,,t[>ds ,,! ,,great ,,peace ,,by ,,ralph ,,adams ,,cram1 ,,litt4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 #aibb ,,introduction ,= ! c\rse ( lectures ,i am privileg$ to deliv] at ?is "t1 ,i desire to take1 9 "s s5se z a text1 a pray] t came to my att5tion at ! outset ( my prep>atory "w4 ,x is adapt$ f a pray] by ,bi%op ,hacket :o fl\ri%$ ab\t ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & is z foll[s3 ,"l1 lift u out ( ,private-m9d$ness & give u ,public s\ls to "w = ,?y ,k+dom by daily creat+ t ,atmosph]e ( a happy temp] & g5]\s he>t :i* alone c br+ ! ,great ,peace4 ,ea* ?\ght 9 ?is noble aspiration is curi\sly applicable to ea* "o ( u 9 ! times 9 :i* we fall3 ! sup]session ( n>r[ & selfi% & egoti/ical private-m9d$ness by a vital passion = ! w9n+ ( a ,k+dom ( righte\sness consonant ) ! reveal$ w ( ,god2 ! lift+ ( s\ls f n]v\s introspection to a height :]e !y become inde$ public s\ls2 ! accompli%+ ( ! ,k+dom n by great eng9es ( me*anical p[] b by ! daily (fices ( e individual2 ! sub/itution 9 place ( curr5t hatr$1 fe> & jeal\s covet\sness1 ( ! unhappy temp] & g5]\s he>t :i* are ! only fruitful ag5cies ( accompli%m5t4 ,f9ally1 ! ,great ,peace z ! supreme object ( ?\ght & act & aspiration = u1 & = all ! _w1 at ?is "t ( crisis :i* has culm9at$ ?r\gh ! anti!sis ( great peace1 :i* is great w>4 ,i h tri$ to keep ?is pray] ( ,bi%op ,hacket's be=e me dur+ ! prep>ation ( ^! lectures4 ,i _c claim t ,i h succe$$ 9 a*iev+ a happy temp] 9 all ?+s1 b ,i hone/ly claim t ,i h /riv5 e>ne/ly = ! g5]\s he>t1 ev5 :5 =c$1 by :at seem to me ! necessities ( ! case1 to indulge 9 condemnation or to br+ =w>d subjects :i* c only be controv]sial4 ,if ! ,great ,w>1 & ! great] w> :i* prec$$1 compreh5d$1 & foll[$ x1 7 ! result ( _m & v>i$ errors1 x matt]s little :e!r ^! 7 ! result ( p]v]sity1 bad judgm5t or ! mo/ g5]\s impulses4 ,z !y result$ 9 ! ,great ,w>1 s !y are a detrim5t to ! ,great ,peace t mu/ foll[1 & !re=e !y mu/ be ca/ away4 ,consci\sness ( s91 rep5tance1 & a w to d bett]1 mu/ prec$e ! act ( am5dm5t1 & we mu/ see :]e we h err$ if we are to =sake our ill ways & make an hone/ ef=t to /rive = some?+ bett]4 ,= e failure ,i h made to a*ieve ei!r a happy temp] or a g5]\s he>t1 ,i h]eby express my regret1 & t5d] my apologies 9 advance4 ,,cont5ts ,,lecture ,,introduction ,i4 ,a ,,_w ,,at ,,! ,,crossroads ,,ii4 ,a ,,work+ ,,philosophy ,,iii4 ,,! ,,social ,,organism ,,iv4 ,,! ,,indu/rial ,,problem ,v4 ,,! ,,political ,,organization ,,( ,,society ,,vi4 ,,! ,,function ,,( ,,education ,,& ,,art ,,vii4 ,,! ,,problem ,,( ,,organic ,,religion ,,viii4 ,,p]sonal ,,responsibility ,,app5dix ,a ,,app5dix ,b ,,t[>ds ,,! ,,great ,,peace ,i ,a ,,_w ,,at ,,! ,,crossroads ,= two ?\s& ye>s ,*ri/ianity has be5 an op]ative =ce 9 ! _w2 = m ?an a c5tury democracy has be5 ! controll+ influ5ce 9 ! public affairs ( ,europe & ! ,am]icas2 = two g5]ations education1 free1 g5]al & compreh5sive1 has be5 ! rule 9 ! ,we/4 ,weal? incomp>able1 sci5tific a*ievem5ts unexampl$ 9 _! numb] & magnitude1 facile means ( swift int]communication betwe5 peoples1 h all work$ toge!r t[>ds an e>?ly realization ( ! e>ly n9ete5?-c5tury dream ( proximate & unescapable mill5nium4 ,) ! op5+ ( ! second decade ( ! tw5tie? c5tury x seem$ t ! /age 0 set = ! la/ act 9 an unque/ion$ evolution>y drama4 ,man 0 ma/] ( all ?+s1 & ! failures ( ! pa/ 7 oblit]at$ by ! glory ( ! imm95t ev5t4 ,! ,great ,w> 0 a progressive revelation & disillusionm5t4 ,!re91 ev]y?+ s c>efully built up dur+ ! prec$+ f\r c5turies 0 tri$ z by fire1 & ea* fail$--save ! inde/ructible qualities ( p]sonal hon\r1 c\rage & =titude4 ,no?+ corporate1 :e!r secul> or ecclesia/ical1 endur$ ! te/1 no?+ ( gov]nm5t or adm9i/ration1 ( sci5ce or indu/ry1 ( philosophy or religion4 ,! victories 7 ^? ( individual "*1 ! ?+s t /ood ! te/ 7 n ?+s b m54 ,! ,w> to end w>1 ! w> to make ! _w safe = democracy came to a =mal end+1 & = a few h\rs ! _w gaz$ spellb\nd on gold5 hopes4 ,great] ?an ! disillusionm5t ( w> 0 t ( ! mak+ ( ! peace4 ,!re _h nev] be5 a w>1 n ev5 ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w> 9 ,g]many1 ! ,hundr$ ,ye>s' ,w> 9 ,france or ! w>s ( ,napoleon1 t 0 fraught ) m horror1 deva/ation & di%on\r2 !re _h nev] be5 a ,peace1 n ev5 ^? ( ,b]l91 ,vi5na & ,we/phalia1 m cynical or m deeply infect$ ) ! poison ( ultimate disa/]4 ,& "h x 0 n ?+s t fail$1 b m54 ,:at ( ! _w s9ce ! ,peace ( ,v]sailles8 ,hatr$1 suspicion1 selfi%ness are ! dom9ant notes4 ,! nations ( ,europe are bankrupt f9ancially1 & ! gov]nm5ts ( ! _w are bankrupt politically4 ,society is dissolv+ into classes & factions1 ei!r at op5 w> or manoeuv]+ = position1 await+ ! fav\rable mom5t4 ,law & ord] are mock$ at1 philosophy & religion disreg>d$1 & ( all ! v>i$ objects ( human v5]ation s l\dly acclaim$ & l(tily exalt$ by ! g5]ation t prec$$ ! w>1 n "o rema9s to comm& a wide allegiance4 ,"o might put x 9 a s5t5ce & say t ev]yone is dissatisfi$ ) ev]y?+1 & is %[+ 8 feel+s aft] v>i$ b disquiet+ fa%ion4 ,x is a condition ( un/able equilibrium con/antly t5d+ by its v nature to a po9t :]e dissolution is app>5tly inevitable4 ,x is no "p ( my task to elaborate ?is !sis1 & /ill less to magnify its p]ils4 ,en\gh has be5 said & writt5 on ?is subject dur+ ! la/ two ye>s2 m ?an en\gh1 p]haps1 & 9 any case no ?9k+ p]son is unaw>e ( ! conditions t exi/1 :atev] may be 8 e/imate ( _! significance1 8 int]p5etration ( _! t5d5cy4 ,i h set myself ! task ( try+ to sugge/ "s con/ructive measures t we may employ 9 lay+ ! f\ndations = ! imm$iate future2 !y may be wrong 9 :ole or 9 "p1 b at lea/ my object & motive are n recrim9ation or invective1 b reg5]ation4 ,nev]!less1 z a f\ndation ! case mu/ be /at$1 & z a necess>y prep>ation to any "w t looks =w>d we mu/ h at lea/ a work+ hypo!sis z to h[ ! conditions t ne$ r$emption 7 br\ght ab\t4 ,i /ate ! case ?us1 !re=e3 ,t human society1 ev5 humanity itself1 is n[ 9 a /ate ( flux t at any mom5t may *ange into a *aos comp>able only ) t :i* came ) ! fall ( classical civilization & f :i* five c5turies 7 necess>y = ! process ( recov]y4 ,*ri/ianity1 democracy1 sci5ce1 education1 weal?1 & ! cumulative inh]itance ( a ?\s& ye>s1 h n pres]v$ u f ! va9 repetition ( hi/ory4 ,h[ has ?is be5 possible1 :at has be5 ! sequ5ce ( ev5ts t has br\ght u to ?is pass8 ,x is ( c\rse ! result ( ! int]action ( c]ta9 physical1 mat]ial facts & c]ta9 spiritual =ces4 ,out ( ^! spiritual en]gies come ev5ts1 ph5om5a t manife/ !mselves 9 political1 social1 ecclesia/ical transactions & in/itutions2 9 w>s1 migrations & ! re%ap+ ( /ates2 9 codes ( law1 ! organization ( society1 ! developm5t ( art1 lit]ature & sci5ce4 ,9 _! turn all ^! concrete products "w on ! m9ds & s\ls ( m51 modify+ old spiritual impulses ei!r by exaltation or degradation1 br++ new ones into play2 & aga9 ^! react on ! mat]ial fabric ( human life1 caus+ new comb9ations1 unloos+ new =ces1 t 9 _! turn play _! "p 9 ! et]nal process ( build+1 unbuild+ & rebuild+ our un/able & fluctuant _w4 ,und]ly+ all ! v>i$ mat]ial =ms ( anci5t society1 z ?is develop$ ar\nd ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 0 ! great fact ( slav]y3 ,p]sia1 ,assyria1 ,babylonia1 ,egypt1 ,greece1 ,rome1 all 7 small1 sometimes v small1 m9orities ( highly develop$1 highly privileg$ individuals exi/+ on a great sub-/ratum ( slaves4 ,all ! va/ contributions ( antiquity 9 gov]nm5t & law1 9 sci5ce1 lett]s1 art & philosophy1 all ! build+ ( ! culture & civilization t /ill rema9 ! f\ndation /ones ( human society1 0 ! "w ( ! few free subsi/+ on ! _m un-free4 ,b fre$om1 lib]ty1 is an attribute ( ! s\l & x may exi/ ev5 :5 ! body is 9 bondage4 ,! slaves ( antiquity 7 free nei!r 9 body nor 9 s\l1 b ) ! com+ ( ,*ri/ianity all ?is 0 *ang$1 = x is "o ( ! great glories ( ! ,*ri/ian religion t x gave fre$om to ! s\l ev5 be=e ! ,*ur* c\ld give fre$om to ! body ( ! slave4 ,aft] ! fall ( ! ,roman ,empire1 & ) ! infiltration ( ! free races ( ! ,nor?1 slav]y gradually disappe>$1 & betwe5 ! ye>s #ajjj & #aejj a v real lib]ty exi/$ z ! product ( ,*ri/ianity & "u its protection4 ,society 0 hi]>*ical3 f ! s]f up ?r\gh ! peasant1 ! guildsman1 ! burgh]1 ! knigh?ood1 ! nobles1 to ! ,k+1 & s to ! ,emp]or1 !re 0 a regul> succession ( graduations1 b ! l9es ( dem>cation 7 fluid & easily pass$1 & z ?r\gh ! ,*ur*1 ! s*ools & ! cloi/] !re 0 an op5 road = ! son ( a peasant to a*ieve ! ,papacy1 s ?r\gh ! guilds1 *ivalry1 w> & ! c\rt1 ! layman1 if he possess$ ability1 might f an humble beg9n+ travel f>4 ,an epo* ( real lib]ty1 ( body1 s\l & m9d1 & ! m real 9 t limits1 diff]5ces & degrees 7 recogniz$1 accept$ & en=c$4 ,?is condition exi/$ r\ghly = five c5turies 9 its swift rise1 its long dom9ion & its sl[ decl9e1 t is to say1 f #ajjj ,a4,d4 to #aejj ,a4,d4 ,!re 0 /ill ! traditional ari/ocracy1 n[ feudal r ?an patri>*al or milit>y2 !re 0 /ill a s]vile class1 n[ r$uc$ to a small m9ority4 ,9 betwe5 0 ! great body ( m5 ( a degree ( "*1 ability & intellig5ce1 & ) a recogniz$ /atus1 ! l ( :i* _h nev] be5 se5 be=e4 ,x 0 n a b\rgeoisie1 = x 0 made up ( produc]s1--agricultural1 artisan1 craft1 art1 me*anic2 a great free society1 ! pr\de/ product ( ,*ri/ian civilization4 ,) ! sixte5? c5tury began a process ( *ange t 0 to ov]turn all ?is & br+ 9 some?+ radically diff]5t4 ,! ,r5aissance & ! ,re=mation work$ 9 a s5se toge!r to build up _! own expressive =m ( society1 & :5 ?is process _h be5 complet$ we f9d /ill an ari/ocracy1 ?\gh rapidly *ang+ 9 ! quality ( its p]sonnel & 9 ! s5se ( its relation%ip to ! re/ ( society2 a s]vile class1 ! prolet>iat1 enorm\sly increas$ 9 proportion to ! o!r social compon5ts2 & two new classes1 "o ! b\rgeoisie1 ess5tially non-produc]s & subsi/+ l>gely ei!r on trade1 usury or managem5t1 & ! paup]1 a phase ( life hi!rto little kn[n "u ! ,*ri/ian regime4 ,! great body ( free citiz5s t _h made up ! majority ( society dur+ ! prec$+ epo*1 ! small l&-hold]s1 citiz5s1 craftsm5 & arti/s ( fifty diff]5t sorts1 has begun rapidly to dissolve1 has almo/ vani%$ by ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & 9 ano!r hundr$ ye>s has practically disappe>$4 ,:at _h become ( !m1 ( ?is great bulk ( ! population ( we/]n ,europe t1 ) ! feudal ari/ocracy1 ! knigh?ood & ! monks _h made ,m$iaevalism8 ,"s _h deg5]at$ into b\rgeois trad]s1 manag]s & f9ance]s1 b ! great majority _h be5 cru%$ d[n & d[n 9 ! mass ( subm]g$ prolet>iat1 los+ lib]ty1 deg5]at+ 9 "*1 becom+ m & m s]vile 9 /atus & wret*$ 9 e/ate1 s =m+ a huge1 in>ticulate1 dully ebulli5t mass1 cut (f f society1 cut (f almo/ f life itself4 ,i mu/ insi/ on ^! ?ree factors 9 ! developm5t ( society & its pres5t cata/rophe3 ! great1 pr$om9ant1 c5tral body ( free m5 dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 _! sup]session dur+ ! sixte5?1 sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies by a non-produc+ b\rgeoisie1 & ! creation dur+ ! same p]iod ( a subm]g$ prolet>iat4 ,!y are factors ( great significance & pot5tial =ce4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury ! indu/rial-f9ancial revolution began4 ,)9 ! space ( an hundr$ ye>s came all ! revelations ( ! pot5tial inh]5t 9 !rmo-dynamics & electricity1 & ! inv5tion ( ! ma*9es t h *ang$ ! _w4 ,dur+ ! ,r5aissance & ,re=mation ! old social & economic sy/ems1 s labori\sly built up on ! ru9s ( ,roman tyranny1 _h be5 de/roy$2 autocracy _h aboli%$ lib]ty1 lic5ti\sness _h wreck$ ! moral /am9a1 fre$om ( consci5ce _h oblit]at$ ! guid+ & re/ra9+ p[] ( ! old religion4 ,! field 0 cle> = a new disp5sation4 ,:at happ5$ 0 int]e/+ & significant4 ,coal & iron1 & _! d]ivatives--/eam & ma*9]y--rapidly reveal$ _! possibilities4 ,to take advantage ( ^!1 x 0 necess>y t lab\r %\ld be available 9 l>ge quantities & freely subject to exploitation2 t unlimit$ capital %\ld be =?com+2 t adequate m>kets %\ld be discov]$ or creat$ to absorb ! surplus product1 s enorm\sly great] ?an ! normal dem&2 & f9ally1 x 0 necess>y t directors & organiz]s & adm9i/rators %\ld be ready at ! call4 ,! conditions ( ! "t made all ^! possible4 ,! l&-hold+ peasantry ( ,engl&--& x is "h t ! revolution 0 accompli%$--_h be5 l>gely dispossess$ & paup]iz$ "u ,h5ry ,,viii1 ,edw>d ,,vi & ,elizabe?1 :ile ! developm5t ( ! wool-gr[+ indu/ry _h re/rict$ ! arable l& to a po9t :]e x no long] gave employm5t to ! mass ( field lab\r]s4 ,! fir/ bla/ ( factory production ?rew out ( "w ! :ole body ( cottage weav]s1 smi?s1 craftsm52 & ! result 0 a great mass ( m51 wom51 & *ildr5 )\t def5se1 void ( all rights1 & giv5 ! alt]native ( submission to ! dom9ance ( ! exploit]s1 or />vation4 ,)\t capital ! new indu/ry c\ld nei!r beg9 nor cont9ue4 ,! exploits ( ! jo9t-/ock companies inv5t$ & p]fect$ 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 %[$ h[ ?is capital c\ld easily be obta9$1 :ile ! p>alyz+ & dismemb]m5t ( ! ,*ur* dur+ ! ,re=mation _h result$ 9 ! abrogation ( ! old ecclesia/ical inhibition aga9/ usury4 ,! necess>y capital 0 =?com+1 & ! f\ndations 7 laid = ! great sy/em ( f9ance :i* 0 "o ( ! triumphant a*ievem5ts ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,! "q ( m>kets 0 m difficult4 ,x 0 cle> t1 ?r\gh ma*9]y1 ! exploitation ( lab\r1 & ! manipulations ( f9ance1 ! product w\ld be enorm\sly great] ?an ! local or national dem&4 ,until !y !mselves develop$ _! own indu/rial sy/em1 ! o!r nations ( ,europe 7 available1 b z ?is process proce$$ o!r m>kets _h to be f\nd2 ! result 0 a*iev$ ?r\gh adv]tis+1 i4e41 ! /imulat+ 9 ! m9ds ( ! g5]al public ( a covet\sness = some?+ !y _h n kn[n ( & did n ne$1 & ! exploit+ ( b>b>\s or undevelop$ races 9 ,asia1 ,africa1 ,oceanica4 ,?is la/ task 0 easily a*iev$ ?r\gh peaceful p5etration & ! prempt+ ( sph]es ( influ5ce4 ,9 ! end 7i4e41 ,a4,d4 #aiad71 ! :ole _w _h s be5 divid$1 ! /imulat$ m>kets %[$ signs ( repletion1 & s9ce exagg]at$ pr(its meant increas+ capital dem&+ inve/m5t1 & ! improvem5t 9 lab\r-sav+ devices cont9u$ un*eck$1 ! conte/ = o!rs' m>kets became acute1 & _w-politic 0 conc5trat$ on ! vital problem ( m>kets1 l9es ( communication1 & t>iffs4 ,z = ! f9d+ or developm5t ( compet5t organiz]s & directors1 ! hi/ory ( ! _w s9ce ! end ( m$ievalism _h curi\sly provid$ = ?is aft] a fa%ion t seem$ almo/ miracul\s4 ,! type requir$ 0 diff]5t f any?+ t _h be5 develop$ be=e4 ,:5ev] ! qualitative /&>d _h be5 op]ative1 x 0 necess>y t ! lead]s 9 any =m ( creative action %\ld be m5 ( highly develop$ intellect1 f9e s5sibility1 wide & p5etrat+ vision1 nobility ( in/9ct1 passion = righte\sness1 & a consci\sness ( ! et]nal =ce ( *>ity1 hon\r1 & s]vice4 ,dur+ ! imp]ial or decad5t /ages1 c\rage1 dynamic =ce1 ! passion = adv5ture1 unscrupul\sness 9 ! matt] ( me?od1 took ! place ( ! qualities t m>k$ ! e>li] p]iods4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance ! result 0 ! great law-giv]s1 philosoph]s1 prophets1 religi\s lead]s1 & arti/s ( e sort2 9 ! second1 ! great conqu]ors4 ,some?+ q diff]5t 0 n[ dem&$--m5 :o possess$ "s ( ! qualities ne$$ = ! developm5t ( imp]ialism1 b :o 7 unhamp]$ by ! re/rictive influ5ces ( ^? :o _h s\ght p]fection4 ,to organize & adm9i/] ! new indu/rial-f9ancial-comm]cial rgime1 ! lead]s mu/ be %rewd1 +5i\s1 quick-witt$1 ?ick-sk9n$1 unscrupul\s1 h>d-head$1 & av>ici\s2 yet d>+1 dom9at+1 & gift$ ) ke5 prevision & vivid imag9ation4 ,^! qualities _h n be5 br$ "u any ( ! ,m$it]ranean civilizations1 or t ( ,c5tral ,europe 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 :i* _h inh]it$ s mu* !refrom4 ,! pursuit ( p]fection always implies a def9ite ari/ocracy1 :i* is z mu* a goal ( ef=t z a noble philosophy1 an augu/ civil polity or a great art4 ,?is ari/ocracy 0 an accept$ & indisp5sable "p ( society1 & x 0 always m or less ! same 9 pr9ciple1 & always ! c5tre & s\rce ( lead]%ip1 )\t :i* society _c endure4 ,x is true t at ! h&s ( ,*ri/ianity x acquir$ a new quality1 t ( s]vice z cont+5t on privilege--"o might almo/ say ( privilege z cont+5t on s]vice--& ! ideals ( hon\r1 *ivalry1 compassion 7 e/abli%$ z its object & me?od ( op]ation ev5 ?\gh ^! 7 n always a*iev$1 b ! result 0 n a new creation2 x 0 an in/itution z old z society1 reg5]at$ & trans=m$ & play+ a great] & a nobl] "p ?an ev] be=e4 ,betwe5 ! ye>s #adee & #agie ?is old ari/ocracy 0 l>gely ext]m9at$4 ,! ,w>s ( ! ,roses1 ! massacres ( ! ,re=mation1 & ! ,civil ,w>s 9 ,engl&2 ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w> 9 ,g]many2 ! ,hundr$ ,ye>s' ,w>1 ! ,w>s ( ,religion1 & ! ,revolution 9 ,france _h decimat$ ! families old 9 hon\r1 pres]v+ ! tradition ( culture1 jeal\s ( _! alliances & _! bre$+--! natural & actual lead]s 9 ?\ght & action4 ,engl& suff]$ badly en\gh z ! result ( w>1 ) ! p]secutions ( ,h5ry ,,viii1 ,edw>d ,,vi & ,elizabe?1 & ! ,black ,dea?1 includ$ = full measure4 ,france suff]$ also1 b ,g]many f>$ wor/ ( all4 ,by ! end ( ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w> ! old] feudal nobility _h l>gely disappe>$1 :ile ! class ( g5tlem5 _h be5 almo/ ext]m9at$4 ,9 ,france1 until ! fall ( ,napoleon ,,iii1 & 9 ,g]many & ,great ,brita9 up to ! pres5t mom5t1 ! recruit+ ( ! =mal ari/ocracy has gone on /eadily1 b on a diff]5t basis & f a diff]5t class f any?+ kn[n be=e4 ,demon/rat$ p]sonal ability to ga9 & ma9ta9 lead]%ip2 di/+ui%$ s]vice to ! nation 9 w> or /atecraft2 c\rage1 hon\r1 fealty--^!1 9 g5]al1 _h be5 ! gr\nd = admission to ! ranks ( ! ari/ocracy4 ,9 g5]al1 also1 advancem5t to ! ranks ( ! high] nobility 0 f ! class ( g5tlem51 ?\gh ! ,*ur*1 ! univ]sities1 & *ivalry gave1 dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 wide opportunity = p]sonal m]it to a*ieve ! highe/ hon\rs4 ,?r\gh ! :olesale de/ruction ( ! repres5tatives ( a class t f ! beg9n+ ( hi/ory _h be5 ! direct+ & creative =ce 9 civilization1 a process began :i* 0 almo/ me*anical4 ,z ! upp] /rata ( society 7 plan$ (f by w>1 pe/il5ce1 civil slaught]1 & assass9ation1 ! pressure on ! great mass ( m5 7peasants1 s]fs1 unskill$ lab\r]s1 ! s-call$ l[] classes7 0 increas+ly relax$1 & v soon ! ?9 film ( ari/ocracy1 fur!r weak5$ by dilution1 broke1 & ?r\gh ! crumbl+ %ell bur/ to ! surface ^? :o _h beh9d !m no tradition b t ( s]vility1 no compreh5sion ( ! ideals ( *ivalry & hon\r ( ! g5tleman1 no /or$-up results ( education & culture1 b only an age-long rage aga9/ ! age-long dom9at+ class1 toge!r ) ! in/9cts ( craft9ess1 p>simony1 & almo/ savage self-int]e/4 ,z a class1 x 0 v f> f be+ :at x 0 "u ! ,roman ,empire2 on ! o!r h&1 x 0 equally remov$ f :at x 0 dur+ ! ,middle ,ages 9 ,engl&1 ,france & ! ,rh9el&4 ,"u m$iaevalism *attel slav]y _h disappe>$1 & ! lot ( ! peasant 0 a happi] "o ?an he _h kn[n be=e4 ,he _h a*iev$ def9ite /atus1 & ! l9e t sep>at$ him f ! g5try 0 v ?9 & con/antly trav]s$1 ?anks to ! accept$ sy/em ( l& t5ure1 ! guilds1 *ivalry1 ! s*ools & univ]sities1 ! prie/hood & mona/icism4 ,! ,r5aissance _h rapidly *ang$ all ?is1 h[ev]2 absolutism 9 gov]nm5t1 dispossession ( l&1 ! abolition ( ! guilds1 & ! collapse ( ! moral ord] & ( ! dom9ance ( ! ,*ur*1 7 fa/ pu%+ ! peasant back into ! position he _h held "u ! ,roman ,empire1 & f :i* ,*ri/ianity _h lift$ him4 ,by #agij he _h be5 = ne>ly ?ree c5turies "u a progressive oppression t _h undone ne>ly all ! b5efic5t "w ( ! ,middle ,ages & made ! peasant class practically outlaw1 :ile break+ d[n its "*1 degrad+ its morals1 increas+ its ignorance1 & build+ up a sull5 rage & an inv9cible hatr$ ( all t /ood visible z law & ord] 9 ! p]sons ( ! rul+ class4 ,filt]+ ?r\gh ! impov]i%$ & dilut$ cru/ ( a dissolv+ ari/ocracy1 came ?is irruption f bel[4 ,9 _! own p]sons c]ta9 ( ^! p possess$ ! qualities & ! w :i* 7 imp]ative = ! organization ( ! indu/ry1 ! trade1 & ! f9ance t 7 to control ! _w = f\r g5]ations1 & produce t indu/rial civilization :i* is ! basis & ! en]giz+ =ce ( mod]nism4 ,imm$iately1 & ) conspicu\s ability1 !y took hold ( ! problem1 solv$ its difficulties1 develop$ its possibilities1 & by ! end ( ! n9ete5? c5tury _h made x ma/] ( ! _w4 ,simultane\sly an equal revolution & rev]sal 0 be+ effect$ 9 gov]nm5t4 ,! free mon>*ies ( ! ,middle ,ages1 b5ea? :i* lay ! well recogniz$ pr9ciple t no au?ority1 human or div9e1 c\ld give any mon>* ! "r to gov]n wrong1 & t !re 0 su* a ?+ 7frequ5tly ex]cis$7 z lawful rebellion1 gave place to ! absolutism & autocracy ( ,r5aissance k+%ip & ?is1 :i* 0 fo/]$ bo? by ,r5aissance & ,re=mation1 became at once ! ally ( ! new =ces 9 society & s fur!r$ ! gr[? z well z ! mis]y & ! degradation ( ! prolet>iat4 ,9 revolt aga9/ ?is new & v evil ?+ came ! republicanism ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 inspir$ & direct$ 9 l>ge measure by memb]s ( ! fa/ p]i%+ ari/ocracy ( race1 "* & tradition4 ,x 0 a spl5did upris+ aga9/ tyranny & oppression & is be/ express$ 9 ! p]sonalities & ! actions ( ! ,con/itutional ,conv5tion ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #aghg & ! ,/ates ,g5]al ( ,france 9 #aghi4 ,! movem5t is n to be conf\nd$ ) ano!r t syn*ronizes ) x1 t is to say1 democracy1 = ! two ?+s are radically diff]5t 9 _! antec$5ts1 _! protagoni/s1 _! modes ( op]ation & _! objects4 ,:ile ! "o 0 ! aspiration & ! creation ( ! m enlight5$ & cultur$1 ! repres5tatives ( ! old ari/ocracy1 ! o!r issu$ out ( ! same milieu t 0 responsible = ! new social organism4 ,t is to say2 :ile c]ta9 ( ! m %rewd & +5i\s 7 organiz+ trade1 manufacture & f9ance & develop+ its autocratic & imp]iali/ic possibilities at ! exp5se ( ! great mass ( _! blood-bro!rs1 o!rs ( ! same social antec$5ts 7 devis+ a new !ory1 & exp]im5t+ 9 new s*emes1 ( gov]nm5t1 :i* w\ld take all p[] away f ! class t _h hi!rto ex]cis$ x & fix x firmly 9 ! h&s ( ! emancipat$ prolet>iat4 ,?is new model 0 call$ !n1 & is call$ n[1 democracy4 ,else:]e ,i h tri$ to di/+ui% betwe5 democracy ( !ory & democracy ( me?od4 ,p]haps ,i %\ld h us$ a m lucid nom5clature if ,i _h simply di/+ui%$ betwe5 republicanism & democracy1 = ?is is :at x am\nts to4 ,! =m] is z old z man1 & is "p ( ! passion = p]fection t *>act]izes all cresc5t society1 & is inde$ ! *ief diff]5ce betwe5 brute & human nature2 x means ! gu>antee+ ( ju/ice1 & may be describ$ z consi/+ ( abolition ( privilege1 equality ( opportunity1 & utilization ( ability4 ,democracy ( me?od consi/s 9 a v>iable & unc]ta9 sequ5ce ( devices :i* are suppos$ to a*ieve ! democracy ( ideal1 b z a matt] ( fact h ?us f> usually work$ 9 ! opposite direction4 ,! activity ( ?is movem5t syn*ronizes ) ! press+ upw>d ( ! ! masses ?r\gh ! dissolv+ cru/ ( ! classes1 & repres5ts _! contribution to ! sci5ce ( political philosophy1 z ! contribution ( ! latt] is curr5t political economy4 ,x w be p]ceiv$ t ! reaction ( ! new social =ce 9 ! case ( indu/rial organization is fundam5tally oppos$ to t :i* occurr$ 9 ! political sph]e4 ,! "o is work+ /eadily t[>ds an autocratic imp]ialism & ! s]vile /ate1 ! o!r t[>ds ! fluctuat+1 incoh]5t control ( ! mak+ & adm9i/]+ ( laws by ! untra9$1 ! uncultivat$1 & ! g5]ally unfit1 ! issue ( :i* is an>*y4 ,! indu/rial-comm]cial-f9ancial olig>*y t dom9at$ society = ! c5tury prec$+ ! ,great ,w> is ! result ( ! fir/2 ,russia1 today1 is an exempl> ( ! second4 ,! work+ out ( ^! two great devices ( ! new =ce releas$ by ! de/ructive processes ( ! sixte5?1 sev5te5?1 & eighte5? c5turies1 simultane\sly ?\gh 9 app>5t opposition1 expla9s :y1 :5 ! w> broke out1 imp]ialism & democracy syn*roniz$ s exactly3 on ! "o h&1 imp]ial /ates1 indu/ry1 comm]ce1 & f9ance2 on ! o!r1 a swiftly accel]at+ democratic sy/em t 0 at ! same "t ! effective means :]eby ! dom9ant imp]ialism work$1 & ! omnipres5t & increas+ ?reat to its fur!r cont9uance4 ,a full c5tury elaps$ be=e victory became secure1 or ev5 proximate4 ,republicanism rapidly ext5d$ itself to all ! gov]nm5ts ( we/]n ,europe1 b x c\ld n ma9ta9 itself 9 its primal integrity4 ,soon] "h1 lat] !re1 x surr5d]$ to ! f9ancial1 indu/rial1 comm]cial =ces t 7 tak+ ov] ! control & direction ( society1 becom+ p>tn]s ) !m & foll[+ _! aims1 conniv+ at _! s*emes1 & %>+ 9 _! ev]-increas+ pr(its4 ,by ! end ( ! fir/ decade ( ! tw5tie? c5tury ^! suppos$ly free gov]nm5ts _h become z id5tifi$ ) special privilege1 & z widely sev]$ f ! p z a :ole1 z ! autocratic gov]nm5ts ( ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies1 :ile !y fail$ consi/5tly to mat* !m 9 effectiv5ess1 en]gy & effici5cy ( op]ation4 ,= ?is latt] condition democracy 0 measurably responsible4 ,= fifty ye>s x _h be5 sl[ly filt]+ into ! moribund republican sy/em until at la/1 dur+ ! same fir/ decade ( ! pres5t c5tury1 x _h :olly trans=m$ ! gov]nm5tal sy/em1 mak+ x1 :atev] its outw>d =m1 :e!r con/itutional mon>*y1 or republic1 ess5tially democratic4 ,s gov]nm5t became %ifty1 opportuni/1 incapable1 & )\t ! inh]5t en]gy to resi/1 beyond a c]ta9 po9t1 ! la/ great ef=t ( ! em]g5t prolet>iat to de/roy1 n alone ! indu/rial civilization x ju/ly dete/$1 b ! v gov]nm5t x _h acquir$ by peaceful p5etration & organiz$ & adm9i/]$ along its *os5 l9es1 & inde$ ! v fabric ( society itself4 ,n[ ^! two rem>kable products ( ! new m5tality ( a social =ce 7 facts1 b !y ne$$ an intellectual or philosophical ju/ification j z a l[-born pr(ite]1 :5 he has acquir$ a c]ta9 am\nt ( money1 ne$s an exp5sive club or a coat ( arms to regul>ize 8 /atus4 ,prote/antism & mat]iali/ic philosophy 7 jo9t nurs+-mo!rs to mod]nism1 b :51 by ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury1 x _h rea*$ man's e/ate1 !y prov$ inadequate2 some?+ else 0 necess>y1 & ?is 0 furni%$ to admiration by evolutionism4 ,?r\gh its doctr9e ( ! survival ( ! fitte/1 x appe>$ to ju/ify 9 ! fulle/ degree ! gospel ( =ce z ! f9al te/1 & enlight5$ self-int]e/ z ! new moral law2 ?r\gh its lucid demon/ration ( ! /rictly physical basis ( life1 ! desc5t ( man f primordial slime by way ( ! lemur or ! an?ropoid ape1 & ! non-exi/5ce ( any sup]natural p[] t _h devis$1 or c\ld det]m9e1 a code ( morality 9 :i* c]ta9 ?+s 7 et]nal by "r1 & o!r ?an ! v>iable reactions ( v highly develop$ animals to exp]i5ce & environm5t1 x _h giv5 weighty support to ! increas+ly popul> movem5t t[>ds democracy bo? 9 !ory & 9 act4 ,its greate/ contribution1 h[ev]1 0 its argum5t t1 s9ce ! inv>iable law ( life 0 "o ( progressive evolution1 !re=e ! acquir$ *>act]i/ics :i* =m$ ! mat]ial ( evolution1 & 7 h]itable1 c\ld be me*anically increas$ 9 numb] by education2 h5ce ! body ( inh]itance 7:i* un=tunately v>i$ z betwe5 man & man because ( pa/ discrepancies 9 environm5t1 opportunities1 & education7 c\ld be equaliz$ by a sy/em ( tea*+ t aim$ to furni% t m5tal & physical tra9+ hi!rto abs5t4 ,:e!r ! case 0 ev] s /at$ 9 set t]ms does n matt]2 v %ortly ?is became ! firm conviction ( ! great mass ( m51 & ! mod]n democracy ( me?od is bas$ on ! belief t all m5 are equal because !y are m51 & t free1 compulsory1 secul>iz$1 /ate-controll$ education c & does remove ! la/ diff]5ce t made possible any discrim9ation 9 rights & privileges z betwe5 "o man & ano!r4 ,9 ano!r respect1 h[ev]1 ! sup]/ition ( me*anical evolution play$ an important "p1 & ) s]i\s results4 ,nei!r ! prophets nor ! camp-foll[]s seem$ to realize t evolution1 :ile und\bt$ly a law ( life )9 c]ta9 limits1 0 insep>able f degradation :i* 0 its concomitant1 t is to say1 t z ! rocket rises s mu/ x fall2 z man is conceiv$1 born & matures1 ev5 s mu/ he die4 ,! wave rises1 b falls aga92 ! /ate waxes to greatness1 wanes1 & ! map kn[s x no m2 ea* epo* ( human hi/ory arises out ( dim beg9n+s1 magnifies itself 9 glory1 & !n yields to int]nal corruption1 dilution & adult]ation ( blood1 or prodigal dissipation ( spiritual =ce1 & takes its place 9 ! annals ( anci5t hi/ory4 ,)\t recognition ( ?is implacable1 unescapable fact ( degradation sequ5t on evolution1 ! lat] becomes a delusion & an in/rum5t ( dea?1 = ! eyes ( man are bl9d to incipi5t or cresc5t dang]s2 cont5t1 self-secure1 lo/ 9 a va9 dream ( manife/ de/9y !y are deaf to w>n+s1 incapable ev5 ( ! prim>y ge/ures ( self-def5se4 ,su* 0 "o ( ! results ( n9ete5?-c5tury evolutionism1 & ! g5]ation t saw ! la/ ye>s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury & ! fir/ "p ( ! new1 bask+ 9 its day dreams ( self-complac5cy1 made no move to av]t ! dang]s t ?reat5$ x !n & n[ m5ace x ) de/ruction4 ,:51 !re=e1 mod]nism a*iev$ its gr& climact]ic 9 ,july1 #aiad1 we _h on ! "o h& an imp]ialism ( =ce1 9 indu/ry1 comm]ce1 & f9ance1 express+ itself ?r\gh highly develop$ speciali/s1 & dictat+ ! policies & practices ( gov]nm5t1 society1 & education2 on ! o!r1 a democracy ( =m :i* d5i$1 combat$1 & de/roy$ di/9ction 9 p]sonality & au?ority 9 ?\ght1 & disc\rag$ con/ructive lead]%ip 9 ! intellectual1 spiritual1 & arti/ic sph]es ( activity4 ,! opposition 0 absolute1 ! results cata/rophic4 ,! lack ( compet5t lead]%ip 9 e category ( life f9ds a suffici5t explanation 9 ! two oppos$ =ces1 9 _! orig9 & nature1 & 9 ! fact ( _! opposition4 ,9 ! some:at g>i% light ( ! ,w> & ! ,peace1 x w\ld n be difficult to feel a real & ev5 poignant sympa?y = two causes t 7 prom95t & popul> 9 ! fir/ f\rte5 ye>s ( ! pres5t c5tury1 namely1 ! philosophy t bas$ itself on a me*anical sy/em ( evolution :i* pr$ict$ unescapable1 irrev]sible human progress1 & t religion :i* d5i$ ! reality ( evil 9 ! _w4 ,! plausibility ( ea* 0 dissipat$ by ! cata/rophic ev5ts ?\gh bo? /ill l+] 9 /ubborn unconsci\sness ( _! demise4 ,! impulse t[>ds sympa?y is mitigat$ by realization ( ! un=tunate effect !y ex]t$ on hi/ory4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly true ( evolution>y philosophy1 :i* 0 held z an article ( fai?1 ei!r consci\sly or sub-consci\sly1 by ! great] "p ( ,we/]n society4 ,n only did x det] m5 f realiz+ ! om9\s t5d5cy ( ev5ts b1 m unhappily1 x m9imiz$ _! p[] to discrim9ate betwe5 :at 0 good & bad 9 curr5t society1 & ev5 rev]s$ _! s5se ( comp>ative values4 ,if man 0 inde$ progress+ /eadily f bad to good1 & s to bett] & be/1 !n ! vivid & ev5 spl5did life ( ! la/ qu>t] ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ) its headlong conque/ ( ! p[]s ( nature1 its enorm\s indu/rial developm5t1 its va/ & ev]-increas+ weal? 9 mat]ial ?+s1 mu/ be n only an amaz+ advance beyond any =m] civilization b positively good 9 itself1 :ile ! future c\ld only be a progressive magnify+ ( :at !n 0 go+ on4 ,j z to quote ,mr4 ,*e/]ton's admirable ,dr4 ,pelk9s1 j z :5 we see a pig 9 a litt] l>g] ?an ! o!r pigs1 we "k t by an unalt]able law ( ! ,inscrutable1 x w "s day be l>g] ?an an elephant444s we "k & rev]5tly ackn[l$ge t :5 any p[] 9 human politics has %[n = any p]iod ( "t any consid]able activity1 x w g on until x rea*es ! sky4 ,no?+ b a grave inability to e/imate values1 bas$ on a pseudo-sci5tific dogma1 c expla9 ! lack ( any j /&>d ( comp>ative values t 0 ! ess5tial quality 9 pre-w> society4 ,extraord9>y z 7 ! mat]ial a*ievem5ts ( ! "t1 b5efic5t 9 c]ta9 ways1 & susceptible 9 "p ( sometime be+ us$ to ! advantage ( humanity1 !y 7 l>gely negativ$1 & ev5 rev]s$ 9 value1 j because ! s5se ( proportion _h be5 lo/4 ,! image :i* might h /imulat$ rev]5ce _h become a feti%4 ,!re 7 voices cry+ 9 ! wild]ness aga9/ a wor%ip t _h poison$ into idolatry1 b !y 7 unhe>d4 ,progressively ! real ?+s ( life 7 blurr$ & =gott5 & ! ?+s t 7 s obvi\sly real t !y 7 unreal became ! object & ! measure ( a*ievem5t4 ,x 0 an unhappy & almo/ fatal attitude ( m9d1 & x 0 eng5d]$ n s mu* by ! tr5d ( civilization s9ce ! ,r5aissance & ,re=mation1 nor by ! compulsion & cumulative influ5ce ( ! ?+s !mselves1 z by ! natural temp] & incl9ations & ! native /&>ds ( ?is emancipat$ mass ( humanity t1 oppress$1 outrag$ & degrad$ = f\r hundr$ ye>s _h at la/ bur/ out ( its prison-h\se & _h assum$ control ( society ?r\gh indu/rialism1 politics & social life4 ,! sav+ grace ( ! old ari/ocracies _h disappe>$ ) ! in/itution itself3 betwe5 #ahge & #aijj ! great s+le lead]s1 s f9e 9 "*1 s brilliant 9 capacity1 s surpris+ 9 _! numb]s1 t _h giv5 a deceptive glory to ! s-call$ ,victorian ,age1 _h almo/ :olly di$ out1 & ! new conditions nei!r fo/]$ ! developm5t ( adequate successors1 nor gave audi5ce to ! few t1 anomal\sly1 appe>$4 ,x is n surpris+ !re=e t ! new social elem5t t _h play$ s ma/]ly a "p 9 br++ to its p]fection ! indu/rial-f9ancial-democratic s*eme ( life %\ld h develop$ an apologetic !re=1 & impos$ x1 ) all its mat]ialism1 its n>r[ness1 its pragmatism1 its1 at times1 grossness & cynicism1 on ! m9d ( a society :]e increas+ly _! own foll[]s 71 by %e] en]gy & effici5cy1 acquir+ a pr$om9ant position4 ,i am n unconsci\s t ^! are h>d say+s & t few inde$ w accept !m4 ,!y seem too mu* l attempt+ t :i* ,burke said 0 impossible1 viz41 to br+ an indictm5t aga9/ a p4 ,i int5d no?+ ( ! sort4 ,out ( ?is same body ( humanity :i* z a :ole has ex]t$ ?is v unfav\rable influ5ce on mod]n society1 h come & w come p]sonalities ( sudd5 & />tl+ nobility1 m5 :o h done z great s]vice z any ( _! contempor>ies :atev] _! class or /atus4 ,out ( ! dep?s h come ^? :o h asc5d$ to ! supreme heights1 = s9ce ,*ri/ianity came into ! _w to free ! s\ls ( m51 ?is new lib]ty has work$ )\t limitations ( ca/e or race4 ,inde$1 ! v creations ( ! em]g5t =ce1 indu/rialism & democracy1 :ile !y 7 ! betrayal ( ! _m 7 ! opportunity ( ! few1 tak+ ! place1 z !y did1 ( ! old] cre$s ( specifically ,*ri/ian society1 & invit+ ^? :o w\ld to "w _! full emancipation & s become ! s]vants ( ,god & mank9d4 ,by ! v bitt]ness ( _! antec$5ts1 ! cruelty ( _! inh]itance1 !y ga9$ a deep] s5se ( ! reality ( life1 a m j s5se ( "r & wrong1 a cle>] vision ( ?+s z !y 71 ?an happ5$ 9 ! case ( ^? :o _h no su* exp]i5ce ( ! deep brutality ( ! regime ( po/-,r5aissance society4 ,true z ?is is1 x is also true t = "o :o won ?r\gh !re 7 _m :o ga9$ no?+1 & x 01 & is1 ! %e] weight ( numb]s ( ^? :o fail$ ( ?is t has made _! influ5ce on ! mod]n life z p]vasive & controll+ z x is4 ,:at has happ5$ is a c]ta9 degradation ( "*1 a weak5+ ( ! moral /am9a ( m51 & aga9/ ?is no me*anical device 9 gov]nm5t1 no philosophical or social !ory1 c /& a *ance ( successful resi/ance1 :ile mat]ial progress 9 weal? & trade & sci5tific a*ievem5t becomes simply a contributory =ce 9 ! process ( deg5]ation4 ,= ?is degradation ( "* we are b\nd to hold ?is new social =ce 9 a measure responsible1 ev5 ?\gh x has s op]at$ because ( its inh]5t qualities & 9 no mat]ial respect ?r\gh consci\s cynicism or vici\sness2 inde$ x is safe to say t 9 s f> z x 0 act+ consci\sly x 0 ) good motives1 :i* adds an elem5t ( ev5 great] trag$y to a situation already suffici5tly depress+4 ,if ,i am "r 9 hold+ ?is to be ! effective cause ( ! situation we h n[ to meet1 x is true t x is by no means ! only "o4 ,! emancipation & deliv]ance ( ! d[ntrodd5 masses ( m5 :o ow$ _! evil e/ate to ! de/ruction ( ! ,*ri/ian society ( ! ,middle ,ages1 0 a clam\r\s necessity2 x 0 a slav]y z bad 9 "s ways z any t _h exi/$ 9 antiquity1 & ! numb] ( its victims 0 great]4 ,! ill results ( ! accompli%$ fact 0 l>gely due to ! condition ( religion :i* exi/$ dur+ ! p]iod ( emancipation4 ,no society c endure )\t vital religion1 & any revolution effect$ at a "t :5 religion is moribund or dissipat$ 9 cont5ti\s fragm5ts1 is de/9$ to be evacuat$ ( its ideals & its pot5tial1 & to end 9 disa/]4 ,n[ ! free+ ( ! slaves ( ! ,r5aissance & ! po/-,re=mation1 & _! absorption 9 ! body politic1 0 "o ( ! greate/ revolutions 9 hi/ory1 & x came at a "t :5 religion1 :i* _h be5 "o & vital ?r\gh\t ,we/]n ,europe = six c5turies1 _h be5 %att]$ & nullifi$1 & its place tak51 9 ! l&s t saw ! great lib]ation1 by ,calv9ism1 ,lu!ranism1 ,puritanism & a!ism1 none ( :i* c\ld ex]t a guid+ & r$emptive influ5ce on ! daz$ hordes t _h at la/ come up into ! light ( day4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 !re=e1 we are b\nd to trace back ! responsibility = ! pres5t crisis ev5 to ! ,re=mation itself1 z well z to ! tyranny & absolutism ( gov]nm5t1 & ! sordid & pr(ligate ord]+ ( society1 :i* foll[$ on ! end ( ,m$iaevalism4 ,s !n we /& today confront+ a situation t is om9\s & obscure1 s9ce ! v ideals & devices :i* we _h held 7 ! la/ ^w 9 progressive evolution h fail$ at ! crisis1 & because we :o creat$ !m & h work$ ?r\gh !m1 h fail$ 9 "*1 & *iefly because we h accept$ l[ ideals & inf]ior /&>ds impos$ ^u u by social elem5ts betray$ & ab&on$ by a _w t c\ld n aid !m or assimilate !m s9ce itself _h betray$ ! only ?+ t c\ld give !m =ce1 unity & coh]5cy1 t is1 a vital & p]vasive religi\s fai?4 ,!re are ^? :o hold our case to be desp]ate1 to :om ! disillusionm5t ( peace1 aft] ! high optimism eng5d]$ by ! va/ h]oism & ! exalt$ ideals in/igat$ by ! w>1 has br\ght no?+ b a mood ( deep pessimism4 ,! s5tim5t is p]haps natural1 b x is none ! less bo? irrational & wick$4 ,if x is p]si/$ 91 if x becomes widespread1 x may p]fectly well ju/ify itself1 b only s4 ,we no long] accept ! ,calv9i/ic doctr9e ( pr$e/9ation1 we believe1 & mu/ highly believe1 t our fate is ( our own mak+1 = ,*ri/ianity has made u ! heirs ( free-w4 ,:at we w t %all we be1 or r1 :at we are t %all we w1 & if we make ( ourselves :at1 by ! grace ( ,god1 we may1 !n ! victory re/s ) u4 ,x is true t we are 9 ! la/ ye>s ( a def9ite p]iod1 on t decl9e t prec$es ! op5+ ( a new epo*4 ,nev] 9 hi/ory has any su* p]iod ov]pass$ its limit ( five hundr$ ye>s1 & ours1 :i* came to bir? 9 ! la/ half ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 _c outla/ ! pres5t4 ,b ^! decl9+ ye>s are prec$+ ^? :]e9 all ?+s are made new1 & ! next two g5]ations w see1 n alone ! pass+ ( :at we may call mod]nism1 s9ce x is our own age1 b ! prologue ( ! epo* t is to come4 ,x is = u to say :at ?is %all be4 ,x is n =eorda9$2 true1 if we w x1 x may be a reign ( disa/]1 a p>allel to ! well-recogniz$ ,d>k ,ages ( hi/ory1 b also1 if we w1 x may be a new & a true r5aissance1 a rebir? ( old ideals1 ( old hon\r1 ( old fai?1 only inc>nate 9 new & noble =ms4 ,! vision ( an old heav5 & a new e>? 0 v\*saf$ u dur+ ! w>1 :5 horror & di%on\r & degradation 7 %ot ?r\gh & ?r\gh ) an epic h]oism & *ivalry & self-sacrifice4 ,:at if ?is all did fade 9 ! miasma ( ,v]sailles & ! cynicism ( trade fight+ to get back to normalcy1 & ! r$ an>*y out ( ! ,ea/8 ,!re is no fiat ( ,god t fixes ^! ?+s z et]nal4 ,ev5 !y also may be made ! in/rum5ts ( revelation & re-creation4 ,p>is & ,london1 ,rome1 ,b]l9 & ,wa%+ton are me%$ 9 ! tangl$ web ( ! sup]annuat$ :o _c escape ! incubus ( ! old ways & ! old !ories t 7 !mselves ! cause ( ! w> & ( ! failure ( mod]n civilization1 b ano!r g5]ation is tak+ ! field & we mu/ believe t ?is has be5 burn$ out ( !m4 ,!y may h a*iev$ ?is great p]fection 9 ! field1 !y may h exp]i5c$ x ?r\gh ^? susceptible ye>s ( life j prec$+ milit>y age4 ,x does n matt]4 ,someh[ !y h x1 & ^? :o come mu* 9 contact 9 s*ool or college ) boys & m5 betwe5 ! ages ( sev5te5 & tw5ty-five1 "k1 & ?ankfully confess1 t if !y c control ! ev5t ! future is secure4 ,9 ! h>lequ9ade ( fabul\s mat]ial success ! nations ( mod]n civilization suff]$ a moral det]ioration1 9 !mselves & 9 _! individual memb]s2 by a moral reg5]ation !y may be sav$4 ,h[ is ?is to be accompli%$8 ,h[1 humanly speak+1 is ! r$emption ( society to be a*iev$8 ,n alone by *ange ( he>t 9 ea* individual1 ?\gh if ?is c\ld be x w\ld be en\gh4 ,humanly speak+ !re is n "t & we d>e n hope = ! div9e miracle :]eby 9 ! tw9kl+ ( an eye we %all all be *ang$4 ,/ill less by sole reliance on "s s]ies ( new political1 social1 economic & educational devices2 !re is no plan1 h[ev] wise & pr(\nd1 t c "w effectively "u ! dead weight ( a society t is made up ( individuals ^: moral s5se is defective4 ,ei!r ( ^! two me?ods1 put into op]ation by itself1 w fail4 ,act+ toge!r !y may succe$4 ,i repeat :at ,i h said be=e4 ,! mat]ial ?+ & ! spiritual =ce "w by int]-action & cord9ately4 ,! ab&onm5t or re=m ( "s device t has prov$ evil or inadequate1 & ! sub/itution ( some?+ bett]1 *anges to t ext5t ! environm5t ( ! individual & s enables him m p]fectly to develop 8 inh]5t possibilities 9 "* & capacity1 :ile e advance 9 ?is direction reacts on ! ma*9]y ( life & makes its improvem5t m possible4 ,) a real s5se ( my own p]sonal presumption1 b ) an equally real s5se ( ! responsibility t re/s on e man at ! pres5t crisis1 ,i %all v5ture c]ta9 sugge/ions z to possible *anges t may well be effect$ 9 ! mat]ial =ms ( contempor>y society z well z 9 its me?ods ( ?\ght1 9 ord] t ! spiritual en]gies ( ! individual may be rais$ to a high] level ?r\gh ! amelioration ( a hamp]+ environm5t1 &1 ) ev5 great] diffid5ce1 o!rs t may be> m directly on ! "*-developm5t ( ! individual4 ,9 foll[+ out ?is l9e ( ?\ght ,i %all1 9 ! rema9+ sev5 lectures1 speak successively on3 ,a ,work+ ,philosophy2 ,! ,social ,organism2 ,! ,indu/rial & ,economic ,problem2 ,! ,political ,organization ( ,society2 ,! ,function ( ,education & ,art2 ,! ,problem ( ,organic ,religion2 & ,p]sonal ,responsibility4 ,i am only too consci\s ( ! fact t ! division ( my subject "u ^! categorical heads1 & ! necessities ( special argum5t1 if n inde$ ( special plead+1 h =c$ me to su* p>ticul> /ress on ea* subject z may v likely give an impression ( undue emphasis4 ,if ea* lecture 7 to be tak5 by itself1 su* an impression w\ld1 ,i fe>1 be unescapable2 ,i ask !re=e = ! c\rtesy ( a susp5sion ( judgm5t until ! s]ies is complet$1 = x is only :5 tak5 z a :ole1 "o pap] react+ ^u & modify+ ano!r1 t :atev] m]it ! c\rse possesses c be made app>5t4 ,,ii ,a ,,work+ ,,philosophy99 99,?is lecture has be5 v consid]ably re-writt5 s9ce x 0 deliv]$1 & mu* ( ! matt] x !n conta9$ has be5 cut out1 & is n[ pr9t$ 9 ! ,app5dix4 ,^! excisions 7 purely speculative1 & :ile !y h a c]ta9 be>+ on ! argum5ts & conclusions 9 ! o!r lectures1 might v well be prejudicial to !m1 & = ?is reason x has seem$ bett] to remove !m f ! g5]al sequ5ce & give !m a supplem5t>y place by !mselves4 ,! fir/ reaction ( ! ,_w ,w> 0 a great int]rogation1 & ! te*nical ,peace t has foll[$ br+s only reit]ation4 ,:y did ^! ?+s come1 & h[8 ,! answ]s are z manifold z ! clam\r\s tongues t ask1 b none c>ries conviction & ! problem is /ill unsolv$4 ,accord+ to all rational probabilities we _h no "r to expect ! w> t befell2 accord+ to all ! human indications z we saw !m reveal$ among/ ! ,allies we _h a "r to expect a bett] peace2 accord+ to our abid+ & ab\nd+ fai? we _h a "r to expect a great bett]+ ( life aft] ! w>1 & ev5 9 spite ( ! peace4 ,x is all a non sequitur1 & /ill we ask ! reason & ! mean+ ( x all4 ,x may be v long be=e ! full answ] is giv51 yet if we are se>*+ ! way t[>ds ,! ,great ,peace we mu/ e/abli% "s work+ !ory1 if only t we may r$eem our grave errors & avoid l p]ils 9 ! future4 ,! explanation ,i assume = myself1 & on :i* ,i mu/ "w1 is t1 9 spite ( our int5tions 7:i* 7 ( ! be/7 we 7 l$ into ! developm5t1 acceptance & application ( a false philosophy ( life :i* 0 n only unt5able 9 itself b 0 vitiat$ & made noxi\s ?r\gh its sev]ance f vital religion4 ,9 close alliance ) ?is decl5sion ( philosophy ^u a basis t _h be5 ab&on$ by ! ,*ri/ian _w = a ?\s& ye>s1 p]haps z ! ultimate reason = its occurr5ce1 0 ! t5d5cy to void religion ( its vital p[]1 to cut x out ( intimate contact ) life1 &1 9 ! end1 to ab&on x altoge!r z an en]giz+ =ce int]p5etrat+ all exi/5ce & controll+ x 9 c]ta9 def9ite directions & aft] c]ta9 def9ite me?ods4 ,! r complete failure ( our _m mod]n & +5i\s in/itutions1 ! failure ( in/itutionalism altoge!r1 is due f> less to wrong !ories und]ly+ !m1 or to radical defects 9 _! te*nique1 ?an x is to ?is false philosophy & ?is progressive ab&onm5t ( religion4 ,! wrong !ories 7 !re1 & ! me*anical defects1 = ! ma*9es 7 condition$ by ! pr9ciple t lay beh9d !m1 b ef=t at correction & bett]m5t w make small progress unless we fir/ rega9 ! "r religion & a "r philosophy4 ,i said ?is to ,h5ri ,b]gson la/ ye> 9 ,p>is & 8 reply 0 significant z com+ f a philosoph]4 ,yes1 he said1 y are "r2 & ( ! two1 ! religion is ! m important4 ,if we _h ?is back1 & 9 full measure2 if society 7 infus$ by x1 ?r\gh & ?r\gh1 & m5 liv$ its life1 & 9 its life1 philosophy w\ld take c>e ( itself & ! nature ( our in/itutions w\ld n matt]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 )\t x1 no in/itution c be c\nt$ safe1 or w prove efficaci\s1 :ile no philosophy1 h[ev] l(ty & magi/]ial1 c take its place1 or ev5 play its own "p 9 ! life ( man or society4 ,i mu/ 9 ^! lectures say mu* ab\t in/itutions !mselves1 b fir/ ,i %all try to indicate :at seem to me ! m s]i\s errors 9 curr5t philosophy1 leav+ until aft] a /udy ( ! mat]ial =ms :i* are s l>gely condition$ by ! philosophical attitude1 ! consid]ation ( t religion1 bo? organic & p]sonal1 :i* ,i believe c alone v]ify ! philosophy1 give ! in/itutions life & r5d] !m reliable ag5cies = good4 ,= a work+ def9ition ( philosophy1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ,i use x "h1 ,i w take two say+s1 "o out ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 "o f ! tw5tie?4 ,!y are call$ wise :o put ?+s 9 _! "r ord] & control !m well1 says ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as4 ,philosophy is ! sci5ce ( ! totality ( ?+s1 says ,c>d9al ,m]ci]1 8 greate/ contempor>y comm5tator1 & he cont9ues1 ,philosophy is ! sum-total ( reality4 ,philosophy is ! body ( human wisdom1 v]ifi$ & irradiat$ by div9e wisdom4 ,! sci5ce ( ! totality ( ?+s3 n ! isolation ( individual ph5om5a1 or ev5 ( gr\ps ( ph5om5a1 z is ! me?od ( ! natural sci5ces1 b ! sett+ ( all 9 _! v>i$ relation%ips & values1 ! anti!sis ( t n>r[ness & conc5tration ( vision t foll[ int5sive specialization & h issue 9 inf9ite delusions & unrealities1 ,philosophy reg>ds ! sum-total ( reality & x a*ieves ?is consci\sness ( reality1 fir/ by e/abli%+ "r relations betwe5 ph5om5a1 & !n1 ab&on+ ! explicit intellectual process1 by fall+ back on div9e illum9ation :i* enables x to see ?r\gh ^? well-ord]$ ph5om5a ! ,div9e ,actuality t lies beh9d1 in=m+ !m ) its own f9ality & us+ !m bo? z types & z m$ia ( transmission & communication4 ,s m5 are enabl$ by philosophy to put ?+s 9 _! "r ord] & by religion to control !m well1 ?us becom+ inde$ wor?y to be call$ wise4 ,n[1 f ! beg9n+s ( consci\s life1 man has f\nd himself surr\nd$ & besieg$ by un-calculable ph5om5a4 ,beat5 ^u by =ces he c\ld n e/imate or pr$ict or control1 he has s\ght to solve _! sphynx-l riddle1 to e/abli% "s plausible relation betwe5 !m1 to erect a logical s*eme ( ?+s4 ,primitive man1 z ,worr+] demon/rates 9 8 ,=m ,problems ( ! ,go?ic1 /rove to a*ieve some?+ ( c]titude & fixity ?r\gh ! crude b def9ite l9es & =ms ( neoli?ic art4 ,classical man br\ght into play ! vig\r & subtlety & +5uity ( intellect 9 its primal & mo/ dynamic =m1 express$ ?r\gh /atic propositions ( almo/ ma!matical exactness4 ,! peoples ( ! ,ea/ reject$ ! intellectual-ma!matical me?od & solution & s\ght a way out ?r\gh ! my/]i\s op]ation ( ! inn] s5se t manife/s itself 9 ! =m ( emotion4 ,) ! revelation ( ,*ri/ianity came also1 & ( c\rse1 enlight5m5t1 :i* 0 n def9ite & clos$ at "s giv5 mom5t1 b progressive & cumulative4 ,at once1 speak+ philosophically1 ! intellectual me?od ( ! ,we/ & ! intuitive me?od ( ! ,ea/ came toge!r & fus$ 9 a new ?+1 ea* elem5t limit+1 & at ! same "t =tify+ ! o!r1 :ile ! oppos$ obscurities ( ! pa/ 7 irradiat$ by ! reveal+ & creative _s ( ,*ri/4 ,s came ! beg9n+s ( t def9itive ,*ri/ian philosophy :i* 0 to proce$ f ,syria1 ,anatolia & ,con/ant9ople1 ?r\gh ,alex&ria to ,/4 ,augu/9e1 & 0 to f9d its fulle/ expression dur+ ! ,middle ,ages & by means ( ,duns ,scotus1 ,alb]tus ,magnus1 ,hugh ( ,/4 ,victor & ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as4 ,x is an int]e/+ fact1 ?\gh ap>t f my pres5t consid]ation1 t ?is philosophical fusion 0 p>allel$ 9 ! same places & at ! same "t1 by an ae/hetic fusion t br\ght into exi/5ce ! fir/ great & consi/5t art ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,?is "q is admirably dealt ) 9 ,lisle ,m>* ,phillipps' ,=m & ,col\r4 ,?is great ,*ri/ian philosophy :i* lay beh9d all ! civilization ( ! ,middle ,ages1 0 positive1 compreh5sive & new4 ,x demon/rat$ div9e purpose work+ consci\sly ?r\gh all ?+s ) a result 9 p]fect coh]5cy2 x gave hi/ory a new mean+ z reveal+ reality & z a ?+ =ev] pres5t & nev] pa/1 & above all x elucidat$ ! nature ( bo? matt] & _s & made cle> _! op]ation ?r\gh ! doctr9e ( sacram5talism4 ,9 ! c5tury t saw ! consummation ( ?is great philosophical sy/em--z well z t ( ! civilization :i* 0 its expositor 9 mat]ial =m--!re came a sep>ation & a div]g5ce4 ,! balanc$ unity 0 brok51 & on ! "o h& ! t5d5cy 0 increas+ly t[>ds ! exagg]at$ my/icism t _h *>act]iz$ ! ,ea/]n moiety ( ! syn!sis1 on ! o!r t[>ds an exagg]at$ intellectualism ! se$s ( :i* are inh]5t ev5 9 ,/4 ,?omas himself4 ,! new my/icism )drew fur!r & fur!r f ! common life1 f9d+ refuge 9 hidd5 sanctu>ies 9 ,spa91 ,italy1 ! ,rh9el&2 ! old intellectualism became m & m dom9ant 9 ! m9ds ( man & ! affairs ( ! _w1 & ) ! ,r5aissance x became supreme1 z did ! o!r qualities ( paganism 9 art z well z 9 e o!r field ( human activity4 ,! fir/ fruit ( ! new intellectualism 0 ! philosophy ( ,dr4 ,john ,calv9--if we c call x su*1--,augu/9ian philosophy1 misread1 di/ort$ & made noxi\s by its reliance on ! intellectual process cut (f f spiritual en]gy z ! suffici5t corrective ( philosophical ?\ght4 ,x is ?is false philosophy1 alli$ ) an equally false !ology1 t misl$ = s _m c5turies ^? :o accept$ ! new v]sions ( ,*ri/ianity t issu$ out ( ! ,re=mation4 ,! second 0 ! me*ani/ic sy/em1 or sy/ems1 ! protagoni/ ( :i* 0 ,desc>tes4 ,if1 z ,i believe1 ,calv9ism 0 un-,*ri/ian1 ! mat]iali/ic philosophies t h gone on f ! ye> #afcg1 7 anti-,*ri/ian4 ,z ! p[] ( ,*ri/ianity decl9$ ?r\gh ! c5turies t h foll[$ ! ,re=mation1 ,calv9ism play$ a less & less important "p1 :ile ! new philosophies ( me*anism & rationalism correspond+ly increas$4 ,dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury _! control 0 absolute1 & :at we are today we h become ?r\gh ?is dom9ance1 c\pl$ ) ! g5]al devitaliz+ or ab&onm5t ( religion4 ,& yet are we n left com=tless4 ,ev5 9 ! evolution>y philosophy eng5d]$ by ,d>w9 & =mulat$ by ,h]b]t ,sp5c] & ! ,g]mans1 ) all its mi/ak5 assumptions & dubi\s me?ods1 already !re is visible a t5d5cy to get away f ! old ,pagan /atic sy/em reborn ) ! ,r5aissance4 ,we c nev] =get t ,b]gson has av[$ t ! m9d ( man1 by its v nature1 is incapable ( appreh5d+ reality4 ,aft] ?is ! return t[>ds ! s*ola/ic philosophy ( ! ,middle ,ages is n s difficult1 nor ev5 its recov]y4 ,if we associate ) ?is process on ! "p ( =mal philosophy ! v evid5t1 if sometimes abnormal & exagg]at$1 progress t[>ds a new my/icism1 we are f> f f9d+ ourselves ab&on$ to despair z to ! :ole future ( philosophy4 ,n[ ?is return & ?is recov]y are1 ,i believe1 necess>y z "o ( ! fir/ /eps t[>ds e/abli%+ a s\nd basis = ! build+ up ( a new & a bett] civilization1 & "o t is 9 fact z well z 9 "n a ,*ri/ian civilization4 ,i d n mean t1 ) ?is re/oration ( ,*ri/ian philosophy1 !re we %\ld re/4 ,bo? revelation & enlight5m5t are progressive1 & once ! nexus ( our brok5 life 7 re/or$1 philosophical developm5t w\ld be cont9u\s1 & we %\ld g on beyond ! s*ola/ics ev5 z !y proce$$ beyond ,patri/ic !ology & philosophy4 ,i ?9k a break ( cont9uity 0 effect$ 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 ) disa/r\s effects1 & until ?is break is heal$ we are cut (f f :at is 9 a s5se ! ,apo/olical succession ( philosophical v]ity4 ,be=e go+ fur!r ,i w\ld gu>d aga9/ two possible misconceptions2 ( "o ( !m ,i h already spok51 t is1 ! error s frequ5t 9 ! pa/ z well z today1 t w\ld make ( philosophy1 h[ev] s\nd1 h[ev] consonant ) ! f9alities ( reveal$ religion1 a sub/itute 9 any degree = religion itself4 ,philosophy is ! reaction ( ! intellect1 ( man to ! /imuli ( life1 b religion is life & is !re=e 9 _m ways a flat contradiction ( ! concepts ( ! intellect1 :i* is only a small portion ( life1 !re=e limit$1 p>tial1 & 7because ( ?is7 sometimes entirely wrong 9 its conclusions indep5d5tly arriv$ at along ^! necess>ily circumscrib$ l9es4 ,! second possible error is t philosophy is ! affair ( a small gr\p ( /ud5ts & speciali/s1 q outside ! purview ( ! great mass ( m51 & t x owes its exi/5ce to ?is same class ( delv+ s*ol>s1 few 9 numb]1 impractical 9 _! aims1 & %>ply diff]5tiat$ f _! fell[s4 ,on ! contr>y x is a vital consid]ation = all ^? :o desire to see life & see x :ole 9 ord] t !y may e/abli% a true scale ( comp>ative values & a "r relation%ip betwe5 ^? ?+s t come f ! outside &1 meet+ ^? t come f )91 e/abli% t plexus ( int]act+ =ce we call life4 ,z = ! s\rce ( philosophic tru?1 ,fri> ,bacon put x well :5 he said ,all ! wisdom ( philosophy is creat$ by ,god & giv5 to ! philosoph]s1 & x is ,himself t illum9es ! m9ds ( m5 9 all wisdom4 ,x is a :imsical juxtaposition1 b ! fir/ pa/or ( ! ,puritans 9 ,am]ica1 ! ,rev4 ,john ,rob9son1 te/ifies to ! same effect4 ,all tru?1 he says1 is ( ,god 444 ,:]e=e x foll[e? t no?+ true 9 "r reason & s\nd philosophy c be false 9 div9ity4444 ,i add1 ?\gh ! tru? be utt]$ by ! devil himself1 yet x is orig9ally ( ,god4 ,!re are n two s\rces ( tru?1 t ( ,div9e ,revelation on ! "o h&1 t ( sci5ce & philosophy & all ! intellectual works ( man on ! o!r4 ,tru? is "o1 & ! ,s\rce is "o2 ! *annels ( communication alone are diff]5t4 ,b tru? 9 its f9ality1 ! ,absolute1 ! n\m5on t is ! sub/ance ( ph5om5a1 is 9 itself n a ?+ t c be directly appreh5d$ by man2 x lies )9 ! ultra-violet rays ( 8 intellectual spectrum4 ,! trammels ( ! body prev5t man f kn[+ ,god 9 ,himself says ,philo1 ,he is kn[n only 9 ! ,div9e =ces 9 :i* ,he manife/s ,himself4 ,& ,/4 ,?omas3 ,9 ! pres5t /ate ( life 9 :i* ! s\l is unit$ to a passable body1 x is impossible = ! intellect to und]/& any?+ actually except by turn+ to ! phantasm4 ,religion confesses ?is1 philosophy con/antly t5ds to =get x1 !re=e true religion speaks always ?r\gh ! symbol1 reject+1 because x transc5ds1 ! intellectual crit]ion1 :ile philosophy is on safe gr\nd only :5 x unites itself ) religion1 te/+ its own conclusions by a high] reality1 & exi/+ n z a rival b z a coadjutor4 ,x is ,/4 ,paul :o decl>es t ,god has nev] left ,himself )\t a witness & ! witness 0 explicit1 h[ev] cl\d$1 9 ! philosophies ( paganism4 ,plato & ,ari/otle knew ! limitations ( man's m9d1 & ! corrective ( ov]-wean+ intellectuality 9 religion1 b !reaft] ! wisdom fad$ & pride ou/$ humility1 ) ! result t philosophy became n light b d>kness4 ,let me quote f ! great twelf? c5tury philosoph]1 ,hugh ( ,/4 ,victor1 :o des]ves a bett] fate ?an sepulture 9 ! pond]\s tomes ( ,migne3 ,!re 0 a c]ta9 wisdom t seem$ su* to !m t knew n ! true wisdom4 ,! _w f\nd x & began to be puff$ up1 ?9k+ itself great 9 ?is4 ,confid+ 9 its wisdom x became presumptu\s & boa/$ x w\ld atta9 ! highe/ wisdom4 ,& x made itself a ladd] ( ! face ( creation4444 ,!n ^? ?+s :i* 7 se5 7 kn[n & !re 7 o!r ?+s :i* 7 n kn[n2 & ?r\gh ^? :i* 7 manife/ !y expect$ to rea* ^? t 7 hidd54 ,& !y /umbl$ & fell into ! falsehoods ( _! own imag9+4444 ,s ,god made fooli% ! wisdom ( ?is _w2 & ,he po9t$ out ano!r wisdom1 :i* seem$ fooli%ness & 0 n4 ,= x prea*$ ,*ri/ crucifi$1 9 ord] t tru? might be s\ght 9 humility4 ,b ! _w despis$ x1 wi%+ to contemplate ! works ( ,god1 :i* ,he _h made a s\rce ( wond]1 & x did n wi% to v5]ate :at ,he _h set = imitation1 nei!r did x look to its own disease1 seek+ m$ic9e 9 piety2 b presum+ on a false heal?1 x gave itself ov] ) va9 curiosity to ! /udy ( ali5 ?+s4 ,precisely3 & ?is is ! de/9y t has ov]tak5 n only ! pagan philosophy ( :i* ,hugh ( ,/4 ,victor 0 speak+1 b also t :i* foll[$ aft] ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 f ,desc>tes to ,hobbes & ,kant & ,comte & ,h]b]t ,sp5c] & ,william ,james4 ,! jeal\sly intellectual philosophies ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ! mat]iali/ic & me*ani/ic sub/itutes t 7 (f]$ & accept$ ) su* en?usiasm aft] ! great cleavage betwe5 religion & life1 are b ! falsehoods ( _! own imag9+s ( :i* ,hugh ( ,/4 ,victor speaks1 = !y 7 cut (f f ! /ream ( spiritual v]ity1 & are los+ !mselves 9 ! des]t !y h made4 ,mean:ile !y h play$ _! "p 9 %ap+ ! de/9ies ( ! _w1 & x 0 an ill "p1 if we may judge f ! results t %[$ !mselves 9 ! ev5ts t h be5 record$ betwe5 ! ye> #ahjj & ! pres5t mom5t4 ,j :at ?is influ5ce 0 9 det]m9+ ! nature ( society1 ( indu/rial civilization & ( ! political organism ,i %all try to indicate 9 "s ( ! foll[+ lectures1 b ap>t f ^! concrete happ5+s1 ?is influ5ce 01 ,i am p]suad$1 mo/ disa/r\s 9 its be>+ on human "*4 ,nei!r weal? nor p[]1 nei!r education nor environm5t1 n ev5 ! inh]5t t5d5cies ( race--! mo/ p[]ful ( all--c avail aga9/ ! deg5]ative =ce ( a life )\t religion1 or1 :at is worse1 t ma9ta9s only a desiccat$ =mula2 & ! po/-,r5aissance philosophies are "o & all def9itely anti-religi\s & self-proclaim$ sub/itutes = religion4 ,z su* !y 7 (f]$ & accept$1 & z su* !y mu/ take _! %>e ( ! responsibility = :at has happ5$4 ,i believe we mu/ & c retrace our /eps to t po9t 9 "t :5 a "r philosophy 0 ab&on$1 & beg9 aga94 ,!re is no impossibility or ev5 difficulty "h4 ,hi/ory is n a dead ?+1 a ?+ ( ! pa/2 x is et]nally pres5t to man1 & ?is is "o ( ! %>p diff]5tiations betwe5 man & bea/4 ,! mat]ial monum5ts ( man crumble & disappe>1 b ! _s t built ! ,p>!non or ,reims ,ca!dral1 t inspir$ ,/4 ,paul on ,m>s' hill or =g$ ,magna ,*>ta or ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is1 because ( our quality z m51 j z pres5t & op]ative ) u today1 if we w1 z t :i* s5t ! y\? ( t5 nations into a righte\s w> five ye>s ago1 or spoke ye/]day ?r\gh "s noble action t y or ,i may h witness$4 ,x is z easy = u to accept & practice ! philosophy ( ,/4 ,?omas or ! div9e humanism ( ,/4 ,francis z x is to accept ! philosophy ( ,mr4 ,wells or ! !ories ( ,sir ,oliv] ,lodge4 ,no spiritual ?+ dies1 or ev5 gr[s old1 nor does x drift backw>d 9 ! dw9dl+ p]spective ( anci5t hi/ory1 & ! fooli%e/ say+ ( man is t y _c turn back ! h&s ( ! clock4 ,x is simply a "q ( w1 & w is simply a "q ( desire & ( fai?4 ,manife/ly ,i _c be expect$ to recreate 9 a few words ?is philosophy to :i* ,i believe we mu/ h rec\rse 9 our h\r ( ne$4 ,i h no ability to d ?is 9 any case4 ,x beg9s ) ,/4 ,paul1 is cont9u$ ?r\gh ,/4 ,augu/9e1 & f9ds its culm9ation 9 ! great ,m$iaeval gr\p ( ,duns ,scotus1 ,alb]tus ,magnus1 ,hugh ( ,/4 ,victor & ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as4 ,i d n "k ( any s+le book t epitomizes x all 9 vital =m1 ?\gh ,c>d9al ,m]ci] & ,dr4 ,de ,wulf h writt5 mu* t is /imulat+ & helpful4 ,i _c help ?9k+ t ! great dem& today is = a compact volume t syn!sizes ! :ole magnific5t sy/em 9 t]ms n ( hi/ory & sci5tific exegesis1 b 9 t]ms ( life4 ,plato & ,ari/otle are s pres]v$ to man1 & ! philosoph]s ( mod]nism also2 x is only ! magi/]ial & dynamic philosophy ( ,*ri/ianity t is diffus$ ?r\gh _m works1 "s ( !m /ill untranslat$ & all q )\t coord9ation1 save ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as alone1 ! magnitude ( ^: product /agg]s ! human m9d & 9 its pr(us5ess defeats its own ends4 ,we ne$ no m hi/ories ( philosophy1 b we ne$ an epitome ( ,*ri/ian philosophy1 n = /ud5ts b = m54 ,su* an epitome ,i am n fitt$ to (f]1 b !re are c]ta9 r fundam5tal conceptions & po/ulates t run c\nt] bo? to pagan & to mod]n philosophy1 ! loss ( :i* out ( life has1 ,i ma9ta91 mu* to d ) our pres5t e/ate1 & t mu/ be rega9$ be=e we c g =w>d ) any reasonable hope ( bett]m5t4 ,^! ,i w try to indicate z well z ,i c4 ,*ri/ian philosophy tea*es1 9 s f> z x deals ) ! relation%ip betwe5 man & ^! div9e =ces t are =ev] build+1 unbuild+ & rebuild+ ! fabric ( life1 some:at z foll[s3 ,! _w z we "k x1 man1 life itself z x works ?r\gh all creation1 is ! union ( matt] & _s2 & matt] is n _s1 nor _s matt]1 nor is "o a mode ( ! o!r1 b !y are two diff]5t creatures4 ,ap>t f ?is union ( matt] & _s !re is no life1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* we "k x1 & sev]ance is dea?4 ,! body says ,/4 ,?omas1 is n ( ! ess5ce ( ! s\l2 b ! s\l1 by ! nature ( its ess5ce1 c be unit$ to ! body1 s t1 prop]ly speak+1 ! s\l alone is n ! species1 b ! composite1 & ,duns ,scotus makes cle> ! nature & orig9 ( ?is common ess5ce :5 he says !re is on ! "o h& ,god z ,inf9ite ,actuality1 on ! o!r spiritual & corporeal sub/ances possess+ an homog5e\s common elem5t4 ,t is to say2 matt] & _s are bo? ! result ( ! div9e creative act1 & ?\gh sep>ate1 & 9 a s5se oppos$1 f9d _! po9t ( orig9 9 ! ,div9e ,actuality4 ,! creat$ _w is ! concrete manife/ation ( matt]1 ?r\gh :i*1 = its trans=mation & r$emption1 _s is active 9 a con/ant process ( int]p5etration :]eby matt] itself is be+ et]nally r$eem$4 ,:at !n is matt] & :at is _s8 ,! "q is ( suffici5t magnitude to absorb all ! "t assign$ to ^! lectures1 ) ! /rong possibility t ev5 !n we %\ld be sc>cely wis] ?an be=e4 ,= my own purposes1 h[ev]1 ,i am cont5t to accept ! def9ition ( matt] =mulat$ by ,duns ,scotus1 :i* takes ov] ! e>li] def9ition ( ,plot9us1 purges x ( its elem5ts ( pagan error1 & r$eems x by ,*ri/ian insight4 ,mat]ia ,primo ,prima says ! great ,franciscan1 is ! indet]m9ate elem5t ( cont+5t ?+s4 ,?is does n exi/ 9 ,nature1 b x has reality 9 s f> z x con/itutes ! t]m ( ,god's creative activity4 ,by its union ) a sub/antial =m x becomes end[$ ) ! attributes ( quantity1 & becomes ,secundo ,prima4 ,subject to ! sub/antial *anges ( ,nature1 x becomes matt] z we see x4 ,x is ?is ,mat]ia ,primo ,prima1 ! t]m ( ,god's creative activity1 t is et]nally subject$ to ! reg5]ative process ( spiritual int]p5etration1 & ! result is organic life4 ,:at is _s8 ,! creative p[] ( ! ,logos1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ,/4 ,john int]prets & corrects ! e>ly1 p>tial1 & !re=e errone\s !ories ( ! ,/oics & ( ,philo4 ,god ! ,son1 ! ,et]nal ,^w ( ! ,fa!r1 ! brightness ( ,8 glory & ! figure ( ,8 ,sub/ance4 ,god ( ,god1 ,light ( ,light1 v ,god ( v ,god1 begott51 n made1 be+ ( "o sub/ance ) ! ,fa!r3 by ,:om all ?+s 7 made4 ,pure wisdom1 pure w1 pure en]gy1 uncondition$ by matt]1 b creat+ life out ( ! op]ation ( ! ,holy ,_s on & ?r\gh matt]1 & 9 ! fullness ( "t becom+ ,inc>nate = ! purpose ( ! f9al r$emption ( man4 ,n[ s9ce man is s compact ( matt] & _s1 x mu/ foll[ t he _c lay hold ( pure _s1 ! ,absolute t lies beyond & above all mat]ial condition+1 except ?r\gh ! m$ium ( matt]1 ?r\gh its figures1 its symbols1 its phantasms4 ,says ,/4 ,?omas3 ,f mat]ial ?+s we c rise to "s k9d ( k ( immat]ial ?+s1 b n to ! p]fect k !re(4 ,! way ( life !re=e1 is ! incessant endeav\r ( man sacram5tally to approa* ! ,absolute ?r\gh ! lead+ ( ! ,holy ,_s1 s runn+ p>allel to ! sl[ p]fect+ ( matt] :i* is be+ effect$ by ! same op]ation4 ,s matt] itself takes on a c]ta9 sanctity1 n only z some?+ susceptible1 & 9 process1 ( p]fection1 b z ! vehicle ( _s & its tab]nacle1 s9ce 9 matt] _s is actually inc>nate4 ,f ?is process foll[s ( necessity ! :ole sacram5tal sy/em1 9 !ology1 philosophy & op]ation1 ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,x is ( its esse2 its great orig9al1 revolution>y & f9al contribution to ! wisdom t man may h = 8 own1 & x foll[s inevitably f ! basic facts ( ! ,inc>nation & ,r$emption1 :i* are also its p]fect %[+ =?4 ,philosophically ?is is ! great contribution ( ,*ri/ianity & = fifte5 c5turies x 0 held implicitly by ,*ri/5dom1 yet x 0 reject$1 ei!r :olly or 9 "p1 by ! ,prote/ant organizations t came out ( ! ,re=mation1 & x fell into su* oblivion t outside ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* x 0 n s mu* ignor$ or reject$ z totally =gott54 ,rec5tly a s]ies ( lectures 7 deliv]$ at ,k+'s ,college1 ,london1 by v>i\s c>efully *os5 au?orities1 all speciali/s 9 _! own fields1 "u ! g5]al title ,m$iaeval ,contributions to ,mod]n ,civilization1 & nei!r ! pi\s au?or ( ! address on ,! ,religi\s ,contribution ( ! ,middle ,ages1 nor ! le>n$ au?or ( t on ,m$iaeval ,philosophy1 gave evid5ce ( ev] hav+ he>d ( sacram5tal philosophy4 ,x may be t ,i d !m an inju/ice1 & t !y w\ld (f] z excuse ! inconte/ible fact t ,m$iaevalism contribut$ no?+ to mod]n civilization1 ei!r 9 religion or philosophy1 t x 0 will+ to accept4 ,! p]il ( all philosophies1 outside t ( ,*ri/ianity z x 0 develop$ "u ! ,ca?olic disp5sation1 is dualism1 & _m h fall5 into ?is grave error4 ,n[ dualism is n only ! rev]sal ( tru?1 x is also ! de/roy] ( righte\sness4 ,sacram5talism is ! an?i!sis ( dualism4 ,! sanctity ( matt] z ! pot5tial ( _s & its dwell+-place on e>?2 ! humaniz+ ( _s ?r\gh its condesc5sion to man ?r\gh ! mak+ ( 8 body & all creat$ ?+s its e>?ly tab]nacle1 give1 :5 c>ri$ out into logical developm5t1 a mean+ to life1 a glory to ! _w1 an elucidation ( o!rwise unsolvable my/]ies1 & an impulse t[>d noble liv+ no o!r sy/em c af=d4 ,x is a real philosophy ( life1 a /&>d ( values1 a crit]ion ( all possible po/ulates1 & z its loss meant ! _w's p]il1 s its recov]y may mean its salvation4 ,n[ z ! philosophy ( ,*ri/ianity is purely & ess5tially sacram5tal1 s mu/ be ! op]ation ( ,god ?r\gh ! ,*ur*4 ,?is ,body ( ,*ri/ on e>? is inde$ a fell[%ip1 a v]itable communion ( ! fai?ful1 :e!r liv+ or dead1 b x is also a div9e organism :i* lives1 & 9 :i* ea* memb] lives1 n by ! prea*+ ( ! ,^w1 n ev5 by & ?r\gh ! fell[%ip 9 liv+ & wor%ip1 b ?r\gh ! orda9$ *annels ( grace kn[n z ! ,sacram5ts4 ,9 accordance ) ! sacram5tal sy/em1 e mat]ial ?+ is proclaim$ z possess+ 9 v>y+ degree sacram5tal pot5tiality1 :ile sev5 great ,sacram5ts 7 in/itut$ to be1 ea* aft] its own fa%ion1 a special *annel = ! infl[+ ( ! p[] ( ! ,div9e ,actuality4 ,ea* is a symbol1 j z s _m o!r creat$ ?+s are1 or may become1 symbols1 b !y are also realities1 v]itable m$ia = ! v]itable communications ( v]itable div9e grace4 ,"h is ! be/ def9ition ,i "k1 t ( ,hugh ( ,/4 ,victor4 ,a sacram5t is ! corporeal or mat]ial elem5t set out s5sibly1 repres5t+ f its similitude1 signify+ f its in/itution1 & conta9+ f its sanctification1 "s invisible & spiritual grace4 ,?is is ! unv>y+ & inv>iable doctr9e ( hi/oric ,*ri/ianity1 & ! reason = ! exi/5ce ( ! ,*ur* z a liv+ & function+ organism4 ,! :ole sacram5tal sy/em is 9 a s5se an ext5sion1 9 "t1 ( ! ,r$emption1 j z "o p>ticul> ,sacram5t1 ! ,holy ,eu*>i/1 is also 9 a s5se an ext5sion ( ! ,inc>nation1 z x is also an ext5sion1 9 "t1 ( ! ,atonem5t1 ! ,sacrifice ( ,calv>y4 ,! ,inc>nation & ! ,r$emption are n accompli%$ facts1 complet$ n9ete5 c5turies ago2 !y are processes t /ill cont9ue1 & _! t]m is fix$ only by ! total reg5]ation & p]fect+ ( matt]1 :ile ! ,sev5 ,sacram5ts are ! *iefe/ among/ an inf9ity ( sacram5tal processes :i* are ! ag5cies ( ?is et]nal transfiguration4 ,god ! ,son became ,inc>nate1 n only to accompli% ! r$emption ( m5 z yet unborn1 = endless ages1 ?r\gh ! ,sacrifice ( ,calv>y1 b also to initiate & =ev] ma9ta9 a new me?od :]eby ?is result 0 to be m p]fectly atta9$2 t is to say1 ! ,*ur*1 work+ ?r\gh ! specific sacram5tal ag5cies ,he _h orda9$1 or 0 f "t to "t to orda91 ?r\gh ,8 ev]la/+ pres5ce 9 ! ,*ur* ,he _h br\ght into be+ at ,p5teco/4 ,he did n come to e/abli% 9 mat]ial =m a ,k+dom ( ,heav5 on ,e>?1 or to provide = its ultimate com+4 ,he inde$ e/abli%$ a ,spiritual ,k+dom1 ,8 ,*ur*1 9 ! _w1 n ( x1 :i* is a v diff]5t matt] inde$1 z ! c5turies h prov$4 ,8 ,k+dom is n ( ?is _w1 nor w x be e/abli%$ "h4 ,!re has be5 no absolute advance 9 human developm5t s9ce ! ,inc>nation4 ,nations rise & fall1 epo*s wax & wane1 civilizations gr[ out ( savag]y1 cre/ & s9k back into savag]y & oblivion4 ,r$emption is = ! individual1 n = ! race1 nor yet = society z a :ole4 ,!n1 & only !n1 & "u t =m1 x is sure1 h[ev] long may be ! p]iod ( its accompli%m5t4 ,"t is ! ratio ( ! resi/ance ( matt] to ! int]p5etration ( _s1 & by ?is resi/ance is ! duration ( "t det]m9$4 ,:5 x %all h be5 :olly ov]come !n "t %all be no m4 ,see !re=e h[ p]fect is ! correspond5ce betwe5 ! ,sacram5ts & ! me?od ( life :]e !y are ! ag5ts1 & :i* !y symbolically set =?4 ,!re is 9 ea* case ! mat]ial =m & ! spiritual sub/ance1 or en]gy4 ,wat]1 *rism1 oil1 ! spok5 ^w1 ! t\* ( h&s1 ! sign ( ! cross1 & f9ally & supremely ! bread & w9e ( ! ,holy ,eu*>i/4 ,ea* a mat]ial ?+1 b ea* repres5t+1 signify+ & conta9+ "s gift ( ! ,holy ,_s1 real1 absolute & pot5t4 ,s matt] & _s are l9k$ toge!r 9 e op]ation ( ! ,*ur*1 f ! cradle to ! grave1 & man has ev] be=e him ! et]nal revelation ( ?is l9k$ union ( matt] & _s 9 8 life1 ! et]nal tea*+ ( ! hon\r ( ! mat]ial ?+ ?r\gh its ag5cy & ?r\gh its exi/5ce z ! subject = r$emption4 ,s also1 ?r\gh ! mat]ial association1 & ! div9e condesc5sion to 8 e>?ly & fallible e/ate 7limit$ by association ) matt] only to inadequate pres5tation7 he makes ! ,_s ( ,god 8 own1 to dwell !re) aft] ! fa%ion ( man4 ,& h[ mu* ?is expla9s & ju/ifies3 ,man approa*es1 & mu/ always approa*1 spiritual ?+s n only ?r\gh mat]ial =ms b by means ( mat]ial ag5cies4 ,! highe/ & mo/ beautiful ?+s1 ^? :]e ! _s seems to a*ieve its l(tie/ rea*es1 are frequ5tly associat$ ) ! grosse/ & mo/ unspiritual =ms1 yet ! v spl5d\r ( ! spiritual v]ity r$eems & glorifies ! mat]ial ag5cy1 :ile on ! o!r h& ! homel9ess1 & ev5 animal quality1 ( ! mat]ial ?+1 br+s to man1 ) a poignancy & an appeal t are incalculable1 ! spiritual ?+ t1 9 its absolute ess5ce1 w\ld be s f> beyond 8 k5 & 8 exp]i5ce & 8 p[]s ( assimilation t x w\ld be inop]ative4 ,?is is ! true ,humanism2 n ! fictiti\s & holl[ ?+ t 0 ! (fspr+ ( neo-paganism & took to itself a title to :i* x _h no claim4 ,held tacitly or consci\sly by ! m5 ( ! ,middle ,ages1 f ! immortal philosoph] to ! immortal b nameless craftsman1 x 0 ! =ce t built up ! noble social /ructure ( ! "t & pois$ man himself 9 a sure equilibrium4 ,already x _h ( necessity develop$ ! :ole s*eme ( religi\s c]emonial & giv5 art a new cont5t & direction ?r\gh its new s]vice4 ,by analogy & association all mat]ial ?+s t c\ld be s us$ 7 employ$ z figures & symbols1 z well z ag5cies1 ?r\gh ! ,sacram5ts1 & aft] a fa%ion t /ruck home to ! s\l ?r\gh ! organs ( s5se4 ,music1 ve/m5ts1 inc5se1 fl[]s1 poetry1 dramatic action1 7 l9k$ ) ! major arts ( ar*itecture1 pa9t+ & sculpture1 & all became n only m9i/]s to ! emotional faculties b direct appeals to ! intellect ?r\gh _! function z poignant symbols4 ,s art receiv$ its s\l1 & 0 almo/ a liv+ creature until matt] & _s 7 aga9 divorc$ 9 ! dea? t sev]$ !m dur+ ! ,re=mation4 ,!reaft] religion _h ent]$ ^u a p]iod ( sl[ desiccation & /]ilization :]ev] ! symbol 0 ca/ away ) ! ,sacram5ts & ! fai? & ! philosophy t _h made x live4 ,! bitt] ho/ility to ! art & ! liturgies & ! c]emonial ( ! ,ca?olic fai? is due f> less to ignorance ( ! mean+ & function ( art & to an inh]it$ jeal\sy ( its quality & its p[]1 ?an x is to ! consci\s & det]m9$ rejection ( ! ess5tial philosophy ( ,*ri/ianity1 :i* is sacram5talism4 ,! :ole sy/em 0 ( an almo/ sublime p]fection & simplicity1 & ! =mal ,sacram5ts 7 bo? its goal & its type4 ,if !y _h be5 ( ! same value & id5tical 9 nature !y w\ld h fail$ ( p]fect exposition1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* !y 7 types & symbols4 ,!y 7 n ?is1 = :ile six ( ! explicit sev5 7 sub/antially ( "o mode1 !re 0 "o :]e ! conditions t held else:]e 7 transc5d$1 & :]e1 9 addition to ! two functions x 0 in/itut$ to p]=m x gave1 ?r\gh its similitude1 ! cle> revelation ( ! mo/ significant & poignant fact 9 ! va/ my/]y ( life4 ,i mean1 ( c\rse1 ! ,holy ,eu*>i/1 commonly call$ ! ,mass4 ,if matt] is p] se =ev] in]t1 un*angeable1 inde/ructible1 !n we fall into ! dilemma ( a mat]iali/ic monism on ! "o h&1 ,mani*aean dualism on ! o!r4 ,ev5 "u ! mo/ spiritual int]pretation we c\ld (f]--t1 %all we say1 ( ^? today :o try to run ) ! h>e ( religion & hunt ) ! h\nds ( rationali/ic mat]ialism--matt] & _s unite 9 man z body & s\l1 & 9 ! ,sacram5ts z ! vehicle & ! ess5ce1 b temporally & tempor>ily2 doom$ always to ultimate sev]ance by dea? 9 ! "o case1 by ! completion ( ! sacram5tal process 9 ! o!r4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! object ( ! univ]se & ( "t is ! con/ant r$emption & trans=mation ( matt] ?r\gh its int]p5etration by _s 9 ! p[] ( ,god ! ,holy ,gho/1 !n we escape ! falsities ( dualism1 :ile 9 ! miracle ( ! ,mass we f9d ! type & ! %[+ =? ( ! con/ant process ( life :]eby e in/ant1 matt] itself is be+ *ang$ & glorifi$ & transf]r$ f ! plane ( matt] to ! plane ( _s4 ,if ?is is s3 if ! ,inc>nation & ! ,r$emption are n only fundam5tal facts b also types & symbols ( ! div9e process =ev] go+ on "h on e>?1 !n1 :ile ! o!r ,sacram5ts are 9 !mselves n only in/rum5ts ( grace b manife/ations ( t process :]eby 9 all ?+s matt] is us$ z ! vehicle ( _s1 ! ,mass1 transc5d+ !m all1 is n only ,communion1 n only a ,sacrifice acceptable be=e ,god1 x is also ! unique symbol ( ! r$emption & trans=mation ( matt]2 s9ce1 ( all ! ,sacram5ts1 x is ! only "o :]e ! v physical qualities ( ! mat]ial vehicle are trans=m$1 & :ile ! accid5ts alone rema91 ! sub/ance1 f9ite & p]i%able1 becomes1 9 an in/ant ( "t & by ! op]ation ( ,god1 inf9ite & immortal4 ,x is to sacram5talism !n t we mu/ return1 n only 9 religion & its practice1 b 9 philosophy1 if we are to e/abli% a firm f\ndation = t new] society & civilization t are to help u to a*ieve ! ,great ,peace4 ,antec$5t sy/ems fail$1 & subsequ5t sy/ems h fail$2 9 ?is alone1 ! philosophy ( ,*ri/ianity1 is !re safety1 = x alone is consonant ) ! reveal$ w ( ,god4 ,,iii ,,! ,,social ,,organism ,society1 t is to say1 ! association 9 life ( m51 wom5 & *ildr51 is ! fundam5tal fact ( life1 & ?is is s :e!r ! association is ( ! family1 ! s*ool1 ! community1 indu/ry or gov]nm5t4 ,ev]y?+ else is simply a s]ies ( =ms1 arrangem5ts & devices by :i* society works1 ei!r = good or ill4 ,man makes or m>s himself 9 & ?r\gh society4 ,he is responsible = 8 own s\l1 b if he sees only ?is & works directly = 8 s\l's salvation1 disreg>d+ ! society ( :i* he is a "p1 he may lose x1 :]eas1 if he is fai?ful to society & hon\rably plays 8 "p z a social animal ) a s\l1 he w v probably save x1 ev5 ?\gh he may = ! "t h q ignor$ its exi/5ce4 ,man is a memb] ( a family1 a pupil "u education1 a work] & a citiz54 ,9 all ^! relation%ips he is a "p ( a social gr\p2 he is also a compon5t "p ( ! human race & l9k$ 9 "s measure to e o!r memb] !re( :e!r liv+ or dead4 ,into e organization or in/itution 9 :i* he is involv$ dur+ 8 lifetime--family1 s*ool1 art or craft1 trade union1 /ate1 *ur*--ent]s ! social equation4 ,if society is ill organiz$ ei!r 9 !ory or 9 practice1 9 any or all ( its manife/ations1 !n ! eng9es or devices by :i* x op]ates w be impot5t = good4 ,defective society _c produce ei!r a good fundam5tal law1 a good philosophy1 a good art1 or any o!r ?+4 ,conv]sely1 ^!1 :5 br\ght =? "u an :olesome society1 w decay & p]i% :5 society deg5]ates4 ,9 its l>ge e/ate1 t is1 compreh5d+ all ! m9or gr\ps1 z a nation1 a p or an era1 society is always 9 a /ate ( un/able equilibrium1 t5d+ ei!r t[>d bett] or worse4 ,x may inde$ be ( ! v ess5ce ( human life1 b x is a plant ( t5d] gr[? & ne$s delicate nurture & jeal\s c>e2 a small ?+ may "w x irrep>able injury4 ,x may rea* v great heights ( p]fection & spread ov] a cont95t1 z dur+ ! ,european ,middle ,ages2 x may s9k to l[ dep?s ) an equal dom9ion1 z 9 ! second d>k ages ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,sometimes little enclaves ( high value hide !mselves 9 ! mid/ ( degradation1 z ,v5ice & ,irel& 9 ! ,d>k ,ages4 ,always1 by ! grace ( ,god1 ! prim>y social unit1 ! family may1 & frequ5tly does1 a*ieve & ma9ta9 bo? purity & beauty :5 ! _w )\t riots 9 ru9 & pr(ligacy4 ,i h tak5 ! problem ( ! organization ( society z ! fir/ to be consid]$1 = x is fundam5tal4 ,if society is ( ! wrong %ape x does n matt] 9 ! lea/ h[ intellig5t & admirable may be ! devices we con/ruct = ! op]ation ( gov]nm5t or indu/ry or education2 !y may be ma/]ly products ( human intellig5ce b !y w n "w1 :]eas on ! o!r h& a sane1 :olesome & dec5t society c s int]pret & adm9i/] clumsy & defective in/rum5ts t !y w function to admiration4 ,a p]fect society w\ld ne$ no su* eng9es at all1 b a p]fect society implies p]fect individuals1 & ,i ?9k we are n[ p]suad$ t a society ( ?is nature is a purely academic proposition bo? n[ & 9 ! calculable future4 ,:at we h to d is to take mank9d z x is2 made up ( inf9itely v>i$ p]sonalities rang+ f ! idiot to ! sup]-man2 cruel & compassionate1 covet\s & self-sacrific+1 silly & erudite1 cynical & emotional1 vulg> & cultur$1 brutal & fa/idi\s1 %ameful 9 _! degradation & spl5did 9 _! hon\r & *ivalry1 & by ! fran*ise ( lib]ty & ! b9d+ ( law1 facilitate 9 e way ! process :]eby !y !mselves "w out _! own salvation4 ,y _c impose morality by /atute or gu>antee ei!r "* or intellig5ce by ! p]fection ( ! ma*9e4 ,e in/itution1 good or bad1 is ! result ( gr[? f _m human impulses1 n ! creation ( autocratic fiat4 ,b gr[? may be imp$$1 ha/5$1 or susp5d$1 & ! mo/ t c be done is to (f] inc5tives to action1 remove ! ob/acles to developm5t1 & e/abli% conditions & influ5ces t make m easy ! f9d+ ( ! "r way4 ,n[ x seems to me t ! two greate/ ob/acles to ! developm5t ( a "r society h be5 fir/1 ! enorm\s scale 9 :i* ev]y?+ ( late has be5 ca/1 & second1 t elem5t 9 mod]n democracy :i* d5ies ess5tial diff]5ces 9 human "*1 capacity & pot5tial1 & s logically prohibits social di/9ctions1 & refuses !m =mal sanction or _! recognition ?r\gh conf]r$ hon\rs4 ,9 que/ion+ ! validity & ! value ( ^! two factors1 imp]ialism & social democracy1 & 9 sugge/+ sub/itutes1 ,i am1 ,i suppose1 attack+ precisely ! two in/itutions :i* are today--or at all ev5ts h be5 until v rec5tly--held 9 mo/ conspicu\s hon\r by ! majority ( p1 b ! "q is at lea/ debateable1 & = my own "p ,i h no alt]native b to ass]t _! mi/ak5 nature1 & to (f] ! be/ ,i c 9 ! way ( sub/itutes4 ,! "q ( imp]ialism1 ( a gross & unhuman & !re=e absolutely wrong scale1 is "o t w ent] into almo/ all ( ! matt]s ) :i* ,i propose to deal1 c]ta9ly ) indu/rialism1 ) politics1 ) education1 ) religion1 z well z ) ! imm$iate problem ( ! social organism1 = n only has x de/roy$ ! human scale 9 human life1 & !re=e br\ght x into ! dang] ( imm$iate de/ruction1 b x has also be5 a factor 9 e/abli%+ ! quantitative /&>d 9 all ?+s1 9 place ( ! qualitative /&>d1 & ?is1 9 itself1 is simply ! antec$5t ( well-m]it$ cata/rophe4 ,9 consid]+ ! social organism1 !re=e1 we mu/ h 9 m9d t ?is is intimately affect$ by e organic in/itution :i* man has develop$ & into :i* he ent]s 9 common ) o!rs ( 8 k9d4 ,! situation z x confronts u today is "o 9 :i* man by 8 v en]gy & ! /imulus ( ^? cosmic en]gies he has s a/oni%+ly ma/]$1 has got f> beyond 8 dep?4 ,i say man has ma/]$ ^! en]gies2 yes1 b ?is 0 true only ( a brief p]iod 9 ! imm$iate pa/4 ,!y n[ h ma/]$ him4 ,x is ! old /ory ( ! ,frank5/e9 mon/] ov] aga94 ,man is n omnipot5t1 he is n ,god4 ,!re are limits beyond :i* he _c g )\t com+ 9 p]il ( dea?4 ,an isolat$ individual "h & !re may become sup]-man1 p]haps1 ?\gh at griev\s p]il to 8 own s\l1 & x is conceivable t to su* an "o x might be possible to live beyond ! human scale1 ?\gh h>dly4 ,if "o c\ld envisage s awful a ?+ z a community made up entirely ( sup]-m51 "o might conc$e t "h also ! human scale might be exce$$ )\t dang] ( cata/rophe4 ,) society z x is1 & always w be1 a welt] ( defectives & g5iuses 9 small numb]s & a va/ majority ( j pla9 m51 ) all t t implies1 ! break+ ?r\gh into ! imp]ial scale is simply a lett+ 9 ! jungle2 walls & pal+s & /ockades1 ! delicate fabrics ( ar*itecture1 ! clev] in/itutions ( law1 ! ?9 r$ l9e ( ! army1 all melt1 crumble1 are ov]come by ! onru% ( primordial ?+s1 & :]e once 0 ! :ite man's city is n[ ! et]nal jungle1 & ! v9es & ?ru/+ roots & rank h]bage blot out ! v memory ( a futile civilization1 :ile ! monkey & ! jackal & ! py?on come aga9 into _! h]itage4 ,alex&] & ,caes>1 ,*>les ,v & ,l\is ,,xiv & ,napoleon & ,disraeli & ,william ,,iii c\ld function = a few brief ye>s beyond ! limits ( ! human scale1 ?\gh ev5 !y _h an end1 b y _c l9k imp]ialism & democracy )\t ! c]ta9ty ( an e>li] & a m ignom9i\s fall4 ,i h already spok5 ( ! malignant & pa?ological quality ( ! quantitative /&>d4 ,x is inde$ n only ! nemesis ( culture b ev5 ( civilization itself4 ,out ( ?is same gross scale ( ?+s come _m o!r evils2 great /ates subsi/+ on ! subjugation & exploitation ( small & ali5 peoples2 great cities :i* :5 !y exce$ m ?an #ajj1jjj 9 population are a m5ace1 :5 !y exce$ #a1jjj1jjj are a crime2 division ( lab\r & specialization :i* degrade m5 to ! level ( ma*9es2 conc5tration & segregation ( indu/ries1 ! factory sy/em1 high f9ance & int]national f9ance1 capitalism1 trades-unionism & ! ,int]national1 /&>diz$ education1 metropolitan newspap]s1 pragmatic philosophy1 & *ur*es run on bus9ess me?ods & recruit$ by adv]tis+ & publicity ag5ts4 ,great] ?an all1 h[ev]1 is ! social poison t effects society ) p]nici\s anaemia ?r\gh cutt+ man (f f 8 natural social gr\p & mak+ ( him an undi/+ui%able p>ticle 9 a slid+ /ream ( gra94 ,man belongs to 8 family1 8 neighb\rhood1 8 local trade or craft guild & to 8 p>i% *ur*3 ! ess5ce ( :olesome association is t a man %\ld "w )1 ?r\gh & by ^? :om he kn[s p]sonally--& pref]ably s well t he calls !m all by _! fir/ names4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 today he works )1 ?r\gh & by ! individuals :om he probably has nev] se51 & frequ5tly w\ld1 z a matt] ( p]sonal ta/e1 hesitate to recognize if he did see !m4 ,he belongs to ! local ( a union :i* is a "p ( a lab\r organization :i* cov]s ! entire ,unit$ ,/ates & is controll$ 9 all ess5tial matt]s f a po9t f "o hundr$ to two ?\s& miles away4 ,he votes = mayor ) a gr\p ( m51 less ?an "o p] c5t ( :om he kn[s p]sonally 7unless he is a pr(essional politician71 ) ano!r gr\p = /ate (fic]s1 & ) ! :ole vot+ population ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 = ,presid5t4 ,if he goes to *ur* 9 a city he f9ds himself among/ p drawn f e w>d & outly+ di/rict1 if he mixes 9 society he associates ) ^? f ev]y:]e1 p]haps1 except 8 own neighb\rhood4 ,only :5 he is 9 college1 9 8 club or 9 8 secret society lodge or ! qu>t]s ( 8 w>d boss does he f9d himself 9 intimate social relations ) human be+s ( l m9d & a simil> social /atus4 ,he is a cog 9 a :eel1 a ?+1 a po9t ( pot5tial1 a lonely & num]ical unit1 in/ead ( a greg>i\s human animal rejoic+ 9 8 fri5ds & companions1 & work+1 play+ & qu>rel+ ) !m1 z ,god made him & meant him to be & to d4 ,( c\rse ! result ( ?is is t m5 are =c$ into unnatural associations1 _m ( :i* are purely artificial & all ( :i* are uns\nd4 ,x is true t ! trade union1 ! pr(essional society1 ! club are natural & :olesome expressions ( common & intimate int]e/s1 b !y acquire a false value :5 !y are n balanc$ & regulat$ by a prior & m compell+ association :i* cuts1 n v]tically b horizontally ?r\gh society1 t is to say1 ! neighb\rhood or community gr\p4 ,! h>% & p]il\s division into classes & ca/es :i* is n[ univ]sal1 ) its developm5t ( class consci\sness1 is ! direct & inevitable result ( ?is imp]ial scale 9 life :i* has annihilat$ ! social unit ( human scale & br\ght 9 ! gigantic aggregations ( peoples1 money1 manufacture & lab\r]s1 :]e man c no long] function ei!r z a human unit or an ess5tial factor 9 a workable society4 ,x is h>d to see j h[ we are to re-fa%ion ?is impossible society 9 t]ms ev5 ne>ly approa*+ ! normal & ! human4 ,x is univ]sal1 & x is accept$ by ev]yone z v spl5did & q ! greate/ a*ievem5t ( man4 ,x is practically impossible = any "o today to conceive ( a _w :]e great empires1 popul\s cities1 mills & factories & iron-works 9 _! ?\s&s1 & employ+ _! millions ?r\gh _! billions ( capitalization1 :]e ! /ock ex*ange & ! great bank+ h\ses & ! insurance companies & ! dep>tm5t /ores1 ! nation-wide trade unions & pr(essional associations & educational f\ndations & religi\s corporations1 d n play _! pr$om9ant "p4 ,nev]!less !y are an aggregation ( false values1 _! influ5ce is anti-social1 & _! inh]5t weakness 0 s obvi\sly reveal$ ?r\gh ! ,w> & ! ,peace t x has g5]ally escap$ notice4 ,!re seem b two ways 9 :i* ! true scale ( life c be re/or$2 ei!r ^! in/itutions w cont9ue1 gr[+ great] & m unwieldy ) increas+ spe$ until !y bur/ 9 an>*y & *aos1 & aft] ru9 & long re/ we beg9 all ov] aga9 7z once be=e aft] ! bur/+ ( ,roman imp]ialism71 or we %all repeat hi/ory 7z we always d7 only aft] ano!r fa%ion &1 le>n+ z we always c f ! annals ( mona/icism1 build our small communities ( ! "r %ape & scale 9 ! v mid/ ( ! imp]ial /ates !mselves1 s becom+ p]haps ! leav5+ ( ! lump4 ,?is ( c\rse is :at ! mona/]ies ( ,/4 ,b5$ict did 9 ! six? c5tury & ^? ( ! ,cluniacs & ! ,ci/]cians 9 ! elev5?1 & x is :at ! ,franciscans & ,dom9icans tri$ to d 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 & fail$ because ! fall ( ! cultural & hi/oric wave _h already begun4 ,! tr\ble today ) ne>ly all s*emes ( re=m & reg5]ation is t !y are infect$ ) ! v imp]ialism 9 scale t has produc$ ! conditions !y w\ld r$eem4 ,socialism is n[ z completely mat]iali/ic z ! old capitalism1 & z int]national 9 its scope & me?ods4 ,an>*y is becom+ imp]ial & magnific5t 9 its op]ations4 ,secul> re=m]s mu/ organize va/ committees ) intricate ramifications & elaborate sy/ems support$ by drives = money :i* mu/ run into at lea/ sev5 figures1 & by va/ & effici5t bureaus = propag&a1 be=e !y c beg9 op]ations1 & !n ! *ief reliance = success is frequ5tly plac$ on legislation enact$ by ! highe/ lawmak+ bodies 9 ! l&4 ,ev5 religion has n[ surr5d]$ to ! same obsession ( magnitude & effici5cy1 & no?+ goes 7or tries to1 x doesn't always succe$7 unless x is conceiv$ 9 gigantic nation-wide t]ms & is put across by effici5cy exp]ts1 highly paid organiz]s1 elaborate teams ( propag&i/s & solicitors1 & pl5ty ( impressive adv]tis+4 ,a good deal c be b\ght ?is way1 b x w n /ay b\ght1 = no re=m ( any sort c be e/abli%$ aft] any su* fa%ion1 s9ce re=m beg9s 9 & ) ! individual1 & if x succe$s at all x w be by ! cumulative process4 ,i %all speak ( ?is elem5t ( scale 9 e succe$+ lecture1 = x vitiates e in/itution we h4 ,"h1 :]e ,i am deal+ ) society 9 itself1 ,i c only say t ,i believe ! sane & :olesome society ( ! future w elim9ate great cities & great corporations ( e sort4 ,x w rev]se ! :ole sy/em ( specialization & ! segregation & unification ( indu/ries & ! division ( lab\r4 ,x w build upw>d f ! prim>y unit ( ! family1 ?r\gh ! neighb\rhood1 to ! small1 & closely knit1 & self-support+ community1 & s to ! /ate & ! f9al unify+ =ce :i* l9ks toge!r a f$]ation ( /ates4 ,9 g5]al x w be a return 9 pr9ciple1 ?\gh n 9 =m1 to ! social organization ( a ,m$iaeval ,europe be=e ! ext9ction ( feudalism on ! ,cont95t1 & ! suppression ( ! mona/]ies & ! enclosure ( ! common l&s 9 ,engl&4 ,! grave p]ils ( ?is false scale 9 human society h be5 recogniz$ by _m individuals ev] s9ce ! ?+ itself became op]ative1 & e ,utopia conceiv$ by man dur+ ! la/ two c5turies1 :e!r x 0 !oretical or actually put into ephem]al practice1 has be5 c\*$ 9 t]ms ( revolt away f imp]ialism & t[>ds ! unit ( human scale4 ,9 e case h[ev]1 ! introduction ( "s =m ( communism has be5 ! ru9 ( ^? projects actually mat]ializ$1 = ?is 9 itself is imp]iali/ic 9 its nature4 ,communism implies ! /&>d ( ! gross aggregate1 ! d5ial ( human diff]5tiation & ! quantitative /&>d1 z well z ! elim9ation ( private prop]ty & ! negation ( sacr$ individuality4 ,its in/itution implies an almo/ imm$iate desc5t into an>*y ) a sequ5t dictator%ip & autocracy1 = x is ! rev]sal ( ! f\ndation laws ( life4 ,su* rev]sals _c la/1 no?+ c la/ t is inimical to fl\ri%+ life2 x may triumph = a day b life itself sl\ghs x (f z a s\nd body rids itself ( "s =eign sub/ance ?r\gh ! sore t fe/]s1 bur/s &1 ! septic conditions done away )1 heals itself & returns to normal4 ,n[ ! inhuman scale has produc$ "o set ( septic conditions 9 society :ile :at is commonly call$ democratization has produc$ ano!r4 ,we h a bloat$ society1 b also we h "o 9 :i* a false !ory has gr[n up & be5 put 9 practice1 9 accordance ) :i* an uni=mity ( human k9d has be5 assum$ :i* nev] has exi/$ & does n n[1 & 9 ! ef=t to en=ce ?is false !ory ! a*ievem5t ( di/9ction has be5 imp$$1 lead]%ip disc\rag$ & lead]s l>gely elim9at$1 ! process ( level+ d[nw>d c>ri$ to a v dang]\s po9t1 ! sane & vital organization ( society br\ght ne> to an end & a peculi>ly vici\s scale & /&>d ( social values e/abli%$4 ,i h urg$ ! return to human scale 9 human associations1 b ?is does n imply any admixture ( communism1 :i* is its v anti!sis1 /ill less does x p]mit ! ret5tion ( ! !oretical uni=mity & ! unescapable level+ process ( s-call$ democracy4 ,be=e ! law all m5 are equal1 t is1 !y are entitl$ to ev5-h&$ ju/ice4 ,be=e ,god all m5 are equal1 t is1 !y are grant$ *>ity & m]cy :i* transc5ds ! law1 also !y possess immortal s\ls ( equal value4 ,"h _! equality /ops4 ,9 e o!r respect !y v>y 9 "*1 capacity1 intellig5ce & pot5tiality = developm5t along any or all ^! l9es1 almo/ beyond ! limits ( computation4 ,a sane society w recognize ?is1 x w organize itself accord+ly1 x w d5y to "o :at x w conc$e to ano!r1 x w fo/] emulation & rew>d accompli%m5t1 & x w add ano!r category to ^? 9 :i* all m5 are equal1 t is1 ! free/ scope = advancem5t1 & ! greate/ facility = pass+ f "o social gr\p into ano!r1 ! sole te/ be+ demon/rat$ m]it4 ,i am prep>$ at ?is po9t to use ! ^w ari/ocracy = we h ! ?+ ev5 n[1 only 9 its wor/ possible =m4 ,! ^w itself means two ?+s3 a gov]nm5t by ! be/ & mo/ able citiz5s &1 to quote a /&>d diction>y ,p]sons not$ = sup]iority 9 any "* or quality1 tak5 collectively4 ,!re is no h>m "h1 b ! h>m comes1 & ! odium also1 & ju/ly1 :5 an ari/ocratic gov]nm5t deg5]ates into an olig>*y ( privilege )\t responsibility1 & :5 socially x is n sup]iority 9 "* or quality b political cunn+1 opul5ce & sycophancy t are ! t\*/ones to recognition & acceptance4 ,! latt] are ! anti!sis ( ,*ri/ianity & common s5se1 ! =m] is consonant ) bo? &1 p>adoxical z x may seem1 x is also ! fulfill+ ( ! ideals ( a real democracy1 s9ce its hon\rs & di/9ctions imply s]vice1 its relations ) ^? 9 o!r e/ates are reciprocal1 x is n a clos$ ca/e b ! prize ( m]itori\s a*ievem5t1 & x is !re=e equality ( opportunity1 utilization ( ability & ! abolition ( privilege )\t responsibility4 ,m5 are =ev] & glori\sly /ruggl+ onw>d t[>ds bett] ?+s1 b !re is always ! gravitational pull ( orig9al s9 :i* sci5ti/s d5om9ate rev]sion to type4 ,! sav+ grace 9 ! individual is ! div9e gift ( fai?1 hope & *>ity implant$ 9 e s\l4 ,^! e man mu/ gu>d & *]i% = !y are ! way ( advancem5t 9 "*4 ,b society is man 9 association ) m51 9 a s5se a new & complex p]sonality1 & ! same qualities are z necess>y "h z 9 ! individual4 ,society1 l man1 may be said to possess body1 s\l & _s1 & x mu/ function vitally along all ^! l9es if x is to ma9ta9 a normal & :olesome exi/5ce4 ,some:]e !re mu/ be some?+ t a*ieves high ideals ( hon\r1 *ivalry1 c\rtesy2 t ma9ta9s "r /&>ds ( comp>ative value1 & t gu>ds ! social organism z a :ole f ! dang] ( surr5d] to false & debas$ /&>ds1 to plausible demagogues1 & to mob-psy*ology4 ,! great] ! preval5ce ( democratic me?ods1 ! great] is ! dang] ( ?is surr5d] to propag&a ( a ?\s& sorts & to ! dom9ance ( ! demagogue1 & ! exi/5ce ( an e/ate =tifi$ by ! inh]itance ( high tradition1 measurably free f ! necessity ( engag+ too /r5u\sly 9 ! /ruggle = life1 gu>ante$ security ( /atus s long z x does n betray ! ideals ( its ord]1 b op5 to accessions f o!r e/ates on ! basis ( conspicu\s m]it alone1 su* a =ce op]at+ 9 society has prov$1 & w prove1 ! be/ gu>dian ( civilization z a :ole & ( ! int]e/s & lib]ties ( ^? :o may rank 9 :at are kn[n z l[] social scales4 ,b1 x may be object$1 su* an in/itution z ?is has nev] exi/$4 ,e political or social ari/ocracy 9 hi/ory has be5 mix$ & adult]at$ ) bad *>act]s & recreant repres5tatives4 ,!re nev] has be5 & nev] w be a p]fect ari/ocracy4 ,q true2 nei!r has !re ev] be5 a p]fect democracy1 or a p]fect mon>*y = t matt]4 ,z m5 we "w ) imp]fections1 b we live by fai?1 & our sole duty is to e/abli% ! highe/ ideals1 & to compass !m1 9 s f> z we may1 ) unfail+ c\rage1 pati5ce & /eadfa/ness4 ,! ideal ( democracy is a great ideal1 b ! work+ ( democracy has be5 a failure because1 among/ o!r ?+s1 x has tri$ to c>ry on )\t ! aid ( true ari/ocracy4 ,if ! two c be unit$1 fir/ 9 ideal & 9 !ory1 !n 9 op]ation1 our pres5t failure may be *ang$ into victory4 ,:at1 aft] all1 does ?is imply1 s f> z ! social organism is conc]n$8 ,x seems to me1 some?+ l ?is4 ,fir/ ( all1 recognition ( ! fact t !re are diff]5ces 9 individuals1 9 /ra9s ( blood1 9 races1 t _c be ov]come by any p[] ( education & environm5t1 & c only be *ang$ ?r\gh v long p]iods ( "t1 & t ^! diff]5ces mu/ "w correspond+ diff]5ces 9 position1 function & /atus 9 ! social organism4 ,second1 t s9ce society automatically develops an ari/ocracy ( "s sort or o!r1 & app>5tly _c be /opp$ f do+ ?is1 x mu/ be protect$ f ! sort ( ?+ x has produc$ ( late1 :i* is bas$ on money1 political exp$i5cy & ! unscrupul\s clev]ness ( ! demagogue1 & giv5 a m rational sub/itute 9 ! %ape ( a p]man5t gr\p repres5t+ high "* & ! traditions ( hon\r1 *ivalry & c\rtesy4 ,?ird1 t "* & s]vice %\ld be fo/]$ & rew>d$ by t =mal & augu/ recognition1 t secure & unque/ion$ /atus1 & ^? add$ opportunities = s]vice t w =m a real & significant di/9ction4 ,f9ally1 t ?is ord] or e/ate mu/ be able to purge itself ( unwor?y mat]ial1 & also mu/ be freely op5 to con/ant accessions f )\t1 :atev] ! s\rce1 & = prov$ "* & s]vice4 ,i fe> ,i mu/ argue ?is case ( ! inequality 9 individual pot5tial1 t inequality t does n yield to complex education or fav\rable environm5t1 = x is fundam5tal4 ,if x does n exi/1 !n my argum5t = ! organization ( society along l9es t recognize & regul>ize div]sity ( social /atus & functions1 falls to ! gr\nd4 ,i affirm t1 ! doctr9e ( evolution & mod]n democratic !ory to ! contr>y1 x does exi/ & t ! mitigat+ influ5ce ( education1 environm5t & inh]it$ acquir$ *>act]s1 is small at be/4 ,let u take ! mo/ obvi\s concrete examples4 ,!re are c]ta9 e?nic units or races :i* = p]iods rang+ f five hundr$ to two ?\s& ye>s h produc$ "*1 & ?r\gh "* ! great contributions t h be5 made to human culture & h be5 express$ ?r\gh m5 ( di/9ction1 dynamic =ce1 & vivid p]sonality4 ,su*1 among/ _m1 are ! ,greeks1 ! ,jews1 ! ,romans1 ! ,normans1 ! ,franks1 ! ,anglo-,saxons1 & ! ,celts4 ,!re are o!rs t 9 all hi/ory h produc$ no?+4 ,!re are c]ta9 family names :i* are a gu>antee ( di/9ction1 dynamic =ce1 & vivid p]sonality4 ,!re are ?\s&s ( ^! names1 & !y are to be f\nd among/ all ! races t h contribut$ t[>ds ! developm5t ( culture & civilization4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are f> m t h produc$ no?+ di/9ctive1 & possibly nev] w4 ,:at is ! reason = ?is8 ,is x ! result ( bl9d *ance1 ( accid5ts t h left c]ta9 races & families isolat$ 9 /agnant eddies f :i* "s sudd5 curr5t ( a :imsical tide might sweep !m out into ! full flood ( progress1 until !y !n ov]took & pass$ _! hi!rto successful rivals1 :o1 9 _! turn1 w\ld drift (f into progressive incompet5ce & deg5]acy8 ,biology does n look ) en?usiasm on ! me?ods ( *ance & accid5t4 ,! *oice & transmission ( ! =ty-eight *romosomes t give to ea* individual 8 "*-pot5tial are probably 9 accordance ) "s obscure biological law ?r\gh :i* ! unfa?omable div9e w op]ates4 ,n[ ^! *romosomes may be select$ & comb9$ aft] a fa%ion1 & ) a p]si/5ce ( cont9uity1 t w\ld gu>antee "*-pot5tial1 = good or = ill1 ?r\gh _m g5]ations1 or !y might be s v>i$ 9 _! comb9ations t no di/9ct traits w\ld be c>ri$ ov] f "o g5]ation to ano!r4 ,z a matt] ( exp]i5ce all ^! ?ree processes take place & are record$ 9 families ( di/9ct quality1 good1 bad & indiff]5t4 ,if ! "*-pot5tial is pr$et]m9$1 !n manife/ly education & environm5t c play only ! subord9ate "p ( fo/]+ its developm5t or ret>d+ x4 ,9 ! same way ! "* & c>e] ( ! v>i\s races ( m5 are det]m9$ by ! pot5tial inh]5t 9 ! individuals & families t compose !m1 & l !m ! races !mselves are = long p]iods m>k$ by p[] & capacity or weakness & lack ( di/9ction4 ,!re are c]ta9 races1 su* z ! ,hott5tot1 ! ,malay1 ! ,am]ican ,indian1 & mix$ bloods1 z ! ,mexican peons & ,mongol-,slavs ( a portion ( ! s\!a/]n ,europe1 t1 s f> z record$ hi/ory is conc]n$1 are ei!r /atic or retrogressive4 ,!re are family units1 pov]ty-/rick5 & incompet5t1 9 ,naples1 ,canton1 ,ea/ ,side ,new ,york2 or opul5t & aggressive 9 ,we/ ,side ,new ,york1 9 ,birm+ham1 ,we/phalia1 ,pittsburgh1 t are no m subject to ! cultural & "*-creat+ influ5ces ( education & environm5t--beyond a c]ta9 def9ite po9t--?an are ! amphibians ( ,africa or ! rampant we$s ( my g>d54 ,?is is a h>d say+ & a provocative4 ,! entire c\rse ( democratic !ory1 ( humanit>ian ?\ght & ( ! popul> type ( sci5tific speculation /&s aga9/ x1 & ! ,*ri/ian religion z well1 unless ! /atem5t itself is gu>d$ by exact def9itions4 ,if ! cont5tion ( ! sci5tific mat]iali/ 7 correct1 & ! ?+ t makes man1 & t ,*ri/ians call ! immortal s\l1 7 b ! result ( physical processes ( gr[? & diff]5tiation1 !n slav]y w\ld be ju/ifiable1 & exploitation a reasonable & inevitable process4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ?is assumption ( mat]ialism is unt5able1 & s9ce all m5 are possess$ ( immortal s\ls betwe5 :i* is no di/9ction 9 ! sight ( ,god1 ! situation1 regrettable if y l1 is "o :i* at ! same "t calls = ! ex]cise ( a high] humanit>ianism ?an t s popul> dur+ ! la/ g5]ation1 & z well = a v dra/ic revision ( contempor>y political & social & educational me?ods4 ,! s\l ( ! man is ! localization ( div9ity2 9 a s5se ea* man is a manife/ation ( ! ,inc>nation4 ,black or :ite1 conspicu\s or obscure1 intellig5t or /upid1 (fspr+ ( a creative race or b\nd by ! limitations ( "o t is /atic or 9 process ( decay1 !re is no diff]5ce 9 ! univ]sal claim to ju/ice1 *>ity1 & opportunity4 ,! s\l ( a ,cantonese riv]-man1 ( a ,congo slave1 ( an ,ea/ ,side ,jew1 is 9 itself z ess5tially preci\s & wor? sav+ z ! s\l ( a bi%op1 ( a desc5dant ( a ,norman vik+ or an ,iri% k+1 or t ( a volunte] soldi] 9 ! late armies ( ,france or ,great ,brita9 or ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,"h lies absolute & f9al equality1 & ! ,/ate1 ! ,law1 ! ,*ur* are b\nd to gu>d ?is equality 9 ! "o case & ! o!r ) equal =ce2 inde$1 ^? ( ! l[] racial & family types claim ev5 m fai?ful gu>dian%ip ?an ^? ( ! high]1 = !y c accompli% less = !mselves & by !mselves4 ,b ! fundam5tal & inescapable inequality1 9 intellect1 9 "*1 & 9 capacity1 :i* ,i insi/ is "o ( ! condition+ factors 9 life1 is vocif]\sly d5i$1 b ru?lessly en=c$1 by ! p t w be ! fir/ to d5\nce any re/atem5t ( :at is aft] all no m ?an a pat5t fact4 ,a little less en?usiasm = %ibbole?s1 & a little m intellig5t reg>d = hi/ory & palpable conditions1 w %[ t ! assum$ equality betwe5 m5 on ! /r5g? ( _! manhood alone1 ! suffici5cy ( education = correct+ ! accid5tal diff]5ces t %[ !mselves1 & ! s*eme ( life t is work$ out along democratic l9es on ! basis ( ?is ess5tial 7or pot5tial7 equality1 are fond ?+s va9ly imag9$ :i* mu/ be radically modifi$ be=e ! _w c beg9 a sane & :olesome build+-up aft] ! great purgation ( w>4 ,t equality betwe5 m5 :i* exi/s by virtue ( ! pres5ce 9 ea* ( an immortal s\l1 involves an ev5 di/ribution ( ju/ice & ! protection ( law1 )\t di/9ction ( p]sons1 & an ev5 measure ( *>ity & compassion1 b x does n involve ! admission ( a claim to equality ( action or ! d5ial ( v>i$ /atus1 s9ce race-values1 bo? ( blood & ( ! g5s ent] 9 to e/abli% diff]5ces 9 "*1 9 intellig5ce & 9 capacity :i* _c be *ang$ by education1 environm5t or h]$ity )9 p]iods :i* are practical consid]ations ) society4 ,if we c\ld /ill hold ! old ,d>w9ian dogmas ( ! orig9 ( species ?r\gh ! /ruggle = exi/5ce & ! survival ( ! fitte/1 & if ! equally augu/ & au?oritative dogma ( ! transmission by inh]itance ( acquir$ *>act]i/ics 7 long] t5able1 !n p]haps we might invoke fai?1 hope & pati5ce & cont9ue our g5]\s me?od ( imp]ill+ pres5t society :ile we fix$ our eyes on ! vision ( t to come :5 environm5t1 education & h]$ity _h accompli%$ _! p]fect "w4 ,un=tunately--or p]haps =tunately--sci5ce is rapidly reconsid]+ its e>li] & some:at ha/y conclusions1 & ! cons5sus ( ! mo/ au?oritative op9ion seems to be t we mu/ believe ^! ?+s no long]4 ,fail+ ^! premises1 on :i* we h lab\r$ s long & s hone/ly & s s9c]ely1 we are aga9 ?r[n back on ! te/imony ( hi/ory & our own obs]vation1 & ) ?is rev]sal we also are b\nd to reconsid] bo? our premises & ! con/itution ( ^? sy/ems & in/itutions we h erect$ on !m z a f\ndation4 ,! exi/5ce ( a g5]al law does n exclude exceptions4 ,! fact t 9 ! case ( human be+s we h to take into consid]ation a p[]ful factor t does n come into play 9 ! doma9 ( zology & botany--! immortal s\l--makes impossible ! draw+ ( exact d$uctions f prec$5ts !re9 e/abli%$4 ,?is det]m9+ t\* ( ! div9e1 :i* is no result ( biological processes1 b /&s outside ! limitations ( h]$ity & environm5t & education1 may manife/ itself q z well 9 "o class z 9 ano!r1 = ,god is no respect] ( p]sons4 ,z has be5 said be=e1 !re is no diff]5ce 9 degree z betwe5 immortal s\ls4 ,! po9t is1 h[ev]1 t ea* is l9k$ to a specific cong]ies ( t5d5cies1 limitations1 effective or defective ag5cies1 t are :at !y h be5 made by ! p>5ts ( ! race4 ,^! may be su* z enable ! s\l to triumph 9 its e>?ly exp]i5ce & 9 its bodily h\s+2 !y may be su* z w br+ ab\t failure & defeat4 ,x is n t ! s\l builds itself m /ately mansions2 x is t ^! are provid$ = x by ! physical processes ( life1 & x is almo/ ! fir/ duty ( man to see t !y are well built4 ,aga91 ! s\l is s+le & p]sonal2 z x is n a plexus ( inh]it$ t5d5cies1 s x is n h]itable1 & a great s\l %[+ sudd5ly 9 ! dusk ( a dull race contributes no?+ ( its ess5tial quality to ! issue ( ! body x has made its h\se4 ,! /ews ( a mill t[n may sudd5ly be illum9at$ by ! radiance ( a div9e s\l1 to ! amazem5t ( pr(ligate p>5ts & ! confusion ( eug5i/s2 b unless ! unsolvable my/]y ( life has det]m9$ on a new species1 & s by a sudd5 influx ( ! lan vital cuts (f ! l9e ( physical succession & e/abli%es "o t is :olly new1 !n ! brightness dies away ) ! pass+ ( ! spl5did s\l1 & ! e/abli%$ t5d5cies resume _! sway4 ,! be>+ ( ?is !ory on ! actions ( society is imm$iate4 ,?r\gh ! complete disreg>d ( race-values t has obta9$ dur+ ! la/ two or ?ree c5turies1 & ! em]g5ce & complete supremacy 9 all categories ( life ( human gr\ps ( l[ pot5tial1 civilization has be5 br\ght d[n to a level :]e x is ?reat5$ ) disa/]4 ,if recov]y is to be effect$ & a second era ( d>k ages avoid$1 !re mu/ be an entirely new evaluation ( ?+s1 a new e/imate ( ! pr9ciples & me?ods t obta9$ "u ,mod]nism1 & a fe>less adv5ture into fields t may prove n to be s unfamili> z might at fir/ appe>4 ,specifically1 we mu/ revise our attitude z to immigration1 exclud+ :ole classes1 & ev5 races1 t we h hi!rto welcom$ ) op5 h&s f ! dis9t]e/$ (fices ( /eam%ip companies3 we mu/ control & 9 "s cases prohibit1 ! mat+ ( v>i\s racial /ocks2 f9ally we mu/ altoge!r disall[ ! practice ( *ang+1 by law1 "o race-"n = ano!r4 ,?is process is "o = :i* no excuse exi/s & unless x c be br\ght to an end !n1 ap>t f c]ta9 physical diff]5tiations on :i* nature wisely insi/s1 we h no gu>anty aga9/ ! adult]ation t has gone s f> t[>ds sub/itut+ ! mongrel = ! pure racial type1 :ile society is b\nd to suff] /ill fur!r deception & cont9u$ dang] along ! l9es t h rec5tly be5 indicat$ by ! trans=mation ( ,treibits* into ,l9coln1 ,braun/e9 into ,trotsky & ,samuels into ,montague4 ,= its fulfillm5t1 !n1 & its reg5]ation1 ! real democracy dem&s & mu/ a*ieve ! creation & coop]ation ( a real ari/ocracy1 n an ari/ocracy ( mat]ial =ce ei!r milit>y or civil1 nor "o ( l& own]s or money-gett]s1 nor "o ( artificial ca/e4 ,all ^! sub/itutes h be5 tri$ f "t to "t1 9 ,rome1 ,*9a1 ,great ,brita91 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & all h fail$ 9 ! end1 = all h ignor$ ! "o ess5tial po9t ( "*1 )\t :i* we %all cont9ue to reproduce :at we h at pres5t2 a ?+ z insol5t1 (f5sive & tyrannical z ! old ari/ocracies at _! wor/1 ) none ( ! con/ructive & b5efic5t qualities ( ! old ari/ocracies at _! be/4 ,t race-values h mu* to d ) ?is developm5t ( "* ,i believe to be true1 b ( f> great] effici5cy1 inde$ ! actual motive =ce1 is ! ,*ri/ian religion1 work+ directly on & ?r\gh ! individual & us+ race z only "o ( its mat]ial means ( op]ation4 ,democracy has accompli%$ its pres5t failure1 n only because x c\ld n function )\t ! coop]ation ( ari/ocracy1 b *iefly because1 9 its mod]ni/ =m1 x has become 9 fact isolat$ f ,*ri/ianity4 ,all 9 x ( good x d]ives f t ,ca?olic ,*ri/ianity ( ! ,middle ,ages :i* fir/ put x into practice1 all 9 x ( evil x owes to a fall+ back on paganism & a d5ial ( its own p>5tage & rejection ( its control4 ,i %all deal ) ?is lat] 9 m detail2 ,i speak ( x n[ j = ! purpose ( ent]+ a caveat aga9/ any d$uction f :at ,i h said t any natural =ce1 ( race or evolution or any?+ else1 or any =mal in/itution devis$ by man1 ev] has1 or ev] c1 s]ve 9 itself z a way ( social r$emption4 ,i am anxi\s n to ov]emphasize ^! ?+s on :i* ! developm5t ( my argum5t =ces me to lay p>ticul> /ress4 ,= ^? :o c g ) me s f>1 ! "q w arise3 ,h[ !n are we s to reorganize society t we may ga9 ! end 9 view8 ,x is a "q n easy ( solution4 ,grant$ ! fact ( social diff]5tiation & ! necessity ( its recognition1 h[ are we to break d[n ! :olly wrong sy/em t n[ obta9s & sub/itute ano!r 9 its place8 ,x w\ld be simple en\gh if )9 ! p]iod all[$ u by safety 7app>5tly n any too ext5d$ at ! pres5t mom5t7 a work+ majority ( m5 c\ld a*ieve1 9 ! old & exact phraseology1 t *ange ( he>t1 t spiritual conv]sion1 t w\ld br+ back into p]man5t au?ority ! sup]natural virtues ( fai?1 hope1 & *>ity1 & t s5se ( "r values 9 life1 :i* toge!r make almo/ indiff]5t ! nature ( ! =mal devices man creates = ! organization ( society4 ,c]ta9ly ?is is possible2 great] miracles h happ5$ 9 hi/ory b1 fail+ ?is1 :at8 ,"o turns ( c\rse by in/9ct to old models1 b 9 ?is is ! dang] ( an attempt at an ar*aeological re/oration1 a futile ef=t at reviv+ dead =ms t h _h _! day4 ,9 pr9ciple1 & 9 ! work+ z well1 ! old ord]s ( *ivalry or knigh?ood /rongly comm5d !mselves1 = "h !re 01 9 pr9ciple1 bo? ! ma9t5ance ( high ideals ( hon\r c\rtesy & noblesse oblige1 & ! r5d]+ ( *ivalr\s s]vice4 ,*e/]ton has put x well 9 ! phrase ! giv+ ?+s :i* _c be dem&$1 ! avoid+ ?+s :i* _c be puni%$4 ,moreov]1 admission to ! ord]s ( knigh?ood 0 free to all provid$ !re 7 t cause :i* came f p]sonal "* alone4 ,knigh?ood 0 ! cr[n ( knightly s]vice & x 0 =feit$ = recreancy4 ,is !re n 9 ?is "s sugge/ion ( :at may aga9 be e/abli%$ z an inc5tive & a rew>d1 & z well1 z a vital ag5cy = ! reorganization ( society8 ,knigh?ood is p]sonal1 & is = ! lifetime ( ! recipi5t4 ,is !re any value 9 an e/ate :]e /atus is h]itable8 ,if !re is any validity 9 ! !ory ( v>y+ & p]si/5t race-values1 x w\ld seem s1 yet ! idea ( recogniz+ ?is excell5ce ( c]ta9 families & ! reasonable probability ( _! ma9ta9+ ! e/abli%$ /&>d unimpair$1 & s giv+ !m a =mal /atus1 w\ld no d\bt be repugnant to ! va/ majority ( m5 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,i ?9k ?is av]sion is bas$ on prejudice1 natural b ill-f\nd$4 ,we res5t ! idea ( privilege )\t responsibility1 z we %\ld1 b ?is1 :ile x 0 ! condition ( ^? ari/ocracies :i* 7 op]ative at ! "t ( ! f\nd+ ( ! ,republic1 0 oppos$ to ! ,m$iaeval1 or true idea1 :i* l9k$ responsibility ) privilege4 ,! old privilege is gone & _c be re/or$1 b already we h a new privilege :i* is be+ claim$ & en=c$ by prolet>ian gr\ps1 & ! legislative repres5tatives ( ! :ole p /& 9 su* t]ror ( mass$ votes t !y n only fail to *eck ?is a/oni%+ & topsy-turvy movem5t1 b actually fur!r its pret5sions4 ,! dictator%ip ( ! prolet>iat actually means ! re/oration ( privilege 9 a =m f> m tyrannical & mon/r\s ?an any ev] ex]cis$ by ! old ari/ocracies ( ,italy1 ,france1 ,g]many & ,engl&4 ,mu* rec5t legislation 9 ,wa%+ton exempt+ c]ta9 indu/rial & agricultural classes f ! op]ation ( laws :i* be> heavily on o!r classes1 & "s ( ! claims & pret5sions ( unioniz$ labor1 t5d 9 precisely ! same direction4 ,x is n re/oration ( privilege ,i h 9 m9d b r 9 a s5se ! prev5tion ( ?is ?r\gh ! exi/5ce ( a class or e/ate t has a fix$ /atus dep5d5t fir/ on "* & s]vice & !n on an assur$ position t is n cont+5t on political fav\r1 ! bulk ( votes1 or ! acquisition ( an inord9ate am\nt ( money4 ,surety ( position works t[>ds indep5d5ce ( ?\ght & action & t[>ds /rong lead]%ip4 ,x e/abli%es & ma9ta9s c]ta9 high ideals ( hon\r1 *ivalry1 & s]vice z well z ( c\rtesy & mann]s4 ,if ! ?+s = :i* ! g5tlem51 ! knigh?ood & ! nobility ( ,europe dur+ ! ,*ri/ian disp5sation 7 responsible 7 /rick5 f ! record !re w\ld be comp>atively little left ( ! hi/ory ( ,european culture & civilization4 ,aft] all1 is x m]ely s5tim5talism & a s5se ( ! picturesque t leads u to look backw>d ) "s wi/fulness to ! days ( :i* ! record is /ill left u 9 leg5ds & fairy-tales & old romance1 :5 ignorance & vulg>ity did n sit 9 high places ev5 if arrogance & pride & tyranny sometimes did1 & :5 ! pr(ite] & ! ori5tal f9anci] & ! successful politician did n repres5t ! di/9ction & ! *ivalry & ! c\rtesy & ! hon\r ( ! social organism man builds = 8 own habitation8 ,! idea ( knigh?ood /ill /irs u & ! de$s ( *ivalry & ! c\rtesy & ! hon\r ( ! social ,knights ( ! ,r\nd ,table1 ,crusad]s & knights errant1 ! que/ ( ! ,holy ,grail1 rescue & adv5ture1 ! fight+ ) paynims & p[]s ( evil1 /ill /ir our blood & ar\se 9 our m9ds /range contra/s & ant9omies4 ,pr9ces & fair *atela9es 9 _! wide doma9s ) ca/le & *ase & delicate pleasaunce1 liege-m5 b\nd to !m by m ?an ! feudal ties ( s]vice4 ,all ! v>i$ hon\rs ( nobility1 vitaliz$ by significant ritual & symboliz$ by spl5did & beautiful co/umes4 ,c\rts ( ,love & tr\bad\rs & tr\vres1 k+s :o 7 k+s inde$1 ) ! spl5d\r & c\rtesy & b5efic5ce ( _! c\rts--,l\is ! ,sa9t & ,fr$]ic ,,ii1 ,edw>d ,,iii & ,k+ ,*>les--above all ! simple rank & high hon\r ( ! g5tleman1 ! repres5tative ( a long l9e ( hon\rable tradition1 no casual & purse-pr\d up/>t1 b ( pr\d race & unque/ion$ /atus1 pr\d because x /ood = c]ta9 high ideals ( hon\r & *ivalry & loyalty1 ( c\rtesy & bre$+ & compassion4 ,all ^! old ?+s ( long ago /ill r\se 9 u answ]+ hum\rs1 & !re are a few ( u :o c h>dly see j :y !y are inconsi/5t ) lib]ty & opportunity1 ju/ice1 righte\sness & m]cy4 ,someh[ ! la/ two g5]ations1 & especially ! la/ t5 ye>s1 h reveal$ _m ?+s hi!rto hidd51 & z we envisage society z x has come to be1 e/imat+ x by new-f\nd /&>ds & e/abli%+ new comp>isons ?r\gh a recov]y ( a m j hi/orical s5se1 ! "q comes :e!r x is inde$ m :olesome1 m beautiful1 m normal to man z he is1 ?an ! old] society t 9 v>y+ =ms b always ! same pr9ciple1 _h held ?r\gh\t all hi/ory until ! new model came 91 n[ h>dly a c5tury ago4 ,i d n ?9k ?is wi/ful & bewild]$ look+ backw>d is p>ticul>ly due to a new desire = beauty1 t comel9ess ( condition t exi/$ !n & has n[ giv5 place to gross ugl9ess & ill-condition$ mann]s & ways4 ,r x seems to me x is due to a s5se ( irrationality & fundam5tal inju/ice 9 ! pres5t ord]1 c\pl$ ) a new t]ror ( ! proximate issue z ?is already is reveal+ itself among/ _m peoples4 ,we res5t ! high e/ate1 pur*asable & pur*as$1 ( ! cynical intrigu] & ! vulg> pr(ite]1 ( ! tradesman 9 big bus9ess1 ! *eap prophet & ! pa!tic prog5y ( successful m5 fa/ rev]t+ to type4 ,we "k our city c\ncils & our /ate legislatures & our h\ses ( congress1 we "k our newspap]s1 _! /&>ds & ! motive p[]s beh9d !m1 & :at !y record ( ! "* & ! do+s ( :at !y call society m5 & wom54 ,above all we "k t "u ! anci5t regime1 9 spite ( manifold failures1 %ortcom+s & disloyalty1 !re 0 su* a ?+ z a /&>d ( hon\r1 a pr9ciple ( *ivalry1 an impulse to unselfi% s]vice1 a crit]ion ( c\rtesy & good mann]s2 we look = ^! ?+s n[ 9 va91 except among/ ^? little enclaves ( oblivion :]e ! old "* & old bre$+ /ill ma9ta9 a fad+ exi/5ce1 & z we consid] :at we h become we sometimes wond] if ! price we h paid = democracy 0 n too extortionate4 ,above all1 we are tempt$ to ?is qu]y :5 we ?9k ( our vani%+ /&>ds ( "r & wrong1 ( our progressive rev]sal ( values1 ( our dim9i%+ /ock ( social "*4 ,we tore d[n 9 indignant revolt ! rott5 fabric ( a bad social sy/em :5 x _h s f> decl9$ f its ideal & its =m] e/ate t x c\ld no long] be endur$1 & we made a new ?+1 full z we 7 ) ! fire ( desire = a new righte\sness & a new sy/em t w\ld compass x4 ,p]haps we did well1 at lea/ we h>dly c\ld h done any?+ else2 b n[ we are aga9 9 ! position ( our =efa!rs :o saw ?+s z !y 7 & act$ ) =ce & decision4 ,!re are z _m c\nts aga9/ our society ( plutocrats1 politicians & prolet>ians1 m+l$ 9 complete & ineffective confusion1 z !re 7 aga9/ ! ari/ocracies1 s call$1 ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,p]haps !re are m1 at lea/ _m ( !m are diff]5t1 b ! indictm5t is no less sweep+4 ,our plan1 s g5]\s1 s lib]al1 s high-m9d$ 9 _m ways1 has fail$ to produce ! results we desir$1 :ile x has work$ itself out to ! po9t ( m5ace4 ,x is = u to see ^! facts cle>ly1 & s to act1 & s promptly1 t we may n h to await ! de/roy+ =ce ( cataclysm = ! correction ( our errors4 ,,iv ,,! ,,indu/rial ,,problem ,! solution ( ! indu/rial & economic problem t n[ confronts ! entire _w ) an insi/5ce t is n to be d5i$1 is cont+5t on ! re/oration1 fir/ ( all1 ( ! hol9ess & ! joy ( "w4 ,lab\r is n a curse1 x is r "o ( ! greate/ ( ! e>?ly bless+s ( man1 provid$ its sanctity is recogniz$ & its p]=mance is accompli%$ ) satisfaction to ! lab\r]4 ,9 "w man creates1 :e!r ! product is a bu%el ( potatoes f a space ( once arid gr\nd1 or :e!r x is ! ,taj ,mahal1 ,we/m9/] ,abbey or ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & s work+ he p>takes some?+ ( ! div9e p[] ( creation4 ,:5 "w is subject to slav]y1 all s5se ( its hol9ess is lo/1 bo? by ma/] & bondman2 :5 x is subject to ! factory sy/em all ! joy 9 lab\r is lo/4 ,+5uity may devise "o clev] panacea aft] ano!r = ! salv+ "w & = lift+ ! work+ classes f ! intol]able conditions t h prevail$ = m ?an a c5tury2 !y w be ephem]al 9 _! exi/5ce & futile 9 _! results unless s5se ( hol9ess is re/or$1 & ! joy 9 production & creation giv5 back to ^? :o h be5 defraud$4 ,be=e ,*ri/ianity prevail$ slav]y 0 univ]sal 9 civiliz$ communities1 lab\r1 z conduct$ "u t regime1 0 a curse1 & ?is at l5g? came home to roo/ on ! gaunt wreckage ( imp]ialism4 ,!reaft] came sl[ly increas+ lib]ty "u ! feudal sy/em ) its small social units & its sy/em ( production = use n pr(its1 mona/icism ) its doctr9e & practice ( ! sanctity ( "w1 & ! ,*ur* ) its progressive emancipation ( ! spiritual "p ( man4 ,"w 0 n easy1 on ! contr>y x 0 v h>d ?r\gh\t ! ,d>k ,ages & ,m$iaevalism1 b !re is no p>ticul> m]it 9 easy "w4 ,x 0 virtually free except = ! lab\r & contributions 9 k9d exact$ by ! ov]-"l 7less 9 proportion ?an taxes 9 money h be5 at sev]al times s9ce7 f ! work]s on ! soil1 & 9 ! crafts ( e k9d r$eem$ f undue ardu\sness by ! joy t comes f do+ a ?+ well & produc+ some?+ ( beauty1 orig9ality & te*nical p]fection4 ,! p]iod dur+ :i* "w possess$ ! mo/ hon\rable /atus & ! joy 9 "w 0 ! greate/1 ext5ds f ! beg9n+s ( ! twelf? c5tury well into ! sixte5?4 ,9 "s c5turies1 & along c]ta9 l9es ( activity1 x cont9u$ mu* long]1 notably 9 ,engl& & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b social & indu/rial conditions 7 rapidly *ang+1 ! old ari/ocracy 0 becom+ p]v]t$1 ,lu!ranisms1 ,calv9ism & ,puritanism 7 break+ d[n ! old communal s5se ( bro!rhood s ardu\sly built up dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 capitalism 0 ou/+ ! trade & craft guilds ( free lab\r & political absolutism 0 cru%+ ev] l[] & l[] a prolet>iat t 0 fa/ los+ ! la/ ve/iges ( old lib]ty4 ,! fact ( slav]y )\t ! "n 0 gradually impos$ on ! agricultural classes1 & aft] ! suppression ( ! mona/]ies 9 ,engl& "w z "w lo/ its sacr$ "* & fell "u contempt4 ,) ! outbreak ( indu/rialism 9 ! la/ qu>t] ( ! eighte5? c5tury ?r\gh ! in/itution & introduction ( lab\r-sav+ ma*9]y & ! consequ5t division ( lab\r1 ! factory sy/em1 ! jo9t-/ock company & capitalism1 ?is new slav]y 0 ext5d$ to indu/rial work]s1 & ) its e/abli%m5t disappe>$ ! elem5t ( joy 9 lab\r4 ,= fifty ye>s1 ab\t ! blacke/ half-c5tury civilization has _h to record1 ?is condition ( indu/rial slav]y cont9u$ ) little am5dm5t4 ,v sl[ly1 h[ev]1 ! work]s !mselves1 *ampion$ by c]ta9 ari/ocrats l ! sev5? ,e>l ( ,%aftsbury aga9/ pr(essional ,lib]als l ,cobd51 ,bright1 & ,glad/one 9 ,engl&1 began to loos5 ! %ackles t b\nd !m to infam\s conditions1 & aft] ! abrogation ( laws t made any association ( work+m5 a p5al (f5se1 ! lab\r unions began to ameliorate c]ta9 ( ! s]vile conditions "u :i* = two g5]ations ! workman _h suff]$4 ,s9ce !n ! process ( aboli%+ wage-slav]y w5t sl[ly =w>d until at la/ ! w> came n only to ?reat5 its de/ruction altoge!r b also to place ! emancipat$ work]s 9 a position :]e !y c\ld dictate t]ms & conditions to capital1 to employ]s1 to gov]nm5t & to ! g5]al public2 :ile ev5 n[ 9 _m p>ts ( ,europe & ,am]ica1 besides ,russia1 ov]t attempts are be+ made to br+ back ! old slav]y1 only ) ! =m] bondsm5 9 supreme dictator%ip1 ! =m] employ]s & ! b\rgeoisie 9 ! new s]fage4 ,! old slav]y is gone1 b ! joy 9 "w has n be5 re/or$2 in/ead1 ^? :o h a*iev$ triumphant emancipation turn f lab\r itself ) ! same di/a/e1 yes1 ) great] av]sion ?an t :i* obta9$ "u ! old rgime4 ,) e add$ lib]ty & exemption1 ) e %ort5+ ( h\rs & increase ( pay1 production p] h\r falls (f & ! quality ( ! output decl9es4 ,:at is ! reason = ?is8 ,is x due to ! vici\sness ( ! work]1 to 8 natural selfi%ness1 gre$ & cruelty8 ,i d n ?9k s1 b r t ! explanation is to be f\nd 9 ! fact t ! indu/rial sy/em ( mod]nism has result$ 9 a condition :]e ! joy has be5 altoge!r cut out ( lab\r1 & t until ?is /ate ( ?+s has be5 rev]s$ & ! s5se ( ! hol9ess ( "w & ! joy ( work+ h be5 re/or$1 x is useless to look = workable solutions ( ! lab\r problem4 ,! fact ( indu/rial slav]y has be5 done away ) b ! s5se ( ! s]vile condition t atta*es to "w has be5 reta9$1 !re=e ! idea ( ! dignity & hol9ess ( lab\r has n come back any m ?an ! old joy & satisfaction4 ,fail+ ?is recov]y1 no reorganization ( indu/rial relations1 nei!r pr(it-%>+ nor %op committees1 nei!r nationalization nor /ate socialism1 nei!r ! abolition ( capital1 nor ,soviets nor syndicalism nor ! dictator%ip ( ! prolet>iat w get u any:]e4 ,x is all a wa/e ( "t1 &1 ?r\gh its ultimate failure & disappo9tm5ts1 an int5sification ( an indu/rial disease4 ,:y is x t ?is is s8 ,= an answ] ,i mu/ probe deep &1 x may seem1 cut wildly4 ,i believe x is because we h built up a sy/em t goes f> outside ! limits ( human scale1 transc5ds human capacity1 is =bidd5 by ! laws & conditions ( life1 & mu/ be abrogat$ if x is n to de/roy itself & civilization 9 ! process4 ,:at1 precisely has tak5 place8 ,late 9 ! eighte5? c5tury two ?+s happ5$2 ! discov]y ( ! pot5tial inh]5t 9 coal & its d]ivative1 /eam1 ) electricity yet unexploit$ b ready to h&1 & ! application ( ?is to indu/rial purposes1 toge!r ) ! initiat+ ( a long & a/\nd+ s]ies ( discov]ies & inv5tions all applicable to indu/rial purposes4 ,) a sort ( v]tig9\s rapidity ! :ole indu/rial process 0 trans=m$ f :at x _h be5 dur+ ! p]iod ( record$ hi/ory2 /eam & ma*9]y took ! place ( bra9 & h& p[] directly appli$1 & a revolution great] ?an any o!r 0 effect$4 ,! new devices 7 hail$ z lab\r-sav+ b !y va/ly increas$ lab\r bo? 9 h\rs ( "w & 9 h&s employ$4 ,bulk production ?r\gh ! factory sy/em 0 inevitable1 ! result be+ an enorm\s surplus ov] ! normal & local dem&4 ,to organize & conduct ^! processes ( bulk-production requir$ money great] 9 am\nt ?an individuals c\ld furni%2 s grew up capitalism1 ! jo9t-/ock company1 cr$it & cosmopolitan f9ance4 ,to produce pr(its & divid5ds m>kets mu/ be f\nd = ! huge surplus product4 ,?is 0 accompli%$ by /imulat+ ! covet\sness ( p = ?+s !y _h n ?\ght (1 "u normal conditions w\ld n1 9 _m cases1 ne$1 & v likely w\ld be happi] )\t1 & 9 dump+ on suppos$ly b>b>\s peoples 9 remote p>ts ( ! _w1 articles ali5 to _! traditions & _! mode ( life & g5]ally pe/if]\s 9 _! influ5ce & results4 ,s came adv]tis+ 9 all its bran*es1 direct & indirect1 f ! newspap] & ! bill-bo>d to ! drumm]1 ! diplomatic repres5tative & ! comm]cial mission>y4 ,e ye> saw "s new inv5tion t increas$ ! product p] man1 ! developm5t ( "s new adv]tis+ device1 ! conque/ ( "s new t]ritory or ! delimitation ( "s new sph]e ( influ5ce1 & ! revelation ( "s new possibility 9 ! covet\sness ( man4 ,pr(its rose to new heights & accumulat+ divid5ds clam\r$ = new opportunities = inve/m5t4 ,competition t5d$ to cut d[n returns1 !re=e lab\r 0 m & m su/a9$ ?r\gh dim9i%$ wages & laws t savagely prev5t$ any conc]t$ ef=t t[>ds self-def5se4 ,improvem5ts 9 agricultural processes & ! application ( ma*9]y & /eam p[]1 toge!r ) bulk-production & sci5tific localization ( crops1 ?rew great quantities ( f>m-lab\r]s out ( "w & drove !m into ! indu/rial t[ns1 :ile advances 9 m$ical sci5ce & 9 sanitation rais$ ! proportion ( bir?s to dea?s & soon provid$ a surplus ( pot5tial lab\r s t ! op]ation ( ! law ( supply & dem&1 extoll$ by a new philosophy & en=c$ by ! new repres5tative or democratic & p>liam5t>y gov]nm5t1 result$ 9 an unfail+ supply ( *eap lab\r paid wages j beyond ! limit ( />vation4 ,at la/ !re came evid5ces t ! limit _h be5 rea*$2 ! :ole _w _h be5 op5$ up & pre-empt$1 lab\r 0 beg9n+ to dem& & ev5 get m adequate wages1 competition1 once hail$ z ! life ( trade 0 becom+ s fi]ce t divid5ds 7 dw9dl+4 ,some?+ _h to be done & 9 self-def5se indu/ries began to coalesce 9 enorm\s tru/s & comb9es & monopolies4 ,capitalization ( millions n[ ran into billions1 f9ance became int]national 9 its scope & g>gantuan 9 its proportions & om9\sness1 adv]tis+ grew f its orig9al simplicity & navet into a va/ indu/ry bas$ on all t ! mo/ +5i\s pr(essors c\ld tell ( appli$ psy*ology1 subsidiz+ arti/s1 poets1 m5 ( lett]s1 employ+ armies ( m5 along a hundr$ diff]5t l9es1 exp5d+ millions annually 9 its op]ations1 mak+ ! mod]n newspap] possible1 & ultimately develop+ ! :ole sy/em ( propag&a :i* has n[ become ! "o great det]m9+ factor 9 ! mak+ ( public op9ion4 ,:5 ! tw5tie? c5tury op5$1 t indu/rialism :i* _h begun j a c5tury be=e1 _h1 ) its v>i\s collat]al developm5ts1 f9ancial1 educational1 j\rnali/ic1 etc41 become n only ! greate/ =ce 9 society1 b z well a ?+ op]at+ on ! l>ge/ scale t man _h ev] essay$3 beside x ! ,roman ,empire 0 p>o*ial4 ,! result ( ?is in/itution1 conceiv$ on su* imp]ial l9es1 01 9 ! field we are n[ consid]+1 ! total de/ruction ( ! s5se ( ! hol9ess ( lab\r & ( joy 9 "w4 ,x ext5d$ f> beyond ! limits ( pure indu/rialism2 x m\ld$ & controll$ society 9 all its =ms1 de/roy+ ideals old z hi/ory1 rev]s+ values1 confus+ issues & wreck+ man's p[]s ( judgm5t4 ,until ! w> x seem$ irresi/ible1 n[ its weakness & ! fallacy ( its assumptions are reveal$1 b x has become s absolutely a "p ( our life1 inde$ ( our nature1 t we are unable to e/imate x by any s\nd /&>ds ( judgm5t1 & ev5 :5 we approximate ?is we _c ?9k 9 o!r t]ms :5 we try to devise our s*emes ( r$emption4 ,ev5 ! sociali/ & ! ,bol%evik ?9k 9 imp]ial t]ms :5 !y try to compass ! end+ ( imp]ialism4 ,"u ?is supreme sy/em1 z ,i see x1 ! two ess5tial ?+s ,i h spok5 ( _c be re/or$1 nor c\ld !y ma9ta9 !mselves if1 by "s miracle1 !y 7 once re-e/abli%$4 ,! indictm5t _c be clos$ "h4 ,! actual condition t has develop$ f indu/rialism pres5ts c]ta9 factors t are n consonant ) sane1 :olesome & ,*ri/ian liv+4 ,n only has ! unit ( human scale 9 human society be5 done away )1 n only h ! s5se ( ! nobility ( "w & joy 9 ! do+ be5 ext]m9at$1 b1 z well1 c]ta9 absolutely false pr9ciples & me?ods h be5 adopt$ :i* are n susceptible ( re=m b only ( abolition4 ,( "s ( ^! ,i h spok5 already2 ! al>m+ drift t[>ds cities1 until n[ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates m ?an "o-half ! population is urban2 ! segregation ( indu/ries 9 c]ta9 cities & regions2 ! m9ute division ( lab\r & int5sive specialization2 ! abnormal gr[? ( a true prolet>iat or non-l&-hold+ class2 ! flood+ ( ! c\ntry by *eap lab\r drawn f ! mo/ backw>d communities & f peoples ( l[ race-value4 ,out ( ?is has aris5 a bitt] class conflict & ! om9\s beg9n+s ( a p]il\s class consci\sness1 ) actual w>f>e jo9$ 9 sev]al c\ntries1 & ?reat5$ 9 all o!rs :]e indu/rial civilization is preval5t4 ,) ?is has gr[n up an artificially /imulat$ covet\sness = a ?\s& futile luxuries1 & a /&>d ( liv+ t presupposes a ?\s& non-ess5tials z basic necessities4 ,production = pr(it1 n use1 excess production due to ma*9]y1 effici5t organization1 & surplus ( lab\r1 toge!r ) ! necessity = m>ket+ ! product at a pr(it1 h produc$ a /ate ( ?+s :]e at lea/ "o-half ! available lab\r 9 ! c\ntry is engag$ 9 ! production & sale ( articles :i* are n necess>y to physical1 intellectual or spiritual life1 :ile ( ! rema9d]1 h>dly m ?an a half is employ$ 9 production1 ! o!rs are devot+ !mselves to di/ribution & to ! w> ( competition ?r\gh adv]tis+ & ! captur+ ( trade by +5i\s & capable salesm54 ,x is a significant fact t two ( ! greate/ indu/ries 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are ! mak+ ( automobiles & mov+ pictures4 ,x is probably true to say t ( ! pot5tial lab\r 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ab\t "o-f\r? is produc+ ^? ?+s :i* are physically1 intellectually & spiritually necess>y2 ! rema9+ ?ree-f\r?s are ess5tially non-produc]s3 !y mu/1 h[ev]1 be h\s$1 f$1 clo!d1 & amus$1 & ! co/ ( ?is support is add$ to ! co/ ( ! necessities ( life4 ,! reason = ! pres5t high co/ ( liv+ lies possibly "h4 ,le/ ,i be misund]/ood1 let me say "h t "u ! head ( necessities ( life ,i d n mean a new model automobile ea* ye>1 mov+ pictures1 me*anical sub/itutes = music or any o!r art1 & ! ?\s& cat*-trade devices t appe> ea* ye> = ! purpose ( fil*+ bus9ess f ano!r or e/abli%+ a new desire 9 ! already ov]-cr[d$ imag9ations ( an ov]-/imulat$ populace4 ,p>ticul>ly d ,i n mean adv]tis+ 9 any s5se 9 :i* x is n[ und]/ood & practis$4 ,if1 z ,i believe to be ! case1 production = pr(it1 r ?an = use1 ! rev]sal ( ! anci5t doctr9e t ! dem& mu/ produce ! supply1 9 fav\r ( ! doctr9e t ! supply mu/ fo/] ! dem&1 is ! f\ndation ( our economic error & our indu/rial ills1 !n x foll[s t adv]tis+ z x is n[ c>ri$ on by billbo>ds1 circul>s & newspap]s1 by drumm]s1 solicitors & consul> ag5ts1 falls 9 ! same condemnation1 = except by its (fices ! sy/em c\ld n h succe$$ or cont9ue to function4 ,x is bad 9 itself z ! support & /r5g? ( a bad in/itution1 b its guilt does n /op "h4 ,s plausible is x1 s ess5tial to ! v exi/5ce ( ! contempor>y rgime1 s knit up ) all ! commone/ affairs ( life1 s p[]ful 9 its organization & broad 9 its op]ations1 x has poison$1 & cont9ues to poison1 ! m9ds ( m5 s t ! headlong process ( los+ all s5se ( comp>ative values is accel]at$1 :ile e in/9ctive ef=t at recov]y & readju/m5t is nullifi$4 ,h[ f> ?is process has gone may be illu/rat$ by two in/ances4 ,x is only a few mon?s ago t a mo/ respect$ cl]gyman publicly decl>$ t mission>ies 7 ! greate/ & mo/ effici5t asset to trade because !y 7 un(ficial comm]cial ag5ts :o op5$ up new & savage c\ntries to ,we/]n comm]ce ?r\gh adv]tis+ commodities ( :i* ! natives _h nev] he>d1 & ar\s+ 9 !m a s5se ( acquisitiv5ess t meant m weal? & bus9ess = trade & manufacture1 :i* %\ld support =eign missions on ?is gr\nd at lea/4 ,m rec5tly ! head ( an adv]tis+ conc]n 9 ,new ,york is report$ to h said3 ,x is pr9cipally ?r\gh adv]tis+ t we h arriv$ at ! high degree ( civilization :i* ?is age enjoys1 = adv]tis+ has taught u ! use ( books & h[ to furni% our homes ) ! ?\s& & "o com=ts t add s mat]ially to our physical & intellectual well-be+4 ,! future ( ! _w dep5ds on adv]tis+4 ,adv]tis+ is ! salvation ( civilization1 = civilization _c outlive adv]tis+ a c5tury4 ,x is tempt+ to l+] ov] su* a delectable morsel z ?is1 = ev5 if x is only ! absurd & irresponsible output ( "o poor1 fooli% man1 x does express m or less :at indu/rial civilization holds to be true1 ?\gh few w\ld av[ _! fai? s :ole-he>t$ly4 ,! /atem5t 0 made z propag&a1 & propag&a is m]ely adv]tis+ 9 its mo/ insidi\s & dang]\s =m4 ,! ?+ reveal$ its possibilities dur+ ! w>1 b ! black discr$it t 0 !n v ju/ly atta*$ to x c\ld n prevail aga9/ its manife/ pot5cy1 & x is n[ univ]sally us$ aft] ! mo/ compreh5sive & frequ5tly unscrupul\s fa%ion1 ) results t c only be p]il\s 9 ! extreme4 ,! type & calibre ( m9d t has n[ be5 releas$ f long bondage1 & by weight ( numb]s is n[ fa/ tak+ ov] ! direction ( affairs1 is curi\sly subs]vi5t to ! writt5 ^w1 & lack+ a true s5se ( comp>ative values1 )\t effective lead]%ip ei!r secul> or religi\s1 is easily sway$ by e w9d ( doctr9e4 ,! =ces ( evil t are ev] 9 conflict ) ! =ces ( "r are notori\sly +5i\s 9 mak+ ! worse appe> ! bett] cause1 & ) e desire = illum9ation & = foll[+ ! "r way1 ! multitude1 :e!r educat$ or illit]ate1 fall into ! falsehoods ( o!rs' imag9+s4 ,money1 effici5cy1 an acquir$ k ( mob psy*ology1 ! pr9t+ press & ! mail s]vice act+ 9 alliance1 & direct$ by fanatical or cynical en]gy1 =m a =ce ( enorm\s pot5cy t is n[ be+ us$ effectively ?r\gh\t society4 ,x is irresponsible1 anonym\s & p]vasive4 ,?r\gh its op]ation ! la/ b>ri]s are brok5 d[n betwe5 ! lead]%ip ( "* & ! lead]%ip ( craft1 :ile all =mal di/9ctions betwe5 ! valuable & ! valueless are swept away4 ,i h spok5 at "s l5g? ( ?is p>ticul> elem5t 9 ! pres5t condition ( ?+s1 because 9 bo? its aspects1 z ! support ( our pres5t indu/rial & economic sy/em & z ! effici5t m\ld] ( a fluid & un/able public op9ion1 x is p]haps ! /ronge/ & mo/ subtle =ce ( :i* we mu/ take acc\nt4 ,) a sy/em s preval5t z imp]ial indu/ry1 s knit up ) e phase ( life & ?\ght1 & s det]m9+ a factor 9 all our concepts1 unit$ z x is ) two su* inv9cible allies z adv]tis+ & propag&a1 x is inconceivable t x %\ld be ov]?r[n by any human =ce f )\t4 ,hold+ x to be ess5tially wrong1 x seems to me provid5tial t x is already %[+ signs ( fall+ by its own weight4 ,production ( commodities has f> exce$$ production ( ! means ( paym5t1 & society is n[ runn+ on promises to pay1 on pap] obligations1 on anticipations ( future production & sale1 on cr$it1 9 a ^w4 ,! w> has enorm\sly magnifi$ ?is condition until an en=c$ liquidation w\ld mean bankruptcy = all ! nations ( ! e>?1 :ile ! production ( utilities is decreas+ 9 proportion to ! production ( luxuries1 lab\r is exact+ increas+ pay = decreas+ h\rs ( "w & quality ( output1 & ! enorm\s f9ancial /ructure1 elaborately & +5i\sly built up ?r\gh sev]al g5]ations1 is 9 grave dang] ( imm$iate cata/rophe4 ,! :ole _w is 9 ! position ( an insolv5t debtor :o is s deeply involv$ t 8 cr$itors _c af=d to let him g into bankruptcy1 & s keep him out ( ! ,poor ,debtor's ,c\rt by dol+ out support f day to day4 ,confid5ce is ! only ?+ t keeps matt]s go+2 :at happ5s :5 ?is is lo/ is n[ be+ demon/rat$ 9 _m p>ts ( ,europe4 ,! optimi/ claims t increas$ production1 c\pl$ ) en=c$ economy1 w produce a satisfactory solution1 b !re is no evid5ce t lab\r1 n[ hav+ ! :ip-h&1 w give up its pres5t advantage suffici5tly to make ?is possible2 ev5 if x did1 paym5t mu/ be 9 ! =m ( ex*ange or else 9 fur!r promises to pay1 :ile ! capacity ( ! _w = consumption is limit$ some:]e1 ?\gh ?us f> big bus9ess has fail$ to recognize ?is fact4 ,at pres5t ! int]e/ *>ges on debts1 bo? public & private1 h rea*$ a po9t :]e !y come ne> to consum+ all possible pr(its ev5 f a highly accel]at$ rate ( production4 ,altoge!r x is reasonable to assume t ! pres5t f9ancial-indu/rial sy/em is ne> its t]m = reasons inh]5t 9 itself1 let alone ! possibility ( a fur!r ext5sion ( ! dra/ic & completely effective measures ( de/ruction t are *>act]i/ics ( ,bol%evism & its blood-bro!rs4 ,assum+ t ?is is s1 two que/ions arise3 :at is to take ! place ( imp]ial indu/ry1 & h[ is ?is sub/itution to be br\ght ab\t8 ,i ?9k ! answ] to ! fir/ is3 a social & indu/rial sy/em bas$ on small1 self-conta9$1 l>gely self-suffic+ units1 :]e supply foll[s dem&1 :]e production is prim>ily = use n pr(it1 & :]e 9 all indu/rial op]ations "s sy/em w obta9 :i* is m or less t ( ! guilds ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,i %\ld l to g into ?is a little m 9 detail be=e try+ to answ] ! second "q4 ,! normal social unit is a gr\p ( families pr$om9antly ( ! same race1 t]ritorially compact1 ( sub/antially ! same ideals z express$ 9 religion & ! philosophy ( life1 & suffici5tly num]\s to provide f )9 itself ! major "p ( ^? ?+s :i* are necess>y to physical1 intellectual & spiritual well-be+4 ,x %\ld consi/ ( a c5tral nucleus ( h\ses1 ea* ) its g>d51 ! *ur*es1 s*ools & public build+s t are requisite1 ! manufactories & work%ops t supply ! ne$s ( ! community1 ! %ops = sale ( ^? ?+s n produc$ at home1 & all necess>y places ( amusem5t4 ,ar\nd ?is resid5tial c5tre %\ld be suffici5t agricultural l& to furni% all ! f>m products t w be consum$ by ! community itself4 ,! nucleus ( habitation & indu/ry1 toge!r ) ! surr\nd+ f>ms1 make up ! social unit1 :i* is to ! fulle/ possible degree1 self-conta9$1 self-suffici5t & self-gov]n+4 ,c]ta9 propositions are fundam5tal1 & !y are z foll[s3 ,e family %\ld own en\gh l& to support itself at ne$4 ,! f>ms includ$ 9 ! unit mu/ produce en\gh to meet ! ne$s ( ! population4 ,indu/ry mu/ be s organiz$ t x w normally s]ve ! resid5t population along e feasible l9e4 ,only su* ?+s z _c be produc$ at home on acc\nt ( climatic or soil limitations %\ld be import$ f outside4 ,all necess>y pr(essional s]vices %\ld be obta9able )9 ! community itself4 ,all f9ancial transactions su* z loans1 cr$its1 bank+ & insurance %\ld be dome/ic4 ,surplus products1 :e!r agricultural1 indu/rial or pr(essional1 %\ld be consid]$ z by-products1 & 9 no case %\ld ! produc+ ag5cy acquire su* magnitude t home-consumption becomes a side issue & production = pr(it take ! place ( production = use4 ,all ?is is absolutely oppos$ to our pres5t sy/em1 b our pres5t sy/em is wa/eful1 artificial1 illogical1 unsocial1 & !re=e vici\s4 ,i h said en\gh z to ! falsities1 ! dang]s & ! failures ( bulk-production ?r\gh ! op]ations ( capitalism1 ! factory sy/em & adv]tis+1 b its concomitant1 ! segregation ( indu/ries1 is equally objectionable4 ,to %ip hogs #a1ejj miles to be slaught]$ & pack$ 9 food =m1 & !n %ip ?is manufactur$ product back to ! s\rce f :i* ! raw mat]ial came2 to fe$ a great city ) gra91 potatoes & fruits com+ f #a1jjj to #c1jjj miles away1 & vegetables f a di/ance ( sev]al hundr$ miles1 :ile ! f>ms )9 a radius ( fifty miles are ab&on$ & b>r52 to make all ! %oes = ! nation 9 "o small area1 to sp9 ! wool & cotton & weave ! clo? 9 two or ?ree o!rs2 to make ! great] "p ( ! furniture 9 "o /ate1 ! automobiles 9 a second & ! breakfa/ food 9 a ?ird1 is s prepo/]\s a proposition t x belongs 9 ,gulliv]'s ,travels1 n 9 ! annals ( a suppos$ly intellig5t p4 ,! only b5efit is t :i* = a "t accru$ to ! railways1 :i* c>t$ raw mat]ials & f9i%$ products back & =? ov] ?\s&s ( miles ( _! l9es1 ! co/s ( %ipm5t & re%ipm5t be+ naturally add$ to ! price to ! consum]4 ,! p5alties = ?is uneconomic proc$ure 7 borne by society at l>ge1 n only 9 ! increas$ co/s b ?r\gh ! abnormal communities1 ea* ) its t5s ( ?\s&s ( op]atives all engag$ 9 ! same "w & g5]ally drawn f =eign races 7) ! active co-op]ation ( ! /eam%ip l9es71 & ! p]man5t dislocation ( ! lab\r supply1 toge!r ) ! complete disruption ( ! social syn!sis4 ,) production = pr(it & segregation ( indu/ries has come an almo/ inf9itesimal division & specialization ( lab\r4 ,"u a "r indu/rial sy/em ?is w\ld be r$uc$1 n magnifi$4 ,! dignity ( lab\r & ! joy ( creation dem& t 9 s f> z possible ea* man %\ld c>ry ?r\gh "o entire op]ation4 ,?is is ( c\rse n[1 & always has be5 "u any highly develop$ civilization1 impossible 9 practice1 except along c]ta9 l9es ( art & craftsman%ip4 ,! evils ( ! exi/+ sy/em c 9 a measure be done away ) ! mom5t production = use is ! recogniz$ law1 = x is only 9 bulk-production t ?is int5sive specialization c be made to pay4 ,bulk-production !re w always be until1 & if1 ! _w is reorganiz$ on ! basis ( an inf9ite numb] ( self-conta9$ social units1 b 9 ! ideal community--& ,i am deal+ n[ ) ideals--x w\ld n exi/4 ,alli$ ) ?is is ! :ole "q ( ! factory me?od & ! use & misuse ( ma*9]y4 ,x seems to me t ! true pr9ciple is t ma*9]y & ! factory are admissible only :5 s employ$ !y actually d produce1 9 bulk op]ations1 a bett] product1 & ) less lab\r1 ?an is possible ?r\gh h& "w4 ,weav+1 =g+ & all "w :]e human action mu/ be m or less me*anical1 (f] a fair field = ! ma*9e & ! factory1 b :]ev] ! human elem5t c ent]1 :]e p]sonality & ! skill$ craft ( ! h& are giv5 play1 ! ma*9e & ! factory are inadmissible4 ,! great city1 creation ( big bus9ess1 segregation ( indu/ries1 adv]tis+1 salesman%ip & a hundr$ o!r concomitants ( mod]nism1 h built up an abnormal & av>ici\s dem& = bulk-production along l9es :]e ! h&icraft %\ld function4 ,x becomes necess>y--let u say--to provide a million doll>s wor? ( furniture = a t5 million doll> hotel 7itself to be sup]s$$ & scrapp$ 9 p]haps t5 ye>s7 & naturally only ! mo/ int5sive & effici5t factory sy/em c meet ?is dem&4 ,rightly1 h[ev]1 ! furniture ( a community %\ld be produc$ by ! local cab9et mak]s1 & s x %\ld be 9 _m o!r indu/ries n[ entirely tak5 ov] by ! factory sy/em4 ,= ! future !n we mu/ consci\sly "w = ! build+ upw>d f prim>y units1 s completely rev]s+ our pres5t practice ( creat+ ! big ?+ & fight+ hopelessly to pres]ve su* small & few doles ( lib]ty & p]sonality z may be p]mitt$ to filt] d[nw>d f above4 ,?is is ! only true democracy1 & ! ?+ we call by ! "n is n ?is1 l>gely because we h b5t our be/ en]gies to ! build+ up ( va/ & imp]ial aggregates :i* h inevitably assum$ a complete unity 9 !mselves & become dom9at+1 tyrannical & ru?less =ces t h op]at$ reg>dless ( ! s\nd laws & :olesome pr9ciples ( a "r society4 ,nei!r ! vital democracy ( pr9ciple nor ! artificial democracy ( practice c exi/ 9 conjunction ) imp]ialism1 :e!r ?is is e/abli%$ 9 gov]nm5t1 9 indu/ry1 9 trade1 9 society or 9 education4 ,if we c assume1 !n1 ! gradual developm5t ( a new society 9 :i* ^! pr9ciples w be c>ri$ out1 a society t is made up ( social units ( human scale1 self-conta9$1 self-support+ & self-gov]n$1 :]e production is prim>ily = use n pr(it1 & :]e bulk-production is practically non-exi/5t1 ! sub-division ( lab\r r$uc$ to ! l[e/ practicable po9t1 ma*9]y employ$ to a mu* less ext5t ?an n[1 & ! factory sy/em aboli%$1 :at organic =m w lab\r take on 9 place ( t :i* n[ obta9s8 ,x is possible to =eca/ ?is only 9 ! mo/ g5]al t]ms1 = life itself mu/ op]ate to det]m9e ! l9es ( developm5t & dictate ! consequ5t =ms4 ,if we c acquire a bett] /&>d ( comp>ative values1 & ) a cle>] & m fe>less vision e/imate ! rights & wrongs ( ! contempor>y sy/em1 reject+ ! ill ?+ & jeal\sly pres]v+1 or passionately rega9+1 ! good1 we %all be able to e/abli% c]ta9 broad1 fundam5tal & gov]n+ pr9ciples1 & do+ ?is we c await 9 confid5ce ! evolution ( ! organic =ms t w be ! work+ ag5cies ( ! new society4 ,i h tri$ to indicate "s ( ! basic pr9ciples ( a new society4 ,! op]at+ =ms1 s f> z indu/ry is conc]n$1 w1 ,i ?9k1 foll[ 9 ess5tial respects ! craft-guilds ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,!y w n be an ar*aeological re/oration1 z "s ( ! ,engli% protagoni/s ( ?is great revolution seem to anticipate1 !y w be v>i\sly adapt$ to ! peculi> conditions ( a new c5tury1 b ! basic pr9ciples w be pres]v$4 ,:atev] happ5s1 ,i am sure x w n be ei!r a cont9uation ( ! pres5t sy/em ( capitalism & pr(it-hunt+1 or nationalization ( indu/ries1 or /ate socialism 9 any =m1 or any?+ remotely resembl+ ,bol%evism1 syndicalism or a dictator%ip ( ! prolet>iat4 ,"h1 z 9 gov]nm5t1 education & social relations1 ! p[] & ! au?ority ( ! /ate mu/ decl9e1 gov]nm5t itself )draw+ m & m f int]f]5ce ) ! op]ation ( life1 & lib]ty f9d its way back to ! individual & to ! social & economic gr\ps4 ,we live n[ "u a m tyrannical & inquisitorial regime1 9 spite ( 7p>tly p]haps because (7 its democratic =ms & dogmas1 ?an is common 9 hi/orical records4 ,nationalization or /ate socialism w\ld mean s great a magnify+ ( ?is condition t exi/5ce w\ld soon become bo? grotesque & intol]able4 ,we mu/ realize1 & soon1 t man may lose ev5 ! la/ semblance ( lib]ty1 z well "u a nom9al democracy z "u a nom9al despotism or !ocracy4 ,! guild sy/em 0 ! solution ( ! indu/rial problem (f]$ & en=c$ by ,*ri/ianity work+ ?r\gh secul> life2 x presuppos$ ! small social & indu/rial unit & becomes mean+less if conceiv$ 9 ! gigantic & compreh5sive scale ( mod]n in/itutions4 ,national guilds is a contradiction 9 t]ms3 x takes on ! same elem5t ( error t inh]es 9 ! idea ( "o big union4 ,9 c]ta9 respects ! ,*ri/ian guild resembl$ ! mod]n trade union1 b x diff]$ f x 9 m ways1 & x seems to be true t :]ev] ?is diff]5ce exi/s ! guild 0 "r & ! union is wrong4 ,community ( fell[%ip & action among/ m5 ( ea* craft trade or call+ is ess5tial "u any social sy/em1 good or bad1 & x w\ld be insep>able f ! bett] society t mu/ sometime gr[ up on ! basis ( ! unit ( human scale1 = ^! autonom\s gr\ps1 9 ord] to furni% sub/antially all t _! compon5t p>ts c\ld require1 w\ld h to be ( consid]able size z comp>$ ) ! little f>m+ villages ( ,new ,engl&1 ?\gh 9 contra/ ) ! great cities ( mod]nism !y w\ld be small inde$4 ,9 ^! new wall$ t[ns !re w\ld be en\gh m5 engag$ 9 agriculture1 9 ! necess>y indu/rial occupations1 9 trade & 9 ! pr(essions to =m _m guilds ( workable size1 & normally ^! guilds w\ld nei!r conta9 memb]s ( two or m pr(essions or occupations1 nor ^? f outside ! community itself4 ,! guild _c function "u int5sive me?ods ( production or :]e production is prim>ily = pr(it1 or :]e ! factory sy/em prevails1 or :]e capitalism is ! e/abli%$ sy/em1 or "u comb9ations1 tru/s or o!r devices = ! e/abli%+ & ma9t5ance ( great aggregates t5d+ always t[>ds monopoly4 ,h[ev] mu* we may admire ! guild sy/em & desire its re/oration1 we may z well recognize ?is fact at once4 ,! imp]ial scale mu/ g & ! human scale be re/or$ be=e ! guild c come back 9 any g5]al s5se4 ,i am assum+ t ?is w happ51 ei!r ?r\gh consci\s action on ! "p ( ! p or z ! result ( cata/rophe t always ov]takes ^? :o rema9 w$d$ to ! illusions ( falsity4 ,on ?is assumption :at are ^! endur+ pr9ciples t w control ! guild sy/em ( indu/ry 9 ! new ,/ate1 h[ev] may be its =m8 ,! answ] is to be f\nd 9 ! old guilds1 alt>s1 %r9es1 ve/m5ts & sacr$ vessels 7 giv5 9 incr$ible quantities = ! furni%+ & embelli%m5t ( ! *apel or *ur*2 funds also = ! ma9t5ance ( prie/ly (fices especially d$icat$ to ! guild4 ,closely alli$ ) ! religi\s _s 0 t ( good-fell[%ip & m]rymak+4 ,e sort ( fea/ & game & pageant 0 a "p ( ! guild sy/em1 z x 0 inde$ ( life g5]ally at ?is "t :5 m5 did n h to dep5d ^u hir$ pr(essional purveyors ( amusem5t = _! edification4 ,:at !y want$ !y did !mselves1 & ?is community 9 wor%ip & community 9 m]rymak+ did m ev5 ?an ! m]g+ ( common mat]ial int]e/s1 to knit ! :ole body toge!r into a liv+ organism4 ,9 h[ f> ! old sy/em c be reviv$ & put into op]ation is a "q4 ,c]ta9ly x _c be adopt$ z a fad & impos$ on an unwill+ society z a clev] ar*aeological re/oration4 ,x w h to gr[ naturally out ( life itself & along l9es at pres5t h>dly pr$icable4 ,!re are _m evid5ces t j ?is spontane\s g5]ation is tak+ place4 ,! guild sy/em is be+ prea*$ widely 9 ,engl& :]e ! defects ( ! pres5t s*eme are m obvi\s & ! result+ lab\r situation--or r social situation--is m fraught ) dang] ?an else:]e1 & already ! re/oration seems to h made consid]able headway4 ,i am conv9c$1 h[ev]1 t ! vital aspects ( ! case are prim>ily due to ! int]ior work+ ( a new _s born ( disillusionm5t & ! undy+ fire 9 man t flames always t[>ds reg5]ation2 :at ! ard5t prea*+ ( ! en?usia/ic protagoni/s ( ! crusade be/ accompli%es is ! creation 9 ! m9ds ( ^? n directly associat$ ) ! movem5t ( a read9ess to give sympa?y & support to ! actual accompli%m5t :5 x manife/s itself4 ,rec5tly ,i h come 9 contact "h 9 ,am]ica ) sev]al cases :]e ! workm5 !mselves h brok5 away f ! old ways & h actually e/abli%$ :at are to all int5ts & purposes craft-guilds1 )\t 9 ! lea/ realiz+ t !y 7 do+ ?is4 ,i ?9k ! process is b\nd to cont9ue1 = ! old ord] has brok5 d[n & is s ?or\ghly discr$it$ x c h>dly be re/or$4 ,if "t is grant$ u1 great ?+s mu/ foll[1 b x is increas+ly d\btful if ?is necess>y elem5t ( "t c be c\nt$ on4 ,daily ! situation gr[s m m5ac+4 ,capital1 :i* s long exploit$ lab\r to its own fabul\s pr(it1 is n dispos$ to sit quiet :ile ! fruits ( its lab\rs & all prospects ( future emolum5ts are be+ dissipat$1 & x is h>d at "w /riv+ to effect a return to normalcy4 ,9 ?is x is be+ unconsci\sly aid$ by ! bulk ( union lab\r :i*1 enc\rag$ by ! p>am\nt position x a*iev$ dur+ ! w>1 influ5c$ by an av>ice x may well h le>n$ f its =m] ma/]s1 z n>r[ 9 its vision z !y1 & increas+ly subs]vi5t to a lead]%ip :i* is frequ5tly cynical & unscrupul\s & always ( an ord] ( "* & intellig5ce :i* is t5d+ to l[] & l[] levels1 is ali5at+ sympa?y & br++ unionism into disrepute4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! t5d5cy is /eadily t[>ds a v dang]\s reactionism1 ) a correspond+ /r5g!n+ ( ! radical elem5t :i* aims at revolution1 & t impossible ?+1 a prolet>ian dictator%ip4 ,x is ?is latt] :i* is rampant & at pres5t un*eck$ 9 ,europe1 & ?is also is a con/ant m5ace to ! success ( ^? sane & righte\s movem5ts :i* take _! lead f ! guild sy/em ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,a ?ird dang]1 b "o :i* is con/antly on ! decl9e at pres5t1 p>tly because ( ! g5]al disrepute ( gov]nm5ts & p>tly because ( ! enorm\s accessions ( p[] n[ accru+ bo? to reactionism & radical revolutionism1 or ,bol%evism1 is /ate socialism or nationalization1 :i* leaves unt\*$ all ! fatal elem5ts 9 indu/rialism :ile x *anges only ! ag5ts ( adm9i/ration4 ,! complete collapse ( able & con/ructive & righte\s lead]%ip1 :i* is "o ( ! />tl+ ph5om5a ( mod]nism1 has left uncontroll$ ! enorm\s en]gy t has be5 releas$ dur+ ! la/ ?ree g5]ations1 & ?is is work+ bl9dly b effectively t[>ds a cataclysm s precipitate & compreh5sive t x is impossible n to fe> t x may det]m9e long be=e ! sob] & in=m$ elem5ts 9 society h accompli%$ v mu* 9 ! recov]y & e/abli%m5t ( s\nd & righte\s pr9ciples & me?ods4 ,( c\rse we c compass :i*ev] result we w4 ,we may %ut our eyes to ! om5s & let matt]s drift to disa/]1 or we may take ?\ght & c\ncil & av]t ! p5alty t ?reat5s u2 ! ev5t is 9 our own h&s4 ,x is z crim9al to =esee & pr$ict only cata/rophe z x is to compass ?is ?r\gh le?>gy1 selfi%ness & illusion4 ,we are b\nd to believe t righte\sness w prevail1 ev5 9 our own "t1 & believ+ ?is1 :at1 9 g5]al t]ms w be ! con/ruction ( ! new sy/em t mu/ take ! place ( indu/rialism8 ,i h already indicat$ :at seem to me ! fundam5tal ideas z3 ! small social unit t is self-su/a9+2 production prim>ily = use1 cop]ation 9 place ( competition2 a reviv$ guild sy/em ) ! abolition ( capitalism1 exploitation & int5sive specialization z we n[ "k ^! dom9ant factors 9 mod]n civilization4 ,9 ! application ( ^! pr9ciples !re are c]ta9 innovations t w1 ,i ?9k1 take place1 & ^! may be li/$ some:at z foll[s3 ,l& hold+ w become univ]sal & ! true prolet>iat or l&less class w disappe>4 ,x may be t ! hold+ ( l& w become a pr]equisite to active citiz5%ip4 ,indu/rial production be+ = use n pr(it1 ! great city becomes a ?+ ( ! pa/1 & life is r5d]$ simpl] ?r\gh ! elim9ation ( a ?\s& useless & vici\s luxuries2 ^? employ$ 9 me*anical indu/ries w be incalculably few] ?an n[1 :ile ^? t rema9 w give only a portion ( _! "t to indu/rial production1 ! rema9d] be+ available = productive "w on _! own g>d5s & f>ms4 ,! h&icrafts w be re/or$ to _! prop] place & dignity1 tak+ ov] into creative lab\r l>ge numb]s ( ^? :o o!rwise w\ld be sacrific$ to ! factory sy/em4 ,:]e bulk production1 z 9 weav+ & ! prep>ation & manufactur+ ( metals1 is economical & unavoidable & c>ri$ on by factory me?ods1 ^! manufactories w probably be tak5 ov] by ! sev]al communities 7n by ! /ate z a :ole7 & adm9i/]$ z public in/itutions = ! b5efit ( ! community & "u conditions & regulations :i* ensure ju/ice & well-be+ to ! employees4 ,all ^? 9 any community engag$ 9 a giv5 occupation1 z = example1 build+1 w =m "o guild made up ( ma/]s1 j\rneym5 & appr5tices1 ) ! same pr9ciples & mu* ! same me?ods z prevail$ "u ! anci5t guild sy/em4 ,fluctuat+ scales ( prices det]m9$ by fluctuat+ conditions ( competition1 supply & dem&1 & p[] ( co]cion1 w give place to ! fair price fix$ by conc]t$ community action & revis$ f "t to "t 9 ord] to pres]ve a "r balance ) ! g5]al scale ( co/ ( raw mat]ials & co/ ( liv+4 ,a maximum ( returns 9 ! %ape ( pr(its or divid5ds w be fix$ by law4 ,! community itself w und]take ! furni%+ ( cr$its1 loans & necess>y capital = ! e/abli%+ ( a new bus9ess1 *>g+ a small rate ( int]e/ & ma9ta9+ a res]ve fund to meet ^! op]ations4 ,private bank+1 insurance & ! loan+ ( money on collat]al w cease to exi/4 ,i d>e say ?is w all s\nd *im]ical & irrational 9 ! extreme2 ,i d n see x 9 t light4 ,its av[$ object is ! sup]session ( big bus9ess 9 all its phases by some?+ t comes d[n to human scale4 ,x aims to r$uce lab\r & divide x m ev5ly by mak+ ! great mass ( non-produc]s--^? engag$ 9 di/ribution1 salesman%ip1 adv]tis+1 propag&a1 & ! furni%+ ( ?+s unnecess>y to ! bodily1 intellectual & spiritual ne$s ( man--actual produc]s & self-support+ to a v l>ge ext5t4 ,x aims at re/or+ to "w "s s5se ( ! joy 9 creation ?r\gh active m9d & h&4 ,x aims at ! elim9ation ( ! p>asitic elem5t 9 society & ( t dang]\s factor :i* subsi/s on weal? x acquires )\t e>n+1 & by %e] =ce ( its own opul5ce dom9ates & degrades society4 ,x does n /rike at private own]%ip1 b r exalts1 ext5ds & def5ds ?is1 b x does cut into all ! !ories & practices ( communism & socialism by e/abli%+ ! pr9ciple & practice ( fell[%ip & cop]ation4 ,is ?is *im]ical & irrational8 ,mean:ile ! wall$ t[ns d n exi/ & may n = g5]ations4 ,big bus9ess is indispos$ to abrogate itself4 ,trade unionism is fight+ = its life & !reaft] = _w conque/1 :ile ! enmity betwe5 capital & lab\r increases1 ) no evid5ce t a re/or$ guild sy/em is ev5 approximately ready to take its place4 ,/rikes & lock\ts gr[ m & m num]\s1 & wid] & m m5ac+ 9 _! scope4 ,! day ( ! g5]al /rike has only be5 delay$ at ! elev5? h\r 9 sev]al c\ntries1 & a g5]al /rike1 if x c hold = a suffici5t p]iod1 means1 :]e-ev] x occurs & :5ev] x succe$s1 ! end ( civilization & ! loos+ ( ! floods ( an>*y4 ,!re is h>dly "t = u pati5tly to await ! sl[ process ( individual & corporate enlight5m5t or ! spontane\s developm5t ( ! autonom\s communities :i*1 if !y 7 suffici5t 9 numb]1 w\ld solve ! problem ?r\gh elim9at+ ! dang]4 ,:at !n1 9 ! premises1 c we d8 ,!re are ( c\rse c]ta9 concrete ?+s :i* might help1 z = in/ance ! fur!r ext5sion & hone/ try+ out ( ! ,kansas plan = regulat+ indu/rial relations2 ! =m+ ( consum]s leagues1 & all possible support & fur!rance ( cop]ative ef=ts ( e sort4 ,!re are fur!r possibilities 7p]haps h>dly probabilities7 ( controll+ /ock issues & /ock hold+s s t divid5ds d n h to be paid on grossly inflat$ capitalization1 & fix+ ! maximum ( divid5ds payable to non-active /ockhold]s4 ,equally desirable b equally improbable1 is ! rais+ ( ! level ( lead]%ip 9 ! lab\r unions s t ^! valuable in/itutions may no long] /ultify !mselves & wreck _! own cause by _! unju/ & anti-social regulations z to appr5tices1 control ( maximum output & its /&>d ( quality1 division ( lab\r ) ironclad inhibitions aga9/ "o man do+ ano!r's "w & aga9/ "o man do+ :at six m5 c d less well1 & z to ! obligation to /rike on ord] :5 no local or p]sonal grievance exi/s4 ,mo/ useful ( all w\ld be a volunt>y r5unciation1 on ! "p ( ! pur*as+ public1 ( n9e-t5?s ( ! futile luxuries !y n[ insanely dem&1 c\pl$ ) ! production by !mselves ( "s ( ! commodities :i* are easily producable2 9 o!r words1 e/abli%+ "s measure ( self-support & s releas+ _m m5 & wom5 f ! curse ( exi/5ce "u factory conditions & giv+ !m an opportunity ( liv+ a normal life "u self-support+ circum/ances4 ,?is1 c\pl$ ) a fo/]+ ( ! back to ! f>m movem5t1 & ! developm5t ( conditions :i* w\ld make ?is process m practicable & ! life m attractive1 w\ld d mu*1 ?\gh 9 small ways1 t[>ds produc+ a m :olesome & less ?reat5+ /ate ( affairs4 ,back ( ! :ole problem1 h[ev]1 lies a fallacy 9 our conception ( exi/5ce t mu/ be elim9at$ be=e ev5 ! mo/ con/ructive panaceas c possibly "w4 ,i mean ! :ole doctr9e ( natural rights :i* has become ! citadel ( capitalism 9 all its mo/ (f5sive aspects1 & ( lab\r 9 its mo/ insol5t assumptions4 ,! rights ( prop]ty1 ! "r to /rike1 ! "r to collective b>ga9+1 ! "r to %ut d[n an ess5tial indu/ry or to walk out & !n picket ! place s t x may n be reop5$1 ! "r to vote & hold (fice & d any fool ?+ y please s long z x is )9 ! law1 ^! are applications ( :at ,i mean :5 ,i speak ( a gross fallacy t has come into be+ & has /ultifi$ our intellig5ce :ile br++ ne> ! wreck+ ( our :ole sy/em4 ,nei!r man nor 8 community possesses any absolute rights2 !y are all condition$ on h[ !y are ex]cis$4 ,if !y are n s condition$ !y become privilege1 :i* is a "r n subject to conditions1 & privilege is "o ( ! ?+s republicanism & democracy & e o!r ef=t t[>ds human emancipation h set !mselves up to de/roy4 ,ev5 ! "r to life1 lib]ty & ! pursuit ( happ9ess is condition$ by ! mann] ( use1 & ! same is true ( e o!r & unspecifi$ "r4 ,i d n propose to speak "h ( m ?an "o aspect ( ?is self-evid5t tru?1 b ! s+le in/ance ,i cite is "o t be>s closely on ! "q ( our indu/rial & economic situation2 x is ! responsibility to society ( prop]ty or capital on ! "o h& & ( lab\r on ! o!r1 :5 bo? invoke _! rights to ju/ify !m 9 oppress+ ! g5]al public 9 ! pursuit ( _! own natural int]e/s4 ,dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 j z ! political !ory ma9ta9$ t :ile a k+ rul$ by div9e "r1 ?is "r gave him no au?ority to gov]n wrong1 s ! social !ory held t :ile a man _h a "r to private prop]ty he _h no "r to use x aga9/ society1 nor c\ld ! lab\r] use 8 own rights to ! injury ( ! same in/itution4 ,p[]1 prop]ty & lab\r mu/ be us$ z a function1 i4e41 an activity :i* embodies & expresses ! idea ( social purpose4 ,unless ,i am mi/ak51 ?is is at ! basis ( our common law4 ,z ,m$iaevalism gave place to ! ,r5aissance ?is ,*ri/ian idea 0 ab&on$1 & increas+ly ! obligation 0 sev]$ f ! "r1 :i* s became t odi\s ?+1 privilege4 ,intol]able 9 its inju/ice & oppression1 ?is privilege1 :i* by ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury _h become ! attribute ( ! ari/ocracy1 0 completely ov]?r[n1 9 ,france fir/ ( all1 & a new doctr9e ( rights 0 enunciat$ & put 9 op]ation4 ,un=tunately ! result 0 9 ess5ce simply a trans=m+ ( privilege f "o body to ano!r1 = ! old conception ( social purpose1 z ! necess>y concomitant ( ackn[l$g$ rights1 did n em]ge f ! %ad[s ( ! ,middle ,ages2 x _h be5 too long =gott54 ,! new rights 7 exclusively individuali/ic1 9 practice1 ?\gh 9 ! m9ds ( ! ideali/s :o =mulat$ !m1 !y _h _! social aspect4 ,_! promulgation syn*roniz$ ) ! sudd5 rise & viol5t expansion ( indu/rialism1 & z "o c\ntry aft] ano!r foll[$ ! lead ( ,engl& 9 accept+ ! new sy/em1 !y h>d5$ into an iron-clad s*eme = ! def5ce ( prop]ty & ! free action ( ! hold]s & manipulators ( prop]ty4 ,back$ by ! economic philosophy ( ,locke1 ,adam ,smi?1 ,b5?am & ! ,man*e/] ,s*ool1 g5]ally1 & ! evolution>y !ories ( ! expon5ts ( ,d>w9ism1 & abett$ by an endless s]ies ( /atutes1 ! idea ( ! exemption ( prop]ty hold]s f any responsibility to society = ! use ( _! prop]ty1 became a fix$ "p ( ! m5tal equipm5t ( mod]nism4 ,precisely ! same ?+ happ5$ politically & socially4 ,rights 7 p]sonal & impli$ no necess>y obligation to society z a :ole2 !y 7 p]sonal attributes & z su* to be def5d$ at all co/s4 ,n[ ! result ( ?is pr(\nd error z to ! exi/5ce1 nature & limitation ( ^! p]sonal rights has meant simply ! de/ruction ( a righte\s & unifi$ society :i* works by cop]ation & fell[%ip1 & ! sub/itution ( individuals & corporate bodies :o "w by competition1 /rife & mutual aggression t[>ds ! atta9m5t ( all !y c get "u ! impulse ( :at 0 once prais$ z enlight5$ self int]e/4 ,9 o!r words--w>4 ,! conflict t began 9 #aiad 0 n a w> hurl$ into ! mid/ ( a :ite peace1 x 0 only a milit>y w> aris+ 9 ! c5tre ( a f> great] social w>1 = !re is no o!r ^w t is descriptive4 ,rights t are n cont+5t on ! due dis*>ge ( duties & obligations are b hateful privilege2 privilege has issue 9 selfi%ness & egotism1 :i* 9 turn "w !mselves out 9 w>f>e & 9 ! hatr$ t bo? prec$es & foll[s conflict4 ,! net result ( a c5tury & a half ( indu/rialism is av>ice1 w>f>e & hate4 ,society c cont9ue ev5 :5 av>ici\sness is rampant--= a "t--& w>f>e ( "o sort or ano!r seems insep>able f humanity1 at all ev5ts x has always be5 s1 b hatr$ is ano!r matt]1 = x is ! negation ( social life & is its solv5t4 ,ang] passes2 x is sometimes ev5 righte\s1 b hatr$ is synonym\s ) dea? 9 t x dissolves e unit1 r$uc+ x to its compon5t p>ts & subject+ ea* ( ^! to dissolution 9 its turn4 ,righte\s ang] r\s$ ! nations into ! w> t hate _h eng5d]$1 b hate has foll[$ aft] & = ! mom5t is victori\s4 ,russia see!s ) hatr$ & is p]i%+ ( its poison1 :ile !re is n ano!r c\ntry 9 ,europe1 ( ^? t 7 involv$ 9 ! w>1 :]e ! same is n true 9 v>y+ degrees2 hatr$ ( race = race1 ( nation = nation1 ( class = class1 ( "o social or indu/rial or economic or political in/itution = ano!r4 ,?is1 above all else1 is ! dis9tegrat+ influ5ce1 & aga9/ x no social organism1 no civilization c /&4 ,unless x is abrogat$ x means an end+ ( ano!r epo* ( human life1 a p]iod ( d>kness & ano!r beg9n+1 "s "t aft] ! poison has be5 work$ out by mis]y1 adv]sity & =c$ rep5tance4 ,x is ?is preval5ce ( hatr$1 re9=c$ by av>ice & p]petuat$ by incessant w>f>e1 t negatives all ! ef=ts t are made t[>ds effect+ a correspond5ce betwe5 ! divid$ int]e/s t are ! concomitant ( indu/rialism4 ,/rikes & lock\ts1 trades unions & employ]s' associations z !y are n[ con/itut$ & z !y n[ op]ate1 syndicalism & ,bol%evism & prolet>ian dictator%ips1 protective t>iffs & comm]cial sph]es ( influ5ce1 propag&a & subsidiz$ newspap]s are all en]giz$ by ! pr9ciple ( hate1 & no good ?+ c come ( any ( !m4 ,nor is x en\gh to "w = ! re-e/abli%m5t ( ju/ice ev5 by ^? me?ods ( righte\sness1 & ) ! impulse t[>ds righte\sness1 :i* are s diff]5t f ^? :i* are function+ at pres5t along ! l9es ( contempor>y indu/rial re=m4 ,ju/ice is a natural virtue ) a real place 9 society1 b ! only sav+ =ce today is a sup]natural virtue4 ,?is1 among/ o!r ?+s1 ,*ri/ br\ght into ! _w & left z ! sav+ =ce among/ ! race ,he _h r$eem$ & 9 ! society recon/itut$ 9 accordance ) ,8 w4 ,?is sup]natural virtue is ,*>ity1 sometimes express$ 9 ! simpl] =m ( ,love1 ! ess5ce ( ! social code ( ,*ri/ianity & ! symbol ( ! ,new ,disp5sation z ju/ice 0 ! symbol ( ! ,old4 ,j 9 s f> z a man or a cult or an int]e/ or a corporation or a /ate or a g5]ation or a race1 rel9qui%es *>ity z its controll+ _s1 9 s f> x rel9qui%es its place 9 ,*ri/ian society & its claim to ! ,*ri/ian "n1 :ile x is void$ ( all p[] = good or possibility ( cont9uance4 ,:]e *>ity is gone1 intellectual capacity1 effectual p[]1 & ev5 ju/ice itself become1 n en]gies ( good1 b pot5t contributions to evil4 ,is ?is sup]natural gift ( *>ity a m>k ( contempor>y civilization8 ,does x manife/ itself ) p[] today 9 ! deal+s betwe5 class & class1 betwe5 int]e/ & int]e/1 betwe5 nation & nation8 ,if n1 !n we h =feit$ ! "n ( ,*ri/ian & betray$ ,*ri/ian civilization into ! h&s ( its enemies1 :ile our ef=ts t[>ds sav+ :at is left to u ( a once consi/5t & righte\s society w be )\t result except z an accel]ation ( ! n[ headlong process ( dissolution4 ,i am n *>g+ any class or any int]e/ or any p ) exclusive apo/acy4 ,9 ! end !re is little to *oose betwe5 "o or ano!r4 ,lab\r is n m culpable ?an capital1 nor ! prolet>ian ?an ! indu/rial magnate & ! f9anci]1 nor ! nom9al secul>i/ ?an ! nom9al religioni/4 ,nor am ,i *>g+ consci\s & willful acceptance ( wrong 9 ! place ( "r4 ,x is ! in/itution itself1 indu/rialism z x has come to be1 ) all its concomitants & d]ivatives1 t has betray$ man to 8 disgrace & 8 society to condemnation1 & s long z ?is sy/em endures s long w recov]y be impossible & reg5]ation a va9 ?+ va9ly imag9$4 ,*>ity1 t is to say1 fell[%ip1 g5]osity1 pity1 self-sacrifice1 *ivalry1 all t is compreh5d$ 9 ! ?+ t ,*ri/ 01 & prea*$1 & promulgat$ z ! fundam5tal law ( life1 _c come back to ! _w s long z av>ice1 w>f>e & hate cont9ue to exi/1 & ?r\gh ,*>ity alone c we f9d ! solution ( ! indu/rial & economic problem t mu/ be solv$ "u p5alty ( social dea?4 ,v ,,! ,,political ,,organization ,,( ,,society ,9 ^! essays1 :i* look t[>ds a new social syn!sis1 ,i f9d myself involv$ 9 some:at artificial subdivisions4 ,indu/rial1 social & political =ces all react "o ^u ano!r1 & ! complete social product is ! result ( ! int]play ( ^! =ces1 cord9at$ & vitaliz$ by philosophy1 education & religion4 ,to isolate ea* factor & consid] x sep>ately is apt to result 9 false values1 b !re seems no o!r way 9 :i* ! subject1 :i* is ess5tially "o1 may be divid$ into ! def9ite p>ts :i* are consequ5t on ! =m ( a c\rse ( lectures4 ,9 consid]+ n[ ! political e/ate ( ! human social organism x w be evid5t t ,i hold t ?is mu/ be cont+5t on _m elem5ts t reveal !mselves 9 a contributory indu/rial sy/em1 9 ! pr9ciples t are embodi$ 9 social relation%ips1 & 9 ! g5]al s*eme ( su* a work+ philosophy ( life z may pr$om9ate among/ ! compon5t p>ts ( ! syn!tic society :i* is ! product ( all ^! v>i$ en]gies & ! organic =ms ?r\gh :i* !y op]ate4 ,political organization has always be5 a p[]ful preoccupation ( mank9d1 & ! e>lie/ records te/ify to its antiquity4 ,! regulation ( human int]c\rse1 ! delimit+ ( rights & privileges1 protection ( life & prop]ty1 ! codify+ ( laws1 vague1 v>i\s & conflict+1 ! mak+ ( new laws & ! en=c+ ( ^? t h tak5 organic =m2 all ^! & an hundr$ o!r gov]nm5tal functions1 appeal /rongly to ! m9d & t\* closely on p]sonal int]e/s4 ,x is no wond] t ! political hi/ory ( human society is ! mo/ v>i$1 volum9\s & popul> 9 its appeal4 ,at ! pres5t mom5t ?is problem has1 9 g5]al1 an ev5 m poignant appeal1 & no rival except ! indu/rial problem1 = 9 bo? cases sy/ems t1 up to t5 ye>s ago1 7 que/ion$ only by a m9ority 7l>ge 9 ! case ( indu/ry1 small & obscure 9 ! case ( gov]nm5t7 h s9ce completely brok5 d[n1 & x is probable t a political sy/em :i* _h exi/$ ?r\gh\t ! great] "p ( ,europe & ! ,am]icas = a c5tury & a half1 almo/ )\t s]i\s criticism1 has n[ z _m assailants z indu/rialism itself4 ,! *ange is />tl+ f ! ,triumphant ,democracy p]iod1 a space ( "t z cle>ly def9$ & z significant 9 its *>act]i/ics z ! ,victorian ,era4 ,be=e ! w>1 dur+ ! w>1 & ?r\gh\t ! e>li] ye>s ( ! ev5 m deva/at+ peace1 ! sy/em :i* foll[$ ! ru9 ( ! ,r5aissance autocracies1 ! ess5tial elem5ts 9 :i* 7 an ev]-wid5+ suffrage1 p>liam5t>y gov]nm5t1 & ! univ]sal op]ation ( ! quantitative /&>d ( values1 0 nev] que/ion$ or criticis$1 except 9 matt]s ( detail4 ,t x 0 ! mo/ p]fect gov]nm5tal s*eme ev] devis$ & t x mu/ cont9ue =ev]1 0 held to be axiomatic1 & ) few exceptions ! rem$y propos$ = su* faults z c\ld n possibly escape detection 0 a /ill fur!r ext5sion ( ! democratic pr9ciple4 ,ev5 ! w> itself 0 held to be a w> to make ! _w safe = democracy4 ,x is significant t ! =m 9 :i* ?is say+ n[ frequ5tly appe>s is "o 9 :i* ! ^w f is sub/itut$ 9 place ( ! ^w =4 ,x is useless to bl9k ! fact t !re is n[ a di/ru/ ( p>liam5t>y & repres5tative gov]nm5t :i* is almo/ univ]sal & ?is di/ru/1 :i* is becom+ widespread1 rea*es f ! ,bol%evism ( ,russia on ! "o h&1 ?r\gh _m int]m$iate social & intellectual /ages1 to ! cons]vative elem5ts 9 ,engl& & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ! fa/-/r5g!n+ royali/ bloc 9 ,france4 ,9 _m unexpect$ places !re is visible a pr(\nd s5se t some?+ is s fundam5tally wrong t palliatives are useless & "s dra/ic re=m is necess>y1 a re=m t may almo/ am\nt to revolution4 ,"l ,bryce /ill believes 9 democracy 9 spite ( 8 ke5 realizations ( its griev\s defects1 because1 z he says1 hope is an inext+ui%able quality ( ! human s\l4 ,mr4 ,*e/]ton prea*es democracy 9 pr9ciple :ile condemn+ its me*anism & its work+s ) 8 accu/om$ vig\r2 ! ,adamses r5\nce democracy & all its works :ile (f]+ no h9t z to :at c\ld consi/5tly take its place ) any bett] *ance ( success1 :ile ! royali/s excoriate x 9 unmeasur$ t]ms & prea* an explicit return to mon>*y4 ,mean:ile int]national ,bol%evism1 hat+ ! ?+ z viol5tly z d k+s 9 exile1 sub/itutes a crude & v5al autocracy1 :ile organiz$ lab\r1 z a :ole1 works = ! day :5 a class-consci\s prolet>iat w h tak5 matt]s into its own h&s & e/abli%$ a new ari/ocracy ( privilege 9 :i* ! pres5t work+ classes w hold ! :ip-h&4 ,mean:ile ! m educat$ elem5t ( ! g5]al public )draws itself m & m f political affairs1 go+ its own way & mak+ ! be/ ( a bad job x ?9ks itself taught by exp]i5ce x _c m5d4 ,x is useless to d5y t gov]nm5t1 9 ! "* ( its p]sonnel1 ! quality ( its output1 ! /&>d ( its s]vice & ! degree ( its b5efic5ce has be5 /eadily det]iorat+ dur+ ! la/ c5tury & has n[ rea*$1 9 ne>ly e civiliz$ c\ntry1 a deplorably l[ level4 ,popul> repres5tatives are less & less m5 ( "* & ability2 legislation is absurd 9 quantity1 %ort-sight$1 frivol\s1 inquisitorial1 & 9 a l>ge measure prompt$ by selfi% int]e/s2 adm9i/ration is reckless1 wa/eful & ineffici5t1 :ile x is ov]load$ 9 numb]s1 )\t any p>ticul> aptitude on ! "p ( its memb]s1 & 9 a measure controll$ by p]sonal or corporate int]e/s4 ,! :ole sy/em is 9 bad od\r = x is %ot ?r\gh & ?r\gh ) ! gre$ = money & influ5ce1 :ile ! cynicism ( ! pr(essional politician & ! l[ av]age ( "*1 intellig5ce & mann]s ( ! /rata ( society t increas+ly are usurp+ all p[]1 "w t[>ds produc+ t g5]al contempt & av]sion t h become s evid5t ( late & t are a m5ace to society no less ?an t ( ! decay+ in/itution itself4 ,confront$ by a situation su* z ?is1 ! natural t5d5cy ( ^? :o suff] "u x1 ei!r 9 _! mat]ial int]e/s or _! ideals1 is to condemn ! me*anism1 p]haps ev5 ! v pr9ciples = ! op]ation ( :i* ! v>i\s ma*9es 7 devis$4 ,"s reject ! :ole s*eme ( repres5tative1 p>liam5t>y gov]nm5t1 &1 fail+ any plausible sub/itute1 are driv5 back on "s =m ( ! soviet1 or ev5 gov]nm5t by indu/rial gr\ps4 ,^? t g to ! limit & reject ! :ole s*eme ( democracy are 9 /ill worse plight = !y h no alt]native to (f] except a re/or$ mon>*y1 & ?is1 ! t]m9us ad quem ( _! logic1 _! c\rage w n p]mit !m to av[4 ,x is a dilemma1 b =c$1 ,i believe1 by ! fatal passion ( ! man ( mod]nism = ! ma*9e1 ! me*anical device1 ! mat]ial equival5t = a ?+ t has no equival5t1 & t is ! p]sonal "* ( ! con/itu5ts ( society & ! work+ factors 9 a political organism4 ,!re 0 nev] a m fooli% say+ ?an t :i* is s frequ5tly & s boa/fully us$3 a gov]nm5t ( laws & n ( m54 ,?is is ! exact rev]sal ( :at %\ld be recogniz$ z a self-evid5t tru?1 viz1 t ! quality ( ! m51 n ! nature ( ! laws or ( ! adm9i/rative ma*9e1 is ! det]m9+ factor 9 gov]nm5t4 ,y may take any =m ( gov]nm5t ev] devis$ by man1 mon>*y1 ari/ocracy1 republic1 democracy1 yes1 or soviet1 & if ! community 9 :i* ?is gov]nm5t op]ates has a work+ majority ( m5 ( "*1 intellig5ce & spiritual en]gy1 x w be a good gov]nm5t1 :]eas if ! work+ majority is defici5t 9 ^! *>act]i/ics1 or if x makes itself negligible by ab/5tion f public affairs x w be a bad gov]nm5t4 ,!re is no "o political sy/em :i* is "r :ile all o!rs are wrong4 ,! mon>*y ( ,/4 ,l\is 0 bett] ?an ! ,?ird ,republic1 z ?is is bett] ?an 0 ! mon>*y ( ,l\is ,,xv4 ,! ari/ocracy ( ,wa%+ton 0 bett] ?an ! democracy ( ?is ye> ( grace1 z ?is 9 itself is bett] ?an ! late junk] ari/ocracy ( ,prussia4 ,y _c sub/itute a ma*9e 9 place ( "*1 y _c sup]s$e life by a !ory4 ,?is does n mean t ! =m ( gov]nm5t is ( no mom5t1 x is ( ! utmo/ importance = ,i _c too (t5 insi/ t ! organic life ( society is ! resultant ( two =ces2 spiritual en]gy work+ ?r\gh & ^u ! mat]ial =ms t[>ds _! improvem5t or--:5 ?is en]gy is weak or di/ort$--_! deg5]ation2 ! mat]ial =ms act+ z a /imulus t[>ds ! developm5t ( spiritual en]gy ?r\gh association & environm5t t are fav\rable1 or t[>ds its weak5+ & di/ortion :5 ^! are det]r5ts because ( _! own degrad$ or degrad+ nature4 ,if x is futile to look = salvation ?r\gh ! me*anism1 x is equally futile to try to act directly & exclusively on ! "* ( ! social con/itu5ts 9 ! pati5t hope t _! defects may be rem$i$1 & ! prepond]ance ( "* ( high value a*iev$1 be=e cata/rophe ov]takes ! exp]im5t4 ,life is z sacram5tal z ! ,*ri/ian religion & ,*ri/ian philosophy2 nei!r ! spiritual sub/ance nor ! mat]ial accid5ts c op]ate alone b only 9 a conjunction s intimate t x is to all int5ts & purposes--t is1 = ! int]e/s & purposes ( ,god 9 human life--a p]fect unity4 ,h[ev] completely & ev5 passionately we may realize ! det]m9+ factor ( spiritual en]gy z ?is manife/s itself ?r\gh p]sonal "*1 h[ev] deeply we may di/ru/ ! ma*9e1 we are b\nd to recognize ! p>am\nt necessity ( ! active int]play ( bo? )9 ! limits ( life z we "k x on ! e>?1 & !re=e x is v mu* our conc]n t ! ma*9e1 :e!r x is indu/rial1 political1 educational1 ecclesia/ical or social1 is z p]fect 9 its nature & /imulat+ 9 its op]ations z we are able to compass4 ,9 ! pres5t liquidation ( values1 !ories & in/itutions we are b\nd !re=e to scrut9ize ea* op]at+ ag5cy ( human society1 to see :]e9 x has fail$ & h[ x c be bett]$1 & ! problem be=e u n[ is ! political organism4 ,n[ x appe>s t 9 ! pa/ !re h be5 j two me?ods :]eby a civil polity has come into exi/5ce & e/abli%$ itself = a %ort p]iod or a long4 ,^! two me?ods are1 fir/1 unprem$itat$ & sometimes unconsci\s gr[?2 second1 calculat$ & self-consci\s revolution4 ,! fir/ me?od has produc$ communities1 /ates & empires t frequ5tly work$ well & la/$ = long p]iods2 ! second has _h issue 9 no?+ t has endur$ = any l5g? ( "t or has left a record ( b5efic5ce4 ,evolution 9 gov]nm5t is 9 accord ) ! processes ( life1 ev5 to ! ext5t t x is always aft] a "t foll[$ by deg5]ation2 revolution 9 gov]nm5t is ! ?r[+ ( a monkey-wr5* into ! ma*9]y by a disaffect$ workman1 ) ! wreck+ ( ! ma*9e1 ! viol5t /oppage ( ! works1 & frequ5tly ! sudd5 dea? ( ! work] z a consequ5ce4 ,! ,engli% mon>*y f ,duke ,william to ,h5ry ,,viii1 is a case ( normal gr[? by m9or *anges & modifications1 b its subsequ5t hi/ory has be5 "o ( revolutions1 six or sev5 hav+ occurr$ 9 ! la/ f\r hundr$ ye>s2 ! s*eme :i* n[ holds1 ?\gh prec>i\sly1 is ! result ( ! great democratic revolution accompli%$ dur+ ! reign ( ,que5 ,victoria4 ,! free mon>*ies ( ,europe :i* began to take =m dur+ ! long p]iod ( ! ,d>k ,ages & pursu$ _! admirable c\rse well ?r\gh ! ,middle ,ages1 7 also normal & sl[ gr[?s2 b ! revolutions t h foll[$ ! ,great ,w> w meet a diff]5t fate1 sev]al ( !m1 inde$1 h c\nt$ _! exi/5ce 9 mon?s & h already pass$ into hi/ory4 ,if we are wise we %all disc\nt revolutions = ! future1 = no?+ b ill is accompli%$ by d5y+ life & exalt+ ! +5i\s sub/itutes ( ambiti\s & presumptu\s ,frank5/e9s2 ! result is too (t5 a mon/] t works clev]ly at fir/1 & ) a semblance ( human intellig5ce1 b 9 ! end %[s itself z a de/roy]4 ,our task is to envisage1 z cle>ly z possible1 ! political sy/ems e/abli%$ among/ u1 note _! weaknesses ei!r 9 !mselves or 9 _! relation%ip to society z x is1 & !n try to f9d ^? rem$ies t c be appli$ )\t any viol5t me?ods ( dislocation or sub/itution2 always be>+ 9 m9d ! fact t ! en]giz+ =ce t w make !m live1 pres]ve !m f det]ioration1 & adapt !m to conditions :i* w ev] *ange1 is ! spiritual =ce ( human p]sonality1 & t ?is =ce comes only ?r\gh ! "* qualities ( ! individual compon5ts ( society4 ,n[ 9 consid]+ our own case 9 ?is day & g5]ation !re are fir/ ( all two matt]s to be borne 9 m9d4 ,"o is t we %all d well to conf9e our inquiry to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 = :ile ! defects we %all h to po9t out are common to practically all ! contempor>y gov]nm5ts ( ,europe & ! ,am]icas1 our own eng9]y is diff]5t 9 c]ta9 ways1 & our tr\bles are also diff]5t betwe5 "o example & ano!r4 ,aft] all1 our imm$iate int]e/ mu/ lie ) our own national problems4 ,! o!r po9t is t 9 criticis+ ! work+s ( gov]nm5t 9 ,am]ica we are n necess>ily criticis+ its f\nd]s or ! creators ( its orig9al con/itutions1 *>t]s1 & o!r me*anisms4 ,! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 = example1 0 conceiv$ to meet "o s]ies ( p]fectly def9ite conditions t h n[ be5 sup]s$$ by o!rs :i* are radically1 & ev5 diametrically diff]5t4 ,! orig9al ,con/itution 0 a mo/ able in/rum5t ( organic law1 b j because x did fit s p]fectly conditions z !y 7 f\r g5]ations ago1 x applies b indiff]5tly to pres5t circum/ances1 & ev5 less well ?an ! ,f\nd]s hop$ w\ld be ! case2 = ! reason t ! am5dm5ts :i* 7 provid$ = h seldom tak5 cognizance ( ^! *ang+ conditions1 & ev5 :5 ?is 0 done ! am5dm5ts !mselves h n be5 wisely drawn1 :ile c]ta9 ( !m h be5 actually disa/r\s 9 _! nature1 o!rs frivol\s1 & yet m ! result ( ephem]al & hy/]ical ebullitions ( an eng9e]$ public op9ion4 ,! same may be said ( /ate con/itutions & municipal *>t]s1 :i* h suff]$ incessant *anges1 mo/ly un=tunate & ill-judg$1 except dur+ ! la/ few ye>s1 :5 a _s ( real wisdom & con/ructiv5ess has %[n itself1 ?\gh sporadically & z yet ) "s timidity4 ,! re=ms1 su* z !y are1 are l>gely 9 ! l9e ( palliatives2 ! deep-ly+ factors1 ^? t control bo? success & failure1 are seldom t\*$ ^u4 ,! necess>y c\rage--or p]haps tem]ity--is lack+4 ,:at is ne$$ is su* a cle> see+ ( conditions1 & su* an approa*1 z manife/$ !mselves 9 ! ,con/itutional ,conv5tion ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 = 9 spite ( ! _m compromises t 7 9 ! end necess>y to placate a public op9ion n unt\*$ by prejudice1 sup]/ition & selfi%ness1 ! great docum5t--& ev5 m ! records ( ! debates--/ill brilliantly set =? bo? ! cle>-see+ & ! l(ty attitude t *>act]iz$ ! ,conv5tion4 ,_h ^! m5 be5 ga!r$ toge!r today1 ev5 ! same m51 !y w\ld frame a v diff]5t docum5t1 = !y took conditions & m5 z !y 71 &1 ) an inde/ructible hope to glorify _! common s5se1 !y produc$ a ma/]piece4 ,x is 9 ! same _s t we mu/ approa* our problem ( today4 ,n[ 9 consid]+ ! situation t confronts u1 we f9d c]ta9 respects 9 :i* ei!r ! me?ods are bad1 or ! results1 or bo?4 ,!re is no unanimity 9 ?is criticism1 inde$ ,i d\bt if any two ( u w\ld agree on all ! items 9 ! indictm5t1 ?\gh we all might unite on "o or two4 ,i c only give my own li/ = :at x is wor?4 ,9 ! fir/ place we1 9 common ) all ! nations1 h drift$ into imp]ialism ( a gross scale & illib]al1 ev5 tyrannical work+4 ,we c\ld h>dly d o!rwise = su* has be5 ! univ]sal t5d5cy = m ?an an hundr$ ye>s4 ,by con/ant progression municipal gov]nm5ts h absorb$ into !mselves matt]s t 9 dec5cy1 & ) any reg>d = lib]ty1 belong to ! individual4 ,simultane\sly our /ate gov]nm5ts h foll[$ ! same c\rse1 infr++ ev5 on ! j pr]ogatives ( ! t[ns & cities1 :ile1 m ?an all1 ! national gov]nm5t has robb$ ! /ates1 ! cities & ! citiz5s ( :at %\ld belong to !m1 until at la/ we h an imp]ial1 autocratic1 inquisitorial1 & l>gely irresponsible gov]nm5t at ,wa%+ton t is ! "o supreme political fact2 we are no long] a ,f$]al ,republic b an ,imp]ialism1 9 :i* is c5traliz$ all ! au?ority inh]5t 9 ! "o hundr$ & t5 millions ( our population & f :i* a con/antly dim9i%+ /ream ( :at is practically devolv$ au?ority1 trickles d[n ?r\gh /ate & city to ! individual 9 ! la/ in/ance--if x gets !re at all6 ,?is ,i believe to be absolutely & fatally wrong4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 human society _c function at ?is abnormal scale1 x is outside ! human scale1 = 9 spite ( our pride & insol5ce !re are limits on e h& to :at man c d4 ,9 ! second place1 ,i conceive x to be absolutely at v>iance ) any pr9ciple ( republicanism or democracy or ev5 ( free mon>*y4 ,x is at "o only ) ! imp]ialism ( ,egypt1 ,babylon1 ,rome & ! late ,empire ( ,g]many4 ,9 a free mon>*y1 a republic1 or a democracy1 ! pyramid ( political organism /&s1 n on its po9t b broad-bas$ & f\r-squ>e1 tap]+ upw>d to its f9al apex4 ,a sane & :olesome society beg9s ) ! family--natural or artificial--:i* has orig9al jurisdiction ov] a f> great] s]ies ( rights & privileges ?an x n[ comm&s4 ,f ! family c]ta9 p[]s are delegat$ to ! next high] social unit1 ! village or communal gr\p1 :i* 9 its turn conc$es c]ta9 ( its inh]5t rights to ! organic gr\p ( communities1 or /ates1 & f9ally ! /ates commit to ! la/ & g5]al au?ority1 ! national gov]nm5t1 "s ( ! elem5ts ( au?ority t h be5 delegat$ to !m4 ,! pr9ciple ( ?is delegation f "o organism to ano!r1 is common int]e/ & welf>e2 only ^? functions :i* c be p]=m$ ) m ev5 ju/ice & ) great] effectiv5ess1 by ! community = example1 ?an by ! family1 are s delegat$4 ,9 ! same way ! sev]al gr\ps commit to _! common gov]nm5t only s mu* z !y _c p]=m ) due ju/ice & equity to ! o!rs 9 ! same gr\p4 ,9 ! end ! national gov]nm5t exi/s only t x may provide = a limit$ numb] ( national necessities1 z = example1 def5ce aga9/ extra-national aggression1 ! conduct ( diplomatic relations ) =eign p[]s1 ! ma9ta9+ ( a national curr5cy & a national po/al s]vice1 ! provision ( c\rts ( la/ resort1 & ! rais+ ( rev5ue = ! support ( ^! few & explicit functions4 ,! fir/ /ep1 x seems to me1 t[>ds gov]nm5tal re=m1 is dec5tralization1 ) a return to ! ,/ates1 ! civic communities & ! individual citiz5s ( n9e-t5?s ( ! p[]s & ! pr]ogatives t h be5 tak5 f !m 9 defiance ( ab/ract ju/ice1 ( ! pr9ciples ( free gov]nm5t & ( ! !ory ( ! workable unit ( human scale4 ,9 a ^w we mu/ ab&on imp]ialism & all its works & g back to ! ,f$]al ,republic4 ,! second cause ( our tr\bles lies1 ,i believe1 9 ! in/itution ( univ]sal suffrage f\nd$ on ! !ory 7or dogma7 t ! electoral fran*ise is an inali5able "r4 ,?is doctr9e is ( rec5t inv5tion1 only com+ into =ce dur+ ! recon/ruction p]iod foll[+ ! ,w> betwe5 ! ,/ates1 :5 x 0 br\ght =w>d by c]ta9 lead]s ( ! ,republican p>ty to ju/ify _! enfran*isem5t ( ! negroes 9 ! hope t by ?is act !y c\ld fix _! p>ty 9 p[] to p]petuity4 ,9 any case1 ! plan itself has work$ badly1 bo? = ! community & = _m ( ! vot]s4 ,x is ( c\rse impossible = me to argue ! case 9 detail2 ,i c d h>dly m ?an /ate my own p]sonal belief1 & ?is is t ! "q is :olly "o ( exp$i5cy1 & t ! "q ( ab/ract ju/ice & ! rights ( man does n ent] into ! consid]ation4 ,i submit t ! electoral fran*ise %\ld aga9 be accept$ z a privilege involv+ a duty1 & n z a "r inh]5t 9 e adult p]son ( tw5ty-"o ye>s or ov] & n lunatic or 9 jail4 ,?is privilege1 :i* 9 itself %\ld conf] hon\r1 %\ld be grant$ to ^? :o demon/rate _! capacity to use x hone/ly & intellig5tly1 & tak5 away = cause4 ,! acute critic w n be sl[ to rem9d me t ?is proposition is some:at beside ! case & t x possesses b an academic int]e/1 s9ce we are deal+ ) a fait accompli4 ,?is is ( c\rse p]fectly true4 ,! electoral fran*ise c\ld be s re/rict$ only by ! suffrages ( ! pres5t electorate1 & x is inconceivable t any l>ge numb]1 & f> less1 a majority1 ( vot]s w\ld ev5 consid] ! proposition = a mom5t4 ,= good or ill we h unre/rict$ adult suffrage1 & !re is n ! fa9te/ *ance ( any o!r basis be+ e/abli%$ by con/itutional means4 ,some?+ h[ev] c be done1 & ?is is a ?+ ( great value & importance4 ,:at ,i sugge/ is conc]t$ ef=t t[>ds a measur$ purification ( ! electorate ?r\gh ! p5aliz+ ( law-break]s by tempor>y disfran*isem5t4 ,x is h>dly too mu* to assume t a man :o delib]ately breaks ! law is con/ructively unfit to vote or to hold (fice1 at all ev5ts1 conviction = any crime or misdemean\r gives a reasonable gr\nd = depriv+ ! (f5d] ( ^! privileges1 at lea/ = a "t4 ,! law-break+ elem5t1 :e!r x is millionaire or prolet>ian1 is "o ( ! dang]\s factors 9 society1 :i* w\ld lose no?+ if f "t to "t ^! g5try 7 remov$ f active p>ticipation 9 public affairs4 ,if1 = example1 any "o convict$ ( m9or (f5ses puni%able by f9e or imprisonm5t 7 disfran*is$ = a ye>1 if ( major (f5ses1 = v>y+ & increas+ p]iods1 f five ye>s upw>ds1 & if a second (f5se dur+ ! p]iod ( disfran*isem5t work$ an automatic d\bl+ ( ! "t prescrib$ = a fir/ (f5se1 ,i conceive t ! electorate w\ld be measurably purifi$ & t reg>d = ! law w\ld be /imulat$4 ,9 "o in/ance ,i am p]suad$ t disfran*isem5t %\ld be = life1 & t is 9 ! case ( giv+ or accept+ a bribe or o!rwise committ+ a crime aga9/ ! ballot2 ?is1 toge!r ) treason aga9/ ! /ate1 %\ld be suffici5t cause = elim9at+ ! (f5d] f all fur!r p>ticipation 9 public affairs4 ,if ! electorate c\ld be purifi$ aft] ?is fa%ion1 & if m /r+5t laws c\ld be pass$ 9 ! matt] ( naturalization ( ali5s1 toge!r ) iron-clad requirem5ts t e vot] %\ld be able to speak1 read & write ! ,engli% language1 we %\ld h a*iev$ some?+ t[>ds ! safegu>d+ ( ! suffrage4 ,! ?ird weakness 9 our sy/em1 & 9 "s respect ! mo/ dang]\s1 z x is 9 all respects ! mo/ pe/if]\s1 is ! insanity ( law-mak+4 ,all p>liam5t>y gov]nm5ts suff] f ?is malady1 b t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates mo/ griev\sly1 & ?is is true ( ! national gov]nm5t1 ! /ates & ! municipalities4 ,x has become ! conviction ( legislative bodies t !y mu/ ju/ify _! exi/5ce by mak+ laws1 & ! m laws !y pass ! bett] !y h dis*>g$ _! duties4 ,! ?+ has become a sc&al & an oppression1 = ! lib]ties ( ,am]ican citiz5s & ! j pr]ogatives ( ! /ates & ! cities1 z vital human gr\ps1 h be5 m infr+$ ^u1 r$uc$1 & degrad$ by free legislation ?an ev] happ5$ 9 simil> communities by ! action ( absolute mon>*s4 ,x is a folly t works its insidi\s injury 9 two ways2 fir/ by confus+ life by innum]able laws ill-advis$1 ill-drawn1 mutually contradictory1 ephem]al 9 _! nature1 inquisitorial 9 _! work+s2 second1 by creat+ a condition :]e any p]sonal or facti\s int]e/ c be s]v$ by due process ( law1 until at la/ we h rea*$ a po9t :]e lib]ty itself has l>gely ceas$ to exi/ & we f9d ourselves cru%$ "u a tyranny ( popul> gov]nm5t no less oppressive ?an ! tyranny ( absolutism4 ,nor is ?is all2 ! mania = mak+ laws has br$ a complete & +5i\s & s+ul>ly effective sy/em ( gett+ laws made by me?ods famili> to ! memb]s ( all legislative bodies :e!r !y are city c\ncils1 /ate legislatures or ! national congress1 & ?is means opportunities = corruption1 & me?ods ( corruption1 t are fa/ degrad+ gov]nm5t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates to a po9t :]e !re is none s poor z to d x rev]5ce4 ,! :ole sy/em is prepo/]\s & absurd1 bre$+ n only bad laws1 b a widespread contempt ( law1 :ile ! p]sonal fre$om = :i* democracy once f\ght1 is fa/ becom+ a memory4 ,! tr\ble began z a result ( "o ( ! elem5ts 9 ! ,am]ican ,con/itution :i* 0 ! product n ( ! s\nd common s5se & ! l(ty judgm5t ( ! fram]s1 b ( a weak yield+ to "o ( ! doctr9aire fads ( ! "t t _h no relation%ip to life b 0 ! inv5tion ( political !ori/s1 & t 0 ! unnatural sep>ation ( ! executive1 legislative & judicial functions ( gov]nm5t4 ,! error has work$ f> & ! sup]/ition /ill holds4 ,:at is ne$$ is an initiative 9 legislation1 c5tr$ 9 "o responsible head or gr\p1 t1 :ile function+ 9 all normal & necess>y legislative directions1 /ill all[s individual initiative on ! "p ( ! legislators1 z a supplem5t>y1 or corrective1 or protective ag5cy4 ,no gov]nm5t functions well 9 fiscal matt]s )\t a budget3 :at we ne$ 9 legislative matt]s is a legislative budget1 & by ?is phrase1 ,i mean t ! prim>y ag5cy = ! propos+ ( laws %\ld be ! *ief executive ( a city1 or /ate or ! nation1 ) ! advice & cons5t ( 8 heads ( dep>tm5ts :o w\ld =m 8 cab9et or c\ncil4 ,"u ?is plan ! ,gov]nor & ,c\ncil1 = example1 w\ld at ! op5+ ( ea* legislative session pres5t a programme or ag5da ( su* laws z !y believ$ ! conditions to dem&1 & 9 ! %ape ( bills accurately drawn by ! prop] law (fic] ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,no su* gov]nm5t bill c\ld be ref]r$ to committee b mu/ be discuss$ 9 op5 session1 & until ! bills s (f]$ _h be5 pass$ or refus$1 no private bill c\ld be introduc$4 ,a proc$ure su* z ?is w\ld c]ta9ly r$uce ! flood ( private bills to reasonable dim5sions :ile x w\ld insure a degree ( responsibility n[ utt]ly lack+4 ,!re is n[ no way 9 :i* ! au?or ( a fooli% or dang]\s bill :i* has be5 enact$ into law by a majority ( ! legislature1 c be held to acc\nt & due responsibility impos$ ^u him1 b ! case w\ld be v diff]5t if a mayor1 a gov]nor or ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates made himself responsible = a law or a s]ies ( laws1 by (f]+ !m = action 9 8 own "n4 ,c]ta9ly if ?is me?od 7 foll[$ we %\ld be pres]v$ 9 great measure f ! ha/y1 confus$ & frivol\s legislation t at pres5t makes up ! major "p ( ! output ( our v>i\s legislative bodies4 ,"o ( ! greate/ ga9s w\ld be ! r$uction ( ! annual gri/ to a size :]e ea* act c\ld be consid]$ & debat$ at suffici5t l5g? to gu>antee z reasonable a conclusion z w\ld be possible to ! memb]s ( ! legislative body4 ,! deplorable device ( in/itut+ committees1 to ea* ( :i* c]ta9 bun*es ( bills are ref]r$ be=e !y are p]mitt$ to come be=e ! h\se1 w\ld be no long] necess>y4 ,?is sy/em1 :i* became necess>y 9 ord] to deal ) ! enorm\s mass ( undige/$ matt] :i* has ov]:elm$ e legislature z a result ( ! pres5t *aotic & irresponsible proc$ure1 is p]haps bo? ! mo/ undemocratic device ev] put 9 practice by a democracy1 & ! mo/ fruitful ( v5ality1 corruption & inju/ice4 ,x is unnecess>y to lab\r ?is po9t = ev]yone kn[s its grave evils1 b !re seems no way to get rid ( x unless "s curb is plac$ on ! numb] ( bills introduc$ 9 any session4 ,! ,briti% ,p>liam5t is n necess>ily a model ( intellig5t or capable proc$ure1 b :]e 9 "o session at ,we/m9/] no m ?an f\r hundr$ bills 7 introduc$1 at ,wa%+ton1 = ! same p]iod1 ! c\nt ran well ov] twelve ?\s&6 ,manife/ly "s committee sy/em is inevitable "u conditions su* z ?is1 b "u ! committee sy/em free gov]nm5t & hone/ legislation are difficult ( atta9m5t4 ,"o w\ld n ( c\rse prev5t ! proposal ( a bill by any memb] ( ! legislature1 inde$ ?is free action w\ld be absolutely necess>y z a measure ( protection aga9/ executive oppression1 b ?is %\ld be prohibit$ until aft] ! gov]nm5t programme _h be5 dispos$ (4 ,aft] t task 0 accompli%$ ! legislature might sit indef9itely1 or z long z ! public w\ld /& x1 = ! purpose ( consid]+ private bills1 & ^! c\ld be ref]r$ to committees z at pres5t4 ,! *ances are1 h[ev]1 t ! gov]nm5t programme w\ld cov] ! mo/ ess5tial matt]s & :at w\ld rema9 w\ld be ! edify+ spectacle ( ,solons solemnly consid]+ su* que/ions z ! m9imum l5g? ( %eets on hotel b$s1 ! limitation 9 in*es & fractions1 ( ! heels ( wom5's %oes1 ! am\nt ( fle% t c\ld be legally expos$ by a ba?+ suit1 or ! p5sion+ ( a ,sw$i% ,assi/ant ,janitor1--all ( :i* are ! sub/ance ( actual bills introduc$ 9 v>i\s ,/ate legislatures dur+ ! session la/ clos$4 ,ano!r grave weakness 9 our sy/em is ! election by popul> vote ( _m judicial & adm9i/rative (fic]s1 c\pl$ ) ! vigor\s remnants ( ! old & degrad+ spoils sy/em :]eby _m ?\s&s ( /rictly non-political (fices are almo/ automatically vacat$ aft] any p>tisan victory4 ,i _c tru/ myself to speak ( ! infamy ( an elective judici>y2 =tunately ,i live 9 a /ate :]e ?is wor/ abuse ( democratic practice does n exi/1 & s x t\*es me only 9 s f> z x (f5ds ! s5se ( dec5cy & ju/ice4 ,9 ! o!r cases x is only a "q ( effici5t & intellig5t adm9i/ration4 ,!re is an argum5t = elect+ ! *ief executive ( a city1 a /ate or ! nation1 by popul> vote1 & ! same holds 9 ! case ( ! l[] h\se ( ! legislature :]e a bi-cam]al sy/em exi/s1 b !re is no argum5t = ! popul> election ( ! adm9i/rative (fic]s ( a /ate4 ,!re is ev5 less1--if !re c be less ?an no?+--= ! *anges 9 p]sonnel t take place aft] e election4 ,civil s]vice re=m has done a _w ( good1 b z yet x has n gone f> en\gh 9 "s directions1 :ile its me*anism ( exam9ations is defective 9 pr9ciple 9 t x leaves out ! p]sonal equation & e/abli%es its te/s only along a v few ( ! _m l9es t actually exi/4 ,i w\ld (f] x z a proposition t no election %\ld 9 itself affect ! /atus ( any man except ! man elect$1 &1 9 ! case ( a mayor or gov]nor or ! ,presid5t1 ^? :o are directly responsible to him & to 8 adm9i/ration = c>ry+ out 8 policies2 & fur!r1 t ! vot]1 :5 he votes1 %\ld vote once & = "o man 9 8 city1 once & = "o man 9 8 /ate1 & once & = "o man 9 ! nation1 & t man1 9 ea* case1 %\ld be 8 repres5tative 9 ! l[] bran* ( ! legislative body4 ,*oos+ adm9i/rative (ficials by majority vote1 & ! election ( judges = %ort t]ms by ! same me?od1 are absurdities ( a sy/em fa/ fall+ into *aos4 ,! ma9t5ance ( a bi-cam]al legislative organization1 ) ! *oos+ ( ! memb]s ( bo? h\ses by ! same electorate is 9 ! same class1 a p]fectly irrational anomaly :i* violates ! fir/ pr9ciples ( logic & leads only to legislative incompet5ce1 & worse4 ,! ref]5dum is ( precisely ! same nature1 b ?is already has become a r$uctio ad absurdum1 & c h>dly survive ! discr$it into :i* x has fall54 ,9 any reorganization ( gov]nm5t look+ t[>ds bett] results1 ^! elem5ts mu/ disappe>4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 gov]nm5t has come to occupy altoge!r too l>ge a place 9 our consci\sness2 naturally1 = x has come to a po9t :]e x pursues u--& ov]takes u--at e turn4 ,democracies always gov]n too mu*1 t is "o ( _! great weaknesses4 ,elections1 law-mak+1 & gett+ & hold+ (fice1 h become an obsession & !y %ad[ our days4 ,s insi/5t & incessant are ! dem&s1 s artificial & unreal ! issues1 s b>r5 ( vital results all ?is p&emonium ( p>tisan%ip & *ange1 ! m intellig5t & scrupul\s are los+ int]e/ 9 ! :ole affair1 & :ile !y increas+ly )draw to matt]s ( a great] degree ( reality ^? :o subsi/ on ! proce$s ga9 ! p[]1 & hold x4 ,at ! v mom5t :5 ! wom5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates h be5 giv5 ! vote1 !re are _m m5 7& wom5 also7 :o beg9 to ?9k t ! vote is a v empty in/itution & 9 itself practically void ( p[] to effect any?+ ( really vital mom5t4 ,i am n n[ def5d+ ?is position1 ,i only ass]t t x exi/s1 & ,i believe x is due to ! degradation ( gov]nm5t ?r\gh ! v modifications & trans=mations t h be5 effect$1 s9ce ! "t ( ,&rew ,jackson1 9 a p]fectly hone/ attempt at improvem5t4 ,! be/ gov]nm5t is t :i* does ! lea/1 :i* leaves local matt]s 9 ! h&s ( localities1 & p]sonal matt]s 9 ! h&s ( p]sons1 & :i* is mode/ly inconspicu\s4 ,good gov]nm5t e/abli%es1 or recognizes1 conditions :i* are /able1 reliable1 & t may be c\nt$ on = m ?an two ye>s1 or f\r ye>s1 at a "t4 ,x has cont9uity1 x pres]ves tradition1 & x foll[s cu/om & common law4 ,su* a gov]nm5t is nei!r hectic 9 its vicissitudes nor inquisitorial 9 its enactm5ts4 ,x is cauti\s 9 its exp5ditures1 effici5t 9 its adm9i/ration1 pr\d 9 ma9ta9+ its /&>ds ( hon\r1 ju/ice & noblesse oblige4 ,good gov]nm5t is augu/ & h&some2 x surr\nds itself ) dignity & c]emony1 ev5 at times ) spl5d\r & pageantry1 = ^! ?+s are signs ( self-respect & ! outw>d %[+ ( high ideals--or may be made s2 t is :at good mann]s & c]emony & beauty are =4 ,f9ally1 good gov]nm5t is :]e ! laws ( ,*ri/ian morals & c\rtesy & *>ity t are suppos$ to hold betwe5 ,*ri/ian m5 hold equally1 ev5 m =cefully1 9 public relations bo? dome/ic & =eign4 ,:]e gov]nm5t ( ?is nature exi/s1 :e!r ! =m is mon>*ical1 republican or democratic1 !re is lib]ty2 :]e ^! conditions d n obta9 ! =m matt]s n at all1 = !re is a s]vile /ate4 ,at ! risk ( be+ t$i\s ,i w try to sket* ! r\gh outl9es ( :at1 9 sub/ance1 ,i believe to be t =m ( civil polity :i*1 bas$ on :at n[ exi/s1 *anges only along l9es t w\ld p]haps t5d t[>ds e/abli%+ & ma9ta9+ ^? ideals ( lib]ty1 ord] & ju/ice :i* h always be5 ! common aim ( ^? :o h /riv5 to re=m a condition ( ?+s :]e !y 7 atta9$ indiff]5tly or n at all4 ,! prim>y & effective social & political unit is ! vill or commune2 t is to say1 a gr\p ( families & individuals liv+ 9 "o neighb\rhood1 & ( a size t w\ld p]mit all ! memb]s to "k "o ano!r if !y wi%$ to d s1 & also ! com+ toge!r ( all ^? hold+ ! electoral fran*ise1 = common discussion & action4 ,! av]age ,am]ican c\ntry t[n1 un9vad$ by indu/rialism1 is ! natural type1 = "h ! t[n meet+ ( our =efa!rs is practicable1 & ?is rema9s ! ev]la/+ frame & model ( self-gov]nm5t4 ,9 ! case ( a city ! prim>y unit w\ld be ( approximately ! same size1 & ! entire municipality w\ld be divid$ into w>ds ea* conta9+1 say1 ab\t five hundr$ vot]s4 ,^! prim>y units w\ld possess a real unity & a v l>ge measure ( autonomy1 b !y w\ld be f$]at$ = c]ta9 common purposes :i* w\ld v>y 9 numb] & importance 9 proportion to ! clos5ess ( _! common int]e/s1 f ! c\nty1 made up ( a numb] ( small villages1 to ! city :i* w\ld comprise z _m w>ds z might be num]ically necess>y1 & ^: c5tral gov]nm5t w\ld adm9i/] a great _m m affairs ?an w\ld ! c\nty4 ,! city w\ld be 9 effect a f$]ation ( ! w>ds or bor\ghs4 ,! individual vot] w\ld ex]cise 8 electoral fran*ise & p]=m 8 political duties only )9 ! prim>y unit 7! t[n%ip or w>d7 :]e he _h legal resid5ce4 ,at an annual t[n meet+ he w\ld vote = ! selectm5 or ! w>d c\ncil :o w\ld h 9 *>ge ! local int]e/s ( ! prim>y unit1 :i* w\ld be compreh5sive 9 ! case ( a t[n%ip1 necess>ily m limit$ 9 ! case ( a w>d4 ,^! local bo>ds w\ld elect _! own *airm5 :o w\ld also =m ! legislative body ( ! c\nty or ! municipality4 ,at ! same t[n meet+ ! vot] w\ld ca/ 8 ballot = a repres5tative 9 ! l[] legislative body ( ! /ate4 ,9 ! small] commonweal?s ea* t[n%ip or w>d w\ld elect its own repres5tative1 b 9 /ates ( excessive population repres5tation w\ld h to be on ! basis ( c\nties & municipalities1 = no legislative body %\ld conta9 m ?an a v few hundr$ memb]s4 ,nom9ations 9 ! t[n meet+ %\ld be viva voce1 elections by secret ballot4 ,legislation %\ld be prim>ily on ! initiative ( ! selectm5 or w>d c\ncil1 & vot+ %\ld be viva voce4 ,) ! ex]cise ( 8 privilege ( speak+ & vot+ at ! meet+s ( 8 prim>y unit1 ! direct political action ( ! citiz5 w\ld cease4 ,! second>y unit w\ld be ! c\nty or ! city4 ,"h ! legislative body w\ld consi/ ( ! presid+ (fic]s ( ! t[n%ip or w>d gov]nm5ts4 ,! %]iff ( a c\nty or ! mayor ( a city w\ld be *os5 by ^! legislative bodies f _! own numb] & %\ld hold (fice = a t]m ( sev]al ye>s1 :ile ! local gov]nm5ts1 & !re=e ! legislative bodies ( ! c\nty or ! city1 w\ld be *os5 annually4 ,! *ief executive ( a c\nty or city w\ld appo9t all heads ( dep>tm5ts :o w\ld =m 8 advisory c\ncil1 & he w\ld also frame & submit annually bo? a fiscal & a legislative budget4 ,! t]ti>y unit is ! /ate1 :i* is a f$]ation ( ! c\nties & cities =m+ "s "o ( ! hi/oric divisions ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! legislature w\ld z n[ be compos$ ( two *amb]s1 "o made up ( repres5tatives ( ! prim>y units1 hold+ (fice = a brief t]m1 & a second repres5t+ ! second>y units & *os5 by _! gov]n+ bodies = a long t]m4 ,! logic ( a bi-cam]al sy/em dem&s t ! l[] h\se %\ld repres5t ! *ang+ w ( ! p1 ! upp]1 9 s f> z possible1 its cumulative wisdom & ! cont9uity ( tradition1 :ile1 z already /at$1 ! :ole pr9ciple is vitiat$ if bo? h\ses are *os5 by ! same electorate4 ,! *ief executive %\ld be *os5 by ! legislative *amb]s 9 jo9t session1 f a panel made up ( _! own memb]%ip & ! heads ( ! c\nty & city gov]nm5ts4 ,he %\ld hold (fice = a long t]m1 pref]ably = an indet]m9ate p]iod cont+5t on good behavi\r4 ,9 ?is case 8 cab9et1 or c\ncil ( ! heads ( dep>tm5ts1 w\ld ( c\rse be responsible to ! legislature & w\ld resign on a =mal vote ( c5sure or lack ( confid5ce4 ,! ,gov]nor w\ld h ! same p[] ( appo9tm5t1 & ! same au?ority to pres5t fiscal & legislative budgets z1 already specifi$ 9 ! case ( a mayor ( a city4 ,no commissions1 unpaid or o!rwise1 %\ld be p]mitt$1 all ! adm9i/rative functions ( gov]nm5t be+ p]=m$ by ! v>i\s dep>tm5ts & _! subord9ate bureaux4 ,! national gov]nm5t is ! f9al social & political unit1 ?\gh x is conceivable t ) a t]ritory & population z great & div]sifi$ z t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & be>+ 9 m9d ! great discrepancy 9 size betwe5 ! /ates1 some?+ might be ga9$ by ! in/itution ( a sy/em ( prov9ces1 "s five or six 9 all1 made up ( /ates gr\p$ 9 accordance ) _! g5]al community ( int]e/s1 z = example1 all ,new ,engl&1 ,new ,york1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,new ,j]sey & ,delaw>e2 ! /ates ( ! old ,conf$]acy1 ^? ( ! ,pacific ,coa/1 & s on4 ,! po9t ne$ n be press$ "h1 b !re are consid]ations 9 its fav\r4 ,9 any case ! nation z a :ole is ! f9al f$]al unit4 ,"h ! l[] legislative h\se w\ld consi/ ( n m ?an f\r hundr$ memb]s1 allocat$ on a basis ( population & elect$ by ! repres5tative bodies ( ! prim>y units 7! t[n%ips & city w>ds7 z already describ$4 ,! memb]s ( ! upp] h\se w\ld be elect$ by ! legislative bodies ( ! sev]al /ates on nom9ation by ! ,gov]nor4 ,! *ief executive ( ! nation w\ld be *os5 by ! two legislative bodies1 9 jo9t session1 f among/ ! !n gov]nors ( ! sev]al /ates4 ,he %\ld c]ta9ly hold (fice = good behavi\r1 & 8 cab9et w\ld be responsible to ! legislature z provid$ = 9 ! case ( ! /ate gov]nm5ts4 ,i d n (f] ?is programme ) any pride ( pat]nity2 probably x w\ld n "w v well1 b x c\ld h>dly prove less efficaci\s ?an our pres5t sy/em "u conditions z !y h come to be4 ,?is _c cont9ue indef9itely1 = x is s hopelessly defective t x is b\nd to br+ ab\t its own ru91 ) ! probable sub/itution ( "s doctr9aire device eng5d]$ by ! natural revolt aga9/ an intol]able abuse4 ,if only we c\ld see conditions cle>ly & e/imate !m at some?+ approa*+ _! real value1 we %\ld rapidly develop a con/ructive public op9ion t1 ev5 ?\gh x repres5t$ a m9ority1 might by ! v =ce beh9d x compel ! majority to acquiesce 9 a radical re=mation4 ,un=tunately we d n d ?is1 we are hypnotiz$ by phrases & delud$ by va9 !ories1 z ,mr4 ,*e/]ton says3 ,s drugg$ & dead5$ is ! public m9d by ! conv5tional public utt]ances1 s accu/om$ h we gr[n to public m5 talk+ ?is sort ( pomp\s nons5se & no o!r1 t we are sometimes q %ock$ by ! revelation ( :at m5 really ?9k1 or else ( :at !y really say4 ,we d1 n[ & !n1 confess t legislation is z a :ole fooli%1 frivol\s & opportuni/2 t adm9i/ration is wa/eful1 incompet5t & frequ5tly v5al2 t ! gov]nm5tal p]sonnel1 legislative1 adm9i/rative & executive1 is ( a l[ ord] 9 po9t ( "*1 intellig5ce & culture--& t5d+ l[] ea* day4 ,we admit ?is1 = ! evid5ce is s conspicu\s t to d5y x w\ld be hypocrisy1 b some?+ holds u back f recogniz+ ! nexus betwe5 effect & cause4 ,unre/rict$ immigration1 univ]sal suffrage1 rotation 9 (fice1 ! subjection ( _m (fices & measures to popul> vote1 ! p>liam5t>y sy/em1 gov]nm5t by political p>ties--all ^! cu/oms & habits into :i* we h fall5 h arriv$ at failure :i* presages disa/]4 ,!y h fail$ because ! "* ( ! p t function$ ?r\gh ^! v>i\s eng9es _h fail$1 dilut$ by ! l[ m5tality & "*-cont5t ( millions ( immigrants & _! (fspr+1 degrad$ by ! false values & vici\s /&>ds impos$ by indu/rial civilization1 foot-loose f all b9d+ & control ( a vital & pot5t religi\s impulse or religi\s organism4 ,x is ! old1 vici\s circle2 spiritual en]gy decl9es or is div]t$ into wrong *annels2 !reupon ! physical =ms1 social1 indu/rial1 political1 slip a degree or two l[] out ( sympa?y ) ! fail+ en]gy1 & ^! 9 _! turn ex]t a degrad+ influ5ce on ! wan+ spiritual =ce1 :i* decl9es /ill fur!r only to be pull$ l[] /ill by ! mat]ial ag5cies :i* cont9ue _! progressive decl5sion4 ,!ories1 no matt] h[ high-m9d$ & altrui/ic1 _c /& be=e a condition su* z ?is1 = self-protection decrees o!rwise ev5 if ! high] motive ( do+ "r ?+s & gett+ "r ?+s j because !y are "r1 does n come into effective op]ation4 ,! evil results ( ! in/itutions ,i h catalogu$ above are n to be d5i$1 & ! in/itutions !mselves mu/ be re=m$ or altoge!r ab&on$1 9 ! face ( ! l\d-m\!d exhortations ( ^? :o n[ make !m _! means ( livelihood1 & ev5 at ! exp5se ( ! hone/ uphold]s ( !ories & doctr9es t d cr$it to _! humanit>ianism b h be5 weigh$ & f\nd want+4 ,i am anxi\s n to put ?is plan = ! re=m1 9 root & bran*1 ( our political in/itutions1 on ! l[ level ( m]e caution & self-def5se4 ,! motive p[] ( ?is is fe>1 & fe> is only second to hate 9 its pres5t position z a controll+ =ce 9 society4 ,we %\ld h good gov]nm5t n because x is economical & ensures :at are kn[n z good bus9ess conditions1 & promises a peaceful cont9uance ( society1 b because x is z wor?y an object ( creative endeav\r z noble art or a great lit]ature or a j & m]ciful economic sy/em1 or a life t is full ( joy & beauty & :olesome lab\r4 ,! political organism is 9 a s5se ! microcosm ( life itself1 & x %\ld be society lift$ up to a level ( dignity1 maje/y & nobility4 ,! doctr9e t 9 a democracy ! gov]nm5t mu/ exactly express ! num]ical prepond]ance 9 ! social syn!sis1 & t1 if ?is happ5s to be ignorant1 mann]less & corrupt1 !n ! gov]nm5t mu/ be aft] ! same fa%ion1 is a l[ & a c[>dly doctr9e4 ,gov]nm5t %\ld be bett] ?an ! majority2 bett] ?an ! m9ority if ?is has advantage ov] ! o!r4 ,x %\ld be ( ! be/ t man c compass1 re/+ above him z 9 "s sort an ideal2 ! visible expression ( 8 bett] self1 & ! bett] self ( ! society ( :i* he is a "p4 ,if a political sy/em1 any political sy/em1 produces any o!r result2 if x has issue 9 a repres5tation ( ! l[e/ & base/ 9 society1 or ev5 ( ! g5]al av]age1 !n x is a bad sy/em & x mu/ be r$eem$ or x w br+ an end t is c\*$ 9 t]ms ( cata/rophe4 ,re=m is difficult1 p]haps ev5 impossible ( atta9m5t "u ! exi/+ sy/em :]e univ]sal1 unlimit$ suffrage & ! p>ty sy/em are firmly intr5*$ z oppon5ts ( vital re=m1 & :]e repres5tation & legislation take _! indelible col\r f ^! un=tunate in/itutions4 ,x mu/ freely be admitt$ t !re is no *ance ( elim9at+ or reca/+ ei!r "o or ! o!r by ! recogniz$ me?ods ( plat=m support & mass action ?r\gh ! ballot4 ,x comes 9 ! end to a *ange ( viewpo9t & ( he>t on ! "p ( ! individual4 ,no p>ty1 no political lead] w\ld = a mom5t endorse any "o ( ! pr9ciples or me?ods ,i h sugge/$1 = ?is w\ld be a suicidal act4 ,! newspap]1 irresponsible1 anonym\s1 direct$ by its adv]tiz+ int]e/s or by ^? m s9i/] /ill1 yet = all t ! factor t controls ! op9ions ( ^? :o hold ! balance ( p[] 9 ! community z x is n[ con/itut$1 w\ld reject !m ) d]ision1 :ile 9 !mselves !y are radically oppos$ to ! p]sonal int]e/s ( ! majority4 ,! only hope ( lift+ gov]nm5t to ! level ( dignity & capacity x %\ld hold1 lies 9 ! individual4 ,x is necess>y t we %\ld see ?+s cle>ly1 e/imate conditions z !y are1 & ?9k ?r\gh to ! end4 ,we d n d ?is4 ,we admit1 9 a dull sort ( way1 t matt]s are n z !y %\ld be1 t legislation is g5]ally silly & oppressive1 t taxation is excessive1 t adm9i/ration is wa/eful & reckless & incompet5t1 = we "k ^! ?+s by exp]i5ce4 ,we accept !m1 h[ev]1 ) our national good-nature & easy tol]ance1 assum+ t !y are insep>able f democratic gov]nm5t--z inde$ !y are1 b n = a mom5t does any l>ge numb] ?9k ( que/ion+ ! pr9ciple1 or ev5 ! sy/em1 t mu/ take ! responsibility4 ,:5 disgu/ & indiff]5ce rea* a c]ta9 po9t we /op vot+1 t is all4 ,at ! la/ presid5tial election less ?an "o half ! qualifi$ vot]s took ! tr\ble to ca/ _! ballots1 :ile 9 ,bo/on 7:i* is no exception7 x g5]ally happ5s t at a municipal elections ! ballots ca/ are less ?an "o-?ird ! total electorate4 ,i wond] h[ _m !re are "h today :o h ev] be5 to a w>d meet+1 or h sat ?r\gh a legislative session ( a city gov]nm5t1 z ( ,bo/on = example1 or h li/5$ to ! debates 9 a /ate h\se ( repres5tatives1 or analyz$ ! annual gri/ ( legislative bills1 or h sat = an h\r or two 9 ! ,s5ate or ,h\se at ,wa%+ton4 ,su* an exp]i5ce is1 ,i assure y1 illum9at+1 = x %[s exactly :y popul> gov]nm5t is :at x is1 :ile x =ms an admirable basis = a con/ructive revision ( judgm5t z to ! s\ndness ( accept$ pr9ciples & ! validity ( accept$ me?ods4 ,our political attitude today is bas$ on an inh]it$ & automatic acceptance ( c]ta9 p]fectly automatic =mulae4 ,we nei!r see ?+s cle>ly1 e/imate conditions z !y are1 nor ?9k a proposition ?r\gh to ! end3 we are obsess$ by old =mulae1 p>tisan slogans & newspap] aphorisms2 ! :i* is bo? unwor?y & p]il\s4 ,let u see ?+s cle>ly = a mom5t2 if we d ?is any?+ is possible1 no matt] h[ ideali/ic & app>5tly impracticable x may be4 ,is !re any "o :o w\ld confess t "* & intellig5ce are n[ a helpless m9ority 9 ?is nation8 ,su* an admission w\ld be almo/ con/ructive treason4 ,! in/9ct ( ! majority is "r1 b x is defective 9 w & x is subs]vi5t to base lead]%ip1 :ile its p[] = good is negativ$ by ! p]si/5ce ( a mass ( =mulae t1 "u radically *ang$ conditions1 h ceas$ to be b5efici5t1 or ev5 true1 & h become a clog & a /umbl+ block4 ,i may n h indicat$ bett] ideals or s\nd] me?ods ( op]ation1 b ! true ideals exi/ & x is n beyond our ability to discov] a bett] work+ sy/em4 ,p>tisan%ip _c reveal ei!r "o or ! o!r1 nor are !y ! fruit ( organization or ! attribute ( political lead]%ip4 ,!y belong to ! common citiz51 to y1 to ! individual1 & if once sup]/ition is ca/ out & we fall back on "r reason & ! et]nal pr9ciples ( ! ,*ri/ian e?ic & ! ,*ri/ian ideal1 we %all n f9d !m difficult ( atta9m5t2 & once atta9$ !y c be put 9 practice1 = ! ill ?+ exi/s only on suff]ance1 ! "r ?+ e/abli%es itself by =ce ( its v quality ( "r4 ,,vi ,,! ,,function ,,( ,,education ,,& ,,art ,:51 z on occasion happ5s1 "s ho/ile criticism is level$ aga9/ ! civilization ( mod]nism1 or aga9/ "s "o ( its _m details1 ! reply is ready1 & ! faultf9d] is told t ! defect1 if x exi/s1 w 9 ! end be obviat$ by ! processes ( popul> education4 ,press$ = m explicit details z to j :at may be ! nature ( ?is omnipot5t & sov]eign education1 ! _m *ampions give v>i\s answ]1 dep5d+ m or less on ! po9t ( view & ! peculi> pr$ilections ( ea*1 b ! g5]al pr9ciples are ! same4 ,education1 !y say1 consi/ ( two ?+s2 ! =mal practice & tra9+ ( ! s*ools1 & ! exp]i5ce t comes ?r\gh ! use ( c]ta9 public rights & privileges1 su* z ! ballot1 ! hold+ ( (fice1 s]vice on juries1 & ?r\gh v>i\s exp]i5ces ( ! practice ( life1 z ! read+ ( newspap]s 7& p]haps books71 ! activities ( "w1 bus9ess & ! pr(essions1 & p]sonal association ) o!r m5 9 social1 craft1 & pr(essional clubs & o!r organizations4 ,) ! second category ( education ?r\gh exp]i5ce we ne$ n deal at ?is "t2 x is a "q by itself & ( no mean quality2 ! matt] ,i w\ld consid] is ! m =mal & n>r[ "o ( s*ola/ic tra9+ 9 s f> z x be>s on ! ,great ,peace t1 ?\gh p]haps aft] _m days1 mu/ foll[ ! ,great ,w> & ! little peace4 ,answ]+ along ?is l9e1 ! protagoni/s ( salvation ?r\gh education pretty well agree t ! ?+ itself means ! wide/ possible ext5sion ( our public s*ool sy/em1 ) free /ate univ]sities & te*nical s*ools1 & ! ext5sion ( ! educational p]iod1 ) laws s rigid1 & en=cem5t s p]vasive & imp>tial1 t no *ild betwe5 ! ages ( six & sixte5 c possibly escape4 ,?is free1 compulsory & univ]sal education is assum$ to be scrupul\sly secul> & h$g$ ab\t ) e safegu>d aga9/ ! insidi\s encroa*m5ts ( religion2 x w aim to give a little tra9+ 9 mo/ ( ! sci5ces1 & mu* 9 ! practical necessities ( bus9ess life1 z = example1 /5ography1 book-keep+1 adv]tis+ & bus9ess sci5ce2 x w cov] a broad field ( manual tra9+ lead+ to graduate c\rses 9 special te*nical s*ools2 ! laboratory me?od & field practice w be increas+ly develop$ & appli$2 ,lat91 ,greek1 logic & anci5t hi/ory w be m9imiz$ or done away ) altoge!r1 & mod]n languages1 appli$ psy*ology & contempor>y hi/ory w be correspond+ly emphasiz$4 ,z = ! /ate univ]sity1 x w all[ ! wide/ range ( free electives1 & z an univ]sity x w aim to comprise )9 itself e possible dep>tm5t ( practical activity1 su* z bus9ess adm9i/ration1 j\rnalism1 bank+ & f9ance1 =eign trade1 political sci5ce1 psy*o-analysis1 m9+1 sanit>y eng9e]+1 vet]9>y surg]y1 z well z law1 m$ic9e1 agriculture1 & civil & me*anical eng9e]+4 ,i am curi\s to inquire at ?is "t if education su* z ?is does1 z a matt] ( fact1 educate1 & h[ f> x my be reli$ ^u z a corrective = pres5t defects 9 society2 or r1 fir/ ( all1 :e!r education ( ?is1 or ( any sort1 may be look$ on z a suffici5t sav+ =ce1 & :e!r g5]al education1 in/ead ( be+ ext5d$ %\ld n be curtail$1 or r safegu>d$ & re/rict$4 ,i h already tri$ to indicate1 9 my lecture on ! ,social ,organism1 c]ta9 d\bts t are n[ aris+ z to ! prophylactic & reg5]ative p[]s ( education1 :e!r ?is is bas$ on ! old f\ndation ( ! ,trivium & ,quadrivium "u ! supreme dom9ion ( ,!ology1 or on ! new f\ndation ( utilit>ianism & appli$ sci5ce "u ! dom9ion ( sci5tific p$agogy4 ,:ile ! active-m9d$ portion ( society believ$ ard5tly 9 progressive evolution1 9 ! suffici5cy ( ! intellect1 ! in]rancy ( ! sci5tific me?od1 & ! transmission by inh]itance ( acquir$ *>act]i/ics1 ?is supreme confid5ce 9 free1 secul>1 compulsory education z ! cure-all ( ! pr(use & p]vasive ills ( society 0 n only natural b inevitable4 ,i submit t exp]i5ce has measurably modifi$ ! situation1 & t we are b\nd !re=e to reconsid] our e>li] p]suasions 9 ! light ( some:at reveal+ ev5ts4 ,we may admit t ! sy/em ( mod]n education works measurably well s f> z intellectual tra9+ is conc]n$2 tra9+ z di/+ui%$ f developm5t4 ,x works measurably well also 9 prep>+ y\? = p>ticipation 9 ! life ( appli$ sci5ce & = mak+ money 9 bus9ess & f9ance4 ,consci5ti\s h>d lab\r has be5 giv51 & is be+ giv51 to mak+ x m effective along ^! l9es1 & almo/ e ye> "s new s*eme is br\ght =w>d en?usia/ically1 tri$ out pa9/ak+ly1 & !n ca/ aside ignom9i\sly = "s new & ev5 m +5i\s device4 ,! am\nt ( education is enorm\s2 ! total ( money sp5t on new f\ndations1 c\rses1 build+s1 equipm5t--on ev]y?+ b ! pay ( ! tea*]s--is pr9cely2 ! devotion ( ! tea*]s1 !mselves1 9 ! face ( inadequate wages1 is exempl>y1 & yet1 someh[ ! results are disappo9t+4 ,! tru? is1 ! developm5t ( "* is n 9 proportion to ! developm5t ( public & private education4 ,! moral /&+ ( ! nation1 tak5 z a :ole1 has be5 deg5]at+2 9 bus9ess1 9 public affairs1 9 private life1 until ! /&>ds ( value h be5 confus$1 ! l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 "r & wrong blurr$ to indi/9ctness1 & ! old motives ( hon\r1 duty1 s]vice1 *>ity1 *ivalry & compassion are no long] ! controll+ motive1 or at lea/ ! consci\s aspiration1 ( active m54 ,?is is n to say t ^! d n exi/2 ! p]iod t has se5 ! retrogression has record$ also a reaction1 & !re are n[ p]haps m :o are fir$ by ! ard5t passion = active righte\sness1 ?an = sev]al g5]ations1 b ! av]age is l[]1 = :]e1 _m times 9 ! pa/1 !re has be5 a broad1 g5]al av]age ( dec5cy1 n[ ! disp>ity is great betwe5 ! motives t drive society z a :ole1 & its me?ods ( op]ation1 & ! remnant t f9ds itself an unimportant m9ority4 ,newspap]s are p]haps h>dly a fair crit]ion ( ! moral /atus ( a p--or ( any?+ else = t matt]--b :at !y record1 & ! way !y d x1 is at lea/ an indication ( a condition1 & aft] e possible all[ance has be5 made1 :at !y record is a v al>m+ /&>d ( public & private morality1 bo? 9 ! happ5+s !mselves & 9 ! fa%ion ( _! publicity4 ,no "o w\ld claim t ! responsibility = ?is weak5+ ( moral /&>ds re/s pr$om9antly on ! %\ld]s ( ! educational sy/em ( today2 ! causes lie f> deep] ?an ?is1 b ! po9t ,i wi% to make is t ! process has n be5 arre/$ by education1 9 spite ( its preval5ce1 & t !re=e x is unwise to cont9ue our exclusive fai? 9 its rem$ial (fices4 ,! fai? 0 nev] well f\nd$4 ,education c d mu*1 b :at x does1 or c d1 is to fo/] & develop inh]5t possibilities1 :e!r ^! are ( "*1 intellig5ce or aptitude3 x _c put into a boy or man :at 0 n !re1 9 posse1 at bir?1 & humanly speak+1 ! div]sity ( pot5tial 9 any ?\s& units is limit$ only by ! numb] itself4 ,:e!r our pres5t educational me?ods are ^? be/ calculat$ to fo/] & develop ^! inh]5t possibilities1 s v>i$ 9 nature & degree1 is ! "q1 & x is a "q ! answ] to :i* dep5ds l>gely on :e!r we look on intellig5ce1 capacity or "* z ! ?+ ( greate/ mom5t4 ,= ^? :o believe t "* is ! ?+ ( p>am\nt importance--among/ :om ,i c\nt myself--! answ] mu/ be 9 ! negative4 ,nor is an affirmative reply entirely assur$ :5 ! "q is ask$ z to ! results 9 ! case ( intellect & capacity4 ,!re are few :o w\ld claim t 9 ei!r ( ^! directions ! g5]al /&>d is n[ z high z x 01 = example1 9 ! la/ half ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,! ,great ,w> br\ght to ! front few p]sonalities ( ! fir/ class1 & ! peace t has foll[$ has an ev5 less di/+ui%$ record to date4 ,we may say ) tru?1 ,i ?9k1 t ! la/ t5 ye>s h provid$ great] issues1 & small] m5 to meet !m 9 ! capacity ( lead]s1 ?an any previ\s crisis ( simil> mom5t4 ,! art ( lead]%ip1 & ! fact ( lead]%ip1 h be5 lo/1 & )\t lead]%ip any society1 p>ticul>ly a democracy1 is 9 dang] ( ext9ction4 ,"h aga9 "o _c *>ge education ) our lack ( m5 ( "*1 intellig5ce & capacity to lead2 z be=e1 ! causes lie f> deep]1 b ! almo/ fatal abs5ce at ?is "t ( ! p]sonalities ( su* =ce & p[] t !y c capta9 society 9 its h\rs ( dang] f w> or peace1 mu/ give u "s basis = e/imat+ ! effici5cy ( our educational !ory & practice1 & aga9 raise d\bts z to :e!r "h also we %all be well advis$ if we rely exclusively ^u x z ! ultimate savi\r ( society1 :ile we are b\nd to ask :e!r its me?ods1 ev5 ( develop+ intellig5ce & capacity1 are ! be/ t c be devis$4 ,ano!r po9t wor? consid]+ is ?is4 ,s long z we c\ld lay ! flatt]+ unction to our s\ls t acquir$ *>act]i/ics 7 h]itable1 & t !re=e if an outca/ f ,pos51 migrat+ to ,am]ica1 _h tak5 advantage ( 8 new opportunities & s _h develop$ 8 "*-pot5tial1 amass$ money & acquir$ a measure ( education & culture1 he w\ld automatically transmit some?+ ( ?is to 8 (fspr+1 :o w\ld />t s mu* ! fur!r =w>d & w\ld t5d normally to /ill great] advance1 & s on ad inf9itum1 s long we 7 ju/ifi$ 9 en=c+ ! wide/ measure ( education on all & sundry1 & 9 wait+ 9 hope = a future :5 ! cumulative process %\ld h accompli%$ its p]fect "w4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 we are told t ?is hope is va91 t acquir$ *>act]i/ics are n transmitt$ by h]$ity1 & t ! old folk-prov]b x is only ?ree g5]ations betwe5 %irtsleeves & %irtsleeves1 is p]haps m sci5tifically exact ?an ! evolution>y dictum ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,:i* is :at exp]i5ce & hi/ory h be5 tea*+1 lo1 ^! _m ye>s4 ,! "q !n seems to divide itself into ?ree p>ts2 7a7 are we ju/ifi$ 9 p9n+ our fai? 9 ultimate social salvation to free1 secul>1 & compulsory education c>ri$ to ! fur!/ possible limits2 7b7 if n1 !n :at precisely is ! function ( =mal education2 & 7c7 ?is be+ det]m9$1 is our pres5t me?od adequate1 & if n h[ %\ld x be modifi$8 ,x is unwise to speak dogmatically along any ( ^! l9es1 !y are too blurr$ & unc]ta94 ,i c only express an individual op9ion4 ,x seems to me t life unv>y+ly te/ifies to ! extreme disp>ity ( pot5tial 9 individuals & 9 families & 9 racial /ra9s1 ?\gh 9 ! two latt] ! diff]5ce is n necess>ily absolute & p]man5t1 b v>iable 9 po9t ( bo? "t & degree4 ,9 individuals ! limit ( ?is pot5tiality is inh]5t1 & x c nei!r be completely inhibit$ by adv]se education & environm5t nor measurably ext5d$ by fav\rable education & environm5t4 ,*>act]i/ics acquir$ outside inh]5t limitations are p]sonal & non-h]itable1 h[ev] intimately !y may h become a "p ( ! individual himself4 ,if ?is is true1 !n ! "q ( education becomes p]sonal also2 t is to say1 we educate = ! individual1 & ) an eye to ! "p he himself is to play 9 society4 ,we d n look = cumulative results b 9 a s5se deal ) ea* p]sonality 9 reg>d to itself alone4 ,i ?9k ?is has a be>+ bo? on ! ext5t to :i* education %\ld be en=c$ & on ! quality & me?od ( education itself1 & ?\gh ! cont5tion w receive little b ridicule1 ,i am b\nd to say t ,i hold t g5]al education %\ld be r$uc$ 9 quantity & consid]ably *ang$ 9 nature4 ,if ! limit ( developm5t is sub/antially det]m9$ 9 ea* individual & _c be ext5d$ by human ag5cies 7,i say human because ,god 9 ,8 wisdom & by ,8 p[] c raise up a prophet or a sa9t out ( ! l[e/ dep?s1 & frequ5tly does s71 !n ! quantity & ext5t ( g5]al education %\ld be det]m9$ n by a p]iod ( ye>s & ! facilities (f]$ by a gov]nm5t lib]al 9 its exp5ditures1 b entirely by ! demon/rat$ or indicat$ capacity ( ! individual4 ,our educational sy/em %\ld1 s f> z x is free & compulsory1 normally end ) ! high s*ool grade4 ,free college1 univ]sity & te*nical tra9+ %\ld n be provid$1 except = ^? :o _h giv5 unmi/akable evid5ces t !y c\ld1 & probably w\ld1 use x to advantage4 ,?is w\ld be provid$ = by non-competitive s*ol>%ips1 limit$ 9 numb] only by ! numb] ( capable c&idates1 & det]m9ation ( ?is capacity w\ld be1 n on ! basis ( te/ exam9ations1 b on an av]age record cov]+ a consid]able p]iod ( "t4 ,x is d\btful if ev5 ^! s*ol>%ips %\ld be :olly free2 "s responsibility %\ld be recogniz$1 = a good half ( ! value ( a ?+ 7p]haps all its value7 lies 9 work+ = x4 ,a grant )\t s]vice1 a fav\r accept$ )\t obligations1 privilege )\t function1 bo? *eap5 & degrade4 ,let u n[ turn to ! second "q1 i4e41 :at precisely is ! function ( =mal education4 ,= my own "p ,i c answ] ?is 9 a s5t5ce4 ,x is prim>ily ! fo/]+ & developm5t ( ! "*-pot5tial inh]5t 9 ea* individual4 ,9 ?is process intellectual tra9+ & expansion & ! fur!r+ ( natural aptitude h a "p1 b ?is is second>y to ! major object :i* is ! developm5t ( "*4 ,?is is n 9 accordance ) ! practice or ! !ory ( rec5t times1 & 9 ?is fact lies "o ( ! prime causes ( failure4 ,! "o ?+ man exi/s to accompli% is "*2 n worldly success & em95ce 9 any l9e1 n ! conque/ ( nature 7?\gh "s h held o!rwise71 n ev5 adaptation to environm5t 9 ! argot ( la/ c5tury sci5ce1 b "*2 ! assimilation & fix+ 9 p]sonality ( high & noble qualities ( ?\ght & de$1 ! fur!rance1 9 a ^w1 ( ! et]nal sacram5tal process ( r$emption ( matt] ?r\gh ! op]ation ( spiritual =ces4 ,)\t ?is1 social & political sy/ems1 imp]ial dom9ion1 weal? & p[]1 a fav\rable balance ( trade avail no?+2 ) x1 =ms & me?ods & ! eng9]y ( liv+ w look out = !mselves4 ,& yet ?is ?+ :i* comprises ! :ole duty ( man has1 ( late1 fall5 into a s+ul> disreg>d1 :ile ! con/ructive =ces t c\nt h ei!r be5 discr$it$ & l>gely ab&on$1 z 9 ! case ( religion1 or1 l education1 turn$ into o!r *annels or rev]s$ altoge!r1 z has happ5$ ) ! idea & practice ( ob$i5ce1 discipl9e1 self-d5ial1 duty1 hon\r & unselfi%ness2 surely ! mo/ fanta/ic issue ( ! era ( enlight5m5t1 ( lib]ty & ( fre$om ( consci5ce4 ,z a matt] ( fact "*1 z ! *ief end ( man & ! sole gu>anty ( a dec5t society1 has be5 neglect$2 x 0 n disreg>d$ by any consci\s process1 b ! headlong ev5ts t h foll[$ s9ce ! fifte5? c5tury h /eadily di/ort$ our judgm5t & confus$ our /&>ds ( value ev5 to rev]sal4 ,by an imp]ceptible process o!r matt]s h come to engage our int]e/ & control our action1 until at la/ we are confront$ by ! nemesis ( our own unwisdom1 & we ent]ta9 ! ?reat ( a dissolv+ civilization j because ! =ces we h eng5d]$ or set loose h n be5 curb$ or direct$ by t vigor\s & pot5t p]sonal "* in=m+ a p & a society1 t we _h =got 9 our ha/e & t alone c\ld give u safety4 ,=mal education is b "o ( ! factors t may be employ$ t[>ds ! developm5t ( "*2 y _c s easily sep>ate "o =ce 9 life f ano!r1 assign+ a specific duty "h1 a def9ite task !re4 ,t is "o ( ! weaknesses ( our "t1 ! wat]-tight comp>tm5t plan ( high specialization1 ! cellul> !ory ( effici5cy4 ,life mu/ be se5 z a :ole1 organiz$ z a :ole1 liv$ z a :ole4 ,e ?\ght1 e emotion1 e action1 works = ! build+ or ! unbuild+ ( "*1 & ?is syn!sis ( liv+ mu/ be ree/abli%$ be=e we c hope = social reg5]ation4 ,nev]!less =mal education may be made a p[]ful factor1 ev5 n[1 & n only 9 ?is "o specific direction1 b ?r\gh ?is1 = ! accompli%+ ( t unification ( life t already is indicat$ z ! next great task t is set be=e u2 & ?is br+s me to a consid]ation ( ! la/ ( ! que/ions ,i h propos$ = answ]1 viz43 is our pres5t sy/em ( education adequate to ! suffici5t developm5t ( "*1 & if n1 h[ %\ld x be modifi$8 ,i d n ?9k x adequate1 & exp]i5ce seems to me to prove ! po9t4 ,x has n ma9ta9$ ! /urdy if sometimes acutely unpleasant "* ( ! ,new ,engl& /ock1 or ! /rong & h&some "* ( ! race t dwelt 9 ! ?irte5 orig9al colonies z ?is manife/$ itself well into ! la/ c5tury1 & x has1 9 g5]al1 br$ no new ?+ 9 ! millions ( immigrants & _! desc5dants :o h flood$ ! c\ntry s9ce #ahdj & f :om ! public s*ools & "s ( ! colleges are l>gely recruit$4 ,x is n a "q ( exp&$ bra9 p[] or appli$ aptitude1 b ( "*1 & "h !re is a l>g] measure ( failure ?an we _h a "r to expect4 ,& yet1 _h we ?is "r8 ,! av[$ object ( =mal education is m5tal & vocational tra9+1 & by no /ret* ( ! imag9ation c we hold ^! to be synonym\s ) "*4 ,we h dealt ) & ?r\gh "o ?+ alone1 & t is ! intellect1 :]eas "* is r ! product ( emotions judici\sly /imulat$1 balanc$ 7n controll$7 by intellect1 & appli$ ?r\gh active & v>i$ exp]i5ce4 ,delib]ately h we cut out e emotional & spiritual factor2 n only religion & ! f9e arts1 b also ! /udies1 & ! me?ods ( /udy1 & ! type ( text-books1 t might h help$ 9 ! process ( spiritual & emotional developm5t4 ,we h elim9at$ ,lat9 & ,greek1 or taught !m z a bran* ( philology2 we h made ,engli% a te*nical ex]cise 9 analysis & composition1 disreg>d+ ! moral & spiritual significance ( ! works ( ! great ma/]s ( ,engli%2 we m9imize anci5t hi/ory & conc5trate on ,european hi/ory s9ce ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 & on ! hi/ory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & because ( ! s5sitiv5ess ( our endless v>iety ( religioni/s 7pro =ma7 text books are writt5 :i* leave religion out ( hi/ory altoge!r--& frequ5tly economics & politics z well :5 ^! _c be made to squ>e ) popul> convictions2 philosophy & logic are already pretty well disc>d$1 except = special electives & po/-graduate c\rses1 & z = art 9 its multif>i\s =ms we "k x n1 unless x be 9 ! rudim5t>y & devitaliz$ =m ( free-h& draw+ & occasional conc]t$ s++4 ,! only ?+ t is left 9 ! l9e ( emotional /imulus is competitive a?letics1 & = ?is reason ,i sometimes ?9k x "o ( ! mo/ valuable factors 9 public education4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 ano!r function1 & t is ! coord9ation ( tra9+ & life2 x is 9 a s5se an cole d'application1 & ?r\gh x ! /ud5t1 = once 9 a way1 tries out 8 acquir$ m5tal equipm5t & 8 exp&+ "*--z well z 8 physical pr[ess--aga9/ ! circum/ances ( active vitality4 ,x is j ?is sort ( ?+ t = s long made ! public s*ools ( ,engl&1 h[ev] limit$ or defective may h be5 ! curriculum1 a vital =ce 9 ! developm5t ( ,briti% "*4 ,at be/1 h[ev]1 ?is seems to me b an indiff]5t sub/itute1 an inadequate extra1 do+ limit$ly ! real "w ( education by indirection4 ,:at we ne$ 7grant+ my assumption ( "* z ! t]m9us ad quem7 is an educational sy/em s reca/ t ! =mal /udies & ! collat]al influ5ces & ! s*ool life %all be m coord9at$ 9 !mselves & ) life1 & t ! result+ /imulus %all be equally op]ative along intellectual1 emotional & creative l9es4 ,x is suffici5tly easy to make sugge/ions z to h[ ?is is to be accompli%$1 to lay out programmes & lay d[n curricula1 b "h z else:]e ?is does n am\nt to mu*2 ! *ange mu/ come & ! in/itutions develop z ! result ( ! op]ations ( life4 ,if we c *ange our view ( ! object ( education1 ! v =ce ( life1 work+ ?r\gh exp]i5ce1 w adequately det]m9e ! =ms4 ,x is n !re=e z a meticul\s & me*anical sy/em t ,i make ! foll[+ sugge/ions z to c]ta9 desirable *anges1 b r to indicate m exactly :at ,i mean by a s*eme ( education t w "w prim>ily t[>ds ! developm5t ( "*4 ,n[ 9 ! fir/ place1 ,i mu/ hold t !re c be no education :i* works prim>ily = "* build+1 t is n int]p5etrat$ at e po9t by def9ite1 concrete religion & ! practice ( religion4 ,z ,i %all try to %[ 9 my la/ two lectures1 religion is ! =ce or factor t l9ks action ) life4 ,x is ! only p[] available to man t makes possible a s\nd /&>d ( comp>ative values1 & ) philosophy tea*+ man h[ to put ?+s 9 _! "r ord]1 x ent]s to %[ him h[ to control !m well1 :ile x (f]s ! great con/ructive en]gy t makes ! _w an ord]ly unity r ?an a type ( *aos4 ,until ! ,re=mation !re 0 no "q z to ?is1 & ev5 aft]1 9 ! nations t accept$ ! great revolution1 ! po9t 0 = a "t ma9ta9$2 !reaft] ! c5trifugal t5d5cy 9 ,prote/antism result$ 9 su* a weal? ( mutually antagoni/ic sects t ! application ( ! pr9ciple became impracticable1 & = ?is1 z well z = m fundam5tal reasons1 x fell into desuetude4 ,! condition is z difficult today = ! process ( d5om9ational fission has gone /eadily =w>d1 & z ?is en]gy ( ! religi\s influ5ce weak5s ! /r5uosity ( ma9t5ance /r5g!ns4 ,) our #aeg v>ieties ( ,prote/antism confront+ ,ca?olicism1 ,hebraism1 & a mass ( frank rationalism & infidelity z l>ge 9 am\nt z all o!rs comb9$1 x w\ld seem at fir/ sight impossible to h>monize free public education ) concrete religion 9 any intimate way4 ,s x is2 b if ! pr9ciple is recogniz$ & accept$1 ways & means w (f] !mselves1 & ultimately ! pr9ciple w be embodi$ 9 a workable s*eme4 ,= example2 !re is "o ?+ t c be done any:]e1 & :5ev] en\gh votes c be assembl$ to c>ry ?r\gh ! necess>y legislation4 ,at pres5t ! law reg>ds ) an au/]e disapproval t reflects a popul> op9ion 7n[ happily t5d+ t[>ds decay71 :at are kn[n z d5om9ational s*ools & o!r in/itutions ( le>n+4 ,^? t ma9ta9 ! necessity ( an intimate union betwe5 religion & education1 z = example ! great majority ( ,roman ,ca?olics & an increas+ numb] ( ,episcopalians & ,presbyt]ians1 are tax$ = ! support ( secul> public s*ools :i* !y d n use1 :ile !y mu/ ma9ta9 at additional1 & v great1 exp5se1 p>o*ial & o!r private s*ools :]e _! *ildr5 may be taught aft] a fa%ion :i* !y hold to be necess>y f _! own po9t ( view4 ,aga91 /ate support is refus$ to su* s*ools or colleges z may be "u specific religi\s control1 :ile p5sion funds = ! tea*]s1 e/abli%$ by g5]\s b5efactions1 are explicitly res]v$ = ^? :o are on ! faculties ( in/itutions :i* =mally dissociate !mselves f any religi\s influ5ce4 ,i ma9ta9 t ?is is bo? unju/ & aga9/ public policy4 ,"u our pres5t sy/em ( religi\s individualism & ecclesia/ical multiplicity1 approximations only are possible1 b ,i believe ! wise & j plan w\ld be = ! /ate to fix c]ta9 /&>ds :i* all s*ools receiv+ f9ancial support f ! public funds mu/ ma9ta91 & !n1 ?is condition be+ c>ri$ out1 di/ribute ! funds receiv$ f g5]al taxation to public & private s*ools alike4 ,?is w\ld enable ,episcopalians1 let u say1 or ,roman ,ca?olics1 or ,jews1 :5 9 any community !y are num]\s en\gh to provide a suffici5cy ( s*ol>s = any prim>y1 gramm>1 or high s*ool1 to e/abli% su* a s*ool 9 z close a relation%ip to _! own religion z !y desir$1 & h ?is s*ool ma9ta9$ out ( ! funds ( ! city4 ,?is is n a purely !oretical proposition2 aft] an agitation la/+ ne>ly half a c5tury1 ,holl& has ?is ye> put su* a law 9 =ce4 ,f e po9t ( view we %\ld d well to recognize ?is plan z bo? j & exp$i5t4 ,"o virtue x w\ld h1 ap>t f ^? already not$1 is ! v>iation x w\ld p]mit 9 curricula1 text books1 p]sonnel & s*ola/ic life z betwe5 "o s*ool & ano!r4 ,!re is no m fatal error 9 education ?an t /&>dization :i* has rec5tly become a fad & :i* f9ds its mo/ me*ani/ic manife/ation 9 ,france4 ,( c\rse ?is ne$ = ! =tify+ ( education by religion is recogniz$ ev5 n[1 b ! only plan devis$ = putt+ x into effect is "o :]eby v>i\s m9i/]s ( religion are all[$ a c]ta9 brief p]iod ea* week 9 :i* !y may ent] ! public s*ools & give d5om9ational in/ruction to ^? :o desire _! p>ticul> m9i/rations4 ,?is is "o ( ! compromises1 l ! old] me?od ( ,bible read+ )\t comm5t>y or exposition1 :i* avails no?+ & is apt to be worse ?an frank & av[$ secul>ism4 ,x is putt+ religion on exactly ! same plane z analytical *emi/ry1 psy*oanalysis or salesman%ip1 7! latt] ,i am told is ab\t to be introduc$ 9 ! ,massa*usetts high s*ools7 or any o!r elective1 :]eas if x is to h any value :atev] x mu/ be an ev]-pres5t =ce p]meat+ ! curriculum1 ! m9ds ( ! tea*]s1 & ! s*ool life f end to end1 & !re is no way 9 :i* ?is c be accompli%$ except by a policy t w p]mit ! ma9t5ance ( s*ools "u religi\s dom9ation at ! exp5se ( ! /ate1 provid$ !y comply ) c]ta9 purely educational requirem5ts e/abli%$ & en=c$ by ! /ate4 ,i h already po9t$ out :at seems to me ! desirability ( a consid]able v>iation betwe5 ! curriculum ( "o s*ool & ano!r4 ,?is w\ld be possible & probably c]ta9 "u ! s*eme propos$1 b b>r+ ?is1 x is surely an op5 "q :e!r ! pretty ?or\ghly /&>diz$ curriculum n[ 9 op]ation w\ld n be consid]ably modifi$ to advantage if x is recogniz$ t ! prime object ( education is "* r ?an m5tal tra9+ & ! fitt+ ( a pupil to obta9 a pay+ job on graduation4 ,f my own po9t ( view ! answ] is 9 a vocif]\s affirmative4 ,i sugge/ ! dra/ic r$uction ( ! v sup]ficial sci5ce c\rses 9 all s*ools up to & includ+ ! high s*ool1 c]ta9ly 9 *emi/ry1 physics & biology1 b p]haps ) "s add$ emphasis on a/ronomy1 geology & botany4 ,hi/ory %\ld become "o ( ! fundam5tal subjects1 & ,engli%1 bo? be+ taught = _! humani/ic value & n z ex]cises 9 memory or = ! purpose ( mak+ a /ud5t a sort ( diction>y ( dates4 ,?is w\ld require a consid]able rewrit+ ( hi/ory text books1 z well z a correspond+ *ange 9 ! me?ods ( tea*+1 b aft] all1 are n ^! bo? consummations dev\tly to be wi%$4 ,!re are few hi/ories l ,mr4 ,*e/]ton's ,%ort ,hi/ory ( ,engl&1 un=tunately4 ,"o w\ld1 p]haps1 h>dly comm5d ?is /imulat+ book z a suffici5t /atem5t ( ,engli% hi/ory = g5]al use 9 s*ools1 b its approa* is :olly "r & x possesses ! s+ul> virtue ( int]e/4 ,ano!r ?+ t comm5ds x is ! fact t :ile x runs f ,caes> to ,mr4 ,lloyd ,george1 x conta9s1 ,i believe1 only sev5 specific dates1 ?ree ( :i* are possibly wrong4 ,?is is z x %\ld be--n ! inaccuracies b ! comm5dable frugality 9 po9t ( numb]4 ,dates1 ap>t f a few key ye>s1 are ( small hi/orical importance2 s are ! details ( palace intrigues & milit>y campaigns4 ,hi/ory is1 or %\ld be1 life express$ 9 t]ms ( romance1 & x is ( little mom5t :e!r ! n>rat$ incid5ts are e/abli%$ by docum5t>y evid5ce or :e!r !y are contempor>y leg5d q unsub/antiat$ by :at are kn[n 7& ov]e/imat$7 z facts4 ,!re is m ( ! real ,middle ,ages 9 ,mallory's ,mort d',ar?ur ?an !re is 9 all ,hallam1 & ! same anti!sis c be e/abli%$ = ne>ly all o!r p]iods ( hi/ory4 ,! hi/ory ( man is "o great dramatic romance1 & s us$ x may be made p]haps ! mo/ /imulat+ ag5cy 9 education z "* developm5t4 ,i d n mean romance 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ,mr4 ,wells takes x1 t is to say1 ! dramatic assembl+ & clev] cord9ation ( unsub/antiat$ !ories1 p]sonal pref]5ces1 prejudices & av]sions1 "u ! guise ( solemn & irrefutable tru? atte/$ by all ! exact sci5ces kn[n to man1 b romance :i* aims l any o!r art at communicat+ f "o p]son to ano!r some?+ ( ! inn] & ess5tial quality ( life z x has be5 liv$1 ev5 if ! mat]ial us$ is textually d\btful or ev5 probably apocryphal4 ,! deadly enemy ( good1 s\nd hi/ory is sci5tific hi/orical criticism4 ,! true hi/ory is romantic tradition2 ! /imulat+ ?+1 ! tale t makes ! blood leap1 ! pictorial incid5t t raises up 9 an in/ant ! lum9\s vision ( "s great ?+ t once 04 ,i w\ld n ex*ange ,kit ,m>l[e's ,is ?is ! face t laun*$ a ?\s& %ips ,& burnt ! topless t[]s ( ,ilium8 = all ! critical comm5t>ies ( ,teutonic p$ants on ! "* & attributes ( ,hel5 ( ,troy z ^! h 7to !m7 be5 reveal$ by ar*aeological inve/igations4 ,i d>e say t ,bi%op ,/4 ,remi ( ,reims nev] said 9 s _m words ,b[ ?y pr\d head1 ,sicambrian2 de/roy :at ?\ ha/ wor%ipp$1 wor%ip :at ?\ ha/ de/roy$1 & t ! ,m]ov+ mon>* did n g !nce to issue an ord] ( ! day t ! army %\ld =?) m>* d[n to ! riv] & be baptiz$ by battalions2 b !re is ! cle>1 un=gettable picture ( ! times & ! m51 & x w rema9 aft] ! _w has =gott5 t "s "o has prov$ t ,/4 ,remi nev] met ,clovis1 & t he himself 0 probably only a v>iant ( ! great & orig9al sun-my?4 ,closely alli$ ) ! tea*+ ( hi/ory & =m+ a l9k z x 7 ) ! tea*+ ( ,engli%1 is a bran* ( /udy at pres5t un=mulat$ & unkn[n1 b1 ,i am conv9c$1 ( great importance 9 education z a me?od ( "* developm5t4 ,life has always focus$ 9 great p]sonalities1 & =mal hi/ory has recogniz$ ! fact :ile %[+ little discretion1 & sometimes v defective judgm5t1 9 ! *oices x has made4 ,a pa/ p]iod becomes our own 9 s f> z we translate x ?r\gh its p]sonalities & its art2 ! orig9al docum5ts matt] little1 except :5 !y become mislead+1 z !y frequ5tly d1 :5 read ?r\gh contempor>y spectacles4 ,n[ ! great figures ( a "t are n only pr9ces & politicians1 conqu]ors & conspirators1 !y are q z apt to be ! knights & h]oes & brave g5tlem5 :o held no conspicu\s position 9 ,*ur* or /ate4 ,i ?9k we ne$ :at might be call$ ,! ,gold5 ,book ( ,knigh?ood--or a s]ies ( text books adapt$ to elem5t>y & advanc$ s*ools--made up ( ! lives & de$s 7:e!r atte/$ by orig9al docum5ts1 or leg5d>y or ev5 fabul\s does n matt]7 ( ^? 9 all times1 & among/ all peoples1 :o 7 ! glory ( knigh?ood2 ! p>fait g5tyl ,knyghtes )\t fe> & )\t reproa*4 ,su* = example1 to g no f>!r back ?an ! ,*ri/ian ,era1 z ,/4 ,george & ,/4 ,m>t91 ,k+ ,ar?ur & ,launcelot & ,galahad1 ,*>les ,m>tel & ,rol&1 ,/4 ,l\is1 ,godfrey de ,b\illon & ,salad91 ! ,e>l ( ,/raf=d1 ,montrose & ,clav]h\se1 ! ,*evali] ,bay>d1 ,don ,john ( ,au/ria1 ,wa%+ton & ,rob]t ,lee & ,george ,wyndham4 ,^! are b a few names1 rememb]$ at r&om2 !re are scores besides1 & ,i ?9k t !y %\ld be held up to hon\r & emulation ?r\gh\t ! =mative p]iod ( y\?4 ,aft] all1 !y became1 dur+ ! ye>s :5 ^! qualities 7 exalt$1 ! p]sonification ( ! ideals ( hon\r & *ivalry1 ( compassion & g5]osity1 ( s]vice & self-sacrifice & c\rtesy1 & ^!1 ! qualifications ( a g5tleman & a man or hon\r1 are1 ) ! religion t fo/]$ !m1 & ! practice ( t religion1 ! j objective ( education4 ,mu* ( all ?is c ev5 n[ be taught ?r\gh a judici\s use ( ! opportunities (f]$ in/ructors 9 ,engli%1 :e!r ?is is ?r\gh ! grad$ read]s ( elem5t>y education1 or ! m ext5d$ c\rses 9 colleges & univ]sities4 ,v frequ5tly ^! opportunities are ignor$1 & w be until we a*ieve some?+ ( a new ori5tation 9 ! matt] ( tea*+ ,engli%4 ,n[ x may be ,i hold a va9 & unt5able view ( ?is subject1 b ,i am will+ to confess t ,i believe ! object ( tea*+ ,engli% is ! unlock+ ( ! treasures ( ?\ght1 "* & emotion pres]v$ 9 ! writt5 records ( ! tongue1 & ! ar\s+ ( a desire to "k & assimilate ^! treasures on ! "p ( ! pupil4 ,i am v sure t ,engli% %\ld n be taught z a ?+ end+ 9 ology1 n z an intricate sci5ce ) all sorts ( laws & rules & exceptions2 n z a sy/em :]eby ! little *ildr5 ( ! ,ghetto1 & ! (fspr+ ( ,pittsburgh millionaires1 & ! spectacl$ infant elect ( ,beacon ,hill may all be rais$ to ! po9t :]e !y c write ) acceptable flu5cy ! *isel$ phrases ( ,mat!w ,arnold1 ! cad5c$ ,lat9ity ( ,sir ,?omas ,br[ne1 ! sonor\s measures ( ,bol+broke or ! di/+ui%$ & resonant p]iods ( ! ,k+ ,james ,bible4 ,su* an aim z ?is w always result 9 failure4 ,! ,engli% language is ! great /oreh\se ( ! ri* ?\ght & ! burn+ emotion ( ! ,engli% race1 & all ?is1 z x has issu$ out ( "*1 works t[>ds ! developm5t ( "*1 :5 x is made op]ative 9 new g5]ations4 ,!re is no o!r language b ,lat9 t has pres]v$ s great a weal? ( invaluable ?+s1 & ,engli% is taught 9 ord] t x all may be m available ?r\gh t appreciation t comes f famili>ity4 ,!re is no nobl] record 9 ! _w3 f ,*auc] d[n to ! mod]ns is "o spl5did sequ5ce ( "*-revelations ?r\gh a p]fect b v>i$ art1 = lit]ature is also a f9e art1 & "o ( ! greate/ ( all4 ,is x n fair to say t ! *ief duty ( ! tea*] ( ,engli% is to lead ! /ud5t to l great lit]ature1 to f9d x & enjoy x = himself1 & ?r\gh x to come to ! lik+ ( great ideas8 ,9 ! old days !re 0 an hi/orical1 or r ar*aeological1 me?od t 0 popul>2 also an analytical & gramm>ian me?od4 ,!re 0 also ! philological me?od :i* 0 q ! wor/ ( all & _h almo/ z deva/at+ results z 9 ! case ( ,lat94 ,x almo/ seems z ?\gh ,engli% 7 be+ taught = ! production ( a community ( highly specializ$ tea*]s4 ,no "o w\ld n[ g back to any ( ^? qua9t & ar*aic ways digg$ up out ( ! dim & remote pa/ ( ! ,x,i,xth c5tury4 ,we %\ld all agree1 ,i ?9k1 t = g5]al education1 specializ$ te*nical k is unimportant & sci5tific int5sive me?ods unju/ifiable4 ,= "o /ud5t :o w turn out a tea*] !re are five hundr$ t w be j simple vot]s1 wage-e>n]s1 read]s ( ! ,saturday ,ev5+ ,po/ & ! ,new ,republic1 memb]s ( ! ,f\r? ,presbyt]ian ,*ur* or ! ,e?ical ,society1 & respectable heads ( families4 ,! ,s*ool ( ,p$agogy has its own me?ods 7,i am giv5 to und]/&71 b "u correction ,i submit !y are n ^? ( g5]al education4 ,%all ,i put ! :ole ?+ 9 a phrase & say t ! object ( tea*+ ,engli% is to get "y p to l good ?+s8 ,y may say ?is is ,engli% ,lit]ature1 n ,engli%4 ,are ! two s v f> ap>t8 ,engli% z a language is taught to make lit]ature available4 ,example is bett] ?an precept4 ,read+ good lit]ature = ! love ( x w br+ 9 ! habit ( grammatical speak+ & writ+ f> m effectively ?an :at is kn[n z a ?or\gh gr\nd+ 9 ! pr9ciples ( ,engli% gramm>4 ,i d\bt if ! k (1 & facility 91 ,engli% c be built up on su* a basis2 r ! laws %\ld be d$uc$ f examples4 ,philology1 etymology1 syntax are d]ivatives1 n f\ndations4 ,practice makes p]fect is a say+ t ne$s to be foll[$ by ! old s*ola/ic def5sive di/+uo4 ,practice 9 read+1 r ?an practice 9 writ+1 makes good ,engli% composition possible4 ,! daily !me may be ov]done2 x is ( little use unless ?\ght keeps ahead ( ! p54 ,i w\ld plead !n = ! tea*+ ( ,engli% aft] a fa%ion t w reveal great ?\ghts & /imulate to great] life1 ?r\gh ! noble art ( ,engli% lit]ature & ! p]fectly illogical b altoge!r admirable ,engli% language4 ,! function ( education is to make /ud5ts feel1 ?9k & act1 aft] a fa%ion t increas+ly reveals & utilizes ! be/ t is 9 !m1 & increas+ly s]ves ! uses ( society1 & bo? hi/ory & ,engli% c be s taught z to help t[>ds ! accompli%m5t ( ^! ends4 ,!re is ano!r factor t may be s us$1 b ,i confess ,i %all speak ( x ) "s hesitation4 ,x is at pres5t1 & has be5 = ages1 entirely outside ! possibility ev5 ( consid]ation1 & 9 a s5se t goes beyond ! g5]al ignor+ ( religion1 = :ile ,ca?olics1 :o =m ! great majority ( ,*ri/ians1 /ill hold to religion z a prime elem5t 9 education1 !re are none--or only a m9ority s small z to be negligible--:o give a ?\ght to art 9 ?is connection4 ,i br+ =w>d ! ^w1 & ! ?+ x repres5ts1 ) diffid5ce1 ev5 apologetically3 inde$1 x is p]haps bett] to r5\nce ! ^w altoge!r & sub/itute ! t]m beauty1 = dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury art got a bad "n1 n altoge!r undes]v$ly1 & ! disrepute l+]s4 ,s long z beauty is an in/9ct native to m5 7& x 0 ?is1 except = v brief & p]iodic int]vals1 until h>dly m ?an a c5tury ago1 ?\gh latt]ly 9 a vani%+ =m71 x is :olesome1 /imulat+ & indisp5sable1 b :5 x becomes self-consci\s1 :5 x f9ds itself ! possession ( a few highly diff]5tiat$ individuals in/ead ( ! attribute ( man z su*1 !n x t5ds to deg5]ate into some?+ abnormal &1 9 its la/ e/ate1 bo? futile & unclean4 ,9 its good e/ate1 z = example 9 ,greece1 ,byzantium1 ! ,middle ,ages1 & 9 ,ori5tal c\ntries until ! la/ few decades1 beauty 0 s natural an object ( endeav\r & a mode ( expression1 & its univ]sality result$ 9 s *>act]i/ic an environm5t1 x 0 unnecess>y to talk ab\t x v mu*1 or to give any p>ticul> ?\ght to ! educational value ( ! arts :i* 7 its manife/ation ?r\gh & to man1 or h[ ?is 0 to be appli$4 ,! ?+s 7 !re1 ev]y:]e at h&2 ! temples & *ur*es1 ! pa9t+ & ! sculpture & ! works ( h&icraft2 ! music & poetry & drama1 ! c]emonial & co/ume ( daily life1 bo? secul> & religi\s1 ! v cities 9 :i* m5 congregat$ & ! villages 9 :i* !y 7 disp]s$4 ,beauty1 9 all its concrete =ms ( art1 0 highly valu$1 almo/ z highly z religion or lib]ty or bodily heal?1 b !n x 0 a "p ( normal life & !re=e tak5 = grant$4 ,n[ all is *ang$4 ,= j an hundr$ ye>s 7! process def9itely began "h 9 ,am]ica betwe5 #ahbj & #ahbc7 we h be5 elim9at+ beauty z an attribute ( life & liv+ until1 dur+ ! la/ two g5]ations1 x is true to say t ! in/9ctive impulse ( ! race z a :ole is t[>ds ugl9ess 9 ^? categories ( creation & appreciation :]e =m]ly x _h be5 t[>ds beauty4 ,( c\rse ! coroll>y ( ?is 0 ! driv+ ( ! unhappy man 9 :om 0 born "s belat$ impulse t[>ds ! appreh5d+ ( beauty & its visible expression 9 "s art1 back ^u himself1 until1 consci\s ( 8 isolation & confid5t ( 8 own sup]iority1 he n only made 8 art a =m ( purely p]sonal expression 7or ev5 ( exposure71 b held himself to be1 & s conduct$ himself1 z a be+ ap>t1 = :om ! laws ( ! h]d 7 n1 & to :om all m5 %\ld b[4 ,! sep>ation ( art f life is only less disa/r\s 9 its results ?an ! sep>ation ( religion f life1 p>ticul>ly s9ce ) ! =m] w5t ! sep>ation ( art 7& !re=e ( beauty7 f its immemorial alliance ) religion4 ,x 0 bad = art1 x 0 bad = religion1 & x 0 wor/ ( all = life itself4 ,beyond a c]ta9 po9t man _c live 9 & ) & ?r\gh ugl9ess1 nor c society endure "u su* conditions1 & ! fact is t1 h[ev] x came to pass1 mod]n civilization has function$ ?r\gh explicit ugl9ess1 & ! environm5t x has made = its vot>ies & its rebels indiff]5tly1 is unique 9 its palpable hide\sness2 f ! clo!s x we>s & ! motives x extols1 to ! cities x builds1 & ! /ructures !re91 & ! s*eme ( life t romps along 9 its ru?less c>e] )9 ! sordid suburbs t take ! place ( ! once enclos+ walls4 ,& ! defiant & segregat$ arti/s1 mortu>y art museums1 ! expos$ /atues & hidd5 pictures1 ! op]a subsidiz$ by high society1 & ! arts & crafts societies & ! art magaz9es & art s*ools & clubs & city beautiful committees1 only seem to make ! contra/ m app>5t & ! desp]ate nature ( ! situation m pr(\nd4 ,x is a new situation altoge!r1 & n[h]e 9 hi/ory is !re any record$ prec$5t to :i* we c return = c\ncil & example1 = no?+ q ( ! same sort ev] happ5$ be=e4 ,x is also a problem ( :i* =mal education mu/ take cognizance1 = ! lack is "o :i* mu/ someh[ be suppli$1 :ile x reveals an a/oni%+ lacuna 9 life t means a new defici5cy 9 ! unconsci\s education ( man t r5d]s him ineffective 9 life2 defective ev51 x may be1 unless f "s s\rce he c acquire some?+ ( :at 9 ! pa/ life itself c\ld af=d4 ,inde$ x is n m]ely a negative influ5ce we deal )1 b a positive1 =1 to p>aphrase a little1 ugly associations corrupt good morals4 ,y\? is beat5 ^u at _m po9ts by ?+s t n only look ugly1 b are1 & z 9 compassion we are b\nd to (f] "s new ag5cy to fill a lack1 s 9 self-def5ce we mu/ take ?\ght z to h[ ! evil influ5ce ( contemporane\sness is to be nullifi$ & its results correct$4 ,i confess ! me?od seems to me to lean m closely to ! indirect influ5ce r ?an ! direct4 ,x is d\btful if art c really be taught 9 any s5se2 ! inh]5t s5se ( beauty c be fo/]$ & an inh]5t aptitude develop$1 b t is ab\t all4 ,z = ! build+ up ( a non-pr(essional passion = art ,i am q sure x _c be done1 & %\ld h>dly be attempt$1 & v likely ! same is true ( ! application ( beauty4 ,text books on ,h[ to ,und]/& ?is art or t are int]e/+ v5tures into ab/ract !ory1 b !y are little m4 ,we mu/ always rememb] t art is a result1 n a product1 & t s5se ( beauty is a natural gift & n an accompli%m5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 mu* c be accompli%$ by indirection1 & by ?is ,i mean ! build+s & ! gr\nds & ! cultural adjuncts t are (f]$ by any s*ool or college4 ,! ord9>y type ( s*ool-h\se--prim>y1 gramm> or high s*ool--is1 9 its b>r5 ugl9ess & its b>b>\s effici5cy1 a v real outrage on dec5cy1 & a few ,braun photographs & pla/] ca/s & pott$ plants avail no?+4 ,private s*ools & "s colleges--by no means all--are apt to be some:at bett]1 & "h ! improvem5t dur+ ! la/ t5 ye>s has be5 amaz+1 "o or two univ]sities hav+ acquir$ s+le build+s1 or gr\ps1 ( ! mo/ a/oni%+ ar*itectural beauty4 ,9 no case1 h[ev]1 has z yet complete unity be5 a*iev$1 :ile ! arts ( pa9t+1 sculpture1 music & ! drama1 z vital & op]ative & p]vasive influ5ces1 lag f> beh9d1 & =mal religion ) its liturgies & c]emonial1 its con/ant & v>i$ s]vices & its f9e & appeal+ pageantry--religion :i* is ! greate/ vitaliz+ & /imulat+ =ce 9 beauty is h>dly t\*$ at all4 ,bad art ( any k9d is bad any:]e1 b 9 any type ( educational in/itution1 f ! k9d]g>t5 to ! po/ graduate college1 x is worse & less excusable ?an x is else:]e1 unless x be 9 association ) religion1 :ile ! abs5ce ( beauty at ! in/igation ( p>simony or effici5cy is j z bad4 ,i am firmly p]suad$ t we ne$1 n m c\rses ( /udy b m beautiful environm5t = s*ol>s "u in/ruction4 ,i h t\*$ cursorily on c]ta9 elem5ts 9 education :i* ne$ ei!r a new emphasis or an altoge!r new int]pretation2 religion1 hi/ory1 art1 b ?is does n mean t ! same treatm5t %\ld n be accord$ else:]e4 ,!re are c]ta9 /udies t %\ld be reviv$1 su* z =mal logic1 !re are o!rs t ne$ imm$iate & complete re/oration1 z ,lat9 = example1 !re are _m1 *iefly along sci5tific & vocational l9es1 t c\ld well be m9imiz$1 or 9 "s cases disp5s$ ) altoge!r3 "o might g on indef9itely on ?is l9e1 h[ev]1 weigh+ & te/+ /udies 9 relation to _! "*-value1 b c]ta9ly en\gh has already be5 said to indicate ! po9t ( view ,i w\ld urge = consid]ation4 ,be=e ,i close1 h[ev]1 ,i want to t\* on two po9ts t arise 9 connection ) college education1 if1 ev5 = ! sake ( argum5t1 we admit t ! prim>y object ( all =mal education is ! education ( ! "*-capacity 9 ea* individual4 ,( ^! two1 ! fir/ has to d ) ! college curriculum1 b ,i ne$ to devote little "t to ?is = ! pr9ciple has already be5 develop$ & appli$ 9 a s+ul>ly /imulat+ & lucid book call$ ,! ,lib]al ,college1 by ,presid5t ,meiklejohn ( ,amh]/1 to :i* ,i beg to ref] y4 ,! s*eme is a rem>kable bl5d+ ( ! prescrib$ & ! elective sy/ems1 & provides = ! fre%man ye> five compulsory /udies1 viz43 ,social & ,economic ,in/itutions1 ,ma!matics & ,=mal ,logic1 ,sci5ce1 ,engli% & ,=eign ,languages2 = ! sophomore ye> ,european ,hi/ory1 ,philosophy1 ,sci5ce1 ,lit]ature1 & "o elective2 = ! junior ye> ,am]ican ,hi/ory1 ,hi/ory ( ,?\ght & two electives1 & = ! s5ior ye> "o requir$ /udy1 ,intellectual & ,moral ,problems1 & "o elective1 ! latt]1 :i* takes two-?irds ( ! /ud5t's "t1 mu/ be a cont9uation ( "o ( ! f\r subjects includ$ 9 ! junior ye>4 ,x seems to me t ?is is a s+ul>ly wise programme1 s9ce x n only det]m9es ! few /udies :i* are fundam5tal1 & imposes !m on ! /ud5t 9 dim9i%+ numb] z he advances 9 8 "w1 b x also provides = t fre$om ( *oice :i* p]mits any /ud5t to f9d out & cont9ue ! p>ticul> l9e along :i* 8 incl9ations lead him to travel1 until 8 s5ior ye> is *iefly giv5 ov] to ! fulle/ possible developm5t ( ! special subject4 ,! fad = free electives all along ! l9e 0 "o ( ^? curi\s ph5om5a1 bo? humor\s & tragic1 t grew out ( ! evolution>y philosophy & ! empirical democracy ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 & x wr\ght disa/]1 :ile ! ironclad curriculum t prec$$ x 0 almo/ z bad along an opposite l9e4 ,?is project ( ,dr4 ,meiklejohn's seems to me to recognize life z a =ce & to base itself on ?is sure f\ndation in/ead ( on ! %ift+ s&s ( doctr9aire !ory1 & if ?is is s !n x is "r4 ,= aft] all !re is su* a ?+ z life1 & x is m pot5t ?an !ory z x also has a way ( disreg>d+ or ev5 sma%+ ! ma*9e4 ,x is ?is =ce ( life t %\ld be m reg>d$ 9 education1 & m reli$ ^u4 ,x is ! liv+ 9 a s*ool or a college t c\nts m ?an a curriculum2 ! association ) o!rs1 /ud5ts & tea*]s1 ! communal life1 ! common adv5tures & scrapes1 ! common sports1 yes1 & z x w be sometime1 ! common wor%ip4 ,x is ?r\gh ^! t life works & "* develops1 & to ?is developm5t & in/igation ( life ! s*ool & college %\ld "w m assidu\sly1 m9imiz+ = ! mom5t ! problems ( curricula & p$agogic me?ods4 ,if ,i am "r 9 ?is !re is no place = ! correspond5ce s*ool1 :ile ! college or univ]sity t numb]s its /ud5ts by ?\s&s becomes at lea/ ( d\btful value1 & p]haps impossible4 ,9 any case x seems to me self-evid5t t a college1 :atev] its numb]s1 mu/ h1 z its primal & ess5tial units1 self-conta9$ gr\ps ( n m ?an #aej /ud5ts segregat$ 9 _! own resid5tial quad1 ) its common-room1 refectory & *apel1 & ) a c]ta9 numb] ( faculty memb]s 9 resid5ce1 ! :ole be+ unit$ "u "o head4 ,!re may be p]haps no reason :y1 grant+ ?is unit sy/em1 ^! %\ld n be multipli$ 9 numb] until ! :ole /ud5t body is z great z t ( a we/]n /ate univ]sity today1 b to me ! idea is abhorr5t ( an univ]sity ) five or t5 ?\s& /ud5ts all jo/l+ toge!r ,9 "o in*oate mass1 eat+ 9 num]ical mobs1 assembl+ 9 social unions z l>ge z a metropolitan hotel & almo/ z homelike1 or tak+ refuge = safety f m]e numb]s 9 clubs1 frat]nities & secret societies4 ,a college su* z ?is is a mob1 n an organism1 & z a mob x ought to be put d[n4 ,i said at ! outset ( ?is lecture t we c\ld n lay ! pres5t failure ( civilization to ! doors ( education1 h[ev] great its %ortcom+s1 = ! causes lay deep] ?an ?is4 ,i ma9ta9 t ?is is true2 & yet =mal education c n escape sca!less1 = x has fail$ to admit ?is decl9e :ile ackn[l$g+ ! claim set up = x t x c\ld & w\ld a*ieve ?is end4 ,c]ta9ly x w incur a heavy responsibility if x does n at once recognize ! fact t :ile x c n d ! half t has be5 claim$ = x1 x c d f> m ?an x is do+ n[1 & t 9 a v l>ge degree ! future does dep5d = its hon\r or its degradation on ! "p =mal education is to p]=m at ! pres5t crisis4 ,to d ?is x mu/ execute a volte face & confess t x c only develop inh]5t pot5tial1 n create capacity1 & t ! prim>y object ( its activities mu/ be n ! /all-fe$+ ( intellect & ! practical prep>ation = a bus9ess c>e]1 b ! fo/]+ & ! build+ up ( ! p]sonal "* t d5otes ! ,*ri/ian g5tleman4 ,i d n ?9k t ,i c d bett] = a conclusion ?an to quote f ! ,philosophy ( ,education by ! late ,dr4 ,?omas ,edw>d ,%ields4 ,! un*ang+ aim ( ,*ri/ian education is1 & always has be51 to put ! pupil into possession ( a body ( tru? d]iv$ f nature & f ,div9e ,revelation1 f ! concrete "w ( man's h& & f ! cont5t ( human spee*1 9 ord] to br+ 8 conduct into con=mity ) ,*ri/ian ideals & ) ! /&>ds ( ! civilization ( 8 day4 ,*ri/ian education1 !re=e1 aims at trans=m+ native in/9cts :ile pres]v+ & enl>g+ _! p[]s4 ,x aims at br++ ! fle% "u ! control ( ! _s4 ,x draws ^u ! exp]i5ce & ! wisdom ( ! race1 ^u ,div9e ,revelation & ^u ! p[] ( ,div9e grace1 9 ord] t x may br+ ! conduct ( ! individual into con=mity ) ,*ri/ian ideals & ) ! /&>ds ( ! civilization ( ! day4 ,x aims at ! developm5t ( ! :ole man1 at ! pres]vation ( unity & cont9uity 9 8 consci\s life2 x aims at trans=m+ man's native egotism to altruism2 at develop+ ! social side ( 8 nature to su* an ext5t t he may reg>d all m5 z 8 bro!rs2 %>+ ) !m ! common ,fa!rhood ( ,god4 ,9 "o ^w1 x aims at trans=m+ a *ild ( ! fle% into a *ild ( ,god4 ,,vii ,,! ,,problem ,,( ,,organic ,,religion ,if philosophy is ! sci5ce ( ! totality ( ?+s1 & !y are call$ wise :o put ?+s 9 _! "r ord] & control !m well1 !n x is religion1 above all o!r factors & pot5cies1 t ent]s 9 to reveal ! "r relation%ips & /&>ds ( value1 & to contribute ! r$emptive & en]giz+ =ce t makes possible ! adequate control :i* is ! second factor 9 ! conduct ( ! man t is call$ wise4 ,philosophy & religion are n to be conf\nd$2 religion is suffici5t 9 itself & develops its own philosophy1 b ! latt] is n suffici5t 9 itself1 & :5 x assumes ! functions & pr]ogatives ( religion1 x br+s disa/]4 ,religion is ! =ce t relates action to life4 ,( c\rse x has o!r aspects1 high] 9 ess5ce & m impalpable 9 quality1 b x is ?is fir/ aspect ,i %all deal )1 because ,i am n n[ speak+ ( religion z a purely spiritual p[] b only ( its quality z ! great coord9ator ( human action1 ! p[] t e/abli%es a "r ratio ( values & gives ! capacity = "r control4 ,:e!r we accept ! religion ( ! ,middle ,ages or n2 :e!r we look on ! p]iod z "o ( high & edify+ ,*ri/ian civilization1 or z a "t ( ignorance & sup]/ition1 we are b\nd to admit t society 9 its physical1 intellectual & spiritual aspects 0 highly organiz$1 & coord9at$ aft] a mo/ ma/]ly fa%ion4 ,x 0 m ne>ly an unit1 function+ lucidly & consi/5tly1 ?an any?+ ! _w has kn[n s9ce ! ,roman ,empire4 ,:atev] its defects1 lack ( coh]5cy 0 n "o ( !m4 ,life 0 n divid$ into wat]-tight comp>tm5ts1 b mov$ on z a consi/5t :ole4 ,failures 7 con/ant1 = ! _w ev5 !n 0 made up ( m51 b ! ideal 0 p]fectly cle>-cut1 ! pr9ciples exactly se5 & explicitly =mulat$2 life 0 organic1 consi/5t1 highly articulat$1 & )al z full ( ! passion ( aspiration t[>ds an ultimate ideal z 0 ! ,go?ic ca!dral :i* is its p]fect exempl>4 ,! reason = ?is coh]5cy & consi/5cy 0 ! univ]sal recognition & acceptance ( religion z ! "o en]giz+ & /&>diz+ =ce 9 life1 ! p>ticul> k9d ( religion t !n prevail$1 & ! organic p[] :i* ?is religion _h e/abli%$2 t is to say1 ! ,*ur* z an op]ative in/itution4 ,s long z ?is condition obta9$1 :i* 01 r\ghly speak+1 = ?ree hundr$ ye>s1 f ! ,truce ( ,god 9 #ajda to ! beg9n+ ( ! ,babylonian ,captivity ( ! ,papacy at ,avignon 9 #acji1 !re 0 sub/antial unity 9 life1 b z soon z x 0 %ak51 ?is unity began to break up into a div]sity t accompli%$ a condition ( *aos1 at & ar\nd ! op5+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 :i* only yield$ to ! absolutism ( ! ,r5aissance1 de/9$ 9 its turn to break up into a second condition ( *aos "u ! influ5ce ( indu/rialism1 ,puritanism & revolution4 ,s9ce ! accompli%m5t ( ! ,re=mation1 ?is function ( religion has nev] be5 re/or$ to society 9 any degree comp>able ) t :i* x ma9ta9$ dur+ ! ,middle ,ages4 ,! ,c\nt]-,re=mation pres]v$ ! in/itution itself 9 ! ,m$it]ranean l&s1 b x did n re/ore its old spiritual p[] 9 its entirety4 ,among/ ! peoples t accept$ ! ,re=mation ! new religion assum$ = a "t ! au?ority ( ! old1 b ! c5trifugal =ce inh]5t 9 its nature soon split ! re=m$ *ur*es into myriad fragm5ts1 s de/roy+ _! p[] ( action1 :ile ! ab&onm5t ( ! sacram5tal sy/em progressively weak5$ _! dynamic =ce4 ,z x _h f ! fir/ comp\nd$1 "u compulsion1 ) absolutism & tyranny1 s 9 ! end x compromis$ ) ! cruelty1 selfi%ness1 inju/ice & av>ice ( indu/rialism1 & :5 f9ally ?is a*iev$ _w supremacy1 & physical sci5ce1 mat]iali/ic philosophy & social revolution ent]$ ! field z co-combatants1 x no long] possess$ a suffici5t orig9al p[] ei!r ( resi/ance or ( re-creative en]gy4 ,religion is 9 itself n ! reaction ( ! human m9d1 "u process ( evolution1 to c]ta9 physical /imuli ( exp]i5ce & ph5om5a1 x is sup]natural 9 t its s\rce is outside nature2 x is a manife/ation ( ! grace ( ,god1 & z su* x _c be br\ght into exi/5ce by any consci\s action ( man or by any ( 8 works4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x c be fo/]$ & pres]v$1 or debilitat$ & disp]s$1 by ^! human acts & in/itutions1 & 9 ! same way man himself may be made m receptive to ?is div9e grace1 or turn$ aga9/ x1 by ! same ag5cies1 ! tea*+s ( ,dr4 ,john ,calv9 to ! contr>y not)/&+4 ,?is is "p ( ! ,ca?olic doctr9e ( free-w z oppos$ to ! sixte5?-c5tury dogma ( pr$e/9ation :i*1 di/ort$ & degrad$ f ! doctr9e ( ,/4 ,paul & ,/4 ,augu/9e1 play$ s l>ge a "p 9 t trans=mation ( ! ,*ri/ian religion f :i* we h suff]$ ev] s9ce4 ,god (f]s ! free gift ( religion & ( fai? to e *ild ( man1 b ! recipi5t mu/ coop]ate if ! gift is to be accept$4 ,! ,*ur*1 t is to say1 ! sup]natural organism t is giv5 mat]ial =m 9 "t & space & op]ates ?r\gh human ag5cies1 is = ?is reason subject to great vicissitudes1 n[ ris+ to ! highe/ level ( righte\sness & p[]1 n[ s9k+ into dep?s ( unrighte\sness & impot5ce4 ,no?+1 h[ev]1 c affect ! validity & ! pot5cy ( its sup]natural cont5t & its sup]natural *annels ( grace4 ,^! rema9 unaffect$1 :e!r ! human organism is exalt$ or debas$4 ,! sacram5ts & devotions & practices ( wor%ip1 are 9 !mselves z pot5t if a ,borgia sits 9 ! *air ( ,/4 ,pet] z !y are if a ,hildebr&1 & ,innoc5t ,,iii or a ,leo ,,xiii is ! occupant2 nev]!less e weak5+ or degradation ( ! visible organism affects1 & inevitably1 ! attitude ( m5 t[>ds ! ?+ itself1 & :5 ?is decl5sion sets 9 & cont9ues un*eck$1 ! result is1 fir/1 a fall+ away & a discr$it+ ( religion t sometimes results 9 g5]al ab&onm5t1 & second--& aft] a "t--a new outp\r+ ( spiritual p[] t results 9 complete reg5]ation4 ,! ,*ur*1 9 its human manife/ation1 is z subject to ! rhy?mical rise & fall ( ! curr5ts ( life z is ! social organism or man himself1 !re=e x is n to be expect$ t x w pursue a c\rse ( ev5 exaltation1 or ma9ta9 a /atus t is impeccable4 ,n[ ! work+ out ( ?is law _h issue 9 a great decl9e t began ) ! ,exile at ,avignon & 0 n t]m9at$ until ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t4 ,9 ! dep? ( ?is cata/rophe came ! natural & righte\s revolt aga9/ ! manifold & intol]able abuses1 b1 l all re=m+ movem5ts t take on a revolution>y "*1 re=m & reg5]ation 7 soon =gott5 9 ! unlea%$ passion = de/ruction & innovation1 :ile ! new doctr9es ( emancipation f au?ority1 & ! "r ( private judgm5t 9 religi\s matt]s1 7 seiz$ ^u by sov]eigns *af+ "u ecclesia/ical control1 z a provid5tial means ( effect+ & e/abli%+ _! own indep5d5ce1 & s giv5 an importance1 & an ultimate victory t1 9 & by !mselves1 !y c\ld h>dly h a*iev$4 ,9 ! end x 0 ! secul> & autocratic /ate t reap$ ! victory1 n ! re=m$ religion1 :i* 0 fir/ us$ z a tool & !n ab&on$ to its inevitable break-up into numb]less antagoni/ic sects1 "s ( !m reta9+ a measure ( ! old fai? & polity1 o!rs repres5t+ all ! illit]acy & unc\?ness & fanaticism ( ! new racial & social factors z ^! em]g$ at long la/ f ! subm]g5ce & ! oppression t _h be5 _! fate ) ! dissolution ( ,m$iaevalism4 ,mean:ile ! ,roman ,*ur* :i* /ood rigidly = hi/oric ,*ri/ianity & _h be5 pres]v$ by ! ,c\nt]-,re=mation to ! ,m$it]ranean /ates1 cont9u$ b\nd to ! autocratic & highly c5traliz$ adm9i/rative sy/em t _h become univ]sal among secul> p[]s dur+ ! decad5ce ( ,m$iaevalism1 & f :i* x _h tak5 its col\r1 & x kept ev5 pace = ! future ) ! progressive int5sification ( ?is absolutism4 ,?is 0 natural1 ?\gh 9 _m respects deplorable1 & x c be safely said t adv]se criticism ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* today is bas$ only on qualities x acquir$ dur+ ! p]iod ( ,r5aissance autocracy & reviv$ paganism2 qualities t d n affect its ess5tial integrity or au?ority b d misrepres5t x be=e m51 & "w z a h&icap 9 its adaptability & 9 its "w ( w9n+ s\ls to ,*ri/ianity & re-e/abli%+ ! unity ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,=tunately ?is v immobility has sav$ x f a surr5d] to ! new =ces t 7 develop$ 9 secul> society dur+ ! la/ two c5turies1 z x did yield to ! compulsion ( ^? t 7 let loose 9 ! two t prec$$ !m4 ,x has nev] subject$ que/ions ( fai? & morals to popul> vote nor has x det]m9$ discipl9e by p>liam5t>y practice "u a well develop$ p>ty sy/em1 !re=e x has pres]v$ its unity1 its integrity & its j /&>d ( comp>ative values4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x has held s /ubbornly to "s ( ! ill ways ( ,r5aissance c5tralization1 :i* are 9 no s5se consonant ) its "*1 t x has fail$ to ret>d ! con/ant movem5t ( society away f a life :]e9 religion 0 ! dom9at+ & coord9at+ =ce1 :ile at ! pres5t crisis x is z yet h>dly m able ?an a divisive ,prote/antism to (f] ! reg5]ative en]gy t a desp]ate case dem&s4 ,i d n "k :e!r secul> society is responsible = ! decad5ce ( religion1 or ! decad5ce ( religion is responsible = ! failure ( secul> society1 nor does x p>ticul>ly matt]4 ,:at ,i am conc]n$ ) is a condition am\nt+ to almo/ complete sev]ance betwe5 ! two1 & h[ we may knit up ?is ravell$ sleeve ( life s t once m we may h an :olesome unity 9 place ( ! pres5t disunity2 = until ?is is accompli%$1 until once m religion ent]s into ! v m>r[ ( social be+1 ent]s ) all its p[]s ( judgm5t & det]m9ation & co-ord9ation & creative en]gy1 j s long %all we seek 9 va9 = our way out into ! ,great ,peace ( righte\s & consi/5t liv+4 ,( c\rse !re is only "o sure way1 "o me?od by :i* ?is1 & all our manifold difficulties1 c be resolv$1 & t is ?r\gh ! a*iev$ enlight5m5t ( ! individual4 ,z ,i h insi/$ 9 ea* ( ^! lectures1 salvation is n ?r\gh ma*9]y b ?r\gh ! individual s\l1 = x is life itself t is op]at+1 n ! in/rum5ts t man devises 9 8 +5uity4 ,yet ! me*anism is ( great value = ev5 itself may give aid & /imulus 9 ! p]sonal reg5]ative process1 or1 on ! contr>y1 x may det] ?is by ! confus+ & mislead+ influ5ces x creates4 ,!re=e we are b\nd to reg>d mat]ial re=ms1 & ( ^!1 z !y sugge/ !mselves 9 ! field ( organiz$ religion1 ,i propose to speak4 ,no "o w d5y ! progressive ali5ation ( life f religion t has develop$ s9ce ! ,re=mation & has n[ rea*$ a po9t ( almo/ complete sev]ance4 ,religion1 once a public preoccupation1 has n[ )drawn to ! fa/nesses ( ! individual s\l1 :5 x has n vani%$ altoge!r1 z x has 9 ! case ( ! majority ( citiz5s ( ?is ,republic 9 s f> z def9ite fai?1 explicit belief1 application1 practice & action are conc]n$4 ,9 ! h]mitage t "s /ill make )9 !mselves1 religion /ill lives on z ard5t & z pot5t & z reg5]ative z be=e1 b 9 g5]al1 if we are to judge f ! conduct ( rec5t life1 x is held1 :5 x is accept$ at all1 ) a c]ta9 =mality1 & is nei!r *]i%$ ) conviction nor all[$ to int]f]e ) ! ev]yday life ( ! practical man4 ,z a great ,engli% /atesman rem>k$ 9 ! la/ c5tury1 ,no "o has a high] reg>d = religion ?an ,i1 b :5 x comes to intrud+ x into public affairs1 well1 really--6 ,! situation is "o n unnaturally to be anticipat$1 = ! :ole c\rse ( religi\s1 secul> & sociological developm5t dur+ ! la/ few c5turies has be5 su* z to make any o!r result improbable4 ,i already h tri$ to %[ :at seem to me ! de/ructive factors1 secul>ly & sociologically4 ,z = ! factors 9 religi\s developm5t t h work$ t[>ds ! same end1 !y are1 fir/1 ! %att]+ ( ! unity ( ,*ri/5dom1 ) ! d5ial by ^? ( ! re=m$ religions ( ! exi/5ce ( a ,*ur*1 "o1 visible & ,ca?olic & infallible 9 matt]s ( fai? & morals2 second1 ! d5ial ( sacram5tal philosophy & ab&onm5t ( ! sacram5ts 7or all b "o1 or at mo/ two ( !m7 z in/rum5ts ( ,div9e ,grace2 ?ird1 ! surr5d] ( ! v>i\s religi\s organisms to ! compulsion ( ! mat]iali/ic1 worldly & opportuni/ factors 9 ! secul> life ( mod]nism4 ,! tru?s correspond+ to ^! ?ree errors are1 ,unity1 ,sacram5talism & ,unworldl9ess4 ,until ^! ?ree ?+s are won back1 ,*ri/ianity w fail ( its full mission1 society w cont9ue aimless1 uncord9ate & on ! v]ge ( disa/]1 life itself w lack ! mean+ & ! reality t give bo? joy 9 ! liv+ & victory 9 a*ievem5t1 :ile ! individual man w be gravely h&icapp$ 9 ! process ( p]sonal reg5]ation4 ,x is n my purpose to frame a g5]al indictm5t aga9/ p]sons & movem5ts1 b r to sugge/ c]ta9 ways & means ( possible recov]y1 & 9 g5]al ,i %all try to conf9e myself to t =m ( organiz$ religion to :i* ,i p]sonally adh]e1 t is to say1 ! ,anglican or ,episcopal ,*ur*1 p>tly because ( my bett] k ( its conditions1 & p>tly because :atev] is said may 9 mo/ cases be equally well appli$ to ! ,prote/ant d5om9ations4 ,! unity ( ! ,*ur*4 ,x is no long] necess>y to demon/rate ?is fundam5tal necessity4 ,! old days ( ! n9ete5? c5tury are gone1 ^? days :5 hone/ m5 vocif]\sly acclaim$ z hon\rable & glori\s ! dissid5ce ( diss5t & ! prote/antism ( ! ,prote/ant religion4 ,ev]yone kn[s n[1 ev]yone1 t is1 t accepts ,*ri/ianity1 t disunion is disgrace if n a v palpable s94 ,! desire = a re/or$ unity is almo/ univ]sal1 b e ef=t 9 ?is direction1 :atev] its s\rce1 meets ) failure1 & ! reason w\ld appe> to be t ! approa* is made f ! wrong direction4 ,9 e case ! individual is left alone1 8 p]sonal beliefs & practices are1 he is assur$1 jeal\sly gu>d$2 all t is ask$ is t "s me*anical amalgamation1 "s (ficial approximation %all be effect$4 ,free int]*ange ( pulpits1 a sy/em ( reciprocal re-ord9ation1 a m]g] ( *ur* prop]ty & p>sons1 an irr$ucible m9imum ( cr$al insi/5cies ^!1 & o!rs ev5 m +5i\sly compromis+1 are ! well-mean+ s*emes t are put =w>d1 & 9 ! process "o po9t aft] ano!r is surr5d]$1 z a quid pro quo = ! =mal & te*nical capitulation ( "s o!r religi\s gr\p4 ,x is demon/rable t ev5 if ^! well-mean+ approximations 7 receiv$ ) fav\r--& ?us f> no?+ ( ! k9d has appe>$--! result1 s f> z ess5tial unity is conc]n$1 w\ld be nil4 ,!re is a p]fectly def9ite l9e ( division betwe5 ! ,ca?olic & ! ,prote/ant1 & until ?is l9e is eras$ !re is no possible unity1 ev5 if ?is 7 only (ficial & adm9i/rative4 ,! ,ca?olic 7& 9 respect to ?is "o p>ticul> po9t ,i include "u ?is title memb]s ( ! ,roman1 ,anglican & ,ea/]n ,communions7 ma9ta9s & practices ! sacram5tal sy/em2 ! ,prote/ant does n4 ,!re is no reason1 !re is inde$ grave dang] ( sacrilege1 9 a jo9t reception ( ! ,holy ,communion by ^? :o look on x z a m]e symbol & ^? :o accept x z ! v ,body & ,blood ( ,*ri/4 ,prote/ant cl]gy are urg$ to accept ord9ation at ! h&s ( ,anglican bi%ops1 b ! plea is made on ! gr\nd ( ord]1 exp$i5cy1 & ! pres]vation ( tradition2 :]eas ! ,apo/olical succession 0 e/abli%$ & en=c$ n = ^! reasons b 9 ord] t ! grace ( ,god1 orig9ally imp>t$ by ,*ri/ ,himself1 may be cont9u$ ?r\gh ! l9es ,he orda9$1 = ! mak+ & commission+ ( prie/s :o h p[] to s]ve z ! *annels = ! accompli%+ ( ! div9e miracle ( ! ,holy ,eu*>i/1 to (f] ! et]nal ,sacrifice ( ! ,body & ,blood ( ,*ri/ = ! quick & ! dead1 & to remit ! p5alty ( s9s ?r\gh confession & absolution4 ,if ! lay+ on ( h&s by ! bi%op 7 solely a matt] ( tradition & discipl9e1 nei!r ,rome nor ! ,anglican ,communion w\ld be ju/ifi$ 9 hold+ to x z a condition ( unity2 if x is = ! transmission ( ! ,holy ,gho/ = ! mak+ ( a ,ca?olic prie/1 ) all t implies & has always impli$1 !n x is wrong1 ev5 9 ! int]e/s ( a =mal unity1 to (f] x to ^? :o believe nei!r 9 ! prie/hood nor 9 ! sacram5ts 9 ! ,ca?olic & hi/oric s5se4 ,! conv]sion ( ! individual mu/ take prec$5ce ( corporate action ( any sort4 ,:5 ! secul>i/ comes to believe 9 ! ,godhead ( ,*ri/ he w unite himself ) ! re/ ( ! fai?ful 9 a ,*ur* polity1 b he w n d ?is1 he has too mu* self-respect1 simply because he is told by "s ard5t b m9imiz+ p>son t he does n h to believe 9 ! ,div9ity ( ,*ri/ 9 ord] to jo9 ! *ur*4 ,:5 a ,prote/ant comes to accept ! sacram5tal sy/em1 to desire to p>ticipate 9 ! ,holy ,sacrifice ( ! alt>1 to make confession ( 8 s9s & receive absolution1 & to n\ri% & develop 8 spiritual nature by ! use ( ! devotions t h gr[n up dur+ n9ete5 hundr$ ye>s1 he w r5\nce 8 ,prote/antism1 :5 8 self-respect w\ld n p]mit him to d ?is j because he _h be5 assur$ t he ne$ n really *ange any ( 8 previ\s beliefs 9 ord] to ally himself ) a ,*ur* t _h bett] ar*itecture & a m arti/ic c]emonial1 & locally a high] social /&+4 ,:5 ,anglicans or ! ,ea/]n ,or?odox come to believe t a v]nacul> liturgy & a m>ri$ prie/hood & prov9cial autonomy are ( less importance ?an ,ca?olic unity1 & :5 ,roman ,ca?olics c see t ! same is ( great] mom5t ?an a rigid pres]vation ( ,r5aissance c5tralization & a cold non possumus 9 ! matt] ( ,ord]s1 !n ! way w be op5 = ! reunion ( ! ,we/1 :]e ?is op]ation _c be affect$ by =mal negotiations look+ t[>ds "s =m ( legali/ic concordat4 ,! evil h]itage ( ! sixte5? c5tury is /ill heavy ^u u1 & ?is h]itage is "o ( jeal\sy & hate1 n ( *>ity & tol]ation4 ,x is an h]itage ( legalism & te*nicalities1 ( self-w & individualism1 ( %ibbole?s t h become a dead lett]1 ( prejudices t are fo/]$ on di/ort$ hi/ory & ! propag&a ( ! self-seek+ & ! va94 ,! _s ( ,*ri/ is n 9 x1 b ! malice ( ,satan work+ ^u ! bett] natures ( m5 & ju/ify+ 9 ! "n ( consci5ce & pr9ciple :at are frequ5tly ! work+s ( self-w & pride & intellectual obsession4 ,?is is ! trag$y ( x all2 t ,prote/ants & ,anglicans & ,roman ,ca?olics are1 s f> z ! majority are conc]n$1 hone/ly conv9c$ t !y are "r 9 ma9ta9+ _! own divisiv5ess2 9 p]petuat+ an hundr$ ,prote/ant sects on ! basis ( "s v>iation 9 ! =m ( baptism or *ur* gov]nm5t or ! me?od ( conv]sion2 9 splitt+ up ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* because ( a ?\s& ye> old disagreem5t z to a clause 9 ! ,cre$ :i* has a te*nical & !ological significance only1 or because "o sector is alleg$ to h add$ unju/ifiably to ! ,fai? :ile ! o!r is alleg$ to h unju/ifiably tak5 away4 ,self-w & lack ( *>ity1 n love & ! common w z ^! are reveal$ to ! _w ?r\gh ! ,div9e ,w ( ,*ri/1 are work+ "h4 ,! mom5t>y triumph ( evil ov] good1 ! pass+ victory t yet means ! bani%m5t ( religion f ! _w1 & ! assurance ( disa/] /ill great] ?an t :i* is n[ ^u u unless e man b5ds all 8 en]gies to ! task ( mak+ ! w ( ,god prevail1 fir/ 9 himself1 & s 9 ! secul> & ecclesia/ical societies 9 & ?r\gh :i* he plays 8 "p 9 ! life ( ! _w--^! are ! fruits ( a divid$ ,*ri/5dom4 ,i hone/ly believe t ! fir/ real /ep t[>ds reunion w\ld be a prompt cessation ( ! :ole process ( criticism1 vilification & abuse1 "o ( ! o!r1 t n[ m>ks ! attitude ( :at are kn[n z *ur* p]iodicals4 ,roman1 ,anglican1 ,prote/ant1 are all alike1 = all ma9ta9 a consi/5t slang+ ( ea* o!r4 ,i h 9 m9d 9 p>ticul> weekly religi\s pap]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates :i* ma9ta9 dep>tm5ts almo/ :olly made up ( attacks on ,roman ,ca?olicism & ! d]ision ( incid5ts ( bad ta/e or illit]acy 9 ! ,prote/ant d5om9ations1 & o!rs :i* lose no opportunity to discr$it or abuse ! ,episcopal ,*ur* & ! ,prote/ant d5om9ations1 & f9ally a curi\sly malevol5t newspap] repres5t+ ! wor/ type ( ,prote/ant ignorance & prejudice1 :i* exi/s on its libel\s & indec5t & di%one/ assaults on ,ca?olicism :]ev] x may be f\nd4 ,^! are n alone1 = ! condition ( asc]bity & nagg+ is practically univ]sal4 ,x m]ely e*oes ! pulpit & a portion ( ! g5]al public4 ,we all "k ( ! s call$ *ur* 9 ,bo/on t is ! =um ( escap$ nuns & unfrock$ prie/s1 b 9 _m places ( bett] repute ! s]mon t bitt]ly attacks ,*ri/ian ,sci5ce1 or ,high ,*ur* ,episcopalianism1 or ! errors ( ,prote/antism g5]ally1 or ! usurpations ( ,rome is by no means unkn[n1 :ile else:]e ?an 9 ,irel&1 ! public z a :ole f9ds mu* pleasure 9 bat+ any religion t happ5s to diff] f its own1--or (f5ds its s5se ( ! uselessness ( all religion4 ,let u h a new ,truce ( ,god1 & = ! space ( a ye> let all cl]gy1 lectur]s1 newspap]s1 religi\s j\rnals1 & private individuals1 totally ab/a9 f sne]+ & ill-natur$ attacks on o!r religions & _! foll[]s4 ,c\ld ?is be accompli%$ a great] /ep w\ld be tak5 t[>ds ! reunion ( ,*ri/5dom ?an c\ld be a*iev$ by any numb] ( conf]5ces1 commissions1 c\ncils & conv5tions4 ,x 0 ! w & ! int5t ( ,*ri/ t !y all may be "o1 t ! _w may believe t ,?\ ha/ s5t ,me1 & 9 disunity we d5y ,*ri/4 ,!re is no consid]ation ( inh]itance1 ( p]sonal ta/e1 ( int]e/s1 ( intellectual p]suasion t c /& 9 ! way ( an affirmative answ] to ?is pray]4 ,e man :o calls himself a ,*ri/ian & yet is n pray+ & work+ to break d[n ! self-w & ! self-conceit t1 s (t5 "u ! masqu]ade ( consci5ce1 hold him back f a return1 ev5 if x is only /ep by /ep1 to ! orig9al unity ( ! ,ca?olic ,fai?1 is guilty ( s91 :ile x is s9 ( an ev5 grav] degree t /&s to ! acc\nt ( ^? :o consci\sly "w to p]petuate ! division t n[ exi/s4 ,sacram5talism4 ,! /umbl+ block1 ! app>5tly impassable b>ri]1 is t :i* 0 erect$ :5 belief 0 sub/itut$ = fai?2 x is ! intellectualiz+ ( religion t has br\ght ab\t ! pres5t failure ( ,*ri/ianity z a vital & controll+ =ce 9 man & 9 society4 ,! dang] reveal$ itself ev5 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 & ?r\gh p]haps ! greate/ ,*ri/ian philosoph]1 & c]ta9ly "o ( ! mo/ comm&+ intellects1 ! _w has kn[n3 ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as4 ,9 8 case1 & t ( ! o!rs ( 8 "t1 ! intellect 0 /ill direct$ by spiritual =ces1 ! *iefe/ ( :i* 0 fai?1 !re=e ! inh]5t dang] 9 ! intellectualiz+ process did n cle>ly reveal itself or come into actual op]ation1 b ) ! ,r5aissance & ! ,re=mation x /ood boldly =?1 & s9ce !n z m9d increas$ 9 its dom9ion fai? decl9$4 ,! ,re=mation1 9 all its lat] phases1 t is to say1 aft] x ceas$ to be a prote/ aga9/ moral defects & adm9i/rative abuses & became a revolution>y inv5tion ( new dogmas & practices1 0 ! result ( clev]1 /upid or p]v]se m9ds work+ ov]time on religi\s problems :i* c\ld n be solv$ or ev5 appreh5d$ by ! intellect1 :e!r x 0 t ( an acute & highly tra9$ ma/] su* z ,calv91 or t ( any "o ( ! hundr$ f\nd]s ( less savage b m curi\s & unc\? types ( re=m$ religion4 ,:at we ne$ n[ = ! recov]y & re-e/abli%m5t ( ,*ri/ianity is n s mu* increas$ belief z x is a r5ew$ fai?2 fai? 9 ,*ri/1 fai? 9 ,8 doctr9e1 fai? 9 ,8 ,*ur*4 ,we lo/ ?is fai? :5 we ab&on$ ! sacram5ts & sacram5talism z sup]/itions1 or reta9$ "s ( !m 9 =m & z symbols :ile d5y+ to !m all sup]natural p[]4 ,if we w\ld aid ! individual s\l to rega9 ?is lo/ fai? we c\ld d no bett] ?an to re/ore ! sev5 sacram5ts ( ! hi/oric ,*ri/ian fai?1 & ,*ri/ian ,*ur* to ! place !y once held = all ,*ri/ians1 & /ill hold 9 ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 ! ,ea/]n ,or?odox ,*ur*es & 7) limitations7 9 ! ,anglican ,*ur*4 ,fai? begets fai?2 fai? 9 ,*ri/ br+s fai? 9 ! sacram5ts1 & fai? 9 ! sacram5ts br+s fai? 9 ,*ri/4 ,x is disbelief 9 ! efficacy ( ! sacram5ts & 9 ! sacram5tal pr9ciple 9 life t is ! ess5tial b>ri] betwe5 ,prote/antism & ,ca?olicism1 & until ?is b>ri] is dissolv$ !re c be nei!r =mal unity nor unity by compromise4 ,?is is already widely recogniz$1 & z well ! actual loss t comes ) ! d5ial & ab&onm5t ( ! sacram5ts4 ,!re is 9 ! ,presbyt]ian *ur* ( ,scotl& a /rong t5d5cy t[>ds a reass]tion ( ! full sacram5tal doctr9e2 ! ,free ,ca?olic movem5t ?r\gh\t ,great ,brita9 is made up ( ,congregationali/s1 ,me?odi/s1 ,bapti/s1 & o!r repres5tatives ( ,evangelical ,prote/antism1 & x is work+ unres]v$ly = ! recov]y & application ( all ! ,ca?olic sacram5ts1 ) ! devotions & ritual t g ) !m4 ,dr4 ,or*>d1 ! head1 & a ,congregational m9i/]1 ma9ta9s 9 ,london a *ur* :]e1 z a ,me?odi/ memb] ( ! ,free ,ca?olic organization wrote me ! o!r day1 ! ,bless$ ,sacram5t is p]petually res]v$ & ',high ,mass' is celebrat$ on ,sundays ) ! full ,ca?olic c]emonial4 ,9 my own practice ( ar*itecture ,i am con/antly provid+ ,presbyt]ian1 ,congregational1 & ev5 ,unit>ian *ur*es1 by reque/1 ) *ancels conta9+ alt>s prop]ly ve/$ & ornam5t$ ) crosses & c&les1 :ile ! almo/ univ]sal dem& is = *ur* edifices t %all approa* z ne>ly z possible 9 appe>ance to ! typical ,ca?olic *ur* ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,( c\rse "s ( ?is is due to a reviv$ in/9ct = beauty1 t almo/ sacram5tal quality 9 life :i* 0 ru?lessly de/roy$ by ,prote/antism1 & also to a r5ew$ s5se ( ! value ( symbol & ritual2 b back ( x all is ! gr[+ consci\sness t1 z ,dr4 ,newman ,smy! says1 ,prote/antism has def9itely fail$1 or at lea/ become sup]annuat$2 t ! ess5ce ( religion is spiritual n intellectual1 affirmative n negative1 & t ! only measure ( safety lies 9 a return t[>ds1 if n actually to1 ! ,ca?olic fai? & practice f :i* ! old revolt 0 affect$4 ,x is a movem5t bo? significant & full ( pr(\nd enc\ragem5t4 ,"h !n are two t5d5cies t surely %[ ! way & dem& enc\ragem5t & fur!rance2 recov]y ( ! s5se ( ,*ri/ian unity 9 ,*ri/ & ?r\gh an unit$ ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 & ! re-acceptance ( sacram5talism z ! expression ( t fai? & z ! me?od ( t ,*ur*4 ,i feel v /rongly t :]ev] ^! t5d5cies %[ !mselves !y mu/ be acclaim$ & *]i%$4 ,! ,prote/ant d5om9ations mu/ be aid$ 9 e way 9 _! process ( recov]y ( ! good ?+s once ?r[n away2 ,episcopalians mu/ be p]suad$ t no?+ c be wrong t leads s\ls to ,*ri/1 & t !re=e !y mu/ cease _! opposition to ,res]vation ( ! ,bless$ ,sacram5t explicitly = adoration1 to su* devotions z ,b5$iction & ! ,ros>y simply because !y h n explicit ,apo/olic sanction1 or to ve/m5ts1 inc5se & holy wat] because c]ta9 prescriptive laws pass$ f\r hundr$ ye>s ago 9 ,engl& h nev] be5 repeal$4 ,above all is x necess>y t ! ,episcopal ,*ur* %\ld decl>e itself =mally = ! re9/itution ( ! sev5 ,ca?olic sacram5ts1 ) ! ,mass z ! "o supreme act ( wor%ip1 obligatory z ! *ief s]vice on ,sundays & ,holy ,days1 & bo? z communion & z sacrifice4 ,9 ?is connection !re is "o re=m t w\ld ,i ?9k be m effective ?an any o!r1 7except ! exaltation ( ! ,holy ,eu*>i/ itself7 & t is ! complete cessation ( ! practice ( commission+ lay read]s & us+ !m = mission "w & cl]ical assi/ance4 ,a mission c be e/abli%$ & made fruitful only on ! basis ( ! sacram5ts1 & *iefly on ^? ( ! ,holy ,eu*>i/ & ,p5ance4 ,x is n en\gh to s5d a zeal\s & well int5tion$ layman to a promis+ mission field 9 ord] t he may read ,morn+ & ,ev5+ ,pray] & "s s]mon already publi%$4 ,:at is ne$$ is a prie/ to say ,mass & he> confessions1 & no?+ else w s]ve z a sub/itute4 ,h[ ?is is to be accompli%$1 n[ :5 ! c&idates = ,holy ,ord]s are con/antly fall+ (f 9 numb]1 ) no imm$iate prospect ( recov]y1 is a "q4 ,p]haps we may le>n some?+ f ! old cu/om ( orda9+ ,mass prie/s1 )\t cure ( s\ls & ) a commission to celebrate ! ,holy ,my/]ies ev5 :ile !y cont9ue _! own secul> "w 9 ! _w4 ,= my own "p ,i am p]suad$ t ! be/ solution lies 9 ! e/abli%+ ( diocesan mona/]ies :]e m5 may take v[s = %ort t]ms1 &1 dur+ ! p]iod ( ^! v[s1 rema9 at ! ord]s ( ! bi%op to g out at any "t & any:]e 9 ! diocese & to d su* tempor>y or p]iodical mission "w z he may direct4 ,unworldl9ess3 ,i h ref]r$ to ! great fall+ (f 9 ! numb] ( c&idates = ! prie/hood 9 ! ,episcopal ,*ur*2 ! same ph5om5on is app>5t 9 all ! ,prote/ant d5om9ations1 s f> z ,i "k1 b x has n %[n itself 9 ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,?is defection p>allels ! fall+-(f ( memb]%ip 9 ! v>i\s *ur*es 7except aga9 ! ,roman ,ca?olic7 9 proportion to ! increase 9 population4 ,we are told t ! dim9ution ( ! m9i/ry is due to ! />vation wages t are paid 9 ! va/ majority ( cases1 & ( c\rse x is true t :]e a m>ri$ cl]gy is all[$1 m5 :o believe !y h a call+ bo? to m9i/]ial & to dome/ic life w ?9k twice be=e !y foll[ ! call ( ! fir/ :5 ! pecuni>y returns are su* z to make ! second impossible1 :i* is1 g5]ally speak+1 ! situation today4 ,to obviate ?is difficulty _m religi\s bodies h rec5tly e/abli%$ p5sion funds1 b ev5 ?is =m ( cl]ical insurance1 toge!r ) ! increase t has be5 effect$ 9 cl]ical /ip5ds1 has %[n no results 9 an increase ( /ud5ts 9 !ological sem9>ies & 9 c&idates = ,ord]s4 ,! man :o has en\gh ( fai? 9 ,god & a /rong en\gh call to ! m9i/ry ( ,*ri/1 w answ] ! call ev5 if he does ?9k twice be=e do+ s4 ,! tr\ble lies1 ,i believe1 9 ! v lack ( fai? & 9 a failure ( confid5ce 9 organiz$ religion l>gely br\ght ab\t by organiz$ religion itself ?r\gh ! me?ods x has pursu$ dur+ ! la/ two or ?ree g5]ations4 ,!re is a widespread belief t x is compromis+ ) ! _w2 t x is play+ fa/ & loose ) fai? & discipl9e 9 a va9 opportunism t voids x ( spiritual p[]4 ,ev5 :]e di/ru/ does n rea* ?is disa/r\s conclusion1 !re is a gr[+ feel+ ( repugnance to ! me?ods n[ be+ adopt$ 9 high qu>t]s to sell religion to ! public1 z is ! phrase :i* is suffici5t 9 itself to expla9 ! fall+ away t n[ seems to be 9 process4 ,! attempt to w9 unwill+ support by ! me?ods ( ! in/itutional *ur*1 ! rampant adv]tis+1 s frequ5tly "u ! managem5t ( paid publicity ag5ts2 ! sett+ ap>t ( half ! ,sundays 9 ! ye> = "s "o or o!r special purpose1 usually ! rais+ ( money = a specific & frequ5tly wor?y object2 ! drives = millions1 ! huge & impressive organizations1 sci5tifically conduct$1 = r\nd+ up laps$ communicants1 or d\btful conv]ts1 or ca% & pl$ges = missions1 or p5sions1 or ! rais+ ( cl]gy /ip5ds2 ! ,nation-wide ,campaign1 ! ,int]-,*ur* ,_w ,movem5t2 ^!--n to speak ( ! gr[+ policy ( mak+ x easy = ! hesitant to come into ! *ur* by m9imiz+ unpopul> clauses 9 ! ,cre$s or loos5+-up on discipl9e1 & ( attract+ advanc$ elem5ts by ! advocacy & exploit+ ( ea* new social or indu/rial or political fad z x arises--are /rong det]r5ts to ^? :o hone/ly & ard5tly hung] = religion t is religion & nei!r social s]vice nor big bus9ess4 ,*ri/ said y _c s]ve bo? ,god & mammon1 & ?is is "o ( ! few cases :]e ,he /at$ a moral condition z a fact in/ead ( indicat+ ! "r or ! wrong possibility 9 action4 ,organiz$ ,*ri/ianity has = "s "t be5 try+ to r5d] ?is dual s]vice1 & ! p5alty !re( is n[ on ! _w4 ,?is consid]ation seems to me s important & s ne> ! root ( our tr\bles1 & n 9 ! field ( organiz$ religion alone1 t ,i am go+ to quote at l5g? f ! ,rev4 ,fr4 ,duffy ( ! ,am]ican ,society ( ! ,div9e ,compassion4 ,:at he has said came to me :ile ,i 0 prep>+ ?is lecture1 & x is s mu* bett] ?an any?+ ,i c\ld say t = my pres5t purpose ,i make x my own4 ,to ! ?\ghtful p]son1 & ! ne$ ( re=mation w appeal only to ! ?\ghtful p]son1 x mu/ on reflection become abundantly evid5t t ! *ief necessity ( our times 9 ! religi\s _w is ! recov]y ( ,fai?4 ,probably lack ( ! true measure ( ,fai? has be5 ! /ory ( e g5]ation1 ) few exceptions1 9 ! long hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity1 b !re possibly nev] has be5 a "t :5 m5 talk$ m ( x & possess$ less ?an 9 our own day4 99 99 99 99 ,*ri/ianity is a new ?+ ( spl5did vision = ea* & e g5]ation ( m51 unique 9 its promise & unapproa*$ 9 its attraction4 ,& yet h[ small a factor we h made x 9 ! _w's m\ld+ comp>$ ) :at x might be4 ,we h n a*iev$ a t9y "p ( :at we might h a*iev$1 because we lack ! ess5tials ( a*ievem5t2 ,fai? & ,fai?'s vision4 ,obsess$1 aft] c5turies ( discussion & p]secution1 ) ! notion t fai? is made up ( m]e belief1 we h lo/ ! secret ( t victori\s p[] t ov]comes ! _w1 & are weakly dep5d5t ^u ! _w's means = :at spiritual op]ation we und]take4 ,& s cont5t h we gr[n ) ?+s z !y are1 t :at !y might be comes only z a dream t passes away quickly ) ! night2 bl9d to our appall+ money-dep5d5cy 9 mod]n religion1 satisfi$ t ! ,k+dom ( ,heav5 is z nigh to u z is possible "u pres5t conditions ( society1 we practically h sub/itut$ = ! !ological virtues1 ,fai?1 ,hope & ,*>ity1 ! asc5d+ degrees ( belief1 resignation1 money4 ,?is is p>tly due to our religi\s inh]itance & p>tly to m5tal & spiritual slo? :i* dislikes ! ef=t ( ?9k+1 pref]r+ easy acquiesc5ce 9 conditions t are ! resultants ( bl9d$ vision4 ,= dep5d5cy ^u money is n some?+ m]ely ( ! pres5t1 b a condition 9 ! spiritual sph]e t is l>gely a product ( a long pa/4 ,! really inexcusable ?+ is our will+ness1 9 a day ( great] light & k1 to close our eyes to ! true nature ( ! unattractive1 anaemic ?+ we call fai?1 :i* w\ld be se5 z p[]less to a*ieve at all1 if tak5 out ( ! soil ( mat]ial means 9 :i* x has be5 plant$4 ,he !n gives v>i\s in/ances ( me?ods actually put 9 practice among/ ! *ur*es & d5om9ations :i* indicate ! r5unciation ( fai? & an exclusive reliance on worldy ag5cies & he !n cont9ues3 ,! ,jo9t ,commission on ,cl]gy ,p5sions1 appo9t$ by ! ,g5]al ,conv5tion ( #aiac1 made z ! basis = apportionm5t1 n ! s]vices ( self-d5ial (1 b ! am\nt ( /ip5d receiv$ by1 ! cl]gy eligible = p5sion1 ?us p5aliz+ ! prie/ :o1 = ! love ( ,god1 sacrific$ a l>g] income to accept "w 9 ! mo/ ne$$ places :]e toil is abundant & money sc>ce4 ,x mu/ be evid5t1 ( c\rse1 t ! motive ( ! ,commission is n an endorsem5t ( ! blasphem\s gospel ( ,success1 by add+ p5alty to ! self-d5y+ cl]gy2 :at is pa9fully obvi\s is _! app>5t unb\nd$ confid5ce t !re are no cl]gy suffici5tly fooli% to sacrifice /ip5d at ! call ( fai?'s v5ture6 ,& s9ce ! ,armi/ice1 ! only real activity 9 organiz$ religion has be5 a s]ies ( drives = va/ sums ( money1 9 mo/ cases pr(essionally direct$4 ,a consid]ation ( a few facts su* z ! =go+ mu/ readily conv9ce ev5 ! mo/ unimag9ative p]son t :atev] p[] fai? might h _h 9 ! pa/1 x c\nts = little today2 t its secrets1 its v mean+ h be5 =gott54 ,o!rwise !re c\ld n be ?is extraord9>y exagg]ation ( ! place ( money 9 spiritual op]ation1 & ! unblu%+1 tacit admission t mammon1 :i* ,*ri/ s w>n$ aga9/1 _h be5 recogniz$ z ! ma/] ( spiritual situation1 in/ead ( ! will+ s]vant & useful adjunct ( fai? x 0 design$ to be 9 ! ,*ri/ian vision4 ,inde$ !y all speak ( t1 l>gely unconsci\s1 atmosph]e ( di/ru/ ( ,god :i* is s all-prevail+ among ,*ri/ian p today4 ,if ! great1 positive vice ( ! age is covet\sness1 ! great negative "o is di/ru/ ( ,god2 ! two inv>iably g toge!r z p>ts ( a :ole--"o is ! rev]se side ( ! o!r--=1 x is n t we mu/ n1 or ought n1 b t we _c s]ve ,god & mammon4 ,& ?is atmosph]e is "o 9 :i* fai? _c exi/1 x is /ifl$1 cru%$1 kill$1 except x brea! ! pure1 sweet air ( ,god1 ) :i* x c alone surr\nd itself :5 human he>ts w4 ,x is n surpris+ t out ( su* conditions %\ld gr[ false values1 & t spirituality %\ld be measur$ by ! _w's /&>d4 ,?us we h fall5 into ! vici\s habit ( adjudg+ qualifications = spiritual lead]%ip among ! cl]gy by ! am\nt ( _! /ip5ds1 & measur+ _! pot5tialities = usefulness 9 ! ,k+dom ( ,god by ! am\nt ( _! ye>ly incomes2 among ! laity1 ! m5 ( p[] are ev] ! m5 ( mat]ial means1 :om we p]mit to play ! "p ( ,provid5ce 9 fe$+ & su/a9+ ! ,*ur* f l>ge purses1 ! fill+ ( :i* w n always be> close inve/igation1 & ! really successful p>i% is always ! "o t1 no matt] :at its spiritual condition1 rejoices 9 abundant mat]ial means4 ,s evid5t is x t ! means ( spiritual life h be5 s confus$ ) ! purely mat]ial1 t x occasions no surprise :5 a neighb\rhood hav+ *ang$ f ! resid5ce di/rict ( ! comp>atively well-to-d to ! v poor1 ! ve/ry feels b\nd to consid] ! mov+ ( ! *ur* to a m 'desirable' qu>t]4 ,^!1 ( c\rse1 are h>d facts to face1 & x is n /range t we %\ld seek to evade !m by a false optimism t ?9ks evil is elim9at$ by m]ely contemplat+ good4 ,! po9t is1 !y mu/ be fac$1 & at a "t :5 !re is "s evid5ce ( a little awak5+1 x mu/ m & m =ce itself into ! consci\sness ( ! ?\ghtful t ! dead spiritual conditions ( today are due to ! %ift+ ( fai? f ,god to mat]ial ?+s z ! means ( a*iev+4 ,! only hope lies 9 ! app>5t unconsci\sness ( ! error4 ,?is is inv>iably ! atmosph]e t prevails :5 ecclesia/ical hi/ory repeats itself 9 corruption2 x _h be5 true ( m ?an two or ?ree g5]ations1 ?\gh obvi\sly unse5 save by a few ( ^? contempor>y ) ! times1 t 9 ,j]usalem1 '! heads !re( judge = rew>d1 & ! prie/s tea* = hire1 & ! prophets !re( div9e = money2 yet w !y lean ^u ! ,"l1 & say3 ,is n ! ,"l among u8 ,none evil c come ^u u4' ,corporate unconsci\sness1 9 great] or less measure1 ( ^! conditions1 may influ5ce ! degree ( guilt1 b nev] c acquit ( ! s94 ,& ! cold1 nak$ tru? is t today we /& almo/ helpless be=e a _w ( peculi> problems4 ,:at is !re "h to reflect ! p[] & might ( ,*ri/ianity1 su* z ! e>ly ,*ur*1 especially1 possess$1 & subsequ5t g5]ations1 9 times ( great fai?1 really knew s mu* (--! p[] to heal ! sick1 to ca/ out devils1 to a*ieve wond]s out ( ,*ri/'s pov]ty1 to exp]i5ce ! ?rill+ joy ( religion 9 ! ev]-abid+ ,div9e ,pres5ce1 & witness ! m>vels ( fai? 9 ! conqu]+ ( ! _w8 ,h[ is x we are no long] able to communicate ! secrets to ! suff]+ _w :i* are able to transmute ! p's want into ,god's pl5ty1 & attract & hold ! he>ts ( m5 ) ! joys ( ! ,vision ,spl5did8 ,:y is x t hope has giv5 way to resignation1 t ! prea*+ ( =giv5ess has be5 dw>f$ by ! insi/5ce ^u p5alty1 t di/9ct evils 9 ! physical sph]e are attribut$ to ,god &1 because ( t1 held up to religi\s e/imation z good2 ! day ( miracles is reg>d$ z belong+ to a f> di/ant pa/1 ! answ]+ ( pray] look$ ^u z ! exception in/ead ( ! rule1 & ! old melody ( joy 9 religion ex*ang$ = ! wail ( despair 9 an int]pretation ( ',?y w be done' t is only associat$ ) human calamity8 ,! reply is z simple z1 to ! ?\ghtful p]son1 x is obvi\s3 we h lo/ k ( a liv+1 vital1 conqu]+ fai? t is root$ 9 ,god ,himself1 & h satisfi$ ! hung] ( human s5se by plac+ tru/ 9 ! ?+s ( ! e>? :i* we see & t\*1 & 9 s do+ lo/ ! p[] spiritually to a*ieve4 ,n[ we c only approa*1 9 ! hope ( a day ( bett] ?+s1 ! great practical & intellectual problems ( our times f ! /&po9t ( fai?'s recov]y1 = x is only 9 _! relation%ip to fai? !y c be view$ intellig5tly by ! ,*ri/ian4 ,& x w be f\nd t at ! root ( all our difficulties & all our neglig5ces--s _m ( !m unconsci\s--& z ! cause ( our va9 exp$i5cies & attempts to ju/ify ! corporate spiritual situation1 is ! abs5ce ( vital fai? & a :ole ob$i5ce to :i* ,god alone has condition$ results4 ,we ne$ sorely to reconsid] :at fai? really is1 & :5 we h recov]$ 9 "s measure t k ( x 9 exp]i5ce1 :i* decl>$ its unspeakable wor? 9 ! e>ly ,*ur* & 9 lat] p]iods ( ecclesia/ical hi/ory :i* /& out be=e all o!rs1 we %all look back ^u our pa/ di/ru/ ( ,god & ,8 promises ) %ame & wond]m5t1 & proce$ to revise our catalogu+ ( spiritual values & degrees ( s94 ,= ! really de/ructive ?+1 be=e all o!rs1 is a weak5$ fai? t compromises 9 a half ob$i5ce to ,*ri/ & a se>* = e>?ly props4 ,! "w ( ,satan has ev5 be5 ! prompt+ ( di/ru/ ( ,god 9 ! human family1 j z ! "w ( r$emption means s l>gely ! re-e/abli%+ ( x 9 ! ,p]son ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,f ! fir/ temptation ( man to ! pres5t mom5t1 all ! =ces ( evil h conc5trat$ ^u break+ man's tru/ 9 ,god & ,8 promises2 e s9 has _h t z its ultimate end1 & e disa/]1 ill & trial1 9 ! _w & individual life1 is subtly pres5t$ by ! enemy ( ,god & man 7kn[+ our haz9ess ( vision71 s z to place ! appe>ances aga9/ ! ,creator 9 a bl9d disreg>d = ! creat$2 j z 9 ! life ( ! ,inc>nate ,son all ! great p[] ( ! =ces ( d>kness 7 br\ght to be> unsuccessfully ^u ! snapp+ ( ,8 fai? 9 ,8 ,fa!r--f ! "t ,he 0 tempt$ to believe ,himself =gott51 :5 hung]+ & physically r$uc$ 9 ! wild]ness aft] ,8 long fa/1 until ! dreadful cry ( d]eliction f ! ,cross at ! v end4 ,! call = re=mation today1 !n1 is to ! do+ ( ?+s left undone1 ! se>* = & recov]y ( almo/ lo/ spiritual p[]s t alone la/+ly c a*ieve = ,god & ha/5 man's salvation4 ,& ?is requires ! v5ture & d>+ t breaks f ! _w1 )draws f compromise1 & t1 rightly e/imat+ ! "* & attitude ( ,god1 refuses long] to believe ,him ! au?or ( evils we resign$ly accept today by call+ !m good2 & in/ead1 claims ! p[]s ( ! ,div9e promises = ! utt] de/ruction ( ! _w's ills by a /rict dep5d5ce ^u spiritual =ces & weapons = ! accompli%m5t ( results4 ,above all1 ?is means a *ange & re=m 9 corporate conduct z ! end ( rep5tance1 = ! pres5t almo/ total disreg>d ( ! laws & pr9ciples ( ,*ri/ian liv+ z giv5 9 ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt4 ,^! are h>d say+s & /rong doctr9e1 b w any "o say !y are n true8 ,! weak5+ ( religion1 ) ! consequ5t decl9e ( civilization1 is ultimately to be trac$ back to organiz$ religion1 n to religion itself1 & /ill less to any inh]5t defects 9 ,*ri/ianity4 ,:]e organiz$ religion has fail$ x des]v$ to fail1 because x c\nt5anc$ disunion1 =sook ! sav+ sacram5ts1 & f9ally compromis$ ) worldl9ess & mat]ialism4 ,) ea* "o ( ^! false v5tures fai? began to weak5 among/ ! mass ( p until at la/ ?is1 :i* c always save1 & alone c save1 ceas$ to h ei!r ! p[] or ! w to =ce ! organism to con=m to ! _s4 ,if we h inde$ accompli%$ ! dep? ( our fall1 !n ! "t is at h& :5 we may hope & pray = a new outp\r+ ( div9e grace t w br+ recov]y4 ,!re are wide evid5ces t m5 e>ne/ly desire ?is4 ,i h already spok5 ( ! great corporate movem5ts t[>ds unity1 & ^! mean mu* ev5 ?\gh !y may at pres5t take on some?+ ( ! quality ( me*anism in/ead ( dep5d+ on ! individual & ! grace ( ,god work+ 9 him4 ,! ,_w ,conf]5ce on ,fai? & ,ord]1 ! j effect$ f$]ation ( ! ,presbyt]ians1 ,me?odi/s & ,congregationali/s 9 ,canada1 above all ! eir5ic manife/o ( ! ,bi%ops at ! la/ ,lambe? ,conf]5ce1 all indicate a new _s work+ pot5tly 9 ! s\ls ( m54 ,concrete results are n z yet conspicu\s1 b ! _s is !re & a beg9n+ has be5 made4 ,ev5 m significant is ! wide te/imony to ! ne$ = def9ite1 concrete & p]vasive religion t is daily giv5 by m5 ^: names h hi!rto be5 q dissociat$ f matt]s ( ?is k9d2 sci5ti/s1 educators1 m5 ( bus9ess & m5 ( public life4 ,x may be te/imony 9 fav\r ( "s new inv5tion1 "s syn!tic product ( curi\s & abnormal +r$i5ts2 z a matt] ( fact x frequ5tly is1 & we confront su* rem>kable products z ,mr4 ,wells has giv5 u1 = example4 ,! significant ?+1 h[ev]1 is ! fact ( ! desire & ! av[al2 if we h ?is ,i ?9k we may leave x to ,god to see t ! desire is satisfi$ 9 ! end by heav5ly food & n by ! no/rums ( +5uity4 ,= ! same reason we may look )\t dismay on c]ta9 novel ph5om5a ( ! mom5t4 ,9 _! div]g5ce f ! ,fai? once deliv]$ to ! ,sa9ts & left 9 ! keep+ ( ! ,*ur* ,*ri/ f\nd$ z a liv+ & et]nal organism ?r\gh :i* ,8 ,_s w\ld "w =ev]1 !y are wrong & !re=e !y _c endure1 b ea* te/ifies to ! passionate desire 9 man = religion z a reality1 & no "o ( !m comes into exi/5ce except z ! result ( desp]ate action by m5 to recov] some?+ t _h be5 tak5 f !m & t _! s\ls ne$$1 & w\ld h at any co/4 ,ea* "o ( ^! /range manife/ations is a reaction f "s old error t _h become e/abli%$ belief or cu/om4 ,no "o :o holds to hi/oric ,*ri/ianity is int]e/$ 9 !m1 b ^? :o h f\nd religion intellectualiz$ beyond endurance & trans=m$ ei!r by mat]ialism or rationalism1 seek = ! my/icism !y "k to be a reality 7to employ a p>adox7 9 ! ultra my/icism ( ,ori5tal cults2 ^? :o revolt aga9/ ! exagg]ation ( evil & its exaltation to em95ce t rivals t ( ,god ,himself1 :i* is ! legacy ( "o p[]ful movem5t 9 ! ,re=mation1 ru% to ! o!r extreme & d5y ! exi/5ce ( evil & ev5 ! reality ( matt]1 :ile spiritism1 ! mo/ insidi\s1 p]il\s & fatal ( all ! spiritual temptations t beset ! _w at ?is "t1 ga9s z its adh]5ts ^? :o h be5 depriv$ ( ! ,ca?olic belief 9 ! ,communion ( ,sa9ts & h be5 =bidd5 to pray = ! dead or to ask = _! pray]s & int]cessions4 ,h[ev] /range & errone\s ! actual manife/ation1 !re is no "q z to ! reality & preval5ce ( ! desire = ! recov]y ( spiritual p[] ?r\gh ! *annels ( religion4 ,x %[s itself1 z x %\ld1 fir/ ( all 9 ! individual1 & x is only rec5tly t organiz$ religion1 ,ca?olic or ,prote/ant1 has begun to %[ a sympa!tic consci\sness & to take ! fir/ hesitant /eps t[>ds meet+ ! dem&4 ,because ( ?is ! seek]s = reality h be5 left un%eph]d$ & h w&]$ (f into /range wild]nesses4 ,! call is n[ to ! *ur*es1 to organiz$ religion1 & if ! call is he$$ our tr\bles are well on ! road to an end4 ,if ! old way ( jeal\sy1 hatr$ & fe> is ma9ta9$1 !n humanly speak+1 our case is hopeless4 ,if ! old] way ( bro!rhood1 *>ity & lov+-k9dness is foll[$ ! future is secure 9 ! ,great ,peace4 ,no?+ is wrong t leads m5 to ,*ri/1 & ?is is true f ! ,salvation ,army at "o end ( ! scale to ! ,sev5 ,sacram5ts ( ,ca?olicity at ! o!r4 ,! _w dem&s n[ n d5ial b affirmation1 n prote/ & division b ! r++ ,cr$o ( ,ca?olic unity4 ,,viii ,,p]sonal ,,responsibility ,n by might1 nor by p[]1 b by ,my ,_s1 sai? ! ,"l ( ,ho/s4 ,we h tri$ to approa* ea* subject 9 ?is c\rse ( lectures 9 ! _s ( peace1 & ! greate/ contributory factor 9 ! a*iev+ ( ! ,great ,peace is ! individual himself1 on :om1 humanly speak+1 re/s ! f9al responsibility4 ,n by might1 nor by p[]1 b by ,my ,_s1 sai? ! ,"l ( ,ho/s4 ,n by maje/ical eng9es & curi\s devices & mass-action1 nor yet by an impos$ human au?ority en=c$ by arms & ! law1 b by ! ,holy ,_s ( ,god work+ ?r\gh ! individual s\l & compell+ ! individual w4 ,peace is "o ( ! promis$ fruits ( ! ,holy ,_s1 & l ! o!rs is manife/$ ?r\gh human lives2 !re=e on u re/s ! prem95t responsibility ( %[+ =? 9 ourselves1 fir/ ( all1 ^? ?+s we desire = o!rs & = society4 ,we h exp]i5c$ ! ,great ,w>1 we endure its aft]ma?1 & amid/ ! p]ils & dang]s t foll[ bo? !re is none great] ?an t :i* atta*es to ext]ior w>1 viz41 t ! att5tion ( bo? combatants is focuss$ on ! faults & ! weaknesses & ! crimes ( ! oppon5t1 ) ! result t bo? become de/ructive critics r ?an con/ructive examples4 ,*e/]ton rightly says1 ,:at is wrong ) ! critic is t he does n criticise himself 99 99 99 r he id5tifies himself ) ! ideal4 ,see+ evil 9 o!rs & flatt]+ "o's self is ! anti!sis ( ! _s t w\ld lead to ! ,great ,peace1 = 9 t _s ! field ( w>f>e is transf]r$ f ! ext]nal to ! int]nal1 & ! int]ior conte/1 :i* alone e/abli%es la/+ results1 necessitates a recognition ( our own error & ! ne$ ( am5dm5t ( our own life4 ,if our mod]n devices h fail$2 if ! ?+s we inv5t$ ) a high he>t & high hope1 9 gov]nm5t1 indu/ry1 society1 education1 philosophy h 9 ! end br\ght disappo9tm5t1 disillusionm5t1 ev5 despair1 x is less because ( _! inh]5t defects ?an because ! individual fail$1 & himself ceas$ to act z ! suffici5t *annel = ! div9e p[] :i* alone en]gizes our weak little eng9es & :i* acts ?r\gh ! individual alone4 ,!re is no bett] demon/ration ( ?is ess5tial "p play$ by ! p]sonal life ( man ?an ! fact t ,god1 = ! r$emption ( ! _w1 took on human =m & became "o ,man among/ _m m54 ,!re is no bett] demon/ration ( ! fact t x is ?r\gh ! p]sonal lives ( individuals t ! ,great ,peace is to be a*iev$1 bo? directly & indirectly1 ?an ! fact t peace1 ! gift ( ! ,holy ,_s1 0 promis$ to ! individual man1 by ,*ri/ ,himself1 z ! legacy he left to 8 disciples aft] ,8 ,resurrection & ,asc5sion4 ,s9ce !n ! _w has be5 "u ! disp5sation ( ! ,holy ,_s1 ! ,guide & ,com=t] t 0 promis$1 ev5 ?\gh x has bl9dly & f "t to "t reject$ ! guidance & !re=e kn[n n ! com=t4 ,! ,old ,law ( ,?\ %alt n 0 foll[$ by ! ,new ,law ( ,?\ %alt1 & ?is 9 turn by ! law ( ! ?ird ,p]son ( ! ,tr9ity :i* does n sup]s$e ! disp5sations ( ! ,fa!r & ( ! ,son1 b fulfills !m 9 t x af=ds ! spiritual p[]1 if we w1 to abide by ! inhibitions & to c>ry out ! comm&s4 ,our se>* is = peace1 ! ,great ,peace1 ! ,peace ( ,god :i* passe? all und]/&+1 & we %all a*ieve ?is = ourselves & = ! _w only ?r\gh ourselves z individuals1 & s = ! society ( :i* we are a "p1 & 9 s f> z we br+ ourselves into contact ) ! ,_s ( ,god4 ,!re is deep significance 9 ! fact t ! fir/ "t ,*ri/ us$ ! salutation ,peace be unto y1 0 aft] ,8 resurrection4 ,x w\ld seem t ?is special gift ( ! ,holy ,_s _h to be )held f man until aft] ! human life ( ,god ! ,son _h be5 br\ght to an end 9 accompli%m5t1 = ,he says ,peace ,i leave ) y1 ,my peace ,i give unto y3 n z ! _w give? give ,i unto y4 ,let n y\r he>t be tr\bl$1 nei!r let x be afraid4 ,x is exp$i5t = y t ,i g away2 = if ,i g n away1 ! ,com=t] w n come unto y3 b if ,i dep>t ,i w s5d ,him unto y4 ,:5 ,he1 ! ,_s ( ,tru?1 is come1 ,he w guide y into all tru?4 ,ye %all receive p[] aft] t ! ,holy ,gho/ is come ^u y4 ,x is ! _s t quick5e?4 ,aft] ,god _h reveal$ ! ,law & giv5 to u ! great r$eem+ & aton+ ,life1 ,he saw t we _h ne$ ( a fur!r manife/ation be=e we %\ld be able to keep ! law & live ! life4 ,!re=e ! ,holy ,_s 0 s5t to quick5 u & give u p[] to d :at we _h bo? he>d & se54 ,today we accept ! moral law1 we recognize ! p]fection ( ,*ir/'s life1 b we ne$ to be rem9d$ aga9 t ! p[] to be sons ( ,god is pres5t ) u if we w b use x4 ,z ?is p[] is a _s x c only be appreh5d$ spiritually2 :5 our m9ds & he>ts are set on mat]ial ?+s1 ev5 on good mat]ial ?+s1 ! /ill small voice ( ! _s rema9s unhe>d3 b if we li/5 fir/ to t inw>d voice & !n use ! means ( grace af=d$ u1 we are enabl$ to lift up our he>ts & m9ds to ! ,creator & !n to use 9 ,8 s]vice all ! mat]ial univ]se :i* is also ,8 creation4 ,we c n get a "r philosophy by work+ = "r philosophy1 b only by liv+ 9 ! "r relation%ip z individuals3 !n z a by-product ( religion a "r philosophy w come4 ,we c n get a "r indu/rial sy/em by se>*+ = a "r indu/rial sy/em1 b if we %[ =? 9 our lives ! ,*ri/ian virtues1 a "r indu/rial sy/em w come z "o ( ! by-products ( religion4 ,s ) ea* "o ( our s-call$ problems4 ,life rightly liv$ has no problems4 ,?is is a h>d say+ = an intellectual age ^: temptation is to tru/ 9 its own p[] r ?an 9 ! p[] ( ,god1 b except ye become z little *ildr5 & walk by fai? & n by sight ! ,k+dom ( ,god is )held4 ,a soldi] :o suff]$ 9 ! late w>1 & out ( 8 suff]+ f\nd peace1 says1 ,*ri/'s h>de/ "w is to tea* ! wise3 ,^? :o are entru/$ ) au?ority & responsibility w be ! lea/ prep>$ to make ! v5ture ( ! ,_s1 h[ev] mu* !y may believe 9 x4 ,!y are sacrific+ lea/ n[3 !y w h to sacrifice mo/ :5 ! ,_s comes4 ,!y h s mu* to unle>n3 *ildr5 & work+ m5 h s little4 ,! :ole ( our _w today is root$ & gr\nd$ 9 intellect4 ,our ma*9]y1 our in/itutions1 our great sy/ems1 ! entire body ( ent]prise is gov]n$ by bra9s4 ,x is ?is t w alt]4 ,j beh9d intellect !re is a vision t is pur]1 ke5]1 m p[]ful ?an ! vision ( y\r eyes1 ?an ! he>+ ( y\r e>s1 ?an ! t\* ( y\r h&s4 ,?is _w is be+ trans=m$ into ano!r :i* comes into be+ at our spiritual t\*4 ,! _w ne$s some?+ p]sonal1 some?+ f ! he>t4 ,x is sick to dea? ) ! cold ma*9]y ( ! intellect4 ,b be=e m5 see ?is !y mu/ *ange _! view ( life1 !y mu/ be born aga94 ,! sci5ti/s1 ! hi/orians & !ologians1 ! philosoph]s1 h made ! univ]se too big4 ,x is n a big place3 x is v t9y4 ,life is s simple1 really4 ,our wise m5 h made x s difficult1 s ugly4 ,x is only *ildr5 :o c see ! ris5 ,*ri/2 *ildr51 p]haps1 out ( :om sev5 devils h be5 ca/4 ,! _w ne$s n critics1 b tea*]s1 & *ildr5 are wait+ ev]y:]e to tea*1 b m51 %utt+ ! w9d[s ( _! s\ls1 try r to m\ld ^! little ones to fit into ! vacant spaces ( _! own /upid _w4 ,are n *ildr5 ! true arti/s8 ,!y won't tol]ate any?+ b ,beauty4 ,!y see ,beauty ev]y:]e1 n because x is !re1 b because !y want x !re4 ,ev]y?+ !y t\* turns into some?+ f> m preci\s ?an gold3 e ^w !y utt] is a song ( praise4 ,y are almo/ 9 heav5 e "t y look into ! eyes ( a *ild4 ,rememb]1 please1 ^! are ! words ( a man :o has fac$ ! horrible realities ( mod]n w>f>e1 & s d n dismiss !m z m]e poetry1 or ) ,nicodemus' "q1 ,h[ c a man be born aga981 b li/5 to a mod]n int]pretation ( ! answ] to t "q3--7,! ,life ,inde$47 ,we mu/ be born aga9 ev5 to see ! spiritual k+dom1 mu/ be born ( wat] & ! _s to ent] its gates at all4 ,s to 8 little audi5ce ( disciples ,our ,"l says x is n an affair ( legislation1 ( discov]y1 ( :i* m5 say1 ',lo "h1 lo !re6 b ! k+dom ( heav5 is )9 y4 ,:y a second bir?8 ,?is is a second bir? because x mu/ ne$s sup]v5e at a po9t :]e two elem5ts c "w toge!r1 ! elem5t ( an appeal+1 vitaliz+ _s f ! unse5 & ! elem5t ( free human *oice4 ,be+ ( ! _s1 x is ! bir? into fre$om3 x is ! s\l em]g+ f its prison into ! op5 air ( lib]ty & light & life4 ,note ! elem5t ( free *oice4 ,our fir/ bir? is outside our *oice & ! gifts are uncondition$2 our second bir?1 :5 aga9 we become z little *ildr51 dem&s our response to ! ,holy ,_s & our p]sev]+ coop]ation ) ,him to make ,8 influ5ce effectual = ourselves & = ! communion ( sa9ts & ! corporate religion into :i* ! ,_s also baptizes u4 ,9 a rec5t s]mon a bi%op ( ! ,episcopal ,*ur* says1 ,?is is ! cre$ ( ! ,*ur*--! ,div9e ,fa!r & ,=giv5ess3 ! ,div9e ,son & ,r$emption3 ! ,div9e ,_s & ,abundant ,life4 ,!re=e ! ,*ur* /ill insi/s ^u ! creation ( moral rectitude & spiritual "* z ! end & purpose ( religion1 aye1 z ! basic problem und]ly+ all que/ions relat+ to human life--social1 indu/rial1 civic1 & political4 ,! ,*ur* /ill prea*es ! gospel ( ! ,grace ( ,god1 ! obligation & bless+ ( wor%ip1 ! mean+ & virtue ( ! ,*ri/ian ,sacram5ts4 ,also ,my bre?r51 we %all n be cont5t to criticize & f9d fault ) our own age & "t1 b r we %all pray = ! p[] to see )9 its que/ion+s1 unre/ & discont5t--aye1 its recklessness & app>5t failures--! /riv+s ( ! ,_s ( ,god4 ,b ea* man has to voice = himself ! conviction ( ! reality ( ! spiritual ord] & ! spiritual life4 ,!re=e1 let u believe 9 & practice ! wor%ip ( ,god1 'pray+ always' z ,/4 ,paul says1 ') all pray] & supplication 9 ! ,_s1' or z ,/4 ,jude says1 'build+ up y\rselves on y\r mo/ holy fai?1 pray+ 9 ! ,holy ,_s4' ,let u accept ?is sugge/ion & try to f9d 9 ! unre/ ( our own "t evid5ces ( ! /riv+s ( ! ,_s ( ,god1 wait+ our p]ception & response4 ,! soldi] ( ! ,great ,w>1 hav+ fac$ dea? & imprisonm5t & suff]+ 9 _m =ms says1 comp>$ ) ! dep? ( good 9 ! _w ! evil is %all[4 ,! fir/ evid5ce ( good 9 our own day is ! almo/ univ]sal discont5t ) evils & ! desire to f9d a bett] way4 ,! humility :i* recognizes t s widespread a condition _c be ! fault ( any "o nation or gr\p b is r ! responsibility ( ea* "o ( u1 is cause = hope4 ,"s ( u believe t w> c bre$ only w>1 hatr$ only hatr$2 t gov]nm5ts _c make peace1 b c only cause cessation ( op5 ho/ilities1 & t ! real peace1 ! ,great ,peace1 mu/ await ! action ( ! ,_s4 ,?is ,_s1 ( love & =giv5ess1 bre$s love & =giv5ess1 inde$ is f> m pot5t ?an ! _s ( hate4 ,because ( ?is v /r5g? & pot5cy its evid5ces are n s imm$iately app>5t1 b !y are deep]-root$4 ,p]haps 9 ?is mat]ial sph]e we human be+s mu/ see1 & to a c]ta9 ext5t exp]i5ce1 hate1 be=e we c really "k love1 & consci\sly & freely *oose x4 ,:5 t *oice is made1 :5 we1 kn[+ all t hate & evil & malice c accompli%1 yet delib]ately *oose to love our enemies1 we h sla9 ! ,adv]s>y & made hate & evil p[]less4 ,( c\rse we h n p[] ( ourselves to d ?is b only ?r\gh ! grace ( ,god4 ,:5 we try ,god's way1 n wait+ = ! o!r p]son to re=m or to be g5]\s or to speak g5tly or to =give1 !n & only !n d we des]ve ! "n ( ,*ri/ians2 !n & only !n are we walk+ 9 love2 !n & only !n are we really pray+ effectually ,?y ,k+dom come1 ,?y w be done on e>? z x is 9 ,heav54 ,we h tri$ ! way ( ! _w1 ! way ( reprisals1 ! way ( di/ru/1 &1 ?ank ,god1 we are none ( u satisfi$ ) ! results4 ,p]haps n[ we may be ready to try ! way ( ,god by mak+ ! great adv5ture ( fai?1 ea* "o 9 8 own p]son2 fai? 9 himself & fai? 9 ! future4 ,! way ( ! _w has br$ fe> t has issue 9 hate1 & hate t has issue 9 fe>2 b ! bett] way1 t ( fai?1 bre$s tru/ t has issue 9 fell[%ip1 & fell[%ip t has issue 9 tru/4 ,!re is no problem ( lab\r1 ( politics1 ( society t is insoluble if once x is approa*$ 9 ! _s ( fai? & fell[%ip & tru/1 b none ( ^! is susceptible ( solution :]e ! controll+ motives are hate1 di/ru/ & fe>4 ,! mod]n policy ( c5tralization & segregation has result$ 9 deal+ ) m5 z gr\ps & n z individuals4 ,:51 = example1 iron-b\nd cults 7!y are no less ?an ?is7 meet z capital & z lab\r1 bo? m]ge ! individuality ( _! memb]s 9 a ?+ :i* has no real or necess>y exi/5ce b is an artificial creation ( ?\ght op]at+ "u ! dom9ion ( ephem]al1 almo/ accid5tal conditions4 ,z a memb] ( an int]e/ or a cult1 :]e humanity & p]sonality are1 s to speak1 9 commission1 a man does n hesitate to d ^? ?+s he w\ld nev] ?9k ( do+ = himself1 kn[+ !m to be selfi%1 cruel1 unju/ & un*>itable4 ,a case 9 po9t--if we ne$ "o1 :i* is h>dly probable s9ce !y are ( daily occurr5ce--is ! p5d+ conte/ betwe5 ! m9e op]ators & m9e work]s 9 ,great ,brita91 :]e bo? p>ties1 ) ,gov]nm5t ?r[n 91 are guilty ( ma9ta9+ !ories & p]petrat+ acts = :i* an individual w\ld be1 ev5 n[1 excoriat$ & outlaw$4 ,! ,iri% imbroglio is ano!r in/ance ( ! same k9d4 ,9 a p]sonal lett] f a consult+ eng9e] :o has _h unusual opportunities1 by reason ( 8 (ficial position1 to come closely 9 contact ) ! conditions gov]n+ indu/ry & f9ance bo? 9 ,am]ica & ,europe s9ce ! w>1 ,i f9d ?is illum9at+ /atem5t ( a matur$ judgm5t4 ,z a practical matt]1 & fac+ ! issue1 ,i w\ld prea* ! practice ( de-c5tralization 9 gov]nm5t & bus9ess :i* w 9 "t develop ! individual & accompli% ! desir$ end4 99 99 99 ,dec5tralization %\ld be c>ri$ to su* an ext5t t ! units ( bus9ess w\ld be ( su* size t ! head c\ld aga9 h a p]sonal relation ) ea* individual associat$ ) him4 99 99 99 ,) ! p]sonal relation aga9 e/abli%$1 unionism z at pres5t practic$ w\ld aga9 be unnecess>y1 & ! unions w\ld become once m guilds = ! developm5t & advancem5t ( ! individual4 ,x is ?is nullification ( ! human elem5t1 ( ! p]son z su*1 ! introduction ( ! gross aggregate ) its artificial corporate quality1 & ! attempt to e/abli% a correspond5ce betwe5 ^! unnatural ?+s1 ! :ole be+ int5sifi$ by ! emotions ( fe>1 di/ru/ & hate1 :i* produces ! contempor>y insi/5ce on rights & ! rank inju/ice1 cruelty & disord] t foll[ ! bl9d conte/4 ,to quote aga9 f ! soldi] :o a*iev$ illum9ation ?r\gh ! rec5t w>1 ,my fri5ds1 !re is no protection ( rights 9 heav54 ,:5 we speak ( rights we are bl9d$ by ! light ( ?is _w ( rule & ord] & intellectual conceits4 ,x is n ju/ice we ne$1 x is m]cy4 ,if we hone/ly endeav\r to br+ ab\t some?+ m ne>ly approa*+ ! ,k+dom ( ,god on e>?1 we %\ld d well to a*ieve a little m ( ! quality ( *ild-l tru/ :i* kn[s t ?r\gh ! petition to fa!r or "m1 or to a gu>dian angel1 or directly to ,god1 ! result w surely foll[4 ,we long passionately to see a good1 our good z we see x1 accept$ "h & n[1 b :atev] we (f]1 no mat] h[ righte\s or h[ salut>y1 is b a small "p ( ! great good1 a limit$ & p>tial %[+ =? ( only "o elem5t1 :ile ! f9al & compreh5sive good is ! result ( _m contributions1 & 9 ! end is n ours1 b ,god's1 & by ,8 ov]rul+ provid5ce x may look v unlike :at we _h pr$et]m9$ & anticipat$4 ,moreov]1 ! condition ev5 ( our own small good becom+ effective1 is fai?1 & nei!r sight nor action4 ,!re is a fai? t c move m\nta9s1 & x is fai? 9 fell[%ip1 9 ! und]ly+1 inde/ructible good 9 man1 above all 9 ! desire & ! int5t ( ,god to deal m]cifully ) u & beyond ! dictates ( ju/ice & ! claims ( our own des]ts4 ,:5 we "k & accept ?is p[] ( fai?1 plac+ x above ! effici5cy ( our own feeble works1 !n inde$ we may become ! pati5t1 hopeful1 joyful & fai?ful ,*ri/ians we 7 int5d$ to be1 & !re=e ! creators ( ! _s ( peace4 ,no?+ p]man5t c be a*iev$ except 9 cop]ation ) ,god2 any "w ( man alone 7or ( ! devil7 has 9 x ! se$ ( decay & mu/ p]i%1 ,?is k relieves u ( ! gloomy responsibility ( de/roy+ or try+ to de/roy e evil ?+ we see or ?9k we see4 ,if x is really evil x is already dy+ unless n\ri%$ by evil )9 ourselves4 ,"h is a ,buddhi/ leg5d :i* has a lesson = ea* ( u--,! wat*] 9 ! %r9e ( ,buddha ru%$ 9 to ! ,holy ,fa!rs "o morn+ ) tid+s ( a horrible demon :o _h usurp$ ! ?rone ( our ,"l ,buddha4 ,! ,fa!rs ran to ! ?rone room1 ea* "o m infuriat$ ?an ! o!r1 & declaim$ aga9/ ! insol5ce ( ! demon1 :o grew hug] & m hide\s at e angry ^w t hurtl$ ?r\gh ! air4 ,at la/ arriv$ ! olde/ & mo/ sa9tly ( ! monks & ?rew himself on 8 knees be=e ! demon & said1 ,we ?ank !e1 ,o ,ma/]1 = tea*+ u h[ mu* ang] & wra? & jeal\sy 0 /ill hidd5 9 our he>ts4 ,at e ^w he said1 ! demon grew small] & small] & at la/ vani%$4 ,he 0 am ,ang]-,eat+ ,demon1 & ang]-r\s+ words & ev5 ?\ghts ( ill-feel+ n\ri%$ him4 ,! belief t 9 comp>ison ) ! dep? ( good 9 ! _w ! evil is %all[ may also be express$ 9 ! /atem5t t ,god is ,"l ( ,et]nity :ile ! devil is pr9ce only ( ?is _w4 ,z ?is evil _s has p[]1 & z a "p ( ?is p[] is ! ability to appe> z an angel ( light1 s to deceive u1 we are b\nd by self-exam9ation1 con/antly indulg$ 91 to scrut9ize ^? ?+s1 s common 9 our own lives we d n notice !m1 :i* may be b ! illusions ( ?is _s ( d>kness %[+ z a fictiti\s _s ( light3 ,hurry & c>elessness bo? 9 ?\ght & 9 action2 snap-judgm5t at %ort range2 compromise ) ! _s ( ! "t 9 ! int]e/ ( good bus9ess1 practical consid]ations or s\nd policy2 wor%ip ( ! doctr9e ( get results1 acceptance ( ! horrible pr9ciple3 t x is e man's bus9ess to sell some?+ to ano!r1 f a pat5t m$ic9e or gilt edg$ bonds to a new philosophy or an old religion2 ! e/imat+ ( values by size1 numb]1 co/4 ,x is common p>lance among ,*ri/ian p to speak ( :at a man is wor? mean+ h[ mu* money he has4 ,we speak ( a man's mak+ a liv+ mean+ only h[ mu* money he makes1 :5 by mak+ only money he w\ld be kill+ 8 liv+4 ,d we n speak ( ! call ( a mission>y f an un%eph]d$ flock to a l>ge city p>i% z a call to a wid] sph]e ( usefulness8 ,:5 y or ,i conceive ( any piece ( "w z important is x n because x involves ei!r great numb]s or great sums ( money8 ,!n we he> mu* today ( ! ne$ = lead]s4 ,! ne$ c\ld n be exagg]at$1 b does n ?is lack exi/1 9 "p1 because we h =got t ! ,*ri/ian's fir/ duty is to be a foll[]1 & t only f among/ real foll[]s c ,god 7n man1 lea/ ( all ! man himself7 raise up a lead]8 ,^! are small matt]s1 y may say1 b /raws %[ :i* way ! w9d bl[s1 & ! _s1 l ! w9d1 manife/s itself fir/ 9 small matt]s4 ,e life is made up l>gely ( small ?+s1 ! little1 nameless unrememb]$ acts ( k9dness & ( love :i* "s "o has call$ ! noble/ portion ( a good man's life4 ,) ?is brief glance at "s ( ! possible manife/ations ( ! _s ( evil :i* we believe to be tempor>y & !re=e ( second>y importance only1 let u consid] "s ( ! requisites ( ! ,*ri/ian life z exemplifi$ 9 ! life ( ,*ri/1 especially ^? ( :i* we ne$ to be rem9d$ today4 ,we h already spok5 ( t *ild-lik5ess :i* takes ! fai? simply & applies x to ! common ?+s ( daily life--,*ri/'s life ( m9i/ry1 ( good works 7:i* 01 9 proportion to ! "t giv5 to prep>ation = activity & prea*+1 ( v %ort duration71 full ( injunctions to ^? :o 7 ) him to tell no man2 !re=e ! good works :i* are done 9 ,8 lik5ess mu/ n be done 9 public4 ,if we are se5 ( m51 v]ily we h our rew>d4 ,*ri/'s life end$ 9 app>5t failure1 9 ignom9i\s dea? on ! cross4 ,! _w wor%ips today's success & imm$iate publicity1 ! ,*ri/ian1 to be wor?y ( 8 ,"l1 mu/ accept app>5t failure & mu/ (f] 8 be/ "w 9 secret3 ,& my ,fa!r :i* see? 9 secret1 %all rew>d !e op5ly4 ,a t\*+ poem ( ,francis ,?ompson's pictures ! m>vel+ ( a s\l on 8 rew>ds 9 ,p>adise :i*1 9 8 humility1 he ?9ks undes]v$4 ,! man asks ( ,god3 ,o :5 did ,i give ,!e dr9k ere:ile1 ,or :5 embrace ,?9e unse5 feet8 ,:at gifts ,!e give = my ,"l ,*ri/'s smile1 ,:o am a gue/ "h mo/ unmeet8 & is answ]$ ,:5 ?\ kiss$e/ ?y wife & *ildr5 sweet 7,_! eyes are fair 9 my sight z ?9e7 ,i felt ! embraces on ,my feet4 7,lovely _! locks 9 ?y sight & ,m9e47 ,a necess>y rem9d] ( ! fact t = ea* ( u1 *>ity1 :i* is love1 beg9s at home1 & t we love & s]ve ,god be/ 9 ,8 holy human relation%ips--if we love n our bro!r :om we h se5 h[ c we love ,god :om we h n se58 ,aga91 ! individual ,*ri/ian life mu/1 l its ,great ,orig9al1 suff] = o!rs4 ,:5 we suff] z a result ( our own wrongdo+ we are b meet+ our j rew>d2 b if pati5tly & humbly & volunt>ily we be> pa91 ev5 unto dea?1 = o!rs1 we are transc5d+ ju/ice1 ! pagan law1 & exemplify+ m]cy1 ! ,*ri/ian virtue4 ,no s5sitive s\l 9 ?is g5]ation1 consci\s ( ! sacrifice ( ! millions ( "y lives :o /orm$ ,heav5 9 _! will+ness to die t o!rs might live1 c d\bt ?is4 ,! ess5ce ( love is sacrifice2 volunt>y1 nay eag] sacrifice4 ,be=e our ,bless$ ,"l di$ ,he 0 mock$ & ridicul$1 ,he suff]$ physical h>d%ip1 fall+ "u ! weight ( ! cross1 & ,he 0 lift$ up1 crucifi$1 to suff] ! ignom9i\s dea? ( a felon4 ,he 0 made a spectacle = ! je/s & laught] ( ! multitude4 ,9 our own "t & among/ ourselves1 except = p]iods ( w>1 !re is little necessity = physical suff]+ = our fai?1 b ! ne$ to endure ridicule is z great z ev]1 p]haps ev5 great] because ( ! abs5ce ( physical suff]+4 ,s9ce we are try+ to apply ^! ?+s 9 small & simple ways to ! individual life let u ea* "o consid] h[ mu* moral c\rage x takes to def5d ,*ri/ian virtues :5 !y are sne]$ at "u ! guise ( jokes4 ,let u ex]cise *>ity by n quot+ in/ances1 b let u be wat*ful ( our laught] & our fell[%ip1 :i* are bo? gifts ( ,god1 & see t we d n confuse pagan pleasure ) ,*ri/ian joy1 ! evil sne] ) ! t5d] recognition ( ! absurd 9 ourselves & 9 o!rs4 ,x is ,mr4 ,*e/]ton aga9 :o po9ts out ! fact t ! pagan virtues ( ju/ice & ! l :i* he calls ! sad virtues 7 sup]s$$1 :5 ! great ,*ri/ian revelation came1 by ! gay & exub]ant virtues1 ! virtues ( grace1 fai?1 hope & *>ity2 & :o says1 ! pagan virtues are ! reasonable virtues1 & ! ,*ri/ian virtues ( fai?1 hope & *>ity are 9 _! ess5ce z unreasonable z !y c be4 ,*>ity means p>don+ :at is unp>donable or x is no virtue at all4 ,hope means hop+ :5 ?+s are hopeless or x is no virtue at all4 ,& fai? means believ+ ! incr$ible or x is no virtue at all4 ,if y say ?is is a p>adox ,i reply3 x mu/ be s1 s9ce x requires fai? to accept a p>adox4 ,! realm ( reason is ! "o 9 :i* we walk by sight1 & ( ?is fact our age 9 its pride ( intellect has ne$ to be rem9d$4 ,if ,*ri/ be n ! ,son ( ,god1 & ,8 revelation ( ! fai? once deliv]$ be n ! div9e & f9al guide1 fulfill+1 complet+ & at ! same "t rev]s+ e o!r e?ic1 religion & moral code1 !n ^! ?+s be inde$ fooli%ness1 = !re is no expla9+ !m on ! gr\nd ( logic or philosophy4 ,b if1 by ! gift ( grace1 we h fai?1 we rememb] ,i ?ank ,!e1 ,fa!r1 t ,?\ ha/ hid ^! ?+s f ! wise & prud5t1 & has reveal$ !m unto babes3 ev5 s1 ,fa!r1 = s x seem$ good 9 ,?y sight4 ,aga91 & if z p]sons we are to gr[ 9 relation%ip to a p]sonal ,god1 we mu/ bo? speak & li/5 to our ,fa!r2 9 o!r words we mu/ use ! great dynamic ( pray]4 ,m ?+s are wr\ght by pray] ?an ?is _w dreams (4 ,we are told t "o ( ! requisites ( ! really good talk] is to be a good li/5]2 ! app>5tly good talk] is 9 reality a monologui/4 ,9 our pray]-life today d we recognize suffici5tly ! ne$ = li/5+ to ,god8 ,we are p]haps ready en\gh to ask = bless+s & m]cies1 b t is only a "p ( ! full life ( pray] :i* mu/ include also ?anksgiv+1 lift+ ( ! he>t & m9d1 & quiet li/5+ or int]ior pray]4 ,!re 0 an age 9 ! _w :5 ?is int]ior pray] 0 s mu* m joyful & natural a ?+ ?an ! _w ( matt] t x _h to be taught to lab\r is to pray4 ,today1 :5 we accept ! necessity ( lab\r1 & ev5 wor%ip activity = its own sake1 d we n ne$ to be rem9d$ t to pray is to lab\r8 ,if y d\bt ?is1 try to make t conc5trat$ =m ( pray] kn[n z m$itation1 out ( :i* spr+s a resolve & det]m9ation to d bett]2 try to d ?is fai?fully = fifte5 m9utes a day & x may prove ! h>de/ "w y h ev] und]tak54 ,a great s]vant ( ,god has said1 ,i believe no s\l c be lo/ :i* fai?fully practices m$itation = fifte5 m9utes a day4 ,nor mu/ we =get t 9 ?is "w ( pray] we are companion$ by ! ,holy ,_s1 ! ,peace-mak]1 ,:o make? int]cession = u ) groan+s :i* c n be utt]$ & ,:o leads u ev] g5tly b surely into t clos] communion ) ,god ^: result is life m abundant4 ,aft] pray] x is easi] to realize t to be spiritually m9d$ is life & peace2 x is easi] to obey ! injunction ,& grieve n ! ,holy ,_s ( ,god :]eby ye are seal$ unto ! day ( r$emption4 ,let all bitt]ness1 & wra?1 & ang]1 & clam\r1 & evil speak+ be put away f y1 ) all malice1 & be ye k9d "o to ano!r1 t5d]-he>t$1 =giv+ "o ano!r1 ev5 z ,god1 = ,*ri/'s sake1 ha? =giv5 y4 ,& = ^? t seek aft] peace x mu/ be all wra?1 all ang] & all evil speak+ :i* are put away3 ,?is leaves no room = :at ! _w calls j wra? righte\s ang]1 or speak+ evil ( evil do]s4 ,let u call to m9d ! incid5t 9 ! e>ly life ( ,/4 ,john1 aft]w>ds ! great disciple ( love1 :5 he want$ to call d[n wra? on ! wick$ inhabitants ( a city & 0 rebuk$ by ,our ,"l :o said1 ,ye "k n 9 :at _s ye speak4 ,aft] love _h supplant$ wra?1 & ! good _s _h tak5 ! place ( ! evil 9 ,/4 ,john's he>t1 he 0 s5t to conv]t ! p he w\ld h de/roy$4 ,yes1 x is ! _s t matt]s1 ! wra? t is wrong & t mu/ be put away be=e we c love ,god or our neighb\r z ourself1 = ! fruit ( ! ,_s is love1 joy1 peace1 long suff]+1 g5tl5ess1 goodness1 fai?1 meekness1 temp]ance4 ,:5 we und]/& t ! object ( life & ( education is ! creation ( a _s & n ! do+ ( ?+s1 we are fre$ f ! tyranny ( results 9 ?is _w z a f9al te/ & come to realize t judgm5t belongs only to ,god ,:o z a ,_s judges ! ef=t4 ,( c\rse ?is does n mean t we are fre$ f ! moral law1 t c]ta9 evil ?+s 9 ourselves & 9 o!rs are n always ! results ( an evil _s1 b r t 9 addition to avoid+ & %unn+ ^? ?+s :i* are obvi\sly evil1 we mu/ ) equal c>e avoid do+ ev5 good ?+s 9 a bad _s4 ,! comm&m5ts /ill /&1 ! moral law is abat$ n "o jot1 b 9 ,*ri/ianity & 9 ,*ri/ianity alone are we giv5 p[] to fulfill ! law & to add ! new comm&m5t1 ! summ+ up ( !m all1 ( love to ,god & man4 ,no human s\l comes into ! _w )\t "s desire to be good1 because ea* human s\l is a *ild ( ,god4 ,to ea* "o1 n bl9d$ by pride 7& surely x %\ld be easy 9 ^! days to be humble7 comes1 soon] or lat]1 ! realization ( 8 own inability ( himself to d :at he w\ld1 ! ne$ = a p[] outside himself1 ! p[] :i* is available & ( :i* we h he>d ,i am come t ye might h life & m abundantly4 ,let u exam9e h[ ! apo/les set ab\t liv+ ?is abundant life4 ,9 ,dr4 ,g5ung's ,! ,life ,inde$ we read1 ,"o & all !y made x a matt] ( ! _s t is ! man1 b ! _s !y recogniz$ 0 n an ab/raction1 or a !ory1 b a pres5t ,p]son & help] :o 0 witness+ ) _! spirits4 ,/4 ,john makes ! matt] equally def9ite3 ',! ,son ( ,god1' he says1 '0 manife/ t he might de/roy ! works ( ! ,devil1' & ,/4 ,paul1 m9dful ( ! inn] subtleties ( ! conflict1 w>ns 8 read]s t ,satan has *ang$ 8 tactics & has trans=m$ himself into an angel ( light4 ,i am n sure t we h ga9$ greatly by lett+ our notions ( spiritual life gr[ dim & ab/ract4 ,p]haps = ?is v reason ! rebelli\s1 negative1 design+ _s t is s prone to invade ! he>ts ( u all is ! m free to ga9 a foot-hold & g ab\t controll+ ! tone ( our life4 ,!re is real advantage 9 br++ ! l>ge issues ( life to a po9t :]e n only our m9d b1 z x 71 our s5ses1 c lay hold on !m4 ,x is ! impulse ( simple-m9d$ m5 l ^? e>ly disciples1 & if we cont9ue /raight-see+ we d n outgr[ x4 ,:at makes ^! views ( life s deep is n t !y are less simple ?an ^? ( o!rs1 b t !y are m simple4 ,to ,/4 ,john ! reality t has come to w9 ! _w is n ! promise ( salvation1 or prophecy ( an ev5tual life et]nal1 b j life )\t modification or limitation1 life absolute1 full-orb$1 pulsat+ ?r\gh worlds se5 & unse5 alike4 ',i am ! ,life1' he makes ,*ri/ say1 n1 ',i am work+ to secure x4' ,/4 ,john x is :o pres]ves to u t conception ( eat+ ! ,fle% & dr9k+ ! ,blood ( ! ,son ( ,man4 ,no philosoph] 9 ! _w1 we may r\ndly say1 w\ld ev] h put x s1 & yet h[ effectually is ?us reveal$ :at x means to get ! p[] ( ! new life ?or\ghly incorporat$ ) our blood & brea?4 ,he x is :o id5tifies ! mo/ inn] values ( life ) ! simple/ acts & exp]i5ces1 r$uc+ x to t]ms ( eat+ bread & dr9k+ wat]1 & walk+ 9 daylight1 & be>+ fruit l ! bran*es ( a v9e & foll[+ l %eep ! voice ( a %eph]d1 & ent]+ a door & f9d+ pa/ure4 ,let u cease try+ mat]iali/ic & intellectual means = supply+ ! p[] to live ! spiritual life & let u ea* "o e/abli% ! ne$ful relation%ip ) ! true s\rce ( p[]4 ,may our "t n be lik5$ to ! ,ori5tal travel]1 :o1 appreciat+ ! conv5i5ce & =ce ( electricity z se5 9 a room he occupi$1 fitt$ 8 palace1 on 8 return1 ) a set ( elaborate fixtures & 0 surpris$ to f9d no illum9ation !refrom6 ,we are tor*es :o c n %9e 9 !mselves1 b :o1 :5 connect$ ) ! great c5tral ,s\rce ( ,p[]1 ! ,bless$ ,tr9ity 9 its ?ree glori\s manife/ations1 c %[ =? ! light ( ! _w4 ,*ri/ians %\ld be tor* be>]s1 & ! true tor* be>] lights n 8 own pa? s mu* z ! pa? ( ^? :o come aft] him4 ,& ?is br+s u to ! fundam5tal reason = p]sonal responsibility4 ,our motive 9 seek+ p]sonal righte\sness x n1 z might ha/ily be ?\ght1 because ( a selfi% desire to save our own s\ls1 or to )draw ei!r "h or h]eaft] f o!r s\ls1 b = _! sakes to sanctify ourselves2 = ! lives we live today create ! spiritual atmosph]e ( tomorr[4 ,f ,spa9 come ! foll[+ sugge/ive ?\ghts 9 reg>d to ! value ( ! p]son4 ,! individual is ! real purpose ( ! univ]se4 ,we may seek ! h]o ( our ?\ght 9 no philosoph] :o liv$ 9 fle% & blood1 b 9 a be+ ( fiction & ( action1 m real ?an all ! philosoph]s4 ,he is ,don ,quixote4 ,"o _c say ( ,don ,quixote t he 0 /rictly ideali/ic4 ,he did n fight = ideas3 he 0 ( ! _s & he f\ght = ! _s4 ,quixotism is a madness desc5d$ f ! madness ( ! cross2 !re=e x is despis$ by reason2 ,don ,quixote w n resign himself to ei!r ! _w or its tru?1 to sci5ce or logic1 to art or ae/hetics1 to morals or e?ics4 ,& :at did he leave beh9d him8 "o may ask4 ,i reply t he left himself1 & t a man1 a man liv+ & immortal1 is wor? all !ories & all philosophies4 ,o!r c\ntries h left u in/itutions & books3 ,spa9 has left s\l4 ,/4 ,!resa is wor? all in/itutions :atev]1 or any ',critique ( ,pure ,reason4' ,yes1 ?is is ,i ?9k ! lesson we h to le>n1 n[ at ?is turn+ po9t 9 hi/ory ) ! epo* ( intellect crumbl+ ab\t our e>s1 & ! great ,_w's ,fair ( multipli$1 +5i\s me*anisms we h call$ mod]n civilization at a po9t ( practical bankruptcy4 ,x is ! _s t c\nts1 ! s\l ( man liv+ & immortal1 & only ?r\gh our own liv+1 & ! spiritual =ce t we c comm&1 & ?r\gh ourselves apply1 %all we be able to compass t social reg5]ation t is ! only alt]native to social deg5]ation & cata/rophe4 ,! man :o does n live 8 belief is p[]less to r$eem or to create1 ?\gh he 7 a ,solon1 a ,*>lemagne1 a ,napoleon or a ,wa%+ton2 ! man :o lives 8 belief1 ev5 if he is a mill-h& 9 ,fall ,riv]1 is contribut+ some?+ ( en]giz+ =ce to ! task ( re-creation4 ,n by might1 nor by p[]1 b by my ,_s1 sai? ! ,"l ( ,ho/s4 ,fanta/ic & p>adoxical z x may seem to l9k toge!r ,don ,quixote & ,/4 ,!resa1 ,i am n sure t we c\ld d bett] ?an to accept !m z models4 ,! l\d laught] ( an age ( intellectual ribaldry & self-conceit dies away & ! gaunt figure ( ! la/ ( ! ,crusad]s /ill /&s be=e u h]oic 9 8 *ildlike refusal ( compromise1 8 burn+ compassion1 8 deafness to ridicule4 ,9 a s5se we mu/ all be ready to accept ! je]+ & ! scorn t 7 p\r$ out on ! ,knight ( ,la ,man*a1 if l him we are to fight1 ev5 fooli%ly1 = ! ?+s t are wor? fight+ =--ei!r t !y may be de/roy$1 or re/or$4 ,& ) ,/4 ,!resa we mu/ be will+ to endure obloquy1 suspicion1 malice1 if l h] we live 9 fai?1 subject+ our w to ! div9e w1 & !n sp>+ no?+ ( ourselves 9 ! lab\r ( sav+ ! _w = ,god 9 ! tw5tie? c5tury z ,/4 ,!resa lab\r$ to save x 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! call today is = p]sonal s]vice ?r\gh ! "r liv+ t foll[s ! discov]y ( a "r relation%ip to ,god4 ,n a campaign b a crusade2 & ! figures ( ,/4 ,l\is & ,/4 ,francis & ,/4 ,!resa1 toge!r ) all ! ,knights & ,crusad]s ( ,*ri/5dom1 rise up be=e u to po9t ! way4 ,we w\ld f9d ! ,great ,peace1 ! _w w\ld f9d ! ,great ,peace also1 b ,! way is all s v pla9 ,t we may lose ! way4 ,we h be5 told3 ,seek ye fir/ ! ,k+dom ( ,god & ,8 righte\sness1 & all ^! ?+s %all be add$ unto y1 = y\r ,heav5ly ,fa!r kn[e? ye h ne$ ( ^! ?+s4 ,if we g =? on ?is new & knightly que/--que/ inde$ 9 ^! latt] days1 = ! ,holy ,grail1 lo/ long s9ce & hidd5 away f m5--we may1 by ! grace ( ,god1 a*ieve4 ,!n1 sudd5ly1 9 ! tw9kl+ ( an eye1 & be=e we are aw>e1 = ! ,k+dom ( ,god come? n ) wat*+1 we & ev5 ! _w1 %all f9d t we h compass$ ! ,great ,peace1 & if we d n live to see x1 yet 9 our c]ta9 hope we %all "k t x w come1 if n 9 our "t1 yet 9 ,god's good "t2 if n 9 our way1 yet 9 ,8 m p]fect way4 ,9 ^! lectures ,i h f "t to "t1 & p]haps beyond y\r pati5ce1 criticis$ & condemn$ _m ( ^? concrete in/itutions :i* =m ! work+ me*anism ( life1 ev5 sugge/+ possible sub/itutes4 ,9 end+ ,i w\ld say z 9 beg9n+2 ?is is n because salvation may be f\nd ?r\gh any device1 h[ev] p]fect1 b because ?is itself1 by reason ( its excell5ce on ! "o h& or its depravity on ! o!r1 is1 "u ! law ( life1 contributory to ! op]ation ( ! div9e _s 7:i* is ! sole effective en]gy7 or a det]r5t4 ,i h tri$ at long la/ to ga!r up ?is diffuse argum5t = ! supremacy ( spiritual =ce z x works ?r\gh ! individual1 & to place x be=e y 9 ?is conclud+ lecture4 ,p]haps ,i c be/ emphasize my po9t ?us4 ,! evil ( ! in/itutions :i* n[ hold back ! progress t mu/ be made t[>ds social recov]y & ! ,great ,peace1 is f> less ! quality ( wrongness 9 !mselves & ! ill influ5ce !y put 9 op]ation1 ?an x is ! revelation !y make ( p]sonal "*4 ,x is n s mu* t newspap]s are :at !y are z t !re %\ld be m5 :o are pleas$ & cont5t to make !m ?is1 9 app>5tly hone/ ignorance ( :at !y are do+1 & t !re %\ld be o!rs 9 suffici5t numb] to make !m pr(itable bus9ess propositions by giv+ !m _! appreciation & support4 ,x is n s mu* t gov]nm5t %\ld be :at x is z t "* %\ld h s f> deg5]at$ 9 ! work+ majority ( citiz5s t ^! qualities %\ld %[ !mselves z a fix$ condition1 & t !re %\ld be no body ( m5 ( num]ical di/9ction1 :o reg>d ! situation ) s5tim5ts mu* m active ?an ^? ( indiff]5ce & amus$ tol]ation4 ,x is n s mu* t ! indu/rial situation %\ld be :at x is1 z t !re %\ld be on bo? sides moral wrong1 & t ?is condition c\ld n h come ab\t1 nor c\ld x /ill be ma9ta9$1 except ?r\gh "* deg5]ation 9 ! individual4 ,x is n s mu* t _m =ms ( religion are :at !y are1 z x is t !y %\ld progressively h become ?is ?r\gh _! expon5ts & adh]5ts1 & t !re %\ld be s _m :o are /ill will+ to def5d !m 9 ?is case4 ,e ill ?+ reveals ?r\gh its v quality ! defects ( ! individual man1 & z ^u him mu/ re/ ! responsibilities = ! fault1 s on him mu/ be plac$ ! responsibility = ! recov]y4 ,! failures we h record$1 ! false gods we h rais$ up 9 idolatry1 ev5 ! ,great ,w> itself1 are revelations ( failure 9 p]sonal & individual "*4 ,we may recognize ?is1 b recognition is n en\gh4 ,we may f\nd societies & committees & write books & deliv] lectures1 b corporate action is n en\gh1 nor intellectual ass5t4 ,!re is b "o way t is "r1 suffici5t & effective1 & t is ! "r liv+ ( ea* individual1 :i* is ! inc>nation & op]ation ( fai? by ! grace ( ,god4 ,x is my desire to close ?is c\rse ( lectures n ) my own words b ) ^? ( "o ( ! great p]sonalities reveal$ by ! w>4 ,fir/1 h[ev]1 ,i wi% to say ?is4 ,if !re is any ?\ght or ^w 9 :at ,i h said t seems to y true1 !n ,i ask y to use x n z a matt] = discussion b z an impulse t[>d p]sonal action4 ,if !re is any?+ t is ( ! nature ( explicit error1 !n ,i pray t ! ,_s ( ,tru? may make deaf y\r e>s t y he> n1 & blot out ( y\r memory ! record ( :at ,i h said4 ,if !re is any?+ t is n consonant ) ! ,*ri/ian religion1 z ?is has be5 reveal$ to ! _w & z x is gu>d$ & int]pret$ by ! ,*ur* to :i* ^! p[]s 7 committ$1 !n ,i retract & disav[ x explicitly & ex animo4 ,!re are two great spiritual figures t h be5 reveal$ to u ?r\gh ! ,great ,w>3 ,c>d9al ,m]ci]1 ! great confessor1 :o held al(t ! /&>d ( spiritual glory ?r\gh ! w> itself1 & ,bi%op ,ni*olai ( ,s]bia :o has te/ifi$ to et]nal tru? & righte\sness 9 ! wild]ness ! w> has br\ght to pass4 ,x is ) 8 inspir$ words t ,i w make an end+ ( ! ?+s ,i h be5 impell$ to say4 ,*ri/ is m]ciful1 b at la/ ,he comes z ! ,judge4 99 99 99 ,he comes n[ n to preside 9 ! *ur*es only b to be 9 y\r homes1 9 y\r %ops1 to be ev]y:]e ) y4 ,he wants to be fir/2 ,he has become la/ 9 ,europe1 99 99 99 ,civilization passes l ! w9ds1 b ! s\l rema9s4 ,*ri/ianization is ! only good & con/ructive civilization4 ,am]icanization )\t ,*ri/ianization means ,bol%evism4 ,europe is suff]+ today = h] s9s4 ,*ri/ has =giv5 sev5ty times sev51 & n[ x seems t ,he is ! ,judge1 turn+ away1 reject$1 leav+ ,europe & go+ ?r\gh ! gate ( ,s]bia to ,asia4 ,pray = u4 99 99 99 ,s5d u n y\r gold & silv] = food s mu* z s5d u conv]t$ m54 ,conv]t y\r politicians1 y\r memb]s ( ! press1 y\r j\rnali/s1 to prea* ,*ri/4 ,*ri/ is *oos+ ! p]fect /ones1 ! m>ble ( all ! *ur*es1 to complete ,8 my/ical body 9 ,heav54 ,he ?9ks only ( "o ,*ur*1 made f ^? true to ,him ( all ! *ur*es "h4 ,civilizations are mov+ pictures1 made by man4 ,)\t ,god !y p]i%4 ,! s\l1 ! _s1 lives4 ,! w> is n aga9/ ext]nals2 ! w> is aga9/ ourselves4 ,,app5dix ,a ,f ! po9t atta9$ 9 ! lecture on ,a ,work+ ,philosophy1 a po9t ,i believe to be cle>ly indicat$ by ,*ri/ian philosophy & %>ply diff]5tiat$ f t ( paganism or mod]nism1 ,i w\ld adv5ture fur!r & ev5 into a field ( pure !ory :]e ,i c adduce no support or ju/ification f any o!r s\rce4 ,speculation along ?is l9e may be dang]\s1 ev5 unju/ifiable2 c]ta9ly x introduces ! p]il ( an attempt to intellectualize :at _c be appreh5d$ by ! intellectual faculty1 an ef=t :i* has be5 ! obsession ( mod]nism & has result$ 9 spiritual cata/rophe4 ,on ! o!r h& we are confront$ by a def9ite & plausible sy/em work$ out by ^? :o 7 )\t fe> ( ^! consequ5ces1 & :ile ?is already is los+ some?+ ( its common acceptance1 x is /ill op]ative1 inde$ is ! only work+ sy/em & consi/5t !ory ( ! majority ( ?9k+ m5 outside ! limits ( ,ca?olicism4 ,i ?9k x wrong bo? 9 its assumptions & its inf]5ces1 & x c]ta9ly play$ a deplorable "p 9 ! build+ up ( ! late/ phase ( mod]n civilization1 :ile its p]si/5ce is1 ,i am p]suad$1 a b>ri] to recov]y or advance4 ,?is !ory1 :i* has gradually be5 d$uc$ f ! wond]ful inve/igations1 tabulations & inf]5ces ( ,d>w91 ,tyndall1 ,huxley1 ,sp5c] & o!rs ( ! great gr\p ( ,briti% intellectuals & sci5ti/s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 is kn[n "u ! g5]al title ( ,evolution4 ,! foll[+ sugge/ions are (f]$ ) extreme diffid5ce1 & only z unc]ta9 & indet]m9ate approximations4 ,9 "s respects !y seem n inconsi/5t ) ! mo/ rec5t sci5tific rese>* :i* already is ca/+ s mu* d\bt on _m ( ! assum$ factors beh9d evolution & on ! accept$ me?ods ( its op]ation4 ,! true solution1 if x is f\nd1 w result f ! coop]ation ( sci5ti/s1 philosoph]s & !ologians1 illum9at$ by ! fire ( ! ,div9e ,wisdom--,hagia ,sophia--= 9 su* a problem z ?is1 almo/ ! f9al secret ( ! ,cosmos1 no s+le human ag5cy act+ alone c hope to a*ieve ! f9al revelation1 :ile all act+ toge!r c\ld h>dly escape fall+ into ! falsehoods ( _! own imag9+s if !y reli$ solely on _! unaid$ ef=ts 9 ! intellectual sph]e4 ,assum+ !n t life is an endur+ process ( ! r$emption ( matt] ?r\gh ! int]p5etration ( _s1 :at is a possible me?od ( action8 ,to expla9 :at ,i mean ,i mu/ use a diagrammatic figure1 b ,i admit ?is mu/ be n only inadequate b mislead+1 = in/ead ( ! two dim5sions ( a diagram1 we mu/ po/ulate ?ree1 ) "t add$ z a vital elem5t1 &1 ,i d>e say1 a f\r? dim5sion z well4 ,confess+ inadequacy 9 ! symbol1 let u conceive ( a space divid$ into f\r /rata4 ,! l[e/ ( ^! is ! prim>y unkn[able1 ! region ( pure _s1 pure _s itself1 ! creative en]gy ( ! univ]se1 ! uncondition$ ,absolute1 9 ! t]ms ( ,*ri/ian !ology1 ,almighty ,god4 ,! second is ! plane ( matt]1 an area ( pot5tial1 b 9 itself in]t & indet]m9ate4 ,! ?ird is ! space ( :at we call life 9 all its =ms1 ! area 9 :i* ! trans=mation & r$emption take place4 ,! f\r? is ! ultimate unkn[able1 t is to say1 t :i* foll[s on aft] life & receives ! f9i%$ product ( r$emption4 ,illu/ration3 ,,diagram ,,no4 #a4 ,! int]p5etration ( ,matt] by ,_s4 x1 ,! prim>y ,unkn[able2 x'1 ! ultimate ,unkn[able2 ,greek3 alpha1 ! plane ( ,matt]2 ,greek3 beta1 ! plane ( ,life4 ,n[ !re is et]nally 9 process a p5etration ( ! /ratum ( matt] by jets ( ! lan vital f ! realm ( pure _s1 ea* z x 7 /riv+ to deta* f ! plane ( matt] "s small portion1 :i* is trans=m$ 9 its passage ?r\gh life & a*ieves entrance into ! ultimate unkn[able1 :5 ! process ( r$emption is1 = ?is small p>ticle1 complet$4 ,always1 h[ev]1 is ex]t$ ! gravitational pull ( matt]1 & ! en]gy t drove ?r\gh1 in/ead ( pursu+ a "r l9e1 t5ds to b5d 9 a p>abolic curve1 l ! trajectory ( a cannon ball4 ,9 ! completion ( ! process "s portion ( r$eem$ matt] gets by1 s to speak1 b o!r portions d n2 !y return to _! s\rce ( orig9 & are reabsorb$ 9 matt]1 becom+ subject to ! op]ation ( future int]p5etrat+ jets ( spiritual en]gy4 ,! upw>d drive ( ! lan vital con/itutes :at may prop]ly be kn[n z evolution1 ! decl9+ fall ! process ( devolution or deg5]ation4 ,evolution !n is only "o "p ( ! cosmic process1 x is insep>able f deg5]ation4 ,?is process holds 9 ! case ( individuals1 ( families1 ( races1 ( /ates & ( eras1 or def9ite & complet$ p]iods ( "t4 ,z man is begott51 born1 develop$ to maturity & !n is br\ght d[nw>d to ! grave1 s 9 ! case ( races & nations & ! cle>ly def9$ epo*s into :i* ! hi/ory ( man divides itself4 ,!re is no me*anical sy/em ( progress1 no cumulative wisdom & p[] t 9 ! end w inevitably lead to e>?ly p]fection & triumph4 ,= e individual !re is ! possibility ( spiritual evolution )9 ! "t allott$ t w op5 = him ! gates t b> ! fronti]s ( ! _w ( reality & ( r$emption t lies beyond t _w ( e>?ly life :i* is ! field ( conte/ betwe5 unr$eem$ matt] & r$eem+ _s1 ( conte/ & ( victory--or ( failure4 ,9 ! case ( races & nations & epo*s !re is ! same conflict betwe5 mat]ial factors & spiritual en]gy2 ! same cresc5t y\? ) all its primal vitality1 maturity ) its assurance & compet5ce1 & ! dy+ fall ( dissipat+ en]gies4 ,9 ea* case dea? is ! concomitant ( life b !re is always some?+ t la/s ov]1 & t is ! spiritual a*ievem5t1 ! preci\s residuum t rema9s1 defy+ dea? & dissolution1 t infuses ! plane ( life ) its r$emptive ard\r1 & is ! h]itage ( lives t come aft]1 act+ ) ! sacram5tal ag5cies ( religion 9 cop]ation ) ,god ,:o orda9$ & compass$ !m bo?1 9 t great process ( r$emption & salvation t is cont9ually tak+ place & w cont9ue until matt]1 & "t :i* is b ! ratio ( ! resi/ance ( matt] to ! r$eem+ p[] ( _s1 %all be no m4 ,i confess ! hopelessly me*anical quality 9 ?is va9 attempt to put into words some?+ t by its v nature mu/ transc5d all modes ( expression t are intellectually appreh5dable4 ,tak5 lit]ally x w\ld be entirely false & probably h]etical f a !ological po9t ( view1 z x c]ta9ly is m ?an inadequate z a philosophical proposition4 ,x is int5d$ only z a symbol1 & a gross symbol at t1 b z su* ,i w let x /&4 ,n[ if !re is inde$ a possible tru? hidd5 some:]e )9 some:at clumsy approximations1 x mu/ modify "s ( our g5]ally accept$ ideas4 ,! life-process w appe>1 n a sl[1 int]rupt$1 b sub/antially =w>d developm5t f l[] & simpl] organisms to high] & m complex1 ) ! end 7if !re be an end71 beyond ! v limits ( et]nity1 b r a swift creation ( "s ( ! highe/ =ms ?r\gh ! fir/ en]gy ( ! creative =ce1 ) ! ?r[+ (f ( ev] l[] & l[] =ms z ! curve ( ! trajectory desc5ds4 ,s ?r\gh a mass ( l[ & /atic vitality comes ! sudd5 & enorm\s p[] t produces at ! v beg9n+s ( our own record$ hi/ory ( man1 ! almo/ sup]human intellig5ce & capacity ( ! ,greeks & ! ,egyptians4 ,s ea* ( ! def9ite eras ( civilization op5s ) ! releas+ ( great en]gies1 ! reveal+ ( great figures ( p>am\nt "* & =ce4 ,s1 conv]sely1 z ! en]gy decl9es1 m5 appe> less & less pot5t & 9 a desc5d+ scale4 ,?is is ! case ) ! ,greek /ates1 ) ! ,roman ,republic & ! ,empire1 ) ,byzantium1 ) ,m$iaevalism1 & ) our mod]n era4 ,i d n "k ( any o!r !ory t claims to expla9 ! p]petual & rhy?mical fluctuations ( hi/ory1 z viol5t 9 _! degree z !y are approximately regul> 9 _! rhy?m4 ,foll[+ ! idea a little fur!r1 x may ev5 appe> t _m ( ! l[]1 & p>ticul>ly ! m di/ort$1 =ms ( animal life1 in/ead ( be+ abortive or undevelop$ /ages 9 a cont9u\s evolution>y progress1 are actually ! product ( a dim9i%+ en]gy1 /ages 9 a process ( deg5]ation1 & !re=e lead+ n upw>d to ev] high] /ages ( developm5t hav+ issue at la/ 9 a complet$ p]fection1 b r d[nw>d to ultimate ext9ction4 ,geology records ?is process 9 suffici5t quantity1 s f> z _m memb]s ( ! animal k+dom are conc]n$1 & we1 9 our own day1 h se5 ! ext9ction ( ! dodo z well z ! ?reat5$ disappe>ance ( o!r species4 ,creep+ & crawl+ creatures too1 t we c\ld cru% ) ! heel1 are b ! la/ & puny desc5dants ( mighty & t]rible mon/]s t once roll$ & cra%$ ?r\gh ! fetid =e/s ( ! c>bonif]\s era4 ,s !re are races ( m5 today1 among/ o!rs ! pygmies ( ,africa & ! ,au/ralian bu%m51 z well z "s ne>] 9 a c]ta9 degree to ! dom9ant races ( ! _w1 :om l>ge-he>t$ optimi/s reg>d z /ages ( ret>d$ developm5t1 capable1 "u tutelage1 ( advance to a level ) ! ,caucasian1 b :o1 9 ?is view ( ! case1 w\ld be b ! weak5+ product ( ! dy+ fall ( ! en]gy t produc$ ! ,greek1 ! ,semite & ! ,nordic /ocks4 ,s 9 ! la/ in/ance1 ! ape & ! lemur & all _! d]ivatives may be1 n records ( "s ( ! _m /ages ?r\gh :i* man has pass$ 9 8 process ( evolution1 sidetrack$ by ! upw>d ru% ( "o highly fav\r$ or =tunate l9e1 nor yet an abortive bran* f ! common trunk f :i* sprang bo? man & ape1 b r ! la/ degradation ( a primaeval en]gy1 produc+ 9 its decl5sion ^! /range c>icatures ( ! ,man 9 ^: production x f\nd its a*ievem5t4 ,9 o!r words1 ! old evolution>y idea is exactly rev]s$1 & ^? ph5om5a once look$ on z pass$ /ages ( gr[?1 become ! memorials ( a creative process t has already a*iev$1 & is n[ return+1 ) its fanta/ic manife/ations 9 t]ms ( decl9+ life1 ev5 to t primordial my/]y :5ce x _h em]g$4 ,grant+ ?is !ory1 ! se>* = ! miss+ l9k1 :e!r 9 ! geological /rata bel[ ^? t reveal$ ! ,piltd[n skull1 or 9 ! fa/nesses ( ,c5tral ,asia1 is z va9 a que/ z x has always be54 ,primaeval man1 z he is grudg+ly reveal$ to u1 may h be5 ! deg5]ate rema9d] ( an e>li] & fully develop$ race ^: records are buri$ 9 ! sunk5 fa/nesses ( "s vani%$ ,atlantis or ,lemuria1 z ! races ( ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&s may be less metamorphos$ remnants ( ! same /ock4 ,into ?is inf9itely degrad$ residuum ( a vani%$ race ent]$ ! new en]giz+ =ce :5 ! div9e creative en]gy came once m into op]ation1 9 ! fullness ( "t1 & ! ,m9oan1 ! ,egyptian & ! ,greek came almo/ 9 an h\r to _! highe/ p]fection4 ,s ?r\gh ! unnumb]$ ages ( ! _w's hi/ory1 ,god has f "t to "t creat$ man 9 ,8 own image1 out ( ! du/ ( ! e>?1 & man s made a little l[] ?an ! angels has1 also 9 "t1 fall5 & =feit$ 8 inh]itance4 ,yet ! process goes on )\t ceas+1 & 9 con=mity ) "s law ( div9e p]iodicity2 b x is ,man t is creat$ 9 ! beg9n+1 ( 8 full /ature1 ev5 z is symbolically record$ 9 ! ,book ( ,g5esis2 n a hairy quadrumana t by ! op]ation ( ! laws ( natural selection & ! survival ( ! fitte/1 ultimately & ?r\gh endless ages1 & by ! mo/ inf9itesimal *anges1 becomes at la/ ,plato & ,caes>1 ,leon>do & ,dante1 ,/4 ,l\is & ,%akespe>e & ,/4 ,francis4 ,n[ 9 ?is process ( ! int]p5etration ( matt] by _s !re mu/ be a c]ta9 p]iodicity1 if x is a con/ant process & n "o accompli%$ once & = all "t 9 ! v beg9n+s ( ! _w4 ,?is rhy?mical action1 :i* is exemplifi$ by e ph5om5on ( nature1 ! vibratory process ( light1 s\nd1 heat1 electricity1 ! pulsation ( ! he>t1 ! motion ( ! tides1 has nev] escap$ ! obs]vation ev5 ( primitive peoples1 & always attempts h be5 made to det]m9e its p]iodicity4 ,may x n be inf9itely complex1 z ! ripple rises on ! wave t lifts on ! swell ( ! und]ly+ tide8 ,c]ta9ly we are n[ be+ =c$ back to a new consid]ation ( ?is p]iodical beat1 9 hi/ory at lea/1 = n[ t our own era1 :i* came 9 by ! p[] ( ! ,r5aissance & ! ,re=mation & receiv$ its f9al en]giz+ =ce ?r\gh ! revolutions ( ! eighte5? c5tury & ! indu/rial revolution ( ! n9ete5?1 is s manife/ly com+ to its end1 we look backw>d = prec$5ts = ?is unexpect$ debacle & lo1 !y appe> e five hundr$ ye>s back z f> z hi/ory records4 #ejj ,b4,c41 ,anno ,dom9i2 #ejj ,a4,d41 #ajjj ,a4,d41 & #aejj ,a4,d4 are all1 to ! po9t ( v cle> approximation1 nodal po9ts1 :]e ! curve ( ! prec$+ five c5turies1 hav+ a*iev$ its cre/1 curves d[nw>d1 & 9 its fall meets ! curve ( ris+ en]gy t is to condition ! ensu+ era4 ,! next nodal po9t1 calculat$ on ?is basis1 comes ab\t ! ye> #bjjj4 ,are we n ju/ifi$1 9 plott+ our trajectory ( mod]nism1 9 plac+ ! cre/ 9 ! ye> #aiad1 & 9 trac+ ! l9e ( fall f t mom5t8 ,i h plott$ ?is curve1 or s]ies ( curves1 aft] a r\gh & ready fa%ion 7,diagram ,no4 #b7 & ?\gh ! p]sonal equation mu/1 9 any subjective proposition su* z ?is1 ent] l>gely into acc\nt1 ,i ?9k ! diagram w be accept$ 9 pr9ciple if n 9 details1 & n :olly 9 its relation%ips4 ,i h made no ef=t to e/imate or indicate comp>ative heights & dep?s1 giv+ to ea* five-hundr$ ye> epo* a simil> level ( rise & dep? ( fall4 ,p]haps ! actual diff]5ce "h w\ld1 rightly e/imat$1 be less ?an we h be5 l$ to believe1 ?\gh c]ta9ly few w\ld lift ! ,c>ol+ian cre/ to ! level ( t ( ,hell5ism or ( ! ,middle ,ages1 nor assign to ! end ( ?is latt] p]iod z l[ a fall z t accompli%$ dur+ ! t5? c5tury 9 cont95tal ,europe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,diagram ,no4 #b4 ,! rise & fall ( ! l9e ( civilization2 %[+ also ! nodal po9ts at ! ,*ri/ian ,era & at ! ye>s #ejj1 #ajjj1 #aejj & #bjjj 787 ,9 a ?ird cut 7,diagram ,no4 #c7 ,i h r\ghly indicat$ 9 conv5tional =m a ph5om5on :i* seems to me to %[ itself ar\nd ! nodal po9t :5 a desc5d+ curve ( en]gy meets & crosses ! desc5d+ l9e4 ,z ! lan vital t has made & *>act]iz$ any p]iod decl9es1 x ?r[s (f reactions1 ! object ( :i* is if possible to arre/1 or at lea/ delay1 ! fatal glissade4 ,^! are1 9 int5t & 9 fact1 re=ms2 consci\s ef=ts at sav+ a desp]ate situation by reg5]ative me?ods4 ,trace back _! l9es ( proc$ure1 & 9 e case !y w be f\nd to issue out ( ! v =ce :i* is ev5 !n 9 process ( deg5]ation1 !re=e !y are poison$ at ! s\rce & no true or vital re=ms1 = ! sudd5 en]gy t urges !m is1 aft] all1 9 no respect diff]5t f t :i* is already a fail+ =ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,diagram ,no4 #c4 ,! reactions ?r[n (f by 7a7 ! desc5d+ l9e ( vital =ce1 7b7 by ! asc5d+ l9e4 ,?is1 ,i conceive1 is :y today ! multitud9\s & speci\s re=ms1 :i* beat ^u u f all sides1 & f9d su* ready acceptance 9 ! enactm5ts ( law1 are really no re=ms at all1 s9ce ea* "o ( !m is b an exagg]ation or di/ortion ( ! v pr9ciples & me?ods t already are b5d+ d[nw>d ! curve ( our progression until x disappe>s 9 ! ne!r-_w ( failure1 z did ^? ( e prec$+ epo* ( equal duration4 ,an example ( :at ,i mean is ! a/ute say+1 frequ5tly he>d n[adays3 ,! cure = democracy is m democracy4 ,n[ :ile "o curve desc5ds & ?r[s (f its re=mative reactions 9 ! process1 ! o!r is asc5d+1 prep>atory to det]m9+ ! com+ era = its allott$ space ( five c5turies4 ,9 ?is process x also ?r[s (f its own reactions1 b ^! are = ! purpose ( lift+ ! l9e m rapidly1 br++ its =ce into play be=e its det]m9$ "t4 ,^! also are exagg]ations1 ov]-emphasiz$ qualities t are inh]5t 9 ! asc5d+ =ce1 & !y are no m to be accept$ z au?oritative ?an are ! o!rs4 ,!y h _! value h[ev]1 = !y are prophetic1 & ev5 9 _! exagg]ation !re is ! cle> =eca/ ( ?+s to be4 ,trace !m 9 turn to ! s\rce4 ,:at is _! s\rce8 ,! new p[] issues out ( obscurity & its "* is veil$1 b we c e/imate x f ! v nature ( ! exagg]at$ reactions we c see4 ,if some?+ %[s itself1 9 sociology1 economics1 politics1 religion1 art1 :at y w1 t is especially a d5ial ( :at has be5 a controll+ ag5cy dur+ ! pa/ f\r or five hundr$ ye>s3 if x is by common cons5t impractical & outside ! curr5t ( manife/ evolution>y developm5t1 !n1 %orn ( its exagg]ations1 r$uc$ to its ess5tial quality1 x is v probably a cle> %[+ =? ( :at is ab\t to come to bir? & condition human life = ! next five hundr$ ye>s4 ,?is1 ,i suppose1 expla9s ! compreh5sive return to ,m$ievalism t1 to ! scorn ( biologi/s1 sociologi/s & pr(essors ( political economy1 is flaunt+ itself be=e u today1 at ! h&s ( a v small m9ority1 9 all ! categories ,i h nam$1 z well z 9 _m o!rs besides4 ,a glance at ! diagram w %[ a curi\s patt]n r\nd ab\t ! nodal po9t4 ,"o may say t ! reactions are some:at mix$4 ,q s4 ,at ?is mom5t we are beat5 ^u by numb]less re=ms1 bo? radical & reaction>y4 ,mat]ialism1 democracy1 rationalism1 an>*y cont5d+ aga9/ ,m$ievalism ( tw5ty sorts1 & /range my/icisms out ( ! ,ea/4 ,:i* %all we *oose1 if we *oose1 & d n cont5t ourselves ) an easi] in]tia t all[s nature to take its c\rse8 ,x is simply ! "q2 ,on :i* wave w y ride2 t :i* is desc5d+ to oblivion or t :i* has )9 itself ! p[] & pot5cy to control man's de/9y = ! next five hundr$ ye>s8 ,,app5dix ,b ,,c]ta9 ,,books ,,sugge/$ ,,= ,,collat]al ,,read+ ,,adams1 ,,h5ry ,mont ,sa9t-,mi*el & ,*>tres4 ,,adams1 ,,h5ry ,degradation ( ! ,democratic ,dogma4 ,,baudrill>t1 ,a4 ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 ,r5aissance & ,prote/antism4 ,,bell1 ,,b]n>d ,,idd+s ,"r & ,wrong aft] ! ,w>4 ,,belloc1 ,,hilaire ,! ,s]vile ,/ate4 ,,bryce1 ,,visc\nt ,mod]n ,democracies4 ,,bull1 ,,paul ,b4 ,! ,sacram5tal ,pr9ciple4 ,,*e/]ton1 ,g4,k4 ,or?odoxy4 ,,*e/]ton1 ,g4,k4 ,:at's ,wrong ) ! ,_w4 ,,*e/]ton1 ,g4,k4 ,! ,napoleon ( ,nott+ ,hill4 ,,conkl91 ,e4,g4 ,! ,direction ( ,human ,evolution4 ,,cram1 ,r4,a4 ,! ,nemesis ( ,m$iocrity4 ,,cram1 ,r4,a4 ,wall$ ,t[ns4 ,,cram1 ,r4,a4 ,! ,m9i/ry ( ,art4 ,,cram1 ,r4,a4 ,! ,great ,?\s& ,ye>s4 ,,faguet1 ,e4 ,! ,cult ( ,incompet5ce4 ,,f]r]o1 ,g4 ,europe's ,fateful ,h\r4 ,,figgis1 ,j4,n4 ,civilization at ! ,cross ,roads4 ,,figgis1 ,j4,n4 ,! ,w to ,fre$om4 ,,figgis1 ,j4,n4 ,political ,aspects ( ,/4 ,augu/9e's ,city ( ,god4 ,,g5ung1 ,j4,f4 ,! ,life ,inde$4 ,,graham1 ,,/eph5 ,prie/ ( ! ,ideal4 ,,h>rison1 ,mc,v,e,i,g,h ,daily ,m$itations4 ,,hubb>d1 ,a4,j4 ,! ,fate ( ,empires4 ,,irel&1 ,,alleyne ,democracy & ! ,human ,equation4 ,le,b,o,n1 ,g4 ,! ,_w 9 ,revolt4 ,,meiklejohn1 ,,alex&] ,! ,lib]al ,college4 ,,morris1 ,,william ,! ,dream ( ,john ,ball4 ,,peck1 ,w4,g4 ,f ,*aos to ,ca?olicism4 ,,p5ty1 ,a4,j4 ,old ,worlds = ,new4 ,,p5ty1 ,a4,j4 ,! ,re/oration ( ! ,guild ,sy/em4 ,,phillipps1 ,l4 ,,m>* ,=m & ,col\r4 ,,phillipps1 ,l4 ,,m>* ,europe ,unb\nd4 ,,port]1 ,a4 ,,k+sley ,beyond ,ar*itecture4 ,,p[ell1 ,f4,c4 ,a ,p]son's ,religion4 ,,raup]t1 ,g4 ,human ,de/9y & ! ,new ,psy*ology4 ,,%ields1 ,,?omas ,e4 ,! ,philosophy ( ,education4 ,,tawney1 ,r4,h4 ,! ,acquisitive ,society4 ,,wal%1 ,,james ,j4 ,! ,?irte5?1 ,greate/ ( ,c5turies4 ,,wal%1 ,,james ,j4 ,education1 ,h[ ,old ! ,new4 ,,worr+]1 ,w4 ,=m ,problems ( ! ,go?ic4 ,de,w,u,l,f1 ,m4 ,hi/ory ( ,m$iaeval ,philosophy4