,,h[ ,,to ,,use ,,y\r ,,m9d ,a ,,psy*ology ,,( ,,/udy ,,be+ ,a ,,manual ,,= ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,/ud5ts ,,& ,,tea*]s ,,9 ,,! ,,adm9i/ration ,,( ,,sup]vis$ ,,/udy ,,by ,,h>ry ,d4 ,,kitson1 ,,ph4,d4 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,psy*ology1 ,,indiana ,,univ]sity #aiba ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,second ,,edition ,! k9dly reception accord$ to ! fir/ edition ( ?is book has confirm$ ! au?or 9 8 conviction t su* a book 0 ne$$1 & has tempt$ him to be/[ additional labor ^u x4 ,! *ief *anges consi/ 9 ! addition ( two new *apt]s1 ,active ,imag9ation1 & ,h[ to ,develop ,int]e/ 9 a ,subject2 ! division into two p>ts ( ! unwieldy *apt] on memory2 ! addition ( read+s & ex]cises at ! end ( ea* *apt]2 ! prep>ation ( an analytical table ( cont5ts2 ! correction ( ! bibliography to date2 ! addition ( an index2 & "s reca/+ ( phraseology 9 ! int]e/ ( cle>ness & emphasis4 ,! au?or gratefully ackn[l$ges ! con/ructive sugge/ions ( review]s & o!rs :o h us$ ! book1 & hopes t he has pr(it$ by !m 9 ?is revision4 ,h4,d4,k4 ,april #a1 #aiba4 ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,fir/ ,,edition ,educational lead]s are see+ ) increas+ cle>ness ! necessity ( tea*+ /ud5ts n only ! subject-matt] ( /udy b also me?ods ( /udy4 ,tea*]s are beg9n+ to see t /ud5ts wa/e a va/ am\nt ( "t & =m _m h>mful habits because !y d n "k h[ to use _! m9ds4 ,! recognition ( ?is condition is tak+ ! =m ( ! movem5t t[>d sup]vis$ /udy1 :i* attempts to acqua9t ! /ud5t ) pr9ciples ( economy & directness 9 us+ 8 m9d4 ,x is g5]ally agre$ t !re are c]ta9 tricks :i* make = m5tal effici5cy1 consi/+ ( me?ods ( app]ceiv+ facts1 me?ods ( review1 devices = arrang+ "w4 ,"s are ! fruits ( psy*ological exp]im5tation2 o!rs are d]iv$ f exp]i5ce4 ,_m ( !m c be imp>t$ by in/ruction1 & x is = ! purpose ( sy/ematiz+ ^! & mak+ !m available = /ud5ts t ?is book is prep>$4 ,! evils ( un9tellig5t & unsup]vis$ /udy are evid5t to all :o h any connection ) mod]n education4 ,!y p]vade ! entire educational /ructure f k9d]g>t5 ?r\gh college4 ,9 college !y are especially app>5t 9 ! case ( fre%m51 :o1 9 addition to ! num]\s difficulties incid5t to entrance into ! college _w1 suff] peculi>ly because !y d n "k h[ to attack ! difficult subjects ( ! curriculum4 ,9 recognition ( ^! conditions1 special att5tion is giv5 at ,! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago t[>d sup]vision ( /udy4 ,all fre%m5 9 ! ,s*ool ( ,comm]ce & ,adm9i/ration ( ! ,univ]sity are giv5 a c\rse 9 ,me?ods ( ,/udy1 9 :i* practical discussions & demon/rations are giv5 reg>d+ ! ways ( /udy+ ! fre%man subjects4 ,9 addition to ! gr\p-"w1 cases pres5t+ special features are giv5 individual att5tion1 = x mu/ be admitt$ t :ile c]ta9 difficulties are common to all /ud5ts1 !re are individual cases t pres5t peculi> phases & ^! c be s]v$ only by p]sonal consultations4 ,^! p]sonal consultations are exp5sive bo? 9 "t & pati5ce1 = x frequ5tly happ5s t ! m5tal habits ( a /ud5t mu/ be ?or\ghly recon/ruct$1 & ?is requires mu* "t & att5tion1 b ! results well repay ! ef=t4 ,a valuable accessory to su* individual sup]vision ov] /ud5ts has be5 f\nd 9 ! use ( psy*ological te/s :i* h be5 describ$ by ! au?or 9 a monograph entitl$1 ,! ,sci5tific ,/udy ( ! ,college ,/ud5t4#a ,footnote #a3 ,pr9ceton ,univ]sity ,press4 ,b ! college is n ! mo/ /rategic po9t at :i* to adm9i/] guidance 9 me?ods ( /udy4 ,su* tra9+ is ev5 m acceptably giv5 9 ! high s*ool & grades4 ,"h habits ( m5tal application are l>gely set1 & x is ( ! utmo/ importance t !y be set "r1 = ! sake ( ! welf>e ( ! individuals & ( ! in/itutions ( high] education t receive !m lat]4 ,ano!r reason = incorporat+ tra9+ 9 me?ods ( /udy into second>y & elem5t>y s*ools is t m individuals w be help$1 inasmu* z ! elim9ative process has n yet rea*$ its culm9ation4 ,9 high s*ools :]e sy/ematic sup]vision ( /udy is a feature1 classes are usually conduct$ 9 ,me?ods ( ,/udy1 & x is hop$ t ?is book w meet ! dem& = a text-book = su* classes1 ! mat]ial be+ well )9 ! rea* ( high s*ool /ud5ts4 ,9 high s*ools :]e in/ruction 9 ,me?ods ( ,/udy is giv5 z "p ( a c\rse 9 elem5t>y psy*ology1 ! book %\ld also prove useful1 inasmu* z x gives a summ>y ( psy*ological pr9ciples relat+ to ! cognitive processes4 ,9 ! grades ! book _c be put into ! h&s ( ! pupils1 b x %\ld be ma/]$ by ! tea*] & appli$ 9 h] sup]vis+ & tea*+ activities4 ,embody+1 z x does1 ! results ( rese>*es 9 educational psy*ology1 x %\ld prove especially suitable = use 9 tea*]s' read+ circles :]e a concise pres5tation ( ! facts reg>d+ ! psy*ology ( ! le>n+ process is desir$4 ,!re is ano!r gr\p ( /ud5ts :o ne$ tra9+ 9 me?ods ( /udy4 ,bra9 work]s 9 bus9ess & indu/ry feel deeply ! ne$ ( great] m5tal effici5cy & seek eag]ly = means to atta9 x4 ,_! e>ne/ness 9 ?is se>* is evid5c$ by ! success ( v>i\s sy/ems = ! tra9+ ( memory1 w1 & o!r m5tal traits4 ,fur!r evid5ce is f\nd 9 ! ef=ts ( _m corporations to ma9ta9 s*ools & classes = ! intellectual improvem5t ( _! employees4 ,to all su* ! au?or (f]s ! "w ) ! hope t x may be useful 9 direct+ !m t[>d great] m5tal effici5cy4 ,9 c\rses 9 ,me?ods ( ,/udy 9 :i* ! book is us$ z a class-text1 ! in/ructor %\ld lay emphasis n ^u memorization ( ! facts 9 ! book1 b ^u ! application ( !m 9 /udy4 ,he %\ld expect to see p>allel ) progress ?r\gh ! book1 improvem5t 9 ! m5tal ability ( ! /ud5ts4 ,specific problems may well be arrang$ on ! basis ( ! subjects ( ! curriculum1 & /ud5ts %\ld be urg$ to utilize ! sugge/ions imm$iately4 ,! subjects treat$ 9 ! book are ^? :i* ! au?or has f\nd 9 8 exp]i5ce ) college /ud5ts to con/itute ! mo/ frequ5t s\rces ( difficulty1 & "u ^! conditions1 ! sequ5ce ( topics foll[$ 9 ! book has seem$ mo/ favorable = pres5tation4 ,) o!r gr\ps ( /ud5ts1 h[ev]1 ano!r sequ5ce ( topics may be f\nd desirable2 if s1 ! ord] ( topics may be *ang$4 ,= example1 9 case ! *apt] on bra9 action is f\nd to presuppose m physiological k ?an t possess$ by ! /ud5ts1 x may be omitt$ or may be us$ m]ely = ref]5ce :5 enlight5m5t is desir$ ^u "s ( ! physiological descriptions 9 lat] *apt]s4 ,likewise1 ! *apt] deal+ ) intellectual difficulties ( college /ud5ts may be omitt$ ) non-collegiate gr\ps4 ,! heavy obligation ( ! au?or to a numb] ( writ]s w be app>5t to "o famili> ) ! lit]ature ( !oretical & educational psy*ology4 ,no attempt is made to r5d] specific ackn[l$gm5ts1 b special m5tion %\ld be made ( ! l>ge draughts made ^u ! two books by ,pr(essor ,/iles :i* treat s helpfully ( ! bodily relations ( ! /ud5t4 ,^! books conta9 s mu* good s5se & sci5tific in=mation t !y %\ld receive a prom95t place among ! books recomm5d$ to /ud5ts4 ,?anks are due to ,pr(essor ,edg> ,james ,swift & ,*>les ,scribn]'s ,sons = p]mission to use a figure f ,m9d 9 ! ,mak+2 & to ,j4,b4 ,lipp9cott ,company = adaptation ( cuts f ,villig]'s ,bra9 & ,sp9al ,cord4 ,! au?or gratefully ackn[l$ges helpful sugge/ions f ,pr(essors ,james ,r4 ,angell1 ,*>les ,h4 ,judd & ,c4 ,judson ,h]rick1 :o h read ! great] "p ( ! manuscript & h comm5t$ ^u x to its bett]m5t4 ,! obligation ref]s1 h[ev]1 n only to ! imm$iate prep>ation ( ?is "w b also to ! enc\ragem5t :i*1 = sev]al ye>s1 ! au?or has receiv$ f ^! sci5ti/s1 fir/ z /ud5t1 lat] z colleague4 ,,! ,,au?or4 ,,*icago1 ,septemb] #be1 #aiaf4 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,intellectual ,,problems ,,( ,,! ,,college ,,fre%man ,numb]4 ,v>iety4 ,lecture ,me?od4 ,note ,tak+4 ,am\nt ( ,libr>y ,"w4 ,high ,quality ,dem&$4 ,necessity = ,mak+ ,s*$ule4 ,a ,college ,c\rse ,consi/s 9 ! ,=mation ( ,habits4 ,requires ,active ,ef=t on ,"p ( ,/ud5t4 ,importance ( ,good ,=m4 ,,ii4 ,,note ,,tak+ ,uses ( ,notes4 ,,lecture ,,notes--,avoid ,v]batim ,reports4 ,ma9ta9 ,attitude ( ,m5tal ,activity4 ,seek ,outl9e ,*iefly4 ,use ,notes 9 ,prep>+ ,next ,lesson4 ,,read+ ,,notes--,summ>ize ,r ,?an ,copy4 ,read ,) ,que/ions 9 ,m9d4 ,h[ to ,read4 ,h[ to ,make ,bibliographies4 ,,laboratory ,,notes--,cont5t4 ,=m4 ,miscellane\s ,h9ts4 ,,iii4 ,,bra9 ,,action ,,dur+ ,,/udy ,! ,organ ( ,m9d4 ,gross ,/ructure4 ,microscopic ,/ructure4 ,! ,neurone4 ,! ,n]v\s ,impulse4 ,! ,synapse4 ,prop]ties ( ,n]v\s ,tissue --,impressibility1 ,conductivity1 ,modifiability4 ,pa?ways ,us$ 9 ,/udy--,s5sory1 ,motor1 ,association4 ,/udy is a ,process ( ,mak+ ,pa?ways 9 ,bra94 ,,iv4 ,,=mation ,,( ,,/udy-,,habits ,def9ition ( ,habit4 ,examples4 ,inevitabl5ess ( ,habits 9 ,bra9 & ,n]v\s ,sy/em4 ,h[ to ,insure ,useful ,habits--,*oose ,:at ,%all ,ent]2 ,*oose ,mode ( ,entrance2 ,*oose ,mode ( ,egress2 ,g ,sl[ly at ,fir/2 ,obs]ve ,f\r ,maxims4 ,advantages & ,disadvantages ( ,habit4 ,e?ical ,consequ5ces4 ,v4 ,,active ,,imag9ation ,nature ( ! ,image4 ,its ,use 9 ,imag9ation4 ,necessity = ,numb]1 ,v>iety1 ,%>pness4 ,s\rce ( ,imag9ative ,productions4 ,me?od ( ,develop+ ,active ,imag9ative ,p[]s3 ,cultivate ,images 9 ,great ,numb]1 ,v>iety1 ,%>pness2 ,actively ,comb9e ! ,elem5ts ( ,pa/ ,exp]i5ce4 ,,vi4 ,,fir/ ,,aids ,,to ,,memory--,,impression ,f\r ,phases4 ,conditions ( ,impression3 ,c>e1 ,cle>ness1 ,*oice ( ,favorable ,s5se ,av5ue1 ,repetition1 ,ov]le>n+1 ,primacy1 ,di/ribution ( ,repetitions1 7,inf]5ces ,be>+ ,^u ,!me-writ+71 ,:ole vs4 ,"p ,me?od1 ,rote vs4 logical ,me?od1 ,int5tion4 ,,vii4 ,,second ,,aids ,,to ,,memory--,,ret5tion1 ,,recall ,,& ,,recognition ,ret5tion4 ,recall4 ,recall ,contra/$ ,) ,impression4 ,practise ,recall 9 ,impression4 ,recognition4 ,advantages ( ,review4 ,memory ,works ,accord+ to ,law4 ,possibility ( ,improvem5t4 ,connection ,) ,o!r ,m5tal ,processes4 ,,viii4 ,,conc5tration ,,( ,,att5tion ,importance 9 ,m5tal ,life4 ,analysis ( ,concrete ,att5tive ,/ate4 ,cross-section ( ,m5tal ,/ream4 ,focal ,object1 ,cle>2 ,m>g9al ,objects1 ,dim4 ,fluctuation4 ,ease ( ,conc5tration ,requires 7#a7 ,removal ( ,all ,m>g9al ,di/ractions ,possible1 7#b7 ,ignor+ ,o!rs4 ,conditions ,favorable = ,conc5tration4 ,relation to ,o!r ,m5tal ,processes4 ,,ix4 ,,h[ ,,we ,,reason ,reason+ ,contra/$ ) ,simpl] ,m5tal ,op]ations4 ,illu/rat$ by ,me?od ( ,/udy+ ,geometry4 ,analysis ( ,reason+ ,act3 ,recognition ( ,problem1 ,ef=ts to ,solve ,x1 ,solution4 ,/udy 9 ,problems4 ,requirem5ts = ,effective ,reason+3 ,_m ,ideas1 ,accessible1 ,cle>4 ,h[ to ,cl>ify ,ideas3 ,def9e1 ,classify4 ,relation ,betwe5 ,habit & ,reason+4 ,summ>y4 ,x4 ,,expression ,,z ,,an ,,aid ,,9 ,,/udy ,expression an ,inevitable ,accompanim5t ( ,n]v\s ,activity4 ,ext5t ( ,expressive ,movem5ts4 ,relation ,betwe5 ,ideas & ,expressive ,acts4 ,e?ical ,consid]ations4 ,me?ods ( ,expression ,*iefly ,us$ 9 ,/udy3 ,spee*1 ,writ+1 ,draw+4 ,effects ( ,expression3 7#a7 ,on ,bra91 7#b7 ,on ,ideas4 ,h9ts on ,developm5t ( ,fre$om ( ,expression4 ,,xi4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,become ,,int]e/$ ,,9 ,a ,,subject ,nature ( ,int]e/4 ,intellectual ,int]e/s ,ga9$ ,?r\gh ,exp]i5ce4 ,_m ,possible ,fields ( ,int]e/4 ,laws ( ,int]e/4 ,,xii4 ,,! ,,plateau ,,( ,,despond ,measurem5t ( ,m5tal ,progress4 ,analysis ( ! ,le>n+ ,curve4 ,irregul>ity4 ,rapid ,progress at ,beg9n+4 ,! ,plateau4 ,causes4 ,rem$ies4 ,,xiii4 ,,m5tal ,,second-,,w9d ,description3 7#a7 ,physical1 7#b7 ,m5tal4 ,hidd5 ,s\rces ( ,en]gy4 ,ret>d+ ,effect ( ,fatigue4 ,analysis ( ,fatigue4 ,h[ to ,r$uce ,fatigue 9 ,/udy4 ,,xiv4 ,,exam9ations ,purposes4 ,cont9u\s ,ef=t & ,cramm+4 ,effective ,me?ods ( ,review+4 ,imm$iate ,prep>ation = an ,exam9ation ,conduct 9 ,exam9ation-room4 ,attitude ( ,activity4 ,attitude ( ,confid5ce4 ,,xv4 ,,bodily ,,conditions ,,fob ,,effective ,,/udy ,,food3 ,quantity1 ,quality1 ,surr\nd+s4 ,,sleep3 ,am\nt1 ,conditions1 ,avoidance ( ,insomnia4 ,,ex]cise3 ,regul>ity1 ,emphasis4 ,,sugge/ions ,,fob ,,fur!r ,,read+ ,,index ,,h[ ,,to ,,use ,,y\r ,,m9d ,,*apt] ,i ,,intellectual ,,problems ,,( ,,! ,,college ,,fre%man ,9 ent]+ ^u a college c\rse y are tak+ a /ep t may completely revolutionize y\r life4 ,y are fac+ new situations va/ly diff]5t f any y h previ\sly met4 ,!y are also ( great v>iety1 su* z f9d+ a place to eat & sleep1 regulat+ y\r own f9ances1 inaugurat+ a new social life1 =m+ new fri5d%ips1 & develop+ 9 body & m9d4 ,! problems connect$ ) m5tal developm5t w engage y\r *ief att5tion4 ,y are n[ go+ to use y\r m9d m actively ?an ev] be=e & %\ld survey "s ( ! intellectual difficulties be=e plung+ into ! fight4 ,p]haps ! fir/ difficulty y w enc\nt] is ! sub/itution ( ! lecture = ! class recitation to :i* y 7 accu/om$ 9 high s*ool4 ,?is sub/itution requires t y develop a new te*nic ( le>n+1 = ! m5tal processes involv$ 9 an oral recitation are diff]5t f ^? us$ 9 li/5+ to a lecture4 ,! lecture sy/em implies t ! lectur] has a fund ( k ab\t a c]ta9 field & has organiz$ ?is k 9 a =m t is n duplicat$ 9 ! lit]ature ( ! subject4 ,! mann] ( pres5tation1 !n1 is unique & is ! only means ( secur+ ! k 9 j t =m4 ,z soon z ! words h left ! m\? ( ! lectur] !y cease to be accessible to y4 ,su* conditions require a unique m5tal attitude & unique m5tal habits4 ,y w be oblig$1 9 ! fir/ place1 to ma9ta9 su/a9$ att5tion ov] long p]iods ( "t4 ,! situation is n l t 9 read+1 9 :i* a tempor>y lapse ( att5tion may be rem$i$ by turn+ back & r]ead+4 ,9 li/5+ to a lecture1 y are oblig$ to cat* ! words on ! fly4 ,accord+ly y mu/ develop new habits ( pay+ att5tion4 ,y w also ne$ to develop a new te*nic = memoriz+1 especially = memoriz+ ?+s he>d4 ,z a p>tial aid 9 ?is1 & also = purposes ( organiz+ mat]ial receiv$ 9 lectures1 y w ne$ to develop ability to take notes4 ,?is is a process ) :i* y h h]et(ore _h little to d4 ,x is a mo/ important phase ( college life1 h[ev]1 & w repay e>ne/ /udy4 ,ano!r *>act]i/ic ( college /udy is ! va/ am\nt ( read+ requir$4 ,in/ead ( us+ a s+le text-book = ea* c\rse1 y may use sev]al4 ,!y may cov] great hi/orical p]iods & repres5t ! ideas ( _m m54 ,9 view ( ! am\nt ( read+ assign$1 y w also be oblig$ to le>n to read fa/]4 ,no long] w y h "t to dawdle sleepily ?r\gh ! pages ( easy texts2 y w h to cov] p]haps fifty or a hundr$ pages ( knotty read+ e day4 ,accord+ly y mu/ le>n to h&le books exp$iti\sly & to compreh5d quickly4 ,9 fact1 economy mu/ be y\r wat*word ?r\gh\t4 ,a ,g]man lesson 9 high s*ool may cov] ?irty or =ty l9es a day1 requir+ an h\r's prep>ation4 ,a ,g]man assignm5t 9 college1 h[ev]1 may cov] f\r or five or a doz5 pages1 requir+ h>d "w = two or ?ree h\rs4 ,y %\ld be w>n$ also t college dem&s n only a great] quantity b also a high] quality ( "w4 ,:5 y 7 a high s*ool /ud5t ! _w expect$ only a high s*ool /ud5t's accompli%m5ts ( y4 ,n[ y are a college /ud5t1 h[ev]1 & y\r intellectual responsibilities h increas$4 ,! _w reg>ds y n[ z a p]son ( consid]able s*ola/ic atta9m5t & expects m ( y ?an be=e4 ,9 academic t]ms ?is means t 9 ord] to atta9 a grade ( #ie 9 college y w h to "w mu* h>d] ?an y did = t grade 9 high s*ool1 = "h y h n only m difficult subject-matt]1 b also ke5] competition = ! fir/ place4 ,9 high s*ool y may h be5 ! brighte/ /ud5t 9 y\r class4 ,9 college1 h[ev]1 y enc\nt] ! brighte/ /ud5ts f _m s*ools4 ,if y\r m]its are go+ to /& out prom95tly1 !re=e1 y mu/ "w mu* h>d]4 ,y\r "w f n[ on mu/ be ( bett] quality4 ,n ! lea/ ( ! p]plexities ( y\r life z a college /ud5t w arise f ! fact t no daily s*$ule is arrang$ = y4 ,! only "t def9itely assign$ = y\r "w is ! fifte5 h\rs a week1 m or less1 sp5t 9 ! class-room4 ,! re/ ( y\r s*$ule mu/ be arrang$ by y\rself4 ,?is is a real task & w require c>e & ?\ght if y\r "w is to be done ) greate/ economy ( "t & ef=t4 ,?is brief survey completes ! catalogue ( problems ( m5tal developm5t t w vex y mo/ 9 adju/+ y\r me?ods ( /udy to college conditions4 ,9 ord] to make ?is adju/m5t y w be oblig$ to =m a numb] ( new habits4 ,inde$1 z y become m & m exp]t z a /ud5t1 y w see t ! :ole process resolves itself into "o ( habit-=mation1 = :ile a college education has two phases--! acquisition ( facts & ! =mation ( habits--x is ! latt] :i* is ! m important4 ,_m ( ! facts t y le>n w be =gott52 _m w be outlaw$ by "t2 b ! habits ( /udy y =m w be p]man5t possessions4 ,!y w consi/ ( su* ?+s z me?ods ( grasp+ facts1 me?ods ( reason+ ab\t facts1 & ( conc5trat+ att5tion4 ,9 acquir+ ^! habits y mu/ h "s mat]ial ^u :i* y may conc5trate y\r att5tion1 & x w be suppli$ by ! subjects ( ! curriculum4 ,y w be ask$1 = in/ance1 to write innum]able !mes 9 c\rses 9 ,engli% composition2 n = ! purpose ( enri*+ ! _w's lit]ature1 nor = ! delectation ( y\r ,engli% in/ructor1 b = ! sake ( help+ y to =m habits ( =ceful expression4 ,y w be ask$ to ent] ! laboratory & p]=m num]\s exp]im5ts1 n to discov] hi!rto unkn[n facts1 b to obta9 practice 9 sci5tific proc$ure & to le>n h[ to seek k by y\rself4 ,! curriculum & ! faculty are ! means1 b y y\rself are ! ag5t 9 ! educational process4 ,no matt] h[ good ! curriculum or h[ r5[n$ ! faculty1 y _c be educat$ )\t ! mo/ vigor\s ef=ts on y\r "p4 ,bani% ! ?\ght t y are "h to h k pump$ into y4 ,to acquire an education y mu/ e/abli% & ma9ta9 n a passive attitude b an active attitude4 ,:5 y g to ! gymnasium to build up a good physique1 ! physical director does n tell y to hold y\rself limp & passive :ile he pumps y\r arms & legs up & d[n4 ,r he urges y to put =? ef=t1 to ex]t y\rself until y are tir$4 ,only by s do+ c y develop physical p[]4 ,?is pr9ciple holds true ( m5tal developm5t4 ,le>n+ is n a process ( passive soak+-94 ,x is a matt] ( vigor\s ef=t1 & ! h>d] y "w ! m p[]ful y become4 ,9 secur+ a college education y are y\r own ma/]4 ,9 ! developm5t ( physical pr[ess y are well aw>e ( ! importance ( do+ ev]y?+ 9 good =m4 ,9 su* sports z swimm+ & hurdl+1 spe$ & grace dep5d prim>ily ^u x4 ,! same pr9ciple holds true 9 ! developm5t ( ! m9d4 ,! mo/ s]viceable m9d is t :i* accompli%es results 9 ! %orte/ "t & ) lea/ wa/e motion4 ,take e precaution1 !re=e1 to rid y\rself ( all sup]flu\s & imp$+ me?ods4 ,/rive = ! developm5t ( good =m 9 /udy4 ,especially is ?is necess>y at ! />t4 ,n[ is ! "t :5 y are lay+ ! f\ndations = y\r m5tal a*ievem5ts 9 college4 ,keep a %>p look\t1 !n1 at e po9t1 to see t y build into ! f\ndation only ^? mat]ials & t workman%ip :i* w support a ma/]ly /ructure4 ,,read+s ,,& ,,ex]cises ,,note4--,numb]s 9 p>5!ses ref] to complete citations 9 ,bibliography at end ( book4 ,read+s3 ,fulton 7#e7 ,lockwood 7#aa7 ,ex]cise #a4 ,li/ concrete problems t h newly come to y s9ce y\r arrival ^u ! campus4 ,ex]cise #b4 ,li/ 9 ord] ! difficulties t confront y 9 prep>+ y\r daily lessons4 ,ex]cise #c4 ,prep>e a "w s*$ule simil> to t provid$ by ! =m 9 ,*>t ,i4 ,specify ! subject ) :i* y w be occupi$ at ea* p]iod4 ,ex]cise #d4 ,try to devise "s way ( regi/]+ ! effectiv5ess ) :i* y c>ry out y\r s*$ule4 ,sugge/ions are conta9$ 9 ! summ>y3 ,disposition ( 7#a7 z plann$2 7#b7 z sp5t4 ,to divide ! numb] ( h\rs wa/$ by #bd w give a p>tial index ( effici5cy4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,note-,,tak+ ,mo/ educat$ p f9d occasion1 at "s "t or o!r1 to take notes4 ,al?\gh ?is is especially true ( college /ud5ts1 !y h little success1 z any college in/ructor w te/ify4 ,/ud5ts1 z a rule1 d n realize t !re is any skill involv$ 9 tak+ notes4 ,n until exam9ation "t arrives & !y try va9ly to labor ?r\gh a maze ( scribbl+1 d !y realize t !re mu/ be "s sy/em 9 note-tak+4 ,a c>eful exam9ation ( note-tak+ %[s t !re are rules or pr9ciples1 :i*1 :5 foll[$1 h mu* to d ) increas+ ability 9 /udy4 ,"o crit]ion t %\ld guide 9 ! prep>ation ( notes is ! use to :i* !y w be put4 ,if ?is is kept 9 m9d1 _m blund]s w be sav$4 ,notes may be us$ 9 ?ree ways3 z mat]ial = direct+ ea* day's /udy1 = cramm+1 & = p]man5t1 pr(essional use4 ,?us a note-book may be a ?+ ( f>-rea*+ value4 ,notes y take n[ z a /ud5t may be valuable ye>s h5ce 9 pr(essional life4 ,recognition ( ?is w help y 9 ! prep>ation ( y\r notes & w det]m9e _m times h[ !y %\ld be prep>$4 ,! *ief situations 9 college :i* require note-tak+ are lectures1 libr>y read+ & laboratory "w4 ,accord+ly ! subject w be consid]$ "u ^! ?ree heads4 ,,lecture ,,notes4--,:5 tak+ notes on a lecture1 !re are two extremes t pres5t !mselves1 to take exce$+ly full notes or to take almo/ no notes4 ,"o c err 9 ei!r direction4 ,true1 on fir/ ?\ght1 entire /5ographic reports ( lectures appe> desirable1 b second ?\ght w %[ t !y may be disp5s$ )1 n only )\t loss1 b ) mu* ga94 ,! mo/ obvi\s objection is t too mu* "t w\ld be consum$ 9 transcrib+ %ort-h& notes4 ,ano!r is t mu* ( ! mat]ial 9 a lecture is undesirable = p]man5t possession4 ,! in/ructor repeats mu* = ! sake ( emphasis2 he multiplies illu/rations1 n important 9 !mselves1 b important = ! sake ( /ress+ 8 po9t4 ,y d n ne$ ^! illu/rations 9 writt5 =m1 h[ev]1 = once ! po9t is made y r>ely ne$ to dep5d ^u ! illu/rations = its ret5tion4 ,a /ill m cog5t objection is t if y occupy y\r att5tion ) ! task ( copy+ ! lecture v]batim1 y d n h "t to ?9k1 b become m]ely an automatic record+ ma*9e4 ,exp]i5c$ /5ograph]s say t !y =m ! habit ( record+ s automatically t !y fail utt]ly to compreh5d ! mean+ ( :at is said4 ,y z a /ud5t _c af=d to h y\r att5tion s di/ract$ f ! mean+ ( ! lecture1 !re=e r$uce y\r classroom writ+ to a m9imum4 ,probably ! *ief reason :y /ud5ts are s eag] to secure full lecture notes is t !y fe> to tru/ _! memory4 ,su* fe>s %\ld be put at re/1 = y\r m9d w reta9 facts if y pay close att5tion & make logical associations dur+ ! "t ( impression4 ,keep y\r m9d free1 !n1 to "w ^u ! subject-matt] ( ! lecture4 ,debate m5tally ) ! speak]4 ,"q 8 /atem5ts1 comp>+ !m ) y\r own exp]i5ce or ) ! results ( y\r /udy4 ,ask y\rself frequ5tly1 ,is t true8 ,! ess5tial ?+ is to ma9ta9 an attitude ( m5tal activity1 & to avoid any?+ t w r$uce ?is & make y passive4 ,d n ?9k ( y\rself z a vat into :i* ! in/ructor pumps k4 ,reg>d y\rself r z an active =ce1 quick to p]ceive & to compreh5d mean+1 delib]ate 9 acceptance & firm 9 ret5tion4 ,aft] obs]v+ ! /ress laid1 ?r\gh\t ?is book1 ^u ! necessity = logical associations1 y w readily see t ! key-note to note-tak+ is1 ,let y\r notes repres5t ! logical progression ( ?\ght 9 ! lecture4 ,/rive above all else to secure ! skeleton--! framework ^u :i* ! lecture is hung4 ,a lecture is a logical /ructure1 & ! =m 9 :i* x is pres5t$ is ! outl9e4 ,?is outl9e1 !n1 is y\r *ief conc]n4 ,9 ! case ( "s lectures x is an easy matt]4 ,! lectur] may place ! outl9e 9 y\r h&s be=eh&1 may pres5t x on ! black-bo>d1 or may give x orally4 ,"s lectur]s1 too1 pres5t _! mat]ial 9 su* cle>-cut divisions t ! outl9e is easily foll[$4 ,o!rs1 h[ev]1 are v difficult to foll[ 9 ?is reg>d4 ,9 arrang+ an outl9e y w f9d x wise to adopt "s device by :i* ! p>ts w /& out prom95tly1 & ! progression ( ?\ght w be indicat$ ) prop] subord9ation ( titles4 ,adopt "s sy/em at ! beg9n+ ( y\r college c\rse1 & use x 9 all y\r notes4 ,! sy/em "h giv5 may s]ve z a model1 us+ fir/ ! ,roman num]als1 !n capitals1 !n ,arabic num]als3 ,i4 ,,ii4 ,a4 ,b4 #a4 #b4 a4 b4 7#a7 7#b7 7a7 7b7 ,9 conclud+ ?is discussion ( lecture notes1 y %\ld be urg$ to make good use ( y\r notes aft] !y are tak54 ,fir/1 glance ov] !m z soon z possible aft] ! lecture4 ,inasmu* z !y w !n be fre% 9 y\r m9d1 y w be able to recall almo/ ! entire lecture2 y w also be able to supply miss+ p>ts f memory4 ,"s /ud5ts make x a rule to r$uce all class-notes to typewritt5 =m soon aft] ! lecture4 ,?is is an excell5t practice1 b is r exp5sive 9 "t4 ,9 addition to ?is aft]-class review1 y %\ld make a second review ( y\r notes z ! fir/ /ep 9 ! prep>ation ( ! next day's lesson4 ,?is w connect up ! lessons ) ea* o!r & w make ! c\rse a unifi$ :ole in/ead ( a s]ies ( disconnect$ p>ts4 ,too (t5 a c\rse exi/s 9 a /ud5t's m9d z a s]ies ( sep>ate discussions & he sees only ! horizon ( a s+le day4 ,?is condition might be repres5t$ by a s]ies ( disconnect$ l9ks3 ,o ,o ,o ,o ,o ,a summ>y ( ea* day's lesson1 h[ev]1 prec$+ ! prep>ation = ! next day1 =ges new l9ks & welds !m all toge!r into an unbrok5 *a93 ,,oooooooooo ,a me?od t has be5 f\nd helpful is to use a d\ble-page sy/em ( notetak+1 us+ ! left-h& page = ! b>e outl9e1 ) l>ge/ divisions1 & ! "r-h& page = ! details4 ,?is device makes ! note-book readily available = ha/y review or = m ext5d$ /udy4 ,,read+ ,,notes4--,! "q ( full or scanty notes arises 9 read+ notes z 9 lecture notes4 ,9 g5]al1 y\r notes %\ld repres5t a summ>y1 9 y\r own words1 ( ! au?or's discussion1 n a duplication ( x4 ,/ud5ts sometimes acquire ! habit ( read+ s+le s5t5ces at a "t1 !n ( writ+ !m d[n1 ?9k+ t by mak+ an exact copy ( ! book1 !y are play+ safe4 ,?is is a p]nici\s practice2 x spoils cont9uity ( ?\ght & application4 ,fur!rmore1 isolat$ s5t5ces mean little1 & fail grossly to repres5t ! real ?\ght ( ! au?or4 ,a bett] way is to read ?r\gh an entire p>agraph or section1 !n close ! book & reproduce 9 y\r own words :at y h read4 ,next1 take y\r summ>y & comp>e ) ! orig9al text to see t y h really grasp$ ! po9t4 ,?is proc$ure w be b5eficial 9 sev]al ways4 ,x w enc\rage cont9u\s conc5tration ( att5tion to an entire argum5t2 x w help y to pres]ve relative emphasis ( p>ts2 x w lead y to reg>d ?\ght & n words4 7,y are und\bt$ly famili> ) ! /ate ( m9d :]e9 y f9d y\rself read+ m]ely words & n foll[+ ! ?\ght47 ,la/ly1 mat]ial /udi$ 9 ?is way is rememb]$ long] ?an mat]ial read scrappily4 ,9 %ort1 su* a me?od ( read+ makes n only = good memory1 b = good m5tal habits ( all k9ds4 ,9 all y\r read+1 hold to ! conception ( y\rself z a ?9k]1 n a sponge4 ,rememb]1 y d n ne$ to accept unqualifi$ly ev]y?+ y read4 ,a wor?y ideal = e /ud5t to foll[ is express$ 9 ! motto c>v$ on ! wall ( ! great read+-room ( ! ,h>p] ,memorial ,libr>y at ,! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago3 ,read n to contradict1 nor to believe1 b to weigh & consid]4 ,ibs5 bluntly /ates ! same ?\ght3 ,don't read to swall[2 read to *oose1 = ',tis b to see :at "o has use =4 ,ask y\rself1 :5 beg9n+ a pr9t$ discussion1 ,:at am ,i look+ =8 ,:at is ! au?or go+ to talk ab\t8 ,(t5 ?is w be indicat$ 9 topical head+s4 ,keep x 9 ! backgr\nd ( y\r m9d :ile read+1 & se>* = ! answ]4 ,!n1 :5 y h read ! necess>y portion1 close ! book & summ>ize1 to see if ! au?or furni%$ :at y s\ght4 ,9 %ort1 always read = a purpose4 ,=mulate problems & seek _! solutions4 ,9 ?is way w !re be direction 9 y\r read+ & y\r ?\ght4 ,?is discussion ( read+ notes has turn$ into an essay on ,h[ to ,read1 & y mu/ be conv9c$ by ?is "t t !re is mu* to le>n 9 ?is respect1 s mu* t we may pr(itably sp5d m "t 9 discuss+ x4 ,e book y take up %\ld be op5$ ) "s prelim9>y c]emony4 ,?is does n ref] to ! physical op]ation ( op5+ a new book1 b to ! m5tal op]ation4 ,9 g5]al1 take ! foll[+ /eps3 #a4 ,obs]ve ! title4 ,see exactly :at field ! book attempts to cov]4 #b4 ,obs]ve ! au?or's "n4 ,if y are to use 8 book frequ5tly1 discov] 8 position 9 ! field4 ,rememb]1 y are go+ to accept him z au?ority1 & y %\ld "k 8 /atus4 ,y may be told ?is on ! title-page1 or y may h to consult ,:o's ,:o1 or ! biographical diction>y4 #c4 ,glance ov] ! preface4 ,"u "s circum/ances y %\ld read x c>efully4 ,if y are go+ to ref] to ! book v (t51 make fri5ds ) ! au?or2 let him introduce himself to y2 ?is he w d 9 ! preface4 ,obs]ve ! date ( publication1 also1 9 ord] to get an idea z to ! rec5cy ( ! mat]ial4 #d4 ,glance ov] ! table ( cont5ts4 ,if y are v famili> ) ! field1 & ! table ( cont5ts is outl9$ 9 detail1 y might advantage\sly /udy x & disp5se ) read+ ! book4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if y are go+ to consult ! book only briefly1 y might f9d x necess>y to /udy ! table ( cont5ts 9 ord] to see ! relation ( ! "p y read to ! entire "w4 #e4 ,use ! index intellig5tly2 x may save y mu* "t4 ,y w h mu* to d ?r\gh\t y\r college c\rse ) ! mak+ ( bibliographies1 t is1 ) ! compilation ( li/s ( books be>+ ^u special topics4 ,y may h bibliographies giv5 y 9 "s ( y\r c\rses1 or y may be ask$ to compile y\r own4 ,"u all circum/ances1 prep>e !m ) ! greate/ c>e4 ,be scrupul\s 9 giv+ ref]5ces4 ,!re is a /&>d =m = ref]r+ to books & p]iodicals1 z foll[s3 ,c4,r4 ,h5d]son1 ,indu/rial ,insurance 7#b;d ed42 ,*icago3 ,! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago ,press1 #aiab71 p4 #cba4 ,s4,i4 ,curtis1 ,! ,place ( ,sacrifice1 ,biblical ,_w1 ,vol4 ,,xxi 7#aijb71 p4 #bdh ff4 ,,laboratory ,,notes4--,! =m = laboratory notes v>ies ) ! sci5ce & is usually prescrib$ by ! in/ructor4 ,reports ( exp]im5ts are usually writt5 up 9 ! ord]3 ,object1 ,app>atus1 ,me?od1 ,results1 ,conclusions4 ,:5 detail$ in/ructions are giv5 by ! in/ructor1 foll[ !m accurately4 ,pay special att5tion to neatness4 ,in/ructors say t ! greate/ fault ) laboratory note-books is lack ( neatness4 ,?is reacts ^u ! in/ructor1 caus+ him mu* tr\ble 9 correct+ ! note-book4 ,! result+ annoyance frequ5tly prejudices him1 aga9/ 8 w1 aga9/ ! /ud5t4 ,x is safe to ass]t t y w mat]ially increase y\r *ances ( a good grade 9 a laboratory c\rse by ! prep>ation ( a neat note-book4 ,! key-note ( ! tw5tie? c5tury is economy1 ! t5d5cy 9 all l9es be+ t[>d ! elim9ation ( wa/e4 ,college /ud5ts %\ld adopt ?is aim 9 ! regulation ( _! /udy affairs1 & !re is mu* opportunity = apply+ x 9 note-tak+4 ,s f>1 ! discussion has _h to d ) ! cont5t ( ! note-book1 b its =m is equally important4 ,mu* may be done by utilization ( me*anical devices to save "t & en]gy4 ,fir/1 write 9 ink4 ,p5cil m>ks blur badly & become illegible 9 a few mon?s4 ,rememb]1 y may be us+ ! notebook tw5ty ye>s h5ce1 !re=e make x durable4 ,second1 write pla9ly4 ,?is injunction ought to be sup]flu\s1 = common s5se tells u t writ+ :i* is illegible _c be read ev5 by ! writ]1 once x has gr[n cold4 ,?ird1 take c>e 9 =m+ s5t5ces4 ,d n make y\r notes consi/ simply ( sep>ate1 scrappy jott+s4 ,true1 x is difficult1 "u /ress1 to =m complete s5t5ces4 ,! great temptation is to jot d[n a ^w "h & !re & tru/ to luck or an indulg5t memory to supply ! context at "s lat] "t4 ,a little exp]i5ce1 h[ev]1 w quickly demon/rate ! futility ( su* hopes2 !re=e /rive to =m s5sible phrases1 & to make ! p>ts ( ! outl9e coh]e4 ,apply ! pr9ciples ( ,engli% composition to ! prep>ation ( y\r note-book4 ,a f\r? "q conc]ns size & %ape ( ! note-book4 ,^! features dep5d p>tly ^u ! nature ( ! c\rse & p>tly ^u individual ta/e4 ,x is (t5 conv5i5t & practicable to keep ! notes = all c\rses 9 a s+le note-book4 ,m5 f9d x advantage\s to use a small note-book ( a size t c be c>ri$ 9 ! coat pocket & /udi$ at odd mom5ts4 ,a fif? "q ( a me*anical nature is1 ,:i* is pref]able1 b\nd or loose-leaf note-books8 ,g5]ally ! latt] w be f\nd m desirable4 ,leaves are easily ins]t$ & ! sections are easily fil$ on completion ( a c\rse4 ,x goes )\t say+ t ! mann] 9 :i* notes1 are to be tak5 w be det]m9$ by _m factors1 su* z ! nature ( individual c\rses1 ! wi%es ( in/ructors1 p]sonal ta/es & habits4 ,nev]!less1 !re are c]ta9 pr9ciples & practices :i* are adaptable to ne>ly all conditions1 & x is ^! t we h discuss$4 ,rememb]1 note-tak+ is "o ( ! habits y are to =m 9 college4 ,see t ! habit is />t$ rightly4 ,adopt a good plan at ! />t & adh]e to x4 ,y may be enc\rag$1 too1 ) ! ?\ght t facility 9 note-tak+ w come ) practice4 ,note-tak+ is an art & z y practise y w develop skill4 ,we h not$ "s ( ! mo/ obvi\s & imm$iate b5efits d]iv$ f well-prep>$ notes1 consi/+ ( economy ( "t1 ease ( review1 ease ( p]man5t ret5tion4 ,!re are o!r b5efits1 h[ev]1 :i*1 ?\gh less obvi\s1 are ( f> great] importance4 ,^! are ! p]man5t effects ^u ! m9d4 ,habits ( correct ?9k+ are ! *ief result ( correct note-tak+4 ,z y develop 9 ?is p>ticul> ability1 y w f9d correspond+ improvem5t 9 y\r ability to compreh5d & assimilate ideas1 to reta9 & reproduce facts1 & to reason ) ?or\ghness & indep5d5ce4 ,,read+s ,,& ,,ex]cises ,read+s3 ,adams 7#a7 ,*apt] ,,viii4 ,de>born 7#b7 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,k]foot 7#aj7 ,sew>d 7#ag7 ,ex]cise #a4 ,contra/ ! tak+ ( notes f read+ & f lectures4 ,ex]cise #b4 ,make an outl9e ( ?is *apt]4 ,ex]cise #c4 ,make an outl9e ( "s lecture4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,bra9 ,,action ,,dur+ ,,/udy ,?\gh mo/ p und]/& m or less vaguely t ! bra9 acts 9 "s way dur+ /udy1 exact k ( ! nature ( ?is action is n g5]al4 ,z y w be greatly assi/$ 9 und]/&+ m5tal processes by su* k1 we %all briefly exam9e ! bra9 & its connections4 ,x w be manife/ly impossible to inquire into its nature v m9utely1 b by means ( a description y w be able to secure "s conception ( x & ?us w be able bett] to control ! m5tal processes :i* x und]lies4 ,to ! nak$ eye ! bra9 is a l>ge jelly-l mass enclos$ 9 a bony cov]+1 ab\t "o-f\r? ( an in* ?ick1 call$ ! skull4 ,inside ! skull x is protect$ by a ?ick membrane4 ,at its base em]ges ! sp9al cord1 a long /r& ( n]ve fib]s ext5d+ d[n ! sp9e4 ,= mo/ ( its l5g?1 ! cord is ab\t z l>ge ar\nd z y\r little f+]1 b x tap]s at ! l[] end4 ,f x at "r angles ?r\gh\t its l5g? bran* out ?irty-"o pairs ( fibr\s n]ves :i* radiate to all p>ts ( ! body4 ,! bra9 & sp9al cord1 ) all its ramifications1 are kn[n z ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,y see n[ t1 ?\gh we />t$ ) ! /atem5t t ! m9d is intimately connect$ ) ! bra91 we mu/ n[ enl>ge our /atem5t & say x is connect$ ) ! entire n]v\s sy/em4 ,x is !re=e to ! n]v\s sy/em t we mu/ turn our att5tion4 ,al?\gh to ! nak$ eye ! n]v\s sy/em is app>5tly made up ( a numb] ( diff]5t k9ds ( mat]ial1 /ill we see1 :5 we turn our microscopes ^u x1 t its p>ts are /ructurally ! same4 ,r$uc$ to l[e/ t]ms1 ! n]v\s sy/em is f\nd to be compos$ ( m9ute units ( /ructure call$ n]ve-cells or neurones4 ,ea* ( ^! looks l a /r+ fray$ out at bo? ends1 ) a bulge some:]e along its l5g?4 ,! n]v\s sy/em is made up ( millions ( ^! little cells pack$ toge!r 9 v>i\s comb9ations & di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! body4 ,"s ( ! neurones are z long z ?ree feet2 o!rs measure b a fraction ( an in* 9 l5g?4 ,we d n "k exactly h[ ! m9d1 t "p ( u :i* feels1 reasons & wills1 is connect$ ) ?is mass ( cells call$ ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,we d "k1 h[ev]1 t e "t any?+ occurs 9 ! m9d1 !re is a *ange 9 "s "p ( ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,apply+ ?is fact to /udy1 x is obvi\s t :5 y are p]=m+ any ( ! op]ations ( /udy1 memoriz+ =eign vocabul>ies1 mak+ ari?metical calculations1 reason+ out problems 9 geometry1 y are mak+ *anges 9 y\r n]v\s sy/em4 ,! "q be=e u1 !n1 is1 ,:at is ! nature ( ^! *anges8 ,accord+ to pres5t k1 ! action ( ! n]v\s sy/em is be/ conceiv$ z a =m ( *emical *ange t spreads among ! n]ve-cells4 ,we call ?is commotion ! n]v\s curr5t4 ,x is v rapid1 mov+ fa/] ?an "o hundr$ feet a second1 & runs along ! cells 9 mu* ! same way z a sp>k runs along a tra9 ( gunp[d]4 ,x is important to note t neurones nev] act s+ly2 !y always act 9 gr\ps1 ! n]v\s curr5t pass+ f neurone to neurone4 ,x is ?\ght t ! mo/ important *anges 9 ! n]v\s sy/em d n occur )9 ! individual neurones1 b at ! po9ts :]e !y jo9 ) ea* o!r4 ,?is po9t ( connection is call$ ! synapse & al?\gh we d n und]/& its exact nature1 x may well be pictur$ z a valve t gov]ns ! passage ( ! n]v\s curr5t f neurone to neurone4 ,at "t ( bir?1 mo/ ( ! valves are clos$4 ,only a few are op51 ma9ly ^? connect$ ) ! vegetative processes su* z brea?+ & dige/ion4 ,b z ! individual is play$ ^u by ! objects ( ! environm5t1 ! valves op5 to ! passage ( ! n]v\s curr5t4 ,) increas$ use !y become m & m p]meable1 & ?us le>n+ is ! process ( mak+ easi] ! passage ( ! n]v\s curr5t f "o neurone to ano!r4 ,we %all secure fur!r light ^u ! action ( ! n]v\s sy/em if we exam9e "s ( ! prop]ties belong+ to n]ve-cells4 ,! fir/ "o is impressibility4 ,n]ve-cells are v s5sitive to impressions f ! outside4 ,if y h ev] _h ! d5ti/ t\* an expos$ n]ve1 y "k h[ extreme ?is s5sitivity is4 ,naturally su* a prop]ty is v important 9 education1 = _h we n ! p[] to receive impressions f ! outside _w we %\ld n be able to acquire k4 ,we %\ld n ev5 be able to p]ceive dang] & remove ourselves f h>m4 ,if we comp>e a man's body to a build+1 call+ ! /eel frame-"w 8 skeleton & ! furnace & p[] /ation 8 dige/ive organs & lungs1 ! n]v\s sy/em w\ld include1 ) o!r ?+s1 ! !rmomet]s1 heat regulators1 electric buttons1 door-bells1 valve-op5]s1--! p>ts ( ! build+1 9 %ort1 :i* are specifically design$ to respond to influ5ces ( ! environm5t4 ,! second prop]ty ( n]ve-cells :i* is important 9 /udy is conductivity4 ,z soon z a neurone is /imulat$ at "o end1 x communicates its excitem5t1 by means ( ! n]v\s curr5t1 to ! next neurone or to neighbor+ neurones4 ,j z an electric curr5t might pass along "o wire1 !nce to ano!r1 & along x to a ?ird1 s ! n]v\s curr5t passes f neurone to neurone4 ,z might be expect$1 ! two functions ( impressibility & conductivity are aid$ by su* an arrangem5t ( ! n]ve-cells t ! n]v\s curr5t may pass ov] def9itely laid pa?ways4 ,^! sy/ems ( pa?ways w be describ$ 9 a lat] p>agraph4 ,! ?ird prop]ty ( n]ve-cells :i* is important 9 /udy is modifiability4 ,t is1 impressions made ^u ! n]ve-cells are reta9$4 ,mo/ liv+ tissue is modifiable to "s ext5t4 ,! features ( ! face are modifiable1 & if "o habitually assumes a peevi% expression1 x becomes1 aft] a "t1 p]man5tly fix$4 ,! n]v\s sy/em1 h[ev]1 possesses ! p[] ( modifiability to a m>k$ degree1 ev5 a s+le impression suffic+ to make /rik+ modification4 ,?is is v important 9 /udy1 be+ ! basis = ! ret5tive p[]s ( ! m9d4 ,hav+ exam9$ ! action ( ! n]v\s sy/em 9 its simplicity1 we h n[ to exam9e ! ways 9 :i* ! p>ts ( ! n]v\s sy/em are comb9$4 ,we %all be help$ if we keep to ! conception ( x z an aggregation ( sy/ems or gr\ps ( pa?ways4 ,"s ( ^! we %all attempt to trace out4 ,beg9n+ ) ^? at ! out]mo/ p>ts ( ! body1 we f9d !m locat$ 9 ! s5se-organs1 n only )9 ! traditional five1 b also )9 ! muscles1 t5dons1 jo9ts1 & int]nal organs ( ! body su* z ! he>t1 & dige/ive organs4 ,9 all ^! places we f9d ends ( neurones :i* conv]ge at ! sp9al cord & travel to ! bra94 ,!y are call$ s5sory neurones & _! function is to c>ry messages inw>d to ! bra94 ,?us1 ! bra9 repres5ts1 9 great "p1 a c5tral receiv+ /ation = impressions f ! outside _w4 ,! n]ve-cells c>ry+ messages f ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! body t]m9ate 9 p>ticul> areas4 ,?us an area 9 ! back "p ( ! bra9 receives messages f ! eyes2 ano!r area ne> ! top ( ! bra9 receives messages f ! sk94 ,^! areas are q cle>ly m>k$ out & may be /udi$ 9 detail by means ( ! accompany+ diagram4 ,!re is ano!r l>ge gr\p ( n]ve-cells :i*1 :5 trac$ out1 are f\nd to h "o t]m9al 9 ! bra9 & ! o!r 9 ! muscles ?r\gh\t ! body4 ,! area 9 ! bra91 :]e ^! neurones em]ge1 is ne> ! top ( ! bra9 9 ! area m>k$ ,motor on ! diagram4 ,f "h ! fib]s travel d[n ?r\gh ! sp9al cord & out to ! muscles4 ,! n]ve-cells 9 ?is gr\p are call$ motor neurones & _! function is to c>ry messages f ! bra9 out to ! muscles1 = a muscle ord9>ily does n act )\t a n]v\s curr5t to set x (f4 ,s f> we h se5 t ! bra9 has ! two functions ( receiv+ impressions f ! s5se-organs & ( s5d+ out ord]s to ! muscles4 ,!re is a fur!r me*anism t mu/ n[ be describ$4 ,:5 messages are receiv$ 9 ! s5sory areas1 x is necess>y t !re be "s means )9 ! bra9 ( transmitt+ !m ov] to ! motor area s t !y may be act$ ^u4 ,su* an arrangem5t is provid$ by ano!r gr\p ( n]ve-cells 9 ! bra91 hav+ z _! function ! transmission ( ! n]v\s curr5t f "o area to ano!r4 ,!y are call$ association neurones & transmit ! n]v\s curr5t f s5sory areas to motor areas or f "o s5sory area to ano!r4 ,= example1 suppose y see a brick fall+ f above & y dodge quickly back4 ,! neural action accompany+ ?is occurr5ce consi/s ( an impression ^u ! n]ve-cells 9 ! eye1 ! conduction ( ! n]v\s curr5t back to ! visual area ( ! bra91 ! transmission ( ! curr5t ov] association neurones to ! motor area1 !n its transmission ov] ! motor neurones1 d[n ! sp9al cord1 to ! muscles t enable y to dodge ! missile4 ,! association neurones h ! fur!r function ( connect+ "o s5sory area 9 ! bra9 ) ano!r4 ,= example1 :5 y see1 smell1 ta/e & t\* an orange1 ! correspond+ areas 9 ! bra9 act 9 conjunction & are associat$ by means ( ! association neurones connect+ !m4 ,! association neurones play a l>ge "p 9 ! secur+ & organiz+ ( k4 ,!y are v important 9 /udy1 = all le>n+ consi/s 9 build+ up associations4 ,f ! =ego+ description we see t ! n]v\s sy/em consi/s m]ely ( a me*anism = ! reception & transmission ( incom+ messages & _! trans=mation into outgo+ messages :i* produce movem5t4 ,! bra9 is ! c5t] :]e su* trans=mations are made1 be+ a sort ( c5tral swit*bo>d :i* p]mits ! s5se-organs to come into communication ) muscles4 ,x is also ! in/rum5t by means ( :i* ! impressions f ! v>i\s s5ses c be unit$ & exp]i5ce c be unifi$4 ,! bra9 s]ves fur!r z ! m$ium :]eby impressions once made c be reta9$4 ,t is1 x is ! great organ ( memory4 ,h5ce we see t x is to ?is organ we mu/ look = ! p]=mance ( ! activities necess>y to /udy4 ,ev]y?+ t ent]s x produces "s modification )9 x4 ,education consi/s 9 a process ( und]go+ a select$ gr\p ( exp]i5ces ( su* a nature z to leave b5eficial results 9 ! bra94 ,by means ( ! *anges made !re1 ! individual is able bett] to adju/ himself to new situations4 ,= :5 ! individual ent]s ! _w1 he is n prep>$ to meet _m situations2 only a few ( ! neural connections are made & he is able to p]=m only a meagre numb] ( simple acts1 su* z brea?+1 cry+1 dige/ion4 ,! pa?ways = complex acts1 su* z speak+ ,engli% or ,fr5*1 or writ+1 are n =m$ at bir? b mu/ be built up )9 ! life-"t ( ! individual4 ,x is ! process ( build+ !m up t we call education4 ,?is process is a physical feat involv+ ! production ( *anges 9 physical mat]ial 9 ! bra94 ,/udy involves ! ov]com+ ( resi/ance 9 ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,t is :y x is s h>d4 ,9 y\r e>ly s*ool-days1 :5 y set ab\t labori\sly le>n+ ! multiplication table1 y\r unwill+ prote/s 7 wrung because y 7 be+ compell$ to =ce ! n]v\s curr5t ?r\gh new pa?ways1 & to ov]come ! in]tia ( physical matt]4 ,today1 :5 y beg9 a tra9 ( reason+1 ! task is difficult because y are op5+ hi!rto untravell$ pa?ways4 ,!re is a com=t+ ?\ght1 h[ev]1 :i* is d]iv$ f ! factor ( modifiability1 9 t ) ea* succe$+ repetition1 ! task becomes easi]1 because ! pa? becomes worn smoo?ly & ! n]v\s curr5t seeks x ( its own accord2 9 o!r words1 ea* act & ea* ?\ght t5ds to become habitualiz$4 ,education is !n a process ( =m+ habits1 & ! re/ ( ! book w be devot$ to ! description & discussion ( habits :i* a /ud5t %\ld =m4 ,,read+ ,,& ,,ex]cise ,read+3 ,h]rick 7#g7 ,ex]cise #a4 ,draw a picture ( ! bra91 %[+ r\ghly :at takes place !re 7a7 :5 y read a book1 7#f7 li/5 to a lecture1 7c7 take notes4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,=mation ,,( ,,/udy-,,habits ,z already intimat$1 ?is book adopts ! view t education is a process ( =m+ habits 9 ! bra94 ,9 ! =mation ( habits !re are sev]al pr9ciples t mu/ be obs]v$4 ,accord+ly we %all devote a *apt] to ! consid]ation ( habits 9 g5]al be=e discuss+ ! specific habits involv$ 9 v>i\s k9ds ( /udy4 ,habit may be def9$ r\ghly z ! t5d5cy to act "t aft] "t 9 ! same way4 ,?us def9$1 y see t ! =ce ( habit ext5ds ?r\gh\t ! entire univ]se4 ,x is a habit = ! e>? to revolve on its axis once e tw5ty-f\r h\rs & to encircle ! sun once e ye>4 ,:5 a p5cil falls f y\r h& x has a habit ( dropp+ to ! floor4 ,a piece ( pap] once fold$ t5ds to crease 9 ! same place4 ,^! are examples ( ! =ce ( habit 9 nonliv+ matt]4 ,liv+ matt] %[s its p[] ev5 m cle>ly4 ,if y assume a petulant expression = "s "t1 x gets fix$ & ! expression becomes habitual4 ,! hair may be tra9$ to lie ?is way or t4 ,^! are examples ( habit 9 liv+ tissue4 ,b !re is "o p>ticul> =m ( liv+ tissue :i* is mo/ susceptible to habit2 t is n]ve tissue4 ,let u review briefly ! facts :i* und]lie ?is *>act]i/ic4 ,9 n]ve tissue1 impressibility1 conductivity & modifiability are develop$ to a m>k$ degree4 ,! n]ve-cells 9 ! s5se organs are impress$ by /imulations f ! outside _w4 ,! n]v\s curr5t ?us g5]at$ is conduct$ ov] long n]ve fib]s1 ?r\gh ! sp9al cord to ! bra9 :]e x is receiv$ & we exp]i5ce a s5sation4 ,!nce x pu%es on1 ov] association neurones 9 ! bra9 to motor neurones1 ov] :i* x passes d[n ! sp9al cord aga9 to muscles1 & ends 9 "s movem5t4 ,9 ! pa?way :i* x trav]ses x leaves its impression1 &1 !reaft]1 :5 ! fir/ neurone is excit$1 ! n]v\s curr5t t5ds to take ! same pa?way & to end 9 ! same movem5t4 ,x %\ld be emphasiz$ t ! n]v\s curr5t1 once />t$1 always t5ds to seek outlet 9 movem5t4 ,?is is an extremely important feature ( neural action1 &1 z w be %[n 9 ano!r *apt]1 is a vital factor 9 /udy4 ,movem5t may be />t$ by ! /imulation ( a s5se organ or by an idea4 ,9 ! latt] case x />ts f regions 9 ! bra9 )\t ! imm$iately prec$+ /imulation ( a s5se organ4 ,h[soev] x />ts y may be sure t x seeks a way out1 & pref]s pa?ways already trav]s$4 ,h5ce y see y are b\nd to h habits4 ,!y w develop :e!r y wi% !m or n4 ,already y are a bundle ( habits2 !y manife/ !mselves 9 two ways--z habits ( action & habits ( ?\ght4 ,y illu/rate ! fir/ e "t y tie y\r %oes or sign y\r "n4 ,to illu/rate ! second1 ,i ne$ only ask y to supply ! end ( ?is s5t5ce3 ,columbus discov]$ ,am]ica 9----4 ,spee* reveals _m ( ^! habits ( ?\ght4 ,c]ta9 phrases p]si/ 9 ! m9d z habits s t :5 ! phrase is once begun1 y proce$ habitually ) ! re/ ( x4 ,:5 "s "o />ts 9 spite1 y\r m9d goes on to ?9k (2 m or calls up less4 ,:5 ,i ask y :at ^w is call$ up by black1 y reply :ite accord+ to ! pr9ciples ( m5tal habit4 ,y\r m9d is arrang$ 9 su* habitual patt]ns1 & f ^! examples y readily see t a l>ge "p ( :at y d & ?9k dur+ ! c\rse ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs is habitual4 ,tw5ty ye>s h5ce y w be ev5 m b\nd by ?is ov]p[]+ despot4 ,our acts our angels are1 or good1 or ill1 ,our con/ant %ad[s t walk ) u /ill4 ,s9ce y _c avoid =m+ habits1 h[ important x is t y seek to =m ^? t are useful & desirable4 ,9 acquir+ !m1 !re are sev]al g5]al pr9ciples d$ucible f ! facts ( n]v\s action4 ,! fir/ is3 ,gu>d ! pa?ways lead+ to ! bra94 ,n]ve tissue is impressible & ev]y?+ t t\*es x leaves an in]adicable trace4 ,y c control y\r habits to "s ext5t1 !n1 by obs]v+ caution 9 p]mitt+ ?+s to impress y4 ,_m un=tunate habits ( /udy arise f neglect ( ?is4 ,! habit ( us+ a pony1 = example1 arises :5 "o p]mits oneself to dep5d ^u a gr\p ( ,engli% words 9 translat+ f a =eign language4 ,n]ve pa?ways %\ld !n be gu>d$ ) respect to :at ent]s4 ,!y %\ld also be gu>d$ ) respect to ! way ?+s ent]4 ,rememb]1 z ! fir/ pa?way is cut1 subsequ5t n]v\s curr5ts w be direct$4 ,consequ5tly if y make a wrong pa?way1 y w h tr\ble undo+ x4 ,ano!r maxim :i* w obvi\sly prev5t undesirable pa?ways is1 g sl[ly at fir/4 ,?is is an important pr9ciple 9 all le>n+4 ,if1 :5 try+ to le>n ! date #adec1 y c>elessly impress x fir/ z #adce1 y are likely to h tr\ble ev] aft] 9 rememb]+ :i* is "r1 #adec or #adce4 ,z y value y\r intellectual salvation1 !n1 g sl[ly 9 mak+ ! fir/ impression & be sure x is "r4 ,! next rule is3 ,gu>d ! exits ( ! n]v\s curr5ts4 ,t is1 wat* ! movem5ts y make 9 response to impressions & ideas4 ,?is is necess>y because ! n]v\s curr5t pu%es on pa/ ob/ructions1 ?r\gh areas 9 ! bra91 until x ends 9 "s =m ( movem5t1 & 9 f9d+ ! way out1 x seeks ^? pa?ways t h be5 mo/ frequ5tly travell$4 ,9 /udy1 x usually takes ! =m ( movem5ts ( spee* or writ+4 ,y w ne$ to gu>d ?is "p ( ! process j z y did ! incom+ pa?way ,y mu/ see t ! movem5t is made :i* y wi% to build into a habit4 ,9 le>n+ ! pronunciation ( a =eign ^w1 = example1 see t y\r fir/ pronunciation ( x is absolutely "r4 ,:5 le>n+ to typewrite see t y always hit ! "r key dur+ ! e>ly trials4 ,! po9t ( exit ( a n]v\s curr5t is ! po9t also :]e precautions are to be tak5 9 develop+ good =m4 ,! pa? %\ld be ! %orte/ possible1 involv+ only ^? muscles t are absolutely necess>y4 ,?is makes = economy ( ef=t4 ,! ?ird g5]al pr9ciple to be kept 9 m9d is t habits are mo/ easily =m$ 9 y\?1 = ?is is ! p]iod :5 n]ve tissue is mo/ easily impress$ & modifi$4 ,) respect to habit =mation1 !n1 y see t y\? is ! "t :5 emphasis %\ld be laid ^u ! =mation ( z _m useful habits z possible4 ,! _w recognizes ?is to "s ext5t & society is s organiz$ t ! y\? ( ! race are giv5 leisure & protection s t !y may =m useful habits4 ,! _w asks no?+ ( y dur+ ! next f\r ye>s except t y develop y\rself & =m useful habits :i* w enable y 9 lat] life to take y\r place z a useful & /able memb] ( society4 ,9 addition to ! pr9ciples j discuss$1 !re are a numb] ( o!r maxims :i* h be5 laid d[n z guides 9 ! =mation ( new habits4 ,! fir/ is1 make an ass]tion ( w4 ,v[ to y\rself t y w =m ! habit1 & keep t resolve ev] be=e y4 ,! second maxim is1 make an emphatic />t4 ,surr\nd y\rself ) e aid possible4 ,make x easy at fir/ to p]=m ! act & difficult n to p]=m x4 ,= example1 if y desire to =m ! habit ( aris+ at six e morn+1 surr\nd y\rself ) a numb] ( aids4 ,buy an al>m clock1 & tell "s "o ( y\r decision4 ,su* ef=ts at ! />t w give y\r new beg9n+ su* a mom5tum t ! temptation to break d[n w n occur z soon z x o!rwise might2 & e day dur+ :i* a breakd[n is po/pon$ adds to ! *ances ( its n occurr+ at all4 ,man has discov]$ ! value ( su* devices dur+ ! c\rse ( 8 long hi/ory1 & has evolv$ cu/oms accord+ly4 ,:5 m5 decide to swe> (f smok+1 !y *oose ! op5+ ( a new ye> :5 _m o!r new ?+s are be+ />t$2 !y make solemn promises to !mselves1 to ea* o!r1 & f9ally to _! fri5ds4 ,su* cu/oms are precautions :i* help to bol/] up ! det]m9ation at ! "t :5 extraord9>y ef=t & det]m9ation are requir$4 ,9 =m+ ! habits incid5tal to college life1 take pa9s f ! />t to surr\nd y\rself ) z _m aids z possible4 ,?is w n con/itute a confession ( weakness4 ,x is only a wise & natural precaution :i* ! :ole exp]i5ce ( ! race has ju/ifi$4 ,! ?ird maxim is1 nev] p]mit an exception to occur4 ,suppose y h a habit ( say+ a9t :i* y wi% to replace ) a habit ( say+ isn't4 ,if ! habit is deeply root$1 y h worn a pa?way 9 ! bra9 to a consid]able dep?1 repres5t$ 9 ! accompany+ diagram by ! l9e ,a ,x ,b4 ,a ,x _/ ,b ,c ,let u suppose t y h already />t$ ! new habit1 & h said ! correct ^w t5 times4 ,t means y h worn ano!r pa?way ,a ,x ,c to a consid]able dep?4 ,dur+ all ?is "t1 h[ev]1 ! old pa?way is /ill op5 & at ! slighte/ provocation w attract ! n]v\s curr5t4 ,y\r task is to deep5 ! new pa? s t ! n]v\s curr5t w fl[ into x in/ead ( ! old4 ,n[ suppose y make an exception on "s occasion & all[ ! n]v\s curr5t to travel ov] ! old pa?4 ,?is un=tunate exception breaks d[n ! bridge :i* y _h con/ruct$ at ,x f ,a to ,c4 ,b ?is is n ! only result4 ,! n]v\s curr5t1 z x revisits ! old pa?1 deep5s x m ?an x 0 be=e1 s ! next "t a simil> situation arises1 ! curr5t seeks ! old pa? ) mu* great] read9ess ?an be=e1 & va/ly m ef=t is requir$ to ov]come x4 ,"s "o has lik5$ ! effect ( ^! exceptions to t produc$ :5 "o drops a ball ( /r+ t is p>tially w\nd4 ,by a s+le slip1 m is undone ?an c be accompli%$ 9 a doz5 w9d+s4 ,! f\r? maxim is1 seize e opportunity to act ^u y\r resolution4 ,! reason = ?is w be und]/ood bett] if y keep 9 m9d ! fact1 /at$ be=e1 t n]v\s curr5ts once />t$1 :e!r f a s5se-organ or f a bra9-c5t]1 always t5d to seek egress 9 movem5t4 ,^! outgo+ n]v\s curr5ts leave an impr9t ^u ! modifiable n]ve tissues z inevitably z d incom+ impressions4 ,!re=e1 if y wi% y\r resolves to be firmly fix$1 y %\ld act ^u !m spe$ily & (t54 ,x is n 9 ! mom5t ( _! =m+1 b 9 ! mom5t ( _! produc+ motor effects1 t resolves & aspirations communicate ! new 'set' to ! bra94 ,no matt] h[ full a res]voir ( maxims "o may possess1 & no matt] h[ good "o's s5tim5ts may be1 if "o has n tak5 advantage ( e concrete opportunity to act1 "o's "* may rema9 entirely unaffect$ = ! bett]4 ,p>ticul>ly at "t ( emotional excitem5t "o makes resolves t are v good1 & a gl[ ( f9e feel+ is pres5t4 ,bew>e t ^! resolves d n evaporate 9 m]e feel+4 ,!y %\ld be cry/alliz$ 9 "s =m ( action z soon z possible4 ,let ! expression be ! lea/ ?+ 9 ! _w--speak+ g5ially to "o's gr&mo!r1 or giv+ up "o's seat 9 a 444 c>1 if no?+ m h]oic (f]s--b let x n fail to take place4 ,/rictly speak+ y h n really complet$ a resolve until y h act$ ^u x4 ,y may det]m9e to g )\t lun*1 b y h n consummat$ t resolve until y h p]mitt$ x to express itself by c>ry+ y pa/ ! door ( ! d9+-room4 ,t is ! crucial te/ :i* det]m9es ! /r5g? ( y\r resolve4 ,_m repetitions w be requir$ be=e a pa?way is worn deep en\gh to be settl$4 ,seize ! v e>lie/ opportunity to beg9 groov+ x out1 & seize e o!r opportunity = deep5+ x4 ,aft] ?is view ( ! place 9 y\r life occupi$ by habit1 y readily see its f>-rea*+ possibilities = welf>e ( body & m9d4 ,its mo/ obvi\s1 because mo/ annoy+1 effects are on ! side ( its disadvantages4 ,bad habits secure a grip ^u u t we are sometimes p[]less to %ake (f4 ,true1 ?is in]adicabl5ess ne$ h no t]rors if we h =m$ good habits4 ,inde$1 z w be po9t$ out 9 ! next p>agraph1 habit may be a great asset4 ,nev]!less1 x may "w positive h>m1 or at be/1 may lead to /agnation4 ,! fix$ness ( habit t5ds to make u move 9 ruts unless we ex]t cont9u\s ef=t to le>n new ?+s4 ,if we p]mit ourselves to move 9 old grooves we cease to progress & become old fogy4 ,b ! advantages ( habit f> outweigh its disadvantages4 ,habit helps ! individual to be consi/5t & helps p to "k :at to expect f "o4 ,x helps society to be /able1 to incorporate )9 itself modes ( action conducive to ! common good4 ,= example1 ! respect :i* we all h = ! prop]ty ( o!rs is a habit1 & is s firmly intr5*$ t we %\ld f9d ourselves unable to /eal if we wi%$ to4 ,habit is ?us a v desirable asset & is truly call$ ! enorm\s fly-:eel ( society4 ,a second advantage ( habit is t x makes = accuracy4 ,acts t h become habitualiz$ are p]=m$ m accurately ?an ^? n habitualiz$4 ,movem5ts su* z ^? made 9 typewrit+ & piano-play+1 :5 measur$ 9 ! psy*ological laboratory1 are f\nd to copy ea* o!r ) extreme fidelity4 ,! human body is a ma*9e :i* may be adju/$ to a high degree ( nicety1 & habit is ! me*anism by :i* ?is adju/m5t is made4 ,a ?ird advantage is t a /ock ( habits makes life easi]4 ,!re is no m mis]able human be+ ?an "o 9 :om no?+ is habitual b indecision1 = :om ! light+ ( e cig>1 ! dr9k+ ( e cup1 ! "t ( ris+ & go+ to b$ e day & ! beg9n+ ( e bit ( "w1 are subjects ( express volitional delib]ation4 ,full half ! "t ( su* a man goes to ! decid+ or regrett+ ( matt]s :i* ought to be s +ra9$ 9 him z practically n to exi/ = 8 consci\sness at all4 ,h y ev] reflect$ h[ mis]able y w\ld be & :at a task liv+ w\ld be if y _h to le>n to write anew e morn+ :5 y g to class2 or if y _h to rele>n h[ to tie y\r necktie e day8 ,! burd5 ( liv+ w\ld be intol]able4 ,! la/ advantage to be disc]n$ 9 habit is economy4 ,habitual acts d n h to be actively direct$ by consci\sness4 ,:ile !y are be+ p]=m$1 consci\sness may be o!rwise engag$4 ,! m ( ! details ( our daily life we c h& ov] to ! ef=tless cu/ody ( automatism1 ! m our high] p[]s ( m9d w be set free = _! own prop] "w4 ,:ile y are bru%+ y\r hair or ty+ y\r %oes1 y\r m9d may be engag$ 9 memoriz+ poetry or calculat+ ari?metical problems4 ,habit is ?us a great economiz]4 ,! e?ical consequ5ces ( habit are s /rik+ t be=e leav+ ! subject we mu/ give !m ackn[l$gm5t4 ,we c d no bett] ?an to turn to ! /atem5t by ,pr(essor ,james1 ^: wise rem>ks ^u ! subject h n be5 improv$ ^u3 ,! physiological /udy ( m5tal conditions is ?us ! mo/ p[]ful ally ( hortatory e?ics4 ,! hell to be endur$ h]eaft]1 ( :i* !ology tells1 is no worse ?an ! hell we make = ourselves 9 ?is _w by habitually fa%ion+ our *>act]s 9 ! wrong way4 ,c\ld ! "y b realize h[ soon !y w become m]e walk+ bundles ( habits1 !y w\ld give m he$ to _! conduct :ile 9 ! pla/ic /ate4 ,we are sp9n+ our own fates1 good or evil1 & nev] to be undone4 ,e smalle/ /roke ( virtue or ( vice leaves its nev]-s-little sc>4 ,! drunk5 ,rip ,van ,w9kle1 9 ,jeff]son's play1 excuses himself = e fre% d]eliction by say+1 ',i won't c\nt ?is "t6' ,well6 he may n c\nt x & a k9d heav5 may n c\nt x2 b x is be+ c\nt$ none ! less4 ,d[n among 8 n]ve-cells & fib]s ! molecules are c\nt+ x1 regi/]+ x1 & /or+ x up to be us$ aga9/ him :5 ! next temptation comes4 ,no?+ we ev] d is1 9 /rict sci5tific lit]alness1 wip$ out4 ,( c\rse ?is has its good side z well z its bad "o4 ,z we become p]man5t drunk>ds by s _m dr9ks1 s we become sa9ts 9 ! moral1 & au?orities & exp]ts 9 ! practical & sci5tific1 sph]es1 by s _m sep>ate acts & h\rs ( "w4 ,b let no y\? h any anxiety ab\t ! up%ot ( 8 education1 :atev] ! l9e ( x may be4 ,if he keep fai?fully busy ea* h\r ( ! work+ day1 he may safely leave ! f9al result to itself4 ,he c ) p]fect c]ta9ty c\nt on wak+ up "s f9e morn+1 to f9d himself "o ( ! compet5t ones ( 8 g5]ation1 9 :atev] pursuit he has s+l$ out4 ,sil5tly1 betwe5 all ! details ( 8 bus9ess1 ! p[] ( judg+ 9 all t class ( matt] w h built itself up )9 him z a possession t w nev] pass away4 ,"y p %\ld "k ! tru? ( ?is 9 advance4 ,! ignorance ( x has probably eng5d]$ m disc\ragem5t & fa9!>t$ness 9 y\?s emb>k+ on ardu\s c>e]s ?an all o!r causes put toge!r4 ,,ex]cise ,ex]cise #a4 ,po9t out an undesirable habit t y are det]m9$ to eradicate4 ,describe ! desirable habit :i* y w adopt 9 its place4 ,give ! concrete /eps y w take 9 =m+ ! new habit4 ,h[ long a "t d y e/imate w be requir$ = ! =mation ( ! new habit8 ,m>k d[n ! date & ref] back to x :5 y h =m$ ! habit1 to see h[ accurately y e/imat$4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,active ,,imag9ation ,a v l>ge "p ( ! m5tal life ( a /ud5t consi/s 9 ! manipulation ( images4 ,by images we mean ! revivals ( ?+s t h be5 impress$ ^u ! s5ses4 ,call to m9d = ! mom5t y\r h\se-numb] z x appe>s ^u ! door ( y\r home4 ,9 s do+ y m5tally re9/ate some?+ :i* has be5 impress$ ^u y\r s5ses _m times2 & y see x almo/ z cle>ly z if x 7 actually be=e y4 ,! m5tal ?+ ?us reviv$ is call$ an image4 ,! ^w image is some:at ill-*os52 = x usually signifies some?+ connect$ ) ! eye1 & implies t ! /uff ( m5tal images is entirely visual4 ,! true fact ( ! matt] is1 we c image practically any?+ t we c s5se4 ,we may h tactual images ( ?+s t\*$2 auditory images ( ?+s he>d2 gu/atory images ( ?+s ta/$2 olfactory images ( ?+s smell$4 ,h[ ^! behave 9 g5]al & h[ !y int]act 9 /udy w engage our att5tion 9 ?is *apt]4 ,! mo/ highly dramatic use ( images is 9 connection ) t m5tal process kn[n z ,imag9ation4 ,z we /udy ! writ+s ( ,jack ,london1 ,poe1 ,defoe1 ,bunyan1 we move 9 a realm almo/ :olly imag9>y4 ,& z we take a cross-section ( our m9ds :5 ?us engag$1 we f9d !m fill$ ) images4 ,fur!rmore1 !y are ( great v>iety--images ( colors1 s\nds1 ta/es1 smells1 t\*es1 ev5 ( s5sations f our own int]nal organs1 su* z ! palpitations ( ! he>t t accompany feel+s ( pride1 indignation1 remorse1 exaltation4 ,a fur!r *>act]i/ic is t !y are %>p1 clean-cut1 vivid4 ,note 9 ! balcony sc5e f ,romeo & ,juliet1 ! numb]1 v>iety & vividness ( ! images3 ,b1 s(t6 ,:at light ?r\gh yond] w9d[ breaks8 ,x is ! ea/1 & ,juliet is ! sun4 ,arise1 fair sun1 & kill ! envi\s moon1 ,:o is already sick & pale ) grief ,t ?\1 h] maid1 art f> m fair ?an %e4 ,be n h] maid1 s9ce %e is envi\s2 ,h] ve/al liv]y is b sick & gre54444 ,two ( ! faire/ />s 9 all ! heav51 ,hav+ "s bus9ess1 d entreat h] eyes ,to tw9kle 9 _! sph]es till !y return4 ,:at if h] eyes 7 !re1 !y 9 h] head8 ,! brightness 9 h] *eek w\ld %ame ^? />s1 ,z daylight do? a lamp2 h] eyes 9 heav5 ,w\ld ?r\gh ! airy regions /ream s bright ,t birds w\ld s+ & ?9k x 7 n night4 ,see1 h[ %e leans h] *eek ^u h] h&6 ,o1 t ,i 7 a glove ^u t h&1 ,t ,i might t\* t *eek6 ,we may conclude1 !n1 t ?ree ( ! desirable attributes ( great works ( ! imag9ation are numb]1 v>iety & vividness ( m5tal images4 ,"o "q t frequ5tly arises conc]n+ works ( ! imag9ation is1 ,:at is _! s\rce8 ,sup]ficial ?9k]s h loosely answ]$1 ,inspiration1 imply+1 7accord+ to ! lit]al mean+ ( ! ^w1 to brea! 971 t "s my/]i\s ext]nal =ce 7call$ by ! anci5ts1 ,a ,muse7 ent]s into ! m9d ( ! au?or ) a special revelation4 ,psy*ological analysis ( ^! imag9ative works %[s t ?is explanation is untrue4 ,t ! biz>re & app>5tly novel products arise f ! exp]i5ces ( ! au?or1 reviv$ 9 imag9ation & comb9$ 9 new ways4 ,! horr5d\s incid5ts depict$ 9 ,dante's ,div9e ,com$y nev] occurr$ )9 ! lifetime exp]i5ce ( ! au?or z su*4 ,_! sep>ate elem5ts did1 h[ev]1 & furni%$ ! basis = ,dante's clev] comb9ations4 ,! (t-he>d say+ t !re is no?+ new "u ! sun is psy*ologically true4 ,9 ! light ( ?is brief analysis ( products ( ! imag9ation we are ready to develop a program :i* we may foll[ 9 cultivat+ an active imag9ation4 ,recogniz+ t images h _! s\rce 9 s5sory exp]i5ce1 we see t ! fir/ /ep to take is to seek a multitude ( exp]i5ces4 ,make intimate acqua9tance ) ! objects ( y\r environm5t4 ,h&le !m1 te> !m ap>t1 put !m toge!r1 place !m next to o!r objects1 not+ ! lik5esses & diff]5ces4 ,?us y w acquire ! /uff out ( :i* images are made & w /ock y\r m9d ) a numb] ( images4 ,!n :5 y wi% to convey y\r ideas y w h a numb] ( t]ms 9 :i* to d x--"o ( ! *>act]i/ics ( a free-fl[+ imag9ation4 ,! second *>act]i/ic we f\nd to be v>iety4 ,to secure ?is1 seek a v>iety ( s5sational exp]i5ces4 ,p]ceive ! objects ( y\r exp]i5ce ?r\gh sev]al s5ses--t\*1 smell1 sight1 he>+1 ta/e4 ,by means ( ?is v>iety 9 s5sations y w secure correspond+ v>iety 9 y\r images4 ,to revive !m easily sometimes requires practice4 ,= x has be5 discov]$ t all p d n naturally call up images relat$ to ! v>i\s s5ses ) equal ease4 ,mo/ p use visual & auditory images m freely ?an !y d o!r k9ds4 ,9 ord] to develop skill 9 evok+ ! o!rs1 practise recall+ !m4 ,sit d[n = an h\r ( practice1 z y w\ld sit d[n = an h\r ( piano practice4 ,try to recall ! ta/e ( rais9s1 ,engli% walnuts2 ! smell ( hyac9?s1 ( wit*-hazel2 ! r\gh t\* ( an orange-sk94 ,?\gh y may at fir/ h difficulty y w develop1 ) practice1 a gratify+ facility 9 recall+ all v>ieties ( images4 ,! ?ird *>act]i/ic :i* we obs]v$ 9 works ( ! imag9ation is vividness4 ,to a*ieve ?is1 pay close att5tion to ! details ( y\r s5sory exp]i5ces4 ,obs]ve %>ply ! m9ute b *>act]i/ic items--! acc5t m>k on aprs2 ! co>se /ubby be>d ( ! typical alley t\gh4 ,/ock y\r m9d ) a weal? ( su* detail$ impressions4 ,keep !m alive by ! k9d ( practice recomm5d$ 9 ! prec$+ p>agraph4 ,!n describe ! objects ( y\r exp]i5ce 9 t]ms ( ^! significant details4 ,we discov]$1 9 discuss+ ! s\rce ( imag9ative works1 t ! m5 :om we are accu/om$ to call imag9ative g5iuses d n h unique communication ) heav5 or ) any ext]nal res]voir ( ideas4 ,in/ead1 we f\nd _! wond]-evok+ creations to be m]ely new comb9ations ( old images4 ,! true secret ( _! success is _! indu/ri\s utilization ( pa/ exp]i5ces accord+ to ! program outl9$ above4 ,!y select c]ta9 elem5ts f _! exp]i5ces & comb9e !m 9 novel ways4 ,?is is ! explanation ( _! /range1 beautiful & biz>re productions4 ,?is is :at ,c>lyle meant :5 he *>act]iz$ g5ius z ! transc5d5t capacity = tak+ tr\ble ,?is is :at ,hog>? meant :5 he said1 ,g5ius is no?+ b labor & dilig5ce4 ,= concrete exemplification ( ?is tru? we ne$ only turn to ! autobiographies ( great writ]s4 ,9 ?is passage f ,john ,b>leycorn1 ,jack ,london describes 8 me?ods3 ,e>ly & late ,i 0 at x--writ+1 typ+1 /udy+ gramm>1 /udy+ writ+ & all =ms ( writ+1 & /udy+ ! writ]s :o succe$$ 9 ord] to f9d out h[ !y succe$$4 ,i manag$ on five h\rs' sleep 9 ! tw5ty-f\r1 & came pretty close to work+ ! n9ete5 wak+ h\rs left to me4 ,by say+ t ! novel effects ( imag9ation come by way ( indu/ry1 we d n mean to imply t "o %\ld /ra9 aft] novelty & ecc5tricity4 ,unusual & happy comb9ations w come ( !mselves & naturally if "o only makes a suffici5t numb]4 ,!re are laws ( comb9ation1 kn[n z ! psy*ological laws ( association1 by :i* images w unite naturally4 ,! numb] ( possible comb9ations is inf9ite4 ,by indu/ri\sly mak+ a l>ge numb]1 y w by ! v laws ( *ance1 /umble ^u "s t are especially happy & /rik+4 ,9 summ>iz+ ?is discussion1 we may conclude t an active f]tile imag9ation comes f cr[d+ into "o's life a l>ge numb] ( v>i$ & vivid exp]i5ces2 /or+ !m up 9 ! m9d 9 ! =m ( images2 & indu/ri\sly recall+ & comb9+ !m 9 novel relation%ips4 ,m5tal images occur 9 o!r m5tal processes besides ,imag9ation4 ,!y bulk importantly 9 memoriz+1 z we %all see 9 ,*apt]s ,,vi & ,,vii2 & 9 reason+1 z we %all see 9 ,*apt] ,,ix4 ,?r\gh\t ! book we %all f9d t z we develop ability to manipulate m5tal images1 we %all increase ! adaptability ( all ! m5tal processes4 ,,read+ ,,& ,,ex]cises ,read+3 ,de>born 7#b7 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,ex]cise #a4 ,call up 9 imag9ation ! s\nd ( y\r ,fr5* in/ructor's voice z he says tudiant4 ,call up ! appe>ance on ! page ( ! conjugation ( tre1 pres5t t5se4 ,ex]cise #b4 ,*oose "s ^w :i* y h _h difficulty 9 le>n+4 ,look at x att5tively1 secur+ a p]fectly cle> impression ( x2 !n practise call+ up ! visual image ( x1 until y secure p]fect reproduction4 ,ex]cise #c4 ,li/ ! diff]5t images call$ up by ! passage f ,romeo & ,juliet4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,fir/ ,,aids ,,to ,,memory2 ,,impression ,( all ! m5tal op]ations employ$ by ! /ud5t1 memory is probably ! "o 9 :i* ! greate/ ineffici5cy is manife/$4 ,?\gh we (t5 fail to realize x1 mu* ( our life is tak5 up ) memoriz+4 ,e "t we make use ( pa/ exp]i5ce1 we rely ^u ?is function ( ! m9d1 b 9 no occupation is x q s practically important z 9 /udy4 ,we %all beg9 our inve/igation ( memory by divid+ x into f\r phases or /ages--,impression1 ,ret5tion1 ,recall & ,recognition4 ,any act ( memory involves !m all4 ,!re is fir/ a /age :5 ! mat]ial is be+ impress$2 second1 a /age :5 x is be+ reta9$ s t x may be reviv$ 9 ! future2 ?ird1 a /age ( recall :5 ! reta9$ mat]ial is reviv$ to meet pres5t ne$s2 f\r?1 a feel+ ( recognition1 ?r\gh :i* ! mat]ial is recogniz$ z hav+ previ\sly be5 9 ! m9d4 ,impression is accompli%$ ?r\gh ! s5se organs2 & 9 ! =ego+ *apt] we laid d[n ! rule3 ,gu>d ! av5ues ( impression & admit only su* ?+s z y wi% to reta94 ,?is necessitates t y g sl[ly at fir/4 ,?is is a pr9ciple ( all habit =mation1 b is especially important 9 habits ( memoriz+4 ,mu* ( ! poor memory t p compla9 ab\t is due to ! fact t !y make fir/ impressions c>elessly4 ,"o reason :y p fail to rememb] names is t !y d n get a cle> impression ( ! "n at ! />t4 ,!y are introduc$ 9 a hurry or ! introduc] mumbles2 consequ5tly no cle> impression is secur$4 ,"u su* circum/ances h[ c\ld "o expect to reta9 & recall ! "n8 ,g sl[ly1 !n1 9 impress+ mat]ial = ! fir/ "t4 ,z y look up ! words ( a =eign language 9 ! lexicon1 try+ to memorize _! ,engli% equival5ts1 take pl5ty ( "t4 ,obta9 a cle> impression ( ! s\nd & appe>ance ( ! words4 ,inasmu* z impressions may be made ?r\gh any ( ! s5se organs1 "o problem 9 ! improvem5t ( memory conc]ns ! *oice ( s5se av5ues4 ,z an infant y us$ all s5ses imp>tially 9 y\r eag] se>* aft] in=mation4 ,y voraci\sly put ?+s into y\r m\? & discov]$ t "s ?+s 7 sweet1 "s s\r4 ,y bump$ y\r head aga9/ ?+s & le>n$ t "s 7 h>d & "s s(t4 ,9 y\r insatiable curiosity y pull$ ?+s ap>t & pe]$ into !m2 9 %ort1 utiliz$ all ! s5se organs4 ,9 adult life1 h[ev]1 & 9 education z x takes place ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( books & in/ructors1 mo/ le>n+ dep5ds ^u ! eye & e>4 ,ev5 yet1 h[ev]1 y le>n _m ?+s ?r\gh ! s5se ( t\* & ?r\gh muscle movem5t1 ?\gh y may be unaw>e ( x4 ,y probably h bett] success reta9+ impressions made ^u "o s5se ?an ano!r4 ,! majority ( p reta9 bett] ?+s t are visually impress$4 ,su* p]sons ?9k (t5 9 t]ms ( visual images4 ,:5 ?9k+ ( wat] runn+ f a faucet1 !y c see ! wat] fall1 see x spla%1 b h no trace ( ! s\nd4 ,! :ole ev5t is noiseless 9 memory4 ,:5 !y ?9k ( _! in/ructor1 !y c see him /&+ at 8 desk b _c imag9e ! s\nd ( 8 voice4 ,:5 /riv+ to ?9k ( ! causes lead+ to ! ,civil ,w>1 !y picture !m z !y are li/$ on ! page ( ! text-book or note-book4 ,o!r p h n ?is ability to recall 9 visual t]ms1 b dep5d to great] ext5t ^u s\nds4 ,:5 ask$ to ?9k ab\t _! in/ructor1 !y d x 9 t]ms ( 8 voice4 ,:5 ask$ to conjugate a ,fr5* v]b1 !y he> x pron\nc$ m5tally b d n see x on ! page4 ,^! are extremes ( imag]y type1 b !y illu/rate pref]5ces z !y are f\nd 9 _m p]sons4 ,"s p]sons use all s5ses ) ease2 o!rs unconsci\sly "w out comb9ations1 pref]r+ "o s5se = "s k9ds ( mat]ial & ano!r = o!r k9ds4 ,= example1 "o might pref] visual impression = rememb]+ dates 9 hi/ory b auditory impression = conjugat+ ,fr5* v]bs4 ,y w f9d x pr(itable to exam9e y\rself & discov] y\r pref]5ces4 ,if y f9d t y h great] difficulty 9 rememb]+ mat]ial impress$ ?r\gh ! e> ?an ?r\gh ! eye1 r$uce ?+s to visual t]ms z mu* z possible4 ,make y\r lecture notes m complete or tabulate ?+s t y wi% to rememb]1 ?us secur+ impression f ! writt5 =m4 ,! writ] has difficulty 9 rememb]+ names t are only he>d4 ,s he asks t ! "n be spell$1 !n projects ! lett]s on an imag9>y backgr\nd1 ?us =m+ visual /uff :i* c easily be recall$4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 y rememb] be/ ! ?+s t y he>1 y may f9d x a good plan to read y\r lessons al\d4 ,_m a /ud5t1 ^u ! discov]y ( su* a pref]5ce1 has increas$ 8 memory ability _m fold by adopt+ ! simple exp$i5t ( read+ 8 lessons al\d4 ,x might be po9t$ out t :ile y are read+ al\d1 y are mak+ m ?an auditory impressions4 ,by ! use ( ! vocal organs y are mak+ muscul> impressions1 :i* also aid 9 le>n+1 z w be po9t$ out 9 ,*apt] ,x4 ,aft] ?is discussion d n jump to ! conclusion t j because y f9d "s difficulty 9 us+ "o s5se av5ue = impression1 x is !re=e impossible to develop x4 ,facility 9 us+ p>ticul> s5ses c be ga9$ by practice4 ,to improve ability to =m visual images ( ?+s1 practise call+ up visions ( ?+s4 ,try to picture a page ( y\r hi/ory textbook4 ,c y see ! headl9es ( ! sections & ! p>agraphs8 ,to develop auditory imag]y1 practise call+ up s\nds4 ,try to image y\r ,fr5* in/ructor's voice 9 say+ lve4 ,! developm5t ( ^! s5se fields is a sl[ & labori\s process & "o que/ions :e!r x is wor? :ile = a /ud5t to und]take ! labor involv$ :5 ano!r s5se is already v effici5t4 ,probably x is mo/ economical to ,arrange impressions s z to favor ! s5se t is already well develop$ & reliable4 ,ano!r important condition ( impression is repetition4 ,x is well kn[n t mat]ial :i* is repeat$ sev]al times is rememb]$ m easily ?an t impress$ b once4 ,if two repetitions induce a giv5 liability to recall1 f\r or eight w secure /ill great] liability ( recall4 ,y\r k ( bra9 action makes ?is rule intelligible1 because y "k ! pa?way is deep5$ e "t ! n]v\s curr5t passes ov] x4 ,exp]im5ts 9 ! psy*ological laboratory h %[n t x is be/ 9 mak+ impressions to make m ?an en\gh impressions to insure recall4 ,if mat]ial is to be reta9$ = any l5g? ( "t1 a simple ma/]y ( x = imm$iate recall is n suffici5t4 ,x %\ld be le>n$ f> beyond ! po9t ( imm$iate reproduction if "t & en]gy are to be sav$4 ,?is pr9ciple ( le>n+ po9ts out ! fact t !re are two k9ds ( memory--imm$iate & def]r$4 ,! fir/ k9d involves recall imm$iately aft] impression is made2 ! second involves recall at "s lat] "t4 ,x is a well-kn[n fact t ?+s le>n$ a long "t be=e !y are to be recall$ fade away4 ,if y are n go+ to recall mat]ial until a long "t aft] ! impression1 /ore up en\gh impressions s t y c af=d to lose a few & /ill reta9 en\gh until "t = recall4 ,ano!r reason = ov]le>n+ is t :5 ! "t comes = recall y are likely to be di/urb$4 ,if x is a "t ( public p]=mance1 y may be emb>rass$2 or y may be hurri$ or "u di/ractions4 ,accord+ly y %\ld h ! mat]ial exce$+ly well memoriz$ s t ^! di/ractions w n prove detrim5tal4 ,! m]e /atem5t made above1 t repetition is necess>y 9 impression1 is n suffici5t4 ,x is important to "k h[ to di/ribute ! repetitions4 ,suppose y are memoriz+ ,psalm ( ,life to be recit$ a mon? f to-day1 & t y require ?irty repetitions ( ! poem to le>n x4 ,%all y make ^! ?irty repetitions at "o sitt+8 ,or %all y di/ribute !m among sev]al sitt+s8 ,9 g5]al1 x is bett] to spread ! repetitions ov] a p]iod ( "t4 ,! "q !n arises1 :at is ! mo/ effective di/ribution8 ,v>i\s comb9ations are possible4 ,y might rehe>se ! poem once a day dur+ ! mon?1 or twice a day = ! fir/ fifte5 days1 or ! la/ fifte5 days1 f\r times e f\r? day1 ad inf9itum4 ,9 ! face ( ^! possibilities is !re any?+ t w guide u 9 di/ribut+ ! repetitions8 ,we %all get "s light on ! "q f an exam9ation ( ! curve ( =gett+--a curve t has be5 plott$ %[+ ! rate at :i* ! m9d t5ds to =get4 ,=gett+ proce$s accord+ to law1 ! curve desc5d+ rapidly at fir/ & !n m sl[ly4 ,! l>g] proportion ( ! mat]ial le>n$ is =gott5 ! fir/ day or s4 ,aft] t a con/antly decreas+ am\nt is =gott5 on ea* succe$+ day = p]haps a week1 :5 ! am\nt rema9s practically /ation>y4 ,?is gives u "s indication t ! e>ly repetitions %\ld be clos] toge!r ?an ^? at ! end ( ! p]iod4 ,s long z y are =gett+ rapidly y w ne$ m repetitions 9 ord] to c\nt]balance ! t5d5cy to =get4 ,y might well make five repetitions2 !n re/4 ,9 ab\t an h\r1 five m2 )9 ! next tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 five m4 ,by ?is "t y %\ld h ! poem memoriz$1 & all )9 two days4 ,y w\ld /ill h fifte5 repetitions ( ! ?irty1 & ^! might be us$ 9 keep+ ! poem fre% 9 ! m9d by a repetition e o!r day4 ,z intimat$ above1 "o important pr9ciple 9 memoriz+ is to make ! fir/ impressions z e>ly z possible1 = old] impressions h _m *ances ( be+ reta9$4 ,?is is evid5c$ by ! vividness ( *ildhood sc5es 9 ! m9ds ( our gr&p>5ts4 ,an old soldi] recalls ) great vividness ev5ts t happ5$ dur+ ! ,civil ,w>1 b =gets ev5ts ( ye/]day4 ,!re is involv$ "h a pr9ciple ( n]v\s action t y h already enc\nt]$2 namely1 t impressions are m easily made & reta9$ 9 y\?4 ,x %\ld also be obs]v$ t pa?ways made e>ly h m *ances ( be+ us$ ?an ^? made rec5tly4 ,/ill ano!r peculi>ity ( n]v\s action is reveal$ 9 ^! ext5d$ p]iods ( memoriz+4 ,x has be5 discov]$ t if a re/ is tak5 betwe5 impressions1 ! impressions become m firmly fix$4 ,?is po9ts to ! pres5ce ( a surpris+ p[]1 by :i* we are able to le>n1 z x 71 :ile we sleep4 ,we %all und]/& ?is bett] if we try to imag9e :at is happ5+ 9 ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,processes ( nutrition are con/antly go+ on4 ,! blood br+s 9 p>ticles to repair ! n]ve cells1 rebuild+ !m accord+ to ! patt]n left by ! la/ impression4 ,inde$1 ! entrance ( ?is new mat]ial makes ! impression ev5 m fix$4 ,! nutritional processes seem to set ! impression mu* z a hypo ba? fixes or sets an impression on a photographic plate4 ,?is peculi>ity ( memory l$ ,pr(essor ,james to sugge/1 p>adoxically1 t we le>n to skate 9 summ] & to swim 9 w9t]4 ,&1 inde$1 "o usually f9ds1 9 beg9n+ ! skat+ season1 t aft] ! initial /iffness ( muscles we>s (f1 "o glides along ) surpris+ agility4 ,y see !n t if y plan ?+s rightly1 ,nature w d mu* ( y\r le>n+ = y4 ,x might be sugge/$ t p]haps ?+s impress$ j be=e go+ to sleep h a bett] *ance to set ?an ?+s impress$ at o!r times = ! reason t sleep is ! "t :5 ! rep>ative processes ( ! body are mo/ active4 ,s9ce ! bra9 patt]n requires "t to set1 x is important t aft] ! fir/ impression y refra9 f introduc+ any?+ imm$iately into ! m9d t might di/urb x4 ,aft] y h impress$ ! poem y are memoriz+1 d n imm$iately foll[ x by ano!r poem4 ,let ! bra9 re/ = ?ree or f\r m9utes until aft] ! fir/ impressions h _h a *ance to set4 ,n[ t we h reg>d$ ?is unconsci\s memoriz+ f ! neurological /&po9t1 let u consid] x f ! psy*ological /&po9t4 ,h[ are ! ideas be+ modifi$ dur+ ! int]vals betwe5 impressions8 ,mod]n psy*ology has discov]$ t mu* memoriz+ goes on )\t our kn[+ x1 p>adoxical z t may seem4 ,! processes may be describ$ 9 t]ms ( ! doctr9e ( association1 :i* is t :5ev] two ?+s h once be5 associat$ toge!r 9 ! m9d1 !re is a t5d5cy !reaft] if ! fir/ ( !m recurs1 = ! o!r to come ) x4 ,aft] ! poem ( our illu/ration has once be5 repeat$1 !re is a t5d5cy = ev5ts 9 ev]yday exp]i5ce t are l x to associate !mselves ) x4 ,= example1 9 ! c\rse ( a day or week _m ?+s might arise & recall to y ! l9e1 ,life is real1 life is e>ne/1 & x w\ld become1 by t fact1 m firmly fix$ 9 ! m9d4 ,?is valuable semi-consci\s recall requires t y mu/ make ! fir/ impression z e>ly z possible be=e ! "t = ultimate recall4 ,?is p]si/5ce ( ideas 9 ! m9d means t ! process ( le>n+ does n cease ) ! actual "w ( le>n+1 b t1 if n di/urb$1 ?is process runs on ( itself = a "t1 & adds a little to ! result ( our labors4 ,x also means t1 if x is to our advantage to /& 9 read9ess ) "s ^w or ?\ght1 we %all be able to d s1 if only ?is ^w or ?\ght recur to u b once1 "s "t be=e ! critical mom5t4 ,s we rememb] to keep a promise to pay a call1 to make a rem>k at ! prop] "t1 ev5 ?\gh we turn our m9d to o!r "w or talk = "s h\rs betwe54 ,we c d ?is because1 if n vigor\sly prev5t$1 ideas & words keep on reappe>+ 9 ! m9d4 ,y may utilize ?is pr9ciple 9 !me-writ+ to good advantage4 ,z soon z ! in/ructor ann\nces ! subject = a !me1 beg9 to ?9k ab\t x4 ,ga!r toge!r all ! ideas y h ab\t ! subject & />t y\r m9d to "w ^u x4 ,suppose y take z a !me-subject ,! ,value ( ,tra9+ 9 ,public ,speak+ = a ,bus9ess ,man4 ,! fir/ "t ?is is sugge/$ to y1 a few ?\ghts1 at lea/1 w come to y4 ,write !m d[n1 ev5 ?\gh !y are disconnect$ & het]og5e\s4 ,!n z y g ab\t y\r o!r "w y w f9d a numb] ( occasions t w ar\se ideas be>+ ^u ?is subject4 ,y may read 9 a newspap] ( a brilliant spee* made be=e ! ,*amb] ( ,comm]ce by a lead+ bus9ess man1 :i* w s]ve z an illu/ration to support y\r affirmative position2 or y may att5d a banquet :]e a prom95t bus9ess man disappo9ts 8 audi5ce ) a wret*$ spee*4 ,su* exp]i5ces1 & _m o!rs1 be>+ m or less directly ^u ! subject1 w come to y1 & w call up ! !me-subject1 ) :i* !y w unite !mselves4 ,write d[n ^! ideas z !y occur1 & y w f9d t :5 y />t to compose ! !me =mally1 x almo/ writes itself1 requir+ = ! mo/ "p only expansion & arrangem5t ( ideas4 ,:ile ?us organiz+ ! !me y w reap ev5 m b5efits f y\r e>ly />t1 =1 z y are compos+ x1 y w f9d new ideas cr[d+ 9 ^u y :i* y did n "k y possess$1 b :i* _h be5 associat+ !mselves 9 y\r m9d ) ?is topic ev5 :5 y 7 unaw>e ( ! fact4 ,9 writ+ !mes1 ! pr9ciple ( di/ribution ( "t may also be pr(itably employ$4 ,aft] y h once writt5 a !me1 lay x aside = a :ile--p]haps a week4 ,!n :5 y take x up1 read x 9 a deta*$ mann] & y w note _m places :]e x may be improv$4 ,^! b5efits are to be enjoy$ only :5 a !me is plann$ a long "t ahead4 ,h5ce ! rule to />t z e>ly z possible4 ,be=e leav+ ! subject ( !me-writ+1 :i* 0 call$ up by ! discussion ( unconsci\s memory1 ano!r sugge/ion w be giv5 t may be ( s]vice to y4 ,:5 correct+ a !me1 employ m ?an "o s5se av5ue4 ,d n simply glance ov] x ) y\r eye4 ,read x al\d1 ei!r to y\rself or1 bett] /ill1 to someone else4 ,:5 y d ?is y w be amaz$ to discov] h[ diff]5t x s\nds & :at a new view y secure ( x4 ,:5 y ?us *ange y\r me?od ( composition1 y w f9d a new gr\p ( ideas ?rong+ into y\r m9d4 ,9 ! auditory r5dition ( a !me y w discov] faults ( syntax :i* escap$ y 9 sil5t read+4 ,y w note duplication ( words1 split inf9itives1 mix$ t5ses1 poorly balanc$ s5t5ces4 ,moreov]1 if y\r m9d has c]ta9 peculi>ities1 y may f9d ev5 m advantages accru+ f su* a practice4 ,! au?or1 = example1 has a slightly diff]5t set ( ideas at 8 disposal accord+ to ! m$ium ( expression employ$4 ,:5 writ+ ) a p5cil1 "o set ( ideas comes to m9d2 ) a typewrit] slightly diff]5t ideas arise2 :5 talk+ to an audi5ce1 /ill diff]5t ideas4 ,?ree sets ( ideas & ?ree vocabul>ies are ?us available = use on any subject4 ,9 adopt+ ?is device ( compos+ ?r\gh sev]al m$iums1 y %\ld comb9e ) x ! pr9ciple ( di/ribut+ "t already discuss$ 9 connection ) repetition ( impressions4 ,write a !me "o day1 !n lay x aside = a few days & g back to x ) a fre% m9d4 ,! re/s w be f\nd v b5eficial 9 help+ y to get a new viewpo9t ( ! subject4 ,rev]t+ to our discussion ( memory1 we come ^u ano!r "q3 ,9 memoriz+ mat]ial l ! poem ( our example1 %\ld "o impress ! entire poem at once1 or break x up into p>ts1 impress+ a /anza ea* day8 ,mo/ p w\ld respond1 )\t ?\ght1 ! latt]1 &1 z a matt] ( fact1 mo/ memoriz+ takes place 9 ?is way4 ,exp]im5tal psy*ology1 h[ev]1 has discov]$ t ?is is uneconomical4 ,! selection1 if ( mod]ate l5g?1 %\ld be impress$ z a :ole4 ,if too long = ?is1 x %\ld be brok5 up z little z possible4 ,9 ord] to see ! necessity = ?is let u exam9e y\r exp]i5ces ) ! memorization ( poems 9 y\r e>ly s*ool days4 ,y probably proce$$ z foll[s3 ,aft] s*ool "o day1 y le>n$ ! fir/ /anza1 !n w5t out to play4 ,! next day y le>n$ ! second "o1 & s on4 ,y ?\ght at ! end ( a week t y _h memoriz$ x because1 at ! end ( ea* day's sitt+1 y 7 able to recite p]fectly ! /anza le>n$ t day4 ,on speak+ day y />t$ out bravely & recit$ ! fir/ /anza )\t mi%ap4 ,:5 y />t$ to ?9k ( ! second "o1 h[ev]1 x w\ld n come4 ,! memory balk$4 ,n[ :at 0 ! matt]8 ,h[ c we expla9 ?is di/ress+ blank8 ,9 psy*ological t]ms1 we ascribe ! difficulty to ! failure to make prop] associations betwe5 /anzas4 ,association 0 made effectively betwe5 ! l9es ( ! s+le /anzas1 b n betwe5 ! sep>ate /anzas4 ,aft] y f9i%$ impress+ ! fir/ /anza1 y w5t ab\t some?+ else2 play+ ball1 p]haps4 ,:5 y approa*$ ! poem ! next day y />t$ 9 ) ! second /anza4 ,!re 0 !n no bridge betwe5 ! two4 ,!re 0 no?+ to l9k ! la/ l9e ( ! fir/ /anza1 ,& ?+s are n :at !y seem1 ) ! fir/ l9e ( ! next /anza1 ,life is real1 life is e>ne/4 ,?is makes cle> ! necessity ( impress+ ! poem z a :ole in/ead ( by p>ts4 ,accord+ to ano!r classification1 !re are two ways ( memoriz+--by rote & by logical associations4 ,rote memoriz+ involves ! repetition ( mat]ial j z x /&s1 & usually requires su* long & labori\s drill t x is seldom economical4 ,true1 "s matt] mu/ be memoriz$ ?is way2 su* z ! days ( ! week & ! names ( ! mon?s2 b !re is ano!r & g5tl] me?od :i* is usually m effective & economical ?an t ( brutal repetition4 ,t is ! me?od ( logical association1 by :i* "o l9ks up a new fact ) some?+ already 9 ! m9d4 ,if1 = example1 y wi% to rememb] ! date ( ! ,_w's ,fair 9 ,*icago1 y might proce$ z foll[s3 ,ask y\rself1 ,:at did ! ,fair commemorate8 ,! discov]y ( ,am]ica 9 #adib1 ! f\r hundr$? anniv]s>y occurr+ 9 #ahib4 ,! ,fair c\ld n be made ready 9 t ye>1 h[ev]1 s 0 po/pon$ a ye>4 ,su* a process ( memoriz+ ! date is less labori\s ?an ! me?od ( rote memory1 & is usually m likely to lead to ready recall4 ,! old fact already 9 m9d acts z a magnet :i* at "s lat] "t may call up o!r facts t _h once be5 associat$ ) x4 ,y c easily see t ?is new fact might h be5 associat$ ) sev]al old facts1 ?us secur+ m *ances ( be+ call$ up4 ,f ?is x may be inf]r$ t ! m facts y h 9 y\r m9d ab\t a subject ! m *ances y h ( reta9+ new facts4 ,x is sometimes ?\ght t if a p]son /ores s mu* 9 8 memory x w soon be s full t he _c memorize any m4 ,?is is a false notion1 involv+ a conception ( ! bra9 z a hopp] into :i* impressions are p\r$ until x runs ov]4 ,on ! contr>y1 x %\ld be reg>d$ z an int]lac+ ( fib]s ) inf9ite possibilities ( int]-connection1 & no "o ev] exhau/s ! numb] ( associations t c be made4 ,! me?od ( logical association may be employ$ ) tell+ effect 9 ! /udy ( =eign languages4 ,:5 y meet a new ^w scrut9ize x c>efully = "s trace ( a ^w already famili> to y ei!r 9 t language or 9 ano!r4 ,?is indep5d5t discov]y ( mean+s is a v great aid 9 sav+ "t & 9 fix+ ! mean+ ( new words4 ,opportunities = ?is me?od are especially frequ5t 9 ! ,g]man language1 s9ce s _m ,g]man words are =m$ by comp\nd+ o!r words4 ,ra?ausm>kt is a long & app>5tly difficult ,g]man ^w1 & "o's fir/ temptation is to look x up 9 ! lexicon & promptly =get x4 ,let u analyze x1 h[ev]1 & we %all see t x is only a comp\nd ( already famili> words4 ,rat is already famili> z ! ^w = c\nsel 7rat5 to give advice72 haus is equally famili>4 ,s we see t ! fir/ "p ( ! ^w means c\ncil-h\se2 ! c\ncil-h\se ( a city is call$ a city hall4 ,m>kt is equally famili> z m>ket-squ>e1 s ! significance ( ! entire ^w /&s1 city-hall-squ>e4 ,by su* a me?od ( utiliz+ facts already kn[n1 y may make y\rself mu* m indep5d5t ( ! lexicon & may make y\r memory = =eign words mu* m t5aci\s4 ,we approa* a phase ( impression ! importance ( :i* is (t5 unsuspect$2 namely1 ! int5tion ) :i* memoriz+ is done4 ,! fidelity ( memory is greatly affect$ by ! int5tion4 ,if1 at ! "t ( impression1 y int5d to reta9 only until ! "t ( recall1 ! mat]ial t5ds to slip away aft] t "t4 ,if1 h[ev]1 y impress ) ! int5tion to reta9 p]man5tly ! mat]ial /ays by y bett]4 ,/ud5ts make a great mi/ake :5 !y /udy = ! purpose m]ely ( reta9+ until aft] exam9ation "t4 ,int5d to reta9 facts p]man5tly1 & !re w be great] likelihood ( _! p]man5ce4 ,,read+s ,,& ,,ex]cises ,read+s3 ,adams 7#a7 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,sea%ore 7#af7 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,swift 7#bj7 ,*apt] ,,vii4 ,watt 7#ba74 ,ex]cise ,i4 ,cite examples f y\r own exp]i5ce %[+ ! effects ( ! foll[+ faults 9 mak+ impressions4 a4 ,fir/ impression n cle>4 b4 ,insuffici5t numb] ( repetitions4 c4 ,use ( rote me?od in/ead ( me?od ( logical association4 d4 ,impressions n di/ribut$4 e4 ,improp] use ( "p me?od4 ,ex]cise #b4 ,aft] exp]im5tation1 /ate :at is y\r mo/ effective s5se av5ue = ! impression ( =eign words1 facts 9 hi/ory1 ! pronunciation ( ,engli% words4 ,ex]cise #c4 ,make a prelim9>y draft ( y\r next !me2 lay x aside = a day or two2 !n write ano!r on ! same subject2 comb9e ! two1 us+ ! be/ p>ts ( ea*2 lay ?is aside = a day or two2 !n read x al\d1 mak+ su* *anges z are prompt$ by ! auditory pres5tation4 ,c y f9d elem5ts ( wor? 9 ?is me?od1 :i* w w>rant y 9 adopt+ x1 at lea/1 9 "p8 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,second ,,aids ,,to ,,memory3 ,,ret5tion1 ,,recall ,,& ,,recognition ,our discussion up to ?is po9t has c5tr$ ar\nd ! phase ( memory call$ impression4 ,we h describ$ "s ( ! conditions favorable to impression & h se5 t c]ta9 & accurate memory dep5ds ^u adh]5ce to !m4 ,! next phase ( memory--,ret5tion--_c be describ$ 9 psy*ological t]ms4 ,we "k we reta9 facts aft] !y are once impress$1 b z to _! /atus 9 ! m9d we c say no?+4 ,if y 7 ask$ :5 ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce 0 sign$1 y w\ld reply in/antly4 ,:5 ask$1 h[ev]1 :]e t fact 0 five m9utes ago1 y c\ld n answ]4 ,some:]e 9 ! recesses ( ! m9d1 p]haps1 b z to imm$iate aw>5ess ( x1 !re 0 none4 ,we may try to ?9k ( ret5tion 9 t]ms ( n]ve cells & say t at ! "t :5 ! mat]ial 0 fir/ impress$ !re 0 "s modification made 9 c]ta9 n]ve cells :i* p]si/$4 ,?is trait ( n]ve modifiability is "o factor :i* acc\nts = great] ret5tive p[] 9 "s p]sons ?an 9 o!rs4 ,x mu/ n be conclud$1 h[ev]1 t all good memory is due to ! inh]itance ( ?is trait4 ,x is due p>tly to obs]vance ( prop] conditions ( impression1 & mu* c be done to ov]come or (fset innate difficulty ( modification by su* obs]vance4 ,we are n[ ready to exam9e ! ?ird phase ( memory--,recall4 ,?is is ! /age at :i* mat]ial t has be5 impress$ & reta9$ is recall$ to s]ve ! purpose = :i* x 0 memoriz$4 ,recall is ?us ! goal ( memory1 & all ! devices s f> discuss$ h x = _! object4 ,c we facilitate recall by any o!r means ?an by fai?ful & intellig5t impressions8 ,= answ] let u exam9e ! /ate ( m9d at "t ( recall4 ,we f9d t x is a unique m5tal /ate4 ,x diff]s f impression 9 be+ a p]iod ( m active se>* = facts 9 ! m9d accompani$ by expression1 in/ead ( a conc5tration ^u ! ext]nal impression4 ,x is also usually accompani$ by motor expressions1 ei!r talk+ or writ+4 ,s9ce recall is a unique m5tal /ate1 y ought to prep>e = x by means ( a rehe>sal4 ,:5 y are memoriz+ any?+ to be recall$1 make "p ( y\r memoriz+ a rehe>sal ( x1 if possible1 "u same conditions z f9al recall4 ,9 memoriz+ f a book1 fir/ make impression1 !n close ! book & practise recall4 ,:5 memoriz+ a selection to be giv5 9 a public speak+ class1 int]sp]se ! p]iods ( impression ) p]iods ( recall4 ,?is is especially necess>y 9 prep>ation = public speak+1 = fac+ an audi5ce gives rise to a va/ly diff]5t psy*ic attitude f t ( impression4 ,! sight ( an audi5ce may be emb>rass+ or excit+4 ,fur!rmore1 un=ese5 di/ractions may arise4 ,accord+ly1 create ^? conditions z ne>ly z possible 9 y\r prep>ation4 ,imag9e y\rself fac+ ! audi5ce4 ,practise al\d s t y w become accu/om$ to ! s\nd ( y\r own voice4 ,! importance ( ! practice ( recall z a "p ( ! memory process c h>dly be ov]e/imat$4 ,"o psy*ologi/ has advis$ t 9 memoriz+ significant mat]ial m ?an half ! "t %\ld be sp5t 9 practis+ recall4 ,!re /ill rema9s a f\r? phase ( memory--,recognition4 ,:5ev] a rememb]$ fact is recall$1 x is accompani$ by a *>act]i/ic feel+ :i* we call ! feel+ ( recognition4 ,x has be5 describ$ z a feel+ ( famili>ity1 a gl[ ( w>m?1 a s5se ( own]%ip1 a feel+ ( intimacy4 ,z y walk d[n ! /reet ( a great city y pass hundr$s ( faces1 all ( !m /range4 ,sudd5ly 9 ! cr[d y cat* sight ( "s "o y "k & are in/antly suffus$ ) a gl[ ( feel+ t is m>k$ly diff]5t f y\r feel+ t[>d ! o!rs4 ,t gl[ repres5ts ! feel+ ( recognition4 ,x is always pres5t dur+ recall & may be us$ 9 great advantage 9 /udy+4 ,x d]ives its virtue = our purpose f ! fact t x is a feel+1 & at ! "t ( feel+ ! bodily activities 9 g5]al are affect$4 ,*anges occur 9 he>t beat1 brea?+2 v>i\s gl&ul> secretions are affect$1 ! dige/ive organs respond4 ,9 ?is g5]al quick5+ ( bodily activity we h reason to believe t ! n]v\s sy/em p>takes1 & ?+s become impress$ m readily4 ,?us ! feel+ ( recognition t accompanies recall is responsible = "o ( ! b5efits ( reviews4 ,at su* a "t mat]ial once memoriz$ becomes t+$ ) a feel+ful color diff]5t f t :i* accompani$ x :5 new4 ,review1 !n1 n m]ely to produce additional impressions1 b also to take advantage ( ! feel+ ( recognition4 ,we h n[ discuss$ memory 9 its f\r phases & h se5 cle>ly t x op]ates n 9 a bl9d1 *aotic mann]1 b accord+ to law4 ,c]ta9 conditions are requir$ & :5 !y are met memory is good4 ,aft] provid+ prop] conditions = memory1 !n1 tru/ y\r memory4 ,an attitude ( confid5ce is v necess>y4 ,if1 :5 y are memoriz+1 y cont9ually tremble = fe> t y w n recall at ! desir$ mom5t1 ! fix$ness ( ! impression w be greatly h9d]$4 ,!re=e1 aft] utiliz+ all y\r k ab\t ! conditions ( memoriz+1 re/ cont5t & tru/ to ! laws ( ,nature4 ,!y w n fail y4 ,by ?is "t y h se5 t memory is n a my/]i\s m5tal faculty ) :i* "s p are g5]\sly end[$1 & ( :i* o!rs are depriv$4 ,all p ( normal intellig5ce c rememb] & c improve _! ability if !y desire4 ,! improvem5t does n take ! =m t "s p expect1 h[ev]4 ,no magic w& c trans=m y into a good memorizes ,y mu/ "w ! trans=mation y\rself4 ,fur!rmore1 x is n an in/antane\s process to be accompli%$ ov]night4 ,x w come ab\t only aft] y h built up a set ( habits1 accord+ to our conception ( /udy z a process ( habit =mation4 ,a f9al ^w ( caution %\ld be add$4 ,"s p ?9k ( memory z a sep>ate division or comp>tm5t ( ! m9d :i* c be controll$ & improv$ by ex]cis+ x alone4 ,su* a conception is fallaci\s4 ,improvem5t 9 memory w involve improvem5t 9 o!r m5tal abilities1 & y w f9d t z y improve y\r ability to rememb]1 y w develop at ! same "t bett] p[]s to conc5trate att5tion1 to image1 to associate facts & to reason4 ,,read+ ,,& ,,ex]cise ,read+3 ,see read+s = ,*apt] ,,vi4 ,ex]cise ,i4 ,comp>e ! m5tal conditions ( impression ) ^? ( recall4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,conc5tration ,,( ,,att5tion ,ne>ly ev]yone has difficulty 9 ! conc5tration ( att5tion4 ,bra9 work]s 9 bus9ess & indu/ry1 /ud5ts 9 high s*ool & college1 & ev5 pr(essors 9 univ]sities1 compla9 ( ! same difficulty4 ,att5tion seems 9 "s way to be at ! v core ( m5tal activity1 = no matt] f :at aspect we view ! m9d1 its excell5ce seems to dep5d ^u ! p[] to conc5trate att5tion4 ,:5 we exam9e a gr[+ infant1 "o ( ! fir/ signs by :i* we judge ! awak5+ ( intellig5ce is ! p[] to pay att5tion or to notice ?+s4 ,:5 we exam9e ! intellectual ability ( normal adults we d s by means ( te/s t require close conc5tration ( att5tion4 ,9 judg+ ! intellig5ce ( p ) :om we associate e day1 we reg>d "o :o is able to ma9ta9 close att5tion = long p]iods ( "t z a p]son ( /rong m9d4 ,we rate ,?omas ,edison z a p[]ful ?9k] :5 we read t he becomes s absorb$ 9 "w t he nei!r eats nor sleeps4 ,f9ally1 :5 we exam9e ! insane & ! feeble-m9d$1 we f9d t "o =m :i* _! d]angem5ts take is an inability to control ! att5tion4 ,?is evid5ce1 add$ to our own exp]i5ce1 %[s u ! importance ( conc5tration ( att5tion 9 /udy & we become ev5 m desir\s ( inve/igat+ att5tion to see h[ we may develop x4 ,we %all be bett] able to discuss att5tion if we select = analysis a concrete situation :5 ! m9d is 9 a /ate ( conc5trat$ att5tion4 ,conc5trate = a mom5t ^u ! lett] ,o4 ,al?\gh y are o/5sibly focuss+ all y\r p[]s ( att5tion ^u ! lett]1 nev]!less y are really aw>e ( a numb] ( ?+s besides3 ( o!r words on ! page2 ( o!r objects 9 ! field ( vision2 ( s\nds 9 ! room & on ! /reet2 ( s5sations f y\r clo?+2 & ( s5sations f y\r bodily organs1 su* z ! he>t & lungs4 ,9 addition to ^! s5sations1 y w f9d1 if y introspect c>efully en\gh1 t y\r m9d also conta9s a numb] ( ideas & imag9+s2 ?\ghts ab\t ! p>agraph y j read or ab\t "o ( y\r lessons4 ,?us we see t at a "t :5 we app>5tly focus our att5tion ^u b "o ?+1 we really h a l>ge numb] ( ?+s 9 our m9d1 & !y are ( a great v>iety4 ,! m5tal field might be repres5t$ by a circle1 at ! c5tre ( :i* is ! object ( att5tion4 ,x may be an object 9 ! ext]nal _w p]ceiv$ ?r\gh "o ( ! s5ses1 or x may be an idea we are ?9k+ ab\t1 su*1 = example1 z ! idea ( inf9ity4 ,b :e!r ! ?+ att5d$ to is a p]ception or an idea1 we may prop]ly speak ( x z ! object ( att5tion or ! focal object4 ,9 addition to ?is1 we mu/ recognize ! pres5ce ( a l>ge numb] ( o!r objects1 bo? s5sory & ideational4 ,^! are ne>] ! m>g9 ( ! m5tal field1 s we call !m m>g9al4 ,! di/9ctive ?+ ab\t a /ate ( m9d su* z t j describ$ is t ! focal object is mu* cle>] ?an ! m>g9al objects4 ,= example1 :5 y fixat$ ! lett] ,o1 x 0 only 9 ! vague/ sort ( fa%ion t y 7 aw>e ( ! contact ( y\r clo?+ or ! lurk+ ideas ( o!r lessons4 ,z we exam9e ^! m>g9al objects fur!r1 we f9d t !y are cont9ually seek+ to cr[d into ! c5tre ( att5tion & to become cle>4 ,y may be help$ 9 =m+ a vivid picture ( conditions if y ?9k ( ! m9d z a /ream ev] 9 motion1 & z x fl[s on1 ! objects 9 x cont9ually %ift _! positions4 ,a cross-section ( ! /ream at any mom5t may %[ ! cont5ts ( ! m9d arrang$ 9 a p>ticul> patt]n1 b at ! v next mom5t !y may be arrang$ 9 a diff]5t patt]n1 ano!r object occupy+ ! focus1 :ile ! previ\s t5ant is pu%$ to ! m>g94 ,?us we see t x is a t5d5cy ( ! m9d to be =ev] *ang+4 ,if left to itself1 x w\ld be 9 ceaseless fluctuation1 ! :im ( e pass+ fancy4 ,?is t5d5cy to fluctuate comes ) m or less regul>ity1 "s psy*ologi/s say e second or two4 ,true1 we d n always yield to ! fluctuat+ t5d5cy1 nev]!less we are recurr5tly tempt$1 & we mu/ ex]cise cont9u\s ef=t to keep a p>ticul> object at ! focus4 ,! p[] to ex]t ef=t & to regulate ! arrangem5t ( our /ates ( m9d is ! peculi> gift ( man1 & is a prime function ( education4 ,view$ 9 ?is light1 !n1 we see t ! volunt>y focus+ ( our att5tion consi/s 9 ! select+ ( c]ta9 objects to be att5d$ to1 & ! ignor+ ( o!r objects :i* act z di/ractions4 ,we may conv5i5tly classify ! latt] z ext]nal s5sations1 bodily s5sations & irrelevant ideas4 ,let u take an actual situation t may arise 9 /udy & see h[ ?is applies4 ,suppose y are 9 y\r room /udy+ ab\t ,*>lemagne1 a page ( y\r hi/ory text occupy+ ! c5tre ( y\r att5tion4 ,! m>g9al di/ractions 9 su* a case w\ld consi/1 fir/1 9 ext]nal s5sations1 su* z ! gl>e f y\r /udy-lamp1 ! hiss+ ( ! radiator1 ! practis+ ( a neighbor+ vocali/1 ! rattle ( pass+ /reet-c>s4 ,! bodily di/ractions might consi/ ( s5sations ( we>9ess ref]r$ to ! back1 ! arms & ! eyes1 & fa9t] s5sations f ! dige/ive organs1 he>t & lungs4 ,! irrelevant ideas might consi/ ( ?\ghts ab\t a ,g]man lesson :i* y are go+ to /udy1 visions ( a face1 or ?\ghts ab\t "s social engagem5t4 ,^! m>g9al objects are 9 ! m9d ev5 :5 y consci5ti\sly focus y\r m9d ^u ! hi/ory lesson1 &1 ?\gh vague1 !y try to =ce _! way into ! focus & become cle>4 ,! task ( pay+ att5tion1 !n1 consi/s 9 ma9ta9+ ! desir$ object at ! c5tre ( ! m5tal field & keep+ ! di/ractions away4 ,) ?is def9ition ( att5tion1 we see t 9 ord] to increase ! effectiv5ess ( att5tion dur+ /udy1 we mu/ devise means = ov]com+ ! di/ractions peculi> to /udy4 ,obvi\sly ! fir/ ?+ is to elim9ate e di/raction possible4 ,su* a plan ( elim9ation may require a radical re>rangem5t ( /udy conditions1 = /ud5ts (t5 fail to realize h[ wret*$ _! conditions ( /udy are f a psy*ological /&po9t4 ,!y attempt to /udy 9 rooms ) two or ?ree o!rs :o talk & move ab\t cont9ually2 !y drop d[n 9 any spot 9 ! libr>y & expose !mselves ne$lessly to a great numb] ( di/ractions4 ,if y wi% to become a good /ud5t1 y mu/ prep>e conditions z favorable z possible = /udy4 ,*oose a quiet room to live 91 free f di/ract+ s\nds & sights4 ,h y\r room at a temp]ature nei!r too hot nor too cold2 #fh ,f4 is usually consid]$ favorable = /udy4 ,:5 read+ 9 ! libr>y1 sit d[n 9 a quiet spot1 ) y\r back to ! door1 s y w n be tempt$ to look up z p ent] ! room4 ,d n sit ne> a gr\p ( gossip]s or ne> a creak+ door4 ,hav+ made ! ext]nal conditions favorable = /udy1 y %\ld next address y\rself to ! task ( elim9at+ bodily di/ractions4 ,! mo/ di/urb+ ( ^! 9 /udy are s5sations ( fatigue1 =1 contr>y to ! op9ion ( _m p1 /udy is v fatigu+ "w & involves cont9ual /ra9 ^u ! muscles 9 hold+ ! body /ill1 p>ticul>ly ^? ( ! back1 neck1 arms1 h&s &1 above all1 ! eyes4 ,h[ _m movem5ts are made by y\r eyes 9 ! c\rse ( an h\r's /udy6 ,!y sweep back & =? across ! page incessantly1 be+ mov$ by six muscles :i* are b\nd to become fatigu$4 ,/ill m fatigue comes f ! contractions ( delicate muscles )9 ! eyeball1 :]e adju/m5ts are made = f> & ne> vision & = v>y+ am\nts ( light4 ,! eyes1 !n1 give rise to mu* fatigue1 &1 altoge!r1 are ! s\rce ( a great _m bodily di/ractions 9 /udy4 ,o!r di/ractions may consi/ ( s5sations f ! clo?+4 ,we are always vaguely aw>e ( pressure ( our clo?+4 ,usually x is n suffici5tly noticeable to cause mu* annoyance1 b occasionally x is1 z is demon/rat$ at night :5 we take (f a %oe ) su* a sigh ( relief t we realize 9 retrospect x _h be5 vaguely tr\bl+ u all day4 ,9 try+ to create conditions = effici5t /udy1 _m bodily di/ractions c be elim9at$4 ,! /udy *air %\ld be easy to sit 9 s z to r$uce fatigue ( ! muscles support+ ! body2 ! book-re/ %\ld be arrang$ s z to require little ef=t to hold ! book2 ! light %\ld come ov] ! left %\ld]4 ,?is is especially necess>y 9 writ+1 s t ! writ+ h& w n ca/ a %ad[ ^u ! "w4 ,! muscles ( ! eyes w be re/$ & fatigue w be ret>d$ if y close ! eyes occasionally4 ,!n 9 ord] to less5 ! g5]al fatigue ( ! body1 y may f9d x advantage\s to rise & walk ab\t occasionally4 ,la/ly1 ! clo?+ %\ld be loose & unconf9+2 especially %\ld !re be pl5ty ( room = circulation4 ,9 ! ov]com+ ( di/ractions1 we h se5 t mu* may be done by way ( elim9at+ di/ractions1 & we h po9t$ out ! way to accompli% ?is to a c]ta9 ext5t4 ,b 9 spite ( our mo/ c>eful provisions1 !re w /ill be di/ractions t _c be elim9at$4 ,y _c1 = example1 *lor(orm ! vocali/ 9 ! neighbor+ ap>tm5t1 nor /op ! /reet-c>s :ile y /udy2 y _c rule out fatigue s5sations entirely1 & y _c build a f5ce ar\nd ! focus ( y\r m9d s z to keep out unwelcome & irrelevant ideas4 ,! only ?+ to d !n is to accept z inevitable ! pres5ce ( "s di/ractions1 & to realise t to pay att5tion1 x is necess>y to habituate y\rself to ! ignor+ ( di/ractions4 ,9 ! accompli%m5t ( ?is end x w be necess>y to apply ! pr9ciples ( habit =mation already describ$4 ,/>t out by mak+ a /rong det]m9ation to ignore all di/ractions4 ,practise ignor+ !m1 & d n let a slip occur4 ,try to develop int]e/ 9 ! object ( att5tion1 because we pay att5tion to ^? ?+s 9 :i* we are mo/ int]e/$4 ,a f9al po9t t may help y is to use ! fir/ lapse ( att5tion z a rem9d] ( ! object y desire to fixate ^u4 ,?is may be illu/rat$ by ! foll[+ example3 ,suppose1 9 /udy+ a hi/ory lesson1 y come ^u a ref]5ce to ! royal app>el ( ,*>lemagne4 ,! ^w royal might call up purple1 a ,nor?we/]n ,univ]sity p5nant1 ! p]son :o gave x to y1 & be=e y "k x y are (f 9 a long day-dream lead+ f> f ! hi/ory lesson4 ,su* migrations z ^! are v likely to occur 9 /udy1 & con/itute "o ( ! mo/ trea*]\s pitfalls ( /ud5t life4 ,9 try+ to avoid !m1 y mu/ =m habits ( disreg>d+ irrelevant ideas :5 !y try to obtrude !mselves4 ,& ! way to d ?is is to s*ool y\rself s t ! fir/ lapse ( att5tion w rem9d y ( ! lesson 9 h&4 ,x c be done if y keep y\rself s5sitive to w&]+s ( att5tion1 & let ! fir/ slip f ! topic ) :i* y are engag$ rem9d y to pull y\rself back4 ,d ?is be=e y h tak5 ! /ep t w c>ry y f> away1 = ) ea* /ep 9 ! s]ies ( associations x becomes h>d] to draw y\rself back into ! correct *annel4 ,9 read+1 "o frequ5t cause = lapses ( att5tion & = ! intrusion ( unwelcome ideas is obscurity 9 ! mat]ial be+ read4 ,if y trace back y\r lapses ( att5tion1 y w (t5 f9d t !y fir/ occur :5 ! ?\ght becomes difficult to foll[1 ! s5t5ce ambigu\s1 or a s+le ^w unusual4 ,z a result1 ! mean+ gr[s hazy 9 y\r m9d & y fail to compreh5d x4 ,naturally1 !n1 y drift into a *annel ( ?\ght t is easi] to foll[4 ,?is happ5s because ! m5tal /ream t5ds to seek *annels ( lea/ resi/ance4 ,if y introspect c>efully1 y w und\bt$ly discov] t _m ( y\r annoy+ lapses ( att5tion c be trac$ to su* conditions4 ,! obvi\s rem$y is to make sure t y und]/& ev]y?+ z y read4 ,z soon z y feel ! ?\ght gr[+ difficult to foll[1 beg9 to ex]t m ef=t2 consult ! diction>y = ! mean+s ( words y d n und]/&4 ,probably ! ord9>y fre%man 9 college ought to look up ! mean+ ( z _m z tw5ty words daily4 ,aga91 ! ?\ght may be difficult to foll[ because y\r previ\s k is defici5t2 p]haps ! discussion involves "s fact :i* y nev] did compreh5d cle>ly1 & y w naturally fail to und]/& some?+ built ^u x4 ,if defici5cy ( k is ! cause ( y\r lapses ( att5tion1 ! obvi\s rem$y is to turn back & /udy ! fundam5tal facts2 to lay a firm f\ndation 9 y\r subjects ( /udy4 ,?is discussion %[s t ! conditions at "t ( conc5trat$ att5tion are v complex2 t ! m9d is full ( a numb] ( ?+s2 t y\r object z a /ud5t is to keep "s "o ?+ at ! focus ( y\r m9d1 & t 9 do+ s y mu/ cont9u\sly ignore o!r m5tal cont5ts4 ,9 our psy*ological descriptions we h impli$ t ! m9d /&s /ill at times1 p]mitt+ u to take a cross-section & exam9e x m9utely4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! m9d nev] /&s /ill4 ,x cont9ually moves along1 & at no two mom5ts is x exactly ! same4 ,?is results 9 a condition :]eby an idea :i* is at "o mom5t at ! c5tre _c rema9 !re unless x takes on a slightly diff]5t appe>ance f mom5t to mom5t4 ,:5 y attempt$ to fix y\r att5tion ^u ! lett] ,o1 y f\nd a con/ant t5d5cy to %ift ! att5tion1 p]haps to a v>iation 9 ! int5sity ( ! type or to a flaw 9 ! type or 9 ! pap]4 ,9 view ( ! inevitable nature ( ^! *anges1 y see t 9 spite ( y\r be/ ef=ts y _c expect to ma9ta9 any object ( /udy inflexibly at ! c5tre ( att5tion4 ,! way to d is to manipulate ! object s t x w appe> f mom5t to mom5t 9 a slightly diff]5t light4 ,if1 = example1 y are try+ to conc5trate ^u a rule ( ,engli% gramm> long en\gh to memorize x1 d n read x ov] & ov] aga91 dep5d+ solely ^u repetition4 ,a bett] way1 aft] ?or\ghly compreh5d+ x1 is to ?9k ab\t x 9 sev]al relations2 comp>e x ) o!r rules1 not+ po9ts ( lik5ess & diff]5ce2 apply x to ! con/ruction ( a s5t5ce4 ,! ess5tial ?+ is to d some?+ ) x4 ,only ?us c y keep x 9 ! focus ( att5tion4 ,?is is equival5t to ! re/atem5t ( ano!r fact /ress$ 9 a previ\s *apt]1 namely1 t ! m9d is n a passive ?+ t /&s /ill1 b an active ?+4 ,:5 y give att5tion1 y actively select f a numb] ( possible objects "o to be cle>] ?an ! re/4 ,?is selection requires ef=t "u mo/ conditions ( /udy1 b y may be *e]$ by ! ?\ght t z y develop int]e/ 9 ! fields ( /udy1 & z y develop habits ( ignor+ di/ractions1 y w be able to fixate y\r att5tion ) less & less ef=t4 ,a fur!r important fact is t z y develop p[] to select objects = ! consid]ation ( att5tion1 y develop simultane\sly o!r m5tal processes--! ability to memorize1 to economize "t & ef=t & to control future ?\ghts & actions4 ,9 %ort1 p[] to conc5trate att5tion means p[] 9 all ! m5tal processes4 ,,ex]cises ,ex]cise ,i4 ,wat* a small dot s f> away t x c j be se54 ,c y see x all ! "t8 ,h[ _m times a m9ute does x come & g8 ,make :at inf]5ce y c f ?is reg>d+ ! fluctuation ( att5tion dur+ /udy4 ,ex]cise #b4 ,:at concrete /eps w y take 9 ord] to accommodate y\r /udy to ! fluctuations ( att5tion8 ,ex]cise #c4 ,! next "t y h a lapse ( att5tion dur+ /udy1 retrace y\r /eps ( ?\ght1 write d[n ! ideas f ! la/ "o 9 y\r m9d to ! "o :i* />t$ ! digression4 ,repres5t ! digression graphically if y c4 ,ex]cise #d4 ,make a li/ ( ! ?+s t mo/ p]si/5tly di/ract y\r att5tion dur+ /udy4 ,:at specific /eps w y take to elim9ate !m2 to ignore ! unavoidable ones8 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,h[ ,,we ,,reason ,if y 7 ask$ to describe ! mo/ emb>rass+ ( y\r class-room exp]i5ces1 y w\ld probably cite ! occasions :5 ! in/ructor asks y a s]ies ( que/ions dem&+ close reason+4 ,z he p9s y d[n to /atem5t ( facts & =ces y to draw valid conclusions1 y feel 9 a mo/ p]plex$ frame ( m9d4 ,ei!r y f9d y\rself unable to give reasons1 or y entangle y\rself 9 contradictions4 ,9 %ort1 y fl\nd] ab\t helplessly & feel z ?\gh ! bottom ( y\r %ip ( k has dropp$ out4 ,& :5 ! ordeal is ov] & y h made a mis]able bot* ( a recitation :i* y ?\ght y _h be5 p]fectly prep>$ =1 y compla9 t if ! in/ructor _h foll[$ ! book1 or if he _h ask$ /raight que/ions1 y w\ld h answ]$ e "o p]fectly1 hav+ memoriz$ ! lesson ^w = ^w4 ,?is compla9t1 s (t5 voic$ by /ud5ts1 reveals ! fundam5tal *>act]i/ic :i* di/+ui%es ! m5tal op]ation ( reason+ f ! o!rs we h /udi$4 ,9 reason+ we face a new k9d ( situation pres5t+ difficulties n enc\nt]$ 9 ! simpl] processes ( s5sation1 memory1 & imag]y1 & :5 we attempt to sub/itute ^! simple processes = reason+1 we fail mis]ably1 = ! two k9ds ( processes are ess5tially diff]5t1 & _c be sub/itut$ "o = ! o!r4 ,broadly speak+1 ! m5tal activities ( /udy may be divid$ into two gr\ps1 :i*1 = want ( bett] names1 we %all call processes ( acquisition & processes ( con/ruction4 ,! m5tal attitude ( ! fir/ is t ( acquirem5t4 ,sometimes our ma9 bus9ess seems to be to acquire k2 c]ta9 matt]s are plac$ be=e u 9 books or by our tea*]s1 & we are requir$ to ma/] !m1 to make !m "p ( our /ock ( k4 ,at o!r times we are call$ ^u to use ! k we already possess 9 ord] to atta9 "s end t is set be=e u4 ,9 geography1 = example1 s long z we are m]ely le>n+ ! b>e facts ( ! subject1 ! size & cont\rs ( ! diff]5t cont95ts1 ! political divisions1 ! natural features1 we are at ! acquisitive /age4 ,b :5 we g on to try to f9d out ! reasons :y c]ta9 facts t we h le>n$ %\ld be z !y are & n o!rwise1 we pass to ! con/ructive /age4 ,we are work+ con/ructively :5 we seek to discov] :y x is t great cities are s (t5 f\nd on ! banks ( riv]s1 :y p59sulas m frequ5tly turn s\?w>d ?an nor?w>d4 ,y readily see t ?is con/ructive me?od ( /udy involves ! sett+ & solv+ ( problems z its di/+ui%+ feature1 & t 9 ! solution ( ^! problems we make use ( reason4 ,a little reflection w %[ t ?\gh !re is a di/9ct diff]5ce betwe5 processes ( acquisition & ( con/ruction1 nev]!less ! two mu/ n be reg>d$ z entirely sep>ate f ea* o!r4 ,9 acquir+ new facts we mu/ always use a little reason1 :ile 9 con/ructive "w1 we _c always rely ^u hav+ all ! necess>y matt] ready to h&4 ,we h frequ5tly to /op our con/ructive "w = a little 9 ord] to acquire "s new facts t we f9d to be necess>y4 ,?us we acquire a c]ta9 numb] ( new facts :ile we are reason+ ab\t ?+s1 & :ile we are engag$ 9 acquir+ new matt] we mu/ use our reason at lea/ to "s small ext5t4 ,! two ov]lap1 !n4 ,b !re is a diff]5ce betwe5 !m f ! /&po9t ( ! /ud5t1 & ! t]ms d5ote two fundam5tally diff]5t attitudes :i* /ud5ts take 9 /udy4 ,! two attitudes may be illu/rat$ by contra/+ ! two me?ods (t5 us$ 9 /udy+ geometry4 ,"s /ud5ts memorize ! !orem & ! /eps 9 ! demon/ration1 recit+ !m v]batim at class-h\r4 ,o!rs d n memorize1 b reason out ea* /ep to see its relation to ! prec$+ /ep1 & :5 !y see x mu/ necess>ily foll[1 !y pass on to ! next & d ! same4 ,^! two types ( /ud5ts app>5tly arrive at ! same conclusions1 b ! m5tal op]ations lead+ up to ! ,q4,e4,d4 ( ea* are va/ly diff]5t4 ,! "o /ud5t does 8 /udy+ by ! rote memory me?od1 ! o!r by ! road ( reason+4 ,! =m] road is usually consid]$ ! easi]1 & s we f9d x mo/ frequ5tly foll[$4 ,to memorize a table1 a def9ition1 or a s]ies ( dates is relatively easy4 ,"o kn[s exactly :]e "o is1 & c keep track ( "o's progress & te/ "o's success4 ,"s p are attract$ by su* a task & are p]fectly happy to foll[ ?is plan ( /udy4 ,! k9d ( m9d t cont5ts itself ) su* phonographic records1 h[ev]1 mu/ be ackn[l$g$ to be a commonplace sort ( affair4 ,we recognize its limitations 9 ord9>y life1 inv>iably rat+ x l[] ?an ! m9d t c reason to new conclusions & "w indep5d5tly4 ,accord+ly1 if we wi% to possess m9ds ( sup]ior quality1 we see t we mu/ develop ! reason+ processes4 ,:5 we exam9e ! m5tal processes by :i* we ?9k con/ructively1 or1 9 o!r words1 reason1 we f9d fir/ ( all t !re is recognition ( a problem to be solv$4 ,:5 we />t to reason1 we d x because we f9d ourselves 9 a situation f :i* we mu/ extricate ourselves4 ,! situation may be physical1 z :5 our automobile /ops sudd5ly on a c\ntry road2 or x may be m5tal1 z :5 we are decid+ :at college to att5d4 ,9 bo? cases1 we recognize t we are fac+ a problem :i* mu/ be solv$4 ,aft] recognition ( ! problem1 our next /ep is to />t vigor\s ef=ts to solve x4 ,9 do+ ?is1 we ca/ ab\t = means2 we summon all ! p[]s at our disposal4 ,9 ! case ( ! automobile1 we call to m9d o!r accid5ts & ! causes ( !m2 we rememb] t once ! sp>k-plug play$ out1 s we te/ ?is hypo!sis4 ,at ano!r "t "s du/ got into ! c>buretor1 s we te/ ?is4 ,s we g on1 call+ up possible causes & apply+ appropriate rem$ies until ! "r "o is f\nd & ! eng9e is />t$4 ,9 br++ to be> ^u ! problem facts f our pa/ exp]i5ce1 we =m a s]ies ( judgm5ts4 ,9 ! case ( ! problem z to :at college to att5d1 we might =m ^! judgm5ts3 ?is college is ne>] home2 t "o has a celebrat$ faculty2 ?is "o has good laboratories2 t "o is my fa!r's alma mat]4 ,s we might g on1 br++ up all ! facts reg>d+ ! problem & fitt+ ea* "o m5tally to see h[ x works4 ,note t ?is utilization ( ideas %\ld n consi/ m]ely ( fumbl+ ab\t 9 a vague hope ( hitt+ ^u "s solution4 ,x mu/ be a sy/ematic se>*1 guid$ by c>efully *os5 ideas4 ,= example1 if ! clock on ! mantle-piece has /opp$1 & we h no idea h[ to make x g aga91 b mildly %ake x 9 ! hope t some?+ w happ5 to set x go+1 we are m]ely fumbl+4 ,b if1 on mov+ ! clock g5tly s z to set ! p5dulum 9 motion1 we he> x wobbl+ ab\t irregul>ly1 & at ! same "t obs]ve t !re is no tick+ ( any k9d1 we come to ! conclusion t ! p5dulum has someh[ or o!r escap$ ! little cat* t connects x ) ! me*anism1 we h be5 really ?9k+4 ,f ! fact t ! p5dulum wobbles irregul>ly1 we inf] t x has lo/ its prop] cat*4 ,f ! fact t !re is no tick+1 we inf] ! same ?+1 = ev5 :5 !re is some?+ wrong ) ! clock t w prev5t x f go+ p]man5tly1 if ! p5dulum is set 9 motion by =ce f )\t x w tick = a few seconds be=e x comes to re/ aga94 ,! important po9t to obs]ve is t !re mu/ be inf]5ce4 ,?is is always indicat$ by ! ^w !re=e or its equival5t4 ,if y rea* a conclusion )\t hav+ to use or at any rate to imply a !re=e1 y may take x = grant$ t y h n be5 really ?9k+1 b only jump+ to conclusions4 ,?is process ( putt+ facts 9 ! =m ( judgm5ts & draw+ inf]5ces1 may be lik5$ to a c\rt-room sc5e :]e argum5ts are pres5t$ to ! judge4 ,z ea* bit ( evid5ce is submitt$1 x is subject$ to ! te/ ( its applicability to ! situation or to simil> situations 9 ! pa/4 ,x is rigidly exam9$ & no?+ is accept$ z a c&idate = ! solution until x is f\nd by trial 7( c\rse1 9 imag9ation7 to be p]t95t to ! situation4 ,! ?ird /age ( ! reason+ process comes :5 "s plan :i* has be5 sugge/$ z a possible solution ( ! difficulty proves effective1 & we make ! decision2 ! argum5ts support or ov]?r[ ea* o!r1 add+ to & elim9at+ v>i\s consid]ations until f9ally only "o c\rse appe>s possible4 ,z we said be=e1 ! solution comes inevitably1 z repres5t$ by ! ^w !re=e4 ,little active "w on our "p is necess>y1 = if we h gone ?r\gh ^! o!r phases prop]ly ! decision w make itself4 ,y _c make a wrong decision if y h ! facts be=e y & h giv5 ea* ! prop] weight4 ,:5 ! solution comes1 x is recogniz$ z "r1 = x comes t+$ ) a feel+ t we call belief4 ,n[ t we h f\nd ! reason+ process to be "o ( problem-solv+1 ( :i* ! fir/ /ep is to ackn[l$ge & recognize ! difficulty1 ! second1 to call up v>i\s me?ods ( solution1 & ! ?ird1 to decide on ! basis ( "o ( ! solutions t comes t+$ ) c]ta9ty1 we are ready to apply ?is s*ema to /udy 9 ! hope t we may discov] ! causes & rem$ies = ! reason+ difficulties ( /ud5ts4 ,9 view ( ! fact t reason+ />ts out ) a problem1 y see at once t to make y\r /udy effective y mu/ /udy 9 problems4 ,avoid an habitual attitude ( m]e acquisition4 ,d n memorize facts 9 ! same patt]n z !y are h&$ out to y4 ,9 hi/ory1 9 g5]al lit]ature1 9 sci5ce1 d n read facts m]ely z !y come 9 ! text1 b seek ! relations betwe5 !m4 ,volunt>ily set be=e y\rself intellectual problems4 ,ask y\rself1 :y is ?is s8 ,9 o!r words1 9 y\r /udy d n m]ely acquire1 b also con/ruct4 ,! =m] makes use mo/ly ( memory & ?\gh y\r memoriz+ be done ev] s consci5ti\sly1 if x comprise ! ma9 "p ( y\r /udy1 y fail to utilize y\r m9d to its fulle/ ext5t4 ,let u n[ consid] ! second /age ( ! reason+ process z f\nd 9 /udy4 ,at ?is /age ! facts 9 ! m9d are br\ght =w>d = ! purpose ( be+ fitt$ into ! pres5t situation1 & ! ess5tial ?+ is t y h a l>ge numb] ( facts at y\r disposal4 ,if y are go+ to reason effectively ab\t problems 9 hi/ory1 ma!matics1 geography1 x is absolutely indisp5sable t y "k _m facts ab\t ! subjects4 ,"o reason :y y exp]i5ce difficulty 9 reason+ ab\t c]ta9 subjects is t y d n "k en\gh ab\t !m4 ,p>ticul>ly is ?is true 9 su* subjects z political economy1 sociology & psy*ology4 ,! results ( su* ignorance are (t5 demon/rat$ 9 political & social movem5ts4 ,:y d ! masses s easily fall victims to d\btful re=ms 9 national & municipal policies8 ,because !y d n "k en\gh ab\t ^! matt]s to reason intellig5tly4 ,wat* ignorant p li/5+ to a demagogue & see :at unreasonable ?+s !y accept4 ,! speak] prop\nds a "q & !n proce$s to answ] x 9 8 own way4 ,he makes x appe> plausible1 assur+ 8 he>]s x is ! only way1 & !y agree because !y d n h en\gh o!r facts at _! comm& to refute x4 ,!y are unable1 z we say1 to see ! situation 9 sev]al aspects4 ,! mi/akes 9 reason+ :i* *ildr5 make h a simil> basis4 ,! *ild rea*es = ! moon1 reason+--,"h is some?+ bright2 ,i c t\* mo/ bright ?+s2 !re=e1 ,i c t\* ?is4 ,8 reason+ is fallaci\s because he does n h all ! facts4 ,?is condition is p>allel$ 9 ! class-room :5 /ud5ts make :at are %amefac$ly look$ back ^u z mis]able blund]s4 ,:5 "o ( ^! fiascos occurs ! cause c _m times be ref]r$ to ! fact t ! /ud5t did n h en\gh facts at 8 comm&4 ,speak+ broadly1 ! mo/ effective reason+ 9 a field c be done by "o :o has _h ! mo/ ext5sive exp]i5ces 9 t field4 ,if "o _h complete acqua9tance ) all facts1 "o w\ld h p]fect conditions = reason+4 ,?us we see t effectiv5ess 9 reason+ dem&s an ext5sive array ( facts4 ,accord+ly1 9 y\r c\rses ( /udy y mu/ read ) avidity4 ,:5 y are giv5 a li/ ( read+s 9 a c\rse1 "s ( :i* are requir$ & "s optional1 read bo? sets1 & e new fact ?us secur$ w make y bett] able to reason 9 ! field4 ,b good reason+ dem&s m ?an m]e quantity ( ideas4 ,! ideas mu/ con=m to c]ta9 qualitative /&>ds be=e !y may be effectively employ$ 9 reason+4 ,!y mu/ arise ) promptness1 9 an ord]ly mann]1 p]t95t to ! matt] 9 h&1 & !y mu/ be cle>4 ,9 secur+ promptness ( association on ! "p ( y\r ideas1 employ ! me?ods describ$ 9 ! *apt] on memory4 ,make _m logical associations ) cle>ness & repetition4 ,9 ord] to insure ! rise ( ideas 9 an ord]ly mann]1 pay att5tion to ! mann] 9 :i* y acquire !m4 ,rememb]1 ?+s w be recall$ z !y 7 impress$1 s ! value ( y\r ideas 9 reason+ w dep5d ^u ! mann] 9 :i* y make orig9al impressions4 ,a fur!r *>act]i/ic ( s]viceable ideas is cl>ity4 ,ideas are sometimes describ$ z cle> 9 opposition to muddy4 ,y "k :at is meant by ^! di/9ctions1 & y may be assur$ t "o cause = y\r failures 9 reason+ is t y\r ideas are n cle>4 ,?is manife/s itself 9 inability to make cle> /atem5ts & to compreh5d cle>ly4 ,! latt] condition is easily illu/rat$4 ,:5 y began ! /udy ( geometry y fac$ a multitude ( new t]ms2 we call !m te*nical t]ms1 su* z projection1 scal5e1 !ory ( limits4 ,^! _h to be cle>ly und]/ood be=e y c\ld reason 9 ! subject4 ,& :51 9 ! progress ( y\r /udy1 y exp]i5c$ difficulty 9 reason+ out problems1 x 0 v likely due to ! fact t y did n ma/] ! te*nical t]ms1 & z soon z y enc\nt]$ ! difficulties ( ! c\rse1 y fail$ because y\r f\ndation lay+ did n involve ! acquisition ( cle> ideas4 ,exam9e y\r difficulties 9 reason+ subjects & if y f9d !m traceable to vagu5ess ( ideas1 take /eps to cl>ify !m4 ,ideas may be cl>ifi$ 9 two ways3 by def9ition & by classification4 ,def9ition is a famili> device1 = y h _h mu* to d ) x 9 le>n+4 ,! memorization ( def9itions is an excell5t practice1 n z an end 9 itself1 b z a means to ! end ( effective reason+4 ,?r\gh\t y\r /udy1 !n1 pay mu* att5tion to def9itions4 ,"s y w f9d 9 y\r texts1 b o!rs y w h to make = y\rself4 ,9 ord] to get practice 9 ?is1 und]take ! manufacture ( a few def9itions1 us+ t]ms su* z *>ity1 b5evol5ce1 natural selection4 ,?is ex]cise w reveal :at an exact+ m5tal op]ation def9ition is & w prove h[ vague mo/ ( y\r ?9k+ really is4 ,a l>ge /ock ( def9itions w help y to ?9k rapidly4 ,/&+ z !y d = a l>ge gr\p ( exp]i5ces1 def9itions are a means ( m5tal economy4 ,= illu/ration ( _! s]vice 9 reason+1 suppose y 7 ask$ to comp>e ! s]f1 ! peon & ! ,am]ican slave4 ,if y h a clean-cut def9ition ( ea* ( ^! t]ms1 y c readily diff]5tiate betwe5 !m1 b if y _c def9e !m1 y w h>dly be able to reason conc]n+ !m4 ,! second means ( cl>ify+ ideas is classification4 ,by ?is is meant ! process ( gr\p+ simil> ideas or simil> po9ts ( ideas4 ,= example1 y\r ideas ( s]f1 peon & slave h "s po9ts 9 common4 ,gr\p ! ideas1 !n1 ) ref]5ce to ^! po9ts4 ,!n 9 reason+ y c quickly place an idea 9 its prop] gr\p4 ,! ?ird /age ( ! reason+ process is decision1 bas$ on belief1 & x comes inevitably1 provid$ ! o!r two processes h be5 p]=m$ rightly4 ,accord+ly1 we ne$ say little ab\t its place 9 /udy4 ,"o caution %\ld be po9t$ out 9 mak+ decisions4 ,d n make !m ha/ily on ! basis ( only "o or two facts4 ,wait until y h canvass$ all ! ideas t be> importantly ^u ! case4 ,! masses t li/5 top eag]ly to ! demagogue d n err m]ely f lack ( ideas1 b p>tly because !y d n utilize all ! facts at _! disposal4 ,?is fault is frequ5tly disc]nible 9 impulsive p1 :o notori\sly make snap-judgm5ts1 :i* means t !y decide be=e canvass+ all ! evid5ce4 ,?is trait m>ks ! fundam5tal diff]5ce betwe5 sup]ficial & pr(\nd ?9k]s4 ,! =m] accept surface facts & decide imm$iately1 :ile ! latt] refuse to decide until aft] canvass+ _m facts4 ,9 ! improvem5t ( reason+ ability y\r task is ma9ly "o ( habit =mation4 ,x is necess>y1 fir/1 to =m ! habit ( /at+ ?+s 9 ! =m ( problems2 second1 to =m habits by :i* ideas arise promptly & pr(usely2 ?ird1 to =m habits ( res]v+ decisions until ! important facts are 94 ,^! are all specific habits t mu/ be built up if ! reason+ processes ( ! m9d are to be effective4 ,already y h =m$ "s habits1 if n habits ( c>eful look+ into ?+s1 !n habits ( ha/y1 he$less1 impati5t glanc+ ov] ! surface4 ,apply ! pr9ciples ( habit =mation already enunciat$1 & rememb] t ) e act ( reason+ y p]=m1 y are m\ld+ y\rself into a c>eless reason] or an accurate reason]1 into a cle> ?9k] or a muddy ?9k]4 ,?is *apt] %[s t reason+ is "o ( ! highe/ p[]s ( man4 ,x is a m>k ( orig9ality & intellig5ce1 & /amps its possessor n a copi] b an orig9ator1 n a foll[] b a lead]1 n a slave1 to h 8 ?9k+ foi/$ ^u him by o!rs1 b a free & indep5d5t intellect1 un%ackl$ by ! bonds ( ignorance & conv5tion4 ,! man :o employs reason 9 acquir+ k1 f9ds delights 9 /udy t are d5i$ to a rote memoriz]4 ,:5 "o looks at ! _w ?r\gh glasses ( reason1 inquir+ into ! et]nal :y1 !n facts take on a new mean+1 k comes ) new p[]1 ! facts ( exp]i5ce gl[ ) vitality1 & "o's own relations ) !m appe> 9 a new light4 ,,read+s ,,& ,,ex]cises ,read+s3 ,adams 7#a7 ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,de>born 7#b7 ,*apt] ,v4 ,dewey 7#c7 ,*apt]s ,,iii & ,,vi4 ,ex]cise ,i4 ,illu/rate ! /eps ( ! reason+ process1 by describ+ ! way 9 :i* y /udi$ ?is *apt]4 ,ex]cise #b4 ,try to def9e ! foll[+ words )\t ! assi/ance ( a diction>y3 ,college1 univ]sity1 grammatical1 t[n-meet+4 ,ex]cise #c4 ,prep>e a set ( maxims design$ to help a /ud5t *ange f ! rote memory me?od ( /udy to ! reason-:y 7or problem7 me?od4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,expression ,,z ,,an ,,aid ,,9 ,,/udy ,9 our discussion ( ! n]v\s basis und]ly+ /udy we obs]v$ t n]ve pa?ways are affect$ n only by :at ent]s ov] ! s5sory pa?ways1 b also by :at fl[s out ov] ! motor pa?ways4 ,z ! n]ve curr5ts travel out f ! motor c5tres 9 ! bra9 to ! muscles1 !y leave traces :i* modify future ?\ghts & actions4 ,?is be+ s1 x is easy to see t :at we give out is fully z important z :at we take 92 9 o!r words1 our expressions are j z important z our impressions4 ,by expressions we mean ! motor consequ5ces ( our ?\ghts1 & 9 /udy !y usually take ! =m ( spee* & writ+ ( a k9d to be specifi$ lat]4 ,! f>-rea*+ effects ( motor expressions are too infrequ5tly emphasiz$1 b psy*ology =ces u to give !m prime consid]ation4 ,we are fir/ appris$ ( _! importance :5 we /udy ! n]v\s sy/em1 & f9d t e incom+ s5sory message pu%es on & on until x f9ds a motor pa?way ov] :i* x may travel & produce movem5t4 ,?is is inevitable4 ,! v /ructure & arrangem5t ( ! neurones is su* t we are oblig$ to make "s movem5t 9 response to objects affect+ our s5se organs4 ,! ext5t ( movem5t may v>y f ! wide-spread tremors t occur :5 we are fright5$ by a ?und]/orm to ! m]e/ flick] ( an eye-la%4 ,b :atev] be its ext5t1 movem5t inv>iably occurs :5 we are /imulat$ by "s object4 ,?is has be5 demon/rat$ 9 />tl+ ways 9 ! psy*ological laboratory1 :]e ev5 s simple a ?+ z a piece ( figur$ wall-pap] has be5 %[n to produce measurable bodily di/urbances4 ,ord9>ily we d n notice ^! because !y are s slight1 sometimes be+ m]ely twit*es ( deep-seat$ muscles or slight enl>gem5ts or contractions ( art]ies :i* are v responsive to n]ve curr5ts4 ,b no matt] h[ l>ge or h[ small1 we may be sure t movem5ts always occur on ! excitation ( a s5se organ4 ,?is l$ u to ass]t 9 an e>li] *apt] t ! function ( ! n]v\s sy/em is to conv]t incom+ s5sory curr5ts into outgo+ motor curr5ts4 ,s +ra9$ is ?is t5d5cy t[>d movem5t t we d n ne$ ev5 a s5sory cue to />t x (f2 an idea w d z well4 ,9 o!r words1 ! n]v\s curr5t ne$ n />t at a s5se organ1 b may />t 9 ! bra9 & /ill produce movem5t4 ,?is fact is embodi$ 9 ! law ( ideo-motor action 7di/+ui%$ f s5sory-motor action71 e idea 9 ! m9d t5ds to express itself 9 movem5t4 ,?is motor "* ( ideas is manife/$ 9 a mo/ ?or\gh-go+ way & r5d]s our muscul> sy/em a fai?ful mirror ( our ?\ghts4 ,we h 9 ! psy*ological laboratory delicate app>atus :i* enables u to measure _m ( ^! slight movem5ts4 ,= example1 we fa/5 a record+ device to ! top ( a p]son's head1 s t 8 slighte/ movem5ts w be record$1 !n we ask him :ile /&+ p]fectly /ill to ?9k ( an object at 8 "r side4 ,aft] sev]al mom5ts ! record %[s t he involunt>ily leans 9 ! direction ( ! object ab\t :i* he is ?9k+4 ,we f9d fur!r illu/ration ( ?is law :5 we exam9e p z !y read1 = !y involunt>ily accompany ! read+ ) movem5ts ( spee*1 measurable 9 ! muscles ( ! ?roat1 ! tongue & ! lips4 ,^! facts1 & _m o!rs1 con/itute good evid5ce = ! /atem5t t ideas seek expression 9 movem5t4 ,! e?ical consequ5ces ( ?is are s mom5t\s t we mu/ rem>k ^u !m 9 pass+4 ,we n[ see ! =ce ( ! biblical /atem5t1 ,n t :i* ent]e? into ! m\? defile? ! man2 b t :i* proce$e? out ( ! m\?1 ?is defile? ! man4 ,?9k :at x means to "o's "* t e ?\ght h>bor$ 9 ! m9d is b\nd to come out4 ,x may n manife/ itself at once 9 ov]t action1 b x affects ! motor pa?ways & ei!r weak5s or /r5g!ns connections s t :5 ! opportunity comes1 "s act w be fur!r$ or h9d]$4 ,9 view ( ! pron5ess to p]mit base ?\ghts to ent] ! m9d1 human be+s might sometimes fe> ev5 to ?9k4 ,a m optimi/ic idea1 h[ev]1 is t noble ?\ghts lead to noble acts4 ,!re=e1 keep 9 y\r m9d ! k9d ( ?\ghts t y wi% to see actualiz$ 9 y\r "* & ! appropriate acts w foll[ ( _! own accord4 ,b x is ) ! significance ( expressions 9 /udy t we are at pres5t conc]n$1 & "h we f9d !m ( supreme importance4 ,we ord9>ily reg>d le>n+ z a process ( tak+ ?+s into ! m9d1 & reg>d expression z a ?+ ap>t f acquisition ( k4 ,we %all f9d 9 ?is discussion1 h[ev]1 t !re is no su* %>p dem>cation betwe5 acquir+ k & express+ k1 b t ! two are intimately b\nd toge!r1 expressions be+ prop]ly a "p ( wise & economical le>n+4 ,:5 we survey ! modes ( expression t may be us$ 9 /udy1 we f9d !m to be ( sev]al k9ds4 ,spee* is "o4 ,?is is ! =m ( expression = :i* ! class-recitation is provid$4 ,if y wi% to gr[ z a /ud5t1 utilize ! recitation p]iod & welcome e *ance to recite orally1 = ?+s ab\t :i* y recite 9 class are m effectively le>n$4 ,talk+ ab\t a subject "u all circum/ances w help y le>n4 ,:5 /udy+ subjects l political economy1 sociology or psy*ology1 seize e opportunity to talk ov] ! que/ions involv$4 ,hold frequ5t conf]5ces ) y\r in/ructor2 voice y\r difficulties freely1 & ! v ef=t to /ate !m w help to cl>ify !m4 ,x is a good plan = two /ud5ts 9 ! same c\rse to come toge!r & talk ov] ! problems2 ! debates ?us /imulat$ & ! que/ions ar\s$ by m5tal int]action are v helpful 9 impress+ facts m vividly ^u ! m9d4 ,writ+ is a =m ( expression & is "o ?+ t gives value to note-tak+ & exam9ations4 ,its value is fur!r recogniz$ by ! requirem5ts ( !mes & t]m-pap]s4 ,^! are all m$iums by :i* y may develop y\rself1 & !y m]it y\r e>ne/ coop]ation4 ,ano!r m$ium ( expression t /ud5ts may pr(itably employ is draw+4 ,?is is especially valuable 9 su* subjects z geology1 physiology & botany4 ,/ud5ts 9 botany are compell$ to d mu* draw+ ( ! plant-=ms :i* !y /udy1 & ?is is a wise requirem5t1 = x makes !m obs]ve m c>efully1 report m fai?fully & recall ) great] ease4 ,y may secure ! same advantages by employ+ ! graphic me?od 9 o!r /udies4 ,= example1 :5 read+ 9 a geology text-book ab\t ! /ratification ( ! e>? 9 a c]ta9 region1 draw ! p>ts describ$ & label !m accord+ to ! description4 ,y w be surpris$ to see h[ cle> ! description becomes & h[ easily x is lat] recall$4 ,let u exam9e ! effects ( ! expressive movem5ts ( spee*1 writ+ & ! l1 & see ! me*anism by :i* !y facilitate ! /udy process4 ,we may describe _! effects 9 two ways3 neurologically & psy*ologically4 ,z may be expect$ f our prelim9>y /udy ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 we see _! fir/ effects ^u ! motor pa?ways lead+ out to ! muscles4 ,ea* passage ( ! n]ve curr5t f bra9 to muscle leaves traces s t ! result+ act is p]=m$ ) great] ease ^u ea* repetition4 ,?is fact has already be5 emphasiz$ by ! w>n+1 ,gu>d ! av5ues ( expression4 ,especially is x important at ! fir/ p]=mance ( an act1 because ?is det]m9es ! pa? ( lat] p]=mances4 ,9 su* /udies z piano-play+1 vocaliz+ & pronunciation ( =eign words1 see t y\r fir/ p]=mance is absolutely "r1 !n z ! expressive movem5ts are repeat$1 !y w be m firmly +ra9$ because ( ! deep5+ ( ! motor pa?ways4 ,! next effect ( acts ( expression is to be f\nd 9 ! modifications made 9 ! s5sory areas ( ! bra94 ,y w recall t e movem5t ( a muscle produces n]v\s curr5ts :i* g back to ! bra9 & regi/] !re 9 ! =m ( k9ae/hetic s5sations4 ,to demon/rate k9ae/hetic s5sations1 close y\r eyes & move y\r index f+] up & d[n4 ,y c feel ! muscles contract+ & ! t5dons mov+ back & =?1 ev5 into ! back ( ! h&4 ,^! s5sations ord9>ily escape our att5tion1 b !y occupy a prom95t place 9 ! control ( our actions4 ,= example1 :5 asc5d+ famili> /airs 9 ! d>k1 !y notify u :5 we h rea*$ ! top4 ,we are /ill fur!r impress$ ) _! importance :5 we are depriv$ ( !m2 :5 we try to walk ^u a foot or a leg t has gone to sleep2 t is1 :5 ! k9ae/hetic n]ves are tempor>ily p>alyz$ we f9d x difficult to walk4 ,b besides be+ us$ to control muscul> actions1 !y may be us$ 9 /udy1 = !y may be made ! s\rce ( impressions1 & impressions1 z we le>n$ 9 ! *apt] on memory1 are a prime requisite = le>n+4 ,ea* expression becomes1 !n1 ?r\gh its k9ae/hetic results1 ! s\rce ( new impressions1 :51 = example1 y pron\nce ! ,g]man ^w1 anw5d51 ) ! ,engli% ^w to employ1 9 addition to ! impressions made ?r\gh ! e>1 y make impressions ?r\gh ! muscles ( spee* 7k9ae/hetic impressions71 & ^! k9ae/hetic impressions ent] into ! body ( y\r k & lat] may s]ve z ! means by :i* ! ^w may be reviv$4 ,:5 y write ! ^w1 y make k9ae/hetic impressions :i* may lat] s]ve z =ms ( revival4 ,s ! movem5ts ( expression produce s5sory mat]ial t may s]ve z t5tacles by means ( :i* y c lat] rea* back into y\r memory & recall facts4 ,we %all n[ consid] ano!r s]vice ( expressions :i*1 ?\gh little reg>d$1 nev]!less is ( mu* mom5t4 ,:5 we make expressive movem5ts1 mu* n]v\s en]gy is g5]at$2 mu* m ?an dur+ passive impression4 ,en]gy is s5t back to ! bra9 ov] ! k9ae/hetic n]ve cells1 & ! great] ! ext5t ( ! movem5t1 ! great] is ! am\nt ( new en]gy s5t to ! bra94 ,x p\rs into ! bra9 & diffuses itself especially ?r\gh\t ! association areas4 ,"h x excites regions :i* c\ld n be excit$ by a m limit$ am\nt ( en]gy4 ,?is means1 9 psy*ical t]ms1 t new ideas are be+ ar\s$4 ,! obvi\s inf]5ce f ?is fact is t y may1 by />t+ movem5ts ( expression1 actually summon to y\r assi/ance add$ p[]s ( m9d4 ,= example1 :5 y are call$ ^u to recite 9 class1 y\r m9d seems to be a complete blank--9 a /ate ( deadlock4 ,y may break ?is deadlock & />t bra9-action by "s k9d ( movem5t4 ,x may be only to cle> y\r ?roat1 to ejaculate well1 or to squirm ab\t 9 ! seat1 b :atev] =m ! movem5t takes1 x w usually be effective 9 creat+ ! desir$ n]v\s en]gy1 & aft] ! in]tia is once ov]come ! m5tal /ream w fl[ freely4 ,! unconsci\s application ( ?is device is se5 :5 a man is call$ on sudd5ly to make a spee* = :i* he has n prep>$4 ,he usually />ts out by tell+ a /ory1 ?us lib]at+ n]v\s en]gy to p\r back into ! bra9 & />t ?9k+ processes4 ,) increas+ vehem5ce ( expression1 ! ideas come m & m freely1 & ! result is a spee* :i* surpasses ! expectations ( ! speak] himself4 ,! ge/iculations ( _m speak]s h ?is same function1 be+ frequ5tly ( great s]vice 9 ar\s+ m n]v\s en]gy1 :i* goes back to ! bra9 & ar\ses m ideas4 ,! device ( /imulat+ ideas by expressive movem5ts may be utiliz$ 9 !me- or lett]-writ+4 ,x is g5]ally recogniz$ t ! difficult ?+ 9 su* writ+ is to get a />t1 & ! too common practice is to sit li/lessly gaz+ into space wait+ = inspiration4 ,?is is usually a futile proc$ure4 ,! bett] way is to beg9 to write any?+ ab\t ! topic 9 h&4 ,:at y write may h little m]it1 ei!r ( sub/ance or =m4 ,nev]!less1 if y p]si/ 9 keep+ up ! activity ( writ+1 mak+ m & m movem5ts1 y w f9d t ! ideas w beg9 to come 9 great] pr(usion until !y come s fa/ y c h>dly write !m d[n4 ,hav+ tri$ to picture ! neural effect ( expression1 we may n[ translate !m into psy*ological t]ms1 ask+ :at s]vice ! expressions r5d] to ! consci\s side ( our /udy4 ,fir/ ( all1 we note t ! expressions help to make ! acts & ideas 9 /udy habitual4 ,we f9d ourselves1 ) ea* expression1 bett] able to p]=m su* acts z ! pronunciation ( =eign words4 ,second1 !y furni% new impressions ?r\gh ! k9ae/hetic s5se1 ?us be+ a s\rce ( s5se-impression4 ,?ird1 !y give rise to a great] numb] ( ideas & l9k !m up ) ! idea dom9ant at ! mom5t4 ,!re is a fur!r psy*ological effect ( expression 9 ! cl>ification ( ideas4 ,x is a well-atte/$ fact t :5 we attempt to expla9 a ?+ to someone else1 x becomes cle>] 9 our own m9ds4 ,y c demon/rate ?is = y\rself by attempt+ to expla9 to someone an intricate conception su* z ! nebul> hypo!sis4 ,! ef=t involv$ 9 mak+ ! explanation makes ! fact m vivid to y4 ,! habit ( ?us utiliz+ y\r k 9 conv]sation is an excell5t "o to acquire4 ,inde$1 expression is ! only objective te/ ( k & we _c say t we really "k until we c express our k4 ,expression is ?us ! great cl>ification ag5cy & ! te/ ( k4 ,be=e leav+ ?is discussion1 x might be well to rem>k ^u "o phase ( expression t is sometimes a s\rce ( difficulty4 ,?is is ! emb>rassm5t incid5t to "s =ms ( expression1 notably oral4 ,_m p are det]r$ f utiliz+ ?is =m ( expression because ( %yness & emb>rassm5t 9 ! pres5ce ( o!rs4 ,if y h ?is difficulty 9 su* excess t x h9d]s y f free expression1 resolve at once to ov]come x4 ,beg9 at ! v outset ( y\r academic c>e] to =m habits ( disreg>d+ y\r impulses to act 9 fright5$ mann]4 ,take a c\rse 9 public speak+4 ,! practice ?us secur$ w be a great aid 9 develop+ habits ( fe>less & free oral expression4 ,?is discussion has %[n t expression is a p[]ful aid 9 le>n+1 & is a mo/ important feature ( m5tal life4 ,cultivate y\r p[]s ( expression1 = y\r college education %\ld consi/ n only 9 ! developm5t ( habits ( impression1 b also 9 ! developm5t ( habits ( expression4 ,grasp eag]ly e opportunity = ! developm5t ( skill 9 cle> & =ceful expression4 ,devote assidu\s att5tion to !mes & all writt5 "w1 & make s]i\s ef=ts to speak well4 ,rememb] y are =m+ habits t w p]si/ ?r\gh\t y\r life4 ,emphasize1 !re=e1 at e /ep1 me?ods ( expression1 = x is ?is phase ( le>n+ 9 :i* y w f9d greate/ gr[?4 ,,ex]cise ,ex]cise ,i4 ,give an example f y\r own exp]i5ce1 %[+ h[ expression 7a7 /imulates ideas1 7b7 cl>ifies ideas4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,h[ ,,to ,,become ,,int]e/$ ,,9 ,a ,,subject ,i c't get int]e/$ 9 ,m$iaeval ,hi/ory4 ,?is illu/rates a k9d ( compla9t frequ5tly made by college /ud5ts4 ,x is our purpose 9 ?is *apt] to %[ ! fallacy ( ?is2 to prove t int]e/ may be develop$ 9 an un9t]e/+ subject2 & to %[ h[4 ,9 ord] to lay a firm f\ndation = our psy*ologiz+1 let u exam9e into ! nature ( int]e/ & see :at x really is4 ,x has be5 def9$ z3 ! recognition ( a ?+ :i* has be5 vitally connect$ ) exp]i5ce be=e--a ?+ recogniz$ z old2 impulse to att5d2 int]e/ naturally ar\ses t5d5cies to act2 ! root idea ( ! t]m seems to be t ( be+ engag$1 engross$1 or entirely tak5 up ) "s activity because ( its recogniz$ wor?2 int]e/ m>ks ! annihilation ( ! di/ance betwe5 ! p]son & ! mat]ials & results ( 8 action2 x is ! sign ( _! organic union4 ,9 addition to ! *>act]i/ics j m5tion$ %\ld be not$ ! pleasurabl5ess t usually att5ds any activity 9 :i* we are int]e/$4 ,a gr[+ feel+ ( pleasure is ! sign :i* notifies u t we are gr[+ int]e/$ 9 a subject4 ,& x is su* an aid 9 ! p]=mance ( "w t we %\ld seek e>ne/ly to acquire x 9 connection ) any "w we h to d4 ,! p]sons :o make ! compla9t at ! head ( ?is *apt] notice t !y take int]e/ easily 9 c]ta9 ?+s3 a ,jack ,london /ory1 a di% ( ice cream1 a foot-ball game4 ,& !y take int]e/ 9 !m s spontane\sly & ef=tlessly t !y ?9k ^! int]e/s mu/ be born )9 !m4 ,:5 we exam9e c>efully ! int]e/s ( man1 & trace _! s\rces1 we see t ! above view is fallaci\s4 ,we acquire mo/ ( our int]e/s 9 ! c\rse ( our exp]i5ce4 ,pr(essor ,james ass]ts3 ,an adult man's int]e/s are almo/ e "o ( !m int5sely artificial2 !y h be5 sl[ly built up4 ,! objects ( pr(essional int]e/ are mo/ ( !m 9 _! orig9al nature1 repulsive2 b by _! connection ) su* natively excit+ objects z "o's p]sonal =tune1 "o's social responsibilities & especially by ! =ce ( invet]ate habit1 !y gr[ to be ! only ?+s = :i* 9 middle life a man pr(\ndly c>es4 ,s9ce int]e/s are l>gely products ( exp]i5ce1 !n1 x foll[s t if we wi% to h an int]e/ 9 a giv5 subject1 we mu/ consci\sly & purposefully develop x4 ,!re is wide *oice op5 to u4 ,we may develop int]e/ 9 e>ly ,victorian lit]ature1 prize-fight promot+1 social !ory1 lignitic rocks1 hi/ory ( ,siam1 ! collection ( sc>abs1 m$iaeval hi/ory4 ,we %\ld n be deceiv$ by ! glibness ( ! above /atem5ts into assum+ t ! developm5t ( int]e/ is an easy matt]4 ,x requires adh]5ce to c]ta9 def9ite psy*ological laws :i* we may call ! laws ( int]e/4 ,! fir/ may be /at$ z foll[s3 ,9 ord] to develop int]e/ 9 a subject1 secure in=mation ab\t x4 ,! =ce ( ?is law w be app>5t z soon z we analyze "o ( our already-develop$ int]e/s4 ,let u take "o t is q common--! int]e/ :i* a typical "y girl takes 9 a movie />4 ,h] int]e/ 9 him comes l>gely f :at %e has be5 able to le>n ab\t him2 ! names ( ! productions 9 :i* he has appe>$1 8 age1 ! color ( 8 automobile1 8 favorite novel4 ,h] int]e/ may be said actually to consi/1 at lea/ 9 "p1 ( ^! facts4 ,! a/ute press ag5t kn[s ! =ce ( ?is law1 & at well-tim$ int]vals he lets slip ?r\gh bits ( in=mation ab\t ! />1 :i* fan ! int]e/ ( ! fair devotee to a /ill :it] heat4 ,! relation ( in=mation to int]e/ is /ill fur!r illu/rat$ by ! case ( ! typical univ]sity pr(essor or sci5ti/4 ,he is int]e/$ 9 c]ta9 objects ( rese>*--infusoria1 electrons1 plant ecology1--because he kn[s s mu* ab\t !m4 ,8 int]e/ may be said to consi/ p>tly ( ! body ( k t he possesses4 ,he 0 n always int]e/$ 9 ! specific1 obscure field1 b by saturat+ himself 9 facts ab\t x1 he has develop$ an int]e/ 9 x am\nt+ to passionate absorption1 :i* manife/s itself 9 abs5t-m9d$ness ( su* pr(undity z to make him (t5 an object ( wond] & ridicule4 ,let u demon/rate ! application ( ! law aga9 %[+ h[ int]e/ may be develop$ 9 a specific college subject4 ,let u *oose "o t is g5]ally reg>d$ z s difficult & ab/ract t n _m p are int]e/$ 9 x--philology1 ! /udy ( language z a sci5ce4 ,let u imag9e t we are try+ to int]e/ a /ud5t ( law 9 ?is4 ,z a fir/ /ep we %all select "s legal t]m & %[ :at philology c tell ab\t x4 ,a t]m frequ5tly enc\nt]$ 9 law is ind5ture--a c]ta9 =m ( contract4 ,philological rese>*es h uncov]$ an int]e/+ hi/ory reg>d+ ?is ^w4 ,x seems t 9 old5 days :5 two p]sons made an agreem5t !y wrote x on two pieces ( pap]1 !n not*$ ! edges s t :5 plac$ toge!r1 ! not*es on ! edge ( "o pap] w\ld j mat* ^? ( ! o!r4 ,?is protect$ bo? p>ties aga9/ sub/itution ( a fraudul5t contract at "t ( fulfillm5t4 ,/ill e>li] 9 man's developm5t1 be=e he c\ld write1 x 0 cu/om>y to record su* agreem5ts by break+ a /ick 9 two pieces & leav+ ! jagg$ ends to be fitt$ toge!r at "t ( fulfillm5t4 ,sometimes a bone 0 us$ ?is way4 ,because its critical feature 0 ! saw-too!d edge1 ?is k9d ( contract 0 call$ ind5ture 7d]iv$ f ! root d5t--too?1 ! same "o f :i* we d]ive our ^w d5ti/74 ,! =mal1 legal-look+ docum5t :i* we today call an ind5ture gives u no h9t ( its humble orig91 b ! ^w :5 analyz$ by ! te*nique ( philology tells ! :ole /ory1 & ?r[s mu* light ^u ! legal practices ( our =be>s4 ,hav+ discov]$ "o su* valuable fact 9 philology1 ! /ud5t ( law may be l$ to inve/igate ! sci5ce /ill fur!r & f9d _m m4 ,z a result /ill he w become int]e/$ 9 philology4 ,by ?is illu/ration we h demon/rat$ ! fir/ psy*ological law ( int]e/1 & also its coroll>y :i* is3 ,/ate ! new 9 t]ms ( ! old4 ,= we n only gave our lawy] new in=mation cull$ f philological s\rces2 we also introduc$ our fact 9 t]ms ( an old fact :i* 0 already int]e/+ to ! lawy]4 ,?is is recogniz$ z su* an important pr9ciple 9 education t x has become embodi$ 9 a maxim3 ,proce$ f ! kn[n to ! unkn[n4 ,a classic example ( good educational practice 9 ?is connection is ! way 9 :i* ,francis ,w4 ,p>k]1 a progressive educator ( a =m] g5]ation1 taught geography4 ,:5 he desir$ to %[ h[ wat] runn+ ov] h>d rocky soil produc$ a ,niag>a1 he took 8 class d[n to ! creek beh9d ! s*ool h\se1 built a dam & all[$ ! wat] to fl[ ov] x4 ,:5 he wi%$ to %[ h[ wat] fl[+ ov] s(t gr\nd result$ 9 a deltoid ,nile1 he took ! class to a l[1 flat portion ( ! creek b$ & po9t$ out ! effect4 ,! creek b$ con/itut$ an old famili> elem5t 9 ! *ildr5's exp]i5ce4 ,niag>a & ! ,nile describ$ 9 t]ms ( x 7 intelligible4 ,naturally 9 mod]n educational practice x is n always possible to h m9iature wat]falls & riv] bottoms at h&1 /ill x is possible to foll[ ?is pr9ciple4 ,:51 9 /udy+ ,m$iaeval ,hi/ory1 y read a description ( ! guilds1 d n reg>d !m z di/ant1 cold1 in]t in/itutions devoid ( significance 9 y\r life4 ,r1 ?9k ( !m 9 t]ms ( ?+s y already "k3 mod]n ,labor ,unions1 te*nical s*ools1 9 s f> z ! comp>ison holds good4 ,!n trace _! indu/rial desc5dants d[n to ! pres5t "t4 ,by ?us ?9k+ ab\t ! guilds1 hi!rto di/ant & un9t]e/+1 y w beg9 to see !m suffus$ ) mean+1 alight ) significance1 a real "p ( y\rself4 ,9 %ort1 y w h a*iev$ int]e/4 ,!re is /ill ano!r psy*ological law ( int]e/3 ,9 ord] to develop int]e/ 9 a subject1 ex]t activity t[>d x4 ,we see ! =ce ( ?is law :5 we obs]ve a man 9 ! process ( develop+ an int]e/ 9 golf4 ,at ! />t he may h no int]e/ 9 x :atev]2 he may ev5 d]ide x4 ,yield+ to ! importunities ( 8 fri5ds1 h[ev]1 he takes 8 /ick 9 h& & samples ! game4 ,!n he beg9s to rel5t2 admits t p]haps !re may be some?+ int]e/+ ab\t ! game aft] all4 ,z he practises ) great] frequ5cy he beg9s to develop a w>m] & /ill w>m] int]e/ until f9ally he ?9ks ( little else2 neglect+ social & pr(essional obligations & bor+ 8 fri5ds ad nauseum ) recitals ( golf+ incid5ts4 ,! me?ods by :i* ! new-fl$g$ golf] develops an int]e/ 9 golf w apply ) equal effectiv5ess 9 ! case ( a /ud5t4 ,9 try+ to become int]e/$ 9 ,m$iaeval ,hi/ory1 keep actively engag$ 9 x4 ,read book aft] book deal+ ) ! subject4 ,apply x to y\r /udies 9 ,political ,economy1 ,engli%1 & ,am]ican ,hi/ory4 ,*oose sub-topics 9 ,m$iaeval ,hi/ory z ! subjects = !mes 9 ,engli% composition c\rses4 ,try to help "s o!r /ud5t 9 ! class4 ,take "p 9 class discussions & talk in=mally ) ! in/ructor outside ( ! classroom4 ,use y\r +5uity to devise me?ods ( keep+ active t[>d ! subject4 ,pres5tly y w discov] t ! subject no long] appe>s cold & =bidd+2 b t x gl[s w>m ) virility2 t x has become int]e/+4 ,x w readily be notic$ t ! two laws ( int]e/ "h set =? are closely int]relat$4 ,"o c h>dly seek in=mation ab\t a subject )\t ex]t+ activity t[>d x2 conv]sely1 "o _c ma9ta9 activity on behalf ( a subject )\t at ! same "t acquir+ in=mation ab\t x4 ,^! two easily-rememb]$ & easily-appli$ rules ( /udy w g f> t[>d solv+ "s ( ! mo/ try+ conditions ( /ud5t life4 ,memorize !m1 apply !m1 & y w f9d y\rself 9 possession ( a p[] :i* w /ay ) y long aft] y quit college walls2 "o :i* y may apply ) pr(it 9 _m diff]5t situations ( life4 ,we h %[n 9 ?is *apt] ! fallacy ( ! assumption t a /ud5t _c become g5u9ely int]e/$ 9 a subject :i* at fir/ seems un9t]e/+4 ,we h %[n t he may develop int]e/ 9 any subject if he b employs ! prop] psy*ological me?ods4 ,t he mu/ obey ! two-fold law--secure in=mation ab\t ! subject 7/at+ ! new 9 t]ms ( ! old7 & ex]t activity t[>d x4 ,t :5 he has ?us light$ ! flame ( int]e/1 he w f9d 8 entire intellectual life illum9at$1 gl[+ ) purpose1 respl5d5t ) success4 ,9 conclud+ ?is discussion we %\ld note ! wide diff]5ce betwe5 ! quality ( /udy :i* is done ) int]e/ & t done )\t x4 ,"u ! latt] condition ! /ud5t is a slave1 a drudge2 "u ! =m]1 a god1 a creator4 ,t\*$ by ! galvanic sp>k he sees new significance 9 e page1 9 e l9e4 ,z 8 vision enl>ges1 he p]ceives new relations betwe5 8 /udy & 8 future aims1 inde$1 betwe5 8 /udy & ! progress ( ! univ]se4 ,& he goes to 8 educational tasks n z a prison] weight$ d[n by ball & *a91 b z an eag] prospector infatuat$ by ! lu/ = gold4 ,enc\rag$ by ! cont9ual /ores ( new ?+s he uncov]s1 intoxicat$ by ! ozone ( m5tal activity1 he delves cont9ually deep] until f9ally he em]ges ri* ) k & full ( p[]--! intellectual p[] t signifies ma/]y ov] a subject4 ,,read+s ,,& ,,ex]cises ,read+s3 ,james 7#h7 ,*apt]s ,x & ,,xi4 ,dewey 7#c7 ,ex]cise ,i4 ,%[ h[ y\r int]e/ 9 "s subject1 = example1 ! game ( foot-ball1 has gr[n 9 proportion to ! numb] ( facts y h discov]$ ab\t x & ! activity y h ex]t$ t[>d x4 ,ex]cise #b4 ,*oose "s subject 9 :i* y are n at pres5t int]e/$4 ,make ! /atem5t3--,i am det]m9$ to develop an int]e/ 9--4 ,i w take ! foll[+ specific /eps t[>d ?is end4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,! ,,plateau ,,( ,,despond ,9 our inve/igation ( ! psy*ology ( /udy we h s f> direct$ our att5tion *iefly t[>d ! subjective side ( ! "q1 seek+ to discov] ! cont5ts ( m9d dur+ /udy4 ,we %all n[ take an objective view ( /udy1 exam9+ n ! cont5ts ( m9d nor me?ods ( /udy1 b ! objective results ( /udy4 ,9 do+ ?is1 we *oose c]ta9 units ( measurem5t1 ! numb] ( m9utes requir$ = le>n+ a giv5 am\nt or ! am\nt le>n$ 9 a /at$ p]iod ( "t4 ,we may d ?is = ! le>n+ ( any mat]ial1 :e!r x be ,greek v]bs or typewrit+4 ,all t is necess>y is to decide ^u "s me?od by :i* progress c be not$ & express$ 9 num]ical units4 ,?is1 y w obs]ve1 con/itutes a /ati/ical approa* to ! processes ( /udy1 su* z is employ$ 9 sci5ce2 & j z ! /ati/ical me?od has be5 useful 9 sci5ce1 s x may be ( value 9 education1 & by means ( /ati/ical inve/igations ( le>n+ we may hope to discov] "s ( ! factors op]ative 9 good le>n+4 ,progress 9 le>n+ is be/ obs]vable :5 we repres5t our measurem5ts graphically1 :5 !y take ! =m ( a curve1 v>i\sly call$ ! curve ( effici5cy1 practice curve1 le>n+ curve4 ,we %all take a sample curve = ! basis ( our discussion1 %[+ ! progress ( a beg9n] 9 ! ,russian language = sixty-five days 7indicat$ 9 ! figure by horizontal divisions74 ,! /ud5t /udi$ indu/ri\sly = ?irty m9utes ea* day & !n translat$ z rapidly z possible = fifte5 m9utes1 ! numb] ( words translat$ be+ repres5t$ by ! v]tical spaces on ! *>t4 ,?us1 on ! t5? day1 tw5ty-five words 7 translat$1 on ! tw5tie? day1 =ty-five words4 ,illu/ration 7graph73 ,,/udy ,,( ,,russian ,9 mak+ an analysis ( ?is typical curve1 we note imm$iately an exce$+ irregul>ity4 ,at "o "t !re is extraord9>y improvem5t1 b a lat] measurem5t regi/]s pron\nc$ loss4 ,?is irregul>ity is v common 9 le>n+4 ,"s days we d a great am\nt ( "w & d x well1 b p]haps ! v next day %[s m>k$ dim9ution 9 our "w4 ,! second *>act]i/ic we note is t !re is extremely rapid progress at ! beg9n+1 ! curve slant+ up q %>ply4 ,?is is common 9 le>n+1 & may be acc\nt$ = 9 sev]al ways4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! easie/ ?+s come fir/4 ,= example1 :5 y are beg9n+ ! /udy ( ,g]man1 y are giv5 mo/ly monosyllabic words to le>n4 ,^! are easily rememb]$1 h5ce progress is rapid4 ,a second reason is t at ! beg9n+ !re are _m diff]5t respects 9 :i* progress c be made4 ,= example1 ! beg9n] 9 ,g]man mu/ le>n n\ns1 case end+s1 decl5sion ( adjectives1 days ( ! week2 9 %ort1 a va/ numb] ( new ?+s all at once4 ,at a lat] p]iod h[ev]1 ! numb] ( new ?+s to be le>n$ is mu* small] & improvem5t _c be s rapid4 ,a ?ird reason :y le>n+ proce$s m rapidly at fir/ is t ! int]e/ is great] at ?is "t4 ,y h d\btless _m times exp]i5c$ ?is fact1 & y "k t :5 a ?+ has ! int]e/ ( novelty y "w h>d] ^u x4 ,if y w exam9e ! le>n+ curve closely1 y w note t aft] ! initial spurt1 !re is a sl[+ up4 ,! curve at ?is po9t resembles a plateau & indicates cessation ( progress if n retrogression4 ,?is p]iod ( no progress is reg>d$ z a *>act]i/ic ( ! le>n+ curve & is a "t ( great disc\ragem5t to ! consci5ti\s /ud5t1 s di/ress+ t we may designate x ! plateau ( despond4 ,mo/ p describe x z a "t :5 !y feel unable to le>n m ab\t a subject2 ! m9d seems to be sat$2 new ideas _c be assimilat$1 & old ones seem to be =gott54 ,! plateau may ext5d = a long or a %ort "t1 dep5d+ ^u ! nature ( ! subject-matt] & ! l5g? ( "t ov] :i* ! le>n+ ext5ds4 ,9 ! case ( pr(essional tra9+1 x may ext5d ov] a ye> or m4 ,9 ! case ( gr[+ *ildr5 9 s*ool1 x sometimes happ5s t an entire ye> elapses dur+ :i* ! le>n+ ( an app>5tly bright /ud5t is ret>d$4 ,9 a c\rse ( /udy 9 high s*ool or college1 x may come on ab\t ! ?ird week & ext5d a mon? or m4 ,some?+ ak9 to ! plateau may come 9 ! c\rse ( a day1 :5 we realize t our effici5cy is greatly dim9i%$ & we seem1 = an h\r or m1 to make no progress4 ,inasmu* z ! plateau is su* a common occurr5ce 9 human activity1 we %\ld analyze x & see :at factors op]ate to influ5ce x4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ! plateau g5]ally occurs j be=e an abrupt rise 9 effici5cy4 ,?is is significant1 = x may mean t ! plateau is necess>y 9 le>n+1 especially j be=e rea*+ ! really advanc$ /ages ( pr(ici5cy4 ,accord+ly1 :5 y are exp]i5c+ a plateau 9 ! ma/]y ( "s accompli%m5t1 y may p]haps d]ive "s com=t f ! prospect ( an approa*+ rise 9 effici5cy4 ,on ! !ory t x is a necess>y "p ( le>n+1 x has be5 reg>d$ z a re/+ place4 ,we are s con/itut$ by nature t we _c run on indef9itely2 nature sometimes mu/ call a halt4 ,consequ5tly1 ! plateau may be a w>n+ t we _c le>n m = ! pres5t & t ! prop] rem$y is to refra9 = a little :ile f fur!r ef=ts 9 t l9e4 ,we h possible ju/ification = ?is int]pretation :5 we reflect t a vacation does u mu* good1 & ?\gh we beg9 x feel+ /ale1 we end x feel+ mu* fre%] & m effici5t4 ,b to /op "w tempor>ily is n ! only way to meet a plateau1 & fatigue or ennui is probably n ! sole or mo/ compell+ explanation4 ,x may be t we %\ld n reg>d ! objective results z ! true measure ( le>n+2 p]haps le>n+ is go+ on ev5 ?\gh ! results are n app>5t4 ,we discov]$ some?+ 9 ! nature ( unconsci\s le>n+ 9 our discussion ( memory1 & x may be t a p]iod ( little objective progress m>ks a p]iod ( active unconsci\s le>n+4 ,ano!r mean+ :i* ! plateau may h is simply to m>k places ( great] difficulty4 ,z already rem>k$1 ! e>ly p]iod is a /age ( comp>ative ease1 b z ! "w becomes m difficult1 progress is sl[]4 ,x is also q likely t ! plateau may indicate t "s ( ! factors op]ative at ! />t are op]ative no long]4 ,?us1 al?\gh ! le>n+ 0 rapid at ! beg9n+ because ! mat]ial le>n$ at t "t 0 easy1 ! plateau may come because ! ?+s to be le>n$ h become difficult4 ,or1 :]eas ! beg9n+ 0 attack$ ) consid]able int]e/1 ! plateau may mean t ! int]e/ is dy+ d[n1 & t less ef=t is be+ ex]t$4 ,if ^! !ories are ! true explanation ( ! plateau1 we see t x is n to be reg>d$ z a "t ( r$uction 9 le>n+1 to be contemplat$ ) despair4 ,! appropriate attitude may be "o ( resignation1 ) ! det]m9ation to make x z slightly di/urb+ z possible4 ,b ?\gh ! reasons j describ$ may h some?+ to d ) ! production ( ! plateau1 z yet we h no evid5ce t ! plateau _c be disp5s$ )4 ,x is practically c]ta9 t ! plateau is n caus$ entirely by necessity = re/ or unconsci\s le>n+4 ,x frequ5tly is due1 we mu/ regretfully admit1 to poor e>ly prep>ation4 ,if at ! beg9n+ ( a p]iod ( le>n+ an insecure f\ndation is laid1 x _c be expect$ to support ! burd5 ( m difficult subject-matt]4 ,we h enum]at$ a numb] ( ! explanations t h be5 advanc$ to acc\nt = ! plateau1 & h se5 t x may h sev]al causes1 among :i* are necessity = re/1 increas$ difficulty ( subject-matt]1 loss ( int]e/ & insuffici5t prep>ation4 ,9 try+ to elim9ate ! plateau1 our rem$y %\ld be adapt$ to ! cause4 ,9 recognition ( ! fact t le>n+ proce$s irregul>ly1 we see t x is rational to expect ! am\nt ( ef=t to be ex]t$ ?r\gh\t a p]iod ( le>n+1 to v>y4 ,x w v>y p>tly ) ! difficulty ( subject-matt] & p>tly ) fluctuations 9 bodily & m5tal effici5cy :i* are b\nd to occur f day to day4 ,s9ce ?is irregul>ity is b\nd to occur1 y may well make y\r ef=t v>y f "o extreme to ! o!r4 ,at times1 p]haps y\r mo/ pr(itable move may be to take a complete vacation4 ,! vacation might cov] sev]al weeks1 a week-end1 or if ! plateau is m]ely a l[ p]iod 9 ! day's "w1 !n t5 m9utes may suffice = a vacation4 ,z an adjunct to su* re/ p]iods1 "s =m ( recreation %\ld usually be plann$1 = ! ess5tial ?+ is to p]mit ! m9d to re/ f ! tiresome activity4 ,if y\r plateau repres5ts great] difficulty ( subject-matt] & loss ( int]e/1 y\r duty is pla9ly to "w h>d]4 ,9 ex]t+ m ef=t1 make "s *anges 9 y\r me?ods ( /udy4 ,= example1 if y h be5 accu/om$ to /udy a c]ta9 subject by sil5t read+1 beg9 to read y\r lessons al\d4 ,*ange y\r me?od ( tak+ notes1 or *ange ! h\r ( day 9 :i* y prep>e y\r lesson4 ,9 %ort1 try any ( ! me?ods describ$ 9 ?is book1 & use y\r own +5uity1 & ! *ange 9 me?od may ov]come ! plateau4 ,if a plateau is due to our la/-m5tion$ cause1 insuffici5t prep>ation1 ! rem$y mu/ be dra/ic4 ,to make new resolutions & to put =? additional ef=t is n en\gh2 y mu/ g back & relay ! f\ndation4 ,make a ?or\gh review ( ! "w :i* y cov]$ slight+ly1 mak+ sure t e /ep is cle>4 ,?is process 0 describ$ 9 an e>li] *apt] z ! cl>ification ( ideas & is absolutely ess5tial 9 build+ up a /ructure ( k t w /&4 ,inde$1 z y take v>i\s c\rses y w f9d t y\r /udy w be mu* improv$ by p]iodical reviews4 ,! b5efits _c all be enum]at$ "h1 b we may reasonably claim t a review w be v likely to remove a plateau1 & us$ ) ! o!r rem$ies h]e9 sugge/$1 w help y to rid y\rself ( "o ( ! mo/ disc\rag+ features ( /ud5t life4 ,,read+ ,,& ,,ex]cise ,read+3 ,swift 7#bj7 ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,ex]cise ,i4 ,describe "o or m plateaus t y h obs]v$ 9 y\r own exp]i5ce4 ,:at d y reg>d z ! causes8 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,m5tal ,,second-,,w9d ,did y ev] engage 9 any exhau/+ physical "w = a long p]iod ( "t8 ,if s1 y probably rememb] t z y proce$$1 y became m & m fatigu$1 f9ally rea*+ a po9t :5 x seem$ t y c\ld n endure ! /ra9 ano!r m9ute4 ,y _h j decid$ to give up1 :5 sudd5ly ! fatigue seem$ to dim9i% & new en]gy seem$ to come f "s s\rce4 ,?is curi\s ?+1 :i* happ5s frequ5tly 9 a?letic activities1 is kn[n z second-w9d1 & is describ$1 by ^? :o h exp]i5c$ x1 z a "t ( increas$ p[]1 :5 ! "w is done ) great] ease & effectiv5ess & ) a fre%ness & vigor 9 great contra/ to ! /al5ess t prec$$ x4 ,x is z ?\gh "o tapp$ a level ( new en]gy1 reveal+ hidd5 /ores ( unexpect$ p[]4 ,& x is commonly report$ t ) p]si/5ce 9 pu%+ "o's self f>!r & f>!r1 a ?ird & f\r? w9d may be uncov]$1 ea* "o lead+ to great] heights ( a*ievem5t4 ,?is ph5om5on occurs n alone on ! physical plane2 x is disc]nible 9 m5tal ex]tion z well4 ,true1 we seldom exp]i5ce x because we are m5tally lazy & h ! habit ( /opp+ our "w at ! fir/ signs ( fatigue4 ,did we p]si/1 h[ev]1 disreg>d+ fatigue & ennui1 we %\ld f9d ourselves tapp+ va/ res]ves ( m5tal p[] & accompli%+ m5tal feats ( a/oni%+ brilliancy4 ,! occasional occurr5ce ( ! ph5om5on ( second-w9d gives gr\nd = ! /atem5t t we possess m en]gy ?an we ord9>ily use4 ,!re are sev]al l9es ( evid5ce = ?is /atem5t4 ,"o is to be f\nd 9 ! en]giz+ effects ( emotional excitem5t4 ,"u ! impetus ( ang]1 a man %[s f> great] /r5g? ?an he ord9>ily uses4 ,simil>ly1 a "m manife/s ! /r5g? ( a tigress :5 h] "y is endang]$4 ,a second l9e ( evid5ce is furni%$ by ! effect ( /imulants4 ,alcohol br+s to ! =e surpris+ res]ves ( physical & psy*ic en]gy4 ,la/ly1 we h innum]able in/ances ( accession ( /r5g? "u ! /imulus ( an idea4 ,"u ! dom9ation ( an all-absorb+ idea1 "o p]=ms feats ( extraord9>y /r5g?1 utiliz+ /ores ( en]gy o!rwise out ( rea*4 ,we h only to read ( ! h]oic a*ievem5ts ( little ,joan ( ,arc = an example ( su* manife/ation ( res]ve p[]4 ,:5 we exam9e ?is accession ( en]gy we f9d x to be describable 9 sev]al ways--physiologically1 neurologically & psy*ologically4 ,! physiological effects consi/ 9 a height5+ ( ! bodily functions 9 g5]al4 ,! muscles become m ready to act1 ! circulation is accel]at$1 ! brea?+ m rapid4 ,curi\s ?+s take place 9 v>i\s gl&s ?r\gh\t ! body4 ,"o1 ! adr5al gl&1 has be5 ! object ( special /udy & has be5 %[n1 ^u ! ar\sal ( ^! res]ves ( en]gy1 to produce a secretion ( ! utmo/ importance 9 provid+ = sudd5 em]g5cies4 ,?is little gl& is locat$ above ! kidney1 & is ar\s$ to int5se activity at times1 p\r+ out into ! blood a fluid t goes all ov] ! body4 ,"s ( its effects are to furni% ! blood ) *emicals t act z fuel to ! muscles1 assi/+ !m to contract m vigor\sly1 to make ! lungs m active 9 introduc+ oxyg5 into ! sy/em1 to make ! he>t m active 9 di/ribut+ ! blood ?r\gh\t ! body4 ,su* gl&ul> activity is an important physiological condition ( ^! high] levels ( en]gy4 ,9 neurological t]ms1 ! increase 9 en]gy consi/s 9 ! fl[ ( m n]v\s en]gy into ! bra91 p>ticul>ly into ^? areas :]e x is ne$$ = c]ta9 k9ds ( controll$ ?\ght & action4 ,an abundance ( n]v\s en]gy is v advantage\s1 =1 z has be5 intimat$ 9 a =m] *apt]1 n]v\s en]gy is diffus$ & spread ov] all ! pa?ways t are easily p]meable to its di/ribution4 ,?is results 9 ! use ( consid]able areas ( bra9 surface1 & knits up _m associations1 s t "o idea calls up _m o!r ideas4 ,?is leads u to recognize ! psy*ological conditions ( increas$ en]gy1 :i* are1 fir/1 ! pres5ce ( m ideas1 second1 ! m facile fl[ ( ideas2 ! :ole accompani$ by a /ate ( m>k$ pleasurabl5ess4 ,pleasure is a notable effect ( increas$ en]gy4 ,:5 "w progresses rapidly & satisfactorily1 x is accompli%$ ) great ze/ & a feel+ almo/ ak9 to exaltation4 ,^! conditions describe to "s degree ! conditions :5 we are do+ effici5t "w4 ,s9ce we are end[$ ) ! en]gy requisite = su* effici5t "w1 ! obvi\s "q is1 :y d we n m frequ5tly use x8 ,! answ] is to be f\nd 9 ! fact t we h =m$ ! habit ( giv+ up be=e we create conditions ( high effici5cy4 ,y w note t ! conditions require long-cont9u$ ex]tion & resolute p]si/5ce4 ,?is is difficult1 & we indulg5tly succumb to ! fir/ symptoms ( fatigue1 be=e we h m ?an scrat*$ ! surface ( our real pot5tialities4 ,because ( ! prom95t place occupi$ by fatigue 9 ?us be+ responsible = our dim9i%$ output1 we %all briefly consid] its place 9 /udy4 ,ev]yone :o has /udi$ w agree t fatigue is an almo/ inv>iable att5dant ( cont9u\s m5tal ex]tion4 ,we %all lay d[n ! proposition at ! />t1 h[ev]1 t ! aw>5ess ( fatigue is n ! same z ! objective fatigue 9 ! organs ( ! body4 ,fatigue %\ld be reg>d$ z a tw(old ?+--a /ate ( m9d1 designat$ its subjective aspect1 & a condition ( v>i\s p>ts ( ! body1 designat$ its objective aspect4 ,! =m] is obs]vable by introspection1 ! latt] by analysis ( bodily secretions & by measurem5t ( ! dim9ution ( "w1 entirely )\t ref]5ce to ! way ! m9d reg>ds ! "w4 ,fatigue subjectively1 or fatigue z we feel x1 is n at all ! same z fatigue z manife/$ 9 ! body4 ,if we 7 to make two curves1 ! "o %[+ ! advancem5t ( ! feel+ ( fatigue1 & ! o!r %[+ ! advancem5t ( impot5ce on ! "p ( ! bodily processes1 ! two curves w\ld n at all co9cide4 ,/at$ ano!r way1 fatigue is a complex ?+1 a product ( ideas1 feel+s & s5sations1 & sometimes ! ideas ov]balance ! s5sations & we ?9k we are m tir$ !n we are objectively4 ,x is ?is fact t acc\nts = our too rapid giv+ up :5 we are engag$ 9 h>d "w4 ,a psy*ological analysis ( ! subjective side ( fatigue w make its true nature m app>5t4 ,probably ! fir/ ?+ we f9d 9 ! m9d :5 fatigu$ is a l>ge mass ( s5sations4 ,!y are ref]r$ to v>i\s p>ts ( ! body1 mo/ly ! "p :]e muscul> activity has be5 mo/ viol5t & prolong$4 ,n all ( ! s5sations1 h[ev]1 are int5se en\gh to be localizable1 "s be+ s vague t we m]ely say we are tir$ all ov]4 ,^! vague s5sations are (t5 ov]look$2 nev]!less1 z w be %[n lat]1 !y may be exce$+ly important4 ,b s5sations are n ! only cont5ts ( ! m9d at "t ( fatigue4 ,feel+s are pres5t also1 usually ( a v unpleasant k9d4 ,!y are relat$ p>tly to ! s5sations m5tion$ above1 :i* are ess5tially pa9ful1 & !y are feel+s ( bor$om & ennui4 ,we h yet to exam9e ! ideas 9 m9d & _! behavior at "t ( fatigue4 ,!y come sluggi%ly1 associations be+ made sl[ly & inaccurately1 & we make _m mi/akes4 ,b con/riction ( ideas is n ! sole effect ( fatigue4 ,at su* a "t !re are usually o!r ideas 9 ! m9d n relevant to ! fatigu+ task ( ! mom5t1 & exce$+ly di/ract+4 ,(t5 !y are s insi/5t 9 =c+ !mselves ^u our att5tion t we ?r[ up ! "w )\t fur!r ef=t4 ,x is practically c]ta9 t mu* ( our fatigue is due1 n to real we>9ess & inability to "w1 b to ! pres5ce ( ideas t appe> s attractive 9 contra/ ) ! "w 9 h& t we say we are tir$ ( ! latt]4 ,:at we really mean is t we w\ld r d some?+ else4 ,^! obtrud+ ideas are (t5 introduc$ into our m9ds by o!r p :o tell u t we h work$ long en\gh & ought to come & play1 & ?\gh we may n h felt tir$ up to ?is po9t1 /ill ! sugge/ion is s /rong t we imm$iately beg9 to feel tir$4 ,v>i\s social situations c ar\se ! same sugge/ion4 ,= example1 z ! clock ne>s quitt+ "t1 we feel t we ought to be tir$1 s we all[ ourselves to ?9k we are4 ,let u n[ exam9e ! bodily conditions to see :at fatigue is objectively4 ,physiologically x has be5 demon/rat$ t fatigue is accompani$ by ?ree sorts ( *anges4 ,fir/1 poisons accumulate 9 ! blood & affect ! action ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 z has be5 %[n by direct analysis4 ,mosso 444 select$ two dogs z ne>ly alike z possible4 ,"o he kept ti$ all day2 ! o!r1 he ex]cis$ until by night x 0 ?or\ghly tir$4 ,!n he transfus$ ! blood ( ! tir$ animal into ! ve9s ( ! re/$ "o & produc$ 9 him all ! signs ( fatigue t 7 %[n by ! o!r4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! wa/e products ( ! body accumulate 9 ! blood & int]f]e ) ! action ( ! n]ve cells & muscles4 ,x is probable t ^! accumulations come z a result ( m5tal z well z ( physical "w4 ,a second *ange 9 fatigue has be5 f\nd 9 ! cell body ( ! neurone4 ,hodge %[$ t ! size ( ! nucleus ( ! cell 9 ! sp9al cord ( a bee dim9i%$ ne>ly #ge p] c5t1 z a result ( ! day's activity1 & t ! nucleus became mu* less solid4 ,a ?ird *ange t has be5 demon/rat$ z a result ( muscul> "w is ! accumulation ( wa/e products 9 ! muscle tissue4 ,fatigu$ muscles conta9 consid]able p]c5tages ( ^! products4 ,t !y are important factors 9 ! fatigue process has be5 %[n by wa%+ !m f a fatigu$ muscle4 ,z a result ! muscle ga9s new capacity = "w4 ,! exp]im5ts are p]=m$ on ! muscles ( a frog t h be5 cut f ! body & fatigu$ by electrical /imulation4 ,:5 !y w no long] respond1 _! s5sitivity may be r5ew$ by wa%+ !m 9 dilute alcohol or 9 a weak salt solution t w dissolve ! products ( fatigue4 ,x is probable t ^! products /imulate ! s5se-organs 9 ! muscles & ?us give "s ( ! s5sations ( fatigue4 ,( ^! physical effects ( fatigue1 ! accumulation ( wa/e products 9 ! blood & ! effects ^u ! n]ve cells are probably common bo? to m5tal & physical fatigue4 ,! effect ^u ! muscles plays a "p 9 m5tal fatigue only s f> z all m5tal "w involves "s muscul> activity4 ,by ?is "t y mu/ be conv9c$ t ! subject ( fatigue is exce$+ly complicat$2 t its effects are manife/$ diff]5tly 9 m9d & body4 ,9 reliev+ fatigue ! fir/ /ep to be tak5 is to re/ prop]ly4 ,man _c "w incessantly2 he mu/ re/ sometimes1 & x is j z important to "k h[ to re/ effici5tly z to "k h[ to "w effici5tly4 ,by ?is is n meant t "o %\ld re/ z soon z fatigue beg9s to be felt4 ,q ! rev]se4 ,keep on work+ all ! h>d] if y wi% ! second-w9d to appe>4 ,p]haps two h\rs w exhau/ y\r fir/ supply ( en]gy & w leave y greatly fatigu$4 ,d n give up at ?is "t1 h[ev]4 ,pu% y\rself f>!r 9 ord] to uncov] ! second lay] ( en]gy4 ,be=e ent]+ ^u ?is1 h[ev]1 x w be possible to secure "s advantage by re/+ = ab\t fifte5 m9utes4 ,d n re/ long] ?an ?is1 or y may lose ! mom5tum already secur$ & y\r two h\rs w h gone = naught4 ,if "o indulges 9 too long a re/1 ! en]gy seems to run d[n & m ef=t is requir$ to "w x up aga9 ?an 0 orig9ally exp5d$4 ,x is also important to obs]ve ! prop] m5tal conditions dur+ re/4 ,d n sp5d ! fifte5 m9utes 9 gett+ int]e/$ 9 "s o!r object2 = t w leave di/ract+ ideas 9 ! m9d :i* w p]si/ :5 y resume "w4 ,make ! re/ a "t ( physical & m5tal relief4 ,move cramp$ muscles1 re/ y\r eyes & let y\r ?\ghts idly w&]2 !n come back to "w 9 t5 or fifte5 m9utes & y w be amaz$ at ! refre%$ feel+ ) :i* y d y\r "w & at ! accession ( new en]gy t w come to y4 ,keep on at ?is new plane & y\r "w w take on all ! attributes ( ! second-w9d level ( effici5cy4 ,besides plann+ intellig5t re/s1 y may also adju/ y\rself to fatigue by arrang+ y\r daily program s z to d y\r h>de/ "w :5 y are fre%1 & y\r easie/ :5 y\r effici5cy is l[4 ,9 o!r words1 y are a human dynamo1 & %\ld adju/ y\rself to ! diff]5t loads y c>ry4 ,:5 c>ry+ a heavy load1 employ y\r be/ en]gies1 b :5 c>ry+ only a light load1 ex]t a proportionate am\nt ( en]gy4 ,e /ud5t has tasks ( a r\t9e nature :i* d n require a high degree ( en]gy1 su* z copy+ mat]ial4 ,plan to p]=m su* "w :5 y\r /ock ( en]gy is l[e/4 ,"o ( ! be/ ways to insure ! atta9m5t ( a high] plane ( m5tal effici5cy is to assume an attitude ( int]e/$ness4 ,?is is an emotional /ate & we h se5 t emotion calls =? great en]gy4 ,a f9al aid 9 promot+ increase ( en]gy is t ga9$ ?r\gh /imulat+ ideas4 ,o!r ?+s be+ equal1 ! /ud5t :o is animat$ by a /imulat+ idea works m dilig5tly & effectively ?an "o )\t4 ,! idea may be a l(ty pr(essional ideal2 x may be a desire to please "o's family1 a s5se ( duty1 or a wi% to excel4 ,:atev] x is1 an idea may /imulate to extraord9>y a*ievem5ts4 ,adopt "s compell+ aim if y h none4 ,a vocational aim (t5 s]ves z a p[]ful inc5tive ?r\gh\t "o's /ud5t life4 ,an idea may op]ate = ev5 m transi5t purposes2 x may make "o oblivi\s to pres5t discom=t to a rem>kable degree4 ,?is is accompli%$ ?r\gh ! aid ( sugge/ion4 ,:5 feel+s ( fatigue approa*1 y may w>d !m (f by resolutely sugge/+ to y\rself t y are feel+ fre%4 ,above all1 ! w is effective 9 lift+ "o to high] levels ( effici5cy4 ,x is notori\s t a s+le ef=t ( ! w1 su* z say+ 'no' to "s habitual temptation or p]=m+ "s c\rage\s act1 w laun* a man on a high] level ( en]gy = days & weeks1 w give him a new range ( p[]4 ',9 ! act ( uncork+ ! :iskey bottle :i* ,i _h br\ght home to get drunk ^u1' said a man to me1 ',i sudd5ly f\nd myself runn+ out into ! g>d51 :]e ,i sma%$ x on ! gr\nd4 ,i felt s happy & uplift$ aft] ?is act1 t = two mon?s ,i wasn't tempt$ to t\* a drop4' ,b ! results ( ex]tions ( ! w are n usually s imm$iate1 & y may accept x z a fact t 9 rais+ y\rself to a high] level ( en]gy y _c d x by a s+le ef=t4 ,cont9u\s ef=t is requir$ until ! high] levels ( en]gy h =m$ ! habit ( respond+ :5 "w is to be done4 ,9 lay+ ! burd5 ^u ,nature's me*anism ( habit1 y see y are aga9 face to face ) ! proposition laid d[n at ! beg9n+ ( ! book--t education consi/s 9 ! process ( =m+ habits ( m9d4 ,! p>ticul> habit mo/ important to cultivate 9 connection ) ! production ( second-w9d is ! habit ( resi/+ fatigue4 ,=m ! habit ( p]si/+ 9 spite ( app>5t ob/acles & limitations4 ,?\gh !y seem almo/ unsurm\ntable1 !y are really only sup]ficial4 ,buri$ deep )9 y are /ores ( en]gy t y y\rself are unaw>e (4 ,!y w assi/ y 9 accompli%+ feats f> great] ?an y ?9k y\rself capable (4 ,draw ^u ^! res\rces & y w f9d y\rself gradually liv+ & work+ ^u a high] plane ( effici5cy1 improv+ ! quality ( y\r "w1 increas+ ! quantity ( y\r "w & enhanc+ y\r enjoym5t 9 "w4 ,,read+s ,,& ,,ex]cise ,read+s3 ,james 7#i7 ,sea%ore 7#ad7 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,swift 7#bj7 ,*apt] ,v4 ,ex]cise ,i4 ,describe conditions y h obs]v$ at "t ( second-w9d 9 connection ) prolong$ 7a7 physical ex]tion1 7b7 intellectual ex]tion4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,exam9ations ,"o ( ! mo/ vexati\s p]iods ( /ud5t life is exam9ation "t4 ,?is is almo/ univ]sally a "t ( great di/ress1 giv+ rise 9 extreme cases to conditions ( n]v\s collapse4 ,! reason = ?is is n f> to seek1 = ^u ! results ( exam9ations frequ5tly dep5d mom5t\s consequ5ces1 su* z valuable appo9tm5ts1 diplomas1 degrees & o!r important ev5ts 9 ! life ( a /ud5t4 ,9 view ( ! importance ( exam9ations1 !n1 x is natural t !y be reg>d$ ) consid]able fe> & trepidation1 & x is important t we devise :at rules we c = meet+ _! exacti\s dem&s ) greate/ ease & effectiv5ess4 ,exam9ations s]ve sev]al purposes1 ! =emo/ ( :i* is to in=m ! exam9] reg>d+ ! am\nt ( k possess$ by ! /ud5t4 ,9 discov]+ ?is1 two me?ods may be employ$2 fir/1 to te/ :e!r or n ! /ud5t kn[s c]ta9 ?+s1 pla9ly a reproductive ex]cise2 second1 to see h[ well ! /ud5t c apply 8 k4 ,b ?is is n ! only function ( an exam9ation4 ,x also %[s ! /ud5t h[ mu* he kn[s or does n "k4 ,aga9 ! exam9ation (t5 s]ves z an inc5tive to h>d] "w on ! "p ( ! /ud5t1 = if "o kn[s !re w be an exam9ation 9 a subject1 "o usually /udies ) great] zeal ?an :5 an exam9ation is n expect$4 ,la/ly1 an exam9ation may help ! /ud5t to l9k up facts 9 new ways1 & to see !m 9 new relation%ips4 ,9 ?is aspect1 y readily see t exam9ations con/itute a valuable device 9 le>n+4 ,b /ud5ts are n v pati5t 9 philosophiz+ ab\t ! purpose ( exam9ations1 decl>+ t if exam9ations are a necess>y "p ( ! educational process1 !y wi% "s advice t w enable !m to pass exam9ations easily & ) cr$it to !mselves4 ,s we %all turn our att5tion to ! practical problems ( pass+ exam9ations4 ,our fir/ duty 9 giv+ advice is to call att5tion to ! necessity = fai?ful "w ?r\gh\t ! c\rse ( /udy4 ,"s /ud5ts seem to ?9k t !y c slight _! "w ?r\gh\t a c\rse1 & by vigor\s cramm+ at ! end make up = slight$ "w & pass ! exam9ation4 ,?is is an extremely dang]\s attitude to take4 ,x might "w ) c]ta9 k9ds ( subject-matt]1 a c]ta9 type ( /ud5t-m9d & a c]ta9 k9d ( exam9]1 b z a g5]al practice x is a mo/ trea*]\s me?od ( pass+ a c\rse4 ,! greate/ objection f a psy*ological /&po9t is t we h reason to believe t le>n+ ?us conc5trat$ is n s p]man5tly effective z t ext5d$ ov] a long p]iod ( "t4 ,= in/ance1 a ,g]man c\rse ext5d+ ov] a ye> has mu* to comm5d x ov] a c\rse ) ! same numb] ( recitation-h\rs cr[d$ into two mon?s4 ,we already discuss$ ! reasons = ?is 9 ,*apt] ,,vi1 :5 we %[$ ! b5eficial results com+ f ! di/ribution ( impressions ov] a p]iod ( "t4 ,aga9/ cramm+ x may fur!r be urg$ t ! ha/y impression ( a mass ( new mat]ial is n likely to be la/+2 p>ticul>ly is ?is true :5 ! cramm+ is made specifically = a c]ta9 exam9ation4 ,z we saw 9 ! *apt] on memory1 ! int5tion to rememb] affects ! firmness ( ret5tion1 & if ! cramm+ is done m]ely ) ref]5ce to ! exam9ation1 ! facts le>n$ may be =gott5 & nev] be available = future use4 ,s we may lay x d[n z a rule t fev]i% ex]tions at ! end ( a c\rse _c replace consci5ti\s "w ?r\gh\t ! c\rse4 ,9 spite ( ^! objections1 h[ev]1 we mu/ admit t cramm+ has "s value1 if x does n take ! =m ( new acquisition ( facts1 b consi/s m ( a manipulation ( facts already le>n$4 ,z a me?od ( review1 x has an em95tly prop] place & may well be reg>d$ z indisp5sable4 ,"s /ud5ts1 x is true1 ass]t t !y d]ive little b5efit f a pre-exam9ation review1 b "o is incl9$ to "q _! me?ods4 ,we h already f\nd t le>n+ is *>act]i/ically aid$ by reviews1 & t recall is facilitat$ by rec5cy ( impression4 ,review+ j be=e exam9ation s]ves ! memory by provid+ repetition & rec5cy1 :i*1 z we le>n$ 9 ! *apt] on memory1 are conditions = favorable impression4 ,a fur!r value ( cramm+ is t by means ( su* a summ>iz+ review "o is able to see facts 9 a great] numb] ( relations ?an be=e4 ,x too (t5 happ5s t :5 facts are tak5 up 9 a c\rse !y come 9 a m or less deta*$ =m1 b at ! conclusion ( ! c\rse a review w %[ ! facts 9 p]spective & w disclose _m new relations betwe5 !m4 ,ano!r advantage ( cramm+ is t at su* a "t1 "o usually works at a high plane ( effici5cy2 ! task ( review+ 9 a few h\rs ! "w ( an entire c\rse is s huge t ! att5tion is closely conc5trat$1 impressions are made vividly1 & ! entire m5tality is tun$ up s t facts are well impress$1 coord9at$ & reta9$4 ,^! advantages are n all pres5t 9 ! m leisurely le>n+ ( a c\rse1 s we see t cramm+ may be reg>d$ z a useful device 9 le>n+4 ,we mu/ n =get t _m ( ! advantages secur$ by cramm+ are dep5d5t ^u ! me?ods pursu$4 ,!re are good me?ods & poor me?ods ( cramm+4 ,"o ( ! mo/ repreh5sible ( ! latt] is to get into a flurry & scramble madly ?r\gh a mass ( facts )\t reg>d to _! relation to ea* o!r4 ,?is me?od is *>act]iz$ by brea?less ha/e & an anxi\s fe> le/ some?+ be miss$ or =gott54 ,p]haps its mo/ s]i\s evil is its =mlessness & lack ( plan4 ,9 o!r words ! facts %\ld n be seiz$ ^u s+ly b %\ld be reg>d$ 9 ! light ( _! diff]5t relations ) ea* o!r4 ,suppose1 = example1 y are review+ = an exam9ation 9 m$iaeval hi/ory4 ,! important ev5ts may be /udi$ accord+ to c\ntries1 /udy+ "o c\ntry at a "t1 b t is n suffici5t2 ! ev5ts occurr+ dur+ "o p]iod 9 "o c\ntry %\ld be correlat$ ) ^? occurr+ 9 ano!r c\ntry at ! same "t4 ,likewise ! movem5ts 9 ! field ( sci5ce & discov]y %\ld be correlat$ ) movem5ts 9 ! fields ( lit]ature1 religion & political control4 ,tabulate ! ev5ts 9 *ronological ord] & comp>e ! diff]5t s]ies ( ev5ts ) ea* o!r4 ,9 ?is way ! facts w be se5 9 new relations & w be m firmly impress$ s t y c use !m 9 answ]+ a great v>iety ( que/ions4 ,hav+ made prep>ation ( ! subject-matt] ( ! exam9ation1 ! next /ep is to prep>e y\rself physically = ! try+ ordeal1 = x is well kn[n t ! m9d acts m ably "u physically heal?ful conditions4 ,g to ! exam9ation-room ) y\r body re/$ aft] a good night's sleep4 ,eat sp>+ly be=e ! exam9ation1 = m5tal processes are likely to be clogg$ if too heavy food is tak54 ,hav+ rea*$ ! exam9ation-room1 !re are a numb] ( consid]ations t are requisite = success4 ,"s ( ! advice "h giv5 may seem to be sup]flu\s b if y _h ev] correct$ exam9ation pap]s y w\ld see ! ne$ ( x all4 ,let y\r fir/ /ep consi/ ( a prelim9>y survey ( ! exam9ation que/ions2 read !m all ov] sl[ly & ?\ghtfully 9 ord] to discov] ! ext5t ( ! task set be=e y4 ,a /rik+ ?+ is accompli%$ by ?is prelim9>y read+ ( ! que/ions4 ,x seems z ?\gh dur+ ! exam9ation p]iod ! k relat+ to ! diff]5t que/ions assembles itself1 & :ile y are focus+ y\r att5tion ^u ! answ] to "o "q1 ! answ]s to ! o!r que/ions are =mulat+ !mselves 9 y\r m9d4 ,x is a semi-consci\s op]ation1 ak9 to ! unconsci\s le>n+ discuss$ 9 ! *apt] on memory4 ,9 ord] to take advantage ( x1 x is necess>y to h ! que/ions 9 m9d z soon z possible2 !n x w be f\nd t relevant associations w =m & w come to ! surface :5 y rea* ! p>ticul> que/ions4 ,dur+ ! exam9ation :5 "s ( ^! associations come into consci\sness ahead ( "t1 x is (t5 wise to digress f ! "q 9 h& long en\gh to jot !m d[n4 ,by all means pres]ve !m1 = if y d n write !m d[n !y may leave y & be lo/4 ,sometimes v brilliant ideas come 9 fla%es1 & inasmu* z !y are s fleet+1 x is wise to grasp !m & fix !m :ile !y are fre%4 ,9 writ+ ! exam9ation1 be sure y read e "q c>efully4 ,ea* "q has a def9ite po9t2 look = x1 & d n />t answ]+ until y are sure y h f\nd x4 ,discov] ! implications ( ea* "q2 canvass its possible int]pretations1 & if x is at all ambigu\s seek light f ! in/ructor if he is will+ to make any fur!r comm5t4 ,x is well to h scrat* pap] h&y & make outl9es = y\r answ]s to long que/ions4 ,x is a good plan1 also1 :5 deal+ ) long que/ions1 to wat* ! "t c>efully1 = !re is dang] t y w sp5d too mu* "t ^u "s "q to ! detrim5t ( o!rs equally important1 ?\gh %ort]4 ,"o error :i* /ud5ts (t5 commit 9 tak+ exam9ations is to wa/e "t 9 dream+4 ,z !y come ^u a difficult "q !y sit back & wait = ! answ] to come to !m4 ,?is is ! wrong plan4 ,! secret ( fre$om ( ideas lies 9 activity4 ,!re=e1 at su* times1 keep active1 s t ! associative processes w op]ate freely4 ,/imulate bra9 activity by ! me?od sugge/$ 9 ,*apt] ,x1 namely1 by means ( muscul> activity4 ,in/ead ( idly wait+ = fla%es ( inspiration1 beg9 to write4 ,y may n be able to write directly ^u ! po9t at issue1 b y c write some?+ ab\t x1 & z y beg9 to explore & to express y\r meagre fund ( k1 "o idea w call up ano!r & soon ! correct answ] w appe>4 ,aft] y h prep>$ y\rself to ! ext5t ( y\r ability1 y %\ld ma9ta9 t[>d ! exam9ation an attitude ( confid5ce4 ,believe firmly t y w pass ! exam9ation4 ,make /rong sugge/ions to y\rself1 affirm+ positively t y h ! requisite am\nt ( in=mation & ! ability to express x coh]5tly & =cefully4 ,=tifi$ by ! consci\sness ( fai?ful application ?r\gh\t ! "w ( a c\rse1 re9=c$ by a ?or\gh1 well-plann$ review1 & ) a firm conviction 9 ! /r5g? ( y\r own p[]s1 y may approa* y\r exam9ations ) comp>ative ease & ) good *ances ( pass+ !m cr$itably4 ,,read+s ,,& ,,ex]cise ,read+s3 ,adams 7#a7 ,*apt] ,x4 ,de>born 7#b7 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,ex]cise ,i4 ,make a s*$ule ( y\r exam9ations = ! next exam9ation week4 ,%[ exactly :at prep>atory /eps y w take 7a7 be=e com+ to ! exam9ation room1 7#f7 aft] ent]+ x4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,bodily ,,conditions ,,= ,,effective ,,/udy ,x is a truism to say t m5tal ability is affect$ by bodily conditions4 ,a common compla9t ( /ud5ts is t !y _c /udy because ( a heada*e1 or !y fail 9 class because ( loss ( sleep4 ,s pat5t is ! int]relation betwe5 bodily condition & /udy t we _c consid] our discussion ( /udy problems complete )\t recognition ( ! topic4 ,we %all gr\p our discussions ab\t ?ree ( ! mo/ important physical activities1 eat+1 sleep+ & ex]cis+4 ,^! make up ! great] "p ( our daily activities & if !y are prop]ly regulat$ our /udy is likely to be effective4 ,,food4--,x is g5]ally agre$ t ! ma9 function ( food is to repair ! tissues ( ! body4 ,o!r effects are pres5t1 su* z pleasure & sociability1 b its *ief b5efit is rep>ative1 s we may well reg>d ! subject f a /rictly utilit>ian /&po9t & inquire h[ we may produce ! highe/ effici5cy f our eat+4 ,"s ( ! important que/ions ab\t eat+ are1 h[ mu* to eat1 :at k9d ( food to eat1 :5 to eat1 :at are ! mo/ favorable conditions = eat+8 ,! quantity ( food to be tak5 v>ies ) ! dem&s ( ! individual appetite & ! individual p[]s ( absorption4 ,9 g5]al1 "o :o is engag$ 9 physical labor ne$s m1 because ( increas$ appetite & increas$ wa/e ( tissues4 ,s a f>m-h& ne$s m food ?an a college /ud5t1 ^: "w is mo/ly indoors & s$5t>y4 ,mu* has be5 said rec5tly ab\t ! ills ( ov]eat+4 ,"o ( ! mo/ en?usia/ic def5d]s ( a decreas$ diet is ,mr4 ,horace ,flet*]1 :o1 by ! practice ( protract$ ma/ication1 contrives to satisfy ! appetite :ile tak+ an exceptionally small am\nt ( food4 ,saliv>y dige/ion is favor$ & ! me*anical subdivision ( ! food is c>ri$ to an extreme po9t4 ,rem>kably complete dige/ion & absorption foll[4 ,by fai?fully pursu+ ?is sy/em ,mr4 ,flet*] has va/ly bett]$ 8 g5]al heal?1 & is a r>e example ( muscul> & m5tal p[] = a man above sixty ye>s ( age4 ,he is a vigor\s p$e/rian & m\nta9-climb] & holds surpris+ records = endurance te/s 9 ! gymnasium4 ,! *ief ga9 obs]v$ 9 8 case1 z 9 o!rs :i* are m or less p>allel1 is ! acquir+ ( immunity to fatigue1 bo? muscul> & c5tral4 ,x is n claim$ t ! sp>+ diet conf]s great /r5g? = mom5t>y ef=ts--'explosive /r5g?1' z ! t]m goes--b t mod]ate muscul> contractions may be repeat$ _m times ) f> less discom=t ?an be=e4 ,! inf]5ce appe>s to be t ! subject :o eats m ?an is be/ has 9 8 circulation & 8 tissues by-products :i* act l ! muscul> wa/e :i* is normally responsible = fatigue4 ,accord+ to ?is conception he is nev] really fre% = 8 task1 b is oblig$ to />t ) a h&icap4 ,:5 he r$uces 8 diet ! cells & fluids ( 8 body free !mselves ( ^! by-products & he realizes a capacity q unguess$ 9 ! pa/4 ,! same assumption expla9s ! fact m5tion$ by ,mr4 ,flet*]1 t ! h\rs ( sleep c be r$uc$ decid$ly :5 ! diet is cut d[n4 ,x w\ld seem z ?\gh a "p ( our sleep might (t5 be due to avoidable auto-intoxication4 ,if "o c %ort5 8 nightly sleep )\t feel+ ! worse = x ?is is an important ga94 ,b ! am\nt ( food is probably n s important z ! k9d4 ,foods conta9+ mu* />*1 z potatoes & rice1 may ord9>ily be tak5 9 great] quantities ?an foods conta9+ mu* prote91 su* z meats & nuts4 ,s our problem is n s mu* conc]n$ ) quantity z ) ! *oice ( k9ds ( food4 ,probably ! mo/ favorable di/ribution ( foods = /ud5ts is a pr$om9ance ( fruits1 co>se c]eals1 />* & sug> & less prom95ce to meats4 ,d n beg9 ! day's /udy on a breakfa/ ( cakes4 ,!y are a heavy tax ^u ! dige/ive p[]s & _! nutritive value is l[4 ,! mid-day meal is also a crucial factor 9 det]m9+ ! effici5cy ( aft]noon /udy1 & _m /ud5ts almo/ completely incapacitate !mselves = aft]noon "w by a too-heavy noon meal4 ,frequ5tly an aft]noon c\rse is r5d]$ q valueless because ! /ud5t dr[ses ?r\gh ! lecture sodd5$ by a heavy lun*4 ,"o way ( ov]com+ ?is difficulty is by disp5s+ ) ! mid-day meal2 ano!r way is to dr9k a small am\nt ( c(fee1 :i* frequ5tly keeps p awake2 b ^! devices are n to be univ]sally recomm5d$4 ,! heavy meal ( a /ud5t may well come at ev5+4 ,x %\ld consi/ ( a v>i$ assortm5t ( foods ) "s liquids1 pref]ably cle> s\p1 milk & wat]4 ,meat also =ms a sub/antial "p ( ?is meal1 ?\gh ord9>ily x %\ld n be tak5 m ?an once a day4 ,mu* is he>d n[adays ab\t ! dang]s ( excessive meat-eat+ & ! objections are well-f\nd$ 9 ! case ( bra9-work]s4 ,! undesirable effects are an unpr(itable spurr+ ( ! metabolism-- m p>ticul>ly objectionable 9 w>m wea!r--& ! m5ace ( auto-intoxication4 ,too mu* prote91 f\nd 9 meat1 lays a burd5 ^u ! liv] & kidneys & :5 ! burd5 is too great1 wa/es1 :i* _c be tak5 c>e (1 ga!r & poison ! blood1 giv+ rise to t feel+ ( be+ tir$ all ov] :i* is s inimical to m5tal & physical ex]tion4 ,:5 meat is eat51 c>e %\ld be tak5 to *oose "r k9ds4 ,"s k9ds ( meat are well kn[n to occasion indige/ion4 ,pork & veal are p>ticul>ly fe>$4 ,:ile we may n "k ! reason :y ^! foods s (t5 disagree ) p1 x seems probable t texture is an important consid]ation4 ,9 bo? ^! meats ! fibre is f9e1 & fat is intimately m+l$ ) ! lean4 ,a close bl5d+ ( fat ) nitrog5\s matt] appe>s to give a fabric :i* is h>d to dige/4 ,! same pr9ciple is illu/rat$ by fat-soak$ fri$ foods4 ,"u ! cov] ( ! fat1 ?or\gh-go+ bact]ial decomposition ( ! prote9s may be accompli%$ ) ! f9al release ( highly poison\s products4 ,attacks ( acute indige/ion result+ f ?is cause are mu* l ! s-call$ ptoma9e poison+4 ,mu* ( ! b5efit ( meat may be secur$ f o!r foods4 ,fat1 = example1 may be obta9$ f milk & butt] fre$ f ! objectionable qualities ( ! meat-fibre4 ,9 ?is connection x is important to call att5tion to ! use ( fri$ fat4 ,avoid fat t is mix$ ) />* p>ticles 9 su* foods z fri$ potatoes & pie-cru/4 ,! conditions dur+ meals %\ld always be z pleasant z possible4 ,?is ref]s bo? to physical surr\nd+s & m5tal condition4 ,! processes occurr+ 9 ! alim5t>y canal are greatly subject to influ5ces radiat+ f ! bra94 ,x is especially /rik+ t bo? ! movem5ts ( ! /oma* & ! secretion ( ! ga/ric juice may be inhibit$ z a result ( di/urb+ circum/ances4 ,inte/9al movem5ts may be modifi$ 9 simil> fa%ion4 ,cannon has collect$ v>i\s in/ances ( ! susp5sion ( dige/ion 9 consequ5ce ( disagreeable exp]i5ces1 & x w\ld be easy = almo/ anyone to add to 8 li/4 ,he tells u1 = example1 ( ! case ( a woman ^: /oma* 0 empti$ "u ! direction ( a speciali/ 9 ord] to asc]ta9 ! degree ( dige/ion und]gone by a prescrib$ breakfa/4 ,! d9n] ( ! night be=e 0 recov]$ & 0 f\nd almo/ unalt]$4 ,inquiry l$ to ! fact t ! woman _h pass$ a night ( int5se agitation z ! result ( misconduct on ! "p ( h] husb&4 ,p :o are seasick "s h\rs aft] a meal vomit undige/$ food4 ,appreh5sion ( be+ sick has probably inhibit$ ! ga/ric activities4 ,j z a s+le occasion ( pa9ful emotion may lead to a pass+ dige/ive di/urbance1 s cont9u$ m5tal depression1 worry1 or grief may p]man5tly impair ! work+ ( ! 7alim5t>y7 tract & und]m9e ! vigor & capacity ( ! suff]]4 ,homesickness is n to be reg>d$ lightly z a cause ( malnutrition4 ,companion%ip is a p[]ful promot] ( assimilation4 ,! attractive s]v+ ( food1 a pleasant room1 & good v5tilation are ( high importance4 ,! lack ( ^!1 s commonly fac$ by ! lonely /ud5t or ! "y man mak+ a />t 9 a /range city1 may be to "s ext5t c\nt]act$ by ! cultivation ( optimism & ! m5tal discipl9e :i* makes x possible to deta* "o's self f sordid surr\nd+s4 ,almo/ z important z eat+ is dr9k+1 = liquids con/itute ! l>ge/ item 9 ! income ( ! body4 ,free dr9k+ is recomm5d$ by physiologi/s1 ! b5eficial results be+1 ! avoidance ( con/ipation1 & ! promotion ( ! elim9ation ( dissolv$ wa/e by ! kidneys & possibly ! liv]4 ,9 reg>d to ! use ( wat] ) meals1 a po9t ^u :i* emphatic cautions 7 =m]ly (f]$1 rec5t exp]im5ts h fail$ to %[ any bad effects f ?is1 & ! advice is n[ giv5 to dr9k all ! wat] t "o *ooses ) meals4 ,caution %\ld be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 ab\t introduc+ hot & cold liquids into ! /oma* 9 quick succession4 ,o!r liquids h be5 mu* discuss$ by dietitians1 especially tea & c(fee4 ,^! bev]ages owe :at limit$ food value !y h to ! cream & sug> usually mix$ ) !m4 ,!y give pleasure by _! aroma1 b !y are giv5 a peculi> position among articles ( diet by ! pres5ce 9 !m ( ! comp\nd caffe91 :i* is di/9ctly a drug4 ,x is a /imulant to ! he>t1 ! kidneys1 & ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em4 ,individual susceptibility to ! action ( caffe9 v>ies greatly4 ,:]e "o p]son notices little or no reaction aft] a cup ( c(fee1 ano!r is exhil>at$ to a m>k$ degree & h\rs lat] may f9d himself ly+ sleepless ) t5se or trembl+ muscles1 a dry1 burn+ sk91 & a m9d fev]i%ly active4 ,(t5 x is f\nd t a m protract$ di/urbance foll[s ! tak+ ( c(fee ) cream ?an is caus$ by black c(fee4 ,x is too mu* to claim t ! use ( tea & c(fee is altoge!r to be condemn$4 ,_m p1 nev]!less1 are bett] )\t !m4 ,= all :o f9d !mselves /rongly /imulat$ x is ! "p ( wisdom to limit ! enjoym5t ( ^! decoctions to real em]g5cies :5 uncommon dem&s are made ^u ! endurance & :5 = a "t hygi5ic consid]ations h to be ignor$4 ,if "y p w po/pone ! =mation ( ! habit !y w h "o m res\rce :5 ! pressure ( mature life becomes sev]e4 ,be=e conclud+ ?is discussion a ^w might be add$ conc]n+ ! relation betwe5 fa/+ & m5tal activity4 ,prolong$ ab/95ce f food frequ5tly results 9 highly %>p5$ intellectual p[]s4 ,num]\s examples ( ?is are f\nd 9 ! lit]ature ( hi/ory & biography2 _m actors1 speak]s & s+]s habitually fa/ be=e public p]=mances4 ,!re are "s disadvantages to fa/+1 especially loss ( weight & weakness1 b :5 done "u ! direction ( a physician1 fa/+ has be5 kn[n to produce v b5eficial effects4 ,x is m5tion$ "h because x has su* m>k$ effects 9 spe$+ up ! m5tal processes & cle>+ ! m9d2 & ! well-n\ri%$ /ud5t may f9d ! practice a s\rce ( m5tal /r5g? dur+ times ( /ress su* z exam9ations4 ,,sleep4--,ab\t "o-?ird ( an av]age human life is pass$ 9 ! famili> & yet my/]i\s /ate :i* we call sleep4 ,f "o po9t ( view ?is seems a l>ge inroad ^u ! p]iod 9 :i* our consci\sness has its ex]cise2 a subtraction ( tw5ty-five ye>s f ! life ( "o :o lives to be sev5ty-five4 ,yet we "k t ! effici5cy & com=t ( ! individual dem& ! surr5d] ( all ?is preci\s "t4 ,x has (t5 be5 said t sleep is a m imp]ative necessity ?an food1 & ! claim seems to be well f\nd$4 ,x is q likely t "s /ud5ts indulge 9 too mu* sleep4 ,?is may sometimes be due to laz9ess1 b frequ5tly x is due to actual intoxication1 f an excess ( food :i* results 9 ! pres5ce ( poison\s n>cotiz+ sub/ances absorb$ f ! burd5$ inte/9e4 ,?is !ory is r5d]$ t5able by ! fact t :5 ! diet is r$uc$ ! h\rs ( sleep may be r$uc$4 ,if "o is 9 good heal?1 x seems "r to expect t "o %\ld be able to arise gladly & briskly ^u awak+4 ,by all means d n indulge y\rself 9 long p]iods ( ly+ 9 b$ aft] a good night's re/4 ,if we exam9e ! physical & physiological conditions ( sleep we %all bett] und]/& its hygi5e4 ,sleep is a /ate 9 :i* ! tissues ( ! body :i* h be5 us$ up may be re/or$4 ,( c\rse "s re/oration ( brok5-d[n tissue takes place z soon z x beg9s to we> out1 b s long z ! body keeps work+1 ! "o process c nev] q comp5sate = ! o!r1 s !re mu/ be a p]iodic cessation ( activity s t ! en]gies ( ! body may be devot$ to re/oration4 ,view+ sleep z a "t :5 brok5-d[n bodily cells are re/or$1 we see t we tax ! en]gies ( ! body less if we g to sleep ea* day be=e ! cells are entirely deplet$4 ,t is ! significance ( ! old tea*+ t sleep be=e midnight is m efficaci\s ?an sleep aft] midnight4 ,x is n t !re is any my/ic virtue 9 ! h\rs be=e twelve1 b t 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! ev5+ ! cells are n s ne>ly exhau/$ z !y are lat] 9 ! ev5+1 & x is mu* easi] to repair !m 9 ! p>tially exhau/$ /age ?an x is 9 ! completely exhau/$ /age4 ,= ?is reason1 a mid-day nap is (t5 effective1 or a %ort nap aft] ! ev5+ d9n]4 ,by ?us cat*+ ! cells at an e>ly /age ( _! exhau/ion1 !y c be re/or$ ) comp>ative ease1 & m en]gy w be available = use dur+ ! rema9d] ( ! work+ h\rs4 ,a problem t may occasionally tr\ble a /ud5t is sleeplessness & we may prop]ly consid] "h "s ( ! ways ( avoid+ x4 ,"o prime cause ( sleeplessness is ext]nal di/urbance4 ,! di/urbance may be visual4 ,al?\gh x is ord9>ily ?\ght t if ! eyes are clos$1 no visual di/urbances c be s5s$1 nev]!less1 z a matt] ( fact ! eye-lids are n :olly opaque4 ,sight may be obta9$ ?r\gh !m1 z y may prove by clos+ y\r eyes & mov+ y\r f+]s be=e !m4 ,! lids transmit light to ! ret9a & x is q likely t y are frequ5tly awak5$ by a beam ( light fall+ ^u y\r clos$ eye-lids4 ,= ?is reason1 "o :o is incl9$ to be wakeful %\ld %ut out f ! b$-room all av5ues :]eby light may ent] z a di/raction4 ,! temp]ature s5se is also a s\rce ( di/raction 9 sleep1 & x is a common exp]i5ce to be awak5$ by extreme cold4 ,! e>s1 too1 may be ! s\rce ( di/urbance 9 sleep2 = ev5 ?\gh we are asleep1 ! tympanic membrane is always expos$ to vibrations ( air4 ,9 fact1 /imuli are cont9ually play+ ^u ! s5se-organs & are ar\s+ n]v\s curr5ts :i* try to break ov] ! b\nd>ies ( sleep & impress !mselves ^u ! bra94 ,= ?is reason1 "o :o wi%es to h untr\bl$ sleep %\ld remove all possible di/ractions4 ,b ap>t f ext]nal di/ractions1 wakefulness may /ill be caus$ by di/ractions f )94 ,tr\blesome ideas may be pres5t & p]si/ 9 keep+ "o awake4 ,?is means t bra9 activity has be5 />t$ & ne$s suppression4 ,v>i\s devices h be5 sugge/$4 ,"o is to eat some?+ v light1 j en\gh to draw ! surplus blood1 :i* excites ! bra91 away f ! bra9 to ! dige/ive tract4 ,?is advice %\ld be tak5 ) caution1 h[ev]1 = eat+ j be=e retir+ may use up 9 dige/ion mu* ( ! en]gy ne$$ 9 repair+ ! body1 & may leave "o greatly fatigu$ 9 ! morn+4 ,"o way to relieve ! m9d ( m5tal di/ractions is to fill x ) non-worrisome1 re/ful ?\ghts4 ,read some?+ light1 a re/ful essay or a non-excit+ /ory1 or poetry4 ,ano!r device is to ba! ! head 9 cold wat] s z to relieve conge/ion ( blood 9 ! bra94 ,a tepid or w>m ba? is said to h a simil> effect4 ,dreams con/itute "o s\rce ( annoyance to _m1 & :ile !y are n necess>ily to be avoid$1 /ill !y may di/urb ! night's re/4 ,we may avoid !m 9 "s measure by creat+ conditions free f s5sory di/ractions1 = _m ( our dreams are direct reflections ( s5sations we are exp]i5c+ at ! mom5t4 ,a dream ) an arctic sett+ may be ! result ( becom+ uncov]$ on a cold night4 ,to use an illu/ration f ,ellis3 ,a man dreams t he enli/s 9 ! army1 goes to ! front1 & is %ot4 ,he is awak5$ by ! slamm+ ( a door4 ,x seems probable t ! enli/m5t & ! m>* to ! field are !ories to acc\nt = ! report :i* really caus$ ! :ole tra9 ( ?\ght1 ?\gh x seem$ to be its late/ item4 ,su* dreams may be p>tially elim9at$ by c>e 9 arrang+ conditions s t !re w be few di/ractions4 ,especially %\ld !y be gu>d$ aga9/ 9 ! lat] h\rs ( ! sleep1 = we d n sleep s s\ndly aft] ! fir/ two h\rs z we d be=e1 & /imuli c m easily impress !mselves & affect ! bra94 ,be=e leav+ ! subject ( sleep1 we %\ld note ! b5efit to be d]iv$ f regul>ity 9 sleep4 ,all ,nature seems to move rhy?mically & sleep is no exception4 ,insomnia may be treat$ by means ( habituat+ "o's self to get sleepy at a c]ta9 "t1 & !re is no "q t ! ris+ process may be made easi] if "o =ms ! habit ( aris+ at ! same "t e morn+4 ,to rhy?mize ?is important function is a long /ep t[>ds ! effici5t life4 ,,ex]cise4--,bra9 work]s d n ord9>ily get all ! ex]cise !y %\ld4 ,p>ticul>ly is ?is true ( "s consci5ti\s /ud5ts :o feel !y mu/ n take any "t f _! /udy4 ,b ?is d5otes a false conception ( m5tal action4 ,! human organism ne$s ex]cise4 ,man is n a disembodi$ _s2 he mu/ pay att5tion to ! claims ( ! body4 ,inde$ x w be f\nd t "t sp5t 9 ex]cise w result 9 a high] grade ( m5tal "w4 ,?is is recogniz$ by colleges & univ]sities by ! requirem5t ( gymnasium "w1 & ! opportunity %\ld be welcom$ by ! /ud5t4 ,inasmu* z in/itutions g5]ally give in/ruction 9 ?is subject1 we ne$ n g specifically into ! matt] ( ex]cises4 ,p]haps ! only caution t ne$ be urg$ is t aga9/ ! excessive p>ticipation 9 su* exhau/+ games z foot-ball4 ,x is s]i\sly to be que/ion$ :e!r ! /r5u\s grill+ t a foot-ball play] mu/ und]go does n actually impair 8 ability to conc5trate ^u 8 /udies4 ,if y und]take a c\rse ( ex]cise1 by all means h x regul>4 ,little is ga9$ by sporadic ex]cis+4 ,adopt ! pr9ciple ( regul>ity & rhy?mize ?is important phase ( bodily activity z well z all o!r phases4 ,9 conclud+ our discussion ( physical hygi5e = ! /ud5t1 we _c /ress too mu* ! value ( relaxation4 ,! life ( a /ud5t is a try+ "o4 ,x ex]cises *iefly ! high] bra9 c5tres & keeps ! organism key$ up to a high pit*4 ,^! c5tres become fatigu$ easily & ought to be re/$ occasionally4 ,!re=e1 ! /ud5t %\ld relax at int]vals1 & engage 9 some?+ remote f /udy4 ,to =get books = an entire week-end is (t5 wisdom2 to h a hobby or an avocation is also wise4 ,a /ud5t mu/ n =get t he is some?+ m ?an an intellectual be+4 ,he is a physical organism & a social be+1 & ! well-r\nd$ life dem&s t all phases receive expression4 ,we grant t x is wrong to exalt ! physical & /unt ! m5tal1 b x is also wrong to develop ! intellectual & neglect ! physical4 ,we mu/ recognize ) ,br[n+ t1 all good ?+s ,are ours1 nor s\l helps fle% m1 n[1 ?an fle% helps s\l4 ,,read+s ,,& ,,ex]cise ,read+s3 ,patrick 7#ad7 ,*apt]s ,i1 ,,ii & ,,vii4 ,/iles 7#ah7 & 7#ai74 ,swift 7#bj7 ,*apt] ,x4 ,ex]cise #a4 ,) ! help ( a book on dietetics prep>e an ideal day's bill ( f>e = a /ud5t4 ,,sugge/ions ,,= ,,fur!r ,,read+ ,besides ! /&>d texts 9 g5]al & educational psy*ology1 ! foll[+ books be> ) especial intimacy ^u ! topics treat$ 9 ?is book3 #a4 ,adams1 ,john1 ,mak+ ! ,mo/ ( ,"o's ,m9d1 ,new ,york3 ,george ,h4 ,doran ,co41 #aiae4 #b4 ,de>born1 ,george ,v41 ,h[ to ,le>n ,easily1 ,bo/on3 ,little1 ,br[n ,co41 #aiah4 #c4 ,dewey1 ,john1 ,h[ we ,?9k1 ,bo/on3 ,d4,c4 ,hea? ,co41 #aiaj4 #d4 ,dewey1 ,john1 ,int]e/ & ,ef=t 9 ,education1 ,bo/on3 ,h\ghton1 ,miffl9 ,co41 #aiac4 #e4 ,fulton1 ,maurice 7ed471 ,college ,life1 ,its ,conditions & ,problems1 ,! ,macmillan ,co41 #aiae4 #f4 ,hall-,que/1 ,alfr$ ,l41 ,sup]vis$ ,/udy1 ,new ,york3 ,! ,macmillan ,co41 #aiaf4 #g4 ,h]rick1 ,c4 ,judson1 ,an ,introduction to ,neurology1 ,philadelphia3 ,w4,b4 ,saund]s ,co41 #aiae4 #h4 ,james1 ,william1 ,talks to ,tea*]s on ,psy*ology1 & to ,/ud5ts on ,"s ( ,life's ,ideals1 ,new ,york4 #ahii4 #i4 ,james1 ,william1 ,! ,en]gies ( ,m51 ,new ,york3 ,m(fatt1 ,y>d ,co41 #aiag4 #aj4 ,k]foot1 ,john ,b41 ,h[ to ,read1 ,bo/on3 ,h\ghton1 ,miffl9 ,co41 #aiaf4 #aa4 ,lockwood1 ,francis 7comp471 ,! ,fre%man & ,8 ,college1 ,bo/on3 ,d4,c4 ,hea? ,co41 #aiac4 #ab4 ,l[e1 ,john ,adams1 ,books & ,libr>ies1 ,bo/on3 ,! ,bo/on ,book ,co41 #aiag4 #ac4 ,mc,murry1 ,frank ,m41 ,h[ to ,/udy1 ,bo/on3 ,h\ghton1 ,miffl9 ,co41 #aiji4 #ad4 ,patrick1 ,george ,t4 ,w41 ,! ,psy*ology ( ,relaxation1 ,bo/on3 ,h\ghton1 ,miffl9 ,co41 #aiaf4 #ae4 ,s&wick1 ,ri*>d ,l41 ,h[ to ,/udy & ,:at to ,/udy1 ,bo/on3 ,d4,c4 ,hea? ,co41 #aiae4 #af4 ,sea%ore1 ,c>l ,e41 ,psy*ology 9 ,daily ,life1 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton ,co41 #aiah4 #ag4 ,sew>d1 ,s41 ,note-tak+1 ,bo/on3 ,allyn ,bacon1 #aiaj4 #ah4 ,/iles1 ,p]cy ,g41 ,nutritional ,physiology ,philadelphia3 ,w4 ,b4 ,saund]s ,co41 #aiab4 #ai4 ,/iles1 ,p]cy ,g41 ,! ,n]v\s ,sy/em & ,its ,cons]vation1 ,philadelphia3 ,w4,b4 ,saund]s ,co41 #aiad4 #bj4 ,swift1 ,edg> ,j41 ,psy*ology & ! ,day's ,"w1 ,new ,york3 ,c4 ,scribn]'s ,sons1 #aiai4 #ba4 ,watt1 ,h5ry ,j41 ,! ,economy & ,tra9+ ( ,memory1 ,new ,york3 ,longmans1 ,gre5 ,co41 #aiji4 #bb4 ,:ipple1 ,guy ,m41 ,h[ to ,/udy ,effectively1 ,bloom+ton1 ,ill43 ,public ,s*ool ,publi%+ ,co41 #aiaf4 ,,index ,acquisition1 vs4 con/ruction ,activity1 m5tal ,association1 laws (2 9 memory2 9 reason+2 9 exam9ation ,att5tion2 fluctuation (2 resi/ance ( di/ractions2 lapses ( ,bibliographies ,bodily activities1 9 recognition2 di/ractions 9 att5tion ,bra91 description (2 elem5t>y cells2 tissue1 prop]ties (2 tracts2 areas ,*>lemagne ,cl>ification ( ideas1 ?r\gh def9ition & classification2 ?r\gh expression ,classification ( ideas ,class room ,college1 difficulties2 dem&s ( ,con/ructive /udy ,cramm+ ,day dream+ ,decision1 9 reason+ ,def9ition ,di/ractions1 9 att5tion2 9 sleep ,dreams ,dr9k+ ,ennui ,e?ical1 consequ5ces1 ( habit2 ( expression ,exam9ations1 importance2 purposes (2 prep>ation = ,ex]cise ,expression2 neural basis ,fa/+ ,fatigue ,feel+s1 pleasurable2 unpleasant ,flet*]1 ,horace ,food ,geometry ,golf ,graphic me?ods2 9 measur+ le>n+ ,habit1 def9$2 maxims = =m+2 advantages (2 disadvantages (2 9 reason+2 ( resi/+ fatigue ,ideas 9 reason+ h[ to cl>ify 9 fatigue /imulus ( ,idea-motor action law ( ,image def9$ k9ds ( ,imag9ation made ( images works ( s\rces h[ to develop visual1 auditory1 etc4 ,impression gu>d av5ues ( cle>ness ess5tial ?r\gh v>i\s s5ses vs4 expression ,ind5ture ,int5tion 9 memoriz+ ,insomnia see ,sleeplessness ,inspiration ,int]e/ def9$ s\rces developm5t ( laws ( ,judgm5t ,k9ae/hetic impressions ,lecture me?od notes ,logical associations 9 memoriz+ 9 reason+ ,m$iaeval hi/ory ,memory importance 9 /udy /ages ( unconsci\s :ole vs4 "p works accord+ to law rote vs4 logical int5tion ,m5tal second w9d see second w9d ,n]v\s curr5t en]gy sy/em 9 expression ,neurone ,note-tak+ lecture laboratory read+ full vs4 scanty =m ( notebook a habit ,obscurity 9 mean+ ,outl9es ,ov]le>n+ ,p>k]1 ,francis ,w4 ,philology ,plateau rem$ies = ,pleasure 9 int]e/ ,practice ( recall curve ( ,problem solv+ ,psalm ( life ,public speak+ ov]com+ emb>rassm5t ,ra?ausm>kt ,read h[ to ,reason contra/$ ) rote le>n+ z problem solv+ /ages purposive ?9k+ requirem5ts = & habit ,recall ,recognition ,repetition1 di/ribution ( ,ret5tion ,review1 f notes ,romeo & ,juliet ,s*$ule1 daily ,second w9d1 physical m5tal s\rces ( ,s5sation1 z impression bodily ext]nal 9 fatigue ,sleep ,sleeplessness ,/ream ( ?\ght ,sugge/ion ,synapse ,!me writ+ ,unconsci\s le>n+ see memory ,w ,writ+ a =m ( expression