,,"p ,i2 ,,f ,,se$ ,,to ,,leaf999999 ,,outl9es ,,( ,,lessons ,,9 ,,botany4 ,,"p ,i43 ,,f ,,se$ ,,to ,,leaf ,,= ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,tea*]s1 ,,or ,,mo!rs ,,/udy+ ,,) ,,_! ,,*ildr54 ,,by ,,jane ,h4 ,,newell4 ,,illu/rat$ ,,by ,h4,p4 ,,symmes #ahhh4 ,,"p ,i ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,i4 ,,plants ,,& ,,_! ,,uses #a4 ,food #b4 ,clo?+ #c4 ,purification ( ! ,air #d4 ,fuel ,,ii4 ,,se$l+s #a4 ,directions = rais+ 9 ! ,s*oolroom #b4 ,/udy ( ,morn+-,glory1 ,sunfl[]1 ,bean1 & ,pea #c4 ,comp>ison ) o!r ,dicotyl$ons #d4 ,nature ( ! ,caulicle #e4 ,leaves ( ,se$l+s #f4 ,monocotyl$ons #g4 ,food ( ,se$l+s ,,iii4 ,,roots #a4 ,/udy ( ! ,roots ( ,se$l+s #b4 ,fle%y ,roots #c4 ,diff]5ces betwe5 ,/em & ,root #d4 ,root-hairs #e4 ,comp>ison ( a ,c>rot1 an ,onion1 & a ,potato ,,iv ,,buds ,,& ,,bran*es #a4 ,horse*e/nut ,magnolia ,lilac ,bee* ,am]ican ,elm ,balm ( ,gilead ,tulip-tree ,*]ry ,r$ ,maple ,norway ,spruce #b4 ,v]nation #c4 ,phyllotaxy ,v ,,/ems #a4 ,=ms #b4 ,movem5ts #c4 ,/ructure ,,vi ,,leaves #a4 ,=ms & ,/ructure #b4 ,descriptions #c4 ,transpiration #d4 ,assimilation #e4 ,respiration ,,preface4 ,9 ?is /udy1 z 9 all sci5tific tea*+1 ! tea*]'s aim %\ld be to fo/] 9 8 pupils ! p[] ( c>eful obs]vation & cle> expression4 ,! actual am\nt ( k ga9$ at s*ool mu/ ne$s be small1 & (t5 quickly =gott51 b ! habit ( "r /udy is an invaluable possession4 ,! =m] me?od ( tea*+ ,botany 0 conf9$ almo/ :olly to dry1 te*nical classification4 ,! pupil le>n$ to f9d ! "n & ord] ( a plant1 b its /ructure1 its habits1 its life 9 %ort1 7 unt\*$ by him4 ,we "k n[ t ,nature is ! be/ text-book4 ,! pupil %\ld fir/ ask 8 que/ions ( h] & try to int]pret h] answ]s2 !n he may le>n ) pr(it :at ^? :o bett] und]/& h] spee* h to tell him4 ,?is me?od ( tea*+1 h[ev]1 requires mu*1 v mu*1 ( ! tea*]4 ,he mu/ be himself intellig5t1 well tra9$1 & able to give "t to ! prep>ation ( 8 lessons4 ,x seems to u1 :o are b amateurs1 z if x 7 impossible to tea* ?us )\t a ?or\gh compreh5sion ( ! :ole field4 ,our own ignorance oppresses u s mu* t we feel tempt$ to say t we _c attempt x4 ,b if ! "w ( lead+ *ildr5 to obs]ve ! wond]s ab\t !m is to be done at all1 x mu/ be done by u1 :o are n ma/]s ( our subject1 & we mu/ f9d out = ourselves h[ we c be/ accompli% ?is result1 s9ce we h s little to guide u4 ,x is ) ! hope t ! exp]i5ce ( "o :o has tri$ to d ?is ) "s fair am\nt ( success may be ( use to o!r puzzl$ exp]im5t]s1 t ,i v5ture to write out "s outl9es ( lessons 9 ,botany = beg9n]s4 ,! me?od ( beg9n+ ) ! simpl] =ms ( life is "o t appeals to ! sci5tific t5d5cies ( ! day4 ,x seems logical to beg9 ) l[] =ms & "w up to ! high]4 ,b ?is me?od is only suitable = mature m9ds4 ,we d n tea* a *ild ,engli% by %[+ him ! s\rces ( ! language2 he le>ns x by daily use4 ,s also ! beg9n+ ( ! /udy ( any ,natural ,sci5ce by ! "y %\ld be ! obs]vation ( ! mo/ obvi\s ?+s ab\t !m1 ! ?+s :i* !y c see1 & h&le1 & exp]im5t ^u naturally1 )\t artificial aids4 ,!re=e ?is book conc]ns itself only ) ! ,fl[]+ ,plants4 ,! au?or believes t ! simple/ botanical /udy %\ld af=d ! means ( id5tify+ plants1 z a l>ge "p ( ! /ud5t's pleasure 9 ! sci5ce w be ! recognition ( ! ?+s ab\t him4 ,! pres5t volume af=ds ! basis = future classification1 :i* ,"p ,,ii1 on fl[]s1 w develop4 ,x is1 d\btless1 z good a way1 p]haps ! be/1 to beg9 ) a s+le plant1 & /udy root1 /em1 leaves1 & fl[]s z belong+ to a :ole1 b ! problem is complicat$ by practical difficulties4 ,9 our climate !re are b two mon?s ( ! s*ool ye> :5 fl[]s are easily obta9$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! mat]ial = ^! lessons c be got ?r\gh\t ! w9t]1 & ! class1 well tra9$ 9 me?odical "w1 w beg9 ! /udy ( fl[]s at ! season :5 e day br+s "s fre% wond] ( beauty4 ,! au?or w receive gladly any criticisms or sugge/ions4 ,,jane ,h4 ,,newell4 #age ,brattle ,/41 ,cambridge ,,introduction4 ,! lessons "h outl9$ are suitable = *ildr5 ( twelve ye>s ( age1 & upw>ds4 ,= y\ng] pupils !y w\ld require mu* adaptation1 & ev5 !n !y w\ld n be s good z "s simpl] me?od1 su* z foll[+ ! gr[? ( "o plant1 & comp>+ x ) o!rs at e /ep4 ,! little ones pr(it mo/ by describ+ ! v simple ?+s t !y see1 )\t mu* ref]5ce to !ories4 ,! outl9es foll[ ! plan ( ,dr4 ,gray's ,fir/ ,lessons & ,h[ ,plants ,gr[1 & are int5d$ to be us$ 9 connection ) ei!r ( ^? books4 ,! necess>y ref]5ces w be f\nd at ! end ( e section4 ,! book conta9s also ref]5ces to a c\rse ( int]e/+ read+ 9 connection ) ! subjects ( ! lessons4 ,! lessons may beg91 l ! text-books1 ) ! subject ( ,g]m9ation1 if ! se$s are plant$ be=e !y are requir$ = use1 b x is g5]ally pref]able to use ! fir/ recitation ) ! class = plant+ ! se$s1 9 ord] to h !m "u ! direct c>e ( ! pupils4 ,"s g5]al talks ab\t plants are !re=e put at ! beg9n+ to occupy ! "t until ! se$l+s are ready = /udy4 ,"s ,na/urtiums 7,tropaeolum majus7 & ,morn+-,glories %\ld be plant$ f ! fir/ 9 boxes ( e>? & all[$ to gr[ ov] ! w9d[1 z !y are (t5 us$ = illu/rations4 ,i4 ,,plants ,,& ,,_! ,,uses4#a ,footnote #a3 ,?is section may be omitt$1 & ! lessons begun ) ,se$l+s1 if ! tea*] pref]4 ,:at is ,botany8 ,! pupils are v apt to say at fir/ t x is le>n+ ab\t fl[]s4 ,! tea*] c draw _! att5tion to ! fact t fl[]s are only a "p ( ! plant1 & t ,botany is also ! /udy ( ! leaves1 ! /em1 & ! root4 ,botany is ! sci5ce ( plants4 ,ask !m :at ! ,g]anium is4 ,tell !m to "n "s o!r plants4 ,! tea*] %\ld keep a few gr[+ plants 9 ! s*oolroom = purposes ( illu/ration4 ,ask !m :at else !re is 9 ! _w besides plants4 ,by ?is "q ! ?ree k+doms1 animal1 vegetable1 & m9]al1 are br\ght up4 ,x w give occasion = a discussion ( ! e>? & :at x conta9s1 ! m\nta9s1 =m$ ( rocks & soil1 ! plants gr[+ on ! e>?1 & ! animals t inhabit x1 includ+ man4 ,let !m "n ! ?ree k+doms ) "s example ( ea*4 ,:i* ( ^! k+doms conta9 liv+ ?+s8 ,! words organic & inorganic c be br\ght 9 "h4 ,an organ 7,greek3 ,ergon1 mean+ "w7 is any "p t does a special "w1 z ! leaves1 ! /em ( a plant1 & ! eye1 ! e> ( animals4 ,an organism is a liv+ be+ made up ( su* organs4 ,! inorganic _w conta9s ! m9]al k+dom2 ! organic _w includes ! vegetable & animal k+doms4 ,"o's aim 9 ^! lessons %\ld always be to tell ! pupils z little z possible4 ,try to lead !m to ?9k out ^! ?+s = !mselves4 ,ask !m h[ plants diff] f animals4 ,!y w say t plants are fix$ to "o place1 :ile animals c move ab\t2 t plants h no w or consci\sness1 & t animals h4 ,^! answ]s are true :5 we comp>e ! high] animals ) plants1 b ! diff]5ces become lo/ z we desc5d 9 ! scale & approa* ! bord] l& :]e botani/ & zoologi/ meet on a common gr\nd4 ,sea-anemones are fix$ to ! rock on :i* !y gr[1 :ile "s ( ! l[] plants are able to move f place to place1 & x is h>dly safe to affirm t a jelly-fi% is m consci\s ( its actions ?an is a ,s5sitive ,plant1 ! leaves ( :i* close :5 ! /em is t\*$4 ,!re is no real division betwe5 animals & plants4 ,we try to classify ! objects ab\t u into gr\ps1 accord+ to ! clos5ess ( _! relation%ips1 b we mu/ always rememb] t ^! h>d l9es are ours1 n ,nature's4 ,we attempt1 = purposes ( our own conv5i5ce1 to divide a :ole1 :i* is s b\nd toge!r t x _c be sep>at$ into p>ts t we c confid5tly place on diff]5t sides ( a divid+ l9e4 #a4 ,plants z ,food-,produc]s4--,! *ief di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic ( plants is "o t ! pupils may be l$ to ?9k out = !mselves by ask+ !m :at animals fe$ ^u4 ,to help !m ) ?is1 ask !m :at !y _h = breakfa/4 ,oatmeal is m5tion$1 p]haps4 ,?is is made f oats1 :i* is a plant4 ,c(fee & tea1 bread made f :eat1 potatoes1 etc41 all come f plants4#a ,beef1 butt] & milk come f ! c[1 b ! c[ lives ^u grass4 ,! plant1 on ! o!r h&1 is n\ri%$ ^u m9]al or inorganic matt]4 ,x c make its own food f ! soil & ! air1 :ile animals c only live ^u t :i* is made = !m by plants4 ,^! are ?us ! l9k betwe5 ! m9]al & animal k+doms4 ,ask ! s*ol>s if !y c ?9k ( any?+ to eat or dr9k t does n come f a plant4 ,) a little help !y w ?9k ( salt & wat]4 ,^! c\ld n support life4 ,s we see t animals receive all _! food ?r\gh ! vegetable k+dom4 ,"o great use ( plants is t !y are food-produc]s4 ,footnote #a3 ,read] 9 ,botany1 = use 9 ,s*ools4 ,select$ & adapt$ f well-kn[n au?ors4 ,g9n ,co41 ,bo/on1 ,new ,york & ,*icago1 #ahhi4 ,i4 ,orig9 ( ,cultivat$ ,plants4 ,?is lesson may be foll[$ by a talk on food & ! v>i\s plants us$ = food4#b ,footnote #b3 ,! ,fl\r ,mills ( ,m9neapolis3 ,c5tury ,magaz9e1 ,may1 #ahhf4 ,maize3 ,popul> ,sci5ce ,news1 ,nov4 & ,dec41 #ahhh4 #b4 ,clo?+4--,plants are us$ = clo?+4 ,( ! f\r great clo?+ mat]ials1 cotton1 l951 silk1 & wooll51 ! fir/ two are ( vegetable1 ! la/ two ( animal orig94 ,cotton is made f ! hairs ( ! se$ ( ! cotton plant4#a ,l95 is made ( ! inn] fibre ( ! b>k ( ! flax plant4 ,x has be5 cultivat$ f ! e>lie/ hi/orical times4 ,footnote #a3 ,read] 9 ,botany4 ,,ii4 ,! ,cotton ,plant4 #c4 ,purification ( ! ,air4--,! foll[+ que/ions & exp]im5ts are int5d$ to %[ ! pupils1 fir/1 t we live 9 an atmosph]e1 ! pres5ce ( :i* is necess>y to support life & combu/ion 7#a7 & 7#b72 secondly1 t ?is atmosph]e is depriv$ ( its p[] to support life & combu/ion by ! actions ( combu/ion 7#b71 & ( respiration 7#c72 ?irdly1 t ?is p[] is re/or$ to ! air by ! action ( plants 7#d74 ,we h ! air ab\t u ev]y:]e4 ,a s-call$ empty vessel is "o :]e ! cont5ts are invisible4 ,! foll[+ exp]im5t is a good illu/ration ( ?is4 7#a7 ,wrap ! ?roat ( a glass funnel ) moi/5$ clo? or pap] s t x w fit tightly into ! neck ( a bottle1 & fill ! funnel ) wat]4 ,if ! space betwe5 ! funnel & ! bottle is air-tight1 ! wat] w n fl[ into ! bottle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,d n expla9 ?is 9 advance to ! pupils4 ,ask !m :at prev5ts ! wat] f fl[+ into ! bottle4 ,if !y are puzzl$1 loos5 ! funnel1 & %[ !m t ! wat] w n[ fl[ 94 ,9 ! fir/ case1 z ! air c\ld n escape1 ! wat] c\ld n fl[ 92 9 ! second1 ! air 0 displac$ by ! heavi] wat]4 ,ask ! pupils :y ! air 9 a cr[d$ room becomes s difficult to brea!4 ,c\ld a p]son live if he 7 %ut up 9 an air-tight room = a long "t8 ,fre% air is necess>y to life4 ,! tea*] may expla9 t x is ! oxyg5 9 ! air t supports life4 ,air is compos$ "o-fif? ( ?is gas & f\r-fif?s ( nitrog54 ,! gases are mix$ & ! nitrog5 simply dilutes ! oxyg51 z x 74 ,fre% air is necess>y to support combu/ion z well z life4 ,ask !m :y we put out a fire by ?r[+ a blanket or a rug ov] x4 ,! foll[+ exp]im5t illu/rates ?is4 7#b7 ,take a small1 wide-m\!d bottle1 cov]$ ) a c>d or cork4 ,to ?is cov] fa/5 a piece ( b5t wire ) a tap] on ! end4 ,light ! tap] & l[] x into ! j>4 ,x w burn a few seconds & !n g out4 ,raise & light x aga91 & x w be ext+ui%$ z soon z x is plung$ into ! bottle4 ,?is %[s t ! oxyg5 ( ! air is us$ up by burn+ sub/ances1 z x is by brea?+ animals4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,! foll[+ exp]im5t %[s t fire w n burn 9 an atmosph]e ( gas f our lungs4 7#c7 ,fill a bottle ) gas by brea?+ into x ?r\gh a bit ( glass tub+1 pass$ ?r\gh a c>d or cork1 & rea*+ to ! bottom ( ! bottle4 ,! bottle w be dimm$ ) moi/ure1 %[+ ! pres5ce ( aque\s vapor4 ,a light$ mat* plung$ into ! bottle w be imm$iately ext+ui%$4 ,a bett] way1 :i*1 h[ev]1 takes "s skill 9 manipulation1 is to fill ! bottle ) wat]1 cov] x ) a flat piece ( glass1 & inv]t ! bottle 9 a di% ( wat]1 tak+ c>e t no air bubbles ent]4 ,!n1 ?r\gh a bit ( glass tub+1 bl[ into ! bottle till ! wat] is expell$4 ,cov] ! m\? ) ! glass "u wat]1 & hold+ x tightly d[n1 inv]t ! bottle quickly4 ,set x d[n1 light a mat*1 take away ! glass1 & at ! same in/ant plunge 9 ! mat*4 ,if no air has be5 all[$ to ent]1 ! mat* w g out at once4 ,no animal c\ld live 9 an atmosph]e :i* c\ld n support combu/ion4 ,f ^! exp]im5ts ! pupils h se5 t ! life-su/a9+ quality ( ! air is us$ up by combu/ion & respiration4 ,to br+ 9 ! subject ( purification by plants1 ask !m :y all ! oxyg5 9 ! _w is n exhau/$ by ! p & ! fires 9 x4 ,aft] ! subject has be5 expla9$1 ! foll[+ exp]im5t c be prep>$ & put aside till ! next lesson4 7#d7 ,fill two bottles ) air f ! lungs1 z 9 7#c7 hav+ previ\sly introduc$ a cutt+ f a plant into "o ( ! bottles4 ,all[ !m to /& 9 ! sun = a day or two4 ,!n te/ bo? bottles ) a burn+ mat*4 ,if prop]ly done1 ! result w be v /rik+4 ,! end ( ! cutt+ %\ld be 9 ! wat] ( ! di%4 ,?is exp]im5t w n succe$ except+ ) bottles su* z are us$ = *emicals1 :i* h _! m\?s c>efully gr\nd4 ,common bottles all[ ! air to ent] betwe5 ! bottle & ! glass4#a ,footnote #a3 ,see note on page #ac4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 #d4 ,fuel4--,light a mat* & all[ x to burn until half *>r$4 ,bl[ x out g5tly1 s z to leave a gl[+ sp>k4 ,:5 ?is sp>k goes out x w leave beh9d a light1 gray a%4 ,we h to consid] ! flame1 ! *>r$ sub/ance1 & ! a%4 ,flame is burn+ gas4 ,9 all ord9>y fuels1 c>bon & hydrog51 9 v>i\s comb9ations & free1 make ! pr9cipal "p4 ,! fir/ effect ( ! heat is to set free ! volatile comp\nds ( c>bon & hydrog54 ,! hydrog5 !n beg9s to unite ) ! oxyg5 ( ! air1 =m+ wat]1 sett+ free ! c>bon1 :i* also unites ) oxyg51 =m+ c>bonic acid gas4 ,! burn+ gases cause ! flame4 ,! foll[+ exp]im5t w illu/rate ?is4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 7#e7 ,fit a te/-tube ) a tight cork1 ?r\gh :i* a bit ( glass tub+1 drawn out into a jet1 is pass$1 ! tub+ )9 be+ ev5 ) ! cork4 ,place "s bits ( %av+ 9 ! tube1 cork x1 & make ! cork p]fectly air-tight by coat+ x ) bees wax or p>aff9e4 ,heat ! te/-tube g5tly ov] an alcohol lamp4 ,! wood turns black1 & vapor issues f ! jet1 :i* may be light$ 7,fig4 #d74 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to expel all ! air be=e light+4 7#f7 ,t ! burn+ hydrog5 =ms wat] by unit+ ) ! oxyg5 ( ! air1 may be %[n by hold+ a cold glass tumbl] ov] ! jet1 or ov] any flame4 ,! glass w be dimm$ by drops ( moi/ure4 ,! *>r$ "p ( ! wood is *>coal1 :i* is "o =m ( c>bon4 ,our ord9>y *>coal is made by driv+ (f all ! gases f wood1 by burn+ x "u cov] :]e only a little air c rea* x4 ,! volatile gases burn m readily ?an ! c>bon1 & are ! fir/ sub/ances to be driv5 (f1 s t ! c>bon is left beh9d ne>ly pure4 ,9 ! same way we h driv5 (f all ! gases f ! half-burn$ mat* & left ! c>bon4 ,! tea*] %\ld h a piece ( *>coal to %[ ! pupils4 ,x /ill reta9s all ! m>k+s ( ! wood4 ,if ! combu/ion is cont9u$1 ! c>bon also unites ) ! oxyg5 ( ! air1 till x is all conv]t$ into c>bonic acid gas4 ,?is 0 ! case ) ! mat* :]e we left ! gl[+ sp>k4 ,! gray a% t 0 left beh9d is ! m9]al matt] conta9$ 9 ! wood4 7#g7 ,we c %[ t ?is gas is =m$ by p\r+ lime wat] into a bottle 9 :i* a c&le has be5 burn$ z 9 7#b74 ,! wat] becomes milky f a f9e :ite p[d] =m$ by ! union ( ! c>bonic acid gas ) ! lime1 =m+ c>bonate ( lime4 ,?is is a *emical te/4 ,! wood ( ! mat* is pla9ly ( vegetable orig92 s also is ! *>coal1 :i* is ne>ly pure c>bon4 ,coal is also c>bon1 ! rema9s ( anci5t =e/s1 f :i* ! gases h be5 sl[ly driv5 (f by heat & pressure4 ,all ! common fuels are compos$ pr9cipally ( c>bon & hydrog54 ,:5 ^! elem5ts unite ) oxyg51 c>bonic acid gas & wat] are =m$4#a ,footnote #a3 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,?is note is miss+ f orig9al text4 7#h7 ,! same products are =m$ by respiration4 ,we brea! out c>bonic acid gas & wat] f our lungs4 ,brea! on a cold glass4 ,x is b$ew$ exactly z x is by ! c&le flame4 ,brea! ?r\gh a bit ( glass tub+ into a bottle ( lime wat]4 ,x becomes milky1 %[+ ! pres5ce ( c>bonic acid gas4 ,:y is ?is8 ,e act or ?\ght is accompani$ by a consumption ( mat]ial 9 ! body1 :i* ?us becomes unfit = fur!r use4 ,^! wa/e sub/ances1 compos$ *iefly ( c>bon & hydrog51 unite ) oxyg5 brea!d 9 f ! air1 =m+ c>bonic acid gas & wat]1 :i* are brea!d out ( ! sy/em4 ,! action is a process ( sl[ combu/ion1 & x is pr9cipally by ! heat ?us evolv$ t ! body is kept w>m4 ,z we are ?us con/antly tak+ oxyg5 f ! air1 a close room becomes unfit to live 9 & a supply ( fre% air is indisp5sable4 ,! cycle ( *anges is complet$ by ! action ( plants1 :i* take 9 c>bonic acid gas1 use ! c>bon1 & return mo/ ( ! oxyg5 to ! atmosph]e4 ,,app>atus ,,= ,,exp]im5ts4#a ,footnote #a3 ,! glass app>atus requir$1 includ+ an alcohol lamp1 may be obta9$ = "o doll> by s5d+ to ! ,educational ,supply ,co41 ,no4 #f ,hamilton ,place1 ,bo/on4 ,two small wide-m\!d bottles4 ,a n>r[-neck$ bottle4 ,a glass funnel4 ,a bit ( b5t glass-tub+4 ,a bit ( /raight glass-tub+4 ,a flat piece ( glass4 ,a te/-tube1 ) jet4 ,an alcohol lamp4 ,a b5t wire ) tap]4 ,a c>d4 ,a slip ( a plant4 ,a di% & pit*] ( wat]4 ,beeswax or p>aff9e4 ,%av+s4 ,lime wat]4 ,mat*es4 ,gray's ,fir/ ,lessons4 ,revis$ edition4 ,sect4 ,,xvi1 #dde-g1 #dcg4 ,h[ ,plants ,gr[4 ,*ap4 ,,iii1 #bgi-bhh4 ,,ii4 ,,se$l+s4 #a4 ,directions = rais+ 9 ! ,s*oolroom4--,! se$s %\ld be plant$ 9 boxes till$ ) clean s&4 ,plates or %all[ crock]y pans are also us$1 b ! s& is apt to become cak$1 & ! pupils are likely to keep ! se$s too wet if !y are plant$ 9 vessels t w n dra94 ,! boxes %\ld be cov]$ ) panes ( glass till ! se$l+s are well />t$1 & %\ld be kept at a temp]ature ( f #fe deg4 to #gj deg4 ,fahr4 ,x is v important to keep !m cov]$ :ile ! se$s are g]m9at+1 o!rwise ! s& w be c]ta9 to become too dry if kept 9 a suffici5tly w>m place4 ,light is n necess>y1 & 9 w9t] "t ! neighborhood ( ! furnace is (t5 a v conv5i5t place to keep !m safe f fro/4 ,!y %\ld n be 9 ! sun :ile g]m9at+4 ,:5 ! fir/ spr\ts appe> above ! gr\nd let ano!r set be plant$1 & s on1 till a s]ies is obta9$ rang+ f plants sev]al in*es high to ^? j />t+ f ! se$4 ,! se$s !mselves %\ld be soak$ = a day & ! s]ies is !n ready = /udy4 ,! "t requir$ = _! gr[? v>ies accord+ to ! temp]ature1 moi/ure1 etc4 ,dr4 ,goodale says !y %\ld be ready 9 t5 days4#a ,footnote #a3 ,conc]n+ a few ,common ,plants1 by ,g4,l4 ,goodale1 ,bo/on1 ,d4,c4 ,hea? ,co4 ,?is little book1 :i* is publi%$1 9 pamphlet =m1 = fifte5 c5ts1 w be f\nd exce$+ly useful4 ,i h nev] be5 able to raise !m s quickly 9 ! s*oolroom1 nor h ! pupils to :om ,i h giv5 !m to plant done s at home4 ,g5]ally1 x is ?ree weeks1 at lea/1 be=e ! fir/ specim5s are z l>ge z is desirable4 ,g]m9at+ se$s ne$ w>m?1 moi/ure & air4 ,! necess>y conditions are suppli$ 9 ! v be/ way by gr[+ !m on sponge1 b x w\ld be difficult to raise en\gh = a l>ge class 9 ?is mann]4 ,place a piece ( moi/ sponge 9 a jelly-glass1 or any glass t is l>g] at ! top1 s t ! sponge may n s9k to ! bottom1 & p\r "s wat] into ! glass1 b n s mu* z to t\* ! sponge4 ,! :ole %\ld be cov]$ ) a l>g] inv]t$ glass1 :i* mu/ n be s close z to prev5t a circulation ( air4 ,! plants c ?us be wat*$ at e /age & "s %\ld always be gr[n 9 ?is way4 ,! wat] 9 ! tumbl] w keep ! sponge damp1 & ! roots1 aft] em]g+ f ! sponge1 w gr[ well 9 ! moi/ air4 ,se$s c also be gr[n on blott+ pap]4 ,put ! se$s on sev]al ?icknesses ( moi/ blott+ pap] on a plate1 cov] !m ) m moi/ pap]1 & inv]t ano!r plate ov] !m1 tak+ c>e to all[ ! free entrance ( air4 ,if possible1 x is by f> ! be/ way to h ! se$s gr[+ 9 ! s*oolroom1 & make x a regul> cu/om = ! pupils to obs]ve !m e morn+ & take notes ( _! gr[?4 ,^! lessons on se$s are suitable = pupils ( e age1 f adults to ! y\nge/ *ildr5 :o g to s*ool4 ,! diff]5ce %\ld be only 9 ! mode ( treatm5t2 b ! same pr9ciples %\ld be br\ght out1 :atev] ! age & p[] ( compreh5sion ( ! pupil4 ,= ^! lessons ! foll[+ se$s %\ld be plant$1 accord+ to ! above directions3 ,morn+-,glory1 ,sunfl[] or ,squa%1 ,bean1 ,pea1 ,r$ ,clov]1 ,flax1 ,corn1 ,:eat1 & ,oats4#a ,if !y c be procur$ plant also acorns1 ,p9e-se$s1 ,maple-se$s1 & horse*e/nuts4 ,footnote #a3 ,a package ( ^! se$s may be obta9$ = fifty c5ts1 f ,joseph ,breck ,son1 ,bo/on1 ,mass4 ,!y w be s5t by mail1 po/age paid4 #b4 ,/udy ( ,morn+-,glory1 ,sunfl[]1 ,bean1 & ,pea4--,= reasons h]eaft] giv51 ,i consid] ! ,morn+-,glory ! be/ se$l+ to beg9 ^u4 ,hav+ a s]ies1 z above describ$1 be=e !m1 ! pupils %\ld draw ! se$l+s4 ,:5 ! draw+s are made1 let !m lett] alike ! correspond+ p>ts1 beg9n+ ) ! plantlet 9 ! se$1 & us+ new lett]s :5 a new "p is develop$4 ,! se$ coats ne$ n be lett]$1 z !y d n belong to ! plantlet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--;,g]m9ation ( ,morn+ ,glory1 a1 caulicle2 b1 cotyl$ons2 c1 plumule2 d1 roots4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--;,g]m9ation ( ,sunfl[]4 ,aft] draw+ ! ,morn+-,glory s]ies1 let !m draw ! ,sunfl[] or ,squa% 9 ! same way1 !n ! ,bean1 & f9ally ! ,pea4 ,let !m write answ]s to ! foll[+ que/ions3 ,,morn+-,,glory4#a ,footnote #a3 ,x has be5 object$ t ! ,morn+-,glory se$ is too small to beg9 ^u4 ,if ! tea*] pref]1 he may beg9 ) ! ,squa%1 ,bean1 & ,pea4 ,! que/ions w require b little alt]ation1 & he c take up ! ,morn+-,glory lat]4 ,tell ! p>ts ( ! ,morn+-,glory se$4 ,:at "p gr[s fir/8 ,:at becomes ( ! se$-cov]+8 ,:at appe>s betwe5 ! fir/ pair ( leaves8 ,0 ?is to be se5 9 ! se$8 ,h[ _m leaves are !re at ea* jo9t ( /em aft] ! fir/ pair8 ,h[ d !y diff] f ! fir/ pair8 ,,sunfl[] ,,or ,,squa%4 ,:at are ! p>ts ( ! se$8 ,:at is !re 9 ! ,morn+-,glory se$ t ?is has n8 ,h[ d ! fir/ leaves *ange z ! se$l+ gr[s8 ,,bean4 ,:at are ! p>ts ( ! se$8 ,h[ does ?is diff] f ! ,morn+-,glory se$8 ,h[ f ! ,sunfl[] se$8 ,h[ d ! fir/ pair ( leaves ( ! ,bean *ange z !y gr[8 ,h[ _m leaves are !re at ea* jo9t ( /em8#a ,footnote #a3 ,!re are two simple leaves at ! next node to ! cotyl$ons2 aft] ^! !re is "o comp\nd leaf at ea* node4 ,h[ d !y diff] f ! fir/ pair8 ,,pea4 ,:at are ! p>ts ( ! se$8 ,comp>e x ) ! ,morn+-,glory1 ,sunfl[]1 & ,bean4 ,h[ does x diff] 9 its gr[? f ! ,bean8 ,:at h all ^! f\r se$s 9 common8 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4--;,g]m9ation ( ,pea4 a1 caulicle2 b1 cotyl$ons2 c1 plumule2 d1 roots4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4--;,g]m9ation ( ,bean4 ,:at has ! ,morn+-,glory se$ t ! o!rs h n8 ,:at h ! ,bean & ,pea t ! ,morn+-,glory has n8 ,h[ does ! ,pea diff] f all ! o!rs 9 its gr[?8 ,:at "p gr[s fir/ 9 all ^! se$s8 ,f :i* "p d ! roots gr[8 ,:at peculi>ity d y notice 9 ! way !y come up out ( ! gr\nd8#a ,footnote #a3 ,?is "q ref]s to ! ar*$ =m 9 :i* !y come up4 ,9 ?is way ! t5d]1 gr[+ apex is n rubb$4 ,! tea*] mu/ rememb] t1 unless ! pupils h _h "s previ\s tra9+1 !y w fir/ h to le>n to use _! eyes1 & = ?is !y w ne$ mu* judici\s help4 ,!y %\ld be assi/$ to see :at is be=e !m1 n told :at is !re4 ,x is absolutely necess>y t ^! que/ions %\ld be ?or\ghly und]/ood & correctly answ]$ be=e any conclusions are drawn f !m4 ,= ?is purpose abundant mat]ial is indisp5sable4 ,x is bett] n to attempt ^! lessons on se$s at all1 unless !re is mat]ial en\gh = p]sonal obs]vation by all ! pupils4 ,aft] ?is prelim9>y "w has be5 done1 ! names ( ! p>ts c be giv5 to ! pupils4 ,!y may be writt5 "u ea* draw+ ?us1--,a,caulicle2#a ,b,cotyl$ons2 ,c,roots2 ,d,plumule4 ,! :ole plantlet 9 ! se$ is ! embryo or g]m1 :5ce ! spr\t+ ( se$s is call$ g]m9ation4 ,footnote #a3 ,! t]m radicle is /ill 9 g5]al use4 ,! d]ivation 7little root7 makes x undesirable4 ,dr4 ,gray has adopt$ caulicle 7little /em7 9 ! late/ edition ( 8 text-book1 :i* ,i h foll[$4 ,o!r writ]s use ! t]m hypocotyl1 mean+ "u ! cotyl$ons4 ,i consid] ?is ! be/ ord] to /udy ! se$s because 9 ! ,morn+-,glory ! cotyl$ons are pla9ly leaves 9 ! se$2 & 9 ! ,squa% or ,sunfl[]#b ! :ole process is pla9ly to be se5 :]eby a ?ick body1 mo/ unlike a leaf1 becomes an ord9>y gre5 leaf ) ve9s4#c ,9 ! ,sunfl[] ! true leaves are ne>ly ! same %ape z ! cotyl$ons1 s t ?is is an especially good illu/ration = ! purpose4 ,?us1 )\t any h9t f me1 my pupils (t5 write ( ! ,bean1 x has two ?ick leaves & two ?9 leaves4 ,9 ?is way ! ,bean & ,pea pres5t no difficulty4 ,! cotyl$ons 9 ! fir/ make app>5tly an unsuccessful ef=t to become leaves1 :i* ! second give up altoge!r4 ,footnote #b3 ,! l>ge ,russian ,sunfl[] is ! be/ = ! purpose4 ,footnote #c3 ,^! lessons are int5d$1 z has be5 said1 = *ildr5 ov] twelve ye>s ( age4 ,if !y are adapt$ = y\ng] ones1 x is especially important to beg9 ) a se$ :]e ! leaf-l "* ( ! cotyl$ons is evid5t1 or becomes s4 ,maple is excell5t = ! purpose4 ,morn+-,glory is too small4 ,squa% w answ] v well4 ,i ?9k x *>act]i/ic ( ! m9ds ( little *ildr5 to associate a t]m ) ! fir/ specim5 to :i* x is appli$4 ,if ! t]m cotyl$on be giv5 !m fir/ = ^? ( ! ,bean & ,pea !y w say :5 !y come to ! ,morn+-,glory1 b ^? are leaves1 n cotyl$ons4 ,cotyl$ons are l>ge & r\nd4 ,x w be v difficult to make !m und]/& t cotyl$ons are ! fir/ se$-leaves1 & !y w feel z if x 7 a =c$ connection1 & "o t !y _c see = !mselves4 ,! tea*]'s object n[ is to make ! pupils und]/& ! mean+ ( ! answ]s !y h giv5 to ^! que/ions4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !y %\ld g ov] _! answ]s & sub/itute ! botanical t]ms !y h j le>n$ = ! ones !y h us$4 ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,! ,,p>ts ,,( ,,! ,,soak$ ,,se$s4 ,morn+-,glory4 ,a se$ cov]+4 ,"s album54 ,two cotyl$ons4 ,a caulicle4 ,sunfl[]4 ,an out] cov]+4#a ,an inn] cov]+4 ,two cotyl$ons4 ,a caulicle4#b ,footnote #a3 ,! s-call$ se$ ( ,sunfl[] is really a fruit4 ,! out] cov]+ is ! wall ( ! ov>y1 ! inn] ! se$-coat4 ,su* clos$1 "o-se$$ fruits are call$ ak5es4 ,footnote #b3 ,! plumule is sometimes visible 9 ! embryo ( ! ,sunfl[]4 ,bean4 ,a se$ cov]+4 ,two cotyl$ons4 ,a caulicle4 ,a plumule4 ,pea4 ,! same z ! ,bean4 ,!y h also le>n$ h[ ! fir/ leaves 9 ! la/ ?ree diff] f ^? ( ! ,morn+-,glory1 be+ consid]ably ?ick] 9 ! ,sunfl[]1 & v mu* ?ick] 9 ! ,bean & ,pea4 ,:y %\ld ! ,morn+-,glory h ?is jelly t ! o!rs h n8 ,:y d ! fir/ leaves ( ! ,sunfl[] *ange s mu* z ! se$l+ gr[s8 ,:at becomes ( _! sub/ance8 ,:y d ^? ( ! ,bean %rivel & f9ally drop (f8 ,by ?is "t "s bright pupil w h discov]$ t ! baby-plant ne$s food & t ?is is /or$ ar\nd x 9 ! ,morn+-,glory1 & 9 ! leaves !mselves 9 ! o!rs4 ,x is n\ri%$ ^u ?is prep>$ food1 until x has roots & leaves & c make its own liv+4 ,! food ( ! ,morn+-,glory is call$ album52 x does n diff] f ! o!rs 9 k9d1 b only 9 its mann] ( /orage4#a ,footnote #a3 ,read] 9 ,botany4 ,,iii4 ,se$-,food4 ,also ! que/ions h br\ght out ! fact t ! ,bean & ,pea h ! plumule ready =m$ 9 ! se$1 :ile ! ,morn+-,glory & ,sunfl[] h n4 ,:y %\ld ?is be8 ,x is because !re is s mu* food /or$ 9 ! fir/ two t ! plumule c develop be=e a root is =m$1 :ile 9 ! o!rs !re is only n\ri%m5t suffici5t to enable ! plantlet to =m its roots4 ,^! mu/ make ! second leaves by _! own labor4 #c4 ,comp>ison ) o!r ,dicotyl$ons4--,! pupils %\ld n[ h o!r se$s to comp>e ) ^! f\r4 ,let !m arrange ,flax1 ,f\r o-clock1 ,horse*e/nut1 ,almond1 ,na/urtium1 ,maple-se$s1 etc41 "u two heads4 ,se$s ) ! ,food /or$ ,se$s ) ! ,food /or$ outside ! plantlet 9 ! embryo itself 7,album9\s74 7,exalbum9\s74 ,flax4 ,f\r-o'clock4 ,acorn4 ,horse*e/nut4 ,almond4 ,morn+-,glory4 ,maple4 ,sunfl[]4 ,squa%4 ,bean4 ,pea4 ,na/urtium4 ,!y may also be divid$ into ^? ) & )\t ! plumule4 ,)\t ,plumule4 ,) ,plumule4 ,flax4 ,maple4 ,sunfl[]4 ,acorn4 ,horse*e/nut4 ,f\r-o'clock4 ,almond4 ,bean4 ,pea4 ,morn+-,glory4 ,squa%4 ,na/urtium4 ,^? ) plumules w be se5 to h ! mo/ abundant n\ri%m5t4 ,9 _m cases ?is is made use ( by man4 ,^! la/ c be aga9 divid$ into ^? 9 :i* ! cotyl$ons come up into ! air & ^? :]e !y rema9 9 ! gr\nd4 ,9 ! ,air4 ,9 ! ,gr\nd4 ,bean4 ,almond4 ,squa%4 ,acorn4 ,horse*e/nut4 ,pea4 ,na/urtium4 ,9 ! latt] ! cotyl$ons are s heavily gorg$ ) n\ri%m5t t !y nev] become ( any use z leaves4 ,z ,d>w9 po9ts out1 !y h a bett] *ance ( escap+ de/ruction by animals by rema9+ 9 ! gr\nd4 ,! cotyl$ons are v good illu/rations ( ! diff]5t uses to :i* a s+le organ may be put1 & ! ?or\gh und]/&+ ( x w prep>e ! pupils' m9ds = o!r metamorphoses1 & = ! !ory t all ! v>i\s p>ts ( a plant are modifi$ =ms ( a v few memb]s4 #d4 ,nature ( ! ,caulicle4--,probably "s ( ! pupils w h call$ ! caulicle ! root4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ( ! nature ( /em4 ,! root gr[s only at ! end1 f a po9t j beh9d ! tip2 ! /em elongates ?r\gh\t its :ole l5g?4 ,?is c be %[n by m>k+ ! /em & roots ( a "y se$l+ ) ink4 ,india ink mu/ be us$1 z common ink injures ! plants4 ,dip a ne$le 9 ! ink & prick a r[ ( spots at equal di/ances on a "y root4 ,corn is v good = ?is purpose1 b ,morn+-,glory or ,bean is bett] = exp]im5ts on ! /em4 ,! plants %\ld !n be c>efully wat*$ & ! *anges 9 ! relative di/ance ( ! spots not$4 ,! exp]im5t is v easily conduct$ ) ! se$l+s gr[+ on sponge1 ) _! roots 9 ! moi/ air ( ! tumbl]1 z be=e describ$4 ,dr4 ,goodale says ( ?is exp]im5t1--,let a "y se$l+ ( corn be gr[n on damp pap] 9 ! mann] describ$ 9 ,no4 #a1a & :5 ! longe/ root is a few c5timetres long let x be m>k$ v c>efully by means ( ,india ink1 or purple ink1 put on ) a delicate camel's-hair p5cil j "o c5timetre ap>t4 ,plants ?us m>k$ are to be kept "u favorable conditions ) respect to moi/ure & w>m?1 s t gr[? w be z rapid z possible4 ,! m>ks on ! old] "p ( ! root w n *ange _! relative di/ance1 b ! m>k at ! tip w be c>ri$ away f ! "o next x1 %[+ t ! gr[? has tak5 place only at ?is po9t4 ,su* exp]im5ts z ! "o describ$ are p]fectly practicable = all classes ( pupils except ! v y\nge/4 ,h[ f> ! details ( ^! exp]im5ts %\ld be sugge/$ to ! pupils1 or r h[ f> !y %\ld be left to "w out ! problem = !mselves1 is a "q to be settl$ by ! tea*] 9 ea* case4 ,! bett] plan g5]ally is to br+ ! problem 9 a v cle> =m be=e ! :ole class1 or be=e ! :ole s*ool1 & ask :e!r anybody c ?9k ( a way 9 :i* x c be solv$2 = in/ance1 9 ?is case h[ c x be f\nd out :e!r roots gr[ only at _! tip or ?r\gh\t _! :ole l5g?4 ,if ! way is ?\ght out by ev5 a s+le pupil ! re/ w be int]e/$ 9 see+ :e!r ! plan w "w successfully4 ,footnote #a3 ,conc]n+ a ,few ,common ,plants1 page #be4 ,i h be5 m successful 9 prick+ ! roots ?an 9 m>k+ !m ) a bru%4 ,! caulicle c be prov$ by ! mann] ( its gr[? to be ( ! nature ( /em1 n root4 ,! ma9 root gr[s f its nak$ end4 ,roots c also gr[ f ! sides ( ! caulicle1 z 9 ,indian ,corn4 ,9 ?is1 x acts precisely z does ! /em ( a cutt+4 ,x c be prettily %[n ) ! se$l+s by break+ (f a bean at ! gr\nd & putt+ ! slip 9 wat]4 ,x w ?r[ out roots & ! pupil w readily und]/& t ! caulicle does ! same ?+4 ,d>w9 has made v int]e/+ exp]im5ts on ! movem5ts ( se$l+s4 ,if ! tea*] wi%es to repeat "s ( ! exp]im5ts he w f9d ! details v fully giv5 9 ,! ,p[] ( ,movem5t ( ,plants4#a ,! pupils c obs]ve 9 _! gr[+ se$l+s "s ( ! po9ts m5tion$ & h already notic$ a few 9 _! answ]s4 ,!y h said t ! caulicle 0 ! "p to gr[ fir/1 & h spok5 ( ! ar*$ =m ( ! "y /em4 ,_! att5tion %\ld also be drawn to ! root-hairs1 :i* are well se5 9 ,corn1 ,:eat1 & ,oats4 ,!y absorb ! liquid food ( ! plants4 ,a second>y (fice is to hold ! se$ firmly1 s t ! caulicle c ent] ! gr\nd4 ,?is is %[n 9 ,r$ ,clov]1 :i* may be s[n on ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,x puts out root-hairs1 :i* atta* !mselves to ! p>ticles ( s& & hold ! se$4 ,^! hairs are treat$ m fully 9 ! lessons on roots4 ,footnote #a3 ,! ,p[] ( ,movem5t 9 ,plants4 ,by ,*>les ,d>w94 ,london4 ,john ,murray1 #ahhj4 ,footnote #a3 ,read] 9 ,botany4 ,,iv4 ,movem5ts ( ,se$l+s4 #e4 ,leaves ( ,se$l+s4--,com+ n[ to ! "q z to ! numb] ( leaves at ea* jo9t ( ! /em1 ! ,morn+-,glory1 ,sunfl[]1 & ,bean w pres5t no difficulty1 b probably all ! pupils w be puzzl$ by ! ,pea4 ,! /ipules1 s l>ge & leaf-l1 look l two leaves1 ) a /em betwe51 be>+ o!r opposite leaves1 & t]m9at+ 9 a t5dril1 :ile 9 ! upp] "p x c\ld n be told by a beg9n] :i* 0 ! cont9uation ( ! ma9 /em4 ,= ^! reasons ,i left ?is out 9 ! que/ions on ! ,pea1 b x %\ld be tak5 up 9 ! class4 ,h[ are we to tell :at con/itutes a s+le leaf8 ,! answ] to ?is "q is t buds come 9 ! axils ( s+le leaves2 t is1 9 ! inn] angle :i* ! leaf makes ) ! /em4 ,if no bud c be se5 9 ! ,pea1 ! exp]im5t may be tri$ ( cutt+ (f ! top ( ! se$l+ plant4 ,buds w be develop$ 9 ! axils ( ! ne>e/ leaves1 & x w be %[n t ea* is a comp\nd leaf ) two app5dages at its base1 call$ /ipules1 & ) a t5dril at its apex4 ,buds c be =c$ 9 ! same way to gr[ f ! axils ( ! l[] scales1 & ev5 f ^? ( ! cotyl$ons1 & ! lesson may be aga9 impress$ t organs are capable ( und]go+ great modifications4 ,! tea*] may use 8 own judgm5t z to :e!r he w tell !m t ! t5dril is a modifi$ leaflet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4 #a4 ,gra9 ( ,indian ,corn4 #b4 ,v]tical section1 divid+ ! embryo1 a1 caulicle3 b1 cotyl$on2 c1 plumule4 #c4 ,v]tical section1 at "r angles to ! la/4 #f4 ,monocotyl$ons4--,^! are m difficult4 ,p]haps x is n wor? :ile to attempt to make ! pupils see ! embryo 9 ,:eat & ,oats4 ,b ! embryo ( ,indian ,corn is l>g] & c be easily exam9$ aft] long soak+4 ,remov+ ! se$-cov]+1 we f9d ! great] "p ( ! se$ to be album54 ,closely appli$ to "o side ( ?is1 s closely t x is difficult to sep>ate x p]fectly1 is ! s+le cotyl$on4 ,?is completely surr\nds ! plumule & furni%es x ) food f ! album54 ,!re is a l9e d[n ! middle1 &1 if we c>efully b5d back ! edges ( ! cotyl$on1 x splits along ?is l9e1 %[+ ! plumule & caulicle )94 ,! plumule consi/s ( successive lay]s ( rudim5t>y leaves1 ! out] enclos+ ! re/ 7,fig4 #aj1 #a1 c74 ,! latt] is ! fir/ leaf & rema9s undevelop$ z a scaly %ea? 7,fig4 #aj1 #b1 c74 ,9 ,:eat & ,oats ! cotyl$on c be easily se5 9 ! l>ge/ se$l+s by pull+ (f ! dry husk ( ! gra94 ,! food w he se5 to h be5 us$ up4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 #a4 ,g]m9ation ( ,indian corn4 #b4 ,same m advanc$4 a1 caulicle2 c#a1 fir/ leaf ( ! plumule1 %ea?+ ! re/2 c#b1 second leaf2 c#c1 ?ird leaf ( ! plumule2 d1 roots4 ,! s]ies ( ,corn se$l+s1 at lea/1 %\ld be drawn z be=e & ! p>ts m>k$1 ?is "t ) _! te*nical t]ms4 ,! foll[+ que/ions %\ld !n be prep>$4 ,,corn4 ,:at are ! p>ts ( ! se$8 ,comp>e ^! p>ts ) ! ,morn+-,glory1 ,sunfl[]1 ,bean1 & ,pea4 ,:]e is ! food /or$8 ,h[ _m cotyl$ons h ,corn1 ,:eat1 & ,oats8 ,h[ _m h ,bean1 ,pea1 ,morn+-,glory1 & ,sunfl[]8 ,comp>e ! ve9s ( ! leaves ( ea* class & see :at diff]5ce y c f9d4 ,?is w br+ up ! t]ms dicotyl$on & monocotyl$on4 ,di means two1 mono means "o4 ,?is diff]5ce 9 ! ve9s1 nett$ 9 ! fir/ class1 p>allel 9 ! second1 is *>act]i/ic ( ! classes4 ,pupils %\ld h specim5s ( leaves to classify "u ^! two heads4 ,fl[]+ plants are divid$ fir/ into ^! two classes1 ! ,dicotyl$ons & ! ,monocotyl$ons4 ,if ,p9e-se$s c be plant$1 ! polycotyl$on\s embryo c also be /udi$4 #g4 ,food ( se$l+s4--,! food ( ! ,:eat se$l+ may be %[n 9 f9e fl\r4 #a,! fl\r is to be moi/5$ 9 ! h& & knead$ until x becomes a homog5e\s mass4 ,^u ?is mass p\r "s pure wat] & wa% out all ! :ite p[d] until no?+ is left except a viscid lump ( glut54 ,?is is ! "p ( ! cru%$ :eat-gra9s :i* v closely resembles 9 its composition ! fle% ( animals4 ,! :ite p[d] wa%$ away is ne>ly pure :eat-/>*4 ,( c\rse ! o!r +r$i5ts1 su* z ! m9]al matt] & ! l1 might be ref]r$ to1 b ! />* at lea/ %\ld be %[n4 ,:5 ! se$ is plac$ 9 prop] soil1 or ^u a support :]e x c receive moi/ure1 & c get at ! air & /ill be w>m en\gh1 a "p ( ! />* *anges into a sort ( gum1 l t on po/age /amps1 & f9ally becomes a k9d ( sug>4 ,^u ?is sirup ! "y se$l+ fe$s until x has "s good gre5 leaves = "w1 & z we h se5 9 ! case ( "s plants x has ^! v e>ly4 ,footnote #a3 ,conc]n+ a ,few ,common ,plants1 page #ah4 ,! pres5ce ( />* c be %[n by te/+ ) a solution ( iod9e4 ,/>* is turn$ blue by iod9e & may ?us be detect$ 9 fl\r1 9 se$s1 9 potatoes1 etc4 ,aft] all ?is c>eful exp]im5tal "w ! subject may be /udi$ 9 ! text-book & recit$1 ! recitation con/itut+ a ?or\gh review ( ! :ole4 ,a *>m+ description ( ! g]m9ation ( a se$ w be f\nd 9 ! ,read]4 ,v4 ,! ,bir? ( ,picciola4 ,gray's ,lessons4 ,sect4 ,,ii1 #h-ad4 ,,iii4 ,h[ ,plants ,gr[4 ,sect4 ,i1 #bb1 #bc4 ,,ii4 ,,iii ,,roots4 ,?is subject c be treat$ m conv5i5tly :ile ! "y se$l+s are /ill gr[+1 because _! roots are v suitable = /udy4 ,x seems be/1 !re=e1 to take x up be=e exam9+ ! buds4 #a4 ,/udy ( ! ,roots ( ,se$l+s4--,"o or two ( ! se$l+s %\ld be brok5 (f & ! slips put into a glass ( wat]4 ,!y w be /udi$ lat]4 ,bean & ,sunfl[] are ! be/ = ! purpose4 ,beg9 by tell+ ! pupils to prep>e = _! fir/ lesson a description ( ! roots ( _! se$l+s4 ,^? gr[n on sponge or pap] w %[ ! developm5t ( ! root-hairs1 :ile ^? gr[n on s& are bett] = /udy+ ! =m ( ! root4 ,give !m also "s fle%y root to describe1 z a c>rot1 or a radi%2 & a spray ( ,engli% ,ivy1 z an example ( a]ial roots4 ,?r\gh\t ^! lessons1 ! me?od is pursu$ ( giv+ pupils specim5s to obs]ve & describe be=e tea*+ !m botanical t]ms4 ,x is bett] = !m to "n ! ?+s !y see ?an to f9d examples = t]ms already le>n$4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 !y feel ! difficulty ( express+ !mselves & are glad to h ! want ( exact t]ms suppli$4 ,?is me?od is disc\rag+ at fir/1 especially to ! y\ng] ones2 b1 ) "t & pati5ce1 !y w gradually become accu/om$ to describe :atev] !y c see4 ,!y h1 at any rate1 us$ _! eyes2 &1 ?\gh !y may n und]/& ! real mean+ ( any?+ !y h se51 !y are prep>$ to discuss ! subject intellig5tly :5 !y come toge!r 9 ! class4 ,if !y w fir/ write out _! unassi/$ impressions &1 subsequ5tly1 an acc\nt ( ! same ?+ aft] !y h _h a recitation ^u x1 !y w be sure to ga9 some?+ 9 ! p[] ( obs]vation & cle> expression4 ,x _c be too /rongly urg$ t ! numb] ( facts t ! *ildr5 may le>n is n ( ! slighte/ consequ5ce1 b t ! tea*] %\ld aim to cultivate ! quick eye1 ! ready h&1 & ! cle> reason4 ,! root ( ! ,morn+-,glory is prim>y2 x is a direct d[nw>d gr[? f ! tip ( ! caulicle4 ,x is ab\t z ?ick z ! /em1 tap]s t[>ds ! end1 & has %ort & fibr\s bran*es4 ,9 "s plants ! root keeps on gr[+ & makes a tap-root2 9 ! ,bean1 x soon becomes lo/ 9 ! bran*es4 ,^! are all simple1 t is1 !re is b "o prim>y root4 ,sometimes !re are sev]al or _m1 & ! root is !n said to be multiple4 ,! ,pumpk9 is an example ( ?is4 ,! root ( ! ,pea is describ$ 9 ! old] editions ( ,gray's ,lessons z be+ multiple1 b x is g5]ally simple4 ,indian ,corn1 also1 usually />ts ) a s+le root1 b ?is does n make a tap-root1 & is soon foll[$ by _m o!rs f any "p ( ! caulicle1 or ev5 f ! /em above1 giv+ x ! appe>ance ( hav+ a multiple root4 ,! root ( ! ,radi% is diff]5t f any ( ^!2 x is fle%y4 ,(t51 x tap]s sudd5ly at ! bottom into a root l t ( ! ,morn+-,glory ) "s fibres ^u x4 ,x is1 9 fact1 z ! ,morn+-,glory w\ld be if ! ma9 root 7 to be ?ick5$ up by food be+ /or$ 9 x4 ,x is a prim>y tap-root4 ,! radi% is sp9dle-%ap$1 tap]+ at top & bottom1 ! c>rot is conical1 ! turnip is call$ napi=m2 "s radi%es are %ap$ l ! turnip4 ,! a]ial roots ( ! ,engli% ,ivy answ] ano!r purpose ?an t ( giv+ n\ri%m5t to ! plant4 ,!y are us$ to support x 9 climb+4 ,^! are an example ( second>y roots1 :i* are roots spr++ lat]ally f any "p ( ! /em4 ,! ,sweet ,potato has bo? fle%y & fibr\s roots & =ms second>y roots ( bo? k9ds e ye>4#a ,"s ( ! se$l+s w probably %[ ! root-hairs to ! nak$ eye4 ,^! w be notic$ h]eaft]4 ,footnote #a3 ,gray's ,lessons1 p4 #ce1 ,fig4 #hf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4--a4 ,tap-root4 #b4 ,multiple root ( ,pumpk94 #c4 ,napi=m root ( ,turnip4 #d4 ,sp9dle-%ap$ root ( ,radi%4 #e4 ,conical root ( ,c>rot4 #f4 ,a]ial roots ( ,ivy4 ,x is my exp]i5ce t pupils always l classify+ ?+s "u diff]5t heads1 & x is a good ex]cise4 ,! foll[+ table may be made ( ! roots !y h /udi$1 add+ o!r examples4 ,dr4 ,gray says t ord9>y roots may be r\ghly class$ into fibr\s & fle%y4#a ,?ome classes !m z woody & fle%y4#b ,footnote #a3 ,gray's ,lessons1 p4 #cd4 ,footnote #b3 ,text-book ( ,/ructural & ,physiological ,botany4 ,otto ,?ome4 ,translat$ & edit$ by ,alfr$ ,w4 ,b5nett1 ,new ,york4 ,john ,wiley & ,sons4 #ahgg4 ,page #ge4 ,,roots4 ---------------------------------------- -- ,prim>y4 ,second>y4 -------------------------------- ,fibr\s4 ,fle%y4 ,roots ( cutt+s ,a]ial roots4 ------------------- ,sweet potatoes4#c ,simple4 ,multiple4 ,simple4 ,morn+ ,glory4 ,pumpk9 ,c>rot4 ,sunfl[]4 ,radi%4 ,pea4 ,turnip4 ,bean4 ,beet4 ,corn4 ,corn4 ,footnote #c3 ,! ,iri% potato w v likely be m5tion$ z an example ( a fle%y root4 ,! tea*] c say t ?is w be expla9$ lat]4 #b4 ,fle%y ,roots4--,! s*ol>s are already famili> ) ! /or+ ( food = ! se$l+ 9 or ar\nd ! cotyl$ons1 & w readily und]/& t ^! roots are /oreh\ses ( food = ! plant4 ,! ,turnip1 ,c>rot1 & ,beet are bi5nials2 t is1 _! gr[? is cont9u$ ?r\gh two seasons4 ,9 ! fir/ ye>1 !y make a vigor\s gr[? ( leaves alone1 & ! surplus food is c>ri$ to ! root 9 ! =m ( a syrup1 & !re /or$1 hav+ be5 *ang$ into />*1 or some?+ v simil>4 ,at ! end ( ! fir/ season1 ! root is fill$ ) food1 prep>$ = ! next ye>1 s t ! plant c live on its res]ve fund & devote its :ole att5tion to fl[]+4 ,^! roots are (t5 good food = animals4 ,!re are "s plants t /ore _! surplus food 9 _! roots ye> aft] ye>1 us+ up 9 ea* season ! /ore ( ! =m] "o1 & =m+ new roots cont9ually4 ,! ,sweet ,potato is an example ( ?is class4 ,^! are p]5nials4 ,! food 9 p]5nials1 h[ev]1 is usually /or$ 9 /ems1 r ?an 9 roots1 z 9 trees4 ,annuals are g5]ally fibr\s-root$1 & ! plant dies aft] its fir/ ye>4 ,! foll[+ exp]im5t w s]ve z an illu/ration ( ! way 9 :i* ! food /or$ 9 fle%y roots is utiliz$ = gr[?4 ,cut (f ! tap]+ end ( a c>rot & scoop out ! inside ( ! l>g] half 9 ! =m ( a vase1 leav+ ab\t half ( ! fle% beh9d4 ,put /r+s ?r\gh ! upp] rim1 fill ! c>rot cup ) wat]1 & hang x up 9 a sunny w9d[4 ,keep x con/antly full ( wat]4 ,! leaf-buds bel[ w put =?1 & gr[ into leafy %oots1 :i*1 turn+ upw>ds1 soon hide ! vase 9 a gre5 circle4 ,?is is because ! dry1 />*y food /or$ 9 ! c>rot becomes s(t & soluble1 & ! supply ( prop] food & ! w>m? ( ! room make ! leaf-buds able to gr[4 ,x is also a pretty illu/ration ( ! way 9 :i* /ems always gr[ upw>d1 ev5 ?\gh !re is en\gh light & air = !m to gr[ /raight d[nw>ds4 ,:y ?is is s1 we d n "k4 #c4 ,diff]5ces betwe5 ! ,/em & ! ,root4--,ask ! pupils to tell :at diff]5ces !y h f\nd4 ,/ems4 ,roots4 ,asc5d into ! air4 ,desc5d into ! gr\nd4 ,gr[ by a succession ( simil> ,gr[ only f a po9t p>ts1 ea* "p :5 "y j beh9d ! tip4 elongat+ ?r\gh\t4 ,be> organs4 ,be> no organs4 ,!re are c]ta9 exceptions to ! /atem5t t roots desc5d into ! gr\nd2 su* z a]ial roots & p>asitic roots4 ,! a]ial roots ( ! ,ivy h be5 m5tion$4 ,o!r examples ( roots us$ = climb+ are ! ,trumpet ,creep] 7,tecoma radicans71 & ! ,poison ,ivy 7,rhus ,toxicod5dron74 ,p>asitic roots take _! food ready-made f ! plants into :i* !y /rike4 ,! roots ( air-plants1 su* z c]ta9 or*ids1 draw _! n\ri%m5t f ! air4 ,! exp]im5t ( m>k+ roots & /em has be5 already tri$1 b x %\ld be repeat$4 ,repetition ( exp]im5ts is always desirable1 z x fixes 8 conclusions 9 ! pupil's m9d4 ,! /em gr[s by a succession ( simil> p>ts1 phytom]a1 ea* "p1 or phyton1 consi/+ ( node1 int]node1 & leaf4 ,?us x foll[s t /ems mu/ be> leaves4 ,! m>k$ /ems ( se$l+s %[ great] gr[? t[>ds ! top ( ! gr[+ phyton4 ,x is only "y /ems t elongate ?r\gh\t4 ,! old] p>ts ( a phyton gr[ little1 & :5 ! int]node has atta9$ a c]ta9 l5g?1 v>iable = diff]5t /ems & diff]5t conditions1 x does n elongate at all4 ,! root1 on ! contr>y1 gr[s only f a po9t j beh9d ! tip4 ,! extreme tip consi/s ( a sort ( cap ( h>d tissue1 call$ ! root-cap4 ,?r\gh a simple l5s1 or sometimes ) ! nak$ eye1 x c be di/+ui%$ 9 mo/ ( ! roots ( ! se$l+s1 look+ l a transp>5t tip4 ,! root1 :atev] its orig9 9 any case may be1 gr[s 9 l5g? only 9 "o way2 namely1 at a po9t j beh9d its v tip4 ,?is gr[+ po9t is usually protect$ by a peculi> cap1 :i* ins9uates its way ?r\gh ! crevices ( ! soil4 ,if roots %\ld gr[ z /ems escap+ f ! bud-/ate d1--t is1 ?r\gh\t _! :ole l5g?--!y w\ld spe$ily become di/ort$4 ,b1 s9ce !y gr[ at ! protect$ tips1 !y c make _! way ?r\gh ! int]/ices ( soil1 :i* f its compactness w\ld o!rwise =bid _! progress4#a ,footnote #a3 ,conc]n+ a few ,common ,plants1 p4 #be4 ,! ?ird diff]5ce is t1 :ile ! /em be>s leaves1 & has buds normally develop$ 9 _! axils1 roots be> no organs4 ,! /em1 h[ev]1 especially :5 w\nd$1 may produce buds any:]e f ! surface ( ! b>k1 & ^! buds are call$ adv5titi\s buds4 ,9 ! same mann]1 roots occasionally produce buds1 :i* gr[ up into leafy %oots1 z 9 ! ,apple & ,popl>4#a ,footnote #a3 ,see ,gray's ,/ructural ,botany1 p4 #bi4 ,x %\ld be made p]fectly cle> t ! /em is ! axis ( ! plant1 t is1 x be>s all ! o!r organs4 ,roots gr[ f /ems1 n /e9s f roots1 except 9 c]ta9 cases1 l t ( ! ,popl> m5tion$ above4 ,?is 0 se5 9 ! /udy ( ! se$l+4 ,! embryo consi/$ ( /em & leaves1 & ! roots 7 produc$ f ! /em z ! se$l+ grew4 ,= illu/ration ( ?is po9t1 ! c>eful wat*+ ( ! cutt+s plac$ 9 wat] w be v in/ructive4 ,aft] a few days1 small1 h>d lumps beg9 to appe> "u ! sk9 ( ! /em ( ! brok5 se$l+ ,bean4 ,^! gradually increase 9 size until1 f9ally1 !y rupture ! sk9 & appe> z rootlets4 ,roots are always ?us =m$ "u ! out] tissues ( ! /em f :i* !y spr+1 or ! root f :i* !y bran*4 ,9 ! ,bean1 ! roots are 9 f\r long r[s1 qu>t]+ ! /em4 ,?is is because !y are =m$ 9 front ( ! woody bundles ( ! /em1 :i* 9 ! se$l+ ,bean are f\r4 ,9 ! ,sunfl[] ! roots divide ! circumf]5ce into six p>ts4 ,9 "s ( my cutt+s ( ,beans1 ! /em crack$ 9 f\r long l9es be=e ! roots _h really =m$1 %[+ ! p>5*yma 9 small hillocks1 s to speak4 ,9 ^! ! gradual =mation ( ! root-cap c\ld be wat*$ ?r\gh\t1 ) m]ely a small l5s4 ,i d n "k a bett] way to impress ! nature ( ! root on ! pupil's m9d4 ,^! =m+ roots might also be m>k$ v e>ly1 & s be %[n to c>ry onw>d _! root-cap on ! gr[+-po9t4 #d4 ,root-hairs4 ,^! are outgr[?s ( ! epid]mis1 or sk9 ( ! root1 & increase its absorb+ p[]4 ,9 mo/ plants !y _c be se5 )\t ! aid ( a microscope4 ,indian ,corn & ,oats1 h[ev]1 %[ !m v beautifully1 & ! s*ol>s h already notic$ !m 9 _! se$l+s4 ,!y are be/ se5 9 ! se$l+s gr[n on damp sponge4 ,9 ^? gr[n 9 s&1 !y become s firmly unit$ to ! p>ticles ( soil1 t !y _c be sep>at$1 )\t te>+ ! hairs away f ! plant4 ,?is w sugge/ ! reason :y plants suff] s mu* f c>eless transplant+4 ,! root-hairs h ! p[] ( dissolv+ m9]al matt]s 9 ! soil by ! action ( an acid :i* !y give out4 ,!y !n absorb ^! solutions = ! n\ri%m5t ( ! plant4 ,! acid giv5 out 0 fir/ ?\ght to be c>bonic acid1 b n[ x is suppos$ by "s exp]im5t]s to be acetic acid1 by o!rs to v>y accord+ to ! plant & ! "t4 ,! action c be %[n by ! foll[+ exp]im5t1 sugge/$ by ,sa*s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,i4 ,se$l+ ( ,s9apis alba %[+ root-hairs4 ,,ii4 ,same1 %[+ h[ f9e p>ticles ( s& cl+ to ! root-hairs4 7,sa*s47 ,cov] a piece ( poli%$ m>ble ) moi/ sawdu/1 & plant "s se$s ^u x4 ,:5 ! se$l+s are some:at gr[n1 remove ! sawdu/1 & ! rootlets w be f\nd to h left _! autographs beh9d4 ,:]ev] ! roots1 ) _! root-hairs h crept1 !y h eat5 into ! m>ble & left x corrod$4 ,! m>ks w become m di/9ct if ! m>ble is rubb$ ) a little v]milion4 ,9 ord] t ! processes ( solution & absorption may take place1 x is necess>y t free oxyg5 %\ld be pres5t4 ,all liv+ ?+s mu/ h oxyg5 to brea!1 & ?is gas is z ne$ful = ! g]m9ation ( se$s1 & ! action ( roots & leaves1 z x is = our ma9t5ance ( life4 ,x is hurtful = plants to be kept ) too mu* wat] ab\t _! roots1 because ?is keeps out ! air4 ,?is is ! reason :y h\se-plants are injur$ if !y are kept too wet4 ,a second>y (fice ( root-hairs is to aid ! roots ( se$l+s to ent] ! gr\nd1 z we h be=e notic$4 ,! root-hairs are f\nd only on ! "y p>ts ( roots4 ,z a root gr[s old] ! root-hairs die1 & x becomes ( no fur!r use = absorption4 ,b x is ne$$ n[ = ano!r purpose1 z ! support ( ! gr[+ plant4 ,9 trees1 ! old roots gr[ f ye> to ye> l /ems1 & become l>ge & /rong4 ,! ext5t ( ! roots corresponds 9 a g5]al way to t ( ! bran*es1 &1 z ! absorb+ p>ts are ! "y rootlets1 ! ra9 t drops f ! leafy ro( falls j :]e x is ne$$ by ! delicate fibrils 9 ! e>? bel[4#a ,footnote #a3 ,read] 9 ,botany4 ,,vi4 ,! ,relative ,positions ( ,leaves & ,rootlets4 #e4 ,comp>ison ( a ,c>rot1 an ,onion1 & a ,potato4--,x is a good ex]cise = a class to take a potato1 an onion1 & a c>rot or radi% to comp>e1 writ+ out ! result ( _! obs]vations4 ,! c>rot is a fle%y root1 z we h already se54 ,! onion consi/s ( ! fle%y bases ( la/ ye>'s leaves1 %ea!d by ! dri$ rema9s ( ! leaves ( =m] ye>s1 f :i* all n\ri%m5t has be5 drawn4 ,! p>allel ve9+ ( ! leaves is di/9ctly m>k$4 ,! /em is a plate at ! base1 to :i* ^! fle%y scales are atta*$4 ,9 ! c5tre1 or 9 ! axils ( ! scales1 ! newly-=m+ bulbs c be se51 9 onions t are spr\t+4 ,if possible1 comp>e o!r bulbs1 z ^? ( ,tulip1 ,hyac9?1 or ,sn[drop1 & ! bulb ( a ,crocus1 9 :i* ! fle%y "p consi/s ( ! ?ick5$ base ( ! /em1 & ! leaves are m]ely dry scales4 ,?is is call$ a corm4 ,! potato is a ?ick5$ /em4 ,x %[s itself to be a /em1 because x be>s organs4 ,! leaves are r$uc$ to little scales 7eyelids71 9 ! axils ( :i* come ! buds 7eyes74 ,! foll[+ delightful exp]im5t has be5 recomm5d$ to me4 ,9 a gr[+ potato plant1 direct upw>ds "o ( ! l[ %oots & surr\nd x ) a little cyl9d] ( /iff c>pet pap]1 /uff$ ) sphagnum & loam4 ,cut away ! o!r tub]-dispos$ %oots z !y appe>4 ,! enclos$ %oot develops into a tub] :i* /&s m or less v]tical1 & ! scales become pretty little leaves4 ,remov+ ! pap]1 ! tub] & leaves become gre51 & ! latt] enl>ge a little4 ,a bett] illu/ration ( ! way 9 :i* organs adapt !mselves to _! conditions1 & ( ! mean+ ( morphology1 c\ld h>dly be f\nd4 ,gray's ,fir/ ,lessons4 ,sect4 v1 #fe-hh4 ,h[ ,plants ,gr[4 ,*ap4 ,i1 #hc-ij4 ,,iv4 ,,buds ,,& ,,bran*es4 #a4 ,!re is an a/oni%+ am\nt to be le>n$ f nak$ bran*es1 &1 if pursu$ 9 ! "r way1 ! /udy w be f\nd exce$+ly int]e/+4 ,pr(essor ,beal1 9 8 pamphlet on ! ,new ,botany1#a says3-- ,be=e ! fir/ lesson1 ea* pupil is furni%$ or told :]e to procure "s specim5 = /udy4 ,if x is w9t]1 & fl[]s or gr[+ plants _c be _h1 give ea* a bran* ( a tree or %rub2 ?is bran* may be two feet long4 ,! exam9ation ( ^! is made dur+ ! usual "t = prep>+ lessons1 & n :ile ! class is be=e ! tea*]4 ,= ! fir/ recitation ea* is to tell :at he has discov]$4 ,! specim5s are n 9 sight dur+ ! recitation4 ,9 le>n+ ! lesson1 books are n us$2 =1 if !y are us$1 no books w conta9 a qu>t] ( :at ! pupil may see = himself4 ,if !re is "t1 ea* memb] ( ! class is all[$ a *ance to m5tion any?+ n nam$ by any ( ! re/4 ,! tea*] may sugge/ a few o!r po9ts = /udy4 ,! pupils are n told :at !y c see = !mselves4 ,an ef=t is made to keep !m work+ aft] some?+ :i* !y h n yet discov]$4 ,if two memb]s disagree on any po9t1 on ! next day1 aft] fur!r /udy1 !y are reque/$ to br+ 9 all ! pro(s !y c to su/a9 _! diff]5t conclusions4 ,= a second lesson1 ! /ud5ts review ! fir/ lesson1 & report on a bran* ( a tree ( ano!r species :i* !y h /udi$ z be=e4 ,n[ !y notice any po9t ( diff]5ce or ( simil>ity4 ,9 l mann] new bran*es are /udi$ & new comp>isons made4 ,= ?is purpose1 nak$ bran*es ( our species ( elms1 maples1 a%es1 oaks1 basswood1 bee*1 popl>s1 will[s1 walnut1 butt]nut1 haw?orns1 *]ries1 & 9 fact any ( our native or exotic trees or %rubs are suitable4 ,a comp>ison ( ! bran*es ( any ( ! ev]gre5s is int]e/+ & pr(itable4 ,discov]ies1 v unexpect$1 are almo/ sure to rew>d a pati5t /udy ( ^! objects4 ,! tea*] mu/ n ?9k "t is wa/$4 ,no real progress c be made1 till ! pupils beg9 to le>n to see2 & to le>n to see !y mu/ keep try+ to =m ! habit f ! v fir/2 & to =m ! habit !y %\ld make ! /udy ( specim5s ! ma9 feature 9 ! c\rse ( tra9+4 ,footnote #a3 ,! ,new ,botany4 ,by ,w4,j4 ,beal4 ,philadelphia1 ,c4,h4 ,m>ot1 #had ,*e/nut ,/41 #ahhb4 ,page #e4 ,,horse*e/nut 7,a,esculus ,hippoca/anum74 ,we w beg9 ) ! /udy ( a bran* ( ,horse*e/nut4#a ,! pupils %\ld exam9e & describe _! specim5s be=e discuss+ !m 9 ! class-room4 ,!y w ne$ "s directions & h9ts1 h[ev]1 to enable !m to "w to any advantage4 ,tell !m to op5 bo? l>ge & small buds4 ,x is n advisable to /udy ! ,horse*e/nut bud by cutt+ sections1 z ! wool is s d5se t ! arrangem5t _c be se5 9 ?is way4 ,! scales %\ld be remov$ ) a knife1 "o by "o1 & ! numb]1 texture1 etc41 not$4 ,! leaves & fl[]-clu/] w rema9 uncov]$ & w be easy to exam9e4 ,! gum may be fir/ remov$ by press+ ! bud 9 a bit ( pap]4 ,! s*ol>s %\ld /udy c>efully ! m>k+s on ! /em1 9 ord] to expla91 if possible1 :at has caus$ !m4 ,! be/ way to make cle> ! mean+ ( ! sc>s is to %[ !m ! relation ( ! bud to ! bran*4 ,!y mu/ def9e a bud4 ,ask !m :at ! bud w\ld h become ! next season1 if x _h be5 all[$ to develop4 ,x w\ld h be5 a bran*1 or a "p ( "o4 ,a bud1 !n1 is an undevelop$ bran*4 ,!y c always "w out ?is def9ition = !mselves4 ,conv]sely1 a bran* is a develop$ bud1 or s]ies ( buds1 & e m>k on ! bran* mu/ correspond to some?+ 9 ! bud4 ,let !m exam9e ! specim5s ) ?is idea cle>ly be=e _! m9ds4 ,! lesson to prep>e %\ld be to write out all !y c obs]ve & to make c>eful draw+s ( _! specim5s4 ,ask !m to f9d a way1 if possible1 to tell ! age ( ! bran*4 ,footnote #a3 ,! pupils %\ld cut _! names on _! bran*es & keep !m4 ,!y w ne$ !m con/antly = comp>ison & ref]5ce4 ,at ! recitation1 ! pap]s c be read & ! po9ts m5tion$ ?or\ghly discuss$4 ,?is w take two lesson-h\rs1 probably1 & ! draw+ may be left1 if desir$1 z ! ex]cise to prep>e = ! second recitation4 #a,! buds ( ,horse*e/nut conta9 ! plan ( ! :ole gr[? ( ! next season4 ,!y are scaly & cov]$1 especially t[>ds ! apex1 ) a /icky v>ni%4 ,! scales are opposite1 l ! leaves4 ,! out] pairs are :olly br[n & lea!ry1 ! succe$+ ones tipp$ ) br[n1 :]ev] expos$1 s t ! :ole bud is cov]$ ) a ?ick coat4 ,! inn] scales are gre5 & delicate1 & some:at woolly1 especially along ! lapp+ edges4 ,!re are ab\t sev5 pairs ( scales4 ,! l>g] t]m9al buds h a fl[]-clu/] 9 ! c5tre1 & g5]ally two pairs ( leaves2 ! small buds conta9 leaves alone1 two or ?ree pairs ( !m4 ,! leaves are d5sely cov]$ ) :ite wool1 to protect !m f ! sudd5 *anges ( w9t]4 ,! use ( ! gum is to w>d (f moi/ure4 ,! fl[]-clu/] is woolly also4 ,footnote #a3 ,all descriptions are made f specim5s exam9$ by me4 ,o!r specim5s may diff] 9 "s po9ts4 ,plants v>y 9 diff]5t situations & localities4 ,! sc>s on ! /em are ( ?ree k9ds1 leaf1 bud-scale1 & fl[]-clu/] sc>s4 ,! pupils %\ld notice t ! buds are always j above ! l>ge triangul> sc>s4 ,if !y are /ill 9 d\bt z to ! cause ( ^! m>ks1 %[ !m "s h\se-plant ) well-develop$ buds 9 ! axils ( ! leaves1 & ask !m to comp>e ! position ( ^! buds ) _! bran*es4 ,! buds t spr+ f ! inn] angle ( ! leaf ) ! /em are axill>y buds2 ^? t cr[n ! /ems are t]m9al4 ,s9ce a bud is an undevelop$ bran*1 t]m9al buds c>ry1 on ! axis :i* !y cr[n1 axill>y buds give rise to side-%oots4 ,! leaf-sc>s %[ ! leaf-arrangem5t & ! numb] ( leaves ea* ye>4 ,! leaves are opposite & ea* pair /&s ov] ! int]vals ( ! pair bel[4 ,! same is obs]v$ to be true ( ! scales & leaves ( ! bud4#a ,all ^! po9ts %\ld be br\ght out by ! actual obs]vation ( ! specim5s by ! pupils1 ) only su* h9ts f ! tea*] z may be ne$$ to direct _! att5tion aright4 ,! dots on ! leaf-sc> are ! ends ( woody bundles 7fibro-vascul> bundles7 :i*1 9 autumn1 sep>at$ f ! leaf4 ,by c\nt+ ^! we c tell h[ _m leaflets !re 7 9 ! leaf1 ?ree1 five1 sev51 n9e1 or occasionally six or eight4 ,footnote #a3 ,bud-scales are modifi$ leaves & _! arrangem5t is !re=e ! same z ! leaves4 ,?is is n m5tion$ 9 ! /udy ( ! ,horse*e/nut bud1 because x _c be prov$ to ! pupils1 b ! transition is expla9$ 9 connection ) ,lilac1 :]e x may be cle>ly se54 ,! scales ( ! bud ( ,horse*e/nut are consid]$ to be homolog\s ) petioles1 by analogy ) o!r memb]s ( ! same family4 ,9 ! ,sweet ,buckeye a s]ies c be made1 exhibit+ ! gradual *ange f a scale to a comp\nd leaf4 ,see ! ,botanical ,text-,book1 ,"p ,i1 ,/ructural ,botany4 ,by ,asa ,gray4 ,ivison1 ,blakeman1 ,taylor & ,co41 ,new ,york1 #ahgi4 ,plate #bcc1 p4 #aaf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4--;,horse*e/nut4 ,i4 ,bran* 9 w9t] /ate3 a1 leaf-sc>s2 b1 bud-sc>s2 c1 fl[]-sc>s4 #b4 ,an exp&+ leaf-bud4 #c4 ,same1 m advanc$4 ,! ,bud ,scale-,sc>s4 ,^! are r+s left by ! scales ( ! bud & may be se5 9 _m bran*es4 ,!y are well se5 9 ,horse*e/nut4 ,if ! pupils h fail$ to obs]ve t ^! r+s %[ ! position ( =m] buds & m>k ! gr[? ( successive ye>s1 ?is po9t mu/ be br\ght out by skilful que/ion+4 ,!re is a diff]5ce 9 ! color ( ! m rec5t %oots1 & a pupil1 :5 ask$ h[ mu* ( 8 bran* grew ! prec$+ season1 w be able to answ] by obs]v+ ! *ange 9 color4 ,make him see t ?is *ange corresponds ) ! r+s1 & he w und]/& h[ to tell e ye>'s gr[?4 ,!n ask :at w\ld make ! r+s 9 a bran* produc$ f "o ( 8 buds1 & he c h>dly fail to see t ! scales w\ld make !m4 ,:5 ! s*ol>s und]/& t ! r+s m>k ! ye>'s gr[?1 !y c c\nt !m & asc]ta9 ! age ( ea* bran*4 ,! same %\ld be done ) ea* side-%oot4 ,usually ! numb]s w be f\nd to agree2 t is1 all ! buds w h ! same numb] ( r+s betwe5 !m & ! cut end ( ! bran*1 b occasionally a bud w rema9 lat5t = "o or sev]al seasons & !n beg9 its gr[?1 9 :i* case ! numb]s w n agree2 ! diff]5ce w be ! numb] ( ye>s x rema9$ lat5t4 ,!re are always _m buds t are n develop$4 ,! undevelop$ buds d n necess>ily p]i%1 b are ready to be call$ into action 9 case ! o!rs are *eck$4 ,:5 ! /rong] buds are de/roy$1 "s t w\ld else rema9 dormant develop 9 _! /ead1 incit$ by ! abundance ( n\ri%m5t :i* ! =m] w\ld h monopoliz$4 ,9 ?is mann] our trees are soon reclo!d ) v]dure1 aft] _! t5d] foliage & bran*es h be5 kill$ by a late v]nal fro/1 or consum$ by insects4 ,& buds :i* h rema9$ lat5t = sev]al ye>s occasionally %oot =? into bran*es f ! sides ( old /ems1 especially 9 c]ta9 trees4#a ,footnote #a3 ,/ructural ,botany1 p4 #dh4 ,! pupils c measure ! di/ance betwe5 ea* set ( r+s on ! ma9 /em1 to see on :at ye>s x grew be/4 ,! ,fl[]-,clu/] ,sc>s4 ,^! are ! r\nd1 some:at concave1 sc>s1 f\nd t]m9at+ ! /em :]e =k+ occurs1 or seem+ly 9 ! axils ( bran*es1 on acc\nt ( "o ( ! =k+ bran*es gr[+ m rapidly & /\tly ?an ! o!r & ?us tak+ ! place ( ! ma9 /em1 s t ?is is app>5tly cont9u$ )\t int]ruption4 ,if ! pupils h n und]/ood ! cause ( ! fl[]-clu/] sc>s1 %[ !m _! position 9 %oots :]e !y are pla9ly on ! summit ( ! /em1 & tell !m to comp>e ?is ) ! arrangem5t ( a l>ge bud4 ,! fl[]-clu/] t]m9ates ! axis 9 ! bud1 & ?is sc> t]m9ates a bran*4 ,:5 ! t]m9al bud is ?us prev5t$ f cont9u+ its gr[?1 ! ne>e/ axill>y buds are develop$4#a ,"o %oot usually gets ! />t1 & becomes s mu* /rong] t x ?r[s ! o!r to "o side4 ,! t5d5cy ( ! ,horse*e/nut to h its gr[? c>ri$ on by ! t]m9al buds is s /rong t ,i almo/ feel incl9$ to say t vigor\s bran*es are nev] =m$ f axill>y buds1 9 old trees1 except :]e ! t]m9al bud has be5 prev5t$ f cont9u+ ! bran*4 ,?is t5d5cy gives to ! tree its *>act]i/ic size ( trunk & bran*es1 & lack ( delicate spray4 ,on look+ closely at ! bran*es also1 !y w be se5 to be q irregul>1 :]ev] !re has be5 a fl[]-clu/] sw]v+ to "o side or ! o!r4 ,footnote #a3 ,! fir/ w9t] t ,i exam9$ ,horse*e/nut buds ,i f\nd1 9 _m cases1 t ! axill>y %oots _h f a qu>t] ( an in* to an in* ( wood be=e ! fir/ set ( r+s4 ,i c\ld n imag9e :at _h =m$ ?is wood1 & x rema9$ a complete puzzle to me until ! foll[+ spr+1 :5 ,i f\nd 9 ! exp&+ %oots1 t1 :]ev] a fl[]-clu/] 0 pres5t1 !re 7 "o or two pairs ( leaflets already well develop$ 9 ! axils1 & t ! next season's buds 7 =m+ betwe5 !m1 :ile ! int]nodes ( ^! leaflets 7 mak+ q a rapid gr[?4 ,subsequ5tly1 ,i f\nd ! leaflets also 9 ! buds !mselves4 ,i f\nd ^! leaflets develop$ on ! tree only 9 ! %oots conta9+ fl[]-clu/]s1 :]e !y w\ld be ne$$ = ! future gr[? ( ! bran*es4 ,i suppose ! reason mu/ be t ! fl[]-clu/] does n use all ! n\ri%m5t provid$ & t !re=e ! axill>y buds are able to develop4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to "k :at det]m9es ! /rong] gr[? ( ! "o :i* ev5tually becomes ! lead]4 ,!re is "o ?+ m ! pupils may h notic$4 ,! small r\nd dots all ov] ! "y /em1 :i* become long rifts 9 ! old] p>ts1 are breaks 9 ! epid]mis1 or sk9 ( ! /em1 ?r\gh :i* ! inn] lay]s ( b>k protrude4 ,!y are call$ l5ticels4 ,!y provide a passage = gases 9 & out ( ! /em4 ,9 "s trees1 z ! ,bir*1 !y are v noticeable4 ,aft] discuss+ ! subject ?or\ghly 9 ! class-room1 ! pupils %\ld rewrite _! pap]s1 & f9ally answ] ! foll[+ que/ions1 z a species ( review4 ,i h ?us sp5t ?ree recitations on ! ,horse*e/nut4 ,! "w is all s new1 &1 if prop]ly pres5t$1 s int]e/+1 t a good deal ( "t is requir$ to exhau/ its possibilities ( in/ruction4 ,if ! tea*] f9ds 8 s*ol>s we>y+1 h[ev]1 he c leave z _m ( ! details z he pleases to be treat$ 9 connection ) o!r bran*es4 ,,que/ions ,,on ,,! ,,horse*e/nut4 ,h[ _m scales are !re 9 ! buds y h exam9$8 ,h[ are !y arrang$8 ,h[ _m leaves are !re 9 ! buds8 ,h[ are !y arrang$8 ,:]e does ! fl[]-clu/] come 9 ! bud8 ,d all ! buds conta9 fl[]-clu/]s8 ,:at is ! use ( ! wool & ! gum8 ,:]e d ! buds come on ! /em8 ,:i* are ! /ronge/8 ,h[ are ! leaves arrang$ on ! /em8 ,d ! pairs /& directly ov] ea* o!r8 ,:at are ! dots on ! leaf-sc>s8 ,h[ old is y\r bran*8 ,h[ old is ea* twig8 ,:i* ye>s 7 ! be/ = gr[?8 ,:]e 7 ! =m] fl[]-clu/]s8 ,:at happ5s :5 a bran* is /opp$ 9 its gr[? by fl[]+8 ,:at effect does ?is h on ! appe>ance ( ! tree8 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! c\ntry ! ,horse*e/nut is n s commonly plant$ z 9 ,new ,engl&4 ,9 ! s\!rn /ates ! ,magnolia may be us$ 9 its /ead1 b x is n ne>ly s simple an example ( ! ma9 po9ts to be obs]v$4#a ,footnote #a3 ,read] 9 ,botany4 ,,vii4 ,trees 9 ,w9t]4 ,,magnolia ,,umbrella4 ,! bud may be exam9$ by remov+ ! scales ) a knife1 z 9 ,horse*e/nut1 & also by cutt+ sections4 ,! out] scales enfold ! :ole bud1 & ea* succe$+ pair cov] all )94 ,!y are jo9$1 & x is frequ5tly difficult to tell :]e ! suture is1 ?\gh x c g5]ally be trac$ at ! apex ( ! bud4 ,on ! back is a ?ick /alk1 :i* is ! base ( ! leaf-/alk4 ,remove ! scales by cutt+ c>efully ?r\gh a s+le pair1 opposite ! leaf-/alk1 & peel+ !m (f4 ,! scales are modifi$ /ipules1 in/ead ( leaf-/alks1 z 9 ,horse*e/nut4 ,! out] pair are br[n & ?ick1 ! inn] gre51 & becom+ m delicate & crumpl$ z we proce$ t[>d ! c5tre ( ! bud4 ,! leaves beg9 ) ! second or ?ird pair ( scales4 ,! fir/ "o or two are imp]fect1 be+ small1 br[n1 & dry4 ,! leaves gr[ l>g] t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! bud4 ,!y are cov]$ ) %ort1 silky hairs1 & are fold$ l5g?wise1 ) ! inn] surface )9 7conduplicate74 ,9 ! specim5s ,i h exam9$ ,i d n see mu* diff]5ce 9 size betwe5 ! buds ) fl[]s & ^? )\t4 ,9 e bud exam9$ :i* conta9$ a fl[]1 !re 0 an axill>y bud 9 ! axil ( ! la/1 or next to ! la/1 leaf4 ,?is bud is to cont9ue ! int]rupt$ bran* 9 ! same way z 9 ,horse*e/nut4 ,!re are f six to t5 good leaves1 9 ! buds t ,i h se54 ,^? )\t fl[]s conta9 m leaves1 z 9 ,horse*e/nut4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ^! buds ! leaves are small & undevelop$4 ,! fl[] is v easy to exam9e1 ! floral envelopes1 /am5s & pi/ils1 be+ pla9ly disc]nible4 ,! bud may also be /udi$ 9 cross-section4 ,?is %[s ! :ole arrangem5t4 ,! plan is n s simple z 9 ,horse*e/nut1 :]e ! leaves are opposite4 ,! subject ( leaf-arrangem5t %\ld be pass$ ov] until phyllotaxy is tak5 up4 ,! sc>s on ! /em diff] f ,horse*e/nut 9 hav+ no di/9ct b&s ( r+s4 ,! scales1 be+ /ipules1 leave a l9e on ea* side ( ! leaf-sc>1 & ^! are sep>at$ by ! gr[? ( ! int]nodes4 ,9 ! ,bee*1 ! scales are also /ipules2 b1 :]eas 9 ! ,magnolia !re are only "o or two abortive leaves1 9 ! ,bee* !re are eight or n9e pairs ( /ipules )\t any leaves at all4 ,! r+s ?us become sep>at$ 9 ,magnolia1 :ile 9 ! ,bee* ! fir/ int]nodes are n develop$1 leav+ a di/9ct b& ( r+s1 to m>k ! season's gr[?4 ,! ,magnolia is !re=e less desirable to beg9 ^u4 ,! bran*es are swoll5 at ! beg9n+ ( a new gr[?1 & h a numb] ( leaf-sc>s cr[d$ closely toge!r4 ,! leaf-sc>s are r\ndi%1 ! l[] l9e m curv$4 ,!y h _m dots on !m4 ,f ea* leaf-sc> runs an irregul> l9e ar\nd ! /em4 ,?is has be5 left by ! /ipules4 ,! fl[]-sc> is on ! summit ( ! axis1 & (t5 app>5tly 9 ! axil ( a bran*1 z 9 ,horse*e/nut4 ,sometimes ! ne>e/ axill>y bud is develop$2 sometimes !re are two1 :5 ! bran* =ks4 ,! axill>y buds seldom gr[ unless ! t]m9al bud is int]rupt$4 ,! tree !re=e has no f9e spray4 ,,lilac 7,syr+a vulg>is74 ,ask ! s*ol>s to write a description ( _! bran*es & to comp>e !m ) ,horse*e/nut4 ,^! pap]s %\ld be prep>$ be=e com+ into ! class1 z be=e4 ,! buds are f\r-sid$4 ,! scales & leaves are opposite1 z 9 ,horse*e/nut4 ,! out] pair sometimes h buds 9 _! axils4 ,remove ! scales "o by "o ) a knife1 or bett]1 ) a /\t ne$le4 ,! scales gradually become ?9n] z we proce$1 & pass into leaves1 s t we _c tell :]e ! scales end & leaves beg94 ,aft] ab\t six pairs are remov$1 we come1 9 ! l>g] buds1 to leaves ) axill>y fl[]-clu/]s4 ,! leaves gr[ small] & ! fl[]-clu/]s l>g] till we come to ! c5tre1 :]e ! axis is t]m9at$ by a fl[]-clu/]4 ,!re is a great diff]5ce 9 ! buds on diff]5t bu%es & on %oots ( ! same bu%1 "s be+ l>ge1 gre51 & easy to exam9e1 o!rs small1 h>d1 & d>k-color$4 ,x is bett]1 ( c\rse1 to select z s(t & l>ge buds z possible = exam9ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4--,lilac4 ,i4 ,bran* 9 w9t] /ate3 a1 leaf-sc>2 b1 bud-sc> 7r$uc$74 #b4 ,same1 less r$uc$4 #c4 ,bran*1 ) leaf-buds exp&$4 #d4 ,s]ies 9 a s+le bud1 %[+ ! gradual transition f scales to leaves4 ,t ! scales are modifi$ leaves is pla9ly %[n by ! gradual transition !y und]go1 & also by ! fact t buds are develop$ 9 _! axils4 ,if any ( ^! c be %[n to ! pupils1 rem9d !m ( ! exp]im5t :]e ! top ( a se$l+ ,pea 0 cut (f & buds =c$ to develop 9 ! axils ( ! l[] scales4#a ,! transition f scales to leaves c be well /udi$ by br++ bran*es into ! h\se1 :]e !y w develop 9 wat]1 & t[>ds spr+ may ev5 be made to blossom4 ,*]ry1 ,apple1 ,=sy?ia1 & o!r blossom+ trees & %rubs c be ?us =c$ to bloom4 ,place ! bran*es 9 hot wat]1 & cut (f a little ( _! ends "u wat]4 ,if ! wat] is *ang$ e day1 & ! glass kept ne> ! regi/] or /ove1 !y w blossom out v quickly4 ,^! exp&$ %oots may be comp>$ ) ! buds4 ,! numb] ( leaves 9 ! bud v>ies4 ,footnote #a3 ,see p4 #ca4 ,! leaf-sc>s ( ,lilac are horse%oe-%ap$ & some:at swoll54 ,x c (t5 be pla9ly se5 t ! out] tissue ( ! /em runs up into ! sc>4 ,x looks z if !re 7 a lay] ( b>k1 end+ ) ! sc>1 fa/5$ ov] ea* side ( ! /em4 ,^! app>5t lay]s alt]nate z well z ! sc>s4 ,! epid]mis1 or sk9 ( ! leaves1 is 9 fact always cont9u\s ) t ( ! /em4 ,!re are no dots on ! leaf-sc>s4 ,! r+s are n ne>ly s noticeable z 9 ,horse*e/nut1 b !y c be c\nt$ = "s ye>s back4 ,! fl[]-clu/] c (t5 be trac$ by a dri$ bit ( /em rema9+ on ! bran*4 ,! t]m9al bud 9 ! ,lilac does n usually develop1 & ! two upp]mo/ axill>y buds take its place1 giv+ to ! %rub ! =k$ "* ( its bran*+4 ,9 all ^! bud /udies1 ! pupil %\ld f9i% by %[+ h[ ! arrangem5t ( ! buds det]m9es ! gr[? ( ! bran*es4 ,,que/ions ,,on ,,! ,,lilac4 ,h[ d ! scales diff] f ^? ( ,horse*e/nut8 ,h[ _m scales & leaves are !re8 ,h[ are !y arrang$8 ,:]e does ! fl[]-clu/] come 9 ! bud8 ,d all ! buds conta9 fl[]-clu/]s8 ,h[ does ! arrangem5t ( leaves & fl[]-clu/]s diff] f t ( ,horse*e/nut8 ,h[ old is y\r bran*8 ,:i* buds develop mo/ frequ5tly8 ,h[ does ?is affect ! appe>ance ( ! %rub8 ,,copp] ,,bee* 7,fagus sylvatica1 v>4 purpurea74 ,! buds are long & tap]+1 ! scales ?9 & sc>i\s1 ! out] nak$1 ! inn] ) long1 silky hairs4 ,remove ! scales "o by "o1 z 9 ,lilac4 ,! out] f\r or six pairs are s m9ute t ! arrangem5t is n v cle>1 b z we proce$ we p]ceive t ! scales are 9 alt]nate pairs1 z 9 ,horse*e/nut2 t is1 t two scales are exactly on ! same plane4 ,b we h le>n$ 9 ! ,lilac t ! scales are modifi$ leaves1 & foll[ ! leaf-arrangem5t ( ! species4 ,! ,bee* is alt]nate-leav$1 & we %\ld !re=e expect ! scales to alt]nate4 ,! explanation is f\nd z we g on remov+ ! scales4 ,at ! eigh? or n9? pair we come ^u a t9y1 silky leaf1 directly betwe5 ! pair ( scales1 &1 remov+ ^!1 ano!r l>g] leaf1 opposite ! fir/ b high] up on ! rudim5t>y /em1 & s on1 ) ! re/ ( ! bud4 ,!re are five or m leaves1 ea* plac$ betwe5 a pair ( scales4 ,our k ( ! p>ts ( a leaf %[s u at once t ! scales mu/ be modifi$ /ipules1 & t !re=e !y mu/ be 9 pairs4#a ,o!r examples ( scales homolog\s ) /ipules are ! ,am]ican ,elm1 ,tulip-tree1 ,popl> & ,magnolia4 ,! leaves are plait$ on ! ve9s & cov]$ ) long1 silky hairs4 ,! v5ation is v di/9ct4 ,! out] leaves are small] &1 on exam9+ ! bran*1 x w be se5 t _! int]nodes d n make s l>ge a gr[? z ! leaves 9 ! c5tre ( ! bud4 ,footnote #a3 ,see ! /ipules ( ! ,pea1 p4 #ca4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4--;,copp] ,bee*4 #a4 ,bran* 9 w9t] /ate3 a1 leaf-sc>2 b1 bud-sc>4 #b4 ,bran*1 ) leaf-buds exp&+1 %[+ ! plicate fold+ ( ! leaves4 ,! leaf-sc>s are small1 soon becom+ m]ely ridges runn+ half r\nd ! /em4 ,! bud-r+s are v pla9 & easily c\nt$4 ,= ?is reason1 & because x bran*es freely1 x is a good tree = measurem5ts ( gr[?1 z is se5 9 ! foll[+ tables4 ,nos4 #a1 #b1 #c & #d3 7 made by a class ( girls1 f f\rte5 to sixte51 f a tree on my lawn4 ,no4 #e 0 made by a pupil1 :om ,i taught by correspond5ce1 f a tree ( ! same species 9 ano!r t[n4 ,no4 #f 0 made by myself f my own tree4 ,! measurem5ts ( ! fir/ f\r tables 7 some:at revis$ by me1 z !y 7 n p]fectly accurate4 ,! pupils %\ld always be caution$ to measure f ! beg9n+ ( "o set ( r+s to ! beg9n+ ( ! next4#a ,footnote #a3 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to select bran*es well expos$ to ! light4 ,( c\rse !re are _m circum/ances t may aid or h9d] ! gr[? ( any p>ticul> bran*4 ,,no4 #a4 ,,ye>s4 ,,gr[? ,,( #a,,/ ,,bran*4 #bnd ,,bran*4 #c,,rd ,,bran* #d,,? ,,bran*4 ,,ma9 ,,axis4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ 94 '#gi #h-a_/b -- -- -- -- '#hj #d-a_/b #b #a-g_/h -- -- '#ha #c-a_/b #a-a_/h #b-e_/h -- -- '#hb #f #e_/h #d-a_/d #e-g_/h -- '#hc #g-c_/h #c-c_/h #e-a_/d #d #e-c_/d '#hd #b #a_/b #c_/d #c_/h #e-c_/h '#he #e_/h #a_/d #c_/h #a_/b #a '#hf #e-e_/h #g_/h #d-c_/h #c-a_/h #e ,,no4 #b4 ,,ye>s4 ,,gr[? ( #a,,/ #bnd #c,,rd #d,,? #e,,? ,,ma9 ,,axis4 ,,bran* ,,bran* ,,bran* ,,bran* ,,bran* ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ 94 '#gi #h -- -- -- -- -- -- '#hj #c-a_/b #e-a_/d #e-a_/b #e-e_/h -- -- -- '#ha #d-c_/d #c_/d #a_/b #b-a_/b #b -- -- '#hb #e-c_/d #g_/h #b #c_/d #c_/h #a_/b -- '#hc #e-a_/d #d-c_/d #e-a_/b #d #c-a_/d #b-c_/h #a-c_/d -- '#hd #a_/b #a #c_/d #c_/h #a #c_/d #a #c_/h '#he #b-c_/d #a-c_/d #d-c_/h #c_/d #c_/d #b-a_/h #c-a_/d #a-a_/d '#hf #g-a_/b #e-a_/b #f-c_/d #c #c #d-a_/b #c-a_/h #e ,,no4 #c4 ,,ye>s4 ,,gr[? ( #a,,/ #bnd #c,,rd #d,,? #e,,? ,,ma9 ,,axis4 ,,bran* ,,bran* ,,bran* ,,bran* ,,bran* ---------------------------------------- ------------- 94 '#hj #h-a_/d -- -- -- -- -- '#ha #d-a_/b #c-a_/b #c-c_/d -- -- -- '#hb #e-a_/b #c_/d #a-a_/b #a -- -- '#hc #c-a_/d #c-c_/d #d-a_/b #c_/d #b #a-a_/d '#hd #e-a_/b #a_/b #c_/d #a #a_/b #c '#he #a_/b #a-c_/d #a_/b #c_/h #a #a_/b '#hf #d-a_/d #c-c_/h #b-c_/h #a-a_/d #b-a_/d #a-a_/b ,,no4 #d4 ,,ye>s ,,gr[? #a,,/ #bnd #c,,rd #d,,? ( ,,ma9 ,,bran* ,,bran* ,,bran* ,,bran* ,,axis ---------------------------------------- - 94 '#ha #g-c_/d -- -- -- -- '#hb #h-c_/d #f #f -- -- '#hc #f-c_/d #e-a_/d #d #d-c_/d #e-a_/b '#hd #d-a_/b #e_/h #a-e_/h #b-a_/d #c-a_/d '#he #b #e_/h #c_/af #b #c_/d '#hf #aj-c_/d #a-c_/d #a_/d #g-a_/d #c-a_/b ,,no4 #d4 7cont47 ,,ye>s #e,,? #f,,? #g,,? #h,,? #i,,? ,,bran* ,,bran* ,,bran* ,,bran* ,,bran* ----------------------------------- 94 '#ha -- -- -- -- -- '#hb -- -- -- -- -- '#hc -- -- -- -- -- '#hd #c_/d #b-a_/b -- -- -- '#he #g_/h #e_/h #a_/d #c_/d -- '#hf #d-c_/d #f-c_/h #a #b-a_/d #f-a_/b ,,no4 #e4 ,,ye>s ,,gr[? #a,,/ #bnd #c,,rd #d,,? #e,,? #f,,? ( ,,ma9 ,,bran* ,,bran* ,,bran* ,,bran* ,,bran* ,,bran* ,,axis ---------------------------------------- ------------- 94 '#hb #f-g_/h --- --- --- --- --- --- '#hc #f-a_/b #d-c_/d #d-a_/d --- --- --- --- '#hd #d-c_/d #a_/d #a-c_/d #c-a_/b --- --- --- '#he #d-a_/b #c_/d #a #b-c_/d #b-c_/d --- --- '#hf #f-a_/d #b-a_/d #d-c_/d #f-c_/d #b-c_/d #e-c_/d --- '#hg #f-c_/d #a-a_/h #c-a_/d #d #b-a_/d #c #e-a_/b ,,no4 #f4 ,,ye>s ,,ma9 #a,,/ #b,,nd #b,,nd #b,,nd #c,,rd #d,,? ,,axis ,,bran* ,,bran* ,,bran* ,,bran* ,,bran* ,,bran* ---------------------------------------- ------------- 94 #a/ #bnd side side '#hj #f-a_/d --- --- %oot4 %oot4 --- --- '#ha #h-c_/d #f-c_/d --- --- --- --- --- '#hb #h-a_/b #f-a_/d #f-g_/h --- --- --- 4 '#hc #d-c_/d #a-a_/b #b-c_/h --- --- #d 4 '#hd #c-a_/b #c-a_/h #e-a_/h --- --- #a-c_/d #g_/h '#he #d-a_/b #c_/h #d-c_/d #b-a_/d --- #f #a '#hf #f #f-c_/d #ab-a_/h #e-a_/b #aj-a_/b #h-g_/h #e-a_/h '#hg b\gh #b-a_/b #h-c_/d #d-a_/d #d-a_/d #d-f_/h #c-c_/d brok54 ,"o "q br\ght up by ^! measurem5ts is :e!r !re is any correspond5ce 9 gr[? betwe5 ! ma9 axis & its bran*es4 ,x appe>s 9 ^! tables t !re is a g5]al correspond5ce1 9 ?is tree at lea/4 ,9 ! recitation ( ! class1 ^: tables are giv5 above 7,nos4 #a1 #b1 #c & #d71 we took all ! measurem5ts ( ^! f\r bran*es = ! ye> #ahhe & add$ !m4 ,we did ! same = #ahhf1 & comp>$ ! results4 ,! total gr[? = #ahhe 0 #ca-ae_/af in*es2 = #ahhf1 leav+ out ! measurem5t ( ! twig ^: entire gr[? 0 9 t ye>1 #aji-c_/d in*es or ne>ly #c-a_/b times z mu*4 ,! proportion held 9 a g5]al way ?r\gh\t1 !re be+ only a s+le case ( a bran* :]e ! gr[? 0 great] 9 ! fir/ ye>4#a ,b !re is a po9t t mu/ n be ov]look$ 9 ?is connection4 ,! bran*es ( ! ,bee* seem to gr[ ab\t equally well 9 ! fir/1 second1 ?ird1 or any succe$+ ye>4 ,9 "s trees1 z ! ,a%1 ! axill>y buds make a l>ge gr[?1 & ! succe$+ t]m9al buds c>ry on ! bran* mu* m sl[ly2 9 o!r trees1 z ! ,*]ry1 a bran* gr[s v sl[ly 9 ! fir/ few ye>s & !n sudd5ly takes a />t4 ,^! facts w\ld appe> 9 tables ( gr[?1 made f bran*es ( ^! trees1 b ! addition ( results = any p>ticul> ye> w\ld h no significance4 ,footnote #a3 ,! spr+ ( #ahhj 0 a rem>kably e>ly "o4 ,?us ,i f9d 9 my di>y ( t ye> ! foll[+ entries3-- ,april #ag4 ,! r$ maples are 9 full bloom1 ! elms almo/ ov]4 ,! leaves ( ! ,horse*e/nut are q l>ge4 ,! lilacs are ne>ly 9 leaf4 ,april #bd4 ,we w5t up to ,wav]ley & f\nd bloodroot up1 spice bu% out1 violets1 dog-too?s & anemones1 also cal?a4 ,april #bh4 ,all ! *]ries are 9 full bloom4 ,april #bi4 ,pick$ an apple blossom 9 bud1 beautifully p9k4 ,! season 0 ne>ly ?ree weeks e>li] ?an usual4 #ahhe on ! o!r h& 0 a late spr+4 ,9 table ,no4 #e1 ! addition ( ! measurem5ts = #ahhe & #ahhf %[s ! gr[? 9 ! latt] ye> to be ab\t twice t ( ! =m]4 ,?is bran* came f a tree 9 ano!r t[n4 ,we h tri$ also to discov] :e!r ! numb] ( leaves ea* ye> has any relation to gr[?4 ,i _c see t x has1 b x requires _m exp]im5ts to det]m9e ^! po9ts4 ,to /udy ?is1 make tables ( ! numb] ( leaves on ! bran* ea* ye>4 ,i ?9k tea*]s w\ld f9d x int]e/+ to keep all data ( ?is k9d ( "w done by _! classes1 ) a view to tabulation & comp>ison4 ,! s*ol>s !mselves are exce$+ly int]e/$ 9 any?+ t p>takes ( ! nature ( an orig9al inve/igation4#a ,footnote #a3 ,! class1 previ\sly m5tion$1 7 mu* int]e/$ 9 ! addition ( _! results4 ,"o ( !m ask$ me :e!r ?is subject ( measurem5ts _h be5 treat$ 9 any book4 ,i repli$ t ,i _h nev] se5 x m5tion$4 ,my att5tion 0 aft]w>ds call$ to ,:at may be le>n$ f a ,tree1 by ,pr(4 ,h>lan ,c\itas4 ,d4 ,appleton ,co41 ,new ,york1 #ahfc4 ,i f\nd1 greatly to my surprise1 t he _h n only giv5 diagrams ( gr[?1 b t he also _h select$ a ,copp] ,bee* z 8 example4 ,! leaf-arrangem5t ( ! ,bee* is alt]nate1 on ! "o-half plan4 ,! small twigs turn upw>ds1 s t all ! spray is on ! upp] side1 giv+ a flat appe>ance to ! bran*4#a ,?is gives ! leaves a bett] exposure to ! light4 ,bo? ! t]m9al & axill>y buds gr[ freely1 ?us =m+ long1 /raight limbs1 ) _m bran*es & mu* f9e spray4 ,footnote #a3 ,phyllotaxy is treat$ lat]1 by a comp>ison & /udy ( _m bran*es1 b ! tea*] c draw ! pupils' att5tion to ! fact t ea* ,bee* leaf & twig is on exactly ! opposite side ( ! bran* f ! prec$+ "o4 ,?is all[s all ! twigs to gr[ t[>ds "o side ( ! bran*1 :]eas 9 trees on ! two-fif?s plan1 z ! ,apple1 ,popl>1 ,oak1 etc41 no su* regul>ity w\ld be possible1 on acc\nt ( _! _m diff]5t angles ) ! /em4 ,! b>k ( ! ,bee* is beautifully smoo?4 ,! extreme /raightness ( ! trunk & limbs is v /rik+1 & may be comp>$ to ! crook$ limbs ( ! ,horse*e/nut1 :]e ! bran* is cont9ually int]rupt$ by ! fl[]-clu/]4 ,9 ! ,bee* ! fl[]s are axill>y4 ,,que/ions ,,on ,,! ,,bee*4 ,h[ are ! scales ( ! ,bee* bud arrang$8 ,h[ _m leaves are !re 9 ! bud8 ,h[ does ! arrangem5t ( ! scales & leaves 9 ! bud diff] f t ( ! ,horse*e/nut8 ,h[ are ! leaves fold$ 9 ! bud8 ,:at is ! arrangem5t ( ! leaves on ! /em8 ,h[ does ?is diff] f ,horse*e/nut & ,lilac8 ,h[ old is y\r bran*8 ,h[ old is ea* twig8 ,:at ye>s 7 ! be/ = gr[?8 ,h[ does ! gr[? ( ! bran*es diff] f t ( ,horse*e/nut8 ,f ,lilac8 ,expla9 ^! diff]5ces ) ref]5ce to ! gr[? & arrangem5t ( ! buds8 ,9 :at direction d ! twigs gr[8 ,h[ does ?is affect ! appe>ance ( ! tree8 ,comp>e ! am\nt ( spray ( ! ,bee* & ,horse*e/nut & expla9 ! reason ( ! diff]5ce4 ,^! que/ions are only int5d$ = review1 !y are nev] to be us$ = ! fir/ /udy ( ! specim54 ,,am]ican ,,elm 7,ulmus ,am]icana74 ,! buds are cov]$ ) br[n scales1 :i* are hairy on ! edges4 ,! fl[]-buds are l>g] ?an ! leaf-buds & are 9 ! axils ( ! l[] leaves ( ! prec$+ ye>4 ,ea* leaf 9 ! bud is enclos$ by a pair ( scales4 ,!y are s small t ! pupils1 unus$ to delicate "w1 w h>dly discov] !m4 ,"u a glass !y c be se5 to be ovate1 fold$ on ! midrib ) ! inn] face )9 7conduplicate71 & ) an ovate scale jo9$ to ! base ( ! leaf on ei!r side4 ,! scales ?us %[ !mselves to be modifi$ /ipules4 ,! v5ation ( ! leaves is v pla94 ,! scales are mu* l>g] ?an ! leaves4 ,! fl[]-buds conta9 a clu/] ( fl[]s1 on sl5d] gre5 p$icels4 ,! calyx is bell-%ap$1 unequal1 & lob$4 ,! /am5s & pi/il c be se54 ,! fl[]-clu/]s d n seem to leave any m>k :i* is di/+ui%able f ! leaf-sc>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4--;,am]ican ,elm4 #a4 ,bran* 9 w9t] /ate3 a1 leaf-sc>s2 b1 bud-sc>s2 d1 leaf-buds2 e1 fl[]-buds4 #b4 ,bran*1 ) /am9ate fl[]-buds exp&+4 #c4 ,same1 m advanc$4 #d4 ,bran*1 ) pi/illate fl[]s1 ! leaf-bud also exp&+4 ,! leaf-sc>s are small & ext5d ab\t half ar\nd ! /em4 ,! arrangem5t is alt]nate on ! "o-half plan4 ,!re are ?ree dots on ! sc>4 ,! r+s are q pla94 ,! tree c be us$ to make tables ( gr[?1 l ^? ( ! ,bee*4 ,! buds w probably be too small = exam9ation by ! pupils1 at pres5t1 b _! position & developm5t c be /udi$1 & are v in/ructive4 ,z ! leaf-buds are all on ! ends ( ! bran*lets1 ! twigs & bran*es w be j bel[ ! bud-r+s1 & !n !re w be a space :]e no twigs nor bran*es w be f\nd1 till ! next set ( r+s is rea*$4 ,?is gives ! bran*es m room to develop symmetrically4 ,! t]m9al buds d n develop 9 ! ,elm1 9 old trees1 ! bud axill>y to ! la/ leaf ( ! season tak+ its place1 & mo/ ( ! o!r axill>y buds gr[+ also4 ,?is makes ! tree break out into v f9e spray4 ,a tree l ! ,elm1 :]e ! trunk becomes lo/ 9 ! bran*es1 is call$ deliquesc5t2 :5 ! trunk is cont9u$ to ! top ( ! tree1 z 9 ! ,spruce1 x is excurr5t4 ,! small1 fea!ry twigs & bran*es t are (t5 se5 on ! trunks & great limbs ( ! elm gr[ f buds :i* are produc$ any:]e on ! surface ( ! wood4 ,su* buds are call$ adv5titi\s buds4 ,!y (t5 spr+ f a tree :5 x is w\nd$4 ,! ,am]ican elm is1 9 mo/ p>ts ( ! /ate1 ! mo/ magnific5t tree to be se54 ,f a root1 :i*1 9 old trees1 spreads mu* above ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 ! trunk rises to a consid]able height 9 a s+le /em4 ,"h x usually divides into two or ?ree pr9cipal bran*es1 :i* g (f by a gradual & easy curve4 ,!ses /ret* upw>ds & outw>ds ) an airy sweep1 become horizontal1 ! extreme half ( ! limb1 p5d5t1 =m+ a light & regul> ar*4 ,?is graceful curvature1 & abs5ce ( all abruptness1 9 ! prim>y limbs & =ks1 & all ! subsequ5t divisions1 are entirely *>act]i/ic ( ! tree1 & enable an obs]v] to di/+ui% x 9 ! w9t] & ev5 by night1 :5 /&+ 9 relief aga9/ ! sky1 z f> z x c be di/9ctly se54#a ,footnote #a3 ,a ,report on ! ,trees & ,%rubs gr[+ naturally 9 ! ,=e/s ( ,massa*usetts4 ,by ,geo4 ,b4 ,em]son1 ,bo/on1 ,little1 ,br[n & ,co41 #ahge4 ,?is book w be f\nd v useful1 conta9+ c>eful descriptions ( _m trees & %rubs1 & int]e/+ facts ab\t !m4 ,,que/ions ,,on ,,! ,,am]ican ,,elm4 ,h[ d ! fl[]-buds diff] f ! leaf-buds 9 position & appe>ance8 ,:at is ! arrangem5t ( ! leaves8 ,:at o!r tree t y h /udi$ has ?is arrangem5t8 ,h[ old is y\r bran*8 ,:]e w\ld y look to see if ! fl[]-clu/] _h left any m>k8 ,:y is x t sev]al twigs gr[ ne> ea* o!r1 & t !n comes a space )\t any bran*es8 ,:at buds develop mo/ frequ5tly8 ,h[ does ?is affect ! appe>ance ( ! tree8 ,:at is a tree call$ :5 ! trunk is lo/ 9 ! bran*es8 ,,balm ,,( ,,gilead 7,populus balsamif]a1 v>4 c&icans74 ,! buds are po9t$3 ! t]m9al slightly angl$1 ! axill>y flatt5$ aga9/ ! /em4#a ,"s ( ! axill>y buds conta9 leaves & "s fl[]s2 ! appe>ance ( ! leaf-buds & fl[]-buds be+ ! same4 ,! scales ( ! bud are modifi$ /ipules4 ,! t]m9al buds h ab\t ?ree pairs ( ! out] scales br[n & lea!ry4 ,! inn] scales1 z well z ! leaves1 are coat$ ) res9\s matt]1 :i* has a /rong odor & a nause\s ta/e4 ,! small] out] scales h no correspond+ leaf1 & app>5tly are modifi$ /ipules ( ! leaves ( ! prec$+ ye>1 b ! l>g] ones h a leaf to ea* pair ( scales4 ,! out] & inn] leaves are small1 ! middle ones l>g]4 ,comp>+ ! bran*1 x w be se5 t ^! leaves make ! l>ge/ gr[? ( int]node4 ,! leaves are roll$ t[>ds ! midrib on ! upp] face 7involute74 ,!re are ab\t t5 :i* are easily se5 & c\nt$1 ! inn] ones be+ v small1 ) m9ute scales4 ,! axill>y buds h a %ort ?ick scale on ! out] "p ( ! bud1 !n ab\t ?ree pairs ( l>ge scales1 ea* succe$+ "o enwrapp+ ^? )91 ! out] "o br[n & lea!ry4 ,! scales ( ! fl[]-buds are some:at gummy1 b n ne>ly s mu* s z ^? ( ! leaf-buds4 ,)9 is ! catk94 ,ea* pi/il1 or /am5 7!y are on sep>ate trees1 dioeci\s7 is 9 a little cup & cov]$ by a scale1 :i* is cut & fr+$4 ,footnote #a3 ,^! buds _c be satisfactorily exam9$ 9 cross section1 on acc\nt ( ! res94 ,! scales mu/ be remov$ "o by "o1 ) a knife1 ) a complete disreg>d ( ! effect ^u ! h&s4 ,! leaf-sc>s are some:at ?ree-lob$ on ! "y p>ts1 ) ?ree dots1 indicat+ ! fibro-vascul> bundles1 :i* ran up into ! leaf4 ,! sc>s are swoll51 mak+ ! "y bran*es exce$+ly r\gh4 ,9 ! old] p>ts ! sc>s become less noticeable4 ,/rong "y %oots1 especially ^? :i* come up f ! root1 are /rongly angl$1 ) ?ree ridges runn+ up into ea* leaf-sc>1 mak+ !m almo/ club-%ap$4 ,!re are (t5 f tw5ty to ?irty leaves 9 "o ye>'s gr[?1 9 su* %oots1 & all ! leaves are n rudim5t>y 9 ! bud4 ,! gr[? 9 ?is case is said to be indef9ite4 ,usually 9 trees ) scaly buds ! plan ( ! :ole ye>'s gr[? is laid d[n 9 ! bud1 & ! t]m def9ite is appli$4 ,bran*es1 l ! ,rose1 t g on gr[+ all summ] gr[ indef9itely4 ,! bud-scale sc> is q diff]5t f ! o!r trees :i* we h exam9$4 ,x is n compos$ ( def9ite r+s1 b ( leaf-sc>s ) long ridges runn+ f ea* side ( !m1 %[+ ! scales to be modifi$ /ipules4 ,! leaf-sc>s h become some:at sep>at$ by ! gr[? ( ! int]nodes4 ,9 ! ,bee*1 !re are eight1 or m1 pairs ( scales ) no leaves1 s t ! int]nodes d n develop1 & a r+ is left on ! bran*4 ,! fl[]-clu/] leaves a concave1 semicircul> sc>1 9 ! leaf-axil4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4--;,balm-(-,gilead4 #a4 ,bran* 9 w9t] /ate3 a1 leaf-sc>2 b1 bud-sc>4 #b4 ,bran*1 ) leaf-buds exp&$4 #c4 ,bran*1 ) catk9 appe>+ f ! bud4 ,! t]m9al buds are ! /ronge/ & n v _m axill>y buds develop1 s t ! tree has n f9e spray4 ,! leaf-arrangem5t is alt]nate1 on ! #b_/e plan4 ,phyllotaxy is n yet to be tak5 up1 b ! pupils %\ld be %[n ! diff]5t angles ( ! bran*+ ( ! twigs1 & told to comp>e !m ) ,bee* & ,elm4 ,,que/ions ,,on ,,! ,,balm ,,( ,,gilead4 ,9 :i* buds are ! fl[]-clu/]s8 ,are !re fl[]s & leaves 9 ! same buds8 ,:at are ! scales ( ! bud8 ,h[ are ! leaves fold$ 9 ! bud8 ,h[ d ! axill>y & t]m9al buds diff]8 ,:at are ! dots on ! leaf-sc>s8 ,:y is !re no di/9ct b& ( r+s z 9 ,bee*8 ,h[ old is y\r bran*8 ,:]e d y look = fl[]-clu/] sc>s8 ,:i* buds are ! /ronge/8 ,h[ does ?is affect ! appe>ance ( ! tree8 ,:at makes ! ends ( ! bran*es s r\gh8 ,comp>e ! arrangem5t ( ! twigs & bran*es ) ,bee* & ,elm1 ) ,horse*e/nut & ,lilac4 ,,tulip-,,tree 7,liriod5dron ,tulipif]a74 ,! buds are small1 flat1 & r\nd$ at ! apex4 ,!y are %ea!d by scales1 ea* leaf be+ cov]$ by a pair1 ^: edges coh]e4 ,! out] pair are br[n & are ! /ipules ( ! la/ leaf ( ! prec$+ ye>4 ,! leaves are conduplicate1 z 9 ,magnolia1 & h ! blade b5t inw>ds on ! petiole 7inflex$74 ,_! %ape is v cle>ly to be se51 & no bud is m int]e/+ 9 ! clos5ess ( its pack+4 ,axill>y buds are (t5 f\nd )94 ,! fl[]s gr[ high ^u ! trees & t[>ds ! ends ( ! bran*es4 ,! leaf-sc>s are r\nd ) _m dots4 ,! sc> ( ! /ipules is a cont9u\s l9e ar\nd ! /em1 z 9 ,magnolia4 ,,*]ry 7,prunus ,c]asus74 ,! leaf-buds are t]m9al1 or 9 ! axils ( ! upp] leaves ( ! prec$+ ye>2 ! fl[] buds are axill>y4 ,!re is b "o bud 9 ea* axil1 & usually two or ?ree fl[]s 9 ea* bud1 b ! leaves on ! twigs are cr[d$ & ! fl[]s !re=e appe> 9 clu/]s4 ,! blossom-buds are l>g] & m r\nd$ ?an ! leaf-buds4 ,! buds ( ! tree develop v easily 9 ! h\se1 & z !y are s small !y c be bett] /udi$ 9 wat*+ !m come out1 ?an by attempt+ to dissect !m1 unless ! s*ol>s are suffici5tly advanc$ to use ! microscope easily4 ,x is always bad = a pupil to attempt to describe :at he sees b imp]fectly4 ,he w be sure to jump at any conclusions :i* he ?9ks ought to be correct4 ,! leaf-sc>s are semicircul>1 small & swoll54 ,! bud-r+s are pla94 ,! twigs make a v small gr[? 9 a season1 s t ! leaf-sc>s & r+s make !m exce$+ly r\gh4 ,! fl[]-clu/] sc>s are small circles1 ) a dot 9 ! c5tre1 9 ! leaf-axils4 ,! fl[]s come be=e ! leaves4 ,! leaf-arrangem5t is alt]nate on ! #b_/e plan4 ,! pupils may comp>e ! bran*+ ) t ( _! o!r specim5s4 ,,r$ ,,maple 7,ac] rubrum74 ,?is is a good specim5 = ! /udy ( accessory buds4 ,!re is usually a bud 9 ! axil ( ea* l[] scale ( ! axill>y buds1 mak+ ?ree side by side4 ,we h already notic$ ?is z occurr+ sometimes 9 ,lilac4 ,x is habitually ! case ) ! ,r$ ,maple4 ,! middle bud1 :i* is small] & develops lat]1 is a leaf-bud4 ,! o!rs are fl[]-buds4 ,! leaf-sc>s are small1 ) ?ree dots on ea* sc>4 ,! r+s are v pla94 ,! fl[]-clu/] leaves a r\nd sc> 9 ! leaf-axil1 z 9 ,*]ry4 ,! leaves are opposite & ! tree bran*es freely4 ,! twigs seem to be f\nd j bel[ ! bud-r+s1 z ! upp] leaf-buds usually develop be/ & ! l[] buds are s+le1 conta9+ fl[]s only4 ,,norway ,,spruce 7,picea excelsa74 ,! buds are t]m9al1 & axill>y1 f ! axils ( ! leaves ( ! prec$+ ye>1 usually f ^? at ! ends ( ! bran*lets4 ,!y are cov]$ ) br[n scales & conta9 _m leaves4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4--;,bran* ( ,*]ry 9 w9t] /ate3 a1 leaf-sc>2 b1 bud-sc>2 c1 fl[]-sc>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4--;,bran* ( ,r$ ,maple 9 w9t] /ate 7r$uc$74 #b4 ,fl[]-buds ,! leaves are ne$le-%ap$ & %ort4#a ,!y are arrang$ d5sely on ! bran*es1 alt]nately on ! #h_/ba plan 7see section on phyllotaxy74 ,:5 !y drop (f !y leave a h>d1 blunt projection :i* makes ! /em v r\gh4 ,z ! t]m9al bud always develops unless injur$1 ! tree is excurr5t1 =m+ a /raight trunk1 ?r[+ out bran*es on e side4 ,! axill>y buds develop ne> ! ends ( ! bran*lets1 =m+ app>5t :orls ( bran*es ar\nd ! trunk4 ,9 ! small] bran*es1 z ! tree gr[s old]1 ! t5d5cy is = only two buds to develop ne>ly opposite ea* o!r1 =m+ a symmetrical bran*4 ,footnote #a3 ,! pupils %\ld obs]ve h[ mu* m cr[d$ ! leaves are ?an 9 ! o!r trees !y h /udi$4 ,! leaves be+ small]1 x is necess>y to h m ( !m4 ,l>ge-leav$ trees h long] int]nodes ?an ^? ) small leaves4 ,! bud-scales are p]si/5t on ! bran*es & ! gr[? f ye> to ye> c be trac$ a long way back4 ,! cones hang on ! ends ( ! upp] bran*es4 ,!y are mu* l>g] ?an 9 our native species ( ,black & ,:ite ,spruce4 ,! ,ev]gre5s are a v int]e/+ /udy & an excell5t ex]cise 9 morphology = ! old] s*ol>s4 #b4 ,v]nation4 ,?is t]m signifies ! disposition ( leaves 9 ! bud1 ei!r 9 respect to ! way 9 :i* ea* leaf is fold$1 or to ! mann] 9 :i* ! leaves are arrang$ ) ref]5ce to ea* o!r4 ,! pupils h describ$ ! fold+ ( ! leaves 9 "s ( _! specim5s4 ,9 ! ,bee*1 ! leaf is plicate1 or plait$ on ! ve9s4 ,9 ! ,elm1 ,magnolia1 & ,tulip-tree1 x is conduplicate1 t is1 fold$ on ! midrib ) ! inn] face )94 ,9 ! ,tulip-tree1 x is also inflex$1 ! blade b5t =w>ds on ! petiole4 ,9 ! ,balm ( ,gilead1 ! leaf is involute1 roll$ t[>ds ! midrib on ! upp] face4 ,o!r k9ds ( v]nation are revolute1 ! opposite ( involute1 :]e ! leaf is roll$ backw>ds t[>ds ! midrib2 circ9ate1 roll$ f ! apex d[nw>ds1 z we see 9 f]ns2 & corrugate1 :5 ! leaf is crumpl$ 9 ! bud4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4--;,bran* ( ,norway ,spruce4 ,9 all ! trees we h /udi$1 ! leaves simply succe$ ea* o!r1 ea* leaf1 or pair ( leaves1 ov]lapp+ ! next 9 ord]4 ,! names ( ! ov]lapp+ ( ! leaves among !mselves1 imbricat$1 convolute1 etc41 w n be treat$ "h1 z !y are n ne$$4 ,!y w come "u ae/ivation1 ! t]m us$ to describe ! ov]lapp+ ( ! modifi$ leaves1 :i* make up ! fl[]4#a ,footnote #a3 ,read] 9 ,botany4 ,,viii4 ,"y & ,old ,leaves4 #c4 ,phyllotaxy4 ,! subject ( leaf-arrangem5t is an extremely difficult "o1 & x is be/1 ev5 ) ! old] pupils1 to t\* x lightly4 ,! po9t to be especially br\ght out is ! disposition ( ! leaves s t ea* c get ! b5efit ( ! light4 ,?is c be se5 9 any plant & !re are _m ways 9 :i* ! desir$ result is br\ght ab\t4 ,! *ief way is ! di/ribution ( ! leaves ab\t ! /em1 & ?is is well /udi$ f ! leaf-sc>s4 ,! s*ol>s %\ld keep ! bran*es !y h /udi$4 ,x is well to h !m m>k$ ) ! respective names1 t ! tea*] may exam9e & return !m )\t fe> ( mi/akes4 ,9 ! v>i\s bran*es t ! pupils h /udi$1 !y h se5 t ! arrangem5t ( ! leaves diff]s greatly4 ,! arrangem5t ( leaves is usually class$ "u ?ree modes3 ! alt]nate1 ! opposite1 & ! :orl$2 b ! opposite is ! simple/ =m ( ! :orl$ arrangem5t1 ! leaves be+ 9 circles ( two4 ,9 ?is arrangem5t1 ! leaves ( ea* :orl /& ov] ! spaces ( ! :orl j bel[4 ,! pupils h obs]v$ & not$ ?is 9 ,horse*e/nut & ,lilac4 ,9 ^! !re are f\r v]tical r[s or ranks ( leaves4 ,9 :orls ( ?ree leaves !re w\ld be six ranks1 9 :orls ( f\r1 eight1 & s on4 ,:5 ! leaves are alt]nate1 or s+le at ea* node ( ! /em1 !y are arrang$ 9 _m diff]5t ways4 ,ask ! pupils to look at all ! bran*es ) alt]nate leaves t !y h /udi$1 & det]m9e 9 ea* case :at leaves /& directly ov] ea* o!r4 ,t is1 beg9n+ ) any leaf1 c\nt ! numb] ( leaves pass$ on ! /em1 till "o is rea*$ t /&s directly ov] ! fir/4#a ,9 ! ,bee* & ! ,elm ! leaves are on opposite sides ( ! /em1 s t ! ?ird /&s directly ov] ! fir/4 ,?is makes two v]tical ranks1 or r[s1 ( leaves1 divid+ ! circle into halves4 ,x is1 !re=e1 call$ ! #a_/b arrangem5t4 ,ano!r way ( express+ x is to say t ! angul> div]g5ce betwe5 ! leaves is #ahj deg41 or "o-half ! circumf]5ce4 ,footnote #a3 ,! pupils mu/ be c>eful n to pass ! bud-r+s :5 !y are c\nt+ ! leaves4 ,! #a_/c arrangem5t1 ) ! leaves 9 ?ree v]tical ranks1 is n v common4 ,x may be se5 9 ,s$ges1 9 ! ,orange-tree1 & 9 ,black ,ald] 7,ilex v]ticillata74 ,9 ?is arrangem5t1 !re are ?ree ranks ( leaves1 & ea* leaf div]ges f ! next at an angle ( #abj deg41 or "o-?ird ( ! circumf]5ce4 ,by f> ! commone/ arrangem5t is ) ! leaves 9 five v]tical ranks4 ,! ,*]ry1 ! ,popl>1 ! ,l>*1 ! ,oak1 & _m o!r trees exhibit ?is4 ,9 ?is arrangem5t !re are five leaves necess>y to complete ! circle4 ,we might expect1 !n1 t ea* leaf w\ld occupy "o-fif? ( ! circle4 ,?is w\ld be ! case 7 x n = ! fact t we h to pass twice ar\nd ! /em 9 c\nt+ !m1 s t ea* leaf has twice z mu* room1 or two-fif?s ( ! circle1 to itself4 ,?is is1 !re=e1 ! #b_/e arrangem5t4 ,?is c be %[n by w9d+ a ?read ar\nd ! /em1 pass+ x ov] ea* leaf-sc>4 ,9 ! ,bee* we make "o turn ( ! /em be=e rea*+ ! ?ird leaf :i* /&s ov] ! fir/4 ,9 ! ,apple ! ?read w w9d twice ab\t ! /em1 be=e com+ to ! six? leaf1 :i* is ov] ! fir/4 ,ano!r arrangem5t1 n v common1 is f\nd 9 ! ,magnolia1 ! ,holly1 & ! radical leaves ( ! common ,planta9 & ,tobacco4 ,! ?read makes ?ree turns ( ! /em be=e rea*+ ! eigh? leaf :i* /&s ov] ! fir/4 ,?is is ! #c_/h arrangem5t4 ,x is well se5 9 ! ,m>gu]ite1 a gre5h\se plant :i* is v easily gr[n 9 ! h\se4 ,look n[ at ^! fractions1 #a_/b1 #a_/c1 #b_/e1 & #c_/h4 ,! num]ator ( ! ?ird is ! sum ( ! num]ators ( ! fir/ & second1 its d5om9ator1 ! sum ( ! two d5om9ators4 ,! same is true ( ! f\r? fraction & ! two imm$iately prec$+ x4 ,cont9u+ ! s]ies1 we get ! fractions #e_/ac1 #h_/ba1 #ac_/cd4 ,^! arrangem5ts c be f\nd 9 nature 9 cones1 ! scales ( :i* are modifi$ leaves & foll[ ! laws ( leaf-arrangem5t4#a ,footnote #a3 ,see ! uses & orig9 ( ! arrangem5t ( leaves 9 plants4 ,by ,*auncey ,wright4 ,memoirs ,am]4 ,acad41 ,,ix1 p4 #chi4 ,?is essay is an ab/ruse ma!matical treatise on ! !ory ( phyllotaxy4 ,! fractions are treat$ z successive approximations to a !oretical angle1 :i* repres5ts ! be/ possible exposure to air & light4 ,mod]n au?ors1 h[ev]1 d n g5]ally accept ?is ma!matical view ( leaf-arrangem5t4 #a;,x is to be not$ t ! di/i*\s or #a_/b v>iety gives ! maximum div]g5ce1 namely #ahj deg41 & t ! tri/i*\s1 or #a_/c1 gives ! lea/1 or #abj deg42 t ! p5ta/i*\s1 or #b_/e1 is ne>ly ! mean betwe5 ! fir/ two2 t ( ! #c_/h1 ne>ly ! mean betwe5 ! two prec$+1 etc4 ,! disadvantage ( ! two-rank$ arrangem5t is t ! leaves are soon sup]pos$ & s ov]%ad[ ea* o!r4 ,?is is commonly obviat$ by ! l5g? ( ! int]nodes1 :i* is apt to be mu* great] 9 ?is ?an 9 ! m complex arrangem5ts1 !re=e plac+ !m v]tically fur!r ap>t2 or else1 z 9 ,elms1 ,bee*es1 & ! l1 ! bran*lets take a horizontal position & ! petioles a qu>t] twi/1 :i* gives full exposure ( ! upp] face ( all ! leaves to ! light4 ,! #a_/c & #b_/e1 ) dim9i%$ div]g5ce1 increase ! numb] ( ranks2 ! #c_/h & all beyond1 ) mean div]g5ce ( successive leaves1 effect a m ?or\gh di/ribution1 b ) less & less angul> di/ance betwe5 ! v]tical ranks4 ,footnote #a3 ,gray's ,/ructural ,botany1 ,*ap1 iv1 p4 #abf4 ,= directions = f9d+ ! arrangem5t ( cones1 see ,gray's ,/ructural ,botany1 ,*ap4 ,,iv1 ,sect4 #a4 ,! subject appe>s easy :5 /at$ 9 a text-book1 b1 practically1 x is (t5 exce$+ly difficult to det]m9e ! arrangem5t4 ,/ems (t5 twi/ s z to alt] entirely ! app>5t disposition ( ! leaves4 ,! g5]al pr9ciple1 h[ev]1 t ! leaves are dispos$ s z to get ! be/ exposure to air & light is cle>4 ,?is _c be %[n by ! /udy ( ! nak$ bran*es m]ely1 because ^! d n %[ ! beautiful result ( ! di/ribution4#a ,_m h\se plants c be f\nd1 :i* w af=d excell5t illu/rations 7,fig4 #ba74 ,! ,m>gu]ite & ,tobacco1 bo? easily gr[n 9 ! h\se1 are on ! #c_/h plan4 ,! latt] %[s ! eight ranks mo/ pla9ly 9 ! rosette ( its l[] leaves4 ,! di/ribution is (t5 br\ght ab\t by diff]5ces 9 ! l5g?s ( ! petioles1 z 9 a ,horse*e/nut bran* 7,fig4 #bb7 :]e ! l[]1 l>g] leaves /& out fur!r f ! bran* ?an ! upp] ones2 or by a twi/ 9 ! petioles1 s t ! upp] faces ( ! leaves are turn$ up to ! light1 z 9 ,bee* 7,fig4 #bc74 ,if x is spr+time :5 ! lessons are giv51 endless adaptations c be f\nd4 ,footnote #a3 ,read] 9 ,botany4 ,,ix4 ,leaf-,arrangem5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4 ,bran* ( ,g]anium1 view$ f above4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4 ,gray's ,fir/ ,lessons4 ,sect4 ,,iv4 ,,vii1 sec4 #d4 ,h[ ,plants ,gr[4 ,*ap4 ,i1 #ea-fb2 ,i1 #aec4 ,v4 ,,/ems4 ,! /em1 z ! s*ol>s h already le>n$1 is ! axis ( ! plant4 ,! leaves are produc$ at c]ta9 def9ite po9ts call$ nodes1 & ! portions ( /em betwe5 ^! po9ts are int]nodes4 ,! int]node1 node1 & leaf make a s+le plant-"p1 & ! plant is made up ( a succession ( su* p>ts4 ,! /em1 z well z ! root & leaves1 may be> plant-hairs4 ,! accept$ !ory ( plant /ructure assumes t ^! f\r p>ts1 root1 /em1 leaves1 & plant-hairs1 are ! only memb]s ( a fl[]+ plant1 & t all o!r =ms1 z fl[]s1 t5drils1 etc41 are modifi$ f ^!4 ,:ile ?is idea is at ! f\ndation ( all our tea*+1 caus+ u to lead ! pupil to recognize z modifi$ leaves ! cotyl$ons ( a se$l+ & ! scales ( a bud1 x is difficult to /ate x directly s z to be und]/ood1 except by mature m9ds4 ,i h be5 frequ5tly surpris$ at ! failure ( ev5 bright & advanc$ pupils to grasp ?is idea1 & believe x is bett] to let !m fir/ imbibe x unconsci\sly 9 _! /udy4 ,:5ev] _! m9ds are ready = x1 x w be readily und]/ood4 ,! *ief difficulty is t !y imag9e t !re is a direct metamorphosis ( a leaf to a petal or a /am54 ,briefly1 ! !ory is ?is3 ! beg9n+s ( leaf1 petal1 t5dril1 etc41 are ! same4 ,at an e>ly /age ( _! gr[? x is impossible to tell :at !y are to become4 ,!y develop into ! organ ne$$ = ! p>ticul> "w requir$ ( !m to d4 ,! organ1 t "u o!r circum/ances might develop into a leaf1 is capable ( develop+ into a petal1 a /am51 or a pi/il1 accord+ to ! requirem5ts ( ! plant1 b no actual metamorphosis takes place4 ,sometimes1 in/ead ( develop+ into ! =m we %\ld normally f9d1 ! organ develops into ano!r =m1 z :5 a petal /&s 9 ! place ( a /am51 or ! pi/il rev]ts to a leafy bran*4 ,?is w be m fully treat$ "u fl[]s4 ,! /udy ( ! diff]5t =ms 9 :i* an organ may appe> is ! /udy ( morphology4 #a4 ,=ms ( ,/ems4--,/ems may gr[ 9 _m ways4 ,let ! pupils comp>e ! habits ( gr[? ( ! se$l+s !y h /udi$4 ,! ,sunfl[] & ,corn are erect4 ,?is is ! mo/ usual habit1 z ) our common trees4 ,! ,morn+ ,glory is tw9+1 ! /em itself twi/s ab\t a support4 ,! ,bean1 ,pea & ,na/urtium are climb+4 ,! /ems are weak1 & are held up1 9 ! fir/ two by t5drils1 9 ! la/ by ! tw9+ leaf-/alks4 ,! ,engli% ,ivy1 z we h se51 is also climb+1 by means ( its a]ial roots4 ,! ,r$ ,clov] is asc5d+1 ! bran*es ris+ obliquely f ! base4 ,"s k9ds ( ,clov]1 z ! ,:ite ,clov]1 are creep+1 t is1 ) pro/rate bran*es root+ at ! nodes & =m+ new plants4 ,su* root+ bran*es are call$ /olons1 or :5 ! /em runs und]gr\nd1 suck]s4 ,! g>d5] imitates !m 9 ! process call$ lay]+1 t is1 b5d+ d[n an erect bran* & cov]+ x ) soil1 caus+ x to /rike root4 ,:5 ! connect+ /em is cut1 a new plant is =m$4 ,long & leafless /olons1 l ^? ( ! ,/rawb]ry are call$ runn]s4 ,/ems creep bel[ ! gr\nd z well z above4 ,probably ! pupil w ?9k ( "s examples4 ,! pretty little ,gold ,?read is s nam$ f ! yell[ runn+ /ems1 :i* gr[ b5ea? ! gr\nd & s5d up %oots1 or suck]s1 :i* make new plants4 ,_m grasses propagate !mselves 9 ?is way4 ,su* /ems are call$ root/ocks4 ,t ^! are really /ems1 & n roots1 is evid5t f ! way 9 :i* !y gr[2 f _! consi/+ ( a succession ( jo9ts2 & f ! leaves :i* !y be> on ea* node1 9 ! =m ( small scales1 j l ! l[e/ ones on ! upright /em next ! gr\nd4 ,!y also produce buds 9 ! axils ( ^! scales1 %[+ ! scales to be leaves2 :]eas real roots be> nei!r leaves nor axill>y buds4#a ,root/ocks are (t5 /or$ ) n\ri%m5t4 ,we h already tak5 up ?is subject 9 ! potato1 b x is well to repeat ! di/9ction betwe5 /ems & roots4 ,a ?ick1 %ort root/ock provid$ ) buds1 l ! potato1 is call$ a tub]4 ,comp>e aga9 ! corm ( ,crocus & ! bulb ( ,onion to f9d ! /em 9 ea*4 ,9 ! =m]1 x makes ! bulk ( ! :ole2 9 ! latt]1 x is a m]e plate hold+ ! fle%y bases ( ! leaves4 ,footnote #a3 ,gray's ,fir/ ,lessons1 revis$ edition1 #ahhg1 page #db4 #b4 ,movem5ts ( ,/ems4--,let a glass ?read1 no l>g] ?an a co>se hair1 be affix$ by means ( "s quickly dry+ v>ni% to ! tip ( ! lat]ally incl9$ /em ( "o ( ! "y ,morn+-,glory plants 9 ! s*oolroom4 ,/& a piece ( c>dbo>d beside ! pot1 at "r angles to ! /em1 s t ! end ( ! glass w be ne> ! surface ( ! c>d4 ,make a dot ^u ! c>d opposite ! tip ( ! filam5t1 tak+ c>e n to di/urb ! position ( ei!r4 ,9 a few m9utes obs]ve t ! filam5t is no long] opposite ! dot4 ,m>k its position anew1 & cont9ue ?us until a circle is complet$ on ! c>dbo>d4 ,?is is a r\gh way ( conduct+ ! exp]im5t4 ,d>w9's me?od w be f\nd 9 ! footnote4#a ,footnote #a3 ,plants gr[+ 9 pots 7 protect$ :olly f ! light1 or _h light admitt$ f above or on "o side z ! case might require1 & 7 cov]$ above by a l>ge horizontal %eet ( glass1 & ) ano!r v]tical %eet on "o side4 ,a glass filam5t1 n ?ick] ?an a horsehair1 & f a qu>t] to ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* 9 l5g?1 0 affix$ to ! "p to be obs]v$ by means ( %ellac dissolv$ 9 alcohol4 ,! solution 0 all[$ to evaporate until x became s ?ick t x set h>d 9 two or ?ree seconds1 & x nev] injur$ ! tissues1 ev5 ! tips ( t5d] radicles1 to :i* x 0 appli$4 ,to ! end ( ! glass filam5t an excessively m9ute bead ( black seal+-wax 0 cem5t$1 bel[ or beh9d :i* a bit ( c>d ) a black dot 0 fix$ to a /ick driv5 into ! gr\nd4444 ,! bead & ! dot on ! c>d 7 view$ ?r\gh ! horizontal or v]tical glass-plate 7accord+ to ! position ( ! object7 & :5 "o exactly cov]$ ! o!r1 a dot 0 made on ! glass plate ) a %>ply po9t$ /ick dipp$ 9 ?ick ,india ink4 ,o!r dots 7 made at %ort int]vals ( "t & ^! 7 aft]w>ds jo9$ by /raight l9es4 ,! figures ?us trac$ 7 !re=e angul>1 b if dots _h be5 made e "o or two m9utes1 ! l9es w\ld h be5 m curvil9e>4--,! ,p[] ( ,movem5t 9 ,plants1 p4 #f4 ,! use ( ! glass filam5t is simply to increase ! size ( ! circle describ$1 & ?us make visible ! movem5ts ( ! /em4 ,all "y p>ts ( /ems are cont9ually mov+ 9 circles or ellipses4 ,to le>n h[ ! sweeps are made1 "o has only to m>k a l9e ( dots along ! upp] side ( ! out/ret*$ revolv+ end ( su* a /em1 & to note t :5 x has mov$ r\nd a qu>t] ( a circle1 ^! dots w be on "o side2 :5 half r\nd1 ! dots occupy ! l[] side2 & :5 ! revolution is complet$1 !y are aga9 on ! upp] side4 ,t is1 ! /em revolves by b[+ itself ov] to "o side1--is ei!r pull$ ov] or pu%$ ov]1 or bo?1 by "s int]nal =ce1 :i* acts 9 turn all r\nd ! /em 9 ! direction 9 :i* x sweeps2 & s ! /em makes its circuits )\t twi/+4#a ,footnote #a3 ,h[ ,plants ,behave4 ,by ,asa ,gray4 ,ivison1 ,blakeman1 ,taylor ,co41 ,new ,york1 #ahgb4 ,page #ac4 ,! nature ( ! movem5t is ?us a successive nodd+ to all ! po9ts ( ! compass1 :5ce x is call$ by ,d>w9 circumnutation4 ,! movem5t belongs to all "y gr[+ p>ts ( plants4 ,! great sweeps ( a tw9+ /em1 l t ( ! ,morn+-,glory1 are only an increase 9 ! size ( ! circle or ellipse describ$4#a ,footnote #a3 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! pres5t volume x w be %[n t app>5tly e gr[+ "p ( e plant is cont9ually circumnutat+1 ?\gh (t5 on a small scale4 ,ev5 ! /ems ( se$l+s be=e !y h brok5 ?r\gh ! gr\nd1 z well z _! buri$ radicles1 circumnutate1 z f> z ! pressure ( ! surr\nd+ e>? p]mits4 ,9 ?is univ]sally pres5t movem5t we h ! basis or gr\ndwork = ! acquirem5t1 accord+ to ! requirem5ts ( ! plant1 ( ! mo/ div]sifi$ movem5ts4 ,?us ! great sweeps made by ! /ems ( ! tw9+ plants1 & by ! t5drils ( o!r climb]s1 result f a m]e increase 9 ! amplitude ( ! ord9>y movem5t ( circumnutation4--,! ,p[] ( ,movem5t 9 ,plants1 p4 #c4 ,:5 a "y /em ( a ,morn+-,glory1 ?us revolv+1 comes 9 contact ) a support1 x w twi/ ar\nd x1 unless ! surface is too smoo? to pres5t any resi/ance to ! movem5t ( ! plant4 ,try to make x tw9e up a glass rod4 ,x w slip up ! rod & fall (f4 ,! ,morn+-,glory & mo/ tw9]s move ar\nd f left to "r l ! h&s ( a clock1 b a few turn f "r to left4 ,:ile ?is subject is "u consid]ation1 ! t5drils ( ! ,pea & ,bean & ! tw9+ petioles ( ! ,na/urtium w be int]e/+ = comp>ison4 ,! movem5ts c be made visible by ! same me?od z 0 us$ = ! /em ( ! ,morn+-,glory4 ,t5drils & leaf petioles are (t5 s5sitive to ! t\*4 ,if a "y leaf /alk ( ,clematis be rubb$ = a few mom5ts1 especially on ! "u side1 x w be f\nd 9 a day or two to be turn$ inw>d1 & ! t5drils ( ! ,cucumb] v9e w coil 9 a few m9utes aft] be+ ?us irritat$4#a ,! movem5ts ( t5drils are *>m+ly describ$ 9 ! *apt] entitl$ ,h[ ,plants ,climb1 9 ! little treatise by ,dr4 ,gray1 already m5tion$4 ,footnote #a3 ,read] 9 ,botany4 ,x4 ,climb+ ,plants4 ,! s-call$ sleep ( plants is ano!r simil> movem5t4 ,! ,oxalis is a good example4 ,! leaves droop & close toge!r at night1 protect+ !m f be+ *ill$ by too great radiation4 ,! cause ( ^! movem5ts is believ$ to lie 9 *anges ( t5sion prec$+ gr[? 9 ! tissues ( ! /em4#a ,e /em is 9 a /ate ( con/ant t5sion4 ,naud9 has ?us express$ x1 ! int]ior ( e /em is too l>ge = its ,jacket4#b ,if a leaf-/alk ( ,na/urtium be slit v]tically = an in* or two1 ! two halves w spr+ back abruptly4 ,?is is because ! out] tissues ( ! /em are /ret*$1 & spr+ back l india-rubb] :5 releas$4 ,if two /alks tw9+ 9 opposite directions be slit z above describ$1 ! side ( ! /em t[>ds :i* ea* /alk is b5t w spr+ back m ?an ! o!r1 %[+ ! t5sion to be great] on t side4 ,a famili> illu/ration ( ?is t5sion w be f\nd 9 ! ,d&elion curls ( our *ildhood4 ,footnote #a3 ,see ,physiological ,botany4 ,by ,geo4 ,l4 ,goodale4 ,ivison ,co41 ,new ,york1 #ahhe4 ,page #djf4 ,footnote #b3 ,! foll[+ exp]im5t exhibits ! ph5om5on ( t5sion v /rik+ly4 ,f a long & ?rifty "y int]node ( grapev9e cut a piece t %all measure exactly "o hundr$ units1 = in/ance1 millimet]s4 ,f ?is section1 :i* measures exactly "o hundr$ millimet]s1 c>efully sep>ate ! epid]mal /ructures 9 /rips1 & place ! /rips at once "u an inv]t$ glass to prev5t dry+2 next1 sep>ate ! pi? 9 a s+le unbrok5 piece :olly fre$ f ! ligne\s tissue4 ,f9ally1 remeasure ! isolat$ portions1 & comp>e ) ! orig9al measure ( ! int]node4 ,!re w be f\nd an appreciable %ort5+ ( ! epid]mal tissues & a m>k$ increase 9 l5g? ( ! pi?4--,physiological ,botany1 p4 #cia4 ,! movem5ts ( ! ,s5sitive ,plant are always v int]e/+ to pupils1 & x is said n to be difficult to raise ! plants 9 ! s*oolroom4 ,! :ole subject1 inde$1 is "o ( ! mo/ fasc9at+ t c be f\nd1 & its lit]ature is available1 bo? = /ud5ts & tea*]s4 ,d>w9's essay on ,climb+ ,plants1 & 8 lat] "w on ! ,p[] ( ,movem5t 9 ,plants1 ,dr4 ,gray's ,h[ ,plants ,behave1 & ! *apt] on ,movem5ts 9 ! ,physiological ,botany1 w (f] a wide field = /udy & exp]im5t4 #c4 ,/ructure ( ,/ems4--,let ! pupils collect a s]ies ( bran*es ( "s common tree or %rub1 f ! y\nge/ twig up to z l>ge a bran* z !y c cut1 & describe !m4 ,popl>1 ,elm1 ,oak1 ,lilac1 etc41 w be f\nd excell5t = ! purpose4 ,:ile discuss+ ^! descriptions1 a brief explanation ( plant-/ructure may be giv54 ,9 treat+ ?is subject1 ! tea*] mu/ gov]n himself by ! ne$s ( 8 class1 & ! means at 8 comm&4 ,explanations requir+ ! use ( a comp\nd microscope d n ent] necess>ily into ^! lessons4 ,! object aim$ at is to tea* ! pupils ab\t ! ?+s :i* !y c see & h&le = !mselves4 ,look+ at sections t o!rs h prep>$ is l look+ at pictures2 &1 :ile useful 9 op5+ _! eyes & m9ds to ! wond]s hidd5 f our unassi/$ sight1 fails to give ! real b5efit ( sci5tific tra9+4 ,plants are built up ( cells4 ,! delicate-wall$ sph]ical1 or polygonal1 cells :i* make up ! bulk ( an h]bace\s /em1 con/itute cellul> tissue 7p>5*yma74 ,?is 0 well se5 9 ! /em ( ! cutt+ ( ,bean 9 :i* ! roots _h begun to =m4#a ,! /r5g!n+ fabric 9 almo/ all fl[]+ plants is made up ( woody bundles1 or woody tissue4#b ,! wood-cells are cells :i* are elongat$ & ) ?ick5$ walls4 ,!re are _m k9ds ( !m4 ,^? :]e ! walls are v ?ick & ! cavity )9 extremely small are fibres4 ,a k9d ( cell1 n /rictly woody1 is :]e _m cells =m long vessels by ! break+ away ( ! connect+ walls4 ,^! are ducts4 ,^! two k9ds ( cells are g5]ally associat$ toge!r 9 woody bundles1 call$ !re=e fibro-vascul> bundles4 ,we h already spok5 ( !m z mak+ ! dots on ! leaf-sc>s1 & =m+ ! /r5g!n+ fabric ( ! leaves4#c ,footnote #a3 ,see page #df4 ,footnote #b3 ,if elem5ts ( ! same k9d are unti$1 !y con/itute a tissue to :i* is giv5 ! "n ( ^? elem5ts2 ?us p>5*yma cells =m p>5*yma tissue or simply p>5*yma2 cork-cells =m cork1 etc4 ,a tissue c !re=e be def9$ z a fabric ( unit$ cells :i* h _h a common orig9 & obey$ a common law ( gr[?4--,physiological ,botany4 p4 #ajb4 ,footnote #c3 ,see page #eh4 ,we w n[ exam9e our s]ies ( bran*es4 ,! y\nge/ twigs1 9 spr+ or e>ly summ]1 are cov]$ ) a delicate1 ne>ly colorless sk94 ,b5ea? ?is is a lay] ( b>k1 usually gre51 :i* gives ! color to ! /em1 an inn] lay] ( b>k1 ! wood & ! pi?4 ,! pi? is s(t1 spongy & some:at sappy4 ,!re is also sap betwe5 ! b>k & ! wood4 ,an old] twig has *ang$ its color4 ,!re is a lay] ( br[n b>k1 :i* has replac$ ! colorless sk94 ,9 a twig a ye> old ! wood is ?ick] & ! pi? is dry]4 ,comp>+ sections ( old] bran*es ) ^! twigs1 we f9d t ! pi? has %runk & become q dry1 & t ! wood is 9 r+s4 ,x is n practicable = ! pupils to comp>e ! numb] ( ^! r+s ) ! bud-r+s1 & s f9d out = !mselves t ! age ( ! bran* c be det]m9$ f ! wood1 = 9 "y /ems ! successive lay]s are n g5]ally di/9ct4 ,b1 9 all ! specim5s1 ! sap is f\nd j betwe5 ! wood & ! b>k1 & "h1 :]e ! supply ( food is1 is :]e ! gr[? is tak+ place4 ,ea* ye> new wood & new b>k are =m$ 9 ?is cambium-lay]1 z x is call$1 new wood on its inn]1 new b>k on its out] face4 ,trees :i* ?us =m a new r+ ( wood e ye> are call$ exog5\s1 or outside-gr[+4 ,ask ! pupils to sep>ate ! b>k into its ?ree lay]s & to try ! /r5g? ( ea*4 ,! two out] w easily break1 b ! inn] is g5]ally t\gh & flexible4 ,x is ?is inn] b>k1 :i* makes ! ,popl> & ,will[ bran*es s h>d to break4 ,^! /rong1 woody fibres ( ! inn] b>k give u _m ( our textile fabrics4 ,flax & ,hemp come f ! inn] b>k ( _! respective plants 7,l9um usitatissimum & ,cannabis sativa71 & ,russia matt+ is made f ! b>k ( ! ,l9d5 7,tilia ,am]icana74 ,we h f\nd1 9 comp>+ ! b>k ( specim5s ( bran*es ( v>i\s ages1 t1 9 ! y\nge/ /ems1 ! :ole is cov]$ ) a sk91 or epid]mis1 :i* is soon replac$ by a br[n out] lay] ( b>k1 call$ ! corky lay]2 ! latt] gives ! di/9ctive color to ! tree4 ,:ile ?is gr[s1 x increases by a liv+ lay] ( cork-cambium on its inn] face1 b x usually dies aft] a few ye>s4 ,9 "s trees x goes on gr[+ = _m ye>s4 ,x =ms ! lay]s ( b>k 9 ! ,pap] ,bir* & ! cork ( comm]ce is tak5 f ! ,cork ,oak ( ,spa94 ,! gre5 b>k is ( cellul> tissue1 ) "s gre5 color+ matt] l t ( ! leaves2 x is at fir/ ! out] lay]1 b soon becomes cov]$ ) cork4 ,x does n usually gr[ aft] ! fir/ ye>4 ,scrap+ ! b>k ( an old tree1 we f9d ! b>k homog5e\s4 ,! out] lay]s h p]i%$ & be5 ca/ (f4 ,z ! tree gr[s f )91 ! b>k is /ret*$ &1 if n replac$1 cracks & falls away piecemeal4 ,s1 9 mo/ old trees1 ! b>k consi/s ( successive lay]s ( ! inn] woody b>k4 ,/ems c be well /udi$ f pieces ( wood f ! woodpile4 ,! ends ( ! log w %[ ! conc5tric r+s4 ,^! c be trac$ z long1 wavy l9es 9 v]tical sections ( ! log1 especially if ! surface is smoo?4 ,if ! pupils c :ittle (f diff]5t planes = !mselves1 !y w =m a good idea ( ! =mation ( ! wood4 ,9 _m ( ! specim5s !re w be knots1 & ! nature ( ^! w be an int]e/+ subject = que/ions4 ,if ! knot is ne> ! c5tre ( ! log1 lead back _! ?\ghts to ! "t :5 ! tree 0 z small z ! annul> r+ on :i* ! c5tre ( ! knot lies4 ,draw a l9e on ?is r+ to repres5t ! tree at ?is p]iod ( its gr[?4 ,:at c\ld ! knot h be58 ,x has conc5tric circles l ! tree itself4 ,x 0 a bran* :i* decay$1 or 0 cut (f4 ,ye> aft] ye>1 new r+s ( wood =m$ !mselves r\nd ?is brok5 bran*1 till x 0 cov]$ f sight1 & e ye> left x m deeply buri$ 9 ! trunk4 ,extremely int]e/+ mat]ial = ! /udy ( wood w be f\nd 9 ?9 sections prep>$ = v5e]s4 ,packages ( su* sections w be ( great use to ! tea*]4#a ,!y %[ well ! reason ( ! =mation ( a divid+ l9e betwe5 ! wood ( successive seasons4 ,9 a cross section ( ,oak or ,*e/nut ! wood is fir/ v op5 & por\s & !n close4 ,?is is ow+ to ! pres5ce ( ducts 9 ! wood =m$ 9 ! spr+4 ,9 o!r woods !re are no ducts1 or !y are ev5ly di/ribut$1 b ! transition f ! close autumn wood1 consi/+ ( small] & m closely pack$ cells1 to ! wood ( loos] texture1 =m$ 9 ! foll[+ spr+1 makes a l9e t m>ks ! season's gr[?4 ,footnote #a3 ,mr4 ,romeyn ,b4 ,h\gh1 ( ,l[ville1 ,n4,y41 w supply a package ( su* sections = "o doll>4 ,! package w consi/ ( sev]al diff]5t woods1 9 bo? cross & v]tical section & w conta9 en\gh duplicates = an ord9>y class4 ,he also issues a s]ies ( books on woods illu/rat$ by actual & neatly m\nt$ specim5s1 %[+ 9 ea* case ?ree di/9ct views ( ! gra94 ,! "w is issu$ 9 p>ts1 ea* repres5t+ tw5ty-five species1 & sell+ ) text at #e1 expressage prepaid2 ! m\nt$ specim5s alone at #be cts4 p] species or tw5ty-five 9 neat box = #d4 ,he has also a l9e ( specim5s prep>$ = ! /]eopticon & ano!r = ! microscope4 ,!y are v useful & sell at #ej cts4 p] species or tw5ty-five = #aj4 ,let ea* ( ! s*ol>s take "o ( ! sections ( ,oak & write a description ( its m>k+s4 ,! age is easily det]m9$2 ! pi? rays1 or m$ull>y rays1 are also pla94 ,^! =m :at is call$ ! silv] gra9 ( ! wood4 ,! ducts1 also1 are cle> 9 ! ,oak & ,*e/nut4 ,!re is a diff]5ce 9 color betwe5 ! out] & inn] wood1 ! old] wood becomes d>k] & is call$ ! he>t-wood1 ! out] is ! sap-wood4 ,9 ,birds-eye ,maple1 & "s o!r woods1 ! abortive buds are se54 ,!y are buri$ 9 ! wood1 & make ! di/urbance :i* produces ! ornam5tal gra94 ,9 sections ( ,p9e or ,spruce1 no ducts c be f\nd4 ,! wood consi/s entirely ( elongat$1 ?ick5$ cells or fibres4 ,9 "s ( ! trees ! pi? rays _c be se5 ) ! nak$ eye4 ,let ! pupils comp>e ! bran*es :i* !y h describ$1 ) a /alk ( ,asp>agus1 ,rattan1 or ,lily4 ,a cross section ( "o ( ^! %[s dots among ! s(t tissue4 ,^! are ends ( ! fibro-vascul> bundles1 :i* 9 ^! plants are scatt]$ ?r\gh ! cellul> tissue in/ead ( be+ br\ght toge!r 9 a cyl9d] outside ( ! pi?4 ,9 a v]tical section !y appe> z l9es4 ,!re are no annul> r+s4 ,if possible1 let ! pupils comp>e ! leaves belong+ to ^! diff]5t types ( /ems4 ,! p>allel-ve9$ leaves ( monocotyl$ons h /ems )\t di/9ction ( wood1 b>k & pi?2 ! nett$-ve9$ leaves ( dicotyl$ons h exog5\s /ems4 ,dicotyl$ons h b>k1 wood1 & pi?1 & gr[ by produc+ a new r+ ( wood outside ! old4 ,!y also increase by ! gr[? ( ! woody bundles ( ! leaves1 :i* m+le ) ^? ( ! /em4#a ,twi/ (f ! leaf-/alk ( any leaf1 & trace ! bundles into ! /em4 ,footnote #a3 ,see note1 p4 #abg1 ,physiological ,botany4 ,monocotyl$ons h no lay] :i* has ! p[] ( produc+ new wood1 & _! gr[? takes place entirely f ! int]calation ( new bundles1 :i* orig9ate at ! bases ( ! leaves4 ,! l[] "p ( a /em ( a ,palm1 = in/ance1 does n increase 9 size aft] x has lo/ its cr[n ( leaves4 ,?is is c>ri$ up gradually4 ,! upp] "p ( ! /em is a cone1 hav+ fronds1 & bel[ ?is cone ! /em does n increase 9 diamet]4 ,! ^w endog5\s1 inside-gr[+1 is n1 !re=e1 a correct "o to describe ! gr[? ( mo/ monocotyl$ons1 = ! gr[? takes place :]e ! leaves orig9ate1 ne> ! ext]ior ( ! /em4 ,gray's ,fir/ ,lessons4 ,sect4 ,,vi4 ,sect1 ,,xvi1 sec4 #a1 #dja-ac4 sec4 #c4 sec4 #f1 #dfe-gd4 ,h[ ,plants ,gr[4 ,*ap4 #a1 #hb1 #ij-aah4 ,,vi4 ,,leaves4 ,we h /udi$ leaves z cotyl$ons1 bud-scales1 etc41 b :5 we speak ( leaves1 we d n ?9k ( ^! adapt$ =ms1 b ( ! gre5 foliage ( ! plant4 #a4 ,=ms & ,/ructure4--,provide ! pupils ) a numb] ( gre5 leaves1 illu/rat+ simple & comp\nd1 p9nate & palmate1 sessile & petiol$ leaves4 ,!y mu/ fir/ decide ! "q1 ,:at are ! p>ts ( a leaf8 ,all ! specim5s h a gre5 blade :i*1 9 ord9>y spee*1 we call ! leaf4 ,"s h a /alk1 or petiole1 o!rs are jo9$ directly to ! /em4 ,9 "s ( !m1 z a rose-leaf1 = in/ance1 !re are two app5dages at ! base ( ! petiole1 call$ /ipules4 ,^! ?ree p>ts are all t any leaf has1 & a leaf t has !m all is complete4 ,let u exam9e ! blade4 ,^? leaves :i* h ! blade 9 "o piece are call$ simple2 ^? ) ! blade 9 sep>ate pieces are comp\nd4 ,we h already answ]$ ! "q1 ,:at con/itutes a s+le leaf8#a ,let ! pupils repeat ! exp]im5t ( cutt+ (f ! top ( a se$l+ ,pea1 if x is n already cle> 9 _! m9ds1 & f9d buds 9 ! leaf-axils ( o!r plants4#b ,footnote #a3 ,see page #ca4 ,footnote #b3 ,) "o class ( *ildr51 ,i _h mu* difficulty 9 mak+ !m und]/& ! diff]5ce betwe5 simple & comp\nd leaves4 ,i did n tell !m t ! way to tell a s+le leaf 0 to look = buds 9 ! axils1 b incauti\sly drew _! att5tion to ! /ipules at ! base ( a rose leaf z a means ( kn[+ t ! :ole 0 "o4 ,soon aft]1 !y _h a locu/ leaf to describe2 &1 imm$iately1 ) ! acut5ess t *ildr5 are apt to develop s inconv5i5tly to _! tea*]1 !y triumphantly refut$ my /atem5t t x 0 "o leaf1 by po9t+ to ! /iples4 ,!re 0 no gett+ ov] ! difficulty2 & al?\gh ,i aft]w>ds expla9$ to !m ab\t ! position ( ! buds1 & %[$ !m examples1 !y clung ) true *ildlike t5acity to _! fir/ impression & always insi/$ t !y c\ld n see :y ea* leaflet 0 n a sep>ate leaf4 ,an excell5t way to %[ ! nature ( comp\nd leaves is to m\nt a s]ies %[+ e gradation ( cutt+1 f a simple1 s]rate leaf to a comp\nd "o 7,figs4 #bd & #be74 ,a tea*]1 :o w\ld prep>e 9 summ] su* illu/rations z ^!1 w\ld f9d !m ( great use 9 8 w9t] lessons4 ,! actual objects make an impression t ! cuts 9 ! book _c give4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4--,s]ies ( palmately-ve9$ leaves4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4--,s]ies ( p9nately-ve9$ leaves4 ,let ! pupils comp>e ! di/ribution ( ! ve9s 9 _! specim5s4 ,!y h already di/+ui%$ p>allel-ve9$ f nett$-ve9$ leaves1 & le>n$ t ?is diff]5ce is a second>y di/9ction betwe5 monocotyl$ons & dicotyl$ons4#a ,! ve9s 9 nett$-ve9$ leaves are arrang$ 9 two ways4 ,! ve9s />t f ei!r side ( a s+le midrib 7fea!r-ve9$ or p9nately-ve9$71 or !y bran* f a numb] ( ribs :i* all />t f ! top ( ! petiole1 l ! f+]s f ! palm ( ! h& 7palmately-ve9$74 ,! comp\nd leaves correspond to ^! modes ( v5ation2 !y are ei!r p9nately or palmately comp\nd4 ,footnote #a3 ,see page #cd4 ,^! ribs & ve9s are ! woody framework ( ! leaf1 support+ ! s(t gre5 pulp4 ,! woody bundles are cont9u\s ) ^? ( ! /em1 & c>ry ! crude sap1 br\ght f ! roots1 into ! cells ( e "p ( ! leaf1 :]e x is br\ght into contact ) ! ext]nal air1 & ! process ( mak+ food 7,assimilation #d7 is c>ri$ on4 ,physiologically1 leaves are gre5 expansions borne by ! /]n1 outspread 9 ! air & light1 9 :i* assimilation & ! processes connect$ ) x are c>ri$ on4#a ,footnote #a3 ,gray's ,/ructural ,botany1 p4 #he4 ,! :ole leaf is cov]$ ) a delicate sk91 or epid]mis1 cont9u\s ) t ( ! /em4#a ,footnote #a3 ,read] 9 ,botany4 ,,xi4 ,protection ( ,leaves f ! ,attacks ( ,animals4 #b4 ,descriptions4--,z yet ! pupils h _h no practice 9 writ+ te*nical descriptions4 ,?is sort ( "w may be begun :5 !y come to ! /udy ( leaves4 ,9 w9t] a collection ( press$ specim5s w be useful4 ,d n atta* importance to ! memoriz+ ( t]ms4 ,let !m be look$ up z !y are ne$$1 & !y w become fix$ by practice4 ,! pupils may fill out su* s*$ules z ! foll[+ ) any leaves t are at h&4 ,,s*$ule ,,= ,,leaves4 ,arrangem5t ,alt]nate#a ,simple or comp\nd4 ,simple 7arr4 & no4 ( leaflets7 ,v5ation ,nett$ & fea!r-ve9$ ,%ape ,oval #a4 ,,blade ,apex ,acute ,base ,oblique ,m>g9 ,slightly wavy ,surface ,smoo? #b4 ,,petiole ,%ort2 hairy #c4 ,,/ipules ,decidu\s ,rem>ks4 ,ve9s prom95t & v /raight4 ,footnote #a3 ,! specim5 describ$ is a leaf ( ,copp] ,bee*4 ,9 describ+ %apes1 etc41 ! pupils c f9d ! t]ms 9 ! book z !y ne$ !m4 ,x is desirable at fir/ to give leaves t are easily mat*$ ) ! t]ms1 keep+ ^? :i* ne$ comp\nd words1 su* z lance-ovate1 etc41 to come lat]4 ,! pupils are m int]e/$ if !y are all[$ to press & keep ! specim5s !y h describ$4 ,x is n well to put ! press$ leaves 9 _! note books1 z x is difficult to write 9 ! books )\t spoil+ ! specim5s4 ,x is bett] to m\nt ! specim5s on :ite pap]1 keep+ ^! %eets 9 br[n pap] cov]s4 ,! pupils c make illu/rations = !mselves by sort+ leaves accord+ to ! %apes1 outl9es1 etc41 & m\nt+ !m4 #c4 ,transpiration4--,?is t]m is us$ to d5ote ! evaporation ( wat] f a plant4 ,! evaporation takes place pr9cipally ?r\gh brea?+ pores1 :i* are scatt]$ all ov] ! surface ( leaves & "y /ems4 ,! brea?+ pores1 or /omata1 ( ! leaves1 are small op5+s 9 ! epid]mis ?r\gh :i* ! air c pass into ! int]ior ( ! plant4 ,ea* ( ^! op5+s is call$ a /oma4 ,!y are =m$ by a trans=mation ( "s ( ! cells ( ! epid]mis2 & consi/ usually ( a pair ( cells 7call$ gu>dian cells71 ) an op5+ betwe5 !m1 :i* communicates ) an air-*amb] )91 & !nce ) ! irregul> int]cellul> spaces :i* p]meate ! int]ior ( ! leaf4 ,?r\gh ! /omata1 :5 op51 free int]*ange may take place betwe5 ! ext]nal air & t )9 ! leaf1 & ?us transpiration be mu* facilitat$4 ,:5 clos$1 ?is int]*ange w be int]rupt$ or imp$$4#a ,footnote #a3 ,gray's ,/ructural ,botany1 page #hi4 ,= a description ( ! me*anism ( ! /omata1 see ,physiological ,botany1 p4 #bfi4 ,9 ^! lessons1 h[ev]1 x is n desirable to ent] ^u subjects involv+ ! use ( ! comp\nd microscope4 ,dr4 ,goodale says3 ,:e!r x is be/ to try to expla9 to ! pupils ! /ructure ( ^! valves1 or /omata1 mu/ be left to ea* tea*]4 ,x w\ld seem advisable to pass by ! subject unt\*$1 unless ! tea*] has become reasonably famili> ) x by practical microscopical /udy ( leaves4 ,= a tea*] to endeavor to expla9 ! complex /ructure ( ! leaf1 )\t hav+ se5 x = himself1 is op5 to ! same objection :i* c\ld be urg$ aga9/ ! attempt$ explanation ( complicat$ ma*9]y by "o :o has nev] se5 x1 b has he>d ab\t x4 ,:at is "h said ) reg>d to /omata applies to all ! m recondite matt]s connect$ ) plant /ructure4#a ,footnote #a3 ,conc]n+ a few ,common ,plants1 p4 #bi4 ,!re are _m simple exp]im5ts :i* c be us$ to illu/rate ! subject4 7#a7 ,pass ! /em ( a cutt+ ?r\gh a cork1 fitt+ tightly into ! neck ( a bottle ( wat]4 ,make ! cork p]fectly air-tight by coat+ x ) beeswax or p>aff9e4 ,! level ( ! liquid 9 ! bottle w be l[]$ by ! escape ( wat] ?r\gh ! /em & leaves ( ! cutt+ into ! atmosph]e4 7#b7 ,cut two %oots ( any plant1 leave "o on ! table & place ! o!r 9 a glass ( wat]4#a ,! fir/ w soon wilt1 :ile ! o!r w rema9 fre%4 ,if ! latt] %oot be a cutt+ f "s plant t w root 9 wat]1 su* z ,ivy1 x w n fade at all4 ,also1 leave "o ( ! plants 9 ! s*oolroom unwat]$ = a day or two1 till x beg9s to wilt4 ,if ! plant be n[ ?or\ghly wat]$1 x w recov] & ! leaves w resume _! normal appe>ance4 ,footnote #a3 ,lessons 9 ,elem5t>y ,botany1 by ,daniel ,oliv]1 ,london4 ,macmillan ,co41 #ahfd1 pp4 #ad-ae4 ,evaporation is ?us con/antly tak+ place f ! leaves1 & if !re is no moi/ure to supply ! place ( :at is lo/1 ! cells collapse & ! leaf1 z we say1 wilts4 ,:5 wat] is aga9 suppli$ ! cells swell & ! leaf becomes fre%4 7#c7 ,place two se$l+s 9 wat]1 "o ) its top1 ! o!r ) its roots 9 ! j>4 ,! latt] w rema9 fre% :ile ! fir/ wilts & dies4 ,absorption takes place ?r\gh ! roots4 ,! wat] absorb$ is drawn up ?r\gh ! woody tissues ( ! /em 7#d71 & ! ve9s ( ! leaves 7#e71 :5ce x escapes into ! air 7#f74 7#d7 ,plunge a cut bran* imm$iately into a color$ solution1 su* z anil9e r$1 & aft] a "t make sections 9 ! /em above ! liquid to see :at tissues h be5 /a9$4#a ,footnote #a3 ,! ,ess5tials ( ,botany1 by ,*>les ,e4 ,bessey4 ,new ,york1 ,h5ry ,holt ,co41 #ahhd4 ,page #gd4 ,see also ,physiological ,botany1 pp4 #bei-bfj4 7#e7 ,t wat] f9ds its way by pref]5ce ?r\gh ! fibro-vascul> bundles ev5 9 ! m delicate p>ts1 is %[n by plac+ ! cut p$uncle ( a :ite tulip1 or o!r l>ge :ite fl[]1 9 a h>mless dye1 & !n aga9 cutt+ (f its end 9 ord] to br+ a fre% surface 9 contact ) ! solution1#a :5 aft] a %ort "t ! dye w m\nt ?r\gh ! fl[]-/alk & t+e ! p>ts ( ! p]ian? accord+ to ! c\rse ( ! bundles4#b ,footnote #a3 ,if ! /ems ( fl[]s are cut "u wat] !y w la/ a wond]fully long "t4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ *>act]i/ics ( ! woody tissues 9 relation to ! transf] ( wat] is ! imm$iate *ange :i* ! cut surface ( a /em und]goes ^u exposure to ! air1 unfitt+ x = its full conductive "w4 ,de ,vries has %[n t :5 a %oot ( a vigor\s plant1 = in/ance a ,helian?us1 is b5t d[n "u wat]1 c>e be+ tak5 n to break x ev5 9 ! slighte/ degree1 a clean1 %>p cut w give a surface :i* w reta9 ! p[] ( absorb+ wat] = a long "t2 :ile a simil> %oot cut 9 ! op5 air1 ev5 if ! end is in/antly plung$ "u wat]1 w )] mu* soon] ?an ! fir/4--,physiological ,botany1 p4 #bfc4 ,footnote #b3 ,physiological ,botany1 p4 #bfj4 7#f7 ,let ! leaves ( a gr[+ plant re/ aga9/ ! w9d[-pane4 ,moi/ure w be cond5s$ on ! cold surface ( ! glass1 :]ev] ! leaf is 9 contact ) x4 ,?is is especially well se5 9 ,na/urtium 7,tropaeolum7 leaves1 :i* gr[ directly aga9/ a w9d[1 & leave ! m>ks ev5 ( _! ve9+ on ! glass1 because ! moi/ure is only giv5 out f ! gre5 tissue1 & :]e ! ribs are press$ aga9/ ! glass x is left dry4 ,sometimes ! wat] is drawn up into ! cells ( ! leaves fa/] ?an x c escape into ! atmosph]e4#a ,?is is prettily %[n if we place "s ( our ,na/urtium se$l+s "u a w>d-case4 ,! air 9 ! case is saturat$ ) moi/ure1 s t evaporation _c take place1 b ! wat] is1 nev]!less1 drawn up f ! roots & ?r\gh ! bran*es1 & appe>s z little drops on ! m>g9s ( ! leaves4 ,t ?is is ow+ to ! absorb+ p[] ( ! roots1 may be %[n by break+ (f ! se$l+1 & putt+ ! slip 9 wat]4 ,no drops n[ appe> on ! leaves1 b z soon z ! cutt+ has =m$ new roots1 ! drops aga9 appe>4 ,footnote #a3 ,see ,lectures on ! ,physiology ( ,plants4 ,by ,sidney ,h[>d ,v9es1 ,cambridge1 ,engl&4 ,univ]sity ,press1 #ahhf4 ,page #ib4 ,?is con/ant escape ( wat] f ! leaves causes a curr5t to fl[ f ! roots ?r\gh ! /em into ! cells ( ! leaves4 ,! dilute m9]al solutions absorb$ by ! roots#a are ?us br\ght :]e !y are 9 contact ) ! ext]nal air1 conc5trat$ by ! evaporation ( wat]1 & conv]t$ 9 ^! cells into food mat]ials1 su* z />*4 ,! pres5ce ( c]ta9 m9]al matt]s1 z potassium1 iron1 etc41 are necess>y to ?is assimilat+ process1 b ! reason ( _! necessity is imp]fectly und]/ood1 z !y d n ent] 9 ! products =m$4 ,footnote #a3 ,see page #dh4 ,! am\nt ( wat] exhal$ is (t5 v great4 ,c]ta9 plants are us$ = ?is reason = ! dra9age ( wet & m>%y places4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! is ! ,eucalyptus tree4#a ,footnote #a3 ,read] 9 ,botany4 ,,xii4 ,transpiration4 ,! am\nt ( wat] tak5 f ! soil by ! trees ( a =e/ & pass$ into ! air by transpiration is n s l>ge z t accumulat$ 9 ! soil by ! dim9i%$ evaporation "u ! bran*es4 ,h5ce1 !re is an accumulation ( wat] 9 ! %ade ( =e/s :i* is releas$ sl[ly by dra9age4#a ,b if ! trees are s scatt]$ z n mat]ially to r$uce evaporation f ! gr\nd1 ! effect ( transpiration 9 dim9i%+ ! moi/ure ( ! soil is readily %[n4 ,x is not$1 especially 9 case ( l>ge plants hav+ a great ext5t ( exhal+ surface1 su*1 = in/ance1 z ! common sunfl[]4 ,among ! plants :i* h be5 successfully employ$ 9 ! dra9age ( m>%y soil by transpiration probably ! species ( ,eucalyptus 7notably ,e4 globulus7 are mo/ effici5t4#b ,footnote #a3 ,read] 9 ,botany4 ,,xiii4 ,uses ( ! ,=e/s4 ,footnote #b3 ,physiological ,botany1 page #bhc4 #d4 ,assimilation4--,x is n easy to f9d practical exp]im5ts on assimilation4 ,^? :i* foll[ are tak5 f ,physiological ,botany 7p4 #cje74 ,fill a five-in* te/ tube1 provid$ ) a foot1 ) fre% dr9k+ wat]4 ,9 ?is place a sprig ( "o ( ! foll[+ wat] plants1--,elodea ,canad5sis1 ,myriophyllum spicatum1 ,m4 v]ticillatum1 or any leafy ,myriophyllum 79 fact1 any small- leav$ wat] plant ) r cr[d$ foliage74 ,?is sprig %\ld be prep>$ z foll[s3 ,cut ! /em squ>ely (f1 f\r in*es or s f ! tip1 dry ! cut surface quickly ) blott+ pap]1 !n cov] ! end ( ! /e9 ) a quickly dry+ v>ni%1 = in/ance1 asphalt-v>ni%1 & let x dry p]fectly1 keep+ ! re/ ( ! /em1 if possible1 moi/ by means ( a wet clo?4 ,:5 ! v>ni% is dry1 puncture x ) a ne$le1 & imm]se ! /em 9 ! wat] 9 ! te/ tube1 keep+ ! v>ni%$ l>g] end upp]mo/4 ,if ! subm]g$ plant be n[ expos$ to ! /rong rays ( ! sun1 bubbles ( oxyg5 gas w beg9 to pass (f at a rapid & ev5 rate1 b n too fa/ to be easily c\nt$4 ,if ! simple app>atus has begun to give (f a regul> succession ( small bubbles1 ! foll[+ exp]im5ts c be at once conduct$3 7#a7 ,sub/itute = ! fre% wat] "s :i* has be5 boil$ a few m9utes be=e1 & !n all[$ to completely cool3 by ! boil+1 all ! c>bonic acid has be5 expell$4 ,if ! plant is imm]s$ 9 ?is wat] & expos$ to ! sun's rays1 no bubbles w be evolv$2 !re is no c>bonic acid )9 rea* ( ! plant = ! assimilative process4 ,b1 7#b7 ,if brea? f ! lungs be pass$ by means ( a sl5d] glass tube ?r\gh ! wat]1 a "p ( ! c>bonic acid exhal$ f ! lungs w be dissolv$ 9 x1 & ) ?is supply ( ! gas ! plant beg9s ! "w ( assimilation imm$iately4 7#c7 ,if ! light be %ut (f1 ! evolution ( bubbles w pres5tly cease1 be+ resum$ soon aft] light aga9 has access to ! plant4 7#e7 ,place r\nd ! base ( ! te/ tube a few fragm5ts ( ice1 9 ord] to appreciably l[] ! temp]ature ( ! wat]4 ,at a c]ta9 po9t x w be obs]v$ t no bubbles are giv5 (f1 & _! evolution does n beg9 aga9 until ! wat] becomes w>m4 ,! evolution ( bubbles %[s t ! process ( mak+ food is go+ on4 ,! mat]ials = ?is process are c>bonic acid gas & wat]4 ,! c>bonic acid dissolv$ 9 ! surr\nd+ wat] is absorb$1 ! c>bon unites ) ! elem5ts ( wat] 9 ! cells ( ! leaves1 =m+ />*1 etc41 & mo/ ( ! oxyg5 is set free1 mak+ ! /ream ( bubbles4 ,:5 ! wat] is boil$1 ! dissolv$ gas is driv5 (f & assimilation _c g on2 b z soon z m c>bonic acid gas is suppli$1 ! process aga9 beg9s4 ,we h se5 by ^! exp]im5ts t sunlight & suffici5t heat are necess>y to assimilation1 & t c>bonic acid gas & wat] mu/ be pres5t4 ,! pres5ce ( ! gre5 color+ matt] ( ! leaves 7*lorophyll7 is also ess5tial1 & "s salts1 su* z potassium1 iron1 etc41 are ne$ful1 ?\gh !y may n ent] into ! comp\nds =m$4 ,! food products are /or$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! plant = future use1 or are exp5d$ imm$iately 9 ! gr[? & movem5ts ( ! plant4 ,9 ord] t !y %all be us$ = gr[?1 free oxyg5 is requir$1 & ?is is suppli$ by ! respiration ( ! plant4 ,"s plants /eal _! food ready-made4 ,su* a "o is ! ,dodd]1 :i* s5ds its roots directly into ! plant on :i* x fe$s4 ,?is is a p>asite4#a ,x has no ne$ ( leaves to c>ry on ! process ( mak+ food4 ,"s p>asites ) gre5 leaves1 l ! mi/letoe1 take ! crude sap f ! ho/-plant & assimilate x 9 _! own gre5 leaves4 ,plants t are n\ri%$ by decay+ matt] 9 ! soil are call$ saprophytes4 ,indian ,pipe & ,bee*-,drops are examples ( ?is4 ,!y ne$ no gre5 leaves z d plants t are oblig$ to support !mselves4 ,footnote #a3 ,read] 9 ,botany4 ,,xiv4 ,p>asitic ,plants4 ,"s plants are s made t !y c use animal matt] = food4 ,?is subject ( insectivor\s plants is always ( great int]e/ to pupils4 ,if "s ,sundew 7,dros]a7 c be obta9$ & kept 9 ! s*oolroom1 x w supply mat]ial = _m int]e/+ exp]im5ts4#a ,t plants %\ld possess ! p[] ( cat*+ insects by specializ$ movem5ts & aft]w>ds %\ld dige/ !m by means ( a ga/ric juice l t ( animals1 is "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ( ! discov]ies t h be5 work$ out dur+ ! la/ ?irty ye>s4#b ,footnote #a3 ,see ,insectivor\s ,plants1 by ,*>les ,d>w94 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton & ,co41 #ahge4 ,h[ ,plants ,behave1 ,*ap4 ,,iii4 ,a bibliography ( ! mo/ important works on ! subject w be f\nd 9 ,physiological ,botany1 page #cea1 note4 ,footnote #b3 ,read] 9 ,botany4 ,,xv4 ,insectivor\s ,plants4 #e4 ,respiration4--,try ! foll[+ exp]im5t 9 g]m9ation4 ,place "s se$s on a sponge "u an air-tight glass4 ,w !y gr[8 ,:at causes !m to m\ld8 ,se$s w n g]m9ate )\t free access ( air4 ,!y mu/ h free oxyg5 to brea!1 z mu/ e liv+ ?+4 ,we "k t an animal brea!s 9 oxyg51 t ! oxyg5 unites ) p>ticles ( c>bon )9 ! body & t ! result+ c>bonic acid gas is exhal$4#a ,! same process goes on 9 plants1 b x 0 until rec5tly entirely unkn[n1 because x 0 completely mask$ dur+ ! daytime by ! process ( assimilation1 :i* causes c>bonic acid to be inhal$ & decompos$1 & oxyg5 to be exhal$4#b ,9 ! night "t ! plants are n assimilat+ & ! process ( brea?+ is n cov]$ up4 ,x has1 !re=e1 long be5 kn[n t c>bonic acid gas is giv5 (f at night4 ,! am\nt1 h[ev]1 is s small t x c\ld n injure ! air ( ! room1 z is popul>ly suppos$4 ,respiration takes place pr9cipally ?r\gh ! /omata ( ! leaves4#c ,we (t5 see plants kill$ by ! wayside du/1 & we all "k t on ?is acc\nt x is v difficult to make a h$ge gr[ well by a du/y road4 ,! du/ *okes up ! brea?+ pores ( ! leaves1 int]f]+ ) ! action ( ! plant4 ,x is suffocat$4 ,! oxyg5 absorb$ decomposes />*1 or "s o!r food product ( ! plant1 & c>bonic acid gas & wat] are =m$4 ,x is a process ( sl[ combu/ion4#d ,! en]gy set free is exp5d$ 9 gr[?1 t is1 9 ! =mation ( new cells1 & ! increase 9 size ( ! old ones1 & 9 ! v>i\s movem5ts ( ! plant4 ,footnote #a3 ,see page #ac4 ,footnote #b3 ,?is table illu/rates ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! processes4 ,,assimilation ,,prop]4 ,,respiration4 ,takes place only 9 cells ,takes place 9 all active cells4 conta9+ *lorophyll4 ,requires light4 ,c proce$ 9 d>kness4 ,c>bonic acid absorb$1 ,oxyg5 absorb$1 c>bonic oxyg5 set free4 acid set free4 ,c>bohydrates =m$4 ,c>bohydrates consum$4 ,en]gy ( motion becomes ,en]gy ( position becomes en]gy ( position4 en]gy ( motion4 ,! plant ga9s 9 dry ,! plant loses dry weight4 weight4 ,physiological ,botany1 page #cef4 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,two footnote m>ks #c & #d above 9 orig9al text1 b no footnote text 0 f\nd 9 ! book ,?is process ( gr[? c take place only :5 liv+ protoplasm is pres5t 9 ! cells ( ! plant4 ,! sub/ance we call protoplasm is an album9oid1 l ! :ite ( an egg1 & x =ms ! fle% ( bo? plants & animals4 ,a liv+ plant c assimilate its own protoplasm1 an animal mu/ take x ready-made f plants4 ,b a plant c assimilate its food & gr[ only "u ! my/]i\s influ5ce we call life4 ,life alone br+s =? life1 & we are z f> z ev] f und]/&+ its nature4 ,ar\nd our little isl& ( k1 built up ?r\gh ! c5turies by ! labor ( c\ntless work]s1 /ret*es ! inf9ite ocean ( ! unkn[n4 ,gray's ,fir/ ,lessons4 ,sect4 ,,vii1 ,,xvi1 sec4 #b1 sec4 #d1 sec4 #e1 sec4 #f1 #dgf-dhj4 ,h[ ,plants ,gr[4 ,*ap4 ,i1 #aai-aec1 ,*ap4 ,,iii1 #bfa-bhj4