,,"l',s ,,lectures    ,,beacon ,,lights 
,,( ,,hi/ory1 ,,volume ,,xiv    ,,!     
,,new ,,era    ,a ,supplem5t>y ,volume1 
by ,rec5t ,writ]s1  z ,set ,=? 9 !      
,preface & ,table ( ,cont5ts4    ,,by   
,,john ,,"l1 ,,ll4,d41    ,,au?or ,,(   
,,! ,,old ,,roman ,,_w1 ,,mod]n         
,,europe1  ,,etc41 ,,etc4               
,,publi%]s' ,,preface4    ,9 prep>+ !   
new edition ( ,dr4 ,"l's great "w1 x has
 be5  ?\ght desirable to d :at ! v5]able
 au?or's dea? 9 #ahid did  n p]mit him  
to accompli%1 & add a volume summ>iz+   
c]ta9 broad  aspects ( a*ievem5t 9 ! la/
 fifty ye>s4 ,x 7 manife/ly  impossible 
to cov] 9 any s+le volume--except 9 !   
dry1 cyclopa$ic  /yle ( *ronicl+        
multitud9\s facts1 s diff]5t f ! vivid1 
p]sonal me?od ( ,dr4 ,"l--all ! gr[?s ( 
! wond]ful p]iod  j clos$4 ,! only      
practicable way has be5 to foll[ our    
au?or's  pr9ciple ( portray+ select$    
hi/oric =ces1--to take1 z  repres5tative
 or typical ( ! v>i\s dep>tm5ts1 c]ta9  
great  *>act]s ^: s]vices h signaliz$ !m

 z ,beacon ,lights along  ! pa? (       
progress1 & to secure adequate portrayal
 ( ^! by m5  kn[n to be compet5t =      
int]e/+ exposition ( ! sev]al !mes4     
,?us ! volume op5s ) a pap] on ,ri*>d   
,wagn]3 ,mod]n ,music1 by  ,h5ry ,t4    
,f9ck1 ! musical critic ( ! ,new ,york  
,ev5+ ,po/1 &  au?or ( v>i\s works on   
music1 travel1 etc42 & !n foll[ 9 ord]  
^!3 ,john ,rusk93 ,mod]n ,art1 by ,g4   
,m]c] ,adam1 au?or ( ,a ,prcis  (       
,engli% ,hi/ory1 rec5tly editor ( !     
,self-,culture ,magaz9e &  ( ! ,w]n]    
,supplem5ts to ! ,encyclopa$ia          
,britannica2 ,h]b]t  ,sp5c]3 ,!         
,evolution>y ,philosophy1 & ,*>les      
,d>w93 ,8 ,place 9  ,mod]n ,sci5ce1 bo? 
by ,mayo ,w4 ,hazelt9e1 lit]>y editor ( 
! ,new  ,york ,sun1 ^: book reviews ov] 
! signature ,m4,w4,h4 h = ye>s  made !  
,sun's book-page notable2 ,john         
,ericsson3 ,navies ( ,w> &  ,comm]ce1 by
 ,pr(4 ,w4,f4 ,dur&1 ( ! ,s*ool ( ,m>9e 
,eng9e]+ &  ! ,me*anic ,arts 9 ,cornell 
,univ]sity2 ,li ,hung ,*ang3 ,! ,f>     

,ea/1  by ,dr4 ,william ,a4 ,p4 ,m>t91 !
 di/+ui%$ mission>y1 diplomat1 &  au?or1
 rec5tly presid5t ( ! ,imp]ial          
,univ]sity1 ,pek+1 ,*9a2  ,david        
,liv+/one3 ,african ,exploration1 by    
,cyrus ,c4 ,adams1  geographical &      
hi/orical exp]t1 & a memb] ( ! editorial
 /aff  ( ! ,new ,york ,sun2 ,sir ,au/5  
,h4 ,lay>d3 ,mod]n ,ar*aeology1 by      
,rev4 ,william ,hayes ,w>d1 ,d4,d41     
editor ( ,! ,indep5d5t1 ,new ,york1     
himself em95t 9 ,ori5tal exploration &  
deciph]m5t2 ,mi*ael  ,f>aday3           
,electricity & ,magnetism1 by ,pr(4     
,edw9 ,j4 ,h\/on (  ,philadelphia1 an   
accept$ au?ority 9 electrical eng9e]+2  
&1  ,rudolf ,vir*[3 ,mod]n ,m$ic9e &    
,surg]y1 by ,dr4 ,frank ,p4 ,fo/]1      
physician1 au?or1 & editor ( ! ,new     
,york ,m$ical ,j\rnal4    ,! selection (
 !mes mu/ be arbitr>y1 amid ! numb]less 
l9es (  developm5t dur+ ! ,new ,era ( ! 
,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 9 :i*  e m5tal1 moral1
 & physical sci5ce & art has gr[n &     
div]sifi$ & fructifi$ ) a rapidity se5 9

 no o!r five  c5turies4 ,x is hop$1     
h[ev]1 t ! *oice w be ju/ifi$ by  !     
int]e/ ( ! sep>ate pap]s1 & t _! result 
w be su*  a view ( ! ma9 features z to  
leave a di/9ct impression ( !  g5]al    
life & advancem5t1 especially ( ! la/   
half (  ! c5tury4    ,x is prop] to say 
t ! prep>ation & issuance ( ,dr4 ,"l's  
,beacon ,lights ( ,hi/ory 7 "u !        
editorial c>e ( ,mr4 ,john ,e4  ,h[>d ( 
,messrs4 ,=ds1 ,h[>d1 & ,hulb]t1 !      
orig9al publi%]s (  ! "w1 :ile !        
pro(-%eets also receiv$ ! critical      
att5tion (  ,mr4 ,abram ,w4 ,/ev5s1 "o (
 ! accompli%$ read]s ( ! ,univ]sity     
,press 9 ,cambridge1 ,mass4 ,mr4 ,h[>d  
has also sup]vis$ ! new  edition1       
includ+ ?is f9al volume1 :i* issues f ! 
same *oice  typographical s\rce4        
,,new ,,york1 ,septemb]1 #aijb4         
,,cont5ts4      ,,ri*>d ,,wagn]4        
,,mod]n ,music4    ,,by ,,h5ry ,t4      
,,f9ck4    ,y\?-"t2 e>ly ambitions z a  
compos]4    ,web]1 8 fasc9ator & fir/   
inspir]4    ,d] ,freis*tz & ,euryan!    

prototypes ( 8 op]as4    ,_!            
sup]natural1 my?ical1 & romantic        
elem5ts4    ,:at he ow$ to 8 pr$ecessors
 ackn[l$g$ 9 8 essay on ,! ,music  ( !  
,future 7#ahfj74    ,m>riage & e>ly     
vicissitudes4    ,ri5zi1 ,! ,novice (   
,pal]mo1 & ,! ,fly+ ,dut*man4    ,writes
 /ories & essays = musical publications4
    ,aft] _m disappo9tm5ts w9s success  
at ,dresd54    ,tannhus] & ,loh5gr94    
,compromises himself 9 ,revolution (    
#ahdi & has to seek safety 9  ,switz]l&4
    ,"h he conceives & p>tly writes !   
,nibelung ,tetralogy4    ,disc\ragem5ts 
at ,london & at ,p>is4    ,siegfri$ &   
,tri/an & ,isolde4    ,f9ds a patron 9  
,ludwig ,,ii4 ( ,bav>ia4    ,nibelung   
,fe/ival at ,bayreu?4    ,p>sifal       
appe>s2 dea? ( ,wagn] at ,vi5na 7#ahhb74
    ,bee?ov51 ,s*ub]t1 & ,*op94    ,o!r 
em95t compos]s & piani/s4    ,liszt z a 
contributor to curr5t ( mod]n music4    
,b]lioz1 ,sa9t-,sans1 ,t*aikovsky1      
,dvork1 ,/rauss1 & ,web]4    ,! ,music (
 ! ,future ! music ( ! pres5t4          

,,john ,,rusk94    ,,mod]n ,,art4       
,,by ,g4 ,,m]c] ,,adam4    ,passionate &
 lum9\s expon5t ( ,nature's beauties4   
,8 high if some:at quixotic ideal (     
life4    ,/imulat+ writ+s 9 e?ics1      
education1 & political economy4         
,fr$]ic ,h>rison on ,rusk9's /irr+      
?\ghts & melodi\s spee*4    ,bir? &     
y\?-"t2 ,coll+wood's ,life & 8 own      
,praet]ita4    ,def5ce ( ,turn] & :at x 
grew into4    ,ar*itectural writ+s1     
lectures1 & e>ly publications4          
,int]e/ 9 ,pre-,raphaelitism & its      
disciples4    ,gr[+ fame2 ) admir+      
fri5ds & correspond5ts4    ,on ! public 
plat=m2 p]sonal appe>ance ( ! man4      
,economic & sociali/ic vag>ies4    ,f4  
,h>rison on ,rusk9 z ,prophet & tea*]4  
,inspir+ lay s]mons & m9or writ+s4      
,re=m] & w\ld-be reg5]ator ( mod]n      
society4    ,attitude t[>ds indu/rial   
problems ( 8 "t4    ,f\nds ! communal   
,guild ( ,/4 ,george4    ,philan?ropies1
 & lectur+s 9 ,work+ ,m5's ,college4    
,dea? & epo*-mak+ influ5ce1 9 mod]n art4

        ,,h]b]t ,,sp5c]4    ,,!         
,,evolution>y ,,philosophy4    ,,by     
,,mayo ,w4 ,,hazelt9e4    ,con/ructs a  
philosophical sy/em 9 h>mony ) ! !ory ( 
evolution4    ,bir?1 p>5tage1 & e>ly    
c>e]4    ,s*eme ( 8 sy/em ( ,syn!tic    
,philosophy4    ,8 ,facts & ,comm5ts2   
views on p>ty gov]nm5t1 patriotism1 &   
/yle4    ,8 religi\s attitude t ( an    
agno/ic4    ,! doctr9e ( ! ,unkn[able & 
! kn[able4    ,fir/ ,pr9ciples2 progress
 ( evolution 9 life1 m9d1 society1 &    
morality4    ,! relations ( matt]1      
motion1 & =ce4    ,pr9ciples ( ,biology2
 ! data (2 ! developm5t hypo!sis4    ,! 
evolution>y hypo!sis v]sus ! special    
creation hypo!sis2  argum5ts4    ,causes
 & int]pretation ( ! evolution ph5om5a4 
,developm5t z display$ 9 ! /ructures &  
functions ( individual  organisms4      
,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology2 ! evolution (  
m9d & analysis ( m5tal  /ates4          
,pr9ciples ( ,sociology2 ! adaptation ( 
human nature to ! social  /ate4         
,evolution ( gov]nm5ts1 political &     

ecclesia/ical2 indu/rial  organizations4
    ,qualifications2 ,nature's plan an  
advance1 & aga9 a retrogression4        
,social evolution2 equilibriums betwe5  
con/itution & conditions4    ,assi/$ by 
o!rs 9 ! collection1 b n ! sy/emization1
 ( 8  illu/rative mat]ial4    ,pr9ciples
 ( ,e?ics2 natural basis =2             
secul>ization ( morals4    ,g5]al       
inductions2 8 ,social ,/atics4          
,relations ( ,mr4 ,sp5c] & ,mr4 ,d>w9 to
 ! ?\ght ( ! ,n9ete5?  ,c5tury4         
,,*>les ,,d>w94    ,,8 ,,place ,,9      
,,mod]n ,,sci5ce4    ,,by ,,mayo ,w4    
,,hazelt9e4    ,! ,d>w9ian hypo!sis a   
rational & widely accept$ explanation ( 
! g5esis ( organic life on ! e>?4       
,d>w92 bir?1 p>5tage1 & education4      
,naturali/ on ! voyage ( ! ,beagle4     
,8 "w on ,coral ,reefs & ! ,geology (   
,s\? ,am]ica4    ,obs]vations &         
exp]im5ts on ! transmutation ( species4 
,contemporane\s "w on ! same l9es by    
,alfr$ ,r4 ,wallace4    ,! ,orig9 (     
,species 7#ahei74    ,8 ,v>iation (     

,animals & ,plants "u ,dome/ication     
7#ahfh74    ,! ,desc5t ( ,man 7#ahga74  
,on ! ,expression ( ,emotion 9 ,man &   
,animals 7#ahgb74    ,f]tilization (    
,or*ids 7#ahfb71 ,! ,effects ( ,cross & 
,self-,f]tilization 7#ahgf71 & ,!       
,=mation ( ,vegetable ,m\ld  ?r\gh !    
,action ( ,worms 7#ahha74    ,ill-heal?1
 dea?1 & burial4    ,p]sonality1 ta/es1 
& m5tal *>act]i/ics4    ,8 beliefs &    
agno/ic attitude t[>d religion4    ,8   
prime po/ulate1 t species h be5 modifi$ 
dur+ a long  c\rse ( desc5t4            
,antagoni/ic views on ! immutability (  
species4    ,8 !ory ( natural selection3
 t all animal & plant life has a  common
 prog5itor1 diff]5ce 9 _! =ms aris+     
prim>ily f  b5eficial v>iations4        
,enunciates 9 ! ,desc5t ( ,man ! great  
pr9ciple ( ,evolution1 &  ! common k9%ip
 ( man & ! l[] animals4    ,biological  
evid5ce to su/a9 ?is view4    ,man's    
moral qualities1 & ! social in/9ct (    
animals4    ,religi\s beliefs n innate1 
nor in/9ctive4    ,be>+ ( ?is on belief 

9 ! immortality ( ! s\l4    ,z a sci5ti/
 ,d>w9 conc]n$ only ) tru?2 g5]al       
acceptance (  8 !ory ( ! orig9 (        
species4        ,,john ,,ericsson4      
,,navies ,,( ,,w> ,,& ,,comm]ce4    ,,by
 ,,pr(4 ,w4 ,f4 ,,duk&4    ,ericsson's  
life-"w little =ese5 9 8 y\? & e>ly     
surr\nd+s4    ,8 impress on ! eng9e]+   
practice ( 8 "t4    ,dep5d5ce1 9 our    
mod]n civilization1 on ! utilization ( !
 great  natural =ces & en]gies ( ! _w4  
,life-p]iods 9 ,sw$51 ,engl&1 & ! ,unit$
 ,/ates4    ,bir?1 p>5tage1 & e>ly      
eng9e]+ c>e]4    ,an (fic] 9 ! ,sw$i%   
army1 & topographical surveyor = 8      
native gov]nm5t4    ,a/oni%+ insight    
into me*anical & sci5tific que/ions4    
,8 "w1 #ahbg to #ahci1 :5 he came to !  
,unit$ ,/ates4    ,a sp5d?rift 9        
inv5tion2 v]satility & d>+4    ,!       
screw-propell] vs4 ! paddle-:eel = m>9e 
propulsion4    ,designs & con/ructs !   
/eam-frigate ,pr9ceton & ! hot-air  %ip 
,ericsson4    ,! ,civil ,w> & 8 s]vices 
9 ! art ( naval con/ruction4    ,8 new  

model ( a float+ batt]y & w>%ip1 ,!     
,monitor4    ,! battle betwe5 x & !     
,m]rimac a turn+-po9t 9 naval aspect  ( 
! w>4    ,! ,de/roy]1 built 9 connection
 ) ,mr4 ,delamat]4    ,improves ! "* &  
r$uces friction 9 ! use ( heavy         
ordnance4    ,"w on ! improvem5t (      
/eam-eng9es = w>%ips4    ,dea?1 &       
int]national honors paid at 8 fun]al4   
,8 "w 9 improv+ ! motive-p[] ( %ips4    
,special contributions to ! art ( naval 
w>4    ,%ips ( l[ freebo>d equipp$ )    
revolv+ turrets4    ,influ5ce ( 8 "w    
lives 9 ! mod]n battle%ip4    ,o!r      
features ( "w :i* he did = 8 age4       
,p]sonality & pr(essional traits4       
,ess5tially a design] r ?an a con/ruct+ 
eng9e]4        ,,li ,,hung ,,*ang4      
,,! ,,f> ,,ea/4    ,,by ,w4,a4,p4       
,,m>t91 ,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d4                
,introductory2 ,e>l ,li's =eign fame2 8 
ris+ />4    ,int]c\rse ) ,*9a by l&4    
,! ,great ,wall2 ,*9a fir/ kn[n to !    
we/]n _w ?r\gh its  conque/ by !        
,mongols4    ,! h\ses ( ,han1 ,tang1 &  

,sang4    ,! diplomat ,su ,wu on an     
embassy to ,turkey4    ,int]c\rse by    
sea4    ,expulsion ( ! ,mongols2 !      
magnetic ne$le4    ,art ( pr9t+2 bir? ( 
al*emy4    ,man*u conque/2 ,macao &     
,canton op5$ to =eign trade4    ,!      
,opium ,w>4    ,li ,hung ,*ang appe>s on
 ! sc5e4    ,8 conte/s = academical     
honors & pref]m5t4    ,! ,taip+         
rebellion4    ,li a soldi]2 ,g5]al ,w>d 
& ,*9ese ,gordon4    ,! ,arr[ ,w>2 !    
treaties4    ,"l ,elg9's mi/ake leads to
 r5ewal ( ! w>4    ,fall ( ! ,peiho =ts 
& flight ( ! ,c\rt4    ,! w> ) ,france4 
,mr4 ,sew>d & ,anson ,burl+ame4    ,w>  
end$ ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ,sir ,rob]t ,h>t4  
,w> ) ,japan4    ,p]ry at ,tokio        
7,y$do72 ov]turn ( ! ,%ogans4    ,=mosa 
c$$ to ,japan4    ,*9a foll[s ,japan &  
?r[s (f trammels ( antiquat$ usage4     
,w> ) ! _w4    ,! ,box] ris+2 m5ace to !
 ,pek+ legations4    ,pr9ce ,*+ &       
,vic]oy ,li arrange t]ms ( peace4       
,li's dea?2 patriot1 & patron (         
educational re=m4        ,,david        

,,liv+/one4    ,,african ,,developm5t4  
,,by ,,cyrus ,c4 ,,adams4               
,difficulties ( exploration 9 ! ,d>k    
,cont95t    ,liv+/one's belief t !re 0  
good 9 ,africa1 & t x 0  wor? reclaim+4 
,8 e>ly j\rney+s k9dl$ ! great ,african 
movem5t4    ,y\?ful c>e] & /udies1      
m>riage1 etc4    ,contact ) ! natives2  
w9s 8 way by k9dness4    ,sublime fai? 9
 ! future ( ,africa4    ,progress 9 !   
he>t ( ! cont95t s9ce 8 day4    ,int]e/ 
( 8 second & ?ird j\rney+s 7#ahec-ef74  
,visits to ,brita91 reception1 & p]sonal
 *>act]i/ics4    ,lat] discov]ies &     
j\rney+s 7#aheh-ahfd1 #ahff-ahgc74      
,dea? at ,*itambo 7,ilala7 ,lake        
,bangweolo1 ,may #a1 #ahgc4    ,g5]al   
accuracy ( 8 geographical records2 8 "w1
 z a :ole1  /&s ! te/ ( "t4    ,d[nfall 
( ! ,african slave-trade1 ! op5 sore ( !
 _w4    ,rem>kable a*ievem5ts ( lat]    
explor]s & surveyors4    ,! "w (        
,burton1 ,junk]1 ,speke1 & ,/anley4     
,fa!r ,s*ynse's *>t4    ,surveys (      
,comm&] ,:iteh\se4    ,mission>y maps ( 

! ,congo ,free ,/ate & bas94    ,o!r    
areas besides tropical ,africa made kn[n
 & op5$ up4    ,pygmy tribes &          
cannibalism 9 ! ,congo bas94    ,human  
sacrifices n[ prohibit$ & puni%able )   
dea?4    ,railway & /eamboat developm5t1
 & p>tition ( ! cont95t4    ,s\?        
,africa3 ! gold & diamond m9es & natural
 res\rces4    ,future philan?ropic "w4  
,,sir ,,au/5 ,,h5ry ,,lay>d4    ,,mod]n 
,,ar*aeology4    ,,by ,,william ,,hayes 
,,w>d1 ,d4,d41 ,,ll_/,d4    ,ov]?r[ (   
,n9eveh & de/ruction ( ! ,assyrian      
,empire4    ,k+doms & empires extant &  
buri$ be=e ! era ( ,hebrew &  ,greek    
hi/ory4    ,bonap>te 9 ,egypt1 & !      
impulse he gave to ,fr5* ar*aeology4    
,*ampollion & 8 deciph]+ ,egyptian      
hi]oglyphic inscriptions4    ,paul mile 
,botta & 8 discov]ies 9 ,assyria4    ,8 
excavations ( ,k+ ,s>gon's palace at    
,khorsabad4    ,lay>d beg9s 8           
excavations & discov]ies at ,n9eveh4    
,sir ,/rat=d ,cann+'s 7,visc\nt ,/rat=d 
de ,r$cliffe7 gift to !  ,briti% ,museum

 ( ! m>bles ( ,halic>nassus4    ,lay>d's
 publi%$ rese>*es1 ,n9eveh & its        
,rema9s1 & ,babylon  & ,n9eveh4    ,8   
"w1 ,! ,monum5ts ( ,n9eveh 7#ahdi-ec74  
,obelisk & monoli?s ( ,%almanes] ,,ii41 
,k+ ( ,assyria1 discov]$ by  ,lay>d at  
,nimr\d4    ,george ,smi? & 8 discov]y (
 ! ,babylonian acc\nt ( ! ,deluge4      
,light ?r[n by ^! discov]ies on !       
,ph>aoh ( ! ,bible1 & on  ,mel*iz$ek1 :o
 reign$ 9 ,abraham's day4    ,o!r       
ar*aeologi/s ( note1 ,glas]1 ,de        
,morgan1 ,de ,s>zec1 & ,botta4          
,relics ( ,buddha1 & ! ,hittite         
inscriptions4    ,! ,moabite ,/one1 & "w
 ( ! ,engli% ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund
 at  ,j]usalem4    ,dr4 ,s*liemann's    
labors among ! ru9s ( ,troy4            
,rese>*es & discov]ies at ,crete4    ,! 
m\nds1 pyramids1 & temples ( ! ,am]ican 
aborig9es4    ,! cliff-dwell]s & !      
,mayas1 ,incas1 & ,toltecs4    ,!       
,cal5d> ,/one & /atue ( ! gods ( w> &   
dea? f\nd 9  ,mexico4    ,:at treasure  
yet rema9s to be recov]$ ( a pa/        

civilization4        ,,mi*ael ,,f>aday4 
,,electricity ,,& ,,magnetism4    ,,by  
,,edw9 ,j4 ,,h\/on1 ,,ph4,d4    ,!      
,pr9ce ( ,exp]im5tal ,philosoph]s4      
,unprecoci\s z a *ild2 environm5t ( 8   
e>ly ye>s4    ,8 e>ly /udy ( ,mrs4      
,m>cet's ,conv]sations on ,*emi/ry1 & ! 
articles on electricity 9 !             
,encyclopa$ia ,britannica4    ,appo9t$  
laboratory assi/ant at ! ,london ,royal 
,in/itution4    ,inspiration receiv$ f 8
 tea*]1 ,sir ,humphry ,davy4            
,inve/igations 9 *emi/ry1 electricity1 &
 magnetism4    ,8 discov]y 7#ahca7 ( !  
means = develop+ electricity direct f   
magnetism4    ,sub/itutes magnets =     
active circuits4    ,simplicity ( !     
app>atus us$ 9 8 successful exp]im5ts4  
,"s ( ! results obta9$ by him 9 8       
exp]im5tal rese>*es4    ,:at is to-day  
ow+ to him = 8 discov]y & inve/igation (
 all  =ms ( magneto-electric induction4 
,8 discov]y ( ! relations betwe5 light &
 magnetism4    ,action ( glass & o!r    
solid sub/ances on a beam ( pol>iz$     

light4    ,8 pap] on ,magnetization (   
,light & ! ,illum9ation ( ! ,l9es  (    
,magnetic ,=ce4    ,8 contribution      
7#ahde7 on ! ,magnetic ,condition ( ,all
 ,matt]4    ,inve/igation ( ! ph5om5a   
:i* he calls ! ,magne-cry/allic  =ce4   
,ext5t ( 8 "w 9 ! electro-*emical field4
    ,8 inv5tion ( ! fir/ dynamo4    ,8  
alt]nat+-curr5t trans=m]4    ,induction 
coils & _! use 9 produc+ ! ,rntg5 rays4 
,edison's inv5tion ( ! fluoroscope4     
,f>aday's gift to comm]cial sci5ce ( !  
electric motor4    ,8 dynamo-electric   
ma*9e4    ,mod]n electric transmissions 
( p[]4    ,tesla's multiphase           
alt]nat+-curr5t motor4    ,f>aday's     
electric g5]ator & motor4    ,!         
telephone1 aid giv5 by ,f>aday's        
discov]ies 9 ! inv5tion &  use ( !      
transmitt]4    ,mod]n p[]-g5]at+ &      
transmission plants a magnific5t        
te/imonial to ! g5ius ( ,f>aday4        
,dea? & honors4        ,,rudolf ,,vir*[4
    ,,m$ic9e ,,& ,,surg]y4    ,,by      
,,frank ,p4 ,,fo/]1 ,m4,d4    ,j5n]     

demon/rates efficacy ( vacc9ation aga9/ 
small-pox4    ,debt to ! physici/s1     
*emi/s1 & botani/s ( ! new era4         
,app5dicitis 7p]itonitis71 its pres5t   
frequ5cy4    ,exp]im5tal me?ods ( /udy 9
 physiology4    ,hahnemann1 f\nd] (     
homoeopa?y1 & physical diagnosis ( !    
sick4    ,! cl9ical !rmomet] & o!r      
in/rum5ts ( precision4    ,animal       
p>asites ! direct cause ( _m diseases4  
,bact]ia & ! g]m !ory ( disease4        
,pa/eur1 viruses1 & aseptic surg]y4     
,consumption & its g]m2 ! corpuscles &  
_! resi/ance to  bact]ial invasion4     
,antitox9es z a cure 9 diph!ria4    ,_! 
use 9 surg]y2 asepticism & ,"l ,li/]4   
,li/]ism & midwif]y4    ,am]ican aid 9 !
 treatm5t ( fractures4    ,use (        
artificial s]um 9 disease treatm5t4     
,ko*'s tub]cul9 & its use 9 consumption4
    ,*emi/ry z a h&maid ( m$ic9e4       
,br[n-,squ>d & int]nal secretions4      
,febrile ailm5t & cold-wat]             
applications4    ,surgical anae/hetics2 
,long1 ,morton1 & ,simpson4             

,ov>iotomy op]ations by ,mc,dowell &    
,bell4    ,pr(essional nurs+4    ,vir*[ 
& ! lit]ature ( m$ic9e1 anatomy1 &      
physiology2 8  dea?2 8 ,ar*iv1          
,cellul>-,pa?ology1 etc4        ,,li/   
,,( ,,illu/rations    ,,volume ,,xiv4   
,dr4 ,j5n] ,vacc9ates a ,*ild    ,aft] !
 pa9t+ by ,george ,ga/on ,mel+ue        
,ri*>d ,wagn]    ,aft] ! pa9t+ by ,franz
 von ,l5ba*    ,john ,rusk9    ,aft] a  
photograph f life    ,h]b]t ,sp5c]      
,aft] a photograph f life    ,*>les     
,rob]t ,d>w9    ,aft] ! pa9t+ by ,g4 ,f4
 ,watts1 ,r4,a4    ,john ,ericsson    ,f
 a contemporane\s engrav+    ,li ,hung  
,*ang    ,aft] a photograph f life      
,david ,liv+/one    ,aft] a photograph f
 life    ,sir ,au/5 ,h5ry ,lay>d        
,aft] ! pa9t+ by ,h4 ,w4 ,phillips      
,mi*ael ,f>aday    ,aft] a photograph f 
life    ,rudolf ,vir*[    ,aft] a       
photograph f life          ,,beacon     
,,lights ,,( ,,hi/ory4      ,,ri*>d     
,,wagn]3 ,,mod]n ,,music4      ,,by     
,,h5ry ,t4 ,,f9ck4      ,if ! ,dresd5   

s*oolboys :o att5d$ ! ,kreuzs*ule 9 !   
ye>s  #ahbc-ahbg c\ld h be5 told t "o ( 
!m 0 de/9$ to be !  greate/ op]a compos]
 ( all times1 & to influ5ce ! musicians 
(  all c\ntries ?r\gh\t ! second half ( 
! n9ete5? c5tury1 !y  w\ld1 no d\bt1 h  
be5 v mu* surpris$4 ,nor is x likely t  
!y c\ld h guess$ :i* ( !m 0 ! *os5 "o4  
,= ,ri*>d  ,wagn]--or ,ri*>d ,gey]1 z he
 0 !n call$1 aft] 8  /epfa!r--0 by no   
means a y\?ful prodigy1 l ,moz>t or     
,liszt4 ,x  is relat$ t ,bee?ov5 %$ te>s
 ( displeasure ov] 8 fir/ music         
lessons2 nev]!less1 x 0 obvi\s f !      
beg9n+ t he _h a  special gift = music4 
,ri*>d ,wagn]1 on ! o!r h&1 app>5tly  _h
 none4 ,:5 he 0 eight ye>s old 8        
/epfa!r1 %ortly be=e 8  dea?1 he>d him  
play on ! piano two pieces f "o (       
,web]'s  op]as1 :i* made him wond] if   
,ri*>d might p]haps h tal5t =  music4 ,8
 piano tea*] did n believe ev5 9 t      
p]haps1 b  told him bluntly he w\ld nev]
 am\nt to any?+ z a musician4    ,=     
poetry1 h[ev]1 "y ,ri*>d _h a decid$    

incl9ation 9 8  s*ool ye>s2 & ?is 0     
significant1 inasmu* z x aft]w>ds became
  8 c>d9al maxim t 9 an op]a ! play's ! 
?+1 & !  music m]ely a means ( int5sify+
 ! emotional expression4 ,be=e  8 "t !  
music1 or r ! s++ ( florid tunes1 _h be5
 !  ?+1 & ! libretto m]ely a peg to hang
 ^! tunes on4 ,9 ?is  respect1 !re=e1 ! 
*ild 0 fa!r to ! man4 ,at ! age (  elev5
 he receiv$ a prize = ! be/ poem on !   
dea? ( a  s*oolmate4 ,at ?irte5 he      
translat$ ! fir/ twelve books ( ,hom]'s 
,odyssey4 ,he /udi$ ,engli% = ! sole    
purpose ( be+ able to read  ,%akspe>e4  
,!n he project$ a /up5d\s trag$y1 9 !   
c\rse (  :i* he kill$ (f =ty-two p]sons1
 _m ( :om _h to be br\ght  back z gho/s 
to enable him to f9i% ! play4    ,?is   
extravagance also *>act]iz$ 8 fir/ ef=ts
 z a compos]1  :5 he at la/ turn$ to    
music1 at ! age ( sixte54 ,"o ( 8 fir/  
tasks1 :5 he _h b>ely ma/]$ ! rudim5ts (
 composition1 0 to  write an ov]ture :i*
 he int5d$ to be m complicat$ ?an       
,bee?ov5's ,n9? ,symphony4 ,he9ri*      

,dorn1 :o recogniz$ 8 tal5t  amid all ! 
bomba/1 conduct$ ?is piece at a conc]t4 
,at !  rehe>sal ! musicians 7 convuls$ )
 laught]1 & at !  p]=mance ! audi5ce 0  
at fir/ surpris$ & !n disgu/$ at  !     
p]si/5ce ( ! drum-play]1 :o made himself
 he>d l\dly e  f\r? b>4 ,f9ally !re 0 a 
g5]al outbur/ ( hil>ity :i*  taught ! "y
 man a ne$$ lesson4    ,und\bt$ly ! g]ms
 ( 8 musical g5ius _h be5 9 ,wagn]'s    
bra9  9 8 *ildhood1--= g5ius is n a ?+ t
 c be acquir$4 ,!y  _h simply la9       
dormant1 & x requir$ a special influ5ce 
to develop  !m4 ,?is influ5ce 0 suppli$ 
by ,web] & 8 op]as4 ,9 #ahae1 two  ye>s 
aft] ,wagn]'s bir?1 ! ,k+ ( ,saxony     
f\nd$ a ,g]man op]a 9  ,dresd51 :]e     
!ret(ore ,italian op]a _h rul$ alone4   
,web] 0  *os5 z conductor1 & ?us x      
happ5$ t ,wagn]'s e>lie/ &  deepe/      
impressions came f ! compos] ( !        
,freis*tz4 ,9 8  autobiographic sket*   
,wagn] writes3 ,no?+ gave me s mu*      
pleasure  z ! ',freis*tz4' ,i (t5 saw   
,web] pass by our h\se :5 he came  f    

rehe>sals4 ,i always look$ ^u him ) a   
holy awe4 ,x 0 lucky  = "y ,ri*>d t 8   
/epfa!r1 ,gey]1 besides be+ a           
portrait-pa9t]1 an actor1 & a           
playwright1 0 also "o ( ,web]'s  t5ors  
at ! op]a4 ,?is enabl$ ! boy1 9 spite ( 
! family's  pov]ty1 to he> _m ( !       
p]=mances4 ,9 fact1 ,wagn]1 l ,web]1    
owes a consid]able "p ( 8 success z a   
writ] = ! /age to !  fact t he belong$  
to a !atrical family1 & ?us gradually   
le>n$  h[ ! :eels g r\nd4 ,su* practical
 exp]i5ce is wor? m ?an  ye>s ( academic
 /udy4    ,:ile ,wagn] cordially        
ackn[l$g$ ! fasc9ation :i* ,web]'s music
  ex]t$ on him 9 8 boyhood1 he 0 h>dly  
fair to ,web] 9 8 lat]  writ+s4 ,9 ^! he
 tries to prove t 8 own music-dramas are
 an  outgr[? ( ,bee?ov5's ,n9?          
,symphony4 ,:5 ,bee?ov5 wrote t "w1     
,wagn] argues1 he _h come to !          
conclusion t purely in/rum5tal  music _h
 rea*$ a po9t beyond :i* x c\ld n g     
alone1 :]e=e  he call$ 9 ! aid ( poetry 
7sung by soloi/s & *orus71 & ?us        

intimat$ t ! art-"w ( ! future 0 !      
musical drama1--a  comb9ation ( poetry &
 music4    ,?is is a purely fanta/ic    
notion on ,wagn]'s "p4 ,!re is no       
evid5ce  t ,bee?ov5 _h any su* purpose2 
he m]ely call$ 9 ! aid ( !  human voice 
to secure v>iety ( s\nd & expression4   
,poetry & music  _h be5 comb9$ c5turies 
be=e ,bee?ov5 9 ! op]a & 9  lyric song4 
,no1 ! roots ( ,wagn]'s music-dramas are
 n to be f\nd 9 ,bee?ov51  b 9 ,web]4 ,8
 ,freis*tz & ,euryan! are ! prototypes (
  ,wagn]'s op]as4 ,! ,freis*tz is ! fir/
 ma/]work1 z ,wagn]'s  op]as are ! la/1 
up to date1 ( ! romantic s*ool2 & x     
embodies  admirably two ( ! pr9cipal    
*>act]i/ics ( t s*ool3 "o1 a  delight 9 
! demoniac1 ! sup]natural--:at ! ,g]mans
 call  gruseln2 ! o!r1 ! use ( c]ta9    
in/rum5ts1 alone or 9  comb9ation1 = !  
sake ( secur+ peculi> emotional effects4
 ,9  bo? ^! respects ,wagn] foll[$ 9    
,web]'s foot/eps4 ,) !  exception (     
,ri5zi & ,die ,mei/]s+]1 all ( 8 op]as1 
f  ! ,fly+ ,dut*man to ,p>sifal1 embody 

sup]natural1 my?ical1  romantic elem5ts2
 & 9 ! use ( novel tone colors = special
  emotional effects he op5$ a new       
wond]-_w ( s\nd1 to :i* ,web]1  h[ev]1  
_h giv5 him ! key4    ,loh5gr91 ! la/ "o
 ( :at are usually call$ ,wagn]'s op]as1
  z di/+ui%$ f 8 music-dramas 7compris+ 
! la/ sev5 (  8 works71 betrays v       
/rongly ! influ5ce ( ,web]'s o!r        
ma/]work1 ,euryan!4 ,?is op]a1 inde$1   
may also be call$ !  direct precursor ( 
,wagn]'s music-dramas4 ,x conta9s eight 
lead+  motives1 :i* recur ?irty times 9 
c\rse ( ! op]a2 & !  dramatic           
recitatives are sometimes q 9 !         
,wagn]ian mann]4 ,b  ! mo/ rem>kable ?+ 
is t ,web] uses language :i* practically
  sums up ,wagn]'s idea ( ! music-drama4
 ',euryan!1' he says1 is a  purely      
dramatic "w1 :i* dep5ds = its success   
solely on !  co-op]ation ( ! unit$      
si/]-arts1 & is c]ta9 to lose its       
effect if depriv$ ( _! assi/ance4    ,:5
 ,wagn] wrote 8 essay on ,! ,music ( !  
,future = !  ,p>isians 7#ahfj7 he       

rememb]$ 8 obligations to ! ,dresd5 idol
 (  8 boyhood by call+ att5tion to !    
/ill v noticeable  connection ( 8 e>ly  
"w1 ,tannhus]1 ) ! op]as ( my           
pr$ecessors1 among :om ,i "n especially 
,web]1 ,he might h  m5tion$             
o!rs1--,gluck1 = in/ance1 :o curb$ !    
vanity ( !  s+]s1 & taught !m t !y 7 n !
 :ole %[2 ,m>s*n]1  ^: grewsome ,hans   
,heil+ ,wagn] _h 9 m9d :5 he wrote 8    
,fly+ ,dut*man2 ,aub]1 ^: ,masaniello1 )
 its dumb h]o9e1  taught ,wagn] !       
importance & expressiv5ess ( pantomimic 
music1 (  :i* !re are su* eloqu5t       
examples 9 all 8 op]as4 ,dur+ 8  ?ree & 
a half ye>s' soj\rn 9 ,p>is1 j at ! op5+
 ( 8  c>e] z an op]a compos]            
7#ahci-ahdb71 he le>n$ _m ?+s  reg>d+   
op]atic sc5]y1 ma*9]y1 processions1 &   
details1 :i*  he subsequ5tly turn$ to   
good acc\nt4 ,ev5 ,mey]be]1 ! rul] ( !  
musical _w 9 ,p>is at t "t1 0 n )\t     
influ5ce on him1  ?\gh he _h cause to   
disapprove ( him because ( 8 submission 
to  ! dem&s ( ! fa%ionable ta/e ( ! day1

 :i* contra/$ s  /rongly ) ,wagn]'s own 
c\rage\s defiance ( ev]y?+  inconsi/5t )
 8 ideals ( art4 ,! result              
to-day--,mey]be]'s fall  & ,wagn]'s     
triumph--%[s t c\rage1 l hone/y1 is1 9 !
 long  run1 ! be/ policy1 &1 l virtue1  
its own rew>d4    ,x is important to be>
 9 m9d all ^! lessons t ,wagn] le>n$  f 
8 pr$ecessors1 z x helps to expla9 !    
enorm\s influ5ce he  ex]t$ on 8         
contempor>ies4 ,wond]ful z 0 ! p[] &    
orig9ality ( 8 g5ius1 ev5 he c\ld n h   
a*iev$ su* results  _h he n _h tru? on 8
 side1--tru?1 z h9t$ at1 9 mom5ts (     
inspiration1 by _m ( 8 pr$ecessors4     
,wagn] 0 mo/ %amefully misrepres5t$ by 8
 enemies dur+ 8  lifetime4 ,a ?\s& times
 !y wrote unblu%+ly t he despis$ &      
abus$ ! great ma/]s1 :]eas 9 tru? no "o 
ev] spoke ( !m  m en?usia/ically ?an he1
 or 0 m eag] to le>n ( !m1  ?\gh1 to be 
sure1 he 0 hone/ & c\rage\s en\gh also  
to call  att5tion to _! %ortcom+s4 ,9   
all 8 autobiographic writ+s  !re is n a 
m lum9\s passage ?an ! foll[+1 9 :i* he 

relates 8 exp]i5ces z conductor at !    
,riga ,op]a 9 #ahch1 :5 he  0 at "w on  
,ri5zi3--    ,! peculi> gnaw+ melan*oly 
:i* habitually ov]p[]$ me :5 ,i         
conduct$ "o ( our ord9>y op]as 0        
int]rupt$ by an  inexpressible1         
en?usia/ic delight1 :51 "h & !re1 dur+ !
  p]=mance ( nobl] works1 ,i became     
consci\s ( ! incomp>able  effects t c be
 produc$ by musico-dramatic comb9ations 
on !  /age1--effects ( a dep?1 s9c]ity1 
& direct reali/ic vivacity1  su* z no   
o!r art c produce4 ,i felt q elat$ &    
ennobl$  dur+ ! "t t ,i 0 rehe>s+       
,mhul's en*ant+ ',joseph' )  my little  
op]a company4 ,su* impressions1 he      
cont9ues1 l  fla%es ( lightn+ reveal$ to
 him unsuspect$ possibilities4 ,x  0 by 
utiliz+ ^! possibilities & h9ts1 & at ! 
same "t  avoid+ ! errors & blemi%es ( 8 
pr$ecessors1 t 8  sup]lative g5ius 0    
enabl$ to create su* unapproa*able      
ma/]works  z ,siegfri$ & ,tri/an &      
,isolde4    ,! way up to ^? peaks 01    
h[ev]1 sl[ & toilsome4 ,= ye>s he  grop$

 9 d>kness1 & light came b gradually4 ,x
 has already be5  intimat$ t 8 g5ius 0  
sl[ 9 develop+4 ,a brief review ( 8     
romantic c>e] w br+ out ?is & o!r       
int]e/+ po9ts4    ,at ! "t :5 ,ri*>d    
,wagn] 0 born 7,may #bb1 #ahac71        
,leipzig 0 9  su* a /ate ( commotion on 
acc\nt ( ! w> to lib]ate ,g]many f  !   
,napoleonic yoke t ! *ild's baptism 0   
def]r$ sev]al  mon?s4 ,to 8 s*ooldays   
ref]5ce has be5 made already1 & we may  
!re=e pass on to ! "t :5 he tri$ to make
 8 liv+ z an  op]atic conductor4 ,al?\gh
 he 0 !n only tw5ty-"o ye>s old1 he  %[$
 rem>kable aptitude = ?is k9d ( "w f !  
beg9n+1 &  x 0 ?r\gh no fault ( 8 t     
mis=tune ov]took e op]a  company ) :i*  
he _h any?+ to d4 ,! bankruptcy1 9      
#ahcf1 (  ! manag] ( ! ,magdeburg ,op]a1
 affect$ him mo/ disa/r\sly1 =  x came  
at ! mom5t :5 he _h arrang$ = ! fir/    
p]=mance (  an op]a he _h writt51       
entitl$1 ,das ,liebesv]bot1 or ,!       
,novice (  ,pal]mo1 & :i* !re=e 0 giv5  
only once4 ,_m ye>s lat] an  attempt 0  

made to revive ?is juv5ile "w at ,muni*1
 b ! project  0 ab&on$ because1 z !     
fam\s ,wagn]ian t5or1 ,he9ri* ,vogl1    
in=m$ ! writ] ( ?is article1 ,its arias 
& o!r numb]s 7  su* ludicr\s &          
undisguis$ imitations ( ,donizetti & o!r
 popul>  compos]s ( t "t t we all bur/  
out laugh+1 & kept up !  m]rim5t ?r\gh\t
 ! rehe>sal4 ,?is is ( int]e/ because x 
%[s t ,wagn]1 l t o!r great re=m]1      
,gluck1 began 8  c>e] by writ+          
fa%ionable op]as 9 ! ,italian /yle4 ,a  
/ill  e>li] op]a ( 81 ,! ,fairies1--!   
fir/ "o he complet$1--0  n produc$ till 
#ahhh1 fifty-five ye>s aft] x _h be5    
writt51 &  five ye>s aft] ,wagn]'s dea?4
 ,?is has be5 p]=m$ a numb] (  times 9  
,muni*1 b x is s weak & un9t]e/+ 9      
itself t x  requir$ a spl5did /age      
sett+1 & ! hi/oric curiosity (  ,wagn]'s
 admir]s to make x palatable4 ,x is     
significant t already  9 ^! e>ly works1 
,wagn] wrote 8 own librettos1--a policy 
:i* he  pursu$ to ! end4    ,knigsb]g 0 
! next city :]e ! op]a company ) :i* he 

0  connect$1 fail$4 ,?is 0 ! m emb>rass+
 to him1 z he _h 9  ! meantime be5 s    
unwise z to m>ry a pretty actress1 ,m9na
 ,plan]1  :o 0 de/9$1 = a qu>t] ( a     
c5tury1 to fai?fully %>e 8              
exp]i5ces1--*iefly disappo9tm5ts4 ,!    
pittance he got z conductor  ( ^! small 
,g]man op]a companies did n pay 8       
exp5ses1 all !  less z he 0 fond (      
luxuri\s liv+1 &1 l mo/ arti/s1 !  _w   
ov]1 fooli%ly squ&]$ 8 money :5 he      
happ5$ to h any4    ,at ,riga1 :]e      
,wagn] next attempt$ to e/abli% himself1
 ! op]a  company aga9 got into tr\ble1 &
 8 f9ancial /raits became su*  t1 rely+ 
on 8 future ability to meet 8           
obligations1 he resolv$  to leave t "p (
 ! _w altoge!r & seek 8 =tune 9  ,p>is4 
,he knew t ! ,prussian ,mey]be] _h won  
fame & =tune  !re1--:y %\ld n he h !    
same good luck8 ,he _h unb\nd$          
confid5ce 9 8 own ability1 & :at        
increas$ 8 hopes ( a  ,p>isian success1 
0 t he _h already complet$ two acts ( a 
gr&  hi/oric op]a1 ,ri5zi1 bas$ on      

,bulw]'s novel1 & writt5 9 !  s5sational
 & spectacul> /yle ( ,mey]be]4 ,he      
suppos$ t all he  _h to d 0 to g to     
,p>is1 f9i% ?is op]a1 get x accept$     
?r\gh  ! influ5ce ( 8 c\ntryman &       
colleague1 ,mey]be]1 &--wake up  "s     
morn+ fam\s & weal?y4 ,he 0 n ! fir/ man
 :o built  ca/les 9 ,spa94    ,to-day a 
trip f ,riga to ,p>is is a v simple     
affair4 ,y get into a  tra91 & 9 ab\t   
tw5ty-f\r h\rs are at y\r goal4 ,9 #ahci
 !re  7 no su* conv5i5ces4 ,wagn] _h to 
g to ! ,prussian seaport (  ,pillau1 &  
!re bo>d a sail+ vessel :i* took him to 
,london 9  ?ree weeks & a half4 ,8      
j\rney1 h[ev]1 0 a mu* m romantic       
affair ?an a railway trip w\ld h be54 ,9
 ! fir/ place1 x 0 a  real flight--f 8  
cr$itors :om he _h to evade4 ,next he _h
 to  dodge ! ,russian s5tries1 ^: boxes 
7 plac$ on ! b\nd>y l9e  only a ?\s&    
y>ds ap>t4 ,a fri5d discov]$ a way (    
accompli%+  ?is feat1 & ,wagn] pres5tly 
f\nd himself on ! %ip1 ) 8  wife & 8    
enorm\s ,newf\ndl& dog4 ,9 8 trunk he _h

 :at he  hop$ w\ld help him to beg9 a   
brilliant c>e] 9 ,p>is3 "o op]a         
complet$1--,! ,novice ( ,pal]mo2 two    
acts ( ano!r1--,ri5zi2 &  9 8 head he _h
 ! plot & "s ( ! musical !mes = a       
?ird1--,! ,fly+ ,dut*man4    ,! sea     
voyage came j 9 "t to give him local    
color = ?is weird  nautical op]a4 ,?ree 
times ! vessel 0 toss$ by viol5t /orms1 
&  once ! capta9 0 oblig$ to seek safety
 9 a ,norwegian h>bor4 ,!  sailors told 
,wagn] _! v]sion ( ! ,fly+ ,dut*man     
leg5d1 &  altoge!r ^! adv5tures 7 ! v ?+
 he want$ at ! "t1  & aid$ him 9 mak+ 8 
op]a reali/ic1 bo? 9 its text & its     
music1 :i* imitates ! h[l+ ( ! /orm w9ds
 & smells ( !  salt breezes4    ,s =    
once our "y musician _h a /reak ( luck4 
,b x did n la/  long4 ,he f\nd ,p>is a v
 l>ge city1 & ) v little use =  him4 ,he
 made ! mo/ div]se ef=ts to support     
himself1 ne>ly always  )\t success4     
,once x seem$ z if 8 hopes 7 to be      
fulfill$4  ,! ,?tre de la ,r5aissance   
accept$ 8 ,novice ( ,pal]mo2 b at  ! la/

 mom5t !re 0 ! usual bankruptcy ( !     
managem5t1--!  f\r? t affect$ him6 ,!n  
he wrote a ,p>isian ,vaudeville1 b x  _h
 to be giv5 up because ! actors decl>$ x
 c\ld n be execut$4  ,! ,gr& ,op]a1 on  
:i* he _h fix$ 8 eye1 0 absolutely out (
  ! "q4 ,he 0 br\ght to su* /raits t he 
(f]$ to s+ 9  ! *orus ( a small ,b\lev>d
 !atre1 b 0 reject$4 ,8 wife  pawn$ h]  
jewels2 on sev]al occasions x is said t 
%e ev5 w5t  into ! /reet to beg a few   
p5nies = _! supp]4 ,x 0 d\btless  dur+  
^! ye>s ( />vation t ,wagn] acquir$ ^?  
ga/ric  tr\bles :i* 9 lat] ye>s (t5     
prev5t$ him f work+ m ?an  an h\r or two
 a day4    ,a few ,g]man fri5ds         
occasionally gave a little pecuni>y aid1
 b !  only regul> s\rce ( income 0      
musical hackwork = ! publi%]  ,s*les+]1 
:o gladly avail$ himself ( ,wagn]'s     
skill 9 hav+ him  make vocal scores (   
op]as1 or arrange popul> melodies = !   
piano  & o!r in/rum5ts4 ,wagn] also     
wrote /ories & essays = musical         
p]iodicals1 = :i* he receiv$ fair       

remun]ation2 b 8 attempt to  compose    
romances & become a p>lor favorite      
fail$4 ,nobody want$ 8  songs1 & he     
f9ally (f]$ !m to ! editor ( a p]iodical
 9  ,g]many = two doll>s & a half to f\r
 doll>s apiece4 ,?is may seem           
ludicr\sly pa!tic2 b !n _h n poor       
,s*ub]t1 a little m ?an  a decade be=e  
?is1 sold mu* bett] songs = tw5ty c5ts  
ea*6    ,mey]be] no d\bt aid$ ,wagn]1 b 
consid]+ 8 v great  influ5ce 9 ,p>is1 he
 a*iev$ surpris+ly little = him4 ,!     
score  ( ,ri5zi _h be5 complet$ 9 #ahdj1
 & 9 ! spr+ ( ! next  ye>1 ,wagn] w5t to
 ,meudon1 ne> ,p>is1 & !re compos$ !    
music (  ,! ,fly+ ,dut*man1 9 sev5      
weeks1 b nei!r ( ^! op]as  seem$ to h ! 
lea/ *ance to appe> on ! bo>ds ( ! ,gr& 
,op]a4 ,! be/ _! au?or c\ld d 0 to sell 
! libretto ( ,!  ,fly+ ,dut*man = "o    
hundr$ doll>s1 res]v+ ! "r to set x  to 
music himself4    ,! outcome ( all ^!   
disappo9tm5ts 0 t he f9ally lo/ hope  s 
f> z ,p>is 0 conc]n$1 & s5t 8 ,ri5zi to 
,dresd5 & 8  ,fly+ ,dut*man to ,b]l94 ,!

 ,novice ( ,pal]mo he _h giv5 up        
entirely aft] ! bankruptcy ( !          
,r5aissance ,?tre1 because1 z he  wrote1
 ,i felt t ,i c\ld no long] respect     
myself z its compos]4  ,mey]be] _h1 at 8
 reque/1 k9dly s5t a note to ! int5dant 
(  ! ,dresd5 ,op]a1 9 :i* he said1 among
 o!r ?+s1 t he _h  f\nd ! selections f  
,ri5zi1 :i* ,wagn] _h play$ = him1      
highly imag9ative & ( great dramatic    
effect4 ,ti*ats*ek1 !  fam\s ,dresd5    
t5or1 exam9$ ! score1 & lik$ ! title    
role2 !  *orus director1 ,fis*]1 also   
plead$ = ! acceptance ( ! op]a2  & s at 
la/ ,wagn] got ^w 9 ,p>is t x w\ld be   
produc$ 9  ,dresd54 ,z ,b]l91 too1      
reta9$ ! manuscript ( 8 o!r op]a1  !re 0
 reason en\gh = him to end 8 ,p>isian   
soj\rn & return  to 8 native c\ntry4 ,he
 w5t ov]l& ?is "t1 &1 to cite 8 own     
words1 ,= ! fir/ "t ,i saw ! ,rh9e2 )   
te>s 9 my eyes ,i1 !  poor arti/1 swore 
et]nal allegiance to my ,g]man fa!rl&4  
,x 0 =tunate 9 e way t he w5t to        
,dresd54 ,8 op]a  requir$ _m alt]ations 

& improvem5ts1 :i* he alone c\ld make4  
,he 0 p]mitt$ to sup]9t5d ! rehe>sals1  
:i* 01 ( c\rse1 a  great advantage to ! 
op]a4 ,! s+]s grew m & m  en?usia/ic ov]
 ! music1 & :5 ! fir/ public p]=mance 0 
giv51 on ,octob] #bj1 #ahdb1 ! audi5ce  
also 0 delight$ & rema9$  to ! v end1   
al?\gh ! p]=mance la/$ six h\rs4 ,!     
compos]  imm$iately appli$ ! prun+-knife
 & r$uc$ ! duration to f\r  h\rs & a    
half 7f #f to #aj4cj1--op]a h\rs 7 e>ly 
9 ^?  days72 b ! t5or1 ,ti*ats*ek1      
decl>$ ) te>s 9 8 eyes1 ,i  %all n p]mit
 any cuts 9 my "p6 ,x is too heav5ly4   
,^? 7 pr\d & happy days = ,wagn]4 ,i1 :o
 _h hi!rto be5  lonely1 des]t$1         
homeless1 he wrote1 sudd5ly f\nd myself 
lov$1  admir$1 by _m ev5 reg>d$ )       
wond]m5t4 ,ri5zi 0 repeat$ a  numb] (   
times to ov]cr[d$ h\ses1 ?\gh ! prices  
_h be5 put  up4 ,x 0 reg>d$ z a fabul\s 
success1 & ! managem5t 0  eag] to foll[ 
x up ) ano!r4 ,s ! score ( ,! ,fly+     
,dut*man 0 dem&$ ( ,b]l9 7:]e !y seem$ 9
 no hurry to use  x71 & at once put into

 rehe>sal4 ,x 0 produc$ 9 ,dresd5 on    
,janu>y #b1 #ahdc1 only ab\t t5 weeks   
aft] ,ri5zi1--an almo/  unprec$5t$ ev5t 
9 ! life ( an op]a compos]4 ,wagn]      
conduct$  ! second op]a himself 7also   
,ri5zi1 aft] ! fir/ few  p]=mances71 &  
gave s mu* satisfaction t he 0 %ortly   
aft]w>ds appo9t$ to ! position ( royal  
conductor 7:i* he held  ab\t six ye>s74 
,s f>1 all seem$ well4 ,b disappo9tm5ts 
soon began to ov]%ad[  8 seem+ good     
luck4 ,! fir/ production ( ! ,fly+      
,dut*man c  h>dly be call$ a success4   
,wagn] himself *>act]iz$ ! p]=mance  z  
be+1 9 its ma9 features1 a complete     
failure1 & ! /age  sett+ incr$ibly      
awkw>d & wood5 7v diff]5t f :at x is  9 
,dresd5 to-day74 ,mme4 ,s*ro$]-,devri5t 
0 an admirable ,s5ta1  & receiv$        
en?usia/ic applause2 b ! op]a itself    
puzzl$ !  audi5ce r ?an pleas$ x4    ,! 
music-lov]s ( ,dresd5 _h expect$ ano!r  
op]a  la ,mey]be]1  l ,ri5zi1 ) its     
arias & duos1 its d9 & its dances1 its  
pomps & processions1 its sc5ic & musical

 spl5dors4 ,in/ead (  t1 !y he>d a "w   
utt]ly unlike any op]a ev] be=e writt52 
an  op]a )\t arias1 duets1 & dances1 )\t
 any ( ! glitt] t  _h !ret(ore ent]ta9$ 
! public2 an op]a t simply relat$ a     
leg5d 9 "o brea?1 z x 71--l a dramatic  
ballad2 an op]a t  indulg$ 9 weird      
*romatic scales1 & h>% b expressive     
h>monies1  ) an unprec$5t$ lic5se4 ,"h 0
 ! real ,wagn]1 b ev5 9  ?is e>ly &     
comp>atively crude & simple phase1      
,wagn] 0 too  novel & revolution>y to be
 appreciat$ by 8 contempor>ies2 h5ce  x 
is n to be wond]$ at t ! ,fly+ ,dut*man1
 aft] f\r  p]=mances 9 ,dresd51 & a few 
9 ,cassel & ,b]l91 disappe>$  f ! /age =
 t5 ye>s4    ,al?\gh ,wagn] 0 n[ royal  
conductor1 he did n succe$ 9 secur+  a  
revival ( ?is op]a at ,dresd54 ,8 next  
"w1 ,tannhus]1 0  nev]!less promptly    
accept$4 ,! score 0 complet$ on ,april  
#ac1  #ahde1 & six1 mon?s lat] 7,octob] 
#ai71 ! fir/ p]=mance 0  giv54 ,wagn] _h
 ?r[n himself ) all 8 s\l into !        
composition  ( ?is score4 ,to a fri5d 9 

,b]l9 he wrote3 ,?is op]a mu/ be good1  
or else ,i nev] %all be able to d any?+ 
wor? :ile4 ,! public at  fir/ seem$ to  
agree ) him4 ,sev5 p]=mances 7 giv5 be=e
 !  end ( ! season1 & x 0 resum$ !      
foll[+ ye>2 yet ,wagn]  came to !       
conclusion t he _h writt5 ! op]a = a few
 intimate  fri5ds1 b n = ! public1 to   
cite 8 own words4 ,:at ! public  _h     
expect$ & desir$ 0 %[n by its en?usia/ic
 reception (  ,ri5zi1 & its cold]       
treatm5t ( ! ,dut*man4 ,b ,tannhus]  0 l
 ! second op]a2 9 fact1 ev5 m s4 ,wagn] 
_h outliv$  ! "t :5 he 0 will+ to make  
concessions to curr5t ta/e &  fa%ion2   
!nce=? he w5t 8 own way1 eag]1 inde$1 = 
approval1  b /ubbornly refus+ to w9 x by
 sacrific+ 8 high art ideals4    ,"h 0  
true h]oism1 g5u9e manl9ess6 ,_h he be5 
will+ to write  m op]as l ,ri5zi1 he    
might h revell$ 9 weal? 7he lov$        
weal?67 & bask$ 9 ! sun%9e ( popul>ity1 
l ,mey]be]4 ,b  n "o in* ( concession   
did he make = ! sake ( ! mu*-covet$     
ri*es & popul> favor4    ,yet 0 n 8 next

 "w1 ,loh5gr91 ( a popul> "*8 ,popul>   
to-day1 yes2 b 9 ! days ( 8 ,dresd5     
conductor%ip he c\ld n  ev5 get x       
accept$ = p]=mance at 8 own op]a-h\se6  
,x 0  complet$ 9 ,augu/1 #ahdg 7! la/   
act hav+ be5 writt5 fir/ &  ! second    
la/71 b al?\gh he rema9$ 9 ,dresd5 two  
ye>s long]1  all 8 ef=ts to get x /ag$  
fail$1 = v>i\s reasons4 ,& :51  at la/1 
,liszt gave x = ! fir/ "t1 on ,augu/    
#bh1 #ahej1 at  ,weim>1 :5ce x gradually
 made its way to o!r op]a-h\ses1 its    
reception ev]y:]e %[$ t x 0 v f> f be+  
consid]$ a  popul> "w4 ,! critics1      
especially1 vi$ ) "o ano!r 9  abus+ ?is 
same ,loh5gr91 :i* at pres5t is sung m  
frequ5tly  ?an any o!r op]a2 & !y       
cont9u$ to abuse x until ab\t tw5ty     
ye>s ago4 ,an abyss ( ennui1 void ( all 
melody1 an insult to !  v ess5ce (      
music1 a c>icature ( music1 algebraic   
h>monies1  no tangible ideas1 n a doz5  
b>s ( melody1 an op]a )\t  music1 an    
incoh]5t mass ( rubbi%1--are a few ( !  
critical  op9ions pass$ on ?is op]a1 :i*

 is n[ reg>d$ 9 all c\ntries z  a v     
wond]l& ( beautiful melodies &          
expressive h>monies4    ,!              
non-acceptance 9 ,dresd5 ( ?is glori\s  
op]a1 conc]n+ :i*  ,wagn] wrote1 ,x is !
 be/ ?+ ,i h done s f>1 0 only "o (  _m 
trials & disappo9tm5ts :i* daily h>ass$ 
him4 ,he 0 ov]  head & e>s 9 debt1      
because1 9 8 confid5ce 9 ! imm$iate     
success ( 8 op]as1 he _h _h !m pr9t$ at 
once1 at 8 own  exp5se4 ,! op]a-h\ses 7 
v sl[ 9 accept+ !m1 & ?is  left him 9 a 
sad pr$icam5t4 ,!re 71 moreov]1 enemies 
ev]y:]e1--ignorant1 old-fa%ion$         
pr(essionals1 :o object$ to 8  way (    
int]pret+ ! ma/]s 7?\gh x 0 aft]w>ds    
admitt$ t  he 0 epo*-mak+ z an int]pret]
 ( _! deepe/ ?\ghts74 ,all  ?is gall$   
him2 &1 fur!rmore1 no att5tion :atev] 0 
paid to 8  pet plans = re=m+ ! ,dresd5  
,op]a1 & !atrical matt]s  9 g5]al4    ,9
 ! /ate ( m9d br\ght ab\t by ?is        
condition ( affairs1 x  ne$$ b a firebr&
 to />t an explosion4 ,?is firebr& 0    
suppli$ by ! revolution>y upris+ (      

#ahdi4 ,n[1 al?\gh ,wagn] _h  nev]      
really c>$ mu* = politics 7to 8 fri5d   
,fis*] he once  wrote3 ,i d n consid]   
true art possible until politics cease  
to  exi/71 he 0 fooli% en\gh to believe 
t a g5]al ov]turn+ (  affairs w\ld      
b5efit art-matt]s1 too1 & facilitate 8  
op]atic  re=ms2 s he became1 z he       
himself admits1 a revolutioni/ 9 behalf 
( ! !atre4 ,he actively assi/$ !        
insurg5ts1 & !  consequ5ce 0 t1 :5 !    
rebellion fail$1 he _h to leave ,dresd5 
& seek safety 9 flight4    ,?ree ( !    
lead]s ( ! insurrection--,roeckel1      
,bakun91 & ,heubn]2  p]sonal fri5ds (   
,wagn]--7 captur$ & imprison$2 he       
himself 0  s lucky z to escape to       
,weim>1 :]e ,franz ,liszt took c>e (    
him4 ,x  s happ5$ t ,liszt1 :o _h giv5  
up 8 c>e] z conc]t piani/  7?\gh all !  
_w 0 clamor+ to he> him71 & 0 conduct+ !
  ,weim> ,op]a1 _h be5 prep>+ a p]=mance
 ( ,tannhus]1 to :i*  ,wagn] w\ld1 "u   
normal conditions1 h be5 invit$ z a     
matt] (  c\rse4 ,he 0 n[ !re1 b z a     

political fugitive1 :]e=e x 0  n deem$  
advisable to h him att5d ! public       
p]=mance2 b he  did secretly witness a  
rehe>sal1 & 0 delight$ to f9d t ,liszt's
  g5ius _h enabl$ him to p5etrate into !
 inn]mo/ recesses ( ?is  music4 ,x 0    
impossible1 h[ev]1 = him to /ay any     
long]4 ,!  ,dresd5 police _h issu$ a    
w>rant = ! arre/ ( ! royal  ,kapellmei/]
 ,ri*>d ,wagn]1 :o 0 to be plac$ on     
trial = active  p>ticipation 9 ! riots  
:i* h tak5 place "h4 ,no "t 01  !re=e1  
to be lo/4 ,late 9 ! ev5+ ( ,may #ah1   
,liszt's noble  patroness1 ! ,pr9cess   
,wittg5/e91 receiv$ ?is note f him3 ,c  
y give ! be>] sixty ?al]s8 ,wagn] is    
oblig$ to fly1 & ,i  _c help him at ?is 
mom5t4    ,e>ly ! next morn+ ,wagn]1    
provid$ ) a false pass1 left ,weim>  &  
head$ = ,switz]l&1 :i* 0 to be 8 home = 
! great]  "p ( ! foll[+ twelve ye>s ( 8 
exile f ,g]many4 ,_h he  be5 caught1 l 8
 fri5ds1 &1 l !m1 imprison$ dur+ ^!     
ye>s1 x is n likely t ! _w w\ld n[      
possess ^? sev5  monum5ts ( 8 ripe/     

g5ius1 ,rhe+old1 ,die ,walkre1          
,siegfri$1  ,gtt]dmm]ung1 ,tri/an &     
,isolde1 ,die ,mei/]s+]1 &  ,p>sifal4   
,ev5 z x 01 ! _w has und\bt$ly lo/ an   
immortal  op]a or two ?r\gh 8 un=tunate 
p>ticipation 9 ! rebellion4 ,=  dur+ !  
fir/ f\r ye>s ( 8 exile1 he did n       
compose any music4  ,he reason$ t he _h 
writt5 f\r good op]as & nobody seem$ to 
want !m2 :y1 !re=e1 %\ld he compose any 
m8    ,at ! same "t1 he realiz$ t !re 7 
natural reasons :y 8  op]as 7 n         
und]/ood4 ,!y 7 writt5 9 su* a novel    
/yle1  bo? vocal & in/rum5tal1 t ! s+]s1
 play]s1 & conductors  f\nd x difficult 
to p]=m !m correctly1 ! consequ5ce be+ t
  !y did n specially impress ! audi5ces1
 :i*1 moreov]1 7  bewild]$ by f9d+      
!mselves li/5+ to works s radically     
diff]5t f :at !y _h be5 accu/om$ to 9 ! 
op]a-h\ses4 ,9  ! hope ( rem$y+ ?is /ate
 ( affairs ,wagn] devot$ sev]al ye>s  to
 writ+ essays1 9 :i* he expla9$ 8 aims &
 ideals = !  b5efit bo? ( p]=m]s &      
li/5]s4 ,little att5tion 01 h[ev]1  paid

 to ^! essays1 & al?\gh !y are valuable 
ae/hetic  treatises1 mo/ lov]s ( ,wagn] 
w\ld gladly give !m = ! op]as  he might 
h writt5 9 ! same "t1--op]as unit+ !    
*>act]i/ics ( ,loh5gr9 & ,! ,valkyrie4  
,wagn]'s lett]s to ,liszt & o!r fri5ds  
%[ t he suff]$  tortures1 & 0 (t5 br\ght
 to ! v]ge ( suicide by ! ?\ght  t1 z a 
political refugee1 he 0 unable to g to  
,g]many to  sup]9t5d ! production ( 8   
works4 ,8 "o consolation 0 t1  z he put 
x1 ?r\gh ! fri5d%ip ( ,liszt 8 art _h   
f\nd a home  at ,weim> at ! mom5t :5 he 
himself became homeless4 ,weim> became1 
z x 71 a sort ( prelim9>y ,bayreu?1 to  
:i* pilgrimages 7  made to he> ,wagn]'s 
op]as4 ,liszt n only produc$ ! ,fly+    
,dut*man1 ,tannhus]1 & ,loh5gr91 b wrote
 eloqu5t essays on  !m1 & 9 e possible  
way advanc$ ! good cause4 ,x has be5    
ju/ly said t by 8 ef=ts he accel]at$ !  
vogue ( ,wagn]'s  op]as fully t5 ye>s4  
,he also help$ him pecuni>ily1 & induc$ 
o!rs to d ! same4 ,nev] 9 ! _w's hi/ory 
has "o arti/ done  s mu* = ano!r z      

,liszt did = ,wagn] dur+ all ! ye>s ( 8 
exile 9 ,switz]l&4    ,few p]sons w\ld  
consid] resid5ce 9 ,switz]l& 7! usual   
home 9  ^? days ( political refugees7 a 
special h>d%ip2 nor w\ld ,wagn]  h      
consid]$ x 9 t light except = !         
solicitude he felt =  ! *ildr5 ( 8 bra94
 ,o!rwise he greatly enjoy$ life 9 t    
glori\s c\ntry1 & ! ,alp9e ozone n\ri%$ 
& /imulat$ 8  bra94 ,moreov]1 f !       
creative po9t ( view1 x 0 an actual     
advantage = him to be away f !          
op]a-h\ses ( ! great  capitals4 ,9      
,switz]l&1 except = a %ort "t :5 he 0   
connect$  ) ! ,zuri* op]a1 he he>d no   
op]atic music except su* z 8 own  bra9  
creat$4 ,und\bt$ly ?is helps to acc\nt =
 ! a/\nd+  orig9ality ( ! music-dramas  
he wrote 9 ,switz]l&4    ,^!            
music-dramas g z f> beyond ,loh5gr9 9   
c]ta9 directions z  ,loh5gr9 goes beyond
 ! op]as ( ,wagn]'s pr$ecessors4 ,x 0 a 
reckless ?+ to d1 to make ano!r su*     
giant /ride be=e ! _w  _h caught up ) 8 
fir/1 & he _h to suff] ! consequ5ces2  b

 g5ius disreg>ds prud5ce1 & looks to !  
future alone4 ,:at he  0 n[ writ+ 0 :at 
8 enemies taunt+ly call$ ! music ( !    
future1 because1 z !y said1 nobody lik$ 
x at pres5t2 b :at he  himself call$ !  
art "w ( ! future1 9 :i* all ! f9e arts 
are insep>ably unit$4    ,! bigge/ ( 8  
works1 ! ,nibelung ,tetralogy1 0        
conceiv$ &  = ! mo/ "p writt5 9         
,switz]l&4 ,be=e leav+ ,dresd5 he _h    
already writt5 ! poem ( an op]a :i* he  
call$ ,siegfri$'s  ,dea?4 ,return+ to   
?is 9 8 exile he came to ! conclusion1  
gradually1 t ! leg5d on :i* x is bas$1 &
 :i* he _h  sket*$ out 9 prose at !     
beg9n+1 conta9$ ! mat]ial = two1  ?ree1 
nay1 f\r op]as4 ,accord+ly1 he wrote !  
poems ( ^!3  fir/1 ,gtt]dmm]ung1 !n     
,siegfri$1 ,die ,walkre1 &  ,rhe+old4 ,!
 music to ^! f\r dramas 01 h[ev]1       
compos$ 9  ! rev]se ord]1 9 :i* !y 7 to 
be p]=m$4    ,wagn] indulg$ 9 no        
illusions reg>d+ ^! music-dramas4 ,he   
knew  t !y 7 beyond ! capacity ( ev5 !  
be/ royal op]a-h\ses  ( t "t1 & t !y    

c\ld be p]=m$ only "u exceptional       
conditions1 su* z he f9ally succe$$1    
aft] h]culean ef=ts &  _m disappo9tm5ts1
 9 secur+ at ,bayreu? 9 #ahgf4 ,x is (  
great  int]e/ to note t ! g]ms ( a sort 
( ,bayreu? fe/ival plan  c be f\nd 9 8  
lett]s z e>ly z #ahej1--! ye> :5        
,loh5gr9  _h its fir/ he>+4 ,?us a full 
qu>t] ( a c5tury elaps$ betwe5  !       
conception ( ?is fe/ival plan & its     
execution4 ,b ,wagn] _h  ! pati5ce (    
,job1 z well z 8 capacity = suff]+4     
,amid privations ( all sorts1 he wrote !
 sublime music ( ^!  dramas1 beg9n+ )   
,rhe+old1 on ,nov4 #a1 #ahec1--! fir/ "t
 he  _h put new op]atic melodies on pap]
 s9ce ! completion (  ,loh5gr91 9       
,augu/1 #ahdg4 ,9 8 head1 to be sure1 he
 _h be5  c>ry+ mu* ( ! ,nibelung music =
 "s "t1 = he habitually  creat$ 8 lead+ 
melodies at ! same "t z ! v]se2 & ! f\r 
,nibelung poems 7 9 pr9t 9 #ahec4 ,on   
,may #bh1 #ahed1 ! score (  ,rhe+old 0  
complet$1 & f\r weeks lat] he began !   
sket*es (  ,! ,valkyrie1 ! complet$     

score ( :i* 0 9 8 desk by ! end  ( ,m>*1
 #ahef4    ,9 ! meantime 8 pov]ty _h    
compell$ him1 mu* aga9/ 8 wi%es1  to    
accept an (f] f ! ,london ,philh>monic  
,society to conduct _!  conc]ts = a     
season 7,m>* to ,june1 #ahee74 ,he _h   
reason to bitt]ly  regret ?is action4 ,)
 ! limit$ numb] ( rehe>sals at 8 comm&  
x 0 impossible = him to make ! or*e/ra  
foll[ 8 int5tions  & reveal 8 greatness 
z a conductor4 ,he 0 n all[$ to make !  
programmes1 & ! directors1 ignorant ( ! 
fact t !y _h  engag$ ! greate/ musical  
g5ius ( ! c5tury1 gave no ,wagn]        
conc]t1 & put only a few %ort selections
 f 8 e>ly op]as on  ! programs4 ,?us 8  
hopes ( creat+ a desire = ! he>+ ( 8    
complete op]as1 :i* _h be5 "o ( 8       
motives 9 go+ to ,london1  7 fru/rat$4  
,he 01 moreov]1 con/antly abus$ = do+   
?+s  diff]5tly f ,m5delssohn1 & ! lead+ 
critics ref]r$ to 8  be/ music z        
s5seless discord1 inflat$ display (     
extravagance &  noise1 & s on4 ,almo/ ! 
only pleasant episode 0 ! sympa?y &     

int]e/ ( ,que5 ,victoria1 :o _h a long  
talk ) him1 & in=m$  him t 8 music _h   
enraptur$ h]4    ,= all ?is tr\ble &    
loss ( "t 7he f\nd himself unable 9     
,london  to d any satisfactory "w on !  
uncomplet$ ,valkyrie score71 he  receiv$
 ! munific5t sum ( #a1jjj1--;consid]ably
 less ?an _m  ,wagn] s+]s to-day get =  
"o ev5+'s "w4 ,%ortly be=e leav+        
,london he wrote to a fri5d t he w\ld   
br+ home ab\t #bjj  francs1--#dj6 ,= ?is
 he _h wa/$ f\r mon?s ( preci\s "t &    
endur$ endless contr>ieties & vulg>     
animosities1 to use 8  own words4       
,equally unsuccessful 7 8 ef=ts1 a few  
ye>s lat]1 to bett]  himself f9ancially 
by a s]ies ( conc]ts 9 ,p>is 7#ahfj74   
,!y  result$ 9 a l>ge deficit4 ,nor 0 he
 b5efit$ by ! p]=mances (  8 ,tannhus]1 
:i* 7 giv5 at ! gr& op]a 9 ,m>*1 #ahfa1 
by  ord] ( ,napoleon1 at ! reque/ ( !   
influ5tial ,pr9cess  ,mett]ni*4 ,he _h  
refus$ to int]polate a vulg> ballet 9 ! 
second  act = ! b5efit ( ! memb]s ( !   
ari/ocratic ,jockey ,club1 :o  d9$ late 

& insi/$ on hav+ a ballet on ent]+ !    
op]a-h\se4  ,!y took _! rev5ge by creat+
 su* a di/urbance e ev5+  t aft] ! ?ird 
p]=mance ,wagn] refus$ to all[ any fur!r
  repetitions1 al?\gh ! h\se on ! ?ird  
night _h be5 completely  sold out4 ,he 0
 to receive #ej = ea* p]=mance4 ,!      
result 0  #aej1 or less ?an #ej c5ts a  
day1 = a ye>'s h>d "w & no end (  worry 
9 connection ) ! rehe>sals4    ,h[ _m m5
 are !re 9 ! annals ( art :o w\ld h     
refus$1  aft] all ^! disappo9tm5ts &    
bitt] lessons1 to make "s  concessions8 
,wagn] 0 writ+ a gigantic "w1 !         
,nibelung ,tetralogy1  :i*1 he 0        
conv9c$1 w\ld nev] yield a p5ny's pr(it 
dur+ 8  lifetime4 ,sometimes despair    
seiz$ him4 ,9 "o ( 8 lett]s he          
exclaims3 ,:y %\ld ,i1 poor devil1 burd5
 & torture myself ) su*  t]rible tasks1 
if ! pres5t g5]ation refuses to let me h
 ev5 a  work%op8 ,yet ! only deviation  
he made f 8 plan 0 t :5  he _h rea*$ !  
second act ( ! ?ird ( ! ,nibelung       
dramas1 !  poetic ,siegfri$1 9 ,june1   

#aheg1 he made up 8 m9d to ab&on !      
,tetralogy = ! "t be+1 & compose an op]a
 :i* might be  p]=m$ sep>ately & once m 
br+ him into contact )  ! /age4    ,?is 
op]a 0 ,tri/an & ,isolde2 b in/ead ( be+
 a concession1  x turn$ out to be ! mo/ 
difficult & ,wagn]ian ( all 8           
works1--an op]a ) mu* emotion b little  
action1 no processions or  *oruses su* z
 ,loh5gr9 /ill _h1 &1 ( c\rse1 no arias 
or  tunes :atev]4 ,tri/an & ,isolde 0   
complet$ 9 #ahei1 & ,wagn]  w\ld h mu*  
pref]r$ to h its p]=mance 9 ,p>is comm&$
 by  ,napoleon 9 place ( ,tannhus]4 ,:at
 ! ,jockey ,club w\ld h done  9 t case  
is inconceivable1 =1 comp>$ ) ,tri/an1  
,tannhus] is almo/ ,mey]be]ian1 if n    
,donizettian4 ,no s+]s1  moreov]1 c\ld h
 be5 f\nd 9 ,p>is able to int]pret ?is  
"w1  ) its new vocal /yle1--spee*-song1 
z ! ,g]mans call x4 ,ev5  ,g]many c\ld d
 no?+1 at fir/1 ) ?is op]a4 ,9 ,vi5na1  
aft]  fifty-f\r rehe>sals1 x 0 ab&on$1 9
 #ahfc1 z impossible1 &  t city did n   
produce x till aft] ,wagn]'s dea?4      

,in/ead (  br++ him into imm$iate       
contact ) ! /age1 x 0 n he>d  any:]e    
till sev5 ye>s aft] its completion4     
,!re 0 "o m c>d = him to play4 ,all 8   
op]as1 s f>1 _h  be5 trag$ies4 ,:at if  
he 7 to write a comic op]a8 ,w\ld n t   
be likely to get him access to ! /age   
aga91 & help him  f9ancially8 ,he _h !  
plan = a comic op]a2 inde$1 he _h sket*$
  x z e>ly z #ahde1 at ! same "t z !    
plot ( ,loh5gr94  ,sixte5 ye>s x lay    
dormant 9 8 bra94 ,at la/ he wrote out !
 poem  9 ,p>is1 imm$iately aft] !       
,tannhus] disa/] !re4 ,p]haps x  w\ld be
 m accurate to call ,die ,mei/]s+] a    
humor\s op]a2 =  :ile ! /ory ( !        
m$iaeval knight :o w9s ! goldsmi?'s     
daught] has comic features1 its *ief    
*>act]i/ic is humor1 )  t und]curr5t (  
s]i\sness t belongs to all ma/]pieces ( 
humor4 ,to a c]ta9 ext5t1 x is a musical
 & poetic autobiography1  ! victori\s "y
 ,knight ,walt]1 :o s+s z he pleases1   
)\t  reg>d to p$antic rules1 repres5t+  
,wagn] himself & ! music (  ! future1   

:ile ! va9 & malici\s ,beckmess] /&s = !
  critics1 & ,hans ,sa*s = enlight5$    
public op9ion4    ,x 0 dur+ ! "t t he   
wrote ! glori\sly melodi\s &  spontane\s
 music to ?is poem t ! mo/ important    
ev5t ( 8 life  happ5$4 ,"w on ! score 0 
repeat$ly int]rupt$ by ! necessity  (   
mak+ "s money4 ,mo/ ( 8 conc]ts 9 ,g]man
 cities1 und]tak5  = ?is purpose1 did n 
yield him any pr(its4 ,9 ,russia1 h[ev]1
 he  0 v successful1 & z he _h ! promise
 ( a repetition ( 8  success1 he r5t$ a 
f9e villa at ,p5z+1 ne> ,vi5na1 &       
proce$$  to enjoy life = a *ange4 ,:o c 
blame him = ?is8 ,z he said to a  fri5d 
n long aft] ?is1 ,i am diff]5tly        
organiz$ f o!rs1  h s5sitive n]ves1 mu/ 
h beauty1 spl5dor1 & light4 ,is x       
really su* an outrage\s ?+ if ,i lay    
claim to ! little bit (  luxury :i* ,i  
l1--,i1 :o am prep>+ enjoym5t = ! _w &  
= ?\s&s8    ,un=tunately ! second       
,russian project fail$1 ?r\gh no fault (
 8  own1 & z he _h borr[$ money at      
usuri\s rates on 8 expect$  pr(its1 he  

f\nd himself compell$ to fly once m f 8 
cr$itors4  ,aft] sp5d+ a %ort "t 9      
,switz]l&1 he w5t to ,/uttg>t1 :]e  he  
p]suad$ 8 fri5d ,weis%eim] to g ) him   
into ! ,suabian  ,alps1 :]e he int5d$ to
 hide = half a ye>1 until he c\ld f9i%  
8 ,mei/]s+]1 & ) ! score raise money = 8
 cr$itors4  ,! wagon _h already be5     
ord]$ = ! next morn+1 ,may #c1 #ahfd1  &
 ,wagn] 0 pack+ 8 trunk1 :5 a c>d 0     
br\ght up to him )  ! inscription3 von  
,pfi/5mei/]1 ,secrtaire aulique de      
,s4,m4 le roi  de ,bavire1 & ! message t
 ! ,b>on came by ord] ( ! ,k+ (         
,bav>ia1 & 0 v anxi\s to see him4    ,k+
 ,ludwig ,,ii4 ( ,bav>ia _h decl>$1 :ile
 he 0 /ill cr[n  pr9ce1 t z soon z he   
became k+ he w\ld %[ ! _w h[  highly he 
held ! g5ius ( ,wagn] 9 honor4 ,he kept 
8 ^w4 ,"o (  8 fir/ acts 0 to despat*   
,b>on von ,pfi/5mei/] to se>* =  ,wagn]1
 & n to return )\t him4 ,he 0 to tell   
him t ! k+  0 8 mo/ ard5t admir]2 t he  
want$ him to come at once to  ,muni*1 to
 live !re 9 com=t1 at ! k+'s exp5se1 to 

complete 8  ,nibelung op]as1 & produce  
!m =?)4 ,0 x a wond] t :5  ! ,b>on _h   
left1 ,wagn]1 :o 0 ?us sudd5ly rais$ f !
 dep?  ( despair 7he _h ev5 m$itat$     
suicide7 to ! height ( happ9ess1  fell  
on ,weis%eim]'s neck1 & wept = joy4     
,surely ! bra9 ( a ,dumas c\ld n h      
conceiv$ a m romantic  ev5t ?an ?is     
sudd5 trans=mation ( "o :o 0 a fugitive 
f  debtor's prison into ! favorite ( a  
"y & en?usia/ic k+4 ,at  la/ ,wagn] _h  
an opportunity to br+ =w>d 8            
music-dramas4  ,tri/an & ,isolde 0 sung 
at ! ,muni* ,op]a on ,june #aj1 #ahfe1 )
  an excell5t ca/1 & ,hans von ,bl[ z   
conductor4 ,die ,mei/]s+]  foll[$ on    
,june #ba1ahfh4 ,bo? ^! works 7 receiv$ 
) en?usiasm  by ! ev]-gr[+ b& (         
,wagn]-lov]s4 ,8 plan ( build+ a        
special !atre 9 ,muni* = ! p]=mance ( 8 
,nibelung op]as  c\ld n be c>ri$ out1   
h[ev]1 ev5 ) ! k+'s aid2 = 8  great     
influ5ce ) ! k+ 7he 0 rumor$ to be ev5 8
 political  & religi\s advis]1 ?\gh ?is 
0 n true71 ar\s$ s mu*  ho/ile feel+ t  

,wagn] f9ally decid$ to h 8 ,nibelung   
fe/ival at ! old seclud$ t[n ( ,bayreu?4
    ,at ! sugge/ion ( ! em95t piani/1   
,c>l ,taussig1 ,wagn] societies  7 =m$ 9
 ! cities ( ,europe & ,am]ica to raise  
funds = ?is  fe/ival & give ,wagn] a    
*ance to e/abli% a tradition by %[+  !  
_w h[ 8 op]as %\ld be p]=m$4 ,) ! aid ( 
^! &  lib]al contributions by 8         
ev]-devot$ k+1 ,wagn] 0 able1 aft]  _m  
trials1 tribulations1 & po/ponem5ts1 to 
br+ out1 at la/1 8  great ,tetralogy1 on
 ,augu/ #ac1 #ad1af1 & #ag1 ( ! ye>     
#ahgf4 ,x 0  beyond comp>ison ! mo/     
int]e/+ & important ev5t 9 ! :ole       
hi/ory ( music4 ,wagn] _h p]sonally     
visit$ ! op]a-h\ses  ?r\gh\t ! l& &     
select$ ! be/ s+]s4 ,! audi5ce includ$  
! ,emp]ors ( ,g]many & ,brazil1 ,k+     
,ludwig1 ! ,gr& ,dukes (  ,weim> &      
,bad51 em95t compos]s l ,liszt1 ,grieg1 
,sa9t-,sans1 &  _m o!r notable p]sons4  
,! impression made by ! great "w 0  !   
deep] because ( ! unusual circum/ances3 
! !atre specially  con/ruct$ aft]       

,wagn]'s novel plan2 ! amphi!atric      
seats2 !  conceal$ or*e/ra2 ! /]eoscopic
 cle>ness & ne>ness ( !  /age sc5es1    
etc4    ,! necessity ( *>g+ v high rates
 7#bbe = ! f\r dramas7  naturally       
prev5t$ ! audi5ces f be+ l>ge1 & !      
result 0  t ,wagn] _h a deficit (       
#cg1jjj on 8 h&s z ! rew>d = 8  g5ius & 
ye>s ( bus9ess worries4 ,:51 h[ev]1 8   
la/ "w1 !  sublime1 semi-religi\s       
,p>sifal1 0 produc$ 9 #ahhb1 !re 0 a    
balance 9 8 favor4 ,he 0 !n 9 8         
sixty-n9? ye>1 & !  ex]tion ( produc+   
?is f9al ma/]piece 0 too great = him4   
,to  recup]ate1 he w5t to ,v5ice1 :]e he
 di$ on ,feb4 #ac1 #ahhb4 ,k+  ,ludwig  
s5t a special tra9 to convey 8 body to  
,bayreu?1 :]e x 0  buri$ 9 ! g>d5 beh9d 
8 villa ,wahnfri$4    ,s9ce ,wagn]'s    
dea? ! ,bayreu? fe/ivals h be5 kept up )
  ev]-increas+ success1 "u ! guidance ( 
8 wid[ ,cosima1 !  daught] ( ,liszt 7:om
 he m>ri$ 9 #ahgj1 f\r ye>s aft] ! dea? 
( 8 fir/ wife71 & _! son1 ,siegfri$1 :o 
has 9 rec5t ye>s  also won "s success z 

an op]a compos]4 ,! p]=mances at        
,bayreu?  are no long] :at !y 7 dur+    
,wagn]'s lifetime1--models = all  ! _w2 
b !y are /ill ( unique int]e/4 ,9 tru?1 
headqu>t]s  l ,bayreu? are no long]     
ne$$1 = all ! ,g]man cities n[ vie  ) "o
 ano!r 9 _! ef=ts to int]pret ! ,wagn]  
op]as  accord+ to ! compos]'s int5tions2
 & 8 influ5ce on o!r  musicians1 :i*    
began ) ! p]=mance ( ,loh5gr9 "u ,liszt1
  9 #ahej1 is to-day great] ?an ev]1--m 
p[]ful1 p]haps1 ?an t  ev] ex]t$ by any 
o!r ma/]4    ,b :ile an em95t ,g]man    
critic wrote n long ago t !  music-drama
 ( ,wagn] con/itutes mod]n op]a1 x w\ld 
be a huge  mi/ake to make ,wagn]ism     
synonym\s ) mod]n music 9 g5]al4 ,ap>t  
f ! op]a1 !re are sev]al o!r v p[]ful   
curr5ts1 &  :ile mo/ ( !m c be trac$ to 
! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5?  c5tury1 !y are 
none ! less mod]n4 ,_! pr9cipal s\rces  
are  ,bee?ov51 ,s*ub]t1 & ,*op91 to :om 
we mu/ add1 9 ! second half  ( ! c5tury1
 ,liszt4    ,! symphonies ( ,haydn &    
,moz>t are l toy-h\ses comp>$ ) !       

massive ar*itecture ( ,bee?ov5's4 ,he n 
only elaborat$ ! =ms1  b v>i$ ! rhy?ms1 
broad5$ ! melody1 & deep5$ !  expression
 ( or*e/ral music4 ,9 8 works1 too1 are 
to be f\nd !  g]ms ( romanticism1 :i*   
o!rs1 notably ,m5delssohn & ,s*umann1   
develop$ s fasc9at+ly 9 _! be/ works4   
,mo/ ( ,m5delssohn's  compositions h _h 
_! day2 b ,s*umann is /ill a =ce 9 mod]n
  music & w long rema9 s4    ,brahms1 ! 
musical ,br[n+1 is1 musically speak+1 a 
son ( ,s*umann  & a gr&son ( ,bee?ov54  
,:ile ev5 ,brahms did n escape !        
influ5ce ( ,wagn]1 nor t ( ! romantici/s
 ,s*ub]t & ,*op91  /ill1 9 8 ess5ce1 he 
repres5ts reaction aga9/ mod]n          
romanticism  & an atavi/ic return to !  
_s ( ,bee?ov54 ,he has be51 =  decades1 
! idol ( ,wagn]'s enemies2 yet1 9 tru?1 
!re 0 no  occasion = oppos+ ^! two m51  
s9ce !y work$ 9 entirely  diff]5t       
fields4 ,brahms wrote no op]as1 :ile    
,wagn] wrote little b  op]as4 ,! real   
antagoni/ ( ,brahms is ,liszt1 :o also  
work$ only =  ! conc]t hall & :o        

repres5ts poetic or pictorial music     
7programme  music71 :ile ,brahms /&s =  
absolute music1 or music p] se1  )\t any
 poetic affiliations4    ,:ile ,s*ub]t 9
 8 y\? also came "u ! influ5ce ( 8 great
  contempor>y1 ,bee?ov51 he soon        
emancipat$ himself completely f  him1   
ev5 9 ! symphony1 9 :i*1 z ,s*umann     
po9t$ out1 he op5$  up an entirely new  
_w ( melody1 color1 & emotion4 ,8       
or*e/ration is m v>i$1 euphoni\s1 &     
en*ant+ ?an  ,bee?ov5's1 & 9 ?is        
direction he did = ! symphony :at ,web] 
did = ! op]a4 ,by us+ ! brass in/rum5ts 
pianissimo1 = color  in/ead ( = l\dness1
 he op5$ a pa? 9 :i* lat] ma/]s1        
includ+ ,wagn]1 eag]ly foll[$ him4      
,s*ub]t 0 also ! fir/  compos] :o       
reveal$ ! exquisite beauty & ! great    
emotional p[]  ( ! free/ modulation f   
key to key4 ,8 poetic impromptus =      
piano became ! model = ,m5delssohn's    
,songs )\t ,words1 & !  multitud9\s =ms 
( mod]n %ort pieces1 :ile 8 melodi\s1   
da9ty1  graceful valses 7 ! =]unn]s ( ! 

exquisite dance-music :i*  subsequ5tly  
made ,vi5na fam\s1 & :i* rea*$ its      
climax 9 ,johann  ,/rauss ! y\ng]1      
univ]sally kn[n z ! waltz k+4    ,9 all 
^! respects1 ,s*ub]t 0 epo*-mak+2 & if !
 beautiful  details he sugge/$ to 8     
successors up to ! pres5t day c\ld be   
tak5 out ( _! works !re w\ld be "s      
surpris+ blanks4  ,especially also is   
?is true 9 ! realm ( lyric song1 =1 z   
ev]ybody kn[s1 he practically creat$ !  
art song z we "k & love  x4 ,! greate/ (
 8 imm$iate successors1 ,s*umann &      
,franz1  *e]fully admitt$ t !y c\ld nev]
 h writt5 su* songs z  !y gave ! _w b = 
,s*ub]t1 & ! same confession might be   
made by ! late/ ( ! great songwrit]s1   
,grieg1 ,ri*>d ,/rauss1 &  our ,am]ican 
,mac,dowell4 ,s*ub]t's be/ songs h nev] 
be5 equall$4  ,!y belong 9 ! realm (    
mod]n music q z mu* z ,wagn]'s          
music-dramas & ,liszt's symphonic poems4
    ,*op9 is ano!r compos] :o1 al?\gh he
 di$ 9 #ahdi 7,s*ub]t di$  9 #ahbh71 is 
z mod]n z ! ma/]s j nam$4 ,he 0 z boldly

  orig9al z ,s*ub]t1 & z great a        
magician 9 ! art ( ar\s+  deep emotion  
by means ( novel1 unexpect$ modulations4
 ,z an orig9ator  ( new h>monic         
progressions he has _h only ?ree        
equals1--,ba*1  ,s*ub]t1 & ,wagn]4      
,h>monies z ultra-mod]n z ^? ( ,wagn]'s 
,p>sifal may be f\nd 9 "s ( ! mazurkas (
 ,*op94 ,he 01 z  ,rub9/e9 call$ him1 ! 
s\l ( ! pian(orte4 ,no "o be=e or  aft] 
him knew h[ to make t in/rum5t speak s  
eloqu5tly4 ,by  +5i\sly scatt]+ ! notes 
( a *ord ov] ! keybo>d :ile  hold+ d[n !
 p$al1 he practically gave ! play] ?ree 
or f\r  h&s1 & greatly enl>g$ ! h>monic 
& colori/ic possibilities (  !          
pian(orte4 ,liszt1 ,rub9/e91 ,pad]ewski1
 & o!rs h gone  f>!r /ill 9 ! same      
direction1 b he %[$ ! way1 & mo/ (  8   
pieces are z delightful & z mod]n n[ z  
!y 7 on ! day  :5 !y 7 writt54 ,he wrote
 a few sonatas1 b ! majority ( 8  works 
are %ort pieces su* z are *>act]i/ic ( !
 mod]n  romantic s*ool4    ,be=e ,*op9  
mod]niz$ pian(orte music ! _w's greate/ 

compos]s  _h be5 ,italians1 ,g]mans1 &  
,fr5*m54 ,*op9's fa!r 0 a  ,fr5*man1 b 8
 "m 0 a native ( ,pol&1 & he 0 born 9  t
 c\ntry4 ,:ile 8 music has ! ,fr5*      
qualities ( elegance &  cle>ness 7:i* e 
"o admires 9 ! works ( ,g\nod1 ,bizet1  
,mass5et1 & o!r ,p>isian ma/]s71 9 its  
ess5ce x is ,poli%--a  fact ( special   
significance1 = f ?is "t on o!r nations 
?an  ! ?ree m5tion$--especially !       
,slavic & ,sc&9avian--beg9 to  play a   
prom95t role 9 music4 ,9 ?is brief sket*
 only ! greate/  names c be             
consid]$1--su* names z ,rub9/e91        
,ts*aik[sky1  ,dvork1 ,grieg4           
,rub9/e9 0 n only "o ( ! greate/        
piani/s1 b "o ( !  mo/ spontane\s &     
f]tile melodi/s ( all times4 ,8         
frequ5tly  c>eless workman%ip & 8       
fooli%1 savage ho/ility to ! dom9ant    
,wagn] movem5t prev5t$ him f enjoy+ !   
fruits ( 8 r>e  g5ius4 ,he felt t1 _h x 
n be5 = ! all-absorb+ ,wagn]1 he        
himself might h be5 z popul> z          
,m5delssohn4 ,al?\gh a ,russian1  !re is

 little local color 9 8 music1 = !      
en*ant+ exotic  melodic int]vals 9 8    
,p]sian songs are ,ori5tal 9 g5]al1 r   
?an ,russian 9 p>ticul>4 ,simil> exotic 
int]vals may be f\nd 9 !  ,ada ( ,v]di1 
a pure ,italian4 ,rub9/e91 l ,m5delssohn
 &  ,mey]be]1 0 a ,hebrew4 ,8 day w yet 
come1 = 8 ,dramatic &  ,ocean symphonies
 are among ! gr&e/ or*e/ral works 9     
exi/5ce4    ,8 c\ntryman1 ,ts*aik[sky1  
also 0 neglect$ dur+ 8 lifetime2  b s9ce
 8 dea? he has become1 especially 9     
,london1 almo/ z  popul> z ,wagn]2 &    
des]v$ly s1 = he 0 a g5ius ( !  highe/  
type1 less 9 8 songs & pian(orte works  
?an 9 8  symphonies & symphonic poems1  
:i* include "s ( ! mo/ inspir$  pages 9 
mod]n music4 ,9 "s ( 8 compositions !re 
is a b>b>ic  spl5dor :i* proclaims !    
,russian & delights ^? :o l exotic      
novelty 9 music4 ,l all ! ,russians1    
,ts*aik[sky 0 /rongly  influ5c$ by      
,liszt2 inde$1 x may be said t 9 ,russia
 ,liszt 0  m pot5t 9 %ap+ ! c\rse (     
mod]n music ?an ev5 ,wagn]4    ,ano!r   

,slavic compos]1 ! ,bohemian ,dvork1 is 
( special int]e/ to  ,am]icans n only   
because he is "o ( ! greate/ ( mod]n    
or*e/ral writ]s 7a colori/ ( r>e *>m71 b
 because he presid$  = sev]al ye>s ov]  
,mrs4 ,?urb]'s ,national ,cons]vatory ( 
,music 9  ,new ,york1 & !re wrote t     
truly melodi\s & deeply emotional  "w1  
,f ! ,new ,_w1 :i* has become almo/ z   
popul> z  ,ts*aik[sky's ,pa?tique4 ,8   
,bohemian rhy?ms h a unique *>m4        
,among ! ,sc&9avian compos]s ! greate/1 
by f>1 is ,grieg1 "o (  ! mo/ orig9al   
melodi/s & h>moni/s ( all times4 ,8     
songs1 9  p>ticul>1 are de/9$ to        
immortality2 !y are among ! v be/       
writt5 s9ce ,s*ub]t4 ,( 8 pian(orte &   
*amb] music1 too1 x c  be said t ev]y?+ 
is new1 free f commonplace1 &           
ultra-mod]n4  ,he has writt5 mo/ly %ort 
pieces1 & = t reason has _h to wait  7l 
,*op9 9 8 day7 a long "t = full         
recognition ( 8 g5ius1  ! critics n hav+
 yet got ov] ! fooli% habit ( measur+   
art-works ) a y>d/ick4 ,l ,*op91        

moreov]1 ,grieg has _h !  ill-=tune (   
hav+ 8 mo/ orig9al & individual traits  
accr$it$  to 8 nation & describ$ z      
national peculi>ities4 ,8 music does    
conta9 su* peculi>ities2 b x is necess>y
 to di/+ui% betwe5  :at is ,norwegian & 
:at is ,griegian4 ,grieg's little pieces
 & songs  are big ) g5ius4    ,!        
,hung>ian ,liszt is ano!r immortal ma/] 
:o1 beside ! fruits (  8 individual     
g5ius1 contribut$ to ! curr5t ( mod]n   
music "s  ( ^? exotic national traits   
:i* di/+ui% x f t (  e>li] epo*s :5 x 0 
almo/ exclusively ,italian1 ,fr5*1 &    
,g]man4 ,8 fifte5 ,hung>ian rhapsodies  
con/itute1 h[ev]1 only a  small "p ( !  
invaluable legacy he has left ! _w4 ,he 
0 !  mo/ _m-sid$ ( all musicians1--!    
greate/ ( all piani/s1 & "o  ( ! be/    
compos]s ( oratorios1 songs1 or*e/ral1 &
 pian(orte  works1--ev]y?+1 9 %ort1     
except op]as & *amb] music4 ,he 0  also 
! greate/ ( tea*]s & 7) ! exception (   
,wagn]7 !  greate/ ( conductors2 z su*1 
he c>ri$ out bo? 8 own &  ,wagn]'s new &

 revolution>y pr9ciples ( int]pretation1
 :i* h  gradually made ! or*e/ral       
conductor a p]sonage ( ev5 great]       
importance1 9 conc]t hall & op]a-h\se1  
?an ! prima donna1  travell+1 l h]1 f   
city to city1 to delight lov]s ( music4 
,"o might h expect$ t ! pr9ce ( piani/s1
 be+ at ! same  "t a compos]1 w\ld d = !
 pian(orte :at ,ba* _h done =  *oral &  
organ music1 ,bee?ov5 = ! symphony1     
,s*ub]t = ! art  song1 & ,wagn] = !     
op]a4 ,b he c\ld n1 = ,*op9 _h          
anticipat$ him4 ,9 only "o direction 0 x
 possible to g beyond  ,*op91--9 t (    
mak+ ! piano capable ( reproduc+        
or*e/ral  effects4 ,?is1 ,liszt a*iev$ 9
 8 own works & 8 transcriptions4  ,b1   
aft] all1 ! gr&e/ pian(orte1 :ile       
delightful z su*1 is  b a poor sub/itute
 = an or*e/ra4 ,h5ce x 0 natural t      
,liszt  %\ld give up ! pian(orte z 8    
specialty & devote himself  p>ticul>ly  
to ! or*e/ra4    ,9 ?is doma9 he 0 de/9$
 to a*ieve re=ms simil> to ^? (  ,wagn] 
9 ! op]a4 ,! classical symphony1 l !    

old-fa%ion$  op]a1 consi/s ( deta*$     
numb]s1 or movem5ts1 t h no organic     
connection ) "o ano!r4 ,= ! deta*$      
numb]s ( ! op]a  ,wagn] sub/itut$ 8     
cont9u\s melody2 & he provid$ an organic
  connection ( all ! p>ts by means ( !  
lead+ motives or  *>act]i/ic melodies & 
*ords :i* recur :5ev] ! situation  calls
 = !m4 ,9 ! same _s ,liszt trans=m$ !   
symphony into  ! symphonic poem1 :i* is 
cont9u\s & has a lead+ motive unit+  all
 its p>ts4    ,!re is ano!r aspect to ! 
symphonic poem1 9 :i* ,liszt deviat$  f 
,wagn]4 ,9 ,wagn]'s op]as !re is pl5ty (
 descriptive or  pictorial music1 b no  
program music1 prop]ly speak+2 = ev5 9  
su* ?+s z ! ,ride ( ! ,valkyries1 or !  
,magic ,fire ,sc5e1 !  music does n     
dep5d on a programme1 b is expla9$ by ! 
sc5]y4  ,9 programme music1 on ! o!r h&1
 ! sc5e or ! poetic idea is  simply     
expla9$ 9 ! programme1 or else m]ely    
h9t$ at 9 ! title  ( ! piece4 ,crude    
attempts 9 ?is direction 7 made c5turies
 ago1  b programme music z an important 

bran* ( music is a mod]n  ph5om5on4     
,bee?ov5 enc\rag$ x by 8 ,pa/oral       
,symphony1 & !  ,fr5* ,b]lioz did "s v  
rem>kable ?+s 9 ?is l9e 9 8  dramatic   
symphonies2 b x rema9$ = ,liszt to hit !
 nail on !  head 9 8 symphonic poems4 ,!
 ,fr5* ,sa9t-,sans foll[$ him1 r  ?an 8 
c\ntryman ,b]lioz2 s did ,ts*aik[sky1   
,dvork1 & mo/  mod]n compos]s1 up to    
,ri*>d ,/rauss1 ^: symphonic poems are !
  mo/ widely discuss$1 prais$1 & abus$  
compositions ( our "t4    ,to ! great   
names conta9$ 9 ! prec$+ p>agraphs ano!r
 mu/  be add$1--t ( an ,italian4 ,by an 
odd co9cid5ce1 ,v]di 0 born 9  ! same   
ye> z ,wagn]1 #ahac4 ,b :at is f> m     
rem>kable is t  at ! close ( _! c>e]s1 s
 diff]5t o!rwise1 ^! two great  compos]s
 met aga9--9 _! music1 ,v]di z a        
,wagn]ian conv]t4 ,up to  8 fifty-eigh? 
ye> ,v]di _h writt5 two doz5 op]as1 all 
made up (  /r+s ( arias 9 ! old-fa%ion$ 
way1--sup]b arias1 _m ( !m1  especially 
9 ,il ,trovatore & ,ada1 b /ill arias4  
,!n he re/$  f 8 labors sixte5 ye>s2 &  

:5 he appe>$ on ! /age aga91  ) 8       
,otello & ,fal/aff1 he _h adopt$        
,wagn]'s maxims t  arias are out ( place
 9 a music-drama2 t ! play's ! ?+1  & t 
! music %\ld foll[ ! text ^w = ^w4      
,surely1 ?is 0 ! mo/ rem>kable (        
,wagn]'s triumphs & conque/s4  ,he :o _h
 be5 d5\nc$ = decades z be+ unable to   
write prop]ly  = ! voice 0 actually tak5
 up z a model by ! greate/ compos]  (   
,italy1 ! l& ( song4 ,moreov]1 all ! "y 
compos]s ( ,italy  h turn$ _! backs on !
 traditions ( ,italian op]a4 ,! *ief    
ambition ( ,mascagni1 ,leoncavallo1     
,pucc9i1 & all ! o!rs has be5  to be    
call$ ! ,italian ,wagn]2 & _! op]as are 
mu* m l  ,wagn]'s ?an l ,ross9i's &     
,donizetti's1 be+ free f arias &  !     
vocal embroid]ies t =m]ly 7 ! ess5ce (  
,italian op]a4  ,! same is true ( !     
op]as writt5 9 rec5t decades 9 ,france1 
,g]many1 & o!r c\ntries4 ,mass5et1      
,sa9t-,sans1 ,hump]d9ck1  ,goldm>k1     
,ri*>d ,/rauss1 ,pad]ewski1 & all ! o!rs
 h foll[$  9 ,wagn]'s foot/eps4    ,su*1

 briefly told1 is ! /ory ( ,ri*>d ,wagn]
 & ,mod]n ,music4 ,!  music ( ! future  
has become ! music ( ! pres5t4 ,:at !   
future w br+ no "o c tell4 ,croak]s say1
 z !y h always  said1 t ! race ( giants 
has di$ out4 ,b :o knew1 fifty ye>s     
ago1 t ,wagn] & ,liszt1 or ev5 _!       
pr$ecessors1 ,*op9 &  ,s*umann1 & ! song
 speciali/1 ,rob]t ,franz1 7 giants8 ,we
 "k x  n[1 & future g5]ations w "k :e!r 
we h giants among u4  ,?+s ( beauty t w 
be a joy =ev] h be5 creat$ by m5 (      
g5ius n[ liv+ 9 ,europe2 su* m5 z !     
,norwegian ,grieg1 !  ,bohemian ,dvork1 
! ,fr5* ,sa9t-,sans & ,mass5et1 !       
,hung>ian  ,goldm>k1 ! ,g]man ,hump]d9ck
 & ,ri*>d ,/rauss1 ! ,poli%  ,pad]ewski4
 ,engl& has m good compos]s & li/5]s ?an
 x ev]  _h be=e2 & ! same is true (     
,am]ica4 ,we h no s*ool ( op]a  yet1 b !
 be/ op]ettas ( ,victor ,h]b]t & ,de    
,kov5 des]ve  m5tion by ! side ( ^? ( ! 
,fr5*4 ,(f5ba*1 ,lecocq1 &  ,audran1 !  
,vi5nese ,/rauss1 ,supp1 & ,milloeck]1 !
 ,engli%  ,sullivan4 ,! or*e/ral        

compositions ( our ,john ,k4 ,pa9e are  
ma/]works1 & ! songs & pian(orte pieces 
( ,mac,dowell are equal  to any?+       
produc$ 9 ,europe s9ce ,*op9 & ,franz4  
,we h sev]al  o!r m5 ( great promise1 & 
altoge!r ! outlook = ,am]ica1 z  well z 
= ,europe1 is bright4    ,,au?orities4  
,! books1 pamphlets1 & newspap] articles
 on ,wagn] w\ld fill a  libr>y4 ,he has 
be5 m writt5 ab\t ?an any writ]s except 
,%aksp]e1 ,goe!1 & ,dante4 ,he 0 also   
fond ( writ+ ab\t himself4  ,8          
autobiography 7ext5d+ only to #ahfe7 has
 n yet be5 giv5 to !  public2 b !re are 
_m autobiographic pages 9 ! t5 volumes (
  8 lit]>y works1 :i* h be5 ,engli%$ by 
,ellis4 ,( great value  are ,wagn]'s    
lett]s to ,liszt & to o!r fri5ds4 ,^! 7 
utiliz$  = ! fir/ "t 9 ,wagn] & ,8      
,works1 ! mo/ elaborate  biography 9 !  
,engli% language1 by ! au?or ( ! =ego+  
article4 ,%ort] ,am]ican & ,engli% books
 on ,wagn] h be5 writt5  by ,kobb1      
,krehbiel1 ,h5d]son1 ,hueff]1 ,newman1  
c4 ,( ,fr5* writ]s  ,lavignac1 ,julli51 

,m5ds1 ,s]vires1 ,s*ur1 may be m5tion$4 
,( great  value are ,kuff]a?'s          
monographs on ! ,wagn] op]as & ,liszt's 
analyses4 ,9 ,g]many ! /&>d "w ( ref]5ce
 is ! ?ird edition  ( ,glas5opp1 9 six  
volumes1 f\r ( :i* are n[ 7#aijb7 9     
pr9t4  ,o!r ,g]man writ]s are ,porges1  
,wolzog51 ,pohl1 ,nohl1 ,tapp]t1        
,*amb]la91 c4 ,! be/ hi/ories ( ,mod]n  
,music 9 g5]al are  ,langhaus's l>g] "w 
& ,riemann's ,ges*i*te d] ,musik seit   
,bee?ov54 ,! be/ g5]al "w = ref]5ce is  
,great ,compos]s &  ,_! ,works1 edit$ by
 ,pr(essor ,pa9e ( ,h>v>d4 ,ref]5ces to 
ab\t  #aj1jjj articles on ,wagn] may be 
f\nd 9 ,oe/]le9's ,katalog ,e9]  ,ri*>d 
,wagn] ,biblio!k1 #c vols4              
,,john ,,rusk94      #ahai-aijj4        
,,mod]n ,,art4    ,,by ,g4 ,,m]c]       
,,adam4      ,:at ,john ,rusk9 has done 
9 a prosaic1 comm]cial1 & ,phili/9e age1
  9 tea*+ ! _w to love & /udy !         
,beautiful1 9 op5+ to x  ! hidd5 my/]ies
 & delights ( art1 & 9 incit+ ! passion 
= tak+ pleasure 9 & ev5 possess+        

embodim5ts ( x1 t age  owes to ! great  
prose-poet & en?usia/ic au?or ( ,mod]n  
,pa9t]s4 ,nei!r be=e nor s9ce 8 day has 
lit]ature kn[n su* a  passionate &      
lum9\s expon5t ( ,nature's beauties1 su*
 an  inculcator 9 m5's m9ds ( ! art (   
obs]v+ h] ways & me?ods1  or "o :o has  
giv5 ! _w su* deep insight into :at     
con/itutes  ! true & ! beautiful 9 art4 
,= ^! ?+s1 & = op5+ new  worlds (       
in/ruction & delight to 8 age 9 ! realm 
( art1  height5$ by ! *>m ( 8 m>vell\s  
prose1 we c readily p>don  ,rusk9 = 8   
weaknesses & p]v]s5ess1--= 8 dogmatisms1
 8  f]vors1 & ec/asies1 8 exagg]ations (
 praise & blame1 & ev5  = ! mission>y   
propagation ( 8 (t5 uns\nd economic     
gospel1  valuable ?\gh x may be 9       
illu/rat+ & en=c+ morality 9 its        
ae/hetic aspect4 ,despite 8 enemies1 &  
all t ! critics h  said contradict+ 8   
!ories1 ,rusk9 0 a surprise & a         
revelation  to 8 "t4 ,9 n a little ( all
 t he said & did1 x is true1 we  _c     
concur2 nor c we fail to see ! errors he

 fell into ?r\gh  8 want ( res]ve & 8   
headlong ha/e to say & d ! ?+s he  said 
& did2 nev]!less1 he 0 a great & inspir+
 tea*] 9  ?+s t appeal to our s5se ( !  
beautiful1 & e>ne/ 9 8  zeal to raise   
m5's intellectual & moral /&>d ( life4  
,l mo/  en?usia/s & g5iuses1 he _h1 n[ &
 !n1 8 h\rs ( reaction1  wayw>dness1 &  
gloom2 b !re 0 mu* t 0 noble & ennobl+  
9 ! man1 z well z ri* & fructify+ 9 8   
?\ght4 ,ev5 9 8  social & moral         
exhortations1 t9ctur$ z !y are )        
m$ievalism1  & h[ev] mu* we may "h aga9 
disagree ) him1 he _h mu* t  0 uplift+ &
 inspir+ to say to 8 "t1--a "t t _h     
great  ne$ ( 8 apo/olic c\nsell+s & 8   
f]v5t inculcations (  morality1 indu/ry1
 religion1 & humanity4    ,?r\gh\t ,mr4 
,rusk9's works--& !y are amaz+ly        
manifold--a /rong  & int5se purpose     
runs1 giv5 to ! highe/ & noble/ ends2 & 
?\gh _! au?or at times we>ies 8 read] by
 8 diffus5ess &  8 digressions1 & to "s 
is almo/ fanatical 9 8 rev]5ce =  art1  
he is ev] imag9ative & eloqu5t1 & has   

creat$ = u a new1  in/ructive1 &        
uniquely fre% & ?\ghtful body (         
art-lit]ature4  ,! tru? ( inf9ite value 
he tea*es is realism1--! doctr9e t  all 
tru? & beauty are to be atta9$ by a     
rev]5t & fai?ful /udy  ( nature1 & n1 z 
a review] expresses x1 by sub/itut+     
vague  =ms1 br$ by imag9ation on ! mi/s 
( feel+1 9 place (  def9ite1 sub/antial 
reality4 ,! ?or\gh acceptance ( ?is     
doctr9e  w\ld rem\ld our life2 & he :o  
tea*es its application1 ev5 to any  s+le
 dep>tm5t ( human activity1 & ) su* p[] 
z ,mr4  ,rusk9's1 is a prophet = 8      
g5]ation4 ,9 all 8 v>i\s labors  & aims1
 ,mr4 ,rusk9 set be=e himself a high1 if
 some:at quixotic1  ideal ( life1 & )   
great e>ne/ness did mu*1 n only = !     
elevation ( 8 fell[-m51 b = ! developm5t
 ( s\nd arti/ic  ta/e & ! enri*+ &      
spiritualiz+ ( life by seek+ to  surr\nd
 x at all times ) ! true & ! beautiful1 
& ) !  old-"t virtues ( purity1         
manl9ess1 & c\rage4    ,among ! ,beacon 
,lights ( ! age !re c be no "q t  ,rusk9

 is wor?y ( an exalt$ place1 s9ce few m5
 ( our mod]n "t1  ri* z x is 9 em95t    
?9k]s & writ]s1 has done m ?an he to    
illum9e ! _m subjects ) :i* he has s    
fasc9at+ly  dealt1--& t n only 9 art &  
its cult ( ! ,beautiful1 b 9  e?ics1    
education1 & political economy4 ,!      
en]gies1 activities1 &  impulses he     
con/antly put =?1 z well z ! high       
pr9ciples t  ev] guid$ him 9 8 e>ne/    
endeavor to improve ! intellectual &    
moral condition ( 8 k9d1 m>k 8 era z a  
great arti/ic epo* 9  ! onw>d & upw>d   
progress ( ! race4 ,by /imulus1         
sugge/ion1 &  inspiration he has        
p[]fully influ5c$ 8 "t1 ?\gh manife/ly n
  a little ( ! se$ he abundantly &      
hopefully scatt]$ has fall5  ^u b>r5    
gr\nd4 ,nev]!less1 :]e ! se$ has fall5 &
  g]m9at$1 ! yield has be5 l>ge3 8 _s   
has pass$ f> wid]  ?an he ev] knew or   
conceiv$2 & 8 words1 flung to ! w9ds1 h 
borne fruit a hundr$fold 9 l&s t he nev]
 ?\ght ( or design$  to rea*4 ,) :at    
pride & gratitude %\ld n ! age reg>d him

  & 8 memory1--"o :o has quick5$ !      
s5sibilities ( m5 9  look+ ^u nature2   
op5$ our dull eyes to its manifold      
beauties2 made  pla9 to ! av]age        
intellig5ce :at ,art is & /&s =2        
implant$  9 our s\ls wor%ip ( !         
beautiful2 %[n work+-m5 h[ to use _!    
tools 9 ! highe/ int]e/s ( _! craft1 &  
taught maid5s :at  & h[ to read z well z
 h[ & 9 :at _s to sew & cook4 ,!  _w too
 (t5 ackn[l$ges its true tea*]s &       
prophets only :5 x  beg9s to build !m "s
 belat$ tomb4 ,?is1 at any rate1        
gratefully  exclaims ,fr$]ic ,h>rison1#a
 we w n suff] to be done to  ,john      
,rusk94    ,footnote #a3 ,writt5 by ,mr4
 ,f4,h4 on ,pr(essor ,rusk9's eightie?  
bir?day 7,febru>y #h1 #ahii74    ,we may
 all ( u recall to-day ) love &         
gratitude ! enorm\s  mass ( /irr+ ?\ghts
 & melodi\s spee* ab\t a ?\s& ?+s1      
div9e & human1 beautiful & good1 :i* = a
 :ole half-c5tury !  au?or ( ',mod]n    
,pa9t]s' has giv5 to ! _w4 ,!y cov] e   
phase ( nature1 e type ( art1 ( hi/ory1 

society1 economics1  religion2 ! pa/ & !
 future2 all rules ( human duty1 :e!r   
p]sonal or social1 dome/ic or           
national4444 ,he spake to u ( trees1  f 
! c$> ( ,lebanon unto ! hyssop on !     
wall2 he spake also (  bea/s1 & ( f[l1 &
 ( creep+ ?+s1 & ( fi%es4 ,he has put   
new beauty = u into ! sky & ! cl\ds & ! 
ra9b[1 into !  seas at re/ or 9 /orm1   
into ! m\nta9s & into ! lakes1 into  !  
fl[]s & ! grass1 into cry/als & gems1   
into ! mightie/  ru9s ( pa/ ages1 & into
 ! humble/ rose ^u a cottage wall4 ,he  
has done = ! ,alps & ! ca!drals ( ,italy
 & ,france1 = ,v5ice  & ,flor5ce1 :at   
,byron did = ,greece4 ,we look ^u !m all
 n[ )  new & m se>*+ eyes4 ,:ole s*ools 
( art1 entire ages ( old  workman%ip1 ! 
v s\l ( ! ,middle ,age1 h be5 reveal$ ) 
a  new inspiration & transfigur$ 9 a m  
my/]i\s light4 ,poetry1  ,greek         
sculpture1 m$iaeval wor%ip1 comm]cial   
morality1 ! tra9+ (  ! "y1 ! nobility ( 
indu/ry1 ! purity ( ! home1--a ?\s&  ?+s
 t make up ! joy & s\ndness ( human life

 h be5  irradiat$ by ! fla%+ se>*light (
 "o ard5t s\l3 irradiat$1  let u say1 z 
?is dazzl+ ray %ot r\nd ! horizon1      
glanc+ f  heav5 to e>?1 & t\*+ ! gloom )
 fire4 ,we ne$ n1 ev5  to-day1 be tempt$
 f tru?1 or pret5d t ! light is p]man5t 
or  complete4 ,x has long ceas$ to fla% 
r\nd ! welk91 & its v  sc9tillations h  
di/urb$ our true vision4 ,b we rememb]  
/ill its  dazzl+ p[] & its revelation ( 
?+s t our eyes _h n se54    ,:at we     
especially love to dwell on to-day is   
?is3 t 9 all ?is  unrivall$ volume (    
pr9t$ ?\ghts1 9 ?is encyclopa$ic range (
  topic by ?is mo/ volum9\s & mo/       
v]satile ( mod]n writ]s may  we n say ( 
all ,engli% writ]s8 !re is n "o l9e t is
 base1  or co>se1 or frivol\s2 n a      
s5t5ce t 0 fram$ 9 envy1 malice1        
wantonness1 or cruelty2 n "o piece t 0  
writt5 to w9 money1 or  popul>ity1 or   
promotion2 n a l9e compos$ = any selfi% 
end or 9  any trivial mood4 ,?9k :at we 
may ( ?is enorm\s libr>y ( pr9t1  we "k 
t e ^w ( x 0 put =? ( set purpose )\t   

any  hidd5 aim1 utt]ly )\t fe>1 & :olly 
)\t guile2 to make !  _w a little bett]1
 to guide1 inspire1 & tea* m51 come :at 
might1 sc(f z !y w\ld1 turn f him z !y  
*ose1 ?\gh !y  left him alone1 a brok5  
old man cry+ 9 ! wild]ness1 ) none to   
he> or to c>e4 ,!y might ?9k x all      
utt]ly va92 we may ?9k mu*  ( x 0 9 va93
 b x 0 always ! v he>t's blood ( a r>e  
g5ius & a noble s\l4    ,be=e ent]+1    
some:at 9 detail1 into ,rusk9's va/ &   
v>i$  labors1 let u briefly outl9e !    
scope & "* ( ! "w :i*  gave ! art critic
 & prophet ( 8 "t 8 *ief fame4 ,!       
p]sonal incid5ts 9 8 life ne$ n deta9 u 
at ! outset1 z !y  are n specially      
ev5tful1 & may be m fully ga!r$ f !     
excell5t ,life ( ,rusk91 by 8 fri5d &   
"s-"t secret>y1 ,w4,g4  ,coll+wood1 or f
 ! delightfully int]e/+ rem9isc5ces by !
  ma/] himself 9 8 autobiographic       
,praet]ita1 publi%$ ne> !  close ( 8    
long1 ardu\s1 & fruitful c>e]4 ,john    
,rusk9 0 born 9  ,london on ! #h? (     
,febru>y1 #ahai4 ,he 0 ( ,scot* ance/ry1

 8  fa!r be+ a prosp]\s w9e m]*ant 9    
,london1 :o acquir$  consid]able weal? 9
 trade1 :i* ! son 9 "t inh]it$1 & nobly 
us$ 9 8 _m private b5evol5ces &         
philan?ropic ent]prises4 ,!  com=table  
circum/ances 9 :i* he 0 born1 c\pl$ ) 8 
fa!r's own love ( pictures & books1 7   
helpful 9 giv+  enc\ragem5t & direction 
to ! "y /ud5t's /udies & ta/es4  ,8 "m1 
a deeply religi\s woman1 01 moreov]1    
influ5tial 9  implant+ ! s]i\s elem5t 9 
,rusk9's "* & life1 & 9  famili>iz+ him 
) ! ,bible1 ^: noble ,engli%1 9 ,k+     
,james'  v]sion1 manife/ly ent]$ e>ly   
into ! y\?'s ard5t1 prophetic  s\l1 &1 z
 a writ]1 _h mu* to d 9 =m+ 8 magnific5t
 prose  /yle4 ,rusk9 0 9 e>ly           
ye>s--inde$1 f> on 9 8 manhood--9       
delicate heal?1 & consequ5tly he 0      
educat$ privately till he  pass$ to     
,*ri/ ,*ur* ,college1 ,ox=d1 :]e1 at !  
age ( tw5ty1 he  won ! ,newdigate prize 
= v]se1 & graduat$ 9 #ahdb4 ,8 ta/e =   
art 0 manife/$ at an e>ly age1 & aft]   
pass+ f !  univ]sity he /udi$ pa9t+ "u  

,j4,d4 ,h>d+ & ,copley ,field+2  b 8    
ma/]s1 z he tells u 9 ,praet]ita1 7     
,rub5s &  ,rembr&t4    ,at ! outset ( 8 
c>e] ,rusk91 z is well kn[n1 0 l$ to    
take up  a def5ce ( ,j4,m4,w4 ,turn]    
7#agge-ahea7 & ! contempor>y s*ool (    
,engli% l&scape-pa9t+ aga9/ ! =eign     
trammels1 :i* _h  fa/5$ !mselves ^u     
mod]n art1 & especially to prove !      
sup]iority ( mod]n l&scape-pa9t]s ov] ! 
old ma/]s4 ,?is  revolution>y op9ion1   
?\gh at fir/ x 0 hotly conte/$1         
e/abli%$ ! new critic's position z a    
writ] on art1 & !  def5ce1 or exposition
 r1 grew into ! fam\s "w call$ ,mod]n   
,pa9t]s 7#e vols41 #ahdc-fj74 ,?is      
elaborate "w deals ) g5]al  ae/hetic    
pr9ciples1 &1 not)/&+ its occasional    
extravagances1  alike ( praise & c5sure1
 its *>m is irresi/ible1 pres5t+ u  )   
its brilliant & orig9al au?or's ideas ( 
beauty1 to :i* he  fre%ly & p[]fully    
awak5$ ! _w1 :ile en%r9+ ?r\gh\t  ! "w !
 mo/ en*ant+ ^w-poems on m\nta91 leaf1  
cl\d1 &  sea1 :i*1 x is n too mu* to    

say1 w live =ev] 9 ,engli%  lit]ature4  
,9 ! second volume ,mr4 ,rusk9 takes up 
! ,italian  pa9t]s1 & discusses at l5g? 
! m]its ( _! respective  s*ools2 9 !    
o!rs1 z well z 9 ! "w z a :ole1 we h a  
body ( pr9ciples :i* %\ld gov]n high    
art-"w1 z well z new  ideas z to :at    
%\ld con/itute ! equipm5t ( ! pa9t]1 &  
t n only z reg>ds ! te*nique ( 8 art1 b 
9 ! effect to  be produc$ on ! onlook] 9
 view+ ! skill$ "w ( "o :o1  above all  
accompli%m5ts1 %\ld be lov+ly &         
intimately 9 contact  ) nature4    ,f ! 
/udy ( pa9t+ ,mr4 ,rusk9 pass$ = a "t to
 t (  ar*itecture4 ,9 ?is dep>tm5t we h 
f 8 p5 ,! ,sev5 ,lamps  ( ,ar*itecture  
7#ahdi7 & ,! ,/ones ( ,v5ice 7#ahea-ec74
 ,9 ^!  two complem5t>y works _! au?or  
sets =? z 9 an impressive  s]mon ! new &
 admonitory lesson t ar*itecture is !   
expon5t  ( ! national *>act]i/ics ( a   
p1--! high] & nobl] sort  exemplify+ !  
religi\s life & moral virtue 9 a nation1
 !  debas$ v>iety1 on ! o!r h&1 express+
 ! ignoble qualities (  national vice & 

%ame4 ,! text ( ,! ,/ones is ,v5ice1 & !
  design ( ! volumes1 9 ! au?or's words1
 is to %[ t ! ,go?ic  ar*itecture (     
,v5ice _h aris5 out (1 & indicat$1 a    
/ate (  pure dome/ic fai? & national    
virtue2 :ile its r5aissance  ar*itecture
 _h aris5 out ( & indicat$ a /ate (     
conceal$  national infidelity & dome/ic 
corruption4 ,! e>li] "w1 ,!  ,sev5      
,lamps1--! ,lamp ( ,sacrifice1 ( ,tru?1 
,p[]1 ,beauty1 ,life1  ,memory1         
,ob$i5ce1--looks ^u ar*itecture z !     
reveal+ m$ium or  lamp ?r\gh :i* flame a
 p's passions1--! embodim5t ( _!        
polity1 life1 hi/ory1 & religi\s fai? 9 
temple & palace1 m>t  & home4 ,ak9 to ^!
 two eloqu5t works1 9 :i* _! au?or      
?\ghtfully sets =? ! civic virtues &    
moral tone1 z well z !  debas$          
*>act]i/ics1 by :i* ar*itecture is      
produc$ at c]ta9  eras 9 a p's life1 is 
! e>li] volume on ,! ,poetry (          
,ar*itecture 7#ahcg71 :i* discusses !   
relation betwe5 ar*itecture  & its sett+
 ( l&scape or o!r environm5t1 illu/rat$ 

by  examples drawn f regions he _h      
visit$1--! ,engli% ,lakel&1  ,france1   
,switz]l&1 ,spa91 & nor!rn ,italy4      
,aft] ^! works foll[$ lectures on draw+1
 p]spective1 decoration1  & manufacture1
 ) lat] !ories 7crot*ets1 "s h impi\sly 
call$ !m7 on political economy1         
,pre-,raphaelitism1 et cet]a1 ) a  flood
 ( op9ions on social1 e?ical1 & art     
subjects1 enri*$ by r>e  intellectual   
gifts & mu* religi\s f]vor4 ,rusk9's    
:ole writ+s  =m a body ( lit]ature      
unique ( its k9d1 p]vad$ ) great *>m  ( 
lit]>y /yle1 & inspir$ by a high moral  
purpose4 ,rusk9's  excursions into      
non-ae/hetic fields1 & ! /range jumble (
  ,*ri/ian communism to :i*1 late 9     
life1 he gave vehem5t expression1  x mu/
 be hone/ly admitt$1 h detract$ mu* f 8 
e>ly fame4  ,9 ev]y?+ he wrote !        
,rusk9ian _s comes /rongly out1 color$  
) an amiable egotism & en=c$ by great   
assurance ( conviction4  ,! moral       
purpose he _h 9 view1 & ! *>m & elevat$ 
tone ( 8  writ+s1 lead u to =get ! :olly

 ideal /ate ( society he s\ght  to      
introduce1 :ile we are won to ! man by !
 passion ( 8 noble  en?usiasms4    ,l   
,c>lyle & ,em]son1 ,rusk9 0 by 8 p>5ts  
int5d$ = !  m9i/ry2 b = ! m9i/ry he _h  
himself no incl9ation4 ,!  broad5+ out  
e>ly ( 8 m9d & ! free+ ( 8 ?\ght on     
doctr9al subjects1 :i* took him f> f !  
n>r[ evangelicalism (  8 y\?1 made !    
m9i/ry ( ! *ur* repugnant to him1 ?\gh  
he  0 always a deeply religi\s man & a  
=ce ev] mak+ =  righte\sness4 ,at ! same
 "t1 he numb]$ _m div9es among 8 mo/    
*]i%$ fri5ds1 & he frequ5tly1 & )       
admitt$ edification1 0  to be f\nd 9    
*apel & *ur*4 ,mean:ile he cont9u$      
busily to  educate himself = :atev]     
pr(ession he might *oose or drift into1 
supplem5t$ by su* fitful p]iods ( s*ool+
 z 8 delicate heal?  p]mitt$1 z well z  
by _m jaunts ) 8 p>5ts to ! ,engli%     
lakes & o!r p>ts ( ! k+dom1 & by frequ5t
 t\rs on !  ,cont95t1 especially 9      
,italy & ,switz]l&4 ,be=e he arriv$ at 8
  te5s1 "y ,rusk9 _h compos$ mu*1 bo? 9 

prose & v]se1 & he  e>ly manife/$ an    
aptitude = draw+1 z well z a decid$ ta/e
 =  art1 :i*1 x is said1 0 9 "s measure 
incit$ by ! gift1 f a  p>tn] ( 8 fa!r1 (
 a copy ( ! poet ,rog]s' ,italy1 )      
engrav+s by ,turn]4 ,nor1 e>ly 9        
manhood1 did he escape a y\?'s  fond    
dream ( love1 = z a wor%ipp] ( beauty1 &
 an en?usia/ (  ! ,wiz>d ( ! ,nor?1 we  
f9d him drawn t5d]ly to a daught] (     
,lockh>t1 editor ( ! ,qu>t]ly ,review1 a
 gr&*ild ( 8 fam\s  c\ntryman1 ,sir     
,walt] ,scott4 ,! affair1 h[ev]1 ?\gh   
enc\rag$ by  8 p>5ts1 :o long$ to see _!
 son settl$ 9 life1 came to  n\ght1     
*iefly ow+ to ! "y lov]'s weak physical 
frame &  unc]ta9 heal?4 ,lat] on1       
unhappily1 he 0 caught 9 ! toils (      
ano!r ,scotti% lass1 = :om1 x is relat$1
 he _h writt5 ,! ,k+  ( ! ,gold5 ,riv]  
7#ahda71 & ^: r>e beauty _h readily     
attract$  him4 ,) h]1 9 #ahdh1 he made  
an ill-assort$ m>riage1 only to f9d1  "s
 ye>s aft]w>ds1 8 he>t riv5 & a bitt]   
+r$i5t dropp$  into 8 life's *alice by a

 fatal defection on ! wife's "p1 %e     
hav+ become enam\r$ ( ! !n ris+ "y      
pa9t]1 ,millais1 :om  ,rusk9 _h tru/+ly 
invit$ to 8 h\se to pa9t h] portrait4 ,!
  sequel ( ! affair is a pitiful "o1 :i*
 ,rusk9 ev] aft]w>d hid  deep 9 8 he>t1 
?\gh at ! "t1 f9d+ t ! woman 0 unable   
to live at ! intellectual & spiritual   
altitude ( h] loyal husb&1  ! latt]1 ) a
 magnanimity beyond p>allel1 p>don$ bo? 
,millais  & ! err+ "o1 cons5t$ to a     
divorce1 & actually /ood by h] at  !    
alt> z ! fai?less "o took ^u h]self new 
v[s unto a new  husb&4 ,! e/rangem5t &  
loss ( a wife gave ,rusk9 afre% to      
,art1--8 true & fondly *]i%$ bride4     
,at ?is p]iod1 z we "k1 ,engli% pa9t+ 0 
at a l[ ebb1 m$iocre  & conv5tional1    
?\gh ) a %[ ( artificial brilliance4    
,rusk91  ) 8 scorn ( ! artificial &     
s*ola/ic1 ?rew himself into !  "w (     
ov]turn+ ! e/abli%$1 complac5t s*ool ( !
 "t1 &  ) spl5did en?usiasm & an unfail+
 belief 9 himself & 8  ideas he und]took
 to re=m :at _h be51 & to raise curr5t  

conceptions ( art to a m exalt$ & l(ty  
plane4 ,we h se5 :at  he _h already     
a*iev$ 9 8 fir/ da%+ p]iod ( lit]>y     
activity1 9 ! production ( ! e>ly       
volumes ( ,mod]n ,pa9t]s1  & 9 8 ,sev5  
,lamps & ,/ones ( ,v5ice4 ,:ile he 0 at 
"w on  ! conclud+ volumes ( ! fir/ & la/
 ( ^! great books !re  arose 9 ,engl& ! 
some:at fanta/ic movem5t 9 art1 laun*$  
by !  ,pre-,raphaelite ,bro!rhood1 :i*  
includ$ su* ,rusk9ites & o!r  devotees (
 e>ly ,*ri/ian & m$iaeval pa9t+ z       
,rossetti1 ,millais1  ,morris1          
,burne-,jones1 & ,holman ,hunt4 ,t[>ds  
?is new s*ool (  symboli/s &            
affectationi/s ,rusk9 0 n at fir/ drawn1
 s9ce x  seem$ to him unduly ideali/ic1 
if n my/ic1 & smack$ n a  little1 z he  
?\ght1 ( pop]y4 ,lat]1 h[ev]1 he saw    
good 9 x1 z  a break+ away f academic   
trammels2 :ile he recogniz$ ! e>ne/     
en?usiasm ( ! little b& ( arti/s &      
arti/-poets1 z well z  _! te*nical      
dext]ity & brilliance4 ,) ready decision
 z well z  ) 8 accu/om$ zeal = art1     

,rusk9 end$ by def5d+ &  applaud+ ! new 
innovators1 p>ticul>ly z _! *ief motive 
0  ! "o ! ma/] _h always /r5u\sly pl$   
=1--adh]5ce to !  simplicity ( nature4  
,_! scrupul\s att5tion to detail1       
*>act]i/ic ( ! ,pre-,raphaelites1 lat]  
on bore good results1 ev5  aft] !       
,bro!rhood fell ap>t1 especially 9      
,william ,morris's  application ( _!    
art-pr9ciples to h\sehold decoration &  
furni%+s4 ,b = ! "t ! movem5t 0 l\dly   
mock$ &  decri$1 & p]haps all ! m       
because ( ,rusk9's esp\sal ( !  f]vid   
b&1 8 lett]s ( def5ce 9 ! ,london       
,times1 & 8  discussion 9 8 booklet on  
,pre-,raphaelitism4 ,he$less ( ! outcry1
  ,rusk9 pursu$ 8 own self-confid5t     
c\rse1 & by ! ye> #ahfj he  _h complet$ 
8 ,mod]n ,pa9t]s1 &1 9 spite (          
objurgation &  detraction1 _h won a     
great "n = himself z a critic & exp\nd]1
  :ile exp&+ himself ov] almo/ ! :ole _w
 ( art4    ,we h said t                 
,pre-,raphaelitism1 z a movem5t 9 art1 0
  contemporane\sly je]$ at2 :ile to-day1

 among sup]ficial or  inappreciative    
/ud5ts ( ! p]iod1 s]i\sly to m5tion x or
 any (  its cultur$ bro!rhood is to     
provoke a smile4 ,nev]!less1 !re 0  n a 
little high m]it 9 ! movem5t1 :i* ,rusk9
 0 ke5-ey$ &  fri5dly en\gh to          
recognize1 :ile mu* t is wor?y aft]w>ds 
came  out ( x 9 ! lat] "w ( ! m notable 
( its memb]s z well  z 9 t ( _! un5roll$
 associates & ! admir]s ( !             
,pre-,raphaelite me?od4 ,:at ! movem5t  
ow$ to ,rusk9 is n[ frankly  conc$$1 9 !
 lesson ! bro!rhood took to he>t f 8    
c\nsell+s1--to dive/ art (              
conv5tionality1 & to "w )  scrupul\s    
fidelity & s9c]ity ( purpose4 ,nor 0    
contempor>y art  alone ! ga9] by !      
movem5t2 x also _h its influ5ce on      
poetry1  ?\gh ?is has be5 obscur$--s f> 
z any b5eficial influ5ce c be  trac$ at 
all--by ! t5d5cy manife/$ 9 "s ( ! m    
amor\s  poetic swa9s ( ! p]iod1 :o      
pr(ess$ to d]ive _! inspiration  f !    
,bro!rhood1 to id5tify !mselves ) :at   
has be5 /yl$  ! ,fle%ly ,s*ool ( v]se4  

,( ! latt] numb]1 ,sw9burne1 9 8  e>ly  
,poems & ,ballads1 0 p]haps ! greate/   
s9n]1 ?\gh  aton$ = 9 "p by ! lyrical   
art & ardor ( 8 v]se1 & mu*  m by !     
high] qualities & s*ol>ly *>act]i/ics ( 
8 lat]  dramatic ,"w4 ,nor is ,dante    
,rossetti himself1 9 "s ( 8 poems1 free 
f ! same ta9t1 despite ! fact ( 8       
int]e/+ individuality  z ! *ief inspir] 
& labor] among ! ,bro!rhood4 ,yet !     
movem5t ow$ mu* to bo? 8 bru% & 8 p5 (  
o!r & nobl]1  because rev]5tial1 "w1 z  
^? w admit :o "k ,! ,bless$  ,damozel1  
,si/] ,hel51 & 8 f9e collection (       
sonnets1 ,! ,h\se  ( ,life1 z well z 8  
fam\s pa9t+s1 ,! ,girlhood ( ,m>y       
,virg91 & 8 ,annunciation picture1 ,ecce
 ,ancilla ,dom9i4 ,( !  product ( o!r   
,pre-,raphaelites ( note1--su* z ,=d    
,madox ,br[n1  ,millais1 ,morris1       
,wooln] ! sculptor1 ,cov5try ,patmore1 &
 ,holman  ,hunt1--mu* t is comm5dable z 
well z f9ely imag9ative came f  _! h&s1 
& ju/ifi$ ,rusk9 9 8 gallant advocacy ( 
!  movem5t1 its f\nd]s1 & _! "w4    ,by 

?is "t1 ( :i* we h be5 writ+1 ,rusk9 _h 
rea*$ !  e>ly m]idian ( 8 p[]s1 &1 z we 
h h9t$1 _h wre/$ f  ! unwill+ _m a ju/] 
recognition ( 8 amaz+ indu/ry &  g5ius4 
,to 8 fond & indulg5t p>5ts ?is 0 a     
great s\rce (  pride & satisfaction1 & !
 practical evid5ce ( x 0 ! ?rong  (     
visitors to ! family seats ( ,h]ne ,hill
 & ,d5m>k ,hill1 9 !  !n ,london        
suburbs1 :]e ,rusk9 long _h 8 home1 & by
 !  att5tions & honor paid to _! son by 
univ]sities1 academies1 &  public       
bodies1 z well z by _m em95t p]sonages &
 !  intellectual lite ( ! nation4 ,among
 ^? ) :om ! "y  celebrity 0 !n ultimate 
& reckon$ among 8 admir+  correspond5ts 
71 besides ,turn] 7:o di$ 9 #ahea7 & !  
*ief  arti/s ( ! "t1 ! ,c>lyles & !     
,br[n+s1 ,m>y ,russell  ,mit=d1 ,*>lotte
 ,bront1 ,h>riet ,bee*] ,/[e1 ,monckton 
,milnes 7,"l  ,h\ghton71 ,*>les ,eliot  
,norton1 ,lady ,trevelyan 7,macaulay's  
si/]71  ,:ewell1 ,maurice1 ,k+sley1 ,dr4
 ,john ,br[n 7au?or ( ,rab & 8          
,fri5ds71 ,t5nyson1 & ,dean ,milman4 ,to

 ^! might be add$ _m  notable =eign]s   
:om he ei!r met ) 9 8 cont95tal travels 
or  :o 7 attract$ to him by a lively    
int]e/ 9 8 writ+s4 ,9 8  home1 ?anks to 
a weal?y & indulg5t fa!r1 he 0 surr\nd$ 
)  e com=t1 %ort ( luxury1 if we except 
"u ! latt] ! l>ge  sums exp5d$ on !     
pur*ase ( ,turn]s & _m fam\s =eign      
pictures1 & a va/ & increas+ collection 
( favorite books &  o!r treasures &     
curios4    ,( ! au?or's home-life we get
 _m delightful rem9isc5ces 9            
,praet]ita1 ) ent]ta9+ talks ( 8        
*ildhood days1 8  y\?ful companions1 8  
toys & animate pets1 8 e>ly playful     
adv5tures 9 au?or%ip1 & o!r g>rulities )
 :i*1 late 9 life  :5 ! "w1 z x rema9s1 
0 incompletely put toge!r1 he beguil$  !
 we>9ess & feebl5ess ( old age4 ,b we   
are anticipat+1 = we  are writ+ ( ,rusk9
 :5 8 h& 0 yet on ! pl\gh1 & !  pl\gh 0 
/ill 9 ! furr[1 & half a long life's    
ardu\s "w 0  yet be=e him4 ,at ?is era1 
no bra9 c\ld well h be5 m active  or    
full] ( philan?ropies ?an 81 = we       

approa* ! second p]iod  ( 8 life's gr&  
activities1--! era ( a new dep>ture 9 ! 
int]e/s t occupi$ him & ! h]culean tasks
 he set himself  to d4    ,be=e record+ 
"s ( ! a*ievem5ts ( ?is "t & glanc+ at  
! incit+ causes ( ! transition :i* m>ks 
! era we h n[  rea*$1 let u note ! dem&s
 made ^u ,mr4 ,rusk9's ?\ght &  labor by
 univ]sities & public in/itutions1 ^:   
audi5ces desir$  to h him appe> be=e !m 
9 p]son & address !m ^u topics 9  :i* he
 & !y 7 int]e/$4 ,^! appe>ances on !    
lecture  plat=m 7 n[ num]\s1 s9ce _m    
?r\gh\t ! k+dom 7 eag]  to see & "k !   
man ^: art criticisms1 pr9ciples t gov]n
 !  beautiful1 & /imulat+ ?\ght on all  
subjects1 _h made s deep an  impression 
on ! reflect+ m9ds ( ! age4 ,8 e>lie/   
appe>ance  on ! ro/rum 0 at ,ed9burgh1  
:]e he deliv]$ f\r lectures  be=e !     
,philosophical ,in/itution1 *iefly on   
l&scape-pa9t]s &  on ,*ri/ian art1 ) a  
plea = ! use ( ,go?ic 9 dome/ic         
ar*itecture4 ,subsequ5t appe>ances 7 at 
,man*e/]1 :]e he spoke  on ! ,political 

,economy ( ,art & ! relation ( art to   
manufactures2  at ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton       
,museum1 ,london1 :i* _h j be5 op5$2 &  
lat] at ,ox=d1 :]e fur!r on 9 8 c>e] he 
became ,slade  ,pr(essor ( ,art 9 8 own 
,univ]sity4 ,f ! acc\nts ( ^!  public   
lectures we get op9ions z to ! p]sonal  
appe>ance ( ,rusk9  at ! p]iod :i* add  
to our k ( him f pa9t+s1  draw+s1 &     
photographs1 ?\gh n a few ( ^! acc\nts  
v>y f  ^? giv5 u 9 books1 *iefly sket*$ 
by 8 lady fri5ds &  correspond5ts4 ,! m 
tru/y ( ! contempor>y pictures speak (  
him z hav+ light1 s&-color$ hair2 8 face
 m r$ ?an pale2  ! m\? well cut1 ) a    
good deal ( decision 9 its curve1 ?\gh  
some:at want+ 9 su/a9$ dignity & /r5g?2 
an aquil9e nose2  8 =ehead by no means  
broad or massive1 b ! br[s full & well  
b\nd toge!r2 ! eye says ! obs]v] f :om  
we are quot+ we  c\ld n see1 9          
consequ5ce ( ! %ad[s t fell ^u 8        
,rusk9's c\nt5ance f ! lights ov]head1 b
 we are sure t  ! poetry & passion we   
look$ = almo/ 9 va9 9 o!r features  mu/ 

be conc5trat$ "h4 ,miss ,mit=d speaks ( 
him at ?is "t z  eloqu5t &              
di/+ui%$-look+1 fair & sl5d]1 ) a g5tle 
playfulness1 & a sort ( pretty          
wayw>dness t 0 q *>m+4  ,ano!r1 a       
visitor at 8 ,london home1 *>act]izes   
him z emotional  & n]v\s1 ) a s(t1 g5ial
 eye1 a m\? ?9 & sev]e1 & a  voice t1   
?\gh ri* & sweet1 yet _h a t5d5cy to s9k
 into a  pla9tive & hopeless tone4 ,lat]
 on 9 ye>s we h ?is v]bal  portrait f a 
disciple ( ! great art-tea*]1 occurr+ 9 
an  inaugural address deliv]$ be=e !    
,rusk9 ,society ( ,glasg[3 ,t  sp>e1    
/oop+ figure1 ! r\gh-hewn1 k9dly face1 )
 its mobile1  s5sitive m\?1 & cle> deep 
eyes1 s sweet & hone/ 9 repose1 s  ke5 &
 e>ne/ & eloqu5t 9 debate6    ,:5 ! fif?
 & la/ volume ( ,mod]n ,pa9t]s 0 f9ally 
(f 8  h&s1 ,mr4 ,rusk9 n only engag$1 z 
we h se51 9 occasional  lectur+1 b began
 7#ahfa7 to add a prolific s]ies (      
bro*ures--_m ( !m ) qua9t b significant 
titles--to 8  already /up5d\s mass (    
writ+4 ,_! subjects 7 n alone           

ae/hetics1 b n[ treat$ ( e?ical1 social1
 & political que/ions1  ! prophetic     
decl>ations & e>ne/ appeals ( a man (   
wide &  v>i$ culture1 deep ?\ght1 & l>ge
 exp]i5ce4 ,! attempt$  alliance (      
political economy ) art 0 a novel       
und]tak+ 9 t  six? lu/rum ( ! pa/       
c5tury1 ev5 by a man ( ,mr4 ,rusk9's    
em95ce & fame 9 ! _w ( lett]s4 ,b ,mr4  
,rusk9 0 a bold &  e>ne/ man1 z well z a
 g5ius2 & he _h too mu* to tell 8       
he$less1 laissez-faire age to keep sil5t
 on !mes1 remote z !y  7 f ^? he _h     
hi!rto taught1 & ( :i* he desir$ to     
deliv] 8 s\l1 :atev] ridicule x might   
provoke & h[ev] adv]se  ! criticism     
levell$ aga9/ him4 ,8 humanity & moral  
s5se 7  outrag$ by ! mann] 9 :i* ! mass 
( 8 c\ntrym5 liv$1 &  tr5*ant 0 8       
ca/igation ( ?is & eag] z well z        
righte\s 8  desire to am5d _! condition 
& elevate & inspire _! m9ds4 ,z  an     
economi/1 x is true1 !re 0 n a little t 
0 false z well  z ecc5tric 9 :at he     
prea*$2 moreov]1 mu* ( 8 c\nsel 0       

directly sociali/ic 9 its tr5d1         
repugnant 9 l>ge degree to 8  ,engli%   
read]s & he>]s2 b all ?is 0 aton$ = by !
 hone/y  & philan?ropy ( 8 motives1 by 8
 ph5om5al f]vor & eloqu5ce1  & by !     
lit]>y beauty & *>m ( e page he wrote4  
,nev]!less1 z 9 ,c>lyle--= 9 ^!         
depreciations ! /yle ( !  se] ( ,*elsea 
0 deeply ^u him--! note ( calamity & !  
wail  ( despair are too mu* 9 evid5ce 9 
,rusk9's writ+s at ?is p]iod1  :ile1 l  
,c>lyle also1 he 0 equally precipitate &
 impulsive 9  8 attacks on ?+s z !y 74  
,yet 9 ! economic condition j  !n (     
,engl&1 & 9 ! circum/ances environ+ !   
labor _w1  !re 01 possibly1 ju/ification
 = ! rebukes & objurgations (  onlook]s 
( ! type ( bo? ( ^! m51 & v humanit>ian 
z  well z practically helpful 7 ,rusk9's
 c\nsel & aid to labor &  to all :o     
s\ght to raise & exp& _! outlook & bett]
 _!  condition 9 life4 ,t[>ds politics  
,rusk9 0 nev] drawn1 b _h he  be5 m     
prosaic & less giv5 to ana!matiz+1 mo/  
valuable w\ld  h be5 8 aid 9 legislation

 at ?is era ( political & moral  re=m4  
,b if political sci5ce1 or sci5ce 9 any 
o!r ( its  bran*es or dep>tm5ts1 did n  
come )9 8 purview1 great 0 !  revolution
 he wr\ght 9 ! work+-man's surr\nd+s1 & 
imm5se !  illum9ation he %$ ^u indu/ry &
 on ! _s 9 :i* !  labor] %\ld ?9k & "w4 
,ref]r+ to ,rusk9 at ?is p]iod ( 8 c>e]1
 & to 8 influ5ce  z a social & moral    
exhort]1 ,fr$]ic ,h>rison1 f :om we h   
already quot$1 has an admirable passage 
on ,rusk9 z ,prophet1 #b  :i*1 z x is   
presumably too little kn[n1 we take     
pleasure 9  embody+ 9 ^! pages4         
,footnote #b3 ,t5nyson1 ,rusk91 ,mill1 &
 o!r ,lit]>y ,e/imates1 by  ,fr$]ic     
,h>rison2 ,london & ,new ,york3         
,macmillan  ,co4 #aijj4    ,! influ5ce (
 ,rusk91 says ,mr4 ,h>rison1 has be5 "p 
( !  great romantic1 hi/orical1 ca?olic1
 & poetic revival ( :i*  ,scott1        
,c>lyle1 ,col]idge1 ,freeman1 ,newman1 &
 ,t5nyson 9 our own  c\ntry h be5 lead+ 
spirits )9 ! la/ two g5]ations 9        
,engl&4 ,!re is no ne$ to comp>e him )  

any "o ( ^! z a  s\rce ( orig9al        
intellectual =ce4 ,he owns ,scott &     
,c>lyle z 8  ma/]s1 & he might vehem5tly
 repudiate c]ta9 ( ! o!rs  altoge!r4 ,8 
"w has be5 to put ?is romantic1         
hi/orical1 &  g5u9e sympa?y inspir$ by  
,scott1 ,wordswor?1 & ,c>lyle into a new
  und]/&+ ( ! arts ( =m4 ,! philosophic 
impulse assur$ly 0  n 8 own4 ,x is a    
comp\nd ( ,scott1 ,c>lyle1 ,dante1 & !  
,bible4  ,! comp\nd is /range1 = x makes
 him talk sometimes l a ,puritan  fa!r1 
& sometimes l a ,ci/]cian monk4 ,at     
times he talks z ,flora  ,mac,ivor talk$
 to "y ,wav]ley2 at o!r times l ,?omas  
,c>lyle  indit+ a ,latt]-day ,pamphlet4 
,b to transfuse into ?is mod]n  g5]ation
 ( ,engli%m5 ?is romantic1 ca?olic1     
hi/orical1 & social  sympa?y z appli$ to
 ! arts ( =m1 ne$$ gifts t nei!r        
,scott1 nor ,c>lyle1 nor ,newman1 nor   
,t5nyson possess$--! eye1 if n  ! h&1 ( 
a consummate l&scape pa9t]1 a torr5t (  
ready  eloqu5ce on e imag9able topic1 a 
fi]ce & desp]ate c\rage t  fe>$ nei!r   

man nor devil1 nei!r failure nor        
ridicule1 & above  all ?+s an exquisite 
t5d]ness t is ak9 to ,/4 ,francis or ,/4
  ,v9c5t de ,paul4444    ,"h is a man   
:o1 labor+ = fifty ye>s1 has scatt]$    
broadca/ a  ?\s& f9e ideas to all :o    
practise ! arts1 & all :o c>e =  art4   
,he has r\s$ 9 ! cultur$ _w an int]e/ 9 
?+s ( art  su* z a legion ( pa9t]s & t5 
royal academies c\ld nev] h  done4 ,he  
has p\r$ out a torr5t ( words1 "s "r1 "s
 wrong1 b  su* z h rais$ ! level ( art  
into a new _w1 :i* h  adorn$ ,engli%    
lit]ature = c5turies1 & h inspir$ !     
,engli%  race = g5]ations2 he has ca/ 8 
bread ^u ! wa/e & muddy  wat]s ) a lavi%
 h&1 & has n wait$ to f9d x aga91 ?\gh  
x has be5 ! se$ ( abundant h>ve/ to     
o!rs4    ,aga91 speak+ ( :at ,rusk9     
s\ght to accompli% 9 ! reg5]ation  (    
mod]n society1 & ! re=mation ( our      
social ideals1 & ( t  h]oic piece (     
,quixotism he f\nd$1 ! ,guild ( ,/4     
,george1 ,mr4  ,h>rison rem>ks3--    ,! 
fir/ life ( ,john ,rusk9 0 ! life ( a   

consummate tea*] (  art & ma/] ( /yle2 !
 second life 0 ! life ( prie/ &         
evangeli/4444 ,"h is ! greate/ liv+ ma/]
 ! passage 0  writt5 :ile ,mr4 ,rusk9 0 
yet alive ( ! ,engli% tongue1 "o (  !   
mo/ spl5did lights ( our noble          
lit]ature1 "o to :om a doz5  pa?s (     
ambition & p[] lay op51 :o _h ev]y?+ t  
c\ld be  (f]$ by g5ius1 fame1 weal?1    
social popul>ity1 & int5se  s5sitiv5ess 
to all lovely ?+s--& ?is man1 aft] ?irty
 ye>s (  untir+ labor1 devotes himself  
to tra91 tea*1 delight1 & inspire a  b& 
( "y m51 girls1 workm51 *ildr51--all :o 
*oose to come  ar\nd him4 ,he lavi%es ! 
:ole ( 8 =tune on !m2 he br+s to  _!    
door 8 treasures ( art1 sci5ce1         
lit]ature1 & poetry2 he  f\nds & end[s  
museums2 he (f]s ^! co/ly & preci\s     
collections to ! p2 he we>s out 8 life 9
 tea*+ !m !  elem5ts ( art1 ! elem5ts ( 
manufacture1 ! elem5ts ( sci5ce2  he %[s
 workm5 h[ to "w1 girls h[ to draw1 to  
s+1 to play2 he  gives up to !m 8 weal?1
 8 g5ius1 8 peace1 8 :ole life4 ,he  is 

n cont5t ) writ+ books 9 8 /udy1 )      
enjoy+ art at  home or abroad2 he mu/   
c>ry 8 message into ! /reets4 ,he gives 
himself up--n to write beautiful ?\ghts3
 he seeks to build up a  beautiful      
_w4444 ,:5 ,i see ?is au?or ( ',mod]n   
,pa9t]s' & !  ',/ones ( ,v5ice1' ! man  
:o has exhau/$ almo/ all t ,europe      
conta9s ( ! beautiful1 :o has ?\ght &   
spok5 ( almo/ e  phase ( human life1 &  
has ent]$ s deeply into ! highe/        
my/]ies ( ! greate/ poets--:5 ,i see him
 surr\nd+ himself 9  8 old age ) lads & 
lasses1 s*oolgirls & workm51 tea*+ !m  !
 elem5ts ( sci5ce & art1 read+ to !m    
poems & tales1  arrang+ = !m games &    
holidays1 ornam5ts & dresses1 lavi%+  on
 ^! "y p 8 g5ius & 8 weal?1 8 fame & 8  
future--,i confess my memory goes back  
in/9ctively to a fresco ,i saw 9  ,italy
 ye>s ago--0 x ,lu9i's8--:]e9 ! ,ma/]   
sat 9 a cr[d (  *ildr5 & =bade !m to be 
remov$1 say+ t '( su* is !  k+dom (     
heav54'    ,) ?is g5]\s tribute to &    
appreciation ( ,rusk91 despite !        

economic vag>ies into :i* ! great critic
 & tea*] ( 8 "t  fell1 we may m         
confid5tly approa* ! busy era ( 8 lat] &
  self-sacrific+ labors1 & ) less       
apology take space to deal--z  compactly
 & intellig5tly z we c--) "s ( ! m      
notable (  ! _m books & bro*ures ( !    
p]iod4 ,difficult z w\ld be !  task1    
=tunately !re is little ne$ to epitomize
 ^! works1 z _m  ( !m are bett] kn[n1 & 
p]haps m att5tively read1 ?an 8  e>li]1 
bulki]1 & m ambiti\s writ+s4 ,a few ( !m
 lie outside  ! economic gospel ( _!    
apo/olic au?or1 & ^! we w fir/  &       
briefly deal )4 ,a numb] ( !m are       
in/ructive & inspir+  lay s]mons on !   
my/ical union betwe5 nature & art1      
beauty &  utility1 & _! reflex 9 !      
rev]5tial homage = ! beautiful  & !     
wor?y 9 ! m9d & "* ( ! ,engli%-speak+   
race4  ,! :ole =m a great body ( f9e &  
?\ghtful "w1 :i* is z  en*a9+ z its     
mean+ is (t5 pr(\nd4 ,! be/-kn[n ( ^!   
lay  s]mons is3 ,! ,que5 ( ! ,air       
7#ahfi71 a spl5did bl5d+ ( 8  fancy ) ! 

,greek nature-my?s ( cl\d & /orm1       
repres5t$ by  ,a!na1 goddess ( ! heav5s1
 ( ! e>?1 & ( ! he>t4 ,!  p>able drawn  
is t ! air is giv5 u = our life1 ! ra9 =
  our ?ir/ & baptism1 ! fire = our w>m?1
 ! sun = our light1  & ! e>? = our meat 
& re/4 ,relat$ to ! "w is ,e?ics (  !   
,du/ 7#ahfe71 lectures to little        
h\sewives on m9]alogy &  cry/allography1
 nature's "w 9 cry/allization be+ ! text
 = a  diatribe aga9/ sordid liv+4       
,sesame & ,lilies1 :i* belongs also  to 
?is p]iod ( ! writ]'s "w1 consi/s ( ?ree
 addresses1  deliv]$ at ,man*e/] & at   
,dubl91 design$ specially = "y  girls1 &
 treat+ 9 ! ma9 ( good & improv+        
lit]ature4 ,!  fir/ ( !m1 ,( ,k+s'      
,treasuries1 deals ) ! treasures hidd5  
9 books1 ! writ+s ( ! _w's great m52 its
 sequel1 ,( ,que5s'  ,g>d5s1 deals ) !  
function & sph]e ( woman1 &1 by way (   
application1 ) ! h[ & ! :at to read2 !  
?ird lecture1 on  ,! ,my/]y ( ,life &   
its ,arts1 is a discursive b inspir+    
consid]ation ( :at life is & h[ mo/     

successfully to battle )  x 9 ! way (   
our "w & ( our appo9t$ duty4 ,all ?ree  
lectures1  obs]ves a comm5tator1 tell m5
 & wom5 ( ! ideals !y %\ld  set be=e !m2
 h[ to read & to build "* "u !          
inspiration ( ! nobility ( ! pa/1 fitt+ 
"o's self = su*  great society2 h[ to   
develop noble womanhood2 h[ to be> "o's 
self  t[>d ! wond] ( life1 t[>d "o's "w 
9 ! _w1 & t[>d  "o's duty to o!rs4      
,o!r lectures & bro*ures ( or ab\t ?is  
p]iod are ,hortus  ,inclusus 7,!        
,enclos$ ,g>d571 be+ ,messages f ! ,wood
 to !  ,g>d5 s5t 9 happy days to two    
si/] ladies1 resid+ at ,coni/on1  &     
collect$ 9 #ahhg2 ,arr[s ( ! ,*ace1     
lett]s on v>i\s  subjects to newspap]s1 
ga!r$ & edit$ 9 #ahhj2 ,! ,two ,pa?s1   
lectures on art & its application to    
,decoration & ,manufacture  7#ahei72    
,ariadne ,flor5t9a 7#ahgc71 a monograph 
on ,italian wood &  metal engrav+2      
,aratra ,p5telici 7#ahgb71 on ! elem5ts 
&  pr9ciples ( sculpture2 & ,! ,eagle's 
,ne/ 7#ahgb71 on ! relation  ( natural  

sci5ce to art4 ,/ill pursu+ 8 delightful
 me?ods (  int]pret+ nature & tea*+ ! _w
 in/ructive lessons1 ev5  f ! common ?+s
 ( "m e>?1 we h a s]ies ( ?ree  eloqu5t 
disc\rses1 entitl$ 7#a7 ,pros]p9a1      
/udies ( ,alp9e &  o!r wayside fl[]s1   
dwell+ on ! my/]y ( gr[? 9 plants &  !  
t5d] beauty ( _! =m2 7#b7 ,deucalion1 a 
sort ( glorifi$  geological text-book1  
treat+ ( /ones & _! life-hi/ory1 &  %[+ 
! we>+ effect ^u !m ( waves & ! action (
 wat]2  & 7#c7 ,love's ,me9ie 7#ahgc71 a
 rapture ab\t birds & _!  fea!r$        
plumage1 deliv]$ at ,eton & at ,ox=d4   
,?is trilogy1  deal+ ) botany1 geology1 
& orni?ology1 0 pres5t$ to 8  audi5ces )
 illu/rative draw+s1 repres5t+ ! flora  
met ) 9  8 travels or f\nd 9 !          
neighborhood ( 8 new home 9 !           
,lanca%ire lakes1 ) sket*es ( regions1  
includ+ !  *>act]i/ics ( ! soil1 9 :i*  
he _h be5 re>$1 & talks (  ! note &     
habit ( all birds t 7 wont to w>ble ov] 
him _!  morn+ song4 ,! ,pleasures (     
,engl&1 ! ,h>b\rs ( ,engl&1 &  ! ,art ( 

,engl& fur!r treat ( 8 lov$ native l&1 !
 fir/  ( ^! be+ talks on ! pleasures (  
le>n+1 ( fai?1 & (  de$1 illu/rat$ by   
examples drawn f e>ly ,engli% hi/ory1 & 
!  la/ treat+ ( repres5tative mod]n     
,engli% arti/s1 *iefly ( !              
,pre-,raphaelite s*ool4 ,! ,laws (      
,fsole 7#ahgh7 deals ) !  pr9ciples (   
,flor5t9e draughtsman%ip2 ,/4 ,m>k's    
,re/1 ) !  art & ar*itecture ( ,v5ice2 &
 ,val d',arno1 ) e>ly ,tuscan art1      
int]sp]s$ ) ! au?or's accu/om$ e?ical   
reflections4 ,morn+s  9 ,flor5ce1 int5d$
 = ! use ( visitors to ! art gall]ies ( 
! beautiful city on ! ,arno1 deals 9 !  
true arti/-_s ) its  fam\s examples (   
,*ri/ian art1 giv+ prom95ce "h also to !
  e?ical side ( ! city's hi/ory4 ,9     
,montibus ,sanctis1 & ,coeli  ,en>rant1 
! "o compris+ /udies ( m\nta9 =m1 & !   
o!r (  cl\d =m & _! visible causes1 ?\gh
 sep>ately publi%$1 are  only repr9ts ( 
! au?or's l>g] & nobl] embodim5t ( 8    
views  on art1 9 ,mod]n ,pa9t]s4 ,! ,k+ 
( ! ,gold5 ,riv]1 ( :i*  we h previ\sly 

spok51 is a fairy tale ( mu* beauty1 :i*
 he  wrote = ! ,fair ,maid ( ,p]? :om he
 m>ri$1 & :o sep>at$  h]self f him on ! 
plea ( incompatibility4 ,playful z is ! 
/yle ( ! /ory1 x is n )\t a moral1 on   
:at con/itutes true  weal? & happ9ess4  
,! ,cr[n ( ,wild ,olive 7#ahff7 consi/s 
(  lectures on "w1 traffic1 & w>2 !     
latt] lecture1 deliv]$ at !  ,royal     
,artill]y ,in/itution at ,woolwi*1 0    
also sep>ately publi%$  "u ! title ( ,! 
,future ( ,engl&4 ,! two =m]1 be+       
address$ to work+-m51 labor]s1 & trad]s1
 discuss economic  problems1 & set =?   
t5tatively _! au?or's antagoniz$        
political  e?ics1 ) :i*1 9 draw+ ?is    
essay to a close1 we n[ v5ture  to deal4
    ,aft] ! magnific5t "w done by ,rusk9
 9 art up to 8 =tie?  ye>1 t he %\ld    
turn1 = practically ! rema9d] ( 8 life1 
to  ! seem+ly va9 & pr(itless task ( a  
social re=m] &  reg5]ator ( mod]n       
society1 has to mo/ m5 be5 a riddle too 
elusive  & enigmatic to solve4 ,& yet1 9
 8 e>li] c>e]1 _h he n  himself prep>$ u

 = j su* a dep>ture z he took 9 !       
sixties1  = 9 art 0 he n equally        
revolution>y & iconocla/ic1 z well z    
p]sonally self-will$1 passionate1 &     
impulsive8 ,moreov]1 _h n  ,"m ,nature  
end[$ him ) ! gifts ( a se] & made him  
*ivalr\s z well z int5sely sympa!tic1   
:ile 8 e>ly tra9+  incl9$ him to be     
s]i\s1 & ev5 ascetic8 ,nor 7 ! rebuffs  
he  met ) ?r\gh\t 8 c>e] calculat$ at   
?is /age to make him  c\rt ! applause ( 
8 fell[-m5 or be m9dful ( ! _w's  c5sure
 or approval4 ,nor c "o well qu>rel )   
:at he _h n[ to  say on _m a subject1   
vision>y & en?usia/ z he always 01 &    
giv5 ov] to m$iaeval views & prea*m5ts1 
& to ab\nd+ moral  & e?ical exhortation4
 ,l ,c>lyle's1 8 voice 0 t ( "o  cry+ 9 
! wild]ness1 & yet 9 ! indu/rial &      
social condition  ( ,brita9 at ! era !re
 0 ne$ ( j su* appeals =  reg5]ation &  
re=m z ,rusk9 /r5u\sly utt]$1 accompani$
 by  indignant rebukes ( grossness1     
vulg>ity1 & meanness1 z manife/$  9     
masses ( ! p4 ,if 9 8 /riv+s aft]       

amelioration he 0  too d5unciatory z    
well z too radical1 we mu/ rememb] !    
temp] &  mann] ( ! man1 & recognize h[  
difficult x 0 9 him1 or 9 any  iconocla/
 :o scorn$ mod]n sci5ce z ,rusk9 scorn$ 
x1 to reconcile  ! age ( /eam &         
indu/rial ma*9]y1 :i* he spurn$ & w\ld  
h none (1 ) ! views he held (           
,*ri/ianity1 morals1 & fai?4  ,8 views  
on political economy1 :i* he treat$     
nei!r z an art nor a  sci5ce1 might be  
p]v]se & wrong-head$1 & 8 me?od ( adapt+
  prophetic & apo/olic pr9ciples to !   
practice ( e-day life  utt]ly           
impracticable2 b ! virtues he c\nsell$ !
 nation to  manife/1 & ! graces he      
enjo9$ ( tru?fulness1 ju/ice1           
temp]ance1 brav]y1 & ob$i5ce1 7         
qualities ne$$ to be  cultivat$ 9 8 "t1 
) a full] recognition ( & firm] tru/ 9  
,god & ,8 "r ( sway 9 ! _w ,he _h       
creat$4    ,:at ,rusk9's economic views 
71 & :at 8 relations to !  indu/rial &  
social problems ( 8 "t1 mo/ read]s ( our
 au?or  "k1 are ma9ly to be f\nd 9 ,=s  

,clavig]a1 a s]ies ( lett]s to          
work+-m51 cov]+ ! ye>s #ahga-hd1 & 9 8  
e>ly essays on  political economy1 ,unto
 ?is ,la/ 7#ahfj71 & ,mun]a ,pulv]is    
7#ahfc74 ,unto ?is ,la/ appe>$ 9 its    
orig9al =m 9 ! pages (  ! ,cornhill     
,magaz9e1 !n edit$ by ,?ack]ay1 & our   
au?or speaks  confid5tly ( x z embody+ 8
 mature/ & wor?ie/ ?\ghts on  social    
sci5ce4 ,! "w1 :i* w be f\nd ! key to   
,rusk9's  economic gospel1 embraces f\r 
essays1 treat+ successively ( !         
responsibilities & duties ( ^? call$ to 
fill all (fices (  national tru/ &      
s]vice2 ( ! true s\rces ( a nation's    
ri*es2 (  ! "r di/ribution ( su* ri*es2 
& ( :at is meant by !  economic         
t]ms1--value1 weal?1 price1 & produce4  
,"u ^! sev]al  heads1 ,rusk9 expresses 8
 conviction t co-op]ation & gov]nm5t    
are 9 all ?+s ! law ( life1 :ile !      
deadly ?+s are  competition & an>*y4    
,:atev] errors ! book#c conta9s--& !    
au?or's unconsci\s arrogance & dogmatism
 made him bl9d to !m--8  views 7 set =? 

) 8 accu/om$ vigor & eloqu5ce1 & 9  !   
hone/ belief t he 0 m ?an fundam5tally  
"r4 ,x 0 =  su* helpful "w z ?is1 & :at 
he accompli%$ 9 ! k9dr$  volume1 ,mun]a 
,pulv]is1 :i* fir/ appe>$ 9 ,fras]'s    
,magaz9e1  t ,rusk9 = ! "t dropp$ 8     
revelations 9 art to let a new  _w (    
?\ght into ! dismal sci5ce ( political  
economy1  conf\nd its old-"t in/ructors1
 & gird at ! evils ( !  age1--! gre$1   
selfi%ness1 & petty b>ga9+ _s (         
indu/rial  & comm]cial life4 ,nor 9     
conduct+ su* a crusade z ?is 0 ,rusk9   
ab&on+ 8 old & less controv]t$ gospel ( 
art4 ,he 0 b  c>ry+ into new & b>r5     
fields ! high ideals he _h hi!rto       
c\nsell$ 8 age to emulate & he$1 & 9 8  
sympa?y ) labor  seek+ to br+ into its  
_w ! comel9ess ( beauty & ! *e]  (      
prosp]ity1 com=t1 & happ9ess4 ,9 ,"t &  
,tide 7#ahfg71 &  m at l5g? 9 ,=s       
,clavig]a1 ,rusk9 reit]ates 8 message to
  labor1 to get rid ( ev]-environ+ mis]y
 by realiz+ :at are !  true s\rces (    
happ9ess1--pleasure 9 s9c]e & hone/ "w1 

inspir$ by intellig5ce1 culture1        
religion1 & "r liv+4 ,:at he  desires = 
! work+-man he desires also = 8 family1 
&  consequ5tly he urges p>5ts to tra9 _!
 sons & daught]s to see  & love !       
beautiful1 to cultivate _! high]        
in/9cts1 & call  =? & fe$ _! s\ls4 ,9   
all ?is !re is mu* helpful1 tonic       
?\ght1 :i* ! *ur* or ! nation1 r\s$ to  
zeal & e>ne/  activity1 might fitt+ly   
tea*1 & s advance ! mat]ial weal ( !  p1
 ext5d ! area ( public enlight5m5t &    
morality1 & h]ald  ! dawn ( a new &     
high] civilization4    ,footnote #c3    
,allud+ to ! qua9t title "u :i* ^!      
,cornhill  essays aft]w>ds appe>$1--a   
title t h9ts at ! gi/ ( !  "w1--,mr4    
,rusk9's biograph] tells u t ! motto 0  
tak5 f  ,*ri/'s p>able ( ! husb&man & ! 
labor]s3 ,fri5d1 ,i d !e  no wrong4     
,did/ ?\ n agree ) me = a p5ny8 ,take t 
?9e is1  & g ?y way4 ,i w give ,,unto   
,,?is ,,la/ ev5 z unto  !e4--,matt4 xx4 
#ad4    ,o!r aspects ( ,mr4 ,rusk9's    
economic gospel are1 un=tunately1 n s   

sane & b5efic5t4 ,8 altruism kn[s no    
b\nds1 z 8 philan?ropy  & zeal h b few  
re/ra9ts4 ,aft] ! fa%ion ( 8 m5tor1     
,c>lyle1 he is c>ri$ away by 8          
humanit>ianism & 8 unres]v$  acceptance 
( ! doctr9e ( ! equality & bro!rhood (  
man4 ,h5ce  come 8 economic h]esies 9   
reg>d to r5t & int]e/1 & capital  &     
usury1 8 d5unciations ( ! division (    
labor1 8 ,tol/oian  impov]i%m5t (       
himself = ! b5efit ( 8 fell[-man1 & 8   
dictum t ! weal? ( ! nation %\ld be its 
own1 & n accrue  to ! individual4 ,h5ce1
 also1 ! :olly ideal /ate ( society he  
attempt$ to realize 9 8 communal ,guild 
( ,/4 ,george1 ) its rigid  gov]nm5t &  
re/ra9ts ^u ! p]sonal lib]ty ( its      
memb]s4  ,ideally beautiful1 admitt$ly1 
0 ! plan & s*eme ( ! little  /ate1 ) its
 discipl9+s1 exactions1 & dev\t         
selective cre$4  ,b ! age is a          
practical1 unimag9ative "o1 & :atev]    
compacts m5  make1 ev5 = _! highe/      
welf>e1 !re are1 x is to be fe>$1  few s
 loyal1 tractable1 & docile z to place  

!mselves = long  "u su* tutor+ &        
"o-patt]n$1 fa%ion+ =ms ( co-op]ative   
liv+4 ,into :atev] mill5nial /ate ,rusk9
 s\ght to u%] 8 little  b& ( ,engli%    
foll[]s & disciples1 "o mu/ speak       
appreciatively  ( 8 motives 9 project+ !
 s*eme1 & ( ! money & labor he          
p]sonally lavi%$ ^u ! ,utopian project4 
,rev]5tly also mu/ "o  speak ( ! ca?olic
 cre$ to :i* its memb]s 7 ask$ to       
subscribe3 namely1 to tru/ 9 ,god1      
recognize ! nobl5ess ( human  nature1   
labor fai?fully ) "o's might1 be loyal  
to "o's common  c\ntry1 its laws1 & its 
mon>*'s or rul]'s ord]s1 s f> z !y  are 
consi/5t ) ! high] law ( ,god2 :ile     
exact+ ob$i5ce1 &  a pl$ge t "o w n     
deceive1 ei!r = ga9 or o!r motive2  w n 
rob2 w n hurt any liv+ creature nor     
de/roy any  beautiful ?+2 & w honor "o's
 own body by prop] c>e = x1  = ! joy &  
peace ( life4 ,all ?is is v exempl>y &  
beautiful1  & n ov]-h>d to live up to1  
?\gh ! work+-m5 ( ,%effield 9  "t we>i$ 
( ! organization1 & ! ,guild & its noble

 ideals is  n[1 we believe1 b a memory1 
if we except ! art museum & libr>y  ( ! 
,ord] tak5 ov] & /ill ma9ta9$ by ! t[n4 
,m practical1 may we n say1 ?an ?is     
imitation ( ! ,flor5t9e  arti ( !       
,middle ,ages 0 ! ,work+ ,m5's ,college1
 f\nd$ 9  ,london 9 ! fifties by t o!r  
e>ne/ ,*ri/ian ,sociali/1 ,f4,d4        
,maurice1 9 :i* ,rusk9 lectur$          
gratuit\sly1 took *>ge ( !  draw+       
classes1 & hi$ (f to ! c\ntry ) its     
memb]s to sket*  f nature & o!rwise     
in/ruct & ent]ta9 !m4 ,yet good 9 _m    
respects came ( ! ,guild ( ,/4 ,george1 
9 ! impulse x gave to !  revival ( ! !n 
dormant indu/ries1 su* z ! h&-sp9n+ (   
l951 h&-weav+ ( c>pets & wooll5 fabrics1
 lace-mak+1  wood-c>v+1 & metal-work+1  
besides ! /imulus x gave1 ) !  infusion 
( high] ideals ( workman%ip1 to !       
decorative arts1 &  ! improvem5t 9 !    
sightl9ess ( factories1 & 9 ! homes &   
surr\nd+s ( labor4 ,"h ,rusk9's         
philan?ropy & re=m zeal %[$  !mselves   
mo/ wor?ily 9 ! f9ancial aid he gave 9 !

 pull+  d[n1 9 cr[d$ di/ricts ( !       
,briti% metropolis1 ( poor t5em5ts1  & !
 build+ up 9 _! place ( clean1          
attractive1 & :olesome  habitations4 ,9 
su* b5evol5ces & well-do+s1 & 9 ?is life
 (  r5unciation & self-sacrifice1 ,rusk9
 sp5t himself1 & made s]i\s  inroads    
into 8 bodily heal? & /r5g?1 z well z   
scatt]$ !  =tune--ab\t a million        
doll>s--left him by 8 n[ deceas$ fa!r4  
,b ?is 0 ! mann] & "* ( ,rusk91 & ?is ! 
mode (  express+ 8 love = 8 fell[-man1  
:i* 9 myriad ways %[$  itself ?r\gh\t a 
long & /r5u\s c>e] ( devotion to high   
ideals1 & ( practical1 t5d] help 9 all  
good works4 ,9 all 8  philan?ropies he 0
 true to 8 own prea*+s & c\nsell+s1     
sp5d+ & be+ sp5t 9 ! _s ( 8 ,div9e      
,ma/]1 8 :ole  s\l agl[ ) rev]5ce &     
adoration & t5d] ) a pr(\nd moral       
emotion4 ,besides 8 r>e end[m5ts z a    
lov] ( ! beautiful1 he _h  t o!r preci\s
 gift1 ( gold5 spee*1 :i* ?rew a mantle 
(  lovel9ess ov] e book he wrote &      
p]petual lu/re ov] ! doma9  ( lett]s4   

,rusk9's decl9+ ye>s1 :ile hall[$ by    
suff]+1 7 *e]$ by  _m t5d] att5tions &  
unexpect$ k9dnesses1 & by !             
recognition1 by _m notable public bodies
 & em95t contempor>ies1  ( 8 long life (
 great s]vice & devotion to 8 k9d4 ,9   
our  mod]n age1 f :i*1 9 8 lov$ ,coni/on
 home1 he pass$ f life  ,jan4 #bj1      
#aijj1 no "o m rev]5tly ?an he has look$
 deep] into !  my/]y ( life1 ?\ght m    
conc]n$ly ( its problems1 %$ m          
passionately & eloqu5tly ab\t him love =
 ! beautiful1 or  practically &         
helpfully done m--layman only ?\gh he   
0--=  religion & humanity4 ,at 8 dea? ! 
nation paid honor to 8 memory  by (f]+ 8
 rema9s a re/+-place 9 ! great fane (   
,engl&'s  illu/ri\s dead1 ,we/m9/]      
,abbey2 b ,rusk9 _h himself o!rwise     
ord]$ ! disposal ( 8 body4 ,bury me1 he 
said1 at ,coni/on4  ,& !re1 on ! fif?   
day aft] 8 fall+ s(tly asleep1 amid a   
conc\rse ( lov+ fri5ds1 ! e>?ly t5em5t (
 ! great art  critic & lov] (           
righte\sness 0 laid to re/1 8 grave     

/rewn  ) myriad wrea?s1 g>l&s1 & crosses
 ( beautiful1 bright fl[]s4    ,"h1 aft]
 8 long1 /r5u\s1 militant c>e]1 d we    
leave ?is  inspir+ tea*] & consecrat$   
prie/ ( ! ,ideal1 8 g5tle s\l  f9d+ re/ 
& peace aft] ! myriad tr\bles & tumults 
( life4  ,/ill n[ is ! once active1     
f]tile1 /imulat+ m9d ( ! man :o  s      
effectively r\s$ 8 g5]ation f its       
complac5t smugness &  indiff]5ce 9 its  
appreciation ( ! beautiful1 & ) ard5t   
boldness *all5g$ e/abli%$ beliefs 9 art 
& defi$ !  conv5tionality & au?ority ( 8
 "t4 ,8 has be5 a p[]ful =ce  9         
innum]able dep>tm5ts ( human ?\ght1 &   
epo*-mak+ !  influ5ce he has ex]t$ 9    
giv+ to ! _w new ideals ( !  beautiful &
 9 %ap+ mod]n op9ion & ta/e 9 art4 ,h[  
great is  ! "w he has done1 & :at a     
libr>y ( /imulat+1 inspir+ books  he has
 left u1 comp>atively few realize1 z !y 
little realize :at  ! age owes to him = 
8 noble activities 9 well-do+ & 8 _m  & 
impressive lessons & influ5ce4 ,9 a     
commonplace1 comm]cial "t1  h[ /imulat+ 

z well z ard5t h be5 8 appeals =        
s5sitiv5ess ( p]ception 9 reg>d to art1 
& ( ! tone &  _s 9 :i* x ought to be    
view$ & valu$6 ,& ) :at t5d]1  rev]5t   
feel+ has he n op5$ our he>ts to        
compassion & to  consid]ation = ! welf>e
 ( our fell[-man1 & h[ pot5t h  be5 8   
c\nsell+s po9t+ to ! true & abid+ s\rces
 (  pleasure 9 life6 ,long mu/ 8 =mative
 op9ions & influ5ce ext5d1  & 9 ! m9ds (
 all :o ?9k & reflect abid+ mu/ be ! *>m
  z well z ! p[] ( 8 imag9ative1 gl[+   
?\ght4 ,t he met  ) opposition &        
ho/ility 9 8 day 0 b ! price to be paid 
= ! di/urb+1 correct+1 discipl9+1 yet   
inspir+ "p he  play$ 9 ! "w he s        
impulsively set himself to d4 ,"o smiles
 n[  at ! epi!ts ( scorn & contumely    
once hurl$ at him1 at ! man  :o1 little 
und]/ood z he has be51 has done s mu* to
 uplift &  purify ! ?\ght ( 8 "t & d    
battle ) ! =ces oppos$ to  re=m & array$
 aga9/ ^? ( light & tru?4 ,& h[ great 7 
! weapons ) :i* he 0 arm$1 & h[ v>i$ z  
well z  m>vell\s ! tal5ts he br\ght into

 play 9 ! onslaught ^u  %all[ness1      
conv5tion1 & ignorance6 ,truly1 he has  
done mu* = 8  "t1 & great has be5 ! ga9 
,mod]n ,art has won f 8 inspir+  lessons
 & ?\ght4 ,! com+ ( su* a man1 & at ! "t
 t 0  81 "o _c help reflect+1 0 "o ( !  
provid5ces ( an  ov]rul+ ,p[]1 &        
adequately to e/imate 8 influ5ce & "w1  
& ! tone & temp] 9 :i* he wr\ght1 we h b
 to consid]  :at ! age w\ld h be51 9    
c\ntless dep>tm5ts ( ?\ght &  activity1 
_h ! c5tury n[ pass$ possess$ no ,john  
,rusk94    ,,au?orities4    ,coll+wood1 
,w4 ,g4 ,life ( ,rusk94    ,h>rison1    
,fr$]ic4 ,t5nyson1 ,rusk91 ,mill1 & o!r 
,e/imates4    ,ma!r1 ,m>%all4 ,john     
,rusk91 8 ,life & ,tea*+4    ,bayne1    
,pet]4 ,lessons f my ,ma/]s--,c>lyle1   
,t5nyson1 & ,rusk94    ,japp1 ,alex4 ,h4
 ,c>lyle1 ,t5nyson1 & ,rusk94           
,spielmann1 ,m4,h4 ,john ,rusk94        
,wald/e91 ,*>les4 ,"w ( ,john ,rusk94   
,w>d1 ,may ,ald54 ,prophets ( ! ,n9ete5?
 ,c5tury3 ,c>lyle1 ,rusk91  & ,tol/oi4  
,bates1 ,h]b]t4 ,annotat$ edition1 )    

,introduction1 ( ,rusk9's  ,sesame &    
,lilies & ,! ,k+ ( ! ,gold5 ,riv]4      
,rusk9's ,praet]ita3 ,an ,autobiography4
          ,,h]b]t ,,sp5c]4      #ahbj-  
,,! ,,evolution>y ,,philosophy4    ,,by 
,,mayo ,w4 ,,hazelt9e4      ,h]b]t      
,sp5c] occupies a unique place 9 !      
hi/ory ( human ?\ght1  because he has   
be5 ! fir/ to attempt ! con/ruction ( a 
philosophical sy/em 9 h>mony ) ! !ory ( 
,evolution & )  ! results ( mod]n       
sci5ce4 ,to 8 contempor>ies he is kn[n  
almo/  exclusively z ! au?or ( !        
colossal "w :i* he has *os5 to  call !  
,syn!tic ,philosophy4 ,conc]n+ 8        
p]sonality v little  in=mation has be5  
publi%$1 & x is d\btful :e!r he w deem  
x wor? :ile to leave beh9d him !        
mat]ials = a detail$  biography4 ,ab\t 8
 private life we "k ev5 less ?an we "k  
ab\t  t ( ,kant4 ,! v few facts         
obta9able may be summ$ up 9 a score  (  
s5t5ces4        ,i4    ,h]b]t ,sp5c] 0  
born on ,april #bg1 #ahbj1 at ,d]by1 9  
,engl&1 &  0 an only surviv+ *ild4 ,8   

fa!r 0 a s*oolma/] 9 ! t[n  nam$1 &     
secret>y ( a philosophical society4 ,f  
him ! son seems  to h imbib$ ! love (   
natural sci5ce & ! faculty (  obs]vation
 conspicu\s 9 8 "w4 ,! fa!r 0 p>ticul>ly
  int]e/$ 9 entomology1 & ,sp5c] himself
 us$ to collect1 describe1  & draw      
insects :5 a boy4 ,at ! age ( ?irte5 he 
0 s5t to /udy  ) an uncle1 ,rev4 ,?omas 
,sp5c]1 a lib]al cl]gyman & a s*ol>1  ) 
:om he rema9$ ?ree ye>s1 c>ry+ on ! /udy
 ( natural  hi/ory1 :i* he _h begun 9   
*ildhood4 ,he n[ devot$ himself to      
ma!matics1 ev9c+ a s+ul> capacity =     
work+ out orig9al  problems4 ,at ?is "t1
 too1 he became famili> ) physical &    
*emical inve/igations1 & already        
exhibit$ a /rong t5d5cy to  exp]im5tal  
inquiry & orig9al rese>*4 ,8 av]sion to 
l+ui/ic  /udies put a univ]sity c>e] out
 ( ! "q4 ,at ! age (  sev5te5 he ent]$ !
 (fice ( ,sir ,*>les ,fox & began "w z a
  civil eng9e]1 b ab\t eight ye>s       
aft]w>d he gave up ?is  pr(ession1 &    
devot$ ! :ole ( 8 "t to sci5tific       

exp]im5ts  & /udies1 & to contributions 
on philosophical que/ions to v>i\s      
p]iodicals4 ,z e>ly z #ahdb1 9 a s]ies (
 lett]s to !  ,noncon=mi/ newspap] on ,!
 ,prop] ,sph]e ( ,gov]nm5t1 he  prop\nd$
 a belief 9 human progress bas$ on !    
modifiability (  human nature ?r\gh     
adaptation to its social surr\nd+s1 & he
  ass]t$ ! t5d5cy ( ^! social           
arrangem5ts to assume (  !mselves a     
condition ( /able equilibrium4 ,f #ahdh 
to #ahec he 0  sub-editor ( ! ,economi/ 
newspap]1 & 9 8 fir/ important "w1      
,social ,/atics1 publi%$ 9 #ahej1 he    
develop$ ! e?ical &  sociological ideas 
:i* _h be5 set =? 9 8 publi%$ lett]s4   
,! tru? t all organic developm5t is a   
*ange f a /ate (  homog5eity to a /ate (
 het]og5eity is reg>d$ by ,sp5c] z !    
organiz+ pr9ciple ( 8 subsequ5t beliefs4
 ,x 0 gradually  exp\nd$ & appli$ by him
 9 a s]ies ( articles contribut$ to !   
,nor? ,briti%1 ! ,briti% ,qu>t]ly1 !    
,we/m9/]1 & o!r  reviews4 ,9 ^! essays1 
& especially 9 ! volume ( ,pr9ciples (  

,psy*ology1 publi%$ 9 #ahee1 ! doctr9e (
 ,evolution began to take  def9ite =m1 &
 to be appli$ to v>i\s dep>tm5ts (      
inquiry4 ,x  0 n until f\r ye>s lat]--a 
fact to be c>efully borne 9 m9d by  ^?  
:o w\ld e/imate correctly ! relation (  
,sp5c] to  ,d>w9--t ! publication ( !   
latt]'s ,orig9 ( ,species  af=d$ a wide 
basis ( sci5tific tru? = :at _h hi!rto  
be5  matt] ( speculation1 & demon/rat$ !
 important "p play$ by  natural         
selection 9 ! developm5t ( organisms4 ,z
 e>ly z ,m>*1  #ahfj1 ,sp5c] issu$ a    
prospectus1 9 :i* he set =? ! g5]al aim 
& scope ( a s]ies ( works :i* 7 to be   
issu$ 9 p]iodical  p>ts1 & w\ld1        
collectively1 con/itute a sy/em (       
philosophy4 ,9  #ahfb appe>$ ! ,fir/    
,pr9ciples1 & 9 #ahfg ! ,pr9ciples (    
,biology4 ,9 #ahgb ! ,pr9ciples (       
,psy*ology 0 publi%$2 !  fir/ "p ( !    
,pr9ciples ( ,e?ics 9 #ahgi2 & 8        
,pr9ciples (  ,sociology 9 ?ree volumes1
 begun 9 #ahgf1 0 complet$ 9 #ahif4 ,9  
! preface to ! ?ird volume ( ! la/-nam$ 

"w ! au?or  expla9s t ! f\r? volume     
orig9ally contemplat$1 :i* 0 to  deal ) 
! l+ui/ic1 intellectual1 moral1 &       
ae/hetic ph5om5a1  w\ld h to rema9      
unwritt5 by reason ( ! au?or's age &    
infirmities4 ,! a/\nd+ ext5t ( ,h]b]t   
,sp5c]'s labors becomes1  inde$1 ! m    
m>vell\s :5 "o consid]s t impair$ heal? 
has  = _m ye>s incapacitat$ him =       
p]si/5t application4 ,ow+  p>tly to 8   
ill heal?1 & p>tly to ! absorb+ nature (
 8  occupation1 8 life has be5 a retir$ 
"o1 & 9 ! ord9>y s5se  ( ! t]m1         
unev5tful4 ,he has nev] m>ri$1 &1 al?\gh
 ! high  op9ion ( 8 writ+s =m$ by       
contempor>ies has l$ to _m  academic    
honors be+ press$ ^u him at home &      
abroad1 ^! h  all be5 decl9$4 ,x only   
rema9s to m5tion t 9 #ahhb he visit$  ! 
,unit$ ,/ates1 :]e ! importance ( 8     
speculations _h be5  e>ly recogniz$1 & t
 8 home is n[ 9 ,brighton1 ,engl&4      
,,ii4    ,9 ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s late/ book1   
,facts & ,comm5ts1 a little light is    
?r[n on ! au?or's habits1 op9ions1 &    

pr$ilections4 ,ref]r+ to  ! a?leticism  
to :i* s mu* att5tion is paid j n[ 9    
,engli%  & ,am]ican univ]sities1 he     
po9ts out h[ errone\s x is to id5tify   
muscul> /r5g? ) con/itutional /r5g?4 ,n 
only is !re error  9 assum+ t increase (
 muscul> p[] & increase ( g5]al  vigor  
necess>ily g toge!r1 b !re is error 9   
assum+ t !  rev]se connection _c hold4  
,z a matt] ( fact1 ! abnormal p[]s      
acquir$ by gymna/s may be at ! co/ (    
con/itutional det]ioration4  ,9 a pap]  
on ,p>ty ,gov]nm5t ! au?or ma9ta9s t :at
 we boa/  ( z political fre$om consi/s 9
 ! ability to *oose a despot1 or a  gr\p
 ( olig>*s1 &1 aft] long misbehavior has
 produc$  dissatisfaction1 to *oose     
ano!r despot or gr\p ( olig>*s3 hav+    
mean:ile be5 made subject to laws1 "s ( 
:i* are repugnant4  ,aboli% ! exi/+     
conv5tional usages1 ) respect to p>ty   
fealty1--let ea* memb] ( p>liam5t feel t
 he may express by 8  vote 8 adv]se     
belief respect+ a gov]nm5t measure1 )\t 
endang]+ ! gov]nm5t's /ability1--& !    

:ole vici\s sy/em (  p>ty gov]nm5t w\ld 
disappe>4 ,9 a pap] on ,patriotism1 ,mr4
  ,sp5c] says t to him ! cry ,our       
c\ntry1 "r or wrong1 seems  dete/able4  
,! love ( c\ntry1 he adds1 is n fo/]$ 9 
him by  rememb]+ t :51 aft] ,engl&'s    
,prime ,m9i/] _h decl>$ t  ,engli%m5 7  
b\nd 9 honor to ! ,kh$ive to reconqu] ! 
,s\dan1  !y1 aft] ! reconque/1 =?) began
 to adm9i/] x 9 ! "n  ( ! ,que5 & !     
,kh$ive1 !reby practically annex+ x2 &  
:51  aft] promis+ ?r\gh ! m\?s ( two    
colonial ,m9i/]s n to  int]f]e 9 !      
int]nal affairs ( ! ,transvaal1 !       
,briti%  ,gov]nm5t proce$$ to insi/ on  
c]ta9 electoral arrangem5ts1 &  made    
resi/ance ! excuse = a desolat+ w>4 ,z  
to ! transp>5t  pret5ce t ! ,bo]s       
comm5c$ ! w>1 ,mr4 ,sp5c] rem9ds u t  9 
! f> ,we/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :]e e man  
c>ries 8 life  9 8 h&s & ! usages (     
fight+ are well und]/ood1 x is held  t  
he is ! real aggressor :o fir/ moves 8  
h& t[>d 8  weapon4 ,! application to !  
,s\? ,african conte/ is obvi\s4 ,9 an   

essay on ,/yle1 ,mr4 ,sp5c] tells u t 8 
own diction has be51  f ! beg9n+1       
unprem$itat$4 ,x has nev] occurr$ to him
 to take  any au?or z a model4 ,nei!r   
has he at any "t exam9$ ! writ+  ( ?is  
or t au?or ) a view ( obs]v+ its        
peculi>ities4 ,!  ?\ght ( /yle1 consid]$
 z an end 9 itself1 has r>ely1 if ev]1  
be5 pres5t ) him1 8 sole purpose be+ to 
express ideas z  cle>ly z possible1 &1  
:5 ! occasion call$ = x1 ) z mu*  =ce z 
might be4 ,he has obs]v$1 h[ev]1 he     
says1 t "s  diff]5ce has be5 made 9 8   
/yle by ! practice ( dictation4 ,up  to 
#ahfj 8 books & review articles 7 writt5
 ) 8 own h&4  ,s9ce !n !y h all be5     
dictat$4 ,he ?9ks t !re is  f\ndation = 
! prevail+ belief t dictation is apt to 
cause  diffus5ess4 ,! rem>k 0 once made 
to him1 x seems1 by two good            
judges--,george ,h5ry ,lewes & ,george  
,eliot--t ! /yle ( ,social  ,/atics is  
bett] ?an ! /yle ( 8 lat] volumes2 ,mr4 
,sp5c]  w\ld ascribe ! contra/ to !     
det]iorat+ effect ( dictation4 ,a  rec5t

 exp]i5ce has /r5g!n$ him 9 ?is         
conclusion4 ,:5 lately  revis+ ,fir/    
,pr9ciples1 :i* orig9ally 0 dictat$1 !  
cutt+  out ( sup]flu\s words1 clauses1  
s5t5ces1 & sometimes p>agraphs1  _h !   
effect ( abridg+ ! "w by ab\t "o-t5?4   
,t\*+ !  /yle ( o!r writ]s1 ,mr4 ,sp5c] 
po9ts out ! defects 9 "s  passages quot$
 f ,mat!w ,arnold & ,fr\de4 ,he says t  
he is  repell$ by ! pond]\s1 involv$    
/ructure ( ,milton's prose1 & he        
diss5ts f ! applause ( ,rusk9's /yle on 
! gr\nd t x is  too self-consci\s1 &    
implies too mu* ?\ght ( effect4 ,on !   
o!r  h&1 he has always be5 attract$ by !
 f9i%$ naturalness (  ,?ack]ay4    ,a ^w
 %\ld "h be said ab\t ! misconception ( 
,mr4 ,sp5c]'s  position ) ref]5ce to !  
fundam5tal po/ulate ( religions1--a     
misconception :i* us$ to be m curr5t ?an
 x is n[4 ,he _c  fairly be describ$ z a
 mat]iali/4 ,he is no m a mat]iali/ ?an 
he is a !i/4 ,he is1 9 ! /ricte/ s5se ( 
! ^w1 an agno/ic4  ,he 0 ! mo/          
conspicu\s example ( ! ?+ be=e ,huxley  

inv5t$ ! ^w4 ,! misconception 0 %>$ by  
no less a man ?an  ! late ,b5jam9       
,j[ett1 ! well-kn[n ma/] ( ,balliol     
,college1  ,ox=d1 :o1 9 "o ( 8 publi%$  
,lett]s1 says3 ,i sometimes ?9k  t we   
platoni/s & ideali/s are n half s       
indu/ri\s z ^?  repulsive p :o only     
'believe :at !y c hold 9 _! h&1'  ,ba91 
,h4 ,sp5c]1 etc41 :o are ! v ,tupp]s (  
philosophy4 ,x is  h>d to see h[ ! law (
 evolution & o!r g5]alizations ( an     
ab/ract k9d ) :i* ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s "n is   
associat$ c be held 9  anybody's h&s4   
,lett+ t pass1 h[ev]1 ,mr4 ,sp5c] has   
himself  sugge/$ t1 s9ce ! sy/em (      
syn!tic philosophy beg9s ) a  division  
entitl$ ! ,unkn[able1 hav+ = its purpose
 to %[ t  all mat]ial ph5om5a are       
manife/ations ( a ,p[] :i* transc5ds    
our k1--t =ce z we "k x c be reg>d$ only
 z a  ,condition$ effect ( !            
,uncondition$ ,cause--!re has be5 !reby 
af=d$ suffici5tly decid$ pro( ( belief 9
 some?+ :i* _c  be held 9 ! h&s4 ,x is1 
inde$1 absurd to apply ! epi!t          

mat]iali/ to a man :o has writt5 9 ,!   
,pr9ciples (  ,psy*ology3 ,h5ce1 ?\gh ( 
! two x seems easi] to translate        
s-call$ matt] into s-call$ _s ?an to    
translate s-call$  _s into s-call$ matt]
 7:i* latt] is1 inde$1 :olly            
impossible71 yet no translation c c>ry u
 beyond our symbols4        ,,iii4      
,any exposition ( ! ,syn!tic ,philosophy
 mu/1 ( c\rse1 beg9 )  ! volume entitl$ 
,fir/ ,pr9ciples4 ,9 ! fir/ "p ( ?is    
prelim9>y "w ! au?or c>ries a /ep fur!r 
! doctr9e ( !  ,unkn[able put into %ape 
by ,hamilton & ,mansel4 ,he po9ts out ! 
v>i\s directions 9 :i* sci5ce leads to !
 same conclusion1 &  %[s t 9 _! unit$   
belief 9 an ,absolute t transc5ds n     
only human k b human conception lies !  
only possible  reconciliation ( sci5ce &
 religion4 ,9 ! second "p ( ! same  book
 ,mr4 ,sp5c] und]takes to =mulate ! laws
 ( ! ,kn[able4 ,t  is to say1 he essays 
to /ate ! ultimate pr9ciples disc]nible 
?r\gh\t all manife/ations ( !           
,absolute1--^? highe/  g5]alizations n[ 

be+ disclos$ by sci5ce1 su*1 = example1 
z  ! ,cons]vation ( ,=ce1 :i* are       
sev]ally true1 n ( "o class  ( ph5om5a1 
b ( all classes ( ph5om5a1 & :i* are ?us
 !  keys to all classes ( ph5om5a4    ,!
 conclusions rea*$ 9 ,fir/ ,pr9ciples   
may be ?us summ$ up3  ov] & ov] aga9 9 !
 five hundr$ pages devot$ to _!         
=mulation1 x is %[n 9 v>i\s ways t !    
deepe/ tru?s we c  rea* are simply      
/atem5ts ( ! wide/ uni=mities 9 our     
exp]i5ces ( ! relations ( ,matt]1       
,motion1 & ,=ce2 & t  ,matt]1 ,motion1 &
 ,=ce are b symbols ( ! ,unkn[n reality4
 ,a  ,p[] ( :i* ! nature rema9s =ev]    
inconceivable1 & to :i* no  limits 9 ,"t
 & ,space c be imag9$1 works 9 u c]ta9  
effects4  ,^! effects h c]ta9 lik5esses 
( k9d1 ! mo/ g5]al ( :i*  we class      
toge!r "u ! names ( ,matt]1 ,motion1 &  
,=ce2 &  betwe5 ^! effects !re are      
lik5esses ( connection1 ! mo/  con/ant (
 :i* we class z laws ( ! highe/ c]ta9ty4
 ,analysis  r$uces ^! sev]al k9ds (     
effects to "o k9d ( effect2 & ^!  sev]al

 k9ds ( uni=mity to "o k9d ( uni=mity4  
,! highe/  a*ievem5t ( ,sci5ce is !     
int]pretation ( all ord]s ( ph5om5a  z  
diff]5tly condition$ manife/ations ( ?is
 "o k9d ( effect1  "u diff]5tly         
condition$ modes ( ?is "o k9d (         
uni=mity4 ,:5  sci5ce has done ?is1     
h[ev]1 x has done no?+ m ?an  sy/ematize
 our exp]i5ces1 & has 9 no degree ext5d$
 ! limits (  our exp]i5ces4 ,we c say no
 m ?an be=e :e!r !  uni=mities are z    
absolutely necess>y z !y h become to our
  ?\ght relatively necess>y4 ,! utmo/   
possibility = u is an  int]pretation ( !
 process ( ?+s1 z x pres5ts itself to   
our  limit$ consci\sness2 b h[ ?is      
process is relat$ to ! actual  process  
we are unable to conceive1 mu* less to  
"k4    ,simil>ly we are admoni%$ to     
rememb] t1 :ile ! connection  betwe5 !  
ph5om5al ord] & ! ontological ord] is   
=ev]  inscrutable1 s is ! connection    
betwe5 ! condition$ =ms ( be+  & !      
uncondition$ =m ( be+ =ev] inscrutable4 
,!  int]pretation ( all ph5om5a 9 t]ms (

 ,matt]1 ,motion1 & ,=ce is  no?+ m ?an 
! r$uction ( our complex symbols ( ?\ght
 to !  simple/ symbols2 & :5 ! equation 
has be5 br\ght to its l[e/  t]ms1 !     
symbols rema9 symbols /ill4 ,h5ce !     
reason+s conta9$  9 ,fir/ ,pr9ciples    
af=d no support to ei!r ( ! antagoni/   
hypo!ses respect+ ! ultimate nature (   
?+s4 ,_! implications  are no m         
mat]iali/ic ?an !y are spirituali/ic1 & 
no m  spirituali/ic ?an !y are          
mat]iali/ic4 ,! e/abli%m5t (            
correlation & equival5ce betwe5 ! =ces (
 ! out] & !  inn] worlds s]ves to       
assimilate ei!r to ! o!r1 accord+ z we  
set out ) "o or ! o!r4 ,he :o rightly   
int]prets ! doctr9e  prop\nd$ 9 ,fir/   
,pr9ciples w see t nei!r ! =ces (  !    
out]1 nor ! =ces ( ! inn]1 _w c be tak5 
z ultimate4  ,he w see t1 ?\gh !        
relation ( subject & object r5d]s       
necess>y to u ! anti!tical conceptions (
 ,_s & ,matt]1 !  "o is no less ?an !   
o!r to be reg>d$ z b a sign ( !  ,unkn[n
 ,reality :i* und]lies bo?4    ,9       

logical ord] ! =mulation ( ,fir/        
,pr9ciples %\ld h be5  foll[$ by !      
application ( !m to ,inorganic ,nature4 
,?is great  division ( ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s    
subject is pass$ ov]1 h[ev]2 p>tly      
because1 ev5 )\t x1 ! s*eme is too      
ext5sive to be c>ri$ out  9 ! lifetime (
 "o man2 & p>tly because ! int]pretation
 (  ,organic ,nature1 aft] ! propos$    
me?od1 is ( m imm$iate  importance4     
,be=e not+ h[ ,mr4 ,sp5c] applies 8     
fundam5tal  pr9ciples to ! int]pretation
 ( ! ph5om5a ( life1 x may be  well to  
put be=e ! read]'s eye ! =mula (        
evolution 9 !  au?or's own language3    
,evolution is an integration ( matt] &  
concomitant dissipation ( motion2 dur+  
:i* ! matt] passes f  an indef9ite1     
incoh]5t homog5eity to a def9ite1 coh]5t
  het]og5eity2 & dur+ :i* ! reta9$      
motion und]goes a p>allel  trans=mation4
 ,?is law ( evolution is equally        
applicable to all  ord]s (              
ph5om5a1--a/ronomic1 geologic1 biologic1
 psy*ologic1  sociologic1 etc41--s9ce ^!

 are all compon5t p>ts ( "o cosmos1     
?\gh disguis$ f "o ano!r by conv5tional 
gr\p+s4 ,x is  obvi\s t1 s long z       
evolution is m]ely e/abli%$ by          
induction1  x belongs1 n to philosophy1 
b to sci5ce4 ,to belong to philosophy  x
 mu/ be d$uc$ f ! p]si/5ce ( =ce4 ,mr4  
,sp5c] holds t  ?is c be done4 ,= any   
f9ite aggregate1 be+ unequally expos$ to
  surr\nd+ =ces1 w become m div]se 9    
/ructure1 e  diff]5tiat$ "p w become !  
p>5t ( fur!r diff]5ces2 at  ! same "t1  
dissimil> units 9 ! aggregate t5d to    
sep>ate1 &  ^? :i* are simil>1 to clu/] 
toge!r 7segregation72 & ?is  subdivision
 & dissipation ( =ces1 s long z !re are 
any =ces  unbalanc$ by opposite =ces1   
mu/ end at la/ 9 re/2 ! p5ultimate  /age
 ( ?is process 9 :i* ! extreme/         
multi=mity & mo/  complex mov+          
equilibrium are e/abli%$1 be+ ! highe/  
conceivable /ate4 ,! v>i\s d]ivative    
laws ( ph5om5al *anges are  ?us d$ucible
 f ! p]si/5ce ( =ce4 ,x rema9s to apply 
!m  to inorganic1 organic1 & sup]organic

 exi/5ces4 ,! detail$  treatm5t (       
inorganic evolution is omitt$1 z we h   
said1 f  ,sp5c]'s plan1 & he proce$s to 
int]pret ! ph5om5a ( life1  m9d1 &      
society 9 t]ms ( ,matt]1 ,motion1 &     
,=ce4        ,,iv4    ,! fir/ volume ( !
 ,pr9ciples ( ,biology consi/s ( ?ree   
p>ts1  ! fir/ ( :i* sets =? ! data (    
biology1 includ+ ^?  g5]al tru?s (      
physics & *emi/ry ) :i* rational biology
 mu/  />t4 ,! second "p is allott$ to ! 
inductions ( biology1 or1 9  o!r words1 
to a /atem5t ( ! lead+ g5]alizations :i*
  naturali/s1 physiologi/s1 & comp>ative
 anatomi/s h e/abli%$4  ,! ?ird & f9al  
"p ( ! fir/ volume ( ! ,pr9ciples (     
,biology deals ) ! speculation commonly 
kn[n z ! developm5t  hypo!sis1 &        
consid]s its a priori & a po/]iori      
evid5ces4    ,! inductive evid5ces = !  
evolution>y hypo!sis1 z  contra-di/+ui%$
 f ! special-creation hypo!sis1 are     
dealt  ) 9 f\r *apt]s4 ,! ,argum5ts f   
,classification are ^!3  ,organisms fall
 into gr\ps )9 gr\ps2 & ?is is !        

arrangem5t  :i* we see results f        
evolution :]e x is kn[n to take place4  
,(  ^! gr\ps )9 gr\ps1 ! great or prim>y
 ones are ! mo/  unlike1 ! sub-gr\ps are
 less unlike1 ! sub-sub-gr\p /ill less  
unlike1 & s on2 & ?is1 too1 is a        
*>act]i/ic ( gr\ps  demon/rably produc$ 
by evolution4 ,moreov]1 indef9it5ess (  
equival5ce among ! gr\ps is common to ^?
 :i* we "k h be5  evolv$1 & to ^?       
suppos$ 9 ! volume be=e u to h be5      
evolv$4 ,!re is ! fur!r significant fact
 t div]g5t gr\ps are  alli$ ?r\gh _!    
l[e/ r ?an _! highe/ memb]s4 ,( !       
,argum5ts f ,embryology1 ! fir/ is t1 :5
 develop+ embryos  are trac$ f _! common
 />t+-po9t1 & _! div]g5cies &           
re-div]g5cies are symboliz$ by a        
g5ealogical tree1 !re is manife/  a     
g5]al p>allelism betwe5 ! arrangem5t (  
its prim>y1 second>y1  & t]ti>y bran*es1
 & ! arrangem5t ( ! divisions &         
subdivisions ( ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s            
classifications4 ,nor d ! m9or          
deviations f ?is g5]al p>allelism1 :i*  

look l difficulties1  fail on clos]     
obs]vation to furni% additional evid5ce2
 s9ce ^?  traits ( a common ance/ry :i* 
embryology reveals are1 if              
modifications h result$ f *ang$         
conditions1 liable to be  disguis$ 9    
diff]5t ways & degrees1 9 diff]5t l9es (
  desc5dants4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] next consid]s 
! ,argum5ts f ,morphology4  ,ap>t f ^?  
k9%ips among organisms disclos$ by _!   
developm5tal *anges1 ! k9%ips :i* _!    
adult =ms %[ are  pr(\ndly significant4 
,! unities ( type f\nd "u su* diff]5t   
ext]nals are inexplicable1 except z     
results ( community ( desc5t1  )        
non-community ( modification4 ,aga91 ea*
 organism analyz$ ap>t  %[s1 9 !        
lik5esses obscur$ by unlik5esses ( its  
compon5t  p>ts1 a peculi>ity :i* c be   
ascrib$ only to ! =mation ( a  m        
het]og5e\s organism out ( a m homog5e\s 
"o4 ,&1 once  m1 ! exi/5ce ( rudim5t>y  
organs1 homolog\s ) organs t  are       
develop$ 9 alli$ animals or plants1 :ile
 x admits ( no o!r  rational            

int]pretation1 is satisfactorily        
int]pret$ by ! hypo!sis  ( evolution4   
,la/ ( ! inductive evid5ces are !       
,argum5ts f  ,di/ribution4 ,:ile ! facts
 ( di/ribution 9 space are  unacc\ntable
 z results ( design$ adaptation (       
organisms to _!  habitats1 !y are       
acc\ntable z results ( ! competition (  
species1  & ! spread ( ! m fit into !   
habitats ( ! less fit1  foll[$ by !     
*anges :i* new conditions induce4 ,?\gh 
! facts (  di/ribution 9 "t are s       
fragm5t>y t no positive conclusion c  be
 drawn1 yet all ( !m are reconcilable ) 
! hypo!sis (  evolution1 & "s ( !m yield
 /rong support1--especially ! ne>       
relation%ip exi/+ betwe5 ! liv+ & ext9ct
 types 9 ea* great  geographical area4  
,?us ( ^! f\r categories ( evid5ce1 ea* 
furni%es sev]al argum5ts :i* po9t to !  
same conclusion4 ,?is  co9cid5ce w\ld   
give to ! induction a v high degree (   
probability1 ev5 7 x n en=c$ by         
d$uction4 ,z a matt] (  fact1 !         
conclusion d$uctively rea*$ is 9 h>mony 

) !  inductive conclusion4 ,mr4 ,sp5c]  
has d$uctively %[n t1 by its  l9eage &  
its k9dr$1 ! evolution-hypo!sis is z    
closely alli$  ) ! prov$ tru?s ( mod]n  
sci5ce z is ! antagoni/  hypo!sis1 t (  
special creation1 ) ! prov$ errors (    
anci5t  ignorance4 ,he has %[n t1 in/ead
 ( be+ a m]e pseud-idea1 x  admits (    
elaboration into a def9ite conception1 s
 %[+ its  legitimacy z an hypo!sis4     
,in/ead ( posit+ a purely fictiti\s     
process1 ! process :i* x alleges proves 
to be "o actually go+ on  ar\nd u4 ,to  
:i* may be add$ t ! evolution-hypo!sis  
pres5ts  no radical incongruities f a   
moral po9t ( view4 ,on ! o!r h&1  !     
special-creation hypo!sis is %[n to be n
 ev5 a ?9kable  hypo!sis1 &1 :ile ?us   
intellectually illusive1 to h moral     
implications irreconcilable ) ! pr(ess$ 
beliefs ( ^? :o  hold x4    ,pass+ f !  
evid5ce t ,evolution has tak5 place to !
  "q--,h[ has x tak5 place8--,mr4 ,sp5c]
 f9ds 9 kn[n ag5cies  & kn[n processes  
adequate causes ( its ph5om5a4 ,9       

a/ronomic1  geologic1 & meteorologic    
*anges1 ev] 9 progress1 ev] comb9+ 9    
new & m involv$ ways1 we h a set (      
inorganic factors to :i*  all organisms 
are expos$2 & 9 ! v>y+ & complicat$     
actions (  organisms on "o ano!r we h a 
set ( organic factors t alt]  ) increas+
 rapidity4 ,?us1 speak+ g5]ally1 all    
memb]s ( !  ,e>?'s flora & fauna        
exp]i5ce p]petual re>rangem5ts ( ext]nal
  =ces4 ,ea* organic aggregate1 :e!r    
consid]$ individually or z a  cont9u\sly
 exi/+ species1 is modifi$ afre% by ea* 
fre%  di/ribution ( ext]nal =ces4 ,to   
its pre-exi/+ diff]5tiations  new       
diff]5tiations are add$2 & ?us t lapse  
to a m  het]og5e\s /ate1 :i* w\ld h a   
fix$ limit 7 !  circum/ances fix$1 has  
its limits p]petually remov$ by !       
p]petual  *ange ( ! circum/ances4 ,^!   
modifications ^u modifications1  :i*    
result 9 evolution1 /ructurally         
consid]$1 are !  accompanim5ts ( ^?     
functional alt]ations cont9ually requir$
 to  re-equilibrate inn] ) out] actions4

 ,t mov+ equilibrium (  inn] actions    
correspond+ ) out] actions1 :i*         
con/itutes !  life ( an organism1 mu/   
ei!r be ov]?r[n by a *ange 9 ! out]     
actions or mu/ und]go p]turbations t _c 
end until !re is a  readju/$ balance (  
functions & correlative adaptation (    
/ructures4 ,b :]e ! ext]nal *anges are  
ei!r su* z are fatal  :5 exp]i5c$ by !  
individuals1 or su* z act on !          
individuals  9 ways t d n affect !      
equilibrium ( _! functions1 !n !        
readju/m5t results ?r\gh ! effects      
produc$ on ! species z a  :ole3 !re is  
indirect equilibration4 ,by !           
pres]vation 9  successive g5]ations ( ^?
 ^: mov+ equilibria are less at  v>iance
 ) ! requirem5ts1 !re is produc$ a *ang$
 equilibrium  completely 9 h>mony ) !   
requirem5ts4    ,ev5 7 ?is ! :ole ( !   
evid5ce assignable = ! belief t         
organisms h be5 gradually evolv$1 ,mr4  
,sp5c] holds t ! belief  w\ld h a w>rant
 high] ?an is possess$ by _m beliefs :i*
 are  reg>d$ z e/abli%$4 ,z a matt] (   

fact1 h[ev]1 ! evid5ce is  f> f exhau/$4
 ,at ! outset ( ! fir/ volume (         
,pr9ciples (  ,biology1 x 0 rem>k$ by ! 
au?or t ! ph5om5a pres5t$ by  ! organic 
_w z a :ole _c be prop]ly dealt ) ap>t f
  ! ph5om5a pres5t$ by ea* organism 9 ! 
c\rse ( its gr[?1  developm5t1 & decay4 
,! int]pretation ( ei!r class ( ph5om5a 
implies int]pretation ( ! o!r1 s9ce !   
two are 9 reality p>ts  ( "o process4   
,h5ce ! validity ( any hypo!sis respect+
 ! "o  class ( ph5om5a may be te/$ by   
its congruity ) ph5om5a ( !  o!r class4 
,9 ! second volume ( ,! ,pr9ciples (    
,biology1 ,mr4  ,sp5c] passes to ! m    
special ph5om5a ( developm5t1 z         
display$ 9 ! /ructures & functions (    
individual organisms4 ,if  ! hypo!sis t 
plants & animals h be5 progressively    
evolv$  be true1 x mu/ furni% u ) keys  
to ^! special ph5om5a4 ,mr4  ,sp5c] f9ds
 t ! hypo!sis does ?is1 & by do+ x gives
  numb]less additional v\*]s = its tru?4
 ,x is impossible = u  "h to review1 ev5
 9 outl9e1 ! ext5sive field trav]s$ 9 ! 

second volume ( ,pr9ciples ( ,biology4  
,we w\ld n omit1 h[ev]1  to direct      
att5tion to ! int]e/+ conclusion rea*$  
by ,mr4 ,sp5c]  t[>d ! close ( ! volume 
) reg>d to ! future ( ! human  race     
consid]$ f ! viewpo9t ( ! possible      
pressure (  population ^u subsi/5ce4 ,he
 po9ts out t 9 man all !  equilibrations
 betwe5 con/itution & conditions1 betwe5
 !  /ructure ( society & ! nature ( its 
memb]s1 betwe5 f]tility  & mortality1   
advance simultane\sly t[>ds a common    
climax4 ,9  approa*+ an equilibrium     
betwe5 8 nature & ! ev]-v>y+            
circum/ances ( 8 inorganic environm5t1 &
 9 approa*+ an  equilibrium betwe5 8    
nature & all ! requirem5ts ( ! social   
/ate1 man is at ! same "t approa*+ t    
l[e/ limit (  f]tility at :i* !         
equilibrium ( population is ma9ta9$ by !
  addition ( z _m infants z !re are     
subtractions by dea?4        ,v4        
,next 9 logical ord] & 9 ord] (         
publication come ! two volumes          
collectively entitl$ ,! ,pr9ciples (    

,psy*ology4 ,9 ^! volumes  an attempt is
 made to trace objectively ! evolution (
 m9d f  reflex action ?r\gh in/9ct to   
reason1 memory1 feel+1 & w1  f !        
int]action ( ! n]v\s sy/em ) its        
environm5t4  ,subjectively1 m5tal /ates 
are analyz$1 & x is cont5d$ t all  (    
!m--includ+ ^? prim>y sci5tific ideas1 !
 p]ceptions (  matt]1 motion1 space1 &  
"t1 assum$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,pr9ciples--c  be  
analyz$ into a primitive elem5t (       
consci\sness1 some?+ :i*  c be def9$    
only z analog\s to a n]v\s %ock4 ,^!    
p]ceptions  h n[ become innate 9 !      
individual4 ,!y may be call$--z ,kant   
call$ space & "t--=ms ( intuition2 b !y 
h be5 acquir$  empirically by ! race1   
?r\gh ! p]si/5ce ( ! correspond+        
ph5om5a 9 ! environm5t1 & f ! accumulat$
 exp]i5ces (  ea* individual be+        
transmitt$ 9 ! =m ( modifi$ /ructure to 
8 desc5dants4 ,?is pr9ciple ( h]$ity is 
"o ( ! laws by :i*  individuals are     
connect$ ) "o ano!r into an organic     
:ole2 & we  ?us pass to :at ,sp5c] calls

 sup]organic evolution1 imply+ !        
co-ord9at$ actions ( _m individuals1 &  
giv+ rise to ! sci5ce  ( sociology4     
,x is ?is sci5ce :i* ,mr4 ,sp5c]        
und]takes to exp\nd 9 ! ?ree  volumes   
entitl$ ! ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology4 ,!   
fir/ ( ^!  volumes pres5ts a /atem5t ( !
 sev]al sets ( factors ent]+  into      
social ph5om5a4 ,^! factors are1 fir/1  
human ideas &  feel+s consid]$ 9 _!     
necess>y ord] ( evolution2 secondly1    
surr\nd+ natural conditions2 &1 ?irdly1 
^? ev]-complicat+  conditions to :i*    
society itself gives orig94 ,"u !       
caption ,!  ,inductions ( ,sociology1   
are set =? ! g5]al facts1 /ructural  &  
functional1 ga!r$ f a survey ( societies
 & _! *anges2  9 o!r words1 ! empirical 
g5]alizations t are arriv$ at by  comp>+
 diff]5t societies1 or successive /ages 
( ! same  societies4 ,! au?or !n exam9es
 ! evolution ( gov]nm5ts1  g5]al &      
local1 z ?is is det]m9$ by natural      
causes2 _!  sev]al types &              
metamorphosis2 _! increas+ complexity & 

specialization1 & ! progressive         
limitation ( _! functions4 ,f  political
 ! au?or turns to ecclesia/ical         
organization4 ,he traces !              
diff]5tiation ( religi\s gov]nm5t f     
secul>2 its successive  complications & 
! multiplication ( sects2 ! gr[? &      
cont9u$  modification ( religi\s ideas1 
z caus$ by advanc+ k &  *ang+ moral "*2 
& ! gradual reconciliation ( ^! ideas  )
 ! tru?s ( ab/ract sci5ce4 ,a good deal 
( space is devot$ to  :at ! au?or calls 
c]emonial organization1 by :i* he means 
t  ?ird k9d ( gov]nm5t :i*1 hav+ a      
common root ) ! o!rs1  & sl[ly becom+   
sep>ate f & supplem5t>y to !m1 s]ves to 
regulate ! m9or actions ( life4 ,f9ally1
 ,mr4 ,sp5c] discusses  indu/rial       
organization2 t is to say1 ! developm5t 
( productive  & di/ributive ag5cies1    
consid]$ 9 its necess>y causes1         
compreh5d+ n only ! progressive division
 ( labor & !  increas+ complexity ( ea* 
indu/rial ag5cy1 b also !  successive   
=ms ( indu/rial gov]nm5t z pass+ ?r\gh l

 phases  ) political gov]nm5t4    ,_m   
pages w\ld be requisite adequately to   
describe ! result ( !  inquiries        
prosecut$ by ,mr4 ,sp5c] dur+ "s tw5ty  
ye>s1 &  embodi$ 9 ! ?ree volumes       
entitl$ ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology4 ,!     
ultimate conclusions rea*$1 h[ev]1 may  
be summ$ up 9 a few  p>agraphs4 ,x is ! 
au?or's f9al conviction t1 if ! process 
(  evolution1 :i*1 unceas+ ?r\gh\t pa/  
"t1 has br\ght life to  its pres5t      
height1 cont9ues ?r\gh\t ! future1 z we 
_c b  anticipate1 !n1 amid all !        
rhy?mical *anges 9 ea* society1 amid    
all ! lives & dea?s ( nations1 amid all 
! supplant+s ( race  by race1 !re w g on
 t adaptation ( human nature to ! social
  /ate :i* began :5 savages fir/ ga!r$  
toge!r into hordes =  mutual def5ce1--an
 adaptation f9ally complete4 ,mr4 ,sp5c]
 =esees  t _m w ?9k ?is a wild          
imag9ation4 ,?\gh ev]y:]e ar\nd  !m are 
creatures ) /ructures & in/9cts :i* h   
be5  gradually s m\ld$ z to subs]ve _!  
own welf>es & ! welf>es  ( _! species1  

yet ! imm5se majority ignore !          
implication t  human be+s1 too1 h be5   
und]go+ 9 ! pa/1 & w und]go 9  ! future1
 progressive adju/m5ts to ! lives impos$
 on !m by  circum/ances4 ,!re are a few1
 nev]!less1 :o ?9k x rational to        
conclude t :at has happ5$ ) all l[] =ms 
mu/ happ5 )  ! highe/ =ms1--a few :o    
inf] t among types ( m5 ^? mo/  fitt$ = 
mak+ a well-work+ society w h]eaft]1 z  
h]et(ore1  f "t to "t1 em]ge & spread at
 ! exp5se ( types less  fitt$1 until a  
fully fitt$ type has aris54    ,x is1 at
 ! same "t1 conc$$ t ! view ?us sugge/$ 
_c be  accept$ )\t qualification4 ,if we
 c>ry our ?\ghts z f> =w>d  z           
palaeoli?ic implem5ts c>ry !m back1 we  
are introduc$1 n to an  absolute        
optimism1 b to a relative optimism4 ,!  
cosmic process br+s  ab\t retrogression1
 z well z progression1 :]e ! conditions 
favor  x4 ,only amid an inf9ity (       
modifications1 adju/$ to an inf9ity (   
*anges ( circum/ances1 d !re n[ & !n    
occur "s :i*  con/itute an advance3 o!r 

*anges1 mean:ile1 caus$ 9 o!r           
organisms1 usually n con/itut+ =w>d /eps
 9 organization1 &  (t5 con/itut+ /eps  
backw>d4 ,evolution does n imply a lat5t
  t5d5cy to improve ev]y:]e 9 op]ation4 
,!re is no uni=m asc5t  f l[] to high]1 
b only an occasional production ( a =m1 
:i*1 9 virtue ( great] fitness = m      
complex conditions1 becomes  capable ( a
 long] life ( a m v>i$ k9d4 ,&1 :ile su*
 high]  type beg9s to dom9ate ov] l[]   
types1 & to spread at _!  exp5se1 ! l[] 
types survive 9 habitats or modes ( life
 t are  n usurp$1 or are ?ru/ into      
inf]ior habitats or modes ( life 9  :i* 
!y retrogress4    ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s         
exam9ation ( ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology 
has l$ him  to ! belief t :at holds )   
organic types mu/ hold also )  types (  
society4 ,social evolution ?r\gh\t !    
future1 l social  evolution ?r\gh\t !   
pa/1 mu/1 :ile produc+1 /ep aft] /ep1   
high] societies1 leave out/&+ _m l[]4   
,v>ieties ( m5 adapt$  "h to inclem5t   
regions1 !re to regions t are b>r51 &   

else:]e to regions unfitt$1 by rugg$ness
 ( surface or insalubrity1  = support+  
l>ge populations1 w1 9 all probability1 
cont9ue to  =m small communities (      
simple /ructures4 ,moreov]1 dur+ future 
competitions among ! high] races1 !re w 
probably be left1 9 !  less desirable   
regions1 m9or nations =m$ ( m5 inf]ior  
to !  highe/2 at ! same "t t ! highe/   
ov]spread all ! great  areas :i* are    
desirable 9 climate & f]tility4 ,b :ile 
! entire  assemblage ( societies ?us    
fulfils ! law ( evolution by increase ( 
het]og5eity1--:ile )9 ea* ( !m contra/s 
( /ructure1 caus$  by diff]5ces (       
environm5ts & entail$ occupations1 cause
  unlik5esses imply+ fur!r het]og5eity1 
we may inf] t !  prim>y process (       
evolution--integration--:i*1 up to !    
pres5t  "t1 has be5 display$ 9 ! =mation
 ( l>g] & l>g] nations1  w ev5tually    
rea* a /ill high] /age1 & br+ yet great]
  b5efits4 ,z :5 small tribes 7 weld$   
into great tribes1 ! head  *ief /opp$   
int]-tribal w>f>e2 z1 :5 small feudal   

gov]nm5ts  became subject to a k+1      
feudal w>s 7 prev5t$ by him1--s1 9  "t  
to come1 a f$]ation ( ! highe/ nations1 
ex]cis+ supreme  au?ority 7already      
=e%ad[$ by occasional agreem5ts among ! 
,p[]s71 may1 by =bidd+ w>s betwe5 any ( 
its con/itu5t  nations1 put an end to ! 
re-b>b>ization :i* is cont9ually undo+  
civilization4    ,:51 ev5tually1 ?is    
peace-ma9ta9+ f$]ation has be5 =m$1 ,mr4
  ,sp5c] looks = effectual progress     
t[>ds t equilibrium betwe5  con/itution 
& conditions1--betwe5 inn] faculties &  
out]  requirem5ts1--impli$ by ! f9al    
/age ( human evolution4 ,adaptation  to 
! social /ate1 n[ p]petually h9d]$ by   
anti-social conflict1  may !n g on      
unh9d]$2 & all ! great societies1 9 o!r 
respects diff]+1 may become simil> 9 ^? 
c>d9al traits :i*  result f complete    
self-own]%ip ( ! unit1 & f ex]cise ov]  
him ( no?+ m ?an passive influ5ce by !  
aggregate4 ,on ! "o  h&1 by cont9ual    
repression ( aggressive in/9cts & by    
cont9ual  ex]cise ( feel+s :i* prompt   

m9i/ration to public welf>e1 &1  on !   
o!r h&1 by ! lapse ( re/ra9ts gradually 
becom+ less  necess>y1 !re w be produc$1
 9 ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s =eca/1 a k9d (  man s  
con/itut$ t1 :ile fulfill+ 8 own        
desires1 he w  fulfil also ! social     
ne$s4 ,already1 small gr\ps ( m51 %ield$
 by  circum/ances f ext]nal antagonisms1
 h be5 m\ld$ into =ms (  moral nature s 
sup]ior to our own t ! acc\nt ( _!      
goodness  almo/ savors ( romance2 & x is
 reasonable to inf] t :at has  ev5 n[   
happ5$ on a small scale may1 "u k9dr$   
conditions1  ultimately happ5 on a l>ge 
scale4 ,prolong$ /udies1 %[+ among  o!r 
?+s ! ne$ = c]ta9 qualifications above  
indicat$1 b  also reveal+ facts l t j   
nam$1 h n caus$ our au?or to  rec$e f ! 
belief express$ ne>ly fifty ye>s ago t !
  ultimate man w be "o ^: private       
requirem5ts co9cide ) public  ones4 ,he 
w be t mann] ( man :o1 9 spontane\sly   
fulfill+ 8  own nature1 incid5tally     
p]=ms ! functions ( a social unit2 &    
yet is only enabl$ s to fulfil 8 own    

nature by all o!rs do+  ! l4    ,be=e   
tak+ leave ( ! ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 
we %\ld caution  ! read] aga9/ a        
misconception t might seem1 at fir/     
sight1 to  f9d "s w>rant 9 ! foll[+     
rem>k ( a sympa!tic review]3  ,l        
,ari/otle1 he ,mr4 ,sp5c] has _h to     
delegate l>ge portions (  8 "w to be    
done = him by o!rs4 ,z our au?or has    
himself  po9t$ out 9 ,facts & ,comm5ts1 
! review]'s ref]5ce w be  rightly       
int]pret$ by ^? :o "k t ! "w delegat$ by
  ,ari/otle to o!rs 0 simply !          
collection ( mat]ials = 8  ,natural     
,hi/ory1 n ! classification ( ^?        
mat]ials1 mu* less  ! draw+ ( inductions
 f !m4 ,z n "o read] 9 t5 kn[s  ?is1    
h[ev]1 wrong impressions are likely to  
be made by ! review]'s  rem>k4 ,mr4     
,sp5c]'s "n be+ especially associat$ ) !
  ,syn!tic ,philosophy1 ! s5t5ce quot$ w
 sugge/ to _m !  ?\ght t l>ge portions (
 t "w 7 writt5 by deputy4 ,?is1  (      
c\rse1 ! review] did n mean to say4 ,!  
"w to :i* he  ref]r$ is entitl$         

,descriptive ,sociology1 or gr\ps (     
sociological  facts1 classifi$ & arrang$
 by ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 compil$ &  ab/ract$  
by ,david ,duncan1 ,ri*>d ,s*eppig &    
,james ,colli]1 eight  p>ts ( :i* h ?us 
f> appe>$4 ,kn[+ t he %\ld be unable  to
 read all ! works ( travel & hi/ory     
conta9+ ! facts he  %\ld ne$ :5 deal+ ) 
! sci5ce ( society1 ,mr4 ,sp5c]  engag$ 
^! g5tlem5--fir/ "o1 !n two1 !n ?ree--to
 read up =  him & arrange ! extracts !y 
made 9 a mann] prescrib$4 ,) mu*        
mat]ial he _h himself accumulat$ 9 !    
c\rse ( _m ye>s1 our  au?or incorporat$ 
a mu* l>g] am\nt ( mat]ial d]iv$ f !    
compilations j m5tion$ :5 writ+ !       
,pr9ciples ( ,sociology4        ,,vi4   
,x is ! two volumes entitl$ ! ,pr9ciples
 ( ,e?ics to :i* we  %all la/ly invite  
att5tion4 ,! six p>ts ( :i* ?is "w is   
compos$ 7 publi%$ 9 an irregul> mann]4  
,"p ,i41 pres5t+ !  data ( e?ics1 0     
issu$ 9 #ahgi2 ,"p ,,iv41 a treatise on 
,ju/ice1  9 #ahia2 ,p>ts ,,ii4 & ,,iii41
 :i* set =? respectively ! inductions  (

 e?ics & ! e?ics ( individual life1 &   
:i*1 along ) ,"p  ,i41 =m ! fir/ volume1
 7 issu$ 9 #ahib2 ,p>ts ,v4 & ,,vi41 :i*
  treat respectively ( negative         
b5efic5ce & positive b5efic5ce1  7 issu$
 9 #ahic1 &1 along ) ,"p ,,iv41         
con/itute ! second  volume4 ,) reg>d to 
! ,pr9ciples ( ,e?ics1 consid]$ z a     
:ole1 x %\ld be not$ t ! au?or 0 prompt$
 to prep>e !  "w1 not)/&+ ! ill heal? by
 :i* he 0 incessantly  int]rupt$1 by !  
conviction t ! e/abli%m5t ( rules (     
conduct on a sci5tific basis is a press+
 ne$4 ,n[ t moral  injunctions are los+ 
! au?ority giv5 by _! suppos$ sacr$     
orig91 ! secul>ization ( morals is      
becom+ imp]ative4 ,^? :o  reject !      
curr5t cre$ appe> to assume t !         
controll+ ag5cy  conf]r$ by x may safely
 be ?r[n aside4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^?  :o    
def5d ! curr5t cre$ allege t1 9 ! abs5ce
 ( ! guidance  x yields1 no guidance c  
exi/1 div9e comm&m5ts be+1 9 _!  op9ion1
 ! only possible guides4 ,diss5t+ f bo? 
( ^!  beliefs1 ,mr4 ,sp5c] has _h = 8   

prim>y purpose 9 ! two volumes  "u      
review to %[ t1 ap>t f any suppos$      
sup]natural basis1  ! pr9ciples ( e?ics 
h a natural basis4 ,9 ^! two volumes ?is
  natural basis is set =?1 & its        
coroll>ies are elaborat$4 ,if !         
conclusions to :i* ! g5]al law (        
evolution introduces u are n  9 all     
cases z def9ite z might be wi%$1 yet our
 au?or submits t  !y are m def9ite ?an  
^? to :i* we are introduc$ by !  curr5t 
cre$4 ,complete def9it5ess is n1 (      
c\rse1 to be expect$4  ,"r regulation ( 
! actions ( s complex a be+ z man1 liv+ 
"u conditions s complex z ^? pres5t$ by 
a society1 evid5tly  =ms a subject-matt]
 unlikely to admit ( specific /atem5ts  
?r\gh\t its entire range4    ,! pr9cipal
 inductions drawn f ! data collect$ 9 ! 
fir/ (  ^! volumes may be set =? 9 a few
 s5t5ces4 ,multitud9\s pro(s  are br\ght
 =w>d ( ! fact t ! e?ical s5tim5t       
prevail+ 9  diff]5t societies1 & 9 !    
same society "u diff]5t conditions1  are
 sometimes diametrically oppos$4 ,9     

,europe & 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates  to h       
committ$ a murd] disgraces = all "t a   
man's memory1 &  disgraces = g5]ations  
all :o are relat$ to him4 ,by ! ,pa?ans1
  h[ev]1 a contr>y s5tim5t is display$4 
,"o :o _h kill$ a ,mellah  7prie/7 &    
fail$ to f9d refuge f ! av5g]s1 said at 
l5g?3 ,i  c b be a m>tyr2 ,i w g & kill 
a ,sahib4 ,he 0 hang$ aft]  %oot+ a     
s]geant1 p]fectly satisfi$ at hav+      
expiat$ 8  (f5ce4 ,! prevail+ e?ical    
s5tim5t 9 ,engl& is su* t a man  :o %\ld
 all[ himself to be tak5 possession ( & 
made an  unresi/+ slave w\ld be reg>d$ )
 scorn2 b ! p (  ,drekete1 a            
slave-di/rict ( ,fiji1 said x 0 _! duty 
to become  food & sacrifices = ! *iefs1 
& t !y 7 honor$ by  be+ consid]$        
adequate to su* a noble task4 ,less     
extreme1 ?\gh  ak9 9 nature1 is !       
contra/ betwe5 ! feel+s :i* ! hi/ory  ( 
,engli%m5 has record$ )9 a few c5turies4
 ,9 ,elizabe?'s "t1  ,sir ,john ,hawk9s 
initiat$ ! slave-trade1 &1 9            
commemoration ( !  a*ievem5t1 0 all[$ to

 put 9 8 coat-(-arms3 a demi-moor       
prop]1 b\nd ) a cord1--! honorabl5ess ( 
8 action be+ ?us  assum$ by himself1 &  
recogniz$ by ,que5 & public4 ,at !      
pres5t  day1 on ! o!r h&1 ! mak+ slaves 
( m51 call$ by ,wesley !  sum ( all     
villanies1 is reg>d$ 9 ,engl& )         
dete/ation2 & =  _m ye>s ! ,briti%      
gov]nm5t ma9ta9$ a fleet to suppress !  
slave-trade4 ,aga91 peoples :o h em]g$ f
 ! primitive  family-&-clan             
organization1 hold t "o :o is guilty ( a
 crime  mu/ himself be> ! puni%m5t1 & x 
is ?\ght extreme inju/ice  t ! puni%m5t 
%\ld fall ^u any "o else4 ,! remote     
ance/ors  ( ! ,engli% p ?\ght & felt    
diff]5tly1 z d /ill !  ,au/ralians1 ^:  
fir/ great pr9ciple ) reg>d to puni%m5t 
is  t all ! relatives ( a culprit1 9 !  
ev5t ( 8 n be+  f\nd1 are implicat$ 9 8 
guilt3 ! bro!rs ( ! crim9al  conceive   
!mselves to be q z guilty z he is4 ,!n1 
too1 among  civiliz$ peoples !          
individualities ( wom5 are s f>         
recogniz$  t ! life & lib]ty ( a wife   

are n suppos$ to be b\nd up )  ^? ( h]  
husb&2 & %e n[1 hav+ obta9$ a "r to     
exclusive  possession ( prop]ty1 cont5ds
 = complete indep5d5ce1 dome/ic &       
political4 ,x is1 or 01 o!rwise 9 ,fiji4
 ,! wives ( ! ,fijian  *iefs consid] x a
 sacr$ duty to suff] /rangulation on !  
dea?s  ( _! husb&s4 ,a woman :o _h be5  
rescu$ by an ,engli%man  escap$ dur+ !  
night1 &1 swimm+ across ! riv]1 &       
pres5t+ h]self to h] own p1 insi/$ ^u ! 
completion (  ! sacrifice :i* %e _h 9 a 
mom5t ( weakness reluctantly  cons5t$ to
 =ego4 ,ano!r =eign obs]v] tells ( a    
,fijian woman  :o load$ h] rescu] )     
abuse1 & ev] aft]w>ds manife/$ !  mo/   
deadly hatr$ t[>ds him4 ,9 ,engl& & on !
 ,cont95t !  religi\s prohibition ( !ft 
& ! legal puni%m5t ( x are jo9$  ) a    
/rong social reprobation1 s t ! (f5ce ( 
a ?ief is  nev] condon$4 ,9 ,beloo*i/an1
 on ! o!r h&1 q contr>y ideas  & feel+s 
are curr5t4 ,!re a favorite c\plet is to
 ! effect  t ! ,bilo* :o /eals & murd]s1
 secures ,heav5 to sev5  g5]ations (    

ance/ors4 ,9 ,engl& & ! ,unit$ ,/ates   
reprobation  ( untru?fulness is /rongly 
express$1 alike by ! g5tleman & !       
labor]4 ,9 _m p>ts ( ! _w x is n s4 ,9  
,blantyre1 =  example1 accord+ to       
,mac,donald1 to be call$ a li> is r a   
complim5t4 ,once m3 ,engli% s5tim5t is  
su* t ! m]e  suspicion ( incont95ce on !
 "p ( a woman is en\gh to blight h]     
life2 b !re are peoples ^: s5tim5ts     
entail no su* effect1 &1  9 "s cases1 a 
rev]se effect is produc$3 ,un*a/ity is1 
) !  ,wetyaks1 a virtue4 ,x seems1 !n1 t
 9 respect ( all ! lead+  divisions (   
human conduct1 diff]5t races ( m51 & !  
same races  at diff]5t /ages1 ent]ta9   
opposite beliefs1 & display  opposite   
feel+s4    ,9 ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s op9ion1 !   
evid5ce "h br\ght to a focus ought to   
dissipate once = all ! belief 9 a moral 
s5se1 z commonly  ent]ta9$4 ,a long     
exp]i5ce ( mank9d1 h[ev]1 prev5ts him f 
indulg+ 9 su* an expectation4 ,among m5 
at l>ge1 lifelong  convictions are n to 
be de/roy$ ei!r by conclusive argum5ts  

or  multitud9\s facts4 ,only to ^? :o   
are n by cre$ or *]i%$  !ory committ$ to
 ! hypo!sis ( a sup]naturally creat$    
human  species w ! evid5ce above summ$  
up prove t ! human m9d has  no orig9ally
 implant$ consci5ce4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] himself
 at "o "t  esp\s$ ! doctr9e ( !         
intuitive morali/s1 b x has gradually   
become cle> to him t ! qualifications   
requir$ practically  oblit]ate ! doctr9e
 z enunciat$ by !m4 ,x has become cle>  
to  him1 9 o!r words1 t if among        
civiliz$ folk ! curr5t belief is  t a   
man :o robs & does n rep5t w be et]nally
 damn$1 :ile  an accept$ prov]b among ! 
,bilo*s is1 t ,god w n favor a man  :o  
does n /eal & rob1 x is impossible to   
hold t m5 h 9  common an innate         
p]ception ( "r & wrong4    ,at ! same   
"t1 :ile ! inductions drawn by ,mr4     
,sp5c] f !  data ( e?ics %[ t !         
moral-s5se doctr9e 9 its orig9al =m  is 
n true1 !y also %[ t x adumbrates a     
tru?1 & a mu*  high] tru?4 ,= ! facts   
cit$1 *apt] aft] *apt]1 unite 9  prov+ t

 ! s5tim5ts & ideas curr5t 9 ea* society
 become  adju/$ to ! k9ds ( activity    
pr$om9at+ 9 x4 ,a life (  con/ant       
ext]nal enmity g5]ates a code 9 :i*     
aggression1 conque/1  rev5ge1 are       
inculcat$1 :ile peaceful occupations are
 reprobat$4  ,conv]sely1 a life ( settl$
 int]nal amity g5]ates a code  inculcat+
 ! virtues conduc+ to h>moni\s          
co-op]ation1--ju/ice1  hone/y1 v]acity1 
reg>d = o!rs' claims4 ,! implication is 
t1  if ! life ( int]nal amity cont9ues  
unbrok5 f g5]ation to  g5]ation1 !re mu/
 result n only ! appropriate code1 b !  
appropriate emotional nature1--a moral  
s5se adapt$ to ! moral  requirem5ts4 ,m5
 s condition$ w acquire to ! degree     
ne$ful =  complete guidance t innate    
consci5ce :i* ! intuitive morali/s      
errone\sly suppos$ to be possess$ by    
mank9d at l>ge4 ,!re ne$s  b a          
cont9uance ( absolute peace ext]nally & 
a rigor\s insi/5ce  on non-aggression   
int]nally1 to insure ! m\ld+ ( m5 into a
 =m  naturally *>act]iz$ by all !       

virtues4 ,?is g5]al induction is        
re-en=c$ by especial induction4 ,n[ z   
display+ ?is high trait (  nature1 n[ z 
display+ t1 ,mr4 ,sp5c] has in/anc$     
v>i\s  unciviliz$ peoples :o1 inf]ior to
 u 9 o!r respects1 are morally  sup]ior 
to u4 ,he has also po9t$ out t su*      
peoples are1 "o &  all1 free f          
int]-tribal antagonisms4 ,! peoples %[+ 
?is  connection betwe5 ext]nal & int]nal
 peacefulness on ! "o h&1  & sup]ior    
morality on ! o!r1 are ( v>i\s races4 ,9
 ! ,indian  ,hills are f\nd "s :o are by
 orig9 ,mongolian1 ,kel>ian1 ,dravidian2
  9 ! =e/s ( ,malacca1 ,burma1 & 9      
seclud$ p>ts ( ,*9a exi/  su* tribes (  
yet o!r bloods2 9 ! ,ea/ ,indian        
ar*ipelago are  "s belong+ to ! ,papuan 
/ock2 9 ,japan !re are ! amiable  ,a9os1
 :o h no traditions ( int]nec9e /rife2 &
 9 ,nor? ,mexico  exi/s yet ano!r su* p 
unrelat$ to ! re/1 ! ,pueblos4 ,our     
au?or holds t no m conclusive pro( c\ld 
be wi%$ ?an t  suppli$ by ^! isolat$    
gr\ps ( m51 :o1 widely remote 9 locality

  & diff]+ 9 race1 are alike 9 ! two    
respects t circum/ances  h long exempt$ 
!m f w>1 & t !y are n[ organically      
good4 ,may we n reasonably inf]1 asks   
,mr4 ,sp5c]1 9 conclusion1 t  ! /ate    
rea*$ by ^! small1 uncultur$ tribes may 
be rea*$ by  ! great cultur$ nations1 :5
 ! life ( int]nal amity %all be         
unqualifi$ by ! life ( ext]nal enmity8  
,we br+ to an end our review ( !        
,syn!tic ,philosophy by po9t+  out t !  
e?ical doctr9e con/itut+ ! culm9ation ( 
! sy/em  :i* is set =? 9 ! ,pr9ciples ( 
,e?ics is fundam5tally a  correct$ &    
elaborat$ v]sion ( ! doctr9e prop\nd$ 9 
,social  ,/atics issu$ z long ago z     
#ahej4 ,! correspond5ce betwe5 ! two    
works is %[n n only by ! co9cid5ce ( _! 
con/ructive  divisions1 b also by !     
agreem5t ( _! c>d9al ideas4 ,z 9 !  "o1 
s 9 ! o!r1 ,man1 9 common ) l[]         
creatures1 is held to be  capable (     
indef9ite *ange by adaptation to        
conditions4 ,9 bo? he is  reg>d$ z      
und]go+ trans=mation f a nature         

appropriate to 8  aborig9al wild life1  
to a nature appropriate to a settl$     
civiliz$  life2 & 9 bo? ?is trans=mation
 is describ$ z a m\ld+ into a  =m fitt$ 
= h>moni\s co-op]ation4 ,9 bo? works1   
too1 ?is  m\ld+ is said to be effect$ by
 ! repression ( c]ta9 primitive  traits 
no long] ne$$1 & ! developm5t ( ne$ful  
traits4 ,z 9  ! fir/ "w1 s 9 ?is la/1 ! 
great factor 9 ! progressive            
modification is %[n to be sympa?y4 ,x 0 
cont5d$ 9 ,social  ,/atics1 z x is      
cont5d$ 9 ! ,pr9ciples ( ,e?ics1 t      
h>moni\s social co-op]ation implies t   
limitation ( individual  fre$om :i*     
results f sympa!tic reg>d = ! fre$oms ( 
o!rs2 & t ! law ( equal fre$om is ! law 
9 con=mity to  :i* equitable individual 
conduct & equitable social arrangem5ts  
co-exi/4 ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s !ory 9 #ahej 01 z
 8 !ory /ill is1 t  ! m5tal products (  
,sympa?y :i* con/itute :at is call$ !   
moral s5se1 arise z fa/ z m5 are        
discipl9$ into social life2 &  t along )
 !m arise intellectual p]ceptions ( "r  

human  relations1 :i* become cle>] z !  
=m ( social life becomes  bett]4 ,fur!r1
 9 ! e>li] "w x 0 inf]r$1 z x is inf]r$ 
9 ! late/1 t !re is be+ effect$ a       
conciliation ( individual  natures )    
social requirem5ts2 s t !re w ev5tually 
be  a*iev$ ! greate/ individuation1     
along ) ! greate/ mutual  dep5d5ce1--an 
equilibrium ( su* k9d t ea*1 9 fulfill+ 
!  wants ( 8 own life1 w aid 9 fulfill+ 
! wants ( all o!r  lives4 ,we obs]ve1   
f9ally1 t1 9 ! fir/ "w1 !re 7 drawn     
ess5tially ! same coroll>ies respect+ ! 
rights ( individuals  & _! relations to 
! ,/ate t are drawn 9 ! ,pr9ciples  (   
,e?ics4    ,a ^w may be said 9          
conclusion ab\t ! diff]5ce betwe5 !     
relation ( ,mr4 ,sp5c] on ! "o h& &     
,d>w9 on ! o!r to !  ?\ght ( ! ,n9ete5? 
,c5tury4 ,! fact is n to be lo/ sight ( 
t ! pr9ciples ( ! ,evolution>y1 or1 z   
,mr4 ,sp5c] pref]s to  t]m x1 !         
,syn!tic1 philosophy 7 =mulat$ be=e !   
publication ( ! ,orig9 ( ,species4 ,:at 
! ultimately g5]al  acceptance ( ! !ory 

prop\nd$ 9 ,d>w9's "w did = ,mr4 ,sp5c] 
0 precisely ?is3 x greatly /r5g!n$ !    
biological evid5ce =  ! evolution>y     
hypo!sis4 ,t hypo!sis 0 upheld1 h[ev]1  
by  evid5ce drawn n m]ely f biology1 b f
 _m o!r s\rces4  ,moreov]1 :ile !       
,d>w9ian !ory ( natural selection1      
supplem5t$  z x 0 by ! adoption ( !     
,lam>kian factors1--! effect ( use  &   
disuse & ! assum$ transmissibility (    
acquir$  "*1--m]ely attempt$ to expla9 !
 mode 9 :i* ! *anges 9  organic life h  
tak5 place ^u ! e>?1 ! evolution>y      
hypo!sis put =? by ,mr4 ,sp5c] pr(ess$  
to be applicable to !  :ole sph]e ( !   
kn[able4 ,x is fur!r to be borne 9 m9d t
 ,mr4  ,sp5c] has devot$ a l>ge "p ( 8  
life to trac+ 9 detail !  applications (
 8 fundam5tal pr9ciples to social1      
political1  religi\s1 & e?ical ph5om5a4 
,d>w91 on ! o!r h&1 /rictly  conf9$     
himself to ! biological field1 & left to
 disciples ! task  ( indicat+ ! be>+ ( !
 ,d>w9ian !ory ^u sociology1  !ology1 & 
morals4      ,,au?orities4    ,!        

,complete ,works ( ,h]b]t ,sp5c] 7,!    
,syn!tic ,philosophy74    ,also1 ,facts 
& ,comm5ts1 by ,h]b]t ,sp5c]            
7,appleton's74    ,john ,fiske's        
,outl9es ( ,cosmic ,philosophy4         
,f4,h4 ,coll9s's ,epitome ( ! ,syn!tic  
,philosophy4    ,a4,d4 ,:ite's ,h]b]t   
,sp5c]3 ,! ,completion ( ! ,syn!tic     
,philosophy4          ,,*>les ,,rob]t   
,,d>w94      #ahji-ahhb2    ,,8 ,,place 
,,9 ,,mod]n ,,sci5ce4    ,,by ,,mayo ,w4
 ,,hazelt9e4      ,!re is no d\bt t1 by 
! judgm5t ( a l>ge majority (  sci5ti/s1
 ! place ( pre-em95ce 9 ! hi/ory (      
sci5ce dur+  ! n9ete5? c5tury %\ld be   
assign$ to ,*>les ,rob]t ,d>w94 ,!  !ory
 associat$ ) 8 "n des]ves to be call$   
epo*-mak+4 ,!  ,d>w9ian hypo!sis1 inde$1
 %\ld n be conf\nd$ ) ! cosmic  !ory (  
,evolution :i* 0 =mulat$ e>li] &        
indep5d5tly by  ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 &        
support$ by _m argum5ts drawn f s\rces  
outside ! field ( natural hi/ory4 ,!    
specific m]it ( !  ,d>w9ian hypo!sis is 
t x furni%es a rational & almo/         

univ]sally accept$ explanation ( ! mode 
9 :i* *anges h tak5  place 9 !          
developm5t ( organic life ^u ! e>?4 ,) !
  possible cosmical applications ( 8    
!ory ,d>w9 did n conc]n  himself1 ?\gh !
 be>+ ( 8 hypo!sis ^u wid] problems 0 at
  once disc]n$1 & has be5 set =? by     
,sp5c] & o!rs4 ,be=e  /at+1 h[ev]1 !    
conclusions at :i* ,d>w9 arriv$ 9 8     
,orig9  ( ,species1 ! ,desc5t ( ,man1 & 
o!r writ+s1 & be=e  indicat+ ! ext5t to 
:i* ^! conclusions h be5 adopt$1 we     
%\ld say a ^w ab\t 8 int]e/+1 amiable1 &
 exempl>y  p]sonality4 ,conc]n+ 8       
private life1 !re is no lack (          
in=mation4 ,he himself wrote an         
autobiographical sket* :i* has be5      
amplifi$ by 8 son ,francis ,d>w91 &     
supplem5t$ ) num]\s  extracts f 8       
correspond5ce4        ,i4    ,*>les     
,rob]t ,d>w9 0 born at ,%rewsbury1 ,feb4
 #ab1 #ahji4 ,8 "m  0 a daught] (       
,josiah ,w$gwood1 ! well-kn[n ,/af=d%ire
 pott]1  & 8 fa!r1 ,dr4 ,rob]t ,w>+     
,d>w91 0 a son ( ,erasmus ,d>w91        

celebrat$ 9 ! eighte5? c5tury z a       
physician1 a naturali/1 & a  poet4 ,x is
 a curi\s fact t 9 "s ( 8 speculations  
,erasmus  ,d>w9 anticipat$ ! views t\*+ 
! evolution ( organic life  subsequ5tly 
ann\nc$ by ,lam>ck1 & ultimately        
incorporat$ by  ,*>les ,d>w9 9 ! !ory t 
be>s 8 "n4 ,! only ta/e k9dr$  to       
natural hi/ory :i* ,dr4 ,d>w9 possess$ 9
 common ) 8 fa!r  & 8 son 0 a love (    
plants4 ,! g>d5 ( 8 h\se 9 ,%rewsbury1  
:]e ,*>les ,d>w9 sp5t 8 boyhood1 0 fill$
 ) ornam5tal  trees & %rubs1 z well z   
fruit-trees4    ,:5 ,*>les ,d>w9 0 ab\t 
eight ye>s old1 he 0 s5t to a           
day-s*ool1 & x seems t ev5 at ?is "t 8  
ta/e = natural  hi/ory1 & especially =  
collect+ %ells & m9]als1 0 well         
develop$4 ,9 ! summ] ( #ahah he ent]$   
,dr4 ,butl]'s great s*ool 9  ,%rewsbury1
 well kn[n to ! amateur mak]s ( ,lat9   
v]se by !  volume entitl$ ,sabr9ae      
,corolla4 ,he express$ ! op9ion 9 lat]  
life t no?+ c\ld h be5 worse = !        
developm5t ( 8 m9d  ?an ?is s*ool1 z x 0

 /rictly classical1 no?+ else be+       
taught except a little anci5t biography 
& hi/ory4 ,dur+ 8 :ole  life he 0       
s+ul>ly incapable ( ma/]+ any language4 
,) respect  to sci5ce1 he cont9u$       
collect+ m9]als ) mu* zeal1 & aft]      
read+ ,:ite's ,selborne he took mu*     
pleasure 9 wat*+ ! habits  ( birds4     
,t[>ds ! close ( 8 s*ool life he became 
deeply  int]e/$ 9 *emi/ry1 & 0 all[$ to 
assi/ 8 eld] bro!r 9  "s laboratory     
exp]im5ts4 ,9 ,octob]1 #ahbe1 he proce$$
 to ,ed9burgh  ,univ]sity1 :]e he /ay$ =
 two ye>s4 ,he f\nd ! lectures          
intol]ably dull1 ) ! exception ( ^? on  
*emi/ry4 ,curi\sly  en\gh1 :ile walk+ "o
 day ) a fell[-und]graduate1 ! latt]    
bur/ =? 9 high admiration ( ,lam>ck & 8 
views on evolution4 ,s  f> z ,d>w9 c\ld 
aft]w>ds judge1 no impression 0 made ^u 
8  own m9d4 ,he _h previ\sly read 8     
gr&fa!r's ,zonomia1 9 :i*  simil> views 
_h be5 prop\nd$1 b no disc]nible effect 
_h be5  produc$ ^u him4 ,nev]!less1 x is
 probable en\gh t ! he>+  r e>ly 9 life 

su* views ma9ta9$ & prais$ may h favor$ 
8 uphold+ !m "u a diff]5t =m 9 ! ,orig9 
( ,species4    ,:ile at ,ed9burgh1 ,d>w9
 0 a memb] ( ! ,pl9ian ,society1 & read 
a c\ple ( pap]s on "s obs]vations 9     
natural hi/ory4 ,aft] two  sessions _h  
be5 sp5t at ,ed9burgh1 ,d>w9's fa!r     
p]ceiv$ t !  "y man did n l ! ?\ght (   
be+ a physician1 & propos$  t he %\ld   
become a cl]gyman4 ,9 pursuance ( ?is   
proposal1 he  w5t to ! ,univ]sity (     
,cambridge 9 #ahbh1 & ?ree ye>s lat]    
took  a ,b4,a4 degree4 ,9 8             
autobiography ! op9ion is express$ t at 
,cambridge 8 "t 0 wa/$4 ,x 0 !re1 h[ev]1
 t he became  intimately acqua9t$ )     
,pr(essor ,h5sl[1 a man ( rem>kable     
acquirem5ts 9 botany1 entomology1       
*emi/ry1 m9]alogy1 & geology4  ,dur+ 8  
la/ ye> at ,cambridge ,d>w9 read ) c>e &
 int]e/  ,humboldt's ,p]sonal ,n>rative1
 & ,sir ,john ,h]s*el's ,introduction   
to ! ,/udy ( ,natural ,philosophy4 ,^!  
books influ5c$ him  pr(\ndly1 ar\s+ 9   
him a burn+ desire to make ev5 ! mo/    

humble contribution to ! /ructure (     
natural sci5ce4 ,at ,h5sl['s  sugge/ion 
he began ! /udy ( biology1 & 9 #ahca    
accompani$  ,pr(essor ,s$gwick 9 !      
latt]'s inve/igations among/ ! old]     
rocks 9 ,nor? ,wales4    ,x 0 ,pr(essor 
,h5sl[ :o secur$ = "y ,d>w9 ! appo9tm5t 
(  naturali/ to ! voyage ( ! ,beagle4   
,?is voyage la/$ f ,dec4  #bg1 #ahca1 to
 ,oct4 #b1 #ahcf4 ,! incid5ts ( ?is     
voyage w be f\nd  set =? 9 ,d>w9's      
,public ,j\rneys4 ,! obs]vations made by
 him 9  geology1 natural hi/ory1 &      
botany gave him a place ( consid]able   
di/9ction among sci5tific m54 ,9 #ahdd  
he publi%$ a s]ies (  obs]vations on !  
volcanic isl&s visit$ dur+ ! voyage ( ! 
,beagle1 & two ye>s lat] ,geological    
,obs]vations on ,s\?  ,am]ica4 ,^! two  
books1 toge!r ) a volume entitl$ ,coral 
,reefs1 requir$ f\r & a half ye>s' /eady
 "w4 ,9 ,octob]1 #ahdf1  he began !     
/udies embodi$ 9 ,cirrip$ia 7b>nacles74 
,! outcome  ( ^! /udies 0 publi%$ 9 two 
?ick volumes4 ,! "t came :5  ,d>w9 d\bt$

 :e!r ! "w 0 wor? ! consumption ( ! "t  
employ$1 b probably x prov$ ( use to him
 :5 he _h to discuss 9  ! ,orig9 (      
,species ! pr9ciples ( a natural        
classification4 ,f  ,septemb]1 #ahed1 & 
dur+ ! f\r ensu+ ye>s1 ,d>w9 devot$     
himself to obs]v+ & exp]im5t+ 9 relation
 to ! transmutation  ( species1 & 9     
arrang+ a huge pile ( notes ^u !        
subject4 ,z  e>ly z ,octob]1 #ahch1 x _h
 occurr$ to him z probable1 or at lea/  
possible1 t amid ! /ruggle = exi/5ce :i*
 ev]y:]e goes on  9 ! animal _w1        
favorable v>iations w\ld t5d to be      
pres]v$1  & unfavorable ones to be      
de/roy$4 ,! result w\ld be ! =mation  ( 
new species4    ,x 0 n until ,june1     
#ahdb1 h[ev]1 t ,d>w9 all[$ himself !   
satisfaction ( writ+ a v brief ab/ract (
 8 !ory 9  ?irty-five pages4 ,?is 0     
enl>g$ two ye>s lat] into "o ( #bcj     
pages4 ,e>ly 9 #ahef1 ,sir ,*>les       
,lyell1 ! well-kn[n geologi/1  advis$   
him to write out 8 views ^u ! subject   
fully1 & ,d>w9  began to d s on a scale 

?ree or f\r times z ext5sive z t :i*  0 
aft]w>ds foll[$ 9 8 ,orig9 ( ,species4  
,he got ?r\gh ab\t  half ! "w on ?is    
scale4 ,8 plans 7 ov]?r[n1 ow+ to !     
curi\s circum/ance t1 9 ! summ] ( #aheh1
 ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,e4 ,wallace1  :o 0 !n 9 ! 
,malay ar*ipelago1 s5t him an essay ,on 
!  ,t5d5cy ( ,v>ieties to dep>t         
indef9itely f ! ,orig9al ,type4 ,x      
turn$ out ^u p]usal t ?is essay conta9$ 
exactly ! same  !ory z t :i* ,d>w9 0    
engag$ 9 elaborat+4 ,mr4 ,wallace       
express$ ! wi% t1 if ,d>w9 ?\ght well ( 
! essay1 he %\ld  s5d x to ,lyell4 ,x 0 
,sir ,*>les ,lyell & ,sir ,joseph ,hook]
 :o  insi/$ t ,d>w9 %\ld all[ an ab/ract
 f 8 manuscript1  toge!r ) a lett] to   
,pr(4 ,asa ,gray1 dat$ ,sept4 #e1 #aheg1
 to be  publi%$ at ! same "t )          
,wallace's essay4 ,d>w9 0 unwill+ to    
take ?is c\rse1 be+ !n unacqua9t$ ) ,mr4
 ,wallace's g5]\s  disposition4 ,z a    
matt] ( fact1 ! jo9t productions excit$ 
v  little att5tion1 & ! only publi%$    
notice ( !m ass]t$ t  :at 0 new 9 !m 0  

false1 & t :at 0 true 0 old4 ,f !       
indiff]5ce ev9c$ to ! pap]s :i* fir/    
prop\nd$ ! !ory (  natural selection1   
,d>w9 drew ! inf]5ce t x is necess>y =  
any new view to be expla9$ at           
consid]able l5g? 9 ord] to obta9  !     
public e>4    ,9 ,septemb]1 #aheh1      
,d>w91 at ! e>ne/ advice ( ,lyell &     
,hook]1  set to "w to prep>e a volume on
 ! transmutation ( species4 ,!  book co/
 him m ?an ?irte5 mon?s' h>d labor4 ,x 0
 publi%$ 9  ,novemb]1 #ahei1 "u ! title 
( ,orig9 ( ,species4 ,?is1 :i*  ,d>w9   
ju/ly reg>d$ z ! *ief "w ( 8 life1 0 f !
 fir/  highly successful4 ,! fir/       
edition 0 sold on ! day ( publication1  
& ! book 0 pres5tly translat$ into almo/
 e ,european tongue4  ,d>w9 himself     
attribut$ ! success ( ! ,orig9 9 l>ge "p
 to  8 hav+ previ\sly writt5 two cond5s$
 sket*es1 & to 8 hav+  f9ally made an   
ab/ract ( a mu* l>g] manuscript1 :i*    
itself 0  an ab/ract4 ,by ?is w9n[+     
process he _h be5 enabl$ to select !  m 
/rik+ facts & conclusions4 ,z to !      

curr5t ass]tion t  ! ,orig9 succe$$     
because ! subject 0 9 ! air1 or because 
m5's m9ds 7 prep>$ = x1 ,d>w9 0 dispos$ 
to d\bt :e!r  ?is 0 /rictly true4 ,9    
previ\s ye>s he _h occasionally s\nd$  n
 a few naturali/s1 & _h nev] come across
 a s+le "o :o seem$  to d\bt ab\t !     
p]man5ce ( species4 ,probably m5's m9ds 
7  prep>$ 9 ?is s5se1 t innum]able      
well-v]ifi$ facts 7 /or$  away 9 !      
memories ( naturali/s1 ready to take _! 
prop] places  z soon z any !ory :i* w\ld
 acc\nt = !m %\ld be /rongly  support$4 
,d>w9 himself ?\ght t he ga9$ mu* by a  
delay 9  publi%+1 f ab\t #ahci1 :5 !    
,d>w9ian !ory 0 cle>ly  conceiv$1 to    
#ahei2 & t he lo/ no?+1 because he c>$ v
  little :e!r m5 attribut$ mo/          
orig9ality to him or to ,wallace4       
,d>w9's ,v>iation ( ,animals & ,plants  
"u ,dome/ication 0 begun  9 #ahfj1 b 0 n
 publi%$ till #ahfh4 ,! book 0 a big "o1
 &  co/ him f\r ye>s & two mon?s' h>d   
labor4 ,x gives 9 ! fir/  volume all 8  
p]sonal obs]vations1 & an imm5se numb] (

 facts1  collect$ f v>i\s s\rces1 ab\t  
dome/ic productions1 animal &           
vegetable4 ,9 ! second volume ! causes &
 laws ( v>iation1  inh]itance1 etc41 are
 discuss$4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! "w is       
prop\nd$ ! hypo!sis ( ,pang5esis1 :i*   
has be5 g5]ally  reject$1 & :i* ! au?or 
himself look$ ^u z unv]ifi$1  al?\gh by 
x a rem>kable numb] ( isolat$ facts c\ld
 be connect$  toge!r & r5d]$            
intelligible4    ,! ,desc5t ( ,man 0    
publi%$ 9 ,febru>y1 #ahga4 ,t\*+ ?is    
"w1 ,d>w9 has told u t1 z soon z he _h  
become 79 #ahcg or  #ahch7 conv9c$ t    
species 7 mutable productions1 he c\ld n
  avoid ! belief t man mu/ come "u !    
same law4 ,accord+ly1 he  collect$ notes
 on ! subject = 8 own satisfaction1 & n 
= a  long "t ) any int5tion ( publi%+4  
,9 ! ,orig9 ( ,species1  ! d]ivation (  
any p>ticul> species is nev] discuss$2 b
 9  ord] t no honorable man %\ld accuse 
him ( conceal+ 8 views1  ,d>w9 _h ?\ght 
x be/ to add t by t "w1 light w\ld be   
?r[n on ! orig9 ( man & 8 hi/ory4 ,x    

w\ld h imp$$ !  acceptance ( ! !ory (   
natural selection if ,d>w9 _h p>ad$1    
)\t giv+ any evid5ce1 8 conviction )    
respect to man's  orig94 ,:5 he f\nd1   
h[ev]1 t _m naturali/s accept$ 8        
doctr9e ( ! evolution ( species1 x seem$
 to him advisable to "w  up su* notes z 
he possess$1 & to publi% a special      
treatise on !  orig9 ( man4 ,he 0 ! m   
glad to d s1 z x gave him an            
opportunity ( discuss+ at l5g? sexual   
selection1 a subject :i*  _h always     
int]e/$ him4    ,d>w9's book on !       
,expression ( ,emotion 9 ,m5 & ,animals 
0  publi%$ 9 ! autumn ( #ahgb4 ,?is _h  
be5 int5d$ to =m a  *apt] on ! subject 9
 ! ,desc5t ( ,man1 b z soon z ,d>w9     
began to put 8 notes toge!r he saw t x  
w\ld require a sep>ate  treatise4 ,9    
,july1 #ahge1 appe>$ ! book on          
,insectivor\s ,plants4  ,! fact t a     
plant %\ld secrete1 :5 prop]ly excit$1 a
 fluid  conta9+ an acid & f]m5t closely 
analog\s to ! dige/ive fluid  ( an      
animal1 0 c]ta9ly a rem>kable discov]y4 

,9 ! autumn (  #ahgf appe>$ ,! ,effects 
( ,cross & ,self ,f]tilization1 a "w 9  
:i* are describ$ ! endless & wond]ful   
contrivances = !  transportation ( poll5
 f "o plant to ano!r ( ! same species4  
,ab\t ! same "t 0 br\ght out an enl>g$  
edition ( !  ,f]tilization ( ,or*ids1   
orig9ally publi%$ 9 #ahfb4 ,among !     
m9or works issu$ dur+ ! lat] ye>s (     
,d>w9's life may be  m5tion$ p>ticul>ly 
! little book on ,! ,=mation (          
,vegetable  ,m\ld ?r\gh ! ,action (     
,worms4 ,?is 0 ! outgr[? ( a %ort  pap] 
read be=e ! ,geological ,society m ?an  
f\rte5  ye>s be=e4    ,9 ord] to        
appreciate ! enorm\s am\nt ( rese>*     
accompli%$ by  ,*>les ,d>w91 x is ne$ful
 to keep 9 m9d ! conditions (  ill-heal?
 "u :i* almo/ cont9ually he work$4 ,=   
ne>ly =ty  ye>s he nev] knew "o day ( ! 
heal? ( ord9>y m54 ,8 life 0  "o long   
/ruggle aga9/ ! we>9ess & dra9 (        
sickness4 ,dur+  8 la/ t5 ye>s !re 7    
signs ( am5dm5t 9 sev]al p>ticul>s1  b a
 loss ( physical vigor 0 app>5t4 ,writ+ 

to a fri5d 9 #ahha1  he compla9$ t he no
 long] _h ! he>t or /r5g? to beg9 any   
prolong$ inve/igations4 ,9 ,febru>y &   
,m>*1 #ahhb1 he frequ5tly  exp]i5c$     
attacks ( pa9 9 ! region ( ! he>t1      
att5d$ )  irregul>ity ( ! pulse4 ,on    
,april #ah he fa9t$1 & 0 br\ght back  to
 consci\sness ) great difficulty4 ,he   
seem$ to recognize !  approa* ( dea?1 & 
said1 ,i am n ! lea/ afraid to die4 ,on 
!  aft]noon ( ,w$nesday1 ,april #ai1 he 
pass$ away4 ,on ,april #bf he 0  int]r$ 
9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey4 ,! fun]al 0 att5d$ by
  repres5tatives ( ,france1 ,g]many1    
,italy1 ,spa91 & ,russia1 & by          
delegates ( ! univ]sities & le>n$       
societies ( :i* he _h be5  a memb]4     
,among ! pall-be>]s 7 ,sir ,john        
,lubbock1 ,sir ,joseph  ,hook]1         
,pr(essor ,huxley1 ,mr4 ,a4,r4 ,wallace1
 ,mr4 ,james ,russell ,l[ell1  ! ,duke (
 ,argyll1 & ! ,duke ( ,devon%ire4 ,!    
grave is  appropriately plac$ 9 ! nor?  
aisle ( ! nave1 only a few feet  f ! la/
 re/+-place ( ,sir ,isaac ,newton4      

,,ii4    ,an outl9e ( ,d>w9's p]sonality
 w\ld n be complete )\t a  glance at "s 
( 8 m5tal *>act]i/ics1 & at 8 attitude  
t[>d  religion4 ,( 8 intellectual p[]s1 
he himself speaks )  extraord9>y mode/y 
9 8 autobiography4 ,he po9ts out t he   
always  exp]i5c$ mu* difficulty 9       
express+ himself cle>ly & concisely1  b 
he op9es t ?is v difficulty may h _h !  
comp5sat+  advantage ( =c+ him to ?9k   
long & int5tly ab\t e  s5t5ce1 & ?us    
enabl+ him to detect errors 9 reason+ & 
9 8  own obs]vations1 or 9 ^? ( o!rs4   
,he disclaim$ ! possession (  any great 
quickness ( appreh5sion or wit1 su* z   
di/+ui%$  ,huxley4 ,he prote/$1 also1 t 
8 p[] to foll[ a long & purely  ab/ract 
tra9 ( ?\ght 0 v limit$1 = :i* reason he
 felt  c]ta9 t he nev] c\ld h succe$$ ) 
metaphysics or  ma!matics4 ,8 memory1   
too1 he describ$ z ext5sive1 b hazy4 ,s 
poor 9 "o s5se 0 x t he nev] c\ld       
rememb] = m ?an a  few days a s+le date 
or a l9e ( poetry4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he did 
n accept z well f\nd$ ! *>ge made by "s 

( 8 critics t1  :ile he 0 a good obs]v]1
 he _h no p[] ( reason+4 ,?is1 he       
?\ght1 c\ld n be true1 because ! ,orig9 
( ,species is "o long  argum5t f !      
beg9n+ to ! end1 & has conv9c$ _m able  
m54 ,no "o1 he submits1 c\ld h writt5 x 
)\t possess+ "s  p[] ( reason+4 ,he 0   
will+ to ass]t t ,i h a fair %>e  (     
inv5tion1 & ( common s5se or judgm5t1   
su* z e fairly  successful lawy] or     
doctor mu/ h1 b n1 ,i believe1 9 any    
high]  degree4 ,he adds humbly t p]haps 
he 0 sup]ior to ! common run  ( m5 9    
notic+ ?+s :i* easily escape att5tion1 &
 9  obs]v+ !m c>efully4    ,writ+ 9 !   
la/ ye> ( 8 life1 he express$ ! op9ion t
 9  two or ?ree respects 8 m9d _h *ang$ 
dur+ ! prec$+ tw5ty  or ?irty ye>s4 ,up 
to ! age ( ?irty or beyond x poetry ( _m
  k9ds gave him great pleasure4 ,=m]ly1 
too1 pictures _h giv5 him  consid]able1 
& music v great1 delight4 ,9 #ahha1     
h[ev]1 he said3  ,n[ = _m ye>s ,i _c    
endure to read a l9e ( poetry2 ,i h     
tri$ lately to read ,%akspe>e1 & f\nd x 

s intol]ably dull t  x nauseat$ me4 ,i h
 also almo/ lo/ my ta/e = pictures or   
music4  ,music g5]ally sets me ?9k+ too 
en]getically ( :at ,i h be5  at "w on1  
in/ead ( giv+ me pleasure4 ,i reta9 "s  
ta/e = f9e  sc5]y1 b x does n cause me !
 exquisite delight :i* x  =m]ly did4    
,d>w9 0 conv9c$ t ! loss ( ^! ta/es 0  n
 only a loss ( happ9ess1 b might        
possibly be injuri\s to !  intellect1 & 
m probably to ! moral "*1 by enfeebl+ ! 
emotional side ( "o's nature4 ,s f> z he
 c\ld judge1 8 m9d _h  become 9 8 lat]  
ye>s a k9d ( ma*9e = gr9d+ g5]al laws   
out ( l>ge collections ( facts1 & t     
atrophy _h tak5 place 9  t "p ( ! bra9  
on :i* ! high] ae/hetic ta/es dep5d4    
,curi\sly en\gh1 h[ev]1 he reta9$ 8     
reli% = novels1 & =  books on hi/ory1   
biography1 & travels4    ,x is well kn[n
 t ,d>w9 0 extremely retic5t ) reg>d to 
8  religi\s views4 ,he believ$ t a man's
 religion 0 ess5tially a  private matt]4
 ,repeat$ attempts 7 made to draw him   
out ^u !  subject1 & "s ( ^! 7 p>tially 

successful4 ,writ+ to a ,dut*  /ud5t 9  
#ahgc1 he said3 ,i may say t !          
impossibility (  conceiv+ t ?is gr& &   
wondr\s univ]se1 ) our consci\s  selves1
 arose ?r\gh *ance seems to me ! *ief   
argum5t = !  exi/5ce ( ,god2 b :e!r ?is 
is an argum5t ( real value ,i h  nev]   
be5 able to decide4 ,i am aw>e t if we  
admit a ,fir/ ,cause1  ! m9d /ill craves
 to "k :5ce x came & h[ x arose4 ,nor c 
,i  ov]look ! difficulty f ! imm5se     
am\nt ( suff]+ ?r\gh !  _w4 ,i am also  
induc$ to def] to a c]ta9 ext5t to !    
judgm5t (  ! _m able m5 :o h fully      
believ$ 9 ,god2 b "h aga9 ,i see  h[    
poor an argum5t ?is is4 ,! safe/        
conclusion seems to me t  ! :ole subject
 is beyond ! scope ( man's intellect2 b 
man c d  8 duty4 ,to que/ions put by a  
,g]man /ud5t 9 #ahgi1 he repli$3        
,sci5ce has no?+ to d ) ,*ri/1 except 9 
s f> z ! habit (  sci5tific rese>* makes
 a man cauti\s 9 admitt+ evid5ce4 ,=    
myself ,i d n believe t !re ev] has be5 
any revelation4 ,z =  a future life1 e  

man mu/ judge = himself betwe5 conflict+
  vague probabilities4 ,9 ! same ye> he 
told ano!r correspond5t3  ,9 my mo/     
extreme fluctuations ,i h nev] be5 an   
a!i/ 9 !  s5se ( d5y+ ! exi/5ce ( a     
,god4 ,i ?9k t g5]ally 7&  m & m z ,i   
gr[ old]71 b n always1 t an ,agno/ic    
w\ld  be ! m correct description ( my   
/ate ( m9d4 ,8 late/ view is  indicat$ 9
 a lett] dat$ ,july #c1 #ahha4 ,"h he   
express$ ! inw>d  conviction t ! univ]se
 is n ! result ( *ance4 ,he adds1       
h[ev]3 ,b1 !n1 ) me ! horrid d\bt always
 arises :e!r !  convictions ( man's m9d1
 :i* has be5 develop$ f ! m9d ( !  l[]  
animals1 are ( any value1 or at all     
tru/wor?y4 ,w\ld any "o  tru/ !         
convictions 9 a monkey's m9d1 if !re are
 any convictions  9 su* a m9d8 ,! ,duke 
( ,argyll has record$ ! few words on !  
subject spok5 by ,d>w9 9 ! la/ ye> ( 8  
life4 ,! ,duke said  t x 0 impossible to
 look at ! wond]ful contrivances =      
c]ta9 purposes 9 nature1 & fail to      
recognize t !y 7 !  effect & !          

expression ( m9d4 ,d>w9 look$ at ! ,duke
 v h>d1  & said1 ,well1 t (t5 comes ov] 
me ) ov]:elm+ =ce2 b  at o!r times--"h  
he %ook 8 head vaguely--x seems to g    
away4        ,,iii4    ,we pass to a    
consid]ation ( ,d>w9's ma/]works1 !     
,orig9 (  ,species1 ! ,v>iation (       
,animals & ,plants "u ,dome/ication1 &  
! ,desc5t ( ,man4 ,be=e indicat+ !      
conclusions rea*$ 9 !  fir/ ( ^! works1 
we %\ld po9t out to :at ext5t ,d>w9 _h  
be5  prec$$ by diss5t]s f ! belief once 
almo/ univ]sally  ent]ta9$ by biologi/s 
t species 7 indep5d5tly creat$1 &1  once
 creat$1 7 immutable4 ,lam>ck 0 ! fir/  
naturali/ ^:  div]g5t views ^u ! subject
 excit$ mu* att5tion4 ,9 writ+s  publi%$
 at v>i\s dates f #ahja to #ahae1 he    
upheld ! doctr9e  t all species1 includ+
 man1 are desc5d$ f o!r species4 ,he    
pron\nc$ x probable t all *anges 9 !    
organic1 z well z 9  ! inorganic _w1 7 !
 result ( law1 & n ( miracul\s          
int]position4 ,he seems to h be5 l$ to 8
 op9ion t ! *ange  ( species _h be5     

gradual by ! difficulty exp]i5c$ 9      
di/+ui%+ species f v>ieties by ! almo/  
p]fect gradation (  =ms 9 c]ta9 gr\ps1 &
 by ! analogy ( dome/ic productions4  ,)
 respect to ! means ( modification1 he  
attribut$ some?+ to  ! direct action ( !
 physical conditions ( life1 some?+ to !
  cross+ ( already exi/+ =ms1 & mu* to  
use & disuse1 or1 9  o!r words1 to !    
effect ( habit4 ,f9ally1 he held t      
*>act]s  acquir$ by an exi/+ individual 
might be transmitt$ to its  (fspr+4     
,9 #ahac ,dr4 ,w4,c4 ,wells read be=e ! 
,royal ,society ,an ,acc\nt ( a  ,:ite  
,female1 ,"p ( ^: ,sk9 resembles t ( a  
,negro4 ,9 ?is  pap] ! au?or di/9ctly   
recogniz$ ! pr9ciple ( natural          
selection1 b appli$ x only to ! races ( 
man1 & 9 man only to  c]ta9 *>act]s4    
,aft] rem>k+ t negroes & mulattoes enjoy
 an  immunity f c]ta9 tropical diseases1
 he obs]v$1 fir/1 t all  animals t5d to 
v>y 9 "s degree1 &1 secondly1 t         
agriculturali/s improve _! dome/icat$   
animals by selection4 ,he  add$ t :at is

 done 9 ! latt] case by art seems to be 
done )  equal efficacy1 ?\gh m sl[ly1 by
 nature 9 ! =mation (  v>ieties ( mank9d
 fitt$ = ! c\ntries :i* !y inhabit4     
,aga9  9 #ahca ,mr4 ,patrick ,mat!w     
publi%$ a "w on ,naval ,timb] &         
,arboriculture1 9 :i* he put =?         
precisely ! same view  conc]n+ ! orig9 (
 species z t prop\nd$ by ,mr4 ,wallace &
  by ,d>w94 ,un=tunately = himself1 !   
view 0 cursorily sugge/$  9 scatt]$     
passages ( an app5dix to a "w on a      
diff]5t subject1  s t x rema9$ unnotic$ 
until ,mr4 ,mat!w himself drew att5tion 
to x 9 #ahfj1 aft] ! publication ( !    
,orig9 ( ,species4 ,we  obs]ve f9ally t 
,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 9 an essay publi%$ 9
 #aheb1  & republi%$ six ye>s lat]1     
contra/$ ! !ories ( ! creation  & !     
developm5t ( organic be+s4 ,he argu$ f !
 analogy (  dome/ic productions1 f !    
*anges :i* ! embryos ( _m species       
und]go1 f ! difficulty ( di/+ui%+       
species & v>ieties1  & f ! pr9ciple (   
g5]al gradation1 t species h be5        

modifi$2 & he attribut$ ! modification  
to ! *ange (  circum/ances4    ,! two   
volumes compris+ ! ,orig9 ( ,species    
con/itute1 z !  au?or said1 "o long     
argum5t4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 impossible 9 ! 
space at our comm& to recapitulate 9    
detail ev5 ! lead+ facts  & inf]5ces :i*
 are br\ght =w>d to prove t species h   
be5  modifi$ dur+ a long c\rse ( desc5t4
 ,we mu/ conf9e ourselves to a  succ9ct 
/atem5t ( ! au?or's g5]al conclusions4  
,:at he  und]takes to prove is t !      
modification ( species dur+ a long      
c\rse ( desc5t has be5 effect$ *iefly   
?r\gh ! natural  selection ( num]\s     
successive slight favorable v>iations1  
aid$ 9  an important mann] by ! inh]it$ 
effects ( ! use & disuse (  p>ts2 & 9 an
 unimportant mann]1--t is1 9 relation to
 adaptive  /ructures1 :e!r pa/ or       
pres5t1 by ! direct action ( ext]nal    
conditions1 & by v>iations :i* seem to  
u1 9 our ignorance1 to  arise           
spontane\sly4 ,x %\ld be obs]v$ t ,d>w9 
does n  attribute ! modification        

exclusively to natural selection4 ,:at  
he  ass]ts is3 ,i am conv9c$ t natural  
selection has be5 ! ma91  b n !         
exclusive1 means ( modification4 ,he    
submits t a false  !ory w\ld h>dly      
expla9 9 s satisfactory a mann] z does !
  !ory ( natural selection ! sev]al l>ge
 classes ( facts  m>%all$ 9 ! two       
volumes n[ "u review4 ,if x be object$ t
  ?is is an unsafe me?od ( argu+1 ,d>w9 
rejo9s t x is a me?od  usual 9 judg+ ( !
 common ev5ts ( life1 & has (t5 be5 us$ 
by ! greate/ natural philosoph]s4 ,!    
undulatory !ory ( light1  = in/ance1 has
 ?us be5 arriv$ at2 & ! belief 9 !      
revolution  ( ! e>? on its own axis 01  
until lately1 support$ by sc>cely  any  
direct evid5ce4 ,x is no valid objection
 to ! ,d>w9ian !ory (  ! orig9 ( species
 t sci5ce z yet ?r[s no light on ! f>   
high] problem ( ! ess5ce or orig9 (     
life4 ,nei!r has any "o  expla9$ :at is 
! ess5ce ( ! attraction ( gravity1 ?\gh 
nobody n[ objects to foll[+ out !       
results consequ5t on ?is  unkn[n elem5t 

( attraction4    ,:y1 x may be ask$1 did
 ne>ly all ! mo/ em95t naturali/s &     
geologi/s until rec5tly decl9e to       
believe 9 ! mutability (  species8 ,d>w9
 replies t ! belief t species 7         
immutable  productions 0 almo/          
unavoidable z long z ! hi/ory ( ! _w  0 
?\ght to be ( %ort duration4 ,ev5 n[ t  
we h acquir$ "s  idea ( ! lapse ( "t1 m5
 are too apt to assume )\t pro( t  !    
geological record is s p]fect t x w\ld h
 af=d$ pla9  evid5ce ( ! mutation (     
species if !y _h really und]gone        
mutation4 ,! *ief cause1 h[ev]1 ( !     
once-preval5t unwill+ness  to admit t "o
 species has giv5 bir? to o!r & di/9ct  
species  is ! fact t m5 are sl[ to admit
 great *anges ( :i* !y d  n see ! /eps4 
,! difficulty is ! same :i* 0 exp]i5c$  
by  _m geologi/s :5 ,lyell fir/ insi/$ t
 long l9es ( inl&  cliffs _h be5 =m$ &  
great valleys excavat$1 n by            
cata/rophes1  b by ! sl[-mov+ ag5cies   
:i* we see /ill at "w4 ,! human  m9d _c 
grasp ! full mean+ ( ! t]m ( ev5 a      

million ye>s2  _c add up & p]ceive !    
full effects ( _m slight v>iations      
accumulat$ dur+ an almo/ inf9ite numb] (
 g5]ations4    ,:5 ! fir/ edition ( !   
,orig9 ( ,species 0 publi%$ 9 #ahei1    
,d>w9 wrote t he by no means expect$ to 
conv9ce exp]i5c$  naturali/s ^: m9ds 7  
/ock$ ) a multitude ( facts1 all  reg>d$
 dur+ a long c\rse ( ye>s f a po9t (    
view directly  opposite to 84 ,he look$ 
=w>d ) confid5ce1 h[ev]1 to !  future1  
to "y & ris+ naturali/s1 :o w\ld be able
 to view bo?  sides ( ! "q )            
imp>tiality4 ,he pr$ict$ t1 :5 !        
conclusions rea*$ by him & by ,mr4      
,wallace conc]n+ ! orig9 (  species %\ld
 be g5]ally accept$1 !re w\ld be a      
consid]able  revolution 9 natural       
hi/ory4 ,naturali/s1 = in/ance1 w\ld be 
=c$ to ackn[l$ge t ! only di/9ction     
betwe5 species &  well-m>k$ v>ieties is 
t ! latt] are kn[n or believ$ to be     
connect$ at ! pres5t day by int]m$iate  
gradations1 :]eas species  7 =m]ly1 ?\gh
 !y are n n[1 ?us connect$4 ,x might ?us

  come to pass t =ms g5]ally ackn[l$g$ 9
 #ahei to be m]ely  v>ieties1 w\ld      
!reaft] be ?\ght wor?y ( specific names2
 9  :i* case sci5tific & common language
 w\ld come into accordance4 ,9  %ort1   
,d>w9 look$ =w>d to ! "t :5 species w\ld
 h to be  treat$ 9 ! same mann] z g5]a  
are treat$ by ^? naturali/s  :o admit t 
g5]a are m]ely artificial comb9ations   
made =  conv5i5ce4    ,d>w9 also =esaw t
 :5 8 !ory ( ! orig9 ( species %\ld  be 
adopt$1 o!r & m g5]al dep>tm5ts (       
natural hi/ory w\ld  rise greatly 9     
int]e/4 ,! t]ms us$ by naturali/s--su*  
t]ms z  aff9ity1 relation%ip1 community 
( type1 pat]nity1 morphology1  adaptive 
*>act]s1 rudim5t>y & abortive organs1   
etc4--w\ld cease  to be metaphorical1 & 
w\ld h a pla9 signification4 ,:51 he    
wrote1 we no long] look at an organic   
be+ z a savage looks at a  %ip1 z some?+
 :olly beyond 8 compreh5sion2 :5 we     
reg>d e  production ( nature z "o :i*   
has _h a long hi/ory2 :5 we  contemplate
 e complex /ructure & in/9ct z ! summ+  

up (  _m contrivances1 ea* useful to !  
possessor1 9 ! same way z any  great    
me*anical inv5tion is ! summ+ up ( !    
labor1 !  exp]i5ce1 ! reason1 & ev5 !   
blund]s ( num]\s workm52 :5  we ?us view
 ea* organic be+1 h[ f> m int]e/+--,i   
speak f  exp]i5ce--does ! /udy ( natural
 hi/ory become4 ,once m3 ,:5  we c feel 
assur$ t all ! individuals ( ! same     
species1 &  all ! closely alli$ species 
( mo/ g5]a1 h )9 a n v  remote p]iod    
desc5d$ f "o p>5t1 & h migrat$ f "s "o  
bir?place2 & :5 we bett] "k ! _m means (
 migration1 !n1  by ! light :i* geology 
n[ ?r[s1 & w cont9ue to ?r[1 on  =m]    
*anges ( climate & ( ! level ( ! l&1 we 
%all surely  be enabl$ to trace 9 an    
admirable mann] ! =m] migrations ( !    
inhabitants ( ! :ole _w4    ,:5 ,d>w9   
publi%$ ! ,orig9 ( ,species1 he 0 aw>e t
  !ologians & philosoph]s seem$ to be   
fully satisfi$ ) ! view  t ea* species  
_h be5 indep5d5tly creat$1 & 0          
immutable4 ,to  8 own m9d1 h[ev]1 x     
accord$ bett] ) :at 0 kn[n ( !  laws    

impress$ on matt] by ! ,creator t !     
production &  ext9ction ( ! pa/ & pres5t
 inhabitants ( ! _w %\ld h  be5 due to  
second>y causes l ^? det]m9+ ! bir? &   
dea?  ( ! individual4 ,:5 ,i view1 he   
said1 all be+s n z special  creations1 b
 z ! l9eal desc5dants ( "s few be+s :i* 
liv$  long be=e ! fir/ b$ ( ! ,cambrian 
sy/em 0 deposit$1 !y  seem to me to     
become ennobl$4 ,& aga93 ,z all ! liv+  
=ms (  life are ! l9eal desc5dants ( ^? 
:i* liv$ long be=e !  ,cambrian epo*1 we
 may feel c]ta9 t ! ord9>y succession by
  g5]ation has nev] once be5 brok51 & t 
no cataclysm has  desolat$ ! :ole _w4   
,h5ce we may look ) "s confid5ce to a   
secure future ( great l5g?4 ,& z natural
 selection works sl[ly by  & = ! good ( 
ea* be+1 all corporeal & m5tal end[m5ts 
w  t5d to progress t[>ds p]fection4     
,= 8 own "p1 ,d>w9 c\ld see no good     
reason :y ! views  prop\nd$ 9 ! two     
volumes compris+ ! ,orig9 ( ,species    
%\ld  %ock ! religi\s feel+s ( any "o4  
,t\*+ ! likelihood (  su* a result1 he  

reassur$ himself by recall+ ! fact t !  
greate/ discov]y ev] made by            
man--namely1 ! law ( ! attraction  (    
gravitation--0 attack$ by ,leibnitz z   
subv]sive ( natural1 &  inf]5tially1 (  
reveal$1 religion4 ,d>w9 0 confid5t t1  
if any  su* impressions 7 made by 8     
!ory1 !y w\ld prove b  transi5t1 & t    
ultimately m5 w\ld come to see t x is j 
z  noble a conception ( ! ,deity to     
believe t ,he creat$ a few  orig9al =ms 
capable ( self-developm5t into o!r &    
ne$ful =ms  z to believe t x requir$ !  
fre% act ( creation to supply !  voids  
caus$ by ! action ( ,8 laws4            
,,iv4    ,x 01 z we h said1 9 #ahfh t   
,d>w9 publi%$ ! two volumes             
collectively entitl$ ,v>iation (        
,animals & ,plants "u  ,dome/ication4 ,x
 is ! second & l>gely correct$ edition  
br\ght  out 9 #ahge :i* we h "u our eye4
 ,x is ! outcome ( ! views  ma9ta9$ by !
 au?or 9 ?is "w & else:]e t n only !    
v>i\s dome/ic races b ! mo/ di/9ct g5]a 
& ord]s )9  ! same great class--=       

in/ance1 mammals1 birds1 reptiles1 &    
fi%es--are all ! desc5dants ( "o common 
prog5itor1 & ! :ole  va/ am\nt (        
diff]5ce betwe5 ^! =ms has prim>ily     
aris5 f  simple v>iability4 ,d>w9       
recogniz$ t he :o = ! fir/ "t  %\ld     
consid] ! subject "u ?is po9t ( view    
w\ld be /ruck  dumb ) amazem5t4 ,he     
submits1 h[ev]1 t ! amazem5t ought to be
  less5$ :5 we reflect t be+s almo/     
inf9ite 9 numb] dur+ an  almo/ inf9ite  
lapse ( "t h (t5 _h _! :ole organization
  r5d]$ 9 "s degree pla/ic1 & t ea*     
slight modification (  /ructure :i* 0 9 
any way b5eficial "u excessively complex
  conditions ( life has be5 pres]v$1    
:il/ ea* :i* 0 9 any way  injuri\s has  
be5 rigor\sly de/roy$4 ,! long-cont9u$  
accumulation  ( b5eficial v>iations w   
infallibly h l$ to /ructures z          
div]sifi$1 z beautifully adapt$ = v>i\s 
purposes1 & z  excell5tly co-ord9at$ z  
we see 9 ! animals & plants ar\nd u4    
,h5ce ,d>w9 reg>ds selection z ! p>am\nt
 p[]1 :e!r appli$  by man to ! =mation (

 dome/ic be+s or by nature to !         
production ( species4 ,employ+ a        
favorite metaphor1 he said3 ,if an      
ar*itect 7 to re> a noble & commodi\s   
edifice )\t ! use (  cut /one1 by       
select+ f ! fragm5ts at ! base ( a      
precipice  w$ge-=m /ones = 8 ar*es1     
elongat$ /ones = 8 l9tels1 &  flat /ones
 = 8 ro(1 we %\ld admire 8 skill & reg>d
 him z  ! p>am\nt p[]4 ,n[1 ! fragm5ts (
 /one1 ?\gh indisp5sable  to ! ar*itect1
 be> to ! edifice built by him ! same   
relation  :i* ! fluctuat+ v>iations (   
organic be+s be> to ! v>i$  & admirable 
/ructures ultimately acquir$ by _!      
modifi$  desc5dants4    ,"s critics ( ! 
,d>w9ian !ory ( ! orig9 ( species h     
decl>$ t natural selection expla9s no?+1
 unless ! precise  cause ( ea* slight   
individual diff]5ce be made cle>4 ,d>w9 
rejo9s  t if x 7 expla9$ to a savage    
utt]ly ignorant ( ! art (  build+ h[ !  
edifice _h be5 rais$1 /one ^u /one1 & :y
  w$ge-=m$ fragm5ts 7 us$ = ! ar*es1    
flat /ones = !  ro(1 etc42 & if ! use ( 

ea* "p & ( ! :ole build+ 7  po9t$       
out1--x w\ld be unreasonable if he      
decl>$ t no?+ _h  be5 made cle> to him1 
because ! precise cause ( ! %ape ( ea*  
fragm5t c\ld n be told4 ,?is1 9 ,d>w9's 
op9ion1 is a ne>ly  p>allel case1 ) !   
objection t selection expla9s no?+      
because we "k n ! cause ( ea* individual
 diff]5ce 9 !  /ructure ( ea* be+4 ,!   
%ape ( ! fragm5ts ( /one at ! base  ( ! 
hypo!tical precipice may be call$       
accid5tal1 b ! t]m is  n /rictly        
applicable2 = ! %ape ( ea* dep5ds on a  
long  sequ5ce ( ev5ts1 all obey+ natural
 laws2 on ! nature ( ! rock1  on ! l9es 
( deposition or cleavage1 on ! =m ( !   
m\nta91  :i* dep5ds on its upheaval &   
subsequ5t d5udation1 &1 la/ly1  on !    
/orm or e>?quake :i* ?r[s d[n !         
fragm5ts4    ,9 reg>d to ! use1 h[ev]1  
to :i* ! fragm5ts may be put1 _!  %ape  
may be /rictly said to be accid5tal4 ,"h
 ,d>w9 ackn[l$g$  t we are br\ght face  
to face ) a great difficulty 9 allud+ to
  :i* he felt t he 0 travell+ beyond 8  

prop] prov9ce4 ,an  omnisci5t ,creator  
mu/ h =ese5 e consequ5ce :i* results  f 
! laws impos$ by ,him4 ,b c x be        
reasonably ma9ta9$ t  ! ,creator        
int5tionally ord]$1 if we use ! words 9 
any ord9>y  s5se1 t c]ta9 fragm5ts (    
rock %\ld assume c]ta9 %apes1 s  t !    
build] might erect 8 edifice8 ,if !     
v>i\s laws :i* h  det]m9$ ! %ape ( ea*  
fragm5t 7 n pr$et]m9$ = !  build]'s     
sake1 c x be ma9ta9$ ) any great]       
probability t  ,he specially orda9$ = ! 
sake ( ! bre$] ea* ( !  innum]able      
v>iations 9 our dome/ic animals &       
plants1--_m (  ^! v>iations be+ ( no    
s]vice to man1 & n b5eficial1 f>  m (t5 
injuri\s1 to ! creatures !mselves8 ,did 
,he orda9 t  ! crop & tail-fea!rs ( !   
pigeon %\ld v>y 9 ord] t !  fanci] might
 make 8 grotesque p\t] & fan-tail bre$s8
 ,did ,he  cause ! frame & m5tal        
qualities ( ! dog to v>y 9 ord] t a     
bre$ might be =m$ ( indomitable f]ocity 
) jaws fitt$ to p9  d[n ! bull = man's  
brutal sport8    ,x is obvi\s1 h[ev]1 t 

if we give up ! pr9ciple 9 "o  case1--if
 we d n admit t ! v>iations ( ! primeval
 dog 7  int5tionally guid$ 9 ord] t !   
greyh\nd1 = in/ance1 t  p]fect image (  
symmetry & vigor1 might be =m$1--no %ad[
 (  reason c be assign$ = ! belief t    
v>iations simil> 9 nature  & ! result ( 
! same g5]al laws :i* h be5 ! gr\ndwork 
?r\gh natural selection ( ! =mation ( ! 
mo/ p]fectly adapt$  animals 9 ! _w1 man
 includ$1 7 int5tionally & specially    
guid$4 ,d>w91 !re=e1 0 unable to foll[ !
 di/+ui%$  botani/1 ,pr(4 ,asa ,gray1 9 
8 belief t v>iation has be5 l$  along   
c]ta9 b5eficial l9es1 l a /ream along   
def9ite &  useful l9es ( irrigation4    
,d>w9's conclusion 0 t1 if we assume  t 
ea* p>ticul> v>iation 0 f ! beg9n+ ( all
 "t  preorda9$1 !n t pla/icity (        
organization :i* leads to _m  injuri\s  
deviations ( /ructure1 z well z !       
r$undant p[] (  reproduction :i*        
inevitably leads to a /ruggle = exi/5ce1
 &1 z  a consequ5ce1 to a natural       
selection or survival ( ! fitte/1 mu/   

appe> to u sup]flu\s laws ( nature4     
,v4    ,next to ! ,orig9 ( ,species1 !  
volume :i* sets =? ,d>w9's  !ory ( !    
,desc5t ( ,man naturally excit$ ! mo/   
widespread  att5tion4 ,?is book1 :i*    
took ! au?or ?ree ye>s to write1 0      
publi%$ 9 #ahga1 a second & c>efully    
revis$ edition appe>+  ?ree ye>s lat]4  
,! data br\ght toge!r occupy m ?an six  
hundr$ pages4 ,! conclusions rea*$ may  
be summ$ up 9 a few  p>agraphs4 ,!      
pr9cipal induction f ! evid5ce is t man 
is  desc5d$ f "s less highly organiz$   
=m4 ,x 0 ,d>w9's  conviction t ! gr\nds 
^u :i* ?is conclusion re/s w nev]  be   
%ak51 = ! close simil>ity betwe5 man & !
 l[] animals 9  embryonic developm5t1 z 
well z 9 innum]able po9ts ( /ructure &  
con/itution1 bo? ( high & ( ! mo/ trifl+
 importance1--!  rudim5ts :i* he reta9s 
& ! abnormal rev]sions to :i* he is     
occasionally liable1--are facts :i* _c  
be disput$4 ,view$ 9 !  light ( our k ( 
! :ole organic _w1 _! mean+ is          
unmi/akable4 ,! great pr9ciple (        

evolution /&s out cle> & firm  :5 ^!    
gr\ps ( facts are consid]$ 9 connection 
) o!rs1  su* z ! mutual aff9ities ( !   
memb]s ( ! same gr\p1 _!  geographical  
di/ribution 9 pa/ & pres5t times1 & _!  
geological succession4 ,x is pron\nc$   
incr$ible t all ^! facts  %\ld speak    
falsely4 ,he :o is n cont5t to look l a 
savage at !  ph5om5a ( nature z         
disconnect$ _c any long] believe t man  
is ! product ( a sep>ate act ( creation4
 ,he w be =c$ to admit  t ! close       
resemblance ( ! embryo ( man to t1 =    
in/ance1  ( a dog1--! con/ruction ( 8   
skull1 limbs1 & :ole frame on !  same   
plan ) t ( o!r mammals1 indep5d5tly ( ! 
uses to :i*  ! p>ts may be put2 !       
occasional reappe>ance ( v>i\s          
/ructures1  = in/ance1 ( sev]al muscles 
:i* man does n normally possess1  b :i* 
are common to ! ,quadrumana1 & a cr[d ( 
analog\s  facts1--all po9t 9 ! pla9e/   
mann] to ! conclusion t man is  !       
co-desc5dant ) o!r mammals ( a common   
prog5itor4    ,d>w9 recogniz$ t ! high  

/&>d ( our intellectual p[]s &  moral   
disposition con/itutes ! greate/        
difficulty :i* pres5ts  itself aft] we h
 be5 driv5 by ! mass ( biological       
evid5ce to  accept 8 conclusion z to !  
orig9 ( man4 ,t\*+ ?is po9t1 he         
obs]ves3 ,e "o :o admits ! pr9ciple (   
evolution mu/ see t  ! m5tal p[]s ( !   
high] animals1 :i* are ! same 9 k9d )   
^? ( man1 ?\gh s diff]5t 9 degree1 are  
capable ( advancem5t4  ,?us ! int]val   
betwe5 ! m5tal p[]s ( "o ( ! high] apes 
& ( a fi%1 or betwe5 ^? ( an ant &      
scale-insect1 is imm5se2  yet _!        
developm5t does n (f] any special       
difficulty1 = )  our dome/icat$ animals 
! m5tal faculties are c]ta9ly v>iable1  
& ! v>iations are inh]it$4 ,no "o d\bts 
t _! m5tal  faculties are ( ! utmo/     
importance to animals 9 a /ate ( nature4
  ,!re=e ! conditions are favorable = _!
 developm5t ?r\gh  natural selection4 ,!
 same conclusion may be ext5d$ to man2 !
  intellect mu/ h be5 all-important to  
him1 ev5 at a v remote  p]iod1 z enabl+ 

him to inv5t & use language1 to make    
weapons1  tools1 traps1 etc41 :]eby1 ) !
 aid ( 8 social habits1 he long  ago    
became ! mo/ dom9ant ( all liv+         
creatures4    ,x is fur!r po9t$ out t a 
great /ride 9 ! developm5t (  man's     
intellect mu/ h foll[$ z soon z !       
half-art &  half-in/9ct ( language came 
into use2 = ! cont9u$ use (  language   
mu/ h react$ on ! bra91 & produc$ an    
inh]it$  effect1 & ?is aga9 w h react$  
on ! improvem5t ( language4  ,! l>g5ess 
( ! bra9 9 man relatively to 8 body1    
comp>$ )  ! size ( t organ 9 ! l[]      
animals1 is attributable 9 *ief  "p to !
 e>ly use ( "s simple =m ( language1 t  
eng9e :i*  affixes signs to all sorts ( 
objects & qualities1 & excites tra9s  ( 
?\ght :i* w\ld nev] arise f ! m]e       
impression ( !  s5ses1 or1 if !y did    
arise1 c\ld n be foll[$ out4 ,! high]   
intellectual p[]s ( man1 su* z ^? (     
ratioc9ation1 ab/raction1               
self-consci\sness1 etc41 probably foll[ 
f ! cont9u$ improvem5t  & ex]cise ( !   

o!r m5tal faculties4    ,h[ man's moral 
qualities came to be develop$ is an     
int]e/+ problem  :i* is consid]$ by     
,d>w9 at "s l5g?4 ,he holds t _!        
f\ndation lies 9 ! social in/9cts "u :i*
 t]m are includ$  family ties4 ,^!      
in/9cts are highly complex1 &1 9 ! case 
( !  l[] animals1 give special t5d5cies 
t[>d c]ta9 def9ite actions4  ,b ! m     
important elem5ts are love & ! di/9ct   
emotion (  sympa?y4 ,animals end[$ ) !  
social in/9cts take pleasure 9 "o       
ano!r's company1 w>n "o ano!r ( dang]1  
def5d & aid "o  ano!r 9 _m ways4 ,^!    
in/9cts d n ext5d to all !  individuals 
( ! species1 b only to ^? ( ! same      
community4 ,z1  h[ev]1 !y are highly    
b5eficial to ! species1 !y h 9 all      
probability be5 acquir$ ?r\gh natural   
selection4 ,9 ,d>w9's  judgm5t ! moral  
nature ( man has rea*$ its pres5t /&>d  
p>tly  ?r\gh ! advancem5t ( 8 reason+   
p[]s1 & consequ5tly1 ( a  j public      
op9ion1 b especially f 8 sympa?ies hav+ 
be5  r5d]$ m t5d] & widely diffus$ ?r\gh

 ! effects ( habit1  example1           
in/ruction1 & reflection4 ,x is pron\nc$
 n improbable  t1 aft] long practice1   
virtu\s t5d5cies may be inh]it$4    ,let
 u look a little m closely at ! matt]1 =
 ! difficulty (  expla9+ morality =ms "o
 ( ! greate/ ob/acles to !  acceptance (
 ! ,d>w9ian acc\nt ( ! desc5t ( man4    
,:at d we  mean by a moral be+8         
,manife/ly1 a moral be+ is "o :o is     
capable  ( reflect+ on 8 pa/ actions &  
_! motives1 & ( approv+ (  "s :ile he   
disapproves ( o!rs4 ,man is ! "o be+ :o 
c]ta9ly  des]ves ?is designation1 ?\gh  
attempts h rec5tly be5 made to  %[ t a  
rudim5t>y morality may be trac$ 9 "s ( !
 l[]  animals4 ,9 ! f\r? *apt] ( ! book 
be=e u1 ,d>w9 und]takes  to demon/rate t
 ! moral s5se foll[s1--fir/1 f ! endur+ 
& ev]-pres5t nature ( ! social in/9cts2 
secondly1 f man's  appreciation ( !     
approbation & disapprobation ( 8 fell[s2
 &1  ?irdly1 f ! high activity ( 8 m5tal
 faculties1 ) pa/  impressions extremely
 vivid2 9 ^! latt] respects he diff]s f 

! l[] animals4 ,ow+ to ?is condition (  
m9d1 man _c avoid  look+ bo? backw>ds & 
=w>ds1 & comp>+ pa/ impressions4  ,h5ce1
 aft] "s tempor>y desire or passion has 
ma/]$ 8 social  in/9cts1 he reflects &  
comp>es ! n[ weak5$ impression ( su*    
pa/ impulses ) ! ev]-pres5t social      
in/9cts2 & he !n feels  t s5se (        
dissatisfaction :i* all unsatisfi$      
in/9cts leave  beh9d !m1 & resolves to  
act diff]5tly = ! future4 ,?is          
dissatisfaction ,d>w9 w\ld id5tify )    
consci5ce4 ,any in/9ct  p]man5tly /rong]
 or m endur+ ?an ano!r gives rise to a  
feel+ :i* we express by say+ t x ought  
to be obey$4 ,d>w9  sugge/s t a po9t]   
dog1 if able to reflect on 8 pa/        
conduct1  w\ld say to himself ,i ought  
7z inde$ we say ( him7 to h po9t$  at t 
h>e1 & n h yield$ to ! pass+ temptation 
(  hunt+ x4    ,! belief 9 ,god has (t5 
be5 advanc$ z n only ! greate/1 b  ! mo/
 decisive1 ( all ! di/9ctions betwe5 man
 & ! l[]  animals4 ,d>w9 br+s =w>d 9 !  
book be=e u a quantity (  reasons =     

hold+ x to be impossible t ?is belief is
 innate or  in/9ctive 9 man4 ,9 "s races
 ( m51 = in/ance1 we enc\nt] a  total   
want ( ! idea ( ,god4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a   
belief 9  all-p]vad+ spiritual ag5cies  
seems to be univ]sal1 & app>5tly  foll[s
 f a consid]able advance 9 man's reason1
 & f a /ill  great] advance 9 !         
faculties ( imag9ation1 curiosity1 &    
wond]4  ,i am aw>e1 says ,d>w91 t !     
assum$ in/9ctive belief 9 ,god  has be5 
us$ by _m p]sons z an argum5t = ,8      
exi/5ce4 ,b ?is  is a ra% argum5t1 z we 
%\ld ?us be compell$ to believe 9 !     
exi/5ce ( _m cruel & malignant spirits  
only a little m  p[]ful ?an man2 = !    
belief 9 !m is f> m g5]al ?an 9 a       
b5efic5t deity4 ,! idea ( a univ]sal &  
b5efic5t ,creator does  n seem to arise 
9 ! m9d ( man until he has be5 elevat$  
by  long-cont9u$ culture4    ,h[ does ! 
belief 9 ! advancem5t ( man f "s l[     
organiz$  =m be> on ! belief 9 !        
immortality ( ! s\l8 ,sir ,john ,lubbock
  has prov$ t ! b>b>\s races ( man      

possess no cle> belief (  ! k9d2 b1 z   
,d>w9 cont9ually rem9ds u1 argum5ts     
d]iv$ f  ! primeval beliefs ( savages   
are ( little or no avail on ei!r side  (
 a "q4 ,att5tion is direct$ by ,d>w9 to 
! m relevant fact  t few p]sons feel any
 anxiety f ! impossibility ( det]m9+  at
 :at precise p]iod 9 ! developm5t ( !   
individual1 f !  fir/ trace ( a m9ute   
g]m9al vesicle1 man becomes an immortal 
be+4  ,he submits t !re %\ld be no      
great] cause = anxiety because !  p]iod 
_c possibly be det]m9$ 9 ! gradually    
asc5d+  organic scale4    ,d>w9 0 well  
aw>e t ! conclusions arriv$ at 9 ! "w   
be=e  u--namely1 t man is desc5d$ f "s  
l[ly organiz$ =m--w\ld  be highly       
di/a/eful to _m4 ,! v p]sons1 h[ev]1 :o 
reg>d !  conclusions ) di/a/e admit )\t 
hesitation t !y are  desc5d$ f b>b>ians4
 ,d>w9 recalls ! a/oni%m5t :i* he       
himself felt on fir/ see+ a p>ty (      
,fuegians on a wild & brok5  %ore1 :5 ! 
reflection ru%$ ^u 8 m9d t su* m5 _h be5
  8 ance/ors4 ,^! m5 7 absolutely nak$ &

 b$aub$ ) pa9t1  _! long hair 0 tangl$1 
_! m\?s fro!d ) excitem5t1 &  _!        
expression 0 wild1 />tl$1 & di/ru/ful4  
,!y possess$  h>dly any arts1 &1 l wild 
animals1 liv$ on :at !y c\ld cat*2  !y  
_h no gov]nm5t1 & 7 m]ciless to e "o n (
 _! own  small tribe4 ,rememb]+ !       
impression made on him by ! ,fuegians1  
,d>w9 sugge/s t he :o has se5 a savage 9
 8 native l& w  n feel mu* %ame if =c$  
to ackn[l$ge t ! blood ( "s m  humble   
creature fl[s 9 8 ve9s4 ,= my own "p1 he
 says1 ,i w\ld  z soon be desc5d$ f t   
h]oic little monkey :o brav$ 8  dread$  
enemy 9 ord] to save ! life ( 8         
keep]1--or f t old  baboon1 :o1 desc5d+ 
f ! m\nta9s1 c>ri$ away 9 triumph 8  "y 
comrade f a cr[d ( a/oni%$ dogs1--z f a 
savage :o  delights to torture 8        
enemies1 (f]s up bloody sacrifices1     
practises  infanticide )\t remorse1     
treats 8 wives l slaves1 kn[s no        
dec5cy1 & is haunt$ by ! grosse/        
sup]/itions4 ,d>w9 holds1 9  f9e1 t man 
may be excus$ = feel+ "s pride at hav+  

ris51  ?\gh n ?r\gh 8 own ex]tions1 to !
 v summit ( ! organic  scale2 x is fur!r
 submitt$ t ! fact ( 8 hav+ ?us ris51   
in/ead ( hav+ be5 aborig9ally plac$ !re1
 may give him hope =  a /ill high] de/9y
 9 ! di/ant future4    ,z a sci5ti/1    
h[ev]1 ,d>w9 is n conc]n$ ) hopes or    
fe>s1  b simply ) ! tru?1 z man's reason
 enables him to disc]n x4 ,we  mu/      
recognize1 he ?9ks1 z ! tru?1 e/abli%$  
by an ov]:elm+  array ( inductive       
evid5ce1 t man1 ) all 8 noble qualities1
  ) sympa?y :i* he feels = ! mo/ debas$1
 ) b5evol5ce  :i* ext5ds n only to o!r  
m51 b to ! humble/ liv+  creature1 ) 8  
godlike intellect1 :i* has p5etrat$ into
 !  movem5ts & con/itution ( ! sol>     
sy/em--) all ^! exalt$  p[]s--man /ill  
be>s 9 8 bodily frame ! indelible /amp (
 8  l[ly orig94        ,,vi4    ,we h   
said t ,d>w9's !ory ( ! orig9 ( species1
 toge!r  ) its coroll>y1 ! desc5t ( man1
 has met ) almo/ univ]sal  acceptance by
 sci5ti/s4 ,we h to use ! qualify+      
adv]b1 because  "s ( ,d>w9's            

contempor>ies1 includ+ ,vir*[ & ,ow51 n 
to  m5tion ,/4 ,george ,miv>t & ! ,duke 
( ,argyll1 h )held _!  adhesion4 ,s9ce 8
 dea?1 moreov]1 8 disciples h t5d$ to   
split  into two s*ools4 ,on ! "o h&1    
,weismann has reject$ ! ,lam>ckian      
factors1--! effect ( use & disuse ^u    
organs1 & !  transmissibility ( acquir$ 
*>act]s4 ,! importance ( ^! factors  has
 be5 emphatically re-ass]t$1 on ! o!r   
h&1 by ,lanke/] &  o!rs4 ,:e!r          
biologi/s1 h[ev]1 range !mselves 9 !    
,neo-,d>w9ian or 9 ! ,neo-,lam>ckian    
camp1 ! value ( ! pr9ciple  ( natural   
selection is ackn[l$g$ by all1 & nobody 
n[ ass]ts !  indep5d5t creation &       
p]man5ce ( species4      ,,au?orities4  
,! ,complete ,works ( ,d>w91 publi%$ by 
,d4 ,appleton & ,company4    ,! ,works (
 ,alfr$ ,russel ,wallace4    ,francis   
,d>w9's ,life ( ,*>les ,d>w94           
,huxley's ,writ+s1 passim4    ,haeckel's
 ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,creation4          
,weismann's ,/udies 9 ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t 
& subsequ5t pap]s4    ,romanes's        

,sci5tific ,evid5ces ( ,organic         
,evolution4    ,lanke/]'s ,deg5]ation4  
,fiske's ,d>w9ism & ,o!r ,essays4    ,= 
adv]se criticism ( ,d>w91 read ,miv>t's 
,g5esis ( ,species1 &  ! ,duke (        
,argyll's ,unity ( ,nature4             
,,john ,,ericsson4      #ahjc-ahhi4     
,,navies ,,( ,,w> ,,& ,,comm]ce4    ,,by
 ,w4,f4 ,,dur&1 ,,ph4,d4      ,! exact  
comb9ation ( inspiration1 h]$ity1 &     
environm5t :i*  s]ves to produce g5ius w
 p]haps ev] be a problem beyond ! skill 
( human intellig5ce4 ,:5 ! r>e elem5ts d
 comb9e1 h[ev]1 !  result is always     
wor?y ( mo/ c>eful /udy1 bo? because    
great  a*ievem5ts furni% a heal?y       
/imulus to emulation1 & because "s      
glimpse may be ga9$ ( ,nature's work+ 9 
! =mation ( h]  r>e/ products4    ,few  
lives bett] illu/rate ^! rem>ks ?an t ( 
,john ,ericsson4  ,born ( middle-class  
p>5tage & ) no app>5t s\rce ( h]$ity  f 
:i* to draw ! /ores ( g5ius :i* he      
display$ ?r\gh\t  8 life1 & ) surr\nd+s 
9 boyhood b little calculat$ to  awak5 &

 inspire ! life-"w :i* lat] made him    
fam\s1 f ?is  beg9n+ & ) ^! e>ly        
surr\nd+s ,john ,ericsson became        
unque/ionably ! greate/ ( ! eng9e]s ( ! 
age 9 :i* he  liv$ & ( ! c5tury :i*     
witness$ su* mighty advances along all  
eng9e]+ l9es4 ,! impr9t left by         
,ericsson's life on !  eng9e]+ practice 
( 8 age 0 deep & la/+1 & if "o may  d>e 
look into ! future1 ! day is f> remov$  
:5 eng9e]s w  h pass$ beyond _! dep5d5ce
 on 8 life & labors4    ,x is p]haps n  
amiss t1 be=e look+ m closely at !      
a*ievem5ts ( ,ericsson's life &         
activity1 note %\ld be tak5 (  ! l>ge   
dep5d5ce ( our pres5t civilization &    
mode ( life on !  eng9e] & 8 "w4    ,9  
diff]5t ages ( ! _w's hi/ory ea* has    
receiv$ its "n1  appropriate or fanciful
 z ! case may h be54 ,= ! mod]n age no  
"n is p]haps m adequately descriptive   
?an ! ,age ( ,en]gy1  ! age 9 :i* our   
entire fabric ( civilization re/s ^u !  
utilization ( ! en]gies ( nature = !    
ne$s ( humanity1 & to  an ext5t little  

appreciat$ by ^? :o h n consid]$ ! matt]
  f ?is po9t ( view4 ,if we consid] !   
v>i\s elem5ts :i* ent]  into our mod]n  
civilization1--! items :i* ent] into !  
daily life  ( ! av]age man or woman2 !  
items :i* we h come to consid] z        
necessities & ^? :i* we may consid] z   
luxuries2 ! items :i*  g to make up our 
ne$s z express$ 9 t]ms ( %elt]1 food1   
int]communication betwe5 man & 8 fell[1 
& pleasure1--! mo/  casual consid]ation 
( su* w s]ve to %[ di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t    
almo/ ! entire fabric ( our civilization
 dep5d5ce at "s po9t on  ! p[] ( !      
/eam-eng9e1 ! wat]-:eel1 or w9dmill1 !  
subtle  electric curr5t1 or ! heat-en]gy
 ( coal1 petroleum oil1 or natural  gas4
 ,! h>ness+ & effici5t utilization ( ^! 
great natural  en]gies is ! direct      
function ( ! eng9e]1 or m especially (  
! dynamic eng9e]1 & 9 ?is noble guild ( 
work]s1 ,ericsson  c>v$ = himself an    
endur+ place & left beh9d a record :i*  
%\ld s]ve z an inspiration to all :o are
 foll[+ ! same pa?way  9 lat] ye>s4     

,no "o feature p]haps bett] diff]5tiates
 our mod]n civilization  f t ( e>li]    
times1 f\r hundr$ ye>s ago1 or ev5 "o   
hundr$1  ?an t ( int]communication      
betwe5 man & 8 fell[4 ,comp>e !         
opportunities = su* int]communication 9 
! pres5t ) ^? 9  ! "t ( ,que5 ,elizabe?1
 ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 ,george ,wa%+ton1 
or  ,napoleon ,i4 ,we n[ h our /eam%ips1
 /eam & electric railroads1  cable1     
telegraph1 & telephone4 ,a few ye>s ago 
n a s+le "o 0  kn[n4 ,! mod]n age is "o 
:i* dem&s ! utmo/ 9 ! possibility  (    
communication betwe5 man & 8 k9d1 & 9   
?is respect ! wide  _w is n[ small] ?an 
! conf9es ( an ,engli% c\nty a  c5tury  
ago4    ,9 ?is field1 z we %all see1    
,ericsson did "s ( 8 greate/ "w1  & left
 p]haps 8 mo/ p]man5t record = ! future4
    ,ericsson's life falls mo/ naturally
 into ?ree p]iods *ronologically  or    
geographically1 & likewise into ?ree    
p]iods pr(essionally1  ?\gh ! latt] mode
 ( subdivision has by no means ! same   
b\nd>ies z ! =m]4 ,! fir/ mode (        

subdivision gives u !  life 9 ,sw$51 !  
life 9 ,engl&1 & ! life 9 ! ,unit$      
,/ates4  ,! second mode gives u ! life (
 /ruggle & obscurity1 ! life (  /ruggle1
 a*ievem5t1 & recognition1 & ! calm] &  
easi] life  ( decl9+ ye>s ) recognition1
 rew>d1 & ! assurance ( a  life's "w    
well done4    ,john ,ericsson 0 born 9 !
 prov9ce ( ,v]ml&1 ,sw$51 9 #ahjc4 ,8   
fa!r 0 ,ol( ,ericsson1 a m9e own] &     
inspector :o 0 well  educat$ aft] ! /&>d
 ( 8 times1 hav+ graduat$ at !  college 
9 ,k>l/ad1 ! pr9cipal t[n ( ! prov9ce4  
,8 "m 0  ,britta ,sophia ,yng/rom1 a    
woman ( ,flemi%-,scot* desc5t1 & to :om 
,ericsson seems to h ow$ _m ( 8 /rong]  
*>act]i/ics4 ,?ree  *ildr5 7 born3      
,c>ol9e 9 #ahjj1 ,nils 9 #ahjb1 & ,john 
9 #ahjc4 ,(  ,john's e>lie/ boyhood we h
 b slight record1 b !re seems to  h be5 
a cle> =e%ad[+ ( 8 future g5ius4 ,he 0  
consid]$  ! wond] ( ! neighborhood1 &   
busi$ himself day aft] day )  ! ma*9]y (
 ! m9es1 draw+ ! =m on pap] ) 8 rude    
tools or mak+ models ) bits ( wood &    

cord1 & endeavor+ ?us  to trace ! my/]y 
( its op]ation4    ,9 #ahaa ! ,ericsson 
family fell ^u evil times4 ,due to a w> 
)  ,russia1 bus9ess became di/urb$ & 9 !
 end ,ol( ,ericsson became  f9ancially  
ru9$4 ,?is br\ght ! little family face  
to face ) !  realities ( life1 & we soon
 aft] f9d ! fa!r occupy+ a  position z  
inspector on ! ,gta ,canal1 a project   
:i* 0 j !n  occupy+ s]i\s att5tion aft] 
hav+ be5 neglect$ = ne>ly "o  hundr$    
ye>s1 & ne>ly ?ree hundr$ ye>s aft] x 0 
fir/  propos$ 9 #aebf4 ,?r\gh ?is       
connection1 9 #ahae1 ,john & ,nils      
,ericsson 7 appo9t$ z cadets 9 a corps (
 ,me*anical ,eng9e]s to  be employ$ 9   
c>ry+ out ! ,gov]nm5t's plans ) ref]5ce 
to !  canal4 ,dur+ ! w9t] ( #ahaf-ag &  
at ! age ( ?irte51 ,john  ,ericsson     
receiv$ regul> in/ruction f "s ( 8      
(fic]s 9  ,algebra1 ,*emi/ry1 ,field    
,draw+1 & ,geometry1 & ! ,engli%        
language4 ,ericsson's education previ\s 
to ?is seems to h consi/$  *iefly 9     
lessons at home or f tutors1 aft] !     

mann] ( ! "t4  ,he _h ?us receiv$       
in/ruction 9 ! ord9>y bran*es & 9  draw+
 & "s *emi/ry4 ,8 tra9+ 9 draw+ seems to
 h be5  unusually ?or\gh & compreh5sive1
 & ) a natural g5ius = su*  "w1 8 lat]  
rem>kable skill at ! draw+ bo>d is      
d\btless 9 no  small measure due to !   
excell5t in/ruction :i* he receiv$ 9 8  
e>ly ye>s4 ,8 progress 9 8 duties z a "y
 eng9e] 0 rapid1  & he 0 soon giv5      
employm5t 9 connection ) ! canal-"w1    
involv+ mu* responsibility & call+ =    
exp]i5ce & skill4    ,at l5g? on rea*+ !
 age ( sev5te5 he became /irr$ )        
milit>y ambition1 &1 dissatisfi$ ) 8    
pres5t prospects1 he left  8 position ) 
its opportunities = ! future1 & ent]$ ! 
,sw$i% army z ensign ( a regim5t (      
,field ,*asseurs4 ,?is regim5t  0 fam\s 
= its rifle practice1 & ,ericsson 0 soon
 "o ( its mo/  exp]t m>ksm54 ,! r\t9e ( 
army life 01 h[ev]1 f> f be+  suffici5t 
to satisfy ! uneasy g5ius ( ,john       
,ericsson1 & we soon  f9d him engag$ 9  
topographical survey+ = ! ,gov]nm5t1 & s

  rapid & indu/ri\s 9 8 "w t z !        
surveyors 7 paid 9  accordance ) ! am\nt
 accompli%$1 he 0 c>ri$ on ! pay rolls  
z two m51 & paid z su*1 9 ord] t ! am\nt
 :i* he receiv$  might n seem too       
excessive = "o individual4 ,ev5 ?is 0 n 
suffici5t to exhau/ 8 en]gy1 & ab\t ?is 
"t he conceiv$ !  idea ( publi%+ a book 
( plates descriptive ( ! ma*9]y         
commonly employ$ 9 ! m9+ op]ations ( 8  
day4 ,to ?is end he  collect$ a l>ge    
numb] ( sket*es :i* he _h prep>$ 9 8    
e>li] ye>s1 & made arrangem5ts to take  
up ! "w ( prep>ation  = publication4 ,! 
draw+s select$ 7 to be engrav$ = ! book1
  &1 no?+ daunt$ by ! und]tak+1         
,ericsson propos$ to d ?is  "w himself4 
,aft] "s disc\ragem5t ! engrav+ 0       
und]tak51  & eighte5 copp] plates ( !   
sixty-five select$1 av]ag+ 9 size       
fifte5 by tw5ty in*es1 7 complet$ )9 a  
ye>4 ,9 v>i\s ways  ! project met )     
delays1 & x soon became app>5t t ! rapid
  advance 9 ! applications ( ma*9]y to  
m9+ w\ld r5d] ! "w  out ( date1 & x 0 at

 l5g? ab&on$4    ,at ab\t ?is "t        
,ericsson seems to h tak5 up s]i\sly 8  
"w on  8 s-call$ flame-eng9e1 c]ta9     
exp]im5ts made by 8 fa!r  hav+ sugge/$  
to him ! hope t a s\rce ( p[] might 9   
?is  way be develop$ :i* w\ld be m      
economical ?an ! /eam-eng9e4  ,at ?is   
po9t we see ent]+ into ,ericsson's life 
an idea :i* nev]  left him1 :i*         
controll$ mu* ( 8 "w 9 mid-life1 & :i*  
attract$ no small "p ( 8 att5tion       
?r\gh\t 8 clos+ ye>s4  ,?is idea 0 !    
discov]y ( "s =m ( heat-eng9e :i* %\ld  
be  m economical ?an ! /eam-eng9e1      
especially z x 0 9 8 day4  ,!           
flame-eng9e idea grew rapidly1 & soon   
absorb$ 8 *ief  att5tion4 ,milit>y life 
n[ lo/ its attraction1 & 9 #ahbf obta9+ 
leave ( abs5ce he left 8 native l& &    
turn$ 8 face t[>d  ,london1 d\btless ) !
 hope /rong )9 him t a sub/itute =  !   
/eam-eng9e _h be5 f\nd1 & t 8 future lay
 secure & easy  be=e him4    ,!         
*>act]i/ic features ( ,ericsson's life  
up to ?is "t1 :5 he  _h rea*$ 8         

tw5ty-?ird ye>1 are en]gy1 indu/ry1     
indep5d5ce1  all 9 mo/ pron\nc$ degree1 
& comb9$ ) a mo/ a/oni%+  insight into  
me*anical & sci5tific que/ions4 ,x 0 n a
 p]iod (  a*ievem5t1 b "o ( =mation & ( 
developm5t 9 ^? qualities  :i* 7 soon to
 make him fam\s 9 bo? worlds4 ,( 8 "w   
dur+  ?is p]iod ( life little or no?+   
outside ! idea embodi$ 9 !  flame-eng9e 
c be said to belong to ! p]man5t record 
( 8 life's  a*ievem5t4 ,?is appe>$ 9 !  
,caloric eng9e1 & /ill lat] 9  !        
well-kn[n ,ericsson ,air eng9e ( !      
pres5t day4    ,?is era 0 "o (          
developm5t & promise1 & ri*ly 7 !       
promises fulfill$ 9 ! a*ievem5ts ( 8    
lat] ye>s4 ,a c>eful  /udy ( 8 life to  
?is po9t is suffici5t to %[ t1 ) heal?  
& "t1 su* a nature w\ld c]ta9ly leave a 
m>k wide & deep on  ! _w 9 :i* x 0      
plac$4 ,8 *>act]i/ics 7 su* t  a*ievem5t
 0 ! v ess5ce ( life1 &1 ) ! promise &  
pot5cy z reveal$ 9 ?is fir/ tw5ty-?ree  
ye>s ( 8 life1 we may  be well prep>$ = 
! brilliant record ( ! rema9+           

sixty-?ree4    ,) ,ericsson's arrival 9 
,london began ! second important p]iod (
  8 life4 ,8 fir/ ef=ts 7 direct$ t[>d !
 introduction ( !  flame-eng9e1 b he    
soon f\nd unexpect$ difficulties 9 ! use
 (  coal z fuel in/ead ( wood1 & x      
became cle> t 9 ord] to live  he mu/    
turn 8 att5tion to o!r matt]s = a "t4   
,!n foll[$ a  s]ies ( rem>kable pieces (
 "w 9 :i* ,ericsson's g5ius %[$  itself1
 ei!r 9 orig9al inv5tion or 9 !         
adaptation &  improvem5t ( ! exi/+ facts
 & mat]ial ( eng9e]+ practice4  ,:ile   
?us occupi$1 8 leave f 8 regim5t expir$1
 & he seems  to h ov]look$ tak+ prop]   
/eps to h x r5ew$4 ,he 0 ?us  plac$     
te*nically 9 ! attitude ( a des]t]4     
,?r\gh !  int]v5tion ( a fri5d1 h[ev]1  
he 0 soon aft]w>d re/or$1 &  promot$ to 
! rank ( ,capta9 9 ! ,sw$i% ,army4 ,?is 
commission he  imm$iately resign$1 & ?us
 8 record became te*nically cle>$ (  all
 reproa*4    ,to give a m]e li/ ( ! "w )
 :i* ,ericsson 0 occupi$ dur+  ! ye>s f 
#ahbg to #ahci1 :5 he remov$ to ! ,unit$

 ,/ates1 w\ld  be no small task1 &      
ref]5ce to ! m important only c be "h   
made4 ,compress$ air = transmitt+ p[]1  
=c$ draft = boil]s by  means (          
c5trifugal bl[]s1 /eam boil]s ( new &   
improv$ types1  ! surface cond5s] = m>9e
 eng9es1 ! location ( ! eng9es (  a %ip 
= w> purposes bel[ ! wat] l9e1 ! /eam   
fire-eng9e1 !  design & con/ruction ( ! 
,novelty 7a locomotive = ! ,ra9hill     
conte/ 9 #ahbi1 :5 ,/eph5son's ,rocket 0
 aw>d$ ! prize1  ?\gh ,ericsson1 heavily
 h&icapp$ 9 "t & by lack ( a track on   
:i* to adju/ & p]fect ! ,novelty1 a*iev$
 a result app>5tly  9 _m ways sup]ior to
 ,/eph5son's ) ! ,rocket71 v>i\s        
designs = rot>y eng9es1 an app>atus =   
mak+ salt f br9e1  fur!r exp]im5tal "w )
 v>i\s =ms ( heat1 or s-call$  caloric  
eng9es1 & ! f9al developm5t1 9 #ahcc1 ( 
a type f  :i* great results 7 = a "t    
expect$1 sup]heat$ /eam &  eng9es = its 
use1 a deep-sea-s\nd+ app>atus embody+ !
 same  pr9ciple z t lat] develop$ by ,"l
 ,kelv9 9 ! well-kn[n  app>atus ( !     

pres5t day1 a ma*9e = cutt+ files       
automatically1  v>i\s types (           
/eam-eng9es1 & f9ally 8 "w 9 connection 
)  ! introduction ( ! screw-propell] z a
 means ( propulsion =  /eam vessels4 ,^!
 are "s ( ! important l9es ( "w on :i*  
,ericsson 0 engag$ dur+ ! twelve ye>s ( 
8 life 9 ,london4 ,9  connection ) "s he
 0 und\bt$ly a pione]1 & des]ves cr$it  
z an orig9al inv5tor2 9 connection )    
o!rs1 8 "w 0 t (  improvem5t or         
adaptation2 b 9 all 8 influ5ce 0 pr(\nd1
 &  ! legacy :i* we h receiv$ f ?is     
p]iod ( eng9e]+  progress is due 9 no   
small degree to ,ericsson1 & to 8 "w 9  
,london dur+ ^! ye>s4 ,at a lat] po9t we
 %all ref] 9 "s  fur!r detail to ^!     
que/ions1 b desire = ! mom5t1 r1 to  ga9
 a broad & compreh5sive view ( 8 life z 
a :ole4    ,ericsson has be5 by "s call$
 a sp5d?rift 9 inv5tion1 & !  t]m is n  
)\t "s ju/ice 9 its application4 ,8     
g5ius 0  uneasy1 & 8 m9d 0 oppress$ by !
 weal? ( 8 ideas4 ,x 0  ?is v weal? :i* 
l$ him f "o idea to ano!r1 )\t always   

tak+ suffici5t "t 9 :i* to develop &    
p]fect 8 plans4 ,ri*  9 inv5tion1 he c>$
 b little = exploitation1 & :5 ! tru?  (
 8 pr$ictions 0 demon/rat$1 or ! gr\nd (
 8 expectation  ju/ifi$1 he 0 eag] = new
 a*ievem5ts & new comb9ations ( !       
mat]ials ( eng9e]+ progress4 ,9 ?is _s (
 /ruggle &  unre/1 he pass$ ! ye>s 9    
,london1 rapidly becom+ kn[n = 8        
v]satility 9 inv5tion1 & = 8 d>+ &      
orig9ality 9 !  details ( 8 eng9e]+ "w4 
,f #ahcc to #ahci1 or dur+ ! second     
half ( ?is t]m ( resid5ce 9 ,london1 he 
became 9 increas+  measure absorb$ 9 8  
"w connect$ ) ! screw-propell] z a      
means ( m>9e propulsion4    ,ericsson's 
"n 9 ! popul> m9d has be5 mo/ commonly  
associat$  ) ! ,monitor & h] fight ) !  
,m]rimac 9 ! ,civil ,w>1  & next1       
probably1 ) ! screw-propell] z a means (
 m>9e  propulsion4 ,x w1 !re=e1 be prop]
 at ! pres5t po9t to ref]  9 "s fur!r   
detail to ! circum/ances connect$ ) 8   
relation  to ! introduction ( !         
screw-propell]4    ,reg>d+ ?is "q an    

entire volume might be writt5 )\t do+  m
 ?an ju/ice to ! subject1 b only a brief
 /atem5t ( !  *ief facts c be "h        
attempt$4    ,z e>ly z ! ,sev5te5?      
,c5tury ! possibility ( develop+ a      
propulsive ?ru/ by ! use ( a subm]g$    
helicoidal1 or screw1  propell]1 _h be5 
vaguely recogniz$1 & dur+ ! foll[+1 or  
,eighte5? ,c5tury1 ! same idea _h be5   
br\ght =w>d4 ,x _h be5  view$ 9 ?is     
connection1 h[ev]1 m]ely z a curiosity1 
& l$ to no  imm$iate results4 ,lat]1 9  
#ahjd1 ,francis ,b4 ,/ev5s1 ( ,new      
,j]sey1 9  an exp]im5tal boat on !      
,hudson1 op]at$ tw9 screws1 &           
demon/rat$ _! applicability to !        
requirem5ts ( m>9e practice4  ,^!       
propell]s1 9 fact1 _h a =m f> m ne>ly   
approa*+ !  mod]n screw-propell] ?an did
 ^? :i* came some:at lat]1 &  :i* m>k$ !
 real entry ( ! screw-propell] into     
actual &  practical s]vice4    ,aga91 9 
#ahab1 ,ressel1 a /ud5t 9 ! ,univ]sity (
 ,vi5na1 began to  /udy !               
screw-propell]1 & 8 fir/ draw+ dates f  

?is "t4  ,9 #ahbf he c>ri$ on exp]im5ts 
9 a b>ge driv5 by h&1 & 9 #ahbg  an     
,au/rian pat5t 0 grant$ him4 ,two ye>s  
lat] he appli$ 8 screw  to a boat ) an  
eng9e ( six horse-p[]1 & a spe$ ( six   
miles  p] h\r 0 said to h be5 atta9$4   
,!n came a bur/+  /eam-pipe1 & ! police 
put a /op to ! exp]im5ts1 :i* seem to  h
 _h no fur!r results4    ,likewise 9    
#ahbc ,capta9 ,delisle1 ( ! ,fr5*       
,eng9e]s1 pres5t$ a  memorial to 8      
,gov]nm5t 9 :i* he urg$ ! use ( !       
subm]g$  propell] = ! propulsion ( /eam 
vessels4 ,no especial att5tion 0  giv5  
to ! sugge/ion1 h[ev]1 & x 0 app>5tly   
=gott5 until  lat]1 :5 ! propell] _h    
become a demon/rat$ success4 ,!n ?is    
memorial 0 rememb]$1 & its au?or br\ght 
=w>d to receive 8  %>e ( cr$it 9        
connection ) ! adaptation ( ! propell]  
to  m>9e propulsion4    ,^! v>i\s       
attempts to introduce ! screw-propell]  
seem curi\sly  en\gh to h _h no la/+    
result4 ,!y 7 n foll[$ up1 & 9  ! mean  
"t _h to "s ext5t pass$ out ( memory1   

or1 if  rememb]$1 ! abs5ce ( result c   
h>dly h act$ z an inc5tive  to fre%     
ef=t4 ,at ! same "t x mu/ be admitt$ t !
  screw-propell] z a possibility = m>9e 
propulsion 0 kn[n 9 a  vague way to !   
eng9e]+ practice ( ! day1 & x is at ?is 
"t  ( c\rse q impossible to say h[ mu*  
may h be5 kn[n by  ,ericsson1 ,smi?1 or 
o!rs conc]n$ 9 lat] developm5ts1 or to  
:at  ext5t !y may h be5 dep5d5t =       
sugge/ion on :at _h prec$$  !m4 ,! "q ( 
:o inv5t$ ! screw-propell] 9 ! absolute 
s5se is entirely futile & )\t answ]4 ,no
 "o c\ld ev] h  reasonably advanc$ any  
su* unique claim4 ,at ! be/ x is simply 
a  "q ( ! relative influ5ce 9 !         
introduction1 improvem5t1 &  practical  
application ( :at 0 ! common prop]ty ( !
 eng9e]+  practice ( ! day4    ,9 #ahcc1
 or at ! p]iod n[ "u consid]ation1      
h[ev]1 !  paddle-:eel 0 ! recogniz$     
in/rum5t ( m>9e propulsion4 ,s9ce  !    
beg9n+ ( ! c5tury x _h be5 gr[+ 9 use ) 
! gradual  gr[? 9 ! application ( /eam1 
& at ?is "t x held ! field  alone4 ,"s  

ye>s e>li] x appe>s t "s ( ! objections 
to !  paddle-:eel _h become pla9ly      
app>5t to ,ericsson1 al?\gh1  occupi$ ) 
o!r matt]s z he 01 !re 0 no imm$iate    
result4 ,he  app>5tly recogniz$ t ! sl[ 
revolutions possible ) !  paddle-:eel   
did n favor ! improvem5t ( ! /eam-eng9e 
along !  l9es :i* h s9ce be5 foll[$1 &  
he saw cle>ly t =  w>%ip purposes !     
eng9es employ$1 expos$ above ! wat]-l9e 
to  de/ruction f ! %ell ( an enemy1 7   
entirely out ( !  "q4 ,f9ally 9 #ahcc & 
#ahcd we f9d him employ$ by a c>ry+     
company 9 ,london to conduct num]\s     
trials ) subm]g$ propell]s  9 ! ,london 
& ,birm+ham canal4 ,9 an affidavit made 
9 ,m>*1 #ahde1  he /ates t 9 #ahcc 8    
att5tion 0 p>ticul>ly call$ to !        
subject ( oblique propulsion1 & t "u 8  
direction propell]s  ( v>i\s patt]ns &  
embody+ ^! pr9ciples 7 fitt$ on a       
canal-boat nam$ ! ,francis1 & lat] 9    
#ahcd to ano!r call$ !  ,annatorius4    
,%ortly aft] ?is1 or 9 #ahce1 8 ideas   
took m  def9ite =m1 & he ref]s to 8 "w 9

 a lett] to 8 fri5d ,john  ,b\rne 9 !   
foll[+ t]ms3--    #ahce4 ,design$ a     
rot>y propell] to be actuat$ by /eam-p[]
  consi/+ ( a s]ies ( segm5ts ( a screw 
atta*$ to a ?9 broad  hoop support$ by  
arms s twi/$ z also to =m "p ( a screw4 
,!  propell] subsequ5tly appli$ to !    
/eam%ip ',pr9ceton' 0  id5tical ) my    
said design ( #ahce4 ,ev5 ! mode adopt$ 
to  det]m9e1 by geometrical con/ruction1
 ! twi/ ( ! blades & arms  ( !          
',pr9ceton's' & o!r propell]s 0 id5tical
 ) my design  ( ! ye> la/ m5tion$4      
,at ab\t ?is same "t1 or 9 #ahce1 !     
att5tion ( ,mr4 ,f4,p4 ,smi?  seems to h
 be5 drawn to ! subject ( !             
screw-propell]1 & we  f9d him tak+ out a
 pat5t = 8 =m1 consi/+ ( an elongat$    
helix or spiral ( sev]al turns1 "u date 
( ,may #ca1 #ahcf4 ,ericsson's  pat5t   
foll[$ "s six weeks lat]1 or on ,july   
#ac1 #ahcf4 ,:ile x ?us  appe>s t       
,ericsson _h be5 /udy+ ! problem s9ce   
#ahcc or  e>li]1 accord+ to 8 own       
/atem5ts1 !re is no evid5ce t  ,smi?'s  

att5tion 0 drawn to ! matt] e>li] ?an   
#ahce4 ,delay on  ,ericsson's "p 9 !    
matt] ( pat5t gives ! e>li] date to     
,smi?4  ,! m]e date ( a pat5t1 h[ev]1 is
 ( small mom5t = our pres5t  purposes4  
,x mu/ be admitt$ t ! mod]n =m (        
screw-propell] is  q unlike ei!r ( ^!   
orig9al =ms1 al?\gh !y all involve  (   
c\rse ! same fundam5tal pr9ciples4      
,ericsson's propell] may  prop]ly be    
call$ an eng9e]+ success1 built on s\nd 
pr9ciples1  b improv$ & l>gely modifi$  
by ! results ( lat] exp]i5ce &  rese>*4 
,smi?'s propell]1 :ile capable (        
propell+ a boat1 0 !  design ( an       
amateur r ?an ( an eng9e]1 & 9 comp>ison
 )  ,ericsson's seem$ to %[ a some:at   
less accurate appreciation ( !  und]ly+ 
pr9ciples ^u :i* ! propell] op]ates4    
,9 ! pres5t case1 z we h not$ above1 !  
"q is n s mu*  "o ( inv5tion z (        
influ5ce 9 introduction1 adaptation1 &  
improvem5t4 ,! screw-propell] 0 already 
kn[n1 b _h n be5  introduc$ into & made 
a "p ( actual eng9e]+ practice4 ,s]vices

  9 ?is direction are all t c be claim$ 
= any ( ^? conc]n$  ) ! "q dur+ ! ?ird  
decade ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury4  ,f ?is    
po9t ( view we mu/ give to ,ericsson    
l>ge cr$it4 ,he _h  ! c\rage ( 8        
convictions1 & did n all[ 8 "w 9 ?is    
direction to lapse = lack ( ef=t on 8 "p
 to secure its  introduction into !     
practice ( ! day4    ,?us1 9 #ahcg1 !   
,francis ,b4 ,ogd5 0 built = ! special  
purpose  ( te/+ ! p[] ( !               
screw-propell]1 & 0 op]at$ on !  ,?ames 
= ! b5efit ( ! ,briti% ,admiralty & _m  
o!rs4 ,%ortly  aft] ?is1 & l>gely ?r\gh 
! influ5ce ( ,capt4 ,rob]t ,f4  ,/ockton
 ( ! ,am]ican ,navy & ,francis ,b4      
,ogd51 ! ,am]ican ,consul  at ,liv]pool1
 ,ericsson began to consid] a visit to !
 ,unit$ ,/ates  = ! purpose ( build+1 "u
 ,/ockton's auspices1 a vessel = !      
,unit$ ,/ates ,navy4 ,:ile ^!           
negotiations 7 "u way1 9 #ahch1 he      
built = ,capta9 ,/ockton a screw-/eam]  
nam$ ! ,rob]t ,f4  ,/ockton1 ! trials ( 
:i* attract$ mu* att5tion f ! public  at

 l>ge & f eng9e]s ( ! "t4 ,at ab\t !    
same p]iod  ,ericsson's propell] 0 fitt$
 to a canal-boat call$ ! ,novelty1  ply+
 betwe5 ,man*e/] & ,london4 ,?is 0      
presumably ! fir/  in/ance ( a          
screw-propell] employ$ on a vessel      
actually us$ =  comm]cial purposes4     
,f9ally1 9 pursuance ( ,ericsson's plans
 ) ,capta9 ,/ockton1 he left  ,engl&    
,nov4 #a1 #ahci1 & />t$ = ,new ,york 9 !
 /eam] ,great  ,we/]n1 :]e he arriv$    
,novemb] #bc1 aft] a long & /ormy       
passage4    ,we n[ rea* ! f9al sc5e (   
,ericsson's life & pr(essional          
activities4 ,8 visit 0 at fir/ int5d$   
only z tempor>y1 & he  seems to h       
anticipat$ an e>ly return aft] c>ry+ out
 8 plans  ) ref]5ce to a %ip = ! ,unit$ 
,/ates ,navy4 ,to quote f a  lett] to 8 
fri5d1 ,mr4 ,john ,o4 ,s>g5t1 he says3  
,i visit$ ?is  c\ntry at ,mr4 ,ogd5's   
mo/ e>ne/ solicitations to introduce my 
propell] on ! canals & inl& wat]s ( !   
,unit$ ,/ates4 ,i _h at  ! same "t /rong
 reasons = suppos+ t ,/ockton w\ld be   

able  to />t ! 'big frigate' = :i* ,i _h
 prep>$ su* labori\s plans  9 ,engl&4 ,!
 ev5t 0 o!rwise det]m9$1 h[ev]1 & dur+ !
  rema9+ fifty ye>s ( 8 life he liv$ &  
wr\ght 9 ! ,new ,_w1  & z a citiz5 ( 8  
adopt$ c\ntry4    ,if ! record ( 8      
twelve ye>s ( "w 9 ,london 0 long1 t =  
! rema9+ & matur] ye>s ( 8 life may well
 be imag9$ z  va/ly great]4 ,dur+ !     
e>li] "p ( ?is p]iod1 or until !  ,civil
 ,w>1 :5 all 8 en]gies 7 conc5trat$ ^u 8
 "w 9  connection ) ! ,monitor type (   
w>%ip1 we f9d ! same weal?  ( inv5tion &
 human en]gy1 b = ! mo/ "p direct$ along
  l9es relat$ to m>9e & naval           
con/ruction4 ,x 0 a p]iod (  tra9+ = !  
full] fruitage ( 8 g5ius dur+ ! ,civil  
,w>4    ,%ortly aft] 8 arrival1 or 9    
#ahdj1 a prize 0 (f]$ by !  ,me*anics'  
,in/itute ( ,new ,york = ! be/ plan ( a 
/eam  fire-eng9e4 ,) 8 previ\s exp]i5ce 
9 ,london1 ,ericsson easily  c>ri$ (f ! 
palm & 0 aw>d$ ! prize4 ,he fur!r       
occupi$  himself ) ! introduction (     
propell]s on boats engag$ 9 !  inl&     

navigation ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ) ! design
 & con/ruction  ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates /eam  
frigate ,pr9ceton1 ) ! developm5t (  !  
comp\nd pr9ciple 9 ! /eam-eng9e1 !n 9   
#ahea ) 8  hot-air %ip ,ericsson1 or %ip
 propell$ by hot-air or caloric  eng9es1
 z !y 7 !n t]m$1 & lat] ) caloric eng9es
 9  small] sizes = /ation>y purposes1 ( 
:i* sev]al ?\s& 7  sold dur+ ! next     
succe$+ ye>s4    ,9 ! "w ( introduc+ 8  
propell]s good progress 0 made1         
especially 9 boats built = use on !     
,great ,lakes1 s t by #ahdd1  :5 !      
,u4,s4,s4 ,pr9ceton w5t into commission1
 !re 7 9 use "s  tw5ty-five vessels ) ! 
screw-propell] z a means ( propulsion4  
,! project ( build+ a vessel = !        
,am]ican ,navy1 ! purpose  :i* _h mo/   
/rongly attract$ ,ericsson to ! ,unit$  
,/ates1  suff]$ long delay 9 connection 
) ! arrangem5ts betwe5 ,capta9  ,/ockton
 & ! naval au?orities at ,wa%+ton4 ,at  
l5g?1 9 #ahda1  ,capta9 ,/ockton 0      
au?oriz$ to proce$ ) ! con/ruction ( a  
screw /eam frigate ( ab\t "o ?\s& tons4 

,?is 0 ! ,u4,s4,s4  ,pr9ceton1 :i* m>ks 
an epo* z ! fir/ screw vessel-(-w>4 ,%e 
0 foll[$ by ! ,fr5* ,pomone 9 #ahdc1 & !
 ,engli% ,amphion  9 #ahdd1 = ! equipm5t
 ( :i* ,ericsson's ag5t 9 ,engl&1 ,c\nt 
,von ,ros51 receiv$ commissions f !     
,fr5* & ,engli% gov]nm5ts  respectively4
    ,! ,pr9ceton 0 complet$ 9 due "t & 0
 equipp$ ) two  #ab-;in* wr\ght-iron    
guns1 "o br\ght by ,ericsson f ,engl& & 
"o  design$ & built "u ! direction (    
,capta9 ,/ockton4 ,at !  trials ( ! %ip 
9 #ahdd ! latt] gun explod$1 kill+ !    
,secret>ies ( ,/ate & ( ! ,navy1 besides
 o!r prom95t visitors  on bo>d1 & w\nd+ 
sev]al o!rs4 ,?is t]rible disa/] ?rew an
  entirely undes]v$ /igma ^u ! %ip      
h]self & ^u ,ericsson's  "w1 & x 0 n    
until _m ye>s aft] t 8 "n 0 entirely    
free f "s k9d ( reproa* 9 connection ) !
 ,pr9ceton &  ! deplorable results ( !  
accid5t on bo>d4    ,^! are "s ( !      
pr9cipal l9es ( "w ) :i* ,ericsson      
occupi$ himself dur+ ! tw5ty-two ye>s   
betwe5 #ahci & #ahfa4 ,at  ! latt] date 

came ! supreme opportunity ( 8 life1 & 8
  s]vices 9 ! art ( naval con/ruction   
dur+ ! rema9d] ( !  ,civil ,w>1 :i* 0 !n
 9 progress1 are a "p ( ! hi/ory ( t    
great /ruggle4 ,"h1 z ) ! propell]1     
volumes might be writt5 9  ! attempt to 
give a full acc\nt ( ! inception1 gr[?1 
& f9al  v9dication ( ,ericsson's ideas  
reg>d+ naval (f5ce & def5ce1 z  express$
 by ! means available 9 ! eng9e]+       
practice ( ! day4  ,! lead+ po9ts only c
 be summ>iz$4    ,! "q ( armor$ %ips 0 9
 ! air4 ,! advantages ( armor  _h be5   
already demon/rat$ on ! ,fr5* %ip       
,gloire & o!rs 9  connection ) ! naval  
"p ( ! ,crimean ,w>1 & !re 0 a  feel+ t 
ironclads ( "s k9d 7 a necessity ( !    
situation4  ,^! facts 7 p]haps m cle>ly 
realiz$ at ! ,s\? ?an at !  ,nor?2 &    
e>ly 9 #ahfa we f9d ,mr4 ,/eph5 ,r4     
,mallory1 ! ,conf$]ate  ,secret>y ( !   
,navy1 tak+ active /eps to raise !      
,m]rimac1  :i* _h be5 sunk5 at !        
,norfolk ,navy ,y>d1 & conv]t h] into an
  armor-clad4 ,in=mation reg>d+ ?is     

project naturally became kn[n to  !     
,f$]al au?orities1 & occasion$ ,presid5t
 ,l9coln & ! entire  ,cab9et ! mo/ s]i\s
 anxiety4 ,at l5g? on ,augu/ #c1 #ahfa1 
!  appo9tm5t ( a ,bo>d 0 au?oriz$1 !    
duty ( :i* x %\ld be to  exam9e into !  
"q fully1 obta9 plans1 & recomm5d !     
con/ruction ( su* armor-clads z !y %\ld 
judge be/ suit$ to !  dem&s ( !         
situation4    ,%ortly aft] ?is1         
,ericsson =w>d$ to ,presid5t ,l9coln a  
communication 9 :i* he (f]$ to con/ruct 
a vessel = !  de/ruction ( ! ,rebel     
fleet at ,norfolk & = sc\r+ ! ,s\!rn    
riv]s & inlets ( all craft protect$ by  
,rebel batt]ies4 ,= "o  reason or ano!r 
?is communication does n seem to h      
produc$ any  imm$iate result4 ,lat]1    
h[ev]1 :5 ! ,bo>d made its report dat$  
,septemb] #af1 !y regi/]$ ! op9ion t !  
pres5t dem& call$  = vessels invuln]able
 to %ot1 ( light draft ( wat]1 be=e go+ 
into a m p]fect sy/em ( l>ge iron-clad  
seago+ vessels ( w>4  ,9 pursuance ( ?is
 idea !y recomm5d$ ! con/ruction ( ?ree 

vessels1--,ericsson's float+ batt]y1 a  
broadside vessel lat] kn[n z  !         
,ironsides1 & ! ,gal5a4 ,mr4 ,c4,s4     
,bu%nell1 :o 0  in/rum5tal 9 br++       
,ericsson's plans actually be=e ! ,bo>d1
  lat] associat$ ) himself & ,ericsson 9
 ! project two g5tlem5  ( means1 & l>ge 
manufactur]s ( iron plate1 ,mr4 ,john   
,a4 ,griswold  & ,mr4 ,john ,f4 ,w9sl[1 
:o advanc$ mo/ ( ! money ne$$1 ,mr4     
,bu%nell supply+ ! rema9d]4 ,! keel 0   
laid ,oct4 #be1 #ahfa1 &  ! ,monitor1 z 
%e 0 nam$ by ,ericsson1 0 laun*$ ,jan4  
#cj1 #ahfb1  & 0 turn$ ov] to !         
,gov]nm5t ,feb4 #ai1 #ahfb4 ,?is brief  
record  ( con/ruction leaves untold all 
hi/ory ( ! ceaseless /ruggle  aga9/ "t &
 ( ! sup]b organization & di/ribution ( 
! "w  :i* made possible ! completion (  
su* a piece ( "w 9 ! p]iod  ( "o hundr$ 
work+ days4    ,"o important fact :i*   
goes f> to expla9 ?is a/oni%+ spe$ 9    
design & con/ruction is f\nd 9 ! fact t 
,ericsson 0 n  deal+ ) an entirely new &
 fre%ly develop$ proposition4 ,he has   

/at$ t ! ?\ght ( a float+ batt]y1 :i*   
%\ld be small 9  size1 b impregnable to 
! heavie/ guns kn[n & yet heavily arm$  
h]self1 _h long occupi$ 8 ?\ghts 9      
connection ) ! problem  ( ! def5ce (    
,sw$54 ,ericsson nev] =got 8 native l&1 
&  gave to h] political tr\bles & to !  
"q ( h] def5ce  aga9/ h] m p[]ful       
neighbors mu* s]i\s ?\ght4 ,z a result (
  ?is /udy1 he _h produc$ z e>ly z #ahed
 a design embody+ all !  ess5tial       
features ( ! ,monitor1 & ?is design1 %[n
 by a model1  0 9 t ye> s5t to ,napoleon
 ,,iii41 :o 0 !n at w> ) ,russia4  ,?is 
0 9 ! hope t he might 9 ?is way         
contribute to !  ov]?r[ ( ! latt]1 !    
h]$it>y enemy ( 8 native l&4    ,!      
design1 h[ev]1 0 n adopt$1 & aft] x 0   
return$ 0 laid  aside to collect ! du/ (
 8 (fice1 until ! exp]i5ces ( !  ,civil 
,w> br\ght x aga9 to ! light4 ,! plan 9 
all its ma9  features _h !re=e long be5 
matur$1 & x only rema9$ to  proce$      
rapidly ) ! details & ) ! realization ( 
! idea 9  ! mo/ suitable mat]ials to be 

obta9$4    ,! result ( ! battle betwe5 !
 ,monitor & ! ,m]rimac 9  ,hampton      
,roads is a "p ( hi/ory4 ,! rel5tless   
deva/ation :i* !  latt] _h begun on !   
old wood5 %ips ( ! ,am]ican ,navy at    
,hampton  ,roads 0 /ay$1 & ! wild fe>s  
at ! ,nor? conc]n+ !  de/ruction :i* %e 
might cause to ! %ipp+ & to ! seabo>d   
cities 0 calm$4 ,! ,m]rimac met h] ma/]1
 & retir$ f !  conflict crippl$ & %orn (
 p[] = fur!r evil4 ,a %ort "t  lat] %e  
sank b5ea? ! wat]s ( ! ,*esapeake1 & is 
n[  rememb]$ only z ! antagoni/ ( !     
,monitor4    ,if ! result ( ?is battle  
betwe5 ! ,monitor & ! ,m]rimac  m>k$ a  
turn+-po9t 9 ! naval aspect ( ! ,civil  
,w>1 x wr\ght  a no less m>k$ *ange 9 ! 
/&+ & =tunes ( h] design]4  ,"s ( 8     
eng9e]+ ef=ts _h n met ) ! success = :i*
  he or 8 fri5ds _h hop$4 ,! eng9es ( ! 
air-%ip1 :ile a  success z a piece (    
me*anism1 7 s enorm\s & heavy t %e _h   
to be consid]$ z a comm]cial failure1 & 
! v5ture 0 n  repeat$2 ! deplorable     
accid5t on ! ,pr9ceton 0 by "s held to  

be 9 "p *>geable to ,ericsson1 ?\gh a   
lat] & full k (  ! circum/ances %[s t   
su* 0 9 no wise ! case4 ,aga91          
,ericsson1 z an exp]im5t] & pione]1 0 by
 "s consid]$ z a  dream]1 & be=e !      
,monitor 0 complet$ !re 0 no lack (     
croak]s :o prophesi$ failure or :o op5ly
 ridicul$ ! idea4 ,?is  condition 0 (   
c\rse natural4 ,9 _m ways ,ericsson 0   
ahead ( 8  age2 &1 aga91 x mu/ n be     
suppos$ t he avoid$ mi/akes or  t all ( 
8 "w fully realiz$ ! expectations :i* 7 
bas$  ^u x4 ,fur!rmore1 ,ericsson's _s 0
 pr\d1 & he 0 little  dispos$ to accept 
criticism f ^? :om he felt to be        
unqualifi$  to pass adequate judgm5t on 
8 "w1 :ile he 0 especially impati5t  "u 
! sy/em by :i* gov]nm5t "w 0 done4 ,he 0
 !re=e b  little dispos$ to pleasantly  
submit to ! exasp]at+ delays &          
int]f]5ces ) 8 "w :i* arose f ! me?ods (
 do+  public bus9ess1 & x is no m ?an ! 
simple tru? to say t  dur+ ! prec$+ ye>s
 ! relations betwe5 ,ericsson & !       
(ficials ( ! ,navy ,dep>tm5t _h (t5     

become s]i\sly /ra9$1  & !y 7 seldom 9  
cordial accord reg>d+ ! v>i\s que/ions  
:i* arose 9 connection ) 8 public "w4   
,) ! demon/ration made by ! ,monitor1   
h[ev]1 ! attitude (  ! public *ang$ 9 a 
mom5t1 & ,ericsson 0 hail$ on e h& z  a 
public b5efactor4 ,he receiv$ ! ?anks ( 
,congress on ,m>* #bh1  #ahfb1 & ( !    
,legislature ( ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york a   
little lat]4  ,besides ^!1 he 0 !       
recipi5t ( numb]s ( memorials &         
mem5toes1 & ( su* praise 9 e =m z might 
well h di/urb$  ! equilibrium ( a m9d   
less well balanc$4 ,9 all ?is *ange (   
public op9ion1 ! "o ?+ :i* mu/ h giv5   
him ! deepe/  satisfaction 0 ! *ange 9 !
 attitude ( ! naval au?orities at       
,wa%+ton4 ,he 0 n[ consid]$ z "o ^:     
ideas _h demon/rat$  _! "r to s]i\s &   
respectful att5tion1 & a l>ge fleet (   
vessels ( ! monitor type 0 ord]$1 simil>
 to b l>g] ?an !  prototype1 & conta9+  
su* m9or *anges z exp]i5ce _h  sugge/$4 
,yet ev5 ?is 0 n accompli%$ )\t         
objection4 ,!  (fic]s ( ! navy 7        

accu/om$ to ! old type ( wood5 %ip1  & 7
 sl[ to realize t naval w> 01 aft] all1 
an eng9e]+  problem1 & t ! ideas ( !    
eng9e] mu/ n[ be sub/itut$ =  ^? :i* _h 
be5 sanctifi$ by long ages ( pa/        
exp]i5ce4 ,/ill1  ! demon/ration 0 too  
conv9c+ to admit ( s]i\s "q1 &          
,ericsson & 8 associates 9 bus9ess 7    
busily occupi$ dur+ !  rema9d] ( ! w> 9 
! design & con/ruction ( a num]\s fleet 
( vessels ( ! monitor type4             
,ericsson's "w dur+ ?is p]iod 0 enorm\s4
 ,"o design foll[$  ano!r 9 quick       
succession1 :ile "w ( sup]vision &      
inspection  & c>es ( a bus9ess nature   
all comb9$ to make a burd5 :i* w\ld  h  
brok5 d[n a nature less det]m9$ &       
self-c5tr$1 & a body  less inur$ to     
physical endurance & su/a9$ n]v\s       
t5sion4    ,?is prodigi\s load 0 n s mu*
 b t he f\nd "t to devote to  ! ne$s (  
o!r nations1 & 9 #ahfb he (f]$ to       
con/ruct = !  ,*ilian gov]nm5t a monitor
 simil> to ^? "u con/ruction = !  ,unit$
 ,/ates1 :ile lat] a simil> (f] 0 made  

to ! ,p]uvian  ,gov]nm5t4 ,) ! close ( !
 ,civil ,w> ,ericsson f\nd /ill fur!r   
"t to devote to ! introduction ( ?is    
type ( vessel into =eign  navies1 & a   
consid]able "p ( 8 "t seems to h be5    
occupi$  ) projects ( ?is "*1 & m       
p>ticul>ly ) ! "q  ( ! naval def5ce ( 8 
native l&4 ,z reg>ds ! introduction (   
w>%ips ( ! monitor type1 ! results 7 n s
 pron\nc$ z  might h be5 expect$1 & :ile
 ! influ5ce ( ! idea is se5 9  !        
practice ( e m>itime nation 9 reg>d to !
 con/ruction (  its w>%ips1 /ill1 = !   
mo/ "p1 ! lead+ nations pref]r$ to  make
 application ( ! idea 9 _! own way r ?an
 ord] su*  vessels direct f _! orig9al  
design]4 ,yet 9 n a few cases !  orig9al
 type 0 fai?fully copi$1 ?\gh x is n    
always cle> to  :at ext5t ,ericsson     
himself may h _h direct contact ) _!    
designs4 ,9 #ahff ! ,sw$es 7 able to te/
 ! fir/ ( a small fleet  ( monitors     
built aft] ,ericsson's plans4 ,?is 0    
call$ ! ,john  ,ericsson1 & 0 arm$ ) two
 #ae-;in* guns pres5t$ to ,sw$5 by      

,ericsson himself4 ,lat]1 9 #ahfh1 he   
design$ = ,spa9 &  sup]9t5d$ !          
con/ruction ( ?irty small gunboats = use
 9  ,cuban wat]s4    ,= ne>ly t5 ye>s n[
 ,ericsson _h devot$ mo/ ( 8 en]gies to 
! art ( w>4 ,x 0 a "t ( *ange & unre/4  
,heavy guns & armor  _h br\ght ab\t a   
complete break ) ! pa/4 ,! torp$o1 :i*  
_h  made its appe>ance 9 crude =m dur+ !
 ,civil ,w>1 0 attract+  m & m att5tion1
 & que/ions ( naval (f5ce & def5ce &  ( 
! be/ gov]nm5tal policy 7 attract+ !    
s]i\s att5tion (  all ^: duty l$ !m into
 relation ) su* matt]s4 ,into ?is       
problem 9 its broade/ aspects ,ericsson 
?rew himself 9 ! e>ly  'sev5ties ) all !
 ardor ( 8 y\ng] days4    ,x is prop] to
 expla9 "h t !re 0 "o feature ( ! e>li] 
plans :i* 7 submitt$ to ,napoleon ,,iii4
 9 #ahed1 :i* he did n  embody 9 !      
,monitor1 & :i*1 inde$1 0 omitt$ f all  
publi%$ plans & descriptions ( ! sy/em  
giv5 out 9 =m]  ye>s4 ,?is 0 a sy/em (  
subm>9e or subaque\s attack1 :i*1 he    
/ates 9 a lett] to ,john ,b\rne1 _h     

attract$ 8 att5tion s9ce  #ahbf4 ,! "t  
n[ seem$ ripe = ! pres5tation &         
developm5t (  ?is idea1 & he accord+ly  
develop$ 8 designs = a torp$o1 &  = a   
me?od ( fir+ x "u wat] f a gun c>ri$ 9 !
 b[ ( a  boat1 & suitably op5+ to all[ !
 dis*>ge ( ! torp$o  projectile4 ,?is 0 
,ericsson's s-call$ ,de/roy] sy/em1 & 0 
embodi$ f9ally 9 a boat call$ !         
,de/roy]1 :i* he built 9  company ) 8   
fri5d1 ,mr4 ,c4,h4 ,delamat]1 & ) :i* he
 c>ri$  on num]\s exp]im5ts4 ,9 ! end1  
h[ev]1 ! sy/em did n comm5d  itself to !
 naval au?orities1 & ! ,de/roy] 0 left  
on h]  design]'s h&s1 an in/ance (      
diff]5ce ( op9ion betwe5 ,ericsson  & ^?
 *>g$ ) ! duty ( naval adm9i/ration1 & )
 no  supreme te/ ( w> to provide        
opportunity = ! det]m9ation z to  :i* 7 
! m correct 9 _! judgm5t4 ,) ! ,de/roy]1
  & 8 "w 9 connection ) h]1 closes !    
record ( ,ericsson's  connection ) !    
advance 9 naval con/ruction4    ,dur+ ^!
 lat] ye>s ( 8 life x mu/ n be suppos$ t
 he 0  less busily occupi$ ?an 9 e>li]  

life4 ,8 0 a nature :i* knew  no re/1 & 
to ! la/ day ( 8 life he 0 lit]ally 9 ! 
h>ness4 ,only brief m5tion h[ev] c be   
made ( "s ( ! m  important l9es ( "w :i*
 int]e/$ ! clos+ ye>s (  ,ericsson's    
life4    ,9 connection ) 8 naval        
designs1 he devot$ mu* /udy to !        
improvem5t ( heavy ordnance1 bo? z to ! 
gun & its m\nt+4 ,9  p>ticul>1 8 m\nt+ (
 ! guns 9 ! ,monitor 0 q  orig9al1 & !  
friction arrangem5t = absorb+ ! recoil 0
 a  great improvem5t ov] me?ods !n 9    
use1 & s]v$ z a model =  _m copies &    
adaptations ( ! same pr9ciples 9 lat]   
ye>s by  o!r design]s4 ,9 #ahfc he also 
design$ & built = ! acceptance  ( !     
,gov]nm5t a =g$ #ac-;in* wr\ght-iron    
gun4 ,:ile 8 design  0 an advance on ^? 
( ! day1 ! dem&s on ! mak]s ( iron  =g+s
 7 m ?an c\ld be successfully met1 & !  
gun develop$  "s slight cracks 9 ! te/1 
:i* prev5t$ fur!r developm5ts on  ?is   
l9e4 ,ericsson always ma9ta9$ t ! te/s  
to :i* ?is gun  0 submitt$ 7 unfairly   
sev]e1 & he %[$ h[ ! defects c\ld  be   

rem$i$ by a /eel l9+4 ,b ! ,naval       
,bureau ( ,ordnance insi/$  t ?is %\ld  
be done at 8 own exp5se1 & z he _h      
already lo/  "s #bj1jjj on ! gun1 he 0  
unwill+ to proce$ f>!r1 & !  matt] 0    
all[$ to lapse4    ,?r\gh\t 8 entire    
c>e] ! improvem5t ( ! /eam-eng9e        
occupi$ a l>ge %>e ( ,ericsson's        
att5tion1 & 9 p>ticul> 0  ?is ! case 9  
connection ) 8 naval designs4 ,f !      
,pr9ceton1 9 #ahda1 to ! ,de/roy]1 9    
#ahgh1 !re succe$$ "o  long s]ies (     
types & =ms ( /eam-eng9e1 ea* 9 8 op9ion
 !  be/ adapt$ to ! circum/ances ( !    
case4 ,naturally1 op9ions  diff]1 & he 0
 br\ght into competition ) o!r able     
eng9e]s1  & 8 designs 7 (t5 call$ into  
"q or subject$ to  criticism4 ,9 #ahfc1 
9 competition ) ,*ief ,eng9e] ,i%]wood (
 !  navy1 eng9es 7 design$ = tw9 %ips1 !
 ,madawaska1 aft]w>d  kn[n z !          
,t5nessee1 & ! ,wampanoag1 aft]w>d call$
 !  ,florida4 ,?is 0 a battle royal (   
types & modes ( application (  ! p[] ( !
 /eam-eng9e to ! propulsion ( %ips4 ,!  

result 0  a victory = ,i%]wood1 al?\gh !
 ,madawaska1 :i* 0 fir/  subject$ to    
trial1 made a spe$ high] ?an any w>%ip  
at t "t  afloat4 ,?is 0 exce$$ by !     
,wampanoag a %ort "t lat]2 b  nei!r     
eng9e 0 ( an endur+ type1 & aft] a "t ! 
ma*9]y  ( ! ,madawaska 0 remov$1 & %e 0 
rep[]$ ) a lat] type  ( ma*9]y1 & long  
did s]vice z ! ,t5nessee 9 ! li/ (      
wood5 frigates ( ! navy4 ,! ,florida 0  
too exp5sive to ma9ta9  9 commission1 & 
! special circum/ances :i* _h call$ h]  
into  exi/5ce hav+ pass$ by1 %e 0 laid  
up at ,new ,london1 & nev]  aga9 saw    
active s]vice4    ,ke5ly z ,ericsson 0  
int]e/$ 9 ! /eam-eng9e1 x mu/ be        
admitt$ t he always %[$ a m pr(\nd      
int]e/ 9 "s =m (  eng9e :i* %\ld be able
 to displace x ) a sup]ior effici5cy2  &
 h5ce 8 long s]ies ( ef=ts relat+ to !  
flame-eng9e1 !  caloric eng9e1 !        
gas-eng9e1 & f9ally ! sol> eng9e1--)    
ei!r /eam or heat$ air z ! m$ium = c>ry+
 ! heat4 ,dur+  ! la/ ye>s ( 8 life "s (
 8 mo/ pati5t & c>eful /udy  0 giv5 to !

 p]fection ( a sol> eng9e1 or eng9e =   
utiliz+  directly ! heat ( ! sun in/ead 
( t ( coal or o!r c>bon  comp\nds4      
,besides ?is direct l9e ( /udy &        
exp]im5tation1 he  gave dur+ ^! ye>s mu*
 ?\ght to v>i\s sci5tific problems      
connect$ ) sol> en]gy1 ! tides1         
gravitation1 ! nature ( heat1  etc41    
etc4 ,a plan = d]iv+ p[] direct f !     
tides1 improvem5ts  9 high-spe$ eng9es =
 electric-light+ purposes1 fur!r        
improvem5ts 9 8 hot-air eng9e 9 small   
sizes = comm]cial  purposes1--^! are "s 
( ! fur!r l9es ( "w :i* occupi$  !      
att5tion ( 8 clos+ ye>s4    ,b ! mo/    
cunn+ly devis$ ( all me*anisms1 ! he>t &
 bra91  mu/ soon] or lat] tire & cease f
 _! labors4 ,! motive en]gy  becomes    
exhau/$1 & ! me*anism mu/ cease its "w4 
,s x 0 )  ,john ,ericsson4 ,9 ! fir/ h\r
 ( ! morn+ ( ,m>* #h1 #ahhi1  ,ericsson 
di$4 ,?is 0 )9 "o day ( ! tw5ty-sev5?   
anniv]s>y  ( ! battle at ,hampton       
,roads1 ! ev5t ) :i* ! "n (  ,ericsson w
 always be associat$1 & :i* has giv5 to 

x a  significance t w nev] be =gott54 ,8
 rema9s 7 fir/  int]r$ 9 ,new ,york1 &  
!n1 9 #ahij1 9 accordance ) ! reque/  ( 
! ,sw$i% ,gov]nm5t1 !y 7 return$ )      
impressive s]vices  to 8 native l&1 :]e 
!y n[ re/4 ,9 8 dea? he receiv$ 8       
highe/ honors1 = 8 rema9s 7 convey$     
across ! ,atlantic by !  ,u4,s4,s4      
,baltimore1 "o ( ! new %ips ( ! navy    
specially detail$  = t s]vice1 & on bo? 
sides1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & 9 ,sw$51  !  
ev5t 0 m>k$ ) e honor & c]emony :i* c\ld
 indicate  ! significance ( 8 life &    
s]vices = 8 adopt$ l& & =  ! _w at l>ge4
    ,! two pieces ( "w :i* p]haps w be  
mo/ p]man5tly l9k$  ) ! "n ( ,ericsson  
are ! screw-propell] z a means ( m>9e   
propulsion1 & ! ,monitor z a type (     
w>%ip4 ,9 addition to  ^!1 h[ev]1 8     
life-"w 0 ri* 9 results :i* bore direct 
relation to _m o!r improvem5ts 9 ! broad
 field ( m>9e  eng9e]+ & naval          
ar*itecture4 ,( ^! a few ( ! m important
  may be m5tion$1 su* z ! surface       
cond5s]1 di/ill]1 &  evaporator1 =c$    

draft = combu/ion1 plac+ ma*9]y ( w>%ips
  bel[ ! wat]-l9e1 & _! protection by   
coal1 v5tilation by  fan-bl[]s1 toge!r )
 a va/ v>iety ( items involv$ 9 !       
conception & design ( ! ,monitor z a    
:ole1 & 9 8 o!r  naval designs4    ,9   
ord] to appreciate ! influ5ce (         
,ericsson's life & "w on !  field ( m>9e
 con/ruction1 a brief glance may        
pr(itably be tak5 at  ?is bran* (       
eng9e]+ "w z x 0 be=e ,ericsson's "t1 & 
z  x is n[4    ,! mat]ial employ$ =     
%ipbuild+ 0 almo/ entirely wood4 ,?is  0
 displac$ 9 ! 'sixties & 'sev5ties by   
iron1 :i* 9 turn 0  displac$ by /eel1 s 
t at ! pres5t "t1 except = special      
reason1 no mat]ial o!r ?an /eel is ?\ght
 ( = ?is purpose4  ,) ! gradual         
displacem5t ( wood by iron 9 ! m]cantile
 m>9e1  ,ericsson's relation 0 only     
indirect4 ,"s ( ! e>li] m]cantile       
vessels 9 :i* he 0 int]e/$ 7 ( wood & "s
 ( iron4 ,9 !  field ( w>%ip            
con/ruction1 h[ev]1 8 influ5ce ?r\gh !  
,monitor 0 m direct1 especially z to !  

value ( metal armor z  a protection     
aga9/ great gun-fire4 ,/ill1 x is no m  
?an ju/ice  to say t ) ! *ange f wood to
 iron :i* took place dur+  ! active "p (
 8 life1 ,ericsson _h only an indirect  
relation1 &  ! *ange w\ld d\btless h    
come ab\t at ! same "t1 & 9 mu*  ! same 
g5]al way z x did1 indep5d5t ( any      
influ5ce :i* 8  "w may h _h ^u ! "q4    
,turn+ to ! means ( propulsion1  we f9d 
sails z ! ma91 or almo/ only1 reliance  
dur+ ! e>ly  ye>s ( ! c5tury4 ,!        
/eam-eng9e op]at+ paddle-:eels _h come  
to be recogniz$ z a possibility1 & "u   
c]ta9 conditions z a  comm]cial success4
 ,! screw-propell] z a means (          
propulsion 0  kn[n only z a freak idea1 
& 0 )\t /atus or recognition z a        
comm]cial or practical means = propell+ 
%ips4 ,s f> z !  screw-propell] 0 ?\ght 
( z a means ( propulsion1 x lay "u a    
suspicion ( loss ( effici5cy due to !   
oblique nature ( its action1  & ?is 0   
suppos$ to be su* z to r5d] x necess>ily
 &  ess5tially less effici5t ?an !      

paddle-:eel4    ,ericsson liv$ to see ! 
use ( sails almo/ entirely disc>d$ = w> 
purposes1 & = m]cantile purposes        
relegat$ to %ips = special  s]vice & (  
cont9ually decreas+ importance4 ,he liv$
 to see !  /eam-eng9e take its place z !
 only means = supply+ ! p[]  requir$ to 
propel w>%ips1 & atta9 a position (     
almo/ equal  relative importance 9 !    
m]cantile m>9e4 ,he liv$ to see !       
paddle-:eel gr[ 9 importance & e/imation
 z a means ( propulsion  only 9 turn to 
be supplant$ by ! screw-propell]1 :i*   
gradually  increas$ 9 eng9e]+ favor f ! 
days ( its obscure infancy  until x     
became ! only means employ$ = !         
propulsion ( %ips  navigat+ ! high seas1
 :ile x _h become a mo/ s]i\s rival to  
! paddle-:eel ev5 = ! purposes ( int]ior
 & %all[-wat]  navigation1--long a field
 consid]$ z peculi>ly suit$ to !        
paddle-:eel & to ! eng9es adapt$ to its 
op]ation4    ,reg>d+ ! *ange f w9d to   
/eam = ! motive-p[] ( %ips1  ,ericsson  
did 8 full %>e among ! eng9e]s ( 8 day1 

b x w\ld  be unfair to _m o!rs to claim 
= him any exclusive or  prepond]at+     
influ5ce 9 ?is movem5t1 & 9 su* matt]s x
 is  difficult to cle>ly def9e ! s]vices
 ( any "o man4 ,! l9es (  progress1     
h[ev]1 h be5 9 accord ) 8 /udies1 & 8 "w
  has c]ta9ly _h a mo/ direct & p[]ful  
influ5ce ^u !  movem5t4 ,! mo/ important
 po9ts ( contact betwe5 ,ericsson's "w  
& ^! advances 7 9 connection ) 8        
introduction ( !  surface cond5s]1 ! use
 ( artificial draft1 devices = heat+ fe$
  wat]1 8 /udies 9 sup]heat$ /eam & its 
use1 & 8 "w 9  connection ) ! developm5t
 ( ! comp\nd pr9ciple 9  /eam-eng9es1 8 
relation to ! introduction ( !          
screw-propell]1  & to ! use ( tw9 screws
 at a lat] "t4 ,he also devis$ &  adapt$
 _m new types ( eng9es = m>9e purposes1 
hav+ respect to  ! geometrical "* ( !   
connections by means ( :i* a            
reciprocat+ motion ( ! pi/on may be     
trans=m$ into a rot>y  motion ( ! %aft4 
,9 p>ticul>1 he 0 ! fir/ to introduce & 
%[ ! advantages ( eng9es directly       

connect$ to !  propell]-%aft1 in/ead (  
?r\gh ! m indirect & clumsy modes  :i*  
o!rs _h previ\sly ?\ght necess>y4       
,aside f 8 relation to ! screw-propell]1
 p]haps no item ( 8  "w 9 connection ) !
 /eam-eng9e is ( m importance ?an !     
surface cond5s]1 ) its v>iant =ms 9 !   
di/ill] &  evaporator4 ,if ,ericsson _h 
done no?+ else1 8 claims to recognition 
& remembrance z an eng9e] & b5efactor   
might h be5 well  f\nd$ on 8 "w 9 ?is   
connection4 ,z x is1 ! fact t he 0  s   
l>gely in/rum5tal 9 _! p]fection &      
adaptation to m>9e  uses is wellnigh    
=gott5 9 ! bright] light ( 8 o!r        
a*ievem5ts4    ,reg>d+ ,ericsson's      
relation to ! successful introduction ( 
!  screw-propell]1 little ne$ be add$ to
 :at has already be5 said4  ,:atev] may 
be urg$ reg>d+ dates & pat5ts or e>li]  
ye>s 9  :i* ! screw-propell] 0 us$1 x is
 a fact t 9 #ahcc-ce x 0  n recogniz$ z 
an accept$ mode ( propulsion4 ,:ile kn[n
 z a  possibility1 x _h no /&+ 9 !      
eng9e]+ practice ( ! day4  ,a few ye>s  

lat] x 0 recogniz$ z an accept$ mode (  
propulsion  & _h ga9$ a p]man5t &       
def9ite place 9 ! practice ( !  day1--a 
place :i* has cont9u$ to gr[ 9          
importance until its  e>li] rival1 !    
paddle-:eel1 is almo/ on ! br9k (       
relegation to  museums ( antiquities1   
except possibly = r>e & special         
%all[-wat] uses4 ,a c>eful &            
dispassionate /udy ( ! facts1 s  f> z !y
 c be kn[n at ! pres5t "t1 seems to     
indicate cle>ly  t ( ^? :o 7 conc]n$ 9  
successfully adapt+ !  screw-propell] to
 ! ne$s ( m>9e propulsion & 9 lay+ !    
f\ndation = ^! *ang$ conditions1        
especially 9 ! ,unit$  ,/ates1 none 0 s 
prom95t z ,ericsson1 or s fairly des]v+ 
( !  *ief cr$it2 & ) ?is judgm5t !      
mature ?\ght ( ! pres5t  day seems to   
agree ) little diss5t4    ,turn+ to a   
consid]ation f a simil> po9t ( view (   
,ericsson's  s]vices 9 connection )     
w>%ip design & con/ruction1 note may be 
fir/ tak5 ( ! condition ( ! art ( naval 
w>f>e 9 ! ye>s  #ahdj-ej1 or :5         

,ericsson fir/ began 8 labors 9 ?is     
field4    ,! mat]ial us$ 0 wood1 ! means
 ( propulsion sails1 ) "s  ?\ght (      
/eam-eng9es & paddle-:eels2 ! means (   
(f5ce 7  ca/-iron guns l>ge 9 numb] b   
small 9 size1 ! l>ge/ be+ #i or  #aa    
in*es 9 diamet] & ?r[+ a %ell ( "s #ge  
or #acj p\nds  weight1 :ile ! means (   
def5ce consi/$ solely 9 ! wood5  walls1 
& mod]n ideas reg>d+ armor _h n ev5     
appe>$ above  ! horizon4    ,ericsson's 
contributions to ! art ( naval w>f>e are
 embodi$ 9 !  ,pr9ceton1 ! ,monitor &   
its class1 & ! ,de/roy]4 ,9 !  ,pr9ceton
 ! mat]ial us$ 0 wood1 & 9 ! ,monitor & 
,de/roy] iron1 foll[+ simply !          
developm5ts ( ! age4 ,9 !  ?ree ! means 
( propulsion 0 by screw-propell]4 ,9 !  
,pr9ceton  ! means ( (f5ce 7 two        
#ab-;in* wr\ght-iron guns1 z already    
not$4 ,9 ! ,monitor & its type ! means (
 (f5ce 7 two  #aa-;in* smoo?-bore       
ca/-iron guns1 foll[$ lat] by l>g] guns 
( #ac  & #ae in*es ( simil> type4 ,9 !  
d\ble-turret$ monitors f\r su*  guns 7 (

 c\rse in/all$4 ,9 ! ,de/roy] ! means ( 
(f5ce  0 a s+le gun = dis*>g+ a torp$o  
"u wat] at ! b[4 ,on  ! ,pr9ceton !     
means ( def5ce consi/$ /ill 9 wood5     
walls1  :ile 9 ! ,monitor & its class ! 
*ange 0 pr(\nd &  complete4 ,! ess5tial 
idea ( ! ,monitor 0 l[ freebo>d &  ?us  
small expos$ surface to ! %ip h]self1   
comb9$ ) !  m\nt+ ( guns 9 circul>      
revolv+ turrets1 ?us giv+ an  all-ar\nd 
fire & on ! :ole mak+ possible an       
adequate protection  ( ! expos$ p>ts ( !
 %ip & provid+ = ! comb9ation 9  maximum
 proportions ( armor$ protection & heavy
 guns = (f5ce4 ,on  ! ,de/roy] ! means (
 def5ce consi/$ simply 9 a light        
deflect+ deck armor =w>d1 ! vessel be+  
int5d$ to fight b[s  on & dep5d+ on h]  
means ( (f5ce r ?an def5ce1 :i* 7  made 
q second>y 9 "*4    ,! ,monitor1 h[ev]1 
0 ,ericsson's great contribution to !   
art (  naval w>1 & ) x 8 "n w always be 
associat$4 ,x broke )  ! pa/ 9 e way4 ,x
 r$uc$ ! numb] ( guns f _m to few1  two 
or at mo/ f\r2 x r$uc$ ! freebo>d f !   

l(ty topsides (  ! old %ip-(-!-l9e to an
 insignificant two or ?ree feet1 & ?us  
made ( ! t>get a circul> =t & a l[-ly+  
/rip ( armor4 ,x  plac$ ! guns 9 ?is    
circul> =t & cov]$ x ) armor ?ick  en\gh
 to insure safety aga9/ any guns !n     
afloat1 & ?us1 z  p]fectly z ! eng9e]+  
means ( ! day w\ld p]mit1 insur$ !      
comb9ation ( (f5sive & def5sive features
 9 maximum degree4 ,x  cle>$ away at "o 
/roke ma/s1 sails1 & all ! l(ty         
top-hamp]  :i* s9ce "t immemorial _h    
seem$ z mu* an ess5tial feature (  !    
fight+ %ip z ! guns !mselves4 ,x        
trans=m$ ! design (  ! fight+ %ip f !   
old] ideals express$ 9 ! ,am]ican       
frigate ,con/itution1 or ! ,engli%      
,victory1 to ! simple/ t]ms  ( (f5ce1   
def5ce1 & /eam motive-p[]4 ,x made ( !  
man-(-w> a  ma*9e r ?an a %ip1 an eng9e 
( de/ruction to be op]at$ by  eng9e]s r 
?an by (fic]s ( ! anci5t & traditional  
type4  ,!re is small wond] t 9 all      
qu>t]s ! idea ( %ips ( ?is  type 0 n    
receiv$ ) en?usiasm4 ,! break ) ! pa/ 0 

too  def9ite & complete4 ,! monitor type
 repres5t$ simply ! solution  ( !       
problem ( naval w>f>e work$ out by a man
 untrammell$ by !  traditions ( ! pa/ & 
det]m9$ only on r$uc+ su* a %ip to  !   
simple/ t]ms ( (f5ce & def5ce z express$
 by !  eng9e]+ mat]ials & possibilities 
( ! day4 ,judg$ f ?is  /&po9t1 ! vessel 
seems beyond criticism4 ,%e fill$       
p]fectly !  ideal set be=e himself by h]
 design]1 & repres5ts z a complete  &   
h>moni\s :ole :at mu/ /ill be recogniz$ 
z ! mo/ p]fect  solution ( ! problem 9  
t]ms ( ! possibilities ( ^? days4    ,x 
is prop] "h t due ref]5ce %\ld be made  
to ! claims 9  behalf ( ,mr4 ,!odore ,r4
 ,timby z an inv5tor ( ! turret & ( !   
monitor idea z express$ !reby4 ,^!      
claims & ! ma9 facts 9  ! case h long   
be5 kn[n1 & !re %\ld c]ta9ly be no      
attempt  to take f any "o 8 due %>e 9 ! 
developm5ts :i* gave to our  nation a   
,monitor 9 h] h\r ( ne$4 ,x is well kn[n
 t ,mr4 ,timby  betwe5 #ahdj & #ahej    
conceiv$ ! idea ( a revolv+ =t ( iron   

m\nt$ ) num]\s guns & int5d$ to take !  
place ( ! masonry  or e>?-/ructures 9   
common use = su* purposes4 ,he seems    
also to  h conceiv$ ( a simil> /ructure 
= use on a %ip ( l[  freebo>d1 & a model
 %[+ su* a design 0 con/ruct$4 ,9 #ahdc 
he  fil$ a caveat = ! inv5tion ( !      
revolv+ turret4 ,"h !  matt] app>5tly   
re/$ until #ahfb1 & aft] ! battle betwe5
 !  ,monitor & ,m]rimac1 :5 he took out 
a pat5t :i* 0 dat$ ,july  #h1 #ahfb1    
cov]+ a revolv+ t[] = def5sive & (f5sive
  w>f>e1 :e!r on l& or wat]4 ,ericsson's
 associates 9 !  bus9ess ( build+       
monitors = ! ,gov]nm5t acquir$ ^! pat5ts
  ( ,timby1 presumably z %rewd bus9ess  
m51 9 ord] to quiet any claim  on 8 "p1 
& to h ! plan available = l& =ts1 %\ld !
  opportunity arise to pu% ! bus9ess 9  
?is direction4 ,!re is no  "q b t       
,ericsson 0 ant$at$ by ,timby 9 !       
sugge/ion ( a  revolv+ turret1 at lea/ 9
 s f> z public notice is conc]n$4       
,ericsson frankly admitt$ ?is1 & /at$ t 
he made no claim to  absolute orig9ality

 9 ?is respect4 ,he fur!r /at$ :at is   
und\bt$ly true1 t ! ma9 idea 9 ! turret1
 t ( a circul>  revolv+ =t1 ant$ates !  
,n9ete5? ,c5tury z a :ole1 & its  orig9 
is lo/ 9 ! unc]ta9ties ( e>ly tradition4
 ,x is simply "o  ( ^? e>ly ideas :i*   
naturally mu/ h be5 kn[n 9 ess5ce  s9ce 
"t immemorial1 & z su* x 0 ! common     
prop]ty ( !  eng9e]+ practice ( !       
c5tury4 ,x belongs nei!r to ,timby nor  
to  ,ericsson1 & no claims reg>d+       
priority 9 ?is respect are wor?y (      
s]i\s consid]ation4 ,! "q is n :o fir/  
conceiv$ ! idea  ( a revolv+ =t1 b :o   
design$ & built ! ,monitor z %e  01 & z 
%e met ! ,m]rimac on ! #i? ( ,m>*1      
#ahfb4 ,! answ]  to ! latt] is too well 
kn[n a "p ( ! hi/ory ( ! times to  admit
 ( "q or to call = fur!r notice4        
,ericsson's claim =  recognition 9 ?is  
respect re/s n on any priority ( idea   
reg>d+  ! use ( a circul> =t1 b r ^u !  
actual ,monitor z %e  0 built & z %e    
cru%$ at "o bl[ ! sea-p[] ( ! ,s\?1 &   
repres5t+ z x did a completely &        

c>efully design$ :ole1 dat+  back to !  
e>li] deal+s ) ,napoleon ,,iii4 9 #ahed4
 ,?is is an age  :i* judges m5 by :at !y
 d1 & judg$ by ?is /&>d ,ericsson's     
claims 9 connection ) ! monitor type (  
w>%ip are nev] likely  to be s]i\sly    
que/ion$4    ,tak+ ,ericsson's life &   
"w1 :at portion rema9s z a p]man5t      
acquisition or z a "p ( ! practice ( !  
pres5t age8 ,?is is a  "q :i* m]its at  
lea/ a mom5t's notice4    ,we %\ld n    
make ! mi/ake ( ?9k+ t p]man5cy is      
necess>ily a te/ ( m]it1 or t ! value ( 
8 s]vices to !  _w %\ld be judg$ by su* 
p>ts ( 8 "w z are pla9ly app>5t  9 !    
practice ( ! pres5t day4 ,a piece ( "w  
mu/ be judg$ by  ! circum/ances :i*     
br\ght x =?1 & by ! complet5ess &       
p]fection ( its adaptation to ! ne$s &  
possibilities ( its age4    ,we h !n !  
/eam fire-eng9e2 compress$ air :i* he   
e>ly  employ$ 9 ,engl&1 & :i* has become
 an in/rum5t ( enorm\s  importance 9    
connection ) ! indu/rial progress ( !   
age1  al?\gh ?is is 9 no especial degree

 due to 8 ef=ts2 ! surface  cond5s]1    
di/ill]1 & evaporator are a p]man5tly & 
absolutely  ess5tial "p ( mod]n m>9e    
practice2 ! screw-propell] has almo/    
sole possession ( ! field ( m>9e        
propulsion2 mod]n m>9e eng9es  & boil]s 
9 naval practice are always plac$ bel[ !
 wat]-l9e &  are protect$ by deflective 
deck armor & frequ5tly by coal z well2  
! turret has become a p]man5t & accept$ 
"p ( ! practice (  ! age1 :ile ! monitor
 type 9 its ess5tial feature seems to be
  evanesc5t4    ,! mod]n battle%ip is a 
va/ly m complex /ructure1 &  repres5ts m
 complex ideas & comb9ations ?an did    
,ericsson's  ,monitor4 ,x conta9s a     
batt]y ( guns ( ! heavie/ type kn[n to  
naval ordnance4 ,at pres5t su* guns are 
usually ( #ab-;in* bore &  ?r[ a %ell ( 
ab\t #hjj p\nds weight1 ) an initial    
velocity (  ne>ly #c1jjj feet p] second4
 ,!n !re is a support+ batt]y (  guns1  
#f1 #g1 or #h in*es 9 diamet] ( bore1 & 
f9ally a second>y  batt]y ( small]      
quick-fir+ guns1 ?r[+ %ells ( f #a p\nd 

to  #bj or #cj p\nds weight1 & add$ to  
^! !re may be a torp$o outfit  z well4  
,! exig5cies ( fight+ %ips at sea & 9   
all wea!rs  seems to h pron\nc$ aga9/ ! 
monitor type ) its l[ freebo>d  z       
unsuitable = use on ! op5 sea1 :ile !   
enorm\s advances 9  mod]n guns & armor h
 made a totally diff]5t problem ( !     
di/ribution ( means (f5sive & def5sive4 
,aga91 ! monitor type  0 nev] int5d$ =  
long cruis+1 or inde$ = o!r s]vice ?an  
! def5ce ( coa/s & h>bors4 ,! policy (  
build+ a vessel ?us  adapt$ only to an  
inn] l9e ( def5ce1 & n adapt$ to an out]
  l9e ( def5ce & (f5ce z well1 has be5  
fur!r call$ 9  "q1 & ! judgm5t ( !      
pres5t day has decid$ aga9/ su*  policy4
 ,x is true t 9 ! s-call$ new navy1     
begun 9 #ahhc1 "o  monitor1 ! ,mont]ey1 
has be5 built1 :ile f\r o!rs ( old]     
type h be5 some:at mod]niz$1 & !re are  
?ree monitors  build+ at ! pres5t "t4 ,x
 may be d\bt$1 h[ev]1 if !y w  be foll[$
 by o!rs1 at lea/ s long z ! conditions 
( naval  w>f>e & ! _s ( public policy   

rema9 z !y n[ are4    ,! monitor type 0 
a p]fect solution ( ! problem ( its day1
 &  nobly x answ]$ ! calls made on x4 ,!
 problem has n[ *ang$1 !  conditions    
affect+ its solution h also *ang$1 & x  
is no  discr$it to ! orig9al type t x n[
 seems to h _h its day1  & t x mu/ give 
way to o!r =ms m p]fectly express+ !  _s
 ( ! pres5t age1 & ! means available = !
 solution (  pres5t-day problems 9 ! art
 ( naval w>4    ,9 _m ways1 h[ev]1 !    
influ5ce ( ,ericsson's "w /ill lives 9  
! mod]n battle%ip1 & :ile 9 our mod]n   
designs we h gott5  f> away f ! ess5tial
 features ( ! monitor type1 yet x is n  
too mu* to say t ! g]m ( ! mod]n        
battle%ip is 9 _m ways  f\nd 9 !        
,monitor1 especially z express$ 9 t]ms (
  conc5tration ( heavy gun-fire &       
localiz$ protection ( gun  positions2 & 
9 m ways ?an may be suspect$1 ! influ5ce
 (  ,ericsson & ( 8 "w _h its "p 9 !    
developm5ts :i* h l$  to ! spl5did      
designs ( ! pres5t day4    ,return+ aga9
 to our note ( ! dep5d5ce ( ! pres5t age

 on  ,ericsson1 m5tion may be made ( !  
bl[] = =c+ ! combu/ion  9 /eam-boil]s z 
a well-e/abli%$ feature ( /&>d m>9e     
practice1 & "o absolutely ess5tial to ! 
developm5t ( ! highe/  atta9able spe$s1 
su* z are requir$ 9 w>%ips1 & especially
 9  ^? ( ! torp$o & mod]n ,de/roy]      
types4 ,likewise ! use (  ! fan =       
v5tilation1 z us$ by him 9 8 e>ly       
practice1 has  become a necessity (     
mod]n conditions bo? on naval & pass5g] 
%ips1 = ! heal? & com=t ( bo? pass5g]s &
 crew4 ,8 long  s]ies ( exp]im5ts & 8   
ye>s ( labor on air & o!r =ms (  caloric
 eng9e are only repres5t$ by ! ,ericsson
 air-eng9e n[  on ! m>ket1 & hav+ its   
fair %>e ( s]vice 9 locations :]e       
simplicity ( op]ation & sc>city ( wat]  
may naturally sugge/  its use4    ,( 8  
labors 9 connection ) a sol> eng9e1 & ) 
o!r  que/ions :i* occupi$ mu* ( ! "t ( 8
 clos+ ye>s1 we h  b little direct      
result4 ,o!rs are at "w on ! idea ( !   
sol>  eng9e1 & x may be t a practicable 
solution ( ! problem w  be f\nd4        

,ericsson's la/+ impr9t on eng9e]+      
practice1 curi\s z x may  seem1 0 made 9
 8 e>li] & middle life1 r ?an 9 8 lat]  
ye>s1 & we h ev5 m 9 ! way ( p]man5t    
acquisition f  8 e>li] ?an f 8 middle   
ye>s4 ,?is results f ! fact t  9 middle 
life he 0 l>gely engag$ on w>%ip        
designs1 admirably  adapt$ to ! ne$s ( !
 "t & to ! possibilities ( ! age1  b no 
long] suit$ to ei!r1 :ile 9 lat] life he
 no long] f\nd  x necess>y to "w at     
problems :i* w\ld produce a direct      
f9ancial  return1 & !re=e int]e/$       
himself 9 a v>iety ( que/ions  some:at  
f>!r remov$ f ! walks ( e-day eng9e]+   
practice ?an ^? ) :i* he 0 occupi$ 9    
e>li] life4    ,9 p]sonality ,ericsson  
possess$ ! mo/ pron\nc$ & self-c5tr$    
*>act]i/ics4 ,pr(essionally he felt t to
 him _h be5 grant$ a  l>g] measure (    
insight ?an to o!rs into ! my/]ies (    
nature z  express$ 9 ! laws ( me*anics1 
& he 0 !re=e little dispos$  to li/5 to 
! advice or criticism ( ^? ab\t him4    
,?is 0  und\bt$ly "o ( ,ericsson's mo/  

pron\nc$ pr(essional faults4 ,he  did n 
realize t ) all 8 insight into ! laws ( 
me*anics &  all 8 capacity = apply+ ^!  
laws to ! solution ( ! problems  "u     
consid]ation1 he might well make "s use 
( ! "w ( 8  fell[-labor]s 9 ! same      
field4 ,s little dispos$ 0 he to ?us use
  ! "w ( o!rs t a giv5 device or idea   
:i* _h be5 9  previ\s use 0 (t5 reject$ 
& se>* made = ano!r1 diff]5t  & orig9al1
 ev5 ?\gh x might involve only "s       
relatively trivial  "p ( ! "w4 ,he 0    
simply unwill+ to foll[ 9 ! lead (      
o!rs4 ,he mu/ lead or h none ( x1 & ?us 
! fact t a device  or exp$i5t 0 9 common
 use w\ld furni% an argum5t aga9/ r  ?an
 = its adoption4 ,8 natural mode ( "w 0 
utt]ly to disreg>d  prec$5t & to seek = 
fundam5tal solutions ( 8 problems1 hav+ 
only 9 view ! conditions to be fulfill$1
 ! laws ( me*anics1 &  ! eng9e]+        
mat]ials ( con/ruction4 ,?is habit (    
indep5d5ce  & ( seclusion )9 ! n>r[     
circle ( 8 own "w s grew ^u  him 9 lat] 
ye>s t me*anical sci5ce made _m advances

 ( :i*  he took little or no note1 & (  
:i* he refus$ to avail himself1  ev5    
?\gh he might h done s greatly to 8 own 
advantage4    ,9 8 lat] ye>s1 9 a lett] 
to 8 fri5d ,capta9 ,adl]sp>re1 he  says3
 ,d n laugh at me n[1 ,capta91 :5 ,i say
 t nobody c  mislead me4 ,d n condemn me
 if ,i at ! same "t confess t ,i am     
direct$ by nobody's judgm5t b my own1 & 
t ,i nev] consult  anybody & take       
nobody's advice4 ,9 all matt]s connect$ 
) 8  "w 8 w 0 imp]i\s1 & he w\ld brook  
no int]f]5ce or  criticism4 ,8 temp] 0  
high1 8 organization s5sitive1 & _m     
times ?r\gh\t 8 life1 relations ) 8 be/ 
fri5ds became  /ra9$ by 8 in/ability (  
temp] or impati5ce ) :at he might       
con/rue z a criticism reg>d+ 8 "w4 ,)   
?is in/ability (  temp]1 h[ev]1 0 comb9$
 a deep-seat$ t5d]ness & k9dness (      
he>t1 & he 0 z quick to =get ! cause (  
(f5ce z he 0 to  manife/ displeasure ^u 
occasion4    ,not)/&+ ! asp]ities (     
,ericsson's "* 9 reg>d to 8  pr(essional
 "w1 & 8 entire lack ( ef=t to make     

fri5ds among  ! le>n$ ( 8 day1          
recognition & uns\ght honors came 9 ^u  
him4 ,he 0 elect$ to honor>y memb]%ip 9 
! societies ( note 9  ! ,unit$ ,/ates & 
,sw$51 & 9 addition to ! ?anks (        
,congress  & ( ! ,legislature ( ! ,/ate 
( ,new ,york1 he receiv$ a  resolution (
 ?anks f ! ,sw$i% ,riksdag1 or          
,p>liam5t1 9 #ahfe4  ,9 #ahfb he 0      
grant$ ! r>ely be/[$ ,rum=d m$al1 &     
receiv$  at o!r times dur+ 8 life m$als1
 honors1 & decorations su* z  h p]haps  
fall5 to no o!r :o has wr\ght 9 ! same  
field (  human ef=t4 ,:ile recognition (
 ?is "* pleas$ him greatly  :5 x came   
spontane\sly & will+ly1 he plac$ b      
little value on  t :i* he ?\ght grudg+ly
 or t>dily t5d]$1 & 9 "o or two         
in/ances refus$ memb]%ip 9 societies :i*
 he ?\ght grant$ 9  t mann]4    ,a l>ge 
measure ( ?is indep5d5ce ( "* is        
necess>y to !  p]=mance ( ! "w :i*      
,ericsson did4 ,_h he be5 ev] ready to  
li/5 to ! views ( o!rs1 & to modify 8   
ideas 9 accordance  ) !m1 8 greate/     

a*ievem5ts w\ld nev] h be5 accompli%$4  
,9 ,ericsson1 h[ev]1 ?is *>act]i/ic 0   
c>ri$ to an undue  extreme1 & he might  
unque/ionably h accompli%$ m _h he be5  
able to co-op]ate ) o!rs & to accept &  
use freely ! be/  "w ( contempor>ies 9 8
 own field4    ,ericsson 0 ess5tially a 
design+ r ?an a con/ruct+  eng9e]4 ,8   
g5ius lay 9 new adaptations ( !         
pr9ciples (  me*anics or 9 new          
comb9ations ( ! elem5ts ( eng9e]+       
practice  9 su* way z to fur!r !        
purposes 9 view4 ,8 mode ( expression  0
 ! draw+-bo>d4 ,:ile he wrote vigor\sly 
& well1 & :ile he  0 a frequ5t          
contributor 9 lat] ye>s to sci5tific    
lit]ature1  especially on ! subject (   
sol> physics1 yet 8 be/ & natural  mode 
( expression 0 ! graphical repres5tation
 ( 8 designs on  ! draw+-bo>d4 ,=ms &   
comb9ations took %ape 9 8 bra9 &  7     
transf]r$ to ! draw+ ) m>vell\s spe$ &  
skill4 ,^?  :o h be5 associat$ ) him be>
 te/imony t ! am\nt ( 8  "w 0 simply    
a/\nd+1 & t only by a comb9ation ( ! mo/

  rem>kable cel]ity & indu/ry c\ld !y h 
be5 accompli%$4    ,^! draw+s 7         
fur!rmore s m9ute 9 detail & s accurate 
9  dim5sion t z a rule he did n f9d x   
necess>y to give fur!r  att5tion to !   
matt] aft] x _h left 8 h&s4 ,( ! _m p>ts
  ( a complicat$ me*anism1 "o c\ld be   
s5t = con/ruction to "o  %op & ano!r    
else:]e1 all ultimately com+ toge!r &   
mak+ a  h>moni\s & p]fectly fitt+ :ole4 
,9 no o!r way c\ld su*  a/oni%+ spe$ 9 !
 detail$ con/ruction ( ! ,monitor &  o!r
 vessels ( h] type possibly h be5 made2 
& ! fact t  su* spe$ 9 con/ruction 0    
obta9$1 & l>gely 9 ?is mann]1 is  by no 
means ! lea/ impressive ( ! _m evid5ces 
( ,ericsson's  g5ius z a design]4    ,! 
designs once complet$ on ! draw+-bo>d1  
h[ev]1 ,ericsson's  int]e/ 9 ! "w ceas$ 
9 great measure1 & z a rule he paid b   
little att5tion to con/ructive details1 
& took b slight int]e/  9 ! complet$    
:ole4 ,?us he is said to h visit$ 8     
,de/roy]  b once aft] %e 0 built1 & !n  
simply 9 se>* ( 8  assi/ant4 ,he also   

decl9$ an invitation f ! ,assi/ant      
,secret>y  ( ! ,navy to visit ,hampton  
,roads & inspect ! ,monitor imm$iately  
aft] h] fight ) ! ,m]rimac4 ,he seem$ to
 h no curiosity to  inspect 8 "w aft] x 
_h left 8 h&s1 or to receive a report z 
to ! practical work+ ( 8 designs4 ,?is  
%[s a peculi> lack (  appreciation ( !  
value ( intimate contact ) con/ructive &
  op]ative eng9e]+ "w4 ,no "o c\ld hope 
to avoid errors1 or to  realize by      
draw+-bo>d alone ! be/ possible solution
 ( eng9e]+  problems4 ,ericsson wilfully
 h&icapp$ himself 9 ?is mann]1 &  might 
unque/ionably h m effectively improv$ & 
p]fect$ 8  ideas _h he be5 dispos$ to   
comb9e ) 8 designs at !  draw+-bo>d     
practical contact ) 8 "w z con/ruct$4   
,8 "w 0 all done 9 8 (fice at 8 h\se4 ,=
 ! la/  tw5ty-five ye>s ( 8 life he liv$
 at #cf ,bea* ,/reet1 ,new ,york1  :]e  
he wr\ght e day 9 ! ye>1 & (t5 until f> 
into !  night4 ,8 (fice conta9$1 beside 
8 draw+-table & o!r  furniture1 a long  
table1 on :i* at times1 :5 ov]come by   

fatigue1 he  w\ld /ret* himself & take a
 %ort nap1 us+ a diction>y or l[  wood5 
box = a pill[4    ,8 relations ) 8      
native l& 7 always close1 &1 z already  
h9t$1 he gave mu* ( 8 be/ ef=t to ! /udy
 ( means = h]  def5ce4 ,t[>d 8 fri5ds & 
relatives he 0 ! embodim5t (  wat*ful   
c>e & g5]osity4 ,8 private b5efactions 7
 = 8  means l>ge1 & 7 giv5 ) a          
:ole-he>t$ g5]osity :i* mu/  h add$ mu* 
to ! love & e/eem 9 :i* ! recipi5ts     
reg>d$  him4 ,8 public b5efactions 7    
also notable1 & dur+ ! lat]  ye>s ( 8   
life he gave away regul>ly no           
inconsid]able %>e ( 8  income4 ,?\gh    
gift$ ) reasonable prud5ce1 he _h no    
conception (  ! bus9ess s5se1 & no      
capacity z a money-gett]4 ,aft] acquir+ 
by 8 inv5tions & ent]prise a mode/      
compet5ce1 he devot$ himself  almo/     
entirely to "w less directly relat$ to a
 f9ancial return1 &  liv$ com=tably ^u !
 pr9cipal :i* 8 e>li] ef=ts  _h provid$4
    ,ericsson _h absolute fai? 9 himself
 & 9 8 mission to r5d]  available !     

en]gies ( nature = ! uses ( humanity &  
civilization4 ,8 "* 0 fram$ ab\t !      
c5tral idea (  fidelity to ?is mission4 
,he 0 dogmatic & optimi/ic z reg>ds 8   
own "w2 he _h a contemptu\s indiff]5ce  
to ! "w ( o!rs1 &  a disreg>d ( ! help  
:i* he might d]ive f a clos] /udy (  su*
 "w4 ,he tra9$ himself1 body1 m9d1 &    
affections1 solely )  ref]5ce to 8      
mission1 & all[$ no int]f]5ce ) x4 ,he 0
  ! embodim5t ( physical & m5tal vigor1 
prodigi\s indu/ry1  cont9uity ( purpose1
 indomitable c\rage1 capacity = great   
conc5tration ( m9d1 & oblivion to all   
di/ract+ surr\nd+s4  ,) su* *>act]i/ics1
 comb9$ ) ! r>e end[m5t ( m5tal         
capacity & insight reg>d+ ! pr9ciples ( 
eng9e]+ sci5ce1  small wond] is x t 8   
life 0 "o s ri* 9 results4 ,x c\ld  n h 
be5 o!rwise1 & ! results simply came z a
 consequ5ce  ( ! comb9ation ( !         
*>act]i/ics ( ! man & !  surr\nd+s 9 :i*
 he 0 plac$4    ,! "q z to h[ mu* m or  
h[ mu* bett] he might h done  _h he     
possess$ m fai? 9 ! "w ( o!rs & a       

will+ness to  be guid$ 9 "s measure by  
_! exp]i5ce is ( c\rse idle4  ,ericsson 
0 a comb9ation ( c]ta9 capacities &     
*>act]i/ics2 a  comb9ation ( o!r        
capacities & *>act]i/ics w\ld n h be5   
,ericsson1 & any discussion ( su* a     
supposition is !re=e aside  f ! purpose 
( ?is sket*4    ,john ,ericsson liv$ 9 a
 p]iod ( rapid eng9e]+ developm5t &     
*ange4 ,old ideals 7 pass+ away1 & !    
h]itage :i* !  ,n9ete5? ,c5tury 0 able  
to pass on to ! ,tw5tie? 0 9            
prep>ation4 ,9 ?is prep>ation ,ericsson 
bore a l>ge & mo/  important "p4 ,s long
 z %ips trav]se ! seas1 ,ericsson's "n w
  be rememb]$ = 8 "w 9 connection ) !   
introduction ( !  screw-propell]4 ,s    
long z ! memory ( naval w>f>e endures1  
,ericsson's "n w be rememb]$ = ! "p :i* 
he bore 9 !  transition f wood to iron1 
f un>mor$ %ips to turrets & armor1  f   
scatt]$ to conc5trat$ en]gy ( gun-fire1 
& = 8 g5]al  %>e 9 ! developm5ts :i* h  
l$ to ! ideal ( a battle%ip  prevail+ at
 ! op5+ ( ! ,tw5tie? c5tury4 ,= ^! & =  

_m o!r a*ievem5ts he w be rememb]$1 & 8 
life & works  %\ld s]ve z a con/ant     
/imulus to ^? ^u :om ! eng9e]+  "w ( !  
pres5t age has fall51 to see t ) equal  
fidelity !y  live up to ! possibilities 
( _! end[m5ts & opportunities1 &  s]ve )
 l f]v5cy & zeal ! ne$s ( ! age 9 :i* !y
  are plac$4      ,,au?orities4         
,contributions to ! ,c5t5nial           
,exhibition3 ,ericsson1 ,john4    ,!    
,life ( ,john ,ericsson3 ,*ur*1 ,w4,c4  
,hi/ory ( ! ,/eam ,eng9e3 ,?ur/on1      
,r4,h4    ,/eam ,navy ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates3
 ,b5nett1 ,frank ,m4    ,:o inv5t$ !    
,screw ,propell]83 ,nicol1 ,james4    ,!
 ,naval & ,mail ,/eam]s ( ! ,unit$      
,/ates3 ,/u>t1 ,*>les ,b4    ,a         
,*ronological ,hi/ory ( ! ,orig9 &      
,developm5t ( ,/eam  ,navigation3       
,preble1 ,re> ,admiral ,g4,h4    ,a     
,treatise on ! ,screw ,propell]1 ,screw 
,vessels1 & ,screw ,eng9e z  adapt$ =   
,purposes ( ,peace & ,w>3 ,b\rne1 ,john4
          ,,li ,,hung ,,*ang4           
#ahbc-aija4    ,,! ,,f> ,,ea/4    ,,by  

,w4,a4,p4 ,,m>t91 ,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d       
,,introductory4      ,five ye>s ago ,e>l
 ,li 0 at ! head ( ! ,tsungli ,yam51 or 
,=eign ,(fice 9 ,pek+4 ,! pres5t writ]1 
hav+ kn[n him long &  intimately1 call$ 
"o morn+ to reque/ a lett] (            
recomm5dation to  aid 9 rais+ money = an
 ,int]national ,in/itute project$ by !  
,rev4 ,dr4 ,reid4 ,he's got "o lett]2 :y
 does he want ano!r8 ask$  ,li1 9 a tone
 ( m+l$ surprise & irritation4 ,true1   
said ,i1 b  t is f ! ,tsungli ,yam54    
,nobody 9 ,am]ica kn[s any?+ ab\t  !    
,yam54 ,:at he wants is a p]sonal lett] 
f y2 because ! only  ,*9ese "n besides  
,confucius t is kn[n outside ( ,*9a is  
,li  ,hung ,*ang4    ,i'll give x6 ,i'll
 give x6 he exclaim$1 smil+ f e> to e>  
at !  ?\ght ( 8 _w-wide reputation4     
,?is 0 tak+ him on 8 weak side2 b x 0   
fact1 n flatt]y4    ,ov] =ty ye>s ago   
,li's ris+ /> fir/ came to view 9       
connection  ) op]ations aga9/ ! rebels 9
 ! vic9ity ( ,%anghai1 & f  t day to    
?is1 e w>1 dome/ic or =eign1 has s]v$ to

 raise x  high] & make x %9e ! bright]4 
,x rea*$ its z5i? 9 #aija1  :5 aft]     
settl+ t]ms ( peace ) sev]al =eign p[]s 
he pass$  (f ! /age at ! ripe age (     
f\rscore4 ,:at bett] type to set  =? 8  
age & nation ?an ! man :o1 ?r\gh a long 
c>e] (  unexampl$ activity1 won =       
himself a triple cr[n ( lit]>y1         
milit>y1 & civil honors8 ,9 physique he 
0 a noble specim5 ( 8  race1 ov] six    
feet 9 height1 & 9 8 e>li] ye>s         
uncommonly  h&some4 ,! fir/ half ( 8    
exi/5ce 0 pass$ 9 comp>ative  obscurity 
at ,h(ei 9 ,anhui1 a region remote f    
contact )  =eign nations4    ,x 0 !re 8 
"* 0 =m$1 on native models2 !re he      
c>ri$ (f ! high] prizes ( ! lit]>y ar5a2
 & !re he became  fitt$ = ! role (      
,*9a's typical /atesman4    ,8 c>e] 9   
outl9e may be /at$ 9 a few words4 ,8    
native prov9ce  be+ ov]run by rebels1 he
 pass$ f ! s*ool-room to ! camp1 &  got 
8 e>lie/ lessons 9 ! milit>y art "u !   
lead]%ip ( !  em95t vic]oy ,ts5g ,ko    
,fan4 ,! neighbor+ prov9ce ( ,kiangsu   

fall+ into ! h&s ( rebel hordes a few   
ye>s lat]1 he won r5[n  by recaptur+ its
 pr9cipal cities1 by ! aid ( su* m5 z ! 
,am]ican ,w>d & ! ,engli% ,gordon4 ,8   
success z a g5]al made him  gov]nor (   
,kiangsu1 & 8 success z gov]nor rais$   
him to ! rank  ( vic]oy1 hold+ = _m ye>s
 a po/ at "o or o!r ( ! foci (  =eign   
trade nor? or s\?4    ,beyond ! bord]s (
 ,*9a he 0 twice s5t on special         
embassies1 &  once he made ! t\r ( !    
globe2 b 8 mo/ brilliant a*ievem5t  0 9 
twice mak+ peace on honorable t]ms1 :5 8
 c\ntry 0 ly+  pro/rate be=e a victori\s
 enemy4    ,x rema9s to exp& ?is        
incomp>able catalogue2 b to make        
intelligible t rem>kable s]ies ( ev5ts 9
 :i* he bore su* a  conspicu\s "p1 we   
mu/ fir/ invite our read]s to accompany 
u 9 a  hi/orical retrospect 9 :i* we    
%all po9t out ! op5+ & gr[?  ( =eign    
int]c\rse4        ,i4    ,,int]c\rse ,,)
 ,,*9a ,,by ,,l&4    ,( ! nature ( t    
int]c\rse 9 its e>li] p]iod1 !re exi/s a
  monum5t t speaks volumes4 ,t is no o!r

 ?an ! ,great ,wall2  :i*1 huge/ ( !    
works ( man1 /ret*es along ! nor!rn     
fronti]  ( ,*9a prop] = "o ?\s& five    
hundr$ miles f ! sea to !  des]t (      
,gobi4 ,erect$ #bee ,b4,c4 x %[s t ev5  
at t e>ly date  ! enemies mo/ dread$ by 
! ,*9ese 7 on ! nor?4 ,yet h[  signally 
x fail$ to effect its purpose6 ,= s9ce t
 epo* !  prov9ces ( ,nor!rn ,*9a h pass$
 no few] ?an sev5 c5turies  "u ,t>t>    
sway4 ,two ,t>t> dyna/ies h succe$$ 9   
subjugat+  ! :ole empire1 & !y h        
transmitt$ beyond ! seas a reputation   
:i* q eclipses ! fame ( ,*9a's anci5t   
sov]eigns4    ,9 fact1 t :i* fir/ made  
,*9a kn[n to ! we/]n _w 0 its  conque/  
by ! ,mongols 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury4       
,b>b>\s nomads1  ) long+ eyes =ev]      
direct$ to ! sunny pla9s ( ! s\?1  !y   
also conqu]$ ,india1 br++ "u _! sceptre 
! two ri*e/  regions ( ! globe4 ,(      
,g5ghis & ,kubla1 x may be ass]t$ t !y  
realiz$ a m ext5d$ dom9ion ?an ,alex&]1 
,caes>1 or ,napoleon  ev] dream$ (4 ,b  
,ext5d$ empire1 l exp&$ gold1           

,ex*anges solid /r5g? = feeble spl5dor4 
,_! t5ure ( ,*9a 0 ( %ort               
duration1--less ?an a c5tury4 ,9        
,india1 h[ev]1 _! successors1 ! great   
,moguls1 cont9u$ to  ma9ta9 a semblance 
( sov]eignty ev5 d[n to our own times1  
:5  !y 7 wip$ f ! blackbo>d = hav+ tak5 
"p 9 !  ,sepoy mut9y4    ,lib]al beyond 
prec$5t1 ,kubla ,khan enc\rag$ !        
e/abli%m5t ( a  ,*ri/ian bi%opric1 9 :i*
 ,john de ,monte ,corv9o 0 ! fir/       
repres5tative ( ! ,holy ,see4 ,he also  
welcom$ ^? adv5tur\s  ,italians1 !      
,polos1 & s\ght to make use ( !m to op5 
communication ) ,europe4 ,yet we _c =be>
 to express a d\bt1  :e!r1 aside f !    
,*ri/ian religion1 ,europe 9 t age _h   
mu*  9 ! way ( civilization to imp>t to 
,*9a4    ,?ree ( ! native dyna/ies1 :i* 
prec$$ ! ,mongol conque/1 made  !mselves
 fam\s by advanc+ ! int]e/s (           
civilization4 ,! h\se  ( ,han 7,b4,c4   
#bjb-;,a4,d4 #bba7 re/or$ ! sacr$ books1
 :i* ! build]  ( ! ,great ,wall _h      
de/roy$ 9 ord] to oblit]ate all traces (

  feudalism & make ! p submit to a      
c5traliz$ gov]nm5t4 ,ev5  d[n to !      
pres5t day1 ! ,*9ese are pr\d to        
describe !mselves z  sons ( ,han4 ,!    
h\se ( ,tang1 ,a4,d4 #fah-ijh1 is not$  
above all =  ! lit]>y /yle ( its        
prose-writ]s & ! g5ius ( its poets4 ,9  
,s\? ,*9a ! p are fond ( call+ !mselves 
sons ( ,tang4  ,! h\se ( ,sung1 ,a4,d4  
#igj-aabg1 %[s a galaxy ( philosoph]s & 
s*ol>s1 ^: expositions & speculations   
are accept$ z !  /&>d ( or?odoxy4 ,m    
acute reason]s x w\ld be difficult to   
f9d 9 any c\ntry2 & 9 ! l9e ( erudition 
!y h nev] be5  surpass$4    ,x is       
report$ t 9 #fdc ! ,emp]or ,!odosius s5t
 an envoy to  ,*9a ) pres5ts ( rubies & 
em]alds4 ,ne/orian mission>ies also     
pres5t$ !mselves at c\rt4 ,! ,emp]or    
receiv$ !m ) respect1  he>d !m recite ! 
articles ( _! cre$1 & ord]$ a temple to 
be erect$ = !m at 8 capital4 ,?is 0 9 ! 
palmy p]iod ( !  ,tangs1 :5 ! fronti]s (
 ! ,empire _h be5 pu%$ to ! bord]s  ( ! 
,caspian ,sea4    ,if ,*9a 9 "p or 9    

:ole 0 sometimes conqu]$ by ,t>t>s1 x is
  only fair to /ate t ! greate/ ( !     
native sov]eigns m ?an  once r$uc$ !    
extramural ,t>t>s to subjection4 ,betwe5
 ! two races  !re exi/$ an almo/ unceas+
 conflict1 :i* _h ! effect (  civiliz+ !
 "o & ( prev5t+ ! o!r f laps+  into     
le?>gy4    ,ab\t ,b4,c4 #ajj1 ,su ,wu1  
"o ( ,*9a's fam\s diplomati/s1 0 s5t on 
an embassy to ! ,gr& ,khan ( ,t>t>y4 ,an
 ode1 :i* he address$ to  8 wife on !   
eve ( 8 p]il\s exp$ition1 speaks alike =
 !  dome/ic affections ( ! ,*9ese & = _!
 anci5t  lit]>y culture4         ,tw9   
trees ^: b\ghs toge!r tw9e1             
,two birds t gu>d "o ne/1        ,we'll 
soon be f> asund] torn          ,z      
sunrise f ! we/4         ,he>ts knit 9  
*ildhood's innoc5ce1          ,long b\nd
 9 ,hym5's ties1        ,"o goes to     
di/ant battlefields1          ,"o sits  
at home & sighs4         ,l c>ri] dove1 
?\gh seas divide1          ,i'll seek my
 lonely mate2        ,b if af> ,i f9d a 
grave1          ,y'll m\rn my hapless   

fate4         ,to u ! future's all      
unkn[n2          ,9 memory seek relief4 
,come1 t\* ! *ords y "k s well1         
,& let !m soo! our grief4        ,,ii4  
,,int]c\rse ,,by ,,sea4    ,9 #achh !   
,mongols 7 expell$4 ,! ,*ri/ian bi%opric
 0 swept  away1 & left no trace2 b a    
book ( ! y\ng] ,polo1 describ+ !  weal? 
( ,*9a1 gave rise to m>vell\s results4  
,toge!r ) !  magnetic ne$le1 :i*        
orig9at$ 9 ,*9a1 x l$ to c5turies (     
ef=t to op5 a way by sea to t f>-(f     
fairyl&4 ,x 0 f ,m>co  ,polo t ,columbus
 d]iv$ 8 inspiration to seek a %ort road
 to !  f> ,ea/ by /e]+ to ! ,we/1--f9d+ 
a new _w a?w>t 8  pa?way4 ,x 0 ! same   
ne$le1 if n ! same book1 t impell$      
,vasco da ,gama to pu% 8 way across !   
,indian ,ocean1 aft] ! ,cape (  ,good   
,hope _h be5 d\bl$ by ,b>?olomew ,diaz4 
,a c5tury lat] ! same  book l$ ,h5ry    
,hudson to se>* = "s inlet or /rait t   
might  op5 a way to ,*9a1 :51 in/ead (  
x1 he discov]$ ! port (  ,new ,york4    
,! m>9]'s compass1 :i* wr\ght ?is       

revolution on ! map ( !  _w1 is only "o 
( _m discov]ies made by ! anci5t ,*9ese1
  :i*1 unfruitful 9 _! native l&1 h1    
aft] a *ange ( climate1  trans=m$ ! face
 ( ! globe4    ,! pol>ity ( ! load/one 0
 obs]v$ 9 ,*9a ov] a ?\s&  ye>s be=e !  
,*ri/ian era4 ,"o ( _! emp]ors1 x is    
said1  provid$ c]ta9 =eign ambassadors )
 s\?-po9t+ *>iots1 s  t !y might n g    
a/ray on _! way home4 ,to ?is day !     
magnetic ne$le 9 ,*9a cont9ues to be    
call$ by a "n :i* means  t x po9ts to ! 
s\?4 ,x heads a long li/ ( contr>ies 9 !
  notions ( ! ,*9ese z comp>$ ) our own1
 su*1 = example1 z  beg9n+ to read at ! 
back ( a book2 plac+ ! seat ( honor on  
! left h&2 keep+ to ! left 9 pass+ on ! 
/reet1 ) _m  o!rs1 s num]\s z to sugge/ 
t ! same law t plac$ _!  feet opposite  
to ours mu/ h turn$ _! heads ! o!r way4 
,to !  ,*9ese ! s\?-po9t+ ne$le cont9u$ 
to be a m]e play?+ to  be se5 e day 9 ! 
s$an *air ( a m&>91 or 9 :eel$          
vehicles4 ,if employ$ on ! wat]1 x 0    
only us$ 9  coa/+ voyages4    ,s )      

gunp[d]1 ( :i* ! ,arabs 7 transmitt]s1 n
 inv5tors4  ,9 o!r l&s x revolutioniz$ !
 art ( w>1 clo?+ _! p  ) irresi/ible    
might1 :ile 9 its native home x rema9$  
undevelop$ & s]v$ *iefly = fireworks4 ,h
 we n se51 ev5 9  ?is our day1 ! rank & 
file ( ! ,*9ese army equipp$ ) b[s  &   
arr[s8 ,! few :o 7 provid$ ) fire>ms1 = 
want (  gunlocks1 _h to set !m (f by a  
sl[-mat* ( burn+ t[2 &  cannon1 meant to
 gu>d ! m\? ( ! ,peiho1 7 tra9$ on !    
*annel & fix$ on immovable frames4    ,!
 art ( pr9t+ 0 kn[n 9 ,*9a five c5turies
 be=e x made its  way to ,europe4 ,!    
,confucian classics hav+ be5 engrav$ on 
/one to  secure !m f be+ aga9 burn$ up1 
z !y _h be5 by ! build]  ( ! great wall1
 ! rubb+s tak5 f ^? /ones 7 pr9t+4  ,x  
requir$ no?+ b ! sub/itution ( wood =   
/one & (  relievo = intaglio to give t  
art ! =m x n[ has4 ,!  smalle/ scrap (  
pr9t$ pap] 9 ! l9+ ( a tea *e/1 or      
wrapp$  ab\t a roll ( silk1 w\ld suffice
 to sugge/ ! :ole art to a m9d  l t (   
,gut5b]g4 ,9 ,*9a x nev] em]g$ f ! /ate 

( wood  engrav+4 ,! ,pek+ ,gazette1 !   
olde/ newspap] 9 ! _w1 is  pr9t$ on     
divisible types1 b !y are ( wood1 n     
metal1 m ?an  "o attempt to introduce   
metallic types hav+ prov$ unsuccessful1 
=  ! want ( t happy alloy kn[n z        
type-metal4 ,x is f u t  !y h le>n$ !   
art ( ca/+ type1 especially t spl5did   
a*ievem5t1 ! mak+ ( /]eotype plates1 &1 
lat]1 electrotype  plates1 by ! aid (   
electricity & acid solutions4 ,*emi/ry1 
f  :i* ?is beautiful art takes its rise1
 c>ries u back to ,*9a1 =  x 0 !re t    
al*emy _h its bir?1 z ,i h else:]e      
%[n4#d    ,footnote #d3 ,! ,lore (      
,ca?ay4 ,new ,york3 ,flem+ ,r4 ,revell  
,co41 p4  #da4    ,man's fir/ desire is 
long life2 8 second1 to be ri*4 ,!      
,taoi/  philosophy comm5c$ ) ! =m] be=e 
! ,*ri/ian era1 b x  0 n long 9 f9d+ its
 way to ! latt]4 ,a p[]ful impulse 0    
?us giv5 to rese>* 9 ! ?ree dep>tm5ts ( 
sci5ce1--*emi/ry1  botany1 & geography4 
,z 9 ! case ( gunp[d]1 ! ,arabs         
transmitt$ ^! discov]ies to ! ,we/1 &   

along ) !m !  ,*9ese doctr9e z to !     
tw(old objects ( al*emic /udies1--!     
elixir ( life & ! philosoph]'s /one4    
,f ?is d\ble root sprang ! *emi/ry ( !  
,we/1 :i* 9 no mean  s5se has fulfill$  
its promise by prolong+ life & enri*+   
mank9d4 ,9 all ^! ! ,we/ has p]=m$ ! "p 
( a nurs+  "m1 b %e has br\ght ! nursl+ 
back full gr[n1 & prep>$  to repay its  
obligation to its true p>5t by effective
 s]vice4    ,portuguese m]*ants made _! 
way to ,canton e>ly 9 ! sixte5?  c5tury1
 b x 0 n till ! latt] "p ( ! c5tury t   
,ca?olic mission>ies ent]$ on _! gr&    
crusade4 ,9 #afja ! ,jesuit  pione]     
,matteo ,ricci & 8 associates1 impell$  
by religion & arm$  ) sci5ce1 pres5t$   
!mselves at ! c\rt ( ,pek+4 ,! ,*9ese   
_h be5 able to reckon ! l5g? ( ! ye> )  
rem>kable accuracy  two ?\s& ye>s be=e !
 "t ( ,*ri/1 b _! sci5ce _h made  no    
headway4 ,! mission>ies f\nd _! cal5d> 9
 a /ate (  confusion1 vanqui%$ ! native 
a/ronom]s 9 fair competition1 &  7      
=mally in/all$ z keep]s ( ! ,imp]ial    

,obs]vatory2 &  ^! mission>ies sup]vis$ 
! ca/+ ( ! bronze in/rum5ts  :i* h s9ce 
be5 tak5 to ,b]l94    ,?is honor !y     
reta9$ ev5 aft] ! fall ( ! native dyna/y
 t  patroniz$ !m4 ,:5 ! ,man*us effect$ 
_! conque/ 9 #afdd1 n  only 7 ! ,jesuit 
mission>ies left 9 *>ge ( ! obs]vatory1 
b  ! heir app>5t 0 plac$ "u _!          
in/ruction4 ,com+ to !  ?rone 9 #affb1  
"u ! n[ illu/ri\s title ( ,kanghi1 ! "y 
pr9ce %[$ himself a g5]\s patron z he _h
 previ\sly be5 a  respectful pupil4 ,he 
0 app>5tly n av]se to ! idea ( 8  p's   
adopt+ ,*ri/ianity z _! national        
religion1 & all[$  ! mission>ies a free 
h& to plant *ur*es ?r\gh\t ! va/        
int]ior4 ,r>ely if ev] has s f9e an     
opportunity (f]$ = mak+  an easy conque/
 ( a pagan empire4 ,x 0 lo/ ?r\gh !     
jeal\sy (  cont5d+ societies1 &         
especially ?r\gh ! blund] ( an          
infallible ,pope4 ,! ,dom9icans d5\nc$ !
 ,jesuits = tol]at+ !  practice ( pagan 
rites1 su* z ! wor%ip ( ance/ors1 & =   
employ+ = ,god ! "n ( a pagan deity4 ,! 

"n :i* !y !n  object$ to 0 ,%ang-ti1    
,supreme ,rul]1 a v5]able designation = 
!  ,supreme ,p[] f\nd 9 ! e>lie/ ( !    
,*9ese canonical books1 &  at ?is day   
accept$ by a l>ge proportion (          
,prote/ant mission>ies4    ,! "q z to   
its fitness 0 ref]r$ to ! ,emp]or1 :o   
decid$  9 favor ( ! ,jesuits4 ,x 0 !n   
br\ght be=e ! ,papal ,see1  condemn$ z  
idolatr\s1 & ,ti5 ,*u1 ! ,"l ( ,heav51  
adopt$ 9  its /ead4 ,t ,%ang-ti1 h[ev]  
pure 9 orig91 _h come to be appli$  to a
 :ole class ( deities 0 p]fectly true1 b
 ! "n propos$ 9  its /ead 0 n free f a  
ta9t ( idolatry1--,ti5 ,*u1 ,"l (       
,heav51 be+ "o ( eight div9ities1 &     
wor%ipp$ along ) ,ti ,*u1  ,"l ( ,e>?1  
,hai ,*u1 ,"l ( ! ,sea1 etc4    ,! mann]
 9 :i* 8 op9ions _h be5 set aside by !  
,pope _h no  d\bt a repell+ influ5ce on 
! m9d ( ! ,emp]or1 s t if he  _h ev]    
felt incl9$ to embrace ,*ri/ianity1 he  
drew back 9 8  lat] ye>s4 ,n only s1 b  
he left beh9d him a s]ies ( ,maxims 9   
:i* he c5sures ! =eign cre$ & w>ns 8 p  

aga9/ x4  ,^! ,maxims 7 ord]$ to be read
 9 public by m&>9s1 & !y  cont9ue to be 
recit$ & exp\nd$ z a sort ( religi\s    
ritual4 ,is  x surpris+ t ?is lo/       
opportunity 0 foll[$ by a c5tury & a    
half ( op5 p]secution8 ,t mo/ ( ! *ur*es
 surviv$1 n only  atte/s ! zeal ) :i* ! 
,fai? _h be5 propagat$1 x ?r[s a  pleas+
 light on ! =ce ( ! ,*9ese "*4 ,at !    
dawn ( our  new epo*1 !re 7 /ill "s half
 a million conv]ts1--) "h &  !re a =eign
 ,fa!r hid+ 9 _! mid/4    ,9 br++ ab\t  
?is *ange ( policy !re 0 inde$ ano!r    
influ5ce at "w4 ,_h n ! ,emp]or ( ,*9a  
he>d "s rumors (  :at 0 go+ on 9 !      
dom9ion ( 8 c\s91 ! ,great ,mogul--h[  !
 ,fr5* 7 dispossess+ ! ,portuguese2 & h[
 ! ,engli% lat]  on succe$$ 9 expell+ ! 
,fr5*8 ,h[ c\ld !y d\bt t a l>ge        
community ( native ,*ri/ians w\ld act z 
an auxili>y to any =eign  invad]8 ,a    
suspicion ( ?is k9d _h 9 fact sprung up 
"u !  prec$+ dyna/y4 ,9 consequ5ce ( x n
 a s+le seaport except  ,macao 0 op5$ to
 =eign trade2 & :5 =eign]s w5t to       

,canton1  !y 7 lodg$ 9 a suburb & n     
all[$ to p5etrate )9 !  walls ( !       
prov9cial capital4 ,su* misgiv+s z to ! 
designs (  =eign]s we f9d /rik+ly       
express$ 9 a book ( t p]iod call$       
,/range ,/ories ( an ,idle ,/ud5t4      
,"o /ory is z foll[s3 ,:5 ,r$-,hair$    
,b>b>ians fir/ appe>$ on  our coa/ !y 7 
n all[$ to come a%ore4 ,!y begg$1 h[ev]1
 to  be p]mitt$ to spread a c>pet on :i*
 to dry _! goods1 & ?is  be+ grant$1 !y 
took ! c>pet by its corn]s & /ret*$ x s 
t x cov]$ sev]al acres4 ,on ?is1 !y     
deb>k$ 9 great =ce  &1 draw+ _! swords1 
took possession ( ! surr\nd+ c\ntry4    
,,iii4    ,,! ,,opium ,,w>4    ,! fir/  
great ev5t t woke ,*9a f h] dream (     
solit>y  gr&eur 0 ! w> ) ,engl&1 :i*    
broke out 9 #ahci & 0  clos$ ?ree ye>s  
lat] by ! ,treaty ( ,nank+4 ,x 0 n1     
h[ev]1  all t 0 ne$$ to effect t object4
 ,x made ! giant rub h]  eyes & give a  
reluctant ass5t to t]ms impos$ by       
sup]ior =ce4 ,b  _m a rude lesson 0 /ill
 requir$ be=e %e came to p]ceive h]     

true position1 z on ! l[] side ( an     
incl9$ plane4 ,to br+ h]  to ?is        
discov]y f\r m =eign w>s 7 to foll[ be=e
 ! end  ( ! c5tury1 culm9at+ 9 a siege 9
 ,pek+ & massacres  ?r\gh\t ! nor!rn    
prov9ces :i* may be look$ on z ! fif?   
act 9 a long & bloody trag$y4    ,9 !   
la/ ?ree w>s ,li ,hung ,*ang 0 a prom95t
 actor4 ,9 !  fir/ two he took no "p4   
,yet 0 x ! %ock :i* !y gave to !  empire
 t drove him f a life ( lit]>y seclusion
 to d battle 9  a m public ar5a4    ,!  
,opium ,w> ( #ahci is n improp]ly s     
designat$1 b no?+ is  m errone\s ?an to 
inf] t x 0 wag$ by ,engl& = !  purpose (
 =c+ ! product ( h] ,indian poppy fields
 on ! m>kets  ( ,*9a4 ,opium 0 !        
occasion1 n ! cause4 ,! cause1 if we are
 to  put x 9 a s+le ^w1 0 ! ov]be>+     
arrogance ( an ,ori5tal  despotism1 :i* 
refus$ to recognize any equal 9 ! family
  ( nations4    ,9 ! ,/raits settlem5ts 
& 9 ! seaports ( ,india1 ,*9ese  m]*ants
 _h be5 br\ght "u sway ( ! bewit*+      
n>cotic4 ,x  f\nd its way to _! s\!rn   

seaports1 & )\t be+ recogniz$  z an     
article ( comm]ce1 ! trade exp&$ ) />tl+
 rapidity4  ,! ,emp]or1 ,tao ,kwang1 "o 
( ! mo/ humane ( rul]s1 resolv$ to  take
 measures = ! suppression ( ! vice4 ,he 
_h come to ! ?rone  9 #ahbj2 & !re is a 
/ory t he 0 mov$ to action by !         
untimely fate ( 8 elde/ son1 :o _h fall5
 a victim to !  s$uctive poison4        
,commission] ,l91 :om he select$ to c>ry
 out 8 prohibitory policy1  0 a fit     
in/rum5t = su* a ma/]1 equally virtu\s 9
 8 aims  & equally tyrannical 9 8 mode (
 proce$+4 ,arriv+ at ,canton1  8 fir/   
object 0 to get possession ( ! =bidd5   
drug1 :i* 0  /or$ on %ips outside !     
h>bor4 ,?is he ?\ght to accompli% by    
surr\nd+ ! :ole =eign community by      
soldi]s & ?reat5+ !m  ) dea? if ! opium 
0 n promptly surr5d]$4 ,:ile its own]s  
or _! ag5ts hesitat$1 ,capta9 ,elliot1 !
 ,briti% ,sup]9t5d5t (  ,trade1 came up 
f ,macao1 & dem&$ to %>e ! duress ( 8   
nationals4 ,he !n call$ on !m to deliv] 
up ! drug to him to be  us$ 9 ! s]vice (

 ! ,que5 = ! ransom ( ! lives ( h]      
subjects1 assur+ !m t !y w\ld be        
reimburs$ f ! public  treasury4 ,no few]
 ?an tw5ty-"o ?\s& *e/s1 valu$ at n9e   
million doll>s1 7 br\ght 9 f ! opium    
%ips & =mally  h&$ ov] to ,commission]  
,l94 ,! =eign community 0 set free1 &  !
 drug de/roy$ by be+ mix$ ) quicklime4  
,w> 0 made to puni% ?is outrage on !    
rights ( ! =eign  community1 & to exact 
indemnity = ! seizure ( _! prop]ty4     
,canton 0 n captur$1 b held to ransom1 &
 ! haughty ,vic]oy  s5t into exile4 ,o!r
 cities 7 tak5 & held2 &1 9 #ahdb1 a    
treaty ( peace 0 sign$ at ,nank+ by :i* 
five ports 7 op5$ to  =eign trade4 ,!   
emb>go on opium 0 n )drawn2 b ! defeat (
  ! ,*9ese result$ 9 a virtual immunity 
f seizure toge!r ) a  gr[? ( ! traffic1 
su* z to ju/ify ! ill-odor$ "n :i* t  w>
 /ill be>s 9 hi/ory4    ,treaties ) o!r 
p[]s foll[$ 9 quick succession4 ,on dem&
 (  ! ,fr5* ,m9i/]1 ! ,emp]or recall$ 8 
prohibitory decrees  aga9/ ,*ri/ianity &
 issu$ an ,edict ( ,tol]ation4 ,if !    

op5+  ( ! ports gave a /imulus to trade1
 ! decree ( tol]ation op5$ a  door =    
mission>y ent]prise4 ,z yet1 h[ev]1     
nei!r m]*ant nor  mission>y 0 all[$ to  
p5etrate into ! int]ior2 :ile ! capital 
& ! :ole ( ! nor!rn seacoa/ rema9$      
inaccessible4 ,?is 0  obvi\sly a /ate ( 
?+s t c\ld n be p]man5t2 yet fifte5     
ye>s 7 to pass be=e ano!r w> came to    
settle ! t]ms (  int]c\rse on a broad]  
basis4    ,:5 ! w> broke out1 ,li ,hung 
,*ang 0 sev5te5 ye>s ( age1 liv+  at    
,h(ei 9 ,anhui4 ,z !re 7 !n no newspap]s
 9 ,*9a x may be  d\bt$ :e!r he he>d ( x
 until a ,briti% squadron sail$ up to   
,nank+ & extort$ a treaty at ! cannon's 
m\?4 ,li 0 rudely  />tl$ by ! appe>ance 
( a new =ce1 to :i* !re 0 no  allusion 9
 any ( 8 anci5t books4 ,along ) !       
sail+-%ips !re  7 two or ?ree small     
/eam]s4 ,x /ruck ! ,*9ese )  a/oni%m5t  
to see !m make head aga9/ w9d & tide4   
,%9 ,*uan1  %ips ( ! gods1 is ! "n !y   
gave ^? my/]i\s vessels4  ,little c\ld  
,li =esee ! "p he 0 de/9$ to take 9     

creat+ a  /eam navy = ,*9a4    ,desc5d$ 
f a long l9e ( s*ol>s1 he 0 suppos$ to  
be born to  ! pursuit ( lett]s4 ,he did1
 9 fact1 devote himself to /udy )       
unflagg+ zeal1 because he _h z yet no   
temptation to turn aside4 ,0  !re n1    
moreov]1 an op5 door be=e 8 face invit+ 
him to w9  = himself ! honors ( a       
m&>9ate8 ,9 8 native t[n he plac$  8    
foot on ! fir/ /ep ( ! ladd] by ga9+ !  
degree ( ,a4,b41  or1 9 ,*9ese1 ,budd+  
,g5ius4 ,at ! prov9cial capital he next 
c>ri$ (f ! laurel ( ! second degree1 :i*
 is wor? m ?an  our ,a4,m41 n m]ely     
because x is n conf]r$ 9 c\rse1 b       
because  x falls to ! lot ( only "o 9 a 
hundr$ among "s ?\s&s (  competitors4   
,^! prov9cial t\rnam5ts occur b once 9  
?ree ye>s2  & ! successful c&idates     
proce$ to ,pek+ to compete = ! ?ird     
degree1 or ,d4,c4,l41--,ts9-%i1 or1 ,fit
 = ,(fice4 ,"h ! *ances  am\nt to ?ree  
p] c5t4    ,li's =tunes 7 aga9          
propiti\s1 & 9 company ) two or ?ree    
hundr$ new-made doctors1 he 0 summon$ to

 ! palace to cont5d 9  pres5ce ( !      
emp]or = ! honor ( a seat 9 ! ,imp]ial  
,academy1--! ,hanl91 or ,=e/ ( ,p5cils4 
,"h also he met )  success1 b he 0 n    
among ! fir/ ?ree ^: names are m>k$ by  
! v]milion p5 ( maje/y1 ea* ( :om %$s   
lu/re on 8 native  prov9ce4 ,! highe/ ( 
! ?ree is call$ ,*uang ,yu51 ,head ( !  
,li/ or ,pr9ce ( ,lett]s4 ,9 ! 'fifties 
x fell to a native (  ,n+po1 :]e ,i !n  
liv$4 ,8 good luck 0 ann\nc$ to 8 wife  
by  ! magi/rate 9 p]son1 :o conduct$ h] 
to ! six gates1 at ea* (  :i* %e scatt]$
 a h&ful ( rice1 z an om5 ( good =tune4 
,9  ! 'sixties1 :5 ,i _h remov$ to      
,pek+1 ?is honor 0 = ! fir/  "t conf]r$ 
on a ,man*u1 a son ( ! ,g5]al ,sai%anga4
 ,8 daught]  0 deem$ a fit consort = !  
heir to ! ?rone1 we>+ = a %ort  "t !    
ti>a ( empress1 & committ+ suicide on ! 
dea? (  h] "l4    ,9 ! two previ\s      
conte/s1 h&writ+ goes = no?+1 b 9 ?is  x
 is n )\t weight1 z ! av[$ object is to 
select scribes =  ! s]vice ( ! ?rone4   
,on ^? occasions ext5t ( erudition &    

orig9ality ( ?\ght are ! qualities mo/  
e/eem$2 b ?is "t  ! ord] ( m]it is      
decid$ by sup]ficial elegance ( /yle1 & 
by  facility 9 ! composition ( v]se4    
,h[ev] defective ! /&>d ( le>n+1 ?is    
long c\rse (  competition1 ext5d+ ov] t5
 or fifte5 ye>s1 has ! effect (  br++   
be=e ! ?rone a body ( m5 ea* ( :om is ! 
survivor (  a hundr$ conte/s4 ,no c\ntry
 c boa/ a bett] sy/em = !  selection (  
tal5t1 & ! gov]nm5t gu>ds x ) jeal\s    
c>e4 ,i  h kn[n m ?an "o exam9] put to  
dea? = tamp]+ ) ?is  ballot-box ( !     
,empire4 ,= ages x has provid$ ! /ate ) 
able  (fic]s2 nor is its lea/ m]it t (  
conv]t+ a dang]\s  demagogue into a     
quiet /ud5t4    ,:ile wait+ = an        
appo9tm5t1 ,li he>d ) dismay t ,nank+ _h
  be5 tak5 by a body ( rebels1 & t 8    
native prov9ce 0 9  dang] ( be+ ov]run  
by !m4 ,a new c>e] op5$ be=e him1--"o  t
 l$ m directly to ! highe/ (fices )9 !  
gift ( !  sov]eign4 ,ask+ a commission 9
 ! army1 he 0 assign$ to a  position on 
! /aff ( ,ts5gk(an1 fa!r ( ! ,m>quis    

,ts5g1 :o  0 aft]w>ds ,m9i/] to ,engl&4 
,?is rebellion1 among ! /range/ ( /range
 ?+s1 n[ claims our  att5tion4          
,,iv4    ,,! ,,taip+ ,,rebellion4    ,9 
,april1 #ahec1 ! news rea*$ u t ,nank+  
_h fall5 into !  h&s ( a body ( rebels  
:o1 by a curi\s irony1 call$ !mselves   
,taip+s1 ,soldi]s ( ,peace4    ,!y 7    
,*9ese1 n ,man*us1 & _! lead]s 7 all f !
  extreme s\?4 ,/>t+ ne> ,canton1 !y _h 
proclaim$ z _!  object ! expulsion ( !  
,t>t>s4 ,ov]runn+ ,kwangsi & ,hunan1 !y 
_h got possession ( ,hank[ & ! two      
adjac5t cities1--a c5tre (  weal? :i*   
may be comp>$ to ! ?ree cities t =m our 
,great]  ,new ,york4 ,ev]y:]e !y put to 
flight ! gov]nm5t =ces2 b !y  did n     
*oose to /op any:]e %ort ( ! anci5t     
capital ( !  ,m+s4 ,seiz+ "s ?\s&s (    
junks1 !y fill$ !m ) !  plund] ( t ri*  
m>t1 & sweep+ d[n ! riv]1 c>ri$ by      
assault e city on its banks until !y    
rea*$ ,nank+4 ,its  resi/ance 0 quickly 
ov]come2 & putt+ to dea? ! entire       
g>rison ( tw5ty-five ?\s& ,man*us1 !y   

ann\nc$ _! int5tion  to make x ! capital
 ( _! empire1 z ,hung ,wu _h done :5 he 
drove out ! ,mongols & re/or$ fre$om to 
! ,*9ese race4    ,9 a few mon?s !y     
despat*$ an exp$ition to expel ! ,man*us
 f  ,pek+4 ,b t prov$ a m difficult task
 ?an !y expect$4 ,be=e  ! deta*m5t _h   
arriv$ at ,ti5ts91 x 0 met on ! ,gr&    
,canal by  a /rong =ce "u ,s5gkol9s91 ! 
,mongol pr9ce4 ,oblig$ to w9t]  on !    
way1 x 0 divid$ & cut (f 9 detail2 ?is  
defeat mak+ x  evid5t to all ! _w t !   
,man*u dom9ation might /ill hope =  a   
consid]able lease ( life4 ,! blood &    
rap9e :i* ev]y:]e  m>k$ _! pa?way       
ali5at$ ! sympa?y ( =eign]s f !         
,soldi]s ( ,peace4 ,nor did ! new p[] at
 ,nank+ manife/ ! lea/  anxiety to obta9
 =eign aid1 feel+ assur$ ( ultimate     
triumph4 ,yet1  indiff]5t z !y 7 to !   
co-op]ation ( =eign]s1 ! ,taip+s        
proclaim$ !mselves ,*ri/ians1 & appe>$  
to aim _! bl[s no  less at lifeless     
idols ?an at liv+ enemies4 ,%angti1 !   
,supreme  ,rul]1 ! ,god ( ! anci5t      

sages1 0 ! object ( _! wor%ip4  ,!y f\nd
 8 "n 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,bibles1 & !y publi%$
 !  ,bible z ! s\rce ( _! new fai?4 ,_! 
fai? am\nt$ to a  fr5zy1 giv+ !m c\rage 
9 battle1 b n imp>t+ !  self-control    
ess5tial to ,*ri/ian morality4 ,fill+ _!
 c(f]s )  spoil1 !y /ock$ _! h>ems ) !  
wives & daught]s ( _!  enemies4 ,if _!  
lives _h be5 m dec5t1 !y might h _h a   
bett] *ance to secure ! favor ( ^?      
p[]ful nations :i* _h  n[ become !      
arbit]s ( de/9y 9 ,*9a4    ,! lead] ( ! 
movem5t 0 a ,cantonese by ! "n ( ,hung  
,siu  ,*u54 ,a copy ( ! ,bible hav+     
fall5 into 8 h&s1 he appli$ to a        
,bapti/ mission>y = in/ruction4 ,h[ mu* 
he le>n$ may be inf]r$  f ! fact t he   
gave 8 foll[]s a new =m ( baptism1      
requir+ !m to wa% ! bosom z a sign =    
cleans+ ! he>t4 ,he  _h ec/atic visions1
 & prea*$ a crusade aga9/ idolatry & !  
,man*us4 ,! ease ) :i* ! ,man*us _h be5 
beat5 by ! ,briti%  9 #ahdb _h reveal$  
_! weakness1 & ! new fai? suppli$ !     
rebels ) a fre% s\rce ( p[]4 ,!y mix$ ! 

tea*+s ( !  ,gospel ) new revelations z 
freely z ,mohamm$ did 9 propagat+ !     
religion ( ! ,koran4 ,! *ief call$      
himself ! y\ng] bro!r (  ,jesus ,*ri/4  
,8 prime m9i/] assum$ ! title ( ! ,holy 
,gho/2  & 8 c\nsels 7 giv5 out z decrees
 f ,heav54 ,all ?is _h an  air (        
blasphemy t %ock$ ! s5sibilities (      
=eign]s1 &  compell$ !m to /& alo( or to
 support ! ,man*us4    ,! native        
au?orities 7 p]mitt$ to engage =eign    
%ips & seam5  to op]ate aga9/ ! rebels1 
:o su/a9$ a siege 9 ,nank+ almo/  z long
 z ! siege ( ,troy4 ,f ,%anghai1 ,su*au1
 & o!r cities  ! ,taip+s 7 driv5 out by 
! aid ( =eign]s1 *iefly l$ by  ,w>d &   
,gordon1 ! =m] an ,am]ican1 ! latt] a   
,briton4 ,g5]al  ,w>d 0 nev] "u ! comm& 
( ,li ,hung ,*ang2 b to him m ?an  to   
any o!r =eign] belongs ! honor ( turn+ !
 tide ( !  ,taip+ ,rebellion4 ,a soldi] 
( =tune1 he (f]$ to ?r[ 8 sword  into ! 
gov]nm5t scale if x 7 paid = ) _m times 
its weight  9 gold4 ,ga!r+ a nondescript
 =ce ( v>i\s nationalities1 he          

recaptur$ ! city ( ,sungkiang1 & foll[$ 
?is up by su* a s]ies  ( successes t 8  
little troop came to be kn[n z !        
,ev]-victori\s ,army4 ,fall+ be=e !     
walls ( ,tseki1 he 0  int]r$ ) pomp at !
 sc5e ( 8 fir/ victory1 :]e a temple 0  
erect$ to 8 memory1 & he is n[ reckon$  
among ! ,joss ( !  ,*9ese ,empire4 ,8   
=ce 0 tak5 into ,li's pay4    ,g5]al    
,gordon 7! same :o fell at ,kh>t\m7 act$
 "u ! direction  ( ,li ,hung ,*ang2 & 8 
*ief exploit 0 ! recov]y ( ,su*au4      
,unable to resi/ 8 artill]y1 ! rebel    
*iefs (f]$ to capitulate4  ,!y 7 assur$ 
by him t _! lives w\ld be sp>$4 ,to ?is 
,li  ,hung ,*ang cons5t$1 & ! /ronghold 
0 at once surr5d]$4  ,reg>dless ( 8     
plight$ fai?1 ,li caus$ ! five lead]s to
 be  behead$1 an act ( trea*]y :i* fill$
 ,gordon ) su* fury t he  w5t f camp to 
camp1 look+ = ,li1 det]m9$ to put a     
bullet 9  8 head4 ,li1 h[ev]1 avoid$ a  
meet+ until ,gordon's wra? _h "t  to    
subside1 & t trea*]\s act laid !        
f\ndation ( 8 future  =tunes4 ,he 0 made

 gov]nor ( ! prov9ce1 & = =ty ye>s he   
rose 9 p[] & influ5ce4    ,n only 0 ?is 
t]rible rebellion :i* laid wa/e ! faire/
  prov9ces a sequel to ! fir/ w> )      
,engl&1 x 0 prolong$ &  aggravat$ by a  
second w> :i* broke out 9 #aheg4 ,9     
#ahfc1 ! la/  /ronghold ( ! rebels 0    
recaptur$1 & ! rebellion f9ally         
suppress$1 aft] twelve ye>s ( dismal    
c>nage4 ,9 br++ ab\t ?is  result1 no    
names are m conspicu\s ?an ^? ( ,li     
,hung ,*ang &  ,g5]al ,gordon1 ^:       
sobriquet ( ,*9ese ,gordon ev] aft]w>ds 
*>act]iz$ him4 ,li's good =tune s]v$ him
 well 9 ?is w>4 ,hav+  won ! favor ( !  
,c\rt1 he 0 9 comm& ( ! =ces ( ea/]n    
,kiangsu1 & all ! brilliant successes ( 
,w>d & ,gordon 7  cr$it$ to him4 ,he 0 n
 only made gov]nor ( ! prov9ce1 b also  
creat$ an ,e>l 9 p]petuity4        ,v4  
,,! ,,arr[ ,,w>2 ,,! ,,treaties4        
,nev] did a small] sp>k ignite a great] 
conflagration4 ,9 #ahef a  native junk  
nam$ ! ,arr[1 sail+ "u a ,briti% flag1 0
 seiz$  = piracy1 h] flag haul$ d[n & h]

 crew ?r[n into prison at  ,canton4 ,on 
dem& ( ,sir ,john ,b[r+1 ,gov]nor (     
,hong ,kong1 !y 7  h&$ ov] to ,consul   
,p>kes 7lat] ,sir ,h>ry72 b he refus$ to
  receive !m because !y 7 n accompani$  
by a suitable apology4  ,! haughty      
,vic]oy ,yeh put !m all to dea?1 provok+
 reprisals on  ! "p ( ! ,briti%1 result+
 9 ! occupation ( ,canton & !  capture (
 ,pek+ aft] ?ree campaigns to ! nor?4   
,9 ?is w> ,engl& _h ,france = ally2 z ! 
two p[]s _h be5  associat$ 9 t huge/ (  
blund]s1 ! ,crimean ,w>4 ,nor 0 !       
alliance a less blund] on ?is occasion4 
,napoleon's excuse =  p>ticipation 0 !  
murd] ( a mission>y 9 ,kwangsi2 b 8 real
  motive 0 a desire to *eckmate ,great  
,brita91 & prev5t ! conque/  ( new      
t]ritory4 ,9 ! ,opium ,w> %e _h /opp$ at
 ,nank+1 leav+  ! pride ( ,*9a unhumbl$1
 & ! /ate ( relations s un/able  t ano!r
 w> 0 requir$ to place !m on a bett]    
foot+4  ,engl&1 ) unselfi% g5]osity1    
invit$ ! co-op]ation ( ,russia  & !     
,unit$ ,/ates4 ,ei!r p[] might h f\nd z 

good a pretext  = ho/ile action z t (   
,france2 b !y *ose to ma9ta9 an         
attitude ( neutrality1 (f]+ only su*    
moral support z might enable  !m to ga!r
 up ! apples aft] ! o!rs _h %ak5 ! tree4
 ,9  #aheg ,canton 0 tak5 & held by !   
allies4 ,! next spr+ ! envoys  ( ! f\r  
p[]s1 ea* ) a consid]able naval =ce1    
proce$$ to  ! m\? ( ! ,peiho1 ! gateway 
to a capital z seclud$ &  exclusive z t 
( ! ,gr& ,lama4 ,! =ts made a %[ (      
resi/ance1 b !y 7 put to sil5ce 9 less  
?an half an h\r2 &  negotiations :i* _h 
be5 op5$ by ! neutrals 7 resum$  at     
,ti5ts94    ,dr4 ,s4 ,wells ,williams 0 
,*9ese secret>y to ! ,unit$ ,/ates      
m9i/]1 ,mr4 ,william ,b4 ,re$2 & ,i act$
 z int]pret] = ! spok5  language4 ,an   
article 9 favor ( ,*ri/ian missions     
occasion$ "s  delay2 & ,mr4 ,re$1 :o 0  
va9 & %all[1 said to u1 ,n[1  g5tlem51  
hurry up ) y\r mission>y article = ,i   
int5d to sign my  treaty on ! #ah? (    
,june ,wat]loo day ) or )\t t clause4   
,fancy a m9d t c\ld ?9k ( a treaty      

obta9$ by ,briti% guns z  entitl+ him to
 be associat$ ) ,well+ton6 ,yet ,mr4    
,re$ _h !  effront]y to say t he expect$
 u to make ! mission>y societies  duly  
s5sible ( _! obligations to him4 ,t     
tw5ty-n9? article  0 ! gem ( ! treaty2 &
 x _h ! honor ( be+ copi$ into  t ( ,"l 
,elg91 :i* 0 sign$ eight days lat]4     
,high-m9d$1 philan?ropic1 & upright1 ,"l
 ,elg9 made a mi/ake :i*  l$ to a r5ewal
 ( ! w>4 ,he refus$ to place ,ti5ts9 on 
! li/ (  op5 ports1 because1 z he said1 
,=eign p[]s w\ld make use ( x to  ov]awe
 ! ,*9ese capital1--j z if ov]aw+ 0 n a 
matt] (  prime necessity4 ,he ha/5$ away
 to ,india to aid 9 suppress+ !  ,sepoy 
mut9y1 ev5tually becom+ vic]oy aft]     
ano!r campaign 9  ,*9a4 ,8 bro!r1 ,sir  
,f4 ,bruce1 succe$$ him z m9i/] 9 ,*9a2 
& twelve mon?s lat] 7,july1 #ahei7 !    
m9i/]s ( ! f\r p[]s  7 aga9 at ! m\? ( !
 ,peiho on _! way to ,pek+ = !  ex*ange 
( ratifi$ copies ( ! sev]al treaties4 ,!
 ,unit$ ,/ates  m9i/] 0 ,john ,e4 ,w>d1 
a noble-he>t$ son ( ,georgia1 & ! *ief  

( our little squadron 0 ! gallant old   
,commodore ,tatnall4    ,we 7 n a little
 surpris$ to see ! demoli%$ =ts         
completely  rebuilt1 & fr[n+ defiance4  
,we 7 told by (fic]s :o came d[n  to !  
%ore t no vessel w\ld be all[$ to pass2 
b t ! way  to ,pek+ 0 op5 to u via      
,peitang1 a small port to ! nor?4    ,to
 ?is ,mr4 ,w>d made no objection1 b !   
,briti%1 :o _h s rec5tly  held ! keys ( 
! capital1 7 indignant to be met by su* 
a rebuff4  ,!y /eam$ ahead betwe5 ! =ts1
 leav+ ! ,*9ese to take !  consequ5ces4 
,all at once ! long l9e ( batt]ies op5$ 
fire4 ,"o or  two gunboats 7 sunk2 two  
or ?ree 7 /r&$4 ,a /orm+ p>ty 0         
repuls$1 & ,admiral ,hope1 :o 0         
dang]\sly w\nd$1 begg$ our  ,am]ican    
commodore to give him a lift by t[+ up a
 flotilla ( b>ges  fill$ ) a res]ve =ce4
 ,blood is ?ick] ?an wat]1 exclaim$     
,tatnall1 9 tones t h e*o$ r\nd ! globe1
 & ,w>d mak+ no  objection1 he ?rew     
neutrality to ! w9ds1 & proce$$ to t[ up
 !  b>ges4 ,our little /eam] 0 comm&$ by

 ,lieut5ant ,b>k]1 n[  ,admiral ,b>k] ( 
! ,new ,york ,navy ,y>d4    ,ev5 ?is    
fail$ to retrieve ! day1 ! tide hav+    
fall5 too l[ =  a successful l&+4 ,= !  
,briti% admiral no?+ rema9$ b to  )draw 
8 %att]$ =ces1 & prep>e = ano!r         
campaign4 ,= !  ,unit$ ,/ates m9i/] a   
dazzl+ prospect n[ pres5t$ itself1--t  (
 int]v5+ to prev5t ! r5ewal ( w>4 ,f    
,peitang we proce$$  by l& two days4 ,!n
 we cont9u$ our voyage = five days by   
boat on  ! ,upp] ,peiho4    ,at ,pek+1  
call+ on ! g5ial old ,kweiliang1 :o _h  
sign$ !  treaty 9 #aheh1 ,mr4 ,w>d 0    
a/oni%$ at 8 *ange ( tone4 ,y wi%  to   
see ! ,emp]or4 ,t goes z a matt] (      
c\rse2 b 8 ,maje/y  kn[s y help$ !      
,briti%1 & he requires t y g on y\r     
knees  be=e ! ?rone 9 tok5 ( rep5tance4 
,tell him1 said ,mr4 ,w>d to  me1 t ,i g
 on my knees only to ,god & woman4 ,is n
 ! ,emp]or  ! same z ,god8 repli$ ! old 
c\rti]1 tak+ no notice ( a  tribute to  
woman t 0 un9telligible to an ,ori5tal  
m9d4 ,y ne$  n really t\* ! gr\nd ) y\r 

knees1 he cont9u$2 b m]ely  make a %[ ( 
kneel+4 ,!re w be eunu*s at h& to lift y
 up1  say+ ',don't kneel6 ,don't kneel6'
 ,! eunu*s1 z ,mr4 ,w>d well knew1  w\ld
 be m likely to pu% u to our knees ?an  
to lift u up2 & he  wisely decid$ to    
decl9e ! honor ( an audi5ce on su* t]ms4
    ,displeas$ by 8 ob/9acy1 ! ,emp]or  
ord]$ him to quit ! capital  )\t delay1 
& ex*ange ratifications at ! sea-coa/4  
,a report 0  long curr5t 9 ,pek+ t      
=eign]s h no jo9ts 9 _! knees2  h5ce _! 
reluctance to kneel4 ,?us vani%$ = ,mr4 
,w>d !  allur+ prospect ( w9n+ = himself
 & 8 c\ntry ! beatitude  ( ! peacemak]4 
,! summ] ( #ahfj saw ! ,peiho =ts tak51 
& an alli$ =ce (  ?irty ?\s& m5 advanc+ 
on ,pek+4 ,! c\rt fl$ to ,t>t>y1 &  !   
summ] palace 0 laid 9 a%es to puni% !   
violation ( a flag (  truce1 ! be>]s (  
:i* 7 b\nd h& & foot1 & left to p]i%  )9
 its walls4 ,= ?ree days ! smoke ( its  
burn+1 c>ri$ by a  nor?we/ w9d1 hung l a
 pall ov] ! devot$ city1 ^:  inhabitants
 7 s t]rifi$ t !y op5$ ! gates half an  

h\r  be=e ! "t set = bomb>dm5t4 ,no     
soldi]s 7 admitt$1 b !  dem&s ( !       
,allies 7 all acc$$ to1 & supplem5t>y   
treaties  sign$ )9 ! walls by ,"l ,elg9 
& ,b>on ,gros4 ,pek+ 0 op5$  to =eign   
resid5ce4 ,! ,fr5* succe$$ 9 op5+ ! :ole
 c\ntry  to ! labors ( mission>ies4     
,legations 7 e/abli%$ at !  capital1 & a
 new era ( peace & prosp]ity dawn$ on ! 
di/ract$ empire4        ,,vi4    ,,!    
,,w> ,,) ,,france4    ,if ! op5+ ( ,pek+
 requir$ a prolong$ /ruggle1 x 0 foll[$ 
by a qu>t]-c5tury ( pacific int]c\rse4  
,*9a _h at h] helm a  numb] ( wise      
/atesm51--su* z ,pr9ce ,kung & ,w5siang4
 ,!  ,inspectorate ( ,cu/oms begun "u   
,mr4 ,lay took %ape "u ! skilful        
managem5t ( ,sir ,rob]t ,h>t1 & f t day 
to ?is x has prov$  to be a fruitful    
nurs]y ( re=ms1 political & social4     
,n only 7 /ud5ts s5t abroad = education 
at ! in/ance &  "u ! lead]%ip ( ,yung   
,w+1 b a s*ool = int]pret]s 0  op5$ 9 ! 
capital1 :i*1 ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ,sir   
,rob]t ,h>t1  0 exp&$ into ! well-kn[n  

,imp]ial ,college4 ,on 8 nom9ation !    
pres5t writ] 0 call$ to ! head ( x1 &   
,w5siang propos$ to  conv]t x into a    
great national univ]sity by mak+ x      
obligatory on  ! memb]s ( ! ,hanl9      
,academy1 ! ,emp]or's ,=e/ ( ,p5cils1 to
  come !re = a c\rse ( in/ruction 9     
sci5ce & int]national law4  ,aga9/ ?is  
d>+ innovation1 ,woj91 a ,man*u tutor ( 
! ,emp]or1  prote/$1 decl>+ t x w\ld be 
humiliat+ to ,*9a to h h]  *oice/ s*ol>s
 sit at ! feet ( =eign pr(essors4 ,!    
s*eme fell  ?r\gh1 b be=e _m ye>s !     
,emp]or himself _h tak5 up !  /udy ( !  
,engli% language1 & two ( our /ud5ts 7  
select$ to  be 8 in/ructors4 ,"o ( !m is
 at ?is pres5t "t 7#aijb7 ,*9ese  m9i/] 
at ! ,c\rt ( ,/4 ,james4 ,sev]al ( our  
/ud5ts h _h  diplomatic missions1 & "o1 
aft] s]v+ z m9i/] abroad1 is n[ a  lead+
 memb] ( ! ,bo>d ( ,=eign ,affairs 9    
,pek+4 ,a press  op5$ 9 connection ) !  
college pr9t$ num]\s text-books on      
int]national law1 political economy1    
physics1 & ma!matics1  translat$ by !   

presid5t1 pr(essors1 & /ud5ts4          
,am]ica 0 =tunate 9 ! *oice ( ! fir/    
m9i/] :om %e s5t  to reside at ,pek+4   
,?is 0 ,anson ,burl+ame1 :o1 aft] do+   
mu* to  enc\rage ! ,*9ese 9 ! direction 
( progress1 0 by !m made !  head ( !    
fir/ embassy :i* !y s5t to =eign        
nations4 ,8  success 9 o!r c\ntries 0   
l>gely due to ! sympa?y ) :i* he  _h be5
 receiv$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates by ,secret>y 
,sew>d1 & to !  advice & recomm5dations 
) :i* he 0 provid$ by t great  /atesman4
 ,s deep an int]e/ did ,mr4 ,sew>d take 
9 ,*9a t he w5t  9 p]son to /udy its    
condition be=e ! close ( 8 c>e]4 ,9 8   
visit to ,pek+ he 0 accompani$ by 8     
nephew1 ,george ,f4 ,sew>d1 :o  0 ,unit$
 ,/ates ,consul at ,%anghai4 ,! latt]   
has s9ce t date  wor?ily repres5t$ our  
c\ntry z m9i/] at ,pek+2 b x may be     
d\bt$ :e!r 9 t high position he ev]     
p]=m$ an int]national  s]vice equal 9   
importance to "o p]=m$ dur+ 8 consul%ip1
 =  :i* he has rec5tly receiv$ ! cross (
 ! ,legion ( ,honor4 ,9  lay+ out _! new

 concession at ,%anghai1 ! ,fr5* _h     
excit$ !  ho/ility ( ! p by digg+ up &  
levell+ d[n _m ( ^?  graves t occupi$ s 
mu* space outside ( ! city walls1 & :]e 
! ,*9ese :o wor%ipp$ _! ance/ors 7 to be
 se5 e day  burn+ pap] & heap+ up ! e>?4
 ,a furi\s mob fell on ! ,fr5*  police1 
*as$ !m f ! field1 & m5ac$ ! ,fr5*      
settlem5t  ) knife & firebr&4 ,! consuls
 7 appeal$ to = aid1 b no  "o respond$  
except ,mr4 ,sew>d1 :o head$ a /rong =ce
 f "o (  our m5-(-w>1 disp]s$ ! mob1 &  
secur$ ! safety ( ! =eign  settlem5t4 ,b
 = 8 timely int]v5tion :o kn[s t ! ,fr5*
  consulate w\ld n h be5 r$uc$ to a%es8 
,if ! consulate _h  be5 burn$ d[n1 a w> 
w\ld h be5 inevitable1 ) a *a9 (        
consequ5ces t baffles ! imag9ation4     
,9 #ahga a horrid atrocity 0 p]petrat$  
by ,*9ese at ,ti5ts9 :i*  c]ta9ly w\ld h
 l$ to w> ) ,france if ,napoleon ,,iii4 
_h n at  t v "t be5 engag$ 9 mortal     
combat ) ,g]many4 ,! populace  7 made to
 believe t ! si/]s at ! ,fr5* hospital  
_h be5  se5 extract+ ! eyeballs f _!    

pati5ts to use 9 !  manufacture (       
magical drugs4 ,!y 7 set ^u by a madd5$ 
multitude1 a score or m ( !m slaught]$1 
& ! build+s :]e  !y _h c>$ = ! sick &   
suff]+ turn$ to a heap ( ru9s4  ,c\nt   
,ro*es*\>t1 in/ead ( res]v+ ! case to be
 settl$ at a  lat] day1 ?\ght be/ to    
accept f ! ,*9ese gov]nm5t an  apology1 
) an ample sum 9 ! way ( pecuni>y       
comp5sation4 ,t  grewsome sup]/ition has
 l$ to blood%$ 9 m ?an "o "p  ( ,*9a4   
,9 ! summ] ( #ahhe ,i 0 call$ "o day f !
 ,we/]n ,hills to !  ,tsungli-,yam51 or 
,=eign ,(fice1 on bus9ess ( great       
urg5cy4 ,on  arriv+1 ,i 0 in=m$ t !     
,*9ese gunboats 9 ! riv] ,m9 _h  be5    
sunk by ! ,fr5* ! day be=e2 t !y _h also
 de/roy$ !  ,ars5al at ! m\? ( ! riv]4  
,?is1 said ! ,secret>y1 means  w>1 & we 
desire to "k h[ non-combatants belong+  
to ! enemy &  resid5t 9 our c\ntry are  
to be treat$ accord+ to ! rules (       
,int]national ,law4 ,:ile ,i 0 copy+ out
 ! pr9ciples &  prec$5ts be>+ on !      
subject1 ! same ,secret>y begg$ me to   

ha/5 my report1 because1 said he1 ! ,gr&
 ,c\ncil is wait+ =  x to embody 9 an   
,imp]ial ,decree4 ,true en\gh1 ! next   
day a decree  f ! ?rone ann\nc$ !       
outbreak ( w>2 b x add$ t               
non-combatants belong+ to ! enemy w\ld n
 be mole/$4 ,two ( our  pr(essors 7     
,fr5*m51 & !y 7 bo? p]mitt$ to cont9ue 9
  *>ge ( _! classes )\t mole/ation4     
,ho/ilities 7 br\ght to a happy         
conclusion by ! ag5cy ( ,sir  ,rob]t    
,h>t4 ,"o ( 8 cu/oms cruis]s employ$ 9 !
 light-h\se  s]vice hav+ be5 seiz$ by ! 
,fr5*1 ,mr4 ,campbell 0 s5t to ,p>is  to
 see ! ,fr5* ,presid5t & petition = its 
release4 ,le>n+ t  ,presid5t ,grvy w\ld 
welcome ! re/oration ( peace1 & asc]ta9+
  :at conditions w\ld be acceptable1    
,sir ,rob]t laid !m be=e !  ,*9ese      
gov]nm5t1 putt+ an end to a conflict    
:i*1 if suff]$ to  g on1 might h ru9$ ! 
int]e/s ( m ?an "o c\ntry4 ,9 ?is  w> & 
9 ^? peace negotiations ! conduct ( !   
,*9ese 0  wor?y ( a civiliz$ nation4    
,yet ! result ( _! exp]i5ce 0 to  make  

!m m ready to appeal to arms 9 cases (  
difficulty4    ,li's connection ) ?is w>
 0 v real1 ?\gh n conspicu\s4           
,*angpeilun1 director ( ! ars5al at     
,foo*[1 0 8 son-9-law4 ,n  only 0 ,li   
dispos$ to aid him 9 tak+ rev5ge1 he 0  
himself  build+ a great ars5al 9 ! nor?2
 & x 01 no d\bt1 ow+ to  effici5t succor
 f ?is qu>t] t ,=mosa 0 able to hold out
  aga9/ ! =ces ( ! ,fr5*4        ,,vii4 
,,w> ,,) ,,japan4    ,bo? 9 its         
inception & 9 its tragic end+ ! notable 
conflict )  ,japan connects itself ) !  
"n ( ,li ,hung ,*ang4 ,! ,isl& ,empire  
on ! ,ea/ _h long be5 kn[n to ! ,*9ese1 
?\gh until our times  no regul>         
int]c\rse subsi/$ betwe5 ! two c\ntries4
 ,x is  record$ t a fleet freight$ ) y\?
 & maid5s 0 despat*$  ?i!r by ! build] (
 ! ,great ,wall to seek 9 ^? isl&s ( !  
ble/ = ! h]b ( immortality2 b none ( !m 
return$4 ,x 0 to  be a colony1 & ! fl[]y
 robe by :i* its object is veil$ is n   
suffici5t to hide ! real aim ( t        
ambiti\s pot5tate4 ,yet1  ?r\gh t       

exp$ition & subsequ5t emigrations1 a    
pacific conque/  0 effect$ :i* does     
honor to bo? nations1 plant+ 9 ^? isl&s 
! le>n+ ( ,*9a1 & bl5d+ ) _! native     
traditions !  ess5tial tea*+s ( h]      
anci5t sages4    ,= c5turies prior to   
our age ( treaties1 non-int]c\rse _h be5
  en=c$ on bo? sides1--! ,japanese      
conf9+ _! ,*9ese neighbors1  z !y did ! 
,dut*1 to a little islet 9 ! port (     
,nagasaki2 &  ,*9a see+ no?+ ( ,japan   
except an occasional desc5t ( ,japanese 
pirates on h] expos$ sea-coa/4    ,to   
,am]ica belongs ! honor ( op5+ t opul5t 
ar*ipelago to !  comm]ce ( ! _w4 ,our   
%ipwreck$ sailors hav+ be5 h>%ly  treat$
 by ^? isl&]s1 a squadron 0 s5t "u      
,commodore ,p]ry to  ,y$do 7n[ ,tokio7 9
 #ahee1 to puni% !m if necess>y & to    
provide  aga9/ future outrages4 ,) r>e  
mod]ation he m]ely h&$ 9 a  /atem5t ( 8 
t]ms & sail$ away to ,loo*oo to give !m 
"t =  reflection4 ,return+ six mon?s    
lat]1 in/ead ( ! glove ( combat  he 0   
receiv$ ) ! h& ( fri5d%ip1 & a treaty 0 

sign$  :i* provid$ = ! op5+ ( ?ree ports
 & ! resid5ce ( an  ,am]ican *>g        
d'affaires4 ,9 ! autumn ( #ahei x 0 my  
privilege to  visit ,y$do 9 company )   
,mr4 ,w>d & ,commodore ,tatnall4 ,we 7  
ent]ta9$ by ,t[ns5d ,h>ris & %[n !      
sights ( ! city ( !  ,%oguns :5 x 0 /ill
 clo!d 9 its m$iaeval co/ume4 ,! long   
swaddl+-g>b ( ! natives _h a semi-savage
 aspect1 & ! abject  s]vility ) :i* _!  
todzies 7int]pret]s7 pro/rat$ !mselves  
be=e _! (fic]s excit$ a feel+ (         
contempt4    ,l ! mayors ( ! palace 9   
m$iaeval ,france1 ! ,%oguns or  g5]als  
_h relegat$ ! ,mikado to a s+le city ( !
 int]ior2  :ile = six hundr$ ye>s !y _h 
usurp$ ! p[] ( ! ,empire1  practically  
pres5t+ ! spectacle ( two ,emp]ors1 "o  
spiritual  7or nom9al71 "o temporal 7or 
real74 ,little did we imag9e t  )9 five 
ye>s ! ,%oguns w\ld be swept away1 & !  
,mikado  re/or$ to m ?an 8 anci5t p[]4  
,! conflagration 0 k9dl$  by a sp>k f   
our eng9es4 ,! feudal nobles1 ( :om !re 
7 f\r  hundr$ & fifty1 ea* a pr9ce )9 8 

own n>r[ limits1 7  indignant t ! ,%ogun
 _h op5$ 8 ports to ^? aggressive       
=eign]s ( ! ,we/4 ,rais+ a cry ( ,kill !
 =eign]s6 !y  ov]turn$ ! ,%oguns &      
re/or$ ! ,mikado4 ,_! fury1 h[ev]1      
subsid$ :5 !y f\nd t ! =eign] 0 too     
/rong to be  expell$4 ,a few m ye>s saw 
!m patriotically surr5d]+ _!  feudal    
p[]s 9 ord] to make ! c5tral gov]nm5t   
/rong en\gh to  face ! _w4 ,ab\t ! same 
"t our ,we/]n co/ume 0 adopt$1 &  along 
) x ! p>liam5t>y sy/em ( ,great ,brita9 
& ! s*ool  sy/em ( ,am]ica4 ,"s =eign]s 
7 %all[ en\gh to laugh at !m  :5 !y saw 
^? little soldi]s 9 ,we/]n uni=m2 & !   
,*9ese  despis$ !m m ?an ev] = ab&on+ ! 
dress ( _!  =efa!rs4    ,to protect     
!mselves at once aga9/ ,*9a & ,russia1 !
 ,japanese  felt t ! indep5d5ce ( ,corea
 0 to !m indisp5sable4 ,! ,k+  _h be5 a 
feudal subject to ,*9a s9ce ! days ( ,k+
 ,solomon2 &  :5 at ! in/ance ( ,japan  
he assum$ ! title ( ,emp]or1 !  ,*9ese  
resolv$ to puni% him = su* insol5ce4    
,?is 0 9 #ahid4 ,!  ,japanese took up   

arms 9 8 def5ce2 & ?\gh !y _h "s h>d    
fight+1 !y soon made x evid5t t no?+ b a
 treaty ( peace  c\ld keep !m out (     
,pek+4    ,li ,hung ,*ang1 :o _h long   
be5 ,vic]oy at ,ti5ts9 & :o _h built  a 
nor!rn ars5al & remodell$ ! ,*9ese army1
 _h to confess  himself beat54 ,= him x 
0 a bitt] pill to be s5t z a suppliant  
to ! ,c\rt ( ! ,mikado4 ,t ,*9a 0 beat5 
0 n 8 fault4 ,yet  he 0 held responsible
 by 8 own gov]nm5t & dep>t$ on t        
humiliat+ mission z if ) a rope ab\t 8  
neck4 ,=tunately =  him1 dur+ 8 mission 
9 ,japan an assass9 lodg$ a bullet 9 8  
head1 & ! desire ( ,japan to undo !     
effect ( t %ameful act  made negotiation
 an easy task1 conv]t+ 8 defeat into a  
sort (  triumph4 ,happily1 too1 he      
enjoy$ ! c\nsel & assi/ance ( ,j4,w4    
,fo/]1 =m]ly ,unit$ ,/ates ,secret>y (  
,/ate4 ,=mosa1 "o ( !  brighte/ jewels 9
 ! ,*9ese cr[n1 _h to be h&$ ov] to     
,japan1  & l[] ,man*uria w\ld h gone )  
x1 _h n ,russia1 support$  by ,au/ria & 
,g]many1 compell$ ! ,japanese to )draw  

_! claims4    ,! next turn ( !          
kaleidoscope %[s u ,*9a seek+ to foll[ !
  example ( ,japan 9 ?r[+ (f ! trammels 
( antiquat$ usage4 ,9  #ahih1 :5 ! tide 
( re=m 0 9 full sw+1 ! ,m>quis ,ito (   
,japan paid a visit to ,pek+1 & z       
presid5t ( ! ,univ]sity1 ,i _h  ! honor 
( be+ ask$ to meet him along ) ,li ,hung
 ,*ang at a  d9n] giv5 by ,huyuf51 mayor
 ( ! city1 & ! gr& secret>y1            
,sunkianai4 ,x 0 a lesson int5d$ = !m :5
 he told u h[1 on  8 return+ f ,engl& 9 
! old feudal days1 8 pr9ce ask$ him  if 
any?+ ne$$ to be re=m$ 9 ,japan4        
,ev]y?+1 he repli$4  ,! lesson 0 lo/ on 
! ?ree ,*9ese /atesm51 progressive ?\gh 
!y 71 = ,*9a 0 !n on ! eve ( a viol5t   
reaction :i*  ?reat5$ ru9 in/ead (      
progress4        ,,viii4    ,,w> ,,) ,,!
 ,,_w4    ,! la/ summ] ( ! c5tury saw ! 
=ts at ! m\? ( ! ,peiho  captur$ = !    
?ird "t s9ce ! beg9n+ ( #aheh4 ,x 0 !   
op5+ sc5e 9 ! la/ act ( a long drama1 & 
m impos+ ?an  any t _h gone be=e1 n 9 ! 
numb] ( assailants nor 9 !  ob/9acy (   

resi/ance1 b 9 ! fact t in/ead ( "o or  
two  nations z hi!rto1 all ! p[]s ( !   
mod]n _w 7 n[  comb9$ to batt] d[n !    
b>ri]s ( ,*9ese cons]vatism4 ,gett+     
possession ( ,ti5ts91 n )\t h>d fight+1 
!y advanc$ on  ,pek+ "u eight national  
flags1 aga9/ ! eight bann]s ( !  ,man*u 
tribes4    ,:at 0 ! ma9spr+ ( ?is tragic
 movem5t8 ,:at un=ese5  occurr5ce _h    
effect$ a union ( p[]s ^: usual attitude
 is mutual  jeal\sy or secret ho/ility8 
,9 a ^w1 x 0 humanity4 ,spurn+  petty   
que/ions ( policy1 !y comb9$ _! =ces to 
ext+ui% a  conflagration k9dl$ by pride 
& sup]/ition1 :i* m5ac$ ! lives  ( all  
=eign]s 9 ,nor? ,*9a4    ,9 #ahih1 :5 ! 
,emp]or _h ent]$ on a c>e] ( progress1 !
  ,empress ,d[ag] 0 appeal$ to by a     
numb] ( h] old s]vants to save  !       
,empire f a "y ,phaeton1 :o 0 driv+ s   
fa/ z to be 9  dang] ( sett+ ! _w on    
fire4 ,com+ out ( h] luxuri\s  retreat1 
t5 miles f ! city1 :]e %e _h nev] ceas$ 
to keep an  eye on ! c\rse ( affairs1 %e
 aga9 took possession ( ! ?rone  &      

compell$ h] adopt$ son to ask h] to tea*
 him h[ to gov]n4  ,?is 0 ! c\p d'tat4  
,9 h] e>li] ye>s %e _h n be5  oppos$ to 
progress1 b n[ t %e _h return$ to p[] at
 !  in/ance ( a cons]vative p>ty1 %e    
ent]$ ^u a c\rse ( reaction  :i* made a 
collision ) =eign p[]s all b inevitable4
 ,%e _h  be5 ju/ly provok$ by _! repeat$
 aggressions4 ,g]many _h seiz$ a  port 9
 ,%antung 9 consequ5ce ( ! murd] ( two  
mission>ies4  ,russia at once clapp$ h] 
be>'s paw on ,port ,ar?ur4 ,great       
,brita9 set  ! lion's foot on           
,weihaiwei2 & ,france dem&$ ,kwang ,*an 
,bay1 all  to ma9ta9 ! balance ( p[]4   
,exasp]at$ beyond endurance1 !  ,empress
 gave notice t any fur!r dem&s ( ! sort 
w\ld be met by  =ce ( arms4    ,!       
gov]nor ( ,%antung appo9t$ by h] 0 a    
,man*u by ! "n (  ,yuhi51 :o m ?an any  
o!r man is to be held responsible = !   
outbreak ( ho/ilities4 ,he x 0 :o call$ 
! ,box]s f _!  hid+-places & suppli$ !m 
) arms1 conv9c$ app>5tly ( !  reality ( 
_! claim to be invuln]able4 ,= a hundr$ 

ye>s !y _h  exi/$ z a secret society "u 
a ban ( prohibition4 ,n[1 h[ev]1  !y _h 
made am5ds by kill+ ,g]man mission>ies1 
& he hop$ by  _! aid to expel ! ,g]mans 
f ,%antung4 ,on compla9t ( ! ,g]man     
,m9i/] he 0 recall$2 b1 decorat$ by !   
h&s ( ! ,empress  ,d[ag]1 he 0 transf]r$
 to ,%ansi1 :]e lat] on he slaught]$ all
  ! mission>ies 9 t prov9ce4    ,9      
,%antung he 0 succe$$ by ,yu5 ,%ikai1 a 
/atesmanlike (ficial1  :o soon compell$ 
! ,box]s to seek ano!r ar5a = _!        
op]ations4 ,in/ead ( creep+ back to _!  
orig9al hid+-place !y  cross$ ! b\nd>y &
 direct$ _! m>* t[>d ,pek+1--on ! way  n
 m]ely lay+ wa/e ! villages ( native    
,*ri/ians1 b te>+  up ! railway & kill+ 
=eign]s indiscrim9ately4 ,!y _h made a  
conv]t ( ,pr9ce ,tuan1 fa!r ( ! heir    
app>5t4 ,he x 0 :o  enc\rag$ _! advance1
 believ+ t he might make use ( !m to    
help 8 son to ! ?rone4 ,_! numb]s 7     
swell$ by multitudes :o  fanci$ t !y    
w\ld suff] irrep>able p]sonal loss ?r\gh
 !  introduction ( railways & mod]n     

labor-sav+ ma*9]y2 & ,*9a  c *>ge !     
losses ( ! la/ w> to ^? misguid$ cr[ds4 
,=tunately sev]al companies ( m>9es1    
am\nt+ to f\r hundr$ &  fifty m51 arriv$
 9 ,pek+ ! day be=e ! de/ruction ( !    
track4 ,! legations 7 ?reat5$1 *ur*es 7 
burnt d[n1 native  ,*ri/ians put to     
dea?1 & fires set to num]\s %ops simply 
because  !y conta9$ =eign goods4 ,!n x 0
 t ! =eign admirals  captur$ ! =ts1 9   
ord] to br+ relief to our =eign         
community4  ,t /ep ! ,*9ese ,=eign      
,(fice pron\nc$ an act ( w>1 &  ord]$ ! 
legations & all o!r =eign]s to quit !   
capital4 ,!  m9i/]s remon/rat$1 kn[+ t  
on ! way we c\ld n escape  be+ but*]$ by
 ,box]s4 ,on ! #bj? ( ,june1 ! ,g]man   
,m9i/] 0  kill$ on 8 way to ! ,=eign    
,(fice4 ,! legations & o!r  =eign]s at  
once took refuge 9 ! ,briti% legation1  
previ\sly  agre$ on z ! be/ place to    
make a def5ce4 ,pr(essor ,james 0  kill$
 :ile cross+ a bridge ne> ! legation4 ,t
 night we 7  fir$ on f all sides1 & =   
eight weeks we 7 expos$ to a daily      

fusillade f an enemy t c\nt$ m on r$uc+ 
u by />vation  ?an on c>ry+ our def5ces 
by /orm4    ,ab\t midnight on ,augu/    
#ac1 we he>d fir+ at ! gates ( ! city1  
& knew t our deliv]]s 7 ne>4 ,! next    
day1 scal+ ! walls  or batt]+ d[n !     
gates1 !y =c$ _! way into ! city &      
effect$ our rescue4 ,! day foll[+1 !    
,roman ,ca?olic ,ca!dral 0  reliev$1--! 
def5ce ( :i* =ms ! brighte/ page 9 !    
hi/ory  ( ! siege1 & 9 ! aft]noon we    
held a solemn s]vice (  ?anksgiv+4 ,!   
palaces 7 f\nd vacant1 ! ,empress ,d[ag]
 hav+  fl$ ) h] entire c\rt4 ,%e 0 !    
same ,empress :o _h fl$ f  ! ,briti% &  
,fr5* =ty ye>s be=e4    ,%e 0 n pursu$1 
because ,pr9ce ,*+ came =w>d to meet !  
=eign m9i/]s1 & he & ,li ,hung ,*ang 7  
appo9t$ to arrange  t]ms ( peace4 ,li 0 
,vic]oy at ,canton4 ,_h he be5 9 8 old  
vic]oyalty at ,ti5ts91 ?is ,box] w> c\ld
 n h occurr$4 ,t  its fury 0 limit$ to !
 nor!rn belt ( prov9ces 0 ow+ to !      
wisdom ( ,*ang#e & ,liu1 ! great satraps
 ( ,c5tral ,*9a :o  engag$ to keep _!   

prov9ces 9 ord]1 if n attack$ by        
=eign]s4    ,footnote #e3 ,*ang is      
reg>d$ z ! able/ ( ,*9a's vic]oys4 ,he  
publi%$1 prior to ! c\p d'tat1 a notable
 book1 9 :i* he  argues t ,*9a's only   
hope is 9 ! adoption ( ! sci5ces &  arts
 ( ! ,we/4    ,i call$ on ! old /atesman
 9 ! summ] ( #aija1 aft] ! la/ (  !     
treaties 0 sign$4 ,he seem$ to feel t 8 
"w 0 f9i%$1  b he /ill _h en]gy en\gh to
 write a preface = my translation (     
,hall's ,int]national ,law1 & be=e ! end
 ( ano!r mon? 8  long life ( re/less    
activity _h come to a close at ! age (  
sev5ty-n9e4 ,by po/hum\s decree1 he 0   
made a ,m>quis4    ,9 ! autumn ! c\rt   
return$ to ,pek+1 ! way hav+ be5 op5$   
by ,li's negotiations4 ,?anks to !      
lessons ( adv]sity1 ! ,d[ag]  has be5 l$
 to favor ! cause ( progress4 ,n only   
has %e re-enact$  ! educational re=ms   
propos$ by ! ,emp]or1 b %e has gone a   
/ep  f>!r1 & ord]$ t in/ead ( m]e lit]>y
 f9i%1 a k  ( arts & sci5ces %all be    
requir$ 9 exam9ations = !  ,civil       

,s]vice4    ,! foll[+ words ,i wrote 9  
an obitu>y notice1 a few days aft] ,li's
  dea?3--    ,= ov] tw5ty ye>s ,e>l ,li 
has be5 a conspicu\s patron (           
educational re=m4 ,! ,univ]sity & o!r   
s*ools at ,ti5ts9 7  f\nd$ by him2 & he 
_h a l>ge %>e 9 f\nd+ ! ,imp]ial        
,univ]sity 9 ,pek+4 ,dur+ ! la/ tw5ty   
ye>s ,i h _h ! honor  ( be+ on intimate 
t]ms ) him4 ,five ye>s ago he wrote a   
preface  = a book ( m9e on ,*ri/ian     
,psy*ology1--%[+ a fre$om f  prejudice v
 r>e among ,*9ese (ficials4    ,ano!r   
preface :i* he wrote = me is notewor?y f
 ! fact t  x is "o ( ! la/ pap]s t came 
f 8 prolific p5cil4 ,hav+  f9i%$ a      
translation ( ',hall's ,int]national    
,law' 7begun be=e !  siege71 ,i %[$ x to
 ,li ,hung ,*ang n two weeks ago4 ,! old
 man took  a deep int]e/ 9 x1 & return$ 
x ) a preface 9 :i* he says  ',i am n[  
ne> eighty2 ,dr4 ,m>t9 is ov] sev5ty4   
,we are old & soon  to pass away2 b we  
bo? hope t com+ g5]ations w be guid$ by 
! pr9ciples ( ?is book4'    ,) all 8    

faults--^? ( 8 "t & c\ntry--,li ,hung   
,*ang 0 a  true patriot4 ,= him x 0 a   
fitt+ task to place ! key/one 9 !  ar* t
 commemorates ,*9a's peace ) ! _w4      
,,david ,,liv+/one4      #ahac-ahgc4    
,,african ,,developm5t4    ,,by ,,cyrus 
,c4 ,,adams4      ,africa is ! mo/      
anci5t & ! mo/ rec5t conque/ ( ! human  
race4 ,z f> z ! light ( hi/ory c be     
project$ into ! pa/1 we  see ,egypt     
among ! fir/ & =emo/ on ! ?re%old (     
civilization4  ,! cont95t discov]$ la/ &
 op5$ la/ to ! ent]prises ( !  _w is    
/ill ,africa4 ,:y is x t we see !re bo? 
! dawn (  civilization & ! t>die/       
developm5t ( human progress8    ,!      
reasons are n f> to seek4 ,! physical   
con=mation ( no o!r  cont95t is s       
unfavorable = exploration & developm5t4 
,africa's  /raight coa/-l9es1 af=d+     
little %elt] to ! primitive %ips (  e>ly
 m>9]s1 repell$ ! ent]pris+ ,pho5icians 
& o!r  seaf>]s 9 _! eag] se>* = new l&s 
wor? coloniz+4 ,nor 0  x easy = explor]s
 to p5etrate into ! int]ior4 ,9 its     

surface  ,africa has be5 comp>$ to an   
inv]t$ sauc]1--! high plateaus  occupy+ 
mo/ ( ! int]ior desc5d+ to ! sea by     
%ort1 abrupt1  & /eep slopes1 s t ! wide
 & peaceful riv]s ( ! plateaus  are la%$
 into foam z !y approa* ! ocean by _m   
s]ies ( rapids  & cat>acts4    ,9 all ! 
o!r cont95ts riv]s h be5 ! l9es ( lea/  
resi/ance to ! advance ( man4           
,civilization has develop$ fir/ along  !
 great riv]s4 ,! valleys 7 fir/ settl$1 
& up ^! valleys  man c>ri$ 8 indu/ries &
 comm]ce f> inl&4 ,?us ! ,euphrates  &  
,tigris ( ,mesopotamia1 ! ,ganges &     
,indus ( ,india1 & ! ,hoang  & ,yangtse 
( ,*9a1 7 ! creators ( hi/ory2 b ?is is 
true 9  ,africa only ( ! ,nile4 ,all !  
o!r riv]s h be5 imp$im5ts  in/ead (     
helpful factors 9 ! =midable task (     
exploration &  developm5t4    ,! try+   
climate1 also1 gave ,africa odi\s repute
 & delay$ =  c5turies ! /udy &          
utilization ( ! cont95t4 ,:5 ! ,briti%  
exp$ition "u ,capta9 ,tuckey attempt$ to
 asc5d ! ,congo1 9 #ahaf1  to see if x 7

 really ! l[] "p ( ! ,nig] ,riv]1 z _h  
be5  conjectur$1 ne>ly all ( its memb]s 
p]i%$ mis]ably among !  rapids less ?an 
two hundr$ miles f ! sea4 ,su* trag$ies 
z ?is  p>alyz$ ent]prise 9 ,africa until
 :ite m5 le>n$ t ! climate  0 n s       
deadly1 aft] all1 if !y adh]$ to ! mann]
 ( life1 !  hygi5ic rules1 t %\ld be    
obs]v$ 9 t tropical expanse4    ,9 all !
 o!r cont95ts1 also1 explor]s h _h !    
advantage (  dome/ic animals to c>ry _! 
food & camp equipm5t2 b 9 l>ge  p>ts (  
tropical ,africa ! horse1 ox1 & mule _c 
live4 ,! bite  ( ! little tsetse fly    
kills !m4 ,its /+ is h>dly s annoy+ z  t
 ( ! mosquito1 b ne> ! base ( its       
proboscis is a little bag  conta9+ !    
fatal poison4 ,camels h be5 load$ ne>   
,zanzib> =  ! j\rney to ,tanganyika1 b  
!y did n live to rea* ! great  lake4 ,! 
%ip ( ! des]t c nev] be utiliz$ 9 !     
humid  regions ( tropical ,africa4    ,!
 elephant is f\nd f sea to sea1 b he has
 n prov$ to be s  am5able to            
dome/ication z 8 ,asian bro!r4 ,he may  

yet be r$uc$ to  useful s]vitude4 ,!    
ef=ts 9 ?is direction 9 ! ,g]man & ,fr5*
  colonies are some:at enc\rag+1 ?\gh 9 
#aija only six elephants _h  ?us f> be5 
brok5 to "w & 7 daily us$ z bea/s (     
burd54  ,explor]s ( tropical ,africa h  
always be5 compell$ to rely ^u  human   
port]age1 ! mo/ exp5sive &              
unsatisfactory =m (  transportation1 ) !
 result t ne>ly all ! great l9es (      
exploration h be5 ext5d$ ?r\gh ! cont95t
 at enorm\s co/4    ,s mo/ o!r p>ts ( ! 
_w 7 occupi$1 coloniz$1 civiliz$1  be=e 
,africa 0 explor$4 ,a cont95t "o-f\r?   
l>g] ?an our own  0 = c5turies neglect$ 
& despis$4 ,no?+ good c come out (      
,africa became prov]bial4 ,sev5ty ye>s  
ago ,africa1 away f !  coa/s & ! ,nile1 
0 almo/ a blank ^u our maps1 save =     
fanciful  details t are ludicr\sly      
grotesque 9 ! light ( our pres5t  k     
7#aijb74    ,!n dawn$ ! era ( ,david    
,liv+/one4 ,sixty-two ye>s ago ?is      
humble ,scot*man w5t to ,s\? ,africa z a
 mission>y4 ,x 0 n long  be=e he became 

imbu$ ) ! idea t mission>y s]vice c\ld n
  be project$ on broad1 economic1 &     
effective l9es till ! field 0  kn[n4 ,! 
explor]1 he said1 mu/ prec$e ! tea*] & !
 m]*ant4  ,we c "w be/ = ,*ri/ianity &  
civilization aft] we le>n :at  ! p are &
 "k ! nature ( _! environm5t4 ,?is 0 !  
?\ght t took him into ! unkn[n2 t       
inspir$ him )  unflagg+ c\rage & zeal   
?r\gh\t tw5ty ye>s ( we>y plodd+ 9  !   
,african wild]ness among hundr$s (      
tribes :o nev] be=e _h  se5 a :ite man4 
,& all ! ye>s he 0 /udy+ ! c\ntry &     
w9n+ ! love ( its p1 8 fai? 9 ,africa1 9
 its ab\nd+  res\rces wor? ! _w's seek+1
 9 ! capacity ( its p =  developm5t1    
/eadily grew till x became ! all-p]vad+ 
impulse (  8 life4 ,liv+/one's fai?     
conv]t$ ! _w to ! belief t1  aft] all1  
!re 0 good 9 ,africa4    ,i %all nev]   
=get1 said ,/anley1 "o day 9 ,new ,york1
 ! "t  :5 ,i /ood ) ,liv+/one on ! %ore 
( ,lake ,tanganyika1 & he  rais$ 8      
trembl+ h& above 8 head1 lean$ t[>ds me 
z he look$  me 9 ! eye1 & said 9 a voice

 brok5 ) emotion3 ',! day is  com+ :5 ! 
:ole _w w "k t ,africa is wor? reclaim+1
  & t its p may be br\ght out ( b>b>ism4
 ,! _w ne$s  ,africa2 & tea*]s1 m]*ants1
 railroads1 & e influ5ce (  civilization
 w be spread ?r\gh ?is cont95t to fit x 
= !  place 9 human int]e/s t belongs to 
x4' ,i ?\ght !n t  ,liv+/one 0 an       
en?usia/ & a vision>y2 b long ago ,i    
le>n$ to  believe t e ^w he said 0 true4
    ,europe & ,am]ica 7 ?rill$ by !     
simple n>rative ( ^?  tw5ty-two ?\s&    
miles ( w&]+s t br\ght into ! light (   
day millions ( human be+s :o _h be5 z   
mu* unkn[n to u z  ?\gh !y inhabit$     
,m>s4 ,liv+/one did n live to "k x1 b x 
0 he :o k9dl$ ! great ,african          
,movem5t1--an outbur/ ( zeal =          
geographic discov]y & economic          
developm5t su* z 0 nev]  se5 be=e4      
,?irte5 ye>s ago 7#ahhi7 a ,fr5*man nam$
 ,de ,bissy complet$ !  l>ge/ map yet   
made ( ,africa4 ,9 ! prep>ation ( ?is   
great "w1  :i* occupi$ mu* ( 8 "t =     
eight ye>s1 he us$ z 8 s\rces  (        

in=mation ne>ly eighte5 hundr$ r\te &   
o!r maps1 ne>ly all  ( :i* 7 ! result ( 
! "w ( explor]s 9 ! prec$+  qu>t] ( a   
c5tury4 ,all t we "k ( ! geography ( ov]
  ?ree-f\r?s ( ,africa is ! "w ( ! pa/  
half-c5tury s9ce  ,liv+/one made 8 fir/ 
j\rney 9 #ahdi2 & we "k f> m (  inn]    
,africa to-day ?an 0 kn[n ( inn] ,nor?  
,am]ica ?ree hundr$  ye>s aft] ,columbus
 discov]$ ! we/]n _w4 ,a little ov] a   
c5tury ago1 our great-gr&fa!rs 7 read+ 9
 _! s*ool  geographies t ,nor? ,am]ica  
_h no conspicu\s m\nta9s except !       
,alleghanies2 & ^! m\nta9s & ! ,&es (   
,s\? ,am]ica 7  believ$ to be "o & !    
same *a91 int]rupt$ by ! ,gulf (        
,mexico4 ,_m m5 n yet b5t ) ye>s c      
rememb] :5 ! int]ior  ( ,africa 0 a :ite
 space on ! maps2 b x is n possible     
to-day  to make su* a geographical      
blund] z we h m5tion$1 ab\t any "p  (   
,africa4    ,x is because ( ! "w he did 
9 ^? tw5ty ye>s1 s[+ all !  :ile ! se$s 
f :i* sprang ! great ,african ,movem5t1 
t !  g5tle ma/] ( ,african exploration  

is acclaim$ to-day z "o ( !  _w's great 
m51 & t 8 body re/s 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey   
among  ! illu/ri\s dead ( ,brita94    ,!
 son ( a wor?y weav] 9 ,blantyre1       
,scotl&1 ,liv+/one's e>ly  life 0 t ( a 
poor boy1 work+ 9 a sp9n+-mill1 quiet1  
sob]1  affectionate1 & fai?ful 9 e      
relation ( life4 ,mov$ at la/ by  ! ?ir/
 = k t has di/+ui%$ _m a humble ,scot*  
boy1 he ent]$ ! ,univ]sity at ,glasg[1  
/udy+ dur+ ! w9t]  mon?s & sp5d+ !      
summ]s at 8 trade 9 ! factory1 fitt+    
himself all ! :ile = ! conque/s he      
little dream$ he 0 to  a*ieve ov]       
difficulties almo/ insurm\ntable4 ,a    
classmate spoke (  him z a pale1 ?91    
retir+ "y man1 b frank & mo/  k9d-he>t$1
 ready = any good & useful "w1 ev5 =    
*opp+ !  ,univ]sity fuel & gr9d+ :eat = 
! bread4 ,9 #ahch1 :5 he 0  tw5ty-five  
ye>s old1 he w5t to ,london to be exam9$
 z a c&idate  = ! ,african mission>y    
s]vice4 ,two ye>s lat] he 0 s5t to ,s\? 
,africa1 :]e = eight or n9e ye>s he     
labor$ among ! natives  e>ne/ly &       

uno/5tati\sly nor? ( ! place n[ fam\s z 
! site  ( ! ,kimb]ley diamond m9es4 ,x 0
 "h t he became intimately  acqua9t$ ) !
 celebrat$ mission>y1 ,rob]t ,m(fatt1 ^:
  daught] he m>ri$4 ,8 devot$ wife      
accompani$ him 9 "s ( 8  lat] travels1 b
 long be=e he f9i%$ 8 "w h] body 0 laid 
to  re/ "u ! %ade ( a tree t = ye>s 0   
po9t$ out to all  visitors to ! ,l[]    
,zambesi4    ,9 #ahdi1 began ! s]ies (  
explorations t cont9u$ till 8  dea?4 ,! 
end ( geographical discov]y is ! beg9n+ 
( mission>y  ent]prise1 he wrote4 ,burn+
 ) zeal to reveal ,africa to ! _w1      
,liv+/one nev] =got ! ma9 aim ( 8       
life1--to op5 ways = !  plant+ ( mission
 /ations among all ! scores ( tribes he 
visit$4  ,i hope ,god w 9 m]cy p]mit me 
to e/abli% ! ,gospel some:]e 9  ?is     
region1 he wrote f ! l& ( ! ,b>otse1 on 
! ,upp]  ,zambesi4 ,does he n[ look d[n 
f 8 et]nal home ^u t v l&  ^: *ur*es &  
s*ools are ! fruition ( ! labors ( ,fr5*
  ,prote/ants2 ^: k+1 9 ,london to att5d
 ! coronation ( ,edw>d  ,,vii41 said he 

want$ m tea*]s & m m5 to tra9 8 p to    
build h\ses & "w iron8 ,he pray$ t he   
might live to see !  d\ble influ5ce ( ! 
_s ( comm]ce & ,*ri/ianity employ$ to   
/ay ! bitt] f\nta9 ( ,african mis]y4 ,! 
gl[+ zeal ( !  ,*ri/ian philan?ropi/ & !
 untir+ ardor ( ! born explor]  7       
p]fectly bl5d$ 9 ! _s ( ! great pione] (
 mod]n  ,african discov]y4              
,liv+/one's r\tes ?r\gh ,africa w\ld    
ext5d ab\t sev5 times  betwe5 ,new ,york
 ,city & ,san ,francisco2 & 9 8 almo/   
endless  m>*es ov] pla91 ?r\gh jungle1  
across m\nta9s & wide riv]s1  ! natives 
met him almo/ )\t exception 9 a g5]\s & 
hospitable _s4 ,love 0 ! secret ( 8     
success4 ,he won 8 way by  k9dness4     
,give ! b>b>\s ,african "t to see t y   
wi% him well1  t y w\ld d him good 9    
ways he kn[s are helpful1 & 8  affection
 is evok$4    ,x 0 said t ! ,briti% c\ld
 nev] e/abli% _! rule ov] !  great      
,wabemba tribe1 s\?we/ ( ,tanganyika1   
)\t a milit>y  campaign4 ,9 #ahid1 two  
humble ,ca?olic fa!rs ent]$ ,lobemba1   

walk$  /raight to ! *ief t[n1 & 7 told t
 if !y did n leave !  c\ntry 9 "o day !y
 w\ld be kill$4 ,z ! /]n message 0      
deliv]$1 !y saw an old woman on ! gr\nd 
9 great pa9 f a  sev]e w\nd4 ,! news    
soon spread t ^! unwelcome /rang]s _h   
wa%$ & dress$ ! w\nd1 & made ! old woman
 com=table4 ,^!  p love m51 0 ! ^w t    
pass$ f lip to lip1 z ! sick  & suff]+  
came out f ! t[n to be treat$1 :ile     
?\s&s (  natives look$ on4 ,at nightfall
 ! :ite m5 7 told !y might  rema9 ano!r 
day2 !y m9i/]$ = elev5 days to ^? :o    
ne$$  help1 & 7 !n invit$ to rema9 ! re/
 ( _! lives4 ,!  mission /ations ( !    
,:ite ,fa!rs are to-day scatt]$ all ov] 
,lobemba2 ! c\ntry is op5 9 e corn] to !
 :ites1 & 9 #ahii  ,briti% rule 0       
e/abli%$4 ,! victory 0 won1 n ) guns1 b 
by g5tle1 helpful k9dness4    ,liv+/one 
nev] believ$ t ! sympa?ies ( our common 
humanity  are ext9ct ev5 9 ! bosom ( a  
savage4 ,enfold$ 9 ! panoply (  ,*ri/ian
 k9dness1 he pass$ unsca!d among ! mo/  
w>like tribes4  ,no memory ( wrong or   

pa9 rankl$ 9 ! he>t ( any man1 woman1 or
  *ild he ev] met4 ,he is kn[n to-day z 
! good old man :]ev] 8  pa? l$ him 9 ^? 
tw5ty ye>s4    ,:5 explor]s began to    
/udy ! heal?ful highl&s ( ! ,akikuyu    
tribe 9 ,ea/ ,africa a few ye>s ago1 !  
natives ru%$ to arms4 ,keep  away f u1  
!y said4 ,"o ( y\r :ite m5 came ?r\gh ! 
l&1  /eal+ food f our g>d5s1 & kill+ all
 :o said he ought to pay  u = our       
vegetables4 ,we want no?+ to d ) ?ieves 
& murd]]s  l y4    ,b no v5geance fell  
on ! head ( any :ite travell] :o ev]    
foll[$ 9 ! foot/eps ( ,liv+/one4 ,^?    
explor]s h a*iev$  mo/ :o adh]$ to 8    
example ( unfail+ k9dness1 m]cy1 &      
ju/ice4 ,! brutal ,g]man1 ^: crimes made
 ! ,akikuyu ho/ile to all  :ites1 m>k$ 8
 pa? ) blood f ! ,indian ,ocean to      
,victoria  ,nyanza4 ,s]pa ,p9to1 r5[n$ =
 ! sci5tific value ( 8 "w1  ar\s$       
condemnation & disgu/ because he f\ght 8
 way ?r\gh _m  tribes1 among :om        
,liv+/one & ,arnot _h w&]$ almo/ alone &
  9 p]fect safety4 ,=tunately1 !re h n  

be5 _m explor]s  militant4 ,! brilliant 
discov]ies ( ,gr5fell1 ,delcommune1     
,lemaire1  & o!rs1 :o are 9 ! fir/ rank 
( ,african pione]s1 7 made  )\t h>m+ a  
native4    ,let u glance at a few (     
,liv+/one's discov]ies & =m our own     
conclusions z to :e!r 8 sublime fai? 9 !
 future ( ,africa has  ?us f> be5       
ju/ifi$ by ev5ts4 ,9 ! dep?s ( !        
wild]ness he  discov]$ ! l>ge lake1     
,mw]u1 ?r\gh :i* ! ,upp] ,congo fl[s4   
,?\gh :ite influ5ces h rea*$ t remote   
region only )9 !  pa/ two or ?ree ye>s1 
a little /eamboat n[ plies ^? wat]s4 ,a 
photograph ( ,mpweto1 "o ( ! :ite       
settlem5ts on ! lake1 %[s  ! commodi\s  
qu>t]s ( ! ,europeans1 two long l9es (  
cab9s 9  :i* ! native workm5 live1 &    
well-till$ g>d5s ext5d+ = a  half-mile  
along ! %ore4 ,liv+/one br\ght to light 
! coal fields  ( ! ,zambesi1 ! only coal
 yet kn[n 9 tropical ,africa4 ,:ile ^!  
l9es are be+ writt51 ! ,briti% (        
,rhodesia are prep>+ to op5  m9es along 
^! deposits4 ,he told ! _w ( ! ,victoria

 ,falls (  ! ,zambesi1 ! l>ge/ kn[n1 a  
mile wide & twice z high z  ,niag>a4 ,! 
in/allation ( an electrical plant at ?is
 great s\rce (  p[] is n[ 9 progress1 & 
x is hop$ )9 ?ree ye>s to  transmit     
electrically all ! p[] requir$ to "w !  
l>ge copp]  m9es 9 ! nor?1 ! coal fields
 9 ! ea/1 & to move tra9s on  ! ,cape to
 ,cairo ,railroad = a di/ance ( ?ree    
hundr$ miles4 ,!  rec5t improvem5ts 9   
long-di/ance transmission ( p[]         
enc\rages  ! belief t ! ,victoria ,falls
 may "s day possess l>ge indu/rial      
utility = a wide region ar\nd !m4 ,c(fee
 plantations on ! hills  ov]look+ ! long
 expanse ( ,nyassa1 ! spl5did fre%wat]  
sea  :i* ,liv+/one reveal$ 9 its sett+ (
 m\nta9s1 are sell+  _! sup]ior product 
9 ,london at a high price4 ,! t[n (     
,blantyre1  among ! ,nyassa highl&s :i* 
,liv+/one fir/ describ$1 has a          
newspap]1 telegraphic & cable           
communication ) all ! _w1 &  indu/rial  
s*ools 9 :i* ! manual arts are taught to
 hundr$s (  natives4 ,"h is ! l>ge brick

 *ur*1 n[ fam\s1 built by native        
craftsm51 :o be=e ,liv+/one's "t _h nev]
 se5 a :ite man1 &  liv$ 9 a /ate (     
b>b>ism2 an edifice t w\ld adorn !      
suburbs  ( any ,am]ican city1 & ( :i* ! 
explor]1 ,joseph ,?omson1 said3  ,x is !
 mo/ wond]ful sight ,i h se5 9 ,africa4 
,! natives made  ! brick1 burn$ ! lime1 
saw$ & hew$ ! timb]s1 & erect$ !  build+
 to ! driv+ ( ! la/ nail4 ,!y _h !      
capacity1 & x  0 evok$ by ! g5ius ( "o (
 ! mo/ rem>kable m5 9 ,africa1          
,mission>y ,scott ( ,blantyre4          
,/eamboats are afloat on five ( ! six   
important seas ( ! great lake region (  
,c5tral ,africa2 on two ( !  ?ree :i*   
,liv+/one discov]$4 ,only a beg9n+ has  
be5 made1 =  ! field /ret*es f ocean to 
ocean2 b ! man :o1 9 #ahgc--!  ye> (    
,liv+/one's dea?1--%\ld h pr$ict$       
"o-half ( !  a*ievem5t ( ! pres5t       
g5]ation w\ld h be5 laugh$ at z a       
crack-bra9$ vision>y4    ,ev5 ! surface 
( ,africa is *ang+1 & ! tru? ( ,liv+/one
 is  n always ! tru? ( to-day4 ,9 8 fir/

 j\rney1 9 :i* he brav$  ! p]ils ( !    
,s\? ,african ?ir/ l&s1 he rea*$ ! broad
 &  placid expanse ( ,lake ,ngami1 cov]+
 an area ( ?ree hundr$ squ>e  miles4 ,9 
! gradual desiccation ( t region1 ! lake
 has n[  entirely disappe>$4 ,its place 
is :olly occupi$ by a p>tly m>%y  pla9  
cov]$ ) re$s1 & no ve/ige ( wat] surface
 is to be se54  ,he f\nd ! little ,lake 
,dilolo s exactly balanc$ on a flat pla9
  betwe5 two great riv] sy/ems t "o     
/ream f ! lake fl[$  nor? to ! ,congo & 
ano!r s\? to ! ,zambesi2 b = ye>s pa/   
!re has be5 no connection betwe5 ! lake 
& ! ,congo4 ,he s\ght  9 va91 l _m      
explor]s aft] him1 = ! outlet to ,lake  
,tanganyika4 ,! my/]y 0 n solv$ till1 m 
?an tw5ty ye>s  aft]1 ,burton discov]$ !
 lake2 ! solution came :5 ! explor]     
,?omson & ,mission>y ,hore f\nd ! wat]s 
( ,tanganyika p\r+ 9 a  p]fect torr5t   
d[n ! valley ( ! ,lukuga to ! ,congo4 ,!
  explanation ( ! /range ph5om5on is t =
 a s]ies ( ye>s !  evaporation exce$s ! 
wat] receipts1 ! level ( ! lake /eadily 

falls1 & ! valley ( ! ,lukuga becomes   
*ok$ ) grass2 !n a  p]iod foll[s :5 !   
wat] receipts exce$ ! evaporation1 & !  
wat]s rise1 bur/ ?r\gh ! b>ri]s (       
vegetation 9 ! ,lukuga1 &  are c>ri$ to 
! ,congo once m4    ,x 0 8 second & ?ird
 j\rneys t e/abli%$ ,liv+/one's fame  z 
a great explor]4 ,9 ^? j\rneys          
7#ahec-ef7 8 r\tes 7 f  ! ,upp] ,zambesi
 to ,lo&a 9 ,portuguese ,we/ ,africa1 & 
!n f  ,lo&a to ! m\? ( ! ,zambesi1 ne>ly
 twelve ?\s& miles (  travel4 ,! ?ird   
j\rney 0 ! fir/ cross+ ( ! cont95t2 &   
:ile trav]s+ ! wide savannas ( ! upl&s &
 reveal+ !  ,zambesi1 ! f\r? l>ge/ riv] 
( ,africa1 f s\rce to delta1 he  0 able 
to v]ify "o ( ! mo/ brilliant           
g5]alizations ev] made  by a geologi/4  
,sir ,rod]ick ,mur*ison1 ,presid5t ( !  
,royal  ,geographical ,society1 9 #aheb1
 d$uc+ 8 conclusions f ! v  fragm5t>y & 
imp]fect k ( ,africa !n extant1 evolv$ 8
  /rik+ hypo!sis z to ! physical        
con=mation ( ! cont95t1  :i* has be5    
briefly m5tion$ above & is ! accept$    

fact (  to-day4 ,liv+/one 0 able to     
prove ! accuracy ( ?is hypo!sis1  & he  
d$icat$ 8 ,mission>y ,travels to its    
di/+ui%$ au?or4    ,! ,makalolo *ief1   
,sekeletu1 on ! ,zambesi ,riv]1 suppli$ 
,liv+/one  ) m51 ivory1 & trad+         
commissions1 t help$ ! humble &  unkn[n 
:ite man1 lack+ all f9ancial res\rces   
except 8 sl5d]  sal>y1 to make ! two    
great j\rneys :i* k9dl$ ! _w's  int]e/ &
 l$ to ! wond]ful a*ievem5ts ( our      
g5]ation4 ,9  ?is notewor?y incid5t we  
see ! human ag5cies ?r\gh :i* ,africa  w
 atta9 ! full /ature allott$ to h]4 ,!  
,caucasian & !  ,negro ea* has 8 on]\s  
"p 9 ! "w ( br++ ! civiliz$  _w &       
,africa into t\* & accord4    ,:5       
,liv+/one w5t home1 aft] 8 ?ird j\rney1 
8  fell[-c\ntrym5 cr[d$ to see & he> !  
explor]1 :o _h add$  m facts to         
geographical k ?an any o!r man ( 8 "t4  
,!y saw a p]son ( middle age1 pla9ly & r
 c>elessly dress$1  ^: deep-furr[$ &    
well-tann$ face indicat$ a man ( quick &
  ke5 disc]nm5t1 /rong impulses1        

inflexible resolution1 & habitual       
self-comm&4 ,!y he>d a speak] ^: comm& (
 8 "m tongue  0 imp]fect1 & :o apologiz$
 = 8 brok51 hesitat+ spee* by  say+ t he
 _h n spok5 ! ,engli% language = ne>ly  
sixte5  ye>s4 ,9 no public place did he 
ev] allude to 8 p]sonal suff]+s1  ?\gh  
fev] _h br\ght him to dea?'s door & !   
ye>s _h be5  cr[d$ ) ! mo/ h>r[+ c>es4  
,! "w he _h done & w\ld  c>ry on to !   
end1 ! new ,africa he alone c\ld        
describe1 ! fai?  t _h gr[n & /r5g!n$ 9 
e week ( 8 long pilgrimage  t ! _w ne$$ 
,africa1 its res\rces & peoples1 7 !    
burd5  ( e utt]ance4 ,! great ,london   
meet+ :]e he fir/ appe>$  took practical
 measures to support him 9 ! "w he _h   
begun unaid$2  & "o ( ! resolutions     
adopt$1 decl>+ t ! important  discov]ies
 ( ,dr4 ,liv+/one w t5d h]eaft] greatly 
to advance  ! int]e/ ( civilization1    
comm]ce1 & fre$om among ! num]\s  tribes
 & nations ( t va/ cont95t1 0 prophetic 
( all !  be/ fruits ( ! colossal "w t   
has be5 done to ! pres5t "t4    ,dur+ 8 

two ye>s at home1 ,liv+/one wrote 8     
,mission>y  ,travels4 ,he return$ to    
,engl& once m 7#ahfd-fe71 :5 he publi%$ 
,a ,n>rative ( an ,exp$ition to !       
,zambesi1 & 9 #ahff w5t back to  ,africa
 to resume ! explorations :i* end$ only 
) 8 dea?4  ,betwe5 #ahdi & #ahgc he 0   
f\r ye>s 9 ,europe & tw5ty ye>s 9  !    
field1 eat+ native food1 sleep+ 9 /raw  
huts 79 "o ( :i*  he di$71 lo/ to view =
 _m ye>s at a "t because he _h no means 
( communication ) ! coa/s4 ,x 0 ?is fact
 t l$ to ,/anley's  successful se>* =   
,liv+/one 9 #ahga4 ,p]haps no o!r       
explor]  ev] gave s _m ye>s to cont9u\s 
field-"w4 ,9 ?is respect he f>  surpass$
 ! record ( any o!r ( ! ,african        
pione]s4    ,! discov]ies 9 8 la/       
j\rneys1 cov]+ ! p]iods f #aheh to      
#ahfd1 & f #ahff to #ahgc1 7 z brilliant
 & fruitful z 8  e>li] "w1 b n s        
a/oni%+1 because 8 fir/ ye>s 7 giv5  to 
reveal+ ! broad] aspects ( ,africa & its
 tribes1 :ile 8  lat] labors 7 devot$ to
 m detail$ rese>* 9 a small] field4     

,?is region1 ab\t z l>ge z ,mexico &    
,c5tral ,am]ica1 ext5ds nor?  & s\?1 f  
,tanganyika to ! ,zambesi1 & cov]s !    
wide region (  ! ,congo s\rces betwe5   
,nyassa & ,lake ,bangweolo4 ,! greate/  
results 7 ! discov]y ( ,lake ,nyassa & !
 ,%ire ,riv]1 n[ !  wat] r\te into ,ea/ 
,c5tral ,africa2 ,lakes ,bangweolo &    
,mw]o2 & !  mapp+ ( ! ea/]n "p ( !      
s\rces ( ! ,upp] ,congo1 :i*  ,liv+/one 
believ$ to ! day ( 8 dea? 7 ! ultimate  
f\nta9s  ( ! ,nile4 ,liv+/one's ,la/    
,j\rneys 0 publi%$ f !  manuscript :i* 8
 fai?ful s]vants br\ght to ! seacoa/ ) !
  mortal rema9s ( _! g5tle ma/]4    ,n  
f> f ! s\? coa/ ( ,bangweolo /&s a wood5
 con/ruction  to :i* is affix$ a bronze 
tablet be>+ ! simple inscription1       
,liv+/one di$ "h4 ,ilala1 ,may #a1      
#ahgc4 ,x has tak5 ! place (  ! tree "u 
:i* he di$1 & :]e 8 he>t1 :i* _h be5 s  
true to ,africa1 0 buri$4 ,z ! tree 0   
ne>ly dead1 ! section  be>+ ! rude      
inscription cut by "o ( 8 s]vants 0     
c>efully  remov$ & is n[ 9 ,london4     

,liv+/one's geographical del9eations 7  
rem>kably accurate1  consid]+ !         
inadequate survey+ in/rum5ts ) :i* he   
work$4  ,dr4 ,rav5/e91 "o ( ! greate/   
au?orities on ,african c>tography1  has 
said3 ,i %\ld be loa? to reject         
,liv+/one's "w simply because  ! gr\nd  
:i* he 0 ! fir/ to explore has s9ce 8   
dea? be5  gone ov] by ano!r explor]4 ,x 
w\ld be m>vell\s1 h[ev]1 if 9  ! c\rse (
 tw5ty ye>s ( exploration he _h n made  
"s blund]s4  ,8 map ( ,lake ,bangweolo1 
= example1 0 v inaccurate4 ,! ,lok+a    
,m\nta9s1 :i* he mapp$ to ! s\? ( !     
lake1 h n be5 f\nd  by lat] explor]s4   
,^! imp]fections result$ f ! fact t 8   
map ( ,bangweolo & its neighborhood 0   
l>gely bas$ ^u native  in=mation4 ,he   
knew t 8 map 0 inadequate1 & z soon z he
 0  able to travel he return$ to        
,bangweolo to complete 8 survey4 ,he 0  
mak+ /raight = ! true outlet ( ! lake1 &
 0 )9  ?irty-five miles ( x :5 "o morn+ 
8 s]vants f\nd him 9 8  l[ly /raw hut1  
dead on 8 knees4 ,if ,liv+/one _h liv$ a

 few weeks  long] & be5 able to travel1 
he & n ,giraud w\ld h giv5 u  ! true map
 ( ,bangweolo4    ,z a :ole1 ,liv+/one's
 "w 9 geography1 an?ropology1 & natural 
hi/ory1 /&s ! te/ ( "t4 ,no riv] 9      
,africa has yet be5 laid  d[n ) great]  
accuracy ?an ! ,zambesi z del9eat$ by   
?is explor]4    ,! success ( ,liv+/one 0
 bo? brilliant & unsulli$4 ,! apo/le  & 
! pione] ( ,africa1 he w5t on 8 way )\t 
fe>1 )\t  egotism1 )\t desire ( rew>d4  
,he prov$ t ! :ite man may  travel      
safely ?r\gh _m ye>s 9 ,africa4 ,he     
obs]v$ ri*ness ( soil  & abundance (    
natural products1 ! gu>antees ( comm]ce4
 ,he  =etold ! tru? t ! ,african tribes 
w\ld be br\ght into !  community (      
nations4 ,! logical result ( ! "w he    
began &  c>ri$ s f> 0 ! d[nfall ( !     
,african slave-trade1 :i* he  d5\nc$ z !
 op5 sore ( ! _w4 ,:at eulogy is too    
great =  su* a "w & su* a man8    ,9    
#ahih1 tw5ty-"o j\rneys _h be5 made by  
explor]s f sea to sea4  ,liv+/one       
complet$ ! fir/ j\rney1 f ,lo&a to ! m\?

 ( !  ,zambesi1 9 "o ye>1 sev5 mon?s1 & 
tw5ty-two days4 ,n9ete5 ye>s  elaps$    
be=e ,c5tral ,africa 0 cross$ aga91 :5  
,cam]on gave two  ye>s & ne>ly eight    
mon?s to ! j\rney4 ,x took ,/anley two  
ye>s  & eight mon?s to cross ,africa1 :5
 he solv$ ! great my/]y1 !  c\rse ( !   
,congo2 & :5 he w5t to ! relief ( ,em9  
,pa%a1 9  #ahhg1 he 0 almo/ exactly !   
same "t on ! road4 ,:5 ,trivi]  cross$ f
 ! ,atlantic to ! ,indian ,ocean1 9     
#ahhh-hi1 9 n9e days  less ?an a ye>1 ! 
ev5t 0 held z a rem>kably rapid         
p]=mance4  ,a little lat] ! j\rney 0    
made by sev]al travell]s 9 f twelve  to 
fifte5 mon?s4 ,9 #ahih1 ! ,engli%man1   
,mr4 ,lloyd1 cross$ f ,lake  ,victoria  
to ! m\? ( ! ,congo 9 ?ree mon?s1 ab\t  
?irte5  hundr$ miles ( ! j\rney be+ by  
,congo /eamboat & railroad4 ,9  #aijb1 !
 j\rney f ! ,indian ,ocean to ,lake     
,victoria is made by rail  9 two &      
"o-half days1--a j\rney t occupi$ ,speke
 = n9e1 &  ,/anley = eight mon?s4 ,) !  
pres5t facilities1 ! cont95t may  be    

cross$ by way ( ! lake region & ! ,congo
 9 ab\t ?ree  mon?s4 ,! era ( long &    
we>y foot-m>*es has ne>ly end$2 n[      
succe$s travel by /eam4    ,no influ5ce 
has be5 s pot5t 9 improv+ ! art ( !     
explor]1 or  9 rais+ ! /&>d ( ! "w      
requir$ ( him1 z ! enorm\s  int]e/ t =  
?irty ye>s pa/ has c5tr$ 9 ,african     
exploration4  ,! l>g] "p ( ! be/        
a*ievem5ts ( ! explor]s ( ! pres5t      
g5]ation 9 sci5tific inve/igation1 & 9  
an approa* to sci5tific  map-mak+1 are  
f\nd 9 tropical ,africa4 ,_m ( ! hundr$s
 ( !  r\te surveys are n unwor?y to be  
comp>$ ) ^? ( ,pogge &  ,wissmann1 :5 !y
 laid d[n on _! map e cultural &        
topographic feature = two miles on bo?  
sides ( _! r\te1 f  ,angola to ! ,upp]  
,congo4 ,! extreme c>e ) :i* "s ( ! be/ 
explor]s h p]=m$ _! tasks is illu/rat$  
by ! rem>kable  a*ievem5t ( ! late ,dr4 
,junk] along ! ,mobangi ,riv]4 ,aft]    
ye>s  ( s]vice1 8 sci5tific equipm5t _h 
become practically wor?less4  ,he />t$  
on 8 f\r-hundr$-mile j\rney d[n ! riv]  

?r\gh !  jungle1 ) absolutely no        
in/rum5t except a compass to aid him 9  
det]m9+ 8 positions4 ,endeavor+1 by !   
mo/ scrupul\s c>e1 to  make up z f> z   
possible = 8 lack ( sci5tific outfit1 he
 trudg$  ?r\gh ! grass1 compass 9 h&1   
c\nt+ e /ep4 ,e fifte5  m9utes he jott$ 
9 8 notebook ! di/ance & ! mean         
direction  travell$4 ,at night he us$ ^!
 accumulat$ data to lay d[n on 8  r\te  
map ! j\rney ( ! day4 ,= _m weeks he    
kept up ?is try+  r\t9e till he rea*$ 8 
fur!/ we/1 & aga9 till he _h  return$ to
 8 />t+-po9t1 ^: latitude & longitude he
 _h  previ\sly det]m9$4 ,:5 he return$  
to ,europe1 ,dr4 ,hass5/e9 &  he made a 
map f ! data ,junk] _h collect$1 & fix$ 
! position  ( 8 fur!/ we/4 ,?is position
 0 f\nd lat] by ! a/ronomical           
obs]vations ( ,lieut5ant ,le ,m>9el to  
be less ?an two miles out  ( ! way4     
,"o ( ! late/ to w9 a l>ge prize 9      
,african discov]y is ,dr4 ,a4           
,donaldson ,smi?1 a "y physician (      
,philadelphia1 9 ! nor!a/]n  region kn[n

 z ,somalil& & ,gallal&4 ,8 me?od may be
 m5tion$  "h z an illu/ration ( ! k9d ( 
"w t geograph]s n[  require4 ,be=e he   
began 8 explorations1 he took a ?or\gh  
c\rse 9  ! use ( survey+ in/rum5ts & !  
me?ods ( accurately lay+  d[n 8         
positions & mak+ a r\te map4 ,_m a      
c>tograph]1 burn+  ) desire to draw a   
good map ( a newly explor$ region1 has  
be5  driv5 to despair by ! inadequacy ( 
! r\te surveys 9 8 h&s4  ,n a few ( ^!  
surveys h be5 unwor?y ( reproduction 9 !
  books ( ! explor]s :o made !m1 & ! be/
 t c\ld be done  0 to g5]alize _!       
in=mation on maps ( comp>atively small  
scale4 ,b ,donaldson ,smi?'s r\te-maps  
appe> 9 8 book on !  comp>atively l>ge  
scale ( #a3a1jjj1jjj 7ab\t sixte5 /atute
 miles to  ! in*71 & !y are wor?y ( t   
treatm5t1 = 8 surveys &  obs]vations =  
geographical positions 7 record$ 9 su* a
 way  t _! value might be easily        
asc]ta9$ by any "o famili> )  su*       
computations4 ,8 r\te-maps h be5 f\nd to
 be admirable  map-mak+ mat]ial2 ?us1 he

 has n only trav]s$ a new region (      
great ext5t1 b has giv5 9 8 map ample   
mat]ials :i* may be  employ$ by any     
atlas-mak] 9 ! production ( good maps ( 
all !  t]ritory t came "u 8 obs]vation4 
,:5 ,sir ,clem5ts ,m>kham  pres5t$ to   
,dr4 ,smi? ! ,patrons' ,m$al ( ! ,royal 
,geographical  ,society1 he said3 ,y h  
n1 l an ord9>y explor]1 made a  common  
r\te survey1 b y h made a sci5tific     
survey1 a  triangulation frequ5tly *eck$
 by a/ronomical obs]vations )  !odolite 
& *ronomet]4    ,mo/ ,african explor]s h
 be5 pa9/ak+1 consci5ti\s work]s1  eag] 
9 _! que/ = ! tru?1 desir\s to report   
no?+ b !  tru?1 & treat+ ! l[ly &       
ignorant !y h met z m51 )  s5sibilities 
l _! own1 capable ( gratitude = a       
k9dness &  ke5ly s5sitive to an outrage4
 ,! _w has recogniz$ & applaud$  su*    
h]oes ( discov]y1--! m5 :o fac$ h>d%ip &
 p]il1  endur+ & sacrific+ mu* t k might
 gr[2 :o _h to  conqu] n only unk9d     
,nature1 b to ov]come ! ignorant viol5ce
 (  man4 ,& n a few ( ! lead]s 9 ?is "w 

h c>ri$ x out )  a degree ( tactfulness1
 humanity1 g5tl5ess1 & k9dl9ess ( _s    
am\nt+ to g5ius4 ,"s ( !m sp5t mon?s 9  
disguise1 collect+  facts ( ! highe/    
sci5tific value among fanatical         
,mohamm$ans :o  w\ld h kill$ !m if !y _h
 kn[n _! secret4 ,su* m5 7  ,burton 9   
,h>r>1 ,dr4 ,l5z 9 ,timbuctoo1 & ,de    
,f\cauld & ,h>ris 9  ,morocco1 :o1 9    
/a9$ sk9s & borr[$ co/umes1 p]sonat$    
m]*ants & devotees & doctors & ,jews2 & 
mo/ ( :om h  enri*$ ! lit]ature (       
discov]y ) valuable books4 ,m5 also su* 
z ,dr4 ,junk]1 :o1 ri* z he 01 left 8   
home to sp5d eight ye>s  alone among !  
savages ( ! ,welle ,makua bas9 9 ,c5tral
 ,africa1  liv+ on _! food & 9 _! huts t
 he might m9utely /udy !  p 9 _! c\ntry2
 or ,gr5fell1 :o has travell$ f> m      
widely  9 ! ,congo bas9 ?an ,/anley or  
any ( 8 foll[]s except  ,delcommune1 &  
reveal$ to ! _w m riv] sy/ems & unkn[n  
peoples ?an !y1 & :o1 9 8 long c>e] z an
 explor]1 nev]  fir$ a %ot ^u a native1 
?\gh 8 life 0 (t5 ?reat5$4 ,^!  m51 &   

o!rs l !m1 h exemplifi$ ! manysid$ness (
 human  res\rces aga9/ a great v>iety ( 
p]il & ob/acle1 z no o!r  explor]s 9 any
 o!r "p ( ! _w h _h an opportunity to d 
9 equal measure4 ,_! "w1 ) its          
environm5t ( almo/  ov]:elm+ difficulty1
 %\ld be kn[n to our y\? z mo/ =ceful   
illu/rations ( :at good m5 may d>e & d 9
 good causes & 9 a  wor?y mann]4    ,!re
 h be5 "s exceptions to ?is rule4 ,a few
 m5 h be5 less  anxi\s to p]=m useful   
s]vice ?an to figure 9 ! newspap]s &    
pose be=e _! public4 ,"o day a man /ood 
on ! nor? %ore (  ,victoria ,nyanza1 &  
look+ s\? he saw l&4 ,:5 he return$ to  
,london he publi%$ a s5sational book1 9 
:i* he said x 0  ridicul\s = ,speke to  
ass]t t he _h discov]$ a lake z l>ge z  
,scotl&1 "o ( ! greate/ lakes 9 ! _w4   
,:y1 said !  writ]1 ,i h /ood on ! nor? 
%ore ( ! ,victoria ,nyanza &  look$ s\? 
& se5 ! s\!rn %ore4 ,lake ,victoria is  
only an  insignificant %eet ( wat]1 aft]
 all ! talk ( its be+ second  only to   
,lake ,sup]ior4    ,:at he really saw 0 

! *a9 ( ! ,sesse ,isl&s ext5d+ f> out   
into ! lake4 ,8 book 0 sc>cely (f !     
press :5 ! lett]s  describ+ ,/anley's   
boat j\rneys ar\nd ! %ores ( ,victoria  
,nyanza  began to be publi%$ 9 ,london &
 ,new ,york2 & ! fooli% fell[ 0         
compell$ to recall all ! copies ( 8 book
 t _h n pass$  beyond 8 rea*1 & elim9ate
 ! /atem5ts t made him s  ridicul\s4    
,=tunately1 !re are n _m explor]s ( ?is 
/ripe4    ,all :o wat*$ ! progress (    
,african discov]y 7 con/antly  rem9d$ t 
geographical progress is usually made   
only by sl[ &  pa9ful /eps4 ,!y saw an  
explor] em]ge f ! unkn[n ) 8  notebooks 
& r\te maps replete ) mo/ int]e/+ facts 
= !  /ud5t & ! c>tograph]4 ,!n ano!r    
explor] w\ld ent] ! same  region1       
discov] facts t _h escap$ ! notice ( !  
pione]1  correct blund]s 8 pr$ecessor _h
 made & p]petrate blund]s ( 8  own2 s   
explor] foll[$ explor]1 ea* add+ some?+ 
to  geographical k1 ea* correct+ e>li]  
misconceptions1 till !  total product1  
well sift$ by critical geograph]s1 gave 

! _w a  fair idea ( ! region explor$2 b 
n ! be/ atta9able idea1 =  sci5tific k (
 a region comes only ) its detail$      
exploration by tra9$ obs]v]s1 equipp$ ) 
! be/ appliances =  use 9 _! special    
fields ( rese>*4 ,?is is ! advanc$ /age 
(  geographical /udy1 :i* is n[ be+     
rea*$ 9 _m p>ts ( ,africa4  ,x 0        
,liv+/one's task1 9 #ahei1 to in=m u t  
!re 0 a great  ,lake ,nyassa4 ,x 0      
,rhoades's task1 9 #ahig-aija1 to make a
 c>eful &  accurate survey ( its        
coa/-l9es1 & to s\nd its dep?s1 s t we  
n[ h an excell5t idea ( ! con=mation ( !
 lake bottom4  ,betwe5 ,liv+/one &      
,rhoades came _m explor]s1 ea* add+     
important facts to our k ( ?is great    
%eet ( wat] ne>ly  twice z l>ge z ,new  
,j]sey4    ,z ea* explor] came f !      
wilds1 our maps 7 correct$ to con=m  ) !
 new in=mation he suppli$2 & if we %\ld 
exam9e ! maps  ( ,africa 9 s*ool        
geographies1 atlases1 & wall maps1 f !  
"t  ( ,liv+/one to ! pres5t day1 we %\ld
 see t1 z relates to  ne>ly e "p (      

,africa1 !y h be5 9 a cont9ual /ate (   
transition4    ,= ye>s our only map (   
,victoria ,nyanza 0 t :i* ,speke made on
  8 second j\rney to ! lake1 9 #ahfj-fb2
 b ,speke saw ! great lake  only at "o  
po9t on its s\? %ore1 & along its       
nor?we/ & nor?  c5tral coa/s4 ,8 map1   
be+ bas$ v l>gely ^u native  in=mation1 
0 9 _m respects mo/ incomplete &        
errone\s4    ,!n came ,/anley's survey (
 ! lake1 made 9 a boat j\rney ar\nd  its
 coa/s1 & = ye>s 8 map supplant$ t (    
,speke4 ,b he 0  n able to foll[ !      
%ore-l9e 9 all its intricate details4 ,8
  mapp+ 0 a great advance ^u t ( ,speke1
 b x 0 necess>ily  r\gh & imp]fect4 ,he 
miss$ entirely ! deep ind5tation (      
,baumann  ,gulf & ! s\?we/]n            
prolongation ( ! lake1 survey$ by ,fa!r 
,s*ynse1 9 #ahia4 ,/anley's map1 modifi$
 by ! p>tial surveys (  v>i\s explor]s1 
is /ill our mapp+ ( ! lake2 b if ! read]
  w wat* ! maps = ! next ye> or s1 he w 
d\btless obs]ve  important *anges 9 !   
cont\rs ( ,victoria ,nyanza2 = all !    

maps1  f ,speke to ^? ( #aijb1 w be     
plac$ on ! %elf to s]ve only  z !       
hi/orical record ( ! good1 hone/ "w :i* 
a numb] (  explor]s h done4 ,comm&]     
,:iteh\se has rec5tly sp5t ?irte5  mon?s
 survey+ ) inf9ite pa9s ^! coa/s &      
isl&s4 ,i seem  to see1 writes ,/anley (
 ?is important s]vice1 ! sailor1 ) 8    
small crew & 8 little /eel boat1 w&]+ f 
po9t to po9t1  cross+ & recross+1 go+ f 
"s isl& to "s headl&1 tak+  8 be>+s f t 
headl& back aga9 to ! isl&1 & to "s     
po9t f> away4    ,comm&] ,:iteh\se has  
made a new del9eation ( ! entire #b1bjj 
miles ( coa/s1 & ! results ( 8 survey w 
be us$ 9 mak+  all ! maps ( ! lake4 ,8  
map 9 turn w und\bt$ly be replac$  "s   
day by detail$ topographic surveys ( !  
be/ quality1 su* z  ! ,briti% already   
contemplate mak+ ( t entire region4     
,a wall map rec5tly 9 use 9 "o ( !      
public s*ools ( ,new ,york ,city  0 a   
curi\s example ( ignorant compilation4  
,x exhibit$ ! ,victoria  ,nyanza (      
,speke1 ! ,bangweolo ( ,liv+/one1 & !   

,upp] ,congo (  ,/anley1 all obsolete = 
practical purposes ye>s be=e ?is map 0  
pr9t$4 ,mo/ ( our home map-mak]s 7 v sl[
 9 avail+  !mselves ( ! ri* mat]ials    
con/antly suppli$ = ! maps by !  army ( 
explor]s 9 ,africa4 ,b ! mo/ al]t       
c>tograph]s1  p>ticul>ly betwe5 #ahhj & 
#ahie1 c\ld n keep _! maps abrea/  ( !  
news ( discov]y z x came to ,europe4 ,m 
m5 & en]gy &  money 7 utiliz$ 9 ^?      
fifte5 ye>s ( ,african discov]y ?an 9  !
 fir/ c5tury & a half ( ,am]ican        
exploration4 ,! r\te or  "m-maps1 "s    
cov]+ a wide ext5t ( c\ntry1 o!rs devot$
 to a  small area1 or a %ort l9e (      
travel1 7 go+ to ,europe = !  improvem5t
 ( atlas %eets by ne>ly e /eam]4 ,fa!r  
,s*ynse's  *>t ( ! s\?we/ ext5sion (    
,victoria ,nyanza _h h>dly be5  utiliz$ 
9 ,european map-h\ses be=e x 0 replac$  
by ,dr4 ,baumann's  m accurate survey4  
,mr4 ,waut]s ( ,belgium )drew 8 l>ge map
 (  ! ,congo ,bas9 f ! pr9t] f\r times1 
9 ord] to include fre%  in=mation be=e x
 0 f9ally issu$ to ! public4    ,?is    

process is /ill go+ on1 ?\gh m sl[ly4 ,!
 mapp+ we see  ( ,lake ,tanganyika1 "o (
 ! longe/ lakes 9 ! _w1 has be5 9  use =
 sev5te5 ye>s s9ce mission>y ,hore made 
8 boat j\rney (  "o ?\s& miles ar\nd its
 coa/s1 b ! new map ( ! ,moore          
exp$ition n[ be+ introduc$ gives ! ma9  
axis ( ! lake a m  nor!a/ & s\?we/      
direction4 ,! ,hore map has met ! fate t
  usually ov]takes ! e>ly surveys ( e   
region4 ,x r5d]$ good  s]vice z long z x
 0 ! be/ map2 b ! ,moore exp$ition _h   
fir/-rate appliances = comput+          
longitudes1 & z ,capta9 ,hore  lack$ ^!1
 x is n /range t 8 map has be5 f\nd to  
be  defective4    ,! _w has be5 treat$  
to _m geographical surprises 9 ! c\rse  
( ?is incessant trans=mation ( ! map ( !
 cont95t4 ,_m ( u  may rememb] 9 our    
s*ool geographies1 ! p>ticul> blackness 
&  prom95ce ( ! ,kong ,m\nta9s1 ext5d+ =
 two hundr$ miles  p>allel ) ! ,gulf (  
,gu9ea4 ,!y 7 accept$ on ! au?ority (   
,mungo ,p>k1 ,cailli1 & ,b[dit*1 all    
reputable explor]s :o _h n  se5 !       

m\nta9s1 b believ$ f native in=mation t 
!y  exi/$4 ,! ,fr5* explor]1 ,b+]1 9    
#ahhg s\ght 9 va9 = !m4  ,lat] explor]s 
h be5 unable to f9d !m4 ,!y are1 9 fact1
 a  my?1 & w be rememb]$ *iefly z a     
conspicu\s in/ance (  geographic        
delusion4 ,x _h long be5 suppos$ t !    
navigation (  ! ,nig] ,riv]1 ! ?ird     
l>ge/ riv] 9 ,africa1 0 p]man5tly       
impair$ by ! ,bussa ,rapids1 ab\t "o    
hundr$ miles 9 l5g?1 :]e  ,mungo ,p>k 0 
wreck$ & dr[n$4 ,b ,major ,t\te1 a few  
ye>s ago1  :5 assail$ by ho/ile natives1
 made a safe j\rney ) 8 boats  ?r\gh !  
rapids2 & ,capta9 ,l5fant1 9 #aija1     
c>ri$ #ejj1jjj p\nds  ( supplies up !   
riv] & ?r\gh ! rapids to ! ,fr5* /ations
  betwe5 ,bussa & ,timbuktu4 ,he _h a   
small1 flat-bottom$ /eamboat &  a numb] 
( little boats propell$ by fifty black  
paddl]s4 ,he says  t by ! l& r\te he    
w\ld h requir$ #ab1jjj port]s1 & !y     
w\ld h be5 "o hundr$ & ?irty days on !  
road4    ,x 0 believ$ t a l& portage    
w\ld always be necess>y betwe5  ! sea & 

! ,zambesi1 above ! delta1 till #ahhi1  
:5 ,mr4 ,rank9  discov]$ ! ,*9de bran* (
 ! delta1 s broad & s deep t  ocean     
vessels may asc5d x & ex*ange freight ) 
! riv] craft4    ,x has be5 f\nd t m    
wat] p\rs into ! ocean ?r\gh !  ,congo's
 m\?1 :i* is six miles wide1 ?an f all !
 o!r riv]s  9 ,africa toge!r4 ,x is     
second among ! _w's riv]s1 & ! d>k      
detritus x c>ries to ! ,atlantic has be5
 di/9ctly trac$ on !  ocean b$ = six    
hundr$ miles f ! l&4 ,"s geograph]s /ill
  believ$ ?irty ye>s ago t all ! wat]s (
 its upp] bas9 might  be tribut>y to !  
,nile4 ,map-mak]s h be5 kept v busy     
record+  discov]ies on ! ,congo4 ,ab\t  
"o hundr$ explor]s1 "s ( !m  mission>ies
 & _m employees ( ! ,congo ,free ,/ate1 
h mapp$ !  :ole bas9 along its          
wat]-c\rses1 & discov]$ ! ultimate s\rce
  ( its ma9 /ream4 ,our ideas ( !       
hydrography ( ?is great bas9  h be5     
revolutioniz$ s9ce ,/anley1 second only 
to ,liv+/one among  ! great ,african    
explor]s1 9 #ahgg reveal$ ! c\rse ( !   

ma9 riv]4    ,on 8 map1 = example1 he   
%[$ ! s\!rn tribut>ies z probably  fl[+ 
ne>ly due nor?2 b all except "o ( ^!    
riv]s rise 9 !  ea/ & fl[ f> to ! we/4  
,:5 ,wissmann 0 s5t to ! ,upp]  ,kassai 
to foll[ x to ! ,congo1 he 0 greatly    
surpris$ to f9d  himself float+ we/w>d  
week aft] week4 ,:5 he rea*$ ! ,congo a 
/eamboat 0 wait+ = him at ,equatorville1
 two hundr$ miles fur!r  up ! riv]1 :]e 
he 0 expect$ to em]ge4 ,s*we9fur?       
believ$ !  ,welle ,makua fl[$ nor? to   
,lake ,*ad on ! edge ( ! ,sah>a2        
sev5te5 ye>s lat]1 aft] six or sev5     
explor]s _h tri$ to solve  ! problem1 ! 
riv] 0 f\nd to be ! upp] "p ( ! ,mobangi
  tribut>y ( ! ,congo1 l>g] ?an any     
riv]s ( ,europe1 except+ !  ,volga &    
,danube4 ,:ile ,/anley 0 = five ye>s    
plant+ 8 /ations  on ! ,congo1 he knew  
no?+ ( ?is great tribut>y1 #a1ejj miles 
long1  ^: m\? 0 hidd5 by a clu/] ( isl&s
 :i* 8 /eam]s  repeat$ly pass$4         
,mission>y ,gr5fell1 on 8 little /eam]1 
0  asc5d+ ! ,congo "o day1 :5           

accid5tally he got into ! m\? (  !      
,mobangi & w5t on = "o hundr$ miles be=e
 he discov]$ t  he _h left ! ma9 riv]4  
,few explor]s h unwitt+ly /umbl$ ^u  s  
ri* a geographical prize4    ,:ile      
exploratory ent]prises h be5 c5tr$      
l>gely 9 tropical  ,africa1 no "p ( !   
cont95t has be5 neglect$4 ,we n[ "k t   
l>ge areas ( ! ,sah>a are und]laid by   
wat]s :i* ne$ only be  br\ght to !      
surface to cov] ! des]t ar\nd !m )      
v]dure2  t mo/ ( ! ra9 fall+ on ! s\?   
slopes ( ! ,atlas ,m\nta9s  s9ks into ! 
e>? to imp]meable /rata ( rock1 along   
:i* x makes  its way f> out into !      
des]t2 t :]e ! surface is depress$ s  t 
^! wat]s come ne> to x1 !re are wells = 
! refre%m5t  ( ! camel c>avans1 & oases1
 bloom+ isl&s ( gre51 9 !  /]ile wa/es2 
& t artesian wells br+ inexhau/ible     
supplies (  wat] )9 rea*1 s t millions (
 date palms h be5 plant$  along ! nor!rn
 edge ( ! des]t 9 s\!rn ,algi]s &       
,tunis1  mak+ ^! regions ! l>ge/ s\rces 
( ! _w's supply ( dates4    ,x has also 

be5 discov]$ :y !re are v l>ge areas (  
dry or  des]t l&s 9 ,africa4 ,! ,sah>a &
 ! s\?we/ ( ,africa are  des]ts because 
! prevail+ w9ds1 ! c>ri]s ( moi/ure1 bl[
  t[>ds ! sea in/ead ( away f x1 &      
consequ5tly are always  dry4 ,! w9ds f !
 ,indian ,ocean cross+ ! highl&s (      
,abyss9ia  are wrung ne>ly dry :ile     
pass+ ! m\nta9s1 & s ,somalil& &  !     
l[l&s to ! s\? ( ,abyss9ia are p>*$4    
,x has be5 f\nd t ! mo/ ( ,s\? ,africa  
/&s s high above !  sea t ! influ5ces ( 
a temp]ate climate are project$ f>      
t[>ds ! ,equator2 s t _m :ite m51 wom51 
& *ildr5 are  liv+ & ?riv+ on f>ms 9    
,ma%onal&1 sev5 degrees ( latitude  ne>]
 ! equator ?an ! s\? end ( ,florida4    
,?is fact w  pr(\ndly influ5ce !        
developm5t ( ,s\? ,africa4 ,x is to be !
  home ( millions ( ! :ite race1 ! seat 
( a highly civiliz$  empire1 ^: bus9ess 
relations ) ! re/ ( ! _w w be to  !     
advantage ( e trad+ nation4 ,! pres5ce (
 ^! millions (  toil]s w vitally affect 
! "w ( develop+ tropical ,africa :i*  is

 n[ absorb+ su* enorm\s treasure &      
en]gy2 = ,s\? ,africa is  to be br\ght  
by railroads to ! v doors ( ! tropical  
zone4    ,x is hop$ t su* facts z ^!1   
ev5 ?\gh v briefly /at$1  may convey    
broadly a correct impression ( !        
magnitude ( ,african  exploration1 s9ce 
its revival ab\t ! "t t ,liv+/one di$4  
,x  is impossible 9 brief space to      
signalize ! good "w t _m ( !  mo/       
conspicu\s pione]s h done4 ,! _w r5d]$  
t>dy tribute to  ! notable a*ievem5ts ( 
"s ( !m4 ,:5 ,rebmann discov]$          
,kilimanj>o1 n f> f ! equator1 & told ( 
! sn[s t cr[n  ! l(tie/ ( ,african      
summits1 x 0 decid$ by ,briti%          
geograph]s  t ,rebmann's sn[ 0 probably 
an imag9>y aspect4 ,! sn[ 0  !re1 &     
pl5ty ( x1 b ,rebmann di$ be=e ju/ice 0 
done to  8 fai?ful labors4 ,:5 ,paul du 
,*aillu describ$ ! ,obongo dw>fs (  ,we/
 ,africa1 8 n>rative 0 discr$it$2 b f\r 
or five gr\ps (  dw>fs1 probably numb]+ 
_m ?\s&s1 are n[ kn[n to be scatt]$  f !
 l[] bord] ( ,abyss9ia to ! ,kalah>a    

des]t 9 ! f>  s\?4 ,! anci5ts _h he>d ( 
! dw>fs1 b ! geograph]s ( !  eighte5?   
c5tury expung$ f ! maps ( ,africa ab\t  
all t !  geograph]s ( ,greece & ,rome1 z
 well z ^? ( lat] times1 plac$  on !m2 &
 ! n9ete5? c5tury 0 sl[ 9 cr$it+ ! e>ly 
inve/igators ev5 ) /atem5ts t 7 :olly or
 approximately  accurate4    ,a curi\s  
hi/ory is connect$ ) ! discov]y ( !     
nor!a/]n  gr\p ( pygmies1 a little s\? (
 ,abyss9ia4 ,no :ite man _h ev]  se5 !m1
 b ab\t fifte5 ye>s ago ,dr4 ,h5ry      
,s*li*t]1 ( !  ,briti% ,museum1 collect$
 all ! in=mation :i* natives _h giv5 to 
mission>ies1 trad]s1 & explor]s ( !     
exi/5ce ( ^! little  p "s hundr$s (     
miles f ! sea4 ,sift+ all ?is evid5ce1  
he conclud$ t ^! dw>fs really exi/$1 & t
 !y liv$ 9 a  region :i* he m>k$ on !   
map nor? ( ,lake ,/efanie4 ,donaldson   
,smi? _h n he>d ( ,s*li*t]'s pap]1 &    
knew no?+ ( ^!  dw>fs1 b he f\nd !m 9   
#ahie 9 ! region :i* ,s*li*t] _h        
indicat$ z _! probable habitat4    ,!   
broade/ g5]alization ) reg>d to !       

,african tribes is t  :i* sep>ates mo/ (
 ! peoples s\? ( ! ,sah>a ,des]t into   
two  great gr\ps1--! ,negro tribes1 ^:  
habitat may be r\ghly indicat$  z ext5d+
 betwe5 ! ,atlantic & ,gallal& 9 ,ea/   
,africa1 ) !  ,sah>a z _! nor!rn1 & !   
latitude ( ! ,cam]oons z _!  s\!rn1     
b\nd>ies2 & ! ,bantu tribes1 occupy+    
ne>ly all (  ,africa s\? ( ! ,negroes4  
,! di/9ction betwe5 ^! two great  gr\ps 
is n bas$ ^u special diff]5ces z to     
physical /ructure1  m5tal *>act]i/ics1  
habits1 or developm5t1 b dep5ds solely  
^u  philological consid]ations1 !       
languages ( ! ,negroes & ! ,bantus  =m+ 
two di/9ct gr\ps4 ,mo/ ( ! slaves :o 7  
br\ght to our  c\ntry 7 ,negroes1 :ile  
mo/ ( ^? transport$ to ,lat9 ,am]ica  7 
f ! ,bantu tribes4    ,"o fact t /ood   
out above all o!rs 9 ! /udy ( ! ,african
  natives1 0 ! rem>kable preval5ce (    
cannibalism 9 ! ,congo  bas94 ,9 all 8  
w&]+s1 ,liv+/one met only "o cannibal   
tribe1--! ,manyema liv+ betwe5          
,tanganyika & ! ,upp] ,congo2 b  ?\gh !y

 are n f\nd ne> ! s\rces ( ! riv]1 nor  
ne> its  m\?1 !y occupy ab\t "o-half ( !
 ,congo bas94 ,!y are reg>d$  ) fe> &   
abhorr5ce by all tribes n addict$ to !  
practice4  ,!y numb] sev]al millions4   
,in/ead ( be+ ! mo/ debas$ (  human     
creatures1 _m ( !m1 9 physical /r5g? &  
c\rage1 9  _! iron "w1 c>v+1 weav+1 &   
o!r arts1 are among ! mo/  advanc$ (    
,african tribes4 ,! l>g] "p ( ! natives 
9 !  s]vice ( ! ,congo ,free ,/ate are f
 ! cannibal tribes4 ,! laws  n[ impose  
sev]e p5alties = acts ( cannibalism1 & !
 evil is  decreas+ z ! influ5ce ( ! /ate
 is ext5d$ ov] wid] areas4 ,a  few      
isolat$ tribes along ! ,gulf ( ,gu9ea   
are also cannibals4    ,!re is no d\bt t
 ! helpful influ5ces ( ! ,caucasian 9 e 
"p ( ,africa s f> outweigh 8 h>mful     
influ5ces t ! latt]  are b a drop 9 !   
bucket 9 comp>ison4 ,x is mo/ un=tunate 
t  a c]ta9 admixture ( blund]+1 sev]ity1
 brutality1 & wick$ness  seems          
insep>able f ! developm5t ( all ! new]  
p>ts ( !  _w4 ,! demoraliz+ dr9k        

traffic1 ! sc&al\s inju/ice &  cruelty (
 "s ( ! ag5ts ( civiliz$ gov]nm5ts1 are 
n to be  belittl$ or condon$4 ,b !re is 
also a v bright side to ! /ory  ( ! :ite
 occupancy ( ,africa4    ,! family ( a  
deceas$ *ief 9 ,c5tral ,africa rec5tly  
pres]v$ 8  body unburi$ = f\rte5 mon?s1 
9 ! hope t !y might prevail  ^u !       
,briti% ,gov]nm5t to p]mit ! sacrifice (
 wom5 & slaves  on 8 grave1 t he might h
 companions ( 8 own h\sehold 9 !  o!r   
_w4 ,he 0 buri$ at la/1 )\t %$d+ a drop 
( blood4  ,human sacrifices are n[      
puni%able ) dea? ?r\gh\t a l>ge "p  (   
b>b>\s ,africa1 & ! t]rible evil is be+ 
abat$ z fa/ z  ! influ5ce ( ! ,european 
gov]nm5ts is ext5d$ ov] new regions4  ,!
 practice ( ! arts ( feti*ism1 a k9d (  
*ican]y1 mo/  injuri\s 9 its effects ^u 
! sup]/iti\s natives1 is n[  puni%able  
?r\gh\t ! ,congo ,free ,/ate & ,briti%  
,rhodesia4 ,arab  slave-deal]s no long] 
raid ! ,congo pla9s & =e/s = slaves1    
kill+ sev5 p]sons = e "o !y lead into   
captivity4  ,slave-raid+ has be5 utt]ly 

wip$ out 9 all p>ts ( ,africa1 except  9
 portions ( ! ,sudan & o!r di/ricts ov] 
:i* :ite rule has  n yet be5 ass]t$4 ,! 
,arabs ( ! ,congo1 :o w5t !re f ,ea/    
,africa solely t !y might gr[ ri* 9 !   
slave trade1 are n[  settl$ quietly on  
_! rice & banana plantations4 ,! sale ( 
/rong  dr9k has be5 re/rict$ by         
int]national agreem5t to ! coa/         
regions1 :]e ! traffic has long exi/$1 &
 its evils are some:at  mitigat$ !re by 
! regulations n[ en=c$4 ,fifty ?\s&     
,congo  natives :o w\ld n c>ry a p\nd ( 
freight = ,/anley 9 #ahhj1 are  n[ 9 !  
s]vice ( ! :ite ent]prises1 _m ( !m     
work+1 n  = b>t] goods1 b = co94 ,_m ( !
 mission>y fields are  ?riv+1 & wond]ful
 results h be5 a*iev$ 9 "s ( !m4 ,9     
,ug&a1 :]e ,/anley 9 #ahge saw ,k+      
,mtesa impal+ 8 victims1 !re  are n[    
n9ety ?\s& natives pr(ess+ ,*ri/ianity1 
?ree hundr$  & tw5ty *ur*es1 & _m ?\s&s 
( *ildr5 9 ! s*ools4  ,fifty ?\s& ( ! p 
c read4 ,betwe5 #ahhj & #ahhb ,/anley   
c>ri$ ?ree little /eamboats ar\nd #bce  

miles ( rapids to ! ,upp]  ,congo4      
,eighty /eam]s are n[ afloat !re1 ply+  
on ne>ly #h1jjj  miles ( riv]s1 &       
connect$ ) ! sea by a railroad t has    
paid  divid5ds f ! day x 0 op5$4 ,at !  
end ( #ahij !re 7 only  #e1hac miles (  
railroad 9 ,africa4 ,ab\t #ae1jjj miles 
are n[ 9  op]ation1 & ! end ( ?is decade
 is c]ta9 to see #be1jjj miles (        
railroads4 ,tra9s are runn+ f ,cairo to 
,kh>tum1 ! seat ( !  ,mahdi/ tyranny1 9 
! c5tre ( a va/ region :i*1 until       
rec5tly1  _h be5 clos$ = _m ye>s to all 
! _w4    ,^! wond]ful results are !     
fruits ( ! p>tition ( ,africa among  !  
,european /ates4 ,) ! exception ( "s    
wa/e regions 9 !  ,libyan des]t1 :i* no 
"o has claim$1 ,morocco1 ,abyss9ia1 &   
,lib]ia1 e squ>e mile ( ,african        
t]ritory has be5 divid$ among  ,european
 p[]s1 ei!r z colonies or z sph]es (    
influ5ce4 ,!  scramble ( tw5ty ye>s =   
,african l&s is at an end1 !re n[ be+   
no valuable areas t are n cov]$ by !    
exi/+ agreem5ts4 ,x  is no m]e love (   

humanity t has impell$ ! ,european      
c\ntries to  divide ^! regions among    
!mselves4 ,we c sc>cely realize !       
int5sity ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce 9 _m ( ! 
ov]cr[d$ p>ts  ( ,europe4 ,_! factories 
are enorm\sly productive1 b _! p  w     
suff] = food unless !y c export         
manufactures4 ,! cry+  ne$ = new m>kets1
 = new s\rces ( raw mat]ial1 drove ^!   
/ates into ,africa4 ,& we %\ld be glad1 
= ,africa's sake1 t !y  h gone !re1 ev5 
?\gh ! desire to make money is "o ( !   
mo/  p[]ful inc5tives4    ,x is "u !    
protective aegis ( ^! gov]nm5ts t       
explor]s are  settl+ d[n 9 small] areas 
to see :at may be f\nd betwe5 !  explor$
 wat]-c\rses1 to /udy ! cont95t 9       
detail1 to give to our  k ( ,africa !   
sci5tific quality n[ requir$4 ,! greate/
  geographical "w !re 9 rec5t ye>s is ! 
ext5sion ( a l9e (  /ations across      
tropical ,africa by ,comm&] ,lemaire1   
ea* position  a/ronomically fix$ by !   
mo/ c>eful me?ods1 con/itut+ a  base-l9e
 ea/ & we/ ?r\gh ,africa to :i* !       

sci5tific mapp+  ( a v l>ge area w be   
ref]r$4    ,! day ( ! m9ut] /udy ( !    
:ole cont95t has n[ dawn$1 &  we are    
witness+ a mo/ notable "w4 ,all !       
colonial p[]s1 & !  ,g]mans mo/         
conspicu\sly1 are /udy+ ! economic      
que/ions relat+  to _! ,african         
possessions4 ,! suitability ( climates =
  coloni/s1 ! ess5tial rules ( hygi5e1 !
 developm5t (  agriculture1 labor       
supplies1 transportation & comm]cial    
facilities1  & _m o!r problems are      
receiv+ ! mo/ c>eful att5tion4          
,exp]im5t /ations are ma9ta9$ 9 !       
colonies & colonial s*ools  at home1 to 
fit "y m5 = s]vice 9 ! field4 ,! ,g]mans
 h  already prov$ t cotton & tobacco are
 c]ta9 to become pr(itable  export      
crops4    ,! m9e-own]s ( ! ,witwat]sr&1 
on :i* ,johannesburg /&s1 h  begun a    
movem5t :i* !y hope w result 9 !        
immigration (  #ajj1jjj :ite labor]s to 
! m9+ field4 ,we may look = rem>kable   
developm5t 9 ,s\? ,africa1 ^: promise is
 l>g] ?an t ( any  o!r "p ( ! cont95t4  

,:atev] may be said ( "s ( ! me?ods  by 
:i* ! ,briti% h enl>g$ _! empire1 _!    
rule has bless$  ! b>b>\s peoples ^:    
c\ntries !y h absorb$4 ,! task (        
improv+ ! few millions ( blacks 9 ,s\?  
,africa1 & ( develop+  ! l>ge & 9 "s    
respects wond]ful res\rces ( t region1 w
  be greatly assi/$ by ! incom+ (       
hundr$s ( ?\s&s (  ,europeans1 br++ ) !m
 ! arts & o!r bless+s (  civilization4  
,! future ( none ( ! new] p>ts ( ! _w is
  bright] ) ! hope ( great developm5t   
?an ! region betwe5 !  ,zambesi & !     
,cape ( ,good ,hope4    ,9 ord] to      
obs]ve intellig5tly ! progress ( ,s\?   
,africa 9  com+ ye>s1 ! limitations z   
well z ! advantages ( ! c\ntry  mu/ be  
kept 9 view4 ,m ?an half ( x1 includ+ ! 
entire we/]n  half1 is defici5t 9       
ra9fall & c nev] be ! home ( a d5se     
:ite population4 ,"s m9+ w develop on ^?
 broad1 dry pla9s  & s&y wa/es2 "s      
agriculture :]e irrigation is possible2 
&  great wool-gr[+ :]ev] ?rive !        
nutriti\s grasses on :i*  #ac1jjj1jjj   

%eep1 scatt]$ ov] ! ,k>roo ( ,cape      
,colony1 &  #d1jjj1jjj 9 ! little       
,orange ,free ,/ate1 7 graz+ be=e !     
rec5t w>4 ,wool-gr[+ w always be !      
greate/ graz+ indu/ry1  ?\gh cattle &   
horses are rais$ 9 l>ge numb]s1 & ! f9e1
 s(t  hair ( ! ,angora goat is second   
only to wool 9 export importance4    ,a 
n>r[ /rip ( f9e f>m l&s across ! s\? end
 ( ,africa1  ano!r along ! s\!rn bord] (
 ! =m] ,bo] republics1 & a  l>ge area   
among ! highl&s ( ,ma%onal&1 f> t[>ds ! 
equator1  produce ne>ly all ! crops ( ! 
temp]ate zones4 ,x is n yet  c]ta91     
h[ev]1 t ,s\? ,africa w ev] raise en\gh 
:eat = a  great :ite population4 ,on !  
nor!rn slopes ( ! hills1 ea/ &  nor!a/ (
 ,cape ,t[n1 are ?\s&s ( acres ( grapes4
 ,cape ,colony is  becom+ "o ( !        
important w9e c\ntries2 & 9 ,febru>y &  
,m>*1  l>ge quantities ( grapes1 pea*es1
 nect>9es1 & plums are plac$  9 cool    
rooms on /eam%ips & s5t fre% to ,briti% 
m>kets almo/  be=e ,engli% fruit trees  
are 9 bloom4    ,ea/ ( ! grape region is

 an area peculi>ly adapt$ = !           
cultivation ( tobacco2 & ea/ ( ! tobacco
 di/rict1 nor? ( !  coa/al belt ( :eat 9
 a region ( s&y scrub1 ! bu% c\ntry1 are
  ! o/ri* f>ms1 9 ! h&s ma9ly ( m5 (    
consid]able capital1  :o supply ne>ly   
all ! fea!rs d]iv$ f ! dome/icat$       
o/ri*4 ,! plumes are sometimes wor? z   
mu* z #bjj a p\nd1 !  ord9>y fea!rs br++
 f #e to #g a p\nd4 ,natal is unique 9  
two  ( its agricultural indu/ries1 be+ !
 only colony t is produc+  tea &        
important quantities ( cane sug>4    ,b 
gold1 widely scatt]$ ov] ! c\ntry on !  
int]ior plateau1  exce$s 9 value all !  
o!r exports toge!r4 ,! _w nev] saw  su* 
a developm5t ( gold m9+ 9 a small area z
 has occurr$ on !  ,witwat]sr&1 :]e     
,johannesburg /&s4 ,! ,witwat]sr& 7,:ite
 ,riv]  ,slope7 is a slight elevation1 !
 wat] p>t+ betwe5 riv]s1 ab\t  "o & a   
half miles wide & #abe miles long4 ,on  
tw5ty-five miles (  ! r&1 at & ne>      
,johannesburg1 m gold 0 produc$ 9 ! ye> 
be=e ! ,bo] w> ?an 0 yield$ by any o!r  

c\ntry 9 ! _w1  ,! o!r ri* m9+ regions (
 ! ,transvaal & o!r p>ts ( ,s\?  ,africa
 h be5 completely dw>f$ by ! wond]ful   
product ( !  r&4 ,! surveys 9           
,matabelel& & ,ma%onal& %[ gold-be>+    
areas #e1jjj squ>e miles 9 ext5t1 :i* z 
yet h practically no  developm5t4 ,! m9+
 companies on ! r& & else:]e are n[     
prep>+ = f> l>g] op]ations ?an ev] be=e4
    ,! ,kimb]ley diamond m9es1 turn+ out
 m ?an #bj1jjj1jjj wor? (  r\gh /ones a 
ye>1 supply ne>ly all ! diamonds (      
comm]ce4 ,two  o!r diamond c5tres 9 !   
,orange ,riv] ,colony h sc>cely be5     
t\*$1 & diamonds are f\nd on ! ,limpopo 
,riv] & 9 o!r  regions :]e no m9+ has   
be5 und]tak54 ,! m9]als ( ,s\?  ,africa1
 includ+ iron & coal1 bid fair to be =  
_m ye>s !  l>ge/ s\rces ( weal?2 & 9    
wool1 hides1 mohair1 fre% fruits1 &  "s 
o!r products1 ,s\? ,africa may rival o!r
 p>ts ( ! _w4    ,!re are no good       
natural h>bors except ,delagoa ,bay 9   
,portuguese ,ea/  ,africa1 b by great   
exp5diture ! h>bors ( ,cape ,t[n1 ,port 

,elizabe?1 ,ea/ ,london1 & ,durban h be5
 adapt$ = great comm]ce4  ,_m p]sons    
mi/ak5ly reg>d ,cape ,t[n z ! *ief      
comm]cial c5tre  ( ,s\? ,africa4 ,x is s
 only 9 respect ( ! export ( gold &     
diamonds4 ,z x is n c5trally situat$ =  
bus9ess ) !  int]ior1 m ( ! ?+s t ,s\?  
,africa sells to & buys f  ! re/ ( ! _w1
 except+ gold & diamonds1 pass ?r\gh    
,port  ,elizabe? ?an ?r\gh any o!r port4
 ,"h is c5tr$ ! l>ge/  :olesale trade4  
,:at ,s\? ,africa ne$s is m railroads & 
m :ite labor4  ,manufactur+ indu/ries on
 an important scale are yet to come1 = z
  yet ! :ite population is too sp>se to 
develop any?+ b !  natural products ( ! 
c\ntry4    ,! broad summ+ up ( ! future 
"w 9 ,africa is t ! native  w be taught 
to help himself4 ,! de/9y ( ! cont95t   
dep5ds  l>gely ^u 8 developm5t1 = great 
p>ts ( ,africa may nev] be  adapt$ to   
become ! home ( _m :ite m54 ,! mo/      
p[]ful motives1  philan?ropic & selfi%1 
incite & w su/a9 ! "w ( help+  ^!       
millions to rise to a high] plane (     

humanity4 ,?is "w1 n[  well begun1 is ! 
great task :i* 9 ! pres5t c5tury w call 
=  all ! k1 pati5ce1 humanity1 & ju/ice 
t may be br\ght  to be> ^u ! problem (  
reclaim+ ,africa4      ,,au?orities4    
,liv+/one's ,mission>y ,travels1 ,a     
,n>rative ( an ,exp$ition to !          
,zambesi1 & ,la/ ,j\rneys2 ,blaikie's   
,liv+/one's ,p]sonal ,life2  ,/anley's  
,h[ ,i f\nd ,liv+/one4    ,/anley's     
,?r\gh ! ,d>k ,cont95t1 ,! ,congo & !   
,f\nd+ (  its ,free ,/ate1 ,9 ,d>ke/    
,africa2 ,s*we9fur?'s ,! ,he>t (        
,africa2 ,burton's ,! ,lake ,regions (  
,c5tral ,africa2 ,speke's ,j\rnal  ( !  
,discov]y ( ! ,s\rce ( ! ,nile2         
,?omson's ,to ! ,c5tral  ,african ,lakes
 & ,back2 ,b>?'s ,travels & ,discov]ies 
9 ,c5tral  ,africa2 ,!al's ,comp5dium ( 
,s\? ,african ,hi/ory2 ,greswell's      
,geography ( ,africa ,s\? ( ! ,zambesi2 
,noble's ,! ,r$emption (  ,africa 7,a   
,hi/ory ( ,african ,missions74    ,no   
compreh5sive comp5dium ( ! hi/ory (     
,african exploration has  yet be5       

writt54 ,our k ( ! geography1 peoples & 
res\rces  ( ,africa is treat$ )         
consid]able detail 9 a numb] ( works su*
  z ,reclus's ,africa 79 ,! ,e>? & ,its 
,inhabitants7 & ,siev]s's  ,afrika      
7,g]man74 ,a v l>ge "p ( ! exploratory  
ent]prises 9  ,africa h n be5 describ$ 9
 books1 b only 9 ! reports ( !          
explor]s1 pr9t$ ) _! orig9al maps 9 !   
publications ( _m  geographical &       
mission>y societies4          ,,sir     
,,au/5 ,,h5ry ,,lay>d4      #ahag-ahid4 
,,mod]n ,,ar*aeology4    ,,by ,,william 
,,hayes ,,w>d1 ,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d4      ,x 
0 tw5ty-?ree long c5turies ago t a      
,greek soldi] ( =tune1  :o _h ! honor to
 be also a disciple ( ,socrates1 0 lead+
 t5  ?\s& m]c5>ies back to _! native l& 
aft] _! fam\s  failure to set ! ,y\ng]  
,cyrus on ! ?rone ( ,p]sia4 ,cle>*us &  
! o!r g5]als _h be5 trea*]\sly murd]$4  
,dispirit$1 almo/  hopeless1 on _! way  
to ! long$-= ,black ,sea1 9 anticipation
 (  ! p]il\s & t$i\s j\rney1 pa/ wild   
m\nta9s & wild] ,kurds1  !y toil$ up !  

valley ( ! ,tigris ,riv]4 ,( "o incid5t 
( _!  j\rney _! hi/orian & lead] makes  
no record4 ,!y rea*$ !  spot :]e n[ /&s 
! city ( ,mosul4 ,on ! bank ( ! riv] _! 
eyes fell on a b>e & l(ty hill4 ,!y did 
n "k1 !y nev]  suspect$1--,x5ophon wrote
 no ^w ( x1--t "u t hill lay  buri$ !   
ru9s ( "o ( ! mightie/ conqu]+ cities t 
_h ev]  rul$ ! _w4 ,f ! palaces ( t     
hill1 ,n9us & ,semiramis &  ,s>danapalus
 _h l$ _! conqu]+ armies1 all n[ cov]$  
) sil5ce4    ,two c5turies e>li]1 9 #fjf
 ,b4,c41 !re _h occurr$ "o ( ! mo/      
trem5d\s cata/rophes record$ 9 all !    
grim annals ( w>4 ,aft] a  ?\s& ye>s (  
primacy 9 ! ,ea/1 b tw5ty ye>s aft] !   
dea?  ( ,s>danapalus 7! ,greek "n (     
,as%urbanapal71 :o _h c>ri$ 8  armies to
 ,egypt & _h made 8 capital ! c5tre ( ! 
_w's  culture & magnific5ce1 z x 0 ( its
 cruel & hat$ p[]1  ,n9eveh 0 captur$1  
buri$1 & utt]ly desolat$ by a horde (   
savage  ,scy?ians f ! m\nta9s ( ! nor? &
 ea/1 su* p z we  n[ call ! ,kurds4 ,its
 palaces _h no l(ty ,greek columns to /&

 =  memorials1 z at ,palmyra or         
,p]sepolis2 & :5 ! out] cas+s (  brick &
 alaba/] 7 crack$ away1 & ! a%es ( !    
upp]  /ories & ! clay ( ! inn]          
con/ructions1 soak$ by ! ra9s1  cov]$ ! 
ru9s ( temple & palace1 no?+ 0 left to  
m>k !  site b ! grass-cov]$ hill4 ,no   
wond] t ! le>n$ s*ol> (  ,socrates saw  
no?+1 knew no?+ ( ! city1 mo/ glori\s & 
mo/  dete/$ ( all ! cities ( ! e>?4 ,b 9
 its day ! ov]?r[ (  ,n9eveh & !        
de/ruction ( ! ,assyrian ,empire _h be5 
! mo/  t]rible ev5t 9 ! _w's hi/ory4 ,h[
 ! ,hebrew prophets gloat$  ov] x6 ,:]e 
n[ is ! d5 ( ! lions1 & ! fe$+-place (  
! "y lions1 :]e ! lion & ! lioness      
walk$1 ! lion's  :elp1 & none made !m   
afraid8 ,wo to ! bloody city2 x is all  
full  ( lies & rap9e2 ! prey dep>te? n4 
,! noise ( ! :ip1 &  ! noise ( ! rattl+ 
( :eels1 & pranc+ horses1 & b\nd+       
*>iots1 ! horsem5 m\nt+1 & ! fla%+      
sword1 & !  glitt]+ spe>1 & a multitude 
( sla91 & a great heap ( corpses1  & !re
 is no end ( ! bodies4 ,!re is no       

assuag+ ( ! hurt2  ?y w\nd is griev\s2  
all t he> ! report ( !e clap _! h&s  ov]
 !e3 = ^u :om ha? n ?y wick$ness pass$  
cont9ually8  ,& ano!r prophet _h utt]$ !
 curse3 ,! pelican & !  porcup9e %all   
lodge 9 ! capitals !re(2 _! voice %all  
s\nd  9 ! w9d[s2 desolation %all be 9 ! 
?re%olds2 = he ha? laid  b>e ! c$>-"w4  
,?is is ! joy\s city t dwelt c>elessly1 
t  said 9 h] he>t1 ',i am1 & !re is none
 besides me6' ,h[ is %e  become a       
desolation1 a place = bea/s to lie d[n  
96 ,e "o t  passe? by h] %all hiss1 &   
wag 8 h&4    ,?us fell ,n9eveh1 amid !  
univ]sal rejoic+ ( ! nations1 &  ?us1   
sev5ty ye>s lat]1 fell ,babylon also1   
:i*1 9 ! %ort  int]val1 ,nebu*adnezz> _h
 made m magnific5t ?an ev5 ,n9eveh _h   
be51 beautifi$ = its capture by ,cyrus4 
,b be=e ,babylon 0 !  capital ( ,*aldea1
 or ,n9eveh ! capital ( ,assyria1 ! city
 ( ,calah  _h be5 ! seat ( its k+s1 & a 
mighty m\nd--!y call x ,nimr\d  n[--z   
high z ,/4 ,paul's /eeple1 old travell]s
 lov$ to say--m>ks  ! place on ! ea/    

bank ( ! ,tigris1 tw5ty miles s\? (     
,n9eveh2  &1 be=e ,calah1 ,assyria _h an
 e>li] capital =ty miles /ill  ne>] !   
,babylonian bord]1 at ,as%ur1 n[        
,kalah-,%]gat1 on ! we/  ( ! ,tigris2 & 
ea* capital _h its palaces & records1 & 
all are  n[ equally buri$ 9 clay & utt] 
oblivion4 ,& be=e ! ,babylon (          
,nebu*adnezz>1 & long c5turies be=e     
,n9eveh or ,calah or ,as%ur1  !re _h be5
 mighty k+doms 9 ,babylonia1 ( :i* ! _w 
_h  q =got ! names1 only vague rumors   
rema9+ 9 song or leg5d (  ,nimrod &     
,*$orlaom] & ,ur ( ! ,*aldees1--only :at
 0 pres]v$  9 ! dimme/ records ( !      
,hebrew ,scriptures4 ,empires 7 lo/1    
buri$ 9 *iliads ( =getfulness2 w\ld !y  
ev] be recov]$8    ,& h[ mu* else 0 lo/1
 :at k+doms1 :at empires buri$ be=e     
,hebrew or ,greek hi/ory began to take  
notice ( ! _w outside &  put !m 9 books1
 no "o knew1 no "o kn[s ev5 yet1 al?\gh 
s mu*  has be5 f\nd4 ,! fame ( ,egypt 0 
nev] q =gott51 nor all its  hi/ory1 =   
,egypt 0 ! _w's gran>y1 & closely       

accessible to  ! %ips ( ,cor9? & ,rome2 
& ,egypt nev] lo/ h] civilization 9  all
 h] long succession ( enslavem5t4 ,b :at
 memory _h be5 kept (  ! ,ionia &       
,greece ( ! days be=e ,hom]8 ,:at ( !   
e>ly  civilization ( ,cyprus & ,crete8  
,only ! "n ( ,m9os1 a judge 9  ,hell4   
,:at ( ,p]sia & ,elam8 ,7 !y un9habit$  
be=e ! times (  ,x]xes & ,cyrus8 ,& :o 7
 ^! k+s1 ,cyrus & ,x]xes1 ^:  names bur/
 ^u u ) dim light out ( a black         
antiquity8 ,ev5 !y  7 b %ad[s on a      
scre51 j se5 & disappe>+4 ,:at k+s &    
k+doms came be=e !m & pass$ away8 ,has  
hi/ory no record8 ,n a  ^w4 ,only black 
vacuity has be5 left beh9d !m4 ,& !re 0 
t  o!r empire ( ! ,ea/1 t ( ! ,hittites1
 :i* we n[ "k rul$  ,asia ,m9or & ,syria
 & conte/$ ! rule ( ! _w ) ,assyria  &  
,egypt c5turies be=e ,agamemnon &       
,a*illes1 b s utt]ly buri$  & =gott5 t n
 a l9e ( its hi/ory 0 left1 n ev5 en\gh 
to let ! %>pe/ s*ol> ask a "q or suspect
 t x ev] built  capitals & f\ght        
victories & produc$ a civilization !    

h>ve/ (  :i* we /ill enjoy4 ,no?+ 0 left
 ( !m b _! names 9 a  ,hebrew li/ (     
tribes1--,amorites & ,jebusites &       
,hivites &  ,hittites4    ,yet all ^!   
lo/ tribes1 nay1 lo/ nations1 _h left _!
 records  beh9d !m1 only !y 7 buri$ "u  
gr\nd & out ( sight4 ,:at  a trave/y x  
is on hi/ory & civilization1 :at an     
impea*m5t ( !  glory ( ^! lat] ,*ri/ian 
c5turies1 t ! l&s :i* ^! old  empires   
cr[d$ ) a busy population %\ld n[ be    
among ! mo/  desolate & inaccessible on 
! face ( ! e>?6 ,!re we see !  curse ( !
 ,moslem religion1 & /ill m ( ! ,turki% 
gov]nm5t4  ,:]ev] ! ,turk has c>ri$ !   
sword & ! ,koran1 !re is blight  & dea?4
 ,only z soldi]s & s*ol>s ( ,europe h   
=c$ _! way  into ^! seats ( anci5t      
empires has x be5 possible to ask &     
le>n :at is buri$ b5ea? _! gray         
desolation4    ,! man :o did m ?an any  
o!r to awak5 ! int]e/ ( ! _w  9 ! se>* =
 =gott5 empires 0 ,sir ,h5ry ,lay>d1 !  
excavator  ( ,n9eveh4 ,b be=e 8 day     
ano!r man _h />tl$ ! _w )  :at we may   

call ! discov]y ( ,egypt4 ,t man 0      
,napoleon  ,bonap>te1 ! man ^: sword 0 a
 pl\gh%>e turn+ up ! fall[  fields (    
,europe1 & s[+ /range crops ( tyranny & 
lib]ty1 &  ^: ambition x 0 to set up a  
new ?rone 9 ! l& ( ! ,ph>aohs  &        
,ptolemies4 ,! mighty ru9s ( ,k>nak & ! 
imp]i%able pyramids  fill$ him )        
amazem5t1 & he set ! s*ol>s ( ,france at
 "w to  publi% 9 massive folios ! wond]s
 ( t mo/ anci5t l&4 ,!n  0 f\nd !       
,rosetta ,/one1 ) its inscription 9 two 
languages1--,greek1 :i* any s*ol> c\ld  
read1 & ! ,egyptian  hi]oglyphics1 :i*  
no liv+ man c\ld read4 ,b "h 0 ! key4 ,!
  words ,ptolemy & ,cleopatra 7 9 !     
,greek text1 & x 0 n  h>d to f9d :at 7 !
 comb9ations ( *>act]s t /ood =  ^!     
words 9 ! ,egyptian4 ,! lett]s p1 t1 & l
 7 9 bo?  names4 ,! hi]oglyphic signs   
f\nd 9 bo? names mu/ be ^! ?ree  lett]s4
 ,t beg9n+ gave all ! o!r signs 9 bo?   
words1 & !  re/ ( ! alphabet soon       
foll[$4 ,ju/ly great is ! fame ( !      
,fr5*man ,*ampollion1 :o has ! honor (  

hav+ fir/ deciph]$ &  read ?is lo/      
language1 & op5$ to u ! secret treasures
 ( its  hi/ory & religion4    ,b ) !    
exploration ( ,egypt ! s*ol>%ip ( ! _w 0
  satisfi$ = fifty ye>s4 ,no "o seem$ to
 ?9k to ask :at might be  hid "u ! soil 
( ne>] ,pale/9e & ,syria & ,asia ,m9or2 
mu*  less did !y seek to uncov] ! buri$ 
capitals ( ,assyria &  ,babylonia4      
,s*ol>%ip 0 devot$ to books1 to old     
manuscripts 9  conv5t libr>ies1 to      
recov]+ :at ! wise m5 ( ,greece & ,rome 
_h writt51 & try+ to wre/ new facts out 
( _! blund]+ old  compilations ( anci5t 
hi/ory4 ,x did n occur to !m t a hundr$ 
k+s & t5 ?\s& m]*ants & prie/s might h  
left ! /ories  ( _! conque/s or         
contracts or liturgies1 unrott$ 9 ! wet 
soil1  imp]i%ably pres]v$ to be ! record
 ( comm]ce & empires z old  & z great z 
^? ( ,egypt1 b f> deep] cov]$ )         
oblivion4  ,b !re !y 71 kept safe =     
tw5ty1 ?irty1 fifty c5turies1  until !  
man %\ld come ^: mission x 0 to f9d !m4 
,m ?an "o su* man came 9 ! middle ( !   

la/ c5tury1 b "o  man is pre-em95t1 &   
typical ( all ! re/1 ,sir ,au/5 ,h5ry   
,lay>d4 ,be=e him "o ,fr5*man1 ,m4 ,paul
 mile ,botta1 _h made a f9e  da% on a   
palace city a doz5 miles nor? ( ,n9eveh1
 & _h op5$  wond]s su* z ! _w _h nev]   
se5 be=e4 ,b ! man ^:  en]gy 0 fulle/ ( 
impulse1 ^: en?usiasm compell$ ,briti%  
,ambassadors & ,m9i/]s & ,p>liam5ts to d
 8 bidd+1 :o ar\s$  ! _w to ! importance
 ( ! exploration & dis9t]m5t ( !        
monum5ts ( ,babylonia & ,assyria1 0 !   
,engli%man ,lay>d4    ,he _h a y\?ful   
passion = adv5ture1 & sl5d] means to    
gratify  x4 ,i wi% y c\ld see him z he  
is pictur$ 9 ! volume :i* gives  ! /ory 
( 8 e>ly adv5tures1 be=e he _h settl$ on
 8 life-"w  ( exploration4 ,!re he /&s  
clad 9 8 ,bakhtiy>i co/ume1 !  dress ( a
 m\nta9 tribe 9 ,p]sia :i* ass]t$ its   
indep5d5ce (  ,teh]an4 ,x is a well-knit
 frame1 fit to endure h>d%ips4 ,he /&s  
hold+ ! tall mat*lock1 ! curv$ scimet>  
by 8 side1 & !  long pi/ol & ! dagg] 9 8
 belt4 ,above ! yell[ %oes &  p>ti-wov5 

/ock+s a r$ silk robe falls to 8 ankles1
 & ov] t  a gre5 silk g>m5t rea*es to 8 
knees1 & yet ov] t a %ort]  & ri*ly     
embroid]$ coat1 ) op5 sleeves1 is held  
close ab\t !  body by a wide silk5 sa%  
wov5 9 ! brighte/ ( r$ & gold1 &  hold+ 
! weapons atta*$ to 8 wai/4 ,on 8 head  
is a l[ flat  cap1 visorless 9 front1 b 
) a broad b[ 9 place ( a fea!r1 all     
/rip$ ) ! ri*e/ embroid]y1 & ) a wide   
tassel ( ! same  mat]ial fall+ f> d[n 8 
back4 ,b ! face1 ) its %ort be>d  dy$   
d>k ) h5na1 & its blue eyes1 is n t ( a 
w>rior1 b  ( a s]i\s s*ol> or           
diplomati/4 ,& he ne$$ all ! =ce (      
c\rage & all ! arts ( diplomacy = ! "w  
he _h to d4    ,lay>d's e>ly tra9+ 0 9 !
 l9e ( prep>ation = 8 life's  "w4 ,mu* (
 8 boyhood 0 sp5t 9 ,italy1 :]e he      
acquir$ a ta/e  = ! f9e arts1 & z mu* k 
( !m z a *ild c\ld obta9  :o 0 con/antly
 9 ! society ( arti/s & connoisseurs4   
,at ab\t  ! age ( sixte5 he 0 s5t to    
,engl& to /udy ! law1 = :i* he  0 de/9$ 
by 8 p>5ts4 ,aft] six ye>s 9 ! (fice ( a

  solicitor1 & 9 ! *amb]s ( an em95t    
conveyanc]1--= t is  ! way t lawy]s 7   
educat$ !n1--he det]m9$ to leave  ,engl&
 & seek a c>e] else:]e4 ,he _h a        
relative 9 ,ceylon1 :o  gave him hopes (
 secur+ a position !re1 & = ,ceylon he  
/>t$4  ,a fri5d ( 81 t5 ye>s old]1 0    
b\nd = ! same de/9ation1  bo? fond (    
adv5ture1 & !y agre$ to g toge!r1 & to g
 z f>  z !y c\ld by l& in/ead ( tak+ !  
long sea j\rney ar\nd !  ,cape ( ,good  
,hope4 ,across ,europe !y pass$ to      
,con/ant9ople1 ?r\gh  ,au/ria1          
,dalmatia1 ,mont5egro1 ,albania1 &      
,bulg>ia2 !nce across ,asia  ,m9or to   
,syria & ,pale/9e2 !nce to ,aleppo & d[n
 ! ,tigris to  ,baghdad4 ,x 0 an        
extraord9>y & adv5tur\s j\rney1 (t5     
dang]\s2 b great] dang] 0 to foll[4     
,lay>d _h le>n$ "s  ,turki%1 & n[ he    
sp5t ! long weeks 9 ,baghdad 9 ! /udy ( 
,p]sian2 8 companion 0 q famili> )      
,arabic4 ,be=e !y left  ,engl& !y _h    
receiv$ good advice f ,sir ,john        
,mac,neill1 !  ,briti% repres5tative at 

! c\rt ( ! ,%ah3 ,y mu/ ei!r travel  z  
important p]sonages1 ) a ret9ue (       
s]vants & an adequate  escort1 or alone1
 z poor m51 ) no?+ to excite ! cupidity 
(  ! p among/ :om y w h to mix4 ,if y _c
 af=d to  adopt ! fir/ c\rse1 y mu/ take
 ! latt]4 ,! latt] !y 7  =c$ to take4   
,_m a "y man has ! gift to acquire      
languages--almo/ any ,ori5tal  c talk   
?ree or f\r--& ! ability to r\gh x &    
live on ! f>e  ( ! p1 ?\gh b>b>\s2 & _m 
a man has ! _s (  adv5ture2 b ?is "y man
 _h "o peculi> & unusual qualification  
t direct$ him to 8 future c>e]4 ,z a    
*ild1 he _h read !  ,arabian ,nights )  
int5se delight1 ) _! /ories c5tr$ ab\t  
,baghdad4 ,!n e book ( ,ea/]n adv5ture1 
e bit ( travel 9  ,syria1 ,arabia1 or   
,p]sia t he c\ld f9d he _h eag]ly       
dev\r$4 ,x  0 8 day & night's long+ t he
 might visit /range l&s (  hi/ory & make
 explorations & discov]ies4 ,s :]ev] he 
01 he  visit$ e ru9 & tri$ to copy e    
inscription4 ,if 8 companion  w\ld n    
turn aside to visit "s region ( r5[n &  

dang]1 he w\ld  g alone & jo9 him lat]4 
,z !y came d[n ! riv] ,tigris 9 _!      
boat1 !y pass$ ! imm5se m\nd ( ,nimr\d1 
& s impress$ 0  ,lay>d by x t he !n1    
sc>ce tw5ty-?ree ye>s old1 resolv$ t  "s
 day he w\ld se>* & le>n :at 0 hidd5 "u 
x2 b little  did he imag9e :at wond]ful 
monum5ts he 0 to f9d !re only a few     
ye>s lat]4    ,)\t a s]vant1 z poor m51 
9 a c>avan ( fanatical & ho/ile  ,p]sian
 pilgrims return+ f ! %r9es1 j travell]s
 try+ to  g by l& ?r\gh ,p]sia &        
,afghani/an to ,india & ,ceylon1 !y     
left ,baghdad4 ,x 0 a "t ( unusual      
dang]1 = ! ,briti% ,m9i/]  _h be5       
recall$ f ! ,p]sian ,c\rt1 & w> ) ,engl&
 0  ?reat5$4 ,!y 7 tak5 = spies1 & s5t  
to ! pres5ce ( !  ,%ah1 & =bidd5 to     
foll[ ! r\te !y _h *os5 & :i* _h  be5   
m>k$ out = !m by ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,royal   
,geographical  ,society1 to report on   
riv]s & m\nta9s & ru9s n yet explor$4   
,!y 7 insult$ & robb$1 & _! lives 7 (t5 
9 dang]2 b  at la/ !y receiv$ f ! ,%ah  
_! firmans4 ,n[ !y sep>at$4  ,8         

companion felt t he mu/ g by ! quicke/  
r\te to 8  de/9ation2 b ,lay>d _h no    
def9ite date be=e him1 & he 0  anxi\s to
 p]=m ! commissions ( ! ,geographical   
,society1 & s  he plung$ alone into fre%
 dang]s4    ,b !re is no space to tell !
 re/ ( ! /ory ( 8 adv5tures  among !    
,bakhtiy>i1 ( 8 copy+ ( inscriptions1 ( 
8 return to  ,baghdad & 8 decision to   
give up ! plans ( life 9 ,ceylon1 & (  8
 return f ,baghdad aga9 to ,%u/] &      
,p]sepolis & o!r  anci5t cities (       
,p]sia1 & 8 exploration ( ! ,k>un ,riv] 
& 8  geographical pap] on ! subject1 8  
op5+ ( ,briti% trade1 & 8  return to    
,con/ant9ople4 ,at ,mosul he f\nd t ,m4 
,botta 0 plann+  to explore ! m\nds     
across ! ,tigris t cov]$ anci5t ,n9eveh1
  & he w>mly enc\rag$ 8 plans4 ,at      
,con/ant9ople he visit$ ,sir  ,/rat=d   
,cann+ & deliv]$ to him despat*es t _h  
be5 confid$  to 8 c>e1 9 view ( a       
?reat5$ w> betwe5 ,p]sia & ,turkey4 ,"h 
he 0 kept 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,briti%        
,embassy1 & intru/$ )  important &      

delicate negotiations & inve/igations   
:i* 7 s  highly appreciat$ by ,sir      
,/rat=d t he kept him z 8 atta*4        
,mean:ile ,m4 ,botta _h begun 8         
excavations ( a palace ( ,k+ ,s>gon  at 
,khorsabad & 0 s5d+ 8 reports & draw+s  
to ,p>is4 ,!y  7 all s5t by way (       
,con/ant9ople1 &1 by ,m4 ,botta's       
g5]osity1  7 all se5 by ,mr4 ,lay>d4 ,s 
deeply 0 he int]e/$ 9 !m1 & s  int5se 0 
8 desire to c>ry on excavations himself1
 t he secur$  8 release f ! ,embassy1 & 
also a grant ( ?ree hundr$ doll>s  f    
,sir ,/rat=d's own purse1 :i*1 ) :at he 
c\ld sp>e f 8  own money1 w\ld1 he hop$1
 suffice to beg9 ! "w1 :51 if any?+  (  
value appe>$1 x 0 tru/$ t funds w\ld be 
secur$ f  ,engli% fri5ds ( ,ori5tal     
le>n+4 ,?us1 six ye>s aft] leav+        
,engl&1 ,mr4 ,lay>d1 well equipp$ 9 k ( 
! p & 9  diplomatic exp]i5ce1 0 ready to
 laun* on 8 great c>e]1 :i*  br\ght him 
fame & e>n$ him ! po/ 9 lat] ye>s (     
,briti%  ,ambassador at ! ,porte1 :i*   
,sir ,/rat=d _h held1 &--:at is f>      

great]--gave to ! _w ! l>g] "p ( its k (
 ! lo/  empires ( ,assyria & ,babylonia4
    ,) ^! few hundr$ doll>s1 &          
contribut+ e p5ny ( 8 own  income1 9    
,octob] ( #ahde1 he left ,con/ant9ople  
)\t companion or  s]vant1 w5t by /eam]  
to ,sams\n1 & !n z fa/ z po/-horses     
c\ld climb or gallop ov] m\nta9s &      
pla9s1 he rea*$ ,mosul 9  twelve days4  
,"h at la/ he 0 fitt$ = 8 task1 suppli$ 
= ! accompli%m5t  ( 8 passion4 ,! ,arabs
 say3 ,i _h a horse1 b no des]t2 ,i _h a
  des]t1 b no horse2 n[ ,i h a des]t & a
 horse1 & %all ,i n  ride8 ,8 boyhood1 )
 ! arti/s ( ,italy1 & le>n+ !  languages
 ( ! cont95t1 _h fitt$ him = 8 task2 !n 
8 /udy  ( all ! books ( ,ea/]n travel1  
!n half a ye> w&]+ ) a  tra9$ companion 
?r\gh ,asia ,m9or & ,syria1 sc>cely     
leav+ untrod  "o spot hall[$ by         
tradition1 or unvisit$ "o ru9 consecrat$
 by  hi/ory1 ) no protection b 8 arms1  
liv+ ) ! p &  le>n+ _! prejudices &     
cu/oms4 ,!n an irresi/ible desire _h    
br\ght him to ! regions beyond !        

,euphrates1 & ! my/]y (  ,assyria1      
,babylonia1 & ,*aldea _h fasc9at$ him1 s
 t he _h  visit$ ! l& ( ,nimrod1 se5 !  
site ( _! old buri$ capitals1  _h be5 ! 
gue/ 9 ! t5ts ( ,%amm> & ,aneyzah       
,arabs1 & ev5  pass$ on to see ! fam\s  
=ty columns ( ,*ilm9>1 old ,p]sian      
,p]sepolis1 & to p5etrate ! m\nta9      
fa/nesses :]e !  ,bakhtiy>i ma9ta9$ a   
p]il\s fre$om4 ,nev] 0 man bett] tra9$  
by en?usiasm & exp]i5ce = 8 task1 & !   
late discov]ies (  ,m4 ,botta _h inflam$
 8 desire to surpass :at 8 ,fr5* fri5d  
_h done4    ,8 plan 0 n to beg9         
excavations at ,n9eveh1 opposite ,mosul1
 b  tw5ty miles s\?1 at ! great m\nd (  
,nimr\d1 :i* bore ! "n  ( ! mighty hunt]
 ,nimrod4 ,x5ophon & 8 ,t5 ,?\s& _h se5 
&  wond]$ at its pyramid4 ,!re he w\ld  
be free f ! army (  mis*iev\s spectators
 t w\ld sw>m f ,mosul1 _h he select$ !  
site ( ,n9eveh1 & f ! con/ant int]f]5ce 
( ! ,turki%  gov]nor4 ,! ,pa%a at ,mosul
 0 a cruel sc\ndrel1 :o 0 robb+ &  kill+
 ! p z 8 :im or gre$ prompt$1 & _h r$uc$

 !  tribes ( ! neighborhood to a /ate ( 
t]ror4 ,accord+ly1 ,mr4  ,lay>d1 :o 0   
arm$ ) protect+ lett]s f ! ,briti%      
,ambassador & ! ,porte1 ?\ght x wise to 
conceal 8 purpose1 let x  be report$ t  
he 0 go+ on a hunt+ exp$ition2 & ) a few
  tools & a supply ( guns & spe>s1 on ! 
#h? ( ,novemb]1 #ahde1  accompani$ only 
by 8 cawass1 ! soldi] att5dant detail$ =
 !  protection ( travell]s1 a s]vant1 & 
"o labor]1 he float$ d[n  ! ,tigris1 & 9
 f\r h\rs rea*$ ! b\rne ( 8 long hopes4 
,he  _h ! m\nd1 he _h ! money1 & n[ he  
w\ld dig4    ,! ,arabs h /range /ories (
 ?is ru94 ,! palace1 !y say1 0  built by
 ,a?ur1 ! vizi] ( ,nimrod4 ,!re ,abraham
 brake 9 pieces !  idols wor%ipp$ by !  
unbeliev]s4 ,nimrod 0 angry & wag$ w> on
  ! holy patri>*4 ,abraham pray$ to     
,god3 ,deliv] me1 ,o ,god1 f ?is  man :o
 wor%ips /ones1 & boa/s himself to be "l
 ( all k+s2  & ,god said to him1 ,h[    
%all ,i puni% him8 & ! prophet answ]$1  
,to !e armies are z no?+1 & ! /r5g? &   
p[] ( m5  likewise4 ,be=e ! smalle/ ( ?y

 creatures w !y p]i%4 ,&  ,god 0 pleas$ 
at ! fai? ( 8 s]vant1 & he s5t a gnat t 
vex$ ,nimrod day & night1 s t he built  
himself a room ( glass 9  t palace t he 
might dwell !re9 & %ut out ! insect4 ,b 
!  gnat ent]$ also1 & pass$ by 8 e> into
 8 bra91 ^u :i* x  f$1 & increas$ day by
 day1 s t ! s]vants ( ,nimrod beat 8    
head cont9ually ) a mallet t he might h 
"s ease f 8  pa92 b he di$ aft] suff]+  
^! torm5ts f\r hundr$ ye>s4 ,&  aft] him
 ! m\nd 0 nam$ ,nimr\d4    ,x 0 d>k :5  
,lay>d & 8 little company rea*$ ! place4
 ,!y  f\nd ne> by a few huts occupi$ by 
poor ,arabs1 :o _h be5 h>ri$ by  !      
,turki% ,pa%a4 ,!re !y slept1 or tri$ to
 sleep4 ,b !  explor] c\ld n sleep4 ,he>
 him3--    ,hopes1 long *]i%$1 7 n[ to  
be realiz$1 or 7 to end 9  disappo9tm5t4
 ,visions ( palaces "u gr\nd1 ( gigantic
 mon/]s1  ( sculptur$ figures1 & endless
 inscriptions1 float$ be=e me4  ,aft]   
=m+ plan aft] plan = remov+ ! e>? &     
extricat+  ^! treasures1 ,i fanci$      
myself w&]+ 9 a maze ( *amb]s f  :i* ,i 

c\ld f9d no outlet4 ,!n1 aga91 all 0    
reburi$1 & ,i 0  /&+ on ! grass-cov]$   
m\nd4 ,exhau/$1 ,i 0 at l5g? s9k+  into 
sleep1 :51 he>+ ! voice ( ,awad1 ,i rose
 f my c>pet &  jo9$ him outside ! t5t4  
,! day already dawn$4 ,! l(ty cone &    
broad m\nd ( ,nimr\d broke l a di/ant   
m\nta9 on !  morn+ sky4    ,awad1 8 ho/1
 0 a little *ief among ! ,arabs1 & 0    
engag$ to  take *>ge ( ! digg]s4 ,! fir/
 morn+ he _h six ,arabs at "w1  & f\nd  
alaba/] slabs ) cunei=m inscriptions4   
,he 0 n[ sure  he w\ld succe$4    ,x is 
n necess>y to give ! di>y ( 8 "w4 ,to be
 sure1 !  villan\s ,pa%a =bade him to   
cont9ue1 & recall$ him to ,mosul1 b  a  
new gov]nor 0 s5t f ,con/ant9ople1 "u   
:om he _h no  difficulty4 ,a great      
palace _h be5 f\nd1 & *amb] aft] *amb] 0
  excavat$1 ! walls cov]$ ) bas-reliefs 
& inscriptions4 ,!n  came /range1       
gigantic lions ) human heads1 t _h be5  
plac$ by  ! old ,assyrian k+ to gu>d !  
entrances to 8 c\rt4 ,:at 0 !  amazem5t 
( ! ,arabs & ,turks _c be told4 ,fir/1 !

 head 0  uncov]$4 ,x /ood out f ! e>?1  
placid & va/4 ,he> ,lay>d  tell ! /ory4 
,he _h be5 away to visit a neighbor+    
*ief3--    ,i 0 return+ to ! m\nd1 :5 ,i
 saw two ,arabs urg+ _! m>es  to ! top (
 _! spe$4 ',ha/51 ,o ,bey1' exclaim$ "o 
( !m1  'ha/5 to ! digg]s1 = !y h f\nd   
,nimrod himself4 ,by ,allah6 x  is      
wond]ful1 b x is true6 ,we h se5 him )  
our eyes6 ,!re is  no ,god b ,god6' ,&  
bo? jo9+ 9 ?is pi\s exclamation1 !y     
gallop$ back to ! t5t4    ,lay>d ha/5$  
to ! tr5*1 & !re saw :at he knew to be !
 head  ( a gigantic lion or bull1 su* z 
,botta _h uncov]$ at ,khorsabad4 ,x  0 9
 admirable pres]vation4 ,! expression 0 
calm1 yet maje/ic1  & ! outl9e ( !      
features %[$ a fre$om & k ( art  t 0    
sc>cely to be look$ = at s e>ly a p]iod4
 ,says !  explor]3--    ,i 0 n surpris$ 
t ! ,arabs _h be5 amaz$ & t]rifi$ at    
?is app>ition4 ,x requir$ no /ret* (    
imag9ation to conjure up !  mo/ /range  
fancies4 ,?is gigantic head1 blan*$ )   
age1 ?us ris+  f ! b[els ( ! e>?1 might 

well h belong$ to "o ( ^?  fe>ful be+s  
:i* are pictur$ 9 ! traditions ( !      
c\ntry z  appe>+ to mortals1 sl[ly      
asc5d+ f ! regions bel[4 ',?is is  n !  
"w ( m5's h&s1' exclaim$ ,%eikh         
,abdurrahman1 :o _h  gallop$ to ! m\nd  
on ! fir/ news1 'b ( ^? infidel giants (
  :om ! ,prophet1 peace be ) him6 has   
said t !y 7 high] ?an  ! talle/         
date-tree2 ?is is "o ( ! idols :i*      
,noah1 peace be  ) him6 curs$ be=e !    
flood6' ,9 ?is op9ion all ! by/&]s      
concurr$4    ,! ,arabs h a ready        
explanation = e fre% discov]y4 ,:5 "s   
ye>s lat] ,mr4 ,lay>d's assi/ant &      
successor 9 ! "w (  excavation1 ,mr4    
,rassam1 uncov]$1 at ,abu-habba1 a      
rem>kable bas-relief  ) ! figure ( !    
seat$ ,sun-god & ?ree approa*+          
wor%ipp]s1  ! ,arab digg]s ru%$ to him1 
decl>+ t !y _h f\nd ,noah &  8 ?ree     
sons1 ,%em1 ,ham1 & ,japhet1 & dem&$ a  
%eep to make  a fea/4    ,! report ( !  
wond]ful discov]y ( a royal palace1     
evid5tly old]  ?an ^? ( ,n9eveh1 )      

magnific5t decorations 9 alaba/] &      
cunei=m inscriptions1 rea*$ beyond      
,mosul to ,con/ant9ople4 ,sir  ,/rat=d  
,cann+ 0 delight$ ) ! result ( 8        
exp$ition4 ,he  _h a passion = discov]y 
z well z diplomacy1 & x is to him t  !  
,briti% ,museum is indebt$ = ! priceless
 m>bles (  ,halic>nassus4 ,he n[ obta9$ 
= ,mr4 ,lay>d a firman1 p]mitt+ him  to 
make :at excavations he wi%$4 ,!n ! news
 rea*$ ,london1 &  ! ,briti% ,museum    
made a grant to support ! "w4 ,all      
difficulties  7 n[ remov$4 ,conditions 7
 ev5 m favorable = him ?an !y  are n[4  
,!re 0 !n no ,imp]ial ,museum 9         
,con/ant9ople to :i*  all objects f\nd  
mu/ be tak51 b ^? t dug _h ! "r to  c>ry
 (f _! prizes to ,london or ,p>is4      
,to tell ! /ory ( ! fur!r excavations is
 unnecess>y4 ,x is all  giv5 9 ,lay>d's 
two spl5did volumes1 ,n9eveh & its      
,rema9s1 &  ,babylon & ,n9eveh2 & !     
bas-reliefs1 /atues1 bronzes1 ivories1  
& inscriptions are magnific5tly         
reproduc$ 9 great folio volumes4  ,f    

,nimr\d he w5t back to ,mosul1 & !re    
op5$ ! two m\nds  opposite ( ,kuyunjik &
 ,neby-,yunus1 ! site ( old ,n9eveh4    
,!re m  palaces & friezes 7 f\nd ( o!r  
k+s4 ,!n he w5t back to  ,london1 clos+ 
8 successful campaign1 m pr(itable if n 
m  glori\s ?an ^? ( w>1 & publi%$ ! /ory
 ( 8 "w4 ,its  effect 0 m>vell\s4 ,no   
su* popul> book ( travels _h ev]        
appe>$2 = x 0 a /ory ( adv5ture1 & also 
( /range  discov]y4 ,mr4 ,lay>d _h n    
suspect$ t he _h ! lit]>y gift1  b he _h
 x 9 r>e measure4 ,he _h ga9$ an inn]   
view ( ! he>t  ( tribes1 ,moslem &      
,*ri/ian & semi-pagan1 by 8 sympa?y )   
!m & 8 k ( _! tongues4 ,he _h liv$ 9 _! 
t5ts &  huts4 ,he _h sav$ !m f          
p]secution by ,turki% gov]nors4 ,_!     
gratitude to him 0 beyond words1 & he   
told _! /ory )  affection & en?usiasm4  
,!n 8 discov]ies 7 9 ! l&s made  hi/oric
 n only by ! campaigns ( ,x5ophon &     
,alex&]1 b made  almo/ sacr$ by ! ,bible
 hi/ory4 ,^! 7 ! l&s :5ce came !  armies
 t f\ght ) ,israel4 ,^! 7 ! k+s ^: w>s  

are told  9 ! ,jewi% records2 & ! annals
 ( ^! k+s 7 f\nd 9 _!  palaces1 & !y    
gave full acc\nts ( w>s ( :i* ! ,bible  
_h  giv5 ! outl9e4 ,piety & le>n+ jo9$  
to give extraord9>y  int]e/ to ^!       
discov]ies & to ?is report ( !m4 ,mr4   
,lay>d  f\nd himself fam\s1 & ! monum5ts
 he 0 br++ to ! ,briti%  ,museum 71 &   
/ill are1 ! mo/ extraord9>y & fasc9at+ 9
  all its corridors4    ,( c\rse1 a new 
grant 0 made 9 behalf ( ! ,briti%       
,museum1 & (  c\rse he w5t back to      
cont9ue & ext5d 8 rese>*es4 ,n[ he wi%$ 
to g fur!r s\?1 beyond ,nimr\d to ,kalah
 ,%]gat1 ! yet e>li]  capital (         
,assyria2 & yet fur!r to ,babylon1 t he 
might see &  te/ ! multitude ( m\nds (  
anci5t ,*aldea1 ! real l& (  ,nimrod1 ! 
seat ( ,ed51 & ! ,t[] ( ,babel1 f> m    
anci5t ?an  any "o ( ! ?ree capitals (  
,assyria4 ,:ile he did sc>ce m ?an  to  
visit & report on ! ,babylonian m\nds1 8
 digg+s 9 ,n9eveh  itself 7 ( va/       
importance1 = !re he f\nd ! libr>y (    
,as%urbanabal1 on clay tablets1 :i* has 

giv5 u our *ief k  ( ! lit]ature & le>n+
 ( ! anci5t ,ea/4 ,9 #aheb he return$   
to ,engl& to publi% 8 ,monum5ts (       
,n9eveh1 & left ! fur!r  exploration to 
8 able lieut5ant1 ,mr4 ,rassam1 & to a  
noble  succession ( explor]s :o %\ld    
foll[1 & to a no less noble l9e  (      
s*ol>s :o %\ld int]pret ! inscriptions &
 recov] !  hi/ory ( ! nations2 s t we n[
 "k m exactly ! hi/ory (  ,babylonian & 
,assyrian k+s1 & f m au!ntic records1 & 
m  completely ! social condition &      
bus9ess life ( ! c\ntries1 ?an  we d !  
hi/ory ( ,greece1 or ! life ( ! ,greeks 
ev5 ( ! "t  ( ,p]icles1 & t1 too1 = a   
p]iod ( ?ree ?\s& ye>s4    ,to illu/rate
 ?is fact1 let u take ! black obelisk ( 
,%almanes]  ,,ii41 f\nd by ,lay>d at    
,nimr\d4 ,x is a column ( basalt sev5   
feet  high & ab\t two feet wide at !    
base1 f :i* x n>r[s  slightly1 until ne>
 ! top x is r$uc$ by ?ree /eps4 ,on !   
f\r  sides is engrav$ 9 five r[s (      
bas-reliefs1 tw5ty 9 all1 !  pictur$    
hi/ory ( ! royal conque/s1 ! submission 

( k+s1 &  ! pres5tation ( tribute4      
,above & bel[1 & betwe51 9 two  hundr$ &
 t5 l9es1 0 cut an inscription :i*      
expla9$ !  figures1 & gave a full       
hi/orical &1 ( c\rse1 contempor>y &     
(ficial acc\nt ( ! glori\s ev5ts ( !    
royal reign4 ,n a l9e  0 defac$2 at !   
,briti% ,museum x c be se5 to-day z     
p]fect z  :5 engrav$ tw5ty-sev5 c5turies
 ago4 ,o!r monum5ts ( ,%almanes]  h be5 
f\nd4 ,"o is a great monoli? ) a        
portrait ( ! k+ 9  all 8 f9e array1 & ) 
"o hundr$ & fifty-six l9es ( text4      
,ano!r is a s]ies ( spl5did bronze      
plates t cov]$ great wood5  gates1 on   
:i*1 9 rep\ss "w1 7 pictures ( ! royal  
victories1  & inscriptions expla9+ !m4  
,! ,bible tells u ( ! rivalries  &      
jeal\sies ( ,ahab & ,jehu1 k+s (        
,israel1 & ,b5hadad &  ,hazael1 k+s (   
,damascus4 ,h[ surpris+ x is to f9d "h n
 only  ! /ory ( ! successive campaigns (
 ,%almanes] aga9/ ^! same  k+s1 ! numb] 
( _! *>iots & soldi]s1 b to see pictur$ 
be=e u ! tribute s5t by ,jehu4 ,we le>n 

t ,%almanes] reign$  f #hei to #hbe     
,b4,c41 & we h ! record ( all 8         
successive  campaigns1 ! fir/ tw5ty-six 
( :i* he l$ 9 p]son4 ,!re is n  ano!r   
c\ntry ( :i*1 be=e ! inv5tion ( pr9t+1  
we h s  m9ute a hi/ory2 & all _h be5    
lo/1 except ! m5tion ( a "n or  two1    
:e!r hi/orical or leg5d>y we h>dly knew1
 until ,lay>d &  8 fell[-explor]s op5$ !
 m\nds ( ,assyria4    ,b en\gh = ,lay>d4
 ,he is only "o1 ?\gh ! pr9cipal "o1 (  
all  ! explor]s ( ! buri$ records ( !   
empires ( ! ,tigris &  ,euphrates4 ,&   
,babylonia & ,assyria are n ! only      
c\ntries t  hi/ory requir$ u to explore4
 ,greece & its neighbor+ /ates &  isl&s 
h n ev5 yet be5 fairly inve/igat$4 ,mu* 
( ,asia ,m9or  is /ill a virg9 field4   
,syria & ,pale/9e h h>dly be5 scrat*$  )
 ! spade4 ,m has be5 done 9 ,egypt1 b m 
yet is to be done4  ,& :5 we g into !   
fur!r ea/ ( ,p]sia & ,old ,elam1 n to   
speak ( ! yet f>!r ea/ ( ,c5tral ,asia1 
n[ j beg9n+ to  yield /range treasures  
to d>+ travell]s1 & anci5t ,india &     

,*9a1--h[ anci5t we "k n at all1--!re is
 field = c5turies (  fur!r rese>*4 ,= we
 mu/ g back pa/ empires & k+doms &      
tribal conditions to ! v beg9n+ ( !     
human race on ! e>?1  ev5 if s x be1 to 
! fir/ ,pi!can?ropus :i* m5 ( sci5ce    
tell u 0 ! l9k :i* connect$ ,homo sapi5s
 ) ! race (  primitive simians4 ,& all  
?is1 x may well be1 is pres]v$ 9        
undecay+ records j a few feet "u !      
gr\nd1 if "o only knew  :]e to dig = x2 
nay1 we n[ "k :]e to dig = ! mo/ & be/  
( x1 & we only await ! ,/rat=d ,cann+s1 
:o w give !  money1 & ! ,au/5 ,lay>ds1  
:o h ! en?usiasm = ! "w4    ,aft] ,lay>d
 & ,rassam1 aft] ,rawl9son & ,botta1    
,george ,smi? took  fly+ trips to ! site
 ( ,n9eveh twice t he might ga!r !      
rema9+ fragm5ts ( ! great libr>y (      
,as%urbanabal1 & he di$  9 ! field f> f 
home4 ,x 0 he t f\nd among ,lay>d's     
tablets  ! ,babylonian acc\nt ( !       
,deluge1 s mu* l t 9 ! ,bible4 ,he  0 ! 
fir/ ( a second g5]ation :o1 foll[+     
,rawl9son &  ,opp]t1 deciph]]s z well z 

explor]s1 7 able to read z !y  f\nd4 ,i 
c only m5tion ! names ( ! ,engli%m5     
,taylor & ,l(tus2  ( ! ,fr5*m51 ,place &
 ,de ,s>zec2 &1 lat]1 ! ,am]icans1      
,pet]s1 ,hilpre*t1 & ,haynes1 :o h s    
fai?fully explor$ !  extremely ar*aic   
m\nd ( ,niff]1 :i* ,i _h ! honor to     
recomm5d  = excavation aft] ,i _h visit$
 ! m\nds ( ,s\!rn ,babylonia 9  ! w9t] (
 #ahhd-he4 ,& n[ ! ,g]mans1 ) sci5tific 
z well z  comm]cial & political purpose1
 ) _! railroad to pass d[n !  valley    
?r\gh ,baghdad to ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 :i*  
gives !m pr$om9ant  influ5ce1 h s5t     
exp$itions well equipp$ ) s*ol>s &      
eng9e]s to ! *oice/ sites 9 ,babylonia1 
to ,w>ka1 ! anci5t  ,ere*1 & to ,babylon
 itself2 & ) ,teuton ?or\ghness !y are  
excavat+ ! mo/ fam\s ( anci5t ru9s &    
ga!r+ fre%  treasures ( ar*aeological   
rese>*4 ,nor h !y left ! l& ( !         
,hittites unexplor$1 = ,g]many claims ! 
fir/ rights1 politically1  9 all        
,anatolia1 ! "r ( succession &          
possession :5 ! ,turk is  expell$1 &    

,g]man ar*aeological sci5ce is b\nd to  
be fir/ on  t field4    ,& n[ :at h we  
f\nd z ! fruit ( all ?is labor (        
exploration8 ,is x wor? ! labor & !     
exp5se8    ,let u look fir/--x c be only
 a glance--at ,egypt1 = ,egypt 0 !  l&  
fir/ & mo/ p]si/5tly explor$4 ,! ,fr5*  
,gov]nm5t =  scores ( ye>s has be5 at "w
 !re4 ,g]mans & ,italians h  explor$ !  
ru9s2 two ,engli% societies h = ye>s    
kept  exp$itions 9 ! field2 & j n[ a    
,cali=nian univ]sity s5ds an  ,am]ican  
,egyptologi/ to uncov] ! tombs & read ! 
hi]oglyphs (  ! k+s4 ,n only are !      
figur$ monum5ts ( ,egypt publi%$ 9      
pr9cely folios1 b its records h be5     
translat$ & its lo/  hi/ory recov]$ to !
 _w's k4 ,in/ead ( ! b>e  ,ph>aoh ( !   
,bible1 a common designation = all !    
k+s1 & 9  place ( a b>e li/ ( names &   
dyna/ies copi$ f ,mane?o1 & s  alt]$ &  
corrupt$ 9 ! copy+ z to be nei!r ,greek 
nor  ,egyptian1 we h1 on sc>ab1 or      
grave/one1 or pyramid1 or  rock-sepul*re
 wall1 9 8 own spell+1 ! "n ( almo/ e k+

  f ! late/ "t ( ! ,ptolemies back to ! 
fir/ k+ ( !  fir/ dyna/y1 five ?\s&--or 
0 x six ?\s&8--ye>s be=e  ,*ri/4 ,& n _!
 names only1 b ! v pictures ( _! w>s4   
,we see h[ !y w5t up ! ,nile & f\ght !  
blacks ( ,abyss9ia1 &  br\ght back !    
spoils ( ,punt ,we see !m s5d+ _!       
squadrons  into ,syrian ,asia1 & wag+ a 
dubi\s battle ) ! ,hittites be=e  !     
walls ( ,hama?1 :]e ,rameses 9 8        
lion-gu>d$ *>iot p]=ms  prodigies (     
valor1 & f :i* he returns n only to pa9t
 on  sacr$ walls ! picture ( 8 victory1 
b also to inscribe a copy (  ! treaty ( 
peace ) ! ,hittite k+1 ! e>lie/ treaty 9
 !  pres]v$ annals ( diplomacy4 ,well   
wr\ght t ,rameses ! ,great =  et]nal    
fame 9 ! sixty ye>s ( 8 reign1 fifte5   
c5turies be=e  ! bir? ( our ,"l4 ,b :at 
fame _h be5 81 _h n explor]s &          
excavators & s*ol>s dug & f\nd & copi$ &
 translat$ :at !  s&s _h cov]$ =        
c5turies8 ,& to-day ! curi\s travell]   
/ops  9 sight ( ! pyramids on ! banks ( 
! ,nile1 & ent]s ! ,bulaq  ,museum1 &   

!re he sees set up be=e him ! v mummy ( 
,rameses  himself & ( a doz5 o!r royal  
p]sonages1 rifl$ f _! tombs  & display$ 
= y\r amazem5t & m9e4 ,!re is ! v       
,ph>aoh--y c see 8 features1 y c t\* 8  
c(f9--:o *as$  ! ,*ildr5 ( ,israel out (
 ,egypt4 ,!re are ! h\sehold implem5ts1 
! furniture ( _! homes1 ! jewelry _!    
que5s wore1--que5s :o  7 also si/]s ( ! 
k+s1 z ,s>ah 0 ! si/] ( ,abraham4    ,or
 w\ld y "k ( "s great revolution 9      
,egypt8 ,^! deciph]]s  ( ! inscriptions 
w tell y h[ ! ,%eph]d ,k+s ov]?rew !    
native dyna/y1 com+ ) _! armies f ,asia 
long be=e ,rameses1  & *ang$ religion & 
cu/oms2 "u :om ,jacob & 8 sons f\nd     
hospitable welcome1 until _! hat$ race 0
 expell$ by a /rong]  native dyna/y t   
knew n ,joseph4 ,or !y w tell y ( !     
royal  re=m] ,khu5at51 son ( a fam\s    
,ea/]n "m1 a que5 f !  banks ( !        
,euphrates4 ,taught by h]1 p]haps1 a    
pur] religion1 he  attempt$ to replace !
 wor%ip ( ,egypt's be/ial gods by !     
wor%ip  ( ! "o only great ,god1 ^:      

symbol 0 ! sun4 ,b ! prie/ly  clan 0 too
 /rong = him1 & ! succe$+ ,ph>aohs      
de/roy$ 8  records & *isell$ out 8 "n   
:]e x _h be5 cut 9 /one t  no memory ( 8
 sacrilege might be pres]v$4 ,a royal   
,moses !re c\ld  n be4 ,! wor%ipp] ( "o 
,god1 :e!r k+ or son ( ,ph>aoh's        
daught]1 c\ld br+ no re=mation to       
,egypt4    ,or w\ld y le>n h[ ,egypt    
rul$ its subject t]ritory8 ,y c read  ! 
correspond5ce ( a doz5 local ,egyptian  
gov]nors 9 ,pale/9e &  ,syria 9 ! c5tury
 be=e ,moses l$ ! ,hebrew slaves out (  
,egypt4  ,!re is ! lett] ( ! ,k+ (      
,j]usalem1 :]e ,mel*iz$ek reign$  9 !   
times ( ,abraham2 & !y tell ( rebellions
 aga9/ ! fad+  p[] ( ,egypt1 & ( ! fe> (
 ! advanc+ ,hittites4 ,! e>lie/  k+s1 ^?
 t built ! pyramids1 appe> be=e u real 9
 _!  p]sonality1 em]g+ out ( mi/y leg5d 
or my?1 &1 e>li] /ill1  ev5 ! prehi/oric
 races t ant$at$ ! v beg9n+ (           
civilization4 ,:5ce came t fir/ dyna/y8 
,:o inv5t$ writ+8 ,7  !y auto*?ons8     
,h>dly4 ,^! are que/ions left = fur!r   

explor]s  to answ]4 ,probably ^? fir/   
mess5g]s ( civilization came f !  ,ea/1 
p]haps f ,arabia1 p]haps f ,babylonia1  
or p]haps ! fir/  ,babylonians &        
,egyptians =m$ a common /ock some:]e ne>
 ! m\?  ( ! ,euphrates4 ,p]haps ! ,bible
 is "r 9 say+ t ! fir/  seat ( civiliz$ 
man 0 9 ,ed51 & t ! ,euphrates 0 ! *ief 
riv] ( ,p>adise4 ,or 0 x f ,arabia1 !   
immemorial home ( !  ,semitic tribes1 t 
l& ( s& & m\nta9 & f]tile valley1 l&  ( 
*angeless culture & tradition1 s ne> !  
c5tres (  civilization1 & yet /ill ! mo/
 inaccessible1 ! lea/ kn[n  portion ( ! 
inhabit$ e>?1--0 x f ,arabia t ! wis]1  
/rong] multitude came t fir/ ov]ran !   
valleys ( bo? ! ,nile  & ! ,euphrates1  
br++ to ,egypt & ,*aldea arts & lett]s8 
,we d  n "k4 ,"s future explor] mu/ tea*
 u4 ,b ! ,g]man ,glas] has  )9 ^! few   
ye>s br\ght back f haz>d\s j\rneys a    
multitude  ( inscriptions t tell (      
k+doms t fr+$ its s\!rn coa/  & ext5d$  
we "k n h[ f> into ! int]ior 9 ^? e>ly  
days  :5 "o ( ! que5s ( ,%eba br\ght    

pres5ts to ,solomon1 & :51  e>li] /ill1 
we are told !re 7 dukes ( ,edom be=e !re
 0 any  k+ 9 ,israel4 ,!y say t a       
railroad is to be built to ,mecca2      
,arabia  is n to be always a clos$ l&1  
neighbor z x is to ,egypt4 ,we %all  "k 
"o ( ^! days :e!r1 z s*ol>s suspect1 out
 ( ,arabia &  across ! ,/raits (        
,bab-el-,m&eb1 :]e1 at ! s\!rn end ( !  
,r$ ,sea1 ,africa almo/ t\*es ,asia1 !re
 came t mighty flood (  m =ceful m51 br$
 9 ! des]ts & hills1 :o1 pass+ d[n !    
,nile1 fir/ br\ght hi/ory to ,egypt2 &  
:e!r x 0 ?is same  ,semitic p1 z s*ol>s 
suspect aga91 t spread resi/lessly      
ea/w>d to ! ,euphrates valley1 & did an 
equal s]vice 9 conqu]+  & assimilat+ !  
black aborig9es ( ^! swamps & lagoons4  
,!  spade w tell u4    ,or 0 x /ill     
fur!r ea/1 9 ! highl&s ( ,p]sia1 t m5   
fir/  le>n$ h[ to write & record hi/ory8
 ,we _c g back s f> 9 !  hi/ory (       
,babylonia--,pr(essor ,hilpre*t d>es to 
c>ry u sev5  ?\s& ye>s be=e ,*ri/--t we 
d n f9d its k+s fight+  aga9/ ,elam4 ,& 

only 9 ! la/ decade ( ! ,n9ete5? c5tury 
!  ,fr5*man ,de ,morgan has made        
m>vell\s discov]ies 9 ! ,elamite  l&s4  
,:at a noble passion ^? ,fr5*m5 h =     
discov]y6 ,=  ,egypt did n ,napoleon    
provide ! mo/ elephant9e books (        
monum5ts  & records t pr9t+-presses h   
yet issu$8 ,& f t "t to  ?is h n ,fr5*m5
 held ! primacy 9 excavations until1 ev5
  :ile ,engl& holds & rules ,egypt1 %e  
leaves1 by special conv5tion1  ! c>e (  
its monum5ts & _! exploration to ,fr5*  
savants8 ,&  be=e ,lay>d remov$ a       
basketful ( ! e>? t cov]$ ! palace  (   
,%almanes] at ,nimr\d1 _h n ! ,fr5*man  
,botta disclos$ !  friezes & sph9xes (  
,s>gon at ,khorsabad2 & 9 ^! late ye>s  
is  x n ! ,fr5*man ,de ,s>zec :o has    
br\ght f ,telloh to ! ,l\vre  ! /atues (
 ,*aldean k+s t liv$ almo/ five ?\s&    
ye>s ago8  ,& s to ,france 0 giv5 ! "r1 
= ! honor & enri*m5t (  ! ,l\vre1 to    
explore ,p]sia2 & ,de ,morgan w5t to    
,susa1 to ,%u%an1  ! palace ( ,x]xes &  
,d>ius1 ( ,ahasu]us & ,e/h]1 9 se>* (   

:at 0 f> e>li] ?an !y1 = ano!r ,fr5*man 
& 8 wife1 ,m4  & ,mme4 ,dieulafoy1 _h   
already excavat$ ! noble palace ( ^!    
,p]sian k+s4 ,f> bel[ ! palace ( ,x]xes 
he has f\nd va/ly  e>li] rema9s4 ,!re is
 ! column set up1 if we c believe !     
,assyriologi/s :o tru/ ! *ronology (    
,nabonidus1 ! la/ k+ (  ,babylon1--& x  
is n incr$ible1--?ree ?\s& eight hundr$ 
ye>s  be=e ,*ri/1 by ,n>am-,s91 a       
,babylonian k+1 to commemorate "o (  8  
raids into ! l& ( :at 7 p]haps 8 /rong] 
enemies4 ,x  is a noble composition1 )  
ar*aic writ+1 & a /ately figure (  ! k+ 
climb+ ! m\nta9s & slay+ 8 enemies2 x   
%[s an art  t might well h develop$ into
 ! be/ t ,greece has produc$4  ,b ,de   
,morgan has only begun to scrat* !      
surface ( ! m\nds (  ,elam1 & a         
multitude ( s*ol>s believe t out ( ,elam
 came !  fir/ civilization ( ,*aldea4   
,we %all f9d out yet2 = ! record is  9 !
 e>?1 & only waits ! man :o w dig x out1
 & !n !  man :o w read x4    ,we are    
tempt$ to g fur!r ea/ & recall t 9      

,india1 ! l&  :]e ,alex&] made 8 mo/    
di/ant conque/s1 a multitude ( ,engli%  
s*ol>s h be5 se>*+ ! ru9s ( old temples 
= ! e>lie/  memorials ( ! wor%ip (      
,buddha4 ,j n[ !y h f\nd 8  bir?place & 
preci\s relics4 ,b t takes u too f>     
afield1 &  w\ld tempt u to fur!r        
excursions 9 ,burmah & ,*9a4 ,we mu/    
come  back to ,we/]n ,asia & ! %ores (  
,europe4    ,z has be5 indicat$1 !      
greate/ puzzle ( anci5t hi/ory is t (  !
 ,hittite empire1 :i* seems to h rul$   
all ,asia ,m9or at "s  unc]ta9 "t1 & to 
h ext5d$ ov] ,syria & ,pale/9e4 ,no     
soon]  _h ! greate/ ,egyptian k+s1      
,?o?mes & ,rameses1 v5tur$ _!  armies   
into ,asia1 p]haps 9 v5geance on !      
incursions ( ,ionian  pirates1 p]haps 9 
requital ( ! tyrannies ( ! hat$ ,%eph]d 
,k+s1 ?an !y le>n$ ( ! ,hittites on !   
%ores ( ! ,euphrates4  ,!n1 a c5tury or 
two lat]1 a mass ( (ficial correspond5ce
 s5t by  ! ,k+s ( ,pale/9e & ,syria1 dug
 up 9 ,egypt1 reports t !  ,hittites _h 
appe>$ z invad]s f ! nor? & besee*es    

milit>y  aid4 ,b ! p[] ( ,egypt _h wan$1
 & ! ,hittites 7 supreme  until !       
,assyrians began & c>ri$ on = five      
c5turies !  unc]ta9 w> :i* end$ 9 ! utt]
 ov]?r[ ( ! ,hittites & all  _! allies 9
 a great battle at ,c>*emi%4 ,t great   
m\nd (  ,c>*emi% ne$s to be ?or\ghly    
explor$4 ,already an ,engli%  exp$ition 
has v c>elessly j op5$ ! hill & expos$1 
b n  fairly publi%$1 "s few z f9e       
friezes z are to be f\nd 9 !  ,assyrian 
capitals1 ) unread ,hittite             
inscriptions1 & a f9e /atue  ( !        
,hittite ,v5us2 b mu* rema9s to rew>d ! 
/ud5t ( ,ori5tal  hi/ory & art4 ,at     
,s5jirli a ,g]man exp$ition "u ,von     
,lus*an has  done m & bett] "w1 h&somely
 publi%$1 b ?is 0 a small]  ,syrian t[n1
 & less 0 to be expect$2 & yet "h1 & ne>
 by1  7 f\nd :at 0 n expect$1 /eles     
7upright slabs or pill>s7 )  ! portraits
 ( k+s 9 high relief1 cov]$ ov] ) long  
inscriptions 9 ,aramaic1 ! olde/ &      
longe/ z yet discov]$  any:]e 9 t       
language4 ,x 0 a magnific5t result ( v  

mod]ate  labor1--,hittite friezes1      
,assyrian & ,aramean inscriptions all 9 
"o  little m\nd4 ,b = ! mo/ "p we "k !  
art & writ+ ( !  ,hittites f :at we h   
f\nd above gr\nd1 9 _! t[ns &  =tresses 
9 ! hills1 = little digg+ has be5 done4 
,at ,pt]ium  0 a pr9cipal sacr$ capital1
 & !re1 on a natural corridor (  rock1  
!y c>v$ a procession ( gods & k+s &     
soldi]s t  excites ! wond] ( s*ol>s4 ,z 
,i write1 ! ann\ncem5t comes t          
,pr(essor ,sayce has at la/ discov]$ !  
secret ( ! ,hittite  hi]oglyphs1 & we   
may hope t v soon x w be possible to    
read  !m4 ,b !re is va/ly m ( _! records
 yet to be dis9t]r$4    ,& !re rema9 !  
two l&s mo/ sacr$ & belov$ 9 poetry &   
hi/ory1--! l& ( ,israel & ! l& ( ,hom]4 
,x is amaz+ t  s little se>* has be5    
made to f9d out :at is hidd5 "u ! soil  
( ,pale/9e4 ,s*ol>s 9 pl5ty h walk$ ov] 
! top ( x1 &  h told all t is on !      
surface1 b almo/ no?+ has be5 done      
und]gr\nd1 no su* excavations z 9 ,egypt
 or ,assyria4 ,i d n =get  t ! ,engli%  

,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund has foll[$  
out1 )  tr5*es & tunnels1 ! walls (     
,j]usalem1 nor t "o or two old  m\nds h 
be5 p>tly explor$4 ,b :at is ?is to !   
great "w  t ne$s to be done8 ,!re has   
be5 f\nd on ! surface ! ,moabite  ,/one1
 at ! old capital ( ,dibon1 a wond]ful  
record ( e>ly k+s  m5tion$ 9 ! ,bible4  
,& !re is ! %ort acc\nt 9 ! rock-cut    
conduit ( ,siloam1 ( ! success ( !      
workm5 9 ! "t (  ,hezekiah1 :o1 beg9n+  
at ! two ends1 did ! f9e eng9e]+ feat  (
 hav+ _! tunnels meet correctly 9 !     
solid rock4 ,b :5  ,j]usalem is fully   
explor$1 & ! nor!rn capitals ( ,be!l &  
,tirzah & ,sam>ia1 & a hundr$ o!r m\nds 
t m>k ! site (  ,jewi%1 ,israelite1     
,phili/9e1 & ,amorite cities1 we may    
expect  m>vell\s discov]ies t w illum9e 
our ,holy ,scriptures4    ,& "o region  
yet rema9s to be consid]$1 ! scatt]$    
coa/s &  isl&s t own$ ! ,greek spee*1 & 
t creat$ ! ,greek  civilization4 ,x is n
 ! ,greece ( ! ,p>!non & ,p]icles t we  
wi% to discov]1 = t we fairly "k2 b !   

arts & ! hi/ory  ( ^? e>li] ,greeks &   
,trojans t ,hom] tells (1 ! age (       
,agamemnon & ,ulysses1 ( ,hel5 & ,hector
 & ,priam1 & ( ! yet  e>li] tribes t    
sail$ ! ,aegean1 & settl$ ! ,m$it]ranean
  isl&s1 & s5t _! %ips to ! ,egyptian   
coa/s1 & s\ght gold5  fleeces on !      
,eux9e ,sea4 ,all ab\t ! coa/ ( ,asia   
,m9or !y liv$1  :ile t ,hittite p[] 0   
rul+ ! int]ior2 &1 int]mix$ )           
,pho5ician trad+-po/s1 !y held ! great  
isl&s ( ,crete &  ,cyprus & ! %ores (   
,sicily & ,italy4 ,:at %all we call !m8 
,7  !y ,dorians1 or ,h]aclidae1 ,a*aeans
 or ,pelasgi8 ,7 !y ( ! same  race z !  
my/]i\s ,etruscans1 or %all we "n !m    
simply  ,myc5aeans1 z we call ! art     
,myc5aean t rul$ ! isl&s &  coa/s d[n to
 ! ,hom]ic age1 & we "k n h[ _m c5turies
  e>li]1 b c]ta9ly z f> back z ! conqu]+
 p]iod ( !  ,eighte5? ,egyptian ,dyna/y 
( ,?o?mes8 ,_! soldi]s & m]*ants  & _!  
f9e vases are pictur$ on ! walls (      
,egypt1 & _!  pott]y has long be5 /udi$2
 b we knew little ( !m until ,dr4       

,s*liemann1 ! ,greek m]*ant :o a*iev$   
weal? 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1  bravely op5$ !
 great ru9s ( ,troy1 9 ! full patriotism
 ( 8  assurance t ,hom]'s /ory ( !      
,trojan w> 0 hi/ory z well z  poetry4 ,z
 he f\nd "o burnt & buri$ city "u       
ano!r1--= _m  times 0 ,troy de/roy$1--& 
ext5d$ 8 inve/igations to ,tiryns &  o!r
 anci5t cities1 "o volume ( spl5did     
rese>* foll[$ ano!r1  until ! trad] _h  
compell$ ! unwill+ s*ol> to confess t he
  mu/ dig = bo? hi/ory & art4 ,to be    
sure1 8 int]pretations 7  q too lit]al  
at fir/1 b ! :ole _w ( classical        
s*ol>%ip  has le>n$ f him ! new me?od ( 
rese>*4 ,spl5did h be5 !  results4 ,if  
we are n sure :i* /ratum repres5ts !    
city ( ,priam1  we d le>n h[ ! p liv$1 &
 h[ f9e 0 _! "w 9 silv]  & gold1 & h[   
slight _! k ( lett]s4 ,dr4 ,s*liemann   
has  n[ a multitude ( imitators4 ,france
 & ,g]many & ,engl& & !  ,unit$ ,/ates  
ea* ma9ta9 a s*ool ( ar*aeology 9 ,a!ns1
 & ea*  conducts c>eful explorations4   
,our ,am]ican ,s*ool lo/ to ! ,fr5*1  = 

lack ( money at ! "r "t1 ! *ance to     
explore ,delphi1 b  x has c>ri$ on      
c>eful explorations at ,cor9? & o!r     
places4 ,h[  wond]ful 0 ! discov]y1 n   
long ago1 ( a %ipload ( bronze &  m>ble 
/atues wreck$ :ile be+ transport$ z     
spoil ( w> f  ,cor9? to ,rome6    ,b !  
mo/ surpris+ discov]ies 9 ! realm ( old 
,greek hi/ory  & art are ^? t h be5 made
 9 ^! la/ two or ?ree ye>s  9 ,crete4   
,crete 0 a fam\s c5tre ( anci5t ,greek  
leg5d4 ,jupit] 0  born & re>$ on ,m\nt  
,ida4 ,f ano!r m\nta9 summit 9 ,crete ! 
gods wat*$ ! battle on ! pla9s ( ,troy4 
,!re rul$ ,m9os1 :o  fir/ gave laws to  
m51 & :o at 8 dea? 0 s5t by ! gods to   
judge ! %ades z !y ent]$ ! l[] _w4 ,!re 
0 ! fam\s  ,labyr9?1 & !re ! ,m9otaur   
dev\r$ 8 annual tale ( maid5s  until he 
0 sla9 by ,!seus4 ,0 !re su* a real     
palace ( ,m9os z  ! ,greek poets sung8  
,! magnific5t palace ( ! ,cretan k+s at 
,cnossus has be5 f\nd1 by ,mr4 ,evans1 )
 its friezes1 its spiral  ornam5ts1 its 
fl\nce-petticoat$ wom51 its treasuries1 

& its  tablets writt5 9 a script s old t
 x _c yet be read1 b :i*  w be read z   
surely z s*ol>%ip leaves none ( its     
riddles  unsolv$4 ,! *ildhood ( ,greece1
 its mighty infancy1 out ( :i* x  grew  
to be ! creator & ! example ( all ! _w's
 culture1 is  ev5 n[ be+ expos$ to our  
view1 safely kept to be recov]$ by !    
s*ol>s ( our g5]ation4    ,( int]e/ r to
 ! /ud5t ( ! curiosities ( hi/ory are ! 
m\nds & pyramids & temples built by !   
aborig9es ( ,am]ica2 =  ^! tribes h _h  
absolutely no "p 9 creat+ our dom9ant   
civilization or develop+ its art4 ,*9a &
 ,japan are1 at ?is late  day1 giv+     
some?+ to ! _w's /ore ( beauty &        
utility2 b  ! m\nd-build]s &            
cliff-dwell]s1 ! ,mayas & ,toltecs &    
,incas1  h giv5 absolutely no?+ :i* ! _w
 c>$ to accept4 ,b ?is  does n argue t x
 is n wor? :ile to le>n :at we c ( !    
rude civilization ( ! races :om we h    
displac$4 ,_! arr[heads  & hat*ets are 9
 e little museum4 ,_! m\nds1 sometimes  
%ap$  l s]p5ts or tortoises or liz>ds1  

are scatt]$ ov] all !  c5tral ,/ates1 & 
_m ( !m h be5 c>efully explor$ )  scanty
 results4 ,! cliff-dwell]s h left       
some:at ri*] rema9s1  m baskets & p>*$  
corn1 yet no?+ ( arti/ic value4 ,we h to
  g to ,mexico & ,yucatan & fur!r s\? to
 ,p]u1 to f9d !  maje/ic capitals ( !   
,mayas & ,incas1 :o _h really rea*$ a   
fair  degree ( su* civilization z /one &
 copp]1 )\t iron1 & !  beg9n+s ( picture
 symbols1 )\t lett]s1 c\ld provide4     
,humboldt  & ,/eph5s1 & ,"l ,k+sbor\gh1 
& ,squi]1 & ,t*udi1 & ,*>nay  h made    
explorations & f\nd va/ & wond]ful      
cities1 "s ( !m  des]t$ & ov]gr[n be=e  
,cortez & ,piz>ro took possession ( !   
l&s = ,spa9 & enslav$ ! p4 ,:]e ! city (
 ,mexico n[  /&s 0 a fam\s capital1 f ^:
 ru9s 7 tak5 ! great  ,cal5d> /one & !  
d\ble /atue ( ! god ( w> & ! god (      
dea?4 ,9 ,pal5que & ,uxmal1 capitals (  
,yucatan1 7 imm5se palaces  & temples1 )
 ! weird ornam5tation ( ,mayan          
imag9ation2 &  equal wond]s exi/ 9 !    
high upl&s :]e ! ,incas rul$ ,p]u4 ,ev5 

_! b>b>ic art & _! unrecord$ hi/ory mu/ 
be recov]$1 to  satisfy ! curiosity ( ! 
m =tunate races ^: boa/$  ,*ri/ianity   
visit$ on !m no?+ bett] ?an cruel       
slaught]4 ,at  lea/ we c give !m museums
 & publi% magnific5t pictures (  _!     
ru9s4    ,s we may bless ! a%es & s& t  
seem$ to de/roy & bury !  monum5ts ( !  
mighty empires ( ! anci5t _w1 b :i* h   
k9dly cov]$ & pres]v$ !m1 j z we put our
 treasures away 9  "s safety-vault :ile 
abs5t on a long j\rney4 ,! fire burn$ ! 
upp] wood5 walls ( ! city1 & x fell 9   
ru9s1 b "u ^?  ru9s1 cov]$ by t a%es1 7 
pres]v$ = two ?\s&1 ?ree  ?\s&1 five    
?\s& ye>s un9jur$1 ! *oice/ sculpture & 
!  mo/ preci\s records ( anci5t         
nations1--reta9$ beyond ! rea* (  v&al  
h&s1 until s*ol>%ip _h gr[n wise en\gh  
to ask que/ions  ( =gott5 hi/ory1 & _h  
s5t ,lay>d & ,s*liemann & ,de ,s>zec  & 
,evans & a hundr$ o!r m5 to dig ) _!    
competitive spades4  ,b 9 all ! long li/
 ( en?usia/s n "o des]ves a high] honor 
or has reap$ a ri*] h>ve/ ?an ,sir ,h5ry

 ,lay>d4      ,,au?orities4    ,lay>d3  
,e>ly ,adv5tures2 ,n9eveh & its ,rema9s2
 ,n9eveh &  ,babylon2 ,monum5ts (       
,n9eveh4 ,botta3 ,monum5t de ,n9ive4    
,l(tus3  ,*aldea & ,susiana4 ,y4 ,place3
 ,n9ive et ,assyrie4 ,hilpre*t3         
,babylonian ,exp$ition ( ! ,univ]sity ( 
,p5nsylvania2 ,rec5t  ,rese>* 9 ,bible  
,l&s4 ,p]rot & ,*ipiez3 ,hi/ory ( ,art 9
  ,antiquity4 ,j4,p4 ,pet]s3 ,nippur4   
,r4,w4 ,rog]s3 ,hi/ory ( ,babylonia  &  
,assyria4 ,f4 ,l5ormant3 ,/ud5ts'       
,manual ( ! ,anci5t ,hi/ory (  ! ,ea/2  
,! ,beg9n+s ( ,hi/ory4 ,masp]o3 ,dawn ( 
,civilization2  ,/ruggle ( ! ,nations2  
,pass+ ( ! ,empires2 ,egyptian          
,ar*aeology2 ,life 9 ,anci5t ,egypt &   
,assyria4 ,c4,j4 ,ball3 ,light  f !     
,ea/4 ,egypt ,exploration ,fund's       
,publications4 ,f4,j4 ,bliss3           
,exploration 9 ,j]usalem2 ,a ,m\nd ( ,_m
 ,cities4 ,s*liemann3 ,troy  & its      
,rema9s2 ,ilios2 ,myc5ae2 ,tiryns2      
,troja4 ,a4,j4 ,evans3  ,cnossus2       
,cretan ,pictographs4 ,ts\ntas &        

,manatt3 ,!  ,myc5aean ,age4            
,,mi*ael ,,f>aday4      #agia-ahfg4     
,,electricity ,,& ,,magnetism4    ,,by  
,,edw9 ,j4 ,,h\/on1 ,,ph4,d4            
,no man is born into ! _w ^: "w         
,is n born ) him4 ,!re is always "w1    
,& tools to "w )al1 = ^? :o w4          
,,l[ell    ,a man 0 born into ! _w1 on !
 #bb;d ( ,septemb]1 #agia1 ^: "w  0 born
 ) him1 & :o did ?is "w s well t he     
became "o (  its greate/ b5efactors4    
,inde$1 mu* ( ! m>vell\s advance made 9 
! electric arts & sci5ces1 dur+ ! la/   
half-c5tury1 c be  directly trac$ to ?is
 "w4    ,x 0 9 ,new+ton ,butts1 9       
,london1 ,engl&1 t ! man-*ild fir/  op5$
 8 eyes on ! wond]s ( ! physical _w     
ar\nd him4 ,to  ^? eyes1 9 aft] ye>s1 7 
giv5 a f> deep] insight into !  my/]ies 
( nature ?an (t5 falls to ! lot ( man4  
,?is man-*ild  0 ,mi*ael ,f>aday1 :o has
 be5 ju/ly /yl$1 by ^? be/ capable  (   
judg+ him1 ,! ,pr9ce ( ,exp]im5tal      
,philosoph]s4    ,! precocity s common 9
 ! *ildhood ( m5 ( g5ius 0  app>5tly    

abs5t 9 ! case ( "y ,f>aday4 ,! gr[+ boy
 play$  m>bles1 & worri$ ?r\gh a scant  
education 9 read+1 writ+1 &  ari?metic1 
unnotic$1 & mo/ probably1 = ! great] "p1
 sev]ely  left alone1 z commonly falls  
to ! lot ( ne>ly all boys1 :e!r  ord9>y 
or extraord9>y4 ,at ! e>ly age ( ?irte51
 he 0 tak5  f s*ool & plac$ on trial z  
err&-boy 9 ! book-%op ( ,george         
,ribeau1 9 ,london4 ,aft] a ye> at ?is  
"w1 he 0 tak5 z an  appr5tice to !      
book-b9d+ trade1 by ! same employ]1 :o1 
on  acc\nt ( 8 fai?ful s]vices1 remitt$ 
! cu/om>y premium4 ,at  ?is "w he sp5t  
"s eight ye>s ( 8 life4    ,b f> be x f 
u ev5 to h9t at ! abs5ce ( g5ius 9 ! "y 
*ild4 ,g5ius is n an acquir$ gift4 ,x is
 born 9 ! individual4  ,ap>t f !        
m>vell\s a*ievem5ts ( ! man1 a m]e      
glance at !  magnific5t head1 ) its high
 intellectual =ehead1 ! firm lips1  !   
intellig5t inquir+ eyes1 & ! bright     
face1 z se5 9 exi/+  pictures1 assures u
 t !y portray an unusual individuality1 
incompatible ) ev5 a suspicion ( belong+

 to an ord9>y man4  ,d\btless ! gr[+    
*ild did give e>ly promise ( 8 future   
greatness4 ,d\btless he 0 a =midable    
memb] ( t t]rible class  ( inquir+      
y\ng/]s :o dem& ! :y & ! :]e=e ( all    
ar\nd !m1 & refuse to accept !          
unsatisfactory belief ( _!  fa!rs t ?+s 
are because !y are4 ,9 its              
self-complac5cy1 !  busy _w is too apt  
to fail to notice unusual abilities 9   
*ildr51--abilities t p]haps too (t5     
rema9 undevelop$ f lack  (              
opportunities4 ,b :e!r "y ,f>aday did or
 did n1 at an e>ly  age1 display any    
unusual promise ( 8 life-"w1 all 8      
biograph]s  appe> to agree t he c\ld n  
be reg>d$ z a precoci\s *ild4    ,f>aday
 disclaim$ ! idea t 8 *ildhood 0        
di/+ui%$ by any  precocity4 ,d n suppose
 t ,i 0 a v deep ?9k]1 or 0 m>k$  z a   
precoci\s p]son1 says ,f>aday1 :5 allud+
 to 8 e>ly life4  ,i 0 a v lively1      
imag9ative p]son1 & c\ld believe 9 !    
',arabian ,nights' z easily z !         
',encyclopa$ia1' b facts 7  important to

 me1 & sav$ me4 ,i c\ld tru/ a fact &   
always  cross-exam9$ an ass]tion4 ,s :5 
,i que/ion$ ,mrs4 ,m>cet's book he  is  
allud+ to h] ',conv]sations on          
,*emi/ry'1 by su* little  exp]im5ts z ,i
 c\ld f9d means to p]=m1 & f\nd x true  
to !  facts z ,i c\ld und]/& !m1 ,i felt
 t ,i _h got hold ( an  an*or 9 *emical 
k1 & clung fa/ to x4    ,b :ile !re may 
be a "q z to ! exi/5ce ( precocity 9  ! 
"y lad1 !re does n appe> to be any      
reason = believ+ t  8 unusual abilities 
7 ! result ( direct h]$ity4 ,8 fa!r1 an 
ord9>y j\rneyman blacksmi?1 nev]        
exhibit$ any special intellectual       
ability1 ?\gh possibly pov]ty & poor    
heal? may h be5  responsible = ?is      
failure4 ,8 "m1 too1 x appe>s1 0 ( b    
ord9>y m5tality4    ,! environm5t ( ^?  
e>ly ye>s--t is1 f #ahjd to #ahac1 :ile 
9 ! book-b9d+ bus9ess--0 f> f calculat$ 
to develop any  m>k$ abilities inh]5t 9 
our "y philosoph]4 ,:at w\ld seem less  
calculat$ to inspire a wi% to obta9 a   
deep] insight into !  my/]ies ( !       

physical _w ?an ! trade ( book-b9d+1    
especially 9 ! case ( a boy ^: s*ola/ic 
education ceas$ at  f\rte5 ye>s & 0     
limit$ to ! m]e rudim5ts ( le>n+8 ,b1   
=tunately = ! _w1 ! inquir+ _s ( ! lad  
l$ him to  exam9e ! inside ( ! books he 
b\nd1 & ?us1 by famili>iz+  himself ) _!
 cont5ts1 he receiv$ ! inspiration t    
good  writ+ is always ready to be/[ on  
^? :o prop]ly read x4 ,two  books1 he   
aft]w>ds in=ms u1 prov$ ( especial      
b5efit2 namely1  ,m>cet's ,conv]sations 
on ,*emi/ry1 already ref]r$ to1 & !     
,encyclopa$ia ,britannica4 ,to ! =m] he 
attributes 8 gr\nd+ 9  *emi/ry1 & to !  
latt] 8 fir/ ideas 9 electricity1 9 bo? 
(  :i* /udies he excell$ 9 aft] ye>s4 ,z
 we h se51 ev5 at ?is  e>ly age he      
foll[$ ! true plan = ! physical         
inve/igator1  cross-que/ion$ all        
/atem5ts1 only admitt+ ^? to ! dignity (
  facts ^: tru? he _h e/abli%$ by c>eful
 exp]im5tation4    ,b our future        
exp]im5tal philosoph] has n z yet fairly
 />t$ on  ! beg9n+s ( 8 life-"w4 ,!     

possibilities ( ! book-b9d+  trade 7 too
 limit$ to p]mit mu* real progress4 ,a  
circum/ance  occurr$ 9 ! spr+ ( #ahab t 
%ap$ 8 entire aft]-life4 ,?is  0 !      
opportunity !n af=d$ him to att5d f\r ( 
! la/  lectures deliv]$ at ! ,royal     
,in/itution1 by ! great ,sir ,humphry   
,davy4 ,f>aday took copi\s notes ( ^!   
lectures1 c>efully wrote !m  out1 & b\nd
 !m 9 a small qu>to volume4 ,x 0 ?is    
volume1 :i*  he aft]w>ds s5t to ,davy1 t
 result$ 9 8 receiv+1 on ,m>* #a1       
#ahac1 ! appo9tm5t ( laboratory assi/ant
 9 ! ,royal ,in/itution4  ,8 pay = ?is  
"w 0 tw5ty-five %ill+s a week1 ) a lodg+
  on ! top floor ( ! ,in/itute1 a v fair
 comp5sation =  ! times4    ,v cong5ial 
7 ! duties ( ! "y assi/ant4 ,!y 7 to    
keep  clean ! belov$ app>atus ( !       
lectur]s1 & to assi/ !m 9  _!           
demon/rations4 ,! new _w ?us op5$ 0 full
 ( bright  promise4 ,he ke5ly felt !    
defici5cies ( 8 e>ly education1 &  did 8
 be/ to ext5d 8 le>n+1 s t he might be  
able to make  ! mo/ ( 8 opportunities4  

,b :at he p]haps appreciat$ ! mo/  0 !  
inspiration he receiv$ f ! great tea*]  
,davy1 :o 0  !n ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry &  
,director ( ! ,laboratory ( ! ,royal    
,in/itution2 = ,f>aday assi/$ at ,davy's
 lectures1 & 9 an humble  way ev5 aid$ 8
 inve/igations1 %>+ ! dang]s aris+ f !  
explosion ( ! un/able sub/ance1 *loride 
( nitrog51 t ,davy 0  !n inve/igat+4    
,f>aday has repeat$ly ackn[l$g$ ! debt  
ow$ to  ! inspiration ( ?is tea*]4 ,davy
 also1 9 lat] life g5]\sly  recogniz$1 9
 8 =m] assi/ant1 a philosoph] great] ?an
 himself4  ,z ! r5[n$ a/ronom]1 ,ty*o   
,brahe1 discov]$ 9 "o ( 8  pupils1 ,john
 ,kepl]1 an a/ronom] great] ?an ! ma/]1 
& z  ,b]gman1 ! ,sw$i% *emi/1 9 a simil>
 mann]1 discov]$ !  great] *emi/        
,s*eele1 s :5 ,davy1 9 aft] ye>s1 0 ask$
 :at he  reg>d$ z 8 greate/ discov]y1 he
 briefly repli$1  ,mi*ael ,f>aday4    ,!
 task ( ! sci5tific hi/orian1 :o        
endeavors hone/ly to record  ! progress 
( rese>*1 & to trace ! influ5ce ( ! "w (
 "s  individual on ! times 9 :i* he     

liv$1 is by no means an easy "o2  =1 9  
sci5tific "w "o discov]y frequ5tly      
passes s ins5sibly  into ano!r t x is   
(t5 difficult to "k j :]e "o /ops  & !  
o!r beg9s1 & mu* difficulty con/antly   
arises z to :om  ! cr$it %\ld be giv51  
:51 z is too (t5 ! case1 ^!  discov]ies 
are made by diff]5t individuals4 ,x is  
only :5 "s  great discov]y /&s alone1 l 
a giant m\nta9 peak aga9/ !  cle> sky1 t
 x is comp>atively easy to det]m9e !    
ext5t &  "* ( its influ5ce on o!r       
discov]ies1 & ju/ly to give !  cr$it to 
:om ! cr$it is due4 ,su* discov]ies =m  
ready po9ts (  ref]5ce 9 ! intellectual 
horizon1 & m>k di/9ct eras 9 !  _w's    
progress4 ,?is is true ( all "w 9 !     
doma9 ( physical  sci5ce1 b x is        
especially true 9 t ( electricity &     
magnetism1  9 :i* ,f>aday 0 pre-em95t4  
,! scope ( ea* ( ^! sci5ces is  s       
ext5d$1 ! numb] ( work]s s great1 & !   
applications to !  practical arts s     
ne>ly innum]able1 t x is (t5 by no means
 an  easy task correctly to trace _!    

prop] gr[? & developm5t4    ,f>aday's   
inve/igations cov]$ va/ fields 9 ! doma9
 ( *emi/ry1  electricity1 & magnetism4  
,x is to ! la/ two only t ref]5ce  w "h 
be made4 ,f>aday's life-"w 9 electricity
 & magnetism  began practically 9 #ahca1
 :5 he made 8 immortal discov]y ( !     
direct production ( electricity f       
magnetism4 ,8 be/ "w 9  electricity &   
magnetism 0 accompli%$ betwe5 #ahca &   
#ahef1  ext5d+1 !re=e1 ov] a p]iod ( "s 
tw5ty-five ye>s1 al?\gh  x is n d5i$ t  
good "w 0 done s9ce #ahef4 ,consequ5tly1
 x  0 at s comp>atively rec5t a date t  
mo/ ( ,f>aday's "w 0  done t "s ( ! _w's
 di/+ui%$ electricians yet live :o      
began _! /udies dur+ ! latt] ye>s (     
,f>aday's life4 ,!  difficulties (      
trac+1 at lea/ to "s ext5t1 ! influ5ce t
  ,f>aday's ma/]ly inve/igations h _h on
 ! pres5t condition (  ! electrical arts
 & sci5ces w1 !re=e1 be consid]ably     
less5$4    ,! ext5t ( ,f>aday's rese>*es
 & discov]ies 9 magnetism &  electricity
 0 s great t x w be impossible1 9 !     

necess>ily  limit$ space ( a brief      
biographical sket*1 to notice any b ! m 
prom95t4 ,nor w any attempt be made1    
except :]e ! nature ( !  rese>* or      
discov]y appe>s to r5d] x advisable1 to 
foll[ any  /rict *ronological ord]2 =1  
our inquiry "h is n s mu*  direct$ to a 
m]e matt] ( hi/ory z to ! influ5ce :i* !
  inve/igation or discov]y ex]t$ on !   
life & civilization ( !  age 9 :i* we   
live4    ,!re is a s+le discov]y (      
,f>aday t /&s out %>ply amid/  all 8 o!r
 discov]ies1 great z !y 71 & is s       
important 9  its f>-rea*+ results t x   
alone w\ld h /amp$ him z a              
philosophical inve/igator ( ! highe/    
m]its1 _h he nev] done  any?+ else4 ,?is
 0 8 discov]y ( ! means = develop+      
electricity directly f magnetism4 ,x 0  
made on ! #bi? ( ,augu/1  #ahca1 & %\ld 
be reg>d$ z inspir$ by ! great discov]y 
made by  ,o]/$ 9 #ahbj1 ( ! relations   
exi/+ betwe5 ! voltaic pile &           
electro-magnetism4 ,x 0 9 ! same ye> t  
,amp]e _h conduct$  t memorable         

inve/igation z to ! mutual attractions &
 repulsions  betwe5 circuits ?r\gh :i*  
electric curr5ts are fl[+1 :i*  result$ 
9 a !ory ( electro-magnetism1 & f9ally  
l$ to !  production ( ! electro-magnet  
itself4 ,amp]e _h %[n t a coil (  wire1 
or helix1 ?r\gh :i* an electric curr5t  
is pass+1 act$  practically z a magnet1 
& ,arago _h magnetiz$ an iron b> by     
plac+  x )9 su* a helix4    ,9 common ) 
! o!r sci5tific m5 ( 8 "t1 ,f>aday      
believ$  t s9ce ! fl[ ( an electric     
curr5t inv>iably produc$  magnetism1 s  
magnetism %\ld1 9 its turn1 be capable (
 produc+  electricity4 ,_m inve/igators 
be=e ,f>aday's "t _h endeavor$ to  solve
 ?is problem1 b x 0 res]v$ to ,f>aday   
alone to be  successful4 ,s9ce success 9
 ?is inve/igation result$ f "s          
exp]im5ts he made :ile endeavor+ to     
obta9 inductive action on a  quiesc5t   
circuit f a neighbor+ circuit ?r\gh :i* 
an electric  curr5t 0 fl[+1 we w fir/   
briefly exam9e ?is exp]im5t4 ,all  8    
exp]im5ts 9 ?is direction 7 at fir/     

unsuccessful4 ,he pass$  an electric    
curr5t ?r\gh a circuit1 :i* 0 locat$    
close to  ano!r circuit conta9+ a       
galvanomet]1--a device = %[+ !  pres5ce 
( an electric curr5t & measur+ its      
/r5g?1--b fail$  to obta9 any result4   
,he look$ = su* results only :5 ! curr5t
  _h be5 fully e/abli%$ 9 ! active      
circuit4 ,undismay$ by failure1  he     
reason$ t probably effects 7 pres5t1 b t
 !y 7 too  small to be obs]v$ ow+ to !  
feeble induc+ curr5t employ$4 ,he  !re=e
 increas$ ! /r5g? ( ! curr5t 9 ! active 
wire2 b  /ill ) no results4    ,aga9 &  
aga9 he int]rogates nature1 b           
unsuccessfully4 ,at la/ he  notices t   
!re is a slight movem5t ( ! galvanomet] 
ne$le at  ! mom5t ( mak+ & break+ !     
circuit4 ,c>efully repeat+ 8  exp]im5ts 
9 ! light ( ?is obs]vation1 he discov]s 
! important  fact t x is only at ! mom5t
 a curr5t is increas+ or decreas+  9    
/r5g?--at ! mom5t ( mak+ or break+ a    
circuit--t !  active circuit is capable 
( produc+ a curr5t 9 a neighbor+        

inactive circuit by induction4 ,?is 0 an
 important discov]y1 & 9  ! light ( 8   
aft]-k 0 correctly reg>d$ z a solution (
  ! production ( electricity f          
magnetism4    ,obs]v+ t ! galvanomet]   
ne$le mom5t>ily sw+s 9 "o  direction on 
mak+ ! circuit1 & 9 ! opposite direction
 on  break+ x1 he e/abli%es ! fact t !  
curr5t induc$ on mak+  fl[s 9 ! opposite
 direction to ! induc+ curr5t1 & t      
induc$ on break+ fl[s 9 ! same direction
 z ! induc+ curr5t4    ,hav+ ?us        
e/abli%$ ! fact ( curr5t induction1 he  
makes ! /ep  ( sub/itut+ magnets =      
active circuits2 a simple /ep 9 ! light 
( our pres5t k1 b a giant /ride at t "t4
 ,rememb]+  t curr5t induction1 or1 z he
 call$ x1 voltaic curr5t induction1     
takes place only :ile "s effect produc$ 
by ! curr5t is ei!r  increas+ or        
decreas+1 he moves coils ( insulat$ wire
 t[>ds or  f magnet poles1 or magnet    
poles t[>ds or f coils ( wire1 &  %[s t 
electric curr5ts are g5]at$ 9 ! coils   
:ile ei!r !  coils or ! magnets are 9   

motion1 b cease to be produc$ z soon z  
! motion ceases4 ,moreov]1 ^!           
magnetically induc$ curr5ts diff]  9 no 
respects f o!r curr5ts1--= example1 ^?  
produc$ by !  voltaic pile1--s9ce1 l !  
latt]1 !y produce sp>ks1 magnetize  b>s 
( /eel1 or deflect ! ne$le ( a          
galvanomet]4 ,9 ?is mann]  ,f>aday solv$
 ! great problem4 ,he _h produc$        
electricity directly  f magnetism6      
,)1 p]haps1 ! s+le exception ( !        
discov]y by ,o]/$1 9  #ahbj1 ( !        
inv>iable relation exi/+ betwe5 an      
electric curr5t  & magnetism1 ?is       
discov]y ( ,f>aday may be ju/ly reg>d$ z
 !  greate/ 9 ?is doma9 ( physical      
sci5ce4 ,^! two ma/] m9ds 9  sci5tific  
rese>* wond]fully complem5t$ ea* o!r4   
,o]/$ %[$  t an electric curr5t is      
inv>iably att5d$ by magnetic effects2   
,f>aday %[$ t magnetic *anges are       
inv>iably att5d$ by electric  curr5ts4  
,be=e ^! discov]ies1 electricity &      
magnetism 7  necess>ily reg>d$ z sep>ate
 bran*es ( physical sci5ce1 & 7  /udi$  

ap>t z sep>ate ph5om5a4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 !y  
mu/ be reg>d$  z co-exi/+ ph5om5a4 ,!   
ignorance ( ! sci5tific _w _h  unwitt+ly
 divorc$ :at nature _h jo9$ toge!r4     
,9 view ( ! great importance ( ,f>aday's
 discov]y1 we %all be  ju/ifi$ 9        
inquir+1 ?\gh some:at briefly1 into "s (
 !  app>atus employ$ 9 ?is hi/oric      
rese>*4 ,note its extreme  simplicity4  
,9 "o ( 8 fir/ successful exp]im5ts he  
wraps a coil  ( insulat$ wire ar\nd !   
s(t iron b> t =ms ! armature or  keep] (
 a p]man5t magnet ( ! horse-%oe type1 & 
connects !  ends ( ?is coil to a        
galvanomet]4 ,he discov]s t :5ev] !     
armature is plac$ aga9/ ! magnet poles1 
& is !re=e be+  r5d]$ magnetic by       
contact !re)1 ! deflection ( ! ne$le (  
! galvanomet] %[s t ! coil$ wire on !   
armature is trav]s$  by a curr5t (      
electricity2 t :5ev] ! armature is      
remov$ f  ! magnet poles1 & is !re=e    
los+ its magnetism1 ! ne$le (  !        
galvanomet] is aga9 deflect$1 b n[ 9 !  
opposite direction1  %[+ t an electric  

curr5t is aga9 fl[+ ?r\gh ! coil$  wire 
on ! armature1 b rev]s$ 9 direction4 ,he
 notices1 too1 t  ^! effects take place 
only :ile *anges are go+ on 9 ! /r5g?  (
 ! magnetism 9 ! armature1 or :5        
magnetic flux is pass+  ?r\gh ! coils2  
=1 ! galvanomet] ne$le comes to re/1 &  
rema9s at re/ z long z ! contact betwe5 
! armature & !  poles rema9s unbrok54   
,9 ano!r exp]im5t he employs a simple   
holl[ coil1 or helix1 (  insulat$ wire  
^: ends are connect$ ) a galvanomet]4   
,on sudd5ly  ?ru/+ "o end ( a /raight   
cyl9drical magnet into ! axis ( !       
helix1 ! deflection ( ! galvanomet]     
ne$le %[$ ! pres5ce (  an electric      
curr5t 9 ! helix4 ,! magnet be+ left 9 !
 helix1  ! galvanomet] ne$le came to    
re/1 ?us %[+ ! abs5ce (  curr5t4 ,:5 !  
b> magnet 0 sudd5ly )drawn f ! helix1 ! 
galvanomet] ne$le 0 aga9 deflect$1 b n[ 
9 ! opposite  direction1 %[+ t !        
direction ( ! curr5t 9 ! helix _h  be5  
rev]s$4    ,! prec$+ are b "s ( !       
results t ,f>aday obta9$ by  means ( 8  

exp]im5tal rese>*es 9 ! direct          
production (  electricity f magnetism4  
,let u n[ briefly exam9e j :at he 0     
do+1 & ! means :]eby he obta9$ electric 
curr5ts f  magnetism4 ,we w consid] ?is 
"q f ! views ( ! pres5t  "t1 r ?an f ^? 
( ,f>aday1 al?\gh ! diff]5ce betwe5  !  
two are 9 mo/ respects immat]ial4       
,f>aday knew t ! space or region ar\nd a
 magnet is p]meat$ or  trav]s$ by :at he
 call$ magnetic curves1 or l9es (       
magnetic =ce4  ,^! l9es are /ill call$  
l9es ( magnetic =ce1 or by "s  magnetic 
/ream+s magnetic flux1 or simply        
magnetism4 ,!y are  invisible1 ?\gh _!  
pres5ce is readily manife/$ by means (  
iron  fil+s4 ,!y are pres5t 9 e magnet1 
& al?\gh we d n "k  9 :at direction !y  
move1 yet 9 ord] to speak def9itely ab\t
  !m1 x is agre$ to assume t !y pass out
 ( e magnet at its  nor?-seek+ pole 7or 
! pole :i* w\ld po9t to ! magnetic nor?1
  7 ! magnet free to move z a ne$le71 &1
 aft] hav+ trav]s$  ! space surr\nd+ !  
magnet1 re5t] at its s\?-seek+ pole1    

?us complet+ :at is call$ ! magnetic    
circuit4 ,any space trav]s$  by l9es (  
magnetic =ce is call$ a magnetic field4 
,b x is n only a magnet t is ?us        
surr\nd$ by l9es (  magnetic =ce1 or by 
e!r /ream+s4 ,! same is true ( any      
conductor ?r\gh :i* an electric curr5t  
is fl[+1 & _!  pres5ce may be %[n by    
means ( iron fil+s4 ,if an active       
conductor--a conductor convey+ an       
electric curr5t1 z1 = example1 a  copp] 
wire--be pass$ v]tically ?r\gh a piece (
 c>d-bo>d1 or a  glass plate1 iron fil+s
 du/$ on ! c>d or plate w arrange       
!mselves 9 conc5tric circles ar\nd !    
axis ( ! wire4 ,x  requires an          
exp5diture ( en]gy bo? to set up & to   
ma9ta9 ^!  l9es ( =ce4 ,x is !          
int]action ( _! l9es ( =ce t  causes !  
attractions & repulsions 9 active       
movable conductors4  ,^! l9es ( magnetic
 =ce act on magnetic ne$les l o!r l9es  
( magnetic =ce & t5d to set movable     
magnetic ne$les at "r  angles to !      
conduct+ wire4    ,! sett+ up ( an      

electric curr5t 9 a conduct+ wire is1   
!re=e1 equival5t to ! sett+ up (        
conc5tric magnetic :irls  ar\nd ! axis (
 ! wire1 & any?+ t c d ?is w produce  an
 electric curr5t4 ,= example1 if an     
inactive conduct+ wire is  mov$ ?r\gh a 
magnetic field2 x w h conc5tric circul> 
:irls  set up ar\nd x2 or1 9 o!r words1 
x w h a curr5t g5]at$  9 x z a result ( 
su* motion4 ,b to set up ^! :irls x is n
  en\gh t ! conduct+ wire be mov$ along 
! l9es ( =ce 9 !  field4 ,9 su* a case  
no :irls are produc$ ar\nd ! conductor4 
,!  conductor mu/ be mov$ s z to cut or 
pass ?r\gh ! l9es (  magnetic =ce4 ,j   
:at ! me*anism is by means ( :i* ! cutt+
  ( ! l9es ( =ce by ! conductor produces
 ! circul> magnetic  :irls ar\nd x1 no  
man kn[s any m ?an he kn[s j :at        
electricity is2 b ?is mu* we d "k1--t to
 produce ! circul>  :irls or curr5ts 9 a
 previ\sly inactive conductor1 ! l9es ( 
=ce ( "s already exi/+ magnetic field   
mu/ be caus$ to pass  ?r\gh ! conductor1
 & t ! /r5g? ( ! curr5t s produc$  is   

proportional to ! numb] ( l9es (        
magnetic =ce cut 9 a giv5  "t1 say1 p]  
second2 or1 9 o!r words1 is directly    
proportional to  ! /r5g? ( ! magnetic   
field1 & to ! velocity & l5g? (  ! mov+ 
conductor4    ,or1 briefly recapitulat+3
 ,o]/$ %[$ t an electric curr5t1  pass$ 
?r\gh a conduct+ circuit1 sets up       
conc5tric circul> :irls  ar\nd its axis2
 t is1 an electric curr5t inv>iably     
produces  magnetism2 ,f>aday %[$1 t if !
 l9es ( magnetic =ce1 or  magnetism1 be 
caus$ to cut or pass ?r\gh an inactive  
conductor1  conc5tric circul> :irls w be
 set up ar\nd ! conductor2 t is1  l9es (
 magnetic =ce pass$ across a conductor  
inv>iably set up an  electric curr5t 9 t
 conductor4    ,! wond]ful complet5ess (
 ,f>aday's rese>*es into ! production  (
 electricity f magnetism may be inf]r$ f
 ! fact t all  ! =ms ( magneto-electric 
induction kn[n to-day--namely1          
self-induction1 or ! induction ( an     
active circuit on itself2 mutual        
induction1 or ! induction ( an active   

circuit on a neighbor+  circuit2 &      
electro-magnetic induction1 &           
magneto-electric induction1  or !       
induction produc$ 9 conductors ?r\gh :i*
 ! magnetic flux  f electro & p]man5t   
magnets respectively is caus$ to pass--7
  discov]$ & inve/igat$ by him4 ,nor 7  
^! inve/igations  c>ri$ on 9 ! haphaz>d1
 blund]+1 grop+ mann] t  un=tunately too
 (t5 *>act]izes ! explor] 9 a /range    
c\ntry2  on ! contr>y1 !y 7 s+ul>ly cle>
 & direct1 %[+ h[  complete ! ma/]y !   
great inve/igator _h ov] ! subject he 0 
/udy+4 ,x is true t repeat$ failures    
frequ5tly met him1 b  despite           
disc\ragem5ts & disappo9tm5ts he cont9u$
 until he _h  entirely trav]s$ ! l5g? & 
bread? ( ! unkn[n region he 0  ! fir/ to
 explore4    ,let u n[ briefly exam9e   
,f>aday's _m rema9+ discov]ies &        
inv5tions4 ,?\gh none ( ^! 7 equal to 8 
great discov]y1 yet  _m 7 exce$+ly      
valuable4 ,"s 7 almo/ imm$iately        
utiliz$2  "s wait$ _m ye>s =            
utilization2 & "s h nev] yet be5        

utiliz$4 ,we mu/ avoid1 h[ev]1 fall+    
into ! common mi/ake (  hold+ 9 little  
e/eem ^? p>ts ( ,f>aday's "w t did n    
imm$iately result ei!r 9 ! production ( 
practical app>atus1 or  9 valuable      
applications 9 ! arts & sci5ces1 or ^?  
:i* h  n ev5 yet prov$ fruitful4 ,"s    
discov]ies & devices are s f>  ahead ( !
 times 9 :i* !y are produc$ t sev]al    
lifetimes  (t5 pass be=e ! _w is ready  
to utilize !m4 ,l immature or  unripe   
fruit1 !y are apt to die an untimely    
dea?1 & x sometimes  curi\sly happ5s t1 
sev]al g5]ations aft] _! bir?1 a        
subsequ5t inv5tor or discov]]1 9 hone/  
ignorance ( _! prior  exi/5ce1 (f]s !m  
to ! _w z absolutely new4 ,! times be+  
ripe1 !y pass into imm$iate & ext5d$    
public use1 s t !  lat] inv5tor is giv5 
all ! cr$it ( an orig9al discov]y1 & !  
true fir/ & orig9al inv5tor rema9s      
unrecogniz$4    ,we w fir/ exam9e       
,f>aday's discov]y ( ! relations exi/+  
betwe5 light & magnetism4 ,?\gh !       
discov]y has n z yet borne  fruit 9 any 

direct practical application1 yet x has 
prov$ ( imm5se  value f a !oretical     
/&po9t4 ,9 ?is inve/igation ,f>aday     
prov$ t light-vibrations are rotat$ by !
 action ( a magnetic  field4 ,he employ$
 ! light ( an ord9>y ,arg& lamp1 &      
pol>iz$  x by reflection f a glass      
surface4 ,he caus$ ?is pol>iz$ light to 
pass ?r\gh a plate ( heavy glass made f 
a boro-silicate ( lead4  ,"u ord9>y     
circum/ances ?is sub/ance ex]t$ no      
unusual action on  light1 b :5 x 0 plac$
 betwe5 ! poles ( a p[]ful              
electro-magnet1 & ! light 0 pass$ ?r\gh 
x 9 ! same  direction z ! magnetic flux1
 ! plane ( pol>ization ( ! light  0     
rotat$ 9 a c]ta9 direction4    ,f>aday  
discov]$ t o!r solid sub/ances besides  
glass ex]t a  simil> action on a beam ( 
pol>iz$ light4 ,ev5 opaque solids l     
iron possess ?is prop]ty4 ,k]r has prov$
 t a beam ( light pass$  ?r\gh an       
extremely ?9 plate ( highly magnetic    
iron has its plane (  pol>ization       
slightly rotat$4 ,f>aday %[$ t ! p[] (  

rotat+  a beam ( pol>iz$ light is also  
possess$ by "s liquids4 ,b :at is  mo/  
int]e/+1 9 bo? solids & liquids1 is t ! 
direction (  ! rotation ( ! light dep5ds
 on ! direction 9 :i* !  magnetism is   
pass+1 & c1 !re=e1 be *ang$ by *ang+ !  
pol>ity ( ! electro-magnet4    ,f>aday  
did n seem to ?or\ghly und]/& ?is       
ph5om5on4 ,he spoke  z if he ?\ght !    
l9es ( magnetic =ce _h be5 r5d]$ lum9\s 
by ! light rays2 =1 he ann\nc$ 8        
discov]y 9 a pap] entitl$1              
,magnetization ( ,light & ! ,illum9ation
 ( ! ,l9es ( ,magnetic  ,=ce4 ,inde$1   
?is discov]y 0 s f> ahead ( ! times t x 
0  n until a lat] date t ! results 7 m  
fully develop$1  fir/ by ,kelv91 &      
subsequ5tly by ,cl]k ,maxwell4 ,9 #ahfe1
 two ye>s  be=e ,f>aday's dea?1 ,maxwell
 propos$ ! electro-magnetic !ory (      
light1 %[+ t light is an                
electro-magnetic di/urbance4 ,he po9t$  
out t optical z well z electro-magnetic 
ph5om5a requir$ a m$ium  = _!           
propagation1 & t ! prop]ties ( ?is m$ium

 appe>$  to be ! same = bo?4 ,moreov]1 !
 rate at :i* light travels is  kn[n by  
actual measurem5t2 ! rate at :i*        
electro-magnetic waves  are propagat$ c 
be calculat$ f electrical measurem5ts1 &
 ^!  two velocities exactly agree4      
,f>aday's orig9al exp]im5t z to !       
relation betwe5 light & magnetism is ?us
 aga9 exp]im5tally  demon/rat$2 &1      
,maxwell's electro-magnetic !ory ( light
 n[  re/+ on exp]im5tal fact1 optics    
becomes a bran* ( electricity4 ,a       
curi\s consequ5ce 0 po9t$ out by        
,maxwell z a result ( 8  !ory2 namely1 t
 a necess>y relation exi/s betwe5       
opacity &  conductivity1 s9ce1 z he %[$1
 electro-magnetic di/urbances c\ld  n be
 propagat$ 9 sub/ances :i* are          
conductors ( electricity4 ,9  o!r words1
 if light is an electro-magnetic        
di/urbance1 all conduct+  sub/ances mu/ 
be opaque1 & all good insulators        
transp>5t4 ,?is we  "k to be ! fact3    
metallic sub/ances1 ! be/ ( conductors1 
are  opaque1 :ile glass & cry/als are   

transp>5t4 ,ev5 su* app>5t  exceptions z
 vulcanite1 an excell5t insulator1 fall 
into ! law1  s9ce1 z ,graham ,bell has  
rec5tly %[n1 ?is sub/ance is rem>kably  
transp>5t to c]ta9 k9ds ( radiant en]gy4
    ,9 #aggh1 ,brugmans ( ,leyd5 notic$ 
t if a piece ( bismu? 0 held  ne> ei!r  
pole ( a /rong magnet1 repulsion        
occurr$4 ,o!r obs]v]s  notic$ ! same    
effect 9 ! case ( antimony4 ,^! facts   
appe> to  h be5 unkn[n to ,f>aday1 :o1 9
 #ahde1 by employ+ p[]ful               
electro-magnets r$iscov]$ !m1 & 9       
addition %[$ t  practically all         
sub/ances possess ! p[] ( be+ attract$  
or  repell$1 :5 plac$ betwe5 ! poles (  
suffici5tly p[]ful  magnets4 ,by plac+  
sl5d] ne$les ( ! sub/ances exp]im5t$ on 
betwe5 ! poles ( p[]ful horse-%oe       
magnets1 he f\nd t !y 7  all ei!r       
attract$ l iron1 com+ to re/ ) _!       
greate/  l5g? ext5d+ betwe5 ! poles2 or1
 l bismu?1 7 app>5tly  repell$ by !     
poles1 com+ to re/ at "r angles to !    
position  assum$ by iron4 ,he reg>d$ !  

fir/ class ( sub/ances z attract$1  & ! 
second class z repell$1 & call$ !m      
respectively  p>amagnetic & diamagnetic 
sub/ances4 ,9 o!r words1 p>amagnetic    
sub/ances1 l iron1 came to re/ axially  
7ext5d+ f pole to  pole71 & diamagnetic 
sub/ances1 l bismu?1 equatorially       
7ext5d+  transv]sely betwe5 ! poles74   
,he res]v$ ! t]m magnetic  sub/ances to 
cov] ! ph5om5a ( bo? p>a &              
dia-magnetism4 ,he  communicat$ !       
results ( ?is inve/igation to ! ,royal  
,society 9 a  pap] on ! ,magnetic       
,condition ( ,all ,matt]1 on ,dec4 #ah1 
#ahde4    ,! prop]ties ( p>amagnetism & 
diamagnetism are n possess$ by  solids  
only1 b exi/ also 9 liquids & gases4 ,:5
 exp]im5t+  ) liquids1 !y 7 plac$ 9     
suitable glass vessels1 su* z wat*      
cry/als1 support$ on pole pieces prop]ly
 %ap$ to receive !m4  ,"u ^!            
circum/ances p>amagnetic liquids1 su* z 
salts ( iron or  cobalt dissolv$ 9 wat]1
 und]w5t curi\s contortions 9 %ape1 !   
t5d5cy be+ to arrange ! great] "p ( _!  

mass 9 !  direction 9 :i* ! flux pass$2 
namely1 directly betwe5 ! poles4        
,diamagnetic liquids1 su* z solutions ( 
salts ( bismu? & antimony1  9 a simil>  
mann]1 arrang$ ! great] "p ( _! mass 9  
positions at "r angles to ?is direction1
 or equatorially4    ,at fir/ ,f>aday   
attribut$ ! repulsion ( diamagnetic     
sub/ances to a  pol>ity1 sep>ate &      
di/9ct f ord9>y magnetic pol>ity1 =  :i*
 he propos$ ! "n1 diamagnetic pol>ity4  
,he believ$ t :5  a diamagnetic sub/ance
 is br\ght ne> to ! nor? pole ( a       
magnet1 a  nor? pole 0 develop$ 9 its   
approa*$ end1 & t !re=e  repulsion      
occurr$4 ,he aft]w>ds reject$ ?is view1 
?\gh x has  be5 subsequ5tly adopt$ by   
,web] & ,tyndall1 ! latt] ( :om         
conduct$ an ext5d$ s]ies ( exp]im5ts on 
! subject4 ,! majority  ( physici/s1    
h[ev]1 at ! pres5t "t1 d n believe 9 !  
exi/5ce ( a diamagnetic pol>ity4 ,!y    
po9t out t ! app>5t  repulsion (        
diamagnetic sub/ances is due to ! fact t
 !y are  less p>amagnetic ?an ! oxyg5 ( 

! air 9 :i* !y are  susp5d$4    ,dur+   
?is inve/igation ,f>aday obs]v$ "s      
ph5om5a t l$ him  to a belief 9 !       
exi/5ce ( ano!r =m ( =ce1 di/9ct f  ei!r
 p>amagnetic or diamagnetic =ce1 :i* he 
call$ !  magne-cry/allic =ce4 ,he _h be5
 exp]im5t+ ) "s sl5d]  ne$les ( bismu?1 
susp5d+ !m horizontally betwe5 ! poles (
 an  electro-magnet4 ,tak+ a few ( ^!   
cyl9d]s at r&om f a great]  numb]1 he 0 
mu* p]plex$ to f9d t !y did n all come  
to re/  equatorially1 z well-behav$ b>s 
( diamagnetic bismu? %\ld d1  ?\gh1 if  
subject$ to ! action ( a s+le magnetic  
pole1 !y did  %[ ?is diamagnetic "* by  
_! m>k$ repulsion4 ,aft] mu*            
exp]im5tation1 he ascrib$ ?is ph5om5on  
to ! cry/all9e  condition ( ! cyl9d]4   
,by exp]im5t+ ) c>efully select$  gr\ps 
( cry/als ( bismu?1 he believ$ he c\ld  
trace ! cause (  ! ph5om5on to ! action 
( a =ce :i* he call$ !  magne-cry/allic 
=ce4    ,ext5d$ exp]im5ts c>ri$ on by   
,plck] on ! influ5ce (  magnetism on    
cry/all9e sub/ances l$ him to believe t 

a close  relation exi/s betwe5 !        
ultimate =ms ( ! p>ticles ( matt]  & _! 
magnetic behavior4 ,?is subject is z yet
 f> f be+ fully  und]/ood4    ,!re 0    
ano!r s]ies ( inve/igations made by     
,f>aday betwe5 !  ye>s #ahca & #ahdj1 t 
has be5 wond]fully utiliz$1 & may       
prop]ly be rank$ among 8 great          
discov]ies4 ,we allude to 8  rese>*es on
 ! laws :i* gov]n ! *emical             
decomposition (  comp\nd sub/ances by   
electricity4 ,! fact t ! electric curr5t
  possesses ! p[] ( decompos+ comp\nd   
sub/ances 0 kn[n z  e>ly z #ahjj1 :5    
,c>lisle & ,ni*olson sep>at$ wat] into  
its  con/itu5t elem5ts1 by ! passage ( a
 voltaic curr5t4 ,davy1 too1 9  #ahjf1  
_h deliv]$ 8 celebrat$ disc\rse ,on ,"s 
,*emical ,ag5cies  ( ,electricity1 & 9  
#ahjg1 _h ann\nc$ 8 great discov]y ( !  
decomposition ( ! fix$ alkalies4        
,f>aday %[$ t ! am\nt ( *emical action  
produc$ by  electricity is fix$ &       
def9ite4 ,9 ord] to be able to measure !
  am\nt ( ?is action1 he inv5t$ an      

in/rum5t :i* he call$ a  voltamet]1 or a
 volta-electromet]4 ,x consi/$ ( a      
simple device =  measur+ ! am\nt (      
hydrog5 & oxyg5 gases lib]at$ by !      
passage ( an electric curr5t ?r\gh wat] 
acidulat$ ) sulphuric  acid4 ,he %[$1 by
 num]\s exp]im5ts1 t ! decomposition    
effect$ is inv>iably proportional to !  
am\nt ( electricity  pass+2 t v>iations 
9 ! size ( ! electrodes1 9 ! pressure1  
or 9 ! degree ( dilution ( !            
electrolyte1 _h no?+ to d )  ! result1 &
 t !re=e a voltamet] c\ld be employ$ to 
det]m9e ! am\nt ( electricity pass+ 9 a 
giv5 circuit4 ,he also  demon/rat$ t :5 
a curr5t is pass$ ?r\gh diff]5t         
electrolytes 7comp\nd sub/ances         
decompos$ by ! passage (  electricity71 
! am\nt ( ! decompositions are *emically
 equival5t  to ea* o!r4    ,! ext5t (   
,f>aday's "w 9 ! electro-*emical field  
may be judg$  by consid]+ "s ( ! t]ms he
 propos$ = its ph5om5a1 mo/ (  :i*1 ) "s
 trifl+ exceptions1 are /ill 9 use4 ,x 0
 he :o  gave ! "n electrolysis to       

decomposition by ! electric curr5t2 he  
also propos$ to call ! wires1 or        
conductors connect$ ) !  batt]y1 or o!r 
electric s\rce1 ! electrodes1 nam+ t "o 
:i*  0 connect$ ) ! positive t]m9al1 !  
anode1 & t "o  connect$ ) ! negative    
t]m9al1 ! ca?ode4 ,he call$ !  sep>ate  
atoms or gr\ps ( atoms into :i* bodies  
und]go+  electrolysis are sep>at$1 !    
radicals1 or ions1 & nam$ !             
electro-positive ions1 :i* appe> at !   
ca?ode1 ! ka?ions1 &  ! electro-negative
 radicals :i* appe> at ! anode1 !       
anions4    ,!re 7 _m o!r rese>*es made  
by ,f>aday1 su* z 8  exp]im5ts on       
disruptive electric dis*>ges1 8         
inve/igations on !  electric eel1 8 _m  
rese>*es on ! ph5om5a bo? ( frictional  
electricity & ( ! voltaic pile1 8       
inve/igations on ! contact  & *emical   
!ories ( ! voltaic pile1 & ^? on *emical
  decomposition by frictional           
electricity2 ^! are b "s ( ! m]e        
important ( !m4 ,^? we h already        
discuss$ w1 h[ev]1 amply  suffice to %[ 

! value ( 8 "w4 ,r ?an take up any o!rs1
  let u inquire :at influ5ce1 if any1 ! 
v>i\s gr\ps ( discov]ies  we h already  
discuss$ h ex]t$ on ! electric arts &   
sci5ces  9 our pres5t "t4 ,:at practical
 results h att5d$ ^!  discov]ies8 ,:at  
actual1 useful1 comm]cial ma*9es h be5  
bas$ on  !m8 ,:at useful processes or   
indu/ries h gr[n out ( !m8    ,&1 fir/1 
z to actual comm]cial ma*9es4 ,^!       
rese>*es n only  l$ to ! production (   
dynamo-electric ma*9es1 b1 9 po9t (     
fact1 ,f>aday actually produc$ ! fir/   
dynamo4 ,a dynamo-electric  ma*9e1 z is 
well kn[n1 is a ma*9e by means ( :i*    
me*anical  en]gy is conv]t$ into        
electrical en]gy1 by caus+ conductors to
 cut  ?r\gh1 or be cut ?r\gh by1 l9es ( 
magnetic =ce2 or1 briefly1 x  is a ma*9e
 by means ( :i* electricity is readily  
obta9$ f  magnetism4    ,f>aday's       
inv5tion ( ! fir/ dynamo is int]e/+     
because at !  same "t he made ! inv5tion
 he solv$ a problem :i* up to 8 "t  _h  
be5 ! despair ( ! able/ physici/s &     

ma!maticians4 ,?is  0 ! ph5om5on (      
,arago's rotat+ disc4 ,x 0 briefly z    
foll[s3  ,if a copp] disc be rotat$     
above a magnet1 ! ne$le t5ds to foll[  !
 plate 9 its rotation2 or1 if a copp]   
plate be plac$ at re/ above  or bel[ an 
oscillat+ magnet1 x t5ds to *eck its    
oscillations &  br+ ! ne$le quickly to  
re/4 ,f>aday inve/igat$ ^! ph5om5a  &   
soon discov]$ t a copp] disc rotat$ bel[
 two magnet poles  _h electric curr5ts  
g5]at$ 9 x1 :i* fl[$ radially ?r\gh !   
disc betwe5 its circumf]5ce & c5tre4 ,by
 plac+ "o end ( a  conduct+ circuit on !
 axis ( ! disc1 & ! o!r end on its      
circumf]5ce1 he succe$$ 9 draw+ (f a    
cont9u\s electric curr5t  g5]at$ f      
magnetism1 & ?us produc$ ! fir/ dynamo4 
,?is 0  9 #ahca4 ,f>aday produc$ _m o!r 
dynamos besides ?is simple  disc ma*9e4 
,al?\gh ! disc dynamo 9 its orig9al =m 0
 impracticable z a  comm]cial ma*9e1 yet
 x 0 n only ! =]unn] ( ! dynamo1  b 01 9
 po9t ( fact1 ! fir/ ma*9e ev] produc$ t
 is  entitl$ to be call$ a dynamo4 ,he  

g5]\sly left to ^? :o might  come aft]  
him ! opportunity to avail !mselves ( 8 
wond]ful  discov]y4 ,i h r1 h[ev]1 he   
says1 be5 desir\s (  discov]+ new facts 
& new relations dep5d5t on              
magneto-electric  induction ?an ( exalt+
 ! =ce ( ^? already obta9$1 be+  assur$ 
t ! latt] w\ld f9d _! developm5t        
h]eaft]4 ,h[  pr(\ndly prophetic6 ,c\ld 
! illu/ri\s inve/igator see !  hundr$s (
 ?\s&s ( dynamos t are to-day 9 all p>ts
 ( !  _w engag$ 9 conv]t+ millions (    
horse-p[] ( me*anical en]gy  into       
electric en]gy1 he w\ld appreciate h[   
m>vell\sly 8  successors h exalt$ ! =ce 
( "s ( ! effects he _h s  ably %[n ! _w 
h[ to obta94    ,f>aday liv$ to see 8   
infant dynamo1 ! fir/ ( its k9d1        
develop$  into a ma*9e n only           
suffici5tly p[]ful to ma9ta9 electric   
arc  lights1 b also into a =m           
suffici5tly practicable to be cont9u\sly
  engag$ 9 produc+ su* light1 9 "o ( !  
ligh?\ses on !  ,engli% coa/4 ,holmes   
produc$ su* a ma*9e 9 #ahfb1 or "s ye>s 

be=e ,f>aday's dea?4 ,x 0 in/all$ "u !  
c>e ( ! ,tr9ity  ,h\se1 at ! ,dung5ess  
,ligh?\se1 9 ,june1 #ahfb1 & cont9u$ 9  
use  = ab\t t5 ye>s4 ,:5 ?is ma*9e 0 %[n
 to ,f>aday by its  inv5tor1 ! vet]an   
philosoph] rem>k$1 ,i gave y a baby1 & y
  br+ me a giant4    ,! alt]nat+-curr5t 
trans=m] is ano!r gift ( ,f>aday to !   
comm]cial _w4 ,z is well kn[n1 ?is      
in/rum5t is a device =  rais+ or l[]+   
electric pressure4 ,! "n is d]iv$ f !   
fact  t ! in/rum5t is capable ( tak+ 9  
at "o pressure ! electric  en]gy suppli$
 to x1 & giv+ x out at ano!r pressure1  
?us  trans=m+ x4 ,f>aday produc$ ! fir/ 
trans=m] dur+ 8  inve/igations on       
voltaic-curr5t induction4 ,! mod]n      
alt]nat+-curr5t trans=m]1 ?\gh diff]+   
m>k$ly 9 m9or  details f ,f>aday's      
primitive in/rum5t1 yet 9 g5]al details 
is  ess5tially id5tical ) x4 ,! enorm\s 
use ( bo? /ep-up &  /ep-d[n             
trans=m]s--trans=m]s :i* respectively   
induce curr5ts  ( high] & ( l[]         
electromotive =ces 9 _! second>y coils  

?an are pass$ ?r\gh _! prim>ies--%[s !  
great practical value  ( ?is inv5tion4  
,! wond]ful gr[? ( ! comm]cial          
applications  ( alt]nat+ curr5ts dur+ ! 
pa/ few decades w\ld h be5  impossible  
)\t ! use ( ! alt]nat+-curr5t trans=m]4 
,x is an int]e/+ fact t x 0 n 9 ! =m ( !
 /ep-d[n  alt]nat+-curr5t trans=m] t    
,f>aday's discov]y (  voltaic-curr5t    
induction 0 fir/ utiliz$1 b 9 ! =m ( a  
/ep-up trans=m]1 or :at 0 !n ord9>ily   
call$ an induction  coil4 ,z e>ly z     
#ahdb1 ,masson & ,brguet con/ruct$ an   
induction  coil by means ( :i* m9ute    
sp>ks c\ld be obta9$ f !  second>y1 9   
vacuo4 ,9 #ahea1 ,ruhmkorff con/ruct$ an
 induction coil s  greatly improv$1 by !
 c>eful insulation ( its second>y       
circuit1  t he c\ld obta9 f x torr5ts ( 
long sp>ks 9 ord9>y air4  ,! ,ruhmkorff 
induction coil has 9 late ye>s be5      
greatly improv$  bo? by ,tesla & ,elihu 
,?omson1 :o1 sep>ately & indep5d5tly (  
ea* o!r1 h produc$ excell5t =ms (       
high-frequ5cy  induction coils4         

,induction coils h long be5 9 use =     
purposes ( rese>*1 & 9  lat] ye>s h be5 
employ$ 9 ! production bo? ( ! ,rntg5   
rays us$ 9 ! photography ( ! invisible1 
& ! electro-magnetic  waves us$ 9       
wireless telegraphy4    ,rntg5's        
discov]y 0 publi%$ 9 #ahie4 ,x 0 r5d]$  
possible by  ! prior "w ( ,geissl] &    
,crookes on ! lum9\s ph5om5a  produc$ by
 ! passage ( electric dis*>ges ?r\gh    
high vacua 9  glass tubes4 ,rntg5       
discov]$ t ! invisible rays1 or         
radiation1  emitt$ f c]ta9 p>ts ( a     
high-vacuum tube1 :5 high-t5sion        
dis*>ges f induction coils 7 pass+1     
possess$ ! curi\s  prop]ty ( trav]s+    
c]ta9 opaque sub/ances z readily z light
  does glass or wat]4 ,he also discov]$ 
t ^! rays 7 capable (  excit+           
fluoresc5ce 9 "s sub/ances1--t is1 (    
caus+ !m to  emit light & become        
lum9\s1--& t ^! rays1 l ! rays (  light1
 7 capable ( affect+ a photographic     
plate4 ,f ^!  prop]ties two curi\s      
possibilities arose2 namely1 to see     

?r\gh  opaque bodies1 & to photograph ! 
invisible4 ,rntg5 call$ ^!  rays ,x1 or 
unkn[n rays4 ,!y are n[ almo/ inv>iably 
call$ by !  "n ( _! di/+ui%$ discov]]4  
,let u briefly inve/igate h[ x is       
possible bo? to see & to  photograph !  
invisible4 ,%ortly aft] ,rntg5's        
discov]y1 ,edison1  ) t wond]ful p[] (  
f9d+ practical applications = ne>ly  all
 discov]ies1 _h inv5t$ ! fluoroscope1--a
 scre5 cov]$ ) a  peculi> *emical       
sub/ance t becomes lum9\s :5 expos$ to !
  ,rntg5 rays4 ,suppose1 n[1 betwe5 !   
rays & su* a scre5 be  int]pos$ a       
sub/ance opaque to ord9>y light1 z1 =   
example1 !  human h&4 ,! tissues ( ! h&1
 su* z ! fle% & ! blood1  p]mit ! rays  
to readily pass ?r\gh !m1 b ! bones are 
opaque  to ! rays1 &1 !re=e1 oppose _!  
passage2 consequ5tly1 !  scre52 in/ead (
 be+ uni=mly illum9$1 w %[ %ad[s ( !    
bones1 s t1 to an eye exam9+ ! scre51 x 
w seem z ?\gh  x 7 look+ ?r\gh ! fle% & 
blood directly at ! bones4 ,9 a  simil> 
mann]1 if a photographic plate be       

employ$ in/ead ( !  scre51 a di/9ct     
photographic picture w be obta9$4       
,bo? ! fluoroscope & ! photographic     
cam]a h prov$ an  invaluable aid to !   
surgeon1 :o c n[ look directly ?r\gh !  
human body & exam9e its int]nal organs1 
& s be able to locate  su* =eign bodies 
z bullets & ne$les 9 its v>i\s p>ts1 or 
make  correct diagnoses ( fractures or  
dislocations ( ! bones1 or ev5  exam9e !
 action ( su* organs z ! liv] & he>t4   
,ab\t #ahhf1 ,h]tz discov]$ t if a small
 ,leyd5 j> is dis*>g$  ?r\gh a %ort &   
simple circuit1 provid$ ) a sp>k-gap (  
suitable l5g?1 a s]ies (                
electro-magnetic waves are set up1 :i*1 
mov+ ?r\gh space 9 all directions1 are  
capable ( excit+ 9 a  simil> circuit    
effects t c be readily recogniz$1 al?\gh
 ! two  circuits are at fairly          
consid]able di/ances ap>t4 ,"h we h a   
simple basic exp]im5t 9 wireless        
telegraphy1 :i*1 briefly  consid]$1     
consi/s ( means :]eby oscillations or   
waves1 set up 9  free space by means (  

disruptive dis*>ges1 are caus$ to       
trav]se  space & produce v>i\s effects 9
 suitably con/ruct$ receptive  devices t
 are op]at$ by ! waves z !y imp+e on !m4
    ,at fir/ a d\bt 0 express$ by em95t 
sci5tific m5 z to !  practicability (   
successfully transmitt+ wireless        
messages ?r\gh  long di/ances1 s9ce ^!  
waves1 travell+ 9 all directions1 w\ld  
soon become too att5uat$ to produce     
intelligible signals2 b :5 x  0 %[n1 f  
!oretical consid]ations1 t ^! waves :5  
trav]s+ great di/ances are practically  
conf9$ to ! space betwe5  ! e>?'s       
surface & ! upp] r>ifi$ /rata ( !       
atmosph]e1 !  possibility ( long-di/ance
 wireless telegraphic transmission 0    
recogniz$4 ,to increase ! di/ance1 x 0  
only necess>y ei!r to  increase ! en]gy 
( ! waves at ! transmitt+ /ation1 or to 
increase ! delicacy ( ! receiv+         
in/rum5ts1 or bo?4    ,x has be5 b a    
%ort "t s9ce bo? ! sci5tific & !        
f9ancial  worlds 7 a/\nd$ by ! actual   
transmission ( intelligible  wireless   

signals across ! ,atlantic1 & ! "n (    
,m>coni w g  d[n to po/]ity z ! "o :o   
fir/ accompli%$ ?is great feat4    ,!   
pr9cipal limit to ! di/ance (           
transmission lies 9 ! delicacy  ( !     
receiv+ in/rum5ts4 ,! mo/ s5sitive are  
^? 9 :i* a  telephone receiv] =ms a "p (
 ! receiv+ app>atus4 ,! almo/  incr$ibly
 small am\nt ( electric en]gy requir$ to
 produce  intelligible spee* 9 an ord9>y
 ,bell telephone receiv] ne>ly passes   
belief4 ,! "w done 9 lift+ su* an       
in/rum5t f its hook to !  e> ( ! li/5]1 
w\ld1 if conv]t$ into electric en]gy1 be
  suffici5t to ma9ta9 an audible s\nd 9 
a telephone = #bdj1jjj  ye>s6 ,ev5      
extremely att5uat$ waves may !re=e      
produce audible  signals 9 su* a        
receiv]4    ,! electric motor 0 ano!r   
gift ( ,f>aday to comm]cial sci5ce1     
al?\gh 9 ?is case !re are o!rs :o c1    
p]haps1 ju/ly claim to  %>e ! honor )   
him4 ,f>aday's e>ly electric motor      
consi/$  ess5tially 9 a device :]eby a  
movable conductor1 susp5d$ s z to  be   

capable ( rotation ar\nd a magnet pole1 
0 caus$ to rotate by !  mutual          
int]action ( ! magnetic fields ( !      
active conductor &  ! magnet4 ,! magnet1
 :i* consi/$ ( a b> ( h>d5$ /eel1 0     
fix$ 9 a cork /opp]1 :i* completely     
clos$ ! end ( an upright  glass tube4 ,a
 small quantity ( m]cury 0 plac$ 9 ! l[]
 end (  ! tube1 s z to =m a liquid      
contact = ! l[] end ( a movable  wire1  
susp5d$ s z to be capable ( rotat+ at   
its l[] extremity  ab\t ! axis ( ! tube4
 ,on ! passage ( an electric curr5t     
?r\gh ! wire1 a cont9u\s rot>y motion 0 
produc$ 9 x1 !  direction ( :i* dep5ds  
bo? on ! direction ( ! curr5t1 & on  !  
pol>ity ( ! end ( ! magnet ar\nd :i* !  
rotation occurs4    ,! great value ( !  
electric motor to ! _w is too evid5t to 
ne$ any pro(4 ,! numb] ( purposes = :i* 
electric motors are n[  employ$ is s    
great t ! actual numb] ( motors 9 daily 
use is  almo/ incr$ible1 & e ye> sees   
?is numb] rapidly increas+4    ,! above 
are ! m important ma*9es or devices t h 

be5  directly d]iv$ f ,f>aday's great   
inve/igation z to ! production  (       
electricity f magnetism4 ,let u n[      
inquire briefly z to :at  useful        
processes or indu/ries h be5 r5d]$      
possible by !  exi/5ce ( ^! ma*9es4     
,app>5tly "o ( ! mo/ m>k$ requirem5ts ( 
our tw5tie?-c5tury  civilization is t   
man %all be readily able to ext5d ! day 
f>  into ! night4 ,he c no long] g to   
sleep :5 ! sun sets1 & keep  abrea/ ) 8 
competitors4 ,( all artificial          
illum9ants yet  employ$1 ! arc & !      
inc&esc5t electric lights are           
unque/ionably ! be/1 :e!r f a sanit>y1  
ae/hetic1 or true/  economical /&po9t4  
,n[1 :ile x is a well-kn[n matt] (      
record  t bo? arc & inc&esc5t lights 7  
inv5t$ long be=e  ,f>aday's "t1 yet x 0 
n until a s\rce ( electricity 0  inv5t$1
 sup]ior bo? 9 economy & conv5i5ce to ! 
voltaic  batt]y1 t ei!r ( ^! lights     
became comm]cial possibilities4  ,su* an
 electric s\rce 0 giv5 to ! _w by       
,f>aday ?r\gh 8  inv5tion ( !           

dynamo-electric ma*9e1 & x 0 n until ?is
  ma*9e 0 suffici5tly develop$ & improv$
 t comm]cial electric  light+ became    
possible4 ,! en]gy ( burn+ coal1 ?r\gh !
  /eam-eng9e1 work+ ! dynamo1 is f>     
*eap] & m effici5t =  produc+           
electricity ?an ! consumption ( metals  
?r\gh !  voltaic pile4    ,x is         
*>act]i/ic ( ! mode/y ( ,f>aday t :51 9 
aft]-life1 he he>d inv5tors speak+ ( _! 
electric lights1 he  refra9$ f claim+ ! 
electric light z 8 own1 al?\gh1 )\t  !  
ma*9e he taught ! _w h[ to con/ruct1    
comm]cial light+  w\ld h be5 an         
impossibility4    ,! m>vell\s activity 9
 ! electric arts & sci5ces1 :i*  foll[$ 
z a natural result ( ,f>aday giv+ to !  
_w 9 !  dynamo-electric ma*9e a *eap    
electric s\rce1 naturally leads to !    
inquiry z to :e!r at a some:at lat] day 
a yet great] revolution  may n foll[ !  
production ( a /ill *eap] electric      
s\rce4 ,9  po9t ( fact su* a discov]y is
 by no means an impossibility4 ,:5 a    
dynamo-electric ma*9e is caus$ to       

produce an electric curr5t by !         
int]v5tion ( a /eam-eng9e1 !            
trans=mation ( en]gy :i* takes  place f 
! en]gy ( ! coal to electric en]gy is an
 extremely  wa/eful "o4 ,c\ld "s        
practical me?od be discov]$ by means (  
:i* ! burn+ ( coal lib]ates electric    
en]gy1 in/ead ( heat  en]gy1 an electric
 s\rce w\ld be discov]$ t w\ld f> exce$ 
9  economy ! be/ dynamo 9 exi/5ce4 ,)   
su* a discov]y :at !  results w\ld be no
 "o c say2 ?is mu* is c]ta91 t x w\ld1  
among o!r ?+s1 relegate ! /eam-eng9e to 
! scrap-heap1 &  solve ! problem ( a]ial
 navigation4    ,:at is ju/ly reg>d$ z  
"o ( ! greate/ a*ievem5ts ( mod]n  times
 is ! electrical transmission ( p[] ov] 
comp>atively great  di/ances4 ,at "s    
*eap s\rce ( en]gy1 say1 at a wat]fall1 
a  wat]-:eel is employ$ to drive a      
dynamo or g5]ator1 ?us conv]t+          
me*anical en]gy into electrical en]gy4  
,?is electricity is pass$  ov] a        
conduct+ l9e to a di/ant /ation1 :]e x  
is ei!r directly  utiliz$ = ! purpose ( 

light+1 heat+1 *emical decomposition1   
etc41 or indirectly utiliz$ = ! purpose 
( obta9+ me*anical  p[] = driv+ ma*9]y1 
by pass+ x ?r\gh an electric motor4  ,! 
electric transmission ( p[] has be5     
successfully made 9  ,cali=nia ov] a    
di/ance ( "s #bbj miles1 at a pressure  
on  transmission l9es ( #ej1jjj volts4  
,! high pressures requir$ = ! economical
 use ( transmission l9es  necessitates !
 employm5t ( trans=m]s at ea* end ( !   
l9e2  namely1 /ep-up trans=m]s at !     
transmitt+ end1 to raise !  voltage     
deliv]$ by ! g5]ators1 & /ep-d[n        
trans=m]s1 at !  receiv+ end1 to l[] x =
 use 9 ! v>i\s translat+ devices4  ,^!  
trans=m]s are employ$ 9 connection )    
alt]nat+-curr5t  dynamos4 ,f>aday n only
 gave to ! _w ! fir/ electric  g5]ator1 
b also ! fir/ trans=m]1 & "o ( ! fir/   
electric  motors1 & )\t ^! gifts !      
electric transmission ( p[] ov]  long   
di/ances1 :i* has ju/ly be5 reg>d$ z "o 
( ! mo/  m>vell\s a*ievem5ts ( our age1 
w\ld h be5 an impossibility4    ,9      

high-t5sion circuits ov] :i* su*        
pressures z #ej1jjj volts is            
transmitt$1 no little difficulty is     
exp]i5c$ f leakage &  consequ5t loss (  
en]gy4 ,?is leakage occurs bo? betwe5 ! 
l9e  conductors & at ! insulators plac$ 
on ! pole l9es =m+ !  l9e circuit4 ,!   
insulators are made ei!r ( glass or     
porcela91 &  are ( a peculi> =m kn[n z  
triple petticoat patt]n4 ,! loss on  su*
 l9es1 due to leakage betwe5 wires1 is  
great] ?an t :i*  takes place at ! pole 
insulators1 & is dim9i%$ by keep+ !     
circuit wires z f> ap>t z possible4     
,9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! art1 electric      
transmission ( p[] 0  effect$ by means (
 direct-curr5t g5]ators &               
motors1--g5]ators  & motors ?r\gh :i* ! 
curr5t always pass$ 9 ! same  direction4
 ,su* g5]ators & motors1 h[ev]1 possess$
 inconv5i5ces  t prev5t$ ext5sive       
comm]cial transmission ( p[]1 s9ce1 z we
  h se51 high pressure 0 necess>y =     
effici5cy 9 su*  transmission1 & !      
collect+-bru%es & commutators employ$ 9 

all  direct-curr5t g5]ators & motors to 
c>ry ! curr5t f !  ma*9e or to ! motor1 
7 a con/ant s\rce ( tr\ble & dang]4     
,:5 ! alt]nat+-curr5t motor fir/ same   
into g5]al use1 x 0  employ$1 9         
connection ) ! alt]nat+-curr5t g5]ator1 
9  electric transmission sy/ems2 b su*  
motors also possess !  inconv5i5ce ( n  
readily />t+ f a /ate ( re/1 ) _!  full 
turn+ p[]1 or torque1 & ( !re=e be+     
unsuitable :]e  ! motor requires to be  
frequ5tly /opp$ or />t$4 ,_h ^!         
difficulties rema9$ unsolv$1            
long-di/ance electric transmission (    
p[]1 s successful 9 op]ation to-day1 &  
:i* bids fair to be  /ill m successful 9
 ! ne> future1 w\ld h be5 impossible4   
,=tunately1 ^! difficulties 7 ov]come by
 ! g5ius ( ,nikola  ,tesla1 9 ! inv5tion
 ( ! multiphase alt]nat+-curr5t motor1  
or  ! induction motor1 z x is n[ g5]ally
 call$4 ,al?\gh ,baily1  ,deprez1 &     
,f]r>is _h accompli%$ mu* be=e ,tesla's 
"t1 yet x  0 practically to !           
inve/igations & discov]ies made by      

,tesla1  betwe5 #ahhg & #ahia1 t !      
induction motor ( to-day is due4        
,ano!r requirem5t ( our tw5tie?-c5tury  
civilization is rapid  transit1 ei!r    
urban or int]-urban1 & ?is is af=d$ by  
v>i\s  sy/ems ( electric /reet railways 
or electric traction g5]ally1  includ+  
electric locomotives & electric         
automobiles4 ,! wond]ful  gr[? 9 ?is    
direction :i* has be5 witness$ 9 ! la/  
few  decades w\ld h be5 impossible )\t !
 electric g5]ator &  motor1 bo? gifts ( 
,f>aday to ! _w4 ,_! application 9 ?is  
direction mu/1 !re=e1 g to swell ! debt 
our civilization owes to  ! labors ( ?is
 great inve/igator4    ,9 ! sy/em (     
electric /reet-c> propulsion v g5]ally  
employ$  to-day1 a s+le trolley :eel is 
employ$ = tak+ ! driv+  curr5t f an     
ov]head conductor1 susp5d$ above !      
/reet4 ,!  trolley :eel is support$ by a
 trolley pole1 & is ma9ta9$ 9 good      
electric contact ) ! trolley wire1 or   
ov]head conductor4 ,by ?is  means !     
curr5t passes f ! wire d[n ! conductor  

connect$ )  ! trolley pole1 !nce ?r\gh !
 motors plac$ bel[ ! body ( !  c>1 & f  
!m1 ?r\gh ! track or gr\nd-return1 back 
to !  p[] /ation4 ,a small portion ( !  
curr5t is employ$ = light+  ! electric  
lamps 9 ! c>4 ,9 "s sy/ems an und]gr\nd 
trolley  is employ$4    ,an important   
device1 call$ ! s]ies-p>allel controll]1
 is employ$  9 all sy/ems ( electric    
/reet-c> propulsion4 ,x consi/s ( means 
by :i* ! />t+ & /opp+ ( ! c>1 & *anges1 
bo? 9 its  spe$ & direction1 are plac$  
"u ! control ( ! motorman4 ,a  sep>ate  
controll] is plac$ on bo? plat=ms ( !   
c>4 ,!  s]ies-p>allel controll] consi/s 
ess5tially ( a swit* by means (  :i* !  
sev]al motors1 t are employ$ 9 all /reet
 c>s1 c  be v>i\sly connect$ ) ea* o!r1 
or ) diff]5t electric  resi/ances1 or c 
be successively cut out or introduc$    
into !  circuit1 s t ! spe$ ( ! c> c be 
regulat$ at w1 z !  h&le ( ! controll]  
is mov$ by ! motorman to ! v>i\s not*es 
on ! top ( ! controll] box4 ,z g5]ally  
arrang$1 ! spe$  increases f ! fir/ not*

 or />t+ position to ! la/ not*1        
movem5ts 9 ! opposite direction *ang+   
connections 9 ! opposite  ord] (        
succession1 &1 !re=e1 sl[+ ! c>4 ,!re   
is1 h[ev]1  no def9ite spe$ correspond+ 
to ea* not*1 = ?is w v>y )  ! load on   
ea* c>1 & ) ! gradi5t ^u :i* x may  be  
runn+4    ,b !re is ano!r valuable gift 
receiv$ by ! _w z a result (  ?is great 
discov]y ( ,f>aday2 namely1 t mo/       
m>vell\s in/rum5t  ( mod]n times1 !     
speak+ telephone4 ,?is in/rum5t 0 inv5t$
 9  #ahfa1 by ,philip ,ries1 &          
subsequ5tly indep5d5tly re9v5t$ 9 #ahgf1
  by ,eli%a ,gray & ,alex&] ,graham     
,bell4    ,z is well kn[n1 x is electric
 curr5ts & n s\nd-waves t are           
transmitt$ ov] a telephone circuit4 ,!  
magneto-electric telephone 9  its       
simple/ =m consi/s ( a pair ( in/rum5ts 
call$ respectively  ! transmitt] & !    
receiv]4 ,we talk into ! transmitt] &   
li/5 at ! receiv]4 ,bo? transmitt] &    
receiv] consi/ ( a  p]man5t magnet (    
h>d5$ /eel ar\nd "o end ( :i* is plac$ a

  coil ( insulat$ wire4 ,9 front ( ?is  
coil a diaphragm1 or ?9  plate1 ( s(t   
iron1 is s support$ z to be capable (   
freely  vibrat+ t[>ds & f ! magnet pole4
    ,! op]ation ( ! transmitt+ in/rum5t 
is readily und]/ood 9  ! light (        
,f>aday's discov]y4 ,x is simply a      
dynamo-electric ma*9e  driv5 by ! voice 
( ! speak]4 ,z ! s\nd-waves f !         
speak]'s voice /rike aga9/ ! diaphragm1 
:i* has become magnetic  f its ne>ness  
to ! magnet pole1 electric curr5ts are  
g5]at$ 9  ! coil ( wire surr\nd+ su*    
pole1 s9ce ! to-&-fro motions  cause !  
l9es ( electro-magnetic =ce to pass     
?r\gh ! wire on  ! mov+ coil4 ,!        
op]ation ( ! receiv+ in/rum5t is also   
readily und]/ood4 ,x acts z an electric 
motor driv5 by !  to-&-fro curr5ts      
g5]at$ by ! transmitt]4 ,z ^! curr5ts   
are  transmitt$ ov] ! wire1 !y pass     
?r\gh ! coil ( wire on !  receiv+       
in/rum5t1 & reproduce !re9 ! exact      
movem5ts ( !  transmitt+ diaphragm1     
s9ce1 z !y /r5g!n or weak5 !  magnetism 

( ! pole1 !y cause simil> motions 9 !   
diaphragm  plac$ be=e x4 ,consequ5tly1  
"o li/5+ at ! receiv+ diaphragm  w he>  
all t is utt]$ into ! transmitt+        
diaphragm4 ,x 0  ?us1 by ! comb9ation ( 
! dynamo & motor1 bo? ( :i* 7  giv5 by  
,f>aday to ! _w1 t we h receiv$ ?is     
priceless  in/rum5t1 :i* has be5 s pot5t
 9 its effects on ! civilization  ( !   
,tw5tie? c5tury4    ,! electric         
telegraph _h its beg9n+s long be=e      
,f>aday's "t4 ,z  e>ly z #ahdg1 ,watson 
_h erect$ a l9e "s two miles 9 l5g?1    
ext5d+ ov] ! h\setops 9 ,london1 &      
op]at$ x by means (  dis*>ges f an      
ord9>y frictional electric ma*9e4 ,9    
#aggd1 ,lesage  _h erect$ 9 ,g5eva an   
electric telegraph consi/+ ( a numb] (  
metallic wires1 "o = ea* lett] ( !      
alphabet4 ,^! wires 7  c>efully insulat$
 f ea* o!r4 ,:5 a message 0 to be s5t   
ov]  ?is e>ly telegraphic l9e an        
electric dis*>ge 0 pass$ ?r\gh !        
p>ticul> wire repres5t+ ! lett] ( !     
alphabet to be s5t2 ?is  dis*>ge1 rea*+ 

! o!r end1 caus$ a pi?ball to be repell$
 &  ?us labori\sly1 lett] by lett]1 !   
message 0 transmitt$4 ,h[  ludicr\sly   
cumb]some 0 su* an in/rum5t :5 contra/$ 
) !  ,morse electro-magnetic telegraph (
 to-day1 :i* requires b a s+le  wire2 or
 ) ! h>monic telegraph ( ,gray1 :i*     
p]mits !  simultane\s transmission (    
eight or m sep>ate messages ov] a  s+le 
wire2 or ) ! wond]ful quadruplex        
telegraphic sy/em (  ,edison :i* p]mits 
! simultane\s transmission ( f\r sep>ate
 &  di/9ct messages ov] a s+le wire1 two
 9 "o direction1 & two 9  ! opposite    
direction at ! same "t2 or ) ! /ill m   
wond]ful multiplex telegraph ( ,delaney1
 :i* is able to  simultane\sly transmit 
z _m z sev5ty-two sep>ate messages ov] a
  s+le wire1 ?irty-six 9 "o direction & 
?irty-six 9 ! opposite  direction4 ,^!  
a*ievem5ts h be5 possible only ?r\gh !  
rese>*es & discov]ies ( ,o]/$1 ,f>aday1 
& ho/s ( o!r  em95t work]s2 =1 x 0 !    
electro-magnet1 r5d]$ possible by       
,o]/$1 toge!r ) ! magnific5t discov]ies 

( ,f>aday1 &  o!rs s9ce 8 "t1 t ^!      
m>vell\s advances 9  electro-telegraphic
 transmission ( intellig5ce h become    
possibilities4    ,be=e complet+ ?is    
brief sket* ( "s ( ! effects t          
,f>aday's "w has _h on ! practical arts 
& sci5ces1 let u  briefly exam9e !      
g5]at+ plants t are ei!r 9 op]ation or  
con/ruction at ,niag>a ,falls4    ,"s   
idea ( ! size ( ! ,niag>a ,falls g5]at+ 
plant on !  ,am]ican side may be ga9$ f 
! fact t !re h already be5  in/all$     
elev5 ( ! sep>ate #e1jjj horse-p[]      
g5]ators4 ,!  rema9+ capacity ( ! tunnel
 w p]mit ( ! in/allation (  #ej1jjj     
additional horse-p[]1 or #aje1jjj       
horse-p[] 9 all4    ,on ! ,canadian side
 ( ! ,falls ano!r great plant is ab\t to
 be  erect$ ) an ultimate capacity (    
sev]al hundr$ ?\s&  horse-p[]4 ,"h1     
h[ev]1 ! size ( ! g5]at+ unit w be      
d\ble t on ! ,am]ican side1 or #aj1jjj  
horse-p[]4 ,^!  g5]ators w be w\nd to   
produce an electric pressure ( #ab1jjj  
volts1 rais$ by means ( /ep-up trans=m]s

 to #bb1jjj1 #dj1jjj1 &  #fj1jjj volts1 
accord+ to ! di/ance ( transmission4    
,ea* ( !  revolv+ p>ts ( ^! ma*9es w    
weigh #ada1jjj p\nds4 ,to :at  gigantic 
proportions has ! little infant dynamo (
 ,f>aday gr[n 9  ?is %ort "t s9ce its   
bir?6    ,! l[ rates at :i* electric p[]
 c be sold 9 ! imm$iate  neighborhood ( 
! ,niag>a g5]at+ plant h naturally      
result$ 9  an enorm\s gr[? ( !          
electro-*emical indu/ries1 = ^!         
indu/ries c\ld nev] o!rwise develop into
 ext5d$ comm]cial  applications4 ,( !   
total output (1 say1 #ee1jjj horse-p[]  
at !  ,niag>a ,falls g5]at+ plant1 no   
less ?an #bc1bjj horse-p[] is us$  9    
v>i\s electrolytic & electro-!rmal      
processes 9 ! imm$iate  neighborhood4   
,"s ( ! m important consum]s ( !        
electric  p[]1 nam$ 9 ! ord] (          
consumption1 are = ! manufacture ( !    
foll[+ products3 calcium c>bide1        
alum9ium1 cau/ic soda &  blea*+ salt1   
c>borundum1 & graphite4    ,calcium     
c>bide1 employ$ 9 ! production (        

acetyl5e gas1 ei!r =  ! purposes (      
artificial illum9ation1 or = !          
manufacture ( e?yl  alcohol1 is produc$ 
by subject+ a mixture ( c>bon & lime to 
!  prolong$ action ( heat 9 an electric 
furnace4    ,alum9ium1 ! n[ well-kn[n   
valuable metal1 pres5t 9 clay1 bauxite1 
& a v>iety ( o!r m9]al sub/ances1 is    
electrolytically deposit$  f a ba? (    
alum9a obta9$ by dissolv+ bauxite ei!r 9
  potassium fluoride or 9 cryolite4     
,alum9ium is n[ com+ into ext5d$  use 9 
! con/ruction ( long-di/ance electric   
p[]  transmission l9es4    ,cau/ic soda 
& blea*+ salt are produc$ by !          
electrolytic  decomposition ( br9e      
7*loride ( sodium74 ,! *lor9e lib]at$ at
  ! anode is employ$ 9 ! manufacture (  
blea*+-salt1 & !  sodium is lib]at$ at a
 m]cury ca?ode1 ) :i* x at once ent]s   
into comb9ation z an alloy4 ,on ?r[+ ?is
 alloy into wat] !  sodium is lib]at$ z 
cau/ic soda4    ,c>borundum1 a silicide 
( c>bon1 is a valuable sub/ance produc$ 
by  ! action ( ! heat ( an electric     

furnace on an intimate mixture (  c>bon 
& s&4 ,x has an ext5sive use z an       
abrasive = gr9d+ &  poli%+4             
,artificial graphite is ano!r product   
produc$ by ! long-cont9u$  action ( !   
heat ( ! electric furnace on c>bon "u   
c]ta9  conditions4    ,accord+ to       
reports f ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological   
,survey1 !  graphite works at ,niag>a   
,falls produc$ 9 #aija1 #b1ejj1jjj lbs4 
(  artificial graphite1 valu$ at        
#aai1jjj4 ,?is 0 an increase f  #hfj1bgj
 lbs41 valu$ at #fi1hfj = #aijj1 & f    
#afb1chb lbs41 valu$  at #aj1adj1 9     
#ahig1 ! fir/ ye> ( its comm]cial       
production4 ,9  #aija1 m ?an half ( !   
output 0 9 ! =m ( graphitiz$  electrodes
 employ$ 9 ! production ( cau/ic soda & 
blea*+  salt1 & 9 o!r electrolytic      
processes4    ,! ,niag>a ,falls p[]     
transmission sy/em /&s to-day z a       
magnific5t te/imonial to ! g5ius (      
,f>aday1 & z a liv+  monum5t ( ! v>i$ & 
valuable gifts 8 rese>*es h be/[$  ^u   
mank9d4 ,= "h we h n only ! dynamo1     

motors1 &  trans=m]s t he gave freely to
 ! _w1 n only !  alt]nat+-curr5t        
trans=m]1 & ! sy/em ( transmission (    
p[]1 b we ev5 f9d t ! pr9cipal consum]s 
( ! enorm\s  electric p[] produc$ are   
employ+ x 9 c>ry+ on "s ( ! _m          
processes 9 electro-*emi/ry1 a sci5ce t 
he _h done s mu*  to advance4    ,among 
"s ( ! surprises electro-*emi/ry may h 9
 /ore = !  _w 9 ! comp>atively ne>      
future1 may be a ne>] approa* to a      
ma/]y ( ! laws :i* gov]n ! comb9ation ( 
elem5t>y  sub/ances :5 "u ! influ5ce (  
plant-life4 ,if ^! laws ev]  become s   
well kn[n t man is able to =m hi 8      
laboratory !  v>i\s food products t are 
n[ =m$ naturally 9 plant organisms1  su*
 a revolution w\ld be wr\ght t ! "w ( ! 
agriculturi/  w\ld be l>gely transf]r$  
to ! electro-*emi/4 ,"s little has      
already be5 done 9 ! direct =mation ( "s
 vegetable sub/ances1  su* z camphor1 ! 
peculi> flavor+ sub/ance pres5t 9 !     
vanilla  bean1 & 9 _m o!r sub/ances4    
,%\ld su* discov]ies ev] rea*  to !     

direct =mation ( "s food /aple1 !       
wide-rea*+  importance & significance ( 
! discov]y w\ld be almo/ beyond         
compreh5sion4    ,b1 :ile ! direct      
electro-syn!tic =mation ( food products 
is  yet to be accompli%$ on a practical 
scale1 ! problem appe>s to be  ne>+     
actual solution 9 an indirect mann]4 ,x 
has be5 kn[n s9ce  ! "t ( ,cav5di%1 9   
#aghe1 t small quantities ( nitric acid 
c\ld be =m$ directly f ! nitrog5 & oxyg5
 ( ! atmosph]e  by ! passage ( electric 
sp>ks2 b h]et(ore1 ! quantity s f\nd    
has be5 too small to be ( any comm]cial 
value4 ,q rec5tly1  h[ev]1 "o ( !       
electro-*emical companies at ,niag>a    
,falls has  succe$$ 9 comm]cially solv+ 
! important problem ( ! fixation  ( !   
nitrog5 ( ! atmosph]e2 x be+ claim$ t ! 
co/ (  ?us produc+ "o ton ( comm]cial   
nitric acid1 ( a m>ket value (  ov]     
eighty doll>s1 does n greatly exce$     
tw5ty doll>s4 ,s9ce  sodium nitrate c   
readily be produc$ by ! process1 & its  
value z  a f]tiliz] ( :eat-fields is too

 well kn[n to ne$ comm5t1 !re  w\ld ?us1
 to a limit$ ext5t1 be indirectly solv$ 
!  electro-*emical production ( food    
/aples4    ,f>aday's high rank z an     
inve/igator 9 ! doma9 ( natural sci5ce  
0 fully recogniz$ by ! le>n$ societies (
 8 "t1 by admission  into _! fell[%ips4 
,z e>ly z #ahbd1 he 0 honor$ by ! ,royal
  ,society ( ,london by election z "o ( 
its ,fell[s1 & 9 #ahbe he _h  become a  
memb] ( ! ,royal ,in/itution4 ,x is     
record$ ( ! great  philosoph] t !       
memb]%ip 9 ! ,royal ,in/itution 0 ! only
  "o :i* he p]sonally s\ght2 all o!rs   
came uns\ght1 b !y came  s rapidly f all
 portions ( ! globe t 9 #ahdd he 0 a    
memb]  ( no less ?an sev5ty ( ! lead+   
le>n$ societies ( ! _w4  ,ries1 ! ,g]man
 electrician1 s well kn[n 9 connection )
 8  inv5tion ( ! speak+ telephone1      
address$ ,f>aday z ,pr(essor  ,mi*ael   
,f>aday1 ,memb] ( all ! ,academies4     
,besides 8 memb]%ip 9  ! le>n$          
societies1 ,f>aday receiv$ num]\s       
degrees f !  colleges & univ]sities ( 8 

"t4 ,among "s ( ^! are !  foll[+3 ,!    
,univ]sity ( ,prague1 ! degree (        
,ph4,d42 ,ox=d1 !  degree ( ,d4,c4,l42 &
 ,cambridge1 ! degree ( ,,ll4,d4 ,he    
also receiv$  num]\s m$als ( honor1 & 0 
(f]$ ! ,presid5cy ( ! ,royal  ,society1 
:i*1 h[ev]1 he decl9$1 z he did also a  
knigh?ood  pr(f]$ by ! gov]nm5t (       
,engl&4 ,f>aday di$ on ! #be? (  ,augu/1
 #ahfg1 aft] a long1 well-sp5t1 useful  
life4    ,we h ?us briefly trac$ "s ( ! 
m important discov]ies (  ,mi*ael       
,f>aday4 ,_m h necess>ily be5 pass$ by1 
b :at we h  giv5 are m ?an suffici5t to 
/amp him z a great philosoph] &         
inve/igator4 ,speak+ ( ,f>aday 9 ?is    
connection1 ,pr(essor ,tyndall  says3   
,take him = all 9 all1 ,i ?9k x w be    
conc$$ t ,mi*ael  ,f>aday is ! greate/  
exp]im5tal philosoph] ! _w has ev]  se52
 & ,i w add ! op9ion t ! progress (     
future rese>*  w t5d n to dim9i% or     
decrease1 b to enhance & glorify1 !     
labors ( ?is mighty inve/igator4        
,,au?orities4    ,exp]im5tal ,rese>*es 9

 ,electricity4 ,by ,mi*ael ,f>aday4 ,f !
  ,philosophical ,transactions4         
,ab/racts ( ! ,philosophical            
,transactions f #ahjj to #ahcg4         
,f>aday's ,exp]im5tal ,rese>*es 9       
,electricity & ,magnetism4 #c vols4     
,life & ,lett]s ( ,f>aday4 ,by ,dr4     
,b5ce ,jones4    ,mi*ael ,f>aday4 ,by   
,j4,h4 ,glad/one4    ,/ud5ts'           
,text-,book ( ,electricity4 ,by ,h5ry   
,m4 ,noad4 ,revis$ by ,w4,h4  ,preece4  
,mi*ael ,f>aday4 ,by ,john ,tyndall4    
,pione]s ( ,electricity4 ,by ,j4 ,munro4
    ,dynamo-,electric ,ma*9]y4 ,by      
,silvanus ,p4 ,?ompson4    ,a ,diction>y
 ( ,electrical ,words1 ,t]ms1 &         
,phrases4 ,by ,edw9 ,j4  ,h\/on4        
,electricity & ,magnetism4 ,by ,edw9 ,j4
 ,h\/on4    ,electricity ,"o ,hundr$    
,ye>s ,ago & ,to-,day4 ,by ,edw9 ,j4    
,h\/on4    ,magnetism2                  
,electro-,te*nical ,s]ies4 ,by ,edw9 ,j4
 ,h\/on & ,ar?ur ,e4  ,k5nelly4         
,electro-,dynamic ,ma*9]y4 ,by ,edw9 ,j4
 ,h\/on & ,a4 ,e4 ,k5nelly4             

,,rudolf ,,vir*[4      #ahba-aijb4      
,,m$ic9e ,,& ,,surg]y4    ,,by ,,frank  
,p4 ,,fo/]1 ,m4,d4      ,/agnation 0 !  
/ate ( m$ic9e :5 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury     
op5$4  ,x 0 only ?ree ye>s be=e t ,j5n] 
_h ann\nc$ &  demon/rat$ ! protective   
efficacy ( vacc9ation aga9/ small-pox4  
,8 tea*+1 9 spite ( ! vehem5t cavill+s (
 ! antis ( 8  day1 ga9$ cr$5ce readily1 
& vacc9ation spe$ily became recogniz$  &
 0 con/antly resort$ to1 b h>dly any    
attempt at p]fect+ !  practice 0 made   
until aft] m ?an fifty ye>s _h elaps$4  
,8  discov]y--or1 r1 8 pro( ( ! tru? ( a
 ru/ic  tradition--fell l a pebble into 
! doldrums2 ! ripple soon  subsid$1 &   
nobody 0 enc\rag$ to />t ano!r4 ,at !   
pres5t  "t su* an ann\ncem5t w\ld be    
promptly foll[$ by inve/igations  lead+ 
up to su* doctr9es z t ( ! att5uation ( 
viruses &  t ( antitox9es4 ,b ! times 7 
n ripe = any?+ ( t  sort2 m$ic9e repos$ 
on tradition1 or at be/ gave itself only
 to su*  plausibilities 9 ! way (       
innovation z 7 clev]ly advocat$4        

,physicians /rove n to advance ! heal+  
art2 z individuals1 !y  7 cont5t to rely
 on _! mann]s1 _! tact1 & _! assumption 
( wisdom4 ,9 %ort1 ! body m$ical 0 9 a  
/ate ( susp5d$  animation1 possess$ ( a 
m]e vegetative exi/5ce4    ,! ,humoral  
pa?ology1 or t doctr9e ( ! nature (     
disease :i*  ascrib$ all ailm5ts to     
excess1 defici5cy1 or ill concoction (  
"s  "o ( ! f\r humors 7yell[ & black    
bile1 blood1 & phlegm71 _h  n yet lo/   
its hold on m5's convictions1 or at lea/
 n fur!r ?an  to make !m look ^u        
exposure to cold & errors ( diet z amply
  explanatory ( all diseases n pla9ly   
infecti\s4 ,! m$ical writ]s  :o 7 mo/   
rev]$ 7 ^? :o busi$ !mselves ) nosology2
  t is to say1 ! nam+ & classify+ (     
diseases4 ,wond]ful 7  ! onomatological 
feats p]=m$ by "s ( ^! m51 & mo/  div]se
 & grotesque 7 ! data on :i* !y f\nd$ _!
  classifications4 ,to label a disease 0
 high art2 to cure x 0  some?+ t        
,provid5ce might or might n all[4 ,9 !  
treatm5t (  /h5ic acute diseases 7mean+ 

^? accompani$ by excitem5t &  high      
fev]71 blood-lett+1 m]cury giv5 to !    
po9t ( salivation1  antimony1 & opium1  
toge!r ) />vation 7all includ$ "u !     
euphemism ( l[]+ measures71 7 ! means   
univ]sally resort$  to & reput$ %eet    
an*ors4 ,"s advance _h be5 made f !     
times :5 disease _h be5 look$ ^u z an   
entity to be exorcis$1  b x 0 /ill s f> 
reg>d$ z a mat]ial ?+ t x 0 to be  />v$ 
out4    ,b ! c5tury 0 n out ( its second
 decade :5 signs ( an  awak5+ f ?is     
le?>gy began to %[ !mselves4 ,! fir/    
/eps1  naturally1 7 along prep>atory    
l9es1 & = ^? we are l>gely  indebt$ to !
 physici/s1 ! *emi/s1 & ! botani/s4     
,gross  anatomy became bett] kn[n1 ow+ =
 ! mo/ "p to m enlight5$  legislation on
 ! subject ( ! dissection ( ! human     
body2 m9ute  anatomy 7hi/ology7 sprang  
into exi/5ce z ! result ( improvem5ts  (
 ! comp\nd microscope4 ,physiology took 
on some?+ ( !  exp]im5tal2 & m$ication 0
 r5d]$ f> less gross & repulsive  by !  
isolation ( ! active pr9ciples ( m$ic9al

 plants4 ,b x  0 long aft] all ?is t !  
tell+ /rides 7 tak54 ,up to  )9 ! memory
 ( _m m5 :o are n[ liv+1 p]itonitis     
tortur$  its victims to dea?1 said      
p]itonitis be+ (t5 int]pret$ z a        
manife/ation ( rheumatism1 = example1 & 
no well-direct$  int]position 0 attempt$
 aga9/ x1 :]eas we n[ "k p]fectly  well 
t ! va/ majority ( cases ( p]itonitis   
are due to local  septic poison+ & = !  
mo/ "p q readily rem$iable by !  removal
 7) a m9imum ( dang]7 ( ! organ f :i*   
su*  poison+ arises--almo/ always !     
v]mi=m app5dix4 ,app5dicitis1  ( :i* we 
he> s mu* n[adays1 is no new disease2 x 
is simply !  p]itonitis t kill$ s _m p 9
 =m] times4 ,b :ile no  well-in=m$ p]son
 w\ld n[ ma9ta9 t ?is disease 0 a new   
"o1  !re are _m1 & ^?1 too1 among ! be/ 
in/ruct$1 :o f9d x  difficult to avoid !
 conclusion t1 if n new1 x mu/ at lea/  
be  ( f> m frequ5t occurr5ce ?an =m]ly4 
,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d1  h[ev]1 t 9 !    
great majority ( in/ances 9 pa/ ye>s x  
end$  spontane\sly 9 recov]y & 0 =gott54

    ,two features ( ! progress 9 m$ic9e 
9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1  negative z !y may
 seem to h be51 7 und\bt$ly pot5t 9 !   
promotion ( advance4 ,!y 7 ! recognition
 ( ! fact t _m  dang]\s diseases are    
self-limit$1 & ! exp]im5t ( ! s-call$   
expectant treatm5t4 ,! result ( ! fir/ (
 !m 0 to tea* m5  to desi/ f futile     
attempts to cure ! self-limit$ diseases1
 9  ! s5se ( cutt+ !m %ort 9 _! c\rse1 &
 ! expectant  treatm5t foll[$ z a       
natural consequ5ce4 ,x 0 a me?od (      
manag+ disease r ?an attempt+ to cure x4
 ,!re 0 no  int]f]5ce save to promote ! 
pati5t's com=t1 to n\ri% him z  ?or\ghly
 z might be )\t unduly tax+ 8 p[]s1 & to
 meet  complications z !y arose4 ,x 0   
/oop+ to conqu]1 p]haps1 b x  0 a policy
 t conduc$ greatly to ! well-be+ ( !    
sick1  improv$ _! *ances ( recov]y1 &   
enabl$ physicians to /udy  disease m    
accurately by reason ( its c\rse n be+  
r5d]$  irregul> by m$dlesome m$ication4 
,x has nev] be5 dropp$1 & x  nev] w be1 
save z su* directly curative ag5ts z !  

antitox9es  are made available4    ,9 ! 
e>ly "p ( ! c5tury1 except = gross      
anatomy & op]ative  surg]y1 m$ic9e 0    
taught almo/ :olly1 s f> z ! s*ools 7   
conc]n$1 by means ( didactic lectures4  
,! draw+ capacity ( a  pr(essor 0       
proportionate r to 8 rhetorical p[]s &  
to !  p]suasiv5ess ) :i* he inculcat$ ! 
views peculi> to himself  ?an to ! am\nt
 ( real in=mation t he convey$ to !     
/ud5ts4  ,al?\gh ! appr5tice sy/em--= t 
0 :at ! practice (  /ud5ts' atta*+      
!mselves to individual practition]s1 :om
 !y  call$ _! preceptors1 virtually     
am\nt$ to--9 _m in/ances made  up m or  
less completely = ! lack ( sy/ematic    
cl9ical tea*+1  yet 9 ! great majority (
 cases x am\nt$ to little m ?an !       
preceptor's all[+ ! /ud5t ! use ( 8     
libr>y & occasionally  exam9+ into !    
latt]'s dilig5ce & intellig5ce1 9 return
 =  :i* he1 ! preceptor1 requir$ an     
annual fee & exact$ f !  /ud5t su* m9or 
s]vices z 8 pr(ici5cy enabl$ him to     
r5d]4 ,x  is true ! /ud5ts walk$ !      

hospitals1 dr9k+ 9 "s great  man's      
utt]ances1 b !y did x 9 droves1 n a     
moiety ( !m be+  able to get a good look
 at a pati5t1 unless x 0 su* a pass+    
glance z might tell !m t ! pati5t 0     
jaundic$4 ,by cl9ical  tea*+ we und]/&  
tea*+1 n 9 glitt]+ g5]alities1 b 9  !   
concrete1 ei!r at ! b$side1 z ! ^w      
cl9ical orig9ally  impli$1 or at lea/ ) 
! pati5t actually pres5t to illu/rate 9 
8 p]son ! pr(essor's descriptions & !   
success or failure (  ! treatm5t        
employ$4 ,! cl9ic is n[ firmly e/abli%$1
 & has  be5 = ye>s1 b x 0 long be=e ?is 
gr& result 0 atta9$4    ,exp]im5tal     
me?ods ( /udy gradually came into vogue1
 p>ticul>ly 9  ! doma9 ( physiology4 ,9 
?is sph]e ,dr4 ,william ,beaumont1 ( !  
,unit$ ,/ates ,army1 0 a pione]4 ,8     
hi/oric exp]im5ts on ,alexis  ,/4 ,m>t91
 a soldi] :o _h be5 w\nd$ 9 ! /oma* &   
recov]$  ) a p]man5t op5+ into t organ1 
w ev] rank among ! mo/  important ( !   
e>ly exp]im5tal /udies ( dige/ion4 ,x 0 
n  long be=e ,claude ,b]n>d ext5d$      

simil> inquiries to ! o!r  functions ( !
 body1 notably ^? ( ! n]v\s sy/em2 &    
s9ce  8 "t !re has be5 a long array (   
brilliant inve/igators (  physiology & (
 o!r bran*es ( sci5ce tribut>y to       
m$ic9e4  ,exp]im5ts on liv+ animals 7   
almo/ ! only means ( c>ry+ on  ^!       
rese>*es4 ,9 ! e>ly days ! animals      
employ$ 7 d\btless  put to a great deal 
( pa9--p]haps 9 _m in/ances to          
unnecess>y  suff]+--& an altoge!r       
laudable feel+ ( humanity has l$ good  p
 to b& !mselves toge!r = ! purpose (    
putt+ a /op to  vivisection1 or at lea/ 
( greatly re/rict+ ! practice & (  free+
 x f all avoidable infliction ( pa94 ,^!
 praisewor?y  ef=ts h 9 "s in/ances be5 
c>ri$ s f>1 un=tunately1 z to  s]i\sly  
hamp] sci5tific                         
inve/igation--inve/igation :i* has =    
its object ! alleviation ( human suff]+ 
& ! sav+ ( human  life4 ,we may e>ne/ly 
deprecate & /rive to prev5t wanton      
reit]ation ( pa9ful exp]im5ts = purposes
 ( demon/rat+ anew  t :i* is unque/ion$1

 & we may resort to all possible means  
to  r5d] necess>y exp]im5ts free f      
actual pa9 7f ! angui% (  trepidation we
 c seldom relieve ! poor animals71 b let
 u n  block ! :eels ( sci5tific         
progress4    ,at ! dawn ( ! ,n9ete5?    
,c5tury1 to exam9e a sick p]son's       
pulse1 to inspect 8 tongue1 to obs]ve 8 
brea?+1 to int]rogate  8 sk9 by our s5se
 ( t\*1 & to try to make 8 /atem5ts &   
^? ( 8 fri5ds fit 9 ) "s t5able !ory ( !
 nature (  8 ailm5t1 7 ab\t all we c\ld 
d4 ,possibly x 0 because he  realiz$ to 
an uncommon degree ! trem5d\s imp$im5t (
 ?is n>r[  limitation t ,samuel         
,hahnemann1 ! f\nd] ( ,homoeopa?y1 cut !
  ,gordian knot 9 %e] rebelli\sness1 &  
proclaim$1 z he virtually  did1 t a     
diagnosis 0 n necess>y to ! successful  
treatm5t (  disease1 b t "o only ne$$ to
 "k empirically h[ to subdue  symptoms1 
mean+ ma9ly1 if n solely1 :at we t]m    
subjective  symptoms--^? ( :i* ! pati5t 
compla9s1 z oppos$ to ^? t  we ourselves
 discov]4 ,b ! physical exam9ation ( !  

sick1 be=e  extremely meagre 9 its sph]e
 & re/rict$ 9 its possibilities1 0      
de/9$ to exp& be=e _m ye>s into ! m9ute 
& positive  physical diagnosis ( !      
pres5t day4    ,9 ! ye> #ahaf a ,fr5*   
physician1 ,rn ,?ophile ,hyac9! ,la5nec1
  a*iev$ undy+ fame by publi%+ to ! _w  
an acc\nt ( 8  labors 9 ! application ( 
m$iate auscultation & ( p]cussion to  ! 
diagnosis ( ! diseases ( ! *e/4 ,x is   
true t no less a  p]sonage ?an ! ,fa!r (
 ,m$ic9e1 ,hippocrates1 is reput$ to h  
practis$ succussion z a means (         
diagnosis2 t is1 ! %ak+ ( a  pati5t1 z  
"o w\ld %ake a cask1 to asc]ta9 by !    
occurr5ce or  non-occurr5ce ( a spla%+  
s\nd if ! p]son's pleural cavity 0      
di/5d$ p>tly ) wat] & p>tly ) air4 ,x is
 probable t  ,hippocrates & _m o!rs aft]
 him c>ri$ ! physical exam9ation  ( !   
*e/ /ill fur!r1 = x is difficult to     
imag9e1 = example1  t s simple a device 
z t ( ?ump+ a p>tition to make out !    
situation ( a joi/ by ! s\nd evok$ %\ld 
n e>ly h be5  appli$ to ! human *e/4 ,b1

 be ?is z x may1 to ,la5nec belongs  !  
great cr$it ( hav+ laid a sub/antial    
f\ndation = !  physical diagnosis ( !   
pres5t "t1 &1 m ?an = lay+ a  f\ndation1
 = con/ruct+ a fairly complete edifice4 
,he :o %\ld  n[ und]take to practise    
g5]al m$ic9e )\t hav+ fir/ made  himself
 pr(ici5t 9 ! detection & int]pretation 
( ! s\nds  elicit$ by auscultation &    
p]cussion 9 diseases ( ! he>t &  lungs  
w\ld =$oom himself to failure4    ,x 0 n
 until _m ye>s lat]1 e>ly 9 ! second    
half ( !  c5tury1 t ! cl9ical !rmomet]  
came into g5]al use1 b x  soon %[$ mo/  
/rik+ly ! sup]iority ( ! in/rum5t (     
precision to ! unaid$ s5ses ( man4 ,:o  
w\ld ?9k n[ ( try+  to e/imate ! height 
( a fev] by lay+ 8 h& on ! pati5t's     
sk91 or :o1 ev5 among ! laity1 w\ld be  
satisfi$ ) su* a  proc$ure8 ,d\btless1  
said ! pres5t writ] 9 a =m] publication 
7,new ,york ,m$ical ,j\rnal1 ,dec4 #bi1 
#aijj71 ! use ( ! !rmomet]  has         
occasionally giv5 rise to ne$less al>m1 
b almo/ inv>iably x  may be int]pret$ ) 

great c]ta9ty4 ,(t5 x dispels unnecess>y
  anxiety z 9 a tw9kl+ by its negative  
indication1 & surely x is  to be cr$it$ 
) be+ di/9ctly diagno/ic 9 ^? diseases (
  :i* x has itself e/abli%$ ! 'curve4'  
,by ! !rmometric  curve ( a disease is  
und]/ood ! g5]al visual impression made 
by  ! graphic *>t ( a temp]ature        
record--! c\rse ( a zigzag l9e  connect+
 ! po9ts indicat$ by ! v>i\s individual 
obs]vations4    ,num]\s o!r in/rum5ts ( 
precision are n[ 9 con/ant use1 among  !
 mo/ wond]ful ( :i* p]haps is !         
oph?almoscope1 :]eby we  are enabl$ to  
subject ! ret9a & ! int]v5+ m$ia ( ! eye
  to m9ute visual exam9ation4 ,!re is n 
an organ ( ! body t is  n n[ int]rogat$ 
daily 9 ! way ( physical diagnosis1 & we
 ev5  exam9e sep>ately ! secretion ( ea*
 ( ! two kidneys4 ,9  addition1 !re are 
multitud9\s specific signs ( :i* we 7 n 
long ago 9 complete ignorance4 ,to cite 
only "o ( ^!1 !re is  ,widal's          
agglut9ation te/1 by :i* ! bact]iologi/ 
c usually make  a diagnosis ( typhoid   

fev] f> 9 advance ( ! "t at :i* x  c\ld 
o!rwise be di/+ui%$4 ,! use ( ! ,rntg5  
rays 9  diagnosis 0 "o ( ! cr[n+        
a*ievem5ts ( ! c5tury1 & n[  we seem    
ab\t to ent] ^u a c\rse ( _! successful 
employm5t 9  ! treatm5t ( disease--ev5  
"s =ms ( canc]--z well z 9 its          
detection4    ,beyond ! v]m9 t infe/ !  
sk9 & ! hair1 tapeworm1 & a few  o!r    
inte/9al worms1 little if any?+ 0 kn[n (
 morbific  p>asites be=e ! ,n9ete5?     
,c5tury2 b ! labors ( ,van ,b5$51       
,k*5mei/]1 ,cobbold1 ,manson1 ,lav]an1 &
 o!rs h n[ e/abli%$  ! causal           
relation%ip betwe5 great numb]s ( animal
 p>asites--gross  & microscopic--& c]ta9
 def9ite morbid /ates4 ,?is has l$ to a 
great increase 9 our k ( ! connection   
betwe5 ! p>asites  ( ! l[] animals &    
grave disease 9 human be+s1 & on ?is  k 
re/ _m ( ! precautions t we are n[ able 
to take  aga9/ ! spread ( su* disease4  
,f ! consid]ation ( animal  p>asites z !
 direct causes ( disease1 we naturally  
come to !  contemplation ( ! subject (  

insects z ! c>ri]s ( disease4 ,!  lat]  
ye>s ( ! c5tury h witness$ !            
demon/ration ( ! fly's  ag5cy 9 !       
transmission ( malignant pu/ule &       
typhoid fev]1 &  t ( c]ta9 mosquitoes 9 
! conveyance ( yell[ fev] &  mal>ial    
disease4 ,we n[ "k t bad air 7! orig9al 
mean+ ( !  ^w mal>ia7 has no?+ to d )   
fev] & ague1 & t swamps  are n          
un:olesome if !y are free f infect$     
mosquitoes4 ,!  mosquito does n orig9ate
 ! mal>ial infection2 x simply s]ves z  
! tempor>y ho/ ( ! micro-organism       
7,plasmodium mal>ioe7 :i*  is ! cause ( 
! disease1 hav+ obta9$ its transi5t gue/
 f  "s human be+4 ,consequ5tly1 m>%y    
di/ricts t are full (  mosquitoes are n 
mal>i\s unless ! mosquitoes are ( ! k9ds
  capable ( lodg+ ! plasmodium1 & unless
 !re is or has rec5tly  be5 pres5t 9 !  
neighborhood "s p]son affect$ ) mal>ial 
disease4 ,moreov]1 ! mo/ virul5tly      
mal>i\s region is a safe place  (       
resid5ce = human be+s1 provid$ !y       
protect !mselves  absolutely aga9/ !    

bite ( ! mosquito4 ,?is has be5 /rik+ly 
demon/rat$ 9 ! case ( ! ,roman          
,campagna4    ,f ! disease-produc+      
animal p>asites we come n[ to ^? t  are 
believ$ to be ( vegetable nature4 ,"u ! 
g5]al "n (  bact]ia1 !re are multitudes 
( micro-organisms hav+ pa?og5ic  p[]s1  
ea* giv+ rise to "s def9ite specific    
disease1 & c]ta9  associations ( diff]5t
 bact]ia caus+ p>ticul> morbid          
conditions4  ,g5]ations ago physicians  
_h a glimm]+ ( :at we n[ t]m ! g]m  !ory
 ( disease1 z 0 %[n by _! use ( su*     
expressions z  mat]ies morbi & morbid   
poisons4 ,ev5 ! def9ite relation%ip (   
special microscopic organisms to        
individual diseases 0 =e%ad[$ by        
,salisbury ne>ly fifty ye>s ago4 ,b x 0 
n until ye>s aft] ^?  conceptions1 & 9  
no wise desc5d$ f or l$ up to by !m1 t  
an  intelligible & satisfactory g]m !ory
 ( disease 0 =mulat$4    ,x is to       
,pa/eur1 ! immortal *emi/1 t we owe ?is 
!ory1 z well  z t ( ! att5uation (      
viruses--bo? ( m ?an !oretical  import1 

s9ce !y h giv5 u aseptic surg]y1 ! p[] (
  frequ5tly prev5t+ hydrophobia1 !      
antitox9e treatm5t (  diph!ria1 & !     
ability to /ay ! h& ( ,dea? 9 ! =m (  _m
 a /alk+ pe/il5ce4 ,e infecti\s disease 
is n[ held to be  due to its own        
p>ticul> micro-organism1 & _m diseases t
 7  n until rec5tly ?\ght to be         
infecti\s are n[ class$ z su*  because  
!y h be5 prov$ to be caus$ by liv+ g]ms4
 ,conspicu\s  among ^! diseases is      
pulmon>y consumption4 ,9 ! case ( almo/ 
e "o ( ^! diseases we h discov]$ !      
specific g]m & are  able to demon/rate  
its pres5ce1 ei!r by its microscopical  
appe>ance1 by its behavior on contact ) 
c]ta9 /a9s1 or by !  =ms t cultures ( x 
assume4 ,! micro-organism ( small-pox & 
t ( canc] 7! exi/5ce ( :i* is assum$7 h 
n yet be5  isolat$4 ,"s ( ^! g]ms1 l t (
 tetanus 7lockjaw71 ga9  entrance to !  
sy/em only ?r\gh a w\nd2 o!rs1 l ^? (   
typhoid fev] & *ol]a1 are swall[$2 o!rs1
 l t (  pneumonia1 are inhal$2 /ill     
o!rs1 l t ( tub]cul\s disease1  are ei!r

 swall[$ or inhal$4 ,"s are believ$ to  
be transmissible  to ! unborn *ild2 & a 
few are ord9>ily h>mless p>asites1      
becom+ pa?og5ic only :5 !y accid5tally  
ga9 access to o!r  p>ts ( ! sy/em ?an ^?
 :i* con/itute _! natural habitat4      
,^! microscopic organisms d n by _! m]e 
pres5ce set up  disease1 unless inde$ !y
 are 9 su* ov]:elm+ numb]s z to block  !
 capill>y blood vessels me*anically4 ,"s
 ( !m are c>ri$  broadca/ 9 ! blood     
curr5t1 :ile o!rs rema9 at ! po9t (     
entrance2 9 ei!r case !y elaborate c]ta9
 products1 t]m$  tox9es1 :i* act1 ei!r  
locally or ?r\gh ! circulation1 to cause
  ! disease4 ,^! tox9es ev5tually kill !
 micro-organisms t  produc$ !m1 q z an  
animal may be smo!r$ 9 its own          
exhalations2 or at lea/ !y w\ld d s if !
 ho/ surviv$ long  en\gh = ! completion 
( ! process4 ,meantime1 !y h ei!r  kill$
 ! ho/ or be5 defeat$ by c]ta9 v int]e/+
 natural  processes4 ,b be=e ei!r ( ^!  
occurr5ces has _h "t to take  place1    
=tunately1 9 ! great majority (         

in/ances1 save ^? (  exposure to ! mo/  
deadly ( infections1 ! vital p[] ( !    
invad$ individual has cop$ successfully 
) ! invad]s at ! v  po9t ( attack--has  
repuls$ ! attack+ p>ty )\t appreciable  
impairm5t ( its own =ce--& no illness   
results4 ,= example1  practically all ( 
u inhale ! g]m ( consumption repeat$ly1 
b  mo/ ( u suff] no h>m f x simply      
because ! fluids :i* ba!  ! surface on  
:i* ! g]m effects a lodgm5t are end[$ ) 
prop]ties :i* ei!r kill ! g]m or rob x (
 its p[] = h>m2  b ^! prop]ties suffice 
only :5 ! g5]al heal? is unimpair$4     
,9 case ! attack is n successfully      
repell$ at ! outset1 :at  happ5s8 ,!re  
beg9s a /ruggle betwe5 ! invad]s & :at  
may be  call$ ! res]ves ( ! organism1   
consi/+ ( ! :ite blood  corpuscles1 :i* 
und]go a great augm5tation 9 numb]4 ,^! 
corpuscles are end[$ ) ! faculty (      
amoeboid movem5t2 t is to  say1 !y may  
%oot out projections f _! sub/ance1 &   
ev5  conv]t !mselves = ! "t be+ into    
traps1 seiz+ ^u !  pa?og5ic bact]ia1    

inc>c]at+ !m )9 _! own mass1 &  c>ry+ !m
 away to be ?ru/ out ( ! sy/em by organs
 ^:  function x is to elim9ate extrane\s
 matt]4 ,^! corpuscles are1  inde$1 said
 figuratively to eat ! malign           
micro-organisms1 :5ce  !y h be5 t]m$    
phagocytes 7f ,greek3 phage91 to eat1 & 
,greek3 kutos1 a cell72 also because !y 
c>ry away refuse &  noxi\s mat]ial1 !y h
 be5 call$ ! scav5g]s ( ! sy/em4  ,by   
means ( _! amoeboid movem5t !y are      
enabl$ to worm !mselves  ?r\gh          
inconceivably m9ute ap]tures 9 ! blood  
vessels1 & attack  & dev\r peccant matt]
 :]ev] x may h effect$ a lodgm5t4  ,^!  
:ite corpuscles are also kn[n z         
leucocytes1 & _! increase  9 numb] :5 !y
 are call$ ^u to resi/ bact]ial invasion
 is  spok5 ( z hyp]leucocytosis4 ,!     
discov]y ( _! protective  function is to
 be cr$it$ to ,met*nik(f1 a ,russian    
physician n[  tea*+ 9 ,p>is4 ,:5 !y     
migrate f ! blood vessels 9 great       
numb]s !y f9ally1 aft] hav+ fulfill$ _! 
(fice z phagocytes1  deg5]ate into !    

corpuscul> elem5ts ( pus1 :i* is !      
creamy  liquid conta9$ 9 an abscess4 ,_!
 migratory p[] 0 discov]$  by ,cohnheim4
    ,b z a g5]al ?+ ! phagocytes d n    
succe$ 9 mak+ away )  all ! pa?og5ic    
g]ms1 or ev5 ) en\gh ( !m to prev5t !   
illness :i* !y t5d to produce4 ,! fur!r 
combat is betwe5 !  poison\s products1  
t]m$ tox9es1 eng5d]$ by ! bact]ia &     
c]ta9 antidotal sub/ances1 call$        
antitox9es1 newly creat$ 9 !  wat]y     
portion ( ! blood by "s wond]ful        
provision ( ,nature t  is n yet well    
und]/ood4 ,ea* infective disease has its
 special  tox9e1 & = ! de/ruction ( ea* 
! blood prep>es its  p>ticul> antitox9e2
 possibly1 h[ev]1 "s ( ! antitox9es may 
be  efficaci\s aga9/ m ?an "o k9d (     
tox9e1 = !re are  physicians :o are     
conv9c$ t vacc9ation is a tempor>y      
prev5tive  ( :oop+-c\gh4 ,b !           
elaboration ( an antitox9e takes "t1 &  
! result 9 any giv5 case1 :e!r 9 recov]y
 or 9 dea?1 seems to  be settl$ by !    
ability or inability ( ! vital p[]s ( ! 

individual to hold out until !y are     
reliev$ by ! evolution ( !  necess>y    
am\nt ( antitox9e4    ,9 ! long run1    
provid$ ! sick p]son survives1 m        
antitox9e is  g5]at$ ?an is requir$ to  
save life4 ,! excess rema9s 9 !  sy/em =
 a great] or less] l5g? ( "t1 & ?is fact
 expla9s  ! individual's subsequ5t      
immunity to ! disease f :i* he has      
recov]$2 any fre% invad+ =ce ( !        
microbes ( t disease  f9ds t def5sive   
prep>ations h be5 made 9 advance4 ,9 !  
case  ( "s diseases ?is acquir$ immunity
 is usually lifelong1 z 9 t  (          
small-pox2 9 o!rs1 ( :i* influ5za is a  
notable example1 x is  z a rule v       
transitory2 & !re are all gradations    
betwe5 ! two4  ,x is ?\ght t ?is acquir$
 immunity to "s diseases may be         
transmitt$ to ! (fspr+1 = x is q c]ta9 t
 !re are  _m p :o are f bir?            
insusceptible to sc>let fev]1 no matt]  
:at may be ! ext5t ( _! exposure to t   
disease4    ,! recognition ( ,nature's  
elaboration ( protective antitox9es has 

l$ to _! artificial cultivation 9 ! l[] 
animals1 &1 ?us  produc$1 !y h be5 us$ )
 brilliant results 9 ! prev5tion  & cure
 ( at lea/ "o =midable disease1         
diph!ria4 ,! imm5se  r$uction ( !       
mortality f ?is disease t has foll[$ !  
introduction ( ! treatm5t ) ! artificial
 antitox9e we owe to  ,behr+1 ( ,g]many1
 & ,r\x1 ( ,france4 ,omitt+ unnecess>y  
details1  we may describe ! process (   
obta9+ diph!ria antitox9e z  foll[s3 ,a 
c]ta9 am\nt ( diph!ritic poison 7( !    
bact]iological  sort1 prep>$ by         
cultivat+ ! diph!ria microbe7 is inject$
 into  ! circulation ( a                
horse--suffici5t to make ! horse sick1 b
 n  en\gh to endang] 8 life4 ,! horse's 
sy/em /raightway beg9s to  elaborate !  
protective antitox9e1 & !re results f   
?is "o  injection a suffici5t am\nt ( x 
to save ! horse1 al?\gh f> too  little  
to make ! s]um ( 8 blood pot5t en\gh =  
m$ic9al use4  ,h5ce1 aft] ! lapse ( a   
suitable int]val1 he is aga9 inject$ )  
diph!ritic poison1 & = ! second "t 8    

blood beg9s to  g5]ate ! antitox9e4 ,& !
 process is repeat$ aga9 & aga91  !     
virul5ce ( ! poison be+ increas$ ea* "t1
 until ! horse's  blood is fairly reek+ 
) antitox9e4 ,!n blood is drawn freely f
  ! horse1 & x is all[$ to sep>ate into 
clot & s]um1 !  latt] alone be+ ! "p    
de/9$ = use4 ,?is s]um is te/$ on a     
small animal t has be5 inoculat$ ) a    
deadly dose ( !  diph!ritic poison2 if x
 saves ! little creature f dea?1 x is   
assum$ to be pot5t en\gh = use on human 
be+s1 &1 h&l$ )  all possible           
precautions aga9/ putrefaction or any   
contam9ation )  pa?og5ic bact]ia1 x is  
furni%$ to physicians1 its degree (     
pot5cy be+ designat$ 9 units4    ,if 9  
?is brief article1 :i* does n purport to
 be m ?an a  sket* ( ! trem5d\s /rides  
made by m$ic9e 9 ! ,n9ete5?  ,c5tury1 s 
mu* space has be5 giv5 to ! g]m !ory (  
disease1 x  is because ! demon/ration ( 
! tru? ( t !ory has be5  absolute1 & has
 con/itut$ ! v m>r[ ( almo/ all ! m$ical
  progress ( ! c5tury t has be5 !       

outcome ( cont9u\s ?\ght  & /udy z      
oppos$ to *ance discov]y4    ,su*       
results z ! g]m !ory has n[ l$ to 9 !   
treatm5t (  diph!ria x _h already       
accompli%$ 9 ! field ( surg]y z a       
consequ5ce ( t /rict asepticism :i*1    
orig9at+ ) ,joseph  ,li/] 7n[ ,"l       
,li/]71 & rapidly c>ri$ by him to a     
condition  v]g+ on te*nical complet5ess1
 0 soon tak5 up by surgeons all  ov] !  
_w & br\ght wellnigh to p]fection1 s t !
 mortality  ( w\nds ( all sorts has be5 
trem5d\sly r$uc$1 & _m surgical         
op]ations are n[ practis$               
frequ5tly--inde$1 :5ev] ! occasion  = !m
 arises--t be=e ! days ( ,li/]ism w\ld h
 be5  look$ ^u z almo/ tantam\nt to !   
pati5t's dea?-w>rant4 ,m  p>ticul>ly is 
?is ! case z to op]ations :i* involve   
op5+  into ! abdom51 ! *e/1 or !        
cranium4 ,s little risk n[ atta*es  to  
su* op]ations1 prop]ly p]=m$1 t ! op5+ (
 !  abdom9al cavity = ! m]e purpose (   
asc]ta9+ ! condition (  its             
cont5ts--exploratory lap>otomy1 z x is  

call$--is a matt] (  con/ant occurr5ce4 
,curi\sly en\gh1 9 "s way n yet         
satisfactorily expla9$1 t proc$ure 9    
itself1 )\t any?+  fur!r be+ done1 has 9
 _m in/ances result$ 9 decid$           
amelioration ( a morbid condition1 if n 
9 its cure4 ,a /rik+  example ( ?is is  
se5 9 ! b5efit t (t5 results 9 cases (  
"o =m ( consumption ( ! b[els1 namely1  
tub]cul\s disease (  ! membrane t l9es !
 abdom9al wall & inve/s ! abdom9al      
organs4 ,?is is n ! only op]ation t does
 good my/]i\sly2 t  ( cutt+ out a bit ( 
! iris 9 a =m ( deep-seat$ eye disease1 
glaucoma1 t t5ds t[>d complete bl9dness1
 is h>dly m  explicable2 nei!r is an    
incision ( ! capsule ( ! kidney =  c]ta9
 =ms ( ,bright's disease1 ea* ( :i* /ays
 ! progress (  ! tr\ble 9 a goodly      
proportion ( in/ances4    ,ano!r ( !    
great divisions ( ! heal+ art1 t (      
midwif]y1  has be5 enhanc$ q z mu* z    
g5]al surg]y by ! employm5t (  ,li/]ism4
 ,! process ( *ildbir?1 al?\gh a        
p]fectly natural "o1  almo/ necess>ily  

c>ries ) x a c]ta9 am\nt ( lac]ation1 &1
  ?r\gh ! w\nd surfaces ?us produc$1    
absorption ( poison\s  mat]ial 0 =m]ly s
 frequ5t t pu]p]al fev] figur$          
prom95tly 9 mortality reports4 ,x 0     
,oliv] ,w5dell ,holmes--a  graduate 9   
m$ic9e & a pr(essor 9 ! ,h>v>d ,m$ical  
,s*ool1  ?\gh we are accu/om$ to ?9k (  
him only z a delightful  writ]--:o fir/ 
decl>$ t pu]p]al fev] 0 ! product (     
infection f )\t ! body1 & ,semmelweis   
demon/rat$ ! tru?  ( ! proposition4     
,holmes 0 a tea*] ( physiology1 & 8 /udy
 (  t bran* ( m$ical sci5ce 0 9 itself  
en\gh to conv9ce him (  ! doctr9e :i* he
 inculcat$4    ,li/]ism mu/ be cr$it$1 n
 only ) hav+ add$ imm5sely to !  safety 
( ! major op]ations ( surg]y1 b also )  
hav+ l$ to  great improvem5t ( _!       
te*nics by reason ( ! greatly increas$  
frequ5cy ) :i* x has come to be ?\ght   
ju/ifiable to practise  !m2 :at we d    
aga9 & aga9 we are apt 9 ! end to d     
well1  :]eas t :i* we turn to only 9    
despair & z r>ely z possible1  we d     

clumsily & imp]fectly4 ,li/]ism has be5 
unju/ly alleg$ by  a few to be unwor?y (
 ! appreciation 9 :i* x is held by !    
great majority ( m$ical m5 ( all        
c\ntries2 simple cleanl9ess1 x  has be5 
urg$1 is q z effici5t z ! full ,li/]ian 
precautions4  ,?is is begg+ ! "q1 =     
simple cleanl9ess1 *emical  cleanl9ess1 
is all t ,li/]ism purports to accompli%4
 ,! use (  antiseptics has be5 decri$ 9 
! int]e/ ( asepticism1 z if !  :ole     
purpose ( antisepticism 7 n to secure   
asepsis4 ,"l ,li/]  is entitl$ to ! full
 cr$it ( e/abli%+ ! aseptic surg]y (  ! 
pres5t day1 9 spite ( ! facts t 8       
doctr9e foll[$ r  ?an prec$$ 8 e>ly     
improvem5ts1 t aseptic proc$ures h be5  
br\ght ne>] p]fection else:]e ?an 9 8   
own c\ntry1 & t  ! :ole sy/em re/s on   
f\ndations laid by ,pa/eur4    ,:ile x  
is q true t to ! ,li/]ian !ory &        
practice are  almo/ :olly to be ascrib$ 
! favorable results ( ! major surg]y  ( 
! pres5t day1 we mu/ n =get !           
immeasurable b5efits to !  diseas$1 !   

injur$1 & ! crippl$ t h aris5 f pati5t  
ef=ts & occasional brilliant intuition t
 h _h no connection  ) ! g]m !ory (     
infection4 ,take ! case ( a brok5 leg1 =
  example1 an injury t =m]ly condemn$ ! 
victim to weeks & weeks  ( conf9em5t to 
b$1 toge!r ) ! suff]+ & dang] almo/     
insep>able f ! old me?ods ( ! long      
/raight spl9t & tight  b&ag+4 ,at !     
pres5t "t he :o has met ) su* a mis=tune
 is  commonly able to be ab\t on crut*es
 )9 a few days1 & 8 brok5  bone m5ds    
:ile he is cultivat+ 8 appetite &       
indulg+ 9  pleasant int]c\rse ) 8       
fell[-m54 ,?is great *ange has be5  made
 possible by "o device aft] ano!r1      
inv5t$ by diff]5t m54  ,josiah ,crosby  
introduc$ ! use ( /ick+-pla/] =         
ext5sion1  in/ead ( ! *af+ b&s previ\sly
 employ$2 ,gurdon ,buck  sub/itut$      
ela/ic ext5sion by means ( a weight &   
pulley = !  rude & arbitr>y traction 9  
vogue be=e2 ,james ,l4 ,little devis$ ! 
pla/]-(-,p>is spl9t1 :]eby brok5 bones 7
 immobiliz$ )  h>dly appreciable        

discom=t2 & ,h5ry ,b4 ,s&s e/abli%$ !   
safety  & practicability ( apply+ !     
pla/]-(-,p>is spl9t almo/  imm$iately   
aft] ! r$uction 7sett+7 ( ! fracture4 ,9
 !  meantime ,na?an ,r4 ,smi? & ,john   
,t4 ,hodg5 _h demon/rat$ !  advantages (
 susp5d+ a fractur$ limb f above4 ,all  
^! m5 7  ,am]icans2 surely our c\ntry   
has contribut$ p[]fully to !  well-be+ (
 ! subjects ( fracture4 ,o!r ,am]icans1 
notably ,lewis  ,a4 ,sayre1 h enabl$    
suff]]s ) jo9t disease1 includ+ !       
dread$ hip disease1 to run ab\t & ga9   
heal? & /r5g?1 in/ead  ( langui%+ 9 b$4 
,sayre1 too1 by 8 susp5sion treatm5t & !
  pla/]-(-,p>is jacket1 set ! hun*back  
on 8 feet at a /age 9 8  disease 9 :i*  
be=e he _h be5 =c$ to prolong$ & pa9ful 
recumb5cy4    ,al?\gh m5 pr(ess+ special
 skill 9 c]ta9 op]ations1 &  d\btless   
possess+ x1 fl\ri%$ 9 old times1 & left 
m or less  ( _! impress on ! surg]y ( ! 
pres5t day1 = t matt]1 x  0 n until !   
second half ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury t      
regional  surg]y 7:i* is :at specialism 

virtually am\nts to7 0  sy/ematically   
cultivat$4 ,n[ !re is h>dly a portion ( 
! body to  :i* practition]s :o make its 
ailm5ts a specialty d n direct  _! se>*+
 me?ods ( exam9ation or on :i* !y d n   
practise  _! +5i\s devices 9 ! way (    
treatm5t4 ,specialism has always  be5   
decri$ by a l>ge section ( ! m$ical     
pr(ession4 ,on ! o!r  h&1 x has be5 & is
 /ill ov]rat$ by ! laity4 ,! true       
e/imate  lies betwe5 ! two4 ,!          
speciali/s h advanc$ surg]y imm5sely1   
b1 ) _m honorable exceptions1 !y h laid 
too mu* /ress on  _! sev]al specialties1
 mak+ too wide a range ( ailm5ts fall   
)9 !m4 ,z = ! community at l>ge1 _!     
%ortcom+ lies 9  ! fact t mo/ ( !m w\ld 
seek = a speciali/ 9 mumps 9 case  t    
pa9ful b transitory infliction 7 to come
 ^u !m1 & 9  _! und]rat+ ( ! family     
physician4    ,to *ange = a mom5t to a  
topic ak9 to ! g]m !ory ( disease1  !   
read] may be rem9d$ t ! antitox9e       
treatm5t ( infecti\s  disease involves 9
 almo/ e in/ance ! use ( "s product     

conta9$ 9 ! s]um 7t is to say1 ! wat]y  
"p ( ! blood74  ,?is leads to ! subject 
( ! use ( natural & artificial s]um 9  !
 treatm5t ( disease4 ,to quote aga9 f ! 
article entitl$1 ,!  ,n9ete5? ,c5tury 9 
,m$ic9e 7,new ,york ,m$ical ,j\rnal1    
,dec4  #bi1aijj73 ,x has be5 obs]v$ t ! 
normal s]um ( c]ta9 animals  t are      
insusceptible to p>ticul> infecti\s     
diseases1 if inject$  into ! human blood
 curr5t or ev5 into ! subcutane\s       
tissue1  conf]s m or less ( immunity    
aga9/ ^? diseases4444 ,artificial  s]um 
seems to h be5 fir/ employ$ by ,edmund  
,r4 ,peaslee z a b5ign  application to !
 p]itonaeum 9 ! op]ation ( ov>iotomy4 ,8
  conception ( its mode ( action is n v 
cle>1 b he 0 a v  successful ov>iotomi/1
 & we c only conjecture t he build$     
bett] ?an he knew1 l _m ano!r man4 ,a   
few ye>s ago mu* 0  expect$ f           
transfusion ( blood1 b gradually !      
conviction has  =c$ itself ^u u t x is  
wellnigh useless1 & inde$ t1 on  ! :ole1
 x is worse ?an useless4 ,x has         

virtually be5 ab&on$4444  ,b exp]im5ts 9
 transfusion h n be5 fruitless2 !y h    
culm9at$ 9 demon/rat+ ! ine/imable value
 ( infusions (  'normal1' or            
'physiological1' solutions ( sodium     
*loride1 & n only  ( infusions1 b also (
 p]itoneal irrigation ) su* solutions4  
,_m a life has be5 sav$ by resort+ to   
?is measure1 ev5 9  app>5tly desp]ate   
cases4    ,)9 ab\t a decade ( ! close ( 
! c5tury1 ,rob]t ,ko*1 ^:  discov]ies & 
+5i\s /udies 9 bact]iology _h br\ght him
  _w-wide r5[n1 ann\nc$ t he _h produc$ 
a d]ivative ( !  tub]cle bacillus1 :i*  
he t]m$ tub]cul91 t he ?\ght might      
prove curative ( tub]cul\s disease4 ,x 0
 to be inject$ b5ea? !  sk94 ,if !      
subject 0 really tub]cul\s1 he w\ld     
react by  manife/+ a c]ta9 degree (     
fev]1 & repeat$ injections w\ld  br+    
ab\t elim9ation ( ! tub]cul\s deposits &
 ?us effect a  cure4 ,! _w 0 c>ri$ away 
) su* an ann\ncem5t com+ f  su* a man1 &
 x 0 ?or\ghly believ$ t at la/ ! great  
:ite  plague1 consumption1 0 to be      

conqu]$4 ,tub]cul9 did1 inde$1 cure     
c]ta9 m9or =ms ( tub]cul\s disease1 su* 
z ! sk9 affection  kn[n z lupus1 b x    
soon became evid5t t x 0 almo/ impot5t  
9 ! treatm5t ( pulmon>y consumption4 ,x 
has1 h[ev]1 s]v$ to  enable ! vet]9>ian 
to make out ! exi/5ce ( tub]cul\s       
disease  9 cattle at an e>ly /age ( its 
c\rse1 & x is probable t by  ! slaught] 
( cattle ?us f\nd to be tub]cul\s mu*   
infection (  human be+s has be5 prev5t$4
    ,tub]cul9 fail$ ( its prime purpose1
 b x does seem to h m>k$  ! initiative (
 a campaign aga9/ consumption :i* has   
already  prov$ ( incalculable b5efit1 & 
bids fair to put t omnipres5t  disease  
t[>d ! foot ( ! li/ ( causes ( dea?4 ,we
 h made  sub/antial advances 9 our k ( !
 disease1 & we no long]  reg>d x z      
incurable4 ,we h le>n$ t x is           
communicable f "o  p]son to ano!r1 b    
also t its communication c easily be    
prev5t$1 s t !re is no reason to %r9k f 
association )  tub]cul\s p]sons4 ,we h  
le>n$1 too1 t consumption 9 "o's        

prog5itors1 imm$iate or remote1 h>dly   
makes x ev5 probable t he  himself is   
doom$ to suff] ) x2 ! only tub]cul\s    
h]$ity t  we n[ recognize is t (        
defective ability to )/& !  infection1 &
 ev5 ?is we reg>d z 9 mo/ in/ances      
readily  surm\ntable4 ,we h le>n$1      
fur!rmore1 t pulmon>y tub]cul\s  disease
 is by no means s fatal z x 0 =m]ly     
e/eem$1 = m5  ^: bus9ess x is to make   
great numb]s ( po/-mortem exam9ations1  
su* z coron]s' physicians & hospital    
pa?ologi/s1 assure u t  9 a v l>ge      
p]c5tage ( cases ( dea? f o!r causes !y 
f9d  indubitable signs ( pa/ tub]cul\s  
disease ( ! lungs :i* _h  ceas$ its     
activity--be51 9 fact1 cur$1 ei!r       
spontane\sly or by  m$ical int]v5tion4  
,su* int]v5tion1 x has be5 abundantly   
prov$1  is altoge!r likely to be        
successful if x is ( ! "r sort &        
employ$ e>ly4 ,!re is1 to be sure1 no   
cure-all4 ,p[]ful z !  climatic treatm5t
 is1 x mu/ be supplem5t$ by measures    
accurately  adapt$ to ! individual case1

 & failure to compreh5d ?is fact  /ill  
leads _m a ph?isical p]son to 8 grave4  
,b in=mation is  rapidly be+ diffus$1   
sanatoria = su* ( ! tub]cul\s z c  take 
advantage ( !m are multiply+1 & ^? :o   
are %ut (f f  _! aid are gr[+ m & m     
cognizant ( h[ !y %\ld live 9  ord] to  
give !mselves ! be/ *ance ( recov]y &   
save _!  associates f infection4 ,! era 
( consumption-cures--mean+  drugs--is   
pa/2 b ! disease is cur$ 9 an           
ev]-increas+  proportion ( in/ances1 &  
t1 too1 by m$ical ?\gh n  m$ic9al       
measures4    ,at almo/ e turn m$ic9e has
 be5 p[]fully assi/$ by !  sci5ces :i*  
%\ld r be t]m$ correlative ?an          
subsidi>y4  ,notable among !m is        
*emi/ry4 ,! isolation ( ! active        
pr9ciples  ( m$ic9al plants--su* z      
morph9e1 qu99e1 /ry*n9e1 &  coca9e--has 
be5 a rem>kable s]vice r5d]$ by *emi/ry 
to  m$ic9e4 ,h[ %\ld we be h&icapp$ if  
we /ill _h to fight  mal>ial disease ) !
 crude ,p]uvian b>k in/ead ( its *ief   
alkaloid1 qu99e6 ,& h[ impracticable if 

n impossible w\ld x be  to r5d] ! eye   
ins5sitive to pa9 ) any extract ( coca  
leaves1  no matt] h[ conc5trat$--a      
purpose t we accompli% almo/  in/antly )
 coca9e6 ,( m9or importance1 p]haps1 b n
 to be  despis$1 is ! result+ lib]ation 
f ! old slav]y to bulky &  nause\s      
drugs4 ,! isolation ( active pr9ciples  
long ant$at$ !  syn!tical prep>ations1 b
 ! latt] came at la/--! m>vell\s  array 
( hypnotics1 anodynes1 & fev]-quell]s t 
are n[ at our  comm&1 l>gely coal-t>    
products4 ,b x is n to pure *emi/ry     
alone t we are indebt$ = ! elegant dos+ 
( ! pres5t day2  progressive ph>macy1 ) 
its tablets1 its coat$ pills1 & its     
capsules1 has put to %ame ! old-"t      
purveyor ( gal5icals4 ,"r  jauntily d we
 n[ take our soda m9t 9 case ( slight   
d]angem5t (  ! /oma*1 happily oblivi\s (
 its vile prototype1 ! old rhub>b  &    
soda mixture4 ,ev5 ca/or oil has be5    
/ripp$ ( its repulsiv5ess  by !         
comb9ations :i* ! soda wat] f\nta9      
af=ds4    ,x 0 b a /ep1 we c n[ realize1

 f ! employm5t ( isolat$  vegetable     
pr9ciples to t ( prep>ations ( c]ta9    
gl&ul> organs  ( ! animal economy1 b !  
doctr9e ( int]nal secretions _h to      
int]v5e1 & its evolution took "t2 n till
 t[>d ! close ( !  c5tury did ! v5]able 
,br[n-,squ>d lead up to x4 ,we h n yet  
come to eye ( newt & toe ( frog1 b :at  
we h incorporat$  into mod]n !rapeutics 
9 ! way ( animal products l5ds at lea/  
"s !oretical ju/ification to ! anci5t   
use ( ! dri$ organs (  v>i\s animals4 ,x
 is b a few ye>s s9ce ! ductless        
gl&s--su*  organs1 z1 = example1 !      
?yreoid gl& 7an organ situat$ 9 !  front
 ( ! neck1 a small affair 9 its normal  
/ate1 b prom95t &  ev5 p5dul\s :5 by its
 p]man5t enl>gem5t x comes to con/itute 
a gtre7--7 look$ ^u z puzzles1 z        
/ructures de/itute ( any  kn[n function4
 ,"s obs]v]s ev5 affirm$ t !y _h no     
function1  ?\gh ! con/ancy ( gtre 9     
cret9s ought to h %[n !  fallacy ( ?is  
allegation 9 ! case ( ! ?yreoid4 ,we d n
 n[  ne$ to be told t ! ?yreoid gl&     

plays a v important "p 9  ! economy1 =  
we "k t its surgical removal gives rise 
to a  special disease kn[n z myxo$ema1  
:i*1 9 addition to its physical         
manife/ations1 is *>act]iz$ by impairm5t
 ( ! m5tal p[]s4  ,consequ5tly1 ?is     
ductless gl&--a gl&1 t is to say1 :i*   
has no  obvi\s canal by :i* x ?r[s (f   
any product ( its activity--mu/         
elaborate "s mat]ial t is necess>y to ! 
heal? ( ! organism  & is imp>t$ to !    
blood4 ,t mat]ial1 :atev] x may be1 is  
t]m$ an int]nal secretion4 ,"s ( !      
int]nal secretions h  turn$ out to be ( 
s+ul> value m$ic9ally4 ,x is app>5tly n 
!  ductless gl&s alone t furni% int]nal 
secretions2 ! gl&s t  are provid$ )     
ducts & yield a def9ite & obs]vable     
product  secrete also a sub/ance 7p]haps
 m ?an "o7 :i* !y give up to  ! blood4  
,prom95t among ! !rapeutic advances ( ! 
c5tury is ! direct  r$uction ( ! high   
temp]ature ( sun/roke & c]ta9 fev]s by !
  use ( cold4 ,al?\gh =e%ad[$ by ,currie
 e>ly 9 ! c5tury by 8  use ( cold       

affusion 9 ! treatm5t ( sc>let fev]1 x  
did n come  into g5]al use until ! clos+
 decades4 ,x is employ$ pr9cipally  9   
typhoid fev]1 on ! !ory t a condition ( 
high fev] is 9  itself a s\rce ( dang] q
 di/9ct f ! o!r injuri\s  effects ( a   
febrile disease4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !        
employm5t ( high  degrees ( heat has (  
late be5 %[n to be a pot5t ag5cy 9 !    
treatm5t ( c]ta9 =ms ( disease1 notably 
9 v>i\s affections  class$ z rheumatic4 
,applications ( v hot air1 provid$ x is 
?or\ghly dry1 are borne )\t s]i\s       
discom=t1 & _!  employm5t promises to be
 ( great] s]vice 9 ! conditions 9 :i*  x
 is resort$ to ?an t ( any o!r ag5t4    
,a revelation 9 ! treatm5t ( he>t       
disease has be5 effect$ by !  ,bad      
,nauheim sy/em ( eff]vesc5t ba?s &      
resi/$ ex]cises4 ,x is  n only          
functional disord]s ( ! he>t t are      
reliev$1 b grave  organic diseases also4
 ,some:at elaborate explanations ( ! way
 9  :i* ! treatm5t proves b5eficial h   
be5 giv51 b !y are n  altoge!r          

satisfactory4    ,?us f> we h dealt     
*iefly ) ^? developm5ts ( m$ic9e t  seem
 to h be5 ! outgr[? ( mu* ?\ght &       
exp]im5t1 b  !re 0 "o t c h>dly be view$
 z o!r ?an a happy discov]y1  yet x 0 "o
 t 0 fraught ) unspeakable mitigation ( 
human  suff]+1 & t wr\ght a b\ndless    
ext5sion ( ! field (  surg]y4 ,x 0 t (  
anae/hesia4 ,! fir/ to discov] an       
effici5t  surgical anae/hetic 0 ,craw=d 
,w4 ,long1 ( ,georgia4 ,x has be5       
e/abli%$ t he p]=m$ sev]al m9or         
op]ations ) ! pati5t  anae/hetiz$ )     
sulphuric e!r1 b he did n proclaim 8    
discov]y1 & s x 0 res]v$ = ,william ,t4 
,g4 ,morton1 ( ,bo/on  7!n a d5ti/1 b   
subsequ5tly a physician71 to make ! fir/
 public  demon/ration ( ! effici5cy (   
e!r z an anae/hetic1 :i* he did  9 !    
op]at+ !atre ( ! ,massa*usetts ,g5]al   
,hospital1 9  ,bo/on1 9 ! ye> #ahdf4 ,! 
news ( ,morton's a*ievem5t spread       
broadca/1 & x 0 at once realiz$ t x 0   
de/9$ to  revolutionize surg]y4 ,x      
c]ta9ly has done t1 & 9 no less  degree 

?an 0 aft]w>d accompli%$ by ,li/]ism4   
,e!r did n long  rema9 ! only anae/hetic
 kn[n2 ,simpson1 ( ,ed9burgh1 soon      
discov]$ t *lor(orm 0 possess$ ( ev5 m  
decid$  anae/hetic prop]ties4 ,!        
inhalation ( e!r is disagreeable1 & x   
is sl[ 9 produc+ ! desir$ effect1 :]eas 
t ( *lor(orm is  n unpleasant1 & x acts 
m rapidly4 ,consequ5tly *lor(orm soon   
came to be g5]ally pref]r$2 b abundant  
exp]i5ce has f9ally  %[n t e!r is mu* ! 
saf] ag5t ( ! two1 & improv$  me?ods (  
adm9i/ration h almo/ entirely done away 
) !  objections to its use1 s t n[ x is 
look$ ^u z ! pref]able  g5]al           
anae/hetic4 ,b g5]al anae/hesia--mean+ !
 susp5sion (  s5sibility 9 ! :ole       
organism1 includ+ unconsci\sness--is n  
always necess>y1 & sometimes x is       
undesirable4 ,we h n[  tru/wor?y local  
anae/hetics1 ! *ief ( :i* is coca9e1    
:]e)  we are able to anae/hetize ! "p to
 be op]at$ on )\t r5d]+  ! pati5t       
unconsci\s1 & ! co-op]ation t a consci\s
 pati5t  may be able to r5d] is         

sometimes valuable4 ,x 0 n alone 9 !    
direct sav+ ( human suff]+ t anae/hetics
 prov$ a boon to !  _w2 !y h made       
possible an am\nt ( exp]im5tal "w on    
animals  9 ! way ( vivisection t humane 
inve/igators w\ld o!rwise h  %runk f1   
necess>y z x has be5 & /ill is = !      
advancem5t  ( ! heal+ art4    ,!        
op]ation ( ov>iotomy1 fir/ p]=m$ by     
,ephraim ,mc,dowell1 (  ,k5tucky1 c     
h>dly be class$ ) ! happy accid5ts2 b s 
little  _h be5 said ab\t x or ?\ght     
conc]n+ x t :5 ! news ( x  rea*$ ,europe
 f ! wilds ( ,am]ica ! editor ( a       
pond]\s  ,engli% qu>t]ly j\rnal ( m$ic9e
 record$ 8 incr$ulity 9 !  words ,cr$at 
,judoeus1 non ego ,an ov>ian tumor      
inevitably proves  fatal 9 ! long run if
 x is n remov$4 ,9 a c]ta9 p]c5tage (   
cases x is malignant & w kill :e!r x is 
remov$ or n1 b  ! g5]al result (        
ov>iotomy has be5 ! sav+ ( ?\s&s (  wom5
 f untimely dea?4 ,bell1 ( ,ed9burgh1 _h
 imag9$ !  op]ation & _h m5tion$ x 9 8  
lectures1 b none ! less to  ,mc,dowell  

is due ! cr$it ( demon/rat+ its         
feasibility4    ,m$ic9e bore q its full 
%>e 9 ! mitigation ( ! horrors &        
h>d%ips ( w> t m>k$ ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury4 
,its "w 0 %[n  9 ! great r$uction (     
pe/il5tial disease incid5t to camp life1
 9  prompt aid to ! w\nd$1 9 !          
e/abli%m5t ( salubri\s field &  g5]al   
hospitals1 & 9 improv$ me?ods (         
transportation ( ! sick  & w\nd$4       
,c]ta9ly ! soldi] on ! sick li/ nev]    
be=e _h  su* a fair prospect ( rejo9+ 8 
comrades safe & s\nd z he  has n[4    ,9
 ! c>e ( ! insane1 too--c>e n only 9 !  
s5se ( humane  treatm5t1 b 9 ! sy/ematic
 employm5t ( measures = _!  re/oration  
to m5tal s\ndness--! c5tury has be5 m>k$
 by notable  progress4 ,?is has be5     
*iefly 9 ! direction ( prev5t+ insanity1
  & al?\gh m5tal disease is said to be  
on ! increase1 x may  und\bt$ly be said 
) entire tru? t its gr[+ preval5ce is n 
9 proportion to ! height5$ frequ5cy ( ! 
/r5u\s life4 ,we  may confid5tly expect 
t a m pron\nc$ ma/]y ov] diseases (  !  

m9d w come :5 physicians 9 g5]al are    
taught psy*iatry  cl9ically1 s t !      
beg9n+s ( m5tal ali5ation may be        
intellig5tly met by ! family            
practition]4    ,! supreme a*ievem5t ( !
 m$ic9e ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury  und\bt$ly 
has be5 ! developm5t ( its prev5tive    
feature4 ,:5 we  recall ! fact t b a few
 ye>s ago an attack ( infecti\s disease 
0 int]pret$ z a visitation ( ,provid5ce1
 by a p]v]sity t ev5  ! triumphs (      
vacc9ation did n s]ve to d away )2 :5 we
  contemplate ! well-ord]$ &            
well-und]/ood measures t are n[  resort$
 to 9 an ev]-increas+ numb] (           
communities 7& resort$ to  n solely on !
 outbreak ( an epidemic1 b at all       
times71 to purify  ! air we brea!1 !    
food we eat1 & ! wat] we dr9k2 & :5 we  
reflect ^u ! greatly r$uc$ morbidity z  
well z mortality ( mo/  infecti\s       
diseases--we mu/ realize ! imm5se s]vice
 t has be5  r5d]$ by prev5tive m$ic9e4  
,no d\bt we mu/ all die "s "t1 &  ! day 
is yet f> remote :5 ! only causes ( dea?

 w be old age  & injury2 b a decid$     
prolongation ( ! av]age lifetime1 su* z 
! life-insurance companies recognize1 is
 an unque/ionable ga9 to !  human race4 
,a great bless+ t has be5 br\ght ab\t 9 
great measure by m$ical  m5 has be5 !   
e/abli%m5t ( ! pr(ession ( nurs+4 ,! "w 
(  c>+ = ! sick betwe5 ! physician's    
visits is no long]1 at  lea/ 9 l>ge     
communities & 9 cases ( sev]e illness1  
left to  ov]-sympa!tic & un9/ruct$      
relatives or to outsid]s :o trad$  on   
my/]y4 ,an intellig5t & intelligible    
record is n[ kept ( all  important      
happ5+s 9 ! sick room1 rem$ies are      
adm9i/]$ z !y  7 ord]$1 ne$less al>m at 
some?+ deem$ by ! pati5t to be (  ill   
om5 is quell$1 & 9 case ( real em]g5cy1 
ov]look$ z x  might o!rwise h be51 !    
physician is summon$ to meet x4 ,!      
adv5t ( ! tra9$ nurse m>k$ an era 9     
m$ic9e4    ,! lit]ature ( m$ic9e has    
fully kept pace 9 volume ) !  progress (
 ! art itself1 & its quality has /eadily
 improv$4 ,to  ?is ! great tomes ( t    

gigantic "w1 ! ,index-,catalogue ( !    
,libr>y ( ! ,surgeon-,g5]al's ,(fice1   
,unit$ ,/ates ,army1 be>  solid         
te/imony4 ,x is a consolidat$ catalogue1
 by subjects & by  au?ors' names1 (     
practically e m$ical book publi%$       
?r\gh\t  ! _w & ( e article 9 !         
p]iodical lit]ature ( m$ic9e4  ,= its   
exi/5ce ! _w is indebt$ to ,dr4 ,john   
,s4 ,bill+s1  =m]ly a surgeon ( high    
rank 9 ! army & n[ ! director ( !  ,new 
,york ,public ,libr>y1 & = its cont9u$  
exi/5ce to ! ,unit$  ,/ates ,gov]nm5t1 &
 x is to be hop$ t ,congress w nev]     
cease  to provide adequately = its      
cont9u$ publication4 ,its complet5ess  &
 its accuracy long ago l$ to its be+    
priz$ ev]y:]e4    ,!re are "s problems (
 :i* m$ic9e has h>dly yet ent]$ ^u  !   
solution4 ,prom95t among !m is t (      
canc]4 ,little z we n[  "k ( ! real     
nature ( t disease1 we "k q z mu* ( x z 
we knew b a few ye>s ago conc]n+ o!r    
diseases equally  de/ructive & f> m     
preval5t1 :i*1 h[ev]1 we h n[           

practically ma/]$4 ,:o c say t we %all n
 triumph ov] canc]  :ile ! ,tw5tie?     
,c5tury is /ill "y8 ,our f9al triumph is
  indubitable4    ,! /ronge/            
individuality 9 ! m$ic9e ( ! ,n9ete5?   
,c5tury  0 )\t d\bt t ( ,rudolf ,ludwig 
,k>l ,vir*[ 7commonly writt5  by him    
simply ,rudolf ,vir*[74 ,al?\gh he took 
no direct "p 9 any  ( ! /rik+ advances 9
 practice t appeal to ! laity1 yet he  0
 recogniz$ ! _w ov]1 among all classes (
 educat$ &  well-in=m$ p]sons1 z ! "o   
beacon light ( ,n9ete5?-,c5tury  m$ic9e 
^: gl[ _h be5 ! /eadie/ & ! mo/ endur+4 
,?is  is because ( ! wide range ( 8     
le>n+ 9 matt]s n p]ta9+  closely to 8   
pr(ession4 ,8 pr(essional bre?r5 hold ! 
same view1  & ?is is because he s well  
controll$ himself--*eck$ himself at  e  
turn by ! sev]e/ application ( sy/em--t 
he cont9u$ =  m ?an half a c5tury an    
an*or to hold m$ical ?\ght /rictly d[n  
to fact4 ,?is 0 f no natural lack (     
volatility1 = he 0 an  ,a*t-und-vi]zig] 
7,=ty-eight]74 ,9 #ahdf1 z a prosector 9

 !  ,univ]sity ( ,b]l91 ,vir*[ ent]$ )  
,re9h>dt ^u a s]ies (  pa?ological      
inve/igations :i* at once receiv$ wide  
att5tion4 ,9  conjunction ) ,re9h>dt1 he
 f\nd$ ! ,ar*iv fr pa?ologis*e          
,anatomie und ,physiologie und fr       
kl9is*e ,m$ic9#f 7a p]iodical  famili>ly
 call$ ,vir*['s ,ar*iv71 ! publication (
 :i* 0  begun 9 ! ye> #ahdg4 ,re9h>dt   
di$ 9 #aheb1 leav+ ! editor%ip  9 ! h&s 
( ,vir*[ alone1 & he 0 /ill its editor  
up to !  "t ( 8 dea?1 on ,septemb] #e1  
#aijb4    ,footnote #f3 ,ar*ives (      
,pa?ological ,anatomy & ,physiology & ( 
,cl9ical ,m$ic9e4    ,9 consequ5ce ( 8  
hav+ op5ly proclaim$ himself a ,democrat
 9  #ahdh1 ,vir*[ 0 =c$ to retire f !   
,univ]sity ( ,b]l9 9 !  foll[+ ye>4 ,he 
0 at once made a pr(essor 9 ! ,univ]sity
 (  ,wrzburg1 :5ce sev5 ye>s lat]1 9    
#ahef1 z ! result ( !  /r5u\s           
int]position ( v>i\s m$ical             
organizations1 he 0  recall$ to ,b]l91  
:]e he 0 made a pr(essor & director ( ! 
,pa?ological ,in/itute4 ,he 0 appo9t$   

m$ical privy c\ncillor 9  #ahgd1 hav+   
sev]al ye>s be=e t ent]$ ^u an active   
political  c>e] & be5 "o ( ! f\nd]s ( ! 
,progressive p>ty1 :i* he  ably         
repres5t$ 9 ! ,l&tag & ! ,rei*/ag4 ,9   
#ahfi he took "p  9 f\nd+ ! ,g]man & !  
,b]l9 ,an?ropological ,societies1 ( ea* 
( :i* he 0 sev]al times presid5t4       
,vir*[ inve/igat$ ! mo/ div]se subjects1
 z 8 pr(\nd /udies  ( ,s*liemann's      
discov]ies1 z well z 8 o!r ar*aeological
  rese>*es1 %[1 & he 0 a r prolific     
writ]4 ,! mo/  important ( 8 e>ly works 
0 ,die ,cellul>pa?ologie1 ! fir/        
edition ( :i* 0 publi%$ 9 #aheh4        
,*ance's ,engli% translation  appe>$ 9  
#ahfj1 & ,pic>d's ,fr5* v]sion came out 
9 #ahfa4 ,x is  safe to say t no book ( 
! c5tury ex]t$ a pr(\nd] influ5ce  on   
m$ical ?\ght ?an ,vir*['s exposition ( !
 cellul> pa?ology4  ,8 next notable     
publication 0 a collection ( ?irty      
lectures on  ,tumors 7,die krankhaft5   
,ges*wl/e1#g ,b]l91 #ahfc-fg74 ,t he 0  
n too absorb$ 9 ^! lectures to br+ 8    

great p[]s to be>  ^u topics ( ! day is 
%[n by ! fact t be=e _!  publication 0  
complet$ he br\ght out 8 "w on ,tri*9ae 
7,d>/ellung d] ,lehre von d5 ,tri*951   
#ahfd74 ,old age f\nd him  ) indu/ry &  
v]satility unabat$1 = x 0 9 #ahib t 8   
,crania e?nica am]icana appe>$1 & aft] t
 "t he wrote a  vigor\s prote/ aga9/ !  
new-fangl$ spell+ ( ! ,g]man language   
:i* he accus$ ! s*oolma/]s ( try+ to    
foi/ on ! p4  ,?is 0 publi%$ 9 8 ,ar*iv4
 ,x may well be t 8 argum5ts  h n be5   
unavail+1 s9ce x is obs]vable t sev]al  
,g]man  publications t _h adopt$ ! new  
spell+ h n[ dropp$ x4    ,footnote #g3  
,morbid ,tumors4    ,x mu/ n be suppos$ 
t x 0 by 8 lit]>y "w alone1 f\nd$  ?\gh 
x 0 manife/ly on 8 pr(\nd /udy1 t ,vir*[
 impress$  8 p]sonality ^u m$ic9e2 x 0 9
 8 lectures & 9 8  laboratory tea*+1    
too1 t he made himself felt4 ,9 all     
civiliz$  c\ntries !re are _m devot$    
work]s 9 m$ical sci5ce :o caught  _!    
fir/ real inspiration f ,vir*[4    ,!   
writ] once saw ,vir*[--only once1 b x 0 

a sight nev] to be  =gott54 ,x 0 at a   
banquet giv5 z "o ( ! fe/ivities incid5t
  to ! annual meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,m$ical 
,association 9 ,london 9  #ahgc4 ,!     
company 0 n a l>ge "o1 b x includ$ su*  
celebrities  z ,pr(essor ,j4 ,burdon    
,s&]son1 ,sir ,william ,j5n]1 ,pr(essor 
,*auveau1 & ,pr(essor ,m>ey4 ,vir*[ 0   
conspicu\sly ! man t[>d  :om ! eyes (   
all o!rs 7 (t5e/ direct$4 ,vir*[ met ) !
  love z well z ! admiration ( 8        
contempor>ies1 & bo?  s5tim5ts w desc5d 
to _! successors1 = 8 impress on !      
records ( m$ic9e is indelible1 bo? z an 
in/ructor & z a fri5d  ( all real       
tru?-seek]s4      ,,au?orities4    ,!re 
is no full & connect$ acc\nt ( !        
progress ( m$ic9e  dur+ ! ,n9ete5?      
,c5tury1 b ! read] may consult ) pr(it  
! v>i\s m$ical biographies1 also !      
foll[+ works3 ,silliman's ,a  ,c5tury ( 
,m$ic9e & ,*emi/ry2 ,j5n]'s ,!          
,practical ,m$ic9e (  ,to-day2 ,buck's  
,ref]5ce ,h&book ( ! ,m$ical ,sci5ces2  
,eul5burg's ,real-,encyclopdie d]       

gesammt5 ,heilkunde2 ! ,annus  ,m$icus1 
publi%$ 9 ! ,lancet at ! close ( ea*    
ye>2 &  ,t9k]'s ,am]ica's ,contributions
 to ,surg]y 7,bullet9 ( ! ,johns        
,hopk9s ,hospital1 ,aug4-,sept41 #aijb74