y owe y\r prosp]ity & indep5d5ce2 = x gave y :at x refus$ to _m ?\s&s1 j to be able to give x to individuals l y4 ,rememb]+ all ?is1 y w n behave z ?\gh y _h a "r to ! possession ( its gifts2 b y w p]ceive :at a caprici\s mi/ress x is t gives y h] fav\rs2 & !re=e :5 %e takes x into h] head to deprive y ( "s or all ( !m1 y w n make a great fuss ab\t h] inju/ice2 b y w recognise t :at *ance gave1 *ance has tak5 away2 if ne$s be1 y w obs]ve t ?is p[] is n q s fav\rable to y z %e seem$ to be hi!rto4 ,:y1 %e might h dispos$ n only ( :at %e gave y1 b also ( y\r hone/ & h>d-e>n$ ga9s4 ,b if *ance /ill rema9s s fav\rable to y z to give y m ?an almo/ all o!rs ^: pa? 9 life y may c>e to exam9e1 oh6 be happy2 d n /ruggle = ! possession ( h] pres5ts2 employ !m prop]ly2 look ^u !m z prop]ty held f a caprici\s "l2 use !m wisely & well4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,ari/otelian pr9ciple ( keep+ ! mean 9 all ?+s is ill suit$ to ! moral law = :i* x 0 int5d$2 b x may easily be ! be/ g5]al rule ( worldly wisdom1 ! be/ precept = a happy life4 ,= life is s full ( unc]ta9ty2 !re are on all sides s _m discom=ts1 burd5s1 suff]+s1 dang]s1 t a safe & happy voyage c be accompli%$ only by /e]+ c>efully ?r\gh ! rocks4 ,z a rule1 ! fe> ( ! ills we "k drive u into ! contr>y ills2 ! pa9 ( solitude1 = example1 drives u into society1 & ! fir/ society t comes2 ! discom=ts ( society drive u into solitude2 we ex*ange a =bidd+ demean\r = incauti\s confid5ce & s on4 ,x is ev] ! m>k ( folly to avoid "o vice by ru%+ into its contr>y3 ,/ulti dum vitant vitia 9 contr>ia currunt4 ,or else we ?9k t we %all f9d satisfaction 9 some?+1 & sp5d all our ef=ts on x2 & !reby we omit to provide = ! satisfaction ( a hundr$ o!r wi%es :i* make !mselves felt at _! own "t4 ,"o loss & omission foll[s ano!r1 & !re is no end to ! mis]y4 ,greek3 ,ma$5 agan & nil admir>i are1 !re=e1 excell5t rules ( worldly wisdom4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we (t5 f9d t p ( great exp]i5ce are ! mo/ frank & cordial 9 _! int]c\rse ) complete /rang]s1 9 :om !y h no int]e/ :atev]4 ,! reason ( ?is is t m5 ( exp]i5ce "k t x is almo/ impossible = p :o /& 9 any sort ( mutual relation to be s9c]e & op5 ) "o ano!r2 b t !re is always m or less ( a /ra9 betwe5 !m1 due to ! fact t !y are look+ aft] _! own int]e/s1 :e!r imm$iate or remote4 ,!y regret ! fact1 b !y "k t x is s2 h5ce !y leave _! own p1 ru% into ! arms ( a complete /rang]1 & 9 happy confid5ce op5 _! he>ts to him4 ,?us x is t monks & ! l1 :o h giv5 up ! _w & are /rang]s to x1 are su* good p to turn to = advice4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x is only by practis+ mutual re/ra9t & self-d5ial t we c act & talk ) o!r p2 &1 !re=e1 if we h to conv]se at all1 x c only be ) a feel+ ( resignation4 ,= if we seek society1 x is because we want fre% impressions3 ^! come f )\t1 & are !re=e =eign to ourselves4 ,if a man fails to p]ceive ?is1 &1 :5 he seeks ! society ( o!rs1 is unwill+ to practise resignation1 & absolutely refuses to d5y himself1 nay1 dem&s t o!rs1 :o are altoge!r diff]5t f himself1 %all nev]!less be j :at he wants !m to be = ! mom5t1 accord+ to ! degree ( education :i* he has rea*$1 or accord+ to 8 intellectual p[]s or 8 mood--! man1 ,i say1 :o does ?is1 is 9 contradiction ) himself4 ,= :ile he wants "s "o :o %all be diff]5t f himself1 & wants him j because he is diff]5t1 = ! sake ( society & fre% influ5ce1 he nev]!less dem&s t ?is o!r individual %all precisely resemble ! imag9>y creature :o accords ) 8 mood1 & h no ?\ghts b ^? :i* he has himself4 ,wom5 are v liable to subjectivity ( ?is k9d2 b m5 are n free f x ei!r4 ,i obs]v$ once to ,goe!1 9 compla9+ ( ! illusion & vanity ( life1 t :5 a fri5d is ) u we d n ?9k ! same ( him z :5 he is away4 ,he repli$3 ,yes6 because ! abs5t fri5d is y\rself1 & he exi/s only 9 y\r head2 :]eas ! fri5d :o is pres5t has an individuality ( 8 own1 & moves accord+ to laws ( 8 own1 :i* _c always be 9 accordance ) ^? :i* y =m = y\rself4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a good supply ( resignation is ( ! fir/ importance 9 provid+ = ! j\rney ( life4 ,x is a supply :i* we %all h to extract f disappo9t$ hopes2 & ! soon] we d x1 ! bett] = ! re/ ( ! j\rney4 99 99 99 99 99 ,h[ %\ld a man be cont5t s long z he fails to obta9 complete unity 9 8 inmo/ be+8 ,= z long z two voices alt]nately speak 9 him1 :at is "r = "o mu/ be wrong = ! o!r4 ,?us he is always compla9+4 ,b has any man ev] be5 completely at "o ) himself8 ,nay1 is n ! v ?\ght a contradiction8 ,t a man %all atta9 ?is inn] unity is ! impossible & inconsi/5t pret5sion put =w>d by almo/ all philosoph]s4#a ,= z a man x is natural to him to be at w> ) himself z long z he lives4 ,:ile he c be only "o ?+ ?or\ghly1 he has ! disposition to be ev]y?+ else1 & ! inali5able possibility ( be+ x4 ,if he has made 8 *oice ( "o ?+1 all ! o!r possibilities are always op5 to him1 & are con/antly claim+ to be realis$2 & he has !re=e to be cont9u\sly keep+ !m back1 & to be ov]p[]+ & kill+ !m z long z he wants to be t "o ?+4 ,= example1 if he wants to ?9k only1 & n act & d bus9ess1 ! disposition to ! latt] is n !reby de/roy$ all at once2 b z long z ! ?9k] lives1 he has e h\r to keep on kill+ ! act+ & pu%+ man t is )9 him2 always battl+ ) himself1 z ?\gh he 7 a mon/] ^: head is no soon] /ruck (f ?an x gr[s aga94 ,9 ! same way1 if he is resolv$ to be a sa9t1 he mu/ kill himself s f> z he is a be+ t enjoys & is giv5 ov] to pleasure2 = su* he rema9s z long z he lives4 ,x is n once = all t he mu/ kill himself3 he mu/ keep on do+ x all 8 life4 ,if he has resolv$ ^u pleasure1 :atev] be ! way 9 :i* x is to be obta9$1 8 lifelong /ruggle is ) a be+ t desires to be pure & free & holy2 = ! disposition rema9s1 & he has to kill x e h\r4 ,& s on 9 ev]y?+1 ) inf9ite modifications2 x is n[ "o side ( him1 & n[ ! o!r1 t conqu]s2 he himself is ! battlefield4 ,if "o side ( him is cont9ually conqu]+1 ! o!r is cont9ually /ruggl+2 = its life is b\nd up ) 8 own1 &1 z a man1 he is ! possibility ( _m contradictions4 ,footnote #a3 ,audact] licet pr(ite>is1 summum bonum esse anm concordian4--,s5eca4 ,h[ is inn] unity ev5 possible "u su* circum/ances8 ,x exi/s nei!r 9 ! sa9t nor 9 ! s9n]2 or r1 ! tru? is t no man is :olly "o or ! o!r4 ,= x is m5 !y h to be2 t is1 luckless be+s1 fight]s & gladiators 9 ! ar5a ( life4 ,to be sure1 ! be/ ?+ he c d is to recognise :i* "p ( him sm>ts ! mo/ "u defeat1 & let x always ga9 ! victory4 ,?is he w always be able to d by ! use ( 8 reason1 :i* is an ev]-pres5t fund ( ideas4 ,let him resolve ( 8 own free w to und]go ! pa9 :i* ! defeat ( ! o!r "p involves4 ,?is is "*4 ,= ! battle ( life _c be wag$ free f all pa92 x _c come to an end )\t blood%$2 & 9 any case a man mu/ suff] pa91 = he is ! conqu]$ z well z ! conqu]or4 ,haec e/ viv5di conditio4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! clev] man1 :5 he conv]ses1 w ?9k less ( :at he is say+ t ( ! p]son ) :om he is speak+2 = !n he is sure to say no?+ :i* he w aft]w>ds regret2 he is sure n to lay himself op51 nor to commit an indiscretion4 ,b 8 conv]sation w nev] be p>ticul>ly int]e/+4 ,an intellectual man readily does ! opposite1 & ) him ! p]son ) :om he conv]ses is (t5 no m ?an ! m]e occasion ( a monologue2 & x (t5 happ5s t ! o!r !n makes up = 8 subord9ate rle by ly+ 9 wait = ! man ( intellect1 & draw+ 8 secrets out ( him4 99 99 99 99 99 ,no?+ betrays less k ( humanity ?an to suppose t1 if a man has a great _m fri5ds1 x is a pro( ( m]it & intr9sic value3 z ?\gh m5 gave _! fri5d%ip accord+ to value & m]it6 z ?\gh !y 7 n1 r1 j l dogs1 :i* love ! p]son t pats !m & gives !m bits ( meat1 & nev] tr\ble !mselves ab\t any?+ else6 ,! man :o und]/&s h[ to pat 8 fell[s be/1 ?\gh !y be ! na/ie/ brutes1--t's ! man :o has _m fri5ds4 ,x is ! conv]se t is true4 ,m5 ( great intellectual wor?1 or1 /ill m1 m5 ( g5ius1 c h only v few fri5ds2 = _! cle> eye soon discov]s all defects1 & _! s5se ( rectitude is always be+ outrag$ afre% by ! ext5t & ! horror ( !m4 ,x is only extreme necessity t c compel su* m5 n to betray _! feel+s1 or ev5 to /roke ! defects z if !y 7 beautiful additions4 ,p]sonal love 7= we are n speak+ ( ! rev]5ce :i* is ga9$ by au?ority7 _c be won by a man ( g5ius1 unless ! gods h end[$ him ) an inde/ructible *e]fulness ( temp]1 a glance t makes ! _w look beautiful1 or unless he has succe$$ by degrees 9 tak+ m5 exactly z !y are2 t is to say1 9 mak+ a fool ( ! fools1 z is "r & prop]4 ,on ! heights we mu/ expect to be solit>y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,our con/ant discont5t is = ! mo/ "p root$ 9 ! impulse ( self-pres]vation4 ,?is passes into a k9d ( selfi%ness1 & makes a duty out ( ! maxim t we %\ld always fix our m9ds ^u :at we lack1 s t we may endeav\r to procure x4 ,?us x is t we are always int5t on f9d+ out :at we want1 & on ?9k+ ( x2 b t maxim all[s u to ov]look undi/urb$ ! ?+s :i* we already possess2 & s1 z soon z we h obta9$ any?+1 we give x mu* less att5tion ?an be=e4 ,we seldom ?9k ( :at we h1 b always ( :at we lack4 ,?is maxim ( egoism1 :i* has1 inde$1 its advantages 9 procur+ ! means to ! end 9 view1 itself concurr5tly de/roys ! ultimate end1 namely1 cont5tm5t2 l ! be> 9 ! fable t ?r[s a /one at ! h]mit to kill ! fly on 8 nose4 ,we ought to wait until ne$ & privation ann\nce !mselves1 in/ead ( look+ = !m4 ,m9ds t are naturally cont5t d ?is1 :ile hypo*ondri/s d ! rev]se4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a man's nature is 9 h>mony ) itself :5 he desires to be no?+ b :at he is2 t is to say1 :5 he has atta9$ by exp]i5ce a k ( 8 /r5g? & ( 8 weakness1 & makes use ( ! "o & conceals ! o!r1 in/ead ( play+ ) false co91 & try+ to %[ a /r5g? :i* he does n possess4 ,x is a h>mony :i* produces an agreeable & rational "*2 & = ! simple reason t ev]y?+ :i* makes ! man & gives him 8 m5tal & physical qualities is no?+ b ! manife/ation ( 8 w2 is1 9 fact1 :at he wills4 ,!re=e x is ! greate/ ( all inconsi/5cies to wi% to be o!r ?an we are4 99 99 99 99 99 ,p ( a /range & curi\s temp]am5t c be happy only "u /range circum/ances1 su* z suit _! nature1 9 ! same way z ord9>y circum/ances suit ! ord9>y man2 & su* circum/ances c arise only if1 9 "s extraord9>y way1 !y happ5 to meet ) /range p ( a "* diff]5t inde$1 b /ill exactly suit$ to _! own4 ,t is :y m5 ( r>e or /range qualities are seldom happy4 99 99 99 99 99 ,all ?is pleasure is d]iv$ f ! use & consci\sness ( p[]2 & ! greate/ ( pa9s t a man c feel is to p]ceive t 8 p[]s fail j :5 he wants to use !m4 ,!re=e x w be advantage\s = e man to discov] :at p[]s he possesses1 & :at p[]s he lacks4 ,let him1 !n1 develop ! p[]s 9 :i* he is pre-em95t1 & make a /rong use ( !m2 let him pursue ! pa? :]e !y w avail him2 & ev5 ?\gh he has to conqu] 8 incl9ations1 let him avoid ! pa? :]e su* p[]s are requisite z he possesses only 9 a l[ degree4 ,9 ?is way he w (t5 h a pleasant consci\sness ( /r5g?1 & seldom a pa9ful consci\sness ( weakness2 & x w g well ) him4 ,b if he lets himself be drawn into ef=ts dem&+ a k9d ( /r5g? q diff]5t f t 9 :i* he is pre-em95t1 he w exp]i5ce humiliation2 & ?is is p]haps ! mo/ pa9ful feel+ ) :i* a man c be afflict$4 ,yet !re are two sides to ev]y?+4 ,! man :o has insuffici5t self-confid5ce 9 a sph]e :]e he has little p[]1 & is nev] ready to make a v5ture1 w on ! "o h& n ev5 le>n h[ to use ! little p[] t he has2 & on ! o!r1 9 a sph]e 9 :i* he w\ld at lea/ be able to a*ieve some?+1 !re w be a complete abs5ce ( ef=t1 & consequ5tly ( pleasure4 ,?is is always h>d to be>2 = a man c nev] draw a complete blank 9 any dep>tm5t ( human welf>e )\t feel+ "s pa94 99 99 99 99 99 ,z a *ild1 "o has no conception ( ! inexorable "* ( ! laws ( nature1 & ( ! /ubborn way 9 :i* ev]y?+ p]si/s 9 rema9+ :at x is4 ,! *ild believes t ev5 lifeless ?+s are dispos$ to yield to x2 p]haps because x feels itself "o ) nature1 or1 f m]e unacqua9tance ) ! _w1 believes t nature is dispos$ to be fri5dly4 ,?us x 0 t :5 ,i 0 a *ild1 & _h ?r[n my %oe into a l>ge vessel full ( milk1 ,i 0 discov]$ entreat+ ! %oe to jump out4 ,nor is a *ild on its gu>d aga9/ animals until x le>ns t !y are ill-natur$ & spiteful4 ,b n be=e we h ga9$ mature exp]i5ce d we recognise t human "* is unalt]able2 t no entreaty1 or repres5tation1 or example1 or b5efit1 w br+ a man to give up 8 ways2 b t1 on ! contr>y1 e man is compell$ to foll[ 8 own mode ( act+ & ?9k+1 ) ! necessity ( a law ( nature2 & t1 h[ev] we take him1 he always rema9s ! same4 ,x is only aft] we h obta9$ a cle> & pr(\nd k ( ?is fact t we give up try+ to p]suade p1 or to alt] !m & br+ !m r\nd to our way ( ?9k+4 ,we try to accommodate ourselves to !irs in/ead1 s f> z !y are indisp5sable to u1 & to keep away f !m s f> z we _c possibly agree4 ,ultimately we come to p]ceive t ev5 9 matt]s ( m]e intellect--al?\gh its laws are ! same = all1 & ! subject z oppos$ to ! object ( ?\ght does n really ent] into individuality--!re is1 nev]!less1 no c]ta9ty t ! :ole tru? ( any matt] c be communicat$ to any "o1 or t any "o c be p]suad$ or compell$ to ass5t to x2 because1 z ,bacon says1 intellectus humanus lum9is sicci non e/3 ! light ( ! human intellect is col\r$ by int]e/ & passion4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x is j because all happ9ess is ( a negative "* t1 :5 we succe$ 9 be+ p]fectly at our ease1 we are n prop]ly consci\s ( x4 ,ev]y?+ seems to pass u s(tly & g5tly1 & h>dly to t\* u until ! mom5t is ov]2 & !n x is ! positive feel+ ( some?+ lack+ t tells u ( ! happ9ess :i* has vani%$2 x is !n t we obs]ve t we h fail$ to hold x fa/1 & we suff] ! pangs ( self-reproa* z well z ( privation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,e happ9ess t a man enjoys1 & almo/ e fri5d%ip t he *]i%es1 re/ ^u illusion2 =1 z a rule1 ) increase ( k !y are b\nd to vani%4 ,nev]!less1 "h z else:]e1 a man %\ld c\rage\sly pursue tru?1 & nev] we>y ( /riv+ to settle acc\nts ) himself & ! _w4 ,no matt] :at happ5s to ! "r or to ! left ( him1--be x a *ima]a or fancy t makes him happy1 let him take he>t & g on1 ) no fe> ( ! des]t :i* wid5s to 8 view4 ,( "o ?+ only mu/ he be q c]ta93 t "u no circum/ances w he discov] any lack ( wor? 9 himself :5 ! veil is rais$2 ! sight ( x w\ld be ! ,gorgon t w\ld kill him4 ,!re=e1 if he wants to rema9 undeceiv$1 let him 9 8 inmo/ be+ feel 8 own wor?4 ,= to feel ! lack ( x is n m]ely ! greate/1 b also ! only true affliction2 all o!r suff]+s ( ! m9d may n only be heal$1 b may be imm$iately reliev$1 by ! secure consci\sness ( wor?4 ,! man :o is assur$ ( x c sit d[n quietly "u suff]+s t w\ld o!rwise br+ him to despair2 & ?\gh he has no pleasures1 no joys & no fri5ds1 he c re/ 9 & on himself2 s p[]ful is ! com=t to be d]iv$ f a vivid consci\sness ( ?is advantage2 a com=t to be pref]r$ to e o!r e>?ly bless+4 ,contr>ily1 no?+ 9 ! _w c relieve a man :o kn[s 8 own wor?lessness2 all t he c d is to conceal x by deceiv+ p or deaf5+ !m ) 8 noise2 b nei!r exp$i5t w s]ve him v long4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we mu/ always try to pres]ve l>ge views4 ,if we are arre/$ by details we %all get confus$1 & see ?+s awry4 ,! success or ! failure ( ! mom5t1 & ! impression t !y make1 %\ld c\nt = no?+4#a ,footnote #a3 ,translator's ,note4--,s*op5hau]1 = "s reason t is n app>5t1 wrote ?is rem>k 9 ,fr5*4 99 99 99 99 99 ,h[ difficult x is to le>n to und]/& oneself1 & cle>ly to recognise :at x is t "o wants be=e any?+ else2 :at x is1 !re=e1 t is mo/ imm$iately necess>y to our happ9ess2 !n :at comes next2 & :at takes ! ?ird & ! f\r? place1 & s on4 ,yet1 )\t ?is k1 our life is planless1 l a capta9 )\t a compass4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! sublime melan*oly :i* leads u to *]i% a lively conviction ( ! wor?lessness ( ev]y?+ ( all pleasures & ( all mank9d1 & !re=e to long = no?+1 b to feel t life is m]ely a burd5 :i* mu/ be borne to an end t _c be v di/ant1 is a mu* happi] /ate ( m9d ?an any condition ( desire1 :i*1 be x nev] s *e]ful1 w\ld h u place a value on ! illusions ( ! _w1 & /rive to atta9 !m4 ,?is is a fact :i* we le>n f exp]i5ce2 & x is cle>1 priori1 t "o ( ^! is a condition ( illusion1 & ! o!r ( k4 ,:e!r x is bett] to m>ry or n to m>ry is a "q :i* 9 v _m cases am\nts to ?is3 ,are ! c>es ( love m endurable ?an ! anxieties ( a livelihood8 99 99 99 99 99 ,m>riage is a trap :i* nature sets = u4 #a ,footnote #a3 ,translator's ,note4--,also 9 ,fr5*4 99 99 99 99 99 ,poets & philosoph]s :o are m>ri$ m5 incur by t v fact ! suspicion t !y are look+ to _! own welf>e1 & n to ! int]e/s ( sci5ce & art4 99 99 99 99 99 ,habit is ev]y?+4 ,h5ce to be calm & unruffl$ is m]ely to anticipate a habit2 & x is a great advantage n to ne$ to =m x4 99 99 99 99 99 ,p]sonality is ! elem5t ( ! greate/ happ9ess4 ,s9ce pa9 & bor$om are ! two *ief enemies ( human happ9ess1 nature has provid$ our p]sonality ) a protection aga9/ bo?4 ,we c w>d (f pa91 :i* is m (t5 ( ! m9d ?an ( ! body1 by *e]fulness2 & bor$om by intellig5ce4 ,b nei!r ( ^! is ak9 to ! o!r2 nay1 9 any high degree !y are p]haps incompatible4 ,z ,ari/otle rem>ks1 g5ius is alli$ to melan*oly2 & p ( v *e]ful disposition are only intellig5t on ! surface4 ,! bett]1 !re=e1 anyone is by nature arm$ aga9/ "o ( ^! evils1 ! worse1 z a rule1 is he arm$ aga9/ ! o!r4 ,!re is no human life t is free f pa9 & bor$om2 & x is a special fav\r on ! "p ( fate if a man is *iefly expos$ to ! evil aga9/ :i* nature has arm$ him ! bett]2 if fate1 t is1 s5ds a great deal ( pa9 :]e !re is a v *e]ful temp] 9 :i* to be> x1 & mu* leisure :]e !re is mu* intellig5ce1 b n vice v]s4 ,= if a man is intellig5t1 he feels pa9 d\bly or trebly2 & a *e]ful b un9tellectual temp] f9ds solitude & unoccupi$ leisure altoge!r un5durable4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ! sph]e ( ?\ght1 absurdity & p]v]sity rema9 ! ma/]s ( ?is _w1 & _! dom9ion is susp5d$ only = brief p]iods4 ,nor is x o!rwise 9 art2 = !re g5u9e "w1 seldom f\nd & /ill m seldom appreciat$1 is aga9 & aga9 driv5 out by dullness1 insipidity1 & affectation4 ,x is j ! same 9 ! sph]e ( action4 ,mo/ m51 says ,bias1 are bad4 ,virtue is a /rang] 9 ?is _w2 & b\ndless egoism1 cunn+ & malice1 are always ! ord] ( ! day4 ,x is wrong to deceive ! "y on ?is po9t1 = x w only make !m feel lat] on t _! tea*]s 7 ! fir/ to deceive !m4 ,if ! object is to r5d] ! pupil a bett] man by tell+ him t o!rs are excell5t1 x fails2 & x w\ld be m to ! purpose to say3 ,mo/ m5 are bad1 x is = y to be bett]4 ,9 ?is way he w\ld1 at lea/1 be s5t out into ! _w arm$ ) a %rewd =esight1 in/ead ( hav+ to be conv9c$ by bitt] exp]i5ce t 8 tea*]s 7 wrong4 ,all ignorance is dang]\s1 & mo/ errors mu/ be de>ly paid4 ,& good luck mu/ he h t c>ries un*a/is$ an error 9 8 head unto 8 dea?4#a ,footnote #a3 ,translator's ,note4--,?is1 aga91 is ,s*op5hau]'s own ,engli%4 99 99 99 99 99 ,e piece ( success has a d\bly b5eficial effect ^u u :51 ap>t f ! special & mat]ial advantage :i* x br+s x is accompani$ by ! enliv5+ assurance t ! _w1 fate1 or ! daemon )91 does n mean s badly ) u1 nor is s oppos$ to our prosp]ity z we _h fanci$2 :51 9 f9e1 x re/ores our c\rage to live4 ,simil>ly1 e mis=tune or defeat has1 9 ! contr>y s5se1 an effect t is d\bly depress+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if we 7 n all ( u exagg]at$ly int]e/$ 9 ourselves1 life w\ld be s un9t]e/+ t no "o c\ld endure x4 99 99 99 99 99 ,ev]y:]e 9 ! _w1 & "u all circum/ances1 x is only by =ce t any?+ c be done2 b p[] is mo/ly 9 bad h&s1 because bas5ess is ev]y:]e 9 a fe>ful majority4 99 99 99 99 99 ,:y %\ld x be folly to be always int5t on gett+ ! greate/ possible enjoym5t out ( ! mom5t1 :i* is our only sure possession8 ,our :ole life is no m ?an a magnifi$ pres5t1 & 9 itself z fleet+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,z a consequ5ce ( 8 individuality & ! position 9 :i* he is plac$1 ev]yone )\t exception lives 9 a c]ta9 /ate ( limitation1 bo? z reg>ds 8 ideas & ! op9ions :i* he =ms4 ,ano!r man is also limit$1 ?\gh n 9 ! same way2 b %\ld he succe$ 9 compreh5d+ ! o!r's limitation he c confuse & aba% him1 & put him to %ame1 by mak+ him feel :at 8 limitation is1 ev5 ?\gh ! o!r be f> & away 8 sup]ior4 ,%rewd p (t5 employ ?is circum/ance to obta9 a false & mom5t>y advantage4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! only g5u9e sup]iority is t ( ! m9d & "*2 all o!r k9ds are fictiti\s1 affect$1 false2 & x is good to make !m feel t x is s :5 !y try to %[ (f be=e ! sup]iority t is true4#a ,footnote #a3 ,translator's ,note4--,9 ! orig9al ?is also is 9 ,fr5*4 99 99 99 99 99 ,all ! _w's a /age1 ,& all ! m5 & wom5 m]ely play]s4 ,exactly6 ,indep5d5tly ( :at a man really is 9 himself1 he has a "p to play1 :i* fate has impos$ ^u him f )\t1 by det]m9+ 8 rank1 education1 & circum/ances4 ,! mo/ imm$iate application ( ?is tru? appe>s to me to be t 9 life1 z on ! /age1 we mu/ di/+ui% betwe5 ! actor & 8 "p2 di/+ui%1 t is1 ! man 9 himself f 8 position & reputation--- f ! "p :i* rank & circum/ances h impos$ ^u him4 ,h[ (t5 x is t ! wor/ actor plays ! k+1 & ! be/ ! begg>6 ,?is may happ5 9 life1 too2 & a man mu/ be v crude to confuse ! actor ) 8 "p4 99 99 99 99 99 ,our life is s poor t none ( ! treasures ( ! _w c make x ri*2 = ! s\rces ( enjoym5t are soon f\nd to be all v scanty1 & x is 9 va9 t we look = "o t w always fl[4 ,!re=e1 z reg>ds our own welf>e1 !re are only two ways 9 :i* we c use weal?4 ,we c ei!r sp5d x 9 o/5tati\s pomp1 & fe$ on ! *eap respect :i* our imag9>y glory w br+ u f ! infatuat$ cr[d2 or1 by avoid+ all exp5diture t w d u no good1 we c let our weal? gr[1 s t we may h a bulw>k aga9/ mis=tune & want t %all be /rong] & bett] e day2 9 view ( ! fact t life1 ?\gh x has few delights1 is ri* 9 evils4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x is j because our real & inmo/ be+ is w t x is only by its ex]cise t we c atta9 a vivid consci\sness ( exi/5ce1 al?\gh ?is is almo/ always att5d$ by pa94 ,h5ce x is t exi/5ce is ess5tially pa9ful1 & t _m p]sons = ^: wants full provision is made arrange _! day 9 accordance ) extremely regul>1 monoton\s1 & def9ite habits4 ,by ?is means !y avoid all ! pa9 :i* ! movem5t ( ! w produces2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 _! :ole exi/5ce becomes a s]ies ( sc5es & pictures t mean no?+4 ,!y are h>dly aw>e t !y exi/4 ,nev]!less1 x is ! be/ way ( settl+ acc\nts ) life1 s long z !re is suffici5t *ange to prev5t an excessive feel+ ( bor$om4 ,x is mu* bett] /ill if ! ,muses give a man "s wor?y occupation1 s t ! pictures :i* fill 8 consci\sness h "s mean+1 & yet n a mean+ t c be br\ght into any relation ) 8 w4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a man is wise only on condition ( liv+ 9 a _w full ( fools4 ,,g5ius ,,& ,,virtue4 ,:5 ,i ?9k1 x is ! _s ( ! _w :i* is /riv+ to express its ?\ght2 x is nature :i* is try+ to "k & fa?om itself4 ,x is n ! ?\ghts ( "s o!r m9d1 :i* ,i am endeav\r+ to trace2 b x is ,i :o trans=m t :i* exi/s into some?+ :i* is kn[n & ?\ght1 & w\ld o!rwise nei!r come into be+ nor cont9ue 9 x4 ,9 ! realm ( physics x 0 held = ?\s&s ( ye>s to be a fact beyond "q t wat] 0 a simple & consequ5tly an orig9al elem5t4 ,9 ! same way 9 ! realm ( metaphysics x 0 held = a /ill long] p]iod t ! ego 0 a simple & consequ5tly an inde/ructible entity4 ,i h %[n1 h[ev]1 t x is compos$ ( two het]og5e\s p>ts1 namely1 ! ,w1 :i* is metaphysical 9 its "*1 a ?+ 9 itself1 & ! kn[+ subject1 :i* is physical & a m]e ph5om5on4 ,let me illu/rate :at ,i mean4 ,take any l>ge1 massive1 heavy build+3 ?is h>d1 pond]\s body t fills s mu* space exi/s1 ,i tell y1 only 9 ! s(t pulp ( ! bra94 ,!re alone1 9 ! human bra91 has x any be+4 ,unless y und]/& ?is1 y c g no fur!r4 ,truly x is ! _w itself t is a miracle2 ! _w ( mat]ial bodies4 ,i look$ at two ( !m4 ,bo? 7 heavy1 symmetrical1 & beautiful4 ,"o 0 a jasp] vase ) gold5 rim & gold5 h&les2 ! o!r 0 an organism1 an animal1 a man4 ,:5 ,i _h suffici5tly admir$ _! ext]ior1 ,i ask$ my att5dant g5ius to all[ me to exam9e ! inside ( !m2 & ,i did s4 ,9 ! vase ,i f\nd no?+ b ! =ce ( gravity & a c]ta9 obscure desire1 :i* took ! =m ( *emical aff9ity4 ,b :5 ,i ent]$ into ! o!r--h[ %all ,i express my a/oni%m5t at :at ,i saw8 ,x is m incr$ible ?an all ! fairy tales & fables t 7 ev] conceiv$4 ,nev]!less1 ,i %all try to describe x1 ev5 at ! risk ( f9d+ no cr$5ce = my tale4 ,9 ?is second ?+1 or r 9 ! upp] end ( x1 call$ ! head1 :i* on its ext]ior side looks l any?+ else--a body 9 space1 heavy1 & s on--,i f\nd no less an object ?an ! :ole _w itself1 toge!r ) ! :ole ( ! space 9 :i* all ( x exi/s1 & ! :ole ( ! "t 9 :i* all ( x moves1 & f9ally ev]y?+ t fills bo? "t & space 9 all its v>iegat$ & inf9ite "*2 nay1 /range/ sight ( all1 ,i f\nd myself walk+ ab\t 9 x6 ,x 0 no picture t ,i saw2 x 0 no peep-%[1 b reality itself4 ,?is x is t is really & truly to be f\nd 9 a ?+ :i* is no bigg] ?an a cabbage1 & :i*1 on occasion1 an execution] might /rike (f at a bl[1 & sudd5ly smo!r t _w 9 d>kness & night4 ,! _w1 ,i say1 w\ld vani%1 did n heads gr[ l mu%rooms1 & 7 !re n always pl5ty ( !m ready to snat* x up z x is s9k+ d[n into no?+1 & keep x go+ l a ball4 ,?is _w is an idea :i* !y all h 9 common1 & !y express ! community ( _! ?\ght by ! ^w objectivity4 ,9 ! face ( ?is vision ,i felt z if ,i 7 ,ards*una :5 ,kri%na appe>$ to him 9 8 true maje/y1 ) 8 hundr$ ?\s& arms & eyes & m\?s4 ,:5 ,i see a wide l&scape1 & realise t x arises by ! op]ation ( ! functions ( my bra91 t is to say1 ( "t1 space1 & casuality1 on c]ta9 spots :i* h ga!r$ on my ret9a1 ,i feel t ,i c>ry x )9 me4 ,i h an extraord9>ily cle> consci\sness ( ! id5tity ( my own be+ ) t ( ! ext]nal _w4 ,no?+ provides s vivid an illu/ration ( ?is id5tity z a dream4 ,= 9 a dream o!r p appe> to be totally di/9ct f u1 & to possess ! mo/ p]fect objectivity1 & a nature :i* is q diff]5t f ours1 & :i* (t5 puzzles1 surprises1 a/oni%es1 or t]rifies u2 & yet x is all our own self4 ,x is ev5 s ) ! w1 :i* su/a9s ! :ole ( ! ext]nal _w & gives x life2 x is ! same w t is 9 ourselves1 & x is !re alone t we are imm$iately consci\s ( x4 ,b x is ! intellect1 9 ourselves & 9 o!rs1 :i* makes all ^! miracles possible2 = x is ! intellect :i* ev]y:]e divides actual be+ into subject & object2 x is a hall ( phantasmagorical my/]y1 inexpressibly m>vell\s1 incomp>ably magical4 ,! diff]5ce 9 degree ( m5tal p[] :i* sets s wide a gulf betwe5 ! g5ius & ! ord9>y mortal re/s1 x is true1 ^u no?+ else ?an a m or less p]fect developm5t ( ! c]ebral sy/em4 ,b x is ?is v diff]5ce :i* is s important1 because ! :ole ( ! real _w 9 :i* we live & move possesses an exi/5ce only 9 relation to ?is c]ebral sy/em4 ,accord+ly1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 a g5ius & an ord9>y man is a total div]sity ( _w & exi/5ce4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 man & ! l[] animals may be simil>ly expla9$4 ,:5 ,momus 0 said to ask = a w9d[ 9 ! brea/1 x 0 an allegorical joke1 & we _c ev5 imag9e su* a contrivance to be a possibility2 b x w\ld be q possible to imag9e t ! skull & its integum5ts 7 transp>5t1 & !n1 good heav5s6 :at diff]5ces %\ld we see 9 ! size1 ! =m1 ! quality1 ! movem5t ( ! bra96 :at degrees ( value6 ,a great m9d w\ld inspire z mu* respect at fir/ sight z ?ree />s on a man's brea/1 & :at a mis]able figure w\ld be cut by _m a "o :o wore !m6 ,m5 ( g5ius & intellect1 & all ^? ^: m5tal & !oretical qualities are f> m develop$ ?an _! moral & practical qualities--m51 9 a ^w1 :o h m m9d ?an "*--are (t5 n only awkw>d & ridicul\s 9 matt]s ( daily life1 z has be5 obs]v$ by ,plato 9 ! sev5? book ( ! ,republic1 & portray$ by ,goe! 9 8 ,tasso2 b !y are (t51 f a moral po9t ( view1 weak & contemptible creatures z well2 nay1 !y might almo/ be call$ bad m54 ,( ?is ,r\sseau has giv5 u g5u9e examples4 ,nev]!less1 t bett] consci\sness :i* is ! s\rce ( all virtue is (t5 /rong] 9 !m ?an 9 _m ( ^? ^: actions are nobl] ?an _! ?\ghts2 nay1 x may be said t ^? :o ?9k nobly h a bett] acqua9tance ) virtue1 :ile ! o!rs make a bett] practice ( x4 ,full ( zeal = ! good & = ! beautiful1 !y w\ld fa9 fly up to heav5 9 a /raight l9e2 b ! gross] elem5ts ( ?is e>? oppose _! flight1 & !y s9k back aga94 ,!y are l born arti/s1 :o h no k ( te*nique1 or f9d t ! m>ble is too h>d = _! f+]s4 ,_m a man :o has mu* less en?usiasm = ! good1 & a f> %all[] acqua9tance ) its dep?s1 makes a bett] ?+ ( x 9 practice2 he looks d[n ^u ! noble ?9k]s ) contempt1 & he has a "r to d x2 nev]!less1 he does n und]/& !m1 & !y despise him 9 _! turn1 & n unju/ly4 ,!y are to blame2 = e liv+ man has1 by ! fact ( 8 liv+1 sign$ ! conditions ( life2 b !y are /ill m to be piti$4 ,!y a*ieve _! r$emption1 n on ! way ( virtue1 b on a pa? ( _! own2 & !y are sav$1 n by works1 b by fai?4 ,m5 ( no g5ius :atev] _c be> solitude3 !y take no pleasure 9 ! contemplation ( nature & ! _w4 ,?is arises f ! fact t !y nev] lose sight ( _! own w1 & !re=e !y see no?+ ( ! objects ( ! _w b ! be>+ ( su* objects ^u _! w & p]son4 ,) objects :i* h no su* be>+ !re s\nds )9 !m a con/ant note3 ,x is no?+ to me1 :i* is ! fundam5tal base 9 all _! music4 ,?us all ?+s seem to !m to we> a bleak1 gloomy1 /range1 ho/ile aspect4 ,x is only = _! w t !y seem to h any p]ceptive faculties at all2 & x is1 9 fact1 only a moral & n a !oretical t5d5cy1 only a moral & n an intellectual value1 t _! life possesses4 ,! l[] animals b5d _! heads to ! gr\nd1 because all t !y want to see is :at t\*es _! welf>e1 & !y c nev] come to contemplate ?+s f a really objective po9t ( view4 ,x is v seldom t un9tellectual m5 make a true use ( _! erect position1 & !n x is only :5 !y are mov$ by "s intellectual influ5ce outside !m4 ,! man ( intellect or g5ius1 on ! o!r h&1 has m ( ! "* ( ! et]nal subject t kn[s1 ?an ( ! f9ite subject t wills2 8 k is n q engross$ & captivat$ by 8 w1 b passes beyond x2 he is ! son1 n ( ! bondwoman1 b ( ! free4 ,x is n only a moral b also a !oretical t5d5cy t is ev9c$ 9 8 life2 nay1 x might p]haps be said t to a c]ta9 ext5t he is beyond morality4 ,( great villa9y he is totally incapable2 & 8 consci5ce is less oppress$ by ord9>y s9 ?an ! consci5ce ( ! ord9>y man1 because life1 z x 71 is a game1 & he sees ?r\gh x4 ,! relation betwe5 g5ius & virtue is det]m9$ by ! foll[+ consid]ations4 ,vice is an impulse ( ! w s viol5t 9 its dem&s t x affirms its own life by d5y+ ! life ( o!rs4 ,! only k9d ( k t is useful to ! w is ! k t a giv5 effect is produc$ by a c]ta9 cause4 ,g5ius itself is a k9d ( k1 namely1 ( ideas2 & x is a k :i* is unconc]n$ ) any pr9ciple ( causation4 ,! man :o is devot$ to k ( ?is "* is n employ$ 9 ! bus9ess ( ! w4 ,nay1 e man :o is devot$ to ! purely objective contemplation ( ! _w 7& x is ?is t is meant by ! k ( ideas7 completely loses sight ( 8 w & its objects1 & pays no fur!r reg>d to ! int]e/s ( 8 own p]son1 b becomes a pure intellig5ce free ( any admixture ( w4 ,:]e1 !n1 devotion to ! intellect pr$om9ates ov] conc]n = ! w & its objects1 x %[s t ! man's w is n ! pr9cipal elem5t 9 8 be+1 b t 9 proportion to 8 intellig5ce x is weak4 ,viol5t desire1 :i* is ! root ( all vice1 nev] all[s a man to arrive at ! pure & dis9t]e/$ contemplation ( ! _w1 free f any relation to ! w1 su* z con/itutes ! quality ( g5ius2 b "h ! intellig5ce rema9s ! con/ant slave ( ! w4 ,s9ce g5ius consi/s 9 ! p]ception ( ideas1 & m5 ( g5ius contemplate _! object1 x may be said t x is only ! eye :i* is any real evid5ce ( g5ius4 ,= ! contemplative gaze has some?+ /eady & vivid ab\t x2 & ) ! eye ( g5ius x is (t5 ! case1 z ) ,goe!1 t ! :ite membrane ov] ! pupil is visible4 ,) viol5t1 passionate m5 ! same ?+ may also happ51 b x arises f a diff]5t cause1 & may be easily di/+ui%$ by ! fact t ! eyes roll4 ,m5 ( no g5ius at all h no int]e/ 9 ! idea express$ by an object1 b only 9 ! relations 9 :i* t object /&s to o!rs1 & f9ally to _! own p]son4 ,?us x is t !y nev] indulge 9 contemplation1 or are soon done ) x1 & r>ely fix _! eyes long ^u any object2 & s _! eyes d n we> ! m>k ( g5ius :i* ,i h describ$4 ,nay1 ! regul> ,phili/9e does ! direct opposite ( contemplat+--he spies4 ,if he looks at any?+ x is to pry into x2 z may be specially obs]v$ :5 he screws up 8 eyes1 :i* he frequ5tly does1 9 ord] to see ! cle>]4 ,c]ta9ly1 no real man ( g5ius ev] does ?is1 at lea/ habitually1 ev5 ?\gh he is %ort-sight$4 ,:at ,i h said w suffici5tly illu/rate ! conflict betwe5 g5ius & vice4 ,x may be1 h[ev]1 nay1 x is (t5 ! case1 t g5ius is att5d$ by a /rong w2 & z little z m5 ( g5ius 7 ev] consummate rascals1 7 !y ev] p]haps p]fect sa9ts ei!r4 ,let me expla94 ,virtue is n exactly a positive weakness ( ! w2 x is1 r1 an int5tional re/ra9t impos$ ^u its viol5ce ?r\gh a k ( x 9 its inmo/ be+ z manife/$ 9 ! _w4 ,?is k ( ! _w1 ! inmo/ be+ ( :i* is communicable only 9 ideas1 is common bo? to ! g5ius & to ! sa9t4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ! two is t ! g5ius reveals 8 k by r5d]+ x 9 "s =m ( 8 own *oice1 & ! product is ,art4 ,= ?is ! sa9t1 z su*1 possesses no direct faculty2 he makes an imm$iate application ( 8 k to 8 own w1 :i* is ?us l$ into a d5ial ( ! _w4 ,) ! sa9t k is only a means to an end1 :]eas ! g5ius rema9s at ! /age ( k1 & has 8 pleasure 9 x1 & reveals x by r5d]+ :at he kn[s 9 8 art4 ,9 ! hi]>*y ( physical organisation1 /r5g? ( w is att5d$ by a correspond+ gr[? 9 ! intellig5t faculties4 ,a high degree ( k1 su* z exi/s 9 ! g5ius1 presupposes a p[]ful w1 ?\gh1 at ! same "t1 a w t is subord9ate to ! intellect4 ,9 o!r words1 bo? ! intellect & ! w are /rong1 b ! intellect is ! /rong] ( ! two4 ,unless1 z happ5s 9 ! case ( ! sa9t1 ! intellect is at once appli$ to ! w1 or1 z 9 ! case ( ! arti/1 x f9ds its pleasures 9 a reproduction ( itself1 ! w rema9s untam$4 ,any /r5g? t x may lose is due to ! pr$om9ance ( pure objective intellig5ce :i* is conc]n$ ) ! contemplation ( ideas1 & is n1 z 9 ! case ( ! common or ! bad man1 :olly occupi$ ) ! objects ( ! w4 ,9 ! int]val1 :5 ! g5ius is no long] engag$ 9 ! contemplation ( ideas1 & 8 intellig5ce is aga9 appli$ to ! w & its objects1 ! w is re-awak5$ 9 all its /r5g?4 ,?us x is t m5 ( g5ius (t5 h v viol5t desires1 & are addict$ to s5sual pleasure & to ang]4 ,great crimes1 h[ev]1 !y d n commit2 because1 :5 ! opportunity ( !m (f]s1 !y recognise _! idea1 & see x v vividly & cle>ly4 ,_! intellig5ce is ?us direct$ to ! idea1 & s ga9s ! pr$om9ance ov] ! w1 & turns its c\rse1 z ) ! sa9t2 & ! crime is uncommitt$4 ,! g5ius1 !n1 always p>ticipates to "s degree 9 ! *>act]i/ics ( ! sa9t1 z he is a man ( ! same qualification2 &1 contr>ily1 ! sa9t always p>ticipates to "s degree 9 ! *>act]i/ics ( ! g5ius4 ,! good-natur$ "*1 :i* is common1 is to be di/+ui%$ f ! sa9tly by ! fact t x consi/s 9 a weakness ( w1 ) a some:at less m>k$ weakness ( intellect4 ,a l[] degree ( ! k ( ! _w z reveal$ 9 ideas "h suffices to *eck & control a w t is weak 9 itself4 ,g5ius & sanctity are f> remov$ f good-nature1 :i* is ess5tially weak 9 all its manife/ations4 ,ap>t f all t ,i h said1 s mu* at lea/ is cle>4 ,:at appe>s "u ! =ms ( "t1 space1 & casuality1 & vani%es aga91 & 9 reality is no?+1 & reveals its no?+ness by dea?--?is vici\s & fatal appe>ance is ! w4 ,b :at does n appe>1 & is no ph5om5on1 b r ! n\m5on2 :at makes appe>ance possible2 :at is n subject to ! pr9ciple ( causation1 & !re=e has no va9 or vani%+ exi/5ce1 b abides = ev] un*ang$ 9 ! mid/ ( a _w full ( suff]+1 l a ray ( light 9 a /orm1--free1 !re=e1 f all pa9 & fatality1--?is1 ,i say1 is ! intellig5ce4 ,! man :o is m intellig5ce ?an w1 is !reby deliv]$1 9 respect ( ! greate/ "p ( him1 f no?+ness & dea?2 & su* a man is 9 8 nature a g5ius4 ,by ! v fact t he lives & works1 ! man :o is end[$ ) g5ius makes an entire sacrifice ( himself 9 ! int]e/s ( ev]yone4 ,accord+ly1 he is free f ! obligation to make a p>ticul> sacrifice = individuals2 & ?us he c refuse _m dem&s :i* o!rs are rightly requir$ to meet4 ,he suff]s & a*ieves m ?an all ! o!rs4 ,! spr+ :i* moves ! g5ius to elaborate 8 works is n fame1 = t is too unc]ta9 a quality1 & :5 x is se5 at close qu>t]s1 ( little wor?4 ,no am\nt ( fame w make up = ! lab\r ( atta9+ x3 ,nulla e/ fama tuum p> oequip>>e laborem4 ,nor is x ! delight t a man has 9 8 "w2 = t too is outweigh$ by ! ef=t :i* he has to make4 ,x is1 r1 an in/9ct sui g5]is2 9 virtue ( :i* ! g5ius is driv5 to express :at he sees & feels 9 "s p]man5t %ape1 )\t be+ consci\s ( any fur!r motive4 ,x is manife/ t 9 s f> z x leads an individual to sacrifice himself = 8 species1 & to live m 9 ! species ?an 9 himself1 ?is impulse is possess$ ( a c]ta9 resemblance ) su* modifications ( ! sexual impulse z are peculi> to man4 ,! modifications to :i* ,i ref] are ^? t conf9e ?is impulse to c]ta9 individuals ( ! o!r sex1 :]eby ! int]e/s ( ! species are atta9$4 ,! individuals :o are actively affect$ by ?is impulse may be said to sacrifice !mselves = ! species1 by _! passion = ea* o!r1 & ! disadvantage\s conditions !reby impos$ ^u !m1--9 a ^w1 by ! in/itution ( m>riage4 ,!y may be said to be s]v+ ! int]e/s ( ! species r ?an ! int]e/s ( ! individual4 ,! in/9ct ( ! g5ius does1 9 a high] fa%ion1 = ! idea1 :at passionate love does = ! w4 ,9 bo? cases !re are peculi> pleasures & peculi> pa9s res]v$ = ! individuals :o 9 ?is way s]ve ! int]e/s ( ! species2 & !y live 9 a /ate ( enhanc$ p[]4 ,! g5ius :o decides once = all to live = ! int]e/s ( ! species 9 ! way :i* he *ooses is nei!r fitt$ nor call$ ^u to d x 9 ! o!r4 ,x is a curi\s fact t ! p]petuation ( a man's "n is effect$ 9 bo? ways4 ,9 music ! f9e/ compositions are ! mo/ difficult to und]/&4 ,!y are only = ! tra9$ intellig5ce4 ,!y consi/ ( long movem5ts1 :]e x is only aft] a labyr9?9e maze t ! fundam5tal note is recov]$4 ,x is j s ) g5ius2 x is only aft] a c\rse ( /ruggle1 & d\bt1 & error1 & mu* reflection & vacillation1 t great m9ds atta9 _! equilibrium4 ,x is ! longe/ p5dulum t makes ! greate/ sw+4 ,little m9ds soon come to t]ms ) !mselves & ! _w1 & !n fossilise2 b ! o!rs fl\ri%1 & are always alive & 9 motion4 ,! ess5ce ( g5ius is a measure ( intellectual p[] f> beyond t :i* is requir$ to s]ve ! individual's w4 ,b x is a measure ( a m]ely relative "*1 & x may be rea*$ by l[]+ ! degree ( ! w1 z well z by rais+ t ( ! intellect4 ,!re are m5 ^: intellect pr$om9ates ov] _! w1 & are yet n possess$ ( g5ius 9 any prop] s5se4 ,_! intellectual p[]s d1 inde$1 exce$ ! ord9>y1 ?\gh n to any great ext5t1 b _! w is weak4 ,!y h no viol5t desires2 & !re=e !y are m conc]n$ ) m]e k ?an ) ! satisfaction ( any aims4 ,su* m5 possess tal5t2 !y are intellig5t1 & at ! same "t v cont5t$ & *e]ful4 ,a cle>1 *e]ful & reasonable m9d1 su* z br+s a man happ9ess1 is dep5d5t on ! relation e/abli%$ betwe5 8 intellect & 8 w--a relation 9 :i* ! intellect is pr$om9ant4 ,b g5ius & a great m9d dep5d on ! relation betwe5 a man's intellect & t ( o!r p--a relation 9 :i* 8 intellect mu/ exce$ !irs1 & at ! same "t 8 w may also be proportionately /rong]4 ,t is ! reason :y g5ius & happ9ess ne$ n necess>ily exi/ toge!r4 ,:5 ! individual is di/raught by c>es or pleasantry1 or tortur$ by ! viol5ce ( 8 wi%es & desires1 ! g5ius 9 him is en*a9$ & _c move4 ,x is only :5 c>e & desire are sil5t t ! air is free en\gh = g5ius to live 9 x4 ,x is !n t ! bonds ( matt] are ca/ aside1 & ! pure _s--! pure1 kn[+ subject--rema9s4 ,h5ce1 if a man has any g5ius1 let him gu>d himself f pa91 keep c>e at a di/ance1 & limit 8 desires2 b ^? ( !m :i* he _c suppress let him satisfy to ! full4 ,?is is ! only way 9 :i* he w make ! be/ use ( 8 r>e exi/5ce1 to 8 own pleasure & ! _w's pr(it4 ,to fight ) ne$ & c>e or desires1 ! satisfaction ( :i* is refus$ & =bidd51 is good en\gh "w = ^? :o1 7 !y free ( w\ld h to fight ) bor$om1 & s take to bad practices2 b n = ! man ^: "t1 if well us$1 w be> fruit = c5turies to come4 ,z ,did]ot says1 he is n m]ely a moral be+4 ,me*anical laws d n apply 9 ! sph]e ( *emi/ry1 nor d *emical laws 9 ! sph]e 9 :i* organic life is k9dl$4 ,9 ! same way1 ! rules :i* avail = ord9>y m5 w n d = ! exceptions1 nor w _! pleasures ei!r4 ,x is a p]si/5t1 un9t]rupt$ activity t con/itutes ! sup]ior m9d4 ,! object to :i* ?is activity is direct$ is a matt] ( subord9ate importance2 x has no ess5tial be>+ on ! sup]iority 9 "q1 b only on ! individual :o possesses x4 ,all t education c d is to det]m9e ! direction :i* ?is activity %all take2 & t is ! reason :y a man's nature is s mu* m important ?an 8 education4 ,= education is to natural faculty :at a wax nose is to a real "o2 or :at ! moon & ! planets are to ! sun4 ,9 virtue ( 8 education a man says1 n :at he ?9ks himself1 b :at o!rs h ?\ght & he has le>n$ z a matt] ( tra9+2 & :at he does is n :at he wants1 b :at he has be5 accu/om$ to d4 ,! l[] animals p]=m _m intellig5t functions mu* bett] ?an man2 = in/ance1 ! f9d+ ( _! way back to ! place f :i* !y came1 ! recognition ( individuals1 & s on4 ,9 ! same way1 !re are _m occasions 9 real life to :i* ! g5ius is incomp>ably less equal & fitt$ ?an ! ord9>y man4 ,nay m3 j z animals nev] commit a folly 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w1 s ! av]age man is n expos$ to folly 9 ! same degree z ! g5ius4 ,! av]age man is :olly relegat$ to ! sph]e ( be+2 ! g5ius1 on ! o!r h&1 lives & moves *iefly 9 ! sph]e ( k4 ,?is gives rise to a tw(old di/9ction4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 a man c be "o ?+ only1 b he may "k c\ntless ?+s1 & !reby1 to "s ext5t1 id5tify himself ) !m1 by p>ticipat+ 9 :at ,sp9oza calls _! esse objectivum4 ,9 ! second place1 ! _w1 z ,i h else:]e obs]v$1 is f9e en\gh 9 appe>ance1 b 9 reality dreadful2 = torm5t is ! condition ( all life4 ,x foll[s f ! fir/ ( ^! di/9ctions t ! life ( ! av]age man is ess5tially "o ( ! greate/ bor$om2 & ?us we see ! ri* w>r+ aga9/ bor$om ) z mu* ef=t & z little respite z fall to ! poor 9 _! /ruggle ) ne$ & adv]sity4 ,& f ! second ( !m x foll[s t ! life ( ! av]age man is ov]spread ) a dull1 turbid1 uni=m gravity2 :il/ ! br[ ( g5ius gl[s ) mir? ( a unique "*1 :i*1 al?\gh he has sorr[s ( 8 own m poignant ?an ^? ( ! av]age man1 nev]!less breaks out afre%1 l ! sun ?r\gh cl\ds4 ,x is :5 ! g5ius is ov]tak5 by an affliction :i* affects o!rs z well z himself1 t ?is quality 9 him is mo/ 9 evid5ce2 = !n he is se5 to be l man1 :o alone c laugh1 9 comp>ison ) ! bea/ ( ! field1 :i* lives out its life grave & dull4 ,x is ! curse ( ! g5ius t 9 ! same measure 9 :i* o!rs ?9k him great & wor?y ( admiration1 he ?9ks !m small & mis]able creatures4 ,8 :ole life long he has to suppress ?is op9ion2 &1 z a rule1 !y suppress !irs z well4 ,mean:ile1 he is condemn$ to live 9 a bleak _w1 :]e he meets no equal1 z x 7 an isl& :]e !re are no inhabitants b monkeys & p>rots4 ,moreov]1 he is always tr\bl$ by ! illusion t f a di/ance a monkey looks l a man4 ,vulg> p take a huge delight 9 ! faults & follies ( great m52 & great m5 are equally annoy$ at be+ ?us rem9d$ ( _! k9%ip ) !m4 ,! real dignity ( a man ( g5ius or great intellect1 ! trait :i* raises him ov] o!rs & makes him wor?y ( respect1 is at bottom ! fact1 t ! only unsulli$ & innoc5t "p ( human nature1 namely1 ! intellect1 has ! upp] h& 9 him8 & prevails2 :]eas1 9 ! o!r !re is no?+ b s9ful w1 & j z mu* intellect z is requisite = guid+ 8 /eps1--- r>ely any m1 v (t5 some:at less1--& ( :at use is x8 ,x seems to me t g5ius might h its root 9 a c]ta9 p]fection & vividness ( ! memory z x /ret*es back ov] ! ev5ts ( pa/ life4 ,= x is only by d9t ( memory1 :i* makes our life 9 ! /rict s5se a complete :ole1 t we atta9 a m pr(\nd & compreh5sive und]/&+ ( x4