,,! ,,essays ,,( ,,ar?ur ,,s*op5hau] ,,translat$ ,,by ,t4 ,,bailey ,,saund]s1 ,m4,a4 ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,lit]ature4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,preface ,,on ,,au?or%ip ,,on ,,/yle ,,on ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,lat9 ,,on ,,m5 ,,( ,,le>n+ ,,on ,,?9k+ ,,= ,,oneself ,,on ,,"s ,,=ms ,,( ,,lit]ature ,,on ,,criticism ,,on ,,reputation ,,on ,,g5ius ,,translator',s ,,preface4 ,! cont5ts ( ?is1 z ( ! o!r volumes 9 ! s]ies1 h be5 drawn f ,s*op5hau]'s ,p>]ga1 & among/ ! v>i\s subjects dealt ) 9 t fam\s collection ( essays1 ,lit]ature holds an important place4 ,nor c ,s*op5hau]'s op9ions fail to be ( special value :5 he treats ( lit]>y =m & me?od4 ,=1 q ap>t f 8 philosophical pret5sions1 he claims recognition z a great writ]2 he is1 inde$1 "o ( ! be/ ( ! few really excell5t prose-writ]s ( :om ,g]many c boa/4 ,:ile he is ?us p>ticul>ly qualifi$ to speak ( ,lit]ature z an ,art1 he has also some?+ to say ^u ^? influ5ces :i*1 outside ( 8 own m]its1 contribute s mu* to an au?or's success1 & are s (t5 und]valu$ :5 he obta9s imm$iate popul>ity4 ,s*op5hau]'s own sore exp]i5ces 9 ! matt] ( reputation l5d an int]e/ to 8 rem>ks ^u t subject1 al?\gh x is too mu* to ask ( human nature t he %\ld approa* x 9 any dispassionate _s4 ,9 ! foll[+ pages we h obs]vations ^u /yle by "o :o 0 a /yli/ 9 ! be/ s5se ( ! ^w1 n affect$1 nor yet a phrasemong]2 on ?9k+ = oneself by a philosoph] :o nev] did any?+ else2 on criticism by a writ] :o suff]$ mu* f ! inability ( o!rs to und]/& him2 on reputation by a c&idate :o1 dur+ ! great] "p ( 8 life1 des]v$ )\t obta9+ x2 & on g5ius by "o :o 0 inconte/ably ( ! privileg$ ord] himself4 ,& :atev] may be ?\ght ( "s ( 8 op9ions on matt]s ( detail--on anonymity1 = in/ance1 or on ! "q :e!r good "w is nev] done = money--!re c be no d\bt t 8 g5]al view ( lit]ature1 & ! conditions "u :i* x fl\ri%es1 is p]fectly s\nd4 ,x might be ?\ght1 p]haps1 t rem>ks :i* 7 meant to apply to ! ,g]man language w\ld h b little be>+ ^u "o s diff]5t f x z ,engli%4 ,?is w\ld be a j objection if ,s*op5hau] treat$ lit]ature 9 a petty _s1 & conf9$ himself to p$antic inquiries into matt]s ( gramm> & etymology1 or m]e niceties ( phrase4 ,b ?is is n s4 ,he deals ) 8 subject broadly1 & takes l>ge & g5]al views2 nor c anyone :o kn[s any?+ ( ! philosoph] suppose ?is to mean t he is vague & feeble4 ,x is true t n[ & aga9 9 ! c\rse ( ^! essays he makes rem>ks :i* are obvi\sly meant to apply to ! fail+s ( c]ta9 writ]s ( 8 own age & c\ntry2 b 9 su* a case ,i h g5]ally giv5 8 s5t5ces a turn1 :i*1 :ile keep+ !m fai?ful to ! _s ( ! orig9al1 secures = !m a less re/rict$ range1 & makes ,s*op5hau] a critic ( simil> faults 9 :atev] age or c\ntry !y may appe>4 ,?is has be5 done 9 spite ( a %>p ^w on page sev5te5 ( ?is volume1 address$ to translators :o d>e to revise _! au?or2 b ! *ange is "o ) :i* n ev5 ,s*op5hau] c\ld qu>rel4 ,x is ?us a significant fact--a te/imony to ! dep? ( 8 insight &1 9 ! ma91 ! ju/ice ( 8 op9ions--t views ( lit]ature :i* appeal$ to 8 own imm$iate contempor>ies1 %\ld be f\nd to hold good else:]e & at a di/ance ( fifty ye>s4 ,x means t :at he _h to say 0 wor? say+2 & s9ce x is adapt$ ?us equally to div]se times & audi5ces1 x is probably ( p]man5t int]e/4 ,! intellig5t read] w obs]ve t mu* ( ! *>m ( ,s*op5hau]'s writ+ comes f its /rongly p]sonal "*1 & t "h he has to d1 n ) a m]e mak] ( books1 b ) a man :o ?9ks = himself & has no false scruples 9 putt+ 8 mean+ pla9ly ^u ! page1 or 9 unmask+ %am :]ev] he f9ds x4 ,?is is n[h]e s true z :5 he deals ) lit]ature2 & j z 9 8 treatm5t ( life1 he is no flatt]] to m5 9 g5]al1 s "h he is free & outspok5 on ! peculi> fail+s ( au?ors4 ,at ! same "t he gives !m good advice4 ,he is p>ticul>ly happy 9 recomm5d+ re/ra9t 9 reg>d to read+ ! works ( o!rs1 & ! cultivation ( indep5d5t ?\ght2 & h]e9 he recalls a say+ attribut$ to ,hobbes1 :o 0 n less di/+ui%$ z a writ] ?an z a philosoph]1 to ! effect t if he _h read z mu* z o!r m51 he %\ld h be5 z ignorant z !y4 ,s*op5hau] also utt]s a w>n+1 :i* we %all d well to take to he>t 9 ^! days1 aga9/ m+l+ ! pursuit ( lit]ature ) vulg> aims4 ,if we foll[ him "h1 we %all c>efully di/+ui% betwe5 lit]ature z an object ( life & lit]ature z a means ( liv+1 betwe5 ! real love ( tru? & beauty1 & t dete/able false love :i* looks to ! price x w fet* 9 ! m>ket4 ,i am n ref]r+ to ^? :o1 :ile !y foll[ a useful & honorable call+ 9 br++ lit]ature be=e ! public1 are cont5t to be kn[n z m5 ( bus9ess4 ,if1 by ! help ( "s second wit* ( ,endor1 we c\ld raise ! gho/ ( ,s*op5hau]1 x w\ld be int]e/+ to he> 8 op9ion ( a c]ta9 k9d ( lit]>y ent]prise :i* has come into vogue s9ce 8 day1 & n[ receives an am\nt ( att5tion v mu* beyond its due4 ,we may haz>d a guess at ! direction 8 op9ion w\ld take4 ,he w\ld d\btless %[ u h[ ?is ent]prise1 :i* is c>ri$ on by self-/yl$ lit]>y m51 ends by mak+ lit]ature into a =m ( m]*&ise1 & treat+ x z ?\gh x 7 s mu* goods to be b\ght & sold at a pr(it1 & mo/ likely to produce quick returns if ! mak]'s "n is well kn[n4 ,nor w\ld x be ! gho/ ( ! real ,s*op5hau] unless we he>d a vigor\s d5unciation ( m5 :o claim a connection ) lit]ature by a s]vile flatt]y ( successful liv+ au?ors--! dead _c be made to pay--9 ! hope ( appe>+ to advantage 9 _! reflect$ light & turn+ t advantage into money4 ,9 ord] to pres5t ! cont5ts ( ?is book 9 a conv5i5t =m1 ,i h n scrupl$ to make an arrangem5t ) ! *apt]s some:at diff]5t f t :i* exi/s 9 ! orig9al2 s t two or m subjects :i* are !re dealt ) successively 9 "o & ! same *apt]1 "h /& by !mselves4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is1 "s ( ! titles ( ! sections are n to be f\nd 9 ! orig9al4 ,i may /ate1 h[ev]1 t ! essays on ,au?or%ip & ,/yle & ! latt] "p ( t on ,criticism are tak5 direct f ! *apt] head$ ,ueb] ,s*rift/ell]ei und ,/il2 & t ! rema9d] ( ! essay on ,criticism1 ) t ( ,reputation1 is suppli$ by ! rem>ks ,ueb] ,ur!il1 ,kritik1 ,beifall und ,ruhm4 ,! essays on ,! ,/udy ( ,lat91 on ,m5 ( ,le>n+1 & on ,"s ,=ms ( ,lit]ature1 are tak5 *iefly f ! f\r sections ,ueb] ,gelehrsamkeit und ,gelehrte1 ,ueb] ,spra*e und ,worte1 ,ueb] ,les5 und ,b*]3 ,anhang1 & ,zur ,metaphysik des ,s*n54 ,! essay on ,?9k+ = ,oneself is a r5d]+ ( c]ta9 rem>ks "u ! head+ ,selb/d5k54 ,g5ius 0 a favorite subject ( speculation ) ,s*op5hau]1 & he (t5 t\*es ^u x 9 ! c\rse ( 8 works2 always1 h[ev]1 to put =? ! same !ory 9 reg>d to x z may be f\nd 9 ! conclud+ section ( ?is volume4 ,?\gh ! essay has little or no?+ to d ) lit]>y me?od1 ! subject ( :i* x treats is ! mo/ ne$ful elem5t ( success 9 lit]ature2 & ,i h introduc$ x on t gr\nd4 ,x =ms "p ( a *apt] 9 ! ,p>]ga entitl$ ,d5 ,intellekt b]haupt und 9 j$] ,beziehung betreff5de ,g$ank53 ,anhang v]w&t] ,/ell54 ,x has also be5 "p ( my duty to inv5t a title = ?is volume2 & ,i am well aw>e t objection may be made to ! "o ,i h *os51 on ! gr\nd t 9 common language x is unusual to speak ( lit]ature z an art1 & t to d s is unduly to n>r[ its mean+ & to leave out ( sight its ma9 function z ! record ( ?\ght4 ,b !re is no reason :y ! ^w ,lit]ature %\ld n be employ$ 9 t d\ble s5se :i* is all[$ to atta* to ,pa9t+1 ,music1 ,sculpture1 z signify+ ei!r ! objective outcome ( a c]ta9 m5tal activity1 seek+ to express itself 9 outw>d =m2 or else ! p>ticul> k9d ( m5tal activity 9 "q1 & ! me?ods x foll[s4 ,& we d1 9 fact1 use x 9 ?is latt] s5se1 :5 we say ( a writ] t he pursues lit]ature z a call+4 ,if1 !n1 lit]ature c be tak5 to mean a process z well z a result ( m5tal activity1 !re c be no error 9 speak+ ( x z ,art4 ,i use t t]m 9 its broad s5se1 z mean+ skill 9 ! display ( ?\ght2 or1 m fully1 a "r use ( ! rules ( apply+ to ! practical exhibition ( ?\ght1 ) :atev] mat]ial x may deal4 ,9 connection ) lit]ature1 ?is is a s5se & an application ( ! t]m :i* h be5 suffici5tly e/abli%$ by ! example ( ! great writ]s ( antiquity4 ,x may be ask$1 ( c\rse1 :e!r ! true ?9k]1 :o w always =m ! s\l ( ! true au?or1 w n be s mu* occupi$ ) :at he has to say1 t x w appe> to him a trivial ?+ to sp5d great ef=t on embelli%+ ! =m 9 :i* he deliv]s x4 ,lit]ature1 to be wor?y ( ! "n1 mu/1 x is true1 deal ) noble matt]--! riddle ( our exi/5ce1 ! great facts ( life1 ! *ang+ passions ( ! human he>t1 ! disc]nm5t ( "s deep moral tru?4 ,x is easy to lay too mu* /ress ^u ! m]e g>m5t ( ?\ght2 to be too precise2 to give to ! arrangem5t ( words an att5tion t %\ld r be paid to ! promotion ( fre% ideas4 ,a writ] :o makes ?is mi/ake is l a fop :o sp5ds 8 little m9d 9 adorn+ 8 p]son4 ,9 %ort1 x may be *>g$ aga9/ ! view ( lit]ature :i* is tak5 9 call+ x an ,art1 t1 in/ead ( mak+ tru? & insight ! au?or's aim1 x favors sciolism & a fanta/ic & affect$ /yle4 ,!re is1 no d\bt1 "s ju/ice 9 ! objection2 nor h we 9 our own day1 & especially among/ y\ng] m51 any lack ( writ]s :o endeavor to w9 confid5ce1 n by add+ to ! /ock ( ideas 9 ! _w1 b by despis+ ! use ( pla9 language4 ,_! faults are n new 9 ! hi/ory ( lit]ature2 & x is a pleas+ sign ( ,s*op5hau]'s insight t a m]ciless exposure ( !m1 z !y exi/$ half a c5tury ago1 is /ill q applicable to _! mod]n =m4 ,& s9ce ^! writ]s1 :o may1 9 ! slang ( ! h\r1 be call$ impressioni/s 9 lit]ature1 foll[ _! own bad ta/e 9 ! manufacture ( da9ty phrases1 devoid ( all n]ve1 & g5]ally ) "s q commonplace mean+1 x is all ! m necess>y to discrim9ate c>efully betwe5 artifice & art4 ,b al?\gh !y may le>n some?+ f ,s*op5hau]'s advice1 x is n *iefly to !m t x is (f]$4 ,x is to t great mass ( writ]s1 ^: bus9ess is to fill ! columns ( ! newspap]s & ! pages ( ! review1 & to produce ! ton ( novels t appe> e ye>4 ,n[ t almo/ ev]yone :o c hold a p5 aspires to be call$ an au?or1 x is well to emphasize ! fact t lit]ature is an art 9 "s respects m important ?an any o!r4 ,! problem ( ?is art is ! discov]y ( ^? qualities ( /yle & treatm5t :i* entitl$ any "w to be call$ good lit]ature4 ,x w be safe to w>n ! read] at ! v outset t1 if he wi%es to avoid be+ l$ a/ray1 he %\ld 9 8 se>* = ^! qualities turn to books t h /ood ! te/ ( "t4 ,= su* an am\nt ( ha/y writ+ is done 9 ^! days t x is really difficult = anyone :o reads mu* ( x to avoid contract+ its faults1 & ?us gradually com+ to t]ms ( dang]\s famili>ity ) bad me?ods4 ,?is advice w be especially ne$ful if ?+s t h little or no claim to be call$ lit]ature at all--! newspap]s1 ! mon?ly magaz9e1 & ! la/ new tale ( intrigue or adv5ture--fill a l>ge measure1 if n ! :ole1 ( ! "t giv5 to read+4 ,nor are ^? :o are s9c]ely anxi\s to h ! be/ ?\ght 9 ! be/ language q free f dang] if !y give too mu* att5tion to ! contempor>y au?ors1 ev5 ?\gh ^! seem to ?9k & write excell5tly4 ,= "o g5]ation alone is incompet5t to decide ^u ! m]its ( any au?or :atev]2 & z lit]ature1 l all art1 is a ?+ ( human inv5tion1 s x c be pron\nc$ good only if x obta9s la/+ admiration1 by e/abli%+ a p]man5t appeal to mank9d's deepe/ feel+ = tru? & beauty4 ,x is 9 ?is s5se t ,s*op5hau] is p]fectly "r 9 hold+ t neglect ( ! anci5t classics1 :i* are ! be/ ( all models 9 ! art ( writ+1 w infallibly lead to a deg5]ation ( lit]ature4 ,& ! me?od ( discov]+ ! be/ qualities ( /yle1 & ( =m+ a !ory ( writ+1 is n to foll[ "s trick or mann]ism t happ5s to please = ! mom5t1 b to /udy ! way 9 :i* great au?ors h done _! be/ "w4 ,x w be said t ,s*op5hau] tells u no?+ we did n "k be=e4 ,p]haps s2 z he himself says1 ! be/ ?+s are seldom new4 ,b he puts ! old tru?s 9 a fre% & =cible way2 & no "o :o kn[s any?+ ( good lit]ature w d5y t ^! tru?s are j n[ ( v fit application4 ,x 0 probably to meet a real want t1 a ye> or two ago1 an +5i\s p]son succe$$ 9 draw+ a great numb] ( ,engli% & ,am]ican writ]s into a confession ( _! lit]>y cre$ & ! art !y adopt$ 9 au?or%ip2 & ! int]e/+ volume 9 :i* he gave ^! confessions to ! _w conta9$ "s v good advice1 al?\gh mo/ ( x _h be5 said be=e 9 diff]5t =ms4 ,m rec5tly a new dep>ture1 ( v d\btful use1 has tak5 place2 & two books h be5 issu$1 :i* aim1 ! "o at be+ an au?or's manual1 ! o!r at giv+ h9ts on essays & h[ to write !m4 ,a glance at ^! books w probably %[ t _! au?ors h /ill some?+ to le>n4 ,bo? ( ^! v5tures seem1 unhappily1 to be popul>2 &1 al?\gh !y may claim a position next-door to t ( ! pres5t volume ,i beg to say t x has no connection ) !m :atev]4 ,s*op5hau] does n attempt to tea* ! art ( mak+ bricks )\t /raw4 ,i wi% to take ?is opportunity ( t5d]+ my ?anks to a l>ge numb] ( review]s = ! v gratify+ reception giv5 to ! e>li] volumes ( ?is s]ies4 ,& ,i h great pleasure 9 express+ my obligations to my fri5d ,mr4 ,w4,g4 ,coll+wood1 :o has look$ ov] mo/ ( my pro(s & (t5 giv5 me excell5t advice 9 my ef=t to turn ,s*op5hau] into readable ,engli%4 ,t4,b4,s4 ,,on ,,au?or%ip4 ,!re are1 fir/ ( all1 two k9ds ( au?ors3 ^? :o write = ! subject's sake1 & ^? :o write = writ+'s sake4 ,:ile ! "o h _h ?\ghts or exp]i5ces :i* seem to !m wor? communicat+1 ! o!rs want money2 & s !y write1 = money4 ,_! ?9k+ is "p ( ! bus9ess ( writ+4 ,!y may be recogniz$ by ! way 9 :i* !y sp9 out _! ?\ghts to ! greate/ possible l5g?2 !n1 too1 by ! v nature ( _! ?\ghts1 :i* are only half-true1 p]v]se1 =c$1 vacillat+2 aga91 by ! av]sion !y g5]ally %[ to say+ any?+ /raight out1 s t !y may seem o!r ?an !y are4 ,h5ce _! writ+ is defici5t 9 cle>ness & def9it5ess1 & x is n long be=e !y betray t _! only object 9 writ+ at all is to cov] pap]4 ,?is sometimes happ5s ) ! be/ au?ors2 n[ & !n1 = example1 ) ,less+ 9 8 ,dramaturgie1 & ev5 9 _m ( ,jean ,paul's romances4 ,z soon z ! read] p]ceives ?is1 let him ?r[ ! book away2 = "t is preci\s4 ,! tru? is t :5 an au?or beg9s to write = ! sake ( cov]+ pap]1 he is *eat+ ! read]2 because he writes "u ! pretext t he has some?+ to say4 ,writ+ = money & res]vation ( copyright are1 at bottom1 ! ru9 ( lit]ature4 ,no "o writes any?+ t is wor? writ+1 unless he writes entirely = ! sake ( 8 subject4 ,:at an ine/imable boon x w\ld be1 if 9 e bran* ( lit]ature !re 7 only a few books1 b ^? excell5t6 ,?is c nev] happ51 z long z money is to be made by writ+4 ,x seems z ?\gh ! money lay "u a curse2 = e au?or deg5]ates z soon z he beg9s to put p5 to pap] 9 any way = ! sake ( ga94 ,! be/ works ( ! greate/ m5 all come f ! "t :5 !y _h to write = no?+ or = v little4 ,& "h1 too1 t ,spani% prov]b holds good1 :i* decl>es t honor & money are n to be f\nd 9 ! same purse--honora y prove*o no cab5 en un saco4 ,! reason :y ,lit]ature is 9 su* a bad plight n[adays is simply & solely t p write books to make money4 ,a man :o is 9 want sits d[n & writes a book1 & ! public is /upid en\gh to buy x4 ,! second>y effect ( ?is is ! ru9 ( language4 ,a great _m bad writ]s make _! :ole liv+ by t fooli% mania ( ! public = read+ no?+ b :at has j be5 pr9t$1--j\rnali/s1 ,i mean4 ,truly1 a mo/ appropriate "n4 ,9 pla9 language x is j\rneym51 day-labor]s6 ,aga91 x may be said t !re are ?ree k9ds ( au?ors4 ,fir/ come ^? :o write )\t ?9k+4 ,!y write f a full memory1 f rem9isc5ces2 x may be1 ev5 /raight out ( o!r p's books4 ,?is class is ! mo/ num]\s4 ,!n come ^? :o d _! ?9k+ :il/ !y are writ+4 ,!y ?9k 9 ord] to write2 & !re is no lack ( !m4 ,la/ ( all come ^? au?ors :o ?9k be=e !y beg9 to write4 ,!y are r>e4 ,au?ors ( ! second class1 :o put (f _! ?9k+ until !y come to write1 are l a sportsman :o goes =? at r&om & is n likely to br+ v mu* home4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 an au?or ( ! ?ird or r>e class writes1 x is l a battue4 ,"h ! game has be5 previ\sly captur$ & %ut up )9 a v small space2 f :i* x is aft]w>ds let out1 s _m at a "t1 into ano!r space1 also conf9$4 ,! game _c possibly escape ! sportsman2 he has no?+ to d b aim & fire--9 o!r words1 write d[n 8 ?\ghts4 ,?is is a k9d ( sport f :i* a man has some?+ to %[4 ,b ev5 ?\gh ! numb] ( ^? :o really ?9k s]i\sly be=e !y beg9 to write is small1 extremely few ( !m ?9k ab\t ! subject itself3 ! rema9d] ?9k only ab\t ! books t h be5 writt5 on ! subject1 & :at has be5 said by o!rs4 ,9 ord] to ?9k at all1 su* writ]s ne$ ! m direct & p[]ful /imulus ( hav+ o!r p's ?\ghts be=e !m4 ,^! become _! imm$iate !me2 & ! result is t !y are always "u _! influ5ce1 & s nev]1 9 any real s5se ( ! ^w1 are orig9al4 ,b ! =m] are r\s$ to ?\ght by ! subject itself1 to :i* _! ?9k+ is ?us imm$iately direct$4 ,?is is ! only class t produces writ]s ( abid+ fame4 ,x mu/1 ( c\rse1 be und]/ood t ,i am speak+ "h ( writ]s :o treat ( great subjects2 n ( writ]s on ! art ( mak+ br&y4 ,unless an au?or takes ! mat]ial on :i* he writes out ( 8 own head1 t is to say1 f 8 own obs]vation1 he is n wor? read+4 ,book-manufactur]s1 compil]s1 ! common run ( hi/ory-writ]s1 & _m o!rs ( ! same class1 take _! mat]ial imm$iately out ( books2 & ! mat]ial goes /raight to _! f+]-tips )\t ev5 pay+ freight or und]go+ exam9ation z x passes ?r\gh _! heads1 to say no?+ ( elaboration or revision4 ,h[ v le>n$ _m a man w\ld be if he knew ev]y?+ t 0 9 8 own books6 ,! consequ5ce ( ?is is t ^! writ]s talk 9 su* a loose & vague mann]1 t ! read] puzzles 8 bra9 9 va9 to und]/& :at x is ( :i* !y are really ?9k+4 ,!y are ?9k+ ( no?+4 ,x may n[ & !n be ! case t ! book f :i* !y copy has be5 compos$ exactly 9 ! same way3 s t writ+ ( ?is sort is l a pla/] ca/ ( a ca/2 & 9 ! end1 ! b>e outl9e ( ! face1 & t1 too1 h>dly recognizable1 is all t is left to y\r ,ant9\s4 ,let compilations be read z seldom z possible4 ,x is difficult to avoid !m altoge!r2 s9ce compilations also include ^? text-books :i* conta9 9 a small space ! accumulat$ k ( c5turies4 ,!re is no great] mi/ake ?an to suppose t ! la/ "w is always ! m correct2 t :at is writt5 lat] on is 9 e case an improvem5t on :at 0 writt5 be=e2 & t *ange always means progress4 ,real ?9k]s1 m5 ( "r judgm5t1 p :o are 9 e>ne/ ) _! subject1--^! are all exceptions only4 ,v]m9 is ! rule ev]y:]e 9 ! _w3 x is always on ! al]t1 tak+ ! mature op9ions ( ! ?9k]s1 & indu/ri\sly seek+ to improve ^u !m 7save ! m>k67 9 its own peculi> way4 ,if ! read] wi%es to /udy any subject1 let him bew>e ( ru%+ to ! newe/ books ^u x1 & conf9+ 8 att5tion to !m alone1 "u ! notion t sci5ce is always advanc+1 & t ! old books h be5 drawn ^u 9 ! writ+ ( ! new4 ,!y h be5 drawn ^u1 x is true2 b h[8 ,! writ] ( ! new book (t5 does n und]/& ! old books ?or\ghly1 & yet he is unwill+ to take _! exact words2 s he bungles !m1 & says 9 8 own bad way t :i* has be5 said v mu* bett] & m cle>ly by ! old writ]s1 :o wrote f _! own lively k ( ! subject4 ,! new writ] frequ5tly omits ! be/ ?+s !y say1 _! mo/ /rik+ illu/rations1 _! happie/ rem>ks2 because he does n see _! value or feel h[ pregnant !y are4 ,! only ?+ t appeals to him is :at is %all[ & insipid4 ,x (t5 happ5s t an old & excell5t book is ou/$ by new & bad ones1 :i*1 writt5 = money1 appe> ) an air ( great pret5sion & mu* puff+ on ! "p ( fri5ds4 ,9 sci5ce a man tries to make 8 m>k by br++ out some?+ fre%4 ,?is (t5 means no?+ m ?an t he attacks "s receiv$ !ory :i* is q correct1 9 ord] to make room = 8 own false notions4 ,sometimes ! ef=t is successful = a "t2 & !n a return is made to ! old & true !ory4 ,^! innovators are s]i\s ab\t no?+ b _! own preci\s self3 x is ?is t !y want to put =w>d1 & ! quick way ( do+ s1 z !y ?9k1 is to />t a p>adox4 ,_! /]ile heads take naturally to ! pa? ( negation2 s !y beg9 to d5y tru?s t h long be5 admitt$--! vital p[]1 = example1 ! sympa!tic n]v\s sy/em1 g5]atio equivoca1 ,bi*at's di/9ction betwe5 ! work+ ( ! passions & ! work+ ( intellig5ce2 or else !y want u to return to crass atomism1 & ! l4 ,h5ce x frequ5tly happ5s t ! c\rse ( sci5ce is retrogressive4 ,to ?is class ( writ]s belong ^? translators :o n only translate _! au?or b also correct & revise him2 a proce$+ :i* always seems to me imp]t95t4 ,to su* writ]s ,i say3 ,write books y\rself :i* are wor? translat+1 & leave o!r p's works z !y are6 ,! read] %\ld /udy1 if he c1 ! real au?ors1 ! m5 :o h f\nd$ & discov]$ ?+s2 or1 at any rate1 ^? :o are recogniz$ z ! great ma/]s 9 e bran* ( k4 ,let him buy second-h& books r ?an read _! cont5ts 9 new ones4 ,to be sure1 x is easy to add to any new discov]y--inv5tis aliquid add]e facile e/2 &1 !re=e1 ! /ud5t1 aft] well ma/]+ ! rudim5ts ( 8 subject1 w h to make himself acqua9t$ ) ! m rec5t additions to ! k ( x4 ,&1 9 g5]al1 ! foll[+ rule may be laid d[n "h z else:]e3 if a ?+ is new1 x is seldom good2 because if x is good1 x is only = a %ort "t new4 ,:at ! address is to a lett]1 ! title %\ld be to a book2 9 o!r words1 its ma9 object %\ld be to br+ ! book to ^? among/ ! public :o w take an int]e/ 9 its cont5ts4 ,x %\ld1 !re=e1 be expressive2 & s9ce by its v nature x mu/ be %ort1 x %\ld be concise1 laconic1 pregnant1 & if possible give ! cont5ts 9 "o ^w4 ,a prolix title is bad2 & s is "o t says no?+1 or is obscure & ambigu\s1 or ev51 x may be1 false & mislead+2 ?is la/ may possibly involve ! book 9 ! same fate z ov]takes a wrongly address$ lett]4 ,! wor/ titles ( all are ^? :i* h be5 /ol51 ^?1 ,i mean1 :i* h already be5 borne by o!r books2 = !y are 9 ! fir/ place a plagi>ism1 & secondly ! mo/ conv9c+ pro( ( a total lack ( orig9ality 9 ! au?or4 ,a man :o has n en\gh orig9ality to inv5t a new title = 8 book1 w be /ill less able to give x new cont5ts4 ,ak9 to ^! /ol5 titles are ^? :i* h be5 imitat$1 t is to say1 /ol5 to ! ext5t ( "o half2 = in/ance1 long aft] ,i _h produc$ my treatise ,on ,w 9 ,nature1 ,o]/$ wrote a book entitl$ ,on ,m9d 9 ,nature4 ,a book c nev] be any?+ m ?an ! impress ( its au?or's ?\ghts2 & ! value ( ^! w lie ei!r 9 ! matt] ab\t :i* he has ?\ght1 or 9 ! =m :i* 8 ?\ghts take1 9 o!r words1 :at x is t he has ?\ght ab\t x4 ,! matt] ( books is mo/ v>i\s2 & v>i\s also are ! sev]al excell5ces atta*+ to books on ! score ( _! matt]4 ,by matt] ,i mean ev]y?+ t comes )9 ! doma9 ( actual exp]i5ce2 t is to say1 ! facts ( hi/ory & ! facts ( nature1 tak5 9 & by !mselves & 9 _! wide/ s5se4 ,"h x is ! ?+ treat$ (1 :i* gives its peculi> "* to ! book2 s t a book c be important1 :oev] x 0 t wrote x4 ,b 9 reg>d to ! =m1 ! peculi> "* ( a book dep5ds ^u ! p]son :o wrote x4 ,x may treat ( matt]s :i* are accessible to ev]yone & well kn[n2 b x is ! way 9 :i* !y are treat$1 :at x is t is ?\ght ab\t !m1 t gives ! book its value2 & ?is comes f its au?or4 ,if1 !n1 f ?is po9t ( view a book is excell5t & beyond comp>ison1 s is its au?or4 ,x foll[s t if a writ] is wor? read+1 8 m]it rises j 9 proportion z he owes little to 8 matt]2 !re=e1 ! bett] kn[n & ! m hackney$ ?is is1 ! great] he w be4 ,! ?ree great trag$ians ( ,greece1 = example1 all work$ at ! same subject-matt]4 ,s :5 a book is celebrat$1 c>e %\ld be tak5 to note :e!r x is s on acc\nt ( its matt] or its =m2 & a di/9ction %\ld be made accord+ly4 ,books ( great importance on acc\nt ( _! matt] may proce$ f v ord9>y & %all[ p1 by ! fact t !y alone h _h access to ?is matt]2 books1 = in/ance1 :i* describe j\rneys 9 di/ant l&s1 r>e natural ph5om5a1 or exp]im5ts2 or hi/orical occurr5ces ( :i* ! writ]s 7 witnesses1 or 9 connection ) :i* !y h sp5t mu* "t & tr\ble 9 ! rese>* & special /udy ( orig9al docum5ts4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :]e ! matt] is accessible to ev]yone or v well kn[n1 ev]y?+ w dep5d ^u ! =m2 & :at x is t is ?\ght ab\t ! matt] w give ! book all ! value x possesses4 ,"h only a really di/+ui%$ man w be able to produce any?+ wor? read+2 = ! o!rs w ?9k no?+ b :at anyone else c ?9k4 ,!y w j produce an impress ( _! own m9ds2 b ?is is a pr9t ( :i* ev]yone possesses ! orig9al4 ,h[ev]1 ! public is v mu* m conc]n$ to h matt] ?an =m2 & = ?is v reason x is defici5t 9 any high degree ( culture4 ,! public %[s its pref]5ce 9 ?is respect 9 ! mo/ laughable way :5 x comes to deal ) poetry2 = !re x devotes mu* tr\ble to ! task ( track+ out ! actual ev5ts or p]sonal circum/ances 9 ! life ( ! poet :i* s]v$ z ! occasion ( 8 v>i\s works2 nay1 ^! ev5ts & circum/ances come 9 ! end to be ( great] importance ?an ! works !mselves2 & r ?an read ,goe! himself1 p pref] to read :at has be5 writt5 ab\t him1 & to /udy ! leg5d ( ,fau/ m indu/ri\sly ?an ! drama ( t "n4 ,& :5 ,brg] decl>$ t p w\ld write le>n$ disquisitions on ! "q1 ,:o ,leonora really 01 we f9d ?is lit]ally fulfill$ 9 ,goe!'s case2 = we n[ possess a great _m le>n$ disquisitions on ,fau/ & ! leg5d atta*+ to him4 ,/udy ( ?is k9d is1 & rema9s1 devot$ to ! mat]ial ( ! drama alone4 ,to give su* pref]5ce to ! matt] ov] ! =m1 is z ?\gh a man 7 to take a f9e ,etruscan vase1 n to admire its %ape or color+1 b to make a *emical analysis ( ! clay & pa9t ( :i* x is compos$4 ,! attempt to produce an effect by means ( ! mat]ial employ$--an attempt :i* p&]s to ?is evil t5d5cy ( ! public--is mo/ to be condemn$ 9 bran*es ( lit]ature :]e any m]it !re may be lies expressly 9 ! =m2 ,i mean1 9 poetical "w4 ,= all t1 x is n r>e to f9d bad dramati/s try+ to fill ! h\se by means ( ! matt] ab\t :i* !y write4 ,= example1 au?ors ( ?is k9d d n %r9k f putt+ on ! /age any man :o is 9 any way celebrat$1 no matt] :e!r 8 life may h be5 entirely devoid ( dramatic incid5t2 & sometimes1 ev51 !y d n wait until ! p]sons imm$iately connect$ ) him are dead4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 matt] & =m to :i* ,i am "h allud+ also holds good ( conv]sation4 ,! *ief qualities :i* enable a man to conv]se well are intellig5ce1 disc]nm5t1 wit & vivacity3 ^! supply ! =m ( conv]sation4 ,b x is n long be=e att5tion has to be paid to ! matt] ( :i* he speaks2 9 o!r words1 ! subjects ab\t :i* x is possible to conv]se ) him--8 k4 ,if ?is is v small1 8 conv]sation w n be wor? any?+1 unless he possesses ! above-nam$ =mal qualities 9 a v exceptional degree2 = he w h no?+ to talk ab\t b ^? facts ( life & nature :i* ev]ybody kn[s4 ,x w be j ! opposite1 h[ev]1 if a man is defici5t 9 ^! =mal qualities1 b has an am\nt ( k :i* l5ds value to :at he says4 ,?is value w !n dep5d entirely ^u ! matt] ( 8 conv]sation2 =1 z ! ,spani% prov]b has x1 mas sabe el necio en su casa1 que el sabio en la ag5a--a fool kn[s m ( 8 own bus9ess ?an a wise man does ( o!rs4 ,,on ,,/yle4 ,/yle is ! physiognomy ( ! m9d1 & a saf] index to "* ?an ! face4 ,to imitate ano!r man's /yle is l we>+ a mask1 :i*1 be x nev] s f9e1 is n long 9 ar\s+ disgu/ & abhorr5ce1 because x is lifeless2 s t ev5 ! uglie/ liv+ face is bett]4 ,h5ce ^? :o write 9 ,lat9 & copy ! mann] ( anci5t au?ors1 may be said to speak ?r\gh a mask2 ! read]1 x is true1 he>s :at !y say1 b he _c obs]ve _! physiognomy too2 he _c see _! /yle4 ,) ! ,lat9 works ( writ]s :o ?9k = !mselves1 ! case is diff]5t1 & _! /yle is visible2 writ]s1 ,i mean1 :o h n condesc5d$ to any sort ( imitation1 su* z ,scotus ,erig5a1 ,petr>*1 ,bacon1 ,desc>tes1 ,sp9oza1 & _m o!rs4 ,an affectation 9 /yle is l mak+ grimaces4 ,fur!r1 ! language 9 :i* a man writes is ! physiognomy ( ! nation to :i* he belongs2 & "h !re are _m h>d & fa/ diff]5ces1 beg9n+ f ! language ( ! ,greeks1 d[n to t ( ! ,c>ibbean isl&]s4 ,to =m a prov9cial e/imate ( ! value ( a writ]'s productions1 x is n directly necess>y to "k ! subject on :i* he has ?\ght1 or :at x is t he has said ab\t x2 t w\ld imply a p]usal ( all 8 works4 ,x w be en\gh1 9 ! ma91 to "k h[ he has ?\ght4 ,?is1 :i* means ! ess5tial temp] or g5]al quality ( 8 m9d1 may be precisely det]m9$ by 8 /yle4 ,a man's /yle %[s ! =mal nature ( all 8 ?\ghts--! =mal nature :i* c nev] *ange1 be ! subject or ! "* ( 8 ?\ghts :at x may3 x is1 z x 71 ! d\gh out ( :i* all ! cont5ts ( 8 m9d are knead$4 ,:5 ,eul5spiegel 0 ask$ h[ long x w\ld take to walk to ! next village1 he gave ! seem+ly incongru\s answ]3 ,walk4 ,he want$ to f9d out by ! man's pace ! di/ance he w\ld cov] 9 a giv5 "t4 ,9 ! same way1 :5 ,i h read a few pages ( an au?or1 ,i "k fairly well h[ f> he c br+ me4 ,e m$iocre writ] tries to mask 8 own natural /yle1 because 9 8 he>t he kn[s ! tru? ( :at ,i am say+4 ,he is ?us =c$1 at ! outset1 to give up any attempt at be+ frank or nave--a privilege :i* is !reby res]v$ = sup]ior m9ds1 consci\s ( _! own wor?1 & !re=e sure ( !mselves4 ,:at ,i mean is t ^! ev]yday writ]s are absolutely unable to resolve ^u writ+ j z !y ?9k2 because !y h a notion t1 7 !y to d s1 _! "w might possibly look v *ildi% & simple4 ,= all t1 x w\ld n be )\t its value4 ,if !y w\ld only g hone/ly to "w1 & say1 q simply1 ! ?+s !y h really ?\ght1 & j z !y h ?\ght !m1 ^! writ]s w\ld be readable &1 )9 _! own prop] sph]e1 ev5 in/ructive4 ,b in/ead ( t1 !y try to make ! read] believe t _! ?\ghts h gone mu* fur!r & deep] ?an is really ! case4 ,!y say :at !y h to say 9 long s5t5ces t w9d ab\t 9 a =c$ & unnatural way2 !y co9 new words & write prolix p]iods :i* g r\nd & r\nd ! ?\ght & wrap x up 9 a sort ( disguise4 ,!y tremble betwe5 ! two sep>ate aims ( communicat+ :at !y want to say & ( conceal+ x4 ,_! object is to dress x up s t x may look le>n$ or deep1 9 ord] to give p ! impression t !re is v mu* m 9 x ?an = ! mom5t meets ! eye4 ,!y ei!r jot d[n _! ?\ghts bit by bit1 9 %ort1 ambigu\s1 & p>adoxical s5t5ces1 :i* app>5tly mean mu* m ?an !y say1--( ?is k9d ( writ+ ,s*ell+'s treatises on natural philosophy are a spl5did in/ance2 or else !y hold =? ) a deluge ( words & ! mo/ intol]able diffusiv5ess1 z ?\gh no end ( fuss 7 necess>y to make ! read] und]/& ! deep mean+ ( _! s5t5ces1 :]eas x is "s q simple if n actually trivial idea1--examples ( :i* may be f\nd 9 pl5ty 9 ! popul> works ( ,fi*te1 & ! philosophical manuals ( a hundr$ o!r mis]able dunces n wor? m5tion+2 or1 aga91 !y try to write 9 "s p>ticul> /yle :i* !y h be5 pleas$ to take up & ?9k v gr&1 a /yle1 = example1 p> excell5ce pr(\nd & sci5tific1 :]e ! read] is torm5t$ to dea? by ! n>cotic effect ( longspun p]iods )\t a s+le idea 9 !m1--su* z are furni%$ 9 a special measure by ^? mo/ impud5t ( all mortals1 ! ,hegelians#a2 or x may be t x is an intellectual /yle !y h /riv5 aft]1 :]e x seems z ?\gh _! object 7 to g crazy altoge!r2 & s on 9 _m o!r cases4 ,all ^! endeavors to put (f ! nascetur ridiculus mus--to avoid %[+ ! funny little creature t is born aft] su* mighty ?roes--(t5 make x difficult to "k :at x is t !y really mean4 ,& !n1 too1 !y write d[n words1 nay1 ev5 :ole s5t5ces1 )\t atta*+ any mean+ to !m !mselves1 b 9 ! hope t someone else w get s5se out ( !m4 ,footnote #a3 ,9 _! ,hegel-gazette1 commonly kn[n z ,jahrb*] d] wiss5s*aftli*5 ,lit]atur4 ,& :at is at ! bottom ( all ?is8 ,no?+ b ! untir+ ef=t to sell words = ?\ghts2 a mode ( m]*&ise t is always try+ to make fre% op5+s = itself1 & by means ( odd expressions1 turns ( phrase1 & comb9ations ( e sort1 :e!r new or us$ 9 a new s5se1 to produce ! appe>5ce ( intellect 9 ord] to make up = ! v pa9fully felt lack ( x4 ,x is amus+ to see h[ writ]s ) ?is object 9 view w attempt fir/ "o mann]ism & !n ano!r1 z ?\gh !y 7 putt+ on ! mask ( intellect6 ,?is mask may possibly deceive ! inexp]i5c$ = a :ile1 until x is se5 to be a dead ?+1 ) no life 9 x at all2 x is !n laugh$ at & ex*ang$ = ano!r4 ,su* an au?or w at "o mom5t write 9 a di?yrambic ve91 z ?\gh he 7 tipsy2 at ano!r1 nay1 on ! v next page1 he w be pomp\s1 sev]e1 pr(\ndly le>n$ & prolix1 /umbl+ on 9 ! mo/ cumbr\s way & *opp+ up ev]y?+ v small2 l ! late ,*ri/ian ,wolf1 only 9 a mod]n dress4 ,longe/ ( all la/s ! mask ( un9telligibility2 b ?is is only 9 ,g]many1 :i!r x 0 introduc$ by ,fi*te1 p]fect$ by ,s*ell+1 & c>ri$ to its highe/ pit* 9 ,hegel--always ) ! be/ results4 ,& yet no?+ is easi] ?an to write s t no "o c und]/&2 j z contr>ily1 no?+ is m difficult ?an to express deep ?+s 9 su* a way t e "o mu/ necess>ily grasp !m4 ,all ! arts & tricks ,i h be5 m5tion+ are r5d]$ sup]flu\s if ! au?or really has any bra9s2 = t all[s him to %[ himself z he is1 & confirms to all "t ,horace's maxim t good s5se is ! s\rce & orig9 ( good /yle3 ,scrib5di recte sap]e e/ et pr9cipium et fons4 ,b ^? au?ors ,i h nam$ are l c]ta9 work]s 9 metal1 :o try a hundr$ diff]5t comp\nds to take ! place ( gold--! only metal :i* c nev] h any sub/itute4 ,r ?an d t1 !re is no?+ aga9/ :i* a writ] %\ld be m ^u 8 gu>d ?an ! manife/ endeavor to exhibit m intellect ?an he really has2 because ?is makes ! read] suspect t he possesses v little2 s9ce x is always ! case t if a man affects any?+1 :atev] x may be1 x is j !re t he is defici5t4 ,t is :y x is praise to an au?or to say t he is nave2 x means t he ne$ n %r9k f %[+ himself z he is4 ,g5]ally speak+1 to be nave is to be attractive2 :ile lack ( naturalness is ev]y:]e repulsive4 ,z a matt] ( fact we f9d t e really great writ] tries to express 8 ?\ghts z purely1 cle>ly1 def9itely & %ortly z possible4 ,simplicity has always be5 held to be a m>k ( tru?2 x is also a m>k ( g5ius4 ,/yle receives its beauty f ! ?\ght x expresses2 b ) %am-?9k]s ! ?\ghts are suppos$ to be f9e because ( ! /yle4 ,/yle is no?+ b ! m]e silh\ette ( ?\ght2 & an obscure or bad /yle means a dull or confus$ bra94 ,! fir/ rule1 !n1 = a good /yle is t ! au?or %\ld h some?+ to say2 nay1 ?is is 9 itself almo/ all t is necess>y4 ,ah1 h[ mu* x means6 ,! neglect ( ?is rule is a fundam5tal trait 9 ! philosophical writ+1 &1 9 fact1 9 all ! reflective lit]ature1 ( my c\ntry1 m especially s9ce ,fi*te4 ,^! writ]s all let x be se5 t !y want to appe> z ?\gh !y _h some?+ to say2 :]eas !y h no?+ to say4 ,writ+ ( ?is k9d 0 br\ght 9 by ! pseudo-philosoph]s at ! ,univ]sities1 & n[ x is curr5t ev]y:]e1 ev5 among ! fir/ lit]>y notabilities ( ! age4 ,x is ! "m ( t /ra9$ & vague /yle1 :]e !re seem to be two or ev5 m mean+s 9 ! s5t5ce2 also ( t prolix & cumbr\s mann] ( expression1 call$ le /ile empes2 aga91 ( t m]e wa/e ( words :i* consi/s 9 p\r+ !m out l a flood2 f9ally1 ( t trick ( conceal+ ! dire/ pov]ty ( ?\ght "u a f>rago ( nev]-end+ *att]1 :i* clacks away l a w9dmill & q /upefies "o--/uff :i* a man may read = h\rs toge!r )\t gett+ hold ( a s+le cle>ly express$ & def9ite idea4#a ,h[ev]1 p are easy-go+1 & !y h =m$ ! habit ( read+ page ^u page ( all sorts ( su* v]biage1 )\t hav+ any p>ticul> idea ( :at ! au?or really means4 ,!y fancy x is all z x %\ld be1 & fail to discov] t he is writ+ simply = writ+'s sake4 ,footnote #a3 ,select examples ( ! art ( writ+ 9 ?is /yle are to be f\nd almo/ passim 9 ! ,jahrb*] publi%$ at ,halle1 aft]w>ds call$ ! ,deuts*5 ,jahrb*]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a good au?or1 f]tile 9 ideas1 soon w9s 8 read]'s confid5ce t1 :5 he writes1 he has really & truly some?+ to say2 & ?is gives ! intellig5t read] pati5ce to foll[ him ) att5tion4 ,su* an au?or1 j because he really has some?+ to say1 w nev] fail to express himself 9 ! simple/ & mo/ /raight=w>d mann]2 because 8 object is to awake ! v same ?\ght 9 ! read] t he has 9 himself1 & no o!r4 ,s he w be able to affirm ) ,boileau t 8 ?\ghts are ev]y:]e op5 to ! light ( ! day1 & t 8 v]se always says some?+1 :e!r x says x well or ill3 ,ma p5se au gr& j\r p>t\t s'(fre et s'expose1 ,et mon v]s1 bi5 ou mal1 dit t\j\rs quelque *ose3 :ile ( ! writ]s previ\sly describ$ x may be ass]t$1 9 ! words ( ! same poet1 t !y talk mu* & nev] say any?+ at all--quip>lant beauc\p ne dis5t jamais ri54 ,ano!r *>act]i/ic ( su* writ]s is t !y always avoid a positive ass]tion :]ev] !y c possibly d s1 9 ord] to leave a loophole = escape 9 case ( ne$4 ,h5ce !y nev] fail to *oose ! m ab/ract way ( express+ !mselves2 :]eas intellig5t p use ! m concrete2 because ! latt] br+s ?+s m )9 ! range ( actual demon/ration1 :i* is ! s\rce ( all evid5ce4 ,!re are _m examples prov+ ?is pref]5ce = ab/ract expression2 & a p>ticul>ly ridicul\s "o is af=d$ by ! use ( ! v]b to condition 9 ! s5se ( to cause or to produce4 ,p say to condition some?+ in/ead ( to cause x1 because be+ ab/ract & indef9ite x says less2 x affirms t ,a _c happ5 )\t ,b1 in/ead ( t ,a is caus$ by ,b4 ,a back door is always left op52 & ?is suits p ^: secret k ( _! own incapacity inspires !m ) a p]petual t]ror ( all positive ass]tion2 :ile ) o!r p x is m]ely ! effect ( t t5d5cy by :i* ev]y?+ t is /upid 9 lit]ature or bad 9 life is imm$iately imitat$--a fact prov$ 9 ei!r case by ! rapid way 9 :i* x spreads4 ,! ,engli%man uses 8 own judgm5t 9 :at he writes z well z 9 :at he does2 b !re is no nation ( :i* ?is eulogy is less true ?an ( ! ,g]mans4 ,! consequ5ce ( ?is /ate ( ?+s is t ! ^w cause has ( late almo/ disappe>$ f ! language ( lit]ature1 & p talk only ( condition4 ,! fact is wor? m5tion+ because x is s *>act]i/ically ridicul\s4 ,! v fact t ^! commonplace au?ors are nev] m ?an half-consci\s :5 !y write1 w\ld be en\gh to acc\nt = _! dullness ( m9d & ! t$i\s ?+s !y produce4 ,i say !y are only half-consci\s1 because !y really d n !mselves und]/& ! mean+ ( ! words !y use3 !y take words ready-made & commit !m to memory4 ,h5ce :5 !y write1 x is n s mu* words z :ole phrases t !y put toge!r--phrases banales4 ,?is is ! explanation ( t palpable lack ( cle>ly-express$ ?\ght 9 :at !y say4 ,! fact is t !y d n possess ! die to give ?is /amp to _! writ+2 cle> ?\ght ( _! own is j :at !y h n got4 ,& :at d we f9d 9 its place8--a vague1 enigmatical int]mixture ( words1 curr5t phrases1 hackney$ t]ms1 & fa%ionable expressions4 ,! result is t ! foggy /uff !y write is l a page pr9t$ ) v old type4 ,on ! o!r h&1 an intellig5t au?or really speaks to u :5 he writes1 & t is :y he is able to r\se our int]e/ & commune ) u4 ,x is ! intellig5t au?or alone :o puts individual words toge!r ) a full consci\sness ( _! mean+1 & *ooses !m ) delib]ate design4 ,consequ5tly1 8 disc\rse /&s to t ( ! writ] describ$ above1 mu* z a picture t has be5 really pa9t$1 to "o t has be5 produc$ by ! use ( a /5cil4 ,9 ! "o case1 e ^w1 e t\* ( ! bru%1 has a special purpose2 9 ! o!r1 all is done me*anically4 ,! same di/9ction may be obs]v$ 9 music4 ,= j z ,li*t5b]g says t ,g>rick's s\l seem$ to be 9 e muscle 9 8 body1 s x is ! omnipres5ce ( intellect t always & ev]y:]e *>act]izes ! "w ( g5ius4 ,i h allud$ to ! t$i\sness :i* m>ks ! works ( ^! writ]s2 & 9 ?is connection x is to be obs]v$1 g5]ally1 t t$i\sness is ( two k9ds2 objective & subjective4 ,a "w is objectively t$i\s :5 x conta9s ! defect 9 "q2 t is to say1 :5 its au?or has no p]fectly cle> ?\ght or k to communicate4 ,= if a man has any cle> ?\ght or k 9 him1 8 aim w be to communicate x1 & he w direct 8 en]gies to ?is end2 s t ! ideas he furni%es are ev]y:]e cle>ly express$4 ,! result is t he is nei!r diffuse1 nor unmean+1 nor confus$1 & consequ5tly n t$i\s4 ,9 su* a case1 ev5 ?\gh ! au?or is at bottom 9 error1 ! error is at any rate cle>ly work$ out & well ?\ght ov]1 s t x is at lea/ =mally correct2 & ?us "s value always atta*es to ! "w4 ,b = ! same reason a "w t is objectively t$i\s is at all times devoid ( any value :atev]4 ,! o!r k9d ( t$i\sness is only relative3 a read] may f9d a "w dull because he has no int]e/ 9 ! "q treat$ ( 9 x1 & ?is means t 8 intellect is re/rict$4 ,! be/ "w may1 !re=e1 be t$i\s subjectively1 t$i\s1 ,i mean1 to ?is or t p>ticul> p]son2 j z1 contr>ity1 ! wor/ "w may be subjectively engross+ to ?is or t p>ticul> p]son :o has an int]e/ 9 ! "q treat$ (1 or 9 ! writ] ( ! book4 ,x w\ld g5]ally s]ve writ]s 9 good /ead if !y w\ld see t1 :il/ a man %\ld1 if possible1 ?9k l a great g5ius1 he %\ld talk ! same language z ev]yone else4 ,au?ors %\ld use common words to say uncommon ?+s4 ,b !y d j ! opposite4 ,we f9d !m try+ to wrap up trivial ideas 9 gr& words1 & to clo! _! v ord9>y ?\ghts 9 ! mo/ extraord9>y phrases1 ! mo/ f>-fet*$1 unnatural1 & out-(-!-way expressions4 ,_! s5t5ces p]petually /alk ab\t on /ilts4 ,!y take s mu* pleasure 9 bomba/1 & write 9 su* a high-fl[n1 bloat$1 affect$1 hyp]bolical & acrobatic /yle t _! prototype is ,anci5t ,pi/ol1 :om 8 fri5d ,fal/aff once impati5tly told to say :at he _h to say l a man ( ?is _w4#a ,footnote #a3 ,k+ ,h5ry ,,iv41 ,"p ,,ii4 ,act v4 ,sc4 #c4 ,!re is no expression 9 any o!r language exactly answ]+ to ! ,fr5* /ile empes2 b ! ?+ itself exi/s all ! m (t54 ,:5 associat$ ) affectation1 x is 9 lit]ature :at assumption ( dignity1 gr& airs & prim5ess are 9 society2 & equally intol]able4 ,dullness ( m9d is fond ( donn+ ?is dress2 j z an ord9>y life x is /upid p :o l be+ demure & =mal4 ,an au?or :o writes 9 ! prim /yle resembles a man :o dresses himself up 9 ord] to avoid be+ conf\nd$ or put on ! same level ) a mob--a risk nev] run by ! g5tleman1 ev5 9 8 wor/ clo!s4 ,! plebeian may be kn[n by a c]ta9 %[9ess ( attire & a wi% to h ev]y?+ spick & span2 & 9 ! same way1 ! commonplace p]son is betray$ by 8 /yle4 ,nev]!less1 an au?or foll[s a false aim if he tries to write exactly z he speaks4 ,!re is no /yle ( writ+ b %\ld h a c]ta9 trace ( k9%ip ) ! epigraphic or monum5tal /yle1 :i* is1 inde$1 ! ance/or ( all /yles4 ,= an au?or to write z he speaks is j z repreh5sible z ! opposite fault1 to speak z he writes2 = ?is gives a p$antic effect to :at he says1 & at ! same "t makes him h>dly intelligible4 ,an obscure & vague mann] ( expression is always & ev]y:]e a v bad sign4 ,9 n9ety-n9e cases out ( a hundr$ x comes f vagu5ess ( ?\ght2 & ?is aga9 almo/ always means t !re is some?+ radically wrong & incongru\s ab\t ! ?\ght itself--9 a ^w1 t x is incorrect4 ,:5 a "r ?\ght spr+s up 9 ! m9d1 x /rives aft] expression & is n long 9 rea*+ x2 = cle> ?\ght easily f9ds words to fit x4 ,if a man is capable ( ?9k+ any?+ at all1 he is also always able to express x 9 cle>1 intelligible1 & unambigu\s t]ms4 ,^? writ]s :o con/ruct difficult1 obscure1 involv$1 & equivocal s5t5ces1 mo/ c]ta9ly d n "k aright :at x is t !y want to say3 !y h only a dull consci\sness ( x1 :i* is /ill 9 ! /age ( /ruggle to %ape itself z ?\ght4 ,(t51 inde$1 _! desire is to conceal f !mselves & o!rs t !y really h no?+ at all to say4 ,!y wi% to appe> to "k :at !y d n "k1 to ?9k :at !y d n ?9k1 to say :at !y d n say4 ,if a man has "s real communication to make1 :i* w he *oose--an indi/9ct or a cle> way ( express+ himself8 ,ev5 ,qu9tilian rem>ks t ?+s :i* are said by a highly educat$ man are (t5 easi] to und]/& & mu* cle>]2 & t ! less educat$ a man is1 ! m obscurely he w write--pl]umque accidit ut faciliora s9t ad intellig5dum et lucidiora multo que a doctissimo quoque dicuntur4444 ,erit ergo etiam obscurior quo quisque det]ior4 ,an au?or %\ld avoid enigmatical phrases2 he %\ld "k :e!r he wants to say a ?+ or does n want to say x4 ,x is ?is indecision ( /yle t makes s _m writ]s insipid4 ,! only case t (f]s an exception to ?is rule arises :5 x is necess>y to make a rem>k t is 9 "s way improp]4 ,z exagg]ation g5]ally produces an effect ! opposite ( t aim$ at2 s words1 x is true1 s]ve to make ?\ght intelligible--b only up to a c]ta9 po9t4 ,if words are heap$ up beyond x1 ! ?\ght becomes m & m obscure aga94 ,to f9d :]e ! po9t lies is ! problem ( /yle1 & ! bus9ess ( ! critical faculty2 = a ^w too mu* always defeats its purpose4 ,?is is :at ,voltaire means :5 he says t ! adjective is ! enemy ( ! sub/antive4 ,b1 z we h se51 _m p try to conceal _! pov]ty ( ?\ght "u a flood ( v]biage4 ,accord+ly let all r$undancy be avoid$1 all /r++ toge!r ( rem>ks :i* h no mean+ & are n wor? p]usal4 ,a writ] mu/ make a sp>+ use ( ! read]'s "t1 pati5ce & att5tion2 s z to lead him to believe t 8 au?or writes :at is wor? c>eful /udy1 & w rew>d ! "t sp5t ^u x4 ,x is always bett] to omit some?+ good ?an to add t :i* is n wor? say+ at all4 ,?is is ! "r application ( ,hesiod's maxim1 ,greek3 pleon aemisu pantos#a--! half is m ?an ! :ole4 ,le secret p\r tre ennuyeux1 c'e/ de t\t dire4 ,!re=e1 if possible1 ! qu9tess5ce only6 m]e lead+ ?\ghts6 no?+ t ! read] w\ld ?9k = himself4 ,to use _m words to communicate few ?\ghts is ev]y:]e ! unmi/akable sign ( m$iocrity4 ,to ga!r mu* ?\ght into few words /amps ! man ( g5ius4 ,footnote #a3 ,works & ,days1 #dj4 ,tru? is mo/ beautiful undrap$2 & ! impression x makes is deep 9 proportion z its expression has be5 simple4 ,?is is s1 p>tly because x !n takes unob/ruct$ possession ( ! he>]'s :ole s\l1 & leaves him no by-?\ght to di/ract him2 p>tly1 also1 because he feels t "h he is n be+ corrupt$ or *eat$ by ! arts ( rhetoric1 b t all ! effect ( :at is said comes f ! ?+ itself4 ,= in/ance1 :at declamation on ! vanity ( human exi/5ce c\ld ev] be m tell+ ?an ! words ( ,job8 ,man t is born ( a woman ha? b a %ort "t to live & is full ( mis]y4 ,he come? up1 & is cut d[n1 l a fl[]2 he flee? z x 7 a %ad[1 & nev] cont9ue? 9 "o /ay4 ,= ! same reason ,goe!'s nave poetry is incomp>ably great] ?an ,s*ill]'s rhetoric4 ,x is ?is1 aga91 t makes _m popul> songs s affect+4 ,z 9 ar*itecture an excess ( decoration is to be avoid$1 s 9 ! art ( lit]ature a writ] mu/ gu>d aga9/ all rhetorical f9]y1 all useless amplification1 & all sup]fluity ( expression 9 g5]al2 9 a ^w1 he mu/ /rive aft] *a/ity ( /yle4 ,e ^w t c be sp>$ is hurtful if x rema9s4 ,! law ( simplicity & navet holds good ( all f9e art2 = x is q possible to be at once simple & sublime4 ,true brevity ( expression consi/s 9 ev]y:]e say+ only :at is wor? say+1 & 9 avoid+ t$i\s detail ab\t ?+s :i* ev]yone c supply = himself4 ,?is involves correct discrim9ation betwe5 :at x necess>y & :at is sup]flu\s4 ,a writ] %\ld nev] be brief at ! exp5se ( be+ cle>1 to say no?+ ( be+ grammatical4 ,x %[s lam5table want ( judgm5t to weak5 ! expression ( a ?\ght1 or to /unt ! mean+ ( a p]iod = ! sake ( us+ a few words less4 ,b ?is is ! precise endeavor ( t false brevity n[adays s mu* 9 vogue1 :i* proce$s by leav+ out useful words & ev5 by sacrific+ gramm> & logic4 ,x is n only t su* writ]s sp>e a ^w by mak+ a s+le v]b or adjective d duty = sev]al diff]5t p]iods1 s t ! read]1 z x 71 has to grope 8 way ?r\gh !m 9 ! d>k2 !y also practice1 9 _m o!r respects1 an unseem+ly economy ( spee*1 9 ! ef=t to effect :at !y fooli%ly take to be brevity ( expression & concis5ess ( /yle4 ,by omitt+ some?+ t might h ?r[n a light ov] ! :ole s5t5ce1 !y turn x into a conundrum1 :i* ! read] tries to solve by go+ ov] x aga9 & aga94#a ,footnote #a3 ,translator's ,note4--,9 ! orig9al1 ,s*op5hau] "h ent]s ^u a l5g?y exam9ation ( c]ta9 common errors 9 ! writ+ & speak+ ( ,g]man4 ,8 rem>ks are address$ to 8 own c\ntrym51 & w\ld lose all po9t1 ev5 if !y 7 intelligible1 9 an ,engli% translation4 ,b = ^? :o practice _! ,g]man by conv]s+ or correspond+ ) ,g]mans1 let me recomm5d :at he !re says z a useful corrective to a slip%od /yle1 su* z c easily be contract$ if x is assum$ t ! natives ( a c\ntry always "k _! own language p]fectly4 ,x is weal? & weight ( ?\ght1 & no?+ else1 t gives brevity to /yle1 & makes x concise & pregnant4 ,if a writ]'s ideas are important1 lum9\s1 & g5]ally wor? communicat+1 !y w necess>ily furni% matt] & sub/ance en\gh to fill out ! p]iods :i* give !m expression1 & make ^! 9 all _! p>ts bo? grammatically & v]bally complete2 & s mu* w ?is be ! case t no "o w ev] f9d !m holl[1 empty or feeble4 ,! diction w ev]y:]e be brief & pregnant1 & all[ ! ?\ght to f9d intelligible & easy expression1 & ev5 unfold & move ab\t ) grace4 ,!re=e in/ead ( contract+ 8 words & =ms ( spee*1 let a writ] enl>ge 8 ?\ghts4 ,if a man has be5 ?9n$ by illness & f9ds 8 clo!s too big1 x is n by cutt+ !m d[n1 b by recov]+ 8 usual bodily condition1 t he ought to make !m fit him aga94 ,let me "h m5tion an error ( /yle1 v preval5t n[adays1 &1 9 ! degrad$ /ate ( lit]ature & ! neglect ( anci5t languages1 always on ! increase2 ,i mean subjectivity4 ,a writ] commits ?is error :5 he ?9ks x en\gh if he himself kn[s :at he means & wants to say1 & takes no ?\ght = ! read]1 :o is left to get at ! bottom ( x z be/ he c4 ,?is is z ?\gh ! au?or 7 hold+ a monologue2 :]eas1 x ought to be a dialogue2 & a dialogue1 too1 9 :i* he mu/ express himself all ! m cle>ly inasmu* z he _c he> ! que/ions ( 8 int]locutor4 ,/yle %\ld = ?is v reason nev] be subjective1 b objective2 & x w n be objective unless ! words are s set d[n t !y directly =ce ! read] to ?9k precisely ! same ?+ z ! au?or ?\ght :5 he wrote !m4 ,nor w ?is result be obta9$ unless ! au?or has always be5 c>eful to rememb] t ?\ght s f> foll[s ! law ( gravity t x travels f head to pap] mu* m easily ?an f pap] to head2 s t he mu/ assi/ ! latt] passage by e means 9 8 p[]4 ,if he does ?is1 a writ]'s words w h a purely objective effect1 l t ( a f9i%$ picture 9 oils2 :il/ ! subjective /yle is n mu* m c]ta9 9 its work+ ?an spots on ! wall1 :i* look l figures only to "o ^: phantasy has be5 accid5tally ar\s$ by !m2 o!r p see no?+ b spots & blurs4 ,! diff]5ce 9 "q applies to lit]>y me?od z a :ole2 b x is (t5 e/abli%$ also 9 p>ticul> in/ances4 ,= example1 9 a rec5tly publi%$ "w ,i f\nd ! foll[+ s5t5ce3 ,i h n writt5 9 ord] to increase ! numb] ( exi/+ books4 ,?is means j ! opposite ( :at ! writ] want$ to say1 & is nons5se z well4 ,he :o writes c>elessly confesses !reby at ! v outset t he does n atta* mu* importance to 8 own ?\ghts4 ,= x is only :]e a man is conv9c$ ( ! tru? & importance ( 8 ?\ghts1 t he feels ! en?usiasm necess>y = an untir+ & assidu\s ef=t to f9d ! cle>e/1 f9e/1 & /ronge/ expression = !m1--j z = sacr$ relics or priceless works ( art !re are provid$ silv]n or gold5 receptacles4 ,x 0 ?is feel+ t l$ anci5t au?ors1 ^: ?\ghts1 express$ 9 _! own words1 h liv$ ?\s&s ( ye>s1 & !re=e be> ! honor$ title ( classics1 always to write ) c>e4 ,plato1 inde$1 is said to h writt5 ! introduction to 8 ,republic sev5 times ov] 9 diff]5t ways4#a ,footnote #a3 ,translator's ,note4--,x is a fact wor? m5tion+ t ! fir/ twelve words ( ! ,republic are plac$ 9 ! exact ord] :i* w\ld be natural 9 ,engli%4 ,z neglect ( dress betrays want ( respect = ! company a man meets1 s a ha/y1 c>eless1 bad /yle %[s an outrage\s lack ( reg>d = ! read]1 :o !n rightly puni%es x by refus+ to read ! book4 ,x is especially amus+ to see review]s criticis+ ! works ( o!rs 9 _! own mo/ c>eless /yle--! /yle ( a hirel+4 ,x is z ?\gh a judge 7 to come into c\rt 9 dress+-g[n & slipp]s6 ,if ,i see a man badly & dirtily dress$1 ,i feel "s hesitation1 at fir/1 9 ent]+ into conv]sation ) him3 & :51 on tak+ up a book1 ,i am /ruck at once by ! neglig5ce ( its /yle1 ,i put x away4 ,good writ+ %\ld be gov]n$ by ! rule t a man c ?9k only "o ?+ cle>ly at a "t2 &1 !re=e1 t he %\ld n be expect$ to ?9k two or ev5 m ?+s 9 "o & ! same mom5t4 ,b ?is is :at is done :5 a writ] breaks up 8 pr9cipal s5t5ce into little pieces1 = ! purpose ( pu%+ into ! gaps ?us made two or ?ree o!r ?\ghts by way ( p>5!sis2 !reby unnecess>ily & wantonly confus+ ! read]4 ,& "h x is aga9 my own c\ntrym5 :o are *iefly 9 fault4 ,t ,g]man l5ds itself to ?is way ( writ+1 makes ! ?+ possible1 b does n ju/ify x4 ,no prose reads m easily or pleasantly ?an ,fr5*1 because1 z a rule1 x is free f ! error 9 "q4 ,! ,fr5*man /r+s 8 ?\ghts toge!r1 z f> z he c1 9 ! mo/ logical & natural ord]1 & s lays !m be=e 8 read] "o aft] ! o!r = conv5i5t delib]ation1 s t e "o ( !m may receive undivid$ att5tion4 ,! ,g]man1 on ! o!r h&1 weaves !m toge!r into a s5t5ce :i* he twi/s & crosses1 & crosses & twi/s aga92 because he wants to say six ?+s all at once1 in/ead ( advanc+ !m "o by "o4 ,8 aim %\ld be to attract & hold ! read]'s att5tion2 b1 above & beyond neglect ( ?is aim1 he dem&s f ! read] t he %all set ! above m5tion$ rule at defiance1 & ?9k ?ree or f\r diff]5t ?\ghts at "o & ! same "t2 or s9ce t is impossible1 t 8 ?\ghts %all succe$ ea* o!r z quickly z ! vibrations ( a cord4 ,9 ?is way an au?or lays ! f\ndation ( 8 /ile empes1 :i* is !n c>ri$ to p]fection by ! use ( high-fl[n1 pomp\s expressions to communicate ! simple/ ?+s1 & o!r artifices ( ! same k9d4 ,9 ^? long s5t5ces ri* 9 involv$ p>5!sis1 l a box ( boxes "o )9 ano!r1 & padd$ out l roa/ geese /uff$ ) apples1 x is really ! memory t is *iefly tax$2 :ile x is ! und]/&+ & ! judgm5t :i* %\ld be call$ into play1 in/ead ( hav+ _! activity !reby actually h9d]$ & weak5$4#a ,?is k9d ( s5t5ce furni%es ! read] ) m]e half-phrases1 :i* he is !n call$ ^u to collect c>efully & /ore up 9 8 memory1 z ?\gh !y 7 ! pieces ( a torn lett]1 aft]w>ds to be complet$ & made s5se ( by ! o!r halves to :i* !y respectively belong4 ,he is expect$ to g on read+ = a little )\t ex]cis+ any ?\ght1 nay1 ex]t+ only 8 memory1 9 ! hope t1 :5 he comes to ! end ( ! s5t5ce1 he may see its mean+ & s receive some?+ to ?9k ab\t2 & he is ?us giv5 a great deal to le>n by he>t be=e obta9+ any?+ to und]/&4 ,?is is manife/ly wrong & an abuse ( ! read]'s pati5ce4 ,footnote #a3 ,translator's ,note4--,?is s5t5ce 9 ! orig9al is obvi\sly meant to illu/rate ! fault ( :i* x speaks4 ,x does s by ! use ( a con/ruction v common 9 ,g]man1 b happily unkn[n 9 ,engli%2 :]e1 h[ev]1 ! fault itself exi/s none ! less1 ?\gh 9 diff]5t =m4 ,! ord9>y writ] has an unmi/akable pref]5ce = ?is /yle1 because x causes ! read] to sp5d "t & tr\ble 9 und]/&+ t :i* he w\ld h und]/ood 9 a mom5t )\t x2 & ?is makes x look z ?\gh ! writ] _h m dep? & intellig5ce ?an ! read]4 ,?is is1 inde$1 "o ( ^? artifices ref]r$ to above1 by means ( :i* m$iocre au?ors unconsci\sly1 & z x 7 by in/9ct1 /rive to conceal _! pov]ty ( ?\ght & give an appe>ance ( ! opposite4 ,_! +5uity 9 ?is respect is really a/\nd+4 ,x is manife/ly aga9/ all s\nd reason to put "o ?\ght obliquely on top ( ano!r1 z ?\gh bo? toge!r =m$ a wood5 cross4 ,b ?is is :at is done :]e a writ] int]rupts :at he has begun to say1 = ! purpose ( ins]t+ "s q ali5 matt]2 ?us deposit+ ) ! read] a mean+less half-s5t5ce1 & bidd+ him keep x until ! completion comes4 ,x is mu* z ?\gh a man 7 to treat 8 gue/s by h&+ !m an empty plate1 9 ! hope ( some?+ appe>+ ^u x4 ,& commas us$ = a simil> purpose belong to ! same family z notes at ! foot ( ! page & p>5!sis 9 ! middle ( ! text2 nay1 all ?ree diff] only 9 degree4 ,if ,demo/h5es & ,cic]o occasionally ins]t$ words by ways ( p>5!sis1 !y w\ld h done bett] to h refra9$4 ,b ?is /yle ( writ+ becomes ! height ( absurdity :5 ! p>5!sis are n ev5 fitt$ into ! frame ( ! s5t5ce1 b w$g$ 9 s z directly to %att] x4 ,if1 = in/ance1 x is an imp]t95t ?+ to int]rupt ano!r p]son :5 he is speak+1 x is no less imp]t95t to int]rupt oneself4 ,b all bad1 c>eless1 & ha/y au?ors1 :o scribble ) ! bread actually be=e _! eyes1 use ?is /yle ( writ+ six times on a page1 & rejoice 9 x4 ,x consi/s 9--x is advisable to give rule & example toge!r1 :]ev] x is possible--break+ up "o phrase 9 ord] to glue 9 ano!r4 ,nor is x m]ely out ( laz9ess t !y write ?us4 ,!y d x out ( /upidity2 !y ?9k !re is a *>m+ lgret ab\t x2 t x gives life to :at !y say4 ,no d\bt !re are a few r>e cases :]e su* a =m ( s5t5ce may be p>donable4 ,few write 9 ! way 9 :i* an ar*itect builds2 :o1 be=e he sets to "w1 sket*es out 8 plan1 & ?9ks x ov] d[n to its smalle/ details4 ,nay1 mo/ p write only z ?\gh !y 7 play+ dom9oes2 &1 z 9 ?is game1 ! pieces are arrang$ half by design1 half by *ance1 s x is ) ! sequ5ce & connection ( _! s5t5ces4 ,!y only h an idea ( :at ! g5]al %ape ( _! "w w be1 & ( ! aim !y set be=e !mselves4 ,_m are ignorant ev5 ( ?is1 & write z ! coral-insects build2 p]iod jo9s to p]iod1 & ! ,"l only kn[s :at ! au?or means4 ,life n[-a-days goes at a gallop2 & ! way 9 :i* ?is affects lit]ature is to make x extremely sup]ficial & slov5ly4 ,,on ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,lat94 ,! abolition ( ,lat9 z ! univ]sal language ( le>n$ m51 toge!r ) ! rise ( t prov9cialism :i* atta*es to national lit]atures1 has be5 a real mis=tune = ! cause ( k 9 ,europe4 ,= x 0 *iefly ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! ,lat9 language t a le>n$ public exi/$ 9 ,europe at all--a public to :i* e book z x came out directly appeal$4 ,! numb] ( m9ds 9 ! :ole ( ,europe t are capable ( ?9k+ & judg+ is small1 z x is2 b :5 ! audi5ce is brok5 up & sev]$ by diff]5ces ( language1 ! good ^! m9ds c d is v mu* weak5$4 ,?is is a great disadvantage2 b a second & worse "o w foll[1 namely1 t ! anci5t languages w cease to be taught at all4 ,! neglect ( !m is rapidly ga9+ gr\nd bo? 9 ,france & ,g]many4 ,if x %\ld really come to ?is1 !n f>ewell1 humanity6 f>ewell1 noble ta/e & high ?9k+6 ,! age ( b>b>ism w return1 9 spite ( railways1 telegraphs & balloons4 ,we %all ?us 9 ! end lose "o m advantage possess$ by all our ance/ors4 ,= ,lat9 is n only a key to ! k ( ,roman antiquity2 its also directly op5s up to u ! ,middle ,age 9 e c\ntry 9 ,europe1 & mod]n times z well1 d[n to ab\t ! ye> #agej4 ,erig5a1 = example1 9 ! n9? c5tury1 ,john ( ,salisbury 9 ! twelf?1 ,raimond ,lully 9 ! ?irte5?1 ) a hundr$ o!rs1 speak /raight to u 9 ! v language t !y naturally adopt$ 9 ?9k+ ( le>n$ matt]s4 ,!y ?us come q close to u ev5 at ?is di/ance ( "t3 we are 9 direct contact ) !m1 & really come to "k !m4 ,h[ w\ld x h be5 if e "o ( !m spoke 9 ! language t 0 peculi> to 8 "t & c\ntry8 ,we %\ld n und]/& ev5 ! half ( :at !y said4 ,a real intellectual contact ) !m w\ld be impossible4 ,we %\ld see !m l %ad[s on ! f>!/ horizon1 or1 may be1 ?r\gh ! translator's telescope4 ,x 0 ) an eye to ! advantage ( writ+ 9 ,lat9 t ,bacon1 z he himself expressly /ates1 proce$$ to translate 8 ,essays into t language1 "u ! title ,s]mones fideles2 at :i* "w ,hobbes assi/$ him4#a ,footnote #a3 ,cf4 ,?omae ,hobbes vita3 ,c>olopoli apud ,eleu!rium ,anglicum1 #afha1 p4 #bb4 ,"h let me obs]ve1 by way ( p>5!sis1 t :5 patriotism tries to urge its claims 9 ! doma9 ( k1 x commits an (f5ce :i* %\ld n be tol]at$4 ,= 9 ^? purely human que/ions :i* int]e/ all m5 alike1 :]e tru?1 insight1 beauty1 %\ld be ( sole acc\nt1 :at c be m imp]t95t ?an to let pref]5ce = ! nation to :i* a man's preci\s self happ5s to belong1 affect ! balance ( judgm5t1 & ?us supply a reason = do+ viol5ce to tru? & be+ unju/ to ! great m9ds ( a =eign c\ntry 9 ord] to make mu* ( ! small] m9ds ( "o's own6 ,/ill1 !re are writ]s 9 e nation 9 ,europe1 :o af=d examples ( ?is vulg> feel+4 ,x is ?is :i* l$ ,yri>te to c>icature !m 9 ! ?irty-?ird ( 8 *>m+ ,lit]>y ,fables4#a ,footnote #a3 ,translator's ,note4--,tomas de ,yri>te 7#agej-ia71 a ,spani% poet1 & keep] ( ar*ives 9 ! ,w> ,(fice at ,madrid4 ,8 two be/ kn[n works are a didactic poem1 entitl$ ,la ,musica1 & ! ,fables "h quot$1 :i* satirize ! peculi> foibles ( lit]>y m54 ,!y h be5 translat$ into _m languages2 into ,engli% by ,rockliffe 7#crd edition1 #ahff74 ,! fable 9 "q describes h[1 at a picnic ( ! animals1 a discussion arose z to :i* ( !m c>ri$ (f ! palm = sup]iority ( tal5t4 ,! praises ( ! ant1 ! dog1 ! bee1 & ! p>rot 7 sung 9 turn2 b at la/ ! o/ri* /ood up & decl>$ = ! drom$>y4 ,:]eupon ! drom$>y /ood up & decl>$ = ! o/ri*4 ,no "o c\ld discov] ! reason = ?is mutual complim5t4 ,0 x because bo? 7 su* unc\? bea/s1 or _h su* long necks1 or 7 nei!r ( !m p>ticul>ly clev] or beautiful8 or 0 x because ea* _h a hump8 ,no6 said ! fox1 y are all wrong4 ,don't y see !y are bo? =eign]s8 ,_c ! same be said ( _m m5 ( le>n+8 ,9 le>n+ a language1 ! *ief difficulty consi/s 9 mak+ acqua9tance ) e idea :i* x expresses1 ev5 ?\gh x %\ld use words = :i* !re is no exact equival5t 9 ! "m tongue2 & ?is (t5 happ5s4 ,9 le>n+ a new language a man has1 z x 71 to m>k out 9 8 m9d ! b\nd>ies ( q new sph]es ( ideas1 ) ! result t sph]es ( ideas arise :]e none 7 be=e4 ,?us he n only le>ns words1 he ga9s ideas too4 ,?is is n[h]e s mu* ! case z 9 le>n+ anci5t languages1 = ! diff]5ces !y pres5t 9 _! mode ( expression z comp>$ ) mod]n languages is great] ?an c be f\nd among/ mod]n languages z comp>$ ) "o ano!r4 ,?is is %[n by ! fact t 9 translat+ into ,lat91 rec\rse mu/ be _h to q o!r turns ( phrase ?an are us$ 9 ! orig9al4 ,! ?\ght t is to be translat$ has to be melt$ d[n & reca/2 9 o!r words1 x mu/ be analyz$ & !n recompos$4 ,x is j ?is process :i* makes ! /udy ( ! anci5t languages contribute s mu* to ! education ( ! m9d4 ,x foll[s f ?is t a man's ?\ght v>ies accord+ to ! language 9 :i* he speaks4 ,8 ideas und]go a fre% modification1 a diff]5t %ad+1 z x 71 9 ! /udy ( e new language4 ,h5ce an acqua9tance ) _m languages is n only ( mu* indirect advantage1 b x is also a direct means ( m5tal culture1 9 t x corrects & matures ideas by giv+ prom95ce to _! _m-sid$ nature & _! diff]5t v>ieties ( mean+1 z also t x increases dext]ity ( ?\ght2 = 9 ! process ( le>n+ _m languages1 ideas become m & m indep5d5t ( words4 ,! anci5t languages effect ?is to a great] degree ?an ! mod]n1 9 virtue ( ! diff]5ce to :i* ,i h allud$4 ,f :at ,i h said1 x is obvi\s t to imitate ! /yle ( ! anci5ts 9 _! own language1 :i* is s v mu* sup]ior to ours 9 po9t ( grammatical p]fection1 is ! be/ way ( prep>+ = a skillful & f9i%$ expression ( ?\ght 9 ! "m-tongue4 ,nay1 if a man wants to be a great writ]1 he mu/ n omit to d ?is3 j z1 9 ! case ( sculpture or pa9t+1 ! /ud5t mu/ educate himself by copy+ ! great ma/]pieces ( ! pa/1 be=e proce$+ to orig9al "w4 ,x is only by le>n+ to write ,lat9 t a man comes to treat diction z an art4 ,! mat]ial 9 ?is art is language1 :i* mu/ !re=e be h&l$ ) ! greate/ c>e & delicacy4 ,! result ( su* /udy is t a writ] w pay ke5 att5tion to ! mean+ & value ( words1 _! ord] & connection1 _! grammatical =ms4 ,he w le>n h[ to weigh !m ) precision1 & s become an exp]t 9 ! use ( t preci\s in/rum5t :i* is meant n only to express valuable ?\ght1 b to pres]ve x z well4 ,fur!r1 he w le>n to feel respect = ! language 9 :i* he writes & ?us be sav$ f any attempt to remodel x by arbitr>y & caprici\s treatm5t4 ,)\t ?is s*ool+1 a man's writ+ may easily deg5]ate into m]e *att]4 ,to be entirely ignorant ( ! ,lat9 language is l be+ 9 a f9e c\ntry on a mi/y day4 ,! horizon is extremely limit$4 ,no?+ c be se5 cle>ly except t :i* is q close2 a few /eps beyond1 ev]y?+ is buri$ 9 obscurity4 ,b ! ,lat9i/ has a wide view1 embrac+ mod]n times1 ! ,middle ,age & ,antiquity2 & 8 m5tal horizon is /ill fur!r enl>g$ if he /udies ,greek or ev5 ,sanscrit4 ,if a man kn[s no ,lat91 he belongs to ! vulg>1 ev5 ?\gh he be a great virtuoso on ! electrical ma*9e & h ! base ( hydr(luoric acid 9 8 crucible4 ,!re is no bett] recreation = ! m9d ?an ! /udy ( ! anci5t classics4 ,take any "o ( !m into y\r h&1 be x only = half an h\r1 & y w feel y\rself refre%$1 reliev$1 purifi$1 ennobl$1 /r5g!n$2 j z ?\gh y _h qu5*$ y\r ?ir/ at "s pure spr+4 ,is ?is ! effect ( ! old language & its p]fect expression1 or is x ! greatness ( ! m9ds ^: works rema9 unh>m$ & unweak5$ by ! lapse ( a ?\s& ye>s8 ,p]haps bo? toge!r4 ,b ?is ,i "k4 ,if ! ?reat5$ calamity %\ld ev] come1 & ! anci5t languages cease to be taught1 a new lit]ature w arise1 ( su* b>b>\s1 %all[ & wor?less /uff z nev] 0 se5 be=e4 ,,on ,,m5 ,,( ,,le>n+4 ,:5 "o sees ! numb] & v>iety ( in/itutions :i* exi/ = ! purposes ( education1 & ! va/ ?rong ( s*ol>s & ma/]s1 "o might fancy ! human race to be v mu* conc]n$ ab\t tru? & wisdom4 ,b "h1 too1 appe>ances are deceptive4 ,! ma/]s tea* 9 ord] to ga9 money1 & /rive1 n aft] wisdom1 b ! outw>d %[ & reputation ( x2 & ! s*ol>s le>n1 n = ! sake ( k & insight1 b to be able to *att] & give !mselves airs4 ,e ?irty ye>s a new race comes into ! _w--a y\ng/] t kn[s no?+ ab\t any?+1 & aft] summ>ily dev\r+ 9 all ha/e ! results ( human k z !y h be5 accumulat$ = ?\s&s ( ye>s1 aspires to be ?\ght clev]] ?an ! :ole ( ! pa/4 ,= ?is purpose he goes to ! ,univ]sity1 & takes to read+ books--new books1 z be+ ( 8 own age & /&+4 ,ev]y?+ he reads mu/ be briefly put1 mu/ be new6 he is new himself4 ,!n he falls to & criticises4 ,& "h ,i am n tak+ ! slighte/ acc\nt ( /udies pursu$ = ! sole object ( mak+ a liv+4 ,/ud5ts1 & le>n$ p]sons ( all sorts & e age1 aim z a rule at acquir+ in=mation r ?an insight4 ,!y pique !mselves ^u kn[+ ab\t ev]y?+--/ones1 plants1 battles1 exp]im5ts1 & all ! books 9 exi/5ce4 ,x nev] occurs to !m t in=mation is only a means ( insight1 & 9 itself ( little or no value2 t x is 8 way ( ?9k+ t makes a man a philosoph]4 ,:5 ,i he> ( ^! port5ts ( le>n+ & _! impos+ erudition1 ,i sometimes say to myself3 ,ah1 h[ little !y mu/ h _h to ?9k ab\t1 to h be5 able to read s mu*6 ,& :5 ,i actually f9d x report$ ( ! eld] ,pl9y t he 0 cont9ually read+ or be+ read to1 at table1 on a j\rney1 or 9 8 ba?1 ! "q =ces itself ^u my m9d1 :e!r ! man 0 s v lack+ 9 ?\ght ( 8 own t he _h to h ali5 ?\ght incessantly in/ill$ into him2 z ?\gh he 7 a consumptive pati5t tak+ jellies to keep himself alive4 ,& nei!r 8 undisc]n+ cr$ulity nor 8 inexpressibly repulsive & b>ely intelligible /yle--:i* seems l ( a man tak+ notes1 & v economical ( pap]--is ( a k9d to give me a high op9ion ( 8 p[] ( indep5d5t ?\ght4 ,we h se5 t mu* read+ & le>n+ is prejudicial to ?9k+ = oneself2 &1 9 ! same way1 ?r\gh mu* writ+ & tea*+1 a man loses ! habit ( be+ q cle>1 & !re=e ?or\gh1 9 reg>d to ! ?+s he kn[s & und]/&s2 simply because he has left himself no "t to acquire cle>ness or ?or\ghness4 ,& s1 :5 cle> k fails him 9 8 utt]ances1 he is =c$ to fill out ! gaps ) words & phrases4 ,x is ?is1 & n ! dryness ( ! subject-matt]1 t makes mo/ books su* t$i\s read+4 ,!re is a say+ t a good cook c make a palatable di% ev5 out ( an old %oe2 & a good writ] c make ! drye/ ?+s int]e/+4 ,) by f> ! l>ge/ numb] ( le>n$ m51 k is a means1 n an end4 ,t is :y !y w nev] a*ieve any great "w2 because1 to d t1 he :o pursues k mu/ pursue x z an end1 & treat ev]y?+ else1 ev5 exi/5ce itself1 z only a means4 ,= ev]y?+ :i* a man fails to pursue = its own sake is b half-pursu$2 & true excell5ce1 no matt] 9 :at sph]e1 c be atta9$ only :]e ! "w has be5 produc$ = its own sake alone1 & n z a means to fur!r ends4 ,& s1 too1 no "o w ev] succe$ 9 do+ any?+ really great & orig9al 9 ! way ( ?\ght1 :o does n seek to acquire k = himself1 &1 mak+ ?is ! imm$iate object ( 8 /udies1 decl9e to tr\ble himself ab\t ! k ( o!rs4 ,b ! av]age man ( le>n+ /udies = ! purpose ( be+ able to tea* & write4 ,8 head is l a /oma* & inte/9es :i* let ! food pass ?r\gh !m undige/$4 ,t is j :y 8 tea*+ & writ+ is ( s little use4 ,= x is n ^u undige/$ refuse t p c be n\ri%$1 b solely ^u ! milk :i* secretes f ! v blood itself4 ,! wig is ! appropriate symbol ( ! man ( le>n+1 pure & simple4 ,x adorns ! head ) a copi\s quantity ( false hair1 9 lack ( "o's own3 j z erudition means end[+ x ) a great mass ( ali5 ?\ght4 ,?is1 to be sure1 does n clo! ! head s well & naturally1 nor is x s g5]ally useful1 nor s suit$ = all purposes1 nor s firmly root$2 nor :5 ali5 ?\ght is us$ up1 c x be imm$iately replac$ by m f ! same s\rce1 z is ! case ) t :i* spr+s f soil ( "o's own4 ,s we f9d ,/]ne1 9 8 ,tri/ram ,%&y1 boldly ass]t+ t an ounce ( a man's own wit is wor? a ton ( o!r p's4 ,& 9 fact ! mo/ pr(\nd erudition is no m ak9 to g5ius ?an a collection ( dri$ plants 9 l ,nature1 ) its con/ant fl[ ( new life1 ev] fre%1 ev] "y1 ev] *ang+4 ,!re are no two ?+s m oppos$ ?an ! *ildi% navet ( an anci5t au?or & ! le>n+ ( 8 comm5tator4 ,dilettanti1 dilettanti6 ,?is is ! slight+ way 9 :i* ^? :o pursue any bran* ( art or le>n+ = ! love & enjoym5t ( ! ?+1--p] il loro diletto1 are spok5 ( by ^? :o h tak5 x up = ! sake ( ga91 attract$ solely by ! prospect ( money4 ,?is contempt ( !irs comes f ! base belief t no man w s]i\sly devote himself to a subject1 unless he is spurr$ on to x by want1 hung]1 or else "s =m ( gre$4 ,! public is ( ! same way ( ?9k+2 & h5ce its g5]al respect = pr(essionals & its di/ru/ ( dilettanti4 ,b ! tru? is t ! dilettante treats 8 subject z an end1 :]eas ! pr(essional1 pure & simple1 treats x m]ely z a means4 ,he alone w be really 9 e>ne/ ab\t a matt]1 :o has a direct int]e/ !re91 takes to x because he likes x1 & pursues x con amore4 ,x is ^!1 & n hirel+s1 t h always done ! greate/ "w4 ,9 ! republic ( lett]s x is z 9 o!r republics2 favor is %[n to ! pla9 man--he :o goes 8 way 9 sil5ce & does n set up to be clev]] ?an o!rs4 ,b ! abnormal man is look$ ^u z ?reat5+ dang]2 p b& toge!r aga9/ him1 & h1 oh6 su* a majority on _! side4 ,! condition ( ?is republic is mu* l t ( a small ,/ate 9 ,am]ica1 :]e e man is int5t only ^u 8 own advantage1 & seeks reputation & p[] = himself1 q he$less ( ! g5]al weal1 :i* !n goes to ru94 ,s x is 9 ! republic ( lett]s2 x is himself1 & himself alone1 t a man puts =w>d1 because he wants to ga9 fame4 ,! only ?+ 9 :i* all agree is 9 try+ to keep d[n a really em95t man1 if he %\ld *ance to %[ himself1 z "o :o w\ld be a common p]il4 ,f ?is x is easy to see h[ x f>es ) k z a :ole4 ,betwe5 pr(essors & indep5d5t m5 ( le>n+ !re has always be5 f ( old a c]ta9 antagonism1 :i* may p]haps be lik5$ to t exi/+ be5 dogs & wolves4 ,9 virtue ( _! position1 pr(essors enjoy great facilities = becom+ kn[n to _! contempor>ies4 ,contr>ily1 indep5d5t m5 ( le>n+ enjoy1 by _! position1 great facilities = becom+ kn[n to po/]ity2 to :i* x is necess>y t1 among/ o!r & mu* r>] gifts1 a man %\ld h a c]ta9 leisure & fre$om4 ,z mank9d takes a long "t 9 f9d+ out on :om to be/[ its att5tion1 !y may bo? "w toge!r side by side4 ,he :o holds a pr(essor%ip may be said to receive 8 food 9 ! /all2 & ?is is ! be/ way ) rum9ant animals4 ,b he :o f9ds 8 food = himself at ! h&s ( ,nature is bett] (f 9 ! op5 field4 ,( human k z a :ole & 9 e bran* ( x1 by f> ! l>ge/ "p exi/s n[h]e b on pap]1--,i mean1 9 books1 t pap] memory ( mank9d4 ,only a small "p ( x is at any giv5 p]iod really active 9 ! m9ds ( p>ticul> p]sons4 ,?is is due1 9 ! ma91 to ! brevity & unc]ta9ty ( life2 b x also comes f ! fact t m5 are lazy & b5t on pleasure4 ,e g5]ation atta9s1 on its ha/y passage ?r\gh exi/5ce1 j s mu* ( human k z x ne$s1 & !n soon disappe>s4 ,mo/ m5 ( le>n+ are v sup]ficial4 ,!n foll[s a new g5]ation1 full ( hope1 b ignorant1 & ) ev]y?+ to le>n f ! beg9n+4 ,x seizes1 9 its turn1 j s mu* z x c grasp or f9d useful on its brief j\rney & !n too goes its way4 ,h[ badly x w\ld f>e ) human k if x 7 n = ! art ( writ+ & pr9t+6 ,?is x is t makes libr>ies ! only sure & la/+ memory ( ! human race1 = its individual memb]s h all ( !m b a v limit$ & imp]fect "o4 ,h5ce mo/ m5 ( le>n+ z are lo? to h _! k exam9$ z m]*ants to lay b>e _! books4 ,human k ext5ds on all sides f>!r ?an ! eye c rea*2 & ( t :i* w\ld be g5]ally wor? kn[+1 no "o man c possess ev5 ! ?\s&? "p4 ,all bran*es ( le>n+ h ?us be5 s mu* enl>g$ t he :o w\ld d some?+ has to pursue no m ?an "o subject & disreg>d all o!rs4 ,9 8 own subject he w !n1 x is true1 be sup]ior to ! vulg>2 b 9 all else he w belong to x4 ,if we add to ?is t neglect ( ! anci5t languages1 :i* is n[-a-days on ! increase & is do+ away ) all g5]al education 9 ! humanities--= a m]e smatt]+ ( ,lat9 & ,greek is ( no use--we %all come to h m5 ( le>n+ :o outside _! own subject display an ignorance truly bov9e4 ,an exclusive speciali/ ( ?is k9d /&s on a p> ) a workman 9 a factory1 ^: :ole life is sp5t 9 mak+ "o p>ticul> k9d ( screw1 or cat*1 or h&le1 = "s p>ticul> in/rum5t or ma*9e1 9 :i*1 inde$1 he atta9s incr$ible dext]ity4 ,! speciali/ may also be lik5$ to a man :o lives 9 8 own h\se & nev] leaves x4 ,!re he is p]fectly famili> ) ev]y?+1 e little /ep1 corn]1 or bo>d2 mu* z ,quasimodo 9 ,victor ,hugo's ,ntre ,dame kn[s ! ca!dral2 b outside x1 all is /range & unkn[n4 ,= true culture 9 ! humanities x is absolutely necess>y t a man %\ld be _m-sid$ & take l>ge views2 & = a man ( le>n+ 9 ! high] s5se ( ! ^w1 an ext5sive acqua9tance ) hi/ory is ne$ful4 ,he1 h[ev]1 :o wi%es to be a complete philosoph]1 mu/ ga!r into 8 head ! remote/ ends ( human k3 = :]e else c\ld !y ev] come toge!r8 ,x is precisely m9ds ( ! fir/ ord] t w nev] be speciali/s4 ,= _! v nature is to make ! :ole ( exi/5ce _! problem2 & ?is is a subject ^u :i* !y w e "o ( !m 9 "s =m provide mank9d ) a new revelation4 ,= he alone c des]ve ! "n ( g5ius :o takes ! ,all1 ! ,ess5tial1 ! ,univ]sal1 = ! !me ( 8 a*ievem5ts2 n he :o sp5ds 8 life 9 expla9+ "s special relation ( ?+s "o to ano!r4 ,,on ,,?9k+ ,,= ,,oneself4 ,a libr>y may be v l>ge2 b if x is 9 disord]1 x is n s useful z "o t is small b well arrang$4 ,9 ! same way1 a man may h a great mass ( k1 b if he has n work$ x up by ?9k+ x ov] = himself1 x has mu* less value ?an a f> small] am\nt :i* he has ?or\ghly pond]$4 ,= x is only :5 a man looks at 8 k f all sides1 & comb9es ! ?+s he kn[s by comp>+ tru? ) tru?1 t he obta9s a complete hold ov] x & gets x into 8 p[]4 ,a man _c turn ov] any?+ 9 8 m9d unless he kn[s x2 he %\ld1 !re=e1 le>n some?+2 b x is only :5 he has turn$ x ov] t he c be said to "k x4 ,read+ & le>n+ are ?+s t anyone c d ( 8 own free w2 b n s ?9k+4 ,?9k+ mu/ be k9dl$1 l a fire by a draught2 x mu/ be su/a9$ by "s int]e/ 9 ! matt] 9 h&4 ,?is int]e/ may be ( purely objective k9d1 or m]ely subjective4 ,! latt] comes into play only 9 ?+s t conc]n u p]sonally4 ,objective int]e/ is conf9$ to heads t ?9k by nature2 to :om ?9k+ is z natural z brea?+2 & !y are v r>e4 ,?is is :y mo/ m5 ( le>n+ %[ s little ( x4 ,x is incr$ible :at a diff]5t effect is produc$ ^u ! m9d by ?9k+ = oneself1 z comp>$ ) read+4 ,x c>ries on & int5sifies t orig9al diff]5ce 9 ! nature ( two m9ds :i* leads ! "o to ?9k & ! o!r to read4 ,:at ,i mean is t read+ =ces ali5 ?\ghts ^u ! m9d--?\ghts :i* are z =eign to ! drift & temp] 9 :i* x may be = ! mom5t1 z ! seal is to ! wax on :i* x /amps its impr9t4 ,! m9d is ?us entirely "u compulsion f )\t2 x is driv5 to ?9k ?is or t1 ?\gh = ! mom5t x may n h ! slighte/ impulse or incl9ation to d s4 ,b :5 a man ?9ks = himself1 he foll[s ! impulse ( 8 own m9d1 :i* is det]m9$ = him at ! "t1 ei!r by 8 environm5t or "s p>ticul> recollection4 ,! visible _w ( a man's surr\nd+s does n1 z read+ does1 impress a s+le def9ite ?\ght ^u 8 m9d1 b m]ely gives ! matt] & occasion :i* lead him to ?9k :at is appropriate to 8 nature & pres5t temp]4 ,s x is1 t mu* read+ deprives ! m9d ( all ela/icity2 x is l keep+ a spr+ cont9ually "u pressure4 ,! safe/ way ( hav+ no ?\ghts ( "o's own is to take up a book e mom5t "o has no?+ else to d4 ,x is ?is practice :i* expla9s :y erudition makes mo/ m5 m /upid & silly ?an !y are by nature1 & prev5ts _! writ+s obta9+ any measure ( success4 ,!y rema91 9 ,pope's words3 ,= ev] read+1 nev] to be read6#a ,footnote #a3 ,dunciad1 iii1 #aid4 ,m5 ( le>n+ are ^? :o h done _! read+ 9 ! pages ( a book4 ,?9k]s & m5 ( g5ius are ^? :o h gone /raight to ! book ( ,nature2 x is !y :o h enlight5$ ! _w & c>ri$ humanity fur!r on its way4 ,if a man's ?\ghts are to h tru? & life 9 !m1 !y mu/1 aft] all1 be 8 own fundam5tal ?\ghts2 = ^! are ! only ones t he c fully & :olly und]/&4 ,to read ano!r's ?\ghts is l tak+ ! leav+s ( a meal to :i* we h n be5 invit$1 or putt+ on ! clo!s :i* "s unkn[n visitor has laid aside4 ,! ?\ght we read is relat$ to ! ?\ght :i* spr+s up 9 ourselves1 z ! fossil-impress ( "s prehi/oric plant to a plant z x buds =? 9 spr+-"t4 ,read+ is no?+ m ?an a sub/itute = ?\ght ( "o's own4 ,x means putt+ ! m9d into lead+-/r+s4 ,! multitude ( books s]ves only to %[ h[ _m false pa?s !re are1 & h[ widely a/ray a man may w&] if he foll[s any ( !m4 ,b he :o is guid$ by 8 g5ius1 he :o ?9ks = himself1 :o ?9ks spontane\sly & exactly1 possesses ! only compass by :i* he c /e] aright4 ,a man %\ld read only :5 8 own ?\ghts /agnate at _! s\rce1 :i* w happ5 (t5 en\gh ev5 ) ! be/ ( m9ds4 ,on ! o!r h&1 to take up a book = ! purpose ( sc>+ away "o's own orig9al ?\ghts is s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,_s4 ,x is l runn+ away f ,nature to look at a museum ( dri$ plants or gaze at a l&scape 9 copp]plate4 ,a man may h discov]$ "s portion ( tru? or wisdom1 aft] sp5d+ a great deal ( "t & tr\ble 9 ?9k+ x ov] = himself & add+ ?\ght to ?\ght2 & x may sometimes happ5 t he c\ld h f\nd x all ready to h& 9 a book & sp>$ himself ! tr\ble4 ,b ev5 s1 x is a hundr$ times m valuable if he has acquir$ x by ?9k+ x out = himself4 ,= x is only :5 we ga9 our k 9 ?is way t x ent]s z an integral "p1 a liv+ memb]1 into ! :ole sy/em ( our ?\ght2 t x /&s 9 complete & firm relation ) :at we "k2 t x is und]/ood ) all t und]lies x & foll[s f x2 t x we>s ! color1 ! precise %ade1 ! di/+ui%+ m>k1 ( our own way ( ?9k+2 t x comes exactly at ! "r "t1 j z we felt ! necessity = x2 t x /&s fa/ & _c be =gott54 ,?is is ! p]fect application1 nay1 ! int]pretation1 ( ,goe!'s advice to e>n our inh]itance = ourselves s t we may really possess x3 ,0 due er]bt von de95 ,vl]n ha/1 ,erwirb es1 um es zu besitz54#a ,footnote #a3 ,fau/1 ,i4 #cbi4 ,! man :o ?9ks = himself1 =ms 8 own op9ions & le>ns ! au?orities = !m only lat] on1 :5 !y s]ve b to /r5g!n 8 belief 9 !m & 9 himself4 ,b ! book-philosoph] />ts f ! au?orities4 ,he reads o!r p's books1 collects _! op9ions1 & s =ms a :ole = himself1 :i* resembles an automaton made up ( any?+ b fle% & blood4 ,contr>ily1 he :o ?9ks = himself creates a "w l a liv+ man z made by ,nature4 ,= ! "w comes into be+ z a man does2 ! ?9k+ m9d is impregnat$ f )\t1 & x !n =ms & be>s its *ild4 ,tru? t has be5 m]ely le>n$ is l an artificial limb1 a false too?1 a wax5 nose2 at be/1 l a nose made out ( ano!r's fle%2 x adh]es to u only because x is put on4 ,b tru? acquir$ by ?9k+ ( our own is l a natural limb2 x alone really belongs to u4 ,?is is ! fundam5tal diff]5ce betwe5 ! ?9k] & ! m]e man ( le>n+4 ,! intellectual atta9m5ts ( a man :o ?9ks = himself resemble a f9e pa9t+1 :]e ! light & %ade are correct1 ! tone su/a9$1 ! color p]fectly h>moniz$2 x is true to life4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! intellectual atta9m5ts ( ! m]e man ( le>n+ are l a l>ge palette1 full ( all sorts ( colors1 :i* at mo/ are sy/ematically arrang$1 b devoid ( h>mony1 connection & mean+4 ,read+ is ?9k+ ) "s "o else's head in/ead ( "o's own4 ,to ?9k ) "o's own head is always to aim at develop+ a coh]5t :ole--a sy/em1 ev5 ?\gh x be n a /rictly complete "o2 & no?+ h9d]s ?is s mu* z too /rong a curr5t ( o!rs' ?\ghts1 su* z comes ( cont9ual read+4 ,^! ?\ghts1 spr++ e "o ( !m f diff]5t m9ds1 belong+ to diff]5t sy/ems1 & t+$ ) diff]5t colors1 nev] ( !mselves fl[ toge!r into an intellectual :ole2 !y nev] =m a unity ( k1 or insight1 or conviction2 b1 r1 fill ! head ) a ,babylonian confusion ( tongues4 ,! m9d t is ov]-load$ ) ali5 ?\ght is ?us depriv$ ( all cle> insight1 & is well-nigh disorganiz$4 ,?is is a /ate ( ?+s obs]vable 9 _m m5 ( le>n+2 & x makes !m inf]ior 9 s\nd s5se1 correct judgm5t & practical tact1 to _m illit]ate p]sons1 :o1 aft] obta9+ a little k f )\t1 by means ( exp]i5ce1 int]c\rse ) o!rs1 & a small am\nt ( read+1 h always subord9at$ x to1 & embodi$ x )1 _! own ?\ght4 ,! really sci5tific ?9k] does ! same ?+ z ^! illit]ate p]sons1 b on a l>g] scale4 ,al?\gh he has ne$ ( mu* k1 & s mu/ read a great deal1 8 m9d is nev]!less /rong en\gh to ma/] x all1 to assimilate & incorporate x ) ! sy/em ( 8 ?\ghts1 & s to make x fit 9 ) ! organic unity ( 8 insight1 :i*1 ?\gh va/1 is always gr[+4 ,& 9 ! process1 8 own ?\ght1 l ! bass 9 an organ1 always dom9ates ev]y?+ & is nev] dr[n$ by o!r tones1 z happ5s ) m9ds :i* are full ( m]e antiqu>ian lore2 :]e %r$s ( music1 z x 71 9 e key1 m+le confus$ly1 & no fundam5tal note is he>d at all4 ,^? :o h sp5t _! lives 9 read+1 & tak5 _! wisdom f books1 are l p :o h obta9$ precise in=mation ab\t a c\ntry f ! descriptions ( _m travell]s4 ,su* p c tell a great deal ab\t x2 b1 aft] all1 !y h no connect$1 cle>1 & pr(\nd k ( its real condition4 ,b ^? :o h sp5t _! lives 9 ?9k+1 resemble ! travell]s !mselves2 !y alone really "k :at !y are talk+ ab\t2 !y are acqua9t$ ) ! actual /ate ( affairs1 & are q at home 9 ! subject4 ,! ?9k] /&s 9 ! same relation to ! ord9>y book-philosoph] z an eye-witness does to ! hi/orian2 he speaks f direct k ( 8 own4 ,t is :y all ^? :o ?9k = !mselves come1 at bottom1 to mu* ! same conclusion4 ,! diff]5ces !y pres5t are due to _! diff]5t po9ts ( view2 & :5 ^! d n affect ! matt]1 !y all speak alike4 ,!y m]ely express ! result ( _! own objective p]ception ( ?+s4 ,!re are _m passages 9 my works :i* ,i h giv5 to ! public only aft] "s hesitation1 because ( _! p>adoxical nature2 & aft]w>ds ,i h exp]i5c$ a pleasant surprise 9 f9d+ ! same op9ion record$ 9 ! works ( great m5 :o liv$ long ago4 ,! book-philosoph] m]ely reports :at "o p]son has said & ano!r meant1 or ! objections rais$ by a ?ird1 & s on4 ,he comp>es diff]5t op9ions1 pond]s1 criticises1 & tries to get at ! tru? ( ! matt]2 h]e9 on a p> ) ! critical hi/orian4 ,= in/ance1 he w set out to inquire :e!r ,leibnitz 0 n = "s "t a foll[] ( ,sp9oza1 & que/ions ( a l nature4 ,! curi\s /ud5t ( su* matt]s may f9d conspicu\s examples ( :at ,i mean 9 ,h]b>t's ,analytical ,elucidation ( ,morality & ,natural ,"r1 & 9 ! same au?or's ,lett]s on ,fre$om4 ,surprise may be felt t a man ( ! k9d %\ld put himself to s mu* tr\ble2 =1 on ! face ( x1 if he w\ld only exam9e ! matt] = himself1 he w\ld spe$ily atta9 8 object by ! ex]cise ( a little ?\ght4 ,b !re is a small difficulty 9 ! way4 ,x does n dep5d ^u 8 own w4 ,a man c always sit d[n & read1 b n--?9k4 ,x is ) ?\ghts z ) m52 !y _c always be summon$ at pleasure2 we mu/ wait = !m to come4 ,?\ght ab\t a subject mu/ appe> ( itself1 by a happy & h>moni\s comb9ation ( ext]nal /imulus ) m5tal temp] & att5tion2 & x is j t :i* nev] seems to come to ^! p4 ,?is tru? may be illu/rat$ by :at happ5s 9 ! case ( matt]s affect+ our own p]sonal int]e/4 ,:5 x is necess>y to come to "s resolution 9 a matt] ( t k9d1 we _c well sit d[n at any giv5 mom5t & ?9k ov] ! m]its ( ! case & make up our m9d2 =1 if we try to d s1 we (t5 f9d ourselves unable1 at t p>ticul> mom5t1 to keep our m9d fix$ ^u ! subject2 x w&]s (f to o!r ?+s4 ,av]sion to ! matt] 9 "q is sometimes to blame = ?is4 ,9 su* a case we %\ld n use =ce1 b wait = ! prop] frame ( m9d to come ( itself4 ,x (t5 comes unexpect$ly & returns aga9 & aga92 & ! v>iety ( temp] 9 :i* we approa* x at diff]5t mom5ts puts ! matt] always 9 a fre% light4 ,x is ?is long process :i* is und]/ood by ! t]m a ripe resolution4 ,= ! "w ( com+ to a resolution mu/ be di/ribut$2 & 9 ! process mu* t is ov]look$ at "o mom5t occurs to u at ano!r2 & ! repugnance vani%es :5 we f9d1 z we usually d1 on a clos] inspection1 t ?+s are n s bad z !y seem$4 ,?is rule applies to ! life ( ! intellect z well z to matt]s ( practice4 ,a man mu/ wait = ! "r mom5t4 ,n ev5 ! greate/ m9d is capable ( ?9k+ = itself at all times4 ,h5ce a great m9d does well to sp5d its leisure 9 read+1 :i*1 z ,i h said1 is a sub/itute = ?\ght2 x br+s /uff to ! m9d by lett+ ano!r p]son d ! ?9k+2 al?\gh t is always done 9 a mann] n our own4 ,!re=e1 a man %\ld n read too mu*1 9 ord] t 8 m9d may n become accu/om$ to ! sub/itute & !reby =get ! reality2 t x may n =m ! habit ( walk+ 9 well-worn pa?s2 nor by foll[+ an ali5 c\rse ( ?\ght gr[ a /rang] to its own4 ,lea/ ( all %\ld a man q )draw 8 gaze f ! real _w = ! m]e sake ( read+2 z ! impulse & ! temp] :i* prompt to ?\ght ( "o's own come f> (t5] f ! _w ( reality ?an f ! _w ( books4 ,! real life t a man sees be=e him is ! natural subject ( ?\ght2 & 9 its /r5g? z ! prim>y elem5t ( exi/5ce1 x c m easily ?an any?+ else r\se & influ5ce ! ?9k+ m9d4 ,aft] ^! consid]ations1 x w n be matt] = surprise t a man :o ?9ks = himself c easily be di/+ui%$ f ! book-philosoph] by ! v way 9 :i* he talks1 by 8 m>k$ e>ne/ness1 & ! orig9ality1 directness1 & p]sonal conviction t /amp all 8 ?\ghts & expressions4 ,! book-philosoph]1 on ! o!r h&1 lets x be se5 t ev]y?+ he has is second-h&2 t 8 ideas are l ! numb] & tra% ( an old furniture-%op1 collect$ toge!r f all qu>t]s4 ,m5tally1 he is dull & po9tless--a copy ( a copy4 ,8 lit]>y /yle is made up ( conv5tional1 nay1 vulg> phrases1 & t]ms t happ5 to be curr5t2 9 ?is respect mu* l a small ,/ate :]e all ! money t circulates is =eign1 because x has no co9age ( its own4 ,m]e exp]i5ce c z little z read+ supply ! place ( ?\ght4 ,x /&s to ?9k+ 9 ! same relation 9 :i* eat+ /&s to dige/ion & assimilation4 ,:5 exp]i5ce boa/s t to its discov]ies alone is due ! advancem5t ( ! human race1 x is z ?\gh ! m\? 7 to claim ! :ole cr$it ( ma9ta9+ ! body 9 heal?4 ,! works ( all truly capable m9ds are di/+ui%$ by a "* ( decision & def9it5ess1 :i* means !y are cle> & free f obscurity4 ,a truly capable m9d always kn[s def9itely & cle>ly :at x is t x wants to express1 :e!r its m$ium is prose1 v]se1 or music4 ,o!r m9ds are n decisive & n def9ite2 & by ?is !y may be kn[n = :at !y are4 ,! *>act]i/ic sign ( a m9d ( ! highe/ ord] is t x always judges at fir/ h&4 ,ev]y?+ x advances is ! result ( ?9k+ = itself2 & ?is is ev]y:]e evid5t by ! way 9 :i* x gives its ?\ghts utt]ance4 ,su* a m9d is l a ,pr9ce4 ,9 ! realm ( intellect its au?ority is imp]ial1 :]eas ! au?ority ( m9ds ( a l[] ord] is delegat$ only2 z may be se5 9 _! /yle1 :i* has no indep5d5t /amp ( its own4 ,e "o :o really ?9ks = himself is s f> l a mon>*4 ,8 position is undelegat$ & supreme4 ,8 judgm5ts1 l royal decrees1 spr+ f 8 own sov]eign p[] & proce$ directly f himself4 ,he ackn[l$ges au?ority z little z a mon>* admits a comm&2 he subscribes to no?+ b :at he has himself au?oriz$4 ,! multitude ( common m9ds1 labor+ "u all sorts ( curr5t op9ions1 au?orities1 prejudices1 is l ! p1 :i* sil5tly obeys ! law & accepts ord]s f above4 ,^? :o are s zeal\s & eag] to settle debat$ que/ions by cit+ au?orities1 are really glad :5 !y are able to put ! und]/&+ & ! insight ( o!rs into ! field 9 place ( _! own1 :i* are want+4 ,_! numb] is legion4 ,=1 z ,s5eca says1 !re is no man b pref]s belief to ! ex]cise ( judgm5t--unusquisque mavult cr$]e quam judic>e4 ,9 _! controv]sies su* p make a promiscu\s use ( ! weapon ( au?ority1 & /rike out at "o ano!r ) x4 ,if any "o *ances to become involv$ 9 su* a conte/1 he w d well n to try reason & argum5t z a mode ( def5ce2 = aga9/ a weapon ( t k9d ^! p are l ,siegfri$s1 ) a sk9 ( horn1 & dipp$ 9 ! flood ( incapacity = ?9k+ & judg+4 ,!y w meet 8 attack by br++ up _! au?orities z a way ( aba%+ him--argum5tum ad v]ecundiam1 & !n cry out t !y h won ! battle4 ,9 ! real _w1 be x nev] s fair1 favorable & pleasant1 we always live subject to ! law ( gravity :i* we h to be con/antly ov]com+4 ,b 9 ! _w ( intellect we are disembodi$ spirits1 held 9 bondage to no su* law1 & free f p5ury & di/ress4 ,?us x is t !re exi/s no happ9ess on e>? l t :i*1 at ! auspici\s mom5t1 a f9e & fruitful m9d f9ds 9 itself4 ,! pres5ce ( a ?\ght is l ! pres5ce ( a woman we love4 ,we fancy we %all nev] =get ! ?\ght nor become indiff]5t to ! de> "o4 ,b out ( sight1 out ( m9d6 ,! f9e/ ?\ght runs ! risk ( be+ irrevocably =gott5 if we d n write x d[n1 & ! d>l+ ( be+ des]t$ if we d n m>ry h]4 ,!re are pl5ty ( ?\ghts :i* are valuable to ! man :o ?9ks !m2 b only few ( !m :i* h en\gh /r5g? to produce rep]cussive or reflect action--,i mean1 to w9 ! read]'s sympa?y aft] !y h be5 put on pap]4 ,b /ill x mu/ n be =gott5 t a true value atta*es only to :at a man has ?\ght 9 ! fir/ in/ance = 8 own case4 ,?9k]s may be class$ accord+ z !y ?9k *iefly = _! own case or = t ( o!rs4 ,! =m] are ! g5u9e indep5d5t ?9k]s2 !y really ?9k & are really indep5d5t2 !y are ! true philosoph]s2 !y alone are 9 e>ne/4 ,! pleasure & ! happ9ess ( _! exi/5ce consi/s 9 ?9k+4 ,! o!rs are ! sophi/s2 !y want to seem t :i* !y are n1 & seek _! happ9ess 9 :at !y hope to get f ! _w4 ,!y are 9 e>ne/ ab\t no?+ else4 ,to :i* ( ^! two classes a man belongs may be se5 by 8 :ole /yle & mann]4 ,li*t5b]g is an example = ! =m] class2 ,h]d]1 !re c be no d\bt1 belongs to ! second4 ,:5 "o consid]s h[ va/ & h[ close to u is ! problem ( exi/5ce--?is equivocal1 tortur$1 fleet+1 dream-l exi/5ce ( ours--s va/ & s close t a man no soon] discov]s x ?an x ov]%ad[s & obscures all o!r problems & aims2 & :5 "o sees h[ all m51 ) few & r>e exceptions1 h no cle> consci\sness ( ! problem1 nay1 seem to be q unaw>e ( its pres5ce1 b busy !mselves ) ev]y?+ r ?an ) ?is1 & live on1 tak+ no ?\ght b = ! pass+ day & ! h>dly long] span ( _! own p]sonal future1 ei!r expressly disc>d+ ! problem or else ov]-ready to come to t]ms ) x by adopt+ "s sy/em ( popul> metaphysics & lett+ x satisfy !m2 :51 ,i say1 "o takes all ?is to he>t1 "o may come to ! op9ion t man may be said to be a ?9k+ be+ only 9 a v remote s5se1 & h5ce=? feel no special surprise at any trait ( human ?\ghtlessness or folly2 b "k1 r1 t ! normal man's intellectual range ( vision does inde$ ext5d beyond t ( ! brute1 ^: :ole exi/5ce is1 z x 71 a cont9ual pres5t1 ) no consci\sness ( ! pa/ or ! future1 b n su* an immeasurable di/ance z is g5]ally suppos$4 ,?is is1 9 fact1 corroborat$ by ! way 9 :i* mo/ m5 conv]se2 :]e _! ?\ghts are f\nd to be *opp$ up f9e1 l *aff1 s t = !m to sp9 out a disc\rse ( any l5g? is impossible4 ,if ?is _w 7 peopl$ by really ?9k+ be+s1 x c\ld n be t noise ( e k9d w\ld be all[$ su* g5]\s limits1 z is ! case ) ! mo/ horrible & at ! same "t aimless =m ( x4#a ,if ,nature _h meant man to ?9k1 %e w\ld n h giv5 him e>s2 or1 at any rate1 %e w\ld h furni%$ !m ) airtight flaps1 su* z are ! enviable possession ( ! bat4 ,b1 9 tru?1 man is a poor animal l ! re/1 & 8 p[]s are meant only to ma9ta9 him 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce2 s he mu/ ne$ keep 8 e>s always op51 to ann\nce ( !mselves1 by night z by day1 ! approa* ( ! pursu]4 ,footnote #a3 ,translator's ,note4--,s*op5hau] ref]s to ! crack+ ( :ips4 ,see ! ,essay ,on ,noise 9 ,/udies 9 ,pessimism4 ,9 ! drama1 :i* is ! mo/ p]fect reflection ( human exi/5ce1 !re are ?ree /ages 9 ! pres5tation ( ! subject1 ) a correspond+ v>iety 9 ! design & scope ( ! piece4 ,at ! fir/1 :i* is also ! mo/ common1 /age1 ! drama is nev] any?+ m ?an m]ely int]e/+4 ,! p]sons ga9 our att5tion by foll[+ _! own aims1 :i* resemble ours2 ! action advances by means ( intrigue & ! play ( "* & incid5t2 :ile wit & raill]y season ! :ole4 ,at ! second /age1 ! drama becomes s5tim5tal4 ,sympa?y is r\s$ ) ! h]o &1 indirectly1 ) ourselves4 ,! action takes a pa!tic turn2 b ! end is peaceful & satisfactory4 ,! climax is rea*$ ) ! ?ird /age1 :i* is ! mo/ difficult4 ,!re ! drama aims at be+ tragic4 ,we are br\ght face to face ) great suff]+ & ! /orm & /ress ( exi/5ce2 & ! outcome ( x is to %[ ! vanity ( all human ef=t4 ,deeply mov$1 we are ei!r directly prompt$ to dis5gage our w f ! /ruggle ( life1 or else a *ord is /ruck 9 u :i* e*oes a simil> feel+4 ,! beg9n+1 x is said1 is always difficult4 ,9 ! drama x is j ! contr>y2 = ^! ! difficulty always lies 9 ! end4 ,?is is prov$ by c\ntless plays :i* promise v well = ! fir/ act or two1 & !n become muddl$1 /ick or falt]--notori\sly s 9 ! f\r? act--& f9ally conclude 9 a way t is ei!r =c$ or unsatisfactory or else long =ese5 by e "o4 ,sometimes1 too1 ! end is positively revolt+1 z 9 ,less+'s ,emilia ,galotti1 :i* s5ds ! spectators home 9 a temp]4 ,?is difficulty 9 reg>d to ! end ( a play arises p>tly because x is ev]y:]e easi] to get ?+s into a tangle ?an to get !m out aga92 p>tly also because at ! beg9n+ we give ! au?or c>te blan*e to d z he likes1 b1 at ! end1 make c]ta9 def9ite dem&s ^u him4 ,?us we ask = a conclusion t %all be ei!r q happy or else q tragic2 :]eas human affairs d n easily take s decid$ a turn2 & !n we expect t x %all be natural1 fit & prop]1 unlabor$1 & at ! same "t =ese5 by no "o4 ,^! rem>ks are also applicable to an epic & to a novel2 b ! m compact nature ( ! drama makes ! difficulty pla9] by increas+ x4 ,e nihilo nihil fit4 ,t no?+ c come f no?+ is a maxim true 9 f9e art z else:]e4 ,9 compos+ an hi/orical picture1 a good arti/ w use liv+ m5 z a model1 & take ! gr\ndwork ( ! faces f life2 & !n proce$ to idealize !m 9 po9t ( beauty or expression4 ,a simil> me?od1 ,i fancy1 is adopt$ by good noveli/s4 ,9 draw+ a "* !y take a g5]al outl9e ( x f "s real p]son ( _! acqua9tance1 & !n idealize & complete x to suit _! purpose4 ,a novel w be ( a high & noble ord]1 ! m x repres5ts ( inn]1 & ! less x repres5ts ( out]1 life2 & ! ratio betwe5 ! two w supply a means ( judg+ any novel1 ( :atev] k9d1 f ,tri/ram ,%&y d[n to ! crude/ & mo/ s5sational tale ( knight or robb]4 ,tri/ram ,%&y has1 inde$1 z good z no action at all2 & !re is n mu* 9 ,la ,n\velle ,helose & ,wilhelm ,mei/]4 ,ev5 ,don ,quixote has relatively little2 & :at !re is1 v unimportant1 & introduc$ m]ely = ! sake ( fun4 ,& ^! f\r are ! be/ ( all exi/+ novels4 ,consid]1 fur!r1 ! wond]ful romances ( ,jean ,paul1 & h[ mu* inn] life is %[n on ! n>r[e/ basis ( actual ev5t4 ,ev5 9 ,walt] ,scott's novels !re is a great prepond]ance ( inn] ov] out] life1 & incid5t is nev] br\ght 9 except = ! purpose ( giv+ play to ?\ght & emotion2 :]eas1 9 bad novels1 incid5t is !re on its own acc\nt4 ,skill consi/s 9 sett+ ! inn] life 9 motion ) ! smalle/ possible array ( circum/ance2 = x is ?is inn] life t really excites our int]e/4 ,! bus9ess ( ! noveli/ is n to relate great ev5ts1 b to make small ones int]e/+4 ,hi/ory1 :i* ,i l to ?9k ( z ! contr>y ( poetry ,greek3 i/or\m5on--pepoiaem5on1 is = "t :at geography is = space2 & x is no m to be call$ a sci5ce1 9 any /rict s5se ( ! ^w1 ?an is geography1 because x does n deal ) univ]sal tru?s1 b only ) p>ticul> details4 ,hi/ory has always be5 ! favorite /udy ( ^? :o wi% to le>n some?+1 )\t hav+ to face ! ef=t dem&$ by any bran* ( real k1 :i* taxes ! intellig5ce4 ,9 our "t hi/ory is a favorite pursuit2 z witness ! num]\s books ^u ! subject :i* appe> e ye>4 ,if ! read] _c help ?9k+1 ) me1 t hi/ory is m]ely ! con/ant recurr5ce ( simil> ?+s1 j z 9 a kaleidoscope ! same bits ( glass are repres5t$1 b 9 diff]5t comb9ations1 he w n be able to %>e all ?is lively int]e/2 nor1 h[ev]1 w he c5sure x4 ,b !re is a ridicul\s & absurd claim1 made by _m p1 to reg>d hi/ory z a "p ( philosophy1 nay1 z philosophy itself2 !y imag9e t hi/ory c take its place4 ,! pref]5ce %[n = hi/ory by ! great] public 9 all ages may be illu/rat$ by ! k9d ( conv]sation :i* is s mu* 9 vogue ev]y:]e 9 society4 ,x g5]ally consi/s 9 "o p]son relat+ some?+ & !n ano!r p]son relat+ some?+ else2 s t 9 ?is way ev]yone is sure ( receiv+ att5tion4 ,bo? "h & 9 ! case ( hi/ory x is pla9 t ! m9d is occupi$ ) p>ticul> details4 ,b z 9 sci5ce1 s also 9 e wor?y conv]sation1 ! m9d rises to ! consid]ation ( "s g5]al tru?4 ,?is objection does n1 h[ev]1 deprive hi/ory ( its value4 ,human life is %ort & fleet+1 & _m millions ( individuals %>e 9 x1 :o are swall[$ by t mon/] ( oblivion :i* is wait+ = !m ) ev]-op5 jaws4 ,x is ?us a v ?ankwor?y task to try to rescue some?+--! memory ( int]e/+ & important ev5ts1 or ! lead+ features & p]sonages ( "s epo*--f ! g5]al %ipwreck ( ! _w4 ,f ano!r po9t ( view1 we might look ^u hi/ory z ! sequel to zoology2 = :ile ) all o!r animals x is en\gh to obs]ve ! species1 ) man individuals1 & !re=e individual ev5ts h to be /udi$2 because e man possesses a "* z an individual4 ,& s9ce individuals & ev5ts are )\t numb] or end1 an ess5tial imp]fection atta*es to hi/ory4 ,9 ! /udy ( x1 all t a man le>ns nev] contributes to less5 t :i* he has /ill to le>n4 ,) any real sci5ce1 a p]fection ( k is1 at any rate1 conceivable4 ,:5 we ga9 access to ! hi/ories ( ,*9a & ( ,india1 ! endlessness ( ! subject-matt] w reveal to u ! defects 9 ! /udy1 & =ce our hi/orians to see t ! object ( sci5ce is to recognize ! _m 9 ! "o1 to p]ceive ! rules 9 any giv5 example1 & to apply to ! life ( nations a k ( mank9d2 n to g on c\nt+ up facts ad inf9itum4 ,!re are two k9ds ( hi/ory2 ! hi/ory ( politics & ! hi/ory ( lit]ature & art4 ,! "o is ! hi/ory ( ! w2 ! o!r1 t ( ! intellect4 ,! fir/ is a tale ( woe1 ev5 ( t]ror3 x is a record ( agony1 /ruggle1 fraud1 & horrible murd] en masse4 ,! second is ev]y:]e pleas+ & s]5e1 l ! intellect :5 left to itself1 ev5 ?\gh its pa? be "o ( error4 ,its *ief bran* is ! hi/ory ( philosophy4 ,?is is1 9 fact1 its fundam5tal bass1 & ! notes ( x are he>d ev5 9 ! o!r k9d ( hi/ory4 ,^! deep tones guide ! =mation ( op9ion1 & op9ion rules ! _w4 ,h5ce philosophy1 rightly und]/ood1 is a mat]ial =ce ( ! mo/ p[]ful k9d1 ?\gh v sl[ 9 its work+4 ,! philosophy ( a p]iod is ?us ! fundam5tal bass ( its hi/ory4 ,! ,,newspap]1 is ! second-h& 9 ! clock ( hi/ory2 & x is n only made ( bas] metal ?an ^? :i* po9t to ! m9ute & ! h\r1 b x seldom goes "r4 ,! s-call$ lead+ article is ! *orus to ! drama ( pass+ ev5ts4 ,exagg]ation ( e k9d is z ess5tial to j\rnalism z x is to ! dramatic art2 = ! object ( j\rnalism is to make ev5ts g z f> z possible4 ,?us x is t all j\rnali/s are1 9 ! v nature ( _! call+1 al>mi/s2 & ?is is _! way ( giv+ int]e/ to :at !y write4 ,h]e9 !y are l little dogs2 if any?+ /irs1 !y imm$iately set up a %rill b>k4 ,!re=e1 let u c>efully regulate ! att5tion to be paid to ?is trumpet ( dang]1 s t x may n di/urb our dige/ion4 ,let u recognize t a newspap] is at be/ b a magnify+-glass1 & v (t5 m]ely a %ad[ on ! wall4 ,! p5 is to ?\ght :at ! /ick is to walk+2 b y walk mo/ easily :5 y h no /ick1 & y ?9k ) ! greate/ p]fection :5 y h no p5 9 y\r h&4 ,x is only :5 a man beg9s to be old t he likes to use a /ick & is glad to take up 8 p54 ,:5 an hypo!sis has once come to bir? 9 ! m9d1 or ga9$ a foot+ !re1 x leads a life s f> comp>able ) ! life ( an organism1 z t x assimilates matt] f ! out] _w only :5 x is l 9 k9d ) x & b5eficial2 & :51 contr>ily1 su* matt] is n l 9 k9d b hurtful1 ! hypo!sis1 equally ) ! organism1 ?r[s x (f1 or1 if =c$ to take x1 gets rid ( x aga9 entire4 ,to ga9 immortality an au?or mu/ possess s _m excell5ces t :ile x w n be easy to f9d anyone to und]/& & appreciate !m all1 !re w be m5 9 e age :o are able to recognize & value "s ( !m4 ,9 ?is way ! cr$it ( 8 book w be ma9ta9$ ?r\gh\t ! long c\rse ( c5turies1 9 spite ( ! fact t human int]e/s are always *ang+4 ,an au?or l ?is1 :o has a claim to ! cont9uance ( 8 life ev5 ) po/]ity1 c only be a man :o1 ov] ! wide e>?1 w seek 8 l 9 va91 & (f] a palpable contra/ ) ev]yone else 9 virtue ( 8 unmi/akable di/9ction4 ,nay1 m3 7 he1 l ! w&]+ ,jew1 to live ?r\gh sev]al g5]ations1 he w\ld /ill rema9 9 ! same sup]ior position4 ,if ?is 7 n s1 x w\ld be difficult to see :y 8 ?\ghts %\ld n p]i% l ^? ( o!r m54 ,metaphors & similes are ( great value1 9 s f> z !y expla9 an unkn[n relation by a kn[n "o4 ,ev5 ! m detail$ simile :i* gr[s into a p>able or an allegory1 is no?+ m ?an ! exhibition ( "s relation 9 its simple/1 mo/ visible & palpable =m4 ,! gr[? ( ideas re/s1 at bottom1 ^u similes2 because ideas arise by a process ( comb9+ ! simil>ities & neglect+ ! diff]5ces betwe5 ?+s4 ,fur!r1 intellig5ce1 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w1 ultimately consi/s 9 a seiz+ ( relations2 & a cle> & pure grasp ( relations is all ! m (t5 atta9$ :5 ! comp>ison is made betwe5 cases t lie wide ap>t f "o ano!r1 & betwe5 ?+s ( q diff]5t nature4 ,z long z a relation is kn[n to me z exi/+ only 9 a s+le case1 ,i h b an individual idea ( x--9 o!r words1 only an intuitive k ( x2 b z soon z ,i see ! same relation 9 two diff]5t cases1 ,i h a g5]al idea ( its :ole nature1 & ?is is a deep] & m p]fect k4 ,s9ce1 !n1 similes & metaphors are su* a p[]ful eng9e ( k1 x is a sign ( great intellig5ce 9 a writ] if 8 similes are unusual &1 at ! same "t1 to ! po9t4 ,ari/otle also obs]ves t by f> ! mo/ important ?+ to a writ] is to h ?is p[] ( metaphor2 = x is a gift :i* _c be acquir$1 & x is a m>k ( g5ius4 ,z reg>ds read+1 to require t a man %all reta9 ev]y?+ he has ev] read1 is l ask+ him to c>ry ab\t ) him all he has ev] eat54 ,! "o k9d ( food has giv5 him bodily1 & ! o!r m5tal1 n\ri%m5t2 & x is ?r\gh ^! two means t he has gr[n to be :at he is4 ,! body assimilates only t :i* is l x2 & s a man reta9s 9 8 m9d only t :i* int]e/s him1 9 o!r words1 t :i* suits 8 sy/em ( ?\ght or 8 purposes 9 life4 ,if a man wants to read good books1 he mu/ make a po9t ( avoid+ bad ones2 = life is %ort1 & "t & en]gy limit$4 ,repetitio e/ mat] /udiorum4 ,any book t is at all important ought to be at once read ?r\gh twice2 p>tly because1 on a second read+1 ! connection ( ! diff]5t portions ( ! book w be bett] und]/ood1 & ! beg9n+ compreh5d$ only :5 ! end is kn[n2 & p>tly because we are n 9 ! same temp] & disposition on bo? read+s4 ,on ! second p]usal we get a new view ( e passage & a diff]5t impression ( ! :ole book1 :i* !n appe>s 9 ano!r light4 ,a man's works are ! qu9tess5ce ( 8 m9d1 & ev5 ?\gh he may possess v great capacity1 !y w always be incomp>ably m valuable ?an 8 conv]sation4 ,nay1 9 all ess5tial matt]s 8 works w n only make up = ! lack ( p]sonal int]c\rse ) him1 b !y w f> surpass x 9 solid advantages4 ,! writ+s ev5 ( a man ( mod]ate g5ius may be edify+1 wor? read+ & in/ructive1 because !y are 8 qu9tess5ce--! result & fruit ( all 8 ?\ght & /udy2 :il/ conv]sation ) him may be unsatisfactory4 ,s x is t we c read books by m5 9 ^: company we f9d no?+ to please1 & t a high degree ( culture leads u to seek ent]ta9m5t almo/ :olly f books & n f m54 ,,on ,,criticism4 ,! foll[+ brief rem>ks on ! critical faculty are *iefly int5d$ to %[ t1 = ! mo/ "p1 !re is no su* ?+4 ,x is a r>a avis2 almo/ z r>e1 inde$1 z ! pho5ix1 :i* appe>s only once 9 five hundr$ ye>s4 ,:5 we speak ( ta/e--an expression n *os5 ) any reg>d = x--we mean ! discov]y1 or1 x may be only ! recognition1 ( :at is "r ae/hetically1 ap>t f ! guidance ( any rule2 & ?is1 ei!r because no rule has z yet be5 ext5d$ to ! matt] 9 "q1 or else because1 if exi/+1 x is unkn[n to ! arti/1 or ! critic1 z ! case may be4 ,in/ead ( ta/e1 we might use ! expression ae/hetic s5se1 if ?is 7 n tautological4 ,! p]ceptive critical ta/e is1 s to speak1 ! female analogue to ! male quality ( productive tal5t or g5ius4 ,n capable ( begett+ great "w itself1 x consi/s 9 a capacity ( reception1 t is to say1 ( recogniz+ z su* :at is "r1 fit1 beautiful1 or ! rev]se2 9 o!r words1 ( discrim9at+ ! good f ! bad1 ( discov]+ & appreciat+ ! "o & condemn+ ! o!r4 ,9 appreciat+ a g5ius1 criticism %\ld n deal ) ! errors 9 8 productions or ) ! poor] ( 8 works1 & !n proce$ to rate him l[2 x %\ld att5d only to ! qualities 9 :i* he mo/ excels4 ,= 9 ! sph]e ( intellect1 z 9 o!r sph]es1 weakness & p]v]sity cleave s firmly to human nature t ev5 ! mo/ brilliant m9d is n :olly & at all times free f !m4 ,h5ce ! great errors to be f\nd ev5 9 ! works ( ! greate/ m52 or z ,horace puts x1 qu&oque bonus dormitat ,hom]us4 ,t :i* di/+ui%es g5ius1 & %\ld be ! /&>d = judg+ x1 is ! height to :i* x is able to so> :5 x is 9 ! prop] mood & f9ds a fitt+ occasion--a height always out ( ! rea* ( ord9>y tal5t4 ,&1 9 l mann]1 x is a v dang]\s ?+ to comp>e two great m5 ( ! same class2 = in/ance1 two great poets1 or musicians1 or philosoph]s1 or arti/s2 because inju/ice to ! "o or ! o!r1 at lea/ = ! mom5t1 c h>dly be avoid$4 ,= 9 mak+ a comp>ison ( ! k9d ! critic looks to "s p>ticul> m]it ( ! "o & at once discov]s t x is abs5t 9 ! o!r1 :o is !reby disp>ag$4 ,& !n if ! process is rev]s$1 & ! critic beg9s ) ! latt] & discov]s 8 peculi> m]it1 :i* is q ( a diff]5t ord] f t pres5t$ by ! =m]1 ) :om x may be look$ = 9 va91 ! result is t bo? ( !m suff] undue depreciation4 ,!re are critics :o sev]ally ?9k t x re/s ) ea* "o ( !m :at %all be acc\nt$ good1 & :at bad4 ,!y all mi/ake _! own toy-trumpets = ! trombones ( fame4 ,a drug does n effect its purpose if ! dose is too l>ge2 & x is ! same ) c5sure & adv]se criticism :5 x exce$s ! measure ( ju/ice4 ,! disa/r\s ?+ = intellectual m]it is t x mu/ wait = ^? to praise ! good :o h !mselves produc$ no?+ b :at is bad2 nay1 x is a prim>y mis=tune t x has to receive its cr[n at ! h&s ( ! critical p[] ( mank9d--a quality ( :i* mo/ m5 possess only ! weak & impot5t semblance1 s t ! reality may be numb]$ among/ ! r>e/ gifts ( nature4 ,h5ce ,la ,bruyre's rem>k is1 unhappily1 z true z x is neat4 ,aprs l'esprit de disc]nem5t1 he says1 ce qu'il y a au monde de plus r>e1 ce sont les diamans et les p]les4 ,! _s ( disc]nm5t6 ! critical faculty6 x is ^! t are lack+4 ,m5 d n "k h[ to di/+ui% ! g5u9e f ! false1 ! corn f ! *aff1 gold f copp]2 or to p]ceive ! wide gulf t sep>ates a g5ius f an ord9>y man4 ,?us we h t bad /ate ( ?+s describ$ 9 an old-fa%ion$ v]se1 :i* gives x z ! lot ( ! great ones "h on e>? to be recogniz$ only :5 !y are gone3 ,es i/ nun das ,ges*ick d] ,gross5 fii] auf ,erd51 ,er/ wann sie ni*t mehr s9d2 von uns erkannt zu w]d54 ,:5 any g5u9e & excell5t "w makes its appe>ance1 ! *ief difficulty 9 its way is ! am\nt ( bad "w x f9ds already 9 possession ( ! field1 & accept$ z ?\gh x 7 good4 ,& !n if1 aft] a long "t1 ! new com] really succe$s1 by a h>d /ruggle1 9 v9dicat+ 8 place = himself & w9n+ reputation1 he w soon enc\nt] fre% difficulty f "s affect$1 dull1 awkw>d imitator1 :om p drag 91 ) ! object ( calmly sett+ him up on ! alt> beside ! g5ius2 n see+ ! diff]5ce & really ?9k+ t "h !y h to d ) ano!r great man4 ,?is is :at ,yri>te means by ! fir/ l9es ( 8 tw5ty-eigh? ,fable1 :]e he decl>es t ! ignorant rabble always sets equal value on ! good & ! bad3 ,siempre aco/umbra hac] el vulgo necio ,de lo bu5o y lo malo igual aprecio4 ,s ev5 ,%akespe>e's dramas _h1 imm$iately aft] 8 dea?1 to give place to ^? ( ,b5 ,jonson1 ,mass+]1 ,beaumont & ,flet*]1 & to yield ! supremacy = a hundr$ ye>s4 ,s ,kant's s]i\s philosophy 0 cr[d$ out by ! nons5se ( ,fi*te1 ,s*ell+1 ,jacobi1 ,hegel4 ,& ev5 9 a sph]e accessible to all1 we h se5 unwor?y imitators quickly div]t+ public att5tion f ! incomp>able ,walt] ,scott4 ,=1 say :at y w1 ! public has no s5se = excell5ce1 & !re=e no notion h[ v r>e x is to f9d m5 really capable ( do+ any?+ great 9 poetry1 philosophy1 or art1 or t _! works are alone wor?y ( exclusive att5tion4 ,! dabbl]s1 :e!r 9 v]se or 9 any o!r high sph]e1 %\ld be e day unsp>+ly rem9d$ t nei!r gods1 nor m51 nor booksell]s h p>don$ _! m$iocrity3 m$iocribus esse poetis ,non hom9es1 non ,d1 non concess]e columnae4#a ,footnote #a3 ,horace1 ,ars ,poetica1 #cgb4 ,are !y n ! we$s t prev5t ! corn com+ up1 s t !y may cov] all ! gr\nd !mselves8 ,& !n !re happ5s t :i* has be5 well & fre%ly describ$ by ! lam5t$ ,feu*t]sleb51#a :o di$ s "y3 h[ p cry out 9 _! ha/e t no?+ is be+ done1 :ile all ! :ile great "w is quietly gr[+ to maturity2 & !n1 :5 x appe>s1 x is n se5 or he>d 9 ! clamor1 b goes its way sil5tly1 9 mode/ grief3 ,i/ do*--ruf5 sie v]mess5-- ,ni*ts im ,w]ke1 ni*ts ge?an6 ,und das ,grosse1 reift indess5 ,/ill h]an4 ,es er%e9t nun3 niem& sieht es1 ,niem& hrt es im ,ges*rei ,mit bes*eid'n] ,trau] zieht es ,/ill vorbei4 ,footnote #a3 ,translator's ,note4--,ern/ ,freih]r von ,feu*t]sleb5 7#ahjf-di71 an ,au/rian physician1 philosoph]1 & poet1 & a speciali/ 9 m$ical psy*ology4 ,! be/ kn[n ( 8 songs is t beg9n+ ,es i/ be/immt 9 ,gottes ,ra? to :i* ,m5delssohn compos$ "o ( 8 f9e/ melodies4 ,?is lam5table dea? ( ! critical faculty is n less obvi\s 9 ! case ( sci5ce1 z is %[n by ! t5aci\s life ( false & disprov$ !ories4 ,if !y are once accept$1 !y may g on bidd+ defiance to tru? = fifty or ev5 a hundr$ ye>s & m1 z /able z an iron pi] 9 ! mid/ ( ! waves4 ,! ,ptolemaic sy/em 0 /ill held a c5tury aft] ,cop]nicus _h promulgat$ 8 !ory4 ,bacon1 ,desc>tes & ,locke made _! way extremely sl[ly & only aft] a long "t2 z ! read] may see by d',alemb]t's celebrat$ ,preface to ! ,encyclop$ia4 ,newton 0 n m successful2 & ?is is suffici5tly prov$ by ! bitt]ness & contempt ) :i* ,leibnitz attack$ 8 !ory ( gravitation 9 ! controv]sy ) ,cl>ke4#a ,al?\gh ,newton liv$ = almo/ =ty ye>s aft] ! appe>ance ( ! ,pr9cipia1 8 tea*+ 01 :5 he di$1 only to "s ext5t accept$ 9 8 own c\ntry1 :il/ outside ,engl& he c\nt$ sc>cely tw5ty adh]5ts2 if we may believe ! introductory note to ,voltaire's exposition ( 8 !ory4 ,x 01 inde$1 *iefly ow+ to ?is treatise ( ,voltaire's t ! sy/em became kn[n 9 ,france ne>ly tw5ty ye>s aft] ,newton's dea?4 ,until !n a firm1 resolute1 & patriotic /& 0 made by ! ,c>tesian ,vortices2 :il/ only =ty ye>s previ\sly1 ?is same ,c>tesian philosophy _h be5 =bidd5 9 ! ,fr5* s*ools2 & n[ 9 turn d',agnesseau1 ! ,*ancellor1 refus$ ,voltaire ! ,imprimatur = 8 treatise on ! ,newtonian doctr9e4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 our day ,newton's absurd !ory ( color /ill completely holds ! field1 =ty ye>s aft] ! publication ( ,goe!'s4 ,hume1 too1 0 disreg>d$ up to 8 fiftie? ye>1 ?\gh he began v e>ly & wrote 9 a ?or\ghly popul> /yle4 ,& ,kant1 9 spite ( hav+ writt5 & talk$ all 8 life long1 did n become a fam\s man until he 0 sixty4 ,footnote #a3 ,see especially #ce1 #aac1 #aah1 #abj1 #abb1 #abh4 ,arti/s & poets h1 to be sure1 m *ance ?an ?9k]s1 because _! public is at lea/ a hundr$ times z l>ge4 ,/ill1 :at 0 ?\ght ( ,bee?ov5 & ,moz>t dur+ _! lives8 :at ( ,dante8 :at ev5 ( ,%akespe>e8 ,if ! latt]'s contempor>ies _h 9 any way recogniz$ 8 wor?1 at lea/ "o good & accr$it$ portrait ( him w\ld h come d[n to u f an age :5 ! art ( pa9t+ fl\ri%$2 :]eas we possess only "s v d\btful pictures1 a bad copp]plate1 & a /ill worse bu/ on 8 tomb4#a ,& 9 l mann]1 if he _h be5 duly honor$1 specim5s ( 8 h&writ+ w\ld h be5 pres]v$ to u by ! hundr$1 in/ead ( be+ conf9$1 z is ! case1 to ! signatures to a few legal docum5ts4 ,! ,portuguese are /ill pr\d ( _! only poet ,camons4 ,he liv$1 h[ev]1 on alms collect$ e ev5+ 9 ! /reet by a black slave :om he _h br\ght ) him f ! ,indies4 ,9 "t1 no d\bt1 ju/ice w be done ev]yone2 tempo galant uomo2 b x is z late & sl[ 9 arriv+ z 9 a c\rt ( law1 & ! secret condition ( x is t ! recipi5t %all be no long] alive4 ,! precept ( ,jesus ! son ( ,sira* is fai?fully foll[$3 ,judge none bless$ be=e 8 dea?4#b ,he1 !n1 :o has produc$ immortal works1 mu/ f9d com=t by apply+ to !m ! words ( ! ,indian my?1 t ! m9utes ( life among/ ! immortals seem l ye>s ( e>?ly exi/5ce2 & s1 too1 t ye>s ^u e>? are only z ! m9utes ( ! immortals4 ,footnote #a3 ,a4 ,wivell3 ,an ,inquiry into ! ,hi/ory1 ,au!nticity1 & ,*>act]i/ics ( ,%akespe>e's ,portraits2 ) #ba engrav+s4 ,london1 #ahcf4 ,footnote #b3 ,ecclesia/icus1 xi4 #bh4 ,?is lack ( critical insight is also %[n by ! fact t1 :ile 9 e c5tury ! excell5t "w ( e>li] "t is held 9 honor1 t ( its own is misund]/ood1 & ! att5tion :i* is its due is giv5 to bad "w1 su* z e decade c>ries ) x only to be ! sport ( ! next4 ,t m5 are sl[ to recognize g5u9e m]it :5 x appe>s 9 _! own age1 also proves t !y d n und]/& or enjoy or really value ! long-ackn[l$g$ works ( g5ius1 :i* !y honor only on ! score ( au?ority4 ,! crucial te/ is ! fact t bad "w--,fi*te's philosophy1 = example--if x w9s any reputation1 also ma9ta9s x = "o or two g5]ations2 & only :5 its public is v l>ge does its fall foll[ soon]4 ,n[1 j z ! sun _c %$ its light b to ! eye t sees x1 nor music s\nd b to ! he>+ e>1 s ! value ( all ma/]ly "w 9 art & sci5ce is condition$ by ! k9%ip & capacity ( ! m9d to :i* x speaks4 ,x is only su* a m9d z ?is t possesses ! magic ^w to /ir & call =? ! spirits t lie hidd5 9 great "w4 ,to ! ord9>y m9d a ma/]piece is a seal$ cab9et ( my/]y1--an unfamili> musical in/rum5t f :i* ! play]1 h[ev] mu* he may flatt] himself1 c draw none b confus$ tones4 ,h[ diff]5t a pa9t+ looks :5 se5 9 a good light1 z comp>$ ) "s d>k corn]6 ,j 9 ! same way1 ! impression made by a ma/]piece v>ies ) ! capacity ( ! m9d to und]/& x4 ,a f9e "w1 !n1 requires a m9d s5sitive to its beauty2 a ?\ghtful "w1 a m9d t c really ?9k1 if x is to exi/ & live at all4 ,b alas6 x may happ5 only too (t5 t he :o gives a f9e "w to ! _w aft]w>ds feels l a mak] ( fireworks1 :o displays ) en?usiasm ! wond]s t h tak5 him s mu* "t & tr\ble to prep>e1 & !n le>ns t he has come to ! wrong place1 & t ! fanci$ spectators 7 "o & all inmates ( an asylum = ! bl9d4 ,/ill ev5 t is bett] ?an if 8 public _h consi/$ entirely ( m5 :o made fireworks !mselves2 z 9 ?is case1 if 8 display _h be5 extraord9>ily good1 x might possibly h co/ him 8 head4 ,! s\rce ( all pleasure & delight is ! feel+ ( k9%ip4 ,ev5 ) ! s5se ( beauty x is unque/ionably our own species 9 ! animal _w1 & !n aga9 our own race1 t appe>s to u ! faire/4 ,s1 too1 9 int]c\rse ) o!rs1 e man %[s a decid$ pref]5ce = ^? :o resemble him2 & a blockhead w f9d ! society ( ano!r blockhead incomp>ably m pleasant ?an t ( any numb] ( great m9ds put toge!r4 ,e man mu/ necess>ily take 8 *ief pleasure 9 8 own "w1 because x is ! mirror ( 8 own m9d1 ! e*o ( 8 own ?\ght2 & next 9 ord] w come ! "w ( p l him2 t is to say1 a dull1 %all[ & p]v]se man1 a deal] 9 m]e words1 w give 8 s9c]e & he>ty applause only to t :i* is dull1 %all[1 p]v]se or m]ely v]bose4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he w all[ m]it to ! "w ( great m9ds only on ! score ( au?ority1 9 o!r words1 because he is a%am$ to speak 8 op9ion2 = 9 reality !y give him no pleasure at all4 ,!y d n appeal to him2 nay1 !y repel him2 & he w n confess ?is ev5 to himself4 ,! works ( g5ius _c be fully enjoy$ except by ^? :o are !mselves ( ! privileg$ ord]4 ,! fir/ recognition ( !m1 h[ev]1 :5 !y exi/ )\t au?ority to support !m1 dem&s consid]able sup]iority ( m9d4 ,:5 ! read] takes all ?is into consid]ation1 he %\ld be surpris$1 n t great "w is s late 9 w9n+ reputation1 b t x w9s x at all4 ,& z a matt] ( fact1 fame comes only by a sl[ & complex process4 ,! /upid p]son is by degrees =c$1 & z x 71 tam$1 into recogniz+ ! sup]iority ( "o :o /&s imm$iately above him2 ?is "o 9 8 turn b[s be=e "s "o else2 & s x goes on until ! weight ( ! votes gradually prevail ov] _! numb]2 & ?is is j ! condition ( all g5u9e1 9 o!r words1 des]v$ fame4 ,b until !n1 ! greate/ g5ius1 ev5 aft] he has pass$ 8 "t ( trial1 /&s l a k+ amid/ a cr[d ( 8 own subjects1 :o d n "k him by sight & !re=e w n d 8 behe/s2 unless1 inde$1 8 *ief m9i/]s ( /ate are 9 8 tra94 ,= no subord9ate (ficial c be ! direct recipi5t ( ! royal comm&s1 z he kn[s only ! signature ( 8 imm$iate sup]ior2 & ?is is repeat$ all ! way up into ! highe/ ranks1 :]e ! "u-secret>y atte/s ! m9i/]'s signature1 & ! m9i/] t ( ! k+4 ,!re are analog\s /ages to be pass$ be=e a g5ius c atta9 widespread fame4 ,?is is :y 8 reputation mo/ easily comes to a /&/ill at ! v outset2 because ! highe/ au?orities1 ( :om !re c be b few1 are mo/ frequ5tly n to be f\nd2 b ! fur!r d[n he goes 9 ! scale ! m num]\s are ^? :o take ! ^w f above1 s t 8 fame is no m arre/$4 ,we mu/ console ourselves = ?is /ate ( ?+s by reflect+ t x is really =tunate t ! great] numb] ( m5 d n =m a judgm5t on _! own responsibility1 b m]ely take x on au?ority4 ,= :at sort ( criticism %\ld we h on ,plato & ,kant1 ,hom]1 ,%akespe>e & ,goe!1 if e man 7 to =m 8 op9ion by :at he really has & enjoys ( ^! writ]s1 in/ead ( be+ =c$ by au?ority to speak ( !m 9 a fit & prop] way1 h[ev] little he may really feel :at he says4 ,unless some?+ ( ?is k9d took place1 x w\ld be impossible = true m]it1 9 any high sph]e1 to atta9 fame at all4 ,at ! same "t x is also =tunate t e man has j s mu* critical p[] ( 8 own z is necess>y = recogniz+ ! sup]iority ( ^? :o are plac$ imm$iately ov] him1 & = foll[+ _! lead4 ,?is means t ! _m come 9 ! end to submit to ! au?ority ( ! few2 & !re results t hi]>*y ( critical judgm5ts on :i* is bas$ ! possibility ( a /eady1 & ev5tually wide-rea*+1 fame4 ,! l[e/ class 9 ! community is q imp]vi\s to ! m]its ( a great g5ius2 & = ^! p !re is no?+ left b ! monum5t rais$ to him1 :i*1 by ! impression x produces on _! s5ses1 awakes 9 !m a dim idea ( ! man's greatness4 ,lit]>y j\rnals %\ld be a dam aga9/ ! unconscionable scribbl+ ( ! age1 & ! ev]-increas+ deluge ( bad & useless books4 ,_! judgm5ts %\ld be uncorrupt$1 j & rigor\s2 & e piece ( bad "w done by an incapable p]son2 e device by :i* ! empty head tries to come to ! assi/ance ( ! empty purse1 t is to say1 ab\t n9e-t5?s ( all exi/+ books1 %\ld be m]cilessly sc\rg$4 ,lit]>y j\rnals w\ld !n p]=m _! duty1 :i* is to keep d[n ! crav+ = writ+ & put a *eck ^u ! deception ( ! public1 in/ead ( fur!r+ ^! evils by a mis]able tol]ation1 :i* plays into ! h&s ( au?or & publi%]1 & robs ! read] ( 8 "t & 8 money4 ,if !re 7 su* a pap] z ,i mean1 e bad writ]1 e bra9less compil]1 e plagi>i/ f o!r's books1 e holl[ & incapable place-hunt]1 e %am-philosoph]1 e va9 & langui%+ poeta/]1 w\ld %udd] at ! prospect ( ! pillory 9 :i* 8 bad "w w\ld inevitably h to /& soon aft] publication4 ,?is w\ld p>alyze 8 twit*+ f+]s1 to ! true welf>e ( lit]ature1 9 :i* :at is bad is n only useless b positively p]nici\s4 ,n[1 mo/ books are bad & ought to h rema9$ unwritt54 ,consequ5tly praise %\ld be z r>e z is n[ ! case ) blame1 :i* is )held "u ! influ5ce ( p]sonal consid]ations1 c\pl$ ) ! maxim acc$as socius1 laudes laud]is ut abs5s4 ,x is q wrong to try to introduce into lit]ature ! same tol]ation z mu/ necess>ily prevail 9 society t[>ds ^? /upid1 bra9less p :o ev]y:]e sw>m 9 x4 ,9 lit]ature su* p are impud5t intrud]s2 & to disp>age ! bad is "h duty t[>ds ! good2 = he :o ?9ks no?+ bad w ?9k no?+ good ei!r4 ,polit5ess1 :i* has its s\rce 9 social relations1 is 9 lit]ature an ali51 & (t5 injuri\s1 elem5t2 because x exacts t bad "w %all be call$ good4 ,9 ?is way ! v aim ( sci5ce & art is directly fru/rat$4 ,! ideal j\rnal c\ld1 to be sure1 be writt5 only by p :o jo9$ incorruptible hone/y ) r>e k & /ill r>] p[] ( judgm5t2 s t p]haps !re c\ld1 at ! v mo/1 be "o1 & ev5 h>dly "o1 9 ! :ole c\ntry2 b !re x w\ld /&1 l a j ,a]opagus1 e memb] ( :i* w\ld h to be elect$ by all ! o!rs4 ,"u ! sy/em t prevails at pres5t1 lit]>y j\rnals are c>ri$ on by a clique1 & secretly p]haps also by booksell]s = ! good ( ! trade2 & !y are (t5 no?+ b coalitions ( bad heads to prev5t ! good ones succe$+4 ,z ,goe! once rem>k$ to me1 n[h]e is !re s mu* di%one/y z 9 lit]ature4 ,b1 above all1 anonymity1 t %ield ( all lit]>y rascality1 w\ld h to disappe>4 ,x 0 introduc$ "u ! pretext ( protect+ ! hone/ critic1 :o w>n$ ! public1 aga9/ ! res5tm5t ( ! au?or & 8 fri5ds4 ,b :]e !re is "o case ( ?is sort1 !re w be a hundr$ :]e x m]ely s]ves to take all responsibility f ! man :o _c /& by :at he has said1 or possibly to conceal ! %ame ( "o :o has be5 c[>dly & base en\gh to recomm5d a book to ! public = ! purpose ( putt+ money into 8 own pocket4 ,(t5 en\gh x is only a cloak = cov]+ ! obscurity1 incompet5ce & insignificance ( ! critic4 ,x is incr$ible :at impud5ce ^! fell[s w %[1 & :at lit]>y trick]y !y w v5ture to commit1 z soon z !y "k !y are safe "u ! %ad[ ( anonymity4 ,let me recomm5d a g5]al ,anti-criticism1 a univ]sal m$ic9e or panacea1 to put a /op to all anonym\s review+1 :e!r x praises ! bad or blames ! good3 ,rascal6 y\r "n6 ,= a man to wrap himself up & draw 8 hat ov] 8 face1 & !n fall ^u p :o are walk+ ab\t )\t any disguise--?is is n ! "p ( a g5tleman1 x is ! "p ( a sc\ndrel & a knave4 ,an anonym\s review has no m au?ority ?an an anonym\s lett]2 & "o %\ld be receiv$ ) ! same mi/ru/ z ! o!r4 ,or %all we take ! "n ( ! man :o cons5ts to preside ov] :at is1 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w1 une socit anonyme z a gu>antee = ! v]acity ( 8 colleagues8 ,ev5 ,r\sseau1 9 ! preface to ! ,n\velle ,helose1 decl>es t\t honnte homme doit av\] les livres qu'il public2 :i* 9 pla9 language means t e honorable man ought to sign 8 articles1 & t no "o is honorable :o does n d s4 ,h[ mu* tru] ?is is ( polemical writ+1 :i* is ! g5]al "* ( reviews6 ,riem] 0 q "r 9 ! op9ion he gives 9 8 ,rem9isc5ces ( ,goe!3#a ,an ov]t enemy1 he says1 an enemy :o meets y face to face1 is an honorable man1 :o w treat y fairly1 & ) :om y c come to t]ms & be reconcil$3 b an enemy :o conceals himself is a base1 c[>dly sc\ndrel1 :o has n c\rage en\gh to av[ 8 own judgm5t2 x is n 8 op9ion t he c>es ab\t1 b only ! secret pleasures ( wreak+ 8 ang] )\t be+ f\nd out or puni%$4 ,?is w also h be5 ,goe!'s op9ion1 z he 0 g5]ally ! s\rce f :i* ,riem] drew 8 obs]vations4 ,&1 inde$1 ,r\sseau's maxim applies to e l9e t is pr9t$4 ,w\ld a man 9 a mask ev] be all[$ to h>angue a mob1 or speak 9 any assembly2 & t1 too1 :5 he 0 go+ to attack o!rs & ov]:elm !m ) abuse8 ,footnote #a3 ,preface1 p4 xxix4 ,anonymity is ! refuge = all lit]>y & j\rnali/ic rascality4 ,x is a practice :i* mu/ be completely /opp$4 ,e article1 ev5 9 a newspap]1 %\ld be accompani$ by ! "n ( its au?or2 & ! editor %\ld be made /rictly responsible = ! accuracy ( ! signature4 ,! fre$om ( ! press %\ld be ?us f> re/rict$2 s t :5 a man publicly proclaims ?r\gh ! f>-s\nd+ trumpet ( ! newspap]1 he %\ld be answ]able = x1 at any rate ) 8 honor1 if he has any2 & if he has none1 let 8 "n neutralize ! effect ( 8 words4 ,& s9ce ev5 ! mo/ insignificant p]son is kn[n 9 8 own circle1 ! result ( su* a measure w\ld be to put an end to two-?irds ( ! newspap] lies1 & to re/ra9 ! audacity ( _m a poison\s tongue4 ,,on ,,reputation4 ,writ]s may be classifi$ z meteors1 planets & fix$ />s4 ,a meteor makes a /rik+ effect = a mom5t4 ,y look up & cry ,!re6 & x is gone = ev]4 ,planets & w&]+ />s la/ a mu* long] "t4 ,!y (t5 out%9e ! fix$ />s & are conf\nd$ ) !m by ! inexp]i5c$2 b ?is only because !y are ne>4 ,x is n long be=e !y mu/ yield _! place2 nay1 ! light !y give is reflect$ only1 & ! sph]e ( _! influ5ce is conf9$ to _! own orbit--_! contempor>ies4 ,_! pa? is "o ( *ange & movem5t1 & ) ! circuit ( a few ye>s _! tale is told4 ,fix$ />s are ! only ones t are con/ant2 _! position 9 ! firmam5t is secure2 !y %9e ) a light ( _! own2 _! effect to-day is ! same z x 0 ye/]day1 because1 hav+ no p>allax1 _! appe>ance does n alt] ) a diff]5ce 9 our /&po9t4 ,!y belong n to "o sy/em1 "o nation only1 b to ! univ]se4 ,& j because !y are s v f> away1 x is usually _m ye>s be=e _! light is visible to ! inhabitants ( ?is e>?4 ,we h se5 9 ! previ\s *apt] t :]e a man's m]its are ( a high ord]1 x is difficult = him to w9 reputation1 because ! public is uncritical & lacks disc]nm5t4 ,b ano!r & no less s]i\s h9drance to fame comes f ! envy x has to enc\nt]4 ,= ev5 9 ! l[e/ k9ds ( "w1 envy balks ev5 ! beg9n+s ( a reputation1 & nev] ceases to cleave to x up to ! la/4 ,h[ great a "p is play$ by envy 9 ! wick$ ways ( ! _w6 ,ario/o is "r 9 say+ t ! d>k side ( our mortal life pr$om9ates1 s full x is ( ?is evil3 que/a assai pi oscura *e s]5a ,vita mortal1 tutta d'invidia pi5a4 ,= envy is ! mov+ _s ( t secret & in=mal1 ?\gh fl\ri%+1 alliance ev]y:]e made by m$iocrity aga9/ individual em95ce1 no matt] ( :at k9d4 ,9 8 own sph]e ( "w no "o w all[ ano!r to be di/+ui%$3 he is an intrud] :o _c be tol]at$4 ,si quelq'un excelle p>mi n\s1 qu'il aille excell] ailleurs6 ?is is ! univ]sal password ( ! second-rate4 ,9 addition1 !n1 to ! r>ity ( true m]it & ! difficulty x has 9 be+ und]/ood & recogniz$1 !re is ! envy ( ?\s&s to be reckon$ )1 all ( !m b5t on suppress+1 nay1 on smo!r+ x altoge!r4 ,no "o is tak5 = :at he is1 b = :at o!rs make ( him2 & ?is is ! h&le us$ by m$iocrity to keep d[n di/9ction1 by n lett+ x come up z long z t c possibly be prev5t$4 ,!re are two ways ( behav+ 9 reg>d to m]it3 ei!r to h "s ( "o's own1 or to refuse any to o!rs4 ,! latt] me?od is m conv5i5t1 & s x is g5]ally adopt$4 ,z envy is a m]e sign ( defici5cy1 s to envy m]it argues ! lack ( x4 ,my excell5t ,bal?az> ,gracian has giv5 a v f9e acc\nt ( ?is relation betwe5 envy & m]it 9 a l5g?y fable1 :i* may be f\nd 9 8 ,discreto "u ! head+ ,hombre de o/5tacion4 ,he describes all ! birds z meet+ toge!r & conspir+ aga9/ ! peacock1 because ( 8 magnific5t fea!rs4 ,if1 said ! magpie1 we c\ld only manage to put a /op to ! curs$ p>ad+ ( 8 tail1 !re w\ld soon be an end ( 8 beauty2 = :at is n se5 is z good z :at does n exi/4 ,?is expla9s h[ mode/y came to be a virtue4 ,x 0 inv5t$ only z a protection aga9/ envy4 ,t !re h always be5 rascals to urge ?is virtue1 & to rejoice he>tily ov] ! ba%fulness ( a man ( m]it1 has be5 %[n at l5g? 9 my *ief "w4#a ,9 ,li*t5b]g's ,miscellane\s ,writ+s ,i f9d ?is s5t5ce quot$3 ,mode/y %\ld be ! virtue ( ^? :o possess no o!r4 ,goe! has a well-kn[n say+1 :i* (f5ds _m p3 ,x is only knaves :o are mode/6--,nur die ,lump5 s9d bes*eid56 b x has its prototype 9 ,c]vantes1 :o includes 9 8 ,j\rney up ,p>nassus c]ta9 rules ( conduct = poets1 & among/ !m ! foll[+3 ,ev]yone ^: v]se %[s him to be a poet %\ld h a high op9ion ( himself1 rely+ on ! prov]b t he is a knave :o ?9ks himself "o4 ,& ,%akespe>e1 9 _m ( 8 ,sonnets1 :i* gave him ! only opportunity he _h ( speak+ ( himself1 decl>es1 ) a confid5ce equal to 8 +5u\sness1 t :at he writes is immortal4#b ,footnote #a3 ,welt als ,wille1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 c4 #cg4 ,footnote #b3 ,colli]1 "o ( 8 critical editors1 9 8 ,introduction to ! ,sonettes1 rem>ks ^u ?is po9t3 ,9 _m ( !m are to be f\nd mo/ rem>kable indications ( self-confid5ce & ( assurance 9 ! immortality ( 8 v]ses1 & 9 ?is respect ! au?or's op9ion 0 con/ant & uni=m4 ,he nev] scruples to express x1444 & p]haps !re is no writ] ( anci5t or mod]n times :o1 = ! quantity ( su* writ+s left beh9d him1 has s frequ5tly or s /rongly decl>$ t :at he _h produc$ 9 ?is dep>tm5t ( poetry '! _w w\ld n will+ly let die4' ,a me?od ( und]rat+ good "w (t5 us$ by envy--9 reality1 h[ev]1 only ! obv]se side ( x--consi/s 9 ! di%onorable & unscrupul\s laudation ( ! bad2 = no soon] does bad "w ga9 curr5cy ?an x draws att5tion f ! good4 ,b h[ev] effective ?is me?od may be = a :ile1 especially if x is appli$ on a l>ge scale1 ! day ( reckon+ comes at la/1 & ! fleet+ cr$it giv5 to bad "w is paid (f by ! la/+ discr$it :i* ov]takes ^? :o abjectly prais$ x4 ,h5ce ^! critics pref] to rema9 anonym\s4 ,a l fate ?reat5s1 ?\gh m remotely1 ^? :o depreciate & c5sure good "w2 & consequ5tly _m are too prud5t to attempt x4 ,b !re is ano!r way2 & :5 a man ( em95t m]it appe>s1 ! fir/ effect he produces is (t5 only to pique all 8 rivals1 j z ! peacock's tail (f5d$ ! birds4 ,?is r$uces !m to a deep sil5ce2 & _! sil5ce is s unanim\s t x savors ( preconc]tion4 ,_! tongues are all p>alyz$4 ,x is ! sil5tium livoris describ$ by ,s5eca4 ,?is malici\s sil5ce1 :i* is te*nically kn[n z ignor+1 may = a long "t int]f]e ) ! gr[? ( reputation2 if1 z happ5s 9 ! high] walks ( le>n+1 :]e a man's imm$iate audi5ce is :olly compos$ ( rival work]s & pr(ess$ /ud5ts1 :o !n =m ! *annel ( 8 fame1 ! great] public is oblig$ to use its suffrage )\t be+ able to exam9e ! matt] = itself4 ,& if1 9 ! end1 t malici\s sil5ce is brok5 9 ^u by ! voice ( praise1 x w be b seldom t ?is happ5s entirely ap>t f "s ult]ior aim1 pursu$ by ^? :o ?us manipulate ju/ice4 ,=1 z ,goe! says 9 ! ,we/-/li*] ,divan1 a man c get no recognition1 ei!r f _m p]sons or f only "o1 unless x is to publi% abroad ! critic's own disc]nm5t3 ,d5n es i/ ke9 ,an]k551 ,w$] ,viel]1 no* des ,e951 ,w5n es ni*t am ,tage frd]t1 ,wo man selb/ 0 m*te s*e954 ,! cr$it y all[ to ano!r man engag$ 9 "w simil> to y\r own or ak9 to x1 mu/ at bottom be )drawn f y\rself2 & y c praise him only at ! exp5se ( y\r own claims4 ,accord+ly1 mank9d is 9 itself n at all incl9$ to aw>d praise & reputation2 x is m dispos$ to blame & f9d fault1 :]eby x indirectly praises itself4 ,if1 not)/&+ ?is1 praise is won f mank9d1 "s extrane\s motive mu/ prevail4 ,i am n "h ref]r+ to ! disgraceful way 9 :i* mutual fri5ds w puff "o ano!r into a reputation2 outside ( t1 an effectual motive is suppli$ by ! feel+ t next to ! m]it ( do+ some?+ oneself1 comes t ( correctly appreciat+ & recogniz+ :at o!rs h done4 ,?is accords ) ! ?reefold division ( heads drawn up by ,hesiod#a & aft]w>ds by ,ma*iavelli#b ,!re are1 says ! latt]1 9 ! capacities ( mank9d1 ?ree v>ieties3 "o man w und]/& a ?+ by himself2 ano!r s f> z x is expla9$ to him2 a ?ird1 nei!r ( himself nor :5 x is put cle>ly be=e him4 ,he1 !n1 :o ab&ons hope ( mak+ good 8 claims to ! fir/ class1 w be glad to seize ! opportunity ( tak+ a place 9 ! second4 ,x is almo/ :olly ow+ to ?is /ate ( ?+s t m]it may always re/ assur$ ( ultimately meet+ ) recognition4 ,footnote #a3 ,works & ,days1 #bic4 ,footnote #b3 ,! ,pr9ce1 *4 #bb4 ,to ?is also is due ! fact t :5 ! value ( a "w has once be5 recogniz$ & may no long] be conceal$ or d5i$1 all m5 vie 9 prais+ & honor+ x2 simply because !y are consci\s ( !reby do+ !mselves an honor4 ,!y act 9 ! _s ( ,x5ophon's rem>k3 he mu/ be a wise man :o kn[s :at is wise4 ,s :5 !y see t ! prize ( orig9al m]it is = ev] out ( _! rea*1 !y ha/5 to possess !mselves ( t :i* comes second be/--! correct appreciation ( x4 ,"h x happ5s z ) an army :i* has be5 =c$ to yield2 :51 j z previ\sly e man want$ to be =emo/ 9 ! fight1 s n[ e man tries to be =emo/ 9 runn+ away4 ,!y all hurry =w>d to (f] _! applause to "o :o is n[ recogniz$ to be wor?y ( praise1 9 virtue ( a recognition1 z a rule unconsci\s1 ( t law ( homog5eity :i* ,i m5tion$ 9 ! la/ *apt]2 s t x may seem z ?\gh _! way ( ?9k+ & look+ at ?+s 7 homog5e\s ) t ( ! celebrat$ man1 & t !y may at lea/ save ! honor ( _! lit]>y ta/e1 s9ce no?+ else is left !m4 ,f ?is x is pla9 t1 :]eas x is v difficult to w9 fame1 x is n h>d to keep x :5 once atta9$2 & also t a reputation :i* comes quickly does n la/ v long2 = "h too1 quod cito fit1 cito p]it4 ,x is obvi\s t if ! ord9>y av]age man c easily recognize1 & ! rival work]s will+ly ackn[l$ge1 ! value ( any p]=mance1 x w n /& v mu* above ! capacity ( ei!r ( !m to a*ieve x = !mselves4 ,tantum quisque laudat1 quantum se posse sp]at imit>i--a man w praise a ?+ only s f> z he hopes to be able to imitate x himself4 ,fur!r1 x is a suspici\s sign if a reputation comes quickly2 = an application ( ! laws ( homog5eity w %[ t su* a reputation is no?+ b ! direct applause ( ! multitude4 ,:at ?is means may be se5 by a rem>k once made by ,phocion1 :5 he 0 int]rupt$ 9 a spee* by ! l\d *e]s ( ! mob4 ,turn+ to 8 fri5ds :o 7 /&+ close by1 he ask$3 ,h ,i made a mi/ake & said some?+ /upid8#a ,footnote #a3 ,plut>*1 ,apoph!gms4 ,contr>ily1 a reputation t is to la/ a long "t mu/ be sl[ 9 matur+1 & ! c5turies ( its duration h g5]ally to be b\ght at ! co/ ( contempor>y praise4 ,= t :i* is to keep its position s long1 mu/ be ( a p]fection difficult to atta92 & ev5 to recognize ?is p]fection requires m5 :o are n always to be f\nd1 & nev] 9 numb]s suffici5tly great to make !mselves he>d2 :]eas envy is always on ! wat* & do+ its be/ to smo!r _! voice4 ,b ) mod]ate tal5t1 :i* soon meets ) recognition1 !re is ! dang] t ^? :o possess x w outlive bo? x & !mselves2 s t a y\? ( fame may be foll[$ by an old age ( obscurity4 ,9 ! case ( great m]it1 on ! o!r h&1 a man may rema9 unkn[n = _m ye>s1 b make up = x lat] on by atta9+ a brilliant reputation4 ,& if x %\ld be t ?is comes only aft] he is no m1 well6 he is to be reckon$ among/ ^? ( :om ,jean ,paul says t extreme unction is _! baptism4 ,he may console himself by ?9k+ ( ! ,sa9ts1 :o also are canoniz$ only aft] !y are dead4 ,?us :at ,mahlmann#a has said s well 9 ,h]odes holds good2 9 ?is _w truly great "w nev] pleases at once1 & ! god set up by ! multitude keeps 8 place on ! alt> b a %ort "t3 ,i* d5ke1 das wahre ,grosse 9 d] ,welt ,i/ imm] nur ,das 0 ni*t glei* gefllt ,und w5 d] ,pbel zum ,gotte weiht1 ,d] /eht auf dem ,alt> nur kurze ,zeit4 ,footnote #a3 ,translator's ,note4--,augu/ ,mahlmann 7#agga-ahbf71 j\rnali/1 poet & /ory-writ]4 ,8 ,h]odes vor ,be?lehem is a p>ody ( ,kotzebue's ,hussit5 vor ,naumburg4 ,x is wor? m5tion t ?is rule is mo/ directly confirm$ 9 ! case ( pictures1 :]e1 z connoisseurs well "k1 ! greate/ ma/]pieces are n ! fir/ to attract att5tion4 ,if !y make a deep impression1 x is n aft] "o1 b only aft] repeat$1 inspection2 b !n !y excite m & m admiration e "t !y are se54 ,moreov]1 ! *ances t any giv5 "w w be quickly & rightly appreciat$1 dep5d ^u two conditions3 fir/ly1 ! "* ( ! "w1 :e!r high or l[1 9 o!r words1 easy or difficult to und]/&2 &1 secondly1 ! k9d ( public x attracts1 :e!r l>ge or small4 ,?is latt] condition is1 no d\bt1 9 mo/ in/ances a1 coroll>y ( ! =m]2 b x also p>tly dep5ds ^u :e!r ! "w 9 "q admits1 l books & musical compositions1 ( be+ produc$ 9 great numb]s4 ,by ! comp\nd action ( ^! two conditions1 a*ievem5ts :i* s]ve no mat]ially useful end--& ^! alone are "u consid]ation "h--w v>y 9 reg>d to ! *ances !y h ( meet+ ) timely recognition & due appreciation2 & ! ord] ( prec$5ce1 beg9n+ ) ^? :o h ! greate/ *ance1 w be some:at z foll[s3 acrobats1 circus rid]s1 ballet-danc]s1 juggl]s1 actors1 s+]s1 musicians1 compos]s1 poets 7bo? ! la/ on acc\nt ( ! multiplication ( _! works71 ar*itects1 pa9t]s1 sculptors1 philosoph]s4 ,! la/ place ( all is unque/ionably tak5 by philosoph]s because _! works are meant n = ent]ta9m5t1 b = in/ruction1 & because !y presume "s k on ! "p ( ! read]1 & require him to make an ef=t ( 8 own to und]/& !m4 ,?is makes _! public extremely small1 & causes _! fame to be m rem>kable = its l5g? ?an = its bread?4 ,&1 9 g5]al1 x may be said t ! possibility ( a man's fame la/+ a long "t1 /&s 9 almo/ inv]se ratio ) ! *ance t x w be e>ly 9 mak+ its appe>ance2 s t1 z reg>ds l5g? ( fame1 ! above ord] ( prec$5ce may be rev]s$4 ,b1 !n1 ! poet & ! compos] w come 9 ! end to /& on ! same level z ! philosoph]2 s9ce1 :5 once a "w is committ$ to writ+1 x is possible to pres]ve x to all "t4 ,h[ev]1 ! fir/ place /ill belongs by "r to ! philosoph]1 because ( ! mu* great] sc>city ( good "w 9 ?is sph]e1 & ! high importance ( x2 & also because ( ! possibility x (f]s ( an almo/ p]fect translation into any language4 ,sometimes1 inde$1 x happ5s t a philosoph]'s fame outlives ev5 8 works !mselves2 z has happ5$ ) ,?ales1 ,emp$ocles1 ,h]aclitus1 ,democritus1 ,p>m5ides1 ,epicurus & _m o!rs4 ,my rem>ks are1 z ,i h said1 conf9$ to a*ievem5ts t are n ( any mat]ial use4 ,"w t s]ves "s practical end1 or m9i/]s directly to "s pleasure ( ! s5ses1 w nev] h any difficulty 9 be+ duly appreciat$4 ,no fir/-rate pa/ry-cook c\ld long rema9 obscure 9 any t[n1 to say no?+ ( hav+ to appeal to po/]ity4 ,"u fame ( rapid gr[? is also to be reckon$ fame ( a false & artificial k9d2 :]e1 = in/ance1 a book is work$ into a reputation by means ( unju/ praise1 ! help ( fri5ds1 corrupt criticism1 prompt+ f above & collusion f bel[4 ,all ?is tells ^u ! multitude1 :i* is rightly presum$ to h no p[] ( judg+ = itself4 ,?is sort ( fame is l a swimm+ bladd]1 by its aid a heavy body may keep afloat4 ,x be>s up = a c]ta9 "t1 long or %ort accord+ z ! bladd] is well sew$ up & bl[n2 b /ill ! air comes out gradually1 & ! body s9ks4 ,?is is ! inevitable fate ( all works :i* are fam\s by reason ( some?+ outside ( !mselves4 ,false praise dies away2 collusion comes to an end2 critics decl>e ! reputation ungr\nd$2 x vani%es1 & is replac$ by s mu* ! great] contempt4 ,contr>ily1 a g5u9e "w1 :i*1 hav+ ! s\rce ( its fame 9 itself1 c k9dle admiration afre% 9 e age1 resembles a body ( l[ specific gravity1 :i* always keeps up ( its own accord1 & s goes float+ d[n ! /ream ( "t4 ,m5 ( great g5ius1 :e!r _! "w be 9 poetry1 philosophy or art1 /& 9 all ages l isolat$ h]oes1 keep+ up s+le-h&$ a desp]ate /ruggl+ aga9/ ! onslaught ( an army ( oppon5ts4#a ,is n ?is *>act]i/ic ( ! mis]able nature ( mank9d8 ,! dullness1 grossness1 p]v]sity1 sill9ess & brutality ( by f> ! great] "p ( ! race1 are always an ob/acle to ! ef=ts ( ! g5ius1 :atev] be ! me?od ( 8 art2 !y s =m t ho/ile army to :i* at la/ he has to succumb4 ,let ! isolat$ *ampion a*ieve :at he may3 x is sl[ to be ackn[l$g$2 x is late 9 be+ appreciat$1 & !n only on ! score ( au?ority2 x may easily fall into neglect aga91 at any rate = a :ile4 ,ev] afre% x f9ds itself oppos$ by false1 %all[1 & insipid ideas1 :i* are bett] suit$ to t l>ge majority1 t s g5]ally hold ! field4 ,?\gh ! critic may /ep =? & say1 l ,hamlet :5 he held up ! two portraits to 8 wret*$ "m1 ,h y eyes8 ,h y eyes8 alas6 !y h none4 ,:5 ,i wat* ! behavior ( a cr[d ( p 9 ! pres5ce ( "s great ma/]'s "w1 & m>k ! mann] ( _! applause1 !y (t5 rem9d me ( tra9$ monkeys 9 a %[4 ,! monkey's ge/ures are1 no d\bt1 mu* l ^? ( m52 b n[ & aga9 !y betray t ! real inw>d _s ( ^! ge/ures is n 9 !m4 ,_! irrational nature peeps out4 ,footnote #a3 ,translator's ,note4--,at ?is po9t ,s*op5hau] int]rupts ! ?read ( 8 disc\rse to speak at l5g? ^u an example ( false fame4 ,^? :o are at all acqua9t$ ) ! philosoph]'s views w n be surpris$ to f9d t ! writ] ?us held up to scorn is ,hegel2 & read]s ( ! o!r volumes 9 ?is s]ies w1 ) ! translator1 h _h by n[ q en\gh ( ! subject4 ,! passage is !re=e omitt$4 ,x is (t5 said ( a man t he is 9 advance ( 8 age2 & x foll[s f ! above rem>ks t ?is mu/ be tak5 to mean t he is 9 advance ( humanity 9 g5]al4 ,j because ( ?is fact1 a g5ius makes no direct appeal except to ^? :o are too r>e to all[ ( _! ev] =m+ a num]\s body at any "o p]iod4 ,if he is 9 ?is respect n p>ticul>ly favor$ by =tune1 he w be misund]/ood by 8 own age2 9 o!r words1 he w rema9 unaccept$ until "t gradually br+s toge!r ! voices ( ^? few p]sons :o are capable ( judg+ a "w ( su* high "*4 ,!n po/]ity w say3 ,?is man 0 9 advance ( 8 age1 in/ead ( 9 advance ( humanity2 because humanity w be glad to lay ! burd5 ( its own faults ^u a s+le epo*4 ,h5ce1 if a man has be5 sup]ior to 8 own age1 he w\ld also h be5 sup]ior to any o!r2 provid$ t1 9 t age1 by "s r>e & happy *ance1 a few j m51 capable ( judg+ 9 ! sph]e ( 8 a*ievem5ts1 _h be5 born at ! same "t ) him2 j z :51 accord+ to a beautiful ,indian my?1 ,vis*nu becomes inc>nate z a h]o1 s1 too1 ,brahma at ! same "t appe>s z ! s+] ( 8 de$s2 & h5ce ,valmiki1 ,vyasa & ,kalidasa are inc>nations ( ,brahma4 ,9 ?is s5se1 !n1 x may be said t e immortal "w puts its age to ! pro(1 :e!r or no x w be able to recognize ! m]it ( x4 ,z a rule1 ! m5 ( any age /& su* a te/ no bett] ?an ! neighbors ( ,philemon & ,baucis1 :o expell$ ! deities !y fail$ to recognize4 ,accord+ly1 ! "r /&>d = judg+ ! intellectual wor? ( any g5]ation is suppli$1 n by ! great m9ds t make _! appe>ance 9 x--= _! capacities are ! "w ( ,nature1 & ! possibility ( cultivat+ !m a matt] ( *ance circum/ance--b by ! way 9 :i* contempor>ies receive _! works2 :e!r1 ,i mean1 !y give _! applause soon & ) a w1 or late & 9 nigg>dly fa%ion1 or leave x to be be/[$ altoge!r by po/]ity4 ,?is la/ fate w be especially res]v$ = works ( a high "*4 ,= ! happy *ance m5tion$ above w be all ! m c]ta9 n to come1 9 proportion z !re are few to appreciate ! k9d ( "w done by great m9ds4 ,h]e9 lies ! immeasurable advantage possess$ by poets 9 respect ( reputation2 because _! "w is accessible to almo/ ev]yone4 ,if x _h be5 possible = ,sir ,walt] ,scott to be read & criticis$ by only "s hundr$ p]sons1 p]haps 9 8 life-"t any common scribbl] w\ld h be5 pref]r$ to him2 & aft]w>ds1 :5 he _h tak5 8 prop] place1 x w\ld also h be5 said 9 8 honor t he 0 9 advance ( 8 age4 ,b if envy1 di%one/y & ! pursuit ( p]sonal aims are add$ to ! incapacity ( ^? hundr$ p]sons :o1 9 ! "n ( _! g5]ation1 are call$ ^u to pass judgm5t on a "w1 !n inde$ x meets ) ! same sad fate z att5ds a suitor :o pleads be=e a tribunal ( judges "o & all corrupt4 ,9 corroboration ( ?is1 we f9d t ! hi/ory ( lit]ature g5]ally %[s all ^? :o made k & insight _! goal to h rema9$ unrecogniz$ & neglect$1 :il/ ^? :o p>ad$ ) ! va9 %[ ( x receiv$ ! admiration ( _! contempor>ies1 toge!r ) ! emolum5ts4 ,! effectiv5ess ( an au?or turns *iefly ^u 8 gett+ ! reputation t he %\ld be read4 ,b by practic+ v>i\s arts1 by ! op]ation ( *ance1 & by c]ta9 natural aff9ities1 ?is reputation is quickly won by a hundr$ wor?less p3 :ile a wor?y writ] may come by x v sl[ly & t>dily4 ,! =m] possess fri5ds to help !m2 = ! rabble is always a num]\s body :i* holds well toge!r4 ,! latt] has no?+ b enemies2 because intellectual sup]iority is ev]y:]e & "u all circum/ances ! mo/ hateful ?+ 9 ! _w1 & especially to bungl]s 9 ! same l9e ( "w1 :o want to pass = some?+ !mselves4#a ,footnote #a3 ,if ! pr(essors ( philosophy %\ld *ance to ?9k t ,i am "h h9t+ at !m & ! tactics !y h = m ?an ?irty ye>s pursu$ t[>d my works1 !y h hit ! nail ^u ! head4 ,?is be+ s1 x is a prime condition = do+ any great "w--any "w :i* is to outlive its own age1 t a man pay no he$ to 8 contempor>ies1 _! views & op9ions1 & ! praise or blame :i* !y be/[4 ,?is condition is1 h[ev]1 fulfill$ ( itself :5 a man really does any?+ great1 & x is =tunate t x is s4 ,= if1 9 produc+ su* a "w1 he 7 to look to ! g5]al op9ion or ! judgm5t ( 8 colleagues1 !y w\ld lead him a/ray at e /ep4 ,h5ce1 if a man wants to g d[n to po/]ity1 he mu/ )draw f ! influ5ce ( 8 own age4 ,?is w1 ( c\rse1 g5]ally mean t he mu/ also r5\nce any influ5ce ^u x1 & be ready to buy c5turies ( fame by =ego+ ! applause ( 8 contempor>ies4 ,= :5 any new & wide-rea*+ tru? comes into ! _w--& if x is new1 x mu/ be p>adoxical--an ob/9ate /& w be made aga9/ x z long z possible2 nay1 p w cont9ue to d5y x ev5 aft] !y slack5 _! opposition & are almo/ conv9c$ ( its tru?4 ,mean:ile x goes on quietly work+ its way1 &1 l an acid1 und]m9+ ev]y?+ ar\nd x4 ,f "t to "t a cra% is he>d2 ! old error comes tott]+ to ! gr\nd1 & sudd5ly ! new fabric ( ?\ght /&s reveal$1 z ?\gh x 7 a monum5t j uncov]$4 ,ev]yone recognizes & admires x4 ,to be sure1 ?is all comes to pass = ! mo/ "p v sl[ly4 ,z a rule1 p discov] a man to be wor? li/5+ to only aft] he is gone2 _! he>1 he>1 res\nds :5 ! orator has left ! plat=m4 ,works ( ! ord9>y type meet ) a bett] fate4 ,aris+ z !y d 9 ! c\rse (1 & 9 connection )1 ! g5]al advance 9 contempor>y culture1 !y are 9 close alliance ) ! _s ( _! age--9 o!r words1 j ^? op9ions :i* happ5 to be preval5t at ! "t4 ,!y aim at suit+ ! ne$s ( ! mom5t4 ,if !y h any m]it1 x is soon recogniz$2 & !y ga9 curr5cy z books :i* reflect ! late/ ideas4 ,ju/ice1 nay1 m ?an ju/ice1 is done to !m4 ,!y af=d little scope = envy2 s9ce1 z 0 said above1 a man w praise a ?+ only s f> z he hopes to be able to imitate x himself4 ,b ^? r>e works :i* are de/9$ to become ! prop]ty ( all mank9d & to live = c5turies1 are1 at _! orig91 too f> 9 advance ( ! po9t at :i* culture happ5s to /&1 & on t v acc\nt =eign to x & ! _s ( _! own "t4 ,!y nei!r belong to x nor are !y 9 any connection ) x1 & h5ce !y excite no int]e/ 9 ^? :o are dom9at$ by x4 ,!y belong to ano!r1 a high] /age ( culture1 & a "t t is /ill f> (f4 ,_! c\rse is relat$ to t ( ord9>y works z ! orbit ( ,uranus to ! orbit ( ,m]cury4 ,= ! mom5t !y get no ju/ice done to !m4 ,p are at a loss h[ to treat !m2 s !y leave !m alone1 & g _! own snail's pace = !mselves4 ,does ! worm see ! eagle z x so>s al(t8 ,( ! numb] ( books writt5 9 any language ab\t "o 9 #ajj1jjj =ms a "p ( its real & p]man5t lit]ature4 ,:at a fate ?is "o book has to endure be=e x out/rips ^? #ajj1jjj & ga9s its due place ( honor6 ,su* a book is ! "w ( an extraord9>y & em95t m9d1 & !re=e x is specifically diff]5t f ! o!rs2 a fact :i* soon] or lat] becomes manife/4 ,let no "o fancy t ?+s w ev] improve 9 ?is respect4 ,no6 ! mis]able con/itution ( humanity nev] *anges1 ?\gh x may1 to be sure1 take some:at v>y+ =ms ) e g5]ation4 ,a di/+ui%$ m9d seldom has its full effect 9 ! life-"t ( its possessor2 because1 at bottom1 x is completely & prop]ly und]/ood only by m9ds already ak9 to x4 ,z x is a r>e ?+ = ev5 "o man out ( _m millions to tread ! pa? t leads to immortality1 he mu/ ( necessity be v lonely4 ,! j\rney to po/]ity lies ?r\gh a horribly dre>y region1 l ! ,lybian des]t1 ( :i*1 z is well kn[n1 no "o has any idea :o has n se5 x = himself4 ,mean:ile let me be=e all ?+s recomm5d ! travel] to take light baggage ) him2 o!rwise he w h to ?r[ away too mu* on ! road4 ,let him nev] =get ! words ( ,bal?az> ,gracian3 lo bu5o si breve1 dos vezes bu5o--good "w is d\bly good if x is %ort4 ,?is advice is specially applicable to my own c\ntrym54 ,comp>$ ) ! %ort span ( "t !y live1 m5 ( great intellect are l huge build+s1 /&+ on a small plot ( gr\nd4 ,! size ( ! build+ _c be se5 by anyone1 j 9 front ( x2 nor1 = an analog\s reason1 c ! greatness ( a g5ius be e/imat$ :ile he lives4 ,b :5 a c5tury has pass$1 ! _w recognizes x & wi%es him back aga94 ,if ! p]i%able son ( "t has produc$ an imp]i%able "w1 h[ %ort 8 own life seems comp>$ ) t ( 8 *ild6 ,he is l ,semela or ,maia--a mortal "m :o gave bir? to an immortal son2 or1 contr>ily1 he is l ,a*illes 9 reg>d to ,!tis4 ,:at a contra/ !re is betwe5 :at is fleet+ & :at is p]man5t6 ,! %ort span ( a man's life1 8 necessit\s1 afflict$1 un/able exi/5ce1 w seldom all[ ( 8 see+ ev5 ! beg9n+ ( 8 immortal *ild's brilliant c>e]2 nor w ! fa!r himself be tak5 = t :i* he really is4 ,x may be said1 inde$1 t a man ^: fame comes aft] him is ! rev]se ( a nobleman1 :o is prec$$ by x4 ,h[ev]1 ! only diff]5ce t x ultimately makes to a man to receive 8 fame at ! h&s ( contempor>ies r ?an f po/]ity is t1 9 ! =m] case1 8 admir]s are sep>at$ f him by space1 & 9 ! latt] by "t4 ,= ev5 9 ! case ( contempor>y fame1 a man does n1 z a rule1 see 8 admir]s actually be=e him4 ,rev]5ce _c endure close proximity2 x almo/ always dwells at "s di/ance f its object2 & 9 ! pres5ce ( ! p]son rev]$ x melts l butt] 9 ! sun4 ,accord+ly1 if a man is celebrat$ ) 8 contempor>ies1 n9e-t5?s ( ^? among/ :om he lives w let _! e/eem be guid$ by 8 rank & =tune2 & ! rema9+ t5? may p]haps h a dull consci\sness ( 8 high qualities1 because !y h he>d ab\t him f remote qu>t]s4 ,!re is a f9e ,lat9 lett] ( ,petr>*'s on ?is incompatibility betwe5 rev]5ce & ! pres5ce ( ! p]son1 & betwe5 fame & life4 ,x comes second 9 8 ,epi/olae famili>es8#a & x is address$ to ,?omas ,messan5sis4 ,he !re obs]ves1 among/ o!r ?+s1 t ! le>n$ m5 ( 8 age all made x a rule to ?9k little ( a man's writ+s if !y _h ev5 once se5 him4 ,footnote #a3 ,9 ! ,v5etian edition ( #adib4 ,s9ce di/ance1 !n1 is ess5tial if a fam\s man is to be recogniz$ & rev]$1 x does n matt] :e!r x is di/ance ( space or ( "t4 ,x is true t he may sometimes he> ( 8 fame 9 ! "o case1 b nev] 9 ! o!r2 b /ill1 g5u9e & great m]it may make up = ?is by confid5tly anticipat+ its po/hum\s fame4 ,nay1 he :o produces "s really great ?\ght is consci\s ( 8 connection ) com+ g5]ations at ! v mom5t he conceives x2 s t he feels ! ext5sion ( 8 exi/5ce ?r\gh c5turies & ?us lives ) po/]ity z well z = x4 ,& :51 aft] enjoy+ a great man's "w1 we are seiz$ ) admiration = him1 & wi% him back1 s t we might see & speak ) him1 & h him 9 our possession1 ?is desire ( ours is n unrequit$2 = he1 too1 has _h 8 long+ = t po/]ity :i* w grant ! recognition1 honor1 gratitude & love d5i$ by envi\s contempor>ies4 ,if intellectual works ( ! highe/ ord] are n all[$ _! due until !y come be=e ! tribunal ( po/]ity1 a contr>y fate is prep>$ = c]ta9 brilliant errors :i* proce$ f m5 ( tal5t1 & appe> ) an air ( be+ well gr\nd$4 ,^! errors are def5d$ ) s mu* acum5 & le>n+ t !y actually become fam\s ) _! own age1 & ma9ta9 _! position at lea/ dur+ _! au?or's lifetime4 ,( ?is sort are _m false !ories & wrong criticisms2 also poems & works ( art1 :i* exhibit "s false ta/e or mann]ism favor$ by contempor>y prejudice4 ,!y ga9 reputation & curr5cy simply because no "o is yet =?com+ :o kn[s h[ to refute !m or o!rwise prove _! falsity2 & :5 he appe>s1 z he usually does1 9 ! next g5]ation1 ! glory ( ^! works is br\ght to an end4 ,po/hum\s judges1 be _! decision favorable to ! appellant or n1 =m ! prop] c\rt = qua%+ ! v]dict ( contempor>ies4 ,t is :y x is s difficult & s r>e to be victori\s alike 9 bo? tribunals4 ,! unfail+ t5d5cy ( "t to correct k & judgm5t %\ld always be kept 9 view z a means ( allay+ anxiety1 :5ev] any griev\s error appe>s1 :e!r 9 art1 or sci5ce1 or practical life1 & ga9s gr\nd2 or :5 "s false & ?or\ghly p]v]se policy ( movem5t is und]tak5 & receives applause at ! h&s ( m54 ,no "o %\ld be angry1 or1 /ill less1 despond5t2 b simply imag9e t ! _w has already ab&on$ ! error 9 "q1 & n[ only requires "t & exp]i5ce to recognize ( its own accord t :i* a cle> vision detect$ at ! fir/ glance4 ,:5 ! facts !mselves are eloqu5t ( a tru?1 !re is no ne$ to ru% to its aid ) words3 = "t w give x a ?\s& tongues4 ,h[ long x may be be=e !y speak1 w ( c\rse dep5d ^u ! difficulty ( ! subject & ! plausibility ( ! error2 b come !y w1 & (t5 x w\ld be ( no avail to try to anticipate !m4 ,9 ! wor/ cases x w happ5 ) !ories z x happ5s ) affairs 9 practical life2 :]e %am & deception1 embold5$ by success1 advance to great] & great] l5g?s1 until discov]y is made almo/ inevitable4 ,x is j s ) !ories2 ?r\gh ! bl9d confid5ce ( ! blockheads :o broa* !m1 _! absurdity rea*es su* a pit* t at la/ x is obvi\s ev5 to ! dulle/ eye4 ,we may ?us say to su* p3 ! wild] y\r /atem5ts1 ! bett]4 ,!re is also "s com=t to be f\nd 9 reflect+ ^u all ! :ims & crot*ets :i* _h _! day & h n[ utt]ly vani%$4 ,9 /yle1 9 gramm>1 9 spell+1 !re are false notions ( ?is sort :i* la/ only ?ree or f\r ye>s4 ,b :5 ! errors are on a l>ge scale1 :ile we lam5t ! brevity ( human life1 we %all 9 any case1 d well to lag beh9d our own age :5 we see x on a d[nw>d pa?4 ,= !re are two ways ( n keep+ on a level ) ! times4 ,a man may be bel[ x2 or he may be above x4 ,,on ,,g5ius4 ,no diff]5ce ( rank1 position1 or bir?1 is s great z ! gulf t sep>ates ! c\ntless millions :o use _! head only 9 ! s]vice ( _! belly1 9 o!r words1 look ^u x z an in/rum5t ( ! w1 & ^? v few & r>e p]sons :o h ! c\rage to say3 ,no6 x is too good = t2 my head %all be active only 9 its own s]vice2 x %all try to compreh5d ! wondr\s & v>i$ spectacle ( ?is _w1 & !n reproduce x 9 "s =m1 :e!r z art or z lit]ature1 t may answ] to my "* z an individual4 ,^! are ! truly noble1 ! real noblesse ( ! _w4 ,! o!rs are s]fs & g ) ! soil--glebae adscripti4 ,( c\rse1 ,i am "h ref]r+ to ^? :o h n only ! c\rage1 b also ! call1 & !re=e ! "r1 to ord] ! head to quit ! s]vice ( ! w2 ) a result t proves ! sacrifice to h be5 wor? ! mak+4 ,9 ! case ( ^? to :om all ?is c only p>tially apply1 ! gulf is n s wide2 b ev5 ?\gh _! tal5t be small1 s long z x is real1 !re w always be a %>p l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 !m & ! millions4#a ,footnote #a3 ,! correct scale = adju/+ ! hi]>*y ( intellig5ces is furni%$ by ! degree 9 :i* ! m9d takes m]ely individual or approa*es univ]sal views ( ?+s4 ,! brute recognizes only ! individual z su*3 its compreh5sion does n ext5d beyond ! limits ( ! individual4 ,b man r$uces ! individual to ! g5]al2 h]e9 lies ! ex]cise ( 8 reason2 & ! high] 8 intellig5ce rea*es1 ! ne>] d 8 g5]al ideas approa* ! po9t at :i* !y become univ]sal4 ,! works ( f9e art1 poetry & philosophy produc$ by a nation are ! outcome ( ! sup]flu\s intellect exi/+ 9 x4 ,= him :o c und]/& aright--cum grano salis--! relation betwe5 ! g5ius & ! normal man may1 p]haps1 be be/ express$ z foll[s3 ,a g5ius has a d\ble intellect1 "o = himself & ! s]vice ( 8 w2 ! o!r = ! _w1 ( :i* he becomes ! mirror1 9 virtue ( 8 purely objective attitude t[>ds x4 ,! "w ( art or poetry or philosophy produc$ by ! g5ius is simply ! result1 or qu9tess5ce1 ( ?is contemplative attitude1 elaborat$ accord+ to c]ta9 te*nical rules4 ,! normal man1 on ! o!r h&1 has only a s+le intellect1 :i* may be call$ subjective by contra/ ) ! objective intellect ( g5ius4 ,h[ev] acute ?is subjective intellect may be--& x exi/s 9 v v>i\s degrees ( p]fection--x is nev] on ! same level ) ! d\ble intellect ( g5ius2 j z ! op5 *e/ notes ( ! human voice1 h[ev] high1 are ess5tially diff]5t f ! falsetto notes4 ,^!1 l ! two upp] octaves ( ! flute & ! h>monics ( ! viol91 are produc$ by ! column ( air divid+ itself into two vibrat+ halves1 ) a node betwe5 !m2 :ile ! op5 *e/ notes ( ! human voice & ! l[] octave ( ! flute are produc$ by ! undivid$ column ( air vibrat+ z a :ole4 ,?is illu/ration may help ! read] to und]/& t specific peculi>ity ( g5ius :i* is unmi/akably /amp$ on ! works1 & ev5 on ! physiognomy1 ( him :o is gift$ ) x4 ,at ! same "t x is obvi\s t a d\ble intellect l ?is mu/1 z a rule1 ob/ruct ! s]vice ( ! w2 & ?is expla9s ! poor capacity (t5 %[n by g5ius 9 ! conduct ( life4 ,& :at specially *>act]izes g5ius is t x has none ( t sobriety ( temp] :i* is always to be f\nd 9 ! ord9>y simple intellect1 be x acute or dull4 ,! bra9 may be lik5$ to a p>asite :i* is n\ri%$ z a "p ( ! human frame )\t contribut+ directly to its inn] economy2 x is securely h\s$ 9 ! topmo/ /ory1 & !re leads a self-suffici5t & indep5d5t life4 ,9 ! same way x may be said t a man end[$ ) great m5tal gifts leads1 ap>t f ! individual life common to all1 a second life1 purely ( ! intellect4 ,he devotes himself to ! con/ant increase1 rectification & ext5sion1 n ( m]e le>n+1 b ( real sy/ematic k & insight2 & rema9s unt\*$ by ! fate t ov]takes him p]sonally1 s long z x does n di/urb him 9 8 "w4 ,x is ?us a life :i* raises a man & sets him above fate & its *anges4 ,always ?9k+1 le>n+1 exp]im5t+1 practic+ 8 k1 ! man soon comes to look ^u ?is second life z ! *ief mode ( exi/5ce1 & 8 m]ely p]sonal life z some?+ subord9ate1 s]v+ only to advance ends high] ?an itself4 ,an example ( ?is indep5d5t1 sep>ate exi/5ce is furni%$ by ,goe!4 ,dur+ ! w> 9 ! ,*ampagne1 & amid all ! bu/le ( ! camp1 he made obs]vations = 8 !ory ( color2 & z soon z ! numb]less calamities ( t w> all[$ ( 8 retir+ = a %ort "t to ! =tress ( ,luxemb\rg1 he took up ! manuscript ( 8 ,f>b5lehre4 ,?is is an example :i* we1 ! salt ( ! e>?1 %\ld endeavor to foll[1 by nev] lett+ any?+ di/urb u 9 ! pursuit ( our intellectual life1 h[ev] mu* ! /orm ( ! _w may invade & agitate our p]sonal environm5t2 always rememb]+ t we are ! sons1 n ( ! bondwoman1 b ( ! free4 ,z our emblem & coat ( arms1 ,i propose a tree mightily %ak5 by ! w9d1 b /ill be>+ its ruddy fruit on e bran*2 ) ! motto ,dum convellor mitescunt1 or ,conquassata s$ f]ax4 ,t purely intellectual life ( ! individual has its c\nt]p>t 9 humanity z a :ole4 ,= !re1 too1 ! real life is ! life ( ! w1 bo? 9 ! empirical & 9 ! transc5d5tal mean+ ( ! ^w4 ,! purely intellectual life ( humanity lies 9 its ef=t to increase k by means ( ! sci5ces1 & its desire to p]fect ! arts4 ,bo? sci5ce & art ?us advance sl[ly f "o g5]ation to ano!r1 & gr[ ) ! c5turies1 e race z x hurries by furni%+ its contribution4 ,?is intellectual life1 l "s gift f heav51 hov]s ov] ! /ir & movem5t ( ! _w2 or x is1 z x 71 a sweet-sc5t$ air develop$ out ( ! f]m5t itself--! real life ( mank9d1 dom9at$ by w2 & side by side ) ! hi/ory ( nations1 ! hi/ory ( philosophy1 sci5ce & art takes its innoc5t & bloodless way4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! g5ius & ! ord9>y man is1 no d\bt1 a quantitative "o1 9 s f> z x is a diff]5ce ( degree2 b ,i am tempt$ to reg>d x also z qualitative1 9 view ( ! fact t ord9>y m9ds1 not)/&+ individual v>iation1 h a c]ta9 t5d5cy to ?9k alike4 ,?us on simil> occasions _! ?\ghts at once all take a simil> direction1 & run on ! same l9es2 & ?is expla9s :y _! judgm5ts con/antly agree--n1 h[ev]1 because !y are bas$ on tru?4 ,to su* l5g?s does ?is g t c]ta9 fundam5tal views obta9 among/ mank9d at all times1 & are always be+ repeat$ & br\ght =w>d anew1 :il/ ! great m9ds ( all ages are 9 op5 or secret opposition to !m4 ,a g5ius is a man 9 ^: m9d ! _w is pres5t$ z an object is pres5t$ 9 a mirror1 b ) a degree m ( cle>ness & a great] di/9ction ( outl9e ?an is atta9$ by ord9>y p4 ,x is f him t humanity may look = mo/ in/ruction2 = ! deepe/ insight into ! mo/ important matt]s is to be acquir$1 n by an obs]vant att5tion to detail1 b by a close /udy ( ?+s z a :ole4 ,& if 8 m9d rea*es maturity1 ! in/ruction he gives w be convey$ n[ 9 "o =m1 n[ 9 ano!r4 ,?us g5ius may be def9$ z an em95tly cle> consci\sness ( ?+s 9 g5]al1 & !re=e1 also ( t :i* is oppos$ to !m1 namely1 "o's own self4 ,! _w looks up to a man ?us end[$1 & expects to le>n some?+ ab\t life & its real nature4 ,b sev]al highly favorable circum/ances mu/ comb9e to produce g5ius1 & ?is is a v r>e ev5t4 ,x happ5s only n[ & !n1 let u say once 9 a c5tury1 t a man is born ^: intellect s p]ceptibly surpasses ! normal measure z to am\nt to t second faculty :i* seems to be accid5tal1 z x is out ( all relation to ! w4 ,he may rema9 a long "t )\t be+ recogniz$ or appreciat$1 /upidity prev5t+ ! "o & envy ! o!r4 ,b %\ld ?is once come to pass1 mank9d w cr[d r\nd him & 8 works1 9 ! hope t he may be able to enlight5 "s ( ! d>kness ( _! exi/5ce or in=m !m ab\t x4 ,8 message is1 to "s ext5t1 a revelation1 & he himself a high] be+1 ev5 ?\gh he may be b little above ! ord9>y /&>d4 ,l ! ord9>y man1 ! g5ius is :at he is *iefly = himself4 ,?is is ess5tial to 8 nature3 a fact :i* c nei!r be avoid$ nor alt]$1 he may be = o!rs rema9s a matt] ( *ance & ( second>y importance4 ,9 no case c p receive f 8 m9d m ?an a reflection1 & !n only :5 he jo9s ) !m 9 ! attempt to get 8 ?\ght into _! heads2 :]e1 h[ev]1 x is nev] any?+ b an exotic plant1 /unt$ & frail4 ,9 ord] to h orig9al1 uncommon1 & p]haps ev5 immortal ?\ghts1 x is en\gh to e/range oneself s fully f ! _w ( ?+s = a few mom5ts1 t ! mo/ ord9>y objects & ev5ts appe> q new & unfamili>4 ,9 ?is way _! true nature is disclos$4 ,:at is "h dem&$ _c1 p]haps1 be said to be difficult2 x is n 9 our p[] at all1 b is j ! prov9ce ( g5ius4 ,by itself1 g5ius c produce orig9al ?\ghts j z little z a woman by h]self c be> *ildr54 ,outw>d circum/ances mu/ come to fructify g5ius1 & be1 z x 71 a fa!r to its prog5y4 ,! m9d ( g5ius is among o!r m9ds :at ! c>buncle is among preci\s /ones3 x s5ds =? light ( its own1 :ile ! o!rs reflect only t :i* !y h receiv$4 ,! relation ( ! g5ius to ! ord9>y m9d may also be describ$ z t ( an idio-electrical body to "o :i* m]ely is a conductor ( electricity4 ,! m]e man ( le>n+1 :o sp5ds 8 life 9 tea*+ :at he has le>n$1 is n /rictly to be call$ a man ( g5ius2 j z idio-electrical bodies are n conductors4 ,nay1 g5ius /&s to m]e le>n+ z ! words to ! music 9 a song4 ,a man ( le>n+ is a man :o has le>n$ a great deal2 a man ( g5ius1 "o f :om we le>n some?+ :i* ! g5ius has le>n$ f nobody4 ,great m9ds1 ( :i* !re is sc>cely "o 9 a hundr$ millions1 are ?us ! ligh?\ses ( humanity2 & )\t !m mank9d w\ld lose itself 9 ! b\ndless sea ( mon/r\s error & bewild]m5t4 ,& s ! simple man ( le>n+1 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w--! ord9>y pr(essor1 = in/ance--looks ^u ! g5ius mu* z we look ^u a h>e1 :i* is good to eat aft] x has be5 kill$ & dress$ up4 ,s long z x is alive1 x is only good to %oot at4 ,he :o wi%es to exp]i5ce gratitude f 8 contempor>ies1 mu/ adju/ 8 pace to !irs4 ,b great ?+s are nev] produc$ 9 ?is way4 ,& he :o wants to d great ?+s mu/ direct 8 gaze to po/]ity1 & 9 firm confid5ce elaborate 8 "w = com+ g5]ations4 ,no d\bt1 ! result may be t he w rema9 q unkn[n to 8 contempor>ies1 & comp>able to a man :o1 compell$ to sp5d 8 life ^u a lonely isl&1 ) great ef=t sets up a monum5t !re1 to transmit to future sea-f>]s ! k ( 8 exi/5ce4 ,if he ?9ks x a h>d fate1 let him console himself ) ! reflection t ! ord9>y man :o lives = practical aims only1 (t5 suff]s a l fate1 )\t hav+ any comp5sation to hope =2 inasmu* z he may1 "u favorable conditions1 sp5d a life ( mat]ial production1 e>n+1 buy+1 build+1 f]tiliz+1 lay+ out1 f\nd+1 e/abli%+1 beautify+ ) daily ef=t & unflagg+ zeal1 & all ! "t ?9k t he is work+ = himself2 & yet 9 ! end x is 8 desc5dants :o reap ! b5efit ( x all1 & sometimes n ev5 8 desc5dants4 ,x is ! same ) ! man ( g5ius2 he1 too1 hopes = 8 rew>d & = honor at lea/2 & at la/ f9ds t he has work$ = po/]ity alone4 ,bo?1 to be sure1 h inh]it$ a great deal f _! ance/ors4 ,! comp5sation ,i h m5tion$ z ! privilege ( g5ius lies1 n 9 :at x is to o!rs1 b 9 :at x is to itself4 ,:at man has 9 any real s5se liv$ m ?an he ^: mom5ts ( ?\ght make _! e*oes he>d ?r\gh ! tumult ( c5turies8 ,p]haps1 aft] all1 x w\ld be ! be/ ?+ = a g5ius to atta9 undi/urb$ possession ( himself1 by sp5d+ 8 life 9 enjoy+ ! pleasure ( 8 own ?\ghts1 8 own works1 & by admitt+ ! _w only z ! heir ( 8 ample exi/5ce4 ,!n ! _w w\ld f9d ! m>k ( 8 exi/5ce only aft] 8 dea?1 z x f9ds t ( ! ,i*noli?4#a ,footnote #a3 ,translator's ,note4--,= an illu/ration ( ?is feel+ 9 poetry1 ,s*op5hau] ref]s ! read] to ,byron's ,prophecy ( ,dante3 introd4 to ,c4 #d4 ,x is n only 9 ! activity ( 8 highe/ p[]s t ! g5ius surpasses ord9>y p4 ,a man :o is unusually well-knit1 supple & agile1 w p]=m all 8 movem5ts ) exceptional ease1 ev5 ) com=t1 because he takes a direct pleasure 9 an activity = :i* he is p>ticul>ly well-equipp$1 & !re=e (t5 ex]cises x )\t any object4 ,fur!r1 if he is an acrobat or a danc]1 n only does he take leaps :i* o!r p _c execute1 b he also betrays r>e ela/icity & agility 9 ^? easi] /eps :i* o!rs c also p]=m1 & ev5 9 ord9>y walk+4 ,9 ! same way a man ( sup]ior m9d w n only produce ?\ghts & works :i* c\ld nev] h come f ano!r2 x w n be "h alone t he w %[ 8 greatness2 b z k & ?\ght =m a mode ( activity natural & easy to him1 he w also delight himself 9 !m at all times1 & s appreh5d small matt]s :i* are )9 ! range ( o!r m9ds1 m easily1 quickly & correctly ?an !y4 ,?us he w take a direct & lively pleasure 9 e increase ( ,k1 e problem solv$1 e witty ?\ght1 :e!r ( 8 own or ano!r's2 & s 8 m9d w h no fur!r aim ?an to be con/antly active4 ,?is w be an inexhau/ible spr+ ( delight2 & bor$om1 t spectre :i* haunts ! ord9>y man1 c nev] come ne> him4 ,!n1 too1 ! ma/]pieces ( pa/ & contempor>y m5 ( g5ius exi/ 9 _! fullness = him alone4 ,if a great product ( g5ius is recomm5d$ to ! ord9>y1 simple m9d1 x w take z mu* pleasure 9 x z ! victim ( g\t receives 9 be+ invit$ to a ball4 ,! "o goes = ! sake ( =mality1 & ! o!r reads ! book s z n to be 9 arre>4 ,= ,la ,bruyre 0 q "r :5 he said3 ,all ! wit 9 ! _w is lo/ ^u him :o has none4 ,! :ole range ( ?\ght ( a man ( tal5t1 or ( a g5ius1 comp>$ ) ! ?\ghts ( ! common man1 is1 ev5 :5 direct$ to objects ess5tially ! same1 l a brilliant oil-pa9t+1 full ( life1 comp>$ ) a m]e outl9e or a weak sket* 9 wat]-color4 ,all ?is is "p ( ! rew>d ( g5ius1 & comp5sates him = a lonely exi/5ce 9 a _w ) :i* he has no?+ 9 common & no sympa?ies4 ,b s9ce size is relative1 x comes to ! same ?+ :e!r ,i say1 ,caius 0 a great man1 or ,caius has to live among/ wret*$ly small p3 = ,brobd+nack & ,lilliput v>y only 9 ! po9t f :i* !y />t4 ,h[ev] great1 !n1 h[ev] admirable or in/ructive1 a long po/]ity may ?9k ! au?or ( immortal works1 dur+ 8 lifetime he w appe> to 8 contempor>ies small1 wret*$1 & insipid 9 proportion4 ,?is is :at ,i mean by say+ t z !re are ?ree hundr$ degrees f ! base ( a t[] to ! summit1 s !re are exactly ?ree hundr$ f ! summit to ! base4 ,great m9ds ?us owe little ones "s indulg5ce2 = x is only 9 virtue ( ^! little m9ds t !y !mselves are great4 ,let u1 !n1 n be surpris$ if we f9d m5 ( g5ius g5]ally unsociable & repell5t4 ,x is n _! want ( sociability t is to blame4 ,_! pa? ?r\gh ! _w is l t ( a man :o goes = a walk on a bright summ] morn+4 ,he gazes ) delight on ! beauty & fre%ness ( nature1 b he has to rely :olly on t = ent]ta9m5t2 = he c f9d no society b ! peasants z !y b5d ov] ! e>? & cultivate ! soil4 ,x is (t5 ! case t a great m9d pref]s soliloquy to ! dialogue he may h 9 ?is _w4 ,if he condesc5ds to x n[ & !n1 ! holl[ness ( x may possibly drive him back to 8 soliloquy2 = 9 =getfulness ( 8 int]locutor1 or c>+ little :e!r he und]/&s or n1 he talks to him z a *ild talks to a doll4 ,mode/y 9 a great m9d w\ld1 no d\bt1 be pleas+ to ! _w2 b1 unluckily1 x is a contradictio 9 adjecto4 ,x w\ld compel a g5ius to give ! ?\ghts & op9ions1 nay1 ev5 ! me?od & /yle1 ( ! million pref]5ce ov] 8 own2 to set a high] value ^u !m2 &1 wide ap>t z !y are1 to br+ 8 views into h>mony ) !irs1 or ev5 suppress !m altoge!r1 s z to let ! o!rs hold ! field4 ,9 t case1 h[ev]1 he w\ld ei!r produce no?+ at all1 or else 8 a*ievem5ts w\ld be j ^u a level ) !irs4 ,great1 g5u9e & extraord9>y "w c be done only 9 s f> z its au?or disreg>ds ! me?od1 ! ?\ghts1 ! op9ions ( 8 contempor>ies1 & quietly works on1 9 spite ( _! criticism1 on 8 side despis+ :at !y praise4 ,no "o becomes great )\t arrogance ( ?is sort4 ,%\ld 8 life & "w fall ^u a "t :i* _c recognize & appreciate him1 he is at any rate true to himself2 l "s noble travel] =c$ to pass ! night 9 a mis]able inn2 :5 morn+ comes1 he cont5t$ly goes 8 way4 ,a poet or philosoph] %\ld h no fault to f9d ) 8 age if x only p]mits him to d 8 "w undi/urb$ 9 8 own corn]2 nor ) 8 fate if ! corn] grant$ him all[s ( 8 foll[+ 8 vocation )\t hav+ to ?9k ab\t o!r p4 ,= ! bra9 to be a m]e labor] 9 ! s]vice ( ! belly1 is inde$ ! common lot ( almo/ all ^? :o d n live on ! "w ( _! h&s2 & !y are f> f be+ discont5t$ ) _! lot4 ,b x /rikes despair into a man ( great m9d1 ^: bra9-p[] goes beyond ! measure necess>y = ! s]vice ( ! w2 & he pref]s1 if ne$ be1 to live 9 ! n>r[e/ circum/ances1 s long z !y af=d him ! free use ( 8 "t = ! developm5t & application ( 8 faculties2 9 o!r words1 if !y give him ! leisure :i* is invaluable to him4 ,x is o!rwise ) ord9>y p3 = !m leisure has no value 9 itself1 nor is x1 inde$1 )\t its dang]s1 z ^! p seem to "k4 ,! te*nical "w ( our "t1 :i* is done to an unprec$5t$ p]fection1 has1 by increas+ & multiply+ objects ( luxury1 giv5 ! favorites ( =tune a *oice betwe5 m leisure & culture ^u ! "o side1 & additional luxury & good liv+1 b ) increas$ activity1 ^u ! o!r2 &1 true to _! "*1 !y *oose ! latt]1 & pref] *ampagne to fre$om4 ,& !y are consi/5t 9 _! *oice2 =1 to !m1 e ex]tion ( ! m9d :i* does n s]ve ! aims ( ! w is folly4 ,intellectual ef=t = its own sake1 !y call ecc5tricity4 ,!re=e1 p]si/5ce 9 ! aims ( ! w & ! belly w be conc5tricity2 &1 to be sure1 ! w is ! c5tre1 ! k]nel ( ! _w4 ,b 9 g5]al x is v seldom t any su* alt]native is pres5t$4 ,= z ) money1 mo/ m5 h no sup]fluity1 b only j en\gh = _! ne$s1 s ) intellig5ce2 !y possess j :at w suffice = ! s]vice ( ! w1 t is1 = ! c>ry+ on ( _! bus9ess4 ,hav+ made _! =tune1 !y are cont5t to gape or to indulge 9 s5sual pleasures or *ildi% amusem5ts1 c>ds or dice2 or !y w talk 9 ! dulle/ way1 or dress up & make obeisance to "o ano!r4 ,& h[ few are ^? :o h ev5 a little sup]fluity ( intellectual p[]6 ,l ! o!rs !y too make !mselves a pleasure2 b x is a pleasure ( ! intellect4 ,ei!r !y w pursue "s lib]al /udy :i* br+s !m 9 no?+1 or !y w practice "s art2 & 9 g5]al1 !y w be capable ( tak+ an objective int]e/ 9 ?+s1 s t x w be possible to conv]se ) !m4 ,b ) ! o!rs x is bett] n to ent] into any relations at all2 =1 except :5 !y tell ! results ( _! own exp]i5ce or give an acc\nt ( _! special vocation1 or at any rate imp>t :at !y h le>n$ f "s "o else1 _! conv]sation w n be wor? li/5+ to2 & if any?+ is said to !m1 !y w r>ely grasp or und]/& x aright1 & x w 9 mo/ cases be oppos$ to _! own op9ions4 ,bal?az> ,gracian describes !m v /rik+ly z m5 :o are n m5--hombres *e non lo son4 ,& ,giordano ,bruno says ! same ?+3 ,:at a diff]5ce !re is 9 hav+ to d ) m5 comp>$ ) ^? :o are only made 9 _! image & lik5ess6#a ,& h[ wond]fully ?is passage agrees ) t rem>k 9 ! ,kurral3 ,! common p look l m5 b ,i h nev] se5 any?+ q l !m4 ,if ! read] w consid] ! ext5t to :i* ^! ideas agree 9 ?\ght & ev5 9 expression1 & 9 ! wide diff]5ce betwe5 !m 9 po9t ( date & nationality1 he _c d\bt b t !y are at "o ) ! facts ( life4 ,x 0 c]ta9ly n "u ! influ5ce ( ^? passages t1 ab\t tw5ty ye>s ago1 ,i tri$ to get a snuff-box made1 ! lid ( :i* %\ld h two f9e *e/nuts repres5t$ ^u x1 if possible 9 mosaic2 toge!r ) a leaf :i* 0 to %[ t !y 7 horse-*e/nuts4 ,?is symbol 0 meant to keep ! ?\ght con/antly be=e my m9d4 ,if anyone wi%es = ent]ta9m5t1 su* z w prev5t him feel+ solit>y ev5 :5 he is alone1 let me recomm5d ! company ( dogs1 ^: moral & intellectual qualities may almo/ af=d delight & gratification4 ,footnote #a3 ,op]a3 ed4 ,wagn]1 #a4 #bbd4 ,/ill1 we %\ld always be c>eful to avoid be+ unju/4 ,i am (t5 surpris$ by ! clev]ness1 & n[ & aga9 by ! /upidity ( my dog2 & ,i h simil> exp]i5ces ) mank9d4 ,c\ntless times1 9 indignation at _! incapacity1 _! total lack ( disc]nm5t1 _! be/iality1 ,i h be5 =c$ to e*o ! old compla9t t folly is ! "m & ! nurse ( ! human race3 ,humani g5]is mat] nutrixque pr(ecto ,/ultitia e/4 ,b at o!r times ,i h be5 a/\nd$ t f su* a race !re c\ld h gone =? s _m arts & sci5ces1 ab\nd+ 9 s mu* use & beauty1 ev5 ?\gh x has always be5 ! few t produce !m4 ,yet ^! arts & sci5ces h /ruck root1 e/abli%$ & p]fect$ !mselves3 & ! race has ) p]si/5t fidelity pres]v$ ,hom]1 ,plato1 ,horace & o!rs = ?\s&s ( ye>s1 by copy+ & treasur+ _! writ+s1 ?us sav+ !m f oblivion1 9 spite ( all ! evils & atrocities t h happ5$ 9 ! _w4 ,?us ! race has prov$ t x appreciates ! value ( ^! ?+s1 & at ! same "t x c =m a correct view ( special a*ievem5ts or e/imate signs ( judgm5t & intellig5ce4 ,:5 ?is takes place among/ ^? :o belong to ! great multitude1 x is by a k9d ( inspiration4 ,sometimes a correct op9ion w be =m$ by ! multitude itself2 b ?is is only :5 ! *orus ( praise has gr[n full & complete4 ,x is !n l ! s\nd ( untra9$ voices2 :]e !re are en\gh ( !m1 x is always h>moni\s4 ,^? :o em]ge f ! multitude1 ^? :o are call$ m5 ( g5ius1 are m]ely ! lucida int]valla ( ! :ole human race4 ,!y a*ieve t :i* o!rs c\ld n possibly a*ieve4 ,_! orig9ality is s great t n only is _! div]g5ce f o!rs obvi\s1 b _! individuality is express$ ) su* =ce1 t all ! m5 ( g5ius :o h ev] exi/$ %[1 e "o ( !m1 peculi>ities ( "* & m9d2 s t ! gift ( 8 works is "o :i* he alone ( all m5 c\ld ev] h pres5t$ to ! _w4 ,?is is :at makes t simile ( ,ario/o's s true & s ju/ly celebrat$3 ,natura lo fece e poi ruppe lo /ampo4 ,aft] ,nature /amps a man ( g5ius1 %e breaks ! die4 ,b !re is always a limit to human capacity2 & no "o c be a great g5ius )\t hav+ "s decid$ly weak side1 x may ev5 be1 "s intellectual n>r[ness4 ,9 o!r words1 !re w foe "s faculty 9 :i* he is n[ & !n inf]ior to m5 ( mod]ate end[m5ts4 ,x w be a faculty :i*1 if /rong1 might h be5 an ob/acle to ! ex]cise ( ! qualities 9 :i* he excels4 ,:at ?is weak po9t is1 x w always be h>d to def9e ) any accuracy ev5 9 a giv5 case4 ,x may be bett] express$ indirectly2 ?us ,plato's weak po9t is exactly t 9 :i* ,ari/otle is /rong1 & vice v]sa2 & s1 too1 ,kant is defici5t j :]e ,goe! is great4 ,n[1 mank9d is fond ( v5]at+ some?+2 b its v5]ation is g5]ally direct$ to ! wrong object1 & x rema9s s direct$ until po/]ity comes to set x "r4 ,b ! educat$ public is no soon] set "r 9 ?is1 ?an ! honor :i* is due to g5ius deg5]ates2 j z ! honor :i* ! fai?ful pay to _! sa9ts easily passes into a frivol\s wor%ip ( relics4 ,?\s&s ( ,*ri/ians adore ! relics ( a sa9t ^: life & doctr9e are unkn[n to !m2 & ! religion ( ?\s&s ( ,buddhi/s lies m 9 v5]ation ( ! ,holy ,too? or "s su* object1 or ! vessel t conta9s x1 or ! ,holy ,b[l1 or ! fossil foot/ep1 or ! ,holy ,tree :i* ,buddha plant$1 ?an 9 ! ?or\gh k & fai?ful practice ( 8 high tea*+4 ,petr>*'s h\se 9 ,arqua2 ,tasso's suppos$ prison 9 ,f]r>a2 ,%akespe>e's h\se 9 ,/rat=d1 ) 8 *air2 ,goe!'s h\se 9 ,weim>1 ) its furniture2 ,kant's old hat2 ! autographs ( great m52 ^! ?+s are gap$ at ) int]e/ & awe by _m :o h nev] read _! works4 ,!y _c d any?+ m ?an j gape4 ,! intellig5t among/ !m are mov$ by ! wi% to see ! objects :i* ! great man habitually _h be=e 8 eyes2 & by a /range illusion1 ^! produce ! mi/ak5 notion t ) ! objects !y are br++ back ! man himself1 or t some?+ ( him mu/ cl+ to !m4 ,ak9 to su* p are ^? :o e>ne/ly /rive to acqua9t !mselves ) ! subject-matt] ( a poet's works1 or to unravel ! p]sonal circum/ances & ev5ts 9 8 life :i* h sugge/$ p>ticul> passages4 ,?is is z ?\gh ! audi5ce 9 a !atre 7 to admire a f9e sc5e & !n ru% ^u ! /age to look at ! scaffold+ t supports x4 ,!re are 9 our day en\gh in/ances ( ^! critical inve/igators1 & !y prove ! tru? ( ! say+ t mank9d is int]e/$1 n 9 ! =m ( a "w1 t is1 9 its mann] ( treatm5t1 b 9 its actual matt]4 ,all x c>es = is ! !me4 ,to read a philosoph]'s biography1 in/ead ( /udy+ 8 ?\ghts1 is l neglect+ a picture & att5d+ only to ! /yle ( its frame1 debat+ :e!r x is c>v$ well or ill1 & h[ mu* x co/ to gild x4 ,?is is all v well4 ,h[ev]1 !re is ano!r class ( p]sons ^: int]e/ is also direct$ to mat]ial & p]sonal consid]ations1 b !y g mu* fur!r & c>ry x to a po9t :]e x becomes absolutely futile4 ,because a great man has op5$ up to !m ! treasures ( 8 inmo/ be+1 &1 by a supreme ef=t ( 8 faculties1 produc$ works :i* n only r$\nd to _! elevation & enlight5m5t1 b w also b5efit _! po/]ity to ! t5? & tw5tie? g5]ation2 because he has pres5t$ mank9d ) a mat*less gift1 ^! v>lets ?9k !mselves ju/ifi$ 9 sitt+ 9 judgm5t ^u 8 p]sonal morality1 & try+ if !y _c discov] "h or !re "s spot 9 him :i* w soo! ! pa9 !y feel at ! sight ( s great a m9d1 comp>$ ) ! ov]:elm+ feel+ ( _! own no?+ness4 ,?is is ! real s\rce ( all ^? prolix discussions1 c>ri$ on 9 c\ntless books & reviews1 on ! moral aspect ( ,goe!'s life1 & :e!r he ought n to h m>ri$ "o or o!r ( ! girls ) :om he fell 9 love 9 8 "y days2 :e!r1 aga91 in/ead ( hone/ly devot+ himself to ! s]vice ( 8 ma/]1 he %\ld n h be5 a man ( ! p1 a ,g]man patriot1 wor?y ( a seat 9 ! ,paulskir*e1 & s on4 ,su* cry+ +ratitude & malici\s detraction prove t ^! self-con/itut$ judges are z great knaves morally z !y are intellectually1 :i* is say+ a great deal4 ,a man ( tal5t w /rive = money & reputation2 b ! spr+ t moves g5ius to ! production ( its works is n z easy to "n4 ,weal? is seldom its rew>d4 ,nor is x reputation or glory2 only a ,fr5*man c\ld mean t4 ,glory is su* an unc]ta9 ?+1 &1 if y look at x closely1 ( s little value4 ,besides x nev] corresponds to ! ef=t y h made3 ,responsura tuo nunquam e/ p> fama labori4 ,nor1 aga91 is x exactly ! pleasure x gives y2 = ?is is almo/ outweigh$ by ! greatness ( ! ef=t4 ,x is r a peculi> k9d ( in/9ct1 :i* drives ! man ( g5ius to give p]man5t =m to :at he sees & feels1 )\t be+ consci\s ( any fur!r motive4 ,x works1 9 ! ma91 by a necessity simil> to t :i* makes a tree be> its fruit2 & no ext]nal condition is ne$$ b ! gr\nd ^u :i* x is to ?rive4 ,on a clos] exam9ation1 x seems z ?\gh1 9 ! case ( a g5ius1 ! w to live1 :i* is ! _s ( ! human species1 7 consci\s ( hav+1 by "s r>e *ance1 & = a brief p]iod1 atta9$ a great] cle>ness ( vision1 & 7 n[ try+ to secure x1 or at lea/ ! outcome ( x1 = ! :ole species1 to :i* ! individual g5ius 9 8 inmo/ be+ belongs2 s t ! light :i* he %$s ab\t him may pi]ce ! d>kness & dullness ( ord9>y human consci\sness & !re produce "s good effect4 ,aris+ 9 "s su* way1 ?is in/9ct drives ! g5ius to c>ry 8 "w to completion1 )\t ?9k+ ( rew>d or applause or sympa?y2 to leave all c>e = 8 own p]sonal welf>e2 to make 8 life "o ( indu/ri\s solitude1 & to /ra9 8 faculties to ! utmo/4 ,he ?us comes to ?9k m ab\t po/]ity ?an ab\t contempor>ies2 because1 :ile ! latt] c only lead him a/ray1 po/]ity =ms ! majority ( ! species1 & "t w gradually br+ ! disc]n+ few :o c appreciate him4 ,mean:ile x is ) him z ) ! arti/ describ$ by ,goe!2 he has no pr9cely patron to prize 8 tal5ts1 no fri5d to rejoice ) him3 ,e9 ,fr/ d] die ,tal5te s*tzt1 ,e9 ,freund1 d] si* mit mir ergtzt1 ,die hab5 leid] mir gefehlt4 ,8 "w is1 z x 71 a sacr$ object & ! true fruit ( 8 life1 & 8 aim 9 /or+ x away = a m disc]n+ po/]ity w be to make x ! prop]ty ( mank9d4 ,an aim l ?is f> surpasses all o!rs1 & = x he we>s ! cr[n ( ?orns :i* is "o day to bloom into a wrea? ( laurel4 ,all 8 p[]s are conc5trat$ 9 ! ef=t to complete & secure 8 "w2 j z ! insect1 9 ! la/ /age ( its developm5t1 uses its :ole /r5g? on behalf ( a brood x w nev] live to see2 x puts its eggs 9 "s place ( safety1 :]e1 z x well kn[s1 ! "y w "o day f9d life & n\ri%m5t1 & !n dies 9 confid5ce4