,,an ,,essay ,,conc]n+ ,,human ,,und]/&+ ,,by ,,john ,,locke ,bas$ on ! #b;d ,edition ,,cont5ts ,,( ,,! ,,second ,,volume ,,book ,,iii4 ,,( ,,words4 ,,*ap4 ,i4 ,,( ,,words ,,or ,,language ,,9 ,,g5]al ,,ii4 ,,( ,,! ,,signification ,,( ,,words ,,iii4 ,,( ,,g5]al ,,t]ms ,,iv4 ,,( ,,! ,,names ,,( ,,simple ,,ideas ,v4 ,,( ,,! ,,names ,,( ,,mix$ ,,modes ,,& ,,relations ,,vi4 ,,( ,,! ,,names ,,( ,,sub/ances ,,vii4 ,,( ,,p>ticles ,,viii4 ,,( ,,ab/ract ,,& ,,concrete ,,t]ms ,,ix4 ,,( ,,! ,,imp]fection ,,( ,,words ,x4 ,,( ,,! ,,abuse ,,( ,,words ,,xi4 ,,( ,,! ,,rem$ies ,,( ,,! ,,=ego+ ,,imp]fection ,,& ,,abuses ,,book ,,iv4 ,,( ,,k ,,& ,,probability4 ,,*ap4 ,i4 ,,( ,,k ,,9 ,,g5]al ,,ii4 ,,( ,,! ,,degrees ,,( ,,our ,,k ,,iii4 ,,( ,,! ,,ext5t ,,( ,,human ,,k ,,iv4 ,,( ,,! ,,reality ,,( ,,our ,,k ,v4 ,,( ,,tru? ,,9 ,,g5]al ,,vi4 ,,( ,,univ]sal ,,propositions3 ,,_! ,,tru? ,,& ,,c]ta9ty ,,vii4 ,,( ,,maxims ,,viii4 ,,( ,,trifl+ ,,propositions ,,ix4 ,,( ,,our ,,?reefold ,,k ,,( ,,exi/5ce ,x4 ,,( ,,our ,,k ,,( ,,! ,,exi/5ce ,,( ,a ,,god ,,xi4 ,,( ,,our ,,k ,,( ,,! ,,exi/5ce ,,( ,,o!r ,,?+s ,,xii4 ,,( ,,! ,,improvem5t ,,( ,,our ,,k ,,xiii4 ,,"s ,,o!r ,,consid]ations ,,conc]n+ ,,our ,,k ,,xiv4 ,,( ,,judgm5t ,,xv4 ,,( ,,probability ,,xvi4 ,,( ,,! ,,degrees ,,( ,,ass5t ,,xvii4 ,,( ,,reason ,,& ,,syllogism ,,xviii4 ,,( ,,fai? ,,& ,,reason1 ,,& ,,_! ,,di/9ct ,,prov9ces ,,xix4 ,,( ,,en?usiasm ,,xx4 ,,( ,,wrong ,,ass5t1 ,,or ,,error ,,xxi4 ,,( ,,! ,,division ,,( ,,! ,,sci5ces ,,book ,,iii ,,( ,,words ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,( ,,words ,,or ,,language ,,9 ,,g5]al4 #a4 ,man fitt$ to =m articulat$ ,s\nds4 ,god1 hav+ design$ man = a sociable creature1 made him n only ) an incl9ation1 & "u a necessity to h fell[%ip ) ^? ( 8 own k9d1 b furni%$ him also ) language1 :i* 0 to be ! great in/rum5t & common tie ( society4 ,man1 !re=e1 _h by nature 8 organs s fa%ion$1 z to be fit to frame articulate s\nds1 :i* we call words4 ,b ?is 0 n en\gh to produce language2 = p>rots1 & sev]al o!r birds1 w be taught to make articulate s\nds di/9ct en\gh1 :i* yet by no means are capable ( language4 #b4 ,to use ^! s\nds z ,signs ( ,ideas4 ,besides articulate s\nds1 !re=e1 x 0 fur!r necess>y t he %\ld be able to use ^! s\nds z signs ( int]nal conceptions2 & to make !m /& z m>ks = ! ideas )9 8 own m9d1 :]eby !y might be made kn[n to o!rs1 & ! ?\ghts ( m5's m9ds be convey$ f "o to ano!r4 #c4 ,to make !m g5]al ,signs4 ,b nei!r 0 ?is suffici5t to make words s useful z !y ought to be4 ,x is n en\gh = ! p]fection ( language1 t s\nds c be made signs ( ideas1 unless ^? signs c be s made use ( z to compreh5d sev]al p>ticul> ?+s3 = ! multiplication ( words w\ld h p]plex$ _! use1 _h e p>ticul> ?+ ne$ ( a di/9ct "n to be signifi$ by4 ,to rem$y ?is inconv5i5ce1 language _h yet a fur!r improvem5t 9 ! use ( ,,g5]al ,,t]ms1 :]eby "o ^w 0 made to m>k a multitude ( p>ticul> exi/5ces3 :i* advantage\s use ( s\nds 0 obta9$ only by ! diff]5ce ( ! ideas !y 7 made signs (3 ^? names becom+ g5]al1 :i* are made to /& = ,,g5]al ,,ideas1 & ^? rema9+ p>ticul>1 :]e ! ,,ideas !y are us$ = are ,,p>ticul>4 #d4 ,to make !m signify ! abs5ce ( positive ,ideas4 ,besides ^! names :i* /& = ideas1 !re be o!r words :i* m5 make use (1 n to signify any idea1 b ! want or abs5ce ( "s ideas1 simple or complex1 or all ideas toge!r2 su* z are ,,nihil 9 ,lat91 & 9 ,engli%1 ,,ignorance & ,,b>r5ness4 ,all :i* negative or privative words _c be said prop]ly to belong to1 or signify no ideas3 = !n !y w\ld be p]fectly insignificant s\nds2 b !y relate to positive ideas1 & signify _! abs5ce4 #e4 ,words ultimately d]iv$ f su* z signify s5sible ,ideas4 ,x may also lead u a little t[>ds ! orig9al ( all our notions & k1 if we rem>k h[ great a dep5d5ce our words h on common s5sible ideas2 & h[ ^? :i* are made use ( to /& = actions & notions q remov$ f s5se1 h _! rise f !nce1 & f obvi\s s5sible ideas are transf]r$ to m ab/ruse significations1 & made to /& = ideas t come n "u ! cognizance ( our s5ses2 v4g4 to ,,imag9e1 ,,appreh5d1 ,,compreh5d1 ,,adh]e1 ,,conceive1 ,,in/il1 ,,disgu/1 ,,di/urbance1 ,,tranquillity1 c41 are all words tak5 f ! op]ations ( s5sible ?+s1 & appli$ to c]ta9 modes ( ?9k+4 ,,_s1 9 its prim>y signification1 is brea?2 ,,angel1 a mess5g]3 & ,i d\bt n b1 if we c\ld trace !m to _! s\rces1 we %\ld f9d1 9 all languages1 ! names :i* /& = ?+s t fall n "u our s5ses to h _h _! fir/ rise f s5sible ideas4 ,by :i* we may give "s k9d ( guess :at k9d ( notions !y 71 & :5ce d]iv$1 :i* fill$ _! m9ds :o 7 ! fir/ beg9n]s ( languages1 & h[ nature1 ev5 9 ! nam+ ( ?+s1 unaw>es sugge/$ to m5 ! orig9als & pr9ciples ( all _! k3 :il/1 to give names t might make kn[n to o!rs any op]ations !y felt 9 !mselves1 or any o!r ideas t came n "u _! s5ses1 !y 7 fa9 to borr[ words f ord9>y kn[n ideas ( s5sation1 by t means to make o!rs ! m easily to conceive ^? op]ations !y exp]im5t$ 9 !mselves1 :i* made no outw>d s5sible appe>ances2 & !n1 :5 !y _h got kn[n & agre$ names to signify ^? int]nal op]ations ( _! own m9ds1 !y 7 suffici5tly furni%$ to make kn[n by words all _! o!r ideas2 s9ce !y c\ld consi/ ( no?+ b ei!r ( outw>d s5sible p]ceptions1 or ( ! inw>d op]ations ( _! m9ds ab\t !m2 we hav+1 z has be5 prov$1 no ideas at all1 b :at orig9ally come ei!r f s5sible objects )\t1 or :at we feel )9 ourselves1 f ! inw>d work+s ( our own spirits1 ( :i* we are consci\s to ourselves )94 #f4 ,di/ribution ( subjects to be treat$ (4 ,b to und]/& bett] ! use & =ce ( ,language1 z subs]vi5t to in/ruction & k1 x w be conv5i5t to consid]3 ,fir/1 ,,to ,,:at ,,x ,,is ,,t ,,names1 ,,9 ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,language1 ,,are ,,imm$iately ,,appli$4 ,secondly1 ,s9ce all 7except prop]7 names are g5]al1 & s /& n p>ticul>ly = ?is or t s+le ?+1 b = sorts & ranks ( ?+s1 x w be necess>y to consid]1 9 ! next place1 :at ! sorts & k9ds1 or1 if y r l ! ,lat9 names1 ,,:at ,,! ,,species ,,& ,,g5]a ,,( ,,?+s ,,are1 ,,:]e9 ,,!y ,,consi/1 ,,& ,,h[ ,,!y ,,come ,,to ,,be ,,made4 ,^! be+ 7z !y ought7 well look$ into1 we %all ! bett] come to f9d ! "r use ( words2 ! natural advantages & defects ( language2 & ! rem$ies t ought to be us$1 to avoid ! inconv5i5ces ( obscurity or unc]ta9ty 9 ! signification ( words3 )\t :i* x is impossible to disc\rse ) any cle>ness or ord] conc]n+ k3 :i*1 be+ conv]sant ab\t propositions1 & ^? mo/ commonly univ]sal ones1 has great] connexion ) words ?an p]haps is suspect$4 ,^! consid]ations1 !re=e1 %all be ! matt] ( ! foll[+ *apt]s4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,( ,,! ,,signification ,,( ,,words4 #a4 ,words are s5sible ,signs1 necess>y = ,communication ( ,ideas4 ,man1 ?\gh he h great v>iety ( ?\ghts1 & su* f :i* o!rs z well z himself might receive pr(it & delight2 yet !y are all )9 8 own brea/1 invisible & hidd5 f o!rs1 nor c ( !mselves be made to appe>4 ,! com=t & advantage ( society n be+ to be _h )\t communication ( ?\ghts1 x 0 necess>y t man %\ld f9d out "s ext]nal s5sible signs1 :]e( ^? invisible ideas1 :i* 8 ?\ghts are made up (1 might be made kn[n to o!rs4 ,= ?is purpose no?+ 0 s fit1 ei!r = pl5ty or quickness1 z ^? articulate s\nds1 :i* ) s mu* ease & v>iety he f\nd himself able to make4 ,?us we may conceive h[ ,,words1 :i* 7 by nature s well adapt$ to t purpose1 came to be made use ( by m5 z ! signs ( _! ideas2 n by any natural connexion t !re is betwe5 p>ticul> articulate s\nds & c]ta9 ideas1 = !n !re w\ld be b "o language among/ all m52 b by a volunt>y imposition1 :]eby su* a ^w is made arbitr>ily ! m>k ( su* an idea4 ,! use1 !n1 ( words1 is to be s5sible m>ks ( ideas2 & ! ideas !y /& = are _! prop] & imm$iate signification4 #b4 ,words1 9 _! imm$iate ,signification1 are ! s5sible ,signs ( 8 ,ideas :o uses !m4 ,! use m5 h ( ^! m>ks be+ ei!r to record _! own ?\ghts1 = ! assi/ance ( _! own memory2 or1 z x 71 to br+ out _! ideas1 & lay !m be=e ! view ( o!rs3 words1 9 _! prim>y or imm$iate signification1 /& = no?+ b ,,! ,,ideas ,,9 ,,! ,,m9d ,,( ,,him ,,t ,,uses ,,!m1 h[ imp]fectly soev] or c>elessly ^? ideas are collect$ f ! ?+s :i* !y are suppos$ to repres5t4 ,:5 a man speaks to ano!r1 x is t he may be und]/ood3 & ! end ( spee* is1 t ^? s\nds1 z m>ks1 may make kn[n 8 ideas to ! he>]4 ,t !n :i* words are ! m>ks ( are ! ideas ( ! speak]3 nor c any "o apply !m z m>ks1 imm$iately1 to any?+ else b ! ideas t he himself ha?3 = ?is w\ld be to make !m signs ( 8 own conceptions1 & yet apply !m to o!r ideas2 :i* w\ld be to make !m signs & n signs ( 8 ideas at ! same "t2 & s 9 effect to h no signification at all4 ,words be+ volunt>y signs1 !y _c be volunt>y signs impos$ by him on ?+s he kn[s n4 ,t w\ld be to make !m signs ( no?+1 s\nds )\t signification4 ,a man _c make 8 words ! signs ei!r ( qualities 9 ?+s1 or ( conceptions 9 ! m9d ( ano!r1 :]e( he has none 9 8 own4 ,till he has "s ideas ( 8 own1 he _c suppose !m to correspond ) ! conceptions ( ano!r man2 nor c he use any signs = !m3 = ?us !y w\ld be ! signs ( he kn[s n :at1 :i* is 9 tru? to be ! signs ( no?+4 ,b :5 he repres5ts to himself o!r m5's ideas by "s ( 8 own1 if he cons5t to give !m ! same names t o!r m5 d1 x is /ill to 8 own ideas2 to ideas t he has1 & n to ideas t he has n4 #c4 ,examples ( ?is4 ,?is is s necess>y 9 ! use ( language1 t 9 ?is respect ! kn[+ & ! ignorant1 ! le>n$ & ! unle>n$1 use ! words !y speak 7) any mean+7 all alike4 ,!y1 9 e man's m\?1 /& = ! ideas he has1 & :i* he w\ld express by !m4 ,a *ild hav+ tak5 notice ( no?+ 9 ! metal he he>s call$ ,,gold1 b ! bright %9+ yell[ col\r1 he applies ! ^w gold only to 8 own idea ( t col\r1 & no?+ else2 & !re=e calls ! same col\r 9 a peacock's tail gold4 ,ano!r t ha? bett] obs]v$1 adds to %9+ yell[ great weight3 & !n ! s\nd gold1 :5 he uses x1 /&s = a complex idea ( a %9+ yell[ & a v weighty sub/ance4 ,ano!r adds to ^? qualities fusibility3 & !n ! ^w gold signifies to him a body1 bright1 yell[1 fusible1 & v heavy4 ,ano!r adds malleability4 ,ea* ( ^! uses equally ! ^w gold1 :5 !y h occasion to express ! idea :i* !y h appli$ x to3 b x is evid5t t ea* c apply x only to 8 own idea2 nor c he make x /& z a sign ( su* a complex idea z he has n4 #d4 ,words are (t5 secretly ref]r$1 ,fir/ to ! ,ideas suppos$ to be 9 o!r m5's m9ds4 ,b ?\gh words1 z !y are us$ by m51 c prop]ly & imm$iately signify no?+ b ! ideas t are 9 ! m9d ( ! speak]2 yet !y 9 _! ?\ghts give !m a secret ref]5ce to two o!r ?+s4 ,fir/1 ,,!y ,,suppose ,,_! ,,words ,,to ,,be ,,m>ks ,,( ,,! ,,ideas ,,9 ,,! ,,m9ds ,,also ,,( ,,o!r ,,m51 ,,) ,,:om ,,!y ,,communicate2 = else !y %\ld talk 9 va91 & c\ld n be und]/ood1 if ! s\nds !y appli$ to "o idea 7 su* z by ! he>] 7 appli$ to ano!r1 :i* is to speak two languages4 ,b 9 ?is m5 /& n usually to exam9e1 :e!r ! idea !y1 & ^? !y disc\rse ) h 9 _! m9ds be ! same3 b ?9k x en\gh t !y use ! ^w1 z !y imag9e1 9 ! common acceptation ( t language2 9 :i* !y suppose t ! idea !y make x a sign ( is precisely ! same to :i* ! und]/&+ m5 ( t c\ntry apply t "n4 #e4 ,secondly1 to ! ,reality ( ,?+s4 ,secondly1 ,because m5 w\ld n be ?\ght to talk b>ely ( _! own imag9ation1 b ( ?+s z really !y are2 !re=e !y (t5 suppose ! ,,words ,,to ,,/& ,,also ,,= ,,! ,,reality ,,( ,,?+s4 ,b ?is relat+ m p>ticul>ly to sub/ances & _! names1 z p]haps ! =m] does to simple ideas & modes1 we %all speak ( ^! two diff]5t ways ( apply+ words m at l>ge1 :5 we come to treat ( ! names ( mix$ modes & sub/ances 9 p>ticul>3 ?\gh give me leave "h to say1 t x is a p]v]t+ ! use ( words1 & br+s unavoidable obscurity & confusion into _! signification1 :5ev] we make !m /& = any?+ b ^? ideas we h 9 our own m9ds4 #f4 ,words by ,use readily excite ,ideas ( _! objects4 ,conc]n+ words1 also1 x is fur!r to be consid]$3 ,fir/1 t !y be+ imm$iately ! signs ( m5's ideas1 & by t means ! in/rum5ts :]eby m5 communicate _! conceptions1 & express to "o ano!r ^? ?\ghts & imag9ations !y h )9 _! own brea/s2 !re comes1 by con/ant use1 to be su* a connexion betwe5 c]ta9 s\nds & ! ideas !y /& =1 t ! names he>d1 almo/ z readily excite c]ta9 ideas z if ! objects !mselves1 :i* are apt to produce !m1 did actually affect ! s5ses4 ,:i* is manife/ly s 9 all obvi\s s5sible qualities1 & 9 all sub/ances t frequ5tly & famili>ly occur to u4 #g4 ,words are (t5 us$ )\t ,signification1 & ,:y4 ,secondly1 ,t ?\gh ! prop] & imm$iate signification ( words are ideas 9 ! m9d ( ! speak]1 yet1 because by famili> use f our cradles1 we come to le>n c]ta9 articulate s\nds v p]fectly1 & h !m readily on our tongues1 & always at h& 9 our memories1 b yet are n always c>eful to exam9e or settle _! significations p]fectly2 x (t5 happ5s t m51 ev5 :5 !y w\ld apply !mselves to an att5tive consid]ation1 d set _! ?\ghts m on words ?an ?+s4 ,nay1 because words are _m ( !m le>n$ be=e ! ideas are kn[n = :i* !y /&3 !re=e "s1 n only *ildr5 b m51 speak sev]al words no o!rwise ?an p>rots d1 only because !y h le>n$ !m1 & h be5 accu/om$ to ^? s\nds4 ,b s f> z words are ( use & signification1 s f> is !re a con/ant connexion betwe5 ! s\nd & ! idea1 & a designation t ! "o /&s = ! o!r2 )\t :i* application ( !m1 !y are no?+ b s mu* insignificant noise4 #h4 ,_! ,signification p]fectly arbitr>y1 n ! consequ5ce ( a natural connexion4 ,words1 by long & famili> use1 z has be5 said1 come to excite 9 m5 c]ta9 ideas s con/antly & readily1 t !y are apt to suppose a natural connexion betwe5 !m4 ,b t !y signify only m5's peculi> ideas1 & t ,,by ,a ,,p]fect ,,arbitr>y ,,imposition1 is evid5t1 9 t !y (t5 fail to excite 9 o!rs 7ev5 t use ! same language7 ! same ideas we take !m to be signs (3 & e man has s inviolable a lib]ty to make words /& = :at ideas he pleases1 t no "o ha? ! p[] to make o!rs h ! same ideas 9 _! m9ds t he has1 :5 !y use ! same words t he does4 ,& !re=e ! great ,augu/us himself1 9 ! possession ( t p[] :i* rul$ ! _w1 ackn[l$g$ he c\ld n make a new ,lat9 ^w3 :i* 0 z mu* z to say1 t he c\ld n arbitr>ily appo9t :at idea any s\nd %\ld be a sign (1 9 ! m\?s & common language ( 8 subjects4 ,x is true1 common use1 by a tacit cons5t1 appropriates c]ta9 s\nds to c]ta9 ideas 9 all languages1 :i* s f> limits ! signification ( t s\nd1 t unless a man applies x to ! same idea1 he does n speak prop]ly3 & let me add1 t unless a man's words excite ! same ideas 9 ! he>] :i* he makes !m /& = 9 speak+1 he does n speak intelligibly4 ,b :atev] be ! consequ5ce ( any man's us+ ( words diff]5tly1 ei!r f _! g5]al mean+1 or ! p>ticul> s5se ( ! p]son to :om he addresses !m2 ?is is c]ta91 _! signification1 9 8 use ( !m1 is limit$ to 8 ideas1 & !y c be signs ( no?+ else4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,( ,,g5]al ,,t]ms4 #a4 ,! greate/ ,"p ( ,words are g5]al t]ms4 ,all ?+s t exi/ be+ p>ticul>s1 x may p]haps be ?\ght reasonable t words1 :i* ought to be con=m$ to ?+s1 %\ld be s too1--,i mean 9 _! signification3 b yet we f9d q ! contr>y4 ,! f> greate/ "p ( words t make all languages are g5]al t]ms3 :i* has n be5 ! effect ( neglect or *ance1 b ( reason & necessity4 #b4 ,t e p>ticul> ,?+ %\ld h a ,"n = itself is impossible4 ,fir/1 ,x is impossible t e p>ticul> ?+ %\ld h a di/9ct peculi> "n4 ,=1 ! signification & use ( words dep5d+ on t connexion :i* ! m9d makes betwe5 its ideas & ! s\nds x uses z signs ( !m1 x is necess>y1 9 ! application ( names to ?+s1 t ! m9d %\ld h di/9ct ideas ( ! ?+s1 & reta9 also ! p>ticul> "n t belongs to e "o1 ) its peculi> appropriation to t idea4 ,b x is beyond ! p[] ( human capacity to frame & reta9 di/9ct ideas ( all ! p>ticul> ?+s we meet )3 e bird & bea/ m5 saw2 e tree & plant t affect$ ! s5ses1 c\ld n f9d a place 9 ! mo/ capaci\s und]/&+4 ,if x be look$ on z an in/ance ( a prodigi\s memory1 t "s g5]als h be5 able to call e soldi] 9 _! army by 8 prop] "n1 we may easily f9d a reason :y m5 h nev] attempt$ to give names to ea* %eep 9 _! flock1 or cr[ t flies ov] _! heads2 mu* less to call e leaf ( plants1 or gra9 ( s& t came 9 _! way1 by a peculi> "n4 #c4 ,& w\ld be useless1 if x 7 possible4 ,secondly1 ,if x 7 possible1 x w\ld yet be useless2 because x w\ld n s]ve to ! *ief end ( language4 ,m5 w\ld 9 va9 heap up names ( p>ticul> ?+s1 t w\ld n s]ve !m to communicate _! ?\ghts4 ,m5 le>n names1 & use !m 9 talk ) o!rs1 only t !y may be und]/ood3 :i* is !n only done :51 by use or cons5t1 ! s\nd ,i make by ! organs ( spee*1 excites 9 ano!r man's m9d :o he>s x1 ! idea ,i apply x to 9 m9e1 :5 ,i speak x4 ,?is _c be done by names appli$ to p>ticul> ?+s2 :]e( ,i alone hav+ ! ideas 9 my m9d1 ! names ( !m c\ld n be significant or intelligible to ano!r1 :o 0 n acqua9t$ ) all ^? v p>ticul> ?+s :i* _h fall5 "u my notice4 #d4 ,a di/9ct "n = e p>ticul> ?+ n fitt$ = enl>gem5t ( k4 ,?irdly1 ,b yet1 grant+ ?is also feasible1 7:i* ,i ?9k is n17 yet a di/9ct "n = e p>ticul> ?+ w\ld n be ( any great use = ! improvem5t ( k3 :i*1 ?\gh f\nd$ 9 p>ticul> ?+s1 enl>ges itself by g5]al views2 to :i* ?+s r$uc$ into sorts1 "u g5]al names1 are prop]ly subs]vi5t4 ,^!1 ) ! names belong+ to !m1 come )9 "s compass1 & d n multiply e mom5t1 beyond :at ei!r ! m9d c conta91 or use requires4 ,& !re=e1 9 ^!1 m5 h = ! mo/ "p /opp$3 b yet n s z to h9d] !mselves f di/+ui%+ p>ticul> ?+s by appropriat$ names1 :]e conv5i5ce dem&s x4 ,& !re=e 9 _! own species1 :i* !y h mo/ to d )1 & :]e9 !y h (t5 occasion to m5tion p>ticul> p]sons1 !y make use ( prop] names2 & !re di/9ct individuals h di/9ct d5om9ations4 #e4 ,:at ?+s h prop] ,names1 & :y4 ,besides p]sons1 c\ntries also1 cities1 riv]s1 m\nta9s1 & o!r ! l di/9ctions ( place h usually f\nd peculi> names1 & t = ! same reason2 !y be+ su* z m5 h (t5 z occasion to m>k p>ticul>ly1 &1 z x 71 set be=e o!rs 9 _! disc\rses ) !m4 ,& ,i d\bt n b1 if we _h reason to m5tion p>ticul> horses z (t5 z z h reason to m5tion p>ticul> m51 we %\ld h prop] names = ! "o1 z famili> z = ! o!r1 & ,bucephalus w\ld be a ^w z mu* 9 use z ,alex&]4 ,& !re=e we see t1 among/ jockeys1 horses h _! prop] names to be kn[n & di/+ui%$ by1 z commonly z _! s]vants3 because1 among/ !m1 !re is (t5 occasion to m5tion ?is or t p>ticul> horse :5 he is out ( sight4 #f4 ,h[ g5]al ,words are made4 ,! next ?+ to be consid]$ is1--,h[ g5]al words come to be made4 ,=1 s9ce all ?+s t exi/ are only p>ticul>s1 h[ come we by g5]al t]ms2 or :]e f9d we ^? g5]al natures !y are suppos$ to /& =8 ,words become g5]al by be+ made ! signs ( g5]al ideas3 & ideas become g5]al1 by sep>at+ f !m ! circum/ances ( "t & place1 & any o!r ideas t may det]m9e !m to ?is or t p>ticul> exi/5ce4 ,by ?is way ( ab/raction !y are made capable ( repres5t+ m individuals ?an "o2 ea* ( :i* hav+ 9 x a con=mity to t ab/ract idea1 is 7z we call x7 ( t sort4 #g4 ,%[n by ! way we enl>ge our complex ideas f infancy4 ,b1 to d$uce ?is a little m di/9ctly1 x w n p]haps be amiss to trace our notions & names f _! beg9n+1 & obs]ve by :at degrees we proce$1 & by :at /eps we enl>ge our ideas f our fir/ infancy4 ,!re is no?+ m evid5t1 ?an t ! ideas ( ! p]sons *ildr5 conv]se ) 7to in/ance 9 !m alone7 are1 l ! p]sons !mselves1 only p>ticul>4 ,! ideas ( ! nurse & ! "m are well fram$ 9 _! m9ds2 &1 l pictures ( !m !re1 repres5t only ^? individuals4 ,! names !y fir/ gave to !m are conf9$ to ^! individuals2 & ! names ( ,,nurse & ,,mamma1 ! *ild uses1 det]m9e !mselves to ^? p]sons4 ,aft]w>ds1 :5 "t & a l>g] acqua9tance h made !m obs]ve t !re are a great _m o!r ?+s 9 ! _w1 t 9 "s common agreem5ts ( %ape1 & sev]al o!r qualities1 resemble _! fa!r & "m1 & ^? p]sons !y h be5 us$ to1 !y frame an idea1 :i* !y f9d ^? _m p>ticul>s d p>take 92 & to t !y give1 ) o!rs1 ! "n ,,man1 = example4 ,& ?us !y come to h a g5]al "n1 & a g5]al idea4 ,:]e9 !y make no?+ new2 b only leave out ( ! complex idea !y _h ( ,pet] & ,james1 ,m>y & ,jane1 t :i* is peculi> to ea*1 & reta9 only :at is common to !m all4 #h4 ,& fur!r enl>ge our complex ideas1 by /ill leav+ out prop]ties conta9$ 9 !m4 ,by ! same way t !y come by ! g5]al "n & idea ( ,,man1 !y easily advance to m g5]al names & notions4 ,=1 obs]v+ t sev]al ?+s t diff] f _! idea ( man1 & _c !re=e be compreh5d$ out "u t "n1 h yet c]ta9 qualities :]e9 !y agree ) man1 by reta9+ only ^? qualities1 & unit+ !m into "o idea1 !y h aga9 ano!r & m g5]al idea2 to :i* hav+ giv5 a "n !y make a t]m ( a m compreh5sive ext5sion3 :i* new idea is made1 n by any new addition1 b only z be=e1 by leav+ out ! %ape1 & "s o!r prop]ties signifi$ by ! "n man1 & reta9+ only a body1 ) life1 s5se1 & spontane\s motion1 compreh5d$ "u ! "n animal4 #i4 ,g5]al natures are no?+ b ab/ract & p>tial ideas ( m complex ones4 ,t ?is is ! way :]eby m5 fir/ =m$ g5]al ideas1 & g5]al names to !m1 ,i ?9k is s evid5t1 t !re ne$s no o!r pro( ( x b ! consid]+ ( a man's self1 or o!rs1 & ! ord9>y proce$+s ( _! m9ds 9 k4 ,& he t ?9ks ,,g5]al ,,natures or ,,notions are any?+ else b su* ab/ract & p>tial ideas ( m complex ones1 tak5 at fir/ f p>ticul> exi/5ces1 w1 ,i fe>1 be at a loss :]e to f9d !m4 ,= let any "o effect1 & !n tell me1 :]e9 does 8 idea ( ,,man diff] f t ( ,,pet] & ,,paul1 or 8 idea ( ,,horse f t ( ,,bucephalus1 b 9 ! leav+ out some?+ t is peculi> to ea* individual1 & reta9+ s mu* ( ^? p>ticul> complex ideas ( sev]al p>ticul> exi/5ces z !y are f\nd to agree 98 ,( ! complex ideas signifi$ by ! names ,,man & ,,horse1 leav+ out b ^? p>ticul>s :]e9 !y diff]1 & reta9+ only ^? :]e9 !y agree1 & ( ^? mak+ a new di/9ct complex idea1 & giv+ ! "n ,,animal to x1 "o has a m g5]al t]m1 t compreh5ds ) man sev]al o!r creatures4 ,leave out ( ! idea ( ,,animal1 s5se & spontane\s motion1 & ! rema9+ complex idea1 made up ( ! rema9+ simple ones ( body1 life1 & n\ri%m5t1 becomes a m g5]al "o1 "u ! m compreh5sive t]m1 ,,viv5s4 ,&1 n to dwell long] ^u ?is p>ticul>1 s evid5t 9 itself2 by ! same way ! m9d proce$s to ,,body1 ,,sub/ance1 & at la/ to ,,be+1 ,,?+1 & su* univ]sal t]ms1 :i* /& = any ( our ideas :atsoev]4 ,to conclude3 ?is :ole my/]y ( g5]a & species1 :i* make su* a noise 9 ! s*ools1 & are ) ju/ice s little reg>d$ out ( !m1 is no?+ else b ,,ab/ract ,,ideas1 m or less compreh5sive1 ) names annex$ to !m4 ,9 all :i* ?is is con/ant & unv>iable1 ,t e m g5]al t]m /&s = su* an idea1 & is b a "p ( any ( ^? conta9$ "u x4 #aj4 ,:y ! ,g5us is ord9>ily made ,use ( 9 ,def9itions4 ,?is may %[ u ! reason :y1 9 ! def9+ ( words1 :i* is no?+ b decl>+ _! signification1 we make use ( ! ,,g5us1 or next g5]al ^w t compreh5ds x4 ,:i* is n out ( necessity1 b only to save ! lab\r ( enum]at+ ! sev]al simple ideas :i* ! next g5]al ^w or ,,g5us /&s =2 or1 p]haps1 sometimes ! %ame ( n be+ able to d x4 ,b ?\gh def9+ by ,,g5us & ,,diff]5tia 7,i crave leave to use ^! t]ms ( art1 ?\gh orig9ally ,lat91 s9ce !y mo/ prop]ly suit ^? notions !y are appli$ to71 ,i say1 ?\gh def9+ by ! ,,g5us be ! %orte/ way1 yet ,i ?9k x may be d\bt$ :e!r x be ! be/4 ,?is ,i am sure1 x is n ! only1 & s n absolutely necess>y4 ,=1 def9ition be+ no?+ b mak+ ano!r und]/& by words :at idea ! t]m def9$ /&s =1 a def9ition is be/ made by enum]at+ ^? simple ideas t are comb9$ 9 ! signification ( ! t]m def9$3 & if1 in/ead ( su* an enum]ation1 m5 h accu/om$ !mselves to use ! next g5]al t]m1 x has n be5 out ( necessity1 or = great] cle>ness1 b = quickness & dispat* sake4 ,= ,i ?9k t1 to "o :o desir$ to "k :at idea ! ^w ,,man /ood =2 if x %\ld be said1 t man 0 a solid ext5d$ sub/ance1 hav+ life1 s5se1 spontane\s motion1 & ! faculty ( reason+1 ,i d\bt n b ! mean+ ( ! t]m man w\ld be z well und]/ood1 & ! idea x /&s = be at lea/ z cle>ly made kn[n1 z :5 x is def9$ to be a rational animal3 :i*1 by ! sev]al def9itions ( ,,animal1 ,,viv5s1 & ,,corpus1 resolves itself into ^? enum]at$ ideas4 ,i h1 9 expla9+ ! t]m ,,man1 foll[$ "h ! ord9>y def9ition ( ! s*ools2 :i*1 ?\gh p]haps n ! mo/1 exact1 yet s]ves well en\gh to my pres5t purpose4 ,& "o may1 9 ?is in/ance1 see :at gave occasion to ! rule1 t a def9ition mu/ consi/ ( ,,g5us & ,,diff]5tia2 & x suffices to %[ u ! little necessity !re is ( su* a rule1 or advantage 9 ! /rict obs]v+ ( x4 ,=1 def9itions1 z has be5 said1 be+ only ! expla9+ ( "o ^w by sev]al o!rs1 s t ! mean+ or idea x /&s = may be c]ta9ly kn[n2 languages are n always s made accord+ to ! rules ( logic1 t e t]m c h its signification exactly & cle>ly express$ by two o!rs4 ,exp]i5ce suffici5tly satisfies u to ! contr>y2 or else ^? :o h made ?is rule h done ill1 t !y h giv5 u s few def9itions con=mable to x4 ,b ( def9itions m 9 ! next *apt]4 #aa4 ,g5]al & ,univ]sal are ,creatures ( ! ,und]/&+1 & belong n to ! ,real ,exi/5ce ( ?+s4 ,to return to g5]al words3 x is pla91 by :at has be5 said1 t ,,g5]al & ,,univ]sal belong n to ! real exi/5ce ( ?+s2 b are ! inv5tions & creatures ( ! und]/&+1 made by x = its own use1 & conc]n only signs1 :e!r words or ideas4 ,words are g5]al1 z has be5 said1 :5 us$ = signs ( g5]al ideas1 & s are applicable indiff]5tly to _m p>ticul> ?+s2 & ideas are g5]al :5 !y are set up z ! repres5tatives ( _m p>ticul> ?+s3 b univ]sality belongs n to ?+s !mselves1 :i* are all ( !m p>ticul> 9 _! exi/5ce1 ev5 ^? words & ideas :i* 9 _! signification are g5]al4 ,:5 !re=e we quit p>ticul>s1 ! g5]als t re/ are only creatures ( our own mak+2 _! g5]al nature be+ no?+ b ! capacity !y are put into1 by ! und]/&+1 ( signify+ or repres5t+ _m p>ticul>s4 ,= ! signification !y h is no?+ b a relation t1 by ! m9d ( man1 is add$ to !m4 #ab4 ,ab/ract ,ideas are ! ,ess5ces ( ,g5]a & ,species4 ,! next ?+ !re=e to be consid]$ is1 ,:at k9d ( signification x is t g5]al words h4 ,=1 z x is evid5t t !y d n signify b>ely "o p>ticul> ?+2 = !n !y w\ld n be g5]al t]ms1 b prop] names1 s1 on ! o!r side1 x is z evid5t !y d n signify a plurality2 = ,,man & ,,m5 w\ld !n signify ! same2 & ! di/9ction ( numb]s 7z ! gramm>ians call !m7 w\ld be sup]flu\s & useless4 ,t !n :i* g5]al words signify is a ,,sort ( ?+s2 & ea* ( !m does t1 by be+ a sign ( an ab/ract idea 9 ! m9d2 to :i* idea1 z ?+s exi/+ are f\nd to agree1 s !y come to be rank$ "u t "n1 or1 :i* is all "o1 be ( t sort4 ,:]eby x is evid5t t ! ,,ess5ces ( ! sorts1 or1 if ! ,lat9 ^w pleases bett]1 ,,species ( ?+s1 are no?+ else b ^! ab/ract ideas4 ,= ! hav+ ! ess5ce ( any species1 be+ t :i* makes any?+ to be ( t species2 & ! con=mity to ! idea to :i* ! "n is annex$ be+ t :i* gives a "r to t "n2 ! hav+ ! ess5ce1 & ! hav+ t con=mity1 mu/ ne$s be ! same ?+3 s9ce to be ( any species1 & to h a "r to ! "n ( t species1 is all "o4 ,z1 = example1 to be a ,,man1 or ( ! ,,species man1 & to h "r to ! ,,"n man1 is ! same ?+4 ,aga91 to be a man1 or ( ! species man1 & h ! ,,ess5ce ( a man1 is ! same ?+4 ,n[1 s9ce no?+ c be a man1 or h a "r to ! "n man1 b :at has a con=mity to ! ab/ract idea ! "n man /&s =1 nor any?+ be a man1 or h a "r to ! species man1 b :at has ! ess5ce ( t species2 x foll[s1 t ! ab/ract idea = :i* ! "n /&s1 & ! ess5ce ( ! species1 is "o & ! same4 ,f :5ce x is easy to obs]ve1 t ! ess5ces ( ! sorts ( ?+s1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! sort+ ( ?+s1 is ! workman%ip ( ! und]/&+ t ab/racts & makes ^? g5]al ideas4 #ac4 ,!y are ! ,workman%ip ( ! ,und]/&+1 b h _! ,f\ndation 9 ! ,similitude ( ,?+s4 ,i w\ld n "h be ?\ght to =get1 mu* less to d5y1 t ,nature1 9 ! production ( ?+s1 makes sev]al ( !m alike3 !re is no?+ m obvi\s1 especially 9 ! races ( animals1 & all ?+s propagat$ by se$4 ,b yet ,i ?9k we may say1 ,,! ,,sort+ ,,( ,,!m ,,"u ,,names ,,is ,,! ,,workman%ip ,,( ,,! ,,und]/&+1 ,,tak+ ,,occasion1 ,,f ,,! ,,similitude ,,x ,,obs]ves ,,among/ ,,!m1 ,,to ,,make ,,ab/ract ,,g5]al ,,ideas1 & set !m up 9 ! m9d1 ) names annex$ to !m1 z patt]ns or =ms1 7=1 9 t s5se1 ! ^w ,,=m has a v prop] signification17 to :i* z p>ticul> ?+s exi/+ are f\nd to agree1 s !y come to be ( t species1 h t d5om9ation1 or are put into t ,,classis4 ,= :5 we say ?is is a man1 t a horse2 ?is ju/ice1 t cruelty2 ?is a wat*1 t a jack2 :at d we else b rank ?+s "u diff]5t specific names1 z agree+ to ^? ab/ract ideas1 ( :i* we h made ^? names ! signs8 ,& :at are ! ess5ces ( ^? species set out & m>k$ by names1 b ^? ab/ract ideas 9 ! m9d2 :i* are1 z x 71 ! bonds betwe5 p>ticul> ?+s t exi/1 & ! names !y are to be rank$ "u8 ,& :5 g5]al names h any connexion ) p>ticul> be+s1 ^! ab/ract ideas are ! m$ium t unites !m3 s t ! ess5ces ( species1 z di/+ui%$ & d5om9at$ by u1 nei!r are nor c be any?+ b ^? precise ab/ract ideas we h 9 our m9ds4 ,& !re=e ! suppos$ real ess5ces ( sub/ances1 if diff]5t f our ab/ract ideas1 _c be ! ess5ces ( ! species ,,we rank ?+s into4 ,= two species may be "o1 z rationally z two diff]5t ess5ces be ! ess5ce ( "o species3 & ,i dem& :at are ! alt]ations :i* may1 or may n be made 9 a ,,horse or ,,lead1 )\t mak+ ei!r ( !m to be ( ano!r species8 ,9 det]m9+ ! species ( ?+s by ,,our ab/ract ideas1 ?is is easy to resolve3 b if any "o w regulate himself h]e9 by suppos$ ,,real ess5ces1 he w ,i suppose1 be at a loss3 & he w nev] be able to "k :5 any?+ precisely ceases to be ( ! species ( a ,,horse or ,,lead4 #ad4 ,ea* di/9ct ab/ract ,idea is a di/9ct ,ess5ce4 ,nor w any "o wond] t ,i say ^! ess5ces1 or ab/ract ideas 7:i* are ! measures ( "n1 & ! b\nd>ies ( species7 are ! workman%ip ( ! und]/&+1 :o consid]s t at lea/ ! complex ones are (t51 9 sev]al m51 diff]5t collections ( simple ideas2 & !re=e t is ,,covet\sness to "o man1 :i* is n s to ano!r4 ,nay1 ev5 9 sub/ances1 :]e _! ab/ract ideas seem to be tak5 f ! ?+s !mselves1 !y are n con/antly ! same2 no1 n 9 t species :i* is mo/ famili> to u1 & ) :i* we h ! mo/ intimate acqua9tance3 x hav+ be5 m ?an once d\bt$1 :e!r ! ,,foetus born ( a woman 7 a ,,man1 ev5 s f> z t x ha? be5 debat$1 :e!r x 7 or 7 n to be n\ri%$ & baptiz$3 :i* c\ld n be1 if ! ab/ract idea or ess5ce to :i* ! "n man belong$ 7 ( nature's mak+2 & 7 n ! unc]ta9 & v>i\s collection ( simple ideas1 :i* ! und]/&+ put toge!r1 & !n1 ab/ract+ x1 affix$ a "n to x4 ,s t1 9 tru?1 e di/9ct ab/ract idea is a di/9ct ess5ce2 & ! names t /& = su* di/9ct ideas are ! names ( ?+s ess5tially diff]5t4 ,?us a circle is z ess5tially diff]5t f an oval z a %eep f a goat2 & ra9 is z ess5tially diff]5t f sn[ z wat] f e>?3 t ab/ract idea :i* is ! ess5ce ( "o be+ impossible to be communicat$ to ! o!r4 ,& ?us any two ab/ract ideas1 t 9 any "p v>y "o f ano!r1 ) two di/9ct names annex$ to !m1 con/itute two di/9ct sorts1 or1 if y please1 ,,species1 z ess5tially diff]5t z any two ( ! mo/ remote or opposite 9 ! _w4 #ae4 ,sev]al significations ( ! ^w ,ess5ce4 ,b s9ce ! ess5ces ( ?+s are ?\ght by "s 7& n )\t reason7 to be :olly unkn[n1 x may n be amiss to consid] ! sev]al significations ( ! ^w ,,ess5ce4 ,real ess5ces4 ,fir/1 ,ess5ce may be tak5 = ! v be+ ( any?+1 :]eby x is :at x is4 ,& ?us ! real int]nal1 b g5]ally 79 sub/ances7 unkn[n con/itution ( ?+s1 :]eon _! discov]able qualities dep5d1 may be call$ _! ess5ce4 ,?is is ! prop] orig9al signification ( ! ^w1 z is evid5t f ! =mation ( x2 ess5tial 9 its prim>y notation1 signify+ prop]ly1 be+4 ,& 9 ?is s5se x is /ill us$1 :5 we speak ( ! ess5ce ( ,,p>ticul> ?+s1 )\t giv+ !m any "n4 ,nom9al ,ess5ces4 ,secondly1 ,! le>n+ & disputes ( ! s*ools hav+ be5 mu* busi$ ab\t g5us & species1 ! ^w ess5ce has almo/ lo/ its prim>y signification3 &1 in/ead ( ! real con/itution ( ?+s1 has be5 almo/ :olly appli$ to ! artificial con/itution ( g5us & species4 ,x is true1 !re is ord9>ily suppos$ a real con/itution ( ! sorts ( ?+s2 & x is pa/ d\bt !re mu/ be "s real con/itution1 on :i* any collection ( simple ideas co-exi/+ mu/ dep5d4 ,b1 x be+ evid5t t ?+s are rank$ "u names into sorts or species1 only z !y agree to c]ta9 ab/ract ideas1 to :i* we h annex$ ^? names1 ! ess5ce ( ea* ,,g5us1 or sort1 comes to be no?+ b t ab/ract idea :i* ! g5]al1 or sortal 7if ,i may h leave s to call x f sort1 z ,i d g5]al f g5us17 "n /&s =4 ,& ?is we %all f9d to be t :i* ! ^w ess5ce imports 9 its mo/ famili> use4 ,^! two sorts ( ess5ces1 ,i suppose1 may n unfitly be t]m$1 ! "o ! ,,real1 ! o!r ,,nom9al ,,ess5ce4 #af4 ,con/ant ,connexion betwe5 ! ,"n & nom9al ,ess5ce4 ,betwe5 ! ,,nom9al ,,ess5ce & ! ,,"n !re is s ne> a connexion1 t ! "n ( any sort ( ?+s _c be attribut$ to any p>ticul> be+ b :at has ?is ess5ce1 :]eby x answ]s t ab/ract idea :]e( t "n is ! sign4 #ag4 ,supposition1 t ,species are di/+ui%$ by _! real ,ess5ces useless4 ,conc]n+ ! ,,real ,,ess5ces ( corporeal sub/ances 7to m5tion ^! only7 !re are1 if ,i mi/ake n1 two op9ions4 ,! "o is ( ^? :o1 us+ ! ^w ess5ce = !y "k n :at1 suppose a c]ta9 numb] ( ^? ess5ces1 accord+ to :i* all natural ?+s are made1 & :]e9 !y d exactly e "o ( !m p>take1 & s become ( ?is or t species4 ,! o!r & m rational op9ion is ( ^? :o look on all natural ?+s to h a real1 b unkn[n1 con/itution ( _! ins5sible p>ts2 f :i* fl[ ^? s5sible qualities :i* s]ve u to di/+ui% !m "o f ano!r1 accord+ z we h occasion to rank !m into sorts1 "u common d5om9ations4 ,! =m] ( ^! op9ions1 :i* supposes ^! ess5ces z a c]ta9 numb] ( =ms or m\lds1 :]e9 all natural ?+s t exi/ are ca/1 & d equally p>take1 has1 ,i imag9e1 v mu* p]plex$ ! k ( natural ?+s4 ,! frequ5t productions ( mon/]s1 9 all ! species ( animals1 & ( *angel+s1 & o!r /range issues ( human bir?1 c>ry ) !m difficulties1 n possible to consi/ ) ?is hypo!sis2 s9ce x is z impossible t two ?+s p>tak+ exactly ( ! same real ess5ce %\ld h diff]5t prop]ties1 z t two figures p>tak+ ( ! same real ess5ce ( a circle %\ld h diff]5t prop]ties4 ,b 7 !re no o!r reason aga9/ x1 yet ! supposition ( ess5ces t _c be kn[n2 & ! mak+ ( !m1 nev]!less1 to be t :i* di/+ui%es ! species ( ?+s1 is s :olly useless & uns]viceable to any "p ( our k1 t t alone 7 suffici5t to make u lay x by1 & cont5t ourselves ) su* ess5ces ( ! sorts or species ( ?+s z come )9 ! rea* ( our k3 :i*1 :5 s]i\sly consid]$1 w be f\nd1 z ,i h said1 to be no?+ else b1 ^? ,,ab/ract complex ideas to :i* we h annex$ di/9ct g5]al names4 #ah4 ,real & nom9al ,ess5ce ,ess5ces be+ ?us di/+ui%$ into nom9al & real1 we may fur!r obs]ve1 t1 9 ! species ( simple ideas & modes1 !y are always ! same2 b 9 sub/ances always q diff]5t4 ,?us1 a figure includ+ a space betwe5 ?ree l9es1 is ! real z well z nom9al ess5ce ( a triangle2 x be+ n only ! ab/ract idea to :i* ! g5]al "n is annex$1 b ! v ,,ess5tia or be+ ( ! ?+ itself2 t f\ndation f :i* all its prop]ties fl[1 & to :i* !y are all insep>ably annex$4 ,b x is f> o!rwise conc]n+ t p>cel ( matt] :i* makes ! r+ on my f+]2 :]e9 ^! two ess5ces are app>5tly diff]5t4 ,=1 x is ! real con/itution ( its ins5sible p>ts1 on :i* dep5d all ^? prop]ties ( col\r1 weight1 fusibility1 fix$ness1 c41 :i* are to be f\nd 9 x2 :i* con/itution we "k n1 & s1 hav+ no p>ticul> idea (1 hav+ no "n t is ! sign ( x4 ,b yet x is its col\r1 weight1 fusibility1 fix$ness1 c41 :i* makes x to be gold1 or gives x a "r to t "n1 :i* is !re=e its nom9al ess5ce4 ,s9ce no?+ c be call$ gold b :at has a con=mity ( qualities to t ab/ract complex idea to :i* t "n is annex$4 ,b ?is di/9ction ( ess5ces1 belong+ p>ticul>ly to sub/ances1 we %all1 :5 we come to consid] _! names1 h an occasion to treat ( m fully4 #ai4 ,ess5ces +5]able & incorruptible4 ,t su* ab/ract ideas1 ) names to !m1 z we h be5 speak+ ( are ess5ces1 may fur!r appe> by :at we are told conc]n+ ess5ces1 viz4 t !y are all +5]able & incorruptible4 ,:i* _c be true ( ! real con/itutions ( ?+s1 :i* beg9 & p]i% ) !m4 ,all ?+s t exi/1 besides _! ,au?or1 are all liable to *ange2 especially ^? ?+s we are acqua9t$ )1 & h rank$ into b&s "u di/9ct names or ensigns4 ,?us1 t :i* 0 grass to-day is to-morr[ ! fle% ( a %eep2 &1 )9 a few days aft]1 becomes "p ( a man3 9 all :i* & ! l *anges1 x is evid5t _! real ess5ce--i4 e4 t con/itution :]eon ! prop]ties ( ^! sev]al ?+s dep5d$--is de/roy$1 & p]i%es ) !m4 ,b ess5ces be+ tak5 = ideas e/abli%$ 9 ! m9d1 ) names annex$ to !m1 !y are suppos$ to rema9 /eadily ! same1 :atev] mutations ! p>ticul> sub/ances are liable to4 ,=1 :atev] becomes ( ,,alex&] & ,,bucephalus1 ! ideas to :i* ,,man & ,,horse are annex$1 are suppos$ nev]!less to rema9 ! same2 & s ! ess5ces ( ^? species are pres]v$ :ole & unde/roy$1 :atev] *anges happ5 to any or all ( ! individuals ( ^? species4 ,by ?is means ! ess5ce ( a species re/s safe & entire1 )\t ! exi/5ce ( s mu* z "o individual ( t k9d4 ,=1 7 !re n[ no circle exi/+ any:]e 9 ! _w1 7z p]haps t figure exi/s n any:]e exactly m>k$ out17 yet ! idea annex$ to t "n w\ld n cease to be :at x is2 nor cease to be z a patt]n to det]m9e :i* ( ! p>ticul> figures we meet ) h or h n a "r to ! ,,"n circle1 & s to %[ :i* ( !m1 by hav+ t ess5ce1 0 ( t species4 ,& ?\gh !re nei!r 7 nor _h be5 9 nature su* a bea/ z an ,,unicorn1 or su* a fi% z a ,,m]maid2 yet1 suppos+ ^? names to /& = complex ab/ract ideas t conta9$ no inconsi/5cy 9 !m1 ! ess5ce ( a m]maid is z intelligible z t ( a man2 & ! idea ( an unicorn z c]ta91 /eady1 & p]man5t z t ( a horse4 ,f :at has be5 said1 x is evid5t1 t ! doctr9e ( ! immutability ( ess5ces proves !m to be only ab/ract ideas2 & is f\nd$ on ! relation e/abli%$ betwe5 !m & c]ta9 s\nds z signs ( !m2 & w always be true1 z long z ! same "n c h ! same signification4 #bj4 ,recapitulation4 ,to conclude4 ,?is is t :i* 9 %ort ,i w\ld say1 viz4 t all ! great bus9ess ( ,,g5]a & ,,species1 & _! ,,ess5ces1 am\nts to no m b ?is3--,t m5 mak+ ab/ract ideas1 & settl+ !m 9 _! m9ds ) names annex$ to !m1 d !reby enable !mselves to consid] ?+s1 & disc\rse ( !m1 z x 7 9 bundles1 = ! easi] & readi] improvem5t & communication ( _! k1 :i* w\ld advance b sl[ly 7 _! words & ?\ghts conf9$ only to p>ticul>s4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,( ,,! ,,names ,,( ,,simple ,,ideas4 #a4 ,names ( simple ,ideas1 ,modes1 & ,sub/ances1 h ea* some?+ peculi>4 ,?\gh all words1 z ,i h %[n1 signify no?+ imm$iately b ! ideas 9 ! m9d ( ! speak]2 yet1 ^u a ne>] survey1 we %all f9d ! names ( ,,simple ,,ideas1 ,,mix$ ,,modes 7"u :i* ,i comprise ,,relations too71 & ,,natural ,,sub/ances1 h ea* ( !m some?+ peculi> & diff]5t f ! o!r4 ,= example3-- #b4 ,fir/1 ,names ( simple ,ideas1 & ( ,sub/ances intimate real ,exi/5ce4 ,fir/1 ! names ( ,,simple ,,ideas & ,,sub/ances1 ) ! ab/ract ideas 9 ! m9d :i* !y imm$iately signify1 intimate also "s real exi/5ce1 f :i* 0 d]iv$ _! orig9al patt]n4 ,b ! names ( ,,mix$ ,,modes t]m9ate 9 ! idea t is 9 ! m9d1 & lead n ! ?\ghts any fur!r2 z we %all see m at l>ge 9 ! foll[+ *apt]4 #c4 ,secondly1 ,names ( simple ,ideas & ,modes signify always bo? real & nom9al ,ess5ces4 ,secondly1 ,! names ( simple ideas & modes signify always ! real z well z nom9al ess5ce ( _! species4 ,b ! names ( natural sub/ances signify r>ely1 if ev]1 any?+ b b>ely ! nom9al ess5ces ( ^? species2 z we %all %[ 9 ! *apt] t treats ( ! names ( sub/ances 9 p>ticul>4 #d4 ,?irdly1 ,names ( simple ,ideas are undef9able4 ,?irdly1 ,! names ( simple ideas are n capable ( any def9ition2 ! names ( all complex ideas are4 ,x has n1 t ,i "k1 be5 yet obs]v$ by anybody :at words are1 & :at are n1 capable ( be+ def9$2 ! want :]e( is 7z ,i am apt to ?9k7 n seldom ! occasion ( great wrangl+ & obscurity 9 m5's disc\rses1 :il/ "s dem& def9itions ( t]ms t _c be def9$2 & o!rs ?9k !y ought n to re/ satisfi$ 9 an explication made by a m g5]al ^w1 & its re/riction1 7or to speak 9 t]ms ( art1 by a g5us & diff]5ce17 :51 ev5 aft] su* def9ition1 made accord+ to rule1 ^? :o he> x h (t5 no m a cle> conception ( ! mean+ ( ! ^w ?an !y _h be=e4 ,?is at lea/ ,i ?9k1 t ! %[+ :at words are1 & :at are n1 capable ( def9itions1 & :]e9 consi/s a good def9ition1 is n :olly besides our pres5t purpose2 & p]haps w af=d s mu* light to ! nature ( ^! signs & our ideas1 z to des]ve a m p>ticul> consid]ation4 #e4 ,if all names 7 def9able1 x w\ld be a ,process ,,9 ,,inf9itum4 ,i w n "h tr\ble myself to prove t all t]ms are n def9able1 f t progress ,,9 ,,inf9itum1 :i* x w visibly lead u into1 if we %\ld all[ t all names c\ld be def9$4 ,=1 if ! t]ms ( "o def9ition 7 /ill to be def9$ by ano!r1 :]e at la/ %\ld we /op8 ,b ,i %all1 f ! nature ( our ideas1 & ! signification ( our words1 %[ ,,:y ,,"s ,,names ,,c1 ,,& ,,o!rs ,,_c ,,be ,,def9$2 & ,,:i* ,,!y ,,are4 #f4 ,:at a ,def9ition is4 ,i ?9k x is agre$1 t a ,,def9ition is no?+ else b ,,! ,,%[+ ,,! ,,mean+ ,,( ,,"o ,,^w ,,by ,,sev]al ,,o!r ,,n ,,synonym\s ,,t]ms4 ,! mean+ ( words be+ only ! ideas !y are made to /& = by him t uses !m1 ! mean+ ( any t]m is !n %[$1 or ! ^w is def9$1 :51 by o!r words1 ! idea x is made ! sign (1 & annex$ to1 9 ! m9d ( ! speak]1 is z x 7 repres5t$1 or set be=e ! view ( ano!r2 & ?us its signification asc]ta9$4 ,?is is ! only use & end ( def9itions2 & !re=e ! only measure ( :at is1 or is n a good def9ition4 #g4 ,simple ,ideas1 :y undef9able4 ,?is be+ premis$1 ,i say t ! ,,names ,,( ,,simple ,,ideas1 ,,& ,,^? ,,only1 ,,are ,,incapable ,,( ,,be+ ,,def9$4 ,! reason :]e( is ?is1 ,t ! sev]al t]ms ( a def9ition1 signify+ sev]al ideas1 !y c all toge!r by no means repres5t an idea :i* has no composition at all3 & !re=e a def9ition1 :i* is prop]ly no?+ b ! %[+ ! mean+ ( "o ^w by sev]al o!rs n signify+ ea* ! same ?+1 c 9 ! names ( simple ideas h no place4 #h4 ,in/ances3 ,s*ola/ic def9itions ( ,motion4 ,! n obs]v+ ?is diff]5ce 9 our ideas1 & _! names1 has produc$ t em95t trifl+ 9 ! s*ools1 :i* is s easy to be obs]v$ 9 ! def9itions !y give u ( "s few ( ^! simple ideas4 ,=1 z to ! greate/ "p ( !m1 ev5 ^? ma/]s ( def9itions 7 fa9 to leave !m unt\*$1 m]ely by ! impossibility !y f\nd 9 x4 ,:at m exquisite j>gon c\ld ! wit ( man inv5t1 ?an ?is def9ition3--',! act ( a be+ 9 p[]1 z f> =? z 9 p[]2' :i* w\ld puzzle any rational man1 to :om x 0 n already kn[n by its fam\s absurdity1 to guess :at ^w x c\ld ev] be suppos$ to be ! explication (4 ,if ,tully1 ask+ a ,dut*man :at ,,beweeg+e 01 %\ld h receiv$ ?is explication 9 8 own language1 t x 0 'actus entis 9 pot5tia quat5us 9 pot5tia2' ,i ask :e!r any "o c imag9e he c\ld !reby h und]/ood :at ! ^w ,,beweeg+e signifi$1 or h guess$ :at idea a ,dut*man ord9>ily _h 9 8 m9d1 & w\ld signify to ano!r1 :5 he us$ t s\nd8 #i4 ,mod]n def9ition ( ,motion4 ,nor h ! mod]n philosoph]s1 :o h endeav\r$ to ?r[ (f ! j>gon ( ! s*ools1 & speak intelligibly1 mu* bett] succe$$ 9 def9+ simple ideas1 :e!r by expla9+ _! causes1 or any o!rwise4 ,! atomi/s1 :o def9e motion to be 'a passage f "o place to ano!r1' :at d !y m ?an put "o synonym\s ^w = ano!r8 ,= :at is ,,passage o!r ?an ,,motion8 ,& if !y 7 ask$ :at passage 01 h[ w\ld !y bett] def9e x ?an by motion8 ,= is x n at lea/ z prop] & significant to say1 ,passage is a motion f "o place to ano!r1 z to say1 ,motion is a passage1 c48 ,?is is to translate1 & n to def9e1 :5 we *ange two words ( ! same signification "o = ano!r2 :i*1 :5 "o is bett] und]/ood ?an ! o!r1 may s]ve to discov] :at idea ! unkn[n /&s =2 b is v f> f a def9ition1 unless we w say e ,engli% ^w 9 ! diction>y is ! def9ition ( ! ,lat9 ^w x answ]s1 & t motion is a def9ition ( ,,motus4 ,nor w '! successive application ( ! p>ts ( ! sup]ficies ( "o body to ^? ( ano!r1' :i* ! ,c>tesians give u1 prove a mu* bett] def9ition ( motion1 :5 well exam9$4 #aj4 ,def9itions ( ,light4 ',! act ( p]spicu\s1 z f> =? z p]spicu\s1' is ano!r ,p]ipatetic def9ition ( a simple idea2 :i*1 ?\gh n m absurd ?an ! =m] ( motion1 yet betrays its uselessness & insignificancy m pla9ly2 because exp]i5ce w easily conv9ce any "o t x _c make ! mean+ ( ! ^w ,,light 7:i* x pret5ds to def9e7 at all und]/ood by a bl9d man1 b ! def9ition ( motion appe>s n at fir/ sight s useless1 because x escapes ?is way ( trial4 ,= ?is simple idea1 ent]+ by ! t\* z well z sight1 x is impossible to %[ an example ( any "o :o has no o!r way to get ! idea ( motion1 b b>ely by ! def9ition ( t "n4 ,^? :o tell u t light is a great numb] ( little globules1 /rik+ briskly on ! bottom ( ! eye1 speak m intelligibly ?an ! ,s*ools3 b yet ^! words nev] s well und]/ood w\ld make ! idea ! ^w light /&s = no m kn[n to a man t und]/&s x n be=e1 ?an if "o %\ld tell him t light 0 no?+ b a company ( little t5nis-balls1 :i* fairies all day long /ruck ) rackets aga9/ "s m5's =eheads1 :il/ !y pass$ by o!rs4 ,= grant+ ?is explication ( ! ?+ to be true1 yet ! idea ( ! cause ( light1 if we _h x nev] s exact1 w\ld no m give u ! idea ( light itself1 z x is su* a p>ticul> p]ception 9 u1 ?an ! idea ( ! figure & motion ( a %>p piece ( /eel w\ld give u ! idea ( t pa9 :i* x is able to cause 9 u4 ,= ! cause ( any s5sation1 & ! s5sation itself1 9 all ! simple ideas ( "o s5se1 are two ideas2 & two ideas s diff]5t & di/ant "o f ano!r1 t no two c be m s4 ,& !re=e1 %\ld ,des ,c>tes's globules /rike nev] s long on ! ret9a ( a man :o 0 bl9d by a gutta s]5a1 he w\ld !reby nev] h any idea ( light1 or any?+ approa*+ x1 ?\gh he und]/ood nev] s well :at little globules 71 & :at /rik+ on ano!r body 04 ,& !re=e ! ,c>tesians v well di/+ui% betwe5 t light :i* is ! cause ( t s5sation 9 u1 & ! idea :i* is produc$ 9 u by x1 & is t :i* is prop]ly light4 #aa4 ,simple ,ideas1 :y undef9able1 fur!r expla9$4 ,simple ideas1 z has be5 %[n1 are only to be got by ^? impressions objects !mselves make on our m9ds1 by ! prop] inlets appo9t$ to ea* sort4 ,if !y are n receiv$ ?is way1 all ! words 9 ! _w1 made use ( to expla9 or def9e any ( _! names1 w nev] be able to produce 9 u ! idea x /&s =4 ,=1 words be+ s\nds1 c produce 9 u no o!r simple ideas ?an ( ^? v s\nds2 nor excite any 9 u1 b by t volunt>y connexion :i* is kn[n to be betwe5 !m & ^? simple ideas :i* common use has made !m ! signs (4 ,he t ?9ks o!rwise1 let him try if any words c give him ! ta/e ( a p9e apple1 & make him h ! true idea ( ! reli% ( t celebrat$ delici\s fruit4 ,s f> z he is told x has a resemblance ) any ta/es :]e( he has ! ideas already 9 8 memory1 impr9t$ !re by s5sible objects1 n /rang]s to 8 palate1 s f> may he approa* t resemblance 9 8 m9d4 ,b ?is is n giv+ u t idea by a def9ition1 b excit+ 9 u o!r simple ideas by _! kn[n names2 :i* w be /ill v diff]5t f ! true ta/e ( t fruit itself4 ,9 light & col\rs1 & all o!r simple ideas1 x is ! same ?+3 = ! signification ( s\nds is n natural1 b only impos$ & arbitr>y4 ,& no ,,def9ition ( light or r$ness is m fitt$ or able to produce ei!r ( ^? ideas 9 u1 ?an ! ,,s\nd light or r$1 by itself4 ,=1 to hope to produce an idea ( light or col\r by a s\nd1 h[ev] =m$1 is to expect t s\nds %\ld be visible1 or col\rs audible2 & to make ! e>s d ! (fice ( all ! o!r s5ses4 ,:i* is all "o z to say1 t we might ta/e1 smell1 & see by ! e>s3 a sort ( philosophy wor?y only ( ,san*o ,panza1 :o _h ! faculty to see ,dulc9ea by he>say4 ,& !re=e he t has n be=e receiv$ into 8 m9d1 by ! prop] inlet1 ! simple idea :i* any ^w /&s =1 c nev] come to "k ! signification ( t ^w by any o!r words or s\nds :atsoev]1 put toge!r accord+ to any rules ( def9ition4 ,! only way is1 by apply+ to 8 s5ses ! prop] object2 & s produc+ t idea 9 him1 = :i* he has le>n$ ! "n already4 ,a /udi\s bl9d man1 :o _h mightily beat 8 head ab\t visible objects1 & made use ( ! explication ( 8 books & fri5ds1 to und]/& ^? names ( light & col\rs :i* (t5 came 9 8 way1 bragg$ "o day1 ,t he n[ und]/ood :at ,,sc>let signifi$4 ,^u :i*1 8 fri5d dem&+ :at sc>let 08 ,! bl9d man answ]$1 ,x 0 l ! s\nd ( a trumpet4 ,j su* an und]/&+ ( ! "n ( any o!r simple idea w he h1 :o hopes to get x only f a def9ition1 or o!r words made use ( to expla9 x4 #ab4 ,! contr>y %[n 9 complex ideas1 by in/ances ( a ,/atue & ,ra9b[4 ,! case is q o!rwise 9 ,,complex ,,ideas2 :i*1 consi/+ ( sev]al simple ones1 x is 9 ! p[] ( words1 /&+ = ! sev]al ideas t make t composition1 to impr9t complex ideas 9 ! m9d :i* 7 nev] !re be=e1 & s make _! names be und]/ood4 ,9 su* collections ( ideas1 pass+ "u "o "n1 def9ition1 or ! tea*+ ! signification ( "o ^w by sev]al o!rs1 has place1 & may make u und]/& ! names ( ?+s :i* nev] came )9 ! rea* ( our s5ses2 & frame ideas suitable to ^? 9 o!r m5's m9ds1 :5 !y use ^? names3 provid$ t none ( ! t]ms ( ! def9ition /& = any su* simple ideas1 :i* he to :om ! explication is made has nev] yet _h 9 8 ?\ght4 ,?us ! ^w ,,/atue may be expla9$ to a bl9d man by o!r words1 :5 ,,picture _c2 8 s5ses hav+ giv5 him ! idea ( figure1 b n ( col\rs1 :i* !re=e words _c excite 9 him4 ,?is ga9$ ! prize to ! pa9t] aga9/ ! /atu>y3 ea* ( :i* cont5d+ = ! excell5cy ( 8 art1 & ! /atu>y bragg+ t 8 0 to be pref]r$1 because x rea*$ fur!r1 & ev5 ^? :o _h lo/ _! eyes c\ld yet p]ceive ! excell5cy ( x4 ,! pa9t] agre$ to ref] himself to ! judgm5t ( a bl9d man2 :o be+ br\ght :]e !re 0 a /atue made by ! "o1 & a picture drawn by ! o!r2 he 0 fir/ l$ to ! /atue1 9 :i* he trac$ ) 8 h&s all ! l9eam5ts ( ! face & body1 & ) great admiration applaud$ ! skill ( ! workman4 ,b be+ l$ to ! picture1 & hav+ 8 h&s laid ^u x1 0 told1 t n[ he t\*$ ! head1 & !n ! =ehead1 eyes1 nose1 c41 z 8 h& mov$ ov] ! p>ts ( ! picture on ! clo?1 )\t f9d+ any ! lea/ di/9ction3 :]eupon he cri$ out1 t c]ta9ly t mu/ ne$s be a v admirable & div9e piece ( workman%ip1 :i* c\ld repres5t to !m all ^? p>ts1 :]e he c\ld nei!r feel nor p]ceive any?+4 #ac4 ,col\rs indef9able to ! born-bl9d4 ,he t %\ld use ! ^w ,,ra9b[ to "o :o knew all ^? col\rs1 b yet _h nev] se5 t ph5om5on1 w\ld1 by enum]at+ ! figure1 l>g5ess1 position1 & ord] ( ! col\rs1 s well def9e t ^w t x might be p]fectly und]/ood4 ,b yet t def9ition1 h[ exact & p]fect soev]1 w\ld nev] make a bl9d man und]/& x2 because sev]al ( ! simple ideas t make t complex "o1 be+ su* z he nev] receiv$ by s5sation & exp]i5ce1 no words are able to excite !m 9 8 m9d4 #ad4 ,complex ,ideas def9able only :5 ! simple ideas ( :i* !y consi/ h be5 got f exp]i5ce4 ,simple ideas1 z has be5 %[n1 c only be got by exp]i5ce f ^? objects :i* are prop] to produce 9 u ^? p]ceptions4 ,:51 by ?is means1 we h our m9ds /or$ ) !m1 & "k ! names = !m1 !n we are 9 a condition to def9e1 & by def9ition to und]/&1 ! names ( complex ideas t are made up ( !m4 ,b :5 any t]m /&s = a simple idea t a man has nev] yet _h 9 8 m9d1 x is impossible by any words to make kn[n its mean+ to him4 ,:5 any t]m /&s = an idea a man is acqua9t$ )1 b is ignorant t t t]m is ! sign ( x1 !n ano!r "n ( ! same idea1 :i* he has be5 accu/om$ to1 may make him und]/& its mean+4 ,b 9 no case :atsoev] is any "n ( any simple idea capable ( a def9ition4 #ae4 ,f\r?ly1 ,names ( simple ,ideas ( less d\btful mean+ ?an ^? ( mix$ modes & sub/ances4 ,f\r?ly1 ,b ?\gh ! names ( simple ideas h n ! help ( def9ition to det]m9e _! signification1 yet t h9d]s n b t !y are g5]ally less d\btful & unc]ta9 ?an ^? ( mix$ modes & sub/ances2 because !y1 /&+ only = "o simple p]ception1 m5 = ! mo/ "p easily & p]fectly agree 9 _! signification2 & !re is little room = mi/ake & wrangl+ ab\t _! mean+4 ,he t kn[s once t :it5ess is ! "n ( t col\r he has obs]v$ 9 sn[ or milk1 w n be apt to misapply t ^w1 z long z he reta9s t idea2 :i* :5 he has q lo/1 he is n apt to mi/ake ! mean+ ( x1 b p]ceives he und]/&s x n4 ,!re is nei!r a multiplicity ( simple ideas to be put toge!r1 :i* makes ! d\btfulness 9 ! names ( mix$ modes2 nor a suppos$1 b an unkn[n1 real ess5ce1 ) prop]ties dep5d+ !reon1 ! precise numb] :]e( is also unkn[n1 :i* makes ! difficulty 9 ! names ( sub/ances4 ,b1 on ! contr>y1 9 simple ideas ! :ole signification ( ! "n is kn[n at once1 & consi/s n ( p>ts1 :]e( m or less be+ put 91 ! idea may be v>i$1 & s ! signification ( "n be obscure1 or unc]ta94 #af4 ,simple ,ideas h few ,asc5ts 9 l9ea pra$icam5tali4 ,fif?ly1 ,?is fur!r may be obs]v$ conc]n+ simple ,simple ideas & _! names1 t !y h b few asc5ts 9 l9ea pra$icam5tali1 7z !y call x17 f ! l[e/ species to ! summum g5us4 ,! reason :]e( is1 t ! l[e/ species be+ b "o simple idea1 no?+ c be left out ( x1 t s ! diff]5ce be+ tak5 away1 x may agree ) "s o!r ?+ 9 "o idea common to !m bo?2 :i*1 hav+ "o "n1 is ! g5us ( ! o!r two3 v4g4 !re is no?+ t c be left out ( ! idea ( :ite & r$ to make !m agree 9 "o common appe>ance1 & s h "o g5]al "n2 z ,,rationality be+ left out ( ! complex idea ( man1 makes x agree ) brute 9 ! m g5]al idea & "n ( animal4 ,& !re=e :51 to avoid unpleasant enum]ations1 m5 w\ld compreh5d bo? :ite & r$1 & sev]al o!r su* simple ideas1 "u "o g5]al "n1 !y h be5 fa9 to d x by a ^w :i* d5otes only ! way !y get into ! m9d4 ,= :5 :ite1 r$1 & yell[ are all compreh5d$ "u ! g5us or "n col\r1 x signifies no m b su* ideas z are produc$ 9 ! m9d only by ! sight1 & h entrance only ?r\gh ! eyes4 ,& :5 !y w\ld frame yet a m g5]al t]m to compreh5d bo? col\rs & s\nds1 & ! l simple ideas1 !y d x by a ^w t signifies all su* z come into ! m9d only by "o s5se4 ,& s ! g5]al t]m ,,quality1 9 its ord9>y acceptation1 compreh5ds col\rs1 s\nds1 ta/es1 smells1 & tangible qualities1 ) di/9ction f ext5sion1 numb]1 motion1 pleasure1 & pa91 :i* make impressions on ! m9d & introduce _! ideas by m s5ses ?an "o4 #ag4 ,six?ly1 ,names ( simple ,ideas n arbitr>y1 b p]fectly tak5 f ! exi/5ce ( ?+s4 ,six?ly1 ,! names ( simple ideas1 sub/ances1 & mix$ modes h also ?is diff]5ce3 t ^? ( ,,mix$ ,,modes /& = ideas p]fectly arbitr>y2 ^? ( ,,sub/ances are n p]fectly s1 b ref] to a patt]n1 ?\gh ) "s latitude2 & ^? ( ,,simple ,,ideas are p]fectly tak5 f ! exi/5ce ( ?+s1 & are n arbitr>y at all4 ,:i*1 :at diff]5ce x makes 9 ! significations ( _! names1 we %all see 9 ! foll[+ *apt]s4 ,simple modes4 ,! names ( ,,simple ,,modes diff] little f ^? ( simple ideas4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,( ,,! ,,names ,,( ,,mix$ ,,modes ,,& ,,relations4 #a4 ,mix$ modes /& = ab/ract ,ideas1 z o!r g5]al ,names4 ,! names ( ,,mix$ ,,modes1 be+ g5]al1 !y /&1 z has be5 %ew$1 = sorts or species ( ?+s1 ea* ( :i* has its peculi> ess5ce4 ,! ess5ces ( ^! species also1 z has be5 %ew$1 are no?+ b ! ab/ract ideas 9 ! m9d1 to :i* ! "n is annex$4 ,?us f> ! names & ess5ces ( mix$ modes h no?+ b :at is common to !m ) o!r ideas3 b if we take a little ne>] survey ( !m1 we %all f9d t !y h some?+ peculi>1 :i* p]haps may des]ve our att5tion4 #b4 ,fir/1 ,! ab/ract ,ideas !y /& = are made by ! ,und]/&+4 ,! fir/ p>ticul>ity ,i %all obs]ve 9 !m1 is1 t ! ab/ract ideas1 or1 if y please1 ! ess5ces1 ( ! sev]al species ( mix$ modes1 are ,,made ,,by ,,! ,,und]/&+1 :]e9 !y diff] f ^? ( simple ideas3 9 :i* sort ! m9d has no p[] to make any "o1 b only receives su* z are pres5t$ to x by ! real exi/5ce ( ?+s op]at+ ^u x4 #c4 ,secondly1 ,made arbitr>ily1 & )\t ,patt]ns4 ,9 ! next place1 ^! ess5ces ( ! species ( mix$ modes are n only made by ! m9d1 b ,,made ,,v ,,arbitr>ily1 ,,made ,,)\t ,,patt]ns1 ,,or ,,ref]5ce ,,to ,,any ,,real ,,exi/5ce4 ,:]e9 !y diff] f ^? ( sub/ances1 :i* c>ry ) !m ! supposition ( "s real be+1 f :i* !y are tak51 & to :i* !y are con=mable4 ,b1 9 its complex ideas ( mix$ modes1 ! m9d takes a lib]ty n to foll[ ! exi/5ce ( ?+s exactly4 ,x unites & reta9s c]ta9 collections1 z s _m di/9ct specific ideas2 :il/ o!rs1 t z (t5 occur 9 nature1 & are z pla9ly sugge/$ by outw>d ?+s1 pass neglect$1 )\t p>ticul> names or specifications4 ,nor does ! m9d1 9 ^! ( mix$ modes1 z 9 ! complex idea ( sub/ances1 exam9e !m by ! real exi/5ce ( ?+s2 or v]ify !m by patt]ns conta9+ su* peculi> compositions 9 nature4 ,to "k :e!r 8 idea ( ,,adult]y or ,,ince/ be "r1 w a man seek x any:]e among/ ?+s exi/+8 ,or is x true because any "o has be5 witness to su* an action8 ,no3 b x suffices "h1 t m5 h put toge!r su* a collection into "o complex idea1 t makes ! ar*etype & specific idea2 :e!r ev] any su* action 7 committ$ 9 r]um natura or no4 #d4 ,h[ ?is is done4 ,to und]/& ?is "r1 we mu/ consid] :]e9 ?is mak+ ( ^! complex ideas consi/s2 & t is n 9 ! mak+ any new idea1 b putt+ toge!r ^? :i* ! m9d _h be=e4 ,:]e9 ! m9d does ^! ?ree ?+s3 ,fir/1 ,x *ooses a c]ta9 numb]2 ,secondly1 ,x gives !m connexion1 & makes !m into "o idea2 ,?irdly1 ,x ties !m toge!r by a "n4 ,if we exam9e h[ ! m9d proce$s 9 ^!1 & :at lib]ty x takes 9 !m1 we %all easily obs]ve h[ ^! ess5ces ( ! species ( mix$ modes are ! workman%ip ( ! m9d2 &1 consequ5tly1 t ! species !mselves are ( m5's mak+4 #e4 ,evid5tly arbitr>y1 9 t ! ,idea is (t5 be=e ! ,exi/5ce4 ,nobody c d\bt b t ^! ideas ( mix$ modes are made by a volunt>y collection ( ideas1 put toge!r 9 ! m9d1 indep5d5t f any orig9al patt]ns 9 nature1 :o w b reflect t ?is sort ( complex ideas may be made1 ab/ract$1 & h names giv5 !m1 & s a species be con/itut$1 be=e any "o individual ( t species ev] exi/$4 ,:o c d\bt b ! ideas ( ,,sacrilege or ,,adult]y might be fram$ 9 ! m9ds ( m51 & h names giv5 !m1 & s ^! species ( mix$ modes be con/itut$1 be=e ei!r ( !m 0 ev] committ$2 & might be z well disc\rs$ ( & reason$ ab\t1 & z c]ta9 tru?s discov]$ ( !m1 :il/ yet !y _h no be+ b 9 ! und]/&+1 z well z n[1 t !y h b too frequ5tly a real exi/5ce8 ,:]eby x is pla9 h[ mu* ! sorts ( mix$ modes are ! creatures ( ! und]/&+1 :]e !y h a be+ z subs]vi5t to all ! ends ( real tru? & k1 z :5 !y really exi/4 ,& we _c d\bt b law-mak]s h (t5 made laws ab\t species ( actions :i* 7 only ! creatures ( _! own und]/&+s2 be+s t _h no o!r exi/5ce b 9 _! own m9ds4 ,& ,i ?9k nobody c d5y b t ! ,,resurrection 0 a species ( mix$ modes 9 ! m9d1 be=e x really exi/$4 #f4 ,in/ances3 ,murd]1 ,ince/1 ,/abb+4 ,to see h[ arbitr>ily ^! ess5ces ( mix$ modes are made by ! m9d1 we ne$ b take a view ( almo/ any ( !m4 ,a little look+ into !m w satisfy u1 t x is ! m9d t comb9es sev]al scatt]$ indep5d5t ideas into "o complex "o2 &1 by ! common "n x gives !m1 makes !m ! ess5ce ( a c]ta9 species1 )\t regulat+ itself by any connexion !y h 9 nature4 ,= :at great] connexion 9 nature has ! idea ( a man ?an ! idea ( a %eep ) kill+1 t ?is is made a p>ticul> species ( action1 signifi$ by ! ^w ,,murd]1 & ! o!r n8 ,or :at union is !re 9 nature betwe5 ! idea ( ! relation ( a fa!r ) kill+ ?an t ( a son or neighb\r1 t ^? are comb9$ into "o complex idea1 & !reby made ! ess5ce ( ! di/9ct species ,,p>ricide1 :il/ ! o!r makes no di/9ct species at all8 ,b1 ?\gh !y h made kill+ a man's fa!r or "m a di/9ct species f kill+ 8 son or daught]1 yet1 9 "s o!r cases1 son & daught] are tak5 9 too1 z well z fa!r & "m3 & !y are all equally compreh5d$ 9 ! same species1 z 9 t ( ,,ince/4 ,?us ! m9d 9 mix$ modes arbitr>ily unites into complex ideas su* z x f9ds conv5i5t2 :il/ o!rs t h altoge!r z mu* union 9 nature are left loose1 & nev] comb9$ into "o idea1 because !y h no ne$ ( "o "n4 ,x is evid5t !n t ! m9d1 by its free *oice1 gives a connexion to a c]ta9 numb] ( ideas1 :i* 9 nature h no m union ) "o ano!r ?an o!rs t x leaves out3 :y else is ! "p ( ! weapon ! beg9n+ ( ! w\nd is made ) tak5 notice (1 to make ! di/9ct species call$ ,,/abb+1 & ! figure & matt] ( ! weapon left out8 ,i d n say ?is is done )\t reason1 z we %all see m by & by2 b ?is ,i say1 t x is done by ! free *oice ( ! m9d1 pursu+ its own ends2 & t1 !re=e1 ^! species ( mix$ modes are ! workman%ip ( ! und]/&+4 ,& !re is no?+ m evid5t ?an t1 = ! mo/ "p1 9 ! fram+ ^! ideas1 ! m9d se>*es n its patt]ns 9 nature1 nor ref]s ! ideas x makes to ! real exi/5ce ( ?+s1 b puts su* toge!r z may be/ s]ve its own purposes1 )\t ty+ itself to a precise imitation ( any?+ t really exi/s4 #g4 ,b /ill subs]vi5t to ! ,end ( ,language1 & n made at r&om4 ,b1 ?\gh ^! complex ideas or ess5ces ( mix$ modes dep5d on ! m9d1 & are made by x ) great lib]ty1 yet !y are n made at r&om1 & jumbl$ toge!r )\t any reason at all4 ,?\gh ^! complex ideas be n always copi$ f nature1 yet !y are always suit$ to ! end = :i* ab/ract ideas are made3 & ?\gh !y be comb9ations made ( ideas t are loose en\gh1 & h z little union 9 !mselves z sev]al o!r to :i* ! m9d nev] gives a connexion t comb9es !m into "o idea2 yet !y are always made = ! conv5i5ce ( communication1 :i* is ! *ief end ( language4 ,! use ( language is1 by %ort s\nds1 to signify ) ease & dispat* g5]al conceptions2 :]e9 n only abundance ( p>ticul>s may be conta9$1 b also a great v>iety ( indep5d5t ideas collect$ into "o complex "o4 ,9 ! mak+ !re=e ( ! species ( mix$ modes1 m5 h _h reg>d only to su* comb9ations z !y _h occasion to m5tion "o to ano!r4 ,^? !y h comb9$ into di/9ct complex ideas1 & giv5 names to2 :il/ o!rs1 t 9 nature h z ne> a union1 are left loose & unreg>d$4 ,=1 to g no fur!r ?an human actions !mselves1 if !y w\ld make di/9ct ab/ract ideas ( all ! v>ieties :i* might be obs]v$ 9 !m1 ! numb] mu/ be inf9ite1 & ! memory conf\nd$ ) ! pl5ty1 z well z ov]*>g$ to little purpose4 ,x suffices t m5 make & "n s _m complex ideas ( ^! mix$ modes z !y f9d !y h occasion to h names =1 9 ! ord9>y occurr5ce ( _! affairs4 ,if !y jo9 to ! idea ( kill+ ! idea ( fa!r or "m1 & s make a di/9ct species f kill+ a man's son or neighb\r1 x is because ( ! diff]5t he9\sness ( ! crime1 & ! di/9ct puni%m5t is due to ! murd]+ a man's fa!r & "m1 diff]5t to :at ought to be inflict$ on ! murd] ( a son or neighb\r2 & !re=e !y f9d x necess>y to m5tion x by a di/9ct "n1 :i* is ! end ( mak+ t di/9ct comb9ation4 ,b ?\gh ! ideas ( "m & daught] are s diff]5tly treat$1 9 ref]5ce to ! idea ( kill+1 t ! "o is jo9$ ) x to make a di/9ct ab/ract idea ) a "n1 & s a di/9ct species1 & ! o!r n2 yet1 9 respect ( c>nal k1 !y are bo? tak5 9 "u ,,ince/3 & t /ill = ! same conv5i5ce ( express+ "u "o "n1 & reckon+ ( "o species1 su* unclean mixtures z h a peculi> turpitude beyond o!rs2 & ?is to avoid circumlocutions & t$i\s descriptions4 #h4 ,:]e( ! intranslatable ,words ( div]s ,languages are a ,pro(4 ,a mod]ate skill 9 diff]5t languages w easily satisfy "o ( ! tru? ( ?is1 x be+ s obvi\s to obs]ve great /ore ( words 9 "o language :i* h n any t answ] !m 9 ano!r4 ,:i* pla9ly %[s t ^? ( "o c\ntry1 by _! cu/oms & mann] ( life1 h f\nd occasion to make sev]al complex ideas1 & giv5 names to !m1 :i* o!rs nev] collect$ into specific ideas4 ,?is c\ld n h happ5$ if ^! species 7 ! /eady workman%ip ( nature1 & n collections made & ab/ract$ by ! m9d1 9 ord] to nam+1 & = ! conv5i5ce ( communication4 ,! t]ms ( our law1 :i* are n empty s\nds1 w h>dly f9d words t answ] !m 9 ! ,spani% or ,italian1 no scanty languages2 mu* less1 ,i ?9k1 c\ld any "o translate !m into ! ,c>ibbee or ,we/oe tongues3 & ! ,,v]sura ( ! ,romans1 or ,,corban ( ! ,jews1 h no words 9 o!r languages to answ] !m2 ! reason :]e( is pla91 f :at has be5 said4 ,nay1 if we look a little m ne>ly into ?is matt]1 & exactly comp>e diff]5t languages1 we %all f9d t1 ?\gh !y h words :i* 9 translations & diction>ies are suppos$ to answ] "o ano!r1 yet !re is sc>ce "o (t5 among/ ! names ( complex ideas1 especially ( mix$ modes1 t /&s = ! same precise idea :i* ! ^w does t 9 diction>ies x is r5d]$ by4 ,!re are no ideas m common & less comp\nd$ ?an ! measures ( "t1 ext5sion1 & weight2 & ! ,lat9 names1 ,,hora1 ,,pes1 ,,libra1 are )\t difficulty r5d]$ by ! ,engli% names1 ,,h\r1 ,,foot1 & ,,p\nd3 b yet !re is no?+ m evid5t ?an t ! ideas a ,roman annex$ to ^! ,lat9 names1 7 v f> diff]5t f ^? :i* an ,engli%man expresses by ^? ,engli% ones4 ,& if ei!r ( ^! %\ld make use ( ! measures t ^? ( ! o!r language design$ by _! names1 he w\ld be q out 9 8 acc\nt4 ,^! are too s5sible pro(s to be d\bt$2 & we %all f9d ?is mu* m s 9 ! names ( m ab/ract & comp\nd$ ideas1 su* z are ! greate/ "p ( ^? :i* make up moral disc\rses3 ^: names1 :5 m5 come curi\sly to comp>e ) ^? !y are translat$ into1 9 o!r languages1 !y w f9d v few ( !m exactly to correspond 9 ! :ole ext5t ( _! significations4 #i4 ,?is %[s ,species to be made = ,communication4 ,! reason :y ,i take s p>ticul> notice ( ?is is1 t we may n be mi/ak5 ab\t ,,g5]a & ,,species1 & _! ,,ess5ces1 z if !y 7 ?+s regul>ly & con/antly made by nature1 & _h a real exi/5ce 9 ?+s2 :5 !y appe>1 ^u a m w>y survey1 to be no?+ else b an artifice ( ! und]/&+1 = ! easi] signify+ su* collections ( ideas z x %\ld (t5 h occasion to communicate by "o g5]al t]m2 "u :i* div]s p>ticul>s1 z f> =? z !y agre$ to t ab/ract idea1 might be compreh5d$4 ,& if ! d\btful signification ( ! ^w ,,species may make x s\nd h>% to "s1 t ,i say ! species ( mix$ modes are 'made by ! und]/&+'2 yet1 ,i ?9k1 x c by nobody be d5i$ t x is ! m9d makes ^? ab/ract complex ideas to :i* specific names are giv54 ,& if x be true1 z x is1 t ! m9d makes ! patt]ns = sort+ & nam+ ( ?+s1 ,i leave x to be consid]$ :o makes ! b\nd>ies ( ! sort or species2 s9ce ) me ,,species & ,,sort h no o!r diff]5ce ?an t ( a ,lat9 & ,engli% idiom4 #aj4 ,9 mix$ ,modes x is ! ,"n t ties ! ,comb9ation ( simple ideas toge!r1 & makes x a ,species4 ,! ne> relation t !re is betwe5 ,,species1 ,,ess5ces1 & _! ,,g5]al ,,"n1 at lea/ 9 mix$ modes1 w fur!r appe> :5 we consid]1 t x is ! "n t seems to pres]ve ^? ess5ces1 & give !m _! la/+ duration4 ,=1 ! connexion betwe5 ! loose p>ts ( ^? complex ideas be+ made by ! m9d1 ?is union1 :i* has no p>ticul> f\ndation 9 nature1 w\ld cease aga91 7 !re n some?+ t did1 z x 71 hold x toge!r1 & keep ! p>ts f scatt]+4 ,?\gh !re=e x be ! m9d t makes ! collection1 x is ! "n :i* is z x 7 ! knot t ties !m fa/ toge!r4 ,:at a va/ v>iety ( diff]5t ideas does ! ^w ,,triumphus hold toge!r1 & deliv] to u z "o species6 ,_h ?is "n be5 nev] made1 or q lo/1 we might1 no d\bt1 h _h descriptions ( :at pass$ 9 t solemnity3 b yet1 ,i ?9k1 t :i* holds ^? diff]5t p>ts toge!r1 9 ! unity ( "o complex idea1 is t v ^w annex$ to x2 )\t :i* ! sev]al p>ts ( t w\ld no m be ?\ght to make "o ?+1 ?an any o!r %[1 :i* hav+ nev] be5 made b once1 _h nev] be5 unit$ into "o complex idea1 "u "o d5om9ation4 ,h[ mu*1 !re=e1 9 mix$ modes1 ! unity necess>y to any ess5ce dep5ds on ! m9d2 & h[ mu* ! cont9uation & fix+ ( t unity dep5ds on ! "n 9 common use annex$ to x1 ,i leave to be consid]$ by ^? :o look ^u ess5ces & species z real e/abli%$ ?+s 9 nature4 #aa4 ,suitable to ?is1 we f9d t m5 speak+ ( mix$ modes1 seldom imag9e or take any o!r = species ( !m1 b su* z are set out by "n3 because !y1 be+ ( man's mak+ only1 9 ord] to nam+1 no su* species are tak5 notice (1 or suppos$ to be1 unless a "n be jo9$ to x1 z ! sign ( man's hav+ comb9$ into "o idea sev]al loose ones2 & by t "n giv+ a la/+ union to ! p>ts :i* w\ld o!rwise cease to h any1 z soon z ! m9d laid by t ab/ract idea1 & ceas$ actually to ?9k on x4 ,b :5 a "n is once annex$ to x1 :]e9 ! p>ts ( t complex idea h a settl$ & p]man5t union1 !n is ! ess5ce1 z x 71 e/abli%$1 & ! species look$ on z complete4 ,= to :at purpose %\ld ! memory *>ge itself ) su* compositions1 unless x 7 by ab/raction to make !m g5]al8 ,& to :at purpose make !m g5]al1 unless x 7 t !y might h g5]al names = ! conv5i5ce ( disc\rse & communication8 ,?us we see1 t kill+ a man ) a sword or a hat*et are look$ on z no di/9ct species ( action2 b if ! po9t ( ! sword fir/ ent] ! body1 x passes = a di/9ct species1 :]e x has a di/9ct "n1 z 9 ,engl&1 9 ^: language x is call$ ,,/abb+3 b 9 ano!r c\ntry1 :]e x has n happ5$ to be specifi$ "u a peculi> "n1 x passes n = a di/9ct species4 ,b 9 ! species ( corporeal sub/ances1 ?\gh x be ! m9d t makes ! nom9al ess5ce1 yet1 s9ce ^? ideas :i* are comb9$ 9 x are suppos$ to h an union 9 nature :e!r ! m9d jo9s !m or n1 !re=e ^? are look$ on z di/9ct species1 )\t any op]ation ( ! m9d1 ei!r ab/ract+1 or giv+ a "n to t complex idea4 #ab4 ,= ! ,orig9als ( our mix$ ,modes1 we look no fur!r ?an ! ,m9d2 :i* also %[s !m to be ! ,workman%ip ( ! ,und]/&+4 ,con=mable also to :at has be5 said conc]n+ ! ess5ces ( ! species ( mix$ modes1 t !y are ! creatures ( ! und]/&+ r ?an ! works ( nature2 con=mable1 ,i say1 to ?is1 we f9d t _! names lead our ?\ghts to ! m9d1 & no fur!r4 ,:5 we speak ( ,,ju/ice1 or ,,gratitude1 we frame to ourselves no imag9ation ( any?+ exi/+1 :i* we w\ld conceive2 b our ?\ghts t]m9ate 9 ! ab/ract ideas ( ^? virtues1 & look n fur!r2 z !y d :5 we speak ( a ,,horse1 or ,,iron1 ^: specific ideas we consid] n z b>ely 9 ! m9d1 b z 9 ?+s !mselves1 :i* af=d ! orig9al patt]ns ( ^? ideas4 ,b 9 mix$ modes1 at lea/ ! mo/ consid]able p>ts ( !m1 :i* are moral be+s1 we consid] ! orig9al patt]ns z be+ 9 ! m9d1 & to ^? we ref] = ! di/+ui%+ ( p>ticul> be+s "u names4 ,& h5ce ,i ?9k x is t ^! ess5ces ( ! species ( mix$ modes are by a m p>ticul> "n call$ ,,notions2 z1 by a peculi> "r1 app]ta9+ to ! und]/&+4 #ac4 ,_! be+ made by ! ,und]/&+ )\t ,patt]ns1 %[s ! ,reason :y !y are s comp\nd$4 ,h5ce1 likewise1 we may le>n :y ! complex ideas ( mix$ modes are commonly m comp\nd$ & decomp\nd$ ?an ^? ( natural sub/ances4 ,because !y be+ ! workman%ip ( ! und]/&+1 pursu+ only its own ends1 & ! conv5i5cy ( express+ 9 %ort ^? ideas x w\ld make kn[n to ano!r1 x does ) great lib]ty unite (t5 into "o ab/ract idea ?+s t1 9 _! nature1 h no coh]5ce2 & s "u "o t]m bundle toge!r a great v>iety ( comp\nd$ & decomp\nd$ ideas4 ,?us ! "n ( ,,procession3 :at a great mixture ( indep5d5t ideas ( p]sons1 habits1 tap]s1 ord]s1 motions1 s\nds1 does x conta9 9 t complex "o1 :i* ! m9d ( man has arbitr>ily put toge!r1 to express by t "o "n8 ,:]eas ! complex ideas ( ! sorts ( sub/ances are usually made up ( only a small numb] ( simple ones2 & 9 ! species ( animals1 ^! two1 viz4 %ape & voice1 commonly make ! :ole nom9al ess5ce4 #ad4 ,names ( mix$ ,modes /& alway = _! real ,ess5ces1 :i* are ! workman%ip ( our m9ds4 ,ano!r ?+ we may obs]ve f :at has be5 said is1 ,t ! names ( mix$ modes always signify 7:5 !y h any det]m9$ signification7 ! ,,real ess5ces ( _! species4 ,=1 ^! ab/ract ideas be+ ! workman%ip ( ! m9d1 & n ref]r$ to ! real exi/5ce ( ?+s1 !re is no supposition ( any?+ m signifi$ by t "n1 b b>ely t complex idea ! m9d itself has =m$2 :i* is all x w\ld h express$ by x2 & is t on :i* all ! prop]ties ( ! species dep5d1 & f :i* alone !y all fl[3 & s 9 ^! ! real & nom9al ess5ce is ! same2 :i*1 ( :at conc]nm5t x is to ! c]ta9 k ( g5]al tru?1 we %all see h]eaft]4 #ae4 ,:y _! ,names are usually got be=e _! ,ideas4 ,?is also may %[ u ! reason :y = ! mo/ "p ! names ( mix$ modes are got be=e ! ideas !y /& = are p]fectly kn[n4 ,because !re be+ no species ( ^! ord9>ily tak5 notice ( b :at h names1 & ^? species1 or r _! ess5ces1 be+ ab/ract complex ideas1 made arbitr>ily by ! m9d1 x is conv5i5t1 if n necess>y1 to "k ! names1 be=e "o endeav\r to frame ^! complex ideas3 unless a man w fill 8 head ) a company ( ab/ract complex ideas1 :i*1 o!rs hav+ no names =1 he has no?+ to d )1 b to lay by & =get aga94 ,i confess t1 9 ! beg9n+ ( languages1 x 0 necess>y to h ! idea be=e "o gave x ! "n3 & s x is /ill1 :]e1 mak+ a new complex idea1 "o also1 by giv+ x a new "n1 makes a new ^w4 ,b ?is conc]ns n languages made1 :i* h g5]ally pretty well provid$ = ideas :i* m5 h frequ5t occasion to h & communicate2 & 9 su*1 ,i ask :e!r x be n ! ord9>y me?od1 t *ildr5 le>n ! names ( mix$ modes be=e !y h _! ideas8 ,:at "o ( a ?\s& ev] frames ! ab/ract ideas ( ,,glory & ,,ambition1 be=e he has he>d ! names ( !m8 ,9 simple ideas & sub/ances ,i grant x is o!rwise2 :i*1 be+ su* ideas z h a real exi/5ce & union 9 nature1 ! ideas & names are got "o be=e ! o!r1 z x happ5s4 #af4 ,reason ( my be+ s l>ge on ?is ,subject4 ,:at has be5 said "h ( ,,mix$ ,,modes is1 ) v little diff]5ce1 applicable also to ,,relations2 :i*1 s9ce e man himself may obs]ve1 ,i may sp>e myself ! pa9s to enl>ge on3 especially1 s9ce :at ,i h "h said conc]n+ ,words 9 ?is ?ird ,book1 w possibly be ?\ght by "s to ?is be mu* m ?an :at s slight a subject requir$4 ,i all[ x might be br\ght into a n>r[] compass2 b ,i 0 will+ to /ay my read] on an argum5t t appe>s to me new & a little out ( ! way1 7,i am sure x is "o ,i ?\ght n ( :5 ,i began to write17 t1 by se>*+ x to ! bottom1 & turn+ x on e side1 "s "p or o!r might meet ) e "o's ?\ghts1 & give occasion to ! mo/ av]se or neglig5t to reflect on a g5]al misc>riage1 :i*1 ?\gh ( great consequ5ce1 is little tak5 notice (4 ,:5 x is consid]$ :at a pudd] is made ab\t ,,ess5ces1 & h[ mu* all sorts ( k1 disc\rse1 & conv]sation are pe/]$ & disord]$ by ! c>eless & confus$ use & application ( words1 x w p]haps be ?\ght wor? :ile ?or\ghly to lay x op54 ,& ,i %all be p>don$ if ,i h dwelt long on an argum5t :i* ,i ?9k1 !re=e1 ne$s to be inculcat$1 because ! faults m5 are usually guilty ( 9 ?is k9d1 are n only ! greate/ h9drances ( true k1 b are s well ?\ght ( z to pass = x4 ,m5 w\ld (t5 see :at a small pittance ( reason & tru?1 or possibly none at all1 is mix$ ) ^? huff+ op9ions !y are swell$ )2 if !y w\ld b look beyond fa%ionable s\nds1 & obs]ve :at ,,ideas are or are n compreh5d$ "u ^? words ) :i* !y are s arm$ at all po9ts1 & ) :i* !y s confid5tly lay ab\t !m4 ,i %all imag9e ,i h done "s s]vice to tru?1 peace1 & le>n+1 if1 by any enl>gem5t on ?is subject1 ,i c make m5 reflect on _! own use ( language2 & give !m reason to suspect1 t1 s9ce x is frequ5t = o!rs1 x may also be possible = !m1 to h sometimes v good & approv$ words 9 _! m\?s & writ+s1 ) v unc]ta91 little1 or no signification4 ,& !re=e x is n unreasonable = !m to be w>y h]e9 !mselves1 & n to be unwill+ to h !m exam9$ by o!rs4 ,) ?is design1 !re=e1 ,i %all g on ) :at ,i h fur!r to say conc]n+ ?is matt]4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,( ,,! ,,names ,,( ,,sub/ances4 #a4 ,! common ,names ( ,sub/ances /& = ,sorts4 ,! common names ( sub/ances1 z well z o!r g5]al t]ms1 /& = ,,sorts3 :i* is no?+ else b ! be+ made signs ( su* complex ideas :]e9 sev]al p>ticul> sub/ances d or might agree1 by virtue ( :i* !y are capable ( be+ compreh5d$ 9 "o common conception1 & signifi$ by "o "n4 ,i say d or might agree3 = ?\gh !re be b "o sun exi/+ 9 ! _w1 yet ! idea ( x be+ ab/ract$1 s t m sub/ances 7if !re 7 sev]al7 might ea* agree 9 x1 x is z mu* a sort z if !re 7 z _m suns z !re are />s4 ,!y want n _! reasons :o ?9k !re are1 & t ea* fix$ /> w\ld answ] ! idea ! "n sun /&s =1 to "o :o 0 plac$ 9 a due di/ance3 :i*1 by ! way1 may %[ u h[ mu* ! sorts1 or1 if y please1 ,,g5]a & ,,species ( ?+s 7= ^? ,lat9 t]ms signify to me no m ?an ! ,engli% ^w sort7 dep5d on su* collections ( ideas z m5 h made1 & n on ! real nature ( ?+s2 s9ce x is n impossible b t1 9 propriety ( spee*1 t might be a sun to "o :i* is a /> to ano!r4 #b4 ,! ,ess5ce ( ea* ,sort ( sub/ance is our ab/ract ,idea to :i* ! "n is annex$4 ,! measure & b\nd>y ( ea* sort or species1 :]eby x is con/itut$ t p>ticul> sort1 & di/+ui%$ f o!rs1 is t we call its ,,ess5ce1 :i* is no?+ b t ab/ract idea to :i* ! "n is annex$2 s t ev]y?+ conta9$ 9 t idea is ess5tial to t sort4 ,?is1 ?\gh x be all ! ess5ce ( natural sub/ances t ,,we "k1 or by :i* we di/+ui% !m into sorts1 yet ,i call x by a peculi> "n1 ! ,,nom9al ,,ess5ce1 to di/+ui% x f ! real con/itution ( sub/ances1 ^u :i* dep5ds ?is nom9al ess5ce1 & all ! prop]ties ( t sort2 :i*1 !re=e1 z has be5 said1 may be call$ ! ,,real ,,ess5ce3 v4g4 ! nom9al ess5ce ( gold is t complex idea ! ^w gold /&s =1 let x be1 = in/ance1 a body yell[1 ( a c]ta9 weight1 malleable1 fusible1 & fix$4 ,b ! real ess5ce is ! con/itution ( ! ins5sible p>ts ( t body1 on :i* ^? qualities & all ! o!r prop]ties ( gold dep5d4 ,h[ f> ^! two are diff]5t1 ?\gh !y are bo? call$ ess5ce1 is obvi\s at fir/ sight to discov]4 #c4 ,! nom9al & real ,ess5ce diff]5t4 ,=1 ?\gh p]haps volunt>y motion1 ) s5se & reason1 jo9$ to a body ( a c]ta9 %ape1 be ! complex idea to :i* ,i & o!rs annex ! "n ,,man1 & s be ! nom9al ess5ce ( ! species s call$3 yet nobody w say t complex idea is ! real ess5ce & s\rce ( all ^? op]ations :i* are to be f\nd 9 any individual ( t sort4 ,! f\ndation ( all ^? qualities :i* are ! +r$i5ts ( our complex idea1 is some?+ q diff]5t3 & _h we su* a k ( t con/itution ( man2 f :i* 8 faculties ( mov+1 s5sation1 & reason+1 & o!r p[]s fl[1 & on :i* 8 s regul> %ape dep5ds1 z x is possible angels h1 & x is c]ta9 8 ,mak] has1 we %\ld h a q o!r idea ( 8 ess5ce ?an :at n[ is conta9$ 9 our def9ition ( t species1 be x :at x w3 & our idea ( any individual man w\ld be z f> diff]5t f :at x is n[1 z is 8 :o kn[s all ! spr+s & :eels & o!r contrivances )9 ( ! fam\s clock at ,/rasburg1 f t :i* a gaz+ c\ntryman has ( x1 :o b>ely sees ! motion ( ! h&1 & he>s ! clock /rike1 & obs]ves only "s ( ! outw>d appe>ances4 #d4 ,no?+ ess5tial to ,individuals4 ,t ,,ess5ce1 9 ! ord9>y use ( ! ^w1 relates to sorts1 & t x is consid]$ 9 p>ticul> be+s no fur!r ?an z !y are rank$ into sorts1 appe>s f h5ce3 t1 take b away ! ab/ract ideas by :i* we sort individuals1 & rank !m "u common names1 & !n ! ?\ght ( any?+ ess5tial to any ( !m in/antly vani%es3 we h no notion ( ! "o )\t ! o!r1 :i* pla9ly %[s _! relation4 ,x is necess>y = me to be z ,i am2 ,god & nature has made me s3 b !re is no?+ ,i h is ess5tial to me4 ,an accid5t or disease may v mu* alt] my col\r or %ape2 a fev] or fall may take away my reason or memory1 or bo?2 & an apoplexy leave nei!r s5se1 nor und]/&+1 no1 nor life4 ,o!r creatures ( my %ape may be made ) m & bett]1 or few] & worse faculties ?an ,i h2 & o!rs may h reason & s5se 9 a %ape & body v diff]5t f m9e4 ,none ( ^! are ess5tial to ! "o or ! o!r1 or to any individual :atev]1 till ! m9d ref]s x to "s sort or species ( ?+s2 & !n pres5tly1 accord+ to ! ab/ract idea ( t sort1 some?+ is f\nd ess5tial4 ,let any "o exam9e 8 own ?\ghts1 & he w f9d t z soon z he supposes or speaks ( ess5tial1 ! consid]ation ( "s species1 or ! complex idea signifi$ by "s g5]al "n1 comes into 8 m9d2 & x is 9 ref]5ce to t t ?is or t quality is said to be ess5tial4 ,s t if x be ask$1 :e!r x be ess5tial to me or any o!r p>ticul> corporeal be+1 to h reason8 ,i say1 no2 no m ?an x is ess5tial to ?is :ite ?+ ,i write on to h words 9 x4 ,b if t p>ticul> be+ be to be c\nt$ ( ! sort ,,man1 & to h ! "n ,,man giv5 x1 !n reason is ess5tial to x2 suppos+ reason to be a "p ( ! complex idea ! "n man /&s =3 z x is ess5tial to ?is ?+ ,i write on to conta9 words1 if ,i w give x ! "n ,,treatise1 & rank x "u t species4 ,s t ess5tial & n ess5tial relate only to our ab/ract ideas1 & ! names annex$ to !m2 :i* am\nts to no m ?an ?is1 ,t :atev] p>ticul> ?+ has n 9 x ^? qualities :i* are conta9$ 9 ! ab/ract idea :i* any g5]al t]m /&s =1 _c be rank$ "u t species1 nor be call$ by t "n2 s9ce t ab/ract idea is ! v ess5ce ( t species4 #e4 ,! only ess5ces p]ceiv$ by u 9 individual sub/ances are ^? qualities :i* entitle !m to receive _! names4 ,?us1 if ! idea ( ,,body ) "s p be b>e ext5sion or space1 !n solidity is n ess5tial to body3 if o!rs make ! idea to :i* !y give ! "n ,,body to be solidity & ext5sion1 !n solidity is ess5tial to body4 ,t !re=e1 & t alone1 is consid]$ z ess5tial1 :i* makes a "p ( ! complex idea ! "n ( a sort /&s =2 )\t :i* no p>ticul> ?+ c be reckon$ ( t sort1 nor be entitl$ to t "n4 ,%\ld !re be f\nd a p>cel ( matt] t _h all ! o!r qualities t are 9 iron1 b want$ ob$i5ce to ! load/one1 & w\ld nei!r be drawn by x nor receive direction f x1 w\ld any "o "q :e!r x want$ any?+ ess5tial8 ,x w\ld be absurd to ask1 ,:e!r a ?+ really exi/+ want$ any?+ ess5tial to x4 ,or c\ld x be dem&$1 ,:e!r ?is made an ess5tial or specific diff]5ce or no1 s9ce ,,we h no o!r measure ( ess5tial or specific b our ab/ract ideas8 ,& to talk ( specific diff]5ces 9 ,,nature1 )\t ref]5ce to g5]al ideas 9 names1 is to talk un9telligibly4 ,= ,i w\ld ask any "o1 ,:at is suffici5t to make an ess5tial diff]5ce 9 nature betwe5 any two p>ticul> be+s1 )\t any reg>d _h to "s ab/ract idea1 :i* is look$ ^u z ! ess5ce & /&>d ( a species8 ,all su* patt]ns & /&>ds be+ q laid aside1 p>ticul> be+s1 consid]$ b>ely 9 !mselves1 w be f\nd to h all _! qualities equally ess5tial2 & ev]y?+ 9 ea* individual w be ess5tial to x2 or1 :i* is m1 no?+ at all4 ,=1 ?\gh x may be reasonable to ask1 ,:e!r obey+ ! magnet be ess5tial to iron8 yet ,i ?9k x is v improp] & insignificant to ask1 :e!r x be ess5tial to ! p>ticul> p>cel ( matt] ,i cut my p5 )2 )\t consid]+ x "u ! "n ,,iron1 or z be+ ( a c]ta9 species4 ,& if1 z has be5 said1 our ab/ract ideas1 :i* h names annex$ to !m1 are ! b\nd>ies ( species1 no?+ c be ess5tial b :at is conta9$ 9 ^? ideas4 #f4 ,ev5 ! real ess5ces ( individual sub/ances imply pot5tial sorts4 ,x is true1 ,i h (t5 m5tion$ a ,,real ,,ess5ce1 di/9ct 9 sub/ances f ^? ab/ract ideas ( !m1 :i* ,i call _! nom9al ess5ce4 ,by ?is real ess5ce ,i mean1 t real con/itution ( any?+1 :i* is ! f\ndation ( all ^? prop]ties t are comb9$ 91 & are con/antly f\nd to co-exi/ ) ! nom9al ess5ce2 t p>ticul> con/itution :i* ev]y?+ has )9 itself1 )\t any relation to any?+ )\t x4 ,b ess5ce1 ev5 9 ?is s5se1 ,,relates ,,to ,a ,,sort1 ,,& ,,supposes ,a ,,species4 ,=1 be+ t real con/itution on :i* ! prop]ties dep5d1 x necess>ily supposes a sort ( ?+s1 prop]ties belong+ only to species1 & n to individuals3 v4 g4 suppos+ ! nom9al ess5ce ( gold to be a body ( su* a peculi> col\r & weight1 ) malleability & fusibility1 ! real ess5ce is t con/itution ( ! p>ts ( matt] on :i* ^! qualities & _! union dep5d2 & is also ! f\ndation ( its solubility 9 aqua regia & o!r prop]ties1 accompany+ t complex idea4 ,"h are ess5ces & prop]ties1 b all ^u supposition ( a sort or g5]al ab/ract idea1 :i* is consid]$ z immutable2 b !re is no individual p>cel ( matt] to :i* any ( ^! qualities are s annex$ z to be ess5tial to x or insep>able f x4 ,t :i* is ess5tial belongs to x z a condition :]eby x is ( ?is or t sort3 b take away ! consid]ation ( its be+ rank$ "u ! "n ( "s ab/ract idea1 & !n !re is no?+ necess>y to x1 no?+ insep>able f x4 ,inde$1 z to ! real ess5ces ( sub/ances1 we only suppose _! be+1 )\t precisely kn[+ :at !y are2 b t :i* annexes !m /ill to ! species is ! nom9al ess5ce1 ( :i* !y are ! suppos$ f\ndation & cause4 #g4 ,! nom9al ,ess5ce b\nds ! ,species to u4 ,! next ?+ to be consid]$ is1 by :i* ( ^? ess5ces x is t sub/ances are det]m9$ into sorts or species2 & t1 x is evid5t1 is by ! nom9al ess5ce4 ,= x is t alone t ! "n1 :i* is ! m>k ( ! sort1 signifies4 ,x is impossible1 !re=e1 t any?+ %\ld det]m9e ! sorts ( ?+s1 :i* ,,we rank "u g5]al names1 b t idea :i* t "n is design$ z a m>k =2 :i* is t1 z has be5 %[n1 :i* we call nom9al ess5ce4 ,:y d we say ?is is a horse1 & t a mule2 ?is is an animal1 t an h]b8 ,h[ comes any p>ticul> ?+ to be ( ?is or t sort1 b because x has t nom9al ess5ce2 or1 :i* is all "o1 agrees to t ab/ract idea1 t "n is annex$ to8 ,& ,i desire any "o b to reflect on 8 own ?\ghts1 :5 he he>s or speaks any ( ^? or o!r names ( sub/ances1 to "k :at sort ( ess5ces !y /& =4 #h4 ,! nature ( ,species z =m$ by u4 ,& t ! species ( ?+s to u are no?+ b ! rank+ !m "u di/9ct names1 accord+ to ! complex ideas 9 ,,u1 & n accord+ to precise1 di/9ct1 real ess5ces 9 ,,!m1 is pla9 f h5ce3--,t we f9d _m ( ! individuals t are rank$ into "o sort1 call$ by "o common "n1 & s receiv$ z be+ ( "o species1 h yet qualities1 dep5d+ on _! real con/itutions1 z f> diff]5t "o f ano!r z f o!rs f :i* !y are acc\nt$ to diff] specifically4 ,?is1 z x is easy to be obs]v$ by all :o h to d ) natural bodies1 s *emi/s especially are (t51 by sad exp]i5ce1 conv9c$ ( x1 :5 !y1 sometimes 9 va91 seek = ! same qualities 9 "o p>cel ( sulphur1 antimony1 or vitriol1 :i* !y h f\nd 9 o!rs4 ,=1 ?\gh !y are bodies ( ! same species1 hav+ ! same nom9al ess5ce1 "u ! same "n1 yet d !y (t51 ^u sev]e ways ( exam9ation1 betray qualities s diff]5t "o f ano!r1 z to fru/rate ! expectation & lab\r ( v w>y *emi/s4 ,b if ?+s 7 di/+ui%$ into species1 accord+ to _! real ess5ces1 x w\ld be z impossible to f9d diff]5t prop]ties 9 any two individual sub/ances ( ! same species1 z x is to f9d diff]5t prop]ties 9 two circles1 or two equilat]al triangles4 ,t is prop]ly ! ess5ce to ,,u1 :i* det]m9es e p>ticul> to ?is or t ,,classis2 or1 :i* is ! same ?+1 to ?is or t g5]al "n3 & :at c t be else1 b t ab/ract idea to :i* t "n is annex$2 & s has1 9 tru?1 a ref]5ce1 n s mu* to ! be+ ( p>ticul> ?+s1 z to _! g5]al d5om9ations8 #i4 ,n ! real ,ess5ce1 or texture ( p>ts1 :i* we "k n4 ,nor inde$ c we rank & sort ?+s1 & consequ5tly 7:i* is ! end ( sort+7 d5om9ate !m1 by _! real ess5ces2 because we "k !m n4 ,our faculties c>ry u no fur!r t[>ds ! k & di/9ction ( sub/ances1 ?an a collection ( ,,^? ,,s5sible ,,ideas ,,:i* ,,we ,,obs]ve ,,9 ,,!m2 :i*1 h[ev] made ) ! greate/ dilig5ce & exactness we are capable (1 yet is m remote f ! true int]nal con/itution f :i* ^? qualities fl[1 ?an1 z ,i said1 a c\ntryman's idea is f ! inw>d contrivance ( t fam\s clock at ,/rasburg1 :]e( he only sees ! outw>d figure & motions4 ,!re is n s contemptible a plant or animal1 t does n conf\nd ! mo/ enl>g$ und]/&+4 ,?\gh ! famili> use ( ?+s ab\t u take (f our wond]1 yet x cures n our ignorance4 ,:5 we come to exam9e ! /ones we tread on1 or ! iron we daily h&le1 we pres5tly f9d we "k n _! make2 & c give no reason ( ! diff]5t qualities we f9d 9 !m4 ,x is evid5t ! int]nal con/itution1 :]eon _! prop]ties dep5d1 is unkn[n to u3 = to g no fur!r ?an ! grosse/ & mo/ obvi\s we c imag9e among/ !m1 ,:at is t texture ( p>ts1 t real ess5ce1 t makes lead & antimony fusible1 wood & /ones n8 ,:at makes lead & iron malleable1 antimony & /ones n8 ,& yet h[ inf9itely ^! come %ort ( ! f9e contrivances & inconceivable real ess5ces ( plants or animals1 e "o kn[s4 ,! workman%ip ( ! all-wise & p[]ful ,god 9 ! great fabric ( ! univ]se1 & e "p !re(1 fur!r exce$s ! capacity & compreh5sion ( ! mo/ inquisitive & intellig5t man1 ?an ! be/ contrivance ( ! mo/ +5i\s man do? ! conceptions ( ! mo/ ignorant ( rational creatures4 ,!re=e we 9 va9 pret5d to range ?+s into sorts1 & dispose !m into c]ta9 classes "u names1 by _! real ess5ces1 t are s f> f our discov]y or compreh5sion4 ,a bl9d man may z soon sort ?+s by _! col\rs1 & he t has lo/ 8 smell z well di/+ui% a lily & a rose by _! od\rs1 z by ^? int]nal con/itutions :i* he kn[s n4 ,he t ?9ks he c di/+ui% %eep & goats by _! real ess5ces1 t are unkn[n to him1 may be pleas$ to try 8 skill 9 ^? species call$ ,,cassi[>y & ,,qu]e*9*io2 & by _! int]nal real ess5ces det]m9e ! b\nd>ies ( ^? species1 )\t kn[+ ! complex idea ( s5sible qualities t ea* ( ^? names /& =1 9 ! c\ntries :]e ^? animals are to be f\nd4 #aj4 ,n ! sub/antial ,=m1 :i* "k ,n4 ,^?1 !re=e1 :o h be5 taught t ! sev]al species ( sub/ances _h _! di/9ct int]nal ,,sub/antial ,,=ms1 & t x 0 ^? ,,=ms :i* made ! di/9ction ( sub/ances into _! true species & g5]a1 7 l$ yet fur!r out ( ! way by hav+ _! m9ds set ^u fruitless inquiries aft] 'sub/antial =ms'2 :olly un9telligible1 & :]e( we h sc>ce s mu* z any obscure or confus$ conception 9 g5]al4 #aa4 ,t ! ,nom9al ,ess5ce is t only :]eby we di/+ui% ,species ( ,sub/ances1 fur!r evid5t1 f our ideas ( f9ite ,spirits & ( ,god4 ,t our rank+ & di/+ui%+ natural sub/ances into species consi/s 9 ! nom9al ess5ces ! m9d makes1 & n 9 ! real ess5ces to be f\nd 9 ! ?+s !mselves1 is fur!r evid5t f our ideas ( spirits4 ,= ! m9d gett+1 only by reflect+ on its own op]ations1 ^? simple ideas :i* x attributes to spirits1 x ha? or c h no o!r notion ( _s b by attribut+ all ^? op]ations x f9ds 9 itself to a sort ( be+s2 )\t consid]ation ( matt]4 ,& ev5 ! mo/ advanc$ notion we h ( ,,god is b attribut+ ! same simple ideas :i* we h got f reflection on :at we f9d 9 ourselves1 & :i* we conceive to h m p]fection 9 !m ?an w\ld be 9 _! abs5ce2 attribut+1 ,i say1 ^? simple ideas to ,him 9 an unlimit$ degree4 ,?us1 hav+ got f reflect+ on ourselves ! idea ( exi/5ce1 k1 p[] & pleasure--ea* ( :i* we f9d x bett] to h ?an to want2 & ! m we h ( ea* ! bett]--jo9+ all ^! toge!r1 ) inf9ity to ea* ( !m1 we h ! complex idea ( an et]nal1 omnisci5t1 omnipot5t1 inf9itely wise & happy be+4 ,& ?\gh we are told t !re are diff]5t species ( angels2 yet we "k n h[ to frame di/9ct specific ideas ( !m3 n out ( any conceit t ! exi/5ce ( m species ?an "o ( spirits is impossible2 b because hav+ no m simple ideas 7nor be+ able to frame m7 applicable to su* be+s1 b only ^? few tak5 f ourselves1 & f ! actions ( our own m9ds 9 ?9k+1 & be+ delight$1 & mov+ sev]al p>ts ( our bodies2 we c no o!rwise di/+ui% 9 our conceptions ! sev]al species ( spirits1 "o f ano!r1 b by attribut+ ^? op]ations & p[]s we f9d 9 ourselves to !m 9 a high] or l[] degree2 & s h no v di/9ct specific ideas ( spirits1 except only ( ,,god1 to :om we attribute bo? duration & all ^? o!r ideas ) inf9ity2 to ! o!r spirits1 ) limitation3 nor1 z ,i humbly conceive1 d we1 betwe5 ,,god & !m 9 our ideas1 put any diff]5ce1 by any numb] ( simple ideas :i* we h ( "o & n ( ! o!r1 b only t ( inf9ity4 ,all ! p>ticul> ideas ( exi/5ce1 k1 w1 p[]1 & motion1 c41 be+ ideas d]iv$ f ! op]ations ( our m9ds1 we attribute all ( !m to all sorts ( spirits1 ) ! diff]5ce only ( degrees2 to ! utmo/ we c imag9e1 ev5 inf9ity1 :5 we w\ld frame z well z we c an idea ( ! ,fir/ ,be+2 :o yet1 x is c]ta91 is inf9itely m remote1 9 ! real excell5cy ( 8 nature1 f ! highe/ & p]fecte/ ( all creat$ be+s1 ?an ! greate/ man1 nay1 pure/ s]aph1 is f ! mo/ contemptible "p ( matt]2 & consequ5tly mu/ inf9itely exce$ :at our n>r[ und]/&+s c conceive ( ,him4 #ab4 ,( f9ite ,spirits !re are probably numb]less ,species 9 a cont9u\s s]ies ( gradations4 ,x is n impossible to conceive1 nor repugnant to reason1 t !re may be _m species ( spirits1 z mu* sep>at$ & div]sifi$ "o f ano!r by di/9ct prop]ties :]e( we h no ideas1 z ! species ( s5sible ?+s are di/+ui%$ "o f ano!r by qualities :i* we "k & obs]ve 9 !m4 ,t !re %\ld be m species ( intellig5t creatures above u1 ?an !re are ( s5sible & mat]ial bel[ u1 is probable to me f h5ce3 t 9 all ! visible corporeal _w1 we see no *asms or gaps4 ,all q d[n f u ! desc5t is by easy /eps1 & a cont9u$ s]ies ( ?+s1 t 9 ea* remove diff] v little "o f ! o!r4 ,!re are fi%es t h w+s1 & are n /rang]s to ! airy region3 & !re are "s birds t are inhabitants ( ! wat]1 ^: blood is cold z fi%es1 & _! fle% s l 9 ta/e t ! scrupul\s are all[$ !m on fi%-days4 ,!re are animals s ne> ( k9 bo? to birds & bea/s t !y are 9 ! middle betwe5 bo?3 amphibi\s animals l9k ! t]re/rial & aquatic toge!r2 seals live at l& & sea1 & porpoises h ! w>m blood & entrails ( a hog2 n to m5tion :at is confid5tly report$ ( m]maids1 or sea-m54 ,!re are "s brutes t seem to h z mu* k & reason z "s t are call$ m53 & ! animal & vegetable k+doms are s ne>ly jo9$1 t1 if y w take ! l[e/ ( "o & ! highe/ ( ! o!r1 !re w sc>ce be p]ceiv$ any great diff]5ce betwe5 !m3 & s on1 till we come to ! l[e/ & ! mo/ inorganical p>ts ( matt]1 we %all f9d ev]y:]e t ! sev]al species are l9k$ toge!r1 & diff] b 9 almo/ ins5sible degrees4 ,& :5 we consid] ! inf9ite p[] & wisdom ( ! ,mak]1 we h reason to ?9k t x is suitable to ! magnific5t h>mony ( ! univ]se1 & ! great design & inf9ite goodness ( ! ,ar*itect1 t ! species ( creatures %\ld also1 by g5tle degrees1 asc5d upw>d f u t[>d 8 inf9ite p]fection1 z we see !y gradually desc5d f u d[nw>ds3 :i* if x be probable1 we h reason !n to be p]suad$ t !re are f> m species ( creatures above u ?an !re are b5ea?2 we be+1 9 degrees ( p]fection1 mu* m remote f ! inf9ite be+ ( ,god ?an we are f ! l[e/ /ate ( be+1 & t :i* approa*es ne>e/ to no?+4 ,& yet ( all ^? di/9ct species1 = ! reasons abovesaid1 we h no cle> di/9ct ideas4 #ac4 ,! ,nom9al ,ess5ce t ( ! ,species1 z conceiv$ by u1 prov$ f ,wat] & ,ice4 ,b to return to ! species ( corporeal sub/ances4 ,if ,i %\ld ask any "o :e!r ice & wat] 7 two di/9ct species ( ?+s1 ,i d\bt n b ,i %\ld be answ]$ 9 ! affirmative3 & x _c be d5i$ b he t says !y are two di/9ct species is 9 ! "r4 ,b if an ,engli%man br$ 9 ,jamaica1 :o p]haps _h nev] se5 nor he>d ( ice1 com+ into ,engl& 9 ! w9t]1 f9d ! wat] he put 9 8 bas9 at night 9 a great "p froz5 9 ! morn+1 &1 n kn[+ any peculi> "n x _h1 %\ld call x h>d5$ wat]2 ,i ask :e!r ?is w\ld be a new species to him1 diff]5t f wat]8 ,& ,i ?9k x w\ld be answ]$ "h1 ,x w\ld n be to him a new species1 no m ?an congeal$ jelly1 :5 x is cold1 is a di/9ct species f ! same jelly fluid & w>m2 or ?an liquid gold 9 ! furnace is a di/9ct species f h>d gold 9 ! h&s ( a workman4 ,& if ?is be s1 x is pla9 t ,,our ,,di/9ct ,,species are ,,no?+ ,,b ,,di/9ct ,,complex ,,ideas1 ,,) ,,di/9ct ,,names ,,annex$ ,,to ,,!m4 ,x is true e sub/ance t exi/s has its peculi> con/itution1 :]eon dep5d ^? s5sible qualities & p[]s we obs]ve 9 x2 b ! rank+ ( ?+s into species 7:i* is no?+ b sort+ !m "u sev]al titles7 is done by u accord+ to ! ideas t ,,we h ( !m3 :i*1 ?\gh suffici5t to di/+ui% !m by names1 s t we may be able to disc\rse ( !m :5 we h !m n pres5t be=e u2 yet if we suppose x to be done by _! real int]nal con/itutions1 & t ?+s exi/+ are di/+ui%$ by nature into species1 by real ess5ces1 accord+ z we di/+ui% !m into species by names1 we %all be liable to great mi/akes4 #ad4 ,difficulties 9 ! supposition ( a c]ta9 numb] ( real ,ess5ces ,to di/+ui% sub/antial be+s into species1 accord+ to ! usual supposition1 t !re are c]ta9 precise ess5ces or =ms ( ?+s1 :]eby all ! individuals exi/+ are1 by nature di/+ui%$ into species1 ^! ?+s are necess>y3-- #ae4 ,a crude supposition4 ,fir/1 ,to be assur$ t nature1 9 ! production ( ?+s1 always designs !m to p>take ( c]ta9 regulat$ e/abli%$ ess5ces1 :i* are to be ! models ( all ?+s to be produc$4 ,?is1 9 t crude s5se x is usually propos$1 w\ld ne$ "s bett] explication1 be=e x c fully be ass5t$ to4 #af4 ,mon/r\s bir?s4 ,secondly1 ,x w\ld be necess>y to "k :e!r nature always atta9s t ess5ce x designs 9 ! production ( ?+s4 ,! irregul> & mon/r\s bir?s1 t 9 div]s sorts ( animals h be5 obs]v$1 w always give u reason to d\bt ( "o or bo? ( ^!4 #ag4 ,are mon/]s really a di/9ct species8 ,?irdly1 ,x ought to be det]m9$ :e!r ^? we call mon/]s be really a di/9ct species1 accord+ to ! s*ola/ic notion ( ! ^w species2 s9ce x is c]ta9 t ev]y?+ t exi/s has its p>ticul> con/itution4 ,& yet we f9d t "s ( ^! mon/r\s productions h few or none ( ^? qualities :i* are suppos$ to result f1 & accompany1 ! ess5ce ( t species f :5ce !y d]ive _! orig9als1 & to :i*1 by _! desc5t1 !y seem to belong4 #ah4 ,m5 c h no ideas ( ,real ,ess5ces4 ,f\r?ly1 ,! real ess5ces ( ^? ?+s :i* we di/+ui% into species1 & z s di/+ui%$ we "n1 ought to be kn[n2 i4e4 we ought to h ideas ( !m4 ,b s9ce we are ignorant 9 ^! f\r po9ts1 ! suppos$ real ess5ces ( ?+s /& ,,u n 9 /ead = ! di/+ui%+ sub/ances into species4 #ai4 ,our ,nom9al ,ess5ces ( ,sub/ances n p]fect collections ( ! prop]ties t fl[ f ! ,real ,ess5ce4 ,fif?ly1 ,! only imag9able help 9 ?is case w\ld be1 t1 hav+ fram$ p]fect complex ideas ( ! prop]ties ( ?+s fl[+ f _! diff]5t real ess5ces1 we %\ld !reby di/+ui% !m into species4 ,b nei!r c ?is be done4 ,=1 be+ ignorant ( ! real ess5ce itself1 x is impossible to "k all ^? prop]ties t fl[ f x1 & are s annex$ to x1 t any "o ( !m be+ away1 we may c]ta9ly conclude t t ess5ce is n !re1 & s ! ?+ is n ( t species4 ,we c nev] "k :at is ! precise numb] ( prop]ties dep5d+ on ! real ess5ce ( gold1 any "o ( :i* fail+1 ! real ess5ce ( gold1 & consequ5tly gold1 w\ld n be !re1 unless we knew ! real ess5ce ( gold itself1 & by t det]m9$ t species4 ,by ! ^w ,,gold "h1 ,i mu/ be und]/ood to design a p>ticul> piece ( matt]2 v4 g4 ! la/ gu9ea t 0 co9$4 ,=1 if x %\ld /& "h1 9 its ord9>y signification1 = t complex idea :i* ,i or any "o else calls gold1 i4 e4 = ! nom9al ess5ce ( gold1 x w\ld be j>gon4 ,s h>d is x to %[ ! v>i\s mean+ & imp]fection ( words1 :5 we h no?+ else b words to d x by4 #bj4 ,h5ce names indep5d5t ( ,real ,ess5ce4 ,by all :i* x is cle>1 t our di/+ui%+ sub/ances into species by names1 is n at all f\nd$ on _! real ess5ces2 nor c we pret5d to range & det]m9e !m exactly into species1 accord+ to int]nal ess5tial diff]5ces4 #ba4 ,b /& = su* collections ( simple ideas z we h made ! ,"n /& =4 ,b s9ce1 z has be5 rem>k$1 we h ne$ ( ,,g5]al words1 ?\gh we "k n ! real ess5ces ( ?+s2 all we c d is1 to collect su* a numb] ( simple ideas z1 by exam9ation1 we f9d to be unit$ toge!r 9 ?+s exi/+1 & !re( to make "o complex idea4 ,:i*1 ?\gh x be n ! real ess5ce ( any sub/ance t exi/s1 is yet ! specific ess5ce to :i* our "n belongs1 & is conv]tible ) x2 by :i* we may at lea/ try ! tru? ( ^! nom9al ess5ces4 ,= example3 !re be t say t ! ess5ce ( body is ,,ext5sion2 if x be s1 we c nev] mi/ake 9 putt+ ! ess5ce ( any?+ = ! ?+ itself4 ,let u !n 9 disc\rse put ext5sion = body1 & :5 we w\ld say t body moves1 let u say t ext5sion moves1 & see h[ ill x w look4 ,he t %\ld say t "o ext5sion by impulse moves ano!r ext5sion1 w\ld1 by ! b>e expression1 suffici5tly %[ ! absurdity ( su* a notion4 ,! ess5ce ( any?+ 9 respect ( u1 is ! :ole complex idea compreh5d$ & m>k$ by t "n2 & 9 sub/ances1 besides ! sev]al di/9ct simple ideas t make !m up1 ! confus$ "o ( sub/ance1 or ( an unkn[n support & cause ( _! union1 is always a "p3 & !re=e ! ess5ce ( body is n b>e ext5sion1 b an ext5d$ solid ?+2 & s to say1 an ext5d$ solid ?+ moves1 or impels ano!r1 is all "o1 & z intelligible1 z to say1 ,,body moves or impels4 ,likewise1 to say t a rational animal is capable ( conv]sation1 is all "o z to say a man2 b no "o w say t rationality is capable ( conv]sation1 because x makes n ! :ole ess5ce to :i* we give ! "n man4 #bb4 ,our ,ab/ract ,ideas are to u ! ,measures ( ! ,species we make 9 in/ance 9 t ( ,man4 ,!re are creatures 9 ! _w t h %apes l ours1 b are hairy1 & want language & reason4 ,!re are naturals among/ u t h p]fectly our %ape1 b want reason1 & "s ( !m language too4 ,!re are creatures1 z x is said1 7sit fides p5es au?orem1 b !re appe>s no contradiction t !re %\ld be su*17 t1 ) language & reason & a %ape 9 o!r ?+s agree+ ) ours1 h hairy tails2 o!rs :]e ! males h no be>ds1 & o!rs :]e ! females h4 ,if x be ask$ :e!r ^! be all m5 or no1 all ( human species8 x is pla91 ! "q ref]s only to ! nom9al ess5ce3 = ^? ( !m to :om ! def9ition ( ! ^w man1 or ! complex idea signifi$ by t "n1 agrees1 are m51 & ! o!r n4 ,b if ! inquiry be made conc]n+ ! suppos$ real ess5ce2 & :e!r ! int]nal con/itution & frame ( ^! sev]al creatures be specifically diff]5t1 x is :olly impossible = u to answ]1 no "p ( t go+ into our specific idea3 only we h reason to ?9k1 t :]e ! faculties or outw>d frame s mu* diff]s1 ! int]nal con/itution is n exactly ! same4 ,b :at diff]5ce 9 ! real int]nal con/itution makes a specific diff]5ce x is 9 va9 to inquire2 :il/ our measures ( species be1 z !y are1 only our ab/ract ideas1 :i* we "k2 & n t int]nal con/itution1 :i* makes no "p ( !m4 ,%all ! diff]5ce ( hair only on ! sk9 be a m>k ( a diff]5t int]nal specific con/itution betwe5 a *angel+ & a drill1 :5 !y agree 9 %ape1 & want ( reason & spee*8 ,& %all n ! want ( reason & spee* be a sign to u ( diff]5t real con/itutions & species betwe5 a *angel+ & a reasonable man8 ,& s ( ! re/1 if we pret5d t di/9ction ( species or sorts is fix$ly e/abli%$ by ! real frame & secret con/itutions ( ?+s4 #bc4 ,species 9 ,animals n di/+ui%$ by ,g5]ation4 ,nor let any "o say1 t ! p[] ( propagation 9 animals by ! mixture ( male & female1 & 9 plants by se$s1 keeps ! suppos$ real species di/9ct & entire1 ,=1 grant+ ?is to be true1 x w\ld help u 9 ! di/9ction ( ! species ( ?+s no fur!r ?an ! tribes ( animals & vegetables4 ,:at mu/ we d = ! re/8 ,b 9 ^? too x is n suffici5t3 = if hi/ory lie n1 wom5 h conceiv$ by drills2 & :at real species1 by t measure1 su* a production w be 9 nature w be a new "q3 & we h reason to ?9k ?is is n impossible1 s9ce mules & jum>ts1 ! "o f ! mixture ( an ass & a m>e1 ! o!r f ! mixture ( a bull & a m>e1 are s frequ5t 9 ! _w4 ,i once saw a creature t 0 ! issue ( a cat & a rat1 & _h ! pla9 m>ks ( bo? ab\t x2 :]e9 nature appe>$ to h foll[$ ! patt]n ( nei!r sort alone1 b to h jumbl$ !m bo? toge!r4 ,to :i* he t %all add ! mon/r\s productions t are s frequ5tly to be met ) 9 nature1 w f9d x h>d1 ev5 9 ! race ( animals1 to det]m9e by ! p$igree ( :at species e animal's issue is2 & be at a loss ab\t ! real ess5ce1 :i* he ?9ks c]ta9ly convey$ by g5]ation1 & has alone a "r to ! specific "n4 ,b fur!r1 if ! species ( animals & plants are to be di/+ui%$ only by propagation1 mu/ ,i g to ! ,indies to see ! sire & dam ( ! "o1 & ! plant f :i* ! se$ 0 ga!r$ t produc$ ! o!r1 to "k :e!r ?is be a tig] or t tea8 #bd4 ,n by sub/antial ,=ms4 ,^u ! :ole matt]1 x is evid5t t x is _! own collections ( s5sible qualities t m5 make ! ess5ces ( ,,_! sev]al sorts ( sub/ances2 & t _! real int]nal /ructures are n consid]$ by ! greate/ "p ( m5 9 ! sort+ !m4 ,mu* less 7 any ,,sub/antial ,,=ms ev] ?\ght on by any b ^? :o h 9 ?is "o "p ( ! _w le>n$ ! language ( ! s*ools3 & yet ^? ignorant m51 :o pret5d n any insight into ! real ess5ces1 nor tr\ble !mselves ab\t sub/antial =ms1 b are cont5t ) kn[+ ?+s "o f ano!r by _! s5sible qualities1 are (t5 bett] acqua9t$ ) _! diff]5ces2 c m nicely di/+ui% !m f _! uses2 & bett] "k :at !y expect f ea*1 ?an ^? le>n$ quick-sight$ m51 :o look s deep into !m1 & talk s confid5tly ( some?+ m hidd5 & ess5tial4 #be4 ,! specific ,ess5ces t are common made by ,m54 ,b suppos+ t ! ,,real ess5ces ( sub/ances 7 discov]able by ^? t w\ld sev]ely apply !mselves to t inquiry1 yet we c\ld n reasonably ?9k t ! rank+ ( ?+s "u g5]al names 0 regulat$ by ^? int]nal real con/itutions1 or any?+ else b _! ,,obvi\s appe>ances2 s9ce languages1 9 all c\ntries1 h be5 e/abli%$ long be=e sci5ces4 ,s t !y h n be5 philosoph]s or logicians1 or su* :o h tr\bl$ !mselves ab\t =ms & ess5ces1 t h made ! g5]al names t are 9 use among/ ! sev]al nations ( m53 b ^? m or less compreh5sive t]ms h1 = ! mo/ "p1 9 all languages1 receiv$ _! bir? & signification f ignorant & illit]ate p1 :o sort$ & d5om9at$ ?+s by ^? s5sible qualities !y f\nd 9 !m2 !reby to signify !m1 :5 abs5t1 to o!rs1 :e!r !y _h an occasion to m5tion a sort or a p>ticul> ?+4 #bf4 ,!re=e v v>i\s & unc]ta9 9 ! ideas ( diff]5t m54 ,s9ce !n x is evid5t t we sort & "n sub/ances by _! nom9al & n by _! real ess5ces1 ! next ?+ to be consid]$ is h[1 & by :om ^! ess5ces come to be made4 ,z to ! latt]1 x is evid5t !y are made by ! m9d1 & n by nature3 = 7 !y ,nature's workman%ip1 !y c\ld n be s v>i\s & diff]5t 9 sev]al m5 z exp]i5ce tells u !y are4 ,= if we w exam9e x1 we %all n f9d ! nom9al ess5ce ( any "o species ( sub/ances 9 all m5 ! same3 no1 n ( t :i* ( all o!rs we are ! mo/ intimately acqua9t$ )4 ,x c\ld n possibly be t ! ab/ract idea to :i* ! "n ,,man is giv5 %\ld be diff]5t 9 sev]al m51 if x 7 ( ,nature's mak+2 & t to "o x %\ld be animal rationale1 & to ano!r1 animal implume bipes latis unguibus4 ,he t annexes ! "n man to a complex idea1 made up ( s5se & spontane\s motion1 jo9$ to a body ( su* a %ape1 has !reby "o ess5ce ( ! species man2 & he t1 ^u fur!r exam9ation1 adds rationality1 has ano!r ess5ce ( ! species he calls man3 by :i* means ! same individual w be a true man to ! "o :i* is n s to ! o!r4 ,i ?9k !re is sc>ce any "o w all[ ?is upright figure1 s well kn[n1 to be ! ess5tial diff]5ce ( ! species man2 & yet h[ f> m5 det]m9e ( ! sorts ( animals r by _! %ape ?an desc5t1 is v visible2 s9ce x has be5 m ?an once debat$1 :e!r sev]al human foetuses %\ld be pres]v$ or receiv$ to baptism or no1 only because ( ! diff]5ce ( _! outw>d configuration f ! ord9>y make ( *ildr51 )\t kn[+ :e!r !y 7 n z capable ( reason z infants ca/ 9 ano!r m\ld3 "s :]e(1 ?\gh ( an approv$ %ape1 are nev] capable ( z mu* appe>ance ( reason all _! lives z is to be f\nd 9 an ape1 or an elephant1 & nev] give any signs ( be+ act$ by a rational s\l4 ,:]eby x is evid5t1 t ! outw>d figure1 :i* only 0 f\nd want+1 & n ! faculty ( reason1 :i* nobody c\ld "k w\ld be want+ 9 its due season1 0 made ess5tial to ! human species4 ,! le>n$ div9e & lawy] mu/1 on su* occasions1 r5\nce 8 sacr$ def9ition ( animal rationale1 & sub/itute "s o!r ess5ce ( ! human species4 ,monsieur ,m5age furni%es u ) an example wor? ! tak+ notice ( on ?is occasion3 ',:5 ! abbot ( ,sa9t ,m>t91' says he1 '0 born1 he _h s little ( ! figure ( a man1 t x bespake him r a mon/]4 ,x 0 = "s "t "u delib]ation1 :e!r he %\ld be baptiz$ or no4 ,h[ev]1 he 0 baptiz$1 & decl>$ a man provisionally till "t %\ld %[ :at he w\ld prove4 ,nature _h m\ld$ him s unt[>dly1 t he 0 call$ all 8 life ! ,abbot ,malotru2 i4e4 ill-%ap$4 ,he 0 ( ,ca54 7,m5agiana1 #bgh1 #dcj47 ,?is *ild1 we see1 0 v ne> be+ exclud$ out ( ! species ( man1 b>ely by 8 %ape4 ,he escap$ v n>r[ly z he 02 & x is c]ta91 a figure a little m oddly turn$ _h ca/ him1 & he _h be5 execut$1 z a ?+ n to be all[$ to pass = a man4 ,& yet !re c be no reason giv5 :y1 if ! l9eam5ts ( 8 face _h be5 a little alt]$1 a rational s\l c\ld n h be5 lodg$ 9 him2 :y a visage some:at long]1 or a nose flatt]1 or a wid] m\?1 c\ld n h consi/$1 z well z ! re/ ( 8 ill figure1 ) su* a s\l1 su* p>ts1 z made him1 disfigur$ z he 01 capable to be a dignit>y 9 ! *ur*4 #bg4 ,nom9al ,ess5ces ( p>ticul> sub/ances are undet]m9$ by nature1 & !re=e v>i\s z m5 v>y4 ,:]e91 !n1 w\ld ,i gladly "k1 consi/ ! precise & unmovable b\nd>ies ( t species8 ,x is pla91 if we exam9e1 !re is no su* ?+ made by ,nature1 & e/abli%$ by h] among/ m54 ,! real ess5ce ( t or any o!r sort ( sub/ances1 x is evid5t1 we "k n2 & !re=e are s undet]m9$ 9 our nom9al ess5ces1 :i* we make ourselves1 t1 if sev]al m5 7 to be ask$ conc]n+ "s oddly-%ap$ foetus1 z soon z born1 :e!r x 7 a man or no1 x is pa/ d\bt "o %\ld meet ) diff]5t answ]s4 ,:i* c\ld n happ51 if ! nom9al ess5ces1 :]eby we limit & di/+ui% ! species ( sub/ances1 7 n made by man ) "s lib]ty2 b 7 exactly copi$ f precise b\nd>ies set by nature1 :]eby x di/+ui%$ all sub/ances into c]ta9 species4 ,:o w\ld und]take to resolve :at species t mon/] 0 ( :i* is m5tion$ by ,licetus 7lib4 i4 c4 #c71 ) a man's head & hog's body8 ,or ^? o!r :i* to ! bodies ( m5 _h ! heads ( bea/s1 z dogs1 horses1 c4 ,if any ( ^! creatures _h liv$1 & c\ld h spoke1 x w\ld h increas$ ! difficulty4 ,_h ! upp] "p to ! middle be5 ( human %ape1 & all bel[ sw9e1 _h x be5 murd] to de/roy x8 ,or mu/ ! bi%op h be5 consult$1 :e!r x 7 man en\gh to be admitt$ to ! font or no8 ,z ,i h be5 told x happ5$ 9 ,france "s ye>s s9ce1 9 some:at a l case4 ,s unc]ta9 are ! b\nd>ies ( species ( animals to u1 :o h no o!r measures ?an ! complex ideas ( our own collect+3 & s f> are we f c]ta9ly kn[+ :at a ,,man is2 ?\gh p]haps x w be judg$ great ignorance to make any d\bt ab\t x4 ,& yet ,i ?9k ,i may say1 t ! c]ta9 b\nd>ies ( t species are s f> f be+ det]m9$1 & ! precise numb] ( simple ideas :i* make ! nom9al ess5ce s f> f be+ settles & p]fectly kn[n1 t v mat]ial d\bts may /ill arise ab\t x4 ,& ,i imag9e none ( ! def9itions ( ! ^w ,,man :i* we yet h1 nor descriptios ( t sort ( animal1 are s p]fect & exact z to satisfy a consid]ate inquisitive p]son2 mu* less to obta9 a g5]al cons5t1 & to be t :i* m5 w\ld ev]y:]e /ick by1 9 ! decision ( cases1 & det]m9+ ( life & dea?1 baptism or no baptism1 9 productions t mights happ54 #bh4 ,b n s arbitr>y z ,mix$ ,modes4 ,b ?\gh ^! nom9al ess5ces ( sub/ances are made by ! m9d1 !y are n yet made s arbitr>ily z ^? ( mix$ modes4 ,to ! mak+ ( any nom9al ess5ce1 x is necess>y1 ,fir/1 t ! ideas :]e( x consi/s h su* a union z to make b "o idea1 h[ comp\nd$ soev]4 ,secondly1 t ! p>ticul> ideas s unit$ be exactly ! same1 nei!r m nor less4 ,= if two ab/ract complex ideas diff] ei!r 9 numb] or sorts ( _! compon5t p>ts1 !y make two diff]5t1 & n "o & ! same ess5ce4 ,9 ! fir/ ( ^!1 ! m9d1 9 mak+ its complex ideas ( sub/ances1 only foll[s nature2 & puts none toge!r :i* are n suppos$ to h a union 9 nature4 ,nobody jo9s ! voice ( a %eep ) ! %ape ( a horse2 nor ! col\r ( lead ) ! weight & fix$ness ( gold1 to be ! complex ideas ( any real sub/ances2 unless he has a m9d to fill 8 head ) *im]as1 & 8 disc\rse ) un9telligible words4 ,m5 obs]v+ c]ta9 qualities always jo9$ & exi/+ toge!r1 !re9 copi$ nature2 & ( ideas s unit$ made _! complex ones ( sub/ances4 ,=1 ?\gh m5 may make :at complex ideas !y please1 & give :at names to !m !y w2 yet1 if !y w be und]/ood ,,:5 ,,!y ,,speak ,,( ,,?+s ,,really ,,exi/+1 !y mu/ 9 "s degree con=m _! ideas to ! ?+s !y w\ld speak (2 or else m5's language w be l t ( ,babel2 & e man's words1 be+ intelligible only to himself1 w\ld no long] s]ve to conv]sation & ! ord9>y affairs ( life1 if ! ideas !y /& = be n "s way answ]+ ! common appe>ances & agreem5t ( sub/ances z !y really exi/4 #bi4 ,our ,nom9al ,ess5ces ( sub/ances usually consi/ ( a few obvi\s qualities obs]v$ 9 ?+s4 ,secondly1 ,?\gh ! m9d ( man1 9 mak+ its complex ideas ( sub/ances1 nev] puts any toge!r t d n really1 or are n suppos$ to1 co-exi/2 & s x truly borr[s t union f nature3 yet ! numb] x comb9es dep5ds ^u ! v>i\s c>e1 indu/ry1 or fancy ( him t makes x4 ,m5 g5]ally cont5t !mselves ) "s few s5sible obvi\s qualities2 & (t51 if n always1 leave out o!rs z mat]ial & z firmly unit$ z ^? t !y take4 ,( s5sible sub/ances !re are two sorts3 "o ( organiz$ bodies1 :i* are propagat$ by se$2 & 9 ^! ! ,,%ape is t :i* to u is ! lead+ quality1 & mo/ *>act]i/ical "p1 t det]m9es ! species4 ,& !re=e 9 vegetables & animals1 an ext5d$ solid sub/ance ( su* a c]ta9 figure usually s]ves ! turn4 ,= h[ev] "s m5 seem to prize _! def9ition ( animal rationale1 yet %\ld !re a creature be f\nd t _h language & reason1 b p>tak$ n ( ! usual %ape ( a man1 ,i believe x w\ld h>dly pass = a man1 h[ mu* soev] x 7 animal rationale4 ,& if ,balaam's ass _h all 8 life disc\rs$ z rationally z he did once ) 8 ma/]1 ,i d\bt yet :e!r any "o w\ld h ?\ght him wor?y ! "n man1 or all[$ him to be ( ! same species ) himself4 ,z 9 vegetables & animals x is ! %ape1 s 9 mo/ o!r bodies1 n propagat$ by se$1 x is ! ,,col\r we mo/ fix on1 & are mo/ l$ by4 ,?us :]e we f9d ! col\r ( gold1 we are apt to imag9e all ! o!r qualities compreh5d$ 9 our complex idea to be !re also3 & we commonly take ^! two obvi\s qualities1 viz4 %ape & col\r1 = s presumptive ideas ( sev]al species1 t 9 a good picture1 we readily say1 ?is is a lion1 & t a rose2 ?is is a gold1 & t a silv] goblet1 only by ! diff]5t figures & col\rs repres5t$ to ! eye by ! p5cil4 #cj4 ,yet1 imp]fect z !y ?us are1 !y s]ve = common conv]se4 ,b ?\gh ?is s]ves well en\gh = gross & confus$ conceptions1 & inaccurate ways ( talk+ & ?9k+2 yet ,,m5 ,,are ,,f> ,,en\gh ,,f ,,hav+ ,,agre$ ,,on ,,! ,,precise ,,numb] ,,( ,,simple ,,ideas ,,or ,,qualities ,,belong+ ,,to ,,any ,,sort ,,( ,,?+s1 ,,signifi$ ,,by ,,its ,,"n4 ,nor is x a wond]2 s9ce x requires mu* "t1 pa9s1 & skill1 /rict inquiry1 & long exam9ation to f9d out :at1 & h[ _m1 ^? simple ideas are1 :i* are con/antly & insep>ably unit$ 9 nature1 & are always to be f\nd toge!r 9 ! same subject4 ,mo/ m51 want+ ei!r "t1 incl9ation1 or indu/ry en\gh = ?is1 ev5 to "s tol]able degree1 cont5t !mselves ) "s few obvi\s & outw>d appe>ances ( ?+s1 !reby readily to di/+ui% & sort !m = ! common affairs ( life3 & s1 )\t fur!r exam9ation1 give !m names1 or take up ! names already 9 use4 ,:i*1 ?\gh 9 common conv]sation !y pass well en\gh = ! signs ( "s few obvi\s qualities co-exi/+1 are yet f> en\gh f compreh5d+1 9 a settl$ signification1 a precise numb] ( simple ideas1 mu* less all ^? :i* are unit$ 9 nature4 ,he t %all consid]1 aft] s mu* /ir ab\t g5us & species1 & su* a deal ( talk ( specific diff]5ces1 h[ few words we h yet settl$ def9itions (1 may ) reason imag9e1 t ^? ,,=ms :i* !re ha? be5 s mu* noise made ab\t are only *im]as1 :i* give u no light into ! specific natures ( ?+s4 ,& he t %all consid] h[ f> ! names ( sub/ances are f hav+ significations :]e9 all :o use !m d agree1 w h reason to conclude t1 ?\gh ! nom9al ess5ces ( sub/ances are all suppos$ to be copi$ f nature1 yet !y are all1 or mo/ ( !m1 v imp]fect4 ,s9ce ! composition ( ^? complex ideas are1 9 sev]al m51 v diff]5t3 & !re=e t ^! b\nd>ies ( species are z m51 & n z ,nature1 makes !m1 if at lea/ !re are 9 nature any su* prefix$ b\nds4 ,x is true t _m p>ticul> sub/ances are s made by ,nature1 t !y h agreem5t & lik5ess "o ) ano!r1 & s af=d a f\ndation ( be+ rank$ into sorts4 ,b ! sort+ ( ?+s by u1 or ! mak+ ( det]m9ate species1 be+ 9 ord] to nam+ & compreh5d+ !m "u g5]al t]ms1 ,i _c see h[ x c be prop]ly said1 t ,nature sets ! b\nd>ies ( ! species ( ?+s3 or1 if x be s1 our b\nd>ies ( species are n exactly con=mable to ^? 9 nature4 ,= we1 hav+ ne$ ( g5]al names = pres5t use1 /ay n = a p]fect discov]y ( all ^? qualities :i* w\ld ,,be/ %[ u _! mo/ mat]ial diff]5ces & agreem5ts2 b we ourselves divide !m1 by c]ta9 obvi\s appe>ances1 into species1 t we may ! easi] "u g5]al names communicate our ?\ghts ab\t !m4 ,=1 hav+ no o!r k ( any sub/ance b ( ! simple ideas t are unit$ 9 x2 & obs]v+ sev]al p>ticul> ?+s to agree ) o!rs 9 sev]al ( ^? simple ideas2 we make t collection our specific idea1 & give x a g5]al "n2 t 9 record+ our ?\ghts1 & 9 our disc\rse ) o!rs1 we may 9 "o %ort ^w designate all ! individuals t agree 9 t complex idea1 )\t enum]at+ ! simple ideas t make x up2 & s n wa/e our "t & brea? 9 t$i\s descriptions3 :i* we see !y are fa9 to d :o w\ld disc\rse ( any new sort ( ?+s !y h n yet a "n =4 #ca4 ,ess5ces ( ,species "u ! same ,"n v diff]5t 9 diff]5t m9ds4 ,b h[ev] ^! species ( sub/ances pass well en\gh 9 ord9>y conv]sation1 x is pla9 t ?is complex idea :]e9 !y obs]ve sev]al individuals to agree1 is by diff]5t m5 made v diff]5tly2 by "s m1 & o!rs less accurately4 ,9 "s1 ?is complex idea conta9s a great]1 & 9 o!rs a small] numb] ( qualities2 & s is app>5tly su* z ! m9d makes x4 ,! yell[ %9+ col\r makes gold to *ildr52 o!rs add weight1 malleabl5ess1 & fusibility2 & o!rs yet o!r qualities1 :i* !y f9d jo9$ ) t yell[ col\r1 z con/antly z its weight & fusibility4 ,= 9 all ^! & ! l qualities1 "o has z good a "r to be put into ! complex idea ( t sub/ance :]e9 !y are all jo9$ z ano!r4 ,& !re=e diff]5t m51 leav+ out or putt+ 9 sev]al simple ideas :i* o!rs d n1 accord+ to _! v>i\s exam9ation1 skill1 or obs]vation ( t subject1 h diff]5t ess5ces ( gold1 :i* mu/ !re=e be ( _! own & n ( nature's mak+4 #cb4 ,! m g5]al our ,ideas ( ,sub/ances are1 ! m incomplete & p>tial !y are4 ,if ! numb] ( simple ideas t make ! nom9al ess5ce ( ! l[e/ species1 or fir/ sort+1 ( individuals1 dep5ds on ! m9d ( man1 v>i\sly collect+ !m1 x is mu* m evid5t t !y d s 9 ! m compreh5sive classes1 :i*1 by ! ma/]s ( logic1 are call$ g5]a4 ,^! are complex ideas design$ly imp]fect3 & x is visible at fir/ sight1 t sev]al ( ^? qualities t are to be f\nd 9 ! ?+s !mselves are purposely left out ( g5]ical ideas4 ,=1 z ! m9d1 to make g5]al ideas compreh5d+ sev]al p>ticul>s1 leaves out ^? ( "t & place1 & su* o!r1 t make !m incommunicable to m ?an "o individual2 s to make o!r yet m g5]al ideas1 t may compreh5d diff]5t sorts1 x leaves out ^? qualities t di/+ui% !m1 & puts into its new collection only su* ideas z are common to sev]al sorts4 ,! same conv5i5ce t made m5 express sev]al p>cels ( yell[ matt] com+ f ,gu9ea & ,p]u "u "o "n1 sets !m also ^u mak+ ( "o "n t may compreh5d bo? gold & silv]1 & "s o!r bodies ( diff]5t sorts4 ,?is is done by leav+ out ^? qualities1 :i* are peculi> to ea* sort1 & reta9+ a complex idea made up ( ^? t are common to !m all4 ,to :i* ! "n ,,metal be+ annex$1 !re is a g5us con/itut$2 ! ess5ce :]e( be+ t ab/ract idea1 conta9+ only malleabl5ess & fusibility1 ) c]ta9 degrees ( weight & fix$ness1 :]e9 "s bodies ( sev]al k9ds agree1 leaves out ! col\r & o!r qualities peculi> to gold & silv]1 & ! o!r sorts compreh5d$ "u ! "n metal4 ,:]eby x is pla9 t m5 foll[ n exactly ! patt]ns set !m by nature1 :5 !y make _! g5]al ideas ( sub/ances2 s9ce !re is no body to be f\nd :i* has b>ely malleabl5ess & fusibility 9 x1 )\t o!r qualities z insep>able z ^?4 ,b m51 9 mak+ _! g5]al ideas1 seek+ m ! conv5i5ce ( language1 & quick dispat* by %ort & compreh5sive signs1 ?an ! true & precise nature ( ?+s z !y exi/1 h1 9 ! fram+ _! ab/ract ideas1 *iefly pursu$ t end2 :i* 0 to be furni%$ ) /ore ( g5]al & v>i\sly compreh5sive names4 ,s t 9 ?is :ole bus9ess ( g5]a & species1 ! g5us1 or m compreh5sive1 is b a p>tial conception ( :at is 9 ! species2 & ! species b a p>tial idea ( :at is to be f\nd 9 ea* individual4 ,if !re=e any "o w ?9k t a man1 & a horse1 & an animal1 & a plant1 c41 are di/+ui%$ by real ess5ces made by nature1 he mu/ ?9k nature to be v lib]al ( ^! real ess5ces1 mak+ "o = body1 ano!r = an animal1 & ano!r = a horse2 & all ^! ess5ces lib]ally be/[$ ^u ,bucephalus4 ,b if we w\ld rightly consid] :at is done 9 all ^! g5]a & species1 or sorts1 we %\ld f9d t !re is no new ?+ made2 b only m or less compreh5sive signs1 :]eby we may be enabl$ to express 9 a few syllables great numb]s ( p>ticul> ?+s1 z !y agree 9 m or less g5]al conceptions1 :i* we h fram$ to t purpose4 ,9 all :i* we may obs]ve1 t ! m g5]al t]m is always ! "n ( a less complex idea2 & t ea* g5us is b a p>tial conception (2 ! species compreh5d$ "u x4 ,s t if ^! ab/ract g5]al ideas be ?\ght to be complete1 x c only be 9 respect ( a c]ta9 e/abli%$ relation betwe5 !m & c]ta9 names :i* are made use ( to signify !m2 & n 9 respect ( any?+ exi/+1 z made by nature4 #cc4 ,?is all accommodat$ to ! end ( ! ,spee*4 ,?is is adju/$ to ! true end ( spee*1 :i* is to be ! easie/ & %orte/ way ( communicat+ our notions4 ,= ?us he t w\ld disc\rse ( ?+s1 z !y agre$ 9 ! complex idea ( ext5sion & solidity1 ne$$ b use ! ^w ,,body to d5ote all su*4 ,he t to ^! w\ld jo9 o!rs1 signifi$ by ! words life1 s5se1 & spontane\s motion1 ne$$ b use ! ^w ,,animal to signify all :i* p>tak$ ( ^? ideas1 & he t _h made a complex idea ( a body1 ) life1 s5se1 & motion1 ) ! faculty ( reason+1 & a c]ta9 %ape jo9$ to x1 ne$$ b use ! %ort monosyllable ,,man1 to express all p>ticul>s t correspond to t complex idea4 ,?is is ! prop] bus9ess ( g5us & species3 & ?is m5 d )\t any consid]ation ( real ess5ces1 or sub/antial =ms2 :i* come n )9 ! rea* ( our k :5 we ?9k ( ^? ?+s1 nor )9 ! signification ( our words :5 we disc\rse ) o!rs4 #cd4 ,in/ance 9 ,cass[>ies4 ,7 ,i to talk ) any "o ( a sort ( birds ,i lately saw 9 ,/4 ,james's ,p>k1 ab\t ?ree or f\r feet high1 ) a cov]+ ( some?+ betwe5 fea!rs & hair1 ( a d>k br[n col\r1 )\t w+s1 b 9 ! place !re( two or ?ree little bran*es com+ d[n l sprigs ( ,spani% broom1 long great legs1 ) feet only ( ?ree claws1 & )\t a tail2 ,i mu/ make ?is description ( x1 & s may make o!rs und]/& me4 ,b :5 ,i am told t ! "n ( x is ,,cassu>is1 ,i may !n use t ^w to /& 9 disc\rse = all my complex idea m5tion$ 9 t description2 ?\gh by t ^w1 :i* is n[ become a specific "n1 ,i "k no m ( ! real ess5ce or con/itution ( t sort ( animals ?an ,i did be=e2 & knew probably z mu* ( ! nature ( t species ( birds be=e ,i le>n$ ! "n1 z _m ,engli%m5 d ( swans or h]ons1 :i* are specific names1 v well kn[n1 ( sorts ( birds common 9 ,engl&4 #ce4 ,m5 det]m9e ! ,sorts ( ,sub/ances1 :i* may be sort$ v>i\sly4 ,f :at has be5 said1 x is evid5t t ,,m5 make sorts ( ?+s4 ,=1 x be+ diff]5t ess5ces alone t make diff]5t species1 x is pla9 t !y :o make ^? ab/ract ideas :i* are ! nom9al ess5ces d !reby make ! species1 or sort4 ,%\ld !re be a body f\nd1 hav+ all ! o!r qualities ( gold except malleabl5ess1 x w\ld no d\bt be made a "q :e!r x 7 gold or n1 i4e4 :e!r x 7 ( t species4 ,?is c\ld be det]m9$ only by t ab/ract idea to :i* e "o annex$ ! "n gold3 s t x w\ld be true gold to him1 & belong to t species1 :o includ$ n malleabl5ess 9 8 nom9al ess5ce1 signifi$ by ! s\nd gold2 & on ! o!r side x w\ld n be true gold1 or ( t species1 to him :o includ$ malleabl5ess 9 8 specific idea4 ,& :o1 ,i pray1 is x t makes ^! div]se species1 ev5 "u "o & ! same "n1 b m5 t make two diff]5t ab/ract ideas1 consi/+ n exactly ( ! same collection ( qualities8 ,nor is x a m]e supposition to imag9e t a body may exi/ :]e9 ! o!r obvi\s qualities ( gold may be )\t malleabl5ess2 s9ce x is c]ta9 t gold itself w be sometimes s eag]1 7z arti/s call x17 t x w z little endure ! hamm] z glass itself4 ,:at we h said ( ! putt+ 91 or leav+ out ( malleabl5ess1 9 ! complex idea ! "n gold is by any "o annex$ to1 may be said ( its peculi> weight1 fix$ness1 & sev]al o!r ! l qualities3 = :atev] is left out1 or put 91 x is /ill ! complex idea to :i* t "n is annex$ t makes ! species3 & z any p>ticul> p>cel ( matt] answ]s t idea1 s ! "n ( ! sort belongs truly to x2 & x is ( t species4 ,& ?us any?+ is true gold1 p]fect metal4 ,all :i* det]m9ation ( ! species1 x is pla91 dep5ds on ! und]/&+ ( man1 mak+ ?is or t complex idea4 #cf4 ,nature makes ! ,similitudes ( ,sub/ances4 ,?is1 !n1 9 %ort1 is ! case3 ,nature makes _m ,,p>ticul> ,,?+s1 :i* d agree "o ) ano!r 9 _m s5sible qualities1 & probably too 9 _! int]nal frame & con/itution3 b x is n ?is real ess5ce t di/+ui%es !m into species2 x is m5 :o1 tak+ occasion f ! qualities !y f9d unit$ 9 !m1 & :]e9 !y obs]ve (t5 sev]al individuals to agree1 range !m into sorts1 9 ord] to _! nam+1 = ! conv5i5ce ( compreh5sive signs2 "u :i* individuals1 accord+ to _! con=mity to ?is or t ab/ract idea1 come to be rank$ z "u ensigns3 s t ?is is ( ! blue1 t ! r$ regim5t2 ?is is a man1 t a drill3 & 9 ?is1 ,i ?9k1 consi/s ! :ole bus9ess ( g5us & species4 #cg4 ,! mann] ( sort+ p>ticul> be+s ! "w ( fallible m51 ?\gh nature makes ?+s alike4 ,i d n d5y b nature1 9 ! con/ant production ( p>ticul> be+s1 makes !m n always new & v>i\s1 b v mu* alike & ( k9 "o to ano!r3 b ,i ?9k x nev]!less true1 t ! b\nd>ies ( ! species1 :]eby m5 sort !m1 are made by m52 s9ce ! ess5ces ( ! species1 di/+ui%$ by diff]5t names1 are1 z has be5 prov$1 ( man's mak+1 & seldom adequate to ! int]nal nature ( ! ?+s !y are tak5 f4 ,s t we may truly say1 su* a mann] ( sort+ ( ?+s is ! workman%ip ( m54 #ch4 ,ea* ab/ract ,idea1 ) a "n to x1 makes a nom9al ,ess5ce4 ,"o ?+ ,i d\bt n b w seem v /range 9 ?is doctr9e1 :i* is1 t f :at has be5 said x w foll[1 t ea* ab/ract idea1 ) a "n to x1 makes a di/9ct species4 ,b :o c help x1 if tru? w h x s8 ,= s x mu/ rema9 till somebody c %[ u ! species ( ?+s limit$ & di/+ui%$ by some?+ else2 & let u see t g5]al t]ms signify n our ab/ract ideas1 b some?+ diff]5t f !m4 ,i w\ld fa9 "k :y a %ock & a h\nd are n z di/9ct species z a spaniel & an elephant4 ,we h no o!r idea ( ! diff]5t ess5ce ( an elephant & a spaniel1 ?an we h ( ! diff]5t ess5ce ( a %ock & a h\nd2 all ! ess5tial diff]5ce1 :]eby we "k & di/+ui% !m "o f ano!r1 consi/+ only 9 ! diff]5t collection ( simple ideas1 to :i* we h giv5 ^? diff]5t names4 #ci4 ,h[ ,g5]a & ,species are relat$ to nam+4 ,h[ mu* ! mak+ ( species & g5]a is 9 ord] to g5]al names2 & h[ mu* g5]al names are necess>y1 if n to ! be+1 yet at lea/ to ! complet+ ( a species1 & mak+ x pass = su*1 w appe>1 besides :at has be5 said above conc]n+ ice & wat]1 9 a v famili> example4 ,a sil5t & a /rik+ wat* are b "o species1 to ^? :o h b "o "n = !m3 b he t has ! "n ,,wat* = "o1 & ,,clock = ! o!r1 & di/9ct complex ideas to :i* ^? names belong1 to ,,him !y are diff]5t species4 ,x w be said p]haps1 t ! inw>d contrivance & con/itution is diff]5t betwe5 ^! two1 :i* ! wat*mak] has a cle> idea (4 ,& yet x is pla9 !y are b "o species to him1 :5 he has b "o "n = !m4 ,= :at is suffici5t 9 ! inw>d contrivance to make a new species8 ,!re are "s wat*es t are made ) f\r :eels1 o!rs ) five2 is ?is a specific diff]5ce to ! workman8 ,"s h /r+s & physics1 & o!rs none2 "s h ! balance loose1 & o!rs regulat$ by a spiral spr+1 & o!rs by hogs' bri/les4 ,are any or all ( ^! en\gh to make a specific diff]5ce to ! workman1 t kn[s ea* ( ^! & sev]al o!r diff]5t contrivances 9 ! int]nal con/itutions ( wat*es8 ,x is c]ta9 ea* ( ^! ha? a real diff]5ce f ! re/2 b :e!r x be an ess5tial1 a specific diff]5ce or no1 relates only to ! complex idea to :i* ! "n wat* is giv53 z long z !y all agree 9 ! idea :i* t "n /&s =1 & t "n does n z a g5]ical "n compreh5d diff]5t species "u x1 !y are n ess5tially nor specifically diff]5t4 ,b if any "o w make m9ut] divisions1 f diff]5ces t he kn[s 9 ! int]nal frame ( wat*es1 & to su* precise complex ideas give names t %all prevail2 !y w !n be new species1 to !m :o h ^? ideas ) names to !m1 & c by ^? diff]5ces di/+ui% wat*es into ^! sev]al sorts2 & !n ,,wat* w be a g5]ical "n4 ,b yet !y w\ld be no di/9ct species to m5 ignorant ( clock-"w1 & ! inw>d contrivances ( wat*es1 :o _h no o!r idea b ! outw>d %ape & bulk1 ) ! m>k+ ( ! h\rs by ! h&4 ,= to !m all ^? o!r names w\ld be b synonym\s t]ms = ! same idea1 & signify no m1 nor no o!r ?+ b a wat*4 ,j ?us ,i ?9k x is 9 natural ?+s4 ,nobody w d\bt t ! :eels or spr+s 7if ,i may s say7 )91 are diff]5t 9 a ,,rational ,,man & a ,,*angel+2 no m ?an t !re is a diff]5ce 9 ! frame betwe5 a ,,drill & a ,,*angel+4 ,b :e!r "o or bo? ^! diff]5ces be ess5tial or specifical1 is only to be kn[n to u by _! agreem5t or disagreem5t ) ! complex idea t ! "n man /&s =3 = by t alone c x be det]m9$ :e!r "o1 or bo?1 or nei!r ( ^? be a man4 #dj4 ,species ( ,artificial ,?+s less confus$ ?an ,natural4 ,f :at has be5 be=e said1 we may see ! reason :y1 9 ! species ( artificial ?+s1 !re is g5]ally less confusion & unc]ta9ty ?an 9 natural4 ,because an artificial ?+ be+ a production ( man1 :i* ! artific] design$1 & !re=e well kn[s ! idea (1 ! "n ( x is suppos$ to /& = no o!r idea1 nor to import any o!r ess5ce1 ?an :at is c]ta9ly to be kn[n1 & easy en\gh to be appreh5d$4 ,= ! idea or ess5ce ( ! sev]al sorts ( artificial ?+s1 consi/+ = ! mo/ "p 9 no?+ b ! det]m9ate figure ( s5sible p>ts1 & sometimes motion dep5d+ !reon1 :i* ! artific] fa%ions 9 matt]1 su* z he f9ds = 8 turn2 x is n beyond ! rea* ( our faculties to atta9 a c]ta9 idea !re(2 & s settle ! signification ( ! names :]eby ! species ( artificial ?+s are di/+ui%$1 ) less d\bt1 obscurity1 & equivocation ?an we c 9 ?+s natural1 ^: diff]5ces & op]ations dep5d ^u contrivances beyond ! rea* ( our discov]ies4 #da4 ,artificial ,?+s ( di/9ct ,species4 ,i mu/ be excus$ "h if ,i ?9k artificial ?+s are ( di/9ct species z well z natural3 s9ce ,i f9d !y are z pla9ly & ord]ly rank$ into sorts1 by diff]5t ab/ract ideas1 ) g5]al names annex$ to !m1 z di/9ct "o f ano!r z ^? ( natural sub/ances4 ,= :y %\ld we n ?9k a wat* & pi/ol z di/9ct species "o f ano!r1 z a horse & a dog2 !y be+ express$ 9 our m9ds by di/9ct ideas1 & to o!rs by di/9ct appellations8 #db4 ,sub/ances alone1 ( all our sev]al sorts ( ideas1 h prop] ,names4 ,?is is fur!r to be obs]v$ conc]n+ sub/ances1 t !y alone ( all our sev]al sorts ( ideas h p>ticul> or prop] names1 :]eby "o only p>ticul> ?+ is signifi$4 ,because 9 simple ideas1 modes1 & relations1 x seldom happ5s t m5 h occasion to m5tion (t5 ?is or t p>ticul> :5 x is abs5t4 ,besides1 ! greate/ "p ( mix$ modes1 be+ actions :i* p]i% 9 _! bir?1 are n capable ( a la/+ duration1 z sub/ances :i* are ! actors2 & :]e9 ! simple ideas t make up ! complex ideas design$ by ! "n h a la/+ union4 #dc4 ,difficult to lead ano!r by words into ! ?\ghts ( ?+s /ripp$ ( ^? ab/ract ideas we give !m4 ,i mu/ beg p>don ( my read] = hav+ dwelt s long ^u ?is subject1 & p]haps ) "s obscurity4 ,b ,i desire x may be consid]$1 h[ difficult x is to lead ano!r by words into ! ?\ghts ( ?+s1 /ripp$ ( ^? specifical diff]5ces we give !m3 :i* ?+s1 if ,i "n n1 ,i say no?+2 & if ,i d "n !m1 ,i !reby rank !m into "s sort or o!r1 & sugge/ to ! m9d ! usual ab/ract idea ( t species2 & s cross my purpose4 ,=1 to talk ( a man1 & to lay by1 at ! same "t1 ! ord9>y signification ( ! "n man1 :i* is our complex idea usually annex$ to x2 & bid ! read] consid] man1 z he is 9 himself1 & z he is really di/+ui%$ f o!rs 9 8 int]nal con/itution1 or real ess5ce1 t is1 by some?+ he kn[s n :at1 looks l trifl+3 & yet ?us "o mu/ d :o w\ld speak ( ! suppos$ real ess5ces & species ( ?+s1 z ?\ght to be made by nature1 if x be b only to make x und]/ood1 t !re is no su* ?+ signifi$ by ! g5]al names :i* sub/ances are call$ by4 ,b because x is difficult by kn[n famili> names to d ?is1 give me leave to endeav\r by an example to make ! diff]5t consid]ation ! m9d has ( specific names & ideas a little m cle>2 & to %[ h[ ! complex ideas ( modes are ref]r$ sometimes to ar*etypes 9 ! m9ds ( o!r intellig5t be+s1 or1 :i* is ! same1 to ! signification annex$ by o!rs to _! receiv$ names2 & sometimes to no ar*etypes at all4 ,give me leave also to %[ h[ ! m9d always ref]s its ideas ( sub/ances1 ei!r to ! sub/ances !mselves1 or to ! signification ( _! names1 z to ! ar*etypes2 & also to make pla9 ! nature ( species or sort+ ( ?+s1 z appreh5d$ & made use ( by u2 & ( ! ess5ces belong+ to ^? species3 :i* is p]haps ( m mom5t to discov] ! ext5t & c]ta9ty ( our k ?an we at fir/ imag9e4 #dd4 ,in/ances ( mix$ ,modes names ,,k9neah & ,,ni\ph4 ,let u suppose ,adam1 9 ! /ate ( a gr[n man1 ) a good und]/&+1 b 9 a /range c\ntry1 ) all ?+s new & unkn[n ab\t him2 & no o!r faculties to atta9 ! k ( !m b :at "o ( ?is age has n[4 ,he obs]ves ,lame* m melan*oly ?an usual1 & imag9es x to be f a suspicion he has ( 8 wife ,adah1 7:om he mo/ ard5tly lov$7 t %e _h too mu* k9dness = ano!r man4 ,adam disc\rses ^! 8 ?\ghts to ,eve1 & desires h] to take c>e t ,adah commit n folly3 & 9 ^! disc\rses ) ,eve he makes use ( ^! two new words ,,k9neah & ,,ni\ph4 ,9 "t1 ,adam's mi/ake appe>s1 = he f9ds ,lame*'s tr\ble proce$$ f hav+ kill$ a man3 b yet ! two names ,,k9neah & ,,ni\ph1 7! "o /&+ = suspicion 9 a husb& ( 8 wife's disloyalty to him2 & ! o!r = ! act ( committ+ disloyalty17 lo/ n _! di/9ct significations4 ,x is pla9 !n1 t "h 7 two di/9ct complex ideas ( mix$ modes1 ) names to !m1 two di/9ct species ( actions ess5tially diff]5t2 ,i ask :]e9 consi/$ ! ess5ces ( ^! two di/9ct species ( actions8 ,& x is pla9 x consi/$ 9 a precise comb9ation ( simple ideas1 diff]5t 9 "o f ! o!r4 ,i ask1 :e!r ! complex idea 9 ,adam's m9d1 :i* he call$ ,,k9neah1 7 adequate or n8 ,& x is pla9 x 02 = x be+ a comb9ation ( simple ideas1 :i* he1 )\t any reg>d to any ar*etype1 )\t respect to any?+ z a patt]n1 volunt>ily put toge!r1 ab/ract$1 & gave ! "n ,,k9neah to1 to express 9 %ort to o!rs1 by t "o s\nd1 all ! simple ideas conta9$ & unit$ 9 t complex "o2 x mu/ necess>ily foll[ t x 0 an adequate idea4 ,8 own *oice hav+ made t comb9ation1 x _h all 9 x he int5d$ x %\ld1 & s c\ld n b be p]fect1 c\ld n b be adequate2 x be+ ref]r$ to no o!r ar*etype :i* x 0 suppos$ to repres5t4 #de4 ,^! words1 ,,k9neah & ,,ni\ph1 by degrees grew into common use1 & !n ! case 0 some:at alt]$4 ,adam's *ildr5 _h ! same faculties1 & !reby ! same p[] t he _h1 to make :at complex ideas ( mix$ modes !y pleas$ 9 _! own m9ds2 to ab/ract !m1 & make :at s\nds !y pleas$ ! signs ( !m3 b ! use ( names be+ to make our ideas )9 u kn[n to o!rs1 t _c be done1 b :5 ! same sign /&s = ! same idea 9 two :o w\ld communicate _! ?\ghts & disc\rse toge!r4 ,^?1 !re=e1 ( ,adam's *ildr51 t f\nd ^! two words1 ,,k9neah & ,,ni\ph1 9 famili> use1 c\ld n take !m = insignificant s\nds1 b mu/ ne$s conclude !y /ood = some?+2 = c]ta9 ideas1 ab/ract ideas1 !y be+ g5]al names2 :i* ab/ract ideas 7 ! ess5ces ( ! species di/+ui%$ by ^? names4 ,if !re=e1 !y w\ld use ^! words z names ( species already e/abli%$ & agre$ on1 !y 7 oblig$ to con=m ! ideas 9 _! m9ds1 signifi$ by ^! names1 to ! ideas t !y /ood = 9 o!r m5's m9ds1 z to _! patt]ns & ar*etypes2 & !n inde$ _! ideas ( ^! complex modes 7 liable to be inadequate1 z be+ v apt 7especially ^? t consi/$ ( comb9ations ( _m simple ideas7 n to be exactly con=mable to ! ideas 9 o!r m5's m9ds1 us+ ! same names2 ?\gh = ?is !re be usually a rem$y at h&1 :i* is to ask ! mean+ ( any ^w we und]/& n ( him t uses x3 x be+ z impossible to "k c]ta9ly :at ! words jeal\sy & adult]y 7:i* ,i ?9k answ] ,hebrew & ,hebrew7 /& = 9 ano!r man's m9d1 ) :om ,i w\ld disc\rse ab\t !m2 z x 0 impossible1 9 ! beg9n+ ( language1 to "k :at ,,k9neah & ,,ni\ph /ood = 9 ano!r man's m9d1 )\t explication2 !y be+ volunt>y signs 9 e "o4 #df4 ,in/ances ( a species ( ,sub/ance nam$ ,,zahab4 ,let u n[ also consid]1 aft] ! same mann]1 ! names ( sub/ances 9 _! fir/ application4 ,"o ( ,adam's *ildr51 rov+ 9 ! m\nta9s1 lights on a glitt]+ sub/ance :i* pleases 8 eye4 ,home he c>ries x to ,adam1 :o1 ^u consid]ation ( x1 f9ds x to be h>d1 to h a bright yell[ col\r1 & an exce$+ great weight4 ,^! p]haps1 at fir/1 are all ! qualities he takes notice ( 9 x2 & ab/ract+ ?is complex idea1 consi/+ ( a sub/ance hav+ t peculi> bright yell[ness1 & a weight v great 9 proportion to its bulk1 he gives ! "n ,,zahab1 to d5om9ate & m>k all sub/ances t h ^! s5sible qualities 9 !m4 ,x is evid5t n[1 t1 9 ?is case1 ,adam acts q diff]5tly f :at he did be=e1 9 =m+ ^? ideas ( mix$ modes to :i* he gave ! names ,,k9neah & ,,ni\ph4 ,= !re he put ideas toge!r only by 8 own imag9ation1 n tak5 f ! exi/5ce ( any?+2 & to !m he gave names to d5om9ate all ?+s t %\ld happ5 to agree to ^? 8 ab/ract ideas1 )\t consid]+ :e!r any su* ?+ did exi/ or n3 ! /&>d !re 0 ( 8 own mak+4 ,b 9 ! =m+ 8 idea ( ?is new sub/ance1 he takes ! q contr>y c\rse2 "h he has a /&>d made by nature2 & !re=e1 be+ to repres5t t to himself1 by ! idea he has ( x1 ev5 :5 x is abs5t1 he puts 9 no simple idea into 8 complex "o1 b :at he has ! p]ception ( f ! ?+ itself4 ,he takes c>e t 8 idea be con=mable to ?is ar*etype1 & int5ds ! "n %\ld /& = an idea s con=mable4 #dg4 ,?is piece ( matt]1 ?us d5om9at$ ,,zahab by ,adam1 be+ q diff]5t f any he _h se5 be=e1 nobody1 ,i ?9k1 w d5y to be a di/9ct species1 & to h its peculi> ess5ce2 & t ! "n ,,zahab is ! m>k ( ! species1 & a "n belong+ to all ?+s p>tak+ 9 t ess5ce4 ,b "h x is pla9 ! ess5ce ,adam made ! "n ,,zahab /& = 0 no?+ b a body h>d1 %9+1 yell[1 & v heavy4 ,b ! inquisitive m9d ( man1 n cont5t ) ! k ( ^!1 z ,i may say1 sup]ficial qualities1 puts ,adam ^u fur!r exam9ation ( ?is matt]4 ,he !re=e knocks1 & beats x ) fl9ts1 to see :at 0 discov]able 9 ! inside3 he f9ds x yield to bl[s1 b n easily sep>ate into pieces3 he f9ds x w b5d )\t break+4 ,is n n[ ductility to be add$ to 8 =m] idea1 & made "p ( ! ess5ce ( ! species t "n ,,zahab /&s =8 ,fur!r trials discov] fusibility & fix$ness4 ,are n !y also1 by ! same reason t any ( ! o!rs 71 to be put into ! complex idea signifi$ by ! "n ,,zahab8 ,if n1 :at reason w !re be %[n m = ! "o ?an ! o!r8 ,if ^! mu/1 !n all ! o!r prop]ties1 :i* any fur!r trials %all discov] 9 ?is matt]1 ought by ! same reason to make a "p ( ! +r$i5ts ( ! complex idea :i* ! "n ,,zahab /&s =1 & s be ! ess5ce ( ! species m>k$ by t "n4 ,:i* prop]ties1 because !y are endless1 x is pla9 t ! idea made aft] ?is fa%ion1 by ?is ar*etype1 w be always inadequate4 #dh4 ,! ,ab/ract ,ideas ( ,sub/ances always imp]fect & !re=e v>i\s4 ,b ?is is n all4 ,x w\ld also foll[ t ! names ( sub/ances w\ld n only h1 z 9 tru? !y h1 b w\ld also be suppos$ to h diff]5t significations1 z us$ by diff]5t m51 :i* w\ld v mu* cumb] ! use ( language4 ,= if e di/9ct quality t 7 discov]$ 9 any matt] by any "o 7 suppos$ to make a necess>y "p ( ! complex idea signifi$ by ! common "n giv5 to x1 x mu/ foll[1 t m5 mu/ suppose ! same ^w to signify diff]5t ?+s 9 diff]5t m53 s9ce !y _c d\bt b diff]5t m5 may h discov]$ sev]al qualities1 9 sub/ances ( ! same d5om9ation1 :i* o!rs "k no?+ (4 #di4 ,!re=e to fix ! ,nom9al ,species ,real ,ess5ce suppos$4 ,to avoid ?is !re=e1 !y h suppos$ a real ess5ce belong+ to e species1 f :i* ^! prop]ties all fl[1 & w\ld h _! "n ( ! species /& = t4 ,b !y1 n hav+ any idea ( t real ess5ce 9 sub/ances1 & _! words signify+ no?+ b ! ideas !y h1 t :i* is done by ?is attempt is only to put ! "n or s\nd 9 ! place & /ead ( ! ?+ hav+ t real ess5ce1 )\t kn[+ :at ! real ess5ce is1 & ?is is t :i* m5 d :5 !y speak ( species ( ?+s1 z suppos+ !m made by nature1 & di/+ui%$ by real ess5ces4 #ej4 ,:i* ,supposition is ( no ,use4 ,=1 let u consid]1 :5 we affirm t 'all gold is fix$1' ei!r x means t fix$ness is a "p ( ! def9ition1 i4 e41 "p ( ! nom9al ess5ce ! ^w gold /&s =2 & s ?is affirmation1 'all gold is fix$1' conta9s no?+ b ! signification ( ! t]m gold4 ,or else x means1 t fix$ness1 n be+ a "p ( ! def9ition ( ! gold1 is a prop]ty ( t sub/ance itself3 9 :i* case x is pla9 t ! ^w gold /&s 9 ! place ( a sub/ance1 hav+ ! real ess5ce ( a species ( ?+s made by nature4 ,9 :i* way ( sub/itution x has s confus$ & unc]ta9 a signification1 t1 ?\gh ?is proposition--'gold is fix$'--be 9 t s5se an affirmation ( some?+ real2 yet x is a tru? w always fail u 9 its p>ticul> application1 & s is ( no real use or c]ta9ty4 ,= let x be ev] s true1 t all gold1 i4 e4 all t has ! real ess5ce ( gold1 is fix$1 :at s]ves ?is =1 :il/ we "k n1 9 ?is s5se1 ,,:at ,,is ,,or ,,is ,,n ,,gold8 ,= if we "k n ! real ess5ce ( gold1 x is impossible we %\ld "k :at p>cel ( matt] has t ess5ce1 & s :e!r ,,x be true gold or no4 #ea4 ,conclusion4 ,to conclude3 :at lib]ty ,adam _h at fir/ to make any complex ideas ( ,,mix$ ,,modes by no o!r patt]n b by 8 own ?\ghts1 ! same h all m5 ev] s9ce _h4 ,& ! same necessity ( con=m+ 8 ideas ( ,,sub/ances to ?+s )\t him1 z to ar*etypes made by nature1 t ,adam 0 "u1 if he w\ld n wilfully impose ^u himself1 ! same are all m5 ev] s9ce "u too4 ,! same lib]ty also t ,adam _h ( affix+ any new "n to any idea1 ! same has any "o /ill1 7especially ! beg9n]s ( languages1 if we c imag9e any su*27 b only ) ?is diff]5ce1 t1 9 places :]e m5 9 society h already e/abli%$ a language among/ !m1 ! significations ( words are v w>ily & sp>+ly to be alt]$4 ,because m5 be+ furni%$ already ) names = _! ideas1 & common use hav+ appropriat$ kn[n names to c]ta9 ideas1 an affect$ misapplication ( !m _c b be v ridicul\s4 ,he t ha? new notions w p]haps v5ture sometimes on ! co9+ ( new t]ms to express !m3 b m5 ?9k x a boldness1 & x is unc]ta9 :e!r common use w ev] make !m pass = curr5t4 ,b 9 communication ) o!rs1 x is necess>y t we con=m ! ideas we make ! vulg> words ( any language /& = to _! kn[n prop] significations1 7:i* ,i h expla9$ at l>ge already17 or else to make kn[n t new signification we apply !m to4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,( ,,p>ticles4 #a4 ,p>ticles connect ,p>ts1 or :ole ,s5t5ces toge!r4 ,besides words :i* are names ( ideas 9 ! m9d1 !re are a great _m o!rs t are made use ( to signify ! ,,connexion t ! m9d gives to ideas1 or to propositions1 "o ) ano!r4 ,! m9d1 9 communicat+ its ?\ghts to o!rs1 does n only ne$ signs ( ! ideas x has !n be=e x1 b o!rs also1 to %[ or intimate "s p>ticul> action ( its own1 at t "t1 relat+ to ^? ideas4 ,?is x does sev]al ways2 z ,i,s & ,i,s ,,n1 are ! g5]al m>ks1 ( ! m9d1 affirm+ or d5y+4 ,b besides affirmation or negation1 )\t :i* !re is 9 words no tru? or falsehood1 ! m9d does1 9 decl>+ its s5tim5ts to o!rs1 connect n only ! p>ts ( propositions1 b :ole s5t5ces "o to ano!r1 ) _! sev]al relations & dep5d5cies1 to make a coh]5t disc\rse4 #b4 ,9 "r use ( ,p>ticles consi/s ! ,art ( ,well-speak+ ,! words :]eby x signifies :at connexion x gives to ! sev]al affirmations & negations1 t x unites 9 "o cont9u$ reason+ or n>ration1 are g5]ally call$ ,,p>ticles3 & x is 9 ! "r use ( ^! t m p>ticul>ly consi/s ! cle>ness & beauty ( a good /yle4 ,to ?9k well1 x is n en\gh t a man has ideas cle> & di/9ct 9 8 ?\ghts1 nor t he obs]ves ! agreem5t or disagreem5t ( "s ( !m2 b he mu/ ?9k 9 tra91 & obs]ve ! dep5d5ce ( 8 ?\ghts & reason+s ^u "o ano!r4 ,& to express well su* me?odical & rational ?\ghts1 he mu/ h words to %[ :at connexion1 re/riction1 di/9ction1 opposition1 emphasis1 c41 he gives to ea* respective "p ( 8 disc\rse4 ,to mi/ake 9 any ( ^!1 is to puzzle in/ead ( in=m+ 8 he>]3 & !re=e x is1 t ^? words :i* are n truly by !mselves ! names ( any ideas are ( su* con/ant & indisp5sable use 9 language1 & d mu* contribute to m5's well express+ !mselves4 #c4 ,!y say :at ,relation ! ,m9d gives to its own ,?\ghts4 ,?is "p ( gramm> has be5 p]haps z mu* neglect$ z "s o!rs ov]-dilig5tly cultivat$4 ,x is easy = m5 to write1 "o aft] ano!r1 ( cases & g5d]s1 moods & t5ses1 g]unds & sup9es3 9 ^! & ! l !re has be5 great dilig5ce us$2 & p>ticles !mselves1 9 "s languages1 h be51 ) great %[ ( exactness1 rank$ into _! sev]al ord]s4 ,b ?\gh ,,prepositions & ,,conjunctions1 c41 are names well kn[n 9 gramm>1 & ! p>ticles conta9$ "u !m c>efully rank$ into _! di/9ct subdivisions2 yet he :o w\ld %[ ! "r use ( p>ticles1 & :at significancy & =ce !y h1 mu/ take a little m pa9s1 ent] into 8 own ?\ghts1 & obs]ve nicely ! sev]al po/ures ( 8 m9d 9 disc\rs+4 #d4 ,!y are all m>ks ( "s action or intimation ( ! m9d4 ,nei!r is x en\gh1 = ! expla9+ ( ^! words1 to r5d] !m1 z is usual 9 diction>ies1 by words ( ano!r tongue :i* come ne>e/ to _! signification3 = :at is meant by !m is commonly z h>d to be und]/ood 9 "o z ano!r language4 ,!y are all m>ks ( "s action or intimation ( ! m9d2 & !re=e to und]/& !m rightly1 ! sev]al views1 po/ures1 /&s1 turns1 limitations1 & exceptions1 & sev]al o!r ?\ghts ( ! m9d1 = :i* we h ei!r none or v defici5t names1 are dilig5tly to be /udi$4 ,( ^! !re is a great v>iety1 mu* exce$+ ! numb] ( p>ticles t mo/ languages h to express !m by3 & !re=e x is n to be wond]$ t mo/ ( ^! p>ticles h div]s & sometimes almo/ opposite significations4 ,9 ! ,hebrew tongue !re is a p>ticle consi/+ ( b "o s+le lett]1 ( :i* !re are reckon$ up1 z ,i rememb]1 sev5ty1 ,i am sure above fifty1 sev]al significations4 #e4 ,in/ance 9 ,b4 ',b' is a p>ticle1 none m famili> 9 our language3 & he t says x is a discretive conjunction1 & t x answ]s to s$ ,lat91 or mais 9 ,fr5*1 ?9ks he has suffici5tly expla9$ x4 ,b yet x seems to me to intimate sev]al relations ! m9d gives to ! sev]al propositions or p>ts ( !m :i* x jo9s by ?is monosyllable4 ,fir/1 ',b to say no m3' "h x intimates a /op ( ! m9d 9 ! c\rse x 0 go+1 be=e x came q to ! end ( x4 ,secondly1 ',i saw b two plants2' "h x %[s t ! m9d limits ! s5se to :at is express$1 ) a negation ( all o!r4 ,?irdly1',y pray2 b x is n t ,god w\ld br+ y to ! true religion4' ,f\r?ly1 ',b t he w\ld confirm y 9 y\r own4' ,! fir/ ( ^! ,,buts intimates a supposition 9 ! m9d ( some?+ o!rwise ?an x %\ld be2 ! latt] %[s t ! m9d makes a direct opposition betwe5 t & :at goes be=e x4 ,fif?ly1 ',all animals h s5se1 b a dog is an animal3' "h x signifies little m b t ! latt] proposition is jo9$ to ! =m]1 z ! m9or ( a syllogism4 #f4 ,?is ,matt] ( ! use ( ,p>ticles b lightly t\*$ "h4 ,to ^!1 ,i d\bt n1 might be add$ a great _m o!r significations ( ?is p>ticle1 if x 7 my bus9ess to exam9e x 9 its full latitude1 & consid] x 9 all ! places x is to be f\nd3 :i* if "o %\ld d1 ,i d\bt :e!r 9 all ^? mann]s x is made use (1 x w\ld des]ve ! title ( ,,discretive1 :i* gramm>ians give to x4 ,b ,i int5d n "h a full explication ( ?is sort ( signs4 ,! in/ances ,i h giv5 9 ?is "o may give occasion to reflect on _! use & =ce 9 language1 & lead u into ! contemplation ( sev]al actions ( our m9ds 9 disc\rs+1 :i* x has f\nd a way to intimate to o!rs by ^! p>ticles1 "s :]e( con/antly1 & o!rs 9 c]ta9 con/ructions1 h ! s5se ( a :ole s5t5ce conta9$ 9 !m4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,( ,,ab/ract ,,& ,,concrete ,,t]ms4 #a4 ,ab/ract ,t]ms pr$icat$ "o on ano!r & :y4 ,! ord9>y words ( language1 & our common use ( !m1 w\ld h giv5 u light into ! nature ( our ideas1 if !y _h be5 b consid]$ ) att5tion4 ,! m9d1 z has be5 %[n1 has a p[] to ab/ract its ideas1 & s !y become ess5ces1 g5]al ess5ces1 :]eby ! sorts ( ?+s are di/+ui%$4 ,n[ ea* ab/ract idea be+ di/9ct1 s t ( any two ! "o c nev] be ! o!r1 ! m9d w1 by its intuitive k1 p]ceive _! diff]5ce1 & !re=e 9 propositions no two :ole ideas c ev] be affirm$ "o ( ano!r4 ,?is we see 9 ! common use ( language1 :i* p]mits n any two ab/ract words1 or names ( ab/ract ideas1 to be affirm$ "o ( ano!r4 ,= h[ ne> ( k9 soev] !y may seem to be1 & h[ c]ta9 soev] x is t man is an animal1 or rational1 or :ite1 yet e "o at fir/ he>+ p]ceives ! falsehood ( ^! propositions3 ,,humanity ,,is ,,animality1 or ,,rationality1 or ,,:it5ess3 & ?is is z evid5t z any ( ! mo/ all[$ maxims4 ,all our affirmations !n are only 9 concrete1 :i* is ! affirm+1 n "o ab/ract idea to be ano!r1 b "o ab/ract idea to be jo9$ to ano!r2 :i* ab/ract ideas1 9 sub/ances1 may be ( any sort2 9 all ! re/ are little else b ( relations2 & 9 sub/ances ! mo/ frequ5t are ( p[]s3 v4g4 'a man is :ite1' signifies t ! ?+ t has ! ess5ce ( a man has also 9 x ! ess5ce ( :it5ess1 :i* is no?+ b a p[] to produce ! idea ( :it5ess 9 "o ^: eyes c discov] ord9>y objects3 or1 'a man is rational1' signifies t ! same ?+ t ha? ! ess5ce ( a man ha? also 9 x ! ess5ce ( rationality1 i4e4 a p[] ( reason+4 #b4 ,!y %[ ! ,diff]5ce ( our ,ideas4 ,?is di/9ction ( names %[s u also ! diff]5ce ( our ideas3 = if we obs]ve !m1 we %all f9d t ,,our ,,simple ,,ideas ,,h ,,all ,,ab/ract ,,z ,,well ,,z ,,concrete ,,names3 ! "o :]e( is 7to speak ! language ( gramm>ians7 a sub/antive1 ! o!r an adjective2 z :it5ess1 :ite2 sweetness1 sweet4 ,! l also holds 9 our ideas ( modes & relations2 z ju/ice1 j2 equality1 equal3 only ) ?is diff]5ce1 t "s ( ! concrete names ( relations among/ m5 *iefly are sub/antives2 z1 pat]nitas1 pat]2 :]e( x 7 easy to r5d] a reason4 ,b z to our ideas ( sub/ances1 we h v few or no ab/ract names at all4 ,= ?\gh ! ,s*ools h introduc$ animalitas1 humanitas1 corporietas1 & "s o!rs2 yet !y hold no proportion ) t inf9ite numb] ( names ( sub/ances1 to :i* !y nev] 7 ridicul\s en\gh to attempt ! co9+ ( ab/ract ones3 & ^? few t ! ,s*ools =g$1 & put into ! m\?s ( _! s*ol>s1 c\ld nev] yet get admittance into common use1 or obta9 ! lic5se ( public approbation4 ,:i* seems to me at lea/ to intimate ! confession ( all mank9d1 t !y h no ideas ( ! real ess5ces ( sub/ances1 s9ce !y h n names = su* ideas3 :i* no d\bt !y w\ld h _h1 _h n _! consci\sness to !mselves ( _! ignorance ( !m kept !m f s idle an attempt4 ,& !re=e1 ?\gh !y _h ideas en\gh to di/+ui% gold f a /one1 & metal f wood2 yet !y b timor\sly v5tur$ on su* t]ms1 z aurietas & saxietas1 metallietas & lignietas1 or ! l names1 :i* %\ld pret5d to signify ! real ess5ces ( ^? sub/ances :]e( !y knew !y _h no ideas4 ,& inde$ x 0 only ! doctr9e ( ,,sub/antial ,,=ms1 & ! confid5ce ( mi/ak5 pret5d]s to a k t !y _h n1 :i* fir/ co9$ & !n introduc$ animalitas & humanitas1 & ! l2 :i* yet w5t v little fur!r ?an _! own ,s*ools1 & c\ld nev] get to be curr5t among/ und]/&+ m54 ,inde$1 humanitas 0 a ^w 9 famili> use among/ ! ,romans2 b 9 a f> diff]5t s5se1 & /ood n = ! ab/ract ess5ce ( any sub/ance2 b 0 ! ab/ract$ "n ( a mode1 & its concrete humanus1 n homo4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,( ,,! ,,imp]fection ,,( ,,words4 #a4 ,words are us$ = record+ & communicat+ our ,?\ghts4 ,f :at has be5 said 9 ! =ego+ *apt]s1 x is easy to p]ceive :at imp]fection !re is 9 language1 & h[ ! v nature ( words makes x almo/ unavoidable = _m ( !m to be d\btful & unc]ta9 9 _! significations4 ,to exam9e ! p]fection or imp]fection ( words1 x is necess>y fir/ to consid] _! use & end3 = z !y are m or less fitt$ to atta9 t1 s !y are m or less p]fect4 ,we h1 9 ! =m] "p ( ?is disc\rse (t51 ^u occasion1 m5tion$ a d\ble use ( words4 ,fir/1 ,"o = ! record+ ( our own ?\ghts4 ,secondly1 ,! o!r = ! communicat+ ( our ?\ghts to o!rs4 #b4 ,any ,words w s]ve = record+4 ,z to ! fir/ ( ^!1 ,,= ,,! ,,record+ ,,our ,,own ,,?\ghts ,,= ,,! ,,help ,,( ,,our ,,own ,,memories1 :]eby1 z x 71 we talk to ourselves1 any words w s]ve ! turn4 ,= s9ce s\nds are volunt>y & indiff]5t signs ( any ideas1 a man may use :at words he pleases to signify 8 own ideas to himself3 & !re w be no imp]fection 9 !m1 if he con/antly use ! same sign = ! same idea3 = !n he _c fail ( hav+ 8 mean+ und]/ood1 :]e9 consi/s ! "r use & p]fection ( language4 #c4 ,communication by ,words ei!r = civil or philosophical purposes4 ,secondly1 ,z to ,,communication ,,by ,,words1 t too has a d\ble use4 ,i4 ,civil4 ,,ii4 ,philosophical4 ,fir/1 ,by1 _! ,,civil use1 ,i mean su* a communication ( ?\ghts & ideas by words1 z may s]ve = ! uphold+ common conv]sation & comm]ce1 ab\t ! ord9>y affairs & conv5i5ces ( civil life1 9 ! societies ( m51 "o among/ ano!r4 ,secondly1 ,by ! ,,philosophical use ( words1 ,i mean su* a use ( !m z may s]ve to convey ! precise notions ( ?+s1 & to express 9 g5]al propositions c]ta9 & und\bt$ tru?s1 :i* ! m9d may re/ ^u & be satisfi$ ) 9 its se>* aft] true k4 ,^! two uses are v di/9ct2 & a great deal less exactness w s]ve 9 ! "o ?an 9 ! o!r1 z we %all see 9 :at foll[s4 #d4 ,! imp]fection ( ,words is ! ,d\btfulness or ambiguity ( _! ,signification1 :i* is caus$ by ! sort ( ideas !y /& =4 ,! *ief end ( language 9 communication be+ to be und]/ood1 words s]ve n well = t end1 nei!r 9 civil nor philosophical disc\rse1 :5 any ^w does n excite 9 ! he>] ! same idea :i* x /&s = 9 ! m9d ( ! speak]4 ,n[1 s9ce s\nds h no natural connexion ) our ideas1 b h all _! signification f ! arbitr>y imposition ( m51 ! d\btfulness & unc]ta9ty ( _! signification1 :i* is ! imp]fection we "h are speak+ (1 has its cause m 9 ! ideas !y /& = ?an 9 any incapacity !re is 9 "o s\nd m ?an 9 ano!r to signify any idea3 = 9 t reg>d !y are all equally p]fect4 ,t !n :i* makes d\btfulness & unc]ta9ty 9 ! signification ( "s m ?an o!r words1 is ! diff]5ce ( ideas !y /& =4 #e4 ,natural ,causes ( _! ,imp]fection1 especially 9 ^? t /& = ,mix$ ,modes1 & = our ideas ( ,sub/ances4 ,words hav+ naturally no signification1 ! idea :i* ea* /&s = mu/ be le>n$ & reta9$1 by ^? :o w\ld ex*ange ?\ghts1 & hold intelligible disc\rse ) o!rs1 9 any language4 ,b ?is is ! h>de/ to be done :]e1 ,fir/1 ,! ideas !y /& = are v complex1 & made up ( a great numb] ( ideas put toge!r4 ,secondly1 ,:]e ! ideas !y /& = h no c]ta9 connexion 9 nature2 & s no settl$ /&>d any:]e 9 nature exi/+1 to rectify & adju/ !m by4 ,?irdly1 ,:5 ! signification ( ! ^w is ref]r$ to a /&>d1 :i* /&>d is n easy to be kn[n4 ,f\r?ly1 ,:]e ! signification ( ! ^w & ! real ess5ce ( ! ?+ are n exactly ! same4 ,^! are difficulties t att5d ! signification ( sev]al words t are intelligible4 ,^? :i* are n intelligible at all1 su* z names /&+ = any simple ideas :i* ano!r has n organs or faculties to atta92 z ! names ( col\rs to a bl9d man1 or s\nds to a deaf man1 ne$ n "h be m5tion$4 ,9 all ^! cases we %all f9d an imp]fection 9 words2 :i* ,i %all m at l>ge expla91 9 _! p>ticul> application to our sev]al sorts ( ideas3 = if we exam9e !m1 we %all f9d t ! ,,names ,,( ,m,,ix$ ,m,,odes ,,are ,,mo/ ,,liable ,,to ,,d\btfulness ,,& ,,imp]fection1 ,,= ,,! ,,two ,,fir/ ,,( ,,^! ,,reasons2 & ! ,,names ,,( ,s,,ub/ances ,,*iefly ,,= ,,! ,,two ,,latt]4 #f4 ,! ,names ( mix$ ,modes d\btful4 ,fir/1 ,! names ( ,,mix$ ,,modes are1 _m ( !m1 liable to great unc]ta9ty & obscurity 9 _! signification4 ,i4 ,because ! ,ideas !y /& = are s complex4 ,because ( t ,,great ,,composition ^! complex ideas are (t5 made up (4 ,to make words s]viceable to ! end ( communication1 x is necess>y1 z has be5 said1 t !y excite 9 ! he>] exactly ! same idea !y /& = 9 ! m9d ( ! speak]4 ,)\t ?is1 m5 fill "o ano!r's heads ) noise & s\nds2 b convey n !reby _! ?\ghts1 & lay n be=e "o ano!r _! ideas1 :i* is ! end ( disc\rse & language4 ,b :5 a ^w /&s = a v complex idea t is comp\nd$ & decomp\nd$1 x is n easy = m5 to =m & reta9 t idea s exactly1 z to make ! "n 9 common use /& = ! same precise idea1 )\t any ! lea/ v>iation4 ,h5ce x comes to pass t m5's names ( v comp\nd ideas1 su* z = ! mo/ "p are moral words1 h seldom 9 two diff]5t m5 ! same precise signification2 s9ce "o man's complex idea seldom agrees ) ano!r's1 & (t5 diff]s f 8 own--f t :i* he _h ye/]day1 or w h tomorr[4 #g4 ,secondly because !y h no ,/&>ds 9 ,nature4 ,because ! names ( mix$ modes = ! mo/ "p ,,want ,,/&>ds ,,9 ,,nature1 :]eby m5 may rectify & adju/ _! significations2 !re=e !y are v v>i\s & d\btful4 ,!y are assemblages ( ideas put toge!r at ! pleasure ( ! m9d1 pursu+ its own ends ( disc\rse1 & suit$ to its own notions2 :]eby x designs n to copy any?+ really exi/+1 b to d5om9ate & rank ?+s z !y come to agree ) ^? ar*etypes or =ms x has made4 ,he t fir/ br\ght ! ^w ,,%am1 or ,,:e$le1 or ,,bant]1 9 use1 put toge!r z he ?\ght fit ^? ideas he made x /& =2 & z x is ) any new names ( modes t are n[ br\ght into any language1 s x 0 ) ! old ones :5 !y 7 fir/ made use (4 ,names1 !re=e1 t /& = collections ( ideas :i* ! m9d makes at pleasure mu/ ne$s be ( d\btful signification1 :5 su* collections are n[h]e to be f\nd con/antly unit$ 9 nature1 nor any patt]ns to be %[n :]eby m5 may adju/ !m4 ,:at ! ^w ,,murd]1 or ,,sacrilege1 c41 signifies c nev] be kn[n f ?+s !mselves3 !re be _m ( ! p>ts ( ^? complex ideas :i* are n visible 9 ! action itself2 ! int5tion ( ! m9d1 or ! relation ( holy ?+s1 :i* make a "p ( murd] or sacrilege1 h no necess>y connexion ) ! outw>d & visible action ( him t commits ei!r3 & ! pull+ ! trigg] ( ! gun ) :i* ! murd] is committ$1 & is all ! action t p]haps is visible1 has no natural connexion ) ^? o!r ideas t make up ! complex "o nam$ murd]4 ,!y h _! union & comb9ation only f ! und]/&+ :i* unites !m "u "o "n3 b1 unit+ !m )\t any rule or patt]n1 x _c be b t ! signification ( ! "n t /&s = su* volunt>y collections %\ld be (t5 v>i\s 9 ! m9ds ( diff]5t m51 :o h sc>ce any /&+ rule to regulate !mselves & _! notions by1 9 su* arbitr>y ideas4 #h4 ,common use1 or propriety n a suffici5t ,rem$y4 ,x is true1 common use1 t is1 ! rule ( propriety may be suppos$ "h to af=d "s aid1 to settle ! signification ( language2 & x _c be d5i$ b t 9 "s measure x does4 ,common use regulates ! mean+ ( words pretty well = common conv]sation2 b nobody hav+ an au?ority to e/abli% ! precise signification ( words1 nor det]m9e to :at ideas any "o %all annex !m1 common use is n suffici5t to adju/ !m to ,philosophical ,disc\rses2 !re be+ sc>ce any "n ( any v complex idea 7to say no?+ ( o!rs7 :i*1 9 common use1 has n a great latitude1 & :i*1 keep+ )9 ! b\nds ( propriety1 may n be made ! sign ( f> diff]5t ideas4 ,besides1 ! rule & measure ( propriety itself be+ n[h]e e/abli%$1 x is (t5 matt] ( dispute1 :e!r ?is or t way ( us+ a ^w be propriety ( spee* or no4 ,f all :i* x is evid5t1 t ! names ( su* k9d ( v complex ideas are naturally liable to ?is imp]fection1 to be ( d\btful & unc]ta9 signification2 & ev5 9 m5 t h a m9d to und]/& "o ano!r1 d n always /& = ! same idea 9 speak] & he>]4 ,?\gh ! names ,,glory & ,,gratitude be ! same 9 e man's m\? ?r\gh a :ole c\ntry1 yet ! complex collective idea :i* e "o ?9ks on or int5ds by t "n1 is app>5tly v diff]5t 9 m5 us+ ! same language4 #i4 ,! way ( le>n+ ^! ,names contributes also to _! ,d\btfulness4 ,! way also :]e9 ! names ( mix$ modes are ord9>ily le>n$1 does n a little contribute to ! d\btfulness ( _! signification4 ,= if we w obs]ve h[ *ildr5 le>n languages1 we %all f9d t1 to make !m und]/& :at ! names ( simple ideas or sub/ances /& =1 p ord9>ily %[ !m ! ?+ :]e( !y w\ld h !m h ! idea2 & !n repeat to !m ! "n t /&s = x2 z ,,:ite1 ,,sweet1 ,,milk1 ,,sug>1 ,,cat1 ,,dog4 ,b z = mix$ modes1 especially ! mo/ mat]ial ( !m1 ,,moral ,,words1 ! s\nds are usually le>n$ fir/2 & !n1 to "k :at complex ideas !y /& =1 !y are ei!r behold5 to ! explication ( o!rs1 or 7:i* happ5s = ! mo/ "p7 are left to _! own obs]vation & indu/ry2 :i* be+ little laid out 9 ! se>* ( ! true & precise mean+ ( names1 ^! moral words are 9 mo/ m5's m\?s little m ?an b>e s\nds2 or :5 !y h any1 x is = ! mo/ "p b a v loose & undet]m9$1 &1 consequ5tly1 obscure & confus$ signification4 ,& ev5 ^? !mselves :o h ) m att5tion settl$ _! notions1 d yet h>dly avoid ! inconv5i5ce to h !m /& = complex ideas diff]5t f ^? :i* o!r1 ev5 intellig5t & /udi\s m51 make !m ! signs (4 ,:]e %all "o f9d any1 ei!r controv]sial debate1 or famili> disc\rse1 conc]n+ hon\r1 fai?1 grace1 religion1 *ur*1 c41 :]e9 x is n easy to obs]ve ! diff]5t notions m5 h ( !m8 ,:i* is no?+ b ?is1 t !y are n agre$ 9 ! signification ( ^? words1 nor h 9 _! m9ds ! same complex ideas :i* !y make !m /& =1 & s all ! conte/s t foll[ !reupon are only ab\t ! mean+ ( a s\nd4 ,& h5ce we see t1 9 ! int]pretation ( laws1 :e!r div9e or human1 !re is no end2 comm5ts beget comm5ts1 & explications make new matt] = explications2 & ( limit+1 di/+ui%+1 v>y+ ! signification ( ^! moral words !re is no end4 ,^! ideas ( m5's mak+ are1 by m5 /ill hav+ ! same p[]1 multipli$ 9 inf9itum4 ,_m a man :o 0 pretty well satisfi$ ( ! mean+ ( a text ( ,scripture1 or clause 9 ! code1 at fir/ read+1 has1 by consult+ comm5tators1 q lo/ ! s5se ( x1 & by ^! elucidations giv5 rise or increase to 8 d\bts1 & drawn obscurity ^u ! place4 ,i say n ?is t ,i ?9k comm5t>ies ne$less2 b to %[ h[ unc]ta9 ! names ( mix$ modes naturally are1 ev5 9 ! m\?s ( ^? :o _h bo? ! int5tion & ! faculty ( speak+ z cle>ly z language 0 capable to express _! ?\ghts4 #aj4 ,h5ce unavoidable ,obscurity 9 anci5t ,au?ors4 ,:at obscurity ?is has unavoidably br\ght ^u ! writ+s ( m5 :o h liv$ 9 remote ages1 & diff]5t c\ntries1 x w be ne$less to take notice4 ,s9ce ! num]\s volumes ( le>n$ m51 employ+ _! ?\ghts t way1 are pro(s m ?an en\gh1 to %[ :at att5tion1 /udy1 sagacity1 & reason+ are requir$ to f9d out ! true mean+ ( anci5t au?ors4 ,b1 !re be+ no writ+s we h any great conc]nm5t to be v solicit\s ab\t ! mean+ (1 b ^? t conta9 ei!r tru?s we are requir$ to believe1 or laws we are to obey1 & draw inconv5i5ces on u :5 we mi/ake or transgress1 we may be less anxi\s ab\t ! s5se ( o!r au?ors2 :o1 writ+ b _! own op9ions1 we are "u no great] necessity to "k !m1 ?an !y to "k ours4 ,our good or evil dep5d+ n on _! decrees1 we may safely be ignorant ( _! notions3 & !re=e 9 ! read+ ( !m1 if !y d n use _! words ) a due cle>ness & p]spicuity1 we may lay !m aside1 & )\t any injury done !m1 resolve ?us ) ourselves1 ,si non vis intelligi1 debes negligi4 #aa4 ,names ( ,sub/ances ( d\btful ,signification1 because ! ideas !y /& = relate to ! reality ( ?+s4 ,if ! signification ( ! names ( mix$ modes be unc]ta91 because !re be no real /&>ds exi/+ 9 nature to :i* ^? ideas are ref]r$1 & by :i* !y may be adju/$1 ! names ( ,,sub/ances are ( a d\btful signification1 = a contr>y reason1 viz4 because ! ideas !y /& = are suppos$ con=mable to ! reality ( ?+s1 & are ref]r$ to z /&>ds made by ,nature4 ,9 our ideas ( sub/ances we h n ! lib]ty1 z 9 mix$ modes1 to frame :at comb9ations we ?9k fit1 to be ! *>act]i/ical notes to rank & d5om9ate ?+s by4 ,9 ^! we mu/ foll[ ,nature1 suit our complex ideas to real exi/5ces1 & regulate ! signification ( _! names by ! ?+s !mselves1 if we w h our names to be signs ( !m1 & /& = !m4 ,"h1 x is true1 we h patt]ns to foll[2 b patt]ns t w make ! signification ( _! names v unc]ta93 = names mu/ be ( a v un/eady & v>i\s mean+1 if ! ideas !y /& = be ref]r$ to /&>ds )\t u1 t ei!r _c be kn[n at all1 or c be kn[n b imp]fectly & unc]ta9ly4 #ab4 ,names ( ,sub/ances ref]r$1 ,i4 ,to real ,ess5ces t _c be kn[n4 ,! names ( sub/ances h1 z has be5 %[n1 a d\ble ref]5ce 9 _! ord9>y use4 ,fir/1 ,sometimes !y are made to /& =1 & s _! signification is suppos$ to agree to1 ,,! ,,real ,,con/itution ,,( ,,?+s1 f :i* all _! prop]ties fl[1 & 9 :i* !y all c5tre4 ,b ?is real con/itution1 or 7z x is apt to be call$7 ess5ce1 be+ utt]ly unkn[n to u1 any s\nd t is put to /& = x mu/ be v unc]ta9 9 its application2 & x w be impossible to "k :at ?+s are or ought to be call$ a ,,horse1 or ,,antimony1 :5 ^? words are put = real ess5ces t we h no ideas ( at all4 ,& !re=e 9 ?is supposition1 ! names ( sub/ances be+ ref]r$ to /&>ds t _c be kn[n1 _! significations c nev] be adju/$ & e/abli%$ by ^? /&>ds4 #ac4 ,secondly1 ,to co-exi/+ ,qualities1 :i* are kn[n b imp]fectly4 ,secondly1 ,! simple ideas t are ,,f\nd ,,to ,,co-,,exi/ ,,9 ,,sub/ances be+ t :i* _! names imm$iately signify1 ^!1 z unit$ 9 ! sev]al sorts ( ?+s1 are ! prop] /&>ds to :i* _! names are ref]r$1 & by :i* _! significations may be be/ rectifi$4 ,b nei!r w ^! ar*etypes s well s]ve to ?is purpose z to leave ^! names )\t v v>i\s & unc]ta9 significations4 ,because ^! simple ideas t co-exi/1 & are unit$ 9 ! same subject1 be+ v num]\s1 & hav+ all an equal "r to g into ! complex specific idea :i* ! specific "n is to /& =1 m51 ?\gh !y propose to !mselves ! v same subject to consid]1 yet frame v diff]5t ideas ab\t x2 & s ! "n !y use = x unavoidably comes to h1 9 sev]al m51 v diff]5t significations4 ,! simple qualities :i* make up ! complex ideas1 be+ mo/ ( !m p[]s1 9 relation to *anges :i* !y are apt to make 91 or receive f o!r bodies1 are almo/ inf9ite4 ,he t %all b obs]ve :at a great v>iety ( alt]ations any "o ( ! bas] metals is apt to receive1 f ! diff]5t application only ( fire2 & h[ mu* a great] numb] ( *anges any ( !m w receive 9 ! h&s ( a *ymi/1 by ! application ( o!r bodies1 w n ?9k x /range t ,i c\nt ! prop]ties ( any sort ( bodies n easy to be collect$1 & completely kn[n1 by ! ways ( inquiry :i* our faculties are capable (4 ,!y be+ !re=e at lea/ s _m1 t no man c "k ! precise & def9ite numb]1 !y are diff]5tly discov]$ by diff]5t m51 accord+ to _! v>i\s skill1 att5tion1 & ways ( h&l+2 :o !re=e _c *oose b h diff]5t ideas ( ! same sub/ance1 & !re=e make ! signification ( its common "n v v>i\s & unc]ta94 ,= ! complex ideas ( sub/ances1 be+ made up ( su* simple ones z are suppos$ to co-exi/ 9 nature1 e "o has a "r to put into 8 complex idea ^? qualities he has f\nd to be unit$ toge!r4 ,=1 ?\gh 9 ! sub/ance ( gold "o satisfies himself ) col\r & weight1 yet ano!r ?9ks solubility 9 aqua regia z necess>y to be jo9$ ) t col\r 9 8 idea ( gold1 z any "o does its fusibility2 solubility 9 aqua regia be+ a quality z con/antly jo9$ ) its col\r & weight z fusibility or any o!r2 o!rs put into x ductility or fix$ness1 c41 z !y h be5 taught by tradition or exp]i5ce4 ,:o ( all ^! has e/abli%$ ! "r signification ( ! ^w1 gold8 ,or :o %all be ! judge to det]m9e8 ,ea* has 8 /&>d 9 nature1 :i* he appeals to1 & ) reason ?9ks he has ! same "r to put into 8 complex idea signifi$ by ! ^w gold1 ^? qualities1 :i*1 ^u trial1 he has f\nd unit$2 z ano!r :o has n s well exam9$ has to leave !m out2 or a ?ird1 :o has made o!r trials1 has to put 9 o!rs4 ,= ! union 9 nature ( ^! qualities be+ ! true gr\nd ( _! union 9 "o complex idea1 :o c say "o ( !m has m reason to be put 9 or left out ?an ano!r8 ,f h5ce x w unavoidably foll[1 t ! complex ideas ( sub/ances 9 m5 us+ ! same names = !m1 w be v v>i\s1 & s ! significations ( ^? names v unc]ta94 #ad4 ,?irdly1 ,to co-exi/+ ,qualities :i* are kn[n b imp]fectly4 ,besides1 !re is sc>ce any p>ticul> ?+ exi/+1 :i*1 9 "s ( its simple ideas1 does n communicate ) a great]1 & 9 o!rs a less numb] ( p>ticul> be+s3 :o %all det]m9e 9 ?is case :i* are ^? t are to make up ! precise collection t is to be signifi$ by ! specific "n8 or c ) any j au?ority prescribe1 :i* obvi\s or common qualities are to be left out2 or :i* m secret1 or m p>ticul>1 are to be put into ! signification ( ! "n ( any sub/ance8 ,all :i* toge!r1 seldom or nev] fail to produce t v>i\s & d\btful signification 9 ! names ( sub/ances1 :i* causes su* unc]ta9ty1 disputes1 or mi/akes1 :5 we come to a philosophical use ( !m4 #ae4 ,) ?is imp]fection1 !y may s]ve = civil1 b n well = philosophical ,use4 ,x is true1 z to civil & common conv]sation1 ! g5]al names ( sub/ances1 regulat$ 9 _! ord9>y signification by "s obvi\s qualities1 7z by ! %ape & figure 9 ?+s ( kn[n sem9al propagation1 & 9 o!r sub/ances1 = ! mo/ "p by col\r1 jo9$ ) "s o!r s5sible qualities17 d well en\gh to design ! ?+s m5 w\ld be und]/ood to speak (3 & s !y usually conceive well en\gh ! sub/ances meant by ! ^w gold or apple1 to di/+ui% ! "o f ! o!r4 ,b 9 ,,philosophical inquiries & debates1 :]e g5]al tru?s are to be e/abli%$1 & consequ5ces drawn f positions laid d[n1 !re ! precise signification ( ! names ( sub/ances w be f\nd n only n to be well e/abli%$ b also v h>d to be s4 ,= example3 he t %all make malleability1 or a c]ta9 degree ( fix$ness1 a "p ( 8 complex idea ( gold1 may make propositions conc]n+ gold1 & draw consequ5ces f !m1 t w truly & cle>ly foll[ f gold1 tak5 9 su* a signification3 b yet su* z ano!r man c nev] be =c$ to admit1 nor be conv9c$ ( _! tru?1 :o makes n malleabl5ess1 or ! same degree ( fix$ness1 "p ( t complex idea t ! "n gold1 9 8 use ( x1 /&s =4 #af4 ,in/ance1 ,liquor4 ,?is is a natural & almo/ unavoidable imp]fection 9 almo/ all ! names ( sub/ances1 9 all languages :atsoev]1 :i* m5 w easily f9d :51 once pass+ f confus$ or loose notions1 !y come to m /rict & close inquiries4 ,= !n !y w be conv9c$ h[ d\btful & obscure ^? words are 9 _! signification1 :i* 9 ord9>y use appe>$ v cle> & det]m9$4 ,i 0 once 9 a meet+ ( v le>n$ & +5i\s physicians1 :]e by *ance !re arose a "q1 :e!r any liquor pass$ ?r\gh ! filam5ts ( ! n]ves4 ,! debate hav+ be5 manag$ a good :ile1 by v>iety ( argum5ts on bo? sides1 ,i 7:o _h be5 us$ to suspect1 t ! greate/ "p ( disputes 7 m ab\t ! signification ( words ?an a real diff]5ce 9 ! conception ( ?+s7 desir$1 t1 be=e !y w5t any fur!r on 9 ?is dispute1 !y w\ld fir/ exam9e & e/abli% among/ !m1 :at ! ^w ,,liquor signifi$4 ,!y at fir/ 7 a little surpris$ at ! proposal2 & _h !y be5 p]sons less +5i\s1 !y might p]haps h tak5 x = a v frivol\s or extravagant "o3 s9ce !re 0 no "o !re t ?\ght n himself to und]/& v p]fectly :at ! ^w liquor /ood =2 :i* ,i ?9k1 too1 none ( ! mo/ p]plex$ names ( sub/ances4 ,h[ev]1 !y 7 pleas$ to comply ) my motion2 & ^u exam9ation f\nd t ! signification ( t ^w 0 n s settl$ or c]ta9 z !y _h all imag9$2 b t ea* ( !m made x a sign ( a diff]5t complex idea4 ,?is made !m p]ceive t ! ma9 ( _! dispute 0 ab\t ! signification ( t t]m2 & t !y diff]$ v little 9 _! op9ions conc]n+ ,,"s fluid & subtle matt]1 pass+ ?r\gh ! conduits ( ! n]ves2 ?\gh x 0 n s easy to agree :e!r x 0 to be call$ ,,liquor or no1 a ?+1 :i*1 :5 consid]$1 !y ?\ght x n wor? ! cont5d+ ab\t4 #ag4 ,in/ance1 ,gold4 ,h[ mu* ?is is ! case 9 ! greate/ "p ( disputes t m5 are engag$ s hotly 91 ,i %all p]haps h an occasion 9 ano!r place to take notice4 ,let u only "h consid] a little m exactly ! =e-m5tion$ in/ance ( ! ^w ,,gold1 & we %all see h[ h>d x is precisely to det]m9e its signification4 ,i ?9k all agree to make x /& = a body ( a c]ta9 yell[ %9+ col\r2 :i* be+ ! idea to :i* *ildr5 h annex$ t "n1 ! %9+ yell[ "p ( a peacock's tail is prop]ly to !m gold4 ,o!rs f9d+ fusibility jo9$ ) t yell[ col\r 9 c]ta9 p>cels ( matt]1 make ( t comb9ation a complex idea to :i* !y give ! "n gold1 to d5ote a sort ( sub/ances2 & s exclude f be+ gold all su* yell[ %9+ bodies z by fire w be r$uc$ to a%es2 & admit to be ( t species1 or to be compreh5d$ "u t "n gold1 only su* sub/ances z hav+ t %9+ yell[ col\r1 w by fire be r$uc$ to fusion1 & n to a%es4 ,ano!r1 by ! same reason1 adds ! weight1 :i*1 be+ a quality z /raightly jo9$ ) t col\r z its fusibility1 he ?9ks has ! same reason to be jo9$ 9 its idea1 & to be signifi$ by its "n3 & !re=e ! o!r made up ( body1 ( su* a col\r & fusibility1 to be imp]fect2 & s on ( all ! re/3 :]e9 no "o c %[ a reason :y "s ( ! insep>able qualities1 t are always unit$ 9 nature1 %\ld be put into ! nom9al ess5ce1 & o!rs left out1 or :y ! ^w gold1 signify+ t sort ( body ! r+ on 8 f+] is made (1 %\ld det]m9e t sort r by its col\r1 weight1 & fusibility1 ?an by its col\r1 weight1 & solubility 9 aqua regia3 s9ce ! dissolv+ x by t liquor is z insep>able f x z ! fusion by fire1 & !y are bo? ( !m no?+ b ! relation :i* t sub/ance has to two o!r bodies1 :i* h a p[] to op]ate diff]5tly ^u x4 ,= by :at "r is x t fusibility comes to be a "p ( ! ess5ce signifi$ by ! ^w gold1 & solubility b a prop]ty ( x8 ,or :y is its col\r "p ( ! ess5ce1 & its malleabl5ess b a prop]ty8 ,t :i* ,i mean is ?is1 ,t ^! be+ all b prop]ties1 dep5d+ on its real con/itution1 & no?+ b p[]s1 ei!r active or passive1 9 ref]5ce to o!r bodies1 no "o has au?ority to det]m9e ! signification ( ! ^w gold 7z ref]r$ to su* a body exi/+ 9 nature7 m to "o collection ( ideas to be f\nd 9 t body ?an to ano!r3 :]eby ! signification ( t "n mu/ unavoidably be v unc]ta94 ,s9ce1 z has be5 said1 sev]al p obs]ve sev]al prop]ties 9 ! same sub/ance2 & ,i ?9k ,i may say nobody all4 ,& !re=e we h b v imp]fect descriptions ( ?+s1 & words h v unc]ta9 significations4 #ah4 ,! ,names ( simple ,ideas ! lea/ d\btful4 ,f :at has be5 said1 x is easy to obs]ve :at has be5 be=e rem>k$1 viz4 t ! ,,names ,,( ,,simple ,,ideas are1 ( all o!rs1 ! lea/ liable to mi/akes1 & t = ^! reasons4 ,fir/1 ,because ! ideas !y /& =1 be+ ea* b "o s+le p]ception1 are mu* easi] got1 & m cle>ly reta9$1 ?an ! m complex ones1 & !re=e are n liable to ! unc]ta9ty :i* usually att5ds ^? comp\nd$ ones ( sub/ances & mix$ modes1 9 :i* ! precise numb] ( simple ideas t make !m up are n easily agre$1 s readily kept 9 m9d4 ,&1 ,secondly1 ,because !y are nev] ref]r$ to any o!r ess5ce1 b b>ely t p]ception !y imm$iately signify3 :i* ref]5ce is t :i* r5d]s ! signification ( ! names ( sub/ances naturally s p]plex$1 & gives occasion to s _m disputes4 ,m5 t d n p]v]sely use _! words1 or on purpose set !mselves to cavil1 seldom mi/ake1 9 any language :i* !y are acqua9t$ )1 ! use & signification ( ! "n ( simple ideas4 ,,:ite & ,,sweet1 ,,yell[ & ,,bitt]1 c>ry a v obvi\s mean+ ) !m1 :i* e "o precisely compreh5ds1 or easily p]ceives he is ignorant (1 & seeks to be in=m$4 ,b :at precise collection ( simple ideas ,,mode/y or ,,frugality /& =1 9 ano!r's use1 is n s c]ta9ly kn[n4 ,& h[ev] we are apt to ?9k we well en\gh "k :at is meant by ,,gold or ,,iron2 yet ! precise complex idea o!rs make !m ! signs ( is n s c]ta93 & ,i believe x is v seldom t1 9 speak] & he>]1 !y /& = exactly ! same collection4 ,:i* mu/ ne$s produce mi/akes & disputes1 :5 !y are made use ( 9 disc\rses1 :]e9 m5 h to d ) univ]sal propositions1 & w\ld settle 9 _! m9ds univ]sal tru?s1 & consid] ! consequ5ces t foll[ f !m4 #ai4 ,& next to !m1 simple ,modes4 ,by ! same rule1 ! names ( ,,simple ,,modes are1 next to ^? ( simple ideas1 lea/ liable to d\bt & unc]ta9ty2 especially ^? ( figure & numb]1 ( :i* m5 h s cle> & di/9ct ideas4 ,:o ev] t _h a m9d to und]/& !m mi/ook ! ord9>y mean+ ( ,,sev51 or a ,,triangle8 ,& 9 g5]al ! lea/ comp\nd$ ideas 9 e k9d h ! lea/ dubi\s names4 #bj4 ,! mo/ d\btful are ! ,names ( v comp\nd$ mix$ ,modes & ,sub/ances4 ,mix$ modes1 !re=e1 t are made up b ( a few & obvi\s simple ideas1 h usually names ( no v unc]ta9 signification4 ,b ! names ( mix$ modes1 :i* compreh5d a great numb] ( simple ideas1 are commonly ( a v d\btful & undet]m9$ mean+1 z has be5 %[n4 ,! names ( sub/ances1 be+ annex$ to ideas t are nei!r ! real ess5ces1 nor exact repres5tations ( ! patt]ns !y are ref]r$ to1 are liable to yet great] imp]fection & unc]ta9ty1 especially :5 we come to a philosophical use ( !m4 #ba4 ,:y ?is ,imp]fection *>g$ ^u ,words4 ,! great disord] t happ5s 9 our names ( sub/ances1 proce$+1 = ! mo/ "p1 f our want ( k1 & inability to p5etrate into _! real con/itutions1 x may probably be wond]$ :y ,i *>ge ?is z an imp]fection r ^u our words ?an und]/&+s4 ,?is exception has s mu* appe>ance ( ju/ice1 t ,i ?9k myself oblig$ to give a reason :y ,i h foll[$ ?is me?od4 ,i mu/ confess1 !n1 t1 :5 ,i fir/ began ?is ,disc\rse ( ! ,und]/&+1 & a good :ile aft]1 ,i _h n ! lea/ ?\ght t any consid]ation ( words 0 at all necess>y to x4 ,b :51 hav+ pass$ ov] ! orig9al & composition ( our ideas1 ,i began to exam9e ! ext5t & c]ta9ty ( our k1 ,i f\nd x _h s ne> a connexion ) words1 t1 unless _! =ce & mann] ( signification 7 fir/ well obs]v$1 !re c\ld be v little said cle>ly & p]t95tly conc]n+ k3 :i* be+ conv]sant ab\t tru?1 _h con/antly to d ) propositions4 ,& ?\gh x t]m9at$ 9 ?+s1 yet x 0 = ! mo/ "p s mu* by ! int]v5tion ( words1 t !y seem$ sc>ce sep>able f our g5]al k4 ,at lea/ !y int]pose !mselves s mu* betwe5 our und]/&+s1 & ! tru? :i* x w\ld contemplate & appreh5d1 t1 l ! m$ium ?r\gh :i* visible objects pass1 ! obscurity & disord] d n seldom ca/ a mi/ be=e our eyes1 & impose ^u our und]/&+s4 ,if we consid]1 9 ! fallacies m5 put ^u !mselves1 z well z o!rs1 & ! mi/akes 9 m5's disputes & notions1 h[ great a "p is ow+ to words1 & _! unc]ta9 or mi/ak5 significations1 we %all h reason to ?9k ?is no small ob/acle 9 ! way to k2 :i* ,i conclude we are ! m c>efully to be w>n$ (1 because x has be5 s f> f be+ tak5 notice ( z an inconv5i5ce1 t ! arts ( improv+ x h be5 made ! bus9ess ( m5's /udy1 & obta9$ ! reputation ( le>n+ & subtilty1 z we %all see 9 ! foll[+ *apt]4 ,b ,i am apt to imag9e1 t1 7 ! imp]fections ( language1 z ! in/rum5t ( k1 m ?or\ghly weigh$1 a great _m ( ! controv]sies t make su* a noise 9 ! _w1 w\ld ( !mselves cease2 & ! way to k1 & p]haps peace too1 lie a great deal op5] ?an x does4 #bb4 ,?is %\ld tea* u ,mod]ation 9 impos+ our own ,s5se ( old ,au?ors4 ,sure ,i am t ! signification ( words 9 all languages1 dep5d+ v mu* on ! ?\ghts1 notions1 & ideas ( him t uses !m1 mu/ unavoidably be ( great unc]ta9ty to m5 ( ! same language & c\ntry4 ,?is is s evid5t 9 ! ,greek au?ors1 t he t %all p]use _! writ+s w f9d 9 almo/ e "o ( !m1 a di/9ct language1 ?\gh ! same words4 ,b :5 to ?is natural difficulty 9 e c\ntry1 !re %all be add$ diff]5t c\ntries & remote ages1 :]e9 ! speak]s & writ]s _h v diff]5t notions1 temp]s1 cu/oms1 ornam5ts1 & figures ( spee*1 c41 e "o ( :i* influ5c$ ! signification ( _! words !n1 ?\gh to u n[ !y are lo/ & unkn[n2 x w\ld become u to be *>itable "o to ano!r 9 our int]pretations or misund]/&+s ( ^? anci5t writ+s2 :i*1 ?\gh ( great conc]nm5t to be und]/ood1 are liable to ! unavoidable difficulties ( spee*1 :i* 7if we except ! names ( simple ideas1 & "s v obvi\s ?+s7 is n capable1 )\t a con/ant def9+ ! t]ms1 ( convey+ ! s5se & int5tion ( ! speak]1 )\t any mann] ( d\bt & unc]ta9ty to ! he>]4 ,& 9 disc\rses ( religion1 law1 & morality1 z !y are matt]s ( ! highe/ conc]nm5t1 s !re w be ! greate/ difficulty4 #bc4 ,especially ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t ,scriptures4 ,! volumes ( int]pret]s & comm5tators on ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t are b too manife/ pro(s ( ?is4 ,?\gh ev]y?+ said 9 ! text be infallibly true1 yet ! read] may be1 nay1 _c *oose b be1 v fallible 9 ! und]/&+ ( x4 ,nor is x to be wond]$1 t ! w ( ,god1 :5 clo!d 9 words1 %\ld be liable to t d\bt & unc]ta9ty :i* unavoidably att5ds t sort ( conveyance1 :5 ev5 8 ,son1 :il/ clo!d 9 fle%1 0 subject to all ! frailties & inconv5i5ces ( human nature1 s9 except$4 ,& we ought to magnify 8 goodness1 t he ha? spread be=e all ! _w su* legible *>act]s ( 8 works & provid5ce1 & giv5 all mank9d s suffici5t a light ( reason1 t !y to :om ?is writt5 ^w nev] came1 c\ld n 7:5ev] !y set !mselves to se>*7 ei!r d\bt ( ! be+ ( a ,god1 or ( ! ob$i5ce due to him4 ,s9ce !n ! precepts ( ,natural ,religion are pla91 & v intelligible to all mank9d1 & seldom come to be controv]t$2 & o!r reveal$ tru?s1 :i* are convey$ to u by books & languages1 are liable to ! common & natural obscurities & difficulties incid5t to words2 me?9ks x w\ld become u to be m c>eful & dilig5t 9 obs]v+ ! =m]1 & less magi/]ial1 positive1 & imp]i\s1 9 impos+ our own s5se & int]pretations ( ! latt]4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,( ,,! ,,abuse ,,( ,,words4 #a4 ,woeful abuse ( ,words4 ,besides ! imp]fection t is naturally 9 language1 & ! obscurity & confusion t is s h>d to be avoid$ 9 ! use ( words1 !re are sev]al ,,wilful faults & neglects :i* m5 are guilty ( 9 ?is way ( communication1 :]eby !y r5d] ^! signs less cle> & di/9ct 9 _! signification ?an naturally !y ne$ to be4 #b4 ,fir/1 ,words are (t5 employ$ )\t any1 or )\t cle> ,ideas4 ,,fir/1 ,9 ?is k9d ! fir/ & mo/ palpable abuse is1 ! us+ ( words )\t cle> & di/9ct ideas2 or1 :i* is worse1 signs )\t any?+ signifi$4 ,( ^! !re are two sorts3-- ,i4 ,"s words introduc$ )\t cle> ideas annex$ to !m1 ev5 9 _! fir/ orig9al4 ,"o may obs]ve1 9 all languages1 c]ta9 words t1 if !y be exam9$1 w be f\nd 9 _! fir/ orig9al1 & _! appropriat$ use1 n to /& = any cle> & di/9ct ideas4 ,^!1 = ! mo/ "p1 ! sev]al sects ( philosophy & religion h introduc$4 ,= _! au?ors or promot]s1 ei!r affect+ some?+ s+ul>1 & out ( ! way ( common appreh5sions1 or to support "s /range op9ions1 or cov] "s weakness ( _! hypo!sis1 seldom fail to co9 new words1 & su* z1 :5 !y come to be exam9$1 may ju/ly be call$ ,,insignificant ,,t]ms4 ,=1 hav+ ei!r _h no det]m9ate collection ( ideas annex$ to !m :5 !y 7 fir/ inv5t$2 or at lea/ su* z1 if well exam9$1 w be f\nd inconsi/5t1 x is no wond]1 if1 aft]w>ds1 9 ! vulg> use ( ! same p>ty1 !y rema9 empty s\nds1 ) little or no signification1 among/ ^? :o ?9k x en\gh to h !m (t5 9 _! m\?s1 z ! di/+ui%+ *>act]s ( _! ,*ur* or ,s*ool1 )\t mu* tr\bl+ _! heads to exam9e :at are ! precise ideas !y /& =4 ,i %all n ne$ "h to heap up in/ances2 e man's read+ & conv]sation w suffici5tly furni% him4 ,or if he wants to be bett] /or$1 ! great m9t-ma/]s ( ?is k9d ( t]ms1 ,i mean ! ,s*oolm5 & ,metaphysicians 7"u :i* ,i ?9k ! disput+ natural & moral philosoph]s ( ^! latt] ages may be compreh5d$7 h :]e)al abundantly to cont5t him4 #c4 ,,ii4 ,o!r ,words1 to :i* ideas 7 annex$ at fir/1 us$ aft]w>ds )\t di/9ct mean+s4 ,o!rs !re be :o ext5d ?is abuse yet fur!r1 :o take s little c>e to lay by words1 :i*1 9 _! prim>y notation h sc>ce any cle> & di/9ct ideas :i* !y are annex$ to1 t1 by an unp>donable neglig5ce1 !y famili>ly use words :i* ! propriety ( language ,,has affix$ to v important ideas1 )\t any di/9ct mean+ at all4 ,,wisdom1 ,,glory1 ,,grace1 c41 are words frequ5t en\gh 9 e man's m\?2 b if a great _m ( ^? :o use !m %\ld be ask$ :at !y mean by !m1 !y w\ld be at a /&1 & n "k :at to answ]3 a pla9 pro(1 t1 ?\gh !y h le>n$ ^? s\nds1 & h !m ready at _! tongues ends1 yet !re are no det]m9$ ideas laid up 9 _! m9ds1 :i* are to be express$ to o!rs by !m4 #d4 ,?is occasion$ by m5 le>n+ ,names be=e !y h ! ,ideas ! names belong to4 ,m5 hav+ be5 accu/om$ f _! cradles to le>n words :i* are easily got & reta9$1 be=e !y knew or _h fram$ ! complex ideas to :i* !y 7 annex$1 or :i* 7 to be f\nd 9 ! ?+s !y 7 ?\ght to /& =1 !y usually cont9ue to d s all _! lives2 & )\t tak+ ! pa9s necess>y to settle 9 _! m9ds det]m9$ ideas1 !y use _! words = su* un/eady & confus$ notions z !y h1 cont5t+ !mselves ) ! same words o!r p use2 z if _! v s\nd necess>ily c>ri$ ) x con/antly ! same mean+4 ,?is1 ?\gh m5 make a %ift ) 9 ! ord9>y occurr5ces ( life1 :]e !y f9d x necess>y to be und]/ood1 & !re=e !y make signs till !y are s2 yet ?is insignificancy 9 _! words1 :5 !y come to reason conc]n+ ei!r _! t5ets or int]e/1 manife/ly fills _! disc\rse ) abundance ( empty un9telligible noise & j>gon1 especially 9 moral matt]s1 :]e ! words = ! mo/ "p /&+ = arbitr>y & num]\s collections ( ideas1 n regul>ly & p]man5tly unit$ 9 nature1 _! b>e s\nds are (t5 only ?\ght on1 or at lea/ v obscure & unc]ta9 notions annex$ to !m4 ,m5 take ! words !y f9d 9 use among/ _! neighb\rs2 & t !y may n seem ignorant :at !y /& =1 use !m confid5tly1 )\t mu* tr\bl+ _! heads ab\t a c]ta9 fix$ mean+2 :]eby1 besides ! ease ( x1 !y obta9 ?is advantage1 ,t1 z 9 su* disc\rses !y seldom are 9 ! "r1 s !y are z seldom to be conv9c$ t !y are 9 ! wrong2 x be+ all "o to g ab\t to draw ^? m5 out ( _! mi/akes :o h no settl$ notions1 z to dispossess a vagrant ( 8 habitation :o has no settl$ abode4 ,?is ,i guess to be s2 & e "o may obs]ve 9 himself & o!rs :e!r x be s or n4 #e4 ,secondly ,un/eady ,application ( !m4 ,,secondly1 ,ano!r great abuse ( words is ,,incon/ancy 9 ! use ( !m4 ,x is h>d to f9d a disc\rse writt5 on any subject1 especially ( controv]sy1 :]e9 "o %all n obs]ve1 if he read ) att5tion1 ! same words 7& ^? commonly ! mo/ mat]ial 9 ! disc\rse1 & ^u :i* ! argum5t turns7 us$ sometimes = "o collection ( simple ideas1 & sometimes = ano!r2 :i* is a p]fect abuse ( language4 ,words be+ int5d$ = signs ( my ideas1 to make !m kn[n to o!rs1 n by any natural signification1 b by a volunt>y imposition1 x is pla9 *eat & abuse1 :5 ,i make !m /& sometimes = "o ?+ & sometimes = ano!r2 ! wilful do+ :]e( c be imput$ to no?+ b great folly1 or great] di%one/y4 ,& a man1 9 8 acc\nts ) ano!r may1 ) z mu* fairness make ! *>act]s ( numb]s /& sometimes = "o & sometimes = ano!r collection ( units3 v4g4 ?is "* #c1 /& sometimes = ?ree1 sometimes = f\r1 & sometimes = eight1 z 9 8 disc\rse or reason+ make ! same words /& = diff]5t collections ( simple ideas4 ,if m5 %\ld d s 9 _! reckon+s1 ,i wond] :o w\ld h to d ) !m8 ,"o :o w\ld speak ?us 9 ! affairs & bus9ess ( ! _w1 & call #h sometimes sev51 & sometimes n9e1 z be/ s]v$ 8 advantage1 w\ld pres5tly h clapp$ ^u him1 "o ( ! two names m5 are commonly disgu/$ )4 ,& yet 9 argu+s & le>n$ conte/s1 ! same sort ( proce$+s passes commonly = wit & le>n+2 b to me x appe>s a great] di%one/y ?an ! misplac+ ( c\nt]s 9 ! ca/+ up a debt2 & ! *eat ! great]1 by h[ mu* tru? is ( great] conc]nm5t & value ?an money4 #f4 ,?irdly1 ,affect$ ,obscurity1 z 9 ! ,p]ipatetic & o!r sects ( ,philosophy4 ,,?irdly4 ,ano!r abuse ( language is an ,,affect$ ,,obscurity2 by ei!r apply+ old words to new & unusual significations2 or introduc+ new & ambigu\s t]ms1 )\t def9+ ei!r2 or else putt+ !m s toge!r1 z may conf\nd _! ord9>y mean+4 ,?\gh ! ,p]ipatetick philosophy has be5 mo/ em95t 9 ?is way1 yet o!r sects h n be5 :olly cle> ( x4 ,!re are sc>ce any ( !m t are n cumb]$ ) "s difficulties 7su* is ! imp]fection ( human k17 :i* !y h be5 fa9 to cov] ) obscurity ( t]ms1 & to conf\nd ! signification ( words1 :i*1 l a mi/ be=e p's eyes1 might h9d] _! weak p>ts f be+ discov]$4 ,t ,,body & ,,ext5sion 9 common use1 /& = two di/9ct ideas1 is pla9 to any "o t w b reflect a little4 ,= 7 _! signification precisely ! same1 x w\ld be z prop]1 & z intelligible to say1 '! body ( an ext5sion1' z ! 'ext5sion ( a body2' & yet !re are ^? :o f9d x necess>y to conf\nd _! signification4 ,to ?is abuse1 & ! mis*iefs ( conf\nd+ ! signification ( words1 logic1 & ! lib]al sci5ces z !y h be5 h&l$ 9 ! s*ools1 h giv5 reputation2 & ! admir$ ,art ( ,disput+ ha? add$ mu* to ! natural imp]fection ( languages1 :il/ x has be5 made use ( & fitt$ to p]plex ! signification ( words1 m ?an to discov] ! k & tru? ( ?+s3 & he t w look into t sort ( le>n$ writ+s1 w f9d ! words !re mu* m obscure1 unc]ta91 & undet]m9$ 9 _! mean+1 ?an !y are 9 ord9>y conv]sation4 #g4 ,logic & ,dispute h mu* contribut$ to ?is4 ,?is is unavoidably to be s1 :]e m5's p>ts & le>n+ are e/imat$ by _! skill 9 disput+4 ,& if reputation & rew>d %all att5d ^! conque/s1 :i* dep5d mo/ly on ! f95ess & niceties ( words1 x is no wond] if ! wit ( man s employ$1 %\ld p]plex1 involve1 & subtilize ! signification ( s\nds1 s z nev] to want some?+ to say 9 oppos+ or def5d+ any "q2 ! victory be+ adjudg$ n to him :o _h tru? on 8 side1 b ! la/ ^w 9 ! dispute4 #h4 ,call+ x ,subtlety4 ,?is1 ?\gh a v useless skill1 & t :i* ,i ?9k ! direct opposite to ! ways ( k1 ha? yet pass$ hi!rto "u ! laudable & e/eem$ names ( ,,subtlety & ,,acut5ess1 & has _h ! applause ( ! s*ools1 & enc\ragem5t ( "o "p ( ! le>n$ m5 ( ! _w4 ,& no wond]1 s9ce ! philosoph]s ( old1 7! disput+ & wrangl+ philosoph]s ,i mean1 su* z ,lucian wittily & ) reason taxes17 & ! ,s*oolm5 s9ce1 aim+ at glory & e/eem1 = _! great & univ]sal k1 easi] a great deal to be pret5d$ to ?an really acquir$1 f\nd ?is a good exp$i5t to cov] _! ignorance1 ) a curi\s & inexplicable web ( p]plex$ words1 & procure to !mselves ! admiration ( o!rs1 by un9telligible t]ms1 ! apt] to produce wond] because !y c\ld n be und]/ood2 :il/ x appe>s 9 all hi/ory1 t ^! pr(\nd doctors 7 no wis] nor m useful ?an _! neighb\rs1 & br\ght b small advantage to human life or ! societies :]e9 !y liv$2 unless ! co9+ ( new words1 :]e !y produc$ no new ?+s to apply !m to1 or ! p]plex+ or obscur+ ! signification ( old ones1 & s br++ all ?+s into "q & dispute1 7 a ?+ pr(itable to ! life ( man1 or wor?y comm5dation & rew>d4 #i4 ,?is ,le>n+ v little b5efits ,society4 ,=1 not)/&+ ^! le>n$ disputants1 ^! all-kn[+ doctors1 x 0 to ! uns*ola/ic /atesman t ! gov]nm5ts ( ! _w ow$ _! peace1 def5ce1 & lib]ties2 & f ! illit]ate & contemn$ me*anic 7a "n ( disgrace7 t !y receiv$ ! improvem5ts ( useful arts4 ,nev]!less1 ?is artificial ignorance1 & le>n$ gibb]i%1 prevail$ mightily 9 ^! la/ ages1 by ! int]e/ & artifice ( ^? :o f\nd no easi] way to t pit* ( au?ority & dom9ion !y h atta9$1 ?an by amus+ ! m5 ( bus9ess1 & ignorant1 ) h>d words1 or employ+ ! +5i\s & idle 9 intricate disputes ab\t un9telligible t]ms1 & hold+ !m p]petually entangl$ 9 t endless labyr9?4 ,besides1 !re is no su* way to ga9 admittance1 or give def5ce to /range & absurd doctr9es1 z to gu>d !m r\nd ab\t ) legions ( obscure1 d\btful1 & undef9$ words4 ,:i* yet make ^! retreats m l ! d5s ( robb]s1 or holes ( foxes1 ?an ! =tresses ( fair w>riors2 :i*1 if x be h>d to get !m out (1 x is n = ! /r5g? t is 9 !m1 b ! bri>s & ?orns1 & ! obscurity ( ! ?ickets !y are beset )4 ,= untru? be+ unacceptable to ! m9d ( man1 !re is no o!r def5ce left = absurdity b obscurity4 #aj4 ,b de/roys ! in/rum5ts ( ,k & communication4 ,?us le>n$ ignorance1 & ?is art ( keep+ ev5 inquisitive m5 f true k1 ha? be5 propagat$ 9 ! _w1 & ha? mu* p]plex$1 :il/ x pret5d$ to in=m ! und]/&+4 ,= we see t o!r well-mean+ & wise m51 ^: education & p>ts _h n acquir$ t ,,acut5ess1 c\ld intelligibly express !mselves to "o ano!r2 & 9 its pla9 use make a b5efit ( language4 ,b ?\gh unle>n$ m5 well en\gh und]/ood ! words :ite & black2 c41 & _h con/ant notions ( ! ideas signifi$ by ^? words2 yet !re 7 philosoph]s f\nd :o _h le>n+ & subtlety en\gh to prove t sn[ 0 black2 i4e4 to prove t :ite 0 black4 ,:]eby !y _h ! advantage to de/roy ! in/rum5ts & means ( disc\rse1 conv]sation1 in/ruction1 & society2 :il/1 ) great art & subtlety1 !y did no m b p]plex & conf\nd ! signification ( words1 & !reby r5d] language less useful ?an ! real defects ( x _h made x2 a gift :i* ! illit]ate _h n atta9$ to4 #aa4 ,z useful z to conf\nd ! s\nd t ! ,lett]s ( ! ,alphabet /& =4 ,^! le>n$ m5 did equally in/ruct m5's und]/&+s1 & pr(it _! lives1 z he :o %\ld alt] ! signification ( kn[n *>act]s1 &1 by a subtle device ( le>n+1 f> surpass+ ! capacity ( ! illit]ate1 dull1 & vulg>1 %\ld 9 8 writ+ %[ t he c\ld put ,a = ,b1 & ,d = ,e1 c41 to ! no small admiration & b5efit ( = 8 read]4 ,x be+ z s5seless to put ,,black1 :i* is a ^w agre$ on to /& = "o s5sible idea1 to put x1 ,i say1 = ano!r1 or ! contr>y idea2 i4e4 to call ,,sn[ ,,black1 z to put ?is m>k ,a1 :i* is a "* agre$ on to /& = "o modification ( s\nd1 made by a c]ta9 motion ( ! organs ( spee*1 = ,b1 :i* is agre$ on to /& = ano!r modification ( s\nd1 made by ano!r c]ta9 mode ( ! organs ( spee*4 #ab4 ,?is ,art has p]plex$ ,religion & ,ju/ice4 ,nor ha? ?is mis*ief /opp$ 9 logical niceties1 or curi\s empty speculations2 x ha? invad$ ! great conc]nm5ts ( human life & society2 obscur$ & p]plex$ ! mat]ial tru?s ( law & div9ity2 br\ght confusion1 disord]1 & unc]ta9ty into ! affairs ( mank9d2 & if n de/roy$1 yet 9 a great measure r5d]$ useless1 ^! two great rules1 religion & ju/ice4 ,:at h ! greate/ "p ( ! comm5ts & disputes ^u ! laws ( ,god & man s]v$ =1 b to make ! mean+ m d\btful1 & p]plex ! s5se8 ,:at h be5 ! effect ( ^? multipli$ curi\s di/9ctions1 & acute niceties1 b obscurity & unc]ta9ty1 leav+ ! words m un9telligible1 & ! read] m at a loss8 ,h[ else comes x to pass t pr9ces1 speak+ or writ+ to _! s]vants1 9 _! ord9>y comm&s are easily und]/ood2 speak+ to _! p1 9 _! laws1 are n s8 ,&1 z ,i rem>k$ be=e1 do? x n (t5 happ5 t a man ( an ord9>y capacity v well und]/&s a text1 or a law1 t he reads1 till he consults an expositor1 or goes to c\nsel2 :o1 by t "t he ha? done expla9+ !m1 makes ! words signify ei!r no?+ at all1 or :at he pleases4 #ac4 & ought n to pass = ,le>n+4 ,:e!r any by-int]e/s ( ^! pr(essions h occasion$ ?is1 ,i w n "h exam9e2 b ,i leave x to be consid]$1 :e!r x w\ld n be well = mank9d1 ^: conc]nm5t x is to "k ?+s z !y are1 & to d :at !y ought1 & n to sp5d _! lives 9 talk+ ab\t !m1 or toss+ words to & fro2--:e!r x w\ld n be well1 ,i say1 t ! use ( words 7 made pla9 & direct2 & t language1 :i* 0 giv5 u = ! improvem5t ( k & bond ( society1 %\ld n be employ$ to d>k5 tru? & unsettle p's rights2 to raise mi/s1 & r5d] un9telligible bo? morality & religion8 ,or t at lea/1 if ?is w happ51 x %\ld n be ?\ght le>n+ or k to d s8 #ad4 ,,iv4 ,f\r?ly1 by tak+ ,words = ,?+s4 ,,f\r?ly1 ,ano!r great abuse ( words is1 ! ,,tak+ ,,!m ,,= ,,?+s4 ,?is1 ?\gh x 9 "s degree conc]ns all names 9 g5]al1 yet m p>ticul>ly affects ^? ( sub/ances4 ,to ?is abuse ^? m5 are mo/ subject :o mo/ conf9e _! ?\ghts to any "o sy/em1 & give !mselves up into a firm belief ( ! p]fection ( any receiv$ hypo!sis3 :]eby !y come to be p]suad$ t ! t]ms ( t sect are s suit$ to ! nature ( ?+s1 t !y p]fectly correspond ) _! real exi/5ce4 ,:o is !re t has be5 br$ up 9 ! ,p]ipatetick philosophy1 :o does n ?9k ! ,t5 ,names1 "u :i* are rank$ ! ,t5 ,pr$icam5ts1 to be exactly con=mable to ! nature ( ?+s8 ,:o is !re ( t s*ool t is n p]suad$ t ,,sub/antial ,,=ms1 ,,vegetative ,,s\ls1 ,,abhorr5ce ,,( ,a ,,vacuum1 ,,int5tional ,,species1 c41 are some?+ real8 ,^! words m5 h le>n$ f _! v entrance ^u k1 & h f\nd _! ma/]s & sy/ems lay great /ress ^u !m3 & !re=e !y _c quit ! op9ion1 t !y are con=mable to nature1 & are ! repres5tations ( some?+ t really exi/s4 ,! ,platoni/s h _! ,,s\l ,,( ,,! ,,_w1 & ! ,epicureans _! ,,endeavor ,,t[>ds ,,motion 9 _! atoms :5 at re/4 ,!re is sc>ce any sect 9 philosophy has n a di/9ct set ( t]ms t o!rs und]/& n4 ,b yet ?is gibb]i%1 :i*1 9 ! weakness ( human und]/&+1 s]ves s well to palliate m5's ignorance1 & cov] _! errors1 comes1 by famili> use among/ ^? ( ! same tribe1 to seem ! mo/ important "p ( language1 & ( all o!r ! t]ms ! mo/ significant3 & %\ld ,,a]ial & ,,oe!rial ,,vehicles come once1 by ! preval5cy ( t doctr9e1 to be g5]ally receiv$ any:]e1 no d\bt ^? t]ms w\ld make impressions on m5's m9ds1 s z to e/abli% !m 9 ! p]suasion ( ! reality ( su* ?+s1 z mu* z ,p]ipatetick ,,=ms & ,,int5tional ,,species h h]et(ore done4 #ae4 ,in/ance1 9 ,matt]4 ,h[ mu* names tak5 = ?+s are apt to mislead ! und]/&+1 ! att5tive read+ ( philosophical writ]s w\ld abundantly discov]2 & t p]haps 9 words little suspect$ ( any su* misuse4 ,i %all in/ance 9 "o only1 & t a v famili> "o4 ,h[ _m intricate disputes h !re be5 ab\t ,,matt]1 z if !re 7 "s su* ?+ really 9 nature1 di/9ct f ,,body2 z x is evid5t ! ^w matt] /&s = an idea di/9ct f ! idea ( body8 ,= if ! ideas ^! two t]ms /ood = 7 precisely ! same1 !y might indiff]5tly 9 all places be put = "o ano!r4 ,b we see t ?\gh x be prop] to say1 ,!re is "o matt] ( all bodies1 "o _c say1 ,!re is "o body ( all matt]s3 we famili>ly say "o body is bigg] ?an ano!r2 b x s\nds h>% 7& ,i ?9k is nev] us$7 to say "o matt] is bigg] ?an ano!r4 ,:5ce comes ?is1 !n8 ,viz4 f h5ce3 t1 ?\gh matt] & body be n really di/9ct1 b :]ev] !re is ! "o !re is ! o!r2 yet matt] & body /& = two diff]5t conceptions1 :]e( ! "o is incomplete1 & b a "p ( ! o!r4 ,= body /&s = a solid ext5d$ figur$ sub/ance1 :]e( matt] is b a p>tial & m confus$ conception2 x seem+ to me to be us$ = ! sub/ance & solidity ( body1 )\t tak+ 9 its ext5sion & figure3 & !re=e x is t1 speak+ ( matt]1 we speak ( x always z "o1 because 9 tru? x expressly conta9s no?+ b ! idea ( a solid sub/ance1 :i* is ev]y:]e ! same1 ev]y:]e uni=m4 ,?is be+ our idea ( matt]1 we no m conceive or speak ( diff]5t ,,matt]s 9 ! _w ?an we d ( diff]5t solidities2 ?\gh we bo? conceive & speak ( diff]5t bodies1 because ext5sion & figure are capable ( v>iation4 ,b1 s9ce solidity _c exi/ )\t ext5sion & figure1 ! tak+ matt] to be ! "n ( some?+ really exi/+ "u t precision1 has no d\bt produc$ ^? obscure & un9telligible disc\rses & disputes1 :i* h fill$ ! heads & books ( philosoph]s conc]n+ mat]ia prima2 :i* imp]fection or abuse1 h[ f> x may conc]n a great _m o!r g5]al t]ms ,i leave to be consid]$4 ,?is1 ,i ?9k1 ,i may at lea/ say1 t we %\ld h a great _m few] disputes 9 ! _w1 if words 7 tak5 = :at !y are1 ! signs ( our ideas only2 & n = ?+s !mselves4 ,=1 :5 we argue ab\t ,,matt]1 or any ! l t]m1 we truly argue only ab\t ! idea we express by t s\nd1 :e!r t precise idea agree to any?+ really exi/+ 9 nature or no4 ,& if m5 w\ld tell :at ideas !y make _! words /& =1 !re c\ld n be half t obscurity or wrangl+ 9 ! se>* or support ( tru? t !re is4 #af4 ,?is makes ,errors la/+4 ,b :atev] inconv5i5ce foll[s f ?is mi/ake ( words1 ?is ,i am sure1 t1 by con/ant & famili> use1 !y *>m m5 into notions f> remote f ! tru? ( ?+s4 ,x w\ld be a h>d matt] to p]suade any "o t ! words :i* 8 fa!r1 or s*oolma/]1 ! p>son ( ! p>i%1 or su* a rev]5d doctor us$1 signifi$ no?+ t really exi/$ 9 nature3 :i* p]haps is none ( ! lea/ causes t m5 are s h>dly drawn to quit _! mi/akes1 ev5 9 op9ions purely philosophical1 & :]e !y h no o!r int]e/ b tru?4 ,= ! words !y h a long "t be5 us$ to1 rema9+ firm 9 _! m9ds1 x is no wond] t ! wrong notions annex$ to !m %\ld n be remov$4 #ag4 ,fif?ly1 by sett+ !m 9 ! place ( :at !y _c signify4 ,v4 ,,fif?ly1 ,ano!r abuse ( words is1 ,,! ,,sett+ ,,!m ,,9 ,,! ,,place ,,( ,,?+s ,,:i* ,,!y ,,d ,,or ,,c ,,by ,,no ,,means ,,signify4 ,we may obs]ve t1 9 ! g5]al names ( sub/ances1 :]e( ! ,,nom9al ess5ces are only kn[n to u1 :5 we put !m into propositions1 & affirm or d5y any?+ ab\t !m1 we d mo/ commonly tacitly suppose or int5d1 !y %\ld /& = ! ,,real ess5ce ( a c]ta9 sort ( sub/ances4 ,=1 :5 a man says gold is malleable1 he means & w\ld ins9uate some?+ m ?an ?is1 ,t :at ,i call gold is malleable1 7?\gh truly x am\nts to no m17 b w\ld h ?is und]/ood1 viz4 ,t gold1 i4e4 :at has ! real ess5ce ( gold1 is malleable2 :i* am\nts to ?us mu*1 t malleabl5ess dep5ds on1 & is insep>able f ! real ess5ce ( gold4 ,b a man1 n kn[+ :]e9 t real ess5ce consi/s1 ! connexion 9 8 m9d ( malleabl5ess is n truly ) an ess5ce he kn[s n1 b only ) ! s\nd gold he puts = x4 ,?us1 :5 we say t ,,animal ,,rationale is1 & animal imflume bipes latis unguibus is n a good def9ition ( a man2 x is pla9 we suppose ! "n man 9 ?is case to /& = ! real ess5ce ( a species1 & w\ld signify t 'a rational animal' bett] describ$ t real ess5ce ?an 'a two-legg$ animal ) broad nails1 & )\t fea!rs4' ,= else1 :y might n ,plato z prop]ly make ! ^w ^w 9 ,greek1 or ,,man1 /& = 8 complex idea1 made up ( ! idea ( a body1 di/+ui%$ f o!rs by a c]ta9 %ape & o!r outw>d appe>ances1 z ,ari/otle make ! complex idea to :i* he gave ! "n ^w 9 ,greek1 or ,,man1 ( body & ! faculty ( reason+ jo9$ toge!r2 unless ! "n ^w 9 ,greek1 or ,,man1 7 suppos$ to /& = some?+ else ?an :at x signifies2 & to be put 9 ! place ( "s o!r ?+ ?an ! idea a man pr(esses he w\ld express by x8 #ah4 ,,vi4 ,putt+ !m = ! real ,ess5ces ( ,sub/ances4 ,x is true ! names ( sub/ances w\ld be mu* m useful1 & propositions made 9 !m mu* m c]ta91 7 ! real ess5ces ( sub/ances ! ideas 9 our m9ds :i* ^? words signifi$4 ,& x is = want ( ^? real ess5ces t our words convey s little k or c]ta9ty 9 our disc\rses ab\t !m2 & !re=e ! m9d1 to remove t imp]fection z mu* z x c1 makes !m1 by a secret supposition1 to /& = a ?+ hav+ t real ess5ce1 z if !reby x made "s ne>] approa*es to x4 ,=1 ?\gh ! ^w ,,man or ,,gold signify no?+ truly b a complex idea ( prop]ties unit$ toge!r 9 "o sort ( sub/ances2 yet !re is sc>ce anybody1 9 ! use ( ^! words1 b (t5 supposes ea* ( ^? names to /& = a ?+ hav+ ! real ess5ce on :i* ^! prop]ties dep5d4 ,:i* is s f> f dim9i%+ ! imp]fection ( our words1 t by a pla9 abuse x adds to x1 :5 we w\ld make !m /& = some?+1 :i*1 n be+ 9 our complex idea1 ! "n we use c no ways be ! sign (4 #ai4 ,h5ce we ?9k ,*ange ( our ,complex ,ideas ( ,sub/ances n to *ange _! ,species4 ,?is %[s u ! reason :y 9 ,,mix$ ,,modes any ( ! ideas t make ! composition ( ! complex "o be+ left out or *ang$1 x is all[$ to be ano!r ?+1 i4e4 to be ( ano!r species1 z is pla9 9 ,,*ance-,,m$ley1 ,,manslaught]1 ,,murd]1 ,,p>ricide1 c4 ,! reason :]e( is1 because ! complex idea signifi$ by t "n is ! real z well z nom9al ess5ce2 & !re is no secret ref]5ce ( t "n to any o!r ess5ce b t4 ,b 9 ,,sub/ances1 x is n s4 ,= ?\gh 9 t call$ ,,gold1 "o puts into 8 complex idea :at ano!r leaves out1 & vice v]sa3 yet m5 d n usually ?9k t !re=e ! species is *ang$3 because !y secretly 9 _! m9ds ref] t "n1 & suppose x annex$ to a real immutable ess5ce ( a ?+ exi/+1 on :i* ^? prop]ties dep5d4 ,he t adds to 8 complex idea ( gold t ( fix$ness & solubility 9 ,,aqua ,,regia1 :i* he put n 9 x be=e1 is n ?\ght to h *ang$ ! species2 b only to h a m p]fect idea1 by add+ ano!r simple idea1 :i* is always 9 fact jo9$ ) ^? o!r1 ( :i* 8 =m] complex idea consi/$4 ,b ?is ref]5ce ( ! "n to a ?+1 :]e( we h n ! idea1 is s f> f help+ at all1 t x only s]ves ! m to involve u 9 difficulties4 ,= by ?is tacit ref]5ce to ! real ess5ce ( t species ( bodies1 ! ^w ,,gold 7:i*1 by /&+ = a m or less p]fect collection ( simple ideas1 s]ves to design t sort ( body well en\gh 9 civil disc\rse7 comes to h no signification at all1 be+ put = some:at :]e( we h no idea at all1 & s c signify no?+ at all1 :5 ! body itself is away4 ,= h[ev] x may be ?\ght all "o1 yet1 if well consid]$1 x w be f\nd a q diff]5t ?+1 to argue ab\t gold 9 "n1 & ab\t a p>cel 9 ! body itself1 v4g4 a piece ( leaf-gold laid be=e u2 ?\gh 9 disc\rse we are fa9 to sub/itute ! "n = ! ?+4 #bj4 ,! ,cause ( ?is ,abuse1 a supposition ( ,nature's work+ always regul>ly1 9 sett+ b\nd>ies to ,species4 ,t :i* ,i ?9k v mu* disposes m5 to sub/itute _! names = ! real ess5ces ( species1 is ! supposition be=e m5tion$1 t nature works regul>ly 9 ! production ( ?+s1 & sets ! b\nd>ies to ea* ( ^? species1 by giv+ exactly ! same real int]nal con/itution to ea* individual :i* we rank "u "o g5]al "n4 ,:]eas any "o :o obs]ves _! diff]5t qualities c h>dly d\bt1 t _m ( ! individuals1 call$ by ! same "n1 are1 9 _! int]nal con/itution1 z diff]5t "o f ano!r z sev]al ( ^? :i* are rank$ "u diff]5t specific names4 ,?is supposition1 h[ev]1 t ! same precise & int]nal con/itution goes always ) ! same specific "n1 makes m5 =w>d to take ^? names = ! repres5tatives ( ^? real ess5ces2 ?\gh inde$ !y signify no?+ b ! complex ideas !y h 9 _! m9ds :5 !y use !m4 ,s t1 if ,i may s say1 signify+ "o ?+1 & be+ suppos$ =1 or put 9 ! place ( ano!r1 !y _c b1 9 su* a k9d ( use1 cause a great deal ( unc]ta9ty 9 m5's disc\rses2 especially 9 ^? :o h ?or\ghly imbib$ ! doctr9e ( ,,sub/antial ,,=ms1 :]eby !y firmly imag9e ! sev]al species ( ?+s to be det]m9$ & di/+ui%$4 #ba4 ,?is ,abuse conta9s two false ,suppositions4 ,b h[ev] prepo/]\s & absurd x be to make our names /& = ideas we h n1 or 7:i* is all "o7 ess5ces t we "k n1 x be+ 9 effect to make our words ! signs ( no?+2 yet x is evid5t to any "o :o ev] s little reflects on ! use m5 make ( _! words1 t !re is no?+ m famili>4 ,:5 a man asks :e!r ?is or t ?+ he sees1 let x be a drill1 or a mon/r\s foetus1 be a ,,man or no2 x is evid5t ! "q is n1 ,:e!r t p>ticul> ?+ agree to 8 complex idea express$ by ! "n man3 b :e!r x has 9 x ! real ess5ce ( a species ( ?+s :i* he supposes 8 "n man to /& =4 ,9 :i* way ( us+ ! names ( sub/ances1 !re are ^! false suppositions conta9$3-- ,fir/1 t !re are c]ta9 precise ess5ces accord+ to :i* nature makes all p>ticul> ?+s1 & by :i* !y are di/+ui%$ into species4 ,t ev]y?+ has a real con/itution1 :]eby x is :at x is1 & on :i* its s5sible qualities dep5d1 is pa/ d\bt3 b ,i ?9k x has be5 prov$ t ?is makes n ! di/9ction ( species z ,,we rank !m1 nor ! b\nd>ies ( _! names4 ,secondly1 ?is tacitly also ins9uates1 z if we _h ,,ideas ( ^! propos$ ess5ces4 ,= to :at purpose else is x1 to inquire :e!r ?is or t ?+ h ! real ess5ce ( ! species man1 if we did n suppose t !re 7 su* a specifick ess5ce kn[n8 ,:i* yet is utt]ly false4 ,& !re=e su* application ( names z w\ld make !m /& = ideas :i* we h n1 mu/ ne$s cause great disord] 9 disc\rses & reason+s ab\t !m1 & be a great inconv5i5ce 9 our communication by words4 #bb4 ,,vi4 ,six?ly1 by proce$+ ^u ! supposition t ! words we use h a c]ta9 & evid5t ,signification :i* o!r m5 _c b und]/&4 ,,six?ly1 !re rema9s yet ano!r m g5]al1 ?\gh p]haps less obs]v$1 abuse ( words2 & t is1 t m5 hav+ by a long & famili> use annex$ to !m c]ta9 ideas1 !y are apt to imag9e ,,s ,,ne> ,,& ,,necess>y ,a ,,connexion ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,names ,,& ,,signification ,,!y ,,use ,,!m ,,91 t !y =w>dly suppose "o _c b und]/& :at _! mean+ is2 & !re=e "o ought to acquiesce 9 ! words deliv]$1 z if x 7 pa/ d\bt t1 9 ! use ( ^? common receiv$ s\nds1 ! speak] & he>] _h necess>ily ! same precise ideas4 ,:5ce presum+1 t :5 !y h 9 disc\rse us$ any t]m1 !y h !reby1 z x 71 set be=e o!rs ! v ?+ !y talk$ (4 ,& s likewise tak+ ! words ( o!rs1 z naturally /&+ = j :at !y !mselves h be5 accu/om$ to apply !m to1 !y nev] tr\ble !mselves to expla9 _! own1 or und]/& cle>ly o!rs' mean+4 ,f :5ce commonly proce$s noise1 & wrangl+1 )\t improvem5t or in=mation2 :il/ m5 take words to be ! con/ant regul> m>ks ( agre$ notions1 :i* 9 tru? are no m b ! volunt>y & un/eady signs ( _! own ideas4 ,& yet m5 ?9k x /range1 if 9 disc\rse1 or 7:]e x is (t5 absolutely necess>y7 9 dispute1 "o sometimes asks ! mean+ ( _! t]ms3 ?\gh ! argu+s "o may e day obs]ve 9 conv]sation make x evid5t1 t !re are few names ( complex ideas :i* any two m5 use = ! same j precise collection4 ,x is h>d to "n a ^w :i* w n be a cle> in/ance ( ?is4 ,,life is a t]m1 none m famili>4 ,any "o almo/ w\ld take x = an affront to be ask$ :at he meant by x4 ,& yet if x comes 9 "q1 :e!r a plant t lies ready =m$ 9 ! se$ h life2 :e!r ! embryo 9 an egg be=e incubation1 or a man 9 a swoon )\t s5se or motion1 be alive or no2 x is easy to p]ceive t a cle>1 di/9ct1 settl$ idea does n always accompany ! use ( s kn[n a ^w z t ( life is4 ,"s gross & confus$ conceptions m5 inde$ ord9>ily h1 to :i* !y apply ! common words ( _! language2 & su* a loose use ( _! words s]ves !m well en\gh 9 _! ord9>y disc\rses or affairs4 ,b ?is is n suffici5t = philosophical inquiries4 ,k & reason+ require precise det]m9ate ideas4 ,& ?\gh m5 w n be s importunately dull z n to und]/& :at o!rs say1 )\t dem&+ an explication ( _! t]ms2 nor s tr\blesomely critical z to correct o!rs 9 ! use ( ! words !y receive f !m3 yet1 :]e tru? & k are conc]n$ 9 ! case1 ,i "k n :at fault x c be1 to desire ! explication ( words ^: s5se seems dubi\s2 or :y a man %\ld be a%am$ to own 8 ignorance 9 :at s5se ano!r man uses 8 words2 s9ce he has no o!r way ( c]ta9ly kn[+ x b by be+ in=m$4 ,?is abuse ( tak+ words ^u tru/ has n[h]e spread s f>1 nor ) s ill effects1 z among/ m5 ( lett]s4 ,! multiplication & ob/9acy ( disputes1 :i* h s laid wa/e ! intellectual _w1 is ow+ to no?+ m ?an to ?is ill use ( words4 ,= ?\gh x be g5]ally believ$ t !re is great div]sity ( op9ions 9 ! volumes & v>iety ( controv]sies ! _w is di/ract$ )2 yet ! mo/ ,i c f9d t ! cont5d+ le>n$ m5 ( diff]5t p>ties d1 9 _! argu+s "o ) ano!r1 is1 t !y speak diff]5t languages4 ,= ,i am apt to imag9e1 t :5 any ( !m1 quitt+ t]ms1 ?9k ^u ?+s1 & "k :at !y ?9k1 !y ?9k all ! same3 ?\gh p]haps :at !y w\ld h be diff]5t4 #bc4 ,! ,ends ( ,language3 ,fir/1 ,to convey our ,ideas4 ,to conclude ?is consid]ation ( ! imp]fection & abuse ( language4 ,! ends ( language 9 our disc\rse ) o!rs be+ *iefly ^! ?ree3 ,fir/1 to make kn[n "o man's ?\ghts or ideas to ano!r2 ,secondly1 to d s ) z mu* ease & quickness z possible2 &1 ,?irdly1 !reby to convey ! k ( ?+s3 language is ei!r abus$ or defici5t1 :5 x fails ( any ( ^! ?ree4 ,fir/1 ,words fail 9 ! fir/ ( ^! ends1 & lay n op5 "o man's ideas to ano!r's view3 #a4 ,:5 m5 h names 9 _! m\?s )\t any det]m9ate ideas 9 _! m9ds :]e( !y are ! signs3 or1 #b4 ,:5 !y apply ! common receiv$ names ( any language to ideas1 to :i* ! common use ( t language does n apply !m3 or #c4 ,:5 !y apply !m v un/eadily1 mak+ !m /& n[ = "o1 & by & by = ano!r idea4 #bd4 ,secondly1 ,to d x ) ,quickness4 ,secondly1 ,m5 fail ( convey+ _! ?\ghts ) ! quickness & ease t may be1 :5 !y h complex ideas )\t hav+ any di/9ct names = !m4 ,?is is sometimes ! fault ( ! language itself1 :i* has n 9 x a s\nd yet appli$ to su* a signification2 & sometimes ! fault ( ! man1 :o has n yet le>n$ ! "n = t idea he w\ld %[ ano!r4 #be4 ,?irdly1 ,!re) to convey ! ,k ( ,?+s4 ,?irdly1 !re is no k ( ?+s convey$ by m5's words1 :5 _! ideas agree n to ! reality ( ?+s4 ,?\gh x be a defect t has its orig9al 9 our ideas1 :i* are n s con=mable to ! nature ( ?+s z att5tion1 /udy & application might make !m1 yet x fails n to ext5d itself to our words too1 :5 we use !m z signs ( real be+s1 :i* yet nev] _h any reality or exi/5ce4 #bf4 ,h[ ,m5's ,words fail 9 all ^!3 ,fir/1 :5 us$ )\t any ideas4 ,fir/1 ,he t ha? words ( any language1 )\t di/9ct ideas 9 8 m9d to :i* he applies !m1 does1 s f> z he uses !m 9 disc\rse1 only make a noise )\t any s5se or signification2 & h[ le>n$ soev] he may seem1 by ! use ( h>d words or le>n$ t]ms1 is n mu* m advanc$ !reby 9 k1 ?an he w\ld be 9 le>n+1 :o _h no?+ 9 8 /udy b ! b>e titles ( books1 )\t possess+ ! cont5ts ( !m4 ,= all su* words1 h[ev] put into disc\rse1 accord+ to ! "r con/ruction ( grammatical rules1 or ! h>mony ( well-turn$ p]iods1 d yet am\nt to no?+ b b>e s\nds1 & no?+ else4 #bg4 ,secondly1 :5 complex ideas are )\t names annex$ to !m4 ,secondly1 ,he t has complex ideas1 )\t p>ticul> names = !m1 w\ld be 9 no bett] case ?an a booksell]1 :o _h 9 8 w>eh\se volumes t lay !re unb\nd1 & )\t titles1 :i* he c\ld !re=e make kn[n to o!rs only by %[+ ! loose %eets1 & communicate !m only by tale4 ,?is man is h9d]$ 9 8 disc\rse1 = want ( words to communicate 8 complex ideas1 :i* he is !re=e =c$ to make kn[n by an enum]ation ( ! simple ones t compose !m2 & s is fa9 (t5 to use tw5ty words1 to express :at ano!r man signifies 9 "o4 #bh4 ,?irdly1 :5 ! same sign is n put = ! same idea4 ,?irdly1 ,he t puts n con/antly ! same sign = ! same idea1 b uses ! same ^w sometimes 9 "o & sometimes 9 ano!r signification1 ought to pass 9 ! s*ools & conv]sation = z fair a man1 z he does 9 ! m>ket & ex*ange1 :o sells sev]al ?+s "u ! same "n4 #bi4 ,f\r?ly1 :5 words are div]t$ f _! common use4 ,f\r?ly1 ,he t applies ! words ( any language to ideas diff]5t f ^? to :i* ! common use ( t c\ntry applies !m1 h[ev] 8 own und]/&+ may be fill$ ) tru? & light1 w n by su* words be able to convey mu* ( x to o!rs1 )\t def9+ 8 t]ms4 ,= h[ev] ! s\nds are su* z are famili>ly kn[n1 & easily ent] ! e>s ( ^? :o are accu/om$ to !m2 yet /&+ = o!r ideas ?an ^? !y usually are annex$ to1 & are wont to excite 9 ! m9d ( ! he>]s1 !y _c make kn[n ! ?\ghts ( him :o ?us uses !m4 #cj4 ,fif?ly1 :5 !y are names ( fanta/ical imag9ations4 ,fif?ly1 ,he t imag9$ to himself sub/ances su* z nev] h be51 & fill$ 8 head ) ideas :i* h n any correspond5ce ) ! real nature ( ?+s1 to :i* yet he gives settl$ & def9$ names1 may fill 8 disc\rse1 & p]haps ano!r man's head1 ) ! fanta/ical imag9ations ( 8 own bra91 b w be v f> f advanc+ !reby "o jot 9 real & true k4 #ca4 ,summ>y4 ,he t ha? names )\t ideas1 wants mean+ 9 8 words1 & speaks only empty s\nds4 ,he t ha? complex ideas )\t names = !m1 wants lib]ty & dispat* 9 8 expressions1 & is necessitat$ to use p]iphrases4 ,he t uses 8 words loosely & un/eadily w ei!r be n m9d$ or n und]/ood4 ,he t applies 8 names to ideas diff]5t f _! common use1 wants propriety 9 8 language1 & speaks gibb]i%4 ,& he t ha? ! ideas ( sub/ances disagree+ ) ! real exi/5ce ( ?+s1 s f> wants ! mat]ials ( true k 9 8 und]/&+1 & ha? in/ead !re( *im]as4 #cb4 ,h[ m5's words fail :5 !y /& = ,sub/ances4 ,9 our notions conc]n+ ,sub/ances1 we are liable to all ! =m] inconv5i5ces3 v4 g4 he t uses ! ^w ,,t>antula1 )\t hav+ any imag9ation or idea ( :at x /&s =1 pron\nces a good ^w2 b s long means no?+ at all by x4 #b4 ,he t1 9 a newly-discov]$ c\ntry1 %all see sev]al sorts ( animals & vegetables1 unkn[n to him be=e1 may h z true ideas ( !m1 z ( a horse or a /ag2 b c speak ( !m only by a description1 till he %all ei!r take ! names ! natives call !m by1 or give !m names himself4 #c4 ,he t uses ! ^w ,,body sometimes = pure ext5sion1 & sometimes = ext5sion & solidity toge!r1 w talk v fallaci\sly4 #d4 ,he t gives ! "n ,,horse to t idea :i* common usage calls ,,mule1 talks improp]ly1 & w n be und]/ood4 #e4 ,he t ?9ks ! "n ,,c5taur /&s = "s real be+1 imposes on himself1 & mi/akes words = ?+s4 #cc4 ,h[ :5 !y /& = ,modes & ,relations4 ,9 ,modes & ,relations g5]ally1 we are liable only to ! f\r fir/ ( ^! inconv5i5ces2 viz4 #a4 ,i may h 9 my memory ! names ( modes1 z ,,gratitude or ,,*>ity1 & yet n h any precise ideas annex$ 9 my ?\ghts to ^? names1 #b4 ,i may h ideas1 & n "k ! names t belong to !m3 v4 g4 ,i may h ! idea ( a man's dr9k+ till 8 col\r & hum\r be alt]$1 till 8 tongue trips1 & 8 eyes look r$1 & 8 feet fail him2 & yet n "k t x is to be call$ ,,drunk5ness4 #c4 ,i may h ! ideas ( virtues or vices1 & names also1 b apply !m amiss3 v4 g4 :5 ,i apply ! "n ,,frugality to t idea :i* o!rs call & signify by ?is s\nd1 ,,covet\sness4 #d4 ,i may use any ( ^? names ) incon/ancy4 #e4 ,b1 9 modes & relations1 ,i _c h ideas disagree+ to ! exi/5ce ( ?+s3 = modes be+ complex ideas1 made by ! m9d at pleasure1 & relation be+ b by way ( consid]+ or comp>+ two ?+s toge!r1 & s also an idea ( my own mak+1 ^! ideas c sc>ce be f\nd to disagree ) any?+ exi/+2 s9ce !y are n 9 ! m9d z ! copies ( ?+s regul>ly made by nature1 nor z prop]ties insep>ably fl[+ f ! int]nal con/itution or ess5ce ( any sub/ance2 b1 z x 71 patt]ns lodg$ 9 my memory1 ) names annex$ to !m1 to d5om9ate actions & relations by1 z !y come to exi/4 ,b ! mi/ake is commonly 9 my giv+ a wrong "n to my conceptions2 & s us+ words 9 a diff]5t s5se f o!r p3 ,i am n und]/ood1 b am ?\ght to h wrong ideas ( !m1 :5 ,i give wrong names to !m4 ,only if ,i put 9 my ideas ( mix$ modes or relations any inconsi/5t ideas toge!r1 ,i fill my head also ) *im]as2 s9ce su* ideas1 if well exam9$1 _c s mu* z exi/ 9 ! m9d1 mu* less any real be+ ev] be d5om9at$ f !m4 #cd4 ,sev5?ly1 ,language is (t5 abus$ by ,figurative ,spee*4 ,s9ce wit & fancy f9d easi] ent]ta9m5t 9 ! _w ?an dry tru? & real k1 figurative spee*es & allusion 9 language w h>dly be admitt$ z an imp]fection or abuse ( x4 ,i confess1 9 disc\rses :]e we seek r pleasure & delight ?an in=mation & improvem5t1 su* ornam5ts z are borr[$ f !m c sc>ce pass = faults4 ,b yet if we w\ld speak ( ?+s z !y are1 we mu/ all[ t all ! art ( rhetoric1 besides ord] & cle>ness2 all ! artificial & figurative application ( words eloqu5ce ha? inv5t$1 are = no?+ else b to ins9uate wrong ideas1 move ! passions1 & !reby mislead ! judgm5t2 & s inde$ are p]fect *eats3 & !re=e1 h[ev] laudable or all[able oratory may r5d] !m 9 h>angues & popul> addresses1 !y are c]ta9ly1 9 all disc\rses t pret5d to in=m or in/ruct1 :olly to be avoid$2 & :]e tru? & k are conc]n$1 _c b be ?\ght a great fault1 ei!r ( ! language or p]son t makes use ( !m4 ,:at & h[ v>i\s !y are1 w be sup]flu\s "h to take notice2 ! books ( rhetoric :i* ab\nd 9 ! _w1 w in/ruct ^? :o want to be in=m$3 only ,i _c b obs]ve h[ little ! pres]vation & improvem5t ( tru? & k is ! c>e & conc]n ( mank9d2 s9ce ! arts ( fallacy are end[$ & pref]r$4 ,x is evid5t h[ mu* m5 love to deceive & be deceiv$1 s9ce rhetoric1 t p[]ful in/rum5t ( error & deceit1 has its e/abli%$ pr(essors1 is publicly taught1 & has always be5 _h 9 great reputation3 & ,i d\bt n b x w be ?\ght great boldness1 if n brutality1 9 me to h said ?us mu* aga9/ x4 ,eloqu5ce1 l ! fair sex1 has too prevail+ beauties 9 x to suff] itself ev] to be spok5 aga9/4 ,& x is 9 va9 to f9d fault ) ^? arts ( deceiv+1 :]e9 m5 f9d pleasure to be deceiv$4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,( ,,! ,,rem$ies ,,( ,,! ,,=ego+ ,,imp]fections ,,& ,,abuses ,,( ,,words4 #a4 ,rem$ies are wor? seek+4 ,! natural & improv$ imp]fections ( languages we h se5 above at l>ge3 & spee* be+ ! great bond t holds society toge!r1 & ! common conduit1 :]eby ! improvem5ts ( k are convey$ f "o man & "o g5]ation to ano!r1 x w\ld well des]ve our mo/ s]i\s ?\ghts to consid]1 :at rem$ies are to be f\nd = ! inconv5i5ces above m5tion$4 #b4 ,are n easy to f9d4 ,i am n s va9 z to ?9k t any "o c pret5d to attempt ! p]fect re=m+ ! languages ( ! _w1 no n s mu* z ( 8 own c\ntry1 )\t r5d]+ himself ridicul\s4 ,to require t m5 %\ld use _! words con/antly 9 ! same s5se1 & = none b det]m9$ & uni=m ideas1 w\ld be to ?9k t all m5 %\ld h ! same notions1 & %\ld talk ( no?+ b :at !y h cle> & di/9ct ideas (3 :i* is n to be expect$ by any "o :o ha? n vanity en\gh to imag9e he c prevail ) m5 to be v kn[+ or v sil5t4 ,& he mu/ be v little skill$ 9 ! _w1 :o ?9ks t a voluble tongue %all accompany only a good und]/&+2 or t m5's talk+ mu* or little %\ld hold proportion only to _! k4 #c4 ,b yet necess>y to ^? :o se>* aft] ,tru?4 ,b ?\gh ! m>ket & ex*ange mu/ be left to _! own ways ( talk+1 & gossip+s n be robb$ ( _! anci5t privilege3 ?\gh ! s*ools1 & m5 ( argum5t w\ld p]haps take x amiss to h any?+ (f]$1 to abate ! l5g? or less5 ! numb] ( _! disputes2 yet me?9ks ^? :o pret5d s]i\sly to se>* aft] or ma9ta9 tru?1 %\ld ?9k !mselves oblig$ to /udy h[ !y might deliv] !mselves )\t obscurity1 d\btfulness1 or equivocation1 to :i* m5's words are naturally liable1 if c>e be n tak54 #d4 ,misuse ( ,words ! great ,cause ( ,errors4 ,= he t %all well consid] ! errors & obscurity1 ! mi/akes & confusion1 t are spread 9 ! _w by an ill use ( words1 w f9d "s reason to d\bt :e!r language1 z x has be5 employ$1 has contribut$ m to ! improvem5t or h9drance ( k among/ mank9d4 ,h[ _m are !re1 t1 :5 !y w\ld ?9k on ?+s1 fix _! ?\ghts only on words1 especially :5 !y w\ld apply _! m9ds to moral matt]s8 ,& :o !n c wond] if ! result ( su* contemplations & reason+s1 ab\t little m ?an s\nds1 :il/ ! ideas !y annex to !m are v confus$ & v un/eady1 or p]haps none at all2 :o c wond]1 ,i say1 t su* ?\ghts & reason+s end 9 no?+ b obscurity & mi/ake1 )\t any cle> judgm5t or k8 #e4 ,has made m5 m conceit$ & ob/9ate4 ,?is inconv5i5ce1 9 an ill use ( words1 m5 suff] 9 _! own private m$itations3 b mu* m manife/ are ! disord]s :i* foll[ f x1 9 conv]sation1 disc\rse1 & argu+s ) o!rs4 ,= language be+ ! great conduit1 :]eby m5 convey _! discov]ies1 reason+s1 & k1 f "o to ano!r1 he t makes an ill use ( x1 ?\gh he does n corrupt ! f\nta9s ( k1 :i* are 9 ?+s !mselves1 yet he does1 z mu* z 9 him lies1 break or /op ! pipes :]eby x is di/ribut$ to ! public use & advantage ( mank9d4 ,he t uses words )\t any cle> & /eady mean+1 :at does he b lead himself & o!rs into errors8 ,& he t design$ly does x1 ought to be look$ on z an enemy to tru? & k4 ,& yet :o c wond] t all ! sci5ces & p>ts ( k h be5 s ov]*>g$ ) obscure & equivocal t]ms1 & insignificant & d\btful expressions1 capable to make ! mo/ att5tive or quick-sight$ v little1 or n at all1 ! m kn[+ or or?odox3 s9ce subtlety1 9 ^? :o make pr(ession to tea* or def5d tru?1 ha? pass$ s mu* = a virtue3 a virtue1 inde$1 :i*1 consi/+ = ! mo/ "p 9 no?+ b ! fallaci\s & illusory use ( obscure or deceitful t]ms1 is only fit to make m5 m conceit$ 9 _! ignorance1 & m ob/9ate 9 _! errors4 #f4 ,addict$ to ,wrangl+ ab\t s\nds4 ,let u look into ! books ( controv]sy ( any k9d1 !re we %all see t ! effect ( obscure1 un/eady1 or equivocal t]ms is no?+ b noise & wrangl+ ab\t s\nds1 )\t conv9c+ or bett]+ a man's und]/&+4 ,= if ! idea be n agre$ on1 betwixt ! speak] & he>]1 = :i* ! words /&1 ! argum5t is n ab\t ?+s1 b names4 ,z (t5 z su* a ^w ^: signification is n asc]ta9$ betwixt !m1 comes 9 use1 _! und]/&+s h no o!r object :]e9 !y agree1 b b>ely ! s\nd2 ! ?+s t !y ?9k on at t "t1 z express$ by t ^w1 be+ q diff]5t4 #g4 ,in/ance1 ,bat & ,bird4 ,:e!r a ,,bat be a ,,bird or no1 is n a "q1 ,:e!r a bat be ano!r ?+ ?an inde$ x is1 or h o!r qualities ?an inde$ x has2 = t w\ld be extremely absurd to d\bt (4 ,b ! "q is1 7i7 ,ei!r betwe5 ^? t ackn[l$g$ !mselves to h b imp]fect ideas ( "o or bo? ( ?is sort ( ?+s1 = :i* ^! names are suppos$ to /&4 ,& !n x is a real inquiry conc]n+ ! ,,nature ( a bird or a bat1 to make _! yet imp]fect ideas ( x m complete2 by exam9+ :e!r all ! simple ideas to :i*1 comb9$ toge!r1 !y bo? give "n bird1 be all to be f\nd 9 a bat3 b ?is is a "q only ( inquir]s 7n disput]s7 :o nei!r affirm nor d5y1 b exam9e3 ,or1 7#b7 ,x is a "q betwe5 disputants2 :]e( ! "o affirms1 & ! o!r d5ies t a bat is a bird4 ,& !n ! "q is b>ely ab\t ! signification ( "o or bo? ^! ,,words2 9 t !y n hav+ bo? ! same complex ideas to :i* !y give ^! two names1 "o holds & ! o!r d5ies1 t ^! two names may be affirm$ "o ( ano!r4 ,7 !y agre$ 9 ! signification ( ^! two names1 x 7 impossible !y %\ld dispute ab\t !m4 ,= !y w\ld pres5tly & cle>ly see 77 t adju/$ betwe5 !m17 :e!r all ! simple ideas ( ! m g5]al "n bird 7 f\nd 9 ! complex idea ( a bat or no2 & s !re c\ld be no d\bt :e!r a bat 7 a bird or no4 ,& "h ,i desire x may be consid]$1 & c>efully exam9$1 :e!r ! greate/ "p ( ! disputes 9 ! _w are n m]ely v]bal1 & ab\t ! signification ( words2 & :e!r1 if ! t]ms !y are made 9 7 def9$1 & r$uc$ 9 _! signification 7z !y mu/ be :]e !y signify any?+7 to det]m9$ collections ( ! simple ideas !y d or %\ld /& =1 ^? disputes w\ld n end ( !mselves1 & imm$iately vani%4 ,i leave x !n to be consid]$1 :at ! le>n+ ( disputation is1 & h[ well !y are employ$ = ! advantage ( !mselves or o!rs1 ^: bus9ess is only ! va9 o/5tation ( s\nds2 i4 e4 ^? :o sp5d _! lives 9 disputes & controv]sies4 ,:5 ,i %all see any ( ^? combatants /rip all 8 t]ms ( ambiguity & obscurity1 7:i* e "o may d 9 ! words he uses himself17 ,i %all ?9k him a *ampion = k1 tru?1 & peace1 & n ! slave ( va9-glory1 ambition1 or a p>ty4 #h4 ,rem$ies4 ,to rem$y ! defects ( spee* be=e m5tion$ to "s degree1 & to prev5t ! inconv5i5ces t foll[ f !m1 ,i imag9e ! obs]vation ( ^! foll[+ rules may be ( use1 till somebody bett] able %all judge x wor? 8 :ile to ?9k m maturely on ?is matt]1 & oblige ! _w ) 8 ?\ghts on x4 ,fir/ ,rem$y3 ,to use no ,^w )\t an ,idea annex$ to x4 ,fir/1 ,a man %all take c>e to use no ^w )\t a signification1 no "n )\t an idea = :i* he makes x /&4 ,?is rule w n seem altoge!r ne$less to any "o :o %all take ! pa9s to recollect h[ (t5 he has met ) su* words z ,,in/9ct1 ,,sympa?y1 & ,,antipa?y1 c41 9 ! disc\rse ( o!rs1 s made use ( z he might easily conclude t ^? t us$ !m _h no ideas 9 _! m9ds to :i* !y appli$ !m1 b spoke !m only z s\nds1 :i* usually s]v$ in/ead ( reasons on ! l occasions4 ,n b t ^! words1 & ! l1 h v prop] significations 9 :i* !y may be us$2 b !re be+ no natural connexion betwe5 any words & any ideas1 ^!1 & any o!r1 may be le>n$ by rote1 & pron\nc$ or writ by m5 :o h no ideas 9 _! m9ds to :i* !y h annex$ !m1 & = :i* !y make !m /&2 :i* is necess>y !y %\ld1 if m5 w\ld speak intelligibly ev5 to !mselves alone4 #i4 ,second ,rem$y3 ,to h di/9ct1 det]m9ate ,ideas annex$ to ,words1 especially 9 mix$ ,modes4 ,secondly1 ,x is n en\gh a man uses 8 words z signs ( "s ideas3 ^? he annexes !m to1 if !y be simple1 mu/ be cle> & di/9ct2 if complex1 mu/ be det]m9ate1 i4e4 ! precise collection ( simple ideas settl$ 9 ! m9d1 ) t s\nd annex$ to x1 z ! sign ( t precise det]m9$ collection1 & no o!r4 ,?is is v necess>y 9 names ( modes1 & especially moral words2 :i*1 hav+ no settl$ objects 9 nature1 f :5ce _! ideas are tak51 z f _! orig9al1 are apt to be v confus$4 ,,ju/ice is a ^w 9 e man's m\?1 b mo/ commonly ) a v undet]m9$1 loose signification2 :i* w always be s1 unless a man has 9 8 m9d a di/9ct compreh5sion ( ! compon5t p>ts t complex idea consi/s ( & if x be decomp\nd$1 mu/ be able to resolve x /ill only till he at la/ comes to ! simple ideas t make x up3 & unless ?is be done1 a man makes an ill use ( ! ^w1 let x be ju/ice1 = example1 or any o!r4 ,i d n say1 a man ne$s /& to recollect1 & make ?is analysis at l>ge1 e "t ! ^w ju/ice comes 9 8 way3 b ?is at lea/ is necess>y1 t he h s exam9$ ! signification ( t "n1 & settl$ ! idea ( all its p>ts 9 8 m9d1 t he c d x :5 he pleases4 ,if any "o :o makes 8 complex idea ( ju/ice to be1 su* a treatm5t ( ! p]son or goods ( ano!r z is accord+ to law1 ha? n a cle> & di/9ct idea :at ,,law is1 :i* makes a "p ( 8 complex idea ( ju/ice1 x is pla9 8 idea ( ju/ice itself w be confus$ & imp]fect4 ,?is exactness w1 p]haps1 be judg$ v tr\blesome2 & !re=e mo/ m5 w ?9k !y may be excus$ f settl+ ! complex ideas ( mix$ modes s precisely 9 _! m9ds4 ,b yet ,i mu/ say1 till ?is be done1 x mu/ n be wond]$1 t !y h a great deal ( obscurity & confusion 9 _! own m9ds1 & a great deal ( wrangl+ 9 _! disc\rse ) o!rs4 #aj4 ,& di/9ct & con=mable ideas 9 ,words t /& = ,sub/ances4 ,9 ! names ( sub/ances1 = a "r use ( !m1 some?+ m is requir$ ?an b>ely ,,det]m9$ ,,ideas4 ,9 ^! ! names mu/ also be ,,con=mable ,,to ,,?+s ,,z ,,!y ,,exi/2 b ( ?is ,i %all h occasion to speak m at l>ge by & by4 ,?is exactness is absolutely necess>y 9 inquiries aft] philosophical k1 & 9 controv]sies ab\t tru?4 ,& ?\gh x w\ld be well1 too1 if x ext5d$ itself to common conv]sation & ! ord9>y affairs ( life2 yet ,i ?9k t is sc>ce to be expect$4 ,vulg> notions suit vulg> disc\rses3 & bo?1 ?\gh confus$ en\gh1 yet s]ve pretty well ! m>ket & ! wake4 ,m]*ants & lov]s1 cooks & tailors1 h words :]e)al to dispat* _! ord9>y affairs3 & s1 ,i ?9k1 might philosoph]s & disputants too1 if !y _h a m9d to und]/&1 & to cle>ly und]/ood4 #aa4 ,?ird ,rem$y3 ,to apply ,words to su* ideas z common use has annex$ !m to4 ,?irdly1 x is n en\gh t m5 h ideas1 det]m9$ ideas1 = :i* !y make ^! signs /&2 b !y mu/ also take c>e to apply _! words z ne> z may be to su* ideas z common use has annex$ !m to4 ,= words1 especially ( languages already fram$1 be+ no man's private possession1 b ! common measure ( comm]ce & communication1 x is n = any "o at pleasure to *ange ! /amp !y are curr5t 91 nor alt] ! ideas !y are affix$ to2 or at lea/1 :5 !re is a necessity to d s1 he is b\nd to give notice ( x4 ,m5's int5tions 9 speak+ are1 or at lea/ %\ld be1 to be und]/ood2 :i* _c be )\t frequ5t explanations1 dem&s1 & o!r ! l incommodi\s int]ruptions1 :]e m5 d n foll[ common use4 ,propriety ( spee* is t :i* gives our ?\ghts entrance into o!r m5's m9ds ) ! greate/ ease & advantage3 & !re=e des]ves "s "p ( our c>e & /udy1 especially 9 ! names ( moral words4 ,! prop] signification & use ( t]ms is be/ to be le>n$ f ^? :o 9 _! writ+s & disc\rses appe> to h _h ! cle>e/ notions1 & appli$ to !m _! t]ms ) ! exacte/ *oice & fitness4 ,?is way ( us+ a man's words1 accord+ to ! propriety ( ! language1 ?\gh x h n always ! good =tune to be und]/ood2 yet mo/ commonly leaves ! blame ( x on him :o is s unskilful 9 ! language he speaks1 z n to und]/& x :5 made use ( z x ought to be4 #ab4 ,f\r? ,rem$y3 ,to decl>e ! mean+ 9 :i* we use !m4 ,f\r?ly1 ,b1 because common use has n s visibly annex$ any signification to words1 z to make m5 "k always c]ta9ly :at !y precisely /& =3 & because m51 9 ! improvem5t ( _! k1 come to h ideas diff]5t f ! vulg> & ord9>y receiv$ ones1 = :i* !y mu/ ei!r make new words1 7:i* m5 seldom v5ture to d1 = fe> ( be+ ?\ght guilty ( affectation or novelty17 or else mu/ use old ones 9 a new signification3 !re=e1 aft] ! obs]vation ( ! =ego+ rules1 x is sometimes necess>y1 = ! asc]ta9+ ! signification ( words1 to ,,decl>e ,,_! ,,mean+2 :]e ei!r common use has left x unc]ta9 & loose1 7z x has 9 mo/ names ( v complex ideas27 or :]e ! t]m1 be+ v mat]ial 9 ! disc\rse1 & t ^u :i* x *iefly turns1 is liable to any d\btfulness or mi/ake4 #ac4 ,& t 9 ?ree ,ways4 ,z ! ideas m5's words /& = are ( diff]5t sorts1 s ! way ( mak+ kn[n ! ideas !y /& =1 :5 !re is occasion1 is also diff]5t4 ,= ?\gh ,,def9+ be ?\ght ! prop] way to make kn[n ! prop] signification ( words2 yet !re are "s words t w n be def9$1 z !re are o!rs ^: precise mean+ _c be made kn[n b by def9ition3 & p]haps a ?ird1 :i* p>take some:at ( bo? ! o!r1 z we %all see 9 ! names ( simple ideas1 modes1 & sub/ances4 #ad4 ,9 ,simple ,ideas1 ei!r by synonym\s t]ms1 or by %[+ examples4 ,i4 ,fir/1 :5 a man makes use ( ! "n ( any simple idea1 :i* he p]ceives is n und]/ood1 or is 9 dang] to be mi/ak51 he is oblig$1 by ! laws ( +5uity & ! end ( spee*1 to decl>e 8 mean+1 & make kn[n :at idea he makes x /& =4 ,?is1 z has be5 %[n1 _c be done by def9ition3 & !re=e1 :5 a synonym\s ^w fails to d x1 !re is b "o ( ^! ways left4 ,fir/1 ,sometimes ! ,,nam+ ! subject :]e9 t simple idea is to be f\nd1 w make its "n to be und]/ood by ^? :o are acqua9t$ ) t subject1 & "k x by t "n4 ,s to make a c\ntryman und]/& :at ,,feuillemorte col\r signifies1 x may suffice to tell him1 x is ! col\r ( )]$ leaves fall+ 9 autumn4 ,secondly1 b ! only sure way ( mak+ kn[n ! signification ( ! "n ( any simple idea1 is ,,by ,,pres5t+ ,,to ,,8 ,,s5ses ,,t ,,subject ,,:i* ,,may ,,produce ,,x ,,9 ,,8 ,,m9d1 & make him actually h ! idea t ^w /&s =4 #ae4 ,9 mix$ ,modes1 by ,def9ition4 ,,ii4 ,secondly1 ,mix$ modes1 especially ^? belong+ to morality1 be+ mo/ ( !m su* comb9ations ( ideas z ! m9d puts toge!r ( its own *oice1 & :]e( !re are n always /&+ patt]ns to be f\nd exi/+1 ! signification ( _! names _c be made kn[n1 z ^? ( simple ideas1 by any %[+3 b1 9 recomp5se !re(1 may be p]fectly & exactly def9$4 ,= !y be+ comb9ations ( sev]al ideas t ! m9d ( man has arbitr>ily put toge!r1 )\t ref]5ce to any ar*etypes1 m5 may1 if !y please1 exactly "k ! ideas t g to ea* composition1 & s bo? use ^! words 9 a c]ta9 & und\bt$ signification1 & p]fectly decl>e1 :5 !re is occasion1 :at !y /& =4 ,?is1 if well consid]$1 w\ld lay great blame on ^? :o make n _! disc\rses ab\t ,,moral ?+s v cle> & di/9ct4 ,= s9ce ! precise signification ( ! names ( mix$ modes1 or1 :i* is all "o1 ! real ess5ce ( ea* species is to be kn[n1 !y be+ n ( nature's1 b man's mak+1 x is a great neglig5ce & p]v]s5ess to disc\rse ( moral ?+s ) unc]ta9ty & obscurity2 :i* is m p>donable 9 treat+ ( natural sub/ances1 :]e d\btful t]ms are h>dly to be avoid$1 = a q contr>y reason1 z we %all see by & by4 #af4 ,morality capable ( ,demon/ration4 ,^u ?is gr\nd x is t ,i am bold to ?9k t morality is capable ( demon/ration1 z well z ma!matics3 s9ce ! precise real ess5ce ( ! ?+s moral words /& = may be p]fectly kn[n1 & s ! congruity & incongruity ( ! ?+s !mselves be c]ta9ly discov]$2 9 :i* consi/s p]fect k4 ,nor let any "o object1 t ! names ( sub/ances are (t5 to be made use ( 9 morality1 z well z ^? ( modes1 f :i* w arise obscurity4 ,=1 z to sub/ances1 :5 conc]n$ 9 moral disc\rses1 _! div]s natures are n s mu* inquir$ into z suppos$3 v4g4 :5 we say t man is subject to law1 we mean no?+ by man b a corporeal rational creature3 :at ! real ess5ce or o!r qualities ( t creature are 9 ?is case is no way consid]$4 ,&1 !re=e1 :e!r a *ild or *angel+ be a man1 9 a physical s5se1 may among/ ! naturali/s be z disputable z x w1 x conc]ns n at all ! moral man1 z ,i may call him1 :i* is ?is immovable1 un*angeable idea1 a corporeal rational be+4 ,=1 7 !re a monkey1 or any o!r creature1 to be f\nd t _h ! use ( reason to su* a degree1 z to be able to und]/& g5]al signs1 & to d$uce consequ5ces ab\t g5]al ideas1 he w\ld no d\bt be subject to law1 & 9 t s5se be a ,,man1 h[ mu* soev] he diff]$ 9 %ape f o!rs ( t "n4 ,! names ( sub/ances1 if !y be us$ 9 !m z !y %\ld1 c no m di/urb moral ?an !y d ma!matical disc\rses2 :]e1 if ! ma!matician speaks ( a cube or globe ( gold1 or ( any o!r body1 he has 8 cle>1 settl$ idea1 :i* v>ies n1 ?\gh x may by mi/ake be appli$ to a p>ticul> body to :i* x belongs n4 #ag4 ,def9itions c make moral ,disc\rse cle>4 ,?is ,i h "h m5tion$1 by ! by1 to %[ ( :at consequ5ce x is = m51 9 _! names ( mix$ modes1 & consequ5tly 9 all _! moral disc\rses1 to def9e _! words :5 !re is occasion3 s9ce !reby moral k may be br\ght to s great cle>ness & c]ta9ty4 ,& x mu/ be great want ( +5u\sness 7to say no worse ( x7 to refuse to d x3 s9ce a def9ition is ! only way :]eby ! precise mean+ ( moral words c be kn[n2 & yet a way :]eby _! mean+ may be kn[n c]ta9ly1 & )\t leav+ any room = any conte/ ab\t x4 ,& !re=e ! neglig5ce or p]v]s5ess ( mank9d _c be excus$1 if _! disc\rses 9 morality be n mu* m cle> ?an ^? 9 natural philosophy3 s9ce !y are ab\t ideas 9 ! m9d1 :i* are none ( !m false or disproportionate2 !y hav+ no ext]nal be+s = ! ar*etypes :i* !y are ref]r$ to & mu/ correspond )4 ,x is f> easi] = m5 to frame 9 _! m9ds an idea1 :i* %all be ! /&>d to :i* !y w give ! "n ju/ice2 ) :i* patt]n s made1 all actions t agree %all pass "u t d5om9ation1 ?an1 hav+ se5 ,ari/ides1 to frame an idea t %all 9 all ?+s be exactly l him2 :o is z he is1 let m5 make :at idea !y please ( him4 ,= ! "o1 !y ne$ b "k ! comb9ation ( ideas t are put toge!r 9 _! own m9ds2 = ! o!r1 !y mu/ inquire into ! :ole nature1 & ab/ruse hidd5 con/itution1 & v>i\s qualities ( a ?+ exi/+ )\t !m4 #ah4 ,& is ! only way 9 :i* ! mean+ ( mix$ ,modes c be made kn[n4 ,ano!r reason t makes ! def9+ ( mix$ modes s necess>y1 especially ( moral words1 is :at ,i m5tion$ a little be=e1 viz4 t x is ! only way :]eby ! signification ( ! mo/ ( !m c be kn[n ) c]ta9ty4 ,= ! ideas !y /& =1 be+ = ! mo/ "p su* ^: compon5t p>ts n[h]e exi/ toge!r1 b scatt]$ & m+l$ ) o!rs1 x is ! m9d alone t collects !m1 & gives !m ! union ( "o idea3 & x is only by words enum]at+ ! sev]al simple ideas :i* ! m9d has unit$1 t we c make kn[n to o!rs :at _! names /& =2 ! assi/ance ( ! s5ses 9 ?is case n help+ u1 by ! proposal ( s5sible objects1 to %[ ! ideas :i* our names ( ?is k9d /& =1 z x does (t5 9 ! names ( s5sible simple ideas1 & also to "s degree 9 ^? ( sub/ances4 #ai4 ,9 ,sub/ances1 bo? by %[+ & by def9+4 ,,iii4 ,?irdly1 = ! expla9+ ! signification ( ! names ( sub/ances1 z !y /& = ! ideas we h ( _! di/9ct species1 bo? ! =em5tion$ ways1 viz4 ( %[+ & def9+1 are requisite1 9 _m cases1 to be made use (4 ,=1 !re be+ ord9>ily 9 ea* sort "s lead+ qualities1 to :i* we suppose ! o!r ideas :i* make up our complex idea ( t species annex$1 we =w>dly give ! specific "n to t ?+ :]e9 t *>act]i/ic m>k is f\nd1 :i* we take to be ! mo/ di/+ui%+ idea ( t species4 ,^! lead+ or *>act]i/ical 7z ,i may call !m7 ideas1 9 ! sorts ( animals & vegetables1 are 7z has be5 be=e rem>k$1 * vi4 ,section #bi & *4 ix4 ,section #ae7 mo/ly figure2 & 9 inanimate bodies1 col\r2 & 9 "s1 bo? toge!r4 ,n[1 #bj4 ,ideas ( ! lead+ ,qualities ( ,sub/ances are be/ got by %[+4 ,^! lead+ s5sible qualities are ^? :i* make ! *ief +r$i5ts ( our specific ideas1 & consequ5tly ! mo/ obs]vable & inv>iable "p 9 ! def9itions ( our specific names1 z attribut$ to sorts ( sub/ances com+ "u our k4 ,= ?\gh ! s\nd ,,man1 9 its own nature1 be z apt to signify a complex idea made up ( animality & rationality1 unit$ 9 ! same subject1 z to signify any o!r comb9ation2 yet1 us$ z a m>k to /& = a sort ( creatures we c\nt ( our own k9d1 p]haps ! outw>d %ape is z necess>y to be tak5 into our complex idea1 signifi$ by ! ^w man1 z any o!r we f9d 9 x3 & !re=e1 :y ,plato's ,,animal ,,implume ,,bipes ,,latis ,,unguibus %\ld n be a good def9ition ( ! "n man1 /&+ = t sort ( creatures1 w n be easy to %[3 = x is ! %ape1 z ! lead+ quality1 t seems m to det]m9e t species1 ?an a faculty ( reason+1 :i* appe>s n at fir/1 & 9 "s nev]4 ,& if ?is be n all[$ to be s1 ,i d n "k h[ !y c be excus$ f murd] :o kill mon/r\s bir?s1 7z we call !m17 because ( an unord9>y %ape1 )\t kn[+ :e!r !y h a rational s\l or no2 :i* c be no m disc]n$ 9 a well-=m$ ?an ill-%ap$ infant1 z soon z born4 ,& :o is x has in=m$ u t a rational s\l c inhabit no t5em5t1 unless x has j su* a sort ( frontispiece2 or c jo9 itself to1 & in=m no sort ( body1 b "o t is j ( su* an outw>d /ructure8 #ba4 ,& c h>dly be made kn[n o!rwise4 ,n[ ^! lead+ qualities are be/ made kn[n by %[+1 & c h>dly be made kn[n o!rwise4 ,= ! %ape ( a horse or cass[>y w be b rudely & imp]fectly impr9t$ on ! m9d by words2 ! sight ( ! animals do? x a ?\s& times bett]4 ,& ! idea ( ! p>ticul> col\r ( gold is n to be got by any description ( x1 b only by ! frequ5t ex]cise ( ! eyes ab\t z is evid5t 9 ^? :o are us$ to ?is metal1 :o frequ5tly di/+ui% true f c\nt]feit1 pure f adult]ate1 by ! sight1 :]e o!rs 7:o h z good eyes1 b yet by use h n got ! precise nice idea ( t peculi> yell[7 %all n p]ceive any diff]5ce4 ,! l may be said ( ^? o!r simple ideas1 peculi> 9 _! k9d to any sub/ance2 = :i* precise ideas !re are no peculi> names4 ,! p>ticul> r++ s\nd !re is 9 gold1 di/9ct f ! s\nd ( o!r bodies1 has no p>ticul> "n annex$ to x1 no m ?an ! p>ticul> yell[ t belongs to t metal4 #bb4 ,! ,ideas ( ! ,p[]s ( ,sub/ances are be/ kn[n by ,def9ition4 ,b because _m ( ! simple ideas t make up our specific ideas ( sub/ances are p[]s :i* lie n obvi\s to our s5ses 9 ! ?+s z !y ord9>ily appe>2 !re=e1 9 ! signification ( our names ( sub/ances1 "s "p ( ! signification w be bett] made kn[n by enum]at+ ^? simple ideas1 ?an by %[+ ! sub/ance itself4 ,=1 he t to ! yell[ %9+ col\r ( gold1 got by sight1 %all1 f my enum]at+ !m1 h ! ideas ( great ductility1 fusibility1 fix$ness1 & solubility1 9 aqua regia1 w h a p]fect] idea ( gold ?an he c h by see+ a piece ( gold1 & !reby impr9t+ 9 8 m9d only its obvi\s qualities4 ,b if ! =mal con/itution ( ?is %9+1 heavy1 ductile ?+1 7f :5ce all ^! its prop]ties fl[17 lay op5 to our s5ses1 z ! =mal con/itution or ess5ce ( a triangle does1 ! signification ( ! ^w gold might z easily be asc]ta9$ z t ( triangle4 #bc4 ,a ,reflection on ! ,k ( corporeal ?+s possess$ by ,spirits sep>ate f bodies4 ,h5ce we may take notice1 h[ mu* ! f\ndation ( all our k ( corporeal ?+s lies 9 our s5ses4 ,= h[ spirits1 sep>ate f bodies1 7^: k & ideas ( ^! ?+s are c]ta9ly mu* m p]fect ?an ours17 "k !m1 we h no notion1 no idea at all4 ,! :ole ext5t ( our k or imag9ation rea*es n beyond our own ideas limit$ to our ways ( p]ception4 ,?\gh yet x be n to be d\bt$ t spirits ( a high] rank ?an ^? imm]s$ 9 fle% may h z cle> ideas ( ! radical con/itution ( sub/ances z we h ( a triangle1 & s p]ceive h[ all _! prop]ties & op]ations fl[ f !nce3 b ! mann] h[ !y come by t k exce$s our conceptions4 #bd4 ,ideas ( ,sub/ances mu/ also be con=mable to ,?+s4 ,f\r?ly1 ,b1 ?\gh def9itions w s]ve to expla9 ! names ( sub/ances z !y /& = our ideas1 yet !y leave !m n )\t great imp]fection z !y /& = ?+s4 ,= our names ( sub/ances be+ n put b>ely = our ideas1 b be+ made use ( ultimately to repres5t ?+s1 & s are put 9 _! place1 _! signification mu/ agree ) ! tru? ( ?+s z well z ) m5's ideas4 ,& !re=e1 9 sub/ances1 we are n always to re/ 9 ! ord9>y complex idea commonly receiv$ z ! signification ( t ^w1 b mu/ g a little fur!r1 & inquire into ! nature & prop]ties ( ! ?+s !mselves1 & !reby p]fect1 z mu* z we c1 our ideas ( _! di/9ct species2 or else le>n !m f su* z are us$ to t sort ( ?+s1 & are exp]i5c$ 9 !m4 ,=1 s9ce x is int5d$ _! names %\ld /& = su* collections ( simple ideas z d really exi/ 9 ?+s !mselves1 z well z = ! complex idea 9 o!r m5's m9ds1 :i* 9 _! ord9>y acceptation !y /& =1 !re=e1 to def9e _! names "r1 natural hi/ory is to be inquir$ into1 & _! prop]ties are1 ) c>e & exam9ation1 to be f\nd out4 ,= x is n en\gh1 = ! avoid+ inconv5i5ces 9 disc\rse & argu+s ab\t natural bodies & sub/antial ?+s1 to h le>n$1 f ! propriety ( ! language1 ! common1 b confus$1 or v imp]fect1 idea to :i* ea* ^w is appli$1 & to keep !m to t idea 9 our use ( !m2 b we mu/1 by acqua9t+ ourselves ) ! hi/ory ( t sort ( ?+s1 rectify & settle our complex idea belong+ to ea* specific "n2 & 9 disc\rse ) o!rs1 7if we f9d !m mi/ake u17 we ought to tell :at ! complex idea is t we make su* a "n /& =4 ,?is is ! m necess>y to be done by all ^? :o se>* aft] k & philosophical v]ity1 9 t *ildr51 be+ taught words1 :il/ !y h b imp]fect notions ( ?+s1 apply !m at r&om1 & )\t mu* ?9k+1 & seldom frame det]m9$ ideas to be signifi$ by !m4 ,:i* cu/om 7x be+ easy1 & s]v+ well en\gh = ! ord9>y affairs ( life & conv]sation7 !y are apt to cont9ue :5 !y are m53 & s beg9 at ! wrong end1 le>n+ words fir/ & p]fectly1 b make ! notions to :i* !y apply ^? words aft]w>ds v ov]tly4 ,by ?is means x comes to pass1 t m5 speak+ ! language ( _! c\ntry1 i4e4 accord+ to gramm> rules ( t language1 d yet speak v improp]ly ( ?+s !mselves2 &1 by _! argu+ "o ) ano!r1 make b small progress 9 ! discov]ies ( useful tru?s1 & ! k ( ?+s1 z !y are to be f\nd 9 !mselves1 & n 9 our imag9ations2 & x matt]s n mu* = ! improvem5t ( our k h[ !y are call$4 #be4 ,n easy to be made s4 ,x 7 !re=e to be wi%$1 ,t m5 v]s$ 9 physical inquiries1 & acqua9t$ ) ! sev]al sorts ( natural bodies1 w\ld set d[n ^? simple ideas :]e9 !y obs]ve ! individuals ( ea* sort con/antly to agree4 ,?is w\ld rem$y a great deal ( t confusion :i* comes f sev]al p]sons apply+ ! same "n to a collection ( a small] or great] numb] ( s5sible qualities1 proportionably z !y h be5 m or less acqua9t$ )1 or accurate 9 exam9+1 ! qualities ( any sort ( ?+s :i* come "u "o d5om9ation4 ,b a diction>y ( ?is sort1 conta9+1 z x 71 a natural hi/ory1 requires too _m h&s z well z too mu* "t1 co/1 pa9s1 & sagacity ev] to be hop$ =2 & till t be done1 we mu/ cont5t ourselves ) su* def9itions ( ! names ( sub/ances z expla9 ! s5se m5 use !m 94 ,& x w\ld be well1 :]e !re is occasion1 if !y w\ld af=d u s mu*4 ,?is yet is n usually done2 b m5 talk to "o ano!r1 & dispute 9 words1 ^: mean+ is n agre$ betwe5 !m1 out ( a mi/ake t ! significations ( common words are c]ta9ly e/abli%$1 & ! precise ideas !y /& = p]fectly kn[n2 & t x is a %ame to be ignorant ( !m4 ,bo? :i* suppositions are false1 no names ( complex ideas hav+ s settl$ det]m9$ significations1 t !y are con/antly us$ = ! same precise ideas4 ,nor is x a %ame = a man to h a c]ta9 k ( any?+1 b by ! necess>y ways ( atta9+ x2 & s x is no discr$it n to "k :at precise idea any s\nd /&s = 9 ano!r man's m9d1 )\t he decl>e x to me by "s o!r way ?an b>ely us+ t s\nd1 !re be+ no o!r way1 )\t su* a decl>ation1 c]ta9ly to "k x4 ,inde$ ! necessity ( communication by language br+s m5 to an agreem5t 9 ! signification ( common words1 )9 "s tol]able latitude1 t may s]ve = ord9>y conv]sation3 & s a man _c be suppos$ :olly ignorant ( ! ideas :i* are annex$ to words by common use1 9 a language famili> to him4 ,b common use be+ b a v unc]ta9 rule1 :i* r$uces itself at la/ to ! ideas ( p>ticul> m51 proves (t5 b a v v>iable /&>d4 ,b ?\gh su* a ,diction>y z ,i h above m5tion$ w require too mu* "t1 co/1 & pa9s to be hop$ = 9 ?is age2 yet me?9ks x is n unreasonable to propose1 t words /&+ = ?+s :i* are kn[n & di/+ui%$ by _! outw>d %apes %\ld be express$ by little draughts & pr9ts made ( !m4 ,a vocabul>y made aft] ?is fa%ion w\ld p]haps ) m ease1 & 9 less "t1 tea* ! true signification ( _m t]ms1 especially 9 languages ( remote c\ntries or ages1 & settle tru] ideas 9 m5's m9ds ( sev]al ?+s1 :]e( we read ! names 9 anci5t au?ors1 ?an all ! l>ge & labori\s comm5ts ( le>n$ critics4 ,naturali/s1 t treat ( plants & animals1 h f\nd ! b5efit ( ?is way3 & he t has _h occasion to consult !m w h reason to confess t he has a cle>] idea ( ,,apium or ,,ibex1 f a little pr9t ( t h]b or bea/1 ?an he c\ld h f a long def9ition ( ! names ( ei!r ( !m4 ,& s no d\bt he w\ld h ( ,,/rigil & ,,si/rum1 if1 in/ead ( ,,currycomb & ,,cymbal1 7:i* are ! ,engli% names diction>ies r5d] !m by17 he c\ld see /amp$ 9 ! m>g9 small pictures ( ^! in/rum5ts1 z !y 7 9 use among/ ! anci5ts4 ,,toga1 ,,tunica1 ,,pallium1 are words easily translat$ by ,,g[n1 ,,coat1 & ,,cloak2 b we h !reby no m true ideas ( ! fa%ion ( ^? habits among/ ! ,romans1 ?an we h ( ! faces ( ! tailors :o made !m4 ,su* ?+s z ^!1 :i* ! eye di/+ui%es by _! %apes1 w\ld be be/ let into ! m9d by draughts made ( !m1 & m det]m9e ! signification ( su* words1 ?an any o!r words set = !m1 or made use ( to def9e !m4 ,b ?is is only by ! bye4 #bf4 ,v4 ,fif? ,rem$y3 ,to use ! same ^w con/antly 9 ! same s5se4 ,fif?ly1 ,if m5 w n be at ! pa9s to decl>e ! mean+ ( _! words1 & def9itions ( _! t]ms are n to be _h1 yet ?is is ! lea/ t c be expect$1 t1 9 all disc\rses :]e9 "o man pret5ds to in/ruct or conv9ce ano!r1 he %\ld use ! same ^w con/antly 9 ! same s5se4 ,if ?is 7 done1 7:i* nobody c refuse )\t great dis+5uity17 _m ( ! books extant might be sp>$2 _m ( ! controv]sies 9 dispute w\ld be at an end2 sev]al ( ^? great volumes1 swoll5 ) ambigu\s words1 n[ us$ 9 "o s5se1 & by & by 9 ano!r1 w\ld %r9k into a v n>r[ compass2 & _m ( ! philosoph]s 7to m5tion no o!r7 z well z poets works1 might be conta9$ 9 a nut%ell4 #bg4 ,:5 n s us$1 ! ,v>iation is to be expla9$4 ,b aft] all1 ! provision ( words is s scanty 9 respect to t inf9ite v>iety ( ?\ghts1 t m51 want+ t]ms to suit _! precise notions1 w1 not)/&+ _! utmo/ caution1 be =c$ (t5 to use ! same ^w 9 some:at diff]5t s5ses4 ,& ?\gh 9 ! cont9uation ( a disc\rse1 or ! pursuit ( an argum5t1 !re c be h>dly room to digress into a p>ticul> def9ition1 z (t5 z a man v>ies ! signification ( any t]m2 yet ! import ( ! disc\rse w1 = ! mo/ "p1 if !re be no design$ fallacy1 suffici5tly lead c&id & intellig5t read]s into ! true mean+ ( x2 b :]e !re is n suffici5t to guide ! read]1 !re x conc]ns ! writ] to expla9 8 mean+1 & %[ 9 :at s5se he !re uses t t]m4 ,,book ,,iv ,,( ,,k ,,& ,,probability ,,synopsis ,,( ,,! ,,f\r? ,,book4 ,locke's review ( ! diff]5t sorts ( ideas1 or appe>ances ( :at exi/s1 t c be ent]ta9$ 9 a human und]/&+1 & ( _! relations to words1 leads1 9 ! ,f\r? ,book1 to an inve/igation ( ! ext5t & validity ( ! ,k t our ideas br+ )9 our rea*2 & into ! nature ( fai? 9 ,probability1 by :i* ass5t is ext5d$ beyond ,k1 = ! conduct ( life4 ,he f9ds 7*4 i1 ii7 t ,k is ei!r an intuitive1 a demon/rative1 or a s5su\s p]ception ( absolute c]ta9ty1 9 reg>d to "o or o!r ( f\r sorts ( agreem5t or disagreem5t on ! "p ( ideas3--7#a7 ( ea* idea ) itself1 z id5tical1 & diff]5t f e o!r2 7#b7 9 _! ab/ract relations to "o ano!r2 7#c7 9 _! necess>y connexions1 z qualities & p[]s coexi/+ 9 concrete sub/ances2 & 7#d7 z revelations to u ( ! f9al realities ( exi/5ce4 ,! unconditional c]ta9ty t con/itutes ,k is p]ceptible by man only 9 reg>d to ! fir/1 second1 & f\r? ( ^! f\r sorts3 9 all g5]al propositions only 9 reg>d to ! fir/ & second2 t is to say1 9 id5tical propositions1 & 9 ^? :i* express ab/ract relations ( simple or mix$ modes1 9 :i* nom9al & real ess5ces co9cide1 e4 g4 propositions 9 pure ma!matics & ab/ract morality 7*h4 iii1 v-viii74 ,! f\r? sort1 :i* express c]ta9ty z to realities ( exi/5ce1 ref] to any ( ?ree realities4 ,= e man is able to p]ceive ) absolute c]ta9ty t he himself exi/s1 t ,god mu/ exi/1 & t f9ite be+s o!r ?an himself exi/2--! fir/ ( ^! p]ceptions be+ awak5$ by all our ideas1 ! second z ! consequ5ce ( p]ception ( ! fir/1 & ! la/ 9 ! reception ( our simple ideas ( s5se 7*h4 i4 ,section #g2 ii4 ,section #ad2 iii4 ,section #ba2 iv1 ix-xi74 ,agreem5t ( ! ?ird sort1 ( necess>y coexi/5ce ( simple ideas z qualities & p[]s 9 p>ticul> sub/ances1 ) :i* all physical inquiry is conc]n$1 lies beyond human ,k2 = "h ! nom9al & real ess5ces are n co9cid5t3 g5]al propositions ( ?is sort are det]m9$ by analogies ( exp]i5ce1 9 judgm5ts t are m or less probable3 intellectually necess>y sci5ce ( nature presupposes ,omnisci5ce2 man's int]pretations ( nature h to turn ^u presumptions ( ,probability 7*h4 iii4 ,sections #i-ag2 iv4 ,section,s #aa-ag2 vi1 xiv-xvi74 ,9 =m+ _! /ock ( ,c]ta9ties & ,probabilities m5 employ ! faculty ( reason1 fai? 9 div9e revelation1 & en?usiasm 7*h4 xvii-xix72 mu* misl$ by ! la/1 z well z by o!r causes ( 'wrong ass5t' 7*4 xx71 :5 !y are at "w 9 '! ?ree great prov9ces ( ! intellectual _w' 7*4 xxi71 conc]n$ respectively ) 7#a7 '?+s z kn[able' 7physica72 7#b7 'actions z !y dep5d on u 9 ord] to happ9ess' 7practica72 & 7#c7 me?ods = int]pret+ ! signs ( :at is1 & ( :at ought to be1 t are pres5t$ 9 our ideas & words 7logica74 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,( ,,k ,,9 ,,g5]al4 #a4 ,our ,k conv]sant ab\t our ,ideas only4 ,s9ce ! m9d1 9 all its ?\ghts & reason+s1 ha? no o!r imm$iate object b its own ideas1 :i* x alone does or c contemplate1 x is evid5t t our k is only conv]sant ab\t !m4 #b4 ,k is ! ,p]ception ( ! ,agreem5t or ,disagreem5t ( two ,ideas4 ,,k !n seems to me to be no?+ b ,,! ,,p]ception ,,( ,,! ,,connexion ,,( ,,& ,,agreem5t1 ,,or ,,disagreem5t ,,& ,,repugnancy ,,( ,,any ,,( ,,our ,,ideas4 ,9 ?is alone x consi/s4 ,:]e ?is p]ception is1 !re is k1 & :]e x is n1 !re1 ?\gh we may fancy1 guess1 or believe1 yet we always come %ort ( k4 ,= :5 we "k t :ite is n black1 :at d we else b p]ceive1 t ^! two ideas d n agree8 ,:5 we possess ourselves ) ! utmo/ security ( ! demon/ration1 t ! ?ree angles ( a triangle are equal to two "r ones1 :at d we m b p]ceive1 t equality to two "r ones does necess>ily agree to1 & is insep>able f1 ! ?ree angles ( a triangle8 #c4 ,?is ,agreem5t or ,disagreem5t may be any ( f\r sorts4 ,b to und]/& a little m di/9ctly :]e9 ?is agreem5t or disagreem5t consi/s1 ,i ?9k we may r$uce x all to ^! f\r sorts3 ,i4 ,,id5tity1 or ,,div]sity4 ,,ii4 ,,relation4 ,,iii4 ,,co-,,exi/5ce1 or ,,necess>y ,,connexion4 ,,iv4 ,,real ,,exi/5ce4 #d4 ,fir/1 ,( ,id5tity1 or ,div]sity 9 ideas4 ,,fir/1 ,z to ! fir/ sort ( agreem5t or disagreem5t1 viz4 ,,id5tity or ,,div]sity4 ,x is ! fir/ act ( ! m9d1 :5 x has any s5tim5ts or ideas at all1 to p]ceive its ideas2 & s f> z x p]ceives !m1 to "k ea* :at x is1 & !reby also to p]ceive _! diff]5ce1 & t "o is n ano!r4 ,?is is s absolutely necess>y1 t )\t x !re c\ld be no k1 no reason+1 no imag9ation1 no di/9ct ?\ghts at all4 ,by ?is ! m9d cle>ly & infallibly p]ceives ea* idea to agree ) itself1 & to be :at x is2 & all di/9ct ideas to disagree1 i4 e4 ! "o n to be ! o!r3 & ?is x does )\t pa9s1 lab\r1 or d$uction2 b at fir/ view1 by its natural p[] ( p]ception & di/9ction4 ,& ?\gh m5 ( art h r$uc$ ?is into ^? g5]al rules1 ,,:at ,,is1 ,,is1 & ,,x ,,is ,,impossible ,,= ,,! ,,same ,,?+ ,,to ,,be ,,& ,,n ,,to ,,be1 = ready application 9 all cases1 :]e9 !re may be occasion to reflect on x3 yet x is c]ta9 t ! fir/ ex]cise ( ?is faculty is ab\t p>ticul> ideas4 ,a man infallibly kn[s1 z soon z ev] he has !m 9 8 m9d1 t ! ideas he calls ,,:ite & ,,r\nd are ! v ideas !y are2 & t !y are n o!r ideas :i* he calls ,,r$ or ,,squ>e4 ,nor c any maxim or proposition 9 ! _w make him "k x cle>] or sur] ?an he did be=e1 & )\t any su* g5]al rule4 ,?is !n is ! fir/ agreem5t or disagreem5t :i* ! m9d p]ceives 9 its ideas2 :i* x always p]ceives at fir/ sight3 & if !re ev] happ5 any d\bt ab\t x1 x w always be f\nd to be ab\t ! names1 & n ! ideas !mselves1 ^: id5tity & div]sity w always be p]ceiv$1 z soon & cle>ly z ! ideas !mselves are2 nor c x possibly be o!rwise4 #e4 ,secondly1 ,( ab/ract ,relations betwe5 ideas4 ,,secondly1 ! next sort ( agreem5t or disagreem5t ! m9d p]ceives 9 any ( its ideas may1 ,i ?9k1 be call$ ,,relative1 & is no?+ b ! p]ception ( ! ,,relation betwe5 any two ideas1 ( :at k9d soev]1 :e!r sub/ances1 modes1 or any o!r4 ,=1 s9ce all di/9ct ideas mu/ et]nally be kn[n n to be ! same1 & s be univ]sally & con/antly d5i$ "o ( ano!r1 !re c\ld be no room = any positive k at all1 if we c\ld n p]ceive any relation betwe5 our ideas1 & f9d out ! agreem5t or disagreem5t !y h "o ) ano!r1 9 sev]al ways ! m9d takes ( comp>+ !m4 #f4 ,?irdly1 ,( _! necess>y ,co-exi/5ce 9 ,sub/ances4 ,,?irdly1 ,! ?ird sort ( agreem5t or disagreem5t to be f\nd 9 our ideas1 :i* ! p]ception ( ! m9d is employ$ ab\t1 is ,,co-,,exi/5ce or ,,non-,,co-,,exi/5ce 9 ! ,,same ,,subject2 & ?is belongs p>ticul>ly to sub/ances4 ,?us :5 we pron\nce conc]n+ gold1 t x is fix$1 our k ( ?is tru? am\nts to no m b ?is1 t fix$ness1 or a p[] to rema9 9 ! fire unconsum$1 is an idea t always accompanies & is jo9$ ) t p>ticul> sort ( yell[ness1 weight1 fusibility1 malleabl5ess1 & solubility 9 ,,aqua ,,regia1 :i* make our complex idea signifi$ by ! ^w gold4 #g4 ,f\r?ly1 ,( real ,exi/5ce agree+ to any idea4 ,,f\r?ly1 ,! f\r? & la/ sort is t ( ,,actual ,,real ,,exi/5ce agree+ to any idea4 ,)9 ^! f\r sorts ( agreem5t or disagreem5t is1 ,i suppose1 conta9$ all ! k we h1 or are capable (4 ,= all ! inquiries we c make conc]n+ any ( our ideas1 all t we "k or c affirm conc]n+ any ( !m1 is1 ,t x is1 or is n1 ! same ) "s o!r2 t x does or does n always co-exi/ ) "s o!r idea 9 ! same subject2 t x has ?is or t relation ) "s o!r idea2 or t x has a real exi/5ce )\t ! m9d4 ,?us1 'blue is n yell[1' is ( id5tity4 ',two triangles ^u equal bases betwe5 two p>allels are equal1' is ( relation4 ',iron is susceptible ( magnetical impressions1' is ( co-exi/5ce4 ',god is1' is ( real exi/5ce4 ,?\gh id5tity & co-exi/5ce are truly no?+ b relations1 yet !y are su* peculi> ways ( agreem5t or disagreem5t ( our ideas1 t !y des]ve well to be consid]$ z di/9ct heads1 & n "u relation 9 g5]al2 s9ce !y are s diff]5t gr\nds ( affirmation & negation1 z w easily appe> to any "o1 :o w b reflect on :at is said 9 sev]al places ( ?is ,,essay4 ,i %\ld n[ proce$ to exam9e ! sev]al degrees ( our k1 b t x is necess>y fir/1 to consid] ! diff]5t acceptations ( ! ^w ,,k4 #h4 ,k is ei!r actual or habitual4 ,!re are sev]al ways :]e9 ! m9d is possess$ ( tru?2 ea* ( :i* is call$ k4 ,i4 ,!re is ,,actual ,,k1 :i* is ! pres5t view ! m9d has ( ! agreem5t or disagreem5t ( any ( its ideas1 or ( ! relation !y h "o to ano!r4 ,,ii4 ,a man is said to "k any proposition1 :i* hav+ be5 once laid be=e 8 ?\ghts1 he evid5tly p]ceiv$ ! agreem5t or disagreem5t ( ! ideas :]e( x consi/s2 & s lodg$ x 9 8 memory1 t :5ev] t proposition comes aga9 to be reflect$ on1 he1 )\t d\bt or hesitation1 embraces ! "r side1 ass5ts to1 & is c]ta9 ( ! tru? ( x4 ,?is1 ,i ?9k1 "o may call ,,habitual ,,k4 ,& ?us a man may be said to "k all ^? tru?s :i* are lodg$ 9 8 memory1 by a =ego+ cle> & full p]ception1 :]e( ! m9d is assur$ pa/ d\bt z (t5 z x has occasion to reflect on !m4 ,= our f9ite und]/&+s be+ able to ?9k cle>ly & di/9ctly b on "o ?+ at once1 if m5 _h no k ( any m ?an :at !y actually ?\ght on1 !y w\ld all be v ignorant3 & he t knew mo/1 w\ld "k b "o tru?1 t be+ all he 0 able to ?9k on at "o "t4 #i4 ,habitual ,k is ( two degrees4 ,( habitual k !re are1 also1 vulg>ly speak+1 two degrees3 ,fir/1 ,! "o is ( su* tru?s laid up 9 ! memory z1 :5ev] !y occur to ! m9d1 x ,,actually ,,p]ceives ,,! ,,relation is betwe5 ^? ideas4 ,& ?is is 9 all ^? tru?s :]e( we h an intuitive k2 :]e ! ideas !mselves1 by an imm$iate view1 discov] _! agreem5t or disagreem5t "o ) ano!r4 ,secondly1 ,! o!r is ( su* tru?s :]e( ! m9d hav+ be5 conv9c$1 x ,,reta9s ,,! ,,memory ,,( ,,! ,,conviction1 ,,)\t ,,! ,,pro(s4 ,?us1 a man t rememb]s c]ta9ly t he once p]ceiv$ ! demon/ration1 t ! ?ree angles ( a triangle are equal to two "r ones1 is c]ta9 t he kn[s x1 because he _c d\bt ! tru? ( x4 ,9 8 adh]5ce to a tru?1 :]e ! demon/ration by :i* x 0 at fir/ kn[n is =got1 ?\gh a man may be ?\ght r to believe 8 memory ?an really to "k1 & ?is way ( ent]ta9+ a tru? seem$ =m]ly to me l some?+ betwe5 op9ion & k2 a sort ( assurance :i* exce$s b>e belief1 = t relies on ! te/imony ( ano!r2--yet ^u a due exam9ation ,i f9d x comes n %ort ( p]fect c]ta9ty1 & is 9 effect true k4 ,t :i* is apt to mislead our fir/ ?\ghts into a mi/ake 9 ?is matt] is1 t ! agreem5t or disagreem5t ( ! ideas 9 ?is case is n p]ceiv$1 z x 0 at fir/1 by an actual view ( all ! int]m$iate ideas :]eby ! agreem5t or disagreem5t ( ^? 9 ! proposition 0 at fir/ p]ceiv$2 b by o!r int]m$iate ideas1 t %[ ! agreem5t or disagreem5t ( ! ideas conta9$ 9 ! proposition ^: c]ta9ty we rememb]4 ,= example3 9 ?is proposition1 t '! ?ree angles ( a triangle are equal to two "r ones1' "o :o has se5 & cle>ly p]ceiv$ ! demon/ration ( ?is tru? kn[s x to be true1 :5 t demon/ration is gone out ( 8 m9d2 s t at pres5t x is n actually 9 view1 & possibly _c be recollect$3 b he kn[s x 9 a diff]5t way f :at he did be=e4 ,! agreem5t ( ! two ideas jo9$ 9 t proposition is p]ceiv$2 b x is by ! int]v5tion ( o!r ideas ?an ^? :i* at fir/ produc$ t p]ception4 ,he rememb]s1 i4e4 he kn[s 7= remembrance is b ! reviv+ ( "s pa/ k7 t he 0 once c]ta9 ( ! tru? ( ?is proposition1 t ! ?ree angles ( a triangle are equal to two "r ones4 ,! immutability ( ! same relations betwe5 ! same immutable ?+s is n[ ! idea t %[s him1 t if ! ?ree angles ( a triangle 7 once equal to two "r ones1 !y w always be equal to two "r ones4 ,& h5ce he comes to be c]ta91 t :at 0 once true 9 ! case1 is always true2 :at ideas once agre$ w always agree2 & consequ5tly :at he once knew to be true1 he w always "k to be true2 z long z he c rememb] t he once knew x4 ,^u ?is gr\nd x is1 t p>ticul> demon/rations 9 ma!matics af=d g5]al k4 ,if !n ! p]ception1 t ! same ideas w ,,et]nally h ! same habitudes & relations1 be n a suffici5t gr\nd ( k1 !re c\ld be no k ( g5]al propositions 9 ma!matics2 = no ma!matical demon/ration w\ld be any o!r ?an p>ticul>3 & :5 a man _h demon/rat$ any proposition conc]n+ "o triangle or circle1 8 k w\ld n rea* beyond t p>ticul> diagram4 ,if he w\ld ext5d x fur!r1 he mu/ r5ew 8 demon/ration 9 ano!r in/ance1 be=e he c\ld "k x to be true 9 ano!r l triangle1 & s on3 by :i* means "o c\ld nev] come to ! k ( any g5]al propositions4 ,nobody1 ,i ?9k1 c d5y1 t ,mr4 ,newton c]ta9ly kn[s any proposition t he n[ at any "t reads 9 8 book to be true2 ?\gh he has n 9 actual view t admirable *a9 ( int]m$iate ideas :]eby he at fir/ discov]$ x to be true4 ,su* a memory z t1 able to reta9 su* a tra9 ( p>ticul>s1 may be well ?\ght beyond ! rea* ( human faculties1 :5 ! v discov]y1 p]ception1 & lay+ toge!r t wond]ful connexion ( ideas1 is f\nd to surpass mo/ read]s' compreh5sion4 ,b yet x is evid5t ! au?or himself kn[s ! proposition to be true1 rememb]+ he once saw ! connexion ( ^? ideas2 z c]ta9ly z he kn[s su* a man w\nd$ ano!r1 rememb]+ t he saw him run him ?r\gh4 ,b because ! memory is n always s cle> z actual p]ception1 & does 9 all m5 m or less decay 9 l5g? ( "t1 ?is1 among/ o!r diff]5ces1 is "o :i* %[s t ,,demon/rative k is mu* m imp]fect ?an ,,intuitive1 z we %all see 9 ! foll[+ *apt]4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,( ,,! ,,degrees ,,( ,,our ,,k4 #a4 ,( ! degrees1 or diff]5ces 9 cle>ness1 ( our ,k3 ,i4 ,intuitive ,all our k consi/+1 z ,i h said1 9 ! view ! m9d has ( its own ideas1 :i* is ! utmo/ light & greate/ c]ta9ty we1 ) our faculties1 & 9 our way ( k1 are capable (1 x may n be amiss to consid] a little ! degrees ( its evid5ce4 ,! diff]5t cle>ness ( our k seems to me to lie 9 ! diff]5t way ( p]ception ! m9d has ( ! agreem5t or disagreem5t ( any ( its ideas4 ,= if we w reflect on our own ways ( ?9k+1 we w f9d1 t sometimes ! m9d p]ceives ! agreem5t or disagreem5t ( two ideas ,,imm$iately ,,by ,,!mselves1 )\t ! int]v5tion ( any o!r3 & ?is ,i ?9k we may call ,,intuitive ,,k4 ,= 9 ?is ! m9d is at no pa9s ( prov+ or exam9+1 b p]ceives ! tru? z ! eye do? light1 only by be+ direct$ t[>ds x4 ,?us ! m9d p]ceives t ,,:ite is n ,,black1 t a ,,circle is n a ,,triangle1 t ,,?ree are m ?an ,,two & equal to ,,"o ,,& ,,two4 ,su* k9ds ( tru?s ! m9d p]ceives at ! fir/ sight ( ! ideas toge!r1 by b>e intuition2 )\t ! int]v5tion ( any o!r idea3 & ?is k9d ( k is ! cle>e/ & mo/ c]ta9 t human frailty is capable (4 ,?is "p ( k is irresi/ible1 &1 l bright sun%9e1 =ces itself imm$iately to be p]ceiv$1 z soon z ev] ! m9d turns its view t way2 & leaves no room = hesitation1 d\bt1 or exam9ation1 b ! m9d is pres5tly fill$ ) ! cle> light ( x4 ,,x ,,is ,,on ,,?is ,,intuition ,,t ,,dep5ds ,,all ,,! ,,c]ta9ty ,,& ,,evid5ce ,,( ,,all ,,our ,,k2 :i* c]ta9ty e "o f9ds to be s great1 t he _c imag9e1 & !re=e n require a great]3 = a man _c conceive himself capable ( a great] c]ta9ty ?an to "k t any idea 9 8 m9d is su* z he p]ceives x to be2 & t two ideas1 :]e9 he p]ceives a diff]5ce1 are diff]5t & n precisely ! same4 ,he t dem&s a great] c]ta9ty ?an ?is1 dem&s he kn[s n :at1 & %[s only t he has a m9d to be a sceptic1 )\t be+ able to be s4 ,c]ta9ty dep5ds s :olly on ?is intuition1 t1 9 ! next degree ( k :i* ,i call demon/rative1 ?is intuition is necess>y 9 all ! connexions ( ! int]m$iate ideas1 )\t :i* we _c atta9 k & c]ta9ty4 #b4 ,,ii4 ,demon/rative4 ,! next degree ( k is1 :]e ! m9d p]ceives ! agreem5t or disagreem5t ( any ideas1 b n imm$iately4 ,?\gh :]ev] ! m9d p]ceives ! agreem5t or disagreem5t ( any ( its ideas1 !re be c]ta9 k2 yet x does n always happ51 t ! m9d sees t agreem5t or disagreem5t1 :i* !re is betwe5 !m1 ev5 :]e x is discov]able2 & 9 t case rema9s 9 ignorance1 & at mo/ gets no fur!r ?an a probable conjecture4 ,! reason :y ! m9d _c always p]ceive pres5tly ! agreem5t or disagreem5t ( two ideas1 is1 because ^? ideas1 conc]n+ ^: agreem5t or disagreem5t ! inquiry is made1 _c by ! m9d be s put toge!r z to %[ x4 ,9 ?is case !n1 :5 ! m9d _c s br+ its ideas toge!r z by _! imm$iate comp>ison1 & z x 7 juxta-position or application "o to ano!r1 to p]ceive _! agreem5t or disagreem5t1 x is fa91 ,,by ,,! ,,int]v5tion ,,( ,,o!r ,,ideas1 7"o or m1 z x happ5s7 to discov] ! agreem5t or disagreem5t :i* x se>*es2 & ?is is t :i* we call ,,reason+4 ,?us1 ! m9d be+ will+ to "k ! agreem5t or disagreem5t 9 bigness betwe5 ! ?ree angles ( a triangle & two "r ones1 _c by an imm$iate view & comp>+ !m d x3 because ! ?ree angles ( a triangle _c be br\ght at once1 & be comp>$ ) any o!r "o1 or two1 angles2 & s ( ?is ! m9d has no imm$iate1 no intuitive k4 ,9 ?is case ! m9d is fa9 to f9d out "s o!r angles1 to :i* ! ?ree angles ( a triangle h an equality2 &1 f9d+ ^? equal to two "r ones1 comes to "k _! equality to two "r ones4 #c4 ,demon/ration dep5ds on cle>ly p]ceiv$ pro(s4 ,^? int]v5+ ideas1 :i* s]ve to %[ ! agreem5t ( any two o!rs1 are call$ ,,pro(s2 & :]e ! agreem5t & disagreem5t is by ?is means pla9ly & cle>ly p]ceiv$1 x is call$ ,,demon/ration2 x be+ ,,%[n to ! und]/&+1 & ! m9d made to see t x is s4 ,a quickness 9 ! m9d to f9d out ^! int]m$iate ideas1 7t %all discov] ! agreem5t or disagreem5t ( any o!r17 & to apply !m "r1 is1 ,i suppose1 t :i* is call$ ,,sagacity4 #d4 ,z c]ta91 b n s easy & ready z ,intuitive ,k4 ,?is k1 by int]v5+ pro(s1 ?\gh x be c]ta91 yet ! evid5ce ( x is n altoge!r s cle> & bright1 nor ! ass5t s ready1 z 9 intuitive k4 ,=1 ?\gh 9 demon/ration ! m9d does at la/ p]ceive ! agreem5t or disagreem5t ( ! ideas x consid]s2 yet x is n )\t pa9s & att5tion3 !re mu/ be m ?an "o transi5t view to f9d x4 ,a /eady application & pursuit are requir$ to ?is discov]y3 & !re mu/ be a progression by /eps & degrees1 be=e ! m9d c 9 ?is way arrive at c]ta9ty1 & come to p]ceive ! agreem5t or repugnancy betwe5 two ideas t ne$ pro(s & ! use ( reason to %[ x4 #e4 ,! demon/rat$ conclusion n )\t ,d\bt1 prec$5t to ! demon/ration4 ,ano!r diff]5ce betwe5 intuitive & demon/rative k is1 t1 ?\gh 9 ! latt] all d\bt be remov$ :51 by ! int]v5tion ( ! int]m$iate ideas1 ! agreem5t or disagreem5t is p]ceiv$1 yet be=e ! demon/ration !re 0 a d\bt2 :i* 9 intuitive k _c happ5 to ! m9d t has its faculty ( p]ception left to a degree capable ( di/9ct ideas2 no m ?an x c be a d\bt to ! eye 7t c di/9ctly see :ite & black71 ,:e!r ?is ink & ?is pap] be all ( a col\r4 ,if !re be sight 9 ! eyes1 x w1 at fir/ glimpse1 )\t hesitation1 p]ceive ! words pr9t$ on ?is pap] diff]5t f ! col\r ( ! pap]3 & s if ! m9d h ! faculty ( di/9ct p]ception1 x w p]ceive ! agreem5t or disagreem5t ( ^? ideas t produce intuitive k4 ,if ! eyes h lo/ ! faculty ( see+1 or ! m9d ( p]ceiv+1 we 9 va9 inquire aft] ! quickness ( sight 9 "o1 or cle>ness ( p]ception 9 ! o!r4 #f4 ,n s cle> z ,intuitive ,k4 ,x is true1 ! p]ception produc$ by demon/ration is also v cle>2 yet x is (t5 ) a great abatem5t ( t evid5t lu/re & full assurance t always accompany t :i* ,i call intuitive3 l a face reflect$ by sev]al mirrors "o to ano!r1 :]e1 z long z x reta9s ! similitude & agreem5t ) ! object1 x produces a k2 b x is /ill1 9 e successive reflection1 ) a less5+ ( t p]fect cle>ness & di/9ctness :i* is 9 ! fir/2 till at la/1 aft] _m removes1 x has a great mixture ( dimness1 & is n at fir/ sight s kn[able1 especially to weak eyes4 ,?us x is ) k made out by a long tra9 ( pro(4 #g4 ,ea* ,/ep 9 ,demon/rat$ ,k mu/ h ,intuitive ,evid5ce4 ,n[1 9 e /ep reason makes 9 demon/rative k1 !re is an intuitive k ( t agreem5t or disagreem5t x seeks ) ! next int]m$iate idea :i* x uses z a pro(3 = if x 7 n s1 t yet w\ld ne$ a pro(2 s9ce )\t ! p]ception ( su* agreem5t or disagreem5t1 !re is no k produc$3 if x be p]ceiv$ by itself1 x is intuitive k3 if x _c be p]ceiv$ by itself1 !re is ne$ ( "s int]v5+ idea1 z a common measure1 to %[ _! agreem5t or disagreem5t4 ,by :i* x is pla91 t e /ep 9 reason+ t produces k1 has intuitive c]ta9ty2 :i* :5 ! m9d p]ceives1 !re is no m requir$ b to rememb] x1 to make ! agreem5t or disagreem5t ( ! ideas conc]n+ :i* we inquire visible & c]ta94 ,s t to make any?+ a demon/ration1 x is necess>y to p]ceive ! imm$iate agreem5t ( ! int]v5+ ideas1 :]eby ! agreem5t or disagreem5t ( ! two ideas "u exam9ation 7:]e( ! "o is always ! fir/1 & ! o!r ! la/ 9 ! acc\nt7 is f\nd4 ,?is intuitive p]ception ( ! agreem5t or disagreem5t ( ! int]m$iate ideas1 9 ea* /ep & progression ( ! demon/ration1 mu/ also be c>ri$ exactly 9 ! m9d1 & a man mu/ be sure t no "p is left out3 :i*1 because 9 long d$uctions1 & ! use ( _m pro(s1 ! memory does n always s readily & exactly reta92 !re=e x comes to pass1 t ?is is m imp]fect ?an intuitive k1 & m5 embrace (t5 falsehood = demon/rations4 #h4 ,h5ce ! ,mi/ake1 ex praecognitis1 et praeconcessis4 ,! necessity ( ?is intuitive k1 9 ea* /ep ( sci5tifical or demon/rative reason+1 gave occasion1 ,i imag9e1 to t mi/ak5 axiom1 ,t all reason+ 0 ,,ex ,,praecognitis ,,et ,,praeconcessis3 :i*1 h[ f> x is a mi/ake1 ,i %all h occasion to %[ m at l>ge1 :5 ,i come to consid] propositions1 & p>ticul>ly ^? propositions :i* are call$ maxims1 & to %[ t x is by a mi/ake t !y are suppos$ to be ! f\ndations ( all our k & reason+s4 #i4 ,demon/ration n limit$ to ideas ( ma!matical ,quantity4 ,x has be5 g5]ally tak5 = grant$1 t ma!matics alone are capable ( demon/rative c]ta9ty3 b to h su* an agreem5t or disagreem5t z may intuitively be p]ceiv$1 be+1 z ,i imag9e1 n ! privilege ( ! ideas ( numb]1 ext5sion1 & figure alone1 x may possibly be ! want ( due me?od & application 9 u1 & n ( suffici5t evid5ce 9 ?+s1 t demon/ration has be5 ?\ght to h s little to d 9 o!r p>ts ( k1 & be5 sc>ce s mu* z aim$ at by any b ma!maticians4 ,= :atev] ideas we h :]e9 ! m9d c p]ceive ! imm$iate agreem5t or disagreem5t t is betwe5 !m1 !re ! m9d is capable ( intuitive k2 & :]e x c p]ceive ! agreem5t or disagreem5t ( any two ideas1 by an intuitive p]ception ( ! agreem5t or disagreem5t !y h ) any int]m$iate ideas1 !re ! m9d is capable ( demon/ration3 :i* is n limit$ to ideas ( ext5sion1 figure1 numb]1 & _! modes4 #aj4 ,:y x has be5 ?\ght to be s limit$4 ,! reason :y x has be5 g5]ally s\ght =1 & suppos$ to be only 9 ^?1 ,i imag9e has be51 n only ! g5]al usefulness ( ^? sci5ces2 b because1 9 comp>+ _! equality or excess1 ! modes ( numb]s h e ! lea/ diff]5ce v cle> & p]ceivable3 & ?\gh 9 ext5sion e ! lea/ excess is n s p]ceptible1 yet ! m9d has f\nd out ways to exam9e1 & discov] demon/ratively1 ! j equality ( two angles1 or ext5sions1 or figures3 & bo? ^!1 i4 e4 numb]s & figures1 c be set d[n by visible & la/+ m>ks1 :]e9 ! ideas "u consid]ation are p]fectly det]m9$2 :i* = ! mo/ "p !y are n1 :]e !y are m>k$ only by names & words4 #aa4 ,modes ( ,qualities n demon/rable l modes ( ,quantity4 ,b 9 o!r simple ideas1 ^: modes & diff]5ces are made & c\nt$ by degrees1 & n quantity1 we h n s nice & accurate a di/9ction ( _! diff]5ces z to p]ceive1 or f9d ways to measure1 _! j equality1 or ! lea/ diff]5ces4 ,= ^? o!r simple ideas1 be+ appe>ances ( s5sations produc$ 9 u1 by ! size1 figure1 numb]1 & motion ( m9ute corpuscles s+ly ins5sible2 _! diff]5t degrees also dep5d ^u ! v>iation ( "s or ( all ^? causes3 :i*1 s9ce x _c be obs]v$ by u1 9 p>ticles ( matt] :]e( ea* is too subtile to be p]ceiv$1 x is impossible = u to h any exact measures ( ! diff]5t degrees ( ^! simple ideas4 ,=1 suppos+ ! s5sation or idea we "n :it5ess be produc$ 9 u by a c]ta9 numb] ( globules1 :i*1 hav+ a v]ticity ab\t _! own c5tres1 /rike ^u ! ret9a ( ! eye1 ) a c]ta9 degree ( rotation1 z well z progressive swiftness2 x w h5ce easily foll[1 t ! m ! sup]ficial p>ts ( any body are s ord]$ z to reflect ! great] numb] ( globules ( light1 & to give !m ! prop] rotation1 :i* is fit to produce ?is s5sation ( :ite 9 u1 ! m :ite w t body appe>1 t f an equal space s5ds to ! ret9a ! great] numb] ( su* corpuscles1 ) t peculi> sort ( motion4 ,i d n say t ! nature ( light consi/s 9 v small r\nd globules2 nor ( :it5ess 9 su* a texture ( p>ts z gives a c]ta9 rotation to ^! globules :5 x reflects !m3 = ,i am n n[ treat+ physically ( light or col\rs4 ,b ?is ,i ?9k ,i may say1 t ,i _c 7& ,i w\ld be glad any "o w\ld make intelligible t he did7 conceive h[ bodies )\t u c any ways affect our s5ses1 b by ! imm$iate contact ( ! s5sible bodies !mselves1 z 9 ta/+ & feel+1 or ! impulse ( "s s5sible p>ticles com+ f !m1 z 9 see+1 he>+1 & smell+2 by ! diff]5t impulse ( :i* p>ts1 caus$ by _! diff]5t size1 figure1 & motion1 ! v>iety ( s5sations is produc$ 9 u4 #ab4 ,p>ticles ( light & simple ideas ( col\r4 ,:e!r !n !y be globules or no2 or :e!r !y h a v]ticity ab\t _! own c5tres t produces ! idea ( :it5ess 9 u2 ?is is c]ta91 t ! m p>ticles ( light are reflect$ f a body1 fitt$ to give !m t peculi> motion :i* produces ! s5sation ( :it5ess 9 u2 & possibly too1 ! quick] t peculi> motion is1--! :it] does ! body appe> f :i* ! greate/ numb] are reflect$1 z is evid5t 9 ! same piece ( pap] put 9 ! sunbeams1 9 ! %ade1 & 9 a d>k hole2 9 ea* ( :i* x w produce 9 u ! idea ( :it5ess 9 f> diff]5t degrees4 #ac4 ,! second>y ,qualities ( ?+s n discov]$ by ,demon/ration4 ,n kn[+1 !re=e1 :at numb] ( p>ticles1 nor :at motion ( !m1 is fit to produce any precise degree ( :it5ess1 we _c ,,demon/rate ! c]ta9 equality ( any two degrees ( :it5ess2 because we h no c]ta9 /&>d to measure !m by1 nor means to di/+ui% e ! lea/ real diff]5ce1 ! only help we h be+ f our s5ses1 :i* 9 ?is po9t fail u4 ,b :]e ! diff]5ce is s great z to produce 9 ! m9d cle>ly di/9ct ideas1 ^: diff]5ces c be p]fectly reta9$1 !re ^! ideas or col\rs1 z we see 9 diff]5t k9ds1 z blue & r$1 are z capable ( demon/ration z ideas ( numb] & ext5sion4 ,:at ,i h "h said ( :it5ess & col\rs1 ,i ?9k holds true 9 all second>y qualities & _! modes4 #ad4 ,,iii4 ,s5sitive ,k ( ! p>ticul> ,exi/5ce ( f9ite be+s )\t u4 ,^! two1 viz4 intuition & demon/ration1 are ! degrees ( our ,,k2 :atev] comes %ort ( "o ( ^!1 ) :at assurance soev] embrac$1 is b ,,fai? or ,,op9ion1 b n k1 at lea/ 9 all g5]al tru?s4 ,!re is1 inde$1 ano!r p]ception ( ! m9d1 employ$ ab\t ,,! ,,p>ticul> ,,exi/5ce ,,( ,,f9ite ,,be+s ,,)\t ,,u1 :i*1 go+ beyond b>e probability1 & yet n rea*+ p]fectly to ei!r ( ! =ego+ degrees ( c]ta9ty1 passes "u ! "n ( ,,k4 ,!re c be no?+ m c]ta9 ?an t ! idea we receive f an ext]nal object is 9 our m9ds3 ?is is intuitive k4 ,b :e!r !re be any?+ m ?an b>ely t idea 9 our m9ds2 :e!r we c !nce c]ta9ly inf] ! exi/5ce ( any?+ )\t u1 :i* corresponds to t idea1 is t :]e( "s m5 ?9k !re may be a "q made2 because m5 may h su* ideas 9 _! m9ds1 :5 no su* ?+ exi/s1 no su* object affects _! s5ses4 ,b yet "h ,i ?9k we are provid$ ) an evid5ce t puts u pa/ d\bt+4 ,= ,i ask any "o1 ,:e!r he be n inv9cibly consci\s to himself ( a diff]5t p]ception1 :5 he looks on ! sun by day1 & ?9ks on x by night2 :5 he actually ta/es wormwood1 or smells a rose1 or only ?9ks on t sav\r or od\r8 ,we z pla9ly f9d ! diff]5ce !re is betwe5 any idea reviv$ 9 our m9ds by our own memory1 & actually com+ into our m9ds by our s5ses1 z we d betwe5 any two di/9ct ideas4 ,if any "o say1 a dream may d ! same ?+1 & all ^! ideas may be produc$1 9 u )\t any ext]nal objects2 he may please to dream t ,i make him ?is answ]3--,i4 ,t x is no great matt]1 :e!r ,i remove 8 scruple or no3 :]e all is b dream1 reason+ & argum5ts are ( no use1 tru? & k no?+4 #b4 ,t ,i believe he w all[ a v manife/ diff]5ce betwe5 dream+ ( be+ 9 ! fire1 & be+ actually 9 x4 ,b yet if he be resolv$ to appe> s sceptical z to ma9ta91 t :at ,i call be+ actually 9 ! fire is no?+ b a dream2 & t we _c !reby c]ta9ly "k1 t any su* ?+ z fire actually exi/s )\t u3 ,i answ]1 ,t we c]ta9ly f9d+ t pleasure or pa9 foll[s ^u ! application ( c]ta9 objects to u1 ^: exi/5ce we p]ceive1 or dream t we p]ceive1 by our s5ses2 ?is c]ta9ty is z great z our happ9ess or mis]y1 beyond :i* we h no conc]nm5t to "k or to be4 ,s t1 ,i ?9k1 we may add to ! two =m] sorts ( k ?is also1 ( ! exi/5ce ( p>ticul> ext]nal objects1 by t p]ception & consci\sness we h ( ! actual entrance ( ideas f !m1 & all[ ^! ?ree degrees ( k1 viz4 ,,intuitive1 ,,demon/rative1 & ,,s5sitive2 9 ea* ( :i* !re are diff]5t degrees & ways ( evid5ce & c]ta9ty4 #ae4 ,k n always cle>1 :]e ! ,ideas t ent] into x are cle>4 ,b s9ce our k is f\nd$ on & employ$ ab\t our ideas only1 w x n foll[ f !nce t x is con=mable to our ideas2 & t :]e our ideas are cle> & di/9ct1 or obscure & confus$1 our k w be s too8 ,to :i* ,i answ]1 ,no3 = our k consi/+ 9 ! p]ception ( ! agreem5t or disagreem5t ( any two ideas1 its cle>ness or obscurity consi/s 9 ! cle>ness or obscurity ( t p]ception1 & n 9 ! cle>ness or obscurity ( ! ideas !mselves3 v4 g4 a man t has z cle> ideas ( ! angles ( a triangle1 & ( equality to two "r ones1 z any ma!matician 9 ! _w1 may yet h b a v obscure p]ception ( _! ,,agreem5t1 & s h b a v obscure k ( x4 ,b ideas :i*1 by reason ( _! obscurity or o!rwise1 are confus$1 _c produce any cle> or di/9ct k2 because1 z f> z any ideas are confus$1 s f> ! m9d _c p]ceive cle>ly :e!r !y agree or disagree4 ,or to express ! same ?+ 9 a way less apt to be misund]/ood3 he t ha? n det]m9$ ideas to ! words he uses1 _c make propositions ( !m ( ^: tru? he c be c]ta94 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,( ,,! ,,ext5t ,,( ,,human ,,k4 #a4 ,ext5t ( our ,k4 ,k1 z has be5 said1 ly+ 9 ! p]ception ( ! agreem5t or disagreem5t ( any ( our ideas1 x foll[s f h5ce1 ,t1 ,fir/1 x ext5ds no fur!r ?an we h ,ideas4 ,fir/1 we c h k no fur!r ?an we h ,,ideas4 #b4 ,secondly1 ,x ext5ds no fur!r ?an we c p]ceive _! ,agreem5t or ,disagreem5t4 ,secondly1 ,t we c h no k fur!r ?an we c h ,,p]ception ( t agreem5t or disagreem5t4 ,:i* p]ception be+3 #a4 ,ei!r by ,,intuition1 or ! imm$iate comp>+ any two ideas2 or1 #b4 ,by ,,reason1 exam9+ ! agreem5t or disagreem5t ( two ideas1 by ! int]v5tion ( "s o!rs2 or1 #c4 ,by ,,s5sation1 p]ceiv+ ! exi/5ce ( p>ticul> ?+s3 h5ce x also foll[s3 #c4 ,?irdly1 ,intuitive ,k ext5ds itself n to all ! relation ( all our ,ideas4 ,?irdly1 ,t we _c h an ,,intuitive ,,k t %all ext5d itself to all our ideas1 & all t we w\ld "k ab\t !m2 because we _c exam9e & p]ceive all ! relations !y h "o to ano!r1 by juxta-position1 or an imm$iate comp>ison "o ) ano!r4 ,?us1 hav+ ! ideas ( an obtuse & an acute angl$ triangle1 bo? drawn f equal bases1 & betwe5 p>allels1 ,i c1 by intuitive k1 p]ceive ! "o n to be ! o!r1 b _c t way "k :e!r !y be equal or no2 because _! agreem5t or disagreem5t 9 equality c nev] be p]ceiv$ by an imm$iate comp>+ !m3 ! diff]5ce ( figure makes _! p>ts incapable ( an exact imm$iate application2 & !re=e !re is ne$ ( "s int]v5+ qualities to measure !m by1 :i* is demon/ration1 or rational k4 #d4 ,f\r?ly1 ,nor does ,demon/rative ,k4 ,f\r?ly1 ,x foll[s1 also1 f :at is above obs]v$1 t our ,,rational ,,k _c rea* to ! :ole ext5t ( our ideas3 because betwe5 two diff]5t ideas we w\ld exam9e1 we _c always f9d su* m$iums z we c connect "o to ano!r ) an intuitive k 9 all ! p>ts ( ! d$uction2 & :]ev] t fails1 we come %ort ( k & demon/ration4 #e4 ,fif?ly1 ,s5sitive ,k n>r[] ?an ei!r4 ,fif?ly1 ,,s5sitive ,,k rea*+ no fur!r ?an ! exi/5ce ( ?+s actually pres5t to our s5ses1 is yet mu* n>r[] ?an ei!r ( ! =m]4 #f4 ,six?ly1 ,our ,k1 !re=e n>r[] ?an our ,ideas4 ,six?ly1 ,f all :i* x is evid5t1 t ! ,,ext5t ,,( ,,our ,,k comes n only %ort ( ! reality ( ?+s1 b ev5 ( ! ext5t ( our own ideas4 ,?\gh our k be limit$ to our ideas1 & _c exce$ !m ei!r 9 ext5t or p]fection2 & ?\gh ^! be v n>r[ b\nds1 9 respect ( ! ext5t ( ,all-be+1 & f> %ort ( :at we may ju/ly imag9e to be 9 "s ev5 creat$ und]/&+s1 n ti$ d[n to ! dull & n>r[ in=mation t is to be receiv$ f "s few1 & n v acute1 ways ( p]ception1 su* z are our s5ses2 yet x w\ld be well ) u if our k 7 b z l>ge z our ideas1 & !re 7 n _m d\bts & inquiries ,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,ideas ,,we ,,h1 :]e( we are n1 nor ,i believe ev] %all be 9 ?is _w resolv$4 ,nev]!less1 ,i d n "q b t human k1 "u ! pres5t circum/ances ( our be+s & con/itutions1 may be c>ri$ mu* fur!r ?an x has hi!rto be51 if m5 w\ld s9c]ely1 & ) fre$om ( m9d1 employ all t indu/ry & lab\r ( ?\ght1 9 improv+ ! means ( discov]+ tru?1 :i* !y d = ! col\r+ or support ( falsehood1 to ma9ta9 a sy/em1 int]e/1 or p>ty !y are once engag$ 94 ,b yet aft] all1 ,i ?9k ,i may1 )\t injury to human p]fection1 be confid5t1 t our k w\ld nev] rea* to all we might desire to "k conc]n+ ^? ideas we h2 nor be able to surm\nt all ! difficulties1 & resolve all ! que/ions t might arise conc]n+ any ( !m4 ,we h ! ideas ( a ,,squ>e1 a ,,circle1 & ,,equality2 & yet1 p]haps1 %all nev] be able to f9d a circle equal to a squ>e1 & c]ta9ly "k t x is s4 ,we h ! ideas ( ,,matt] & ,,?9k+1 b possibly %all nev] be able to "k :e!r any m]e mat]ial be+ ?9ks or no2 x be+ impossible = u1 by ! contemplation ( our own ideas1 )\t revelation1 to discov] :e!r ,omnipot5cy has n giv5 to "s sy/ems ( matt]1 fitly dispos$1 a p[] to p]ceive & ?9k1 or else jo9$ & fix$ to matt]1 s dispos$1 a ?9k+ immat]ial sub/ance3 x be+1 9 respect ( our notions1 n mu* m remote f our compreh5sion to conceive t ,,god c1 if he pleases1 sup]add to matt] ,a ,,faculty ,,( ,,?9k+1 ?an t he %\ld sup]add to x ,,ano!r ,,sub/ance ,,) ,a ,,faculty ,,( ,,?9k+2 s9ce we "k n :]e9 ?9k+ consi/s1 nor to :at sort ( sub/ances ! ,almighty has be5 pleas$ to give t p[]1 :i* _c be 9 any creat$ be+1 b m]ely by ! good pleasure & b\nty ( ! ,creator4 ,= ,i see no contradiction 9 x1 t ! fir/ ,et]nal ?9k+ ,be+1 or ,omnipot5t ,_s1 %\ld1 if he pleas$1 give to c]ta9 sy/ems ( creat$ s5seless matt]1 put toge!r z he ?9ks fit1 "s degrees ( s5se1 p]ception1 & ?\ght3 ?\gh1 z ,i ?9k ,i h prov$1 lib4 iv4 *4 #aj1 ,section #ad1 c41 x is no less ?an a contradiction to suppose matt] 7:i* is evid5tly 9 its own nature void ( s5se & ?\ght7 %\ld be t ,et]nal fir/-?9k+ ,be+4 ,:at c]ta9ty ( k c any "o h1 t "s p]ceptions1 su* z1 v4 g41 pleasure & pa91 %\ld n be 9 "s bodies !mselves1 aft] a c]ta9 mann] modifi$ & mov$1 z well z t !y %\ld be 9 an immat]ial sub/ance1 ^u ! motion ( ! p>ts ( body3 ,body1 z f> z we c conceive1 be+ able only to /rike & affect body1 & motion1 accord+ to ! utmo/ rea* ( our ideas1 be+ able to produce no?+ b motion2 s t :5 we all[ x to produce pleasure or pa91 or ! idea ( a col\r or s\nd1 we are fa9 to quit our reason1 g beyond our ideas1 & attribute x :olly to ! good pleasure ( our ,mak]4 ,=1 s9ce we mu/ all[ ,he has annex$ effects to motion :i* we c no way conceive motion able to produce1 :at reason h we to conclude t ,he c\ld n ord] !m z well to be produc$ 9 a subject we _c conceive capable ( !m1 z well z 9 a subject we _c conceive ! motion ( matt] c any way op]ate ^u8 ,i say n ?is1 t ,i w\ld any way less5 ! belief ( ! s\l's immat]iality3 ,i am n "h speak+ ( probability1 b k1 & ,i ?9k n only t x becomes ! mode/y ( philosophy n to pron\nce magi/]ially1 :]e we want t evid5ce t c produce k2 b also1 t x is ( use to u to disc]n h[ f> our k does rea*2 = ! /ate we are at pres5t 91 n be+ t ( vision1 we mu/ 9 _m ?+s cont5t ourselves ) fai? & probability3 & 9 ! pres5t "q1 ab\t ! ,immat]iality ( ! ,s\l1 if our faculties _c arrive at demon/rative c]ta9ty1 we ne$ n ?9k x /range4 ,all ! great ends ( morality & religion are well en\gh secur$1 )\t philosophical pro(s ( ! s\l's immat]iality2 s9ce x is evid5t1 t he :o made u at ! beg9n+ to subsi/ "h1 s5sible intellig5t be+s1 & = sev]al ye>s cont9u$ u 9 su* a /ate1 c & w re/ore u to ! l /ate ( s5sibility 9 ano!r _w1 & make u capable !re to receive ! retribution he has design$ to m51 accord+ to _! do+s 9 ?is life4 ,& !re=e x is n ( su* mighty necessity to det]m9e "o way or ! o!r1 z "s1 ov]-zeal\s = or aga9/ ! immat]iality ( ! s\l1 h be5 =w>d to make ! _w believe4 ,:o1 ei!r on ! "o side1 indulg+ too mu* _! ?\ghts imm]s$ altoge!r 9 matt]1 c all[ no exi/5ce to :at is n mat]ial3 or :o1 on ! o!r side1 f9d+ n ,,cogitation )9 ! natural p[]s ( matt]1 exam9$ ov] & ov] aga9 by ! utmo/ int5tion ( m9d1 h ! confid5ce to conclude--,t ,omnipot5cy itself _c give p]ception & ?\ght to a sub/ance :i* has ! modification ( solidity4 ,he t consid]s h[ h>dly s5sation is1 9 our ?\ghts1 reconcilable to ext5d$ matt]2 or exi/5ce to any?+ t has no ext5sion at all1 w confess t he is v f> f c]ta9ly kn[+ :at 8 s\l is4 ,x is a po9t :i* seems to me to be put out ( ! rea* ( our k3 & he :o w give himself leave to consid] freely1 & look into ! d>k & intricate "p ( ea* hypo!sis1 w sc>ce f9d 8 reason able to det]m9e him fix$ly = or aga9/ ! s\l's mat]iality4 ,s9ce1 on :i* side soev] he views x1 ei!r z an ,,unext5d$ ,,sub/ance1 or z a ,,?9k+ ,,ext5d$ ,,matt]1 ! difficulty to conceive ei!r w1 :il/ ei!r alone is 9 8 ?\ghts1 /ill drive him to ! contr>y side4 ,an unfair way :i* "s m5 take ) !mselves3 :o1 because ( ! inconceivabl5ess ( some?+ !y f9d 9 "o1 ?r[ !mselves viol5tly into ! contr>y hypo!sis1 ?\gh altoge!r z un9telligible to an unbiass$ und]/&+4 ,?is s]ves n only to %[ ! weakness & ! scant9ess ( our k1 b ! insignificant triumph ( su* sort ( argum5ts2 :i*1 drawn f our own views1 may satisfy u t we c f9d no c]ta9ty on "o side ( ! "q3 b d n at all !reby help u to tru? by runn+ into ! opposite op9ion2 :i*1 on exam9ation1 w be f\nd clogg$ ) equal difficulties4 ,= :at safety1 :at advantage to any "o is x1 = ! avoid+ ! seem+ absurdities1 & to him unsurm\ntable rubs1 he meets ) 9 "o op9ion1 to take refuge 9 ! contr>y1 :i* is built on some?+ altoge!r z inexplicable1 & z f> remote f 8 compreh5sion8 ,x is pa/ controv]sy1 t we h 9 u ,,some?+ t ?9ks2 our v d\bts ab\t :at x is1 confirm ! c]ta9ty ( its be+1 ?\gh we mu/ cont5t ourselves 9 ! ignorance ( :at ,,k9d ( be+ x is3 & x is 9 va9 to g ab\t to be sceptical 9 ?is1 z x is unreasonable 9 mo/ o!r cases to be positive aga9/ ! be+ ( any?+1 because we _c compreh5d its nature4 ,= ,i w\ld fa9 "k :at sub/ance exi/s1 t has n some?+ 9 x :i* manife/ly baffles our und]/&+s4 ,o!r spirits1 :o see & "k ! nature & inw>d con/itution ( ?+s1 h[ mu* mu/ !y exce$ u 9 k8 ,to :i*1 if we add l>g] compreh5sion1 :i* enables !m at "o glance to see ! connexion & agreem5t ( v _m ideas1 & readily supplies to !m ! int]m$iate pro(s1 :i* we by s+le & sl[ /eps1 & long por+ 9 ! d>k1 h>dly at la/ f9d out1 & are (t5 ready to =get "o be=e we h hunt$ out ano!r2 we may guess at "s "p ( ! happ9ess ( sup]ior ranks ( spirits1 :o h a quick] & m p5etrat+ sight1 z well z a l>g] field ( k4 ,b to return to ! argum5t 9 h&3 our k1 ,i say1 is n only limit$ to ! paucity & imp]fections ( ! ideas we h1 & :i* we employ x ab\t1 b ev5 comes %ort ( t too3 b h[ f> x rea*es1 let u n[ inquire4 #g4 ,h[ f> our ,k rea*es4 ,! affirmations or negations we make conc]n+ ! ideas we h1 may1 z ,i h be=e intimat$ 9 g5]al1 be r$uc$ to ^! f\r sorts1 viz4 id5tity1 co-exi/5ce1 relation1 & real exi/5ce4 ,i %all exam9e h[ f> our k ext5ds 9 ea* ( ^!3 #h4 ,fir/ly1 ,our ,k ( ,id5tity & ,div]sity 9 ideas ext5ds z f> z our ,ideas !mselves4 ,,fir/1 z to ,,id5tity & ,,div]sity4 ,9 ?is way ( agreem5t or disagreem5t ( our ideas1 our intuitive k is z f> ext5d$ z our ideas !mselves3 & !re c be no idea 9 ! m9d1 :i* x does n1 pres5tly1 by an intuitive k1 p]ceive to be :at x is1 & to be diff]5t f any o!r4 #i4 ,secondly1 ,( _! ,co-exi/5ce1 ext5ds only a v little way4 ,,secondly1 z to ! second sort1 :i* is ! agreem5t or disagreem5t ( our ideas 9 ,,co-,,exi/5ce1 9 ?is our k is v %ort2 ?\gh 9 ?is consi/s ! greate/ & mo/ mat]ial "p ( our k conc]n+ sub/ances4 ,= our ideas ( ! species ( sub/ances be+1 z ,i h %[$1 no?+ b c]ta9 collections ( simple ideas unit$ 9 "o subject1 & s co-exi/+ toge!r2 v4g4 our idea ( flame is a body hot1 lum9\s1 & mov+ upw>d2 ( gold1 a body heavy to a c]ta9 degree1 yell[1 malleable1 & fusible3 = ^!1 or "s su* complex ideas z ^!1 9 m5's m9ds1 d ^! two names ( ! diff]5t sub/ances1 flame & gold1 /& =4 ,:5 we w\ld "k any?+ fur!r conc]n+ ^!1 or any o!r sort ( sub/ances1 :at d we inquire1 b :at ,,o!r qualities or p[]s ^! sub/ances h or h n8 ,:i* is no?+ else b to "k :at ,,o!r simple ideas d1 or d n co-exi/ ) ^? t make up t complex idea8 #aj4 ,because ! ,connexion betwe5 simple ,ideas 9 sub/ances is = ! mo/ "p unkn[n4 ,?is1 h[ weighty & consid]able a "p soev] ( human sci5ce1 is yet v n>r[1 & sc>ce any at all4 ,! reason :]e( is1 t ! simple ideas :]e( our complex ideas ( sub/ances are made up are1 = ! mo/ "p1 su* z c>ry ) !m1 9 _! own nature1 no ,,visible ,,necess>y connexion or inconsi/5cy ) any o!r simple ideas1 ^: co-exi/5ce ) !m we w\ld in=m ourselves ab\t4 #aa4 ,especially ( ! second>y ,qualities ( ,bodies4 ,! ideas t our complex ones ( sub/ances are made up (1 & ab\t :i* our k conc]n+ sub/ances is mo/ employ$1 are ^? ( _! second>y qualities2 :i* dep5d+ all 7z has be5 %[n7 ^u ! prim>y qualities ( _! m9ute & ins5sible p>ts2 or1 if n ^u !m1 ^u some?+ yet m remote f our compreh5sion2 x is impossible we %\ld "k :i* h a ,,necess>y union or inconsi/5cy "o ) ano!r4 ,=1 n kn[+ ! root !y spr+ f1 n kn[+ :at size1 figure1 & texture ( p>ts !y are1 on :i* dep5d1 & f :i* result ^? qualities :i* make our complex idea ( gold1 x is impossible we %\ld "k :at ,,o!r qualities result f1 or are incompatible )1 ! same con/itution ( ! ins5sible p>ts ( gold2 & s consequ5tly mu/ always co-exi/ ) t complex idea we h ( x1 or else are inconsi/5t ) x4 #ab4 ,because necess>y ,connexion betwe5 any second>y & ! prim>y ,qualities is undiscov]able by u4 ,besides ?is ignorance ( ! prim>y qualities ( ! ins5sible p>ts ( bodies1 on :i* dep5d all _! second>y qualities1 !re is yet ano!r & m incurable "p ( ignorance1 :i* sets u m remote f a c]ta9 k ( ! co-exi/5ce or ,,inco-,,exi/5ce 7if ,i may s say7 ( diff]5t ideas 9 ! same subject2 & t is1 t !re is no discov]able connexion betwe5 any second>y quality & ^? prim>y qualities :i* x dep5ds on4 #ac4 ,we h no p]fect k ( _! ,prim>y ,qualities4 ,t ! size1 figure1 & motion ( "o body %\ld cause a *ange 9 ! size1 figure1 & motion ( ano!r body1 is n beyond our conception2 ! sep>ation ( ! p>ts ( "o body ^u ! intrusion ( ano!r2 & ! *ange f re/ to motion ^u impulse2 ^! & ! l seem to h ,,"s ,,connexion "o ) ano!r4 ,& if we knew ^! prim>y qualities ( bodies1 we might h reason to hope we might be able to "k a great deal m ( ^! op]ations ( !m "o ^u ano!r3 b our m9ds n be+ able to discov] any connexion betwixt ^! prim>y qualities ( bodies & ! s5sations t are produc$ 9 u by !m1 we c nev] be able to e/abli% c]ta9 & und\bt$ rules ( ! ,,consequ5ce or ,,co-,,exi/5ce ( any second>y qualities1 ?\gh we c\ld discov] ! size1 figure1 or motion ( ^? invisible p>ts :i* imm$iately produce !m4 ,we are s f> f kn[+ ,,:at figure1 size1 or motion ( p>ts produce a yell[ col\r1 a sweet ta/e1 or a %>p s\nd1 t we c by no means conceive h[ ,,any size1 figure1 or motion ( any p>ticles1 c possibly produce 9 u ! idea ( any col\r1 ta/e1 or s\nd :atsoev]3 !re is no conceivable connexion betwe5 ! "o & ! o!r4 #ad4 ,& seek 9 va9 = c]ta9 & univ]sal k ( unp]ceiv$ qualities 9 sub/ances4 ,9 va91 !re=e1 %all we endeav\r to discov] by our ideas 7! only true way ( c]ta9 & univ]sal k7 :at o!r ideas are to be f\nd con/antly jo9$ ) t ( ,,our complex idea ( any sub/ance3 s9ce we nei!r "k ! real con/itution ( ! m9ute p>ts on :i* _! qualities d dep5d2 nor1 did we "k !m1 c\ld we discov] any necess>y connexion betwe5 !m & any ( ! second>y qualities3 :i* is necess>y to be done be=e we c c]ta9ly "k _! necess>y co-exi/5ce4 ,s1 t1 let our complex idea ( any species ( sub/ances be :at x w1 we c h>dly1 f ! simple ideas conta9$ 9 x1 c]ta9ly det]m9e ! necess>y co-exi/5ce ( any o!r quality :atsoev]4 ,our k 9 all ^! inquiries rea*es v little fur!r ?an our exp]i5ce4 ,inde$ "s few ( ! prim>y qualities h a necess>y dep5d5ce & visible connexion "o ) ano!r1 z figure necess>ily supposes ext5sion2 receiv+ or communicat+ motion by impulse1 supposes solidity4 ,b ?\gh ^!1 & p]haps "s o!rs ( our ideas h3 yet !re are s few ( !m t h a visible connexion "o ) ano!r1 t we c by intuition or demon/ration discov] ! co-exi/5ce ( v few ( ! qualities t are to be f\nd unit$ 9 sub/ances3 & we are left only to ! assi/ance ( our s5ses to make kn[n to u :at qualities !y conta94 ,= ( all ! qualities t are co-exi/5t 9 any subject1 )\t ?is dep5d5ce & evid5t connexion ( _! ideas "o ) ano!r1 we _c "k c]ta9ly any two to co-exi/1 any fur!r ?an exp]i5ce1 by our s5ses1 in=ms u4 ,?us1 ?\gh we see ! yell[ col\r1 &1 ^u trial1 f9d ! weight1 malleabl5ess1 fusibility1 & fix$ness t are unit$ 9 a piece ( gold2 yet1 because no "o ( ^! ideas has any evid5t dep5d5ce or necess>y connexion ) ! o!r1 we _c c]ta9ly "k t :]e any f\r ( ^! are1 ! fif? w be !re also1 h[ highly probable soev] x may be2 because ! highe/ probability am\nts n to c]ta9ty1 )\t :i* !re c be no true k4 ,= ?is co-exi/5ce c be no fur!r kn[n ?an x is p]ceiv$2 & x _c be p]ceiv$ b ei!r 9 p>ticul> subjects1 by ! obs]vation ( our s5ses1 or1 9 g5]al1 by ! necess>y connexion ( ! ideas !mselves4 #ae4 ,( ,repugnancy to co-exi/1 our k is l>g]4 ,z to ! incompatibility or repugnancy to co-exi/5ce1 we may "k t any subject may h ( ea* sort ( prim>y qualities b "o p>ticul> at once3 v4g4 ea* p>ticul> ext5sion1 figure1 numb] ( p>ts1 motion1 excludes all o!r ( ea* k9d4 ,! l also is c]ta9 ( all s5sible ideas peculi> to ea* s5se2 = :atev] ( ea* k9d is pres5t 9 any subject1 excludes all o!r ( t sort3 v4g4 no "o subject c h two smells or two col\rs at ! same "t4 ,to ?is1 p]haps w be said1 ,has n an opal1 or ! infusion ( ,,lignum ,,nephriticum1 two col\rs at ! same "t8 ,to :i* ,i answ]1 t ^! bodies1 to eyes diff]5tly1 plac$1 may at ! same "t af=d diff]5t col\rs3 b ,i take lib]ty also to say1 t1 to eyes diff]5tly plac$1 x is diff]5t p>ts ( ! object t reflect ! p>ticles ( light3 & !re=e x is n ! same "p ( ! object1 & s n ! v same subject1 :i* at ! same "t appe>s bo? yell[ & azure4 ,=1 x is z impossible t ! v same p>ticle ( any body %\ld at ! same "t diff]5tly modify or reflect ! rays ( light1 z t x %\ld h two diff]5t figures & textures at ! same "t4 #af4 ,our ,k ( ! ,co-exi/5ce ( ,p[] 9 ,bodies ext5ds b a v little ,way4 ,b z to ! p[]s ( sub/ances to *ange ! s5sible qualities ( o!r bodies1 :i* make a great "p ( our inquiries ab\t !m1 & is no inconsid]able bran* ( our k2 ,i d\bt z to ^!1 :e!r our k rea*es mu* fur!r ?an our exp]i5ce2 or :e!r we c come to ! discov]y ( mo/ ( ^! p[]s1 & be c]ta9 t !y are 9 any subject1 by ! connexion ) any ( ^? ideas :i* to u make its ess5ce4 ,because ! active & passive p[]s ( bodies1 & _! ways ( op]at+1 consi/+ 9 a texture & motion ( p>ts :i* we _c by any means come to discov]2 x is b 9 v few cases we c be able to p]ceive _! dep5d5ce on1 or repugnance to1 any ( ^? ideas :i* make our complex "o ( t sort ( ?+s4 ,i h "h in/anc$ 9 ! corpuscul>ian hypo!sis1 z t :i* is ?\ght to g fur!/ 9 an intelligible explication ( ^? qualities ( bodies2 & ,i fe> ! weakness ( human und]/&+ is sc>ce able to sub/itute ano!r1 :i* w af=d u a full] & cle>] discov]y ( ! necess>y connexion & co-exi/5ce ( ! p[]s :i* are to be obs]v$ unit$ 9 sev]al sorts ( !m4 ,?is at lea/ is c]ta91 t1 :i*ev] hypo!sis be cle>e/ & true/1 7= ( t x is n my bus9ess to det]m9e17 our k conc]n+ corporeal sub/ances w be v little advanc$ by any ( !m1 till we are made to see :at qualities & p[]s ( bodies h a ,,necess>y connexion or repugnancy "o ) ano!r2 :i* 9 ! pres5t /ate ( philosophy ,i ?9k we "k b to a v small degree3 & ,i d\bt :e!r1 ) ^? faculties we h1 we %all ev] be able to c>ry our g5]al k 7,i say n p>ticul> exp]i5ce7 9 ?is "p mu* fur!r4 ,exp]i5ce is t :i* 9 ?is "p we mu/ dep5d on4 ,& x 7 to be wi%$ t x 7 m improv$4 ,we f9d ! advantages "s m5's g5]\s pa9s h ?is way br\ght to ! /ock ( natural k4 ,& if o!rs1 especially ! philosoph]s by fire1 :o pret5d to x1 _h be5 s w>y 9 _! obs]vations1 & s9c]e 9 _! reports z ^? :o call !mselves philosoph]s ought to h be51 our acqua9tance ) ! bodies "h ab\t u1 & our insight into _! p[]s & op]ations _h be5 yet mu* great]4 #ag4 ,( ! ,p[]s t co-exi/ 9 ,spirits yet n>r[]4 ,if we are at a loss 9 respect ( ! p[]s & op]ations ( bodies1 ,i ?9k x is easy to conclude we are mu* m 9 ! d>k 9 ref]5ce to spirits2 :]e( we naturally h no ideas b :at we draw f t ( our own1 by reflect+ on ! op]ations ( our own s\ls )9 u1 z f> z !y c come )9 our obs]vation4 ,b h[ inconsid]able a rank ! spirits t inhabit our bodies hold among/ ^? v>i\s & possibly innum]able k9ds ( nobl] be+s2 & h[ f> %ort !y come ( ! end[m5ts & p]fections ( *]ubim & s]aphim1 & inf9ite sorts ( spirits above u1 is :at by a transi5t h9t 9 ano!r place ,i h (f]$ to my read]'s consid]ation4 #ah4 ,?irdly1 ,( ,relations betwe5 ab/ract$ ideas x is n easy to say h[ f> our k ext5ds4 ,,?irdly1 ,z to ! ?ird sort ( our k1 viz4 ! agreem5t or disagreem5t ( any ( our ideas 9 any o!r relation3 ?is1 z x is ! l>ge/ field ( our k1 s x is h>d to det]m9e h[ f> x may ext5d3 because ! advances t are made 9 ?is "p ( k1 dep5d+ on our sagacity 9 f9d+ int]m$iate ideas1 t may %[ ! relations & habitudes ( ideas ^: co-exi/5ce is n consid]$1 x is a h>d matt] to tell :5 we are at an end ( su* discov]ies2 & :5 reason has all ! helps x is capable (1 = ! f9d+ ( pro(s1 or exam9+ ! agreem5t or disagreem5t ( remote ideas4 ,!y t are ignorant ( ,algebra _c imag9e ! wond]s 9 ?is k9d are to be done by x3 & :at fur!r improvem5ts & helps advantage\s to o!r p>ts ( k ! sagaci\s m9d ( man may yet f9d out1 x is n easy to det]m9e4 ,?is at lea/ ,i believe1 t ! ,,ideas ,,( ,,quantity are n ^? alone t are capable ( demon/ration & k2 & t o!r1 & p]haps m useful1 p>ts ( contemplation1 w\ld af=d u c]ta9ty1 if vices1 passions1 & dom9e]+ int]e/ did n oppose or m5ace su* endeav\rs4 ,morality capable ( ,demon/ration ,! idea ( a supreme ,be+1 inf9ite 9 p[]1 goodness1 & wisdom1 ^: workman%ip we are1 & on :om we dep5d2 & ! idea ( ourselves1 z und]/&+1 rational creatures1 be+ su* z are cle> 9 u1 w\ld1 ,i suppose1 if duly consid]$ & pursu$1 af=d su* f\ndations ( our duty & rules ( action z might place ,,morality among/ ! ,,sci5ces ,,capable ,,( ,,demon/ration3 :]e9 ,i d\bt n b f self-evid5t propositions1 by necess>y consequ5ces1 z inconte/ible z ^? 9 ma!matics1 ! measures ( "r & wrong might be made out1 to any "o t w apply himself ) ! same indiff]5cy & att5tion to ! "o z he does to ! o!r ( ^! sci5ces4 ,! ,,relation ( o!r ,,modes may c]ta9ly be p]ceiv$1 z well z ^? ( numb] & ext5sion3 & ,i _c see :y !y %\ld n also be capable ( demon/ration1 if due me?ods 7 ?\ght on to exam9e or pursue _! agreem5t or disagreem5t4 ',:]e !re is no prop]ty !re is no inju/ice1' is a proposition z c]ta9 z any demon/ration 9 ,euclid3 = ! idea ( prop]ty be+ a "r to any?+1 & ! idea ( :i* ! "n 'inju/ice' is giv5 be+ ! invasion or violation ( t "r1 x is evid5t t ^! ideas1 be+ ?us e/abli%$1 & ^! names annex$ to !m1 ,i c z c]ta9ly "k ?is proposition to be true1 z t a triangle has ?ree angles equal to two "r ones4 ,aga93 ',no gov]nm5t all[s absolute lib]ty4' ,! idea ( gov]nm5t be+ ! e/abli%m5t ( society ^u c]ta9 rules or laws :i* require con=mity to !m2 & ! idea ( absolute lib]ty be+ = any "o to d :atev] he pleases2 ,i am z capable ( be+ c]ta9 ( ! tru? ( ?is proposition z ( any 9 ! ma!matics4 #ai4 ,two ?+s h made moral ,ideas to be ?\ght incapable ( ,demon/ration3 _! unfitness = s5sible repres5tation1 & _! complex$ness4 ,t :i* 9 ?is respect has giv5 ! advantage to ! ideas ( quantity1 & made !m ?\ght m capable ( c]ta9ty & demon/ration1 is1 ,fir/1 ,t !y c be set d[n & repres5t$ by s5sible m>ks1 :i* h a great] & ne>] correspond5ce ) !m ?an any words or s\nds :atsoev]4 ,diagrams drawn on pap] are copies ( ! ideas 9 ! m9d1 & n liable to ! unc]ta9ty t words c>ry 9 _! signification4 ,an angle1 circle1 or squ>e1 drawn 9 l9es1 lies op5 to ! view1 & _c be mi/ak53 x rema9s un*angeable1 & may at leisure be consid]$ & exam9$1 & ! demon/ration be revis$1 & all ! p>ts ( x may be gone ov] m ?an once1 )\t any dang] ( ! lea/ *ange 9 ! ideas4 ,?is _c be ?us done 9 moral ideas3 we h no s5sible m>ks t resemble !m1 :]eby we c set !m d[n2 we h no?+ b words to express !m by2 :i*1 ?\gh :5 writt5 !y rema9 ! same1 yet ! ideas !y /& = may *ange 9 ! same man2 & x is v seldom t !y are n diff]5t 9 diff]5t p]sons4 ,secondly1 ,ano!r ?+ t makes ! great] difficulty 9 e?ics is1 ,t moral ideas are commonly m complex ?an ^? ( ! figures ord9>ily consid]$ 9 ma!matics4 ,f :5ce ^! two inconv5i5ces foll[3--,fir/1 t _! names are ( m unc]ta9 signification1 ! precise collection ( simple ideas !y /& = n be+ s easily agre$ on2 & s ! sign t is us$ = !m 9 communication always1 & 9 ?9k+ (t51 does n /eadily c>ry ) x ! same idea4 ,^u :i* ! same disord]1 confusion1 & error foll[1 z w\ld if a man1 go+ to demon/rate some?+ ( an heptagon1 %\ld1 9 ! diagram he took to d x1 leave out "o ( ! angles1 or by ov]sight make ! figure ) "o angle m ?an ! "n ord9>ily import$1 or he int5d$ x %\ld :5 at fir/ he ?\ght ( 8 demon/ration4 ,?is (t5 happ5s1 & is h>dly avoidable 9 v complex moral ideas1 :]e ! same "n be+ reta9$1 "o angle1 i4e4 "o simple idea1 is left out1 or put 9 ! complex "o 7/ill call$ by ! same "n7 m at "o "t ?an ano!r4 ,secondly1 ,f ! complex$ness ( ^! moral ideas !re foll[s ano!r inconv5i5ce1 viz4 t ! m9d _c easily reta9 ^? precise comb9ations s exactly & p]fectly z is necess>y 9 ! exam9ation ( ! habitudes & correspond5ces1 agreem5ts or disagreem5ts1 ( sev]al ( !m "o ) ano!r2 especially :]e x is to be judg$ ( by long d$uctions1 & ! int]v5tion ( sev]al o!r complex ideas to %[ ! agreem5t or disagreem5t ( two remote ones4 ,! great help aga9/ ?is :i* ma!maticians f9d 9 diagrams & figures1 :i* rema9 unalt]able 9 _! draughts1 is v app>5t1 & ! memory w\ld (t5 h great difficulty o!rwise to reta9 !m s exactly1 :il/ ! m9d w5t ov] ! p>ts ( !m /ep by /ep to exam9e _! sev]al correspond5ces4 ,& ?\gh 9 ca/+ up a long sum ei!r 9 addition1 multiplication1 or division1 e "p be only a progression ( ! m9d tak+ a view ( its own ideas1 & consid]+ _! agreem5t or disagreem5t1 & ! resolution ( ! "q be no?+ b ! result ( ! :ole1 made up ( su* p>ticul>s1 :]e( ! m9d has a cle> p]ception3 yet1 )\t sett+ d[n ! sev]al p>ts by m>ks1 ^: precise significations are kn[n1 & by m>ks t la/1 & rema9 9 view :5 ! memory _h let !m g1 x w\ld be almo/ impossible to c>ry s _m diff]5t ideas 9 ! m9d1 )\t conf\nd+ or lett+ slip "s p>ts ( ! reckon+1 & !reby mak+ all our reason+s ab\t x useless4 ,9 :i* case ! cyph]s or m>ks help n ! m9d at all to p]ceive ! agreem5t ( any two or m numb]s1 _! equalities or proportions2 t ! m9d has only by intuition ( its own ideas ( ! numb]s !mselves4 ,b ! num]ical *>act]s are helps to ! memory1 to record & reta9 ! sev]al ideas ab\t :i* ! demon/ration is made1 :]eby a man may "k h[ f> 8 intuitive k 9 survey+ sev]al ( ! p>ticul>s has proce$$2 t s he may )\t confusion g on to :at is yet unkn[n2 & at la/ h 9 "o view be=e him ! result ( all 8 p]ceptions & reason+s4 #bj4 ,rem$ies ( our ,difficulties 9 deal+ demon/ratively ) moral ideas4 ,"o "p ( ^! disadvantages 9 moral ideas :i* has made !m be ?\ght n capable ( demon/ration1 may 9 a good measure be rem$i$ by def9itions1 sett+ d[n t collection ( simple ideas1 :i* e t]m %all /& =2 & !n us+ ! t]ms /eadily & con/antly = t precise collection4 ,& :at me?ods algebra1 or some?+ ( t k9d1 may h]eaft] sugge/1 to remove ! o!r difficulties1 x is n easy to =etell4 ,confid5t ,i am1 t1 if m5 w\ld 9 ! same me?od1 & ) ! same indiff]5cy1 se>* aft] moral z !y d ma!matical tru?s1 !y w\ld f9d !m h a /rong] connexion "o ) ano!r1 & a m necess>y consequ5ce f our cle> & di/9ct ideas1 & to come ne>] p]fect demon/ration ?an is commonly imag9$4 ,b mu* ( ?is is n to be expect$1 :il/ ! desire ( e/eem1 ri*es1 or p[] makes m5 esp\se ! well-end[$ op9ions 9 fa%ion1 & !n seek argum5ts ei!r to make good _! beauty1 or v>ni% ov] & cov] _! de=mity4 ,no?+ be+ s beautiful to ! eye z tru? is to ! m9d2 no?+ s de=m$ & irreconcilable to ! und]/&+ z a lie4 ,= ?\gh _m a man c ) satisfaction en\gh own a no v h&some wife 9 8 bosom2 yet :o is bold en\gh op5ly to av[ t he has esp\s$ a falsehood1 & receiv$ into 8 brea/ s ugly a ?+ z a lie8 ,:il/ ! p>ties ( m5 cram _! t5ets d[n all m5's ?roats :om !y c get into _! p[]1 )\t p]mitt+ !m to exam9e _! tru? or falsehood2 & w n let tru? h fair play 9 ! _w1 nor m5 ! lib]ty to se>* aft] x2 :at improvem5ts c be expect$ ( ?is k9d8 ,:at great] light c be hop$ = 9 ! moral sci5ces8 ,! subject "p ( mank9d 9 mo/ places might1 in/ead !re(1 ) ,egyptian bondage1 expect ,egyptian d>kness1 7 n ! c&le ( ! ,"l set up by himself 9 m5's m9ds1 :i* x is impossible = ! brea? or p[] ( man :olly to ext+ui%4 #ba4 ,f\r?ly1 ,( ! ?ree real ,exi/5ces ( :i* we h c]ta9 k4 ,,f\r?ly1 ,z to ! f\r? sort ( our k1 viz4 ( ! ,,real ,,actual ,,exi/5ce ,,( ,,?+s1 we h an intuitive k ( ,,our ,,own ,,exi/5ce1 & a demon/rative k ( ! exi/5ce ( a ,,god3 ( ! exi/5ce ( ,,any?+ ,,else1 we h no o!r b a s5sitive k2 :i* ext5ds n beyond ! objects pres5t to our s5ses4 #bb4 ,our ,ignorance great4 ,our k be+ s n>r[1 z ,i h %[n1 x w p]haps give u "s light into ! pres5t /ate ( our m9ds if we look a little into ! d>k side1 & take a view ( ,,our ,,ignorance2 :i*1 be+ inf9itely l>g] ?an our k1 may s]ve mu* to ! quiet+ ( disputes1 & improvem5t ( useful k2 if1 discov]+ h[ f> we h cle> & di/9ct ideas1 we conf9e our ?\ghts )9 ! contemplation ( ^? ?+s t are )9 ! rea* ( our und]/&+s1 & laun* n out into t abyss ( d>kness1 7:]e we h n eyes to see1 nor faculties to p]ceive any?+71 out ( a presumption t no?+ is beyond our compreh5sion4 ,b to be satisfi$ ( ! folly ( su* a conceit1 we ne$ n g f>4 ,he t kn[s any?+1 kn[s ?is1 9 ! fir/ place1 t he ne$ n seek long = in/ances ( 8 ignorance4 ,! meane/ & mo/ obvi\s ?+s t come 9 our way h d>k sides1 t ! quicke/ sight _c p5etrate into4 ,! cle>e/ & mo/ enl>g$ und]/&+s ( ?9k+ m5 f9d !mselves puzzl$ & at a loss 9 e p>ticle ( matt]4 ,we %all ! less wond] to f9d x s1 :5 we consid] ! ,,causes ,,( ,,our ,,ignorance2 :i*1 f :at has be5 said1 ,i suppose w be f\nd to be ^! ?ree3-- ,fir/1 ,want ( ideas4 ,its causes4 ,secondly1 ,want ( a discov]able connexion betwe5 ! ideas we h4 ,?irdly1 ,want ( trac+ & exam9+ our ideas4 #bc4 ,fir/1 ,"o ,cause ( our ignorance ,want ( ,ideas4 ,i4 ,want ( simple ideas t o!r creatures 9 o!r p>ts ( ! univ]se may h4 ,,fir/1 ,!re are "s ?+s1 & ^? n a few1 t we are ignorant (1 = want ( ideas4 ,fir/1 all ! simple ideas we h are conf9$ 7z ,i h %[n7 to ^? we receive f corporeal objects by s5sation1 & f ! op]ations ( our own m9ds z ! objects ( reflection4 ,b h[ mu* ^! few & n>r[ inlets are disproportionate to ! va/ :ole ext5t ( all be+s1 w n be h>d to p]suade ^? :o are n s fooli% z to ?9k _! span ! measure ( all ?+s4 ,:at o!r simple ideas x is possible ! creatures 9 o!r p>ts ( ! univ]se may h1 by ! assi/ance ( s5ses & faculties m or p]fect] ?an we h1 or diff]5t f ours1 x is n = u to det]m9e4 ,b to say or ?9k !re are no su*1 because we conceive no?+ ( !m1 is no bett] an argum5t ?an if a bl9d man %\ld be positive 9 x1 t !re 0 no su* ?+ z sight & col\rs1 because he _h no mann] ( idea ( any su* ?+1 nor c\ld by any means frame to himself any notions ab\t see+4 ,! ignorance & d>kness t is 9 u no m h9d]s nor conf9es ! k t is 9 o!rs1 ?an ! bl9dness ( a mole is an argum5t aga9/ ! quicksight$ness ( an eagle4 ,he t w consid] ! inf9ite p[]1 wisdom1 & goodness ( ! ,creator ( all ?+s w f9d reason to ?9k x 0 n all laid out ^u s inconsid]able1 mean1 & impot5t a creature z he w f9d man to be2 :o 9 all probability is "o ( ! l[e/ ( all intellectual be+s4 ,:at faculties1 !re=e1 o!r species ( creatures h to p5etrate into ! nature & inmo/ con/itutions ( ?+s2 :at ideas !y may receive ( !m f> diff]5t f ours1 we "k n4 ,?is we "k & c]ta9ly f9d1 t we want sev]al o!r views ( !m besides ^? we h1 to make discov]ies ( !m m p]fect4 ,& we may be conv9c$ t ! ideas we c atta9 to by our faculties are v disproportionate to ?+s !mselves1 :5 a positive1 cle>1 di/9ct "o ( sub/ance itself1 :i* is ! f\ndation ( all ! re/1 is conceal$ f u4 ,b want ( ideas ( ?is k9d1 be+ a "p z well z cause ( our ignorance1 _c be describ$4 ,only ?is ,i ?9k ,i may confid5tly say ( x1 ,t ! intellectual & s5sible _w are 9 ?is p]fectly alike3 t t "p :i* we see ( ei!r ( !m holds no proportion ) :at we see n2 & :atsoev] we c rea* ) our eyes or our ?\ghts ( ei!r ( !m is b a po9t1 almo/ no?+ 9 comp>ison ( ! ! re/4 #bd4 ,want ( simple ideas t m5 are capable ( hav+1 b hav+ n17#a7 ,because _! remot5ess1 or1 ,secondly1 ,ano!r great cause ( ignorance is ! want ( ideas we are capable (4 ,z ! want ( ideas :i* our faculties are n able to give u %uts u :olly f ^? views ( ?+s :i* x is reasonable to ?9k o!r be+s1 p]fect] ?an we1 h1 ( :i* we "k no?+2 s ! want ( ideas ,i n[ speak ( keeps u 9 ignorance ( ?+s we conceive capable ( be+ kn[n to u4 ,bulk1 figure1 & motion we h ideas (4 ,b ?\gh we are n )\t ideas ( ^! prim>y qualities ( bodies 9 g5]al1 yet n kn[+ :at is ! p>ticul> bulk1 figure1 & motion1 ( ! greate/ "p ( ! bodies ( ! univ]se1 we are ignorant ( ! sev]al p[]s1 efficacies1 & ways ( op]ation1 :]eby ! effects :i* we daily see are produc$4 ,^! are hid f u1 9 "s ?+s by be+ too remote1 & 9 o!rs by be+ too m9ute4 ,:5 we consid] ! va/ di/ance ( ! kn[n & visible p>ts ( ! _w1 & ! reasons we h to ?9k t :at lies )9 our k5 is b a small "p ( ! univ]se1 we %all !n discov] a huge abyss ( ignorance4 ,:at are ! p>ticul> fabrics ( ! great masses ( matt] :i* make up ! :ole /up5d\s frame ( corporeal be+s2 h[ f> !y are ext5d$2 :at is _! motion1 & h[ cont9u$ or communicat$2 & :at influ5ce !y h "o ^u ano!r1 are contemplations t at fir/ glimpse our ?\ghts lose !mselves 94 ,if we n>r[ our contemplations1 & conf9e our ?\ghts to ?is little canton--,i mean ?is sy/em ( our sun1 & ! gross] masses ( matt] t visibly move ab\t x1 ,:at sev]al sorts ( vegetables1 animals1 & intellectual corporeal be+s1 inf9itely diff]5t f ^? ( our little spot ( e>?1 may !re probably be 9 ! o!r planets1 to ! k ( :i*1 ev5 ( _! outw>d figures & p>ts1 we c no way atta9 :il/ we are conf9$ to ?is e>?2 !re be+ no natural means1 ei!r by s5sation or reflection1 to convey _! c]ta9 ideas into our m9ds8 ,!y are out ( ! rea* ( ^? inlets ( all our k3 & :at sorts ( furniture & inhabitants ^? mansions conta9 9 !m we _c s mu* z guess1 mu* less h cle> & di/9ct ideas ( !m4 #be4 7#b7 ,because ( _! ,m9ut5ess4 ,if a great1 nay1 f> ! greate/ "p ( ! sev]al ranks ( bodies 9 ! univ]se escape our notice by _! remot5ess1 !re are o!rs t are no less conceal$ f u by _! m9ut5ess4 ,^! ,,ins5sible ,,corpuscles1 be+ ! active p>ts ( matt]1 & ! great in/rum5ts ( nature1 on :i* dep5d n only all _! second>y qualities1 b also mo/ ( _! natural op]ations1 our want ( precise di/9ct ideas ( _! prim>y qualities keeps u 9 an incurable ignorance ( :at we desire to "k ab\t !m4 ,i d\bt n b if we c\ld discov] ! figure1 size1 texture1 & motion ( ! m9ute con/itu5t p>ts ( any two bodies1 we %\ld "k )\t trial sev]al ( _! op]ations "o ^u ano!r2 z we d n[ ! prop]ties ( a squ>e or a triangle4 ,did we "k ! me*anical affections ( ! p>ticles ( rhub>b1 hemlock1 opium1 & a man1 z a wat*mak] does ^? ( a wat*1 :]eby x p]=ms its op]ations2 & ( a file1 :i* by rubb+ on !m w alt] ! figure ( any ( ! :eels2 we %\ld be able to tell be=eh& t rhub>b w purge1 hemlock kill1 & opium make a man sleep3 z well z a wat*mak] c1 t a little piece ( pap] laid on ! balance w keep ! wat* f go+ till x be remov$2 or t1 "s small "p ( x be+ rubb$ by a file1 ! ma*9e w\ld q lose its motion1 & ! wat* g no m4 ,! dissolv+ ( silv] 9 ,,aqua ,,=tis1 & gold 9 ,,aqua ,,regia1 & n ,,vice ,,v]sa1 w\ld be !n p]haps no m difficult to "k ?an x is to a smi? to und]/& :y ! turn+ ( "o key w op5 a lock1 & n ! turn+ ( ano!r4 ,b :il/ we are de/itute ( s5ses acute en\gh to discov] ! m9ute p>ticles ( bodies1 & to give u ideas ( _! me*anical affections1 we mu/ be cont5t to be ignorant ( _! prop]ties & ways ( op]ation2 nor c we be assur$ ab\t !m any fur!r ?an "s few trials we make are able to rea*4 ,b :e!r !y w succe$ aga9 ano!r "t1 we _c be c]ta94 ,?is h9d]s our c]ta9 k ( univ]sal tru?s conc]n+ natural bodies3 & our reason c>ries u h]e9 v little beyond p>ticul> matt] ( fact4 #bf4 ,h5ce no ,sci5ce ( ,bodies )9 our rea*4 ,& !re=e ,i am apt to d\bt t1 h[ f> soev] human indu/ry may advance useful & exp]im5tal philosophy 9 physical ?+s1 ,,sci5tifical w /ill be out ( our rea*3 because we want p]fect & adequate ideas ( ^? v bodies :i* are ne>e/ to u1 & mo/ "u our comm&4 ,^? :i* we h rank$ into classes "u names1 & we ?9k ourselves be/ acqua9t$ )1 we h b v imp]fect & incomplete ideas (4 ,di/9ct ideas ( ! sev]al sorts ( bodies t fall "u ! exam9ation ( our s5ses p]haps we may h3 b adequate ideas1 ,i suspect1 we h n ( any "o among/ !m4 ,& ?\gh ! =m] ( ^! w s]ve u = common use & disc\rse1 yet :il/ we want ! latt]1 we are n capable ( sci5tifical k2 nor %all ev] be able to discov] g5]al1 in/ructive1 unque/ionable tru?s conc]n+ !m4 ,,c]ta9ty & ,,demon/ration are ?+s we mu/ n1 9 ^! matt]s1 pret5d to4 ,by ! col\r1 figure1 ta/e1 & smell1 & o!r s5sible qualities1 we h z cle> & di/9ct ideas ( sage & hemlock1 z we h ( a circle & a triangle3 b hav+ no ideas ( ! p>ticul> prim>y qualities ( ! m9ute p>ts ( ei!r ( ^! plants1 nor ( o!r bodies :i* we w\ld apply !m to1 we _c tell :at effects !y w produce2 nor :5 we see ^? effects c we s mu* z guess1 mu* less "k1 _! mann] ( production4 ,?us1 hav+ no ideas ( ! p>ticul> me*anical affections ( ! m9ute p>ts ( bodies t are )9 our view & rea*1 we are ignorant ( _! con/itutions1 p[]s1 & op]ations3 & ( bodies m remote we are yet m ignorant1 n kn[+ s mu* z _! v outw>d %apes1 or ! s5sible & gross] p>ts ( _! con/itutions4 #bg4 ,mu* less a sci5ce ( unembodi$ ,spirits4 ,?is at fir/ w %[ u h[ disproportionate our k is to ! :ole ext5t ev5 ( mat]ial be+s2 to :i* if we add ! consid]ation ( t inf9ite numb] ( spirits t may be1 & probably are1 :i* are yet m remote f our k1 :]e( we h no cognizance1 nor c frame to ourselves any di/9ct ideas ( _! sev]al ranks & sorts1 we %all f9d ?is cause ( ignorance conceal f u1 9 an imp5etrable obscurity1 almo/ ! :ole intellectual _w2 a great] c]ta9ly1 & m beautiful _w ?an ! mat]ial4 ,=1 bat+ "s v few1 & ^?1 if ,i may s call !m1 sup]ficial ideas ( _s1 :i* by reflection we get ( our own1 & f !nce ! be/ we c collect ( ! ,fa!r ( all spirits1 ! et]nal indep5d5t ,au?or ( !m1 & u1 & all ?+s1 we h no c]ta9 in=mation1 s mu* z ( ! exi/5ce ( o!r spirits1 b by revelation4 ,angels ( all sorts are naturally beyond our discov]y2 & all ^? intellig5ces1 :]e( x is likely !re are m ord]s ?an ( corporeal sub/ances1 are ?+s :]e( our natural faculties give u no c]ta9 acc\nt at all4 ,t !re are m9ds & ?9k+ be+s 9 o!r m5 z well z himself1 e man has a reason1 f _! words & actions1 to be satisfi$3 & ! k ( 8 own m9d _c suff] a man t consid]s1 to be ignorant t !re is a ,god4 ,b t !re are degrees ( spiritual be+s betwe5 u & ! great ,god1 :o is !re1 t1 by 8 own se>* & ability1 c come to "k8 ,mu* less h we di/9ct ideas ( _! diff]5t natures1 conditions1 /ates1 p[]s1 & sev]al con/itutions :]e9 !y agree or diff] f "o ano!r & f u4 ,&1 !re=e1 9 :at conc]ns _! diff]5t species & prop]ties we are 9 absolute ignorance4 #bh4 ,secondly1 ,ano!r cause1 ,want ( a discov]able ,connexion betwe5 ,ideas we h4 ,,secondly1 ,:at a small "p ( ! sub/antial be+s t are 9 ! univ]se ! want ( ideas leaves op5 to our k1 we h se54 ,9 ! next place1 ano!r cause ( ignorance1 ( no less mom5t1 is a want ( a discov]able connection betwe5 ^? ideas we h4 ,= :]ev] we want t1 we are utt]ly incapable ( univ]sal & c]ta9 k2 & are1 9 ! =m] case1 left only to obs]vation & exp]im5t3 :i*1 h[ n>r[ & conf9$ x is1 h[ f> f g5]al k we ne$ n be told4 ,i %all give "s few in/ances ( ?is cause ( our ignorance1 & s leave x4 ,x is evid5t t ! bulk1 figure1 & motion ( sev]al bodies ab\t u produce 9 u sev]al s5sations1 z ( col\rs1 s\nds1 ta/es1 smells1 pleasure1 & pa91 c4 ,^! me*anical affections ( bodies hav+ no aff9ity at all ) ^? ideas !y produce 9 u1 7!re be+ no conceivable connexion betwe5 any impulse ( any sort ( body & any p]ception ( a col\r or smell :i* we f9d 9 our m9ds17 we c h no di/9ct k ( su* op]ations beyond our exp]i5ce2 & c reason no o!rwise ab\t !m1 ?an z effects produc$ by ! appo9tm5t ( an inf9itely ,wise ,ag5t1 :i* p]fectly surpass our compreh5sions4 ,z ! ideas ( s5sible second>y qualities :i* we h 9 our m9ds1 c by u be no way d$uc$ f bodily causes1 nor any correspond5ce or connexion be f\nd betwe5 !m & ^? prim>y qualities :i* 7exp]i5ce %[s u7 produce !m 9 u2 s1 on ! o!r side1 ! op]ation ( our m9ds ^u our bodies is z inconceivable4 ,h[ any ?\ght %\ld produce a motion 9 body is z remote f ! nature ( our ideas1 z h[ any body %\ld produce any ?\ght 9 ! m9d4 ,t x is s1 if exp]i5ce did n conv9ce u1 ! consid]ation ( ! ?+s !mselves w\ld nev] be able 9 ! lea/ to discov] to u4 ,^!1 & ! l1 ?\gh !y h a con/ant & regul> connexion 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( ?+s2 yet t connexion be+ n discov]able 9 ! ideas !mselves1 :i* appe>+ to h no necess>y dep5d5ce "o on ano!r1 we c attribute _! connexion to no?+ else b ! arbitr>y det]m9ation ( t ,all-wise ,ag5t :o has made !m to be1 & to op]ate z !y d1 9 a way :olly above our weak und]/&+s to conceive4 #bi4 ,in/ances ,9 "s ( our ideas !re are c]ta9 relations1 habitudes1 & connexions1 s visibly includ$ 9 ! nature ( ! ideas !mselves1 t we _c conceive !m sep>able f !m by any p[] :atsoev]4 ,& 9 ^! only we are capable ( c]ta9 & univ]sal k4 ,?us ! idea ( a "r-l9$ triangle necess>ily c>ries ) x an equality ( its angles to two "r ones4 ,nor c we conceive ?is relation1 ?is connexion ( ^! two ideas1 to be possibly mutable1 or to dep5d on any arbitr>y p[]1 :i* ( *oice made x ?us1 or c\ld make x o!rwise4 ,b ! coh]5ce & cont9uity ( ! p>ts ( matt]2 ! production ( s5sation 9 u ( col\rs & s\nds1 c41 by impulse & motion2 nay1 ! orig9al rules & communication ( motion be+ su*1 :]e9 we c discov] no natural connexion ) any ideas we h1 we _c b ascribe !m to ! arbitr>y w & good pleasure ( ! ,wise ,ar*itect4 ,i ne$ n1 ,i ?9k1 "h m5tion ! resurrection ( ! dead1 ! future /ate ( ?is globe ( e>?1 & su* o!r ?+s1 :i* are by e "o ackn[l$g$ to dep5d :olly on ! det]m9ation ( a free ag5t4 ,! ?+s t1 z f> z our obs]vation rea*es1 we con/antly f9d to proce$ regul>ly1 we may conclude d act by a law set !m2 b yet by a law t we "k n3 :]eby1 ?\gh causes "w /eadily1 & effects con/antly fl[ f !m1 yet _! connexions & dep5d5cies be+ n discov]able 9 our ideas1 we c h b an exp]im5tal k ( !m4 ,f all :i* x is easy to p]ceive :at a d>kness we are involv$ 91 h[ little x is ( ,be+1 & ! ?+s t are1 t we are capable to "k4 ,& !re=e we %all d no injury to our k1 :5 we mode/ly ?9k ) ourselves1 t we are s f> f be+ able to compreh5d ! :ole nature ( ! univ]se1 & all ! ?+s conta9$ 9 x1 t we are n capable ( a philosophical k ( ! bodies t are ab\t u1 & make a "p ( u3 conc]n+ _! second>y qualities1 p[]s1 & op]ations1 we c h no univ]sal c]ta9ty4 ,sev]al effects come e day )9 ! notice ( our s5ses1 ( :i* we h s f> s5sitive k3 b ! causes1 mann]1 & c]ta9ty ( _! production1 = ! two =ego+ reasons1 we mu/ be cont5t to be v ignorant (4 ,9 ^! we c g no fur!r ?an p>ticul> exp]i5ce in=ms u ( matt] ( fact1 & by analogy to guess :at effects ! l bodies are1 ^u o!r trials1 l to produce4 ,b z to a ,,p]fect ,,sci5ce ( natural bodies1 7n to m5tion spiritual be+s17 we are1 ,i ?9k1 s f> f be+ capable ( any su* ?+1 t ,i conclude x lo/ lab\r to seek aft] x4 #cj4 ,?irdly ,a ?ird cause1 ,want ( ,trac+ our ideas4 ,,?irdly1 ,:]e we h adequate ideas1 & :]e !re is a c]ta9 & discov]able connexion betwe5 !m1 yet we are (t5 ignorant1 = want ( trac+ ^? ideas :i* we h or may h2 & = want ( f9d+ out ^? int]m$iate ideas1 :i* may %[ u :at habitude ( agreem5t or disagreem5t !y h "o ) ano!r4 ,& ?us _m are ignorant ( ma!matical tru?s1 n out ( any imp]fection ( _! faculties1 or unc]ta9ty 9 ! ?+s !mselves1 b = want ( application 9 acquir+1 exam9+1 & by due ways comp>+ ^? ideas4 ,t :i* has mo/ contribut$ to h9d] ! due trac+ ( our ideas1 & f9d+ out _! relations1 & agreem5ts or disagreem5ts1 "o ) ano!r1 has be51 ,i suppose1 ! ill use ( words4 ,x is impossible t m5 %\ld ev] truly seek or c]ta9ly discov] ! agreem5t or disagreem5t ( ideas !mselves1 :il/ _! ?\ghts flutt] ab\t1 or /ick only 9 s\nds ( d\btful & unc]ta9 significations4 ,ma!maticians ab/ract+ _! ?\ghts f names1 & accu/om+ !mselves to set be=e _! m9ds ! ideas !mselves t !y w\ld consid]1 & n s\nds in/ead ( !m1 h avoid$ !reby a great "p ( t p]plexity1 pudd]+1 & confusion1 :i* has s mu* h9d]$ m5's progress 9 o!r p>ts ( k4 ,= :il/ !y /ick 9 words ( undet]m9$ & unc]ta9 signification1 !y are unable to di/+ui% true f false1 c]ta9 f probable1 consi/5t f inconsi/5t1 9 _! own op9ions4 ,?is hav+ be5 ! fate or mis=tune ( a great "p ( m5 ( lett]s1 ! increase br\ght into ! /ock ( real k has be5 v little1 9 proportion to ! s*ools disputes1 & writ+s1 ! _w has be5 fill$ )2 :il/ /ud5ts1 be+ lo/ 9 ! great wood ( words1 knew n :]eab\ts !y 71 h[ f> _! discov]ies 7 advanc$1 or :at 0 want+ 9 _! own1 or ! g5]al /ock ( k4 ,_h m51 9 ! discov]ies ( ! mat]ial1 done z !y h 9 ^? ( ! intellectual _w1 involv$ all 9 ! obscurity ( unc]ta9 & d\btful ways ( talk+1 volumes writ ( navigation & voyages1 !ories & /ories ( zones & tides1 multipli$ & disput$2 nay1 %ips built1 & fleets s5t out1 w\ld nev] h taught u ! way beyond ! l9e2 & ! ,antipodes w\ld be /ill z mu* unkn[n1 z :5 x 0 decl>$ h]esy to hold !re 7 any4 ,b hav+ spok5 suffici5tly ( words1 & ! ill or c>eless use t is commonly made ( !m1 ,i %all n say any?+ m ( x "h4 #ca4 ,ext5t ( ,human ,k 9 respect to its ,univ]sality4 ,hi!rto we h exam9$ ! ext5t ( our k1 9 respect ( ! sev]al sorts ( be+s t are4 ,!re is ano!r ext5t ( x1 9 respect ( ,,univ]sality1 :i* w also des]ve to be consid]$2 & 9 ?is reg>d1 our k foll[s ! nature ( our ideas4 ,if ! ideas are ab/ract1 ^: agreem5t or disagreem5t we p]ceive1 our k is univ]sal4 ,= :at is kn[n ( su* g5]al ideas1 w be true ( e p>ticul> ?+ 9 :om t ess5ce1 i4e4 t ab/ract idea1 is to be f\nd3 & :at is once kn[n ( su* ideas1 w be p]petually & = ev] true4 ,s t z to all ,,g5]al ,,k we mu/ se>* & f9d x only 9 our m9ds2 & x is only ! exam9+ ( our own ideas t furni%e? u ) t4 ,tru?s belong+ to ess5ces ( ?+s 7t is1 to ab/ract ideas7 are et]nal2 & are to be f\nd out by ! contemplation only ( ^? ess5ces3 z ! exi/5ce ( ?+s is to be kn[n only f exp]i5ce4 ,b hav+ m to say ( ?is 9 ! *apt]s :]e ,i %all speak ( g5]al & real k1 ?is may "h suffice z to ! univ]sality ( our k 9 g5]al4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,( ,,! ,,reality ,,( ,,k4 #a4 ,objection4 ',k plac$ 9 our ,ideas may be all unreal or *im]ical' ,i ,,d\bt n b my read]1 by ?is "t1 may be apt to ?9k t ,i h be5 all ?is :ile only build+ a ca/le 9 ! air2 & be ready to say to me3-- ',to :at purpose all ?is /ir8 ,k1 say y1 is only ! p]ception ( ! agreem5t or disagreem5t ( our own ideas3 b :o kn[s :at ^? ideas may be8 ,is !re any?+ s extravagant z ! imag9ations ( m5's bra9s8 ,:]e is ! head t has no *im]as 9 x8 ,or if !re be a sob] & a wise man1 :at diff]5ce w !re be1 by y\r rules1 betwe5 8 k & t ( ! mo/ extravagant fancy 9 ! _w8 ,!y bo? h _! ideas1 & p]ceive _! agreem5t & disagreem5t "o ) ano!r4 ,if !re be any diff]5ce betwe5 !m1 ! advantage w be on ! w>m-head$ man's side1 z hav+ ! m ideas1 & ! m lively4 ,& s1 by y\r rules1 he w be ! m kn[+4 ,if x be true1 t all k lies only 9 ! p]ception ( ! agreem5t or disagreem5t ( our own ideas1 ! visions ( an en?usia/ & ! reason+s ( a sob] man w be equally c]ta94 ,x is no matt] h[ ?+s are3 s a man obs]ve b ! agreem5t ( 8 own imag9ations1 & talk con=mably1 x is all tru?1 all c]ta9ty4 ,su* ca/les 9 ! air w be z /rongholds ( tru?1 z ! demon/rations ( ,euclid4 ,t an h>py is n a c5taur is by ?is way z c]ta9 k1 & z mu* a tru?1 z t a squ>e is n a circle4 ',b ( :at use is all ?is f9e k ( ,,m5',s ,,own ,,imag9ations1 to a man t inquires aft] ! reality ( ?+s8 ,x matt]s n :at m5's fancies are1 x is ! k ( ?+s t is only to be priz$3 x is ?is alone gives a value to our reason+s1 & pref]5ce to "o man's k ov] ano!r's1 t x is ( ?+s z !y really are1 & n ( dreams & fancies4' #b4 ,answ] ,n s1 :]e ,ideas agree ) ,?+s4 ,to :i* ,i answ]1 ,t if our k ( our ideas t]m9ate 9 !m1 & rea* no fur!r1 :]e !re is some?+ fur!r int5d$1 our mo/ s]i\s ?\ghts w be ( little m use ?an ! rev]ies ( a crazy bra92 & ! tru?s built !reon ( no m weight ?an ! disc\rses ( a man :o sees ?+s cle>ly 9 a dream1 & ) great assurance utt]s !m4 ,b ,i hope1 be=e ,i h done1 to make x evid5t1 t ?is way ( c]ta9ty1 by ! k ( our own ideas1 goes a little fur!r ?an b>e imag9ation3 & ,i believe x w appe> t all ! c]ta9ty ( g5]al tru?s a man has lies 9 no?+ else4 #c4 ,b :at %all be ! crit]ion ( ?is agreem5t8 ,x is evid5t ! m9d kn[s n ?+s imm$iately1 b only by ! int]v5tion ( ! ideas x has ( !m4 ,our k1 !re=e1 is real only s f> z !re is a ,,con=mity betwe5 our ideas & ! reality ( ?+s4 ,b :at %all be "h ! crit]ion8 ,h[ %all ! m9d1 :5 x p]ceives no?+ b its own ideas1 "k t !y agree ) ?+s !mselves8 ,?is1 ?\gh x seems n to want difficulty1 yet1 ,i ?9k1 !re be two sorts ( ideas t we may be assur$ agree ) ?+s4 #d4 ,z1 ,fir/ ,all ,simple ,ideas are really con=m$ to ,?+s4 ,,fir/1 ,! fir/ are simple ideas1 :i* s9ce ! m9d1 z has be5 %[$1 c by no means make to itself1 mu/ necess>ily be ! product ( ?+s op]at+ on ! m9d1 9 a natural way1 & produc+ !re9 ^? p]ceptions :i* by ! ,wisdom & ,w ( our ,mak] !y are orda9$ & adapt$ to4 ,f :5ce x foll[s1 t simple ideas are n fictions ( our fancies1 b ! natural & regul> productions ( ?+s )\t u1 really op]at+ ^u u2 & s c>ry ) !m all ! con=mity :i* is int5d$2 or :i* our /ate requires3 = !y repres5t to u ?+s "u ^? appe>ances :i* !y are fitt$ to produce 9 u3 :]eby we are enabl$ to di/+ui% ! sorts ( p>ticul> sub/ances1 to disc]n ! /ates !y are 91 & s to take !m = our necessities1 & apply !m to our uses4 ,?us ! idea ( :it5ess1 or bitt]ness1 z x is 9 ! m9d1 exactly answ]+ t p[] :i* is 9 any body to produce x !re1 has all ! real con=mity x c or ought to h1 ) ?+s )\t u4 ,& ?is con=mity betwe5 our simple ideas & ! exi/5ce ( ?+s1 is suffici5t = real k4 #e4 ,secondly1 ,all ,complex ,ideas1 except ideas ( ,sub/ances1 are _! own ar*etypes4 ,secondly1 ,all our complex ideas1 ,,except ,,^? ,,( ,,sub/ances1 be+ ar*etypes ( ! m9d's own mak+1 n int5d$ to be ! copies ( any?+1 nor ref]r$ to ! exi/5ce ( any?+1 z to _! orig9als1 _c want any con=mity necess>y to real k4 ,= t :i* is n design$ to repres5t any?+ b itself1 c nev] be capable ( a wrong repres5tation1 nor mislead u f ! true appreh5sion ( any?+1 by its dislik5ess to x3 & su*1 except+ ^? ( sub/ances1 are all our complex ideas4 ,:i*1 z ,i h %[$ 9 ano!r place1 are comb9ations ( ideas1 :i* ! m9d1 by its free *oice1 puts toge!r1 )\t consid]+ any connexion !y h 9 nature4 ,& h5ce x is1 t 9 all ^! sorts ! ideas !mselves are consid]$ z ! ar*etypes1 & ?+s no o!rwise reg>d$1 b z !y are con=mable to !m4 ,s t we _c b be infallibly c]ta91 t all ! k we atta9 conc]n+ ^! ideas is real1 & rea*es ?+s !mselves4 ,because 9 all our ?\ghts1 reason+s1 & disc\rses ( ?is k9d1 we int5d ?+s no fur!r ?an z !y are con=mable to our ideas4 ,s t 9 ^! we _c miss ( a c]ta9 & und\bt$ reality4 #f4 ,h5ce ! reality ( ,ma!matical ,k ,i d\bt n b x w be easily grant$1 t ! k we h ( ma!matical tru?s is n only c]ta91 b real k2 & n ! b>e empty vision ( va91 insignificant *im]as ( ! bra93 & yet1 if we w consid]1 we %all f9d t x is only ( our own ideas4 ,! ma!matician consid]s ! tru? & prop]ties belong+ to a rectangle or circle only z !y are 9 idea 9 8 own m9d4 ,= x is possible he nev] f\nd ei!r ( !m exi/+ ma!matically1 i4e4 precisely true1 9 8 life4 ,b yet ! k he has ( any tru?s or prop]ties belong+ to a circle1 or any o!r ma!matical figure1 are nev]!less true & c]ta91 ev5 ( real ?+s exi/+3 because real ?+s are no fur!r conc]n$1 nor int5d$ to be meant by any su* propositions1 ?an z ?+s really agree to ^? ar*etypes 9 8 m9d4 ,is x true ( ! ,,idea ( a triangle1 t its ?ree angles are equal to two "r ones8 ,x is true also ( a triangle1 :]ev] x ,,really ,,exi/s4 ,:atev] o!r figure exi/s1 t x is n exactly answ]able to t idea ( a triangle 9 8 m9d1 is n at all conc]n$ 9 t proposition4 ,& !re=e he is c]ta9 all 8 k conc]n+ su* ideas is real k3 because1 int5d+ ?+s no fur!r ?an !y agree ) ^? 8 ideas1 he is sure :at he kn[s conc]n+ ^? figures1 :5 !y h ,,b>ely ,,an ,,ideal ,,exi/5ce 9 8 m9d1 w hold true ( !m also :5 !y h ,a ,,real ,,exi/ance 9 matt]3 8 consid]ation be+ b>ely ( ^? figures1 :i* are ! same :]ev] or h[ev] !y exi/4 #g4 ,& ( ,moral4 ,& h5ce x foll[s t moral k is z capable ( real c]ta9ty z ma!matics4 ,= c]ta9ty be+ b ! p]ception ( ! agreem5t or disagreem5t ( our ideas1 & demon/ration no?+ b ! p]ception ( su* agreem5t1 by ! int]v5tion ( o!r ideas or m$iums2 our moral ideas1 z well z ma!matical1 be+ ar*etypes !mselves1 & s adequate & complete ideas2 all ! agreem5t or disagreem5t :i* we %all f9d 9 !m w produce real k1 z well z 9 ma!matical figures4 #h4 ,exi/5ce n requir$ to make ,ab/ract ,k real4 ,= ! atta9+ ( k & c]ta9ty1 x is requisite t we h det]m9$ ideas3 &1 to make our k real1 x is requisite t ! ideas answ] _! ar*etypes4 ,nor let x be wond]$1 t ,i place ! c]ta9ty ( our k 9 ! consid]ation ( our ideas1 ) s little c>e & reg>d 7z x may seem7 to ! real exi/5ce ( ?+s3 s9ce mo/ ( ^? disc\rses :i* take up ! ?\ghts & engage ! disputes ( ^? :o pret5d to make x _! bus9ess to inquire aft] tru? & c]ta9ty1 w1 ,i presume1 ^u exam9ation1 be f\nd to be g5]al propositions1 & notions 9 :i* exi/5ce is n at all conc]n$4 ,all ! disc\rses ( ! ma!maticians ab\t ! squ>+ ( a circle1 conic sections1 or any o!r "p ( ma!matics1 conc]n n ! exi/5ce ( any ( ^? figures3 b _! demon/rations1 :i* dep5d on _! ideas1 are ! same1 :e!r !re be any squ>e or circle exi/+ 9 ! _w or no4 ,9 ! same mann]1 ! tru? & c]ta9ty ( moral disc\rses ab/racts f ! lives ( m51 & ! exi/5ce ( ^? virtues 9 ! _w :]e( !y treat3 nor are ,tully's ,(fices less true1 because !re is nobody 9 ! _w t exactly practises 8 rules1 & lives up to t patt]n ( a virtu\s man :i* he has giv5 u1 & :i* exi/$ n[h]e :5 he writ b 9 idea4 ,if x be true 9 speculation1 i4e4 9 idea1 t murd] des]ves dea?1 x w also be true 9 reality ( any action t exi/s con=mable to t idea ( murd]4 ,z = o!r actions1 ! tru? ( t proposition conc]ns !m n4 ,& ?us x is ( all o!r species ( ?+s1 :i* h no o!r ess5ces b ^? ideas :i* are 9 ! m9ds ( m54 #i4 ,nor w x be less true or c]ta91 because ,moral ,ideas are ( our own mak+ & nam+4 ,b x w "h be said1 t if moral k be plac$ 9 ! contemplation ( our own moral ideas1 & ^?1 z o!r modes1 be ( our own mak+1 ,:at /range notions w !re be ( ju/ice & temp]ance8 ,:at confusion ( virtues & vices1 if e "o may make :at ideas ( !m he pleases8 ,no confusion or disord] 9 ! ?+s !mselves1 nor ! reason+s ab\t !m2 no m ?an 79 ma!matics7 !re w\ld be a di/urbance 9 ! demon/ration1 or a *ange 9 ! prop]ties ( figures1 & _! relations "o to ano!r1 if a man %\ld make a triangle ) f\r corn]s1 or a trapezium ) f\r "r angles3 t is1 9 pla9 ,engli%1 *ange ! names ( ! figures1 & call t by "o "n1 :i* ma!maticians call ord9>ily by ano!r4 ,=1 let a man make to himself ! idea ( a figure ) ?ree angles1 :]e( "o is a "r "o1 & call x1 if he please1 ,,equilat]um or ,,trapezium1 or any?+ else2 ! prop]ties (1 & demon/rations ab\t t idea w be ! same z if he call$ x a rectangul> triangle4 ,i confess ! *ange ( ! "n1 by ! impropriety ( spee*1 w at fir/ di/urb him :o kn[s n :at idea x /&s =3 b z soon z ! figure is drawn1 ! consequ5ces & demon/rations are pla9 & cle>4 ,j ! same is x 9 moral k3 let a man h ! idea ( tak+ f o!rs1 )\t _! cons5t1 :at _! hone/ indu/ry has possess$ !m (1 & call ?is ,,ju/ice if he please4 ,he t takes ! "n "h )\t ! idea put to x w be mi/ak51 by jo9+ ano!r idea ( 8 own to t "n3 b /rip ! idea ( t "n1 or take x su* z x is 9 ! speak]'s m9d1 & ! same ?+s w agree to x1 z if y call$ x ,,inju/ice4 ,inde$1 wrong names 9 moral disc\rses bre$ usually m disord]1 because !y are n s easily rectifi$ z 9 ma!matics1 :]e ! figure1 once drawn & se51 makes ! "n useless & ( no =ce4 ,= :at ne$ ( a sign1 :5 ! ?+ signifi$ is pres5t & 9 view8 ,b 9 moral names1 t _c be s easily & %ortly done1 because ( ! _m decompositions t g to ! mak+ up ! complex ideas ( ^? modes4 ,b yet = all ?is1 ! miscall+ ( any ( ^? ideas1 contr>y to ! usual signification ( ! words ( t language1 h9d]s n b t we may h c]ta9 & demon/rative k ( _! sev]al agreem5ts & disagreem5ts1 if we w c>efully1 z 9 ma!matics1 keep to ! same precise ideas1 & trace ,,!m 9 _! sev]al relations "o to ano!r1 )\t be+ l$ away by _! names4 ,if we b sep>ate ! idea "u consid]ation f ! sign t /&s = x1 our k goes equally on 9 ! discov]y ( real tru? & c]ta9ty1 :atev] s\nds we make use (4 #aj4 ,misnam+ di/urbs n ! c]ta9ty ( ! ,k ,"o ?+ m we are to take notice (1 ,t :]e ,god or any o!r law-mak]1 ha? def9$ any moral names1 !re !y h made ! ess5ce ( t species to :i* t "n belongs2 & !re x is n safe to apply or use !m o!rwise3 b 9 o!r cases x is b>e impropriety ( spee* to apply !m contr>y to ! common usage ( ! c\ntry4 ,b yet ev5 ?is too di/urbs n ! c]ta9ty ( t k1 :i* is /ill to be _h by a due contemplation & comp>+ ( ^? ev5 nick-nam$ ideas4 #aa4 ,?irdly1 ,our complex ,ideas ( ,sub/ances h _! ,ar*etypes )\t u2 & "h k comes %ort4 ,,?irdly1 ,!re is ano!r sort ( complex ideas1 :i*1 be+ ref]r$ to ar*etypes )\t u1 may diff] f !m1 & s our k ab\t !m may come %ort ( be+ real4 ,su* are our ideas ( sub/ances1 :i*1 consi/+ ( a collection ( simple ideas1 suppos$ tak5 f ! works ( nature1 may yet v>y f !m2 by hav+ m or diff]5t ideas unit$ 9 !m ?an are to be f\nd unit$ 9 ! ?+s !mselves4 ,f :5ce x comes to pass1 t !y may1 & (t5 d1 fail ( be+ exactly con=mable to ?+s !mselves4 #ab4 ,s f> z our complex ideas agree ) ^? ,ar*etypes )\t u1 s f> our ,k conc]n+ ,sub/ances is real4 ,i say1 !n1 t to h ideas ( ,,sub/ances :i*1 by be+ con=mable to ?+s1 may af=d u real k1 x is n en\gh1 z 9 ,,modes1 to put toge!r su* ideas z h no inconsi/5ce1 ?\gh !y did nev] be=e s exi/3 v4g4 ! ideas ( sacrilege or p]jury1 c41 7 z real & true ideas be=e1 z aft] ! exi/5ce ( any su* fact4 ,b our ideas ( sub/ances1 be+ suppos$ copies1 & ref]r$ to ar*etypes )\t u1 mu/ /ill be tak5 f some?+ t does or has exi/$3 !y mu/ n consi/ ( ideas put toge!r at ! pleasure ( our ?\ghts1 )\t any real patt]n !y 7 tak5 f1 ?\gh we c p]ceive no inconsi/5ce 9 su* a comb9ation4 ,! reason :]e( is because we1 kn[+ n :at real con/itution x is ( sub/ances :]eon our simple ideas dep5d1 & :i* really is ! cause ( ! /rict union ( "s ( !m "o ) ano!r1 & ! exclusion ( o!rs2 !re are v few ( !m t we c be sure are or are n inconsi/5t 9 nature3 any fur!r ?an exp]i5ce & s5sible obs]vation rea* ,h]e91 !re=e1 is f\nd$ ! reality ( our k conc]n+ sub/ances--,t all our complex ideas ( !m mu/ be su*1 & su* only1 z are made up ( su* simple ones z h be5 discov]$ to co-exi/ 9 nature4 ,& our ideas be+ ?us true1 ?\gh n p]haps v exact copies1 are yet ! subjects ( real 7z f> z we h any7 k ( !m4 ,:i* 7z has be5 already %[n7 w n be f\nd to rea* v f>3 b s f> z x does1 x w /ill be real k4 ,:atev] ideas we h1 ! agreem5t we f9d !y h ) o!rs w /ill be k4 ,if ^? ideas be ab/ract1 x w be g5]al k4 ,b to make x real conc]n+ sub/ances1 ! ideas mu/ be tak5 f ! real exi/5ce ( ?+s4 ,:atev] simple ideas h be5 f\nd to co-exi/ 9 any sub/ance1 ^! we may ) confid5ce jo9 toge!r aga91 & s make ab/ract ideas ( sub/ances4 ,= :atev] h once _h an union 9 nature1 may be unit$ aga94 #ac4 ,9 our inquiries ab\t ,sub/ances1 we mu/ consid] ,ideas1 & n conf9e our ,?\ghts to ,names1 or ,species suppos$ set out by ,names4 ,?is1 if we rightly consid]1 & conf9e n our ?\ghts & ab/ract ideas to names1 z if !re 71 or c\ld be no o!r ,,sorts ( ?+s ?an :at kn[n names _h already det]m9$1 &1 z x 71 set out1 we %\ld ?9k ( ?+s ) great] fre$om & less confusion ?an p]haps we d4 ,x w\ld possibly be ?\ght a bold p>adox1 if n a v dang]\s falsehood1 if ,i %\ld say t "s ,,*angel+s1 :o h liv$ =ty ye>s toge!r1 )\t any appe>ance ( reason1 are some?+ betwe5 a man & a bea/3 :i* prejudice is f\nd$ ^u no?+ else b a false supposition1 t ^! two names1 man & bea/1 /& = di/9ct species s set out by real ess5ces1 t !re c come no o!r species betwe5 !m3 :]eas if we w ab/ract f ^? names1 & ! supposition ( su* specific ess5ces made by nature1 :]e9 all ?+s ( ! same d5om9ations did exactly & equally p>take2 if we w\ld n fancy t !re 7 a c]ta9 numb] ( ^! ess5ces1 :]e9 all ?+s1 z 9 m\lds1 7 ca/ & =m$2 we %\ld f9d t ! idea ( ! %ape1 motion1 & life ( a man )\t reason1 is z mu* a di/9ct idea1 & makes z mu* a di/9ct sort ( ?+s f man & bea/1 z ! idea ( ! %ape ( an ass ) reason w\ld be diff]5t f ei!r t ( man or bea/1 & be a species ( an animal betwe51 or di/9ct f bo?4 #ad4 ,objection aga9/ a ,*angel+ be+ some?+ betwe5 a ,man & ,bea/1 answ]$4 ,"h ev]ybody w be ready to ask1 ,if *angel+s may be suppos$ some?+ betwe5 man & bea/1 pray :at are !y8 ,i answ]1 ,,*angel+s2 :i* is z good a ^w to signify some?+ diff]5t f ! signification ( ,,man or ,,bea/1 z ! names man & bea/ are to h significations diff]5t "o f ! o!r4 ,?is1 well consid]$1 w\ld resolve ?is matt]1 & %[ my mean+ )\t any m ado4 ,b ,i am n s unacqua9t$ ) ! zeal ( "s m51 :i* enables !m to sp9 consequ5ces1 & to see religion ?reat5$1 :5ev] any "o v5tures to quit _! =ms ( speak+1 z n to =esee :at names su* a proposition z ?is is l to be *>g$ )3 & )\t d\bt x w be ask$1 ,if *angel+s are some?+ betwe5 man & bea/1 :at w become ( !m 9 ! o!r _w8 ,to :i* ,i answ]1 ,i4 ,x conc]ns me n to "k or inquire4 ,to _! own ma/] !y /& or fall4 ,x w make _! /ate nei!r bett] nor worse1 :e!r we det]m9e any?+ ( x or no4 ,!y are 9 ! h&s ( a fai?ful ,creator & a b\ntiful ,fa!r1 :o disposes n ( 8 creatures accord+ to our n>r[ ?\ghts or op9ions1 nor di/+ui%es !m accord+ to names & species ( our contrivance4 ,& we t "k s little ( ?is pres5t _w we are 91 may1 ,i ?9k1 cont5t ourselves )\t be+ p]emptory 9 def9+ ! diff]5t /ates :i* creatures %all come into :5 !y g (f ?is /age4 ,x may suffice u1 t ,he ha? made kn[n to all ^? :o are capable ( in/ruction1 disc\rs+1 & reason+1 t !y %all come to an acc\nt1 & receive accord+ to :at !y h done 9 ?is body4 #ae4 ,:at w become ( ,*angel+s 9 a future /ate8 ,b1 ,secondly1 ,i answ]1 ,! =ce ( ^! m5's "q 7viz4 ,w y deprive *angel+s ( a future /ate87 is f\nd$ on "o ( ^! two suppositions1 :i* are bo? false4 ,! fir/ is1 ,t all ?+s t h ! outw>d %ape & appe>ance ( a man mu/ necess>ily be design$ to an immortal future be+ aft] ?is life3 or1 secondly1 ,t :atev] is ( human bir? mu/ be s4 ,take away ^! imag9ations1 & su* que/ions w be gr\ndless & ridicul\s4 ,i desire !n ^? :o ?9k !re is no m b an accid5tal diff]5ce betwe5 !mselves & *angel+s1 ! ess5ce 9 bo? be+ exactly ! same1 to consid]1 :e!r !y c imag9e immortality annex$ to any outw>d %ape ( ! body2 ! v propos+ x is1 ,i suppose1 en\gh to make !m dis[n x4 ,no "o yet1 t ev] ,i he>d (1 h[ mu* soev] imm]s$ 9 matt]1 all[$ t excell5cy to any figure ( ! gross s5sible outw>d consequ5ce ( x2 or t any mass ( matt] %\ld1 aft] its dissolution "h1 be aga9 re/or$ h]eaft] to an ev]la/+ /ate ( s5se1 p]ception1 & k1 only because x 0 m\ld$ into ?is or t figure1 & _h su* a p>ticul> frame ( its visible p>ts4 ,su* an op9ion z ?is1 plac+ immortality 9 a c]ta9 sup]ficial figure1 turns out ( doors all consid]ation ( s\l or _s2 ^u ^: acc\nt alone "s corporeal be+s h hi!rto be5 conclud$ immortal1 & o!rs n4 ,?is is to attribute m to ! outside ?an inside ( ?+s2 & to place ! excell5cy ( a man m 9 ! ext]nal %ape ( 8 body1 ?an int]nal p]fections ( 8 s\l3 :i* is b little bett] ?an to annex ! great & ine/imable advantage ( immortality & life ev]la/+1 :i* he has above o!r mat]ial be+s1 to annex x1 ,i say1 to ! cut ( 8 be>d1 or ! fa%ion ( 8 coat4 ,= ?is or t outw>d m>k ( our bodies no m c>ries ) x ! hope ( an et]nal duration1 ?an ! fa%ion ( a man's suit gives him reasonable gr\nds to imag9e x w nev] we> out1 or t x w make him immortal4 ,x w p]haps be said1 t nobody ?9ks t ! %ape makes any?+ immortal1 b x is ! %ape t is ! sign ( a rational s\l )91 :i* is immortal4 ,i wond] :o made x ! sign ( any su* ?+3 = b>ely say+ x1 w n make x s4 ,x w\ld require "s pro(s to p]suade "o ( x4 ,no figure t ,i "k speaks any su* language4 ,= x may z rationally be conclud$1 t ! dead body ( a man1 :]e9 !re is to be f\nd no m appe>ance or action ( life ?an !re is 9 a /atue1 has yet nev]!less a liv+ s\l 9 x1 because ( its %ape2 z t !re is a rational s\l 9 a *angel+1 because he has ! outside ( a rational creature1 :5 8 actions c>ry f> less m>ks ( reason ) !m1 9 ! :ole c\rse ( 8 life ?an :at are to be f\nd 9 _m a bea/4 #af4 ,mon/]s ,b x is ! issue ( rational p>5ts1 & mu/ !re=e be conclud$ to h a rational s\l4 ,i "k n by :at logic y mu/ s conclude4 ,i am sure ?is is a conclusion t m5 n[h]e all[ (4 ,= if !y did1 !y w\ld n make bold1 z ev]y:]e !y d to de/roy ill-=m$ & mis-%ap$ productions4 ,ay1 b ^! are ,,mon/]s4 ,let !m be s3 :at w y\r drivell+1 un9tellig5t1 intractable *angel+ be8 ,%all a defect 9 ! body make a mon/]2 a defect 9 ! m9d 7! f> m noble1 &1 9 ! common phrase1 ! f> m ess5tial "p7 n8 ,%all ! want ( a nose1 or a neck1 make a mon/]1 & put su* issue out ( ! rank ( m52 ! want ( reason & und]/&+1 n8 ,?is is to br+ all back aga9 to :at 0 explod$ j n[3 ?is is to place all 9 ! %ape1 & to take ! measure ( a man only by 8 outside4 ,to %[ t accord+ to ! ord9>y way ( reason+ 9 ?is matt]1 p d lay ! :ole /ress on ! figure1 & resolve ! :ole ess5ce ( ! species ( man 7z !y make x7 into ! outw>d %ape1 h[ unreasonable soev] x be1 & h[ mu* soev] !y dis[n x1 we ne$ b trace _! ?\ghts & practice a little fur!r1 & !n x w pla9ly appe>4 ,! well-%ap$ *angel+ is a man1 has a rational s\l1 ?\gh x appe> n3 ?is is pa/ d\bt1 say y3 make ! e>s a little long]1 & m po9t$1 & ! nose a little flatt] ?an ord9>y1 & !n y beg9 to boggle3 make ! face yet n>r[]1 flatt]1 & long]1 & !n y are at a /&3 add /ill m & m ( ! lik5ess ( a brute to x1 & let ! head be p]fectly t ( "s o!r animal1 !n pres5tly x is a mon/]2 & x is demon/ration ) y t x ha? no rational s\l1 & mu/ be de/roy$4 ,:]e n[ 7,i ask7 %all be ! j measure2 :i* ! utmo/ b\nds ( t %ape1 t c>ries ) x a rational s\l8 ,=1 s9ce !re h be5 human foetuses produc$1 half bea/ & half man2 & o!rs ?ree p>ts "o1 & "o "p ! o!r2 & s x is possible !y may be 9 all ! v>iety ( approa*es to ! "o or ! o!r %ape1 & may h sev]al degrees ( mixture ( ! lik5ess ( a man1 or a brute2--,i w\ld gladly "k :at are ^? precise l9eam5ts1 :i*1 accord+ to ?is hypo!sis1 are or are n capable ( a rational s\l to be jo9$ to !m4 ,:at sort ( outside is ! c]ta9 sign t !re is or is n su* an inhabitant )98 ,= till t be done1 we talk at r&om ( ,,man3 & %all always1 ,i fe>1 d s1 z long z we give ourselves up to c]ta9 s\nds1 & ! imag9ations ( settl$ & fix$ species 9 nature1 we "k n :at4 ,b1 aft] all1 ,i desire x may be consid]$1 t ^? :o ?9k !y h answ]$ ! difficulty1 by tell+ u1 t a mis-%ap$ foetus is a ,,mon/]1 run into ! same fault !y are argu+ aga9/2 by con/itut+ a species betwe5 man & bea/4 ,= :at else1 ,i pray1 is _! mon/] 9 ! case1 7if ! ^w mon/] signifies any?+ at all17 b some?+ nei!r man nor bea/1 b p>tak+ some:at ( ei!r8 ,& j s is ! ,,*angel+ be=e m5tion$4 ,s necess>y is x to quit ! common notion ( species & ess5ces1 if we w truly look into ! nature ( ?+s1 & exam9e !m by :at our faculties c discov] 9 !m z !y exi/1 & n by gr\ndless fancies t h be5 tak5 up ab\t !m4 #ag4 ,words & ,species4 ,i h m5tion$ ?is "h1 because ,i ?9k we _c be too cauti\s t words & species1 9 ! ord9>y notions :i* we h be5 us$ to ( !m1 impose n on u4 ,= ,i am apt to ?9k !re9 lies "o great ob/acle to our cle> & di/9ct k1 especially 9 ref]5ce to sub/ances3 & f !nce has rose a great "p ( ! difficulties ab\t tru? & c]ta9ty4 ,w\ld we accu/om ourselves to sep>ate our contemplations & reason+s f words1 we might 9 a great measure rem$y ?is inconv5i5ce )9 our own ?\ghts3 b yet x w\ld /ill di/urb u 9 our disc\rse ) o!rs1 z long z we reta9$ ! op9ion1 t ,,species & _! ,,ess5ces 7 any?+ else b our ab/ract ideas 7su* z !y are7 ) names annex$ to !m1 to be ! signs ( !m4 #ah4 ,recapitulation4 ,:]ev] we p]ceive ! agreem5t or disagreem5t ( any ( our ideas1 !re is c]ta9 k3 & :]ev] we are sure ^? ideas agree ) ! reality ( ?+s1 !re is c]ta9 real k4 ,( :i* agreem5t ( our ideas ) ! reality ( ?+s1 hav+ "h giv5 ! m>ks1 ,i ?9k1 ,i h %[n ,,:]e9 ,,x ,,is ,,t ,,c]ta9ty1 ,,real ,,c]ta9ty1 ,,consi/s4 ,:i*1 :atev] x 0 to o!rs1 01 ,i confess1 to me h]et(ore1 "o ( ^? desid]ata :i* ,i f\nd great want (4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,( ,,tru? ,,9 ,,g5]al4 #a4 ,:at ,tru? is4 ,,:at is tru?8 0 an inquiry _m ages s9ce2 & x be+ t :i* all mank9d ei!r d1 or pret5d to se>* aft]1 x _c b be wor? our :ile c>efully to exam9e :]e9 x consi/s2 & s acqua9t ourselves ) ! nature ( x1 z to obs]ve h[ ! m9d di/+ui%es x f falsehood4 #b4 ,a "r jo9+ or sep>at+ ( signs1 i4e4 ei!r ,ideas or ,words4 ,tru?1 !n1 seems to me1 9 ! prop] import ( ! ^w1 to signify no?+ b ,,! ,,jo9+ ,,or ,,sep]at+ ,,( ,,signs1 ,,z ,,! ,,?+s ,,signifi$ ,,by ,,!m ,,d ,,agree ,,or ,,disagree ,,"o ,,) ,,ano!r4 ,! jo9+ or sep>at+ ( signs "h meant1 is :at by ano!r "n we call ,,proposition4 ,s t tru? prop]ly belongs only to propositions3 :]e( !re are two sorts1 viz4 m5tal & v]bal2 z !re are two sorts ( signs commonly made use (1 viz4 ideas & words4 #c4 ,:i* make m5tal or v]bal ,propositions4 ,to =m a cle> notion ( tru?1 x is v necess>y to consid] tru? ( ?\ght1 & tru? ( words1 di/9ctly "o f ano!r3 b yet x is v difficult to treat ( !m asund]4 ,because x is unavoidable1 9 treat+ ( m5tal propositions1 to make use ( words3 & !n ! in/ances giv5 ( m5tal propositions cease imm$iately to be b>ely m5tal1 & become v]bal4 ,= a ,,m5tal ,,proposition be+ no?+ b a b>e consid]ation ( ! ideas1 z !y are 9 our m9ds1 /ripp$ ( names1 !y lose ! nature ( purely m5tal propositions z soon z !y are put into words4 #d4 ,m5tal ,propositions are v h>d to be treat$ (4 ,& t :i* makes x yet h>d] to treat ( m5tal & v]bal propositions sep>ately is1 t mo/ m51 if n all1 9 _! ?9k+ & reason+s )9 !mselves1 make use ( words in/ead ( ideas2 at lea/ :5 ! subject ( _! m$itation conta9s 9 x complex ideas4 ,:i* is a great evid5ce ( ! imp]fection & unc]ta9ty ( our ideas ( t k9d1 & may1 if att5tively made use (1 s]ve = a m>k to %[ u :at are ^? ?+s we h cle> & p]fect e/abli%$ ideas (1 & :at n4 ,= if we w curi\sly obs]ve ! way our m9d takes 9 ?9k+ & reason+1 we %all f9d1 ,i suppose1 t :5 we make any propositions )9 our own ?\ghts ab\t ,,:ite or ,,black1 ,,sweet or ,,bitt]1 a ,,triangle or a ,,circle1 we c & (t5 d frame 9 our m9ds ! ideas !mselves1 )\t reflect+ on ! names4 ,b :5 we w\ld consid]1 or make propositions ab\t ! m complex ideas1 z ( a ,,man1 ,,vitriol1 ,,=titude1 ,,glory1 we usually put ! "n = ! idea3 because ! ideas ^! names /& =1 be+ = ! mo/ "p imp]fect1 confus$1 & undet]m9$1 we reflect on ! names !mselves1 because !y are m cle>1 c]ta91 & di/9ct1 & readi] occur to our ?\ghts ?an ! pure ideas3 & s we make use ( ^! words in/ead ( ! ideas !mselves1 ev5 :5 we w\ld m$itate & reason )9 ourselves1 & make tacit m5tal propositions4 ,9 sub/ances1 z has be5 already notic$1 ?is is occasion$ by ! imp]fections ( our ideas3 we mak+ ! "n /& = ! real ess5ce1 ( :i* we h no idea at all4 ,9 modes1 x is occasion$ by ! great numb] ( simple ideas t g to ! mak+ !m up4 ,= _m ( !m be+ comp\nd$1 ! "n occurs mu* easi] ?an ! complex idea itself1 :i* requires "t & att5tion to be recollect$1 & exactly repres5t$ to ! m9d1 ev5 9 ^? m5 :o h =m]ly be5 at ! pa9s to d x2 & is utt]ly impossible to be done by ^? :o1 ?\gh !y h ready 9 _! memory ! greate/ "p ( ! common words ( t language1 yet p]haps nev] tr\bl$ !mselves 9 all _! lives to consid] :at precise ideas ! mo/ ( !m /ood =4 ,"s confus$ or obscure notions h s]v$ _! turns2 & _m :o talk v mu* ( ,,religion & ,,consci5ce1 ( ,,*ur* & ,,fai?1 ( ,,p[] & ,,"r1 ( ,,ob/ructions & ,,hum\rs1 ,,melan*oly & ,,*ol]1 w\ld p]haps h little left 9 _! ?\ghts & m$itations1 if "o %\ld desire !m to ?9k only ( ! ?+s !mselves1 & lay by ^? words ) :i* !y s (t5 conf\nd o!rs1 & n seldom !mselves also4 #e4 ,m5tal & ,v]bal ,propositions contra/$4 ,b to return to ! consid]ation ( tru?3 we mu/1 ,i say1 obs]ve two sorts ( propositions t we are capable ( mak+3-- ,fir/1 ,,m5tal1 :]e9 ! ideas 9 our und]/&+s are )\t ! use ( words put toge!r1 or sep>at$1 by ! m9d p]ceiv+ or judg+ ( _! agreem5t or disagreem5t4 ,secondly1 ,,v]bal propositions1 :i* are words1 ! signs ( our ideas1 put toge!r or sep>at$ 9 affirmative or negative s5t5ces4 ,by :i* way ( affirm+ or d5y+1 ^! signs1 made by s\nds1 are1 z x 71 put toge!r or sep>at$ f ano!r4 ,s t proposition consi/s 9 jo9+ or sep>at+ signs2 & tru? consi/s 9 ! putt+ toge!r or sep>at+ ^? signs1 accord+ z ! ?+s :i* !y /& = agree or disagree4 #f4 ,:5 ,m5tal ,propositions conta9 real ,tru?1 & :5 ,v]bal4 ,e "o's exp]i5ce w satisfy him1 t ! m9d1 ei!r by p]ceiv+1 or suppos+1 ! agreem5t or disagreem5t ( any ( its ideas1 does tacitly )9 itself put !m into a k9d ( proposition affirmative or negative2 :i* ,i h endeav\r$ to express by ! t]ms putt+ toge!r & sep>at+4 ,b ?is action ( ! m9d1 :i* is s famili> to e ?9k+ & reason+ man1 is easi] to be conceiv$ by reflect+ on :at passes 9 u :5 we affirm or d5y1 ?an to be expla9$ by words4 ,:5 a man has 9 8 head ! idea ( two l9es1 viz4 ! side & diagonal ( a squ>e1 :]e( ! diagonal is an in* long1 he may h ! idea also ( ! division ( t l9e into a c]ta9 numb] ( equal p>ts2 v4g4 into five1 t51 a hundr$1 a ?\s&1 or any o!r numb]1 & may h ! idea ( t in* l9e be+ divisible1 or n divisible1 into su* equal p>ts1 z a c]ta9 numb] ( !m w be equal to ! sidel9e4 ,n[1 :5ev] he p]ceives1 believes1 or supposes su* a k9d ( divisibility to agree or disagree to 8 idea ( t l9e1 he1 z x 71 jo9s or sep>ates ^? two ideas1 viz4 ! idea ( t l9e1 & ! idea ( t k9d ( divisibility2 & s makes a m5tal proposition1 :i* is true or false1 accord+ z su* a k9d ( divisibility1 a divisibility into su* ,,aliquot p>ts1 does really agree to t l9e or no4 ,:5 ideas are s put toge!r1 or sep>at$ 9 ! m9d1 z !y or ! ?+s !y /& = d agree or n1 t is1 z ,i may call x1 ,,m5tal ,,tru?4 ,b ,,tru? ,,( ,,words is some?+ m2 & t is ! affirm+ or d5y+ ( words "o ( ano!r1 z ! ideas !y /& = agree or disagree3 & ?is aga9 is two-fold2 ei!r purely v]bal & trifl+1 :i* ,i %all speak (1 7*ap4 viii417 or real & in/ructive2 :i* is ! object ( t real k :i* we h spok5 ( already4 #g4 ,objection aga9/ v]bal ,tru?1 t ?us x may all be *im]ical4 ,b "h aga9 w be apt to occur ! same d\bt ab\t tru?1 t did ab\t k3 & x w be object$1 t if tru? be no?+ b ! jo9+ & sep>at+ ( words 9 propositions1 z ! ideas !y /& = agree or disagree 9 m5's m9ds1 ! k ( tru? is n s valuable a ?+ z x is tak5 to be1 nor wor? ! pa9s & "t m5 employ 9 ! se>* ( x3 s9ce by ?is acc\nt x am\nts to no m ?an ! con=mity ( words to ! *im]as ( m5's bra9s4 ,:o kn[s n :at odd notions _m m5's heads are fill$ )1 & :at /range ideas all m5's bra9s are capable (8 ,b if we re/ "h1 we "k ! tru? ( no?+ by ?is rule1 b ( ! vision>y words 9 our own imag9ations2 nor h o!r tru?1 b :at z mu* conc]ns h>pies & c5taurs1 z m5 & horses4 ,= ^?1 & ! l1 may be ideas 9 our heads1 & h _! agreem5t or disagreem5t !re1 z well z ! ideas ( real be+s1 & s h z true propositions made ab\t !m4 ,& x w be altoge!r z true a proposition to say ,,all ,,c5taurs ,,are ,,animals1 z t ,,all ,,m5 ,,are ,,animals2 & ! c]ta9ty ( "o z great z ! o!r4 ,= 9 bo? ! propositions1 ! words are put toge!r accord+ to ! agreem5t ( ! ideas 9 our m9ds3 & ! agreem5t ( ! idea ( animal ) t ( c5taur is z cle> & visable to ! m9d1 z ! agreem5t ( ! idea ( animal ) t ( man2 & s ^! two propositions are equally true1 equally c]ta94 ,b ( :at use is all su* tru? to u8 #h4 ,answ]$1 ,real ,tru? is ab\t ,ideas agree+ to ?+s4 ,?\gh :at has be5 said 9 ! =ego+ *apt] to di/+ui% real f imag9>y k might suffice "h1 9 answ] to ?is d\bt1 to di/+ui% real tru? f *im]ical1 or 7if y please7 b>ely nom9al1 !y dep5d+ bo? on ! same f\ndation2 yet x may n be amiss "h aga9 to consid]1 t ?\gh our words signify ?+s1 ! tru? !y conta9 :5 put into propositions w be only v]bal1 :5 !y /& = ideas 9 ! m9d t h n an agreem5t ) ! reality ( ?+s4 ,& !re=e tru? z well z k may well come "u ! di/9ction ( v]bal & real2 t be+ only v]bal tru?1 :]e9 t]ms are jo9$ accord+ to ! agreem5t or disagreem5t ( ! ideas !y /& =2 )\t reg>d+ :e!r our ideas are su* z really h1 or are capable ( hav+1 an exi/5ce 9 nature4 ,b !n x is !y conta9 ,,real ,,tru?1 :5 ^! signs are jo9$1 z our ideas agree2 & :5 our ideas are su* z we "k are capable ( hav+ an exi/5ce 9 nature3 :i* 9 sub/ances we _c "k1 b by kn[+ t su* h exi/$4 #i4 ,tru? & ,falsehood 9 g5]al4 ,tru? is ! m>k+ d[n 9 words ! agreem5t or disagreem5t ( ideas z x is4 ,falsehood is ! m>k+ d[n 9 words ! agreem5t or disagreem5t ( ideas o!rwise ?an x is4 ,& s f> z ^! ideas1 ?us m>k$ by s\nds1 agree to _! ar*etypes1 s f> only is ! tru? real4 ,! k ( ?is tru? consi/s 9 kn[+ :at ideas ! words /& =1 & ! p]ception ( ! agreem5t or disagreem5t ( ^? ideas1 accord+ z x is m>k$ by ^? words4 #aj4 ,g5]al ,propositions to be treat$ ( m at l>ge4 ,b because words are look$ on z ! great conduits ( tru? & k1 & t 9 convey+ & receiv+ ( tru?1 & commonly 9 reason+ ab\t x1 we make use ( words & propositions1 ,i %all m at l>ge inquire :]e9 ! c]ta9ty ( real tru?s conta9$ 9 propositions consi/s1 & :]e x is to be _h2 & endeav\r to %[ 9 :at sort ( univ]sal propositions we are capable ( be+ c]ta9 ( _! real tru? or falsehood4 ,i %all beg9 ) ,,g5]al propositions1 z ^? :i* mo/ employ our ?\ghts1 & ex]cise our contemplation4 ,g5]al tru?s are mo/ look$ aft] by ! m9d z ^? t mo/ enl>ge our k2 & by _! compreh5siv5ess satisfy+ u at once ( _m p>ticul>s1 enl>ge our view1 & %ort5 our way to k4 #aa4 ,moral & ,metaphysical ,tru?4 ,besides tru? tak5 9 ! /rict s5se be=e m5tion$1 !re are o!r sorts ( tru?s3 ,z1 #a4 ,moral tru?1 :i* is speak+ ( ?+s accord+ to ! p]suasion ( our own m9ds1 ?\gh ! proposition we speak agree n to ! reality ( ?+s2 #b4 ,metaphysical tru?1 :i* is no?+ b ! real exi/5ce ( ?+s1 con=mable to ! ideas to :i* we h annex$ _! names4 ,?is1 ?\gh x seems to consi/ 9 ! v be+s ( ?+s1 yet1 :5 consid]$ a little ne>ly1 w appe> to include a tacit proposition1 :]eby ! m9d jo9s t p>ticul> ?+ to ! idea x _h be=e settl$ ) ! "n to x4 ,b ^! consid]ations ( tru?1 ei!r hav+ be5 be=e tak5 notice (1 or n be+ mu* to our pres5t purpose1 x may suffice "h only to h m5tion$ !m4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,( ,,univ]sal ,,propositions3 ,,_! ,,tru? ,,& ,,c]ta9ty4 #a4 ,treat+ ( ,words necess>y to ,k4 ,,?\gh ! exam9+ & judg+ ( ideas by !mselves1 _! names be+ q laid aside1 be ! be/ & sure/ way to cle> & di/9ct k3 yet1 ?r\gh ! prevail+ cu/om ( us+ s\nds = ideas1 ,i ?9k x is v seldom practis$4 ,e "o may obs]ve h[ common x is = names to be made use (1 in/ead ( ! ideas !mselves1 ev5 :5 m5 ?9k & reason )9 _! own brea/s2 especially if ! ideas be v complex1 & made up ( a great collection ( simple ones4 ,?is makes ! consid]ation ( ,,words & ,,propositions s necess>y a "p ( ! ,treatise ( ,k1 t x is v h>d to speak intelligibly ( ! "o1 )\t expla9+ ! o!r4 #b4 ,g5]al ,tru?s h>dly to be und]/ood1 b 9 v]bal ,propositions4 ,all ! k we h1 be+ only ( p>ticul> or g5]al tru?s1 x is evid5t t :atev] may be done 9 ! =m] ( ^!1 ! latt]1 :i* is t :i* ) reason is mo/ s\ght aft]1 c nev] be well made kn[n1 & is v seldom appreh5d$1 b z conceiv$ & express$ 9 words4 ,x is n1 !re=e1 out ( our way1 9 ! exam9ation ( our k1 to inquire into ! tru? & c]ta9ty ( univ]sal propositions4 #c4 ,c]ta9ty tw(old--( ,tru? & ( ,k4 ,b t we may n be misl$ 9 ?is case by t :i* is ! dang] ev]y:]e1 ,i mean by ! d\btfulness ( t]ms1 x is fit to obs]ve t c]ta9ty is tw(old3 ,,c]ta9ty ,,( ,,tru? & ,,c]ta9ty ,,( ,,k4 ,c]ta9ty ( tru? is1 :5 words are s put toge!r 9 propositions z exactly to express ! agreem5t or disagreem5t ( ! ideas !y /& =1 z really x is4 ,c]ta9ty ( k is to p]ceive ! agreem5t or disagreem5t ( ideas1 z express$ 9 any proposition4 ,?is we usually call kn[+1 or be+ c]ta9 ( ! tru? ( any proposition4 #d4 ,no ,proposition c be c]ta9ly kn[n to be true1 :]e ! real ,ess5ce ( ea* ,species m5tion$ is n kn[n4 ,n[1 because we _c be c]ta9 ( ! tru? ( any g5]al proposition1 unless we "k ! precise b\nds & ext5t ( ! species its t]ms /& =1 x is necess>y we %\ld "k ! ess5ce ( ea* species1 :i* is t :i* con/itutes & b\nds x4 ,?is1 9 all simple ideas & modes1 is n h>d to d4 ,= 9 ^! ! real & nom9al ess5ce be+ ! same1 or1 :i* is all "o1 ! ab/ract idea :i* ! g5]al t]m /&s = be+ ! sole ess5ce & b\nd>y t is or c be suppos$ ( ! species1 !re c be no d\bt h[ f> ! species ext5ds1 or :at ?+s are compreh5d$ "u ea* t]m2 :i*1 x is evid5t1 are all t h an exact con=mity ) ! idea x /&s =1 & no o!r4 ,b 9 sub/ances1 :]e9 a real ess5ce1 di/9ct f ! nom9al1 is suppos$ to con/itute1 det]m9e1 & b\nd ! species1 ! ext5t ( ! g5]al ^w is v unc]ta92 because1 n kn[+ ?is real ess5ce1 we _c "k :at is1 or :at is n ( t species2 &1 consequ5tly1 :at may or may n ) c]ta9ty be affirm$ ( x4 ,& ?us1 speak+ ( a ,,man1 or ,,gold1 or any o!r species ( natural sub/ances1 z suppos$ con/itut$ by a precise & real ess5ce :i* nature regul>ly imp>ts to e individual ( t k9d1 :]eby x is made to be ( t species1 we _c be c]ta9 ( ! tru? ( any affirmation or negation made ( x4 ,= man or gold1 tak5 9 ?is s5se1 & us$ = species ( ?+s con/itut$ by real ess5ces1 diff]5t f ! complex idea 9 ! m9d ( ! speak]1 /& = we "k n :at2 & ! ext5t ( ^! species1 ) su* b\nd>ies1 are s unkn[n & undet]m9$1 t x is impossible ) any c]ta9ty to affirm1 t all m5 are rational1 or t all gold is yell[4 ,b :]e ! nom9al ess5ce is kept to1 z ! b\nd>y ( ea* species1 & m5 ext5d ! application ( any g5]al t]m no fur!r ?an to ! p>ticul> ?+s 9 :i* ! complex idea x /&s = is to be f\nd1 !re !y are 9 no dang] to mi/ake ! b\nds ( ea* species1 nor c be 9 d\bt1 on ?is acc\nt1 :e!r any proposition be true or n4 ,i h *os5 to expla9 ?is unc]ta9ty ( propositions 9 ?is s*ola/ic way1 & h made use ( ! t]ms ( ,,ess5ces1 & ,,species1 on purpose to %[ ! absurdity & inconv5i5ce !re is to ?9k ( !m z ( any o!r sort ( realities1 ?an b>ely ab/ract ideas ) names to !m4 ,to suppose t ! species ( ?+s are any?+ b ! sort+ ( !m "u g5]al names1 accord+ z !y agree to sev]al ab/ract ideas ( :i* we make ^? names signs1 is to conf\nd tru?1 & introduce unc]ta9ty into all g5]al propositions t c be made ab\t !m4 ,?\gh !re=e ^! ?+s might1 to p n possess$ ) s*ola/ic le>n+1 be treat$ ( 9 a bett] & cle>] way yet ^? wrong notions ( ess5ces or species hav+ got root 9 mo/ p's m9ds :o h receiv$ any t9cture f ! le>n+ :i* has prevail$ 9 ?is "p ( ! _w1 are to be discov]$ & remov$1 to make way = t use ( words :i* %\ld convey c]ta9ty ) x4 #e4 ,?is m p>ticul>ly conc]ns ,sub/ances4 ,! names ( sub/ances1 !n1 :5ev] made to /& = species :i* are suppos$ to be con/itut$ by real ess5ces :i* we "k n1 are n capable to convey c]ta9ty to ! und]/&+4 ,( ! tru? g5]al propositions made up ( su* t]ms we _c be sure4 ,! reason :]e( is pla93 = h[ c we be sure t ?is or t quality is 9 gold1 :5 we "k n :at is or is n gold8 ,s9ce 9 ?is way ( speak+1 no?+ is gold b :at p>takes ( an ess5ce1 :i* we1 n kn[+1 _c "k :]e x is or is n1 & s _c be sure t any p>cel ( matt] 9 ! _w is or is n 9 ?is s5se gold2 be+ incurably ignorant :e!r ,,x has or has n t :i* makes any?+ to be call$ gold2 i4 e4 t real ess5ce ( gold :]e( we h no idea at all4 ,?is be+ z impossible = u to "k z x is = a bl9d man to tell 9 :at fl[] ! col\r ( a pansy is or is n to be f\nd1 :il/ he has no idea ( ! col\r ( a pansy at all4 ,or if we c\ld 7:i* is impossible7 c]ta9ly "k :]e a real ess5ce1 :i* we "k n1 is1 v4g4 9 :at p>cels ( matt] ! real ess5ce ( gold is1 yet c\ld we n be sure t ?is or t quality c\ld ) tru? be affirm$ ( gold2 s9ce x is impossible = u to "k t ?is or t quality or idea has a necess>y connexion ) a real ess5ce ( :i* we h no idea at all1 :atev] species t suppos$ real ess5ce may be imag9$ to con/itute4 #f4 ,on ! o!r side1 ! names ( sub/ances1 :5 made use ( z !y %\ld be1 = ! ideas m5 h 9 _! m9ds1 ?\gh !y c>ry a cle> & det]m9ate signification ) !m1 w n yet s]ve u to make _m univ]sal propositions ( ^: tru? we c be c]ta94 ,n because 9 ?is use ( !m we are unc]ta9 :at ?+s are signifi$ by !m1 b because ! complex ideas !y /& = are su* comb9ations ( simple ones z c>ry n ) !m any discov]able connexion or repugnancy1 b ) a v few o!r ideas4 #g4 ,! complex ideas t our names ( ! species ( sub/ances prop]ly /& =1 are collections ( su* qualities z h be5 obs]v$ to co-exi/ 9 an unkn[n sub/ratum1 :i* we call sub/ance2 b :at o!r qualities necess>ily co-exi/ ) su* comb9ations1 we _c c]ta9ly "k1 unless we c discov] _! natural dep5d5ce2 :i*1 9 _! prim>y qualities1 we c g b a v little way 92 & 9 all _! second>y qualities we c discov] no connexion at all3 = ! reasons m5tion$1 *ap4 iii4 ,viz4 #a4 ,because we "k n ! real con/itutions ( sub/ances1 on :i* ea* second>y quality p>ticul>ly dep5ds4 #b4 ,did we "k t1 x w\ld s]ve u only = exp]im5tal 7n univ]sal7 k2 & rea* ) c]ta9ty no fur!r ?an t b>e in/ance3 because our und]/&+s c discov] no conceivable connexion betwe5 any second>y quality & any modification :atsoev] ( any ( ! prim>y ones4 ,& !re=e !re are v few g5]al propositions to be made conc]n+ sub/ances1 :i* c c>ry ) !m und\bt$ c]ta9ty4 #h4 ,in/ance 9 ,gold4 ',all gold is fix$1' is a proposition ^: tru? we _c be c]ta9 (1 h[ univ]sally soev] x be believ$4 ,= if1 accord+ to ! useless imag9ation ( ! ,s*ools1 any "o supposes ! t]m gold to /& = a species ( ?+s set out by nature1 by a real ess5ce belong+ to x1 x is evid5t he kn[s n :at p>ticul> sub/ances are ( t species2 & s _c ) c]ta9ty affirm any?+ univ]sally ( gold4 ,b if he makes gold /& = a species det]m9$ by its nom9al ess5ce1 let ! nom9al ess5ce1 = example1 be ! complex idea ( a body ( a c]ta9 yell[ col\r1 malleable1 fusible1 & heavi] ?an any o!r kn[n2--9 ?is prop] use ( ! ^w gold1 !re is no difficulty to "k :at is or is n gold4 ,b yet no o!r quality c ) c]ta9ty be univ]sally affirm$ or d5i$ ( gold1 b :at ha? a ,,discov]able connexion or inconsi/5cy ) t nom9al ess5ce4 ,fix$ness1 = example1 hav+ no necess>y connexion t we c discov]1 ) ! col\r1 weight1 or any o!r simple idea ( our complex "o1 or ) ! :ole comb9ation toge!r2 x is impossible t we %\ld c]ta9ly "k ! tru? ( ?is proposition1 t all gold is fix$4 #i4 ,no discov]able necess>y connexion betwe5 nom9al ess5ce gold1 & o!r simple ideas4 ,z !re is no discov]able connexion betwe5 fix$ness & ! col\r1 weight1 & o!r simple ideas ( t nom9al ess5ce ( gold2 s1 if we make our complex idea ( gold1 a body yell[1 fusable1 ductile1 weighty1 & fix$1 we %all be at ! same unc]ta9ty conc]n+ solubility 9 ,,aqua ,,regia1 & = ! same reason4 ,s9ce we c nev]1 f consid]ation ( ! ideas !mselves1 ) c]ta9ty affirm or d5y ( a body ^: complex idea is made up ( yell[1 v weighty1 ductile1 fusible1 & fix$1 t x is soluble 9 ,,aqua ,,regia3 & s on ( ! re/ ( its qualities4 ,i w\ld gladly meet ) "o g5]al affirmation conc]n+ any w1 no d\bt1 be pres5tly object$1 ,is n ?is an univ]sal proposition1 ,,all ,,gold ,,is ,,malleable8 ,to :i* ,i answ]1 ,x is a v complex idea ! ^w gold /&s =4 ,b !n "h is no?+ affirm$ ( gold1 b t t s\nd /&s = an idea 9 :i* malleabl5ess is conta9$3 & su* a sort ( tru? & c]ta9ty z ?is x is1 to say a c5taur is f\r-foot$4 ,b if malleabl5ess make n a "p ( ! specific ess5ce ! "n ( gold /&s =1 x is pla91 ,,all ,,gold ,,is ,,malleable1 is n a c]ta9 proposition4 ,because1 let ! complex idea ( gold be made up ( :i*soev] ( its o!r qualities y please1 malleabl5ess w n appe> to dep5d on t complex idea1 nor foll[ f any simple "o conta9$ 9 x3 ! connexion t malleabl5ess has 7if x has any7 ) ^? o!r qualities be+ only by ! int]v5tion ( ! real con/itution ( its ins5sible p>ts2 :i*1 s9ce we "k n1 x is impossible we %\ld p]ceive t connexion1 unless we c\ld discov] t :i* ties !m toge!r4 #aj4 ,z f> z any su* ,co-exi/5ce c be kn[n1 s f> ,univ]sal ,propositions maybe c]ta94 ,b ?is w g b a little way4 ,! m1 inde$1 ( ^! co-exi/+ qualities we unite into "o complex idea1 "u "o "n1 ! m precise & det]m9ate we make ! signification ( t ^w2 b nev] yet make x !reby m capable ( univ]sal c]ta9ty1 ,,9 ,,respect ,,( ,,o!r ,,qualities ,,n ,,conta9$ ,,9 ,,our ,,complex ,,idea3 s9ce we p]ceive n _! connexion or dep5d5ce on "o ano!r2 be+ ignorant bo? ( t real con/itution 9 :i* !y are all f\nd$1 & also h[ !y fl[ f x4 ,= ! *ief "p ( our k conc]n+ sub/ances is n1 z 9 o!r ?+s1 b>ely ( ! relation ( two ideas t may exi/ sep>ately2 b is ( ! necess>y connexion & co-exi/5ce ( sev]al di/9ct ideas 9 ! same subject1 or ( _! repugnancy s to co-exi/4 ,c\ld we beg9 at ! o!r end1 & discov] :at x 0 :]e9 t col\r consi/$1 :at made a body light] or heavi]1 :at texture ( p>ts made x malleable1 fusible1 & fix$1 & fit to be dissolv$ 9 ?is sort ( liquor1 & n 9 ano!r2--if1 ,i say1 we _h su* an idea z ?is ( bodies1 & c\ld p]ceive :]e9 all s5sible qualities orig9ally consi/1 & h[ !y are produc$2 we might frame su* ab/ract ideas ( !m z w\ld furni% u ) matt] ( m g5]al k1 & enable u to make univ]sal propositions1 t %\ld c>ry g5]al tru? & c]ta9ty ) !m4 ,b :il/ our complex ideas ( ! sorts ( sub/ances are s remote f t int]nal real con/itution on :i* _! s5sible qualities dep5d1 & are made up ( no?+ b an imp]fect collection ( ^? app>5t qualities our s5ses c discov]1 !re c be few g5]al propositions conc]n+ sub/ances ( ^: real tru? we c be c]ta9ly assur$2 s9ce !re are b few simple ideas ( ^: connexion & necess>y co-exi/5ce we c h c]ta9 & und\bt$ k4 ,i imag9e1 among/ all ! second>y qualities ( sub/ances1 & ! p[]s relat+ to !m1 !re _c any two be nam$1 ^: necess>y co-exi/5ce1 or repugnance to co-exi/1 c c]ta9ly be kn[n2 unless 9 ^? ( ! same s5se1 :i* necess>ily exclude "o ano!r1 z ,i h else:]e %[$4 ,no "o1 ,i ?9k1 by ! col\r t is 9 any body1 c c]ta9ly "k :at smell1 ta/e1 s\nd1 or tangible qualities x has1 nor :at alt]ations x is capable to make or receive on or f o!r bodies4 ,! same may be said ( ! s\nd or ta/e1 c4 ,our specific names ( sub/ances /&+ = any collections ( su* ideas1 x is n to be wond]$ t we c ) !m make v few g5]al propositions ( und\bt$ real c]ta9ty4 ,b yet s f> z any complex idea ( any sort ( sub/ances conta9s 9 x any simple idea1 ^: ,,necess>y co-exi/5ce ) any o!r ,,may be discov]$1 s f> univ]sal propositions may ) c]ta9ty be made conc]n+ x3 v4g4 c\ld any "o discov] a necess>y connexion betwe5 malleabl5ess & ! col\r or weight ( gold1 or any o!r "p ( ! complex idea signifi$ by t "n1 he might make a c]ta9 univ]sal proposition conc]n+ gold 9 ?is respect2 & ! real tru? ( ?is proposition1 t ,,all ,,gold ,,is ,,malliable1 w\ld be z c]ta9 z ( ?is1 ,,! ,,?ree ,,angles ,,( ,,all ,,"r-,,l9$ ,,triangles ,,are ,,all ,,equal ,,to ,,two ,,"r ,,ones4 #aa4 ,! ,qualities :i* make our complex ,ideas ( ,sub/ances dep5d mo/ly on ext]nal1 remote1 & unp]ceiv$ ,causes4 ,_h we su* ideas ( sub/ances z to "k :at real con/itutions produce ^? s5sible qualities we f9d 9 !m1 & h[ ^? qualities fl[$ f !nce1 we c\ld1 by ! specific ideas ( _! real ess5ces 9 our own m9ds1 m c]ta9ly f9d out _! prop]ties1 & discov] :at qualities !y _h or _h n1 ?an we c n[ by our s5ses3 & to "k ! prop]ties ( gold1 x w\ld be no m necess>y t gold %\ld exi/1 & t we %\ld make exp]im5ts ^u x1 ?an x is necess>y = ! kn[+ ! prop]ties ( a triangle1 t a triangle %\ld exi/ 9 any matt]1 ! idea 9 our m9ds w\ld s]ve = ! "o z well z ! o!r4 ,b we are s f> f be+ admitt$ into ! secrets ( nature1 t we sc>ce s mu* z ev] approa* ! fir/ entrance t[>ds !m4 ,= we are wont to consid] ! sub/ances we meet )1 ea* ( !m1 z an entire ?+ by itself1 hav+ all its qualities 9 itself1 & indep5d5t ( o!r ?+s2 ov]look+1 = ! mo/ "p1 ! op]ations ( ^? invisible fluids !y are encompass$ )1 & ^u ^: motions & op]ations dep5d ! greate/ "p ( ^? qualities :i* are tak5 notice ( 9 !m1 & are made by u ! inh]5t m>ks ( di/9ction :]eby we "k & d5om9ate !m4 ,put a piece ( gold any:]e by itself1 sep>ate f ! rea* & influ5ce ( all o!r bodies1 x w imm$iately lose all its col\r & weight1 & p]haps malleabl5ess too2 :i*1 = aught ,i "k1 w\ld be *ang$ into a p]fect friability4 ,wat]1 9 :i* to u fluidity is an ess5tial quality1 left to itself1 w\ld cease to be fluid4 ,b if inanimate bodies owe s mu* ( _! pres5t /ate to o!r bodies )\t !m1 t !y w\ld n be :at !y appe> to u 7 ^? bodies t environ !m remov$2 x is yet m s 9 vegetables1 :i* are n\ri%$1 gr[1 & produce leaves1 fl[]s1 & se$s1 9 a con/ant succession4 ,& if we look a little ne>] into ! /ate ( animals1 we %all f9d t _! dep5d5ce1 z to life1 motion1 & ! mo/ consid]able qualities to be obs]v$ 9 !m1 is s :olly on extr9sical causes & qualities ( o!r bodies t make no "p ( !m1 t !y _c subsi/ a mom5t )\t !m3 ?\gh yet ^? bodies on :i* !y dep5d are little tak5 notice (1 & make no "p ( ! complex ideas we frame ( ^? animals4 ,take ! air b = a m9ute f ! greate/ "p ( liv+ creatures1 & !y pres5tly lose s5se1 life1 & motion4 ,?is ! necessity ( brea?+ has =c$ into our k4 ,b h[ _m o!r extr9sical & possibly v remote bodies d ! spr+s ( ^! admirable ma*9es dep5d on1 :i* are n vulg>ly obs]v$1 or s mu* z ?\ght on2 & h[ _m are !re :i* ! sev]e/ inquiry c nev] discov]8 ,! inhabitants ( ?is spot ( ! univ]se1 ?\gh remov$ s _m millions ( miles f ! sun1 yet dep5d s mu* on ! duly temp]$ motion ( p>ticles com+ f or agitat$ by x1 t 7 ?is e>? remov$ b a small "p ( ! di/ance out ( its pres5t situation1 & plac$ a little fur!r or ne>] t s\rce ( heat1 x is m ?an probable t ! greate/ "p ( ! animals 9 x w\ld imm$iately p]i%3 s9ce we f9d !m s (t5 de/roy$ by an excess or defect ( ! sun's w>m?1 :i* an accid5tal position 9 "s p>ts ( ?is our little globe exposes !m to4 ,! qualities obs]v$ 9 a load/one mu/ ne$s h _! s\rce f> beyond ! conf9es ( t body2 & ! ravage made (t5 on sev]al sorts ( animals by invisible causes1 ! c]ta9 dea? 7z we are told7 ( "s ( !m1 by b>ely pass+ ! l9e1 or1 z x is c]ta9 ( o!r1 by be+ remov$ into a neighb\r+ c\ntry2 evid5tly %[ t ! concurr5ce & op]ations ( sev]al bodies1 ) :i* !y are seldom ?\ght to h any?+ to d1 is absolutely necess>y to make !m be :at !y appe> to u1 & to pres]ve ^? qualities by :i* we "k & di/+ui% !m4 ,we are !n q out ( ! way1 :5 we ?9k t ?+s conta9 ,,)9 ,,!mselves ! qualities t appe> to u 9 !m2 & we 9 va9 se>* = t con/itution )9 ! body ( a fly or an elephant1 ^u :i* dep5d ^? qualities & p[]s we obs]ve 9 !m4 ,= :i*1 p]haps1 to und]/& !m aright1 we ought to look n only beyond ?is our e>? & atmosph]e1 b ev5 beyond ! sun or remote/ /> our eyes h yet discov]$4 ,= h[ mu* ! be+ & op]ation ( p>ticul> sub/ances 9 ?is our globe dep5ds on causes utt]ly beyond our view1 is impossible = u to det]m9e4 ,we see & p]ceive "s ( ! motions & gross] op]ations ( ?+s "h ab\t u2 b :5ce ! /reams come t keep all ^! curi\s ma*9es 9 motion & repair1 h[ convey$ & modifi$1 is beyond our notice & appreh5sion3 & ! great p>ts & :eels1 z ,i may s say1 ( ?is /up5d\s /ructure ( ! univ]se1 may1 = aught we "k1 h su* a connexion & dep5d5ce 9 _! influ5ces & op]ations "o ^u ano!r1 t p]haps ?+s 9 ?is our mansion w\ld put on q ano!r face1 & cease to be :at !y are1 if "s "o ( ! />s or great bodies incompreh5sibly remote f u1 %\ld cease to be or move z x does4 ,?is is c]ta93 ?+s1 h[ev] absolute & entire !y seem 9 !mselves1 are b reta9]s to o!r p>ts ( nature1 = t :i* !y are mo/ tak5 notice ( by u4 ,_! obs]vable qualities1 actions1 & p[]s are ow+ to some?+ )\t !m2 & !re is n s complete & p]fect a "p t we "k ( nature1 :i* does n owe ! be+ x has1 & ! excell5ces ( x1 to its neighb\rs2 & we mu/ n conf9e our ?\ghts )9 ! surface ( any body1 b look a great deal fur!r1 to compreh5d p]fectly ^? qualities t are 9 x4 #ab4 ,our nom9al ess5ces ( ,sub/ances furni% few univ]sal propositions ab\t !m t are c]ta94 ,if ?is be s1 x is n to be wond]$ t we h v imp]fect ideas ( sub/ances1 & t ! real ess5ces1 on :i* dep5d _! prop]ties & op]ations1 are unkn[n to u4 ,we _c discov] s mu* z t size1 figure1 & texture ( _! m9ute & active p>ts1 :i* is really 9 mu* less ! diff]5t motions & impulses made 9 & ^u !m by bodies f )\t1 ^u :i* dep5ds1 & by :i* is =m$ ! greate/ & mo/ rem>kable "p ( ^? qualities we obs]ve 9 !m1 & ( :i* our complex ideas ( !m are made up4 ,?is consid]ation alone is en\gh to put an end to all our hopes ( ev] hav+ ! ideas ( _! real ess5ces2 :i* :il/ we want1 ! nom9al ess5ces we make use ( in/ead ( !m w be able to furni% u b v sp>+ly ) any g5]al k1 or univ]sal propositions capable ( real c]ta9ty4 #ac4 ,judgm5t ( ,probability conc]n+ ,sub/ances may rea* fur!r3 b t is n ,k4 ,we are n !re=e to wond]1 if c]ta9ty be to be f\nd 9 v few g5]al propositions made conc]n+ sub/ances3 our k ( _! qualities & prop]ties goes v seldom fur!r ?an our s5ses rea* & in=m u4 ,possibly inquisitive & obs]v+ m5 may1 by /r5g? ( judgm5t1 p5etrate fur!r1 &1 on probabilities tak5 f w>y obs]vation1 & h9ts well laid toge!r1 (t5 guess "r at :at exp]i5ce has n yet discov]$ to !m4 ,b ?is is b guess+ /ill2 x am\nts only to op9ion1 & has n t c]ta9ty :i* is requisite to k4 ,= all g5]al k lies only 9 our own ?\ghts1 & consi/s b>ely 9 ! contemplation ( our own ab/ract ideas4 ,:]ev] we p]ceive any agreem5t or disagreem5t among/ !m1 !re we h g5]al k2 & by putt+ ! names ( ^? ideas toge!r accord+ly 9 propositions1 c ) c]ta9ty pron\nce g5]al tru?s4 ,b because ! ab/ract ideas ( sub/ances1 = :i* _! specific names /&1 :5ev] !y h any di/9ct & det]m9ate signification1 h a discov]able connexion or inconsi/5cy ) b a v few o!r ideas1 ! c]ta9ty ( univ]sal propositions conc]n+ sub/ances is v n>r[ & scanty1 9 t "p :i* is our pr9cipal inquiry conc]n+ !m2 & !re are sc>ce any ( ! names ( sub/ances1 let ! idea x is appli$ to be :at x w1 ( :i* we c g5]ally1 & ) c]ta9ty1 pron\nce1 t x has or has n ?is or t o!r quality belong+ to x1 & con/antly co-exi/+ or inconsi/5t ) t idea1 :]ev] x is to be f\nd4 #ad4 ,:at is requisite = our ,k ( ,sub/ances4 ,be=e we c h any tol]able k ( ?is k9d1 we mu/ ,fir/ "k :at *anges ! prim>y qualities ( "o body d regul>ly produce 9 ! prim>y qualities ( ano!r1 & h[4 ,secondly1 ,we mu/ "k :at prim>y qualities ( any body produce c]ta9 s5sations or ideas 9 u4 ,?is is 9 tru? no less ?an to "k ,,all ! effects ( matt]1 "u its div]s modifications ( bulk1 figure1 cohesion ( p>ts1 motion & re/4 ,:i*1 ,i ?9k e body w all[1 is utt]ly impossible to be kn[n by u )\t revelation4 ,nor if x 7 reveal$ to u :at sort ( figure1 bulk1 & motion ( corpuscles w\ld produce 9 u ! s5sation ( a yell[ col\r1 & :at sort ( figure1 bulk1 & texture ( p>ts 9 ! sup]ficies ( any body 7 fit to give su* corpuscles _! due motion to produce t col\r2 w\ld t be en\gh to make univ]sal propositions ) c]ta9ty1 conc]n+ ! sev]al sorts ( !m2 unless we _h faculties acute en\gh to p]ceive ! precise bulk1 figure1 texture1 & motion ( bodies1 9 ^? m9ute p>ts1 by :i* !y op]ate on our s5ses1 s t we might by ^? frame our ab/ract ideas ( !m4 ,i h m5tion$ "h only corporeal sub/ances1 ^: op]ations seem to lie m level to our und]/&+s4 ,= z to ! op]ations ( spirits1 bo? _! ?9k+ & mov+ ( bodies1 we at fir/ sight f9d ourselves at a loss2 ?\gh p]haps1 :5 we h appli$ our ?\ghts a little ne>] to ! consid]ation ( bodies & _! op]ations1 & exam9$ h[ f> our notions1 ev5 9 ^!1 rea* ) any cle>ness beyond s5sible matt] ( fact1 we %all be b\nd to confess t1 ev5 9 ^! too1 our discov]ies am\nt to v little beyond p]fect ignorance & incapacity4 #ae4 ,:il/ our complex ,ideas ( ,sub/ances conta9 n ideas ( _! real ,con/itutions1 we c make b few g5]al ,propositions conc]n+ !m4 ,?is is evid5t1 ! ab/ract complex ideas ( sub/ances1 = :i* _! g5]al names /&1 n compreh5d+ _! real con/itutions1 c af=d u v little univ]sal c]ta9ty4 ,because our ideas ( !m are n made up ( t on :i* ^? qualities we obs]ve 9 !m1 & w\ld in=m ourselves ab\t1 d dep5d1 or ) :i* !y h any c]ta9 connexion3 v4g4 let ! ideas to :i* we give ! "n ,,man be1 z x commonly is1 a body ( ! ord9>y %ape1 ) s5se1 volunt>y motion1 & reason jo9$ to x4 ,?is be+ ! ab/ract idea1 & consequ5tly ! ess5ce ( ,,our species1 man1 we c make b v few g5]al c]ta9 propositions conc]n+ man1 /&+ = su* an idea4 ,because1 n kn[+ ! real con/itution on :i* s5sation1 p[] ( motion1 & reason+1 ) t peculi> %ape1 dep5d1 & :]eby !y are unit$ toge!r 9 ! same subject1 !re are v few o!r qualities ) :i* we c p]ceive !m to h a necess>y connexion3 & !re=e we _c ) c]ta9ty affirm3 ,t all m5 sleep by int]vals2 ,t no man c be n\ri%$ by wood or /ones2 ,t all m5 w be poison$ by hemlock3 because ^! ideas h no connexion nor repugnancy ) ?is our nom9al ess5ce ( man1 ) ?is ab/ract idea t "n /&s =4 ,we mu/1 9 ^! & ! l1 appeal to trial 9 p>ticul> subjects1 :i* c rea* b a little way4 ,we mu/ cont5t ourselves ) probability 9 ! re/3 b c h no g5]al c]ta9ty1 :il/ our specific idea ( man conta9s n t real con/itution :i* is ! root :]e9 all 8 insep>able qualities are unit$1 & f :5ce !y fl[4 ,:il/ our idea ! ^w ,,man /&s = is only an imp]fect collection ( "s s5sible qualities & p[]s 9 him1 !re is no disc]nible connexion or repugnance betwe5 our specific idea1 & ! op]ation ( ei!r ! p>ts ( hemlock or /ones ^u 8 con/itution4 ,!re are animals t safely eat hemlock1 & o!rs t are n\ri%$ by wood & /ones3 b z long z we want ideas ( ^? real con/itutions ( diff]5t sorts ( animals :]eon ^! & ! l qualities & p[]s dep5d1 we mu/ n hope to rea* c]ta9ty 9 univ]sal propositions conc]n+ !m4 ,^? few ideas only :i* h a disc]nible connexion ) our nom9al ess5ce1 or any "p ( x1 c af=d u su* propositions4 ,b ^! are s few1 & ( s little mom5t1 t we may ju/ly look on our c]ta9 g5]al k ( sub/ances z almo/ none at all4 #af4 ,:]e9 lies ! g5]al ,c]ta9ty ( ,propositions4 ,to conclude3 g5]al propositions1 ( :at k9d soev]1 are !n only capable ( c]ta9ty1 :5 ! t]ms us$ 9 !m /& = su* ideas1 ^: agreem5t or disagreem5t1 z !re express$1 is capable to be discov]$ by u4 ,& we are !n c]ta9 ( _! tru? or falsehood1 :5 we p]ceive ! ideas ! t]ms /& = to agree or n agree1 accord+ z !y are affirm$ or d5i$ "o ( ano!r4 ,:5ce we may take notice1 t g5]al c]ta9ty is nev] to be f\nd b 9 our ideas4 ,:5ev] we g to seek x else:]e1 9 exp]im5t or obs]vations )\t u1 our k goes n beyond p>ticul>s4 ,x is ! contemplation ( our own ab/ract ideas t alone is able to af=d u g5]al k4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,( ,,maxims #a4 ,maxims or ,axioms are ,self-evid5t ,propositions4 ,,!re are a sort ( propositions1 :i*1 "u ! "n ( ,,maxims & ,,axioms1 h pass$ = pr9ciples ( sci5ce3 & because !y are ,,self-,,evid5t1 h be5 suppos$ innate1 )\t t anybody 7t ,i "k7 ev] w5t ab\t to %[ ! reason & f\ndation ( _! cle>ness or cog5cy4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be wor? :ile to inquire into ! reason ( _! evid5ce1 & see :e!r x be peculi> to !m alone2 & also to exam9e h[ f> !y influ5ce & gov]n our o!r k4 #b4 ,:]e 9 t ,self-evid5ce consi/s4 ,k1 z has be5 %[n1 consi/s 9 ! p]ception ( ! agreem5t or disagreem5t ( ideas4 ,n[1 :]e t agreem5t or disagreem5t is p]ceiv$ imm$iately by itself1 )\t ! int]v5tion or help ( any o!r1 !re our k is self-evid5t4 ,?is w appe> to be s to any :o w b consid] any ( ^? propositions :i*1 )\t any pro(1 he ass5ts to at fir/ sight3 = 9 all ( !m he w f9d t ! reason ( 8 ass5t is f t agreem5t or disagreem5t :i* ! m9d1 by an imm$iate comp>+ !m1 f9ds 9 ^? ideas answ]+ ! affirmation or negation 9 ! proposition4 #c4 ,self evid5ce n peculi> to receiv$ ,axioms4 ,?is be+ s1 9 ! next place1 let u consid] :e!r ?is self-evid5ce be peculi> only to ^? propositions :i* commonly pass "u ! "n ( maxims1 & h ! dignity ( axioms all[$ !m4 ,& "h x is pla91 t sev]al o!r tru?s1 n all[$ to be axioms1 p>take equally ) !m 9 ?is self-evid5ce4 ,?is we %all see1 if we g ov] ^! sev]al sorts ( agreem5t or disagreem5t ( ideas :i* ,i h above m5tion$1 viz4 id5tity1 relation1 co-exi/5ce1 & real exi/5ce2 :i* w discov] to u1 t n only ^? few propositions :i* h _h ! cr$it ( maxims are self-evid5t1 b a great _m1 ev5 almo/ an inf9ite numb] ( o!r propositions are su*4 #d4 ,z to ,id5tity & ,div]sity all ,propositions are equally self-evid5t4 ,i4 ,=1 ,,fir/1 ,! imm$iate p]ception ( ! agreem5t or disagreem5t ( ,,id5tity be+ f\nd$ 9 ! m9d's hav+ di/9ct ideas1 ?is af=ds u z _m self-evid5t propositions z we h di/9ct ideas4 ,e "o t has any k at all1 has1 z ! f\ndation ( x1 v>i\s & di/9ct ideas3 & x is ! fir/ act ( ! m9d 7)\t :i* x c nev] be capable ( any k7 to "k e "o ( its ideas by itself1 & di/+ui% x f o!rs4 ,e "o f9ds 9 himself1 t he kn[s ! ideas he has2 t he kn[s also1 :5 any "o is 9 8 und]/&+1 & :at x is2 & t :5 m ?an "o are !re1 he kn[s !m di/9ctly & unconfus$ly "o f ano!r2 :i* always be+ s1 7x be+ impossible b t he %\ld p]ceive :at he p]ceives17 he c nev] be 9 d\bt :5 any idea is 9 8 m9d1 t x is !re1 & is t idea x is2 & t two di/9ct ideas1 :5 !y are 9 8 m9d1 are !re1 & are n "o & ! same idea4 ,s t all su* affirmations & negations are made )\t any possibility ( d\bt1 unc]ta9ty1 or hesitation1 & mu/ necess>ily be ass5t$ to z soon z und]/ood2 t is1 z soon z we h 9 our m9ds det]m9$ ideas1 :i* ! t]ms 9 ! proposition /& =4 ,&1 !re=e1 :5ev] ! m9d ) att5tion consid]s any proposition1 s z to p]ceive ! two ideas signifi$ by ! t]ms1 & affirm$ or d5i$ "o ( ! o!r to be ! same or diff]5t2 x is pres5tly & infallibly c]ta9 ( ! tru? ( su* a proposition2 & ?is equally :e!r ^! propositions be 9 t]ms /&+ = m g5]al ideas1 or su* z are less s3 v4g4 :e!r ! g5]al idea ( ,be+ be affirm$ ( itself1 z 9 ?is proposition1 ':atsoev] is1 is'2 or a m p>ticul> idea be affirm$ ( itself1 z 'a man is a man'2 or1 ':atsoev] is :ite is :ite'2 or :e!r ! idea ( be+ 9 g5]al be d5i$ ( n-,be+1 :i* is ! only 7if ,i may s call x7 idea diff]5t f x1 z 9 ?is o!r proposition1 'x is impossible = ! same ?+ to be & n to be'3 or any idea ( any p>ticul> be+ be d5i$ ( ano!r diff]5t f x1 z 'a man is n a horse'2 'r$ is n blue4' ,! diff]5ce ( ! ideas1 z soon z ! t]ms are und]/ood1 makes ! tru? ( ! proposition pres5tly visible1 & t ) an equal c]ta9ty & eas9ess 9 ! less z well z ! m g5]al propositions2 & all = ! same reason1 viz4 because ! m9d p]ceives1 9 any ideas t x has1 ! same idea to be ! same ) itself2 & two diff]5t ideas to be diff]5t1 & n ! same2 & ?is x is equally c]ta9 (1 :e!r ^! ideas be m or less g5]al1 ab/ract1 & compreh5sive4 ,x is n1 !re=e1 alone to ^! two g5]al propositions--':atsoev] is1 is'2 & 'x is impossible = ! same ?+ to be & n to be'--t ?is sort ( self-evid5ce belongs by any peculi> "r4 ,! p]ception ( be+1 or n be+1 belongs no m to ^! vague ideas1 signifi$ by ! t]ms ,,:atsoev]1 & ,,?+1 ?an x does to any o!r ideas4 ,^! two g5]al maxims1 am\nt+ to no m1 9 %ort1 b ?is1 t ,,! ,,same ,,is ,,! ,,same1 & ,,! ,,same ,,is ,,n ,,diff]5t1 are tru?s kn[n 9 m p>ticul> in/ances1 z well z 9 ^? g5]al maxims2 & kn[n also 9 p>ticul> in/ances1 be=e ^! g5]al maxims are ev] ?\ght on2 & draw all _! =ce f ! disc]nm5t ( ! m9d employ$ ab\t p>ticul> ideas4 ,!re is no?+ m visible ?an t ! m9d1 )\t ! help ( any pro(1 or reflection on ei!r ( ^! g5]al propositions1 p]ceives s cle>ly1 & kn[s s c]ta9ly1 t ! idea ( :ite is ! idea ( :ite1 & n ! idea ( blue2 & t ! idea ( :ite1 :5 x is 9 ! m9d1 is !re1 & is n abs5t2 t ! consid]ation ( ^! axioms c add no?+ to ! evid5ce or c]ta9ty ( its k4 ,j s x is 7z e "o may exp]im5t 9 himself7 9 all ! ideas a man has 9 8 m9d3 he kn[s ea* to be itself1 & n to be ano!r2 & to be 9 8 m9d1 & n away :5 x is !re1 ) a c]ta9ty t _c be great]2 &1 !re=e1 ! tru? ( no g5]al proposition c be kn[n ) a great] c]ta9ty1 nor add any?+ to ?is4 ,s t1 9 respect ( id5tity1 our intuitive k rea*es z f> z our ideas4 ,& we are capable ( mak+ z _m self-evid5t propositions1 z we h names = di/9ct ideas4 ,& ,i appeal to e "o's own m9d1 :e!r ?is proposition1 'a circle is a circle1' be n z self-evid5t a proposition z t consi/+ ( m g5]al t]ms1 ':atsoev] is1 is'2 & aga91 :e!r ?is proposition1 'blue is n r$1' be n a proposition t ! m9d c no m d\bt (1 z soon z x und]/&s ! words1 ?an x does ( t axiom1 'x is impossible = ! same ?+ to be & n to be8' ,& s ( all ! l4 #e4 ,9 ,co-exi/ance we h few self-evid5t ,propositions4 ,,ii4 ,,secondly1 z to ,,co-,,exi/ance1 or su* a necess>y connexion betwe5 two ideas t1 9 ! subject :]e "o ( !m is suppos$1 !re ! o!r mu/ necess>ily be also3 ( su* agreem5t or disagreem5t z ?is1 ! m9d has an imm$iate p]ception b 9 v few ( !m4 ,& !re=e 9 ?is sort we h b v little intuitive k3 nor are !re to be f\nd v _m propositions t are self-evid5t1 ?\gh "s !re are3 v4g4 ! idea ( fill+ a place equal to ! cont5ts ( its sup]ficies1 be+ annex$ to our idea ( body1 ,i ?9k x is a self-evid5t proposition1 t two bodies _c be 9 ! same place4 #f4 ,,iii4 ,9 o!r ,relations we may h _m4 ,,?irdly1 ,z to ! ,,relations ,,( ,,modes1 ma!maticians h fram$ _m axioms conc]n+ t "o relation ( equality4 ,z1 'equals tak5 f equals1 ! rema9d] w be equal'2 :i*1 ) ! re/ ( t k9d1 h[ev] !y are receiv$ = maxims by ! ma!maticians1 & are unque/ionable tru?s1 yet1 ,i ?9k1 t any "o :o consid]s !m w n f9d t !y h a cle>] self-evid5ce ?an ^!1--t '"o & "o are equal to two'1 t 'if y take f ! five f+]s ( "o h& two1 & f ! five f+]s ( ! o!r h& two1 ! rema9+ numb]s w be equal4' ,^! & a ?\s& o!r su* propositions may be f\nd 9 numb]s1 :i*1 at ! v fir/ he>+1 =ce ! ass5t1 & c>ry ) !m an equal if n great] cle>ness1 ?an ^? ma!matical axioms4 #g4 ,,iv4 ,conc]n+ real ,exi/5ce1 we h none4 ,,f\r?ly1 z to ,,real ,,exi/ance1 s9ce t has no connexion ) any o!r ( our ideas1 b t ( ourselves1 & ( a ,fir/ ,be+1 we h 9 t1 conc]n+ ! real exi/5ce ( all o!r be+s1 n s mu* z demon/rative1 mu* less a self-evid5t k3 &1 !re=e1 conc]n+ ^?1 !re are no maxims4 #h4 ,^! ,axioms d n mu* influ5ce our o!r ,k4 ,9 ! next place let u consid]1 :at influ5ce ^! receiv$ maxims h ^u ! o!r p>ts ( our k4 ,! rules e/abli%$ 9 ! s*ools1 t all reason+s are ,,ex ,,praecognitis ,,et ,,praeconcessis1 seem to lay ! f\ndation ( all o!r k 9 ^! maxims1 & to suppose !m to be ,,praecognita4 ,:]eby1 ,i ?9k1 are meant ^! two ?+s3 fir/1 t ^! axioms are ^? tru?s t are fir/ kn[n to ! m9d2 &1 secondly1 t ^u !m ! o!r p>ts ( our k dep5d4 #i4 ,because ,maxims or ,axioms are n ! ,tru?s we fir/ knew4 ,,fir/1 ,t !y are n ! tru?s fir/ kn[n to ! m9d is evid5t to exp]i5ce1 z we h %[n 9 ano!r place4 7,book ,i4 *ap1 #a47 ,:o p]ceives n t a *ild c]ta9ly kn[s t a /rang] is n its "m2 t its suck+-bottle is n ! rod1 long be=e he kn[s t 'x is impossible = ! same ?+ to be & n to be8' ,& h[ _m tru?s are !re ab\t numb]s1 :i* x is obvi\s to obs]ve t ! m9d is p]fectly acqua9t$ )1 & fully conv9c$ (1 be=e x ev] ?\ght on ^! g5]al maxims1 to :i* ma!maticians1 9 _! argu+s1 d sometimes ref] !m8 ,:]e( ! reason is v pla93 = t :i* makes ! m9d ass5t to su* propositions1 be+ no?+ else b ! p]ception x has ( ! agreem5t or disagreem5t ( its ideas1 accord+ z x f9ds !m affirm$ or d5i$ "o ( ano!r 9 words x und]/&s2 & e idea be+ kn[n to be :at x is1 & e two di/9ct ideas be+ kn[n n to be ! same2 x mu/ necess>ily foll[ t su* self-evid5t tru?s mu/ be fir/ kn[n :i* consi/ ( ideas t are fir/ 9 ! m9d4 ,& ! ideas fir/ 9 ! m9d1 x is evid5t1 are ^? ( p>ticul> ?+s1 f :5ce by sl[ degrees1 ! und]/&+ proce$s to "s few g5]al ones2 :i* be+ tak5 f ! ord9>y & famili> objects ( s5se1 are settl$ 9 ! m9d1 ) g5]al names to !m4 ,?us ,,p>ticul> ,,ideas are fir/ receiv$ & di/+ui%$1 & s k got ab\t !m2 & next to !m1 ! less g5]al or specific1 :i* are next to p>ticul>4 ,= ab/ract ideas are n s obvi\s or easy to *ildr51 or ! yet unex]cis$ m9d1 z p>ticul> ones4 ,if !y seem s to gr[n m51 x is only because by con/ant & famili> use !y are made s4 ,=1 :5 we nicely reflect ^u !m1 we %all f9d t ,,g5]al ,,ideas are fictions & contrivances ( ! m9d1 t c>ry difficulty ) !m & d n s easily (f] !mselves z we are apt to imag9e4 ,= example1 does x n require "s pa9s & skill to =m ! g5]al idea ( a triangle17:i* is yet none ( ! m ab/ract1 compreh5sive1 & difficult17 = x mu/ be nei!r oblique nor rectangle1 nei!r equilat]al1 equicrural1 nor scal9on2 b all & none ( ^! at once4 ,9 effect1 x is some?+ imp]fect1 t _c exi/2 an idea :]e9 "s "p ( sev]al diff]5t & inconsi/ant ideas are put toge!r4 ,x is true1 ! m9d1 9 ?is imp]fect /ate1 has ne$ ( su* ideas1 & makes all ! ha/e to !m x c1 = ! conv5i5cy ( communication & enl>gem5t ( k2 to bo? :i* x is naturally v mu* incl9$4 ,b yet "o has reason to suspect su* ideas are m>ks ( our imp]fection2 at lea/1 ?is is en\gh to %[ t ! mo/ ab/ract & g5]al ideas are n ^? t ! m9d is fir/ & mo/ easily acqua9t$ )1 nor su* z its e>lie/ k is conv]sant ab\t4 #aj4 ,because on p]ception ( !m ! o!r ,p>ts ( our ,k d n dep5d4 ,secondly1 f :at has be5 said x pla9ly foll[s1 t ^! magnifi$ maxims are n ! pr9ciples & f\ndations ( all our o!r k4 ,= if !re be a great _m o!r tru?s1 :i* h z mu* self-evid5ce z !y1 & a great _m t we "k be=e !m1 x is impossible !y %\ld be ! pr9ciples f :i* we d$uce all o!r tru?s4 ,is x impossible to "k t "o & two are equal to ?ree1 b by virtue ( ?is1 or "s su* axiom1 viz4 '! :ole is equal to all its p>ts tak5 toge!r8' ,_m a "o kn[s t "o & two are equal to ?ree1 )\t hav+ he>d1 or ?\ght on1 t or any o!r axiom by :i* x might be prov$2 & kn[s x z c]ta9ly z any o!r man kn[s1 t '! :ole is equal to all its p>ts1' or any o!r maxim2 & all f ! same reason ( self-evid5ce3 ! equality ( ^? ideas be+ z visible & c]ta9 to him )\t t or any o!r axiom z ) x1 x ne$+ no pro( to make x p]ceiv$4 ,nor aft] ! k1 t ! :ole is equal to all its p>ts1 does he "k t "o & two are equal to ?ree1 bett] or m c]ta9ly ?an he did be=e4 ,= if !re be any odds 9 ^? ideas1 ! :ole & p>ts are m obscure1 or at lea/ m difficult to be settl$ 9 ! m9d ?an ^? ( "o1 two1 & ?ree4 ,& inde$1 ,i ?9k1 ,i may ask ^! m51 :o w ne$s h all k1 besides ^? g5]al pr9ciples !mselves1 to dep5d on g5]al1 innate1 & self-evid5t pr9ciples4 ,:at pr9ciple is requisite to prove t "o & "o are two1 t two & two are f\r1 t ?ree times two are six8 ,:i* be+ kn[n )\t any pro(1 d ev9ce1 ,t ei!r all k does n dep5d on c]ta9 ,,praecognita or g5]al maxims1 call$ pr9ciples2 or else t ^! are pr9ciples3 & if ^! are to be c\nt$ pr9ciples1 a great "p ( num]ation w be s4 ,to :i*1 if we add all ! self-evid5t propositions :i* may be made ab\t all our di/9ct ideas1 pr9ciples w be almo/ inf9ite1 at lea/ innum]able1 :i* m5 arrive to ! k (1 at diff]5t ages2 & a great _m ( ^! innate pr9ciples !y nev] come to "k all _! lives4 ,b :e!r !y come 9 view ( ! m9d e>li] or lat]1 ?is is true ( !m1 t !y are all kn[n by _! native evid5ce2 are :olly indep5d5t2 receive no light1 nor are capable ( any pro( "o f ano!r2 mu* less ! m p>ticul> f ! m g5]al1 or ! m simple f ! m comp\nd$2 ! m simple & less ab/ract be+ ! mo/ famili>1 & ! easi] & e>li] appreh5d$4 ,b :i*ev] be ! cle>e/ ideas1 ! evid5ce & c]ta9ty ( all su* propositions is 9 ?is1 ,t a man sees ! same idea to be ! same idea1 & infallibly p]ceives two diff]5t ideas to be diff]5t ideas4 ,= :5 a man has 9 8 und]/&+ ! ideas ( "o & ( two1 ! idea ( yell[1 & ! idea ( blue1 he _c b c]ta9ly "k t ! idea ( "o is ! idea ( "o1 & n ! idea ( two2 & t ! idea ( yell[ is ! idea ( yell[1 & n ! idea ( blue4 ,= a man _c conf\nd ! ideas 9 8 m9d1 :i* he has di/9ct3 t w\ld be to h !m confus$ & di/9ct at ! same "t1 :i* is a contradiction3 & to h none di/9ct1 is to h no use ( our faculties1 to h no k at all4 ,&1 !re=e1 :at idea soev] is affirm$ ( itself1 or :atsoev] two entire di/9ct ideas are d5i$ "o ( ano!r1 ! m9d _c b ass5t to su* a proposition z infallibly true1 z soon z x und]/&s ! t]ms1 )\t hesitation or ne$ ( pro(1 or reg>d+ ^? made 9 m g5]al t]ms & call$ maxims4 #aa4 ,:at use ^! g5]al ,maxims or ,axioms h4 ,:at %all we !n say8 ,are ^! g5]al maxims ( no use8 ,by no means2 ?\gh p]haps _! use is n t :i* x is commonly tak5 to be4 ,b1 s9ce d\bt+ 9 ! lea/ ( :at ha? be5 by "s m5 ascrib$ to ^! maxims may be apt to be cri$ out aga9/1 z ov]turn+ ! f\ndations ( all ! sci5ces2 x may be wor? :ile to consid] !m ) respect to o!r p>ts ( our k1 & exam9e m p>ticul>ly to :at purposes !y s]ve1 & to :at n4 ,( no use to prove less g5]al propositions1 nor z f\ndations on consid]ation ( :i* any sci5ce has be5 built4 7#a7 ,x is evid5t f :at has be5 already said1 t !y are ( no use to prove or confirm less g5]al self-evid5t propositions4 7#b7 ,x is z pla9 t !y are n1 nor h be5 ! f\ndations :]eon any sci5ce ha? be5 built4 ,!re is1 ,i "k1 a great deal ( talk1 propagat$ f s*ola/ic m51 ( sci5ces & ! maxims on :i* !y are built3 b x has be5 my ill-luck nev] to meet ) any su* sci5ces2 mu* less any "o built ^u ^! two maxims1 ,,:at ,,is1 ,,is2 & ,,x ,,is ,,impossible ,,= ,,! ,,same ,,?+ ,,to ,,be ,,& ,,n ,,to ,,be4 ,& ,i w\ld be glad to be %[n :]e any su* sci5ce1 erect$ ^u ^! or any o!r g5]al axioms is to be f\nd3 & %\ld be oblig$ to any "o :o w\ld lay be=e me ! frame & sy/em ( any sci5ce s built on ^! or any su* l maxims1 t c\ld n be %[n to /& z firm )\t any consid]ation ( !m4 ,i ask1 ,:e!r ^! g5]al maxims h n ! same use 9 ! /udy ( div9ity1 & 9 !ological que/ions1 t !y h 9 o!r sci5ces8 ,!y s]ve "h1 too1 to sil5ce wrangl]s1 & put an end to dispute4 ,b ,i ?9k t nobody w !re=e say1 t ! ,*ri/ian religion is built ^u ^! maxims1 or t ! k we h ( x is d]iv$ f ^! pr9ciples4 ,x is f revelation we h receiv$ x1 & )\t revelation ^! maxims _h nev] be5 able to help u to x4 ,:5 we f9d out an idea by ^: int]v5tion we discov] ! connexion ( two o!rs1 ?is is a revelation f ,god to u by ! voice ( reason3 = we !n come to "k a tru? t we did n "k be=e4 ,:5 ,god decl>es any tru? to u1 ?is is a revelation to u by ! voice ( 8 ,_s1 & we are advanc$ 9 our k4 ,b 9 nei!r ( ^! d we receive our light or k f maxims4 ,b 9 ! "o1 ! ?+s !mselves af=d x3 & we see ! tru? 9 !m by p]ceiv+ _! agreem5t or disagreem5t4 ,9 ! o!r1 ,god himself af=ds x imm$iately to u3 & we see ! tru? ( :at he says 9 8 un]r+ v]acity4 7#c7 ,nor z helps 9 ! discov]y ( yet unkn[n tru?s4 ,!y are n ( use to help m5 =w>d 9 ! advancem5t ( sci5ces1 or new discov]ies ( yet unkn[n tru?s4 ,mr4 ,newton1 9 8 nev] en\gh to be admir$ book1 has demon/rat$ sev]al propositions1 :i* are s _m new tru?s1 be=e unkn[n to ! _w1 & are fur!r advances 9 ma!matical k3 b1 = ! discov]y ( ^!1 x 0 n ! g5]al maxims1 ':at is1 is2' or1 '! :ole is bigg] ?an a "p1' or ! l1 t help$ him4 ,^! 7 n ! clues t l$ him into ! discov]y ( ! tru? & c]ta9ty ( ^? propositions4 ,nor 0 x by !m t he got ! k ( ^? demon/rations1 b by f9d+ out int]m$iate ideas t %[$ ! agreem5t or disagreem5t ( ! ideas1 z express$ 9 ! propositions he demon/rat$4 ,?is is ! greate/ ex]cise & improvem5t ( human und]/&+ 9 ! enl>g+ ( k1 & advanc+ ! sci5ces2 :]e9 !y are f> en\gh f receiv+ any help f ! contemplation ( ^! or ! l magnifi$ maxims4 ,w\ld ^? :o h ?is traditional admiration ( ^! propositions1 t !y ?9k no /ep c be made 9 k )\t ! support ( an axiom1 no /one laid 9 ! build+ ( ! sci5ces )\t a g5]al maxim1 b di/+ui% betwe5 ! me?od ( acquir+ k1 & ( communicat+ x2 betwe5 ! me?od ( rais+ any sci5ce1 & t ( tea*+ x to o!rs1 z f> z x is advanc$--!y w\ld see t ^? g5]al maxims 7 n ! f\ndations on :i* ! fir/ discov]]s rais$ _! admirable /ructures1 nor ! keys t unlock$ & op5$ ^? secrets ( k4 ,?\gh aft]w>ds1 :5 s*ools 7 erect$1 & sci5ces _h _! pr(essors to tea* :at o!rs _h f\nd out1 !y (t5 made use ( maxims1 i4e4 laid d[n c]ta9 propositions :i* 7 self-evid5t1 or to be receiv$ = true2 :i* be+ settl$ 9 ! m9ds ( _! s*ol>s z unque/ionable v]ities1 !y on occasion made use (1 to conv9ce !m ( tru?s 9 p>ticul> in/ances1 t 7 n s famili> to _! m9ds z ^? g5]al axioms :i* _h be=e be5 inculcat$ to !m1 & c>efully settl$ 9 _! m9ds4 ,?\gh ^! p>ticul> in/ances1 :5 well reflect$ on1 are no less self-evid5t to ! und]/&+ ?an ! g5]al maxims br\ght to confirm !m3 & x 0 9 ^? p>ticul> in/ances t ! fir/ discov]] f\nd ! tru?1 )\t ! help ( ! g5]al maxims3 & s may any "o else d1 :o ) att5tion consid]s !m4 ,maxims ( use 9 ! exposition ( :at has be5 discov]$1 & 9 sil5c+ ob/9ate wrangl]s4 ,to come1 !re=e1 to ! use t is made ( maxims4 7#a7 ,!y are ( use1 z has be5 obs]v$1 9 ! ord9>y me?ods ( tea*+ sci5ces z f> z !y are advanc$3 b ( little or none 9 advanc+ !m fur!r4 7#b7 ,!y are ( use 9 disputes1 = ! sil5c+ ( ob/9ate wrangl]s1 & br++ ^? conte/s to "s conclusion4 ,:e!r a ne$ ( !m to t end came n 9 ! mann] foll[+1 ,i crave leave to inquire4 ,! ,s*ools hav+ made disputation ! t\*/one ( m5's abilities1 & ! crit]ion ( k1 adjudg$ victory to him t kept ! field3 & he t _h ! la/ ^w 0 conclud$ to h ! bett] ( ! argum5t1 if n ( ! cause4 ,b because by ?is means !re 0 l to be no decision betwe5 skilful combatants1 :il/ "o nev] fail$ ( a ,,m$ius ,,t]m9us to prove any proposition2 & ! o!r c\ld z con/antly1 )\t or ) a di/9ction1 d5y ! major or m9or2 to prev5t1 z mu* z c\ld be1 runn+ out ( disputes into an endless tra9 ( syllogisms1 c]ta9 g5]al propositions--mo/ ( !m1 inde$1 self-evid5t--7 introduc$ into ! ,s*ools3 :i* be+ su* z all m5 all[$ & agre$ 91 7 look$ on z g5]al measures ( tru?1 & s]v$ in/ead ( pr9ciples 7:]e ! disputants _h n la9 d[n any o!r betwe5 !m7 beyond :i* !re 0 no go+1 & :i* mu/ n be rec$$ f by ei!r side4 ,& ?us ^! maxims1 gett+ ! "n ( pr9ciples1 beyond :i* m5 9 dispute c\ld n retreat1 7 by mi/ake tak5 to be ! orig9als & s\rces f :5ce all k began1 & ! f\ndations :]eon ! sci5ces 7 built4 ,because :5 9 _! disputes !y came to any ( ^!1 !y /opp$ !re1 & w5t no fur!r2 ! matt] 0 det]m9$4 ,b h[ mu* ?is is a mi/ake1 ha? be5 already %[n4 ,h[ ,maxims came to be s mu* 9 vogue4 ,?is me?od ( ! ,s*ools1 :i* h be5 ?\ght ! f\nta9s ( k1 introduc$1 z ,i suppose1 ! l use ( ^! maxims into a great "p ( conv]sation out ( ! ,s*ools1 to /op ! m\?s ( cavill]s1 :om any "o is excus$ f argu+ any long] )1 :5 !y d5y ^! g5]al self-evid5t pr9ciples receiv$ by all reasonable m5 :o h once ?\ght ( !m3 b yet _! use h]e9 is b to put an end to wrangl+4 ,!y 9 tru?1 :5 urg$ 9 su* cases1 tea* no?+3 t is already done by ! int]m$iate ideas made use ( 9 ! debate1 ^: connexion may be se5 )\t ! help ( ^? maxims1 & s ! tru? kn[n be=e ! maxim is produc$1 & ! argum5t br\ght to a fir/ pr9ciple4 ,m5 w\ld give (f a wrong argum5t be=e x came to t1 if 9 _! disputes !y propos$ to !mselves ! f9d+ & embrac+ ( tru?1 & n a conte/ = victory4 ,& ?us maxims h _! use to put a /op to _! p]v]s5ess1 ^: +5uity %\ld h yield$ soon]4 ,b ! me?od ( ! ,s*ools hav+ all[$ & enc\rag$ m5 to oppose & resi/ evid5t tru? till !y are baffl$1 i4e4 till !y are r$uc$ to contradict !mselves1 or "s e/abli%$ pr9ciples3 x is no wond] t !y %\ld n 9 civil conv]sation be a%am$ ( t :i* 9 ! ,s*ools is c\nt$ a virtue & a glory1 viz4 ob/9ately to ma9ta9 t side ( ! "q !y h *os51 :e!r true or false1 to ! la/ extremity2 ev5 aft] conviction4 ,a /range way to atta9 tru? & k3 & t :i* ,i ?9k ! rational "p ( mank9d1 n corrupt$ by education1 c\ld sc>e believe %\ld ev] be admitt$ among/ ! lov]s ( tru?1 & /ud5ts ( religion or nature1 or introduc$ into ! sem9>ies ( ^? :o are to propegate ! tru?s ( religion or philosophy among/ ! ignorant & unconv9c$4 ,h[ mu* su* a way ( le>n+ is l to turn "y m5's m9ds f ! s9c]e se>* & love ( tru?2 nay1 & to make !m d\bt :e!r !re is any su* ?+1 or1 at lea/1 wor? ! adh]+ to1 ,i %all n n[ inquire4 ,?is ,i ?9k1 t1 bat+ ^? places1 :i* br\ght ! ,p]ipatetic ,philosophy into _! s*ools1 :]e x cont9u$ _m ages1 )\t tea*+ ! _w any?+ b ! art ( wrangl+1 ^! maxims 7 n[h]e ?\ght ! f\ndations on :i* ! sci5ces 7 built1 nor ! great helps to ! advancem5t ( k4 ,( great use to /op wrangl]s 9 disputes1 b ( little use to ! discov]y ( tru?s4 ,z to ^! g5]al maxims1 !re=e1 !y are1 z ,i h said1 ( great use 9 disputes1 to /op ! m\?s ( wrangl]s2 b n ( mu* use to ! discov]y ( unkn[n tru?s1 or to help ! m9d =w>ds 9 its se>* aft] k4 ,= :o ev] began to build 8 k on ?is g5]al proposition1 ,,:at ,,is1 ,,is2 or1 ,,x ,,is ,,impossible ,,= ,,! ,,same ,,?+ ,,to ,,be ,,& ,,n ,,to ,,be3 & f ei!r ( ^!1 z f a pr9ciple ( sci5ce1 d$uc$ a sy/em ( useful k8 ,wrong op9ions (t5 involv+ contradictions1 "o ( ^! maxims1 z a t\*/one1 may s]ve well to %[ :i!r !y lead4 ,b yet1 h[ev] fit to lay op5 ! absurdity or mi/ake ( a man's reason+ or op9ion1 !y are ( v little use = enlight5+ ! und]/&+3 & x w n be f\nd t ! m9d receives mu* help f !m 9 its progress 9 k2 :i* w\ld be nei!r less1 nor less c]ta91 7 ^! two g5]al propositions nev] ?\ght on4 ,x is true1 z ,i h said1 !y sometimes s]ve 9 argum5tation to /op a wrangl]'s m\?1 by %[+ ! absurdity ( :at he sai?1 & by expos+ him to ! %ame ( contradict+ :at all ! _w kn[s1 & he himself _c b own to be true4 ,b x is "o ?+ to %[ a man t he is 9 an error1 & ano!r to put him 9 possession ( tru?1 & ,i w\ld fa9 "k :at tru?s ^! two propositions are able to tea*1 & by _! influ5ce make u "k :i* we did n "k be=e1 or c\ld n "k )\t !m4 ,let u reason f !m z well z we c1 !y are only ab\t id5tical pr$ications1 & influ5ce1 if any at all1 none b su*4 ,ea* p>ticul> proposition conc]n+ id5tity or div]sity is z cle>ly & c]ta9ly kn[n 9 itself1 if att5d$ to1 z ei!r ( ^! g5]al ones3 only ^! g5]al ones1 z s]v+ 9 all cases1 are !re=e m inculcat$ & insi/$ on4 ,z to o!r less g5]al maxims1 _m ( !m are no m ?an b>e v]bal propositions1 & tea* u no?+ b ! respect & import ( names "o to ano!r4 ',! :ole is equal to all its p>ts3' :at real tru?1 ,i besee* y1 does x tea* u8 ,:at m is conta9$ 9 t maxim1 ?an :at ! signification ( ! ^w ,,totum1 or ! ,,:ole1 does ( itself import8 ,& he t kn[s t ! ,,^w :ole /&s = :at is made up ( all its p>ts1 kn[s v little less ?an t ! :ole is equal to all its p>ts4 ,&1 ^u ! same gr\nd1 ,i ?9k t ?is proposition1 ',a hill is high] ?an a valley'1 & sev]al ! l1 may also pass = maxims4 ,b yet ma/]s ( ma!matics1 :5 !y w\ld1 z tea*]s ( :at !y "k1 initiate o!rs 9 t sci5ce d n )\t reason place ?is & "s o!r su* maxims at ! entrance ( _! sy/ems2 t _! s*ol>s1 hav+ 9 ! beg9n+ p]fectly acqua9t$ _! ?\ghts ) ^! propositions1 made 9 su* g5]al t]ms1 may be us$ to make su* reflections1 & h ^! m g5]al propositions1 z =m$ rules & say+s1 ready to apply to all p>ticul> cases4 ,n t if !y be equally weigh$1 !y are m cle> & evid5t ?an ! p>ticul> in/ances !y are br\ght to confirm2 b t1 be+ m famili> to ! m9d1 ! v nam+ !m is en\gh to satisfy ! und]/&+4 ,b ?is1 ,i say1 is m f our cu/om ( us+ !m1 & ! e/abli%m5t !y h got 9 our m9ds by our (t5 ?9k+ ( !m1 ?an f ! diff]5t evid5ce ( ! ?+s4 ,b be=e cu/om has settl$ me?ods ( ?9k+ & reason+ 9 our m9ds1 ,i am apt to imag9e x is q o!rwise2 & t ! *ild1 :5 a "p ( 8 apple is tak5 away1 kn[s x bett] 9 t p>ticul> in/ance1 ?an by ?is g5]al proposition1 ',! :ole is equal to all its p>ts2' & t1 if "o ( ^! h ne$ to be confirm$ to him by ! o!r1 ! g5]al has m ne$ to be let into 8 m9d by ! p>ticul>1 ?an ! p>ticul> by ! g5]al4 ,= 9 p>ticul>s our k beg9s1 & s spreads itself1 by degrees1 to g5]als ,footnote3 ,?is is ! ord] 9 "t ( ! consci\s acqui/ion ( k t is human4 ,! ,essay might be reg>d$ z a comm5t>y on ?is "o s5t5ce4 ,our intellectual progress is f p>ticul>s & involunt>y recipi5cy1 ?r\gh reactive d\bt & criticism1 into :at is at la/ reason$ fai?44 ,?\gh aft]w>ds ! m9d takes ! q contr>y c\rse1 & hav+ drawn its k into z g5]al propositions z x c1 makes ^? famili> to its ?\ghts1 & accu/oms itself to h rec\rse to !m1 z to ! /&>ds ( tru? & falsehood4 ,footnote3 ,?is is ! philosophic attitude4 ,!re9 "o consci\sly appreh5ds ! intellectual necessities t 7 ,,unconci\sly ,,presuppos$1 its previ\s intellectual progress4 ,9 philosophy we 'draw our k into z g5]al propositions z x c' be made to assume1 & ?us ei!r le>n to see x z an organic :ile 9 a speculative unity1 or le>n t x _c be s se5 9 a f9ite intellig5ce1 & t ev5 at ! la/ x mu/ rema9 'brok5' & my/]i\s 9 ! human und]/&+4 ,by :i* famili> use ( !m1 z rules to measure ! tru? ( o!r propositions1 x comes 9 "t to be ?\ght1 t m p>ticul> propositions h _! tru? & evid5ce f _! con=mity to ^! m g5]al ones1 :i*1 9 disc\rse & argum5tation1 are s frequ5tly urg$1 & con/antly admitt$4 ,& ?is ,i ?9k to be ! reason :y1 among/ s _m self-evid5t propositions1 ! ,,mo/ ,,g5]al ,,only h _h ! title ( ,,maxims4 #ab4 ,maxims1 if c>e be n tak5 9 ! ,use ( ,words1 may prove ,contradictions4 ,"o ?+ fur!r1 ,i ?9k1 x may n be amiss to obs]ve conc]n+ ^! g5]al maxims1 ,t !y are s f> f improv+ or e/abli%+ our m9ds 9 true k t if our notions be wrong1 loose1 or un/eady1 & we resign up our ?\ghts to ! s\nd ( words1 r ?an fix !m on settl$1 det]m9$ ideas ( ?+s2 ,i say ^! g5]al maxims w s]ve to confirm u 9 mi/akes2 & 9 su* a way ( use ( words1 :i* is mo/ common1 w s]ve to prove contradictions3 v4g4 he t ) ,desc>tes %all frame 9 8 m9d an idea ( :at he calls body to be no?+ b ext5sion1 may easily demon/rate t !re is no vacuum1 i4e4 no space void ( body1 by ?is maxim1 ,,:at ,,is1 ,,is4 ,= ! idea to :i* he annexes ! "n body1 be+ b>e ext5sion1 8 k t space _c be )\t body1 is c]ta94 ,= he kn[s 8 own idea ( ext5sion cle>ly & di/9ctly1 & kn[s t x is :at x is1 & n ano!r idea1 ?\gh x be call$ by ^! ?ree names1--ext5sion1 body1 space4 ,:i* ?ree words1 /&+ = "o & ! same idea1 may1 no d\bt1 ) ! same evid5ce & c]ta9ty be affirm$ "o ( ano!r1 z ea* ( itself3 & x is z c]ta91 t1 :il/ ,i use !m all to /& = "o & ! same idea1 ?is pr$ication is z true & id5tical 9 its signification1 t 'space is body1' z ?is pr$ication is true & id5tical1 t 'body is body1' bo? 9 signification & s\nd4 #ac4 ,in/ance 9 ,vacuum4 ,b if ano!r %\ld come & make to himself ano!r idea1 diff]5t f ,desc>tes's1 ( ! ?+1 :i* yet ) ,desc>tes he calls by ! same "n body1 & make 8 idea1 :i* he expresses by ! ^w body1 to be ( a ?+ t ha? bo? ext5sion & solidity toge!r2 he w z easily demon/rate1 t !re may be a vacuum or space )\t a body1 z ,desc>tes demon/rat$ ! contr>y4 ,because ! idea to :i* he gives ! "n space be+ b>ely ! simple "o ( ext5sion1 & ! idea to :i* he gives ! "n body be+ ! complex idea ( ext5sion & resi/ibility or solidity1 toge!r 9 ! same subject1 ^! two ideas are n exactly "o & ! same1 b 9 ! und]/&+ z di/9ct z ! ideas ( "o & two1 :ite & black1 or z ( ,,corporeity & ,,humanity1 if ,i may use ^? b>b>\s t]ms3 & !re=e ! pr$ication ( !m 9 our m9ds1 or 9 words /&+ = !m1 is n id5tical1 b ! negation ( !m "o ( ano!r2 viz4 ?is proposition3 ',ext5sion or space is n body1' is z true & evid5tly c]ta9 z ?is maxim1 ,,x ,,is ,,impossible ,,= ,,! ,,same ,,?+ ,,to ,,be ,,& ,,n ,,to ,,be1 c make any proposition4 #ad4 ,b !y prove n ! ,exi/ance ( ?+s )\t u4 ,b yet1 ?\gh bo? ^! propositions 7z y see7 may be equally demon/rat$1 viz4 t !re may be a vacuum1 & t !re _c be a vacuum1 by ^! two c]ta9 pr9ciples1 viz4 ,,:at ,,is1 ,,is1 & ,,! ,,same ,,?+ ,,_c ,,be ,,& ,,n ,,be3 yet nei!r ( ^! pr9ciples w s]ve to prove to u1 t any1 or :at bodies d exi/3 = t we are left to our s5ses to discov] to u z f> z !y c4 ,^? univ]sal & self-evid5t pr9ciples be+ only our con/ant1 cle>1 & di/9ct k ( our own ideas1 m g5]al or compreh5sive1 c assure u ( no?+ t passes )\t ! m9d3 _! c]ta9ty is f\nd$ only ^u ! k we h ( ea* idea by itself1 & ( its di/9ction f o!rs1 ab\t :i* we _c be mi/ak5 :il/ !y are 9 our m9ds2 ?\gh we may be & (t5 are mi/ak5 :5 we reta9 ! names )\t ! ideas2 or use !m confus$ly1 sometimes = "o & sometimes = ano!r idea4 ,9 :i* cases ! =ce ( ^! axioms1 rea*+ only to ! s\nd1 & n ! signification ( ! words1 s]ves only to lead u into confusion1 mi/ake1 & error4 ,x is to %[ m5 t ^! maxims1 h[ev] cri$ up = ! great gu>ds ( tru?1 w n secure !m f error 9 a c>eless loose use ( _! words1 t ,i h made ?is rem>k4 ,9 all t is "h sugge/$ conc]n+ _! little use = ! improvem5t ( k1 or dang]\s use 9 undet]m9$ ideas1 ,i h be5 f> en\gh f say+ or int5d+ !y %\ld be laid aside2 z "s h be5 too =w>d to *>ge me4 ,i affirm !m to be tru?s1 self-evid5t tru?s2 & s _c be laid aside4 ,z f> z _! influ5ce w rea*1 x is 9 va9 to endeav\r1 nor w ,i attempt1 to abridge x4 ,b yet1 )\t any injury to tru? or k1 ,i may h reason to ?9k _! use is n answ]able to ! great /ress :i* seems to be laid on !m2 & ,i may w>n m5 n to make an ill use ( !m1 = ! confirm+ !mselves 9 errors4 #ae4 ,!y _c add to our k ( ,sub/ances1 & _! ,application to complex ,ideas is dang]\s4 ,b let !m be ( :at use !y w 9 v]bal propositions1 !y _c discov] or prove to u ! lea/ k ( ! nature ( sub/ances1 z !y are f\nd & exi/ )\t u1 any fur!r ?an gr\nd$ on exp]i5ce4 ,& ?\gh ! consequ5ce ( ^! two propositions1 call$ pr9ciples1 be v cle>1 & _! use n dang]\s or hurtful1 9 ! probation ( su* ?+s :]e9 !re is no ne$ at all ( !m = pro(1 b su* z are cle> by !mselves )\t !m1 viz4 :]e our ideas are det]m9$ & kn[n by ! names t /& = !m3 yet :5 ^! pr9ciples1 viz4 ,,:at ,,is1 ,,is1 & ,,x ,,is ,,impossible ,,= ,,! ,,same ,,?+ ,,to ,,be ,,& ,,n ,,to ,,be1 are made use ( 9 ! probation ( propositions :]e9 are words /&+ = complex ideas1 v4g4 man1 horse1 gold1 virtue2 !re !y are ( inf9ite dang]1 & mo/ commonly make m5 receive & reta9 falsehood = manife/ tru?1 & unc]ta9ty = demon/ration3 ^u :i* foll[ error1 ob/9acy1 & all ! mis*iefs t c happ5 f wrong reason+4 ,! reason :]e( is n1 t ^! pr9ciples are less true or ( less =ce 9 prov+ propositions made ( t]ms /&+ = complex ideas1 ?an :]e ! propositions are ab\t simple ideas4 ,b because m5 mi/ake g5]ally1--?9k+ t :]e ! same t]ms are pres]v$1 ! propositions are ab\t ! same ?+s1 ?\gh ! ideas !y /& = are 9 tru? diff]5t1 !re=e ^! maxims are made use ( to support ^? :i* 9 s\nd & appe>ance are contradictory propositions2 & is cle> 9 ! demon/rations above m5tion$ ab\t a vacuum4 ,s t :il/ m5 take words = ?+s1 z usually !y d1 ^! maxims may & d commonly s]ve to prove contradictory propositions2 z %all yet be fur!r made manife/ #af4 ,in/ance 9 demon/rations ab\t ,man :i* c only be v]bal4 ,= in/ance3 let ,,man be t conc]n+ :i* y w\ld by ^! fir/ pr9ciples demon/rate any?+1 & we %all see1 t s f> z demon/ration is by ^! pr9ciples1 x is only v]bal1 & gives u no c]ta91 univ]sal1 true proposition1 or k1 ( any be+ exi/+ )\t u4 ,fir/1 a *ild hav+ fram$ ! idea ( a man1 x is probable t 8 idea is j l t picture :i* ! pa9t] makes ( ! visible appe>ances jo9$ toge!r2 & su* a complication ( ideas toge!r 9 8 und]/&+ makes up ! s+le complex idea :i* he calls man1 :]e( :ite or fle%-col\r 9 ,engl& be+ "o1 ! *ild c demon/rate to y t a negro is n a man1 because :ite col\r 0 "o ( ! con/ant simple ideas ( ! complex idea he calls man2 & !re=e he c demon/rate1 by ! pr9ciple1 ,,x ,,is ,,impossible ,,= ,,! ,,same ,,?+ ,,to ,,be ,,& ,,n ,,to ,,be1 t a negro is ,,n a man2 ! f\ndation ( 8 c]ta9ty be+ n t univ]sal proposition1 :i* p]haps he nev] he>d nor ?\ght (1 b ! cle>1 di/9ct p]ception he ha? ( 8 own simple ideas ( black & :ite1 :i* he _c be p]suad$ to take1 nor c ev] mi/ake "o = ano!r1 :e!r he kn[s t maxim or no4 ,& to ?is *ild1 or any "o :o ha? su* an idea1 :i* he calls man1 c y nev] demon/rate t a man ha? a s\l1 because 8 idea ( man includes no su* notion or idea 9 x4 ,& !re=e1 to him1 ! pr9ciple ( ,,:at ,,is1 ,,is1 proves n ?is matt]2 b x dep5ds ^u collection & obs]vation1 by :i* he is to make 8 complex idea call$ man4 #ag4 ,ano!r in/ance4 ,secondly1 ,ano!r t ha? gone fur!r 9 fram+ & collect+ ! idea he calls ,,man1 & to ! outw>d %ape adds laught] & rational disc\rse1 may demon/rate t infants & *angel+s are no m51 by ?is maxim1 ,,x ,,is ,,impossible ,,= ,,! ,,same ,,?+ ,,to ,,be ,,& ,,n ,,to ,,be2 & ,i h disc\rs$ ) v rational m51 :o h actually d5i$ t !y are m54 #ah4 ,a ?ird in/ance4 ,?irdly1 ,p]haps ano!r makes up ! complex idea :i* he calls ,,man1 only out ( ! ideas ( body 9 g5]al1 & ! p[]s ( language & reason1 & leaves out ! %ape :olly3 ?is man is able to demon/rate t a man may h no h&s1 b be ,,quadrupes1 nei!r ( ^? be+ includ$ 9 8 idea ( man3 & 9 :atev] body or %ape he f\nd spee* & reason jo9$1 t 0 a man2 because1 hav+ a cle> k ( su* a complex idea1 x is c]ta9 t ,,:at ,,is1 ,,is4 #ai4 ,little use ( ^! ,maxims 9 ,pro(s :]e we h cle> & di/9ct ,ideas4 ,s t1 if rightly consid]$1 ,i ?9k we may say1 ,t :]e our ideas are det]m9$ 9 our m9ds1 & h annex$ to !m by u kn[n & /eady names "u ^? settl$ det]m9ations1 !re is little ne$1 or no use at all ( ^! maxims1 to prove ! agreem5t or disagreem5t ( any ( !m4 ,he t _c disc]n ! tru? or falsehood ( su* propositions1 )\t ! help ( ^! & ! l maxims1 w n be help$ by ^! maxims to d x3 s9ce he _c be suppos$ to "k ! tru? ( ^! maxims !mselves )\t pro(1 if he _c "k ! tru? ( o!rs )\t pro(1 :i* are z self-evid5t z ^!4 ,^u ?is gr\nd x is t intuitive k nei!r requires nor admits any pro(1 "o "p ( x m ?an ano!r4 ,he t w suppose x does1 takes away ! f\ndation ( all k & c]ta9ty2 & he t ne$s any pro( to make him c]ta91 & give 8 ass5t to ?is proposition1 t two are equal to two1 w also h ne$ ( a pro( to make him admit1 t :at is1 is4 ,he t ne$s a probation to conv9ce him t two are n ?ree1 t :ite is n black1 t a triangle is n a circle1 c41 or any o!r two det]m9$ di/9ct ideas are n "o & ! same1 w ne$ also a demon/ration to conv9ce him t ,,x ,,is ,,impossible ,,= ,,! ,,same ,,?+ ,,to ,,be ,,& ,,n ,,to ,,be4 #bj4 ,_! ,use dang]\s :]e our ,ideas are n det]m9$ ,& z ^! maxims are ( little use :]e we h det]m9$ ideas1 s !y are1 z ,i h %[$1 ( dang]\s use :]e our ideas are n det]m9$2 & :]e we use words t are n annex$ to det]m9$ ideas1 b su* z are ( a loose & w&]+ signification1 sometimes /&+ = "o1 & sometimes = ano!r idea3 f :i* foll[ mi/ake & error1 :i* ^! maxims 7br\ght z pro(s to e/abli% propositions1 :]e9 ! t]ms /& = undet]m9$ ideas7 d by _! au?ority confirm & rivet4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,( ,,trifl+ ,,propositions4 #a4 ,"s ,propositions br+ no ,increase to our ,k4 ,,:e!r ! maxims treat$ ( 9 ! =ego+ *apt] be ( t use to real k z is g5]ally suppos$1 ,i leave to be consid]$4 ,?is1 ,i ?9k1 may confid5tly be affirm$1 ,t !re ,,are univ]sal propositions1 :i*1 ?\gh !y be c]ta9ly true1 yet !y add no light to our und]/&+2 br+ no increase to our k4 ,su* are-- #b4 ,z1 ,fir/1 id5tical ,propositions4 ,fir/1 ,all purely ,,id5tical ,,propositions4 ,^! obvi\sly & at fir/ blu% appe> to conta9 no in/ruction 9 !m2 = :5 we affirm ! said t]m ( itself1 :e!r x be b>ely v]bal1 or :e!r x conta9s any cle> & real idea1 x %[s u no?+ b :at we mu/ c]ta9ly "k be=e1 :e!r su* a proposition be ei!r made by1 or propos$ to u4 ,inde$1 t mo/ g5]al "o1 ,,:at ,,is1 ,,is1 may s]ve sometimes to %[ a man ! absurdity he is guilty (1 :51 by circumlocution or equivocal t]ms1 he w\ld 9 p>ticul> in/ances d5y ! same ?+ ( itself2 because nobody w s op5ly bid defiance to common s5se1 z to affirm visible & direct contradictions 9 pla9 words2 or1 if he does1 a man is excus$ if he breaks (f any fur!r disc\rse ) him4 ,b yet ,i ?9k ,i may say1 t nei!r t receiv$ maxim1 nor any o!r id5tical proposition1 tea*es u any?+2 & ?\gh 9 su* k9d ( propositions ?is great & magnifi$ maxim1 boa/$ to be ! f\ndation ( demon/ration1 may be & (t5 is made use ( to confirm !m1 yet all x proves am\nts to no m ?an ?is1 ,t ! same ^w may ) great c]ta9ty be affirm$ ( itself1 )\t any d\bt ( ! tru? ( any su* proposition2 & let me add1 also1 )\t any real k4 #c4 ,examples4 ,=1 at ?is rate1 any v ignorant p]son1 :o c b make a proposition1 & kn[s :at he means :5 he says ay or no1 may make a million ( propositions ( ^: tru? he may be infallibly c]ta91 & yet n "k "o ?+ 9 ! _w !reby2 v4g4 ':at is a s\l1 is a s\l2' or1 'a s\l is a s\l2' 'a _s is a _s2' 'a feti*e is a feti*e1' c4 ,^! all be+ equival5t to ?is proposition1 viz4 ,,:at ,,is1 ,,is2 i4e4 :at ha? exi/5ce1 ha? exi/5ce2 or1 :o ha? a s\l1 ha? a s\l4 ,:at is ?is m ?an trifl+ ) words8 ,x is b l a monkey %ift+ 8 oy/] f "o h& to ! o!r3 & _h he b words1 might no d\bt h said1 ',oy/] 9 "r h& is subject1 & oy/] 9 left h& is pr$icate3' & s might h made a self-evid5t proposition ( oy/]1 i4e4 oy/] is oy/]2 & yet1 ) all ?is1 n h be5 "o :it ! wis] or m kn[+3 & t way ( h&l+ ! matt] w\ld mu* at "o h satisfi$ ! monkey's hung]1 or a man's und]/&+1 & !y w\ld h improv$ 9 k & bulk toge!r4 #d4 ,secondly1 ,propositions 9 :i* a "p ( any complex ,idea is pr$icat$ ( ! ,:ole4 ,,ii4 ,ano!r sort ( trifl+ propositions is1 ,,:5 ,a ,,"p ,,( ,,! ,,complex ,,idea ,,is ,,pr$icat$ ,,( ,,! ,,"n ,,( ,,! ,,:ole2 a "p ( ! def9ition ( ! ^w def9$4 ,su* are all propositions :]e9 ! g5us is pr$icat$ ( ! species1 or m compreh5sive ( less compreh5sive t]ms4 ,= :at in=mation1 :at k1 c>ries ?is proposition 9 x1 viz4 ',lead is a metal' to a man :o kn[s ! complex idea ! "n lead /&s =8 ,all ! simple ideas t g to ! complex "o signifi$ by ! t]m metal1 be+ no?+ b :at he be=e compreh5d$ & signifi$ by ! "n lead4 ,inde$1 to a man t kn[s ! signification ( ! ^w metal1 & n ( ! ^w lead1 x is a %ort] way to expla9 ! signification ( ! ^w lead1 by say+ x is a metal1 :i* at once expresses sev]al ( its simple ideas1 ?an to enum]ate !m "o by "o1 tell+ him x is a body v heavy1 fusible1 & malleable4 #e4 ,z "p ( ! ,def9ition ( ! ,t]m ,def9$4 ,alike trifl+ x is to pr$icate any o!r "p ( ! def9ition ( ! t]m def9$1 or to affirm anyone ( ! simple ideas ( a complex "o ( ! "n ( ! :ole complex idea2 z1 ',all gold is fusible4' ,= fusibility be+ "o ( ! simple ideas t goes to ! mak+ up ! complex "o ! s\nd gold /&s =1 :at c x be b play+ ) s\nds1 to affirm t ( ! "n gold1 :i* is compreh5d$ 9 its receiv$ signification8 ,x w\ld be ?\ght little bett] ?an ridicul\s to affirm gravely1 z a tru? ( mom5t1 t gold is yell[2 & ,i see n h[ x is any jot m mat]ial to say x is fusible1 unless t quality be left out ( ! complex idea1 ( :i* ! s\nd gold is ! m>k 9 ord9>y spee*4 ,:at in/ruction c x c>ry ) x1 to tell "o t :i* he ha? be5 told already1 or he is suppos$ to "k be=e8 ,= ,i am suppos$ to "k ! signification ( ! ^w ano!r uses to me1 or else he is to tell me4 ,& if ,i "k t ! "n gold /&s = ?is complex idea ( body1 yell[1 heavy1 fusible1 malleable1 x w n mu* in/ruct me to put x solemnly aft]w>ds 9 a proposition1 & gravely say1 all gold is fusible4 ,su* propositions c only s]ve to %[ ! dis+5uity ( "o :o w g f ! def9ition ( 8 own t]ms1 by rem9d+ him sometimes ( x2 b c>ry no k ) !m1 b ( ! signification ( words1 h[ev] c]ta9 !y be4 #f4 ,in/ance1 ,man & ,palfrey4 ',e man is an animal1 or liv+ body1' is z c]ta9 a proposition z c be2 b no m conduc+ to ! k ( ?+s ?an to say1 a palfrey is an ambl+ horse1 or a neigh+1 ambl+ animal1 bo? be+ only ab\t ! signification ( words1 & make me "k b ?is--,t body1 s5se1 & motion1 or p[] ( s5sation & mov+1 are ?ree ( ^? ideas t ,i always compreh5d & signify by ! ^w man3 & :]e !y are n to be f\nd toge!r1 ! ,,"n ,,man belongs n to t ?+3 & s ( ! o!r--,t body1 s5se1 & a c]ta9 way ( go+1 ) a c]ta9 k9d ( voice1 are "s ( ^? ideas :i* ,i always compreh5d & signify by ! ,,^w ,,palfrey2 & :5 !y are n to be f\nd toge!r1 ! "n palfrey belongs n to t ?+4 ,x is j ! same1 & to ! same purpose1 :5 any t]m /&+ = any "o or m ( ! simple ideas1 t altoge!r make up t complex idea :i* is call$ man1 is affirm$ ( ! t]m man3--v4g4 suppose a ,roman signifi$ by ! ^w ,,homo all ^! di/9ct ideas unit$ 9 "o subject1 ,,corporietas1 ,,s5sibilitas1 ,,pot5tia ,,se ,,mov5di1 ,,rationalitas1 ,,risibilitas2 he might1 no d\bt1 ) great c]ta9ty1 univ]sally affirm "o1 m1 or all ( ^! toge!r ( ! ^w ,,homo1 b did no m ?an say t ! ^w ,,homo1 9 8 c\ntry1 compreh5d$ 9 its signification all ^! ideas4 ,mu* l a romance knight1 :o by ! ^w ,,palfrey signifi$ ^! ideas3--body ( a c]ta9 figure1 f\r-legg$1 ) s5se1 motion1 ambl+1 neigh+1 :ite1 us$ to h a woman on 8 back--might ) ! same c]ta9ty univ]sally affirm also any or all ( ^! ( ! ,,^w palfrey3 b did !reby tea* no m1 b t ! ^w palfrey1 9 8 or romance language1 /ood = all ^!1 & 0 n to be appli$ to any?+ :]e any ( ^! 0 want+ ,b he t %all tell me1 t 9 :atev] ?+ s5se1 motion1 reason1 & laught]1 7 unit$1 t ?+ _h actually a notion ( ,god1 or w\ld be ca/ into a sleep by opium1 made inde$ an in/ructive proposition3 because nei!r hav+ ! notion ( ,god1 nor be+ ca/ into sleep by opium1 be+ conta9$ 9 ! idea signifi$ by ! ^w man1 we are by su* propositions taught some?+ m ?an b>ely :at ! ^w ,,man /&s =3 & !re=e ! k conta9$ 9 x is m ?an v]bal4 #g4 ,= ?is tea*es b ! ,signification ( ,words4 ,be=e a man makes any proposition1 he is suppos$ to und]/& ! t]ms he uses 9 x1 or else he talks l a p>rot1 only mak+ a noise by imitation1 & fram+ c]ta9 s\nds1 :i* he has le>nt ( o!rs2 b n z a rational creature1 us+ !m = signs ( ideas :i* he has 9 8 m9d4 ,! he>] also is suppos$ to und]/& ! t]ms z ! speak] uses !m1 or else he talks j>gon1 & makes an un9telligible noise4 ,& !re=e he trifles ) words :o makes su* a proposition1 :i*1 :5 x is made1 conta9s no m ?an "o ( ! t]ms does1 & :i* a man 0 suppos$ to "k be=e3 v4g4 a triangle ha? ?ree sides1 or saffron is yell[4 ,& ?is is no fur!r tol]able ?an :]e a man goes to expla9 8 t]ms to "o :o is suppos$ or decl>es himself n to und]/& him2 & !n x tea*es only ! signification ( t ^w1 & ! use ( t sign4 #h4 ,b adds no real ,k4 ,we c "k !n ! tru? ( two sorts ( propositions ) p]fect c]ta9ty4 ,! "o is1 ( ^? trifl+ propositions :i* h a c]ta9ty 9 !m1 b x is only a v]bal c]ta9ty1 b n in/ructive4 ,&1 secondly1 we c "k ! tru?1 & s may be c]ta9 9 propositions1 :i* affirm some?+ ( ano!r1 :i* is a necess>y consequ5ce ( its precise complex idea1 b n conta9$ 9 x3 z t1 ! ext]nal angle ( all triangles is bigg] ?an ei!r ( ! opposite int]nal angles4 ,:i* relation ( ! outw>d angle to ei!r ( ! opposite int]nal angles1 mak+ no "p ( ! complex idea signifi$ by ! "n triangle1 ?is is a real tru?1 & conveys ) x in/ructive real k4 #i4 ,g5]al ,propositions conc]n+ ,sub/ances are (t5 trifl+4 ,we hav+ little or no k ( :at comb9ations !re be ( simple ideas exi/+ toge!r 9 sub/ances1 b by our s5ses1 we _c make any univ]sal c]ta9 propositions conc]n+ !m1 any fur!r ?an our nom9al ess5ces lead u4 ,:i* be+ to a v few & inconsid]able tru?s1 9 respect ( ^? :i* dep5d on _! real con/itutions1 ! g5]al propositions t are made ab\t sub/ances1 if !y are c]ta91 are = ! mo/ "p b trifl+2 & if !y are in/ructive1 are unc]ta91 & su* z we c h no k ( _! real tru?1 h[ mu* soev] con/ant obs]vation & analogy may assi/ our judgm5t 9 guess+4 ,h5ce x comes to pass1 t "o may (t5 meet ) v cle> & coh]5t disc\rses1 t am\nt yet to no?+4 ,= x is pla9 t names ( sub/antial be+s1 z well z o!rs1 z f> z !y h relative significations affix$ to !m1 may1 ) great tru?1 be jo9$ negatively & affirmatively 9 propositions1 z _! relative def9itions make !m fit to be s jo9$2 & propositions consi/+ ( su* t]ms1 may1 ) ! same cle>ness1 be d$uc$ "o f ano!r1 z ^? t convey ! mo/ real tru?s3 & all ?is )\t any k ( ! nature or reality ( ?+s exi/+ )\t u4 ,by ?is me?od "o may make demon/rations & und\bt$ propositions 9 words1 & yet !reby advance n "o jot 9 ! k ( ! tru? ( ?+s3 v4 g4 he t hav+ le>nt ^! foll[+ words1 ) _! ord9>y mutual relative acceptations annex$ to !m2 v4 g4 ,,sub/ance1 ,,man1 ,,animal1 ,,=m1 ,,s\l1 ,,vegetative1 ,,s5sitive1 ,,rational1 may make sev]al und\bt$ propositions ab\t ! s\l1 )\t kn[+ at all :at ! s\l really is3 & ( ?is sort1 a man may f9d an inf9ite numb] ( propositions1 reason+s1 & conclusions1 9 books ( metaphysics1 s*ool-div9ity1 & "s sort ( natural philosophy2 &1 aft] all1 "k z little ( ,god1 spirits1 or bodies1 z he did be=e he set out4 #aj4 ,& :y4 ,he t ha? lib]ty to def9e1 i4e4 to det]m9e ! signification ( 8 names ( sub/ances 7z c]ta9ly e "o does 9 effect1 :o makes !m /& = 8 own ideas71 & makes _! significations at a v5ture1 tak+ !m f 8 own or o!r m5's fancies1 & n f an exam9ation or inquiry into ! nature ( ?+s !mselves2 may ) little tr\ble demon/rate !m "o ( ano!r1 accord+ to ^? sev]al respects & mutual relations he has giv5 !m "o to ano!r2 :]e91 h[ev] ?+s agree or disagree 9 _! own nature1 he ne$s m9d no?+ b 8 own notions1 ) ! names he ha? be/[$ ^u !m3 b !reby no m increases 8 own k ?an he does 8 ri*es1 :o1 tak+ a bag ( c\nt]s1 calls "o 9 a c]ta9 place a p\nd1 ano!r 9 ano!r place a %ill+1 & a ?ird 9 a ?ird place a p5ny2 & s proce$+1 may und\bt$ly reckon "r1 & ca/ up a great sum1 accord+ to 8 c\nt]s s plac$1 & /&+ = m or less z he pleases1 )\t be+ "o jot ! ri*]1 or )\t ev5 kn[+ h[ mu* a p\nd1 %ill+1 or p5ny is1 b only t "o is conta9$ 9 ! o!r tw5ty times1 & conta9s ! o!r twelve3 :i* a man may also d 9 ! signification ( words1 by mak+ !m1 9 respect ( "o ano!r1 m or less1 or equally compreh5sive4 #aa4 ,?irdly1 us+ ,words v>i\sly is trifl+ ) !m4 ,?\gh yet conc]n+ mo/ words us$ 9 disc\rses1 equally argum5tative & controv]sial1 !re is ?is m to be compla9$ (1 :i* is ! wor/ sort ( trifl+1 & :i* sets u yet fur!r f ! c]ta9ty ( k we hope to atta9 by !m1 or f9d 9 !m2 viz4 t mo/ writ]s are s f> f in/ruct+ u 9 ! nature & k ( ?+s1 t !y use _! words loosely & unc]ta9ly1 & d n1 by us+ !m con/antly & /eadily 9 ! same significations make pla9 & cle> d$uctions ( words "o f ano!r1 & make _! disc\rses coh]5t & cle>1 7h[ little soev] !y 7 in/ructive72 :i* 7 n difficult to d1 did !y n f9d x conv5i5t to %elt] _! ignorance or ob/9acy "u ! obscurity & p]plex$ness ( _! t]ms3 to :i*1 p]haps1 inadv]t5cy & ill cu/om d 9 _m m5 mu* contribute4 #ab4 ,m>ks ( v]bal ,propositions4 ,fir/1 ,pr$ication 9 ,ab/ract4 ,to conclude4 ,b>ely v]bal propositions may be kn[n by ^! foll[+ m>ks3 ,fir/1 ,all propositions :]e9 two ab/ract t]ms are affirm$ "o ( ano!r1 are b>ely ab\t ! signification ( s\nds4 ,= s9ce no ab/ract idea c be ! same ) any o!r b itself1 :5 its ab/ract "n is affirm$ ( any o!r t]m1 x c signify no m b ?is1 t x may1 or ought to be call$ by t "n2 or t ^! two names signify ! same idea4 ,?us1 %\ld any "o say t p>simony is frugality1 t gratitude is ju/ice1 t ?is or t action is or is n temp]ate3 h[ev] speci\s ^! & ! l propositions may at fir/ sight seem1 yet :5 we come to press !m1 & exam9e nicely :at !y conta91 we %all f9d t x all am\nts to no?+ b ! signification ( ^? t]ms4 #ac4 ,secondly1 ,a "p ( ! ,def9ition pr$icat$ ( any ,t]m4 ,secondly1 ,all propositions :]e9 a "p ( ! complex idea :i* any t]m /&s = is pr$icat$ ( t t]m1 are only v]bal3 v4g4 to say t gold is a metal1 or heavy4 ,& ?us all propositions :]e9 m compreh5sive words1 call$ g5]a1 are affirm$ ( subord9ate or less compreh5sive1 call$ species1 or individuals1 are b>ely v]bal4 ,:5 by ^! two rules we h exam9$ ! propositions t make up ! disc\rses we ord9>ily meet )1 bo? 9 & out ( books1 we %all p]haps f9d t a great] "p ( !m ?an is usually suspect$ are purely ab\t ! signification ( words1 & conta9 no?+ 9 !m b ! use & application ( ^! signs4 ,?is ,i ?9k ,i may lay d[n = an infallible rule1 ,t1 :]ev] ! di/9ct idea any ^w /&s = is n kn[n & consid]$1 & some?+ n conta9$ 9 ! idea is n affirm$ or d5i$ ( x1 !re our ?\ghts /ick :olly 9 s\nds1 & are able to atta9 no real tru? or falsehood4 ,?is1 p]haps1 if well he$$1 might save u a great deal ( useless amusem5t & dispute2 & v mu* %ort5 our tr\ble & w&]+ 9 ! se>* ( real & true k4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,( ,,our ,,?reefold ,,k ,,( ,,exi/5ce4 #a4 ,g5]al ,propositions t are c]ta9 conc]n n ,exi/5ce4 ,,hi!rto we h only consid]$ ! ess5ces ( ?+s2 :i* be+ only ab/ract ideas1 & !reby remov$ 9 our ?\ghts f p>ticul> exi/5ce1 7t be+ ! prop] op]ation ( ! m9d1 9 ab/raction1 to consid] an idea "u no o!r exi/5ce b :at x has 9 ! und]/&+s17 gives u no k ( real exi/5ce at all4 ,:]e1 by ! way1 we may take notice1 t univ]sal propositions ( ^: tru? or falsehood we c h c]ta9 k conc]n n exi/5ce3 & fur!r1 t all p>ticul> affirmations or negations t w\ld n be c]ta9 if !y 7 made g5]al1 are only conc]n+ exi/5ce2 !y decl>+ only ! accid5tal union or sep>ation ( ideas 9 ?+s exi/+1 :i*1 9 _! ab/ract natures1 h no kn[n necess>y union or repugnancy4 #b4 ,a ?reefold ,k ( ,exi/5ce4 ,b1 leav+ ! nature ( propositions1 & diff]5t ways ( pr$ication to be consid]$ m at l>ge 9 ano!r place1 let u proce$ n[ to inquire conc]n+ our k ( ! ,,exi/ance ,,( ,,?+s1 & h[ we come by x4 ,i say1 !n1 t we h ! k ( ,,our ,,own exi/5ce by intuition2 ( ! exi/5ce ( ,,god by demon/ration2 & ( ,,o!r ,,?+s by s5sation4 #c4 ,our ,k ( our own ,exi/5ce is ,intuitive4 ,z = ,,our ,,own ,,exi/5ce1 we p]ceive x s pla9ly & s c]ta9ly1 t x nei!r ne$s nor is capable ( any pro( = no?+ c be m evid5t to u ?an our own exi/5ce4 ,i ?9k1 ,i reason1 ,i feel pleasure & pa93 c any ( ^! be m evid5t to me ?an my own exi/5ce8 ,if ,i d\bt ( all o!r ?+s1 t v d\bt makes me p]ceive my own exi/5ce1 & w n suff] me to d\bt ( t4 ,= if ,i "k ,i feel pa91 x is evid5t ,i h z c]ta9 p]ception ( my own exi/5ce1 z ( ! exi/5ce ( ! pa9 ,i feel3 or if ,i "k ,i d\bt1 ,i h z c]ta9 p]ception ( ! exi/5ce ( ! ?+ d\bt+1 z ( t ?\ght :i* ,i ,,call ,,d\bt4 ,exp]i5ce !n conv9ces u1 t we h an ,,intuitive ,,k ( our own exi/5ce1 & an int]nal infallible p]ception t we are4 ,9 e act ( s5sation1 reason+1 or ?9k+1 we are consci\s to ourselves ( our own be+2 &1 9 ?is matt]1 come n %ort ( ! highe/ degree ( c]ta9ty4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,( ,,our ,,k ,,( ,,! ,,exi/5ce ,,( ,a ,,god4 #a4 ,we are capable ( kn[+ c]ta9ly t !re is a ,god4 ,,?\gh ,god has giv5 u no innate ideas ( himself2 ?\gh he has /amp$ no orig9al *>act]s on our m9ds1 :]e9 we may read 8 be+2 yet hav+ furni%$ u ) ^? faculties our m9ds are end[$ )1 he ha? n left himself )\t witness3 s9ce we h s5se1 p]ception1 & reason1 & _c want a cle> pro( ( him1 z long z we c>ry ,,ourselves ab\t u4 ,nor c we ju/ly compla9 ( our ignorance 9 ?is great po9t2 s9ce he has s pl5tifully provid$ u ) ! means to discov] & "k him2 s f> z is necess>y to ! end ( our be+1 & ! great conc]nm5t ( our happ9ess4 ,b1 ?\gh ?is be ! mo/ obvi\s tru? t reason discov]s1 & ?\gh its evid5ce be 7if ,i mi/ake n7 equal to ma!matical c]ta9ty3 yet x requires ?\ght & att5tion2 & ! m9d mu/ apply itself to a regul> d$uction ( x f "s "p ( our intuitive k1 or else we %all be z unc]ta9 & ignorant ( ?is z ( o!r propositions1 :i* are 9 !mselves capable ( cle> demon/ration4 ,to %[1 !re=e1 t we are capable ( ,,kn[+1 i4e4 ,,be+ ,,c]ta9 t !re is a ,god1 & ,,h[ ,,we ,,may ,,come ,,by ?is c]ta9ty1 ,i ?9k we ne$ g no fur!r ?an ,,ourselves1 & t und\bt$ k we h ( our own exi/5ce4 #b4 ,= ,man kn[s t he himself exi/s4 ,i ?9k x is beyond "q1 t man has a cle> idea ( 8 own be+2 he kn[s c]ta9ly he exi/s1 & t he is some?+4 ,he t c d\bt :e!r he be any?+ or no1 ,i speak n to2 no m ?an ,i w\ld argue ) pure no?+1 or endeav\r to conv9ce non5tity t x 7 some?+4 ,if any "o pret5ds to be s sceptical z to d5y 8 own exi/5ce1 7= really to d\bt ( x is manife/ly impossible17 let him = me enjoy 8 belov$ happ9ess ( be+ no?+1 until hung] or "s o!r pa9 conv9ce him ( ! contr>y4 ,?is1 !n1 ,i ?9k ,i may take = a tru?1 :i* e "o's c]ta9 k assures him (1 beyond ! lib]ty ( d\bt+1 viz4 t he is ,,some?+ ,,t ,,actually ,,exi/s4 #c4 ,he kn[s also t ,no?+ _c produce a ,be+2 !re=e ,some?+ mu/ h exi/$ f ,et]nity4 ,9 ! next place1 man kn[s1 by an intuitive c]ta9ty1 t b>e ,,no?+ ,,c ,,no ,,m ,,produce ,,any ,,real ,,be+1 ,,?an ,,x ,,c ,,be ,,equal ,,to ,,two ,,"r ,,angles4 ,if a man kn[s n t non5tity1 or ! abs5ce ( all be+1 _c be equal to two "r angles1 x is impossible he %\ld "k any demon/ration 9 ,euclid4 ,if1 !re=e1 we "k !re is "s real be+1 & t non5tity _c produce any real be+1 x is an evid5t demon/ration1 t ,,f ,,et]nity ,,!re ,,has ,,be5 ,,some?+2 s9ce :at 0 n f et]nity _h a beg9n+2 & :at _h a beg9n+ mu/ be produc$ by some?+ else4 #d4 ,& t et]nal ,be+ mu/ be mo/ p[]ful4 ,next1 x is evid5t1 t :at _h its be+ & beg9n+ f ano!r1 mu/ also h all t :i* is 9 & belongs to its be+ f ano!r too4 ,all ! p[]s x has mu/ be ow+ to & receiv$ f ! same s\rce4 ,?is et]nal s\rce1 !n1 ( all be+ mu/ also be ! s\rce & orig9al ( all p[]2 & s ,,?is ,,et]nal ,,be+ ,,mu/ ,,be ,,also ,,! ,,mo/ ,,p[]ful4 #e4 ,& mo/ kn[+4 ,aga91 a man f9ds 9 ,,himself p]ception & k4 ,we h !n got "o /ep fur!r2 & we are c]ta9 n[ t !re is n only "s be+1 b "s kn[+1 intellig5t be+ 9 ! _w4 ,!re 0 a "t1 !n1 :5 !re 0 no kn[+ be+1 & :5 k began to be2 or else !re has be5 also ,a ,,kn[+ ,,be+ ,,f ,,et]nity4 ,if x be said1 !re 0 a "t :5 no be+ _h any k1 :5 t et]nal be+ 0 void ( all und]/&+2 ,i reply1 t !n x 0 impossible !re %\ld ev] h be5 any k3 x be+ z impossible t ?+s :olly void ( k1 & op]at+ bl9dly1 & )\t any p]ception1 %\ld produce a kn[+ be+1 z x is impossible t a triangle %\ld make itself ?ree angles bigg] ?an two "r ones4 ,= x is z repugnant to ! idea ( s5seless matt]1 t x %\ld put into itself s5se1 p]ception1 & k1 z x is repugnant to ! idea ( a triangle1 t x %\ld put into itself great] angles ?an two "r ones4 #f4 ,& !re=e ,god4 ,?us1 f ! consid]ation ( ourselves1 & :at we infallibly f9d 9 our own con/itutions1 our reason leads u to ! k ( ?is c]ta9 & evid5t tru?1--,,t ,,!re ,,is ,,an ,,et]nal1 ,,mo/ ,,p[]ful1 ,,& ,,mo/ ,,kn[+ ,,be+2 :i* :e!r any "o w please to call ,god1 x matt]s n4 ,! ?+ is evid5t2 & f ?is idea duly consid]$1 w easily be d$uc$ all ^? o!r attributes1 :i* we ought to ascribe to ?is et]nal ,be+4 ,if1 nev]!less1 any "o %\ld be f\nd s s5selessly arrogant1 z to suppose man alone kn[+ & wise1 b yet ! product ( m]e ignorance & *ance2 & t all ! re/ ( ! univ]se act$ only by t bl9d haphaz>d2 ,i %all leave ) him t v rational & emphatical rebuke ( ,tully 7#a4 ii4 ,de ,leg471 to be consid]$ at 8 leisure3 ',:at c be m sillily arrogant & misbecom+1 ?an = a man to ?9k t he has a m9d & und]/&+ 9 him1 b yet 9 all ! univ]se beside !re is no su* ?+8 ,or t ^? ?+s1 :i* ) ! utmo/ /ret* ( 8 reason he c sc>ce compreh5d1 %\ld be mov$ & manag$ )\t any reason at all8' ,,quid ,,e/ ,,enim ,,v]ius1 ,,quam ,,nem9em ,,esse ,,oport]e ,,tam ,,/ulte ,,arogantem1 ,,ut ,,9 ,,se ,,m5tem ,,et ,,rationem ,,putet ,,inesse ,,9 ,,coelo ,,mundoque ,,non ,,putet8 ,,aut ,,ea ,,quoe ,,viz ,,summa ,,+5ii ,,ratione ,,compreh5dat1 ,,nulla ,,ratione ,,mov]i ,,putet8 ,f :at has be5 said1 x is pla9 to me we h a m c]ta9 k ( ! exi/5ce ( a ,god1 ?an ( any?+3 our s5ses h n imm$iately discov]$ to u4 ,nay1 ,i presume ,i may say1 t we m c]ta9ly "k t !re is a ,god1 ?an t !re is any?+ else )\t u4 ,:5 ,i say we ,,"k1 ,i mean !re is su* a k )9 our rea* :i* we _c miss1 if we w b apply our m9ds to t1 z we d to sev]al o!r inquiries4 #g4 ,our idea ( a mo/ p]fect ,be+1 n ! sole ,pro( ( a ,god4 ,h[ f> ! ,,idea ( a mo/ p]fect be+1 :i* a man1 may frame 9 8 m9d1 does or does n prove ! ,,exi/5ce ( a ,god1 ,i w n "h exam9e4 ,= 9 ! diff]5t make ( m5's temp]s & application ( _! ?\ghts1 "s argum5ts prevail m on "o1 & "s on ano!r1 = ! confirmation ( ! same tru?4 ,b yet1 ,i ?9k1 ?is ,i may say1 t x is an ill way ( e/abli%+ ?is tru?1 & sil5c+ a!i/s1 to lay ! :ole /ress ( s important a po9t z ?is ^u t sole f\ndation3 & take "s m5's hav+ t idea ( ,god 9 _! m9ds1 7= x is evid5t "s m5 h none1 & "s worse ?an none1 & ! mo/ v diff]5t17 = ! only pro( ( a ,deity2 & out ( an ov] fondness ( t d>l+ inv5tion1 ca%i]1 or at lea/ endeav\r to invalidate all o!r argum5ts2 & =bid u to he>k5 to ^? pro(s1 z be+ weak or fallaci\s1 :i* our own exi/5ce1 & ! s5sible p>ts ( ! univ]se (f] s cle>ly & cog5tly to our ?\ghts1 t ,i deem x impossible = a consid]+ man to )/& !m4 ,= ,i judge x z c]ta9 & cle> a tru? z c any:]e be deliv]$1 t '! invisible ?+s ( ,god are cle>ly se5 f ! creation ( ! _w1 be+ und]/ood by ! ?+s t are made1 ev5 8 et]nal p[] & ,godhead4' ,?\gh our own be+ furni%es u1 z ,i h %[n1 ) an evid5t & inconte/ible pro( ( a ,deity2 & ,i believe nobody c avoid ! cog5cy ( x1 :o w b z c>efully att5d to x1 z to any o!r demon/ration ( s _m p>ts3 yet ?is be+ s fundam5tal a tru?1 & ( t consequ5ce1 t all religion & g5u9e morality dep5d !reon1 ,i d\bt n b ,i %all be =giv5 by my read] if ,i g ov] "s p>ts ( ?is argum5t aga91 & enl>ge a little m ^u !m4 #h4 ,recapitulation ,some?+ f ,et]nity4 ,!re is no tru? m evid5t ?an t ,,some?+ mu/ be ,,f ,,et]nity4 ,i nev] yet he>d ( any "o s unreasonable1 or t c\ld suppose s manife/ a contradiction1 z a "t :]e9 !re 0 p]fectly no?+4 ,?is be+ ( all absurdities ! greate/1 to imag9e t pure no?+1 ! p]fect negation & abs5ce ( all be+s1 %\ld ev] produce any real exi/5ce4 ,x be+1 !n1 unavoidable = all rational creatures to conclude1 t ,,some?+ has exi/$ f et]nity2 let u next see ,,:at ,,k9d ,,( ,,?+ t mu/ be4 #i4 ,two ,sorts ( ,be+s1 cogitative & incogitative4 ,!re are b two sorts ( be+s 9 ! _w t man kn[s or conceives4 ,fir/1 su* z are purely mat]ial1 )\t s5se1 p]ception1 or ?\ght1 z ! clipp+s ( our be>ds1 & p>+s ( our nails4 ,secondly1 s5sible1 ?9k+1 p]ceiv+ be+s1 su* z we f9d ourselves to be4 ,:i*1 if y please1 we w h]eaft] call ,,cogitative & ,,incogitative be+s2 :i* to our pres5t purpose1 if = no?+ else1 are p]haps bett] t]ms ?an mat]ial & immat]ial4 #aj4 ,incogitative ,be+ _c produce a ,cogitative ,be+4 ,if1 !n1 !re mu/ be some?+ et]nal1 let u see :at sort ( be+ x mu/ be4 ,& to t x is v obvi\s to reason1 t x mu/ necess>ily be a cogitative be+4 ,= x is z impossible to conceive t ev] b>e incogitative matt] %\ld produce a ?9k+ intellig5t be+1 z t no?+ %\ld ( itself produce matt]4 ,let u suppose any p>cel ( matt] et]nal1 great or small1 we %all f9d x1 9 itself1 able to produce no?+4 ,= example3 let u suppose ! matt] ( ! next pebble we meet ) et]nal1 closely unit$1 & ! p>ts firmly at re/ toge!r2 if !re 7 no o!r be+ 9 ! _w1 mu/ x n et]nally rema9 s1 a dead inactive lump8 ,is x possible to conceive x c add motion to itself1 be+ purely matt]1 or produce any?+8 ,matt]1 !n1 by its own /r5g?1 _c produce 9 itself s mu* z motion3 ! motion x has mu/ also be f et]nity1 or else be produc$1 & add$ to matt] by "s o!r be+ m p[]ful ?an matt]2 matt]1 z is evid5t1 hav+ n p[] to produce motion 9 itself4 ,b let u suppose motion et]nal too3 yet matt]1 ,,incogitative matt] & motion1 :atev] *anges x might produce ( figure & bulk1 c\ld nev] produce ?\ght3 k w /ill be z f> beyond ! p[] ( motion & matt] to produce1 z matt] is beyond ! p[] ( no?+ or non5tity to produce4 ,& ,i appeal to e "o's own ?\ghts1 :e!r he _c z easily conceive matt] produc$ by ,,no?+1 z ?\ght to be produc$ by pure matt]1 :51 be=e1 !re 0 no su* ?+ z ?\ght or an intellig5t be+ exi/+8 ,divide matt] into z _m p>ts z y w1 7:i* we are apt to imag9e a sort ( spiritualiz+1 or mak+ a ?9k+ ?+ ( x17 v>y ! figure & motion ( x z mu* z y please--a globe1 cube1 cone1 prism1 cyl9d]1 c41 ^: diamet]s are b #ajj1jjj? "p ( a ,,gry1 w op]ate no o!rwise ^u o!r bodies ( proportionable bulk1 ?an ^? ( an in* or foot diamet]2 & y may z rationally expect to produce s5se1 ?\ght1 & k1 by putt+ toge!r1 9 a c]ta9 figure & motion1 gross p>ticles ( matt]1 z by ^? t are ! v m9ute/ t d any:]e exi/4 ,!y knock1 impel1 & resi/ "o ano!r1 j z ! great] d2 & t is all !y c d4 ,s t1 if we w suppose ,,no?+ fir/ or et]nal1 matt] c nev] beg9 to be3 if we suppose b>e matt] )\t motion1 et]nal1 motion c nev] beg9 to be3 if we suppose only matt] & motion fir/1 or et]nal1 ?\ght c nev] beg9 to be4 ,= x is impossible to conceive t matt]1 ei!r ) or )\t motion1 c\ld h1 orig9ally1 9 & f itself1 s5se1 p]ception1 & k2 z is evid5t f h5ce1 t !n s5se1 p]ception1 & k1 mu/ be a prop]ty et]nally insep>able f matt] & e p>ticle ( x4 ,n to add1 t1 ?\gh our g5]al or specific conception ( matt] makes u speak ( x z "o ?+1 yet really all matt] is n "o individual ?+1 nei!r is !re any su* ?+ exi/+ z ,,"o mat]ial be+1 or ,,"o s+le body t we "k or c conceive4 ,& !re=e1 if matt] 7 ! et]nal fir/ cogitative be+1 !re w\ld n be "o et]nal1 inf9ite1 cogitative be+1 b an inf9ite numb] ( et]nal1 f9ite1 cogitative be+s1 indep5d5t "o ( ano!r1 ( limit$ =ce1 & di/9ct ?\ghts1 :i* c\ld nev] produce t ord]1 h>mony1 & beauty :i* are to be f\nd 9 nature4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 :atsoev] is ! fir/ et]nal be+ mu/ necess>ily be cogitative2 & :atsoev] is fir/ ( all ?+s mu/ necess>ily conta9 9 x1 & actually h1 at lea/1 all ! p]fections t c ev] aft] exi/2 nor c x ev] give to ano!r any p]fection t x ha? n ei!r actually 9 itself1 or1 at lea/1 9 a high] degree2 x necess>ily foll[s1 t ! fir/ et]nal be+ _c be matt]4 #aa4 ,!re=e1 !re has be5 an ,et]nal ,wisdom4 ,if1 !re=e1 x be evid5t1 t some?+ necess>ily mu/ exi/ f et]nity1 x is also z evid5t1 t t some?+ mu/ necess>ily be a cogitative be+3 = x is z impossible t incogitative matt] %\ld produce a cogitative be+1 z t no?+1 or ! negation ( all be+1 %\ld produce a positive be+ or matt]4 #ab4 ,! ,attributes ( ! ,et]nal ,cogitative ,be+4 ,?\gh ?is discov]y ( ! ,,necess>y ,,exi/ance ,,( ,a ,,et]nal ,,m9d does suffici5tly lead u into ! k ( ,god2 s9ce x w h5ce foll[1 t all o!r kn[+ be+s t h a beg9n+ mu/ dep5d on him1 & h 9 o!r ways ( k or ext5t ( p[] ?an :at ,he gives !m2 & !re=e1 if he made ^?1 he made all ! less excell5t pieces ( ?is univ]se1--all inanimate be+s :]eby 8 omnisci5ce1 p[]1 & provid5ce w be e/abli%$1 & all 8 o!r attributes necess>ily foll[ yet1 to cle> up ?is a little fur!r1 we w see :at d\bt c be rais$ aga9/ x4 #ac4 ,:e!r ! ,et]nal ,m9d may be also mat]ial or no4 ,,fir/1 ,p]haps x w be said1 t1 ?\gh x be z cle> z demon/ration c make x1 t !re mu/ be an et]nal ,be+1 & t ,be+ mu/ also be kn[+3 yet x does n foll[ b t ?9k+ ,be+ may also be ,,mat]ial4 ,let x be s1 x equally /ill foll[s t !re is a ,god4 ,= !re be an et]nal1 omnisci5t1 omnipot5t ,be+1 x is c]ta9 t !re is a ,god1 :e!r y imag9e t ,be+ to be mat]ial or no4 ,b h]e91 ,i suppose1 lies ! dang] & deceit ( t supposition3--!re be+ no way to avoid ! demon/ration1 t !re is an et]nal kn[+ ,be+1 m5 devot$ to matt]1 w\ld will+ly h x grant$1 t t kn[+ ,be+ is mat]ial2 & !n1 lett+ slide out ( _! m9ds1 or ! disc\rse1 ! demon/ration :]eby an et]nal ,,kn[+ ,be+ 0 prov$ necess>ily to exi/1 w\ld argue all to be matt]1 & s d5y a ,god1 t is1 an et]nal cogitative ,be+3 :]eby !y are s f> f e/abli%+1 t !y de/roy _! own hypo!sis4 ,=1 if !re c be1 9 _! op9ion1 et]nal matt]1 )\t any et]nal cogitative ,be+1 !y manife/ly sep>ate matt] & ?9k+1 & suppose no necess>y connexion ( ! "o ) ! o!r1 & s e/abli% ! necessity ( an et]nal ,_s1 b n ( matt]2 s9ce x has be5 prov$ already1 t an et]nal cogitative ,be+ is unavoidably to be grant$4 ,n[1 if ?9k+ & matt] may be sep>at$1 ! et]nal exi/5ce ( matt] w n foll[ f ! et]nal exi/5ce ( a cogitative ,be+1 & !y suppose x to no purpose4 #ad4 ,n mat]ial3 ,fir/1 because ea* ,p>ticle ( ,matt] is n cogitative4 ,b n[ let u see h[ !y c satisfy !mselves1 or o!rs1 t ?is et]nal ?9k+ ,be+ is mat]ial4 ,i4 ,i w\ld ask !m1 :e!r !y imag9e t all matt]1 ,,e ,,p>ticle ,,( ,,matt]1 ?9ks8 ,?is1 ,i suppose1 !y w sc>ce say2 s9ce !n !re w\ld be z _m et]nal ?9k+ be+s z !re are p>ticles ( matt]1 & s an inf9ity ( gods4 ,& yet1 if !y w n all[ matt] z matt]1 t is1 e p>ticle ( matt]1 to be z well cogitative z ext5d$1 !y w h z h>d a task to make out to _! own reasons a cogitative be+ out ( incogitative p>ticles1 z an ext5d$ be+ out ( unext5d$ p>ts1 if ,i may s speak4 #ae4 ,,ii4 ,secondly1 ,because "o ,p>ticle alone ( ,matt] _c be cogitative4 ,if all matt] does n ?9k1 ,i next ask1 ,:e!r x be ,,only ,,"o ,,atom t does s8 ,?is has z _m absurdities z ! o!r2 = !n ?is atom ( matt] mu/ be alone et]nal or n4 ,if ?is alone be et]nal1 !n ?is alone1 by its p[]ful ?\ght or w1 made all ! re/ ( matt]4 ,& s we h ! creation ( matt] by a p[]ful ?\ght1 :i* is t ! mat]iali/s /ick at2 = if !y suppose "o s+le ?9k+ atom to h produc$ all ! re/ ( matt]1 !y _c ascribe t pre-em95cy to x ^u any o!r acc\nt ?an t ( its ?9k+1 ! only suppos$ diff]5ce4 ,b all[ x to be by "s o!r way :i* is above our conception1 x mu/ /ill be creation2 & ^! m5 mu/ give up _! great maxim1 ,,ex ,,nihilo ,,nil ,,fit4 ,if x be said1 t all ! re/ ( matt] is equally et]nal z t ?9k+ atom1 x w be to say any?+ at pleasure1 ?\gh ev] s absurd4 ,= to suppose all matt] et]nal1 & yet "o small p>ticle 9 k & p[] inf9itely above all ! re/1 is )\t any ! lea/ appe>ance ( reason to frame an hypo!sis4 ,e p>ticle ( matt]1 z matt]1 is capable ( all ! same figures & motions ( any o!r2 & ,i *all5ge any "o1 9 8 ?\ghts1 to add any?+ else to "o above ano!r4 #af4 ,,iii4 ,?irdly1 ,because a ,sy/em ( incogitative ,matt] _c be cogitative4 ,if !n nei!r "o peculi> atom alone c be ?is et]nal ?9k+ be+2 nor all matt]1 z matt]1 i4 e4 e p>ticle ( matt]1 c be x2 x only rema9s1 t x is "s c]ta9 ,,sy/em ( matt]1 duly put toge!r1 t is ?is ?9k+ et]nal ,be+4 ,?is is t :i*1 ,i imag9e1 is t notion :i* m5 are apte/ to h ( ,god2 :o w\ld h him a mat]ial be+1 z mo/ readily sugge/$ to !m by ! ord9>y conceit !y h ( !mselves & o!r m51 :i* !y take to be mat]ial ?9k+ be+s4 ,b ?is imag9ation1 h[ev] m natural1 is no less absurd ?an ! o!r2 = to suppose ! et]nal ?9k+ ,be+ to be no?+ else b a composition ( p>ticles ( matt]1 ea* :]e( is incogitative1 is to ascribe all ! wisdom & k ( t et]nal ,be+ only to ! juxta-position ( p>ts2 ?an :i* no?+ c be m absurd4 ,= un?9k+ p>ticles ( matt]1 h[ev] put toge!r1 c h no?+ !reby add$ to !m1 b a new relation ( position1 :i* x is impossible %\ld give ?\ght & k to !m4 #ag4 ,& :e!r ?is corporeal ,sy/em is 9 ,motion or at ,re/4 ,b fur!r3 ?is corporeal sy/em ei!r has all its p>ts at re/1 or x is a c]ta9 motion ( ! p>ts :]e9 its ?9k+ consi/s4 ,if x be p]fectly at re/1 x is b "o lump1 & s c h no privileges above "o atom4 ,if x be ! motion ( its p>ts on :i* its ?9k+ dep5ds1 all ! ?\ghts !re mu/ be unavoidably accid5tal & limit$2 s9ce all ! p>ticles t by motion cause ?\ght1 be+ ea* ( !m 9 itself )\t any ?\ght1 _c regulate its own motions1 mu* less be regulat$ by ! ?\ght ( ! :ole2 s9ce t ?\ght is n ! cause ( motion1 7= !n x mu/ be antec$5t to x1 & s )\t x17 b ! consequ5ce ( x2 :]eby fre$om1 p[]1 *oice1 & all rational & wise ?9k+ or act+1 w be q tak5 away3 s t su* a ?9k+ be+ w be no bett] nor wis] ?an pure bl9d matt]2 s9ce to resolve all into ! accid5tal unguid$ motions ( bl9d matt]1 or into ?\ght dep5d+ on unguid$ motions ( bl9d matt]1 is ! same ?+3 n to m5tion ! n>r[ness ( su* ?\ghts & k t mu/ dep5d on ! motion ( su* p>ts4 ,b !re ne$s no enum]ation ( any m absurdities & impossibilities 9 ?is hypo!sis 7h[ev] full ( !m x be7 ?an t be=e m5tion$2 s9ce1 let ?is ?9k+ sy/em be all or a "p ( ! matt] ( ! univ]se1 x is impossible t any "o p>ticle %\ld ei!r "k its own1 or ! motion ( any o!r p>ticle1 or ! :ole "k ! motion ( e p>ticle2 & s regulate its own ?\ghts or motions1 or inde$ h any ?\ght result+ f su* motion4 #ah4 ,matt] n co-et]nal ) an ,et]nal ,m9d4 ,,secondly1 ,o!rs w\ld h ,matt] to be et]nal1 not)/&+ t !y all[ an et]nal1 cogitative1 immat]ial ,be+4 ,?is1 ?\gh x take n away ! be+ ( a ,god1 yet1 s9ce x d5ies "o & ! fir/ great piece ( 8 workman%ip1 ! creation1 let u consid] x a little4 ,matt] mu/ be all[$ et]nal3 ,:y8 because y _c conceive h[ x c be made out ( no?+3 :y d y n also ?9k y\rself et]nal8 ,y w answ]1 p]haps1 ,because1 ab\t tw5ty or =ty ye>s s9ce1 y began to be4 ,b if ,i ask y1 :at t ,,y is1 :i* began !n to be1 y c sc>ce tell me4 ,! matt] :]e( y are made began n !n to be3 = if x did1 !n x is n et]nal3 b x began to be put toge!r 9 su* a fa%ion & frame z makes up y\r body2 b yet t frame ( p>ticles is n y1 x makes n t ?9k+ ?+ y are2 7= ,i h n[ to d ) "o :o all[s an et]nal1 immat]ial1 ?9k+ ,be+1 b w\ld h un?9k+ ,matt] et]nal too27 !re=e1 :5 did t ?9k+ ?+ beg9 to be8 ,if x did nev] beg9 to be1 !n h y always be5 a ?9k+ ?+ f et]nity2 ! absurdity :]e( ,i ne$ n confute1 till ,i meet ) "o :o is s void ( und]/&+ z to own x4 ,if1 !re=e1 y c all[ a ?9k+ ?+ to be made out ( no?+1 7z all ?+s t are n et]nal mu/ be17 :y also c y n all[ x possible = a mat]ial be+ to be made out ( no?+ by an equal p[]1 b t y h ! exp]i5ce ( ! "o 9 view1 & n ( ! o!r8 ,?\gh1 :5 well consid]$1 creation ( a _s w be f\nd to require no less p[] ?an ! creation ( matt]4 ,nay1 possibly1 if we w\ld emancipate ourselves f vulg> notions1 & raise our ?\ghts1 z f> z !y w\ld rea*1 to a clos] contemplation ( ?+s1 we might be able to aim at "s dim & seem+ conception h[ ,,matt] might at fir/ be made1 & beg9 to exi/1 by ! p[] ( t et]nal fir/ ,be+3 b to give beg9n+ & be+ to a ,,_s w\ld be f\nd a m inconceivable effect ( omnipot5t p[]4 ,b ?is be+ :at w\ld p]haps lead u too f> f ! notions on :i* ! philosophy n[ 9 ! _w is built1 x w\ld n be p>donable to deviate s f> f !m2 or to inquire1 s f> z gramm> itself w\ld au?orize1 if ! common settl$ op9ion opposes x3 especially 9 ?is place1 :]e ! receiv$ doctr9e s]ves well en\gh to our pres5t purpose1 & leaves ?is pa/ d\bt1 t ! creation or beg9n+ ( any "o ,,sub/ance out ( no?+ be+ once admitt$1 ! creation ( all o!r b ! ,creator himself1 may1 ) ! same ease1 be suppos$4 #ai4 ,objection3 ,creation out ( no?+4 ,b y w say1 ,is x n impossible to admit ( ! mak+ any?+ out ( no?+1 ,,s9ce ,,we ,,_c ,,possibly ,,conceive ,,x8 ,i answ]1 ,no4 ,because x is n reasonable to d5y ! p[] ( an inf9ite be+1 because we _c compreh5d its op]ations4 ,we d n d5y o!r effects ^u ?is gr\nd1 because we _c possibly conceive ! mann] ( _! production4 ,we _c conceive h[ any?+ b impulse ( body c move body2 & yet t is n a reason suffici5t to make u d5y x possible1 aga9/ ! con/ant exp]i5ce we h ( x 9 ourselves1 9 all our volunt>y motions2 :i* are produc$ 9 u only by ! free action or ?\ght ( our own m9ds1 & are n1 nor c be1 ! effects ( ! impulse or det]m9ation ( ! motion ( bl9d matt] 9 or ^u our own bodies2 = !n x c\ld n be 9 our p[] or *oice to alt] x4 ,= example3 my "r h& writes1 :il/ my left h& is /ill3 ,:at causes re/ 9 "o1 & motion 9 ! o!r8 ,no?+ b my w1--a ?\ght ( my m9d2 my ?\ght only *ang+1 ! "r h& re/s1 & ! left h& moves4 ,?is is matt] ( fact1 :i* _c be d5i$3 expla9 ?is & make x intelligible1 & !n ! next /ep w be to und]/& creation4 ,= ! giv+ a new det]m9ation to ! motion ( ! animal spirits 7:i* "s make use ( to expla9 volunt>y motion7 cle>s n ! difficulty "o jot4 ,to alt] ! det]m9ation ( motion1 be+ 9 ?is case no easi] nor less1 ?an to give motion itself3 s9ce ! new det]m9ation giv5 to ! animal spirits mu/ be ei!r imm$iately by ?\ght1 or by "s o!r body put 9 _! way by ?\ght :i* 0 n 9 _! way be=e1 & s mu/ owe ,,its motion to ?\ght3 ei!r ( :i* leaves ,,volunt>y motion z un9telligible z x 0 be=e4 ,9 ! meantime1 x is an ov]-valu+ ourselves to r$uce all to ! n>r[ measure ( our capacities2 & to conclude all ?+s impossible to be done1 ^: mann] ( do+ exce$s our compreh5sion4 ,?is is to make our compreh5sion inf9ite1 or ,god f9ite1 :5 :at ,he c d is limit$ to :at we c conceive ( x4 ,if y d n und]/& ! op]ations ( y\r own f9ite m9d1 t ?9k+ ?+ )9 y1 d n deem x /range t y _c compreh5d ! op]ations ( t et]nal inf9ite ,m9d1 :o made & gov]ns all ?+s1 & :om ! heav5 ( heav5s _c conta94 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,( ,,our ,,k ,,( ,,! ,,exi/5ce ,,( ,,o!r ,,?+s4 #a4 ,k ( ! exi/5ce ( o!r ,f9ite ,be+s is to be _h only by actual ,s5sation4 ,! k ( our own be+ we h by intuition4 ,! exi/5ce ( a ,god1 reason cle>ly makes kn[n to u1 z has be5 %[n4 ,! k ( ! exi/5ce ( ,,any ,,o!r ,,?+ we c h only by ,,s5sation3 = !re be+ no necess>y connexion ( real exi/5ce ) any ,,idea a man ha? 9 8 memory2 nor ( any o!r exi/5ce b t ( ,god ) ! exi/5ce ( any p>ticul> man3 no p>ticul> man c "k ! exi/5ce ( any o!r be+1 b only :51 by actual op]at+ ^u him1 x makes itself p]ceiv$ by him4 ,=1 ! hav+ ! idea ( any?+ 9 our m9d1 no m proves ! exi/5ce ( t ?+1 ?an ! picture ( a man evid5ces 8 be+ 9 ! _w1 or ! visions ( a dream make !reby a true hi/ory4 #b4 ,in/ance3 ,:it5ess ( ?is ,pap]4 ,x is !re=e ! ,,actual ,,receiv+ ( ideas f )\t t gives u notice ( ! exi/5ce ( o!r ?+s1 & makes u "k1 t some?+ do? exi/ at t "t )\t u1 :i* causes t idea 9 u2 ?\gh p]haps we nei!r "k nor consid] h[ x does x4 ,= x takes n f ! c]ta9ty ( our s5ses1 & ! ideas we receive by !m1 t we "k n ! mann] :]e9 !y are produc$3 v4g4 :il/ ,i write ?is1 ,i h1 by ! pap] affect+ my eyes1 t idea produc$ 9 my m9d1 :i*1 :atev] object causes1 ,i call ,,:ite2 by :i* ,i "k t t quality or accid5t 7i4e4 ^: appe>ance be=e my eyes always causes t idea7 do? really exi/1 & ha? a be+ )\t me4 ,& ( ?is1 ! greate/ assurance ,i c possibly h1 & to :i* my faculties c atta91 is ! te/imony ( my eyes1 :i* are ! prop] & sole judges ( ?is ?+2 ^: te/imony ,i h reason to rely on z s c]ta91 t ,i c no m d\bt1 :il/ ,i write ?is1 t ,i see :ite & black1 & t some?+ really exi/s t causes t s5sation 9 me1 ?an t ,i write or move my h&2 :i* is a c]ta9ty z great z human nature is capable (1 conc]n+ ! exi/5ce ( any?+1 b a man's self alone1 & ( ,god4 #c4 ,?is notice by our ,s5ses1 ?\gh n s c]ta9 z ,demon/ration1 yet may be call$ ,k1 & proves ! ,exi/5ce ( ,?+s )\t u4 ,! notice we h by our s5ses ( ! exi/+ ( ?+s )\t u1 ?\gh x be n altoge!r s c]ta9 z our intuitive k1 or ! d$uctions ( our reason employ$ ab\t ! cle> ab/ract ideas ( our own m9ds2 yet x is an assurance t des]ves ! "n ( ,,k4 ,if we p]suade ourselves t our faculties act & in=m u "r conc]n+ ! exi/5ce ( ^? objects t affect !m1 x _c pass = an ill-gr\nd$ confid5ce3 = ,i ?9k nobody c1 9 e>ne/1 be s sceptical z to be unc]ta9 ( ! exi/5ce ( ^? ?+s :i* he sees & feels4 ,at lea/1 he t c d\bt s f>1 7:atev] he may h ) 8 own ?\ghts17 w nev] h any controv]sy ) me2 s9ce he c nev] be sure ,i say any?+ contr>y to 8 own op9ion4 ,z to myself1 ,i ?9k ,god has giv5 me assurance en\gh ( ! exi/5ce ( ?+s )\t me3 s9ce1 by _! diff]5t application1 ,i c produce 9 myself bo? pleasure & pa91 :i* is "o great conc]nm5t ( my pres5t /ate4 ,?is is c]ta93 ! confid5ce t our faculties d n h]e9 deceive u1 is ! greate/ assurance we are capable ( conc]n+ ! exi/5ce ( mat]ial be+s4 ,= we _c act any?+ b by our faculties2 nor talk ( k itself1 b by ! help ( ^? faculties :i* are fitt$ to appreh5d ev5 :at k is4 ,b besides ! assurance we h f our s5ses !mselves1 t !y d n err 9 ! in=mation !y give u ( ! exi/5ce ( ?+s )\t u1 :5 !y are affect$ by !m1 we are fur!r confirm$ 9 ?is assurance by o!r concurr5t reasons3-- #d4 ,i4 ,confirm$ by concurr5t reasons3--,fir/1 ,because we _c h ideas ( ,s5sation b by ! ,inlet ( ! ,s5ses4 ,x is pla9 ^? p]ceptions are produc$ 9 u by ext]ior causes affect+ our s5ses3 because ^? t want ! ,,organs ( any s5se1 nev] c h ! ideas belong+ to t s5se produc$ 9 _! m9ds4 ,?is is too evid5t to be d\bt$3 & !re=e we _c b be assur$ t !y come 9 by ! organs ( t s5se1 & no o!r way4 ,! organs !mselves1 x is pla91 d n produce !m3 = !n ! eyes ( a man 9 ! d>k w\ld produce col\rs1 & 8 nose smell roses 9 ! w9t]3 b we see nobody gets ! reli% ( a p9eapple1 till he goes to ! ,indies1 :]e x is1 & ta/es x4 #e4 ,,ii4 ,secondly1 ,because we f9d t an ,idea f actual ,s5sation1 & ano!r f memory1 are v di/9ct ,p]ceptions4 ,because sometimes ,i f9d t ,i ,,_c ,,avoid ,,! ,,hav+ ,,^? ,,ideas ,,produc$ ,,9 ,,my ,,m9d4 ,= ?\gh1 :5 my eyes are %ut1 or w9d[s fa/1 ,i c at pleasure recal to my m9d ! ideas ( light1 or ! sun1 :i* =m] s5sations _h lodg$ 9 my memory2 s ,i c at pleasure lay by ,,t idea1 & take into my view t ( ! smell ( a rose1 or ta/e ( sug>4 ,b1 if ,i turn my eyes at noon t[>ds ! sun1 ,i _c avoid ! ideas :i* ! light or sun !n produces 9 me4 ,s t !re is a manife/ diff]5ce betwe5 ! ideas laid up 9 my memory1 7ov] :i*1 if !y 7 !re only1 ,i %\ld h con/antly ! same p[] to dispose ( !m1 & lay !m by at pleasure17 & ^? :i* =ce !mselves ^u me1 & ,i _c avoid hav+4 ,& !re=e x mu/ ne$s be "s ext]ior cause1 & ! brisk act+ ( "s objects )\t me1 ^: efficacy ,i _c resi/1 t produces ^? ideas 9 my m9d1 :e!r ,i w or no4 ,besides1 !re is nobody :o do? n p]ceive ! diff]5ce 9 himself betwe5 contemplat+ ! sun1 z he ha? ! idea ( x 9 8 memory1 & actually look+ ^u x3 ( :i* two1 8 p]ception is s di/9ct1 t few ( 8 ideas are m di/+ui%able "o f ano!r4 ,& !re=e he ha? c]ta9 k t !y are n ,,bo? memory1 or ! actions ( 8 m9d1 & fancies only )9 him2 b t actual see+ ha? a cause )\t4 #f4 ,,iii4 ,?irdly1 ,because ,pleasure or ,pa91 :i* accompanies actual ,s5sation1 accompanies n ! return+ ( ^? ,ideas )\t ! ext]nal ,objects4 ,add to ?is1 t _m ( ^? ideas are ,,produc$ ,,9 ,,u ,,) ,,pa91 :i* aft]w>ds we rememb] )\t ! lea/ (f5ce4 ,?us1 ! pa9 ( heat or cold1 :5 ! idea ( x is reviv$ 9 our m9ds1 gives u no di/urbance2 :i*1 :5 felt1 0 v tr\blesome2 & is aga91 :5 actually repeat$3 :i* is occasion$ by ! disord] ! ext]nal object causes 9 our bodies :5 appli$ to !m3 & we rememb] ! pa9s ( hung]1 ?ir/1 or ! heada*e1 )\t any pa9 at all2 :i* w\ld ei!r nev] di/urb u1 or else con/antly d x1 z (t5 z we ?\ght ( x1 7 !re no?+ m b ideas float+ 9 our m9ds1 & appe>ances ent]ta9+ our fancies1 )\t ! real exi/5ce ( ?+s affect+ u f abroad4 ,! same may be said ( ,,pleasure1 accompany+ sev]al actual s5sations4 ,& ?\gh ma!matical demon/ration dep5ds n ^u s5se1 yet ! exam9+ !m by diagrams gives great cr$it to ! evid5ce ( our sight1 & seems to give x a c]ta9ty approa*+ to t ( demon/ration itself4 ,=1 x w\ld be v /range1 t a man %\ld all[ x = an und5iable tru?1 t two angles ( a figure1 :i* he measures by l9es & angles ( a diagram1 %\ld be bigg] "o ?an ! o!r1 & yet d\bt ( ! exi/5ce ( ^? l9es & angles1 :i* by look+ on he makes use ( to measure t by4 #g4 ,,iv4 ,f\r?ly1 ,because our ,s5ses assi/ "o ano!r's ,te/imony ( ! ,exi/5ce ( outw>d ,?+s1 & enable u to pr$ict4 ,our ,,s5ses 9 _m cases ,,be> ,,witness ,,to ,,! ,,tru? ,,( ,,ea* ,,o!r',s ,,report1 conc]n+ ! exi/5ce ( s5sible ?+s )\t u4 ,he t ,,sees a fire1 may1 if he d\bt :e!r x be any?+ m ?an a b>e fancy1 ,,feel x too2 & be conv9c$1 by putt+ 8 h& 9 x4 ,:i* c]ta9ly c\ld nev] be put into su* exquisite pa9 by a b>e idea or phantom1 unless t ! pa9 be a fancy too3 :i* yet he _c1 :5 ! burn is well1 by rais+ ! idea ( x1 br+ ^u himself aga94 ,?us ,i see1 :il/ ,i write ?is1 ,i c *ange ! appe>ance ( ! pap]2 & by design+ ! lett]s1 tell ,,be=eh& :at new idea x %all exhibit ! v next mom5t1 by b>ely draw+ my p5 ov] x3 :i* w nei!r appe> 7let me fancy z mu* z ,i w7 if my h&s /& /ill2 or ?\gh ,i move my p51 if my eyes be %ut3 nor1 :5 ^? *>act]s are once made on ! pap]1 c ,i *oose aft]w>ds b see !m z !y are2 t is1 h ! ideas ( su* lett]s z ,i h made4 ,:5ce x is manife/1 t !y are n b>ely ! sport & play ( my own imag9ation1 :5 ,i f9d t ! *>act]s t 7 made at ! pleasure ( my own ?\ghts1 d n obey !m2 nor yet cease to be1 :5ev] ,i %all fancy x1 b cont9ue to affect my s5ses con/antly & regul>ly1 accord+ to ! figures ,i made !m4 ,to :i* if we w add1 t ! sight ( ^? %all f ano!r man1 draw su* s\nds z ,i be=eh& design !y %all /& =1 !re w be little reason left to d\bt t ^? words ,i write d really exi/ )\t me1 :5 !y cause a long s]ies ( regul> s\nds to affect my e>s1 :i* c\ld n be ! effect ( my imag9ation1 nor c\ld my memory reta9 !m 9 t ord]4 #h4 ,?is ,c]ta9ty is z great z our ,condition ne$s4 ,b yet1 if aft] all ?is any "o w be s sceptical z to di/ru/ 8 s5ses1 & to affirm t all we see & he>1 feel & ta/e1 ?9k & d1 dur+ our :ole be+1 is b ! s]ies & delud+ appe>ances ( a long dream1 :]e( !re is no reality2 & !re=e w "q ! exi/5ce ( all ?+s1 or our k ( any?+3 ,i mu/ desire him to consid]1 t1 if all be a dream1 !n he do? b dream t he makes ! "q1 & s x is n mu* matt] t a wak+ man %\ld answ] him4 ,b yet1 if he pleases1 he may dream t ,i make him ?is answ]1 ,t ! c]ta9ty ( ?+s exi/+ 9 ,,r]um ,,natura :5 we h ! te/imony ( our s5ses = x is n only z great z our frame c atta9 to1 b z our condition ne$s4 ,=1 our faculties be+ suit$ n to ! full ext5t ( be+1 nor to a p]fect1 cle>1 compreh5sive k ( ?+s free f all d\bt & scruple2 b to ! pres]vation ( u1 9 :om !y are2 & accommodat$ to ! use ( life3 !y s]ve to our purpose well en\gh1 if !y w b give u c]ta9 notice ( ^? ?+s1 :i* are conv5i5t or inconv5i5t to u4 ,= he t sees a c&le burn+1 & ha? exp]im5t$ ! =ce ( its flame by putt+ 8 f+] 9 x1 w little d\bt t ?is is some?+ exi/+ )\t him1 :i* does him h>m1 & puts him to great pa93 :i* is assurance en\gh1 :5 no man requires great] c]ta9ty to gov]n 8 actions by ?an :at is z c]ta9 z 8 actions !mselves4 ,& if our dream] pleases to try :e!r ! gl[+ heat ( a glass furnace be b>ely a w&]+ imag9ation 9 a dr[sy man's fancy1 by putt+ 8 h& into x1 he may p]haps be wak5$ into a c]ta9ty great] ?an he c\ld wi%1 t x is some?+ m ?an b>e imag9ation4 ,s t ?is evid5ce is z great z we c desire1 be+ z c]ta9 to u z our pleasure or pa91 i4e4 happ9ess or mis]y2 beyond :i* we h no conc]nm5t1 ei!r ( kn[+ or be+4 ,su* an assurance ( ! exi/5ce ( ?+s )\t u is suffici5t to direct u 9 ! atta9+ ! good & avoid+ ! evil :i* is caus$ by !m1 :i* is ! important conc]nm5t we h ( be+ made acqua9t$ ) !m4 #i4 ,b rea*es no fur!r ?an actual ,s5sation4 ,9 f9e1 !n1 :5 our s5ses d actually convey into our und]/&+s any idea1 we _c b be satisfi$ t !re do? some?+ ,,at ,,t ,,"t really exi/ )\t u1 :i* do? affect our s5ses1 & by !m give notice ( itself to our appreh5sive faculties1 & actually produce t idea :i* we !n p]ceive3 & we _c s f> di/ru/ _! te/imony1 z to d\bt t su* ,,collections ( simple ideas z we h obs]v$ by our s5ses to be unit$ toge!r1 d really exi/ toge!r4 ,b ?is k ext5ds z f> z ! pres5t te/imony ( our s5ses1 employ$ ab\t p>ticul> objects t d !n affect !m1 & no fur!r4 ,= if ,i saw su* a collection ( simple ideas z is wont to be call$ ,,man1 exi/+ toge!r "o m9ute s9ce1 & am n[ alone1 ,i _c be c]ta9 t ! same man exi/s n[1 s9ce !re is no ,,necess>y ,,connexion ( 8 exi/5ce a m9ute s9ce ) 8 exi/5ce n[3 by a ?\s& ways he may cease to be1 s9ce ,i _h ! te/imony ( my s5ses = 8 exi/5ce4 ,& if ,i _c be c]ta9 t ! man ,i saw la/ to-day is n[ 9 be+1 ,i c less be c]ta9 t he is s :o ha? be5 long] remov$ f my s5ses1 & ,i h n se5 s9ce ye/]day1 or s9ce ! la/ ye>3 & mu* less c ,i be c]ta9 ( ! exi/5ce ( m5 t ,i nev] saw4 ,&1 !re=e1 ?\gh x be highly probable t millions ( m5 d n[ exi/1 yet1 :il/ ,i am alone1 writ+ ?is1 ,i h n t c]ta9ty ( x :i* we /rictly call k2 ?\gh ! great likelihood ( x puts me pa/ d\bt1 & x be reasonable = me to d sev]al ?+s ^u ! confid5ce t !re are m5 7& m5 also ( my acqua9tance1 ) :om ,i h to d7 n[ 9 ! _w3 b ?is is b probability1 n k4 #aj4 ,folly to expect ,demon/ration 9 ev]y?+4 ,:]eby yet we may obs]ve h[ fooli% & va9 a ?+ x is = a man ( a n>r[ k1 :o hav+ reason giv5 him to judge ( ! diff]5t evid5ce & probability ( ?+s1 & to be sway$ accord+ly2 h[ va91 ,i say1 x is to expect demon/ration & c]ta9ty 9 ?+s n capable ( x2 & refuse ass5t to v rational propositions1 & act contr>y to v pla9 & cle> tru?s1 because !y _c be made out s evid5t1 z to surm\nt e ! lea/ 7,i w n say reason1 b7 pret5ce ( d\bt+4 ,he t1 9 ! ord9>y affairs ( life1 w\ld admit ( no?+ b direct pla9 demon/ration1 w\ld be sure ( no?+ 9 ?is _w1 b ( p]i%+ quickly4 ,! :olesom5ess ( 8 meat or dr9k w\ld n give him reason to v5ture on x3 & ,i w\ld fa9 "k :at x is he c\ld d ^u su* gr\nds z are capable ( no d\bt1 no objection4 #aa4 ,pa/ ,exi/5ce ( o!r ?+s is kn[n by ,memory4 ,z ,,:5 ,,our ,,s5ses ,,are ,,actually ,,employ$ ,,ab\t ,,any ,,object1 we d "k t x does exi/2 s ,,by ,,our ,,memory we may be assur$1 t h]et(ore ?+s t affect$ our s5ses h exi/$4 ,& ?us we h k ( ! pa/ exi/5ce ( sev]al ?+s1 :]e( our s5ses hav+ in=m$ u1 our memories /ill reta9 ! ideas2 & ( ?is we are pa/ all d\bt1 s long z we rememb] well4 ,b ?is k also rea*es no fur!r ?an our s5ses h =m]ly assur$ u4 ,?us1 see+ wat] at ?is in/ant1 x is an unque/ionable tru? to me t wat] do? exi/3 & rememb]+ t ,i saw x ye/]day1 x w also be always true1 & z long z my memory reta9s x always an und\bt$ proposition to me1 t wat] did exi/ ! #aj? ( ,july1 #afhh2 z x w also be equally true t a c]ta9 numb] ( v f9e col\rs did exi/1 :i* at ! same "t ,i saw ^u a bubble ( t wat]3 b1 be+ n[ q out ( sight bo? ( ! wat] & bubbles too1 x is no m c]ta9ly kn[n to me t ! wat] do? n[ exi/1 ?an t ! bubbles or col\rs !re9 d s3 x be+ no m necess>y t wat] %\ld exi/ to-day1 because x exi/$ ye/]day1 ?an t ! col\rs or bubbles exi/ to-day1 because !y exi/$ ye/]day1 ?\gh x be exce$+ly mu* m probable2 because wat] ha? be5 obs]v$ to cont9ue long 9 exi/5ce1 b bubbles1 & ! col\rs on !m1 quickly cease to be4 #ab4 ,! ,exi/5ce ( o!r f9ite ,spirits n kn[able1 & re/s on ,fai?4 ,:at ideas we h ( spirits1 & h[ we come by !m1 ,i h already %[n4 ,b ?\gh we h ^? ideas 9 our m9ds1 & "k we h !m !re1 ! hav+ ! ideas ( spirits does n make u "k t any su* ?+s d exi/ )\t u1 or t !re are any f9ite spirits1 or any o!r spiritual be+s1 b ! ,et]nal ,god4 ,we h gr\nd f revelation1 & sev]al o!r reasons1 to believe ) assurance t !re are su* creatures3 b our s5ses n be+ able to discov] !m1 we want ! means ( kn[+ _! p>ticul> exi/5ces4 ,= we c no m "k t !re are f9ite spirits really exi/+1 by ! idea we h ( su* be+s 9 our m9ds1 ?an by ! ideas any "o has ( fairies or c5taurs1 he c come to "k t ?+s answ]+ ^? ideas d really exi/4 ,& !re=e conc]n+ ! exi/5ce ( f9ite spirits1 z well z sev]al o!r ?+s1 we mu/ cont5t ourselves ) ! evid5ce ( fai?2 b univ]sal1 c]ta9 propositions conc]n+ ?is matt] are beyond our rea*4 ,= h[ev] true x may be1 v4g41 t all ! intellig5t spirits t ,god ev] creat$ d /ill exi/1 yet x c nev] make a "p ( our c]ta9 k4 ,^! & ! l propositions we may ass5t to1 z highly probable1 b are n1 ,i fe>1 9 ?is /ate capable ( kn[+4 ,we are n1 !n1 to put o!rs ^u demon/rat+1 nor ourselves ^u se>* ( univ]sal c]ta9ty 9 all ^? matt]s2 :]e9 we are n capable ( any o!r k1 b :at our s5ses give u 9 ?is or t p>ticul>4 #ac4 ,only p>ticul> ,propositions conc]n+ concrete ,exi/ances are kn[able4 ,by :i* x appe>s t !re are two sorts ( propositions3--7#a7 ,!re is "o sort ( propositions conc]n+ ! exi/5ce ( any?+ answ]able to su* an idea3 z hav+ ! idea ( an elephant1 pho5ix1 motion1 or an angel1 9 my m9d1 ! fir/ & natural inquiry is1 ,:e!r su* a ?+ does any:]e exi/8 ,& ?is k is only ( p>ticul>s4 ,no exi/5ce ( any?+ )\t u1 b only ( ,god1 c c]ta9ly be kn[n fur!r ?an our s5ses in=m u1 7#b7 ,!re is ano!r sort ( propositions1 :]e9 is express$ ! agreem5t or disagreem5t ( ,,our ,,ab/ract ,,ideas1 & _! dep5d5ce on "o ano!r4 ,su* propositions may be univ]sal & c]ta94 ,s1 hav+ ! idea ( ,god & myself1 ( fe> & ob$i5ce1 ,i _c b be sure t ,god is to be fe>$ & obey$ by me3 & ?is proposition w be c]ta91 conc]n+ man 9 g5]al1 if ,i h made an ab/ract idea ( su* a species1 :]e( ,i am "o p>ticul>4 ,b yet ?is proposition1 h[ c]ta9 soev]1 t 'm5 ought to fe> & obey ,god' proves n to me ! ,,exi/5ce ( ,,m5 9 ! _w2 b w be true ( all su* creatures1 :5ev] !y d exi/3 :i* c]ta9ty ( su* g5]al propositions dep5ds on ! agreem5t or disagreem5t to be discov]$ 9 ^? ab/ract ideas4 #ad4 ,& all g5]al ,propositions t are kn[n to be true conc]n ab/ract ,ideas4 ,9 ! =m] case1 our k is ! consequ5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( ?+s1 produc+ ideas 9 our m9ds by our s5ses3 9 ! latt]1 k is ! consequ5ce ( ! ideas 7be !y :at !y w7 t are 9 our m9ds1 produc+ !re g5]al c]ta9 propositions4 ,_m ( ^! are call$ ,,aet]nae ,,v]itates1 & all ( !m inde$ are s2 n f be+ writt51 all or any ( !m1 9 ! m9ds ( all m52 or t !y 7 any ( !m propositions 9 any "o's m9d1 till he1 hav+ got ! ab/ract ideas1 jo9$ or sep>at$ !m by affirmation or negation4 ,b :]esoev] we c suppose su* a creature z man is1 end[$ ) su* faculties1 & !reby furni%$ ) su* ideas z we h1 we mu/ conclude1 he mu/ ne$s1 :5 he applies 8 ?\ghts to ! consid]ation ( 8 ideas1 "k ! tru? ( c]ta9 propositions t w arise f ! agreem5t or disagreem5t :i* he w p]ceive 9 8 own ideas4 ,su* propositions are !re=e call$ ,,et]nal ,,tru?s1 n because !y are et]nal propositions actually =m$1 & antec$5t to ! und]/&+ t at any "t makes !m2 nor because !y are impr9t$ on ! m9d f any patt]ns t are any:]e out ( ! m9d1 & exi/$ be=e3 b because1 be+ once made ab\t ab/ract ideas1 s z to be true1 !y w1 :5ev] !y c be suppos$ to be made aga9 at any "t1 pa/ or come1 by a m9d hav+ ^? ideas1 always actually be true4 ,= names be+ suppos$ to /& p]petually = ! same ideas1 & ! same ideas hav+ immutably ! same habitudes "o to ano!r1 propositions conc]n+ any ab/ract ideas t are once true mu/ ne$s be ,,et]nal ,,v]ities4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,( ,,! ,,improvem5t ,,( ,,our ,,k #a4 ,k is n got f ,maxims4 ,,x hav+ be5 ! common receiv$ op9ion among/ m5 ( lett]s1 t ,,maxims 7 ! f\ndation ( all k2 & t ! sci5ces 7 ea* ( !m built ^u c]ta9 ,,praecognita1 f :5ce ! und]/&+ 0 to take its rise1 & by :i* x 0 to conduct itself 9 its inquiries into ! matt]s belong+ to t sci5ce1 ! beat5 road ( ! ,s*ools has be51 to lay d[n 9 ! beg9n+ "o or m ,,g5]al ,,propositions1 z f\ndations :]eon to build ! k t 0 to be _h ( t subject4 ,^! doctr9es1 ?us laid d[n = f\ndations ( any sci5ce1 7 call$ ,,pr9ciples1 z ! beg9n+s f :i* we mu/ set out1 & look no fur!r backw>ds 9 our inquiries1 z we h already obs]v$4 #b4 7,! ,occasion ( t ,op9ion47 ,"o ?+ :i* might probably give an occasion to ?is way ( proce$+ 9 o!r sci5ces1 0 7z ,i suppose7 ! good success x seem$ to h 9 ,,ma!matics1 :]e9 m51 be+ obs]v$ to atta9 a great c]ta9ty ( k1 ^! sci5ces came by pre-em95ce to be call$ ^w 9 ,greek1 & ^w 9 ,greek1 le>n+1 or ?+s le>n$1 ?or\ghly le>n$1 z hav+ ( all o!rs ! greate/ c]ta9ty1 cle>ness1 & evid5ce 9 !m4 #c4 ,b f comp>+ cle> & di/9ct ,ideas4 ,b if any "o w consid]1 he w 7,i guess7 f9d1 t ! great advancem5t & c]ta9ty ( real k :i* m5 arriv$ to 9 ^! sci5ces1 0 n ow+ to ! influ5ce ( ^! pr9ciples1 nor d]iv$ f any peculi> advantage !y receiv$ f two or ?ree g5]al maxims1 laid d[n 9 ! beg9n+2 b f ! cle>1 di/9ct1 complete ideas _! ?\ghts 7 employ$ ab\t1 & ! relation ( equality & excess s cle> betwe5 "s ( !m1 t !y _h an intuitive k1 & by ,,t a way to discov] x 9 o!rs2 & ?is )\t ! help ( ^? maxims4 ,= ,i ask1 ,is x n possible = a "y lad to "k t 8 :ole body is bigg] ?an 8 little f+]1 b by virtue ( ?is axiom1 t ,,! ,,:ole ,,is ,,bigg] ,,?an ,a ,,"p2 nor be assur$ ( x1 till he has le>n$ t maxim8 ,or _c a c\ntry w5* "k t1 hav+ receiv$ a %ill+ f "o t owes h] ?ree1 & a %ill+ also f ano!r t owes h] ?ree1 ! rema9+ debts 9 ea* ( _! h&s are equal8 ,_c %e "k ?is1 ,i say1 unless %e fet* ! c]ta9ty ( x f ?is maxim1 t ,,if ,,y ,,take ,,equals ,,f ,,equals1 ,,! ,,rema9d] ,,w ,,be ,,equals1 a maxim :i* possibly %e nev] he>d or ?\ght (8 ,i desire any "o to consid]1 f :at has be5 else:]e said1 :i* is kn[n fir/ & cle>e/ by mo/ p1 ! p>ticul> in/ance1 or ! g5]al rule2 & :i* x is t gives life & bir? to ! o!r4 ,^! g5]al rules are b ! comp>+ our m g5]al & ab/ract ideas1 :i* are ! workman%ip ( ! m9d1 made1 & names giv5 to !m = ! easi] dispat* 9 its reason+s1 & draw+ into compreh5sive t]ms & %ort rules its v>i\s & multipli$ obs]vations4 ,b k began 9 ! m9d1 & 0 f\nd$ on p>ticul>s2 ?\gh aft]w>ds1 p]haps1 no notice 0 tak5 !re(3 x be+ natural = ! m9d 7=w>d /ill to enl>ge its k7 mo/ att5tively to lay up ^? g5]al notions1 & make ! prop] use ( !m1 :i* is to disburd5 ! memory ( ! cumb]some load ( p>ticul>s4 ,= ,i desire x may be consid]$1 :at m c]ta9ty !re is to a *ild1 or any "o1 t 8 body1 little f+]1 & all1 is bigg] ?an 8 little f+] alone1 aft] y h giv5 to 8 body ! "n ,,:ole1 & to 8 little f+] ! "n ,,"p1 ?an he c\ld h _h be=e2 or :at new k conc]n+ 8 body c ^! two relative t]ms give him1 :i* he c\ld n h )\t !m8 ,c\ld he n "k t 8 body 0 bigg] ?an 8 little f+]1 if 8 language 7 yet s imp]fect t he _h no su* relative t]ms z :ole & "p8 ,i ask1 fur!r1 :5 he has got ^! names1 h[ is he m c]ta9 t 8 body is a :ole1 & 8 little f+] a "p1 ?an he 0 or might be c]ta9 be=e he le>nt ^? t]ms1 t 8 body 0 bigg] ?an 8 little f+]8 ,any "o may z reasonably d\bt or d5y t 8 little f+] is a "p ( 8 body1 z t x is less ?an 8 body4 ,& he t c d\bt :e!r x be less1 w z c]ta9ly d\bt :e!r x be a "p4 ,s t ! maxim1 ! :ole is bigg] ?an a "p1 c nev] be made use ( to prove ! little f+] less ?an ! body1 b :5 x is useless1 by be+ br\ght to conv9ce "o ( a tru? :i* he kn[s already4 ,= he t does n c]ta9ly "k t any p>cel ( matt]1 ) ano!r p>cel ( matt] jo9$ to x1 is bigg] ?an ei!r ( !m alone1 w nev] be able to "k x by ! help ( ^! two relative t]ms1 :ole & "p1 make ( !m :at maxim y please4 #d4 ,dang]\s to build ^u prec>i\s ,pr9ciples4 ,b be x 9 ! ma!matics z x w1 :e!r x be cle>]1 t1 tak+ an in* f a black l9e ( two in*es1 & an in* f a r$ l9e ( two in*es1 ! rema9+ p>ts ( ! two l9es w be equal1 or t ,,if ,,y ,,take ,,equals ,,f ,,equals1 ,,! ,,rema9d] ,,w ,,be ,,equals3 :i*1 ,i say1 ( ^! two is ! cle>] & fir/ kn[n1 ,i leave to any "o to det]m9e1 x n be+ mat]ial to my pres5t occasion4 ,t :i* ,i h "h to d1 is to inquire1 :e!r1 if x be ! readie/ way to k to beg9 ) g5]al maxims1 & build ^u !m1 x be yet a safe way to take ! ,,pr9ciples :i* are laid d[n 9 any o!r sci5ce z unque/ionable tru?s2 & s receive !m )\t exam9ation1 & adh]e to !m1 )\t suff]+ !m to be d\bt$ (1 because ma!maticians h be5 s happy1 or s fair1 to use none b self-evid5t & und5iable4 ,if ?is be s1 ,i "k n :at may n pass = tru? 9 morality1 :at may n be introduc$ & prov$ 9 natural philosophy4 ,let t pr9ciple ( "s ( ! old philosoph]s1 ,t all is ,matt]1 & t !re is no?+ else1 be receiv$ = c]ta9 & indubitable1 & x w be easy to be se5 by ! writ+s ( "s t h reviv$ x aga9 9 our days1 :at consequ5ces x w lead u into4 ,let any "o1 ) ,polemo1 take ! _w2 or ) ! ,/oics1 ! ae!r1 or ! sun2 or ) ,anaxim5es1 ! air1 to be ,god2 & :at a div9ity1 religion1 & wor%ip mu/ we ne$s h6 ,no?+ c be s dang]\s z ,,pr9ciples ?us ,,tak5 ,,up ,,)\t ,,que/ion+ ,,or ,,exam9ation2 especially if !y be su* z conc]n morality1 :i* influ5ce m5's lives1 & give a bias to all _! actions4 ,:o might n ju/ly expect ano!r k9d ( life 9 ,ari/ippus1 :o plac$ happ9ess 9 bodily pleasure2 & 9 ,anti/h5es1 :o made virtue suffici5t to felicity8 ,& he :o1 ) ,plato1 %all place beatitude 9 ! k ( ,god1 w h 8 ?\ghts rais$ to o!r contemplations ?an ^? :o look n beyond ?is spot ( e>?1 & ^? p]i%+ ?+s :i* are to be _h 9 x4 ,he t1 ) ,ar*elaus1 %all lay x d[n z a pr9ciple1 t "r & wrong1 hone/ & di%one/1 are def9$ only by laws1 & n by nature1 w h o!r measures ( moral rectitude & gravity1 ?an ^? :o take x = grant$ t we are "u obligations antec$5t to all human con/itutions4 #e4 ,to d s is no c]ta9 ,way to ,tru?4 ,if1 !re=e1 ^? t pass = ,,pr9ciples are ,,n ,,c]ta91 7:i* we mu/ h "s way to "k1 t we may be able to di/+ui% !m f ^? t are d\btful17 b are only made s to u by our bl9d ass5t1 we are liable to be misl$ by !m2 & in/ead ( be+ guid$ into tru?1 we %all1 by pr9ciples1 be only confirm$ 9 mi/ake & error4 #f4 ,b to comp>e cle>1 complete ,ideas1 "u /eady ,names4 ,b s9ce ! k ( ! c]ta9ty ( pr9ciples1 z well z ( all o!r tru?s1 dep5ds only ^u ! p]ception we h ( ! agreem5t or disagreem5t ( our ideas1 ! way to improve our k is n1 ,i am sure1 bl9dly1 & ) an implicit fai?1 to receive & swall[ pr9ciples2 b is1 ,i ?9k1 to get & fix 9 our m9ds cle>1 di/9ct1 & complete ideas1 z f> z !y are to be _h1 & annex to !m prop] & con/ant names4 ,& ?us1 p]haps1 )\t any o!r pr9ciples1 b ,,b>ely ,,consid]+ ,,^? ,,p]fect ,,ideas1 & by ,,comp>+ ,,!m ,,"o ,,) ,,ano!r2 f9d+ _! agreem5t & disagreem5t1 & _! sev]al relations & habitudes2 we %all get m true & cle> k by ! conduct ( ?is "o rule1 ?an by tak+ up pr9ciples1 & !reby putt+ our m9ds into ! disposal ( o!rs4 #g4 ,! true ,me?od ( advanc+ ,k is by consid]+ our ab/ract ,ideas4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 if we w proce$ z reason advises1 adapt our me?ods ( inquiry to ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,ideas ,,we ,,exam9e1 & ! tru? we se>* aft]4 ,g5]al & c]ta9 tru?s are only f\nd$ 9 ! habitudes & relations ( ,,ab/ract ,,ideas4 ,a sagaci\s & me?odical application ( our ?\ghts1 = ! f9d+ out ^! relations1 is ! only way to discov] all t c be put ) tru? & c]ta9ty conc]n+ !m into g5]al propositions4 ,by :at /eps we are to proce$ 9 ^!1 is to be le>n$ 9 ! s*ools ( ! ma!maticians1 :o1 f v pla9 & easy beg9n+s1 by g5tle degrees1 & a cont9u$ *a9 ( reason+s1 proce$ to ! discov]y & demon/ration ( tru?s t appe> at fir/ sight beyond human capacity4 ,! art ( f9d+ pro(s1 & ! admirable me?ods !y h inv5t$ = ! s+l+ out & lay+ 9 ord] ^? int]m$iate ideas t demon/ratively %[ ! equality or inequality ( unapplicable quantities1 is t :i* has c>ri$ !m s f>1 & produc$ su* wond]ful & unexpect$ discov]ies3 b :e!r some?+ l ?is1 9 respect ( o!r ideas1 z well z ^? ( magnitude1 may n 9 "t be f\nd out1 ,i w n det]m9e4 ,?is1 ,i ?9k1 ,i may say1 t if o!r ideas t are ! real z well z nom9al ess5ces ( _! species1 7 pursu$ 9 ! way famili> to ma!maticians1 !y w\ld c>ry our ?\ghts fur!r1 & ) great] evid5ce & cle>ness ?an possibly we are apt to imag9e4 #h4 ,by :i* ,morality also may be made cle>]4 ,?is gave me ! confid5ce to advance t conjecture1 :i* ,i sugge/1 7*ap4 iii47 viz4 t ,,morality is capable ( demon/ration z well z ma!matics4 ,= ! ideas t e?ics are conv]sant ab\t1 be+ all real ess5ces1 & su* z ,i imag9e h a discov]able connexion & agreem5t "o ) ano!r2 s f> z we c f9d _! habitudes & relations1 s f> we %all be possess$ ( c]ta91 real1 & g5]al tru?s2 & ,i d\bt n b1 if a "r me?od 7 tak51 a great "p ( morality might be made out ) t cle>ness1 t c\ld leave1 to a consid]+ man1 no m reason to d\bt1 ?an he c\ld h to d\bt ( ! tru? ( propositions 9 ma!matics1 :i* h be5 demon/rat$ to him4 #i4 ,our ,k ( ,sub/ances is to be improv$1 n by contemplation ( ab/ract ideas1 b only by ,exp]i5ce4 ,9 our se>* aft] ! k ( ,,sub/ances1 our want ( ideas t are suitable to su* a way ( proce$+ obliges u to a q diff]5t me?od4 ,we advance n "h1 z 9 ! o!r1 7:]e our ab/ract ideas are real z well z nom9al ess5ces17 by contemplat+ our ideas1 & consid]+ _! relations & correspond5ces2 t helps u v little = ! reasons1 t 9 ano!r place we h at l>ge set d[n4 ,by :i* ,i ?9k x is evid5t1 t sub/ances af=d matt] ( v little ,,g5]al k2 & ! b>e contemplation ( _! ab/ract ideas w c>ry u b a v little way 9 ! se>* ( tru? & c]ta9ty4 ,:at1 !n1 are we to d = ! improvem5t ( our k 9 sub/antial be+s8 ,"h we are to take a q contr>y c\rse3 ! want ( ideas ( _! real ess5ces s5ds u f our own ?\ghts to ! ?+s !mselves z !y exi/4 ,,exp]i5ce ,,"h ,,mu/ ,,tea* ,,me ,,:at ,,reason ,,_c3 & x is by ,,try+ alone1 t ,i c ,,c]ta9ly ,,"k1 :at o!r qualities co-exi/ ) ^? ( my complex idea1 v4g4 :e!r t yell[ heavy1 fusible body ,i call gold1 be malleable1 or no2 :i* exp]i5ce 7:i* way ev] x prove 9 t p>ticul> body ,i exam9e7 makes me n c]ta91 t x is s 9 all1 or any o!r yell[1 heavy1 fusible bodies1 b t :i* ,i h tri$4 ,because x is no consequ5ce "o way or ! o!r f my complex idea3 ! necessity or inconsi/5ce ( malleability ha? no visible connexion ) ! comb9ation ( t col\r1 weight1 & fusibility 9 any body4 ,:at ,i h said "h ( ! nom9al ess5ce ( gold1 suppos$ to consi/ ( a body ( su* a det]m9ate col\r1 weight1 & fusibility1 w hold true1 if malleabl5ess1 fix$ness1 & solubility 9 aqua regia be add$ to x4 ,our reason+s f ^! ideas w c>ry u b a little way 9 ! c]ta9 discov]y ( ! o!r prop]ties 9 ^? masses ( matt] :]e9 all ^! are to be f\nd4 ,because ! ,,o!r prop]ties ( su* bodies1 dep5d+ n on ^!1 b on t unkn[n real ess5ce on :i* ^! also dep5d1 we _c by !m discov] ! re/2 we c g no fur!r ?an ! simple ideas ( our nom9al ess5ce w c>ry u1 :i* is v little beyond !mselves2 & s af=d u b v sp>+ly any c]ta91 univ]sal1 & useful tru?s4 ,=1 ^u trial1 hav+ f\nd t p>ticul> piece 7& all o!rs ( t col\r1 weight1 & fusibility1 t ,i ev] tri$7 malleable1 t also makes n[1 p]haps1 a "p ( my complex idea1 "p ( my nom9al ess5ce ( gold3 :]eby ?\gh ,i make my complex idea to :i* ,i affix ! "n gold1 to consi/ ( m simple ideas ?an be=e2 yet /ill1 x n conta9+ ! real ess5ce ( any species ( bodies1 x helps me n c]ta9ly to "k 7,i say to "k1 p]haps x may be to conjecture7 ! o!r rema9+ prop]ties ( t body1 fur!r ?an !y h a visible connexion ) "s or all ( ! simple ideas t make up my nom9al ess5ce4 ,= example1 ,i _c be c]ta91 f ?is complex idea1 :e!r gold be fix$ or no2 because1 z be=e1 !re is no ,,necess>y connexion or inconsi/5ce to be discov]$ betwixt a ,,complex ,,idea ,,( ,a ,,body ,,yell[1 ,,heavy1 ,,fusible1 ,,malleable2 betwixt ^!1 ,i say1 & ,,fix$ness2 s t ,i may c]ta9ly "k1 t 9 :atsoev] body ^! are f\nd1 !re fix$ness is sure to be4 ,"h1 aga91 = assurance1 ,i mu/ apply myself to exp]i5ce2 z f> z t rea*es1 ,i may h c]ta9 k1 b no fur!r4 #aj4 ,exp]i5ce may procure is ,conv5i5ce1 n ,sci5ce4 ,i d5y n b a man1 accu/om$ to rational & regul> exp]im5ts1 %all be able to see fur!r into ! nature ( bodies1 & guess right] at _! yet unkn[n prop]ties1 ?an "o t is a /rang] to !m3 b yet1 z ,i h said1 ?is is b judgm5t & op9ion1 n k & c]ta9ty4 ,?is way ( ,,gett+ ,,& ,,improv+ ,,our ,,k ,,9 ,,sub/ances ,,only ,,by ,,exp]i5ce ,,& ,,hi/ory1 :i* is all t ! weakness ( our faculties 9 ?is /ate ( m$iocrity :i* we are 9 ?is _w c atta9 to1 makes me suspect t ,,natural ,,philosophy ,,is ,,n ,,capable ,,is ,,be+ ,,made ,a ,,sci5ce4 ,we are able1 ,i imag9e1 to rea* v little g5]al k conc]n+ ! species ( bodies1 & _! sev]al prop]ties4 ,exp]im5ts & hi/orical obs]vations we may h1 f :i* we may draw advantages ( ease & heal?1 & !reby increase our /ock ( conv5i5ces = ?is life2 b beyond ?is ,i fe> our tal5ts rea* n1 nor are our faculties1 z ,i guess1 able to advance4 #aa4 ,we are fitt$ = moral ,sci5ce1 b only = probable int]pretations ( ext]nal ,nature4 ,f :5ce is x obvi\s to conclude1 t1 s9ce our faculties are n fitt$ to p5etrate into ! int]nal fabric & real ess5ces ( bodies2 b yet pla9ly discov] to u ! be+ ( a ,god1 & ! k ( ourselves1 en\gh to lead u into a full & cle> discov]y ( our duty & great conc]nm5t2 x w become u1 z rational creatures1 to employ ^? faculties we h ab\t :at !y are mo/ adapt$ to1 & foll[ ! direction ( nature1 :]e x seems to po9t u out ! way4 ,= x is rational to conclude1 t our prop] employm5t lies 9 ^? inquiries1 & 9 t sort ( k :i* is mo/ suit$ to our natural capacities1 & c>ries 9 x our greate/ int]e/1 i4e4 ! condition ( our et]nal e/ate4 ,h5ce ,i ?9k ,i may conclude1 t ,,morality ,,is ,,! ,,prop] ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,bus9ess ,,( ,,mank9d ,,9 ,,g5]al1 7:o are bo? conc]n$ & fitt$ to se>* out _! ,,summum ,,bonum27 z sev]al arts1 conv]sant ab\t sev]al p>ts ( nature1 are ! lot & private tal5t ( p>ticul> m51 = ! common use ( human life1 & _! own p>ticul> subsi/5ce 9 ?is _w4 ,( :at consequ5ce ! discov]y ( "o natural body & its prop]ties may be to human life1 ! :ole great cont95t ( ,am]ica is a conv9c+ in/ance3 ^: ignorance 9 useful arts1 & want ( ! greate/ "p ( ! conv5i5ces ( life1 9 a c\ntry t ab\nd$ ) all sorts ( natural pl5ty1 ,i ?9k may be attribut$ to _! ignorance ( :at 0 to be f\nd 9 a v ord9>y1 despicable /one1 ,i mean ! m9]al ( ,,iron4 ,& :atev] we ?9k ( our p>ts or improvem5ts 9 ?is "p ( ! _w1 :]e k & pl5ty seem to vie ) ea* o!r2 yet to any "o t w s]i\sly reflect on x1 ,i suppose x w appe> pa/ d\bt1 t1 7 ! use ( iron lo/ among u1 we %\ld 9 a few ages be unavoidably r$uc$ to ! wants & ignorance ( ! anci5t savage ,am]icans1 ^: natural end[m5ts & provisions come no way %ort ( ^? ( ! mo/ fl\ri%+ & polite nations4 ,s t he :o fir/ made kn[n ! use ( t contemptible m9]al1 may be truly /yl$ ! fa!r ( arts1 & au?or ( pl5ty4 #ab4 ,9 ! /udy ( ,nature we mu/ bew>e ( ,hypo!ses & wrong ,pr9ciples4 ,i w\ld n1 !re=e1 be ?\ght to dise/eem or dissuade ! /udy ( ,,nature4 ,i readily agree ! contemplation ( 8 works gives u occasion to admire1 rev]e1 & glorify _! ,au?or3 &1 if rightly direct$1 may be ( great] b5efit to mank9d ?an ! monum5ts ( exempl>y *>ity t h at s great *>ge be5 rais$ by ! f\nd]s ( hospitals & alm%\ses4 ,he t fir/ inv5t$ pr9t+1 discov]$ ! use ( ! compass1 or made public ! virtue & "r use ( ,,k9 ,,k9a1 did m = ! propagation ( k1 = ! supply & increase ( useful commodities1 & sav$ m f ! grave ?an ^? :o built colleges1 workh\ses1 & hospitals4 ,all t ,i w\ld say is1 t we %\ld n be too =w>dly possess$ ) ! op9ion or expectation ( k1 :]e x is n to be _h1 or by ways t w n atta9 to x3 t we %\ld n take d\btful sy/ems = complete sci5ces2 nor un9telligible notions = sci5tifical demon/rations4 ,9 ! k ( bodies1 we mu/ be cont5t to glean :at we c f p>ticul> exp]im5ts3 s9ce we _c1 f a discov]y ( _! real ess5ces1 grasp at a "t :ole %eaves1 & 9 bundles compreh5d ! nature & prop]ties ( :ole species toge!r4 ,:]e our inquiry is conc]n+ co-exi/5ce1 or repugnancy to co-exi/1 :i* by contemplation ( our ideas we _c discov]2 !re exp]i5ce1 obs]vation1 & natural hi/ory1 mu/ give u1 by our s5ses & by retail1 an insight into corporeal sub/ances4 ,! k ( ,,bodies we mu/ get by our s5ses1 w>ily employ$ 9 tak+ notice ( _! qualities & op]ations on "o ano!r3 & :at we hope to "k ( ,,sep>ate ,,spirits 9 ?is _w1 we mu/1 ,i ?9k1 expect only f revelation4 ,he t %all consid] h[ little g5]al maxims1 prec>i\s pr9ciples1 & hypo!ses laid d[n at pleasure1 h promot$ true k1 or help$ to satisfy ! inquiries ( rational m5 aft] real improvem5ts2 h[ little1 ,i say1 ! sett+ out at t end has1 = _m ages toge!r1 advanc$ m5's progress1 t[>ds ! k ( natural philosophy1 ,w ?9k we h reason to ?ank ^? :o 9 ?is latt] age h tak5 ano!r c\rse1 & h trod out to u1 ?\gh n an easi] way to le>n$ ignorance1 yet a sur] way to pr(itable k4 #ac4 ,! true ,use ( ,hypo!ses4 ,n t we may n1 to expla9 any ph5om5a ( nature1 make use ( any probable hypo!sis :atsoev]3 hypo!ses1 if !y are well made1 are at lea/ great helps to ! memory1 & (t5 direct u to new discov]ies4 ,b my mean+ is1 t we %\ld n take up any "o too ha/ily 7:i* ! m9d1 t w\ld always p5etrate into ! causes ( ?+s1 & h pr9ciples to re/ on1 is v apt to d7 till we h v well exam9$ p>ticul>s1 & made sev]al exp]im5ts1 9 t ?+ :i* we w\ld expla9 by our hypo!sis1 & see :e!r x w agree to !m all2 :e!r our pr9ciples w c>ry u q ?r\gh1 & n be z inconsi/5t ) "o ph5om5on ( nature1 z !y seem to accommodate & expla9 ano!r4 ,& at lea/ t we take c>e t ! "n ( ,,pr9ciples deceive u n1 nor impose on u1 by mak+ u receive t = an unque/ionable tru?1 :i* is really at be/ b a v d\btful conjecture2 su* z are mo/ 7,i _h almo/ said all7 ( ! hypo!ses 9 natural philosophy4 #ad4 ,cle> & di/9ct ,ideas ) settl$ ,names1 & ! f9d+ ( ^? int]m$iate ideas :i* %[ _! ,agreem5t or ,disagreem5t1 are ! ,ways to enl>ge our ,k4 ,b :e!r natural philosophy be capable ( c]ta9ty or no1 ! ways to enl>ge our k1 z f> z we are capable1 seems to me1 9 %ort1 to be ^! two3-- ,fir/1 ,! fir/ is to get & settle 9 our m9ds det]m9$ ideas ( ^? ?+s :]e( we h g5]al or specific names2 at lea/1 s _m ( !m z we w\ld consid] & improve our k 91 or reason ab\t4 ,& if !y be specific ideas ( sub/ances1 we %\ld endeav\r also to make !m z complete z we c1 :]eby ,i mean1 t we %\ld put toge!r z _m simple ideas z1 be+ con/antly obs]v$ to co-exi/1 may p]fectly det]m9e ! species2 & ea* ( ^? simple ideas :i* are ! +r$i5ts ( our complex ones1 %\ld be cle> & di/9ct 9 our m9ds4 ,= x be+ evid5t t our k _c exce$ our ideas2 z f> z !y are ei!r imp]fect1 confus$1 or obscure1 we _c expect to h c]ta91 p]fect1 or cle> k4 ,secondly1 ,! o!r is ! art ( f9d+ out ^? int]m$iate ideas1 :i* may %[ u ! agreem5t or repugnancy ( o!r ideas1 :i* _c be imm$iately comp>$4 #ae4 ,ma!matics an in/ance ( ?is4 ,t ^! two 7& n ! rely+ on maxims1 & draw+ consequ5ces f "s g5]al propositions7 are ! "r me?ods ( improv+ our k 9 ! ideas ( o!r modes besides ^? ( quantity1 ! consid]ation ( ma!matical k w easily in=m u4 ,:]e fir/ we %all f9d t he t has n a p]fect & cle> idea ( ^? angles or figures ( :i* he desires to "k any?+1 is utt]ly !reby incapable ( any k ab\t !m4 ,suppose b a man n to h a p]fect exact idea ( a "r angle1 a scal5um1 or trapezium1 & !re is no?+ m c]ta9 ?an t he w 9 va9 seek any demon/ration ab\t !m4 ,fur!r1 x is evid5t1 t x 0 n ! influ5ce ( ^? maxims :i* are tak5 = pr9ciples 9 ma!matics1 t ha? l$ ! ma/]s ( t sci5ce into ^? wond]ful discov]ies !y h made4 ,let a man ( good p>ts "k all ! maxims g5]ally made use ( 9 ma!matics ev] s p]fectly1 & contemplate _! ext5t & consequ5ces z mu* z he pleases1 he w1 by _! assi/ance1 ,i suppose1 sc>ce ev] come to "k t ! squ>e ( ! hypo!nuse 9 a "r-angl$ triangle is equal to ! squ>es ( ! two o!r sides4 ,! k t '! :ole is equal to all its p>ts1' & 'if y take equals f equals1 ! rema9d] w be equal1' c41 help$ him n1 ,i presume1 to ?is demon/ration3 & a man may1 ,i ?9k1 pore long en\gh on ^? axioms1 )\t ev] see+ "o jot ! m ( ma!matical tru?s4 ,!y h be5 discov]$ by ! ?\ghts o!rwise appli$3 ! m9d _h o!r objects1 o!r views be=e x1 f> diff]5t f ^? maxims1 :5 x fir/ got ! k ( su* tru?s 9 ma!matics1 :i* m51 well en\gh acqua9t$ ) ^? receiv$ axioms1 b ignorant ( _! me?od :o fir/ made ^! demon/rations1 c nev] suffici5tly admire4 ,& :o kn[s :at me?ods to enl>ge our k 9 o!r p>ts ( sci5ce may h]eaft] be inv5t$1 answ]+ t ( algebra 9 ma!matics1 :i* s readily f9ds out ! ideas ( quantities to measure o!rs by2 ^: equality or proportion we c\ld o!rwise v h>dly1 or1 p]haps1 nev] come to "k8 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,"s ,,fur!r ,,consid]ations ,,conc]n+ ,,our ,,k4 #a4 ,our ,k p>tly necess>y p>tly volunt>y4 ,our k1 z 9 o!r ?+s1 s 9 ?is1 has s great a con=mity ) our sight1 t x is nei!r :olly necess>y1 nor :olly volunt>y4 ,if our k 7 altoge!r necess>y1 all m5's k w\ld n only be alike1 b e man w\ld "k all t is kn[able2 & if x 7 :olly volunt>y1 "s m5 s little reg>d or value x1 t !y w\ld h extreme little1 or none at all4 ,m5 t h s5ses _c *oose b receive "s ideas by !m2 & if !y h memory1 !y _c b reta9 "s ( !m2 & if !y h any di/+ui%+ faculty1 _c b p]ceive ! agreem5t or disagreem5t ( "s ( !m "o ) ano!r2 z he t has eyes1 if he w op5 !m by day1 _c b see "s objects1 & p]ceive a diff]5ce 9 !m4 ,b ?\gh a man ) 8 eyes op5 9 ! light1 _c b see1 yet !re be c]ta9 objects :i* he may *oose :e!r he w turn 8 eyes to2 !re may be 9 8 rea* a book conta9+ pictures & disc\rses1 capable to delight or in/ruct him1 :i* yet he may nev] h ! w to op51 nev] take ! pa9s to look into4 #b4 ,! application ( our ,faculties volunt>y2 b !y be+ employ$1 we "k z ?+s are1 n z we please4 ,!re is also ano!r ?+ 9 a man's p[]1 & t is1 ?\gh he turns 8 eyes sometimes t[>ds an object1 yet he may *oose :e!r he w curi\sly survey x1 & ) an int5t application endeav\r to obs]ve accurately all t is visible 9 x4 ,b yet1 :at he does see1 he _c see o!rwise ?an he does4 ,x dep5ds n on 8 w to see t black :i* appe>s yell[2 nor to p]suade himself1 t :at actually scalds him1 feels cold4 ,! e>? w n appe> pa9t$ ) fl[]s1 nor ! fields cov]$ ) v]dure1 :5ev] he has a m9d to x3 9 ! cold w9t]1 he _c help see+ x :ite & ho>y1 if he w look abroad4 ,j ?us is x ) our und]/&+3 all t is volunt>y 9 our k is1 ! employ+ or )hold+ any ( our ,,faculties f ?is or t sort ( objects1 & a m or less accurate survey ( !m3 b1 ,,!y ,,be+ ,,employ$1 ,,our ,,w ,,ha? ,,no ,,p[] ,,to ,,det]m9e ,,! ,,k ,,( ,,! ,,m9d ,,"o ,,way ,,or ,,ano!r2 t is done only by ! objects !mselves1 z f> z !y are cle>ly discov]$4 ,& !re=e1 z f> z m5's s5ses are conv]sant ab\t ext]nal objects1 ! m9d _c b receive ^? ideas :i* are pres5t$ by !m1 & be in=m$ ( ! exi/5ce ( ?+s )\t3 & s f> z m5's ?\ghts conv]se ) _! own det]m9$ ideas1 !y _c b 9 "s measure obs]ve ! agreem5t or disagreem5t t is to be f\nd among/ "s ( !m1 :i* is s f> k3 & if !y h names = ^? ideas :i* !y h ?us consid]$1 !y mu/ ne$s be assur$ ( ! tru? ( ^? propositions :i* express t agreem5t or disagreem5t !y p]ceive 9 !m1 & be und\bt$ly conv9c$ ( ^? tru?s4 ,= :at a man sees1 he _c b see2 & :at he p]ceives1 he _c b "k t he p]ceives4 #c4 ,in/ance 9 ,numb]s4 ,?us he t has got ! ideas ( numb]s1 & ha? tak5 ! pa9s to comp>e "o1 two1 & ?ree1 to six1 _c *oose b "k t !y are equal3 he t ha? got ! idea ( a triangle1 & f\nd ! ways to measure its angles & _! magnitudes1 is c]ta9 t its ?ree angles are equal to two "r ones2 & c z little d\bt ( t1 z ( ?is tru?1 t1 ,x is impossible = ! same ?+ to be1 & n to be4 #d4 ,in/ance 9 ,natural ,religion4 ,he also t ha? ! idea ( an intellig5t1 b frail & weak be+1 made by & dep5d+ on ano!r1 :o is et]nal1 omnipot5t1 p]fectly wise & good1 w z c]ta9ly "k t man is to hon\r1 fe>1 & obey ,god1 z t ! sun %9es :5 he sees x4 ,= if he ha? b ! ideas ( two su* be+s 9 8 m9d1 & w turn 8 ?\ghts t way1 & consid] !m1 he w z c]ta9ly f9d t ! inf]ior1 f9ite1 & dep5d5t1 is "u an obligation to obey ! supreme & inf9ite1 z he is c]ta9 to f9d t ?ree1 f\r1 & sev5 are less ?an fifte52 if he w consid] & compute ^? numb]s3 nor c he be sur] 9 a cle> morn+ t ! sun is ris52 if he w b op5 8 eyes1 & turn !m t way4 ,b yet ^! tru?s1 be+ ev] s c]ta91 ev] s cle>1 he may be ignorant ( ei!r1 or all ( !m1 :o w nev] take ! pa9s to employ 8 faculties1 z he %\ld1 to in=m himself ab\t !m4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,( ,,judgm5t4 #a4 ,our ,k be+ %ort1 we want some?+ else4 ,! und]/&+ faculties be+ giv5 to man1 n b>ely = speculation1 b also = ! conduct ( 8 life1 man w\ld be at a great loss if he _h no?+ to direct him b :at has ! c]ta9ty ( true k4 ,= t be+ v %ort & scanty1 z we h se51 he w\ld be (t5 utt]ly 9 ! d>k1 & 9 mo/ ( ! actions ( 8 life1 p]fectly at a /&1 _h he no?+ to guide him 9 ! abs5ce ( cle> & c]ta9 k4 ,he t w n eat till he has demon/ration t x w n\ri% him2 he t w n /ir till he infallibly kn[s ! bus9ess he goes ab\t w succe$1 w h little else to d b to sit /ill & p]i%4 #b4 ,:at ,use to be made ( ?is twilight ,/ate4 ,!re=e1 z ,god has set "s ?+s 9 broad daylight2 z he has giv5 u "s c]ta9 k1 ?\gh limit$ to a few ?+s 9 comp>ison1 probably z a ta/e ( :at intellectual creatures are capable ( to excite 9 u a desire & endeav\r aft] a bett] /ate3 s1 9 ! greate/ "p ( our conc]nm5ts1 he has af=d$ u only ! twilight1 z ,i may s say1 ( probability2 suitable1 ,i presume1 to t /ate ( m$iocrity & probation]%ip he has be5 pleas$ to place u 9 "h2 :]e91 to *eck our ov]-confid5ce & presumption1 we might1 by e day's exp]i5ce1 be made s5sible ( our %ort-sight$ness & liabl5ess to error2 ! s5se :]e( might be a con/ant admonition to u1 to sp5d ! days ( ?is our pilgrimage ) indu/ry & c>e1 9 ! se>* & foll[+ ( t way :i* might lead u to a /ate ( great] p]fection4 ,x be+ highly rational to ?9k1 ev5 7 revelation sil5t 9 ! case1 t1 z m5 employ ^? tal5ts ,god has giv5 !m "h1 !y %all accord+ly receive _! rew>ds at ! close ( ! day1 :5 _! sun %all set1 & night %all put an end to _! lab\rs4 #c4 ,judgem5t or ass5t to ,probability1 supplies our want ( ,k4 ,! faculty :i* ,god has giv5 man to supply ! want ( cle> & c]ta9 k1 9 cases :]e t _c be _h1 is ,,judgem5t3 :]eby ! m9d takes its ideas to agree or disagree2 or1 :i* is ! same1 any proposition to be true or false1 )\t p]ceiv+ a demon/rative evid5ce 9 ! pro(s4 ,! m9d sometimes ex]cises ?is judgm5t out ( necessity1 :]e demon/rative pro(s & c]ta9 k are n to be _h2 & sometimes out ( laz9ess1 unskilfulness1 or ha/e1 ev5 :]e demon/rative & c]ta9 pro(s are to be _h4 ,m5 (t5 /ay n w>ily to exam9e ! agreem5t or disagreem5t ( two ideas1 :i* !y are desir\s or conc]n$ to "k2 b1 ei!r incapable ( su* att5tion z is requisite 9 a long tra9 ( gradations1 or impati5t ( delay1 lightly ca/ _! eyes on1 or :olly pass by ! pro(s2 & s1 )\t mak+ out ! demon/ration1 det]m9e ( ! agreem5t or disagreem5t ( two ideas1 z x 7 by a view ( !m z !y are at a di/ance1 & take x to be ! "o or ! o!r1 z seems mo/ likely to !m ^u su* a loose survey4 ,?is faculty ( ! m9d1 :5 x is ex]cis$ imm$iately ab\t ?+s1 is call$ ,,judgem5t2 :5 ab\t tru?s deliv]$ 9 words1 is mo/ commonly call$ ,,ass5t or ,,diss5t3 :i* be+ ! mo/ usual way1 :]e9 ! m9d has occasion to employ ?is faculty1 ,i %all1 "u ^! t]ms1 treat ( x1 z fea/ liable 9 our language to equivocation4 #d4 ,judgem5t is ! presum+ ,?+s to be s1 )\t p]ceiv+ x4 ,?us ! m9d has two faculties conv]sant 7ab\t tru? & falsehood73-- ,fir/1 ,,k1 :]eby x c]ta9ly ,,p]ceives1 & is und\bt$ly satisfi$ ( ! agreem5t or disagreem5t ( any ideas4 ,secondly1 ,,judgem5t1 :i* is ! putt+ ideas toge!r1 or sep>at+ !m f "o ano!r 9 ! m9d1 :5 _! c]ta9 agreem5t or disagreem5t is n p]ceiv$1 b ,,presum$ to be s2 :i* is1 z ! ^w imports1 tak5 to be s be=e x c]ta9ly appe>s4 ,& if x s unites or sep>ates !m z 9 reality ?+s are1 x is "r judgem5t4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,( ,,probability4 #a4 ,probability is ! appe>ance ( ,agreem5t ^u fallible ,pro(s4 ,z ,,demon/ration is ! %[+ ! agreem5t or disagreem5t ( two ideas1 by ! int]v5tion ( "o or m pro(s1 :i* h a con/ant1 immutable1 & visible connexion "o ) ano!r2 s ,,probability is no?+ b ! appe>ance ( su* an agreem5t or disagreem5t1 by ! int]v5tion ( pro(s1 ^: connexion is n con/ant & immutable1 or at lea/ is n p]ceiv$ to be s1 b is1 or appe>s = ! mo/ "p to be s1 & is en\gh to induce ! m9d to judge ! proposition to be true or false1 r ?an ! contr>y4 ,= example3 9 ! demon/ration ( x a man p]ceives ! c]ta91 immutable connexion !re is ( equality betwe5 ! ?ree angles ( a triangle1 & ^? int]m$iate ones :i* are made use ( to %[ _! equality to two "r ones2 & s1 by an intuitive k ( ! agreem5t or disagreem5t ( ! int]m$iate ideas 9 ea* /ep ( ! progress1 ! :ole s]ies is cont9u$ ) an evid5ce1 :i* cle>ly %[s ! agreem5t or disagreem5t ( ^? ?ree angles 9 equality to two "r ones3 & ?us he has c]ta9 k t x is s4 ,b ano!r man1 :o nev] took ! pa9s to obs]ve ! demon/ration1 he>+ a ma!matician1 a man ( cr$it1 affirm ! ?ree angles ( a triangle to be equal to two "r ones1 ass5ts to x1 i4e4 receives x = true3 9 :i* case ! f\ndation ( 8 ass5t is ! probability ( ! ?+2 ! pro( be+ su* z = ! mo/ "p c>ries tru? ) x3 ! man on ^: te/imony he receives x1 n be+ wont to affirm any?+ contr>y to or besides 8 k1 especially 9 matt]s ( ?is k9d3 s t t :i* causes 8 ass5t to ?is proposition1 t ! ?ree angles ( a triangle are equal to two "r ones1 t :i* makes him take ^! ideas to agree1 )\t kn[+s !m to d s1 is ! wont$ v]acity ( ! speak] 9 o!r cases1 or 8 suppos$ v]acity 9 ?is4 #b4 ,x is to supply our ,want ( ,k4 ,our k1 z has be5 %[n1 be+ v n>r[1 & we n happy en\gh to f9d c]ta9 tru? 9 ev]y?+ :i* we h occasion to consid]2 mo/ ( ! propositions we ?9k1 reason1 disc\rse--nay1 act ^u1 are su* z we _c h und\bt$ k ( _! tru?3 yet "s ( !m bord] s ne> ^u c]ta9ty1 t we make no act1 accord+ to ! ass5t1 z resolutely z if !y 7 infallibly demon/rat$1 & t our k ( !m 0 p]fect & c]ta94 ,b !re be+ degrees h]e91 f ! v neighb\rhood ( c]ta9ty & demon/ration1 q d[n to improbability & unlik5ess1 ev5 to ! conf9es ( impossibility2 & also degrees ( ass5t f full assurance & confid5ce1 q d[n to conjecture1 d\bt1 & di/ru/3 ,i %all come n[1 7hav+1 z ,i ?9k1 f\nd out ,,! ,,b\nds ,,( ,,human ,,k ,,& ,,c]ta9ty17 9 ! next place1 to consid] ,,! ,,sev]al ,,degrees ,,& ,,gr\nds ,,( ,,probability1 ,,& ,,ass5t ,,or ,,fai?4 #c4 ,be+ t :i* makes u presume ,?+s to be true1 be=e we "k !m to be s4 ,probability is likel9ess to be true1 ! v notation ( ! ^w signify+ su* a proposition1 = :i* !re be argum5ts or pro(s to make x pass1 or be receiv$ = true4 ,! ent]ta9m5t ! m9d gives ?is sort ( propositions is call$ ,,belief1 ,,ass5t1 or ,,op9ion1 :i* is ! admitt+ or receiv+ any proposition = true1 ^u argum5ts or pro(s t are f\nd to p]suade u to receive x z true1 )\t c]ta9 k t x is s4 ,& h]e9 lies ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,,probability & ,,c]ta9ty1 ,,fai?1 & ,,k1 t 9 all ! p>ts ( k !re is intuition2 ea* imm$iate idea1 ea* /ep has its visible & c]ta9 connexion3 9 belief1 n s4 ,t :i* makes me believe1 is some?+ extrane\s to ! ?+ ,i believe2 some?+ n evid5tly jo9$ on bo? sides to1 & s n manife/ly %[+ ! agreem5t or disagreem5t ( ^? ideas t are "u consid]ation4 #d4 ,! ,gr\nds ( ,probability are two3 ,con=mity ) our own ,exp]i5ce1 or ! ,te/imony ( o!rs4 ,probability !n1 be+ to supply ! defect ( our k1 & to guide u :]e t fails1 is always conv]sant ab\t propositions :]e( we h no c]ta9ty1 b only "s inducem5ts to receive !m = true4 ,! gr\nds ( x are1 9 %ort1 ^! two foll[+3-- ,fir/1 ,! con=mity ( any?+ ) our own k1 obs]vation1 & exp]i5ce4 ,secondly1 ,! te/imony ( o!rs1 v\*+ _! obs]vation & exp]i5ce4 ,9 ! te/imony ( o!rs is to be consid]$3 #a4 ,! numb]4 #b4 ,! integrity4 #c4 ,! skill ( ! witnesses4 #d4 ,! design ( ! au?or1 :]e x is a te/imony out ( a book cit$4 #e4 ,! consi/5cy ( ! p>ts1 & circum/ances ( ! relation4 #f4 ,contr>y te/imonies4 #e4 ,9 ?is1 all ! ,argum5ts pro & con ought to be exam9$1 be=e we come to a ,judgm5t4 ,probability want+ t intuitive evid5ce :i*1 infallibly det]m9es ! und]/&+ & produces c]ta9 k1 ! m9d1 if x ,,w ,,proce$ ,,rationally1 ought to exam9e all ! gr\nds ( probability1 & see h[ !y make m or less = or aga9/ any proposition1 be=e x ass5ts to or diss5ts f x2 &1 ^u a due balanc+ ! :ole1 reject or receive x1 ) a m or less firm ass5t1 proportionably to ! prepond]ancy ( ! great] gr\nds ( probability on "o side or ! o!r4 ,= example3-- ,if ,i myself see a man walk on ! ice1 x is pa/ probability2 x is k4 ,b if ano!r tells me he saw a man 9 ,engl&1 9 ! mid/ ( a %>p w9t]1 walk ^u wat] h>d5$ ) cold1 ?is has s great con=mity ) :at is usually obs]v$ to happ51 t ,i am dispos$ by ! natures ( ! ?+ itself to ass5t to x2 unless "s manife/ suspicion att5d ! relation ( t matt] ( fact4 ,b if ! same ?+ be told to "o born betwe5 ! tropics1 :o nev] saw nor he>d ( any su* ?+ be=e1 !re ! :ole probability relies on te/imony3 & z ! relators are m 9 numb]1 & ( m cr$it1 & h no int]e/ to speak contr>y to ! tru?1 s t matt] ( fact is l to f9d m or less belief4 ,?\gh to a man ^: exp]i5ce has always be5 q contr>y1 & :o has nev] he>d ( any?+ l x1 ! mo/ unta9t$ cr$it ( a witness w sc>ce be able to f9d belief4 ,z x happ5$ to a ,dut* ambassador1 :o ent]ta9+ ! k+ ( ,siam ) ! p>ticul>ities ( ,holl&1 :i* he 0 inquisitive aft]1 among/ o!r ?+s told him1 t ! wat] 9 8 c\ntry w\ld sometimes1 9 cold wea!r1 be s h>d1 t m5 walk$ ^u x1 & t x w\ld be> an elephant1 if he 7 !re4 ,to :i* ! k+ repli$1 ,,hi!rto ,i ,,h ,,believ$ ,,! ,,/range ,,?+s ,,y ,,h ,,told ,,me1 ,,because ,i ,,look ,,^u ,,y ,,z ,a ,,sob] ,,fair ,,man1 ,,b ,,n[ ,i ,,am ,,sure ,,y ,,lie4 #f4 ,probable argum5ts capable ( great ,v>iety4 ,^u ^! gr\nds dep5ds ! probability ( any proposition3 & z ! con=mity ( our k1 z ! c]ta9ty ( obs]vations1 z ! frequ5cy & con/ancy ( exp]i5ce1 & ! numb] & cr$ibility ( te/imonies d m or less agree or disagree ) x1 s is any proposition 9 itself m or less probable4 ,!re is ano!r1 ,i confess1 :i*1 ?\gh by itself x be no true gr\nd ( probability1 yet is (t5 made use ( = "o1 by :i* m5 mo/ commonly regulate _! ass5t1 & ^u :i* !y p9 _! fai? m ?an any?+ else1 & t is1 ,,! ,,op9ion ,,( ,,o!rs2 ?\gh !re _c be a m dang]\s ?+ to rely on1 nor m likely to mislead "o2 s9ce !re is mu* m falsehood & error among m51 ?an tru? & k4 ,& if ! op9ions & p]suasions ( o!rs1 :om we "k & ?9k well (1 be a gr\nd ( ass5t1 m5 h reason to be ,hea!ns 9 ,japan1 ,mahometans 9 ,turkey1 ,papi/s 9 ,spa91 ,prote/ants 9 ,engl&1 & ,lu!rans 9 ,sw$54 ,b ( ?is wrong gr\nd ( ass5t ,i %all h occasion to speak m at l>ge 9 ano!r place4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,( ,,! ,,degrees ,,( ,,ass5t4 #a4 ,our ,ass5t ought to be regulat$ by ! ,gr\nds ( ,probability4 ,! gr\nds ( probability we h laid d[n 9 ! =ego+ *apt]3 z !y are ! f\ndations on :i* our ,,ass5t is built1 s are !y also ! measure :]eby its sev]al degrees are1 or ought to be regulat$3 only we are to take notice1 t1 :atev] gr\nds ( probability !re may be1 !y yet op]ate no fur!r on ! m9d :i* se>*es aft] tru?1 & endeav\rs to judge "r1 ?an !y appe>2 at lea/1 9 ! fir/ judgm5t or se>* t ! m9d makes4 ,i confess1 9 ! op9ions m5 h1 & firmly /ick to 9 ! _w1 _! ass5t is n always f an actual view ( ! reasons t at fir/ prevail$ ) !m3 x be+ 9 _m cases almo/ impossible1 & 9 mo/1 v h>d1 ev5 = ^? :o h v admirable memories1 to reta9 all ! pro(s :i*1 ^u a due exam9ation1 made !m embrace t side ( ! "q4 ,x suffices t !y h once ) c>e & fairness sift$ ! matt] z f> z !y c\ld2 & t !y h se>*$ into all ! p>ticul>s1 t !y c\ld imag9e to give any light to ! "q2 &1 ) ! be/ ( _! skill1 ca/ up ! acc\nt ^u ! :ole evid5ce3 & ?us1 hav+ once f\nd on :i* side ! probability appe>$ to ,,!m1 aft] z full & exact an inquiry z !y c make1 !y lay up ! conclusion 9 _! memories1 z a tru? !y h discov]$2 & = ! future !y rema9 satisfi$ ) ! te/imony ( _! memories1 t ?is is ! op9ion t1 by ! pro(s !y h once se5 ( x1 des]ves su* a degree ( _! ass5t z !y af=d x4 #b4 ,^! c n always be actually 9 ,view2 & !n we mu/ cont5t ourselves ) ! remembrance t we once saw gr\nd = su* a ,degree ( ,ass5t4 ,?is is all t ! greate/ "p ( m5 are capable ( do+1 9 regulat+ _! op9ions & judgm5ts2 unless a man w exact ( !m1 ei!r to reta9 di/9ctly 9 _! memories all ! pro(s conc]n+ any probable tru?1 & t too1 9 ! same ord]1 & regul> d$uction ( consequ5ces 9 :i* !y h =m]ly plac$ or se5 !m2 :i* sometimes is en\gh to fill a l>ge volume on "o s+le "q3 or else !y mu/ require a man1 = e op9ion t he embraces1 e day to exam9e ! pro(s3 bo? :i* are impossible4 ,x is unavoidable1 !re=e1 t ! memory be reli$ on 9 ! case1 & t m5 be p]suad$ ( sev]al op9ions1 :]e( ! pro(s are n actually 9 _! ?\ghts2 nay1 :i* p]haps !y are n able actually to recall4 ,)\t ?is1 ! greate/ "p ( m5 mu/ be ei!r v sceptics2 or *ange e mom5t1 & yield !mselves up to :oev]1 hav+ lately /udi$ ! "q1 (f]s !m argum5ts1 :i*1 = want ( memory1 !y are n able pres5tly to answ]4 #c4 ,! ill consequ5ce ( ?is1 if our =m] ,judgm5ts 7 n rightly made4 ,i _c b own1 t m5's /ick+ to _! pa/ judgm5t1 & adh]+ firmly to conclusions =m]ly made1 is (t5 ! cause ( great ob/9acy 9 error & mi/ake4 ,b ! fault is n t !y rely on _! memories = :at !y h be=e well judg$1 b because !y judg$ be=e !y _h well exam9$4 ,may we n f9d a great numb] 7n to say ! greate/ "p7 ( m5 t ?9k !y h =m$ "r judgm5ts ( sev]al matt]s2 & t = no o!r reason1 b because !y nev] ?\ght o!rwise8 t !mselves to h judg$ "r1 only because !y nev] que/ion$1 nev] exam9$1 _! own op9ions8 ,:i* is inde$ to ?9k !y judg$ "r1 because !y nev] judg$ at all4 ,& yet ^!1 ( all m51 hold _! op9ions ) ! greate/ /iffness2 ^? be+ g5]ally ! mo/ fi]ce & firm 9 _! t5ets1 :o h lea/ exam9$ !m4 ,:at we once ,,"k1 we are c]ta9 is s3 & we may be secure1 t !re are no lat5t pro(s undiscov]$1 :i* may ov]turn our k1 or br+ x 9 d\bt4 ,b1 9 matt]s ( ,,probability1 x is n 9 e case we c be sure t we h all ! p>ticul>s be=e u1 t any way conc]n ! "q2 & t !re is no evid5ce beh9d1 & yet unse51 :i* may ca/ ! probability on ! o!r side1 & outweigh all t at pres5t seems to prepond]ate ) u4 ,:o almo/ is !re t ha? ! leisure1 pati5ce1 & means to collect toge!r all ! pro(s conc]n+ mo/ ( ! op9ions he has1 s z safely to conclude t he ha? a cle> & full view2 & t !re is no m to be alleg$ = 8 bett] in=mation8 ,& yet we are =c$ to det]m9e ourselves on ! "o side or o!r4 ,! conduct ( our lives1 & ! managem5t ( our great conc]ns1 w n be> delay3 = ^? dep5d1 = ! mo/ "p1 on ! det]m9ation ( our judgm5t 9 po9ts :]e9 we are n capable ( c]ta9 & demon/rative k1 & :]e9 x is necess>y = u to embrace ! "o side or ! o!r4 #d4 ,! "r ,use ( x1 mutual ,*>ity & ,=be>ance1 9 a necess>y div]sity ( op9ions4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 x is unavoidable to ! greate/ "p ( m51 if n all1 to h sev]al ,,op9ions1 )\t c]ta9 & indubitable pro(s ( _! tru?2 & x c>ries too great an imputation ( ignorance1 lightness1 or folly = m5 to quit & r5\nce _! =m] t5ets pres5tly ^u ! (f] ( an argum5t :i* !y _c imm$iately answ]1 & %[ ! insuffici5cy (3 x w\ld1 me?9ks1 become all m5 to ma9ta9 peace1 & ! common (fices ( humanity1 & fri5d%ip1 9 ! div]sity ( op9ions2 s9ce we _c reasonably expect t any "o %\ld readily & obsequi\sly quit 8 own op9ion1 & embrace ours1 ) a bl9d resignation to an au?ority :i* ! und]/&+ ( man ackn[l$ges n4 ,= h[ev] x may (t5 mi/ake1 x c own no o!r guide b reason1 nor bl9dly submit to ! w & dictates ( ano!r4 ,if he y w\ld br+ ov] to y\r s5tim5ts be "o t exam9es be=e he ass5ts1 y mu/ give him leave at 8 leisure to g ov] ! acc\nt aga91 &1 recall+ :at is out ( 8 m9d1 exam9e all ! p>ticul>s1 to see on :i* side ! advantage lies3 & if he w n ?9k our argum5ts ( weight en\gh to engage him anew 9 s mu* pa9s1 x is b :at we (t5 d ourselves 9 ! l case2 & we %\ld take x amiss if o!rs %\ld prescribe to u :at po9ts we %\ld /udy4 ,& if he be "o :o takes 8 op9ions ^u tru/1 h[ c we imag9e t he %\ld r5\nce ^? t5ets :i* "t & cu/om h s settl$ 9 8 m9d1 t he ?9ks !m self-evid5t1 & ( an unque/ionably c]ta9ty2 or :i* he takes to be impressions he has receiv$ f ,god himself1 or f m5 s5t by him8 ,h[ c we expect1 ,i say1 t op9ions ?us settl$ %\ld be giv5 up to ! argum5ts or au?ority ( a /rang] or adv]s>y1 especially if !re be any suspicion ( int]e/ or design1 z !re nev] fails to be1 :]e m5 f9d !mselves ill-tru/$8 ,we %\ld d well to commis]ate our mutual ignorance1 & endeav\r to remove x 9 all ! g5tle & fair ways ( in=mation2 & n in/antly treat o!rs ill1 z ob/9ate & p]v]se1 because !y w n r5\nce _! own1 & receive our op9ions1 or at lea/ ^? we w\ld =ce ^u !m1 :5 x is m ?an probable t we are no less ob/9ate 9 n embrac+ "s ( !irs4 ,= :]e is ! man t has inconte/able evid5ce ( ! tru? ( all t he holds1 or ( ! falsehood ( all he condemns2 or c say t he has exam9$ to ! bottom all 8 own1 or o!r m5's op9ions8 ,! necessity ( believ+ )\t k1 nay (t5 ^u v slight gr\nds1 9 ?is fleet+ /ate ( action & bl9dness we are 91 %\ld make u m busy & c>eful to in=m ourselves ?an con/ra9 o!rs4 ,at lea/1 ^? :o h n ?or\ghly exam9$ to ! bottom all _! own t5ets1 mu/ confess !y are unfit to prescribe to o!rs2 & are unreasonable 9 impos+ t z tru? on o!r m5's belief1 :i* !y !mselves h n se>*$ into1 nor weigh$ ! argum5ts ( probability1 on :i* !y %\ld receive or reject x4 ,^? :o h fairly & truly exam9$1 & are !reby got pa/ d\bt 9 all ! doctr9es !y pr(ess & gov]n !mselves by1 w\ld h a ju/] pret5ce to require o!rs to foll[ !m3 b ^! are s few 9 numb]1 & f9d s little reason to be magi/]ial 9 _! op9ions1 t no?+ insol5t & imp]i\s is to be expect$ f !m3 & !re is reason to ?9k1 t1 if m5 7 bett] in/ruct$ !mselves1 !y w\ld be less impos+ on o!rs4 #e4 ,probability is ei!r ( s5sible ,matt] ( ,fact1 capable ( human te/imony1 or ( :at is beyond ! evid5ce ( our s5ses4 ,b to return to ! gr\nds ( ass5t1 & ! sev]al degrees ( x1 we are to take notice1 t ! propositions we receive ^u inducem5ts ( ,,probability are ( ,,two ,,sorts3 ei!r conc]n+ "s p>ticul> exi/ance1 or1 z x is usually t]m$1 matt] ( fact1 :i*1 fall+ "u obs]vation1 is capable ( human te/imony2 or else conc]n+ ?+s1 :i* be+ beyond ! discov]y ( our s5ses1 are n capable ( any su* te/imony4 #f4 ,conc]n+ ! ,,fir/ ( ^!1 viz4 ,,p>ticul> ,,matt] ,,( ,,fact4 ,i4 ,! concurr5t ,exp]i5ce ( ,,all o!r ,m5 ) ours1 produces ,assurance approa*+ to ,k4 ,:]e any p>ticul> ?+1 consonant to ! con/ant obs]vation ( ourselves & o!rs 9 ! l case1 comes atte/$ by ! concurr5t reports ( all t m5tion x1 we receive x z easily1 & build z firmly ^u x1 z if x 7 c]ta9 k2 & we reason & act !reupon ) z little d\bt z if x 7 p]fect demon/ration4 ,?us1 if all ,engli%m51 :o h occasion to m5tion x1 %\ld affirm t x froze 9 ,engl& ! la/ w9t]1 or t !re 7 swall[s se5 !re 9 ! summ]1 ,i ?9k a man c\ld almo/ z little d\bt ( x z t sev5 & f\r are elev54 ,! fir/1 !re=e1 & ,,highe/ ,,degree ,,( ,,probability1 is1 :5 ! g5]al cons5t ( all m51 9 all ages1 z f> z x c be kn[n1 concurs ) a man's con/ant & nev]-fail+ exp]i5ce 9 l cases1 to confirm ! tru? ( any p>ticul> matt] ( fact atte/$ by fair witnesses3 su* are all ! /at$ con/itutions & prop]ties ( bodies1 & ! regul> proce$+s ( causes & effects 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( nature4 ,?is we call an argum5t f ! nature ( ?+s !mselves4 ,= :at our own & o!r m5's ,,con/ant ,,obs]vation has f\nd always to be aft] ! same mann]1 t we ) reason conclude to be ! effect ( /eady & regul> causes2 ?\gh !y come n )9 ! rea* ( our k4 ,?us1 ,t fire w>m$ a man1 made lead fluid1 & *ang$ ! col\r or consi/5cy 9 wood or *>coal2 t iron sunk 9 wat]1 & swam 9 quicksilv]3 ^! & ! l propositions ab\t p>ticul> facts1 be+ agreeable to our con/ant exp]i5ce1 z (t5 z we h to d ) ^! matt]s2 & be+ g5]ally spoke ( 7:5 m5tion$ by o!rs7 z ?+s f\nd con/antly to be s1 & !re=e n s mu* z controv]t$ by anybody--we are put pa/ d\bt t a relation affirm+ any su* ?+ to h be51 or any pr$ication t x w happ5 aga9 9 ! same mann]1 is v true4 ,^! ,,probabilities rise s ne> to ,,c]ta9ty1 t !y gov]n our ?\ghts z absolutely1 & influ5ce all our actions z fully1 z ! mo/ evid5t demon/ration2 & 9 :at conc]ns u we make little or no diff]5ce betwe5 !m & c]ta9 k4 ,our belief1 ?us gr\nd$1 rises to ,,assurance4 #g4 ,,ii4 ,unque/ionable ,te/imony1 & our own ,exp]i5ce t a ?+ is = ! mo/ "p s1 produce ,confid5ce4 ,! ,,next ,,degree ,,( ,,probability is1 :5 ,i f9d by my own exp]i5ce1 & ! agreem5t ( all o!rs t m5tion x1 a ?+ to be = ! mo/ "p s1 & t ! p>ticul> in/ance ( x is atte/$ by _m & und\bt$ witnesses3 v4g4 hi/ory giv+ u su* an acc\nt ( m5 9 all ages1 & my own exp]i5ce1 z f> z ,i _h an opportunity to obs]ve1 confirm+ x1 t mo/ m5 pref] _! private advantage to ! public3 if all hi/orians t write ( ,tib]ius1 say t ,tib]ius did s1 x is extremely probable4 ,& 9 ?is case1 our ass5t has a suffici5t f\ndation to raise itself to a degree :i* we may call ,,confid5ce4 #h4 ,,iii4 ,fair ,te/imony1 & ! ,nature ( ! ,?+ indiff]5t1 produce unavoidable ,ass5t4 ,9 ?+s t happ5 indiff]5tly1 z t a bird %\ld fly ?is or t way2 t x %\ld ?und] on a man's "r or left h&1 c41 :5 any p>ticul> matt] ( fact is v\*$ by ! concurr5t te/imony ( unsuspect$ witnesses1 !re our ass5t is also ,,unavoidable4 ,?us3 t !re is su* a city 9 ,italy z ,rome3 t ab\t "o ?\s& sev5 hundr$ ye>s ago1 !re liv$ 9 x a man1 call$ ,julius ,caes>2 t he 0 a g5]al1 & t he won a battle aga9/ ano!r1 call$ ,pompey4 ,?is1 ?\gh 9 ! nature ( ! ?+ !re be no?+ = nor aga9/ x1 yet be+ relat$ by hi/orians ( cr$it1 & contradict$ by no "o writ]1 a man _c avoid believ+ x1 & c z little d\bt ( x z he does ( ! be+ & actions ( 8 own acqua9tance1 :]e( he himself is a witness4 #i4 ,exp]i5ce & ,te/imonies cla%+1 inf9itely v>y ! ,degrees ( ,probability4 ,?us f> ! matt] goes easy en\gh4 ,probability ^u su* gr\nds c>ries s mu* evid5ce ) x1 t x naturally det]m9es ! judgm5t1 & leaves u z little lib]ty to believe or disbelieve1 z a demon/ration does1 :e!r we w "k1 or be ignorant4 ,! difficulty is1 :5 te/imonies contradict common exp]i5ce1 & ! reports ( hi/ory & witnesses cla% ) ! ord9>y c\rse ( nature1 or ) "o ano!r2 !re x is1 :]e dilig5ce1 att5tion1 & exactness are requir$1 to =m a "r judgm5t1 & to proportion ! ass5t to ! diff]5t evid5ce & probability ( ! ?+3 :i* rises & falls1 accord+ z ^? two f\ndations ( cr$ibility1 viz4 ,,common ,,obs]vation ,,9 ,,l ,,cases1 & ,,p>ticul> ,,te/imonies ,,9 ,,t ,,p>ticul> ,,in/ance1 fav\r or contradict x4 ,^! are liable to s great v>iety ( contr>y obs]vations1 circum/ances1 reports1 diff]5t qualifications1 temp]s1 designs1 ov]sights1 c41 ( ! report]s1 t x is impossible to r$uce to precise rules ! v>i\s degrees :]e9 m5 give _! ass5t4 ,?is only may be said 9 g5]al1 ,t z ! argum5ts & pro(s ,,pro & ,,con1 ^u due exam9ation1 nicely weigh+ e p>ticul> circum/ance1 %all to any "o appe>1 ^u ! :ole matt]1 9 a great] or less degree to prepond]ate on ei!r side2 s !y are fitt$ to produce 9 ! m9d su* diff]5t ent]ta9m5ts1 z we call ,,belief1 ,,conjecture1 ,,guess1 ,,d\bt1 ,,wav]+1 ,,di/ru/1 ,,disbelief1 c4 #aj4 ,traditional ,te/imonies1 ! fur!r remov$ ! less _! ,pro( becomes4 ,?is is :at conc]ns ass5t 9 matt]s :]e9 te/imony is made use (3 conc]n+ :i*1 ,i ?9k1 x may n be amiss to take notice ( a rule obs]v$ 9 ! law ( ,engl&2 :i* is1 ,t ?\gh ! atte/$ copy ( a record be good pro(1 yet ! copy ( a copy1 ev] s well atte/$1 & by ev] s cr$ible witnesses1 w n be admitt$ z a pro( 9 judicature4 ,?is is s g5]ally approv$ z reasonable1 & suit$ to ! wisdom & caution to be us$ 9 our inquiry aft] mat]ial tru?s1 t ,i nev] yet he>d ( any "o t blam$ x4 ,?is practice1 if x be all[able 9 ! decisions ( "r & wrong1 c>ries ?is obs]vation along ) x1 viz4 ,,t ,,any ,,te/imony1 ,,! ,,fur!r ,,(f ,,x ,,is ,,f ,,! ,,orig9al ,,tru?1 ,,! ,,less ,,=ce ,,& ,,pro( ,,x ,,has4 ,! be+ & exi/5ce ( ! ?+ itself1 is :at ,i call ! orig9al tru?4 ,a cr$ible man v\*+ 8 k ( x is a good pro(2 b if ano!r equally cr$ible d witness x f 8 report1 ! te/imony is weak]3 & a ?ird t atte/s ! he>say ( an he>say is yet less consid]able4 ,s t 9 traditional tru?s1 ea* remove weak5s ! =ce ( ! pro(3 & ! m h&s ! tradition has successively pass$ ?r\gh1 ! less /r5g? & evid5ce does x receive f !m4 ,?is ,i ?\ght necess>y to be tak5 notice (3 because ,i f9d among/ "s m5 ! q contr>y commonly practis$1 :o look on op9ions to ga9 =ce by gr[+ old]2 & :at a ?\s& ye>s s9ce w\ld n1 to a rational man contempor>y ) ! fir/ v\*]1 h appe>$ at all probable1 is n[ urg$ z c]ta9 beyond all "q1 only because sev]al h s9ce1 f him1 said x "o aft] ano!r4 ,^u ?is gr\nd propositions1 evid5tly false or d\btful en\gh 9 _! fir/ beg9n+1 come1 by an inv]t$ rule ( probability1 to pass = au!ntic tru?s2 & ^? :i* f\nd or des]v$ little cr$it f ! m\?s ( _! fir/ au?ors1 are ?\ght to gr[ v5]able by age1 are urg$ z und5iable4 #aa4 ,yet ,hi/ory is ( great ,use4 ,i w\ld n be ?\ght "h to less5 ! cr$it & use ( ,,hi/ory3 x is all ! light we h 9 _m cases1 & we receive f x a great "p ( ! useful tru?s we h1 ) a conv9c+ evid5ce4 ,i ?9k no?+ m valuable ?an ! records ( antiquity3 ,i wi% we _h m ( !m1 & m uncorrupt$4 ,b ?is tru? itself =ces me to say1 ,t no probability c rise high] ?an its fir/ orig9al4 ,:at has no o!r evid5ce ?an ! s+le te/imony ( "o only witness mu/ /& or fall by 8 only te/imony1 :e!r good1 bad1 or indiff]5t2 & ?\gh cit$ aft]w>ds by hundr$s ( o!rs1 "o aft] ano!r1 is s f> f receiv+ any /r5g? !reby1 t x is only ! weak]4 ,passion1 int]e/1 inadv]t5cy1 mi/ake ( 8 mean+1 & a ?\s& odd reasons1 or capricios1 m5's m9ds are act$ by1 7impossible to be discov]$17 may make "o man quote ano!r man's words or mean+ wrong4 ,he t has b ev] s little exam9$ ! citations ( writ]s1 _c d\bt h[ little cr$it ! quotations des]ve1 :]e ! orig9als are want+2 & consequ5tly h[ mu* less quotations ( quotations c be reli$ on4 ,?is is c]ta91 t :at 9 "o age 0 affirm$ ^u slight gr\nds1 c nev] aft] come to be m valid 9 future ages by be+ (t5 repeat$4 ,b ! fur!r /ill x is f ! orig9al1 ! less valid x is1 & has always less =ce 9 ! m\? or writ+ ( him t la/ made use ( x ?an 9 8 f :om he receiv$ x4 #ab4 ,secondly1 ,9 ?+s :i* ,s5se _c discov]1 ,analogy is ! great ,rule ( ,probability4 ,,secondly1 ,! probabilities we h hi!rto m5tion$ are only su* z conc]n matt] ( fact1 & su* ?+s z are capable ( obs]vation & te/imony4 ,!re rema9s t o!r sort1 conc]n+ :i* m5 ent]ta9 op9ions ) v>iety ( ass5t1 ?\gh ,,! ,,?+s ,,be ,,su*1 ,,t ,,fall+ ,,n ,,"u ,,! ,,rea* ,,( ,,our ,,s5ses1 ,,!y ,,are ,,n ,,capable ,,( ,,te/imony4 ,su* are1 #a4 ,! exi/5ce1 nature & op]ations ( f9ite immat]ial be+s )\t u2 z spirits1 angels1 devils1 c4 ,or ! exi/5ce ( mat]ial be+s :i*1 ei!r = _! smallness 9 !mselves or remot5ess f u1 our s5ses _c take notice (--z1 :e!r !re be any plants1 animals1 & intellig5t inhabitants 9 ! planets1 & o!r mansions ( ! va/ univ]se4 #b4 ,conc]n+ ! mann] ( op]ation 9 mo/ p>ts ( ! works ( nature3 :]e91 ?\gh we see ! s5sible effects1 yet _! causes are unkn[n1 & we p]ceive n ! ways & mann] h[ !y are produc$4 ,we see animals are g5]at$1 n\ri%$1 & move2 ! load/one draws iron2 & ! p>ts ( a c&le1 successively melt+1 turn into flame1 & give u bo? light & heat4 ,^! & ! l effects we see & "k3 b ! causes t op]ate1 & ! mann] !y are produc$ 91 we c only guess & probably conjecture4 ,= ^! & ! l1 com+ n )9 ! scrut9y ( human s5ses1 _c be exam9$ by !m1 or be atte/$ by anybody2 & !re=e c appe> m or less probable1 only z !y m or less agree to tru?s t are e/abli%$ 9 our m9ds1 & z !y hold proportion to o!r p>ts ( our k & obs]vation4 ,,analogy 9 ^! matt]s is ! only help we h1 & x is f t alone we draw all our gr\nds ( probability4 ,?us1 obs]v+ t ! b>e rubb+ ( two bodies viol5tly "o ^u ano!r1 produces heat1 & v (t5 fire itself1 we h reason to ?9k1 t :at we call ,,heat & ,,fire consi/s 9 a viol5t agitation ( ! imp]ceptible m9ute p>ts ( ! burn+ matt]4 ,obs]v+ likewise t ! diff]5t refractions ( pellucid bodies produce 9 our eyes ! diff]5t appe>ances ( sev]al col\rs2 & also1 t ! diff]5t rang+ & lay+ ! sup]ficial p>ts ( sev]al bodies1 z ( velvet1 wat]$ silk1 c41 does ! l1 we ?9k x probable t ! ,,col\r & %9+ ( bodies is 9 !m no?+ b ! diff]5t arrangem5t & refraction ( _! m9ute & ins5sible p>ts4 ,?us1 f9d+ 9 all p>ts ( ! creation1 t fall "u human obs]vation1 t !re is ,a ,,gradual ,,connexion ,,( ,,"o ,,) ,,ano!r1 ,,)\t ,,any ,,great ,,or ,,disc]nible ,,gaps ,,betwe51 ,,9 ,,all ,,t ,,great ,,v>iety ,,( ,,?+s ,,we ,,see ,,9 ,,! ,,_w1 :i* are s closely l9k$ toge!r1 t1 9 ! sev]al ranks ( be+s1 x is n easy to discov] ! b\nds betwixt !m2 we h reason to be p]suad$ t1 ,,by ,,su* ,,g5tle ,,/eps1 ?+s asc5d upw>ds 9 degrees ( p]fection4 ,x is a h>d matt] to say :]e s5sible & rational beg91 & :]e ins5sible & irrational end3 & :o is !re quick-sight$ en\gh to det]m9e precisely :i* is ! l[e/ species ( liv+ ?+s1 & :i* ! fir/ ( ^? :i* h no life8 ,?+s1 z f> z we c obs]ve1 less5 & augm5t1 z ! quantity does 9 a regul> cone2 :]e1 ?\gh !re be a manife/ odds betwixt ! bigness ( ! diamet] at a remote di/ance1 yet ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! upp] & "u1 :]e !y t\* "o ano!r1 is h>dly disc]nible4 ,! diff]5ce is exce$+ great betwe5 "s m5 & "s animals3 b if we w comp>e ! und]/&+ & abilities ( "s m5 & "s brutes1 we %all f9d s little diff]5ce1 t x w be h>d to say1 t t ( ! man is ei!r cle>] or l>g]4 ,obs]v+1 ,i say1 su* gradual & g5tle desc5ts d[nw>ds 9 ^? p>ts ( ! creation t are b5ea? man1 ! rule ( analogy may make x probable1 t x is s also 9 ?+s above u & our obs]vation2 & t !re are sev]al ranks ( intellig5t be+s1 excell+ u 9 sev]al degrees ( p]fection1 asc5d+ upw>ds t[>ds ! inf9ite p]fection ( ! ,creator1 by g5tle /eps & diff]5ces1 t are e "o at no great di/ance f ! next to x4 ,?is sort ( probability1 :i* is ! be/ conduct ( rational exp]im5ts1 & ! rise ( hypo!sis1 has also its use & influ5ce2 & a w>y reason+ f analogy leads u (t5 into ! discov]y ( tru?s & useful productions1 :i* w\ld o!rwise lie conceal$4 #ac4 ,"o ,case :]e contr>y ,exp]i5ce less5s n ! ,te/imony4 ,?\gh ! common exp]i5ce & ! ord9>y c\rse ( ?+s h ju/ly a mighty influ5ce on ! m9ds ( m51 to make !m give or refuse cr$it to any?+ propos$ to _! belief2 yet !re is "o case1 :]e9 ! /rang5ess ( ! fact less5s n ! ass5t to a fair te/imony giv5 ( x4 ,= :]e su* sup]natural ev5ts are suitable to ends aim$ at by ,him :o has ! p[] to *ange ! c\rse ( nature1 !re1 ,,"u ,,su* ,,circum/ances1 t may be ! fitt] to procure belief1 by h[ mu* ! m !y are beyond or contr>y to ord9>y obs]vation4 ,?is is ! prop] case ( ,,miracles1 :i*1 well atte/$1 d n only f9d cr$it !mselves1 b give x also to o!r tru?s1 :i* ne$ su* confirmation4 #ad4 ,! b>e ,te/imony ( ,div9e ,revelation is ! highe/ ,c]ta9ty4 ,besides ^? we h hi!rto m5tion$1 !re is "o sort ( propositions t *all5ge ! highe/ degree ( our ass5t1 ^u b>e te/imony1 :e!r ! ?+ propos$ agree or disagree ) common exp]i5ce1 & ! ord9>y c\rse ( ?+s1 or no4 ,! reason :]e( is1 because ! te/imony is ( su* an "o z _c deceive nor be deceiv$3 & t is ( ,god himself4 ,?is c>ries ) x an assurance beyond d\bt1 evid5ce beyond exception4 ,?is is call$ by a peculi> "n1 ,,revelation1 & our ass5t to x1 ,,fai?1 :i* z absolutely det]m9es our m9ds1 & z p]fectly excludes all wav]+1 z our k itself2 & we may z well d\bt ( our own be+1 z we c :e!r any revelation f ,god be true4 ,s t fai? is a settl$ & sure pr9ciple ( ass5t & assurance1 & leaves no mann] ( room = d\bt or hesitation4 ,,only ,,we ,,mu/ ,,be ,,sure ,,t ,,x ,,be ,a ,,div9e ,,revelation1 ,,& ,,t ,,we ,,und]/& ,,x ,,"r3 else we %all expose ourselves to all ! extravagancy ( en?usiasm1 & all ! error ( wrong pr9ciples1 if we h fai? & assurance 9 :at is n ,,div9e revelation4 ,& !re=e1 9 ^? cases1 our ass5t c be rationally no high] ?an ! evid5ce ( its be+ a revelation1 & t ?is is ! mean+ ( ! expressions x is deliv]$ 94 ,if ! evid5ce ( its be+ a revelation1 or t ?is is its true s5se1 be only on probable pro(s1 our ass5t c rea* no high] ?an an assurance or diffid5ce1 aris+ f ! m or less app>5t probability ( ! pro(s4 ,b ( ,,fai?1 & ! prec$5cy x ought to h be=e o!r argum5ts ( p]suasion1 ,i %all speak m h]eaft]2 :]e ,i treat ( x z x is ord9>ily plac$1 9 contradi/9ction to reason2 ?\gh 9 tru? x be no?+ else b ,,an ,,ass5t ,,f\nd$ ,,on ,,! ,,highe/ ,,reason4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,( ,,reason #a4 ,v>i\s ,significations ( ! ^w ,reason4 ,,! ^w ,,reason 9 ! ,engli% language has diff]5t significations3 sometimes x is tak5 = true & cle> pr9ciples3 sometimes = cle> & fair d$uctions f ^? pr9ciples3 & sometimes = ! cause1 & p>ticul>ly ! f9al cause4 ,b ! consid]ation ,i %all h ( x "h is 9 a signification diff]5t f all ^!2 & t is1 z x /&s = a faculty 9 man1 t faculty :]eby man is suppos$ to be di/+ui%$ f bea/s1 & :]e9 x is evid5t he mu* surpasses !m4 #b4 ,:]e9 ,reason+ consi/s4 ,if g5]al k1 z has be5 %[n1 consi/s 9 a p]ception ( ! agreem5t or disagreem5t ( our own ideas1 & ! k ( ! exi/5ce ( all ?+s )\t u 7except only ( a ,god1 ^: exi/5ce e man may c]ta9ly "k & demon/rate to himself f 8 own exi/5ce71 be _h only by our s5ses1 :at room is !re = ! ex]cise ( any o!r faculty1 b ,,outw>d ,,s5se & ,,inw>d ,,p]ception8 ,:at ne$ is !re ( ,,reason8 ,v mu*3 bo? = ! enl>gem5t ( our k1 & regulat+ our ass5t4 ,= x ha? to d bo? 9 k & op9ion1 & is necess>y & assi/+ to all our o!r intellectual faculties1 & inde$ conta9s two ( !m1 viz4 ,,sagacity & ,,illation4 ,by ! "o1 x f9ds out2 & by ! o!r1 x s ord]s ! int]m$iate ideas z to discov] :at connexion !re is 9 ea* l9k ( ! *a91 :]eby ! extremes are held toge!r2 & !reby1 z x 71 to draw into view ! tru? s\ght =1 :i* is t :i* we call ,,illation or ,,inf]5ce1 & consi/s 9 no?+ b ! p]ception ( ! connexion !re is betwe5 ! ideas1 9 ea* /ep ( ! d$uction2 :]eby ! m9d comes to see1 ei!r ! c]ta9 agreem5t or disagreem5t ( any two ideas1 z 9 demon/ration1 9 :i* x arrives at ,,k2 or _! probable connexion1 on :i* x gives or )holds its ass5t1 z 9 ,,op9ion4 ,s5se & intuition rea* b a v little way4 ,! greate/ "p ( our k dep5ds ^u d$uctions & int]m$iate ideas3 & 9 ^? cases :]e we are fa9 to sub/itute ass5t in/ead ( k1 & take propositions = true1 )\t be+ c]ta9 !y are s1 we h ne$ to f9d out1 exam9e1 & comp>e ! gr\nds ( _! probability4 ,9 bo? ^! cases1 ! faculty :i* f9ds out ! means1 & rightly applies !m1 to discov] c]ta9ty 9 ! "o1 & probability 9 ! o!r1 is t :i* we call ,,reason4 ,=1 z reason p]ceives ! necess>y & indubitable connexion ( all ! ideas or pro(s "o to ano!r1 9 ea* /ep ( any demon/ration t produces k2 s x likewise p]ceives ! probable connexion ( all ! ideas or pro(s "o to ano!r1 9 e /ep ( a disc\rse1 to :i* x w ?9k ass5t due4 ,?is is ! l[e/ degree ( t :i* c be truly call$ reason4 ,= :]e ! m9d does n p]ceive ?is probable connexion1 :]e x does n disc]n :e!r !re be any su* connexion or no2 !re m5's op9ions are n ! product ( judgm5t1 or ! consequ5ce ( reason1 b ! effects ( *ance & haz>d1 ( a m9d float+ at all adv5tures1 )\t *oice & )\t direction4 #c4 ,reason 9 its f\r degrees4 ,s t we may 9 ,,reason consid] ^! ,,f\r ,,degrees3 ! fir/ & highe/ is ! discov]+ & f9d+ out ( tru?s2 ! second1 ! regul> & me?odical disposition ( !m1 & lay+ !m 9 a cle> & fit ord]1 to make _! connexion & =ce be pla9ly & easily p]ceiv$2 ! ?ird is ! p]ceiv+ _! connexion2 & ! f\r?1 a mak+ a "r conclusion4 ,^! sev]al degrees may be obs]v$ 9 any ma!matical demon/ration2 x be+ "o ?+ to p]ceive ! connexion ( ea* "p1 z ! demon/ration is made by ano!r2 ano!r to p]ceive ! dep5d5ce ( ! conclusion on all ! p>ts2 a ?ird1 to make out a demon/ration cle>ly & neatly "o's self2 & some?+ diff]5t f all ^!1 to h fir/ f\nd out ^! int]m$iate ideas or pro(s by :i* x is made4 #d4 ,:e!r ,syllogism is ! great ,in/rum5t ( ,reason4 ,!re is "o ?+ m :i* ,i %all desire to be consid]$ conc]n+ reason2 & t is1 :e!r ,,syllogism1 z is g5]ally ?\ght1 be ! prop] in/rum5t ( x1 & ! usefulle/ way ( ex]cis+ ?is faculty4 ,! causes ,i h to d\bt are ^!3-- ,fir/ ,cause to d\bt ?is4 ,,fir/1 ,because syllogism s]ves our reason b 9 "o only ( ! =em5tion$ p>ts ( x2 & t is1 to %[ ! ,,connexion ,,( ,,! ,,pro(s 9 any "o in/ance1 & no m2 b 9 ?is x is ( no great use1 s9ce ! m9d c p]ceive su* connexion1 :]e x really is1 z easily1 nay1 p]haps bett]1 )\t x4 ,m5 c reason well :o _c make a ,syllogism4 ,if we w obs]ve ! act+s ( our own m9ds1 we %all f9d t we reason be/ & cle>e/1 :5 we only obs]ve ! connexion ( ! pro(1 )\t r$uc+ our ?\ghts to any rule ( syllogism4 ,& !re=e we may take notice1 t !re are _m m5 t reason exce$+ cle> & rightly1 :o "k n h[ to make a syllogism4 ,he t w look into _m p>ts ( ,asia & ,am]ica1 w f9d m5 reason !re p]haps z acutely z himself1 :o yet nev] he>d ( a syllogism1 nor c r$uce any "o argum5t to ^? =ms3 & ,i believe sc>ce any "o makes syllogisms 9 reason+ )9 himself4 ,inde$ syllogism is made use (1 on occasion1 to discov] a fallacy hid 9 a rhetorical fl\ri%1 or cunn+ly wrapt up 9 a smoo? p]iod2 &1 /ripp+ an absurdity ( ! cov] ( wit & good language1 %[ x 9 its nak$ de=mity4 ,b ! m9d is n taught to reason by ^! rules2 x has a native faculty to p]ceive ! coh]5ce or incoh]5ce ( its ideas1 & c range !m "r )\t any su* p]plex+ repetitions4 ,tell a c\ntry g5tlewoman t ! w9d is s\?-we/1 & ! wea!r l[]+1 & l to ra91 & %e w easily und]/& x is n safe = h] to g abroad ?9 clad 9 su* a day1 aft] a fev]3 %e cle>ly sees ! probable connexion ( all ^!1 viz4 s\?-we/ w9d1 & cl\ds1 ra91 wett+1 tak+ cold1 relapse1 & dang] ( dea?1 )\t ty+ !m toge!r 9 ^? artificial & cumb]some fett]s ( sev]al syllogisms1 t clog & h9d] ! m9d1 :i* proce$s f "o "p to ano!r quick] & cle>] )\t !m3 & ! probability :i* %e easily p]ceives 9 ?+s ?us 9 _! native /ate w\ld be q lo/1 if ?is argum5t 7 manag$ le>n$ly1 & propos$ 9 ,,mode & ,,figure4 ,= x v (t5 conf\nds ! connexion2 &1 ,i ?9k1 e "o w p]ceive 9 ma!matical demon/rations1 t ! k ga9$ !reby comes %orte/ & cle>e/ )\t syllogism4 ,secondly1 ,because ?\gh syllogism s]ves to %[ ! =ce or fallacy ( an argum5t1 made use ( 9 ! usual way ( disc\rs+1 ,,by ,,supply+ ,,! ,,abs5t ,,proposition1 & s1 sett+ x be=e ! view 9 a cle> light2 yet x no less engages ! m9d 9 ! p]plexity ( obscure1 equivocal1 & fallaci\s t]ms1 :]e) ?is artificial way ( reason+ always ab\nds3 x be+ adapt$ m to ! atta9+ ( victory 9 dispute ?an ! discov]y & confirmation ( tru? 9 fair enquiries4 #e4 ,syllogism helps little 9 ,demon/ration1 less 9 ,probability4 ,b h[ev] x be 9 k1 ,i ?9k ,i may truly say1 x is ,,( ,,f> ,,less1 ,,or ,,no ,,use ,,at ,,all ,,9 ,,probabilities4 ,= ! ass5t !re be+ to be det]m9$ by ! prepond]ancy1 aft] due weigh+ ( all ! pro(s1 ) all circum/ances on bo? sides1 no?+ is s unfit to assi/ ! m9d 9 t z syllogism2 :i* runn+ away ) "o assum$ probability1 or "o topical argum5t1 pursues t till x has l$ ! m9d q out ( sight ( ! ?+ "u consid]ation2 &1 =c+ x ^u "s remote difficulty1 holds x fa/ !re2 entangl$ p]haps1 &1 z x 71 manacl$1 9 ! *a9 ( syllogisms1 )\t all[+ x ! lib]ty1 mu* less af=d+ x ! helps1 requisite to %[ on :i* side1 all ?+s consid]$1 is ! great] probability4 #f4 ,s]ves n to increase our ,k1 b to f5ce ) ! ,k we suppose we h4 ,b let x help u 7z p]haps may be said7 9 conv9c+ m5 ( _! errors & mi/akes3 7& yet ,i w\ld fa9 see ! man t 0 =c$ out ( 8 op9ion by d9t ( syllogism17 yet /ill x fails our reason 9 t "p1 :i*1 if n its highe/ p]fection1 is yet c]ta9ly its h>de/ task1 & t :i* we mo/ ne$ its help 92 & t is ,,! ,,f9d+ ,,out ,,( ,,pro(s1 ,,& ,,mak+ ,,new ,,discov]ies4 ,! rules ( syllogism s]ve n to furni% ! m9d ) ^? int]m$iate ideas t may %[ ! connexion ( remote ones4 ,?is way ( reason+ discov]s no new pro(s1 b is ! art ( m>%all+ & rang+ ! old ones we h already4 ,! =ty-sev5? proposition ( ! fir/ book ( ,euclid is v true2 b ! discov]y ( x1 ,i ?9k1 n ow+ to any rules ( common logic4 ,a man kn[s fir/ & !n he is able to prove syllogi/ically4 ,s t syllogism comes aft] k1 & !n a man has little or no ne$ ( x4 ,b x is *iefly by ! f9d+ out ^? ideas t %[ ! connexion ( di/ant ones1 t our /ock ( k is increas$1 & t useful arts & sci5ces are advanc$4 ,syllogism1 at be/1 is b ! art ( f5c+ ) ! little k we h1 )\t mak+ any addition to x4 ,& if a man %\ld employ 8 reason all ?is way1 he w n d mu* o!rwise ?an he :o1 hav+ got "s iron out ( ! b[els ( ! e>?1 %\ld h x beat5 up all into swords1 & put x into 8 s]vants' h&s to f5ce ) & bang "o ano!r4 ,_h ! ,k+ ( ,spa9 employ$ ! h&s ( 8 p1 & 8 ,spani% iron s1 he _h br\ght to light b little ( t treasure t lay s long hid 9 ! d>k entrails ( ,am]ica4 ,& ,i am apt to ?9k t he :o %all employ all ! =ce ( 8 reason only 9 br&i%+ ( syllogisms1 w discov] v little ( t mass ( k :i* lies yet conceal$ 9 ! secret recesses ( nature2 & :i*1 ,i am apt to ?9k1 native ru/ic reason 7z x =m]ly has done7 is likeli] to op5 a way to1 & add to ! common /ock ( mank9d1 r ?an any s*ola/ic proce$+ by ! /rict rules ( ,,mode & ,,figure4 #g4 ,o!r ,helps to reason ?an ,syllogism %\ld be s\ght4 ,i d\bt n1 nev]!less1 b !re are ways to be f\nd to assi/ our reason 9 ?is mo/ useful "p2 & ?is ! judici\s ,hook] enc\rages me to say1 :o 9 8 ,eccl4 ,pol4 #a4 i4 ,section #f1 speaks ?us3 ',if !re might be add$ ! "r helps ( true art & le>n+1 7:i* helps1 ,i mu/ pla9ly confess1 ?is age ( ! _w1 c>ry+ ! "n ( a le>n$ age1 do? nei!r mu* "k nor g5]ally reg>d17 !re w\ld und\bt$ly be almo/ z mu* diff]5ce 9 maturity ( judgm5t betwe5 m5 !re) inur$1 & t :i* m5 n[ are1 z betwe5 m5 t are n[1 & innoc5ts4' ,i d n pret5d to h f\nd or discov]$ "h any ( ^? '"r helps ( art1' ?is great man ( deep ?\ght m5tions3 b t is pla91 t syllogism1 & ! logic n[ 9 use1 :i* 7 z well kn[n 9 8 days1 c be none ( ^? he means4 ,x is suffici5t = me1 if by a ,disc\rse1 p]haps some?+ out ( ! way1 ,i am sure1 z to me1 :olly new & unborr[$1 ,i %all h giv5 occasion to o!rs to ca/ ab\t = new discov]ies1 & to seek 9 _! own ?\ghts = ^? "r helps ( art1 :i* w sc>ce be f\nd1 ,i fe>1 by ^? :o s]vilely conf9e !mselves to ! rules & dictates ( o!rs4 ,= beat5 tracks lead ?is sort ( cattle1 7z an obs]v+ ,roman calls !m17 ^: ?\ghts rea* only to imitation1 ,,non ,,quo ,,eundum ,,e/1 ,,s$ ,,quo ,,itur4 ,b ,i c be bold to say1 t ?is age is adorn$ ) "s m5 ( t /r5g? ( judgm5t & l>g5ess ( compreh5sion1 t1 if !y w\ld employ _! ?\ghts on ?is subject1 c\ld op5 new & undiscov]$ ways to ! advancem5t ( k4 #h4 ,we c reason ab\t ,p>ticul>s2 & ! imm$iate object ( all our reason+s is no?+ b p>ticul> ideas4 ,hav+ "h _h occasion to speak ( syllogism 9 g5]al1 & ! use ( x 9 reason+1 & ! improvem5t ( our k1 x is fit1 be=e ,i leave ?is subject1 to take notice ( "o manife/ mi/ake 9 ! rules ( syllogism3 viz4 t no syllogi/ical reason+ c be "r & conclusive1 b :at has at lea/ "o ,,g5]al proposition 9 x4 ,z if we c\ld n reason1 & h k ab\t p>ticul>s3 :]eas1 9 tru?1 ! matt] rightly consid]$1 ! imm$iate object ( all our reason+ & k1 is no?+ b p>ticul>s4 ,e man's reason+ & k is only ab\t ! ideas exi/+ 9 8 own m9d2 :i* are truly1 e "o ( !m1 p>ticul> exi/5ces3 & our k & reason ab\t o!r ?+s1 is only z !y correspond ) ^? our p>ticul> ideas4 ,s t ! p]ception ( ! agreem5t or disagreem5t ( our p>ticul> ideas1 is ! :ole & utmo/ ( all our k4 ,univ]sality is b accid5tal to x1 & consi/s only 9 ?is1 t ! p>ticul> ideas ab\t :i* x is are su* z m ?an "o p>ticul>1 ?+ c correspond ) & be repres5t$ by4 ,b ! p]ception ( ! agreem5t or disagreem5t ( our p>ticul> ideas1 & consequ5tly our k1 is equally cle> & c]ta91 :e!r ei!r1 or bo?1 or nei!r ( ^? ideas1 be capable ( repres5t+ m real be+s ?an "o1 or no4 #i4 ,our ,reason (t5 fails u4 ,,reason1 ?\gh x p5etrates into ! dep?s ( ! sea & e>?1 elevates our ?\ghts z high z ! />s1 & leads u ?r\gh ! va/ spaces & l>ge rooms ( ?is mighty fabric1 yet x comes f> %ort ( ! real ext5t ( ev5 corporeal be+4 ,& !re are _m in/ances :]e9 x fails u3 z1 ,fir/1 ,9 cases :5 we h no ,ideas4 ,i4 ,x p]fectly fails u1 :]e our ideas fail4 ,x nei!r does nor c ext5d itself fur!r ?an !y d4 ,& !re=e1 :]ev] we h no ideas1 our reason+ /ops1 & we are at an end ( our reckon+3 & if at any "t we reason ab\t words :i* d n /& = any ideas1 x is only ab\t ^? s\nds1 & no?+ else4 #aj4 ,secondly1 ,because our ,ideas are (t5 obscure or imp]fect4 ,,ii4 ,our reason is (t5 puzzl$ & at a loss1 because ( ! obscurity1 confusion1 or imp]fection ( ! ideas x is employ$ ab\t2 & !re we are involv$ 9 difficulties & contradictions4 ,?us1 n hav+ any p]fect idea ( ! ,,lea/ ,,ext5sion ,,( ,,matt]1 nor ( ,,inf9ity1 we are at a loss ab\t ! divisibility ( matt]2 b hav+ p]fect1 cle>1 & di/9ct ideas ( ,,numb]1 our reason meets ) none ( ^? inextricable difficulties 9 numb]s1 nor f9ds itself involv$ 9 any contradictions ab\t !m4 ,?us1 we hav+ b imp]fect ideas ( ! op]ations ( our m9ds1 & ( ! beg9n+ ( motion1 or ?\ght h[ ! m9d produces ei!r ( !m 9 u1 & mu* imp]fect] yet ( ! op]ation ( ,god1 run into great difficulties ab\t ,,free ,,creat$ ,,ag5ts1 :i* reason _c well extricate itself out (4 #aa4 ,,iii4 ,?irdly1 ,because we p]ceive n int]m$iate ,ideas to %[ conclusions4 ,our reason is (t5 at a /&1 because x p]ceives n ^? ideas1 :i* c\ld s]ve to %[ ! c]ta9 or probable agreem5t or disagreem5t ( any o!r two ideas3 & 9 ?is "s m5's faculties f> outgo o!rs4 ,till algebra1 t great in/rum5t & in/ance ( human sagacity1 0 discov]$1 m5 ) amazem5t look$ on sev]al ( ! demon/rations ( anci5t ma!maticians1 & c\ld sc>ce =be> to ?9k ! f9d+ sev]al ( ^? pro(s to be some?+ m ?an human4 #ab4 ,,iv4 ,f\r?ly1 ,because we (t5 proce$ ^u wrong ,pr9ciples4 ,! m9d1 by proce$+ ^u false pr9ciples1 is (t5 engag$ 9 absurdities & difficulties1 br\ght into /raits & contradictions1 )\t kn[+ h[ to free itself3 & 9 t case x is 9 va9 to implore ! help ( reason1 unless x be to discov] ! falsehood & reject ! influ5ce ( ^? wrong pr9ciples4 ,reason is s f> f cle>+ ! difficulties :i* ! build+ ^u false f\ndations br+s a man into1 t if he w pursue x1 x entangles him ! m1 & engages him deep] 9 p]plexities4 #ac4 ,v4 ,fif?ly1 ,because we (t5 employ d\btful ,t]ms4 ,z obscure & imp]fect ideas (t5 involve our reason1 s1 ^u ! same gr\nd1 d dubi\s words & unc]ta9 signs1 (t51 9 disc\rses & argu+s1 :5 n w>ily att5d$ to1 puzzle m5's reason1 & br+ !m to a nonplus4 ,b ^! two latt] are our fault1 & n ! fault ( reason4 ,b yet ! consequ5ces ( !m are nev]!less obvi\s2 & ! p]plexities or errors !y fill m5's m9ds ) are ev]y:]e obs]vable4 #ad4 ,our highe/ ,degree ( ,k is intuitive1 )\t ,reason+4 ,"s ( ! ideas t are 9 ! m9d1 are s !re1 t !y c be by !mselves imm$iately comp>$ "o ) ano!r3 & 9 ^! ! m9d is able to p]ceive t !y agree or disagree z cle>ly z t x has !m4 ,?us ! m9d p]ceives1 t an ar* ( a circle is less ?an ! :ole circle1 z cle>ly z x does ! idea ( a circle3 & ?is1 !re=e1 z has be5 said1 ,i call ,,intuitive ,,k2 :i* is c]ta91 beyond all d\bt1 & ne$s no probation1 nor c h any2 ?is be+ ! highe/ ( all human c]ta9ty4 ,9 ?is consi/s ! evid5ce ( all ^? ,,maxims :i* nobody has any d\bt ab\t1 b e man 7does n1 z is said1 only ass5t to1 b7 ,,kn[s to be true1 z soon z ev] !y are propos$ to 8 und]/&+4 ,9 ! discov]y ( & ass5t to ^! tru?s1 !re is no use ( ! discursive faculty1 ,,no ,,ne$ ,,( ,,reason+1 b !y are kn[n by a sup]ior & high] degree ( evid5ce4 ,& su*1 if ,i may guess at ?+s unkn[n1 ,i am apt to ?9k t angels h n[1 & ! spirits ( j m5 made p]fect %all h1 9 a future /ate1 ( ?\s&s ( ?+s :i* n[ ei!r :olly escape our appreh5sions1 or :i* our %ort-sight$ reason hav+ got "s fa9t glimpse (1 we1 9 ! d>k1 grope aft]4 #ae4 ,! next is got by ,reason+4 ,b ?\gh we h1 "h & !re1 a little ( ?is cle> light1 "s sp>ks ( bright k1 yet ! greate/ "p ( our ideas are su*1 t we _c disc]n _! agreem5t or disagreem5t by an imm$iate comp>+ !m4 ,& 9 all ^! we h ,,ne$ ,,( ,,reason+1 & mu/1 by disc\rse & inf]5ce1 make our discov]ies4 ,n[ ( ^! !re are two sorts1 :i* ,i %all take ! lib]ty to m5tion "h aga93-- ,fir/1 ?r\gh ,reason+s t are ,demon/rative4 ,fir/1 ,^? ^: agreem5t or disagreem5t1 ?\gh x _c be se5 by an imm$iate putt+ !m toge!r1 yet may be exam9$ by ! int]v5tion ( o!r ideas :i* c be comp>$ ) !m4 ,9 ?is case1 :5 ! agreem5t or disagreem5t ( ! int]m$iate idea1 on bo? sides1 ) ^? :i* we w\ld comp>e1 is ,,pla9ly ,,disc]n$3 !re x am\nts to ,,demon/ration :]eby k is produc$1 :i*1 ?\gh x be c]ta91 yet x is n s easy1 nor altoge!r s cle> z intuitive k4 ,because 9 t !re is b>ely "o simple intuition1 :]e9 !re is no room = any ! lea/ mi/ake or d\bt3 ! tru? is se5 all p]fectly at once4 ,9 demon/ration1 x is true1 !re is intuition too1 b n altoge!r at once2 = !re mu/ be a remembrance ( ! intuition ( ! agreem5t ( ! m$ium1 or int]m$iate idea1 ) t we comp>$ x ) be=e1 :5 we comp>e x ) ! o!r3 & :]e !re be _m m$iums1 !re ! dang] ( ! mi/ake is ! great]4 ,= ea* agreem5t or disagreem5t ( ! ideas mu/ be obs]v$ & se5 9 ea* /ep ( ! :ole tra91 & reta9$ 9 ! memory1 j z x is2 & ! m9d mu/ be sure t no "p ( :at is necess>y to make up ! demon/ration is omitt$ or ov]look$4 ,?is makes "s demon/rations long & p]plex$1 & too h>d = ^? :o h n /r5g? ( p>ts di/9ctly to p]ceive1 & exactly c>ry s _m p>ticul>s ord]ly 9 _! heads4 ,& ev5 ^? :o are able to ma/] su* intricate speculations1 are fa9 sometimes to g ov] !m aga91 & !re is ne$ ( m ?an "o review be=e !y c arrive at c]ta9ty4 ,b yet :]e ! m9d cle>ly reta9s ! intuition x _h ( ! agreem5t ( any idea ) ano!r1 & t ) a ?ird1 & t ) a f\r?1 c41 !re ! agreem5t ( ! fir/ & ! f\r? is a demon/ration1 & produces c]ta9 k2 :i* may be call$ ,,rational ,,k1 z ! o!r is intuitive4 #af4 ,secondly1 to supply ! n>r[ness ( ,demon/rative & ,intuitive ,k we h no?+ b ,judgm5t ^u probable reason+4 ,secondly1 ,!re are o!r ideas1 ^: agreem5t or disagreem5t c no o!rwise be judg$ ( b by ! int]v5tion ( o!rs :i* h n a c]ta9 agreem5t ) ! extremes1 b an ,,usual or ,,likely "o3 & 9 ^! is t ! ,,judgm5t is prop]ly ex]cis$2 :i* is ! acquiesc+ ( ! m9d1 t any ideas d agree1 by comp>+ !m ) su* probable m$iums4 ,?is1 ?\gh x nev] am\nts to k1 no1 n to t :i* is ! l[e/ degree ( x2 yet sometimes ! int]m$iate ideas tie ! extremes s firmly toge!r1 & ! probability is s cle> & /rong1 t ,,ass5t z necess>ily foll[s x1 z ,,k does demon/ration4 ,! great excell5cy & use ( ! judgm5t is to obs]ve "r1 & take a true e/imate ( ! =ce & weight ( ea* probability2 & !n ca/+ !m up all "r toge!r1 *oose t side :i* has ! ov]balance4 #ag4 ,intuition1 ,demon/ration1 ,judgm5t4 ,,intuitive ,,k is ! p]ception ( ! ,,c]ta9 agreem5t or disagreem5t ( two ideas imm$iately comp>$ toge!r4 ,,rational ,,k is ! p]ception ( ! ,,c]ta9 agreem5t or disagreem5t ( any two ideas1 by ! int]v5tion ( "o or m o!r ideas4 ,,judgm5t is ! ?9k+ or tak+ two ideas to agree or disagree1 by ! int]v5tion ( "o or m ideas1 ^: c]ta9 agreem5t or disagreem5t ) !m x does n p]ceive1 b ha? obs]v$ to be ,,frequ5t & ,,usual4 #ah4 ,consequ5ces ( ,words1 & ,consequ5ces ( ,ideas4 ,?\gh ! d$uc+ "o proposition f ano!r1 or mak+ inf]5ces 9 ,,words1 be a great "p ( reason1 & t :i* x is usually employ$ ab\t2 yet ! pr9cipal act ( ratioc9ation is ,,! ,,f9d+ ,,! ,,agreem5t ,,or ,,disagreem5t ,,( ,,two ,,ideas ,,"o ,,) ,,ano!r1 ,,by ,,! ,,int]v5tion ,,( ,a ,,?ird4 ,z a man1 by a y>d1 f9ds two h\ses to be ( ! same l5g?1 :i* c\ld n be br\ght toge!r to measure _! equality by juxta-position4 ,words h _! consequ5ces1 z ! signs ( su* ideas3 & ?+s agree or disagree1 z really !y are2 b we obs]ve x only by our ideas4 #ai4 ,f\r sorts ( ,argum5ts4 ,be=e we quit ?is subject1 x may be wor? our :ile a little to reflect on ,,f\r ,,sorts ,,( ,,argum5ts1 t m51 9 _! reason+s ) o!rs1 d ord9>ily make use ( to prevail on _! ass5t2 or at lea/ s to awe !m z to sil5ce _! opposition4 ,fir/1 ,argum5tum ad v]ecundiam4 ,i4 ,! fir/ is1 to allege ! op9ions ( m51 ^: p>ts1 le>n+1 em95cy1 p[]1 or "s o!r cause has ga9$ a "n1 & settl$ _! reputation 9 ! common e/eem ) "s k9d ( au?ority4 ,:5 m5 are e/abli%$ 9 any k9d ( dignity1 x is ?\ght a brea* ( mode/y = o!rs to d]ogate any way f x1 & "q ! au?ority ( m5 :o are 9 possession ( x4 ,?is is apt to be c5sur$1 z c>ry+ ) x too mu* pride1 :5 a man does n readily yield to ! det]m9ation ( approv$ au?ors1 :i* is wont to be receiv$ ) respect & submission by o!rs3 & x is look$ ^u z insol5ce1 = a man to set up & adh]e to 8 own op9ion aga9/ ! curr5t /ream ( antiquity2 or to put x 9 ! balance aga9/ t ( "s le>n$ doctor1 or o!rwise approv$ writ]4 ,:oev] backs 8 t5ets ) su* au?orities1 ?9ks he ought !reby to c>ry ! cause1 & is ready to /yle x impud5ce 9 any "o :o %all /& out aga9/ !m4 ,?is ,i ?9k may be call$ ,,argum5tum ,,ad ,,v]ecundiam4 #bj4 ,secondly1 ,argum5tum ad ,ignorantiam4 ,,ii4 ,secondly1 ,ano!r way t m5 ord9>ily use to drive o!rs1 & =ce !m to submit _! judgm5ts1 & receive ! op9ion 9 debate1 is to require ! adv]s>y to admit :at !y allege z a pro(1 or to assign a bett]4 ,& ?is ,i call ,,argum5tum ,,ad ,,ignorantiam4 #ba4 ,?irdly1 ,argum5tum ad hom9em4 ,,iii4 ,?irdly1 ,a ?ird way is to press a man ) consequ5ces drawn f 8 own pr9ciples or concessions4 ,?is is already kn[n "u ! "n ( ,,argum5tum ,,ad ,,hom9em4 #bb4 ,f\r?ly1 ,argum5tum ad ju/icium4 ,! ,f\r? alone advances u 9 k & judgm5t4 ,,iv4 ,! f\r? is ! us+ ( pro(s drawn f any ( ! f\ndations ( k or probability4 ,?is ,i call ,,argum5tum ,,ad ,,ju/icium4 ,?is alone1 ( all ! f\r1 br+s true in/ruction ) x1 & advances u 9 our way to k4 ,=1 #a4 ,x argues n ano!r man's op9ion to be "r1 because ,i1 out ( respect1 or any o!r consid]ation b t ( conviction1 w n contradict him4 #b4 ,x proves n ano!r man to be 9 ! "r way1 nor t ,i ought to take ! same ) him1 because ,i "k n a bett]4 #c4 ,nor does x foll[ t ano!r man is 9 ! "r way1 because he has %[n me t ,i am 9 ! wrong4 ,i may be mode/1 & !re=e n oppose ano!r man's p]suasion3 ,i may be ignorant1 & n be able to produce a bett]3 ,i may be 9 an error1 & ano!r may %[ me t ,i am s4 ,?is may dispose me1 p]haps1 = ! reception ( tru?1 b helps me n to x3 t mu/ come f pro(s & argum5ts1 & light aris+ f ! nature ( ?+s !mselves1 & n f my %amefac$ness1 ignorance1 or error4 #bc4 ,above1 contr>y1 & accord+ to ,reason4 ,by :at has be5 be=e said ( reason1 we may be able to make "s guess at ! di/9ction ( ?+s1 into ^? t are accord+ to1 above1 & contr>y to reason4 #a4 ,,accord+ ,,to ,,reason are su* propositions ^: tru? we c discov] by exam9+ & trac+ ^? ideas we h f s5sation & reflection2 & by natural d$uction f9d to be true or probable4 #b4 ,,above ,,reason are su* propositions ^: tru? or probability we _c by reason d]ive f ^? pr9ciples4 #c4 ,,contr>y ,,to ,,reason are su* propositions z are inconsi/5t ) or irreconcilable to our cle> & di/9ct ideas4 ,?us ! exi/5ce ( "o ,god is accord+ to reason2 ! exi/5ce ( m ?an "o ,god1 contr>y to reason2 ! resurrection ( ! dead1 above reason4 ,,above ,,reason also may be tak5 9 a d\ble s5se1 viz4 ei!r z signify+ above probability1 or above c]ta9ty3 & 9 t l>ge s5se also1 ,,contr>y ,,to ,,reason1 is1 ,i suppose1 sometimes tak54 #bd4 ,reason & ,fai? n opposite1 = ,fai? mu/ be regulat$ by ,reason4 ,!re is ano!r use ( ! ^w ,,reason1 :]e9 x is ,,oppos$ ,,to ,,fai?3 :i*1 ?\gh x be 9 itself a v improp] way ( speak+1 yet common use has s au?oriz$ x1 t x w\ld be folly ei!r to oppose or hope to rem$y x4 ,only ,i ?9k x may n be amiss to take notice1 t1 h[ev] fai? be oppos$ to reason1 fai? is no?+ b a firm ass5t ( ! m9d3 :i*1 if x be regulat$1 z is our duty1 _c be af=d$ to any?+ b ^u good reason2 & s _c be opposite to x4 ,he t believes )\t hav+ any reason = believ+1 may be 9 love ) 8 own fancies2 b nei!r seeks tru? z he ought1 nor pays ! ob$i5ce due to 8 ,mak]1 :o w\ld h him use ^? disc]n+ faculties he has giv5 him1 to keep him out ( mi/ake & error4 ,he t does n ?is to ! be/ ( 8 p[]1 h[ev] he sometimes lights on tru?1 is 9 ! "r b by *ance2 & ,i "k n :e!r ! luck9ess ( ! accid5t w excuse ! irregul>ity ( 8 proce$+4 ,?is at lea/ is c]ta91 t he mu/ be acc\ntable = :atev] mi/akes he runs into3 :]eas he t makes use ( ! light & faculties ,god has giv5 him1 & seeks s9c]ely to discov] tru? by ^? helps & abilities he has1 may h ?is satisfaction 9 do+ 8 duty z a rational creature1 t1 ?\gh he %\ld miss tru?1 he w n miss ! rew>d ( x4 ,= he gov]ns 8 ass5t "r1 & places x z he %\ld1 :o1 9 any case or matt] :atsoev]1 believes or disbelieves accord+ z reason directs him4 ,he t do? o!rwise1 transgresses aga9/ 8 own light1 & misuses ^? faculties :i* 7 giv5 him to no o!r end1 b to se>* & foll[ ! cle>] evid5ce & great] probability4 ,b s9ce reason & fai? are by "s m5 oppos$1 we w s consid] !m 9 ! foll[+ *apt]4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,( ,,fai? ,,& ,,reason1 ,,& ,,_! ,,di/9ct ,,prov9ces4 #a4 ,necess>y to "k _! b\nd>ies4 ,x has be5 above %[n1 #a4 ,t we are ( necessity ignorant1 & want k ( all sorts1 :]e we want ideas4 #b4 ,t we are ignorant1 & want rational k1 :]e we want pro(s4 #c4 ,t we want c]ta9 k & c]ta9ty1 z f> z we want cle> & det]m9$ specific ideas4 #d4 ,t we want probability to direct our ass5t 9 matt]s :]e we h nei!r k ( our own nor te/imony ( o!r m5 to bottom our reason ^u4 ,f ^! ?+s ?us premis$1 ,i ?9k we may come to lay d[n ,,! ,,measures ,,& ,,b\nd>ies ,,betwe5 ,,fai? ,,& ,,reason3 ! want :]e( may possibly h be5 ! cause1 if n ( great disord]s1 yet at lea/ ( great disputes1 & p]haps mi/akes 9 ! _w4 ,= till x be resolv$ h[ f> we are to be guid$ by reason1 & h[ f> by fai?1 we %all 9 va9 dispute1 & endeav\r to conv9ce "o ano!r 9 matt]s ( religion4 #b4 ,fai? & ,reason1 :at1 z contradi/+u%$4 ,i f9d e sect1 z f> z reason w help !m1 make use ( x gladly3 & :]e x fails !m1 !y cry out1 ,x is matt] ( fai?1 & above reason4 ,& ,i d n see h[ !y c argue ) any "o1 or ev] conv9ce a ga9say] :o makes use ( ! same plea1 )\t sett+ d[n /rict b\nd>ies betwe5 fai? & reason2 :i* ought to be ! fir/ po9t e/abli%$ 9 all que/ions :]e fai? has any?+ to d4 ,,reason1 !re=e1 "h1 z contradi/+ui%$ to ,,fai?1 ,i take to be ! discov]y ( ! c]ta9ty or probability ( su* propositions or tru?s1 :i* ! m9d arrives at by d$uction made f su* ideas1 :i* x has got by ! use ( its natural faculties2 viz4 by s5sation or reflection4 ,,fai?1 on ! o!r side1 is ! ass5t to any proposition1 n ?us made out by ! d$uctions ( reason1 b ^u ! cr$it ( ! propos]1 z com+ f ,god1 9 "s extraord9>y way ( communication4 ,?is way ( discov]+ tru?s to m51 we call ,,revelation4 #c4 ,fir/1 ,no new simple ,idea c be convey$ by traditional ,revelation4 ,,fir/1 ,!n ,i say1 t ,,no ,,man ,,inspir$ ,,by ,,god ,,c ,,by ,,any ,,revelation ,,communicate ,,to ,,o!rs ,,any ,,new ,,simple ,,ideas ,,:i* ,,!y ,,_h ,,n ,,be=e ,,f ,,s5sation ,,or ,,reflection4 ,=1 :atsoev] impressions he himself may h f ! imm$iate h& ( ,god1 ?is revelation1 if x be ( new simple ideas1 _c be convey$ to ano!r1 ei!r by words or any o!r signs4 ,because words1 by _! imm$iate op]ation on u1 cause no o!r ideas b ( _! natural s\nds3 & x is by ! cu/om ( us+ !m = signs1 t !y excite & revive 9 our m9ds lat5t ideas2 b yet only su* ideas z 7 !re be=e4 ,= words1 se5 or he>d1 recal to our ?\ghts ^? ideas only :i* to u !y h be5 wont to be signs (1 b _c introduce any p]fectly new1 & =m]ly unkn[n simple ideas4 ,! same holds 9 all o!r signs2 :i* _c signify to u ?+s ( :i* we h be=e nev] _h any idea at all4 ,?us :atev] ?+s 7 discov]$ to ,/4 ,paul1 :5 he 0 rapt up into ! ?ird heav52 :atev] new ideas 8 m9d !re receiv$1 all ! description he c make to o!rs ( t place1 is only ?is1 ,t !re are su* ?+s1 'z eye ha? n se51 nor e> he>d1 nor ha? x ent]$ into ! he>t ( man to conceive4' ,& suppos+ ,god %\ld discov] to any "o1 sup]naturally1 a species ( creatures inhabit+1 = example1 ,jupit] or ,saturn1 7= t x is possible !re may be su*1 nobody c d5y17 :i* _h six s5ses2 & impr9t on 8 m9d ! ideas convey$ to !irs by t six? s5se3 he c\ld no m1 by words1 produce 9 ! m9ds ( o!r m5 ^? ideas impr9t$ by t six? s5se1 ?an "o ( u c\ld convey ! idea ( any col\r1 by ! s\nd ( words1 into a man :o1 hav+ ! o!r f\r s5ses p]fect1 _h always totally want$ ! fif?1 ( see+4 ,= our simple ideas1 !n1 :i* are ! f\ndation1 & sole matt] ( all our notions & k1 we mu/ dep5d :olly on our reason1 ,i mean our natural faculties2 & c by no means receive !m1 or any ( !m1 f traditional revelation4 ,i say1 ,,traditional ,,revelation1 9 di/9ction to ,,orig9al ,,revelation4 ,by ! "o1 ,i mean t fir/ impression :i* is made imm$iately by ,god on ! m9d ( any man1 to :i* we _c set any b\nds2 & by ! o!r1 ^? impressions deliv]$ ov] to o!rs 9 words1 & ! ord9>y ways ( convey+ our conceptions "o to ano!r4 #d4 ,secondly1 ,traditional ,revelation may make u "k ,propositions kn[able also by ,reason1 b n ) ! same ,c]ta9ty t ,reason do?4 ,,secondly1 ,i say t ,,! ,,same ,,tru?s ,,may ,,be ,,discov]$1 ,,& ,,convey$ ,,d[n ,,f ,,revelation1 ,,:i* ,,are ,,disc]nable ,,to ,,u ,,by ,,reason1 ,,& ,,by ,,^? ,,ideas ,,we ,,naturally ,,may ,,h4 ,s ,god might1 by revelation1 discov] ! tru? ( any proposition 9 ,euclid2 z well z m51 by ! natural use ( _! faculties1 come to make ! discov]y !mselves4 ,9 all ?+s ( ?is k9d !re is little ne$ or use ( revelation1 ,god hav+ furni%$ u ) natural & sur] means to arrive at ! k ( !m4 ,= :atsoev] tru? we come to ! cle> discov]y (1 f ! k & contemplation ( our own ideas1 w always be c]ta9] to u ?an ^? :i* are convey$ to u by ,,traditional ,,revelation4 ,= ! k we h t ?is revelation came at fir/ f ,god1 c nev] be s sure z ! k we h f ! cle> & di/9ct p]ception ( ! agreem5t or disagreem5t ( our own ideas3 v4g4 if x 7 reveal$ "s ages s9ce1 t ! ?ree angles ( a triangle 7 equal to two "r ones1 ,i might ass5t to ! tru? ( t proposition1 ^u ! cr$it ( ! tradition1 t x 0 reveal$3 b t w\ld nev] am\nt to s great a c]ta9ty z ! k ( x1 ^u ! comp>+ & measur+ my own ideas ( two "r angles1 & ! ?ree angles ( a triangle4 ,! l holds 9 matt] ( fact kn[able by our s5ses2 v4g4 ! hi/ory ( ! deluge is convey$ to u by writ+s :i* _h _! orig9al f revelation3 & yet nobody1 ,i ?9k1 w say he has z c]ta9 & cle> a k ( ! flood z ,noah1 t saw x2 or t he himself w\ld h _h1 _h he !n be5 alive & se5 x4 ,= he has no great] an assurance ?an t ( 8 s5ses1 t x is writ 9 ! book suppos$ writ by ,moses inspir$3 b he has n s great an assurance t ,moses wrote t book z if he _h se5 ,moses write x4 ,s t ! assurance ( its be+ a revelation is less /ill ?an ! assurance ( 8 s5ses4 #e4 ,ev5 ,orig9al ,revelation _c be admitt$ aga9/ ! cle> ,evid5ce ( ,reason4 ,9 propositions1 !n1 ^: c]ta9ty is built ^u ! cle> p]ception ( ! agreem5t or disagreem5t ( our ideas1 atta9$ ei!r by imm$iate intuition1 z 9 self-evid5t propositions1 or by evid5t d$uctions ( reason 9 demon/rations we ne$ n ! assi/ance ( revelation1 z necess>y to ga9 our ass5t1 & introduce !m into our m9ds4 ,because ! natural ways ( k c\ld settle !m !re1 or _h done x already2 :i* is ! greate/ assurance we c possibly h ( any?+1 unless :]e ,god imm$iately reveals x to u3 & !re too our assurance c be no great] ?an our k is1 t x ,,is a revelation f ,god4 ,b yet no?+1 ,i ?9k1 c1 "u t title1 %ake or ov]rule pla9 k2 or rationally prevail ) any man to admit x = true1 9 a direct contradiction to ! cle> evid5ce ( 8 own und]/&+4 ,=1 s9ce no evid5ce ( our faculties1 by :i* we receive su* revelations1 c exce$1 if equal1 ! c]ta9ty ( our intuitive k1 we c nev] receive = a tru? any?+ t is directly contr>y to our cle> & di/9ct k2 v4g4 ! ideas ( "o body & "o place d s cle>ly agree1 & ! m9d has s evid5t a p]ception ( _! agreem5t1 t we c nev] ass5t to a proposition t affirms ! same body to be 9 two di/ant places at once1 h[ev] x %\ld pret5d to ! au?ority ( a div9e revelation3 s9ce ! evid5ce1 fir/1 t we deceive n ourselves1 9 ascrib+ x to ,god2 secondly1 t we und]/& x "r2 c nev] be s great z ! evid5ce ( our own intuitive k1 :]eby we disc]n x impossible = ! same body to be 9 two places at once4 ,& !re=e ,,no ,,proposition ,,c ,,be ,,receiv$ ,,= ,,div9e ,,revelation1 ,,or ,,obta9 ,,! ,,ass5t ,,due ,,to ,,all ,,su*1 ,,if ,,x ,,be ,,contradictory ,,to ,,our ,,cle> ,,intuitive ,,k4 ,because ?is w\ld be to subv]t ! pr9ciples & f\ndations ( all k1 evid5ce1 & ass5t :atsoev]3 & !re w\ld be left no diff]5ce betwe5 tru? & falsehood1 no measures ( cr$ible & incr$ible 9 ! _w1 if d\btful propositions %all take place be=e self-evid5t2 & :at we c]ta9ly "k give way to :at we may possibly be mi/ak5 94 ,9 propositions !re=e contr>y to ! cle> p]ception ( ! agreem5t or disagreem5t ( any ( our ideas1 x w be 9 va9 to urge !m z matt]s ( fai?4 ,!y _c move our ass5t "u t or any o!r title :atsoev]4 ,= fai? c nev] conv9ce u ( any?+ t contradicts our k4 ,because1 ?\gh fai? be f\nd$ on ! te/imony ( ,god 7:o _c lie7 reveal+ any proposition to u3 yet we _c h an assurance ( ! tru? ( its be+ a div9e revelation great] ?an our own k4 ,s9ce ! :ole /r5g? ( ! c]ta9ty dep5ds ^u our k t ,god reveal$ x2 :i*1 9 ?is case1 :]e ! proposition suppos$ reveal$ contradicts our k or reason1 w always h ?is objection hang+ to x1 viz4 t we _c tell h[ to conceive t to come f ,god1 ! b\ntiful ,au?or ( our be+1 :i*1 if receiv$ = true1 mu/ ov]turn all ! pr9ciples & f\ndations ( k he has giv5 u2 r5d] all our faculties useless2 :olly de/roy ! mo/ excell5t "p ( 8 workman%ip1 our und]/&+s2 & put a man 9 a condition :]e9 he w h less light1 less conduct ?an ! bea/ t p]i%e?4 ,= if ! m9d ( man c nev] h a cle>] 7& p]haps n s cle>7 evid5ce ( any?+ to be a div9e revelation1 z x has ( ! pr9ciples ( its own reason1 x c nev] h a gr\nd to quit ! cle> evid5ce ( its reason1 to give a place to a proposition1 ^: revelation has n a great] evid5ce ?an ^? pr9ciples h4 #f4 ,traditional ,revelation mu* less4 ,?us f> a man has use ( reason1 & ought to he>k5 to x1 ev5 9 imm$iate & orig9al revelation1 :]e x is suppos$ to be made to himself4 ,b to all ^? :o pret5d n to imm$iate revelation1 b are requir$ to pay ob$i5ce1 & to receive ! tru?s reveal$ to o!rs1 :i*1 by ! tradition ( writ+s1 or ^w ( m\?1 are convey$ d[n to !m1 reason has a great deal m to d1 & is t only :i* c induce u to receive !m4 ,= matt] ( fai? be+ only div9e revelation1 & no?+ else1 fai?1 z we use ! ^w1 7call$ commonly ,,div9e ,,fai?71 has to d ) no propositions1 b ^? :i* are suppos$ to be div9ely reveal$4 ,s t ,i d n see h[ ^? :o make revelation alone ! sole object ( fai? c say1 ,t x is a matt] ( fai?1 & n ( reason1 to believe t su* or su* a proposition1 to be f\nd 9 su* or su* a book1 is ( div9e inspiration2 unless x be reveal$ t t proposition1 or all 9 t book1 0 communicat$ by div9e inspiration4 ,)\t su* a revelation1 ! believ+1 or n believ+1 t proposition1 or book1 to be ( div9e au?ority1 c nev] be matt] ( fai?1 b matt] ( reason2 & su* z ,i mu/ come to an ass5t to only by ! use ( my reason1 :i* c nev] require or enable me to believe t :i* is contr>y to itself3 x be+ impossible = reason ev] to procure any ass5t to t :i* to itself appe>s unreasonable4 ,9 all ?+s1 !re=e1 :]e we h cle> evid5ce f our ideas1 & ^? pr9ciples ( k ,i h above m5tion$1 reason is ! prop] judge2 & revelation1 ?\gh x may1 9 cons5t+ ) x1 confirm its dictates1 yet _c 9 su* cases invalidate its decrees3 nor c we be oblig$1 :]e we h ! cle> & evid5t s5t5ce ( reason1 to quit x = ! contr>y op9ion1 "u a pret5ce t x is matt] ( fai?3 :i* c h no au?ority aga9/ ! pla9 & cle> dictates ( reason4 #g4 ,?irdly1 ?+s above ,reason are1 :5 reveal$1 ! prop] matt] ( fai?4 ,b1 ,,?irdly1 ,!re be+ _m ?+s :]e9 we h v imp]fect notions1 or none at all2 & o!r ?+s1 ( ^: pa/1 pres5t1 or future exi/5ce1 by ! natural use ( our faculties1 we c h no k at all2 ^!1 z be+ beyond ! discov]y ( our natural faculties1 & ,,above ,,reason1 are1 :5 reveal$1 ,,! ,,prop] ,,matt] ,,( ,,fai?4 ,?us1 t "p ( ! angels rebell$ aga9/ ,god1 & !reby lo/ _! fir/ happy /ate3 & t ! dead %all rise1 & live aga93 ^! & ! l1 be+ beyond ! discov]y ( reason1 are purely matt]s ( fai?1 ) :i* reason has directly no?+ to d4 #h4 ,or n contr>y to ,reason1 if reveal$1 are ,matt] ( ,fai?2 & mu/ c>ry x aga9/ probable conjectures ( ,reason4 ,b s9ce ,god1 9 giv+ u ! light ( reason1 has n !reby ti$ up 8 own h&s f af=d+ u1 :5 he ?9ks fit1 ! light ( revelation 9 any ( ^? matt]s :]e9 our natural faculties are able to give a probable det]m9ation2 ,,revelation1 :]e ,god has be5 pleas$ to give x1 ,,mu/ ,,c>ry ,,x ,,aga9/ ,,! ,,probable ,,conjectures ,,( ,,reason4 ,because ! m9d n be+ c]ta9 ( ! tru? ( t x does n evid5tly "k1 b only yield+ to ! probability t appe>s 9 x1 is b\nd to give up its ass5t to su* a te/imony :i*1 x is satisfi$1 comes f "o :o _c err1 & w n deceive4 ,b yet1 x /ill belongs to reason to judge ( ! tru? ( its be+ a revelation1 & ( ! signification ( ! words :]e9 x is deliv]$4 ,inde$1 if any?+ %all be ?\ght revelation :i* is contr>y to ! pla9 pr9ciples ( reason1 & ! evid5t k ! m9d has ( its own cle> & di/9ct ideas2 !re reason mu/ be he>k5$ to1 z to a matt] )9 its prov9ce4 ,s9ce a man c nev] h s c]ta9 a k1 t a proposition :i* contradicts ! cle> pr9ciples & evid5ce ( 8 own k 0 div9ely reveal$1 or t he und]/&s ! words rightly :]e9 x is deliv]$1 z he has t ! contr>y is true1 & s is b\nd to consid] & judge ( x z a matt] ( reason1 & n swall[ x1 )\t exam9ation1 z a matt] ( fai?4 #i4 ,revelation 9 ,matt]s :]e ,reason _c judge1 or b probably1 ought to be he>k5$ to4 ,fir/1 ,:atev] proposition is reveal$1 ( ^: tru? our m9d1 by its natural faculties & notions1 _c judge1 t is purely matt] ( fai?1 & above reason4 ,secondly1 ,all propositions :]e( ! m9d1 by ! use ( its natural faculties1 c come to det]m9e & judge1 f naturally acquir$ ideas1 are matt] ( reason2 ) ?is diff]5ce /ill1 t1 9 ^? conc]n+ :i* x has b an unc]ta9 evid5ce1 & s is p]suad$ ( _! tru? only ^u probable gr\nds1 :i* /ill admit a possibility ( ! contr>y to be true1 )\t do+ viol5ce to ! c]ta9 evid5ce ( its own k1 & ov]turn+ ! pr9ciples ( all reason2 9 su* probable propositions1 ,i say1 an evid5t revelation ought to det]m9e our ass5t1 ev5 aga9/ probability4 ,= :]e ! pr9ciples ( reason h n evid5c$ a proposition to be c]ta9ly true or false1 !re cle> revelation1 z ano!r pr9ciple ( tru? & gr\nd ( ass5t1 may det]m9e2 & s x may be matt] ( fai?1 & be also above reason4 ,because reason1 9 t p>ticul> matt]1 be+ able to rea* no high] ?an probability1 fai? gave ! det]m9ation :]e reason came %ort2 & revelation discov]$ on :i* side ! tru? lay4 #aj4 ,9 ,matt]s :]e ,reason c af=d c]ta9 ,k1 t is to be he>k5$ to4 ,?us f> ! dom9ion ( fai? rea*es1 & t )\t any viol5ce or h9drance to reason2 :i* is n injur$ or di/urb$1 b assi/$ & improv$ by new discov]ies ( tru?1 com+ f ! et]nal f\nta9 ( all k4 ,:atev] ,god ha? reveal$ is c]ta9ly true3 no d\bt c be made ( x4 ,?is is ! prop] object ( fai?3 b :e!r x be a ,,div9e revelation or no1 reason mu/ judge2 :i* c nev] p]mit ! m9d to reject a great] evid5ce to embrace :at is less evid5t1 nor all[ x to ent]ta9 probability 9 opposition to k & c]ta9ty4 ,!re c be no evid5ce t any traditional revelation is ( div9e orig9al1 9 ! words we receive x1 & 9 ! s5se we und]/& x1 s cle> & s c]ta9 z t ( ! pr9ciples ( reason3 & !re=e ,,no?+ ,,t ,,is ,,contr>y ,,to1 ,,& ,,inconsi/5t ,,)1 ,,! ,,cle> ,,& ,,self-,,evid5t ,,dictates ,,( ,,reason1 ,,has ,a ,,"r ,,to ,,be ,,urg$ ,,or ,,ass5t$ ,,to ,,z ,a ,,matt] ,,( ,,fai?1 ,,:]e9 ,,reason ,,ha? ,,no?+ ,,to ,,d4 ,:atsoev] is div9e revelation1 ought to ov]rule all our op9ions1 prejudices1 & int]e/1 & ha? a "r to be receiv$ ) full ass5t4 ,su* a submission z ?is1 ( our reason to fai?1 takes n away ! l&m>ks ( k3 ?is %akes n ! f\ndations ( reason1 b leaves u t use ( our faculties = :i* !y 7 giv5 u4 #aa4 ,if ! ,b\nd>ies be n set betwe5 ,fai? & ,reason1 no ,en?usiasm or ,extravagancy 9 ,religion c be contradict$4 ,if ! prov9ces ( fai? & reason are n kept di/9ct by ^! b\nd>ies1 !re w1 9 matt]s ( religion1 be no room = reason at all2 & ^? extravagant op9ions & c]emonies t are to be f\nd 9 ! sev]al religions ( ! _w w n des]ve to be blam$4 ,=1 to ?is cry+ up ( fai? 9 ,,opposition to reason1 we may1 ,i ?9k1 9 good measure ascribe ^? absurdities t fill almo/ all ! religions :i* possess & divide mank9d4 ,= m5 hav+ be5 pr9cipl$ ) an op9ion1 t !y mu/ n consult reason 9 ! ?+s ( religion1 h[ev] app>5tly contradictory to common s5se & ! v pr9ciples ( all _! k1 h let loose _! fancies & natural sup]/ition2 & h be5 by !m l$ into s /range op9ions1 & extravagant practices 9 religion1 t a consid]ate man _c b /& amaz$1 at _! follies1 & judge !m s f> f be+ acceptable to ! great & wise ,god1 t he _c avoid ?9k+ !m ridicul\s & (f5sive to a sob] good man4 ,s t1 9 effect1 religion1 :i* %\ld mo/ di/+ui% u f bea/s1 & ought mo/ peculi>ly to elevate u1 z rational creatures1 above brutes1 is t :]e9 m5 (t5 appe> mo/ irrational1 & m s5seless ?an bea/s !mselves4 ,,cr$o1 ,,quia ,,impossibile ,,e/3 ,i believe1 because x is impossible1 might1 9 a good man1 pass = a sally ( zeal2 b w\ld prove a v ill rule = m5 to *oose _! op9ions or religion by4 ,,*apt] ,,xix4 n 9 e>ly editions ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,( ,,wrong ,,ass5t1 ,,or ,,error4 #a4 ,causes ( ,error1 or h[ m5 come to give ass5t contr>y to probability4 ,,k be+ to be _h only ( visible & c]ta9 tru?1 ,,error is n a fault ( our k1 b a mi/ake ( our judgm5t giv+ ass5t to t :i* is n true4 ,b if ass5t be gr\nd$ on likelihood1 if ! prop] object & motive ( our ass5t be probability1 & t probability consi/s 9 :at is laid d[n 9 ! =ego+ *apt]s1 x w be dem&$ ,,h[ ,,m5 ,,come ,,to ,,give ,,_! ,,ass5ts ,,contr>y ,,to ,,probability4 ,= !re is no?+ m common ?an contr>iety ( op9ions2 no?+ m obvi\s ?an t "o man :olly disbelieves :at ano!r only d\bts (1 & a ?ird /eadfa/ly believes & firmly adh]es to4 ,! reasons :]e(1 ?\gh !y may be v v>i\s1 yet1 ,i suppose may all be r$uc$ to ^! f\r3 ,i4 ,,want ,,( ,,pro(s4 ,,ii4 ,,want ,,( ,,ability ,,to ,,use ,,!m4 ,,iii4 ,,want ,,( ,,w ,,to ,,see ,,!m4 ,,iv4 ,,wrong ,,measures ,,( ,,probability4 #b4 ,fir/ cause ( ,error1 ,want ( ,pro(s4 ,,fir/1 ,by ,,want ,,( ,,pro(s1 ,i d n mean only ! want ( ^? pro(s :i* are n[h]e extant1 & s are n[h]e to be _h2 b ! want ev5 ( ^? pro(s :i* are 9 be+1 or might be procur$4 ,& ?us m5 want pro(s1 :o h n ! conv5i5ce or opportunity to make exp]im5ts & obs]vations !mselves1 t5d+ to ! pro( ( any proposition2 nor likewise ! conv5i5ce to inquire into & collect ! te/imonies ( o!rs3 & 9 ?is /ate are ! greate/ "p ( mank9d1 :o are giv5 up to lab\r1 & enslav$ to ! necessity ( _! mean condition1 ^: lives are worn out only 9 ! provisions = liv+4 ,^! m5's opportunities ( k & inquiry are commonly z n>r[ z _! =tunes2 & _! und]/&+s are b little in/ruct$1 :5 all _! :ole "t & pa9s is laid out to /ill ! croak+ ( _! own bellies1 or ! cries ( _! *ildr54 ,x is n to be expect$ t a man :o drudges on all 8 life 9 a labori\s trade1 %\ld be m kn[+ 9 ! v>iety ( ?+s done 9 ! _w ?an a packhorse1 :o is driv5 con/antly =w>ds & backw>ds 9 a n>r[ lane & dirty road1 only to m>ket1 %\ld be skill$ 9 ! geography ( ! c\ntry4 ,nor is x at all m possible1 t he :o wants leisure1 books1 & languages1 & ! opportunity ( conv]s+ ) v>iety ( m51 %\ld be 9 a condition to collect ^? te/imonies & obs]vations :i* are 9 be+1 & are necess>y to make out _m1 nay mo/1 ( ! propositions t1 9 ! societies ( m51 are judg$ ( ! greate/ mom5t2 or to f9d out gr\nds ( assurance s great z ! belief ( ! po9ts he w\ld build on !m is ?\ght necess>y4 ,s t a great "p ( mank9d are1 by ! natural & unalt]able /ate ( ?+s 9 ?is _w1 & ! con/itution ( human affairs1 unavoidably giv5 ov] to inv9cible ignorance ( ^? pro(s on :i* o!rs build1 & :i* are necess>y to e/abli% ^? op9ions3 ! greate/ "p ( m51 hav+ mu* to d to get ! means ( liv+1 are n 9 a condition to look aft] ^? ( le>n$ & labori\s inquiries4 #c4 ,objection1 ,:at %all become ( ^? :o want ,pro(s8 ,answ]$4 ,:at %all we say1 !n8 ,are ! greate/ "p ( mank9d1 by ! necessity ( _! condition1 subject$ to unavoidable ignorance1 9 ^? ?+s :i* are ( greate/ importance to !m8 7= ( ^? x is obvi\s to inquire47 ,h ! bulk ( mank9d no o!r guide b accid5t & bl9d *ance to conduct !m to _! happ9ess or mis]y8 ,are ! curr5t op9ions1 & lic5s$ guides ( e c\ntry suffici5t evid5ce & security to e man to v5ture 8 great conc]nm5ts on2 nay1 8 ev]la/+ happ9ess or mis]y8 ,or c ^? be ! c]ta9 & infallible oracles & /&>ds ( tru?1 :i* tea* "o ?+ 9 ,*ri/5dom & ano!r 9 ,turkey8 ,or %all a poor c\ntryman be et]nally happy1 = hav+ ! *ance to be born 9 ,italy2 or a day-lab\r] be unavoidably lo/1 because he _h ! ill-luck to be born 9 ,engl&8 ,h[ ready "s m5 may be to say "s ( ^! ?+s1 ,i w n "h exam9e3 b ?is ,i am sure1 t m5 mu/ all[ "o or o!r ( ^! to be true1 7let !m *oose :i* !y please17 or else grant t ,god has furni%$ m5 ) faculties suffici5t to direct !m 9 ! way !y %\ld take1 if !y w b s]i\sly employ !m t way1 :5 _! ord9>y vocations all[ !m ! leisure4 ,no man is s :olly tak5 up ) ! att5dance on ! means ( liv+1 z to h no sp>e "t at all to ?9k ( 8 s\l1 & in=m himself 9 matt]s ( religion4 ,7 m5 z int5t ^u ?is z !y are on ?+s ( l[] conc]nm5t1 !re are none s enslav$ to ! necessities ( life :o might n f9d _m vacancies t might be husb&$ to ?is advantage ( _! k4 #d4 ,p h9d]$ f ,inquiry4 ,besides ^? ^: improvem5ts & in=mations are /rait5$ by ! n>r[ness ( _! =tunes1 !re are o!rs ^: l>g5ess ( =tune w\ld pl5tifully en\gh supply books1 & o!r requisites = cle>+ ( d\bts1 & discov]+ ( tru?3 b !y are coop$ 9 close1 by ! laws ( _! c\ntries1 & ! /rict gu>ds ( ^? ^: int]e/ x is to keep !m ignorant1 le/1 kn[+ m1 !y %\ld believe ! less 9 !m4 ,^! are z f>1 nay fur!r1 f ! lib]ty & opportunities ( a fair inquiry1 ?an ^! poor & wret*$ lab\r]s we be=e spoke (3 & h[ev] !y may seem high & great1 are conf9$ to n>r[ness ( ?\ght1 & enslav$ 9 t :i* %\ld be ! free/ "p ( man1 _! und]/&+s4 ,?is is g5]ally ! case ( all ^? :o live 9 places :]e c>e is tak5 to propagate tru? )\t k2 :]e m5 are =c$1 at a v5ture1 to be ( ! religion ( ! c\ntry2 & mu/ !re=e swall[ d[n op9ions1 z silly p d empiric's pills1 )\t kn[+ :at !y are made (1 or h[ !y w "w1 & hav+ no?+ to d b believe t !y w d ! cure3 b 9 ?is are mu* m mis]able ?an !y1 9 t !y are n at lib]ty to refuse swall[+ :at p]haps !y _h r let alone2 or to *oose ! physician1 to ^: conduct !y w\ld tru/ !mselves4 #e4 ,second ,cause ( ,error1 ,want ( skill to use ,pro(s4 ,,secondly1 ,^? :o ,,want ,,skill ,,to ,,use ,,^? ,,evid5ces ,,!y ,,h ,,( ,,probabilities2 :o _c c>ry a tra9 ( consequ5ces 9 _! heads2 nor weigh exactly ! prepond]ancy ( contr>y pro(s & te/imonies1 mak+ e circum/ance its due all[ance2 may be easily misl$ to ass5t to positions t are n probable4 ,!re are "s m5 ( "o1 "s b ( two syllogisms1 & no m2 & o!rs t c b advance "o /ep fur!r4 ,^! _c always disc]n t side on :i* ! /ronge/ pro(s lie2 _c con/antly foll[ t :i* 9 itself is ! m probable op9ion4 ,n[ t !re is su* a diff]5ce betwe5 m51 9 respect ( _! und]/&+s1 ,i ?9k nobody1 :o has _h any conv]sation ) 8 neighb\rs1 w "q3 ?\gh he nev] 0 at ,we/m9/]-,hall or ! ,ex*ange on ! "o h&1 nor at ,alms-h\ses or ,b$lam on ! o!r4 ,:i* great diff]5ce 9 m5's intellectuals1 :e!r x rises f any defect 9 ! organs ( ! body1 p>ticul>ly adapt$ to ?9k+2 or 9 ! dulness or untractabl5ess ( ^? faculties = want ( use2 or1 z "s ?9k1 9 ! natural diff]5ces ( m5's s\ls !mselves2 or "s1 or all ( ^! toge!r2 x matt]s n "h to exam9e3 only ?is is evid5t1 t !re is a diff]5ce ( degrees 9 m5's und]/&+s1 appreh5sions1 & reason+s1 to s great a latitude1 t "o may1 )\t do+ injury to mank9d1 affirm1 t !re is a great] di/ance betwe5 "s m5 & o!rs 9 ?is respect1 ?an betwe5 "s m5 & "s bea/s4 ,b h[ ?is comes ab\t is a speculation1 ?\gh ( great consequ5ce1 yet n necess>y to our pres5t purpose4 #f4 ,?ird cause ( ,error1 ,want ( ,w to use !m4 ,,?irdly1 ,!re are ano!r sort ( p t want pro(s1 n because !y are out ( _! rea*1 b ,,because ,,!y ,,w ,,n ,,use ,,!m3 :o1 ?\gh !y h ri*es & leisure en\gh1 & want nei!r p>ts nor le>n+1 may yet1 ?r\gh _! hot pursuit ( pleasure1 or bus9ess1 or else out ( laz9ess or fe> t ! doctr9es ^: tru? !y w\ld inquire into w\ld n suit well ) _! op9ions1 lives or designs1 may nev] come to ! k (1 nor give _! ass5t to1 ^? possibilities :i* lie s mu* )9 _! view1 t1 to be conv9c$ ( !m1 !y ne$ b turn _! eyes t way4 ,we "k "s m5 w n read a lett] :i* is suppos$ to br+ ill news2 & _m m5 =be> to ca/ up _! acc\nts1 or s mu* z ?9k ^u _! e/ates1 :o h reason to fe> _! affairs are 9 no v good po/ure4 ,h[ m51 ^: pl5tiful =tunes all[ !m leisure to improve _! und]/&+s1 c satisfy !mselves ) a lazy ignorance1 ,i _c tell3 b me?9ks !y h a l[ op9ion ( _! s\ls1 :o lay out all _! incomes 9 provisions = ! body1 & employ none ( x to procure ! means & helps ( k2 :o take great c>e to appe> always 9 a neat & spl5did outside1 & w\ld ?9k !mselves mis]able 9 co>se clo!s1 or a pat*$ coat1 & yet cont5t$ly suff] _! m9ds to appe> abroad 9 a piebald liv]y ( co>se pat*es & borr[$ %r$s1 su* z x has pleas$ *ance1 or _! c\ntry tailor 7,i mean ! common op9ion ( ^? !y h conv]s$ )7 to clo! !m 94 ,i w n "h m5tion h[ unreasonable ?is is = m5 t ev] ?9k ( a future /ate1 & _! conc]nm5t 9 x1 :i* no rational man c avoid to d sometimes3 nor %all ,i take notice :at a %ame & confusion x is to ! greate/ contemn]s ( k1 to be f\nd ignorant 9 ?+s !y are conc]n$ to "k4 ,b ?is at lea/ is wor? ! consid]ation ( ^? :o call !mselves g5tlem51 ,t1 h[ev] !y may ?9k cr$it1 respect1 p[]1 & au?ority ! concomitants ( _! bir? & =tune1 yet !y w f9d all ^! /ill c>ri$ away f !m by m5 ( l[] condition1 :o surpass !m 9 k4 ,!y :o are bl9d w always be l$ by ^? t see1 or else fall into ! dit*3 & he is c]ta9ly ! mo/ subject$1 ! mo/ enslav$1 :o is s 9 8 und]/&+4 ,9 ! =ego+ in/ances "s ( ! causes h be5 %[n ( wrong ass5t1 & h[ x comes to pass1 t probable doctr9es are n always receiv$ ) an ass5t proportionable to ! reasons :i* are to be _h = _! probability3 b hi!rto we h consid]$ only su* probabilities ^: pro(s d exi/1 b d n appe> to him :o embraces ! error4 #g4 ,f\r? cause ( ,error1 ,wrong ,measures ( ,probability3 :i* are-- ,,f\r?ly1 ,!re rema9s yet ! la/ sort1 :o1 ev5 :]e ! real probabilities appe>1 & are pla9ly laid be=e !m1 d n admit ( ! conviction1 nor yield unto manife/ reasons1 b d ei!r susp5d _! ass5t1 or give x to ! less probable op9ion4 ,& to ?is dang] are ^? expos$ :o h tak5 up ,,wrong ,,measures ,,( ,,probability1 :i* are3 ,i4 ,,propositions ,,t ,,are ,,9 ,,!mselves ,,c]ta9 ,,& ,,evid5t1 ,,b ,,d\btful ,,& ,,false1 ,,tak5 ,,up ,,= ,,pr9ciples4 ,,ii4 ,,receiv$ ,,hypo!ses4 ,,iii4 ,,pr$om9ant ,,passions ,,or ,,incl9ations4 ,,iv4 ,,au?ority4 #h4 ,i4 ,d\btful ,propositions tak5 = ,pr9ciples4 ,! fir/ & firme/ gr\nd ( probability is ! con=mity any?+ has to our own k2 especially t "p ( our k :i* we h embrac$1 & cont9ue to look on z ,,pr9ciples4 ,^! h s great an influ5ce ^u our op9ions1 t x is usually by !m we judge ( tru?1 & measure probability2 to t degree1 t :at is inconsi/5t ) our pr9ciples1 is s f> f pass+ = probable ) u1 t x w n be all[$ possible4 ,! rev]5ce borne to ^! pr9ciples is s great1 & _! au?ority s p>am\nt to all o!r1 t ! te/imony1 n only ( o!r m51 b ! evid5ce ( our own s5ses are (t5 reject$1 :5 !y (f] to v\* any?+ contr>y to ^! e/abli%$ rules4 ,h[ mu* ! doctr9e ( ,,innate ,,pr9ciples1 & t pr9ciples are n to be prov$ or que/ion$1 has contribut$ to ?is1 ,i w n "h exam9e4 ,?is ,i readily grant1 t "o tru? _c contradict ano!r3 b )al ,i take leave also to say1 t e "o ought v c>efully to bew>e :at he admits = a pr9ciple1 to exam9e x /rictly1 & see :e!r he c]ta9ly kn[s x to be true ( itself1 by its own evid5ce1 or :e!r he does only ) assurance believe x to be s1 ^u ! au?ority ( o!rs4 ,= he ha? a /rong bias put into 8 und]/&+1 :i* w unavoidably misguide 8 ass5t1 :o ha? imbib$ ,,wrong ,,pr9ciples1 & has bl9dly giv5 himself up to ! au?ority ( any op9ion 9 itself n evid5tly true4 #i4 ,in/ill$ 9 *ildhood4 ,!re is no?+ m ord9>y ?an *ildr5's receiv+ into _! m9ds propositions 7especially ab\t matt]s ( religion7 f _! p>5ts1 nurses1 or ^? ab\t !m3 :i* be+ ins9uat$ into _! unw>y z well z unbiass$ und]/&+s1 & fa/5$ by degrees1 are at la/ 7equally :e!r true or false7 rivet$ !re by long cu/om & education1 beyond all possibility ( be+ pull$ out aga94 ,= m51 :5 !y are gr[n up1 reflect+ ^u _! op9ions1 & f9d+ ^? ( ?is sort to be z anci5t 9 _! m9ds z _! v memories1 n hav+ obs]v$ _! e>ly ins9uation1 nor by :at means !y got !m1 !y are apt to rev]5ce !m z sacr$ ?+s1 & n to suff] !m to be pr(an$1 t\*$1 or que/ion$3 !y look on !m z ! ,urim & ,?ummim set up 9 _! m9ds imm$iately by ,god himself1 to be ! great & un]r+ decid]s ( tru? & falsehood1 & ! judges to :i* !y are to appeal 9 all mann] ( controv]sies4 #aj4 ,( irresi/ible efficacy4 ,?is op9ion ( 8 pr9ciples 7let !m be :at !y w7 be+ once e/abli%$ 9 any "o's m9d1 x is easy to be imag9$ :at reception any proposition %all f9d1 h[ cle>ly soev] prov$1 t %all invalidate _! au?ority1 or at all ?w>t ) ^! int]nal oracles2 :]eas ! grosse/ absurdities & improbabilities1 be+ b agreeable to su* pr9ciples1 g d[n glibly1 & are easily dige/$4 ,! great ob/9acy t is to be f\nd 9 m5 firmly believ+ q contr>y op9ions1 ?\gh _m times equally absurd1 9 ! v>i\s religions ( mank9d1 are z evid5t a pro( z !y are an unavoidable consequ5ce ( ?is way ( reason+ f receiv$ traditional pr9ciples4 ,s t m5 w disbelieve _! own eyes1 r5\nce ! evid5ce ( _! s5ses1 & give _! own exp]i5ce ! lie1 r ?an admit ( any?+ disagree+ ) ^! sacr$ t5ets4 ,take an intellig5t ,romani/ t1 f ! fir/ dawn+ ( any notions 9 8 und]/&+1 ha? _h ?is pr9ciple con/antly inculcat$1 viz4 t he mu/ believe z ! *ur* 7i4e4 ^? ( 8 communion7 believes1 or t ! pope is infallible1 & ?is he nev] s mu* z he>d que/ion$1 till at =ty or fifty ye>s old he met ) "o ( o!r pr9ciples3 h[ is he prep>$ easily to swall[1 n only aga9/ all probability1 b ev5 ! cle> evid5ce ( 8 s5ses1 ! doctr9e ( ,,transub/antiation8 ,?is pr9ciple has su* an influ5ce on 8 m9d1 t he w believe t to be fle% :i* he sees to be bread4 ,& :at way w y take to conv9ce a man ( any improbable op9ion he holds1 :o1 ) "s philosoph]s1 ha? laid d[n ?is z a f\ndation ( reason+1 ,t he mu/ believe 8 reason 7= s m5 improp]ly call argum5ts drawn f _! pr9ciples7 aga9/ 8 s5ses8 ,let an en?usia/ be pr9cipl$ t he or 8 tea*] is inspir$1 & act$ by an imm$iate communication ( ! ,div9e ,_s1 & y 9 va9 br+ ! evid5ce ( cle> reasons aga9/ 8 doctr9e4 ,:oev]1 !re=e1 h imbib$ wrong pr9ciples1 are n1 9 ?+s inconsi/5t ) ^! pr9ciples1 to be mov$ by ! mo/ app>5t & conv9c+ probabilities1 till !y are s c&id & +5u\s to !mselves1 z to be p]suad$ to exam9e ev5 ^? v pr9ciples1 :i* _m nev] suff] !mselves to d4 #aa4 ,receiv$ ,hypo!ses4 ,next to ^! are m5 ^: und]/&+s are ca/ into a m\ld1 & fa%ion$ j to ! size ( a receiv$ ,,hypo!sis4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! & ! =m]1 is1 t !y w admit ( matt] ( fact1 & agree ) diss5t]s 9 t2 b diff] only 9 assign+ ( reasons & expla9+ ! mann] ( op]ation4 ,^! are n at t op5 defiance ) _! s5ses1 ) ! =m]3 !y c endure to he>k5 to _! in=mation a little m pati5tly2 b w by no means admit ( _! reports 9 ! explanation ( ?+s2 nor be prevail$ on by probabilities1 :i* w\ld conv9ce !m t ?+s are n br\ght ab\t j aft] ! same mann] t !y h decre$ )9 !mselves t !y are4 ,w\ld x n be an insuff]able ?+ = a le>n$ pr(essor1 & t :i* 8 sc>let w\ld blu% at1 to h 8 au?ority ( =ty ye>s /&+1 wr\ght out ( h>d rock1 ,greek & ,lat91 ) no small exp5se ( "t & c&le1 & confirm$ by g5]al tradition & a rev]5d be>d1 9 an in/ant ov]turn$ by an up/>t noveli/8 ,c any "o expect t he %\ld be made to confess1 t :at he taught 8 s*ol>s ?irty ye>s ago 0 all error & mi/ake2 & t he sold !m h>d words & ignorance at a v de> rate4 ,:at probabilities1 ,i say1 are suffici5t to prevail 9 su* a case8 ,& :o ev]1 by ! mo/ cog5t argum5ts1 w be prevail$ ) to disrobe himself at once ( all 8 old op9ions1 & pret5ces to k & le>n+1 :i* ) h>d /udy he ha? all ?is "t be5 lab\r+ =2 & turn himself out />k nak$1 9 que/ afre% ( new notions8 ,all ! argum5ts t c be us$ w be z little able to prevail1 z ! w9d did ) ! travell] to "p ) 8 cloak1 :i* he held only ! fa/]4 ,to ?is ( wrong hypo!sis may be r$uc$ ! errors t may be occasion$ by a true hypo!sis1 or "r pr9ciples1 b n rightly und]/ood4 ,!re is no?+ m famili> ?an ?is4 ,! in/ances ( m5 cont5d+ = diff]5t op9ions1 :i* !y all d]ive f ! infallible tru? ( ! ,scripture1 are an und5iable pro( ( x4 ,all t call !mselves ,*ri/ians1 all[ ! text t says1^w 9 ,greek1 to c>ry 9 x ! obligation to a v weighty duty4 ,b yet h[ v errone\s w "o ( _! practices be1 :o1 und]/&+ no?+ b ! ,fr5*1 take ?is rule ) "o translation to be1 ,,rep5tez-,,v\s1 rep5t2 or ) ! o!r1 ,,fatiez ,,p5it5ce1 d p5ance4 #ab4 ,,iii4 ,pr$om9ant ,passions4 ,probabilities :i* cross m5's appetites & prevail+ passions run ! same fate4 ,let ev] s mu* probability hang on "o side ( a covet\s man's reason+1 & money on ! o!r2 x is easy to =esee :i* w outweigh4 ,e>?ly m9ds1 l mud walls1 resi/ ! /ronge/ batt]ies3 & ?\gh1 p]haps1 sometimes ! =ce ( a cle> argum5t may make "s impression1 yet !y nev]!less /& firm1 & keep out ! enemy1 tru?1 t w\ld captivate or di/urb !m4 ,tell a man passionately 9 love1 t he is jilt$2 br+ a score ( witnesses ( ! falsehood ( 8 mi/ress1 x is t5 to "o b ?ree k9d words ( h]s %all invalidate all _! te/imonies4 ,,quod ,,volumus1 ,,facile ,,cr$imus2 :at suits our wi%es1 is =w>dly believ$1 is1 ,i suppose1 :at e "o ha? m ?an once exp]im5t$3 & ?\gh m5 _c always op5ly ga9say or resi/ ! =ce ( manife/ probabilities t make aga9/ !m1 yet yield !y n to ! argum5t4 ,n b t x is ! nature ( ! und]/&+ con/antly to close ) ! m probable side2 b yet a man ha? a p[] to susp5d & re/ra9 its inquiries1 & n p]mit a full & satisfactory exam9ation1 z f> z ! matt] 9 "q is capable1 & w be> x to be made4 ,until t be done1 !re w be always ^! two ways left ( evad+ ! mo/ app>5t probabilities3 #ac4 ,two ,means ( evad+ ,probabilities3 #a4 ,suppos$ ,fallacy lat5t 9 ! words employ$4 ,fir/1 ,t ! argum5ts be+ 7z = ! mo/ "p !y are7 br\ght 9 words1 ,,!re ,,may ,,be ,a ,,fallacy ,,lat5t ,,9 ,,!m3 & ! consequ5ces be+1 p]haps1 _m 9 tra91 !y may be "s ( !m incoh]5t4 ,!re are v few disc\rses s %ort1 cle>1 & consi/5t1 to :i* mo/ m5 may n1 ) satisfaction en\gh to !mselves1 raise ?is d\bt2 & f ^: conviction !y may n1 )\t reproa* ( dis+5uity or unreasonabl5ess1 set !mselves free ) ! old reply1 ,non p]suadebis1 etiamsi p]suas]is2 ?\gh ,i _c answ]1 ,i w n yield4 #ad4 ,suppos$ unkn[n ,argum5ts = ! contr>y4 ,secondly1 ,manife/ probabilities maybe evad$1 & ! ass5t )held1 ^u ?is sugge/ion1 ,t ,i "k n yet all t may be said on ! contr>y side4 ,& !re=e1 ?\gh ,i be beat51 x is n necess>y ,i %\ld yield1 n kn[+ :at =ces !re are 9 res]ve beh9d4 ,?is is a refuge aga9/ conviction s op5 & s wide1 t x is h>d to det]m9e :5 a man is q out ( ! v]ge ( x4 #ae4 ,:at ,probabilities naturally det]m9e ! ,ass5t4 ,b yet !re is "s end ( x2 & a man hav+ c>efully inquir$ into all ! gr\nds ( probability & unlikel9ess2 done 8 utmo/ to in=m himself 9 all p>ticul>s fairly1 & ca/ up ! sum total on bo? sides2 may1 9 mo/ cases1 come to ackn[l$ge1 ^u ! :ole matt]1 on :i* side ! probability re/s3 :]e9 "s pro(s 9 matt] ( reason1 be+ suppositions ^u univ]sal exp]i5ce1 are s cog5t & cle>1 & "s te/imonies 9 matt] ( fact s univ]sal1 t he _c refuse 8 ass5t4 ,s t ,i ?9k we may conclude1 t1 9 propositions1 :]e ?\gh ! pro(s 9 view are ( mo/ mom5t1 yet !re are suffici5t gr\nds to suspect t !re is ei!r fallacy 9 words1 or c]ta9 pro(s z consid]able to be produc$ on ! contr>y side2 !re ass5t1 susp5se1 or diss5t1 are (t5 volunt>y actions4 ,b :]e ! pro(s are su* z make x highly probable1 & !re is n suffici5t gr\nd to suspect t !re is ei!r fallacy ( words 7:i* sob] & s]i\s consid]ation may discov]7 nor equally valid pro(s yet undiscov]$1 lat5t on ! o!r side 7:i* also ! nature ( ! ?+ may1 9 "s cases1 make pla9 to a consid]ate man27 !re1 ,i ?9k1 a man :o has weigh$ !m c sc>ce refuse 8 ass5t to ! side on :i* ! great] probability appe>s4 ,:e!r x be probable t a promiscu\s jumble ( pr9t+ lett]s %\ld (t5 fall into a me?od & ord]1 :i* %\ld /amp on pap] a coh]5t disc\rse2 or t a bl9d =tuit\s conc\rse ( atoms1 n guid$ by an und]/&+ ag5t1 %\ld frequ5tly con/itute ! bodies ( any species ( animals3 9 ^! & ! l cases1 ,i ?9k1 nobody t consid]s !m c be "o jot at a /& :i* side to take1 nor at all wav] 9 8 ass5t4 ,la/ly1 :5 !re c be no supposition 7! ?+ 9 its own nature indiff]5t1 & :olly dep5d+ ^u ! te/imony ( witnesses7 t !re is z fair te/imony aga9/1 z = ! matt] ( fact atte/$2 :i* by inquiry is to be le>n$1 v4g4 :e!r !re 0 "o ?\s& sev5 hundr$ ye>s ago su* a man at ,rome z ,julius ,caes>3 9 all su* cases1 ,i say1 ,i ?9k x is n 9 any rational man's p[] to refuse 8 ass5t2 b t x necess>ily foll[s1 & closes ) su* probabilities4 ,9 o!r less cle> cases1 ,i ?9k x is 9 man's p[] to susp5d 8 ass5t2 & p]haps cont5t himself ) ! pro(s he has1 if !y fav\r ! op9ion t suits ) 8 incl9ation or int]e/1 & s /op f fur!r se>*4 ,b t a man %\ld af=d 8 ass5t to t side on :i* ! less probability appe>s to him1 seems to me utt]ly impracticable1 & z impossible z x is to believe ! same ?+ probable & improbable at ! same "t4 #af4 ,:]e x is 9 our ,p[] to susp5d our ,judgm5t4 ,z k is no m arbitr>y ?an p]ception2 s1 ,i ?9k1 ass5t is no m 9 our p[] ?an k4 ,:5 ! agreem5t ( any two ideas appe>s to our m9ds1 :e!r imm$iately or by ! assi/ance ( reason1 ,i c no m refuse to p]ceive1 no m avoid kn[+ x1 ?an ,i c avoid see+ ^? objects :i* ,i turn my eyes to1 & look on 9 daylight2 & :at ^u full exam9ation ,i f9d ! mo/ probable1 ,i _c d5y my ass5t to4 ,b1 ?\gh we _c h9d] our k1 :]e ! agreem5t is once p]ceiv$2 nor our ass5t1 :]e ! probability manife/ly appe>s ^u due consid]ation ( all ! measures ( x3 yet we c h9d] bo? ,,k & ,,ass5t1 ,,by ,,/opp+ ,,our ,,inquiry1 & n employ+ our faculties 9 ! se>* ( any tru?4 ,if x 7 n s1 ignorance1 error1 or infidelity1 c\ld n 9 any case be a fault4 ,?us1 9 "s cases we c prev5t or susp5d our ass5t3 b c a man v]s$ 9 mod]n or anci5t hi/ory d\bt :e!r !re is su* a place z ,rome1 or :e!r !re 0 su* a man z ,julius ,caes>8 ,inde$1 !re are millions ( tru?s t a man is n1 or may n ?9k himself conc]n$ to "k2 z :e!r our k+ ,ri*>d ! ,?ird 0 crook$ or no2 or :e!r ,rog] ,bacon 0 a ma!matician or a magician4 ,9 ^! & su* l cases1 :]e ! ass5t "o way or o!r is ( no importance to ! int]e/ ( any "o2 no action1 no conc]nm5t ( 8 foll[+ or dep5d+ !reon1 !re x is n /range t ! m9d %\ld give itself up to ! common op9ion1 or r5d] itself to ! fir/ com]4 ,^! & ! l op9ions are ( s little weight & mom5t1 t1 l motes 9 ! sun1 _! t5d5cies are v r>ely tak5 notice (4 ,!y are !re1 z x 71 by *ance1 & ! m9d lets !m float at lib]ty4 ,b :]e ! m9d judges t ! proposition has conc]nm5t 9 x3 :]e ! ass5t or n ass5t+ is ?\ght to draw consequ5ces ( mom5t aft] x1 & good & evil to dep5d on *oos+ or refus+ ! "r side1 & ! m9d sets itself s]i\sly to inquire & exam9e ! probability3 !re ,i ?9k x is n 9 our *oice to take :i* side we please1 if manife/ odds appe> on ei!r4 ,! great] probability1 ,i ?9k1 9 t case w det]m9e ! ass5t3 & a man c no m avoid ass5t+1 or tak+ x to be true1 :]e he p]ceives ! great] probability1 ?an he c avoid kn[+ x to be true1 :]e he p]ceives ! agreem5t or disagreem5t ( any two ideas4 ,if ?is be s1 ! f\ndation ( error w lie 9 wrong measures ( probability2 z ! f\ndation ( vice 9 wrong measures ( good4 #ag4 ,,iv4 ,au?ority ,! f\r? & la/ wrong measure ( probability ,i %all take notice (1 & :i* keeps 9 ignorance or error m p ?an all ! o!r toge!r1 is t :i* ,i h m5tion$ 9 ! =ego+ *apt]3 ,i mean ! giv+ up our ass5t to ! common receiv$ op9ions1 ei!r ( our fri5ds or p>ty1 neighb\rhood or c\ntry4 ,h[ _m m5 h no o!r gr\nd = _! t5ets1 ?an ! suppos$ hone/y1 or le>n+1 or numb] ( ^? ( ! same pr(ession8 ,z if hone/ or booki% m5 c\ld n err2 or tru? 7 to be e/abli%$ by ! vote ( ! multitude3 yet ?is ) mo/ m5 s]ves ! turn4 ,! t5et has _h ! atte/ation ( rev]5d antiquity2 x comes to me ) ! passport ( =m] ages1 & !re=e ,i am secure 9 ! reception ,i give x3 o!r m5 h be5 & are ( ! same op9ion1 7= t is all is said17 & !re=e x is reasonable = me to embrace x4 ,a man may m ju/ifiably ?r[ up cross & pile = 8 op9ions1 ?an take !m up by su* measures4 ,all m5 are liable to error1 & mo/ m5 are 9 _m po9ts1 by passion or int]e/1 "u temptation to x4 ,if we c\ld b see ! secret motives t influ5c$ ! m5 ( "n & le>n+ 9 ! _w1 & ! lead]s ( p>ties1 we %\ld n always f9d t x 0 ! embrac+ ( tru? = its own sake1 t made !m esp\se ! doctr9es !y own$ & ma9ta9$4 ,?is at lea/ is c]ta91 !re is n an op9ion s absurd1 :i* a man may n receive ^u ?is gr\nd4 ,!re is no error to be nam$1 :i* has n _h its pr(essors3 & a man %all nev] want crook$ pa?s to walk 91 if he ?9ks t he is 9 ! "r way1 :]ev] he has ! foot/eps ( o!rs to foll[4 #ah4 ,n s _m m5 9 ,errors z is commonly suppos$4 ,b1 not)/&+ ! great noise is made 9 ! _w ab\t errors & op9ions1 ,i mu/ d mank9d t "r z to say1 ,,!re ,,are ,,n ,,s ,,_m ,,m5 ,,9 ,,errors ,,& ,,wrong ,,op9ions ,,z ,,is ,,commonly ,,suppos$4 ,n t ,i ?9k !y embrace ! tru?2 b inde$1 because conc]n+ ^? doctr9es !y keep su* a /ir ab\t1 !y h no ?\ght1 no op9ion at all4 ,= if any "o %\ld a little cate*ise ! greate/ "p ( ! p>tizans ( mo/ ( ! sects 9 ! _w1 he w\ld n f9d1 conc]n+ ^? matt]s !y are s zeal\s =1 t !y h any op9ions ( _! own3 mu* less w\ld he h reason to ?9k t !y took !m ^u ! exam9ation ( argum5ts & appe>ance ( probability4 ,!y are resolv$ to /ick to a p>ty t education or int]e/ has engag$ !m 92 & !re1 l ! common soldi]s ( an army1 %[ _! c\rage & w>m? z _! lead]s direct1 )\t ev] exam9+1 or s mu* z kn[+1 ! cause !y cont5d =4 ,if a man's life %[s t he has no s]i\s reg>d = religion2 = :at reason %\ld we ?9k t he beats 8 head ab\t ! op9ions ( 8 *ur*1 & tr\bles himself to exam9e ! gr\nds ( ?is or t doctr9e8 ,x is en\gh = him to obey 8 lead]s1 to h 8 h& & 8 tongue ready = ! support ( ! common cause1 & !reby approve himself to ^? :o c give him cr$it1 pref]m5t1 or protection 9 t society4 ,?us m5 become pr(essors (1 & combatants =1 ^? op9ions !y 7 nev] conv9c$ ( nor proselytes to2 no1 nor ev] _h s mu* z float+ 9 _! heads3 & ?\gh "o _c say !re are few] improbable or errone\s op9ions 9 ! _w ?an !re are1 yet ?is is c]ta92 !re are few] t actually ass5t to !m1 & mi/ake !m = tru?s1 ?an is imag9$4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,,( ,,! ,,division ,,( ,,! ,,sci5ces4 #a4 ,sci5ce may be divid$ into ?ree sorts4 ,all t c fall )9 ! compass ( human und]/&+1 be+ ei!r1 ,,fir/1 ! nature ( ?+s1 z !y are 9 !mselves1 _! relations1 & _! mann] ( op]ation3 or1 ,,secondly1 t :i* man himself ought to d1 z a rational & volunt>y ag5t1 = ! atta9m5t ( any end1 especially happ9ess3 or1 ,,?irdly1 ! ways & means :]eby ! k ( bo? ! "o & ! o!r ( ^! is atta9$ & communicat$2 ,i ?9k sci5ce may be divid$ prop]ly into ^! ?ree sorts3-- #b4 ,fir/1 ,physica4 ,,fir/1 ,! k ( ?+s1 z !y are 9 _! own prop] be+s1 !n con/itution1 prop]ties1 & op]ations2 :]eby ,i mean n only matt] & body1 b spirits also1 :i* h _! prop] natures1 con/itutions1 & op]ations1 z well z bodies4 ,?is1 9 a little m enl>g$ s5se ( ! ^w1 ,i call ^w 9 ,greek3 physika1 or ,,natural ,,philosophy4 ,! end ( ?is is b>e speculative tru?3 & :atsoev] c af=d ! m9d ( man any su*1 falls "u ?is bran*1 :e!r x be ,god himself1 angels1 spirits1 bodies2 or any ( _! affections1 z numb]1 & figure1 c4 #c4 ,secondly1 ,practica4 ,,secondly1 ^w 9 ,greek3 praktika1 ,! skill ( "r apply+ our own p[]s & actions1 = ! atta9m5t ( ?+s good & useful4 ,! mo/ consid]able "u ?is head is ,,e?ics1 :i* is ! seek+ out ^? rules & measures ( human actions1 :i* lead to happ9ess1 & ! means to practise !m4 ,! end ( ?is is n b>e speculation & ! k ( tru?2 b "r1 & a conduct suitable to x4 #d4 ,?irdly1 ^w 9 ,greek3 ,semeiotika ,,?irdly1 ! ?ird bran* may be call$ ^w 9 ,greek3 ,semeiotika1 or ,,! ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,signs2 ! mo/ usual :]e( be+ words1 x is aptly en\gh t]m$ also ^w 9 ,greek3 ,logika1 ,,logic3 ! bus9ess :]e( is to consid] ! nature ( signs1 ! m9d makes use ( = ! und]/&+ ( ?+s1 or convey+ its k to o!rs4 ,=1 s9ce ! ?+s ! m9d contemplates are none ( !m1 besides itself1 pres5t to ! und]/&+1 x is necess>y t some?+ else1 z a sign or repres5tation ( ! ?+ x consid]s1 %\ld be pres5t to x3 & ^! are ,,ideas4 ,& because ! sc5e ( ideas t makes "o man's ?\ghts _c be laid op5 to ! imm$iate view ( ano!r1 nor laid up any:]e b 9 ! memory1 a no v sure repository3 !re=e to communicate our ?\ghts to "o ano!r1 z well z record !m = our own use1 signs ( our ideas are also necess>y3 ^? :i* m5 h f\nd mo/ conv5i5t1 & !re=e g5]ally make use (1 are ,,articulate ,,s\nds4 ,! consid]ation1 !n1 ( ,,ideas & ,,words z ! great in/rum5ts ( k1 makes no despicable "p ( _! contemplation :o w\ld take a view ( human k 9 ! :ole ext5t ( x4 ,& p]haps if !y 7 di/9ctly weigh$1 & duly consid]$1 !y w\ld af=d u ano!r sort ( logic & critic1 ?an :at we h be5 hi!rto acqua9t$ )4 #e4 ,?is is ! fir/ & mo/ g5]al ,division ( ! ,objects ( our ,und]/&+4 ,?is seems to me ! fir/ & mo/ g5]al1 z well z natural division ( ! objects ( our und]/&+4 ,= a man c employ 8 ?\ghts ab\t no?+1 b ei!r1 ! contemplation ( ,,?+s !mselves1 = ! discov]y ( tru?2 or ab\t ! ?+s 9 8 own p[]1 :i* are 8 own ,,actions1 = ! atta9m5t ( 8 own ends2 or ! ,,signs ! m9d makes use ( bo? 9 ! "o & ! o!r1 & ! "r ord]+ ( !m1 = its cle>] in=mation4 ,all :i* ?ree1 viz4 ,,?+s1 z !y are 9 !mselves kn[able2 ,,actions z !y dep5d on u1 9 ord] to happ9ess2 & ! "r use ( ,,signs 9 ord] to k1 be+ ,,toto ,,coelo diff]5t1 !y seem$ to me to be ! ?ree great prov9ces ( ! intellectual _w1 :olly sep>ate & di/9ct "o f ano!r4 ,! ,end