,note3 ,numb]s enclos$ 9 squ>e brackets are page numb]s4 ,,home ,,univ]sity ,,libr>y ,,( ,,mod]n ,,k ,no4 #fi ,editors3 ,,h]b]t ,,fi%]1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,b4,a4 ,pr(4 ,,gilb]t ,,murray1 ,litt4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,b4,a4 ,pr(4 ,j4 ,,ar?ur ,,?omson1 ,m4,a4 ,pr(4 ,,william ,t4 ,,brew/]1 ,m4,a4 ,a ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,fre$om ,,( ,,?\ght ,,by ,j4 ,b4 ,,bury1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,b4,a ,,hon4 ,d4,,litt4 ,,( ,,ox=d1 ,,durham1 ,,& ,,dubl91 ,,& ,,hon4 ,,ll4,d4 ,,( ,,ed9burgh1 ,,glasg[1 ,,& ,,ab]de5 ,,univ]sities2 ,,regius ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,mod]n ,,hi/ory1 ,,cambridge ,,univ]sity ,,au?or ,,( 8,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,latt] ,,roman ,,empire10 8,,hi/ory ,,( ,,greece10 8,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,ea/]n ,,roman ,,empire10 ,,etc4 ,,iv #aiac1 ,v ,,cont5ts ,,*ap4 ,i ,introductory ,,ii ,reason ,free 7,greece ,& ,rome7 ,,iii ,reason 9 ,prison 7,! ,middle ,ages7 ,,iv ,prospect ( ,deliv]ance 7,! ,r5aissance & ! ,re=mation7 ,v ,religi\s ,tol]ation ,,vi ,! ,gr[? ( ,rationalism 7,sev5te5? & ,eighte5? ,c5turies7 ,,vii ,! ,progress ( ,rationalism 7,n9ete5? ,c5tury7 ,,viii ,! ,ju/ification ( ,lib]ty ( ,?\ght ,bibliography ,index #g ,a ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,fre$om ,,( ,,?\ght ,,*apt] ,i ,,fre$om ,,( ,,?\ght ,,& ,,! ,,=ces ,,aga9/ ,,x 7,,introductory7 ,,x is a common say+ t ?\ght is free4 ,a man c nev] be h9d]$ f ?9k+ :atev] he *ooses s long z he conceals :at he ?9ks4 ,! work+ ( 8 m9d is limit$ only by ! b\nds ( 8 exp]i5ce & ! p[] ( 8 imag9ation4 ,b ?is natural lib]ty ( private ?9k+ is ( little value4 ,x is unsatisfactory & ev5 pa9ful to ! ?9k] himself1 if he is n p]mitt$ to communicate 8 ?\ghts to o!rs1 & x is obvi\sly ( no value to 8 neighb\rs4 ,moreov] x is extremely difficult to hide ?\ghts t h any p[] ov] ! m9d4 ,if a man's ?9k+ leads him to call 9 "q ideas & cu/oms :i* regulate ! behavi\r ( ^? ab\t him1 to reject beliefs :i* !y hold1 to see bett] ways ( life ?an ^? !y foll[1 x is almo/ #h impossible = him1 if he is conv9c$ ( ! tru? ( 8 own reason+1 n to betray by sil5ce1 *ance words1 or g5]al attitude t he is diff]5t f !m & does n %>e _! op9ions4 ,"s h pref]r$1 l ,socrates1 "s w\ld pref] to-day1 to face dea? r ?an conceal _! ?\ghts4 ,?us fre$om ( ?\ght1 9 any valuable s5se1 includes fre$om ( spee*4 ,at pres5t1 9 ! mo/ civiliz$ c\ntries1 fre$om ( spee* is tak5 z a matt] ( c\rse & seems a p]fectly simple ?+4 ,we are s accu/om$ to x t we look on x z a natural "r4 ,b ?is "r has be5 acquir$ only 9 q rec5t times1 & ! way to its atta9m5t has la9 ?r\gh lakes ( blood4 ,x has tak5 c5turies to p]suade ! mo/ enlight5$ peoples t lib]ty to publi% "o's op9ions & to discuss all que/ions is a good & n a bad ?+4 ,human societies 7!re are "s brilliant exceptions7 h be5 g5]ally oppos$ to fre$om ( ?\ght1 or1 9 o!r words1 to new ideas1 & x is easy to see :y4 ,! av]age bra9 is naturally lazy & t5ds to take ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance4 ,! m5tal _w ( ! ord9>y man consi/s ( beliefs :i* he has accept$ )\t que/ion+ & to :i* he is firmly atta*$2 he is in/9ctively ho/ile to any?+ :i* #i w\ld upset ! e/abli%$ ord] ( ?is famili> _w4 ,a new idea1 inconsi/5t ) "s ( ! beliefs :i* he holds1 means ! necessity ( re>rang+ 8 m9d2 & ?is process is labori\s1 requir+ a pa9ful exp5diture ( bra9-en]gy4 ,to him & 8 fell[s1 :o =m ! va/ majority1 new ideas1 & op9ions :i* ca/ d\bt on e/abli%$ beliefs & in/itutions1 seem evil because !y are disagreeable4 ,! repugnance due to m]e m5tal laz9ess is increas$ by a positive feel+ ( fe>4 ,! cons]vative in/9ct h>d5s into ! cons]vative doctr9e t ! f\ndations ( society are endang]$ by any alt]ations 9 ! /ructure4 ,x is only rec5tly t m5 h be5 ab&on+ ! belief t ! welf>e ( a /ate dep5ds on rigid /ability & on ! pres]vation ( its traditions & in/itutions un*ang$4 ,:]ev] t belief prevails1 novel op9ions are felt to be dang]\s z well z annoy+1 & any "o :o asks inconv5i5t que/ions ab\t ! :y & ! :]e=e ( accept$ pr9ciples is consid]$ a pe/il5t p]son4 ,! cons]vative in/9ct1 & ! cons]vative doctr9e :i* is its consequ5ce1 are /r5g!n$ by sup]/ition4 ,if ! social /ructure1 includ+ ! :ole body ( cu/oms & op9ions1 is associat$ intimately #aj ) religi\s belief & is suppos$ to be "u div9e patronage1 criticism ( ! social ord] sav\rs ( impiety1 :ile criticism ( ! religi\s belief is a direct *all5ge to ! wra? ( sup]natural p[]s4 ,! psy*ological motives :i* produce a cons]vative _s ho/ile to new ideas are re9=c$ by ! active opposition ( c]ta9 p[]ful sections ( ! community1 su* z a class1 a ca/e1 or a prie/hood1 ^: int]e/s are b\nd up ) ! ma9t5ance ( ! e/abli%$ ord] & ! ideas on :i* x re/s4 ,let u suppose1 = in/ance1 t a p believes t sol> eclipses are signs employ$ by _! ,deity = ! special purpose ( communicat+ useful in=mation to !m1 & t a clev] man discov]s ! true cause ( eclipses4 ,8 compatriots 9 ! fir/ place dislike 8 discov]y because !y f9d x v difficult to reconcile ) _! o!r ideas2 9 ! second place1 x di/urbs !m1 because x upsets an arrangem5t :i* !y consid] highly advantage\s to _! community2 f9ally1 x fright5s !m1 z an (f5ce to _! ,div9ity4 ,! prie/s1 "o ( ^: functions is to int]pret ! div9e signs1 are al>m$ & enrag$ at a doctr9e :i* m5aces _! p[]4 ,9 prehi/oric days1 ^! motives1 op]at+ #aa /rongly1 mu/ h made *ange sl[ 9 communities :i* progress$1 & h9d]$ "s communities f progress+ at all4 ,b !y h cont9u$ to op]ate m or less ?r\gh\t hi/ory1 ob/ruct+ k & progress4 ,we c obs]ve !m at "w to-day ev5 9 ! mo/ advanc$ societies1 :]e !y h no long] ! p[] to arre/ developm5t or repress ! publication ( revolution>y op9ions4 ,we /ill meet p :o consid] a new idea an annoyance & probably a dang]4 ,( ^? to :om socialism is repugnant1 h[ _m are !re :o h nev] exam9$ ! argum5ts = & aga9/ x1 b turn away 9 disgu/ simply because ! notion di/urbs _! m5tal univ]se & implies a dra/ic criticism on ! ord] ( ?+s to :i* !y are accu/om$8 ,& h[ _m are !re :o w\ld refuse to consid] any proposals = alt]+ our imp]fect matrimonial in/itutions1 because su* an idea (f5ds a mass ( prejudice associat$ ) religi\s sanctions8 ,!y may be "r or n1 b if !y are1 x is n _! fault4 ,!y are actuat$ by ! same motives :i* 7 a b> to progress 9 primitive societies4 ,! exi/5ce ( p ( ?is m5tality1 re>$ 9 an atmosph]e ( fre$om1 side by side ) o!rs :o are always look+ out = new ideas & #ab regrett+ t !re are n m ab\t1 enables u to realize h[1 :5 public op9ion 0 =m$ by ! views ( su* m51 ?\ght 0 fett]$ & ! imp$im5ts to k enorm\s4 ,al?\gh ! lib]ty to publi% "o's op9ions on any subject )\t reg>d to au?ority or ! prejudices ( "o's neighb\rs is n[ a well- e/abli%$ pr9ciple1 ,i imag9e t only ! m9ority ( ^? :o w\ld be ready to fight to ! dea? r ?an surr5d] x c\ld def5d x on rational gr\nds4 ,we are apt to take = grant$ t fre$om ( spee* is a natural & inali5able bir?right ( man1 & p]haps to ?9k t ?is is a suffici5t answ] to all t c be said on ! o!r side4 ,b x is difficult to see h[ su* a "r c be e/abli%$4 ,if a man has any 8natural rights10 ! "r to pres]ve 8 life & ! "r to reproduce 8 k9d are c]ta9ly su*4 ,yet human societies impose ^u _! memb]s re/rictions 9 ! ex]cise ( bo? ^! rights4 ,a />v+ man is prohibit$ f tak+ food :i* belongs to somebody else4 ,promiscu\s reproduction is re/rict$ by v>i\s laws or cu/oms4 ,x is admitt$ t society is ju/ifi$ 9 re/rict+ ^! elem5t>y rights1 because )\t su* re/rictions an ord]$ society c\ld n exi/4 ,if !n we #ac conc$e t ! expression ( op9ion is a "r ( ! same k9d1 x is impossible to cont5d t on ?is gr\nd x c claim immunity f int]f]5ce or t society acts unju/ly 9 regulat+ x4 ,b ! concession is too l>ge4 ,= :]eas 9 ! o!r cases ! limitations affect ! conduct ( e "o1 re/rictions on fre$om ( op9ion affect only ! comp>atively small numb] :o h any op9ions1 revolution>y or unconv5tional1 to express4 ,! tru? is t no valid argum5t c be f\nd$ on ! conception ( natural rights1 because x involves an unt5able !ory ( ! relations betwe5 society & its memb]s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^? :o h ! responsibility ( gov]n+ a society c argue t x is z incumb5t on !m to prohibit ! circulation ( p]nici\s op9ions z to prohibit any anti-social actions4 ,!y c argue t a man may d f> m h>m by propagat+ anti-social doctr9es ?an by /eal+ 8 neighb\r's horse or mak+ love to 8 neighb\r's wife4 ,!y are responsible = ! welf>e ( ! ,/ate1 & if !y are conv9c$ t an op9ion is dang]\s1 by m5ac+ ! political1 religi\s1 or moral assumptions on :i* ! society is bas$1 x is _! duty to protect society aga9/ x1 z aga9/ any o!r dang]4 #ad ,! true answ] to ?is argum5t = limit+ fre$om ( ?\ght w appe> 9 due c\rse4 ,x 0 f> f obvi\s4 ,a long "t 0 ne$$ to arrive at ! conclusion t co]cion ( op9ion is a mi/ake1 & only a "p ( ! _w is yet conv9c$4 ,t conclusion1 s f> z ,i c judge1 is ! mo/ important ev] rea*$ by m54 ,x 0 ! issue ( a cont9u\s /ruggle betwe5 au?ority & reason--! subject ( ?is volume4 ,! ^w au?ority requires "s comm5t4 ,if y ask somebody h[ he kn[s some?+1 he may say1 8,i h x on good au?ority10 or1 8,i read x 9 a book10 or1 8,x is a matt] ( common k10 or1 8,i le>n$ x at s*ool40 ,any ( ^! replies means t he has accept$ in=mation f o!rs1 tru/+ 9 _! k1 )\t v]ify+ _! /atem5ts or ?9k+ ! matt] out = himself4 ,& ! great] "p ( mo/ m5's k & beliefs is ( ?is k9d1 tak5 )\t v]ification f _! p>5ts1 tea*]s1 acqua9tances1 books1 newspap]s4 ,:5 an ,engli% boy le>ns ,fr5*1 he takes ! conjugations & ! mean+s ( ! words on ! au?ority ( 8 tea*] or 8 gramm>4 ,! fact t 9 a c]ta9 place1 m>k$ on ! map1 !re is a popul\s city call$ ,calcutta1 is = mo/ #ae p a fact accept$ on au?ority4 ,s is ! exi/5ce ( ,napoleon or ,julius ,caes>4 ,famili> a/ronomical facts are kn[n only 9 ! same way1 except by ^? :o h /udi$ a/ronomy4 ,x is obvi\s t e "o's k w\ld be v limit$ inde$1 if we 7 n ju/ifi$ 9 accept+ facts on ! au?ority ( o!rs4 ,b we are ju/ifi$ only "u "o condition4 ,! facts :i* we c safely accept mu/ be capable ( demon/ration or v]ification4 ,! examples ,i h giv5 belong to ?is class4 ,! boy c v]ify :5 he goes to ,france or is able to read a ,fr5* book t ! facts :i* he took on au?ority are true4 ,i am confront$ e day ) evid5ce :i* proves to me t1 if ,i took ! tr\ble1 ,i c\ld v]ify ! exi/5ce ( ,calcutta = myself4 ,i _c conv9ce myself 9 ?is way ( ! exi/5ce ( ,napoleon1 b if ,i h d\bts ab\t x1 a simple process ( reason+ %[s me t !re are ho/s ( facts :i* are incompatible ) 8 non-exi/5ce4 ,i h no d\bt t ! e>? is "s #ic millions ( miles di/ant f ! sun1 because all a/ronom]s agree t x has be5 demon/rat$1 & _! agreem5t is only explicable on ! supposition t ?is has be5 demon/rat$ & t1 if ,i took ! tr\ble to "w out ! calculation1 ,i %\ld rea* ! same result4 #af ,b all our m5tal furniture is n ( ?is k9d4 ,! ?\ghts ( ! av]age man consi/ n only ( facts op5 to v]ification1 b also ( _m beliefs & op9ions :i* he has accept$ on au?ority & _c v]ify or prove4 ,belief 9 ! ,tr9ity dep5ds on ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur* & is cle>ly ( a diff]5t ord] f belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( ,calcutta4 ,we _c g beh9d ! au?ority & v]ify or prove x4 ,if we accept x1 we d s because we h su* implicit fai? 9 ! au?ority t we cr$it its ass]tions ?\gh incapable ( pro(4 ,! di/9ction may seem s obvi\s z to be h>dly wor? mak+4 ,b x is important to be q cle> ab\t x4 ,! primitive man :o _h le>n$ f 8 eld]s t !re 7 be>s 9 ! hills & likewise evil spirits1 soon v]ifi$ ! =m] /atem5t by see+ a be>1 b if he did n happ5 to meet an evil _s1 x did n occur to him1 unless he 0 a prodigy1 t !re 0 a di/9ction betwe5 ! two /atem5ts2 he w\ld r h argu$1 if he argu$ at all1 t z 8 tribesm5 7 "r ab\t ! be>s !y 7 sure to be "r also ab\t ! spirits4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages a man :o believ$ on au?ority t !re is a city call$ ,con/ant9ople & t comets are port5ts signify+ div9e wra?1 w\ld n #ag di/+ui% ! nature ( ! evid5ce 9 ! two cases4 ,y may /ill sometimes he> argum5ts am\nt+ to ?is3 s9ce ,i believe 9 ,calcutta on au?ority1 am ,i n entitl$ to believe 9 ! ,devil on au?ority8 ,n[ p at all times h be5 comm&$ or expect$ or invit$ to accept on au?ority alone--! au?ority1 = in/ance1 ( public op9ion1 or a ,*ur*1 or a sacr$ book--doctr9es :i* are n prov$ or are n capable ( pro(4 ,mo/ beliefs ab\t nature & man1 :i* 7 n f\nd$ on sci5tific obs]vation1 h s]v$ directly or indirectly religi\s & social int]e/s1 & h5ce !y h be5 protect$ by =ce aga9/ ! criticisms ( p]sons :o h ! inconv5i5t habit ( us+ _! reason4 ,nobody m9ds if 8 neighb\r disbelieves a demon/rable fact4 ,if a sceptic d5ies t ,napoleon exi/$1 or t wat] is compos$ ( oxyg5 & hydrog51 he causes amusem5t or ridicule4 ,b if he d5ies doctr9es :i* _c be demon/rat$1 su* z ! exi/5ce ( a p]sonal ,god or ! immortality ( ! s\l1 he incurs s]i\s disapprobation & at "o "t he might h be5 put to dea?4 ,our m$iaeval fri5d w\ld h only be5 call$ a fool if he d\bt$ ! exi/5ce ( ,con/ant9ople1 b if he _h que/ion$ ! significance ( comets he #ah might h got into tr\ble4 ,x is possible t if he _h be5 s mad z to d5y ! exi/5ce ( ,j]usalem he w\ld n h escap$ ) ridicule1 = ,j]usalem is m5tion$ 9 ! ,bible4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages a l>ge field 0 cov]$ by beliefs :i* au?ority claim$ to impose z true1 & reason 0 w>n$ (f ! gr\nd4 ,b reason _c recognize arbitr>y prohibitions or b>ri]s1 )\t be+ untrue to h]self4 ,! univ]se ( exp]i5ce is h] prov9ce1 & z its p>ts are all l9k$ toge!r & int]dep5d5t1 x is impossible = h] to recognize any t]ritory on :i* %e may n tread1 or to surr5d] any ( h] rights to an au?ority ^: cr$5tials %e has n exam9$ & approv$4 ,! uncompromis+ ass]tion by reason ( h] absolute rights ?r\gh\t ! :ole doma9 ( ?\ght is t]m$ rationalism1 & ! slight /igma :i* is /ill atta*$ to ! ^w reflects ! bitt]ness ( ! /ruggle betwe5 reason & ! =ces array$ aga9/ h]4 ,! t]m is limit$ to ! field ( !ology1 because x 0 9 t field t ! self-ass]tion ( reason 0 mo/ viol5tly & p]t9aci\sly oppos$4 ,9 ! same way free ?\ght1 ! refusal ( ?\ght to be controll$ by any au?ority b its own1 has a def9itely !ological ref]5ce4 ,?r\gh\t #ai ! conflict1 au?ority has _h great advantages4 ,at any "t ! p :o really c>e ab\t reason h be5 a small m9ority1 & probably w be s = a long "t to come4 ,reason's only weapon has be5 argum5t4 ,au?ority has employ$ physical & moral viol5ce1 legal co]cion & social displeasure4 ,sometimes %e has attempt$ to use ! sword ( h] adv]s>y1 !reby w\nd+ h]self4 ,inde$ ! weake/ po9t 9 ! /rategical position ( au?ority 0 t h] *ampions1 be+ human1 c\ld n help mak+ use ( reason+ processes & ! result 0 t !y 7 divid$ among !mselves4 ,?is gave reason h] *ance4 ,op]at+1 z x 71 9 ! enemy's camp & pr(ess$ly 9 ! enemy's cause1 %e 0 prep>+ h] own victory4 ,x may be object$ t !re is a legitimate doma9 = au?ority1 consi/+ ( doctr9es :i* lie outside human exp]i5ce & !re=e _c be prov$ or v]ifi$1 b at ! same "t _c be disprov$4 ,( c\rse1 any numb] ( propositions c be inv5t$ :i* _c be disprov$1 & x is op5 to any "o :o possesses exub]ant fai? to believe !m2 b no "o w ma9ta9 t !y all des]ve cr$5ce s long z _! falsehood is n demon/rat$4 ,& if only "s des]ve cr$5ce1 :o1 except reason1 #bj is to decide :i*8 ,if ! reply is1 ,au?ority1 we are confront$ by ! difficulty t _m beliefs back$ by au?ority h be5 f9ally disprov$ & are univ]sally ab&on$4 ,yet "s p speak z if we 7 n ju/ifi$ 9 reject+ a !ological doctr9e unless we c prove x false4 ,b ! burd5 ( pro( does n lie ^u ! reject]4 ,i rememb] a conv]sation 9 :i*1 :5 "s disrespectful rem>k 0 made ab\t hell1 a loyal fri5d ( t e/abli%m5t said triumphantly1 8,b1 absurd z x may seem1 y _c disprove x40 ,if y 7 told t 9 a c]ta9 planet revolv+ r\nd ,sirius !re is a race ( donkeys :o talk ! ,engli% language & sp5d _! "t 9 discuss+ eug5ics1 y c\ld n disprove ! /atem5t1 b w\ld x1 on t acc\nt1 h any claim to be believ$8 ,"s m9ds w\ld be prep>$ to accept x1 if x 7 reit]at$ (t5 en\gh1 ?r\gh ! pot5t =ce ( sugge/ion4 ,?is =ce1 ex]cis$ l>gely by emphatic repetition 7! !oretical basis1 z has be5 obs]v$1 ( ! mod]n practice ( adv]tis+71 has play$ a great "p 9 e/abli%+ au?oritative op9ions & propagat+ religi\s cre$s4 ,reason =tunately is able to avail h]self ( ! same help4 ,! foll[+ sket* is conf9$ to ,we/]n #ba civilization4 ,x beg9s ) ,greece & attempts to indicate ! *ief phases4 ,x is ! m]e/ introduction to a va/ & intricate subject1 :i*1 treat$ adequately1 w\ld involve n only ! hi/ory ( religion1 ( ! ,*ur*es1 ( h]esies1 ( p]secution1 b also ! hi/ory ( philosophy1 ( ! natural sci5ces & ( political !ories4 ,f ! sixte5? c5tury to ! ,fr5* ,revolution ne>ly all important hi/orical ev5ts bore 9 "s way on ! /ruggle = fre$om ( ?\ght4 ,x w\ld require a lifetime to calculate1 & _m books to describe1 all ! directions & int]actions ( ! intellectual & social =ces :i*1 s9ce ! fall ( anci5t civilization1 h h9d]$ & help$ ! emancipation ( reason4 ,all "o c d1 all "o c\ld d ev5 9 a mu* bigg] volume ?an ?is1 is to indicate ! g5]al c\rse ( ! /ruggle & dwell on "s p>ticul> aspects :i* ! writ] may happ5 to h specially /udi$4 #ba ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,reason ,,free 7,,greece ,,& ,,rome7 ,,:5 we are ask$ to specify ! debt :i* civilization owes to ! ,greeks1 _! #bb a*ievem5ts 9 lit]ature & art naturally occur to u fir/ ( all4 ,b a tru] answ] may be t our deepe/ gratitude is due to !m z ! orig9ators ( lib]ty ( ?\ght & discussion4 ,= ?is fre$om ( _s 0 n only ! condition ( _! speculations 9 philosophy1 _! progress 9 sci5ce1 _! exp]im5ts 9 political in/itutions2 x 0 also a condition ( _! lit]>y & arti/ic excell5ce4 ,_! lit]ature1 = in/ance1 c\ld n h be5 :at x is if !y _h be5 deb>r$ f free criticism ( life4 ,b ap>t f :at !y actually accompli%$1 ev5 if !y _h n a*iev$ ! wond]ful ?+s !y did 9 mo/ ( ! realms ( human activity1 _! ass]tion ( ! pr9ciple ( lib]ty w\ld place !m 9 ! highe/ rank among ! b5efactors ( ! race2 = x 0 "o ( ! greate/ /eps 9 human progress4 ,we d n "k en\gh ab\t ! e>lie/ hi/ory ( ! ,greeks to expla9 h[ x 0 t !y atta9$ _! free outlook ^u ! _w & came to possess ! w & c\rage to set no b\nds to ! range ( _! criticism & curiosity4 ,we h to take ?is "* z a fact4 ,b x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! ,greeks consi/$ ( a l>ge numb] ( sep>ate peoples1 :o v>i$ l>gely 9 temp]1 cu/oms & traditions1 #bc ?\gh !y _h important features common to all4 ,"s 7 cons]vative1 or backw>d1 or un9tellectual comp>$ ) o!rs4 ,9 ?is *apt] 8! ,greeks0 does n mean all ! ,greeks1 b only ^? :o c\nt mo/ 9 ! hi/ory ( civilization1 especially ! ,ionians & ,a!nians4 ,ionia 9 ,asia ,m9or 0 ! cradle ( free speculation4 ,! hi/ory ( ,european sci5ce & ,european philosophy beg9s 9 ,ionia4 ,"h 79 ! six? & fif? c5turies ,b4,c47 ! e>ly philosoph]s by us+ _! reason s\ght to p5etrate into ! orig9 & /ructure ( ! _w4 ,!y c\ld n ( c\rse free _! m9ds entirely f receiv$ notions1 b !y began ! "w ( de/roy+ or?odox views & religi\s fai?s4 ,x5ophanes may specially be nam$ among ^! pione]s ( ?\ght 7?\gh he 0 n ! mo/ important or ! able/71 because ! tol]ation ( 8 tea*+ illu/rates ! fre$om ( ! atmosph]e 9 :i* ^! m5 liv$4 ,he w5t ab\t f city to city1 call+ 9 "q on moral gr\nds ! popul> beliefs ab\t ! gods & goddesses1 & ridicul+ ! an?ropomorphic conceptions :i* ! ,greeks _h =m$ ( _! div9ities4 8,if ox5 _h h&s & ! capacities ( m51 !y w\ld make gods 9 ! %ape ( ox540 ,?is attack on receiv$ #bd !ology 0 an attack on ! v]acity ( ! old poets1 especially ,hom]1 :o 0 consid]$ ! highe/ au?ority on my?ology4 ,x5ophanes criticiz$ him sev]ely = ascrib+ to ! gods acts :i*1 committ$ by m51 w\ld be consid]$ highly disgraceful4 ,we d n he> t any attempt 0 made to re/ra9 him f ?us assail+ traditional beliefs & br&+ ,hom] z immoral4 ,we mu/ rememb] t ! ,hom]ic poems 7 nev] suppos$ to be ! ^w ( ,god4 ,x has be5 said t ,hom] 0 ! ,bible ( ! ,greeks4 ,! rem>k exactly misses ! tru?4 ,! ,greeks =tunately _h no ,bible1 & ?is fact 0 bo? an expression & an important condition ( _! fre$om4 ,hom]'s poems 7 secul>1 n religi\s1 & x may be not$ t !y are fre] f immorality & savag]y ?an sacr$ books t "o c\ld m5tion4 ,_! au?ority 0 imm5se2 b x 0 n b9d+ l ! au?ority ( a sacr$ book1 & s ,hom]ic criticism 0 nev] hamp]$ l ,biblical criticism4 ,9 ?is connexion1 notice may be tak5 ( ano!r expression & condition ( fre$om1 ! abs5ce ( sac]dotalism4 ,! prie/s ( ! temples nev] became p[]ful ca/es1 tyranniz+ ov] ! community 9 _! own int]e/s & able to sil5ce voices rais$ aga9/ religi\s beliefs4 ,! civil au?orities #be kept ! g5]al control ( public wor%ip 9 _! own h&s1 &1 if "s prie/ly families might h consid]able influ5ce1 yet z a rule ! prie/s 7 virtually ,/ate s]vants ^: voice c>ri$ no weight except conc]n+ ! te*nical details ( ritual4 ,to return to ! e>ly philosoph]s1 :o 7 mo/ly mat]iali/s1 ! record ( _! speculations is an int]e/+ *apt] 9 ! hi/ory ( rationalism4 ,two great names may be select$1 ,h]aclitus & ,democritus1 because !y did m p]haps ?an any ( ! o!rs1 by %e] h>d ?9k+1 to tra9 reason to look ^u ! univ]se 9 new ways & to %ock ! unreason$ conceptions ( common s5se4 ,x 0 />tl+ to be taught1 = ! fir/ "t1 by ,h]aclitus1 t ! appe>ance ( /ability & p]man5ce :i* mat]ial ?+s pres5t to our s5ses is a false appe>ance1 & t ! _w & ev]y?+ 9 x are *ang+ e in/ant4 ,democritus p]=m$ ! amaz+ feat ( work+ out an atomic !ory ( ! univ]se1 :i* 0 reviv$ 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury & is connect$1 9 ! hi/ory ( speculation1 ) ! mo/ mod]n physical & *emical !ories ( matt]4 ,no fanta/ic tales ( creation1 impos$ by sacr$ au?ority1 hamp]$ ^! p[]ful bra9s4 ,all ?is philosophical speculation prep>$ #bf ! way = ! educationali/s :o 7 kn[n z ! ,sophi/s4 ,!y beg9 to appe> aft] ! middle ( ! fif? c5tury4 ,!y work$ "h & !re ?r\gh\t ,greece1 con/antly travell+1 tra9+ "y m5 = public life1 & tea*+ !m to use _! reason4 ,z educators !y _h practical ends 9 view4 ,!y turn$ away f ! problems ( ! physical univ]se to ! problems ( human life--morality & polities4 ,"h !y 7 confront$ ) ! difficulty ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 tru? & error1 & ! able/ ( !m inve/igat$ ! nature ( k1 ! me?od ( reason--logic-- & ! in/rum5t ( reason--spee*4 ,:atev] _! p>ticul> !ories might be1 _! g5]al _s 0 t ( free inquiry & discussion4 ,!y s\ght to te/ ev]y?+ by reason4 ,! second half ( ! fif? c5tury might be call$ ! age ( ,illum9ation4 ,x may be rem>k$ t ! k ( =eign c\ntries :i* ! ,greeks _h acquir$ _h a consid]able effect 9 promot+ a sceptical attitude t[>ds au?ority4 ,:5 a man is acqua9t$ only ) ! habits ( 8 own c\ntry1 !y seem s mu* a matt] ( c\rse t he ascribes !m to nature1 b :5 he travels abroad & f9ds totally diff]5t habits & /&>ds ( conduct prevail+1 he beg9s to und]/& #bg ! p[] ( cu/om2 & le>ns t morality & religion are matt]s ( latitude4 ,?is discov]y t5ds to weak5 au?ority1 & to raise disquiet+ reflections1 z 9 ! case ( "o :o1 br\ght up z a ,*ri/ian1 comes to realize t1 if he _h be5 born on ! ,ganges or ! ,euphrates1 he w\ld h firmly believ$ 9 entirely diff]5t dogmas4 ,( c\rse ^! movem5ts ( intellectual fre$om 71 z 9 all ages1 conf9$ to ! m9ority4 ,ev]y:]e ! masses 7 exce$+ly sup]/iti\s4 ,!y believ$ t ! safety ( _! cities dep5d$ on ! good-w ( _! gods4 ,if ?is sup]/iti\s _s 7 al>m$1 !re 0 always a dang] t philosophical speculations might be p]secut$4 ,& ?is occurr$ 9 ,a!ns4 ,ab\t ! middle ( ! fif? c5tury ,a!ns _h n only become ! mo/ p[]ful ,/ate 9 ,greece1 b 0 also tak+ ! highe/ place 9 lit]ature & art4 ,%e 0 a full-fl$g$ democracy4 ,political discussion 0 p]fectly free4 ,at ?is "t %e 0 guid$ by ! /atesman ,p]icles1 :o 0 p]sonally a free?9k]1 or at lea/ 0 9 t\* ) all ! subv]sive speculations ( ! day4 ,he 0 especially intimate ) ! philosoph] ,anaxagoras :o _h come f ,ionia to tea* at ,a!ns4 ,9 reg>d to ! popul> gods ,anaxagoras 0 a ?or\gh-go+ #bh unbeliev]4 ,! political enemies ( ,p]icles /ruck at him by attack+ 8 fri5d4 ,!y introduc$ & c>ri$ a blasphemy law1 to ! effect t unbeliev]s & ^? :o taught !ories ab\t ! cele/ial _w might be impea*$4 ,x 0 easy to prove t ,anaxagoras 0 a blasphem] :o taught t ! gods 7 ab/ractions & t ! sun1 to :i* ! ord9>y ,a!nian said pray]s morn+ & ev5+1 0 a mass ( flam+ matt]4 ,! influ5ce ( ,p]icles sav$ him f dea?2 he 0 heavily f9$ & left ,a!ns = ,lampsacus1 :]e he 0 treat$ ) consid]ation & hon\r4 ,o!r cases are record$ :i* %[ t anti-religi\s ?\ght 0 liable to be p]secut$4 ,protagoras1 "o ( ! greate/ ( ! ,sophi/s1 publi%$ a book ,on ! ,gods1 ! object ( :i* seems to h be5 to prove t "o _c "k ! gods by reason4 ,! fir/ words ran3 8,conc]n+ ! gods1 ,i _c say t !y exi/ nor yet t !y d n exi/4 ,!re are m reasons ?an "o :y we _c "k4 ,!re is ! obscurity ( ! subject & !re is ! brevity ( human life40 ,a *>ge ( blasphemy 0 lodg$ aga9/ him & he fl$ f ,a!ns4 ,b !re 0 no sy/ematic policy ( suppress+ free ?\ght4 ,copies ( ! "w ( ,protagoras 7 collect$ & #bi burn$1 b ! book ( ,anaxagoras sett+ =? ! views = :i* he _h be5 condemn$ 0 = sale on ! ,a!nian book-/alls at a popul> price4 ,rationali/ic ideas moreov] 7 v5tur+ to appe> on ! /age1 ?\gh ! dramatic p]=mances1 at ! fea/s ( ! god ,dionysus1 7 religi\s solemnities4 ,! poet ,euripides 0 saturat$ ) mod]n speculation1 &1 :ile diff]5t op9ions may be held z to ! t5d5cies ( "s ( 8 trag$ies1 he (t5 all[s 8 *>act]s to express highly unor?odox views4 ,he 0 prosecut$ = impiety by a popul> politician4 ,we may suspect t dur+ ! la/ ?irty ye>s ( ! fif? c5tury unor?odoxy spread consid]ably among ! educat$ classes4 ,!re 0 a l>ge en\gh section ( influ5tial rationali/s to r5d] impossible any organiz$ repression ( lib]ty1 & ! *ief evil ( ! blasphemy law 0 t x c\ld be us$ = p]sonal or p>ty reasons4 ,"s ( ! prosecutions1 ab\t :i* we "k1 7 c]ta9ly due to su* motives1 o!rs may h be5 prompt$ by g5u9e bigotry & by ! fe> le/ sceptical ?\ght %\ld ext5d beyond ! highly educat$ & leisur$ class4 ,x 0 a g5]ally accept$ pr9ciple among ! ,greeks1 & aft]w>ds among ! ,romans1 t religion 0 a good & necess>y ?+ #cj = ! common p4 ,m5 :o did n believe 9 its tru? believ$ 9 its usefulness z a political in/itution1 & z a rule philosoph]s did n seek to diffuse di/urb+ 8tru?0 among ! masses4 ,x 0 ! cu/om1 mu* m ?an at ! pres5t day1 = ^? :o did n believe 9 ! e/abli%$ cults to con=m to !m ext]nally4 ,popul> high] education 0 n an article 9 ! programme ( ,greek /atesm5 or ?9k]s4 ,& p]haps x may be argu$ t 9 ! circum/ances ( ! anci5t _w x w\ld h be5 h>dly practicable4 ,!re 01 h[ev]1 "o illu/ri\s ,a!nian1 :o ?\ght diff]5tly--,socrates1 ! philosoph]4 ,socrates 0 ! greate/ ( ! educationali/s1 b unlike ! o!rs he taught gratuit\sly1 ?\gh he 0 a poor man4 ,8 tea*+ always took ! =m ( discussion2 ! discussion (t5 end$ 9 no positive result1 b _h ! effect ( %[+ t "s receiv$ op9ion 0 unt5able & t tru? is difficult to asc]ta94 ,he _h inde$ c]ta9 def9ite views ab\t k & virtue1 :i* are ( ! highe/ importance 9 ! hi/ory ( philosophy1 b = our pres5t purpose 8 significance lies 9 8 en?usiasm = discussion & criticism4 ,he taught ^? ) :om he conv]s$--& he conv]s$ indiscrim9ately #ca ) all :o w\ld li/5 to him--to br+ all popul> beliefs be=e ! b> ( reason1 to approa* e inquiry ) an op5 m9d1 & n to judge by ! op9ion ( majorities or ! dictate ( au?ority2 9 %ort to seek = o!r te/s ( ! tru? ( an op9ion ?an ! fact t x is held by a great _m p4 ,among 8 disciples 7 all ! "y m5 :o 7 to become ! lead+ philosoph]s ( ! next g5]ation & "s :o play$ prom95t p>ts 9 ,a!nian hi/ory4 ,if ! ,a!nians _h _h a daily press1 ,socrates w\ld h be5 d5\nc$ by ! j\rnali/s z a dang]\s p]son4 ,!y _h a comic drama1 :i* con/antly held up to ridicule philosoph]s & sophi/s & _! va9 doctr9es4 ,we possess "o play 7! ,cl\ds ( ,ari/ophanes7 9 :i* ,socrates is pillori$ z a typical repres5tative ( impi\s & de/ructive speculations4 ,ap>t f annoyances ( ?is k9d1 ,socrates rea*$ old age1 pursu+ ! task ( in/ruct+ 8 fell[-citiz5s1 )\t any evil befall+ him4 ,!n1 at ! age ( sev5ty1 he 0 prosecut$ z an a!i/ & corrupt] ( y\? & 0 put to dea? 7#cii ,b4,c474 ,x is /range t if ! ,a!nians really ?\ght him dang]\s !y %\ld h suff]$ him s long4 ,!re c1 ,i ?9k1 be #cb little d\bt t ! motives ( ! accusation 7 political4 #a ,socrates1 look+ at ?+s z he did1 c\ld n be sympa!tic ) unlimit$ democracy1 or approve ( ! pr9ciple t ! w ( ! ignorant majority 0 a good guide4 ,he 0 probably kn[n to sympa?ize ) ^? :o wi%$ to limit ! fran*ise4 ,:51 aft] a /ruggle 9 :i* ! con/itution _h be5 m ?an once ov]?r[n1 democracy em]g$ triumphant 7#djc ,b4,c471 !re 0 a bitt] feel+ aga9/ ^? :o _h n be5 its fri5ds1 & ( ^! disloyal p]sons ,socrates 0 *os5 z a victim4 ,if he _h wi%$1 he c\ld easily h escap$4 ,if he _h giv5 an und]tak+ to tea* no m1 he w\ld almo/ c]ta9ly h be5 acquitt$4 ,z x 01 ( ! #eja ord9>y ,a!nians :o 7 8 judges1 a v l>ge m9ority vot$ = 8 acquittal4 ,ev5 !n1 if he _h adopt$ a diff]5t tone1 he w\ld n h be5 condemn$ to dea?4 ,he rose to ! great occasion & v9dicat$ fre$om ( discussion 9 a wond]ful unconv5tional spee*4 ,! ,apology ( ,socrates1 :i* 0 compos$ by 8 mo/ brilliant pupil1 ,plato ! philosoph]1 reproduces #cc ! g5]al t5or ( 8 def5ce4 ,x is cle> t he 0 n able to meet satisfactorily ! *>ge t he did n ackn[l$ge ! gods wor%ipp$ by ! city1 & 8 explanations on ?is po9t are ! weak "p ( 8 spee*4 ,b he met ! accusation t he corrupt$ ! m9ds ( ! "y by a spl5did plea = free discussion4 ,?is is ! mo/ valuable section ( ! ,apology2 x is z impressive to-day z ev]4 ,i ?9k ! two pr9cipal po9ts :i* he makes are ^!-- 7#a7 ,he ma9ta9s t ! individual %\ld at any co/ refuse to be co]c$ by any human au?ority or tribunal into a c\rse :i* 8 own m9d condemns z wrong4 ,t is1 he ass]ts ! supremacy ( ! individual consci5ce1 z we %\ld say1 ov] human law4 ,he repres5ts 8 own life-"w z a sort ( religi\s que/2 he feels conv9c$ t 9 devot+ himself to philosophical discussion he has done ! bidd+ ( a sup]-human guide2 & he goes to dea? r ?an be untrue to ?is p]sonal conviction4 8,if y propose to acquit me10 he says1 8on condition t ,i ab&on my se>* = tru?1 ,i w say3 ,i ?ank y1 ,o ,a!nians1 b ,i w obey ,god1 :o1 z ,i believe1 set me ?is task1 r ?an y1 & s long z ,i h brea? & /r5g? ,i w nev] #cd cease f my occupation ) philosophy4 ,i w cont9ue ! practice ( acco/+ :omev] ,i meet & say+ to him1 #8,are y n a%am$ ( sett+ y\r he>t on weal? & hon\rs :ile y h no c>e = wisdom & tru? & mak+ y\r s\l bett]8' ,i "k n :at dea? is--x may be a good ?+1 & ,i am n afraid ( x4 ,b ,i d "k t x is a bad ?+ to des]t "o's po/ & ,i pref] :at may be good to :at ,i "k to be bad40 7#b7 ,he insi/s on ! public value ( free discussion4 8,9 me y h a /imulat+ critic1 p]si/5tly urg+ y ) p]suasion & reproa*es1 p]si/5tly te/+ y\r op9ions & try+ to %[ y t y are really ignorant ( :at y suppose y "k4 ,daily discussion ( ! matt]s ab\t :i* y he> me conv]s+ is ! highe/ good = man4 ,life t is n te/$ by su* discussion is n wor? liv+40 ,?us 9 :at we may call ! e>lie/ ju/ification ( lib]ty ( ?\ght we h two significant claims affirm$3 ! indefeasible "r ( ! consci5ce ( ! individual --a claim on :i* lat] /ruggles = lib]ty 7 to turn2 & ! social importance ( discussion & criticism4 ,! =m] claim is n bas$ on argum5t b on intuition2 x re/s 9 fact on ! assumption #ce ( "s sort ( sup]human moral pr9ciple1 & to ^? :o1 n hav+ ! same p]sonal exp]i5ce z ,socrates1 reject ?is assumption1 8 plead+ does n c>ry weight4 ,! second claim1 aft] ! exp]i5ce ( m ?an #b1jjj ye>s1 c be =mulat$ m compreh5sively n[ ) be>+s ( :i* he did n dream4 ,! circum/ances ( ! trial ( ,socrates illu/rate bo? ! tol]ance & ! intol]ance :i* prevail$ at ,a!ns4 ,8 long immunity1 ! fact t he 0 at la/ indict$ f political motives & p]haps p]sonal also1 ! l>ge m9ority 9 8 fav\r1 all %[ t ?\ght 0 normally free1 & t ! mass ( intol]ance :i* exi/$ 0 only fitfully invok$1 & p]haps mo/ (t5 to s]ve o!r purposes4 ,i may m5tion ! case ( ! philosoph] ,ari/otle1 :o "s sev5ty ye>s lat] left ,a!ns because he 0 m5ac$ by a prosecution = blasphemy1 ! *>ge be+ a pretext = attack+ "o :o belong$ to a c]ta9 political p>ty4 ,! p]secution ( op9ion 0 nev] organiz$4 ,x may seem curi\s t to f9d ! p]secut+ _s 9 ,greece we h to turn to ! philosoph]s4 ,plato1 ! mo/ brilliant disciple ( ,socrates1 con/ruct$ 9 8 lat] ye>s an ideal ,/ate4 ,9 ?is ,/ate he in/itut$ #cf a religion consid]ably diff]5t f ! curr5t religion1 & propos$ to compel all ! citiz5s to believe 9 8 gods on pa9 ( dea? or imprisonm5t4 ,all fre$om ( discussion 0 exclud$ "u ! ca/-iron sy/em :i* he conceiv$4 ,b ! po9t ( int]e/ 9 8 attitude is t he did n c>e mu* :e!r a religion 0 true1 b only :e!r x 0 morally useful2 he 0 prep>$ to promote morality by edify+ fables2 & he condemn$ ! popul> my?ology n because x 0 false1 b because x did n make = righte\sness4 ,! outcome ( ! l>ge fre$om p]mitt$ at ,a!ns 0 a s]ies ( philosophies :i* _h a common s\rce 9 ! conv]sations ( ,socrates4 ,plato1 ,ari/otle1 ! ,/oics1 ! ,epicureans1 ! ,sceptics--x may be ma9ta9$ t ! ef=ts ( ?\ght repres5t$ by ^! names h _h a deep] influ5ce on ! progress ( man ?an any o!r cont9u\s intellectual movem5t1 at lea/ until ! rise ( mod]n sci5ce 9 a new epo* ( lib]ty4 ,! doctr9es ( ! ,epicureans1 ,/oics1 & ,sceptics all aim$ at secur+ peace & guidance = ! individual s\l4 ,!y 7 widely propagat$ ?r\gh\t ! ,greek _w f ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c41 & we may say t f ?is "t onw>d mo/ #cg well-educat$ ,greeks 7 m or less rationali/s4 ,! tea*+ ( ,epicurus _h a di/9ct anti-religi\s t5d5cy4 ,he consid]$ fe> to be ! fundam5tal motive ( religion1 & to free m5's m9ds f ?is fe> 0 a pr9cipal object ( 8 tea*+4 ,he 0 a ,mat]iali/1 expla9+ ! _w by ! atomic !ory ( ,democritus & d5y+ any div9e gov]nm5t ( ! univ]se4 #b ,he did inde$ hold ! exi/5ce ( gods1 b1 s f> z m5 are conc]n$1 8 gods are z if !y 7 n--liv+ 9 "s remote abode & enjoy+ a 8sacr$ & ev]la/+ calm40 ,!y j s]v$ z an example ( ! realization ( ! ideal ,epicurean life4 ,!re 0 some?+ 9 ?is philosophy :i* _h ! p[] to inspire a poet ( s+ul> g5ius to exp\nd x 9 v]se4 ,! ,roman ,lucretius 7fir/ c5tury ,b4,c47 reg>d$ ,epicurus z ! great deliv]] ( ! human race & det]m9$ to proclaim ! glad tid+s ( 8 philosophy 9 a poem ,on ! ,nature ( ! ,_w4 #c ,) all ! f]v\r #ch ( a religi\s en?usia/ he d5\nces religion1 s\nd+ e note ( defiance1 loa?+1 & contempt1 & br&+ 9 burn+ words ! crimes to :i* x _h urg$ man on4 ,he rides =? z a lead] ( ! ho/s ( a!ism aga9/ ! walls ( heav54 ,he expla9s ! sci5tific argum5ts z if !y 7 ! radiant revelation ( a new _w2 & ! rapture ( 8 en?usiasm is a /range accompanim5t ( a doctr9e :i* aim$ at p]fect calm4 ,al?\gh ! ,greek ?9k]s _h done all ! "w & ! ,lat9 poem is a hymn ( triumph ov] pro/rate deities1 yet 9 ! lit]ature ( free ?\ght x mu/ always hold an em95t place by ! s9c]ity ( its audaci\s1 defiant _s4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( rationalism its int]e/ w\ld be great] if x _h explod$ 9 ! mid/ ( an or?odox community4 ,b ! educat$ ,romans 9 ! days ( ,lucretius 7 sceptical 9 religi\s matt]s1 "s ( !m 7 ,epicureans1 & we may suspect t n _m ( ^? :o read x 7 %ock$ or influ5c$ by ! audacities ( ! *ampion ( irreligion4 ,! ,/oic philosophy made notable contributions to ! cause ( lib]ty & c\ld h>dly h fl\ri%$ 9 an atmosph]e :]e discussion 0 n free4 ,x ass]t$ ! rights ( individuals aga9/ public #ci au?ority4 ,socrates _h se5 t laws may be unju/ & t peoples may g wrong1 b he _h f\nd no pr9ciple = ! guidance ( society4 ,! ,/oics discov]$ x 9 ! law ( nature1 prior & sup]ior to all ! cu/oms & writt5 laws ( peoples1 & ?is doctr9e1 spread+ outside ,/oic circles1 caught hold ( ! ,roman _w & affect$ ,roman legislation4 ,^! philosophies h c>ri$ u f ,greece to ,rome4 ,9 ! lat] ,roman ,republic & ! e>ly ,empire1 no re/rictions 7 impos$ on op9ion1 & ^! philosophies1 :i* made ! individual ! fir/ consid]ation1 spread widely4 ,mo/ ( ! lead+ m5 7 unbeliev]s 9 ! (ficial religion ( ! ,/ate1 b !y consid]$ x valuable = ! purpose ( keep+ ! un$ucat$ populace 9 ord]4 ,a ,greek hi/orian expresses high approval ( ! ,roman policy ( cultivat+ sup]/ition = ! b5efit ( ! masses4 ,?is 0 ! attitude ( ,cic]o1 & ! view t a false religion is indisp5sable z a social ma*9e 0 g5]al among anci5t unbeliev]s4 ,x is common1 9 "o =m or ano!r1 to-day2 at lea/1 religions are con/antly def5d$ on ! gr\nd n ( tru? b ( utility4 ,?is def5ce belongs to ! /atecraft ( ,ma*iavelli1 :o taught t religion is necess>y = gov]nm5t1 #dj & t x may be ! duty ( a rul] to support a religion :i* he believes to be false4 ,a ^w mu/ be said ( ,lucian 7second c5tury ,a4,d471 ! la/ ,greek man ( lett]s ^: writ+s appeal to ev]ybody4 ,he attack$ ! popul> my?ology ) op5 ridicule4 ,x is impossible to say :e!r 8 satires _h any effect at ! "t beyond af=d+ enjoym5t to educat$ infidels :o read !m4 ,zeus 9 a ,trag$y ,"p is "o ( ! mo/ effective4 ,! situation :i* ,lucian imag9$ "h w\ld be p>allel$ if a mod]n writ] 7 blasphem\sly to repres5t ! ,p]sons ( ! ,tr9ity ) "s em95t angels & sa9ts discuss+ 9 a cele/ial smoke-room ! al>m+ gr[? ( unbelief 9 ,engl& & !n by means ( a telephonic app>atus ov]he>+ a dispute betwe5 a free?9k] & a p>son on a public plat=m 9 ,london4 ,! absurdities ( an?ropomorphism h nev] be5 ! subject ( m brilliant je/+ ?an 9 ,lucian's satires4 ,! g5]al rule ( ,roman policy 0 to tol]ate ?r\gh\t ! ,empire all religions & all op9ions4 ,blasphemy 0 n puni%$4 ,! pr9ciple 0 express$ 9 ! maxim ( ! ,emp]or ,tib]ius3 8,if ! gods are insult$1 let !m see to x !mselves40 ,an exception to ! rule ( tol]ance #da 0 made 9 ! case ( ! ,*ri/ian sect1 & ! treatm5t ( ?is ,ori5tal religion may be said to h inaugurat$ religi\s p]secution 9 ,europe4 ,x is a matt] ( int]e/ to und]/& :y ,emp]ors :o 7 able1 humane1 & n 9 ! lea/ fanatical1 adopt$ ?is exceptional policy4 ,= a long "t ! ,*ri/ians 7 only kn[n to ^? ,romans :o happ5$ to he> ( !m1 z a sect ( ! ,jews4 ,! ,jewi% 0 ! "o religion :i*1 on acc\nt ( its exclusiv5ess & intol]ance1 0 reg>d$ by ! tol]ant pagans ) disfav\r & suspicion4 ,b ?\gh x sometimes came into collision ) ! ,roman au?orities & "s ill-advis$ attacks ^u x 7 made1 x 0 ! con/ant policy ( ! ,emp]ors to let x alone & to protect ! ,jews aga9/ ! hatr$ :i* _! own fanaticism ar\s$4 ,b :ile ! ,jewi% religion 0 endur$ s long z x 0 conf9$ to ^? :o 7 born into x1 ! prospect ( its dissem9ation rais$ a new "q4 ,grave misgiv+s might arise 9 ! m9d ( a rul] at see+ a cre$ spread+ :i* 0 aggressively ho/ile to all ! o!r cre$s ( ! _w--cre$s :i* liv$ toge!r 9 amity--& _h e>n$ = its adh]5ts ! reputation ( be+ ! enemies ( ! human race4 ,might n its expansion #db beyond ! ,israelites involve ultimately a dang] to ! ,empire8 ,= its _s 0 incompatible ) ! traditions & basis ( ,roman society4 ,! ,emp]or ,domitian seems to h se5 ! "q 9 ?is light1 & he took sev]e measures to h9d] ! proselytiz+ ( ,roman citiz5s4 ,"s ( ^? :om he /ruck may h be5 ,*ri/ians1 b if he 0 aw>e ( ! di/9ction1 !re 0 f 8 po9t ( view no diff]5ce4 ,*ri/ianity resembl$ ,judaism1 f :i* x sprang1 9 intol]ance & 9 ho/ility t[>ds ,roman society1 b x diff]$ by ! fact t x made _m proselytes :ile ,judaism made few4 ,"u ,trajan we f9d t ! pr9ciple has be5 laid d[n t to be a ,*ri/ian is an (f5ce puni%able by dea?4 ,h5ce=w>d ,*ri/ianity rema9$ an illegal religion4 ,b 9 practice ! law 0 n appli$ rigor\sly or logically4 ,! ,emp]ors desir$1 if possible1 to extirpate ,*ri/ianity )\t %$d+ blood4 ,trajan laid d[n t ,*ri/ians 7 n to be s\ght out1 t no anonym\s *>ges 7 to be notic$1 & t an in=m] :o fail$ to make good 8 *>ge %\ld be liable to be puni%$ "u ! laws aga9/ calumny4 ,*ri/ians !mselves recogniz$ t ?is edict practically protect$ !m4 ,!re 7 #dc "s executions 9 ! second c5tury--n _m t are well atte/$--& ,*ri/ians c\rt$ ! pa9 & glory ( m>tyrdom4 ,!re is evid5ce to %[ t :5 !y 7 arre/$ _! escape 0 (t5 conniv$ at4 ,9 g5]al1 ! p]secution ( ! ,*ri/ians 0 r provok$ by ! populace ?an desir$ by ! au?orities4 ,! populace felt a horror ( ?is my/]i\s ,ori5tal sect :i* op5ly hat$ all ! gods & pray$ = ! de/ruction ( ! _w4 ,:5 floods1 fam9es1 & especially fires occurr$ !y 7 apt to be attribut$ to ! black magic ( ! ,*ri/ians4 ,:5 any "o 0 accus$ ( ,*ri/ianity1 he 0 requir$1 z a means ( te/+ ! tru? ( ! *>ge1 to (f] inc5se to ! gods or to ! /atues ( deifi$ ,emp]ors4 ,8 compliance at once exon]at$ him4 ,! objection ( ! ,*ri/ians--!y & ! ,jews 7 ! only objectors--to ! wor%ip ( ! ,emp]ors 01 9 ! eyes ( ! ,romans1 "o ( ! mo/ s9i/] signs t _! religion 0 dang]\s4 ,! purpose ( ?is wor%ip 0 to symbolize ! unity & solid>ity ( an ,empire :i* embrac$ s _m peoples ( diff]5t beliefs & diff]5t gods2 its int5tion 0 political1 to promote union & loyalty2 & x is n surpris+ t ^? :o d5\nc$ x %\ld #dd be suspect$ ( a disloyal _s4 ,b x mu/ be not$ t !re 0 no necessity = any citiz5 to take "p 9 ?is wor%ip4 ,no con=mity 0 requir$ f any inhabitants ( ! ,empire :o 7 n s]v+ ! ,/ate z soldi]s or civil function>ies4 ,?us ! effect 0 to deb> ,*ri/ians f milit>y & (ficial c>e]s4 ,! ,apologies = ,*ri/ianity :i* appe>$ at ?is p]iod 7second c5tury7 might h help$1 if ! ,emp]ors 7to :om "s ( !m 7 address$7 _h read !m1 to confirm ! view t x 0 a political dang]4 ,x w\ld h be5 easy to read betwe5 ! l9es t1 if ! ,*ri/ians ev] got ! upp] h&1 !y w\ld n sp>e ! cults ( ! ,/ate4 ,! contempor>y "w ( ,tatian 7,a ,disc\rse to ! ,greeks7 reveals :at ! ,apologi/s m or less s\ght to disguise1 inv9cible hatr$ t[>ds ! civilization 9 :i* !y liv$4 ,any read] ( ! ,*ri/ian lit]ature ( ! "t c\ld n fail to see t 9 a ,/ate :]e ,*ri/ians _h ! p[] !re w\ld be no tol]ance ( o!r religi\s practices4 #d ,if ! ,emp]ors made an exception to _! tol]ant policy 9 ! case ( ,*ri/ianity1 _! purpose 0 to safegu>d tol]ance4 #de ,9 ! ?ird c5tury ! religion1 ?\gh /ill =bidd51 0 q op5ly tol]at$2 ! ,*ur* organiz$ itself )\t concealm5t2 ecclesia/ical c\ncils assembl$ )\t int]f]5ce4 ,!re 7 "s brief & local attempts at repression1 !re 0 only "o grave p]secution 7begun by ,decius1 ,a4,d4 #bej1 & cont9u$ by ,val]ian74 ,9 fact1 ?r\gh\t ?is c5tury1 !re 7 n _m victims1 ?\gh aft]w>ds ! ,*ri/ians inv5t$ a :ole my?ology ( m>tyrdoms4 ,_m cruelties 7 imput$ to ,emp]ors "u :om we "k t ! ,*ur* enjoy$ p]fect peace4 ,a long p]iod ( civil confusion1 9 :i* ! ,empire seem$ to be tott]+ to its fall1 _h be5 t]m9at$ by ! ,emp]or ,diocletian1 :o1 by 8 radical adm9i/rative re=ms1 help$ to pres]ve ! ,roman p[] 9 its integrity = ano!r c5tury4 ,he desir$ to support 8 "w ( political consolidation by reviv+ ! ,roman _s1 & he attempt$ to infuse new life into ! (ficial religion4 ,to ?is end he det]m9$ to suppress ! gr[+ influ5ce ( ! ,*ri/ians1 :o1 ?\gh a m9ority1 7 v num]\s1 & he organiz$ a p]secution4 ,x 0 long1 cruel & bloody2 x 0 ! mo/ :ole-he>t$1 g5]al & sy/ematic ef=t to cru% ! =bidd5 fai?4 ,x 0 a #df failure1 ! ,*ri/ians 7 n[ too num]\s to be cru%$4 ,aft] ! abdication ( ,diocletian1 ! ,emp]ors :o reign$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! realm did n agree z to ! exp$i5cy ( 8 policy1 & ! p]secution end$ by edicts ( tol]ation 7,a4,d4 #caa & #cac74 ,^! docum5ts h an int]e/ = ! hi/ory ( religi\s lib]ty4 ,! fir/1 issu$ 9 ! ea/]n prov9ces1 ran z foll[s3-- 8,we 7 p>ticul>ly desir\s ( reclaim+ into ! way ( reason & nature ! delud$ ,*ri/ians1 :o _h r5\nc$ ! religion & c]emonies in/itut$ by _! fa!rs &1 presumptu\sly despis+ ! practice ( antiquity1 _h inv5t$ extravagant laws & op9ions accord+ to ! dictates ( _! fancy1 & _h collect$ a v>i\s society f ! diff]5t prov9ces ( our ,empire4 ,! edicts :i* we h publi%$ to en=ce ! wor%ip ( ! gods1 hav+ expos$ _m ( ! ,*ri/ians to dang] & di/ress1 _m hav+ suff]$ dea? & _m m1 :o /ill p]si/ 9 _! impi\s folly1 be+ left de/itute ( any public ex]cise ( religion1 we are dispos$ to ext5d to ^? unhappy m5 ! effects ( our wont$ clem5cy4 ,we p]mit !m1 !re=e1 freely to pr(ess _! private op9ions1 & to assemble 9 _! conv5ticles #dg )\t fe> or mole/ation1 provid$ always t !y pres]ve a due respect to ! e/abli%$ laws & gov]nm5t40 #e ,! second1 ( :i* ,con/ant9e 0 ! au?or1 kn[n z ! ,edict ( ,milan1 0 to a simil> effect1 & bas$ tol]ation on ! ,emp]or's c>e = ! peace & happ9ess ( 8 subjects & on ! hope ( appeas+ ! ,deity ^: seat is 9 heav54 ,! relations betwe5 ! ,roman gov]nm5t & ! ,*ri/ians rais$ ! g5]al "q ( p]secution & fre$om ( consci5ce4 ,a ,/ate1 ) an (ficial religion1 b p]fectly tol]ant ( all cre$s & cults1 f9ds t a society _h aris5 9 its mid/ :i* is uncompromis+ly ho/ile to all cre$s b its own & :i*1 if x _h ! p[]1 w\ld suppress all b its own4 ,! gov]nm5t1 9 self-def5ce1 decides to *eck ! dissem9ation ( ^! subv]sive ideas & makes ! pr(ession ( t cre$ a crime1 n on acc\nt ( its p>ticul> t5ets1 b on acc\nt ( ! social consequ5ces ( ^? t5ets4 ,! memb]s ( ! society _c )\t violat+ _! consci5ces & incurr+ damnation ab&on _! exclusive doctr9e4 ,! pr9ciple ( fre$om ( consci5ce is ass]t$ z sup]ior to all obligations to ! ,/ate1 & ! ,/ate1 confront$ #dh by ?is new claim1 is unable to admit x4 ,p]secution is ! result4 ,ev5 f ! /&po9t ( an or?odox & loyal pagan ! p]secution ( ! ,*ri/ians is indef5sible1 because blood 0 %$ uselessly4 ,9 o!r words1 x 0 a great mi/ake because x 0 unsuccessful4 ,= p]secution is a *oice betwe5 two evils4 ,! alt]natives are viol5ce 7:i* no reasonable def5d] ( p]secution w\ld d5y to be an evil 9 itself7 & ! spread ( dang]\s op9ions4 ,! fir/ is *os5 simply to avoid ! second1 on ! gr\nd t ! second is ! great] evil4 ,b if ! p]secution is n s devis$ & c>ri$ out z to accompli% its end1 !n y h two evils in/ead ( "o1 & no?+ c ju/ify ?is4 ,f _! po9t ( view1 ! ,emp]ors _h good reasons = reg>d+ ,*ri/ianity z dang]\s & anti-social1 b !y %\ld ei!r h let x alone or tak5 sy/ematic measures to de/roy x4 ,if at an e>ly /age !y _h e/abli%$ a dra/ic & sy/ematic inquisition1 !y might possibly h ext]m9at$ x4 ,?is at lea/ w\ld h be5 /atesmanlike4 ,b !y _h no conception ( extreme measures1 & !y did n und]/& --!y _h no exp]i5ce to guide !m --! sort ( problem !y _h to deal )4 ,!y hop$ to succe$ by intimidation4 #di ,_! attempts at suppression 7 vacillat+1 fitful1 & ridicul\sly ineffectual4 ,! lat] p]secutions 7( ,a4,d4 #bej & #cjc7 _h no prospect ( success4 ,x is p>ticul>ly to be obs]v$ t no ef=t 0 made to suppress ,*ri/ian lit]ature4 ,! high] problem :e!r p]secution1 ev5 if x atta9s ! desir$ end1 is ju/ifiable1 0 n consid]$4 ,! /ruggle h+$ on antagonism betwe5 ! consci5ce ( ! individual & ! au?ority & suppos$ int]e/s ( ! ,/ate4 ,x 0 ! "q :i* _h be5 rais$ by ,socrates1 rais$ n[ on a wid] plat=m 9 a m press+ & =midable %ape3 :at is to happ5 :5 ob$i5ce to ! law is inconsi/5t ) ob$i5ce to an invisible ma/]8 ,is x incumb5t on ! ,/ate to respect ! consci5ce ( ! individual at all co/s1 or )9 :at limits8 ,! ,*ri/ians did n attempt a solution1 ! g5]al problem did n int]e/ !m4 ,!y claim$ ! "r ( fre$om exclusively = !mselves f a non-,*ri/ian gov]nm5t2 & x is h>dly go+ too f> to suspect t !y w\ld h applaud$ ! gov]nm5t if x _h suppress$ ! ,gno/ic sects :om !y hat$ & calumniat$4 ,9 any case1 :5 a ,*ri/ian ,/ate 0 e/abli%$1 !y w\ld completely =get ! pr9ciple :i* !y #ej _h invok$4 ,! m>tyrs di$ = consci5ce1 b n = lib]ty4 ,to-day ! greate/ ( ! ,*ur*es dem&s fre$om ( consci5ce 9 ! mod]n ,/ates :i* %e does n control1 b refuses to admit t1 :]e %e _h ! p[]1 x w\ld be incumb5t on h] to conc$e x4 ,if we review ! hi/ory ( classical antiquity z a :ole1 we may almo/ say t fre$om ( ?\ght 0 l ! air m5 brea!d4 ,x 0 tak5 = grant$ & nobody ?\ght ab\t x4 ,if sev5 or eight ?9k]s at ,a!ns 7 p5aliz$ = het]odoxy1 9 "s & p]haps 9 mo/ ( ^! cases het]odoxy 0 only a pretext4 ,!y d n invalidate ! g5]al facts t ! advance ( k 0 n imp$$ by prejudice1 or sci5ce ret>d$ by ! weight ( unsci5tific au?ority4 ,! educat$ ,greeks 7 tol]ant because !y 7 fri5ds ( reason & did n set up any au?ority to ov]rule reason4 ,op9ions 7 n impos$ except by argum5t2 y 7 n expect$ to receive "s 8k+dom ( heav50 l a little *ild1 or to pro/rate y\r intellect be=e an au?ority claim+ to be infallible4 ,b ?is lib]ty 0 n ! result ( a consci\s policy or delib]ate conviction1 & !re=e x 0 prec>i\s4 ,! problems #ea ( fre$om ( ?\ght1 religi\s lib]ty1 tol]ation1 _h n be5 =c$ ^u society & 7 nev] s]i\sly consid]$4 ,:5 ,*ri/ianity confront$ ! ,roman gov]nm5t1 no "o saw t 9 ! treatm5t ( a small1 obscure1 &1 to pagan ?9k]s1 un9t]e/+ or repugnant sect1 a pr9ciple ( ! deepe/ social importance 0 involv$4 ,a long exp]i5ce ( ! !ory & practice ( p]secution 0 requir$ to base securely ! !ory ( fre$om ( ?\ght4 ,! lurid policy ( co]cion :i* ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* adopt$1 & its consequ5ces1 w\ld at la/ compel reason to wre/le ) ! problem & discov] ! ju/ification ( intellectual lib]ty4 ,! _s ( ! ,greeks & ,romans1 alive 9 _! works1 w\ld1 aft] a long p]iod ( obscuration1 aga9 enlight5 ! _w & aid 9 re-e/abli%+ ! reign ( reason1 :i* !y _h c>elessly enjoy$ )\t assur+ its f\ndations4 #a ,?is has be5 %[n v cle>ly by ,pr(essor ,jackson 9 ! article on 8,socrates0 9 ! ,encyclopo$ia ,britannica1 la/ edition4 #b ,he /at$ ! !ological difficulty z to ! orig9 ( evil 9 ?is =m3 ,god ei!r wi%es to aboli% evil & _c1 or c & w n1 or nei!r c nor w1 or bo? c & w4 ,! fir/ ?ree are un?9kable1 if he is a ,god wor?y ( ! "n2 !re=e ! la/ alt]native mu/ be true4 ,:y !n does evil exi/8 ,! inf]5ce is t !re is no ,god1 9 ! s5se ( a gov]nor ( ! _w4 #c ,an admirable appreciation ( ! poem w be f\nd 9 ,r4 ,v4 ,tyrrell's ,lectures on ,lat9 ,poetry4 #d ,= ! evid5ce ( ! ,apologi/s see ,a4 ,b\*-,lecl]cq1 ,religi\s ,intol]ance & ,politics 7,fr5*1 #aiaa7 --a valuable review ( ! :ole subject4 #e ,?is is ,gibbon's translation4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,reason ,,9 ,,prison 7,,! ,,middle ,,ages7 ,,ab\t t5 ye>s aft] ! ,edict ( ,tol]ation1 ,con/ant9e ! ,great adopt$ ,*ri/ianity4 ,?is mom5t\s decision inaugurat$ #eb a mill5nium 9 :i* reason 0 en*a9$1 ?\ght 0 enslav$1 & k made no progress4 ,dur+ ! two c5turies 9 :i* !y _h be5 a =bidd5 sect ! ,*ri/ians _h claim$ tol]ation on ! gr\nd t religi\s belief is volunt>y & n a ?+ :i* c be en=c$4 ,:5 _! fai? became ! pr$om9ant cre$ & _h ! p[] ( ! ,/ate beh9d x1 !y ab&on$ ?is view4 ,!y emb>k$ on ! hopeful ent]prise ( br++ ab\t a complete uni=mity 9 m5's op9ions on ! my/]ies ( ! univ]se1 & began a m or less def9ite policy ( co]c+ ?\ght4 ,?is policy 0 adopt$ by ,emp]ors & ,gov]nm5ts p>tly on political gr\nds2 religi\s divisions1 bitt] z !y 71 seem$ dang]\s to ! unity ( ! ,/ate4 ,b ! fundam5tal pr9ciple lay 9 ! doctr9e t salvation is to be f\nd exclusively 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,! pr(\nd conviction t ^? :o did n believe 9 its doctr9es w\ld be damn$ et]nally1 & t ,god puni%es !ological error z if x 7 ! mo/ he9\s ( crimes1 l$ naturally to p]secution4 ,x 0 a duty to impose on m5 ! only true doctr9e1 see+ t _! own et]nal int]e/s 7 at /ake1 & to h9d] errors f spread+4 ,h]etics 7 m #ec ?an ord9>y crim9als & ! pa9s t man c\ld inflict on !m 7 z no?+ to ! tortures await+ !m 9 hell4 ,to rid ! e>? ( m5 :o1 h[ev] virtu\s1 71 ?r\gh _! religi\s errors1 enemies ( ! ,almighty1 0 a pla9 duty4 ,_! virtues 7 no excuse4 ,we mu/ rememb] t1 accord+ to ! humane doctr9e ( ! ,*ri/ians1 pagan1 t is1 m]ely human1 virtues 7 vices1 & infants :o di$ unbaptiz$ pass$ ! re/ ( "t 9 creep+ on ! floor ( hell4 ,! intol]ance aris+ f su* views c\ld n b diff] 9 k9d & int5sity f any?+ t ! _w _h yet witness$4 ,besides ! logic ( its doctr9es1 ! "* ( its ,sacr$ ,book mu/ also be held p>tly acc\ntable = ! intol]ant pr9ciples ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,x 0 un=tunate t ! e>ly ,*ri/ians _h includ$ 9 _! ,scripture ! ,jewi% writ+s :i* reflect ! ideas ( a l[ /age ( civilization & are full ( savag]y4 ,x w\ld be difficult to say h[ mu* h>m has be5 done1 9 corrupt+ ! morals ( m51 by ! precepts & examples ( inhumanity1 viol5ce1 & bigotry :i* ! rev]5t read] ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 implicitly believ+ 9 its inspiration1 is b\nd to approve4 ,x furni%$ an arm\ry = ! !ory ( #ed p]secution4 ,! tru? is t ,sacr$ ,books are an ob/acle to moral & intellectual progress1 because !y consecrate ! ideas ( a giv5 epo*1 & its cu/oms1 z div9ely appo9t$4 ,*ri/ianity1 by adopt+ books ( a long pa/ age1 plac$ 9 ! pa? ( human developm5t a p>ticul>ly na/y /umbl+-block4 ,x may occur to "o to wond] h[ hi/ory might h be5 alt]$ --alt]$ x surely w\ld h be5--if ! ,*ri/ians _h cut ,jehovah out ( _! programme &1 cont5t ) ! ,new ,te/am5t1 _h reject$ ! inspiration ( ! ,old4 ,"u ,con/ant9e ! ,great & 8 successors1 edict aft] edict fulm9at$ aga9/ ! wor%ip ( ! old pagan gods & aga9/ h]etical ,*ri/ian sects4 ,julian ! ,apo/ate1 :o 9 8 brief reign 7,a4,d4 #cfa-c7 s\ght to revive ! old ord] ( ?+s1 proclaim$ univ]sal tol]ation1 b he plac$ ,*ri/ians at a disadvantage by =bidd+ !m to tea* 9 s*ools4 ,?is 0 only a mom5t>y *eck4 ,paganism 0 f9ally %att]$ by ! sev]e laws ( ,!odosius ,i 7end ( f\r? c5tury74 ,x l+]$ on "h & !re = m ?an ano!r c5tury1 especially at ,rome & ,a!ns1 b _h little importance4 ,! ,*ri/ians 7 m conc]n$ 9 /riv+ among !mselves ?an 9 #ee cru%+ ! pro/rate _s ( antiquity4 ,! execution ( ! h]etic ,priscillian 9 ,spa9 7f\r? c5tury7 inaugurat$ ! puni%m5t ( h]esy by dea?4 ,x is int]e/+ to see a non-,*ri/ian ( ?is age tea*+ ! ,*ri/ian sects t !y %\ld suff] "o ano!r4 ,!mi/ius 9 an address to ! ,emp]or ,val5s urg$ him to repeal 8 edicts aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians ) :om he did n agree1 & exp\nd$ a !ory ( tol]ation4 8,! religi\s beliefs ( individuals are a field 9 :i* ! au?ority ( a gov]nm5t _c be effective2 compliance c only lead to hypocritical pr(essions4 ,e fai? %\ld be all[$2 ! civil gov]nm5t %\ld gov]n or?odox & het]odox to ! common good4 ,god himself pla9ly %[s t he wi%es v>i\s =ms ( wor%ip2 !re are _m roads by :i* "o c rea* him40 ,no fa!r ( ! ,*ur* has be5 m e/eem$ or enjoy$ high] au?ority ?an ,/4 ,augu/9e 7di$ ,a4,d4 #daj74 ,he =mulat$ ! pr9ciple ( p]secution = ! guidance ( future g5]ations1 bas+ x on ! firm f\ndation ( ,scripture--on words us$ by ,jesus ,*ri/ 9 "o ( 8 p>ables1 8,compel !m to come 940 ,till ! end ( ! twelf? c5tury ! ,*ur* work$ h>d to suppress het]odoxies4 ,!re 0 mu* #ef p]secution1 b x 0 n sy/ematic4 ,!re is reason to ?9k t 9 ! pursuit ( h]esy ! ,*ur* 0 ma9ly guid$ by consid]ations ( its temporal int]e/1 & 0 r\s$ to sev]e action only :5 ! spread ( false doctr9e ?reat5$ to r$uce its rev5ues or seem$ a m5ace to society4 ,at ! end ( ! twelf? c5tury ,innoc5t ,,iii became ,pope & "u him ! ,*ur* ( ,we/]n ,europe rea*$ ! height ( its p[]4 ,he & 8 imm$iate successors are responsible = imag9+ & beg9n+ an organiz$ movem5t to sweep h]etics out ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,langu$oc 9 ,s\?we/]n ,france 0 l>gely populat$ by h]etics1 ^: op9ions 7 consid]$ p>ticul>ly (f5sive1 kn[n z ! ,albigeois4 ,!y 7 ! subjects ( ! ,c\nt ( ,t\l\se1 & 7 an indu/ri\s & respectable p4 ,b ! ,*ur* got f> too little money out ( ?is anti- cl]ical population1 & ,innoc5t call$ ^u ! ,c\nt to extirpate h]esy f 8 dom9ion4 ,z he w\ld n obey1 ! ,pope ann\nc$ a ,crusade aga9/ ! ,albigeois1 & (f]$ to all :o w\ld be> a h& ! usual rew>ds grant$ to ,crusad]s1 includ+ absolution f all _! s9s4 ,a s]ies ( sangu9>y w>s foll[$ 9 :i* ! ,engli%man1 ,simon de ,mont=t1 took "p4 ,!re 7 #eg :olesale burn+s & hang+s ( m51 wom5 & *ildr54 ,! resi/ance ( ! p 0 brok5 d[n1 ?\gh ! h]esy 0 n eradicat$1 & ! /ruggle end$ 9 #abbi ) ! complete humiliation ( ! ,c\nt ( ,t\l\se4 ,! important po9t ( ! episode is ?is3 ! ,*ur* introduc$ into ! public law ( ,europe ! new pr9ciple t a sovran held 8 cr[n on ! condition t he %\ld extirpate h]esy4 ,if he hesitat$ to p]secute at ! comm& ( ! ,pope1 he mu/ be co]c$2 8 l&s 7 =feit$2 & 8 dom9ions 7 ?r[n op5 to be seiz$ by any "o :om ! ,*ur* c\ld induce to attack him4 ,! ,popes ?us e/abli%$ a !ocratic sy/em 9 :i* all o!r int]e/s 7 to be subord9at$ to ! gr& duty ( ma9ta9+ ! purity ( ! ,fai?4 ,b 9 ord] to root out h]esy x 0 necess>y to discov] x 9 its mo/ secret retreats4 ,! ,albigeois _h be5 cru%$1 b ! poison ( _! doctr9e 0 n yet de/roy$4 ,! organiz$ sy/em ( se>*+ out h]etics kn[n z ! ,inquisition 0 f\nd$ by ,pope ,gregory ,,ix ab\t ,a4,d4 #abcc1 & fully e/abli%$ by a ,bull ( ,innoc5t ,,iv 7,a4,d4 #abeb7 :i* regulat$ ! ma*9]y ( p]secution 8z an integral "p ( ! social edifice 9 e city & e #eh ,/ate40 ,?is p[]ful eng9e = ! suppression ( ! fre$om ( m5's religi\s op9ions is unique 9 hi/ory4 ,! bi%ops 7 n equal to ! new talk und]tak5 by ! ,*ur*1 & 9 e ecclesia/ical prov9ce suitable monks 7 select$ & to !m 0 delegat$ ! au?ority ( ! ,pope = discov]+ h]etics4 ,^! inquisitors _h unlimit$ au?ority1 !y 7 subject to no sup]vision & responsible to no man4 ,x w\ld n h be5 easy to e/abli% ?is sy/em b = ! fact t contempor>y secul> rul]s _h inaugurat$ indep5d5tly a m]ciless legislation aga9/ h]esy4 ,! ,emp]or ,fr$]ick ,,ii1 :o 0 himself und\bt$ly a free?9k]1 made laws = 8 ext5sive dom9ions 9 ,italy & ,g]many 7betwe5 #abbj & #abce71 enact+ t all h]etics %\ld be outlaw$1 t ^? :o did n recant %\ld be burn$1 ^? :o recant$ %\ld be imprison$1 b if !y relaps$ %\ld be execut$2 t _! prop]ty %\ld be confiscat$1 _! h\ses de/roy$1 & _! *ildr51 to ! second g5]ation1 ineligible to positions ( emolum5t unless !y _h betray$ _! fa!r or "s o!r h]etic4 ,fr$]ick's legislation consecrat$ ! /ake z ! prop] puni%m5t = h]esy4 ,?is #ei cruel =m ( dea? = t crime seems to h be5 fir/ inflict$ on h]etics by a ,fr5* k+ 7#ajag74 ,we mu/ rememb] t 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 & mu* lat]1 crimes ( all k9ds 7 puni%$ ) ! utmo/ cruelty4 ,9 ,engl& 9 ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,viii !re is a case ( prison]s be+ boil$ to dea?4 ,h]esy 0 ! f\le/ ( all crimes2 & to prevail aga9/ x 0 to prevail aga9/ ! legions ( hell4 ,! cruel enactm5ts aga9/ h]etics 7 /rongly support$ by ! public op9ion ( ! masses4 ,:5 ! ,inquisition 0 fully develop$ x cov]$ ,we/]n ,*ri/5dom ) a net f ! me%es ( :i* x 0 difficult = a h]etic to escape4 ,! inquisitors 9 ! v>i\s k+doms co-op]at$1 & communicat$ in=mation2 !re 0 8a *a9 ( tribunals ?r\gh\t cont95tal ,europe40 ,engl& /ood outside ! sy/em1 b f ! age ( ,h5ry ,,iv & ,h5ry ,v ! gov]nm5t repress$ h]esy by ! /ake "u a special /atute 7,a4,d4 #adjj2 repeal$ #aecc2 reviv$ "u ,m>y2 f9ally repeal$ 9 #afgf74 ,9 its task ( impos+ unity ( belief ! ,inquisition 0 mo/ successful 9 ,spa94 ,"h t[>ds ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury a sy/em 0 in/itut$ :i* _h peculi>ities ( its own & 0 v jeal\s ( #fj ,roman int]f]5ce4 ,"o ( ! a*ievem5ts ( ! ,spani% ,inquisition 7:i* 0 n aboli%$ till ! n9ete5? c5tury7 0 to expel ! ,moriscos or conv]t$ ,moors1 :o reta9$ _m ( _! old ,mohamm$an op9ions & cu/oms4 ,x is also said to h eradicat$ ,judaism & to h pres]v$ ! c\ntry f ! zeal ( ,prote/ant mission>ies4 ,b x _c be prov$ t x des]ves ! cr$it ( hav+ protect$ ,spa9 aga9/ ,prote/antism1 = x is q possible t if ! se$s ( ,prote/ant op9ion _h be5 s[n !y w\ld1 9 any case1 h fall5 dead on an uncong5ial soil4 ,fre$om ( ?\ght h[ev] 0 entirely suppress$4 ,"o ( ! mo/ efficaci\s means = hunt+ d[n h]esy 0 ! 8,edict ( ,fai?10 :i* enli/$ ! p 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,inquisition & requir$ e man to be an in=m]4 ,f "t to "t a c]ta9 di/rict 0 visit$ & an edict issu$ comm&+ ^? :o knew any?+ ( any h]esy to come =w>d & reveal x1 "u fe>ful p5alties temporal & spiritual4 ,9 consequ5ce1 no "o 0 free f ! suspicion ( 8 neighb\rs or ev5 ( 8 own family4 8,no m +5i\s device has be5 inv5t$ to subjugate a :ole population1 to p>alyze its intellect1 & to r$uce x #fa to bl9d ob$i5ce4 ,x elevat$ delation to ! rank ( high religi\s duty40 ,! process employ$ 9 ! trials ( ^? accus$ ( h]esy 9 ,spa9 reject$ e reasonable means = ! asc]ta9m5t ( tru?4 ,! prison] 0 assum$ to be guilty1 ! burd5 ( prov+ 8 innoc5ce re/$ on him2 8 judge 0 virtually 8 prosecutor4 ,all witnesses aga9/ him1 h[ev] infam\s1 7 admitt$4 ,! rules = all[+ witnesses = ! prosecution 7 lax2 ^? = reject+ witnesses = ! def5ce 7 rigid4 ,jews1 ,moriscos1 & s]vants c\ld give evid5ce aga9/ ! prison] b n = him1 & ! same rule appli$ to k9sm5 to ! f\r? degree4 ,! pr9ciple on :i* ! ,inquisition proce$$ 0 t bett] a hundr$ innoc5t %\ld suff] ?an "o guilty p]son escape4 ,indulg5ces 7 grant$ to any "o :o contribut$ wood to ! pile4 ,b ! tribunal ( ! ,inquisition did n itself condemn to ! /ake1 = ! ,*ur* mu/ n be guilty ( ! %$d+ ( blood4 ,! ecclesia/ical judge pron\nc$ ! prison] to be a h]etic ( ^: conv]sion !re 0 no hope1 & h&$ him ov] 78relax$0 him 0 ! (ficial t]m7 to ! secul> au?ority1 ask+ & *>g+ ! magi/rate 8to treat him b5ignantly & m]cifully40 ,b ?is #fb =mal plea = m]cy c\ld n be ent]ta9$ by ! civil p[]2 x _h no *oice b to inflict dea?2 if x did o!rwise1 x 0 a promot] ( h]esy4 ,all pr9ces & (ficials1 accord+ to ! ,canon ,law1 mu/ puni% duly & promptly h]etics h&$ ov] to !m by ! ,inquisition1 "u pa9 ( excommunication4 ,x is to be not$ t ! numb] ( dea?s at ! /ake has be5 mu* ov]-e/imat$ by popul> imag9ation2 b ! sum ( suff]+ caus$ by ! me?ods ( ! sy/em & ! puni%m5ts t fell %ort ( dea? c h>dly be exagg]at$4 ,! legal processes employ$ by ! ,*ur* 9 ^! p]secutions ex]cis$ a corrupt+ influ5ce on ! crim9al jurisprud5ce ( ! ,cont95t4 ,lea1 ! hi/orian ( ! ,inquisition1 obs]ves3 8,( all ! curses :i* ! ,inquisition br\ght 9 its tra91 ?is p]haps 0 ! greate/--t1 until ! clos+ ye>s ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ?r\gh\t ! great] "p ( ,europe1 ! inquisitorial process1 z develop$ = ! de/ruction ( h]esy1 became ! cu/om>y me?od ( deal+ ) all :o 7 "u any accusation40 ,! ,inquisitors :o1 z ,gibbon says1 8def5d$ nons5se by cruelties10 are (t5 reg>d$ z mon/]s4 ,x may be said = !m & = ! k+s :o did _! w t #fc !y 7 n a bit worse ?an ! prie/s & mon>*s ( primitive ages :o sacrific$ human be+s to _! deities4 ,! ,greek k+1 ,agamemnon1 :o immolat$ 8 daught] ,iphig5ia to obta9 fav\rable w9ds f ! gods1 0 p]haps a mo/ affectionate fa!r1 & ! se] :o advis$ him to d s may h be5 a man ( high integrity4 ,!y act$ accord+ to _! beliefs4 ,& s 9 ! ,middle ,ages & aft]w>ds m5 ( k9dly temp] & ! pure/ zeal = morality 7 absolutely devoid ( m]cy :]e h]esy 0 suspect$4 ,hatr$ ( h]esy 0 a sort ( infecti\s g]m1 g5]at$ by ! doctr9e ( exclusive salvation4 ,x has be5 obs]v$ t ?is dogma also injur$ ! s5se ( tru?4 ,z man's et]nal fate 0 at /ake1 x seem$ pla9ly legitimate or r imp]ative to use any means to en=ce ! true belief--ev5 falsehood & impo/ure4 ,!re 0 no scruple ab\t ! inv5tion ( miracles or any fictions t 7 edify+4 ,a dis9t]e/$ appreciation ( tru? w n beg9 to prevail till ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,:ile ?is pr9ciple1 ) ! associat$ doctr9es ( s91 hell1 & ! la/ judgm5t1 l$ to su* consequ5ces1 !re 7 o!r doctr9es & implications 9 ,*ri/ianity :i*1 =m+ a solid ramp>t aga9/ ! #fd advance ( k1 block$ ! pa?s ( sci5ce 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 & ob/ruct$ its progress till ! latt] half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,9 e important field ( sci5tific rese>*1 ! gr\nd 0 occupi$ by false views :i* ! ,*ur* decl>$ to be true on ! infallible au?ority ( ! ,bible4 ,! ,jewi% acc\nt ( ,creation & ! ,fall ( ,man1 inextricably b\nd up ) ! ,*ri/ian !ory ( ,r$emption1 exclud$ f free inquiry geology1 zoology1 & an?ropology4 ,! lit]al int]pretation ( ! ,bible involv$ ! tru? t ! sun revolves r\nd ! e>?4 ,! ,*ur* condemn$ ! !ory ( ! antipodes4 ,"o ( ! *>ges aga9/ ,s]vetus 7:o 0 burn$ 9 ! sixte5? c5tury2 see bel[1 p4 #gi7 0 t he believ$ ! /atem5t ( a ,greek geograph] t ,judea is a wret*$ b>r5 c\ntry 9 spite ( ! fact t ! ,bible describes x z a l& fl[+ ) milk & honey4 ,! ,greek physician ,hippocrates _h bas$ ! /udy ( m$ic9e & disease on exp]i5ce & me?odical rese>*4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages m5 relaps$ to ! primitive notions ( a b>b>\s age4 ,bodily ailm5ts 7 ascrib$ to occult ag5cies--! malice ( ! ,devil or ! wra? ( ,god4 ,/4 ,augu/9e said t ! diseases ( ,*ri/ians 7 caus$ by demons1 #fe & ,lu!r 9 ! same way attribut$ !m to ,satan4 ,x 0 only logical t sup]natural rem$ies %\ld be s\ght to c\nt]act ! effects ( sup]natural causes4 ,!re 0 an imm5se traffic 9 relics ) miracul\s virtues1 & ?is _h ! advantage ( br++ 9 a l>ge rev5ue to ! ,*ur*4 ,physicians 7 (t5 expos$ to suspicions ( sorc]y & unbelief4 ,anatomy 0 =bidd51 p>tly p]haps on acc\nt ( ! doctr9e ( ! resurrection ( ! body4 ,! opposition ( ecclesia/ics to inoculation 9 ! eighte5? c5tury 0 a survival ( ! m$iaeval view ( disease4 ,*emi/ry 7al*emy7 0 consid]$ a diabolical art & 9 #acag 0 condemn$ by ! ,pope4 ,! long imprisonm5t ( ,rog] ,bacon 7?irte5? c5tury7 :o1 :ile he pr(ess$ zeal = or?odoxy1 _h an inconv5i5t in/9ct = sci5tific rese>*1 illu/rates ! m$iaeval di/ru/ ( sci5ce4 ,x is possible t ! k ( nature w\ld h progress$ little1 ev5 if ?is di/ru/ ( sci5ce on !ological gr\nds _h n prevail$4 ,= ,greek sci5ce _h ceas$ to advance five hundr$ ye>s be=e ,*ri/ianity became p[]ful4 ,aft] ab\t #bjj ,b4,c4 no important discov]ies 7 made4 ,! explanation ( ?is decay is n easy1 b we may be sure t x is to be s\ght 9 ! #ff social conditions ( ! ,greek & ,roman _w4 ,& we may suspect t ! social conditions ( ! ,middle ,ages w\ld h prov$ unfav\rable to ! sci5tific _s-- ! dis9t]e/$ que/ ( facts--ev5 if ! controll+ beliefs _h n be5 ho/ile4 ,we may suspect t ! rebir? ( sci5ce w\ld 9 any case h be5 po/pon$ till new social conditions1 :i* began to appe> 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury 7see next ,*apt]71 _h rea*$ a c]ta9 maturity4 ,!ological prejudice may h injur$ k pr9cipally by its survival aft] ! ,middle ,ages _h pass$ away4 ,9 o!r words1 ! h>m done by ,*ri/ian doctr9es1 9 ?is respect1 may lie less 9 ! obscurantism ( ! d>k int]val betwe5 anci5t & mod]n civilization1 ?an 9 ! ob/ructions :i* !y (f]$ :5 sci5ce _h reviv$ 9 spite ( !m & c\ld no long] be cru%$4 ,! firm belief 9 wit*craft1 magic1 & demons 0 inh]it$ by ! ,middle ,ages f antiquity1 b x became f> m lurid & made ! _w t]rible4 ,m5 believ$ t !y 7 surr\nd$ by fi5ds wat*+ = e opportunity to h>m !m1 t pe/il5ces1 /orms1 eclipses1 & fam9es 7 ! "w ( ! ,devil2 b !y believ$ z firmly t ecclesia/ical rites 7 capable ( cop+ ) ^! enemies4 ,"s ( ! #fg e>ly ,*ri/ian ,emp]ors legislat$ aga9/ magic1 b till ! f\rte5? c5tury !re 0 no sy/ematic attempt to root out wit*craft4 ,! fe>ful epidemic1 kn[n z ! ,black ,dea?1 :i* deva/at$ ,europe 9 t c5tury1 seems to h aggravat$ ! haunt+ t]ror ( ! invisible _w ( demons4 ,trials = wit*craft multipli$1 & = ?ree hundr$ ye>s ! discov]y ( wit*craft & ! de/ruction ( ^? :o 7 accus$ ( practis+ x1 *iefly wom51 0 a /&+ feature ( ,european civilization4 ,bo? ! !ory & ! p]secution 7 support$ by ,holy ,scripture4 8,?\ %alt n suff] a wit* to live0 0 ! cle> injunction ( ! highe/ au?ority4 ,pope ,innoc5t ,,viii issu$ a ,bull on ! matt] 7#adhd7 9 :i* he ass]t$ t plagues & /orms are ! "w ( wit*es1 & ! able/ m9ds believ$ 9 ! reality ( _! devili% p[]s4 ,no /ory is m pa9ful ?an ! p]secution ( wit*es1 & n[h]e 0 x m atroci\s ?an 9 ,engl& & ,scotl&4 ,i m5tion x because x 0 ! direct result ( !ological doctr9es1 & because1 z we %all see1 x 0 rationalism :i* br\ght ! long *apt] ( horrors to an end4 ,9 ! p]iod1 !n1 9 :i* ! ,*ur* ex]cis$ its greate/ influ5ce1 reason 0 #fh en*a9$ 9 ! prison :i* ,*ri/ianity _h built ar\nd ! human m9d4 ,x 0 n inde$ inactive1 b its activity took ! =m ( h]esy2 or1 to pursue ! metaphor1 ^? :o broke *a9s 7 unable = ! mo/ "p to scale ! walls ( ! prison2 _! fre$om ext5d$ only s f> z to arrive at beliefs1 :i*1 l or?odoxy itself1 7 bas$ on ,*ri/ian my?ology4 ,!re 7 "s exceptions to ! rule4 ,at ! end ( ! twelf? c5tury a /imulus f ano!r _w began to make itself felt4 ,! philosophy ( ,ari/otle became kn[n to le>n$ m5 9 ,we/]n ,*ri/5dom2 _! tea*]s 7 ,jews & ,mohamm$ans4 ,among ! ,mohamm$ans !re 0 a c]ta9 am\nt ( free ?\ght1 provok$ by _! k ( anci5t ,greek speculation4 ,! works ( ! free?9k] ,av]roes 7twelf? c5tury7 :i* 7 bas$ on ,ari/otle's philosophy1 propagat$ a small wave ( rationalism 9 ,*ri/ian c\ntries4 ,av]roes held ! et]nity ( matt] & d5i$ ! immortality ( ! s\l2 8 g5]al view may be describ$ z pan!ism4 ,b he s\ght to avoid difficulties ) ! or?odox au?orities ( ,islam by lay+ d[n ! doctr9e ( d\ble tru?1 t is ! coexi/5ce ( two indep5d5t & contradictory tru?s1 ! "o philosophical1 & ! o!r religi\s4 ,?is #fi did n save him f be+ bani%$ f ! c\rt ( ! ,spani% caliph4 ,9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is 8 tea*+ produc$ a s*ool ( free?9k]s :o held t ! ,creation1 ! resurrection ( ! body1 & o!r ess5tial dogmas1 might be true f ! /&po9t ( religion b are false f ! /&po9t ( reason4 ,to a pla9 m9d ?is seems mu* z if "o said t ! doctr9e ( immortality is true on ,sundays b n on week-days1 or t ! ,apo/les' ,cre$ is false 9 ! draw+-room & true 9 ! kit*54 ,?is dang]\s movem5t 0 cru%$1 & ! sav+ pr9ciple ( d\ble tru? condemn$1 by ,pope ,john ,,xxi4 ,! spread ( ,av]roi/ic & simil> speculations call$ =? ! ,!ology ( ,?omas1 ( ,aqu9o 9 ,s\? ,italy 7di$ #abgd71 a mo/ subtle ?9k]1 ^: m9d _h a natural turn = scepticism4 ,he enli/$ ,ari/otle1 hi!rto ! guide ( infidelity1 on ! side ( or?odoxy1 & con/ruct$ an +5i\s ,*ri/ian philosophy :i* is /ill au?oritative 9 ! ,roman ,*ur*4 ,b ,ari/otle & reason are dang]\s allies = fai?1 & ! treatise ( ,?omas is p]haps m calculat$ to unsettle a believ+ m9d by ! d\bts :i* x p[]fully /ates ?an to quiet ! scruples ( a d\bt] by its solutions4 ,!re mu/ always h be5 "s private #gj & und]gr\nd unbelief "h & !re1 :i* did n lead to any s]i\s consequ5ces4 ,! blasphem\s /atem5t t ! _w _h be5 deceiv$ by ?ree impo/ors1 ,moses1 ,jesus1 & ,mohamm$1 0 curr5t 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,x 0 attribut$ to ! free?9k+ ,emp]or ,fr$]ick ,,ii 7di$ #abej71 :o has be5 describ$ z 8! fir/ mod]n man40 ,! same idea1 9 a mild] =m1 0 express$ 9 ! /ory ( ! ,?ree ,r+s1 :i* is at lea/ z old4 ,a ,mohamm$an rul]1 desir+ to extort money f a ri* ,jew1 summon$ him to 8 c\rt & laid a sn>e = him4 8,my fri5d10 he said1 8,i h (t5 he>d x report$ t ?\ art a v wise man4 ,tell me !re=e :i* ( ! ?ree religions1 t ( ! ,jews1 t ( ! ,mohamm$ans1 & t ( ! ,*ri/ians1 ?\ believe/ to be ! true/40 ,! ,jew saw t a trap 0 laid = him & answ]$ z foll[s3 8,my "l1 !re 0 once a ri* man :o among 8 treasures _h a r+ ( su* great value t he wi%$ to leave x z a p]petual heirloom to 8 successors4 ,s he made a w t :i*ev] ( 8 sons %\ld be f\nd 9 possession ( ?is r+ aft] 8 dea? %\ld be consid]$ 8 heir4 ,! son to :om he gave ! r+ act$ 9 ! same way z 8 fa!r1 & s ! r+ pass$ f h& to #ga h&4 ,at la/ x came into ! possession ( a man :o _h ?ree sons :om he lov$ equally4 ,unable to make up 8 m9d to :i* ( !m he %\ld leave ! r+1 he promis$ x to ea* ( !m privately1 & !n 9 ord] to satisfy !m all caus$ a goldsmi? to make two o!r r+s s closely resembl+ ! true r+ t he 0 unable to di/+ui% !m himself4 ,on 8 dea?-b$ he gave ea* ( !m a r+1 & ea* claim$ to be 8 heir1 b no "o c\ld prove 8 title because ! r+s 7 indi/+ui%able1 & ! suit at law la/s till ?is day4 ,x is ev5 s1 my "l1 ) ! ?ree religions1 giv5 by ,god to ! ?ree peoples4 ,!y ea* ?9k !y h ! true religion1 b :i* ( !m really has x1 is a "q1 l t ( ! r+s1 /ill undecid$40 ,?is sceptical /ory became fam\s 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 :5 ! ,g]man poet1 ,less+1 built ^u x 8 drama ,na?an ! ,sage1 :i* 0 int5d$ to %[ ! unreasonabl5ess ( intol]ance4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,prospect ,,( ,,deliv]ance 7,,! ,,r5aissance ,,& ,,! ,,re=mation7 ,,! intellectual & social movem5t :i* 0 to dispel ! d>kness ( ! #gb ,middle ,ages & prep>e ! way = ^? :o w\ld ultimately deliv] reason f h] prison1 began 9 ,italy 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,! mi/y veil wov5 ( cr$ulity & infantile navet :i* _h hung ov] m5's s\ls & protect$ !m f und]/&+ ei!r !mselves or _! relation to ! _w began to lift4 ,! individual began to feel 8 sep>ate individuality1 to be consci\s ( 8 own value z a p]son ap>t f 8 race or c\ntry 7z 9 ! lat] ages ( ,greece & ,rome72 & ! _w ar\nd him began to em]ge f ! mi/s ( m$iaeval dreams4 ,! *ange 0 due to ! political & social conditions ( ! little ,italian ,/ates1 ( :i* "s 7 republics & o!rs gov]n$ by tyrants4 ,to ! human _w1 ?us unveil+ itself1 ! individual :o s\ght to make x s]ve 8 purposes requir$ a guide2 & ! guide 0 f\nd 9 ! anci5t lit]ature ( ,greece & ,rome4 ,h5ce ! :ole trans=mation1 :i* pres5tly ext5d$ f ,italy to ,nor!rn ,europe1 is kn[n z ! ,r5aissance1 or rebir? ( classical antiquity4 ,b ! awak5$ int]e/ 9 classical lit]ature :ile x col\r$ ! "* & /imulat$ ! gr[? ( ! movem5t1 supply+ new ideals & sugge/+ new po9ts ( view1 0 only ! =m 9 :i* ! *ange ( _s #gc began to express itself 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,! *ange might conceivably h tak5 "s o!r %ape4 ,its true "n is ,humanism4 ,at ! "t m5 h>dly felt t !y 7 pass+ into a new age ( civilization1 nor did ! culture ( ! ,r5aissance imm$iately produce any op5 or g5]al intellectual rebellion aga9/ or?odox beliefs4 ,! _w 0 gradually assum+ an aspect decid$ly unfri5dly to ! tea*+ ( m$iaeval or?odoxy2 b !re 0 no explosion ( ho/ility2 x 0 n till ! sev5te5? c5tury t w> betwe5 religion & au?ority 0 sy/ematically wag$4 ,! humani/s 7 n ho/ile to !ological au?ority or to ! claims ( religi\s dogma2 b !y _h discov]$ a purely human curiosity ab\t ?is _w & x absorb$ _! int]e/4 ,!y idoliz$ pagan lit]ature :i* ab\nd$ 9 poison\s g]ms2 ! secul> side ( education became all-important2 religion & !ology 7 kept 9 a sep>ate comp>tm5t4 ,"s speculative m9ds1 :i* 7 s5sitive to ! contradiction1 might seek to reconcile ! old religion ) new ideas2 b ! g5]al t5d5cy ( ?9k]s 9 ! ,r5aissance p]iod 0 to keep ! two worlds di/9ct1 & to practise outw>d con=mity to ! cre$ )\t any real intellectual submission4 #gd ,i may illu/rate ?is d\ble-fac$ness ( ! ,r5aissance by ,montaigne 7second half ( sixte5? c5tury74 ,8 ,essays make = rationalism1 b conta9 frequ5t pr(essions ( or?odox ,ca?olicism1 9 :i* he 0 p]fectly s9c]e4 ,!re is no attempt to reconcile ! two po9ts ( view2 9 fact1 he takes ! sceptical position t !re is no bridge betwe5 reason & religion4 ,! human intellect is incapable 9 ! doma9 ( !ology1 & religion mu/ be plac$ al(t1 out ( rea* & beyond ! int]f]5ce ( reason2 to be humbly accept$4 ,b :ile he humbly accept$ x1 on sceptical gr\nds :i* w\ld h induc$ him to accept ,mohammadanism if he _h be5 born 9 ,cairo1 8 s\l 0 n 9 its dom9ion4 ,x 0 ! philosoph]s & wise m5 ( antiquity1 ,cic]o1 & ,s5eca1 & ,plut>*1 :o m\ld$ & possess$ 8 m9d4 ,x is to !m1 & n to ! consolations ( ,*ri/ianity1 t he turns :5 he discusses ! problem ( dea?4 ,! religi\s w>s 9 ,france :i* he witness$ & ! ,massacre ( ,/4 ,b>?olomew's ,day 7#aegb7 7 calculat$ to confirm him 9 8 scepticism4 ,8 attitude to p]secution is express$ 9 ! rem>k t 8x is sett+ a high value on "o's op9ions to roa/ m5 on acc\nt ( !m40 ,! logical results ( ,montaigne's scepticism #ge 7 made visible by 8 fri5d ,*>ron1 :o publi%$ a book ,on ,wisdom 9 #afja4 ,"h x is taught t true morality is n f\nd$ on religion1 & ! au?or surveys ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity to %[ ! evils :i* x _h produc$4 ,he says ( immortality t x is ! mo/ g5]ally receiv$ doctr9e1 ! mo/ usefully believ$1 & ! mo/ weakly e/abli%$ by human reasons2 b he modifi$ ?is & "s o!r passages 9 a second edition4 ,a contempor>y ,jesuit plac$ ,*>ron 9 ! catalogue ( ! mo/ dang]\s & wick$ a!i/s4 ,he 0 really a dei/2 b 9 ^? days1 & long aft]1 no "o scrupl$ to call a non- ,*ri/ian dei/ an a!i/4 ,8 book w\ld d\btless h be5 suppress$ & he w\ld h suff]$ b = ! support ( ,k+ ,h5ry ,,iv4 ,x has a p>ticul> int]e/ because x transports u directly f ! atmosph]e ( ! ,r5aissance1 repres5t$ by ,montaigne1 into ! new age ( m or less aggressive rationalism4 ,:at ,humanism did 9 ! f\rte5?1 fifte5?1 & sixte5? c5turies1 at fir/ 9 ,italy1 !n 9 o!r c\ntries1 0 to create an intellectual atmosph]e 9 :i* ! emancipation ( reason c\ld beg9 & k c\ld resume its progress4 ,! p]iod saw ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ & #gf ! discov]y ( new p>ts ( ! globe1 & ^! ?+s 7 to aid p[]fully 9 ! future defeat ( au?ority4 ,b ! triumph ( fre$om dep5d$ on o!r causes also2 x 0 n to be br\ght ab\t by ! intellect alone4 ,! *ief political facts ( ! p]iod 7 ! decl9e ( ! p[] ( ! ,pope 9 ,europe1 ! decay ( ! ,holy ,roman ,empire1 & ! gr[? ( /rong mon>*ies1 9 :i* worldly int]e/s det]m9$ & dictat$ ecclesia/ical policy1 & f :i* ! mod]n ,/ate 0 to develop4 ,! success ( ! ,re=mation 0 made possible by ^! conditions4 ,its victory 9 ,nor? ,g]many 0 due to ! secul> int]e/ ( ! pr9ces1 :o pr(it$ by ! confiscation ( ,*ur* l&s4 ,9 ,engl& !re 0 no popul> movem5t2 ! *ange 0 c>ri$ ?r\gh by ! gov]nm5t = its own purposes4 ,! pr9cipal cause ( ! ,re=mation 0 ! g5]al corruption ( ! ,*ur* & ! flagrancy ( its oppression4 ,= a long "t ! ,papacy _h _h no high] aim ?an to be a secul> p[] exploit+ its spiritual au?ority = ! purpose ( promot+ its worldly int]e/s1 by :i* x 0 exclusively gov]n$4 ,all ! ,european ,/ates bas$ _! diplomacy on ?is assumption4 ,s9ce ! f\rte5? c5tury e "o ackn[l$g$ #gg ! ne$ ( re=m+ ! ,*ur*1 & re=m _h be5 promis$1 b ?+s w5t f bad to worse1 & !re 0 no res\rce b rebellion4 ,! rebellion l$ by ,lu!r 0 ! result n ( a revolt ( reason aga9/ dogmas1 b ( widely spread anti-cl]ical feel+ due to ! ecclesia/ical me?ods ( extort+ money1 p>ticul>ly by ! sale ( ,indulg5ces1 ! mo/ gl>+ abuse ( ! "t4 ,x 0 8 /udy ( ! !ory ( ,papal ,indulg5ces t l$ ,lu!r on to 8 !ological h]esies4 ,x is an elem5t>y error1 b "o :i* is /ill %>$ by _m p :o h read hi/ory sup]ficially1 t ! ,re=mation e/abli%$ religi\s lib]ty & ! "r ( private judgm5t4 ,:at x did 0 to br+ ab\t a new set ( political & social conditions1 "u :i* religi\s lib]ty c\ld ultimately be secur$1 &1 by virtue ( its inh]5t inconsi/5cies1 to lead to results at :i* its lead]s w\ld h %udd]$4 ,b no?+ 0 fur!r f ! m9ds ( ! lead+ ,re=m]s ?an ! tol]ation ( doctr9es diff]+ f _! own4 ,!y replac$ "o au?ority by ano!r4 ,!y set up ! au?ority ( ! ,bible in/ead ( t ( ! ,*ur*1 b x 0 ! ,bible accord+ to ,lu!r or ! ,bible accord+ to ,calv94 ,s f> z ! _s ( intol]ance w5t1 !re #gh 0 no?+ to *oose betwe5 ! new & ! old ,*ur*es4 ,! religi\s w>s 7 n = ! cause ( fre$om1 b = p>ticul> sets ( doctr9es2 & 9 ,france1 if ! ,prote/ants _h be5 victori\s1 x is c]ta9 t !y w\ld n h giv5 m lib]al t]ms to ! ,ca?olics ?an ! ,ca?olics gave to !m4 ,lu!r 0 q oppos$ to lib]ty ( consci5ce & wor%ip1 a doctr9e :i* 0 inconsi/5t ) ,scripture z he read x4 ,he might prote/ aga9/ co]cion & condemn ! burn+ ( h]etics1 :5 he 0 9 fe> t he & 8 p>ty might be victims1 b :5 he 0 safe & 9 p[]1 he ass]t$ 8 real view t x 0 ! duty ( ! ,/ate to impose ! true doctr9e & ext]m9ate h]esy1 :i* 0 an abom9ation1 t unlimit$ ob$i5ce to _! pr9ce 9 religi\s z 9 o!r matt]s 0 ! duty ( subjects1 & t ! end ( ! ,/ate 0 to def5d ! fai?4 ,he held t ,anabapti/s %\ld be put to ! sword4 ,) ,prote/ants & ,ca?olics alike ! dogma ( exclusive salvation l$ to ! same place4 ,calv9's fame = intol]ance is blacke/4 ,he did n1 l ,lu!r1 advocate ! absolute p[] ( ! civil rul]2 he /ood = ! control ( ! ,/ate by ! ,*ur*--a =m ( gov]nm5t :i* is commonly call$ !ocracy2 #gi & he e/abli%$ a !ocracy at ,g5eva4 ,"h lib]ty 0 completely cru%$2 false doctr9es 7 put d[n by imprisonm5t1 exile1 & dea?4 ,! puni%m5t ( ,s]vetus is ! mo/ fam\s exploit ( ,calv9's w>f>e aga9/ h]esy4 ,! ,spani>d ,s]vetus1 :o _h writt5 aga9/ ! dogma ( ! ,tr9ity1 0 imprison$ at ,lyons 7p>tly ?r\gh ! ma*9ations ( ,calv97 & hav+ escap$ came ra%ly to ,g5eva4 ,he 0 tri$ = h]esy & committ$ to ! flames 7#aeec71 ?\gh ,g5eva _h no jurisdiction ov] him4 ,melan*?on1 :o =mulat$ ! pr9ciples ( p]secution1 prais$ ?is act z a memorable example to po/]ity4 ,po/]ity h[ev] 0 "o day to be a%am$ ( t example4 ,9 #aijc ! ,calv9i/s ( ,g5eva felt impell$ to erect an expiatory monum5t1 9 :i* ,calv9 8our great ,re=m]0 is excus$ z guilty ( an error 8:i* 0 t ( 8 c5tury40 ,?us ! ,re=m]s1 l ! ,*ur* f :i* !y p>t$1 c>$ no?+ = fre$om1 !y only c>$ = 8tru?40 ,if ! m$iaeval ideal 0 to purge ! _w ( h]etics1 ! object ( ! ,prote/ant 0 to exclude all dissid5ts f 8 own l&4 ,! p at l>ge 7 to be driv5 into a fold1 to accept _! fai? at ! comm& ( _! sovran4 ,?is 0 ! pr9ciple laid d[n 9 ! #hj religi\s peace :i* 7#aeee7 compos$ ! /ruggle betwe5 ! ,ca?olic ,emp]or & ! ,prote/ant ,g]man pr9ces4 ,x 0 recogniz$ by ,ca!r9e de' ,m$ici :5 %e massacr$ ! ,fr5* ,prote/ants & signifi$ to ,que5 ,elizabe? t %e might d likewise ) ,engli% ,ca?olics4 ,nor did ! ,prote/ant cre$s repres5t enlight5m5t4 ,! ,re=mation on ! ,cont95t 0 z ho/ile to enlight5m5t z x 0 to lib]ty2 & sci5ce1 if x seem$ to contradict ! ,bible1 has z little *ance ) ,lu!r z ) ! ,pope4 ,! ,bible1 int]pret$ by ! ,prote/ants or ! ,roman ,*ur*1 0 equally fatal to wit*es4 ,9 ,g]many ! developm5t ( le>n+ receiv$ a long set-back4 ,yet ! ,re=mation involunt>ily help$ ! cause ( lib]ty4 ,! result 0 contr>y to ! int5tions ( its lead]s1 0 indirect1 & long delay$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! great r5t 9 ,we/]n ,*ri/ianity1 sub/itut+ a numb] ( !ological au?orities in/ead ( "o--sev]al gods1 we may say1 in/ead ( "o ,god--produc$ a weak5+ ( ecclesia/ical au?ority 9 g5]al4 ,! religi\s tradition 0 brok54 ,9 ! second place1 9 ! ,prote/ant ,/ates1 ! supreme ecclesia/ical p[] 0 ve/$ 9 ! sovran2 ! sovran _h o!r int]e/s besides ^? ( #ha ! ,*ur* to consid]2 & political reasons w\ld compel him soon] or lat] to modify ! pr9ciple ( ecclesia/ical intol]ance4 ,ca?olic ,/ates 9 ! same way 7 =c$ to dep>t f ! duty ( n suff]+ h]etics4 ,! religi\s w>s 9 ,france end$ 9 a limit$ tol]ation ( ,prote/ants4 ,! policy ( ,c>d9al ,ri*elieu1 :o support$ ! ,prote/ant cause 9 ,g]many1 illu/rates h[ secul> int]e/s ob/ruct$ ! cause ( fai?4 ,aga91 ! intellectual ju/ification ( ! ,prote/ant rebellion aga9/ ! ,*ur* _h be5 ! "r ( private judgm5t1 t is1 ! pr9ciple ( religi\s lib]ty4 ,b ! ,re=m]s _h ass]t$ x only = !mselves1 & z soon z !y _h fram$ _! own articles ( fai?1 !y _h practically repudiat$ x4 ,?is 0 ! mo/ gl>+ inconsi/5cy 9 ! ,prote/ant position2 & ! claim :i* !y _h ?ru/ aside c\ld n be p]man5tly suppress$4 ,once m1 ! ,prote/ant doctr9es re/$ on an insecure f\ndation :i* no logic c\ld def5d1 & inevitably l$ f "o unt5able position to ano!r4 ,if we are to believe on au?ority1 :y %\ld we pref] ! up/>t dictation ( ! ,lu!ran ,confession ( ,augsburg or ! ,engli% ,?irty- n9e ,articles to ! v5]able au?ority ( ! ,*ur* ( ,rome8 ,if we decide aga9/ ,rome1 we mu/ d s by means #hb ( reason2 b once we ex]cise reason 9 ! matt]1 :y %\ld we /op :]e ,lu!r or ,calv9 or any ( ! o!r rebels /opp$1 unless we assume t "o ( !m 0 inspir$8 ,if we reject sup]/itions :i* !y reject$1 !re is no?+ except _! au?ority to prev5t u f reject+ all or "s ( ! sup]/itions :i* !y reta9$4 ,moreov]1 _! ,bible-wor%ip promot$ results :i* !y did n =esee4 #a ,! inspir$ record on :i* ! cre$s dep5d became an op5 book4 ,public att5tion 0 direct$ to x z nev] be=e1 ?\gh x _c be said to h be5 univ]sally read be=e ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,/udy l$ to criticism1 ! difficulties ( ! dogma ( inspiration 7 appreciat$1 & ! ,bible 0 ultimately to be submitt$ to a remorseless dissection :i* has alt]$ at lea/ ! quality ( its au?ority 9 ! eyes ( intellig5t believ]s4 ,?is process ( ,biblical criticism has be5 conduct$ ma9ly 9 a ,prote/ant atmosph]e & ! new position 9 :i* ! ,bible 0 plac$ by ! ,re=mation mu/ be held p>tly acc\ntable4 ,9 ^! ways1 ,prote/antism 0 adapt$ to be a /epp+-/one to rationalism1 & ?us s]v$ ! cause ( fre$om4 #hc ,t cause h[ev] 0 p[]fully & directly promot$ by "o sect ( ,re=m]s1 :o 9 ! eyes ( all ! o!rs 7 blasphem]s & ( :om mo/ p nev] ?9k :5 !y talk ( ! ,re=mation4 ,i mean ! ,soc9ians4 ,( _! f>-rea*+ influ5ce some?+ w be said 9 ! next *apt]4 ,ano!r result ( ! ,re=mation has /ill to be m5tion$1 its r5ovat+ effect on ! ,roman ,*ur*1 :i* _h n[ to fight = its exi/5ce4 ,a new s]ies ( ,popes :o 7 9 e>ne/ ab\t religion began ) ,paul ,,iii 7#aecd7 & reorganiz$ ! ,papacy & its res\rces = a /ruggle ( c5turies4 #b ,! in/itution ( ! ,jesuit ord]1 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,inquisition at ,rome1 ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t1 ! c5sor%ip ( ! ,press 7,index ( ,=bidd5 ,books7 7 ! expression ( ! new _s & ! means to cope ) ! new situation4 ,! re=m$ ,papacy 0 good =tune = believ+ *ildr5 ( ! ,*ur*1 b :at "h conc]ns u is t "o ( its *ief objects 0 to repress fre$om m effectually4 ,savon>ola :o prea*$ "r liv+ at ,flor5ce _h be5 execut$ 7#adih7 "u ,pope ,alex&] ,,vi :o 0 a notori\s pr(ligate4 ,if ,savon>ola _h liv$ #hd 9 ! new era he might h be5 canoniz$1 b ,giordano ,bruno 0 burn$4 ,giordano ,bruno _h con/ruct$ a religi\s philosophy1 bas$ p>tly ^u ,epicurus1 f :om he took ! !ory ( ! inf9ity ( ! univ]se4 ,b ,epicurean mat]ialism 0 trans=m$ into a pan!i/ic my/icism by ! doctr9e t ,god is ! s\l ( matt]4 ,accept+ ! rec5t discov]y ( ,cop]nicus1 :i* ,ca?olics & ,prote/ants alike reject$1 t ! e>? revolves r\nd ! sun1 ,bruno took ! fur!r /ep ( reg>d+ ! fix$ />s z suns1 ea* ) its invisible satellites4 ,he s\ght to come to an und]/&+ ) ! ,bible1 :i* 7he held7 be+ int5d$ = ! vulg> _h to accommodate itself to _! prejudices4 ,leav+ ,italy1 because he 0 suspect$ ( h]esy1 he liv$ successively 9 ,switz]l&1 ,france1 ,engl&1 & ,g]many1 & 9 #aeib1 induc$ by a false fri5d to return to ,v5ice he 0 seiz$ by ord] ( ! ,inquisition4 ,f9ally condemn$ 9 ,rome1 he 0 burn$ 7#afjj7 9 ! ,campo de' ,fiori1 :]e a monum5t n[ /&s 9 8 hon\r1 erect$ "s ye>s ago1 to ! great *agr9 ( ! ,roman ,*ur*4 ,mu* is made ( ! fate ( ,bruno because he is "o ( ! _w's fam\s m54 ,no c\ntry has s illu/ri\s a victim ( t era to commemorate z ,italy1 b 9 o!r l&s #he blood j z innoc5t 0 %$ = het]odox op9ions4 ,9 ,france !re 0 r m fre$om ?an else:]e "u ! relatively tol]ant gov]nm5t ( ,h5ry ,,iv & ( ! ,c>d9als ,ri*elieu & ,maz>91 till ab\t #affj4 ,b at ,t\l\se 7#afai7 ,lucilio ,van9i1 a le>n$ ,italian :o l ,bruno w&]$ ab\t ,europe1 0 convict$ z an a!i/ & blasphem]2 8 tongue 0 torn out & he 0 burn$4 ,prote/ant ,engl&1 "u ,elizabe? & ,james ,i1 did n lag beh9d ! ,roman ,inquisition1 b on acc\nt ( ! obscurity ( ! victims h] zeal = fai? has be5 unduly =gott54 ,yet1 b = an accid5t1 %e might h cov]$ h]self ) ! glory ( hav+ done to dea? a h]etic n less fam\s ?an ,giordano ,bruno4 ,! poet ,m>l[e 0 accus$ ( a!ism1 b :ile ! prosecution 0 hang+ ov] him he 0 kill$ 9 a sordid qu>rel 9 a tav]n 7#aeic74 ,ano!r dramati/ 7,kyd7 :o 0 implicat$ 9 ! *>ge 0 put to ! torture4 ,at ! same "t ,sir ,walt] ,raleigh 0 prosecut$ = unbelief b n convict$4 ,o!rs 7 n s =tunate4 ,?ree or f\r p]sons 7 burn$ at ,norwi* 9 ! reign ( ,elizabe? = un*ri/ian doctr9es1 among !m ,francis ,kett :o _h be5 a ,fell[ ( ,corpus ,*ri/i1 ,cambridge4 ,"u ,james ,i1 :o #hf int]e/$ himself p]sonally 9 su* matt]s1 ,b>?olomew ,legate 0 *>g$ ) hold+ v>i\s pe/il5t op9ions4 ,! k+ summon$ him to 8 pres5ce & ask$ him :e!r he did n pray daily to ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,legate repli$ he _h pray$ to ,*ri/ 9 ! days ( 8 ignorance1 b n = ! la/ sev5 ye>s4 8,away1 base fell[10 said ,james1 spurn+ him ) 8 foot1 8x %all nev] be said t "o /aye? 9 my palace t ha? nev] pray$ to our ,savi\r = sev5 ye>s toge!r40 ,legate1 hav+ be5 imprison$ = "s "t 9 ,newgate1 0 decl>$ an incorrigible h]etic & burn$ at ,smi?field 7#afaa74 ,j a mon? lat]1 "o ,wightman 0 burn$ at ,li*field1 by ! ,bi%op ( ,cov5try1 = het]odox doctr9es4 ,x is possible t public op9ion 0 %ock$ by ^! two burn+s4 ,!y 7 ! la/ cases 9 ,engl& ( dea? = unbelief4 ,puritan intol]ance1 inde$1 pass$ an ord9ance 9 #afdh1 by :i* all :o d5i$ ! ,tr9ity1 ,*ri/'s div9ity1 ! inspiration ( ,scripture1 or a future /ate1 7 liable to dea?1 & p]sons guilty ( o!r h]esies1 to imprisonm5t4 ,b ?is did n lead to any executions4 ,! ,r5aissance age saw ! fir/ signs ( ! beg9n+ ( mod]n sci5ce1 b ! m$iaeval prejudices aga9/ ! inve/igation #hg ( nature 7 n dissipat$ till ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & 9 ,italy !y cont9u$ to a mu* lat] p]iod4 ,! hi/ory ( mod]n a/ronomy beg9s 9 #aedc1 ) ! publication ( ! "w ( ,cop]nicus reveal+ ! tru? ab\t ! motions ( ! e>?4 ,! appe>ance ( ?is "w is important 9 ! hi/ory ( free ?\ght1 because x rais$ a cle> & def9ite issue betwe5 sci5ce & ,scripture2 & ,osi&]1 :o edit$ x 7,cop]nicus 0 dy+71 =see+ ! outcry x w\ld raise1 /at$ untruly 9 ! preface t ! e>?'s motion 0 put =w>d only z a hypo!sis4 ,! !ory 0 d5\nc$ by ,ca?olics & ,re=m]s1 & x did n conv9ce "s m5 7e4g4 ,bacon7 :o 7 n influ5c$ by !ological prejudice4 ,! obs]vations ( ! ,italian a/ronom] ,galileo de' ,galilei demon/rat$ ! ,cop]nican !ory beyond "q4 ,8 telescope discov]$ ! moons ( ,jupit]1 & 8 obs]vation ( ! spots 9 ! sun confirm$ ! e>?'s rotation4 ,9 ! pulpits ( ,flor5ce1 :]e he liv$ "u ! protection ( ! ,gr& ,duke1 8 s5sational discov]ies 7 condemn$4 8,m5 ( ,galilee1 :y /& ye gaz+ up into heav580 ,he 0 !n d5\nc$ to ! ,holy ,(fice ( ! ,inquisition by two ,dom9ican monks4 ,le>n+ t 8 inve/igations 7 be+ consid]$ #hh at ,rome1 ,galileo w5t ?i!r1 confid5t t he w\ld be able to conv9ce ! ecclesia/ical au?orities ( ! manife/ tru? ( ,cop]nicanism4 ,he did n realize :at !ology 0 capable (4 ,9 ,febru>y #afaf ! ,holy ,(fice decid$ t ! ,cop]nican sy/em 0 9 itself absurd1 &1 9 respect ( ,scripture1 h]etical4 ,c>d9al ,bell>m91 by ! ,pope's direction1 summon$ ,galileo & (ficially admoni%$ him to ab&on 8 op9ion & cease to tea* x1 o!rwise ! ,inquisition w\ld proce$ aga9/ him4 ,galileo promis$ to obey4 ,! book ( ,cop]nicus 0 plac$ on ! ,index4 ,x has be5 rem>k$ t ,galileo's book on ,sol> ,spots conta9s no m5tion ( ,scripture1 & ?us ! ,holy ,(fice1 9 its decree :i* relat$ to t book1 pass$ judgm5t on a sci5tific1 n a !ological1 "q4 ,galileo 0 sil5c$ = a :ile1 b x 0 impossible = him to be mute = ev]4 ,"u a new ,pope 7,urban ,,viii7 he look$ = great] lib]ty1 & !re 7 _m 9 ! ,papal circle :o 7 well dispos$ to him4 ,he hop$ to avoid difficulties by ! device ( plac+ ! argum5ts = ! old & ! new !ories side by side1 & pret5d+ n to judge betwe5 !m4 ,he wrote a treatise on ! two sy/ems 7! ,ptolemaic & ! ,cop]nican7 9 ! =m #hi ( ,dialogues1 ( :i* ! preface decl>es t ! purpose is to expla9 ! pros & cons ( ! two views4 ,b ! _s ( ! "w is ,cop]nican4 ,he receiv$ p]mission1 q def9ite z he ?\ght1 f ,fa!r ,ricc>di 7ma/] ( ! ,sacr$ ,palace7 to pr9t x1 & x appe>$ 9 #afcb4 ,! ,pope h[ev] disapprov$ ( x1 ! book 0 exam9$ by a commission1 & ,galileo 0 summon$ be=e ! ,inquisition4 ,he 0 old & ill1 & ! humiliations :i* he _h to endure are a pa9ful /ory4 ,he w\ld probably h be5 m sev]ely treat$1 if "o ( ! memb]s ( ! tribunal _h n be5 a man ( sci5tific tra9+ 7,macolano1 a ,dom9ican71 :o 0 able to appreciate 8 ability4 ,"u exam9ation1 ,galileo d5i$ t he _h upheld ! motion ( ! e>? 9 ! ,dialogues1 & ass]t$ t he _h %[n ! reasons ( ,cop]nicus to be inconclusive4 ,?is def5ce 0 9 accordance ) ! /atem5t 9 8 preface1 b contradict$ 8 deepe/ conviction4 ,9 /ruggl+ ) su* a tribunal1 x 0 ! only l9e :i* a man :o 0 n a h]o c\ld take4 ,at a lat] session1 he =c$ himself ignom9i\sly to confess t "s ( ! argum5ts on ! ,cop]nican side _h be5 put too /rongly & to decl>e himself ready to confute ! #ij !ory4 ,9 ! f9al exam9ation1 he 0 ?reat5$ ) torture4 ,he said t be=e ! decree ( #afaf he _h held ! tru? ( ! ,cop]nican sy/em to be arguable1 b s9ce !n he _h held ! ,ptolemaic to be true4 ,next day1 he publicly abjur$ ! sci5tific tru? :i* he _h demon/rat$4 ,he 0 all[$ to retire to ! c\ntry1 on condition t he saw no "o4 ,9 ! la/ mon?s ( 8 life he wrote to a fri5d to ?is effect3 8,! falsity ( ! ,cop]nican sy/em _c be d\bt$1 especially by u ,ca?olics4 ,x is refut$ by ! irrefragable au?ority ( ,scripture4 ,! conjectures ( ,cop]nicus & 8 disciples 7 all dispos$ ( by ! "o solid argum5t3 ,god's omnipot5ce c op]ate 9 inf9itely v>i\s ways4 ,if some?+ appe>s to our obs]vation to happ5 9 "o p>ticul> way1 we mu/ n curtail ,god's arm1 & su/a9 a ?+ 9 :i* we may be deceiv$40 ,! irony is evid5t4 ,rome did n p]mit ! tru? ab\t ! sol> sy/em to be taught till aft] ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 & ,galileo's books rema9$ on ! ,index till #ahce4 ,! prohibition 0 fatal to ! /udy ( natural sci5ce 9 ,italy4 ,! ,roman ,index rem9ds u ( ! significance ( ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ 9 ! /ruggle = fre$om ( ?\ght1 by mak+ #ia x easy to propagate new ideas f> & wide4 ,au?ority spe$ily realiz$ ! dang]1 & took measures to place its yoke on ! new contrivance1 :i* promis$ to be su* a p[]ful ally ( reason4 ,pope ,alex&] ,,vi inaugurat$ c5sor%ip ( ! ,press by 8 ,bull aga9/ unlic5s$ pr9t+ 7#aeja74 ,9 ,france ,k+ ,h5ry ,,ii made pr9t+ )\t (ficial p]mission puni%able by dea?4 ,9 ,g]many1 c5sor%ip 0 introduc$ 9 #aebi4 ,9 ,engl&1 "u ,elizabe?1 books c\ld n be pr9t$ )\t a lic5se1 & pr9t+ presses 7 n all[$ except 9 ,london1 ,ox=d1 & ,cambridge2 ! regulation ( ! ,press 0 "u ! au?ority ( ! ,/> ,*amb]4 ,n[h]e did ! ,press become really free till ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,:ile ! ,re=mation & ! r5ovat$ ,roman ,*ur* meant a reaction aga9/ ! ,r5aissance1 ! vital *anges :i* ! ,r5aissance signifi$--individualism1 a new intellectual attitude to ! _w1 ! cultivation ( secul> k--7 p]man5t & de/9$ to lead1 amid ! compet+ intol]ances ( ,ca?olic & ,prote/ant p[]s1 to ! goal ( lib]ty4 ,we %all see h[ reason & ! gr[? ( k und]m9$ ! bases ( !ological au?ority4 ,at ea* /ep 9 ?is process1 9 :i* philosophical speculation1 hi/orical #ib criticism1 natural sci5ce h all tak5 "p1 ! opposition betwe5 reason & fai? deep5$2 d\bt1 cle> or vague1 increas$2 & secul>ism1 d]iv$ f ! ,humani/s1 & always imply+ scepticism1 :e!r lat5t or consci\s1 sub/itut$ an int]e/ 9 ! =tunes ( ! human race ^u e>? = ! int]e/ 9 a future _w4 ,& along ) ?is /eady intellectual advance1 tol]ation ga9$ gr\nd & fre$om won m *ampions4 ,9 ! meantime ! =ce ( political circum/ances 0 compell+ gov]nm5ts to mitigate _! ma9t5ance ( "o religi\s cre$ by measures ( relief to o!r ,*ri/ian sects1 & ! pr9ciple ( exclusiv5ess 0 brok5 d[n = reasons ( worldly exp$i5cy4 ,religi\s lib]ty 0 an important /ep t[>ds complete fre$om ( op9ion4 #a ,! dang]1 h[ev]1 0 felt 9 ,g]many1 & 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury ! /udy ( ,scripture 0 n enc\rag$ at ,g]man ,univ]sities4 #b ,see ,b>ry1 ,papacy & ,mod]n ,times 79 ?is s]ies71 #aac seq4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,religi\s ,,tol]ation ,,9 ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c4 ! ,indian k+ ,asoka1 a man ( religi\s zeal b ( tol]ant _s1 confront$ by ! /ruggle betwe5 two ho/ile religions 7,brahmanism & ,buddhism71 decid$ t bo? %\ld be equally privileg$ & hon\r$ 9 8 dom9ions4 ,8 ord9ances on ! matt] are memorable #ic z ! e>lie/ exi/+ ,edicts ( tol]ation4 ,9 ,europe1 z we saw1 ! pr9ciple ( tol]ation 0 = ! fir/ "t def9itely express$ 9 ! ,roman ,imp]ial ,edicts :i* t]m9at$ ! p]secution ( ! ,*ri/ians4 ,! religi\s /rife ( ! sixte5? c5tury rais$ ! "q 9 its mod]n =m1 & = _m g5]ations x 0 "o ( ! *ief problems ( /atesm5 & ! subject ( endless controv]sial pamphlets4 ,tol]ation means incomplete religi\s lib]ty1 & !re are _m degrees ( x4 ,x might be grant$ to c]ta9 ,*ri/ian sects2 x might be grant$ to ,*ri/ian sects1 b ^! alone2 x might be grant$ to all religions1 b n to free?9k]s2 or to dei/s1 b n to a!i/s4 ,x might mean ! concession ( "s civil rights1 b n ( o!rs2 x might mean ! exclusion ( ^? :o are tol]at$ f public (fices or f c]ta9 pr(essions4 ,! religi\s lib]ty n[ enjoy$ 9 ,we/]n l&s has be5 ga9$ ?r\gh v>i\s /ages ( tol]ation4 ,we owe ! mod]n pr9ciple ( tol]ation to ! ,italian gr\p ( ,re=m]s1 :o reject$ ! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity & 7 ! fa!rs ( ,unit>ianism4 ,! ,re=mation movem5t _h spread to ,italy1 b ,rome 0 successful 9 suppress+ x1 & _m h]etics fl$ to ,switz]l&4 ,! anti-,tr9it>ian #id gr\p 7 =c$ by ! intol]ance ( ,calv9 to flee to ,transylvania & ,pol& :]e !y propagat$ _! doctr9es4 ,! ,unit>ian cre$ 0 m\ld$ by ,fau/o ,sozz9i1 g5]ally kn[n z ,soc9us1 & 9 ! cate*ism ( 8 sect 7#aegd7 p]secution is condemn$4 ,?is repudiation ( ! use ( =ce 9 ! int]e/ ( religion is a consequ5ce ( ! ,soc9ian doctr9es4 ,=1 unlike ,lu!r & ,calv91 ! ,soc9ians conc$$ su* a wide room to individual judgm5t 9 ! int]pretation ( ,scripture t to impose ,soc9ianism w\ld h be5 inconsi/5t ) its pr9ciples4 ,9 o!r words1 !re 0 a /rong rationali/ic elem5t :i* 0 lack+ 9 ! ,tr9it>ian cre$s4 ,x 0 "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,soc9ian _s t ,ca/ellion ( ,savoy s\nd$ ! trumpet ( tol]ation 9 a pamphlet d5\nc+ ! burn+ ( ,s]vetus1 :]eby he e>n$ ! malignant hatr$ ( ,calv94 ,he ma9ta9$ ! innoc5ce ( error & ridicul$ ! importance :i* ! ,*ur*es laid on obscure que/ions su* z pr$e/9ation & ! ,tr9ity4 8,to discuss ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,law & ! ,gospel1 gratuit\s remission ( s9s or imput$ righte\sness1 is z if a man 7 to discuss :e!r a pr9ce 0 to come on horseback1 #ie or 9 a *>iot1 or dress$ 9 :ite or 9 r$40 #a ,religion is a curse if p]secution is a necess>y "p ( x4 ,= a long "t ! ,soc9ians & ^? :o came "u _! influ5ce :51 driv5 f ,pol&1 !y pass$ into ,g]many & ,holl&1 7 ! only sects :i* advocat$ tol]ation4 ,x 0 adopt$ f !m by ! ,anabapti/s & by ! ,arm9ian section ( ! ,re=m$ ,*ur* ( ,holl&4 ,& 9 ,holl&1 ! f\nd] ( ! ,engli% ,congregationali/s1 :o 7"u ! "n ( ,indep5d5ts7 play$ su* an important "p 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,civil ,w> & ! ,commonweal?1 le>n$ ! pr9ciple ( lib]ty ( consci5ce4 ,soc9us ?\ght t ?is pr9ciple c\ld be realiz$ )\t aboli%+ ! ,/ate ,*ur*4 ,he contemplat$ a close union betwe5 ! ,/ate & ! prevail+ ,*ur*1 comb9$ ) complete tol]ation = o!r sects4 ,x is "u ?is sy/em 7:i* has be5 call$ jurisdictional7 t religi\s lib]ty has be5 realiz$ 9 ,european ,/ates4 ,b !re is ano!r & simpl] me?od1 t ( sep>at+ ,*ur* f ,/ate & plac+ all religions on an equality4 ,?is 0 ! solution :i* ! ,anabapti/s w\ld h pref]r$4 ,!y dete/$ ! ,/ate2 & ! doctr9e ( religi\s lib]ty 0 n #if preci\s to !m4 ,_! ideal sy/em w\ld h be5 an ,anabapti/ !ocracy2 sep>ation 0 ! second be/4 ,9 ,europe1 public op9ion 0 n ripe = sep>ation1 inasmu* z ! mo/ p[]ful religi\s bodies 7 alike 9 reg>d+ tol]ation z wick$ indiff]5ce4 ,b x 0 introduc$ 9 a small corn] ( ! new _w beyond ! ,atlantic 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,! ,puritans :o fl$ f ! intol]ance ( ! ,engli% ,*ur* & ,/ate & f\nd$ colonies 9 ,new ,engl&1 7 !mselves equally intol]ant1 n only to ,anglicans & ,ca?olics1 b to ,bapti/s & ,quak]s4 ,!y set up !ocratical gov]nm5ts f :i* all :o did n belong to _! own sect 7 exclud$4 ,rog] ,williams _h imbib$ f ! ,dut* ,arm9ians ! idea ( sep>ation ( ,*ur* f ,/ate4 ,on acc\nt ( ?is h]esy he 0 driv5 f ,massa*usetts1 & he f\nd$ ,provid5ce to be a refuge = ^? :om ! ,puritan coloni/s p]secut$4 ,"h he set up a democratic con/itution 9 :i* ! magi/rates _h p[] only 9 civil matt]s & c\ld n int]f]e ) religion4 ,o!r t[ns 7 pres5tly f\nd$ 9 ,rhode ,isl&1 & a *>t] ( ,*>les ,,ii 7#affc7 confirm$ ! con/itution1 :i* secur$ to all citiz5s pr(ess+ ,*ri/ianity1 ( :atev] #ig =m1 ! full enjoym5t ( political rights4 ,non-,*ri/ians 7 tol]at$1 b 7 n admitt$ to ! political rights ( ,*ri/ians4 ,s f>1 ! new ,/ate fell %ort ( p]fect lib]ty4 ,b ! fact t ,jews 7 soon admitt$1 not)/&+1 to full citiz5%ip %[s h[ free ! atmosph]e 04 ,to ,rog] ,williams belongs ! glory ( hav+ f\nd$ ! fir/ mod]n ,/ate :i* 0 really tol]ant & 0 bas$ on ! pr9ciple ( tak+ ! control ( religi\s matt]s entirely out ( ! h&s ( ! civil gov]nm5t4 ,tol]ation 0 also e/abli%$ 9 ! ,roman ,ca?olic colony ( ,m>yl&1 b 9 a diff]5t way4 ,?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ,"l ,baltimore an ,act ( ,tol]ation 0 pass$ 9 #afdi1 notable z ! fir/ decree1 vot$ by a legal assembly1 grant+ complete fre$om to all ,*ri/ians4 ,no "o pr(ess+ fai? 9 ,*ri/ 0 to be mole/$ 9 reg>d to 8 religion4 ,b ! law 0 heavy on all outside ?is pale4 ,any "o :o blasphem$ ,god or attack$ ! ,tr9ity or any memb] ( ! ,tr9ity 0 ?reat5$ by ! p5alty ( dea?4 ,! tol]ance ( ,m>yl& attract$ s _m ,prote/ant settl]s f ,virg9ia t ! ,prote/ants became a majority1 & z soon z !y won political prepond]ance1 !y introduc$ an ,act 7#afed7 #ih exclud+ ,papi/s & ,prelati/s f tol]ation4 ,! rule ( ! ,baltimores 0 re/or$ aft] #affj1 & ! old religi\s fre$om 0 reviv$1 b ) ! accession ( ,william ,,iii ! ,prote/ants aga9 came into p[] & ! tol]ation :i* ! ,ca?olics _h in/itut$ 9 ,m>yl& came to an end4 ,x w be obs]v$ t 9 bo? ^! cases fre$om 0 incomplete2 b x 0 mu* l>g] & m fundam5tal 9 ,rhode ,isl&1 :]e x _h be5 ultimately d]iv$ f ! doctr9e ( ,soc9us4 #b ,:5 ! colonies became indep5d5t ( ,engl& ! ,f$]al ,con/itution :i* !y set up 0 absolutely secul>1 b x 0 left to ea* memb] ( ! ,union to adopt ,sep>ation or n 7#aghi74 ,if sep>ation has become ! rule 9 ! ,am]ican ,/ates1 x may be l>gely due to ! fact t on any o!r sy/em ! gov]nm5ts w\ld h f\nd x difficult to impose mutual tol]ance on ! sects4 ,x mu/ be add$ t 9 ,m>yl& & a few s\!rn ,/ates a!i/s /ill suff] f "s political disabilities4 ,9 ,engl&1 ! exp]im5t ( ,sep>ation w\ld h be5 tri$ "u ! ,commonweal?1 if ! ,indep5d5ts _h _h _! way4 ,?is policy 0 ov]rul$ by ,cromwell4 #ii ,! new national ,*ur* includ$ ,presbyt]ians1 ,indep5d5ts1 & ,bapti/s1 b lib]ty ( wor%ip 0 grant$ to all ,*ri/ian sects1 except ,roman ,ca?olics & ,anglicans4 ,if ! p>liam5t _h _h ! p[]1 ?is tol]ation w\ld h be5 a m]e "n4 ,! ,presbyt]ians reg>d$ tol]ation z a "w ( ! ,devil1 & w\ld h p]secut$ ! ,indep5d5ts if !y c\ld4 ,b "u ,cromwell's autocratic rule ev5 ! ,anglicans liv$ 9 peace1 & tol]ation 0 ext5d$ to ! ,jews4 ,9 ^! days1 voices 7 rais$ f v>i\s qu>t]s advocat+ tol]ation on g5]al gr\nds4 #c ,! mo/ illu/ri\s advocate 0 ,milton1 ! poet1 :o 0 9 fav\r ( ! sev]ance ( ,*ur* f ,/ate4 ,9 ,milton's ,areopagitica3 a spee* = ! lib]ty ( unlic5s$ pr9t+ 7#afdd71 ! fre$om ( ! ,press is eloqu5tly su/a9$ by argum5ts :i* are valid = fre$om ( ?\ght 9 g5]al4 ,x is %[n t ! c5sor%ip w conduce 8to ! disc\ragem5t ( all le>n+ & ! /op ( tru?1 n only by disex]cis+ & blunt+ our abilities 9 :at we "k already1 b by h9d]+ & cropp+ ! discov]y t might be yet fur!r made1 bo? 9 religi\s #ajj & civil wisdom40 ,= k is advanc$ ?r\gh ! utt]ance ( new op9ions1 & tru? is discov]$ by free discussion4 ,if ! wat]s ( tru? 8fl[ n 9 a p]petual progression !y sick5 into a muddy pool ( con=mity & tradition40 ,books :i* are au?oriz$ by ! lic5s]s are apt to be1 z ,bacon said1 8b ! language ( ! times10 & d n contribute to progress4 ,! examples ( ! c\ntries :]e ! c5sor%ip is sev]e d n sugge/ t x is useful = morals3 8look into ,italy & ,spa91 :e!r ^? places be "o scruple ! bett]1 ! hone/]1 ! wis]1 ! *a/]1 s9ce all ! inquisitional rig\r t ha? be5 execut$ ^u books40 ,spa9 inde$ c\ld reply1 8,we are1 :at is m important1 m or?odox40 ,x is int]e/+ to notice t ,milton places fre$om ( ?\ght above civil lib]ty3 8,give me ! lib]ty to "k1 to utt]1 & to argue freely accord+ to consci5ce1 above all o!r lib]ties40 ,) ! re/oration ( ! ,mon>*y & ! ,anglican ,*ur*1 religi\s lib]ty 0 ext+ui%$ by a s]ies ( laws aga9/ ,diss5t]s4 ,to ! ,revolution we owe ! ,act ( ,tol]ation 7#afhi7 f :i* ! religi\s fre$om :i* ,engl& enjoys at pres5t is d]iv$4 ,x grant$ fre$om ( wor%ip to ,presbyt]ians1 ,congregationali/s1 #aja ,bapti/s & ,quak]s1 b only to ^!2 ,ca?olics & ,unit>ians 7 expressly except$ & ! repressive legislation ( ,*>les ,,ii rema9$ 9 =ce aga9/ !m4 ,x 0 a *>act]i/ically ,engli% measure1 logically inconsi/5t & absurd1 a mixture ( tol]ance & intol]ance1 b suitable to ! circum/ances & ! /ate ( public op9ion at ! "t4 ,9 ! same ye> ,john ,locke's fam\s 7fir/7 ,lett] conc]n+ ,tol]ation appe>$ 9 ,lat94 ,?ree subsequ5t lett]s develop$ & illu/rat$ 8 !sis4 ,! ma9 argum5t is bas$ on ! pr9ciple t ! bus9ess ( civil gov]nm5t is q di/9ct f t ( religion1 t ! ,/ate is a society con/itut$ only = pres]v+ & promot+ ! civil int]e/s ( its memb]s --civil int]e/s mean+ life1 lib]ty1 heal?1 & ! possession ( prop]ty4 ,! c>e ( s\ls is n committ$ to magi/rates m ?an to o!r m54 ,= ! magi/rate c only use outw>d =ce2 b true religion means ! inw>d p]suasion ( ! m9d1 & ! m9d is s made t =ce _c compel x to believe4 ,s too x is absurd = a ,/ate to make laws to en=ce a religion1 = laws are useless )\t p5alties1 & p5alties are imp]t95t because !y _c conv9ce4 ,moreov]1 ev5 if p5alties c\ld *ange #ajb m5's beliefs1 ?is w\ld n conduce to ! salvation ( s\ls4 ,w\ld m m5 be sav$ if all bl9dly resign$ !mselves to ! w ( _! rul]s & accept$ ! religion ( _! c\ntry8 ,= z ! pr9ces ( ! _w are divid$ 9 religion1 "o c\ntry alone w\ld be 9 ! "r1 & all ! re/ ( ! _w w\ld h to foll[ _! pr9ces to de/ruction2 8& t :i* height5s ! absurdity1 & v ill suits ! notion ( a deity1 m5 w\ld owe _! et]nal happ9ess or _! et]nal mis]y to ! places ( _! nativity40 ,?is is a pr9ciple on :i* ,locke repeat$ly insi/s4 ,if a ,/ate is ju/ifi$ 9 impos+ a cre$1 x foll[s t 9 all ! l&s1 except ! "o or few 9 :i* ! true fai? prevails1 x is ! duty ( ! subjects to embrace a false religion4 ,if ,prote/antism is promot$ 9 ,engl&1 ,pop]y by ! same rule w be promot$ 9 ,france4 8,:at is true & good 9 ,engl& w be true & good at ,rome too1 9 ,*9a1 or ,g5eva40 ,tol]ation is ! pr9ciple :i* gives to ! true fai? ! be/ *ance ( prevail+4 ,locke w\ld conc$e full lib]ty to idolat]s1 by :om he means ! ,indians ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 & he makes "s sca?+ rem>ks on ! ecclesia/ical zeal :i* =c$ ^! 8innoc5t pagans0 to =sake #ajc _! anci5t religion4 ,b 8 tol]ation1 ?\gh x ext5ds beyond ! ,*ri/ian pale1 is n complete4 ,he excepts 9 ! fir/ place ,roman ,ca?olics1 n on acc\nt ( _! !ological dogmas b because !y 8tea* t fai? is n to be kept ) h]etics10 t 8k+s excommunicat$ =feit _! cr[ns & k+doms10 & because !y deliv] !mselves up to ! protection & s]vice ( a =eign pr9ce--! ,pope4 ,9 o!r words1 !y are politically dang]\s4 ,8 o!r exception is a!i/s4 8,^? are n all to be tol]at$ :o d5y ! be+ ( ,god4 ,promises1 cov5ants & oa?s1 :i* are ! bonds ( human society1 c h no hold ^u an a!i/4 ,! tak+ away ( ,god1 ?\gh b ev5 9 ?\ght1 dissolves all4 ,besides also1 ^? t by _! a!ism und]m9e & de/roy all religion1 c h no pret5ce ( religion to *all5ge ! privilege ( a ,tol]ation40 ,?us ,locke is n free f ! prejudices ( 8 "t4 ,^! exceptions contradict 8 own pr9ciple t 8x is absurd t ?+s %\ld be enjo9$ by laws :i* are n 9 m5's p[] to p]=m4 ,& to believe ?is or t to be true does n dep5d ^u our w40 ,?is applies to ,roman ,ca?olics z to ,prote/ants1 to a!i/s z to dei/s4 ,locke1 h[ev]1 p]haps ?\ght #ajd t ! speculative op9ion ( a!ism1 :i* 0 uncommon 9 8 day1 does dep5d on ! w4 ,he w\ld h exclud$ f 8 ,/ate 8 great contempor>y ,sp9oza4 ,b 9 spite ( its limitations ,locke's ,tol]ation is a "w ( ! highe/ value1 & its argum5t takes u fur!r ?an its au?or w5t4 ,x ass]ts unre/rict$ly ! secul> pr9ciple1 & its logical issue is ,dise/abli%m5t4 ,a ,*ur* is m]ely 8a free & volunt>y society40 ,i may notice ! rem>k t if infidels 7 to be conv]t$ by =ce1 x 0 easi] = ,god to d x 8) armies ( heav5ly legions ?an = any son ( ! ,*ur*1 h[ pot5t soev]1 ) all 8 dragoons40 ,?is is a polite way ( /at+ a maxim analog\s to t ( ! ,emp]or ,tib]ius 7above1 p4 #da74 ,if false beliefs are an (f5ce to ,god1 x is1 really1 8 affair4 ,! tol]ation ( ,noncon=mi/s 0 f> f pleas+ extreme ,anglicans1 & ! influ5ce ( ?is p>ty at ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury m5ac$ ! lib]ty ( ,diss5t]s4 ,! situation provok$ ,defoe1 :o 0 a zeal\s ,noncon=mi/1 to write 8 pamphlet1 ,! ,%orte/ ,way ) ! ,diss5t]s 7#agjb71 an ironical attack ^u ! pr9ciple ( tol]ation4 ,x pret5ds to %[ t ! ,diss5t]s are at he>t incorrigible rebels1 t a g5tle policy is useless1 & sugge/s #aje t all prea*]s at conv5ticles %\ld be hang$ & all p]sons f\nd att5d+ su* meet+s %\ld be bani%$4 ,?is exce$+ly amus+ b t]ribly e>ne/ c>icature ( ! s5tim5ts ( ! ,high ,anglican p>ty at fir/ deceiv$ & al>m$ ! ,diss5t]s !mselves4 ,b ! ,high ,*ur*m5 7 furi\s4 ,defoe 0 f9$1 expos$ 9 ! pillory ?ree times1 & s5t to ,newgate prison4 ,b ! ,tory reaction 0 only tempor>y4 ,dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury a relatively tol]ant _s prevail$ among ! ,*ri/ian sects & new sects 7 f\nd$4 ,! (ficial ,*ur* became less fanatical2 _m ( its lead+ div9es 7 influ5c$ by rationali/ic ?\ght4 ,if x _h n be5 = ! opposition ( ,k+ ,george ,,iii1 ! ,ca?olics might h be5 fre$ f _! disabilities be=e ! end ( ! c5tury4 ,?is measure1 eloqu5tly advocat$ by ,burke & desir$ by ,pitt1 0 n c>ri$ till #ahbi1 & !n "u ! ?reat ( a revolution 9 ,irel&4 ,9 ! meantime legal tol]ation _h be5 ext5d$ to ! ,unit>ians 9 #ahac1 b !y 7 n reliev$ f all disabilities till ! =ties4 ,jews 7 n admitt$ to ! full rights ( citiz5%ip till #aheh4 ,! a*ievem5t ( religi\s lib]ty 9 ,engl& 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury has be5 ma9ly ! "w ( ,lib]als4 ,! ,lib]al #ajf p>ty has be5 mov+ t[>ds ! ultimate goal ( complete secul>ization & ! sep>ation ( ! ,*ur* f ! ,/ate-- ! logical results ( ,locke's !ory ( civil gov]nm5t4 ,! ,dise/abli%m5t ( ! ,*ur* 9 ,irel& 9 #ahfi p>tly realiz$ ?is ideal1 & n[ m ?an =ty ye>s lat] ! ,lib]al p>ty is seek+ to apply ! pr9ciple to ,wales4 ,x is highly *>act]i/ic ( ,engli% politics & ,engli% psy*ology t ! *ange %\ld be c>ri$ out 9 ?is piecemeal fa%ion4 ,9 ! o!r c\ntries ( ! ,briti% ,empire ! sy/em ( ,sep>ation prevails2 !re is no connection betwe5 ! ,/ate & any sect2 no ,*ur* is any?+ m ?an a volunt>y society4 ,b secul>ization has advanc$ "u ! ,/ate ,*ur* sy/em4 ,x is en\gh to m5tion ! ,education ,act ( #ahgj & ! abolition ( religi\s te/s at ,univ]sities 7#ahga74 ,o!r ga9s = fre$om w be notic$ :5 ,i come to speak 9 ano!r *apt] ( ! progress ( rationalism4 ,if we comp>e ! religi\s situation 9 ,france 9 ! sev5te5? ) t 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 x seems to be %>ply contra/$ ) ! developm5t 9 ,engl&4 ,9 ,engl& !re 0 a great advance t[>ds religi\s lib]ty1 9 ,france !re 0 a fall+ away4 ,until #afgf ! ,fr5* ,prote/ants #ajg 7,hugu5ots7 7 tol]at$2 = ! next hundr$ ye>s !y 7 outlaws4 ,b ! tol]ation1 :i* _! *>t] 7! ,edict ( ,nantes1 #aeih7 secur$ !m1 0 ( a limit$ k9d4 ,!y 7 exclud$1 = in/ance1 f ! army2 !y 7 exclud$ f ,p>is & o!r cities & di/ricts4 ,& ! lib]ty :i* !y enjoy$ 0 conf9$ to !m2 x 0 n grant$ to any o!r sect4 ,! *>t] 0 fai?fully ma9ta9$ by ! two great ,c>d9als 7,ri*elieu & ,maz>97 :o gov]n$ ,france "u ,l\is ,,xiii & ,l\is ,,xiv1 b :5 ! latt] assum$ ! active p[] 9 #affa he began a s]ies ( laws aga9/ ! ,prote/ants :i* culm9at$ 9 ! revok+ ( ! *>t] 7#afgf7 & ! beg9n+ ( a ,prote/ant p]secution4 ,! ,fr5* cl]gy ju/ifi$ ?is policy by ! notori\s text 8,compel !m to come 910 & appeal$ to ,/4 ,augu/9e4 ,_! argum5ts evok$ a def5ce ( tol]ation by ,bayle1 a ,fr5* ,prote/ant :o _h tak5 refuge 9 ,holl&4 ,x 0 entitl$ a ,philosophical ,comm5t>y on ! text 8,compel !m to come 90 7#afhf7 & 9 importance /&s beside ,locke's "w :i* 0 be+ compos$ at ! same "t4 ,_m ( ! argum5ts urg$ by ! two writ]s are id5tical4 ,!y agre$1 & = ! same reasons1 9 exclud+ ,roman ,ca?olics4 ,! #ajh mo/ *>act]i/ic ?+ 9 ,bayle's treatise is 8 sceptical argum5t t1 ev5 if x 7 a "r pr9ciple to suppress error by =ce1 no tru? is c]ta9 en\gh to ju/ify u 9 apply+ ! !ory4 ,we %all see 7next *apt]7 ?is em95t s*ol>'s contribution to rationalism4 ,?\gh !re 0 an imm5se exodus ( ,prote/ants f ,france1 ,l\is did n succe$ 9 8 design ( extirpat+ h]esy f 8 l&s4 ,9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 "u ,l\is ,,xv1 ! pres5ce ( ,prote/ants 0 tol]at$ ?\gh !y 7 outlaws2 _! m>riages 7 n recogniz$ z legal1 & !y 7 liable at any mom5t to p]secution4 ,ab\t ! middle ( ! c5tury a lit]>y agitation began1 conduct$ ma9ly by rationali/s1 b f9ally support$ by enlight5$ ,ca?olics1 to relieve ! affliction ( ! oppress$ sect4 ,x result$ at la/ 9 an ,edict ( ,tol]ation 7#aghg71 :i* made ! position ( ! ,prote/ants endurable1 ?\gh x exclud$ !m f c]ta9 c>e]s4 ,! mo/ en]getic & =ceful lead] 9 ! campaign aga9/ intol]ance 0 ,voltaire 7see next *apt]71 & 8 exposure ( "s gl>+ cases ( unju/ p]secution did m ?an g5]al argum5ts to a*ieve ! object4 ,! mo/ infam\s case 0 t ( ,jean ,calas1 a ,prote/ant m]*ant ( ,t\l\se1 ^: son committ$ suicide4 ,a report #aji 0 set abroad t ! "y man _h decid$ to jo9 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 & t 8 fa!r1 "m1 & bro!r1 fill$ ) ,prote/ant bigotry1 kill$ him1 ) ! help ( a fri5d4 ,!y 7 all put 9 irons1 tri$1 & condemn$1 ?\gh !re 7 no argum5ts = _! guilt1 except ! conjecture ( bigotry4 ,jean ,calas 0 brok5 on ! :eel1 8 son & daught] ca/ into conv5ts1 8 wife left to />ve4 ,?r\gh ! activity ( ,voltaire1 !n liv+ ne> ,g5eva1 ! wid[ 0 induc$ to g to ,p>is1 :]e %e 0 k9dly receiv$1 & assi/$ by em95t lawy]s2 a judicial inquiry 0 made2 ! ,t\l\se s5t5ce 0 rev]s$ & ! ,k+ grant$ p5sions to ^? :o _h suff]$4 ,?is sc&al c\ld only h happ5$ 9 ! prov9ces1 accord+ to ,voltaire3 8at ,p>is10 he says1 8fanaticism1 p[]ful ?\gh x may be1 is always controll$ by reason40 ,! case ( ,sirv51 ?\gh x did n end tragically1 0 simil>1 & ! gov]nm5t ( ,t\l\se 0 aga9 responsible4 ,he 0 accus$ ( hav+ dr[n$ 8 daught] 9 a well to h9d] h] f becom+ a ,ca?olic1 & 01 ) 8 wife1 s5t5c$ to dea?4 ,=tunately he & 8 family _h escap$ to ,switz]l&1 :]e !y p]suad$ ,voltaire ( _! innoc5ce4 ,to get ! s5t5ce rev]s$ 0 ! "w ( n9e ye>s1 & ?is #aaj "t x 0 rev]s$ at ,t\l\se4 ,:5 ,voltaire visit$ ,p>is 9 #aggh he 0 acclaim$ by cr[ds z ! 8def5d] ( ,calas & ! ,sirv5s40 ,8 dis9t]e/$ practical activity aga9/ p]secution 0 ( f> m value ?an ! treatise on ,tol]ation :i* he wrote 9 connexion ) ! ,calas episode4 ,x is a poor "w comp>$ ) ^? ( ,locke & ,bayle4 ,! tol]ance :i* he advocates is ( a limit$ k9d2 he w\ld conf9e public (fices & dignities to ^? :o belong to ! ,/ate religion4 ,b if ,voltaire's sy/em ( tol]ation is limit$1 x is wide comp>$ ) ! religi\s e/abli%m5t advocat$ by 8 contempor>y1 ,r\sseau4 ,?\gh ( ,swiss bir?1 ,r\sseau belongs to ! lit]ature & hi/ory ( ,france2 b x 0 n = no?+ t he 0 br\ght up 9 ! traditions ( ,calv9i/ic ,g5eva4 ,8 ideal ,/ate w\ld1 9 its way1 h be5 little bett] ?an any !ocracy4 ,he propos$ to e/abli% a 8civil religion0 :i* 0 to be a sort ( undogmatic ,*ri/ianity4 ,b c]ta9 dogmas1 :i* he consid]$ ess5tial1 7 to be impos$ on all citiz5s on pa9 ( bani%m5t4 ,su* 7 ! exi/5ce ( a deity1 ! future bliss ( ! good & puni%m5t ( ! bad1 ! duty ( tol]ance t[>ds all ^? :o accept$ ! fundam5tal #aaa articles ( fai?4 ,x may be said t a ,/ate f\nd$ on ?is basis w\ld be fairly inclusive--t all ,*ri/ian sects & _m dei/s c\ld f9d a place 9 x4 ,b by impos+ indisp5sable beliefs1 x d5ies ! pr9ciple ( tol]ation4 ,! importance ( ,r\sseau's idea lies 9 ! fact t x inspir$ "o ( ! exp]im5ts 9 religi\s policy :i* 7 made dur+ ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,! ,revolution e/abli%$ religi\s lib]ty 9 ,france4 ,mo/ ( ! lead]s 7 unor?odox4 ,_! rationalism 0 naturally ( ! eighte5?-c5tury type1 & 9 ! preamble to ! ,decl>ation ( ,rights 7#aghi7 deism 0 ass]t$ by ! words 89 ! pres5ce & "u ! auspices ( ! ,supreme ,be+0 7aga9/ :i* only "o voice prote/$74 ,! ,decl>ation laid d[n t no "o 0 to be vex$ on acc\nt ( 8 religi\s op9ions provid$ he did n !reby tr\ble public ord]4 ,ca?olicism 0 reta9$ z ! 8dom9ant0 religion2 ,prote/ants 7b n ,jews7 7 admitt$ to public (fice4 ,mirabeau1 ! greate/ /atesman ( ! day1 prote/$ /rongly aga9/ ! use ( words l 8tol]ance0 & 8dom9ant40 ,he said3 8,! mo/ unlimit$ lib]ty ( religion is 9 my eyes a "r s sacr$ t to express x by ! ^w #8tol]ation' seems to me itself a sort ( tyranny1 #aab s9ce ! au?ority :i* tol]ates might also n tol]ate40 ,! same prote/ 0 made 9 ,?omas ,pa9e's ,rights ( ,man :i* appe>$ two ye>s lat]3 8,tol]ation is n ! opposite ( ,intol]ance1 b is ! c\nt]feit ( x4 ,bo? are despotisms4 ,! "o assumes itself ! "r ( )hold+ lib]ty ( consci5ce1 & ! o!r ( grant+ x40 ,pa9e 0 an ard5t dei/1 & he add$3 8,7 a bill br\ght into any p>liam5t1 entitl$ #8,an ,act to tol]ate or grant lib]ty to ! ,almighty to receive ! wor%ip ( a ,jew or a ,turk1' or #8to prohibit ! ,almighty f receiv+ x1' all m5 w\ld />tle & call x blasphemy4 ,!re w\ld be an upro>4 ,! presumption ( tol]ation 9 religi\s matt]s w\ld !n pres5t itself unmask$40 ,! ,revolution began well1 b ! _s ( ,mirabeau 0 n 9 ! asc5dant ?r\gh\t its c\rse4 ,! vicissitudes 9 religi\s policy f #aghi to #ahja h a p>ticul> int]e/1 because !y %[ t ! pr9ciple ( lib]ty ( consci5ce 0 f> f possess+ ! m9ds ( ! m5 :o 7 pr\d ( aboli%+ ! intol]ance ( ! gov]nm5t :i* !y _h ov]?r[n4 ,! ,/ate ,*ur* 0 reorganiz$ by ! ,civil ,con/itution ( ! ,cl]gy 7#agij71 by :i* ,fr5* citiz5s 7 =bidd5 to ackn[l$ge ! au?ority ( ! ,pope & #aac ! appo9tm5t ( ,bi%ops 0 transf]r$ to ! ,electors ( ! ,dep>tm5ts1 s t ! comm&+ influ5ce pass$ f ! ,cr[n to ! nation4 ,doctr9e & wor%ip 7 n t\*$4 ,"u ! democratic ,republic :i* succe$$ ! fall ( ! mon>*y 7#agib-e7 ?is ,con/itution 0 ma9ta9$1 b a movem5t to de*ri/ianize ,france 0 inaugurat$1 & ! ,commune ( ,p>is ord]$ ! *ur*es ( all religions to be clos$4 ,! wor%ip ( ,reason1 ) rites modell$ on ! ,ca?olic1 0 organiz$ 9 ,p>is & ! prov9ces4 ,! gov]nm5t1 viol5tly anti-,ca?olic1 did n c>e to use =ce aga9/ ! preval5t fai?2 direct p]secution w\ld h weak5$ ! national def5ce & sc&aliz$ ,europe4 ,!y navely hop$ t ! sup]/ition w\ld disappe> by degrees4 ,robespi]re decl>$ aga9/ ! policy ( un*ri/ianiz+ ,france1 & :5 he _h ! p[] 7,april1 #agie71 he e/abli%$ z a ,/ate religion ! wor%ip ( ! ,supreme ,be+4 8,! ,fr5* p recognizes ! exi/5ce ( ! ,supreme ,be+ & ! immortality ( ! ,s\l02 ! lib]ty ( o!r cults 0 ma9ta9$4 ,?us1 = a few mon?s1 ,r\sseau's idea 0 m or less realiz$4 ,x meant intol]ance4 ,a!ism 0 reg>d$ z a vice1 & 8all 7 a!i/s :o did n ?9k l ,robespi]re40 #aad ,! democratic 0 succe$$ by ! middle-class ,republic 7#agie-i71 & ! policy ( its gov]nm5t 0 to h9d] ! prepond]ance ( any "o religi\s gr\p2 to hold ! balance among all ! cre$s1 b ) a c]ta9 p>tiality aga9/ ! /ronge/1 ! ,ca?olic1 :i* ?reat5$1 z 0 ?\ght1 to de/roy ! o!rs or ev5 ! ,republic4 ,! plan 0 to fav\r ! gr[? ( new rationali/ic cults1 & to und]m9e reveal$ religion by a secul> sy/em ( education4 ,accord+ly ! ,*ur* 0 sep>at$ f ! ,/ate by ! ,con/itution ( #agie1 :i* affirm$ ! lib]ty ( all wor%ip & )drew f ! ,ca?olic cl]gy ! sal>ies :i* ! ,/ate _h hi!rto paid4 ,! elem5t>y s*ools 7 laiciz$4 ,! ,decl>ation ( ,rights1 ! articles ( ! ,con/itution1 & republican morality 7 taught in/ead ( religion4 ,an en?usia/ decl>$ t 8! religion ( ,socrates1 ,m>cus ,aurelius1 & ,cic]o w\ld soon be ! religion ( ! _w40 ,a new rationali/ic religion 0 introduc$ "u ! "n ( ,!ophilan?ropy4 ,x 0 ! 8natural religion0 ( ! philosoph]s & poets ( ! c5tury1 ( ,voltaire & ! ,engli% dei/s--n ! purifi$ ,*ri/ianity ( ,r\sseau1 b ant]ior & sup]ior to ,*ri/ianity4 ,its doctr9es1 briefly =mulat$1 #aae 73 ,god1 immortality1 frat]nity1 humanity2 no attacks on o!r religions1 b respect & hon\r t[>ds all2 ga!r+s 9 a family1 or 9 a temple1 to enc\rage "o ano!r to practise morality4 ,protect$ by ! gov]nm5t sometimes secretly1 sometimes op5ly1 x _h a c]ta9 success among ! cultivat$ classes4 ,! idea ( ! lay ,/ate 0 popul>iz$ "u ?is rule1 & by ! end ( ! c5tury !re 0 virtually religi\s peace 9 ,france4 ,"u ! ,consulate 7f #agii7 ! same sy/em cont9u$1 b ,napoleon ceas$ to protect ,!ophilan?ropy4 ,9 #ahja1 ?\gh !re seems to h be5 little discont5t ) ! exi/+ arrangem5t1 ,napoleon decid$ to upset x & br+ ! ,pope ^u ! sc5e4 ,! ,ca?olic religion1 z t ( ! majority1 0 aga9 tak5 "u ! special protection ( ! ,/ate1 ! sal>ies ( ! cl]gy aga9 paid by ! nation1 & ! ,papal au?ority ov] ! ,*ur* aga9 recogniz$ )9 well-def9$ limits2 :ile full tol]ation ( o!r religions 0 ma9ta9$4 ,?is 0 ! effect ( ! ,concordat betwe5 ! ,fr5* ,republic & ! ,pope4 ,x is ! judgm5t ( a high au?ority t ! nation1 if x _h be5 consult$1 w\ld h pron\nc$ aga9/ ! *ange4 ,x may be d\bt$ :e!r ?is is true4 ,b ,napoleon's policy #aaf seems to h be5 prompt$ by ! calculation t1 us+ ! ,pope z an in/rum5t1 he c\ld control ! consci5ces ( m51 & m easily c>ry out 8 plans ( empire4 ,ap>t f its ecclesia/ical policies & its exp]im5ts 9 new cre$s bas$ on ! pr9ciples ( rationali/ic ?9k]s1 ! ,fr5* ,revolution itself has an int]e/1 9 connexion ) our subject1 z an example ( ! co]cion ( reason by an intol]ant fai?4 ,! lead]s believ$ t1 by apply+ c]ta9 pr9ciples1 !y c\ld reg5]ate ,france & %[ ! _w h[ ! la/+ happ9ess ( mank9d c be secur$4 ,!y act$ 9 ! "n ( reason1 b _! pr9ciples 7 articles ( fai?1 :i* 7 accept$ j z bl9dly & irrationally z ! dogmas ( any sup]natural cre$4 ,"o ( ^! dogmas 0 ! false doctr9e ( ,r\sseau t man is a be+ :o is naturally good & loves ju/ice & ord]4 ,ano!r 0 ! illusion t all m5 are equal by nature4 ,! pu]ile conviction prevail$ t legislation c\ld completely blot out ! pa/ & radically trans=m ! "* ( a society4 8,lib]ty1 equality1 & frat]nity0 0 z mu* a cre$ z ! ,cre$ ( ! ,apo/les2 x hypnotiz$ m5's m9ds l a revelation f on high2 & reason _h z little "p 9 its propagation z 9 ! spread #aag ( ,*ri/ianity or ( ,prote/antism4 ,x meant any?+ b equality1 frat]nity1 or lib]ty1 especially lib]ty1 :5 x 0 translat$ into action by ! fanatical apo/les ( 8,reason10 :o 7 bl9d to ! facts ( human nature & defi$ ! facts ( econnomics4 ,t]ror1 ! usual in/rum5t 9 propagat+ religions1 0 nev] m m]cilessly appli$4 ,any "o :o que/ion$ ! doctr9es 0 a h]etic & des]v$ a h]etic's fate4 ,&1 z 9 mo/ religi\s movem5ts1 ! mild] & less unreasonable spirits succumb$ to ! fanatics4 ,nev] 0 ! "n ( reason m griev\sly abus$ ?an by ^? :o believ$ !y 7 inaugurat+ h] reign4 ,religi\s lib]ty1 h[ev]1 among o!r good ?+s1 did em]ge f ! ,revolution1 at fir/ 9 ! =m ( ,sep>ation1 & !n "u ! ,concordat4 ,! ,concordat la/$ = m ?an a c5tury1 "u mon>*ies & republics1 till x 0 aboli%$ 9 ,decemb]1 #aije1 :5 ! sy/em ( ,sep>ation 0 introduc$ aga94 ,9 ! ,g]man ,/ates ! hi/ory ( religi\s lib]ty diff]s 9 _m ways1 b x resembles ! developm5t 9 ,france 9 s f> z tol]ation 9 a limit$ =m 0 at fir/ br\ght ab\t by w>4 ,! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w>1 :i* divid$ ,g]many 9 ! fir/ half #aah ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & 9 :i*1 z 9 ! ,engli% ,civil ,w>1 religion & politics 7 mix$1 0 t]m9at$ by ! ,peace ( ,we/phalia 7#afdh74 ,by ?is act1 ?ree religions1 ! ,ca?olic1 ! ,lu!ran1 & ! ,re=m$ #d 7 legally recogniz$ by ! ,holy ,roman ,empire1 & plac$ on an equality2 all o!r religi\s 7 exclud$4 ,b x 0 left to ea* ( ! ,g]man ,/ates1 ( :i* ! ,empire consi/$1 to tol]ate or n any religion x pleas$4 ,t is1 e pr9ce c\ld impose on 8 subjects :i*ev] ( ! ?ree religions he *ose1 & refuse to tol]ate ! o!rs 9 8 t]ritory4 ,b he might also admit "o or bo? ( ! o!rs1 & he might all[ ! foll[]s ( o!r cre$s to reside 9 8 dom9ion1 & practise _! religion )9 ! prec9cts ( _! own h\ses4 ,?us tol]ation v>i$1 f ,/ate to ,/ate1 accord+ to ! policy ( ea* p>ticul> pr9ce4 ,z else:]e1 s 9 ,g]many1 consid]ations ( political exp$i5cy promot$ ! gr[? ( tol]ation1 especially 9 ,prussia2 & z else:]e1 !oretical advocates ex]cis$ great influ5ce on public op9ion4 ,b ! case = tol]ation 0 bas$ by its ,g]man def5d]s *iefly on legal1 n1 z 9 #aai ,engl& & ,france1 on moral & intellectual gr\nds4 ,!y reg>d$ x z a "q ( law1 & discuss$ x f ! po9t ( view ( ! legal relations betwe5 ,/ate & ,*ur*4 ,x _h be5 consid]$ long ago f ?is /&po9t by an orig9al ,italian ?9k]1 ,m>silius ( ,padua 7?irte5? c5tury71 :o _h ma9ta9$ t ! ,*ur* _h no p[] to employ physical co]cion1 & t if ! lay au?ority puni%$ h]etics1 ! puni%m5t 0 inflict$ = ! violation n ( div9e ord9ances b ( ! law ( ! ,/ate1 :i* exclud$ h]etics f its t]ritory4 ,*ri/ian ,?omasius may be tak5 z a lead+ expon5t ( ! !ory t religi\s lib]ty logically foll[s f a "r conception ( law4 ,he laid d[n 9 a s]ies ( pamphlets 7#afic-afig7 t ! pr9ce1 :o alone has ! p[] ( co]cion1 has no "r to int]f]e 9 spiritual matt]s1 :ile ! cl]gy /ep beyond _! prov9ce if !y int]f]e 9 secul> matt]s or def5d _! fai? by any o!r means ?an tea*+4 ,b ! secul> p[] has no legal "r to co]ce h]etics unless h]esy is a crime4 ,& h]esy is n a crime1 b an error2 = x is n a matt] ( w4 ,?omasius1 moreov]1 urges ! view t ! public welf>e has no?+ to ga9 f unity ( fai?1 t x makes no #abj diff]5ce :at fai? a man pr(esses s long z he is loyal to ! ,/ate4 ,8 tol]ation inde$ is n complete4 ,he 0 mu* influ5c$ by ! writ+s ( 8 contempor>y ,locke1 & he excepts f ! b5efit ( tol]ation ! same classes :i* ,locke except$4 ,besides ! influ5ce ( ! juri/s1 we may note t ! ,pieti/ic movem5t--a reaction ( religi\s en?usiasm aga9/ ! =mal !ology ( ! ,lu!ran div9es--0 animat$ by a _s fav\rable to tol]ation2 & t ! cause 0 promot$ by ! lead+ m5 ( lett]s1 especially by ,less+1 9 ! second half ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,b p]haps ! mo/ important fact ( all 9 ha/5+ ! realization ( religi\s lib]ty 9 ,g]many 0 ! accession ( a rationali/ to ! ?rone ( ,prussia1 9 ! p]son ( ,fr$]ick ! ,great4 ,a few mon?s aft] 8 accession 7#agdj7 he wrote 9 ! m>g9 ( a ,/ate pap]1 9 :i* a "q ( religi\s policy occurr$1 t e "o %\ld be all[$ to get to heav5 9 8 own way4 ,8 view t morality 0 indep5d5t ( religion & !re=e compatible ) all religions1 & t ?us a man c\ld be a good citiz5--! only ?+ :i* ! ,/ate 0 entitl$ to dem&--:atev] fai? he might pr(ess1 l$ to ! logical consequ5ce ( complete religi\s lib]ty4 ,ca?olics #aba 7 plac$ on an equality ) ,prote/ants1 & ! ,treaty ( ,we/phalia 0 violat$ by ! ext5sion ( full tol]ation to all ! =bidd5 sects4 ,fr$]ick ev5 conceiv$ ! idea ( introduc+ ,mohamm$an settl]s into "s p>ts ( 8 realm4 ,contra/ ,engl& "u ,george ,,iii1 ,france "u ,l\is ,,xv1 ,italy "u ! %ad[ ( ! ,popes4 ,x is an important fact 9 hi/ory1 :i* has h>dly be5 duly emphasiz$1 t full religi\s lib]ty 0 = ! fir/ "t1 9 any c\ntry 9 mod]n ,europe1 realiz$ "u a free-?9k+ rul]1 ! fri5d ( ! great 8blasphem]0 ,voltaire4 ,! policy & pr9ciples ( ,fr$]ick 7 =mulat$ 9 ! ,prussian ,t]ritorial ,code ( #agid1 by :i* unre/rict$ lib]ty ( consci5ce 0 gu>ante$1 & ! ?ree *ief religions1 ! ,lu!ran1 ! ,re=m$1 & ! ,ca?olic1 7 plac$ on ! same foot+ & enjoy$ ! same privileges4 ,! sy/em is 8jurisdictional02 only1 ?ree ,*ur*es "h occupy ! position :i* ! ,anglican ,*ur* alone occupies 9 ,engl&4 ,! re/ ( ,g]many did n beg9 to move 9 ! direction po9t$ out by ,prussia until1 by "o ( ! la/ acts ( ! ,holy ,roman ,empire 7#ahjc71 ! ,we/phalian settlem5t _h be5 modifi$4 ,be=e ! f\ndation ( ! new ,empire 7#ahgj71 fre$om 0 e/abli%$ ?r\gh\t ,g]many4 #abb ,9 ,au/ria1 ! ,emp]or ,joseph ,,ii issu$ an ,edict ( ,tol]ation 9 #agha1 :i* may be consid]$ a broad measure = a ,ca?olic ,/ate at t "t4 ,joseph 0 a s9c]e ,ca?olic1 b he 0 n imp]vi\s to ! enlight5$ ideas ( 8 age2 he 0 an admir] ( ,fr$]ick1 & 8 edict 0 prompt$ by a g5u9ely tol]ant _s1 su* z _h n inspir$ ! ,engli% ,act ( #afhi4 ,x ext5d$ only to ! ,lu!ran & ,re=m$ sects & ! communities ( ! ,greek ,*ur* :i* _h ent]$ into union ) ,rome1 & x 0 ( a limit$ k9d4 ,religi\s lib]ty 0 n e/abli%$ till #ahfg4 ,! measure ( ,joseph appli$ to ! ,au/rian ,/ates 9 ,italy1 & help$ to prep>e t c\ntry = ! idea ( religi\s fre$om4 ,x is notable t 9 ,italy 9 ! eighte5? c5tury tol]ation f\nd its advocate1 n 9 a rationali/ or a philosoph]1 b 9 a ,ca?olic ecclesia/ic1 ,tambur9ni1 :o 7"u ! "n ( 8 fri5d ,trautmansdorf7 publi%$ a "w ,on ,ecclesia/ical & ,civil ,tol]ation 7#aghc74 ,a %>p l9e is drawn betwe5 ! prov9ces ( ! ,*ur* & ! ,/ate1 p]secution & ! ,inquisition are condemn$1 co]cion ( consci5ce is decl>$ inconsi/5t ) ! ,*ri/ian _s1 & ! pr9ciple is laid d[n t ! sovran %\ld only ex]cise co]cion :]e #abc ! int]e/s ( public safety are conc]n$4 ,l ,locke1 ! au?or ?9ks t a!ism is a legitimate case = su* co]cion4 ,! new ,/ates :i* ,napoleon set up 9 ,italy exhibit$ tol]ation 9 v>i\s degrees1 b real lib]ty 0 fir/ introduc$ 9 ,pi$mont by ,cav\r 7#ahdh71 a measure :i* prep>$ ! way = ! full lib]ty :i* 0 "o ( ! fir/-fruits ( ! f\ndation ( ! ,italian k+dom 9 #ahgj4 ,! union ( ,italy1 ) all t x meant1 is ! mo/ signal & dramatic act 9 ! triumph ( ! ideas ( ! mod]n ,/ate ov] ! traditional pr9ciples ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,rome1 :i* pres]v$ ^? pr9ciples mo/ fai?fully1 has (f]$ a /eadfa/1 we may say a h]oic1 resi/ance to ! lib]al ideas :i* swept ,europe 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! guides ( h] policy grasp$ ?or\ghly ! dang] :i* lib]al ?\ght meant = an in/itution :i*1 f\nd$ 9 a remote pa/1 claim$ to be un*angeable & nev] out ( date4 ,gregory ,,xvi issu$ a solemn prote/ ma9ta9+ au?ority aga9/ fre$om1 ! m$iaeval aga9/ ! mod]n ideal1 9 an ,encyclical ,lett] 7#ahcb71 :i* 0 int5d$ z a rebuke to "s "y ,fr5* ,ca?olics 7,lam5nais & 8 fri5ds7 :o _h conceiv$ ! promis+ idea ( trans=m+ ! ,*ur* by ! ,lib]al _s #abd ( ! day4 ,! ,pope d5\nces 8! absurd & errone\s maxim1 or r insanity1 t lib]ty ( consci5ce %\ld be procur$ & gu>ante$ to e "o4 ,! pa? to ?is p]nici\s error is prep>$ by t full & unlimit$ lib]ty ( ?\ght :i* is spread abroad to ! mis=tune ( ,*ur* & ,/ate & :i* c]ta9 p]sons1 ) excessive impud5ce1 v5ture to repres5t z an advantage = religion4 ,h5ce comes ! corruption ( y\?1 contempt = religion & = ! mo/ v5]able laws1 & a g5]al m5tal *ange 9 ! _w--9 %ort ! mo/ deadly sc\rge ( society2 s9ce ! exp]i5ce ( hi/ory has %[n t ! ,/ates :i* h %one by _! weal? & p[] & glory h p]i%$ j by ?is evil-- immod]ate fre$om ( op9ion1 lic5ce ( conv]sation1 & love ( novelties4 ,) ?is is connect$ ! lib]ty ( publi%+ any writ+ ( any k9d4 ,?is is a deadly & execrable lib]ty = :i* we _c feel suffici5t horror1 ?\gh "s m5 d>e to acclaim x noisily & en?usia/ically40 ,a g5]ation lat] ,pius ,,ix 0 to a/oni% ! _w by a simil> manife/o--8 ,syllabus ( ,mod]n ,errors 7#ahfd74 ,yet1 not)/&+ ! fundam5tal antagonism betwe5 ! pr9ciples ( ! ,*ur* & ! drift ( mod]n civilization1 ! ,papacy survives1 #abe p[]ful & respect$1 9 a _w :]e ! ideas :i* x condemn$ h become ! commonplace conditions ( life4 ,! progress ( ,we/]n nations f ! sy/em ( unity :i* prevail$ 9 ! fifte5?1 to ! sy/em ( lib]ty :i* 0 ! rule 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 0 sl[ & pa9ful1 illogical & wav]+1 g5]ally dictat$ by political necessities1 seldom inspir$ by delib]ate conviction4 ,we h se5 h[ religi\s lib]ty has be5 realiz$1 s f> z ! law is conc]n$1 "u two di/9ct sy/ems1 8,jurisdiction0 & 8,sep>ation40 ,b legal tol]ation may coexi/ ) mu* practical intol]ance1 & lib]ty be=e ! law is compatible ) s]i\s disabilities ( :i* ! law _c take acc\nt4 ,= in/ance1 ! expression ( unor?odox op9ions may exclude a man f obta9+ a secul> po/ or h9d] 8 advancem5t4 ,! "q has be5 ask$1 :i* ( ! two sy/ems is m fav\rable to ! creation ( a tol]ant social atmosph]e8 ,ruff9i 7( ^: excell5t "w on ,religi\s ,lib]ty ,i h made mu* use 9 ?is *apt]7 decides 9 fav\r ( ,jurisdiction4 ,he po9ts out t :ile ,soc9us1 a true fri5d ( lib]ty ( ?\ght1 contemplat$ ?is sy/em1 ! ,anabapti/s1 ^: _s 0 intol]ant1 s\ght ,sep>ation4 ,m important #abf is ! obs]vation t 9 ,g]many1 ,engl&1 & ,italy1 :]e ! mo/ p[]ful ,*ur* or ,*ur*es are "u ! control ( ! ,/ate1 !re is m fre$om1 m tol]ance ( op9ion1 ?an 9 _m ( ! ,am]ican ,/ates :]e ,sep>ation prevails4 ,a hundr$ ye>s ago ! ,am]icans %[$ appall+ +ratitude to ,?omas ,pa9e1 :o _h done !m em95t s]vice 9 ! ,w> ( ,indep5d5ce1 simply because he publi%$ a v unor?odox book4 ,x is notori\s t free ?\ght is /ill a s]i\s h9drance & h&icap to an ,am]ican1 ev5 9 mo/ ( ! ,univ]sities4 ,?is proves t ,sep>ation is n an infallible receipt = produc+ tol]ance4 ,b ,i see no reason to suppose t public op9ion 9 ,am]ica w\ld be diff]5t1 if ei!r ! ,f$]al ,republic or ! p>ticul> ,/ates _h adopt$ ,jurisdiction4 ,giv5 legal lib]ty "u ei!r sy/em1 ,i %\ld say t ! tol]ance ( public op9ion dep5ds on social conditions & especially on ! degree ( culture among ! educat$ classes4 ,f ?is sket* x w be se5 t tol]ation 0 ! outcome ( new political circum/ances & necessities1 br\ght ab\t by ! disunion ( ! ,*ur* ?r\gh ! ,re=mation4 ,b x meant t 9 ^? ,/ates :i* grant$ tol]ation ! op9ion ( #abg a suffici5tly influ5tial gr\p ( ! gov]n+ class 0 ripe = ! *ange1 & ?is new m5tal attitude 0 9 a great measure due to ! scepticism & rationalism :i* 7 diffus$ by ! ,r5aissance movem5t1 & :i* subtly & unconsci\sly _h affect$ ! m9ds ( _m :o 7 s9c]ely devot$ to rigidly or?odox beliefs2 s effective is ! =ce ( sugge/ion4 ,9 ! next two *apt]s ! advance ( reason at ! exp5se ( fai? w be trac$ ?r\gh ! sev5te5?1 eighte5?1 & n9ete5? c5turies4 #a ,translat$ by ,lecky4 #b ,complete tol]ation 0 e/abli%$ by ,p5n 9 ! ,quak] ,colony ( ,p5nsylvania 9 #afhb4 #c ,especially ,*ill+wor?'s ,religion ( ,prote/ants 7#afcg71 & ,j]emy ,taylor's ,lib]ty ( ,prophesy+ 7#afdf74 #d ,! ,re=m$ ,*ur* consi/s ( ! foll[]s ( ,calv9 & ,zw+li4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,gr[? ,,( ,,rationalism 7,,sev5te5? ,,& ,,eighte5? ,,c5turies7 ,,dur+ ! la/ ?ree hundr$ ye>s reason has be5 sl[ly b /eadily de/roy+ ,*ri/ian my?ology & expos+ ! pret5sions ( sup]natural revelation4 ,! progress ( rationalism falls naturally into two p]iods4 7#a7 ,9 ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies ^? ?9k]s :o reject$ ,*ri/ian !ology & ! book on :i* x relies 7 ma9ly influ5c$ by ! inconsi/5cies1 contradictions1 & absurdities :i* !y discov]$ 9 ! evid5ce1 & by ! moral #abh difficulties ( ! cre$4 ,"s sci5tific facts 7 kn[n :i* seem$ to reflect on ! accuracy ( ,revelation1 b argum5ts bas$ on sci5ce 7 subsidi>y4 7#b7 ,9 ! n9ete5? c5tury ! discov]ies ( sci5ce 9 _m fields bore ) full =ce ^u fabrics :i* _h be5 con/ruct$ 9 a nave & ignorant age2 & hi/orical criticism und]m9$ me?odically ! au?ority ( ! sacr$ docum5ts :i* _h hi!rto be5 expos$ *iefly to ! acute b unme?odical criticisms ( common s5se4 ,a dis9t]e/$ love ( facts1 )\t any reg>d to ! be>+ :i* ^? facts may h on "o's hopes or fe>s or de/9y1 is a r>e quality 9 all ages1 & x _h be5 v r>e inde$ s9ce ! anci5t days ( ,greece & ,rome4 ,x means ! sci5tific _s4 ,n[ 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury we may say 7)\t disrespect to a few precursors7 t ! mod]n /udy ( natural sci5ce began1 & 9 ! same p]iod we h a s]ies ( fam\s ?9k]s :o 7 guid$ by a dis9t]e/$ love ( tru?4 ,( ! mo/ acute m9ds "s rea*$ ! conclusion t ! ,*ri/ian s*eme ( ! _w is irrational1 & accord+ to _! temp]am5t "s reject$ x1 :il/ o!rs1 l ! great ,fr5*man ,pascal1 fell back ^u an unreason+ act ( fai?4 ,bacon1 :o pr(ess$ #abi or?odoxy1 0 p]haps at he>t a dei/1 b 9 any case ! :ole _s ( 8 writ+s 0 to exclude au?ority f ! doma9 ( sci5tific inve/igation :i* he did s mu* to /imulate4 ,desc>tes1 illu/ri\s n only z ! f\nd] ( mod]n metaphysics b also by 8 orig9al contributions to sci5ce1 might seek to conciliate ! ecclesia/ical au?orities--8 temp] 0 timid-- b 8 philosophical me?od 0 a p[]ful inc5tive to rationali/ic ?\ght4 ,! g5]al t5d5cy ( sup]ior intellects 0 to exalt reason at ! exp5se ( au?ority2 & 9 ,engl& ?is pr9ciple 0 e/abli%$ s firmly by ,locke1 t ?r\gh\t ! !ological w>f>e ( ! eighte5? c5tury bo? p>ties reli$ on reason1 & no !ologian ( repute assum$ fai? to be a high] faculty4 ,a /rik+ illu/ration ( ! gradual encroa*m5ts ( reason is ! *ange :i* 0 sil5tly wr\ght 9 public op9ion on ! subject ( wit*craft4 ,! fam\s ef=ts ( ,james ,i to c>ry out ! ,biblical comm&1 8,?\ %alt n suff] a wit* to live10 7 outdone by ! zeal ( ! ,puritans "u ! ,commonweal? to suppress ! wick$ old wom5 :o _h comm]ce ) ,satan4 ,aft] ! ,re/oration1 ! belief 9 wit*craft decl9$ among educat$ p--?\gh #acj "s able writ]s ma9ta9$ x--& !re 7 few executions4 ,! la/ trial ( a wit* 0 9 #agab1 :5 "s cl]gym5 9 ,h]t=d%ire prosecut$ ,jane ,w5ham4 ,! jury f\nd h] guilty1 b ! judge1 :o _h summ$ up 9 h] fav\r1 0 able to procure ! remission ( h] s5t5ce2 & ! laws aga9/ wit*craft 7 repeal$ 9 #agce4 ,john ,wesley said ) p]fect tru? t to disbelieve 9 wit*craft is to disbelieve 9 ! ,bible4 ,9 ,france & 9 ,holl& ! decl9e ( belief & int]e/ 9 ?is p>ticul> =m ( ,satan's activity 0 simultane\s4 ,9 ,scotl&1 :]e !ology 0 v p[]ful1 a woman 0 burnt 9 #agbb4 ,x c be no m]e co9cid5ce t ! g5]al decl9e ( ?is sup]/ition belongs to ! age :i* saw ! rise ( mod]n sci5ce & mod]n philosophy4 ,hobbes1 :o 0 p]haps ! mo/ brilliant ,engli% ?9k] ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 0 a free?9k] & mat]iali/4 ,he _h come "u ! influ5ce ( 8 fri5d ! ,fr5* philosoph] ,gass5di1 :o _h reviv$ mat]ialism 9 its ,epicurean %ape4 ,yet he 0 a *ampion n ( fre$om ( consci5ce b ( co]cion 9 its mo/ uncompromis+ =m4 ,9 ! political !ory :i* he exp\nd$ 9 ,levia?an1 ! sovran has autocratic p[] 9 ! doma9 ( doctr9e1 #aca z 9 ev]y?+ else1 & x is ! duty ( subjects to con=m to ! religion :i* ! sovran imposes4 ,religi\s p]secution is ?us def5d$1 b no indep5d5t p[] is left to ! ,*ur*4 ,b ! pr9ciples on :i* ,hobbes built up 8 !ory 7 rationali/ic4 ,he sep>at$ morality f religion & id5tifi$ 8! true moral philosophy0 ) ! 8true doctr9e ( ! laws ( nature40 ,:at he really ?\ght ( religion c\ld be inf]r$ f 8 rem>k t ! fanciful fe> ( ?+s invisible 7due to ignorance7 is ! natural se$ ( t feel+ :i*1 9 himself1 a man calls religion1 b1 9 ^? :o fe> or wor%ip ! invisible p[] diff]5tly1 sup]/ition4 ,9 ! reign ( ,*>les ,,ii ,hobbes 0 sil5c$ & 8 books 7 burn$4 ,sp9oza1 ! ,jewi% philosoph] ( ,holl&1 ow$ a great deal to ,desc>tes & 79 political speculation7 to ,hobbes1 b 8 philosophy meant a f> wid] & m op5 brea* ) or?odox op9ion ?an ei!r ( 8 ma/]s _h v5tur$ on4 ,he conceiv$ ultimate reality1 :i* he call$ ,god1 z an absolutely p]fect1 imp]sonal ,be+1 a sub/ance ^: nature is con/itut$ by two 8attributes0-- ?\ght & spatial ext5sion4 ,:5 ,sp9oza speaks ( love ( ,god1 9 :i* he consid]$ happ9ess to consi/1 he means k #acb & contemplation ( ! ord] ( nature1 includ+ human nature1 :i* is subject to fix$1 inv>iable laws4 ,he rejects free-w & ! 8sup]/ition10 z he calls x1 ( f9al causes 9 nature4 ,if we want to label 8 philosophy1 we may say t x is a =m ( pan!ism4 ,x has (t5 be5 describ$ z a!ism4 ,if a!ism means1 z ,i suppose 9 ord9>y use x is g5]ally tak5 to mean1 rejection ( a p]sonal ,god1 ,sp9oza 0 an a!i/4 ,x %\ld be obs]v$ t 9 ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies a!i/ 0 us$ 9 ! wilde/ way z a t]m ( abuse = free?9k]s1 & :5 we read ( a!i/s 7except 9 c>eful writ]s7 we may g5]ally assume t ! p]sons s /igmatiz$ 7 really dei/s1 t is1 !y believ$ 9 a p]sonal ,god b n 9 ,revelation4 #a ,sp9oza's d>+ philosophy 0 n 9 h>mony ) ! g5]al tr5d ( speculation at ! "t1 & did n ex]t any pr(\nd influ5ce on ?\ght till a mu* lat] p]iod4 ,! ?9k] ^: writ+s appeal$ mo/ to ! m5 ( 8 age & 7 mo/ opportune & effective 0 ,john ,locke1 :o pr(ess$ m or less or?odox ,anglicanism4 ,8 great contribution to philosophy is equival5t to a v p[]ful def5ce #acc ( reason aga9/ ! usurpations ( au?ority4 ,! object ( 8 ,essay on ! ,human ,und]/&+ 7#afij7 is to %[ t all k is d]iv$ f exp]i5ce4 ,he subord9at$ fai? completely to reason4 ,:ile he accept$ ! ,*ri/ian revelation1 he held t revelation if x contradict$ ! high] tribunal ( reason mu/ be reject$1 & t revelation _c give u k z c]ta9 z ! k :i* reason gives4 8,he t takes away reason to make room = revelation puts out ! light ( bo?2 & does mu* :at ! same z if he w\ld p]suade a man to put out 8 eyes1 ! bett] to receive ! remote light ( an invisible /> by a telescope40 ,he wrote a book to %[ t ! ,*ri/ian revelation is n contr>y to reason1 & its title1 ,! ,reasonabl5ess ( ,*ri/ianity1 s\nds ! note ( all religi\s controv]sy 9 ,engl& dur+ ! next hundr$ ye>s4 ,bo? ! or?odox & _! oppon5ts w>mly agre$ t reasonabl5ess 0 ! only te/ ( ! claims ( reveal$ religion4 ,x 0 "u ! direct influ5ce ( ,locke t ,tol&1 an ,iri%man :o _h be5 conv]t$ f ,roman ,ca?olicism1 compos$ a s5sational book1 ,*ri/ianity ,n ,my/]i\s 7#afif74 ,he assumes t ,*ri/ianity is true & argues t !re c be no my/]ies 9 x1 because my/]ies1 t #acd is1 un9telligible dogmas1 _c be accept$ by reason4 ,& if a reasonable ,deity gave a revelation1 its purpose mu/ be to enlight51 n to puzzle4 ,! assumption ( ! tru? ( ,*ri/ianity 0 a m]e pret5ce1 z an intellig5t read] c\ld n fail to see4 ,! "w 0 important because x drew ! logical inf]5ce f ,locke's philosophy1 & x _h a wide circulation4 ,lady ,m>y ,wortley ,montagu met a ,turki% ,eff5di at ,belgrade :o ask$ h] = news ( ,mr4 ,tol&4 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( ?is /age ( ! /ruggle betwe5 reason & au?ority t 7except+ ! lead+ ,fr5* ?9k]s 9 ! eighte5? c5tury7 ! rationali/s1 :o attack$ !ology1 g5]ally feign$ to ackn[l$ge ! tru? ( ! ideas :i* !y 7 assail+4 ,!y pret5d$ t _! speculations did n affect religion2 !y c\ld sep>ate ! doma9s ( reason & ( fai?2 !y c\ld %[ t ,revelation 0 sup]flu\s )\t que/ion+ x2 !y c\ld d homage to or?odoxy & lay d[n views ) :i* or?odoxy 0 irreconcilable4 ,! errors :i* !y expos$ 9 ! sph]e ( reason 7 ironically all[$ to be tru?s 9 ! sph]e ( !ology4 ,! m$iaeval pr9ciple ( d\ble tru? & o!r %ifts 7 resort$ to1 9 self-protection #ace aga9/ ! tyranny ( or?odoxy--?\gh !y did n always avail2 & 9 read+ mu* ( ! rationali/ic lit]ature ( ?is p]iod we h to read betwe5 ! l9es4 ,bayle is an int]e/+ in/ance4 ,if ,locke's philosophy1 by sett+ au?ority 9 its place & d]iv+ all k f exp]i5ce1 0 a p[]ful aid to rationalism1 8 contempor>y ,bayle work$ 9 ! same direction by ! inve/igation ( hi/ory4 ,driv5 f ,france 7see above1 p4 #ajg71 he liv$ at ,am/]dam1 :]e he publi%$ 8 ,philosophical ,diction>y4 ,he 0 really a free?9k]1 b he nev] dropp$ ! disguise ( or?odoxy1 & ?is l5ds a p>ticul> piquancy to 8 "w4 ,he takes a delight 9 m>%all+ all ! objections :i* h]etics _h made to ess5tial ,*ri/ian dogmas4 ,he expos$ )\t m]cy ! crimes & brutalities ( ,david1 & %[$ t ?is fav\rite ( ! ,almighty 0 a p]son ) :om "o w\ld refuse to %ake h&s4 ,!re 0 a great outcry at ?is un$ify+ c&\r4 ,bayle1 9 reply+1 adopt$ ! attitude ( ,montaigne & ,pascal1 & oppos$ fai? to reason4 ,! !ological virtue ( fai?1 he said1 consi/s 9 believ+ reveal$ tru?s simply & solely on ,god's au?ority4 ,if y believe 9 ! immortality ( ! s\l = #acf philosophical reasons1 y are or?odox1 b y h no "p 9 fai?4 ,! m]it ( fai? becomes great]1 9 proportion z ! reveal$ tru? surpasses all ! p[]s ( our m9d2 ! m incompreh5sible ! tru? & ! m repugnant to reason1 ! great] is ! sacrifice we make 9 accept+ x1 ! deep] our submission to ,god4 ,!re=e a m]ciless inv5tory ( ! objections :i* reason has to urge aga9/ fundam5tal doctr9es s]ves to exalt ! m]its ( fai?4 ,! ,diction>y 0 also criticiz$ = ! ju/ice done to ! moral excell5cies ( p]sons :o d5i$ ! exi/5ce ( ,god4 ,bayle replies t if he _h be5 able to f9d any a!i/ical ?9k]s :o liv$ bad lives1 he w\ld h be5 delight$ to dwell on _! vices1 b he knew ( none su*4 ,z = ! crim9als y meet 9 hi/ory1 ^: abom9able actions make y tremble1 _! impieties & blasphemies prove !y believ$ 9 a ,div9ity4 ,?is is a natural consequ5ce ( ! !ological doctr9e t ! ,devil1 :o is incapable ( a!ism1 is ! in/igator ( all ! s9s ( m54 ,= man's wick$ness mu/ cle>ly resemble t ( ! ,devil & mu/ !re=e be jo9$ to a belief 9 ,god's exi/5ce1 s9ce ! ,devil is n an a!i/4 ,& is x n a pro( ( ! inf9ite wisdom ( ,god t ! wor/ crim9als #acg are n a!i/s1 & t mo/ ( ! a!i/s ^: names are record$ h be5 hone/ m58 ,by ?is arrangem5t ,provid5ce sets b\nds to ! corruption ( man2 = if a!ism & moral wick$ness 7 unit$ 9 ! same p]sons1 ! societies ( e>? w\ld be expos$ to a fatal inundation ( s94 ,!re 0 mu* m 9 ! same ve92 & ! up%ot 01 "u ! ?9 veil ( s]v+ fai?1 to %[ t ! ,*ri/ian dogmas 7 ess5tially unreasonable4 ,bayle's "w1 m>k$ by s*ol>%ip & extraord9>y le>n+1 _h a great influ5ce 9 ,engl& z well z 9 ,france4 ,x suppli$ weapons to assailants ( ,*ri/ianity 9 bo? c\ntries4 ,at fir/ ! assault 0 c>ri$ on ) mo/ vig\r & ability by ! ,engli% dei/s1 :o1 ?\gh _! writ+s are little read n[1 did memorable "w by _! polemic aga9/ ! au?ority ( reveal$ religion4 ,! controv]sy betwe5 ! dei/s & _! or?odox oppon5ts turn$ on ! "q :e!r ! ,deity ( natural religion --! ,god ^: exi/5ce1 z 0 ?\ght1 c\ld be prov$ by reason--c be id5tifi$ ) ! au?or ( ! ,*ri/ian revelation4 ,to ! dei/s ?is seem$ impossible4 ,! nature ( ! alleg$ revelation seem$ inconsi/5t ) ! "* #ach ( ! ,god to :om reason po9t$4 ,! def5d]s ( revelation1 at lea/ all ! mo/ compet5t1 agre$ ) ! dei/s 9 mak+ reason supreme1 & ?r\gh ?is reliance on reason "s ( !m fell into h]esies4 ,cl>ke1 = in/ance1 "o ( ! able/1 0 v uns\nd on ! dogma ( ! ,tr9ity4 ,x is also to be notic$ t ) bo? sections ! int]e/ ( morality 0 ! pr9cipal motive4 ,! or?odox held t ! reveal$ doctr9e ( future rew>ds & puni%m5ts is necess>y = morality2 ! dei/s1 t morality dep5ds on reason alone1 & t revelation conta9s a great deal t is repugnant to moral ideals4 ,?r\gh\t ! eighte5? c5tury morality 0 ! guid+ consid]ation ) ,anglican ,*ur*m51 & religi\s emotion1 f9d+ no satisfaction )9 ! ,*ur*1 0 driv51 z x 71 outside1 & s\ght an outlet 9 ! ,me?odism ( ,wesley & ,:itefield4 ,sp9oza _h laid d[n ! pr9ciple t ,scripture mu/ be int]pret$ l any o!r book 7#afgj71 #b & ) ! dei/s ?is pr9ciple 0 fundam5tal4 ,9 ord] to avoid p]secution !y g5]ally veil$ _! conclusions #aci "u suffici5tly ?9 disguises4 ,hi!rto ! ,press ,lic5s+ ,act 7#affb7 _h v effectually prev5t$ ! publication ( het]odox works1 & x is f or?odox works d5\nc+ infidel op9ions t we "k h[ rationalism 0 spread+4 ,b 9 #afie1 ! ,press ,law 0 all[$ to drop1 & imm$iately dei/ic lit]ature began to appe>4 ,!re 01 h[ev]1 ! dang] ( prosecution "u ! ,blasphemy laws4 ,!re 7 ?ree legal weapons = co]c+ ^? :o attack$ ,*ri/ianity3 7#a7 ,! ,ecclesia/ical ,c\rts _h & h ! p[] ( imprison+ = a maximum t]m ( six mon?s1 = a!ism1 blasphemy1 h]esy1 & damnable op9ions4 7#b7 ,! common law z int]pret$ by ,"l ,*ief ,ju/ice ,hale 9 #afgf1 :5 a c]ta9 ,taylor 0 *>g$ ) hav+ said t religion 0 a *eat & blasphem$ aga9/ ,*ri/4 ,! accus$ 0 condemn$ to a f9e & ! pillory by ! ,judge1 :o rul$ t ! ,c\rt ( ,k+'s ,b5* has jurisdiction 9 su* a case1 inasmu* z blasphem\s words ( ! k9d are an (f5ce aga9/ ! laws & ! ,/ate1 & to speak aga9/ ,*ri/ianity is to speak 9 subv]sion ( ! law1 s9ce ,*ri/ianity is 8p>cel ( ! laws ( ,engl&40 7#c7 ,! /atute ( #afih enacts t if any p]son educat$ 9 ! ,*ri/ian religion 8%all by #adj writ+1 pr9t+1 tea*+1 or advis$ speak+ d5y any "o ( ! p]sons 9 ! ,holy ,tr9ity to be ,god1 or %all ass]t or ma9ta9 !re are m gods ?an "o1 or %all d5y ! ,*ri/ian religion to be true1 or %all d5y ! ,holy ,scriptures ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t to be ( div9e au?ority10 is convict$1 he %all = ! fir/ (f5ce be adjudg$ incapable to hold any public (fices or employm5ts1 & on ! second %all lose 8 civil rights & be imprison$ = ?ree ye>s4 ,?is ,/atute expressly /ates z its motive ! fact t 8_m p]sons h ( late ye>s op5ly av[$ & publi%$ _m blasphem\s & impi\s op9ions contr>y to ! doctr9e & pr9ciples ( ! ,*ri/ian religion40 ,z a matt] ( fact1 mo/ trials = blasphemy dur+ ! pa/ two hundr$ ye>s fall "u ! second head4 ,b ! new ,/atute ( #afih 0 v intimidat+1 & we c easily und]/& h[ x drove het]odox writ]s to ambigu\s disguises4 ,"o ( ^! disguises 0 allegorical int]pretation ( ,scripture4 ,!y %[$ t lit]al int]pretation l$ to absurdities or to inconsi/5cies ) ! wisdom & ju/ice ( ,god1 & pret5d$ to inf] t allegorical int]pretation mu/ be sub/itut$4 ,b !y meant ! read] to reject _! pret5d$ #ada solution & draw a conclusion damag+ to ,revelation4 ,among ! argum5ts us$ 9 fav\r ( ! tru? ( ,revelation ! fulfilm5t ( prophecies & ! miracles ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 7 conspicu\s4 ,an?ony ,coll9s1 a c\ntry g5tleman :o 0 a disciple ( ,locke1 publi%$ 9 #agcc 8 ,disc\rse on ! ,gr\nds & ,reasons ( ! ,*ri/ian ,religion1 9 :i* he dra/ically expos$ ! weakness ( ! evid5ce = fulfilm5t ( prophecy1 dep5d+ z x does on =c$ & unnatural figurative int]pretations4 ,tw5ty ye>s be=e he _h writt5 a ,disc\rse ( ,free-?9k+ 79 :i* ,bayle's influ5ce is evid5t7 plead+ = free discussion & ! ref]5ce ( all religi\s que/ions to reason4 ,he compla9$ ( ! g5]al intol]ance :i* prevail$2 b ! same facts :i* te/ify to intol]ance te/ify also to ! spread ( unbelief4 ,coll9s escap$ ) comp>ative impunity1 b ,?omas ,wool/on1 a ,fell[ ( ,sidney ,sussex ,college1 ,cambridge1 :o wrote six aggressive ,disc\rses on ! ,miracles ( our ,savi\r 7#agbg--agcj7 paid ! p5alty = 8 audacity4 ,depriv$ ( 8 ,fell[%ip1 he 0 prosecut$ = libel1 & s5t5c$ to a f9e ( #ajj & a ye>'s imprisonm5t4 ,unable to pay1 he di$ 9 prison4 ,he does #adb n adopt ! l9e ( argu+ t miracles are incr$ible or impossible4 ,he exam9es ! *ief miracles relat$ 9 ! ,gospels1 & %[s ) great ability & %rewd common s5se t !y are absurd or unwor?y ( ! p]=m]4 ,he po9t$ out1 z ,huxley 0 to po9t out 9 a controv]sy ) ,glad/one1 t ! miracul\s driv+ ( devils into a h]d ( sw9e 0 an unw>rantable injury to somebody's prop]ty4 ,on ! /ory ( ! ,div9e bla/+ ( ! fig tree1 he rem>ks3 8,:at if a yeoman ( ,k5t %\ld g to look = pipp9s 9 8 or*>d at ,ea/] 7! suppos$ "t t ,jesus s\ght = ^! figs7 & because ( a disappo9tm5t cut d[n 8 trees8 ,:at !n w\ld 8 neighb\rs make ( him8 ,no?+ less ?an a laugh+-/ock2 & if ! /ory got into our ,publick ,news1 he w\ld be ! je/ & ridicule ( mank9d40 ,or take 8 comm5t on ! miracle ( ! ,pool ( ,be!sda1 :]e an angel us$ to tr\ble ! wat]s & ! man :o fir/ ent]$ ! pool 0 cur$ ( 8 infirmity4 8,an odd & a m]ry way ( conf]r+ a ,div9e m]cy4 ,& "o w\ld ?9k t ! angels ( ,god did ?is = _! own div]sion m ?an to d good to mank9d4 ,j z "s ?r[ a bone among a k5nel ( h\nds = ! pleasure ( see+ !m #adc qu>rel = x1 or z o!rs ca/ a piece ( money among a company ( boys = ! sport ( see+ !m scramble = x1 s 0 ! pa/ime ( ! angels "h40 ,9 deal+ ) ! heal+ ( ! woman :o suff]$ f a bloody flux1 he asks3 8,:at if we _h be5 told ( ! ,pope's cur+ an haemorrhage l ?is be=e u1 :at w\ld ,prote/ants h said to x8 ,:y1 #8t a fooli%1 cr$ul\s1 & sup]/iti\s woman _h fanci$ h]self cur$ ( "s slight indisposition1 & ! crafty ,pope & 8 adh]5ts1 aspir+ aft] popul> applause1 magnifi$ ! presum$ cure into a miracle4' ,! application ( su* a suppos$ /ory ( a miracle wr\ght by ! ,pope is easy2 & if ,infidels1 ,jews1 & ,mahometans1 :o h no bett] op9ion ( ,jesus ?an we h ( ! ,pope1 %\ld make x1 !re's no help = x40 ,wool/on pr(ess$ no d\bts ( ! inspiration ( ,scripture4 ,:ile he argu$ t x 0 out ( ! "q to suppose ! miracles lit]ally true1 he pret5d$ to believe 9 ! fanta/ic !ory t !y 7 int5d$ allegorically z figures ( ,*ri/'s my/]i\s op]ations 9 ! s\l ( man4 ,orig51 a n v or?odox ,*ri/ian ,fa!r1 _h employ$ ! allegorical me?od1 & ,wool/on quotes him 9 8 fav\r4 ,8 #add vigor\s criticisms v>y 9 value1 b _m ( !m hit ! nail on ! head1 & ! fa%ion ( "s mod]n critics to pass ov] ,wool/on's productions z unimportant because !y are 8ribald0 or co>se1 is p]fectly unju/4 ,! pamphlets _h an enorm\s sale1 & ,wool/on's notoriety is illu/rat$ by ! anecdote ( ! 8jolly "y woman0 :o met him walk+ abroad & acco/$ him ) 8,y old rogue1 are y n hang$ yet80 ,mr4 ,wool/on answ]$1 8,good woman1 ,i "k y n2 pray :at h ,i done to (f5d y80 8,y h writ aga9/ my ,savi\r10 %e said2 8:at w\ld become ( my poor s9ful s\l if x 0 n = my de> ,savi\r80 ,ab\t ! same "t1 ,mat!w ,t9dal 7a ,fell[ ( ,all ,s\ls7 attack$ ,revelation f a m g5]al po9t ( view4 ,9 8 ,*ri/ianity z old z ! ,creation 7#agcj7 he und]took to %[ t ! ,bible z a revelation is sup]flu\s1 = x adds no?+ to natural religion1 :i* ,god reveal$ to man f ! v fir/ by ! sole light ( reason4 ,he argues t ^? :o def5d ,reveal$ religion by its agreem5t ) ,natural religion1 & ?us set up a d\ble gov]nm5t ( reason & au?ority1 fall betwe5 ! two4 8,x 's an odd jumble10 he obs]ves1 8to prove ! tru? ( a book by ! tru? #ade ( ! doctr9es x conta9s1 & at ! same "t conclude ^? doctr9es to be true because conta9$ 9 t book40 ,he goes on to criticize ! ,bible 9 detail4 ,9 ord] to ma9ta9 its infallibility1 )\t do+ viol5ce to reason1 y h1 :5 y f9d irrational /atem5ts1 to torture !m & dep>t f ! lit]al s5se4 ,w\ld y ?9k t a ,mohamm$an 0 gov]n$ by 8 ,koran1 :o on all occasions dep>t$ f ! lit]al s5se8 8,nay1 w\ld y n tell him t 8 inspir$ book fell inf9itely %ort ( ,cic]o's un9spir$ writ+s1 :]e !re is no su* occasion to rec$e f ! lett]80 ,z to *ronological & physical errors1 :i* seem$ to endang] ! infallibility ( ! ,scriptures1 a bi%op _h met ! argum5t by say+1 reasonably en\gh1 t 9 ! ,bible ,god speaks accord+ to ! conceptions ( ^? to :om he speaks1 & t x is n ! bus9ess ( ,revelation to rectify _! op9ions 9 su* matt]s4 ,t9dal made ?is rejo9d]3-- 8,is !re no diff]5ce betwe5 ,god's n rectify+ m5's s5tim5ts 9 ^? matt]s & us+ himself su* s5tim5ts z ne$s be rectifi$2 or betwe5 ,god's n m5d+ m5's logic & rhetoric :]e 't is defective & us+ su* himself2 or betwe5 ,god's #adf n contradict+ vulg> notions & confirm+ !m by speak+ accord+ to !m8 ,c inf9ite wisdom despair ( ga9+ or keep+ p's affections )\t hav+ rec\rse to su* mean acts80 ,he exposes ) consid]able effect ! mon/rosity ( ! doctr9e ( exclusive salvation4 ,mu/ we n consid]1 he asks1 :e!r "o c be said to be s5t z a ,savi\r ( mank9d1 if he comes to %ut ,heav5's gate aga9/ ^? to :om1 be=e he came1 x 0 op5 provid$ !y foll[$ ! dictates ( _! reason8 ,he criticizes ! inconsi/5cy ( ! imp>tial & univ]sal goodness ( ,god1 kn[n to u by ! light ( nature1 ) acts committ$ by ,jehovah or 8 prophets4 ,take ! cases 9 :i* ! ord] ( nature is violat$ to puni% m5 = crimes ( :i* !y 7 n guilty1 su* z ,elijah's h9d]+ ra9 f fall+ = ?ree ye>s & a half4 ,if ,god c\ld break 9 ^u ! ord9>y rules ( 8 provid5ce to puni% ! innoc5t = ! guilty1 we h no gu>antee t if he deals ?us ) u 9 ?is life1 he w n act 9 ! same way 9 ! life to come1 8s9ce if ! et]nal rules ( ju/ice are once brok5 h[ c we imag9e any /op80 ,b ! ideals ( hol9ess & ju/ice 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t are /range inde$4 ,! holi] m5 #adg are repres5t$ to be1 ! m cruel !y seem & ! m addict$ to curs+4 ,h[ surpris+ to f9d ! holy prophet ,eli%a curs+ 9 ! "n ( ! ,"l little *ildr5 = call+ him ,bald- pate6 ,&1 :at is /ill m surpris+1 two %e-be>s imm$iately dev\r$ =ty-two little *ildr54 ,i h rem>k$ t !ologians at ?is "t g5]ally took ! l9e ( bas+ ,*ri/ianity on reason & n on fai?4 ,an int]e/+ little book1 ,*ri/ianity n f\nd$ on ,argum5t1 c\*$ 9 ! =m ( a lett] to a "y g5tleman at ,ox=d1 by ,h5ry ,dodwell 7,junior71 appe>$ 9 #agda1 & po9t$ out ! dang]s ( su* confid5ce 9 reason4 ,x is an ironical developm5t ( ! pr9ciple ( ,bayle1 work+ out ! !sis t ,*ri/ianity is ess5tially unreasonable1 & t if y want to believe1 reason+ is fatal4 ,! cultivation ( fai? & reason+ produce contr>y effects2 ! philosoph] is disqualifi$ = ,div9e influ5ces by 8 v progress 9 c>nal wisdom2 ! ,gospel mu/ be receiv$ ) all ! obsequi\s submission ( a babe :o has no o!r disposition b to le>n 8 lesson4 ,*ri/ did n propose 8 doctr9es to inve/igation2 he did n lay ! argum5ts = 8 mission be=e 8 disciples & give !m "t to consid] #adh calmly ( _! =ce1 & lib]ty to det]m9e z _! reason %\ld direct !m2 ! apo/les _h no qualifications = ! task1 be+ ! mo/ artless & illit]ate p]sons liv+4 ,dodwell exposes ! absurdity ( ! ,prote/ant position4 ,to give all m5 lib]ty to judge = !mselves & to expect at ! same "t t !y %all be ( ! ,prea*]'s m9d is su* a s*eme = unanimity z "o w\ld sc>cely imag9e any "o c\ld be weak en\gh to devise 9 speculation & mu* less t any c\ld ev] be f\nd h>dy en\gh to av[ & propose x to practice4 ,! m5 ( ,rome 8%all rise up 9 ! judgm5t 7( all consid]+ p]sons7 aga9/ ?is g5]ation & %all condemn x2 = !y inv5t$ b ! "o absurdity ( infallibility1 & behold a great] absurdity ?an infallibility is "h40 ,i h /ill to speak ( ! 7,?ird7 ,e>l ( ,%aftesbury1 ^: /yle has rescu$ 8 writ+s f entire neglect4 ,8 special int]e/ 0 e?ics4 ,:ile ! valuable "w ( mo/ ( ! het]odox writ]s ( ?is p]iod lay 9 _! de/ructive criticism ( sup]natural religion1 !y clung1 z we h se51 to :at 0 call$ natural religion-- ! belief 9 a k9d & wise p]sonal ,god1 :o creat$ ! _w1 gov]ns x by natural laws1 & desires our happ9ess4 ,! idea #adi 0 d]iv$ f anci5t philosoph]s & _h be5 reviv$ by ,"l ,h]b]t ( ,*]bury 9 8 ,lat9 treatise ,on ,tru? 79 ! reign ( ,james ,i74 ,! dei/s cont5d$ t ?is 0 a suffici5t basis = morality & t ! ,*ri/ian inducem5ts to good behavi\r 7 unnecess>y4 ,%aftesbury 9 8 ,inquiry conc]n+ ,virtue 7#afii7 debat$ ! "q & argu$ t ! s*eme ( heav5 & hell1 ) ! selfi% hopes & fe>s :i* !y inspire1 corrupts morality & t ! only wor?y motive = conduct is ! beauty ( virtue 9 itself4 ,he does n ev5 consid] deism a necess>y assumption = a moral code2 he admits t ! op9ion ( a!i/s does n und]m9e e?ics4 ,b he ?9ks t ! belief 9 a good gov]nor ( ! univ]se is a p[]ful support to ! practice ( virtue4 ,he is a ?or\gh optimi/1 & is p]fectly satisfi$ ) ! admirable adaptation ( means to ends1 :]eby x is ! function ( "o animal to be food = ano!r4 ,he makes no attempt to reconcile ! r$ claws & tee? ( nature ) ! b5efic5ce ( its p[]ful arti/4 8,9 ! ma9 all ?+s are k9dly & well dispos$40 ,! a!i/ might h said t he pref]r$ to be at ! m]cy ( bl9d *ance ?an 9 ! h&s ( an autocrat :o1 if he pleas$ ,"l ,%aftesbury's s5se #aej ( ord]1 _h creat$ flies to be dev\r$ by spid]s4 ,b ?is 0 an aspect ( ! univ]se :i* did n mu* tr\ble ?9k]s 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! "* ( ! ,god ( ! ,old ,te/am5t r\s$ ,%aftesbury's av]sion4 ,he attacks ,scripture n directly1 b by allusion or ) irony4 ,he h9ts t if !re is a ,god1 he w\ld be less displeas$ ) a!i/s ?an ) ^? :o accept$ him 9 ! guise ( ,jehovah4 ,z ,plut>* said1 8,i _h r m5 %\ld say ( me t !re nei!r is nor ev] 0 su* a "o z ,plut>*1 ?an !y %\ld say #8,!re 0 a ,plut>*1 an un/eady1 *angeable1 easily provokable & rev5geful man4' 0 ,%aftesbury's significance is t he built up a positive !ory ( morals1 & al?\gh x _h no philosophical dep?1 8 influ5ce on ,fr5* & ,g]man ?9k]s ( ! eighte5? c5tury 0 imm5se4 ,9 "s ways p]haps ! able/ ( ! dei/s1 & c]ta9ly ! mo/ s*ol>ly1 0 ,rev4 ,cony]s ,middleton1 :o rema9$ )9 ! ,*ur*4 ,he support$ ,*ri/ianity on gr\nds ( utility4 ,ev5 if x is an impo/ure1 he said1 x w\ld be wrong to de/roy x4 ,= x is e/abli%$ by law & x has a long tradition beh9d x4 ,"s traditional religion is necess>y & x w\ld #aea be hopeless to supplant ,*ri/ianity by reason4 ,b 8 writ+s conta9 effective argum5ts :i* g to und]m9e ,revelation4 ,! mo/ important 0 8 ,free ,inquiry into ,*ri/ian miracles 7#agdh71 :i* put 9 a new & dang]\s light an old "q3 ,at :at "t did ! ,*ur* cease to h ! p[] ( p]=m+ miracles8 ,we %all see pres5tly h[ ,gibbon appli$ ,middleton's me?od4 ,! lead+ adv]s>ies ( ! dei/s appeal$1 l !m1 to reason1 &1 9 appeal+ to reason1 did mu* to und]m9e au?ority4 ,! able/ def5ce ( ! fai?1 ,bi%op ,butl]'s ,analogy 7#agcf71 is suspect$ ( hav+ rais$ m d\bts ?an x appeas$4 ,?is 0 ! exp]i5ce ( ,william ,pitt ! ,y\ng]1 & ! ,analogy made ,james ,mill 7! utilit>ian7 an unbeliev]4 ,! dei/s1 argu$ t ! unju/ & cruel ,god ( ,revelation c\ld n be ! ,god ( nature2 ,butl] po9t$ to nature & said1 ,!re y behold cruelty & inju/ice4 ,! argum5t 0 p]fectly good aga9/ ! optimism ( ,%aftesbury1 b x pla9ly admitt$ ( ! conclusion--opposite to t :i* ,butl] wi%$ to e/abli%--t a j & b5efic5t ,god does n exi/4 ,butl] is driv5 to fall back on ! sceptical argum5t t we are extremely ignorant2 t all ?+s #aeb are possible1 ev5 et]nal hell fire2 & t !re=e ! safe & prud5t c\rse is to accept ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e4 ,x may be rem>k$ t ?is reason+1 ) a few modifications1 c\ld be us$ 9 fav\r ( o!r religions1 at ,mecca or at ,timbuctoo4 ,he has1 9 effect1 reviv$ ! argum5t us$ by ,pascal t if !re is "o *ance 9 any v l>ge numb] t ,*ri/ianity is true1 x is a man's int]e/ to be a ,*ri/ian2 =1 if x prove false1 x w d him no h>m to h believ$ x2 if x prove true1 he w be inf9itely ! ga9]4 ,butl] seeks inde$ to %[ t ! *ances 9 fav\r am\nt to a probability1 b 8 argum5t is ess5tially ( ! same intellectual & moral value z ,pascal's4 ,x has be5 po9t$ out t x leads by an easy logical /ep f ! ,anglican to ! ,roman ,*ur*4 ,ca?olics & ,prote/ants 7z ,k+ ,h5ry ,,iv ( ,france argu$7 agree t a ,ca?olic may be sav$2 ! ,ca?olics ass]t t a ,prote/ant w be damn$2 !re=e ! safe c\rse is to embrace ,ca?olicism4 #c ,i h dwelt at "s l5g? ^u "s ( ! ,engli% dei/s1 because1 :ile !y occupy an important place 9 ! hi/ory ( #aec rationalism 9 ,engl&1 !y also suppli$1 along ) ,bayle1 a great deal ( ! ?\ght :i*1 manipulat$ by brilliant writ]s on ! o!r side ( ! ,*annel1 captur$ ! educat$ classes 9 ,france4 ,we are n[ 9 ! age ( ,voltaire4 ,he 0 a conv9c$ dei/4 ,he consid]$ t ! nature ( ! univ]se prov$ t x 0 made by a consci\s ar*itect1 he held t ,god 0 requir$ 9 ! int]e/s ( conduct1 & he ard5tly combat$ a!ism4 ,8 great a*ievem5ts 7 8 efficaci\s lab\r 9 ! cause ( tol]ation1 & 8 sy/ematic w>f>e aga9/ sup]/itions4 ,he 0 pr(\ndly influ5c$ by ,engli% ?9k]s1 especially ,locke & ,bol+broke4 ,?is /atesman _h conceal$ 8 infidelity dur+ 8 lifetime except f 8 intimates2 he _h liv$ long z an exile 9 ,france2 & 8 rationali/ic essays 7 publi%$ 7#aged7 aft] 8 dea?4 ,voltaire1 ^: lit]>y g5ius conv]t$ ! "w ( ! ,engli% ?9k]s into a _w-=ce1 did n beg9 8 campaign aga9/ ,*ri/ianity till aft] ! middle ( ! c5tury1 :5 sup]/iti\s practices & religi\s p]secutions 7 becom+ a sc&al 9 8 c\ntry4 ,he assail$ ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* 9 e field ) ridicule & satire4 ,9 a little "w call$ ,! ,tomb ( ,fanaticism 7writt5 #agcf1 #aed publi%$ #agfg71 he beg9s by obs]v+ t a man :o accepts 8 religion 7z mo/ p d7 )\t exam9+ x is l an ox :i* all[s itself to be h>ness$1 & proce$s to review ! difficulties 9 ! ,bible1 ! rise ( ,*ri/ianity1 & ! c\rse ( ,*ur* hi/ory2 f :i* he concludes t e s5sible man %\ld hold ! ,*ri/ian sect 9 horror4 8,m5 are bl9d to pref] an absurd & sangu9>y cre$1 support$ by execution]s & surr\nd$ by fi]y faggots1 a cre$ :i* c only be approv$ by ^? to :om x gives p[] & ri*es1 a p>ticul> cre$ only accept$ 9 a small "p ( ! _w--to a simple & univ]sal religion40 ,9 ! ,s]mon ( ! ,fifty & ! ,que/ions ( ,zapata we c see :at he ow$ to ,bayle & ,engli% critics1 b 8 t\* is light] & 8 irony m tell+4 ,8 comm5t on geographical mi/akes 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t is3 8,god 0 evid5tly n /rong 9 geography40 ,hav+ call$ att5tion to ! 8horrible crime0 ( ,lot's wife 9 look+ backw>d1 & h] conv]sion into a pill> ( salt1 he hopes t ! /ories ( ,scripture w make u bett]1 if !y d n make u m enlight5$4 ,"o ( 8 fav\rite me?ods is to approa* ,*ri/ian doctr9es z a p]son :o _h j he>d ( ! exi/5ce ( ,*ri/ians or ,jews = ! fir/ "t 9 8 life4 #aee ,8 drama1 ,saul 7#agfc71 :i* ! police tri$ to suppress1 pres5ts ! c>e] ( ,david1 ! man aft] ,god's own he>t1 9 all its nak$ horror4 ,! sc5e 9 :i* ,samuel reproves ,saul = n hav+ sla9 ,agag w give an idea ( ! _s ( ! piece4 ,,samuel3 ,god comm&s me to tell y t he rep5ts ( hav+ made y k+4 ,,saul3 ,god rep5ts6 ,only !y :o commit errors rep5t4 ,8 et]nal wisdom _c be unwise4 ,god _c commit errors4 ,,samuel3 ,he c rep5t ( hav+ set on ! ?rone ^? :o d4 ,,saul3 ,well1 :o does n8 ,tell me1 :at is my fault8 ,,samuel3 ,y h p>don$ a k+4 ,,agag3 ,:at6 ,is ! faire/ ( virtues consid]$ a crime 9 ,judea8 ,,samuel 7to ,agag73 ,sil5ce6 d n blaspheme4 7,to ,saul74 ,saul1 =m]ly k+ ( ! ,jews1 did n ,god comm& y by my m\? to de/roy all ! ,amalekites1 )\t sp>+ wom51 or maid5s1 or *ildr5 at ! brea/8 ,,agag3 ,y\r god--gave su* a comm&6 ,y are mi/ak51 y meant to say1 y\r devil4 ,,samuel3 ,saul1 did y obey ,god8 ,,saul3 ,i did n suppose su* a comm& #aef 0 positive4 ,i ?\ght t goodness 0 ! fir/ attribute ( ! ,supreme ,be+1 & t a compassionate he>t c\ld n displease him4 ,,samuel3 ,y are mi/ak51 unbeliev]4 ,god reproves y1 y\r sceptre w pass into o!r h&s4 ,p]haps no writ] has ev] r\s$ m hatr$ 9 ,*ri/5dom ?an ,voltaire4 ,he 0 look$ on z a sort ( anti-,*ri/4 ,t 0 natural2 8 attacks 7 s trem5d\sly effective at ! "t4 ,b he has be5 sometimes decri$ on ! gr\nd t he only demoli%$ & made no ef=t to build up :]e he _h pull$ d[n4 ,?is is a n>r[ compla9t4 ,x might be repli$ t :5 a sew] is spread+ plague 9 a t[n1 we _c wait to remove x till we h a new sy/em ( dra9s1 & x may fairly be said t religion z practis$ 9 contempor>y ,france 0 a poison\s sew]4 ,b ! true answ] is t k1 & !re=e civilization1 are advanc$ by criticism & negation1 z well z by con/ruction & positive discov]y4 ,:5 a man has ! tal5t to attack ) effect falsehood1 prejudice1 & impo/ure1 x is 8 duty1 if !re are any social duties1 to use x4 ,= con/ructive ?9k+ we mu/ g to ! o!r great lead] ( ,fr5* ?\ght1 #aeg ,r\sseau1 :o contribut$ to ! gr[? ( fre$om 9 a diff]5t way4 ,he 0 a dei/1 b 8 deism1 unlike t ( ,voltaire1 0 religi\s & emotional4 ,he reg>d$ ,*ri/ianity ) a sort ( rev]5t scepticism4 ,b 8 ?\ght 0 revolution>y & repugnant to or?odoxy2 x made aga9/ au?ority 9 e sph]e2 & x _h an enorm\s influ5ce4 ,! cl]gy p]haps dread$ 8 !ories m ?an ! sc(fs & negations ( ,voltaire4 ,= "s ye>s he 0 a fugitive on ! face ( ! e>?4 mile1 8 brilliant contribution to ! !ory ( education1 appe>$ 9 #agfb4 ,x conta9s "s rem>kable pages on religion1 8! pr(ession ( fai? ( a ,savoy>d vic>10 9 :i* ! au?or's dei/ic fai? is /rongly affirm$ & revelation & !ology reject$4 ,! book 0 publicly burn$ 9 ,p>is & an ord] issu$ = ,r\sseau's arre/4 ,=c$ by 8 fri5ds to flee1 he 0 deb>r$ f return+ to ,g5eva1 = ! gov]nm5t ( t canton foll[$ ! example ( ,p>is4 ,he s\ght refuge 9 ! canton ( ,b]n & 0 ord]$ to quit4 ,he !n fl$ to ! pr9cipality ( ,neuf*tel :i* belong$ to ,prussia4 ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 ! "o really tol]ant rul] ( ! age1 gave him protection1 b he 0 p]secut$ & calumniat$ by ! local cl]gy1 :o b = ,fr$]ick w\ld #aeh h expell$ him1 & he w5t to ,engl& = a few mon?s 7#agff71 !n return+ to ,france1 :]e he 0 left unmole/$ till 8 dea?4 ,! religi\s views ( ,r\sseau are only a m9or po9t 9 8 h]etical speculations4 ,x 0 by 8 d>+ social & political !ories t he set ! _w on fire4 ,8 ,social ,contract 9 :i* ^! !ories 7 set =? 0 burn$ at ,g5eva4 ,?\gh 8 pr9ciples w n /& criticism = a mom5t1 & ?\gh 8 doctr9e work$ mis*ief by its extraord9>y p[] ( turn+ m5 into fanatics1 yet x contribut$ to progress1 by help+ to discr$it privilege & to e/abli% ! view t ! object ( a ,/ate is to secure ! wellbe+ ( all its memb]s4 ,deism--:e!r 9 ! semi-,*ri/ian =m ( ,r\sseau or ! anti- ,*ri/ian =m ( ,voltaire--0 a h\se built on ! s&1 & ?9k]s arose 9 ,france1 ,engl&1 & ,g]many to %att] its f\ndations4 ,9 ,france1 x prov$ to be only a half-way inn to a!ism4 ,9 #aggj1 ,fr5* read]s 7 />tl$ by ! appe>ance ( ,b>on ,d',holba*'s ,sy/em ( ,nature1 9 :i* ,god's exi/5ce & ! immortality ( ! s\l 7 d5i$ & ! _w decl>$ to be matt] spontane\sly mov+4 ,holba* 0 a fri5d ( ,did]ot1 :o _h also come to reject deism4 ,all ! lead+ #aei ideas 9 ! revolt aga9/ ! ,*ur* _h a place 9 ,did]ot's great "w1 ! ,encyclop$ia1 9 :i* a numb] ( lead+ ?9k]s collaborat$ ) him4 ,x 0 n m]ely a sci5tific book ( ref]5ce4 ,x 0 repres5tative ( ! :ole movem5t ( ! enemies ( fai?4 ,x 0 int5d$ to lead m5 f ,*ri/ianity ) its orig9al s9 to a new conception ( ! _w z a place :i* c be made agreeable & 9 :i* ! actual evils are due n to radical faults ( human nature b to p]v]se in/itutions & p]v]se education4 ,to div]t int]e/ f ! dogmas ( religion to ! improvem5t ( society1 to p]suade ! _w t man's felicity dep5ds n on ,revelation b on social trans=mation--?is 0 :at ,did]ot & ,r\sseau 9 _! diff]5t ways did s mu* to effect4 ,& _! "w influ5c$ ^? :o did n ab&on or?odoxy2 x affect$ ! _s ( ! ,*ur* itself4 ,contra/ ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* 9 ,france 9 ! eighte5? & 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,)\t ! "w ( ,voltaire1 ,r\sseau1 ,did]ot1 & _! fell[-combatants1 w\ld x h be5 re=m$8 8,! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*es0 7,i quote ,"l ,morley7 8are assimilat+ z rapidly z _! =mulae w p]mit1 ! new light & ! m g5]\s moral ideas & ! high] spirituality ( #afj tea*]s :o h ab&on$ all *ur*es & :o are sy/ematically d5\nc$ z enemies ( ! s\ls ( m540 ,9 ,engl& ! preval5t dei/ic ?\ght did n lead to ! same intellectual consequ5ces z 9 ,france2 yet ,hume1 ! greate/ ,engli% philosoph] ( ! c5tury1 %[$ t ! argum5ts commonly adduc$ = a p]sonal ,god 7 unt5able4 ,i may fir/ speak ( 8 discussion on miracles 9 8 ,essay on ,miracles & 9 8 philosophical ,inquiry conc]n+ ,human ,und]/&+ 7#agdh74 ,hi!rto ! cr$ibility ( miracles _h n be5 submitt$ to a g5]al exam9ation indep5d5t ( !ological assumptions4 ,hume1 po9t+ out t !re mu/ be a uni=m exp]i5ce aga9/ e miracul\s ev5t 7o!rwise x w\ld n m]it ! "n ( miracle71 & t x w require /rong] te/imony to e/abli% a miracle ?an an ev5t :i* is n contr>y to exp]i5ce1 lays d[n ! g5]al maxim t 8no te/imony is suffici5t to e/abli% a miracle unless ! te/imony is ( su* a k9d t its falsehood w\ld be m miracul\s ?an ! fact :i* x endeav\rs to e/abli%40 ,b1 z a matt] ( fact1 no te/imony exi/s ( :i* ! falsehood w\ld be a prodigy4 ,we _c f9d 9 hi/ory any miracle atte/$ by a suffici5t numb] ( m5 ( su* unque/ionable good #afa s5se1 education1 & le>n+1 z to secure u aga9/ all delusion 9 !mselves2 ( su* und\bt$ integrity z to place !m beyond all suspicion ( any design to deceive o!rs2 ( su* cr$it 9 ! eyes ( mank9d z to h a great deal to lose 9 case ( _! be+ detect$ 9 any falsehood1 & at ! same "t atte/+ facts p]=m$ 9 su* a public mann] z to r5d] detection unavoidable --all :i* circum/ances are requisite to give u a full assurance 9 ! te/imony ( m54 ,9 ! ,dialogues on ,natural ,religion :i* 7 n publi%$ till aft] 8 dea? 7#aggf71 ,hume made an attack on ! 8argum5t f design10 on :i* dei/s & ,*ri/ians alike reli$ to prove ! exi/5ce ( a ,deity4 ,! argum5t is t ! _w pres5ts cle> m>ks ( design1 endless adaptation ( means to ends1 :i* c only be expla9$ z due to ! delib]ate plan ( a p[]ful intellig5ce4 ,hume disputes ! inf]5ce on ! gr\nd t a m]e intellig5t be+ is n a suffici5t cause to expla9 ! effect4 ,= ! argum5t mu/ be t ! sy/em ( ! mat]ial _w dem&s z a cause a correspond+ sy/em ( int]connect$ ideas2 b su* a m5tal sy/em w\ld dem& an explanation ( its exi/5ce j z mu* z ! mat]ial _w2 & ?us we f9d ourselves #afb committ$ to an endless s]ies ( causes4 ,b 9 any case1 ev5 if ! argum5t held1 x w\ld prove only ! exi/5ce ( a ,deity ^: p[]s1 ?\gh sup]ior to man's1 might be v limit$ & ^: workman%ip might be v imp]fect4 ,= ?is _w may be v faulty1 comp>$ to a sup]ior /&>d4 ,x may be ! fir/ rude exp]im5t 8( "s infant ,deity :o aft]w>ds ab&on$ x1 a%am$ ( 8 lame p]=mance02 or ! "w ( "s inf]ior ,deity at :i* 8 sup]ior w\ld sc(f2 or ! production ( "s old sup]annuat$ ,deity :i* s9ce 8 dea? has pursu$ an adv5tur\s c>e] f ! fir/ impulse :i* he gave x4 ,an argum5t :i* leaves su* deities 9 ! runn+ is worse ?an useless = ! purposes ( ,deism or ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! sceptical philosophy ( ,hume _h less influ5ce on ! g5]al public ?an ,gibbon's ,decl9e & ,fall ( ! ,roman ,empire4 ,( ! num]\s free?9k+ books t appe>$ 9 ,engl& 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 ?is is ! only "o :i* is /ill a widely read classic4 ,9 :at a lady fri5d ( ,dr4 ,johnson call$ 8! two (f5sive *apt]s0 7,,xv & ,,xvi7 ! causes ( ! rise & success ( ,*ri/ianity are = ! fir/ "t critically inve/igat$ z a simple hi/orical ph5om5on4 ,l mo/ free?9k]s ( ! #afc "t ,gibbon ?\ght x well to protect himself & 8 "w aga9/ ! possibility ( prosecution by pay+ ironical lip-homage to ! or?odox cre$4 ,b ev5 if !re _h be5 no su* dang]1 he c\ld n h *os5 a m incisive weapon = 8 m]ciless criticism ( or?odox op9ion ?an ! irony :i* he wield$ ) sup]b ease4 ,hav+ po9t$ out t ! victory ( ,*ri/ianity is obvi\sly & satisfactorily expla9$ by ! conv9c+ evid5ce ( ! doctr9e & by ! rul+ provid5ce ( its great ,au?or1 he proce$s 8) becom+ submission0 to inquire into ! second>y causes4 ,he traces ! hi/ory ( ! fai? up to ! "t ( ,con/ant9e 9 su* a way z cle>ly to sugge/ t ! hypo!sis ( div9e int]position is sup]flu\s & t we h to d ) a purely human developm5t4 ,he m>%als1 ) ironical prote/s1 ! obvi\s objections to ! alleg$ evid5ce = sup]natural control4 ,he does n himself criticize ,moses & ! prophets1 b he reproduces ! objections :i* 7 made aga9/ _! au?ority by 8! va9 sci5ce ( ! gno/ics40 ,he notes t ! doctr9e ( immortality is omitt$ 9 ! law ( ,moses1 b ?is d\btless 0 a my/]i\s disp5sation ( ,provid5ce4 ,we _c entirely remove 8! imputation ( ignorance & #afd obscurity :i* has be5 s arrogantly ca/ on ! fir/ proselytes ( ,*ri/ianity10 b we mu/ 8conv]t ! occasion ( sc&al into a subject ( edification0 & rememb] t 8! l[] we depress ! temporal condition ( ! fir/ ,*ri/ians1 ! m reason we %all f9d to admire _! m]it & success40 ,gibbon's treatm5t ( miracles f ! purely hi/orical po9t ( view 7he ow$ a great deal to ,middleton1 see above1 p4 #aej7 0 p>ticul>ly disconc]t+4 ,9 ! e>ly age ( ,*ri/ianity 8! laws ( nature 7 frequ5tly susp5d$ = ! b5efit ( ! ,*ur*4 ,b ! sages ( ,greece & ,rome turn$ aside f ! awful spectacle1 &1 pursu+ ! ord9>y occupations ( life & /udy1 appe>$ unconsci\s ( any alt]ations 9 ! moral or physical gov]nm5t ( ! _w4 ,"u ! reign ( ,tib]ius ! :ole e>?1 or at lea/ a celebrat$ prov9ce ( ! ,roman ,empire1 0 involv$ 9 a praet]natural d>kness ( ?ree h\rs4 ,ev5 ?is miracul\s ev5t1 :i* ought to h excit$ ! wond]1 ! curiosity1 & ! devotion ( mank9d1 pass$ )\t notice 9 an age ( sci5ce & hi/ory4 ,x happ5$ dur+ ! lifetime ( ,s5eca & ! eld] ,pl9y1 :o mu/ h exp]i5c$ ! imm$iate effects1 or receiv$ ! e>lie/ intellig5ce1 ( ! prodigy4 ,ea* ( ^! #afe philosoph]s 9 a labori\s "w has record$ all ! great ph5om5a ( nature1 e>?quakes1 meteors1 comets1 & eclipses1 :i* 8 indefatigable curiosity c\ld collect4 ,bo? ! "o & ! o!r h omitt$ to m5tion ! greate/ ph5om5on to :i* ! mortal eye has be5 witness s9ce ! creation ( ! globe40 ,h[ 8%all we excuse ! sup9e inatt5tion ( ! pagan & philosophic _w to ^? evid5ces :i* 7 pres5t$ by ! h& ( ,omnipot5ce1 n to _! reason1 b to _! s5ses80 ,aga91 if e believ] is conv9c$ ( ! reality ( miracles1 e reasonable man is conv9c$ ( _! cessation4 ,yet e age be>s te/imony to miracles1 & ! te/imony seems no less respectable ?an t ( ! prec$+ g5]ation4 ,:5 did !y cease8 ,h[ 0 x t ! g5]ation :i* saw ! la/ g5u9e miracles p]=m$ c\ld n di/+ui% !m f ! impo/ures :i* foll[$8 ,_h m5 s soon =gott5 8! /yle ( ! div9e arti/08 ,! inf]5ce is t g5u9e & spuri\s miracles are indi/+ui%able4 ,b ! cr$ulity or 8s(tness ( temp]0 among e>ly believ]s 0 b5eficial to ! cause ( tru? & religion4 8,9 mod]n times1 a lat5t & ev5 involunt>y scepticism adh]es to ! mo/ pi\s dispositions4 ,_! #aff admission ( sup]natural tru?s is mu* less an active cons5t ?an a cold & passive acquiesc5ce4 ,accu/om$ long s9ce to obs]ve & to respect ! inv>iable ord] ( nature1 our reason1 or at lea/ our imag9ation1 is n suffici5tly prep>$ to su/a9 ! visible action ( ! ,deity40 ,gibbon _h n ! advantage ( ! m9ute critical lab\rs :i* 9 ! foll[+ c5tury 7 exp5d$ on 8 s\rces ( in=mation1 b 8 ma/]ly exposure ( ! conv5tional hi/ory ( ! e>ly ,*ur* rema9s 9 _m ( its mo/ important po9ts p]fectly valid to-day4 ,i suspect t 8 artill]y has produc$ m effect on intellig5t m9ds 9 subsequ5t g5]ations ?an ! ar*]y ( ,voltaire4 ,= 8 book became indisp5sable z ! great hi/ory ( ! ,middle ,ages2 ! mo/ or?odox c\ld n d )\t x2 & ! poison mu/ h (t5 work$4 ,we h se5 h[ !ological controv]sy 9 ! fir/ half ( ! eighte5? c5tury _h turn$ on ! "q :e!r ! reveal$ religion 0 consi/5t & compatible ) natural religion4 ,! dei/ic attacks1 on ?is l9e1 7 almo/ exhau/$ by ! middle ( ! c5tury1 & ! or?odox ?\ght t !y _h be5 satisfactorily answ]$4 ,b x 0 n en\gh to %[ t ! revelation #afg is reasonable2 x 0 necess>y to prove t x is real & re/s on a solid hi/orical basis4 ,?is 0 ! "q rais$ 9 an acute =m by ! criticisms ( ,hume & ,middleton 7#agdh7 on miracles4 ,! able/ answ] 0 giv5 by ,paley 9 8 ,evid5ces ( ,*ri/ianity 7#agid71 ! only "o ( ! apologies ( t age :i* is /ill read1 ?\gh x has ceas$ to h any value4 ,paley's !ology illu/rates h[ or?odox op9ions are col\r$1 unconsci\sly1 by ! _s ( ! "t4 ,he prov$ 79 8 ,natural ,!ology7 ! exi/5ce ( ,god by ! argum5t f design --)\t tak+ any acc\nt ( ! criticisms ( ,hume on t argum5t4 ,j z a wat*mak] is inf]r$ f a wat*1 s a div9e workman is inf]r$ f contrivances 9 nature4 ,paley takes 8 in/ances ( su* contrivance l>gely f ! organs & con/itution ( ! human body4 ,8 idea ( ,god is t ( an +5i\s contriv] deal+ ) r ob/9ate mat]ial4 ,paley's 8,god0 7,mr4 ,leslie ,/eph5 rem>k$7 8has be5 civiliz$ l man2 he has become sci5tific & +5i\s2 he is sup]ior to ,watt or ,prie/ley 9 devis+ me*anical & *emical contrivances1 & is !re=e made 9 ! image ( t g5]ation ( :i* ,watt & ,prie/ley 7 conspicu\s lights40 ,:5 a ,god ( ?is k9d #afh is e/abli%$ !re is no difficulty ab\t miracles1 & x is on miracles t ,paley bases ! case = ,*ri/ianity--all o!r argum5ts are subsidi>y4 ,& 8 pro( ( ! ,new ,te/am5t miracles is t ! apo/les :o 7 eye-witnesses believ$ 9 !m1 = o!rwise !y w\ld n h act$ & suff]$ 9 ! cause ( _! new religion4 ,paley's def5ce is ! p]=mance ( an able legal advis] to ! ,almighty4 ,! li/ ( ! ,engli% dei/ic writ]s ( ! eighte5? c5tury closes ) "o ^: "n is m famili> ?an any ( 8 pr$ecessors1 ,?omas ,pa9e4 ,a ,norfolk man1 he migrat$ to ,am]ica & play$ a lead+ "p 9 ! ,revolution4 ,!n he return$ to ,engl& & 9 #agia publi%$ 8 ,rights ( ,man 9 two p>ts4 ,i h be5 consid]+1 almo/ exclusively1 fre$om ( ?\ght 9 religion1 because x may be tak5 z ! !rmomet] = fre$om ( ?\ght 9 g5]al4 ,at ?is p]iod x 0 z dang]\s to publi% revolution>y op9ions 9 politics z 9 !ology4 ,pa9e 0 an en?usia/ic admir] ( ! ,am]ican ,con/itution & a support] ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution 79 :i* also he 0 to play a "p74 ,8 ,rights ( ,man is an indictm5t ( ! mon>*ical =m ( gov]nm5t1 & a plea = repres5tative democracy4 ,x _h an enorm\s #afi sale1 a *eap edition 0 issu$1 & ! gov]nm5t1 f9d+ t x 0 accessible to ! poor] classes1 decid$ to prosecute4 ,pa9e escap$ to ,france1 & receiv$ a brilliant ovation at ,calais1 :i* return$ him z deputy to ! ,national ,conv5tion4 ,8 trial = high treason came on at ! end ( #agib4 ,among ! passages 9 8 book1 on :i* ! *>ge 0 f\nd$1 7 ^!3 8,all h]$it>y gov]nm5t is 9 its nature tyranny40 8,! "t is n v di/ant :5 ,engl& w laugh at itself = s5d+ to ,holl&1 ,hanov]1 ,zell1 or ,brunswick = m50 mean+ ,k+ ,william ,,iii & ,k+ ,george ,i 8at ! exp5se ( a million a ye> :o und]/ood nei!r h] laws1 h] language1 nor h] int]e/1 & ^: capacities w\ld sc>cely h fitt$ !m = ! (fice ( a p>i% con/able4 ,if gov]nm5t c\ld be tru/$ to su* h&s1 x mu/ be "s easy & simple ?+ inde$1 & mat]ials fit = all ! purposes may be f\nd 9 e t[n & village 9 ,engl&40 ,ersk9e 0 ,pa9e's c\nsel1 & he made a f9e oration 9 def5ce ( fre$om ( spee*4 8,con/ra9t10 he said1 8is ! natural p>5t ( resi/ance1 & a pregnant pro( t reason is n on ! side ( ^? :o use x4 ,y mu/ all rememb]1 g5tlem51 ,lucian's pleasant /ory3 ,jupit] & a c\ntryman #agj 7 walk+ toge!r1 conv]s+ ) great fre$om & famili>ity ^u ! subject ( heav5 & e>?4 ,! c\ntryman li/5$ ) att5tion & acquiesc5ce :ile ,jupit] /rove only to conv9ce him2 b happ5+ to h9t a d\bt1 ,jupit] turn$ ha/ily ar\nd & ?reat5$ him ) 8 ?und]4 #8,ah1 ha6' says ! c\ntryman1 #8n[1 ,jupit]1 ,i "k t y are wrong2 y are always wrong :5 y appeal to y\r ?und]4' ,?is is ! case ) me4 ,i c reason ) ! p ( ,engl&1 b ,i _c fight aga9/ ! ?und] ( au?ority40 ,pa9e 0 f\nd guilty & outlaw$4 ,he soon committ$ a new (f5ce by ! publication ( an anti-,*ri/ian "w1 ,! ,age ( ,reason 7#agid & #agif71 :i* he began to write 9 ! ,p>is prison into :i* he _h be5 ?r[n by ,robespi]re4 ,?is book is rem>kable z ! fir/ important ,engli% publication 9 :i* ! ,*ri/ian s*eme ( salvation & ! ,bible are assail$ 9 pla9 language )\t any disguise or res]ve4 ,9 ! second place x 0 writt5 9 su* a way z to rea* ! masses4 ,&1 ?irdly1 :ile ! criticisms on ! ,bible are 9 ! same ve9 z ^? ( ! e>li] dei/s1 ,pa9e is ! fir/ to pres5t ) =ce ! incongruity ( ! ,*ri/ian s*eme ) ! conception ( ! univ]se atta9$ by a/ronomical sci5ce4 #aga 8,?\gh x is n a direct article ( ! ,*ri/ian sy/em t ?is _w t we inhabit is ! :ole ( ! inhabitable globe1 yet x is s work$ up !re)--f :at is call$ ! ,mosaic acc\nt ( ! creation1 ! /ory ( ,eve & ! apple1 & ! c\nt]p>t ( t /ory1 ! dea? ( ! ,son ( ,god--t to believe o!rwise 7t is1 to believe t ,god creat$ a plurality ( worlds at lea/ z num]\s z :at we call />s7 r5d]s ! ,*ri/ian sy/em ( fai? at once little & ridicul\s1 & scatt]s x 9 ! m9d l fea!rs 9 ! air4 ,! two beliefs _c be held toge!r 9 ! same m9d2 & he :o ?9ks t he believes bo? has ?\ght b little ( ei!r40 ,z an ard5t dei/1 :o reg>d$ nature z ,god's revelation1 ,pa9e 0 able to press ?is argum5t ) p>ticul> =ce4 ,ref]r+ to "s ( ! tales 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 he says3 8,:5 we contemplate ! imm5sity ( t ,be+ :o directs & gov]ns ! incompreh5sible ,:ole1 ( :i* ! utmo/ k5 ( human sight c discov] b a "p1 we ought to feel %ame at call+ su* paltry /ories ! ,^w ( ,god40 ,! book drew a reply f ,bi%op ,watson1 "o ( ^? admirable eighte5?-c5tury div9es1 :o admitt$ ! "r ( private judgm5t & ?\ght t argum5t #agb %\ld be met by argum5t & n by =ce4 ,8 reply _h ! r significant title1 ,an ,apology = ! ,bible4 ,george ,,iii rem>k$ t he 0 n aw>e t any apology 0 ne$$ = t book4 ,x is a weak def5ce1 b is rem>kable = ! concessions :i* x makes to sev]al ( ,pa9e's criticisms ( ,scripture--admissions :i* 7 calculat$ to damage ! doctr9e ( ! infallibility ( ! ,bible4 ,x 0 d\btless 9 consequ5ce ( ! enorm\s circulation ( ! ,age ( ,reason t a ,society = ! ,suppression ( ,vice decid$ to prosecute ! publi%]4 ,unbelief 0 common among ! rul+ class1 b ! view 0 firmly held t religion 0 necess>y = ! populace & t any attempt to dissem9ate unbelief among ! l[] classes mu/ be suppress$4 ,religion 0 reg>d$ z a valuable in/rum5t to keep ! poor 9 ord]4 ,x is notable t ( ! e>li] rationali/s 7ap>t f ! case ( ,wool/on7 ! only "o :o 0 puni%$ 0 ,pet] ,annet1 a s*oolma/]1 :o tri$ to popul>ize free?\ght & 0 s5t5c$ = diffus+ 8diabolical0 op9ions to ! pillory & h>d lab\r 7#agfc74 ,pa9e held t ! p at l>ge _h ! "r ( access to all new ideas1 & he wrote s z to rea* ! p4 ,h5ce 8 book mu/ be suppress$4 #agc ,at ! trial 7#agig7 ! judge plac$ e ob/acle 9 ! way ( ! def5ce4 ,! publi%] 0 s5t5c$ to a ye>'s imprisonm5t4 ,?is 0 n ! end ( ,pa9e prosecutions4 ,9 #ahaa a ,?ird ,"p ( ! ,age ( ,reason appe>$1 & ,eaton ! publi%] 0 condemn$ to eighte5 mon?s' imprisonm5t & to /& 9 ! pillory once a mon?4 ,! judge1 ,"l ,ell5bor\gh1 said 9 8 *>ge1 t 8to d5y ! tru?s ( ! book :i* is ! f\ndation ( our fai? has nev] be5 p]mitt$40 ,! poet ,%elley address$ to ,"l ,ell5bor\gh a sca?+ lett]4 8,d y ?9k to conv]t ,mr4 ,eaton to y\r religion by embitt]+ 8 exi/5ce8 ,y might =ce him by torture to pr(ess y\r t5ets1 b he c\ld n believe !m except y %\ld make !m cr$ible1 :i* p]haps exce$s y\r p[]4 ,d y ?9k to please ! ,god y wor%ip by ?is exhibition ( y\r zeal8 ,if s1 ! demon to :om "s nations (f] human hecatombs is less b>b>\s ?an ! deity ( civiliz$ society60 ,9 #ahai ,ri*>d ,c>lisle 0 prosecut$ = publi%+ ! ,age ( ,reason & s5t5c$ to a l>ge f9e & ?ree ye>s' imprisonm5t4 ,unable to pay ! f9e he 0 kept 9 prison = ?ree ye>s4 ,8 wife & si/]1 :o c>ri$ on ! bus9ess #agd & cont9u$ to sell ! book1 7 f9$ & imprison$ soon aft]w>ds & a :ole ho/ ( %op assi/ants4 ,if 8 publi%]s suff]$ 9 ,engl&1 ! au?or himself suff]$ 9 ,am]ica :]e bigotry did all x c\ld to make ! la/ ye>s ( 8 life bitt]4 ,! age ( enlight5m5t began 9 ,g]many 9 ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,9 mo/ ( ! ,g]man ,/ates1 ?\ght 0 consid]ably less free ?an 9 ,engl&4 ,"u ,fr$]ick ! ,great's fa!r1 ! philosoph] ,wolff 0 bani%$ f ,prussia = accord+ to ! moral tea*+s ( ! ,*9ese sage ,confucius a praise :i*1 x 0 ?\ght1 ought to be res]v$ = ,*ri/ianity4 ,he return$ aft] ! accession ( ,fr$]ick1 "u ^: tol]ant rule ,prussia 0 an asylum = ^? writ]s :o suff]$ = _! op9ions 9 neighb\r+ ,/ates4 ,fr$]ick1 inde$1 held ! view :i* 0 held by s _m ,engli% rationali/s ( ! "t1 & is /ill held widely en\gh1 t free?\ght is n desirable = ! multitude1 because !y are incapable ( und]/&+ philosophy4 ,g]many felt ! influ5ce ( ! ,engli% ,dei/s1 ( ! ,fr5* free?9k]s1 & ( ,sp9oza2 b 9 ! ,g]man rationali/ic propag&a ( ?is p]iod !re is no?+ v orig9al or int]e/+4 #age ,! names ( ,edelmann & ,bahrdt may be m5tion$4 ,! works ( ,edelmann1 :o attack$ ! inspiration ( ! ,bible1 7 burn$ 9 v>i\s cities1 & he 0 =c$ to seek ,fr$]ick's protection at ,b]l94 ,bahrdt 0 m aggressive ?an any o!r writ] ( ! "t4 ,orig9ally a prea*]1 x 0 by sl[ degrees t he mov$ away f ! or?odox fai?4 ,8 translation ( ! ,new ,te/am5t cut %ort 8 ecclesia/ical c>e]4 ,8 la/ ye>s 7 sp5t z an inn-keep]4 ,8 writ+s1 = in/ance 8 popul> ,lett]s on ! ,bible1 mu/ h _h a consid]able effect1 if we may judge by ! hatr$ :i* he excit$ among !ologians4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 9 direct rationali/ic propag&a1 b 9 lit]ature & philosophy1 t ! ,g]man enlight5m5t ( ?is c5tury express$ itself4 ,! mo/ illu/ri\s m5 ( lett]s1 ,goe! 7:o 0 pr(\ndly influ5c$ by ,sp9oza7 & ,s*ill]1 /ood outside ! ,*ur*es1 & ! effect ( _! writ+s & ( ! :ole lit]>y movem5t ( ! "t made = ! free/ treatm5t ( human exp]i5ce4 ,"o ,g]man ?9k] %ook ! _w--! philosoph] ,kant4 ,8 ,critic ( ,pure ,reason demon/rat$ t :5 we attempt to prove by ! fight ( ! intellect ! exi/5ce ( #agf ,god & ! immortality ( ! ,s\l1 we fall helplessly into contradictions4 ,8 de/ructive criticism ( ! argum5t f design & all natural !ology 0 m complete ?an t ( ,hume2 & 8 philosophy1 diff]5t ?\gh 8 sy/em 01 issu$ 9 ! same practical result z t ( ,locke1 to conf9e k to exp]i5ce4 ,x is true t aft]w>ds1 9 ! int]e/ ( e?ics1 he tri$ to smuggle 9 by a back-door ! ,deity :om he _h turn$ out by ! front gate1 b ! attempt 0 n a success4 ,8 philosophy--:ile x l$ to new speculative sy/ems 9 :i* ! "n ( ,god 0 us$ to mean some?+ v diff]5t f ! ,dei/ic conception--0 a significant /ep fur!r 9 ! deliv]ance ( reason f ! yoke ( au?ority4 #a ,= ! sake ( simplicity ,i use 8dei/0 9 ?is s5se ?r\gh\t1 ?\gh 8!i/0 is n[ ! usual t]m4 #b ,sp9oza's ,!ological ,political ,treatise1 :i* deals ) ! int]pretation ( ,scripture1 0 translat$ into ,engli% 9 #afhi4 #c ,see ,b5n1 ,rationalism 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 vol4 i1 p4 #ach seq41 = a good exposure ( ! fallacies & sophi/ries ( ,butl]4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,progress ,,( ,,rationalism 7,,n9ete5? ,,c5tury7 ,,mod]n sci5ce1 h]ald$ by ! rese>*es ( ,cop]nicus1 0 f\nd$ 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 :i* saw ! demon/ration ( ! ,cop]nican !ory1 ! discov]y ( gravitation1 ! discov]y ( ! circulation ( ! blood1 & ! f\ndation #agg ( mod]n *emi/ry & physics4 ,! true nature ( comets 0 asc]ta9$1 & !y ceas$ to be reg>d$ z signs ( heav5ly wra?4 ,b sev]al g5]ations 7 to pass be=e sci5ce became1 9 ,prote/ant c\ntries1 an involunt>y ar*-enemy ( !ology4 ,till ! n9ete5? c5tury1 x 0 only 9 m9or po9ts1 su* z ! movem5t ( ! e>?1 t prov$ sci5tific facts seem$ to conflict ) ,scripture1 & x 0 easy en\gh to expla9 away ^! inconsi/5cies by a new int]pretation ( ! sacr$ texts4 ,yet rem>kable facts 7 accumulat+ :i*1 ?\gh n expla9$ by sci5ce1 seem$ to m5ace ! cr$ibility ( ,biblical hi/ory4 ,if ! /ory ( ,noah's ,ark & ! ,flood is true1 h[ 0 x t bea/s unable to swim or fly inhabit ,am]ica & ! isl&s ( ! ,ocean8 ,& :at ab\t ! new species :i* 7 con/antly be+ f\nd 9 ! ,new ,_w & did n exi/ 9 ! ,old8 ,:]e did ! kang>oos ( ,au/ralia drop f8 ,! only explanation compatible ) receiv$ !ology seem$ to be ! hypo!sis ( innum]able new acts ( creation1 lat] ?an ! ,flood4 ,x 0 9 ! field ( natural hi/ory t sci5tific m5 ( ! eighte5? c5tury suff]$ mo/ f ! co]cion ( au?ority4 ,l9naeus felt x 9 ,sw$51 ,buffon #agh 9 ,france4 ,buffon 0 compell$ to retract hypo!ses :i* he put =w>d ab\t ! =mation ( ! e>? 9 8 ,natural ,hi/ory 7#agdi71 & to /ate t he believ$ implicitly 9 ! ,bible acc\nt ( ,creation4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ,laplace work$ out ! me*anics ( ! univ]se1 on ! nebul> hypo!sis4 ,8 results disp5s$1 z he said to ,napoleon1 ) ! hypo!sis ( ,god1 & 7 duly d5\nc$4 ,8 !ory involv$ a long physical process be=e ! e>? & sol> sy/em came to be =m$2 b ?is 0 n fatal1 = a little +5uity might pres]ve ! cr$it ( ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis4 ,geology 0 to prove a m =midable enemy to ! ,biblical /ory ( ! ,creation & ! ,deluge4 ,! !ory ( a ,fr5* naturali/ 7,cuvi]7 t ! e>? _h repeat$ly exp]i5c$ cata/rophes1 ea* ( :i* necessitat$ a new creative act1 help$ = a "t to save ! belief 9 div9e int]v5tion1 & ,lyell1 9 8 ,pr9ciples ( ,geology 7#ahcj71 :ile he und]m9$ ! assumption ( cata/rophes1 by %[+ t ! e>?'s hi/ory c\ld be expla9$ by ! ord9>y processes :i* we /ill see 9 op]ation1 yet held fa/ to successive acts ( creation4 ,x 0 n till #ahfc t he pres5t$ fully1 9 8 ,antiquity ( ,man1 ! #agi evid5ce :i* %[$ t ! human race _h inhabit$ ! e>? = a f> long] p]iod ?an c\ld be reconcil$ ) ! record ( ,scripture4 ,t record might be adapt$ to ! results ( sci5ce 9 reg>d n only to ! e>? itself b also to ! plants & l[] animals1 by expla9+ ! ^w 8day0 9 ! ,jewi% /ory ( creation to signify "s long p]iod ( "t4 ,b ?is way out 0 impossible 9 ! case ( ! creation ( man1 = ! sacr$ *ronology is q def9ite4 ,an ,engli% div9e ( ! sev5te5? c5tury +5i\sly calculat$ t man 0 creat$ by ! ,tr9ity on ,octob] #bc1 ,b4,c4 #djjd1 at #i o'clock 9 ! morn+1 & no reckon+ ( ! ,bible dates c\ld put ! ev5t mu* fur!r back4 ,o!r evid5ce re9=c$ ! conclusions f geology1 b geology alone 0 suffici5t to damage irretrievably ! hi/orical tru? ( ! ,jewi% leg5d ( ,creation4 ,! only means ( rescu+ x 0 to suppose t ,god _h creat$ mislead+ evid5ce = ! express purpose ( deceiv+ man4 ,geology %ook ! infallibility ( ! ,bible1 b left ! creation ( "s prehi/oric ,adam & ,eve a /ill admissible hypo!sis4 ,"h h[ev] zoology /epp$ 91 & pron\nc$ ^u ! orig9 ( man4 ,x 0 an old conjecture t ! high] =ms ( life1 includ+ #ahj man1 _h develop$ out ( l[] =ms1 & advanc$ ?9k]s _h be5 rea*+ ! conclusion t ! univ]se1 z we f9d x1 is ! result ( a cont9u\s process1 unbrok5 by sup]natural int]f]5ce1 & explicable by uni=m natural laws4 ,b :ile ! reign ( law 9 ! _w ( non-liv+ matt] seem$ to be e/abli%$1 ! _w ( life c\ld be consid]$ a field 9 :i* ! !ory ( div9e int]v5tion is p]fectly valid1 s long z sci5ce fail$ to assign satisfactory causes = ! orig9ation ( ! v>i\s k9ds ( animals & plants4 ,! publication ( ,d>w9's ,orig9 ( ,species 9 #ahei is1 !re=e1 a l&m>k n only 9 sci5ce b 9 ! w> betwe5 sci5ce & !ology4 ,:5 ?is book appe>$1 ,bi%op ,wilb]=ce truly said t 8! pr9ciple ( natural selection is incompatible ) ! ^w ( ,god10 & !ologians 9 ,g]many & ,france z well z 9 ,engl& cri$ al\d aga9/ ! ?reat5$ de?ronem5t ( ! ,deity4 ,! appe>ance ( ! ,desc5t ( ,man 7#ahga71 9 :i* ! evid5ce = ! p$igree ( ! human race f l[] animals 0 m>%all$ ) ma/]ly =ce1 r5ew$ ! outcry4 ,! ,bible said t ,god creat$ man 9 8 own image1 ,d>w9 said t man desc5d$ f an ape4 ,! feel+s ( ! or?odox _w may be #aha express$ 9 ! words ( ,mr4 ,glad/one3 8,^u ! gr\nds ( :at is call$ evolution ,god is reliev$ ( ! lab\r ( creation1 & 9 ! "n ( un*angeable laws is dis*>g$ f gov]n+ ! _w40 ,x 0 a dis*>ge :i*1 z ,sp5c] obs]v$1 _h begun ) ,newton's discov]y ( gravitation4 ,if ,d>w9 did n1 z is n[ recogniz$1 supply a complete explanation ( ! orig9 ( species1 8 rese>*es %att]$ ! sup]natural !ory & confirm$ ! view to :i* _m able ?9k]s _h be5 l$ t developm5t is cont9u\s 9 ! liv+ z 9 ! non-liv+ _w4 ,ano!r nail 0 driv5 into ! c(f9 ( ,creation & ! ,fall ( ,adam1 & ! doctr9e ( r$emption c\ld only be rescu$ by mak+ x indep5d5t ( ! ,jewi% fable on :i* x 0 f\nd$4 ,d>w9ism1 z x is call$1 has _h ! l>g] effect ( discr$it+ ! !ory ( ! adaptation ( means to ends 9 nature by an ext]nal & inf9itely p[]ful intellig5ce4 ,! inadequacy ( ! argum5t f design1 z a pro( ( ,god's exi/5ce1 _h be5 %[n by ! logic ( ,hume & ,kant2 b ! obs]vation ( ! life-processes ( nature %[s t ! v analogy betwe5 nature & art1 on :i* ! argum5t dep5ds1 breaks d[n4 ,! impropriety ( ! analogy has be5 #ahb po9t$ out1 9 a tell+ way1 by a ,g]man writ] 7,lange74 ,if a man wants to %oot a h>e :i* is 9 a c]ta9 field1 he does n procure ?\s&s ( guns1 surr\nd ! field1 & cause !m all to be fir$ (f2 or if he wants a h\se to live 91 he does n build a :ole t[n & ab&on to wea!r & decay all ! h\ses b "o4 ,if he did ei!r ( ^! ?+s we %\ld say he 0 mad or amaz+ly un9tellig5t2 8 actions c]ta9ly w\ld n be held to indicate a p[]ful m9d1 exp]t 9 adapt+ means to ends4 ,b ^! are ! sort ( ?+s t nature does4 ,h] wa/efulness 9 ! propagation ( life is reckless4 ,= ! production ( "o life %e sacrifices innum]able g]ms4 ,! 8end0 is a*iev$ 9 "o case out ( ?\s&s2 ! rule is de/ruction & failure4 ,if intellig5ce _h any?+ to d ) ?is bungl+ process1 x w\ld be an intellig5ce inf9itely l[4 ,& ! f9i%$ product1 if reg>d$ z a "w ( design1 po9ts to incompet5ce 9 ! design]4 ,take ! human eye4 ,an illu/ri\s man ( sci5ce 7,helmholtz7 said1 8,if an optician s5t x to me z an in/rum5t1 ,i %\ld s5d x back ) reproa*es = ! c>elessness ( 8 "w & dem& ! return ( my money4 ,d>w9 %[$ h[ ! ph5om5a might be expla9$ z ev5ts n br\ght ab\t #ahc int5tionally1 b due to exceptional concurr5ces ( circum/ances4 ,! ph5om5a ( nature are a sy/em ( ?+s :i* co-exi/ & foll[ ea* o!r accord+ to inv>iable laws4 ,?is deadly proposition 0 ass]t$ e>ly 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury to be an axiom ( sci5ce4 ,x 0 =mulat$ by ,mill 79 8 ,sy/em ( ,logic1 #ahdc7 z ! f\ndation on :i* sci5tific induction re/s4 ,x means t at any mom5t ! /ate ( ! :ole univ]se is ! effect ( its /ate at ! prec$+ mom5t2 ! casual sequ5ce betwe5 two successive /ates is n brok5 by any arbitr>y int]f]5ce suppress+ or alt]+ ! relation betwe5 cause & effect4 ,"s anci5t ,greek philosoph]s 7 conv9c$ ( ?is pr9ciple2 ! "w done by mod]n sci5ce 9 e field seems to be a v]ification ( x4 ,b x ne$ n be /at$ 9 su* an absolute =m4 ,rec5tly1 sci5tific m5 h be5 incl9$ to express ! axiom ) m res]ve & less dogmatically4 ,!y are prep>$ to recognize t x is simply a po/ulate )\t :i* ! sci5tific compreh5sion ( ! univ]se w\ld be impossible1 & !y are incl9$ to /ate x n z a law ( causation--= ! idea ( causation leads into metaphysics--b r z uni=mity ( exp]i5ce4 ,b !y are n #ahd readi] to admit exceptions to ?is uni=mity ?an _! pr$ecessors 7 to admit exceptions to ! law ( causation4 ,! idea ( developm5t has be5 appli$ n only to nature1 b to ! m9d ( man & to ! hi/ory ( civilization1 includ+ ?\ght & religion4 ,! fir/ :o attempt$ to apply ?is idea me?odically to ! :ole univ]se 0 n a /ud5t ( natural sci5ce1 b a metaphysician1 ,hegel4 ,8 extremely difficult philosophy _h su* a wide influ5ce on ?\ght t a few words mu/ be said ab\t its t5d5cy4 ,he conceiv$ ! :ole ( exi/5ce z :at he call$ ! ,absolute ,idea1 :i* is n 9 space or "t & is compell$ by ! laws ( its be+ to manife/ itself 9 ! process ( ! _w1 fir/ ext]naliz+ itself 9 nature1 & !n becom+ consci\s ( itself z _s 9 individual m9ds4 ,8 sy/em is h5ce call$ ,absolute ,idealism4 ,! attraction :i* x ex]cis$ has probably be5 9 great measure due to ! fact t x 0 9 h>mony ) n9ete5?-c5tury ?\ght1 9 s f> z x conceiv$ ! process ( ! _w1 bo? 9 nature & _s1 z a necess>y developm5t f l[] to high] /ages4 ,9 ?is respect inde$ ,hegel's vision 0 limit$4 ,he treats ! process z if x 7 practically complete already1 & does n take into acc\nt #ahe ! probability ( fur!r developm5t 9 ! future1 to :i* o!r ?9k]s ( 8 own "t 7 turn+ _! att5tion4 ,b :at conc]ns u "h is t1 :ile ,hegel's sy/em is 8ideali/ic10 f9d+ ! explanation ( ! univ]se 9 ?\ght & n 9 matt]1 x t5d$ z p[]fully z any mat]iali/ic sy/em to subv]t or?odox beliefs4 ,x is true t "s h claim$ x z support+ ,*ri/ianity4 ,a c]ta9 col\r is l5t to ?is by ,hegel's view t ! ,*ri/ian cre$1 z ! highe/ religion1 conta9s doctr9es :i* express imp]fectly "s ( ! ideas ( ! highe/ philosophy--8 own2 along ) ! fact t he sometimes speaks ( ! ,absolute ,idea z if x 7 a p]son1 ?\gh p]sonality w\ld be a limitation inconsi/5t ) 8 conception ( x4 ,b x is suffici5t to obs]ve t1 :atev] value be assign$ to ,*ri/ianity1 he reg>d$ x f ! sup]ior /&po9t ( a purely intellectual philosophy1 n z a special revelation ( tru?1 b z a c]ta9 approximation to ! tru? :i* philosophy alone c rea*2 & x may be said ) "s confid5ce t any "o :o comes "u ,hegel's spell feels t he is 9 possession ( a !ory ( ! univ]se :i* relieves him f ! ne$ or desire ( any reveal$ religion4 ,8 influ5ce 9 ,g]many1 ,russia1 & else:]e has entirely made = highly unor?odox ?\ght4 #ahf ,hegel 0 n aggressive1 he 0 sup]ior4 ,8 ,fr5* contempor>y1 ,comte1 :o also ?\ght out a compreh5sive sy/em1 aggressively & explicitly reject$ !ology z an obsolete way ( expla9+ ! univ]se4 ,he reject$ metaphysics likewise1 & all t ,hegel /ood =1 z equally useless1 on ! gr\nd t metaphysicians expla9 no?+1 b m]ely describe ph5om5a 9 ab/ract t]ms1 & t que/ions ab\t ! orig9 ( ! _w & :y x exi/s are q beyond ! rea* ( reason4 ,bo? !ology & metaphysics are sup]s$$ by sci5ce--! inve/igation ( causes & effects & coexi/5ces2 & ! future progress ( society w be guid$ by ! sci5tific view ( ! _w :i* conf9es itself to ! positive data ( exp]i5ce4 ,comte 0 conv9c$ t religion is a social necessity1 &1 to supply ! place ( ! !ological religions :i* he pron\nc$ to be doom$1 he inv5t$ a new religion--! religion ( ,humanity4 ,x diff]s f ! great religions ( ! _w 9 hav+ no sup]natural or non-rational articles ( belief1 & on t acc\nt he _h few adh]5ts4 ,b ! 8,positive ,philosophy0 ( ,comte has ex]cis$ great influ5ce1 n lea/ 9 ,engl&1 :]e its pr9ciples h be5 promulgat$ especially by ,mr4 ,fr$]ic ,h>rison1 :o 9 ! latt] #ahg half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury has be5 "o ( ! mo/ indefatigable work]s 9 ! cause ( reason aga9/ au?ority4 ,ano!r compreh5sive sy/em 0 work$ out by an ,engli%man1 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]4 ,l ,comte's1 x 0 bas$ on sci5ce1 & attempts to %[ h[1 />t+ ) a nebul> univ]se1 ! :ole kn[able _w1 psy*ical & social z well z physical1 c be d$uc$4 ,8 ,syn!tic ,philosophy p]haps did m ?an any?+ else to make ! idea ( evolution famili> 9 ,engl&4 ,i mu/ m5tion "o o!r mod]n explanation ( ! _w1 t ( ,haeckel1 ! zoologi/1 pr(essor at ,j5a1 :o may be call$ ! prophet ( evolution4 ,8 ,creation ( ,man 7#ahfh7 cov]$ ! same gr\nd z ,d>w9's ,desc5t1 _h an enorm\s circulation1 & 0 translat$1 ,i believe1 into f\rte5 languages4 ,8 ,_w-riddles 7#ahii7 enjoys ! same popul>ity4 ,he has taught1 l ,sp5c]1 t ! pr9ciple ( evolution applies n only to ! hi/ory ( nature1 b also to human civilization & human ?\ght4 ,he diff]s f ,sp5c] & ,comte 9 n assum+ any unkn[able reality beh9d natural ph5om5a4 ,8 adv]s>ies commonly /igmatize 8 !ory z mat]ialism1 b ?is is a mi/ake4 ,l ,sp9oza he recognizes matt] & m9d1 body & ?\ght1 z #ahh two insep>able sides ( ultimate reality1 :i* he calls ,god2 9 fact1 he id5tifies 8 philosophy ) t ( ,sp9oza4 ,& he logically proce$s to conceive mat]ial atoms z ?9k+4 ,8 idea ( ! physical _w is bas$ on ! old me*anical conception ( matt]1 :i* 9 rec5t ye>s has be5 discr$it$4 ,b ,haeckel's ,monism1 #a z he call$ 8 doctr9e1 has lately be5 re%ap$ & 9 its new =m promises to ex]cise wide influ5ce on ?\ghtful p 9 ,g]many4 ,i w return lat] to ?is ,moni/ic movem5t4 ,x _h be5 a fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ,comte t human actions & human hi/ory are z /rictly subject z nature is1 to ! law ( causation4 ,two psy*ological works appe>$ 9 ,engl& 9 #ahee 7,ba9's ,s5ses & ,intellect & ,sp5c]'s ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology71 :i* taught t our volitions are completely det]m9$1 be+ ! inevitable consequ5ces ( *a9s ( causes & effects4 ,b a f> deep] impression 0 produc$ two ye>s lat] by ! fir/ volume ( ,buckle's ,hi/ory ( ,civilization 9 ,engl& 7a "w ( mu* less p]man5t value71 :i* attempt$ to apply ?is pr9ciple to hi/ory4 ,m5 act 9 consequ5ce ( motives2 _! motives are ! results ( prec$+ facts2 s t 8if we 7 acqua9t$ ) ! :ole ( ! antec$5ts #ahi & ) all ! laws ( _! movem5ts1 we c\ld ) un]r+ c]ta9ty pr$ict ! :ole ( _! imm$iate results40 ,?us hi/ory is an unbrok5 *a9 ( causes & effects4 ,*ance is exclud$2 x is a m]e "n = ! defects ( our k4 ,my/]i\s & provid5tial int]f]5ce is exclud$4 ,buckle ma9ta9$ ,god's exi/5ce1 b elim9at$ him f hi/ory2 & 8 book dealt a res\nd+ bl[ at ! !ory t human actions are n submitt$ to ! law ( univ]sal causation4 ,! sci5ce ( an?ropology has 9 rec5t ye>s ar\s$ wide int]e/4 ,inquiries into ! condition ( e>ly man h %[n 7indep5d5tly ( ,d>w9ism7 t !re is no?+ to be said = ! view t he fell f a high] to a l[] /ate2 ! evid5ce po9ts to a sl[ rise f m]e animality4 ,! orig9 ( religi\s beliefs has be5 inve/igat$1 ) results disquiet+ = or?odoxy4 ,! rese>*es ( /ud5ts ( an?ropology & comp>ative religion--su* z ,tylor1 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 & ,fraz]--h gone to %[ t my/]i\s ideas & dogma & rites :i* 7 held to be peculi> to ! ,*ri/ian revelation are d]iv$ f ! crude ideas ( primitive religions4 ,t ! my/]y ( ! ,eu*>i/ comes f ! common savage rite ( eat+ a dead god1 #aij t ! dea? & resurrection ( a god 9 human =m1 :i* =m ! c5tral fact ( ,*ri/ianity1 & ! miracul\s bir? ( a ,savi\r are features :i* x has 9 common ) pagan religions--su* conclusions are supremely un$ify+4 ,x may be said t 9 !mselves !y are n fatal to ! claims ( ! curr5t !ology4 ,x may be held1 = in/ance1 t1 z "p ( ,*ri/ian revelation1 su* ideas acquir$ a new significance & t ,god wisely avail$ himself ( famili> beliefs--:i*1 ?\gh false & lead+ to cruel practices1 he himself _h inspir$ & p]mitt$--9 ord] to con/ruct a s*eme ( r$emption :i* %\ld appeal to ! prejudices ( man4 ,"s m9ds may f9d satisfaction 9 ?is sort ( explanation1 b x may be suspect$ t mo/ ( ! few :o /udy mod]n rese>*es into ! orig9 ( religi\s beliefs w feel ! l9es :i* 7 suppos$ to m>k (f ! ,*ri/ian f all o!r fai?s dissolv+ be=e _! eyes4 ,! g5]al result ( ! advance ( sci5ce1 includ+ an?ropology1 has be5 to create a coh]5t view ( ! _w1 9 :i* ! ,*ri/ian s*eme1 bas$ on ! notions ( an unsci5tific age & on ! arrogant assumption t ! univ]se 0 made = man1 has no suitable or reasonable place4 ,if ,pa9e felt ?is a hundr$ ye>s ago1 x is f> #aia m app>5t n[4 ,all m9ds h[ev] are n equally impress$ ) ?is incongruity4 ,!re are _m :o w admit ! pro(s furni%$ by sci5ce t ! ,biblical record z to ! antiquity ( man is false1 b are n affect$ by ! incongruity betwe5 ! sci5tific & !ological conceptions ( ! _w4 ,= su* m9ds sci5ce has only succe$$ 9 c>ry+ "s entr5*m5ts1 :i* may be ab&on$ )\t mu* h>m4 ,x has made ! old or?odox view ( ! infallibility ( ! ,bible unt5able1 & upset ! doctr9e ( ! ,creation & ,fall4 ,b x w\ld /ill be possible = ,*ri/ianity to ma9ta9 ! sup]natural claim1 by modify+ its !ory ( ! au?ority ( ! ,bible & revis+ its !ory ( r$emption1 if ! evid5ce ( natural sci5ce 7 ! only gr\p ( facts ) :i* x collid$4 ,x might be argu$ t ! law ( univ]sal causation is a hypo!sis inf]r$ f exp]i5ce1 b t exp]i5ce includes ! te/imonies ( hi/ory & mu/ !re=e take acc\nt ( ! cle> evid5ce ( miracul\s occurr5ces 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t 7evid5ce :i* is valid1 ev5 if t book 0 n inspir$74 ,?us1 a /& c\ld be tak5 aga9/ ! g5]alization ( sci5ce on ! firm gr\nd ( hi/orical fact4 ,t solid gr\nd1 h[ev]1 has giv5 #aib way1 und]m9$ by hi/orical criticism1 :i* has be5 m deadly ?an ! common-s5se criticism ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! me?odical exam9ation ( ! records conta9$ 9 ! ,bible1 deal+ ) !m z if !y 7 purely human docum5ts1 is ! "w ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,some?+1 inde$1 _h already be5 done4 ,sp9oza1 = in/ance 7above1 p4 #ach71 & ,simon1 a ,fr5*man ^: books 7 burnt1 7 pione]s2 & ! mod]n criticism ( ! ,old ,te/am5t 0 begun by ,a/ruc 7pr(essor ( m$ic9e at ,p>is71 :o discov]$ an important clue = di/+ui%+ diff]5t docum5ts us$ by ! compil] ( ! ,book ( ,g5esis 7#agec74 ,8 ,g]man contempor>y1 ,reim>us1 a /ud5t ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 anticipat$ ! mod]n conclusion t ,jesus _h no int5tion ( f\nd+ a new religion1 & saw t ! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,john pres5ts a diff]5t figure f ! ,jesus ( ! o!r evangeli/s4 ,b 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury ! me?ods ( criticism1 appli$ by ,g]man s*ol>s to ,hom] & to ! records ( e>ly ,roman hi/ory1 7 ext5d$ to ! inve/igation ( ! ,bible4 ,! "w has be5 done pr9cipally 9 ,g]many4 ,! old tradition t ! ,p5tateu* 0 writt5 by ,moses has be5 completely discr$it$4 ,x is n[ #aic agre$ unanim\sly by all :o h /udi$ ! facts t ! ,p5tateu* 0 put toge!r f a numb] ( diff]5t docum5ts ( diff]5t ages1 ! e>lie/ dat+ f ! n9?1 ! la/ f ! fif?1 c5tury ,b4,c42 & !re are lat] m9or additions4 ,an important1 ?\gh undesign$1 contribution 0 made to ?is exposure by an ,engli%man1 ,col5so1 ,bi%op ( ,natal4 ,x _h be5 held t ! olde/ ( ! docum5ts :i* _h be5 di/+ui%$ 0 a n>rative :i* beg9s 9 ,g5esis1 ,*apt] ,i1 b !re 0 ! difficulty t ?is n>rative seem$ to be closely associat$ ) ! legislation ( ,leviticus :i* c\ld be prov$ to belong to ! fif? c5tury4 ,9 #ahfb ,col5so publi%$ ! fir/ "p ( 8 ,p5tateu* & ! ,book ( ,jo%ua ,critically ,exam9$4 ,8 d\bts ( ! tru? ( ,old ,te/am5t hi/ory _h be5 awak5$ by a conv]t$ ,zulu :o ask$ ! intellig5t "q :e!r he c\ld really believe 9 ! /ory ( ! ,flood1 8t all ! bea/s & birds & creep+ ?+s ^u ! e>?1 l>ge & small1 f hot c\ntries & cold1 came ?us by pairs & ent]$ into ! ark ) ,noah8 ,& did ,noah ga!r food = !m all1 = ! bea/s & birds ( prey z well z ! re/80 ,! ,bi%op !n proce$$ to te/ ! accuracy ( ! inspir$ books by exam9+ #aid ! num]ical /atem5ts :i* !y conta94 ,! results 7 fatal to !m z hi/orical records4 ,q ap>t f miracles 7! possibility ( :i* he did n "q71 he %[$ t ! :ole /ory ( ! soj\rn ( ! ,israelites 9 ,egypt & ! wild]ness 0 full ( absurdities & impossibilities4 ,col5so's book rais$ a /orm ( indignation 9 ,engl&--he 0 kn[n z 8! wick$ bi%op02 b on ! ,cont95t its reception 0 v diff]5t4 ,! portions ( ! ,p5tateu* & ,jo%ua1 :i* he prov$ to be unhi/orical1 belong$ precisely to ! n>rative :i* _h caus$ p]plexity2 & critics 7 l$ by 8 results to conclude t1 l ! ,levitical laws ) :i* x 0 connect$1 x 0 z late z ! fif? c5tury4 ,"o ( ! mo/ /rik+ results ( ! rese>*es on ! ,old ,te/am5t has be5 t ! ,jews !mselves h&l$ _! traditions freely4 ,ea* ( ! successive docum5ts1 :i* 7 aft]w>ds wov5 toge!r1 0 writt5 by m5 :o adopt$ a p]fectly free attitude t[>ds ! old] traditions1 & hav+ no suspicion t !y 7 ( div9e orig9 did n b[ d[n be=e _! au?ority4 ,x 0 res]v$ = ! ,*ri/ians to inve/ ) infallible au?ority ! :ole indiscrim9ate lump ( ^! ,jewi% docum5ts1 inconsi/5t n #aie only 9 _! t5d5cies 7s9ce !y reflect ! _s ( diff]5t ages71 b also 9 "s respects 9 sub/ance4 ,! exam9ation ( mo/ ( ! o!r ,old ,te/am5t books has l$ to conclusions likewise adv]se to ! or?odox view ( _! orig9 & "*4 ,new k on _m po9ts has be5 d]iv$ f ! ,babylonian lit]ature :i* has be5 recov]$ dur+ ! la/ half c5tury4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ 7#ahgb7 & mo/ s5sational discov]ies 0 t ! ,jews got _! /ory ( ! ,flood f ,babylonian my?ology4 ,mod]n criticism ( ! ,new ,te/am5t began ) ! /imulat+ works ( ,baur & ( ,/rauss1 ^: ,life ( ,jesus 7#ahce71 9 :i* ! sup]natural 0 entirely reject$1 _h an imm5se success & caus$ furi\s controv]sy4 ,bo? ^! rationali/s 7 influ5c$ by ,hegel4 ,at ! same "t a classical s*ol>1 ,la*mann1 laid ! f\ndations ( ! criticism ( ! ,greek text ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 by issu+ ! fir/ sci5tific edition4 ,s9ce !n sev5ty ye>s ( "w h l$ to "s c]ta9 results :i* are g5]ally accept$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 no intellig5t p]son :o has /udi$ mod]n criticism holds ! old view t ea* ( ! f\r biographies ( ,jesus is an indep5d5t "w & an indep5d5t #aif te/imony to ! facts :i* are relat$4 ,x is ackn[l$g$ t ^? portions :i* are common to m ?an "o & are writt5 9 id5tical language h ! same orig9 & repres5t only "o te/imony4 ,9 ! second place1 x is all[$ t ! fir/ ,gospel is n ! olde/ & t ! apo/le ,mat!w 0 n its au?or4 ,!re is also a pretty g5]al agreem5t t ,m>k's book is ! olde/4 ,! au?or%ip ( ! f\r? ,gospel1 :i* l ! fir/ 0 suppos$ to h be5 writt5 by an eye-witness1 is /ill conte/$1 b ev5 ^? :o adh]e to ! tradition admit t x repres5ts a !ory ab\t ,jesus :i* is widely diff]5t f ! view ( ! ?ree o!r biograph]s4 ,! result is t x c no long] be said t = ! life ( ,jesus !re is ! evid5ce ( eye-witnesses4 ,! olde/ acc\nt 7,m>k7 0 compos$ at ! e>lie/ "s ?irty ye>s aft] ! ,crucifixion4 ,if su* evid5ce is consid]$ good en\gh to e/abli% ! sup]natural ev5ts describ$ 9 t docum5t1 !re are few alleg$ sup]natural occurr5ces :i* we %all n be equally entitl$ to believe4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 an int]val ( ?irty ye>s makes little diff]5ce1 = we "k t leg5ds require little "t to gr[4 ,9 ! ,ea/1 y w he> ( miracles :i* happ5$ ! day be=e #aig ye/]day4 ,! bir? ( religions is always envelop$ 9 leg5d1 & ! miracul\s ?+ w\ld be1 z ,m4 ,salomon ,re9a* has obs]v$1 if ! /ory ( ! bir? ( ,*ri/ianity 7 pure hi/ory4 ,ano!r di/urb+ result ( unprejudic$ exam9ation ( ! fir/ ?ree ,gospels is t1 if y take ! record$ words ( ,jesus to be g5u9e tradition1 he _h no idea ( f\nd+ a new religion4 ,& he 0 fully p]suad$ t ! end ( ! _w 0 at h&4 ,at pres5t1 ! *ief problem ( advanc$ criticism seems to be :e!r 8 entire tea*+ 0 n det]m9$ by ?is delusive conviction4 ,x may be said t ! advance ( k has ?r[n no light on "o ( ! mo/ important beliefs t we are ask$ to accept on au?ority1 ! doctr9e ( immortality4 ,physiology & psy*ology h inde$ emphasiz$ ! difficulties ( conceiv+ a ?9k+ m9d )\t a n]v\s sy/em4 ,"s are sangu9e en\gh to ?9k t1 by sci5tific exam9ation ( psy*ical ph5om5a1 we may possibly come to "k :e!r ! 8spirits0 ( dead p exi/4 ,if ! exi/5ce ( su* a _w ( spirits 7 ev] e/abli%$1 x w\ld possibly be ! greate/ bl[ ev] su/a9$ by ,*ri/ianity4 ,= ! great appeal ( ?is & ( "s o!r religions #aih lies 9 ! promise ( a future life ( :i* o!rwise we %\ld h no k4 ,if exi/5ce aft] dea? 7 prov$ & became a sci5tific fact l ! law ( gravitation1 a reveal$ religion might lose its p[]4 ,= ! :ole po9t ( a reveal$ religion is t x is n bas$ on sci5tific facts4 ,s f> z ,i "k1 ^? :o are conv9c$1 by spirituali/ic exp]im5ts1 t !y h actual conv]se ) spirits ( ! dead1 & = :om ?is conv]se1 h[ev] delusive ! evid5ce may be1 is a fact prov$ by exp]i5ce1 cease to feel any int]e/ 9 religion4 ,!y possess k & c disp5se ) fai?4 ,! havoc :i* sci5ce & hi/orical criticism h wr\ght among or?odox beliefs dur+ ! la/ hundr$ ye>s 0 n tamely submitt$ to1 & controv]sy 0 n ! only weapon employ$4 ,/rauss 0 depriv$ ( 8 pr(essor%ip at ,tb+51 & 8 c>e] 0 ru9$4 ,r5an1 ^: s5sational ,life ( ,jesus also reject$ ! sup]natural1 lo/ 8 *air 9 ! ,collge de ,france4 ,b*n] 0 driv5 f ,tb+5 7#ahee7 = 8 book on ,=ce & ,matt]1 :i*1 appeal+ to ! g5]al public1 set =? ! futility ( sup]natural explanations ( ! univ]se4 ,an attempt 0 made to *ase ,haeckel f ,j5a4 ,9 rec5t ye>s1 #aii a ,fr5* ,ca?olic1 ! ,abb ,loisy1 has made notable contributions to ! /udy ( ! ,new ,te/am5t & he 0 rew>d$ by major excommunication 9 #aijg4 ,loisy is ! mo/ prom95t figure 9 a gr[+ movem5t )9 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* kn[n z ,mod]nism--a movem5t :i* "s ?9k is ! grave/ crisis 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ur* s9ce ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,! ,mod]ni/s d n =m an organiz$ p>ty2 !y h no programme4 ,!y are devot$ to ! ,*ur*1 to its traditions & associations1 b !y look on ,*ri/ianity z a religion :i* has develop$1 & ^: vitality dep5ds ^u its cont9u+ to develop4 ,!y are b5t on re9t]pret+ ! dogmas 9 ! light ( mod]n sci5ce & criticism4 ,! idea ( developm5t _h already be5 appli$ by ,c>d9al ,newman to ,ca?olic !ology4 ,he taught t x 0 a natural1 & !re=e legitimate1 developm5t ( ! primitive cre$4 ,b he did n draw ! conclusion :i* ! ,mod]ni/s draw t if ,ca?olicism is n to lose its p[] ( gr[? & die1 x mu/ assimilate "s ( ! results ( mod]n ?\ght4 ,?is is :at !y are attempt+ to d = x4 ,pope ,pius ,x has made e ef=t to suppress ! ,mod]ni/s4 ,9 #aijg 7,july7 he #bjj issu$ a decree d5\nc+ v>i\s results ( mod]n ,biblical criticism :i* are def5d$ 9 ,loisy's works4 ,! two fundam5tal propositions t 8! organic con/itution ( ! ,*ur* is n immutable1 b t ,*ri/ian society is subject1 l e human society1 to a p]petual evolution10 & t 8! dogmas :i* ! ,*ur* reg>ds z reveal$ are n fall5 f heav5 b are an int]pretation ( religi\s facts at :i* ! human m9d labori\sly arriv$0--bo? ( :i* might be d$uc$ f ,newman's writ+s--are condemn$4 ,?ree mon?s lat] ! ,pope issu$ a long ,encyclical lett]1 conta9+ an elaborate /udy ( ,mod]ni/ op9ions1 & orda9+ v>i\s measures = /amp+ out ! evil4 ,no ,mod]ni/ w\ld admit t ?is docum5t repres5ts 8 views fairly4 ,yet "s ( ! rem>ks seem v mu* to ! po9t4 ,take "o ( _! books3 8"o page might be sign$ by a ,ca?olic2 turn ov] & y ?9k y are read+ ! "w ( a rationali/4 ,9 writ+ hi/ory1 !y make no m5tion ( ,*ri/'s div9ity2 9 ! pulpit1 !y proclaim x l\dly40 ,a pla9 man may be puzzl$ by ^! attempts to reta9 ! lett] ( old dogmas empti$ ( _! old mean+1 & may ?9k x natural en\gh t ! head ( ! ,ca?olic #bja ,*ur* %\ld take a cle> & def9ite /& aga9/ ! new le>n+ :i*1 seems fatal to its fundam5tal doctr9es4 ,= _m ye>s pa/1 lib]al div9es 9 ! ,prote/ant ,*ur*es h be5 do+ :at ! ,mod]ni/s are do+4 ,! phrase 8,div9ity ( ,*ri/0 is us$1 b is int]pret$ s z n to imply a miracul\s bir?4 ,! ,resurrection is prea*$1 b is int]pret$ s z n to imply a miracul\s bodily resurrection4 ,! ,bible is said to be an inspir$ book1 b inspiration is us$ 9 a vague s5se1 mu* z :5 "o says t ,plato 0 inspir$2 & ! vagu5ess ( ?is new idea ( inspiration is ev5 put =w>d z a m]it4 ,betwe5 ! extreme views :i* disc>d ! miracul\s altoge!r1 & ! old or?odoxy1 !re are _m gradations ( belief4 ,9 ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& to-day x w\ld be difficult to say :at is ! m9imum belief requir$ ei!r f its memb]s or f its cl]gy4 ,probably e lead+ ecclesia/ic w\ld give a diff]5t answ]4 ,! rise ( rationalism )9 ! ,engli% ,*ur* is int]e/+ & illu/rates ! relations betwe5 ,*ur* & ,/ate4 ,! pieti/ic movem5t kn[n z ,evangelicalism1 :i* ,wilb]=ce's ,practical ,view ( ,*ri/ianity 7#agig7 did mu* to make popul>1 introduc$ ! _s ( ,me?odism #bjb )9 ! ,anglican ,*ur*1 & soon put an end to ! delightful type ( eighte5?-c5tury div9e1 :o1 z ,gibbon says1 8subscrib$ ) a sigh or a smile0 ! articles ( fai?4 ,! rigor\s taboo ( ! ,sabba? 0 reviv$1 ! !atre 0 d5\nc$1 ! corruption ( human nature became ! dom9ant !me1 & ! ,bible m a feti% ?an ev]4 ,! success ( ?is religi\s 8reaction10 z x is call$1 0 aid$1 ?\gh n caus$1 by ! common belief t ! ,fr5* ,revolution _h be5 ma9ly due to infidelity2 ! ,revolution 0 tak5 = an object lesson %[+ ! value ( religion = keep+ ! p 9 ord]4 ,!re 0 also a religi\s 8reaction0 9 ,france itself4 ,b 9 bo? cases ?is means n t free ?\ght 0 less preval5t1 b t ! beliefs ( ! majority 7 m aggressive & _h p[]ful spokesm51 :ile ! eighte5?-c5tury =m ( rationalism fell out ( fa%ion4 ,a new =m ( rationalism1 :i* s\ght to int]pret or?odoxy 9 su* a lib]al way z to reconcile x ) philosophy1 0 repres5t$ by ,col]idge1 :o 0 influ5c$ by ,g]man philosoph]s4 ,col]idge 0 a support] ( ! ,*ur*1 & he contribut$ to ! f\ndation ( a s*ool ( lib]al !ology :i* 0 to make itself felt aft] ! middle ( ! c5tury4 #bjc ,newman1 ! mo/ em95t ( ! new ,high ,*ur* p>ty1 said t he indulg$ 9 a lib]ty ( speculation :i* no ,*ri/ian c\ld tol]ate4 ,! ,high ,*ur* movem5t :i* m>k$ ! second qu>t] ( ! c5tury 0 z ho/ile z ,evangelicalism to ! fre$om ( religi\s ?\ght4 ,! *ange came aft] ! middle ( ! c5tury1 :5 ! effects ( ! philosophies ( ,hegel & ,comte1 & ( =eign ,biblical criticism1 began to make !mselves felt )9 ! ,engli% ,*ur*4 ,two rem>kable free?9k+ books appe>$ at ?is p]iod :i* 7 widely read1 ,f4 ,w4 ,newman's ,phases ( ,fai? & ,w4 ,r4 ,greg's ,cre$ ( ,*ri/5dom 7bo? 9 #ahej74 ,newman 7bro!r ( ,c>d9al ,newman7 entirely broke ) ,*ri/ianity1 & 9 8 book he describes ! m5tal process by :i* he came to ab&on ! beliefs he _h once held4 ,p]haps ! mo/ int]e/+ po9t he makes is ! defici5cy ( ! ,new ,te/am5t tea*+ z a sy/em ( morals4 ,greg 0 a ,unit>ian4 ,he reject$ dogma & inspiration1 b he reg>d$ himself z a ,*ri/ian4 ,sir ,j4 ,f4 ,/eph5 wittily describ$ 8 position z t ( a disciple 8:o _h he>d ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 ^: att5tion _h n be5 call$ to ! ,miracles1 & :o di$ be=e ! ,resurrection40 #bjd ,!re 7 a few ,engli% cl]gym5 7*iefly ,ox=d m57 :o 7 int]e/$ 9 ,g]man criticism & lean$ to broad views1 :i* to ! ,evangelicals & ,high ,*ur*m5 seem$ indi/+ui%able f infidelity4 ,we may call !m ! ,broad ,*ur*--?\gh ! "n did n come 9 till lat]4 ,9 #ahee ,j[ett 7aft]w>ds ,ma/] ( ,balliol7 publi%$ an edition ( "s ( ,/4 ,paul's ,epi/les1 9 :i* he %[$ ! clov5 ho(4 ,x conta9$ an annihilat+ criticism ( ! doctr9e ( ! ,atonem5t1 an explicit rejection ( orig9al s91 & a rationali/ic discussion ( ! "q ( ,god's exi/5ce4 ,b ?is & "s o!r unor?odox works ( lib]al !ologians attract$ little public att5tion1 ?\gh _! au?ors _h to endure petty p]secution4 ,five ye>s lat]1 ,j[ett & "s o!r memb]s ( ! small lib]al gr\p decid$ to defy ! 8abom9able sy/em ( t]rorism :i* prev5ts ! /atem5t ( ! pla9e/ fact10 & issu$ a volume ( ,essays & ,reviews 7#ahfj7 by sev5 writ]s ( :om six 7 cl]gym54 ,! views advocat$ 9 ^! essays seem mild en\gh to-day1 & _m ( !m w\ld be accept$ by mo/ well-educat$ cl]gym51 b at ! "t !y produc$ a v pa9ful impression4 ,! au?ors 7 call$ ! 8,sev5 aga9/ ,*ri/40 ,x 0 #bje laid d[n t ! ,bible is to be int]pret$ l any o!r book4 8,x is n a useful lesson = ! "y /ud5t to apply to ,scripture pr9ciples :i* he w\ld hesitate to apply to o!r books2 to make =mal reconcilem5ts ( discrepancies :i* he w\ld n ?9k ( reconcil+ 9 ord9>y hi/ory2 to divide simple words into d\ble mean+s2 to adopt ! fancies or conjectures ( ,fa!rs & ,comm5tators z real k40 ,x is sugge/$ t ! ,hebrew prophecies d n conta9 ! elem5t ( pr$iction4 ,contradictory acc\nts1 or acc\nts :i* c only be reconcil$ by conjecture1 _c possibly h be5 dictat$ by ,god4 ,! discrepancies betwe5 ! g5ealogies ( ,jesus 9 ,mat!w & ,luke1 or betwe5 ! acc\nts ( ! ,resurrection1 c be attribut$ 8nei!r to any defect 9 our capacities nor to any reasonable presumption ( a hidd5 wise design1 nor to any p>tial spiritual end[m5ts 9 ! n>rators40 ,! or?odox argum5ts :i* lay /ress on ! ass]tion ( witnesses z ! supreme evid5ce ( fact1 9 support ( miracul\s occurr5ces1 are set aside on ! gr\nd t te/imony is a bl9d guide & c avail no?+ aga9/ reason & ! /rong gr\nds we h = believ+ 9 p]man5t ord]4 ,x is argu$ t1 "u ! ,?irty-n9e #bjf ,articles1 x is p]missible to accept z 8p>able or poetry or leg5d0 su* /ories z t ( an ass speak+ ) a man's voice1 ( wat]s /&+ 9 a solid heap1 ( wit*es & a v>iety ( app>itions1 & to judge = ourselves ( su* que/ions z ! p]sonality ( ,satan or ! primeval in/itution ( ! ,sabba?4 ,! :ole _s ( ?is volume is p]haps express$ 9 ! obs]vation t if any "o p]ceives 8to h[ great an ext5t ! orig9 itself ( ,*ri/ianity re/s ^u probable evid5ce1 8 pr9ciple w relieve him f _m difficulties :i* might o!rwise be v di/urb+4 ,= relations :i* may repose on d\btful gr\nds z matt]s ( hi/ory1 &1 z hi/ory1 be incapable ( be+ asc]ta9$ or v]ifi$1 may yet be equally sugge/ive ( true ideas ) facts absolutely c]ta90--t is1 !y may h a spiritual significance al?\gh !y are hi/orically false4 ,! mo/ d>+ ,essay 0 ! ,rev4 ,bad5 ,p[ell's ,/udy ( ! ,evid5ces ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,he 0 a believ] 9 evolution1 :o accept$ ,d>w9ism1 & consid]$ miracles impossible4 ,! volume 0 d5\nc$ by ! ,bi%ops1 & 9 #ahfb two ( ! contributors1 :o 7 b5efic$ cl]gym5 & ?us op5 to a legal attack1 7 prosecut$ & tri$ 9 ! ,ecclesia/ical ,c\rt4 ,condemn$ on #bjg c]ta9 po9ts1 acquitt$ on o!rs1 !y 7 s5t5c$ to be susp5d$ = a ye>1 & !y appeal$ to ! ,privy ,c\ncil4 ,"l ,we/bury 7,"l ,*ancellor7 pron\nc$ ! judgm5t ( ! ,judicial ,committee ( ! ,c\ncil1 :i* rev]s$ ! decision ( ! ,ecclesia/ical ,c\rt4 ,! ,committee held1 among o!r ?+s1 t x is n ess5tial = a cl]gyman to believe 9 et]nal puni%m5t4 ,?is prompt$ ! foll[+ epitaph on ,"l ,we/bury3 8,t[>ds ! close ( 8 e>?ly c>e] he dismiss$ ,hell ) co/s & took away f ,or?odox memb]s ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& _! la/ hope ( ev]la/+ damnation40 ,?is 0 a great triumph = ! ,broad ,*ur* p>ty1 & x is an int]e/+ ev5t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,engli% ,/ate-,*ur*4 ,laym5 decid$ 7ov]rul+ ! op9ion ( ! ,ar*bi%ops ( ,cant]bury & ,york7 :at !ological doctr9es are & are n b9d+ on a cl]gyman1 & grant$ )9 ! ,*ur* a lib]ty ( op9ion :i* ! majority ( ! ,*ur*'s repres5tatives reg>d$ z p]nici\s4 ,?is lib]ty 0 =mally e/abli%$ 9 #ahfe by an ,act ( ,p>liam5t1 :i* alt]$ ! =m 9 :i* cl]gym5 7 requir$ to subscribe ! ,?irty-n9e ,articles4 ,! episode ( ,essays & ,reviews is a l&m>k 9 ! hi/ory ( religi\s ?\ght 9 ,engl&4 #bjh ,! lib]al views ( ! ,broad ,*ur*m5 & _! attitude to ! ,bible gradually produc$ "s effect ^u ^? :o diff]$ mo/ f !m2 & n[adays !re is probably no "o :o w\ld n admit1 at lea/1 t su* a passage z ,g5esis1 ,*apt] ,,xix1 might h be5 compos$ )\t ! direct inspiration ( ! ,deity4 ,dur+ ! next few ye>s or?odox public op9ion 0 %ock$ or di/urb$ by ! appe>ance ( sev]al rem>kable books :i* criticiz$1 ignor$1 or defi$ au?ority--,lyell's ,antiquity ( ,man1 ,seeley's ,ecce ,homo 7:i* ! pi\s ,"l ,%aftesbury said 0 8vomit$ f ! jaws ( hell071 ,lecky's ,hi/ory ( ,rationalism4 ,& a new poet ( lib]ty arose :o did n fe> to s\nd ! l\de/ notes ( defiance aga9/ all t au?ority held sacr$4 ,all ! great poets ( ! n9ete5? c5tury 7 m or less unor?odox2 ,wordswor? 9 ! ye>s ( 8 highe/ inspiration 0 a pan!i/2 & ! greate/ ( all1 ,%elley1 0 a decl>$ a!i/4 ,9 fe>less utt]ance1 9 unfalt]+ zeal aga9/ ! tyranny ( ,gods & ,gov]nm5ts1 ,sw9burne 0 l ,%elley4 ,8 drama ,atalanta 9 ,calydon 7#ahfe71 ev5 ?\gh a poet is /rictly n answ]able = :at ! p]sons 9 8 drama say1 yet ) its d5unciation ( 8! supreme evil1 ,god10 h]ald$ ! com+ #bji ( a new *ampion :o w\ld defy ! =tresses ( au?ority4 ,& 9 ! foll[+ ye> 8 ,poems & ,ballads express$ ! _s ( a pagan :o fl\t$ all ! prejudices & sanctities ( ! ,*ri/ian _w4 ,b ! mo/ int5se & excit+ p]iod ( lit]>y w>f>e aga9/ or?odoxy 9 ,engl& began ab\t #ahfi1 & la/$ = ab\t a doz5 ye>s1 dur+ :i* enemies ( dogma1 ( all complexions1 7 less retic5t & m aggressive ?an at any o!r "t 9 ! c5tury4 ,"l ,morley has obs]v$ t 8! =ce ( speculative lit]ature always hangs on practical opportun5ess10 & ?is rem>k is illu/rat$ by ! rationali/ic lit]ature ( ! sev5ties4 ,x 0 a "t ( hope & fe>1 ( progress & dang]4 ,secul>i/s & rationali/s 7 enc\rag$ by ! ,dise/abli%m5t ( ! ,*ur* 9 ,irel& 7#ahfi71 by ! ,act :i* all[$ a!i/s to give evid5ce 9 a c\rt ( ju/ice 7#ahfi71 by ! abolition ( religi\s te/s at all ! univ]sities 7a measure frequ5tly attempt$ 9 va97 9 #ahga4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,education ,act ( #ahgj1 progressive ?\gh x 01 disappo9t$ ! advocates ( secul> education1 & 0 an unwelcome sign ( ! /r5g? ( ecclesia/ical influ5ce4 ,!n !re 0 ! g5]al al>m felt 9 ,europe by all outside ! ,roman ,*ur*1 #baj & by "s )9 x1 at ! decree ( ! infallibility ( ! ,pope 7by ! ,vatican ,c\ncil #ahfi-gj71 & an ,engli%man 7,c>d9al ,mann+7 0 "o ( ! mo/ active spirits 9 br++ ab\t ?is decree4 ,x w\ld p]haps h caus$ less al>m if ! ,pope's d5unciation ( mod]n errors _h n be5 fre% 9 m5's memories4 ,at ! end ( #ahfd he />tl$ ! _w by issu+ a ,syllabus 8embrac+ ! pr9cipal errors ( our age40 ,among ^! 7 ! propositions1 t e man is free to adopt & pr(ess ! religion he consid]s true1 accord+ to ! light ( reason2 t ! ,*ur* has no "r to employ =ce2 t metaphysics c & ought to be pursu$ )\t ref]5ce to div9e & ecclesia/ical au?ority2 t ,ca?olic /ates are "r to all[ =eign immigrants to ex]cise _! own religion 9 public2 t ! ,pope ought to make t]ms ) progress1 lib]alism1 & mod]n civilization4 ,! docum5t 0 tak5 z a decl>ation ( w> aga9/ enlight5m5t1 & ! ,vatican ,c\ncil z ! fir/ /rategic move ( ! ho/s ( d>kness4 ,x seem$ t ! p[]s ( obscurantism 7 lift+ up _! heads ) a new m5ace1 & !re 0 an in/9ctive feel+ t all ! =ces ( reason %\ld be br\ght into ! field4 ,! hi/ory ( ! la/ =ty ye>s %[s t ! !ory ( #baa ,infallibility1 s9ce x has become a dogma1 is n m h>mful ?an x 0 be=e4 ,b ! ef=ts ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* 9 ! ye>s foll[+ ! ,c\ncil to ov]?r[ ! ,fr5* ,republic & to rupture ! new ,g]man ,empire 7 suffici5tly disquiet+4 ,aga9/ ?is 0 to be set ! de/ruction ( ! temporal p[] ( ! ,popes & ! complete fre$om ( ,italy4 ,?is ev5t 0 ! sunrise ( ,sw9burne's ,songs be=e ,sunrise 7:i* appe>$ 9 #ahga71 a se$plot ( a!ism & revolution1 s[n ) implacable hatr$ ( cre$s & tyrants4 ,! mo/ wond]ful poem 9 ! volume1 ! ,hymn ( ,man1 0 writt5 :ile ! ,vatican ,c\ncil 0 sitt+4 ,x is a song ( triumph ov] ! ,god ( ! prie/s1 /rick5 by ! doom ( ! ,pope's temporal p[]4 ,! conclud+ v]ses w %[ ! _s4 8,by ?y "n t 9 hellfire 0 writt51 & burn$ at ! po9t ( ?y sword1 ,?\ art smitt51 ?\ ,god1 ?\ art smitt52 ?y dea? is ^u !e1 ,o ,"l4 ,& ! lovesong ( e>? z ?\ die/ res\nds ?r\gh ! w9d ( h] w+s-- ,glory to ,man 9 ! highe/6 = ,man is ! ma/] ( ?+s40 #bab ,! fact t su* a volume c\ld appe> ) impunity vividly illu/rates ! ,engli% policy ( en=c+ ! laws = blasphemy only 9 ! case ( publications address$ to ! masses4 ,political circum/ances ?us invit$ & /imulat$ rationali/s to come =w>d boldly1 b we mu/ n leave out ( acc\nt ! influ5ce ( ! ,broad ,*ur* movem5t & ( ,d>w9ism4 ,! ,desc5t ( ,man appe>$ precisely 9 #ahga4 ,a new1 undogmatic ,*ri/ianity 0 be+ prea*$ 9 pulpits4 ,mr4 ,leslie ,/eph5 rem>k$ 7#ahgc7 t 8x may be said1 ) little exagg]ation1 t !re is n only no article 9 ! cre$s :i* may n be contradict$ ) impunity1 b t !re is none :i* may n be contradict$ 9 a s]mon calculat$ to w9 ! reputation ( or?odoxy & be reg>d$ z a judici\s bid = a bi%opric4 ,! popul> /ate ( m9d seems to be typifi$ 9 ! well- kn[n anecdote ( ! cauti\s *ur*w>d51 :o1 :il/ comm5d+ ! g5]al t5d5cy ( 8 incumb5t's s]mon1 felt b\nd to haz>d a prote/ ^u "o po9t4 #8,y see1 sir1' z he apologetically expla9$1 #8,i ?9k !re be a ,god4' ,he ?\ght x an error ( ta/e or p]haps ( judgm5t1 to h9t a d\bt z to ! fir/ article ( ! cre$40 ,! influ5ce ex]t$ among ! cultivat$ #bac classes by ! ae/hetic movem5t 7,rusk91 ,morris1 ! ,pre- ,raphaelite pa9t]s2 !n ,pat]'s ,lectures on ! ,r5aissance1 #ahgc7 0 also a sign ( ! times4 ,= ! attitude ( ^! critics1 arti/s1 & poets 0 ess5tially pagan4 ,! sav+ tru?s ( !ology 7 = !m z if !y did n exi/4 ,! ideal ( happ9ess 0 f\nd 9 a region 9 :i* heav5 0 ignor$4 ,! "t !n seem$ opportune = speak+ out4 ,( ! unor?odox books & essays1 #b :i* influ5c$ ! "y & al>m$ believ]s1 9 ^! excit+ ye>s1 mo/ 7 ! works ( m5 :o may be mo/ fairly describ$ by ! compreh5sive t]m agno/ics--a "n :i* _h be5 rec5tly inv5t$ by ,pr(essor ,huxley4 ,! agno/ic holds t !re are limits to human reason1 & t !ology lies outside ^? limits4 ,)9 ^? limits lies ! _w ) :i* sci5ce 7includ+ psy*ology7 deals4 ,sci5ce deals entirely ) ph5om5a1 & has no?+ to say to ! nature ( ! ultimate reality :i* may lie beh9d ph5om5a4 ,!re are f\r possible #bad attitudes to ?is ultimate reality4 ,!re is ! attitude ( ! metaphysician & !ologian1 :o are conv9c$ n only t x exi/s b t x c be at lea/ p>tly kn[n4 ,!re is ! attitude ( ! man :o d5ies t x exi/s2 b he mu/ be also a metaphysician1 = its exi/5ce c only be disprov$ by metaphysical argum5ts4 ,!n !re are ^? :o ass]t t x exi/s b d5y t we c "k any?+ ab\t x4 ,& f9ally !re are ^? :o say t we _c "k :e!r x exi/s or n4 ,^! la/ are 8agno/ics0 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! t]m1 m5 :o pr(ess n to "k4 ,! ?ird class g beyond ph5om5a 9 s f> z !y ass]t t !re is an ultimate ?\gh unkn[able reality b5ea? ph5om5a4 ,b agno/ic is commonly us$ 9 a wide s5se s z to include ! ?ird z well z ! f\r? class--^? :o assume an unkn[able1 z well z ^? :o d n "k :e!r !re is an unkn[able or n4 ,comte & ,sp5c]1 = in/ance1 :o believ$ 9 an unkn[able1 are c\nt$ z agno/ics4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 an agno/ic & an a!i/ is t ! a!i/ positively d5ies ! exi/5ce ( a p]sonal ,god1 ! agno/ic does n believe 9 x4 ,! writ] ( ?is p]iod :o held agno/icism #bae 9 its pure/ =m1 & :o turn$ ! dry light ( reason on to !ological op9ions ) ! mo/ m]ciless logic1 0 ,mr4 ,leslie ,/eph54 ,8 be/-kn[n essay1 8,an ,agno/ic's ,apology0 7,=tnightly ,review1 #ahgf71 raises ! "q1 h ! dogmas ( or?odox !ologians any mean+8 ,d !y (f]1 = ?is is :at we want1 an intelligible reconciliation ( ! discords 9 ! univ]se8 ,x is %[n 9 detail t ! v>i\s !ological explanations ( ! deal+s ( ,god ) man1 :5 logically press$1 issue 9 a confession ( ignorance4 ,& :at is ?is b agno/icism8 ,y may call y\r d\bt a my/]y1 b my/]y is only ! !ological phrase = agno/icism4 8,:y1 :5 no hone/ man w d5y 9 private t e ultimate problem is wrapp$ 9 ! pr(\nde/ my/]y1 d hone/ m5 proclaim 9 pulpits t unhesitat+ c]ta9ty is ! duty ( ! mo/ fooli% & ignorant8 ,we are a company ( ignorant be+s1 dimly disc]n+ light en\gh = our daily ne$s1 b hopelessly diff]+ :5ev] we attempt to describe ! ultimate orig9 or end ( our pa?s2 & yet1 :5 "o ( u v5tures to decl>e t we don't "k ! map ( ! ,univ]se z well z ! map ( our inf9itesimal p>i%1 he is hoot$1 revil$1 #baf & p]haps told t he w be damn$ to all et]nity = 8 fai?lessness40 ,! *>act]i/ic ( ,leslie ,/eph5's essays is t !y are less direct$ to %[+ t or?odox !ology is untrue z t !re is no reality ab\t x1 & t its solutions ( difficulties are %am solutions4 ,if x solv$ any "p ( ! my/]y1 x w\ld be welcome1 b x does n1 x only adds new difficulties4 ,x is 8a m]e edifice ( moon%9e40 ,! writ] makes no attempt to prove by logic t ultimate reality lies outside ! limits ( human reason4 ,he bases ?is conclusion on ! fact t all philosoph]s hopelessly contradict "o ano!r2 if ! subject-matt] ( philosophy 71 l physical sci5ce1 )9 ! rea* ( ! intellig5ce1 "s agreem5t mu/ h be5 rea*$4 ,! ,broad ,*ur* movem5t1 ! attempts to lib]alize ,*ri/ianity1 to p\r its old w9e into new bottles1 to make x unsect>ian & undogmatic1 to f9d compromises betwe5 !ology & sci5ce1 f\nd no fav\r 9 ,leslie ,/eph5's eyes1 & he criticiz$ all ?is ) a c]ta9 contempt4 ,!re 0 a controv]sy ab\t ! efficacy ( pray]4 ,is x reasonable1 = in/ance1 to pray = ra98 ,"h sci5ce & !ology 7 at issue on a practical #bag po9t :i* comes )9 ! doma9 ( sci5ce4 ,"s !ologians adopt$ ! compromise t to pray aga9/ an eclipse w\ld be fooli%1 b to pray = ra9 might be s5sible4 8,"o ph5om5on10 ,/eph5 wrote1 8is j z mu* ! result ( fix$ causes z ! o!r2 b x is easi] = ! imag9ation to suppose ! int]f]5ce ( a div9e ag5t to be hidd5 away some:]e amid/ ! inf9itely complex play ( =ces1 :i* elude our calculations 9 meteorological ph5om5a1 ?an to believe 9 x :]e ! =ces are simple en\gh to admit ( pr$iction4 ,! di/9ction is ( c\rse invalid 9 a sci5tific s5se4 ,almighty p[] c int]f]e z easily ) ! ev5ts :i* are1 z ) ^? :i* are n1 9 ! ,nautical ,almanac4 ,"o _c suppose t ,god retreats z sci5ce advances1 & t he spoke 9 ?und] & lightn+ till ,frankl9 unravell$ ! laws ( _! ph5om5a40 ,aga91 :5 a controv]sy ab\t hell engag$ public att5tion1 & "s o!rwise or?odox !ologians be?\ght !mselves t et]nal puni%m5t 0 a horrible doctr9e & !n f\nd t ! evid5ce = x 0 n q conclusive & 7 bold en\gh to say s1 ,leslie ,/eph5 /epp$ 9 to po9t out t1 if s1 hi/orical #bah ,*ri/ianity des]ves all t its mo/ virul5t enemies h said ab\t x 9 ?is respect4 ,:5 ! ,*ri/ian cre$ really rul$ m5's consci5ces1 nobody c\ld utt] a ^w aga9/ ! tru? ( ! dogma ( hell4 ,if t dogma _h n an intimate organic connection ) ! cre$1 if x _h be5 a m]e unimportant accid5t1 x c\ld n h be5 s vigor\s & p]si/5t :]ev] ,*ri/ianity 0 /ronge/4 ,! attempt to elim9ate x or s(t5 x d[n is a sign ( decl9e4 8,n[1 at la/1 y\r cre$ is decay+4 ,p h discov]$ t y "k no?+ ab\t x2 t heav5 & hell belong to dreaml&2 t ! imp]t95t "y curate :o tells me t ,i %all be burnt ev]la/+ly = n %>+ 8 sup]/ition is j z ignorant z ,i am myself1 & t ,i "k z mu* z my dog4 ,& !n y calmly say aga91 #8,x is all a mi/ake4 ,only believe 9 a some?+ --& we w make x z easy = y z possible4 ,hell %all h no m ?an a f9e equable temp]ature1 really good = ! con/itution2 !re %all be nobody 9 x except ,judas ,isc>iot & "o or two o!rs2 & ev5 ! poor ,devil %all h a *ance if he w resolve to m5d 8 ways4' 0 ,mr4 ,mat!w ,arnold may1 ,i suppose1 be numb]$ among ! agno/ics1 b he 0 #bai ( a v diff]5t type4 ,he introduc$ a new k9d ( criticism ( ! ,bible--lit]>y criticism4 ,deeply conc]n$ = morality & religion1 a support] ( ! ,e/abli%$ ,*ur*1 he took ! ,bible "u 8 special protection1 & 9 ?ree works1 ,/4 ,paul & ,prote/antism1 #ahgj1 ,lit]ature & ,dogma1 #ahgc1 & ,god & ! ,bible1 #ahge1 he endeav\r$ to rescue t book f its or?odox expon5ts1 :om he reg>d$ z ! corrupt]s ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,x w\ld be j1 he says1 8b h>dly p]haps ,*ri/ian10 to fl+ back ! ^w infidel at ! or?odox !ologians = _! bad lit]>y & sci5tific criticisms ( ! ,bible & to speak ( 8! torr5t ( infidelity :i* p\rs e ,sunday f our pulpits60 ,! corruption ( ,*ri/ianity has be5 due to !ology 8) its insane lic5ce ( affirmation ab\t ,god1 its insane lic5ce ( affirmation ab\t immortality02 to ! hypo!sis ( 8a magnifi$ & non-natural man at ! head ( mank9d's & ! _w's affairs02 & ! fancy acc\nt ( ,god 8made up by putt+ scatt]$ expressions ( ! ,bible toge!r & tak+ !m lit]ally40 ,he *a/ises ) urbane p]siflage ! k :i* ! or?odox ?9k !y possess ab\t ! proce$+s & plans ( ,god4 8,to ?9k !y "k :at pass$ 9 ! ,c\ncil ( ! #bbj ,tr9ity is n h>d to !m2 !y c\ld easily ?9k !y ev5 knew :at 7 ! hang+s ( ! ,tr9ity's c\ncil-*amb]40 ,yet 8! v expression1 ! ,tr9ity1 j>s ) ! :ole idea & "* ( ,bible-religion2 b1 le/ ! ,soc9ian %\ld be unduly elat$ at he>+ ?is1 let u ha/5 to add t s too1 & j z mu*1 does ! expression1 a great ,p]sonal ,fir/ ,cause40 ,he uses ,god z ! lea/ inadequate "n = t univ]sal ord] :i* ! intellect feels aft] z a law1 & ! he>t feels aft] z a b5efit2 & def9es x z 8! /ream ( t5d5cy by :i* all ?+s /rive to fulfil ! law ( _! be+40 ,he def9$ x fur!r z a ,p[] t makes = righte\sness1 & ?us w5t consid]ably beyond ! agno/ic position4 ,he 0 impati5t ( ! m9ute criticism :i* analyzes ! ,biblical docum5ts & discov]s inconsi/5cies & absurdities1 & he did n appreciate ! importance ( ! comp>ative /udy ( religions4 ,b :5 we read ( a dignit>y 9 a rec5t ,*ur* congress lay+ d[n t ! n>ratives 9 ! books ( ,jonah & ,daniel mu/ be accept$ because ,jesus quot$ !m1 we may wi% t ,arnold 7 "h to reproa* ! or?odox = 8want ( intellectual s]i\sness40 ,^! ye>s also saw ! appe>ance ( #bba ,mr4 ,john ,morley's sympa!tic /udies ( ! ,fr5* free?9k]s ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ,voltaire 7#ahgb71 ,r\sseau 7#ahgc71 & ,did]ot 7#ahgh74 ,he edit$ ! ,=tnightly ,review1 & = "s ye>s ?is j\rnal 0 di/+ui%$ by brilliant criticisms on ! popul> religion1 contribut$ by able m5 writ+ f _m po9ts ( view4 ,a "p ( ! book :i* he aft]w>ds publi%$ "u ! title ,compromise appe>$ 9 ! ,=tnightly 9 #ahgd4 ,9 ,compromise1 8! :ole sy/em ( objective propositions :i* make up ! popul> belief ( ! day0 is condemn$ z mis*iev\s1 & x is urg$ t ^? :o disbelieve %\ld speak out pla9ly4 ,speak+ out is an intellectual duty4 ,engli%m5 h a /rong s5se ( political responsibility1 & a correspond+ly weak s5se ( intellectual responsibility4 ,ev5 m9ds t are n commonplace are affect$ = ! worse by ! political _s :i* 8is ! great =ce 9 ?r[+ love ( tru? & accurate reason+ into a second>y place40 ,& ! pr9ciples :i* h prevail$ 9 politics h be5 adopt$ by !ology = h] own use4 ,9 ! "o case1 conv5i5ce fir/1 tru? second2 9 ! o!r1 emotional com=t fir/1 tru? second4 ,if ! immorality is less gross 9 ! case ( religion1 #bbb !re is 8! /a9 ( intellectual improbity40 ,& ?is is a crime aga9/ society1 = 8!y :o tamp] ) v]acity f :atev] motive are tamp]+ ) ! vital =ce ( human progress40 ,! intellectual ins9c]ity :i* is "h blam$ is j z preval5t to- day4 ,! ,engli% h n *ang$ _! nature1 ! 8political0 _s is /ill rampant1 & we are rul$ by ! view t because compromise is necess>y 9 politics x is also a good ?+ 9 ! intellectual doma94 ,! ,=tnightly "u ,mr4 ,morley's guidance 0 an effective organ ( enlight5m5t4 ,i h no space to t\* on ! works ( o!r m5 ( lett]s & ( m5 ( sci5ce 9 ^! combative ye>s1 b x is to be not$ t1 :ile d5unciations ( mod]n ?\ght p\r$ f ! pulpits1 a popul> diffusion ( free?\ght 0 c>ri$ on1 especially by ,mr4 ,bradlaugh 9 public lectures & 9 8 pap]1 ! ,national ,re=m]1 n )\t collisions ) ! civil au?orities4 ,if we take ! cases 9 :i* ! civil au?orities 9 ,engl& h int]v5$ to repress ! publication ( unor?odox op9ions dur+ ! la/ two c5turies1 we f9d t ! object has always be5 to prev5t ! spread ( free?\ght among ! masses4 #bbc ,! victims h be5 ei!r poor1 un$ucat$ p1 or m5 :o propagat$ free?\ght 9 a popul> =m4 ,i t\*$ ^u ?is be=e 9 speak+ ( ,pa9e1 & x is borne out by ! prosecutions ( ! n9ete5? & tw5tie? c5turies4 ,! unconfess$ motive has be5 fe> ( ! p4 ,!ology has be5 reg>d$ z a good in/rum5t = keep+ ! poor 9 ord]1 & unbelief z a cause or accompanim5t ( dang]\s political op9ions4 ,! idea has n altoge!r disappe>$ t free ?\ght is peculi>ly indec5t 9 ! poor1 t x is highly desirable to keep !m sup]/iti\s 9 ord] to keep !m cont5t$1 t !y %\ld be duly ?ankful = all ! !ological z well z social arrangem5ts :i* h be5 made = !m by _! bett]s4 ,i may quote f an essay ( ,mr4 ,fr$]ic ,h>rison an anecdote :i* admirably expresses ! becom+ attitude ( ! poor t[>ds ecclesia/ical in/itutions4 8,! ma/] ( a workh\se 9 ,essex 0 once call$ 9 to act z *apla9 to a dy+ paup]4 ,! poor s\l fa9tly murmur$ "s hopes ( heav54 ,b ?is ! ma/] abruptly cut %ort & w>n$ him to turn 8 la/ ?\ghts t[>ds hell4 #8,& ?ankful y ought to be1' said he1 #8t y h a hell to g to4' 0 #bbd ,! mo/ important ,engli% free?9k]s :o appeal$ to ! masses 7 ,holyoake1 #c ! apo/le ( 8secul>ism10 & ,bradlaugh4 ,! great a*ievem5t = :i* ,bradlaugh w be be/ rememb]$ 0 ! secur+ ( ! "r ( unbeliev]s to sit 9 ,p>liam5t )\t tak+ an oa? 7#ahhh74 ,! *ief "w to :i* ,holyoake 7:o 9 8 e>ly ye>s 0 imprison$ = blasphemy7 contribut$ 0 ! abolition ( taxes on ! ,press1 :i* s]i\sly hamp]$ ! popul> diffusion ( k4 #d ,9 ,engl&1 c5sor%ip ( ! ,press _h long ago disappe>$ 7above1 p4 #aci72 9 mo/ o!r ,european c\ntries x 0 aboli%$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 #e ,9 ! progressive c\ntries ( ,europe !re has be5 a m>k$ gr[? ( tol]ance 7,i d n mean legal tol]ation1 b ! tol]ance #bbe ( public op9ion7 dur+ ! la/ ?irty ye>s4 ,a g5]ation ago ,"l ,morley wrote3 8,! prelim9>y /age has sc>cely be5 rea*$--! /age 9 :i* public op9ion grants to e "o ! unre/rict$ "r ( %ap+ 8 own beliefs1 indep5d5tly ( ^? ( ! p :o surr\nd him40 ,i ?9k ?is prelim9>y /age has n[ be5 pass$4 ,take ,engl&4 ,we are n[ f> f ! days :5 ,dr4 ,arnold w\ld h s5t ! eld] ,mill to ,botany ,bay = irreligi\s op9ions4 ,b we are also f> f ! days :5 ,d>w9's ,desc5t creat$ an upro>4 ,d>w9 has be5 buri$ 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey4 ,to-day books c appe> d5y+ ! hi/orical exi/5ce ( ,jesus )\t caus+ any commotion4 ,x may be d\bt$ :e!r :at ,"l ,acton wrote 9 #ahgg w\ld be true n[3 8,!re are 9 our day _m educat$ m5 :o ?9k x "r to p]secute40 ,9 #ahie1 ,lecky 0 a c&idate = ! repres5tation ( ,dubl9 ,univ]sity4 ,8 rationali/ic op9ions 7 inde$ br\ght up aga9/ him1 b he 0 successful1 ?\gh ! majority ( ! con/itu5ts 7 or?odox4 ,9 ! sev5ties 8 c&idature w\ld h be5 hopeless4 ,! old commonplace t a free?9k] is sure to be immoral is no long] he>d4 ,we may say t we h n[ #bbf rea*$ a /age at :i* x is admitt$ by e "o :o c\nts 7except at ! ,vatican71 t !re is no?+ 9 e>? or heav5 :i* may n legitimately be treat$ )\t any ( ! assumptions :i* 9 old days au?ority us$ to impose4 ,9 ?is brief review ( ! triumphs ( reason 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 we h be5 consid]+ ! discov]ies ( sci5ce & criticism :i* made ! old or?odoxy logically unt5able4 ,b ! advance 9 fre$om ( ?\ght1 ! m>k$ diff]5ce 9 ! g5]al attitude ( m5 9 all l&s t[>ds !ological au?ority to-day f ! attitude ( a hundr$ ye>s ago1 _c altoge!r be expla9$ by ! p[] ( logic4 ,x is n s mu* criticism ( old ideas z ! appe>ance ( new ideas & int]e/s t *anges ! views ( m5 at l>ge4 ,x is n logical demon/rations b new social conceptions t br+ ab\t a g5]al trans=mation ( attitude t[>ds ultimate problems4 ,n[ ! idea ( ! progress ( ! human race mu/1 ,i ?9k1 be held l>gely answ]able = ?is *ange ( attitude4 ,x mu/1 ,i ?9k1 be held to h op]at$ p[]fully z a solv5t ( !ological beliefs4 ,i h spok5 ( ! tea*+ ( ,did]ot & 8 fri5ds t man's en]gies %\ld be devot$ to mak+ ! e>? pleasant4 ,a #bbg new ideal 0 sub/itut$ = ! old ideal bas$ on !ological propositions4 ,x inspir$ ! ,engli% ,utilit>ian philosoph]s 7,b5?am1 ,james ,mill1 ,j4 ,s4 ,mill1 ,grote7 :o prea*$ ! greate/ happ9ess ( ! greate/ numb] z ! supreme object ( action & ! basis ( morality4 ,?is ideal 0 p[]fully re9=c$ by ! doctr9e ( hi/orical progress1 :i* 0 />t$ 9 ,france 7#agej7 by ,turgot1 :o made progress ! organic pr9ciple ( hi/ory4 ,x 0 develop$ by ,condorcet 7#agic71 & put =w>d by ,prie/ley 9 ,engl&4 ,! idea 0 seiz$ ^u by ! ,fr5* sociali/ic philosoph]s1 ,sa9t-,simon & ,f\ri]4 ,! optimism ( ,f\ri] w5t s f> z to anticipate ! "t :5 ! sea w\ld be turn$ by man's +5uity into lemonade1 :5 !re w\ld be #cg million poets z great z ,hom]1 #cg million writ]s z great z ,molire1 #cg million m5 ( sci5ce equal to ,newton4 ,b x 0 ,comte :o gave ! doctr9e weight & p[]4 ,8 social philosophy & 8 religion ( ,humanity are bas$ ^u x4 ,! triumphs ( sci5ce endors$ x2 x has be5 associat$ )1 ?\gh x is n necess>ily impli$ 91 ! sci5tific !ory ( evolution2 & x is p]haps fair to say t x has be5 ! guid+ spiritual =ce ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,x has introduc$ #bbh ! new e?ical pr9ciple ( duty to po/]ity4 ,we %all h>dly be f> wrong if we say t ! new int]e/ 9 ! future & ! progress ( ! race has done a great deal to und]m9e unconsci\sly ! old int]e/ 9 a life beyond ! grave2 & x has dissolv$ ! blight+ doctr9e ( ! radical corruption ( man4 ,n[h]e has ! !ory ( progress be5 m emphatically recogniz$ ?an 9 ! ,moni/ic movem5t :i* has be5 excit+ great int]e/ 9 ,g]many 7#aiaj-ab74 ,?is movem5t is bas$ on ! ideas ( ,haeckel1 :o is look$ up to z ! ma/]2 b ^? ideas h be5 consid]ably *ang$ "u ! influ5ce ( ,o/wald1 ! new lead]4 ,:ile ,haeckel is a biologi/1 ,o/wald's brilliant "w 0 done 9 *emi/ry & physics4 ,! new ,monism diff]s f ! old1 9 ! fir/ place1 9 be+ mu* less dogmatic4 ,x decl>es t all t is 9 our exp]i5ce c be ! object ( a correspond+ sci5ce4 ,x is mu* m a me?od ?an a sy/em1 = its sole ultimate object is to compreh5d all human exp]i5ce 9 unifi$ k4 ,secondly1 :ile x ma9ta9s1 ) ,haeckel1 evolution z ! guid+ pr9ciple 9 ! hi/ory ( liv+ ?+s1 x rejects 8 pan!ism & 8 !ory ( ?9k+ atoms4 ,! old me*anical !ory ( ! #bbi physical _w has be5 gradually supplant$ by ! !ory ( en]gy1 & ,o/wald1 :o 0 "o ( ! =emo/ expon5ts ( en]gy1 has made x a lead+ idea ( ,monism4 ,:at has be5 call$ matt] is1 s f> z we "k n[1 simply a complex ( en]gies1 & he has s\ght to ext5d ! 8en]getic0 pr9ciple f physical or *emical to biological1 psy*ical1 & social ph5om5a4 ,b x is to be obs]v$ t no f9ality is claim$ = ! conception ( en]gy2 x is simply an hypo!sis :i* corresponds to our pres5t /age ( k1 & may1 z k advances1 be sup]s$$4 ,monism resembles ! positive philosophy & religion ( ,comte 9 s f> z x means an outlook on life bas$ entirely on sci5ce & exclud+ !ology1 my/icism1 & metaphysics4 ,x may be call$ a religion1 if we adopt ,mr4 ,mac,taggart's def9ition ( religion z 8an emotion re/+ on a conviction ( ! h>mony betwe5 ourselves & ! univ]se at l>ge40 ,b x is mu* bett] n to use ! ^w religion 9 connexion ) x1 & ! ,moni/s h no ?\ght ( f9d+ a ,moni/ic1 z ,comte f\nd$ a ,positivi/1 *ur*4 ,!y insi/ ^u ! %>p opposition betwe5 ! outlook ( sci5ce & ! outlook ( religion1 & f9d ! m>k ( spiritual progress 9 ! fact t religion is #bcj gradually becom+ less indisp5sable4 ,! fur!r we g back 9 ! pa/1 ! m valuable is religion z an elem5t 9 civilization2 z we advance1 x retreats m & m into ! backgr\nd1 to be replac$ by sci5ce4 ,religions h be51 9 pr9ciple1 pessimi/ic1 s f> z ! pres5t _w is conc]n$2 ,monism is1 9 pr9ciple1 optimi/ic1 = x recognizes t ! process ( 8 evolution has ov]come1 9 increas+ measure1 ! bad elem5t 9 man1 & w g on ov]com+ x /ill m4 ,monism proclaims t developm5t & progress are ! practical pr9ciples ( human conduct1 :ile ! ,*ur*es1 especially ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 h be5 /eadily cons]vative1 & ?\gh !y h be5 unable to put a /op to progress h endeav\r$ to suppress its symptoms--to bottle up ! /eam4 #f ,! ,moni/ic congress at ,hamburg 9 #aiaa _h a success :i* surpris$ its promot]s4 ,! movem5t bids fair to be a p[]ful influ5ce 9 diffus+ rationali/ic ?\ght4 #g ,if we take ! ?ree l>ge ,/ates ( #bca ,we/]n ,europe1 9 :i* ! majority ( ,*ri/ians are ,ca?olics1 we see h[ ! ideal ( progress1 fre$om ( ?\ght1 & ! decl9e ( ecclesia/ical p[] g toge!r4 ,9 ,spa91 :]e ! ,*ur* has enorm\s p[] & weal? & c /ill dictate to ! ,c\rt & ! politicians1 ! idea ( progress1 :i* is vital 9 ,france & ,italy1 has n yet made its influ5ce s]i\sly felt4 ,lib]al ?\ght inde$ is widely spread 9 ! small educat$ class1 b ! great majority ( ! :ole population are illit]ate1 & x is ! int]e/ ( ! ,*ur* to keep !m s4 ,! education ( ! p1 z all enlight5$ ,spani>ds confess1 is ! press+ ne$ ( ! c\ntry4 ,h[ =midable are ! ob/acles :i* w h to be ov]come be=e mod]n education is all[$ to spread 0 %[n f\r ye>s ago by ! trag$y ( ,francisco ,f]r]1 :i* rem9d$ ev]ybody t 9 "o corn] ( ,we/]n ,europe ! m$iaeval _s is /ill vigor\s4 ,f]r] _h devot$ himself to ! f\nd+ ( mod]n s*ools 9 ! prov9ce ( ,catalonia 7s9ce #aija74 ,he 0 a rationali/1 & 8 s*ools1 :i* _h a m>k$ success1 7 entirely secul>4 ,! ecclesia/ical au?orities execrat$ him1 & 9 ! summ] ( #aiji *ance gave !m ! means ( de/roy+ him4 ,a /rike ( workm5 at #bcb ,b>celona develop$ into a viol5t revolution1 ,f]r] happ5$ to be 9 ,b>celona = "s days at ! beg9n+ ( ! movem5t1 ) :i* he _h no connection :atev]1 & 8 enemies seiz$ ! opportunity to make him responsible = x4 ,false evid5ce 7includ+ =g$ docum5ts7 0 manufactur$4 ,evid5ce :i* w\ld h help$ 8 case 0 suppress$4 ,! ,ca?olic pap]s agitat$ aga9/ him1 & ! lead+ ecclesia/ics ( ,b>celona urg$ ! ,gov]nm5t n to sp>e ! man :o f\nd$ ! mod]n s*ools1 ! root ( all ! tr\ble4 ,f]r] 0 condemn$ by a milit>y tribunal & %ot 7,oct4 #ac74 ,he suff]$ 9 ! cause ( reason & fre$om ( ?\ght1 ?\gh1 z !re is no long] an ,inquisition1 8 enemies _h to kill him "u ! false *>ge ( an>*y & treason4 ,x is possible t ! indignation :i* 0 felt 9 ,europe & 0 mo/ l\dly express$ 9 ,france may prev5t ! repetition ( su* extreme measures1 b almo/ any?+ may happ5 9 a c\ntry :]e ! ,*ur* is s p[]ful & s bigot$1 & ! politicians s corrupt4 #a ,f ,greek monos1 alone4 #b ,besides ! works ref]r$ to 9 ! text1 may be m5tion$3 ,w9wood ,reade1 ,m>tyrdom ( ,man1 #ahga2 ,mill1 ,?ree ,essays on ,religion2 ,w4 ,r4 ,cassels1 ,sup]natural ,religion2 ,tyndall1 ,address to ,briti% ,association at ,belfa/2 ,huxley1 ,animal ,automatism2 ,w4 ,k4 ,clif=d1 ,body & ,m9d2 all 9 #ahgd4 #c ,x may be not$ t ,holyoake t[>ds ! end ( 8 life help$ to f\nd ! ,rationali/ ,press ,association1 ( :i* ,mr4 ,edw>d ,clodd has be5 = _m ye>s ,*airman4 ,?is is ! *ief society 9 ,engl& = propagat+ rationalism1 & its ma9 object is to diffuse 9 a *eap =m ! works ( free?9k]s ( m>k 7cp4 ,bibliography74 ,i und]/& t m ?an two million copies ( its *eap repr9ts h be5 sold4 #d ,! adv]tisem5t tax 0 aboli%$ 9 #ahec1 ! /amp tax 9 #ahee1 ! pap] duty 9 #ahfa1 & ! optional duty 9 #ahgj4 #e ,9 ,au/ria-,hung>y ! police h ! p[] to suppress pr9t$ matt] provisionally4 ,9 ,russia ! ,press 0 decl>$ free 9 #aije by an ,imp]ial decree1 :i*1 h[ev]1 has become a dead lett]4 ,! newspap]s are completely "u ! control ( ! police4 #f ,i h tak5 ^! po9ts1 illu/rat+ ! ,moni/ic attitude to ! ,*ur*es1 f ,o/wald's ,moni/ic ,sunday ,s]mons 7,g]man71 #aiaa1 #aiab4 #g ,i may note "h t1 z ?is is n a hi/ory ( ?\ght1 ,i make no ref]5ce to rec5t philosophical speculations 79 ,am]ica1 ,engl&1 & ,france7 :i* are sometimes claim$ z t5d+ to bol/] up !ology4 ,b !y are all pr(\ndly unor?odox4 #bcc ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,ju/ification ,,( ,,lib]ty ,,( ,,?\ght ,,mo/ m5 :o h be5 br\ght up 9 ! free atmosph]e ( a mod]n ,/ate sympa?ize ) lib]ty 9 its long /ruggle ) au?ority & may f9d x difficult to see t any?+ c be said = ! tyrannical1 & z !y ?9k extraord9>ily p]v]se1 policy by :i* communities & gov]nm5ts p]si/5tly s\ght to /ifle new ideas & suppress free speculation4 ,! conflict sket*$ 9 ^! pages appe>s z a w> betwe5 light & d>kness4 ,we exclaim t alt> & ?rone =m$ a s9i/] conspiracy aga9/ ! progress ( humanity4 ,we look back ) horror at ! ?+s :i* s _m *ampions ( reason endur$ at ! h&s ( bl9d1 if n malignant1 be>]s ( au?ority4 ,b a m or less plausible case c be made out = co]cion4 ,let u take ! mo/ limit$ view ( ! lawful p[]s ( society ov] its individual memb]s4 ,let u lay d[n1 ) ,mill1 t 8! sole end = :i* mank9d are w>rant$1 individually & collectively1 9 int]f]+ ) ! lib]ty ( action ( any ( _! memb]s is self- protection10 & t co]cion is only ju/ifi$ #bcd = ! prev5tion ( h>m to o!rs4 ,?is is ! m9imum claim ! ,/ate c make1 & x w be admitt$ t x is n only ! "r b ! duty ( ! ,/ate to prev5t h>m to its memb]s4 ,t is :at x is =4 ,n[ no ab/ract or indep5d5t pr9ciple is discov]able1 :y lib]ty ( spee* %\ld be a privileg$ =m ( lib]ty ( action1 or :y society %\ld lay d[n its arms ( def5ce & fold its h&s1 :5 x is p]suad$ t h>m is ?reat5$ to x ?r\gh ! spee* ( any ( its memb]s4 ,! ,gov]nm5t has to judge ( ! dang]1 & its judgm5t may be wrong2 b if x is conv9c$ t h>m is be+ done1 is x n its pla9 duty to int]f]e8 ,?is argum5t supplies an apology = ! suppression ( free op9ion by ,gov]nm5ts 9 anci5t & mod]n times4 ,x c be urg$ = ! ,inquisition1 = ,c5sor%ip ( ! ,press1 = ,blasphemy laws1 = all co]cive measures ( ! k9d1 t1 if excessive or ill-judg$1 !y 7 int5d$ to protect society aga9/ :at _! au?ors s9c]ely believ$ to be grave injury1 & 7 simple acts ( duty4 7,?is apology1 ( c\rse1 does n ext5d to acts done = ! sake ( ! alleg$ good ( ! victims !mselves1 namely1 to secure _! future salvation47 ,n[adays we condemn all su* measures #bce & disall[ ! "r ( ! ,/ate to int]f]e ) ! free expression ( op9ion4 ,s deeply is ! doctr9e ( lib]ty seat$ 9 our m9ds t we f9d x difficult to make all[ances = ! co]cive practices ( our misguid$ ance/ors4 ,h[ is ?is doctr9e ju/ifi$8 ,x re/s on no ab/ract basis1 on no pr9ciple indep5d5t ( society itself1 b entirely on consid]ations ( utility4 ,we saw h[ ,socrates indicat$ ! social value ( fre$om ( discussion4 ,we saw h[ ,milton obs]v$ t su* fre$om 0 necess>y = ! advance ( k4 ,b 9 ! p]iod dur+ :i* ! cause ( tol]ation 0 f\ght = & practically won1 ! argum5t m g5]ally us$ 0 ! inju/ice ( puni%+ a man = op9ions :i* he hone/ly held & c\ld n help hold+1 s9ce conviction is n a matt] ( w2 9 o!r words1 ! argum5t t error is n a crime & t x is !re=e unju/ to puni% x4 ,?is argum5t1 h[ev]1 does n prove ! case = fre$om ( discussion4 ,! advocate ( co]cion may reply3 ,we admit t x is unju/ to puni% a man = private errone\s beliefs2 b x is n unju/ to =bid ! propagation ( su* beliefs if we are conv9c$ t !y are h>mful2 x is n unju/ to puni% him1 n = hold+ !m1 b = publi%+ !m4 ,! tru? #bcf is t1 9 exam9+ pr9ciples1 ! ^w j is mislead+4 ,all ! virtues are bas$ on exp]i5ce1 physiological or social1 & ju/ice is no exception4 ,j designates a class ( rules or pr9ciples ( :i* ! social utility has be5 f\nd by exp]i5ce to be p>am\nt & :i* are recogniz$ to be s important z to ov]ride all consid]ations ( imm$iate exp$i5cy4 ,& social utility is ! only te/4 ,x is futile1 !re=e1 to say to a ,gov]nm5t t x acts unju/ly 9 co]c+ op9ion1 unless x is %[n t fre$om ( op9ion is a pr9ciple ( su* ov]ma/]+ social utility z to r5d] o!r consid]ations negligible4 ,socrates _h a true in/9ct 9 tak+ ! l9e t fre$om is valuable to society4 ,! reason$ ju/ification ( lib]ty ( ?\ght is due to ,j4 ,s4 ,mill1 :o set x =? 9 8 "w ,on ,lib]ty1 publi%$ 9 #ahei4 ,?is book treats ( lib]ty 9 g5]al1 & attempts to fix ! fronti] ( ! region 9 :i* individual fre$om %\ld be consid]$ absolute & unassailable4 ,! second *apt] consid]s lib]ty ( ?\ght & discussion1 & if _m may ?9k t ,mill unduly m9imiz$ ! functions ( society1 und]rat+ its claims z aga9/ ! individual1 few w d5y ! ju/ice ( ! *ief argum5ts or "q ! g5]al s\ndness ( 8 conclusions4 #bcg ,po9t+ out t no fix$ /&>d 0 recogniz$ = te/+ ! propriety ( ! int]f]5ce on ! "p ( ! community ) its individual memb]s1 he f9ds ! te/ 9 self-protection1 t is1 ! prev5tion ( h>m to o!rs4 ,he bases ! proposition n on ab/ract rights1 b on 8utility1 9 ! l>ge/ s5se1 gr\nd$ on ! p]man5t int]e/s ( man z a progressive be+40 ,he !n uses ! foll[+ argum5t to %[ t to sil5ce op9ion & discussion is always contr>y to ^? p]man5t int]e/s4 ,^? :o w\ld suppress an op9ion 7x is assum$ t !y are hone/7 d5y its tru?1 b !y are n infallible4 ,!y may be wrong1 or "r1 or p>tly wrong & p>tly "r4 7#a7 ,if !y are wrong & ! op9ion !y w\ld cru% is true1 !y h robb$1 or done _! utmo/ to rob1 mank9d ( a tru?4 ,!y w say3 ,b we 7 ju/ifi$1 = we ex]cis$ our judgm5t to ! be/ ( our ability1 & are we to be told t because our judgm5t is fallible we are n to use x8 ,we =bade ! propagation ( an op9ion :i* we 7 sure 0 false & p]nici\s2 ?is implies no great] claim to infallibility ?an any act done by public au?ority4 ,if we are to act at all1 we mu/ assume our own op9ion to be true4 ,to ?is ,mill acutely replies3 8,!re is ! greate/ diff]5ce #bch betwe5 assum+ an op9ion to be true1 because ) e opportunity = conte/+ x x has n be5 refut$1 & assum+ its tru? = ! purpose ( n p]mitt+ its refutation4 ,complete lib]ty ( contradict+ & disprov+ our op9ion is ! v condition :i* ju/ifies u 9 assum+ its tru? = purposes ( action1 & on no o!r t]ms c a be+ ) human faculties h any rational assurance ( be+ "r40 7#b7 ,if ! receiv$ op9ion :i* x is s\ght to protect aga9/ ! intrusion ( error is true1 ! suppression ( discussion is /ill contr>y to g5]al utility4 ,a receiv$ op9ion may happ5 to be true 7x is v seldom entirely true72 b a rational c]ta9ty t x is s c only be secur$ by ! fact t x has be5 fully canvass$ b has n be5 %ak54 ,common] & m important is 7#c7 ! case :]e ! conflict+ doctr9es %>e ! tru? betwe5 !m4 ,"h ,mill has little difficulty 9 prov+ ! utility ( supplem5t+ "o-sid$ popul> tru?s by o!r tru?s :i* popul> op9ion omits to consid]4 ,& he obs]ves t if ei!r ( ! op9ions :i* %>e ! tru? has a claim n m]ely to be tol]at$ b to be enc\rag$1 x is ! "o :i* happ5s to be held by ! m9ority1 s9ce ?is is ! "o 8:i* #bci = ! "t be+ repres5ts ! neglect$ int]e/s40 ,he takes ! doctr9es ( ,r\sseau1 :i* might conceivably h be5 suppress$ z p]nici\s4 ,to ! self-complac5t eighte5? c5tury ^? doctr9es came z 8a salut>y %ock1 dislocat+ ! compact mass ( "o-sid$ op9ion40 ,! curr5t op9ions 7 inde$ ne>] to ! tru? ?an ,r\sseau's1 !y conta9$ mu* less ( error2 8nev]!less !re lay 9 ,r\sseau's doctr9e1 & has float$ d[n ! /ream ( op9ion along ) x1 a consid]able am\nt ( exactly ^? tru?s :i* ! popul> op9ion want$2 & ^! are ! deposit :i* we left beh9d :5 ! flood subsid$40 ,su* is ! drift ( ,mill's ma9 argum5t4 ,! pres5t writ] w\ld pref] to /ate ! ju/ification ( fre$om ( op9ion 9 a some:at diff]5t =m1 ?\gh 9 accordance ) ,mill's reason+4 ,! progress ( civilization1 if x is p>tly condition$ by circum/ances beyond man's control1 dep5ds m1 & 9 an increas+ measure1 on ?+s :i* are )9 8 own p[]4 ,prom95t among ^! are ! advancem5t ( k & ! delib]ate adaptation ( 8 habits & in/itutions to new conditions4 ,to advance k & to correct errors1 unre/rict$ fre$om ( discussion is requir$4 #bdj ,hi/ory %[s t k grew :5 speculation 0 p]fectly free 9 ,greece1 & t 9 mod]n times1 s9ce re/rictions on inquiry h be5 entirely remov$1 x has advanc$ ) a velocity :i* w\ld seem diabolical to ! slaves ( ! m$iaeval ,*ur*4 ,!n1 x is obvi\s t 9 ord] to readju/ social cu/oms1 in/itutions1 & me?ods to new ne$s & circum/ances1 !re mu/ be unlimit$ fre$om ( canvass+ & criticiz+ !m1 ( express+ ! mo/ unpopul> op9ions1 no matt] h[ (f5sive to prevail+ s5tim5t !y may be4 ,if ! hi/ory ( civilization has any lesson to tea* x is ?is3 !re is "o supreme condition ( m5tal & moral progress :i* x is completely )9 ! p[] ( man himself to secure1 & t is p]fect lib]ty ( ?\ght & discussion4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( ?is lib]ty may be consid]$ ! mo/ valuable a*ievem5t ( mod]n civilization1 & z a condition ( social progress x %\ld be deem$ fundam5tal4 ,! consid]ations ( p]man5t utility on :i* x re/s mu/ outweigh any calculations ( pres5t advantage :i* f "t to "t might be ?\ght to dem& its violation4 ,x is evid5t t ?is :ole argum5t dep5ds on ! assumption t ! progress ( ! race1 its intellectual & moral developm5t1 #bda is a reality & is valuable4 ,! argum5t w n appeal to any "o :o holds ) ,c>d9al ,newman t 8our race's progress & p]fectibility is a dream1 because revelation contradicts x02 & he may consi/5tly subscribe to ! same writ]'s conviction t 8x w\ld be a ga9 to ?is c\ntry 7 x va/ly m sup]/iti\s1 m bigot$1 m gloomy1 m fi]ce 9 its religion1 ?an at pres5t x %[s itself to be40 ,:ile ,mill 0 writ+ 8 brilliant ,essay1 :i* e "o %\ld read1 ! ,engli% ,gov]nm5t ( ! day 7#aheh7 in/itut$ prosecutions = ! circulation ( ! doctr9e t x is lawful to put tyrants to dea?1 on ! gr\nd t ! doctr9e is immoral4 ,=tunately ! prosecutions 7 n p]si/$ 94 ,mill ref]s to ! matt]1 & ma9ta9s t su* a doctr9e z tyrannicide 7&1 let u add1 an>*y7 does n =m any exception to ! rule t 8!re ought to exi/ ! fulle/ lib]ty ( pr(ess+ & discuss+1 z a matt] ( e?ical conviction1 any doctr9e1 h[ev] immoral x may be consid]$40 ,exceptions1 cases :]e ! int]f]5ce ( ! au?orities is prop]1 are only app>5t1 = !y really come "u ano!r rule4 ,= in/ance1 if !re is a direct in/igation #bdb to p>ticul> acts ( viol5ce1 !re may be a legitimate case = int]f]5ce4 ,b ! incitem5t mu/ be delib]ate & direct4 ,if ,i write a book condemn+ exi/+ societies & def5d+ a !ory ( an>*y1 & a man :o reads x pres5tly commits an outrage1 x may cle>ly be e/abli%$ t my book made ! man an an>*i/ & induc$ him to commit ! crime1 b x w\ld be illegitimate to puni% me or suppress ! book unless x conta9$ a direct incitem5t to ! specific crime :i* he committ$4 ,x is conceivable t difficult cases might arise :]e a gov]nm5t might be /rongly tempt$1 & might be urg$ by public clam\r1 to violate ! pr9ciple ( lib]ty4 ,let u suppose a case1 v improbable1 b :i* w make ! issue cle> & def9ite4 ,imag9e t a man ( highly magnetic p]sonality1 end[$ ) a wond]ful p[] ( infect+ o!rs ) 8 own ideas h[ev] irrational1 9 %ort a typical religi\s lead]1 is conv9c$ t ! _w w come to an end 9 ! c\rse ( a few mon?s4 ,he goes ab\t ! c\ntry prea*+ & di/ribut+ pamphlets2 8 words h an electrical effect2 & ! masses ( ! un$ucat$ & half-educat$ are p]suad$ t !y h inde$ only a few weeks to prep>e = ! day ( ,judgm5t4 ,multitudes leave _! #bdc occupations1 ab&on _! "w1 9 ord] to sp5d ! %ort "t t rema9s 9 pray] & li/5+ to ! exhortations ( ! prophet4 ,! c\ntry is p>alyz$ by ! gigantic /rike2 traffic & indu/ries come to a /&/ill4 ,! p h a p]fect legal "r to give up _! "w1 & ! prophet has a p]fect legal "r to propagate 8 op9ion t ! end ( ! _w is at h& --an op9ion :i* ,jesus ,*ri/ & 8 foll[]s 9 _! day held q z errone\sly4 ,x w\ld be said t desp]ate ills h desp]ate rem$ies1 & !re w\ld be a /rong temptation to suppress ! fanatic4 ,b to arre/ a man :o is n break+ ! law or exhort+ any "o to break x1 or caus+ a brea* ( ! peace1 w\ld be an act ( gl>+ tyranny4 ,_m w hold t ! evil ( sett+ back ! clock ( lib]ty w\ld out- balance all ! tempor>y evils1 great z !y might be1 caus$ by ! propagation ( a delusion4 ,x w\ld be absurd to d5y t lib]ty ( spee* may sometimes cause p>ticul> h>m4 ,e good ?+ sometimes does h>m4 ,gov]nm5t1 = in/ance1 :i* makes fatal mi/akes2 law1 :i* s (t5 be>s h>dly & inequitably 9 individual cases4 ,& c ! ,*ri/ians urge any o!r plea = _! religion :5 !y are unpleasantly rem9d$ t x has caus$ untold #bdd suff]+ by its pr9ciple ( exclusive salvation8 ,once ! pr9ciple ( lib]ty ( ?\ght is accept$ z a supreme condition ( social progress1 x passes f ! sph]e ( ord9>y exp$i5cy into ! sph]e ( high] exp$i5cy :i* we call ju/ice4 ,9 o!r words x becomes a "r on :i* e man %\ld be able to c\nt4 ,! fact t ?is "r is ultimately bas$ on utility does n ju/ify a gov]nm5t 9 curtail+ x1 on ! gr\nd ( utility1 9 p>ticul> cases4 ,! rec5t r al>m+ inflictions ( p5alties = blasphemy 9 ,engl& illu/rate ?is po9t4 ,x 0 commonly suppos$ t ! ,blasphemy laws 7see above1 p4 #aci71 ?\gh unrepeal$1 7 a dead lett]4 ,b s9ce ,decemb]1 #aiaa1 half a doz5 p]sons h be5 imprison$ = ?is (f5ce4 ,9 ^! cases ,*ri/ian doctr9es 7 attack$ by poor & m or less un$ucat$ p]sons 9 language :i* may be describ$ z co>se & (f5sive4 ,"s ( ! judges seem to h tak5 ! l9e t x is n blasphemy to attack ! fundam5tal doctr9es provid$ 8! dec5cies ( controv]sy0 are pres]v$1 b t 8indec5t0 attacks con/itute blasphemy4 ,?is implies a new def9ition ( legal blasphemy1 & is entirely contr>y to ! int5tion ( ! laws4 ,sir #bde ,j4 ,f4 ,/eph5 po9t$ out t ! decisions ( judges f ! "t ( ,"l ,hale 7,x,v,i,ith c5tury7 to ! trial ( ,foote 7#ahhc7 laid d[n ! same doctr9e & bas$ x on ! same pr9ciple3 ! doctr9e be+ t x is a crime ei!r to d5y ! tru? ( ! fundam5tal doctr9es ( ! ,*ri/ian religion or to hold !m up to contempt or ridicule2 & ! pr9ciple be+ t ,*ri/ianity is a "p ( ! law ( ! l&4 ,! apology (f]$ = su* prosecutions is t _! object is to protect religi\s s5tim5t f insult & ridicule4 ,sir ,j4 ,f4 ,/eph5 obs]v$3 8,if ! law 7 really imp>tial & puni%$ blasphemy only1 because x (f5ds ! feel+s ( believ]s1 x ought also to puni% su* prea*+ z (f5ds ! feel+s ( unbeliev]s4 ,all ! m e>ne/ & en?usia/ic =ms ( religion are extremely (f5sive to ^? :o d n believe !m40 ,if ! law does n 9 any s5se recognize ! tru? ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e1 x w\ld h to apply ! same rule to ! ,salvation ,army4 ,9 fact ! law 8c be expla9$ & ju/ifi$ only on :at ,i reg>d z its true pr9ciple--! pr9ciple ( p]secution40 ,! oppon5ts ( ,*ri/ianity may ju/ly say3 ,if ,*ri/ianity is false1 :y is x to be attack$ only 9 polite language8 ,its goodness dep5ds on its tru?4 ,if y #bdf grant its falsehood1 y _c ma9ta9 t x des]ves special protection4 ,b ! law imposes no re/ra9t on ! ,*ri/ian1 h[ev] (f5sive 8 tea*+ may be to ^? :o d n agree ) him2 !re=e x is n bas$ on an imp>tial desire to prev5t ! use ( language :i* causes (f5ce2 !re=e x is bas$ on ! hypo!sis t ,*ri/ianity is true2 & !re=e its pr9ciple is p]secution4 ,( c\rse1 ! pres5t adm9i/ration ( ! common law 9 reg>d to blasphemy does n endang] ! lib]ty ( ^? unbeliev]s :o h ! capacity = contribut+ to progress4 ,b x violates ! supreme pr9ciple ( lib]ty ( op9ion & discussion4 ,x h9d]s un$ucat$ p f say+ 9 ! only ways 9 :i* !y "k h[ to say x1 :at ^? :o h be5 br\ght up diff]5tly say1 ) impunity1 f> m effectively & f> m insidi\sly4 ,"s ( ! m5 :o h be5 imprison$ dur+ ! la/ two ye>s1 only utt]$ 9 language ( deplorable ta/e views t are express$ m or less politely 9 books :i* are 9 ! libr>y ( a bi%op unless he is a v ignorant p]son1 & aga9/ :i* ! law1 if x has any validity1 ought to h be5 en=c$4 ,?us ! law1 z n[ adm9i/]$1 simply p5alizes bad ta/e & places disabilities #bdg ^u un$ucat$ free?9k]s4 ,if _! words (f5d _! audi5ce s f> z to cause a di/urbance1 !y %\ld be prosecut$ = a brea* ( public ord]1 #a n because _! words are blasphem\s4 ,a man :o robs or injures a *ur*1 or ev5 an episcopal palace1 is n prosecut$ = sacrilege1 b = l>c5y or malici\s damage or some?+ ( ! k9d4 ,! abolition ( p5alties = blasphemy 0 propos$ 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons 7by ,bradlaugh7 9 #ahhi & reject$4 ,! re=m is urg5tly ne$$4 ,x w\ld 8prev5t ! recurr5ce at irregul> int]vals ( sc&al\s prosecutions :i* h nev] 9 any "o in/ance b5efit$ any "o1 lea/ ( all ! cause :i* !y 7 int5d$ to s]ve1 & :i* sometimes af=d a *annel = ! gratification ( private malice "u ! cloak ( religion40 #b ,! /ruggle ( reason aga9/ au?ority has end$ 9 :at appe>s n[ to be a decisive & p]man5t victory = lib]ty4 ,9 ! mo/ civiliz$ & progressive c\ntries1 fre$om ( discussion is recogniz$ z a #bdh fundam5tal pr9ciple4 ,9 fact1 we may say x is accept$ z a te/ ( enlight5m5t1 & ! man 9 ! /reet is =w>d 9 ackn[l$g+ t c\ntries l ,russia & ,spa91 :]e op9ion is m or less fett]$1 mu/ on t acc\nt be consid]$ less civiliz$ ?an _! neighb\rs4 ,all intellectual p :o c\nt take x = grant$ t !re is no subject 9 heav5 or e>? :i* ought n to be inve/igat$ )\t any def]5ce or ref]5ce to !ological assumptions4 ,no man ( sci5ce has any fe> ( publi%+ 8 rese>*es1 :atev] consequ5ces !y may involve = curr5t beliefs4 ,criticism ( religi\s doctr9es & ( political & social in/itutions is free4 ,hopeful p may feel confid5t t ! victory is p]man5t2 t intellectual fre$om is n[ assur$ to mank9d z a possession = ev]2 t ! future w see ! collapse ( ^? =ces :i* /ill "w aga9/ x & its gradual diffusion 9 ! m backw>d p>ts ( ! e>?4 ,yet hi/ory may sugge/ t ?is prospect is n assur$4 ,c we be c]ta9 t !re may n come a great set- back8 ,= fre$om ( discussion & speculation 01 z we saw1 fully realiz$ 9 ! ,greek & ,roman _w1 & !n an un=ese5 =ce1 9 ! %ape ( ,*ri/ianity1 came 9 & laid *a9s ^u ! human m9d & #bdi suppress$ fre$om & impos$ ^u man a we>y /ruggle to recov] ! fre$om :i* he _h lo/4 ,is x n conceivable t some?+ ( ! same k9d may occur aga98 t "s new =ce1 em]g+ f ! unkn[n1 may surprise ! _w & cause a simil> set-back8 ,! possibility _c be d5i$1 b !re are "s consid]ations :i* r5d] x improbable 7ap>t f a cata/rophe sweep+ away ,european culture74 ,!re are c]ta9 radical diff]5ces betwe5 ! intellectual situation n[ & 9 antiquity4 ,! facts kn[n to ! ,greeks ab\t ! nature ( ! physical univ]se 7 few4 ,mu* t 0 taught 0 n prov$4 ,comp>e :at !y knew & :at we "k ab\t a/ronomy & geography--to take ! two bran*es 9 :i* 7besides ma!matics7 !y made mo/ progress4 ,:5 !re 7 s few demon/rat$ facts to "w ^u1 !re 0 ! wide/ room = speculation4 ,n[ to suppress a numb] ( rival !ories 9 fav\r ( "o is a v diff]5t ?+ f suppress+ :ole sy/ems ( e/abli%$ facts4 ,if "o s*ool ( a/ronom]s holds t ! e>? goes r\nd ! sun1 ano!r t ! sun goes r\nd ! e>?1 b nei!r is able to demon/rate its proposition1 x is easy = an au?ority1 :i* has co]cive p[]1 #bej to suppress "o ( !m successfully4 ,b once x is agre$ by all a/ronom]s t ! e>? goes r\nd ! sun1 x is a hopeless task = any au?ority to compel m5 to accept a false view4 ,9 %ort1 because %e is 9 possession ( a va/ mass ( asc]ta9$ facts ab\t ! nature ( ! univ]se1 reason holds a mu* /rong] position n[ ?an at ! "t :5 ,*ri/ian !ology l$ h] captive4 ,all ^! facts are h] =tifications4 ,aga91 x is difficult to see :at c arre/ ! cont9u\s progress ( k 9 ! future4 ,9 anci5t times ?is progress dep5d$ on a few2 n[adays1 _m nations take "p 9 ! "w4 ,a g5]al conviction ( ! importance ( sci5ce prevails to-day1 :i* did n prevail 9 ,greece4 ,& ! circum/ance t ! advance ( mat]ial civilization dep5ds on sci5ce is p]haps a practical gu>antee t sci5tific rese>* w n come to an abrupt halt4 ,9 fact sci5ce is n[ a social in/itution1 z mu* z religion4 ,b if sci5ce seems pretty safe1 x is always possible t 9 c\ntries :]e ! sci5tific _s is held 9 hon\r1 nev]!less1 s]i\s re/rictions may be laid on speculations t\*+ social1 political1 & religi\s que/ions4 ,russia has m5 ( sci5ce inf]ior to none1 & ,russia has its notori\s c5sor%ip4 ,x #bea is by no means inconceivable t 9 l&s :]e op9ion is n[ free co]cion might be introduc$4 ,if a revolution>y social movem5t prevail$1 l$ by m5 inspir$ by fai? 9 =mulas 7l ! m5 ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution7 & resolv$ to impose _! cre$1 exp]i5ce %[s t co]cion w\ld almo/ inevitably be resort$ to4 ,nev]!less1 :ile x w\ld be silly to suppose t attempts may n be made 9 ! future to put back ! clock1 lib]ty is 9 a f> m fav\rable position n[ ?an "u ! ,roman ,empire4 ,= at t "t ! social importance ( fre$om ( op9ion 0 n appreciat$1 :]eas n[1 9 consequ5ce ( ! long conflict :i* 0 necess>y 9 ord] to re- e/abli% x1 m5 consci\sly realize its value4 ,p]haps ?is conviction w be /rong en\gh to resi/ all conspiracies aga9/ lib]ty4 ,mean:ile1 no?+ %\ld be left undone to impress ^u ! "y t fre$om ( ?\ght is an axiom ( human progress4 ,x may be fe>$1 h[ev]1 t ?is is n likely to be done = a long "t to come4 ,= our me?ods ( e>ly education are f\nd$ on au?ority4 ,x is true t *ildr5 are sometimes exhort$ to ?9k = !mselves4 ,b ! p>5t or in/ructor :o gives ?is excell5t advice is confid5t t ! results ( ! *ild's ?9k+ = #beb himself w agree ) ! op9ions :i* 8 eld]s consid] desirable4 ,x is assum$ t he w reason f pr9ciples :i* h already be5 in/ill$ into him by au?ority4 ,b if 8 ?9k+ = himself takes ! =m ( que/ion+ ^! pr9ciples1 :e!r moral or religi\s1 8 p>5ts & tea*]s1 unless !y are v exceptional p]sons1 w be extremely displeas$1 & w c]ta9ly disc\rage him4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 only s+ul>ly promis+ *ildr5 ^: fre$om ( ?\ght w g s f>4 ,9 ?is s5se x might be said t 8di/ru/ ?y fa!r & "m0 is ! fir/ comm&m5t ) promise4 ,x %\ld be a "p ( education to expla9 to *ildr51 z soon z !y are old en\gh to und]/&1 :5 x is reasonable1 & :5 x is n1 to accept :at !y are told1 on au?ority4 #a ,blasphemy is an (f5ce 9 ,g]many2 b x mu/ be prov$ t (f5ce has actually be5 giv51 & ! p5alty does n exce$ imprisonm5t = ?ree days4 #b ,! quotations are f ,sir ,j4 ,f4 ,/eph5's article1 8,blasphemy & ,blasphem\s ,libel10 9 ! ,=tnightly ,review1 ,m>*1 #ahhd1 pp4 #bhi-cah4 #bec ,,bibliography ,g5]al ,lecky1 ,w4 ,e4 ,h41 ,hi/ory ( ! ,rise & ,influ5ce ( ! ,_s ( ,rationalism 9 ,europe1 #b vols4 7orig9ally publi%$ 9 #ahfe74 ,:ite1 ,a4 ,d41 ,a ,hi/ory ( ! ,w>f>e ( ,sci5ce ) ,!ology 9 ,*ri/5dom1 #b vols41 #ahif4 ,rob]tson1 ,j4 ,m41 ,a ,%ort ,hi/ory ( ,free-?\ght1 ,anci5t & ,mod]n1 #b vols41 #aijf4 ,compreh5sive1 b ! notices ( ! lead+ free?9k]s are necess>ily brief1 z ! field cov]$ is s l>ge4 ,! judgm5ts are always indep5d5t4 ,b5n1 ,a4 ,w41 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,engli% ,rationalism 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 #b vols41 #aijf4 ,v full & valuable ,greek ,?\ght ,gomp]z1 ,?41 ,greek ,?9k]s 7,engli% translation71 #d vols4 7#aija-ab74 ,engli% ,dei/s ,/eph51 ,leslie1 ,hi/ory ( ,engli% ,?\ght 9 ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury1 vol4 i1 #ahha4 ,fr5* ,free?9k]s ( ,eighte5? ,c5tury ,morley1 ,j41 ,voltaire2 ,did]ot & ! ,encyclopa$i/s2 ,r\sseau 7see above1 ,*apt] ,,vi74 ,rationali/ic ,criticism ( ! ,bible 7,n9ete5? ,c5tury7 ,articles 9 ,encyclopo$ia ,biblica1 #d vols4 ,duff1 ,a41 ,hi/ory ( ,old ,te/am5t ,criticism1 #aiaj4 ,conybe>e1 ,f4 ,c41 ,hi/ory ( ,new ,te/am5t ,criticism1 #aiaj4 ,p]secution & ,inquisition ,lea1 ,h41 ,a ,hi/ory ( ! ,inquisition ( ! ,middle ,ages1 #c vols41 #ahhh2 ,a ,hi/ory ( ! ,inquisition ( ,spa91 #d vols41 #aijf4 ,haynes1 ,e4 ,s4 ,p41 ,religi\s ,p]secution1 #aijd4 ,= ! case ( ,f]r] see ,ar*]1 ,w41 ,! ,life1 ,trial & ,dea? ( ,francisco ,f]r]1 #aiaa1 & ,mc,cabe1 ,j41 ,! ,m>tyrdom ( ,f]r]1 #aiji4 ,tol]ation ,ruff9i1 ,f41 ,religi\s ,lib]ty 7,engli% translation71 #aiab4 ,! essays ( ,l4 ,luzzatti4 ,lib]ty ( ,consci5ce & ,sci5ce 7,italian71 are sugge/ive4 #bed ,,index ,ae/hetic movem5t1 #bac ,agno/icism1 mean+ (1 #bac sq4 ,albigeois1 p]secution (1 #eh ,anabapti/s1 #gh1 #ie1 #abe ,anatomy1 #fe ,anaxagoras1 #bg ,annet1 ,pet]1 #agb ,an?ropology1 #ahi ,an?ropomorphism4 #bc ,ari/otle1 #ce1 #fh1 #fi ,arnold1 ,mat!w1 #bah sqq4 ,asoka1 #ib ,a/ronomy1 #hg--ij ,a!ism1 #ajc1 #aac1 #abc1 #acb1 #aeh ,a!ns1 #bg sqq4 ,augu/9e1 ,/41 #ee ,au/ria-,hung>y1 #abb1 #bbd ,au?ority1 mean+ (1 #ad sqq4 ,av]roism1 #hh ,bacon1 ,rog]1 #he ,bahrdt1 #age ,ra91 ,a41 #ahh ,bayle1 #ajg sq41 #ace sqq4 ,b5n1 ,a4 ,w1 #aeb ,bible1 ,o4 ,t41 #aib sqq42 ,n4 ,t41 #aie sqq ,bible-wor%ip1 #hb1 #bja ,blasphemy laws1 #bc1 #hh1 #aci sq41 #bdd sqq4 ,bol+broke1 #aec ,bradlaugh1 #bbh1 #bdg ,bruno1 ,giordano1 #hd ,b*n]1 #ahh ,buckle1 #ahh ,butl]1 ,bi%op1 ,analogy1 #aea sq4 ,calv91 #gh ,cassels1 ,w ,ca/ellion1 #id ,causation1 ,law (1 #ahc sq4 ,*>ron4 #ge ,cic]o1 #ci ,clif=d1 ,w4 ,k41 #bac ,clodd1 ,edw>d1 #bbd ,col5so1 ,bi%op1 #aic ,coll9s1 ,an?ony1 #ada ,comte1 ,augu/e4 #ahh sq41 #bbi ,concordat ( #ahja1 ,fr5*1 #aae ,condorcet1 #bbg ,congregationali/s 7,indep5d5ts71 #ie1 #ii1 #ajj ,con/ant9e ,i1 ,emp]or1 #dg1 #ea ,cop]nicus1 #hg ,d>w92 ,d>w9ism1 #ahj1 #ahb1 #bbe ,defoe1 ,daniel1 #ajd sq4 ,deism1 #acg sqq4 ,democritus1 #be ,desc>tes1 #abi1 #aca ,design1 argum5t f1 #aha1 #agh ,d',holba*1 #aeh ,did]ot1 #aeh sq4 ,diocletian1 ,emp]or1 #de ,dise/abli%m5t1 #ajd1 #ajh ,dodwell1 ,h5ry1 #adg ,domitian1 ,emp]or1 #db ,d\ble ,tru?1 #fh sq41 #acd ,edelmann1 #age ,epicureanism1 #cf sqq41 #hd ,essays & ,review1 #bjd sqq4 ,euripides1 #bi ,exclusive salvation1 #eb sq41 #fc1 #gh ,f]r]1 ,francisco1 #bca sq4 ,=tnightly ,review1 #bba ,f\ri]1 #bbg ,france1 #gd1 #ajj sqq41 #aeb sqq4 ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 #abj sq4 ,fr$]ick ,,ii1 ,emp]or1 #eh1 #gj ,free ?\ght1 mean+ (1 #ah ,galileo de' ,galilei1 #hg sqq4 ,gass5di1 #acj ,geology1 #agh sq4 ,g]many1 #gh sqq41 #aag sqq41 #agd sqq4 ,gibbon1 #hb1 #afb sqq4 ,goe!1 #age ,greg1 ,w4 ,r41 #bjc ,gregory ,,ix1 ,pope1 #eg ,gregory ,,xvi1 ,encyclical (1 #abc sq4 ,haeckel1 #ahg1 #bbh ,hale1 ,"l ,*ief ,ju/ice1 #aci ,h>rison1 ,fr$]ic1 #ahh1 #bbc ,hegel1 #ahd sqq4 ,hell1 controv]sy on1 #bag #bee ,helmholtz1 #ahb ,h]aclitus1 #be ,h]b]t ( ,*]bury1 ,"l1 #adi ,hippocrates1 #fd ,hobbes1 #acj sq4 ,holl&1 #ie1 #ajg1 #acj1 #aca ,holyoake1 #bbd ,hom]1 #bd ,hume1 #afj sqq4 ,huxley1 #bac ,indep5d5ts1 #ie1 #ih sq4 ,infallibility1 ,papal1 #baj sq4 ,innoc5t ,,iii1 ,pope1 #ef ,innoc5t ,,iv1 ,pope1 #eg ,innoc5t ,,viii1 ,pope1 #fg ,inquisition1 #eg sqq42 ,spani%1 #ei sqq42 ,roman1 #hc1 #hd1 #hg sqq4 ,italy1 #abb sqq41 #baj ,james ,i 7,engl&74 #he sq4 ,jews1 #da sqq41 #fh1 #ii1 #aje1 #aaa1 #aid ,joseph ,,ii1 ,emp]or1 #abb ,j[ett1 ,b5jam91 #bjd sq4 ,julian1 ,emp]or1 #ed ,ju/ice1 argum5ts f1 #bce ,kant1 #age sq4 ,kett1 ,francis1 #he ,kyd1 #he ,laplace1 #agh ,lecky4 ,w4 ,h41 #bjh1 #bbe ,legate1 ,b>?olomew1 #hf ,less+1 #ga1 #abj ,l9naeus1 #agg ,locke1 #aja sqq41 #abj1 #acb sq4 ,loisy1 ,abb1 #bjj sq4 ,lucian1 #dj ,lucretius1 #cg sq4 ,lu!r1 #gg sq41 #ha ,lyell1 #agh1 #bjh ,mann+1 ,c>d9al1 #baj ,m>l[e1 ,*ri/oph]1 #he ,m>silius1 #aai ,m>yl&1 #ig sq4 ,maz>91 ,c>d9al1 #he1 #ajg ,middleton1 ,cony]s1 #aej1 #afd ,mill1 ,james1 #aea1 #bbg ,mill1 ,j4 ,s41 #ahb1 #bac1 #bbg1 #bcc1 #bce sqq4 ,milton1 #ii sq4 ,mirabeau1 #aab ,miracles1 #ada sqq41 #aea1 #ahj1 #afd sq41 #bjf ,mod]nism1 #aii sqq4 ,mohamm$an free ?\ght1 #fh ,monism1 #ahh1 #bbh sqq4 ,montaigne1 #gd ,morley1 ,"l 7,mr4 ,john71 #aei1 #bji1 #bba sq41 #bbe ,nantes1 ,edict (1 #ajg ,napoleon ,i1 #aae ,newman1 ,c>d9al1 #aii1 #bda ,newman1 ,f4 ,w41 #bjc ,o/wald1 ,pr(essor1 #bbh sqq4 ,pa9e1 ,?omas1 #aab1 #afh sqq4 ,paley1 #afg sqq4 ,pascal1 #abc1 #aeb sq4 ,pat]1 #bac ,p5tateu*1 #aib sq4 ,p]icles1 #bg ,p]secution1 !ory (1 #dg sqq41 #bcb sqq4 ,pitt1 ,william1 #aea ,pius ,,ix1 ,syllabus1 #baj sq4 ,pius ,x1 ,pope1 #aii sq4 ,plato1 #cf sq4 ,plut>*1 #aej ,pray]1 controv]sy on1 #baf ,press1 c5sor%ip1 #ia sq41 #bbd sq4 ,prie/ley1 #bbg ,priscillian1 #ee ,progress1 idea (1 #bbf sqq4 ,protagoras1 #be ,raleigh1 ,sir ,w41 #he ,rationalism1 mean+ (1 #ah ,reade1 ,w9wood1 #bac ,re9a*1 ,s41 #aig ,r5an1 #aih ,revolution1 ,fr5*1 #aaa sqq4 ,rhode ,isl&1 #ih ,ri*elieu1 ,c>d9al1 #he1 #ajg ,r\sseau4 #aaa1 #aef sqq41 #bci ,ruff9i1 ,pr(essor1 #abe ,russia1 #bbd ,sacr$ books1 #bd1 #ec sq41 #aia ,sci5ce1 physical1 #fd sq41 #agf sqq4 ,secul>ism1 #bbd ,seeley1 ,j4 ,r41 #bjh ,s]vetus1 #gi ,%aftesbury4 #adh sqq41 #aea ,%elley1 #agc1 #bjh ,soc9ianism1 #hc1 #ic sqq4 ,socrates1 #cj sqq41 #ci1 #bce1 #bcf ,sophi/s1 ,greek1 #bf ,spa91 #ei sqq41 #bca sq4 ,sp5c]1 ,h]b]t4 #ahg ,sp9oza1 #aca sq41 #ach1 #aia ,/eph54 ,leslie1 #afg1 #bae sqq4 ,/eph51 ,j4 ,f44 #bjc1 #bde sq41 #bdg ,/oicism1 #cf1 #ch sq4 #bef ,/rauss1 ,david1 #aie1 #aih ,sw9burne4 #bjh1 #baa sq4 ,tambur9i4 #abb ,tatian1 #dd ,!mi/ius1 #ee ,!odosius ,i1 ,emp]or1 #ed ,!ophilan?ropy1 #aad sq4 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 #fi ,?omasius1 ,*r41 #aai ,?ree ,r+s1 /ory (1 #gj ,tih]ius1 ,emp]or1 #dj ,t9dal1 ,mat!w1 #add sqq4 ,tol&1 #acc sq4 ,tol]ation1 #df sqq41 #ib sqq4 ,trajan1 ,emp]or1 #db ,turgot1 #bbg ,tyndall1 #bac ,unit>ians1 #ic1 #aje ,unit$ ,/ates1 #if sqq41 #abh ,univ]sities1 te/s at1 #ajh ,utilit>ianism1 #bbg ,van9i1 ,lucilio1 #he ,vatican ,c\ncil 7#ahfi--gj71 #baj ,voltaire1 #ajh sqq41 #aad1 #aba1 #aec sqq4 ,wesley1 #acj ,we/bury1 ,"l1 #bjg ,wilb]=ce1 #bja ,williams1 ,rog]1 #if sq4 ,wit*craft1 #ff sq41 #hj1 #abi sq4 ,wool/on1 #ada sqq4 ,x5ophanes1 #bc sq4