,an ,essay ,conc]n+ ,humane ,und]/&+ ,,9 ,,f\r ,,books ,by ,john ,locke image ,quam bellum e/ velle confit]i potius nescire quod nescias1 quam i/a effuti5tem nause>e1 atque ipsum sibi displic]e6 ,cic4 de ,natur4 ,deor4 l4 #a4 ,,london3 ,pr9t$ by ,eliz4 ,holt1 = ,?omas ,basset1 at ! ,george 9 ,fleet ,/reet1 ne> ,/4 ,dun/an's ,*ur*4 ,,mdcxc ,,cont5ts ,,! ,,epi/le ,,to ,,! ,,read] ,,essay ,,conc]n+ ,,humane ,,und]/&+4 ,,book ,i ,,nei!r ,,pr9ciples ,,nor ,,ideas ,,are ,,innate ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,introduction4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,no ,,innate ,,speculative ,,pr9ciples4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,no ,,innate ,,practical ,,pr9ciples ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,o!r ,,consid]ations ,,conc]n+ ,,innate ,,pr9ciples1 ,,bo? ,,speculative ,,& ,,practical4 ,,book ,,ii ,,( ,,ideas ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,( ,,ideas ,,9 ,,g5]al1 ,,& ,,_! ,,orig9al4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,( ,,simple ,,ideas4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,( ,,simple ,,ideas ,,( ,,s5se4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,idea ,,( ,,solidity4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,( ,,simple ,,ideas ,,( ,,div]s ,,s5ses4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,( ,,simple ,,ideas ,,( ,,reflection4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,( ,,simple ,,ideas ,,( ,,bo? ,,s5sation ,,& ,,reflection4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,"s ,,fur!r ,,consid]ations ,,conc]n+ ,,our ,,simple ,,ideas ,,( ,,s5sation4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,( ,,p]ception4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,( ,,ret5tion4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,( ,,disc]n+1 ,,& ,,o!r ,,op]ations ,,( ,,! ,,m9d4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,( ,,complex ,,ideas4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,complex ,,ideas ,,( ,,simple ,,modes3--,,& ,,fir/1 ,,( ,,! ,,simple ,,modes ,,( ,,idea ,,( ,,space4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,idea ,,( ,,duration ,,& ,,its ,,simple ,,modes4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,ideas ,,( ,,duration ,,& ,,expansion1 ,,consid]$ ,,toge!r4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,idea ,,( ,,numb]4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,( ,,inf9ity4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,o!r ,,simple ,,modes4 ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,( ,,! ,,modes ,,( ,,?9k+4 ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,( ,,modes ,,( ,,pleasure ,,& ,,pa94 ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,,( ,,p[]4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,,( ,,mix$ ,,modes4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,,( ,,our ,,complex ,,ideas ,,( ,,sub/ances4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,,( ,,collective ,,ideas ,,( ,,sub/ances4 ,,*apt] ,,xxv4 ,,( ,,relation4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvi4 ,,( ,,cause ,,& ,,effect1 ,,& ,,o!r ,,relations4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvii4 ,,( ,,id5tity ,,& ,,div]sity4 ,,*apt] ,,xxviii4 ,,( ,,o!r ,,relations4 ,,*apt] ,,xxix4 ,,( ,,cle> ,,& ,,obscure1 ,,di/9ct ,,& ,,confus$ ,,ideas4 ,,*apt] ,,xxx4 ,,( ,,real ,,& ,,fanta/ical ,,ideas4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxi4 ,,( ,,adequate ,,& ,,inadequate ,,ideas4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxii4 ,,( ,,true ,,& ,,false ,,ideas4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxiii4 ,,( ,,! ,,association ,,( ,,ideas4 ,,to ,,! ,,"r ,,hon\rable ,,?omas1 ,,e>l ,,( ,,pembroke ,,& ,,montgom]y1 ,,b>on ,,h]b]t ,,( ,,c>diff ,,"l ,,ross1 ,,( ,,k5dal1 ,,p>1 ,,fitzhugh1 ,,m>mion1 ,,/4 ,,qu9t91 ,,& ,,%url&2 ,,"l ,,presid5t ,,( ,,8 ,,maje/y',s ,,mo/ ,,hon\rable ,,privy ,,c\ncil2 ,,& ,,"l ,,lieut5ant ,,( ,,! ,,c\nty ,,( ,,wilts1 ,,& ,,( ,,s\? ,,wales4 ,,my ,,"l1 ,?is ,treatise1 :i* is gr[n up "u y\r lord%ip's eye1 & has v5tur$ into ! _w by y\r ord]1 does n[1 by a natural k9d ( "r1 come to y\r lord%ip = t protection :i* y sev]al ye>s s9ce promis$ x4 ,x is n t ,i ?9k any "n1 h[ great soev]1 set at ! beg9n+ ( a book1 w be able to cov] ! faults t are to be f\nd 9 x4 ,?+s 9 pr9t mu/ /& & fall by _! own wor?1 or ! read]'s fancy4 ,b !re be+ no?+ m to be desir$ = tru? ?an a fair unprejudic$ he>+1 nobody is m likely to procure me t ?an y\r lord%ip1 :o are all[$ to h got s intimate an acqua9tance ) h]1 9 h] m retir$ recesses4 ,y\r lord%ip is kn[n to h s f> advanc$ y\r speculations 9 ! mo/ ab/ract & g5]al k ( ?+s1 beyond ! ord9>y rea* or common me?ods1 t y\r all[ance & approbation ( ! design ( ?is ,treatise w at lea/ pres]ve x f be+ condemn$ )\t read+1 & w prevail to h ^? p>ts a little weigh$1 :i* might o!rwise p]haps be ?\ght to des]ve no consid]ation1 = be+ some:at out ( ! common road4 ,! imputation ( ,novelty is a t]rible *>ge among/ ^? :o judge ( m5's heads1 z !y d ( _! p]ukes1 by ! fa%ion1 & c all[ none to be "r b ! receiv$ doctr9es4 ,tru? sc>ce ev] yet c>ri$ x by vote any:]e at its fir/ appe>ance3 new op9ions are always suspect$1 & usually oppos$1 )\t any o!r reason b because !y are n already common4 ,b tru?1 l gold1 is n ! less s = be+ newly br\ght out ( ! m9e4 ,x is trial & exam9ation mu/ give x price1 & n any antique fa%ion2 & ?\gh x be n yet curr5t by ! public /amp1 yet x may1 = all t1 be z old z nature1 & is c]ta9ly n ! less g5u9e4 ,y\r lord%ip c give great & conv9c+ in/ances ( ?is1 :5ev] y please to oblige ! public ) "s ( ^? l>ge & compreh5sive discov]ies y h made ( tru?s hi!rto unkn[n1 unless to "s few1 f :om y\r lord%ip has be5 pleas$ n :olly to conceal !m4 ,?is alone 7 a suffici5t reason1 7 !re no o!r1 :y ,i %\ld d$icate ?is ,essay to y\r lord%ip2 & its hav+ "s little correspond5ce ) "s p>ts ( t nobl] & va/ sy/em ( ! sci5ces y\r lord%ip has made s new1 exact1 & in/ructive a draught (1 ,i ?9k x glory en\gh1 if y\r lord%ip p]mit me to boa/1 t "h & !re ,i h fall5 into "s ?\ghts n :olly diff]5t f y\rs4 ,if y\r lord%ip ?9k fit t1 by y\r enc\ragem5t1 ?is %\ld appe> 9 ! _w1 ,i hope x may be a reason1 "s "t or o!r1 to lead y\r lord%ip fur!r2 & y w all[ me to say1 t y "h give ! _w an e>ne/ ( some?+ t1 if !y c be> ) ?is1 w be truly wor? _! expectation4 ,?is1 my "l1 %[s :at a pres5t ,i "h make to y\r lord%ip2 j su* z ! poor man does to 8 ri* & great neighb\r1 by :om ! basket ( fl[]s or fruit is n ill tak51 ?\gh he has m pl5ty ( 8 own gr[?1 & 9 mu* great] p]fection4 ,wor?less ?+s receive a value :5 !y are made ! (f]+s ( respect1 e/eem1 & gratitude3 ^! y h giv5 me s mighty & peculi> reasons to h1 9 ! highe/ degree1 = y\r lord%ip1 t if !y c add a price to :at !y g along )1 proportionable to _! own greatness1 ,i c ) confid5ce brag1 ,i "h make y\r lord%ip ! ri*e/ pres5t y ev] receiv$4 ,?is ,i am sure1 ,i am "u ! greate/ obligations to seek all occasions to ackn[l$ge a long tra9 ( fav\rs ,i h receiv$ f y\r lord%ip2 fav\rs1 ?\gh great & important 9 !mselves1 yet made mu* m s by ! =w>dness1 conc]n1 & k9dness1 & o!r oblig+ circum/ances1 t nev] fail$ to accompany !m4 ,to all ?is y are pleas$ to add t :i* gives yet m weight & reli% to all ! re/3 y v\*safe to cont9ue me 9 "s degrees ( y\r e/eem1 & all[ me a place 9 y\r good ?\ghts1 ,i _h almo/ said fri5d%ip4 ,?is1 my "l1 y\r words & actions s con/antly %[ on all occasions1 ev5 to o!rs :5 ,i am abs5t1 t x is n vanity 9 me to m5tion :at ev]ybody kn[s3 b x w\ld be want ( good mann]s n to ackn[l$ge :at s _m are witnesses (1 & e day tell me ,i am indebt$ to y\r lord%ip =4 ,i wi% !y c\ld z easily assi/ my gratitude1 z !y conv9ce me ( ! great & gr[+ engagem5ts x has to y\r lord%ip4 ,?is ,i am sure1 ,i %\ld write ( ! ,,und]/&+ )\t hav+ any1 if ,i 7 n extremely s5sible ( !m1 & did n lay hold on ?is opportunity to te/ify to ! _w h[ mu* ,i am oblig$ to be1 & h[ mu* ,i am1 ,,my ,,"l1 ,y\r ,lord%ip's mo/ humble & mo/ ob$i5t s]vant1 ,,john ,,locke #b ,dorset ,c\rt1 #bd? ( ,may1 #afhi ,,! ,,epi/le ,,to ,,! ,,read] ,,read]1 ,i h put into ?y h&s :at has be5 ! div]sion ( "s ( my idle & heavy h\rs4 ,if x has ! good luck to prove s ( any ( ?9e1 & ?\ ha/ b half s mu* pleasure 9 read+ z ,i _h 9 writ+ x1 ?\ wilt z little ?9k ?y money1 z ,i d my pa9s1 ill be/[$4 ,mi/ake n ?is = a comm5dation ( my "w2 nor conclude1 because ,i 0 pleas$ ) ! do+ ( x1 t !re=e ,i am fondly tak5 ) x n[ x is done4 ,he t hawks at l>ks & sp>r[s has no less sport1 ?\gh a mu* less consid]able qu>ry1 ?an he t flies at nobl] game3 & he is little acqua9t$ ) ! subject ( ?is treatise--! ,,und]/&+--:o does n "k t1 z x is ! mo/ elevat$ faculty ( ! s\l1 s x is employ$ ) a great] & m con/ant delight ?an any ( ! o!r4 ,its se>*es aft] tru? are a sort ( hawk+ & hunt+1 :]e9 ! v pursuit makes a great "p ( ! pleasure4 ,e /ep ! m9d takes 9 its progress t[>ds ,k makes "s discov]y1 :i* is n only new1 b ! be/ too1 = ! "t at lea/4 ,= ! und]/&+1 l ! eye1 judg+ ( objects only by its own sight1 _c b be pleas$ ) :at x discov]s1 hav+ less regret = :at has escap$ x1 because x is unkn[n4 ,?us he :o has rais$ himself above ! alms-basket1 &1 n cont5t to live lazily on scraps ( begg$ op9ions1 sets 8 own ?\ghts on "w1 to f9d & foll[ tru?1 w 7:atev] he lights on7 n miss ! hunt]'s satisfaction2 e mom5t ( 8 pursuit w rew>d 8 pa9s ) "s delight2 & he w h reason to ?9k 8 "t n ill sp5t1 ev5 :5 he _c mu* boa/ ( any great acquisition4 ,?is1 ,read]1 is ! ent]ta9m5t ( ^? :o let loose _! own ?\ghts1 & foll[ !m 9 writ+2 :i* ?\ oughte/ n to envy !m1 s9ce !y af=d !e an opportunity ( ! l div]sion1 if ?\ wilt make use ( ?y own ?\ghts 9 read+4 ,x is to !m1 if !y are ?y own1 t ,i ref] myself3 b if !y are tak5 ^u tru/ f o!rs1 x is no great matt] :at !y are2 !y are n foll[+ tru?1 b "s mean] consid]ation2 & x is n wor? :ile to be conc]n$ :at he says or ?9ks1 :o says or ?9ks only z he is direct$ by ano!r4 ,if ?\ judge/ = ?yself ,i "k ?\ wilt judge c&idly1 & !n ,i %all n be h>m$ or (f5d$1 :atev] be ?y c5sure4 ,= ?\gh x be c]ta9 t !re is no?+ 9 ?is ,treatise ( ! tru? :]e( ,i am n fully p]suad$1 yet ,i consid] myself z liable to mi/akes z ,i c ?9k !e1 & "k t ?is book mu/ /& or fall ) !e1 n by any op9ion ,i h ( x1 b ?y own4 ,if ?\ f9de/ little 9 x new or in/ructive to !e1 ?\ art n to blame me = x4 ,x 0 n meant = ^? t _h already ma/]$ ?is subject1 & made a ?or\gh acqua9tance ) _! own und]/&+s2 b = my own in=mation1 & ! satisfaction ( a few fri5ds1 :o ackn[l$g$ !mselves n to h suffici5tly consid]$ x4 ,7 x fit to tr\ble !e ) ! hi/ory ( ?is ,essay1 ,i %\ld tell !e1 t five or six fri5ds meet+ at my *amb]1 & disc\rs+ on a subject v remote f ?is1 f\nd !mselves quickly at a /&1 by ! difficulties t rose on e side4 ,aft] we _h a:ile puzzl$ ourselves1 )\t com+ any ne>] a resolution ( ^? d\bts :i* p]plex$ u1 x came into my ?\ghts t we took a wrong c\rse2 & t be=e we set ourselves ^u inquiries ( t nature1 x 0 necess>y to exam9e our own abilities1 & see :at ,,objects our und]/&+s 71 or 7 n1 fitt$ to deal )4 ,?is ,i propos$ to ! company1 :o all readily ass5t$2 & !reupon x 0 agre$ t ?is %\ld be our fir/ inquiry4 ,"s ha/y & undige/$ ?\ghts1 on a subject ,i _h nev] be=e consid]$1 :i* ,i set d[n aga9/ our next meet+1 gave ! fir/ entrance into ?is ,disc\rse2 :i* hav+ be5 ?us begun by *ance1 0 cont9u$ by intreaty2 writt5 by incoh]5t p>cels2 & aft] long int]vals ( neglect1 resum$ aga91 z my hum\r or occasions p]mitt$2 & at la/1 9 a retirem5t :]e an att5dance on my heal? gave me leisure1 x 0 br\ght into t ord] ?\ n[ see/ x4 ,?is discont9u$ way ( writ+ may h occasion$1 besides o!rs1 two contr>y faults1 viz41 t too little & too mu* may be said 9 x4 ,if ?\ f9de/ any?+ want+1 ,i %all be glad t :at ,i h writt5 gives !e any desire t ,i %\ld h gone fur!r4 ,if x seems too mu* to !e1 ?\ mu/ blame ! subject2 = :5 ,i put p5 to pap]1 ,i ?\ght all ,i %\ld h to say on ?is matt] w\ld h be5 conta9$ 9 "o %eet ( pap]2 b ! fur!r ,i w5t ! l>g] prospect ,i _h2 new discov]ies l$ me /ill on1 & s x grew ins5sibly to ! bulk x n[ appe>s 94 ,i w n d5y1 b possibly x might be r$uc$ to a n>r[] compass ?an x is1 & t "s p>ts ( x might be contract$1 ! way x has be5 writ 91 by cat*es1 & _m long int]vals ( int]ruption1 be+ apt to cause "s repetitions4 ,b to confess ! tru?1 ,i am n[ too lazy1 or too busy1 to make x %ort]4 ,i am n ignorant h[ little ,i h]e9 consult my own reputation1 :5 ,i kn[+ly let x g ) a fault1 s apt to disgu/ ! mo/ judici\s1 :o are always ! nice/ read]s4 ,b !y :o "k slo? is apt to cont5t itself ) any excuse1 w p>don me if m9e has prevail$ on me1 :]e ,i ?9k ,i h a v good "o4 ,i w n !re=e allege 9 my def5ce1 t ! same notion1 hav+ diff]5t respects1 may be conv5i5t or necess>y to prove or illu/rate sev]al p>ts ( ! same disc\rse1 & t s x has happ5$ 9 _m p>ts ( ?is3 b waiv+ t1 ,i %all frankly av[ t ,i h sometimes dwelt long ^u ! same argum5t1 & express$ x diff]5t ways1 ) a q diff]5t design4 ,i pret5d n to publi% ?is ,essay = ! in=mation ( m5 ( l>ge ?\ghts & quick appreh5sions2 to su* ma/]s ( k ,i pr(ess myself a s*ol>1 & !re=e w>n !m be=eh& n to expect any?+ "h1 b :at1 be+ spun out ( my own co>se ?\ghts1 is fitt$ to m5 ( my own size1 to :om1 p]haps1 x w n be unacceptable t ,i h tak5 "s pa9s to make pla9 & famili> to _! ?\ghts "s tru?s :i* e/abli%$ prejudice1 or ! ab/ract$ness ( ! ideas !mselves1 might r5d] difficult4 ,"s objects _h ne$ be turn$ on e side2 & :5 ! notion is new1 z ,i confess "s ( ^! are to me2 or out ( ! ord9>y road1 z ,i suspect !y w appe> to o!rs1 x is n "o simple view ( x t w ga9 x admittance into e und]/&+1 or fix x !re ) a cle> & la/+ impression4 ,!re are few1 ,i believe1 :o h n obs]v$ 9 !mselves or o!rs1 t :at 9 "o way ( propos+ 0 v obscure1 ano!r way ( express+ x has made v cle> & intelligible2 ?\gh aft]w>ds ! m9d f\nd little diff]5ce 9 ! phrases1 & wond]$ :y "o fail$ to be und]/ood m ?an ! o!r4 ,b ev]y?+ does n hit alike ^u e man's imag9ation4 ,we h our und]/&+s no less diff]5t ?an our palates2 & he t ?9ks ! same tru? %all be equally reli%$ by e "o 9 ! same dress1 may z well hope to fea/ e "o ) ! same sort ( cook]y3 ! meat may be ! same1 & ! n\ri%m5t good1 yet e "o n be able to receive x ) t season+2 & x mu/ be dress$ ano!r way1 if y w h x g d[n ) "s1 ev5 ( /rong con/itutions4 ,! tru? is1 ^? :o advis$ me to publi% x1 advis$ me1 = ?is reason1 to publi% x z x is3 & s9ce ,i h be5 br\ght to let x g abroad1 ,i desire x %\ld be und]/ood by :oev] gives himself ! pa9s to read x4 ,i h s little affection to be 9 pr9t1 t if ,i 7 n flatt]$ ?is ,essay might be ( "s use to o!rs1 z ,i ?9k x has be5 to me1 ,i %\ld h conf9$ x to ! view ( "s fri5ds1 :o gave ! fir/ occasion to x4 ,my appe>+ !re=e 9 pr9t be+ on purpose to be z useful z ,i may1 ,i ?9k x necess>y to make :at ,i h to say z easy & intelligible to all sorts ( read]s z ,i c4 ,& ,i _h mu* r ! speculative & quick-sight$ %\ld compla9 ( my be+ 9 "s p>ts t$i\s1 ?an t any "o1 n accu/om$ to ab/ract speculations1 or prepossess$ ) diff]5t notions1 %\ld mi/ake or n compreh5d my mean+4 ,x w possibly be c5sur$ z a great piece ( vanity or insol5ce 9 me1 to pret5d to in/ruct ?is our kn[+ age2 x am\nt+ to little less1 :5 ,i own1 t ,i publi% ?is ,essay ) hopes x may be useful to o!rs4 ,b1 if x may be p]mitt$ to speak freely ( ^? :o ) a feign$ mode/y condemn z useless :at !y !mselves write1 me?9ks x sav\rs mu* m ( vanity or insol5ce to publi% a book = any o!r end2 & he fails v mu* ( t respect he owes ! public1 :o pr9ts1 & consequ5tly expects m5 %\ld read1 t :]e9 he int5ds n !y %\ld meet ) any?+ ( use to !mselves or o!rs3 & %\ld no?+ else be f\nd all[able 9 ?is ,treatise1 yet my design w n cease to be s2 & ! goodness ( my int5tion ought to be "s excuse = ! wor?lessness ( my pres5t4 ,x is t *iefly :i* secures me f ! fe> ( c5sure1 :i* ,i expect n to escape m ?an bett] writ]s4 ,m5's pr9ciples1 notions1 & reli%es are s diff]5t1 t x is h>d to f9d a book :i* pleases or displeases all m54 ,i ackn[l$ge ! age we live 9 is n ! lea/ kn[+1 & !re=e n ! mo/ easy to be satisfi$4 ,if ,i h n ! good luck to please1 yet nobody ought to be (f5d$ ) me4 ,i pla9ly tell all my read]s1 except half a doz51 ?is ,treatise 0 n at fir/ int5d$ = !m2 & !re=e !y ne$ n be at ! tr\ble to be ( t numb]4 ,b yet if any "o ?9ks fit to be angry & rail at x1 he may d x securely1 = ,i %all f9d "s bett] way ( sp5d+ my "t ?an 9 su* k9d ( conv]sation4 ,i %all always h ! satisfaction to h aim$ s9c]ely at tru? & usefulness1 ?\gh 9 "o ( ! meane/ ways4 ,! commonweal? ( le>n+ is n at ?is "t )\t ma/]-build]s1 ^: mighty designs1 9 advanc+ ! sci5ces1 w leave la/+ monum5ts to ! admiration ( po/]ity3 b e "o mu/ n hope to be a ,boyle or a ,syd5ham2 & 9 an age t produces su* ma/]s z ! great ,huyg5ius & ! incomp>able ,mr4 ,newton1 ) "s o!rs ( t /ra91 x is ambition en\gh to be employ$ z an "u-lab\r] 9 cle>+ ! gr\nd a little1 & remov+ "s ( ! rubbi% t lies 9 ! way to k2--:i* c]ta9ly _h be5 v mu* m advanc$ 9 ! _w1 if ! endeav\rs ( +5i\s & indu/ri\s m5 _h n be5 mu* cumb]$ ) ! le>n$ b frivol\s use ( unc\?1 affect$1 or un9telligible t]ms1 introduc$ into ! sci5ces1 & !re made an art (1 to t degree t ,philosophy1 :i* is no?+ b ! true k ( ?+s1 0 ?\ght unfit or incapable to be br\ght into well-br$ company & polite conv]sation4 ,vague & insignificant =ms ( spee*1 & abuse ( language1 h s long pass$ = my/]ies ( sci5ce2 & h>d & misappli$ words1 ) little or no mean+1 h1 by prescription1 su* a "r to be mi/ak5 = deep le>n+ & height ( speculation1 t x w n be easy to p]suade ei!r ^? :o speak or ^? :o he> !m1 t !y are b ! cov]s ( ignorance1 & h9drance ( true k4 ,to break 9 ^u ! sanctu>y ( vanity & ignorance w be1 ,i suppose1 "s s]vice to human und]/&+2 ?\gh s few are apt to ?9k !y deceive or are deceiv$ 9 ! use ( words2 or t ! language ( ! sect !y are ( has any faults 9 x :i* ought to be exam9$ or correct$1 t ,i hope ,i %all be p>don$ if ,i h 9 ! ,?ird ,book dwelt long on ?is subject1 & endeav\r$ to make x s pla91 t nei!r ! invet]at5ess ( ! mis*ief1 nor ! preval5cy ( ! fa%ion1 %all be any excuse = ^? :o w n take c>e ab\t ! mean+ ( _! own words1 & w n suff] ! significancy ( _! expressions to be inquir$ into4 ,i h be5 told t a %ort ,epitome ( ?is ,treatise1 :i* 0 pr9t$ 9 #afhh1 0 by "s condemn$ )\t read+1 because ,,innate ,,ideas 7 d5i$ 9 x2 !y too ha/ily conclud+1 t if innate ideas 7 n suppos$1 !re w\ld be little left ei!r ( ! notion or pro( ( spirits4 ,if any "o take ! l (f5ce at ! entrance ( ?is ,treatise1 ,i %all desire him to read x ?r\gh2 & !n ,i hope he w be conv9c$1 t ! tak+ away false f\ndations is n to ! prejudice b advantage ( tru?1 :i* is nev] injur$ or endang]$ s mu* z :5 mix$ )1 or built on1 falsehood4 ,9 ! ,second ,edition ,i add$ z foll[e?3-- ,! booksell] w n =give me if ,i say no?+ ( ?is ,new ,edition1 :i* he has promis$1 by ! correctness ( x1 %all make am5ds = ! _m faults committ$ 9 ! =m]4 ,he desires too1 t x %\ld be kn[n t x has "o :ole new *apt] conc]n+ ,id5tity1 & _m additions & am5dm5ts 9 o!r places4 ,^! ,i mu/ in=m my read] are n all new matt]1 b mo/ ( !m ei!r fur!r confirmation ( :at ,i _h said1 or explications1 to prev5t o!rs be+ mi/ak5 9 ! s5se ( :at 0 =m]ly pr9t$1 & n any v>iation 9 me f x4 ,i mu/ only except ! alt]ations ,i h made 9 ,book ,,ii4 *ap4 xxi4 ,:at ,i _h !re writt5 conc]n+ ,lib]ty & ! ,w1 ,i ?\ght des]v$ z accurate a view z ,i am capable (2 ^? subjects hav+ 9 all ages ex]cis$ ! le>n$ "p ( ! _w ) que/ions & difficulties1 t h n a little p]plex$ morality & div9ity1 ^? p>ts ( k t m5 are mo/ conc]n$ to be cle> 94 ,^u a clos] inspection into ! work+ ( m5's m9ds1 & a /rict] exam9ation ( ^? motives & views !y are turn$ by1 ,i h f\nd reason some:at to alt] ! ?\ghts ,i =m]ly _h conc]n+ t :i* gives ! la/ det]m9ation to ! ,w 9 all volunt>y actions4 ,?is ,i _c =be> to ackn[l$ge to ! _w ) z mu* fre$om & read9ess2 z ,i at fir/ publi%$ :at !n seem$ to me to be "r2 ?9k+ myself m conc]n$ to quit & r5\nce any op9ion ( my own1 ?an oppose t ( ano!r1 :5 tru? appe>s aga9/ x4 ,= x is tru? alone ,i seek1 & t w always be welcome to me1 :5 or f :5cesoev] x comes4 ,b :at =w>dness soev] ,i h to resign any op9ion ,i h1 or to rec$e f any?+ ,i h writ1 ^u ! fir/ evid5ce ( any error 9 x2 yet ?is ,i mu/ own1 t ,i h n _h ! good luck to receive any light f ^? exceptions ,i h met ) 9 pr9t aga9/ any "p ( my book1 nor h1 f any?+ t has be5 urg$ aga9/ x1 f\nd reason to alt] my s5se 9 any ( ! po9ts t h be5 que/ion$4 ,:e!r ! subject ,i h 9 h& requires (t5 m ?\ght & att5tion ?an cursory read]s1 at lea/ su* z are prepossess$1 are will+ to all[2 or :e!r any obscurity 9 my expressions ca/s a cl\d ov] x1 & ^! notions are made difficult to o!rs' appreh5sions 9 my way ( treat+ !m2 s x is1 t my mean+1 ,i f9d1 is (t5 mi/ak51 & ,i h n ! good luck to be ev]y:]e rightly und]/ood4 ,( ?is ! +5i\s au?or ( ! ,disc\rse ,conc]n+ ! ,nature ( ,man has giv5 me a late in/ance1 to m5tion no o!r4 ,= ! civility ( 8 expressions1 & ! c&\r t belongs to 8 ord]1 =bid me to ?9k t he w\ld h clos$ 8 ,preface ) an ins9uation1 z if 9 :at ,i _h said1 ,book ,,ii4 *4 xxvii1 conc]n+ ! ?ird rule :i* m5 ref] _! actions to1 ,i w5t ab\t to make virtue vice & vice virtue1 unless he _h mi/ak5 my mean+2 :i* he c\ld n h done if he _h giv5 himself ! tr\ble to consid] :at ! argum5t 0 ,i 0 !n ^u1 & :at 0 ! *ief design ( t *apt]1 pla9ly en\gh set d[n 9 ! f\r? section & ^? foll[+4 ,= ,i 0 !re n lay+ d[n moral rules1 b %[+ ! orig9al & nature ( moral ideas1 & enum]at+ ! rules m5 make use ( 9 moral relations1 :e!r ^! rules 7 true or false3 & pursuant !reto ,i tell :at is ev]y:]e call$ virtue & vice2 :i* 8alt]s n ! nature ( ?+s10 ?\gh m5 g5]ally d judge ( & d5om9ate _! actions accord+ to ! e/eem & fa%ion ( ! place & sect !y are (4 ,if he _h be5 at ! pa9s to reflect on :at ,i _h said1 ,bk4 ,i4 *4 ii4 sect4 #ah1 & ,bk4 ,,ii4 *4 xxviii4 sect4 #ac1 #ad1 #ae & #bj1 he w\ld h kn[n :at ,i ?9k ( ! et]nal & unalt]able nature ( "r & wrong1 & :at ,i call virtue & vice4 ,& if he _h obs]v$ t 9 ! place he quotes ,i only report z a matt] ( fact :at ,,o!rs call virtue & vice1 he w\ld n h f\nd x liable to any great exception4 ,= ,i ?9k ,i am n mu* out 9 say+ t "o ( ! rules made use ( 9 ! _w = a gr\nd or measure ( a moral relation is--t e/eem & reputation :i* sev]al sorts ( actions f9d v>i\sly 9 ! sev]al societies ( m51 accord+ to :i* !y are !re call$ virtues or vices4 ,& :atev] au?ority ! le>n$ ,mr4 ,l[de places 9 8 ,old ,engli% ,diction>y1 ,i d>esay x n[h]e tells him 7if ,i %\ld appeal to x7 t ! same action is n 9 cr$it1 call$ & c\nt$ a virtue1 9 "o place1 :i*1 be+ 9 disrepute1 passes = & "u ! "n ( vice 9 ano!r4 ,! tak+ notice t m5 be/[ ! names ( #8virtue' & #8vice' accord+ to ?is rule ( ,reputation is all ,i h done1 or c be laid to my *>ge to h done1 t[>ds ! mak+ vice virtue or virtue vice4 ,b ! good man does well1 & z becomes 8 call+1 to be wat*ful 9 su* po9ts1 & to take ! al>m ev5 at expressions1 :i*1 /&+ alone by !mselves1 might s\nd ill & be suspect$4 #8,tis to ?is zeal1 all[able 9 8 function1 t ,i =give 8 cit+ z he does ^! words ( m9e 7*4 xxviii4 sect4 ,,ii73 8,ev5 ! exhortations ( inspir$ tea*]s h n fe>$ to appeal to common repute1 ,philip1 iv4 #h20 )\t tak+ notice ( ^? imm$iately prec$+1 :i* introduce !m1 & run ?us3 8,:]eby ev5 9 ! corruption ( mann]s1 ! true b\nd>ies ( ! law ( nature1 :i* ought to be ! rule ( virtue & vice1 7 pretty well pres]v$4 ,s t ev5 ! exhortations ( inspir$ tea*]s10 c4 ,by :i* words1 & ! re/ ( t section1 x is pla9 t ,i br\ght t passage ( ,/4 ,paul1 n to prove t ! g5]al measure ( :at m5 call$ virtue & vice ?r\gh\t ! _w 0 ! reputation & fa%ion ( ea* p>ticul> society )9 itself2 b to %[ t1 ?\gh x 7 s1 yet1 = reasons ,i !re give1 m51 9 t way ( d5om9at+ _! actions1 did n = ! mo/ "p mu* /ray f ! ,law ( ,nature2 :i* is t /&+ & unalt]able rule by :i* !y ought to judge ( ! moral rectitude & gravity ( _! actions1 & accord+ly d5om9ate !m virtues or vices4 ,_h ,mr4 ,l[de consid]$ ?is1 he w\ld h f\nd x little to 8 purpose to h quot$ ?is passage 9 a s5se ,i us$ x n2 & w\ld ,i imag9e h sp>$ ! application he subjo9s to x1 z n v necess>y4 ,b ,i hope ?is ,second ,edition w give him satisfaction on ! po9t1 & t ?is matt] is n[ s express$ z to %[ him !re 0 no cause = scruple4 ,?\gh ,i am =c$ to diff] f him 9 ^! appreh5sions he has express$1 9 ! latt] end ( 8 preface1 conc]n+ :at ,i _h said ab\t virtue & vice1 yet we are bett] agre$ ?an he ?9ks 9 :at he says 9 8 ?ird *apt] 7p4 #gh7 conc]n+ 8natural inscription & innate notions40 ,i %all n d5y him ! privilege he claims 7p4 #eb71 to /ate ! "q z he pleases1 especially :5 he /ates x s z to leave no?+ 9 x contr>y to :at ,i h said4 ,=1 accord+ to him1 8innate notions1 be+ conditional ?+s1 dep5d+ ^u ! concurr5ce ( sev]al o!r circum/ances 9 ord] to ! s\l's ex]t+ !m10 all t he says = 8innate1 impr9t$1 impress$ notions0 7= ( innate ,,ideas he says no?+ at all71 am\nts at la/ only to ?is--t !re are c]ta9 propositions :i*1 ?\gh ! s\l f ! beg9n+1 or :5 a man is born1 does n "k1 yet 8by assi/ance f ! outw>d s5ses1 & ! help ( "s previ\s cultivation10 x may ,,aft]w>ds come c]ta9ly to "k ! tru? (2 :i* is no m ?an :at ,i h affirm$ 9 my ,fir/ ,book4 ,= ,i suppose by ! 8s\l's ex]t+ !m10 he means its beg9n+ to "k !m2 or else ! s\l's #8ex]t+ ( notions' w be to me a v un9telligible expression2 & ,i ?9k at be/ is a v unfit "o 9 ?is1 x mislead+ m5's ?\ghts by an ins9uation1 z if ^! notions 7 9 ! m9d be=e ! #8s\l ex]ts !m1' i4 e4 be=e !y are kn[n2--:]eas truly be=e !y are kn[n1 !re is no?+ ( !m 9 ! m9d b a capacity to "k !m1 :5 ! #8concurr5ce ( ^? circum/ances1' :i* ?is +5i\s au?or ?9ks necess>y #89 ord] to ! s\l's ex]t+ !m1' br+s !m into our k4 ,p4 #eb ,i f9d him express x ?us3 #8,^! natural notions are n s impr9t$ ^u ! s\l z t !y naturally & necess>ily ex]t !mselves 7ev5 9 *ildr5 & idiots7 )\t any assi/ance f ! outw>d s5ses1 or )\t ! help ( "s previ\s cultivation4' ,"h1 he says1 !y #8ex]t !mselves1' z p4 #gh1 t ! #8s\l ex]ts !m4' ,:5 he has expla9$ to himself or o!rs :at he means by #8! s\l's ex]t+ innate notions1' or _! #8ex]t+ !mselves2' & :at t #8previ\s cultivation & circum/ances' 9 ord] to _! be+ ex]t$ are--he w ,i suppose f9d !re is s little ( controv]sy betwe5 him & me on ! po9t1 bat+ t he calls t #8ex]t+ ( notions' :i* ,i 9 a m vulg> /yle call #8kn[+1' t ,i h reason to ?9k he br\ght 9 my "n on ?is occasion only out ( ! pleasure he has to speak civilly ( me2 :i* ,i mu/ gratefully ackn[l$ge he has done ev]y:]e he m5tions me1 n )\t conf]r+ on me1 z "s o!rs h done1 a title ,i h no "r to4 ,!re are s _m in/ances ( ?is1 t ,i ?9k x ju/ice to my read] & myself to conclude1 t ei!r my book is pla9ly en\gh writt5 to be rightly und]/ood by ^? :o p]use x ) t att5tion & indiff]5cy1 :i* e "o :o w give himself ! pa9s to read ought to employ 9 read+2 or else t ,i h writt5 m9e s obscurely t x is 9 va9 to g ab\t to m5d x4 ,:i*ev] ( ^! be ! tru?1 x is myself only am affect$ !reby2 & !re=e ,i %all be f> f tr\bl+ my read] ) :at ,i ?9k might be said 9 answ] to ^? sev]al objections ,i h met )1 to passages "h & !re ( my book2 s9ce ,i p]suade myself t he :o ?9ks !m ( mom5t en\gh to be conc]n$ :e!r !y are true or false1 w be able to see t :at is said is ei!r n well f\nd$1 or else n contr>y to my doctr9e1 :5 ,i & my oppos] come bo? to be well und]/ood4 ,if any o!r au?ors1 c>eful t none ( _! good ?\ghts %\ld be lo/1 h publi%$ _! c5sures ( my ,essay1 ) ?is hon\r done to x1 t !y w n suff] x to be an essay1 ,i leave x to ! public to value ! obligation !y h to _! critical p5s1 & %all n wa/e my read]'s "t 9 s idle or ill-natur$ an employm5t ( m9e1 z to less5 ! satisfaction any "o has 9 himself1 or gives to o!rs1 9 s ha/y a confutation ( :at ,i h writt54 ,! booksell]s prep>+ = ! ,f\r? ,edition ( my ,essay1 gave me notice ( x1 t ,i might1 if ,i _h leisure1 make any additions or alt]ations ,i %\ld ?9k fit4 ,:]eupon ,i ?\ght x conv5i5t to adv]tise ! read]1 t besides sev]al corrections ,i _h made "h & !re1 !re 0 "o alt]ation :i* x 0 necess>y to m5tion1 because x ran ?r\gh ! :ole book1 & is ( consequ5ce to be rightly und]/ood4 ,:at ,i !reupon said 0 ?is3-- ,,cle> & ,,di/9ct ideas are t]ms :i*1 ?\gh famili> & frequ5t 9 m5's m\?s1 ,i h reason to ?9k e "o :o uses does n p]fectly und]/&4 ,& possibly #8tis b "h & !re "o :o gives himself ! tr\ble to consid] !m s f> z to "k :at he himself or o!rs precisely mean by !m4 ,i h !re=e 9 mo/ places *ose to put ,,det]m9ate or ,,det]m9$1 in/ead ( ,,cle> & ,,di/9ct1 z m likely to direct m5's ?\ghts to my mean+ 9 ?is matt]4 ,by ^? d5om9ations1 ,i mean "s object 9 ! m9d1 & consequ5tly det]m9$1 i4 e4 su* z x is !re se5 & p]ceiv$ to be4 ,?is1 ,i ?9k1 may fitly be call$ a det]m9ate or det]m9$ idea1 :5 su* z x is at any "t objectively 9 ! m9d1 & s det]m9$ !re1 x is annex$1 & )\t v>iation det]m9$1 to a "n or articulate s\nd1 :i* is to be /eadily ! sign ( t v same object ( ! m9d1 or det]m9ate idea4 ,to expla9 ?is a little m p>ticul>ly4 ,by ,,det]m9ate1 :5 appli$ to a simple idea1 ,i mean t simple appe>ance :i* ! m9d has 9 its view1 or p]ceives 9 itself1 :5 t idea is said to be 9 x3 by ,,det]m9$1 :5 appli$ to a complex idea1 ,i mean su* an "o z consi/s ( a det]m9ate numb] ( c]ta9 simple or less complex ideas1 jo9$ 9 su* a proportion & situation z ! m9d has be=e its view1 & sees 9 itself1 :5 t idea is pres5t 9 x1 or %\ld be pres5t 9 x1 :5 a man gives a "n to x4 ,i say ,,%\ld be1 because x is n e "o1 nor p]haps any "o1 :o is s c>eful ( 8 language z to use no ^w till he views 9 8 m9d ! precise det]m9$ idea :i* he resolves to make x ! sign (4 ,! want ( ?is is ! cause ( no small obscurity & confusion 9 m5's ?\ghts & disc\rses4 ,i "k !re are n words en\gh 9 any language to answ] all ! v>iety ( ideas t ent] into m5's disc\rses & reason+s4 ,b ?is h9d]s n b t :5 any "o uses any t]m1 he may h 9 8 m9d a det]m9$ idea1 :i* he makes x ! sign (1 & to :i* he %\ld keep x /eadily annex$ dur+ t pres5t disc\rse4 ,:]e he does n1 or _c d ?is1 he 9 va9 pret5ds to cle> or di/9ct ideas3 x is pla9 8 are n s2 & !re=e !re c be expect$ no?+ b obscurity & confusion1 :]e su* t]ms are made use ( :i* h n su* a precise det]m9ation4 ,^u ?is gr\nd ,i h ?\ght det]m9$ ideas a way ( speak+ less liable to mi/akes1 ?an cle> & di/9ct3 & :]e m5 h got su* det]m9$ ideas ( all t !y reason1 inquire1 or argue ab\t1 !y w f9d a great "p ( _! d\bts & disputes at an end2 ! greate/ "p ( ! que/ions & controv]sies t p]plex mank9d dep5d+ on ! d\btful & unc]ta9 use ( words1 or 7:i* is ! same7 indet]m9$ ideas1 :i* !y are made to /& =4 ,i h made *oice ( ^! t]ms to signify1 7#a7 ,"s imm$iate object ( ! m9d1 :i* x p]ceives & has be=e x1 di/9ct f ! s\nd x uses z a sign ( x4 7#b7 ,t ?is idea1 ?us det]m9$1 i4e4 :i* ! m9d has 9 itself1 & kn[s1 & sees !re1 be det]m9$ )\t any *ange to t "n1 & t "n det]m9$ to t precise idea4 ,if m5 _h su* det]m9$ ideas 9 _! inquiries & disc\rses1 !y w\ld bo? disc]n h[ f> _! own inquiries & disc\rses w5t1 & avoid ! greate/ "p ( ! disputes & wrangl+s !y h ) o!rs4 ,besides ?is1 ! booksell] w ?9k x necess>y ,i %\ld adv]tise ! read] t !re is an addition ( two *apt]s :olly new2 ! "o ( ! ,association ( ,ideas1 ! o!r ( ,en?usiasm4 ,^!1 ) "s o!r l>g] additions nev] be=e pr9t$1 he has engag$ to pr9t by !mselves1 aft] ! same mann]1 & = ! same purpose1 z 0 done :5 ?is ,essay _h ! second impression4 ,9 ! ,six? ,edition !re is v little add$ or alt]$4 ,! greate/ "p ( :at is new is conta9$ 9 ! tw5ty-fir/ *apt] ( ! second book1 :i* any "o1 if he ?9ks x wor? :ile1 may1 ) a v little lab\r1 transcribe into ! m>g9 ( ! =m] edition4 ,,essay ,,conc]n+ ,,humane ,,und]/&+4 ,,book ,i ,,nei!r ,,pr9ciples ,,nor ,,ideas ,,are ,,innate ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,introduction4 #a4 ,an ,inquiry into ! ,und]/&+ pleasant & useful4 ,s9ce x is ! ,,und]/&+ t sets man above ! re/ ( s5sible be+s1 & gives him all ! advantage & dom9ion :i* he has ov] !m2 x is c]ta9ly a subject1 ev5 = its nobl5ess1 wor? our lab\r to inquire into4 ,! und]/&+1 l ! eye1 :il/ x makes u see & p]ceive all o!r ?+s1 takes no notice ( itself2 & x requires & art & pa9s to set x at a di/ance & make x its own object4 ,b :atev] be ! difficulties t lie 9 ! way ( ?is inquiry2 :atev] x be t keeps u s mu* 9 ! d>k to ourselves2 sure ,i am t all ! light we c let 9 ^u our m9ds1 all ! acqua9tance we c make ) our own und]/&+s1 w n only be v pleasant1 b br+ u great advantage1 9 direct+ our ?\ghts 9 ! se>* ( o!r ?+s4 #b4 ,design4 ,?is1 !re=e1 be+ my purpose--to inquire into ! orig9al1 c]ta9ty1 & ext5t ( ,,human ,,k1 toge!r ) ! gr\nds & degrees ( ,,belief1 ,,op9ion1 & ,,ass5t2--,i %all n at pres5t m$dle ) ! physical consid]ation ( ! m9d2 or tr\ble myself to exam9e :]e9 its ess5ce consi/s2 or by :at motions ( our spirits or alt]ations ( our bodies we come to h any ,,s5sation by our organs1 or any ,,ideas 9 our und]/&+s2 & :e!r ^? ideas d 9 _! =mation1 any or all ( !m1 dep5d on matt] or n4 ,^! are speculations :i*1 h[ev] curi\s & ent]ta9+1 ,i %all decl9e1 z ly+ out ( my way 9 ! design ,i am n[ ^u4 ,x %all suffice to my pres5t purpose1 to consid] ! disc]n+ faculties ( a man1 z !y are employ$ ab\t ! objects :i* !y h to d )4 ,& ,i %all imag9e ,i h n :olly misemploy$ myself 9 ! ?\ghts ,i %all h on ?is occasion1 if1 9 ?is hi/orical1 pla9 me?od1 ,i c give any acc\nt ( ! ways :]eby our und]/&+s come to atta9 ^? notions ( ?+s we h2 & c set d[n any measures ( ! c]ta9ty ( our k2 or ! gr\nds ( ^? p]suasions :i* are to be f\nd among/ m51 s v>i\s1 diff]5t1 & :olly contradictory2 & yet ass]t$ some:]e or o!r ) su* assurance & confid5ce1 t he t %all take a view ( ! op9ions ( mank9d1 obs]ve _! opposition1 & at ! same "t consid] ! fondness & devotion :]e) !y are embrac$1 ! resolution & eag]ness :]e) !y are ma9ta9$1 may p]haps h reason to suspect1 t ei!r !re is no su* ?+ z tru? at all1 or t mank9d ha? no suffici5t means to atta9 a c]ta9 k ( x4 #c4 ,me?od4 ,x is !re=e wor? :ile to se>* out ! b\nds betwe5 op9ion & k2 & exam9e by :at measures1 9 ?+s :]e( we h no c]ta9 k1 we ought to regulate our ass5t & mod]ate our p]suasion4 ,9 ord] :]eunto ,i %all pursue ?is foll[+ me?od3-- ,fir/1 ,i %all inquire into ! orig9al ( ^? ideas1 notions1 or :atev] else y please to call !m1 :i* a man obs]ves1 & is consci\s to himself he has 9 8 m9d2 & ! ways :]eby ! und]/&+ comes to be furni%$ ) !m4 ,secondly1 ,i %all endeav\r to %[ :at k ! und]/&+ ha? by ^? ideas2 & ! c]ta9ty1 evid5ce1 & ext5t ( x4 ,?irdly1 ,i %all make "s inquiry into ! nature & gr\nds ( ,,fai? or ,,op9ion3 :]eby ,i mean t ass5t :i* we give to any proposition z true1 ( ^: tru? yet we h no c]ta9 k4 ,& "h we %all h occasion to exam9e ! reasons & degrees ( ,,ass5t4 #d4 ,useful to "k ! ,ext5t ( our ,compreh5sion4 ,if by ?is inquiry into ! nature ( ! und]/&+1 ,i c discov] ! p[]s !re(2 h[ f> !y rea*2 to :at ?+s !y are 9 any degree proportionate2 & :]e !y fail u1 ,i suppose x may be ( use to prevail ) ! busy m9d ( man to be m cauti\s 9 m$dl+ ) ?+s exce$+ its compreh5sion2 to /op :5 x is at ! utmo/ ext5t ( its te!r2 & to sit d[n 9 a quiet ignorance ( ^? ?+s :i*1 ^u exam9ation1 are f\nd to be beyond ! rea* ( our capacities4 ,we %\ld n !n p]haps be s =w>d1 out ( an affectation ( an univ]sal k1 to raise que/ions1 & p]plex ourselves & o!rs ) disputes ab\t ?+s to :i* our und]/&+s are n suit$2 & ( :i* we _c frame 9 our m9ds any cle> or di/9ct p]ceptions1 or :]e( 7z x has p]haps too (t5 happ5$7 we h n any notions at all4 ,if we c f9d out h[ f> ! und]/&+ c ext5d its view2 h[ f> x has faculties to atta9 c]ta9ty2 & 9 :at cases x c only judge & guess1 we may le>n to cont5t ourselves ) :at is atta9able by u 9 ?is /ate4 #e4 ,our ,capacity suit$ to our ,/ate & ,conc]ns4 ,= ?\gh ! compreh5sion ( our und]/&+s comes exce$+ %ort ( ! va/ ext5t ( ?+s1 yet we %all h cause en\gh to magnify ! b\ntiful ,au?or ( our be+1 = t proportion & degree ( k he has be/[$ on u1 s f> above all ! re/ ( ! inhabitants ( ?is our mansion4 ,m5 h reason to be well satisfi$ ) :at ,god ha? ?\ght fit = !m1 s9ce he ha? giv5 !m 7z ,/4 ,pet] says7 words 9 ,greek1 :atsoev] is necess>y = ! conv5i5ces ( life & in=mation ( virtue2 & has put )9 ! rea* ( _! discov]y1 ! com=table provision = ?is life1 & ! way t leads to a bett]4 ,h[ %ort soev] _! k may come ( an univ]sal or p]fect compreh5sion ( :atsoev] is1 x yet secures _! great conc]nm5ts1 t !y h light en\gh to lead !m to ! k ( _! ,mak]1 & ! sight ( _! own duties4 ,m5 may f9d matt] suffici5t to busy _! heads1 & employ _! h&s ) v>iety1 delight1 & satisfaction1 if !y w n boldly qu>rel ) _! own con/itution1 & ?r[ away ! bless+s _! h&s are fill$ )1 because !y are n big en\gh to grasp ev]y?+4 ,we %all n h mu* reason to compla9 ( ! n>r[ness ( our m9ds1 if we w b employ !m ab\t :at may be ( use to u2 = ( t !y are v capable4 ,& x w be an unp>donable1 z well z *ildi% peevi%ness1 if we und]value ! advantages ( our k1 & neglect to improve x to ! ends = :i* x 0 giv5 u1 because !re are "s ?+s t are set out ( ! rea* ( x4 ,x w be no excuse to an idle & unt[>d s]vant1 :o w\ld n att5d 8 bus9ess by c&le light1 to plead t he _h n broad sun%9e4 ,! ,c&le t is set up 9 u %9es bright en\gh = all our purposes4 ,! discov]ies we c make ) ?is ought to satisfy u2 & we %all !n use our und]/&+s "r1 :5 we ent]ta9 all objects 9 t way & proportion t !y are suit$ to our faculties1 & ^u ^? gr\nds !y are capable ( be+ propos$ to u2 & n p]emptorily or intemp]ately require demon/ration1 & dem& c]ta9ty1 :]e probability only is to be _h1 & :i* is suffici5t to gov]n all our conc]nm5ts4 ,if we w disbelieve ev]y?+1 because we _c c]ta9ly "k all ?+s1 we %all d mu*--:at z wisely z he :o w\ld n use 8 legs1 b sit /ill & p]i%1 because he _h no w+s to fly4 #f4 ,k ( our ,capacity a ,cure ( ,scepticism & ,idl5ess4 ,:5 we "k our own /r5g?1 we %all ! bett] "k :at to und]take ) hopes ( success2 & :5 we h well survey$ ! ,,p[]s ( our own m9ds1 & made "s e/imate :at we may expect f !m1 we %all n be incl9$ ei!r to sit /ill1 & n set our ?\ghts on "w at all1 9 despair ( kn[+ any?+2 nor on ! o!r side1 "q ev]y?+1 & disclaim all k1 because "s ?+s are n to be und]/ood4 ,x is ( great use to ! sailor to "k ! l5g? ( 8 l9e1 ?\gh he _c ) x fa?om all ! dep?s ( ! ocean4 ,x is well he kn[s t x is long en\gh to rea* ! bottom1 at su* places z are necess>y to direct 8 voyage1 & caution him aga9/ runn+ ^u %oals t may ru9 him4 ,our bus9ess "h is n to "k all ?+s1 b ^? :i* conc]n our conduct4 ,if we c f9d out ^? measures1 :]eby a rational creature1 put 9 t /ate 9 :i* man is 9 ?is _w1 may & ought to gov]n 8 op9ions1 & actions dep5d+ !reon1 we ne$ n to be tr\bl$ t "s o!r ?+s escape our k4 #g4 ,occasion ( ?is ,essay4 ,?is 0 t :i* gave ! fir/ rise to ?is ,essay conc]n+ ! und]/&+4 ,= ,i ?\ght t ! fir/ /ep t[>ds satisfy+ sev]al inquiries ! m9d ( man 0 v apt to run into1 01 to take a survey ( our own und]/&+s1 exam9e our own p[]s1 & see to :at ?+s !y 7 adapt$4 ,till t 0 done ,i suspect$ we began at ! wrong end1 & 9 va9 s\ght = satisfaction 9 a quiet & sure possession ( tru?s t mo/ conc]n$ u1 :il/ we let loose our ?\ghts into ! va/ ocean ( ,be+2 z if all t b\ndless ext5t 7 ! natural & und\bt$ possession ( our und]/&+s1 :]e9 !re 0 no?+ exempt f its decisions1 or t escap$ its compreh5sion4 ,?us m51 ext5d+ _! inquiries beyond _! capacities1 & lett+ _! ?\ghts w&] into ^? dep?s :]e !y c f9d no sure foot+1 x is no wond] t !y raise que/ions & multiply disputes1 :i*1 nev] com+ to any cle> resolution1 are prop] only to cont9ue & increase _! d\bts1 & to confirm !m at la/ 9 p]fect scepticism4 ,:]eas1 7 ! capacities ( our und]/&+s well consid]$1 ! ext5t ( our k once discov]$1 & ! horizon f\nd :i* sets ! b\nds betwe5 ! enlight5$ & d>k p>ts ( ?+s2 betwe5 :at is & :at is n compreh5sible by u1 m5 w\ld p]haps ) less scruple acquiesce 9 ! av[$ ignorance ( ! "o1 & employ _! ?\ghts & disc\rse ) m advantage & satisfaction 9 ! o!r4 #h4 ,:at ,idea /&s =4 ,?us mu* ,i ?\ght necess>y to say conc]n+ ! occasion ( ?is inquiry into human ,und]/&+4 ,b1 be=e ,i proce$ on to :at ,i h ?\ght on ?is subject1 ,i mu/ "h 9 ! entrance beg p>don ( my read] = ! frequ5t use ( ! ^w ,,idea1 :i* he w f9d 9 ! foll[+ treatise4 ,x be+ t t]m :i*1 ,i ?9k1 s]ves be/ to /& = :atsoev] is ! ,,object ( ! und]/&+ :5 a man ?9ks1 ,i h us$ x to express :atev] is meant by ,,phantasm1 ,,notion1 ,,species1 or ,,:atev] ,,x ,,is ,,:i* ,,! ,,m9d ,,c ,,be ,,employ$ ,,ab\t ,,9 ,,?9k+2 & ,i c\ld n avoid frequ5tly us+ x4 ,i presume x w be easily grant$ me1 t !re are su* ,,ideas 9 m5's m9ds3 e "o is consci\s ( !m 9 himself2 & m5's words & actions w satisfy him t !y are 9 o!rs4 ,our fir/ inquiry !n %all be1--h[ !y come into ! m9d4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,no ,,innate ,,speculative ,,pr9ciples4 #a4 ,! way %[n h[ we come by any ,k1 suffici5t to prove x n innate4 ,x is an e/abli%$ op9ion among/ "s m51 t !re are 9 ! und]/&+ c]ta9 ,,innate ,,pr9ciples2 "s prim>y notions1 1 *>act]s1 z x 7 /amp$ ^u ! m9d ( man2 :i* ! s\l receives 9 its v fir/ be+1 & br+s into ! _w ) x4 ,x w\ld be suffici5t to conv9ce unprejudic$ read]s ( ! fals5ess ( ?is supposition1 if ,i %\ld only %[ 7z ,i hope ,i %all 9 ! foll[+ p>ts ( ?is ,disc\rse7 h[ m51 b>ely by ! use ( _! natural faculties may atta9 to all ! k !y h1 )\t ! help ( any innate impressions2 & may arrive at c]ta9ty1 )\t any su* orig9al notions or pr9ciples4 ,= ,i imag9e any "o w easily grant t x w\ld be imp]t95t to suppose ! ideas ( col\rs innate 9 a creature to :om ,god ha? giv5 sight1 & a p[] to receive !m by ! eyes f ext]nal objects3 & no less unreasonable w\ld x be to attribute sev]al tru?s to ! impressions ( nature1 & innate *>act]s1 :5 we may obs]ve 9 ourselves faculties fit to atta9 z easy & c]ta9 k ( !m z if !y 7 orig9ally impr9t$ on ! m9d4 ,b because a man is n p]mitt$ )\t c5sure to foll[ 8 own ?\ghts 9 ! se>* ( tru?1 :5 !y lead him ev] s little out ( ! common road1 ,i %all set d[n ! reasons t made me d\bt ( ! tru? ( t op9ion1 z an excuse = my mi/ake1 if ,i be 9 "o2 :i* ,i leave to be consid]$ by ^? :o1 ) me1 dispose !mselves to embrace tru? :]ev] !y f9d x4 #b4 ,g5]al ,ass5t ! great ,argum5t4 ,!re is no?+ m commonly tak5 = grant$ ?an t !re are c]ta9 ,,pr9ciples1 bo? ,,speculative & ,,practical1 7= !y speak ( bo?71 univ]sally agre$ ^u by all mank9d3 :i* !re=e1 !y argue1 mu/ ne$s be ! con/ant impressions :i* ! s\ls ( m5 receive 9 _! fir/ be+s1 & :i* !y br+ into ! _w ) !m1 z necess>ily & really z !y d any ( _! inh]5t faculties4 #c4 ,univ]sal ,cons5t proves no?+ innate4 ,?is argum5t1 drawn f univ]sal cons5t1 has ?is mis=tune 9 x1 t if x 7 true 9 matt] ( fact1 t !re 7 c]ta9 tru?s :]e9 all mank9d agre$1 x w\ld n prove !m innate1 if !re c be any o!r way %[n h[ m5 may come to t univ]sal agreem5t1 9 ! ?+s !y d cons5t 91 :i* ,i presume may be done4 #d4 8,:at is is10 & 8,x is possible = ! same ,?+ to be & n to be10 n univ]sally ass5t$ to4 ,b1 :i* is worse1 ?is argum5t ( univ]sal cons5t1 :i* is made use ( to prove innate pr9ciples1 seems to me a demon/ration t !re are none su*3 because !re are none to :i* all mank9d give an univ]sal ass5t4 ,i %all beg9 ) ! speculative1 & in/ance 9 ^? magnifi$ pr9ciples ( demon/ration1 8,:atsoev] is1 is10 & 8,x is impossible = ! same ?+ to be & n to be02 :i*1 ( all o!rs1 ,i ?9k h ! mo/ all[$ title to innate4 ,^! h s settl$ a reputation ( maxims univ]sally receiv$1 t x w no d\bt be ?\ght /range if any "o %\ld seem to "q x4 ,b yet ,i take lib]ty to say1 t ^! propositions are s f> f hav+ an univ]sal ass5t1 t !re are a great "p ( mank9d to :om !y are n s mu* z kn[n4 #e4 ,n on ,m9d naturally impr9t$1 because n kn[n to ,*ildr51 ,idiots1 c4 ,=1 fir/1 x is evid5t1 t all *ildr5 & idiots h n ! lea/ appreh5sion or ?\ght ( !m4 ,& ! want ( t is en\gh to de/roy t univ]sal ass5t :i* mu/ ne$s be ! necess>y concomitant ( all innate tru?s3 x seem+ to me ne> a contradiction to say1 t !re are tru?s impr9t$ on ! s\l1 :i* x p]ceives or und]/&s n3 impr9t+1 if x signify any?+1 be+ no?+ else b ! mak+ c]ta9 tru?s to be p]ceiv$4 ,= to impr9t any?+ on ! m9d )\t ! m9d's p]ceiv+ x1 seems to me h>dly intelligible4 ,if !re=e *ildr5 & idiots h s\ls1 h m9ds1 ) ^? impressions ^u !m1 ,,!y mu/ unavoidably p]ceive !m1 & necess>ily "k & ass5t to ^! tru?s2 :i* s9ce !y d n1 x is evid5t t !re are no su* impressions4 ,= if !y are n notions naturally impr9t$1 h[ c !y be innate8 & if !y are notions impr9t$1 h[ c !y be unkn[n8 ,to say a notion is impr9t$ on ! m9d1 & yet at ! same "t to say1 t ! m9d is ignorant ( x1 & nev] yet took notice ( x1 is to make ?is impression no?+4 ,no proposition c be said to be 9 ! m9d :i* x nev] yet knew1 :i* x 0 nev] yet consci\s (4 ,= if any "o may1 !n1 by ! same reason1 all propositions t are true1 & ! m9d is capable ev] ( ass5t+ to1 may be said to be 9 ! m9d1 & to be impr9t$3 s9ce1 if any "o c be said to be 9 ! m9d1 :i* x nev] yet knew1 x mu/ be only because x is capable ( kn[+ x2 & s ! m9d is ( all tru?s x ev] %all "k4 ,nay1 ?us tru?s may be impr9t$ on ! m9d :i* x nev] did1 nor ev] %all "k2 = a man may live long1 & die at la/ 9 ignorance ( _m tru?s :i* 8 m9d 0 capable ( kn[+1 & t ) c]ta9ty4 ,s t if ! capacity ( kn[+ be ! natural impression cont5d$ =1 all ! tru?s a man ev] comes to "k w1 by ?is acc\nt1 be e "o ( !m innate2 & ?is great po9t w am\nt to no m1 b only to a v improp] way ( speak+2 :i*1 :il/ x pret5ds to ass]t ! contr>y1 says no?+ diff]5t f ^? :o d5y innate pr9ciples4 ,= nobody1 ,i ?9k1 ev] d5i$ t ! m9d 0 capable ( kn[+ sev]al tru?s4 ,! capacity1 !y say1 is innate2 ! k acquir$4 ,b !n to :at end su* conte/ = c]ta9 innate maxims8 ,if tru?s c be impr9t$ on ! und]/&+ )\t be+ p]ceiv$1 ,i c see no diff]5ce !re c be betwe5 any tru?s ! m9d is ,,capable ( kn[+ 9 respect ( _! orig9al3 !y mu/ all be innate or all adv5titi\s3 9 va9 %all a man g ab\t to di/+ui% !m4 ,he !re=e t talks ( innate notions 9 ! und]/&+1 _c 7if he int5d !reby any di/9ct sort ( tru?s7 mean su* tru?s to be 9 ! und]/&+ z x nev] p]ceiv$1 & is yet :olly ignorant (4 ,= if ^! words 8to be 9 ! und]/&+0 h any propriety1 !y signify to be und]/ood4 ,s t to be 9 ! und]/&+1 & n to be und]/ood2 to be 9 ! m9d & nev] to be p]ceiv$1 is all "o z to say any?+ is & is n 9 ! m9d or und]/&+4 ,if !re=e ^! two propositions1 8,:atsoev] is1 is10 & 8,x is impossible = ! same ?+ to be & n to be10 are by nature impr9t$1 *ildr5 _c be ignorant ( !m3 infants1 & all t h s\ls1 mu/ necess>ily h !m 9 _! und]/&+s1 "k ! tru? ( !m1 & ass5t to x4 #f4 ,t m5 "k !m :5 !y come to ! ,use ( ,reason answ]$4 ,to avoid ?is1 x is usually answ]$1 t all m5 "k & ass5t to !m1 ,,:5 ,,!y ,,come ,,to ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,reason2 & ?is is en\gh to prove !m innate4 ,i answ]3 #g4 ,d\btful expressions1 t h sc>ce any signification1 g = cle> reasons to ^? :o1 be+ prepossess$1 take n ! pa9s to exam9e ev5 :at !y !mselves say4 ,=1 to apply ?is answ] ) any tol]able s5se to our pres5t purpose1 x mu/ signify "o ( ^! two ?+s3 ei!r t z soon z m5 come to ! use ( reason ^! suppos$ native inscriptions come to be kn[n & obs]v$ by !m2 or else1 t ! use & ex]cise ( m5's reason1 assi/s !m 9 ! discov]y ( ^! pr9ciples1 & c]ta9ly makes !m kn[n to !m4 #h4 ,if ,reason discov]$ !m1 t w\ld n prove !m innate4 ,if !y mean1 t by ! use ( reason m5 may discov] ^! pr9ciples1 & t ?is is suffici5t to prove !m innate2 _! way ( argu+ w /& ?us1 viz4 t :atev] tru?s reason c c]ta9ly discov] to u1 & make u firmly ass5t to1 ^? are all naturally impr9t$ on ! m9d2 s9ce t univ]sal ass5t1 :i* is made ! m>k ( !m1 am\nts to no m b ?is1--t by ! use ( reason we are capable to come to a c]ta9 k ( & ass5t to !m2 &1 by ?is means1 !re w be no diff]5ce betwe5 ! maxims ( ! ma!maticians1 & !orems !y d$uce f !m3 all mu/ be equally all[$ innate2 !y be+ all discov]ies made by ! use ( reason1 & tru?s t a rational creature may c]ta9ly come to "k1 if he apply 8 ?\ghts rightly t way4 #i4 ,x is false t ,reason discov]s !m4 ,b h[ c ^! m5 ?9k ! use ( reason necess>y to discov] pr9ciples t are suppos$ innate1 :5 reason 7if we may believe !m7 is no?+ else b ! faculty ( d$uc+ unkn[n tru?s f pr9ciples or propositions t are already kn[n8 ,t c]ta9ly c nev] be ?\ght innate :i* we h ne$ ( reason to discov]2 unless1 z ,i h said1 we w h all ! c]ta9 tru?s t reason ev] tea*es u1 to be innate4 ,we may z well ?9k ! use ( reason necess>y to make our eyes discov] visible objects1 z t !re %\ld be ne$ ( reason1 or ! ex]cise !re(1 to make ! und]/&+ see :at is orig9ally engrav5 on x1 & _c be 9 ! und]/&+ be=e x be p]ceiv$ by x4 ,s t to make reason discov] ^? tru?s ?us impr9t$1 is to say1 t ! use ( reason discov]s to a man :at he knew be=e3 & if m5 h ^? innate impress$ tru?s orig9ally1 & be=e ! use ( reason1 & yet are always ignorant ( !m till !y come to ! use ( reason1 x is 9 effect to say1 t m5 "k & "k !m n at ! same "t4 #aj4 ,no use made ( reason+ 9 ! discov]y ( ^! two maxims4 ,x w "h p]haps be said t ma!matical demon/rations1 & o!r tru?s t are n innate1 are n ass5t$ to z soon z propos$1 :]e9 !y are di/+ui%$ f ^! maxims & o!r innate tru?s4 ,i %all h occasion to speak ( ass5t ^u ! fir/ propos+1 m p>ticul>ly by & by4 ,i %all "h only1 & t v readily1 all[1 t ^! maxims & ma!matical demon/rations are 9 ?is diff]5t3 t ! "o h ne$ ( reason1 us+ ( pro(s1 to make !m out & to ga9 our ass5t2 b ! o!r1 z soon z und]/ood1 are1 )\t any ! lea/ reason+1 embrac$ & ass5t$ to4 ,b ,i )al beg leave to obs]ve1 t x lays op5 ! weakness ( ?is subt]fuge1 :i* requires ! use ( reason = ! discov]y ( ^! g5]al tru?s3 s9ce x mu/ be confess$ t 9 _! discov]y !re is no use made ( reason+ at all4 ,& ,i ?9k ^? :o give ?is answ] w n be =w>d to affirm t ! k ( ?is maxim1 8,t x is impossible = ! same ?+ to be & n to be10 is a d$uction ( our reason4 ,= ?is w\ld be to de/roy t b\nty ( nature !y seem s fond (1 :il/ !y make ! k ( ^? pr9ciples to dep5d on ! lab\r ( our ?\ghts4 ,= all reason+ is se>*1 & ca/+ ab\t1 & requires pa9s & application4 ,& h[ c x ) any tol]able s5se be suppos$1 t :at 0 impr9t$ by nature1 z ! f\ndation & guide ( our reason1 %\ld ne$ ! use ( reason to discov] x8 #aa4 ,& if !re 7 ?is w\ld prove !m n innate4 ,^? :o w take ! pa9s to reflect ) a little att5tion on ! op]ations ( ! und]/&+1 w f9d t ?is ready ass5t ( ! m9d to "s tru?s1 dep5ds n1 ei!r on native inscription1 or ! use ( reason1 b on a faculty ( ! m9d q di/9ct f bo? ( !m1 z we %all see h]eaft]4 ,reason1 !re=e1 hav+ no?+ to d 9 procur+ our ass5t to ^! maxims1 if by say+1 t 8m5 "k & ass5t to !m1 :5 !y come to ! use ( reason10 be meant1 t ! use ( reason assi/s u 9 ! k ( ^! maxims1 x is utt]ly false2 & 7 x true1 w\ld prove !m n to be innate4 #ab4 ,! com+ ( ! ,use ( ,reason n ! ,"t we come to "k ^! ,maxims4 ,if by kn[+ & ass5t+ to !m 8:5 we come to ! use ( reason10 be meant1 t ?is is ! "t :5 !y come to be tak5 notice ( by ! m9d2 & t z soon z *ildr5 come to ! use ( reason1 !y come also to "k & ass5t to ^! maxims2 ?is also is false & frivol\s4 ,fir/1 x is false2 because x is evid5t ^! maxims are n 9 ! m9d s e>ly z ! use ( reason2 & !re=e ! com+ to ! use ( reason is falsely assign$ z ! "t ( _! discov]y4 ,h[ _m in/ances ( ! use ( reason may we obs]ve 9 *ildr51 a long "t be=e !y h any k ( ?is maxim1 8,t x is impossible = ! same ?+ to be & n to be80 ,& a great "p ( illit]ate p & savages pass _m ye>s1 ev5 ( _! rational age1 )\t ev] ?9k+ on ?is & ! l g5]al propositions4 ,i grant1 m5 come n to ! k ( ^! g5]al & m ab/ract tru?s1 :i* are ?\ght innate1 till !y come to ! use ( reason2 & ,i add1 nor !n nei!r4 ,:i* is s1 because1 till aft] !y come to ! use ( reason1 ^? g5]al ab/ract ideas are n fram$ 9 ! m9d1 ab\t :i* ^? g5]al maxims are1 :i* are mi/ak5 = innate pr9ciples1 b are inde$ discov]ies made & v]ities introduc$ & br\ght into ! m9d by ! same way1 & discov]$ by ! same /eps1 z sev]al o!r propositions1 :i* nobody 0 ev] s extravagant z to suppose innate4 ,?is ,i hope to make pla9 9 ! sequel ( ?is ,disc\rse4 ,i all[ !re=e1 a necessity t m5 %\ld come to ! use ( reason be=e !y get ! k ( ^? g5]al tru?s2 b d5y t m5's com+ to ! use ( reason is ! "t ( _! discov]y4 #ac4 ,by ?is !y are n di/+ui%$ f o!r kn[able ,tru?s4 ,9 ! mean "t x is obs]vable1 t ?is say+ t m5 "k & ass5t to ^! maxims 8:5 !y come to ! use ( reason10 am\nts 9 reality ( fact to no m b ?is1--t !y are nev] kn[n nor tak5 notice ( be=e ! use ( reason1 b may possibly be ass5t$ to "s "t aft]1 dur+ a man's life2 b :5 is unc]ta94 ,& s may all o!r kn[able tru?s1 z well z ^! :i* !re=e h no advantage nor di/9ction f o!r by ?is note ( be+ kn[n :5 we come to ! use ( reason2 nor are !reby prov$ to be innate1 b q ! contr>y4 #ad4 ,if com+ to ! ,use ( ,reason 7 ! ,"t ( _! ,discov]y1 x w\ld n prove !m innate4 ,b1 secondly1 7 x true t ! precise "t ( _! be+ kn[n & ass5t$ to 71 :5 m5 come to ! use ( reason2 nei!r w\ld t prove !m innate4 ,?is way ( argu+ is z frivol\s z ! supposition itself is false4 ,=1 by :at k9d ( logic w x appe> t any notion is orig9ally by nature impr9t$ 9 ! m9d 9 its fir/ con/itution1 because x comes fir/ to be obs]v$ & ass5t$ to :5 a faculty ( ! m9d1 :i* has q a di/9ct prov9ce1 beg9s to ex]t itself8 ,& !re=e ! com+ to ! use ( spee*1 if x 7 suppos$ ! "t t ^! maxims are fir/ ass5t$ to1 7:i* x may be ) z mu* tru? z ! "t :5 m5 come to ! use ( reason17 w\ld be z good a pro( t !y 7 innate1 z to say !y are innate because m5 ass5t to !m :5 !y come to ! use ( reason4 ,i agree !n ) ^! m5 ( innate pr9ciples1 t !re is no k ( ^! g5]al & self-evid5t maxims 9 ! m9d1 till x comes to ! ex]cise ( reason3 b ,i d5y t ! com+ to ! use ( reason is ! precise "t :5 !y are fir/ tak5 notice (2 & if t 7 ! precise "t1 ,i d5y t x w\ld prove !m innate4 ,all t c ) any tru? be meant by ?is proposition1 t m5 #8ass5t to !m :5 !y come to ! use ( reason1' is no m b ?is1--t ! mak+ ( g5]al ab/ract ideas1 & ! und]/&+ ( g5]al names1 be+ a concomitant ( ! rational faculty1 & gr[+ up ) x1 *ildr5 commonly get n ^? g5]al ideas1 nor le>n ! names t /& = !m1 till1 hav+ = a good :ile ex]cis$ _! reason ab\t famili> & m p>ticul> ideas1 !y are1 by _! ord9>y disc\rse & actions ) o!rs1 ackn[l$g$ to be capable ( rational conv]sation4 ,if ass5t+ to ^! maxims1 :5 m5 come to ! use ( reason1 c be true 9 any o!r s5se1 ,i desire x may be %[n2 or at lea/1 h[ 9 ?is1 or any o!r s5se1 x proves !m innate4 #ae4 ,! ,/eps by :i* ! ,m9d atta9s sev]al ,tru?s4 ,! s5ses at fir/ let 9 ,,p>ticul> ideas1 & furni% ! yet empty cab9et1 & ! m9d by degrees gr[+ famili> ) "s ( !m1 !y are lodg$ 9 ! memory1 & names got to !m4 ,aft]w>ds1 ! m9d proce$+ fur!r1 ab/racts !m1 & by degrees le>ns ! use ( g5]al names4 ,9 ?is mann] ! m9d comes to be furni%$ ) ideas & language1 ! ,,mat]ials ab\t :i* to ex]cise its discursive faculty4 ,& ! use ( reason becomes daily m visible1 z ^! mat]ials t give x employm5t increase4 ,b ?\gh ! hav+ ( g5]al ideas & ! use ( g5]al words & reason usually gr[ toge!r1 yet ,i see n h[ ?is any way proves !m innate4 ,! k ( "s tru?s1 ,i confess1 is v e>ly 9 ! m9d2 b 9 a way t %[s !m n to be innate4 ,=1 if we w obs]ve1 we %all f9d x /ill to be ab\t ideas1 n innate1 b acquir$2 x be+ ab\t ^? fir/ :i* are impr9t$ by ext]nal ?+s1 ) :i* infants h e>lie/ to d1 :i* make ! mo/ frequ5t impressions on _! s5ses4 ,9 ideas ?us got1 ! m9d discov]s t "s agree & o!rs diff]1 probably z soon z x has any use ( memory2 z soon z x is able to reta9 & p]ceive di/9ct ideas4 ,b :e!r x be !n or no1 ?is is c]ta91 x does s long be=e x has ! use ( words2 or comes to t :i* we commonly call 8! use ( reason40 ,= a *ild kn[s z c]ta9ly be=e x c speak ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ideas ( sweet & bitt] 7i4e4 t sweet is n bitt]71 z x kn[s aft]w>ds 7:5 x comes to speak7 t wormwood & sug>plums are n ! same ?+4 #af4 ,ass5t to suppos$ innate tru?s dep5ds on hav+ cle> & di/9ct ideas ( :at _! t]ms mean1 & n on _! innat5ess4 ,a *ild kn[s n t ?ree & f\r are equal to sev51 till he comes to be able to c\nt sev51 & has got ! "n & idea ( equality2 & !n1 ^u expla9+ ^? words1 he pres5tly ass5ts to1 or r p]ceives ! tru? ( t proposition4 ,b nei!r does he !n readily ass5t because x is an innate tru?1 nor 0 8 ass5t want+ till !n because he want$ ! use ( reason2 b ! tru? ( x appe>s to him z soon z he has settl$ 9 8 m9d ! cle> & di/9ct ideas t ^! names /& =4 ,& !n he kn[s ! tru? ( t proposition ^u ! same gr\nd & by ! same means1 t he knew be=e t a rod & a *]ry are n ! same ?+2 & ^u ! same gr\nd also t he may come to "k aft]w>ds 8,t x is impossible = ! same ?+ to be & n to be10 z %all be m fully %[n h]eaft]4 ,s t ! lat] x is be=e any "o comes to h ^? g5]al ideas ab\t :i* ^? maxims are2 or to "k ! signification ( ^? g5]ic t]ms t /& = !m2 or to put toge!r 9 8 m9d ! ideas !y /& =2 ! lat] also w x be be=e he comes to ass5t to ^? maxims2--^: t]ms1 ) ! ideas !y /& =1 be+ no m innate ?an ^? ( a cat or a weasel he mu/ /ay till "t & obs]vation h acqua9t$ him ) !m2 & !n he w be 9 a capacity to "k ! tru? ( ^! maxims1 ^u ! fir/ occasion t %all make him put toge!r ^? ideas 9 8 m9d1 & obs]ve :e!r !y agree or disagree1 accord+ z is express$ 9 ^? propositions4 ,& !re=e x is t a man kn[s t eighte5 & n9ete5 are equal to ?irty-sev51 by ! same self-evid5ce t he kn[s "o & two to be equal to ?ree3 yet a *ild kn[s ?is n s soon z ! o!r2 n = want ( ! use ( reason1 b because ! ideas ! words eighte5 n9ete51 & ?irty-sev5 /& =1 are n s soon got1 z ^? :i* are signifi$ by "o1 two1 & ?ree4 #ag4 ,ass5t+ z soon z propos$ & und]/ood1 proves !m n innate4 ,?is evasion !re=e ( g5]al ass5t :5 m5 come to ! use ( reason1 fail+ z x does1 & leav+ no diff]5ce betwe5 ^? suppos$ innate & o!r tru?s t are aft]w>ds acquir$ & le>nt1 m5 h endeav\r$ to secure an univ]sal ass5t to ^? !y call maxims1 by say+1 !y are g5]ally ass5t$ to z soon z propos$1 & ! t]ms !y are propos$ 9 und]/ood3 see+ all m51 ev5 *ildr51 z soon z !y he> & und]/& ! t]ms1 ass5t to ^! propositions1 !y ?9k x is suffici5t to prove !m innate4 ,=1 s9ce m5 nev] fail aft] !y h once und]/ood ! words1 to ackn[l$ge !m = und\bt$ tru?s1 !y w\ld inf]1 t c]ta9ly ^! propositions 7 fir/ lodg$ 9 ! und]/&+1 :i*1 )\t any tea*+1 ! m9d1 at ! v fir/ proposal imm$iately closes ) & ass5ts to1 & aft] t nev] d\bts aga94 #ah4 ,if su* an ,ass5t be a ,m>k ( ,innate1 !n 8t "o & two are equal to ?ree1 t ,sweetness is n ,bitt]ness10 & a ?\s& ! l1 mu/ be innate4 ,9 answ] to ?is1 ,i dem& :e!r ready ass5t giv5 to a proposition1 ^u fir/ he>+ & und]/&+ ! t]ms1 be a c]ta9 m>k ( an innate pr9ciple8 ,if x be n1 su* a g5]al ass5t is 9 va9 urg$ z a pro( ( !m3 if x be said t x is a m>k ( innate1 !y mu/ !n all[ all su* propositions to be innate :i* are g5]ally ass5t$ to z soon z he>d1 :]eby !y w f9d !mselves pl5tifully /or$ ) innate pr9ciples4 ,= ^u ! same gr\nd1 viz4 ( ass5t at fir/ he>+ & und]/&+ ! t]ms1 t m5 w\ld h ^? maxims pass = innate1 !y mu/ also admit sev]al propositions ab\t numb]s to be innate2 & ?us1 t "o & two are equal to ?ree1 t two & two are equal to f\r1 & a multitude ( o!r ! l propositions 9 numb]s1 t ev]ybody ass5ts to at fir/ he>+ & und]/&+ ! t]ms1 mu/ h a place among/ ^! innate axioms4 ,nor is ?is ! pr]ogative ( numb]s alone1 & propositions made ab\t sev]al ( !m2 b ev5 natural philosophy1 & all ! o!r sci5ces1 af=d propositions :i* are sure to meet ) ass5t z soon z !y are und]/ood4 ,t 8two bodies _c be 9 ! same place0 is a tru? t nobody any m /icks at ?an at ^! maxims1 t 8x is impossible = ! same ?+ to be & n to be10 t 8:ite is n black10 t 8a squ>e is n a circle10 t 8bitt]ness is n sweetness40 ,^! & a million ( su* o!r propositions1 z _m at lea/ z we h di/9ct ideas (1 e man 9 8 wits1 at fir/ he>+1 & kn[+1 :at ! names /& =1 mu/ necess>ily ass5t to4 ,if ^! m5 w be true to _! own rule1 & h ass5t at fir/ he>+ & und]/&+ ! t]ms to be a m>k ( innate1 !y mu/ all[ n only z _m innate propositions1 z m5 h di/9ct ideas2 b z _m z m5 c make propositions :]e91 diff]5t ideas are d5i$ "o ( ano!r4 ,s9ce e proposition :]e9 "o diff]5t idea is d5i$ ( ano!r1 w z c]ta9ly f9d ass5t at fir/ he>+ & und]/&+ ! t]ms z ?is g5]al "o1 8,x is impossible = ! same ?+ to be & n to be10 or t :i* is ! f\ndation ( x & is ! easi] und]/ood ( ! two1 8,! same is n diff]5t02 by :i* acc\nt !y w h legions ( innate propositions ( ?is "o sort1 )\t m5tion+ any o!r4 ,b1 s9ce no proposition c be innate unless ! ideas ab\t :i* x is be innate1 ?is w be to suppose all our ideas ( col\rs1 s\nds1 ta/es1 figure1 c41 innate1 ?an :i* !re _c be any?+ m opposite to reason & exp]i5ce4 ,univ]sal & ready ass5t ^u he>+ & und]/&+ ! t]ms is1 ,i grant1 a m>k ( self-evid5ce2 b self-evid5ce1 dep5d+ n on innate impressions1 b on some?+ else1 7z we %all %[ h]eaft]17 belongs to sev]al propositions :i* nobody 0 yet s extravagant z to pret5d to be innate4 #ai4 ,su* less g5]al ,propositions kn[n be=e ^! univ]sal ,maxims4 ,nor let x be said1 t ^? m p>ticul> self-evid5t propositions1 :i* are ass5t$ to at fir/ he>+1 z t 8"o & two are equal to ?ree10 t 8gre5 is n r$10 c41 are receiv$ z ! consequ5ces ( ^? m univ]sal propositions :i* are look$ on z innate pr9ciples2 s9ce any "o1 :o w b take ! pa9s to obs]ve :at passes 9 ! und]/&+1 w c]ta9ly f9d t ^!1 & ! l less g5]al propositions1 are c]ta9ly kn[n1 & firmly ass5t$ to by ^? :o are utt]ly ignorant ( ^? m g5]al maxims2 & s1 be+ e>li] 9 ! m9d ?an ^? 7z !y are call$7 fir/ pr9ciples1 _c owe to !m ! ass5t :]e) !y are receiv$ at fir/ he>+4 #bj4 ,"o & "o equal to ,two1 c41 n g5]al nor useful answ]$4 ,if x be said1 t ^! propositions1 viz4 8two & two are equal to f\r10 8r$ is n blue10 c41 are n g5]al maxims nor ( any great use1 ,i answ]1 t makes no?+ to ! argum5t ( univ]sal ass5t ^u he>+ & und]/&+4 ,=1 if t be ! c]ta9 m>k ( innate1 :atev] propositions c be f\nd t receives g5]al ass5t z soon z he>d und]/ood1 t mu/ be admitt$ = an innate proposition z well z ?is maxim1 8,t x is impossible = ! same ?+ to be & n to be10 !y be+ ^u ?is gr\nd equal4 ,& z to ! diff]5ce ( be+ m g5]al1 t makes ?is maxim m remote f be+ innate2 ^? g5]al & ab/ract ideas be+ m /rang]s to our fir/ appreh5sions ?an ^? ( m p>ticul> self-evid5t propositions2 & !re=e x is long] be=e !y are admitt$1 & ass5t$ to by ! gr[+ und]/&+4 ,& z to ! usefulness ( ^! magnifi$ maxims1 t p]haps w n be f\nd s great z is g5]ally conceiv$1 :5 x comes 9 its due place to be m fully consid]$4 #ba4 ,^! ,maxims n be+ kn[n sometimes till propos$1 proves !m n innate4 ,b we h n yet done ) 8ass5t+ to propositions at fir/ he>+ & und]/&+ _! t]ms40 ,x is fit we fir/ take notice t ?is1 in/ead ( be+ a m>k t !y are innate1 is a pro( ( ! contr>y2 s9ce x supposes t sev]al1 :o und]/& & "k o!r ?+s1 are ignorant ( ^! pr9ciples till !y are propos$ to !m2 & t "o may be unacqua9t$ ) ^! tru?s till he he>s !m f o!rs4 ,=1 if !y 7 innate1 :at ne$ !y be propos$ 9 ord] to ga9+ ass5t1 :51 by be+ 9 ! und]/&+1 by a natural & orig9al impression1 7if !re 7 any su*17 !y c\ld n b be kn[n be=e8 ,or do? ! propos+ !m pr9t !m cle>] 9 ! m9d ?an nature did8 ,if s1 !n ! consequ5ce w be1 t a man kn[s !m bett] aft] he has be5 ?us taught !m ?an he did be=e4 ,:5ce x w foll[ t ^! pr9ciples may be made m evid5t to u by o!rs' tea*+ ?an nature has made !m by impression3 :i* w ill agree ) ! op9ion ( innate pr9ciples1 & give b little au?ority to !m2 b1 on ! contr>y1 makes !m unfit to be ! f\ndations ( all our o!r k2 z !y are pret5d$ to be4 ,?is _c be d5i$1 t m5 gr[ fir/ acqua9t$ ) _m ( ^! self-evid5t tru?s ^u _! be+ propos$3 b x is cle> t :osoev] does s1 f9ds 9 himself t he !n beg9s to "k a proposition1 :i* he knew n be=e1 & :i* f !nce=? he nev] que/ions2 n because x 0 innate1 b because ! consid]ation ( ! nature ( ! ?+s conta9$ 9 ^? words w\ld n suff] him to ?9k o!rwise1 h[1 or :5soev] he is br\ght to reflect on !m4 ,& if :atev] is ass5t$ to at fir/ he>+ & und]/&+ ! t]ms mu/ pass = an innate pr9ciple1 e well-gr\nd$ obs]vation1 drawn f p>ticul>s into a g5]al rule1 mu/ be innate4 ,:5 yet x is c]ta9 t n all1 b only sagaci\s heads1 light at fir/ on ^! obs]vations1 & r$uce !m into g5]al propositions3 n innate b collect$ f a prec$+ acqua9tance & reflection on p>ticul> in/ances4 ,^!1 :5 obs]v+ m5 h made !m1 unobs]v+ m51 :5 !y are propos$ to !m _c refuse _! ass5t to4 #bb4 ,implicitly kn[n be=e propos+1 signifies t ! ,m9d is capable ( und]/&+ !m1 or else signifies no?+4 ,if x be said1 ! und]/&+ ha? an ,,implicit k ( ^! pr9ciples1 b n an ,,explicit1 be=e ?is fir/ he>+ 7z !y mu/ :o w say 8t !y are 9 ! und]/&+ be=e !y are kn[n107 x w be h>d to conceive :at is meant by a pr9ciple impr9t$ on ! und]/&+ implicitly1 unless x be ?is1--t ! m9d is capable ( und]/&+ & ass5t+ firmly to su* propositions4 ,& ?us all ma!matical demon/rations1 z well z fir/ pr9ciples1 mu/ be receiv$ z native impressions on ! m9d2 :i* ,i fe> !y w sc>ce all[ !m to be1 :o f9d x h>d] to demon/rate a proposition ?an ass5t to x :5 demon/rat$4 ,& few ma!maticians w be =w>d to believe1 t all ! diagrams !y h drawn 7 b copies ( ^? innate *>act]s :i* nature _h engrav5 ^u _! m9ds4 #bc4 ,! ,argum5t ( ass5t+ on fir/ he>+1 is ^u a false supposition ( no prec$5t tea*+4 ,!re is1 ,i fe>1 ?is fur!r weakness 9 ! =ego+ argum5t1 :i* w\ld p]suade u t !re=e ^? maxims are to be ?\ght innate1 :i* m5 admit at fir/ he>+2 because !y ass5t to propositions :i* !y are n taught1 nor d receive f ! =ce ( any argum5t or demon/ration1 b a b>e explication or und]/&+ ( ! t]ms4 ,"u :i* !re seems to me to lie ?is fallacy1 t m5 are suppos$ n to be taught nor to le>n any?+ de novo2 :51 9 tru?1 !y are taught1 & d le>n some?+ !y 7 ignorant ( be=e4 ,=1 fir/1 x is evid5t t !y h le>n$ ! t]ms1 & _! signification2 nei!r ( :i* 0 born ) !m4 ,b ?is is n all ! acquir$ k 9 ! case3 ! ideas !mselves1 ab\t :i* ! proposition is1 are n born ) !m1 no m ?an _! names1 b got aft]w>ds4 ,s t 9 all propositions t are ass5t$ to at fir/ he>+1 ! t]ms ( ! proposition1 _! /&+ = su* ideas1 & ! ideas !mselves t !y /& =1 be+ nei!r ( !m innate1 ,i w\ld fa9 "k :at !re is rema9+ 9 su* propositions t is innate4 ,= ,i w\ld gladly h any "o "n t proposition ^: t]ms or ideas 7 ei!r ( !m innate4 ,we by degrees get ideas & names1 & le>n _! appropriat$ connexion "o ) ano!r2 & !n to propositions made 9 su* t]ms1 ^: signification we h le>nt1 & :]e9 ! agreem5t or disagreem5t we c p]ceive 9 our ideas :5 put toge!r is express$1 we at fir/ he>+ ass5t2 ?\gh to o!r propositions1 9 !mselves z c]ta9 & evid5t1 b :i* are conc]n+ ideas n s soon or s easily got1 we are at ! same "t no way capable ( ass5t+4 ,=1 ?\gh a *ild quickly ass5ts to ?is proposition1 8,t an apple is n fire10 :5 by famili> acqua9tance he has got ! ideas ( ^? two diff]5t ?+s di/9ctly impr9t$ on 8 m9d1 & has le>nt t ! names apple & fire /& = !m2 yet x w be "s ye>s aft]1 p]haps1 be=e ! same *ild w ass5t to ?is proposition1 8,t x is impossible = ! same ?+ to be & n to be02 because t1 ?\gh p]haps ! words are z easy to be le>nt1 yet ! signification ( !m be+ m l>ge1 compreh5sive1 & ab/ract ?an ( ! names annex$ to ^? s5sible ?+s ! *ild ha? to d )1 x is long] be=e he le>ns _! precise mean+1 & x requires m "t pla9ly to =m 9 8 m9d ^? g5]al ideas !y /& =4 ,till t be done1 y w 9 va9 endeav\r to make any *ild ass5t to a proposition made up ( su* g5]al t]ms2 b z soon z ev] he has got ^? ideas1 & le>n$ _! names1 he =w>dly closes ) ! "o z well z ! o!r ( ! =em5tion$ propositions3 & ) bo? = ! same reason2 viz4 because he f9ds ! ideas he has 9 8 m9d to agree or disagree1 accord+ z ! words /&+ = !m are affirm$ or d5i$ "o ( ano!r 9 ! proposition4 ,b if propositions be br\ght to him 9 words :i* /& = ideas he has n yet 9 8 m9d1 to su* propositions1 h[ev] evid5tly true or false 9 !mselves1 he af=ds nei!r ass5t nor diss5t1 b is ignorant4 ,= words be+ b empty s\nds1 any fur!r ?an !y are signs ( our ideas1 we _c b ass5t to !m z !y correspond to ^? ideas we h1 b no fur!r ?an t4 ,b ! %[+ by :at /eps & ways k comes into our m9ds2 & ! gr\nds ( sev]al degrees ( ass5t1 be+2 ! bus9ess ( ! foll[+ ,disc\rse1 x may suffice to h only t\*$ on x "h1 z "o reason t made me d\bt ( ^? innate pr9ciples4 #bd4 ,n innate because n univ]sally ass5t$ to4 ,to conclude ?is argum5t ( univ]sal cons5t1 ,i agree ) ^! def5d]s ( innate pr9ciples1--t if !y are innate1 !y mu/ ne$s h univ]sal ass5t4 ,= t a tru? %\ld be innate & yet n ass5t$ to1 is to me z un9telligible z = a man to "k a tru? & be ignorant ( x at ! same "t4 ,b !n1 by ^! m5's own confession1 !y _c be innate2 s9ce !y are n ass5t$ to by ^? :o und]/& n ! t]ms2 nor by a great "p ( ^? :o d und]/& !m1 b h yet nev] he>d nor ?\ght ( ^? propositions2 :i*1 ,i ?9k1 is at lea/ "o half ( mank9d4 ,b 7 ! numb] f> less1 x w\ld be en\gh to de/roy univ]sal ass5t1 & !reby %[ ^! propositions n to be innate1 if *ildr5 alone 7 ignorant ( !m4 #be4 ,^! ,maxims n ! fir/ kn[n4 ,b t ,i may n be accus$ to argue f ! ?\ghts ( infants1 :i* are unkn[n to u1 & to conclude f :at passes 9 _! und]/&+s be=e !y express x2 ,i say next1 t ^! two g5]al propositions are n ! tru?s t fir/ possess ! m9ds ( *ildr51 nor are antec$5t to all acquir$ & adv5titi\s notions3 :i*1 if !y 7 innate1 !y mu/ ne$s be4 ,:e!r we c det]m9e x or no1 x matt]s n1 !re is c]ta9ly a "t :5 *ildr5 beg9 to ?9k1 & _! words & actions d assure u t !y d s4 ,:5 !re=e !y are capable ( ?\ght1 ( k1 ( ass5t1 c x rationally be suppos$ !y c be ignorant ( ^? notions t nature has impr9t$1 7 !re any su*8 ,c x be imag9$1 ) any appe>ance ( reason1 t !y p]ceive ! impressions f ?+s )\t1 & be at ! same "t ignorant ( ^? *>act]s :i* nature itself has tak5 c>e to /amp )98 ,c !y receive & ass5t to adv5titi\s notions1 & be ignorant ( ^? :i* are suppos$ wov5 into ! v pr9ciples ( _! be+1 & impr9t$ !re 9 indelible *>act]s1 to be ! f\ndation & guide ( all _! acquir$ k & future reason+s8 ,?is w\ld be to make nature take pa9s to no purpose2 or at lea/ to write v ill2 s9ce its *>act]s c\ld n be read by ^? eyes :i* saw o!r ?+s v well3 & ^? are v ill suppos$ ! cle>e/ p>ts ( tru?1 & ! f\ndations ( all our k1 :i* are n fir/ kn[n1 & )\t :i* ! und\bt$ k ( sev]al o!r ?+s may be _h4 ,! *ild c]ta9ly kn[s1 t ! nurse t fe$s x is nei!r ! cat x plays )1 nor ! blackmoor x is afraid (3 t ! wormse$ or mu/>d x refuses1 is n ! apple or sug> x cries =3 ?is x is c]ta9ly & und\bt$ly assur$ (3 b w any "o say1 x is by virtue ( ?is pr9ciple1 8,t x is impossible = ! same ?+ to be & n to be10 t x s firmly ass5ts to ^! & o!r p>ts ( its k8 ,or t ! *ild has any notion or appreh5sion ( t proposition at an age1 :]e9 yet1 x is pla91 x kn[s a great _m o!r tru?s8 ,he t w say1 *ildr5 jo9 9 ^! g5]al ab/ract speculations ) _! suck+-bottles & _! rattles1 may p]haps1 ) ju/ice1 be ?\ght to h m passion & zeal = 8 op9ion1 b less s9c]ity & tru?1 ?an "o ( t age4 #bf4 ,& s n innate4 ,?\gh !re=e !re be sev]al g5]al propositions t meet ) con/ant & ready ass5t1 z soon z propos$ to m5 gr[n up1 :o h atta9$ ! use ( m g5]al & ab/ract ideas1 & names /&+ = !m2 yet !y n be+ to be f\nd 9 ^? ( t5d] ye>s1 :o nev]!less "k o!r ?+s1 !y _c pret5d to univ]sal ass5t ( intellig5t p]sons1 & s by no means c be suppos$ innate2--x be+ impossible t any tru? :i* is innate 7if !re 7 any su*7 %\ld be unkn[n1 at lea/ to any "o :o kn[s any?+ else4 ,s9ce1 if !y are innate tru?s1 !y mu/ be innate ?\ghts3 !re be+ no?+ a tru? 9 ! m9d t x has nev] ?\ght on4 ,:]eby x is evid5t1 if !re be any innate tru?s1 !y mu/ necess>ily be ! fir/ ( any ?\ght on2 ! fir/ t appe>4 #bg4 ,n innate1 because !y appe> lea/1 :]e :at is innate %[s itself cle>e/4 ,t ! g5]al maxims we are disc\rs+ ( are n kn[n to *ildr51 idiots1 & a great "p ( mank9d1 we h already suffici5tly prov$3 :]eby x is evid5t !y h n an univ]sal ass5t1 nor are g5]al impressions4 ,b !re is ?is fur!r argum5t 9 x aga9/ _! be+ innate3 t ^! *>act]s1 if !y 7 native & orig9al impressions1 %\ld appe> faire/ & cle>e/ 9 ^? p]sons 9 :om yet we f9d no foot/eps ( !m2 & x is1 9 my op9ion1 a /rong presumption t !y are n innate1 s9ce !y are lea/ kn[n to ^? 9 :om1 if !y 7 innate1 !y mu/ ne$s ex]t !mselves ) mo/ =ce & vig\r4 ,= *ildr51 idiots1 savages1 & illit]ate p1 be+ ( all o!rs ! lea/ corrupt$ by cu/om1 or borr[$ op9ions2 le>n+ & education hav+ n ca/ _! native ?\ghts into new m\lds2 nor by sup]9duc+ =eign & /udi$ doctr9es1 conf\nd$ ^? fair *>act]s nature _h writt5 !re2 "o might reasonably imag9e t 9 ,,_! m9ds ^! innate notions %\ld lie op5 fairly to e "o's view1 z x is c]ta9 ! ?\ghts ( *ildr5 d4 ,x might v well be expect$ t ^! pr9ciples %\ld be p]fectly kn[n to naturals2 :i* be+ /amp$ imm$iately on ! s\l1 7z ^! m5 suppose17 c h no dep5d5ce on ! con/itution or organs ( ! body1 ! only confess$ diff]5ce betwe5 !m & o!rs4 ,"o w\ld ?9k1 accord+ to ^! m5's pr9ciples1 t all ^! native beams ( light 77 !re any su*7 %\ld1 9 ^? :o h no res]ves1 no arts ( concealm5t1 %9e out 9 _! full lu/re1 & leave u 9 no m d\bt ( _! be+ !re1 ?an we are ( _! love ( pleasure & abhorr5ce ( pa94 ,b alas1 among/ *ildr51 idiots1 savages1 & ! grossly illit]ate1 :at g5]al maxims are to be f\nd8 :at univ]sal pr9ciples ( k8 ,_! notions are few & n>r[1 borr[$ only f ^? objects !y h _h mo/ to d )1 & :i* h made ^u _! s5ses ! frequ5te/ & /ronge/ impressions4 ,a *ild kn[s 8 nurse & 8 cradle1 & by degrees ! play?+s ( a little m advanc$ age2 & a "y savage has1 p]haps1 8 head fill$ ) love & hunt+1 accord+ to ! fa%ion ( 8 tribe4 ,b he t f a *ild untaught1 or a wild inhabitant ( ! woods1 w expect ^! ab/ract maxims & reput$ pr9ciples ( sci5ce1 w1 ,i fe> f9d himself mi/ak54 ,su* k9d ( g5]al propositions are seldom m5tion$ 9 ! huts ( ,indians3 mu* less are !y to be f\nd 9 ! ?\ghts ( *ildr51 or any impressions ( !m on ! m9ds ( naturals4 ,!y are ! language & bus9ess ( ! s*ools & academies ( le>n$ nations accu/om$ to t sort ( conv]sation or le>n+1 :]e disputes are frequ5t2 ^! maxims be+ suit$ to artificial argum5tation & useful = conviction1 b n mu* conduc+ to ! discov]y ( tru? or advancem5t ( k4 ,b ( _! small use = ! improvem5t ( k ,i %all h occasion to speak m at l>ge1 l4#d1 c4 #g4 #bh4 ,recapitulation4 ,i "k n h[ absurd ?is may seem to ! ma/]s ( demon/ration4 ,& probably x w h>dly g d[n ) anybody at fir/ he>+4 ,i mu/ !re=e beg a little truce ) prejudice1 & ! =be>ance ( c5sure1 till ,i h be5 he>d out 9 ! sequel ( ?is ,disc\rse1 be+ v will+ to submit to bett] judgm5ts4 ,& s9ce ,i imp>tially se>* aft] tru?1 ,i %all n be sorry to be conv9c$1 t ,i h be5 too fond ( my own notions2 :i* ,i confess we are all apt to be1 :5 application & /udy h w>m$ our heads ) !m4 ,^u ! :ole matt]1 ,i _c see any gr\nd to ?9k ^! two speculative ,maxims innate3 s9ce !y are n univ]sally ass5t$ to2 & ! ass5t !y s g5]ally f9d is no o!r ?an :at sev]al propositions1 n all[$ to be innate1 equally p>take 9 ) !m3 & s9ce ! ass5t t is giv5 !m is produc$ ano!r way1 & comes n f natural inscription1 z ,i d\bt n b to make appe> 9 ! foll[+ ,disc\rse4 ,& if ,,^! 8fir/ pr9ciples0 ( k & sci5ce are f\nd n to be innate1 no ,,o!r speculative maxims c 7,i suppose71 ) bett] "r pret5d to be s4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,no ,,innate ,,practical ,,pr9ciples #a4 ,no moral ,pr9ciples s cle> & s g5]ally receiv$ z ! =em5tion$ speculative ,maxims4 ,if ^? speculative ,maxims1 :]e( we disc\rs$ 9 ! =ego+ *apt]1 h n an actual univ]sal ass5t f all mank9d1 z we !re prov$1 x is mu* m visible conc]n+ ,,practical ,pr9ciples1 t !y come %ort ( an univ]sal reception3 & ,i ?9k x w be h>d to in/ance any "o moral rule :i* c pret5d to s g5]al & ready an ass5t z1 8,:at is1 is02 or to be s manife/ a tru? z ?is1 t 8,x is impossible = ! same ?+ to be & n to be40 ,:]eby x is evid5t t !y are fur!r remov$ f a title to be innate2 & ! d\bt ( _! be+ native impressions on ! m9d is /rong] aga9/ ^? moral pr9ciples ?an ! o!r4 ,n t x br+s _! tru? at all 9 "q4 ,!y are equally true1 ?\gh n equally evid5t4 ,^? speculative maxims c>ry _! own evid5ce ) !m3 b moral pr9ciples require reason+ & disc\rse1 & "s ex]cise ( ! m9d1 to discov] ! c]ta9ty ( _! tru?4 ,!y lie n op5 z natural *>act]s engrav$ on ! m9d2 :i*1 if any su* 71 !y mu/ ne$s be visible by !mselves1 & by _! own light be c]ta9 & kn[n to ev]ybody4 ,b ?is is no d]ogation to _! tru? & c]ta9ty2 no m ?an x is to ! tru? or c]ta9ty ( ! ?ree angles ( a triangle be+ equal to two "r ones because x is n s evid5t z 8! :ole is bigg] ?an a "p10 nor s apt to be ass5t$ to at fir/ he>+4 ,x may suffice t ^! moral rules are capable ( demon/ration3 & !re=e x is our own faults if we come n to a c]ta9 k ( !m4 ,b ! ignorance :]e9 _m m5 are ( !m1 & ! sl[ness ( ass5t :]e) o!rs receive !m1 are manife/ pro(s t !y are n innate1 & su* z (f] !mselves to _! view )\t se>*+4 #b4 ,fai? & ,ju/ice n own$ z ,pr9ciples by all ,m54 ,:e!r !re be any su* moral pr9ciples1 :]e9 all m5 d agree1 ,i appeal to any :o h be5 b mod]ately conv]sant 9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d1 & look$ abroad beyond ! smoke ( _! own *imneys4 ,:]e is t practical tru? t is univ]sally receiv$1 )\t d\bt or "q1 z x mu/ be if innate8 ,,ju/ice1 & keep+ ( contracts1 is t :i* mo/ m5 seem to agree 94 ,?is is a pr9ciple :i* is ?\ght to ext5d itself to ! d5s ( ?ieves1 & ! conf$]acies ( ! greate/ villa9s2 & !y :o h gone fur!/ t[>ds ! putt+ (f ( humanity itself1 keep fai? & rules ( ju/ice "o ) ano!r4 ,i grant t outlaws !mselves d ?is "o among/ ano!r3 b x is )\t receiv+ ^! z ! innate laws ( nature4 ,!y practise !m z rules ( conv5i5ce )9 _! own communities3 b x is impossible to conceive t he embraces ju/ice z a practical pr9ciple :o acts fairly ) 8 fell[-highwayman1 & at ! same "t plund]s or kills ! next hone/ man he meets )4 ,ju/ice & tru? are ! common ties ( society2 & !re=e ev5 outlaws & robb]s1 :o break ) all ! _w besides1 mu/ keep fai? & rules ( equity among/ !mselves2 or else !y _c hold toge!r4 ,b w any "o say1 t ^? t live by fraud or rap9e h innate pr9ciples ( tru? & ju/ice :i* !y all[ & ass5t to8 #c4 ,objection3 ?\gh ,m5 d5y !m 9 _! ,practice1 yet !y admit !m 9 _! ,?\ghts answ]$4 ,p]haps x w be urg$1 t ! tacit ass5t ( _! m9ds agrees to :at _! practice contradicts4 ,i answ]1 fir/1 ,i h always ?\ght ! actions ( m5 ! be/ int]pret]s ( _! ?\ghts4 ,b1 s9ce x is c]ta9 t mo/ m5's practices1 & "s m5's op5 pr(essions1 h ei!r que/ion$ or d5i$ ^! pr9ciples1 x is impossible to e/abli% an univ]sal cons5t1 7?\gh we %\ld look = x only among/ gr[n m517 )\t :i* x is impossible to conclude !m innate4 ,secondly1 x is v /range & unreasonable to suppose innate practical pr9ciples1 t t]m9ate only 9 contemplation4 ,practical pr9ciples1 d]iv$ f nature1 are !re = op]ation1 & mu/ produce con=mity ( action1 n b>ely speculative ass5t to _! tru?1 or else !y are 9 va9 di/+ui%$ f speculative maxims4 ,nature1 ,i confess1 has put into man a desire ( happ9ess & an av]sion to mis]y3 ^! inde$ are innate practical pr9ciples :i* 7z practical pr9ciples ought7 ,,d cont9ue con/antly to op]ate & influ5ce all our actions )\t ceas+3 ^! may be obs]v$ 9 all p]sons & all ages1 /eady & univ]sal2 b ^! are ,,incl9ations ,,( ,,! ,,appetite to good1 n impressions ( tru? on ! und]/&+4 ,i d5y n t !re are natural t5d5cies impr9t$ on ! m9ds ( m52 & t f ! v fir/ in/ances ( s5se & p]ception1 !re are "s ?+s t are grateful & o!rs unwelcome to !m2 "s ?+s t !y incl9e to & o!rs t !y fly3 b ?is makes no?+ = innate *>act]s on ! m9d1 :i* are to be ! pr9ciples ( k regulat+ our practice4 ,su* natural impressions on ! und]/&+ are s f> f be+ confirm$ h]eby1 t ?is is an argum5t aga9/ !m2 s9ce1 if !re 7 c]ta9 *>act]s impr9t$ by nature on ! und]/&+1 z ! pr9ciples ( k1 we c\ld n b p]ceive !m con/antly op]ate 9 u & influ5ce our k1 z we d ^? o!rs on ! w & appetite2 :i* nev] cease to be ! con/ant spr+s & motives ( all our actions1 to :i* we p]petually feel !m /rongly impell+ u4 #d4 ,moral ,rules ne$ a ,pro(1 ergo n innate4 ,ano!r reason t makes me d\bt ( any innate practical pr9ciples is1 t ,i ?9k !re _c any "o moral ,rule be propos'd :]e( a ,man may n ju/ly dem& a ,reason3 :i* w\ld be p]fectly ridicul\s & absurd if !y 7 innate2 or s mu* z self-evid5t1 :i* e innate pr9ciple mu/ ne$s be1 & n ne$ any pro( to asc]ta9 its tru?1 nor want any reason to ga9 x approbation4 ,he w\ld be ?\ght void ( common s5se :o ask$ on ! "o side1 or on ! o!r side w5t to give a reason ,,:y 8x is impossible = ! same ?+ to be & n to be40 ,x c>ries its own light & evid5ce ) x1 & ne$s no o!r pro(3 he t und]/&s ! t]ms ass5ts to x = its own sake or else no?+ w ev] be able to prevail ) him to d x4 ,b %\ld t mo/ un%ak5 rule ( morality & f\ndation ( all social virtue1 8,t "o %\ld d z he w\ld be done unto10 be propos$ to "o :o nev] he>d ( x be=e1 b yet is ( capacity to und]/& its mean+2 might he n )\t any absurdity ask a reason :y8 ,& 7 n he t propos$ x b\nd to make out ! tru? & reasonabl5ess ( x to him8 ,:i* pla9ly %[s x n to be innate2 = if x 7 x c\ld nei!r want nor receive any pro(2 b mu/ ne$s 7at lea/ z soon z he>d & und]/ood7 be receiv$ & ass5t$ to z an unque/ionable tru?1 :i* a man c by no means d\bt (4 ,s t ! tru? ( all ^! moral rules pla9ly dep5ds ^u "s o!r antec$5t to !m1 & f :i* !y mu/ be d$uc$2 :i* c\ld n be if ei!r !y 7 innate or s mu* z self-evid5t4 #e4 ,in/ance 9 keep+ ,compacts ,t m5 %\ld keep _! compacts is c]ta9ly a great & und5iable rule 9 morality4 ,b yet1 if a ,*ri/ian1 :o has ! view ( happ9ess & mis]y 9 ano!r life1 be ask$ :y a man mu/ keep 8 ^w1 he w give ?is z a reason3--,because ,god1 :o has ! p[] ( et]nal life & dea?1 requires x ( u4 ,b if a ,hobbi/ be ask$ :y8 he w answ]3--,because ! public requires x1 & ! ,levia?an w puni% y if y d n4 ,& if "o ( ! old philosoph]s _h be5 ask$1 he w\ld h answ]$3--,because x 0 di%one/1 bel[ ! dignity ( a man1 & opposite to virtue1 ! highe/ p]fection ( human nature1 to d o!rwise4 #f4 ,virtue g5]ally approv$ n because innate1 b because pr(itable4 ,h5ce naturally fl[s ! great v>iety ( op9ions conc]n+ moral rules :i* are to be f\nd among m51 accord+ to ! diff]5t sorts ( happ9ess !y h a prospect (1 or propose to !mselves2 :i* c\ld n be if practical pr9ciples 7 innate1 & impr9t$ 9 our m9ds imm$iately by ! h& ( ,god4 ,i grant ! exi/5ce ( ,god is s _m ways manife/1 & ! ob$i5ce we owe him s congru\s to ! light ( reason1 t a great "p ( mank9d give te/imony to ! law ( nature3 b yet ,i ?9k x mu/ be all[$ t sev]al moral rules may receive f mank9d a v g5]al approbation1 )\t ei!r kn[+ or admitt+ ! true gr\nd ( morality2 :i* c only be ! w & law ( a ,god1 :o sees m5 9 ! d>k1 has 9 8 h& rew>ds & puni%m5ts1 & p[] en\gh to call to acc\nt ! pr\de/ (f5d]4 ,=1 ,god hav+1 by an insep>able connexion1 jo9$ virtue & public happ9ess toge!r1 & made ! practice !re( necess>y to ! pres]vation ( society1 & visibly b5eficial to all ) :om ! virtu\s man has to d2 x is no wond] t e "o %\ld n only all[1 b recomm5d & magnify ^? rules to o!rs1 f ^: obs]vance ( !m he is sure to reap advantage to himself4 ,he may1 out ( int]e/ z well z conviction1 cry up t = sacr$1 :i*1 if once trampl$ on & pr(an$1 he himself _c be safe nor secure4 ,?is1 ?\gh x takes no?+ f ! moral & et]nal obligation :i* ^! rules evid5tly h1 yet x %[s t ! outw>d ackn[l$gm5t m5 pay to !m 9 _! words proves n t !y are innate pr9ciples3 nay1 x proves n s mu* z t m5 ass5t to !m inw>dly 9 _! own m9ds1 z ! inviolable rules ( _! own practice2 s9ce we f9d t self-int]e/1 & ! conv5i5ces ( ?is life1 make _m m5 own an outw>d pr(ession & approbation ( !m1 ^: actions suffici5tly prove t !y v little consid] ! ,lawgiv] t prescrib$ ^! rules2 nor ! hell t he has orda9$ = ! puni%m5t ( ^? t transgress !m4 #g4 ,m5's actions conv9ce u1 t ! ,rule ( ,virtue is n _! int]nal ,pr9ciple4 ,=1 if we w n 9 civility all[ too mu* s9c]ity to ! pr(essions ( mo/ m51 b ?9k _! actions to be ! int]pret]s ( _! ?\ghts1 we %all f9d t !y h no su* int]nal v5]ation = ^! rules1 nor s full a p]suasion ( _! c]ta9ty & obligation4 ,! great pr9ciple ( morality1 #8,to d z "o w\ld be done to1' is m comm5d$ ?an practis$4 ,b ! brea* ( ?is rule _c be a great] vice1 ?an to tea* o!rs1 t x is no moral rule1 nor obligatory1 w\ld be ?\ght madness1 & contr>y to t int]e/ m5 sacrifice to1 :5 !y break x !mselves4 ,p]haps ,,consci5ce w be urg$ z *eck+ u = su* brea*es1 & s ! int]nal obligation & e/abli%m5t ( ! rule be pres]v$4 #h4 ,consci5ce no ,pro( ( any innate ,moral ,rule4 ,to :i* ,i answ]1 t ,i d\bt n b1 )\t be+ writt5 on _! he>ts1 _m m5 may1 by ! same way t !y come to ! k ( o!r ?+s1 come to ass5t to sev]al moral rules1 & be conv9c$ ( _! obligation4 ,o!rs also may come to be ( ! same m9d1 f _! education1 company1 & cu/oms ( _! c\ntry2 :i* p]suasion1 h[ev] got1 w s]ve to set consci5ce on "w2 :i* is no?+ else b our own op9ion or judgm5t ( ! moral rectitude or gravity ( our own actions2 & if consci5ce be a pro( ( innate pr9ciples1 contr>ies may be innate pr9ciples2 s9ce "s m5 ) ! same b5t ( consci5ce prosecute :at o!rs avoid4 #i4 ,in/ances ( ,enormities practis$ )\t ,remorse4 ,b ,i _c see h[ any m5 %\ld ev] transgress ^? moral rules1 ) confid5ce & s]5ity1 7 !y innate1 & /amp$ ^u _! m9ds4 ,view b an army at ! sack+ ( a t[n1 & see :at obs]vation or s5se ( moral pr9ciples1 or :at t\* ( consci5ce = all ! outrages !y d4 ,robb]ies1 murd]s1 rapes1 are ! sports ( m5 set at lib]ty f puni%m5t & c5sure4 ,h !re n be5 :ole nations1 & ^? ( ! mo/ civiliz$ p1 among/ :om ! expos+ _! *ildr51 & leav+ !m 9 ! fields to p]i% by want or wild bea/s has be5 ! practice2 z little condemn$ or scrupl$ z ! begett+ !m8 ,d !y n /ill1 9 "s c\ntries1 put !m into ! same graves ) _! mo!rs1 if !y die 9 *ildbir?2 or despat* !m1 if a pret5d$ a/rolog] decl>es !m to h unhappy />s8 ,& are !re n places :]e1 at a c]ta9 age1 !y kill or expose _! p>5ts1 )\t any remorse at all8 ,9 a "p ( ,asia1 ! sick1 :5 _! case comes to be ?\ght desp]ate1 are c>ri$ out & laid on ! e>? be=e !y are dead2 & left !re1 expos$ to w9d & wea!r1 to p]i% )\t assi/ance or pity4 ,x is famili> among ! ,m+relians1 a p pr(ess+ ,*ri/ianity1 to bury _! *ildr5 alive )\t scruple4 ,!re are places :]e !y eat _! own *ildr54 ,! ,c>ibbees 7 wont to geld _! *ildr51 on purpose to fat & eat !m4 ,& ,g>cilasso de la ,vega tells u ( a p 9 ,p]u :i* 7 wont to fat & eat ! *ildr5 !y got on _! female captives1 :om !y kept z concub9es = t purpose1 & :5 !y 7 pa/ bre$+1 ! mo!rs !mselves 7 kill$ too & eat54 ,! virtues :]eby ! ,t\\p9ambos believ$ !y m]it$ p>adise1 7 rev5ge1 & eat+ abundance ( _! enemies4 ,!y h n s mu* z a "n = ,god1 & h no religion1 no wor%ip4 ,! sa9ts :o are canoniz$ among/ ! ,turks1 lead lives :i* "o _c ) mode/y relate4 ,a rem>kable passage to ?is purpose1 out ( ! voyage ( ,baumg>t51 :i* is a book n e day to be met )1 ,i %all set d[n at l>ge1 9 ! language x is publi%$ 94 ,ibi 7sc4 prope ,belbes 9 ,aegypto7 vidimus sanctum unum ,s>ac5icum int] ar5>um cumulos1 ita ut ex ut]o matris prodiit nudum s$5tem4 ,mos e/1 ut didicimus1 ,mahometi/is1 ut eos1 qui am5tes et s9e ratione sunt1 pro sanctis colant et v5]5tur4 ,insup] et eos1 qui cum diu vitam eg]9t inqu9atissimam1 volunt>iam demum po5it5tiam et paup]tatem1 sanctitate v5]&os deputant4 ,ejusmodi v]o g5us hom9um lib]tatem qu&am effr5em hab5t1 domos quos volunt intr&i1 ed5di1 bib5di1 et quod majus e/1 concumb5di2 ex quo concubitu1 si proles secuta fu]it1 sancta similit] habetur4 ,8 ergo hom9ibus dum vivunt1 magnos exhib5t honores2 mortuis v]o vel templa vel monum5ta extruunt amplissima1 eosque cont+]e ac sepelire maximae =tunae ducunt loco4 ,audivimus haec dicta et dic5da p] int]pretem a ,mucrelo no/ro4 ,insup] sanctum ilium1 qu]n eo loco vidimus1 publicitus apprime comm5d>i1 eum esse hom9em sanctum1 div9um ac integritate praecipuum2 eo quod1 nec fam9>um unquam esset1 nec pu]orum1 s$ tantummodo asell>um concubitor atque mul>um4 7,p]egr4 ,baumg>t51 #a4 ii4 c4 i4 p4 #gc47 ,:]e !n are ^? innate pr9ciples ( ju/ice1 piety1 gratitude1 equity1 *a/ity8 ,or :]e is t univ]sal cons5t t assures u !re are su* inbr$ rules8 ,murd]s 9 duels1 :5 fa%ion has made !m hon\rable1 are committ$ )\t remorse ( consci5ce3 nay1 9 _m places innoc5ce 9 ?is case is ! greate/ ignom9y4 ,& if we look abroad to take a view ( m5 z !y are1 we %all f9d t !y h remorse1 9 "o place1 = do+ or omitt+ t :i* o!rs1 9 ano!r place1 ?9k !y m]it by4 #aj4 ,m5 h contr>y practical ,pr9ciples4 ,he t w c>efully p]use ! hi/ory ( mank9d1 & look abroad into ! sev]al tribes ( m51 & ) indiff]5cy survey _! actions1 w be able to satisfy himself1 t !re is sc>ce t pr9ciple ( morality to be nam$1 or1 rule ( virtue to be ?\ght on1 7^? only except$ t are absolutely necess>y to hold society toge!r1 :i* commonly too are neglect$ betwixt di/9ct societies17 :i* is n1 some:]e or o!r1 slight$ & condemn$ by ! g5]al fa%ion ( :ole societies ( m51 gov]n$ by practical op9ions & rules ( liv+ q opposite to o!rs4 #aa4 ,:ole ,nations reject sev]al ,moral ,rules4 ,"h p]haps x w be object$1 t x is no argum5t t ! rule is n kn[n1 because x is brok54 ,i grant ! objection good :]e m51 ?\gh !y transgress1 yet dis[n n ! law2 :]e fe> ( %ame1 c5sure1 or puni%m5t1 c>ries ! m>k ( "s awe x has ^u !m4 ,b x is impossible to conceive t a :ole nation ( m5 %\ld all publicly reject & r5\nce :at e "o ( !m c]ta9ly & infallibly knew to be a law2 = s !y mu/ :o h x naturally impr9t$ on _! m9ds4 ,x is possible m5 may sometimes own rules ( morality :i* 9 _! private ?\ghts !y d n believe to be true1 only to keep !mselves 9 reputation & e/eem among/ ^? :o are p]suad$ ( _! obligation4 ,b x is n to be imag9$ t a :ole society ( m5 %\ld publicly & pr(ess$ly dis[n & ca/ (f a rule :i* !y c\ld n 9 _! own m9ds b be infallibly c]ta9 0 a law2 nor be ignorant t all m5 !y %\ld h to d ) knew x to be su*3 & !re=e mu/ e "o ( !m appreh5d f o!rs all ! contempt & abhorr5ce due to "o :o pr(esses himself void ( humanity3 & "o :o1 conf\nd+ ! kn[n & natural measures ( "r & wrong1 _c b be look$ on z ! pr(ess$ enemy ( _! peace & happ9ess4 ,:atev] practical pr9ciple is innate1 _c b be kn[n to e "o to be j & good4 ,x is !re=e little less ?an a contradiction to suppose1 t :ole nations ( m5 %\ld1 bo? 9 _! pr(essions & practice1 unanim\sly & univ]sally give ! lie to :at1 by ! mo/ inv9cible evid5ce1 e "o ( !m knew to be true1 "r1 & good4 ,?is is en\gh to satisfy u t no practical rule :i* is any:]e univ]sally1 & ) public approbation or all[ance1 transgress$1 c be suppos$ innate4--,b ,i h some?+ fur!r to add 9 answ] to ?is objection4 #ab4 ,! g5]ally all[$ brea* ( a rule pro( t x is n innate4 ,! break+ ( a rule1 say y1 is no argum5t t x is unkn[n4 ,i grant x3 b ! ,,g5]ally ,,all[$ brea* ( x any:]e1 ,i say1 is a pro( t x is n innate4 ,= example3 let u take any ( ^! rules1 :i*1 be+ ! mo/ obvi\s d$uctions ( human reason1 & con=mable to ! natural incl9ation ( ! greate/ "p ( m51 fewe/ p h _h ! impud5ce to d5y or inconsid]ation to d\bt (4 ,if any c be ?\ght to be naturally impr9t$1 none1 ,i ?9k1 c h a fair] pret5ce to be innate ?an ?is3 8,p>5ts1 pres]ve & *]i% y\r *ildr540 ,:51 !re=e1 y say t ?is is an innate rule1 :at d y mean8 ,ei!r t x is an innate pr9ciple :i* ^u all occasions excites & directs ! actions ( all m52 or else1 t x is a tru? :i* all m5 h impr9t$ on _! m9ds1 & :i* !re=e !y "k & ass5t to4 ,b 9 nei!r ( ^! s5ses is x innate4 ,,fir/1 t x is n a pr9ciple :i* influ5ces all m5's actions1 is :at ,i h prov$ by ! examples be=e cit$3 nor ne$ we seek s f> z ! ,m+relia or ,p]u to f9d in/ances ( su* z neglect1 abuse1 nay1 & de/roy _! *ildr52 or look on x only z ! m ?an brutality ( "s savage & b>b>\s nations1 :5 we rememb] t x 0 a famili> & uncondemn$ practice among/ ! ,greeks & ,romans to expose1 )\t pity or remorse1 _! innoc5t infants4 ,,secondly1 t x is an innate tru?1 kn[n to all m51 is also false4 ,=1 8,p>5ts pres]ve y\r *ildr510 is s f> f an innate tru?1 t x is no tru? at all3 x be+ a comm&1 & n a proposition1 & s n capable ( tru? or falsehood4 ,to make x capable ( be+ ass5t$ to z true1 x mu/ be r$uc$ to "s su* proposition z ?is3 8,x is ! duty ( p>5ts to pres]ve _! *ildr540 ,b :at duty is1 _c be und]/ood )\t a law2 nor a law be kn[n or suppos$ )\t a lawmak]1 or )\t rew>d & puni%m5t2 s t x is impossible t ?is1 or any o!r1 practical pr9ciple %\ld be innate1 i4e4 be impr9t$ on ! m9d z a duty1 )\t suppos+ ! ideas ( ,god1 ( law1 ( obligation1 ( puni%m5t1 ( a life aft] ?is1 innate3 = t puni%m5t foll[s n 9 ?is life ! brea* ( ?is rule1 & consequ5tly t x has n ! =ce ( a law 9 c\ntries :]e ! g5]ally all[$ practice runs c\nt] to x1 is 9 itself evid5t4 ,b ^! ideas 7:i* mu/ be all ( !m innate1 if any?+ z a duty be s7 are s f> f be+ innate1 t x is n e /udi\s or ?9k+ man1 mu* less e "o t is born1 9 :om !y are to be f\nd cle> & di/9ct2 & t "o ( !m1 :i* ( all o!rs seems mo/ likely to be innate1 is n s1 7,i mean ! idea ( ,god17 ,i ?9k1 9 ! next *apt]1 w appe> v evid5t to any consid]+ man4 #ac4 ,if m5 c be ignorant ( :at is innate1 c]ta9ty is n describ$ by innate pr9ciples4 ,f :at has be5 said1 ,i ?9k we may safely conclude t :atev] practical rule is 9 any place g5]ally & ) all[ance brok51 _c be suppos$ innate2 x be+ impossible t m5 %\ld1 )\t %ame or fe>1 confid5tly & s]5ely1 break a rule :i* !y c\ld n b evid5tly "k t ,god _h set up1 & w\ld c]ta9ly puni% ! brea* (1 7:i* !y mu/1 if x 7 innate17 to a degree to make x a v ill b>ga9 to ! transgressor4 ,)\t su* a k z ?is1 a man c nev] be c]ta9 t any?+ is 8 duty4 ,ignorance or d\bt ( ! law1 hopes to escape ! k or p[] ( ! law-mak]1 or ! l1 may make m5 give way to a pres5t appetite2 b let any "o see ! fault1 & ! rod by x1 & ) ! transgression1 a fire ready to puni% x2 a pleasure tempt+1 & ! h& ( ! ,almighty visibly held up & prep>$ to take v5geance1 7= ?is mu/ be ! case :]e any duty is impr9t$ on ! m9d17 & !n tell me :e!r x be possible = p ) su* a prospect1 su* a c]ta9 k z ?is1 wantonly1 & )\t scruple1 to (f5d aga9/ a law :i* !y c>ry ab\t !m 9 indelible *>act]s1 & t />es !m 9 ! face :il/ !y are break+ x8 ,:e!r m51 at ! same "t t !y feel 9 !mselves ! impr9t$ edicts ( an ,omnipot5t ,law-mak]1 c1 ) assurance & gaiety1 slight & trample und]foot 8 mo/ sacr$ injunctions8 ,& la/ly1 :e!r x be possible t :il/ a man ?us op5ly bids defiance to ?is innate law & supreme ,lawgiv]1 all ! by/&]s1 yea1 ev5 ! gov]nors & rul]s ( ! p1 full ( ! same s5se bo? ( ! law & ,law-mak]1 %\ld sil5tly connive1 )\t te/ify+ _! dislike or lay+ ! lea/ blame on x8 ,pr9ciples ( actions inde$ !re are lodg$ 9 m5's appetites2 b ^! are s f> f be+ innate moral pr9ciples1 t if !y 7 left to _! full sw+ !y w\ld c>ry m5 to ! ov]turn+ ( all morality4 ,moral laws are set z a curb & re/ra9t to ^! exorbitant desires1 :i* !y _c be b by rew>ds & puni%m5ts t w ov]balance ! satisfaction any "o %all propose to himself 9 ! brea* ( ! law4 ,if1 !re=e1 any?+ be impr9t$ on ! m9ds ( all m5 z a law1 all m5 mu/ h a c]ta9 & unavoidable k t c]ta9 & unavoidable puni%m5t w att5d ! brea* ( x4 ,= if m5 c be ignorant or d\btful ( :at is innate1 innate pr9ciples are insi/$ on1 & urg$ to no purpose2 tru? & c]ta9ty 7! ?+s pret5d$7 are n at all secur$ by !m2 b m5 are 9 ! same unc]ta9 float+ e/ate ) z )\t !m4 ,an evid5t indubitable k ( unavoidable puni%m5t1 great en\gh to make ! transgression v uneligible1 mu/ accompany an innate law2 unless ) an innate law !y c suppose an innate ,gospel too4 ,i w\ld n "h be mi/ak51 z if1 because ,i d5y an innate law ,i ?\ght !re 7 none b positive laws4 ,!re is a great deal ( diff]5ce betwe5 an innate law1 & a law ( nature betwe5 some?+ impr9t$ on our m9ds 9 _! v orig9al1 & some?+ t we1 be+ ignorant (1 may atta9 to ! k (1 by ! use & due application ( our natural faculties4 ,& ,i ?9k !y equally =sake ! tru? :o1 runn+ into contr>y extremes1 ei!r affirm an innate law1 or d5y t !re is a law kn[able by ! light ( nature1 i4e4 )\t ! help ( positive revelation4 #ad4 ,^? :o ma9ta9 innate practical ,pr9ciples tell u n :at !y are4 ,! diff]5ce !re is among/ m5 9 _! practical pr9ciples is s evid5t t ,i ?9k ,i ne$ say no m to ev9ce1 t x w be impossible to f9d any innate moral rules by ?is m>k ( g5]al ass5t2 & x is en\gh to make "o suspect t ! supposition ( su* innate pr9ciples is b an op9ion tak5 up at pleasure2 s9ce ^? :o talk s confid5tly ( !m are s sp>+ to tell u ,,:i* ,,!y ,,are4 ,?is might ) ju/ice be expect$ f ^? m5 :o lay /ress ^u ?is op9ion2 & x gives occasion to di/ru/ ei!r _! k or *>ity1 :o1 decl>+ t ,god has impr9t$ on ! m9ds ( m5 ! f\ndations ( k & ! rules ( liv+1 are yet s little fav\rable to ! in=mation ( _! neighb\rs1 or ! quiet ( mank9d1 z n to po9t out to !m :i* !y are1 9 ! v>iety m5 are di/ract$ )4 ,b1 9 tru?1 7 !re any su* innate pr9ciples !re w\ld be no ne$ to tea* !m4 ,did m5 f9d su* innate propositions /amp$ on _! m9ds1 !y w\ld easily be able to di/+ui% !m f o!r tru?s t !y aft]w>ds le>n$ & d$uc$ f !m2 & !re w\ld be no?+ m easy ?an to "k :at1 & h[ _m1 !y 74 ,!re c\ld be no m d\bt ab\t _! numb] ?an !re is ab\t ! numb] ( our f+]s2 & x is l !n e sy/em w\ld be ready to give !m u by tale4 ,b s9ce nobody1 t ,i "k1 has v5tur$ yet to give a catalogue ( !m1 !y _c blame ^? :o d\bt ( ^! innate pr9ciples2 s9ce ev5 !y :o require m5 to believe t !re are su* innate propositions1 d n tell u :at !y are4 ,x is easy to =esee1 t if diff]5t m5 ( diff]5t sects %\ld g ab\t to give u a li/ ( ^? innate practical pr9ciples1 !y w\ld set d[n only su* z suit$ _! di/9ct hypo!ses1 & 7 fit to support ! doctr9es ( _! p>ticul> s*ools or *ur*es2 a pla9 evid5ce t !re are no su* innate tru?s4 ,nay1 a great "p ( m5 are s f> f f9d+ any su* innate moral pr9ciples 9 !mselves1 t1 by d5y+ fre$om to mank9d1 & !reby mak+ m5 no o!r ?an b>e ma*9es1 !y take away n only innate1 b all moral rules :atsoev]1 & leave n a possibility to believe any su*1 to ^? :o _c conceive h[ any?+ c be capable ( a law t is n a free ag5t4 ,& ^u t gr\nd !y mu/ necess>ily reject all pr9ciples ( virtue1 :o _c put ,,morality & ,,me*anism toge!r1 :i* are n v easy to be reconcil$ or made consi/5t4 #ae4 ,"l ,h]b]t's innate ,pr9ciples exam9$4 ,:5 ,i _h writt5 ?is1 be+ in=m$ t my ,"l ,h]b]t _h1 9 8 book ,de ,v]itate1 assign$ ^! innate pr9ciples1 ,i pres5tly consult$ him1 hop+ to f9d 9 a man ( s great p>ts1 some?+ t might satisfy me 9 ?is po9t1 & put an end to my inquiry4 ,9 8 *apt] ,de ,in/9ctu ,naturali1 ,i met ) ^! six m>ks ( 8 ,notitice ,communes3--#a4 ,prioritas4 #b4 ,indep5d5tia4 #c4 ,univ]salitas4 #d4 ,c]titudo4 #e4 ,necessitas1 i4 e4 z he expla9s x1 faciunt ad hom9is cons]vationem4 #f4 ,modus con=mationis1 i4e4 ,ass5sus nulla int]posita mora4 ,& at ! latt] end ( 8 little treatise ,de ,religione ,laici1 he says ?is ( ^! innate pr9ciples3 ,adeo ut non uniuscujusvis religionis conf9io arct5tur quae ubique vig5t v]itates4 ,sunt enim 9 ipsa m5te caelitus descriptae1 nullisque traditionibus1 sive scriptis1 sive non scriptis1 obnoxiae1 p4#c ,& ,v]itates no/rae ca?olicae1 quae tanquam indubia ,dei emata 9 =o int]iori descriptae4 ,?us1 hav+ giv5 ! m>ks ( ! innate pr9ciples or common notions1 & ass]t$ _! be+ impr9t$ on ! m9ds ( m5 by ! h& ( ,god1 he proce$s to set !m d[n1 & !y are ^!3--#a4 ,esse aliquod supremum num54 #b4 ,num5 illud coli deb]e4 #c4 ,virtutem cum pietate conjunctam optimum esse rationem cultus div9i4 #d4 ,resipisc5dum esse a peccatis4 #e4 ,d>i praemium vel pa5am po/ hanc vitam transactam4 ,?\gh ,i all[ ^! to be cle> tru?s1 & su* z1 if rightly expla9$1 a rational creature c h>dly avoid giv+ 8 ass5t to1 yet ,i ?9k he is f> f prov+ !m innate impressions 9 =o int]iori descriptae4 ,= ,i mu/ take leave to obs]ve3-- #af4 ,^! five ei!r n all1 or m ?an all1 if !re are any4 ,fir/1 t ^! five propositions are ei!r n all1 or m ?an all1 ^? common notions writt5 on our m9ds by ! f+] ( ,god2 if x 7 reasonable to believe any at all to be s writt54 ,s9ce !re are o!r propositions :i*1 ev5 by 8 own rules1 h z j a pret5ce to su* an orig9al1 & may be z well admitt$ = innate pr9ciples1 z at lea/ "s ( ^! five he enum]ates1 viz4 #8,d z ?\ w\ld/ be done unto4' ,& p]haps "s hundr$s ( o!rs1 :5 well consid]$4 #ag4 ,! suppos$ m>ks want+4 ,secondly1 t all 8 m>ks are n to be f\nd 9 ea* ( 8 five propositions1 viz4 8 fir/1 second1 & ?ird m>ks agree p]fectly to nei!r ( !m2 & ! fir/1 second1 ?ird1 f\r?1 & six? m>ks agree b ill to 8 ?ird1 f\r?1 & fif? propositions4 ,=1 besides t we are assur$ f hi/ory ( _m m51 nay :ole nations1 :o d\bt or disbelieve "s or all ( !m1 ,i _c see h[ ! ?ird1 viz4 8,t virtue jo9$ ) piety is ! be/ wor%ip ( ,god10 c be an innate pr9ciple1 :5 ! "n or s\nd virtue1 is s h>d to be und]/ood2 liable to s mu* unc]ta9ty 9 its signification2 & ! ?+ x /&s = s mu* cont5d$ ab\t & difficult to be kn[n4 ,& !re=e ?is _c be b a v unc]ta9 rule ( human practice1 & s]ve b v little to ! conduct ( our lives1 & is !re=e v unfit to be assign$ z an innate practical pr9ciple4 #ah4 ,( little use if !y 7 innate4 ,= let u consid] ?is proposition z to its mean+1 7= x is ! s5se1 & n s\nd1 t is & mu/ be ! pr9ciple or common notion17 viz4 8,virtue is ! be/ wor%ip ( ,god10 i4e4 is mo/ acceptable to him2 :i*1 if virtue be tak51 z mo/ commonly x is1 = ^? actions :i*1 accord+ to ! diff]5t op9ions ( sev]al c\ntries1 are acc\nt$ laudable1 w be a proposition s f> f be+ c]ta91 t x w n be true4 ,if virtue be tak5 = actions con=mable to ,god's w1 or to ! rule prescrib$ by ,god--:i* is ! true & only measure ( virtue :5 virtue is us$ to signify :at is 9 its own nature "r & good--!n ?is proposition1 8,t virtue is ! be/ wor%ip ( ,god10 w be mo/ true & c]ta91 b ( v little use 9 human life3 s9ce x w am\nt to no m b ?is1 viz4 8,t ,god is pleas$ ) ! do+ ( :at he comm&s02--:i* a man may c]ta9ly "k to be true1 )\t kn[+ :at x is t ,god do? comm&2 & s be z f> f any rule or pr9ciple ( 8 actions z he 0 be=e4 ,& ,i ?9k v few w take a proposition :i* am\nts to no m ?an ?is1 viz4 8,t ,god is pleas$ ) ! do+ ( :at he himself comm&s10 = an innate moral pr9ciple writt5 on ! m9ds ( all m51 7h[ev] true & c]ta9 x may be17 s9ce x tea*es s little4 ,:osoev] does s w h reason to ?9k hundr$s ( propositions innate pr9ciples2 s9ce !re are _m :i* h z good a title z ?is to be receiv$ = su*1 :i* nobody yet ev] put into t rank ( innate pr9ciples4 #ai4 ,sc>ce possible t ,god %\ld engrave pr9ciples 9 words ( unc]ta9 mean+4 ,nor is ! f\r? proposition 7viz4 8,m5 mu/ rep5t ( _! s9s07 mu* m in/ructive1 till :at ^? actions are t are meant by s9s be set d[n4 ,= ! ^w peccata1 or s9s1 be+ put1 z x usually is1 to signify 9 g5]al ill actions t w draw puni%m5t ^u ! do]s1 :at great pr9ciple ( morality c t be to tell u we %\ld be sorry1 & cease to d t :i* w br+ mis*ief ^u u2 )\t kn[+ :at ^? p>ticul> actions are t w d s8 ,inde$ ?is is a v true proposition1 & fit to be inculcat$ on & receiv$ by ^? :o are suppos$ to h be5 taught ,,:at actions 9 all k9ds ,,are s9s3 b nei!r ?is nor ! =m] c be imag9$ to be innate pr9ciples2 nor to be ( any use if !y 7 innate1 unless ! p>ticul> measures & b\nds ( all virtues & vices 7 engrav5 9 m5's m9ds1 & 7 innate pr9ciples also1 :i* ,i ?9k is v mu* to be d\bt$4 ,& !re=e1 ,i imag9e1 x w sc>cely seem possible t ,god %\ld engrave pr9ciples 9 m5's m9ds1 9 words ( unc]ta9 signification1 su* z ,,virtues & ,,s9s1 :i* among/ diff]5t m5 /& = diff]5t ?+s3 nay1 x _c be suppos$ to be 9 words at all1 :i*1 be+ 9 mo/ ( ^! pr9ciples v g5]al names1 _c be und]/ood b by kn[+ ! p>ticul>s compreh5d$ "u !m4 ,& 9 ! practical in/ances1 ! measures mu/ be tak5 f ! k ( ! actions !mselves1 & ! rules ( !m1--ab/ract$ f words1 & antec$5t to ! k ( names2 :i* rules a man mu/ "k1 :at language soev] he *ance to le>n1 :e!r ,engli% or ,japan1 or if he %\ld le>n no language at all1 or nev] %\ld und]/& ! use ( words1 z happ5s 9 ! case ( dumb & deaf m54 ,:5 x %all be made out t m5 ignorant ( words1 or untaught by ! laws & cu/oms ( _! c\ntry1 "k t x is "p ( ! wor%ip ( ,god n to kill ano!r man2 n to "k m wom5 ?an "o2 n to procure abortion2 n to expose _! *ildr52 n to take f ano!r :at is 81 ?\gh we want x ourselves1 b on ! contr>y1 relieve & supply 8 wants2 & :5ev] we h done ! contr>y we ought to rep5t1 be sorry1 & resolve to d s no m2--:5 ,i say1 all m5 %all be prov$ actually to "k & all[ all ^! & a ?\s& o!r su* rules1 all ( :i* come "u ^! two g5]al words made use ( above1 viz4 virtutes et peccata virtues & s9s1 !re w be m reason = admitt+ ^! & ! l1 = common notions & practical pr9ciples4 ,yet1 aft] all1 univ]sal cons5t 77 !re any 9 moral pr9ciples7 to tru?s1 ! k :]e( may be atta9$ o!rwise1 w\ld sc>ce prove !m to be innate2 :i* is all ,i cont5d =4 #bj4 ,objection1 ,innate ,pr9ciples may be corrupt$1 answ]$4 ,nor w x be ( mu* mom5t "h to (f] t v ready b n v mat]ial answ]1 viz4 t ! innate pr9ciples ( morality may1 by education1 & cu/om1 & ! g5]al op9ion ( ^? among/ :om we conv]se1 be d>k5$1 & at la/ q worn out ( ! m9ds ( m54 ,:i* ass]tion ( !irs1 if true1 q takes away ! argum5t ( univ]sal cons5t1 by :i* ?is op9ion ( innate pr9ciples is endeav\r$ to be prov$2 unless ^? m5 w ?9k x reasonable t _! private p]suasions1 or t ( _! p>ty1 %\ld pass = univ]sal cons5t2--a ?+ n unfrequ5tly done1 :5 m51 presum+ !mselves to be ! only ma/]s ( "r reason1 ca/ by ! votes & op9ions ( ! re/ ( mank9d z n wor?y ! reckon+4 ,& !n _! argum5t /&s ?us3--8,! pr9ciples :i* all mank9d all[ = true1 are innate2 ^? t m5 ( "r reason admit1 are ! pr9ciples all[$ by all mank9d2 we1 & ^? ( our m9d1 are m5 ( reason2 !re=e1 we agree+1 our pr9ciples are innate02--:i* is a v pretty way ( argu+1 & a %ort cut to infallibility4 ,= o!rwise x w be v h>d to und]/& h[ !re be "s pr9ciples :i* all m5 d ackn[l$ge & agree 92 & yet !re are none ( ^? pr9ciples :i* are n1 by deprav$ cu/om & ill education1 blott$ out ( ! m9ds ( _m m53 :i* is to say1 t all m5 admit1 b yet _m m5 d d5y & diss5t f !m4 ,& inde$ ! supposition ( ,,su* fir/ pr9ciples w s]ve u to v little purpose2 & we %all be z mu* at a loss ) z )\t !m1 if !y may1 by any human p[]--su* z ! w ( our tea*]s1 or op9ions ( our companions--be alt]$ or lo/ 9 u3 & not)/&+ all ?is boa/ ( fir/ pr9ciples & innate light1 we %all be z mu* 9 ! d>k & unc]ta9ty z if !re 7 no su* ?+ at all3 x be+ all "o to h no rule1 & "o t w w>p any way2 or among/ v>i\s & contr>y rules1 n to "k :i* is ! "r4 ,b conc]n+ innate pr9ciples1 ,i desire ^! m5 to say1 :e!r !y c or _c1 by education & cu/om1 be blurr$ & blott$ out2 if !y _c1 we mu/ f9d !m 9 all mank9d alike1 & !y mu/ be cle> 9 ev]ybody2 & if !y may suff] v>iation f adv5titi\s notions1 we mu/ !n f9d !m cle>e/ & mo/ p]spicu\s ne>e/ ! f\nta91 9 *ildr5 & illit]ate p1 :o h receiv$ lea/ impression f =eign op9ions4 ,let !m take :i* side !y please1 !y w c]ta9ly f9d x inconsi/5t ) visible matt] ( fact & daily obs]vation4 #ba4 ,contr>y ,pr9ciples 9 ! ,_w4 ,i easily grant t !re are great numb]s ( op9ions :i*1 by m5 ( diff]5t c\ntries1 educations1 & temp]s1 are receiv$ & embrac$ z fir/ & unque/ionable pr9ciples2 _m :]e(1 bo? = _! absurdity z well z oppositions to "o ano!r1 x is impossible %\ld be true4 ,b yet all ^? propositions1 h[ remote soev] f reason are s sacr$ some:]e or o!r1 t m5 ev5 ( good und]/&+ 9 o!r matt]s1 w soon] "p ) _! lives1 & :atev] is de>e/ to !m1 ?an suff] !mselves to d\bt1 or o!rs to "q1 ! tru? ( !m4 #bb4 ,h[ m5 commonly come by _! ,pr9ciples4 ,?is1 h[ev] /range x may seem1 is t :i* e day's exp]i5ce confirms2 & w n1 p]haps1 appe> s wond]ful1 if we consid] ! ways & /eps by :i* x is br\ght ab\t2 & h[ really x may come to pass1 t doctr9es t h be5 d]iv$ f no bett] orig9al ?an ! sup]/ition ( a nurse1 or ! au?ority ( an old woman1 may1 by l5g? ( "t & cons5t ( neighb\rs1 gr[ up to ! dignity ( ,,pr9ciples 9 religion or morality4 ,= su*1 :o are c>eful 7z !y call x7 to pr9ciple *ildr5 well1 7& few !re be :o h n a set ( ^? pr9ciples = !m1 :i* !y believe 917 in/il into ! unw>y1 & z yet unprejudic$1 und]/&+1 7= :ite pap] receives any *>act]s17 ^? doctr9es !y w\ld h !m reta9 & pr(ess4 ,^! be+ taught !m z soon z !y h any appreh5sion2 & /ill z !y gr[ up confirm$ to !m1 ei!r by ! op5 pr(ession or tacit cons5t ( all !y h to d )2 or at lea/ by ^? ( ^: wisdom1 k1 & piety !y h an op9ion1 :o nev] suff] ^? propositions to be o!rwise m5tion$ b z ! basis & f\ndation on :i* !y build _! religion & mann]s1 come1 by ^! means1 to h ! reputation ( unque/ionable1 self-evid5t1 & innate tru?s4 #bc4 ,pr9ciples suppos$ innate because we d n rememb] :5 we began to hold !m4 ,to :i* we may add1 t :5 m5 s in/ruct$ are gr[n up1 & reflect on _! own m9ds1 !y _c f9d any?+ m anci5t !re ?an ^? op9ions1 :i* 7 taught !m be=e _! memory began to keep a regi/] ( _! actions1 or date ! "t :5 any new ?+ appe>$ to !m2 & !re=e make no scruple to conclude1 t ^? propositions ( ^: k !y c f9d 9 !mselves no orig9al1 7 c]ta9ly ! impress ( ,god & nature ^u _! m9ds1 & n taught !m by any "o else4 ,^! !y ent]ta9 & submit to1 z _m d to _! p>5ts ) v5]ation2 n because x is natural3 nor d *ildr5 d x :]e !y are n s taught2 b because1 hav+ be5 always s educat$1 & hav+ no remembrance ( ! beg9n+ ( ?is respect1 !y ?9k x is natural4 #bd4 ,h[ su* pr9ciples come to be held4 ,?is w appe> v likely1 & almo/ unavoidable to come to pass1 if we consid] ! nature ( mank9d & ! con/itution ( human affairs2 :]e9 mo/ m5 _c live )\t employ+ _! "t 9 ! daily lab\rs ( _! call+s2 nor be at quiet 9 _! m9ds )\t ,,"s f\ndation or pr9ciple to re/ _! ?\ghts on4 ,!re is sc>cely any "o s float+ & sup]ficial 9 8 und]/&+1 :o ha? n "s rev]5c$ propositions1 :i* are to him ! pr9ciples on :i* he bottoms 8 reason+s1 & by :i* he judge? ( tru? & falsehood1 "r & wrong2 :i* "s1 want+ skill & leisure1 & o!rs ! incl9ation1 & "s be+ taught t !y ought n to exam9e1 !re are few to be f\nd :o are n expos$ by _! ignorance1 laz9ess1 education1 or precipitancy1 to ,,take ,,!m ,,^u ,,tru/4 #be4 ,fur!r expla9$4 ,?is is evid5tly ! case ( all *ildr5 & "y folk2 & cu/om1 a great] p[] ?an nature1 seldom fail+ to make !m wor%ip = div9e :at %e ha? inur$ !m to b[ _! m9ds & submit _! und]/&+s to1 x is no wond] t gr[n m51 ei!r p]plex$ 9 ! necess>y affairs ( life1 or hot 9 ! pursuit ( pleasures1 %\ld n s]i\sly sit d[n to exam9e _! own t5ets2 especially :5 "o ( _! pr9ciples is1 t pr9ciples ought n to be que/ion$4 ,& _h m5 leisure1 p>ts1 & w1 :o is !re almo/ t d>e %ake ! f\ndations ( all 8 pa/ ?\ghts & actions1 & endure to br+ ^u himself ! %ame ( hav+ be5 a long "t :olly 9 mi/ake & error8 ,:o is !re h>dy en\gh to cont5d ) ! reproa* :i* is ev]y:]e prep>$ = ^? :o d>e v5ture to diss5t f ! receiv$ op9ions ( _! c\ntry or p>ty8 ,& :]e is ! man to be f\nd t c pati5tly prep>e himself to be> ! "n ( :imsical1 sceptical1 or a!i/2 :i* he is sure to meet )1 :o does 9 ! lea/ scruple any ( ! common op9ions8 ,& he w be mu* m afraid to "q ^? pr9ciples1 :5 he %all ?9k !m1 z mo/ m5 d1 ! /&>ds set up by ,god 9 8 m9d1 to be ! rule & t\*/one ( all o!r op9ions4 ,& :at c h9d] him f ?9k+ !m sacr$1 :5 he f9ds !m ! e>lie/ ( all 8 own ?\ghts1 & ! mo/ rev]5c$ by o!rs8 #bf4 ,a wor%ip ( idols4 ,x is easy to imag9e h[1 by ^! means1 x comes to pass t m5 wor%ip ! idols t h be5 set up 9 _! m9ds2 gr[ fond ( ! notions !y h be5 long acqua9t$ ) !re2 & /amp ! *>act]s ( div9ity ^u absurdities & errors2 become zeal\s vot>ies to bulls & monkeys1 & cont5d too1 fight1 & die 9 def5ce ( _! op9ions4 ,dum solos cr$it hab5dos esse deos1 quos ipse colit4 ,=1 s9ce ! reason+ faculties ( ! s\l1 :i* are almo/ con/antly1 ?\gh n always w>ily nor wisely employ$1 w\ld n "k h[ to move1 = want ( a f\ndation & foot+1 9 mo/ m51 :o ?r\gh laz9ess or avocation d n1 or = want ( "t1 or true helps1 or = o!r causes1 _c p5etrate into ! pr9ciples ( k1 & trace tru? to its f\nta9 & orig9al1 x is natural = !m1 & almo/ unavoidable1 to take up ) "s borr[$ pr9ciples2 :i* be+ reput$ & presum$ to be ! evid5t pro(s ( o!r ?+s1 are ?\ght n to ne$ any o!r pro( !mselves4 ,:oev] %all receive any ( ^! into 8 m9d1 & ent]ta9 !m !re ) ! rev]5ce usually paid to pr9ciples1 nev] v5tur+ to exam9e !m1 b accu/om+ himself to believe !m1 because !y are to be believ$1 may take up1 f 8 education & ! fa%ions ( 8 c\ntry1 any absurdity = innate pr9ciples2 & by long por+ on ! same objects1 s dim 8 sight z to take mon/]s lodg$ 9 8 own bra9 = ! images ( ! ,deity1 & ! workman%ip ( 8 h&s4 #bg4 ,pr9ciples mu/ be exam9$4 ,by ?is progress1 h[ _m !re are :o arrive at pr9ciples :i* !y believe innate may be easily obs]v$1 9 ! v>iety ( opposite pr9ciples held & cont5d$ = by all sorts & degrees ( m54 ,& he t %all d5y ?is to be ! me?od :]e9 mo/ m5 proce$ to ! assurance !y h ( ! tru? & evid5ce ( _! pr9ciples1 w p]haps f9d x a h>d matt] any o!r way to acc\nt = ! contr>y t5ets1 :i* are firmly believ$1 confid5tly ass]t$1 & :i* great numb]s are ready at any "t to seal ) _! blood4 ,&1 inde$1 if x be ! privilege ( innate pr9ciples to be receiv$ ^u _! own au?ority1 )\t exam9ation1 ,i "k n :at may n be believ$1 or h[ any "o's pr9ciples c be que/ion$4 ,if !y may & ought to be exam9$ & tri$1 ,i desire to "k h[ fir/ & innate pr9ciples c be tri$2 or at lea/ x is reasonable to dem& ! ,,m>ks & ,,*>act]s :]eby ! g5u9e innate pr9ciples may be di/+ui%$ f o!rs3 t s1 amid/ ! great v>iety ( pret5d]s1 ,i may be kept f mi/akes 9 s mat]ial a po9t z ?is4 ,:5 ?is is done1 ,i %all be ready to embrace su* welcome & useful propositions2 & till !n ,i may ) mode/y d\bt2 s9ce ,i fe> univ]sal cons5t1 :i* is ! only "o produc$1 w sc>cely prove a suffici5t m>k to direct my *oice1 & assure me ( any innate pr9ciples4 ,f :at has be5 said1 ,i ?9k x pa/ d\bt1 t !re are no practical pr9ciples :]e9 all m5 agree2 & !re=e none innate4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,o!r ,,consid]ations ,,conc]n+ ,,innate ,,pr9ciples1 ,,bo? ,,speculative ,,& ,,practical4 #a4 ,pr9ciples n innate1 unless _! ,ideas be innate ,_h ^? :o w\ld p]suade u t !re are innate pr9ciples n tak5 !m toge!r 9 gross1 b consid]$ sep>ately ! p>ts out ( :i* ^? propositions are made1 !y w\ld n1 p]haps1 h be5 s =w>d to believe !y 7 innate4 ,s9ce1 if ! ,,ideas :i* made up ^? tru?s 7 n1 x 0 impossible t ! ,,propositions made up ( !m %\ld be innate1 or our k ( !m be born ) u4 ,=1 if ! ideas be n innate1 !re 0 a "t :5 ! m9d 0 )\t ^? pr9ciples2 & !n !y w n be innate1 b be d]iv$ f "s o!r orig9al4 ,=1 :]e ! ideas !mselves are n1 !re c be no k1 no ass5t1 no m5tal or v]bal propositions ab\t !m4 #b4 ,ideas1 especially ^? belong+ to ,pr9ciples1 n born ) *ildr5 ,if we w att5tively consid] new-born *ildr51 we %all h little reason to ?9k t !y br+ _m ideas into ! _w ) !m4 ,=1 bat+ p]haps "s fa9t ideas ( hung]1 & ?ir/1 & w>m?1 & "s pa9s1 :i* !y may h felt 9 ! womb1 !re is n ! lea/ appe>ance ( any settl$ ideas at all 9 !m2 especially ( ,,ideas ,,answ]+ ,,! ,,t]ms ,,:i* ,,make ,,up ,,^? ,,univ]sal ,,propositions ,,t ,,are ,,e/eem$ ,,innate ,,pr9ciples4 ,"o may p]ceive h[1 by degrees1 aft]w>ds1 ideas come into _! m9ds2 & t !y get no m1 nor o!r1 ?an :at exp]i5ce1 & ! obs]vation ( ?+s t come 9 _! way1 furni% !m )2 :i* might be en\gh to satisfy u t !y are n orig9al *>act]s /amp$ on ! m9d4 #c4 ,impossibility & ,id5tity n innate ideas 8,x is impossible = ! same ?+ to be1 & n to be10 is c]ta9ly 7if !re be any su*7 an innate ,,pr9ciple4 ,b c any "o ?9k1 or w any "o say1 t 8impossibility0 & 8id5tity0 are two innate ,,ideas8 ,are !y su* z all mank9d h1 & br+ into ! _w ) !m8 ,& are !y ^? :i* are ! fir/ 9 *ildr51 & antec$5t to all acquir$ ones8 ,if !y are innate1 !y mu/ ne$s be s4 ,ha? a *ild an idea ( impossibility & id5tity1 be=e x has ( :ite or black1 sweet or bitt]8 ,& is x f ! k ( ?is pr9ciple t x concludes1 t wormwood rubb$ on ! nipple ha? n ! same ta/e t x us$ to receive f !nce8 ,is x ! actual k ( ,,impossibile ,,e/ ,,idem ,,esse1 ,,et ,,non ,,esse1 t makes a *ild di/+ui% betwe5 its "m & a /rang]2 or t makes x fond ( ! "o & flee ! o!r8 ,or does ! m9d regulate itself & its ass5t by ideas t x nev] yet _h8 ,or ! und]/&+ draw conclusions f pr9ciples :i* x nev] yet knew or und]/ood8 ,! names ,,impossibility & ,,id5tity /& = two ideas1 s f> f be+ innate1 or born ) u1 t ,i ?9k x requires great c>e & att5tion to =m !m "r 9 our und]/&+s4 ,!y are s f> f be+ br\ght into ! _w ) u1 s remote f ! ?\ghts ( infancy & *ildhood1 t ,i believe1 ^u exam9ation x w be f\nd t _m gr[n m5 want !m4 #d4 ,id5tity1 an ,idea n innate4 ,if ,,id5tity 7to in/ance t alone7 be a native impression1 & consequ5tly s cle> & obvi\s to u t we mu/ ne$s "k x ev5 f our cradles1 ,i w\ld gladly be resolv$ by any "o ( sev51 or sev5ty ye>s old1 :e!r a man1 be+ a creature consi/+ ( s\l & body1 be ! same man :5 8 body is *ang$8 ,:e!r ,euphorbus & ,py?agoras1 hav+ _h ! same s\l1 7 ! same m51 ?\gh !y liv$ sev]al ages asund]8 ,nay1 :e!r ! cock too1 :i* _h ! same s\l1 7 n ! same1 ) bo? ( !m8 ,:]eby1 p]haps1 x w appe> t our idea ( ,,sam5ess is n s settl$ & cle> z to des]ve to be ?\ght innate 9 u4 ,= if ^? innate ideas are n cle> & di/9ct1 s z to be univ]sally kn[n & naturally agre$ on1 !y _c be subjects ( univ]sal & und\bt$ tru?s1 b w be ! unavoidable occasion ( p]petual unc]ta9ty4 ,=1 ,i suppose e "o's idea ( id5tity w n be ! same t ,py?agoras & ?\s&s ( 8 foll[]s h4 ,& :i* !n %all be true8 ,:i* innate8 ,or are !re two diff]5t ideas ( id5tity1 bo? innate8 #e4 ,:at makes ! same man8 ,nor let any "o ?9k t ! que/ions ,i h "h propos$ ab\t ! id5tity ( man are b>e empty speculations2 :i*1 if !y 71 w\ld be en\gh to %[1 t !re 0 9 ! und]/&+s ( m5 no innate idea ( id5tity4 ,he t %all ) a little att5tion reflect on ! resurrection1 & consid] t div9e ju/ice w br+ to judgm5t1 at ! la/ day1 ! v same p]sons1 to be happy or mis]able 9 ! o!r1 :o did well or ill 9 ?is life1 w f9d x p]haps n easy to resolve ) himself1 :at makes ! same man1 or :]e9 id5tity consi/s2 & w n be =w>d to ?9k he1 & e "o1 ev5 *ildr5 !mselves1 h naturally a cle> idea ( x4 #f4 ,:ole & ,"p n innate ideas4 ,let u exam9e t pr9ciple ( ma!matics1 viz4 ,,t ,,! ,,:ole ,,is ,,bigg] ,,?an ,a ,,"p4 ,?is1 ,i take x1 is reckon$ among/ innate pr9ciples4 ,i am sure x has z good a title z any to be ?\ght s2 :i* yet nobody c ?9k x to be1 :5 he consid]s ! ideas x compreh5ds 9 x1 ,,:ole & ,,"p1 are p]fectly relative2 b ! positive ideas to :i* !y prop]ly & imm$iately belong are ext5sion & numb]1 ( :i* alone :ole & "p are relations4 ,s t if :ole & "p are innate ideas1 ext5sion & numb] mu/ be s too2 x be+ impossible to h an idea ( a relation1 )\t hav+ any at all ( ! ?+ to :i* x belongs1 & 9 :i* x is f\nd$4 ,n[1 :e!r ! m9ds ( m5 h naturally impr9t$ on !m ! ideas ( ext5sion & numb]1 ,i leave to be consid]$ by ^? :o are ! patrons ( innate pr9ciples4 #g4 ,idea ( ,wor%ip n innate4 ,t ,,god ,,is ,,to ,,be ,,wor%ipp$1 is1 )\t d\bt1 z great a tru? z any t c ent] into ! m9d ( man1 & des]ves ! fir/ place among/ all practical pr9ciples4 ,b yet x c by no means be ?\ght innate1 unless ! ideas ( ,,god & ,,wor%ip are innate4 ,t ! idea ! t]m wor%ip /&s = is n 9 ! und]/&+ ( *ildr51 & a "* /amp$ on ! m9d 9 its fir/ orig9al1 ,i ?9k w be easily grant$1 by any "o t consid]s h[ few !re be among/ gr[n m5 :o h a cle> & di/9ct notion ( x4 ,&1 ,i suppose1 !re _c be any?+ m ridicul\s ?an to say1 t *ildr5 h ?is practical pr9ciple innate1 8,t ,god is to be wor%ipp$10 & yet t !y "k n :at t wor%ip ( ,god is1 :i* is _! duty4 ,b to pass by ?is4 #h4 ,idea ( ,god n innate4 ,if any idea c be imag9$ innate1 ! idea ( ,,god may1 ( all o!rs1 = _m reasons1 be ?\ght s2 s9ce x is h>d to conceive h[ !re %\ld be innate moral pr9ciples1 )\t an innate idea ( a ,deity4 ,)\t a notion ( a law-mak]1 x is impossible to h a notion ( a law1 & an obligation to obs]ve x4 ,besides ! a!i/s tak5 notice ( among/ ! anci5ts1 & left br&$ ^u ! records ( hi/ory1 ha? n navigation discov]$1 9 ^! lat] ages1 :ole nations1 at ! bay ( ,soldania1 9 ,brazil1 & 9 ! ,c>ibbee isl&s1 c41 among/ :om !re 0 to be f\nd no notion ( a ,god1 no religion8 ,ni*olaus del ,te*o1 9 ,lit]is ex ,p>aqu>ia1 de ,caigu>um ,conv]sione1 has ^! words3 ,rep]i eam g5tem nullum nom5 hab]e quod ,deum1 et hom9is animam significet2 nulla sacra habet1 nulla idola4 ,& p]haps1 if we %\ld ) att5tion m9d ! lives & disc\rses ( p n s f> (f1 we %\ld h too mu* reason to fe>1 t _m1 9 m civiliz$ c\ntries1 h no v /rong & cle> impressions ( a ,deity ^u _! m9ds1 & t ! compla9ts ( a!ism made f ! pulpit are n )\t reason4 ,& ?\gh only "s pr(ligate wret*es own x too b>efac$ly n[2 yet p]haps we %\ld he> m ?an we d ( x f o!rs1 did n ! fe> ( ! magi/rate's sword1 or _! neighb\r's c5sure1 tie up p's tongues2 :i*1 7 ! appreh5sions ( puni%m5t or %ame tak5 away1 w\ld z op5ly proclaim _! a!ism z _! lives d4 #i4 ,! "n ( ,god n univ]sal or obscure 9 mean+4 ,b _h all mank9d ev]y:]e a notion ( a ,god1 7:]e( yet hi/ory tells u ! contr>y17 x w\ld n f !nce foll[1 t ! idea ( him 0 innate4 ,=1 ?\gh no nation 7 to be f\nd )\t a "n1 & "s few d>k notions ( him1 yet t w\ld n prove !m to be natural impressions on ! m9d2 no m ?an ! names ( fire1 or ! sun1 heat1 or numb]1 d prove ! ideas !y /& = to be innate2 because ! names ( ^? ?+s1 & ! ideas ( !m1 are s univ]sally receiv$ & kn[n among/ mank9d4 ,nor1 on ! contr>y1 is ! want ( su* a "n1 or ! abs5ce ( su* a notion out ( m5's m9ds1 any argum5t aga9/ ! be+ ( a ,god2 any m ?an x w\ld be a pro( t !re 0 no load/one 9 ! _w1 because a great "p ( mank9d _h nei!r a notion ( any su* ?+ nor a "n = x2 or be any %[ ( argum5t to prove t !re are no di/9ct & v>i\s species ( angels1 or intellig5t be+s above u1 because we h no ideas ( su* di/9ct species1 or names = !m4 ,=1 m5 be+ furni%$ ) words1 by ! common language ( _! own c\ntries1 c sc>ce avoid hav+ "s k9d ( ideas ( ^? ?+s ^: names ^? !y conv]se ) h occasion frequ5tly to m5tion to !m4 ,& if !y c>ry ) x ! notion ( excell5cy1 greatness1 or some?+ extraord9>y2 if appreh5sion & conc]nm5t accompany x2 if ! fe> ( absolute & irresi/ible p[] set x on ^u ! m9d1--! idea is likely to s9k ! deep]1 & spread ! fur!r2 especially if x be su* an idea z is agreeable to ! common light ( reason1 & naturally d$ucible f e "p ( our k1 z t ( a ,god is4 ,= ! visible m>ks ( extraord9>y wisdom & p[] appe> s pla9ly 9 all ! works ( ! creation1 t a rational creature1 :o w b s]i\sly reflect on !m1 _c miss ! discov]y ( a ,deity4 ,& ! influ5ce t ! discov]y ( su* a ,be+ mu/ necess>ily h on ! m9ds ( all t h b once he>d ( x is s great1 & c>ries su* a weight ( ?\ght & communication ) x1 t x seems /rang] to me t a :ole nation ( m5 %\ld be any:]e f\nd s bruti% z to want ! notion ( a ,god1 ?an t !y %\ld be )\t any notion ( numb]s1 or fire4 #aj4 ,ideas ( ,god & idea ( ,fire4 ,! "n ( ,god be+ once m5tion$ 9 any "p ( ! _w1 to express a sup]ior1 p[]ful1 wise1 invisible ,be+1 ! suitabl5ess ( su* a notion to ! pr9ciples ( common reason1 & ! int]e/ m5 w always h to m5tion x (t51 mu/ necess>ily spread x f> & wide2 & cont9ue x d[n to all g5]ations3 ?\gh yet ! g5]al reception ( ?is "n1 & "s imp]fect & un/eady notions convey$ !reby to ! un?9k+ "p ( mank9d1 prove n ! idea to be innate2 b only t !y :o made ! discov]y _h made a "r use ( _! reason1 ?\ght maturely ( ! causes ( ?+s1 & trac$ !m to _! orig9al2 f :om o!r less consid]+ p hav+ once receiv$ s important a notion1 x c\ld n easily be lo/ aga94 #aa4 ,idea ( ,god n innate4 ,?is is all c\ld be inf]r$ f ! notion ( a ,god1 7 x to be f\nd univ]sally 9 all ! tribes ( mank9d1 & g5]ally ackn[l$g$1 by m5 gr[n to maturity 9 all c\ntries4 ,= ! g5]ality ( ! ackn[l$g+ ( a ,god1 z ,i imag9e1 is ext5d$ no fur!r ?an t2 :i*1 if x be suffici5t to prove ! idea ( ,god innate1 w z well prove ! idea ( fire innate2 s9ce ,i ?9k x may be truly said1 t !re is n a p]son 9 ! _w :o has a notion ( a ,god1 :o has n also ! idea ( fire4 ,i d\bt n b if a colony ( "y *ildr5 %\ld be plac$ 9 an isl& :]e no fire 01 !y w\ld c]ta9ly nei!r h any notion ( su* a ?+1 nor "n = x1 h[ g5]ally soev] x 7 receiv$ & kn[n 9 all ! _w besides2 & p]haps too _! appreh5sions w\ld be z f> remov$ f any "n1 or notion1 ( a ,god1 till "s "o among/ !m _h employ$ 8 ?\ghts to inquire into ! con/itution & causes ( ?+s1 :i* w\ld easily lead him to ! notion ( a ,god2 :i* hav+ once taught to o!rs1 reason1 & ! natural prop5sity ( _! own ?\ghts1 w\ld aft]w>ds propagate1 & cont9ue among/ !m4 #ab4 ,suitable to ,god's goodness1 t all ,m5 %\ld h an idea ( ,him1 !re=e naturally impr9t$ by ,him1 answ]$4 ,inde$ x is urg$1 t x is suitable to ! goodness ( ,god1 to impr9t ^u ! m9ds ( m5 *>act]s & notions ( himself1 & n to leave !m 9 ! d>k & d\bt 9 s gr& a conc]nm5t2 & also1 by t means1 to secure to himself ! homage & v5]ation due f s intellig5t a creature z man2 & !re=e he has done x4 ,?is argum5t1 if x be ( any =ce1 w prove mu* m ?an ^? :o use x 9 ?is case expect f x4 ,=1 if we may conclude t ,god ha? done = m5 all t m5 %all judge is be/ = !m1 because x is suitable to 8 goodness s to d1 x w prove1 n only t ,god has impr9t$ on ! m9ds ( m5 an idea ( himself1 b t he ha? pla9ly /amp$ !re1 9 fair *>act]s1 all t m5 ought to "k or believe ( him2 all t !y ought to d 9 ob$i5ce to 8 w2 & t he ha? giv5 !m a w & affections con=mable to x4 ,?is1 no d\bt1 e "o w ?9k bett] = m51 ?an t !y %\ld1 9 ! d>k1 grope aft] k1 z ,/4 ,paul tells u all nations did aft] ,god 7,acts xvii4 #bg72 ?an t _! wills %\ld cla% ) _! und]/&+s1 & _! appetites cross _! duty4 ,! ,romani/s say x is be/ = m51 & s suitable to ! goodness ( ,god1 t !re %\ld be an infallible judge ( controv]sies on e>?2 & !re=e !re is "o4 ,& ,i1 by ! same reason1 say x is bett] = m5 t e man himself %\ld be infallible4 ,i leave !m to consid]1 :e!r1 by ! =ce ( ?is argum5t1 !y %all ?9k t e man ,,is s4 ,i ?9k x a v good argum5t to say1--! inf9itely wise ,god ha? made x s2 & !re=e x is be/4 ,b x seems to me a little too mu* confid5ce ( our own wisdom to say1--#8,i ?9k x be/2 & !re=e ,god ha? made x s4' ,& 9 ! matt] 9 h&1 x w be 9 va9 to argue f su* a topic1 t ,god ha? done s1 :5 c]ta9 exp]i5ce %[s u t he ha? n4 ,b ! goodness ( ,god ha? n be5 want+ to m51 )\t su* orig9al impressions ( k or ideas /amp$ on ! m9d2 s9ce he ha? furni%$ man ) ^? faculties :i* w s]ve = ! suffici5t discov]y ( all ?+s requisite to ! end ( su* a be+2 & ,i d\bt n b to %[1 t a man1 by ! "r use ( 8 natural abilities1 may1 )\t any innate pr9ciples1 atta9 a k ( a ,god1 & o!r ?+s t conc]n him4 ,god hav+ endu$ man ) ^? faculties ( k :i* he ha?1 0 no m oblig$ by 8 goodness to plant ^? innate notions 9 8 m9d1 ?an t1 hav+ giv5 him reason1 h&s1 & mat]ials1 he %\ld build him bridges or h\ses1--:i* "s p 9 ! _w1 h[ev] ( good p>ts1 d ei!r totally want1 or are b ill provid$ (1 z well z o!rs are :olly )\t ideas ( ,god & pr9ciples ( morality1 or at lea/ h b v ill ones2 ! reason 9 bo? cases be+1 t !y nev] employ$ _! p>ts1 faculties1 & p[]s indu/ri\sly t way1 b cont5t$ !mselves ) ! op9ions1 fa%ions1 & ?+s ( _! c\ntry1 z !y f\nd !m1 )\t look+ any fur!r4 ,_h y or ,i be5 born at ! ,bay ( ,soldania1 possibly our ?\ghts & notions _h n exce$$ ^? bruti% ones ( ! ,hott5tots t inhabit !re4 ,& _h ! ,virg9ia k+ ,apo*ancana be5 educat$ 9 ,engl&1 he _h be5 p]haps z kn[+ a div9e1 & z good a ma!matician z any 9 x2 ! diff]5ce betwe5 him & a m improv$ ,engli%man ly+ b>ely 9 ?is1 t ! ex]cise ( 8 faculties 0 b\nd$ )9 ! ways1 modes1 & notions ( 8 own c\ntry1 & nev] direct$ to any o!r or fur!r inquiries4 ,& if he _h n any idea ( a ,god1 x 0 only because he pursu$ n ^? ?\ghts t w\ld h l$ him to x4 #ac4 ,ideas ( ,god v>i\s 9 diff]5t ,m54 ,i grant t if !re 7 any ideas to be f\nd impr9t$ on ! m9ds ( m51 we h reason to expect x %\ld be ! notion ( 8 ,mak]1 z a m>k ,god set on 8 own workman%ip1 to m9d man ( 8 dep5d5ce & duty2 & t h]e9 %\ld appe> ! fir/ in/ances ( human k4 ,b h[ late is x be=e any su* notion is discov]able 9 *ildr58 ,& :5 we f9d x !re1 h[ mu* m does x resemble ! op9ion & notion ( ! tea*]1 ?an repres5t ! true ,god8 ,he t %all obs]ve 9 *ildr5 ! progress :]eby _! m9ds atta9 ! k !y h1 w ?9k t ! objects !y d fir/ & mo/ famili>ly conv]se ) are ^? t make ! fir/ impressions on _! und]/&+s2 nor w he f9d ! lea/ foot/eps ( any o!r4 ,x is easy to take notice h[ _! ?\ghts enl>ge !mselves1 only z !y come to be acqua9t$ ) a great] v>iety ( s5sible objects2 to reta9 ! ideas ( !m 9 _! memories2 & to get ! skill to comp\nd & enl>ge !m1 & sev]al ways put !m toge!r4 ,h[1 by ^! means1 !y come to frame 9 _! m9ds an idea m5 h ( a ,deity1 ,i %all h]eaft] %[4 #ad4 ,contr>y & inconsi/5t ideas ( ,god "u ! same "n4 ,c x be ?\ght t ! ideas m5 h ( ,god are ! *>act]s & m>ks ( himself1 engrav5 9 _! m9ds by 8 own f+]1 :5 we see t1 9 ! same c\ntry1 "u "o & ! same "n1 m5 h f> diff]5t1 nay (t5 contr>y & inconsi/5t ideas & conceptions ( him8 ,_! agree+ 9 a "n1 or s\nd1 w sc>ce prove an innate notion ( him4 #ae4 ,gross ideas ( ,god4 ,:at true or tol]able notion ( a ,deity c\ld !y h1 :o ackn[l$g$ & wor%ipp$ hundr$s8 ,e deity t !y own$ above "o 0 an infallible evid5ce ( _! ignorance ( ,him1 & a pro( t !y _h no true notion ( ,god1 :]e unity1 inf9ity1 & et]nity 7 exclud$4 ,to :i*1 if we add _! gross conceptions ( corporeity1 express$ 9 _! images & repres5tations ( _! deities2 ! am\rs1 m>riages1 copulations1 lu/s1 qu>rels1 & o!r mean qualities attribut$ by !m to _! gods2 we %all h little reason to ?9k t ! hea!n _w1 i4e4 ! greate/ "p ( mank9d1 _h su* ideas ( ,god 9 _! m9ds z he himself1 out ( c>e t !y %\ld n be mi/ak5 ab\t him1 0 au?or (4 ,& ?is univ]sality ( cons5t1 s mu* argu$1 if x prove any native impressions1 x w be only ?is3--t ,god impr9t$ on ! m9ds ( all m5 speak+ ! same language1 a ,,"n = himself1 b n any ,,idea2 s9ce ^? p :o agre$ 9 ! "n1 _h1 at ! same "t1 f> diff]5t appreh5sions ab\t ! ?+ signifi$4 ,if !y say t ! v>iety ( deities wor%ipp$ by ! hea!n _w 7 b figurative ways ( express+ ! sev]al attributes ( t incompreh5sible ,be+1 or sev]al p>ts ( 8 provid5ce1 ,i answ]3 :at !y might be 9 ! orig9al ,i w n "h inquire2 b t !y 7 s 9 ! ?\ghts ( ! vulg> ,i ?9k nobody w affirm4 ,& he t w consult ! voyage ( ! ,bi%op ( ,b]yte1 c4 #ac1 7n to m5tion o!r te/imonies17 w f9d t ! !ology ( ! ,siamites pr(ess$ly owns a plurality ( gods3 or1 z ! ,abbe de ,*oisy m judici\sly rem>ks 9 8 ,j\rnal du ,voyage de ,siam1 #ajg_/agg1 x consi/s prop]ly 9 ackn[l$g+ no ,god at all4 #af4 ,idea ( ,god n innate al?\gh wise m5 ( all nations come to h x4 ,if x be said1 t wise m5 ( all nations came to h true conceptions ( ! unity & inf9ity ( ! ,deity1 ,i grant x4 ,b !n ?is1 ,fir/1 excludes univ]sality ( cons5t 9 any?+ b ! "n2 = ^? wise m5 be+ v few1 p]haps "o ( a ?\s&1 ?is univ]sality is v n>r[4 ,secondly1 x seems to me pla9ly to prove1 t ! true/ & be/ notions m5 h ( ,god 7 n impr9t$1 b acquir$ by ?\ght & m$itation1 & a "r use ( _! faculties3 s9ce ! wise & consid]ate m5 ( ! _w1 by a "r & c>eful employm5t ( _! ?\ghts & reason1 atta9$ true notions 9 ?is z well z o!r ?+s2 :il/ ! lazy & inconsid]ate "p ( m51 mak+ f> ! great] numb]1 took up _! notions by *ance1 f common tradition & vulg> conceptions1 )\t mu* beat+ _! heads ab\t !m4 ,& if x be a reason to ?9k ! notion ( ,god innate1 because all wise m5 _h x1 virtue too mu/ be ?\ght innate2 = t also wise m5 h always _h4 #ag4 ,odd1 l[1 & pitiful ideas ( ,god common among m54 ,?is 0 evid5tly ! case ( all ,g5tilism4 ,nor ha? ev5 among/ ,jews1 ,*ri/ians1 & ,mahometans1 :o ackn[l$g$ b "o ,god1 ?is doctr9e1 & ! c>e tak5 9 ^? nations to tea* m5 to h true notions ( a ,god1 prevail$ s f> z to make m5 to h ! same & ! true ideas ( him4 ,h[ _m ev5 among/ u1 w be f\nd ^u inquiry to fancy him 9 ! %ape ( a man sitt+ 9 heav52 & to h _m o!r absurd & unfit conceptions ( him8 ,*ri/ians z well z ,turks h _h :ole sects own+ & cont5d+ e>ne/ly = x1--t ! ,deity 0 corporeal1 & ( human %ape3 & ?\gh we f9d few n[ among/ u :o pr(ess !mselves ,an?ropomorphites1 7?\gh "s ,i h met ) t own x17 yet ,i believe he t w make x 8 bus9ess may f9d among/ ! ignorant & un9/ruct$ ,*ri/ians _m ( t op9ion4 ,talk b ) c\ntry p1 almo/ ( any age1 or "y p almo/ ( any condition1 & y %all f9d t1 ?\gh ! "n ( ,god be frequ5tly 9 _! m\?s1 yet ! notions !y apply ?is "n to are s odd1 l[1 & pitiful1 t nobody c imag9e !y 7 taught by a rational man2 mu* less t !y 7 *>act]s writt5 by ! f+] ( ,god himself4 ,nor d ,i see h[ x d]ogates m f ! goodness ( ,god1 t he has giv5 u m9ds unfurni%$ ) ^! ideas ( himself1 ?an t he ha? s5t u into ! _w ) bodies unclo!d2 & t !re is no art or skill born ) u4 ,=1 be+ fitt$ ) faculties to atta9 ^!1 x is want ( indu/ry & consid]ation 9 u1 & n ( b\nty 9 him1 if we h !m n4 ,x is z c]ta9 t !re is a ,god1 z t ! opposite angles made by ! int]section ( two /raight l9es are equal4 ,!re 0 nev] any rational creature t set himself s9c]ely to exam9e ! tru? ( ^! propositions t c\ld fail to ass5t to !m2 ?\gh yet x be pa/ d\bt t !re are _m m51 :o1 hav+ n appli$ _! ?\ghts t way1 are ignorant bo? ( ! "o & ! o!r4 ,if any "o ?9k fit to call ?is 7:i* is ! utmo/ ( its ext5t7 ,,univ]sal ,,cons5t1 su* an "o ,i easily all[2 b su* an univ]sal cons5t z ?is proves n ! idea ( ,god1 any m ?an x does ! idea ( su* angles1 innate4 #ah4 ,if ! ,idea ( ,god be n innate1 no o!r c be suppos$ innate4 ,s9ce !n ?\gh ! k ( a ,god be ! mo/ natural discov]y ( human reason1 yet ! idea ( him is n innate1 z ,i ?9k is evid5t f :at has be5 said2 ,i imag9e !re w be sc>ce any o!r idea f\nd t c pret5d to x4 ,s9ce if ,god ha? set any impression1 any "*1 on ! und]/&+ ( m51 x is mo/ reasonable to expect x %\ld h be5 "s cle> & uni=m idea ( ,himself2 z f> z our weak capacities 7 capable to receive s incompreh5sible & inf9ite an object4 ,b our m9ds be+ at fir/ void ( t idea :i* we are mo/ conc]n$ to h1 x is a /rong presumption aga9/ all o!r innate *>act]s4 ,i mu/ own1 z f> z ,i c obs]ve1 ,i c f9d none1 & w\ld be glad to be in=m$ by any o!r4 #ai4 ,idea ( ,sub/ance n innate4 ,i confess !re is ano!r idea :i* w\ld be ( g5]al use = mank9d to h1 z x is ( g5]al talk z if !y _h x2 & t is ! idea ( ,,sub/ance2 :i* we nei!r h nor c h by s5sation or reflection4 ,if nature took c>e to provide u any ideas1 we might well expect !y %\ld be su* z by our own faculties we _c procure to ourselves2 b we see1 on ! contr>y1 t s9ce1 by ^? ways :]eby o!r ideas are br\ght into our m9ds1 ?is is n1 we h no su* cle> idea at all2 & !re=e signify no?+ by ! ^w ,,sub/ance b only an unc]ta9 supposition ( we "k n :at1 i4 e4 ( some?+ :]e( we h no idea1 :i* we take to be ! sub/ratum1 or support1 ( ^? ideas we d "k4 #bj4 ,no ,propositions c be innate1 s9ce no ,ideas are innate4 ,:atev] !n we talk ( innate1 ei!r speculative or practical1 pr9ciples1 x may ) z mu* probability be said1 t a man ha? #ajj p\nds /]l+ 9 8 pocket1 & yet d5i$ t he ha? !re ei!r p5ny1 %ill+1 cr[n1 or o!r co9 out ( :i* ! sum is to be made up2 z to ?9k t c]ta9 ,,propositions are innate :5 ! ,,ideas ab\t :i* !y are c by no means be suppos$ to be s4 ,! g5]al reception & ass5t t is giv5 do? n at all prove1 t ! ideas express$ 9 !m are innate2 = 9 _m cases1 h[ev] ! ideas came !re1 ! ass5t to words express+ ! agreem5t or disagreem5t ( su* ideas1 w necess>ily foll[4 ,e "o t ha? a true idea ( ,,god & ,,wor%ip1 w ass5t to ?is proposition1 #8,t ,god is to be wor%ipp$1' :5 express$ 9 a language he und]/&s2 & e rational man t ha? n ?\ght on x to-day1 may be ready to ass5t to ?is proposition to-morr[2 & yet millions ( m5 may be well suppos$ to want "o or bo? ^? ideas to-day4 ,=1 if we w all[ savages1 & mo/ c\ntry p1 to h ideas ( ,god & wor%ip1 7:i* conv]sation ) !m w n make "o =w>d to believe17 yet ,i ?9k few *ildr5 c be suppos$ to h ^? ideas1 :i* !re=e !y mu/ beg9 to h "s "t or o!r2 & !n !y w also beg9 to ass5t to t proposition1 & make v little "q ( x ev] aft]4 ,b su* an ass5t ^u he>+1 no m proves ! ,,ideas to be innate1 ?an x does t "o born bl9d 7) cat>acts :i* w be c\*$ to-morr[7 _h ! innate ideas ( ! sun1 or light1 or saffron1 or yell[2 because1 :5 8 sight is cle>$1 he w c]ta9ly ass5t to ?is proposition1 8,t ! sun is lucid1 or t saffron is yell[40 ,& !re=e1 if su* an ass5t ^u he>+ _c prove ! ideas innate1 x c mu* less ! ,,propositions made up ( ^? ideas4 ,if !y h any innate ideas1 ,i w\ld be glad to be told :at1 & h[ _m1 !y are4 #ba4 ,no innate ,ideas 9 ! ,memory4 ,to :i* let me add3 if !re be any innate ideas1 any ideas 9 ! m9d :i* ! m9d does n actually ?9k on1 !y mu/ be lodg$ 9 ! memory2 & f !nce mu/ be br\ght into view by remembrance2 i4 e4 mu/ be kn[n1 :5 !y are rememb]$1 to h be5 p]ceptions 9 ! m9d be=e2 unless remembrance c be )\t remembrance4 ,=1 to rememb] is to p]ceive any?+ ) memory1 or ) a consci\sness t x 0 p]ceiv$ or kn[n be=e4 ,)\t ?is1 :atev] idea comes into ! m9d is new1 & n rememb]$2 ?is consci\sness ( its hav+ be5 9 ! m9d be=e1 be+ t :i* di/+ui%es rememb]+ f all o!r ways ( ?9k+4 ,:atev] idea 0 nev] ,,p]ceiv$ by ! m9d 0 nev] 9 ! m9d4 ,:atev] idea is 9 ! m9d1 is1 ei!r an actual p]ception1 or else1 hav+ be5 an actual p]ception1 is s 9 ! m9d t1 by ! memory1 x c be made an actual p]ception aga94 ,:5ev] !re is ! actual p]ception ( any idea )\t memory1 ! idea appe>s p]fectly new & unkn[n be=e to ! und]/&+4 ,:5ev] ! memory br+s any idea into actual view1 x is ) a consci\sness t x _h be5 !re be=e1 & 0 n :olly a /rang] to ! m9d4 ,:e!r ?is be n s1 ,i appeal to e "o's obs]vation4 ,& !n ,i desire an in/ance ( an idea1 pret5d$ to be innate1 :i* 7be=e any impression ( x by ways h]eaft] to be m5tion$7 any "o c\ld revive & rememb]1 z an idea he _h =m]ly kn[n2 )\t :i* consci\sness ( a =m] p]ception !re is no remembrance2 & :atev] idea comes into ! m9d )\t ,,t consci\sness is n rememb]$1 or comes n out ( ! memory1 nor c be said to be 9 ! m9d be=e t appe>ance4 ,= :at is n ei!r actually 9 view or 9 ! memory1 is 9 ! m9d no way at all1 & is all "o z if x _h nev] be5 !re4 ,suppose a *ild _h ! use ( 8 eyes till he kn[s & di/+ui%es col\rs2 b !n cat>acts %ut ! w9d[s1 & he is =ty or fifty ye>s p]fectly 9 ! d>k2 & 9 t "t p]fectly loses all memory ( ! ideas ( col\rs he once _h4 ,?is 0 ! case ( a bl9d man ,i once talk$ )1 :o lo/ 8 sight by ! small-pox :5 he 0 a *ild1 & _h no m notion ( col\rs ?an "o born bl9d4 ,i ask :e!r any "o c say ?is man _h !n any ideas ( col\rs 9 8 m9d1 any m ?an "o born bl9d8 ,& ,i ?9k nobody w say t ei!r ( !m _h 9 8 m9d any ideas ( col\rs at all4 ,8 cat>acts are c\*$1 & !n he has ! ideas 7:i* he rememb]s n7 ( col\rs1 ,,de ,,novo1 by 8 re/or$ sight1 convey$ to 8 m9d1 & t )\t any consci\sness ( a =m] acqua9tance4 ,& ^! n[ he c revive & call to m9d 9 ! d>k4 ,9 ?is case all ^! ideas ( col\rs :i*1 :5 out ( view1 c be reviv$ ) a consci\sness ( a =m] acqua9tance1 be+ ?us 9 ! memory1 are said to be 9 ! m9d4 ,! use ,i make ( ?is is1--t :atev] idea1 be+ n actually 9 view1 is 9 ! m9d1 is !re only by be+ 9 ! memory2 & if x be n 9 ! memory1 x is n 9 ! m9d2 & if x be 9 ! memory1 x _c by ! memory be br\ght into actual view )\t a p]ception t x comes out ( ! memory2 :i* is ?is1 t x _h be5 kn[n be=e1 & is n[ rememb]$4 ,if !re=e !re be any innate ideas1 !y mu/ be 9 ! memory1 or else n[h]e 9 ! m9d2 & if !y be 9 ! memory1 !y c be reviv$ )\t any impression f )\t2 & :5ev] !y are br\ght into ! m9d !y are rememb]$1 i4 e4 !y br+ ) !m a p]ception ( _! n be+ :olly new to x4 ,?is be+ a con/ant & di/+ui%+ diff]5ce betwe5 :at is1 & :at is n 9 ! memory1 or 9 ! m9d2--t :at is n 9 ! memory1 :5ev] x appe>s !re1 appe>s p]fectly new & unkn[n be=e2 & :at is 9 ! memory1 or 9 ! m9d1 :5ev] x is sugge/$ by ! memory1 appe>s n to be new1 b ! m9d f9ds x 9 itself1 & kn[s x 0 !re be=e4 ,by ?is x may be tri$ :e!r !re be any innate ideas 9 ! m9d be=e impression f s5sation or reflection4 ,i w\ld fa9 meet ) ! man :o1 :5 he came to ! use ( reason1 or at any o!r "t1 rememb]$ any ( !m2 & to :om1 aft] he 0 born1 !y 7 nev] new4 ,if any "o w say1 !re are ideas 9 ! m9d t are ,,n 9 ! memory1 ,i desire him to expla9 himself1 & make :at he says intelligible4 #bb4 ,pr9ciples n innate1 because ( little use or little c]ta9ty4 ,besides :at ,i h already said1 !re is ano!r reason :y ,i d\bt t nei!r ^! nor any o!r pr9ciples are innate4 ,i t am fully p]suad$ t ! inf9itely wise ,god made all ?+s 9 p]fect wisdom1 _c satisfy myself :y he %\ld be suppos$ to pr9t ^u ! m9ds ( m5 "s univ]sal pr9ciples2 :]e( ^? t are pret5d$ innate1 & conc]n ,,speculation1 are ( no great use2 & ^? t conc]n ,,practice1 n self-evid5t2 & nei!r ( !m di/+ui%able f "s o!r tru?s n all[$ to be innate4 ,=1 to :at purpose %\ld *>act]s be grav5 on ! m9d by ! f+] ( ,god1 :i* are n cle>] !re ?an ^? :i* are aft]w>ds introduc$1 or _c be di/+ui%$ f !m8 ,if any "o ?9ks !re are su* innate ideas & propositions1 :i* by _! cle>ness & usefulness are di/+ui%able f all t is adv5titi\s 9 ! m9d & acquir$1 x w n be a h>d matt] = him to tell u ,,:i* ,,!y ,,are2 & !n e "o w be a fit judge :e!r !y be s or no4 ,s9ce if !re be su* innate ideas & impressions1 pla9ly diff]5t f all o!r p]ceptions & k1 e "o w f9d x true 9 himself4 ,( ! evid5ce ( ^! suppos$ innate maxims1 ,i h spok5 already3 ( _! usefulness ,i %all h occasion to speak m h]eaft]4 #bc4 ,diff]5ce ( ,m5's ,discov]ies dep5ds ^u ! diff]5t ,application ( _! ,faculties4 ,to conclude3 "s ideas =w>dly (f] !mselves to all m5's und]/&+2 & "s sorts ( tru?s result f any ideas1 z soon z ! m9d puts !m into propositions3 o!r tru?s require a tra9 ( ideas plac$ 9 ord]1 a due comp>+ ( !m1 & d$uctions made ) att5tion1 be=e !y c be discov]$ & ass5t$ to4 ,"s ( ! fir/ sort1 because ( _! g5]al & easy reception1 h be5 mi/ak5 = innate3 b ! tru? is1 ideas & notions are no m born ) u ?an arts & sci5ces2 ?\gh "s ( !m inde$ (f] !mselves to our faculties m readily ?an o!rs2 & !re=e are m g5]ally receiv$3 ?\gh t too be accord+ z ! organs ( our bodies & p[]s ( our m9ds happ5 to be employ$2 ,god hav+ fitt$ m5 ) faculties & means to discov]1 receive1 & reta9 tru?s1 accord+ z !y are employ$4 ,! great diff]5ce t is to be f\nd 9 ! notions ( mank9d is1 f ! diff]5t use !y put _! faculties to4 ,:il/ "s 7& ^? ! mo/7 tak+ ?+s ^u tru/1 misemploy _! p[] ( ass5t1 by lazily enslav+ _! m9ds to ! dictates & dom9ion ( o!rs1 9 doctr9es :i* x is _! duty c>efully to exam9e1 & n bl9dly1 ) an implicit fai?1 to swall[2 o!rs1 employ+ _! ?\ghts only ab\t "s few ?+s1 gr[ acqua9t$ suffici5tly ) !m1 atta9 great degrees ( k 9 !m1 & are ignorant ( all o!r1 hav+ nev] let _! ?\ghts loose 9 ! se>* ( o!r inquiries4 ,?us1 t ! ?ree angles ( a triangle are q equal to two "r ones is a tru? z c]ta9 z any?+ c be1 & ,i ?9k m evid5t ?an _m ( ^? propositions t g = pr9ciples2 & yet !re are millions1 h[ev] exp]t 9 o!r ?+s1 :o "k n ?is at all1 because !y nev] set _! ?\ghts on "w ab\t su* angles4 ,& he t c]ta9ly kn[s ?is proposition may yet be utt]ly ignorant ( ! tru? ( o!r propositions1 9 ma!matics itself1 :i* are z cle> & evid5t z ?is2 because1 9 8 se>* ( ^? ma!matical tru?s1 he /opp$ 8 ?\ghts %ort & w5t n s f>4 ,! same may happ5 conc]n+ ! notions we h ( ! be+ ( a ,deity4 ,=1 ?\gh !re be no tru? :i* a man may m evid5tly make out to himself ?an ! exi/5ce ( a ,god1 yet he t %all cont5t himself ) ?+s z he f9ds !m 9 ?is _w1 z !y m9i/] to 8 pleasures & passions1 & n make inquiry a little fur!r into _! causes1 ends1 & admirable contrivances1 & pursue ! ?\ghts !re( ) dilig5ce & att5tion1 may live long )\t any notion ( su* a ,be+4 ,& if any p]son ha? by talk put su* a notion into 8 head1 he may p]haps believe x2 b if he ha? nev] exam9$ x1 8 k ( x w be no p]fect] ?an 81 :o hav+ be5 told1 t ! ?ree angles ( a triangle are equal to two "r ones1 takes x ^u tru/1 )\t exam9+ ! demon/ration2 & may yield 8 ass5t z a probable op9ion1 b ha? no k ( ! tru? ( x2 :i* yet 8 faculties1 if c>efully employ$1 7 able to make cle> & evid5t to him4 ,b ?is only1 by ! by1 to %[ h[ mu* ,,our ,,k ,,dep5ds ,,^u ,,! ,,"r ,,use ,,( ,,^? ,,p[]s ,,nature ,,ha? ,,be/[$ ,,^u ,,u1 & h[ little ^u ,,su* ,,innate ,,pr9ciples ,,z ,,are ,,9 ,,va9 ,,suppos$ ,,to ,,be ,,9 ,,all ,,mank9d ,,= ,,_! ,,direction2 :i* all m5 c\ld n b "k if !y 7 !re1 or else !y w\ld be !re to no purpose4 ,& :i* s9ce all m5 d n "k1 nor c di/+ui% f o!r adv5titi\s tru?s1 we may well conclude !re are no su*4 #bd4 ,m5 mu/ ?9k & "k = !mselves4 ,:at c5sure d\bt+ ?us ( innate pr9ciples may des]ve f m51 :o w be apt to call x pull+ up ! old f\ndations ( k & c]ta9ty1 ,i _c tell2--,i p]suade myself at lea/ t ! way ,i h pursu$1 be+ con=mable to tru?1 lays ^? f\ndations sur]4 ,?is ,i am c]ta91 ,i h n made x my bus9ess ei!r to quit or foll[ any au?ority 9 ! ensu+ ,disc\rse4 ,tru? has be5 my only aim2 & :]ev] t has appe>$ to lead1 my ?\ghts h imp>tially foll[$1 )\t m9d+ :e!r ! foot/eps ( any o!r lay t way or n4 ,n t ,i want a due respect to o!r m5's op9ions2 b1 aft] all1 ! greate/ rev]5ce is due to tru?3 & ,i hope x w n be ?\ght arrogance to say1 t p]haps we %\ld make great] progress 9 ! discov]y ( rational & contemplative k1 if we s\ght x 9 ! f\nta91 ,,9 ,,! ,,consid]ation ,,( ,,?+s ,,!mselves2 & made use r ( our own ?\ghts ?an o!r m5's to f9d x4 ,= ,i ?9k we may z rationally hope to see ) o!r m5's eyes1 z to "k by o!r m5's und]/&+s4 ,s mu* z we ourselves consid] & compreh5d ( tru? & reason1 s mu* we possess ( real & true k4 ,! float+ ( o!r m5's op9ions 9 our bra9s1 makes u n "o jot ! m kn[+1 ?\gh !y happ5 to be true4 ,:at 9 !m 0 sci5ce1 is 9 u b op9iatrety2 :il/ we give up our ass5t only to rev]5d names1 & d n1 z !y did1 employ our own reason to und]/& ^? tru?s :i* gave !m reputation4 ,ari/otle 0 c]ta9ly a kn[+ man1 b nobody ev] ?\ght him s because he bl9dly embrac$1 & confid5tly v5t$ ! op9ions ( ano!r4 ,& if ! tak+ up ( ano!r's pr9ciples1 )\t exam9+ !m1 made n him a philosoph]1 ,i suppose x w h>dly make anybody else s4 ,9 ! sci5ces1 e "o has s mu* z he really kn[s & compreh5ds4 ,:at he believes only1 & takes ^u tru/1 are b %r$s2 :i*1 h[ev] well 9 ! :ole piece1 make no consid]able addition to 8 /ock :o ga!rs !m4 ,su* borr[$ weal?1 l fairy money1 ?\gh x 7 gold 9 ! h& f :i* he receiv$ x1 w be b leaves & du/ :5 x comes to use4 #be4 ,:5ce ! ,op9ion ( ,innate ,pr9ciples4 ,:5 m5 h f\nd "s g5]al propositions t c\ld n be d\bt$ ( z soon z und]/ood1 x 01 ,i "k1 a %ort & easy way to conclude !m innate4 ,?is be+ once receiv$1 x eas$ ! lazy f ! pa9s ( se>*1 & /opp$ ! inquiry ( ! d\btful conc]n+ all t 0 once /yl$ innate4 ,& x 0 ( no small advantage to ^? :o affect$ to be ma/]s & tea*]s1 to make ?is ! pr9ciple ( pr9ciples1--,,t ,,pr9ciples ,,mu/ ,,n ,,be ,,que/ion$4 ,=1 hav+ once e/abli%$ ?is t5et1--t !re are innate pr9ciples1 x put _! foll[]s ^u a necessity ( receiv+ ,,"s doctr9es z su*2 :i* 0 to take !m (f f ! use ( _! own reason & judgm5t1 & put !m on believ+ & tak+ !m ^u tru/ )\t fur!r exam9ation3 9 :i* po/ure ( bl9d cr$ulity1 !y might be m easily gov]n$ by1 & made useful to "s sort ( m51 :o _h ! skill & (fice to pr9ciple & guide !m4 ,nor is x a small p[] x gives "o man ov] ano!r1 to h ! au?ority to be ! dictator ( pr9ciples1 & tea*] ( unque/ionable tru?s2 & to make a man swall[ t = an innate pr9ciple :i* may s]ve to 8 purpose :o tea*e? !m4 ,:]eas _h !y exam9$ ! ways :]eby m5 came to ! k ( _m univ]sal tru?s1 !y w\ld h f\nd !m to result 9 ! m9ds ( m5 f ! be+ ( ?+s !mselves1 :5 duly consid]$2 & t !y 7 discov]$ by ! application ( ^? faculties t 7 fitt$ by nature to receive & judge ( !m1 :5 duly employ$ ab\t !m4 #bf4 ,conclusion4 ,to %[ ,,h[ ! und]/&+ proce$s h]e9 is ! design ( ! foll[+ ,disc\rse2 :i* ,i %all proce$ to :5 ,i h fir/ premis$1 t hi!rto1--to cle> my way to ^? f\ndations :i* ,i conceive are ! only true ones1 :]eon to e/abli% ^? notions we c h ( our own k1--x ha? be5 necess>y = me to give an acc\nt ( ! reasons ,i _h to d\bt ( innate pr9ciples4 ,& s9ce ! argum5ts :i* are aga9/ !m d1 "s ( !m1 rise f common receiv$ op9ions1 ,i h be5 =c$ to take sev]al ?+s = grant$2 :i* is h>dly avoidable to any "o1 ^: task is to %[ ! falsehood or improbability ( any t5et2--x happ5+ 9 controv]sial disc\rses z x does 9 assault+ ( t[ns2 :]e1 if ! gr\nd be b firm :]eon ! batt]ies are erect$1 !re is no fur!r inquiry ( :om x is borr[$1 nor :om x belongs to1 s x af=ds b a fit rise = ! pres5t purpose4 ,b 9 ! future "p ( ?is ,disc\rse1 design+ to raise an edifice uni=m & consi/5t ) itself1 z f> z my own exp]i5ce & obs]vation w assi/ me1 ,i hope to erect x on su* a basis t ,i %all n ne$ to %ore x up ) props & buttresses1 lean+ on borr[$ or begg$ f\ndations3 or at lea/1 if m9e prove a ca/le 9 ! air1 ,i w endeav\r x %all be all ( a piece & hang toge!r4 ,:]e9 ,i w>n ! read] n to expect und5iable cog5t demon/rations1 unless ,i may be all[$ ! privilege1 n seldom assum$ by o!rs1 to take my pr9ciples = grant$2 & !n1 ,i d\bt n1 b ,i c demon/rate too4 ,all t ,i %all say = ! pr9ciples ,i proce$ on is1 t ,i c only appeal to m5's own unprejudic$ exp]i5ce & obs]vation :e!r !y be true or n2 & ?is is en\gh = a man :o pr(esses no m ?an to lay d[n c&idly & freely 8 own conjectures1 conc]n+ a subject ly+ some:at 9 ! d>k1 )\t any o!r design ?an an unbiass$ inquiry aft] tru?4 ,,book ,,ii ,,( ,,ideas ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,( ,,ideas ,,9 ,,g5]al1 ,,& ,,_! ,,orig9al4 #a4 ,idea is ! ,object ( ,?9k+4 ,e man be+ consci\s to himself t he ?9ks2 & t :i* 8 m9d is appli$ ab\t :il/ ?9k+ be+ ! ,,ideas t are !re1 x is pa/ d\bt t m5 h 9 _! m9ds sev]al ideas1--su* z are ^? express$ by ! words :it5ess1 h>dness1 sweetness1 ?9k+1 motion1 man1 elephant1 army1 drunk5ness1 & o!rs3 x is 9 ! fir/ place !n to be inquir$1 ,,h[ ,,he ,,comes ,,by ,,!m8 ,i "k x is a receiv$ doctr9e1 t m5 h native ideas1 & orig9al *>act]s1 /amp$ ^u _! m9ds 9 _! v fir/ be+4 ,?is op9ion ,i h at l>ge exam9$ already2 &1 ,i suppose :at ,i h said 9 ! =ego+ ,book w be mu* m easily admitt$1 :5 ,i h %[n :5ce ! und]/&+ may get all ! ideas x has2 & by :at ways & degrees !y may come into ! m9d2--= :i* ,i %all appeal to e "o's own obs]vation & exp]i5ce4 #b4 ,all ,ideas come f ,s5sation or ,reflection4 ,let u !n suppose ! m9d to be1 z we say1 :ite pap]1 void ( all *>act]s1 )\t any ideas3--,h[ comes x to be furni%$8 ,:5ce comes x by t va/ /ore :i* ! busy & b\ndless fancy ( man has pa9t$ on x ) an almo/ endless v>iety8 ,:5ce has x all ! ,,mat]ials ( reason & k8 ,to ?is ,i answ]1 9 "o ^w1 f ,,exp]i5ce4 ,9 t all our k is f\nd$2 & f t x ultimately d]ives itself4 ,our obs]vation employ$ ei!r1 ab\t ext]nal s5sible objects1 or ab\t ! int]nal op]ations ( our m9ds p]ceiv$ & reflect$ on by ourselves1 is t :i* supplies our und]/&+s ) all ! ,,mat]ials ( ?9k+4 ,^! two are ! f\nta9s ( k1 f :5ce all ! ideas we h1 or c naturally h1 d spr+4 #c4 ,! ,objects ( ,s5sation "o ,s\rce ( ,ideas ,fir/1 our ,s5ses1 conv]sant ab\t p>ticul> s5sible objects1 d convey into ! m9d sev]al di/9ct p]ceptions ( ?+s1 accord+ to ^? v>i\s ways :]e9 ^? objects d affect !m4 ,& ?us we come by ^? ,,ideas we h ( yell[1 :ite1 heat1 cold1 s(t1 h>d1 bitt]1 sweet1 & all ^? :i* we call s5sible qualities2 :i* :5 ,i say ! s5ses convey into ! m9d1 ,i mean1 !y f ext]nal objects convey into ! m9d :at produces !re ^? p]ceptions4 ,?is great s\rce ( mo/ ( ! ideas we h1 dep5d+ :olly ^u our s5ses1 & d]iv$ by !m to ! und]/&+1 ,i call ,,s5sation4 #d4 ,! ,op]ations ( our ,m9ds1 ! o!r ,s\rce ( !m4 ,secondly1 ! o!r f\nta9 f :i* exp]i5ce furni%e? ! und]/&+ ) ideas is1--! p]ception ( ! op]ations ( our own m9d )9 u1 z x is employ$ ab\t ! ideas x has got2--:i* op]ations1 :5 ! s\l comes to reflect on & consid]1 d furni% ! und]/&+ ) ano!r set ( ideas1 :i* c\ld n be _h f ?+s )\t4 ,& su* are p]ception1 ?9k+1 d\bt+1 believ+1 reason+1 kn[+1 will+1 & all ! diff]5t act+s ( our own m9ds2--:i* we be+ consci\s (1 & obs]v+ 9 ourselves1 d f ^! receive into our und]/&+s z di/9ct ideas z we d f bodies affect+ our s5ses4 ,?is s\rce ( ideas e man has :olly 9 himself2 & ?\gh x be n s5se1 z hav+ no?+ to d ) ext]nal objects1 yet x is v l x1 & might prop]ly en\gh be call$ ,,int]nal ,,s5se4 ,b z ,i call ! o!r ,s5sation1 s ,i call ?is ,,reflection1 ! ideas x af=ds be+ su* only z ! m9d gets by reflect+ on its own op]ations )9 itself4 ,by reflection !n1 9 ! foll[+ "p ( ?is disc\rse1 ,i w\ld be und]/ood to mean1 t notice :i* ! m9d takes ( its own op]ations1 & ! mann] ( !m1 by reason :]e( !re come to be ideas ( ^! op]ations 9 ! und]/&+4 ,^! two1 ,i say1 viz4 ext]nal mat]ial ?+s1 z ! objects ( ,,s5sation1 & ! op]ations ( our own m9ds )91 z ! objects ( ,,reflection1 are to me ! only orig9als f :5ce all our ideas take _! beg9n+s4 ,! t]m ,,op]ations "h ,i use 9 a l>ge s5se1 z compreh5d+ n b>ely ! actions ( ! m9d ab\t its ideas1 b "s sort ( passions aris+ sometimes f !m1 su* z is ! satisfaction or uneas9ess aris+ f any ?\ght4 #e4 ,all our ,ideas are ( ! "o or ( ! o!r ( ^!4 ,! und]/&+ seems to me n to h ! lea/ glimm]+ ( any ideas :i* x do? n receive f "o ( ^! two4 ,,ext]nal ,,objects furni% ! m9d ) ! ideas ( s5sible qualities1 :i* are all ^? diff]5t p]ceptions !y produce 9 u2 & ,,! ,,m9d furni%es ! und]/&+ ) ideas ( its own op]ations4 ,^!1 :5 we h tak5 a full survey ( !m1 & _! sev]al modes1 & ! compositions made out ( !m we %all f9d to conta9 all our :ole /ock ( ideas2 & t we h no?+ 9 our m9ds :i* did n come 9 "o ( ^! two ways4 ,let any "o exam9e 8 own ?\ghts1 & ?or\ghly se>* into 8 und]/&+2 & !n let him tell me1 :e!r all ! orig9al ideas he has !re1 are any o!r ?an ( ! objects ( 8 s5ses1 or ( ! op]ations ( 8 m9d1 consid]$ z objects ( 8 reflection4 ,& h[ great a mass ( k soev] he imag9es to be lodg$ !re1 he w1 ^u tak+ a /rict view1 see t he has n any idea 9 8 m9d b :at "o ( ^! two h impr9t$2--?\gh p]haps1 ) inf9ite v>iety comp\nd$ & enl>g$ by ! und]/&+1 z we %all see h]eaft]4 #f4 ,obs]vable 9 ,*ildr54 ,he t att5tively consid]s ! /ate ( a *ild1 at 8 fir/ com+ into ! _w1 w h little reason to ?9k him /or$ ) pl5ty ( ideas1 t are to be ! matt] ( 8 future k4 ,x is ,,by ,,degrees he comes to be furni%$ ) !m4 ,& ?\gh ! ideas ( obvi\s & famili> qualities impr9t !mselves be=e ! memory beg9s to keep a regi/] ( "t or ord]1 yet x is (t5 s late be=e "s unusual qualities come 9 ! way1 t !re are few m5 t _c recollect ! beg9n+ ( _! acqua9tance ) !m4 ,& if x 7 wor? :ile1 no d\bt a *ild might be s ord]$ z to h b a v few1 ev5 ( ! ord9>y ideas1 till he 7 gr[n up to a man4 ,b all t are born into ! _w1 be+ surr\nd$ ) bodies t p]petually & div]sely affect !m1 v>iety ( ideas1 :e!r c>e be tak5 ( x or n1 are impr9t$ on ! m9ds ( *ildr54 ,light & col\rs are busy at h& ev]y:]e1 :5 ! eye is b op52 s\nds & "s tangible qualities fail n to solicit _! prop] s5ses1 & =ce an entrance to ! m9d2--b yet1 ,i ?9k1 x w be grant$ easily1 t if a *ild 7 kept 9 a place :]e he nev] saw any o!r b black & :ite till he 7 a man1 he w\ld h no m ideas ( sc>let or gre51 ?an he t f 8 *ildhood nev] ta/$ an oy/]1 or a p9e-apple1 has ( ^? p>ticul> reli%es4 #g4 ,m5 are diff]5tly furni%$ ) ^!1 accord+ to ! diff]5t ,objects !y conv]se )4 ,m5 !n come to be furni%$ ) few] or m simple ideas f )\t1 accord+ z ! objects !y conv]se ) af=d great] or less v>iety2 & f ! op]ations ( _! m9ds )91 accord+ z !y m or less reflect on !m4 ,=1 ?\gh he t contemplates ! op]ations ( 8 m9d1 _c b h pla9 & cle> ideas ( !m2 yet1 unless he turn 8 ?\ghts t way1 & consid]s !m ,,att5tively1 he w no m h cle> & di/9ct ideas ( all ! op]ations ( 8 m9d1 & all t may be obs]v$ !re91 ?an he w h all ! p>ticul> ideas ( any l&scape1 or ( ! p>ts & motions ( a clock1 :o w n turn 8 eyes to x1 & ) att5tion he$ all ! p>ts ( x4 ,! picture1 or clock may be s plac$1 t !y may come 9 8 way e day2 b yet he w h b a confus$ idea ( all ! p>ts !y are made up (1 till he applies himself ) att5tion1 to consid] !m ea* 9 p>ticul>4 #h4 ,ideas ( ,reflection lat]1 because !y ne$ ,att5tion4 ,& h5ce we see ! reason :y x is pretty late be=e mo/ *ildr5 get ideas ( ! op]ations ( _! own m9ds2 & "s h n any v cle> or p]fect ideas ( ! greate/ "p ( !m all _! lives4 ,because1 ?\gh !y pass !re cont9ually1 yet1 l float+ visions1 !y make n deep impressions en\gh to leave 9 _! m9d cle>1 di/9ct1 la/+ ideas1 till ! und]/&+ turns inw>d ^u itself1 reflects on its own op]ations1 & makes !m ! objects ( its own contemplation4 ,*ildr5 :5 !y come fir/ into x1 are surr\nd$ ) a _w ( new ?+s :i*1 by a con/ant solicitation ( _! s5ses1 draw ! m9d con/antly to !m2 =w>d to take notice ( new1 & apt to be delight$ ) ! v>iety ( *ang+ objects4 ,?us ! fir/ ye>s are usually employ$ & div]t$ 9 look+ abroad4 ,m5's bus9ess 9 !m is to acqua9t !mselves ) :at is to be f\nd )\t2 & s gr[+ up 9 a con/ant att5tion to outw>d s5sations1 seldom make any consid]able reflection on :at passes )9 !m1 till !y come to be ( rip] ye>s2 & "s sc>ce ev] at all4 #i4 ,! ,s\l beg9s to h ,ideas :5 x beg9s to p]ceive4 ,to ask1 at :at ,,"t a man has fir/ any ideas1 is to ask1 :5 he beg9s to p]ceive2--,,hav+ ,,ideas1 & ,,p]ception1 be+ ! same ?+4 ,i "k x is an op9ion1 t ! s\l always ?9ks1 & t x has ! actual p]ception ( ideas 9 itself con/antly1 z long z x exi/s2 & t actual ?9k+ is z insep>able f ! s\l z actual ext5sion is f ! body2 :i* if true1 to inquire aft] ! beg9n+ ( a man's ideas is ! same z to inquire aft] ! beg9n+ ( 8 s\l4 ,=1 by ?is acc\nt1 s\l & its ideas1 z body & its ext5sion1 w beg9 to exi/ bo? at ! same "t4 #aj4 ,! ,s\l ?9ks n always2 = ?is wants ,pro(s4 ,b :e!r ! s\l be suppos$ to exi/ antec$5t to1 or coeval )1 or "s "t aft] ! fir/ rudim5ts ( organization1 or ! beg9n+s ( life 9 ! body1 ,i leave to be disput$ by ^? :o h bett] ?\ght ( t matt]4 ,i confess myself to h "o ( ^? dull s\ls1 t do? n p]ceive itself always to contemplate ideas2 nor c conceive x any m necess>y = ! s\l always to ?9k1 ?an = ! body always to move3 ! p]ception ( ideas be+ 7z ,i conceive7 to ! s\l1 :at motion is to ! body2 n its ess5ce1 b "o ( its op]ations4 ,& !re=e1 ?\gh ?9k+ be suppos$ nev] s mu* ! prop] action ( ! s\l1 yet x is n necess>y to suppose t x %\ld be always ?9k+1 always 9 action4 ,t1 p]haps1 is ! privilege ( ! inf9ite ,au?or & ,pres]v] ( all ?+s1 :o 8nev] slumb]s nor sleeps02 b is n compet5t to any f9ite be+1 at lea/ n to ! s\l ( man4 ,we "k c]ta9ly1 by exp]i5ce1 t we ,,sometimes ?9k2 & !nce draw ?is infallible consequ5ce1--t !re is some?+ 9 u t has a p[] to ?9k4 ,b :e!r t sub/ance ,,p]petually ?9ks or no1 we c be no fur!r assur$ ?an exp]i5ce in=ms u4 ,=1 to say t actual ?9k+ is ess5tial to ! s\l1 & insep>able f x1 is to beg :at is 9 "q1 & n to prove x by reason2--:i* is necess>y to be done1 if x be n a self-evid5t proposition4 ,b :e!r ?is1 8,t ! s\l always ?9ks10 be a self-evid5t proposition1 t ev]ybody ass5ts to at fir/ he>+1 ,i appeal to mank9d4 ,x is d\bt$ :e!r ,i ?\ght at all la/ night or no4 ,! "q be+ ab\t a matt] ( fact1 x is begg+ x to br+1 z a pro( = x1 an hypo!sis1 :i* is ! v ?+ 9 dispute3 by :i* way "o may prove any?+1 & x is b suppos+ t all wat*es1 :il/ ! balance beats1 ?9k1 & x is suffici5tly prov$1 & pa/ d\bt1 t my wat* ?\ght all la/ night4 ,b he t w\ld n deceive himself1 ought to build 8 hypo!sis on matt] ( fact1 & make x out by s5sible exp]i5ce1 & n presume on matt] ( fact1 because ( 8 hypo!sis1 t is1 because he supposes x to be s2 :i* way ( prov+ am\nts to ?is1 t ,i mu/ necess>ily ?9k all la/ night1 because ano!r supposes ,i always ?9k1 ?\gh ,i myself _c p]ceive t ,i always d s4 ,b m5 9 love ) _! op9ions may n only suppose :at is 9 "q1 b allege wrong matt] ( fact4 ,h[ else c\ld any "o make x an inf]5ce ( m9e1 t a ?+ is n1 because we are n s5sible ( x 9 our sleep8 ,i d n say !re is no ,,s\l 9 a man1 because he is n s5sible ( x 9 8 sleep2 b ,i d say1 he _c ,,?9k at any "t1 wak+ or sleep+1 )\t be+ s5sible ( x4 ,our be+ s5sible ( x is n necess>y to any?+ b to our ?\ghts2 & to !m x is2 & to !m x always w be necess>y1 till we c ?9k )\t be+ consci\s ( x4 #aa4 ,x is n always consci\s ( x4 ,i grant t ! s\l1 9 a wak+ man1 is nev] )\t ?\ght1 because x is ! condition ( be+ awake4 ,b :e!r sleep+ )\t dream+ be n an affection ( ! :ole man1 m9d z well z body1 may be wor? a wak+ man's consid]ation2 x be+ h>d to conceive t any?+ %\ld ?9k & n be consci\s ( x4 ,if ! s\l do? ?9k 9 a sleep+ man )\t be+ consci\s ( x1 ,i ask :e!r1 dur+ su* ?9k+1 x has any pleasure or pa91 or be capable ( happ9ess or mis]y8 ,i am sure ! man is n2 no m ?an ! b$ or e>? he lies on4 ,= to be happy or mis]able )\t be+ consci\s ( x1 seems to me utt]ly inconsi/5t & impossible4 ,or if x be possible t ! ,,s\l c1 :il/ ! body is sleep+1 h its ?9k+1 enjoym5ts1 & conc]ns1 its pleasures or pa91 ap>t1 :i* ! ,,man is n consci\s ( nor p>takes 91--x is c]ta9 t ,socrates asleep & ,socrates awake is n ! same p]son2 b 8 s\l :5 he sleeps1 & ,socrates ! man1 consi/+ ( body & s\l1 :5 he is wak+1 are two p]sons3 s9ce wak+ ,socrates has no k (1 or conc]nm5t = t happ9ess or mis]y ( 8 s\l1 :i* x enjoys alone by itself :il/ he sleeps1 )\t p]ceiv+ any?+ ( x2 no m ?an he has = ! happ9ess or mis]y ( a man 9 ! ,indies1 :om he kn[s n4 ,=1 if we take :olly away all consci\sness ( our actions & s5sations1 especially ( pleasure & pa91 & ! conc]nm5t t accompanies x1 x w be h>d to "k :]e9 to place p]sonal id5tity4 #ab4 ,if a sleep+ ,man ?9ks )\t kn[+ x1 ! sleep+ & wak+ ,man are two ,p]sons4 ,! s\l1 dur+ s\nd sleep1 ?9ks1 say ^! m54 ,:il/ x ?9ks & p]ceives1 x is capable c]ta9ly ( ^? ( delight or tr\ble1 z well z any o!r p]ceptions2 & ,,x mu/ necess>ily be ,,consci\s ( its own p]ceptions4 ,b x has all ?is ap>t3 ! sleep+ ,,man1 x is pla91 is consci\s ( no?+ ( all ?is4 ,let u suppose1 !n1 ! s\l ( ,ca/or1 :ile he is sleep+1 retir$ f 8 body2 :i* is no impossible supposition = ! m5 ,i h "h to d )1 :o s lib]ally all[ life1 )\t a ?9k+ s\l1 to all o!r animals4 ,^! m5 _c !n judge x impossible1 or a contradiction1 t ! body %\ld live )\t ! s\l2 nor t ! s\l %\ld subsi/ & ?9k1 or h p]ception1 ev5 p]ception ( happ9ess or mis]y1 )\t ! body4 ,let u !n1 ,i say1 suppose ! s\l ( ,ca/or sep>at$ dur+ 8 sleep f 8 body1 to ?9k ap>t4 ,let u suppose1 too1 t x *ooses = its sc5e ( ?9k+ ! body ( ano!r man1 v4 g4 ,pollux1 :o is sleep+ )\t a s\l4 ,=1 if ,ca/or's s\l c ?9k1 :il/ ,ca/or is asleep1 :at ,ca/or is nev] consci\s (1 x is no matt] :at ,,place x *ooses to ?9k 94 ,we h "h1 !n1 ! bodies ( two m5 ) only "o s\l betwe5 !m1 :i* we w suppose to sleep & wake by turns2 & ! s\l /ill ?9k+ 9 ! wak+ man1 :]e( ! sleep+ man is nev] consci\s1 has nev] ! lea/ p]ception4 ,i ask1 !n1 :e!r ,ca/or & ,pollux1 ?us ) only "o s\l betwe5 !m1 :i* ?9ks & p]ceives 9 "o :at ! o!r is nev] consci\s (1 nor is conc]n$ =1 are n two z di/9ct ,,p]sons z ,ca/or & ,h]cules1 or z ,socrates & ,plato 78 ,& :e!r "o ( !m might n be v happy1 & ! o!r v mis]able8 ,j by ! same reason1 !y make ! s\l & ! man two p]sons1 :o make ! s\l ?9k ap>t :at ! man is n consci\s (4 ,=1 ,i suppose nobody w make id5tity ( p]sons to consi/ 9 ! s\l's be+ unit$ to ! v same num]ical p>ticles ( matt]4 ,= if t be necess>y to id5tity1 x w be impossible1 9 t con/ant flux ( ! p>ticles ( our bodies1 t any man %\ld be ! same p]son two days1 or two mom5ts1 toge!r4 #ac4 ,impossible to conv9ce ^? t sleep )\t dream+1 t !y ?9k4 ,?us1 me?9ks1 e dr[sy nod %akes _! doctr9e1 :o tea* t ! s\l is always ?9k+4 ,^?1 at lea/1 :o d at any "t ,,sleep ,,)\t ,,dream+1 c nev] be conv9c$ t _! ?\ghts are sometimes = f\r h\rs busy )\t _! kn[+ ( x2 & if !y are tak5 9 ! v act1 wak$ 9 ! middle ( t sleep+ contemplation1 c give no mann] ( acc\nt ( x4 #ad4 ,t m5 dream )\t rememb]+ x1 9 va9 urg$4 ,x w p]haps be said1--,t ! s\l ?9ks ev5 9 ! s\nde/ sleep1 b ! ,,memory reta9s x n4 ,t ! s\l 9 a sleep+ man %\ld be ?is mom5t busy a ?9k+1 & ! next mom5t 9 a wak+ man n rememb] nor be able to recollect "o jot ( all ^? ?\ghts1 is v h>d to be conceiv$1 & w\ld ne$ "s bett] pro( ?an b>e ass]tion to make x be believ$4 ,= :o c )\t any m ado1 b be+ b>ely told s1 imag9e t ! greate/ "p ( m5 d1 dur+ all _! lives1 = sev]al h\rs e day1 ?9k ( some?+1 :i* if !y 7 ask$1 ev5 9 ! middle ( ^! ?\ghts1 !y c\ld rememb] no?+ at all (8 ,mo/ m51 ,i ?9k1 pass a great "p ( _! sleep )\t dream+4 ,i once knew a man t 0 br$ a s*ol>1 & _h no bad memory1 :o told me he _h nev] dream$ 9 8 life1 till he _h t fev] he 0 !n newly recov]$ (1 :i* 0 ab\t ! five or six & tw5tie? ye> ( 8 age4 ,i suppose ! _w af=ds m su* in/ances3 at lea/ e "o's acqua9tance w furni% him ) examples en\gh ( su* z pass mo/ ( _! nights )\t dream+4 #ae4 ,^u ?is ,hypo!sis1 ! ,?\ghts ( a sleep+ ,man ought to be mo/ rational4 ,to ?9k (t51 & nev] to reta9 x s mu* z "o mom5t1 is a v useless sort ( ?9k+2 & ! s\l1 9 su* a /ate ( ?9k+1 does v little1 if at all1 excel t ( a look+-glass1 :i* con/antly receives v>iety ( images1 or ideas1 b reta9s none2 !y disappe> & vani%1 & !re rema9 no foot/eps ( !m2 ! look+-glass is nev] ! bett] = su* ideas1 nor ! s\l = su* ?\ghts4 ,p]haps x w be said1 t 9 a wak+ ,,man ! mat]ials ( ! body are employ$1 & made use (1 9 ?9k+2 & t ! memory ( ?\ghts is reta9$ by ! impressions t are made on ! bra91 & ! traces !re left aft] su* ?9k+2 b t 9 ! ?9k+ ( ! ,,s\l1 :i* is n p]ceiv$ 9 a sleep+ man1 !re ! s\l ?9ks ap>t1 & mak+ no use ( ! organs ( ! body1 leaves no impressions on x1 & consequ5tly no memory ( su* ?\ghts4 ,n to m5tion aga9 ! absurdity ( two di/9ct p]sons1 :i* foll[s f ?is supposition1 ,i answ]1 fur!r1--,t :atev] ideas ! m9d c receive & contemplate )\t ! help ( ! body1 x is reasonable to conclude x c reta9 )\t ! help ( ! body too2 or else ! s\l1 or any sep>ate _s1 w h b little advantage by ?9k+4 ,if x has no memory ( its own ?\ghts2 if x _c lay !m up = its own use1 & be able to recall !m ^u occasion2 if x _c reflect ^u :at is pa/1 & make use ( its =m] exp]i5ces1 reason+s1 & contemplations1 to :at purpose does x ?9k8 ,!y :o make ! s\l a ?9k+ ?+1 at ?is rate1 w n make x a mu* m noble be+ ?an ^? d :om !y condemn1 = all[+ x to be no?+ b ! subtili/ p>ts ( matt]4 ,*>act]s drawn on du/1 t ! fir/ brea? ( w9d effaces2 or impressions made on a heap ( atoms1 or animal spirits1 are altoge!r z useful1 & r5d] ! subject z noble1 z ! ?\ghts ( a s\l t p]i% 9 ?9k+2 t1 once out ( sight1 are gone = ev]1 & leave no memory ( !mselves beh9d !m4 ,nature nev] makes excell5t ?+s = mean or no uses3 & x is h>dly to be conceiv$ t our inf9itely wise ,creator %\ld make s admirable a faculty z ! p[] ( ?9k+1 t faculty :i* comes ne>e/ ! excell5cy ( 8 own incompreh5sible be+1 to be s idly & uselessly employ$1 at lea/ a f\r? "p ( its "t "h1 z to ?9k con/antly1 )\t rememb]+ any ( ^? ?\ghts1 )\t do+ any good to itself or o!rs1 or be+ any way useful to any o!r "p ( ! creation4 ,if we w exam9e x1 we %all n f9d1 ,i suppose1 ! motion ( dull & s5seless matt]1 any :]e 9 ! univ]se1 made s little use ( & s :olly ?r[n away4 #af4 ,on ?is ,hypo!sis1 ! ,s\l mu/ h ,ideas n d]iv$ f ,s5sation or ,reflection1 ( :i* !re is no ,appe>ance4 ,x is true1 we h sometimes in/ances ( p]ception :il/ we are asleep1 & reta9 ! memory ( ^? ?\ghts3 b h[ extravagant & incoh]5t = ! mo/ "p !y are2 h[ little con=mable to ! p]fection & ord] ( a rational be+1 ^? :o are acqua9t$ ) dreams ne$ n be told4 ,?is ,i w\ld will+ly be satisfi$ 91--:e!r ! s\l1 :5 x ?9ks ?us ap>t1 & z x 7 sep>ate f ! body1 acts less rationally ?an :5 conjo9tly ) x1 or no4 ,if its sep>ate ?\ghts be less rational1 !n ^! m5 mu/ say1 t ! s\l owes ! p]fection ( rational ?9k+ to ! body3 if x does n1 x is a wond] t our dreams %\ld be1 = ! mo/ "p1 s frivol\s & irrational2 & t ! s\l %\ld reta9 none ( its m rational soliloquies & m$itations4 #ag4 ,if ,i ?9k :5 ,i "k x n1 nobody else c "k x4 ,^? :o s confid5tly tell u t ! s\l always actually ?9ks1 ,i w\ld !y w\ld also tell u1 :at ^? ideas are t are 9 ! s\l ( a *ild1 be=e or j at ! union ) ! body1 be=e x ha? receiv$ any by s5sation4 ,! dreams ( sleep+ m5 are1 z ,i take x1 all made up ( ! wak+ man's ideas2 ?\gh = ! mo/ "p oddly put toge!r4 ,x is /range1 if ! s\l has ideas ( its own t x d]iv$ n f s5sation or reflection1 7z x mu/ h1 if x ?\ght be=e x receiv$ any impressions f ! body17 t x %\ld nev]1 9 its private ?9k+1 7s private1 t ! man himself p]ceives x n17 reta9 any ( !m ! v mom5t x wakes out ( !m1 & !n make ! man glad ) new discov]ies4 ,:o c f9d x reason t ! s\l %\ld1 9 its retirem5t dur+ sleep1 h s _m h\rs' ?\ghts1 & yet nev] light on any ( ^? ideas x borr[$ n f s5sation or reflection2 or at lea/ pres]ve ! memory ( none b su*1 :i*1 be+ occasion$ f ! body1 mu/ ne$s be less natural to a _s8 ,x is /range ! s\l %\ld nev] once 9 a man's :ole life recall ov] any ( its pure native ?\ghts1 & ^? ideas x _h be=e x borr[$ any?+ f ! body2 nev] br+ into ! wak+ man's view any o!r ideas b :at h a tang ( ! cask1 & manife/ly d]ive _! orig9al f t union4 ,if x always ?9ks1 & s _h ideas be=e x 0 unit$1 or be=e x receiv$ any f ! body1 x is n to be suppos$ b t dur+ sleep x recollects its native ideas2 & dur+ t retirem5t f communicat+ ) ! body1 :il/ x ?9ks by itself1 ! ideas x is busi$ ab\t %\ld be1 sometimes at lea/1 ^? m natural & cong5ial ones :i* x _h 9 itself1 und]iv$ f ! body1 or its own op]ations ab\t !m3 :i*1 s9ce ! wak+ man nev] rememb]s1 we mu/ f ?is hypo!sis conclude ei!r t ! s\l rememb]s some?+ t ! man does n2 or else t memory belongs only to su* ideas z are d]iv$ f ! body1 or ! m9d's op]ations ab\t !m4 #ah4 ,h[ kn[s any "o t ! ,s\l always ?9ks8 ,= if x be n a self-evid5t ,proposition1 x ne$s ,pro(4 ,i w\ld be glad also to le>n f ^! m5 :o s confid5tly pron\nce t ! human s\l1 or1 :i* is all "o1 t a man always ?9ks1 h[ !y come to "k x2 nay1 h[ !y come to "k t !y !mselves ?9k1 :5 !y !mselves d n p]ceive x4 ,?is1 ,i am afraid1 is to be sure )\t pro(s1 & to "k )\t p]ceiv+4 ,x is1 ,i suspect1 a confus$ notion1 tak5 up to s]ve an hypo!sis2 & none ( ^? cle> tru?s1 t ei!r _! own evid5ce =ces u to admit1 or common exp]i5ce makes x impud5ce to d5y4 ,= ! mo/ t c be said ( x is1 t x is possible ! s\l may always ?9k1 b n always reta9 x 9 memory4 ,& ,i say1 x is z possible t ! s\l may n always ?9k2 & mu* m probable t x %\ld sometimes n ?9k1 ?an t x %\ld (t5 ?9k1 & t a long :ile toge!r1 & n be consci\s to itself1 ! next mom5t aft]1 t x _h ?\ght4 #ai4 ,t a ,man %\ld be busy 9 ,?9k+1 & yet n reta9 x ! next mom5t1 v improbable4 ,to suppose ! s\l to ?9k1 & ! man n to p]ceive x1 is1 z has be5 said1 to make two p]sons 9 "o man4 ,& if "o consid]s well ^! m5's way ( speak+1 "o %\ld be l$ into a suspicion t !y d s4 ,= ^? :o tell u t ! ,,s\l always ?9ks1 d nev]1 t ,i rememb]1 say t a ,,man always ?9ks4 ,c ! s\l ?9k1 & n ! man8 ,or a man ?9k1 & n be consci\s ( x8 ,?is1 p]haps1 w\ld be suspect$ ( j>gon 9 o!rs4 ,if !y say ! man ?9ks always1 b is n always consci\s ( x1 !y may z well say 8 body is ext5d$ )\t hav+ p>ts4 ,= x is altoge!r z intelligible to say t a body is ext5d$ )\t p>ts1 z t any?+ ?9ks )\t be+ consci\s ( x1 or p]ceiv+ t x does s4 ,!y :o talk ?us may1 ) z mu* reason1 if x be necess>y to _! hypo!sis1 say t a man is always hungry1 b t he does n always feel x2 :]eas hung] consi/s 9 t v s5sation1 z ?9k+ consi/s 9 be+ consci\s t "o ?9ks4 ,if !y say t a man is always consci\s to himself ( ?9k+1 ,i ask1 ,h[ !y "k x8 ,consci\sness is ! p]ception ( :at passes 9 a man's own m9d4 ,c ano!r man p]ceive t ,i am consci\s ( any?+1 :5 ,i p]ceive x n myself8 ,no man's k "h c g beyond 8 exp]i5ce4 ,wake a man out ( a s\nd sleep1 & ask him :at he 0 t mom5t ?9k+ (4 ,if he himself be consci\s ( no?+ he !n ?\ght on1 he mu/ be a notable div9] ( ?\ghts t c assure him t he 0 ?9k+4 ,may he n1 ) m reason1 assure him he 0 n asleep8 ,?is is some?+ beyond philosophy2 & x _c be less ?an revelation1 t discov]s to ano!r ?\ghts 9 my m9d1 :5 ,i c f9d none !re myself4 ,& !y mu/ ne$s h a p5etrat+ sight :o c c]ta9ly see t ,i ?9k1 :5 ,i _c p]ceive x myself1 & :5 ,i decl>e t ,i d n2 & yet c see t dogs or elephants d n ?9k1 :5 !y give all ! demon/ration ( x imag9able1 except only tell+ u t !y d s4 ,?is "s may suspect to be a /ep beyond ! ,rosicrucians2 x seem+ easi] to make "o's self invisible to o!rs1 ?an to make ano!r's ?\ghts visible to me1 :i* are n visible to himself4 ,b x is b def9+ ! s\l to be 8a sub/ance t always ?9ks10 & ! bus9ess is done4 ,if su* def9ition be ( any au?ority1 ,i "k n :at x c s]ve = b to make _m m5 suspect t !y h no s\ls at all2 s9ce !y f9d a good "p ( _! lives pass away )\t ?9k+4 ,= no def9itions t ,i "k1 no suppositions ( any sect1 are ( =ce en\gh to de/roy con/ant exp]i5ce2 & p]haps x is ! affectation ( kn[+ beyond :at we p]ceive1 t makes s mu* useless dispute & noise 9 ! _w4 #bj4 ,no ideas b f ,s5sation & ,reflection1 evid5t1 if we obs]ve ,*ildr54 ,i see no reason1 !re=e1 to believe t ! s\l ?9ks be=e ! s5ses h furni%$ x ) ideas to ?9k on2 & z ^? are increas$ & reta9$1 s x comes1 by ex]cise1 to improve its faculty ( ?9k+ 9 ! sev]al p>ts ( x2 z well z1 aft]w>ds1 by comp\nd+ ^? ideas1 & reflect+ on its own op]ations1 x increases its /ock1 z well z facility 9 rememb]+1 imag9+1 reason+1 & o!r modes ( ?9k+4 #ba4 ,/ate ( a *ild 9 ! "m's womb4 ,he t w suff] himself to be in=m$ by obs]vation & exp]i5ce1 & n make 8 own hypo!sis ! rule ( nature1 w f9d few signs ( a s\l accu/om$ to mu* ?9k+ 9 a new-born *ild1 & mu* few] ( any reason+ at all4 ,& yet x is h>d to imag9e t ! rational s\l %\ld ?9k s mu*1 & n reason at all4 ,& he t w consid] t infants newly come into ! _w sp5d ! greate/ "p ( _! "t 9 sleep1 & are seldom awake b :5 ei!r hung] calls = ! teat1 or "s pa9 7! mo/ importunate ( all s5sations71 or "s o!r viol5t impression on ! body1 =ces ! m9d to p]ceive & att5d to x2--he1 ,i say1 :o consid]s ?is1 w p]haps f9d reason to imag9e t a ,ftus 9 ! "m's womb diff]s n mu* f ! /ate ( a vegetable1 b passes ! greate/ "p ( its "t )\t p]ception or ?\ght2 do+ v little b sleep 9 a place :]e x ne$s n seek = food1 & is surr\nd$ ) liquor1 always equally s(t1 & ne> ( ! same temp]2 :]e ! eyes h no light1 & ! e>s s %ut up are n v susceptible ( s\nds2 & :]e !re is little or no v>iety1 or *ange ( objects1 to move ! s5ses4 #bb4 ,! m9d ?9ks 9 proportion to ! matt] x gets f exp]i5ce to ?9k ab\t4 ,foll[ a *ild f its bir?1 & obs]ve ! alt]ations t "t makes1 & y %all f9d1 z ! m9d by ! s5ses comes m & m to be furni%$ ) ideas1 x comes to be m & m awake2 ?9ks m1 ! m x has matt] to ?9k on4 ,aft] "s "t x beg9s to "k ! objects :i*1 be+ mo/ famili> ) x1 h made la/+ impressions4 ,?us x comes by degrees to "k ! p]sons x daily conv]ses )1 & di/+ui%es !m f /rang]s2 :i* are in/ances & effects ( its com+ to reta9 & di/+ui% ! ideas ! s5ses convey to x4 ,& s we may obs]ve h[ ! m9d1 ,,by ,,degrees1 improves 9 ^!2 & ,,advances to ! ex]cise ( ^? o!r faculties ( enl>g+1 comp\nd+1 & ab/ract+ its ideas1 & ( reason+ ab\t !m1 & reflect+ ^u all ^!2 ( :i* ,i %all h occasion to speak m h]eaft]4 #bc4 ,a man beg9s to h ideas :5 he fir/ has s5sation4 ,:at s5sation is4 ,if x %all be dem&$ !n1 ,,:5 a man ,,beg9s to h any ideas1 ,i ?9k ! true answ] is1--,,:5 ,,he ,,fir/ ,,has ,,any ,,s5sation4 ,=1 s9ce !re appe> n to be any ideas 9 ! m9d be=e ! s5ses h convey$ any 91 ,i conceive t ideas 9 ! und]/&+ are coeval ) ,,s5sation2 ,,:i* ,,is ,,su* ,,an ,,impression ,,or ,,motion ,,made ,,9 ,,"s ,,"p ,,( ,,! ,,body1 ,,z ,,makes ,,x ,,be ,,tak5 ,,notice ,,( ,,9 ,,! ,,und]/&+4 #bd4 ,! ,orig9al ( all our ,k4 ,! impressions !n t are made on our s5se by outw>d objects t are extr9sical to ! m9d2 & its own op]ations ab\t ^! impressions1 reflect$ on by itself1 z prop] objects to be contemplat$ by x1 are1 ,i conceive1 ! orig9al ( all k4 ,?us ! fir/ capacity ( human intellect is1--t ! m9d is fitt$ to receive ! impressions made on x2 ei!r ?r\gh ! s5ses by outw>d objects1 or by its own op]ations :5 x reflects on !m4 ,?is is ! fir/ /ep a man makes t[>ds ! discov]y ( any?+1 & ! gr\ndwork :]eon to build all ^? notions :i* ev] he %all h naturally 9 ?is _w4 ,all ^? sublime ?\ghts :i* t[] above ! cl\ds1 & rea* z high z heav5 itself1 take _! rise & foot+ "h3 9 all t great ext5t :]e9 ! m9d w&]s1 9 ^? remote speculations x may seem to be elevat$ )1 x /irs n "o jot beyond ^? ideas :i* ,,s5se or ,,reflection h (f]$ = its contemplation4 #be4 ,9 ! ,reception ( simple ,ideas1 ! ,und]/&+ is = ! mo/ "p passive4 ,9 ?is "p ! und]/&+ is m]ely passive2 & :e!r or no x w h ^! beg9n+s1 & z x 7 mat]ials ( k1 is n 9 its own p[]4 ,= ! objects ( our s5ses d1 _m ( !m1 obtrude _! p>ticul> ideas ^u our m9ds :e!r we w or n2 & ! op]ations ( our m9ds w n let u be )\t1 at lea/1 "s obscure notions ( !m4 ,no man c be :olly ignorant ( :at he does :5 he ?9ks4 ,^! simple ideas1 :5 (f]$ to ! m9d1 ! und]/&+ c no m refuse to h1 nor alt] :5 !y are impr9t$1 nor blot !m out & make new ones itself1 ?an a mirror c refuse1 alt]1 or oblit]ate ! images or ideas :i* ! objects set be=e x d !re9 produce4 ,z ! bodies t surr\nd u d div]sely affect our organs1 ! m9d is =c$ to receive ! impressions2 & _c avoid ! p]ception ( ^? ideas t are annex$ to !m4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,( ,,simple ,,ideas4 #a4 ,uncomp\nd$ ,appe>ances4 ,! bett] to und]/& ! nature1 mann]1 & ext5t ( our k1 "o ?+ is c>efully to be obs]v$ conc]n+ ! ideas we h2 & t is1 t "s ( !m1 are ,,simple & "s ,,complex4 ,?\gh ! qualities t affect our s5ses are1 9 ! ?+s !mselves1 s unit$ & bl5d$1 t !re is no sep>ation1 no di/ance betwe5 !m2 yet x is pla91 ! ideas !y produce 9 ! m9d ent] by ! s5ses simple2 & unmix$4 ,=1 ?\gh ! sight & t\* (t5 take 9 f ! same object1 at ! same "t1 diff]5t ideas2--z a man sees at once motion & col\r2 ! h& feels s(tness & w>m? 9 ! same piece ( wax3 yet ! simple ideas ?us unit$ 9 ! same subject1 are z p]fectly di/9ct z ^? t come 9 by diff]5t s5ses4 ,! coldness & h>dness :i* a man feels 9 a piece ( ice be+ z di/9ct ideas 9 ! m9d z ! smell & :it5ess ( a lily2 or z ! ta/e ( sug>1 & smell ( a rose4 ,& !re is no?+ c be pla9] to a man ?an ! cle> & di/9ct p]ception he has ( ^? simple ideas2 :i*1 be+ ea* 9 itself uncomp\nd$1 conta9s 9 x no?+ b ,,"o ,,uni=m ,,appe>ance1 ,,or ,,conception ,,9 ,,! ,,m9d1 & is n di/+ui%able into diff]5t ideas4 #b4 ,! ,m9d c nei!r make nor de/roy !m4 ,^! simple ideas1 ! mat]ials ( all our k1 are sugge/$ & furni%$ to ! m9d only by ^? two ways above m5tion$1 viz4 s5sation & reflection4 ,:5 ! und]/&+ is once /or$ ) ^! simple ideas1 x has ! p[] to repeat1 comp>e1 & unite !m1 ev5 to an almo/ inf9ite v>iety1 & s c make at pleasure new complex ideas4 ,b x is n 9 ! p[] ( ! mo/ exalt$ wit1 or enl>g$ und]/&+1 by any quickness or v>iety ( ?\ght1 to ,,inv5t or ,,frame "o new simple idea 9 ! m9d1 n tak5 9 by ! ways be=e m5tion$3 nor c any =ce ( ! und]/&+ ,,de/roy ^? t are !re4 ,! dom9ion ( man1 9 ?is little _w ( 8 own und]/&+ be+ mu* :at ! same z x is 9 ! great _w ( visible ?+s2 :]e9 8 p[]1 h[ev] manag$ by art & skill1 rea*es no f>!r ?an to comp\nd & divide ! mat]ials t are made to 8 h&2 b c d no?+ t[>ds ! mak+ ! lea/ p>ticle ( new matt]1 or de/roy+ "o atom ( :at is already 9 be+4 ,! same inability w e "o f9d 9 himself1 :o %all g ab\t to fa%ion 9 8 und]/&+ "o simple idea1 n receiv$ 9 by 8 s5ses f ext]nal objects1 or by reflection f ! op]ations ( 8 own m9d ab\t !m4 ,i w\ld h any "o try to fancy any ta/e :i* _h nev] affect$ 8 palate2 or frame ! idea ( a sc5t he _h nev] smelt3 & :5 he c d ?is1 ,i w also conclude t a bl9d man ha? ideas ( col\rs1 & a deaf man true di/9ct notions ( s\nds4 #c4 ,only ! qualities t affect ! s5ses are imag9able4 ,?is is ! reason :y--?\gh we _c believe x impossible to ,god to make a creature ) o!r organs1 & m ways to convey into ! und]/&+ ! notice ( corporeal ?+s ?an ^? five1 z !y are usually c\nt$1 :i* he has giv5 to man--yet ,i ?9k x is n possible = any ,,man to imag9e any o!r qualities 9 bodies1 h[soev] con/itut$1 :]eby !y c be tak5 notice (1 besides s\nds1 ta/es1 smells1 visible & tangible qualities4 ,& _h mank9d be5 made b ) f\r s5ses1 ! qualities !n :i* are ! objects ( ! fif? s5se _h be5 z f> f our notice1 imag9ation1 & conception1 z n[ any belong+ to a six?1 sev5?1 or eigh? s5se c possibly be2--:i*1 :e!r yet "s o!r creatures1 9 "s o!r p>ts ( ?is va/ & /up5d\s univ]se1 may n h1 w be a great presumption to d5y4 ,he t w n set himself pr\dly at ! top ( all ?+s1 b w consid] ! imm5sity ( ?is fabric1 & ! great v>iety t is to be f\nd 9 ?is little & inconsid]able "p ( x :i* he has to d )1 may be apt to ?9k t1 9 o!r mansions ( x1 !re may be o!r & diff]5t intellig5t be+s1 ( ^: faculties he has z little k or appreh5sion z a worm %ut up 9 "o draw] ( a cab9et ha? ( ! s5ses or und]/&+ ( a man2 su* v>iety & excell5cy be+ suitable to ! wisdom & p[] ( ! ,mak]4 ,i h "h foll[$ ! common op9ion ( man's hav+ b five s5ses2 ?\gh1 p]haps1 !re may be ju/ly c\nt$ m2--b ei!r supposition s]ves equally to my pres5t purpose4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,( ,,simple ,,ideas ,,( ,,s5se4 #a4 ,division ( simple ideas4 ,! bett] to conceive ! ideas we receive f s5sation1 x may n be amiss = u to consid] !m1 9 ref]5ce to ! diff]5t ways :]eby !y make _! approa*es to our m9ds1 & make !mselves p]ceivable by u4 ,,fir/1 !n1 ,!re are "s :i* come into our m9ds ,,by ,,"o ,,s5se ,,only4 ,,secondly1 ,!re are o!rs t convey !mselves into ! m9d ,,by ,,m ,,s5ses ,,?an ,,"o4 ,,?irdly1 ,o!rs t are _h f ,,reflection ,,only4 ,,f\r?ly1 ,!re are "s t make !mselves way1 & are sugge/$ to ! m9d ,,by ,,all ,,! ,,ways ,,( ,,s5sation ,,& ,,reflection4 ,we %all consid] !m ap>t "u ^! sev]al heads4 ,ideas ( "o ,s5se4 ,!re are "s ideas :i* h admittance only ?r\gh "o s5se1 :i* is peculi>ly adapt$ to receive !m4 ,?us light & col\rs1 z :ite1 r$1 yell[1 blue2 ) _! sev]al degrees or %ades & mixtures1 z gre51 sc>let1 purple1 sea-gre51 & ! re/1 come 9 only by ! eyes4 ,all k9ds ( noises1 s\nds1 & tones1 only by ! e>s4 ,! sev]al ta/es & smells1 by ! nose & palate4 ,& if ^! organs1 or ! n]ves :i* are ! conduits to convey !m f )\t to _! audi5ce 9 ! bra91--! m9d's pres5ce-room 7z ,i may s call x7--are any ( !m s disord]$ z n to p]=m _! functions1 !y h no po/]n to be admitt$ by2 no o!r way to br+ !mselves into view1 & be p]ceiv$ by ! und]/&+4 ,! mo/ consid]able ( ^? belong+ to ! t\*1 are heat & cold1 & solidity3 all ! re/1 consi/+ almo/ :olly 9 ! s5sible configuration1 z smoo? & r\gh2 or else1 m or less firm adhesion ( ! p>ts1 z h>d & s(t1 t\gh & brittle1 are obvi\s en\gh4 #b4 ,few simple ,ideas h ,names4 ,i ?9k x w be ne$less to enum]ate all ! p>ticul> simple ideas belong+ to ea* s5se4 ,nor inde$ is x possible if we w\ld2 !re be+ a great _m m ( !m belong+ to mo/ ( ! s5ses ?an we h names =4 ,! v>iety ( smells1 :i* are z _m almo/1 if n m1 ?an species ( bodies 9 ! _w1 d mo/ ( !m want names4 ,sweet & /9k+ commonly s]ve our turn = ^! ideas1 :i* 9 effect is little m ?an to call !m pleas+ or displeas+2 ?\gh ! smell ( a rose & violet1 bo? sweet1 are c]ta9ly v di/9ct ideas4 ,nor are ! diff]5t ta/es1 t by our palates we receive ideas (1 mu* bett] provid$ ) names4 ,sweet1 bitt]1 s\r1 h>%1 & salt are almo/ all ! epi!ts we h to d5om9ate t numb]less v>iety ( reli%es1 :i* are to be f\nd di/9ct1 n only 9 almo/ e sort ( creatures1 b 9 ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! same plant1 fruit1 or animal4 ,! same may be said ( col\rs & s\nds4 ,i %all1 !re=e1 9 ! acc\nt ( simple ideas ,i am "h giv+1 cont5t myself to set d[n only su* z are mo/ mat]ial to our pres5t purpose1 or are 9 !mselves less apt to be tak5 notice ( ?\gh !y are v frequ5tly ! +r$i5ts ( our complex ideas2 among/ :i*1 ,i ?9k1 ,i may well acc\nt solidity1 :i* !re=e ,i %all treat ( 9 ! next *apt]4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,idea ,,( ,,solidity4 #a4 ,we receive ?is ,idea f ,t\*4 ,! idea ( ,,solidity we receive by our t\*3 & x arises f ! resi/ance :i* we f9d 9 body to ! entrance ( any o!r body into ! place x possesses1 till x has left x4 ,!re is no idea :i* we receive m con/antly f s5sation ?an solidity4 ,:e!r we move or re/1 9 :at po/ure soev] we are1 we always feel some?+ "u u t supports u1 & h9d]s our fur!r s9k+ d[nw>ds2 & ! bodies :i* we daily h&le make u p]ceive t1 :il/ !y rema9 betwe5 !m1 !y d1 by an insurm\ntable =ce1 h9d] ! approa* ( ! p>ts ( our h&s t press !m4 ,,t ,,:i* ,,?us ,,h9d]s ,,! ,,approa* ,,( ,,two ,,bodies1 ,,:5 ,,!y ,,are ,,mov$ ,,"o ,,t[>ds ,,ano!r1 ,i ,,call ,,solidity4 ,i w n dispute :e!r ?is acceptation ( ! ^w solid be ne>] to its orig9al signification ?an t :i* ma!maticians use x 94 ,x suffices t ,i ?9k ! common notion ( solidity w all[1 if n ju/ify1 ?is use ( x2 b if any "o ?9k x bett] to call x ,,imp5etrability1 he has my cons5t4 ,only ,i h ?\ght ! t]m solidity ! m prop] to express ?is idea1 n only because ( its vulg> use 9 t s5se1 b also because x c>ries some?+ m ( positive 9 x ?an imp5etrability2 :i* is negative1 & is p]haps m a consequ5ce ( solidity1 ?an solidity itself4 ,?is1 ( all o!r1 seems ! idea mo/ intimately connect$ )1 & ess5tial to body2 s z n[h]e else to be f\nd or imag9$1 b only 9 matt]4 ,& ?\gh our s5ses take no notice ( x1 b 9 masses ( matt]1 ( a bulk suffici5t to cause a s5sation 9 u3 yet ! m9d1 hav+ once got ?is idea f su* gross] s5sible bodies1 traces x fur!r1 & consid]s x1 z well z figure1 9 ! m9ute/ p>ticle ( matt] t c exi/2 & f9ds x insep>ably inh]5t 9 body1 :]ev] or h[ev] modifi$4 #b4 ,solidity fills ,space4 ,?is is ! idea :i* belongs to body1 :]eby we conceive x to fill space4 ,! idea ( :i* fill+ ( space is1--t :]e we imag9e any space tak5 up by a solid sub/ance1 we conceive x s to possess x1 t x excludes all o!r solid sub/ances2 & w = ev] h9d] any o!r two bodies1 t move t[>ds "o ano!r 9 a /raight l9e1 f com+ to t\* "o ano!r1 unless x removes f betwe5 !m 9 a l9e n p>allel to t :i* !y move 94 ,?is idea ( x1 ! bodies :i* we ord9>ily h&le suffici5tly furni% u )4 #c4 ,di/9ct f ,space4 ,?is resi/ance1 :]eby x keeps o!r bodies out ( ! space :i* x possesses1 is s great1 t no =ce1 h[ great soev]1 c surm\nt x4 ,all ! bodies 9 ! _w1 press+ a drop ( wat] on all sides1 w nev] be able to ov]come ! resi/ance :i* x w make1 s(t z x is1 to _! approa*+ "o ano!r1 till x be remov$ out ( _! way3 :]eby our idea ( solidity is di/+ui%$ bo? f pure space1 :i* is capable nei!r ( resi/ance nor motion2 & f ! ord9>y idea ( h>dness4 ,= a man may conceive two bodies at a di/ance1 s z !y may approa* "o ano!r1 )\t t\*+ or displac+ any solid ?+1 till _! sup]ficies come to meet2 :]eby1 ,i ?9k1 we h ! cle> idea ( space )\t solidity4 ,= 7n to g s f> z annihilation ( any p>ticul> body7 ,i ask1 :e!r a man _c h ! idea ( ! motion ( "o s+le body alone1 )\t any o!r succe$+ imm$iately into its place8 ,i ?9k x is evid5t he c3 ! idea ( motion 9 "o body no m includ+ ! idea ( motion 9 ano!r1 ?an ! idea ( a squ>e figure 9 "o body includes ! idea ( a squ>e figure 9 ano!r4 ,i d n ask1 :e!r bodies d s ,,exi/1 t ! motion ( "o body _c really be )\t ! motion ( ano!r4 ,to det]m9e ?is ei!r way1 is to beg ! "q = or aga9/ a ,,vacuum4 ,b my "q is1--:e!r "o _c h ! ,,idea ( "o body mov$1 :il/ o!rs are at re/8 ,& ,i ?9k ?is no "o w d5y4 ,if s1 !n ! place x des]t$ gives u ! idea ( pure space )\t solidity2 :]e9to any o!r body may ent]1 )\t ei!r resi/ance or protrusion ( any?+4 ,:5 ! suck] 9 a pump is drawn1 ! space x fill$ 9 ! tube is c]ta9ly ! same :e!r any o!r body foll[s ! motion ( ! suck] or n3 nor does x imply a contradiction t1 ^u ! motion ( "o body1 ano!r t is only contigu\s to x %\ld n foll[ x4 ,! necessity ( su* a motion is built only on ! supposition t ! _w is full2 b n on ! di/9ct ,,ideas ( space & solidity1 :i* are z diff]5t z resi/ance & n resi/ance1 protrusion & n protrusion4 ,& t m5 h ideas ( space )\t a body1 _! v disputes ab\t a vacuum pla9ly demon/rate1 z is %[n 9 ano!r place4 #d4 ,f ,h>dness4 ,solidity is h]eby also diff]5c$ f h>dness1 9 t solidity consi/s 9 repletion1 & s an utt] exclusion ( o!r bodies out ( ! space x possesses3 b h>dness1 9 a firm cohesion ( ! p>ts ( matt]1 mak+ up masses ( a s5sible bulk1 s t ! :ole does n easily *ange its figure4 ,& inde$1 h>d & s(t are names t we give to ?+s only 9 relation to ! con/itutions ( our own bodies2 t be+ g5]ally call$ h>d by u1 :i* w put u to pa9 soon] ?an *ange figure by ! pressure ( any "p ( our bodies2 & t1 on ! contr>y1 s(t1 :i* *anges ! situation ( its p>ts ^u an easy & unpa9ful t\*4 ,b ?is difficulty ( *ang+ ! situation ( ! s5sible p>ts among/ !mselves1 or ( ! figure ( ! :ole1 gives no m solidity to ! h>de/ body 9 ! _w ?an to ! s(te/2 nor is an adamant "o jot m solid ?an wat]4 ,=1 ?\gh ! two flat sides ( two pieces ( m>ble w m easily approa* ea* o!r1 betwe5 :i* !re is no?+ b wat] or air1 ?an if !re be a diamond betwe5 !m2 yet x is n t ! p>ts ( ! diamond are m solid ?an ^? ( wat]1 or resi/ m2 b because ! p>ts ( wat]1 be+ m easily sep>able f ea* o!r1 !y w1 by a side motion1 be m easily remov$1 & give way to ! approa* ( ! two pieces ( m>ble4 ,b if !y c\ld be kept f mak+ place by t side motion1 !y w\ld et]nally h9d] ! approa* ( ^! two pieces ( m>ble1 z mu* z ! diamond2 & x w\ld be z impossible by any =ce to surm\nt _! resi/ance1 z to surm\nt ! resi/ance ( ! p>ts ( a diamond4 ,! s(te/ body 9 ! _w w z inv9cibly resi/ ! com+ toge!r ( any o!r two bodies1 if x be n put out ( ! way1 b rema9 betwe5 !m1 z ! h>de/ t c be f\nd or imag9$4 ,he t %all fill a yield+ s(t body well ) air or wat]1 w quickly f9d its resi/ance4 ,& he t ?9ks t no?+ b bodies t are h>d c keep 8 h&s f approa*+ "o ano!r1 may be pleas$ to make a trial1 ) ! air inclos$ 9 a football4 ,! exp]im5t1 ,i h be5 told1 0 made at ,flor5ce1 ) a holl[ globe ( gold fill$ ) wat]1 & exactly clos$2 :i* fur!r %[s ! solidity ( s s(t a body z wat]4 ,= ! gold5 globe ?us fill$1 be+ put into a press1 :i* 0 driv5 by ! extreme =ce ( screws1 ! wat] made itself way ?r\gh ! pores ( t v close metal1 & f9d+ no room = a ne>] approa* ( its p>ticles )91 got to ! outside1 :]e x rose l a dew1 & s fell 9 drops1 be=e ! sides ( ! globe c\ld be made to yield to ! viol5t compression ( ! eng9e t squeez$ x4 #e4 ,on ,solidity dep5d ,impulse1 ,resi/ance & ,protrusion4 ,by ?is idea ( solidity is ! ext5sion ( body di/+ui%$ f ! ext5sion ( space3--! ext5sion ( body be+ no?+ b ! cohesion or cont9uity ( solid1 sep>able1 movable p>ts2 & ! ext5sion ( space1 ! cont9uity ( unsolid1 insep>able1 & immovable p>ts4 ,^u ! solidity ( bodies also dep5d _! mutual impulse1 resi/ance1 & protrusion4 ,( pure space !n1 & solidity1 !re are sev]al 7among/ :i* ,i confess myself "o7 :o p]suade !mselves !y h cle> & di/9ct ideas2 & t !y c ?9k on space1 )\t any?+ 9 x t resi/s or is protrud$ by body4 ,?is is ! idea ( pure space1 :i* !y ?9k !y h z cle> z any idea !y c h ( ! ext5sion ( body3 ! idea ( ! di/ance betwe5 ! opposite p>ts ( a concave sup]ficies be+ equally z cle> )\t z ) ! idea ( any solid p>ts betwe53 & on ! o!r side1 !y p]suade !mselves t !y h1 di/9ct f t ( pure space1 ! idea ( ,,some?+ ,,t ,,fills ,,space1 t c be protrud$ by ! impulse ( o!r bodies1 or resi/ _! motion4 ,if !re be o!rs t h n ^! two ideas di/9ct1 b conf\nd !m1 & make b "o ( !m1 ,i "k n h[ m51 :o h ! same idea "u diff]5t names1 or diff]5t ideas "u ! same "n1 c 9 t case talk ) "o ano!r2 any m ?an a man :o1 n be+ bl9d or deaf1 has di/9ct ideas ( ! col\r ( sc>let & ! s\nd ( a trumpet1 c\ld disc\rse conc]n+ sc>let col\r ) ! bl9d man ,i m5tion$ 9 ano!r place1 :o fanci$ t ! idea ( sc>let 0 l ! s\nd ( a trumpet4 #f4 ,:at ,solidity is4 ,if any "o asks me1 ,,:at ,,?is ,,solidity ,,is1 ,i s5d him to 8 s5ses to in=m him4 ,let him put a fl9t or a football betwe5 8 h&s1 & !n endeav\r to jo9 !m1 & he w "k4 ,if he ?9ks ?is n a suffici5t explication ( solidity1 :at x is1 & :]e9 x consi/s2 ,i promise to tell him :at x is1 & :]e9 x consi/s1 :5 he tells me :at ?9k+ is1 or :]e9 x consi/s2 or expla9s to me :at ext5sion or motion is1 :i* p]haps seems mu* easi]4 ,! simple ideas we h1 are su* z exp]i5ce tea*es !m u2 b if1 beyond t1 we endeav\r by words to make !m cle>] 9 ! m9d1 we %all succe$ no bett] ?an if we w5t ab\t to cle> up ! d>kness ( a bl9d man's m9d by talk+2 & to disc\rse into him ! ideas ( light & col\rs4 ,! reason ( ?is ,i %all %[ 9 ano!r place4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,( ,,simple ,,ideas ,,( ,,div]s ,,s5ses4 ,ideas receiv$ bo? by see+ & t\*+4 ,! ideas we get by m ?an "o s5se are1 ( ,,space or ,,ext5sion1 ,,figure1 ,,re/1 & ,,motion4 ,= ^! make p]ceivable impressions1 bo? on ! eyes & t\*2 & we c receive & convey into our m9ds ! ideas ( ! ext5sion1 figure1 motion1 & re/ ( bodies1 bo? by see+ & feel+4 ,b hav+ occasion to speak m at l>ge ( ^! 9 ano!r place1 ,i "h only enum]ate !m4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,( ,,simple ,,ideas ,,( ,,reflection4 ,simple ,ideas are ! ,op]ations ( ,m9d ab\t its o!r ,ideas4 ,! m9d receiv+ ! ideas m5tion$ 9 ! =ego+ *apt]s f )\t1 :5 x turns its view inw>d ^u itself1 & obs]ves its own actions ab\t ^? ideas x has1 takes f !nce o!r ideas1 :i* are z capable to be ! objects ( its contemplation z any ( ^? x receiv$ f =eign ?+s4 ,! ,idea ( ,p]ception1 & ,idea ( ,will+1 we h f ,reflection4 ,! two great & pr9cipal actions ( ! m9d1 :i* are mo/ frequ5tly consid]$1 & :i* are s frequ5t t e "o t pleases may take notice ( !m 9 himself1 are ^! two3-- ,,p]ception1 or ,,?9k+2 & ,,volition1 or ,,will+4 ,! p[] ( ?9k+ is call$ ! ,,und]/&+1 & ! p[] ( volition is call$ ! ,,w2 & ^! two p[]s or abilities 9 ! m9d are d5om9at$ faculties4 ,( "s ( ! ,,modes ( ^! simple ideas ( reflection1 su* z are ,,remembrance1 ,,disc]n+1 ,,reason+1 ,,judg+1 ,,k1 ,,fai?1 c41 ,i %all h occasion to speak h]eaft]4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,( ,,simple ,,ideas ,,( ,,bo? ,,s5sation ,,& ,,reflection4 #a4 ,ideas ( ,pleasure & ,pa94 ,!re be o!r simple ideas :i* convey !mselves into ! m9d by all ! ways ( s5sation & reflection1 viz4 ,pleasure or ,delight1 & its opposite1 ,pa91 or ,uneas9ess2 ,p[]2 ,exi/5ce2 ,unity mix ) almo/ all our o!r ,ideas4 #b4 ,delight or uneas9ess1 "o or o!r ( !m1 jo9 !mselves to almo/ all our ideas bo? ( s5sation & reflection3 & !re is sc>ce any affection ( our s5ses f )\t1 any retir$ ?\ght ( our m9d )91 :i* is n able to produce 9 u pleasure or pa94 ,by pleasure & pa91 ,i w\ld be und]/ood to signify1 :atsoev] delights or mole/s u2 :e!r x arises f ! ?\ghts ( our m9ds1 or any?+ op]at+ on our bodies4 ,=1 :e!r we call x2 satisfaction1 delight1 pleasure1 happ9ess1 c41 on ! "o side1 or uneas9ess1 tr\ble1 pa91 torm5t1 angui%1 mis]y1 c41 ! o!r1 !y are /ill b diff]5t degrees ( ! same ?+1 & belong to ! ideas ( pleasure & pa91 delight or uneas9ess2 :i* are ! names ,i %all mo/ commonly use = ^? two sorts ( ideas4 #c4 ,z motives ( our actions4 ,! inf9ite wise ,au?or ( our be+1 hav+ giv5 u ! p[] ov] sev]al p>ts ( our bodies1 to move or keep !m at re/ z we ?9k fit2 & also1 by ! motion ( !m1 to move ourselves & o!r contigu\s bodies1 9 :i* consi/ all ! actions ( our body3 hav+ also giv5 a p[] to our m9ds1 9 sev]al in/ances1 to *oose1 among/ its ideas1 :i* x w ?9k on1 & to pursue ! inquiry ( ?is or t subject ) consid]ation & att5tion1 to excite u to ^! actions ( ?9k+ & motion t we are capable (1--has be5 pleas$ to jo9 to sev]al ?\ghts1 & sev]al s5sations a p]ception ( delight4 ,if ?is 7 :olly sep>at$ f all our outw>d s5sations1 & inw>d ?\ghts1 we %\ld h no reason to pref] "o ?\ght or action to ano!r2 neglig5ce to att5tion1 or motion to re/4 ,& s we %\ld nei!r /ir our bodies1 nor employ our m9ds1 b let our ?\ghts 7if ,i may s call x7 run adrift1 )\t any direction or design1 & suff] ! ideas ( our m9ds1 l unreg>d$ %ad[s1 to make _! appe>ances !re1 z x happ5$1 )\t att5d+ to !m4 ,9 :i* /ate man1 h[ev] furni%$ ) ! faculties ( und]/&+ & w1 w\ld be a v idle1 inactive creature1 & pass 8 "t only 9 a lazy1 le?>gic dream4 ,x has !re=e pleas$ our wise ,creator to annex to sev]al objects1 & ! ideas :i* we receive f !m1 z also to sev]al ( our ?\ghts1 a concomitant pleasure1 & t 9 sev]al objects1 to sev]al degrees1 t ^? faculties :i* he _h end[$ u ) might n rema9 :olly idle & unemploy$ by u4 #d4 ,an end & use ( pa94 ,pa9 has ! same efficacy & use to set u on "w t pleasure has1 we be+ z ready to employ our faculties to avoid t1 z to pursue ?is3 only ?is is wor? our consid]ation1 t pa9 is (t5 produc$ by ! same objects & ideas t produce pleasure 9 u4 ,?is _! ne> conjunction1 :i* makes u (t5 feel pa9 9 ! s5sations :]e we expect$ pleasure1 gives u new occasion ( admir+ ! wisdom & goodness ( our ,mak]1 :o1 design+ ! pres]vation ( our be+1 has annex$ pa9 to ! application ( _m ?+s to our bodies1 to w>n u ( ! h>m t !y w d1 & z advices to )draw f !m4 ,b he1 n design+ our pres]vation b>ely1 b ! pres]vation ( e "p & organ 9 its p]fection1 ha? 9 _m cases annex$ pa9 to ^? v ideas :i* delight u4 ,?us heat1 t is v agreeable to u 9 "o degree1 by a little great] increase ( x proves no ord9>y torm5t3 & ! mo/ pleasant ( all s5sible objects1 light itself1 if !re be too mu* ( x1 if increas$ beyond a due proportion to our eyes1 causes a v pa9ful s5sation4 ,:i* is wisely & fav\rably s ord]$ by nature1 t :5 any object does1 by ! vehem5cy ( its op]ation1 disord] ! in/rum5ts ( s5sation1 ^: /ructures _c b be v nice & delicate1 we might1 by ! pa91 be w>n$ to )draw1 be=e ! organ be q put out ( ord]1 & s be unfitt$ = its prop] function = ! future4 ,! consid]ation ( ^? objects t produce x may well p]suade u1 t ?is is ! end or use ( pa94 ,=1 ?\gh great light be insuff]able to our eyes1 yet ! highe/ degree ( d>kness does n at all disease !m3 because t1 caus+ no disord]ly motion 9 x1 leaves t curi\s organ unh>m$ 9 its natural /ate4 ,b yet excess ( cold z well z heat pa9s u3 because x is equally de/ructive to t temp] :i* is necess>y to ! pres]vation ( life1 & ! ex]cise ( ! sev]al functions ( ! body1 & :i* consi/s 9 a mod]ate degree ( w>m?2 or1 if y please1 a motion ( ! ins5sible p>ts ( our bodies1 conf9$ )9 c]ta9 b\nds4 #e4 ,ano!r end4 ,beyond all ?is1 we may f9d ano!r reason :y ,god ha? scatt]$ up & d[n sev]al degrees ( pleasure & pa91 9 all ! ?+s t environ & affect u2 & bl5d$ !m toge!r 9 almo/ all t our ?\ghts & s5ses h to d )2--t we1 f9d+ imp]fection1 dissatisfaction1 & want ( complete happ9ess1 9 all ! enjoym5ts :i* ! creatures c af=d u1 might be l$ to seek x 9 ! enjoym5t ( ,him ) :om !re is fullness ( joy1 & at ^: "r h& are pleasures = ev]more4 #f4 ,goodness ( ,god 9 annex+ pleasure & pa9 to our o!r ideas4 ,?\gh :at ,i h "h said may n1 p]haps1 make ! ideas ( pleasure & pa9 cle>] to u ?an our own exp]i5ce does1 :i* is ! only way t we are capable ( hav+ !m2 yet ! consid]ation ( ! reason :y !y are annex$ to s _m o!r ideas1 s]v+ to give u due s5tim5ts ( ! wisdom & goodness ( ! ,sov]eign ,dispos] ( all ?+s1 may n be unsuitable to ! ma9 end ( ^! inquiries3 ! k & v5]ation ( him be+ ! *ief end ( all our ?\ghts1 & ! prop] bus9ess ( all und]/&+s4 #g4 ,ideas ( ,exi/5ce & ,unity4 ,,exi/5ce & ,,unity are two o!r ideas t are sugge/$ to ! und]/&+ by e object )\t1 & e idea )94 ,:5 ideas are 9 our m9ds1 we consid] !m z be+ actually !re1 z well z we consid] ?+s to be actually )\t u2--:i* is1 t !y exi/1 or h exi/5ce4 ,& :atev] we c consid] z "o ?+1 :e!r a real be+ or idea1 sugge/s to ! und]/&+ ! idea ( unity4 #h4 ,idea ( ,p[]4 ,,p[] also is ano!r ( ^? simple ideas :i* we receive f s5sation & reflection4 ,=1 obs]v+ 9 ourselves t we d & c ?9k1 & t we c at pleasure move sev]al p>ts ( our bodies :i* 7 at re/2 ! effects1 also1 t natural bodies are able to produce 9 "o ano!r1 occurr+ e mom5t to our s5ses1--we bo? ^! ways get ! idea ( p[]4 #i4 ,idea ( ,succession4 ,besides ^! !re is ano!r idea1 :i*1 ?\gh sugge/$ by our s5ses1 yet is m con/antly (f]$ to u by :at passes 9 our m9ds2 & t is ! idea ( ,,succession4 ,= if we look imm$iately into ourselves1 & reflect on :at is obs]vable !re1 we %all f9d our ideas always1 :il/ we are awake1 or h any ?\ght1 pass+ 9 tra91 "o go+ & ano!r com+1 )\t int]mission4 #aj4 ,simple ,ideas ! mat]ials ( all our ,k4 ,^!1 if !y are n all1 are at lea/ 7z ,i ?9k7 ! mo/ consid]able ( ^? simple ideas :i* ! m9d has1 out ( :i* is made all its o!r k2 all :i* x receives only by ! two =em5tion$ ways ( s5sation & reflection4 ,nor let any "o ?9k ^! too n>r[ b\nds = ! capaci\s m9d ( man to expatiate 91 :i* takes its flight fur!r ?an ! />s1 & _c be conf9$ by ! limits ( ! _w2 t ext5ds its ?\ghts (t5 ev5 beyond ! utmo/ expansion ( ,matt]1 & makes excursions into t incompreh5sible ,inane4 ,i grant all ?is1 b desire any "o to assign any ,,simple ,,idea :i* is n receiv$ f "o ( ^? inlets be=e m5tion$1 or any ,,complex ,,idea n made out ( ^? simple ones4 ,nor w x be s /range to ?9k ^! few simple ideas suffici5t to employ ! quicke/ ?\ght1 or l>ge/ capacity2 & to furni% ! mat]ials ( all t v>i\s k1 & m v>i\s fancies & op9ions ( all mank9d1 if we consid] h[ _m words may be made out ( ! v>i\s composition ( tw5ty-f\r lett]s2 or if1 go+ "o /ep fur!r1 we w b reflect on ! v>iety ( comb9ations t may be made ) b>ely "o ( ! above-m5tion$ ideas1 viz4 numb]1 ^: /ock is inexhau/ible & truly inf9ite3 & :at a l>ge & imm5se field do? ext5sion alone af=d ! ma!maticians8 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,"s ,,fur!r ,,consid]ations ,,conc]n+ ,,our ,,simple ,,ideas ,,( ,,s5sation4 #a4 ,positive ,ideas f privative causes4 ,conc]n+ ! simple ideas ( ,s5sation2 x is to be consid]$1--t :atsoev] is s con/itut$ 9 nature z to be able1 by affect+ our s5ses1 to cause any p]ception 9 ! m9d1 do? !reby produce 9 ! und]/&+ a simple idea2 :i*1 :atev] be ! ext]nal cause ( x1 :5 x comes to be tak5 notice ( by our disc]n+ faculty1 x is by ! m9d look$ on & consid]$ !re to be a real positive idea 9 ! und]/&+1 z mu* z any o!r :atsoev]2 ?\gh1 p]haps1 ! cause ( x be b a privation ( ! subject4 #b4 ,ideas 9 ! m9d di/+ui%$ f t 9 ?+s :i* gives rise to !m4 ,?us ! ideas ( heat & cold1 light & d>kness1 :ite & black1 motion & re/1 are equally cle> & positive ideas 9 ! m9d2 ?\gh1 p]haps1 "s ( ! causes :i* produce !m are b>ely privations1 9 ^? subjects f :5ce our s5ses d]ive ^? ideas4 ,^! ! und]/&+1 9 its view ( !m1 consid]s all z di/9ct positive ideas1 )\t tak+ notice ( ! causes t produce !m3 :i* is an inquiry n belong+ to ! idea1 z x is 9 ! und]/&+1 b to ! nature ( ! ?+s exi/+ )\t u4 ,^! are two v diff]5t ?+s1 & c>efully to be di/+ui%$2 x be+ "o ?+ to p]ceive & "k ! idea ( :ite or black1 & q ano!r to exam9e :at k9d ( p>ticles !y mu/ be1 & h[ rang$ 9 ! sup]ficies1 to make any object appe> :ite or black4 #c4 ,we may h ! ideas :5 we are ignorant ( _! physical causes4 ,a pa9t] or dy] :o nev] inquir$ into _! causes ha? ! ideas ( :ite & black1 & o!r col\rs1 z cle>ly1 p]fectly1 & di/9ctly 9 8 und]/&+1 & p]haps m di/9ctly1 ?an ! philosoph] :o ha? busi$ himself 9 consid]+ _! natures1 & ?9ks he kn[s h[ f> ei!r ( !m is1 9 its cause1 positive or privative2 & ! idea ( black is no less positive 9 8 m9d ?an t ( :ite1 h[ev] ! cause ( t col\r 9 ! ext]nal object may be only a privation4 #d4 ,:y a privative cause 9 nature may occasion a positive idea4 ,if x 7 ! design ( my pres5t und]tak+ to inquire into ! natural causes & mann] ( p]ception1 ,i %\ld (f] ?is z a reason :y a privative cause might1 9 "s cases at lea/1 produce a positive idea2 viz4 t all s5sation be+ produc$ 9 u only by diff]5t degrees & modes ( motion 9 our animal spirits1 v>i\sly agitat$ by ext]nal objects1 ! abatem5t ( any =m] motion mu/ z necess>ily produce a new s5sation z ! v>iation or increase ( x2 & s introduce a new idea1 :i* dep5ds only on a diff]5t motion ( ! animal spirits 9 t organ4 #e4 ,negative names ne$ n be mean+less4 ,b :e!r ?is be s or n ,i w n "h det]m9e1 b appeal to e "o's own exp]i5ce1 :e!r ! %ad[ ( a man1 ?\gh x consi/s ( no?+ b ! abs5ce ( light 7& ! m ! abs5ce ( light is1 ! m disc]nible is ! %ad[7 does n1 :5 a man looks on x1 cause z cle> & positive idea 9 8 m9d1 z a man himself1 ?\gh cov]$ ov] ) cle> sun%9e8 ,& ! picture ( a %ad[ is a positive ?+4 ,inde$1 we h negative names1 to :i* !re be no positive ideas2 b !y consi/ :olly 9 negation ( "s c]ta9 ideas1 z ,,sil5ce1 ,,invisible2 b ^! signify n any ideas 9 ! m9d b _! abs5ce4 #f4 ,:e!r any ideas are due to causes really private4 ,& ?us "o may truly be said to see d>kness4 ,=1 suppos+ a hole p]fectly d>k1 f :5ce no light is reflect$1 x is c]ta9 "o may see ! figure ( x1 or x may be pa9t$2 or :e!r ! ink ,i write ) makes any o!r idea1 is a "q4 ,! privative causes ,i h "h assign$ ( positive ideas are accord+ to ! common op9ion2 b1 9 tru?1 x w be h>d to det]m9e :e!r !re be really any ideas f a privative cause1 till x be det]m9$1 :e!r re/ be any m a privation ?an motion4 #g4 ,ideas 9 ! ,m9d1 ,qualities 9 ,bodies4 ,to discov] ! nature ( our ,,ideas ! bett]1 & to disc\rse ( !m intelligibly1 x w be conv5i5t to di/+ui% !m ,,z ,,!y ,,are ,,ideas ,,or ,,p]ceptions ,,9 ,,our ,,m9ds2 & ,,z ,,!y ,,are ,,modifications ,,( ,,matt] ,,9 ,,! ,,bodies ,,t ,,cause ,,su* ,,p]ceptions ,,9 ,,u3 t s we may n ?9k 7z p]haps usually is done7 t !y are exactly ! images & resemblances ( some?+ inh]5t 9 ! subject2 mo/ ( ^? ( s5sation be+ 9 ! m9d no m ! lik5ess ( some?+ exi/+ )\t u1 ?an ! names t /& = !m are ! lik5ess ( our ideas1 :i* yet ^u he>+ !y are apt to excite 9 u4 #h4 ,our ,ideas & ! ,qualities ( ,bodies4 ,:atsoev] ! m9d p]ceives ,,9 ,,itself1 or is ! imm$iate object ( p]ception1 ?\ght1 or und]/&+1 t ,i call ,,idea2 & ! p[] to produce any idea 9 our m9d1 ,i call ,,quality ( ! subject :]e9 t p[] is4 ,?us a sn[ball hav+ ! p[] to produce 9 u ! ideas ( :ite1 cold1 & r\nd1--! p[] to produce ^? ideas 9 u1 z !y are 9 ! sn[ball1 ,i call qualities2 & z !y are s5sations or p]ceptions 9 our und]/&+s1 ,i call !m ideas2 :i* ,,ideas1 if ,i speak ( sometimes z 9 ! ?+s !mselves1 ,i w\ld be und]/ood to mean ^? qualities 9 ! objects :i* produce !m 9 u4 #i4 ,prim>y ,qualities ( ,bodies4 ,conc]n+ ^! qualities1 we1 ,i ?9k1 obs]ve ^! prim>y ones 9 bodies t produce simple ideas 9 u1 viz4 ,,solidity1 ,,ext5sion1 ,,motion or ,,re/1 ,,numb] or ,,figure4 ,^!1 :i* ,i call ,,orig9al or ,,prim>y qualities ( body1 are :olly insep>able f x2 & su* z 9 all ! alt]ations & *anges x suff]s1 all ! =ce c be us$ ^u x1 x con/antly keeps2 & su* z s5se con/antly f9ds 9 e p>ticle ( matt] :i* has bulk en\gh to be p]ceiv$2 & ! m9d f9ds insep>able f e p>ticle ( matt]1 ?\gh less ?an to make itself s+ly be p]ceiv$ by our s5ses3 v4g4 ,take a gra9 ( :eat1 divide x into two p>ts2 ea* "p has /ill solidity1 ext5sion1 figure1 & mobility3 divide x aga91 & x reta9s /ill ! same qualities2 & s divide x on1 till ! p>ts become ins5sible2 !y mu/ reta9 /ill ea* ( !m all ^? qualities4 ,= division 7:i* is all t a mill1 or pe/le1 or any o!r body1 does ^u ano!r1 9 r$uc+ x to ins5sible p>ts7 c nev] take away ei!r solidity1 ext5sion1 figure1 or mobility f any body1 b only makes two or m di/9ct sep>ate masses ( matt]1 ( t :i* 0 b "o be=e2 all :i* di/9ct masses1 reckon$ z s _m di/9ct bodies1 aft] division1 make a c]ta9 numb]4 #aj4 n 9 e>ly editions #aa4 ,h[ ,bodies produce ,ideas 9 u4 ,! next ?+ to be consid]$ is1 h[ bodies op]ate "o ^u ano!r2 & t is manife/ly by impulse1 & no?+ else4 ,x be+ impossible to conceive t body %\ld op]ate on ,,:at ,,x ,,does ,,n ,,t\* 7:i* is all "o z to imag9e x c op]ate :]e x is n71 or :5 x does t\*1 op]ate any o!r way ?an by motion4 #ab4 ,by motions1 ext]nal1 & 9 our organism4 ,if !n ext]nal objects be n unit$ to our m9ds :5 !y produce ideas !re92 & yet we p]ceive ^! ,,orig9al qualities 9 su* ( !m z s+ly fall "u our s5ses1 x is evid5t t "s motion mu/ be !nce cont9u$ by our n]ves1 or animal spirits1 by "s p>ts ( our bodies1 to ! bra9s or ! seat ( s5sation1 !re to produce 9 our m9ds ! p>ticul> ideas we h ( !m4 ,& s9ce ! ext5sion1 figure1 numb]1 & motion ( bodies ( an obs]vable bigness1 may be p]ceiv$ at a di/ance by ! sight1 x is evid5t "s s+ly imp]ceptible bodies mu/ come f !m2 to ! eyes1 & !reby convey to ! bra9 "s motion2 :i* produces ^! ideas :i* we h ( !m 9 u4 #ac4 ,h[ second>y ,qualities produce _! ideas4 ,aft] ! same mann] t ! ideas ( ^! orig9al qualities are produc$ 9 u1 we may conceive t ! ideas ( ,,second>y qualities are also produc$1 viz4 by ! op]ation ( ins5sible p>ticles on our s5ses4 ,=1 x be+ manife/ t !re are bodies & good /ore ( bodies1 ea* :]e( are s small1 t we _c by any ( our s5ses discov] ei!r _! bulk1 figure1 or motion1--z is evid5t 9 ! p>ticles ( ! air & wat]1 & o!rs extremely small] ?an ^?2 p]haps z mu* small] ?an ! p>ticles ( air & wat]1 z ! p>ticles ( air & wat] are small] ?an peas or hail-/ones2--let u suppose at pres5t t1 ! diff]5t motions & figures1 bulk & numb]1 ( su* p>ticles1 affect+ ! sev]al organs ( our s5ses1 produce 9 u ^? diff]5t s5sations :i* we h f ! col\rs & smells ( bodies2 v4g4 t a violet1 by ! impulse ( su* ins5sible p>ticles ( matt]1 ( peculi> figures & bulks1 & 9 diff]5t degrees & modifications ( _! motions1 causes ! ideas ( ! blue col\r1 & sweet sc5t ( t fl[] to be produc$ 9 our m9ds4 ,x be+ no m impossible to conceive t ,god %\ld annex su* ideas to su* motions1 ) :i* !y h no similitude1 ?an t he %\ld annex ! idea ( pa9 to ! motion ( a piece ( /eel divid+ our fle%1 ) :i* t idea ha? no resemblance4 #ad4 ,!y dep5d on ! prim>y ,qualities4 ,:at ,i h said conc]n+ col\rs & smells may be und]/ood also ( ta/es & s\nds1 & o!r ! l s5sible qualities2 :i*1 :atev] reality we by mi/ake attribute to !m1 are 9 tru? no?+ 9 ! objects !mselves1 b p[]s to produce v>i\s s5sations 9 u2 & dep5d on ^? prim>y qualities1 viz4 bulk1 figure1 texture1 & motion ( p>ts & !re=e ,i call !m ,,second>y ,,qualities4 #ae4 ,ideas ( prim>y ,qualities are ,resemblances2 ( second>y1 n4 ,f :5ce ,i ?9k x easy to draw ?is obs]vation1--t ! ideas ( prim>y qualities ( bodies are resemblances ( !m1 & _! patt]ns d really exi/ 9 ! bodies !mselves1 b ! ideas produc$ 9 u by ^! second>y qualities h no resemblance ( !m at all4 ,!re is no?+ l our ideas1 exi/+ 9 ! bodies !mselves4 ,!y are1 9 ! bodies we d5om9ate f !m1 only a p[] to produce ^? s5sations 9 u3 & :at is sweet1 blue1 or w>m 9 idea1 is b ! c]ta9 bulk1 figure1 & motion ( ! ins5sible p>ts1 9 ! bodies !mselves1 :i* we call s4 #af4 ,examples4 ,flame is d5om9at$ hot & light2 sn[1 :ite & cold2 & manna1 :ite & sweet1 f ! ideas !y produce 9 u4 ,:i* qualities are commonly ?\ght to be ! same 9 ^? bodies t ^? ideas are 9 u1 ! "o ! p]fect resemblance ( ! o!r1 z !y are 9 a mirror1 & x w\ld by mo/ m5 be judg$ v extravagant if "o %\ld say o!rwise4 ,& yet he t w consid] t ! same fire t1 at "o di/ance produces 9 u ! s5sation ( w>m?1 does1 at a ne>] approa*1 produce 9 u ! f> diff]5t s5sation ( pa91 ought to be?9k himself :at reason he has to say--t ?is idea ( w>m?1 :i* 0 produc$ 9 him by ! fire1 is ,,actually ,,9 ,,! ,,fire2 & 8 idea ( pa91 :i* ! same fire produc$ 9 him ! same way1 is ,,n 9 ! fire4 ,:y are :it5ess & coldness 9 sn[1 & pa9 n1 :5 x produces ! "o & ! o!r idea 9 u2 & c d nei!r1 b by ! bulk1 figure1 numb]1 & motion ( its solid p>ts8 #ag4 ,! ideas ( ! ,prim>y alone really exi/4 ,! p>ticul> bulk1 numb]1 figure1 & motion ( ! p>ts ( fire or sn[ are really 9 !m1--:e!r any "o's s5ses p]ceive !m or no3 & !re=e !y may be call$ ,,real qualities1 because !y really exi/ 9 ^? bodies4 ,b light1 heat1 :it5ess1 or coldness1 are no m really 9 !m ?an sickness or pa9 is 9 manna4 ,take away ! s5sation ( !m2 let n ! eyes see light or col\rs1 nor ! e> he> s\nds2 let ! palate n ta/e1 nor ! nose smell1 & all col\rs1 ta/es1 od\rs1 & s\nds1 ,,z ,,!y ,,are ,,su* ,,p>ticul> ,,ideas1 vani% & cease1 & are r$uc$ to _! causes1 i4e4 bulk1 figure1 & motion ( p>ts4 #ah4 ,! second>y exi/ 9 ?+s only z modes ( ! prim>y4 ,a piece ( manna ( a s5sible bulk is able to produce 9 u ! idea ( a r\nd or squ>e figure2 & by be+ remov$ f "o place to ano!r1 ! idea ( motion4 ,?is idea ( motion repres5ts x z x really is 9 manna mov+3 a circle or squ>e are ! same1 :e!r 9 idea or exi/5ce1 9 ! m9d or 9 ! manna4 ,& ?is1 bo? motion & z figure1 are really 9 ! manna1 :e!r we take notice ( prim>y1 !m or no3 ?is ev]ybody is ready to agree to4 ,besides1 manna1 by ! bulk1 figure1 texture1 & motion ( its p>ts1 has a p[] to produce ! s5sations ( sickness1 & sometimes ( acute pa9s or grip+s 9 u4 ,t ^! ideas ( sickness & pa9 are ,,n 9 ! manna1 b effects ( its op]ations on u1 & are n[h]e :5 we feel !m n2 ?is also e "o readily agrees to4 ,& yet m5 are h>dly to be br\ght to ?9k t sweetness & :it5ess are n really 9 manna2 :i* are b ! effects ( ! op]ations ( manna1 by ! motion1 size1 & figure ( its p>ticles1 on ! eyes & palate3 z ! pa9 & sickness caus$ by manna are confess$ly no?+ b ! effects ( its op]ations on ! /oma* & guts1 by ! size1 motion1 & figure ( its ins5sible p>ts1 7= by no?+ else c a body op]ate1 z has be5 prov$73 z if x c\ld n op]ate on ! eyes & palate1 & !reby produce 9 ! m9d p>ticul> di/9ct ideas1 :i* 9 itself x has n1 z well z we all[ x c op]ate on ! guts & /oma*1 & !reby produce di/9ct ideas1 :i* 9 itself x has n4 ,^! ideas1 be+ all effects ( ! op]ations ( manna on sev]al p>ts ( our bodies1 by ! size1 figure1 numb]1 & motion ( its p>ts2--:y ^? produc$ by ! eyes & palate %\ld r be ?\ght to be really 9 ! manna1 ?an ^? produc$ by ! /oma* & guts2 or :y ! pa9 & sickness1 ideas t are ! effect ( manna1 %\ld be ?\ght to be n[h]e :5 !y are n felt2 & yet ! sweetness & :it5ess1 effects ( ! same manna on o!r p>ts ( ! body1 by ways equally z unkn[n1 %\ld be ?\ght to exi/ 9 ! manna1 :5 !y are n se5 or ta/$1 w\ld ne$ "s reason to expla94 #ai4 ,examples4 ,let u consid] ! r$ & :ite col\rs 9 porphyry4 ,h9d] light f /rik+ on x1 & its col\rs vani%2 x no long] produces any su* ideas 9 u3 ^u ! return ( light x produces ^! appe>ances on u aga94 ,c any "o ?9k any real alt]ations are made 9 ! porphyry by ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( light2 & t ^? ideas ( :it5ess & r$ness are really 9 porphryry 9 ! light1 :5 x is pla9 ,,x ,,has ,,no ,,col\r ,,9 ,,! ,,d>k8 ,x has1 inde$1 su* a configuration ( p>ticles1 bo? night & day1 z are apt1 by ! rays ( light reb\nd+ f "s p>ts ( t h>d /one1 to produce 9 u ! idea ( r$ness1 & f o!rs ! idea ( :it5ess2 b :it5ess or r$ness are n 9 x at any "t1 b su* a texture t ha? ! p[] to produce su* a s5sation 9 u4 #bj4 ,p\nd an almond1 & ! cle> :ite col\r w be alt]$ into a dirty "o1 & ! sweet ta/e into an oily "o4 ,:at real alt]ation c ! beat+ ( ! pe/le make 9 an body1 b an alt]ation ( ! texture ( x8 #ba4 ,expla9s h[ wat] felt z cold by "o h& may be w>m to ! o!r4 ,ideas be+ ?us di/+ui%$ & und]/ood1 we may be able to give an acc\nt h[ ! same wat]1 at ! same "t1 may produce ! idea ( cold by "o h& & ( heat by ! o!r3 :]eas x is impossible t ! same wat]1 if ^? ideas 7 really 9 x1 %\ld at ! same "t be bo? hot & cold4 ,=1 if we imag9e ,,w>m?1 z x is 9 our h&s1 to be no?+ b a c]ta9 sort & degree ( motion 9 ! m9ute p>ticles ( our n]ves or animal spirits1 we may und]/& h[ x is possible t ! same wat] may1 at ! same "t1 produce ! s5sations ( heat 9 "o h& & cold 9 ! o!r2 :i* yet ,,figure nev] does1 t nev] produc+ ! idea ( a squ>e by "o h& :i* has produc$ ! idea ( a globe by ano!r4 ,b if ! s5sation ( heat & cold be no?+ b ! increase or dim9ution ( ! motion ( ! m9ute p>ts ( our bodies1 caus$ by ! corpuscles ( any o!r body1 x is easy to be und]/ood1 t if t motion be great] 9 "o h& ?an 9 ! o!r2 if a body be appli$ to ! two h&s1 :i* has 9 its m9ute p>ticles a great] motion ?an 9 ^? ( "o ( ! h&s1 & a less ?an 9 ^? ( ! o!r1 x w increase ! motion ( ! "o h& & less5 x 9 ! o!r2 & s cause ! diff]5t s5sations ( heat & cold t dep5d !reon4 #bb4 ,an excursion into natural philosophy4 ,i h 9 :at j goes be=e be5 engag$ 9 physical inquiries a little fur!r ?an p]haps ,i int5d$4 ,b1 x be+ necess>y to make ! nature ( s5sation a little und]/ood2 & to make ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,,qualities 9 bodies1 & ! ,,ideas produc$ by !m 9 ! m9d1 to be di/9ctly conceiv$1 )\t :i* x 7 impossible to disc\rse intelligibly ( !m2--,i hope ,i %all be p>don$ ?is little excursion into natural philosophy2 x be+ necess>y 9 our pres5t inquiry to di/+ui% ! ,,prim>y & ,,real qualities ( bodies1 :i* are always 9 !m 7viz4 solidity1 ext5sion1 figure1 numb]1 & motion1 or re/1 & are sometimes p]ceiv$ by u1 viz4 :5 ! bodies !y are 9 are big en\gh s+ly to be disc]n$71 f ^? ,,second>y & ,,imput$ qualities1 :i* are b ! p[]s ( sev]al comb9ations ( ^? prim>y ones1 :5 !y op]ate )\t be+ di/9ctly disc]n$2--:]eby we may also come to "k :at ideas are1 & :at are n1 resemblances ( some?+ really exi/+ 9 ! bodies we d5om9ate f !m4 #bc4 ,?ree ,sorts ( ,qualities 9 ,bodies4 ,! qualities1 !n1 t are 9 bodies1 rightly consid]$ are ( ?ree sorts3-- ,,fir/1 ,! bulk1 figure1 numb]1 situation1 & motion or re/ ( _! solid p>ts4 ,^? are 9 !m1 :e!r we p]ceive !m or n2 & :5 !y are ( t size t we c discov] !m1 we h by ^! an idea ( ! ?+ z x is 9 itself2 z is pla9 9 artificial ?+s4 ,^! ,i call ,,prim>y ,,qualities4 ,,secondly1 ,! p[] t is 9 any body1 by reason ( its ins5sible prim>y qualities1 to op]ate aft] a peculi> mann] on any ( our s5ses1 & !reby produce 9 ,,u ! diff]5t ideas ( sev]al col\rs1 s\nds1 smells1 ta/es1 c4 ,^! are usually call$ ,,s5sible ,,qualities4 ,,?irdly1 ,! p[] t is 9 any body1 by reason ( ! p>ticul> con/itution ( its prim>y qualities1 to make su* a *ange 9 ! bulk1 figure1 texture1 & motion ( ,,ano!r ,,body1 z to make x op]ate on our s5ses diff]5tly f :at x did be=e4 ,?us ! sun has a p[] to make wax :ite1 & fire to make lead fluid4 ,! fir/ ( ^!1 z has be5 said1 ,i ?9k may be prop]ly call$ real1 orig9al1 or prim>y qualities2 because !y are 9 ! ?+s !mselves1 :e!r !y are p]ceiv$ or n3 & ^u _! diff]5t modifications x is t ! second>y qualities dep5d4 ,! o!r two are only p[]s to act diff]5tly ^u o!r ?+s3 :i* p[]s result f ! diff]5t modifications ( ^? prim>y qualities4 #bd4 ,! fir/ are ,resemblances2 ! second ?\ght to be ,resemblances1 b are n1 ! ?ird nei!r are nor are ?\ght s4 ,b1 ?\gh ! two latt] sorts ( qualities are p[]s b>ely1 & no?+ b p[]s1 relat+ to sev]al o!r bodies1 & result+ f ! diff]5t modifications ( ! orig9al qualities1 yet !y are g5]ally o!rwise ?\ght (4 ,= ! ,,second sort1 viz4 ! p[]s to produce sev]al ideas 9 u1 by our s5ses1 are look$ ^u z real qualities 9 ! ?+s ?us affect+ u3 b ! ,,?ird sort are call$ & e/eem$ b>ely p[]s1 v4g4 ,! idea ( heat or light1 :i* we receive by our eyes1 or t\*1 f ! sun1 are commonly ?\ght real qualities exi/+ 9 ! sun1 & some?+ m ?an m]e p[]s 9 x4 ,b :5 we consid] ! sun 9 ref]5ce to wax1 :i* x melts or blan*es1 we look on ! :it5ess & s(tness produc$ 9 ! wax1 n z qualities 9 ! sun1 b effects produc$ by p[]s 9 x4 ,:]eas1 if rightly consid]$1 ^! qualities ( light & w>m?1 :i* are p]ceptions 9 me :5 ,i am w>m$ or enlight5$ by ! sun1 are no o!rwise 9 ! sun1 ?an ! *anges made 9 ! wax1 :5 x is blan*$ or melt$1 are 9 ! sun4 ,!y are all ( !m equally ,,p[]s ,,9 ,,! ,,sun1 ,,dep5d+ ,,on ,,its ,,prim>y ,,qualities2 :]eby x is able1 9 ! "o case1 s to alt] ! bulk1 figure1 texture1 or motion ( "s ( ! ins5sible p>ts ( my eyes or h&s1 z !reby to produce 9 me ! idea ( light or heat2 & 9 ! o!r1 x is able s to alt] ! bulk1 figure1 texture1 or motion ( ! ins5sible p>ts ( ! wax1 z to make !m fit to produce 9 me ! di/9ct ideas ( :ite & fluid4 #be4 ,:y ! second>y are ord9>ily tak5 = real ,qualities & n = b>e ,p[]s4 ,! reason :y ! "o are ord9>ily tak5 = real qualities1 & ! o!r only = b>e p[]s1 seems to be because ! ideas we h ( di/9ct col\rs1 s\nds1 c4 conta9+ no?+ at all 9 !m ( bulk1 figure1 or motion we are n apt to ?9k !m ! effects ( ^! prim>y qualities2 :i* appe> n1 to our s5ses1 to op]ate 9 _! production1 & ) :i* !y h n any app>5t congruity or conceivable connexion4 ,h5ce x is t we are s =w>d z to imag9e1 t ^? ideas are ! resemblances ( some?+ really exi/+ 9 ! objects !mselves s9ce s5sation discov]s no?+ ( bulk1 figure1 or motion ( p>ts 9 _! production2 nor c reason %[ h[ bodies ,,by ,,_! ,,bulk1 ,,figure1 ,,& ,,motion1 %\ld produce 9 ! m9d ! ideas ( blue or yell[1 c4 ,b1 9 ! o!r case 9 ! op]ations ( bodies *ang+ ! qualities "o ( ano!r1 we pla9ly discov] t ! quality produc$ ha? commonly no resemblance ) any?+ 9 ! ?+ produc+ x2 :]e=e we look on x z a b>e effect ( p[]4 ,=1 ?r\gh receiv+ ! idea ( heat or light f ! sun1 we are apt to ?9k ,,x is a p]ception & resemblance ( su* a quality 9 ! sun2 yet :5 we see wax1 or a fair face1 receive *ange ( col\r f ! sun1 we _c imag9e ,,t to be ! reception or resemblance ( any?+ 9 ! sun1 because we f9d n ^? diff]5t col\rs 9 ! sun itself4 ,=1 our s5ses be+ able to obs]ve a lik5ess or unlik5ess ( s5sible qualities 9 two diff]5t ext]nal objects1 we =w>dly en\gh conclude ! production ( any s5sible quality 9 any subject to be an effect ( b>e p[]1 & n ! communication ( any quality :i* 0 really 9 ! effici5t1 :5 we f9d no su* s5sible quality 9 ! ?+ t produc$ x4 ,b our s5ses1 n be+ able to discov] any unlik5ess betwe5 ! idea produc$ 9 u1 & ! quality ( ! object produc+ x1 we are apt to imag9e t our ideas are resemblances ( some?+ 9 ! objects1 & n ! effects ( c]ta9 p[]s plac$ 9 ! modification ( _! prim>y qualities1 ) :i* prim>y qualities ! ideas produc$ 9 u h no resemblance4 #bf4 ,second>y ,qualities tw(old2 fir/1 imm$iately p]ceivable2 secondly1 m$iately p]ceivable4 ,to conclude4 ,beside ^? be=e-m5tion$ prim>y qualities 9 bodies1 viz4 bulk1 figure1 ext5sion1 numb]1 & motion ( _! solid p>ts2 all ! re/1 :]eby we take notice ( bodies1 & di/+ui% !m "o f ano!r1 are no?+ else b sev]al p[]s 9 !m1 dep5d+ on ^? prim>y qualities2 :]eby !y are fitt$1 ei!r by imm$iately op]at+ on our bodies to produce sev]al diff]5t ideas 9 u2 or else1 by op]at+ on o!r bodies1 s to *ange _! prim>y qualities z to r5d] !m capable ( produc+ ideas 9 u diff]5t f :at be=e !y did4 ,! =m] ( ^!1 ,i ?9k1 may be call$ second>y qualities ,,imm$iately ,,p]ceivable3 ! latt]1 second>y qualities1 ,,m$iately ,,p]ceivable4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,( ,,p]ception4 #a4 ,p]ception ! fir/ simple ,idea ( ,reflection4 ,,p]ception1 z x is ! fir/ faculty ( ! m9d ex]cis$ ab\t our ideas2 s x is ! fir/ & simple/ idea we h f reflection1 & is by "s call$ ?9k+ 9 g5]al4 ,?\gh ?9k+1 9 ! propriety ( ! ,engli% tongue1 signifies t sort ( op]ation 9 ! m9d ab\t its ideas1 :]e9 ! m9d is active2 :]e x1 ) "s degree ( volunt>y att5tion1 consid]s any?+4 ,= 9 b>e nak$ p]ception1 ! m9d is1 = ! mo/ "p1 only passive2 & :at x p]ceives1 x _c avoid p]ceiv+4 #b4 ,reflection alone c give u ! idea ( :at p]ception is4 ,:at p]ception is1 e "o w "k bett] by reflect+ on :at he does himself1 :5 he sees1 he>s1 feels1 c41 or ?9ks1 ?an by any disc\rse ( m9e4 ,:oev] reflects on :at passes 9 8 own m9d _c miss x4 ,& if he does n reflect1 all ! words 9 ! _w _c make him h any notion ( x4 #c4 ,arises 9 s5sation only :5 ! m9d notices ! organic impression4 ,?is is c]ta91 t :atev] alt]ations are made 9 ! body1 if !y rea* n ! m9d2 :atev] impressions are made on ! outw>d p>ts1 if !y are n tak5 notice ( )91 !re is no p]ception4 ,fire may burn our bodies ) no o!r effect ?an x does a billet1 unless ! motion be cont9u$ to ! bra91 & !re ! s5se ( heat1 or idea ( pa91 be produc$ 9 ! m9d2 :]e9 consi/s actual p]ception4 #d4 ,impulse on ! organ insuffici5t4 ,h[ (t5 may a man obs]ve 9 himself1 t :il/ 8 m9d is int5tly employ$ 9 ! contemplation ( "s objects1 & curi\sly survey+ "s ideas t are !re1 x takes no notice ( impressions ( s\nd+ bodies made ^u ! organ ( he>+1 ) ! same alt]ation t uses to be = ! produc+ ! idea ( s\nd8 ,a suffici5t impulse !re may be on ! organ2 b x n rea*+ ! obs]vation ( ! m9d1 !re foll[s no p]ception3 & ?\gh ! motion t uses to produce ! idea ( s\nd be made 9 ! e>1 yet no s\nd is he>d4 ,want ( s5sation1 9 ?is case1 is n ?r\gh any defect 9 ! organ1 or t ! man's e>s are less affect$ ?an at o!r times :5 he does he> b t :i* uses to produce ! idea1 ?\gh convey$ 9 by ! usual organ1 n be+ tak5 notice ( 9 ! und]/&+1 & s impr9t+ no idea 9 ! m9d1 !re foll[s no s5sation4 ,s t :]ev] !re is s5se ( p]ception1 !re "s idea is actually produc$1 & pres5t 9 ! und]/&+4 #e4 ,*ildr51 ?\gh !y may h ,ideas 9 ! ,womb1 h none innate4 ,!re=e ,i d\bt n b *ildr51 by ! ex]cise ( _! s5ses ab\t objects t affect !m 9 ! womb receive "s few ideas be=e !y are born1 z ! unavoidable effects1 ei!r ( ! bodies t environ !m1 or else ( ^? wants or diseases !y suff]2 among/ :i* 7if "o may conjecture conc]n+ ?+s n v capable ( exam9ation7 ,i ?9k ! ideas ( hung] & w>m? are two3 :i* probably are "s ( ! fir/ t *ildr5 h1 & :i* !y sc>ce ev] "p ) aga94 #f4 ,! effects ( ,s5sation 9 ! womb4 ,b ?\gh x be reasonable to imag9e t *ildr5 receive "s ideas be=e !y come into ! _w1 yet ^! simple ideas are f> f ^? ,,innate ,,pr9ciples :i* "s cont5d =1 & we1 above1 h reject$4 ,^! "h m5tion$1 be+ ! effects ( s5sation1 are only f "s affections ( ! body1 :i* happ5 to !m !re1 & s dep5d on some?+ ext]ior to ! m9d2 no o!rwise diff]+ 9 _! mann] ( production f o!r ideas d]iv$ f s5se1 b only 9 ! prec$5cy ( "t4 ,:]eas ^? innate pr9ciples are suppos$ to be q ( ano!r nature2 n com+ into ! m9d by any accid5tal alt]ations 91 or op]ations on ! body2 b1 z x 71 orig9al *>act]s impress$ ^u x1 9 ! v fir/ mom5t ( its be+ & con/itution4 #g4 ,:i* ,ideas appe> fir/ is n evid5t1 nor important4 ,z !re are "s ideas :i* we may reasonably suppose may be introduc$ into ! m9ds ( *ildr5 9 ! womb1 subs]vi5t to ! necessities ( _! life & be+ !re3 s1 aft] !y are born1 ^? ideas are ! e>lie/ impr9t$ :i* happ5 to be ! s5sible qualities :i* fir/ occur to !m2 among/ :i* light is n ! lea/ consid]able1 nor ( ! weake/ efficacy4 ,& h[ covet\s ! m9d is to be furni%$ ) all su* ideas z h no pa9 accompany+ !m1 may be a little guess$ by :at is obs]vable 9 *ildr5 new-born2 :o always turn _! eyes to t "p f :5ce ! light comes1 lay !m h[ y please4 ,b ! ideas t are mo/ famili> at fir/1 be+ v>i\s accord+ to ! div]s circum/ances ( *ildr5's fir/ ent]ta9m5t 9 ! _w1 ! ord] :]e9 ! sev]al ideas come at fir/ into ! m9d is v v>i\s1 & unc]ta9 also2 nei!r is x mu* mat]ial to "k x4 #h4 ,s5sations (t5 *ang$ by ! ,judgm5t4 ,we are fur!r to consid] conc]n+ p]ception1 t ! ideas we receive by s5sation are (t51 9 gr[n p1 alt]$ by ! judgm5t1 )\t our tak+ notice ( x4 ,:5 we set be=e our eyes a r\nd globe ( any uni=m col\r1 v4g4 gold1 alaba/]1 or jet1 x is c]ta9 t ! idea !reby impr9t$ on our m9d is ( a flat circle1 v>i\sly %ad[$1 ) sev]al degrees ( light & brightness com+ to our eyes4 ,b we hav+1 by use1 be5 accu/om$ to p]ceive :at k9d ( appe>ance convex bodies are wont to make 9 u2 :at alt]ations are made 9 ! reflections ( light by ! diff]5ce ( ! s5sible figures ( bodies2--! judgm5t pres5tly1 by an habitual cu/om1 alt]s ! appe>ances into _! causes4 ,s t f t :i* is truly v>iety ( %ad[ or col\r1 collect+ ! figure1 x makes x pass = a m>k ( figure1 & frames to itself ! p]ception ( a convex figure & an uni=m col\r2 :5 ! idea we receive f !nce is only a plane v>i\sly col\r$1 z is evid5t 9 pa9t+4 ,to :i* purpose ,i %all "h ins]t a problem ( t v +5i\s & /udi\s promot] ( real k1 ! le>n$ & wor?y ,mr4 ,mol9eux1 :i* he 0 pleas$ to s5d me 9 a lett] "s mon?s s9ce2 & x is ?is3--8,suppose a man ,,born bl9d1 & n[ adult1 & taught by 8 ,,t\* to di/+ui% betwe5 a cube & a sph]e ( ! same metal1 & nighly ( ! same bigness1 s z to tell1 :5 he felt "o & ! o!r1 :i* is ! cube1 :i* ! sph]e4 ,suppose !n ! cube & sph]e plac$ on a table1 & ! bl9d man be made to see3 qua]e1 :e!r ,,by ,,8 ,,sight1 ,,be=e ,,he ,,t\*$ ,,!m1 he c\ld n[ di/+ui% & tell :i* is ! globe1 :i* ! cube80 ,to :i* ! acute & judici\s propos] answ]s1 8,n4 ,=1 ?\gh he has obta9$ ! exp]i5ce ( h[ a globe1 h[ a cube affects 8 t\*1 yet he has n yet obta9$ ! exp]i5ce1 t :at affects 8 t\* s or s1 mu/ affect 8 sight s or s2 or t a protub]ant angle 9 ! cube1 t press$ 8 h& unequally1 %all appe> to 8 eye z x does 9 ! cube40--,i agree ) ?is ?9k+ g5tleman1 :om ,i am pr\d to call my fri5d1 9 8 answ] to ?is problem2 & am ( op9ion t ! bl9d man1 at fir/ sight1 w\ld n be able ) c]ta9ty to say :i* 0 ! globe1 :i* ! cube1 :il/ he only saw !m2 ?\gh he c\ld un]r+ly "n !m by 8 t\*1 & c]ta9ly di/+ui% !m by ! diff]5ce ( _! figures felt4 ,?is ,i h set d[n1 & leave ) my read]1 z an occasion = him to consid] h[ mu* he may be behold5 to exp]i5ce1 improvem5t1 & acquir$ notions1 :]e he ?9ks he _h n ! lea/ use (1 or help f !m4 ,& ! r1 because ?is obs]v+ g5tleman fur!r adds1 t 8hav+1 ^u ! occasion ( my book1 propos$ ?is to div]s v +5i\s m51 he h>dly ev] met ) "o t at fir/ gave ! answ] to x :i* he ?9ks true1 till by he>+ 8 reasons !y 7 conv9c$40 #i4 ,?is judgem5t apt to be mi/ak5 = direct p]ception4 ,b ?is is n1 ,i ?9k1 usual 9 any ( our ideas1 b ^? receiv$ by sight4 ,because sight1 ! mo/ compreh5sive ( all our s5ses1 convey+ to our m9ds ! ideas ( light & col\rs1 :i* are peculi> only to t s5se2 & also ! f> diff]5t ideas ( space1 figure1 & motion1 ! sev]al v>ieties :]e( *ange ! appe>ances ( its prop] object1 viz4 light & col\rs2 we br+ ourselves by use to judge ( ! "o by ! o!r4 ,?is1 9 _m cases by a settl$ habit1--9 ?+s :]e( we h frequ5t exp]i5ce is p]=m$ s con/antly & s quick1 t we take t = ! p]ception ( our s5sation :i* is an idea =m$ by our judgm5t2 s t "o1 viz4 t ( s5sation1 s]ves only to excite ! o!r1 & is sc>ce tak5 notice ( itself2--z a man :o reads or he>s ) att5tion & und]/&+1 takes little notice ( ! *>act]s or s\nds1 b ( ! ideas t are excit$ 9 him by !m4 #aj4 ,h[1 by ,habit1 ideas ( ,s5sation are unconsci\sly *ang$ into ideas ( ,judgm5t4 ,nor ne$ we wond] t ?is is done ) s little notice1 if we consid] h[ quick ! actions ( ! m9d are p]=m$4 ,=1 z itself is ?\ght to take up no space to h no ext5sion2 s its actions seem to require no "t b _m ( !m seem to be cr[d$ into an in/ant4 ,i speak ?is 9 comp>ison to ! actions ( ! body4 ,any "o may easily obs]ve ?is 9 8 own ?\ghts1 :o w take ! pa9s to reflect on !m4 ,h[1 z x 7 9 an in/ant1 d our m9ds1 ) "o glance1 see all ! p>ts ( a demon/ration1 :i* may v well be call$ a long "o1 if we consid] ! "t x w require to put x into words1 & /ep by /ep %[ x ano!r8 ,secondly1 we %all n be s mu* surpris$ t ?is is done 9 u ) s little notice1 if we consid] h[ ! facility :i* we get ( do+ ?+s1 by a cu/om ( do+1 makes !m (t5 pass 9 u )\t our notice4 ,habits1 especially su* z are begun v e>ly1 come at la/ to produce actions 9 u1 :i* (t5 escape our obs]vation4 ,h[ frequ5tly d we1 9 a day1 cov] our eyes ) our eyelids1 )\t p]ceiv+ t we are at all 9 ! d>k6 ,m5 t1 by cu/om1 h got ! use ( a by-^w1 d almo/ 9 e s5t5ce pron\nce s\nds :i*1 ?\gh tak5 notice ( by o!rs1 !y !mselves nei!r he> nor obs]ve4 ,& !re=e x is n s /range1 t our m9d %\ld (t5 *ange ! idea ( its s5sation into t ( its judgm5t1 & make "o s]ve only to excite ! o!r1 )\t our tak+ notice ( x4 #aa4 ,p]ception puts ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,animals & ,vegetables4 ,?is faculty ( p]ception seems to me to be1 t :i* puts ! di/9ction betwixt ! animal k+dom & ! inf]ior p>ts ( nature4 ,=1 h[ev] vegetables h1 _m ( !m1 "s degrees ( motion1 & ^u ! diff]5t application ( o!r bodies to !m1 d v briskly alt] _! figures & motions1 & s h obta9$ ! "n ( s5sitive plants1 f a motion :i* has "s resemblance to t :i* 9 animals foll[s ^u s5sation3 yet ,i suppose x is all b>e ,,me*anism2 & no o!rwise produc$ ?an ! turn+ ( a wild oat-be>d1 by ! ins9uation ( ! p>ticles ( moi/ure1 or ! %ort5+ ( a rope1 by ! affusion ( wat]4 ,all :i* is done )\t any s5sation 9 ! subject1 or ! hav+ or receiv+ any ideas4 #ab4 ,p]ception 9 all animals4 ,p]ception1 ,i believe1 is1 9 "s degree1 9 all sorts ( animals2 ?\gh 9 "s possibly ! av5ues provid$ by nature = ! reception ( s5sations are s few1 & ! p]ception !y are receiv$ ) s obscure & dull1 t x comes extremely %ort ( ! quickness & v>iety ( s5sation :i* is 9 o!r animals2 b yet x is suffici5t =1 & wisely adapt$ to1 ! /ate & condition ( t sort ( animals :o are ?us made4 ,s t ! wisdom & goodness ( ! ,mak] pla9ly appe> 9 all ! p>ts ( ?is /up5d\s fabric1 & all ! sev]al degrees & ranks ( creatures 9 x4 #ac4 ,accord+ to _! condition4 ,we may1 ,i ?9k1 f ! make ( an oy/] or cockle1 reasonably conclude t x has n s _m1 nor s quick s5ses z a man1 or sev]al o!r animals2 nor if x _h1 w\ld x1 9 t /ate & incapacity ( transf]r+ itself f "o place to ano!r1 be bett]$ by !m4 ,:at good w\ld sight & he>+ d to a creature t _c move itself to or f ! objects :]e9 at a di/ance x p]ceives good or evil8 ,& w\ld n quickness ( s5sation be an inconv5i5ce to an animal t mu/ lie /ill :]e *ance has once plac$ x1 & !re receive ! afflux ( cold] or w>m]1 clean or f\l wat]1 z x happ5s to come to x8 #ad4 ,decay ( p]ception 9 old age4 ,b yet ,i _c b ?9k !re is "s small dull p]ception1 :]eby !y are di/+ui%$ f p]fect ins5sibility4 ,& t ?is may be s1 we h pla9 in/ances1 ev5 9 mank9d itself4 ,take "o 9 :om decrepit old age has blott$ out ! memory ( 8 pa/ k1 & cle>ly wip$ out ! ideas 8 m9d 0 =m]ly /or$ )1 & has1 by de/roy+ 8 sight1 he>+1 & smell q1 & 8 ta/e to a great degree1 /opp$ up almo/ all ! passages = new ones to ent]2 or if !re be "s ( ! inlets yet half op51 ! impressions made are sc>cely p]ceiv$1 or n at all reta9$4 ,h[ f> su* an "o 7not)/&+ all t is boa/$ ( innate pr9ciples7 is 9 8 k & intellectual faculties above ! condition ( a cockle or an oy/]1 ,i leave to be consid]$4 ,& if a man _h pass$ sixty ye>s 9 su* a /ate1 z x is possible he might1 z well z ?ree days1 ,i wond] :at diff]5ce !re w\ld be1 9 any intellectual p]fections1 betwe5 him & ! l[e/ degree ( animals4 #ae4 ,p]ception ! ,inlet ( all mat]ials ( ,k4 ,p]ception !n be+ ! ,,fir/ /ep & degree t[>ds k1 & ! inlet ( all ! mat]ials ( x2 ! few] s5ses any man1 z well z any o!r creature1 ha?2 & ! few] & dull] ! impressions are t are made by !m2 & ! dull] ! faculties are t are employ$ ab\t !m1--! m remote are !y f t k :i* is to be f\nd 9 "s m54 ,b ?is be+ 9 great v>iety ( degrees 7z may be p]ceiv$ among/ m57 _c c]ta9ly be discov]$ 9 ! sev]al species ( animals1 mu* less 9 _! p>ticul> individuals4 ,x suffices me only to h rem>k$ "h1--t p]ception is ! fir/ op]ation ( all our intellectual faculties1 & ! inlet ( all k 9 our m9ds4 ,& ,i am apt too to imag9e1 t x is p]ception1 9 ! l[e/ degree ( x1 :i* puts ! b\nd>ies betwe5 animals & ! inf]ior ranks ( creatures4 ,b ?is ,i m5tion only z my conjecture by ! by2 x be+ indiff]5t to ! matt] 9 h& :i* way ! le>n$ %all det]m9e ( x4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,( ,,ret5tion4 #a4 ,contemplation ,! next faculty ( ! m9d1 :]eby x makes a fur!r progress t[>ds k1 is t :i* ,i call ,,ret5tion2 or ! keep+ ( ^? simple ideas :i* f s5sation or reflection x ha? receiv$4 ,?is is done two ways4 ,fir/1 by keep+ ! idea :i* is br\ght into x1 = "s "t actually 9 view1 :i* is call$ ,,contemplation4 #b4 ,memory4 ,! o!r way ( ret5tion is1 ! p[] to revive aga9 9 our m9ds ^? ideas :i*1 aft] impr9t+1 h disappe>$1 or h be5 z x 7 laid aside out ( sight4 ,& ?us we d1 :5 we conceive heat or light1 yell[ or sweet1--! object be+ remov$4 ,?is is ,,memory1 :i* is z x 7 ! /oreh\se ( our ideas4 ,=1 ! n>r[ m9d ( man n be+ capable ( hav+ _m ideas "u view & consid]ation at once1 x 0 necess>y to h a repository1 to lay up ^? ideas :i*1 at ano!r "t1 x might h use (4 ,b1 our ,,ideas be+ no?+ b actual p]ceptions 9 ! m9d1 :i* cease to be any?+2 :5 !re is no p]ception ( !m2 ?is lay+ up ( our ideas 9 ! repository ( ! memory signifies no m b ?is1--t ! m9d has a p[] 9 _m cases to revive p]ceptions :i* x has once _h1 ) ?is additional p]ception annex$ to !m1 t ,,x ,,has ,,_h ,,!m ,,be=e4 ,& 9 ?is s5se x is t our ideas are said to be 9 our memories1 :5 inde$ !y are actually n[h]e2--b only !re is an ability 9 ! m9d :5 x w to revive !m aga91 & z x 7 pa9t !m anew on itself1 ?\gh "s ) m1 "s ) less difficulty2 "s m lively1 & o!rs m obscurely4 ,& ?us x is1 by ! assi/ance ( ?is faculty1 t we are said to h all ^? ideas 9 our und]/&+s :i*1 ?\gh we d n actually contemplate yet we ,,c br+ 9 sight1 & make appe> aga91 & be ! objects ( our ?\ghts1 )\t ! help ( ^? s5sible qualities :i* fir/ impr9t$ !m !re4 #c4 ,att5tion1 ,repetition1 ,pleasure & ,pa91 fix ,ideas4 ,att5tion & repetition help mu* to ! fix+ any ideas 9 ! memory4 ,b ^? :i* naturally at fir/ make ! deepe/ & mo/ la/+ impressions1 are ^? :i* are accompani$ ) pleasure or pa94 ,! great bus9ess ( ! s5ses be+1 to make u take notice ( :at hurts or advantages ! body1 x is wisely ord]$ by nature1 z has be5 %[n1 t pa9 %\ld accompany ! reception ( sev]al ideas2 :i*1 supply+ ! place ( consid]ation & reason+ 9 *ildr51 & act+ quick] ?an consid]ation 9 gr[n m51 makes bo? ! old & "y avoid pa9ful objects ) t ha/e :i* is necess>y = _! pres]vation2 & 9 bo? settles 9 ! memory a caution = ! future4 #d4 ,ideas fade 9 ! ,memory4 ,conc]n+ ! sev]al degrees ( la/+1 :]e) ideas are impr9t$ on ! memory1 we may obs]ve1--t "s ( !m h be5 produc$ 9 ! und]/&+ by an object affect+ ! s5ses once only1 & no m ?an once2 o!rs1 t h m ?an once (f]$ !mselves to ! s5ses1 h yet be5 little tak5 notice (3 ! m9d1 ei!r he$less1 z 9 *ildr51 or o!rwise employ$1 z 9 m5 int5t only on "o ?+2 n sett+ ! /amp deep into itself4 ,& 9 "s1 :]e !y are set on ) c>e & repeat$ impressions1 ei!r ?r\gh ! temp] ( ! body1 or "s o!r fault1 ! memory is v weak4 ,9 all ^! cases1 ideas 9 ! m9d quickly fade1 & (t5 vani% q out ( ! und]/&+1 leav+ no m foot/eps or rema9+ *>act]s ( !mselves ?an %ad[s d fly+ ov] fields ( corn1 & ! m9d is z void ( !m z if !y _h nev] be5 !re4 #e4 ,causes ( oblivion4 ,?us _m ( ^? ideas :i* 7 produc$ 9 ! m9ds ( *ildr51 9 ! beg9n+ ( _! s5sation1 7"s ( :i* p]haps1 z ( "s pleasures & pa9s1 7 be=e !y 7 born1 & o!rs 9 _! infancy17 if 9 ! future c\rse ( _! lives !y are n repeat$ aga91 are q lo/1 )\t ! lea/ glimpse rema9+ ( !m4 ,?is may be obs]v$ 9 ^? :o by "s mis*ance h lo/ _! sight :5 !y 7 v "y2 9 :om ! ideas ( col\rs hav+ be5 b slightly tak5 notice (1 & ceas+ to be repeat$1 d q we> out2 s t "s ye>s aft]1 !re is no m notion nor memory ( col\rs left 9 _! m9ds1 ?an 9 ^? ( p born bl9d4 ,! memory ( "s m51 x is true1 is v t5aci\s1 ev5 to a miracle4 ,b yet !re seems to be a con/ant decay ( all our ideas1 ev5 ( ^? :i* are /ruck deepe/1 & 9 m9ds ! mo/ ret5tive2 s t if !y be n sometimes r5ew$1 by repeat$ ex]cise ( ! s5ses1 or reflection on ^? k9ds ( objects :i* at fir/ occasion$ !m1 ! pr9t we>s out1 & at la/ !re rema9s no?+ to be se54 ,?us ! ideas1 z well z *ildr51 ( our y\?1 (t5 die be=e u3 & our m9ds repres5t to u ^? tombs to :i* we are approa*+2 :]e1 ?\gh ! brass & m>ble rema91 yet ! inscriptions are effac$ by "t1 & ! imag]y m\ld]s away4 ,! pictures drawn 9 our m9ds are laid 9 fad+ col\rs2 & if n sometimes refre%$1 vani% & disappe>4 ,h[ mu* ! con/itution ( our bodies are conc]n$ 9 ?is2 & :e!r ! temp] ( ! bra9 makes ?is diff]5ce1 t 9 "s x reta9s ! *>act]s drawn on x l m>ble1 9 o!rs l free/one1 & 9 o!rs little bett] ?an s&1 ,i %all "h inquire2 ?\gh x may seem probable t ! con/itution ( ! body does sometimes influ5ce ! memory1 s9ce we (t5times f9d a disease q /rip ! m9d ( all its ideas1 & ! flames ( a fev] 9 a few days calc9e all ^? images to du/ & confusion1 :i* seem$ to be z la/+ z if grav$ 9 m>ble4 #f4 ,con/antly repeat$ ,ideas c sc>ce be lo/4 ,b conc]n+ ! ideas !mselves1 x is easy to rem>k1 t ^? t are (t5e/ refre%$ 7among/ :i* are ^? t are convey$ into ! m9d by m ways ?an "o7 by a frequ5t return ( ! objects or actions t produce !m1 fix !mselves be/ 9 ! memory1 & rema9 cle>e/ & longe/ !re2 & !re=e ^? :i* are ( ! orig9al qualities ( bodies1 viz4 solidity1 ext5sion1 figure1 motion1 & re/2 & ^? t almo/ con/antly affect our bodies1 z heat & cold2 & ^? :i* are ! affections ( all k9ds ( be+s1 z exi/5ce1 duration1 & numb]1 :i* almo/ e object t affects our s5ses1 e ?\ght :i* employs our m9ds1 br+ along ) !m2--^!1 ,i say1 & ! l ideas1 are seldom q lo/1 :il/ ! m9d reta9s any ideas at all4 #g4 ,9 ,rememb]+1 ! ,m9d is (t5 active4 ,9 ?is second>y p]ception1 z ,i may s call x1 or view+ aga9 ! ideas t are lodg$ 9 ! memory1 ! m9d is (t5times m ?an b>ely passive2 ! appe>ance ( ^? dormant pictures dep5d+ sometimes on ! ,,w4 ,! m9d v (t5 sets itself on "w 9 se>* ( "s hidd5 idea1 & turns z x 7 ! eye ( ! s\l ^u x2 ?\gh sometimes too !y />t up 9 our m9ds ( _! own accord1 & (f] !mselves to ! und]/&+2 & v (t5 are r\s$ & tumbl$ out ( _! d>k cells into op5 daylight1 by turbul5t & tempe/u\s passions2 our affections br++ ideas to our memory1 :i* _h o!rwise la9 quiet & unreg>d$4 ,?is fur!r is to be obs]v$1 conc]n+ ideas lodg$ 9 ! memory1 & ^u occasion reviv$ by ! m9d1 t !y are n only 7z ! ^w ,,revive imports7 none ( !m new ones1 b also t ! m9d takes notice ( !m z ( a =m] impression1 & r5ews its acqua9tance ) !m1 z ) ideas x _h kn[n be=e4 ,s t ?\gh ideas =m]ly impr9t$ are n all con/antly 9 view1 yet 9 remembrance !y are con/antly kn[n to be su* z h be5 =m]ly impr9t$2 i4e4 9 view1 & tak5 notice ( be=e1 by ! und]/&+4 #h4 ,two defects 9 ! ,memory1 ,oblivion & ,sl[ness4 ,memory1 9 an intellectual creature1 is necess>y 9 ! next degree to p]ception4 ,x is ( s great mom5t1 t1 :]e x is want+1 all ! re/ ( our faculties are 9 a great measure useless4 ,& we 9 our ?\ghts1 reason+s1 & k1 c\ld n proce$ beyond pres5t objects1 7 x n = ! assi/ance ( our memories2 :]e9 !re may be two defects3-- ,fir/1 ,t x loses ! idea q1 & s f> x produces p]fect ignorance4 ,=1 s9ce we c "k no?+ fur!r ?an we h ! idea ( x1 :5 t is gone1 we are 9 p]fect ignorance4 ,secondly1 ,t x moves sl[ly1 & retrieves n ! ideas t x has1 & are laid up 9 /ore1 quick en\gh to s]ve ! m9d ^u occasion4 ,?is1 if x be to a great degree1 is /upidity2 & he :o1 ?r\gh ?is default 9 8 memory1 has n ! ideas t are really pres]v$ !re1 ready at h& :5 ne$ & occasion calls = !m1 7 almo/ z good be )\t !m q1 s9ce !y s]ve him to little purpose4 ,! dull man1 :o loses ! opportunity1 :il/ he is seek+ 9 8 m9d = ^? ideas t %\ld s]ve 8 turn1 is n mu* m happy 9 8 k ?an "o t is p]fectly ignorant4 ,x is ! bus9ess !re=e ( ! memory to furni% to ! m9d ^? dormant ideas :i* x has pres5t occasion =2 9 ! hav+ !m ready at h& on all occasions1 consi/s t :i* we call inv5tion1 fancy1 & quickness ( p>ts4 #i4 ,a defect :i* belongs to ! memory ( ,man1 z f9ite4 ,^! are defects we may obs]ve 9 ! memory ( "o man comp>$ ) ano!r4 ,!re is ano!r defect :i* we may conceive to be 9 ! memory ( man 9 g5]al2--comp>$ ) "s sup]ior creat$ intellectual be+s1 :i* 9 ?is faculty may s f> excel man1 t !y may h ,,con/antly 9 view ! :ole sc5e ( all _! =m] actions1 :]e9 no "o ( ! ?\ghts !y h ev] _h may slip out ( _! sight4 ,! omnisci5ce ( ,god1 :o kn[s all ?+s1 pa/1 pres5t1 & to come1 & to :om ! ?\ghts ( m5's he>ts always lie op51 may satisfy u ( ! possibility ( ?is4 ,= :o c d\bt b ,god may communicate to ^? glori\s spirits1 8 imm$iate att5dants1 any ( 8 p]fections2 9 :at proportions he pleases1 z f> z creat$ f9ite be+s c be capable8 ,x is report$ ( t prodigy ( p>ts1 ,monsieur ,pascal1 t till ! decay ( 8 heal? _h impair$ 8 memory1 he =got no?+ ( :at he _h done1 read1 or ?\ght1 9 any "p ( 8 rational age4 ,?is is a privilege s little kn[n to mo/ m51 t x seems almo/ incr$ible to ^? :o1 aft] ! ord9>y way1 measure all o!rs by !mselves2 b yet1 :5 consid]$1 may help u to enl>ge our ?\ghts t[>ds great] p]fections ( x1 9 sup]ior ranks ( spirits4 ,= ?is ( ,monsieur ,pascal 0 /ill ) ! n>r[ness t human m9ds are conf9$ to "h1--( hav+ great v>iety ( ideas only by succession1 n all at once4 ,:]eas ! sev]al degrees ( angels may probably h l>g] views2 & "s ( !m be end[$ ) capacities able to reta9 toge!r1 & con/antly set be=e !m1 z 9 "o picture1 all _! pa/ k at once4 ,?is1 we may conceive1 w\ld be no small advantage to ! k ( a ?9k+ man1--if all 8 pa/ ?\ghts & reason+s c\ld be ,,always pres5t to him4 ,& !re=e we may suppose x "o ( ^? ways1 :]e9 ! k ( sep>ate spirits may exce$+ly surpass ours4 #aj4 ,brutes h ,memory4 ,?is faculty ( lay+ up & reta9+ ! ideas t are br\ght into ! m9d1 sev]al o!r animals seem to h to a great degree1 z well z man4 ,=1 to pass by o!r in/ances1 birds le>n+ ( tunes1 & ! endeav\rs "o may obs]ve 9 !m to hit ! notes "r1 put x pa/ d\bt ) me1 t !y h p]ception1 & reta9 ideas 9 _! memories1 & use !m = patt]ns4 ,= x seems to me impossible t !y %\ld endeav\r to con=m _! voices to notes 7z x is pla9 !y d7 ( :i* !y _h no ideas4 ,=1 ?\gh ,i %\ld grant s\nd may me*anically cause a c]ta9 motion ( ! animal spirits 9 ! bra9s ( ^? birds1 :il/ ! tune is actually play+2 & t motion may be cont9u$ on to ! muscles ( ! w+s1 & s ! bird me*anically be driv5 away by c]ta9 noises1 because ?is may t5d to ! bird's pres]vation2 yet t c nev] be suppos$ a reason :y x %\ld cause me*anically--ei!r :il/ ! tune is play+1 mu* less aft] x has ceas$--su* a motion ( ! organs 9 ! bird's voice z %\ld con=m x to ! notes ( a =eign s\nd1 :i* imitation c be ( no use to ! bird's pres]vation4 ,b1 :i* is m1 x _c ) any appe>ance ( reason be suppos$ 7mu* less prov$7 t birds1 )\t s5se & memory1 c approa* _! notes ne>] & ne>] by degrees to a tune play$ ye/]day2 :i* if !y h no idea ( 9 _! memory1 is n[ n[h]e1 nor c be a patt]n = !m to imitate1 or :i* any repeat$ essays c br+ !m ne>] to4 ,s9ce !re is no reason :y ! s\nd ( a pipe %\ld leave traces 9 _! bra9s1 :i*1 n at fir/1 b by _! aft]-endeav\rs1 %\ld produce ! l s\nds2 & :y ! s\nds !y make !mselves1 %\ld n make traces :i* !y %\ld foll[1 z well z ^? ( ! pipe1 is impossible to conceive4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,( ,,disc]n+1 ,,& ,,o!r ,,op]ations ,,( ,,! ,,m9d4 #a4 ,no ,k )\t ,disc]nm5t4 ,ano!r faculty we may take notice ( 9 our m9ds is t ( ,,disc]n+ & ,,di/+ui%+ betwe5 ! sev]al ideas x has4 ,x is n en\gh to h a confus$ p]ception ( some?+ 9 g5]al4 ,unless ! m9d _h a di/9ct p]ception ( diff]5t objects & _! qualities1 x w\ld be capable ( v little k1 ?\gh ! bodies t affect u 7 z busy ab\t u z !y are n[1 & ! m9d 7 cont9ually employ$ 9 ?9k+4 ,on ?is faculty ( di/+ui%+ "o ?+ f ano!r dep5ds ! evid5ce & c]ta9ty ( sev]al1 ev5 v g5]al1 propositions1 :i* h pass$ = innate tru?s2--because m51 ov]look+ ! true cause :y ^? propositions f9d univ]sal ass5t1 impute x :olly to native uni=m impressions2 :]eas x 9 tru? dep5ds ^u ?is cle> disc]n+ faculty ( ! m9d1 :]eby x ,,p]ceives two ideas to be ! same1 or diff]5t4 ,b ( ?is m h]eaft]4 #b4 ,! ,diff]5ce ( ,wit & ,judgm5t4 ,h[ mu* ! imp]fection ( accurately discrim9at+ ideas "o f ano!r lies1 ei!r 9 ! dulness or faults ( ! organs ( s5se2 or want ( acut5ess1 ex]cise1 or att5tion 9 ! und]/&+2 or ha/9ess & precipitancy1 natural to "s temp]s1 ,i w n "h exam9e3 x suffices to take notice1 t ?is is "o ( ! op]ations t ! m9d may reflect on & obs]ve 9 itself4 ,x is ( t consequ5ce to its o!r k1 t s f> z ?is faculty is 9 itself dull1 or n rightly made use (1 = ! di/+ui%+ "o ?+ f ano!r1--s f> our notions are confus$1 & our reason & judgm5t di/urb$ or misl$4 ,if 9 hav+ our ideas 9 ! memory ready at h& consi/s quickness ( p>ts2 9 ?is1 ( hav+ !m unconfus$1 & be+ able nicely to di/+ui% "o ?+ f ano!r1 :]e !re is b ! lea/ diff]5ce1 consi/s1 9 a great measure1 ! exactness ( judgm5t1 & cle>ness ( reason1 :i* is to be obs]v$ 9 "o man above ano!r4 ,& h5ce p]haps may be giv5 "s reason ( t common obs]vation1--t m5 :o h a great deal ( wit1 & prompt memories1 h n always ! cle>e/ judgm5t or deepe/ reason4 ,= ,,wit ly+ mo/ 9 ! assemblage ( ideas1 & putt+ ^? toge!r ) quickness & v>iety1 :]e9 c be f\nd any resemblance or congruity1 !reby to make up pleasant pictures & agreeable visions 9 ! fancy2 ,,judgm5t1 on ! contr>y1 lies q on ! o!r side1 9 sep>at+ c>efully1 "o f ano!r1 ideas :]e9 c be f\nd ! lea/ diff]5ce1 !reby to avoid be+ misl$ by similitude1 & by aff9ity to take "o ?+ = ano!r4 ,?is is a way ( proce$+ q contr>y to metaphor & allusion2 :]e9 = ! mo/ "p lies t ent]ta9m5t & pleasantry ( wit1 :i* /rikes s lively on ! fancy1 & !re=e is s acceptable to all p1 because its beauty appe>s at fir/ sight1 & !re is requir$ no lab\r ( ?\ght to exam9e :at tru? or reason !re is 9 x4 ,! m9d1 )\t look+ any fur!r1 re/s satisfi$ ) ! agreeabl5ess ( ! picture & ! gaiety ( ! fancy4 ,& x is a k9d ( affront to g ab\t to exam9e x1 by ! sev]e rules ( tru? & good reason2 :]eby x appe>s t x consi/s 9 some?+ t is n p]fectly con=mable to !m4 #c4 ,cle>ness alone h9d]s ,confusion4 ,to ! well di/+ui%+ our ideas1 x *iefly contributes t !y be ,,cle> & ,,det]m9ate4 ,& :5 !y are s1 x w n bre$ any confusion or mi/ake ab\t !m1 ?\gh ! s5ses %\ld 7z sometimes !y d7 convey !m f ! same object diff]5tly on diff]5t occasions1 & s seem to err4 ,=1 ?\gh a man 9 a fev] %\ld f sug> h a bitt] ta/e1 :i* at ano!r "t w\ld produce a sweet "o1 yet ! idea ( bitt] 9 t man's m9d w\ld be z cle> & di/9ct f ! idea ( sweet z if he _h ta/$ only gall4 ,nor does x make any m confusion betwe5 ! two ideas ( sweet & bitt] t ! same sort ( body produces at "o "t "o1 & at ano!r "t ano!r idea by ! ta/e1 ?an x makes a confusion 9 two ideas ( :ite & sweet1 or :ite & r\nd1 t ! same piece ( sug> produces !m bo? 9 ! m9d at ! same "t4 ,& ! ideas ( orange-col\r & azure1 t are produc$ 9 ! m9d by ! same p>cel ( ! infusion ( lignum nephritium1 are no less di/9ct ideas ?an ^? ( ! same col\rs tak5 f two v diff]5t bodies4 #d4 ,comp>+4 ,! ,,comp>+ !m "o ) ano!r1 9 respect ( ext5t1 degrees1 "t1 place1 or any o!r circum/ances1 is ano!r op]ation ( ! m9d ab\t its ideas1 & is t ^u :i* dep5ds all t l>ge tribe ( ideas compreh5d$ "u ,,relation2 :i*1 ( h[ va/ an ext5t x is1 ,i %all h occasion to consid] h]eaft]4 #e4 ,brutes comp>e b imp]fectly4 ,h[ f> brutes p>take 9 ?is faculty1 is n easy to det]m9e4 ,i imag9e !y h x n 9 any great degree1 =1 ?\gh !y probably h sev]al ideas di/9ct en\gh1 yet x seems to me to be ! pr]ogative ( human und]/&+1 :5 x has suffici5tly di/+ui%$ any ideas1 s z to p]ceive !m to be p]fectly diff]5t1 & s consequ5tly two1 to ca/ ab\t & consid] 9 :at circum/ances !y are capable to be comp>$4 ,& !re=e1 ,i ?9k1 bea/s comp>e n _! ideas fur!r ?an "s s5sible circum/ances annex$ to ! objects !mselves4 ,! o!r p[] ( comp>+1 :i* may be obs]v$ 9 m51 belong+ to g5]al ideas1 & useful only to ab/ract reason+s1 we may probably conjecture bea/s h n4 #f4 ,comp\nd+4 ,! next op]ation we may obs]ve 9 ! m9d ab\t its ideas is ,,composition2 :]eby x puts toge!r sev]al ( ^? simple ones x has receiv$ f s5sation & reflection1 & comb9es !m into complex ones4 ,"u ?is ( composition may be reckon$ also t ( ,,enl>g+1 :]e91 ?\gh ! composition does n s mu* appe> z 9 m complex ones1 yet x is nev]!less a putt+ sev]al ideas toge!r1 ?\gh ( ! same k9d4 ,?us1 by add+ sev]al units toge!r1 we make ! idea ( a doz52 & putt+ toge!r ! repeat$ ideas ( sev]al p]*es1 we frame t ( a furlong4 #g4 ,brutes comp\nd b little4 ,9 ?is also1 ,i suppose1 brutes come f> %ort ( man4 ,=1 ?\gh !y take 91 & reta9 toge!r1 sev]al comb9ations ( simple ideas1 z possibly ! %ape1 smell1 & voice ( 8 ma/] make up ! complex idea a dog has ( him1 or r are s _m di/9ct m>ks :]eby he kn[s him2 yet ,i d n ?9k !y d ( !mselves ev] comp\nd !m1 & make complex ideas4 ,& p]haps ev5 :]e we ?9k !y h complex ideas1 x is only "o simple "o t directs !m 9 ! k ( sev]al ?+s1 :i* possibly !y di/+ui% less by _! sight ?an we imag9e4 ,= ,i h be5 cr$ibly in=m$ t a bit* w nurse1 play )1 & be fond ( "y foxes1 z mu* z1 & 9 place ( h] puppies1 if y c b get !m once to suck h] s long t h] milk may g ?r\gh !m4 ,& ^? animals :i* h a num]\s brood ( "y ones at once1 appe> n to h any k ( _! numb]2 = ?\gh !y are mightily conc]n$ = any ( _! "y t are tak5 f !m :il/ !y are 9 sight or he>+1 yet if "o or two ( !m be /ol5 f !m 9 _! abs5ce1 or )\t noise1 !y appe> n to miss !m1 or to h any s5se t _! numb] is less5$4 #h4 ,nam+4 ,:5 *ildr5 h1 by repeat$ s5sations1 got ideas fix$ 9 _! memories1 !y beg9 by degrees to le>n ! use ( signs4 ,& :5 !y h got ! skill to apply ! organs ( spee* to ! fram+ ( articulate s\nds1 !y beg9 to make use ( words1 to signify _! ideas to o!rs4 ,^! v]bal signs !y sometimes borr[ f o!rs1 & sometimes make !mselves1 z "o may obs]ve among ! new & unusual names *ildr5 (t5 give to ?+s 9 ! fir/ use ( language4 #i4 ,ab/raction4 ,! use ( words !n be+ to /& z outw>d m>k ( our int]nal ideas1 & ^? ideas be+ tak5 f p>ticul> ?+s1 if e p>ticul> idea t we take up %\ld h a di/9ct "n1 names mu/ be endless4 ,to prev5t ?is1 ! m9d makes ! p>ticul> ideas receiv$ f p>ticul> objects to become g5]al2 :i* is done by consid]+ !m z !y are 9 ! m9d su* appe>ances1--sep>ate f all o!r exi/5ces1 & ! circum/ances ( real exi/5ce1 z "t1 place1 or any o!r concomitant ideas4 ,?is is call$ ,,ab/raction1 :]eby ideas tak5 f p>ticul> be+s become g5]al repres5tatives ( all ( ! same k9d2 & _! names g5]al names1 applicable to :atev] exi/s con=mable to su* ab/ract ideas4 ,su* precise1 nak$ appe>ances 9 ! m9d1 )\t consid]+ h[1 :5ce1 or ) :at o!rs !y came !re1 ! und]/&+ lays up 7) names commonly annex$ to !m7 z ! /&>ds to rank real exi/5ces into sorts1 z !y agree ) ^! patt]ns1 & to d5om9ate !m accord+ly4 ,?us ! same col\r be+ obs]v$ to-day 9 *alk or sn[1 :i* ! m9d ye/]day receiv$ f milk1 x consid]s t appe>ance alone1 makes x a repres5tative ( all ( t k9d2 & hav+ giv5 x ! "n ,,:it5ess1 x by t s\nd signifies ! same quality :]esoev] to be imag9$ or met )2 & ?us univ]sals1 :e!r ideas or t]ms1 are made4 #aj4 ,brutes ab/ract n4 ,if x may be d\bt$ :e!r bea/s comp\nd & enl>ge _! ideas t way to any degree2 ?is1 ,i ?9k1 ,i may be positive 91--t ! p[] ( ab/ract+ is n at all 9 !m2 & t ! hav+ ( g5]al ideas is t :i* puts a p]fect di/9ction betwixt man & brutes1 & is an excell5cy :i* ! faculties ( brutes d by no means atta9 to4 ,= x is evid5t we obs]ve no foot/eps 9 !m ( mak+ use ( g5]al signs = univ]sal ideas2 f :i* we h reason to imag9e t !y h n ! faculty ( ab/ract+1 or mak+ g5]al ideas1 s9ce !y h no use ( words1 or any o!r g5]al signs4 #aa4 ,brutes ab/ract n1 yet are n b>e ma*9es4 ,nor c x be imput$ to _! want ( fit organs to frame articulate s\nds1 t !y h no use or k ( g5]al words2 s9ce _m ( !m1 we f9d1 c fa%ion su* s\nds1 & pron\nce words di/9ctly en\gh1 b nev] ) any su* application4 ,&1 on ! o!r side1 m5 :o1 ?r\gh "s defect 9 ! organs1 want words1 yet fail n to express _! univ]sal ideas by signs1 :i* s]ve !m in/ead ( g5]al words1 a faculty :i* we see bea/s come %ort 94 ,&1 !re=e1 ,i ?9k1 we may suppose1 t x is 9 ?is t ! species ( brutes are discrim9at$ f man3 & x is t prop] diff]5ce :]e9 !y are :olly sep>at$1 & :i* at la/ wid5s to s va/ a di/ance4 ,= if !y h any ideas at all1 & are n b>e ma*9es1 7z "s w\ld h !m17 we _c d5y !m to h "s reason4 ,x seems z evid5t to me1 t !y d reason1 z t !y h s5se2 b x is only 9 p>ticul> ideas1 j z !y receiv$ !m f _! s5ses4 ,!y are ! be/ ( !m ti$ up )9 ^? n>r[ b\nds1 & h n 7z ,i ?9k7 ! faculty to enl>ge !m by any k9d ( ab/raction4 #ab4 ,idiots & ,madm54 ,h[ f> idiots are conc]n$ 9 ! want or weakness ( any1 or all ( ! =ego+ faculties1 an exact obs]vation ( _! sev]al ways ( fault]+ w\ld no d\bt discov]4 ,= ^? :o ei!r p]ceive b dully1 or reta9 ! ideas t come into _! m9ds b ill1 :o _c readily excite or comp\nd !m1 w h little matt] to ?9k on4 ,^? :o _c di/+ui%1 comp>e1 & ab/ract1 w\ld h>dly be able to und]/& & make use ( language1 or judge or reason to any tol]able degree2 b only a little & imp]fectly ab\t ?+s pres5t1 & v famili> to _! s5ses4 ,& inde$ any ( ! =em5tion$ faculties1 if want+1 or out ( ord]1 produce suitable defects 9 m5's und]/&+s & k4 #ac4 ,diff]5ce betwe5 ,idiots & ,madm54 ,9 f9e1 ! defect 9 naturals seems to proce$ f want ( quickness1 activity1 & motion 9 ! intellectual faculties1 :]eby !y are depriv$ ( reason2 :]eas madm51 on ! o!r side1 seem to suff] by ! o!r extreme4 ,= !y d n appe> to me to h lo/ ! faculty ( reason+1 b hav+ jo9$ toge!r "s ideas v wrongly1 !y mi/ake !m = tru?s2 & !y err z m5 d t argue "r f wrong pr9ciples4 ,=1 by ! viol5ce ( _! imag9ations1 hav+ tak5 _! fancies = realities1 !y make "r d$uctions f !m4 ,?us y %all f9d a di/ract$ man fancy+ himself a k+1 ) a "r inf]5ce require suitable att5dance1 respect1 & ob$i5ce3 o!rs :o h ?\ght !mselves made ( glass1 h us$ ! caution necess>y to pres]ve su* brittle bodies4 ,h5ce x comes to pass t a man :o is v sob]1 & ( a "r und]/&+ 9 all o!r ?+s1 may 9 "o p>ticul> be z frantic z any 9 ,b$lam2 if ei!r by any sudd5 v /rong impression1 or long fix+ 8 fancy ^u "o sort ( ?\ghts1 incoh]5t ideas h be5 cem5t$ toge!r s p[]fully1 z to rema9 unit$4 ,b !re are degrees ( madness1 z ( folly2 ! disord]ly jumbl+ ideas toge!r is 9 "s m1 & "s less4 ,9 %ort1 h]e9 seems to lie ! diff]5ce betwe5 idiots & madm53 t madm5 put wrong ideas toge!r1 & s make wrong propositions1 b argue & reason "r f !m2 b idiots make v few or no propositions1 & reason sc>ce at all4 #ad4 ,me?od foll[$ 9 ?is explication ( ,faculties4 ,^!1 ,i ?9k1 are ! fir/ faculties & op]ations ( ! m9d1 :i* x makes use ( 9 und]/&+2 & ?\gh !y are ex]cis$ ab\t all its ideas 9 g5]al1 yet ! in/ances ,i h hi!rto giv5 h be5 *iefly 9 simple ideas4 ,& ,i h subjo9$ ! explication ( ^! faculties ( ! m9d to t ( simple ideas1 be=e ,i come to :at ,i h to say conc]n+ complex ones1 = ^! foll[+ reasons3-- ,fir/1 ,because sev]al ( ^! faculties be+ ex]cis$ at fir/ pr9cipally ab\t simple ideas1 we might1 by foll[+ nature 9 its ord9>y me?od1 trace & discov] !m1 9 _! rise1 progress1 & gradual improvem5ts4 ,secondly1 ,because obs]v+ ! faculties ( ! m9d1 h[ !y op]ate ab\t simple ideas1--:i* are usually1 9 mo/ m5's m9ds1 mu* m cle>1 precise1 & di/9ct ?an complex ones1--we may ! bett] exam9e & le>n h[ ! m9d extracts1 d5om9ates1 comp>es1 & ex]cises1 9 its o!r op]ations ab\t ^? :i* are complex1 :]e9 we are mu* m liable to mi/ake4 ,?irdly1 ,because ^! v op]ations ( ! m9d ab\t ideas receiv$ f s5sations1 are !mselves1 :5 reflect$ on1 ano!r set ( ideas1 d]iv$ f t o!r s\rce ( our k1 :i* ,i call reflection2 & !re=e fit to be consid]$ 9 ?is place aft] ! simple ideas ( s5sation4 ,( comp\nd+1 comp>+1 ab/ract+1 c41 ,i h b j spok51 hav+ occasion to treat ( !m m at l>ge 9 o!r places4 #ae4 ,! true ,beg9n+ ( ,human ,k4 ,& ?us ,i h giv5 a %ort1 &1 ,i ?9k1 true ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,fir/ ,,beg9n+s ,,( ,,human ,,k2--:5ce ! m9d has its fir/ objects2 & by :at /eps x makes its progress to ! lay+ 9 & /or+ up ^? ideas1 out ( :i* is to be fram$ all ! k x is capable (3 :]e9 ,i mu/ appeal to exp]i5ce & obs]vation :e!r ,i am 9 ! "r3 ! be/ way to come to tru? be+ to exam9e ?+s z really !y are1 & n to conclude !y are1 z we fancy ( ourselves1 or h be5 taught by o!rs to imag9e4 #af4 ,appeal to ,exp]i5ce4 ,to deal truly1 ?is is ! only way t ,i c discov]1 :]eby ! ,,ideas ,,( ,,?+s are br\ght into ! und]/&+4 ,if o!r m5 h ei!r innate ideas or infus$ pr9ciples1 !y h reason to enjoy !m2 & if !y are sure ( x1 x is impossible = o!rs to d5y !m ! privilege t !y h above _! neighb\rs4 ,i c speak b ( :at ,i f9d 9 myself1 & is agreeable to ^? notions1 :i*1 if we w exam9e ! :ole c\rse ( m5 9 _! sev]al ages1 c\ntries1 & educations1 seem to dep5d on ^? f\ndations :i* ,i h laid1 & to correspond ) ?is me?od 9 all ! p>ts & degrees !re(4 #ag4 ,d>k ,room4 ,i pret5d n to tea*1 b to inquire2 & !re=e _c b confess "h aga91--t ext]nal & int]nal s5sation are ! only passages ,i c f9d ( k to ! und]/&+4 ,^! alone1 z f> z ,i c discov]1 are ! w9d[s by :i* light is let into ?is ,,d>k ,,room4 ,=1 me?9ks1 ! und]/&+ is n mu* unlike a closet :olly %ut f light1 ) only "s little op5+s left1 to let 9 ext]nal visible resemblances1 or ideas ( ?+s )\t3 :i*1 w\ld !y b /ay !re1 & lie s ord]ly z to be f\nd ^u occasion1 x w\ld v mu* resemble ! und]/&+ ( a man1 9 ref]5ce to all objects ( sight1 & ! ideas ( !m4 ,^! are my guesses conc]n+ ! means :]eby ! und]/&+ comes to h & reta9 simple ideas1 & ! modes ( !m1 ) "s o!r op]ations ab\t !m4 ,i proce$ n[ to exam9e "s ( ^! simple ideas & _! modes a little m p>ticul>ly4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,( ,,complex ,,ideas4 #a4 ,made by ! ,m9d out ( simple ,ones4 ,we h hi!rto consid]$ ^? ideas1 9 ! reception :]e( ! m9d is only passive1 :i* are ^? simple ones receiv$ f s5sation & reflection be=e m5tion$1 :]e( ! m9d _c make "o to itself1 nor h any idea :i* does n :olly consi/ ( !m4 ,z simple ideas are obs]v$ to exi/ 9 sev]al comb9ations unit$ toge!r1 s ! m9d has a p[] to consid] sev]al ( !m unit$ toge!r z "o idea2 & t n only z !y are unit$ 9 ext]nal objects1 b z itself has jo9$ !m toge!r4 ,ideas ?us made up ( sev]al simple ones put toge!r1 ,i call ,,complex2--su* z are beauty1 gratitude1 a man1 an army1 ! univ]se2 :i*1 ?\gh complicat$ ( v>i\s simple ideas1 or complex ideas made up ( simple ones1 yet are1 :5 ! m9d pleases1 consid]$ ea* by itself1 z "o entire ?+1 signifi$ by "o "n4 #b4 ,made volunt>ily4 ,9 ?is faculty ( repeat+ & jo9+ toge!r its ideas1 ! m9d has great p[] 9 v>y+ & multiply+ ! objects ( its ?\ghts1 inf9itely beyond :at s5sation or reflection furni%$ x )3 b all ?is /ill conf9$ to ^? simple ideas :i* x receiv$ f ^? two s\rces1 & :i* are ! ultimate mat]ials ( all its compositions4 ,= simple ideas are all f ?+s !mselves1 & ( ^! ! m9d ,,c h no m1 nor o!r ?an :at are sugge/$ to x4 ,x c h no o!r ideas ( s5sible qualities ?an :at come f )\t 99dropp$ ^w ! s5ses2 nor any ideas ( o!r k9d ( op]ations ( a ?9k+ sub/ance1 ?an :at x f9ds 9 itself4 ,b :5 x has once got ^! simple ideas1 x is n conf9$ b>ely to obs]vation1 & :at (f]s itself f )\t2 x c1 by its own p[]1 put toge!r ^? ideas x has1 & make new complex ones1 :i* x nev] receiv$ s unit$4 #c4 ,complex ideas are ei!r ( ,modes1 ,sub/ances1 or ,relations4 ,,complex ,,ideas1 h[ev] comp\nd$ & decomp\nd$1 ?\gh _! numb] be inf9ite1 & ! v>iety endless1 :]e) !y fill & ent]ta9 ! ?\ghts ( m52 yet ,i ?9k !y may be all r$uc$ "u ^! ?ree heads3--#a4 ,,modes4 #b4 ,,sub/ances4 #c4 ,,relations4 #d4 ,ideas ( ,modes4 ,fir/1 ,,modes ,i call su* complex ideas :i*1 h[ev] comp\nd$1 conta9 n 9 !m ! supposition ( subsi/+ by !mselves1 b are consid]$ z dep5d5ces on1 or affections ( sub/ances2--su* z are ! ideas signifi$ by ! words triangle1 gratitude1 murd]1 c4 ,& if 9 ?is ,i use ! ^w mode 9 some:at a diff]5t s5se f its ord9>y signification1 ,i beg p>don2 x be+ unavoidable 9 disc\rses1 diff]+ f ! ord9>y receiv$ notions1 ei!r to make new words1 or to use old words 9 some:at a new signification2 ! lat] :]e(1 9 our pres5t case1 is p]haps ! m tol]able ( ! two4 #e4 ,simple & mix$ ,modes ( ,ideas4 ,( ^! ,,modes1 !re are two sorts :i* des]ve di/9ct consid]ation3-- ,fir/1 !re are "s :i* are only v>iations1 or diff]5t comb9ations ( ! same simple idea1 )\t ! mixture ( any o!r2--z a doz51 or score2 :i* are no?+ b ! ideas ( s _m di/9ct units add$ toge!r1 & ^! ,i call ,,simple ,,modes z be+ conta9$ )9 ! b\nds ( "o simple idea4 ,secondly1 !re are o!rs comp\nd$ ( simple ideas ( sev]al k9ds1 put toge!r to make "o complex "o2--v4g4 beauty1 consi/+ ( a c]ta9 composition ( col\r & figure1 caus+ delight to ! behold]2 !ft1 :i* be+ ! conceal$ *ange ( ! possession ( any?+1 )\t ! cons5t ( ! proprietor1 conta9s1 z is visible1 a comb9ation ( sev]al ideas ( sev]al k9ds3 & ^! ,i call ,,mix$ ,,modes4 #f4 ,ideas ( ,sub/ances1 s+le or collective4 ,secondly1 ! ideas ( ,,sub/ances are su* comb9ations ( simple ideas z are tak5 to repres5t di/9ct ,,p>ticul> ?+s subsi/+ by !mselves2 9 :i* ! suppos$ or confus$ idea ( sub/ance1 su* z x is1 is always ! fir/ & *ief4 ,?us if to sub/ance be jo9$ ! simple idea ( a c]ta9 dull :iti% col\r1 ) c]ta9 degrees ( weight1 h>dness1 ductility1 & fusibility1 we h ! idea ( lead2 & a comb9ation ( ! ideas ( a c]ta9 sort ( figure1 ) ! p[]s ( motion1 ?\ght & reason+1 jo9$ to sub/ance1 make ! ord9>y idea ( a man4 ,n[ ( sub/ances also1 !re are two sorts ( ideas3--"o ( ,,s+le sub/ances1 z !y exi/ sep>ately1 z ( a man or a %eep2 ! o!r ( sev]al ( ^? put toge!r1 z an army ( m51 or flock ( %eep--:i* ,,collective ideas ( sev]al sub/ances ?us put toge!r are z mu* ea* ( !m "o s+le idea z t ( a man or an unit4 #g4 ,ideas ( ,relation4 ,?irdly1 ! la/ sort ( complex ideas is t we call ,,relation1 :i* consi/s 9 ! consid]ation & comp>+ "o idea ) ano!r4 ,( ^! sev]al k9ds we %all treat 9 _! ord]4 #h4 ,! ab/ruse/ ,ideas we c h are all f two ,s\rces4 ,if we trace ! progress ( our m9ds1 & ) att5tion obs]ve h[ x repeats1 adds toge!r1 & unites its simple ideas receiv$ f s5sation or reflection1 x w lead u fur!r ?an at fir/ p]haps we %\ld h imag9$4 ,&1 ,i believe1 we %all f9d1 if we w>ily obs]ve ! orig9als ( our notions1 t ,,ev5 ,,! ,,mo/ ,,ab/ruse ,,ideas1 h[ remote soev] !y may seem f s5se1 or f any op]ations ( our own m9ds1 are yet only su* z ! und]/&+ frames to itself1 by repeat+ & jo9+ toge!r ideas t x _h ei!r f objects ( s5se1 or f its own op]ations ab\t !m3 s t ^? ev5 l>ge & ab/ract ideas are d]iv$ f s5sation or reflection1 be+ no o!r ?an :at ! m9d1 by ! ord9>y use ( its own faculties1 employ$ ab\t ideas receiv$ f objects ( s5se1 or f ! op]ations x obs]ves 9 itself ab\t !m1 may1 & does1 atta9 unto4 ,?is ,i %all endeav\r to %[ 9 ! ideas we h ( space1 "t1 & inf9ity1 & "s few o!rs t seem ! mo/ remote1 f ^? orig9als4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,complex ,,ideas ,,( ,,simple ,,modes3--,,& ,,fir/1 ,,( ,,! ,,simple ,,modes ,,( ,,idea ,,( ,,space4 #a4 ,simple modes ( simple ideas4 ,?\gh 9 ! =ego+ "p ,i h (t5 m5tion$ simple ideas1 :i* are truly ! mat]ials ( all our k2 yet hav+ treat$ ( !m !re1 r 9 ! way t !y come into ! m9d1 ?an z di/+ui%$ f o!rs m comp\nd$1 x w n be p]haps amiss to take a view ( "s ( !m aga9 "u ?is consid]ation1 & exam9e ^? diff]5t modifications ( ! ,,same idea2 :i* ! m9d ei!r f9ds 9 ?+s exi/+1 or is able to make )9 itself )\t ! help ( any extr9sical object1 or any =eign sugge/ion4 ,^? modifications ( any ,,"o simple idea 7:i*1 z has be5 said1 ,i call ,,simple ,,modes7 are z p]fectly diff]5t & di/9ct ideas 9 ! m9d z ^? ( ! greate/ di/ance or contr>iety4 ,= ! idea ( two is z di/9ct f t ( "o1 z blu5ess f heat1 or ei!r ( !m f any numb]3 & yet x is made up only ( t simple idea ( an unit repeat$2 & repetitions ( ?is k9d jo9$ toge!r make ^? di/9ct simple modes1 ( a doz51 a gross1 a million4 ,simple ,modes ( ,idea ( ,space4 #b4 ,idea ( ,space4 ,i %all beg9 ) ! simple idea ( ,,space4 ,i h %[$ above1 *ap4 #d1 t we get ! idea ( space1 bo? by our sight & t\*2 :i*1 ,i ?9k1 is s evid5t1 t x w\ld be z ne$less to g to prove t m5 p]ceive1 by _! sight1 a di/ance betwe5 bodies ( diff]5t col\rs1 or betwe5 ! p>ts ( ! same body1 z t !y see col\rs !mselves3 nor is x less obvi\s1 t !y c d s 9 ! d>k by feel+ & t\*4 #c4 ,space & ,ext5sion4 ,?is space1 consid]$ b>ely 9 l5g? betwe5 any two be+s1 )\t consid]+ any?+ else betwe5 !m1 is call$ ,,di/ance3 if consid]$ 9 l5g?1 bread?1 & ?ickness1 ,i ?9k x may be call$ ,,capacity4 ,:5 consid]$ betwe5 ! extremities ( matt]1 :i* fills ! capacity ( space ) some?+ solid1 tangible1 & moveable1 x is prop]ly call$ ,,ext5sion4 ,& s ext5sion is an idea belong+ to body only2 b space may1 z is evid5t1 be consid]$ )\t x4 ,at lea/ ,i ?9k x mo/ intelligible1 & ! be/ way to avoid confusion1 if we use ! ^w ext5sion = an affection ( matt] or ! di/ance ( ! extremities ( p>ticul> solid bodies2 & space 9 ! m g5]al signification1 = di/ance1 ) or )\t solid matt] possess+ x4 #d4 ,imm5sity4 ,ea* diff]5t di/ance is a diff]5t modification ( space2 & ea* idea ( any diff]5t di/ance1 or space1 is a ,,simple ,,mode ( ?is idea4 ,m5 hav+1 by accu/om+ !mselves to /at$ l5g?s ( space1 :i* !y use = measur+ o!r di/ances--z a foot1 a y>d or a fa?om1 a league1 or diamet] ( ! e>?--made ^? ideas famili> to _! ?\ghts1 c1 9 _! m9ds1 repeat !m z (t5 z !y w1 )\t mix+ or jo9+ to !m ! idea ( body1 or any?+ else2 & frame to !mselves ! ideas ( long1 squ>e1 or cubic feet1 y>ds or fa?oms1 "h among/ ! bodies ( ! univ]se1 or else beyond ! utmo/ b\nds ( all bodies2 &1 by add+ ^! /ill "o to ano!r1 enl>ge _! ideas ( space z mu* z !y please4 ,! p[] ( repeat+ or d\bl+ any idea we h ( any di/ance1 & add+ x to ! =m] z (t5 z we w1 )\t be+ ev] able to come to any /op or /9t1 let u enl>ge x z mu* z we w1 is t :i* gives u ! idea ( ,,imm5sity4 #e4 ,figure4 ,!re is ano!r modification ( ?is idea1 :i* is no?+ b ! relation :i* ! p>ts ( ! t]m9ation ( ext5sion1 or circumscrib$ space1 h among/ !mselves4 ,?is ! t\* discov]s 9 s5sible bodies1 ^: extremities come )9 our rea*2 & ! eye takes bo? f bodies & col\rs1 ^: b\nd>ies are )9 its view3 :]e1 obs]v+ h[ ! extremities t]m9ate1--ei!r 9 /raight l9es :i* meet at disc]nible angles1 or 9 crook$ l9es :]e9 no angles c be p]ceiv$2 by consid]+ ^! z !y relate to "o ano!r1 9 all p>ts ( ! extremities ( any body or space1 x has t idea we call ,,figure1 :i* af=ds to ! m9d inf9ite v>iety4 ,=1 besides ! va/ numb] ( diff]5t figures t d really exi/ 9 ! coh]5t masses ( matt]1 ! /ock t ! m9d has 9 its p[]1 by v>y+ ! idea ( space1 & !reby mak+ /ill new compositions1 by repeat+ its own ideas1 & jo9+ !m z x pleases1 is p]fectly inexhau/ible4 ,& s x c multiply figures ,,9 ,,inf9itum4 #f4 ,endless v>iety ( figures4 ,= ! m9d hav+ a p[] to repeat ! idea ( any l5g? directly /ret*$ out1 & jo9 x to ano!r 9 ! same direction1 :i* is to d\ble ! l5g? ( t /raight l9e2 or else jo9 ano!r ) :at incl9ation x ?9ks fit1 & s make :at sort ( angle x pleases3 & be+ able also to %ort5 any l9e x imag9es1 by tak+ f x "o half1 "o f\r?1 or :at "p x pleases1 )\t be+ able to come to an end ( any su* divisions1 x c make an angle ( any bigness4 ,s also ! l9es t are its sides1 ( :at l5g? x pleases1 :i* jo9+ aga9 to o!r l9es1 ( diff]5t l5g?s1 & at diff]5t angles1 till x has :olly enclos$ any space1 x is evid5t t x c multiply figures1 bo? 9 _! %ape & capacity1 ,,9 ,,inf9itum2 all :i* are b s _m diff]5t simple modes ( space4 ,! same t x c d ) /raight l9es1 x c also d ) crook$1 or crook$ & /raight toge!r2 & ! same x c d 9 l9es1 x c also 9 sup]ficies2 by :i* we may be l$ into f>!r ?\ghts ( ! endless v>iety ( figures t ! m9d has a p[] to make1 & !reby to multiply ! simple modes ( space4 #g4 ,place4 ,ano!r idea com+ "u ?is head1 & belong+ to ?is tribe1 is t we call ,,place4 ,z 9 simple space1 we consid] ! relation ( di/ance betwe5 any two bodies or po9ts2 s 9 our idea ( place1 we consid] ! relation ( di/ance betwixt any?+1 & any two or m po9ts1 :i* are consid]$ z keep+ ! same di/ance "o ) ano!r1 & s consid]$ z at re/4 ,= :5 we f9d any?+ at ! same di/ance n[ :i* x 0 ye/]day1 f any two or m po9ts1 :i* h n s9ce *ang$ _! di/ance "o ) ano!r1 & ) :i* we !n comp>$ x1 we say x ha? kept ! same place3 b if x ha? s5sibly alt]$ its di/ance ) ei!r ( ^? po9ts1 we say x ha? *ang$ its place3 ?\gh1 vulg>ly speak+1 9 ! common notion ( place1 we d n always exactly obs]ve ! di/ance f ^! precise po9ts1 b f l>g] portions ( s5sible objects1 to :i* we consid] ! ?+ plac$ to be> relation1 & its di/ance f :i* we h "s reason to obs]ve4 #h4 ,place relative to p>ticul> bodies4 ,?us1 a company ( *ess-m51 /&+ on ! same squ>es ( ! *ess-bo>d :]e we left !m1 we say !y are all 9 ! ,,same place1 or unmov$1 ?\gh p]haps ! *essbo>d ha? be5 9 ! mean "t c>ri$ out ( "o room into ano!r2 because we comp>$ !m only to ! p>ts ( ! *ess-bo>d1 :i* keep ! same di/ance "o ) ano!r4 ,! *ess-bo>d1 we also say1 is 9 ! same place x 01 if x rema9 9 ! same "p ( ! cab91 ?\gh p]haps ! %ip :i* x is 9 sails all ! :ile4 ,& ! %ip is said to be 9 ! same place1 suppos+ x kept ! same di/ance ) ! p>ts ( ! neighb\r+ l&2 ?\gh p]haps ! e>? ha? turn$ r\nd1 & s bo? *ess-m51 & bo>d1 & %ip1 h e "o *ang$ place1 9 respect ( remot] bodies1 :i* h kept ! same di/ance "o ) ano!r4 ,b yet ! di/ance f c]ta9 p>ts ( ! bo>d be+ t :i* det]m9es ! place ( ! *ess-m52 & ! di/ance f ! fix$ p>ts ( ! cab9 7) :i* we made ! comp>ison7 be+ t :i* det]m9$ ! place ( ! *ess-bo>d2 & ! fix$ p>ts ( ! e>? t by :i* we det]m9$ ! place ( ! %ip1--^! ?+s may be said to be 9 ! same place 9 ^? respects3 ?\gh _! di/ance f "s o!r ?+s1 :i* 9 ?is matt] we did n consid]1 be+ v>i$1 !y h und\bt$ly *ang$ place 9 t respect2 & we ourselves %all ?9k s1 :5 we h occasion to comp>e !m ) ^? o!r4 #i4 ,place relative to a pres5t purpose4 ,b ?is modification ( di/ance we call place1 be+ made by m5 = _! common use1 t by x !y might be able to design ! p>ticul> position ( ?+s1 :]e !y _h occasion = su* designation2 m5 consid] & det]m9e ( ?is place by ref]5ce to ^? adjac5t ?+s :i* be/ s]v$ to _! pres5t purpose1 )\t consid]+ o!r ?+s :i*1 to ano!r purpose1 w\ld bett] det]m9e ! place ( ! same ?+4 ,?us 9 ! *ess-bo>d1 ! use ( ! designation ( ! place ( ea* *ess-man be+ det]m9$ only )9 t *equ]$ piece ( wood1 x w\ld cross t purpose to measure x by any?+ else2 b :5 ^! v *ess-m5 are put up 9 a bag1 if any "o %\ld ask :]e ! black k+ is1 x w\ld be prop] to det]m9e ! place by ! "p ( ! room x 0 91 & n by ! *essbo>d2 !re be+ ano!r use ( design+ ! place x is n[ 91 ?an :5 9 play x 0 on ! *essbo>d1 & s mu/ be det]m9$ by o!r bodies4 ,s if any "o %\ld ask1 9 :at place are ! v]ses :i* report ! /ory ( ,nisus & ,euryalus1 x w\ld be v improp] to det]m9e ?is place1 by say+1 !y 7 9 su* a "p ( ! e>?1 or 9 ,bodley's libr>y3 b ! "r designation ( ! place w\ld be by ! p>ts ( ,virgil's works2 & ! prop] answ] w\ld be1 t ^! v]ses 7 ab\t ! middle ( ! n9? book ( 8 ,a,eneids1 & t !y h be5 always con/antly 9 ! same place ev] s9ce ,virgil 0 pr9t$3 :i* is true1 ?\gh ! book itself ha? mov$ a ?\s& times1 ! use ( ! idea ( place "h be+1 to "k 9 :at "p ( ! book t /ory is1 t s1 ^u occasion1 we may "k :]e to f9d x1 & h rec\rse to x = use4 #aj4 ,place ( ! univ]se4 ,t our idea ( place is no?+ else b su* a relative position ( any?+ z ,i h be=e m5tion$1 ,i ?9k is pla91 & w be easily admitt$1 :5 we consid] t we c h no idea ( ! place ( ! univ]se1 ?\gh we c ( all ! p>ts ( x2 because beyond t we h n ! idea ( any fix$1 di/9ct1 p>ticul> be+s1 9 ref]5ce to :i* we c imag9e x to h any relation ( di/ance2 b all beyond x is "o uni=m space or expansion1 :]e9 ! m9d f9ds no v>iety1 no m>ks4 ,= to say t ! _w is some:]e1 means no m ?an t x does exi/2 ?is1 ?\gh a phrase borr[$ f place1 signify+ only its exi/5ce1 n location3 & :5 "o c f9d out1 & frame 9 8 m9d1 cle>ly & di/9ctly ! place ( ! univ]se1 he w be able to tell u :e!r x moves or /&s /ill 9 ! undi/+ui%able inane ( inf9ite space3 ?\gh x be true t ! ^w place has sometimes a m confus$ s5se1 & /&s = t space :i* anybody takes up2 & s ! univ]se is 9 a place4 ,! idea1 !re=e1 ( place we h by ! same means t we get ! idea ( space1 7:]e( ?is is b a p>ticul> limit$ consid]ation17 viz4 by our sight & t\*2 by ei!r ( :i* we receive into our m9ds ! ideas ( ext5sion or di/ance4 #aa4 ,ext5sion & ,body n ! same4 ,!re are "s t w\ld p]suade u1 t body & ext5sion are ! same ?+1 :o ei!r *ange ! signification ( words1 :i* ,i w\ld n suspect !m (1--!y hav+ s sev]ely condemn$ ! philosophy ( o!rs1 because x ha? be5 too mu* plac$ 9 ! unc]ta9 mean+1 or deceitful obscurity ( d\btful or insignificant t]ms4 ,if1 !re=e1 !y mean by body & ext5sion ! same t o!r p d1 viz4 by ,,body some?+ t is solid & ext5d$1 ^: p>ts are sep>able & movable diff]5t ways2 & by ,,ext5sion1 only ! space t lies betwe5 ! extremities ( ^? solid coh]5t p>ts1 & :i* is possess$ by !m1--!y conf\nd v diff]5t ideas "o ) ano!r2 = ,i appeal to e man's own ?\ghts1 :e!r ! idea ( space be n z di/9ct f t ( solidity1 z x is f ! idea ( sc>let col\r8 ,x is true1 solidity _c exi/ )\t ext5sion1 nei!r c sc>let col\r exi/ )\t ext5sion1 b ?is h9d]s n1 b t !y are di/9ct ideas4 ,_m ideas require o!rs1 z necess>y to _! exi/5ce or conception1 :i* yet are v di/9ct ideas4 ,motion c nei!r be1 nor be conceiv$1 )\t space2 & yet motion is n space1 nor space motion2 space c exi/ )\t x1 & !y are v di/9ct ideas2 & s1 ,i ?9k1 are ^? ( space & solidity4 ,solidity is s insep>able an idea f body1 t ^u t dep5ds its fill+ ( space1 its contact1 impulse1 & communication ( motion ^u impulse4 ,& if x be a reason to prove t _s is diff]5t f body1 because ?9k+ includes n ! idea ( ext5sion 9 x2 ! same reason w be z valid1 ,i suppose1 to prove t space is n body1 because x includes n ! idea ( solidity 9 x2 ,,space & ,,solidity be+ z di/9ct ideas z ,,?9k+ & ,,ext5sion1 & z :olly sep>able 9 ! m9d "o f ano!r4 ,body !n & ext5sion1 x is evid5t1 are two di/9ct ideas4 ,=1 #ab4 ,ext5sion n solidity4 ,fir/1 ,ext5sion includes no solidity1 nor resi/ance to ! motion ( body1 z body does4 #ac4 ,! p>ts ( space insep>able1 bo? really & m5tally4 ,secondly1 ,! p>ts ( pure space are insep>able "o f ! o!r2 s t ! cont9uity _c be sep>at$1 bo? nei!r really nor m5tally4 ,= ,i dem& ( any "o to remove any "p ( x f ano!r1 ) :i* x is cont9u$1 ev5 s mu* z 9 ?\ght4 ,to divide & sep>ate actually is1 z ,i ?9k1 by remov+ ! p>ts "o f ano!r1 to make two sup]ficies1 :]e be=e !re 0 a cont9uity3 & to divide m5tally is1 to make 9 ! m9d two sup]ficies1 :]e be=e !re 0 a cont9uity1 & consid] !m z remov$ "o f ! o!r2 :i* c only be done 9 ?+s consid]$ by ! m9d z capable ( be+ sep>at$2 & by sep>ation1 ( acquir+ new di/9ct sup]ficies1 :i* !y !n h n1 b are capable (4 ,b nei!r ( ^! ways ( sep>ation1 :e!r real or m5tal1 is1 z ,i ?9k1 compatible to pure space4 ,x is true1 a man may consid] s mu* ( su* a space z is answ]able or comm5surate to a foot1 )\t consid]+ ! re/1 :i* is1 inde$1 a p>tial consid]ation1 b n s mu* z m5tal sep>ation or division2 s9ce a man c no m m5tally divide1 )\t consid]+ two sup]ficies sep>ate "o f ! o!r1 ?an he c actually divide1 )\t mak+ two sup]ficies disjo9$ "o f ! o!r3 b a p>tial consid]ation is n sep>at+4 ,a man may consid] light 9 ! sun )\t its heat1 or mobility 9 body )\t its ext5sion1 )\t ?9k+ ( _! sep>ation4 ,"o is only a p>tial consid]ation1 t]m9at+ 9 "o alone2 & ! o!r is a consid]ation ( bo?1 z exi/+ sep>ately4 #ad4 ,! p>ts ( space immovable4 ,?irdly1 ,! p>ts ( pure space are immovable1 :i* foll[s f _! insep>ability2 motion be+ no?+ b *ange ( di/ance betwe5 any two ?+s2 b ?is _c be betwe5 p>ts t are insep>able1 :i*1 !re=e1 mu/ ne$s be at p]petual re/ "o among/ ano!r4 ,?us ! det]m9$ idea ( simple space di/+ui%es x pla9ly & suffici5tly f body2 s9ce its p>ts are insep>able1 immovable1 & )\t resi/ance to ! motion ( body4 #ae4 ,! ,def9ition ( ,ext5sion expla9s x n4 ,if any "o ask me ,,:at ?is space ,i speak ( ,,is1 ,i w tell him :5 he tells me :at 8 ext5sion is4 ,= to say1 z is usually done1 t ext5sion is to h p>tes extra p>tes1 is to say only1 t ext5sion is ext5sion4 ,= :at am ,i ! bett] in=m$ 9 ! nature ( ext5sion1 :5 ,i am told t ext5sion is to h p>ts t are ext5d$1 ext]ior to p>ts t are ext5d$1 i4 e4 ext5sion consi/s ( ext5d$ p>ts8 ,z if "o1 ask+ :at a fibre 01 ,i %\ld answ] him1--t x 0 a ?+ made up ( sev]al fibres4 ,w\ld he !reby be enabl$ to und]/& :at a fibre 0 bett] ?an he did be=e8 ,or r1 w\ld he n h reason to ?9k t my design 0 to make sport ) him1 r ?an s]i\sly to in/ruct him8 #af4 ,division ( ,be+s into ,bodies & ,spirits proves n ,space & ,body ! same4 ,^? :o cont5d t space & body are ! same1 br+ ?is dilemma3--ei!r ?is space is some?+ or no?+2 if no?+ be betwe5 two bodies1 !y mu/ necess>ily t\*2 if x be all[$ to be some?+1 !y ask1 ,:e!r x be body or _s8 ,to :i* ,i answ] by ano!r "q1 ,:o told !m t !re 01 or c\ld be1 no?+2 b ,,solid ,,be+s1 ,,:i* ,,c\ld ,,n ,,?9k1 & ,,?9k+ ,,be+s ,,t ,,7 ,,n ,,ext5d$8--:i* is all !y mean by ! t]ms ,,body & ,,_s4 #ag4 ,sub/ance1 :i* we "k n1 no ,pro( aga9/ ,space )\t ,body4 ,if x be dem&$ 7z usually x is7 :e!r ?is space1 void ( body1 be ,,sub/ance or ,,accid5t1 ,i %all readily answ] ,i "k n2 nor %all be a%am$ to own my ignorance1 till !y t ask %[ me a cle> di/9ct idea ( sub/ance4 #ah4 ,diff]5t mean+s ( sub/ance4 ,i endeav\r z mu* z ,i c to deliv] myself f ^? fallacies :i* we are apt to put ^u ourselves1 by tak+ words = ?+s4 ,x helps n our ignorance to feign a k :]e we h none1 by mak+ a noise ) s\nds1 )\t cle> & di/9ct significations4 ,names made at pleasure1 nei!r alt] ! nature ( ?+s1 nor make u und]/& !m1 b z !y are signs ( & /& = det]m9$ ideas4 ,& ,i desire ^? :o lay s mu* /ress on ! s\nd ( ^! two syllables1 ,,sub/ance1 to consid] :e!r apply+ x1 z !y d1 to ! inf9ite1 incompreh5sible ,god1 to f9ite spirits1 & to body1 x be 9 ! same s5se2 & :e!r x /&s = ! same idea1 :5 ea* ( ^? ?ree s diff]5t be+s are call$ sub/ances4 ,if s1 :e!r x w !nce foll[--t ,god1 spirits1 & body1 agree+ 9 ! same common nature ( sub/ance1 diff] n any o!rwise ?an 9 a b>e diff]5t ,,modification ( t sub/ance2 z a tree & a pebble1 be+ 9 ! same s5se body1 & agree+ 9 ! common nature ( body1 diff] only 9 a b>e modification ( t common matt]1 :i* w be a v h>% doctr9e4 ,if !y say1 t !y apply x to ,god1 f9ite _s1 & matt]1 9 ?ree diff]5t significations & t x /&s = "o idea :5 ,god is said to be a sub/ance2 = ano!r :5 ! s\l is call$ sub/ance2 & = a ?ird :5 body is call$ s2--if ! "n sub/ance /&s = ?ree sev]al di/9ct ideas1 !y w\ld d well to make kn[n ^? di/9ct ideas1 or at lea/ to give ?ree di/9ct names to !m1 to prev5t 9 s important a notion ! confusion & errors t w naturally foll[ f ! promiscu\s use ( s d\btful a t]m2 :i* is s f> f be+ suspect$ to h ?ree di/9ct1 t 9 ord9>y use x has sc>ce "o cle> di/9ct signification4 ,& if !y c ?us make ?ree di/9ct ideas ( sub/ance1 :at h9d]s :y ano!r may n make a f\r?8 #ai4 ,sub/ance & accid5ts ( little use 9 ,philosophy4 ,!y :o fir/ ran into ! notion ( ,,accid5ts1 z a sort ( real be+s t ne$$ some?+ to inh]e 91 7 =c$ to f9d out ! ^w ,,sub/ance to support !m4 ,_h ! poor ,indian philosoph] 7:o imag9$ t ! e>? also want$ some?+ to be> x up7 b ?\ght ( ?is ^w sub/ance1 he ne$$ n to h be5 at ! tr\ble to f9d an elephant to support x1 & a tortoise to support 8 elephant3 ! ^w sub/ance w\ld h done x effectually4 ,& he t inquir$ might h tak5 x = z good an answ] f an ,indian philosoph]1--t sub/ance1 )\t kn[+ :at x is1 is t :i* supports ! e>?1 z take x = a suffici5t answ] & good doctr9e f our ,european philosoph]s1--t sub/ance1 )\t kn[+ :at x is1 is t :i* supports accid5ts4 ,s t ( sub/ance1 we h no idea ( :at x is1 b only a confus$ obscure "o ( :at x does4 #bj4 ,/ick+ on & "u-propp+4 ,:atev] a le>n$ man may d "h1 an intellig5t ,am]ican1 :o inquir$ into ! nature ( ?+s1 w\ld sc>ce take x = a satisfactory acc\nt1 if1 desir+ to le>n our ar*itecture1 he %\ld be told t a pill> is a ?+ support$ by a basis1 & a basis some?+ t support$ a pill>4 ,w\ld he n ?9k himself mock$1 in/ead ( taught1 ) su* an acc\nt z ?is8 ,& a /rang] to !m w\ld be v lib]ally in/ruct$ 9 ! nature ( books1 & ! ?+s !y conta9$1 if he %\ld be told t all le>n$ books consi/$ ( pap] & lett]s1 & t lett]s 7 ?+s inh]+ 9 pap]1 & pap] a ?+ t held =? lett]s3 a notable way ( hav+ cle> ideas ( lett]s & pap]4 ,b 7 ! ,lat9 words1 inha]5tia & sub/antio1 put into ! pla9 ,engli% ones t answ] !m1 & 7 call$ ,,/ick+ ,,on & ,,"u-,,propp+1 !y w\ld bett] discov] to u ! v great cle>ness !re is 9 ! doctr9e ( sub/ance & accid5ts1 & %[ ( :at use !y are 9 decid+ ( que/ions 9 philosophy4 #ba4 ,a ,vacuum beyond ! utmo/ ,b\nds ( ,body4 ,b to return to our idea ( space4 ,if body be n suppos$ inf9ite1 7:i* ,i ?9k no "o w affirm17 ,i w\ld ask1 :e!r1 if ,god plac$ a man at ! extremity ( corporeal be+s1 he c\ld n /ret* 8 h& beyond 8 body8 ,if he c\ld1 !n he w\ld put 8 arm :]e !re 0 be=e space )\t body2 & if !re he spread 8 f+]s1 !re w\ld /ill be space betwe5 !m )\t body4 ,if he c\ld n /ret* out 8 h&1 x mu/ be because ( "s ext]nal h9drance2 7= we suppose him alive1 ) su* a p[] ( mov+ ! p>ts ( 8 body t he ha? n[1 :i* is n 9 itself impossible1 if ,god s pleas$ to h x2 or at lea/ x is n impossible = ,god s to move him37 & !n ,i ask1--:e!r t :i* h9d]s 8 h& f mov+ outw>ds be sub/ance or accid5t1 some?+ or no?+8 ,& :5 !y h resolv$ t1 !y w be able to resolve !mselves1--:at t is1 :i* is or may be betwe5 two bodies at a di/ance1 t is n body1 & has no solidity4 ,9 ! mean "t1 ! argum5t is at lea/ z good1 t1 :]e no?+ h9d]s1 7z beyond ! utmo/ b\nds ( all bodies17 a body put 9 motion may move on1 z :]e !re is no?+ betwe51 !re two bodies mu/ necess>ily t\*4 ,= pure space betwe5 is suffici5t to take away ! necessity ( mutual contact2 b b>e space 9 ! way is n suffici5t to /op motion4 ,! tru? is1 ^! m5 mu/ ei!r own t !y ?9k body inf9ite1 ?\gh !y are lo? to speak x out1 or else affirm t space is n body4 ,= ,i w\ld fa9 meet ) t ?9k+ man t c 9 8 ?\ghts set any b\nds to space1 m ?an he c to duration2 or by ?9k+ hope to arrive at ! end ( ei!r4 ,& !re=e1 if 8 idea ( et]nity be inf9ite1 s is 8 idea ( imm5sity2 !y are bo? f9ite or inf9ite alike4 #bb4 ,! ,p[] ( ,annihilation proves a ,vacuum4 ,f>!r1 ^? :o ass]t ! impossibility ( space exi/+ )\t matt]1 mu/ n only make body inf9ite1 b mu/ also d5y a p[] 9 ,god to annihilate any "p ( matt]4 ,no "o1 ,i suppose1 w d5y t ,god c put an end to all motion t is 9 matt]1 & fix all ! bodies ( ! univ]se 9 a p]fect quiet & re/1 & cont9ue !m s long z he pleases4 ,:oev] !n w all[ t ,god c1 dur+ su* a g5]al re/1 ,,annihilate ei!r ?is book or ! body ( him t reads x1 mu/ necess>ily admit ! possibility ( a vacuum4 ,=1 x is evid5t t ! space t 0 fill$ by ! p>ts ( ! annihilat$ body w /ill rema91 & be a space )\t body4 ,= ! circumambi5t bodies be+ 9 p]fect re/1 are a wall ( adamant1 & 9 t /ate make x a p]fect impossibility = any o!r body to get into t space4 ,& inde$ ! necess>y motion ( "o p>ticle ( matt] into ! place f :5ce ano!r p>ticle ( matt] is remov$1 is b a consequ5ce f ! supposition ( pl5itude2 :i* w !re=e ne$ "s bett] pro( ?an a suppos$ matt] ( fact1 :i* exp]im5t c nev] make out2--our own cle> & di/9ct ideas pla9ly satisfy+ t !re is no necess>y connexion betwe5 space & solidity1 s9ce we c conceive ! "o )\t ! o!r4 ,& ^? :o dispute = or aga9/ a vacuum1 d !reby confess !y h di/9ct ,,ideas ( vacuum & pl5um1 i4 e4 t !y h an idea ( ext5sion void ( solidity1 ?\gh !y d5y its ,,exi/5ce2 or else !y dispute ab\t no?+ at all4 ,= !y :o s mu* alt] ! signification ( words1 z to call ext5sion body1 & consequ5tly make ! :ole ess5ce ( body to be no?+ b pure ext5sion )\t solidity1 mu/ talk absurdly :5ev] !y speak ( vacuum2 s9ce x is impossible = ext5sion to be )\t ext5sion4 ,= vacuum1 :e!r we affirm or d5y its exi/5ce1 signifies space )\t body2 ^: v exi/5ce no "o c d5y to be possible1 :o w n make matt] inf9ite1 & take f ,god a p[] to annihilate any p>ticle ( x4 #bc4 ,motion proves a ,vacuum4 ,b n to g s f> z beyond ! utmo/ b\nds ( body 9 ! univ]se1 nor appeal to ,god's omnipot5cy to f9d a vacuum1 ! motion ( bodies t are 9 our view & neighb\rhood seems to me pla9ly to ev9ce x4 ,= ,i desire any "o s to divide a solid body1 ( any dim5sion he pleases1 z to make x possible = ! solid p>ts to move up & d[n freely e way )9 ! b\nds ( t sup]ficies1 if !re be n left 9 x a void space z big z ! lea/ "p into :i* he has divid$ ! said solid body4 ,& if1 :]e ! lea/ p>ticle ( ! body divid$ is z big z a mu/>d-se$1 a void space equal to ! bulk ( a mu/>d-se$ be requisite to make room = ! free motion ( ! p>ts ( ! divid$ body )9 ! b\nds ( its sup]ficies1 :]e ! p>ticles ( matt] are #ajj1jjj1jjj less ?an a mu/>d-se$1 !re mu/ also be a space void ( solid matt] z big z #ajj1jjj1jjj "p ( a mu/>d-se$2 = if x hold 9 ! "o x w hold 9 ! o!r1 & s on ,,9 ,,inf9itum4 ,& let ?is void space be z little z x w1 x de/roys ! hypo!sis ( pl5itude4 ,= if !re c be a space void ( body equal to ! smalle/ sep>ate p>ticle ( matt] n[ exi/+ 9 nature1 x is /ill space )\t body2 & makes z great a diff]5ce betwe5 space & body z if x 7 mega *asma1 a di/ance z wide z any 9 nature4 ,& !re=e1 if we suppose n ! void space necess>y to motion equal to ! lea/ p>cel ( ! divid$ solid matt]1 b to #a_/aj or #a_/ajjj ( x1 ! same consequ5ce w always foll[ ( space )\t matt]4 #bd4 ,! ,ideas ( ,space & ,body di/9ct4 ,b ! "q be+ "h1--,:e!r ! idea ( space or ext5sion be ! same ) ! idea ( body8 x is n necess>y to prove ! real exi/5ce ( a ,,vacuum1 b ! idea ( x2 :i* x is pla9 m5 h :5 !y inquire & dispute :e!r !re be a ,,vacuum or no4 ,= if !y _h n ! idea ( space )\t body1 !y c\ld n make a "q ab\t its exi/5ce3 & if _! idea ( body did n include 9 x some?+ m ?an ! b>e idea ( space1 !y c\ld h no d\bt ab\t ! pl5itude ( ! _w2 & x w\ld be z absurd to dem&1 :e!r !re 7 space )\t body1 z :e!r !re 7 space )\t space1 or body )\t body1 s9ce ^! 7 b diff]5t names ( ! same idea4 #be4 ,ext5sion be+ insep>able f ,body1 proves x n ! same4 ,x is true1 ! idea ( ext5sion jo9s itself s insep>ably ) all visible1 & mo/ tangible qualities1 t x suff]s u to ,,see no "o1 or ,,feel v few ext]nal objects1 )\t tak+ 9 impressions ( ext5sion too4 ,?is read9ess ( ext5sion to make itself be tak5 notice ( s con/antly ) o!r ideas1 has be5 ! occasion1 ,i guess1 t "s h made ! :ole ess5ce ( body to consi/ 9 ext5sion2 :i* is n mu* to be wond]$ at1 s9ce "s h _h _! m9ds1 by _! eyes & t\*1 7! busie/ ( all our s5ses17 s fill$ ) ! idea ( ext5sion1 &1 z x 71 :olly possess$ ) x1 t !y all[$ no exi/5ce to any?+ t _h n ext5sion4 ,i %all n n[ argue ) ^? m51 :o take ! measure & possibility ( all be+ only f _! n>r[ & gross imag9ations3 b hav+ "h to d only ) ^? :o conclude ! ess5ce ( body to be ext5sion1 because !y say !y _c imag9e any s5sible quality ( any body )\t ext5sion1--,i %all desire !m to consid]1 t1 _h !y reflect$ on _! ideas ( ta/es & smells z mu* z on ^? ( sight & t\*2 nay1 _h !y exam9$ _! ideas ( hung] & ?ir/1 & sev]al o!r pa9s1 !y w\ld h f\nd t ,,!y includ$ 9 !m no idea ( ext5sion at all1 :i* is b an affection ( body1 z well z ! re/1 discov]able by our s5ses1 :i* are sc>ce acute en\gh to look into ! pure ess5ces ( ?+s4 #bf4 ,ess5ces ( ,?+s4 ,if ^? ideas :i* are con/antly jo9$ to all o!rs1 mu/ !re=e be conclud$ to be ! ess5ce ( ^? ?+s :i* h con/antly ^? ideas jo9$ to !m1 & are insep>able f !m2 !n unity is )\t d\bt ! ess5ce ( ev]y?+4 ,= !re is n any object ( s5sation or reflection :i* does n c>ry ) x ! idea ( "o3 b ! weakness ( ?is k9d ( argum5t we h already %[n suffici5tly4 #bg4 ,ideas ( ,space & ,solidity di/9ct4 ,to conclude3 :atev] m5 %all ?9k conc]n+ ! exi/5ce ( a ,,vacuum1 ?is is pla9 to me--t we h z cle> an idea ( space di/9ct f solidity1 z we h ( solidity di/9ct f motion1 or motion f space4 ,we h n any two m di/9ct ideas2 & we c z easily conceive space )\t solidity1 z we c conceive body or space )\t motion1 ?\gh x be nev] s c]ta9 t nei!r body nor motion c exi/ )\t space4 ,b :e!r any "o w take space to be only a ,,relation result+ f ! exi/5ce ( o!r be+s at a di/ance2 or :e!r !y w ?9k ! words ( ! mo/ kn[+ ,k+ ,solomon1 #8,! heav51 & ! heav5 ( heav5s1 _c conta9 !e2' or ^? m emphatical ones ( ! inspir$ philosoph] ,/4 ,paul1 #8,9 him we live1 move1 & h our be+1' are to be und]/ood 9 a lit]al s5se1 ,i leave e "o to consid]3 only our idea ( space is1 ,i ?9k1 su* z ,i h m5tion$1 & di/9ct f t ( body4 ,=1 :e!r we consid]1 9 matt] itself1 ! di/ance ( its coh]5t solid p>ts1 & call x1 9 respect ( ^? solid p>ts1 ext5sion2 or :e!r1 consid]+ x z ly+ betwe5 ! extremities ( any body 9 its sev]al dim5sions1 we call x l5g?1 bread?1 & ?ickness2 or else1 consid]+ x z ly+ betwe5 any two bodies or positive be+s1 )\t any consid]ation :e!r !re be any matt] or n betwe51 we call x di/ance2--h[ev] nam$ or consid]$1 x is always ! same uni=m simple idea ( space1 tak5 f objects ab\t :i* our s5ses h be5 conv]sant2 :]e(1 hav+ settl$ ideas 9 our m9ds1 we c revive1 repeat1 & add !m "o to ano!r z (t5 z we w1 & consid] ! space or di/ance s imag9$1 ei!r z fill$ ) solid p>ts1 s t ano!r body _c come !re )\t displac+ & ?ru/+ out ! body t 0 !re be=e2 or else z void ( solidity1 s t a body ( equal dim5sions to t empty or pure space may be plac$ 9 x1 )\t ! remov+ or expulsion ( any?+ t 0 !re4 #bh4 ,m5 diff] little 9 cle>1 simple ideas4 ,! kn[+ precisely :at our words /& =1 w\ld1 ,i imag9e1 9 ?is z well z a great _m o!r cases1 quickly end ! dispute4 ,= ,i am apt to ?9k t m51 :5 !y come to exam9e !m1 f9d _! simple ideas all g5]ally to agree1 ?\gh 9 disc\rse ) "o ano!r !y p]haps conf\nd "o ano!r ) diff]5t names4 ,i imag9e t m5 :o ab/ract _! ?\ghts1 & d well exam9e ! ideas ( _! own m9ds1 _c mu* diff] 9 ?9k+2 h[ev] !y may p]plex !mselves ) words1 accord+ to ! way ( speak+ ( ! sev]al s*ools or sects !y h be5 br$ up 93 ?\gh among/ un?9k+ m51 :o exam9e n scrupul\sly & c>efully _! own ideas1 & /rip !m n f ! m>ks m5 use = !m1 b conf\nd !m ) words1 !re mu/ be endless dispute1 wrangl+1 & j>gon2 especially if !y be le>n$1 booki% m51 devot$ to "s sect1 & accu/om$ to ! language ( x1 & h le>n$ to talk aft] o!rs4 ,b if x %\ld happ5 t any two ?9k+ m5 %\ld really h diff]5t ideas1 ,i d n see h[ !y c\ld disc\rse or argue "o ) ano!r4 ,"h ,i mu/ n be mi/ak51 to ?9k t e float+ imag9ation 9 m5's bra9s is pres5tly ( t sort ( ideas ,i speak (4 ,x is n easy = ! m9d to put (f ^? confus$ notions & prejudices x has imbib$ f cu/om1 inadv]t5cy1 & common conv]sation4 ,x requires pa9s & assiduity to exam9e its ideas1 till x resolves !m into ^? cle> & di/9ct simple ones1 out ( :i* !y are comp\nd$2 & to see :i*1 among/ its simple ones1 h or h n a ,,necess>y connexion & dep5d5ce "o ^u ano!r4 ,till a man do? ?is 9 ! prim>y & orig9al notions ( ?+s1 he builds ^u float+ & unc]ta9 pr9ciples1 & w (t5 f9d himself at a loss4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,idea ,,( ,,duration ,,& ,,its ,,simple ,,modes4 #a4 ,duration is fleet+ ,ext5sion4 ,!re is ano!r sort ( di/ance1 or l5g?1 ! idea :]e( we get n f ! p]man5t p>ts ( space1 b f ! fleet+ & p]petually p]i%+ p>ts ( succession4 ,?is we call ,,duration2 ! simple modes :]e( are any diff]5t l5g?s ( x :]e( we h di/9ct ideas1 z ,,h\rs1 ,,days1 ,,ye>s1 c41 ,,"t & ,,et]nity4 #b4 ,its ,idea f ,reflection on ! ,tra9 ( our ,ideas4 ,! answ] ( a great man1 to "o :o ask$ :at "t 03 ,si non rogas intelligo1 7:i* am\nts to ?is2 ,! m ,i set myself to ?9k ( x1 ! less ,i und]/& x17 might p]haps p]suade "o t "t1 :i* reveals all o!r ?+s1 is itself n to be discov]$4 ,duration1 "t1 & et]nity1 are1 n )\t reason1 ?\ght to h some?+ v ab/ruse 9 _! nature4 ,b h[ev] remote ^! may seem f our compreh5sion1 yet if we trace !m "r to _! orig9als1 ,i d\bt n b "o ( ^? s\rces ( all our k1 viz4 s5sation & reflection1 w be able to furni% u ) ^! ideas1 z cle> & di/9ct z _m o!rs :i* are ?\ght mu* less obscure2 & we %all f9d t ! idea ( et]nity itself is d]iv$ f ! same common orig9al ) ! re/ ( our ideas4 #c4 ,nature & orig9 ( ! idea ( ,duration4 ,to und]/& ,,"t & ,,et]nity aright1 we ought ) att5tion to consid] :at idea x is we h ( ,,duration1 & h[ we came by x4 ,x is evid5t to any "o :o w b obs]ve :at passes 9 8 own m9d1 t !re is a tra9 ( ideas :i* con/antly succe$ "o ano!r 9 8 und]/&+1 z long z he is awake4 ,reflection on ^! appe>ances ( sev]al ideas "o aft] ano!r 9 our m9ds1 is t :i* furni%es u ) ! idea ( ,,succession3 & ! di/ance betwe5 any p>ts ( t succession1 or betwe5 ! appe>ance ( any two ideas 9 our m9ds1 is t we call ,,duration4 ,= :il/ we are ?9k+1 or :il/ we receive successively sev]al ideas 9 our m9ds1 we "k t we d exi/2 & s we call ! exi/5ce1 or ! cont9uation ( ! exi/5ce ( ourselves1 or any?+ else1 comm5surate to ! succession ( any ideas 9 our m9ds1 ! duration ( ourselves1 or any su* o!r ?+ co-exi/5t ) our ?9k+4 #d4 ,pro( t its idea is got f reflection on ! tra9 ( our ideas4 ,t we h our notion ( succession & duration f ?is orig9al1 viz4 f reflection on ! tra9 ( ideas1 :i* we f9d to appe> "o aft] ano!r 9 our own m9ds1 seems pla9 to me1 9 t we h no p]ception ( duration b by consid]+ ! tra9 ( ideas t take _! turns 9 our und]/&+s4 ,:5 t succession ( ideas ceases1 our p]ception ( duration ceases ) x2 :i* e "o cle>ly exp]im5ts 9 himself1 :il/ he sleeps s\ndly1 :e!r an h\r or a day1 a mon? or a ye>2 ( :i* duration ( ?+s1 :ile he sleeps or ?9ks n1 he has no p]ception at all1 b x is q lo/ to him2 & ! mom5t :]e9 he leaves (f to ?9k1 till ! mom5t he beg9s to ?9k aga91 seems to him to h no di/ance4 ,& s ,i d\bt n x w\ld be to a wak+ man1 if x 7 possible = him to keep ,,only ,,"o idea 9 8 m9d1 )\t v>iation & ! succession ( o!rs4 ,& we see1 t "o :o fixes 8 ?\ghts v int5tly on "o ?+1 s z to take b little notice ( ! succession ( ideas t pass 9 8 m9d :il/ he is tak5 up ) t e>ne/ contemplation1 lets slip out ( 8 acc\nt a good "p ( t duration1 & ?9ks t "t %ort] ?an x is4 ,b if sleep commonly unites ! di/ant p>ts ( duration1 x is because dur+ t "t we h no succession ( ideas 9 our m9ds4 ,= if a man1 dur+ 8 sleep1 dreams1 & v>iety ( ideas make !mselves p]ceptible 9 8 m9d "o aft] ano!r1 he ha? !n1 dur+ su* dream+1 a s5se ( duration1 & ( ! l5g? ( x4 ,by :i* x is to me v cle>1 t m5 d]ive _! ideas ( duration f _! reflections on ! tra9 ( ! ideas !y obs]ve to succe$ "o ano!r 9 _! own und]/&+s2 )\t :i* obs]vation !y c h no notion ( duration1 :atev] may happ5 9 ! _w4 #e4 ,! ,idea ( ,duration applicable to ,?+s :il/ we sleep4 ,inde$ a man hav+1 f reflect+ on ! succession & numb] ( 8 own ?\ghts1 got ! notion or idea ( duration1 he c apply t notion to ?+s :i* exi/ :ile he does n ?9k2 z he t has got ! idea ( ext5sion f bodies by 8 sight or t\*1 c apply x to di/ances1 :]e no body is se5 or felt4 ,& !re=e1 ?\gh a man has no p]ception ( ! l5g? ( duration :i* pass$ :il/ he slept or ?\ght n2 yet1 hav+ obs]v$ ! revolution ( days & nights1 & f\nd ! l5g? ( _! duration to be 9 appe>ance regul> & con/ant1 he c1 ^u ! supposition t t revolution has proce$$ aft] ! same mann] :il/ he 0 asleep or ?\ght n1 z x us$ to d at o!r times1 he c1 ,i say1 imag9e & make all[ance = ! l5g? ( duration :il/ he slept4 ,b if ,adam & ,eve1 7:5 !y 7 alone 9 ! _w17 in/ead ( _! ord9>y night's sleep1 _h pass$ ! :ole tw5ty-f\r h\rs 9 "o cont9u$ sleep1 ! duration ( t tw5ty-f\r h\rs _h be5 irrecov]ably lo/ to !m1 & be5 = ev] left out ( _! acc\nt ( "t4 #f4 ,! ,idea ( ,succession n f ,motion4 ,?us by reflect+ on ! appe>+ ( v>i\s ideas "o aft] ano!r 9 our und]/&+s1 we get ! notion ( succession2 :i*1 if any "o %\ld ?9k we did r get f our obs]vation ( motion by our s5ses1 he w p]haps be ( my m9d :5 he consid]s1 t ev5 motion produces 9 8 m9d an idea ( succession no o!rwise ?an z x produces !re a cont9u$ tra9 ( di/+ui%able ideas4 ,= a man look+ ^u a body really mov+1 p]ceives yet no motion at all unless t motion produces a con/ant tra9 ( successive ideas3 v4g4 a man becalm$ at sea1 out ( sight ( l&1 9 a fair day1 may look on ! sun1 or sea1 or %ip1 a :ole h\r toge!r1 & p]ceive no motion at all 9 ei!r2 ?\gh x be c]ta9 t two1 & p]haps all ( !m1 h mov$ dur+ t "t a great way4 ,b z soon z he p]ceives ei!r ( !m to h *ang$ di/ance ) "s o!r body1 z soon z ?is motion produces any new idea 9 him1 !n he p]ceives t !re has be5 motion4 ,b :]ev] a man is1 ) all ?+s at re/ ab\t him1 )\t p]ceiv+ any motion at all1--if dur+ ?is h\r ( quiet he has be5 ?9k+1 he w p]ceive ! v>i\s ideas ( 8 own ?\ghts 9 8 own m9d1 appe>+ "o aft] ano!r1 & !reby obs]ve & f9d succession :]e he c\ld obs]ve no motion4 #g4 ,v sl[ motions unp]ceiv$4 ,& ?is1 ,i ?9k1 is ! reason :y motions v sl[1 ?\gh !y are con/ant1 are n p]ceiv$ by u2 because 9 _! remove f "o s5sible "p t[>ds ano!r1 _! *ange ( di/ance is s sl[1 t x causes no new ideas 9 u1 b a good :ile "o aft] ano!r4 ,& s n caus+ a con/ant tra9 ( new ideas to foll[ "o ano!r imm$iately 9 our m9ds1 we h no p]ception ( motion2 :i* consi/+ 9 a con/ant succession1 we _c p]ceive t succession )\t a con/ant succession ( v>y+ ideas aris+ f x4 #h4 ,v swift motions unp]ceiv$4 ,on ! contr>y1 ?+s t move s swift z n to affect ! s5ses di/9ctly ) sev]al di/+ui%able di/ances ( _! motion1 & s cause n any tra9 ( ideas 9 ! m9d1 are n also p]ceiv$4 ,= any?+ t moves r\nd ab\t 9 a circle1 9 less times ?an our ideas are wont to succe$ "o ano!r 9 our m9ds1 is n p]ceiv$ to move2 b seems to be a p]fect entire circle ( ! matt] or col\r1 & n a "p ( a circle 9 motion4 #i4 ,! ,tra9 ( ,ideas has a c]ta9 ,degree ( ,quickness4 ,h5ce ,i leave x to o!rs to judge1 :e!r x be n probable t our ideas d1 :il/ we are awake1 succe$ "o ano!r 9 our m9ds at c]ta9 di/ances2 n mu* unlike ! images 9 ! inside ( a lant]n1 turn$ r\nd by ! heat ( a c&le4 ,?is appe>ance ( !irs 9 tra91 ?\gh p]haps x may be sometimes fa/] & sometimes sl[]1 yet1 ,i guess1 v>ies n v mu* 9 a wak+ man3 !re seem to be c]ta9 b\nds to ! quickness & sl[ness ( ! succession ( ^? ideas "o to ano!r 9 our m9ds1 beyond :i* !y c nei!r delay nor ha/54 #aj4 ,real succession 9 swift motions )\t s5se ( succession4 ,! reason ,i h = ?is odd conjecture is1 f obs]v+ t1 9 ! impressions made ^u any ( our s5ses1 we c b to a c]ta9 degree p]ceive any succession2 :i*1 if exce$+ quick1 ! s5se ( succession is lo/1 ev5 9 cases :]e x is evid5t t !re is a real succession4 ,let a cannon-bullet pass ?r\gh a room1 & 9 its way take ) x any limb1 or fle%y p>ts ( a man1 x is z cle> z any demon/ration c be1 t x mu/ /rike successively ! two sides ( ! room3 x is also evid5t1 t x mu/ t\* "o "p ( ! fle% fir/1 & ano!r aft]1 & s 9 succession3 & yet1 ,i believe1 nobody :o ev] felt ! pa9 ( su* a %ot1 or he>d ! bl[ aga9/ ! two di/ant walls1 c\ld p]ceive any succession ei!r 9 ! pa9 or s\nd ( s swift a /roke4 ,su* a "p ( duration z ?is1 :]e9 we p]ceive no succession1 is t :i* we call an ,,in/ant1 & is t :i* takes up ! "t ( only "o idea 9 our m9ds1 )\t ! succession ( ano!r2 :]e91 !re=e1 we p]ceive no succession at all4 #aa4 ,9 sl[ motions4 ,?is also happ5s :]e ! motion is s sl[ z n to supply a con/ant tra9 ( fre% ideas to ! s5ses1 z fa/ z ! m9d is capable ( receiv+ new ones into x2 & s o!r ideas ( our own ?\ghts1 hav+ room to come into our m9ds betwe5 ^? (f]$ to our s5ses by ! mov+ body1 !re ! s5se ( motion is lo/2 & ! body1 ?\gh x really moves1 yet1 n *ang+ p]ceivable di/ance ) "s o!r bodies z fa/ z ! ideas ( our own m9ds d naturally foll[ "o ano!r 9 tra91 ! ?+ seems to /& /ill2 z is evid5t 9 ! h&s ( clocks1 & %ad[s ( sun-dials1 & o!r con/ant b sl[ motions1 :]e1 ?\gh1 aft] c]ta9 int]vals1 we p]ceive1 by ! *ange ( di/ance1 t x ha? mov$1 yet ! motion itself we p]ceive n4 #ab4 ,?is ,tra91 ! ,measure ( o!r ,successions4 ,s t to me x seems1 t ! con/ant & regul> succession ( ,,ideas 9 a wak+ man1 is1 z x 71 ! measure & /&>d ( all o!r successions4 ,:]e( if any "o ei!r exce$s ! pace ( our ideas1 z :]e two s\nds or pa9s1 c41 take up 9 _! succession ! duration ( b "o idea2 or else :]e any motion or succession is s sl[1 z t x keeps n pace ) ! ideas 9 our m9ds1 or ! quickness 9 :i* !y take _! turns1 z :5 any "o or m ideas 9 _! ord9>y c\rse come into our m9d1 betwe5 ^? :i* are (f]$ to ! sight by ! diff]5t p]ceptible di/ances ( a body 9 motion1 or betwe5 s\nds or smells foll[+ "o ano!r1--!re also ! s5se ( a con/ant cont9u$ succession is lo/1 & we p]ceive x n1 b ) c]ta9 gaps ( re/ betwe54 #ac4 ,! ,m9d _c fix long on "o inv>iable ,idea4 ,if x be s1 t ! ideas ( our m9ds1 :il/ we h any !re1 d con/antly *ange & %ift 9 a cont9ual succession1 x w\ld be impossible1 may any "o say1 = a man to ?9k long ( any "o ?+4 ,by :i*1 if x be meant t a man may h "o self-same s+le idea a long "t alone 9 8 m9d1 )\t any v>iation at all1 ,i ?9k1 9 matt] ( fact1 x is n possible4 ,= :i* 7n kn[+ h[ ! ideas ( our m9ds are fram$1 ( :at mat]ials !y are made1 :5ce !y h _! light1 & h[ !y come to make _! appe>ances7 ,i c give no o!r reason b exp]i5ce3 & ,i w\ld h any "o try1 :e!r he c keep "o unv>i$ s+le idea 9 8 m9d1 )\t any o!r1 = any consid]able "t toge!r4 #ad4 ,pro(4 ,= trial1 let him take any figure1 any degree ( light or :it5ess1 or :at o!r he pleases1 & he w1 ,i suppose1 f9d x difficult to keep all o!r ideas out ( 8 m9d2 b t "s1 ei!r ( ano!r k9d1 or v>i\s consid]ations ( t idea1 7ea* ( :i* consid]ations is a new idea17 w con/antly succe$ "o ano!r 9 8 ?\ghts1 let him be z w>y z he c4 #ae4 ,! ext5t ( our p[] ov] ! succession ( our ideas4 ,all t is 9 a man's p[] 9 ?is case1 ,i ?9k1 is only to m9d & obs]ve :at ! ideas are t take _! turns 9 8 und]/&+2 or else to direct ! sort1 & call 9 su* z he ha? a desire or use (3 b h9d] ! con/ant succession ( fre% ones1 ,i ?9k he _c1 ?\gh he may commonly *oose :e!r he w he$fully obs]ve & consid] !m4 #af4 ,ideas1 h[ev] made1 include no s5se ( motion4 ,:e!r ^! sev]al ideas 9 a man's m9d be made by c]ta9 motions1 ,i w n "h dispute2 b ?is ,i am sure1 t !y include no idea ( motion 9 _! appe>ance2 & if a man _h n ! idea ( motion o!rwise1 ,i ?9k he w\ld h none at all1 :i* is en\gh to my pres5t purpose2 & suffici5tly %[s t ! notice we take ( ! ideas ( our own m9ds1 appe>+ !re "o aft] ano!r1 is t :i* gives u ! idea ( succession & duration1 )\t :i* we %\ld h no su* ideas at all4 ,x is n !n ,,motion1 b ! con/ant tra9 ( ,,ideas 9 our m9ds :il/ we are wak+1 t furni%es u ) ! idea ( duration2 :]e( motion no o!rwise gives u any p]ception ?an z x causes 9 our m9ds a con/ant succession ( ideas1 z ,i h be=e %[$3 & we h z cle> an idea ( succession & duration1 by ! tra9 ( o!r ideas succe$+ "o ano!r 9 our m9ds1 )\t ! idea ( any motion1 z by ! tra9 ( ideas caus$ by ! un9t]rupt$ s5sible *ange ( di/ance betwe5 two bodies1 :i* we h f motion2 & !re=e we %\ld z well h ! idea ( duration 7 !re no s5se ( motion at all4 #ag4 ,"t is ,duration set out by ,measures4 ,hav+ ?us got ! idea ( duration1 ! next ?+ natural = ! m9d to d1 is to get "s measure ( ?is common duration1 :]eby x might judge ( its diff]5t l5g?s1 & consid] ! di/9ct ord] :]e9 sev]al ?+s exi/2 )\t :i* a great "p ( our k w\ld be confus$1 & a great "p ( hi/ory be r5d]$ v useless4 ,?is consid]ation ( duration1 z set out by c]ta9 p]iods & m>k$ by c]ta9 measures or epo*s1 is t1 ,i ?9k1 :i* mo/ prop]ly we call ,,"t4 #ah4 ,a good ,measure ( ,"t mu/ divide its :ole ,duration into equal ,p]iods4 ,9 ! measur+ ( ext5sion1 !re is no?+ m requir$ b ! application ( ! /&>d or measure we make use ( to ! ?+ ( ^: ext5sion we w\ld be in=m$4 ,b 9 ! measur+ ( duration ?is _c be done1 because no two diff]5t p>ts ( succession c be put toge!r to measure "o ano!r4 ,& no?+ be+ a measure ( duration b duration1 z no?+ is ( ext5sion b ext5sion1 we _c keep by u any /&+1 unv>y+ measure ( duration1 :i* consi/s 9 a con/ant fleet+ succession1 z we c ( c]ta9 l5g?s ( ext5sion1 z in*es1 feet1 y>ds1 c41 m>k$ out 9 p]man5t p>cels ( matt]4 ,no?+ !n c\ld s]ve well = a conv5i5t measure ( "t1 b :at has divid$ ! :ole l5g? ( its duration into app>5tly equal portions1 by con/antly repeat$ p]iods4 ,:at portions ( duration are n di/+ui%$1 or consid]$ z di/+ui%$ & measur$1 by su* p]iods1 come n s prop]ly "u ! notion ( "t2 z appe>s by su* phrases z ^!1 viz4 #8,be=e all "t1' & #8,:5 "t %all be no m4' #ai4 ,! ,revolutions ( ! ,sun & ,moon1 ! prop]e/ ,measures ( ,"t = mank9d4 ,! diurnal & annual revolutions ( ! sun1 z hav+ be51 f ! beg9n+ ( nature1 con/ant1 regul>1 & univ]sally obs]vable by all mank9d1 & suppos$ equal to "o ano!r1 h be5 ) reason made use ( = ! measure ( duration4 ,b ! di/9ction ( days & ye>s hav+ dep5d$ on ! motion ( ! sun1 x has br\ght ?is mi/ake ) x1 t x has be5 ?\ght t motion & duration 7 ! measure "o ( ano!r4 ,= m51 9 ! measur+ ( ! l5g? ( "t1 hav+ be5 accu/om$ to ! ideas ( m9utes1 h\rs1 days1 mon?s1 ye>s1 c41 :i* !y f\nd !mselves ^u any m5tion ( "t or duration pres5tly to ?9k on1 all :i* portions ( "t 7 measur$ out by ! motion ( ^? heav5ly bodies1 !y 7 apt to conf\nd "t & motion2 or at lea/ to ?9k t !y _h a necess>y connexion "o ) ano!r4 ,:]eas any con/ant p]iodical appe>ance1 or alt]ation ( ideas1 9 seem+ly equidi/ant spaces ( duration1 if con/ant & univ]sally obs]vable1 w\ld h z well di/+ui%$ ! int]vals ( "t1 z ^? t h be5 made use (4 ,=1 suppos+ ! sun1 :i* "s h tak5 to be a fire1 _h be5 light$ up at ! same di/ance ( "t t x n[ e day comes ab\t to ! same m]idian1 & !n gone out aga9 ab\t twelve h\rs aft]1 & t 9 ! space ( an annual revolution x _h s5sibly increas$ 9 brightness & heat1 & s decreas$ aga91--w\ld n su* regul> appe>ances s]ve to measure out ! di/ances ( duration to all t c\ld obs]ve x1 z well )\t z ) motion8 ,= if ! appe>ances 7 con/ant1 univ]sally obs]vable1 9 equidi/ant p]iods1 !y w\ld s]ve mank9d = measure ( "t z well 7 ! motion away4 #bj4 ,b n by _! ,motion1 b p]iodical ,appe>ances4 ,= ! freez+ ( wat]1 or ! bloom+ ( a plant1 return+ at equidi/ant p]iods 9 all p>ts ( ! e>?1 w\ld z well s]ve m5 to reckon _! ye>s by1 z ! motions ( ! sun3 & 9 effect we see1 t "s p 9 ,am]ica c\nt$ _! ye>s by ! com+ ( c]ta9 birds among/ !m at _! c]ta9 seasons1 & leav+ !m at o!rs4 ,= a fit ( an ague2 ! s5se ( hung] or ?ir/2 a smell or a ta/e2 or any o!r idea return+ con/antly at equidi/ant p]iods1 & mak+ itself univ]sally be tak5 notice (1 w\ld n fail to measure out ! c\rse ( succession1 & di/+ui% ! di/ances ( "t4 ,?us we see t m5 born bl9d c\nt "t well en\gh by ye>s1 ^: revolutions yet !y _c di/+ui% by motions t !y p]ceive n4 ,& ,i ask :e!r a bl9d man1 :o di/+ui%$ 8 ye>s ei!r by ! heat ( summ]1 or cold ( w9t]2 by ! smell ( any fl[] ( ! spr+1 or ta/e ( any fruit ( ! autumn1 w\ld n h a bett] measure ( "t ?an ! ,romans _h be=e ! re=mation ( _! cal5d> by ,julius ,caes>1 or _m o!r p1 ^: ye>s1 not)/&+ ! motion ( ! sun1 :i* !y pret5d$ to make use (1 are v irregul>8 ,& x adds no small difficulty to *ronology1 t ! exact l5g?s ( ! ye>s t sev]al nations c\nt$ by1 are h>d to be kn[n1 !y diff]+ v mu* "o f ano!r1 & ,i ?9k ,i may say all ( !m f ! precise motion ( ! sun4 ,& if ! sun mov$ f ! creation to ! flood con/antly 9 ! equator1 & s equally disp]s$ its light & heat to all ! habitable p>ts ( ! e>?1 9 days all ( ! same l5g? )\t its annual v>iations to ! tropics1 z a late +5i\s au?or supposes1 ,i d n ?9k x v easy to imag9e1 t 7not)/&+ ! motion ( ! sun7 m5 %\ld 9 ! ant$iluvian _w1 f ! beg9n+1 c\nt by ye>s1 or measure _! "t by p]iods t _h no s5sible m>k v obvi\s to di/+ui% !m by4 #ba4 ,no two ,p>ts ( ,duration c be c]ta9ly kn[n to be equal4 ,b p]haps x w be said1--)\t a regul> motion1 su* z ( ! sun1 or "s o!r1 h[ c\ld x ev] be kn[n t su* p]iods 7 equal8 ,to :i* ,i answ]1--! equality ( any o!r return+ appe>ances might be kn[n by ! same way t t ( days 0 kn[n1 or presum$ to be s at fir/2 :i* 0 only by judg+ ( !m by ! tra9 ( ideas :i* _h pass$ 9 m5's m9ds 9 ! int]vals2 by :i* tra9 ( ideas discov]+ inequality 9 ! natural days1 b none 9 ! artificial days1 ! artificial days1 or nu*?aem]a1 7 guess$ to be equal1 :i* 0 suffici5t to make !m s]ve = a measure2 ?\gh exact] se>* has s9ce discov]$ inequality 9 ! diurnal revolutions ( ! sun1 & we "k n :e!r ! annual also be n unequal4 ,^! yet1 by _! presum$ & app>5t equality1 s]ve z well to reckon "t by 7?\gh n to measure ! p>ts ( duration exactly7 z if !y c\ld be prov$ to be exactly equal4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 c>efully di/+ui% betwixt duration itself1 & ! measures we make use ( to judge ( its l5g?4 ,duration1 9 itself1 is to be consid]$ z go+ on 9 "o con/ant1 equal1 uni=m c\rse3 b none ( ! measures ( x :i* we make use ( c be ,,kn[n to d s1 nor c we be assur$ t _! assign$ p>ts or p]iods are equal 9 duration "o to ano!r2 = two successive l5g?s ( duration1 h[ev] measur$1 c nev] be demon/rat$ to be equal4 ,! motion ( ! sun1 :i* ! _w us$ s long & s confid5tly = an exact measure ( duration1 has1 z ,i said1 be5 f\nd 9 its sev]al p>ts unequal4 ,& ?\gh m5 h1 ( late1 made use ( a p5dulum1 z a m /eady & regul> motion ?an t ( ! sun1 or1 7to speak m truly17 ( ! e>?2--yet if any "o %\ld be ask$ h[ he c]ta9ly kn[s t ! two successive sw+s ( a p5dulum are equal1 x w\ld be v h>d to satisfy him t !y are infallibly s2 s9ce we _c be sure t ! cause ( t motion1 :i* is unkn[n to u1 %all always op]ate equally2 & we are sure t ! m$ium 9 :i* ! p5dulum moves is n con/antly ! same3 ei!r ( :i* v>y+1 may alt] ! equality ( su* p]iods1 & !reby de/roy ! c]ta9ty & exactness ( ! measure by motion1 z well z any o!r p]iods ( o!r appe>ances2 ! notion ( duration /ill rema9+ cle>1 ?\gh our measures ( x _c 7any ( !m7 be demon/rat$ to be exact4 ,s9ce !n no two portions ( succession c be br\ght toge!r1 x is impossible ev] c]ta9ly to "k _! equality4 ,all t we c d = a measure ( "t is1 to take su* z h cont9ual successive appe>ances at seem+ly equidi/ant p]iods2 ( :i* seem+ equality we h no o!r measure1 b su* z ! tra9 ( our own ideas h lodg$ 9 our memories1 ) ! concurr5ce ( o!r ,,probable reasons1 to p]suade u ( _! equality4 #bb4 ,"t n ! ,measure ( ,motion ,"o ?+ seems /range to me1--t :il/ all m5 manife/ly measur$ "t by ! motion ( ! great & visible bodies ( ! _w1 "t yet %\ld be def9$ to be ! #8measure ( motion'3 :]eas x is obvi\s to e "o :o reflects ev] s little on x1 t to measure motion1 space is z necess>y to be consid]$ z "t2 & ^? :o look a little f>!r w f9d also ! bulk ( ! ?+ mov$ necess>y to be tak5 into ! computation1 by any "o :o w e/imate or measure motion s z to judge "r ( x4 ,nor inde$ does motion any o!rwise conduce to ! measur+ ( duration1 ?an z x con/antly br+s ab\t ! return ( c]ta9 s5sible ideas1 9 seem+ equidi/ant p]iods4 ,= if ! motion ( ! sun 7 z unequal z ( a %ip driv5 by un/eady w9ds1 sometimes v sl[1 & at o!rs irregul>ly v swift2 or if1 be+ con/antly equally swift1 x yet 0 n circul>1 & produc$ n ! same appe>ances1--x w\ld n at all help u to measure "t1 any m ?an ! seem+ unequal motion ( a comet does4 #bc4 ,m9utes1 h\rs1 days1 & ye>s are1 !n1 no m ,m9utes1 ,h\rs1 ,days1 & ,ye>s n necess>y ,measures ( duration1 necess>y to "t or duration1 ?an in*es1 feet1 y>ds1 & miles1 m>k$ out 9 any matt]1 are to ext5sion4 ,=1 ?\gh we 9 ?is "p ( ! univ]se1 by ! con/ant use ( !m1 z ( p]iods set out by ! revolutions ( ! sun1 or z kn[n p>ts ( su* p]iods1 h fix$ ! ideas ( su* l5g?s ( duration 9 our m9ds1 :i* we apply to all p>ts ( "t ^: l5g?s we w\ld consid]2 yet !re may be o!r p>ts ( ! univ]se1 :]e !y no m use ^! measures ( ours1 ?an 9 ,japan !y d our in*es1 feet1 or miles2 b yet some?+ analog\s to !m !re mu/ be4 ,= )\t "s regul> p]iodical returns1 we c\ld n measure ourselves1 or signify to o!rs1 ! l5g? ( any duration2 ?\gh at ! same "t ! _w 7 z full ( motion z x is n[1 b no "p ( x dispos$ into regul> & app>5tly equidi/ant revolutions4 ,b ! diff]5t measures t may be made use ( = ! acc\nt ( "t1 d n at all alt] ! notion ( duration1 :i* is ! ?+ to be measur$2 no m ?an ! diff]5t /&>ds ( a foot & a cubit alt] ! notion ( ext5sion to ^? :o make use ( ^? diff]5t measures4 #bd4 ,our ,measure ( ,"t applicable to ,duration be=e ,"t4 ,! m9d hav+ once got su* a measure ( "t z ! annual revolution ( ! sun1 c apply t measure to duration :]e9 t measure itself did n exi/1 & ) :i*1 9 ! reality ( its be+1 x _h no?+ to d4 ,= %\ld "o say1 t ,abraham 0 born 9 ! two ?\s& sev5 hundr$ & twelf? ye> ( ! ,julian p]iod1 x is altoge!r z intelligible z reckon+ f ! beg9n+ ( ! _w1 ?\gh !re 7 s f> back no motion ( ! sun1 nor any motion at all4 ,=1 ?\gh ! ,julian p]iod be suppos$ to beg9 sev]al hundr$ ye>s be=e !re 7 really ei!r days1 nights1 or ye>s1 m>k$ out by any revolutions ( ! sun1--yet we reckon z "r1 & !reby measure durations z well1 z if really at t "t ! sun _h exi/$1 & kept ! same ord9>y motion x do? n[4 ,! idea ( duration equal to an annual revolution ( ! sun1 is z easily ,,applicable 9 our ?\ghts to duration1 :]e no sun or motion 01 z ! idea ( a foot or y>d1 tak5 f bodies "h1 c be appli$ 9 our ?\ghts to di/ances beyond ! conf9es ( ! _w1 :]e are no bodies at all4 #be4 ,z we c measure space 9 our ?\ghts :]e !re is no body4 ,= suppos+ x 7 #efci miles1 or millions ( miles1 f ?is place to ! remote/ body ( ! univ]se1 7=1 be+ f9ite1 x mu/ be at a c]ta9 di/ance17 z we suppose x to be #efci ye>s f ?is "t to ! fir/ exi/5ce ( any body 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! _w2--we c1 9 our ?\ghts1 apply ?is measure ( a ye> to duration be=e ! creation1 or beyond ! duration ( bodies or motion1 z we c ?is measure ( a mile to space beyond ! utmo/ bodies2 & by ! "o measure duration1 :]e !re 0 no motion1 z well z by ! o!r measure space 9 our ?\ghts1 :]e !re is no body4 #bf4 ,! assumption t ! _w is nei!r b\ndless nor et]nal4 ,if x be object$ to me "h1 t1 9 ?is way ( expla9+ ( "t1 ,i h begg$ :at ,i %\ld n1 viz4 t ! _w is nei!r et]nal nor inf9ite2 ,i answ]1 ,t to my pres5t purpose x is n ne$ful1 9 ?is place1 to make use ( argum5ts to ev9ce ! _w to be f9ite bo? 9 duration & ext5sion4 ,b x be+ at lea/ z conceivable z ! contr>y1 ,i h c]ta9ly ! lib]ty to suppose x1 z well z any "o ha? to suppose ! contr>y2 & ,i d\bt n1 b t e "o t w g ab\t x1 may easily conceive 9 8 m9d ! beg9n+ ( motion1 ?\gh n ( all duration1 & s may come to a /ep & non ultra 9 8 consid]ation ( motion4 ,s also1 9 8 ?\ghts1 he may set limits to body1 & ! ext5sion belong+ to x2 b n to space1 :]e no body is1 ! utmo/ b\nds ( space & duration be+ beyond ! rea* ( ?\ght1 z well z ! utmo/ b\nds ( numb] are beyond ! l>ge/ compreh5sion ( ! m9d2 & all = ! same reason1 z we %all see 9 ano!r place4 #bg4 ,et]nity4 ,by ! same means1 !re=e1 & f ! same orig9al t we come to h ! idea ( "t1 we h also t idea :i* we call ,et]nity2 viz4 hav+ got ! idea ( succession & duration1 by reflect+ on ! tra9 ( our own ideas1 caus$ 9 u ei!r by ! natural appe>ances ( ^? ideas com+ con/antly ( !mselves into our wak+ ?\ghts1 or else caus$ by ext]nal objects successively affect+ our s5ses2 & hav+ f ! revolutions ( ! sun got ! ideas ( c]ta9 l5g?s ( duration1--we c 9 our ?\ghts add su* l5g?s ( duration to "o ano!r1 z (t5 z we please1 & apply !m1 s add$1 to durations pa/ or to come4 ,& ?is we c cont9ue to d on1 )\t b\nds or limits1 & proce$ 9 inf9itum1 & apply ?us ! l5g? ( ! annual motion ( ! sun to duration1 suppos$ be=e ! sun's or any o!r motion _h its be+1 :i* is no m difficult or absurd1 ?an to apply ! notion ,i h ( ! mov+ ( a %ad[ "o h\r to-day ^u ! sun-dial to ! duration ( some?+ la/ night1 v4 g4 ! burn+ ( a c&le1 :i* is n[ absolutely sep>ate f all actual motion2 & x is z impossible = ! duration ( t flame = an h\r la/ night to co-exi/ ) any motion t n[ is1 or = ev] %all be1 z = any "p ( duration1 t 0 be=e ! beg9n+ ( ! _w1 to co exi/ ) ! motion ( ! sun n[4 ,b yet ?is h9d]s n b t1 hav+ ! ,,idea ( ! l5g? ( ! motion ( ! %ad[ on a dial betwe5 ! m>ks ( two h\rs1 ,i c z di/9ctly measure 9 my ?\ghts ! duration ( t c&le-light la/ night1 z ,i c ! duration ( any?+ t does n[ exi/3 & x is no m ?an to ?9k1 t1 _h ! sun %one !n on ! dial1 & mov$ aft] ! same rate x do? n[1 ! %ad[ on ! dial w\ld h pass$ f "o h\r-l9e to ano!r :il/ t flame ( ! c&le la/$4 #bh4 ,our measures ( ,duration dep5d5t on our ideas4 ,! notion ( an h\r1 day1 or ye>1 be+ only ! idea ,i h ( ! l5g? ( c]ta9 p]iodical regul> motions1 nei!r ( :i* motions d ev] all at once exi/1 b only 9 ! ideas ,i h ( !m 9 my memory d]iv$ f my s5ses or reflection2 ,i c ) ! same ease1 & = ! same reason1 apply x 9 my ?\ghts to duration antec$5t to all mann] ( motion1 z well z to any?+ t is b a m9ute or a day antec$5t to ! motion t at ?is v mom5t ! sun is 94 ,all ?+s pa/ are equally & p]fectly at re/2 & to ?is way ( consid]ation ( !m are all "o1 :e!r !y 7 be=e ! beg9n+ ( ! _w1 or b ye/]day3 ! measur+ ( any duration by "s motion dep5d+ n at all on ! ,,real co-exi/5ce ( t ?+ to t motion1 or any o!r p]iods ( revolution1 b ! hav+ a cle> ,,idea ( ! l5g? ( "s p]iodical kn[n motion1 or o!r int]val ( duration1 9 my m9d1 & apply+ t to ! duration ( ! ?+ ,i w\ld measure4 #bi4 ,! ,duration ( any?+ ne$ n be co-exi/5t ) ! motion we measure x by4 ,h5ce we see t "s m5 imag9e ! duration ( ( ! _w1 f its fir/ exi/5ce to ?is pres5t ye> #afhi1 to h be5 #efci ye>s1 or equal to #efci annual revolutions ( ! sun1 & o!rs a great deal m2 z ! ,egyptians ( old1 :o 9 ! "t ( ,alex&] c\nt$ #bc1jjj ye>s f ! reign ( ! sun2 & ! ,*9ese n[1 :o acc\nt ! _w #c1bfi1jjj ye>s old1 or m2 :i* long] duration ( ! _w1 accord+ to _! computation1 ?\gh ,i %\ld n believe to be true1 yet ,i c equally imag9e x ) !m1 & z truly und]/&1 & say "o is long] ?an ! o!r1 z ,i und]/&1 t ,me?usalem's life 0 long] ?an ,eno*'s4 ,& if ! common reckon+ ( #efci %\ld be true1 7z x may be z well z any o!r assign$17 x h9d]s n at all my imag9+ :at o!rs mean1 :5 !y make ! _w "o ?\s& ye>s old]1 s9ce e "o may ) ! same facility imag9e 7,i d n say believe7 ! _w to be #ej1jjj ye>s old1 z #efci2 & may z well conceive ! duration ( #ej1jjj ye>s z #efci4 ,:]eby x appe>s t1 to ! measur+ ! duration ( any?+ by "t1 x is n requisite t t ?+ %\ld be co-exi/5t to ! motion we measure by1 or any o!r p]iodical revolution2 b x suffices to ?is purpose1 t we h ! idea ( ! l5g? ( ,,any regul> p]iodical appe>ances1 :i* we c 9 our m9ds apply to duration1 ) :i* ! motion or appe>ance nev] co-exi/$4 #cj4 ,inf9ity 9 ,duration4 ,=1 z 9 ! hi/ory ( ! creation deliv]$ by ,moses1 ,i c imag9e t light exi/$ ?ree days be=e ! sun 01 or _h any motion1 b>ely by ?9k+ t ! duration ( light be=e ! sun 0 creat$ 0 s long z 7,,if ! sun _h mov$ !n z x do? n[7 w\ld h be5 equal to ?ree ( 8 diurnal revolutions2 s by ! same way ,i c h an idea ( ! *aos1 or angels1 be+ creat$ be=e !re 0 ei!r light or any cont9u$ motion1 a m9ute1 an h\r1 a day1 a ye>1 or "o ?\s& ye>s4 ,=1 if ,i c b consid] duration equal to "o m9ute1 be=e ei!r ! be+ or motion ( any body1 ,i c add "o m9ute m till ,i come to sixty2 & by ! same way ( add+ m9utes1 h\rs1 or ye>s 7i4e4 su* or su* p>ts ( ! sun's revolutions1 or any o!r p]iod :]e( ,i h ! idea7 proce$ ,,9 ,,inf9itum1 & suppose a duration exce$+ z _m su* p]iods z ,i c reckon1 let me add :il/ ,i w1 :i* ,i ?9k is ! notion we h ( et]nity2 ( ^: inf9ity we h no o!r notion ?an we h ( ! inf9ity ( numb]1 to :i* we c add = ev] )\t end4 #ca4 ,orig9 ( our ,ideas ( ,duration1 & ( ! measures ( x4 ,& ?us ,i ?9k x is pla91 t f ^? two f\nta9s ( all k be=e m5tion$1 viz4 reflection & s5sation1 we got ! ideas ( duration1 & ! measures ( x4 ,=1 ,fir/1 by obs]v+ :at passes 9 our m9ds1 h[ our ideas !re 9 tra9 con/antly "s vani% & o!rs beg9 to appe>1 we come by ! idea ( ,,succession4 ,secondly1 by obs]v+ a di/ance 9 ! p>ts ( ?is succession1 we get ! idea ( ,,duration4 ,?irdly1 by s5sation obs]v+ c]ta9 appe>ances1 at c]ta9 regul> & seem+ equidi/ant p]iods1 we get ! ideas ( c]ta9 ,,l5g?s or ,,measures ,,( ,,duration1 z m9utes1 h\rs1 days1 ye>s1 c4 ,f\r?ly1 by be+ able to repeat ^? measures ( "t1 or ideas ( /at$ l5g? ( duration1 9 our m9ds1 z (t5 z we w1 we c come to imag9e ,,duration1--,,:]e ,,no?+ ,,does ,,really ,,endure ,,or ,,exi/2 & ?us we imag9e to-morr[1 next ye>1 or sev5 ye>s h5ce4 ,fif?ly1 by be+ able to repeat ideas ( any l5g? ( "t1 z ( a m9ute1 a ye>1 or an age1 z (t5 z we w 9 our own ?\ghts1 & add+ !m "o to ano!r1 )\t ev] com+ to ! end ( su* addition1 any ne>] ?an we c to ! end ( numb]1 to :i* we c always add2 we come by ! idea ( ,,et]nity1 z ! future et]nal duration ( our s\ls1 z well z ! et]nity ( t inf9ite ,be+ :i* mu/ necess>ily h always exi/$4 ,six?ly1 by consid]+ any "p ( inf9ite duration1 z set out by p]iodical measures1 we come by ! idea ( :at we call ,,"t 9 g5]al4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,ideas ,,( ,,duration ,,& ,,expansion1 ,,consid]$ ,,toge!r4 #a4 ,bo? capable ( great] & less4 ,?\gh we h 9 ! prec$5t *apt]s dwelt pretty long on ! consid]ations ( space & duration1 yet1 !y be+ ideas ( g5]al conc]nm5t1 t h some?+ v ab/ruse & peculi> 9 _! nature1 ! comp>+ !m "o ) ano!r may p]haps be ( use = _! illu/ration2 & we may h ! m cle> & di/9ct conception ( !m by tak+ a view ( !m toge!r4 ,di/ance or space1 9 its simple ab/ract conception1 to avoid confusion1 ,i call ,,expansion1 to di/+ui% x f ext5sion1 :i* by "s is us$ to express ?is di/ance only z x is 9 ! solid p>ts ( matt]1 & s includes1 or at lea/ intimates1 ! idea ( body3 :]eas ! idea ( pure di/ance includes no su* ?+4 ,i pref] also ! ^w expansion to space1 because space is (t5 appli$ to di/ance ( fleet+ successive p>ts1 :i* nev] exi/ toge!r1 z well z to ^? :i* are p]man5t4 ,9 bo? ^! 7viz4 expansion & duration7 ! m9d has ?is common idea ( cont9u$ l5g?s1 capable ( great] or less quantities4 ,= a man has z cle> an idea ( ! diff]5ce ( ! l5g? ( an h\r & a day1 z ( an in* & a foot4 #b4 ,expansion n b\nd$ by ,matt]4 ,! m9d1 hav+ got ! idea ( ! l5g? ( any "p ( expansion1 let x be a span1 or a pace1 or :at l5g? y w1 ,,c1 z has be5 said1 repeat t idea1 & s1 add+ x to ! =m]1 enl>ge its idea ( l5g?1 & make x equal to two spans1 or two paces2 & s1 z (t5 z x w1 till x equals ! di/ance ( any p>ts ( ! e>? "o f ano!r1 & increase ?us till x am\nts to ! di/ance ( ! sun or remote/ />4 ,by su* a progression z ?is1 sett+ out f ! place :]e x is1 or any o!r place1 x c proce$ & pass beyond all ^? l5g?s1 & f9d no?+ to /op its go+ on1 ei!r 9 or )\t body4 ,x is true1 we c easily 9 our ?\ghts come to ! end ( ,,solid ext5sion2 ! extremity & b\nds ( all body we h no difficulty to arrive at3 b :5 ! m9d is !re1 x f9ds no?+ to h9d] its progress into ?is endless expansion2 ( t x c nei!r f9d nor conceive any end4 ,nor let any "o say1 t beyond ! b\nds ( body1 !re is no?+ at all2 unless he w conf9e ,god )9 ! limits ( matt]4 ,solomon1 ^: und]/&+ 0 fill$ & enl>g$ ) wisdom1 seems to h o!r ?\ghts :5 he says1 #8,heav51 & ! heav5 ( heav5s1 _c conta9 !e4' ,& he1 ,i ?9k1 v mu* magnifies to himself ! capacity ( 8 own und]/&+1 :o p]suades himself t he c ext5d 8 ?\ghts fur!r ?an ,god exi/s1 or imag9e any expansion :]e ,he is n4 #c4 ,nor ,duration by ,motion4 ,j s is x 9 duration4 ,! m9d hav+ got ! idea ( any l5g? ( duration1 c d\ble1 multiply1 & enl>ge x1 n only beyond its own1 b beyond ! exi/5ce ( all corporeal be+s1 & all ! measures ( "t1 tak5 f ! great bodies ( all ! _w & _! motions4 ,b yet e "o easily admits1 t1 ?\gh we make duration b\ndless1 z c]ta9ly x is1 we _c yet ext5d x beyond all be+4 ,god1 e "o easily all[s1 fills et]nity2 & x is h>d to f9d a reason :y any "o %\ld d\bt t ,he likewise fills imm5sity4 ,8 inf9ite be+ is c]ta9ly z b\ndless "o way z ano!r2 & me?9ks x ascribes a little too mu* to matt] to say1 :]e !re is no body1 !re is no?+4 #d4 ,:y ,m5 m easily admit inf9ite ,duration ?an inf9ite ,expansion4 ,h5ce ,i ?9k we may le>n ! reason :y e "o famili>ly & )\t ! lea/ hesitation speaks ( & supposes ,et]nity1 & /icks n to ascribe ,,inf9ity to ,,duration2 b x is ) m d\bt+ & res]ve t _m admit or suppose ! ,,inf9ity ,,( ,,space4 ,! reason :]e( seems to me to be ?is1--,t duration & ext5sion be+ us$ z names ( affections belong+ to o!r be+s1 we easily conceive 9 ,god inf9ite duration1 & we _c avoid do+ s3 b1 n attribut+ to him ext5sion1 b only to matt]1 :i* is f9ite1 we are apt] to d\bt ( ! exi/5ce ( expansion )\t matt]2 ( :i* alone we commonly suppose x an attribute4 ,&1 !re=e1 :5 m5 pursue _! ?\ghts ( space1 !y are apt to /op at ! conf9es ( body3 z if space 7 !re at an end too1 & rea*$ no fur!r4 ,or if _! ideas1 ^u consid]ation1 c>ry !m fur!r1 yet !y t]m :at is beyond ! limits ( ! univ]se1 imag9>y space3 z if ,,x 7 no?+1 because !re is no body exi/+ 9 x4 ,:]eas duration1 antec$5t to all body1 & to ! motions :i* x is measur$ by1 !y nev] t]m imag9>y3 because x is nev] suppos$ void ( "s o!r real exi/5ce4 ,& if ! names ( ?+s may at all direct our ?\ghts t[>ds ! orig9al ( m5's ideas1 7z ,i am apt to ?9k !y may v mu*17 "o may h occasion to ?9k by ! "n ,,duration1 t ! cont9uation ( exi/5ce1 ) a k9d ( resi/ance to any de/ructive =ce1 & ! cont9uation ( solidity 7:i* is apt to be conf\nd$ )1 & if we w look into ! m9ute anatomical p>ts ( matt]1 is little diff]5t f1 h>dness7 7 ?\ght to h "s analogy1 & gave occasion to words s ne> ( k9 z dur>e & durum esse4 ,& t dur>e is appli$ to ! idea ( h>dness1 z well z t ( exi/5ce1 we see 9 ,horace1 ,epod4 xvi4 f]ro duravit secula4 ,b1 be t z x w1 ?is is c]ta91 t :oev] pursues 8 own ?\ghts1 w f9d !m sometimes laun* out beyond ! ext5t ( body1 into ! inf9ity ( space or expansion2 ! idea :]e( is di/9ct & sep>ate f body & all o!r ?+s3 :i* may1 7to ^? :o please17 be a subject ( fur!r m$itation4 #e4 ,"t to ,duration is z ,place to ,expansion4 ,"t 9 g5]al is to duration z place to expansion4 ,!y are s mu* ( ^? b\ndless oceans ( et]nity & imm5sity z is set out & di/+ui%$ f ! re/1 z x 7 by l&m>ks2 & s are made use ( to d5ote ! position ( ,,f9ite real be+s1 9 respect "o to ano!r1 9 ^? uni=m inf9ite oceans ( duration & space4 ,^!1 rightly consid]$1 are only ideas ( det]m9ate di/ances f c]ta9 kn[n po9ts1 fix$ 9 di/+ui%able s5sible ?+s1 & suppos$ to keep ! same di/ance "o f ano!r4 ,f su* po9ts fix$ 9 s5sible be+s we reckon1 & f !m we measure our portions ( ^? inf9ite quantities2 :i*1 s consid]$1 are t :i* we call ,,"t & ,,place4 ,= duration & space be+ 9 !mselves uni=m & b\ndless1 ! ord] & position ( ?+s1 )\t su* kn[n settl$ po9ts1 w\ld be lo/ 9 !m2 & all ?+s w\ld lie jumbl$ 9 an incurable confusion4 #f4 ,"t & ,place are tak5 = s mu* ( ei!r z are set out by ! ,exi/5ce & ,motion ( ,bodies4 ,"t & place1 tak5 ?us = det]m9ate di/+ui%able portions ( ^? inf9ite abysses ( space & duration1 set out or suppos$ to be di/+ui%$ f ! re/1 by m>ks & kn[n b\nd>ies1 h ea* ( !m a tw(old acceptation4 ,,fir/1 ,"t 9 g5]al is commonly tak5 = s mu* ( inf9ite duration z is measur$ by1 & co-exi/5t )1 ! exi/5ce & motions ( ! great bodies ( ! univ]se1 z f> z we "k any?+ ( !m3 & 9 ?is s5se "t beg9s & ends ) ! frame ( ?is s5sible _w1 z 9 ^! phrases be=e m5tion$1 #8,be=e all "t1' or1 #8,:5 "t %all be no m4' ,place likewise is tak5 sometimes = t portion ( inf9ite space :i* is possess$ by & compreh5d$ )9 ! mat]ial _w2 & is !reby di/+ui%$ f ! re/ ( expansion2 ?\gh ?is may be m prop]ly call$ ext5sion ?an place4 ,)9 ^! two are conf9$1 & by ! obs]vable p>ts ( !m are measur$ & det]m9$1 ! p>ticul> "t or duration1 & ! p>ticul> ext5sion & place1 ( all corporeal be+s4 #g4 ,sometimes = s mu* ( ei!r z we design by ,measures tak5 f ! ,bulk or ,motion ( ,bodies4 ,,secondly1 sometimes ! ^w "t is us$ 9 a l>g] s5se1 & is appli$ to p>ts ( t inf9ite duration1 n t 7 really di/+ui%$ & measur$ out by ?is real exi/5ce1 & p]iodical motions ( bodies1 t 7 appo9t$ f ! beg9n+ to be = signs & = seasons & = days & ye>s1 & are accord+ly our measures ( "t2 b su* o!r portions too ( t inf9ite uni=m duration1 :i* we ^u any occasion d suppose equal to c]ta9 l5g?s ( measur$ "t2 & s consid] !m z b\nd$ & det]m9$4 ,=1 if we %\ld suppose ! creation1 or fall ( ! angels1 0 at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,julian p]iod1 we %\ld speak prop]ly en\gh1 & %\ld be und]/ood if we said1 x is a long] "t s9ce ! creation ( angels ?an ! creation ( ! _w1 by #gfdj ye>s3 :]eby we w\ld m>k out s mu* ( t undi/+ui%$ duration z we suppose equal to1 & w\ld h admitt$1 #gfdj annual revolutions ( ! sun1 mov+ at ! rate x n[ does4 ,& ?us likewise we sometimes speak ( place1 di/ance1 or bulk1 9 ! great ,,inane1 beyond ! conf9es ( ! _w1 :5 we consid] s mu* ( t space z is equal to1 or capable to receive1 a body ( any assign$ dim5sions1 z a cubic foot2 or d suppose a po9t 9 x1 at su* a c]ta9 di/ance f any "p ( ! univ]se4 #h4 ,!y belong to all f9ite be+s4 ,,:]e & ,,:5 are que/ions belong+ to all f9ite exi/5ces1 & are by u always reckon$ f "s kn[n p>ts ( ?is s5sible _w1 & f "s c]ta9 epo*s m>k$ out to u by ! motions obs]vable 9 x4 ,)\t "s su* fix$ p>ts or p]iods1 ! ord] ( ?+s w\ld be lo/1 to our f9ite und]/&+s1 9 ! b\ndless inv>iable oceans ( duration & expansion1 :i* compreh5d 9 !m all f9ite be+s1 & 9 _! full ext5t belong only to ! ,deity4 ,& !re=e we are n to wond] t we compreh5d !m n1 & d s (t5 f9d our ?\ghts at a loss1 :5 we w\ld consid] !m1 ei!r ab/ractly 9 !mselves1 or z any way attribut$ to ! fir/ incompreh5sible ,be+4 ,b :5 appli$ to any p>ticul> f9ite be+s1 ! ext5sion ( any body is s mu* ( t inf9ite space z ! bulk ( ! body takes up4 ,& place is ! position ( any body1 :5 consid]$ at a c]ta9 di/ance f "s o!r4 ,z ! idea ( ! p>ticul> duration ( any?+ is1 an idea ( t portion ( inf9ite duration :i* passes dur+ ! exi/5ce ( t ?+2 s ! "t :5 ! ?+ exi/$ is1 ! idea ( t space ( duration :i* pass$ betwe5 "s kn[n & fix$ p]iod ( duration1 & ! be+ ( t ?+4 ,"o %[s ! di/ance ( ! extremities ( ! bulk or exi/5ce ( ! same ?+1 z t x is a foot squ>e1 or la/$ two ye>s2 ! o!r %[s ! di/ance ( x 9 place1 or exi/5ce f o!r fix$ po9ts ( space or duration1 z t x 0 9 ! middle ( ,l9coln's ,inn ,fields1 or ! fir/ degree ( ,taurus1 & 9 ! ye> ( our ,"l #afga1 or ! #ajjj? ye> ( ! ,julian p]iod4 ,all :i* di/ances we measure by preconceiv$ ideas ( c]ta9 l5g?s ( space & duration1--z in*es1 feet1 miles1 & degrees1 & 9 ! o!r1 m9utes1 days1 & ye>s1 c4 #i4 ,all ! ,p>ts ( ,ext5sion are ,ext5sion1 & all ! ,p>ts ( ,duration are ,duration4 ,!re is "o ?+ m :]e9 space & duration h a great con=mity1 & t is1 ?\gh !y are ju/ly reckon$ among/ our ,,simple ,,ideas1 yet none ( ! di/9ct ideas we h ( ei!r is )\t all mann] ( composition3 x is ! v nature ( bo? ( !m to consi/ ( p>ts3 b _! p>ts be+ all ( ! same k9d1 & )\t ! mixture ( any o!r idea1 h9d] !m n f hav+ a place among/ simple ideas4 ,c\ld ! m9d1 z 9 numb]1 come to s small a "p ( ext5sion or duration z exclud$ divisibility1 ,,t w\ld be1 z x 71 ! indivisible unit or idea2 by repetition ( :i*1 x w\ld make its m enl>g$ ideas ( ext5sion & duration4 ,b1 s9ce ! m9d is n able to frame an idea ( ,,any space )\t p>ts1 in/ead !re( x makes use ( ! common measures1 :i*1 by famili> use 9 ea* c\ntry1 h impr9t$ !mselves on ! memory 7z in*es & feet2 or cubits & p>asangs2 & s seconds1 m9utes1 h\rs1 days1 & ye>s 9 duration72--! m9d makes use1 ,i say1 ( su* ideas z ^!1 z simple ones3 & ^! are ! compon5t p>ts ( l>g] ideas1 :i* ! m9d ^u occasion makes by ! addition ( su* kn[n l5g?s :i* x is acqua9t$ )4 ,on ! o!r side1 ! ord9>y smalle/ measure we h ( ei!r is look$ on z an unit 9 numb]1 :5 ! m9d by division w\ld r$uce !m into less fractions4 ,?\gh on bo? sides1 bo? 9 addition & division1 ei!r ( space or duration1 :5 ! idea "u consid]ation becomes v big or v small1 its precise bulk becomes v obscure & confus$2 & x is ! ,,numb] ( its repeat$ additions or divisions t alone rema9s cle> & di/9ct2 z w easily appe> to any "o :o w let 8 ?\ghts loose 9 ! va/ expansion ( space1 or divisibility ( matt]4 ,e "p ( duration is duration too2 & e "p ( ext5sion is ext5sion1 bo? ( !m capable ( addition or division 9 inf9itum4 ,b ,,! ,,lea/ ,,portions ,,( ,,ei!r ,,( ,,!m1 ,,:]e( ,,we ,,h ,,cle> ,,& ,,di/9ct ,,ideas1 may p]haps be fitte/ to be consid]$ by u1 z ! simple ideas ( t k9d out ( :i* our complex modes ( space1 ext5sion1 & duration are made up1 & into :i* !y c aga9 be di/9ctly resolv$4 ,su* a small "p 9 duration may be call$ a ,,mom5t1 & is ! "t ( "o idea 9 our m9ds1 9 ! tra9 ( _! ord9>y succession !re4 ,! o!r1 want+ a prop] "n1 ,i "k n :e!r ,i may be all[$ to call a ,,s5sible ,,po9t1 mean+ !reby ! lea/ p>ticle ( matt] or space we c disc]n1 :i* is ord9>ily ab\t a m9ute1 & to ! %>pe/ eyes seldom less ?an ?irty seconds ( a circle1 :]e( ! eye is ! c5tre4 #aj4 ,_! ,p>ts insep>able4 ,expansion & duration h ?is fur!r agreem5t1 t1 ?\gh !y are bo? consid]$ by u z hav+ p>ts1 yet _! p>ts are n sep>able "o f ano!r1 no n ev5 9 ?\ght3 ?\gh ! p>ts ( bodies f :5ce we take our ,,measure ( ! "o2 & ! p>ts ( motion1 or r ! succession ( ideas 9 our m9ds1 f :5ce we take ! ,,measure ( ! o!r1 may be int]rupt$ & sep>at$2 z ! "o is (t5 by re/1 & ! o!r is by sleep1 :i* we call re/ too4 #aa4 ,duration is z a ,l9e1 ,expansion z a ,solid4 ,b !re is ?is manife/ diff]5ce betwe5 !m1--,t ! ideas ( l5g? :i* we h ( expansion are turn$ e way1 & s make figure1 & bread?1 & ?ickness2 b duration is b z x 7 ! l5g? ( "o /raight l9e1 ext5d$ 9 inf9itum1 n capable ( multiplicity1 v>iation1 or figure2 b is "o common measure ( all exi/5ce :atsoev]1 :]e9 all ?+s1 :il/ !y exi/1 equally p>take4 ,= ?is pres5t mom5t is common to all ?+s t are n[ 9 be+1 & equally compreh5ds t "p ( _! exi/5ce1 z mu* z if !y 7 all b "o s+le be+2 & we may truly say1 !y all exi/ 9 ! ,,same mom5t ( "t4 ,:e!r angels & spirits h any analogy to ?is1 9 respect to expansion1 is beyond my compreh5sion3 & p]haps = u1 :o h und]/&+s & compreh5sions suit$ to our own pres]vation1 & ! ends ( our own be+1 b n to ! reality & ext5t ( all o!r be+s1 x is ne> z h>d to conceive any exi/5ce1 or to h an idea ( any real be+1 ) a p]fect negation ( all mann] ( expansion1 z x is to h ! idea ( any real exi/5ce ) a p]fect negation ( all mann] ( duration4 ,& !re=e1 :at spirits h to d ) space1 or h[ !y communicate 9 x1 we "k n4 ,all t we "k is1 t bodies d ea* s+ly possess its prop] portion ( x1 accord+ to ! ext5t ( solid p>ts2 & !reby exclude all o!r bodies f hav+ any %>e 9 t p>ticul> portion ( space1 :il/ x rema9s !re4 #ab4 ,duration has nev] two ,p>ts toge!r1 ,expansion altoge!r4 ,,duration1 & ,,"t :i* is a "p ( x1 is ! idea we h ( ,,p]i%+ di/ance1 ( :i* no two p>ts exi/ toge!r1 b foll[ ea* o!r 9 succession2 an ,,expansion is ! idea ( ,,la/+ di/ance1 all ^: p>ts exi/ toge!r & are n capable ( succession4 ,& !re=e1 ?\gh we _c conceive any duration )\t succession1 nor c put x toge!r 9 our ?\ghts t any be+ does ,,n[ exi/ to-morr[1 or possess at once m ?an ! pres5t mom5t ( duration2 yet we c conceive ! et]nal duration ( ! ,almighty f> diff]5t f t ( man1 or any o!r f9ite be+4 ,because man compreh5ds n 9 8 k or p[] all pa/ & future ?+s3 8 ?\ghts are b ( ye/]day1 & he kn[s n :at to-morr[ w br+ =?4 ,:at is once pa/ he c nev] recall2 & :at is yet to come he _c make pres5t4 ,:at ,i say ( man1 ,i say ( all f9ite be+s2 :o1 ?\gh !y may f> exce$ man 9 k & p[]1 yet are no m ?an ! meane/ creature1 9 comp>ison ) ,god himself4 ,f9ite or any magnitude holds n any proportion to inf9ite4 ,god's inf9ite duration1 be+ accompani$ ) inf9ite k & inf9ite p[]1 he sees all ?+s1 pa/ & to come2 & !y are no m di/ant f 8 k1 no fur!r remov$ f 8 sight1 ?an ! pres5t3 !y all lie "u ! same view3 & !re is no?+ :i* he _c make exi/ ea* mom5t he pleases4 ,= ! exi/5ce ( all ?+s1 dep5d+ ^u 8 good pleasure1 all ?+s exi/ e mom5t t he ?9ks fit to h !m exi/4 ,to conclude3 expansion & duration d mutually embrace & compreh5d ea* o!r2 e "p ( space be+ 9 e "p ( duration1 & e "p ( duration 9 e "p ( expansion4 ,su* a comb9ation ( two di/9ct ideas is1 ,i suppose1 sc>ce to be f\nd 9 all t great v>iety we d or c conceive1 & may af=d matt] to fur!r speculation4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,idea ,,( ,,numb]4 #a4 ,numb] ! simple/ & mo/ univ]sal ,idea4 ,among/ all ! ideas we h1 z !re is none sugge/$ to ! m9d by m ways1 s !re is none m simple1 ?an t ( ,,unity1 or "o3 x has no %ad[ ( v>iety or composition 9 x3 e object our s5ses are employ$ ab\t2 e idea 9 our und]/&+s2 e ?\ght ( our m9ds1 br+s ?is idea along ) x4 ,& !re=e x is ! mo/ intimate to our ?\ghts1 z well z x is1 9 its agreem5t to all o!r ?+s1 ! mo/ univ]sal idea we h4 ,= numb] applies itself to m51 angels1 actions1 ?\ghts2 ev]y?+ t ei!r do? exi/ or c be imag9$4 #b4 ,its ,modes made by ,addition4 ,by repeat+ ?is idea 9 our m9ds1 & add+ ! repetitions toge!r1 we come by ! ,,complex ideas ( ! ,,modes ( x4 ,?us1 by add+ "o to "o1 we h ! complex idea ( a c\ple2 by putt+ twelve units toge!r we h ! complex idea ( a doz52 & s ( a score or a million1 or any o!r numb]4 #c4 ,ea* ,mode di/9ct4 ,! ,,simple ,,modes ( ,,numb] are ( all o!r ! mo/ di/9ct2 e ! lea/ v>iation1 :i* is an unit1 mak+ ea* comb9ation z cle>ly diff]5t f t :i* approa*e? ne>e/ to x1 z ! mo/ remote2 two be+ z di/9ct f "o1 z two hundr$2 & ! idea ( two z di/9ct f ! idea ( ?ree1 z ! magnitude ( ! :ole e>? is f t ( a mite4 ,?is is n s 9 o!r simple modes1 9 :i* x is n s easy1 nor p]haps possible = u to di/+ui% betwixt two approa*+ ideas1 :i* yet are really diff]5t4 ,= :o w und]take to f9d a diff]5ce betwe5 ! :ite ( ?is pap] & t ( ! next degree to x3 or c =m di/9ct ideas ( e ! lea/ excess 9 ext5sion8 #d4 ,!re=e ,demon/rations 9 ,numb]s ! mo/ precise4 ,! cle>ness & di/9ctness ( ea* mode ( numb] f all o!rs1 ev5 ^? t approa* ne>e/1 makes me apt to ?9k t demon/rations 9 numb]s1 if !y are n m evid5t & exact ?an 9 ext5sion1 yet !y are m g5]al 9 _! use1 & m det]m9ate 9 _! application4 ,because ! ideas ( numb]s are m precise & di/+ui%able ?an 9 ext5sion2 :]e e equality & excess are n s easy to be obs]v$ or measur$2 because our ?\ghts _c 9 space arrive at any det]m9$ smallness beyond :i* x _c g1 z an unit2 & !re=e ! quantity or proportion ( any ! lea/ excess _c be discov]$2 :i* is cle> o!rwise 9 numb]1 :]e1 z has be5 said1 #ia is z di/+ui%able f #ij z f #ijjj1 ?\gh #ia be ! next imm$iate excess to #ij4 ,b x is n s 9 ext5sion1 :]e1 :atsoev] is m ?an j a foot or an in*1 is n di/+ui%able f ! /&>d ( a foot or an in*2 & 9 l9es :i* appe> ( an equal l5g?1 "o may be long] ?an ! o!r by innum]able p>ts3 nor c any "o assign an angle1 :i* %all be ! next bigge/ to a "r "o4 #e4 ,names necess>y to ,numb]s4 ,by ! repeat+1 z has be5 said1 ! idea ( an unit1 & jo9+ x to ano!r unit1 we make !re( "o collective idea1 m>k$ by ! "n two4 ,& :osoev] c d ?is1 & proce$ on1 /ill add+ "o m to ! la/ collective idea :i* he _h ( any numb]1 & gave a "n to x1 may c\nt1 or h ideas1 = sev]al collections ( units1 di/+ui%$ "o f ano!r1 z f> z he ha? a s]ies ( names = foll[+ numb]s1 & a memory to reta9 t s]ies1 ) _! sev]al names3 all num]ation be+ b /ill ! add+ ( "o unit m1 & giv+ to ! :ole toge!r1 z compreh5d$ 9 "o idea1 a new or di/9ct "n or sign1 :]eby to "k x f ^? be=e & aft]1 & di/+ui% x f e small] or great] multitude ( units4 ,s t he t c add "o to "o1 & s to two1 & s g on ) 8 tale1 tak+ /ill ) him ! di/9ct names belong+ to e progression2 & s aga91 by subtract+ an unit f ea* collection1 retreat & less5 !m1 is capable ( all ! ideas ( numb]s )9 ! compass ( 8 language1 or = :i* he ha? names1 ?\gh n p]haps ( m4 ,=1 ! sev]al simple modes ( numb]s be+ 9 our m9ds b s _m comb9ations ( units1 :i* h no v>iety1 nor are capable ( any o!r diff]5ce b m or less1 names or m>ks = ea* di/9ct comb9ation seem m necess>y ?an 9 any o!r sort ( ideas4 ,=1 )\t su* names or m>ks1 we c h>dly well make use ( numb]s 9 reckon+1 especially :]e ! comb9ation is made up ( any great multitude ( units2 :i* put toge!r1 )\t a "n or m>k to di/+ui% t precise collection1 w h>dly be kept f be+ a heap 9 confusion4 #f4 ,ano!r reason = ! necessity ( names to numb]s4 ,?is ,i ?9k to be ! reason :y "s ,am]icans ,i h spok5 )1 7:o 7 o!rwise ( quick & rational p>ts en\gh17 c\ld n1 z we d1 by any means c\nt to #ajjj2 nor _h any di/9ct idea ( t numb]1 ?\gh !y c\ld reckon v well to #bj4 ,because _! language be+ scanty1 & accommodat$ only to ! few necess>ies ( a ne$y1 simple life1 unacqua9t$ ei!r ) trade or ma!matics1 _h no words 9 x to /& = #ajjj2 s t :5 !y 7 disc\rs$ ) ( ^? great] numb]s1 !y w\ld %[ ! hairs ( _! head1 to express a great multitude1 :i* !y c\ld n numb]2 :i* inability1 ,i suppose1 proce$$ f _! want ( names4 ,! ,t\\p9ambos _h no names = numb]s above #e2 any numb] beyond t !y made out by %[+ _! f+]s1 & ! f+]s ( o!rs :o 7 pres5t4 ,& ,i d\bt n b we ourselves might di/9ctly numb] 9 words a great deal fur!r ?an we usually d1 w\ld we f9d out b "s fit d5om9ations to signify !m by2 :]eas1 9 ! way we take n[ to "n !m1 by millions ( millions ( millions1 c41 x is h>d to g beyond eighte51 or at mo/1 f\r & tw5ty1 decimal progressions1 )\t confusion4 ,b to %[ h[ mu* di/9ct names conduce to our well reckon+1 or hav+ useful ideas ( numb]s1 let u see all ^! foll[+ figures 9 "o cont9u$ l9e1 z ! m>ks ( "o numb]3 v4 g4 ,nonillions4 #hegcbd ,octillions4 #afbdhf ,septillions4 #cdehif ,sextillions4 #dcgiah ,qu9trillions4 #dbcadg ,qu>trillions4 #bdhajf ,trillions4 #bcedba ,billions4 #bfagcd ,millions4 #cfhadi ,units4 #fbcacg ,! ord9>y way ( nam+ ?is numb] 9 ,engli%1 w be ! (t5 repeat+ ( millions1 ( millions1 ( millions1 ( millions1 ( millions1 ( millions1 ( millions1 ( millions1 7:i* is ! d5om9ation ( ! second six figures74 ,9 :i* way1 x w be v h>d to h any di/+ui%+ notions ( ?is numb]4 ,b :e!r1 by giv+ e six figures a new & ord]ly d5om9ation1 ^!1 & p]haps a great _m m figures 9 progression1 might n easily be c\nt$ di/9ctly1 & ideas ( !m bo? got m easily to ourselves1 & m pla9ly signifi$ to o!rs1 ,i leave x to be consid]$4 ,?is ,i m5tion only to %[ h[ necess>y di/9ct names are to numb]+1 )\t pret5d+ to introduce new ones ( my inv5tion4 #g4 ,:y ,*ildr5 numb] n e>li]4 ,?us *ildr51 ei!r = want ( names to m>k ! sev]al progressions ( numb]s1 or n hav+ yet ! faculty to collect scatt]$ ideas into complex ones1 & range !m 9 a regul> ord]1 & s reta9 !m 9 _! memories1 z is necess>y to reckon+1 d n beg9 to numb] v e>ly1 nor proce$ 9 x v f> or /eadily1 till a good :ile aft] !y are well furni%$ ) good /ore ( o!r ideas3 & "o may (t5 obs]ve !m disc\rse & reason pretty well1 & h v cle> conceptions ( sev]al o!r ?+s1 be=e !y c tell tw5ty4 ,& "s1 ?r\gh ! default ( _! memories1 :o _c reta9 ! sev]al comb9ations ( numb]s1 ) _! names1 annex$ 9 _! di/9ct ord]s1 & ! dep5d5ce ( s long a tra9 ( num]al progressions1 & _! relation "o to ano!r1 are n able all _! lifetime to reckon1 or regul>ly g ov] any mod]ate s]ies ( numb]s4 ,= he t w c\nt tw5ty1 or h any idea ( t numb]1 mu/ "k t n9ete5 w5t be=e1 ) ! di/9ct "n or sign ( e "o ( !m1 z !y /& m>k$ 9 _! ord]2 = :]ev] ?is fails1 a gap is made1 ! *a9 breaks1 & ! progress 9 numb]+ c g no fur!r4 ,s t to reckon "r1 x is requir$1 7#a7 ,t ! m9d di/+ui% c>efully two ideas1 :i* are diff]5t "o f ano!r only by ! addition or subtraction ( ,,"o unit3 7#b7 ,t x reta9 9 memory ! names or m>ks ( ! sev]al comb9ations1 f an unit to t numb]2 & t n confus$ly1 & at r&om1 b 9 t exact ord] t ! numb]s foll[ "o ano!r4 ,9 ei!r ( :i*1 if x trips1 ! :ole bus9ess ( numb]+ w be di/urb$1 & !re w rema9 only ! confus$ idea ( multitude1 b ! ideas necess>y to di/9ct num]ation w n be atta9$ to4 #h4 ,numb] measures all ,measurables4 ,?is fur!r is obs]vable 9 numb]1 t x is t :i* ! m9d makes use ( 9 measur+ all ?+s t by u are measurable1 :i* pr9cipally are ,,expansion & ,,duration2 & our idea ( inf9ity1 ev5 :5 appli$ to ^?1 seems to be no?+ b ! inf9ity ( numb]4 ,= :at else are our ideas ( ,et]nity & ,imm5sity1 b ! repeat$ additions ( c]ta9 ideas ( imag9$ p>ts ( duration & expansion1 ) ! inf9ity ( numb]2 9 :i* we c come to no end ( addition8 ,= su* an inexhau/ible /ock1 numb] 7( all o!r our ideas7 mo/ cle>ly furni%es u )1 z is obvi\s to e "o4 ,= let a man collect into "o sum z great a numb] z he pleases1 ?is multitude h[ great soev]1 less5s n "o jot ! p[] ( add+ to x1 or br+s him any ne>] ! end ( ! inexhau/ible /ock ( numb]2 :]e /ill !re rema9s z mu* to be add$1 z if none 7 tak5 out4 ,& ?is ,,endless ,,addition or ,,addibility 7if any "o l ! ^w bett]7 ( numb]s1 s app>5t to ! m9d1 is t1 ,i ?9k1 :i* gives u ! cle>e/ & mo/ di/9ct idea ( inf9ity3 ( :i* m 9 ! foll[+ *apt]4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,( ,,inf9ity4 #a4 ,inf9ity1 9 its orig9al ,int5tion1 attribut$ to ,space1 ,duration1 & ,numb]4 ,he t w\ld "k :at k9d ( idea x is to :i* we give ! "n ( ,,inf9ity1 _c d x bett] ?an by consid]+ to :at inf9ity is by ! m9d m imm$iately attribut$2 & !n h[ ! m9d comes to frame x4 ,,f9ite & ,,inf9ite seem to me to be look$ ^u by ! m9d z ! ,,modes ,,( ,,quantity1 & to be attribut$ prim>ily 9 _! fir/ designation only to ^? ?+s :i* h p>ts1 & are capable ( increase or dim9ution by ! addition or subtraction ( any ! lea/ "p3 & su* are ! ideas ( space1 duration1 & numb]1 :i* we h consid]$ 9 ! =ego+ *apt]s4 ,x is true1 t we _c b be assur$1 t ! great ,god1 ( :om & f :om are all ?+s1 is incompreh5sibly inf9ite3 b yet1 :5 we apply to t fir/ & supreme ,be+ our idea ( inf9ite1 9 our weak & n>r[ ?\ghts1 we d x prim>ily 9 respect to 8 duration & ubiquity2 &1 ,i ?9k1 m figuratively to 8 p[]1 wisdom1 & goodness1 & o!r attributes :i* are prop]ly inexhau/ible & incompreh5sible1 c4 ,=1 :5 we call ,,!m inf9ite1 we h no o!r idea ( ?is inf9ity b :at c>ries ) x "s reflection on1 & imitation (1 t numb] or ext5t ( ! acts or objects ( ,god's p[]1 wisdom1 & goodness1 :i* c nev] be suppos$ s great1 or s _m1 :i* ^! attributes w n always surm\nt & exce$1 let u multiply !m 9 our ?\ghts z f> z we c1 ) all ! inf9ity ( endless numb]4 ,i d n pret5d to say h[ ^! attributes are 9 ,god1 :o is inf9itely beyond ! rea* ( our n>r[ capacities3 !y d1 )\t d\bt1 conta9 9 !m all possible p]fection3 b ?is1 ,i say1 is our way ( conceiv+ !m1 & ^! our ideas ( _! inf9ity4 #b4 ,! ,idea ( ,f9ite easily got4 ,f9ite !n1 & inf9ite1 be+ by ! m9d look$ on z ,,modifications ( expansion & duration1 ! next ?+ to be consid]$1 is1--,,h[ ,,! ,,m9d ,,comes ,,by ,,!m4 ,z = ! idea ( f9ite1 !re is no great difficulty4 ,! obvi\s portions ( ext5sion t affect our s5ses1 c>ry ) !m into ! m9d ! idea ( f9ite3 & ! ord9>y p]iods ( succession1 :]eby we measure "t & duration1 z h\rs1 days1 & ye>s1 are b\nd$ l5g?s4 ,! difficulty is1 h[ we come by ^? ,,b\ndless ,,ideas ( et]nity & imm5sity2 s9ce ! objects we conv]se ) come s mu* %ort ( any approa* or proportion to t l>g5ess4 #c4 ,h[ we come by ! ,idea ( ,inf9ity4 ,e "o t has any idea ( any /at$ l5g?s ( space1 z a foot1 f9ds t he c repeat t idea2 & jo9+ x to ! =m]1 make ! idea ( two feet2 & by ! addition ( a ?ird1 ?ree feet2 & s on1 )\t ev] com+ to an end ( 8 additions1 :e!r ( ! same idea ( a foot1 or1 if he pleases1 ( d\bl+ x1 or any o!r idea he has ( any l5g?1 z a mile1 or diamet] ( ! e>?1 or ( ! orbis magnus3 = :i*ev] ( ^! he takes1 & h[ (t5 soev] he d\bles1 or any o!rwise multiplies x1 he f9ds1 t1 aft] he has cont9u$ 8 d\bl+ 9 8 ?\ghts1 & enl>g$ 8 idea z mu* z he pleases1 he has no m reason to /op1 nor is "o jot ne>] ! end ( su* addition1 ?an he 0 at fir/ sett+ out3 ! p[] ( enl>g+ 8 idea ( space by fur!r additions rema9+ /ill ! same1 he h5ce takes ! idea ( inf9ite space4 #d4 ,our ,idea ( ,space b\ndless4 ,?is1 ,i ?9k1 is ! way :]eby ! m9d gets ! ,,idea ( inf9ite space4 ,x is a q diff]5t consid]ation1 to exam9e :e!r ! m9d has ! idea ( su* a b\ndless space ,,actually ,,exi/+2 s9ce our ideas are n always pro(s ( ! exi/5ce ( ?+s3 b yet1 s9ce ?is comes "h 9 our way1 ,i suppose ,i may say1 t we are ,,apt ,,to ,,?9k t space 9 itself is actually b\ndless1 to :i* imag9ation ! idea ( space or expansion ( itself naturally leads u4 ,=1 x be+ consid]$ by u1 ei!r z ! ext5sion ( body1 or z exi/+ by itself1 )\t any solid matt] tak+ x up1 7= ( su* a void space we h n only ! idea1 b ,i h prov$1 z ,i ?9k1 f ! motion ( body1 its necess>y exi/5ce17 x is impossible ! m9d %\ld be ev] able to f9d or suppose any end ( x1 or be /opp$ any:]e 9 its progress 9 ?is space1 h[ f> soev] x ext5ds its ?\ghts4 ,any b\nds made ) body1 ev5 adamant9e walls1 are s f> f putt+ a /op to ! m9d 9 its fur!r progress 9 space & ext5sion t x r facilitates & enl>ges x4 ,= s f> z t body rea*es1 s f> no "o c d\bt ( ext5sion2 & :5 we are come to ! utmo/ extremity ( body1 :at is !re t c !re put a /op1 & satisfy ! m9d t x is at ! end ( space1 :5 x p]ceives t x is n2 nay1 :5 x is satisfi$ t body itself c move into x8 ,=1 if x be necess>y = ! motion ( body1 t !re %\ld be an empty space1 ?\gh ev] s little1 "h among/ bodies2 & if x be possible = body to move 9 or ?r\gh t empty space2--nay1 x is impossible = any p>ticle ( matt] to move b into an empty space2 ! same possibility ( a body's mov+ into a void space1 beyond ! utmo/ b\nds ( body1 z well z into a void space int]sp]s$ among/ bodies1 w always rema9 cle> & evid5t3 ! idea ( empty pure space1 :e!r )9 or beyond ! conf9es ( all bodies1 be+ exactly ! same1 diff]+ n 9 nature1 ?\gh 9 bulk2 & !re be+ no?+ to h9d] body f mov+ into x4 ,s t :]ev] ! m9d places itself by any ?\ght1 ei!r among/1 or remote f all bodies1 x c1 9 ?is uni=m idea ( space1 n[h]e f9d any b\nds1 any end2 & s mu/ necess>ily conclude x1 by ! v nature & idea ( ea* "p ( x1 to be actually inf9ite4 #e4 ,& s ( ,duration4 ,z1 by ! p[] we f9d 9 ourselves ( repeat+1 z (t5 z we w1 any idea ( space1 we get ! idea ( ,,imm5sity2 s1 by be+ able to repeat ! idea ( any l5g? ( duration we h 9 our m9ds1 ) all ! endless addition ( numb]1 we come by ! idea ( ,,et]nity4 ,= we f9d 9 ourselves1 we c no m come to an end ( su* repeat$ ideas ?an we c come to ! end ( numb]2 :i* e "o p]ceives he _c4 ,b "h aga9 x is ano!r "q1 q diff]5t f our hav+ an ,,idea ( et]nity1 to "k :e!r !re 7 ,,any ,,real ,,be+1 ^: duration has be5 et]nal4 ,& z to ?is1 ,i say1 he t consid]s some?+ n[ exi/+1 mu/ necess>ily come to ,some?+ et]nal4 ,b hav+ spoke ( ?is 9 ano!r place1 ,i %all say "h no m ( x1 b proce$ on to "s o!r consid]ations ( our idea ( inf9ity4 #f4 ,:y o!r ,ideas are n capable ( ,inf9ity4 ,if x be s1 t our idea ( inf9ity be got f ! p[] we obs]ve 9 ourselves ( repeat+1 )\t end1 our own ideas1 x may be dem&$1--,:y we d n attribute inf9ity to o!r ideas1 z well z ^? ( space & duration2 s9ce !y may be z easily1 & z (t51 repeat$ 9 our m9ds z ! o!r3 & yet nobody ev] ?9ks ( inf9ite sweetness or inf9ite :it5ess1 ?\gh he c repeat ! idea ( sweet or :ite1 z frequ5tly z ^? ( a y>d or a day8 ,to :i* ,i answ]1--,all ! ideas t are consid]$ z hav+ p>ts1 & are capable ( increase by ! addition ( an equal or less p>ts1 af=d u1 by _! repetition1 ! idea ( inf9ity2 because1 ) ?is endless repetition1 !re is cont9u$ an enl>gem5t ( :i* !re ,,c be no end4 ,b = o!r ideas x is n s4 ,= to ! l>ge/ idea ( ext5sion or duration t ,i at pres5t h1 ! addition ( any ! lea/ "p makes an increase2 b to ! p]fecte/ idea ,i h ( ! :ite/ :it5ess1 if ,i add ano!r ( a less equal :it5ess1 7& ( a :it] ?an ,i h1 ,i _c add ! idea17 x makes no increase1 & enl>ges n my idea at all2 & !re=e ! diff]5t ideas ( :it5ess1 c4 are call$ degrees4 ,= ^? ideas t consi/ ( "p are capable ( be+ augm5t$ by e addition ( ! lea/ "p2 b if y take ! idea ( :ite1 :i* "o p>cel ( sn[ yield$ ye/]day to our sight1 & ano!r idea ( :ite f ano!r p>cel ( sn[ y see to-day1 & put !m toge!r 9 y\r m9d1 !y embody1 z x 71 all run into "o1 & ! idea ( :it5ess is n at all increas$ & if we add a less degree ( :it5ess to a great]1 we are s f> f increas+1 t we dim9i% x4 ,^? ideas t consi/ n ( p>ts _c be augm5t$ to :at proportion m5 please1 or be /ret*$ beyond :at !y h receiv$ by _! s5ses2 b space1 duration1 & numb]1 be+ capable ( increase by repetition1 leave 9 ! m9d an idea ( endless room = m2 nor c we conceive any:]e a /op to a fur!r addition or progression3 & s ^? ideas ,,alone lead our m9ds t[>ds ! ?\ght ( inf9ity4 #g4 ,diff]5ce betwe5 inf9ity ( ,space1 & ,space inf9ite4 ,?\gh our idea ( inf9ity arise f ! contemplation ( quantity1 & ! endless increase ! m9d is able to make 9 quantity1 by ! repeat$ additions ( :at portions !re( x pleases2 yet ,i guess we cause great confusion 9 our ?\ghts1 :5 we jo9 inf9ity to any suppos$ idea ( quantity ! m9d c be ?\ght to h1 & s disc\rse or reason ab\t an inf9ite quantity1 z an inf9ite space1 or an inf9ite duration4 ,=1 z our idea ( inf9ity be+1 z ,i ?9k1 ,,an ,,endless ,,gr[+ ,,idea1 b ! idea ( any quantity ! m9d has1 be+ at t "t ,,t]m9at$ 9 t idea1 7= be x z great z x w1 x c be no great] ?an x is17--to jo9 inf9ity to x1 is to adju/ a /&+ measure to a gr[+ bulk2 & !re=e ,i ?9k x is n an insignificant subtilty1 if ,i say1 t we are c>efully to di/+ui% betwe5 ! idea ( ! inf9ity ( space1 & ! idea ( a space inf9ite4 ,! fir/ is no?+ b a suppos$ endless progression ( ! m9d1 ov] :at repeat$ ideas ( space x pleases2 b to h actually 9 ! m9d ! idea ( a space inf9ite1 is to suppose ! m9d already pass$ ov]1 & actually to h a view ( ,,all ^? repeat$ ideas ( space :i* an ,,endless repetition c nev] totally repres5t to x2 :i* c>ries 9 x a pla9 contradiction4 #h4 ,we h no ,idea ( inf9ite ,space4 ,?is1 p]haps1 w be a little pla9]1 if we consid] x 9 numb]s4 ,! inf9ity ( numb]s1 to ! end ( ^: addition e "o p]ceives !re is no approa*1 easily appe>s to any "o t reflects on x4 ,b1 h[ cle> soev] ?is idea ( ! inf9ity ( numb] be1 !re is no?+ yet m evid5t ?an ! absurdity ( ! actual idea ( an inf9ite numb]4 ,:atsoev] ,,positive ideas we h 9 our m9ds ( any space1 duration1 or numb]1 let !m be ev] s great1 !y are /ill f9ite2 b :5 we suppose an inexhau/ible rema9d]1 f :i* we remove all b\nds1 & :]e9 we all[ ! m9d an endless progression ( ?\ght1 )\t ev] complet+ ! idea1 !re we h our idea ( inf9ity3 :i*1 ?\gh x seems to be pretty cle> :5 we consid] no?+ else 9 x b ! negation ( an end1 yet1 :5 we w\ld frame 9 our m9ds ! idea ( an inf9ite space or duration1 t idea is v obscure & confus$1 because x is made up ( two p>ts1 v diff]5t1 if n inconsi/5t4 ,=1 let a man frame 9 8 m9d an idea ( any space or numb]1 z great z he w2 x is pla9 ! m9d ,,re/s ,,& ,,t]m9ates 9 t idea1 :i* is contr>y to ! idea ( inf9ity1 :i* ,,consi/s ,,9 ,a ,,suppos$ ,,endless ,,progression4 ,& !re=e ,i ?9k x is t we are s easily conf\nd$1 :5 we come to argue & reason ab\t inf9ite space or duration1 c4 ,because ! p>ts ( su* an idea n be+ p]ceiv$ to be1 z !y are1 inconsi/5t1 ! "o side or o!r always p]plexes1 :atev] consequ5ces we draw f ! o!r2 z an idea ( motion n pass+ on w\ld p]plex any "o :o %\ld argue f su* an idea1 :i* is n bett] ?an an idea ( motion at re/4 ,& su* ano!r seems to me to be ! idea ( a space1 or 7:i* is ! same ?+7 a numb] inf9ite1 i4 e4 ( a space or numb] :i* ! m9d actually has1 & s views & t]m9ates 92 & ( a space or numb]1 :i*1 9 a con/ant & endless enl>g+ & progression1 x c 9 ?\ght nev] atta9 to4 ,=1 h[ l>ge soev] an idea ( space ,i h 9 my m9d1 x is no l>g] ?an x is t in/ant t ,i h x1 ?\gh ,i be capable ! next in/ant to d\ble x1 & s on 9 inf9itum2 = t alone is inf9ite :i* has no b\nds2 & t ! idea ( inf9ity1 9 :i* our ?\ghts c f9d none4 #i4 ,numb] af=ds u ! cle>e/ ,idea ( ,inf9ity4 ,b ( all o!r ideas1 x is numb]1 z ,i h said1 :i* ,i ?9k furni%es u ) ! cle>e/ & mo/ di/9ct idea ( inf9ity we are capable (4 ,=1 ev5 9 space & duration1 :5 ! m9d pursues ! idea ( inf9ity1 x !re makes use ( ! ideas & repetitions ( numb]s1 z ( millions & millions ( miles1 or ye>s1 :i* are s _m di/9ct ideas1--kept be/ by numb] f runn+ into a confus$ heap1 :]e9 ! m9d loses itself2 & :5 x has add$ toge!r z _m millions1 c41 z x pleases1 ( kn[n l5g?s ( space or duration1 ! cle>e/ idea x c get ( inf9ity1 is ! confus$ incompreh5sible rema9d] ( endless addible numb]s1 :i* af=ds no prospect ( /op or b\nd>y4 #aj4 ,our diff]5t ,conceptions ( ! ,inf9ity ( ,numb] contra/$ ) ^? ( ,duration & ,expansion4 ,x w1 p]haps1 give u a little fur!r light into ! idea we h ( inf9ity1 & discov] to u1 t x is ,,no?+ ,,b ,,! ,,inf9ity ,,( ,,numb] ,,appli$ ,,to ,,det]m9ate ,,p>ts1 ,,( ,,:i* ,,we ,,h ,,9 ,,our ,,m9ds ,,! ,,di/9ct ,,ideas1 if we consid] t numb] is n g5]ally ?\ght by u inf9ite1 :]eas duration & ext5sion are apt to be s2 :i* arises f h5ce1--t 9 numb] we are at "o end1 z x 73 = !re be+ 9 numb] no?+ ,,less ?an an unit1 we !re /op1 & are at an end2 b 9 addition1 or increase ( numb]1 we c set no b\nds3 & s x is l a l9e1 :]e( "o end t]m9at+ ) u1 ! o!r is ext5d$ /ill =w>ds1 beyond all t we c conceive4 ,b 9 space & duration x is o!rwise4 ,= 9 duration we consid] x z if ?is l9e ( numb] 7 ext5d$ ,,bo? ways--to an unconceivable1 undet]m9ate1 & inf9ite l5g?2 :i* is evid5t to anyone t w b reflect on :at consid]ation he ha? ( ,et]nity2 :i*1 ,i suppose1 w f9d to be no?+ else b ! turn+ ?is inf9ity ( numb] bo? ways1 a p>te ante & a p>te po/1 z !y speak4 ,=1 :5 we w\ld consid] et]nity1 a p>te ante1 :at d we b1 beg9n+ f ourselves & ! pres5t "t we are 91 repeat 9 our m9ds ideas ( ye>s1 or ages1 or any o!r assignable portion ( duration pa/1 ) a prospect ( proce$+ 9 su* addition ) all ! inf9ity ( numb]3 & :5 we w\ld consid] et]nity1 a p>te po/1 we j aft] ! same rate beg9 f ourselves1 & reckon by multipli$ p]iods yet to come1 /ill ext5d+ t l9e ( numb] z be=e4 ,& ^! two be+ put toge!r1 are t inf9ite duration we call ,,et]nity :i*1 z we turn our view ei!r way1 =w>ds or backw>d appe>s inf9ite1 because we /ill turn t way ! inf9ite end ( numb]1 i4e4 ! p[] /ill ( add+ m4 #aa4 ,h[ we conceive ! ,inf9ity ( ,space4 ,! same happ5s also 9 space1 :]e91 conceiv+ ourselves to be1 z x 71 9 ! c5tre1 we d on all sides pursue ^? indet]m9able l9es ( numb]2 & reckon+ any way f ourselves1 a y>d1 mile1 diamet] ( ! e>? or orbis magnus1--by ! inf9ity ( numb]1 we add o!rs to !m1 z (t5 z we w4 ,& hav+ no m reason to set b\nds to ^? repeat$ ideas ?an we h to set b\nds to numb]1 we h t indet]m9able idea ( imm5sity4 #ab4 ,inf9ite ,divisibility4 ,& s9ce 9 any bulk ( matt] our ?\ghts c nev] arrive at ! utmo/ divisibility1 !re=e !re is an app>5t inf9ity to u also 9 t1 :i* has ! inf9ity also ( numb]2 b ) ?is diff]5ce1--t1 9 ! =m] consid]ations ( ! inf9ity ( space & duration1 we only use addition ( numb]s2 :]eas ?is is l ! division ( an unit into its fractions1 :]e9 ! m9d also c proce$ 9 inf9itum1 z well z 9 ! =m] additions2 x be+ inde$ b ! addition /ill ( new numb]s3 ?\gh 9 ! addition ( ! "o1 we c h no m ! ,,positive idea ( a space inf9itely great1 ?an1 9 ! division ( ! o!r1 we c h ! positive idea ( a body inf9itely little2--our idea ( inf9ity be+1 z ,i may say1 a gr[+ or fugitive idea1 /ill 9 a b\ndless progression1 t c /op n[h]e4 #ac4 ,no positive ,idea ( ,inf9ity4 ,?\gh x be h>d1 ,i ?9k1 to f9d anyone s absurd z to say he has ! ,,positive idea ( an actual inf9ite numb]2--! inf9ity :]e( lies only 9 a p[] /ill ( add+ any comb9ation ( units to any =m] numb]1 & t z long & z mu* z "o w2 ! l also be+ 9 ! inf9ity ( space & duration1 :i* p[] leaves always to ! m9d room = endless additions2--yet !re be ^? :o imag9e !y h positive ideas ( inf9ite duration & space4 ,x w\ld1 ,i ?9k1 be en\gh to de/roy any su* positive idea ( inf9ite1 to ask him t has x1--:e!r he c\ld add to x or no2 :i* w\ld easily %[ ! mi/ake ( su* a positive idea4 ,we c1 ,i ?9k1 h no positive idea ( any space or duration :i* is n made up (1 & comm5surate to1 repeat$ numb]s ( feet or y>ds1 or days & ye>s2 :i* are ! common measures1 :]e( we h ! ideas 9 our m9ds1 & :]eby we judge ( ! greatness ( ?is sort ( quantities4 ,& !re=e1 s9ce an inf9ite idea ( space or duration mu/ ne$s be made up ( inf9ite p>ts1 x c h no o!r inf9ity ?an t ( numb] ,,capable /ill ( fur!r addition2 b n an actual positive idea ( a numb] inf9ite4 ,=1 ,i ?9k x is evid5t1 t ! addition ( f9ite ?+s toge!r 7z are all l5g?s :]e( we h ! positive ideas7 c nev] o!rwise produce ! idea ( inf9ite ?an z numb] does2 :i* consi/+ ( additions ( f9ite units "o to ano!r1 sugge/s ! idea ( inf9ite1 only by a p[] we f9d we h ( /ill increas+ ! sum1 & add+ m ( ! same k9d2 )\t com+ "o jot ne>] ! end ( su* progression4 #ad4 ,h[ we _c h a positive idea ( inf9ity 9 ,quantity4 ,!y :o w\ld prove _! idea ( inf9ite to be positive1 seem to me to d x by a pleasant argum5t1 tak5 f ! negation ( an end2 :i* be+ negative1 ! negation on x is positive4 ,he t consid]s t ! end is1 9 body1 b ! extremity or sup]ficies ( t body1 w n p]haps be =w>d to grant t ! end is a b>e negative3 & he t p]ceives ! end ( 8 p5 is black or :ite1 w be apt to ?9k t ! end is some?+ m ?an a pure negation4 ,nor is x1 :5 appli$ to duration1 ! b>e negation ( exi/5ce1 b m prop]ly ! la/ mom5t ( x4 ,b z !y w h ! end to be no?+ b ! b>e negation ( exi/5ce1 ,i am sure !y _c d5y b ! beg9n+ ( ! fir/ in/ant ( be+1 & is n by any body conceiv$ to be a b>e negation2 & !re=e1 by _! own argum5t1 ! idea ( et]nal1 ,a ,,p>te ,,ante1 or ( a duration )\t a beg9n+1 is b a negative idea4 #ae4 ,:at is positive1 :at negative1 9 our ,idea ( inf9ite4 ,! idea ( inf9ite has1 ,i confess1 some?+ ( positive 9 all ^? ?+s we apply to x4 ,:5 we w\ld ?9k ( inf9ite space or duration1 we at fir/ /ep usually make "s v l>ge idea1 z p]haps ( millions ( ages1 or miles1 :i* possibly we d\ble & multiply sev]al times4 ,all t we ?us amass toge!r 9 our ?\ghts is positive1 & ! assemblage ( a great numb] ( positive ideas ( space or duration4 ,b :at /ill rema9s beyond ?is we h no m a positive di/9ct notion ( ?an a m>9] has ( ! dep? ( ! sea2 :]e1 hav+ let d[n a l>ge portion ( 8 s\nd+-l9e1 he rea*es no bottom4 ,:]eby he kn[s ! dep? to be s _m fa?oms1 & m2 b h[ mu* ! m is1 he ha? no di/9ct notion at all3 & c\ld he always supply new l9e1 & f9d ! plummet always s9k1 )\t ev] /opp+1 he w\ld be some?+ 9 ! po/ure ( ! m9d rea*+ aft] a complete & positive idea ( inf9ity4 ,9 :i* case1 let ?is l9e be t51 or t5 ?\s& fa?oms long1 x equally discov]s :at is beyond x1 & gives only ?is confus$ & comp>ative idea1 t ?is is n all1 b "o may yet g f>!r4 ,s mu* z ! m9d compreh5ds ( any space1 x has a positive idea (3 b 9 endeav\r+ to make x inf9ite1--x be+ always enl>g+1 always advanc+1--! idea is /ill imp]fect & incomplete4 ,s mu* space z ! m9d takes a view ( 9 its contemplation ( greatness1 is a cle> picture1 & positive 9 ! und]/&+3 b inf9ite is /ill great]4 #a4 ,!n ! idea ( ,,s ,,mu* is positive & cle>4 #b4 ,! idea ( ,,great] is also cle>2 b x is b a comp>ative idea1 ! idea ( ,,s ,,mu* ,,great] ,,z ,,_c ,,be ,,compreh5d$4 #c4 ,& ?is is pla9ly negative3 n positive4 ,= he has no positive cle> idea ( ! l>g5ess ( any ext5sion1 7:i* is t s\ght = 9 ! idea ( inf9ite71 t has n a compreh5sive idea ( ! dim5sions ( x3 & su*1 nobody1 ,i ?9k1 pret5ds to 9 :at is inf9ite4 ,= to say a man has a positive cle> idea ( any quantity1 )\t kn[+ h[ great x is1 is z reasonable z to say1 he has ! positive cle> idea ( ! numb] ( ! s&s on ! sea-%ore1 :o kn[s n h[ _m !re be1 b only t !y are m ?an tw5ty4 ,= j su* a p]fect & positive idea has he ( an inf9ite space or duration1 :o says x is ,,l>g] ,,?an ! ext5t or duration ( t51 "o hundr$1 "o ?\s&1 or any o!r numb] ( miles1 or ye>s1 :]e( he has or c h a positive idea2 :i* is all ! idea1 ,i ?9k1 we h ( inf9ite4 ,s t :at lies beyond our positive idea ,,t[>ds inf9ity1 lies 9 obscurity1 & has ! indet]m9ate confusion ( a negative idea1 :]e9 ,i "k ,i nei!r d nor c compreh5d all ,i w\ld1 x be+ too l>ge = a f9ite & n>r[ capacity4 ,& t _c b be v f> f a positive complete idea1 :]e9 ! greate/ "p ( :at ,i w\ld compreh5d is left out1 "u ! undet]m9ate intimation ( be+ /ill great]4 ,= to say1 t1 hav+ 9 any quantity measur$ s mu*1 or gone s f>1 y are n yet at ! end1 is only to say t t quantity is great]4 ,s t ! negation ( an end 9 any quantity is1 9 o!r words1 only to say t x is bigg]2 & a total negation ( an end is b c>ry+ ?is bigg] /ill ) y1 9 all ! progressions y\r ?\ghts %all make 9 quantity2 & add+ ?is ,,idea ,,( ,,/ill ,,great] to ,,all ! ideas y h1 or c be suppos$ to h1 ( quantity4 ,n[1 :e!r su* an idea z t be positive1 ,i leave any "o to consid]4 #af4 ,we h no positive ,idea ( an inf9ite ,duration4 ,i ask ^? :o say !y h a positive idea ( et]nity1 :e!r _! idea ( duration includes 9 x succession1 or n8 ,if x does n1 !y ought to %[ ! diff]5ce ( _! notion ( duration1 :5 appli$ to an et]nal ,be+1 & to a f9ite2 s9ce1 p]haps1 !re may be o!rs z well z ,i1 :o w own to !m _! weakness ( und]/&+ 9 ?is po9t1 & ackn[l$ge t ! notion !y h ( duration =ces !m to conceive1 t :atev] has duration1 is ( a long] cont9uance to-day ?an x 0 ye/]day4 ,if1 to avoid succession 9 ext]nal exi/5ce1 !y return to ! punctum /ans ( ! s*ools1 ,i suppose !y w !reby v little m5d ! matt]1 or help u to a m cle> & positive idea ( inf9ite duration2 !re be+ no?+ m inconceivable to me ?an duration )\t succession4 ,besides1 t punctum /ans1 if x signify any?+1 be+ n quantum1 f9ite or inf9ite _c belong to x4 ,b1 if our weak appreh5sions _c sep>ate succession f any duration :atsoev]1 our idea ( et]nity c be no?+ b ( ,,inf9ite ,,succession ,,( ,,mom5ts ,,( ,,duration ,,:]e9 ,,any?+ ,,does ,,exi/2 & :e!r any "o has1 or c h1 a positive idea ( an actual inf9ite numb]1 ,i leave him to consid]1 till 8 inf9ite numb] be s great t he himself c add no m to x2 & z long z he c increase x1 ,i d\bt he himself w ?9k ! idea he ha? ( x a little too scanty = positive inf9ity4 #ag4 ,no complete ,idea ( ,et]nal ,be+4 ,i ?9k x unavoidable = e consid]+1 rational creature1 t w b exam9e 8 own or any o!r exi/5ce1 to h ! notion ( an et]nal1 wise ,be+1 :o _h no beg9n+3 & su* an idea ( inf9ite duration ,i am sure ,i h4 ,b ?is negation ( a beg9n+1 be+ b ! negation ( a positive ?+1 sc>ce gives me a positive idea ( inf9ity2 :i*1 :5ev] ,i endeav\r to ext5d my ?\ghts to1 ,i confess myself at a loss1 & ,i f9d ,i _c atta9 any cle> compreh5sion ( x4 #ah4 ,no positive ,idea ( inf9ite ,space4 ,he t ?9ks he has a positive idea ( inf9ite space1 w1 :5 he consid]s x1 f9d t he c no m h a positive idea ( ! greate/1 ?an he has ( ! lea/ space4 ,= 9 ?is latt]1 :i* seems ! easi] ( ! two1 & m )9 our compreh5sion1 we are capable only ( a comp>ative idea ( smallness1 :i* w always be less ?an any "o :]e( we h ! positive idea4 ,all our ,,positive ideas ( any quantity1 :e!r great or little1 h always b\nds1 ?\gh our ,,comp>ative idea1 :]eby we c always add to ! "o1 & take f ! o!r1 ha? no b\nds4 ,= t :i* rema9s1 ei!r great or little1 n be+ compreh5d$ 9 t positive idea :i* we h1 lies 9 obscurity2 & we h no o!r idea ( x1 b ( ! p[] ( enl>g+ ! "o & dim9i%+ ! o!r1 ,,)\t ,,ceas+4 ,a pe/le & mort> w z soon br+ any p>ticle ( matt] to indivisibility1 z ! acute/ ?\ght ( a ma!matician2 & a surveyor may z soon ) 8 *a9 measure out inf9ite space1 z a philosoph] by ! quicke/ flight ( m9d rea* x or by ?9k+ compreh5d x2 :i* is to h a positive idea ( x4 ,he t ?9ks on a cube ( an in* diamet]1 has a cle> & positive idea ( x 9 8 m9d1 & s c frame "o ( #a_/b1 #a_/d1 #a_/h1 & s on1 till he has ! idea 9 8 ?\ghts ( some?+ v little2 b yet rea*es n ! idea ( t incompreh5sible littl5ess :i* division c produce4 ,:at rema9s ( smallness is z f> f 8 ?\ghts z :5 he fir/ began2 & !re=e he nev] comes at all to h a cle> & positive idea ( t smallness :i* is consequ5t to inf9ite divisibility4 #ai4 ,:at is positive1 :at negative1 9 our ,idea ( ,inf9ite4 ,e "o t looks t[>ds inf9ity does1 z ,i h said1 at fir/ glance make "s v l>ge idea ( t :i* he applies x to1 let x be space or duration2 & possibly he we>ies 8 ?\ghts1 by multiply+ 9 8 m9d t fir/ l>ge idea3 b yet by t he comes no ne>] to ! hav+ a positive cle> idea ( :at rema9s to make up a positive inf9ite1 ?an ! c\ntry fell[ _h ( ! wat] :i* 0 yet to come1 & pass ! *annel ( ! riv] :]e he /ood3 #8,ru/icus expectat dum defluat amnis1 at ille ,labitur1 et labetur 9 omne volubilis vum4' #bj4 ,"s ?9k !y h a positive ,idea ( ,et]nity1 & n ( inf9ite ,space4 ,!re are "s ,i h met t put s mu* diff]5ce betwe5 inf9ite duration & inf9ite space1 t !y p]suade !mselves t !y h a positive idea ( et]nity1 b t !y h n1 nor c h any idea ( inf9ite space4 ,! reason ( :i* mi/ake ,i suppose to be ?is--t f9d+1 by a due contemplation ( causes & effects1 t x is necess>y to admit "s ,et]nal ,be+1 & s to consid] ! real exi/5ce ( t ,be+ z tak5 up & comm5surate to _! idea ( et]nity2 b1 on ! o!r side1 n f9d+ x necess>y1 b1 on ! contr>y1 app>5tly absurd1 t body %\ld be inf9ite1 !y =w>dly conclude t !y c h no idea ( inf9ite space1 because !y c h no idea ( inf9ite matt]4 ,:i* consequ5ce1 ,i conceive1 is v ill collect$1 because ! exi/5ce ( matt] is no ways necess>y to ! exi/5ce ( space1 no m ?an ! exi/5ce ( motion1 or ! sun1 is necess>y to duration1 ?\gh duration uses to be measur$ by x4 ,& ,i d\bt n b t a man may h ! idea ( t5 ?\s& miles squ>e1 )\t any body s big1 z well z ! idea ( t5 ?\s& ye>s1 )\t any body s old4 ,x seems z easy to me to h ! idea ( space empty ( body1 z to ?9k ( ! capacity ( a bu%el )\t corn1 or ! holl[ ( a nut-%ell )\t a k]nel 9 x3 x be+ no m necess>y t !re %\ld be exi/+ a solid body1 inf9itely ext5d$1 because we h an idea ( ! inf9ity ( space1 ?an x is necess>y t ! _w %\ld be et]nal1 because we h an idea ( inf9ite duration4 ,& :y %\ld we ?9k our idea ( inf9ite space requires ! real exi/5ce ( matt] to support x1 :5 we f9d t we h z cle> an idea ( an inf9ite duration to come1 z we h ( inf9ite duration pa/8 ,?\gh ,i suppose nobody ?9ks x conceivable t any?+ does or has exi/$ 9 t future duration4 ,nor is x possible to jo9 our idea ( future duration ) pres5t or pa/ exi/5ce1 any m ?an x is possible to make ! ideas ( ye/]day1 to-day1 & to-morr[ to be ! same2 or br+ ages pa/ & future toge!r1 & make !m contempor>y4 ,b if ^! m5 are ( ! m9d1 t !y h cle>] ideas ( inf9ite duration ?an ( inf9ite space1 because x is pa/ d\bt t ,god has exi/$ f all et]nity1 b !re is no real matt] co-ext5d$ ) inf9ite space2 yet ^? philosoph]s :o are ( op9ion t inf9ite space is possess$ by ,god's inf9ite omnipres5ce1 z well z inf9ite duration by 8 et]nal exi/5ce1 mu/ be all[$ to h z cle> an idea ( inf9ite space z ( inf9ite duration2 ?\gh nei!r ( !m1 ,i ?9k1 has any positive idea ( inf9ity 9 ei!r case4 ,= :atsoev] positive ideas a man has 9 8 m9d ( any quantity1 he c repeat x1 & add x to ! =m]1 z easy z he c add toge!r ! ideas ( two days1 or two paces1 :i* are positive ideas ( l5g?s he has 9 8 m9d1 & s on z long z he pleases3 :]eby1 if a man _h a positive idea ( inf9ite1 ei!r duration or space1 he c\ld add two inf9ites toge!r2 nay1 make "o inf9ite inf9itely bigg] ?an ano!r--absurdities too gross to be confut$4 #ba4 ,suppos$ positive ,ideas ( ,inf9ity1 cause ( ,mi/akes4 ,b yet if aft] all ?is1 !re be m5 :o p]suade !mselves t !y h cle> positive compreh5sive ideas ( inf9ity1 x is fit !y enjoy _! privilege3 & ,i %\ld be v glad 7) "s o!rs t ,i "k1 :o ackn[l$ge !y h none su*7 to be bett] in=m$ by _! communication4 ,= ,i h be5 hi!rto apt to ?9k t ! great & inextricable difficulties :i* p]petually involve all disc\rses conc]n+ inf9ity1--:e!r ( space1 duration1 or divisibility1 h be5 ! c]ta9 m>ks ( a defect 9 our ideas ( inf9ity1 & ! disproportion ! nature !re( has to ! compreh5sion ( our n>r[ capacities4 ,=1 :il/ m5 talk & dispute ( inf9ite space or duration1 z if !y _h z complete & positive ideas ( !m z !y h ( ! names !y use = !m1 or z !y h ( a y>d1 or an h\r1 or any o!r det]m9ate quantity2 x is no wond] if ! incompreh5sible nature ( ! ?+ !y disc\rse (1 or reason ab\t1 leads !m into p]plexities & contradictions1 & _! m9ds be ov]laid by an object too l>ge & mighty to be survey$ & manag$ by !m4 #bb4 ,all ^! are modes ( ,ideas got f ,s5sation & ,reflection4 ,if ,i h dwelt pretty long on ! consid]ation ( duration1 space1 & numb]1 & :at arises f ! contemplation ( !m1--,inf9ity1 x is possibly no m ?an ! matt] requires2 !re be+ few simple ideas ^: ,,modes give m ex]cise to ! ?\ghts ( m5 ?an ^? d4 ,i pret5d n to treat ( !m 9 _! full latitude4 ,x suffices to my design to %[ h[ ! m9d receives !m1 su* z !y are1 f s5sation & reflection2 & h[ ev5 ! idea we h ( inf9ity1 h[ remote soev] x may seem to be f any object ( s5se1 or op]ation ( our m9d1 has1 nev]!less1 z all our o!r ideas1 its orig9al !re4 ,"s ma!maticians p]haps1 ( advanc$ speculations1 may h o!r ways to introduce into _! m9ds ideas ( inf9ity4 ,b ?is h9d]s n b t !y !mselves1 z well z all o!r m51 got ! fir/ ideas :i* !y _h ( inf9ity f s5sation & reflection1 9 ! me?od we h "h set d[n4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,o!r ,,simple ,,modes4 #a4 ,o!r simple ,modes ( simple ,ideas ( s5sation4 ,?\gh ,i h1 9 ! =ego+ *apt]s1 %[n h[ f simple ideas tak5 9 by s5sation1 ! m9d comes to ext5d itself ev5 to inf9ity2 :i*1 h[ev] x may ( all o!rs seem mo/ remote f any s5sible p]ception1 yet at la/ ha? no?+ 9 x b :at is made out ( simple ideas3 receiv$ into ! m9d by ! s5ses1 & aft]w>ds !re put toge!r1 by ! faculty ! m9d has to repeat its own ideas2 --,?\gh1 ,i say1 ^! might be in/ances en\gh ( simple modes ( ! simple ideas ( s5sation1 & suffice to %[ h[ ! m9d comes by !m1 yet ,i %all1 = me?od's sake1 ?\gh briefly1 give an acc\nt ( "s few m1 & !n proce$ to m complex ideas4 #b4 ,simple modes ( motion4 ,to slide1 roll1 tumble1 walk1 creep1 run1 dance1 leap1 skip1 & abundance ( o!rs t might be nam$1 are words :i* are no soon] he>d b e "o :o und]/&s ,engli% has pres5tly 9 8 m9d di/9ct ideas1 :i* are all b ! diff]5t modifications ( motion4 ,modes ( motion answ] ^? ( ext5sion2 swift & sl[ are two diff]5t ideas ( motion1 ! measures :]e( are made ( ! di/ances ( "t & space put toge!r2 s !y are complex ideas1 compreh5d+ "t & space ) motion4 #c4 ,modes ( ,s\nds4 ,! l v>iety h we 9 s\nds4 ,e articulate ^w is a diff]5t modification ( s\nd2 by :i* we see t1 f ! s5se ( he>+1 by su* modifications1 ! m9d may be furni%$ ) di/9ct ideas1 to almo/ an inf9ite numb]4 ,s\nds also1 besides ! di/9ct cries ( birds & bea/s1 are modifi$ by div]sity ( notes ( diff]5t l5g? put toge!r1 :i* make t complex idea call$ a tune1 :i* a musician may h 9 8 m9d :5 he he>s or makes no s\nd at all1 by reflect+ on ! ideas ( ^? s\nds1 s put toge!r sil5tly 9 8 own fancy4 #d4 ,modes ( ,col\rs4 ,^? ( col\rs are also v v>i\s3 "s we take notice ( z ! diff]5t degrees1 or z !y 7 t]m$ %ades1 ( ! same col\r4 ,b s9ce we v seldom make assemblages ( col\rs1 ei!r = use or delight1 b figure is tak5 9 also1 & has its "p 9 x1 z 9 pa9t+1 weav+1 ne$leworks1 c42--^? :i* are tak5 notice ( d mo/ commonly belong to ,,mix$ ,,modes1 z be+ made up ( ideas ( div]s k9ds1 viz4 figure & col\r1 su* z beauty1 ra9b[1 c4 #e4 ,modes ( ,ta/es4 ,all comp\nd$ ta/es & smells are also modes1 made up ( ! simple ideas ( ^? s5ses4 ,b !y1 be+ su* z g5]ally we h no names =1 are less tak5 notice (1 & _c be set d[n 9 writ+2 & !re=e mu/ be left )\t enum]ation to ! ?\ghts & exp]i5ce ( my read]4 #f4 ,"s simple ,modes h no ,names4 ,9 g5]al x may be obs]v$1 t ^? simple modes :i* are consid]$ b z diff]5t ,,degrees ( ! same simple idea1 ?\gh !y are 9 !mselves _m ( !m v di/9ct ideas1 yet h ord9>ily no di/9ct names1 nor are mu* tak5 notice (1 z di/9ct ideas1 :]e ! diff]5ce is b v small betwe5 !m4 ,:e!r m5 h neglect$ ^! modes1 & giv5 no names to !m1 z want+ measures nicely to di/+ui% !m2 or because1 :5 !y 7 s di/+ui%$1 t k w\ld n be ( g5]al or necess>y use1 ,i leave x to ! ?\ghts ( o!rs4 ,x is suffici5t to my purpose to %[1 t all our simple ideas come to our m9ds only by s5sation & reflection2 & t :5 ! mood has !m1 x c v>i\sly repeat & comp\nd !m1 & s make new complex ideas4 ,b1 ?\gh :ite1 r$1 or sweet1 c4 h n be5 modifi$1 or made into complex ideas1 by sev]al comb9ations1 s z to be nam$1 & !reby rank$ into species2 yet "s o!rs ( ! simple ideas1 viz4 ^? ( unity1 duration1 & motion1 c41 above in/anc$ 91 z also p[] & ?9k+1 h be5 ?us modifi$ to a great v>iety ( complex ideas1 ) names belong+ to !m4 #g4 ,:y "s ,modes h1 & o!rs h n1 ,names4 ,! reason :]e(1 ,i suppose1 has be5 ?is1--,t ! great conc]nm5t ( m5 be+ ) m5 "o among/ ano!r1 ! k ( m51 & _! actions1 & ! signify+ ( !m to "o ano!r1 0 mo/ necess>y2 & !re=e !y made ideas ( ,,actions v nicely modifi$1 & gave ^? complex ideas names1 t !y might ! m easily record & disc\rse ( ^? ?+s !y 7 daily conv]sant 91 )\t long ambages & circumlocutions2 & t ! ?+s !y 7 cont9ually to give & receive in=mation ab\t might be ! easi] & quick] und]/ood4 ,t ?is is s1 & t m5 9 fram+ diff]5t complex ideas1 & giv+ !m names1 h be5 mu* gov]n$ by ! end ( spee* 9 g5]al1 7:i* is a v %ort & exp$ite way ( convey+ _! ?\ghts "o to ano!r71 is evid5t 9 ! names :i* 9 sev]al arts h be5 f\nd out1 & appli$ to sev]al complex ideas ( modifi$ actions1 belong+ to _! sev]al trades1 = dispat* sake1 9 _! direction or disc\rses ab\t !m4 ,:i* ideas are n g5]ally fram$ 9 ! m9ds ( m5 n conv]sant ab\t ^! op]ations4 ,& !nce ! words t /& = !m1 by ! greate/ "p ( m5 ( ! same language1 are n und]/ood3 v4 g4 ,,colt%ire1 ,,drill+1 ,,filtration1 ,,cohobation1 are words /&+ = c]ta9 complex ideas1 :i* be+ seldom 9 ! m9ds ( any b ^? few ^: p>ticul> employm5ts d at e turn sugge/ !m to _! ?\ghts1 ^? names ( !m are n g5]ally und]/ood b by smi?s & *ymi/s2 :o1 hav+ fram$ ! complex ideas :i* ^! words /& =1 & hav+ giv5 names to !m1 or receiv$ !m f o!rs1 ^u he>+ ( ^! names 9 communication1 readily conceive ^? ideas 9 _! m9ds2-z by ,,cohobation all ! simple ideas ( di/ill+1 & ! p\r+ ! liquor di/ill$ f any?+ back ^u ! rema9+ matt]1 & di/ill+ x aga94 ,?us we see t !re are great v>ieties ( simple ideas1 z ( ta/es & smells1 :i* h no names2 & ( modes _m m2 :i* ei!r n hav+ be5 g5]ally en\gh obs]v$1 or else n be+ ( any great use to be tak5 notice ( 9 ! affairs & conv]se ( m51 !y h n _h names giv5 to !m1 & s pass n = species4 ,?is we %all h occasion h]eaft] to consid] m at l>ge1 :5 we come to speak ( ,,words4 ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,( ,,! ,,modes ,,( ,,?9k+4 #a4 ,s5sation1 ,remembrance1 ,contemplation1 c41 modes ( ?9k+4 ,:5 ! m9d turns its view inw>ds ^u itself1 & contemplates its own actions1 ,,?9k+ is ! fir/ t occurs4 ,9 x ! m9d obs]ves a great v>iety ( modifications1 & f !nce receives di/9ct ideas4 ,?us ! p]ception or ?\ght :i* actually accompanies1 & is annex$ to1 any impression on ! body1 made by an ext]nal object1 be+ di/9ct f all o!r modifications ( ?9k+1 furni%es ! m9d ) a di/9ct idea1 :i* we call ,,s5sation2--:i* is1 z x 71 ! actual entrance ( any idea into ! und]/&+ by ! s5ses4 ,! same idea1 :5 x aga9 recurs )\t ! op]ation ( ! l object on ! ext]nal s5sory1 is ,,remembrance3 if x be s\ght aft] by ! m9d1 & ) pa9 & endeav\r f\nd1 & br\ght aga9 9 view1 x is ,,recollection3 if x be held !re long "u att5tive consid]ation1 x is ,,contemplation3 :5 ideas float 9 our m9d )\t any reflection or reg>d ( ! und]/&+1 x is t :i* ! ,fr5* call ,,rev]ie2 our language has sc>ce a "n = x3 :5 ! ideas t (f] !mselves 7=1 z ,i h obs]v$ 9 ano!r place1 :il/ we are awake1 !re w always be a tra9 ( ideas succe$+ "o ano!r 9 our m9ds7 are tak5 notice (1 &1 z x 71 regi/]$ 9 ! memory1 x is ,,att5tion3 :5 ! m9d ) great e>ne/ness1 & ( *oice1 fixes its view on any idea1 consid]s x on all sides1 & w n be call$ (f by ! ord9>y solicitation ( o!r ideas1 x is t we call ,,int5tion or ,,/udy3 sleep1 )\t dream+1 is re/ f all ^!3 & ,,dream+ itself is ! hav+ ( ideas 7:il/ ! outw>d s5ses are /opp$1 s t !y receive n outw>d objects ) _! usual quickness7 9 ! m9d1 n sugge/$ by any ext]nal objects1 or kn[n occasion2 nor "u any *oice or conduct ( ! und]/&+ at all3 & :e!r t :i* we call ,,ec/asy be n dream+ ) ! eyes op51 ,i leave to be exam9$4 #b4 ,o!r modes ( ?9k+4 ,^! are "s few in/ances ( ^? v>i\s modes ( ?9k+1 :i* ! m9d may obs]ve 9 itself1 & s h z di/9ct ideas ( z x ha? ( :ite & r$1 a squ>e or a circle4 ,i d n pret5d to enum]ate !m all1 nor to treat at l>ge ( ?is set ( ideas1 :i* are got f reflection3 t w\ld be to make a volume4 ,x suffices to my pres5t purpose to h %[n "h1 by "s few examples1 ( :at sort ^! ideas are1 & h[ ! m9d comes by !m2 especially s9ce ,i %all h occasion h]eaft] to treat m at l>ge ( ,,reason+1 ,,judg+1 ,,volition1 & ,,k1 :i* are "s ( ! mo/ consid]able op]ations ( ! m9d1 & modes ( ?9k+4 #c4 ,! v>i\s degrees ( ,att5tion 9 ?9k+4 ,b p]haps x may n be an unp>donable digression1 nor :olly imp]t95t to our pres5t design1 if we reflect "h ^u ! diff]5t /ate ( ! m9d 9 ?9k+1 :i* ^? in/ances ( att5tion1 rev]ie1 & dream+1 c41 be=e m5tion$1 naturally en\gh sugge/4 ,t !re are ideas1 "s or o!r1 always pres5t 9 ! m9d ( a wak+ man1 e "o's exp]i5ce conv9ces him2 ?\gh ! m9d employs itself ab\t !m ) sev]al degrees ( att5tion4 ,sometimes ! m9d fixes itself ) s mu* e>ne/ness on ! contemplation ( "s objects1 t x turns _! ideas on all sides2 m>ks _! relations & circum/ances2 & views e "p s nicely & ) su* int5tion1 t x %uts out all o!r ?\ghts1 & takes no notice ( ! ord9>y impressions made !n on ! s5ses1 :i* at ano!r season w\ld produce v s5sible p]ceptions3 at o!r times x b>ely obs]ves ! tra9 ( ideas t succe$ 9 ! und]/&+1 )\t direct+ & pursu+ any ( !m3 & at o!r times x lets !m pass almo/ q unreg>d$1 z fa9t %ad[s t make no impression4 #d4 ,h5ce x is probable t ,?9k+ is ! ,action1 n ! ,ess5ce ( ! ,s\l4 ,?is diff]5ce ( int5tion1 & remission ( ! m9d 9 ?9k+1 ) a great v>iety ( degrees betwe5 e>ne/ /udy & v ne> m9d+ no?+ at all1 e "o1 ,i ?9k1 has exp]im5t$ 9 himself4 ,trace x a little fur!r1 & y f9d ! m9d 9 sleep retir$ z x 7 f ! s5ses1 & out ( ! rea* ( ^? motions made on ! organs ( s5se1 :i* at o!r times produce v vivid & s5sible ideas4 ,i ne$ n1 = ?is1 in/ance 9 ^? :o sleep out :ole /ormy nights1 )\t he>+ ! ?und]1 or see+ ! lightn+1 or feel+ ! %ak+ ( ! h\se1 :i* are s5sible en\gh to ^? :o are wak+4 ,b 9 ?is retirem5t ( ! m9d f ! s5ses1 x (t5 reta9s a yet m loose & incoh]5t mann] ( ?9k+1 :i* we call dream+4 ,&1 la/ ( all1 s\nd sleep closes ! sc5e q1 & puts an end to all appe>ances4 ,?is1 ,i ?9k almo/ e "o has exp]i5ce ( 9 himself1 & 8 own obs]vation )\t difficulty leads him ?us f>4 ,t :i* ,i w\ld fur!r conclude f h5ce is1 t s9ce ! m9d c s5sibly put on1 at sev]al times1 sev]al degrees ( ?9k+1 & be sometimes1 ev5 9 a wak+ man1 s remiss1 z to h ?\ghts dim & obscure to t degree t !y are v little remov$ f none at all2 & at la/1 9 ! d>k retirem5ts ( s\nd sleep1 loses ! sight p]fectly ( all ideas :atsoev]3 s9ce1 ,i say1 ?is is evid5tly s 9 matt] ( fact & con/ant exp]i5ce1 ,i ask :e!r x be n probable1 t ?9k+ is ! action & n ! ess5ce ( ! s\l8 ,s9ce ! op]ations ( ag5ts w easily admit ( int5tion & remission3 b ! ess5ces ( ?+s are n conceiv$ capable ( any su* v>iation4 ,b ?is by ! by4 ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,( ,,modes ,,( ,,pleasure ,,& ,,pa94 #a4 ,pleasure & ,pa91 simple ,ideas4 ,,among/ ! simple ideas :i* we receive bo? f s5sation & reflection1 ,,pa9 & ,,pleasure are two v consid]able ones4 ,= z 9 ! body !re is s5sation b>ely 9 itself1 or accompani$ ) pa9 or pleasure1 s ! ?\ght or p]ception ( ! m9d is simply s1 or else accompani$ also ) pleasure or pa91 delight or tr\ble1 call x h[ y please4 ,^!1 l o!r simple ideas1 _c be describ$1 nor _! names def9$2 ! way ( kn[+ !m is1 z ( ! simple ideas ( ! s5ses1 only by exp]i5ce4 ,=1 to def9e !m by ! pres5ce ( good or evil1 is no o!rwise to make !m kn[n to u ?an by mak+ u reflect on :at we feel 9 ourselves1 ^u ! sev]al & v>i\s op]ations ( good & evil ^u our m9ds1 z !y are diff]5tly appli$ to or consid]$ by u4 #b4 ,good & evil1 :at4 ,?+s !n are good or evil1 only 9 ref]5ce to pleasure or pa94 ,t we call ,,good1 :i* is apt to cause or increase pleasure1 or dim9i% pa9 9 u2 or else to procure or pres]ve u ! possession ( any o!r good or abs5ce ( any evil4 ,&1 on ! contr>y1 we "n t ,,evil :i* is apt to produce or increase any pa91 or dim9i% any pleasure 9 u3 or else to procure u any evil1 or deprive u ( any good4 ,by pleasure & pa91 ,i mu/ be und]/ood to mean ( body or m9d1 z !y are commonly di/+ui%$2 ?\gh 9 tru? !y be only diff]5t con/itutions ( ! ,,m9d1 sometimes occasion$ by disord] 9 ! body1 sometimes by ?\ghts ( ! m9d4 #c4 ,our passions mov$ by ,good & ,evil4 ,pleasure & pa9 & t :i* causes !m1--good & evil1 are ! h+es on :i* our passions turn4 ,& if we reflect on ourselves1 & obs]ve h[ ^!1 "u v>i\s consid]ations1 op]ate 9 u2 :at modifications or temp]s ( m9d1 :at int]nal s5sations 7if ,i may s call !m7 !y produce 9 u we may !nce =m to ourselves ! ideas ( our passions4 #d4 ,love4 ,?us any "o reflect+ ^u ! ?\ght he has ( ! delight :i* any pres5t or abs5t ?+ is apt to produce 9 him1 has ! idea we call ,,love4 ,= :5 a man decl>es 9 autumn :5 he is eat+ !m1 or 9 spr+ :5 !re are none1 t he loves grapes1 x is no m b t ! ta/e ( grapes delights him3 let an alt]ation ( heal? or con/itution de/roy ! delight ( _! ta/e1 & he !n c be said to love grapes no long]4 #e4 ,hatr$4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! ?\ght ( ! pa9 :i* any?+ pres5t or abs5t is apt to produce 9 u1 is :at we call ,,hatr$4 ,7 x my bus9ess "h to inquire any fur!r ?an into ! b>e ideas ( our passions1 z !y dep5d on diff]5t modifications ( pleasure & pa91 ,i %\ld rem>k t our love & hatr$ ( inanimate ins5sible be+s is commonly f\nd$ on t pleasure & pa9 :i* we receive f _! use & application any way to our s5ses ?\gh ) _! de/ruction4 ,b hatr$ or love1 to be+s capable ( happ9ess or mis]y1 is (t5 ! uneas9ess ( delight :i* we f9d 9 ourselves1 aris+ f _! v be+ or happ9ess4 ,?us ! be+ & welf>e ( a man's *ildr5 or fri5ds1 produc+ con/ant delight 9 him1 he is said con/antly to love !m4 ,b x suffices to note1 t our ideas ( love & hatr$ are b ! dispositions ( ! m9d1 9 respect ( pleasure & pa9 9 g5]al1 h[ev] caus$ 9 u4 #f4 ,desire4 ,! uneas9ess a man f9ds 9 himself ^u ! abs5ce ( any?+ ^: pres5t enjoym5t c>ries ! idea ( delight ) x1 is t we call ,,desire2 :i* is great] or less z t uneas9ess is m or less vehem5t4 ,:]e1 by ! by1 x may p]haps be ( "s use to rem>k1 t ! *ief1 if n only spur to human indu/ry & action is ,,uneas9ess4 ,= :atsoev] good is propos$1 if its abs5ce c>ries no displeasure or pa9 ) x1 if a man be easy & cont5t )\t x1 !re is no desire ( x1 nor endeav\r aft] x2 !re is no m b a b>e velleity1 ! t]m us$ to signify ! l[e/ degree ( desire1 & t :i* is next to none at all1 :5 !re is s little uneas9ess 9 ! abs5ce ( any?+1 t x c>ries a man no fur!r ?an "s fa9t wi%es = x1 )\t any m effectual or vigor\s use ( ! means to atta9 x4 ,desire also is /opp$ or abat$ by ! op9ion ( ! impossibility or unatta9abl5ess ( ! good propos$1 z f> z ! uneas9ess is cur$ or allay$ by t consid]ation4 ,?is might c>ry our ?\ghts fur!r1 7 x seasonable 9 ?is place4 #g4 ,joy4 ,,joy is a delight ( ! m9d1 f ! consid]ation ( ! pres5t or assur$ approa*+ possession ( a good2 & we are !n possess$ ( any good1 :5 we h x s 9 our p[] t we c use x :5 we please4 ,?us a man almo/ />v$ has joy at ! arrival ( relief1 ev5 be=e he has ! pleasure ( us+ x3 & a fa!r1 9 :om ! v well-be+ ( 8 *ildr5 causes delight1 is always1 z long z 8 *ildr5 are 9 su* a /ate1 9 ! possession ( t good2 = he ne$s b to reflect on x1 to h t pleasure4 #h4 ,sorr[4 ,,sorr[ is uneas9ess 9 ! m9d1 ^u ! ?\ght ( a good lo/1 :i* might h be5 enjoy$ long]2 or ! s5se ( a pres5t evil4 #i4 ,hope4 ,,hope is t pleasure 9 ! m9d1 :i* e "o f9ds 9 himself1 ^u ! ?\ght ( a probable future enjoym5t ( a ?+ :i* is apt to delight him4 #aj4 ,fe>4 ,,fe> is an uneas9ess ( ! m9d1 ^u ! ?\ght ( future evil likely to befall u4 #aa4 ,despair4 ,,despair is ! ?\ght ( ! unatta9abl5ess ( any good1 :i* works diff]5tly 9 m5's m9ds1 sometimes produc+ uneas9ess or pa91 sometimes re/ & indol5cy4 #ab4 ,ang]4 ,,ang] is uneas9ess or discomposure ( ! m9d1 ^u ! receipt ( any injury1 ) a pres5t purpose ( rev5ge4 #ac4 ,envy4 ,,envy is an uneas9ess ( ! m9d1 caus$ by ! consid]ation ( a good we desire obta9$ by "o we ?9k %\ld n h _h x be=e u4 #ad4 ,:at ,passions all ,m5 h4 ,^! two la/1 ,,envy & ,,ang]1 n be+ caus$ by pa9 & pleasure simply 9 !mselves1 b hav+ 9 !m "s mix$ consid]ations ( ourselves & o!rs1 are n !re=e to be f\nd 9 all m51 because ^? o!r p>ts1 ( valu+ _! m]its1 or int5d+ rev5ge1 is want+ 9 !m4 ,b all ! re/1 t]m9at+ purely 9 pa9 & pleasure1 are1 ,i ?9k1 to be f\nd 9 all m54 ,= we love1 desire1 rejoice1 & hope1 only 9 respect ( pleasure2 we hate1 fe>1 & grieve1 only 9 respect ( pa9 ultimately4 ,9 f9e1 all ^! passions are mov$ by ?+s1 only z !y appe> to be ! causes ( pleasure & pa91 or to h pleasure or pa9 "s way or o!r annex$ to !m4 ,?us we ext5d our hatr$ usually to ! subject 7at lea/1 if a s5sible or volunt>y ag5t7 :i* has produc$ pa9 9 u2 because ! fe> x leaves is a con/ant pa93 b we d n s con/antly love :at has done u good2 because pleasure op]ates n s /rongly on u z pa91 & because we are n s ready to h hope x w d s aga94 ,b ?is by ! by4 #ae4 ,pleasure & ,pa91 :at4 ,by pleasure & pa91 delight & uneas9ess1 ,i mu/ all along be und]/ood 7z ,i h above intimat$7 to mean n only bodily pa9 & pleasure1 b :atsoev] delight or uneas9ess is felt by u1 :e!r aris+ f any grateful or unacceptable s5sation or reflection4 #af4 ,removal or less5+ ( ei!r4 ,x is fur!r to be consid]$1 t1 9 ref]5ce to ! passions1 ! removal or less5+ ( a pa9 is consid]$1 & op]ates1 z a pleasure3 & ! loss or dim9i%+ ( a pleasure1 z a pa94 #ag4 ,%ame4 ,! passions too h mo/ ( !m1 9 mo/ p]sons1 op]ations on ! body1 & cause v>i\s *anges 9 x2 :i* n be+ always s5sible1 d n make a necess>y "p ( ! idea ( ea* passion4 ,= ,,%ame1 :i* is an uneas9ess ( ! m9d ^u ! ?\ght ( hav+ done some?+ :i* is indec5t1 or w less5 ! valu$ e/eem :i* o!rs h = u1 has n always blu%+ accompany+ x4 #ah4 ,^! ,in/ances to %[ h[ our ,ideas ( ! ,passions are got f ,s5sation & ,reflection4 ,i w\ld n be mi/ak5 "h1 z if ,i meant ?is z a ,disc\rse ( ! ,passions2 !y are _m m ?an ^? ,i h "h nam$3 & ^? ,i h tak5 notice ( w\ld ea* ( !m require a mu* l>g] & m accurate disc\rse4 ,i h only m5tion$ ^! "h1 z s _m in/ances ( modes ( pleasure & pa9 result+ 9 our m9ds f v>i\s consid]ations ( good & evil4 ,i might p]haps h in/anc$ 9 o!r modes ( pleasure & pa91 m simple ?an ^!2 z ! pa9 ( hung] & ?ir/1 & ! pleasure ( eat+ & dr9k+ to remove !m3 ! pa9 ( tee? set on edge2 ! pleasure ( music2 pa9 f capti\s un9/ructive wrangl+1 & ! pleasure ( rational conv]sation ) a fri5d1 or ( well-direct$ /udy 9 ! se>* & discov]y ( tru?4 ,b ! passions be+ ( mu* m conc]nm5t to u1 ,i r made *oice to in/ance 9 !m1 & %[ h[ ! ideas we h ( !m are d]iv$ f s5sation or reflection4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,,( ,,p[]4 #a4 ,?is ,idea h[ got4 ,! m9d be+ e day in=m$1 by ! s5ses1 ( ! alt]ation ( ^? simple ideas x obs]ves 9 ?+s )\t2 & tak+ notice h[ "o comes to an end1 & ceases to be1 & ano!r beg9s to exi/ :i* 0 n be=e2 reflect+ also on :at passes )9 itself1 & obs]v+ a con/ant *ange ( its ideas1 sometimes by ! impression ( outw>d objects on ! s5ses1 & sometimes by ! det]m9ation ( its own *oice2 & conclud+ f :at x has s con/antly obs]v$ to h be51 t ! l *anges w = ! future be made 9 ! same ?+s1 by l ag5ts1 & by ! l ways1--consid]s 9 "o ?+ ! possibility ( hav+ any ( its simple ideas *ang$1 & 9 ano!r ! possibility ( mak+ t *ange2 & s comes by t idea :i* we call ,,p[]4 ,?us we say1 ,fire has a p[] to melt gold1 i4 e4 to de/roy ! consi/5cy ( its ins5sible p>ts1 & consequ5tly its h>dness1 & make x fluid2 & gold has a p[] to be melt$2 t ! sun has a p[] to blan* wax1 & wax a p[] to be blan*$ by ! sun1 :]eby ! yell[ness is de/roy$1 & :it5ess made to exi/ 9 its room4 ,9 :i*1 & ! l cases1 ! p[] we consid] is 9 ref]5ce to ! *ange ( p]ceivable ideas4 ,= we _c obs]ve any alt]ation to be made 91 or op]ation ^u any?+1 b by ! obs]vable *ange ( its s5sible ideas2 nor conceive any alt]ation to be made1 b by conceiv+ a *ange ( "s ( its ideas4 #b4 ,p[]1 active & passive4 ,p[] ?us consid]$ is two-fold1 viz4 z able to make1 or able to receive any *ange4 ,! "o may be call$ ,,active1 & ! o!r ,,passive p[]4 ,:e!r matt] be n :olly de/itute ( active p[]1 z its au?or1 ,god1 is truly above all passive p[]2 & :e!r ! int]m$iate /ate ( creat$ spirits be n t alone :i* is capable ( bo? active & passive p[]1 may be wor? consid]ation4 ,i %all n n[ ent] into t inquiry1 my pres5t bus9ess be+ n to se>* into ! orig9al ( p[]1 b h[ we come by ! ,,idea ( x4 ,b s9ce active p[]s make s great a "p ( our complex ideas ( natural sub/ances1 7z we %all see h]eaft]17 & ,i m5tion !m z su*1 accord+ to common appreh5sion2 yet !y be+ n1 p]haps1 s truly ,,active p[]s z our ha/y ?\ghts are apt to repres5t !m1 ,i judge x n amiss1 by ?is intimation1 to direct our m9ds to ! consid]ation ( ,god & spirits1 = ! cle>e/ idea ( ,,active p[]4 #c4 ,p[] includes ,relation4 ,i confess p[] includes 9 x "s k9d ( ,,relation 7a relation to action or *ange17 z inde$ :i* ( our ideas ( :at k9d soev]1 :5 att5tively consid]$1 does n4 ,=1 our ideas ( ext5sion1 duration1 & numb]1 d !y n all conta9 9 !m a secret relation ( ! p>ts8 ,figure & motion h some?+ relative 9 !m mu* m visibly4 ,& s5sible qualities1 z col\rs & smells1 c4 :at are !y b ! p[]s ( diff]5t bodies1 9 relation to our p]ception1 c48 ,&1 if consid]$ 9 ! ?+s !mselves1 d !y n dep5d on ! bulk1 figure1 texture1 & motion ( ! p>ts8 ,all :i* include "s k9d ( relation 9 !m4 ,our idea !re=e ( p[]1 ,i ?9k1 may well h a place among/ o!r ,,simple ,,ideas1 & be consid]$ z "o ( !m2 be+ "o ( ^? t make a pr9cipal +r$i5t 9 our complex ideas ( sub/ances1 z we %all h]eaft] h occasion to obs]ve4 #d4 ,! cle>e/ ,idea ( active ,p[] _h f ,_s4 ,( passive p[] all s5sible ?+s abundantly furni% u ) s5sible ideas1 ^: s5sible qualities & be+s we f9d to be 9 cont9ual flux4 ,& !re=e ) reason we look on !m z liable /ill to ! same *ange4 ,nor h we ( ,,active p[] 7:i* is ! m prop] signification ( ! ^w p[]7 few] in/ances4 ,s9ce :atev] *ange is obs]v$1 ! m9d mu/ collect a p[] some:]e able to make t *ange1 z well z a possibility 9 ! ?+ itself to receive x4 ,b yet1 if we w consid] x att5tively1 bodies1 by our s5ses1 d n af=d u s cle> & di/9ct an idea ( active p[]1 z we h f reflection on ! op]ations ( our m9ds4 ,= all p[] relat+ to action1 & !re be+ b two sorts ( action :]e( we h an idea1 viz4 ?9k+ & motion1 let u consid] :5ce we h ! cle>e/ ideas ( ! p[]s :i* produce ^! actions4 7#a7 ,( ?9k+1 body af=ds u no idea at all2 x is only f reflection t we h t4 7#b7 ,nei!r h we f body any idea ( ! beg9n+ ( motion4 ,a body at re/ af=ds u no idea ( any active p[] to move2 & :5 x is set 9 motion itself1 t motion is r a passion ?an an action 9 x4 ,=1 :5 ! ball obeys ! motion ( a billi>d-/ick1 x is n any action ( ! ball1 b b>e passion4 ,also :5 by impulse x sets ano!r ball 9 motion t lay 9 its way1 x only communicates ! motion x _h receiv$ f ano!r1 & loses 9 itself s mu* z ! o!r receiv$3 :i* gives u b a v obscure idea ( an ,,active p[] ( mov+ 9 body1 :il/ we obs]ve x only to ,,transf]1 b n ,,produce any motion4 ,= x is b a v obscure idea ( p[] :i* rea*es n ! production ( ! action1 b ! cont9uation ( ! passion4 ,= s is motion 9 a body impell$ by ano!r2 ! cont9uation ( ! alt]ation made 9 x f re/ to motion be+ little m an action1 ?an ! cont9uation ( ! alt]ation ( its figure by ! same bl[ is an action4 ,! idea ( ! ,,beg9n+ ( motion we h only f reflection on :at passes 9 ourselves2 :]e we f9d by exp]i5ce1 t1 b>ely by will+ x1 b>ely by a ?\ght ( ! m9d1 we c move ! p>ts ( our bodies1 :i* 7 be=e at re/4 ,s t x seems to me1 we h1 f ! obs]vation ( ! op]ation ( bodies by our s5ses1 b a v imp]fect obscure idea ( ,,active p[]2 s9ce !y af=d u n any idea 9 !mselves ( ! p[] to beg9 any action1 ei!r motion or ?\ght4 ,b if1 f ! impulse bodies are obs]v$ to make "o ^u ano!r1 any "o ?9ks he has a cle> idea ( p[]1 x s]ves z well to my purpose2 s5sation be+ "o ( ^? ways :]eby ! m9d comes by its ideas3 only ,i ?\ght x wor? :ile to consid] "h1 by ! way1 :e!r ! m9d do? n receive its idea ( active p[] cle>] f reflection on its own op]ations1 ?an x do? f any ext]nal s5sation4 #e4 ,w & ,und]/&+ two ,p[]s 9 ,m9d or ,_s4 ,?is1 at lea/1 ,i ?9k evid5t1--,t we f9d 9 ourselves a p[] to beg9 or =be>1 cont9ue or end sev]al actions ( our m9ds1 & motions ( our bodies1 b>ely by a ?\ght or pref]5ce ( ! m9d ord]+1 or z x 7 comm&+1 ! do+ or n do+ su* or su* a p>ticul> action4 ,?is p[] :i* ! m9d has ?us to ord] ! consid]ation ( any idea1 or ! =be>+ to consid] x2 or to pref] ! motion ( any "p ( ! body to its re/1 & vice v]sa1 9 any p>ticul> in/ance1 is t :i* we call ! ,,w4 ,! actual ex]cise ( t p[]1 by direct+ any p>ticul> action1 or its =be>ance1 is t :i* we call ,,volition or ,,will+4 ,! =be>ance ( t action1 consequ5t to su* ord] or comm& ( ! m9d1 is call$ ,,volunt>y4 ,& :atsoev] action is p]=m$ )\t su* a ?\ght ( ! m9d1 is call$ ,,involunt>y4 ,! p[] ( p]ception is t :i* we call ! ,,und]/&+4 ,p]ception1 :i* we make ! act ( ! und]/&+1 is ( ?ree sorts3--#a4 ,! p]ception ( ideas 9 our m9ds4 #b4 ,! p]ception ( ! signification ( signs4 #c4 ,! p]ception ( ! connexion or repugnancy1 agreem5t or disagreem5t1 t !re is betwe5 any ( our ideas4 ,all ^! are attribut$ to ! und]/&+1 or p]ceptive p[]1 ?\gh x be ! two latt] only t use all[s u to say we und]/&4 #f4 ,faculties n real be+s4 ,^! p[]s ( ! m9d1 viz4 ( p]ceiv+1 & ( pref]r+1 are usually call$ by ano!r "n4 ,& ! ord9>y way ( speak+ is1 t ! und]/&+ & w are two ,,faculties ( ! m9d2 a ^w prop] en\gh1 if x be us$1 z all words %\ld be1 s z n to bre$ any confusion 9 m5's ?\ghts1 by be+ suppos$ 7z ,i suspect x has be57 to /& = "s real be+s 9 ! s\l t p]=m$ ^? actions ( und]/&+ & volition4 ,= :5 we say ! ,,w is ! comm&+ & sup]ior faculty ( ! s\l2 t x is or is n free2 t x det]m9es ! inf]ior faculties2 t x foll[s ! dictates ( ! und]/&+1 c41--?\gh ^! & ! l expressions1 by ^? t c>efully att5d to _! own ideas1 & conduct _! ?\ghts m by ! evid5ce ( ?+s ?an ! s\nd ( words1 may be und]/ood 9 a cle> & di/9ct s5se--yet ,i suspect1 ,i say1 t ?is way ( speak+ ( ,,faculties has misl$ _m into a confus$ notion ( s _m di/9ct ag5ts 9 u1 :i* _h _! sev]al prov9ces & au?orities1 & did comm&1 obey1 & p]=m sev]al actions1 z s _m di/9ct be+s2 :i* has be5 no small occasion ( wrangl+1 obscurity1 & unc]ta9ty1 9 que/ions relat+ to !m4 #g4 ,:5ce ! ,ideas ( ,lib]ty & ,necessity4 ,e "o1 ,i ?9k1 f9ds 9 ,,himself a p[] to beg9 or =be>1 cont9ue or put an end to sev]al actions 9 himself4 ,f ! consid]ation ( ! ext5t ( ?is p[] ( ! m9d ov] ! actions ( ! man1 :i* ev]yone f9ds 9 himself1 arise ! ,,ideas ( ,,lib]ty & ,,necessity4 #h4 ,lib]ty1 :at4 ,all ! actions t we h any idea ( r$uc+ !mselves1 z has be5 said1 to ^! two1 viz4 ?9k+ & motion2 s f> z a man has p[] to ?9k or n to ?9k1 to move or n to move1 accord+ to ! pref]5ce or direction ( 8 own m9d1 s f> is a man ,,free4 ,:]ev] any p]=mance or =be>ance are n equally 9 a man's p[]2 :]ev] do+ or n do+ w n equally ,,foll[ ^u ! pref]5ce ( 8 m9d direct+ x1 !re he is n free1 ?\gh p]haps ! action may be volunt>y4 ,s t ! idea ( ,,lib]ty is1 ! idea ( a p[] 9 any ag5t to d or =be> any p>ticul> action1 accord+ to ! det]m9ation or ?\ght ( ! m9d1 :]eby ei!r ( !m is pref]r$ to ! o!r3 :]e ei!r ( !m is n 9 ! p[] ( ! ag5t to be produc$ by him accord+ to 8 volition1 !re he is n at lib]ty2 t ag5t is "u ,,necessity4 ,s t lib]ty _c be :]e !re is no ?\ght1 no volition1 no w2 b !re may be ?\ght1 !re may be w1 !re may be volition1 :]e !re is no lib]ty4 ,a little consid]ation ( an obvi\s in/ance or two may make ?is cle>4 #i4 ,supposes ,und]/&+ & ,w4 ,a t5nis-ball1 :e!r 9 motion by ! /roke ( a racket1 or ly+ /ill at re/1 is n by any "o tak5 to be a free ag5t4 ,if we inquire into ! reason1 we %all f9d x is because we conceive n a t5nis-ball to ?9k1 & consequ5tly n to h any volition1 or ,,pref]5ce ( motion to re/1 or vice v]sa2 & !re=e has n lib]ty1 is n a free ag5t2 b all its bo? motion & re/ come "u our idea ( necess>y1 & are s call$4 ,likewise a man fall+ into ! wat]1 7a bridge break+ "u him17 has n h]e9 lib]ty1 is n a free ag5t4 ,= ?\gh he has volition1 ?\gh he pref]s 8 n fall+ to fall+2 yet ! =be>ance ( t motion n be+ 9 8 p[]1 ! /op or cessation ( t motion foll[s n ^u 8 volition2 & !re=e !re9 he is n free4 ,s a man /rik+ himself1 or 8 fri5d1 by a convulsive motion ( 8 arm1 :i* x is n 9 8 p[]1 by volition or ! direction ( 8 m9d1 to /op or =be>1 nobody ?9ks he has 9 ?is lib]ty2 e "o pities him1 z act+ by necessity & con/ra9t4 #aj4 ,belongs n to ,volition4 ,aga93 suppose a man be c>ri$1 :il/ fa/ asleep1 into a room :]e is a p]son he longs to see & speak )2 & be !re lock$ fa/ 91 beyond 8 p[] to get out3 he awakes1 & is glad to f9d himself 9 s desirable company1 :i* he /ays will+ly 91 i4 e4 pref]s 8 /ay to go+ away4 ,i ask1 is n ?is /ay volunt>y8 ,i ?9k nobody w d\bt x3 & yet1 be+ lock$ fa/ 91 x is evid5t he is n at lib]ty n to /ay1 he has n fre$om to be gone4 ,s t lib]ty is n an idea belong+ to volition1 or pref]r+2 b to ! p]son hav+ ! p[] ( do+1 or =be>+ to d1 accord+ z ! m9d %all *oose or direct4 ,our idea ( lib]ty rea*es z f> z t p[]1 & no f>!r4 ,= :]ev] re/ra9t comes to *eck t p[]1 or compulsion takes away t indiff]5cy ( ability to act1 or to =be> act+1 !re lib]ty1 & our notion ( x1 pres5tly ceases4 #aa4 ,volunt>y oppos$ to involunt>y4 ,we h in/ances en\gh1 & (t5 m ?an en\gh1 9 our own bodies4 ,a man's he>t beats1 & ! blood circulates1 :i* x is n 9 8 p[] by any ?\ght or volition to /op2 & !re=e 9 respect ( ^! motions1 :]e re/ dep5ds n on 8 *oice1 nor w\ld foll[ ! det]m9ation ( 8 m9d1 if x %\ld pref] x1 he is n a free ag5t4 ,convulsive motions agitate 8 legs1 s t ?\gh he wills x ev] s mu*1 he _c by any p[] ( 8 m9d /op _! motion1 7z 9 t odd disease call$ *orea sancti viti71 b he is p]petually danc+2 he is n at lib]ty 9 ?is action1 b "u z mu* necessity ( mov+1 z a /one t falls1 or a t5nis-ball /ruck ) a racket4 ,on ! o!r side1 a palsy or ! /ocks h9d] 8 legs f obey+ ! det]m9ation ( 8 m9d1 if x w\ld !reby transf] 8 body to ano!r place4 ,9 all ^! !re is want ( fre$om2 ?\gh ! sitt+ /ill1 ev5 ( a p>alytic1 :il/ he pref]s x to a removal1 is truly volunt>y4 ,volunt>y1 !n1 is n oppos$ to necess>y b to involunt>y4 ,= a man may pref] :at he c d1 to :at he _c d2 ! /ate he is 91 to its abs5ce or *ange2 ?\gh necessity has made x 9 itself unalt]able4 #ab4 ,lib]ty1 :at4 ,z x is 9 ! motions ( ! body1 s x is 9 ! ?\ghts ( our m9ds3 :]e any "o is su*1 t we h p[] to take x up1 or lay x by1 accord+ to ! pref]5ce ( ! m9d1 !re we are at lib]ty4 ,a wak+ man1 be+ "u ! necessity ( hav+ "s ideas con/antly 9 8 m9d1 is n at lib]ty to ?9k or n to ?9k2 no m ?an he is at lib]ty1 :e!r 8 body %all t\* any o!r or no1 b :e!r he w remove 8 contemplation f "o idea to ano!r is _m times 9 8 *oice2 & !n he is1 9 respect ( 8 ideas1 z mu* at lib]ty z he is 9 respect ( bodies he re/s on2 he c at pleasure remove himself f "o to ano!r4 ,b yet "s ideas to ! m9d1 l "s motions to ! body1 are su* z 9 c]ta9 circum/ances x _c avoid1 nor obta9 _! abs5ce by ! utmo/ ef=t x c use4 ,a man on ! rack is n at lib]ty to lay by ! idea ( pa91 & div]t himself ) o!r contemplations3 & sometimes a boi/]\s passion hurries our ?\ghts1 z a hurricane does our bodies1 )\t leav+ u ! lib]ty ( ?9k+ on o!r ?+s1 :i* we w\ld r *oose4 ,b z soon z ! m9d rega9s ! p[] to /op or cont9ue1 beg9 or =be>1 any ( ^! motions ( ! body )\t1 or ?\ghts )91 accord+ z x ?9ks fit to pref] ei!r to ! o!r1 we !n consid] ! man z a ,,free ,,ag5t aga94 #ac4 ,:]ev] ?\ght is :olly want+1 or ! p[] to act or =be> accord+ to ! direction ( ?\ght1 !re necessity takes place4 ,?is1 9 an ag5t capable ( volition1 :5 ! beg9n+ or cont9uation ( any action is contr>y to t pref]5ce ( 8 m9d1 is call$ compulsion2 :5 ! h9d]+ or /opp+ any action is contr>y to 8 volition1 x is call$ re/ra9t4 ,ag5ts t h no ?\ght1 no volition at all1 are 9 ev]y?+ ,,necess>y ,,ag5ts4 #ad4 ,if ?is be s1 7z ,i imag9e x is17 ,i leave x to be consid]$1 :e!r x may n help to put an end to t long agitat$1 &1 ,i ?9k1 unreasonable1 because un9telligible "q1 viz4 ,,:e!r ,,man',s ,,w ,,be ,,free ,,or ,,no8 ,= if ,i mi/ake n1 x foll[s f :at ,i h said1 t ! "q itself is altoge!r improp]2 & x is z insignificant to ask :e!r man's ,,w be free1 z to ask :e!r 8 sleep be swift1 or 8 virtue squ>e3 lib]ty be+ z little applicable to ! w1 z swiftness ( motion is to sleep1 or squ>5ess to virtue4 ,e "o w\ld laugh at ! absurdity ( su* a "q z ei!r ( ^!3 because x is obvi\s t ! modifications ( motion belong n to sleep1 nor ! diff]5ce ( figure to virtue2 & :5 any "o well consid]s x1 ,i ?9k he w z pla9ly p]ceive t lib]ty1 :i* is b a p[]1 belongs only to ,ag5ts1 & _c be an attribute or modification ( ! w1 :i* is also b a p[]4 #ae4 ,volition4 ,su* is ! difficulty ( expla9+ & giv+ cle> notions ( int]nal actions by s\nds1 t ,i mu/ "h w>n my read]1 t ,,ord]+1 ,,direct+1 ,,*oos+1 ,,pref]r+1 c4 :i* ,i h made use (1 w n di/9ctly en\gh express volition1 unless he w reflect on :at he himself does :5 he wills4 ,= example1 pref]r+1 :i* seems p]haps be/ to express ! act ( volition1 does x n precisely4 ,= ?\gh a man w\ld pref] fly+ to walk+1 yet :o c say he ev] wills x8 ,volition1 x is pla91 is an act ( ! m9d kn[+ly ex]t+ t dom9ion x takes itself to h ov] any "p ( ! man1 by employ+ x 91 or )hold+ x f1 any p>ticul> action4 ,& :at is ! w1 b ! faculty to d ?is8 ,& is t faculty any?+ m 9 effect ?an a p[]2 ! p[] ( ! m9d to det]m9e its ?\ght1 to ! produc+1 cont9u+1 or /opp+ any action1 z f> z x dep5ds on u8 ,= c x be d5i$ t :atev] ag5t has a p[] to ?9k on its own actions1 & to pref] _! do+ or omission ei!r to o!r1 has t faculty call$ w8 ,,w1 !n1 is no?+ b su* a p[]4 ,,lib]ty1 on ! o!r side1 is ! p[] a ,,man has to d or =be> do+ any p>ticul> action accord+ z its do+ or =be>ance has ! actual pref]5ce 9 ! m9d2 :i* is ! same ?+ z to say1 accord+ z he himself wills x4 #af4 ,p[]s belong+ to ,ag5ts4 ,x is pla9 !n t ! w is no?+ b "o p[] or ability1 & ,,fre$om ano!r p[] or ability s t1 to ask1 :e!r ! w has fre$om1 is to ask :e!r "o p[] has ano!r p[]1 "o ability ano!r ability2 a "q at fir/ sight too grossly absurd to make a dispute1 or ne$ an answ]4 ,=1 :o is x t sees n t p[]s belong only to ag5ts1 & are attributes only ( sub/ances1 & n ( p[]s !mselves8 ,s t ?is way ( putt+ ! "q 7viz4 :e!r ! w be free7 is 9 effect to ask1 :e!r ! w be a sub/ance1 an ag5t1 or at lea/ to suppose x1 s9ce fre$om c prop]ly be attribut$ to no?+ else4 ,if fre$om c ) any propriety ( spee* be appli$ to p[]1 x may be attribut$ to ! p[] t is 9 a man to produce1 or =be> produc+1 motion 9 p>ts ( 8 body1 by *oice or pref]5ce2 :i* is t :i* d5om9ates him free1 & is fre$om itself4 ,b if any "o %\ld ask1 :e!r fre$om 7 free1 he w\ld be suspect$ n to und]/& well :at he said2 & he w\ld be ?\ght to des]ve ,midas's e>s1 :o1 kn[+ t ri* 0 a d5om9ation = ! possession ( ri*es1 %\ld dem& :e!r ri*es !mselves 7 ri*4 #ag4 ,h[ ! w in/ead ( ! man is call$ free4 ,h[ev]1 ! "n ,,faculty1 :i* m5 h giv5 to ?is p[] call$ ! w1 & :]eby !y h be5 l$ into a way ( talk+ ( ! w z act+1 may1 by an appropriation t disguises its true s5se1 s]ve a little to palliate ! absurdity2 yet ! w1 9 tru?1 signifies no?+ b a p[] or ability to pref] or *oose3 & :5 ! w1 "u ! "n ( a faculty1 is consid]$ z x is1 b>ely z an ability to d some?+1 ! absurdity 9 say+ x is free1 or n free1 w easily discov] itself4 ,=1 if x be reasonable to suppose & talk ( faculties z di/9ct be+s t c act1 7z we d1 :5 we say ! w ord]s1 & ! w is free17 x is fit t we %\ld make a speak+ faculty1 & a walk+ faculty1 & a danc+ faculty1 by :i* ^! actions are produc$1 :i* are b sev]al modes ( motion2 z well z we make ! w & und]/&+ to be faculties1 by :i* ! actions ( *oos+ & p]ceiv+ are produc$1 :i* are b sev]al modes ( ?9k+4 ,& we may z prop]ly say t x is ! s++ faculty s+s1 & ! danc+ faculty dances1 z t ! w *ooses1 or t ! und]/&+ conceives2 or1 z is usual1 t ! w directs ! und]/&+1 or ! und]/&+ obeys or obeys n ! w3 x be+ altoge!r z prop] & intelligible to say t ! p[] ( speak+ directs ! p[] ( s++1 or ! p[] ( s++ obeys or disobeys ! p[] ( speak+4 #ah4 ,?is way ( talk+ causes confusion ( ?\ght4 ,?is way ( talk+1 nev]!less1 has prevail$1 &1 z ,i guess1 produc$ great confusion4 ,= ^! be+ all diff]5t p[]s 9 ! m9d1 or 9 ! man1 to d sev]al actions1 he ex]ts !m z he ?9ks fit3 b ! p[] to d "o action is n op]at$ on by ! p[] ( do+ ano!r action4 ,= ! p[] ( ?9k+ op]ates n on ! p[] ( *oos+1 nor ! p[] ( *oos+ on ! p[] ( ?9k+2 no m ?an ! p[] ( danc+ op]ates on ! p[] ( s++1 or ! p[] ( s++ on ! p[] ( danc+1 z any "o :o reflects on x w easily p]ceive4 ,& yet ?is is x :i* we say :5 we ?us speak1 t ! w op]ates on ! und]/&+1 or ! und]/&+ on ! w4 #ai4 ,p[]s are relations1 n ag5ts4 ,i grant1 t ?is or t actual ?\ght may be ! occasion ( volition1 or ex]cis+ ! p[] a man has to *oose2 or ! actual *oice ( ! m9d1 ! cause ( actual ?9k+ on ?is or t ?+3 z ! actual s++ ( su* a tune may be ! cause ( danc+ su* a dance1 & ! actual danc+ ( su* a dance ! occasion ( s++ su* a tune4 ,b 9 all ^! x is n "o ,,p[] t op]ates on ano!r3 b x is ! m9d t op]ates1 & ex]ts ^! p[]s2 x is ! man t does ! action2 x is ! ag5t t has p[]1 or is able to d4 ,= p[]s are relations1 n ag5ts3 & t :i* has ! p[] or n ! p[] to op]ate1 is t alone :i* is or is n free1 & n ! p[] itself4 ,= fre$om1 or n fre$om1 c belong to no?+ b :at has or has n a p[] to act4 #bj4 ,lib]ty belongs n to ! ,w4 ,! attribut+ to faculties t :i* belong$ n to !m1 has giv5 occasion to ?is way ( talk+3 b ! introduc+ into disc\rses conc]n+ ! m9d1 ) ! "n ( faculties1 a notion ( ,,_! op]at+1 has1 ,i suppose1 z little advanc$ our k 9 t "p ( ourselves1 z ! great use & m5tion ( ! l inv5tion ( faculties1 9 ! op]ations ( ! body1 has help$ u 9 ! k ( physic4 ,n t ,i d5y !re are faculties1 bo? 9 ! body & m9d3 !y bo? ( !m h _! p[]s ( op]at+1 else nei!r ! "o nor ! o!r c\ld op]ate4 ,= no?+ c op]ate t is n able to op]ate2 & t is n able to op]ate t has no p[] to op]ate4 ,nor d ,i d5y t ^? words1 & ! l1 are to h _! place 9 ! common use ( languages t h made !m curr5t4 ,x looks l too mu* affectation :olly to lay !m by3 & philosophy itself1 ?\gh x likes n a gaudy dress1 yet1 :5 x appe>s 9 public1 mu/ h s mu* complac5cy z to be clo!d 9 ! ord9>y fa%ion & language ( ! c\ntry1 s f> z x c consi/ ) tru? & p]spicuity4 ,b ! fault has be51 t faculties h be5 spok5 ( & repres5t$ z s _m di/9ct ag5ts4 ,=1 x be+ ask$1 :at x 0 t dige/$ ! meat 9 our /oma*s8 x 0 a ready & v satisfactory answ] to say1 t x 0 ! ,,dige/ive ,,faculty4 ,:at 0 x t made any?+ come out ( ! body8 ! ,,expulsive ,,faculty4 ,:at mov$8 ! ,,motive ,,faculty4 ,& s 9 ! m9d1 ! ,,intellectual ,,faculty1 or ! und]/&+1 und]/ood2 & ! ,,elective ,,faculty1 or ! w1 will$ or comm&$4 ,?is is1 9 %ort1 to say1 t ! ability to dige/1 dige/$2 & ! ability to move1 mov$2 & ! ability to und]/&1 und]/ood4 ,= faculty1 ability1 & p[]1 ,i ?9k1 are b diff]5t names ( ! same ?+s3 :i* ways ( speak+1 :5 put into m intelligible words1 w1 ,i ?9k1 am\nt to ?us mu*2--,t dige/ion is p]=m$ by some?+ t is able to dige/1 motion by some?+ able to move1 & und]/&+ by some?+ able to und]/&4 ,&1 9 tru?1 x w\ld be v /range if x %\ld be o!rwise2 z /range z x w\ld be = a man to be free )\t be+ able to be free4 #ba4 ,b to ! ,ag5t1 or ,man4 ,to return1 !n1 to ! inquiry ab\t lib]ty1 ,i ?9k ! "q is n prop]1 ,,:e!r ,,! ,,w ,,be ,,free1 b ,,:e!r ,a ,,man ,,be ,,free4 ,?us1 ,i ?9k1 ,fir/1 ,t s f> z any "o c1 by ! direction or *oice ( 8 m9d1 pref]r+ ! exi/5ce ( any action to ! non-exi/5ce ( t action1 & vice v]sa1 make ,,x to exi/ or n exi/1 s f> ,,he is free4 ,= if ,i c1 by a ?\ght direct+ ! motion ( my f+]1 make x move :5 x 0 at re/1 or vice v]sa1 x is evid5t1 t 9 respect ( t ,i am free3 & if ,i c1 by a l ?\ght ( my m9d1 pref]r+ "o to ! o!r1 produce ei!r words or sil5ce1 ,i am at lib]ty to speak or hold my peace3 & z f> z ?is p[] rea*es1 ( act+ or n act+1 by ! det]m9ation ( 8 own ?\ght pref]r+ ei!r1 s f> is a man free4 ,= h[ c we ?9k any "o fre]1 ?an to h ! p[] to d :at he w8 ,& s f> z any "o c1 by pref]r+ any action to its n be+1 or re/ to any action1 produce t action or re/1 s f> c he d :at he w4 ,= su* a pref]r+ ( action to its abs5ce1 is ! will+ ( x3 & we c sc>ce tell h[ to imag9e any be+ fre]1 ?an to be able to d :at he wills4 ,s t 9 respect ( actions )9 ! rea* ( su* a p[] 9 him1 a man seems z free z x is possible = fre$om to make him4 #bb4 ,9 respect ( will+1 a ,man is n free4 ,b ! inquisitive m9d ( man1 will+ to %ift (f f himself1 z f> z he c1 all ?\ghts ( guilt1 ?\gh x be by putt+ himself into a worse /ate ?an t ( fatal necessity1 is n cont5t ) ?is3 fre$om1 unless x rea*es fur!r ?an ?is1 w n s]ve ! turn3 & x passes = a good plea1 t a man is n free at all1 if he be n z ,,free ,,to ,,w z he is to ,,act ,,:at ,,he ,,wills4 ,conc]n+ a man's lib]ty1 !re yet1 !re=e1 is rais$ ?is fur!r "q1 ,,:e!r ,a ,,man ,,be ,,free ,,to ,,w8 :i* ,i ?9k is :at is meant1 :5 x is disput$ :e!r ! w be free4 ,& z to t ,i imag9e4 #bc4 ,h[ a man _c be free to w4 ,secondly1 ,t will+1 or volition1 be+ an action1 & fre$om consi/+ 9 a p[] ( act+ or n act+1 a man 9 respect ( will+ or ! act ( volition1 :5 any action 9 8 p[] is once propos$ to 8 ?\ghts1 z pres5tly to be done1 _c be free4 ,! reason :]e( is v manife/4 ,=1 x be+ unavoidable t ! action dep5d+ on 8 w %\ld exi/ or n exi/1 & its exi/5ce or n exi/5ce foll[+ p]fectly ! det]m9ation & pref]5ce ( 8 w1 he _c avoid will+ ! exi/5ce or non-exi/5ce ( t action2 x is absolutely necess>y t he w ! "o or ! o!r2 i4e4 pref] ! "o to ! o!r3 s9ce "o ( !m mu/ necess>ily foll[2 & t :i* does foll[ foll[s by ! *oice & det]m9ation ( 8 m9d2 t is1 by 8 will+ x3 = if he did n w x1 x w\ld n be4 ,s t1 9 respect ( ! act ( will+1 a man is n free3 lib]ty consi/+ 9 a p[] to act or n to act2 :i*1 9 reg>d ( volition1 a man1 has n4 #bd4 ,lib]ty is fre$om to execute :at is will$4 ,?is1 !n1 is evid5t1 ,t ,a ,,man ,,is ,,n ,,at ,,lib]ty ,,to ,,w1 ,,or ,,n ,,to ,,w1 ,,any?+ ,,9 ,,8 ,,p[] ,,t ,,he ,,once ,,consid]s ,,(3 lib]ty consi/+ 9 a p[] to act or to =be> act+1 & 9 t only4 ,= a man t sits /ill is said yet to be at lib]ty2 because he c walk if he wills x4 ,a man t walks is at lib]ty also1 n because he walks or moves2 b because he c /& /ill if he wills x4 ,b if a man sitt+ /ill has n a p[] to remove himself1 he is n at lib]ty2 s likewise a man fall+ d[n a precipice1 ?\gh 9 motion1 is n at lib]ty1 because he _c /op t motion if he w\ld4 ,?is be+ s1 x is pla9 t a man t is walk+1 to :om x is propos$ to give (f walk+1 is n at lib]ty1 :e!r he w det]m9e himself to walk1 or give (f walk+ or n3 he mu/ necess>ily pref] "o or ! o!r ( !m2 walk+ or n walk+4 ,& s x is 9 reg>d ( all o!r actions 9 our p[]2 !y be+ once propos$1 ! m9d has n a p[] to act or n to act1 :]e9 consi/s lib]ty4 ,! m9d1 9 t case1 has n a p[] to =be> ,,will+2 x _c avoid "s det]m9ation conc]n+ !m1 let ! consid]ation be z %ort1 ! ?\ght z quick z x w1 x ei!r leaves ! man 9 ! /ate he 0 be=e ?9k+1 or *anges x2 cont9ues ! action1 or puts an end to x4 ,:]eby x is manife/1 t ,,x ord]s & directs "o1 9 pref]5ce to1 or ) neglect ( ! o!r1 & !reby ei!r ! cont9uation or *ange becomes ,,unavoidably volunt>y4 #be4 ,! ,w det]m9$ by some?+ )\t x4 ,s9ce !n x is pla9 t1 9 mo/ cases1 a man is n at lib]ty1 :e!r he w or no1 7=1 :5 an action 9 8 p[] is propos$ to 8 ?\ghts1 he ,,_c =be> volition2 he ,,mu/ det]m9e "o way or ! o!r27 ! next ?+ dem&$ is1--,,:e!r ,a ,,man ,,be ,,at ,,lib]ty ,,to ,,w ,,:i* ,,( ,,! ,,two ,,he ,,pleases1 ,,motion ,,or ,,re/8 ,?is "q c>ries ! absurdity ( x s manife/ly 9 itself1 t "o might !reby suffici5tly be conv9c$ t lib]ty conc]ns n ! w4 ,=1 to ask :e!r a man be at lib]ty to w ei!r motion or re/1 speak+ or sil5ce1 :i* he pleases1 is to ask :e!r a man c w :at he wills1 or be pleas$ ) :at he is pleas$ )8 ,a "q :i*1 ,i ?9k1 ne$s no answ]3 & !y :o c make a "q ( x mu/ suppose "o w to det]m9e ! acts ( ano!r1 & ano!r to det]m9e t1 & s on 9 inf9itum4 #bf4 ,! ideas ( ,,lib]ty & ,,volition mu/ be def9$4 ,to avoid ^! & ! l absurdities1 no?+ c be ( great] use ?an to e/abli% 9 our m9ds det]m9$ ideas ( ! ?+s "u consid]ation4 ,if ! ideas ( lib]ty & volition 7 well fix$ 9 our und]/&+s1 & c>ri$ along ) u 9 our m9ds1 z !y ought1 ?r\gh all ! que/ions t are rais$ ab\t !m1 ,i suppose a great "p ( ! difficulties t p]plex m5's ?\ghts1 & entangle _! und]/&+s1 w\ld be mu* easi] resolv$2 & we %\ld p]ceive :]e ! confus$ signification ( t]ms1 or :]e ! nature ( ! ?+ caus$ ! obscurity4 #bg4 ,fre$om4 ,fir/1 !n1 x is c>efully to be rememb]$1 ,t fre$om consi/s 9 ! dep5d5ce ( ! exi/5ce1 or n exi/5ce ( any ,,action1 ^u our ,,volition ( x2 & n 9 ! dep5d5ce ( any action1 or its contr>y1 on our ,,pref]5ce4 ,a man /&+ on a cliff1 is at lib]ty to leap tw5ty y>ds d[nw>ds into ! sea1 n because he has a p[] to d ! contr>y action1 :i* is to leap tw5ty y>ds upw>ds1 = t he _c d2 b he is !re=e free1 because he has a p[] to leap or n to leap4 ,b if a great] =ce ?an 81 ei!r holds him fa/1 or tumbles him d[n1 he is no long] free 9 t case2 because ! do+ or =be>ance ( t p>ticul> action is no long] 9 8 p[]4 ,he t is a close prison] 9 a room tw5ty feet squ>e1 be+ at ! nor? side ( 8 *amb]1 is at lib]ty to walk tw5ty feet s\?w>d1 because he c walk or n walk x2 b is n1 at ! same "t1 at lib]ty to d ! contr>y1 i4e4 to walk tw5ty feet nor?w>d4 ,9 ?is1 !n1 consi/s ,,fre$om1 viz4 9 our be+ able to act or n to act1 accord+ z we %all *oose or w4 #bh4 ,:at ,volition & action mean4 ,secondly1 we mu/ rememb]1 t ,,volition or ,,will+ is an act ( ! m9d direct+ its ?\ght to ! production ( any action1 & !reby ex]t+ its p[] to produce x4 ,to avoid multiply+ ( words1 ,i w\ld crave leave "h1 "u ! ^w ,,action1 to compreh5d ! =be>ance too ( any action propos$3 sitt+ /ill1 or hold+ "o's peace1 :5 walk+ or speak+ are propos$1 ?\gh m]e =be>ances1 requir+ z mu* ! det]m9ation ( ! w1 & be+ z (t5 weighty 9 _! consequ5ces1 z ! contr>y actions1 may1 on t consid]ation1 well en\gh pass = actions too3 b ?is ,i say1 t ,i may n be mi/ak51 if 7= brevity's sake7 ,i speak ?us4 #bi4 ,:at det]m9es ! ,w4 ,?irdly1 ! w be+ no?+ b a p[] 9 ! m9d to direct ! op]ative faculties ( a man to motion or re/ z f> z !y dep5d on su* direction2 to ! "q1 ,:at is x det]m9es ! w8 ! true & prop] answ] is1 ,! m9d4 ,= t :i* det]m9es ! g5]al p[] ( direct+1 to ?is or t p>ticul> direction1 is no?+ b ! ag5t itself ex]cis+ ! p[] x has t p>ticul> way4 ,if ?is answ] satisfies n1 x is pla9 ! mean+ ( ! "q1 ,:at det]m9es ! w8 is ?is1--,:at moves ! m9d1 9 e p>ticul> in/ance1 to det]m9e its g5]al p[] ( direct+1 to ?is or t p>ticul> motion or re/8 ,& to ?is ,i answ]1--,! motive = cont9u+ 9 ! same /ate or action1 is only ! pres5t satisfaction 9 x2 ! motive to *ange is always "s uneas9ess3 no?+ sett+ u ^u ! *ange ( /ate1 or ^u any new action1 b "s uneas9ess4 ,?is is ! great motive t works on ! m9d to put x ^u action1 :i* = %ortness' sake we w call det]m9+ ( ! w1 :i* ,i %all m at l>ge expla94 #cj4 ,w & ,desire mu/ n be conf\nd$4 ,b1 9 ! way to x1 x w be necess>y to premise1 t1 ?\gh ,i h above endeav\r$ to express ! act ( volition1 by ,,*oos+1 ,,pref]r+1 & ! l t]ms1 t signify desire z well z volition1 = want ( o!r words to m>k t act ( ! m9d ^: prop] "n is ,,will+ or ,,volition2 yet1 x be+ a v simple act1 :osoev] desires to und]/& :at x is1 w bett] f9d x by reflect+ on 8 own m9d1 & obs]v+ :at x does :5 x wills1 ?an by any v>iety ( articulate s\nds :atsoev]4 ,?is caution ( be+ c>eful n to be misl$ by expressions t d n en\gh keep up ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,,w & sev]al acts ( ! m9d t are q di/9ct f x1 ,i ?9k ! m necess>y1 because ,i f9d ! w (t5 conf\nd$ ) sev]al ( ! affections1 especially ,,desire1 & "o put = ! o!r2 & t by m5 :o w\ld n will+ly be ?\ght n to h _h v di/9ct notions ( ?+s1 & n to h writ v cle>ly ab\t !m4 ,?is1 ,i imag9e1 has be5 no small occasion ( obscurity & mi/ake 9 ?is matt]2 & !re=e is1 z mu* z may be1 to be avoid$4 ,= he t %all turn 8 ?\ghts inw>ds ^u :at passes 9 8 m9d :5 he wills1 %all see t ! w or p[] ( volition is conv]sant ab\t no?+ b our own ,,actions2 t]m9ates !re2 & rea*es no fur!r2 & t volition is no?+ b t p>ticul> det]m9ation ( ! m9d1 :]eby1 b>ely by a ?\ght1 ! m9d endeav\rs to give rise1 cont9uation1 or /op1 to any action :i* x takes to be 9 its p[]4 ,?is1 well consid]$1 pla9ly %[s t ! w is p]fectly di/+ui%$ f desire2 :i*1 9 ! v same action1 may h a q contr>y t5d5cy f t :i* our w sets u ^u4 ,a man1 :om ,i _c d5y1 may oblige me to use p]suasions to ano!r1 :i*1 at ! same "t ,i am speak+1 ,i may wi% may n prevail on him4 ,9 ?is case1 x is pla9 ! w & desire run c\nt]4 ,i w ! action2 t t5ds "o way1 :il/ my desire t5ds ano!r1 & t ! direct contr>y way4 ,a man :o1 by a viol5t fit ( ! g\t 9 8 limbs1 f9ds a doz9ess 9 8 head1 or a want ( appetite 9 8 /oma* remov$1 desires to be eas$ too ( ! pa9 ( 8 feet or h&s1 7= :]ev] !re is pa91 !re is a desire to be rid ( x17 ?\gh yet1 :il/ he appreh5ds t ! removal ( ! pa9 may translate ! noxi\s hum\r to a m vital "p1 8 w is nev] det]m9$ to any "o action t may s]ve to remove ?is pa94 ,:5ce x is evid5t t desir+ & will+ are two di/9ct acts ( ! m9d2 & consequ5tly1 t ! w1 :i* is b ! p[] ( volition1 is mu* m di/9ct f desire4 #ca4 ,uneas9ess det]m9es ! ,w4 ,to return1 !n1 to ! inquiry1 :at is x t det]m9es ! w 9 reg>d to our actions8 ,& t1 ^u second ?\ghts1 ,i am apt to imag9e is n1 z is g5]ally suppos$1 ! great] good 9 view2 b "s 7& = ! mo/ "p ! mo/ press+7 ,,uneas9ess a man is at pres5t "u4 ,?is is t :i* successively det]m9es ! w1 & sets u ^u ^? actions we p]=m4 ,?is uneas9ess we may call1 z x is1 ,,desire2 :i* is an uneas9ess ( ! m9d = want ( "s abs5t good4 ,all pa9 ( ! body1 ( :at sort soev]1 & disquiet ( ! m9d1 is uneas9ess3 & ) ?is is always jo9$ desire1 equal to ! pa9 or uneas9ess felt2 & is sc>ce di/+ui%able f x4 ,= desire be+ no?+ b an uneas9ess 9 ! want ( an abs5t good1 9 ref]5ce to any pa9 felt1 ease is t abs5t good2 & till t ease be atta9$1 we may call x desire2 nobody feel+ pa9 t he wi%es n to be eas$ (1 ) a desire equal to t pa91 & insep>able f x4 ,besides ?is desire ( ease f pa91 !re is ano!r ( abs5t positive good2 & "h also ! desire & uneas9ess are equal4 ,z mu* z we desire any abs5t good1 s mu* are we 9 pa9 = x4 ,b "h all abs5t good does n1 accord+ to ! greatness x has1 or is ackn[l$g$ to h1 cause pa9 equal to t greatness2 z all pa9 causes desire equal to itself3 because ! abs5ce ( good is n always a pa91 z ! pres5ce ( pa9 is4 ,& !re=e abs5t good may be look$ on & consid]$ )\t desire4 ,b s mu* z !re is any:]e ( desire1 s mu* !re is ( uneas9ess4 #cb4 ,desire is ,uneas9ess4 ,t desire is a /ate ( uneas9ess1 e "o :o reflects on himself w quickly f9d4 ,:o is !re t has n felt 9 desire :at ! wise man says ( hope1 7:i* is n mu* diff]5t f x17 t x be+ #8def]r$ makes ! he>t sick'2 & t /ill proportionable to ! greatness ( ! desire1 :i* sometimes raises ! uneas9ess to t pit*1 t x makes p cry out1 #8,give me *ildr51' give me ! ?+ desir$1 #8or ,i die4' ,life itself1 & all its enjoym5ts1 is a burd5 _c be borne "u ! la/+ & unremov$ pressure ( su* an uneas9ess4 #cc4 ,! ,uneas9ess ( ,desire det]m9es ! ,w4 ,good & evil1 pres5t & abs5t1 x is true1 "w ^u ! m9d4 ,b t :i* ,,imm$iately det]m9es ! w f "t to "t1 to e volunt>y action1 is ! ,,uneas9ess ,,( ,,desire1 fix$ on "s abs5t good3 ei!r negative1 z indol5ce to "o 9 pa92 or positive1 z enjoym5t ( pleasure4 ,t x is ?is uneas9ess t det]m9es ! w to ! successive volunt>y actions1 :]e( ! greate/ "p ( our lives is made up1 & by :i* we are conduct$ ?r\gh diff]5t c\rses to diff]5t ends1 ,i %all endeav\r to %[1 bo? f exp]i5ce1 & ! reason ( ! ?+4 #cd4 ,?is is ! ,spr+ ( ,action4 ,:5 a man is p]fectly cont5t ) ! /ate he is 9--:i* is :5 he is p]fectly )\t any uneas9ess--:at indu/ry1 :at action1 :at w is !re left1 b to cont9ue 9 x8 ,( ?is e man's obs]vation w satisfy him4 ,& ?us we see our all-wise ,mak]1 suitably to our con/itution & frame1 & kn[+ :at x is t det]m9es ! w1 has put into man ! uneas9ess ( hung] & ?ir/1 & o!r natural desires1 t return at _! seasons1 to move & det]m9e _! wills1 = ! pres]vation ( !mselves1 & ! cont9uation ( _! species4 ,= ,i ?9k we may conclude1 t1 if ! ,,b>e ,,contemplation ( ^! good ends to :i* we are c>ri$ by ^! sev]al uneas9esses _h be5 suffici5t to det]m9e ! w1 & set u on "w1 we %\ld h _h none ( ^! natural pa9s1 & p]haps 9 ?is _w little or no pa9 at all4 #8,x is bett] to m>ry ?an to burn1' says ,/4 ,paul1 :]e we may see :at x is t *iefly drives m5 into ! enjoym5ts ( a conjugal life4 ,a little burn+ felt pu%es u m p[]fully ?an great] pleasure 9 prospect draw or allure4 #ce4 ,! greate/ positive ,good det]m9es n ! ,w1 b pres5t ,uneas9ess alone4 ,x seems s e/abli%$ & settl$ a maxim1 by ! g5]al cons5t ( all mank9d1 t good1 ! great] good1 det]m9es ! w1 t ,i d n at all wond] t1 :5 ,i fir/ publi%$ my ?\ghts on ?is subject ,i took x = grant$2 & ,i imag9e t1 by a great _m1 ,i %all be ?\ght m excusable = hav+ !n done s1 ?an t n[ ,i h v5tur$ to rec$e f s receiv$ an op9ion4 ,b yet1 ^u a /rict] inquiry1 ,i am =c$ to conclude t ,,good1 ! ,,great] ,,good1 ?\gh appreh5d$ & ackn[l$g$ to be s1 does n det]m9e ! w1 until our desire1 rais$ proportionably to x1 makes u uneasy 9 ! want ( x4 ,conv9ce a man nev] s mu*1 t pl5ty has its advantages ov] pov]ty2 make him see & own1 t ! h&some conv5i5ces ( life are bett] ?an na/y p5ury3 yet1 z long z he is cont5t ) ! latt]1 & f9ds no uneas9ess 9 x1 he moves n2 8 w nev] is det]m9$ to any action t %all br+ him out ( x4 ,let a man be ev] s well p]suad$ ( ! advantages ( virtue1 t x is z necess>y to a man :o has any great aims 9 ?is _w1 or hopes 9 ! next1 z food to life3 yet1 till he hung]s or ?ir/s aft] righte\sness1 till he ,,feels ,,an ,,uneas9ess 9 ! want ( x1 8 ,,w w n be det]m9$ to any action 9 pursuit ( ?is confess$ great] good2 b any o!r uneas9ess he feels 9 himself %all take place1 & c>ry 8 w to o!r actions4 ,on ! o!r side1 let a drunk>d see t 8 heal? decays1 8 e/ate wa/es2 discr$it & diseases1 & ! want ( all ?+s1 ev5 ( 8 belov$ dr9k1 att5ds him 9 ! c\rse he foll[s3 yet ! returns ( uneas9ess to miss 8 companions1 ! habitual ?ir/ aft] 8 cups at ! usual "t1 drives him to ! tav]n1 ?\gh he has 9 8 view ! loss ( heal? & pl5ty1 & p]haps ( ! joys ( ano!r life3 ! lea/ ( :i* is no inconsid]able good1 b su* z he confesses is f> great] ?an ! tickl+ ( 8 palate ) a glass ( w9e1 or ! idle *at ( a soak+ club4 ,x is n want ( view+ ! great] good3 = he sees & ackn[l$ges x1 &1 9 ! int]vals ( 8 dr9k+ h\rs1 w take resolutions to pursue ! great] good2 b :5 ! uneas9ess to miss 8 accu/om$ delight returns1 ! great] ackn[l$g$ good loses its hold1 & ! pres5t uneas9ess det]m9es ! w to ! accu/om$ action2 :i* !reby gets /rong] foot+ to prevail aga9/ ! next occasion1 ?\gh he at ! same "t makes secret promises to himself t he w d s no m2 ?is is ! la/ "t he w act aga9/ ! atta9m5t ( ^? great] goods4 ,& ?us he is1 f "t to "t1 9 ! /ate ( t unhappy compla9]1 ,video meliora1 proboque1 det]iora sequor3 :i* s5t5ce1 all[$ = true1 & made good by con/ant exp]i5ce1 may 9 ?is1 & possibly no o!r way1 be easily made intelligible4 #cf4 ,because ! ,removal ( ,uneas9ess is ! fir/ ,/ep to ,happ9ess4 ,if we inquire into ! reason ( :at exp]i5ce makes s evid5t 9 fact1 & exam9e1 :y x is uneas9ess alone op]ates on ! w1 & det]m9es x 9 its *oice1 we %all f9d t1 we be+ capable b ( "o det]m9ation ( ! w to "o action at once1 ! pres5t uneas9ess t we are "u does ,,naturally det]m9e ! w1 9 ord] to t happ9ess :i* we all aim at 9 all our actions4 ,=1 z mu* z :il/ we are "u any uneas9ess1 we _c appreh5d ourselves happy1 or 9 ! way to x2 pa9 & uneas9ess be+1 by e "o1 conclud$ & felt to be inconsi/5t ) happ9ess1 spoil+ ! reli% ev5 ( ^? good ?+s :i* we h3 a little pa9 s]v+ to m> all ! pleasure we rejoic$ 94 ,&1 !re=e1 t :i* ( c\rse det]m9es ! *oice ( our w to ! next action w always be--! remov+ ( pa91 z long z we h any left1 z ! fir/ & necess>y /ep t[>ds happ9ess4 #cg4 ,because ,uneas9ess alone is pres5t4 ,ano!r reason :y x is uneas9ess alone det]m9es ! w1 is ?is3 because t alone is pres5t &1 x is aga9/ ! nature ( ?+s1 t :at is abs5t %\ld op]ate :]e x is n4 ,x may be said t abs5t good may1 by contemplation1 be br\ght home to ! m9d & made pres5t4 ,! idea ( x inde$ may be 9 ! m9d & view$ z pres5t !re2 b no?+ w be 9 ! m9d z a pres5t good1 able to c\nt]balance ! removal ( any uneas9ess :i* we are "u1 till x raises our desire2 & ! uneas9ess ( t has ! preval5cy 9 det]m9+ ! w4 ,till !n1 ! idea 9 ! m9d ( :atev] is good is !re only1 l o!r ideas1 ! object ( b>e unactive speculation2 b op]ates n on ! w1 nor sets u on "w2 ! reason :]e( ,i %all %[ by & by4 ,h[ _m are to be f\nd t h _h lively repres5tations set be=e _! m9ds ( ! unspeakable joys ( heav51 :i* !y ackn[l$ge bo? possible & probable too1 :o yet w\ld be cont5t to take up ) _! happ9ess "h8 ,& s ! prevail+ uneas9ess ( _! desires1 let loose aft] ! enjoym5ts ( ?is life1 take _! turns 9 ! det]m9+ _! wills2 & all t :ile !y take n "o /ep1 are n "o jot mov$1 t[>ds ! good ?+s ( ano!r life1 consid]$ z ev] s great4 #ch4 ,because all :o all[ ! ,joys ( ,heav5 possible1 pursue !m n4 ,7 ! w det]m9$ by ! views ( good1 z x appe>s 9 contemplation great] or less to ! und]/&+1 :i* is ! /ate ( all abs5t good1 & t :i*1 9 ! receiv$ op9ion1 ! w is suppos$ to move to1 & to be mov$ by1--,i d n see h[ x c\ld ev] get loose f ! inf9ite et]nal joys ( heav51 once propos$ & consid]$ z possible4 ,=1 all abs5t good1 by :i* alone1 b>ely propos$1 & com+ 9 view1 ! w is ?\ght to be det]m9$1 & s to set u on action1 be+ only possible1 b n infallibly c]ta91 x is unavoidable t ! inf9itely great] possible good %\ld regul>ly & con/antly det]m9e ! w 9 all ! successive actions x directs2 & !n we %\ld keep con/antly & /eadily 9 our c\rse t[>ds heav51 )\t ev] /&+ /ill1 or direct+ our actions to any o!r end3 ! et]nal condition ( a future /ate inf9itely outweigh+ ! expectation ( ri*es1 or hon\r1 or any o!r worldly pleasure :i* we c propose to ourselves1 ?\gh we %\ld grant ^! ! m probable to be obta9$3 = no?+ future is yet 9 possession1 & s ! expectation ev5 ( ^! may deceive u4 ,if x 7 s t ! great] good 9 view det]m9es ! w1 s great a good1 once propos$1 c\ld n b seize ! w1 & hold x fa/ to ! pursuit ( ?is inf9itely greate/ good1 )\t ev] lett+ x g aga93 = ! w hav+ a p[] ov]1 & direct+ ! ?\ghts1 z well z o!r actions1 w\ld1 if x 7 s1 hold ! contemplation ( ! m9d fix$ to t good4 #ci4 ,b any great ,uneas9ess is nev] neglect$4 ,?is w\ld be ! /ate ( ! m9d1 & regul> t5d5cy ( ! w 9 all its det]m9ations1 7 x det]m9$ by t :i* is consid]$ & 9 view ! great] good4 ,b t x is n s1 is visible 9 exp]i5ce2 ! inf9itely greate/ confess$ good be+ (t5 neglect$1 to satisfy ! successive uneas9ess ( our desires pursu+ trifles4 ,b1 ?\gh ! greate/ all[$1 ev5 ev]la/+ unspeakable1 good1 :i* has sometimes mov$ & affect$ ! m9d1 does n /$fa/ly hold ! w1 yet we see any v great & prevail+ uneas9ess hav+ once laid hold on ! w1 let x n g2 by :i* we may be conv9c$1 :at x is t det]m9es ! w4 ,?us any vehem5t pa9 ( ! body2 ! ungov]nable passion ( a man viol5tly 9 love2 or ! impati5t desire ( rev5ge1 keeps ! w /eady & int5t2 & ! w1 ?us det]m9$1 nev] lets ! und]/&+ lay by ! object1 b all ! ?\ghts ( ! m9d & p[]s ( ! body are un9t]rupt$ly employ$ t way1 by ! det]m9ation ( ! w1 influ5c$ by t topp+ uneas9ess1 z long z x la/s2 :]eby x seems to me evid5t1 t ! w1 or p[] ( sett+ u ^u "o action 9 pref]5ce to all o!rs1 is det]m9$ 9 u by uneas9ess3 & :e!r ?is be n s1 ,i desire e "o to obs]ve 9 himself4 #dj4 ,desire accompanies all ,uneas9ess4 ,i h hi!rto *iefly in/anc$ 9 ! ,,uneas9ess ( desire1 z t :i* det]m9es ! w3 because t is ! *ief & mo/ s5sible2 & ! w seldom ord]s any action1 nor is !re any volunt>y action p]=m$1 )\t "s desire accompany+ x2 :i* ,i ?9k is ! reason :y ! w & desire are s (t5 conf\nd$4 ,b yet we are n to look ^u ! uneas9ess :i* makes up1 or at lea/ accompanies1 mo/ ( ! o!r passions1 z :olly exclud$ 9 ! case4 ,av]sion1 fe>1 ang]1 envy1 %ame1 c4 h ea* _! uneas9esses too1 & !reby influ5ce ! w4 ,^! passions are sc>ce any ( !m1 9 life & practice1 simple & alone1 & :olly unmix$ ) o!rs2 ?\gh usually1 9 disc\rse & contemplation1 t c>ries ! "n :i* op]ates /ronge/1 & appe>s mo/ 9 ! pres5t /ate ( ! m9d4 ,nay1 !re is1 ,i ?9k1 sc>ce any ( ! passions to be f\nd )\t desire jo9$ ) x4 ,i am sure :]ev] !re is uneas9ess1 !re is desire4 ,= we con/antly desire happ9ess2 & :atev] we feel ( uneas9ess1 s mu* x is c]ta9 we want ( happ9ess2 ev5 9 our own op9ion1 let our /ate & condition o!rwise be :at x w4 ,besides1 ! pres5t mom5t n be+ our et]nity1 :atev] our enjoym5t be1 we look beyond ! pres5t1 & desire goes ) our =esight1 & t /ill c>ries ! w ) x4 ,s t ev5 9 joy itself1 t :i* keeps up ! action :]eon ! enjoym5t dep5ds1 is ! desire to cont9ue x1 & fe> to lose x3 & :5ev] a great] uneas9ess ?an t takes place 9 ! m9d1 ! w pres5tly is by t det]m9$ to "s new action1 & ! pres5t delight neglect$4 #da4 ,! mo/ press+ ,uneas9ess naturally det]m9es ! ,w4 ,b we be+ 9 ?is _w beset ) sundry uneas9esses1 di/ract$ ) diff]5t desires1 ! next inquiry naturally w be1--,:i* ( !m has ! prec$5cy 9 det]m9+ ! w to ! next action8 & to t ! answ] is1--,t ord9>ily :i* is ! mo/ press+ ( ^? t are judg$ capable ( be+ !n remov$4 ,=1 ! w be+ ! p[] ( direct+ our op]ative faculties to "s action1 = "s end1 _c at any "t be mov$ t[>ds :at is judg$ at t "t unatta9able3 t w\ld be to suppose an intellig5t be+ design$ly to act = an end1 only to lose its lab\r2 = s x is to act = :at is judg$ n atta9able2 & !re=e v great uneas9esses move n ! w1 :5 !y are judg$ n capable ( a cure3 !y 9 t case put u n ^u endeav\rs4 ,b1 ^! set ap>t ! mo/ important & urg5t uneas9ess we at t "t feel1 is t :i* ord9>ily det]m9es ! w1 successively1 9 t tra9 ( volunt>y actions :i* makes up our lives4 ,! greate/ pres5t uneas9ess is ! spur to action1 t is con/antly mo/ felt1 & = ! mo/ "p det]m9es ! w 9 its *oice ( ! next action4 ,= ?is we mu/ c>ry along ) u1 t ! prop] & only object ( ! w is "s action ( ours1 & no?+ else4 ,= we produc+ no?+ by our will+ x1 b "s action 9 our p[]1 x is !re ! w t]m9ates1 & rea*es no fur!r4 #db4 ,all desire ,happ9ess4 ,if x be fur!r ask$1--,:at x is moves desire8 ,i answ]1--happ9ess1 & t alone4 ,happ9ess & mis]y are ! names ( two extremes1 ! utmo/ b\nds :]e( we "k n2 x is :at be 9 itself good2 & :at is apt to produce any degree ( pa9 be evil2 yet x (t5 happ5s t we d n call x s :5 x comes 9 competition ) a great] ( its sort2 because1 :5 !y come 9 competition1 ! degrees also ( pleasure & pa9 h ju/ly a pref]5ce4 ,s t if we w rightly e/imate :at we call good & evil1 we %all f9d x lies mu* 9 comp>ison3 = ! cause ( e less degree ( pa91 z well z e great] degree ( pleasure1 has ! nature ( good1 & vice v]sa4 #dc4 99 miss+ #dd4 ,:at ,good is desir$1 :at n4 ,?\gh ?is be t :i* is call$ good & evil1 & all good be ! prop] object ( desire 9 g5]al2 yet all good1 ev5 se5 & confess$ to be s1 does n necess>ily move e p>ticul> man's desire2 b only t "p1 or s mu* ( x z is consid]$ & tak5 to make a necess>y "p ( ,,8 happ9ess4 ,all o!r good1 h[ev] great 9 reality or appe>ance1 excites n a man's desires :o looks n on x to make a "p ( t happ9ess :]e) he1 9 8 pres5t ?\ghts1 c satisfy himself4 ,happ9ess1 "u ?is view1 e "o con/antly pursues1 & desires :at makes any "p ( x3 o!r ?+s1 ackn[l$g$ to be good1 he c look ^u )\t desire1 pass by1 & be cont5t )\t4 ,!re is nobody1 ,i ?9k1 s s5seless z to d5y t !re is pleasure 9 k3 & = ! pleasures ( s5se1 !y h too _m foll[]s to let x be que/ion$ :e!r m5 are tak5 ) !m or no4 ,n[1 let "o man place 8 satisfaction 9 s5sual pleasures1 ano!r 9 ! delight ( k3 ?\gh ea* ( !m _c b confess1 !re is great pleasure 9 :at ! o!r pursues2 yet1 nei!r ( !m mak+ ! o!r's delight a "p ( ,,8 happ9ess1 _! desires are n mov$1 b ea* is satisfi$ )\t :at ! o!r enjoys2 & s 8 w is n det]m9$ to ! pursuit ( x4 ,b yet1 z soon z ! /udi\s man's hung] & ?ir/ make him uneasy1 he1 ^: w 0 nev] det]m9$ to any pursuit ( good *e]1 poignant sauces1 delici\s w9e1 by ! pleasant ta/e he has f\nd 9 !m1 is1 by ! uneas9ess ( hung] & ?ir/1 pres5tly det]m9$ to eat+ & dr9k+1 ?\gh possibly ) great indiff]5cy1 :at :olesome food comes 9 8 way4 ,&1 on ! o!r side1 ! epicure buckles to /udy1 :5 %ame1 or ! desire to recomm5d himself to 8 mi/ress1 %all make him uneasy 9 ! want ( any sort ( k4 ,?us1 h[ mu* soev] m5 are 9 e>ne/ & con/ant 9 pursuit ( happ9ess1 yet !y may h a cle> view ( good1 great & confess$ good1 )\t be+ conc]n$ = x1 or mov$ by x1 if !y ?9k !y c make up _! happ9ess )\t x4 ,?\gh z to pa91 ,,t !y are always conc]n$ =2 !y c feel no uneas9ess )\t be+ mov$4 ,& !re=e1 be+ uneasy 9 ! want ( :atev] is judg$ necess>y to _! happ9ess1 z soon z any good appe>s to make a "p ( _! portion ( happ9ess1 !y beg9 to desire x4 #de4 ,:y ! greate/ ,good is n always desir$4 ,?is1 ,i ?9k1 any "o may obs]ve 9 himself & o!rs1--,t ! great] visible good does n always raise m5's desires 9 proportion to ! greatness x appe>s1 & is ackn[l$g$1 to h3 ?\gh e little tr\ble moves u1 & sets u on "w to get rid ( x4 ,! reason :]e( is evid5t f ! nature ( our happ9ess & mis]y itself4 ,all pres5t pa91 :atev] x be1 makes a "p ( our pres5t mis]y3 b all abs5t good does n at any "t make a necess>y "p ( our pres5t happ9ess1 nor ! abs5ce ( x make a "p ( our mis]y4 ,if x did1 we %\ld be con/antly & inf9itely mis]able2 !re be+ inf9ite degrees ( happ9ess :i* are n 9 our possession4 ,all uneas9ess !re=e be+ remov$1 a mod]ate portion ( good s]ve at pres5t to cont5t m52 & a few degrees ( pleasure 9 a succession ( ord9>y enjoym5ts1 make up a happ9ess :]e9 !y c be satisfi$4 ,if ?is 7 n s1 !re c\ld be no room = ^? indiff]5t & visibly trifl+ actions1 to :i* our wills are s (t5 det]m9$1 & :]e9 we volunt>ily wa/e s mu* ( our lives2 :i* remissness c\ld by no means consi/ ) a con/ant det]m9ation ( w or desire to ! greate/ app>5t good4 ,t ?is is s1 ,i ?9k few p ne$ g f> f home to be conv9c$4 ,& inde$ 9 ?is life !re are n _m ^: happ9ess rea*es s f> z to af=d !m a con/ant tra9 ( mod]ate mean pleasures1 )\t any mixture ( uneas9ess2 & yet !y c\ld be cont5t to /ay "h = ev]3 ?\gh !y _c d5y1 b t x is possible !re may be a /ate ( et]nal durable joys aft] ?is life1 f> surpass+ all ! good t is to be f\nd "h4 ,nay1 !y _c b see t x is m possible ?an ! atta9m5t & cont9uation ( t pittance ( hon\r1 ri*es1 or pleasure :i* !y pursue1 & = :i* !y neglect t et]nal /ate4 ,b yet1 9 full view ( ?is diff]5ce1 satisfi$ ( ! possibility ( a p]fect1 secure1 & la/+ happ9ess 9 a future /ate1 & "u a cle> conviction t x is n to be _h "h1--:il/ !y b\nd _! happ9ess )9 "s little enjoym5t or aim ( ?is life1 & exclude ! joys ( heav5 f mak+ any necess>y "p ( x1--_! desires are n mov$ by ?is great] app>5t good1 nor _! wills det]m9$ to any action1 or endeav\r = its atta9m5t4 #df4 ,:y n be+ desir$1 x moves n ! ,w4 ,! ord9>y necessities ( our lives fill a great "p ( !m ) ! uneas9esses ( hung]1 ?ir/1 heat1 cold1 we>9ess1 ) lab\r1 & sleep9ess1 9 _! con/ant returns1 c4 ,to :i*1 if1 besides accid5tal h>ms1 we add ! fanta/ical uneas9ess 7z it* aft] hon\r1 p[]1 or ri*es1 c47 :i* acquir$ habits1 by fa%ion1 example1 & education1 h settl$ 9 u1 & a ?\s& o!r irregul> desires1 :i* cu/om has made natural to u1 we %all f9d t a v little "p ( our life is s vacant f ,,^! uneas9esses1 z to leave u free to ! attraction ( remot] abs5t good4 ,we are seldom at ease1 & free en\gh f ! solicitation ( our natural or adopt$ desires1 b a con/ant succession ( uneas9esses out ( t /ock :i* natural wants or acquir$ habits h heap$ up1 take ! w 9 _! turns2 & no soon] is "o action dispat*$1 :i* by su* a det]m9ation ( ! w we are set ^u1 b ano!r uneas9ess is ready to set u on "w4 ,=1 ! remov+ ( ! pa9s we feel1 & are at pres5t press$ )1 be+ ! gett+ out ( mis]y1 & consequ5tly ! fir/ ?+ to be done 9 ord] to happ9ess1--abs5t good1 ?\gh ?\ght on1 confess$1 & appe>+ to be good1 n mak+ any "p ( ?is unhapp9ess 9 its abs5ce1 is ju/l$ out1 to make way = ! removal ( ^? uneas9esses we feel2 till due & repeat$ contemplation has br\ght x ne>] to our m9d1 giv5 "s reli% ( x1 & rais$ 9 u "s desire3 :i* !n beg9n+ to make a "p ( our pres5t uneas9ess1 /&s ^u fair t]ms ) ! re/ to be satisfi$1 & s1 accord+ to its greatness & pressure1 comes 9 its turn to det]m9e ! w4 #dg4 ,due ,consid]ation raises ,desire4 ,& ?us1 by a due consid]ation1 & exam9+ any good propos$1 x is 9 our p[] to raise our desires 9 a due proportion to ! value ( t good1 :]eby 9 its turn & place x may come to "w ^u ! w1 & be pursu$4 ,= good1 ?\gh appe>+ & all[$ ev] s great1 yet till x has rais$ desires 9 our m9ds1 & !reby made u uneasy 9 its want1 x rea*es n our wills2 we are n )9 ! sph]e ( its activity1 our wills be+ "u ! det]m9ation only ( ^? uneas9esses :i* are pres5t to u1 :i* 7:il/ we h any7 are always solicit+1 & ready at h&1 to give ! w its next det]m9ation4 ,! balanc+1 :5 !re is any 9 ! m9d1 be+ only1 :i* desire %all be next satisfi$1 :i* uneas9ess fir/ remov$4 ,:]eby x comes to pass t1 z long z any uneas9ess1 any desire1 rema9s 9 our m9d1 !re is no room = good1 b>ely z su*1 to come at ! w1 or at all to det]m9e x4 ,because1 z has be5 said1 ! ,,fir/ /ep 9 our endeav\rs aft] happ9ess be+ to get :olly out ( ! conf9es ( mis]y1 & to feel no "p ( x1 ! w c be at leisure = no?+ else1 till e uneas9ess we feel be p]fectly remov$3 :i*1 9 ! multitude ( wants & desires we are beset ) 9 ?is imp]fect /ate1 we are n l to be ev] fre$ f 9 ?is _w4 #dh4 ,! ,p[] to susp5d ! ,prosecution ( any ,desire makes way = consid]ation4 ,!re be+ 9 u a great _m uneas9esses1 always solicit+ & ready to det]m9e ! w1 x is natural1 z ,i h said1 t ! greate/ & mo/ press+ %\ld det]m9e ! w to ! next action2 & s x does = ! mo/ "p1 b n always4 ,=1 ! m9d hav+ 9 mo/ cases1 z is evid5t 9 exp]i5ce1 a p[] to ,,susp5d ! execution & satisfaction ( any ( its desires2 & s all1 "o aft] ano!r2 is at lib]ty to consid] ! objects ( !m1 exam9e !m on all sides1 & weigh !m ) o!rs4 ,9 ?is lies ! lib]ty man has2 & f ! n us+ ( x "r comes all t v>iety ( mi/akes1 errors1 & faults :i* we run into 9 ! conduct ( our lives1 & our endeav\rs aft] happ9ess2 :il/ we precipitate ! det]m9ation ( our wills1 & engage too soon1 be=e due exam9ation4 ,to prev5t ?is1 we h a p[] to susp5d ! prosecution ( ?is or t desire2 z e "o daily may exp]im5t 9 himself4 ,?is seems to me ! s\rce ( all lib]ty2 9 ?is seems to consi/ t :i* is 7z ,i ?9k improp]ly7 call$ ,,free-,,w4 ,=1 dur+ ?is susp5sion ( any desire1 be=e ! w be det]m9$ to action1 & ! action 7:i* foll[s t det]m9ation7 done1 we h opportunity to exam9e1 view1 & judge ( ! good or evil ( :at we are go+ to d2 & :51 ^u due exam9ation1 we h judg$1 we h done our duty1 all t we c1 or ought to d1 9 pursuit ( our happ9ess2 & x is n a fault1 b a p]fection ( our nature1 to desire1 w1 & act accord+ to ! la/ result ( a fair exam9ation4 #di4 ,to be det]m9$ by our own ,judgm5t1 is no ,re/ra9t to ,lib]ty4 ,?is is s f> f be+ a re/ra9t or dim9ution ( fre$om1 t x is ! v improvem5t & b5efit ( x2 x is n an abridgm5t1 x is ! end & use ( our lib]ty2 & ! fur!r we are remov$ f su* a det]m9ation1 ! ne>] we are to mis]y & slav]y4 ,a p]fect indiff]5ce 9 ! m9d1 n det]m9able by its la/ judgm5t ( ! good or evil t is ?\ght to att5d its *oice1 w\ld be s f> f be+ an advantage & excell5cy ( any intellectual nature1 t x w\ld be z great an imp]fection1 z ! want ( indiff]5cy to act1 or n to act1 till det]m9$ by ! w1 w\ld be an imp]fection on ! o!r side4 ,a man is at lib]ty to lift up 8 h& to 8 head1 or let x re/ quiet3 he is p]fectly indiff]5t 9 ei!r2 & x w\ld be an imp]fection 9 him1 if he want$ t p[]1 if he 7 depriv$ ( t indiff]5cy4 ,b x w\ld be z great an imp]fection1 if he _h ! same indiff]5cy1 :e!r he w\ld pref] ! lift+ up 8 h&1 or its rema9+ 9 re/1 :5 x w\ld save 8 head or eyes f a bl[ he sees com+3 x is z mu* a p]fection1 t desire1 or ! p[] ( pref]r+1 %\ld be det]m9$ by good1 z t ! p[] ( act+ %\ld be det]m9$ by ! w2 & ! c]ta9] su* det]m9ation is1 ! great] is ! p]fection4 ,nay1 7 we det]m9$ by any?+ b ! la/ result ( our own m9ds1 judg+ ( ! good or evil ( any action1 we 7 n free4 #ej4 ,! free/ ,ag5ts are s det]m9$4 ,if we look ^u ^? sup]ior be+s above u1 :o enjoy p]fect happ9ess1 we %all h reason to judge t !y are m /eadily det]m9$ 9 _! *oice ( good ?an we2 & yet we h no reason to ?9k !y are less happy1 or less free1 ?an we are4 ,& if x 7 fit = su* poor f9ite creatures z we are to pron\nce :at inf9ite wisdom & goodness c\ld d1 ,i ?9k we might say1 t ,god himself ,,_c *oose :at is n good2 ! fre$om ( ! ,almighty h9d]s n 8 be+ det]m9$ by :at is be/4 #ea4 ,a con/ant ,det]m9ation to a ,pursuit ( ,happ9ess no ,abridgm5t ( ,lib]ty4 ,b to give a "r view ( ?is mi/ak5 "p ( lib]ty let me ask1--,w\ld any "o be a *angel+1 because he is less det]m9$ by wise consid]ations ?an a wise man8 ,is x wor? ! "n ( fre$om to be at lib]ty to play ! fool1 & draw %ame & mis]y ^u a man's self8 ,if to break loose f ! conduct ( reason1 & to want t re/ra9t ( exam9ation & judgm5t :i* keeps u f *oos+ or do+ ! worse1 be lib]ty1 true lib]ty1 madm5 & fools are ! only freem53 b yet1 ,i ?9k1 nobody w\ld *oose to be mad = ! sake ( su* lib]ty1 b he t is mad already4 ,! con/ant desire ( happ9ess1 & ! con/ra9t x puts ^u u to act = x1 nobody1 ,i ?9k1 acc\nts an abridgm5t ( lib]ty1 or at lea/ an abridgm5t ( lib]ty to be compla9$ (4 ,god ,almighty himself is "u ! necessity ( be+ happy2 & ! m any intellig5t be+ is s1 ! ne>] is its approa* to inf9ite p]fection & happ9ess4 ,t1 9 ?is /ate ( ignorance1 we %ort-sight$ creatures might n mi/ake true felicity1 we are end[$ ) a p[] to susp5d any p>ticul> desire1 & keep x f det]m9+ ! w1 & engag+ u 9 action4 ,?is is /&+ /ill1 :]e we are n suffici5tly assur$ ( ! way3 exam9ation is consult+ a guide4 ,! det]m9ation ( ! w ^u inquiry1 is foll[+ ! direction ( t guide3 & he t has a p[] to act or n to act1 accord+ z ,,su* det]m9ation directs1 is a free ag5t3 su* det]m9ation abridges n t p[] :]e9 lib]ty consi/s4 ,he t has 8 *a9s knock$ (f1 & ! prison doors set op5 to him1 is p]fectly at lib]ty1 because he may ei!r g or /ay1 z he be/ likes1 ?\gh 8 pref]5ce be det]m9$ to /ay1 by ! d>kness ( ! night1 or illness ( ! wea!r1 or want ( o!r lodg+4 ,he ceases n to be free2 ?\gh ! desire ( "s conv5i5ce to be _h !re absolutely det]m9es 8 pref]5ce1 & makes him /ay 9 8 prison4 #eb4 ,! ,necessity ( pursu+ true ,happ9ess ! ,f\ndation ( ,lib]ty4 ,z !re=e ! highe/ p]fection ( intellectual nature lies 9 a c>eful & con/ant pursuit ( true & solid happ9ess2 s ! c>e ( ourselves1 t we mi/ake n imag9>y = real happ9ess1 is ! necess>y f\ndation ( our lib]ty4 ,! /rong] ties we h to an unalt]able pursuit ( happ9ess 9 g5]al1 :i* is our greate/ good1 & :i* z su*1 our desires always foll[1 ! m are we free f any necess>y det]m9ation ( our w to any p>ticul> action1 & f a necess>y compliance ) our desire1 s ^u any p>ticul>1 & !n appe>+ pref]able good1 till we h duly exam9$ :e!r x has a t5d5cy to1 or be inconsi/5t )1 our real happ9ess3 & !re=e1 till we are z mu* in=m$ ^u ?is inquiry z ! weight ( ! matt]1 & ! nature ( ! case dem&s1 we are1 by ! necessity ( pref]r+ & pursu+ true happ9ess z our greate/ good1 oblig$ to susp5d ! satisfaction ( our desires 9 p>ticul> cases4 #ec4 ,p[] to ,susp5d4 ,?is is ! h+e on :i* turns ! ,,lib]ty ( intellectual be+s1 9 _! con/ant endeav\rs aft]1 & a /eady prosecution ( true felicity1--,t !y ,,c ,,susp5d ?is prosecution 9 p>ticul> cases1 till !y h look$ be=e !m1 & in=m$ !mselves :e!r t p>ticul> ?+ :i* is !n propos$ or desir$ lie 9 ! way to _! ma9 end1 & make a real "p ( t :i* is _! greate/ good4 ,=1 ! incl9ation & t5d5cy ( _! nature to happ9ess is an obligation & motive to !m1 to take c>e n to mi/ake or miss x2 & s necess>ily puts !m ^u caution1 delib]ation1 & w>9ess1 9 ! direction ( _! p>ticul> actions1 :i* are ! means to obta9 x4 ,:atev] necessity det]m9es to ! pursuit ( real bliss1 ! same necessity1 ) ! same =ce1 e/abli%es susp5se1 delib]ation1 & scrut9y ( ea* successive desire1 :e!r ! satisfaction ( x does n int]f]e ) our true happ9ess1 & mislead u f x4 ,?is1 z seems to me1 is ! great privilege ( f9ite intellectual be+s2 & ,i desire x may be well consid]$1 :e!r ! great inlet & ex]cise ( all ! lib]ty m5 h1 are capable (1 or c be useful to !m1 & t :]eon dep5ds ! turn ( _! actions1 does n lie 9 ?is1--,t !y c susp5d _! desires1 & /op !m f det]m9+ _! wills to any action1 till !y h duly & fairly exam9$ ! good & evil ( x1 z f> =? z ! weight ( ! ?+ requires4 ,?is we are able to d2 & :5 we h done x1 we h done our duty1 & all t is 9 our p[]2 & inde$ all t ne$s4 ,=1 s9ce ! w supposes k to guide its *oice1 all t we c d is to hold our wills undet]m9$1 till we h exam9$ ! good & evil ( :at we desire4 ,:at foll[s aft] t1 foll[s 9 a *a9 ( consequ5ces1 l9k$ "o to ano!r1 all dep5d+ on ! la/ det]m9ation ( ! judgm5t1 :i*1 :e!r x %all be ^u a ha/y & precipitate view1 or ^u a due & mature exam9ation1 is 9 our p[]2 exp]i5ce %[+ u1 t 9 mo/ cases1 we are able to susp5d ! pres5t satisfaction ( any desire4 #ed4 ,gov]nm5t ( our ,passions ! "r ,improvem5t ( ,lib]ty4 ,b if any extreme di/urbance 7z sometimes x happ5s7 possesses our :ole m9d1 z :5 ! pa9 ( ! rack1 an impetu\s uneas9ess1 z ( love1 ang]1 or any o!r viol5t passion1 runn+ away ) u1 all[s u n ! lib]ty ( ?\ght1 & we are n ma/]s en\gh ( our own m9ds to consid] ?or\ghly & exam9e fairly2--,god1 :o kn[s our frailty1 pities our weakness1 & requires ( u no m ?an we are able to d1 & sees :at 0 & :at 0 n 9 our p[]1 w judge z a k9d & m]ciful ,fa!r4 ,b ! =be>ance ( a too ha/y compliance ) our desires1 ! mod]ation & re/ra9t ( our passions1 s t our und]/&+s may be free to exam9e1 & reason unbiass$1 give its judgm5t1 be+ t :]eon a "r direction ( our conduct to true happ9ess dep5ds2 x is 9 ?is we %\ld employ our *ief c>e & endeav\rs4 ,9 ?is we %\ld take pa9s to suit ! reli% ( our m9ds to ! true intr9sic good or ill t is 9 ?+s2 & n p]mit an all[$ or suppos$ possible great & weighty good to slip out ( our ?\ghts1 )\t leav+ any reli%1 any desire ( itself !re till1 by a due consid]ation ( its true wor?1 we h =m$ appetites 9 our m9ds suitable to x1 & made ourselves uneasy 9 ! want ( x1 or 9 ! fe> ( los+ x4 ,& h[ mu* ?is is 9 e "o's p[]1 by mak+ resolutions to himself1 su* z he may keep1 is easy = e "o to try4 ,nor let any "o say1 he _c gov]n 8 passions1 nor h9d] !m f break+ out1 & c>ry+ him into action2 = :at he c d be=e a pr9ce or a great man1 he c d alone1 or 9 ! pres5ce ( ,god1 if he w4 #ee4 ,h[ ,m5 come to pursue diff]5t1 & (t5 evil ,c\rses4 ,f :at has be5 said1 x is easy to give an acc\nt h[ x comes to pass1 t1 ?\gh all m5 desire happ9ess1 yet _! wills c>ry !m s contr>ily2 & consequ5tly1 "s ( !m to :at is evil4 ,& to ?is ,i say1 t ! v>i\s & contr>y *oices t m5 make 9 ! _w d n argue t !y d n all pursue good2 b t ! same ?+ is n good to e man alike4 ,?is v>iety ( pursuits %[s1 t e "o does n place 8 happ9ess 9 ! same ?+1 or *oose ! same way to x4 ,7 all ! conc]ns ( man t]m9at$ 9 ?is life1 :y "o foll[$ /udy & k1 & ano!r hawk+ & hunt+3 :y "o *ose luxury & debau*]y1 & ano!r sobriety & ri*es1 w\ld n be because e "o ( ^! did ,,n aim at 8 own happ9ess2 b because _! happ9ess 0 plac$ 9 diff]5t ?+s4 ,& !re=e x 0 a "r answ] ( ! physician to 8 pati5t t _h sore eyes3--,if y h m pleasure 9 ! ta/e ( w9e ?an 9 ! use ( y\r sight1 w9e is good = y2 b if ! pleasure ( see+ be great] to y ?an t ( dr9k+1 w9e is naught4 #ef4 ,all m5 seek happ9ess1 b n ( ! same sort4 ,! m9d has a diff]5t reli%1 z well z ! palate2 & y w z fruitlessly endeav\r to delight all m5 ) ri*es or glory 7:i* yet "s m5 place _! happ9ess 97 z y w\ld to satisfy all m5's hung] ) *eese or lob/]s2 :i*1 ?\gh v agreeable & delici\s f>e to "s1 are to o!rs extremely nause\s & (f5sive3 & _m p]sons w\ld ) reason pref] ! grip+ ( an hungry belly to ^? di%es :i* are a fea/ to o!rs4 ,h5ce x 01 ,i ?9k1 t ! philosoph]s ( old did 9 va9 inquire1 :e!r summum bonum consi/$ 9 ri*es1 or bodily delights1 or virtue1 or contemplation3 & !y might h z reasonably disput$1 :e!r ! be/ reli% 7 to be f\nd 9 apples1 plums1 or nuts1 & h divid$ !mselves into sects ^u x4 ,=1 z pleasant ta/es dep5d n on ! ?+s !mselves1 b on _! agreeabl5ess to ?is or t p>ticul> palate1 :]e9 !re is great v>iety2 s ! greate/ happ9ess consi/s 9 ! hav+ ^? ?+s :i* produce ! greate/ pleasure1 & 9 ! abs5ce ( ^? :i* cause any di/urbance1 any pa94 ,n[ ^!1 to diff]5t m51 are v diff]5t ?+s4 ,if1 !re=e1 m5 9 ?is life only h hope2 if 9 ?is life only !y c enjoy1 x is n /range nor unreasonable1 t !y %\ld seek _! happ9ess by avoid+ all ?+s t disease !m "h1 & by pursu+ all t delight !m2 :]e9 x w be no wond] to f9d v>iety & diff]5ce4 ,= if !re be no prospect beyond ! grave1 ! inf]5ce is c]ta9ly "r--#8,let u eat & dr9k1' let u enjoy :at we delight 91 #8= to-morr[ we %all die4' ,?is1 ,i ?9k1 may s]ve to %[ u ! reason1 :y1 ?\gh all m5's desires t5d to happ9ess1 yet !y are n mov$ by ! same object4 ,m5 may *oose diff]5t ?+s1 & yet all *oose "r2 suppos+ !m only l a company ( poor insects2 :]e( "s are bees1 delight$ ) fl[]s & _! sweetness2 o!rs beetles1 delight$ ) o!r k9ds ( vi&s1 :i* hav+ enjoy$ = a season1 !y w\ld cease to be1 & exi/ no m = ev]4 #eg4 n 9 e>ly editions #eh4 ,:y m5 *oose :at makes !m mis]able4 ,:at has be5 said may also discov] to u ! reason :y m5 9 ?is _w pref] diff]5t ?+s1 & pursue happ9ess by contr>y c\rses4 ,b yet1 s9ce m5 are always con/ant & 9 e>ne/ 9 matt]s ( happ9ess & mis]y1 ! "q /ill rema9s1 ,h[ m5 come (t5 to pref] ! worse to ! bett]2 & to *oose t1 :i*1 by _! own confession1 has made !m mis]able8 #ei4 ,! causes ( ?is4 ,to acc\nt = ! v>i\s & contr>y ways m5 take1 ?\gh all aim at be+ happy1 we mu/ consid] :5ce ! ,,v>i\s ,,uneas9esses t det]m9e ! w1 9 ! pref]5ce ( ea* volunt>y action1 h _! rise3-- #a4 ,f bodily pa94 ,"s ( !m come f causes n 9 our p[]2 su* z are (t5 ! pa9s ( ! body f want1 disease1 or outw>d injuries1 z ! rack1 etc42 :i*1 :5 pres5t & viol5t1 op]ate = ! mo/ "p =cibly on ! w1 & turn ! c\rses ( m5's lives f virtue1 piety1 & religion1 & :at be=e !y judg$ to lead to happ9ess2 e "o n endeav\r+1 or n be+ able1 by ! contemplation ( remote & future good1 to raise 9 himself desires ( !m /rong en\gh to c\nt]balance ! uneas9ess he feels 9 ^? bodily torm5ts1 & to keep 8 w /eady 9 ! *oice ( ^? actions :i* lead to future happ9ess4 ,a neighb\r+ c\ntry has be5 ( late a tragical !atre f :i* we might fet* in/ances1 if !re ne$$ any1 & ! _w did n 9 all c\ntries & ages furni% examples en\gh to confirm t receiv$ obs]vation3 ,,necessitas ,,cogit ,,ad ,,turpia2 & !re=e !re is great reason = u to pray1 #8,lead u n into temptation4' #b4 ,f wrong ,desires aris+ f wrong ,judgm5ts4 ,o!r uneas9esses arise f our desires ( abs5t good2 :i* desires always be> proportion to1 & dep5d on1 ! judgm5t we make1 & ! reli% we h ( any abs5t good2 9 bo? :i* we are apt to be v>i\sly misl$1 & t by our own fault4 #fj4 ,our judgm5t ( pres5t ,good or ,evil always "r4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,i %all consid] ! wrong judgm5ts m5 make ( ,,future good & evil1 :]eby _! desires are misl$4 ,=1 z to ,,pres5t happ9ess & mis]y1 :5 t alone comes into consid]ation1 & ! consequ5ces are q remov$1 a man nev] *ooses amiss3 he kn[s :at be/ pleases him1 & t he actually pref]s4 ,?+s 9 _! pres5t enjoym5t are :at !y seem3 ! app>5t & real good are1 9 ?is case1 always ! same4 ,= ! pa9 or pleasure be+ j s great & no great] ?an x is felt1 ! pres5t good or evil is really s mu* z x appe>s4 ,& !re=e 7 e action ( ours conclud$ )9 itself1 & drew no consequ5ces aft] x1 we %\ld und\bt$ly nev] err 9 our *oice ( good3 we %\ld always infallibly pref] ! be/4 ,7 ! pa9s ( hone/ indu/ry1 & ( />v+ ) hung] & cold set toge!r be=e u1 nobody w\ld be 9 d\bt :i* to *oose3 7 ! satisfaction ( a lu/ & ! joys ( heav5 (f]$ at once to any "o's pres5t possession1 he w\ld n balance1 or err 9 ! det]m9ation ( 8 *oice4 #fa4 ,our wrong judgm5ts h reg>d to future good & evil only4 ,b s9ce our volunt>y actions c>ry n all ! happ9ess & mis]y t dep5d on !m along ) !m 9 _! pres5t p]=mance1 b are ! prec$5t causes ( good & evil1 :i* !y draw aft] !m1 & br+ ^u u1 :5 !y !mselves are pa/ & cease to be2 our desires look beyond our pres5t enjoym5ts1 & c>ry ! m9d out to ,,abs5t ,,good1 accord+ to ! necessity :i* we ?9k !re is ( x1 to ! mak+ or increase ( our happ9ess4 ,x is our op9ion ( su* a necessity t gives x its attraction3 )\t t1 we are n mov$ by abs5t good4 ,=1 9 ?is n>r[ scantl+ ( capacity :i* we are accu/om$ to & s5sible ( "h1 :]e9 we enjoy b "o pleasure at once1 :i*1 :5 all uneas9ess is away1 is1 :il/ x la/s1 suffici5t to make u ?9k ourselves happy1 x is n all remote & ev5 app>5t good t affects u4 ,because ! indol5cy & enjoym5t we h1 suffic+ = our pres5t happ9ess1 we desire n to v5ture ! *ange2 s9ce we judge t we are happy already1 be+ cont5t1 & t is en\gh4 ,= :o is cont5t is happy4 ,b z soon z any new uneas9ess comes 91 ?is happ9ess is di/urb$1 & we are set afre% on "w 9 ! pursuit ( happ9ess4 #fb4 ,f a wrong ,judgm5t ( :at makes a necess>y ,"p ( _! ,happ9ess4 ,_! aptness !re=e to conclude t !y c be happy )\t x1 is "o great occasion t m5 (t5 are n rais$ to ! desire ( ! greate/ ,,abs5t good4 ,=1 :il/ su* ?\ghts possess !m1 ! joys ( a future /ate move !m n2 !y h little conc]n or uneas9ess ab\t !m2 & ! w1 free f ! det]m9ation ( su* desires1 is left to ! pursuit ( ne>] satisfactions1 & to ! removal ( ^? uneas9esses :i* x !n feels1 9 its want ( any long+s aft] !m4 ,*ange b a man's view ( ^! ?+s2 let him see t virtue & religion are necess>y to 8 happ9ess2 let him look into ! future /ate ( bliss or mis]y1 & see !re ,god1 ! righte\s ,judge1 ready to #8r5d] to e man accord+ to 8 de$s2 to !m :o by pati5t cont9uance 9 well-do+ seek = glory1 & hon\r1 & immortality1 et]nal life2 b unto e s\l t do? evil1 indignation & wra?1 tribulation & angui%4' ,to him1 ,i say1 :o ha? a prospect ( ! diff]5t /ate ( p]fect happ9ess or mis]y t att5ds all m5 aft] ?is life1 dep5d+ on _! behavi\r "h1 ! measures ( good & evil t gov]n 8 *oice are mightily *ang$4 ,=1 s9ce no?+ ( pleasure & pa9 9 ?is life c be> any proportion to ! endless happ9ess or exquisite mis]y ( an immortal s\l h]eaft]1 actions 9 8 p[] w h _! pref]5ce1 n accord+ to ! transi5t pleasure or pa9 t accompanies or foll[s !m "h1 b z !y s]ve to secure t p]fect durable happ9ess h]eaft]4 #fc4 ,a m p>ticul> ,acc\nt ( wrong ,judgm5ts4 ,b1 to acc\nt m p>ticul>ly = ! mis]y t m5 (t5 br+ on !mselves1 not)/&+ t !y d all 9 e>ne/ pursue happ9ess1 we mu/ consid] h[ ?+s come to be repres5t$ to our desires "u deceitful appe>ances3 & t is by ! judgm5t pron\nc+ wrongly conc]n+ !m4 ,to see h[ f> ?is rea*es1 & :at are ! causes ( wrong judgm5t1 we mu/ rememb] t ?+s are judg$ good or bad 9 a d\ble s5se3-- ,fir/1 ,,t ,,:i* ,,is ,,prop]ly ,,good ,,or ,,bad1 ,,is ,,no?+ ,,b ,,b>ely ,,pleasure ,,or ,,pa94 ,secondly1 ,b because n only pres5t pleasure & pa91 b t also :i* is apt by its efficacy or consequ5ces to br+ x ^u u at a di/ance1 is a prop] object ( our desires1 & apt to move a creature t has =esight2 !re=e ,,?+s ,,also ,,t ,,draw ,,aft] ,,!m ,,pleasure ,,& ,,pa91 ,,are ,,consid]$ ,,z ,,good ,,& ,,evil4 #fd4 ,no "o *ooses mis]y will+ly1 b only by wrong judgm5t4 ,! wrong judgm5t t misleads u1 & makes ! w (t5 fa/5 on ! worse side1 lies 9 misreport+ ^u ! v>i\s comp>isons ( ^!4 ,! wrong judgm5t ,i am "h speak+ ( is n :at "o man may ?9k ( ! det]m9ation ( ano!r1 b :at e man himself mu/ confess to be wrong4 ,=1 s9ce ,i lay x = a c]ta9 gr\nd1 t e intellig5t be+ really seeks happ9ess1 :i* consi/s 9 ! enjoym5t ( pleasure1 )\t any consid]able mixture ( uneas9ess2 x is impossible any "o %\ld will+ly put into 8 own draught any bitt] +r$i5t1 or leave out any?+ 9 8 p[] t w\ld t5d to 8 satisfaction1 & ! complet+ ( 8 happ9ess1 b only by a ,,wrong ,,judgm5t4 ,i %all n "h speak ( t mi/ake :i* is ! consequ5ce ( ,,inv9cible error1 :i* sc>ce des]ves ! "n ( wrong judgm5t2 b ( t wrong judgm5t :i* e man himself mu/ confess to be s4 #fe4 ,m5 may err on comp>+ ,pres5t & ,future4 7,i7 ,!re=e1 z to pres5t pleasure & pa91 ! m9d1 z has be5 said1 nev] mi/akes t :i* is really good or evil2 t :i* is ! great] pleasure1 or ! great] pa91 is really j z x appe>s4 ,b1 ?\gh pres5t pleasure & pa9 %[ _! diff]5ce & degrees s pla9ly z n to leave room to mi/ake2 yet1 ,,:5 ,,we ,,comp>e ,,pres5t ,,pleasure ,,or ,,pa9 ,,) ,,future1 7:i* is usually ! case 9 mo/ important det]m9ations ( ! w17 we (t5 make wrong judgm5ts ( !m2 tak+ our measures ( !m 9 diff]5t positions ( di/ance4 ,objects ne> our view are apt to be ?\ght great] ?an ^? ( a l>g] size t are m remote4 ,& s x is ) pleasures & pa9s3 ! pres5t is apt to c>ry x2 & ^? at a di/ance h ! disadvantage 9 ! comp>ison4 ,?us mo/ m51 l sp5d?rift heirs1 are apt to judge a little 9 h& bett] ?an a great deal to come2 & s1 = small matt]s 9 possession1 "p ) great] ones 9 rev]sion4 ,b t ?is is a wrong judgm5t e "o mu/ all[1 let 8 pleasure consi/ 9 :atev] x w3 s9ce t :i* is future w c]ta9ly come to be pres5t2 & !n1 hav+ ! same advantage ( ne>ness1 w %[ itself 9 its full dim5sions1 & discov] 8 wilful mi/ake :o judg$ ( x by unequal measures4 ,7 ! pleasure ( dr9k+ accompani$1 ! v mom5t a man takes (f 8 glass1 ) t sick /oma* & a*+ head :i*1 9 "s m51 are sure to foll[ n _m h\rs aft]1 ,i ?9k nobody1 :atev] pleasure he _h 9 8 cups1 w\ld1 on ^! conditions1 ev] let w9e t\* 8 lips2 :i* yet he daily swall[s1 & ! evil side comes to be *os5 only by ! fallacy ( a little diff]5ce 9 "t4 ,b1 if pleasure or pa9 c be s less5$ only by a few h\rs' removal1 h[ mu* m w x be s by a fur!r di/ance to a man t w n1 by a "r judgm5t1 d :at "t w1 i4 e4 br+ x home ^u himself1 & consid] x z pres5t1 & !re take its true dim5sions8 ,?is is ! way we usually impose on ourselves1 9 respect ( b>e pleasure & pa91 or ! true degrees ( happ9ess or mis]y3 ! future loses its j proportion1 & :at is pres5t obta9s ! pref]5ce z ! great]4 ,i m5tion n "h ! wrong judgm5t1 :]eby ! abs5t are n only less5$1 b r$uc$ to p]fect no?+2 :5 m5 enjoy :at !y c 9 pres5t1 & make sure ( t1 conclud+ amiss t no evil w !nce foll[4 ,= t lies n 9 comp>+ ! greatness ( future good & evil1 :i* is t we are "h speak+ (2 b 9 ano!r sort ( wrong judgm5t1 :i* is conc]n+ good or evil1 z x is consid]$ to be ! cause & procurem5t ( pleasure or pa9 t w foll[ f x4 #ff4 ,causes ( our judg+ amiss :5 we comp>e pres5t pleasure & pa9 ) future4 ,! cause ( our judg+ amiss1 :5 we comp>e our pres5t pleasure or pa9 ) future1 seems to me to be ,,! ,,weak ,,& ,,n>r[ ,,con/itution ,,( ,,our ,,m9ds4 ,we _c well enjoy two pleasures at once2 mu* less any pleasure almo/1 :il/ pa9 possesses u4 ,! pres5t pleasure1 if x be n v languid1 & almo/ none at all1 fills our n>r[ s\ls1 & s takes up ! :ole m9d t x sc>ce leaves any ?\ght ( ?+s abs5t3 or if among our pleasures !re are "s :i* are n /rong en\gh to exclude ! consid]ation ( ?+s at a di/ance1 yet we h s great an abhorr5ce ( pa91 t a little ( x ext+ui%es all our pleasures4 ,a little bitt] m+l$ 9 our cup1 leaves no reli% ( ! sweet4 ,h5ce x comes t1 at any rate1 we desire to be rid ( ! pres5t evil1 :i* we are apt to ?9k no?+ abs5t c equal2 because1 "u ! pres5t pa91 we f9d n ourselves capable ( any ! lea/ degree ( happ9ess4 ,m5's daily compla9ts are a l\d pro( ( ?is3 ! pa9 t any "o actually feels is /ill ( all o!r ! wor/2 & x is ) angui% !y cry out1--#8,any r ?an ?is3 no?+ c be s intol]able z :at ,i n[ suff]4' ,& !re=e our :ole endeav\rs & ?\ghts are int5t to get rid ( ! pres5t evil1 be=e all ?+s1 z ! fir/ necess>y condition to our happ9ess2 let :at w foll[4 ,no?+1 z we passionately ?9k1 c exce$1 or almo/ equal1 ! uneas9ess t sits s heavy ^u u4 ,& because ! ab/95ce f a pres5t pleasure t (f]s itself is a pa91 nay1 (t5times a v great "o1 ! desire be+ inflam$ by a ne> & tempt+ object1 x is no wond] t t op]ates aft] ! same mann] pa9 does1 & less5s 9 our ?\ghts :at is future2 & s =ces u1 z x 7 bl9dfold1 into its embraces4 #fg4 ,abs5t good unable to c\nt]balance pres5t uneas9ess4 ,add to ?is1 t abs5t good1 or1 :i* is ! same ?+1 future pleasure1--especially if ( a sort we are unacqua9t$ )1--seldom is able to c\nt]balance any uneas9ess1 ei!r ( pa9 or desire1 :i* is pres5t4 ,=1 its greatness be+ no m ?an :at %all be really ta/$ :5 enjoy$1 m5 are apt en\gh to less5 t2 to make x give place to any pres5t desire2 & conclude ) !mselves t1 :5 x comes to trial1 x may possibly n answ] ! report or op9ion t g5]ally passes ( x3 !y hav+ (t5 f\nd t1 n only :at o!rs h magnifi$1 b ev5 :at !y !mselves h enjoy$ ) great pleasure & delight at "o "t1 has prov$ insipid or nause\s at ano!r2 & !re=e !y see no?+ 9 x = :i* !y %\ld =ego a pres5t enjoym5t4 ,b t ?is is a false way ( judg+1 :5 appli$ to ! happ9ess ( ano!r life1 !y mu/ confess2 unless !y w say1 ,god _c make ^? happy he designs to be s4 ,= t be+ int5d$ = a /ate ( happ9ess1 x mu/ c]ta9ly be agreeable to e "o's wi% & desire3 c\ld we suppose _! reli%es z diff]5t !re z !y are "h1 yet ! manna 9 heav5 w suit e "o's palate4 ,?us mu* ( ! wrong judgm5t we make ( pres5t & future pleasure & pa91 :5 !y are comp>$ toge!r1 & s ! abs5t consid]$ z future4 #fh4 ,wrong judgm5t 9 consid]+ ,consequ5ces ( ,actions4 7,,ii74 ,z to ,,?+s ,,good ,,or ,,bad ,,9 ,,_! ,,consequ5ces1 & by ! aptness t is 9 !m to procure u good or evil 9 ! future1 we judge amiss sev]al ways4 #a4 ,:5 we judge t s mu* evil does n really dep5d on !m z 9 tru? !re does4 #b4 ,:5 we judge t1 ?\gh ! consequ5ce be ( t mom5t1 yet x is n ( t c]ta9ty1 b t x may o!rwise fall out1 or else by "s means be avoid$2 z by indu/ry1 address1 *ange1 rep5tance1 c4 ,t ^! are wrong ways ( judg+1 7 easy to %[ 9 e p>ticul>1 if ,i w\ld exam9e !m at l>ge s+ly3 b ,i %all only m5tion ?is 9 g5]al1 viz4 t x is a v wrong & irrational way ( proce$+1 to v5ture a great] good = a less1 ^u unc]ta9 guesses2 & be=e a due exam9ation be made1 proportionable to ! weight9ess ( ! matt]1 & ! conc]nm5t x is to u n to mi/ake4 ,?is ,i ?9k e "o mu/ confess1 especially if he consid]s ! usual cause ( ?is wrong judgm5t1 :]e( ^! foll[+ are "s3-- #fi4 ,causes ( ?is4 7i7 ,,ignorance3 ,he t judges )\t in=m+ himself to ! utmo/ t he is capable1 _c acquit himself ( judg+ amiss4 7ii7 ,,inadv]t5cy3 ,:5 a man ov]looks ev5 t :i* he does "k4 ,?is is an affect$ & pres5t ignorance1 :i* misleads our judgm5ts z mu* z ! o!r4 ,judg+ is1 z x 71 balanc+ an acc\nt1 & det]m9+ on :i* side ! odds lie4 ,if !re=e ei!r side be huddl$ up 9 ha/e1 & sev]al ( ! sums t %\ld h gone into ! reckon+ be ov]look$ & left out1 ?is precipitancy causes z wrong a judgm5t z if x 7 a p]fect ignorance4 ,t :i* mo/ commonly causes ?is is1 ! preval5cy ( "s pres5t pleasure or pa91 height5$ by our feeble passionate nature1 mo/ /rongly wr\ght on by :at is pres5t4 ,to *eck ?is precipitancy1 our und]/&+ & reason 7 giv5 u1 if we w make a "r use ( !m1 to se>* & see1 & !n judge !reupon4 ,h[ mu* slo? & neglig5ce1 heat & passion1 ! preval5cy ( fa%ion or acquir$ indispositions d sev]ally contribute1 on occasion1 to ^! wrong judgm5ts1 ,i %all n "h fur!r inquire4 ,i %all only add "o o!r false judgm5t1 :i* ,i ?9k necess>y to m5tion1 because p]haps x is little tak5 notice (1 ?\gh ( great influ5ce4 #gj4 ,wrong judgm5t ( :at is necess>y to our ,happ9ess4 ,all m5 desire happ9ess1 t is pa/ d\bt3 b1 z has be5 already obs]v$1 :5 !y are rid ( pa91 !y are apt to take up ) any pleasure at h&1 or t cu/om has ende>$ to !m2 to re/ satisfi$ 9 t2 & s be+ happy1 till "s new desire1 by mak+ !m uneasy1 di/urbs t happ9ess1 & %[s !m t !y are n s1 !y look no fur!r2 nor is ! w det]m9$ to any action 9 pursuit ( any o!r kn[n or app>5t good4 ,= s9ce we f9d t we _c enjoy all sorts ( good1 b "o excludes ano!r2 we d n fix our desires on e app>5t great] good1 unless x be judg$ to be necess>y to our happ9ess3 if we ?9k we c be happy )\t x1 x moves u n4 ,?is is ano!r occasion to m5 ( judg+ wrong2 :5 !y take n t to be necess>y to _! happ9ess :i* really is s4 ,?is mi/ake misleads u1 bo? 9 ! *oice ( ! good we aim at1 & v (t5 9 ! means to x1 :5 x is a remote good4 ,b1 :i* way ev] x be1 ei!r by plac+ x :]e really x is n1 or by neglect+ ! means z n necess>y to x2--:5 a man misses 8 great end1 happ9ess1 he w ackn[l$ge he judg$ n "r4 ,t :i* contributes to ?is mi/ake is ! real or suppos$ unpleasantness ( ! actions :i* are ! way to ?is end2 x seem+ s prepo/]\s a ?+ to m51 to make !mselves unhappy 9 ord] to happ9ess1 t !y d n easily br+ !mselves to x4 #ga4 ,we c *ange ! ,agreeabl5ess or ,disagreeabl5ess 9 ,?+s4 ,! la/ inquiry1 !re=e1 conc]n+ ?is matt] is1--,:e!r x be 9 a man's p[] to *ange ! pleasantness & unpleasantness t accompanies any sort ( action8 ,& z to t1 x is pla91 9 _m cases he c4 ,m5 may & %\ld correct _! palates1 & give reli% to :at ei!r has1 or !y suppose has none4 ,! reli% ( ! m9d is z v>i\s z t ( ! body1 & l t too may be alt]$2 & x is a mi/ake to ?9k t m5 _c *ange ! displeas+ness or indiff]5cy t is 9 actions into pleasure & desire1 if !y w d b :at is 9 _! p[]4 ,a due consid]ation w d x 9 "s cases2 & practice1 application1 & cu/om 9 mo/4 ,bread or tobacco may be neglect$ :]e !y are %[n to be useful to heal?1 because ( an indiff]5cy or disreli% to !m2 reason & consid]ation at fir/ recomm5ds1 & beg9s _! trial1 & use f9ds1 or cu/om makes !m pleasant4 ,t ?is is s 9 virtue too1 is v c]ta94 ,actions are pleas+ or displeas+1 ei!r 9 !mselves1 or consid]$ z a means to a great] & m desirable end4 ,! eat+ ( a well-season$ di%1 suit$ to a man's palate1 may move ! m9d by ! delight itself t accompanies ! eat+1 )\t ref]5ce to any o!r end2 to :i* ! consid]ation ( ! pleasure !re is 9 heal? & /r5g? 7to :i* t meat is subs]vi5t7 may add a new ,,gu/o1 able to make u swall[ an ill-reli%$ potion4 ,9 ! latt] ( ^!1 any action is r5d]$ m or less pleas+1 only by ! contemplation ( ! end1 & ! be+ m or less p]suad$ ( its t5d5cy to x1 or necess>y connexion ) x3 b ! pleasure ( ! action itself is be/ acquir$ or increas$ by use & practice4 ,trials (t5 reconcile u to t1 :i* at a di/ance we look$ on ) av]sion2 & by repetitions we> u into a lik+ ( :at possibly1 9 ! fir/ essay1 displeas$ u4 ,habits h p[]ful *>ms1 & put s /rong attractions ( eas9ess & pleasure into :at we accu/om ourselves to1 t we _c =be> to d1 or at lea/ be easy 9 ! omission (1 actions1 :i* habitual practice has suit$1 & !reby recomm5ds to u4 ,?\gh ?is be v visible1 & e "o's exp]i5ce %[s him he c d s2 yet x is a "p 9 ! conduct ( m5 t[>ds _! happ9ess1 neglect$ to a degree1 t x w be possibly ent]ta9$ z a p>adox1 if x be said1 t m5 c ,,make ?+s or actions m or less pleas+ to !mselves2 & !reby rem$y t1 to :i* "o may ju/ly impute a great deal ( _! w&]+4 ,fa%ion & ! common op9ion hav+ settl$ wrong notions1 & education & cu/om ill habits1 ! j values ( ?+s are misplac$1 & ! palates ( m5 corrupt$4 ,pa9s %\ld be tak5 to rectify ^!2 & contr>y habits *ange our pleasures1 & give a reli% to t :i* is necess>y or conducive to our happ9ess4 ,?is e "o mu/ confess he c d2 & :5 happ9ess is lo/1 & mis]y ov]takes him1 he w confess he did amiss 9 neglect+ x1 & condemn himself = x2 & ,i ask e "o1 :e!r he has n (t5 done s8 #gb4 ,pref]5ce ( ,vice to ,virtue a manife/ wrong ,judgm5t4 ,i %all n n[ enl>ge any fur!r on ! wrong judgm5ts & neglect ( :at is 9 _! p[]1 :]eby m5 mislead !mselves4 ,?is w\ld make a volume1 & is n my bus9ess4 ,b :atev] false notions1 or %ameful neglect ( :at is 9 _! p[]1 may put m5 out ( _! way to happ9ess1 & di/ract !m1 z we see1 into s diff]5t c\rses ( life1 ?is yet is c]ta91 t morality e/abli%$ ^u its true f\ndations1 _c b det]m9e ! *oice 9 any "o t w b consid]3 & he t w n be s f> a rational creature z to reflect s]i\sly ^u ,,inf9ite happ9ess & mis]y1 mu/ ne$s condemn himself z n mak+ t use ( 8 und]/&+ he %\ld4 ,! rew>ds & puni%m5ts ( ano!r life :i* ! ,almighty has e/abli%$1 z ! en=cem5ts ( 8 law1 are ( weight en\gh to det]m9e ! *oice aga9/ :atev] pleasure or pa9 ?is life c %[1 :]e ! et]nal /ate is consid]$ b 9 its b>e possibility :i* nobody c make any d\bt (4 ,he t w all[ exquisite & endless happ9ess to be b ! possible consequ5ce ( a good life "h1 & ! contr>y /ate ! possible rew>d ( a bad "o1 mu/ own himself to judge v mu* amiss if he does n conclude1--,t a virtu\s life1 ) ! c]ta9 expectation ( ev]la/+ bliss1 :i* may come1 is to be pref]r$ to a vici\s "o1 ) ! fe> ( t dreadful /ate ( mis]y1 :i* x is v possible may ov]take ! guilty2 or1 at be/1 ! t]rible unc]ta9 hope ( annihilation4 ,?is is evid5tly s1 ?\gh ! virtu\s life "h _h no?+ b pa91 & ! vici\s cont9ual pleasure3 :i* yet is1 = ! mo/ "p1 q o!rwise1 & wick$ m5 h n mu* ! odds to brag (1 ev5 9 _! pres5t possession2 nay1 all ?+s rightly consid]$1 h1 ,i ?9k1 ev5 ! worse "p "h4 ,b :5 inf9ite happ9ess is put into "o scale1 aga9/ inf9ite mis]y 9 ! o!r2 if ! wor/ t comes to ! pi\s man1 if he mi/akes1 be ! be/ t ! wick$ c atta9 to1 if he be 9 ! "r1 :o c )\t madness run ! v5ture8 ,:o 9 8 wits w\ld *oose to come )9 a possibility ( inf9ite mis]y2 :i* if he miss1 !re is yet no?+ to be got by t haz>d8 ,:]eas1 on ! o!r side1 ! sob] man v5tures no?+ aga9/ inf9ite happ9ess to be got1 if 8 expectation comes n to pass4 ,if ! good man be 9 ! "r1 he is et]nally happy2 if he mi/akes1 he is n mis]able1 he feels no?+4 ,on ! o!r side1 if ! wick$ man be 9 ! "r1 he is n happy2 if he mi/akes1 he is inf9itely mis]able4 ,mu/ x n be a mo/ manife/ wrong judgm5t t does n pres5tly see to :i* side1 9 ?is case1 ! pref]5ce is to be giv58 ,i h =borne to m5tion any?+ ( ! c]ta9ty or probability ( a future /ate1 design+ "h to %[ ! wrong judgm5t t any "o mu/ all[ he makes1 ^u 8 own pr9ciples1 laid h[ he pleases1 :o pref]s ! %ort pleasures ( a vici\s life ^u any consid]ation1 :il/ he kn[s1 & _c b be c]ta91 t a future life is at lea/ possible4 #gc4 ,recapitulation--,lib]ty ( indiff]5cy4 ,to conclude ?is inquiry into human lib]ty1 :i*1 z x /ood be=e1 ,i myself f ! beg9n+ fe>+1 & a v judici\s fri5d ( m9e1 s9ce ! publication1 suspect+ to h "s mi/ake 9 x1 ?\gh he c\ld n p>ticul>ly %[ x me1 ,i 0 put ^u a /rict] review ( ?is *apt]4 ,:]e9 light+ ^u a v easy & sc>ce obs]vable slip ,i _h made1 9 putt+ "o seem+ly indiff]5t ^w = ano!r t discov]y op5$ to me ?is pres5t view1 :i* "h1 9 ?is second edition1 ,i submit to ! le>n$ _w1 & :i*1 9 %ort1 is ?is3 ,,lib]ty is a p[] to act or n to act1 accord+ z ! m9d directs4 ,a p[] to direct ! op]ative faculties to motion or re/ 9 p>ticul> in/ances is t :i* we call ! ,,w4 ,t :i* 9 ! tra9 ( our volunt>y actions det]m9es ! w to any *ange ( op]ation is ,,"s ,,pres5t ,,uneas9ess1 :i* is1 or at lea/ is always accompani$ ) t ( ,,desire4 ,desire is always mov$ by evil1 to fly x3 because a total fre$om f pa9 always makes a necess>y "p ( our happ9ess3 b e good1 nay1 e great] good1 does n con/antly move desire1 because x may n make1 or may n be tak5 to make1 any necess>y "p ( our happ9ess4 ,= all t we desire1 is only to be happy4 ,b1 ?\gh ?is g5]al desire ( happ9ess op]ates con/antly & inv>iably1 yet ! satisfaction ( any p>ticul> desire ,,c ,,be ,,susp5d$ f det]m9+ ! w to any subs]vi5t action1 till we h maturely exam9$ :e!r ! p>ticul> app>5t good :i* we !n desire makes a "p ( our real happ9ess1 or be consi/5t or inconsi/5t ) x4 ,! result ( our judgm5t ^u t exam9ation is :at ultimately det]m9es ! man2 :o c\ld n be ,,free if 8 w 7 det]m9$ by any?+ b 8 own desire1 guid$ by 8 own judgm5t4 #gd4 ,active & passive p[]1 9 motions & 9 ?9k+4 ,true notions conc]n+ ! nature & ext5t ( ,,lib]ty are ( s great importance1 t ,i hope ,i %all be p>don$ ?is digression1 :i* my attempt to expla9 x has l$ me into4 ,! ideas ( w1 volition1 lib]ty1 & necessity1 9 ?is ,*apt] ( ,p[]1 came naturally 9 my way4 ,9 a =m] edition ( ?is ,treatise ,i gave an acc\nt ( my ?\ghts conc]n+ !m1 accord+ to ! light ,i !n _h4 ,& n[1 z a lov] ( tru?1 & n a wor%ipp] ( my own doctr9es1 ,i own "s *ange ( my op9ion2 :i* ,i ?9k ,i h discov]$ gr\nd =4 ,9 :at ,i fir/ writ1 ,i ) an unbiass$ indiff]5cy foll[$ tru?1 :i!r ,i ?\ght %e l$ me4 ,b nei!r be+ s va9 z to fancy infallibility1 nor s dis+5u\s z to dissemble my mi/akes = fe> ( blemi%+ my reputation1 ,i h1 ) ! same s9c]e design = tru? only1 n be5 a%am$ to publi% :at a sev]] inquiry has sugge/$4 ,x is n impossible b t "s may ?9k my =m] notions "r2 & "s 7z ,i h already f\nd7 ^! latt]2 & "s nei!r4 ,i %all n at all wond] at ?is v>iety 9 m5's op9ions3 imp>tial d$uctions ( reason 9 controv]t$ po9ts be+ s r>e1 & exact ones 9 ab/ract notions n s v easy especially if ( any l5g?4 ,&1 !re=e1 ,i %\ld ?9k myself n a little behold5 to any "o1 :o w\ld1 ^u ^! or any o!r gr\nds1 fairly cle> ?is subject ( ,,lib]ty f any difficulties t may yet rema94 #ge4 ,summ>y ( our ,orig9al ideas4 ,& ?us ,i h1 9 a %ort draught1 giv5 a view ( ,,our ,,orig9al ,,ideas1 f :5ce all ! re/ are d]iv$1 & ( :i* !y are made up2 :i*1 if ,i w\ld consid] z a philosoph]1 & exam9e on :at causes !y dep5d1 & ( :at !y are made1 ,i believe !y all might be r$uc$ to ^! v few prim>y & orig9al ones1 viz4 ,,ext5sion1 ,,solidity1 ,,mobility1 or ! p[] ( be+ mov$2 :i* by our s5ses we receive f body3 ,,p]ceptivity1 or ! p[] ( p]ception1 or ?9k+2 ,,motivity1 or ! p[] ( mov+3 :i* by reflection we receive f ,,our ,,m9ds4 ,i crave leave to make use ( ^! two new words1 to avoid ! dang] ( be+ mi/ak5 9 ! use ( ^? :i* are equivocal4 ,to :i* if we add ,,exi/5ce1 ,,duration1 ,,numb]1 :i* belong bo? to ! "o & ! o!r1 we h1 p]haps1 all ! orig9al ideas on :i* ! re/ dep5d4 ,= by ^!1 ,i imag9e1 might be ,,expla9$ ! nature ( col\rs1 s\nds1 ta/es1 smells1 & ,,all ,,o!r ,,ideas ,,we ,,h1 if we _h b faculties acute en\gh to p]ceive ! sev]ally modifi$ ext5sions & motions ( ^! m9ute bodies1 :i* produce ^? sev]al s5sations 9 u4 ,b my pres5t purpose be+ only to inquire into ! k ! m9d has ( ?+s1 by ^? ideas & appe>ances :i* ,god has fitt$ x to receive f !m1 & h[ ! m9d comes by t k2 r ?an into _! causes or mann] ( ,production1 ,i %all n1 contr>y to ! design ( ?is ,essay1 see myself to inquire philosophically into ! peculi> con/itution ( ,,bodies1 & ! configuration ( p>ts1 :]eby ,,!y h ! p[] to produce 9 u ! ideas ( _! s5sible qualities4 ,i %all n ent] any fur!r into t disquisition2 x suffic+ to my purpose to obs]ve1 t gold or saffron has p[] to produce 9 u ! idea ( yell[1 & sn[ or milk ! idea ( :ite1 :i* we c only h by our sight )\t exam9+ ! texture ( ! p>ts ( ^? bodies or ! p>ticul> figures or motion ( ! p>ticles :i* reb\nd f !m1 to cause 9 u t p>ticul> s5sation1 ?\gh1 :5 we g beyond ! b>e ideas 9 our m9ds & w\ld inquire into _! causes1 we _c conceive any?+ else to be 9 any s5sible object1 :]eby x produces diff]5t ideas 9 u1 b ! diff]5t bulk1 figure1 numb]1 texture1 & motion ( its ins5sible p>ts4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,,( ,,mix$ ,,modes4 #a4 ,mix$ ,modes1 :at4 ,hav+ treat$ ( ,,simple ,,modes 9 ! =ego+ *apt]s1 & giv5 sev]al in/ances ( "s ( ! mo/ consid]able ( !m1 to %[ :at !y are1 & h[ we come by !m2 we are n[ 9 ! next place to consid] ^? we call ,,mix$ ,,modes2 su* are ! complex ideas we m>k by ! names ,,obligation1 ,,drunk5ness1 a ,,lie1 c42 :i* consi/+ ( sev]al comb9ations ( simple ideas ( ,,diff]5t k9ds1 ,i h call$ mix$ modes1 to di/+ui% !m f ! m simple modes1 :i* consi/ only ( simple ideas ( ! ,,same k9d4 ,^! mix$ modes1 be+ also su* comb9ations ( simple ideas z are n look$ ^u to be *>act]i/ical m>ks ( any real be+s t h a /eady exi/5ce1 b scatt]$ & indep5d5t ideas put toge!r by ! m9d1 are !reby di/+ui%$ f ! complex ideas ( sub/ances4 #b4 ,made by ! ,m9d4 ,t ! m9d1 9 respect ( its simple ideas1 is :olly passive1 & receives !m all f ! exi/5ce & op]ations ( ?+s1 su* z s5sation or reflection (f]s !m1 )\t be+ able to ,,make any "o idea1 exp]i5ce %[s u4 ,b if we att5tively consid] ^! ideas ,i call mix$ modes1 we are n[ speak+ (1 we %all f9d _! orig9 q diff]5t4 ,! m9d (t5 ex]cises an ,,active p[] 9 mak+ ^! sev]al comb9ations4 ,=1 x be+ once furni%$ ) simple ideas1 x c put !m toge!r 9 sev]al compositions1 & s make v>iety ( complex ideas1 )\t exam9+ :e!r !y exi/ s toge!r 9 nature4 ,& h5ce ,i ?9k x is t ^! ideas are call$ ,,notions3 z !y _h _! orig9al1 & con/ant exi/5ce1 m 9 ! ?\ghts ( m51 ?an 9 ! reality ( ?+s2 & to =m su* ideas1 x suffic$ t ! m9d put ! p>ts ( !m toge!r1 & t !y 7 consi/5t 9 ! und]/&+ )\t consid]+ :e!r !y _h any real be+3 ?\gh ,i d n d5y b sev]al ( !m might be tak5 f obs]vation1 & ! exi/5ce ( sev]al simple ideas s comb9$1 z !y are put toge!r 9 ! und]/&+4 ,= ! man :o fir/ fram$ ! idea ( ,,hypocrisy1 might h ei!r tak5 x at fir/ f ! obs]vation ( "o :o made %[ ( good qualities :i* he _h n2 or else h fram$ t idea 9 8 m9d )\t hav+ any su* patt]n to fa%ion x by4 ,= x is evid5t t1 9 ! beg9n+ ( languages & societies ( m51 sev]al ( ^? complex ideas1 :i* 7 consequ5t to ! con/itutions e/abli%$ among/ !m1 mu/ ne$s h be5 9 ! m9ds ( m5 be=e !y exi/$ any:]e else2 & t _m names t /ood = su* complex ideas 7 9 use1 & s ^? ideas fram$1 be=e ! comb9ations !y /ood = ev] exi/$4 #c4 ,sometimes got by ! ,explication ( _! ,names4 ,inde$1 n[ t languages are made1 & ab\nd ) words /&+ = su* comb9ations1 an usual way ( ,,gett+ ^! complex ideas is1 by ! explication ( ^? t]ms t /& = !m4 ,=1 consi/+ ( a company ( simple ideas comb9$1 !y may1 by words /&+ = ^? simple ideas1 be repres5t$ to ! m9d ( "o :o und]/&s ^? words1 ?\gh t complex comb9ation ( simple ideas 7 nev] (f]$ to 8 m9d by ! real exi/5ce ( ?+s4 ,?us a man may come to h ! idea ( ,,sacrilege or ,,murd]1 by enum]at+ to him ! simple ideas :i* ^! words /& =2 )\t ev] see+ ei!r ( !m committ$4 #d4 ,! ,"n ties ! ,p>ts ( mix$ ,modes into "o ,idea4 ,e mix$ mode consi/+ ( _m di/9ct simple ideas1 x seems reasonable to inquire1 ,:5ce x has its unity2 & h[ su* a precise multitude comes to make b "o idea2 s9ce t comb9ation does n always exi/ toge!r 9 nature8 ,to :i* ,i answ]1 x is pla9 x has its unity f an act ( ! m9d1 comb9+ ^? sev]al simple ideas toge!r1 & consid]+ !m z "o complex "o1 consi/+ ( ^? p>ts2 & ! m>k ( ?is union1 or t :i* is look$ on g5]ally to complete x1 is "o ,,"n giv5 to t comb9ation4 ,= x is by _! names t m5 commonly regulate _! acc\nt ( _! di/9ct species ( mix$ modes1 seldom all[+ or consid]+ any numb] ( simple ideas to make "o complex "o1 b su* collections z !re be names =4 ,?us1 ?\gh ! kill+ ( an old man be z fit 9 nature to be unit$ into "o complex idea1 z ! kill+ a man's fa!r2 yet1 !re be+ no "n /&+ precisely = ! "o1 z !re is ! "n ( ,,p>ricide to m>k ! o!r1 x is n tak5 = a p>ticul> complex idea1 nor a di/9ct species ( actions f t ( kill+ a "y man1 or any o!r man4 #e4 ,! ,cause ( mak+ mix$ ,modes4 ,if we %\ld inquire a little fur!r1 to see :at x is t occasions m5 to make sev]al comb9ations ( simple ideas into di/9ct1 &1 z x 71 settl$ modes1 & neglect o!rs1 :i* 9 ! nature ( ?+s !mselves1 h z mu* an aptness to be comb9$ & make di/9ct ideas1 we %all f9d ! reason ( x to be ! end ( language2 :i* be+ to m>k1 or communicate m5's ?\ghts to "o ano!r ) all ! dispat* t may be1 !y usually make ,,su* collections ( ideas into complex modes1 & affix names to !m1 z !y h frequ5t use ( 9 _! way ( liv+ & conv]sation1 leav+ o!rs :i* !y h b seldom an occasion to m5tion1 loose & )\t names t tie !m toge!r3 !y r *oos+ to enum]ate 7:5 !y h ne$7 su* ideas z make !m up1 by ! p>ticul> names t /& = !m1 ?an to tr\ble _! memories by multiply+ ( complex ideas ) names to !m1 :i* !y seldom or nev] h any occasion to make use (4 #f4 ,:y ,words 9 "o ,language h none answ]+ 9 ano!r4 ,?is %[s u h[ x comes to pass t !re are 9 e language _m p>ticul> words :i* _c be r5d]$ by any "o s+le ^w ( ano!r4 ,= ! sev]al fa%ions1 cu/oms1 & mann]s ( "o nation1 mak+ sev]al comb9ations ( ideas famili> & necess>y 9 "o1 :i* ano!r p h _h nev] an occasion to make1 or p]haps s mu* z take notice (1 names come ( c\rse to be annex$ to !m1 to avoid long p]iphrases 9 ?+s ( daily conv]sation2 & s !y become s _m di/9ct complex ideas 9 _! m9ds4 ,?us o/rakismos among/ ! ,greeks1 & proscriptio among/ ! ,romans1 7 words :i* o!r languages _h no names t exactly answ]$2 because !y /ood = complex ideas :i* 7 n 9 ! m9ds ( ! m5 ( o!r nations4 ,:]e !re 0 no su* cu/om1 !re 0 no notion ( any su* actions2 no use ( su* comb9ations ( ideas z 7 unit$1 &1 z x 71 ti$ toge!r1 by ^? t]ms3 & !re=e 9 o!r c\ntries !re 7 no names = !m4 #g4 ,& ,languages *ange4 ,h5ce also we may see ! reason1 :y languages con/antly *ange1 take up new & lay by old t]ms4 ,because *ange ( cu/oms & op9ions br++ ) x new comb9ations ( ideas1 :i* x is necess>y frequ5tly to ?9k on & talk ab\t1 new names1 to avoid long descriptions1 are annex$ to !m2 & s !y become new species ( complex modes4 ,:at a numb] ( diff]5t ideas are by ?is means wrapp$ up 9 "o %ort s\nd1 & h[ mu* ( our "t & brea? is !reby sav$1 any "o w see1 :o w b take ! pa9s to enum]ate all ! ideas t ei!r ,,reprieve or ,,appeal /& =2 & in/ead ( ei!r ( ^? names1 use a p]iphrasis1 to make any "o und]/& _! mean+4 #h4 ,mix$ ,modes ,?\gh ,i %all h occasion to consid] ?is m at-l>ge :5 ,i come to treat ( ,words & _! use1 yet ,i c\ld n avoid to take ?us mu* notice "h ( ! ,,names ,,( ,,mix$ ,,modes2 :i* be+ fleet+ & transi5t comb9ations ( simple ideas1 :i* h b a %ort exi/5ce any:]e b 9 ! m9ds ( m51 & !re too h no long] any exi/5ce ?an :il/ !y are ?\ght on1 h n s mu* any:]e ! appe>ance ( a con/ant & la/+ exi/5ce z 9 _! names3 :i* are !re=e1 9 ?is sort ( ideas1 v apt to be tak5 = ! ideas !mselves4 ,=1 if we %\ld inquire :]e ! idea ( a ,,triumph or ,,apo!osis exi/s1 x is evid5t !y c\ld nei!r ( !m exi/ altoge!r any:]e 9 ! ?+s !mselves1 be+ actions t requir$ "t to _! p]=mance1 & s c\ld nev] all exi/ toge!r2 & z to ! m9ds ( m51 :]e ! ideas ( ^! actions are suppos$ to be lodg$1 !y h !re too a v unc]ta9 exi/5ce3 & !re=e we are apt to annex !m to ! names t excite !m 9 u4 #i4 ,h[ we get ! ,ideas ( mix$ ,modes4 ,!re are !re=e ?ree ways :]eby we get ^! complex ideas ( mix$ modes3--7#a7 ,by exp]i5ce & ,,obs]vation ( ?+s !mselves3 ?us1 by see+ two m5 mix$ wre/le or f5ce1 we get ! idea ( wre/l+ or f5c+4 7#b7 ,by ,,inv5tion1 or volunt>y putt+ toge!r ( sev]al simple ideas 9 our own m9ds3 s he t fir/ inv5t$ pr9t+ or et*+1 _h an idea ( x 9 8 m9d be=e x ev] exi/$4 7#c7 ,:i* is ! mo/ usual way1 by ,,expla9+ ,,! ,,names ( actions we nev] saw1 or motions we _c see2 & by enum]at+1 & !reby1 z x 71 sett+ be=e our imag9ations all ^? ideas :i* g to ! mak+ !m up1 & are ! con/itu5t p>ts ( !m4 ,=1 hav+ by s5sation & reflection /or$ our m9ds ) simple ideas1 & by use got ! names t /& = !m1 we c by ^? means repres5t to ano!r any complex idea we w\ld h him conceive2 s t x has 9 x no simple ideas b :at he kn[s1 & has ) u ! same "n =4 ,= all our complex ideas are ultimately resolvable into simple ideas1 ( :i* !y are comp\nd$ & orig9ally made up1 ?\gh p]haps _! imm$iate +r$i5ts1 z ,i may s say1 are also complex ideas4 ,?us1 ! mix$ mode :i* ! ^w ,,lie /&s = is made ( ^! simple ideas3--7#a7 ,articulate s\nds4 7#b7 ,c]ta9 ideas 9 ! m9d ( ! speak]4 7#c7 ,^? words ! signs ( ^? ideas4 7#d7 ,^? signs put toge!r1 by affirmation or negation1 o!rwise ?an ! ideas !y /& = are 9 ! m9d ( ! speak]4 ,i ?9k ,i ne$ n g any fur!r 9 ! analysis ( t complex idea we call a lie3 :at ,i h said is en\gh to %[ t x is made up ( simple ideas4 ,& x c\ld n be b an (f5sive t$i\sness to my read]1 to tr\ble him ) a m m9ute enum]ation ( e p>ticul> simple idea t goes to ?is complex "o2 :i*1 f :at has be5 said1 he _c b be able to make out to himself4 ,! same may be done 9 all our complex ideas :atsoev]2 :i*1 h[ev] comp\nd$ & decomp\nd$1 may at la/ be resolv$ into simple ideas1 :i* are all ! mat]ials ( k or ?\ght we h1 or c h4 ,nor %all we h reason to fe> t ! m9d is h]eby /9t$ to too scanty a numb] ( ideas1 if we consid] :at an inexhau/ible /ock ( simple modes numb] & figure alone af=d u4 ,h[ f> !n mix$ modes1 :i* admit ( ! v>i\s comb9ations ( diff]5t simple ideas1 & _! inf9ite modes1 are f be+ few & scanty1 we may easily imag9e4 ,s t1 be=e we h done1 we %all see t nobody ne$ be afraid he %all n h scope & compass en\gh = 8 ?\ghts to range 91 ?\gh !y be1 z ,i pret5d1 conf9$ only to simple ideas1 receiv$ f s5sation or reflection1 & _! sev]al comb9ations4 #aj4 ,motion1 ,?9k+1 & ,p[] h be5 mo/ modifi$4 ,x is wor? our obs]v+1 :i* ( all our simple ideas h be5 ,,mo/ modifi$1 & _h mo/ mix$ ideas made out ( !m1 ) names giv5 to !m4 ,& ^? h be5 ^! ?ree3--,,?9k+ & ,,motion 7:i* are ! two ideas :i* compreh5d 9 !m all action17 & ,,p[]1 f :5ce ^! actions are conceiv$ to fl[4 ,^! simple ideas1 ,i say1 ( ?9k+1 motion1 & p[]1 h be5 ^? :i* h be5 mo/ modifi$2 & out ( ^: modifications h be5 made mo/ complex modes1 ) names to !m4 ,= ,,action be+ ! great bus9ess ( mank9d1 & ! :ole matt] ab\t :i* all laws are conv]sant1 x is no wond] t ! sev]al modes ( ?9k+ & motion %\ld be tak5 notice (1 ! ideas ( !m obs]v$1 & laid up 9 ! memory1 & h names assign$ to !m2 )\t :i* laws c\ld be b ill made1 or vice & disord]s repress$4 ,nor c\ld any communication be well _h among/ m5 )\t su* complex ideas1 ) names to !m3 & !re=e m5 h settl$ names1 & suppos$ settl$ ideas 9 _! m9ds1 ( modes ( actions1 di/+ui%$ by _! causes1 means1 objects1 ends1 in/rum5ts1 "t1 place1 & o!r circum/ances2 & also ( _! p[]s fitt$ = ^? actions3 v4g4 ,,boldness is ! p[] to speak or d :at we int5d1 be=e o!rs1 )\t fe> or disord]2 & ! ,greeks call ! confid5ce ( speak+ by a peculi> "n1 ^w 9 ,greek3 :i* p[] or ability 9 man ( do+ any?+1 :5 x has be5 acquir$ by frequ5t do+ ! same ?+1 is t idea we "n ,,habit2 :5 x is =w>d1 & ready ^u e occasion to break into action1 we call x ,,disposition4 ,?us1 ,,te/9ess is a disposition or aptness to be angry4 ,to conclude3 ,let u exam9e any modes ( action1 v4g4 ,,consid]ation & ,,ass5t1 :i* are actions ( ! m9d2 ,,runn+ & ,,speak+1 :i* are actions ( ! body2 ,,rev5ge & ,,murd]1 :i* are actions ( bo? toge!r1 & we %all f9d !m b s _m collections ( simple ideas1 :i*1 toge!r1 make up ! complex ones signifi$ by ^? names4 #aa4 ,sev]al ,words seem+ to signify ,action1 signify b ! effect4 ,,p[] be+ ! s\rce f :5ce all action proce$s1 ! sub/ances :]e9 ^! p[]s are1 :5 !y 99lo/ l9e88 ex]t ?is p[] into act1 are call$ ,,causes1 & ! sub/ances :i* !reupon are produc$1 or ! simple ideas :i* are introduc$ into any subject by ! ex]t+ ( t p[]1 are call$ ,,effects4 ,! ,,efficacy :]eby ! new sub/ance or idea is produc$ is call$1 9 ! subject ex]t+ t p[]1 ,,action2 b 9 ! subject :]e9 any simple idea is *ang$ or produc$1 x is call$ ,,passion3 :i* efficacy1 h[ev] v>i\s1 & ! effects almo/ inf9ite1 yet we c1 ,i ?9k1 conceive x1 9 intellectual ag5ts1 to be no?+ else b modes ( ?9k+ & will+2 9 corporeal ag5ts1 no?+ else b modifications ( motion4 ,i say ,i ?9k we _c conceive x to be any o!r b ^! two4 ,= :atev] sort ( action besides ^! produces any effects1 ,i confess myself to h no notion nor idea (2 & s x is q remote f my ?\ghts1 appreh5sions1 & k2 & z mu* 9 ! d>k to me z five o!r s5ses1 or z ! ideas ( col\rs to a bl9d man4 ,& !re=e _m words :i* seem to express "s action1 signify no?+ ( ! action or ,,modus ,,op]&i at all1 b b>ely ! effect1 ) "s circum/ances ( ! subject wr\ght on1 or cause op]at+3 v4g4 ,,creation1 ,,annihilation1 conta9 9 !m no idea ( ! action or mann] :]eby !y are produc$1 b b>ely ( ! cause1 & ! ?+ done4 ,& :5 a c\ntryman says ! cold freezes wat]1 ?\gh ! ^w freez+ seems to import "s action1 yet truly x signifies no?+ b ! effect1 viz4 t wat] t 0 be=e fluid is become h>d & consi/5t1 )\t conta9+ any idea ( ! action :]eby x is done4 #ab4 ,mix$ ,modes made also ( o!r ,ideas ?an ^? ( ,p[] & ,action4 ,i ?9k ,i %all n ne$ to rem>k "h t1 ?\gh p[] & action make ! greate/ "p ( mix$ modes1 m>k$ by names1 & famili> 9 ! m9ds & m\?s ( m51 yet o!r simple ideas1 & _! sev]al comb9ations1 are n exclud$3 mu* less1 ,i ?9k1 w x be necess>y = me to enum]ate all ! mix$ modes :i* h be5 settl$1 ) names to !m4 ,t w\ld be to make a diction>y ( ! greate/ "p ( ! words made use ( 9 div9ity1 e?ics1 law1 & politics1 & sev]al o!r sci5ces4 ,all t is requisite to my pres5t design1 is to %[ :at sort ( ideas ^? are :i* ,i call mix$ modes2 h[ ! m9d comes by !m2 & t !y are compositions made up ( simple ideas got f s5sation & reflection2 :i* ,i suppose ,i h done4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,,( ,,our ,,complex ,,ideas ,,( ,,sub/ances4 ,! m9d be+1 z ,i h decl>$1 furni%$ ) a great numb] ( ! simple ideas1 convey$ 9 by ! s5ses z !y are f\nd 9 ext]ior ?+s1 or by reflection on its own op]ations1 takes notice also t a c]ta9 numb] ( ^! simple ideas g con/antly toge!r2 :i* be+ presum$ to belong to "o ?+1 & words be+ suit$ to common appreh5sions1 & made use ( = quick dispat* are call$1 s unit$ 9 "o subject1 by "o "n2 :i*1 by inadv]t5cy1 we are apt aft]w>d to talk ( & consid] z "o simple idea1 :i* inde$ is a complication ( _m ideas toge!r3 because1 z ,i h said1 n imag9+ h[ ^! simple ideas ,,c subsi/ by !mselves1 we accu/om ourselves to suppose "s ,,sub/ratum :]e9 !y d subsi/1 & f :i* !y d result1 :i* !re=e we call ,,sub/ance4 #b4 ,our obscure ,idea ( ,sub/ance 9 g5]al4 ,s t if any "o w exam9e himself conc]n+ 8 notion ( pure sub/ance 9 g5]al1 he w f9d he has no o!r idea ( x at all1 b only a supposition ( he kn[s n :at ,,support ( su* qualities :i* are capable ( produc+ simple ideas 9 u2 :i* qualities are commonly call$ accid5ts4 ,if any "o %\ld be ask$1 :at is ! subject :]e9 col\r or weight inh]es1 he w\ld h no?+ to say1 b ! solid ext5d$ p>ts2 & if he 7 dem&$1 :at is x t solidity & ext5sion adh]e 91 he w\ld n be 9 a mu* bett] case ?an ! ,indian be=e m5tion$ :o1 say+ t ! _w 0 support$ by a great elephant1 0 ask$ :at ! elephant re/$ on2 to :i* 8 answ] 0--a great tortoise3 b be+ aga9 press$ to "k :at gave support to ! broad-back$ tortoise1 repli$--,,some?+1 ,,he ,,knew ,,n ,,:at4 ,& ?us "h1 z 9 all o!r cases :]e we use words )\t hav+ cle> & di/9ct ideas1 we talk l *ildr53 :o1 be+ que/ion$ :at su* a ?+ is1 :i* !y "k n1 readily give ?is satisfactory answ]1 t x is ,,some?+3 :i* 9 tru? signifies no m1 :5 s us$1 ei!r by *ildr5 or m51 b t !y "k n :at2 & t ! ?+ !y pret5d to "k1 & talk (1 is :at !y h no di/9ct idea ( at all1 & s are p]fectly ignorant ( x1 & 9 ! d>k4 ,! idea !n we h1 to :i* we give ! ,,g5]al "n sub/ance1 be+ no?+ b ! suppos$1 b unkn[n1 support ( ^? qualities we f9d exi/+1 :i* we imag9e _c subsi/ ,,s9e ,,re ,,sub/ante1 )\t some?+ to support !m1 we call t support ,,sub/antia2 :i*1 accord+ to ! true import ( ! ^w1 is1 9 pla9 ,engli%1 /&+ "u or uphold+4 #c4 ,( ! ,sorts ( ,sub/ances4 ,an obscure & relative idea ( ,,sub/ance ,,9 ,,g5]al be+ ?us made we come to h ! ideas ( ,,p>ticul> ,,sorts ,,( ,,sub/ances1 by collect+ ,,su* comb9ations ( simple ideas z are1 by exp]i5ce & obs]vation ( m5's s5ses1 tak5 notice ( to exi/ toge!r2 & are !re=e suppos$ to fl[ f ! p>ticul> int]nal con/itution1 or unkn[n ess5ce ( t sub/ance4 ,?us we come to h ! ideas ( a man1 horse1 gold1 wat]1 c42 ( :i* sub/ances1 :e!r any "o has any o!r ,,cle> idea1 fur!r ?an ( c]ta9 simple ideas co-exi/5t toge!r1 ,i appeal to e "o's own exp]i5ce4 ,x is ! ord9>y qualities obs]vable 9 iron1 or a diamond1 put toge!r1 t make ! true complex idea ( ^? sub/ances1 :i* a smi? or a jewell] commonly kn[s bett] ?an a philosoph]2 :o1 :atev] ,,sub/antial ,,=ms he may talk (1 has no o!r idea ( ^? sub/ances1 ?an :at is fram$ by a collection ( ^? simple ideas :i* are to be f\nd 9 !m3 only we mu/ take notice1 t our complex ideas ( sub/ances1 besides all ^? simple ideas !y are made up (1 h always ! confus$ idea ( some?+ to :i* !y belong1 & 9 :i* !y subsi/3 & !re=e :5 we speak ( any sort ( sub/ance1 we say x is a ?+ hav+ su* or su* qualities2 z body is a ?+ t is ext5d$1 figur$1 & capable ( motion2 _s1 a ?+ capable ( ?9k+2 & s h>dness1 friability1 & p[] to draw iron1 we say1 are qualities to be f\nd 9 a load/one4 ,^!1 & ! l fa%ions ( speak+1 intimate t ! sub/ance is suppos$ always ,,some?+ ,,besides ! ext5sion1 figure1 solidity1 motion1 ?9k+1 or o!r obs]vable ideas1 ?\gh we "k n :at x is4 #d4 ,no cle> or di/9ct idea ( ,sub/ance 9 g5]al4 ,h5ce1 :5 we talk or ?9k ( any p>ticul> sort ( corporeal sub/ances1 z horse1 /one1 c41 ?\gh ! idea we h ( ei!r ( !m be b ! complication or collection ( ^? sev]al simple ideas ( s5sible qualities1 :i* we us$ to f9d unit$ 9 ! ?+ call$ horse or /one2 yet1 ,,because ,,we ,,_c ,,conceive ,,h[ ,,!y ,,%\ld ,,subsi/ ,,alone1 ,,nor ,,"o ,,9 ,,ano!r1 we suppose !m exi/+ 9 & support$ by "s common subject2 :i* support we d5ote by ! "n sub/ance1 ?\gh x be c]ta9 we h no cle> or di/9ct idea ( t ?+ we suppose a support4 #e4 ,z cle> an ,idea ( spiritual sub/ance z ( corporeal sub/ance4 ,! same happ5s conc]n+ ! op]ations ( ! m9d1 viz4 ?9k+1 reason+1 fe>+1 c41 :i* we conclud+ n to subsi/ ( !mselves1 nor appreh5d+ h[ !y c belong to body1 or be produc$ by x1 we are apt to ?9k ^! ! actions ( "s o!r ,,sub/ance1 :i* we call ,,_s2 :]eby yet x is evid5t t1 hav+ no o!r idea or notion ( matt]1 b some?+ :]e9 ^? _m s5sible qualities :i* affect our s5ses d subsi/2 by suppos+ a sub/ance :]e9 ?9k+1 kn[+1 d\bt+1 & a p[] ( mov+1 c41 d subsi/1 we h z cle> a notion ( ! sub/ance ( _s1 z we h ( body2 ! "o be+ suppos$ to be 7)\t kn[+ :at x is7 ! ,,sub/ratum to ^? simple ideas we h f )\t2 & ! o!r suppos$ 7) a l ignorance ( :at x is7 to be ! ,,sub/ratum to ^? op]ations we exp]im5t 9 ourselves )94 ,x is pla9 !n1 t ! idea ( ,,corporeal ,,sub/ance 9 matt] is z remote f our conceptions & appreh5sions1 z t ( ,,spiritual ,,sub/ance1 or _s3 & !re=e1 f our n hav+ any notion ( ! sub/ance ( _s1 we c no m conclude its non-exi/5ce1 ?an we c1 = ! same reason1 d5y ! exi/5ce ( body2 x be+ z rational to affirm !re is no body1 because we h no cle> & di/9ct idea ( ! sub/ance ( matt]1 z to say !re is no _s1 because we h no cle> & di/9ct idea ( ! sub/ance ( a _s4 #f4 ,our ideas ( p>ticul> ,sorts ( ,sub/ances4 ,:atev] !re=e be ! secret ab/ract nature ( sub/ance 9 g5]al1 all ! ideas we h ( p>ticul> di/9ct sorts ( sub/ances are no?+ b sev]al comb9ations ( simple ideas1 co-exi/+ 9 su*1 ?\gh unkn[n1 cause ( _! union1 z makes ! :ole subsi/ ( itself4 ,x is by su* comb9ations ( simple ideas1 & no?+ else1 t we repres5t p>ticul> sorts ( sub/ances to ourselves2 su* are ! ideas we h ( _! sev]al species 9 our m9ds2 & su* only d we1 by _! specific names1 signify to o!rs1 v4g4 man1 horse1 sun1 wat]1 iron3 ^u he>+ :i* words1 e "o :o und]/&s ! language1 frames 9 8 m9d a comb9ation ( ^? sev]al simple ideas :i* he has usually obs]v$1 or fanci$ to exi/ toge!r "u t d5om9ation2 all :i* he supposes to re/ 9 & be1 z x 71 adh]5t to t unkn[n common subject1 :i* inh]es n 9 any?+ else4 ,?\gh1 9 ! meantime1 x be manife/1 & e "o1 ^u inquiry into 8 own ?\ghts1 w f9d1 t he has no o!r idea ( any sub/ance1 v4g4 let x be gold1 horse1 iron1 man1 vitriol1 bread1 b :at he has b>ely ( ^? s5sible qualities1 :i* he supposes to inh]e2 ) a supposition ( su* a sub/ratum z gives1 z x 71 a support to ^? qualities or simple ideas1 :i* he has obs]v$ to exi/ unit$ toge!r4 ,?us1 ! idea ( ! sun1--:at is x b an aggregate ( ^? sev]al simple ideas1 bright1 hot1 r\ndi%1 hav+ a con/ant regul> motion1 at a c]ta9 di/ance f u1 & p]haps "s o!r3 z he :o ?9ks & disc\rses ( ! sun has be5 m or less accurate 9 obs]v+ ^? s5sible qualities1 ideas1 or prop]ties1 :i* are 9 t ?+ :i* he calls ! sun4 #g4 ,_! active & passive ,p[]s a great "p ( our complex ,ideas ( ,sub/ances4 ,= he has ! p]fecte/ idea ( any ( ! p>ticul> sorts ( sub/ances1 :o has ga!r$1 & put toge!r1 mo/ ( ^? simple ideas :i* d exi/ 9 x2 among :i* are to be reckon$ its active p[]s1 & passive capacities1 :i*1 ?\gh n simple ideas1 yet 9 ?is respect1 = brevity's sake1 may conv5i5tly en\gh be reckon$ among/ !m4 ,?us1 ! p[] ( draw+ iron is "o ( ! ideas ( ! complex "o ( t sub/ance we call a load/one2 & a p[] to be s drawn is a "p ( ! complex "o we call iron3 :i* p[]s pass = inh]5t qualities 9 ^? subjects4 ,because e sub/ance1 be+ z apt1 by ! p[]s we obs]ve 9 x1 to *ange "s s5sible qualities 9 o!r subjects1 z x is to produce 9 u ^? simple ideas :i* we receive imm$iately f x1 does1 by ^? new s5sible qualities introduc$ into o!r subjects1 discov] to u ^? p[]s :i* d !reby m$iately affect our s5ses1 z regul>ly z its s5sible qualities d x imm$iately3 v4 g4 we imm$iately by our s5ses p]ceive 9 fire its heat & col\r2 :i* are1 if rightly consid]$1 no?+ b p[]s 9 x to produce ^? ideas 9 ,,u3 we also by our s5ses p]ceive ! col\r & brittl5ess ( *>coal1 :]eby we come by ! k ( ano!r p[] 9 fire1 :i* x has to *ange ! col\r & consi/5cy ( ,,wood4 ,by ! =m]1 fire imm$iately1 by ! latt]1 x m$iately discov]s to u ^! sev]al p[]s2 :i* !re=e we look ^u to be a "p ( ! qualities ( fire1 & s make !m a "p ( ! complex idea ( x4 ,= all ^? p[]s t we take cognizance (1 t]m9at+ only 9 ! alt]ation ( "s s5sible qualities 9 ^? subjects on :i* !y op]ate1 & s mak+ !m exhibit to u new s5sible ideas1 !re=e x is t ,i h reckon$ ^! p[]s among/ ! simple ideas :i* make ! complex ones ( ! sorts ( sub/ances2 ?\gh ^! p[]s consid]$ 9 !mselves1 are truly complex ideas4 ,& 9 ?is loos] s5se ,i crave leave to be und]/ood1 :5 ,i "n any ( ^! ,,pot5tialities among ! simple ideas :i* we recollect 9 our m9ds :5 we ?9k ( ,,p>ticul> ,,sub/ances4 ,= ! p[]s t are sev]ally 9 !m are necess>y to be consid]$1 if we w h true di/9ct notions ( ! sev]al sorts ( sub/ances4 #h4 ,& :y4 ,nor are we to wond] t p[]s make a great "p ( our complex ideas ( sub/ances2 s9ce _! second>y qualities are ^? :i* 9 mo/ ( !m s]ve pr9cipally to di/+ui% sub/ances "o f ano!r1 & commonly make a consid]able "p ( ! complex idea ( ! sev]al sorts ( !m4 ,=1 our s5ses fail+ u 9 ! discov]y ( ! bulk1 texture1 & figure ( ! m9ute p>ts ( bodies1 on :i* _! real con/itutions & diff]5ces dep5d1 we are fa9 to make use ( _! second>y qualities z ! *>act]i/ical notes & m>ks :]eby to frame ideas ( !m 9 our m9ds1 & di/+ui% !m "o f ano!r3 all :i* second>y qualities1 z has be5 %[n1 are no?+ b b>e p[]s4 ,= ! col\r & ta/e ( opium are1 z well z its soporific or anodyne virtues1 m]e p[]s1 dep5d+ on its prim>y qualities1 :]eby x is fitt$ to produce diff]5t op]ations on diff]5t p>ts ( our bodies4 #i4 ,?ree sorts ( ,ideas make our complex ones ( ,corporeal ,sub/ances4 ,! ideas t make our complex ones ( corporeal sub/ances1 are ( ^! ?ree sorts4 ,fir/1 ! ideas ( ! prim>y qualities ( ?+s1 :i* are discov]$ by our s5ses1 & are 9 !m ev5 :5 we p]ceive !m n2 su* are ! bulk1 figure1 numb]1 situation1 & motion ( ! p>ts ( bodies2 :i* are really 9 !m1 :e!r we take notice ( !m or n4 ,secondly1 ! s5sible second>y qualities1 :i*1 dep5d+ on ^!1 are no?+ b ! p[]s ^? sub/ances h to produce sev]al ideas 9 u by our s5ses2 :i* ideas are n 9 ! ?+s !mselves1 o!rwise ?an z any?+ is 9 its cause4 ,?irdly1 ! aptness we consid] 9 any sub/ance1 to give or receive su* alt]ations ( prim>y qualities1 z t ! sub/ance s alt]$ %\ld produce 9 u diff]5t ideas f :at x did be=e2 ^! are call$ active & passive p[]s3 all :i* p[]s1 z f> z we h any notice or notion ( !m1 t]m9ate only 9 s5sible simple ideas4 ,= :atev] alt]ation a load/one has ! p[] to make 9 ! m9ute p>ticles ( iron1 we %\ld h no notion ( any p[] x _h at all to op]ate on iron1 did n its s5sible motion discov] x3 & ,i d\bt n1 b !re are a ?\s& *anges1 t bodies we daily h&le h a p[] to cause 9 "o ano!r1 :i* we nev] suspect1 because !y nev] appe> 9 s5sible effects4 #aj4 ,p[]s ?us make a great ,"p ( our complex ,ideas ( p>ticul> ,sub/ances4 ,,p[]s !re=e ju/ly make a great "p ( our complex ideas ( sub/ances4 ,he t w exam9e 8 complex idea ( gold1 w f9d sev]al ( its ideas t make x up to be only p[]s2 z ! p[] ( be+ melt$1 b ( n sp5d+ itself 9 ! fire2 ( be+ dissolv$ 9 ,,aqua ,,regia1 are ideas z necess>y to make up our complex idea ( gold1 z its col\r & weight3 :i*1 if duly consid]$1 are also no?+ b diff]5t p[]s4 ,=1 to speak truly1 yell[ness is n actually 9 gold1 b is a p[] 9 gold to produce t idea 9 u by our eyes1 :5 plac$ 9 a due light3 & ! heat1 :i* we _c leave out ( our ideas ( ! sun1 is no m really 9 ! sun1 ?an ! :ite col\r x introduces into wax4 ,^! are bo? equally p[]s 9 ! sun1 op]at+1 by ! motion & figure ( its s5sible p>ts1 s on a man1 z to make him h ! idea ( heat2 & s on wax1 z to make x capable to produce 9 a man ! idea ( :ite4 #aa4 ,! n[ second>y ,qualities ( ,bodies w\ld disappe>1 if we c\ld discov] ! prim>y ones ( _! m9ute ,p>ts4 ,_h we s5ses acute en\gh to disc]n ! m9ute p>ticles ( bodies1 & ! real con/itution on :i* _! s5sible qualities dep5d1 ,i d\bt n b !y w\ld produce q diff]5t ideas 9 u3 & t :i* is n[ ! yell[ col\r ( gold1 w\ld !n disappe>1 & in/ead ( x we %\ld see an admirable texture ( p>ts1 ( a c]ta9 size & figure4 ,?is microscopes pla9ly discov] to u2 = :at to our nak$ eyes produces a c]ta9 col\r1 is1 by ?us augm5t+ ! acut5ess ( our s5ses1 discov]$ to be q a diff]5t ?+2 & ! ?us alt]+1 z x 71 ! proportion ( ! bulk ( ! m9ute p>ts ( a col\r$ object to our usual sight1 produces diff]5t ideas f :at x did be=e4 ,?us1 s& or p\nd$ glass1 :i* is opaque1 & :ite to ! nak$ eye1 is pellucid 9 a microscope2 & a hair se5 9 ?is way1 loses its =m] col\r1 & is1 9 a great measure1 pellucid1 ) a mixture ( "s bright sp>kl+ col\rs1 su* z appe> f ! refraction ( diamonds1 & o!r pellucid bodies4 ,blood1 to ! nak$ eye1 appe>s all r$2 b by a good microscope1 :]e9 its less] p>ts appe>1 %[s only "s few globules ( r$1 swimm+ 9 a pellucid liquor1 & h[ ^! r$ globules w\ld appe>1 if glasses c\ld be f\nd t c\ld yet magnify !m a ?\s& or t5 ?\s& times m1 is unc]ta94 #ab4 ,our ,faculties = ,discov]y ( ! ,qualities & p[]s ( ,sub/ances suit$ to our ,/ate4 ,! inf9ite wise ,contriv] ( u1 & all ?+s ab\t u1 ha? fitt$ our s5ses1 faculties1 & organs1 to ! conv5i5ces ( life1 & ! bus9ess we h to d "h4 ,we are able1 by our s5ses1 to "k & di/+ui% ?+s3 & to exam9e !m s f> z to apply !m to our uses1 & sev]al ways to accommodate ! exig5ces ( ?is life4 ,we h insight en\gh into _! admirable contrivances & wond]ful effects1 to admire & magnify ! wisdom1 p[] & goodness ( _! ,au?or4 ,su* a k z ?is :i* is suit$ to our pres5t condition1 we want n faculties to atta94 ,b x appe>s n t ,god int5d$ we %\ld h a p]fect1 cle>1 & adequate k ( !m3 t p]haps is n 9 ! compreh5sion ( any f9ite be+4 ,we are furni%$ ) faculties 7dull & weak z !y are7 to discov] en\gh 9 ! creatures to lead u to ! k ( ! ,creator1 & ! k ( our duty2 & we are fitt$ well en\gh ) abilities to provide = ! conv5i5ces ( liv+3 ^! are our bus9ess 9 ?is _w4 ,b 7 our s5ses alt]$1 & made mu* quick] & acut]1 ! appe>ance & outw>d s*eme ( ?+s w\ld h q ano!r face to u2 &1 ,i am apt to ?9k1 w\ld be inconsi/5t ) our be+1 or at lea/ wellbe+1 9 ! "p ( ! univ]se :i* we inhabit4 ,he t consid]s h[ little our con/itution is able to be> a remove into "p ( ?is air1 n mu* high] ?an t we commonly brea! 91 w h reason to be satisfi$1 t 9 ?is globe ( e>? allott$ = our mansion1 ! all-wise ,ar*itect has suit$ our organs1 & ! bodies t are to affect !m1 "o to ano!r4 ,if our s5se ( he>+ 7 b a ?\s& times quick] ?an x is1 h[ w\ld a p]petual noise di/ract u4 ,& we %\ld 9 ! quiete/ retirem5t be less able to sleep or m$itate ?an 9 ! middle ( a sea-fight4 ,nay1 if t mo/ in/ructive ( our s5ses1 see+1 7 9 any man a ?\s& or a hundr$ ?\s& times m acute ?an x is by ! be/ microscope1 ?+s sev]al millions ( times less ?an ! smalle/ object ( 8 sight n[ w\ld !n be visible to 8 nak$ eyes1 & s he w\ld come ne>] to ! discov]y ( ! texture & motion ( ! m9ute p>ts ( corporeal ?+s2 & 9 _m ( !m1 probably get ideas ( _! int]nal con/itutions3 b !n he w\ld be 9 a q diff]5t _w f o!r p3 no?+ w\ld appe> ! same to him & o!rs3 ! visible ideas ( ev]y?+ w\ld be diff]5t4 ,s t ,i d\bt1 :e!r he & ! re/ ( m5 c\ld disc\rse conc]n+ ! objects ( sight1 or h any communication ab\t col\rs1 _! appe>ances be+ s :olly diff]5t4 ,& p]haps su* a quickness & t5d]ness ( sight c\ld n endure bright sun%9e1 or s mu* z op5 daylight2 nor take 9 b a v small "p ( any object at once1 & t too only at a v ne> di/ance4 ,& if by ! help ( su* ,,microscopical ,,eyes 7if ,i may s call !m7 a man c\ld p5etrate fur!r ?an ord9>y into ! secret composition & radical texture ( bodies1 he w\ld n make any great advantage by ! *ange1 if su* an acute sight w\ld n s]ve to conduct him to ! m>ket & ex*ange2 if he c\ld n see ?+s he 0 to avoid1 at a conv5i5t di/ance2 nor di/+ui% ?+s he _h to d ) by ^? s5sible qualities o!rs d4 ,he t 0 %>p-sight$ en\gh to see ! configuration ( ! m9ute p>ticles ( ! spr+ ( a clock1 & obs]ve ^u :at peculi> /ructure & impulse its ela/ic motion dep5ds1 w\ld no d\bt discov] some?+ v admirable3 b if eyes s fram$ c\ld n view at once ! h&1 & ! *>act]s ( ! h\r-plate1 & !reby at a di/ance see :at o'clock x 01 _! own] c\ld n be mu* b5efit$ by t acut5ess2 :i*1 :il/ x discov]$ ! secret contrivance ( ! p>ts ( ! ma*9e1 made him lose its use4 #ac4 ,conjecture ab\t ! corporeal organs ( "s ,spirits4 ,& "h give me leave to propose an extravagant conjecture ( m9e1 viz4 ,t s9ce we h "s reason 7if !re be any cr$it to be giv5 to ! report ( ?+s t our philosophy _c acc\nt =7 to imag9e1 t ,spirits c assume to !mselves bodies ( diff]5t bulk1 figure1 & con=mation ( p>ts--:e!r "o great advantage "s ( !m h ov] u may n lie 9 ?is1 t !y c s frame & %ape to !mselves organs ( s5sation or p]ception1 z to suit !m to _! pres5t design1 & ! circum/ances ( ! object !y w\ld consid]4 ,= h[ mu* w\ld t man exce$ all o!rs 9 k1 :o _h b ! faculty s to alt] ! /ructure ( 8 eyes1 t "o s5se1 z to make x capable ( all ! sev]al degrees ( vision :i* ! assi/ance ( glasses 7casually at fir/ light$ on7 has taught u to conceive8 ,:at wond]s w\ld he discov]1 :o c\ld s fit 8 eyes to all sorts ( objects1 z to see :5 he pleas$ ! figure & motion ( ! m9ute p>ticles 9 ! blood1 & o!r juices ( animals1 z di/9ctly z he does1 at o!r times1 ! %ape & motion ( ! animals !mselves8 ,b to u1 9 our pres5t /ate1 unalt]able organs1 s contriv$ z to discov] ! figure & motion ( ! m9ute p>ts ( bodies1 :]eon dep5d ^? s5sible qualities we n[ obs]ve 9 !m1 w\ld p]haps be ( no advantage4 ,god has no d\bt made !m s z is be/ = u 9 our pres5t condition4 ,he ha? fitt$ u = ! neighb\rhood ( ! bodies t surr\nd u1 & we h to d )2 & ?\gh we _c1 by ! faculties we h1 atta9 to a p]fect k ( ?+s1 yet !y w s]ve u well en\gh = ^? ends above-m5tion$1 :i* are our great conc]nm5t4 ,i beg my read]'s p>don = lay+ be=e him s wild a fancy conc]n+ ! ways ( p]ception ( be+s above u2 b h[ extravagant soev] x be1 ,i d\bt :e!r we c imag9e any?+ ab\t ! k ( angels b aft] ?is mann]1 "s way or o!r 9 proportion to :at we f9d & obs]ve 9 ourselves4 ,& ?\gh we _c b all[ t ! inf9ite p[] & wisdom ( ,god may frame creatures ) a ?\s& o!r faculties & ways ( p]ceiv+ ?+s )\t !m ?an :at we h1 yet our ?\ghts c g no fur!r ?an our own3 s impossible x is = u to enl>ge our v guesses beyond ! ideas receiv$ f our own s5sation & reflection4 ,! supposition1 at lea/1 t angels d sometimes assume bodies1 ne$s n />tle u2 s9ce "s ( ! mo/ anci5t & mo/ le>n$ ,fa!rs ( ! *ur* seem$ to believe t !y _h bodies3 & ?is is c]ta91 t _! /ate & way ( exi/5ce is unkn[n to u4 #ad4 ,our specific ,ideas ( ,sub/ances4 ,b to return to ! matt] 9 h&1--! ideas we h ( sub/ances1 & ! ways we come by !m4 ,i say1 our ,,specific ideas ( sub/ances are no?+ else b ,a ,,collection ,,( ,,c]ta9 ,,numb] ,,( ,,simple ,,ideas1 ,,consid]$ ,,z ,,unit$ ,,9 ,,"o ,,?+4 ,^! ideas ( sub/ances1 ?\gh !y are commonly simple appreh5sions1 & ! names ( !m simple t]ms1 yet 9 effect are complex & comp\nd$4 ,?us ! idea :i* an ,engli%man signifies by ! "n swan1 is :ite col\r1 long neck1 r$ beak1 black legs1 & :ole feet1 & all ^! ( a c]ta9 size1 ) a p[] ( swimm+ 9 ! wat]1 & mak+ a c]ta9 k9d ( noise1 & p]haps1 to a man :o has long obs]v$ ?is k9d ( birds1 "s o!r prop]ties3 :i* all t]m9ate 9 s5sible simple ideas1 all unit$ 9 "o common subject4 #ae4 ,our ,ideas ( spiritual ,sub/ances1 z cle> z ( bodily ,sub/ances4 ,besides ! complex ideas we h ( mat]ial s5sible sub/ances1 ( :i* ,i h la/ spok51--by ! simple ideas we h tak5 f ^? op]ations ( our own m9ds1 :i* we exp]im5t daily 9 ourselves1 z ?9k+1 und]/&+1 will+1 kn[+1 & p[] ( beg9n+ motion1 c41 co-exi/+ 9 "s sub/ance1 we are able to frame ! ,,complex ,,idea ,,( ,,an ,,immat]ial ,,_s4 ,& ?us1 by putt+ toge!r ! ideas ( ?9k+1 p]ceiv+1 lib]ty1 & p[] ( mov+ !mselves & o!r ?+s1 we h z cle> a p]ception & notion ( immat]ial sub/ances z we h ( mat]ial4 ,= putt+ toge!r ! ideas ( ?9k+ & will+1 or ! p[] ( mov+ or quiet+ corporeal motion1 jo9$ to sub/ance1 ( :i* we h no di/9ct idea1 we h ! idea ( an immat]ial _s2 & by putt+ toge!r ! ideas ( coh]5t solid p>ts1 & a p[] ( be+ mov$ jo9$ ) sub/ance1 ( :i* likewise we h no positive idea1 we h ! idea ( matt]4 ,! "o is z cle> & di/9ct an idea z ! o!r3 ! idea ( ?9k+1 & mov+ a body1 be+ z cle> & di/9ct ideas z ! ideas ( ext5sion1 solidity1 & be+ mov$4 ,= our idea ( sub/ance is equally obscure1 or none at all1 9 bo?3 x is b a suppos$ ,i "k n :at1 to support ^? ideas we call accid5ts4 ,x is = want ( reflection t we are apt to ?9k t our s5ses %[ u no?+ b mat]ial ?+s4 ,e act ( s5sation1 :5 duly consid]$1 gives u an equal view ( bo? p>ts ( nature1 ! corporeal & spiritual4 ,= :il/ ,i "k1 by see+ or he>+1 c41 t !re is "s corporeal be+ )\t me1 ! object ( t s5sation1 ,i d m c]ta9ly "k1 t !re is "s spiritual be+ )9 me t sees & he>s4 ,?is1 ,i mu/ be conv9c$1 _c be ! action ( b>e ins5sible matt]2 nor ev] c\ld be1 )\t an immat]ial ?9k+ be+4 #af4 ,no ,idea ( ab/ract ,sub/ance ei!r 9 ,body or ,_s4 ,by ! complex idea ( ext5d$1 figur$1 col\r$1 & all o!r s5sible qualities1 :i* is all t we "k ( x1 we are z f> f ! idea ( ! sub/ance ( body1 z if we knew no?+ at all3 nor aft] all ! acqua9tance & famili>ity :i* we imag9e we h ) matt]1 & ! _m qualities m5 assure !mselves !y p]ceive & "k 9 bodies1 w x p]haps ^u exam9ation be f\nd1 t !y h any m or cle>] prim>y ideas belong+ to body1 ?an !y h belong+ to immat]ial _s4 #ag4 ,cohesion ( solid p>ts & ,impulse1 ! prim>y ideas peculi> to ,body4 ,! prim>y ideas we h ,,peculi> ,,to ,,body1 z contradi/+ui%$ to _s1 are ! ,,cohesion ,,( ,,solid1 ,,& ,,consequ5tly ,,sep>able1 ,,p>ts1 & a ,,p[] ,,( ,,communicat+ ,,motion ,,by ,,impulse4 ,^!1 ,i ?9k1 are ! orig9al ideas prop] & peculi> to body2 = figure is b ! consequ5ce ( f9ite ext5sion4 #ah4 ,?9k+ & ,motivity ,! ideas we h belong+ & ,,peculi> ,,to ,,_s1 are ,,?9k+1 & ,,w1 or ,a ,,p[] ,,( ,,putt+ ,,body ,,into ,,motion ,,by ,,?\ght1 ,,&1 ,,:i* ,,is ,,consequ5t ,,to ,,x1 ,,lib]ty4 ,=1 z body _c b communicate its motion by impulse to ano!r body1 :i* x meets ) at re/1 s ! m9d c put bodies into motion1 or =be> to d s1 z x pleases4 ,! ideas ( ,,exi/5ce1 ,,duration1 & ,,mobility1 are common to !m bo?4 #ai4 ,spirits capable ( ,motion4 ,!re is no reason :y x %\ld be ?\ght /range t ,i make mobility belong to _s2 = hav+ no o!r idea ( motion1 b *ange ( di/ance ) o!r be+s t are consid]$ z at re/2 & f9d+ t spirits1 z well z bodies1 _c op]ate b :]e !y are2 & t spirits d op]ate at sev]al times 9 sev]al places1 ,i _c b attribute *ange ( place to all f9ite spirits3 7= ( ! ,inf9ite ,_s ,i speak n "h74 ,= my s\l1 be+ a real be+ z well z my body1 is c]ta9ly z capable ( *ang+ di/ance ) any o!r body1 or be+1 z body itself2 & s is capable ( motion4 ,& if a ma!matician c consid] a c]ta9 di/ance1 or a *ange ( t di/ance betwe5 two po9ts1 "o may c]ta9ly conceive a di/ance & a *ange ( di/ance1 betwe5 two spirits2 & s conceive _! motion1 _! approa* or removal1 "o f ano!r4 #bj4 ,pro( ( ?is4 ,e "o f9ds 9 himself t 8 s\l c ?9k1 w1 & op]ate on 8 body 9 ! place :]e t is1 b _c op]ate on a body1 or 9 a place1 an hundr$ miles di/ant f x4 ,nobody c imag9e t 8 s\l c ?9k or move a body at ,ox=d1 :il/ he is at ,london2 & _c b "k1 t1 be+ unit$ to 8 body1 x con/antly *anges place all ! :ole j\rney betwe5 ,ox=d & ,london1 z ! coa* or horse does t c>ries him1 & ,i ?9k may be said to be truly all t :ile 9 motion or if t w n be all[$ to af=d u a cle> idea en\gh ( its motion1 its be+ sep>at$ f ! body 9 dea?1 ,i ?9k1 w2 = to consid] x z go+ out ( ! body1 or leav+ x1 & yet to h no idea ( its motion1 seems to me impossible4 #ba4 ,god immoveable because inf9ite4 ,if x be said by any "o t x _c *ange place1 because x ha? none1 = ! spirits are n ,,9 ,,loco1 b ,,ubi2 ,i suppose t way ( talk+ w n n[ be ( mu* weight to _m1 9 an age t is n mu* dispos$ to admire1 or suff] !mselves to be deceiv$ by su* un9telligible ways ( speak+4 ,b if any "o ?9ks !re is any s5se 9 t di/9ction1 & t x is applicable to our pres5t purpose1 ,i desire him to put x into intelligible ,engli%2 & !n f !nce draw a reason to %[ t immat]ial spirits are n capable ( motion4 ,inde$ motion _c be attribut$ to ,god2 n because he is an immat]ial1 b because he is an inf9ite _s4 #bb4 ,our complex idea ( an immat]ial ,_s & our complex idea ( ,body comp>$4 ,let u comp>e1 !n1 our complex idea ( an immat]ial _s ) our complex idea ( body1 & see :e!r !re be any m obscurity 9 "o ?an 9 ! o!r1 & 9 :i* mo/4 ,our idea ( ,,body1 z ,i ?9k1 is ,,an ,,ext5d$ ,,solid ,,sub/ance1 ,,capable ,,( ,,communicat+ ,,motion ,,by ,,impulse3 & our idea ( ,,s\l1 ,,z ,,an ,,immat]ial ,,_s1 is ( ,a ,,sub/ance ,,t ,,?9ks1 ,,& ,,has ,a ,,p[] ,,( ,,excit+ ,,motion ,,9 ,,body1 ,,by ,,will+1 ,,or ,,?\ght4 ,^!1 ,i ?9k1 are our complex ideas ( s\l & body1 z contradi/+ui%$2 & n[ let u exam9e :i* has mo/ obscurity 9 x1 & difficulty to be appreh5d$4 ,i "k t p ^: ?\ghts are imm]s$ 9 matt]1 & h s subject$ _! m9ds to _! s5ses t !y seldom reflect on any?+ beyond !m1 are apt to say1 !y _c compreh5d a ,,?9k+ ?+ :i* p]haps is true3 b ,i affirm1 :5 !y consid] x well1 !y c no m compreh5d an ,,ext5d$ ?+4 #bc4 ,cohesion ( solid ,p>ts 9 ,body z h>d to be conceiv$ z ?9k+ 9 a ,s\l4 ,if any "o says he kn[s n :at x is ?9ks 9 him1 he means he kn[s n :at ! sub/ance is ( t ?9k+ ?+3 ,no m1 say ,i1 kn[s he :at ! sub/ance is ( t solid ?+4 ,fur!r1 if he says he kn[s n h[ he ?9ks1 ,i answ]1 ,nei!r kn[s he h[ he is ext5d$1 h[ ! solid p>ts ( body are unit$ or coh]e toge!r to make ext5sion4 ,= ?\gh ! pressure ( ! p>ticles ( air may acc\nt = ! cohesion ( sev]al p>ts ( matt] t are gross] ?an ! p>ticles ( air1 & h pores less ?an ! corpuscles ( air1 yet ! weight or pressure ( ! air w n expla91 nor c be a cause ( ! coh]5ce ( ! p>ticles ( air !mselves4 ,& if ! pressure ( ! ae!r1 or any subtil] matt] ?an ! air1 may unite1 & hold fa/ toge!r1 ! p>ts ( a p>ticle ( air1 z well z o!r bodies1 yet x _c make bonds = ,,itself1 & hold toge!r ! p>ts t make up e ! lea/ corpuscle ( t ,,mat]ia ,,subtilis4 ,s t t hypo!sis1 h[ +5i\sly soev] expla9$1 by %[+ t ! p>ts ( s5sible bodies are held toge!r by ! pressure ( o!r ext]nal ins5sible bodies1 rea*es n ! p>ts ( ! ae!r itself2 & by h[ mu* ! m evid5t x proves1 t ! p>ts ( o!r bodies are held toge!r by ! ext]nal pressure ( ! ae!r1 & c h no o!r conceivable cause ( _! cohesion & union1 by s mu* ! m x leaves u 9 ! d>k conc]n+ ! cohesion ( ! p>ts ( ! corpuscles ( ! ae!r itself3 :i* we c nei!r conceive )\t p>ts1 !y be+ bodies1 & divisible1 nor yet h[ _! p>ts coh]e1 !y want+ t cause ( cohesion :i* is giv5 ( ! cohesion ( ! p>ts ( all o!r bodies4 #bd4 ,n expla9$ by an ambi5t fluid4 ,b1 9 tru?1 ! pressure ( any ambi5t fluid1 h[ great soev]1 c be no intelligible cause ( ! cohesion ( ! solid p>ts ( matt]4 ,=1 ?\gh su* a pressure may h9d] ! avulsion ( two poli%$ sup]ficies1 "o f ano!r1 9 a l9e p]p5dicul> to !m1 z 9 ! exp]im5t ( two poli%$ m>bles2 yet x c nev] 9 ! lea/ h9d] ! sep>ation by a motion1 9 a l9e p>allel to ^? surfaces4 ,because ! ambi5t fluid1 hav+ a full lib]ty to succe$ 9 ea* po9t ( space1 des]t$ by a lat]al motion1 resi/s su* a motion ( bodies1 s jo9$1 no m ?an x w\ld resi/ ! motion ( t body 7 x on all sides environ$ by t fluid1 & t\*$ no o!r body2 & !re=e1 if !re 7 no o!r cause ( cohesion1 all p>ts ( bodies mu/ be easily sep>able by su* a lat]al slid+ motion4 ,= if ! pressure ( ! ae!r be ! adequate cause ( cohesion1 :]ev] t cause op]ates n1 !re c be no cohesion4 ,& s9ce x _c op]ate aga9/ a lat]al sep>ation1 7z has be5 %[n17 !re=e 9 e imag9>y plane1 int]sect+ any mass ( matt]1 !re c\ld be no m cohesion ?an ( two poli%$ surfaces1 :i* w always1 not)/&+ any imag9able pressure ( a fluid1 easily slide "o f ano!r4 ,s t p]haps1 h[ cle> an idea soev] we ?9k we h ( ! ext5sion ( body1 :i* is no?+ b ! cohesion ( solid p>ts1 he t %all well consid] x 9 8 m9d1 may h reason to conclude1 ,t x is z easy = him to h a cle> idea h[ ! s\l ?9ks z h[ body is ext5d$4 ,=1 s9ce body is no fur!r1 nor o!rwise1 ext5d$1 ?an by ! union & cohesion ( its solid p>ts1 we %all v ill compreh5d ! ext5sion ( body1 )\t und]/&+ :]e9 consi/s ! union & cohesion ( its p>ts2 :i* seems to me z incompreh5sible z ! mann] ( ?9k+1 & h[ x is p]=m$4 ,we c z little und]/& h[ ! p>ts coh]e 9 ext5sion z h[ our spirits p]ceive or move4 #be4 ,i all[ x is usual = mo/ p to wond] h[ any "o %\ld f9d a difficulty 9 :at !y ?9k !y e day obs]ve4 ,d we n see 7w !y be ready to say7 ! p>ts ( bodies /ick firmly toge!r8 ,is !re any?+ m common8 ,& :at d\bt c !re be made ( x8 ,& ! l1 ,i say1 conc]n+ ?9k+ & volunt>y motion4 ,d we n e mom5t exp]im5t x 9 ourselves1 & !re=e c x be d\bt$8 ,! matt] ( fact is cle>1 ,i confess2 b :5 we w\ld a little ne>] look into x1 bo? 9 ! "o & ! o!r2 & c z little und]/& h[ ! p>ts ( body coh]e1 z h[ we ourselves p]ceive or move4 ,i w\ld h any "o intelligibly expla9 to me h[ ! p>ts ( gold1 or brass1 7t b n[ 9 fusion 7 z loose f "o ano!r z ! p>ticles ( wat]1 or ! s&s ( an h\r-glass17 come 9 a few mom5ts to be s unit$1 & adh]e s /rongly "o to ano!r1 t ! utmo/ =ce ( m5's arms _c sep>ate !m8 ,a consid]+ man w1 ,i suppose1 be "h at a loss to satisfy 8 own1 or ano!r man's und]/&+4 #bf4 ,! cause ( coh]5ce ( atoms 9 ext5d$ sub/ances incompreh5sible4 ,! little bodies t compose t fluid we call wat] are s extremely small1 t ,i h nev] he>d ( any "o :o1 by a microscope1 7& yet ,i h he>d ( "s t h magnifi$ to t5 ?\s&2 nay1 to mu* above a hundr$ ?\s& times17 pret5d$ to p]ceive _! di/9ct bulk1 figure1 or motion2 & ! p>ticles ( wat] are also s p]fectly loose "o f ano!r1 t ! lea/ =ce s5sibly sep>ates !m4 ,nay1 if we consid] _! p]petual motion1 we mu/ all[ !m to h no cohesion "o ) ano!r2 & yet let b a %>p cold come1 & !y unite1 !y consolidate2 ^! little atoms coh]e1 & are n1 )\t great =ce1 sep>able4 ,he t c\ld f9d ! bonds t tie ^! heaps ( loose little bodies toge!r s firmly2 he t c\ld make kn[n ! cem5t t makes !m /ick s fa/ "o to ano!r1 w\ld discov] a great & yet unkn[n secret3 & yet :5 t 0 done1 w\ld he be f> en\gh f mak+ ! ext5sion ( body 7:i* is ! cohesion ( its solid p>ts7 intelligible1 till he c\ld %[ :]e9 consi/$ ! union1 or consolidation ( ! p>ts ( ^? bonds or ( t cem5t1 or ( ! lea/ p>ticle ( matt] t exi/s4 ,:]eby x appe>s t ?is prim>y & suppos$ obvi\s quality ( body w be f\nd1 :5 exam9$1 to be z incompreh5sible z any?+ belong+ to our m9ds1 & a solid ext5d$ sub/ance z h>d to be conceiv$ z a ?9k+ immat]ial "o1 :atev] difficulties "s w\ld raise aga9/ x4 #bg4 ,! suppos$ pressure 99dropp$ ^w expla9 cohesion is un9telligible4 ,=1 to ext5d our ?\ghts a little fur!r1 ! pressure :i* is br\ght to expla9 ! cohesion ( bodies 99dropp$ l9e consid]$1 z no d\bt x is1 f9ite1 let any "o s5d 8 contemplation to ! extremities ( ! univ]se1 & !re see :at conceivable hoops1 :at bond he c imag9e to hold ?is mass ( matt] 9 s close a pressure toge!r2 f :5ce /eel has its firmness1 & ! p>ts ( a diamond _! h>dness & indissolubility4 ,if matt] be f9ite1 x mu/ h its extremes2 & !re mu/ be some?+ to h9d] x f scatt]+ asund]4 ,if1 to avoid ?is difficulty1 any "o w ?r[ himself into ! supposition & abyss ( inf9ite matt]1 let him consid] :at light he !reby br+s to ! cohesion ( body1 & :e!r he be ev] ! ne>] mak+ x intelligible1 by resolv+ x into a supposition ! mo/ absurd & mo/ incompreh5sible ( all o!r3 s f> is our ext5sion ( body 7:i* is no?+ b ! cohesion ( solid p>ts7 f be+ cle>]1 or m di/9ct1 :5 we w\ld inquire into ! nature1 cause1 or mann] ( x1 ?an ! idea ( ?9k+4 #bh4 ,communication ( ,motion by ,impulse1 or by ,?\ght1 equally un9telligible4 ,ano!r idea we h ( body is1 ,,! ,,p[] ,,( ,,communication ,,( ,,motion ,,by ,,impulse2 & ( our s\ls1 ,,! ,,p[] ,,( ,,excit+ ,,motion ,,by ,,?\ght4 ,^! ideas1 ! "o ( body1 ! o!r ( our m9ds1 e day's exp]i5ce cle>ly furni%es u )3 b if "h aga9 we inquire h[ ?is is done1 we are equally 9 ! d>k4 ,=1 9 ! communication ( motion by impulse1 :]e9 z mu* motion is lo/ to "o body z is got to ! o!r1 :i* is ! ord9>ie/ case1 we c h no o!r conception1 b ( ! pass+ ( motion out ( "o body into ano!r2 :i*1 ,i ?9k1 is z obscure & inconceivable z h[ our m9ds move or /op our bodies by ?\ght1 :i* we e mom5t f9d !y d4 ,! increase ( motion by impulse1 :i* is obs]v$ or believ$ sometimes to happ51 is yet h>d] to be und]/ood4 ,we h by daily exp]i5ce cle> evid5ce ( motion produc$ bo? by impulse & by ?\ght2 b ! mann] h[1 h>dly comes )9 our compreh5sion3 we are equally at a loss 9 bo?4 ,s t1 h[ev] we consid] motion1 & its communication1 ei!r f body or _s1 ! idea :i* belongs to _s is at lea/ z cle> z t :i* belongs to body4 ,& if we consid] ! active p[] ( mov+1 or1 z ,i may call x1 motivity1 x is mu* cle>] 9 _s ?an body2 s9ce two bodies1 plac$ by "o ano!r at re/1 w nev] af=d u ! idea ( a p[] 9 ! "o to move ! o!r1 b by a borr[$ motion3 :]eas ! m9d e day af=ds u ideas ( an active p[] ( mov+ ( bodies2 & !re=e x is wor? our consid]ation1 :e!r active p[] be n ! prop] attribute ( spirits1 & passive p[] ( matt]4 ,h5ce may be conjectur$ t creat$ spirits are n totally sep>ate f matt]1 because !y are bo? active & passive4 ,pure _s1 viz4 ,god1 is only active2 pure matt] is only passive2 ^? be+s t are bo? active & passive1 we may judge to p>take ( bo?4 ,b be t z x w1 ,i ?9k1 we h z _m & z cle> ideas belong+ to _s z we h belong+ to body1 ! sub/ance ( ea* be+ equally unkn[n to u2 & ! idea ( ?9k+ 9 _s1 z cle> z ( ext5sion 9 body2 & ! communication ( motion by ?\ght1 :i* we attribute to _s1 is z evid5t z t by impulse1 :i* we ascribe to body4 ,con/ant exp]i5ce makes u s5sible ( bo? ^!1 ?\gh our n>r[ und]/&+s c compreh5d nei!r4 ,=1 :5 ! m9d w\ld look beyond ^? orig9al ideas we h f s5sation or reflection1 & p5etrate into _! causes1 & mann] ( production1 we f9d /ill x discov]s no?+ b its own %ort-sight$ness4 #bi4 ,summ>y4 ,to conclude4 ,s5sation conv9ces u t !re are solid ext5d$ sub/ances2 & reflection1 t !re are ?9k+ ones3 exp]i5ce assures u ( ! exi/5ce ( su* be+s1 & t ! "o ha? a p[] to move body by impulse1 ! o!r by ?\ght2 ?is we _c d\bt (4 ,exp]i5ce1 ,i say1 e mom5t furni%es u ) ! cle> ideas bo? ( ! "o & ! o!r4 ,b beyond ^! ideas1 z receiv$ f _! prop] s\rces1 our faculties w n rea*4 ,if we w\ld inquire fur!r into _! nature1 causes1 & mann]1 we p]ceive n ! nature ( ext5sion cle>] ?an we d ( ?9k+4 ,if we w\ld expla9 !m any fur!r1 "o is z easy z ! o!r2 & !re is no m difficulty to conceive h[ ,a ,,sub/ance ,,we ,,"k ,,n %\ld1 by ?\ght1 set body into motion1 ?an h[ ,a ,,sub/ance ,,we ,,"k ,,n %\ld1 by impulse1 set body into motion4 ,s t we are no m able to discov] :]e9 ! ideas belong+ to body consi/1 ?an ^? belong+ to _s4 ,f :5ce x seems probable to me1 t ! simple ideas we receive f s5sation & reflection are ! b\nd>ies ( our ?\ghts2 beyond :i* ! m9d1 :atev] ef=ts x w\ld make1 is n able to advance "o jot2 nor c x make any discov]ies1 :5 x w\ld pry into ! nature & hidd5 causes ( ^? ideas4 #cj4 ,our idea ( ,_s & our idea ( ,body comp>$4 ,s t1 9 %ort1 ! idea we h ( _s1 comp>$ ) ! idea we h ( body1 /&s ?us3 ! sub/ance ( spirits is unkn[n to u2 & s is ! sub/ance ( body equally unkn[n to u4 ,two prim>y qualities or prop]ties ( body1 viz4 solid coh]5t p>ts & impulse1 we h di/9ct cle> ideas (3 s likewise we "k1 & h di/9ct cle> ideas1 ( two prim>y qualities or prop]ties ( _s1 viz4 ?9k+1 & a p[] ( action2 i4e4 a p[] ( beg9n+ or /opp+ sev]al ?\ghts or motions4 ,we h also ! ideas ( sev]al qualities inh]5t 9 bodies1 & h ! cle> di/9ct ideas ( !m2 :i* qualities are b ! v>i\s modifications ( ! ext5sion ( coh]+ solid p>ts1 & _! motion4 ,we h likewise ! ideas ( ! sev]al modes ( ?9k+ viz4 believ+1 d\bt+1 int5d+1 fe>+1 hop+2 all :i* are b ! sev]al modes ( ?9k+4 ,we h also ! ideas ( will+1 & mov+ ! body consequ5t to x1 & ) ! body itself too2 =1 z has be5 %[n1 _s is capable ( motion4 #ca4 ,! ,notion ( ,_s involves no m ,difficulty 9 x ?an t ( ,body4 ,la/ly1 if ?is notion ( immat]ial _s may h1 p]haps1 "s difficulties 9 x n easily to be expla9$1 we h !re=e no m reason to d5y or d\bt ! exi/5ce ( su* spirits1 ?an we h to d5y or d\bt ! exi/5ce ( body2 because ! notion ( body is cumb]$ ) "s difficulties v h>d1 & p]haps impossible to be expla9$ or und]/ood by u4 ,= ,i w\ld fa9 h in/anc$ any?+ 9 our notion ( _s m p]plex$1 or ne>] a contradiction1 ?an ! v notion ( body includes 9 x2 ! divisibility ,,9 ,,inf9itum ( any f9ite ext5sion involv+ u1 :e!r we grant or d5y x1 9 consequ5ces impossible to be explicat$ or made 9 our appreh5sions consi/5t2 consequ5ces t c>ry great] difficulty1 & m app>5t absurdity1 ?an any?+ c foll[ f ! notion ( an immat]ial kn[+ sub/ance4 #cb4 ,we "k no?+ ( ?+s beyond our simple ,ideas ( !m4 ,:i* we are n at all to wond] at1 s9ce we hav+ b "s few sup]ficial ideas ( ?+s1 discov]$ to u only by ! s5ses f )\t1 or by ! m9d1 reflect+ on :at x exp]im5ts 9 itself )91 h no k beyond t1 mu* less ( ! int]nal con/itution1 & true nature ( ?+s1 be+ de/itute ( faculties to atta9 x4 ,& !re=e exp]im5t+ & discov]+ 9 ourselves k1 & ! p[] ( volunt>y motion1 z c]ta9ly z we exp]im5t1 or discov] 9 ?+s )\t u1 ! cohesion & sep>ation ( solid p>ts1 :i* is ! ext5sion & motion ( bodies2 we h z mu* reason to be satisfi$ ) our notion ( immat]ial _s1 z ) our notion ( body1 & ! exi/5ce ( ! "o z well z ! o!r4 ,= x be+ no m a contradiction t ?9k+ %\ld exi/ sep>ate & indep5d5t f solidity1 ?an x is a contradiction t solidity %\ld exi/ sep>ate & indep5d5t f ?9k+1 !y be+ bo? b simple ideas1 indep5d5t "o f ano!r & hav+ z cle> & di/9ct ideas 9 u ( ?9k+ z ( solidity1 ,i "k n :y we may n z well all[ a ?9k+ ?+ )\t solidity1 i4e4 immat]ial1 to exi/1 z a solid ?+ )\t ?9k+1 i4e4 matt]1 to exi/2 especially s9ce x is n h>d] to conceive h[ ?9k+ %\ld exi/ )\t matt]1 ?an h[ matt] %\ld ?9k4 ,= :5soev] we w\ld proce$ beyond ^! simple ideas we h f s5sation & reflection & dive fur!r into ! nature ( ?+s1 we fall pres5tly into d>kness & obscurity1 p]plex$ness & difficulties1 & c discov] no?+ fur!r b our own bl9dness & ignorance4 ,b :i*ev] ( ^! complex ideas be cle>e/1 t ( body1 or immat]ial _s1 ?is is evid5t1 t ! simple ideas t make !m up are no o!r ?an :at we h receiv$ f s5sation or reflection3 & s is x ( all our o!r ideas ( sub/ances1 ev5 ( ,god himself4 #cc4 ,our complex idea ( ,god4 ,= if we exam9e ! idea we h ( ! incompreh5sible ,supreme ,be+1 we %all f9d t we come by x ! same way2 & t ! complex ideas we h bo? ( ,god1 & sep>ate spirits1 are made ( ! simple ideas we receive f reflection2 v4g4 hav+1 f :at we exp]im5t 9 ourselves1 got ! ideas ( exi/5ce & duration2 ( k & p[]2 ( pleasure & happ9ess2 & ( sev]al o!r qualities & p[]s1 :i* x is bett] to h ?an to be )\t2 :5 we w\ld frame an idea ! mo/ suitable we c to ! ,supreme ,be+1 we enl>ge e "o ( ^! ) our idea ( inf9ity2 & s putt+ !m toge!r1 make our complex idea ( ,god4 ,= t ! m9d has su* a p[] ( enl>g+ "s ( its ideas1 receiv$ f s5sation & reflection1 has be5 already %[n4 #cd4 ,our complex idea ( ,god z inf9ite4 ,if ,i f9d t ,i "k "s few ?+s1 & "s ( !m1 or all1 p]haps imp]fectly1 ,i c frame an idea ( kn[+ twice z _m2 :i* ,i c d\ble aga91 z (t5 z ,i c add to numb]2 & ?us enl>ge my idea ( k1 by ext5d+ its compreh5sion to all ?+s exi/+1 or possible4 ,! same also ,i c d ( kn[+ !m m p]fectly2 i4e4 all _! qualities1 p[]s1 causes1 consequ5ces1 & relations1 c41 till all be p]fectly kn[n t is 9 !m1 or c any way relate to !m3 & ?us frame ! idea ( inf9ite or b\ndless k4 ,! same may also be done ( p[]1 till we come to t we call inf9ite2 & also ( ! duration ( exi/5ce1 )\t beg9n+ or end1 & s frame ! idea ( an et]nal be+4 ,! degrees or ext5t :]e9 we ascribe exi/5ce1 p[]1 wisdom1 & all o!r p]fections 7:i* we c h any ideas (7 to t sov]eign ,be+1 :i* we call ,g-d1 be+ all b\ndless & inf9ite1 we frame ! be/ idea ( him our m9ds are capable (3 all :i* is done1 ,i say1 by enl>g+ ^? simple ideas we h tak5 f ! op]ations ( our own m9ds1 by reflection2 or by our s5ses1 f ext]ior ?+s1 to t va/ness to :i* inf9ity c ext5d !m4 #ce4 ,god 9 8 own ess5ce incognisable4 ,= x is inf9ity1 :i*1 jo9$ to our ideas ( exi/5ce1 p[]1 k1 c41 makes t complex idea1 :]eby we repres5t to ourselves1 ! be/ we c1 ! ,supreme ,be+4 ,=1 ?\gh 9 8 own ess5ce 7:i* c]ta9ly we d n "k1 n kn[+ ! real ess5ce ( a pebble1 or a fly1 or ( our own selves7 ,god be simple & uncomp\nd$2 yet ,i ?9k ,i may say we h no o!r idea ( him1 b a complex "o ( exi/5ce1 k1 p[]1 happ9ess1 c41 inf9ite & et]nal3 :i* are all di/9ct ideas1 & "s ( !m1 be+ relative1 are aga9 comp\nd$ ( o!rs3 all :i* be+1 z has be5 %[n1 orig9ally got f s5sation & reflection1 g to make up ! idea or notion we h ( ,god4 #cf4 ,no ,ideas 9 our complex ideas ( ,spirits1 b ^? got f ,s5sation or ,reflection4 ,?is fur!r is to be obs]v$1 t !re is no idea we attribute to ,god1 bat+ inf9ity1 :i* is n also a "p ( our complex idea ( o!r spirits4 ,because1 be+ capable ( no o!r simple ideas1 belong+ to any?+ b body1 b ^? :i* by reflection we receive f ! op]ation ( our own m9ds1 we c attribute to spirits no o!r b :at we receive f !nce3 & all ! diff]5ce we c put betwe5 !m1 9 our contemplation ( spirits1 is only 9 ! sev]al ext5ts & degrees ( _! k1 p[]1 duration1 happ9ess1 c4 ,= t 9 our ideas1 z well ( spirits z ( o!r ?+s1 we are re/ra9$ to ,,^? ,,we ,,receive ,,f ,,s5sation ,,& ,,reflection1 is evid5t f h5ce1--,t1 9 our ideas ( spirits1 h[ mu* soev] advanc$ 9 p]fection beyond ^? ( bodies1 ev5 to t ( inf9ite1 we _c yet h any idea ( ! mann] :]e9 !y discov] _! ?\ghts "o to ano!r3 ?\gh we mu/ necess>ily conclude t sep>ate spirits1 :i* are be+s t h p]fect] k & great] happ9ess ?an we1 mu/ ne$s h also a p]fect] way ( communicat+ _! ?\ghts ?an we h1 :o are fa9 to make use ( corporeal signs1 & p>ticul> s\nds2 :i* are !re=e ( mo/ g5]al use1 z be+ ! be/ & quicke/ we are capable (4 ,b ( imm$iate communication hav+ no exp]im5t 9 ourselves1 & consequ5tly no notion ( x at all1 we h no idea h[ spirits1 :i* use n words1 c ) quickness2 or mu* less h[ spirits t h no bodies c be ma/]s ( _! own ?\ghts1 & communicate or conceal !m at pleasure1 ?\gh we _c b necess>ily suppose !y h su* a p[]4 #cg4 ,recapitulation4 ,& ?us we h se5 :at k9d ( ideas we h ( ,,sub/ances ,,( ,,all ,,k9ds1 :]e9 !y consi/1 & h[ we came by !m4 ,f :5ce1 ,i ?9k1 x is v evid5t1 ,fir/1 ,t all our ideas ( ! sev]al ,,sorts ( sub/ances are no?+ b collections ( simple ideas3 ) a supposition ( ,,some?+ to :i* !y belong1 & 9 :i* !y subsi/2 ?\gh ( ?is suppos$ some?+ we h no cle> di/9ct idea at all4 ,secondly1 ,t all ! simple ideas1 t ?us unit$ 9 "o common ,,sub/ratum1 make up our complex ideas ( sev]al ,,sorts ( sub/ances1 are no o!r b su* z we h receiv$ f s5sation or reflection4 ,s t ev5 9 ^? :i* we ?9k we are mo/ intimately acqua9t$ )1 & t come ne>e/ ! compreh5sion ( our mo/ enl>g$ conceptions1 we _c g beyond ^? simple ideas4 ,& ev5 9 ^? :i* seem mo/ remote f all we h to d )1 & d inf9itely surpass any?+ we c p]ceive 9 ourselves by reflection2 or discov] by s5sation 9 o!r ?+s1 we c atta9 to no?+ b ^? simple ideas1 :i* we orig9ally receiv$ f s5sation or reflection2 z is evid5t 9 ! complex ideas we h ( angels1 & p>ticul>ly ( ,god himself4 ,?irdly1 ,t mo/ ( ! simple ideas t make up our complex ideas ( sub/ances1 :5 truly consid]$1 are only ,,p[]s1 h[ev] we are apt to take !m = positive qualities2 v4g4 ! greate/ "p ( ! ideas t make our complex idea ( ,,gold are yell[ness1 great weight1 ductility1 fusibility1 & solubility 9 ,,aqua ,,regia1 c41 all unit$ toge!r 9 an unkn[n ,,sub/ratum3 all :i* ideas are no?+ else b s _m relations to o!r sub/ances2 & are n really 9 ! gold1 consid]$ b>ely 9 itself1 ?\gh !y dep5d on ^? real & prim>y qualities ( its int]nal con/itution1 :]eby x has a fitness diff]5tly to op]ate1 & be op]at$ on by sev]al o!r sub/ances4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,,( ,,collective ,,ideas ,,( ,,sub/ances4 #a4 ,a collective idea is "o ,idea4 ,besides ^! complex ideas ( sev]al ,,s+le sub/ances1 z ( man1 horse1 gold1 violet1 apple1 c41 ! m9d ha? also complex ,,collective ideas ( sub/ances2 :i* ,i s call1 because su* ideas are made up ( _m p>ticul> sub/ances consid]$ toge!r1 z unit$ into "o idea1 & :i* s jo9$2 are look$ on z "o2 v4 g4 ! idea ( su* a collection ( m5 z make an ,,army1 ?\gh consi/+ ( a great numb] ( di/9ct sub/ances1 is z mu* "o idea z ! idea ( a man3 & ! great collective idea ( all bodies :atsoev]1 signifi$ by ! "n ,,_w1 is z mu* "o idea z ! idea ( any ! lea/ p>ticle ( matt] 9 x2 x suffic+ to ! unity ( any idea1 t x be consid]$ z "o repres5tation or picture1 ?\gh made up ( ev] s _m p>ticul>s4 #b4 ,made by ! ,p[] ( compos+ 9 ! ,m9d4 ,^! collective ideas ( sub/ances ! m9d makes1 by its p[] ( composition1 & unit+ sev]ally ei!r simple or complex ideas into "o1 z x does1 by ! same faculty1 make ! complex ideas ( p>ticul> sub/ances1 consi/+ ( an aggregate ( div]s simple ideas1 unit$ 9 "o sub/ance4 ,& z ! m9d1 by putt+ toge!r ! repeat$ ideas ( unity1 makes ! collective mode1 or complex idea1 ( any numb]1 z a score1 or a gross1 c41--s1 by putt+ toge!r sev]al p>ticul> sub/ances1 x makes collective ideas ( sub/ances1 z a troop1 an army1 a sw>m1 a city1 a fleet2 ea* ( :i* e "o f9ds t he repres5ts to 8 own m9d by "o idea1 9 "o view2 & s "u t notion consid]s ^? sev]al ?+s z p]fectly "o1 z "o %ip1 or "o atom4 ,nor is x h>d] to conceive h[ an army ( t5 ?\s& m5 %\ld make "o idea ?an h[ a man %\ld make "o idea2 x be+ z easy to ! m9d to unite into "o ! idea ( a great numb] ( m51 & consid] x z "o z x is to unite into "o p>ticul> all ! di/9ct ideas t make up ! composition ( a man1 & consid] !m all toge!r z "o4 #c4 ,artificial ?+s t are made up ( di/9ct sub/ances are our collective ,ideas4 ,among/ su* k9d ( collective ideas are to be c\nt$ mo/ "p ( artificial ?+s1 at lea/ su* ( !m z are made up ( di/9ct sub/ances3 &1 9 tru?1 if we consid] all ^! collective ideas aright1 z ,,army1 ,,con/ellation1 ,,univ]se1 z !y are unit$ into s _m s+le ideas1 !y are b ! artificial draughts ( ! m9d2 br++ ?+s v remote1 & indep5d5t on "o ano!r1 into "o view1 ! bett] to contemplate & disc\rse on !m1 unit$ into "o conception1 & signifi$ by "o "n4 ,= !re are no ?+s s remote1 nor s contr>y1 :i* ! m9d _c1 by ?is art ( composition1 br+ into "o idea2 z is visible 9 t signifi$ by ! "n ,,univ]se4 ,,*apt] ,,xxv4 ,,( ,,relation4 #a4 ,relation1 :at4 ,,besides ! ideas1 :e!r simple or complex1 t ! m9d has ( ?+s z !y are 9 !mselves1 !re are o!rs x gets f _! comp>ison "o ) ano!r4 ,! und]/&+1 9 ! consid]ation ( any?+1 is n conf9$ to t precise object3 x c c>ry any idea z x 7 beyond itself1 or at lea/ look beyond x1 to see h[ x /&s 9 con=mity to any o!r4 ,:5 ! m9d s consid]s "o ?+1 t x does z x 7 br+ x to1 & set x by ano!r1 & c>ries its view f "o to ! o!r--?is is1 z ! words import1 ,,relation & ,,respect2 & ! d5om9ations giv5 to positive ?+s1 intimat+ t respect1 & s]v+ z m>ks to lead ! ?\ghts beyond ! subject itself d5om9at$1 to some?+ di/9ct f x1 are :at we call ,,relatives2 & ! ?+s s br\ght toge!r1 ,,relat$4 ,?us1 :5 ! m9d consid]s ,caius z su* a positive be+1 x takes no?+ into t idea b :at really exi/s 9 ,caius2 v4g4 :5 ,i consid] him z a man1 ,i h no?+ 9 my m9d b ! complex idea ( ! species1 man4 ,s likewise1 :5 ,i say ,caius is a :ite man1 ,i h no?+ b ! b>e consid]ation ( a man :o ha? t :ite col\r4 ,b :5 ,i give ,caius ! "n ,,husb&1 ,i intimate "s o!r p]son2 & :5 ,i give him ! "n ,,:it]1 ,i intimate "s o!r ?+3 9 bo? cases my ?\ght is l$ to some?+ beyond ,caius1 & !re are two ?+s br\ght into consid]ation4 ,& s9ce any idea1 :e!r simple or complex1 may be ! occasion :y ! m9d ?us br+s two ?+s toge!r1 & z x 7 takes a view ( !m at once1 ?\gh /ill consid]$ z di/9ct3 !re=e any ( our ideas may be ! f\ndation ( relation4 ,z 9 ! above-m5tion$ in/ance1 ! contract & c]emony ( m>riage ) ,sempronia is ! occasion ( ! d5om9ation & relation ( husb&2 & ! col\r :ite ! occasion :y he is said to be :it] ?an free-/one4 #b4 ,ideas ( relations )\t correlative ,t]ms1 n easily appreh5d$4 ,^! & ! l relations1 express$ by relative t]ms t h o!rs answ]+ !m1 ) a reciprocal intimation1 z fa!r & son1 bigg] & less1 cause & effect1 are v obvi\s to e "o1 & ev]ybody at fir/ sight p]ceives ! relation4 ,= fa!r & son1 husb& & wife1 & su* o!r correlative t]ms1 seem s ne>ly to belong "o to ano!r1 &1 ?r\gh cu/om1 d s readily *ime & answ] "o ano!r 9 p's memories1 t1 ^u ! nam+ ( ei!r ( !m1 ! ?\ghts are pres5tly c>ri$ beyond ! ?+ s nam$2 & nobody ov]looks or d\bts ( a relation1 :]e x is s pla9ly intimat$4 ,b :]e languages h fail$ to give correlative names1 !re ! relation is n always s easily tak5 notice (4 ,,concub9e is1 no d\bt1 a relative "n1 z well z wife3 b 9 languages :]e ?is & ! l words h n a correlative t]m1 !re p are n s apt to take !m to be s1 z want+ t evid5t m>k ( relation :i* is betwe5 correlatives1 :i* seem to expla9 "o ano!r1 & n to be able to exi/1 b toge!r4 ,h5ce x is1 t _m ( ^? names1 :i*1 duly consid]$1 d include evid5t relations1 h be5 call$ ,,ext]nal ,,d5om9ations4 ,b all names t are m ?an empty s\nds mu/ signify "s idea1 :i* is ei!r 9 ! ?+ to :i* ! "n is appli$1 & !n x is positive1 & is look$ on z unit$ to & exi/+ 9 ! ?+ to :i* ! d5om9ation is giv52 or else x arises f ! respect ! m9d f9ds 9 x to some?+ di/9ct f x1 ) :i* x consid]s x1 & !n x includes a relation4 #c4 ,"s seem+ly absolute ,t]ms conta9 ,relations4 ,ano!r sort ( relative t]ms !re is1 :i* are n look$ on to be ei!r relative1 or s mu* z ext]nal d5om9ations3 :i* yet1 "u ! =m & appe>ance ( signify+ some?+ absolute 9 ! subject1 d conceal a tacit1 ?\gh less obs]vable1 relation4 ,su* are ! seem+ly positive t]ms ( ,,old1 ,,great1 ,,imp]fect1 c41 :]e( ,i %all h occasion to speak m at l>ge 9 ! foll[+ *apt]s4 #d4 ,relation diff]5t f ! ,?+s relat$4 ,?is fur!r may be obs]v$1 ,t ! ideas ( relations may be ! same 9 m5 :o h f> diff]5t ideas ( ! ?+s t are relat$1 or t are ?us comp>$3 v4 g4 ^? :o h f> diff]5t ideas ( a man1 may yet agree 9 ! notion ( a fa!r2 :i* is a notion sup]9duc$ to ! sub/ance1 or man1 & ref]s only to an act ( t ?+ call$ man :]eby he contribut$ to ! g5]ation ( "o ( 8 own k9d1 let man be :at x w4 #e4 ,*ange ( ,relation may be )\t any ,*ange 9 ! ?+s relat$4 ,! nature !re=e ( relation consi/s 9 ! ref]r+ or comp>+ two ?+s "o to ano!r2 f :i* comp>ison "o or bo? comes to be d5om9at$4 ,& if ei!r ( ^? ?+s be remov$1 or cease to be1 ! relation ceases1 & ! d5om9ation consequ5t to x1 ?\gh ! o!r receive 9 itself no alt]ation at all2 v4g4 ,caius1 :om ,i consid] to-day z a fa!r1 ceases to be s to-morr[1 only by ! dea? ( 8 son1 )\t any alt]ation made 9 himself4 ,nay1 b>ely by ! m9d's *ang+ ! object to :i* x comp>es any?+1 ! same ?+ is capable ( hav+ contr>y d5om9ations at ! same "t3 v4g4 ,caius1 comp>$ to sev]al p]sons1 may truly be said to be old] & y\ng]1 /rong] & weak]1 c4 #f4 ,relation only betwixt two ?+s4 ,:atsoev] do? or c exi/1 or be consid]$ z "o ?+ is positive3 & s n only simple ideas & sub/ances1 b modes also1 are positive be+s3 ?\gh ! p>ts ( :i* !y consi/ are v (t5 relative "o to ano!r3 b ! :ole toge!r consid]$ z "o ?+1 & produc+ 9 u ! complex idea ( "o ?+1 :i* idea is 9 our m9ds1 z "o picture1 ?\gh an aggregate ( div]s p>ts1 & "u "o "n1 x is a positive or absolute ?+1 or idea4 ,?us a triangle1 ?\gh ! p>ts !re( comp>$ "o to ano!r be relative1 yet ! idea ( ! :ole is a positive absolute idea4 ,! same may be said ( a family1 a tune1 c42 = !re c be no relation b betwixt two ?+s consid]$ z two ?+s4 ,!re mu/ always be 9 relation two ideas or ?+s1 ei!r 9 !mselves really sep>ate1 or consid]$ z di/9ct1 & !n a gr\nd or occasion = _! comp>ison4 #g4 ,all ,?+s capable ( ,relation4 ,conc]n+ relation 9 g5]al1 ^! ?+s may be consid]$3 ,fir/1 ,t !re is no "o ?+1 :e!r simple idea1 sub/ance1 mode1 or relation1 or "n ( ei!r ( !m1 :i* is n capable ( almo/ an inf9ite numb] ( consid]ations 9 ref]5ce to o!r ?+s3 & !re=e ?is makes no small "p ( m5's ?\ghts & words3 v4g4 "o s+le man may at once be conc]n$ 91 & su/a9 all ^! foll[+ relations1 & _m m1 viz4 fa!r1 bro!r1 son1 gr&fa!r1 gr&son1 fa!r-9-law1 son-9-law1 husb&1 fri5d1 enemy1 subject1 g5]al1 judge1 patron1 cli5t1 pr(essor1 ,european1 ,engli%man1 isl&]1 s]vant1 ma/]1 possessor1 capta91 sup]ior1 inf]ior1 bigg]1 less1 old]1 y\ng]1 contempor>y1 l1 unlike1 c41 to an almo/ inf9ite numb]3 he be+ capable ( z _m relations z !re c be occasions ( comp>+ him to o!r ?+s1 9 any mann] ( agreem5t1 disagreem5t1 or respect :atsoev]4 ,=1 z ,i said1 relation is a way ( comp>+ or consid]+ two ?+s 99dropp$ l9e f t comp>ison2 & sometimes giv+ ev5 ! relation itself a "n4 #h4 ,our ,ideas ( ,relations (t5 cle>] ?an ( ! ,subjects relat$4 ,secondly1 ,?is fur!r may be consid]$ conc]n+ relation1 t ?\gh x be n conta9$ 9 ! real exi/5ce ( ?+s1 b some?+ extrane\s & sup]9duc$1 yet ! ideas :i* relative words /& = are (t5 cle>] & m di/9ct ?an ( ^? sub/ances to :i* !y d belong4 ,! notion we h ( a fa!r or bro!r is a great deal cle>] & m di/9ct ?an t we h ( a man2 or1 if y w1 ,,pat]nity is a ?+ :]e( x is easi] to h a cle> idea1 ?an ( ,,humanity2 & ,i c mu* easi] conceive :at a fri5d is1 ?an :at ,god2 because ! k ( "o action1 or "o simple idea1 is (t5times suffici5t to give me ! notion ( a relation2 b to ! kn[+ ( any sub/antial be+1 an accurate collection ( sundry ideas is necess>y4 ,a man1 if he comp>es two ?+s toge!r1 c h>dly be suppos$ n to "k :at x is :]e9 he comp>es !m3 s t :5 he comp>es any ?+s toge!r1 he _c b h a v cle> idea ( t relation4 ,,! ,,ideas1 ,,!n1 ,,( ,,relations1 ,,are ,,capable ,,at ,,lea/ ,,( ,,be+ ,,m ,,p]fect ,,& ,,di/9ct ,,9 ,,our ,,m9ds ,,?an ,,^? ,,( ,,sub/ances4 ,because x is commonly h>d to "k all ! simple ideas :i* are really 9 any sub/ance1 b = ! mo/ "p easy en\gh to "k ! simple ideas t make up any relation ,i ?9k on1 or h a "n =3 v4g4 comp>+ two m5 9 ref]5ce to "o common p>5t1 x is v easy to frame ! ideas ( bro!rs1 )\t hav+ yet ! p]fect idea ( a man4 ,= significant relative words1 z well z o!rs1 /&+ only = ideas2 & ^? be+ all ei!r simple1 or made up ( simple ones1 x suffices = ! kn[+ ! precise idea ! relative t]m /&s =1 to h a cle> conception ( t :i* is ! f\ndation ( ! relation2 :i* may be done )\t hav+ a p]fect & cle> idea ( ! ?+ x is attribut$ to4 ,?us1 hav+ ! notion t "o laid ! egg out ( :i* ! o!r 0 hat*$1 ,i h a cle> idea ( ! relation ( ,,dam & ,,*ick betwe5 ! two cassi[>ies 9 ,/4 ,james's ,p>k2 ?\gh p]haps ,i h b a v obscure & imp]fect idea ( ^? birds !mselves4 #i4 ,relations all t]m9ate 9 simple ,ideas4 ,?irdly1 ,?\gh !re be a great numb] ( consid]ations :]e9 ?+s may be comp>$ "o ) ano!r1 & s a multitude ( relations1 yet !y all t]m9ate 91 & are conc]n$ ab\t ^? simple ideas1 ei!r ( s5sation or reflection1 :i* ,i ?9k to be ! :ole mat]ials ( all our k4 ,to cle> ?is1 ,i %all %[ x 9 ! mo/ consid]able relations t we h any notion (2 & 9 "s t seem to be ! mo/ remote f s5se or reflection3 :i* yet w appe> to h _! ideas f !nce1 & leave x pa/ d\bt t ! notions we h ( !m are b c]ta9 simple ideas1 & s orig9ally d]iv$ f s5se or reflection4 #aj4 ,t]ms lead+ ! ,m9d beyond ! ,subject d5om9at$1 are relative4 ,f\r?ly1 ,t relation be+ ! consid]+ ( "o ?+ ) ano!r :i* is extr9sical to x1 x is evid5t t all words t necess>ily lead ! m9d to any o!r ideas ?an are suppos$ really to exi/ 9 t ?+ to :i* ! words are appli$ are relative words3 v4g4a ,,man1 ,,black1 ,,m]ry1 ,,?\ghtful1 ,,?ir/y1 ,,angry1 ,,ext5d$2 ^! & ! l are all absolute1 because !y nei!r signify nor intimate any?+ b :at does or is suppos$ really to exi/ 9 ! man ?us d5om9at$2 b ,,fa!r1 ,,bro!r1 ,,k+1 ,,husb&1 ,,black]1 ,,m]ri]1 c41 are words :i*1 toge!r ) ! ?+ !y d5om9ate1 imply also some?+ else sep>ate & ext]ior to ! exi/5ce ( t ?+4 #aa4 ,all relatives made up ( simple ideas4 ,hav+ laid d[n ^! premises conc]n+ relation 9 g5]al1 ,i %all n[ proce$ to %[1 9 "s in/ances1 h[ all ! ideas we h ( relation are made up1 z ! o!rs are1 only ( simple ideas2 & t !y all1 h[ ref9$ or remote f s5se soev] !y seem1 t]m9ate at la/ 9 simple ideas4 ,i %all beg9 ) ! mo/ compreh5sive relation1 :]e9 all ?+s t d1 or c exi/1 are conc]n$1 & t is ! relation ( ,,cause & ,,effect3 ! idea :]e(1 h[ d]iv$ f ! two f\nta9s ( all our k1 s5sation & reflection1 ,i %all 9 ! next place consid]4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvi4 ,,( ,,cause ,,& ,,effect1 ,,& ,,o!r ,,relations4 #a4 ,:5ce ! ,ideas ( cause & effect got4 ,9 ! notice t our s5ses take ( ! con/ant vicissitude ( ?+s1 we _c b obs]ve t sev]al p>ticul>1 bo? qualities & sub/ances1 beg9 to exi/2 & t !y receive ?is _! exi/5ce f ! due application & op]ation ( "s o!r be+4 ,f ?is obs]vation we get our ideas ( ,,cause & ,,effect4 ,,t ,,:i* ,,produces ,,any ,,simple ,,or ,,complex ,,idea we d5ote by ! g5]al "n1 ,,cause1 & ,,t ,,:i* ,,is ,,produc$1 ,,effect4 ,?us1 f9d+ t 9 t sub/ance :i* we call wax1 fluidity1 :i* is a simple idea t 0 n 9 x be=e1 is con/antly produc$ by ! application ( a c]ta9 degree ( heat we call ! simple idea ( heat1 9 relation to fluidity 9 wax1 ! cause ( x1 & fluidity ! effect4 ,s also1 f9d+ t ! sub/ance1 wood1 :i* is a c]ta9 collection ( simple ideas s call$1 by ! application ( fire1 is turn$ into ano!r sub/ance1 call$ a%es2 i4 e41 ano!r complex idea1 consi/+ ( a collection ( simple ideas1 q diff]5t f t complex idea :i* we call wood2 we consid] fire1 9 relation to a%es1 z cause1 & ! a%es1 z effect4 ,s t :atev] is consid]$ by u to conduce or op]ate to ! produc+ any p>ticul> simple idea1 or collection ( simple ideas1 :e!r sub/ance or mode1 :i* did n be=e exi/1 ha? !reby 9 our m9ds ! relation ( a cause1 & s is d5om9at$ by u4 #b4 ,creation ,g5]ation1 mak+ ,alt]ation4 ,hav+ ?us1 f :at our s5ses are able to discov] 9 ! op]ations ( bodies on "o ano!r1 got ! notion ( cause & effect1 viz4 t a cause is t :i* makes any o!r ?+1 ei!r simple idea1 sub/ance1 or mode1 beg9 to be2 & an effect is t :i* _h its beg9n+ f "s o!r ?+2 ! m9d f9ds no great difficulty to di/+ui% ! sev]al orig9als ( ?+s into two sorts3-- ,fir/1 ,:5 ! ?+ is :olly made new1 s t no "p !re( did ev] exi/ be=e2 z :5 a new p>ticle ( matt] do? beg9 to exi/1 ,,9 ,,r]um ,,natura1 :i* _h be=e no be+1 & ?is we call ,,creation4 ,secondly1 ,:5 a ?+ is made up ( p>ticles1 :i* did all ( !m be=e exi/2 b t v ?+1 s con/itut$ ( pre-exi/+ p>ticles1 :i*1 consid]$ all toge!r1 make up su* a collection ( simple ideas1 _h n any exi/5ce be=e1 z ?is man1 ?is egg1 rose1 or *]ry1 c4 ,& ?is1 :5 ref]r$ to a sub/ance1 produc$ 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( nature by int]nal pr9ciple1 b set on "w by1 & receiv$ f1 "s ext]nal ag5t1 or cause1 & work+ by ins5sible ways :i* we p]ceive n1 we call ,,g5]ation4 ,:5 ! cause is extr9sical1 & ! effect produc$ by a s5sible sep>ation1 or juxta-position ( disc]nible p>ts1 we call x ,,mak+2 & su* are all artificial ?+s4 ,:5 any simple idea is produc$1 :i* 0 n 9 t subject be=e1 we call x ,,alt]ation4 ,?us a man is g5]at$1 a picture made2 & ei!r ( !m alt]$1 :5 any new s5sible quality or simple idea is produc$ 9 ei!r ( !m1 :i* 0 n !re be=e3 & ! ?+s ?us made to exi/1 :i* 7 n !re be=e1 are effects2 & ^? ?+s :i* op]at$ to ! exi/5ce1 causes4 ,9 :i*1 & all o!r cases1 we may obs]ve1 t ! notion ( cause & effect has its rise f ideas receiv$ by s5sation or reflection2 & t ?is relation1 h[ compreh5sive soev]1 t]m9ates at la/ 9 !m4 ,= to h ! idea ( cause & effect1 x suffices to consid] any simple idea or sub/ance1 z beg9n+ to exi/1 by ! op]ation ( "s o!r1 )\t kn[+ ! mann] ( t op]ation4 #c4 ,relations ( ,"t4 ,"t & place are also ! f\ndations ( v l>ge relations2 & all f9ite be+s at lea/ are conc]n$ 9 !m4 ,b hav+ already %[n 9 ano!r place h[ we get ^? ideas1 x may suffice "h to intimate1 t mo/ ( ! d5om9ations ( ?+s receiv$ f ,,"t are only relations4 ,?us1 :5 any "o says t ,que5 ,elizabe? liv$ sixty-n9e1 & reign$ =ty-five ye>s1 ^! words import only ! relation ( t duration to "s o!r1 & mean no m b ?is1 ,t ! duration ( h] exi/5ce 0 equal to sixty-n9e1 & ! duration ( h] gov]nm5t to =ty-five annual revolutions ( ! sun2 & s are all words1 answ]+1 ,,h[ ,,long8 ,aga91 ,william ! ,conqu]or invad$ ,engl& ab\t ! ye> #ajff2 :i* means ?is1 ,t1 tak+ ! duration f our ,savi\r's "t till n[ = "o entire great l5g? ( "t1 x %[s at :at di/ance ?is invasion 0 f ! two extremes2 & s d all words ( "t answ]+ to ! "q1 ,,:51 :i* %[ only ! di/ance ( any po9t ( "t f ! p]iod ( a long] duration1 f :i* we measure1 & to :i* we !reby consid] x z relat$4 #d4 ,"s ideas ( ,"t suppos$ positive & f\nd to be relative4 ,!re are yet1 besides ^?1 o!r words ( "t1 t ord9>ily are ?\ght to /& = positive ideas1 :i* yet w1 :5 consid]$1 be f\nd to be relative2 su* z are1 "y1 old1 c41 :i* include & intimate ! relation any?+ has to a c]ta9 l5g? ( duration1 :]e( we h ! idea 9 our m9ds4 ,?us1 hav+ settl$ 9 our ?\ghts ! idea ( ! ord9>y duration ( a man to be sev5ty ye>s1 :5 we say a man is ,,"y1 we mean t 8 age is yet b a small "p ( t :i* usually m5 atta9 to2 & :5 we d5om9ate him ,,old1 we mean t 8 duration is run out almo/ to ! end ( t :i* m5 d n usually exce$4 ,& s x is b comp>+ ! p>ticul> age or duration ( ?is or t man1 to ! idea ( t duration :i* we h 9 our m9ds1 z ord9>ily belong+ to t sort ( animals3 :i* is pla9 9 ! application ( ^! names to o!r ?+s2 = a man is call$ "y at tw5ty ye>s1 & v "y at sev5 ye>s old3 b yet a horse we call old at tw5ty1 & a dog at sev5 ye>s1 because 9 ea* ( ^! we comp>e _! age to diff]5t ideas ( duration1 :i* are settl$ 9 our m9ds z belong+ to ^! sev]al sorts ( animals1 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( nature4 ,b ! sun & />s1 ?\gh !y h outla/$ sev]al g5]ations ( m51 we call n old1 because we d n "k :at p]iod ,god ha? set to t sort ( be+s4 ,?is t]m belong+ prop]ly to ^? ?+s :i* we c obs]ve 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( ?+s1 by a natural decay1 to come to an end 9 a c]ta9 p]iod ( "t2 & s h 9 our m9ds1 z x 71 a /&>d to :i* we c comp>e ! sev]al p>ts ( _! duration2 &1 by ! relation !y be> !reunto1 call !m "y or old2 :i* we _c1 !re=e1 d to a ruby or a diamond1 ?+s ^: usual p]iods we "k n4 #e4 ,relations ( ,place & ,ext5sion4 ,! relation also t ?+s h to "o ano!r 9 _! ,,places & di/ances is v obvi\s to obs]ve2 z above1 bel[1 a mile di/ant f ,*>+-cross1 9 ,engl&1 & 9 ,london4 ,b z 9 duration1 s 9 ext5sion & bulk1 !re are "s ideas t are relative :i* we signify by names t are ?\ght positive2 z ,,great & ,,little are truly relations4 ,= "h also1 hav+1 by obs]vation1 settl$ 9 our m9ds ! ideas ( ! bigness ( sev]al species ( ?+s f ^? we h be5 mo/ accu/om$ to1 we make !m z x 7 ! /&>ds1 :]eby to d5om9ate ! bulk ( o!rs4 ,?us we call a great apple1 su* a "o z is bigg] ?an ! ord9>y sort ( ^? we h be5 us$ to2 & a little horse1 su* a "o z comes n up to ! size ( t idea :i* we h 9 our m9ds to belong ord9>ily to horses2 & t w be a great horse to a ,wel*man1 :i* is b a little "o to a ,flem+2 !y two hav+1 f ! diff]5t bre$ ( _! c\ntries1 tak5 sev]al-siz$ ideas to :i* !y comp>e1 & 9 relation to :i* !y d5om9ate _! great & _! little4 #f4 ,absolute ,t]ms (t5 /& = ,relations4 ,s likewise weak & /rong are b relative d5om9ations ( p[]1 comp>$ to "s ideas we h at t "t ( great] or less p[]4 ,?us1 :5 we say a weak man1 we mean "o t has n s mu* /r5g? or p[] to move z usually m5 h1 or usually ^? ( 8 size h2 :i* is a comp>+ 8 /r5g? to ! idea we h ( ! usual /r5g? ( m51 or m5 ( su* a size4 ,! l :5 we say ! creatures are all weak ?+s2 weak !re is b a relative t]m1 signify+ ! disproportion !re is 9 ! p[] ( ,god & ! creatures4 ,& s abundance ( words1 9 ord9>y spee*1 /& only = relations 7& p]haps ! greate/ "p7 :i* at fir/ sight seem to h no su* signification3 v4g4 ! %ip has necess>y /ores4 ,,necess>y & ,,/ores are bo? relative words2 "o hav+ a relation to ! accompli%+ ! voyage int5d$1 & ! o!r to future use4 ,all :i* relations1 h[ !y are conf9$ to1 & t]m9ate 9 ideas d]iv$ f s5sation or reflection1 is too obvi\s to ne$ any explication4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvii4 ,,( ,,id5tity ,,& ,,div]sity4 #a4 ,:]e9 ,id5tity consi/s4 ,,ano!r occasion ! m9d (t5 takes ( comp>+1 is ! v be+ ( ?+s1 :51 consid]+ ,,any?+ ,,z ,,exi/+ ,,at ,,any ,,det]m9$ ,,"t ,,& ,,place1 we comp>e x ) ,,itself ,,exi/+ ,,at ,,ano!r ,,"t1 & !reon =m ! ideas ( ,,id5tity & ,,div]sity4 ,:5 we see any?+ to be 9 any place 9 any in/ant ( "t1 we are sure 7be x :at x w7 t x is t v ?+1 & n ano!r :i* at t same "t exi/s 9 ano!r place1 h[ l & undi/+ui%able soev] x may be 9 all o!r respects3 & 9 ?is consi/s ,,id5tity1 :5 ! ideas x is attribut$ to v>y n at all f :at !y 7 t mom5t :]e9 we consid] _! =m] exi/5ce1 & to :i* we comp>e ! pres5t4 ,= we nev] f9d+1 nor conceiv+ x possible1 t two ?+s ( ! same k9d %\ld exi/ 9 ! same place at ! same "t1 we rightly conclude1 t1 :atev] exi/s any:]e at any "t1 excludes all ( ! same k9d1 & is !re itself alone4 ,:5 !re=e we dem& :e!r any?+ be ! ,,same or no1 x ref]s always to some?+ t exi/$ su* a "t 9 su* a place1 :i* x 0 c]ta91 at t in/ant1 0 ! same ) itself1 & no o!r4 ,f :5ce x foll[s1 t "o ?+ _c h two beg9n+s ( exi/5ce1 nor two ?+s "o beg9n+2 x be+ impossible = two ?+s ( ! same k9d to be or exi/ 9 ! same in/ant1 9 ! v same place2 or "o & ! same ?+ 9 diff]5t places4 ,t1 !re=e1 t _h "o beg9n+1 is ! same ?+2 & t :i* _h a diff]5t beg9n+ 9 "t & place f t1 is n ! same1 b div]se4 ,t :i* has made ! difficulty ab\t ?is relation has be5 ! little c>e & att5tion us$ 9 hav+ precise notions ( ! ?+s to :i* x is attribut$4 #b4 ,id5tity ( ,sub/ances4 ,we h ! ideas b ( ?ree sorts ( sub/ances3 #a4 ,,god4 #b4 ,,f9ite ,,intellig5ces4 #c4 ,,bodies4 ,fir/1 ,,god is )\t beg9n+1 et]nal1 unalt]able1 & ev]y:]e1 & !re=e conc]n+ 8 id5tity !re c be no d\bt4 ,secondly1 ,,f9ite ,,spirits hav+ _h ea* its det]m9at$ "t & place ( beg9n+ to exi/1 ! relation to t "t & place w always det]m9e to ea* ( !m its id5tity1 z long z x exi/s4 ,?irdly1 ,! same w hold ( e ,,p>ticle ,,( ,,matt]1 to :i* no addition or subtraction ( matt] be+ made1 x is ! same4 ,=1 ?\gh ^! ?ree sorts ( sub/ances1 z we t]m !m1 d n exclude "o ano!r out ( ! same place1 yet we _c conceive b t !y mu/ necess>ily ea* ( !m exclude any ( ! same k9d out ( ! same place3 or else ! notions & names ( id5tity & div]sity w\ld be 9 va91 & !re c\ld be no su* di/9ctions ( sub/ances1 or any?+ else "o f ano!r4 ,= example3 c\ld two bodies be 9 ! same place at ! same "t2 !n ^? two p>cels ( matt] mu/ be "o & ! same1 take !m great or little2 nay1 all bodies mu/ be "o & ! same4 ,=1 by ! same reason t two p>ticles ( matt] may be 9 "o place1 all bodies may be 9 "o place3 :i*1 :5 x c be suppos$1 takes away ! di/9ction ( id5tity & div]sity ( "o & m1 & r5d]s x ridicul\s4 ,b x be+ a contradiction t two or m %\ld be "o1 id5tity & div]sity are relations & ways ( comp>+ well f\nd$1 & ( use to ! und]/&+4 #c4 ,id5tity ( modes & relations4 ,all o!r ?+s be+ b modes or relations ultimately t]m9at$ 9 sub/ances1 ! id5tity & div]sity ( ea* p>ticul> exi/5ce ( !m too w be by ! same way det]m9$3 only z to ?+s ^: exi/5ce is 9 succession1 su* z are ! actions ( f9ite be+s1 v4 g4 ,,motion & ,,?\ght1 bo? :i* consi/ 9 a cont9u$ tra9 ( succession1 conc]n+ ,,_! div]sity !re c be no "q3 because ea* p]i%+ ! mom5t x beg9s1 !y _c exi/ 9 diff]5t times1 or 9 diff]5t places1 z p]man5t be+s c at diff]5t times exi/ 9 di/ant places2 & !re=e no motion or ?\ght1 consid]$ z at diff]5t times1 c be ! same1 ea* "p !re( hav+ a diff]5t beg9n+ ( exi/5ce4 #d4 ,pr9cipium ,individuationis4 ,f :at has be5 said1 x is easy to discov] :at is s mu* inquir$ aft]1 ! ,,pr9cipium ,,individuationis2 & t1 x is pla91 is exi/5ce itself2 :i* det]m9es a be+ ( any sort to a p>ticul> "t & place1 incommunicable to two be+s ( ! same k9d4 ,?is1 ?\gh x seems easi] to conceive 9 simple sub/ances or modes2 yet1 :5 reflect$ on1 is n m difficult 9 comp\nd ones1 if c>e be tak5 to :at x is appli$3 v4g4 let u suppose an atom1 i4e4 a cont9u$ body "u "o immutable sup]ficies1 exi/+ 9 a det]m9$ "t & place2 x is evid5t1 t1 consid]$ 9 any in/ant ( its exi/5ce1 x is 9 t in/ant ! same ) itself4 ,=1 be+ at t in/ant :at x is1 & no?+ else1 x is ! same1 & s mu/ cont9ue z long z its exi/5ce is cont9u$2 = s long x w be ! same1 & no o!r4 ,9 l mann]1 if two or m atoms be jo9$ toge!r into ! same mass1 e "o ( ^? atoms w be ! same1 by ! =ego+ rule3 & :il/ !y exi/ unit$ toge!r1 ! mass1 consi/+ ( ! same atoms1 mu/ be ! same mass1 or ! same body1 let ! p>ts be ev] s diff]5tly jumbl$4 ,b if "o ( ^! atoms be tak5 away1 or "o new "o add$1 x is no long] ! same mass or ! same body4 ,9 ! /ate ( liv+ creatures1 _! id5tity dep5ds n on a mass ( ! same p>ticles1 b on some?+ else4 ,= 9 !m ! v>iation ( great p>cels ( matt] alt]s n ! id5tity3 an oak gr[+ f a plant to a great tree1 & !n lopp$1 is /ill ! same oak2 & a colt gr[n up to a horse1 sometimes fat1 sometimes lean1 is all ! :ile ! same horse3 ?\gh1 9 bo? ^! cases1 !re may be a manife/ *ange ( ! p>ts2 s t truly !y are n ei!r ( !m ! same masses ( matt]1 ?\gh !y be truly "o ( !m ! same oak1 & ! o!r ! same horse4 ,! reason :]e( is1 t1 9 ^! two cases--a ,,mass ,,( ,,matt] & a ,,liv+ ,,body--id5tity is n appli$ to ! same ?+4 #e4 ,id5tity ( ,vegetables4 ,we mu/ !re=e consid] :]e9 an oak diff]s f a mass ( matt]1 & t seems to me to be 9 ?is1 t ! "o is only ! cohesion ( p>ticles ( matt] any h[ unit$1 ! o!r su* a disposition ( !m z con/itutes ! p>ts ( an oak2 & su* an organization ( ^? p>ts z is fit to receive & di/ribute n\ri%m5t1 s z to cont9ue & frame ! wood1 b>k1 & leaves1 c41 ( an oak1 9 :i* consi/s ! vegetable life4 ,t be+ !n "o plant :i* has su* an organization ( p>ts 9 "o coh]5t body1 p>tak+ ( "o common life1 x cont9ues to be ! same plant z long z x p>takes ( ! same life1 ?\gh t life be communicat$ to new p>ticles ( matt] vitally unit$ to ! liv+ plant1 9 a l cont9u$ organization con=mable to t sort ( plants4 ,= ?is organization1 be+ at any "o in/ant 9 any "o collection ( matt]1 is 9 t p>ticul> concrete di/+ui%$ f all o!r1 & ,,is t individual life1 :i* exi/+ con/antly f t mom5t bo? =w>ds & backw>ds1 9 ! same cont9uity ( ins5sibly succe$+ p>ts unit$ to ! liv+ body ( ! plant1 x has t id5tity :i* makes ! same plant1 & all ! p>ts ( x1 p>ts ( ! same plant1 dur+ all ! "t t !y exi/ unit$ 9 t cont9u$ organization1 :i* is fit to convey t common life to all ! p>ts s unit$4 #f4 ,id5tity ( ,animals4 ,! case is n s mu* diff]5t 9 ,,brutes b t any "o may h5ce see :at makes an animal & cont9ues x ! same4 ,some?+ we h l ?is 9 ma*9es1 & may s]ve to illu/rate x4 ,= example1 :at is a wat*8 ,x is pla9 x is no?+ b a fit organization or con/ruction ( p>ts to a c]ta9 end1 :i*1 :5 a suffici5t =ce is add$ to x1 x is capable to atta94 ,if we w\ld suppose ?is ma*9e "o cont9u$ body1 all ^: organiz$ p>ts 7 repair$1 increas$1 or dim9i%$ by a con/ant addition or sep>ation ( ins5sible p>ts1 ) "o common life1 we %\ld h some?+ v mu* l ! body ( an animal2 ) ?is diff]5ce1 ,t1 9 an animal ! fitness ( ! organization1 & ! motion :]e9 life consi/s1 beg9 toge!r1 ! motion com+ f )92 b 9 ma*9es ! =ce com+ s5sibly f )\t1 is (t5 away :5 ! organ is 9 ord]1 & well fitt$ to receive x4 #g4 ,! ,id5tity ( ,man4 ,?is also %[s :]e9 ! id5tity ( ! same ,,man consi/s2 viz4 9 no?+ b a p>ticipation ( ! same cont9u$ life1 by con/antly fleet+ p>ticles ( matt]1 9 succession vitally unit$ to ! same organiz$ body4 ,he t %all place ! id5tity ( man 9 any?+ else1 b1 l t ( o!r animals1 9 "o fitly organiz$ body1 tak5 9 any "o in/ant1 & f !nce cont9u$1 "u "o organization ( life1 9 sev]al successively fleet+ p>ticles ( matt] unit$ to x1 w f9d x h>d to make an embryo1 "o ( ye>s1 mad & sob]1 ! ,,same man1 by any supposition1 t w n make x possible = ,se?1 ,ismael1 ,socrates1 ,pilate1 ,/4 ,au/91 & ,caes> ,borgia1 to be ! same man4 ,= if ! id5tity ( ,,s\l ,,alone makes ! same ,,man2 & !re be no?+ 9 ! nature ( matt] :y ! same individual _s may n be unit$ to diff]5t bodies1 x w be possible t ^? m51 liv+ 9 di/ant ages1 & ( diff]5t temp]s1 may h be5 ! same man3 :i* way ( speak+ mu/ be f a v /range use ( ! ^w man1 appli$ to an idea out ( :i* body & %ape are exclud$4 ,& t way ( speak+ w\ld agree yet worse ) ! notions ( ^? philosoph]s :o all[ ( transmigration1 & are ( op9ion t ! s\ls ( m5 may1 = _! misc>riages1 be detrud$ into ! bodies ( bea/s1 z fit habitations1 ) organs suit$ to ! satisfaction ( _! brutal incl9ations4 ,b yet ,i ?9k nobody1 c\ld he be sure t ! ,,s\l ( ,heliogabalus 7 9 "o ( 8 hogs1 w\ld yet say t hog 7 a ,,man or ,heliogabalus4 #h4 ,idea ( ,id5tity suit$ to ! ,idea x is appli$ to4 ,x is n !re=e unity ( sub/ance t compreh5ds all sorts ( id5tity1 or w det]m9e x 9 e case2 b to conceive & judge ( x aright1 we mu/ consid] :at idea ! ^w x is appli$ to /&s =3 x be+ "o ?+ to be ! same ,,sub/ance1 ano!r ! same ,,man1 & a ?ird ! same ,,p]son1 if ,,p]son1 ,,man1 & ,,sub/ance1 are ?ree names /&+ = ?ree diff]5t ideas2--= su* z is ! idea belong+ to t "n1 su* mu/ be ! id5tity2 :i*1 if x _h be5 a little m c>efully att5d$ to1 w\ld possibly h prev5t$ a great deal ( t confusion :i* (t5 occurs ab\t ?is matt]1 ) no small seem+ difficulties1 especially conc]n+ ,,p]sonal id5tity1 :i* !re=e we %all 9 ! next place a little consid]4 #i4 ,same man4 ,an animal is a liv+ organiz$ body2 & consequ5tly ! same animal1 z we h obs]v$1 is ! same cont9u$ ,,life communicat$ to diff]5t p>ticles ( matt]1 z !y happ5 successively to be unit$ to t organiz$ liv+ body4 ,& :atev] is talk$ ( o!r def9itions1 +5i\s obs]vation puts x pa/ d\bt1 t ! idea 9 our m9ds1 ( :i* ! s\nd man 9 our m\?s is ! sign1 is no?+ else b ( an animal ( su* a c]ta9 =m4 ,s9ce ,i ?9k ,i may be confid5t1 t1 :oev] %\ld see a creature ( 8 own %ape or make1 ?\gh x _h no m reason all its life ?an a cat or a p>rot1 w\ld call him /ill a ,,man2 or :oev] %\ld he> a cat or a p>rot disc\rse1 reason1 & philosophize1 w\ld call or ?9k x no?+ b a ,,cat or a ,,p>rot2 & say1 ! "o 0 a dull irrational man1 & ! o!r a v intellig5t rational p>rot4 #aj4 ,same man4 ,= ,i presume x is n ! idea ( a ?9k+ or rational be+ alone t makes ! ,,idea ,,( ,a ,,man 9 mo/ p's s5se3 b ( a body1 s & s %ap$1 jo9$ to x2 & if t be ! idea ( a man1 ! same successive body n %ift$ all at once1 mu/1 z well z ! same immat]ial _s1 g to ! mak+ ( ! same man4 #aa4 ,p]sonal ,id5tity4 ,?is be+ premis$1 to f9d :]e9 p]sonal id5tity consi/s1 we mu/ consid] :at ,,p]son /&s =2--:i*1 ,i ?9k1 is a ?9k+ intellig5t be+1 t has reason & reflection1 & c consid] itself z itself1 ! same ?9k+ ?+1 9 diff]5t times & places2 :i* x does only by t consci\sness :i* is insep>able f ?9k+1 &1 z x seems to me1 ess5tial to x3 x be+ impossible = any "o to p]ceive )\t ,,p]ceiv+ t he does p]ceive4 ,:5 we see1 he>1 smell1 ta/e1 feel1 m$itate1 or w any?+1 we "k t we d s4 ,?us x is always z to our pres5t s5sations & p]ceptions3 & by ?is e "o is to himself t :i* he calls ,,self3--x n be+ consid]$1 9 ?is case1 :e!r ! same self be cont9u$ 9 ! same or div]s sub/ances4 ,=1 s9ce consci\sness always accompanies ?9k+1 & x is t :i* makes e "o to be :at he calls self1 & !reby di/+ui%es himself f all o!r ?9k+ ?+s1 9 ?is alone consi/s p]sonal id5tity1 i4e4 ! sam5ess ( a rational be+3 & z f> z ?is consci\sness c be ext5d$ backw>ds to any pa/ action or ?\ght1 s f> rea*es ! id5tity ( t p]son2 x is ! same self n[ x 0 !n2 & x is by ! same self ) ?is pres5t "o t n[ reflects on x1 t t action 0 done4 #ab4 ,consci\sness makes p]sonal ,id5tity4 ,b x is fur!r inquir$1 :e!r x be ! same id5tical sub/ance4 ,?is few w\ld ?9k !y _h reason to d\bt (1 if ^! p]ceptions1 ) _! consci\sness1 always rema9$ pres5t 9 ! m9d1 :]eby ! same ?9k+ ?+ w\ld be always consci\sly pres5t1 &1 z w\ld be ?\ght1 evid5tly ! same to itself4 ,b t :i* seems to make ! difficulty is ?is1 t ?is consci\sness be+ int]rupt$ always by =getfulness1 !re be+ no mom5t ( our lives :]e9 we h ! :ole tra9 ( all our pa/ actions be=e our eyes 9 "o view1 b ev5 ! be/ memories los+ ! sight ( "o "p :il/ !y are view+ ano!r2 & we sometimes1 & t ! greate/ "p ( our lives1 n reflect+ on our pa/ selves1 be+ int5t on our pres5t ?\ghts1 & 9 s\nd sleep hav+ no ?\ghts at all1 or at lea/ none ) t consci\sness :i* rem>ks our wak+ ?\ghts1--,i say1 9 all ^! cases1 our consci\sness be+ int]rupt$1 & we los+ ! sight ( our pa/ selves1 d\bts are rais$ :e!r we are ! same ?9k+ ?+1 i4e4 ! same ,,sub/ance or no4 ,:i*1 h[ev] reasonable or unreasonable1 conc]ns n ,,p]sonal id5tity at all4 ,! "q be+ :at makes ! same p]son2 & n :e!r x be ! same id5tical sub/ance1 :i* always ?9ks 9 ! same p]son1 :i*1 9 ?is case1 matt]s n at all3 diff]5t sub/ances1 by ! same consci\sness 7:]e !y d p>take 9 x7 be+ unit$ into "o p]son1 z well z diff]5t bodies by ! same life are unit$ into "o animal1 ^: id5tity is pres]v$ 9 t *ange ( sub/ances by ! unity ( "o cont9u$ life4 ,=1 x be+ ! same consci\sness t makes a man be himself to himself1 p]sonal id5tity dep5ds on t only1 :e!r x be annex$ solely to "o individual sub/ance1 or c be cont9u$ 9 a succession ( sev]al sub/ances4 ,= z f> z any intellig5t be+ ,,c repeat ! idea ( any pa/ action ) ! same consci\sness x _h ( x at fir/1 & ) ! same consci\sness x has ( any pres5t action2 s f> x is ! same p]sonal self4 ,= x is by ! consci\sness x has ( its pres5t ?\ghts & actions1 t x is ,,self ,,to ,,itself n[1 & s w be ! same self1 z f> z ! same consci\sness c ext5d to actions pa/ or to come2 & w\ld be by di/ance ( "t1 or *ange ( sub/ance1 no m two p]sons1 ?an a man be two m5 by we>+ o!r clo!s to-day ?an he did ye/]day1 ) a long or a %ort sleep betwe53 ! same consci\sness unit+ ^? di/ant actions into ! same p]son1 :atev] sub/ances contribut$ to _! production4 #ac4 ,p]sonal ,id5tity 9 ,*ange ( ,sub/ance4 ,t ?is is s1 we h "s k9d ( evid5ce 9 our v bodies1 all ^: p>ticles1 :il/ vitally unit$ to ?is same ?9k+ consci\s self1 s t ,,we ,,feel :5 !y are t\*$1 & are affect$ by1 & consci\s ( good or h>m t happ5s to !m1 are a "p ( ourselves2 i4e4 ( our ?9k+ consci\s self4 ,?us1 ! limbs ( 8 body are to e "o a "p ( himself2 he sympa?izes & is conc]n$ = !m4 ,cut (f a h&1 & !reby sep>ate x f t consci\sness he _h ( its heat1 cold1 & o!r affections1 & x is !n no long] a "p ( t :i* is himself1 any m ?an ! remote/ "p ( matt]4 ,?us1 we see ! ,,sub/ance :]e( p]sonal self consi/$ at "o "t may be v>i$ at ano!r1 )\t ! *ange ( p]sonal id5tity2 !re be+ no "q ab\t ! same p]son1 ?\gh ! limbs :i* b n[ 7 a "p ( x1 be cut (f4 #ad4 ,p]sonality 9 ,*ange ( ,sub/ance4 ,b ! "q is1 ,:e!r if ! same sub/ance :i* ?9ks be *ang$1 x c be ! same p]son2 or1 rema9+ ! same1 x c be diff]5t p]sons8 ,& to ?is ,i answ]3 ,fir/1 ,?is c be no "q at all to ^? :o place ?\ght 9 a purely mat]ial animal con/itution1 void ( an immat]ial sub/ance4 ,=1 :e!r _! supposition be true or no1 x is pla9 !y conceive p]sonal id5tity pres]v$ 9 some?+ else ?an id5tity ( sub/ance2 z animal id5tity is pres]v$ 9 id5tity ( life1 & n ( sub/ance4 ,& !re=e ^? :o place ?9k+ 9 an immat]ial sub/ance only1 be=e !y c come to deal ) ^! m51 mu/ %[ :y p]sonal id5tity _c be pres]v$ 9 ! *ange ( immat]ial sub/ances1 or v>iety ( p>ticul> immat]ial sub/ances1 z well z animal id5tity is pres]v$ 9 ! *ange ( mat]ial sub/ances1 or v>iety ( p>ticul> bodies3 unless !y w say1 x is "o immat]ial _s t makes ! same life 9 brutes1 z x is "o immat]ial _s t makes ! same p]son 9 m52 :i* ! ,c>tesians at lea/ w n admit1 = fe> ( mak+ brutes ?9k+ ?+s too4 #ae4 ,:e!r 9 ,*ange ( ?9k+ ,sub/ances !re c be "o ,p]son4 ,b next1 z to ! fir/ "p ( ! "q1 ,:e!r1 if ! same ?9k+ sub/ance 7suppos+ immat]ial sub/ances only to ?9k7 be *ang$1 x c be ! same p]son8 ,i answ]1 t _c be resolv$ b by ^? :o "k !re c :at k9d ( sub/ances !y are t d ?9k2 & :e!r ! consci\sness ( pa/ actions c be transf]r$ f "o ?9k+ sub/ance to ano!r4 ,i grant 7 ! same consci\sness ! same individual action x c\ld n3 b x be+ a pres5t repres5tation ( a pa/ action1 :y x may n be possible1 t t may be repres5t$ to ! m9d to h be5 :i* really nev] 01 w rema9 to be %[n4 ,& !re=e h[ f> ! consci\sness ( pa/ actions is annex$ to any individual ag5t1 s t ano!r _c possibly h x1 w be h>d = u to det]m9e1 till we "k :at k9d ( action x is t _c be done )\t a reflex act ( p]ception accompany+ x1 & h[ p]=m$ by ?9k+ sub/ances1 :o _c ?9k )\t be+ consci\s ( x4 ,b t :i* we call ! same consci\sness1 n be+ ! same individual act1 :y "o intellectual sub/ance may n h repres5t$ to x1 z done by itself1 :at ,,x nev] did1 & 0 p]haps done by "s o!r ag5t--:y1 ,i say1 su* a repres5tation may n possibly be )\t reality ( matt] ( fact1 z well z sev]al repres5tations 9 dreams are1 :i* yet :il/ dream+ we take = true--w be difficult to conclude f ! nature ( ?+s4 ,& t x nev] is s1 w by u1 till we h cle>] views ( ! nature ( ?9k+ sub/ances1 be be/ resolv$ into ! goodness ( ,god2 :o1 z f> z ! happ9ess or mis]y ( any ( 8 s5sible creatures is conc]n$ 9 x1 w n1 by a fatal error ( !irs1 transf] f "o to ano!r t consci\sness :i* draws rew>d or puni%m5t ) x4 ,h[ f> ?is may be an argum5t aga9/ ^? :o w\ld place ?9k+ 9 a sy/em ( fleet+ animal spirits1 ,i leave to be consid]$4 ,b yet1 to return to ! "q be=e u1 x mu/ be all[$1 t1 if ! same consci\sness 7:i*1 z has be5 %[n1 is q a diff]5t ?+ f ! same num]ical figure or motion 9 body7 c be transf]r$ f "o ?9k+ sub/ance to ano!r1 x w be possible t two ?9k+ sub/ances may make b "o p]son4 ,= ! same consci\sness be+ pres]v$1 :e!r 9 ! same or diff]5t sub/ances1 ! p]sonal id5tity is pres]v$4 #af4 ,:e!r1 ! same immat]ial ,sub/ance rema9+1 !re c be two ,p]sons4 ,z to ! second "p ( ! "q1 ,:e!r ! same immat]ial sub/ance rema9+1 !re may be two di/9ct p]sons2 :i* "q seems to me to be built on ?is1--,:e!r ! same immat]ial be+1 be+ consci\s ( ! action ( its pa/ duration1 may be :olly /ripp$ ( all ! consci\sness ( its pa/ exi/5ce1 & lose x beyond ! p[] ( ev] retriev+ x aga93 & s z x 7 beg9n+ a new acc\nt f a new p]iod1 h a consci\sness t ,,_c rea* beyond ?is new /ate4 ,all ^? :o hold pre-exi/5ce are evid5tly ( ?is m9d2 s9ce !y all[ ! s\l to h no rema9+ consci\sness ( :at x did 9 t pre-exi/5t /ate1 ei!r :olly sep>ate f body1 or in=m+ any o!r body2 & if !y %\ld n1 x is pla9 exp]i5ce w\ld be aga9/ !m4 ,s t p]sonal id5tity1 rea*+ no fur!r ?an consci\sness rea*es1 a pre-exi/5t _s n hav+ cont9u$ s _m ages 9 a /ate ( sil5ce1 mu/ ne$s make diff]5t p]sons4 ,suppose a ,*ri/ian ,platoni/ or a ,py?agorean %\ld1 ^u ,god's hav+ end$ all 8 works ( creation ! sev5? day1 ?9k 8 s\l ha? exi/$ ev] s9ce2 & %\ld imag9e x has revolv$ 9 sev]al human bodies2 z ,i once met ) "o1 :o 0 p]suad$ 8 _h be5 ! ,,s\l ( ,socrates 7h[ reasonably ,i w n dispute2 ?is ,i "k1 t 9 ! po/ he fill$1 :i* 0 no inconsid]able "o1 he pass$ = a v rational man1 & ! press has %[n t he want$ n p>ts or le>n+27--w\ld any "o say1 t he1 be+ n consci\s ( any ( ,socrates's actions or ?\ghts1 c\ld be ! same ,,p]son ) ,socrates8 ,let any "o reflect ^u himself1 & conclude t he has 9 himself an immat]ial _s1 :i* is t :i* ?9ks 9 him1 &1 9 ! con/ant *ange ( 8 body keeps him ! same3 & is t :i* he calls ,,himself3 let him also suppose x to be ! same s\l t 0 9 ,ne/or or ,!rsites1 at ! siege ( ,troy1 7= s\ls be+1 z f> z we "k any?+ ( !m1 9 _! nature indiff]5t to any p>cel ( matt]1 ! supposition has no app>5t absurdity 9 x17 :i* x may h be51 z well z x is n[ ! s\l ( any o!r man3 b he n[ hav+ no consci\sness ( any ( ! actions ei!r ( ,ne/or or ,!rsites1 does or c he conceive himself ! same p]son ) ei!r ( !m8 ,c he be conc]n$ 9 ei!r ( _! actions8 attribute !m to himself1 or ?9k !m 8 own m ?an ! actions ( any o!r m5 t ev] exi/$8 ,s t ?is consci\sness1 n rea*+ to any ( ! actions ( ei!r ( ^? m51 he is no m "o ,,self ) ei!r ( !m ?an ( ! s\l ( immat]ial _s t n[ in=ms him _h be5 creat$1 & began to exi/1 :5 x began to in=m 8 pres5t body2 ?\gh x 7 nev] s true1 t ! same ,,_s t in=m$ ,ne/or's or ,!rsites' body 7 num]ically ! same t n[ in=ms 84 ,= ?is w\ld no m make him ! same p]son ) ,ne/or1 ?an if "s ( ! p>ticles ( small] t 7 once a "p ( ,ne/or 7 n[ a "p ( ?is man ! same immat]ial sub/ance1 )\t ! same consci\sness1 no m mak+ ! same p]son1 by be+ unit$ to any body1 ?an ! same p>ticle ( matt]1 )\t consci\sness1 unit$ to any body1 makes ! same p]son4 ,b let him once f9d himself consci\s ( any ( ! actions ( ,ne/or1 he !n f9ds himself ! same p]son ) ,ne/or4 #ag4 ,! body1 z well z ! s\l1 goes to ! mak+ ( a ,man4 ,& ?us may we be able1 )\t any difficulty1 to conceive ! same p]son at ! resurrection1 ?\gh 9 a body n exactly 9 make or p>ts ! same :i* he _h "h1--! same consci\sness go+ along ) ! s\l t inhabits x4 ,b yet ! s\l alone1 9 ! *ange ( bodies1 w\ld sc>ce to any "o b to him t makes ! s\l ! man1 be en\gh to make ! same man4 ,= %\ld ! s\l ( a pr9ce1 c>ry+ ) x ! consci\sness ( ! pr9ce's pa/ life1 ent] & in=m ! body ( a cobbl]1 z soon z des]t$ by 8 own s\l1 e "o sees he w\ld be ! same ,,p]son ) ! pr9ce1 acc\ntable only = ! pr9ce's actions3 b :o w\ld say x 0 ! same ,,man8 ,! body too goes to ! mak+ ! man1 & w\ld1 ,i guess1 to ev]ybody det]m9e ! man 9 ?is case1 :]e9 ! s\l1 ) all its pr9cely ?\ghts ab\t x1 w\ld n make ano!r man3 b he w\ld be ! same cobbl] to e "o besides himself4 ,i "k t1 9 ! ord9>y way ( speak+1 ! same p]son1 & ! same man1 /& = "o & ! same ?+4 ,& inde$ e "o w always h a lib]ty to speak z he pleases1 & to apply :at articulate s\nds to :at ideas he ?9ks fit1 & *ange !m z (t5 z he pleases4 ,b yet1 :5 we w inquire :at makes ! same ,,_s1 ,,man1 or ,,p]son1 we mu/ fix ! ideas ( _s1 man1 or p]son 9 our m9ds2 & hav+ resolv$ ) ourselves :at we mean by !m1 x w n be h>d to det]m9e1 9 ei!r ( !m1 or ! l1 :5 x is ! same1 & :5 n4 #ah4 ,consci\sness alone unites actions into ! same ,p]son4 ,b ?\gh ! same immat]ial sub/ance or s\l does n alone1 :]ev] x be1 & 9 :atsoev] /ate1 make ! same ,,man2 yet x is pla91 consci\sness1 z f> z ev] x c be ext5d$--%\ld x be to ages pa/--unites exi/5ces & actions v remote 9 "t into ! same ,,p]son1 z well z x does ! exi/5ces & actions ( ! imm$iately prec$+ mom5t3 s t :atev] has ! consci\sness ( pres5t & pa/ actions1 is ! same p]son to :om !y bo? belong4 ,_h ,i ! same consci\sness t ,i saw ! ark & ,noah's flood1 z t ,i saw an ov]fl[+ ( ! ,?ames la/ w9t]1 or z t ,i write n[1 ,i c\ld no m d\bt t ,i :o write ?is n[1 t saw ! ,?ames ov]fl[$ la/ w9t]1 & t view$ ! flood at ! g5]al deluge1 0 ! same ,,self1--place t self 9 :at ,,sub/ance y please--?an t ,i :o write ?is am ! same ,,myself n[ :il/ ,i write 7:e!r ,i consi/ ( all ! same sub/ance mat]ial or immat]ial1 or no7 t ,i 0 ye/]day4 ,= z to ?is po9t ( be+ ! same self1 x matt]s n :e!r ?is pres5t self be made up ( ! same or o!r sub/ances--,i be+ z mu* conc]n$1 & z ju/ly acc\ntable = any action t 0 done a ?\s& ye>s s9ce1 appropriat$ to me n[ by ?is self-consci\sness1 z ,i am = :at ,i did ! la/ mom5t4 #ai4 ,self dep5ds on ,consci\sness1 n on ,sub/ance4 ,,self is t consci\s ?9k+ ?+1--:atev] sub/ance made up (1 7:e!r spiritual or mat]ial1 simple or comp\nd$1 x matt]s n7--:i* is s5sible or consci\s ( pleasure & pa91 capable ( happ9ess or mis]y1 & s is conc]n$ = itself1 z f> z t consci\sness ext5ds4 ,?us e "o f9ds t1 :il/ compreh5d$ "u t consci\sness1 ! little f+] is z mu* a "p ( himself z :at is mo/ s4 ,^u sep>ation ( ?is little f+]1 %\ld ?is consci\sness g along ) ! little f+]1 & leave ! re/ ( ! body1 x is evid5t ! little f+] w\ld be ! p]son1 ! same p]son2 & self !n w\ld h no?+ to d ) ! re/ ( ! body4 ,z 9 ?is case x is ! consci\sness t goes along ) ! sub/ance1 :5 "o "p is sep>ate f ano!r1 :i* makes ! same p]son1 & con/itutes ?is insep>able self3 s x is 9 ref]5ce to sub/ances remote 9 "t4 ,t ) :i* ! consci\sness ( ?is pres5t ?9k+ ?+ ,,c jo9 itself1 makes ! same p]son1 & is "o self ) x1 & ) no?+ else2 & s attributes to itself1 & owns all ! actions ( t ?+1 z its own1 z f> z t consci\sness rea*es1 & no fur!r2 z e "o :o reflects w p]ceive4 #bj4 ,p]sons1 n ,sub/ances1 ! ,objects ( ,rew>d & ,puni%m5t4 ,9 ?is p]sonal id5tity is f\nd$ all ! "r & ju/ice ( rew>d & puni%m5t2 happ9ess & mis]y be+ t = :i* e "o is conc]n$ = ,,himself1 & n matt]+ :at becomes ( any ,,sub/ance1 n jo9$ to1 or affect$ ) t consci\sness4 ,=1 z x is evid5t 9 ! in/ance ,i gave b n[1 if ! consci\sness w5t along ) ! little f+] :5 x 0 cut (f1 t w\ld be ! same self :i* 0 conc]n$ = ! :ole body ye/]day1 z mak+ "p ( itself1 ^: actions !n x _c b admit z its own n[4 ,?\gh1 if ! same body %\ld /ill live1 & imm$iately f ! sep>ation ( ! little f+] h its own peculi> consci\sness1 :]e( ! little f+] knew no?+1 x w\ld n at all be conc]n$ = x1 z a "p ( itself1 or c\ld own any ( its actions1 or h any ( !m imput$ to him4 #ba4 ,:i* %[s :]e9 ,p]sonal id5tity consi/s4 ,?is may %[ u :]e9 p]sonal id5tity consi/s3 n 9 ! id5tity ( sub/ance1 b1 z ,i h said1 9 ! id5tity ( consci\sness1 :]e9 if ,socrates & ! pres5t mayor ( ,que5bor\gh agree1 !y are ! same p]son3 if ! same ,socrates wak+ & sleep+ d n p>take ( ! same consci\sness1 ,socrates wak+ & sleep+ is n ! same p]son4 ,& to puni% ,socrates wak+ = :at sleep+ ,socrates ?\ght1 & wak+ ,socrates 0 nev] consci\s (1 w\ld be no m ( "r1 ?an to puni% "o tw9 = :at 8 bro!r-tw9 did1 :]e( he knew no?+1 because _! outsides 7 s l1 t !y c\ld n be di/+ui%$2 = su* tw9s h be5 se54 #bb4 ,absolute oblivion sep>ates :at is ?us =gott5 f ! p]son1 b n f ! man4 ,b yet possibly x w /ill be object$1--,suppose ,i :olly lose ! memory ( "s p>ts ( my life1 beyond a possibility ( retriev+ !m1 s t p]haps ,i %all nev] be consci\s ( !m aga92 yet am ,i n ! same p]son t did ^? actions1 _h ^? ?\ghts t ,i once 0 consci\s (1 ?\gh ,i h n[ =got !m8 ,to :i* ,i answ]1 t we mu/ "h take notice :at ! ^w ,i is appli$ to2 :i*1 9 ?is case1 is ! ,,man only4 ,& ! same man be+ presum$ to be ! same p]son1 ,i is easily "h suppos$ to /& also = ! same p]son4 ,b if x be possible = ! same man to h di/9ct incommunicable consci\sness at diff]5t times1 x is pa/ d\bt ! same man w\ld at diff]5t times make diff]5t p]sons2 :i*1 we see1 is ! s5se ( mank9d 9 ! solemne/ decl>ation ( _! op9ions1 human laws n puni%+ ! mad man = ! sob] man's actions1 nor ! sob] man = :at ! mad man did1--!reby mak+ !m two p]sons3 :i* is some:at expla9$ by our way ( speak+ 9 ,engli% :5 we say su* an "o is #8n himself1' or is #8beside himself'2 9 :i* phrases x is ins9uat$1 z if ^? :o n[1 or at lea/ fir/ us$ !m1 ?\ght t self 0 *ang$2 ! selfsame p]son 0 no long] 9 t man4 #bc4 ,diff]5ce betwe5 ,id5tity ( ,man & ( ,p]son4 ,b yet x is h>d to conceive t ,socrates1 ! same individual man1 %\ld be two p]sons4 ,to help u a little 9 ?is1 we mu/ consid] :at is meant by ,socrates1 or ! same individual ,,man4 ,fir/1 x mu/ be ei!r ! same individual1 immat]ial1 ?9k+ sub/ance2 9 %ort1 ! same num]ical s\l1 & no?+ else4 ,secondly1 or ! same animal1 )\t any reg>d to an immat]ial s\l4 ,?irdly1 or ! same immat]ial _s unit$ to ! same animal4 ,n[1 take :i* ( ^! suppositions y please1 x is impossible to make p]sonal id5tity to consi/ 9 any?+ b consci\sness2 or rea* any fur!r ?an t does4 ,=1 by ! fir/ ( !m1 x mu/ be all[$ possible t a man born ( diff]5t wom51 & 9 di/ant times1 may be ! same man4 ,a way ( speak+ :i*1 :oev] admits1 mu/ all[ x possible = ! same man to be two di/9ct p]sons1 z any two t h liv$ 9 diff]5t ages )\t ! k ( "o ano!r's ?\ghts4 ,by ! second & ?ird1 ,socrates1 9 ?is life & aft] x1 _c be ! same man any way1 b by ! same consci\sness2 & s mak+ human id5tity to consi/ 9 ! same ?+ :]e9 we place p]sonal id5tity1 !re w be difficulty to all[ ! same man to be ! same p]son4 ,b !n !y :o place human id5tity 9 consci\sness only1 & n 9 some?+ else1 mu/ consid] h[ !y w make ! infant ,socrates ! same man ) ,socrates aft] ! resurrection4 ,b :atsoev] to "s m5 makes a man1 & consequ5tly ! same individual man1 :]e9 p]haps few are agre$1 p]sonal id5tity c by u be plac$ 9 no?+ b consci\sness1 7:i* is t alone :i* makes :at we call ,,self17 )\t involv+ u 9 great absurdities4 #bd4 ,b is n a man drunk & sob] ! same p]son8 :y else is he puni%$ = ! fact he commits :5 drunk1 ?\gh he be nev] aft]w>ds consci\s ( x8 ,j z mu* ! same p]son z a man t walks1 & does o!r ?+s 9 8 sleep1 is ! same p]son1 & is answ]able = any mis*ief he %all d 9 x4 ,human laws puni% bo?1 ) a ju/ice suitable to ,,_! way ( k2--because1 9 ^! cases1 !y _c di/+ui% c]ta9ly :at is real1 :at c\nt]feit3 & s ! ignorance 9 drunk5ness or sleep is n admitt$ z a plea4 ,b 9 ! ,great ,day1 :]e9 ! secrets ( all he>ts %all be laid op51 x may be reasonable to ?9k1 no "o %all be made to answ] = :at he kn[s no?+ (2 b %all receive 8 doom1 8 consci5ce accus+ or excus+ him4 #be4 ,consci\sness alone unites remote exi/5ces into "o ,p]son4 ,no?+ b consci\sness c unite remote exi/5ces into ! same p]son3 ! id5tity ( sub/ance w n d x2 = :atev] sub/ance !re is1 h[ev] fram$1 )\t consci\sness !re is no p]son3 & a c>cass may be a p]son1 z well z any sort ( sub/ance be s1 )\t consci\sness4 ,c\ld we suppose two di/9ct incommunicable consci\snesses act+ ! same body1 ! "o con/antly by day1 ! o!r by night2 &1 on ! o!r side1 ! same consci\sness1 act+ by int]vals1 two di/9ct bodies3 ,i ask1 9 ! fir/ case1 :e!r ! day & ! night--man w\ld n be two z di/9ct p]sons z ,socrates & ,plato8 ,& :e!r1 9 ! second case1 !re w\ld n be "o p]son 9 two di/9ct bodies1 z mu* z "o man is ! same 9 two di/9ct clo?+s8 ,nor is x at all mat]ial to say1 t ?is same1 & ?is di/9ct consci\sness1 9 ! cases above m5tion$1 is ow+ to ! same & di/9ct immat]ial sub/ances1 br++ x ) !m to ^? bodies2 :i*1 :e!r true or no1 alt]s n ! case3 s9ce x is evid5t ! p]sonal id5tity w\ld equally be det]m9$ by ! consci\sness1 :e!r t consci\sness 7 annex$ to "s individual immat]ial sub/ance or no4 ,=1 grant+ t ! ?9k+ sub/ance 9 man mu/ be necess>ily suppos$ immat]ial1 x is evid5t t immat]ial ?9k+ ?+ may sometimes "p ) its pa/ consci\sness1 & be re/or$ to x aga93 z appe>s 9 ! =getfulness m5 (t5 h ( _! pa/ actions2 & ! m9d _m times recov]s ! memory ( a pa/ consci\sness1 :i* x _h lo/ = tw5ty ye>s toge!r4 ,make ^! int]vals ( memory & =getfulness to take _! turns regul>ly by day & night1 & y h two p]sons ) ! same immat]ial _s1 z mu* z 9 ! =m] in/ance two p]sons ) ! same body4 ,s t self is n det]m9$ by id5tity or div]sity ( sub/ance1 :i* x _c be sure (1 b only by id5tity ( consci\sness4 #bf4 ,n ! sub/ance ) :i* ! consci\sness may be unit$4 ,inde$ x may conceive ! sub/ance :]e( x is n[ made up to h exi/$ =m]ly1 unit$ 9 ! same consci\s be+3 b1 consci\sness remov$1 t sub/ance is no m itself1 or makes no m a "p ( x1 ?an any o!r sub/ance2 z is evid5t 9 ! in/ance we h already giv5 ( a limb cut (f1 ( ^: heat1 or cold1 or o!r affections1 hav+ no long] any consci\sness1 x is no m ( a man's self ?an any o!r matt] ( ! univ]se4 ,9 l mann] x w be 9 ref]5ce to any immat]ial sub/ance1 :i* is void ( t consci\sness :]eby ,i am myself to myself3 s t ,i _c ^u recollection jo9 ) t pres5t consci\sness :]eby ,i am n[ myself1 x is1 9 t "p ( its exi/5ce1 no m ,,myself ?an any o!r immat]ial be+4 ,=1 :atsoev] any sub/ance has ?\ght or done1 :i* ,i _c recollect1 & by my consci\sness make my own ?\ght & action1 x w no m belong to me1 :e!r a "p ( me ?\ght or did x1 ?an if x _h be5 ?\ght or done by any o!r immat]ial be+ any:]e exi/+4 #bg4 ,consci\sness unites sub/ances1 mat]ial or spiritual1 ) ! same p]sonality4 ,i agree1 ! m probable op9ion is1 t ?is consci\sness is annex$ to1 & ! affection (1 "o individual immat]ial sub/ance4 ,b let m51 accord+ to _! div]se hypo!ses1 resolve ( t z !y please4 ,?is e intellig5t be+1 s5sible ( happ9ess or mis]y1 mu/ grant--t !re is some?+ t is ,,himself1 t he is conc]n$ =1 & w\ld h happy2 t ?is self has exi/$ 9 a cont9u$ duration m ?an "o in/ant1 & !re=e x is possible may exi/1 z x has done1 mon?s & ye>s to come1 )\t any c]ta9 b\nds to be set to its duration2 & may be ! same self1 by ! same consci\sness cont9u$ on = ! future4 ,& ?us1 by ?is consci\sness he f9ds himself to be ! same self :i* did su* & su* an action "s ye>s s9ce1 by :i* he comes to be happy or mis]able n[4 ,9 all :i* acc\nt ( self1 ! same num]ical ,,sub/ance is n consid]$ a mak+ ! same self2 b ! same cont9u$ ,,consci\sness1 9 :i* sev]al sub/ances may h be5 unit$1 & aga9 sep>at$ f x1 :i*1 :il/ !y cont9u$ 9 a vital union ) t :]e9 ?is consci\sness !n resid$1 made a "p ( t same self4 ,?us any "p ( our bodies1 vitally unit$ to t :i* is consci\s 9 u1 makes a "p ( ourselves3 b ^u sep>ation f ! vital union by :i* t consci\sness is communicat$1 t :i* a mom5t s9ce 0 "p ( ourselves1 is n[ no m s ?an a "p ( ano!r man's self is a "p ( me3 & x is n impossible b 9 a little "t may become a real "p ( ano!r p]son4 ,& s we h ! same num]ical sub/ance become a "p ( two diff]5t p]sons2 & ! same p]son pres]v$ "u ! *ange ( v>i\s sub/ances4 ,c\ld we suppose any _s :olly /ripp$ ( all its memory ( consci\sness ( pa/ actions1 z we f9d our m9ds always are ( a great "p ( ours1 & sometimes ( !m all2 ! union or sep>ation ( su* a spiritual sub/ance w\ld make no v>iation ( p]sonal id5tity1 any m ?an t ( any p>ticle ( matt] does4 ,any sub/ance vitally unit$ to ! pres5t ?9k+ be+ is a "p ( t v same self :i* n[ is2 any?+ unit$ to x by a consci\sness ( =m] actions1 makes also a "p ( ! same self1 :i* is ! same bo? !n & n[4 #bh4 ,p]son a =5sic ,t]m4 ,,p]son1 z ,i take x1 is ! "n = ?is self4 ,:]ev] a man f9ds :at he calls himself1 !re1 ,i ?9k1 ano!r may say is ! same p]son4 ,x is a =5sic t]m1 appropriat+ actions & _! m]it2 & s belongs only to intellig5t ag5ts1 capable ( a law1 & happ9ess1 & mis]y4 ,?is p]sonality ext5ds itself beyond pres5t exi/5ce to :at is pa/1 only by consci\sness1--:]eby x becomes conc]n$ & acc\ntable2 owns & imputes to itself pa/ actions1 j ^u ! same gr\nd & = ! same reason z x does ! pres5t4 ,all :i* is f\nd$ 9 a conc]n = happ9ess1 ! unavoidable concomitant ( consci\sness2 t :i* is consci\s ( pleasure & pa91 desir+ t t self t is consci\s %\ld be happy4 ,& !re=e :atev] pa/ actions x _c reconcile or ,,appropriate to t pres5t self by consci\sness1 x c be no m conc]n$ 9 ?an if !y _h nev] be5 done3 & to receive pleasure or pa91 i4e4 rew>d or puni%m5t1 on ! acc\nt ( any su* action1 is all "o z to be made happy or mis]able 9 its fir/ be+1 )\t any dem]it at all4 ,=1 suppos+ a ,,man puni%$ n[ = :at he _h done 9 ano!r life1 :]e( he c\ld be made to h no consci\sness at all1 :at diff]5ce is !re betwe5 t puni%m5t & be+ ,,creat$ mis]able8 ,& !re=e1 con=mable to ?is1 ! apo/le tells u1 t1 at ! great day1 :5 e "o %all #8receive accord+ to 8 do+s1 ! secrets ( all he>ts %all be laid op54' ,! s5t5ce %all be ju/ifi$ by ! consci\sness all p]sons %all h1 t ,,!y ,,!mselves1 9 :at bodies soev] !y appe>1 or :at sub/ances soev] t consci\sness adh]es to1 are ! ,,same t committ$ ^? actions1 & des]ve t puni%m5t = !m4 #bi4 ,suppositions t look /range are p>donable 9 our ignorance4 ,i am apt en\gh to ?9k ,i h1 9 treat+ ( ?is subject1 made "s suppositions t w look /range to "s read]s1 & possibly !y are s 9 !mselves4 ,b yet1 ,i ?9k !y are su* z are p>donable1 9 ?is ignorance we are 9 ( ! nature ( t ?9k+ ?+ t is 9 u1 & :i* we look on z ,,ourselves4 ,did we "k :at x 02 or h[ x 0 ti$ to a c]ta9 sy/em ( fleet+ animal spirits2 or :e!r x c\ld or c\ld n p]=m its op]ations ( ?9k+ & memory out ( a body organiz$ z ours is2 & :e!r x has pleas$ ,god t no "o su* _s %all ev] be unit$ to any b "o su* body1 ^u ! "r con/itution ( ^: organs its memory %\ld dep5d2 we might see ! absurdity ( "s ( ^? suppositions ,i h made4 ,b tak+1 z we ord9>ily n[ d 79 ! d>k conc]n+ ^! matt]s17 ! s\l ( a man = an immat]ial sub/ance1 indep5d5t f matt]1 & indiff]5t alike to x all2 !re c1 f ! nature ( ?+s1 be no absurdity at all to suppose t ! same ,,s\l may at diff]5t times be unit$ to diff]5t ,,bodies1 & ) !m make up = t "t "o ,,man3 z well z we suppose a "p ( a %eep's body ye/]day %\ld be a "p ( a man's body to-morr[1 & 9 t union make a vital "p ( ,meliboeus himself1 z well z x did ( 8 ram4 #cj4 ,! ,difficulty f ill ,use ( ,names4 ,to conclude3 ,:atev] sub/ance beg9s to exi/1 x mu/1 dur+ its exi/5ce1 necess>ily be ! same3 :atev] compositions ( sub/ances beg9 to exi/1 dur+ ! union ( ^? sub/ances1 ! concrete mu/ be ! same3 :atsoev] mode beg9s to exi/1 dur+ its exi/5ce x is ! same3 & s if ! composition be ( di/9ct sub/ances & diff]5t modes1 ! same rule holds4 ,:]eby x w appe>1 t ! difficulty or obscurity t has be5 ab\t ?is matt] r rises f ! names ill-us$1 ?an f any obscurity 9 ?+s !mselves4 ,= :atev] makes ! specific idea to :i* ! "n is appli$1 if t idea be /eadily kept to1 ! di/9ction ( any?+ into ! same & div]s w easily be conceiv$1 & !re c arise no d\bt ab\t x4 #ca4 ,cont9uance ( t :i* we h made to be our complex idea ( man makes ! same man4 ,=1 suppos+ a rational _s be ! idea ( a ,,man1 x is easy to "k :at is ! same man1 viz4 ! same _s--:e!r sep>ate or 9 a body--w be ! ,,same ,,man4 ,suppos+ a rational _s vitally unit$ to a body ( a c]ta9 con=mation ( p>ts to make a man2 :il/ t rational _s1 ) t vital con=mation ( p>ts1 ?\gh cont9u$ 9 a fleet+ successive body1 rema9s1 x w be ! ,,same ,,man4 ,b if to any "o ! idea ( a man be b ! vital union ( p>ts 9 a c]ta9 %ape2 z long z t vital union & %ape rema9 9 a concrete1 no o!rwise ! same b by a cont9u$ succession ( fleet+ p>ticles1 x w be ! ,,same ,,man4 ,=1 :atev] be ! composition :]e( ! complex idea is made1 :5ev] exi/5ce makes x "o p>ticul> ?+ "u any d5om9ation1 ,,! ,,same ,,exi/5ce ,,cont9u$ pres]ves x ! ,,same individual "u ! same d5om9ation4 ,,*apt] ,,xxviii4 ,,( ,,o!r ,,relations4 #a4 ,ideas ( ,proportional relations4 ,,besides ! be=e-m5tion$ occasions ( "t1 place1 & causality ( comp>+ or ref]r+ ?+s "o to ano!r1 !re are1 z ,i h said1 inf9ite o!rs1 "s :]e( ,i %all m5tion4 ,fir/1 ,! fir/ ,i %all "n is "s "o simple idea1 :i*1 be+ capable ( p>ts or degrees1 af=ds an occasion ( comp>+ ! subjects :]e9 x is to "o ano!r1 9 respect ( t simple idea1 v4g4 :it]1 sweet]1 equal1 m1 c4 ,^! relations dep5d+ on ! equality & excess ( ! same simple idea1 9 sev]al subjects1 may be call$1 if "o w1 ,,proportional2 & t ^! are only conv]sant ab\t ^? simple ideas receiv$ f s5sation or reflection is s evid5t t no?+ ne$ be said to ev9ce x4 #b4 ,natural relation4 ,secondly1 ,ano!r occasion ( comp>+ ?+s toge!r1 or consid]+ "o ?+1 s z to include 9 t consid]ation "s o!r ?+1 is ! circum/ances ( _! orig9 or beg9n+2 :i* be+ n aft]w>ds to be alt]$1 make ! relations dep5d+ !reon z la/+ z ! subjects to :i* !y belong1 v4g4 fa!r & son1 bro!rs1 c\s9-g]mans1 c41 :i* h _! relations by "o community ( blood1 :]e9 !y p>take 9 sev]al degrees3 c\ntrym51 i4e4 ^? :o 7 born 9 ! same c\ntry or tract ( gr\nd2 & ^! ,i call ,,natural ,,relations3 :]e9 we may obs]ve1 t mank9d h fitt$ _! notions & words to ! use ( common life1 & n to ! tru? & ext5t ( ?+s4 ,= x is c]ta91 t1 9 reality1 ! relation is ! same betwixt ! begett] & ! begott51 9 ! sev]al races ( o!r animals z well z m52 b yet x is seldom said1 ?is bull is ! gr&fa!r ( su* a calf1 or t two pigeons are c\s9-g]mans4 ,x is v conv5i5t t1 by di/9ct names1 ^! relations %\ld be obs]v$ & m>k$ out 9 mank9d1 !re be+ occasion1 bo? 9 laws & o!r communications "o ) ano!r1 to m5tion & take notice ( m5 "u ^! relations3 f :5ce also arise ! obligations ( sev]al duties among/ m53 :]eas1 9 brutes1 m5 hav+ v little or no cause to m9d ^! relations1 !y h n ?\ght fit to give !m di/9ct & peculi> names4 ,?is1 by ! way1 may give u "s light into ! diff]5t /ate & gr[? ( languages2 :i* be+ suit$ only to ! conv5i5ce ( communication1 are proportion$ to ! notions m5 h1 & ! comm]ce ( ?\ghts famili> among/ !m2 & n to ! reality or ext5t ( ?+s1 nor to ! v>i\s respects might be f\nd among !m2 nor ! diff]5t ab/ract consid]ations might be fram$ ab\t !m4 ,:]e !y _h no philosophical notions1 !re !y _h no t]ms to express !m3 & x is no wond] m5 %\ld h fram$ no names = ^? ?+s !y f\nd no occasion to disc\rse (4 ,f :5ce x is easy to imag9e :y1 z 9 "s c\ntries1 !y may h n s mu* z ! "n = a horse2 & 9 o!rs1 :]e !y are m c>eful ( ! p$igrees ( _! horses1 ?an ( _! own1 t !re !y may h n only names = p>ticul> horses1 b also ( _! sev]al relations ( k9dr$ "o to ano!r4 #c4 ,ideas ( ,in/itut$ or ,volunt>y relations4 ,?irdly1 ,sometimes ! f\ndation ( consid]+ ?+s ) ref]5ce to "o ano!r1 is "s act :]eby any "o comes by a moral "r1 p[]1 or obligation to d some?+4 ,?us1 a g5]al is "o t ha? p[] to comm& an army1 & an army "u a g5]al is a collection ( arm$ m5 oblig$ to obey "o man4 ,a citiz51 or a burgh]1 is "o :o has a "r to c]ta9 privileges 9 ?is or t place4 ,all ?is sort dep5d+ ^u m5's wills1 or agreem5t 9 society1 ,i call ,,in/itut$1 or ,,volunt>y2 & may be di/+ui%$ f ! natural1 9 t !y are mo/1 if n all ( !m1 "s way or o!r alt]able1 & sep>able f ! p]sons to :om !y h sometimes belong$1 ?\gh nei!r ( ! sub/ances1 s relat$1 be de/roy$4 ,n[1 ?\gh ^! are all reciprocal1 z well z ! re/1 & conta9 9 !m a ref]5ce ( two ?+s "o to ! o!r2 yet1 because "o ( ! two ?+s (t5 wants a relative "n1 import+ t ref]5ce1 m5 usually take no notice ( x1 & ! relation is commonly ov]look$3 v4 g4 a patron & cli5t are easily all[$ to be relations1 b a con/able or dictator are n s readily at fir/ he>+ consid]$ z su*4 ,because !re is no peculi> "n = ^? :o are "u ! comm& ( a dictator or con/able1 express+ a relation to ei!r ( !m2 ?\gh x be c]ta9 t ei!r ( !m ha? a c]ta9 p[] ov] "s o!rs1 & s is s f> relat$ to !m1 z well z a patron is to 8 cli5t1 or g5]al to 8 army4 #d4 ,ideas ( ,moral relations4 ,f\r?ly1 ,!re is ano!r sort ( relation1 :i* is ! con=mity or disagreem5t m5's ,,volunt>y ,,actions h to a ,,rule to :i* !y are ref]r$1 & by :i* !y are judg$ (2 :i*1 ,i ?9k1 may be call$ ,,moral ,,relation1 z be+ t :i* d5om9ates our moral actions1 & des]ves well to be exam9$2 !re be+ no "p ( k :]e9 we %\ld be m c>eful to get det]m9$ ideas1 & avoid1 z mu* z may be1 obscurity & confusion4 ,human actions1 :5 ) _! v>i\s ends1 objects1 mann]s1 & circum/ances1 !y are fram$ into di/9ct complex ideas1 are1 z has be5 %[n1 s _m ,,mix$ ,,modes1 a great "p :]e( h names annex$ to !m4 ,?us1 suppos+ gratitude to be a read9ess to ackn[l$ge & return k9dness receiv$2 polygamy to be ! hav+ m wives ?an "o at once3 :5 we frame ^! notions ?us 9 our m9ds1 we h !re s _m det]m9$ ideas ( mix$ modes4 ,b ?is is n all t conc]ns our actions3 x is n en\gh to h det]m9$ ideas ( !m1 & to "k :at names belong to su* & su* comb9ations ( ideas4 ,we h a fur!r & great] conc]nm5t1 & t is1 to "k :e!r su* actions1 s made up1 are morally good or bad4 #e4 ,moral ,good & ,evil4 ,good & evil1 z ha? be5 %[n1 7,b4 ,,ii4 *ap4 xx4 ,section #b1 & *ap4 xxi4 ,section #dc17 are no?+ b pleasure or pa91 or t :i* occasions or procures pleasure or pa9 to u4 ,,moral ,,good ,,& ,,evil1 !n1 is only ,,! ,,con=mity ,,or ,,disagreem5t ,,( ,,our ,,volunt>y ,,actions ,,to ,,"s ,,law1 ,,:]eby ,,good ,,or ,,evil ,,is ,,drawn ,,on ,,u1 ,,f ,,! ,,w ,,& ,,p[] ,,( ,,! ,,law-,,mak]2 :i* good & evil1 pleasure or pa91 att5d+ our obs]vance or brea* ( ! law by ! decree ( ! law-mak]1 is t we call ,,rew>d & ,,puni%m5t4 #f4 ,moral ,rules4 ,( ^! moral rules or laws1 to :i* m5 g5]ally ref]1 & by :i* !y judge ( ! rectitude or gravity ( _! actions1 !re seem to me to be ,,?ree ,,sorts1 ) _! ?ree diff]5t en=cem5ts1 or rew>ds & puni%m5ts4 ,=1 s9ce x w\ld be utt]ly 9 va9 to suppose a rule set to ! free actions ( m51 )\t annex+ to x "s en=cem5t ( good & evil to det]m9e 8 w1 we mu/1 :]ev] we suppose a law1 suppose also "s rew>d or puni%m5t annex$ to t law4 ,x w\ld be 9 va9 = "o intellig5t be+ to set a rule to ! actions ( ano!r1 if he _h x n 9 8 p[] to rew>d ! compliance )1 & puni% deviation f 8 rule1 by "s good & evil1 t is n ! natural product & consequ5ce ( ! action itself4 ,= t1 be+ a natural conv5i5ce or inconv5i5ce1 w\ld op]ate ( itself1 )\t a law4 ,?is1 if ,i mi/ake n1 is ! true nature ( all law1 prop]ly s call$4 #g4 ,laws4 ,! laws t m5 g5]ally ref] _! actions to1 to judge ( _! rectitude or obliquity1 seem to me to be ^! ?ree3--#a4 ,! ,,div9e law4 #b4 ,! ,,civil law4 #c4 ,! law ( ,,op9ion or ,,reputation1 if ,i may s call x4 ,by ! relation !y be> to ! fir/ ( ^!1 m5 judge :e!r _! actions are s9s or duties2 by ! second1 :e!r !y be crim9al or innoc5t2 & by ! ?ird1 :e!r !y be virtues or vices4 #h4 ,div9e ,law ! ,measure ( ,s9 & ,duty4 ,fir/1 ! ,,div9e ,,law1 :]eby t law :i* ,god has set to ! actions ( m51--:e!r promulgat$ to !m by ! light ( nature1 or ! voice ( revelation4 ,t ,god has giv5 a rule :]eby m5 %\ld gov]n !mselves1 ,i ?9k !re is nobody s bruti% z to d5y4 ,he has a "r to d x2 we are 8 creatures3 he has goodness & wisdom to direct our actions to t :i* is be/3 & he has p[] to en=ce x by rew>ds & puni%m5ts ( inf9ite weight & duration 9 ano!r life2 = nobody c take u out ( 8 h&s4 ,?is is ! only true t\*/one ( moral rectitude2 &1 by comp>+ !m to ?is law1 x is t m5 judge ( ! mo/ consid]able moral good or evil ( _! actions2 t is1 :e!r1 z duties or s9s1 !y are l to procure !m happ9ess or mis]y f ! h&s ( ! ,,almighty4 #i4 ,civil ,law ! ,measure ( ,crimes & ,innoc5ce4 ,secondly1 ! ,,civil ,,law--! rule set by ! commonweal? to ! actions ( ^? :o belong to x--is ano!r rule to :i* m5 ref] _! actions2 to judge :e!r !y be crim9al or no4 ,?is law nobody ov]looks3 ! rew>ds & puni%m5ts t en=ce x be+ ready at h&1 & suitable to ! p[] t makes x3 :i* is ! =ce ( ! ,commonweal?1 engag$ to protect ! lives1 lib]ties1 & possessions ( ^? :o live accord+ to its laws1 & has p[] to take away life1 lib]ty1 or goods1 f him :o disobeys2 :i* is ! puni%m5t ( (f5ces committ$ aga9/ 8 law4 #aj4 ,philosophical ,law ! ,measure ( ,virtue & ,vice4 ,?irdly1 ! ,,law ,,( ,,op9ion ,,or ,,reputation4 ,virtue & vice are names pret5d$ & suppos$ ev]y:]e to /& = actions 9 _! own nature "r & wrong3 & z f> z !y really are s appli$1 !y s f> are co9cid5t ) ! div9e law above m5tion$4 ,b yet1 :atev] is pret5d$1 ?is is visible1 t ^! names1 virtue & vice1 9 ! p>ticul> in/ances ( _! application1 ?r\gh ! sev]al nations & societies ( m5 9 ! _w1 are con/antly attribut$ only to su* actions z 9 ea* c\ntry & society are 9 reputation or discr$it4 ,nor is x to be ?\ght /range1 t m5 ev]y:]e %\ld give ! "n ( virtue to ^? actions1 :i* among/ !m are judg$ praisewor?y2 & call t vice1 :i* !y acc\nt blamable3 s9ce o!rwise !y w\ld condemn !mselves1 if !y %\ld ?9k any?+ "r1 to :i* !y all[$ n comm5dation1 any?+ wrong1 :i* !y let pass )\t blame4 ,?us ! measure ( :at is ev]y:]e call$ & e/eem$ virtue & vice is ?is approbation or dislike1 praise or blame1 :i*1 by a secret & tacit cons5t1 e/abli%es itself 9 ! sev]al societies1 tribes1 & clubs ( m5 9 ! _w3 :]eby sev]al actions come to f9d cr$it or disgrace among/ !m1 accord+ to ! judgm5t1 maxims1 or fa%ion ( t place4 ,=1 ?\gh m5 unit+ into politic societies1 h resign$ up to ! public ! dispos+ ( all _! =ce1 s t !y _c employ x aga9/ any fell[-citiz5s any fur!r ?an ! law ( ! c\ntry directs3 yet !y reta9 /ill ! p[] ( ?9k+ well or ill1 approv+ or disapprov+ ( ! actions ( ^? :om !y live among/1 & conv]se )3 & by ?is approbation & dislike !y e/abli% among/ !mselves :at !y w call virtue & vice4 #aa4 ,! ,measure t ,man commonly apply to det]m9e :at !y call ,virtue & ,vice4 ,t ?is is ! common ,,measure ( virtue & vice1 w appe> to any "o :o consid]s1 t1 ?\gh t passes = vice 9 "o c\ntry :i* is c\nt$ a virtue1 or at lea/ n vice1 9 ano!r1 yet ev]y:]e virtue & praise1 vice & blame1 g toge!r4 ,virtue is ev]y:]e1 t :i* is ?\ght praisewor?y2 & no?+ else b t :i* has ! all[ance ( public e/eem is call$ virtue4 ,virtue & praise are s unit$1 t !y are call$ (t5 by ! same "n4 ,sunt sua praemia laudi1 says ,virgil2 & s ,cic]o1 ,nihil habet natura prae/antius1 quam hone/atem1 quam laudem1 quam dignitatem1 quam decus1 :i* he tells y are all names = ! same ?+4 ,?is is ! language ( ! hea!n philosoph]s1 :o well und]/ood :]e9 _! notions ( virtue & vice consi/$4 ,& ?\gh p]haps1 by ! diff]5t temp]1 education1 fa%ion1 maxims1 or int]e/ ( diff]5t sorts ( m51 x fell out1 t :at 0 ?\ght praisewor?y 9 "o place1 escap$ n c5sure 9 ano!r2 & s 9 diff]5t societies1 virtues & vices 7 *ang$2 yet1 z to ! ma91 !y = ! mo/ "p kept ! same ev]y:]e4 ,=1 s9ce no?+ c be m natural ?an to enc\rage ) e/eem & reputation t :]e9 e "o f9ds 8 advantage1 & to blame & disc\nt5ance ! contr>y2 x is no wond] t e/eem & discr$it1 virtue & vice1 %\ld1 9 a great measure1 ev]y:]e correspond ) ! un*angeable rule ( "r & wrong1 :i* ! law ( ,god ha? e/abli%$2 !re be+ no?+ t s directly & visibly secures & advances ! g5]al good ( mank9d 9 ?is _w1 z ob$i5ce to ! laws he _h set !m1 & no?+ t bre$s su* mis*iefs & confusion1 z ! neglect ( !m4 ,& !re=e m51 )\t r5\nc+ all s5se & reason1 & _! own int]e/1 :i* !y are s con/antly true to1 c\ld n g5]ally mi/ake1 9 plac+ _! comm5dation & blame on t side t really des]v$ x n4 ,nay1 ev5 ^? m5 ^: practice 0 o!rwise1 fail$ n to give _! approbation "r1 few be+ deprav$ to t degree z n to condemn1 at lea/ 9 o!rs1 ! faults !y !mselves 7 guilty (2 :]eby1 ev5 9 ! corruption ( mann]s1 ! true b\nd>ies ( ! law ( nature1 :i* ought to be ! rule ( virtue & vice1 7 pretty well pref]r$4 ,s t ev5 ! exhortations ( inspir$ tea*]s1 h n fe>$ to appeal to common repute3 #8,:atsoev] is lovely1 :atsoev] is ( good report1 if !re be any virtue1 if !re be any praise1' c4 7,phil4 iv4 #h47 #ab4 ,its ,in=cem5t is ,comm5dation & ,discr$it4 ,if any "o %all imag9e t ,i h =got my own notion ( a law1 :5 ,i make ! law1 :]eby m5 judge ( virtue & vice1 to be no?+ else b ! cons5t ( private m51 :o h n au?ority en\gh to make a law3 especially want+ t :i* is s necess>y & ess5tial to a law1 a p[] to en=ce x3 ,i ?9k ,i may say1 t he :o imag9es comm5dation & disgrace n to be /rong motives to m5 to accommodate !mselves to ! op9ions & rules ( ^? ) :om !y conv]se1 seems little skill$ 9 ! nature or hi/ory ( mank9d3 ! greate/ "p :]e( we %all f9d to gov]n !mselves *iefly1 if n solely1 by ?is ,,law ,,( ,,fa%ion2 & s !y d t :i* keeps !m 9 reputation ) _! company1 little reg>d ! laws ( ,god1 or ! magi/rate4 ,! p5alties t att5d ! brea* ( ,god's laws "s1 nay p]haps mo/ m51 seldom s]i\sly reflect on3 & among/ ^? t d1 _m1 :il/ !y break ! law1 ent]ta9 ?\ghts ( future reconciliation1 & mak+ _! peace = su* brea*es4 ,& z to ! puni%m5ts due f ! laws ( ! commonweal?1 !y frequ5tly flatt] !mselves ) ! hopes ( impunity4 ,b no man escapes ! puni%m5t ( _! c5sure & dislike1 :o (f5ds aga9/ ! fa%ion & op9ion ( ! company he keeps1 & w\ld recomm5d himself to4 ,nor is !re "o ( t5 ?\s&1 :o is /iff & ins5sible en\gh1 to be> up "u ! con/ant dislike & condemnation ( 8 own club4 ,he mu/ be ( a /range & unusual con/itution1 :o c cont5t himself to live 9 con/ant disgrace & disrepute ) 8 own p>ticul> society4 ,solitude _m m5 h s\ght1 & be5 reconcil$ to3 b nobody t has ! lea/ ?\ght or s5se ( a man ab\t him1 c live 9 society "u ! con/ant dislike & ill op9ion ( 8 famili>s1 & ^? he conv]ses )4 ,?is is a burd5 too heavy = human suff]ance3 & he mu/ be made up ( irreconcileable contradictions1 :o c take pleasure 9 company1 & yet be ins5sible ( contempt & disgrace f 8 companions4 #ac4 ,^! ?ree ,laws ! ,rules ( moral ,good & ,evil4 ,^! ?ree !n1 fir/1 ! law ( ,god2 secondly1 ! law ( politic societies2 ?irdly1 ! law ( fa%ion1 or private c5sure1 are ^? to :i* m5 v>i\sly comp>e _! actions3 & x is by _! con=mity to "o ( ^! laws t !y take _! measures1 :5 !y w\ld judge ( _! moral rectitude1 & d5om9ate _! actions good or bad4 #ad4 ,morality is ! ,relation ( ,volunt>y ,actions to ^! ,rules4 ,:e!r ! rule to :i*1 z to a t\*/one1 we br+ our volunt>y actions1 to exam9e !m by1 & try _! goodness1 & accord+ly to "n !m1 :i* is1 z x 71 ! m>k ( ! value we set ^u !m3 :e!r1 ,i say1 we take t rule f ! fa%ion ( ! c\ntry1 or ! w ( a law-mak]1 ! m9d is easily able to obs]ve ! relation any action ha? to x1 & to judge :e!r ! action agrees or disagrees ) ! rule2 & s ha? a notion ( moral goodness or evil1 :i* is ei!r con=mity or n con=mity ( any action to t rule3 & !re=e is (t5 call$ moral rectitude4 ,?is rule be+ no?+ b a collection ( sev]al simple ideas1 ! con=mity !reto is b s ord]+ ! action1 t ! simple ideas belong+ to x may correspond to ^? :i* ! law requires4 ,& ?us we see h[ moral be+s & notions are f\nd$ on1 & t]m9at$ 91 ^! simple ideas we h receiv$ f s5sation or reflection4 ,= example3 let u consid] ! complex idea we signify by ! ^w murd]3 & :5 we h tak5 x asund]1 & exam9$ all ! p>ticul>s1 we %all f9d !m to am\nt to a collection ( simple ideas d]iv$ f reflection or s5sation1 viz4 ,fir/1 f ,,reflection on ! op]ations ( our own m9ds1 we h ! ideas ( will+1 consid]+1 purpos+ be=eh&1 malice1 or wi%+ ill to ano!r2 & also ( life1 or p]ception1 & self-motion4 ,secondly1 f ,,s5sation we h ! collection ( ^? simple s5sible ideas :i* are to be f\nd 9 a man1 & ( "s action1 :]eby we put an end to p]ception & motion 9 ! man2 all :i* simple ideas are compreh5d$ 9 ! ^w murd]4 ,?is collection ( simple ideas1 be+ f\nd by me to agree or disagree ) ! e/eem ( ! c\ntry ,i h be5 br$ 91 & to be held by mo/ m5 !re wor?y praise or blame1 ,i call ! action virtu\s or vici\s3 if ,i h ! w ( a supreme invisible ,lawgiv] = my rule1 !n1 z ,i suppos$ ! action comm&$ or =bidd5 by ,god1 ,i call x good or evil1 s9 or duty3 & if ,i comp>e x to ! civil law1 ! rule made by ! legislative p[] ( ! c\ntry1 ,i call x lawful or unlawful1 a crime or no crime4 ,s t :5cesoev] we take ! rule ( moral actions2 or by :at /&>d soev] we frame 9 our m9ds ! ideas ( virtues or vices1 !y consi/ only1 & are made up ( collections ( simple ideas1 :i* we orig9ally receiv$ f s5se or reflection3 & _! rectitude or obliquity consi/s 9 ! agreem5t or disagreem5t ) ^? patt]ns prescrib$ by "s law4 #ae4 ,moral actions may be reg>d$ ei!r absolutely1 or z ideas ( relation4 ,to conceive rightly ( moral actions1 we mu/ take notice ( !m "u ?is two-fold consid]ation4 ,fir/1 z !y are 9 !mselves1 ea* made up ( su* a collection ( simple ideas4 ,?us drunk5ness1 or ly+1 signify su* or su* a collection ( simple ideas1 :i* ,i call mix$ modes3 & 9 ?is s5se !y are z mu* ,,positive ,,absolute ideas1 z ! dr9k+ ( a horse1 or speak+ ( a p>rot4 ,secondly1 our actions are consid]$ z good1 bad1 or indiff]5t2 & 9 ?is respect !y are ,,relative1 x be+ _! con=mity to1 or disagreem5t ) "s rule t makes !m to be regul> or irregul>1 good or bad2 & s1 z f> z !y are comp>$ ) a rule1 & !reupon d5om9at$1 !y come "u relation4 ,?us ! *all5g+ & fight+ ) a man1 z x is a c]ta9 positive mode1 or p>ticul> sort ( action1 by p>ticul> ideas1 di/+ui%$ f all o!rs1 is call$ ,,duell+3 :i*1 :5 consid]$ 9 relation to ! law ( ,god1 w des]ve ! "n ( s92 to ! law ( fa%ion1 9 "s c\ntries1 val\r & virtue2 & to ! municipal laws ( "s gov]nm5ts1 a capital crime4 ,9 ?is case1 :5 ! positive mode has "o "n1 & ano!r "n z x /&s 9 relation to ! law1 ! di/9ction may z easily be obs]v$ z x is 9 sub/ances1 :]e "o "n1 v4g4 ,,man1 is us$ to signify ! ?+2 ano!r1 v4g4 ,,fa!r1 to signify ! relation4 #af4 ,! ,d5om9ations ( ,actions (t5 mislead u4 ,b because v frequ5tly ! positive idea ( ! action1 & its moral relation1 are compreh5d$ toge!r "u "o "n1 & ! same ^w made use ( to express bo? ! mode or action1 & its moral rectitude or obliquity3 !re=e ! relation itself is less tak5 notice (2 & !re is (t5 no di/9ction made betwe5 ! positive idea ( ! action1 & ! ref]5ce x has to a rule4 ,by :i* confusion ( ^! two di/9ct consid]ations "u "o t]m1 ^? :o yield too easily to ! impressions ( s\nds1 & are =w>d to take names = ?+s1 are (t5 misl$ 9 _! judgm5t ( actions4 ,?us1 ! tak+ f ano!r :at is 81 )\t 8 k or all[ance1 is prop]ly call$ ,,/eal+3 b t "n1 be+ commonly und]/ood to signify also ! moral gravity ( ! action1 & to d5ote its contr>iety to ! law1 m5 are apt to condemn :atev] !y he> call$ /eal+1 z an ill action1 disagree+ ) ! rule ( "r4 ,& yet ! private tak+ away 8 sword f a madman1 to prev5t 8 do+ mis*ief1 ?\gh x be prop]ly d5om9at$ /eal+1 z ! "n ( su* a mix$ mode2 yet :5 comp>$ to ! law ( ,god1 & consid]$ 9 its relation to t supreme rule1 x is no s9 or transgression1 ?\gh ! "n /eal+ ord9>ily c>ries su* an intimation ) x4 #ag4 ,relations innum]able1 & only ! mo/ consid]able "h m5tion$4 ,& ?us mu* = ! relation ( human actions to a law1 :i*1 !re=e1 ,i call ,,moral ,,relations4 ,x w\ld make a volume to g ov] all sorts ( ,,relations3 x is n1 !re=e1 to be expect$ t ,i %\ld "h m5tion !m all4 ,x suffices to our pres5t purpose to %[ by ^!1 :at ! ideas are we h ( ?is compreh5sive consid]ation call$ ,,relation4 ,:i* is s v>i\s1 & ! occasions ( x s _m1 7z _m z !re c be ( comp>+ ?+s "o to ano!r17 t x is n v easy to r$uce x to rules1 or "u j heads4 ,^? ,i h m5tion$1 ,i ?9k1 are "s ( ! mo/ consid]able2 & su* z may s]ve to let u see f :5ce we get our ideas ( relations1 & :]e9 !y are f\nd$4 ,b be=e ,i quit ?is argum5t1 f :at has be5 said give me leave to obs]ve3 #ah4 ,all ,relations t]m9ate 9 simple ,ideas4 ,fir/1 ,t x is evid5t1 t all relation t]m9ates 91 & is ultimately f\nd$ on1 ^? simple ideas we h got f s5sation or reflection3 s t all we h 9 our ?\ghts ourselves1 7if we ?9k ( any?+1 or h any mean+17 or w\ld signify to o!rs1 :5 we use words /&+ = relations1 is no?+ b "s simple ideas1 or collections ( simple ideas1 comp>$ "o ) ano!r4 ,?is is s manife/ 9 t sort call$ proportional1 t no?+ c be m4 ,= :5 a man says #8honey is sweet] ?an wax1' x is pla9 t 8 ?\ghts 9 ?is relation t]m9ate 9 ?is simple idea1 sweetness2 :i* is equally true ( all ! re/3 ?\gh1 :]e !y are comp\nd$1 or decomp\nd$1 ! simple ideas !y are made up (1 are1 p]haps1 seldom tak5 notice (3 v4g4 :5 ! ^w fa!r is m5tion$3 fir/1 !re is meant t p>ticul> species1 or collective idea1 signifi$ by ! ^w man2 secondly1 ^? s5sible simple ideas1 signifi$ by ! ^w g5]ation2 &1 ?irdly1 ! effects ( x1 & all ! simple ideas signifi$ by ! ^w *ild4 ,s ! ^w fri5d1 be+ tak5 = a man :o loves & is ready to d good to ano!r1 has all ^! foll[+ ideas to ! mak+ ( x up3 fir/1 all ! simple ideas1 compreh5d$ 9 ! ^w man1 or intellig5t be+2 secondly1 ! idea ( love2 ?irdly1 ! idea ( read9ess or disposition2 f\r?ly1 ! idea ( action1 :i* is any k9d ( ?\ght or motion2 fif?ly1 ! idea ( good1 :i* signifies any?+ t may advance 8 happ9ess1 & t]m9ates at la/1 if exam9$1 9 p>ticul> simple ideas1 ( :i* ! ^w good 9 g5]al signifies any "o2 b1 if remov$ f all simple ideas q1 x signifies no?+ at all4 ,& ?us also all moral words t]m9ate at la/1 ?\gh p]haps m remotely1 9 a collection ( simple ideas3 ! imm$iate signification ( relative words1 be+ v (t5 o!r suppos$ kn[n relations2 :i*1 if trac$ "o to ano!r1 /ill end 9 simple ideas4 #ai4 ,we h ord9>ily z cle> a ,notion ( ! ,relation1 z ( ! simple ideas 9 ?+s on :i* x is f\nd$4 ,secondly1 ,t 9 relations1 we h = ! mo/ "p1 if n always1 z cle> a notion ( ,,! ,,relation z we h ( ,,^? ,,simple ,,ideas ,,:]e9 ,,x ,,is ,,f\nd$3 agreem5t or disagreem5t1 :]eon relation dep5ds1 be+ ?+s :]e( we h commonly z cle> ideas z ( any o!r :atsoev]2 x be+ b ! di/+ui%+ simple ideas1 or _! degrees "o f ano!r1 )\t :i* we c\ld h no di/9ct k at all4 ,=1 if ,i h a cle> idea ( sweetness1 light1 or ext5sion1 ,i h1 too1 ( equal1 or m1 or less1 ( ea* ( ^!3 if ,i "k :at x is = "o man to be born ( a woman1 viz4 ,sempronia1 ,i "k :at x is = ano!r man to be born ( ! same woman ,sempronia2 & s h z cle> a notion ( bro!rs z ( bir?s1 & p]haps cle>]4 ,= if ,i believ$ t ,sempronia digg$ ,titus out ( ! p>sley-b$1 7z !y us$ to tell *ildr517 & !reby became 8 "m2 & t aft]w>ds1 9 ! same mann]1 %e digg$ ,caius out ( ! p>sley-b$1 ,i _h z cle> a notion ( ! relation ( bro!rs betwe5 !m1 z if ,i _h all ! skill ( a midwife3 ! notion t ! same woman contribut$1 z "m1 equally to _! bir?s1 7?\gh ,i 7 ignorant or mi/ak5 9 ! mann] ( x17 be+ t on :i* ,i gr\nd$ ! relation2 & t !y agre$ 9 ! circum/ance ( bir?1 let x be :at x w4 ,! comp>+ !m !n 9 _! desc5t f ! same p]son1 )\t kn[+ ! p>ticul> circum/ances ( t desc5t1 is en\gh to f\nd my notion ( _! hav+1 or n hav+1 ! relation ( bro!rs4 ,b ?\gh ! ideas ( ,,p>ticul> ,,relations are capable ( be+ z cle> & di/9ct 9 ! m9ds ( ^? :o w duly consid] !m z ^? ( mix$ modes1 & m det]m9ate ?an ^? ( sub/ances3 yet ! names belong+ to relation are (t5 ( z d\btful & unc]ta9 signification z ^? ( sub/ances or mix$ modes2 & mu* m ?an ^? ( simple ideas4 ,because relative words1 be+ ! m>ks ( ?is comp>ison1 :i* is made only by m5's ?\ghts1 & is an idea only 9 m5's m9ds1 m5 frequ5tly apply !m to diff]5t comp>isons ( ?+s1 accord+ to _! own imag9ations2 :i* d n always correspond ) ^? ( o!rs us+ ! same "n4 #bj4 ,! ,notion ( ,relation is ! same1 :e!r ! ,rule any ,action is comp>$ to be true or false4 ,?irdly1 ,t 9 ^! ,i call ,,moral ,,relations1 ,i h a true notion ( relation1 by comp>+ ! action ) ! rule1 :e!r ! rule be true or false4 ,= if ,i measure any?+ by a y>d1 ,i "k :e!r ! ?+ ,i measure be long] or %ort] ?an t suppos$ y>d1 ?\gh p]haps ! y>d ,i measure by be n exactly ! /&>d3 :i* inde$ is ano!r inquiry4 ,= ?\gh ! rule be errone\s1 & ,i mi/ak5 9 x2 yet ! agreem5t or disagreem5t obs]vable 9 t :i* ,i comp>e )1 makes me p]ceive ! relation4 ,?\gh1 measur+ by a wrong rule1 ,i %all !reby be br\ght to judge amiss ( its moral rectitude2 because ,i h tri$ x by t :i* is n ! true rule3 yet ,i am n mi/ak5 9 ! relation :i* t action be>s to t rule ,i comp>e x to1 :i* is agreem5t or disagreem5t4 ,,*apt] ,,xxix4 ,,( ,,cle> ,,& ,,obscure1 ,,di/9ct ,,& ,,confus$ ,,ideas4 #a4 ,ideas1 "s cle> & di/9ct1 o!rs obscure & confus$4 ,hav+ %[n ! orig9al ( our ideas1 & tak5 a view ( _! sev]al sorts2 consid]$ ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! simple & ! complex2 & obs]v$ h[ ! complex ones are divid$ into ^? ( modes1 sub/ances1 & relations--all :i*1 ,i ?9k1 is necess>y to be done by any "o :o w\ld acqua9t himself ?or\ghly ) ! progress ( ! m9d1 9 its appreh5sion & k ( ?+s--x w1 p]haps1 be ?\ght ,i h dwelt long en\gh ^u ! exam9ation ( ,,ideas4 ,i mu/1 nev]!less1 crave leave to (f] "s few o!r consid]ations conc]n+ !m4 ,! fir/ is1 t "s are ,,cle> & o!rs ,,obscure2 "s ,,di/9ct & o!rs ,,confus$4 #b4 ,cle> & obscure expla9$ by ,sight4 ,! p]ception ( ! m9d be+ mo/ aptly expla9$ by words relat+ to ! sight1 we %all be/ und]/& :at is meant by ,,cle> & ,,obscure 9 our ideas1 by reflect+ on :at we call cle> & obscure 9 ! objects ( sight4 ,light be+ t :i* discov]s to u visible objects1 we give ! "n ( ,,obscure to t :i* is n plac$ 9 a light suffici5t to discov] m9utely to u ! figure & col\rs :i* are obs]vable 9 x1 & :i*1 9 a bett] light1 w\ld be disc]nible4 ,9 l mann]1 our simple ideas are ,,cle>1 :5 !y are su* z ! objects !mselves f :5ce !y 7 tak5 did or might1 9 a well-ord]$ s5sation or p]ception1 pres5t !m4 ,:il/ ! memory reta9s !m ?us1 & c produce !m to ! m9d :5ev] x has occasion to consid] !m1 !y are cle> ideas4 ,s f> z !y ei!r want any?+ ( ! orig9al exactness1 or h lo/ any ( _! fir/ fre%ness1 & are1 z x 71 fad$ or t>ni%$ by "t1 s f> are !y obscure4 ,complex ideas1 z !y are made up ( simple ones1 s !y are cle>1 :5 ! ideas t g to _! composition are cle>1 & ! numb] & ord] ( ^? simple ideas t are ! +r$i5ts ( any complex "o is det]m9ate & c]ta94 #c4 ,causes ( ,obscurity4 ,! causes ( obscurity1 9 simple ideas1 seem to be ei!r dull organs2 or v slight & transi5t impressions made by ! objects2 or else a weakness 9 ! memory1 n able to reta9 !m z receiv$4 ,= to return aga9 to visible objects1 to help u to appreh5d ?is matt]4 ,if ! organs1 or faculties ( p]ception1 l wax ov]-h>d5$ ) cold1 w n receive ! impression ( ! seal1 f ! usual impulse wont to impr9t x2 or1 l wax ( a temp] too s(t1 w n hold x well1 :5 well impr9t$2 or else suppos+ ! wax ( a temp] fit1 b ! seal n appli$ ) a suffici5t =ce to make a cle> impression3 9 any ( ^! cases1 ! pr9t left by ! seal w be obscure4 ,?is1 ,i suppose1 ne$s no application to make x pla9]4 #d4 ,di/9ct & confus$1 :at4 ,z a cle> idea is t :]e( ! m9d has su* a full & evid5t p]ception1 z x does receive f an outw>d object op]at+ duly on a well-dispos$ organ1 s a ,,di/9ct idea is t :]e9 ! m9d p]ceives a diff]5ce f all o!r2 & a ,,confus$ idea is su* an "o z is n suffici5tly di/+ui%able f ano!r1 f :i* x ought to be diff]5t4 #e4 ,objection4 ,if no idea be confus$1 b su* z is n suffici5tly di/+ui%able f ano!r f :i* x %\ld be diff]5t1 x w be h>d1 may any "o say1 to f9d any:]e a ,,confus$ idea4 ,=1 let any idea be z x w1 x c be no o!r b su* z ! m9d p]ceives x to be2 & t v p]ception suffici5tly di/+ui%es x f all o!r ideas1 :i* _c be o!r1 i4e4 diff]5t1 )\t be+ p]ceiv$ to be s4 ,no idea1 !re=e1 c be undi/+ui%able f ano!r f :i* x ought to be diff]5t1 unless y w\ld h x diff]5t f itself3 = f all o!r x is evid5tly diff]5t4 #f4 ,confusion ( ,ideas is 9 ,ref]5ce to _! ,names4 ,to remove ?is difficulty1 & to help u to conceive aright :at x is t makes ! confusion ideas are at any "t *>geable )1 we mu/ consid]1 t ?+s rank$ "u di/9ct names are suppos$ diff]5t en\gh to be di/+ui%$1 t s ea* sort by its peculi> "n may be m>k$1 & disc\rs$ ( ap>t ^u any occasion3 & !re is no?+ m evid5t1 ?an t ! greate/ "p ( diff]5t names are suppos$ to /& = diff]5t ?+s4 ,n[ e idea a man has1 be+ visibly :at x is1 & di/9ct f all o!r ideas b itself2 t :i* makes x confus$1 is1 :5 x is su* t x may z well be call$ by ano!r "n z t :i* x is express$ by2 ! diff]5ce :i* keeps ! ?+s 7to be rank$ "u ^? two diff]5t names7 di/9ct1 & makes "s ( !m belong r to ! "o & "s ( !m to ! o!r ( ^? names1 be+ left out2 & s ! di/9ction1 :i* 0 int5d$ to be kept up by ^? diff]5t names1 is q lo/4 #g4 ,defaults :i* make ?is ,confusion4 ,! defaults :i* usually occasion ?is confusion1 ,i ?9k1 are *iefly ^! foll[+3 ,fir/1 complex ideas made up ( too few simple ones4 ,fir/1 :5 any complex idea 7= x is complex ideas t are mo/ liable to confusion7 is made up ( too small a numb] ( simple ideas1 & su* only z are common to o!r ?+s1 :]eby ! diff]5ces t make x des]ve a diff]5t "n1 are left out4 ,?us1 he t has an idea made up ( b>ely ! simple ones ( a bea/ ) spots1 has b a confus$ idea ( a leop>d2 x n be+ !reby suffici5tly di/+ui%$ f a lynx1 & sev]al o!r sorts ( bea/s t are spott$4 ,s t su* an idea1 ?\gh x ha? ! peculi> "n leop>d1 is n di/+ui%able f ^? design$ by ! names lynx or pan!r1 & may z well come "u ! "n lynx z leop>d4 ,h[ mu* ! cu/om ( def9+ ( words by g5]al t]ms contributes to make ! ideas we w\ld express by !m confus$ & undet]m9$1 ,i leave o!rs to consid]4 ,?is is evid5t1 t confus$ ideas are su* z r5d] ! use ( words unc]ta91 & take away ! b5efit ( di/9ct names4 ,:5 ! ideas1 = :i* we use diff]5t t]ms1 h n a diff]5ce answ]able to _! di/9ct names1 & s _c be di/+ui%$ by !m1 !re x is t !y are truly confus$4 #h4 ,secondly1 or _! simple ones jumbl$ disord]ly toge!r4 ,secondly1 ,ano!r fault :i* makes our ideas confus$ is1 :51 ?\gh ! p>ticul>s t make up any idea are 9 numb] en\gh1 yet !y are s jumbl$ toge!r1 t x is n easily disc]nible :e!r x m belongs to ! "n t is giv5 x ?an to any o!r4 ,!re is no?+ prop]] to make u conceive ?is confusion ?an a sort ( pictures1 usually %[n z surpris+ pieces ( art1 :]e9 ! col\rs1 z !y are laid by ! p5cil on ! table itself1 m>k out v odd & unusual figures1 & h no disc]nible ord] 9 _! position4 ,?is draught1 ?us made up ( p>ts :]e9 no symmetry nor ord] appe>s1 is 9 itself no m a confus$ ?+1 ?an ! picture ( a cl\dy sky2 :]e91 ?\gh !re be z little ord] ( col\rs or figures to be f\nd1 yet nobody ?9ks x a confus$ picture4 ,:at is x1 !n1 t makes x be ?\ght confus$1 s9ce ! want ( symmetry does n8 ,z x is pla9 x does n3 = ano!r draught made b>ely 9 imitation ( ?is c\ld n be call$ confus$4 ,i answ]1 ,t :i* makes x be ?\ght confus$ is1 ! apply+ x to "s "n to :i* x does no m disc]nibly belong ?an to "s o!r3 v4g4 :5 x is said to be ! picture ( a man1 or ,caes>1 !n any "o ) reason c\nts x confus$2 because x is n disc]nible 9 t /ate to belong m to ! "n man1 or ,caes>1 ?an to ! "n baboon1 or ,pompey3 :i* are suppos$ to /& = diff]5t ideas f ^? signifi$ by man1 or ,caes>4 ,b :5 a cyl9drical mirror1 plac$ "r1 _h r$uc$ ^? irregul> l9es on ! table into _! due ord] & proportion1 !n ! confusion ceases1 & ! eye pres5tly sees t x is a man1 or ,caes>2 i4e4 t x belongs to ^? names2 & t x is suffici5tly di/+ui%able f a baboon1 or ,pompey2 i4e4 f ! ideas signifi$ by ^? names4 ,j ?us x is ) our ideas1 :i* are z x 7 ! pictures ( ?+s4 ,no "o ( ^! m5tal draughts1 h[ev] ! p>ts are put toge!r1 c be call$ confus$ 7= !y are pla9ly disc]nible z !y are7 till x be rank$ "u "s ord9>y "n to :i* x _c be disc]n$ to belong1 any m ?an x does to "s o!r "n ( an all[$ diff]5t signification4 #i4 ,?irdly1 or _! simple ones mutable & undet]m9$4 ,?irdly1 ,a ?ird defect t frequ5tly gives ! "n ( confus$ to our ideas1 is1 :5 any "o ( !m is unc]ta9 & undet]m9$4 ,?us we may obs]ve m5 :o1 n =be>+ to use ! ord9>y words ( _! language till !y h le>n$ _! precise signification1 *ange ! idea !y make ?is or t t]m /& =1 almo/ z (t5 z !y use x4 ,he t does ?is out ( unc]ta9ty ( :at he %\ld leave out1 or put into 8 idea ( ,,*ur*1 or ,,idolatry1 e "t he ?9ks ( ei!r1 & holds n /eady to any "o precise comb9ation ( ideas t makes x up1 is said to h a confus$ idea ( idolatry or ! *ur*3 ?\gh ?is be /ill = ! same reason z ! =m]1 viz4 because a mutable idea 7if we w all[ x to be "o idea7 _c belong to "o "n r ?an ano!r1 & s loses ! di/9ction t di/9ct names are design$ =4 #aj4 ,confusion )\t ,ref]5ce to ,names1 h>dly conceivable4 ,by :at has be5 said1 we may obs]ve h[ mu* ,,names1 z suppos$ /eady signs ( ?+s1 & by _! diff]5ce to /& =1 & keep ?+s di/9ct t 9 !mselves are diff]5t1 are ! occasion ( d5om9at+ ideas di/9ct or confus$1 by a secret & unobs]v$ ref]5ce ! m9d makes ( its ideas to su* names4 ,?is p]haps w be full] und]/ood1 aft] :at ,i say ( ,words 9 ! ?ird ,book has be5 read & consid]$4 ,b )\t tak+ notice ( su* a ref]5ce ( ideas to di/9ct names1 z ! signs ( di/9ct ?+s1 x w be h>d to say :at a confus$ idea is4 ,& !re=e :5 a man designs1 by any "n1 a sort ( ?+s1 or any "o p>ticul> ?+1 di/9ct f all o!rs1 ! complex idea he annexes to t "n is ! m di/9ct1 ! m p>ticul> ! ideas are1 & ! great] & m det]m9ate ! numb] & ord] ( !m is1 :]e( x is made up4 ,=1 ! m x has ( ^!1 ! m x has /ill ( ! p]ceivable diff]5ces1 :]eby x is kept sep>ate & di/9ct f all ideas belong+ to o!r names1 ev5 ^? t approa* ne>e/ to x1 & !reby all confusion ) !m is avoid$4 #aa4 ,confusion conc]ns always two ,ideas4 ,confusion mak+ x a difficulty to sep>ate two ?+s t %\ld be sep>at$1 conc]ns always two ideas2 & ^? mo/ :i* mo/ approa* "o ano!r4 ,:5ev]1 !re=e1 we suspect any idea to be confus$1 we mu/ exam9e :at o!r x is 9 dang] to be conf\nd$ )1 or :i* x _c easily be sep>at$ f2 & t w always be f\nd an idea belong+ to ano!r "n1 & s %\ld be a diff]5t ?+1 f :i* yet x is n suffici5tly di/9ct3 be+ ei!r ! same ) x1 or mak+ a "p ( x1 or at lea/ z prop]ly call$ by t "n z ! o!r x is rank$ "u2 & s keeps n t diff]5ce f t o!r idea :i* ! diff]5t names import4 #ab4 ,causes ( confus$ ,ideas4 ,?is1 ,i ?9k1 is ! confusion prop] to ideas2 :i* /ill c>ries ) x a secret ref]5ce to names4 ,at lea/1 if !re be any o!r confusion ( ideas1 ?is is t :i* mo/ ( all disord]s m5's ?\ghts & disc\rses3 ideas1 z rank$ "u names1 be+ ^? t = ! mo/ "p m5 reason ( )9 !mselves1 & always ^? :i* !y commune ab\t ) o!rs4 ,& !re=e :]e !re are suppos$ two diff]5t ideas1 m>k$ by two diff]5t names1 :i* are n z di/+ui%able z ! s\nds t /& = !m1 !re nev] fails to be confusion2 & :]e any ideas are di/9ct z ! ideas ( ^? two s\nds !y are m>k$ by1 !re c be betwe5 !m no confusion4 ,! way to prev5t x is to collect & unite into "o complex idea1 z precisely z is possible1 all ^? +r$i5ts :]eby x is diff]5c$ f o!rs2 & to !m1 s unit$ 9 a det]m9ate numb] & ord]1 apply /eadily ! same "n4 ,b ?is nei!r accommodat+ m5's ease or vanity1 nor s]v+ any design b t ( nak$ tru?1 :i* is n always ! ?+ aim$ at1 su* exactness is r to be wi%$ ?an hop$ =4 ,& s9ce ! loose application ( names1 to undet]m9$1 v>iable1 & almo/ no ideas1 s]ves bo? to cov] our own ignorance1 z well z to p]plex & conf\nd o!rs1 :i* goes = le>n+ & sup]iority 9 k1 x is no wond] t mo/ m5 %\ld use x !mselves1 :il/ !y compla9 ( x 9 o!rs4 ,?\gh ,i ?9k no small "p ( ! confusion to be f\nd 9 ! notions ( m5 might1 by c>e & +5uity1 be avoid$1 yet ,i am f> f conclud+ x ev]y:]e wilful4 ,"s ideas are s complex1 & made up ( s _m p>ts1 t ! memory does n easily reta9 ! v same precise comb9ation ( simple ideas "u "o "n3 mu* less are we able con/antly to div9e = :at precise complex idea su* a "n /&s 9 ano!r man's use ( x4 ,f ! fir/ ( ^!1 foll[s confusion 9 a man's own reason+s & op9ions )9 himself2 f ! latt]1 frequ5t confusion 9 disc\rs+ & argu+ ) o!rs4 ,b hav+ m at l>ge treat$ ( ,words1 _! defects1 & abuses1 9 ! foll[+ ,book1 ,i %all "h say no m ( x4 #ac4 ,complex ,ideas may be di/9ct 9 "o ,"p1 & confus$ 9 ano!r4 ,our complex ideas1 be+ made up ( collections1 & s v>iety ( simple ones1 may accord+ly be v cle> & di/9ct 9 "o "p1 & v obscure & confus$ 9 ano!r4 ,9 a man :o speaks ( a *ilia$ron1 or a body ( a ?\s& sides1 ! ideas ( ! figure may be v confus$1 ?\gh t ( ! numb] be v di/9ct2 s t he be+ able to disc\rse & demon/rate conc]n+ t "p ( 8 complex idea :i* dep5ds ^u ! numb] ( ?\s&1 he is apt to ?9k he has a di/9ct idea ( a *ilia$ron2 ?\gh x be pla9 he has no precise idea ( its figure1 s z to di/+ui% x1 by t1 f "o t has b #iii sides3 ! n obs]v+ :]e( causes no small error 9 m5's ?\ghts1 & confusion 9 _! disc\rses4 #ad4 ,?is1 if n he$$1 causes ,confusion 9 our ,argu+s4 ,he t ?9ks he has a di/9ct idea ( ! figure ( a *ilia$ron1 let him = trial sake take ano!r p>cel ( ! same uni=m matt]1 viz4 gold or wax ( an equal bulk1 & make x into a figure ( #iii sides4 ,he w1 ,i d\bt n1 be able to di/+ui% ^! two ideas "o f ano!r1 by ! numb] ( sides2 & reason & argue di/9ctly ab\t !m1 :il/ he keeps 8 ?\ghts & reason+ to t "p only ( ^! ideas :i* is conta9$ 9 _! numb]s2 z t ! sides ( ! "o c\ld be divid$ into two equal numb]s1 & ( ! o!rs n1 c4 ,b :5 he goes ab\t to di/+ui% !m by _! figure1 he w !re be pres5tly at a loss1 & n be able1 ,i ?9k1 to frame 9 8 m9d two ideas1 "o ( !m di/9ct f ! o!r1 by ! b>e figure ( ^! two pieces ( gold2 z he c\ld1 if ! same p>cels ( gold 7 made "o into a cube1 ! o!r a figure ( five sides4 ,9 :i* incomplete ideas1 we are v apt to impose on ourselves1 & wrangle ) o!rs1 especially :]e !y h p>ticul> & famili> names4 ,=1 be+ satisfi$ 9 t "p ( ! idea :i* we h cle>2 & ! "n :i* is famili> to u1 be+ appli$ to ! :ole1 conta9+ t "p also :i* is imp]fect & obscure1 we are apt to use x = t confus$ "p1 & draw d$uctions f x 9 ! obscure "p ( its signification1 z confid5tly z we d f ! o!r4 #ae4 ,in/ance 9 ,et]nity4 ,hav+ frequ5tly 9 our m\?s ! "n ,et]nity1 we are apt to ?9k we h a positive compreh5sive idea ( x1 :i* is z mu* z to say1 t !re is no "p ( t duration :i* is n cle>ly conta9$ 9 our idea4 ,x is true t he t ?9ks s may h a cle> idea ( duration2 he may also h a cle> idea ( a v great l5g? ( duration2 he may also h a cle> idea ( ! comp>ison ( t great "o ) /ill a great]3 b x n be+ possible = him to include 9 8 idea ( any duration1 let x be z great z x w1 ! ,,:ole ,,ext5t ,,toge!r ,,( ,a ,,duration1 ,,:]e ,,he ,,supposes ,,no ,,end1 t "p ( 8 idea1 :i* is /ill beyond ! b\nds ( t l>ge duration he repres5ts to 8 own ?\ghts1 is v obscure & undet]m9$4 ,& h5ce x is t 9 disputes & reason+s conc]n+ et]nity1 or any o!r inf9ite1 we are v apt to blund]1 & involve ourselves 9 manife/ absurdities4 #af4 ,inf9ite ,divisibility ( ,matt]4 ,9 matt]1 we h no cle> ideas ( ! smallness ( p>ts mu* beyond ! smalle/ t occur to any ( our s5ses3 & !re=e1 :5 we talk ( ! divisibility ( matt] ,,9 ,,inf9itum1 ?\gh we h cle> ideas ( division & divisibility1 & h also cle> ideas ( p>ts made out ( a :ole by division2 yet we h b v obscure & confus$ ideas ( corpuscles1 or m9ute bodies1 s to be divid$1 :51 by =m] divisions1 !y are r$uc$ to a smallness mu* exce$+ ! p]ception ( any ( our s5ses2 & s all t we h cle> & di/9ct ideas ( is ( :at division 9 g5]al or ab/ract$ly is1 & ! relation ( ,,totum & ,,p>s3 b ( ! bulk ( ! body1 to be ?us inf9itely divid$ aft] c]ta9 progressions1 ,i ?9k1 we h no cle> nor di/9ct idea at all4 ,= ,i ask any "o1 :e!r1 tak+ ! smalle/ atom ( du/ he ev] saw1 he has any di/9ct idea 7bat+ /ill ! numb]1 :i* conc]ns n ext5sion7 betwixt ! #ajj1jjj? & ! #a1jjj1jjj? "p ( x4 ,or if he ?9k he c ref9e 8 ideas to t degree1 )\t los+ sight ( !m1 let him add t5 cyph]s to ea* ( ^? numb]s4 ,su* a degree ( smallness is n unreasonable to be suppos$2 s9ce a division c>ri$ on s f> br+s x no ne>] ! end ( inf9ite division1 ?an ! fir/ division into two halves does4 ,i mu/ confess1 = my "p1 ,i h no cle> di/9ct ideas ( ! diff]5t bulk or ext5sion ( ^? bodies1 hav+ b a v obscure "o ( ei!r ( !m4 ,s t1 ,i ?9k1 :5 we talk ( division ( bodies 9 inf9itum1 our idea ( _! di/9ct bulks1 :i* is ! subject & f\ndation ( division1 comes1 aft] a little progression1 to be conf\nd$1 & almo/ lo/ 9 obscurity4 ,= t idea :i* is to repres5t only bigness mu/ be v obscure & confus$1 :i* we _c di/+ui% f "o t5 times z big1 b only by numb]3 s t we h cle> di/9ct ideas1 we may say1 ( t5 & "o1 b no di/9ct ideas ( two su* ext5sions4 ,x is pla9 f h5ce1 t1 :5 we talk ( inf9ite divisibility ( body or ext5sion1 our di/9ct & cle> ideas are only ( numb]s3 b ! cle> di/9ct ideas ( ext5sion1 aft] "s progress ( division1 are q lo/2 & ( su* m9ute p>ts we h no di/9ct ideas at all2 b x returns1 z all our ideas ( inf9ite d1 at la/ to t ( ,,numb] ,,always ,,to ,,be ,,add$2 b !reby nev] am\nts to any di/9ct idea ( ,,actual ,,inf9ite ,,p>ts4 ,we h1 x is true1 a cle> idea ( division1 z (t5 z we ?9k ( x2 b !reby we h no m a cle> idea ( inf9ite p>ts 9 matt]1 ?an we h a cle> idea ( an inf9ite numb]1 by be+ able /ill to add new numb]s to any assign$ numb]s we h3 endless divisibility giv+ u no m a cle> & di/9ct idea ( actually inf9ite p>ts1 ?an endless addibility 7if ,i may s speak7 gives u a cle> & di/9ct idea ( an actually inf9ite numb]3 !y bo? be+ only 9 a p[] /ill ( increas+ ! numb]1 be x already z great z x w4 ,s t ( :at rema9s to be add$ 7,,:]e9 ,,consi/s ,,! ,,inf9ity7 we h b an obscure1 imp]fect1 & confus$ idea2 f or ab\t :i* we c argue or reason ) no c]ta9ty or cle>ness1 no m ?an we c 9 ari?metic1 ab\t a numb] ( :i* we h no su* di/9ct idea z we h ( #d or #ajj2 b only ?is relative obscure "o1 t1 comp>$ to any o!r1 x is /ill bigg]3 & we h no m a cle> positive idea ( x1 :5 we dropp$ l9e99 ?an if we %\ld say x is bigg] ?an #dj or #d3 #djj1jjj1jjj hav+ no ne>] a proportion to ! end ( addition or numb] ?an #d4 ,= he t adds only #d to #d1 & s proce$s1 %all z soon come to ! end ( all addition1 z he t adds #djj1jjj1jjj to #djj1jjj1jjj4 ,& s likewise 9 et]nity2 he t has an idea ( b f\r ye>s1 has z mu* a positive complete idea ( et]nity1 z he t has "o ( #djj1jjj1jjj ( ye>s3 = :at rema9s ( et]nity beyond ei!r ( ^! two numb]s ( ye>s1 is z cle> to ! "o z ! o!r2 i4e4 nei!r ( !m has any cle> positive idea ( x at all4 ,= he t adds only #d ye>s to #d1 & s on1 %all z soon rea* et]nity z he t adds #djj1jjj1jjj ( ye>s1 & s on2 or1 if he please1 d\bles ! increase z (t5 z he w3 ! rema9+ abyss be+ /ill z f> beyond ! end ( all ^! progressions z x is f ! l5g? ( a day or an h\r4 ,= no?+ f9ite be>s any proportion to inf9ite2 & !re=e our ideas1 :i* are all f9ite1 _c be> any4 ,?us x is also 9 our idea ( ext5sion1 :5 we increase x by addition1 z well z :5 we dim9i% x by division1 & w\ld enl>ge our ?\ghts to inf9ite space4 ,aft] a few d\bl+s ( ^? ideas ( ext5sion1 :i* are ! l>ge/ we are accu/om$ to h1 we lose ! cle> di/9ct idea ( t space3 x becomes a confus$ly great "o1 ) a surplus ( /ill great]2 ab\t :i*1 :5 we w\ld argue or reason1 we %all always f9d ourselves at a loss2 confus$ ideas1 9 our argu+s & d$uctions f t "p ( !m :i* is confus$1 always lead+ u into confusion4 ,,*apt] ,,xxx4 ,,( ,,real ,,& ,,fanta/ical ,,ideas4 #a4 ,ideas consid]$ 9 ref]5ce to _! ,ar*etypes4 ,besides :at we h already m5tion$ conc]n+ ideas1 o!r consid]ations belong to !m1 9 ref]5ce to ,,?+s ,,f ,,:5ce ,,!y ,,are ,,tak51 or ,,:i* ,,!y ,,may ,,be ,,suppos$ ,,to ,,repres5t2 & ?us1 ,i ?9k1 !y may come "u a ?reefold di/9ction1 & are3--,fir/1 ei!r real or fanta/ical2 ,secondly1 adequate or inadequate2 ,?irdly1 true or false4 ,fir/1 by ,,real ,,ideas1 ,i mean su* z h a f\ndation 9 nature2 su* z h a con=mity ) ! real be+ & exi/5ce ( ?+s1 or ) _! ar*etypes4 ,,fanta/ical or ,,*im]ical1 ,i call su* z h no f\ndation 9 nature1 nor h any con=mity ) t reality ( be+ to :i* !y are tacitly ref]r$1 z to _! ar*etypes4 ,if we exam9e ! sev]al sorts ( ideas be=e m5tion$1 we %all f9d t1 #b4 ,simple ,ideas are all real appe>ances ( ?+s4 ,fir/1 ,our ,,simple ,,ideas are all real1 all agree to ! reality ( ?+s3 n t !y are all ( !m ! images or repres5tations ( :at does exi/2 ! contr>y :]e(1 9 all b ! prim>y qualities ( bodies1 ha? be5 already %[n4 ,b1 ?\gh :it5ess & coldness are no m 9 sn[ ?an pa9 is2 yet ^? ideas ( :it5ess & coldness1 pa91 c41 be+ 9 u ! effects ( p[]s 9 ?+s )\t u1 orda9$ by our ,mak] to produce 9 u su* s5sations2 !y are real ideas 9 u1 :]eby we di/+ui% ! qualities t are really 9 ?+s !mselves4 ,=1 ^! sev]al appe>ances be+ design$ to be ! m>k :]eby we are to "k & di/+ui% ?+s :i* we h to d )1 our ideas d z well s]ve u to t purpose1 & are z real di/+ui%+ *>act]s1 :e!r !y be only ,,con/ant ,,effects1 or else ,,exact ,,resemblances ( some?+ 9 ! ?+s !mselves3 ! reality ly+ 9 t /eady correspond5ce !y h ) ! di/9ct con/itutions ( real be+s4 ,b :e!r !y answ] to ^? con/itutions1 z to causes or patt]ns1 x matt]s n2 x suffices t !y are con/antly produc$ by !m4 ,& ?us our simple ideas are all real & true1 because !y answ] & agree to ^? p[]s ( ?+s :i* produce !m on our m9ds2 t be+ all t is requisite to make !m real1 & n fictions at pleasure4 ,= 9 simple ideas 7z has be5 %[n7 ! m9d is :olly conf9$ to ! op]ation ( ?+s ^u x1 & c make to itself no simple idea1 m ?an :at x 0 receiv$4 #c4 ,complex ,ideas are volunt>y ,comb9ations4 ,?\gh ! m9d be :olly passive 9 respect ( its simple ideas2 yet1 ,i ?9k1 we may say x is n s 9 respect ( its complex ideas4 ,= ^? be+ comb9ations ( simple ideas put toge!r1 & unit$ "u "o g5]al "n1 x is pla9 t ! m9d ( man uses "s k9d ( lib]ty 9 =m+ ^? complex ideas3 h[ else comes x to pass t "o man's idea ( gold1 or ju/ice1 is diff]5t f ano!r's1 b because he has put 91 or left out ( 81 "s simple idea :i* ! o!r has n8 ,! "q !n is1 ,:i* ( ^! are real1 & :i* b>ely imag9>y comb9ations8 ,:at collections agree to ! reality ( ?+s1 & :at n8 ,& to ?is ,i say t1 #d4 ,mix$ ,modes & ,relations1 made ( consi/5t ,ideas1 are real4 ,secondly1 ,,mix$ ,,modes & ,,relations1 hav+ no o!r reality b :at !y h 9 ! m9ds ( m51 !re is no?+ m requir$ to ?is k9d ( ideas to make !m real1 b t !y be s fram$1 t !re be a possibility ( exi/+ con=mable to !m4 ,^! ideas !mselves1 be+ ar*etypes1 _c diff] f _! ar*etypes1 & s _c be *im]ical1 unless any "o w jumble toge!r 9 !m inconsi/5t ideas4 ,inde$1 z any ( !m h ! names ( a kn[n language assign$ to !m1 by :i* he t has !m 9 8 m9d w\ld signify !m to o!rs1 s b>e possibility ( exi/+ is n en\gh2 !y mu/ h a con=mity to ! ord9>y signification ( ! "n t is giv5 !m1 t !y may n be ?\ght fanta/ical3 z if a man w\ld give ! "n ( ju/ice to t idea :i* common use calls lib]ality4 ,b ?is fanta/icalness relates m to propriety ( spee*1 ?an reality ( ideas4 ,= a man to be undi/urb$ 9 dang]1 s$ately to consid] :at is fitte/ to be done1 & to execute x /eadily1 is a mix$ mode1 or a complex idea ( an action :i* may exi/4 ,b to be undi/urb$ 9 dang]1 )\t us+ "o's reason or indu/ry1 is :at is also possible to be2 & s is z real an idea z ! o!r4 ,?\gh ! fir/ ( ^!1 hav+ ! "n ,,c\rage giv5 to x1 may1 9 respect ( t "n1 be a "r or wrong idea2 b ! o!r1 :il/ x has n a common receiv$ "n ( any kn[n language assign$ to x1 is n capable ( any de=mity1 be+ made ) no ref]5ce to any?+ b itself4 #e4 ,complex ,ideas ( ,sub/ances are real1 :5 !y agree ) ! exi/5ce ( ,?+s4 ,?irdly1 ,our complex ideas ( ,,sub/ances1 be+ made all ( !m 9 ref]5ce to ?+s exi/+ )\t u1 & int5d$ to be repres5tations ( sub/ances z !y really are1 are no fur!r real ?an z !y are su* comb9ations ( simple ideas z are really unit$1 & co-exi/ 9 ?+s )\t u4 ,on ! contr>y1 ^? are fanta/ical :i* are made up ( su* collections ( simple ideas z 7 really nev] unit$1 nev] 7 f\nd toge!r 9 any sub/ance3 v4 g4 a rational creature1 consi/+ ( a horse's head1 jo9$ to a body ( human %ape1 or su* z ! ,,c5taurs are describ$3 or1 a body yell[1 v malleable1 fusible1 & fix$1 b light] ?an common wat]3 or an uni=m1 unorganiz$ body1 consi/+1 z to s5se1 all ( simil> p>ts1 ) p]ception & volunt>y motion jo9$ to x4 ,:e!r su* sub/ances z ^! c possibly exi/ or no1 x is probable we d n "k3 b be t z x w1 ^! ideas ( sub/ances1 be+ made con=mable to no patt]n exi/+ t we "k2 & consi/+ ( su* collections ( ideas z no sub/ance ev] %[$ u unit$ toge!r1 !y ought to pass ) u = b>ely imag9>y3 b mu* m are ^? complex ideas s1 :i* conta9 9 !m any inconsi/5cy or contradiction ( _! p>ts4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxi4 ,,( ,,adequate ,,& ,,inadequate ,,ideas4 #a4 ,adequate ,ideas are su* z p]fectly repres5t _! ,ar*etypes4 ,( our real ideas1 "s are adequate1 & "s are inadequate4 ,^? ,i call ,,adequate1 :i* p]fectly repres5t ^? ar*etypes :i* ! m9d supposes !m tak5 f3 :i* x int5ds !m to /& =1 & to :i* x ref]s !m4 ,,inadequate ,,ideas are su*1 :i* are b a p>tial or incomplete repres5tation ( ^? ar*etypes to :i* !y are ref]r$4 ,^u :i* acc\nt x is pla91 #b4 ,adequate ,ideas are su* z p]fectly repres5t _! ,ar*etypes4 ,simple ,ideas all adequate4 ,fir/1 t ,,all ,,our ,,simple ,,ideas ,,are ,,adequate4 ,because1 be+ no?+ b ! effects ( c]ta9 p[]s 9 ?+s1 fitt$ & orda9$ by ,god to produce su* s5sations 9 u1 !y _c b be correspond5t & adequate to ^? p[]s3 & we are sure !y agree to ! reality ( ?+s4 ,=1 if sug> produce 9 u ! ideas :i* we call :it5ess & sweetness1 we are sure !re is a p[] 9 sug> to produce ^? ideas 9 our m9ds1 or else !y c\ld n h be5 produc$ by x4 ,& s ea* s5sation answ]+ ! p[] t op]ates on any ( our s5ses1 ! idea s produc$ is a real idea1 7& n a fiction ( ! m9d1 :i* has no p[] to produce any simple idea72 & _c b be adequate1 s9ce x ought only to answ] t p[]3 & s all simple ideas are adequate4 ,x is true1 ! ?+s produc+ 9 u ^! simple ideas are b few ( !m d5om9at$ by u1 z if !y 7 only ! ,,causes ( !m2 b z if ^? ideas 7 real be+s ,,9 !m4 ,=1 ?\gh fire be call$ pa9ful to ! t\*1 :]eby is signifi$ ! p[] ( produc+ 9 u ! idea ( pa91 yet x is d5om9at$ also light & hot2 z if light & heat 7 really some?+ 9 ! fire1 m ?an a p[] to excite ^! ideas 9 u2 & !re=e are call$ qualities 9 or ( ! fire4 ,b ^! be+ no?+1 9 tru?1 b p[]s to excite su* ideas 9 u1 ,i mu/ 9 t s5se be und]/ood1 :5 ,i speak ( second>y qualities z be+ 9 ?+s2 or ( _! ideas z be+ ! objects t excite !m 9 u4 ,su* ways ( speak+1 ?\gh accommodat$ to ! vulg> notions1 )\t :i* "o _c be well und]/ood1 yet truly signify no?+ b ^? p[]s :i* are 9 ?+s to excite c]ta9 s5sations or ideas 9 u4 ,s9ce 7 !re no fit organs to receive ! impressions fire makes on ! sight & t\*1 nor a m9d jo9$ to ^? organs to receive ! ideas ( light & heat by ^? impressions f ! fire or sun1 !re w\ld yet be no m light or heat 9 ! _w ?an !re w\ld be pa9 if !re 7 no s5sible creature to feel x1 ?\gh ! sun %\ld cont9ue j z x is n[1 & ,m\nt ,a,etna flame high] ?an ev] x did4 ,solidity & ext5sion1 & ! t]m9ation ( x1 figure1 ) motion & re/1 :]e( we h ! ideas1 w\ld be really 9 ! _w z !y are1 :e!r !re 7 any s5sible be+ to p]ceive !m or no3 & !re=e we h reason to look on ^? z ! real modifications ( matt]1 & su* z are ! excit+ causes ( all our v>i\s s5sations f bodies4 ,b ?is be+ an inquiry n belong+ to ?is place1 ,i %all ent] no fur!r into x1 b proce$ to %[ :at complex ideas are adequate1 & :at n4 #c4 ,modes are all adequate4 ,secondly1 ,,our ,,complex ,,ideas ,,( ,,modes1 be+ volunt>y collections ( simple ideas1 :i* ! m9d puts toge!r1 )\t ref]5ce to any real ar*etypes1 or /&+ patt]ns1 exi/+ any:]e1 are & _c b be ,,adequate ,,ideas4 ,because !y1 n be+ int5d$ = copies ( ?+s really exi/+1 b = ar*etypes made by ! m9d1 to rank & d5om9ate ?+s by1 _c want any?+2 !y hav+ ea* ( !m t comb9ation ( ideas1 & !reby t p]fection1 :i* ! m9d int5d$ !y %\ld3 s t ! m9d acquiesces 9 !m1 & c f9d no?+ want+4 ,?us1 by hav+ ! idea ( a figure ) ?ree sides meet+ at ?ree angles1 ,i h a complete idea1 :]e9 ,i require no?+ else to make x p]fect4 ,t ! m9d is satisfi$ ) ! p]fection ( ?is its idea is pla91 9 t x does n conceive t any und]/&+ ha?1 or c h1 a m complete or p]fect idea ( t ?+ x signifies by ! ^w triangle1 suppos+ x to exi/1 ?an itself has1 9 t complex idea ( ?ree sides & ?ree angles1 9 :i* is conta9$ all t is or c be ess5tial to x1 or necess>y to complete x1 :]ev] or h[ev] x exi/s4 ,b 9 our ,,ideas ,,( ,,sub/ances x is o!rwise4 ,= !re1 desir+ to copy ?+s z !y really d exi/1 & to repres5t to ourselves t con/itution on :i* all _! prop]ties dep5d1 we p]ceive our ideas atta9 n t p]fection we int5d3 we f9d !y /ill want some?+ we %\ld be glad 7 9 !m2 & s are all inadequate4 ,b ,,mix$ ,,modes & ,,relations1 be+ ar*etypes )\t patt]ns1 & s hav+ no?+ to repres5t b !mselves1 _c b be adequate1 ev]y?+ be+ s to itself4 ,he t at fir/ put toge!r ! idea ( dang] p]ceiv$1 abs5ce ( disord] f fe>1 s$ate consid]ation ( :at 0 ju/ly to be done1 & execut+ t )\t di/urbance1 or be+ det]r$ by ! dang] ( x1 _h c]ta9ly 9 8 m9d t complex idea made up ( t comb9ation3 & int5d+ x to be no?+ else b :at is1 nor to h 9 x any o!r simple ideas b :at x ha?1 x c\ld n also b be an adequate idea3 & lay+ ?is up 9 8 memory1 ) ! "n ,,c\rage annex$ to x1 to signify to o!rs1 & d5om9ate f !nce any action he %\ld obs]ve to agree ) x1 _h !reby a /&>d to measure & d5om9ate actions by1 z !y agre$ to x4 ,?is idea1 ?us made & laid up = a patt]n1 mu/ necess>ily be adequate1 be+ ref]r$ to no?+ else b itself1 nor made by any o!r orig9al b ! good lik+ & w ( him t fir/ made ?is comb9ation4 #d4 ,modes1 9 ref]5ce to settl$ ,names1 may be inadequate4 ,inde$ ano!r com+ aft]1 & 9 conv]sation le>n+ f him ! ^w ,,c\rage1 may make an idea1 to :i* he gives ! "n c\rage1 diff]5t f :at ! fir/ au?or appli$ x to1 & has 9 8 m9d :5 he uses x4 ,& 9 ?is case1 if he designs t 8 idea 9 ?9k+ %\ld be con=mable to ! o!r's idea1 z ! "n he uses 9 speak+ is con=mable 9 s\nd to 8 f :om he le>n$ x1 8 idea may be v wrong & inadequate3 because 9 ?is case1 mak+ ! o!r man's idea ! patt]n ( 8 idea 9 ?9k+1 z ! o!r man's ^w or s\nd is ! patt]n ( 8 9 speak+1 8 idea is s f> defective & inadequate1 z x is di/ant f ! ar*etype & patt]n he ref]s x to1 & int5ds to express & signify by ! "n he uses = x2 :i* "n he w\ld h to be a sign ( ! o!r man's idea1 7to :i*1 9 its prop] use1 x is prim>ily annex$17 & ( 8 own1 z agree+ to x3 to :i* if 8 own does n exactly correspond1 x is faulty & inadequate4 #e4 ,because !n means1 9 propriety ( spee*1 to correspond to ! ideas 9 "s o!r m9d4 ,!re=e ^! complex ideas ( ,,modes1 :i* !y are ref]r$ by ! m9d1 & int5d$ to correspond to ! ideas 9 ! m9d ( "s o!r intellig5t be+1 express$ by ! names we apply to !m1 !y may be v defici5t1 wrong1 & inadequate2 because !y agree n to t :i* ! m9d designs to be _! ar*etype & patt]n3 9 :i* respect only any idea ( modes c be wrong1 imp]fect1 or inadequate4 ,& on ?is acc\nt our ideas ( mix$ modes are ! mo/ liable to be faulty ( any o!r2 b ?is ref]s m to prop] speak+ ?an kn[+ "r4 #f4 ,ideas ( ,sub/ances1 z ref]r$ to real ,ess5ces1 n adequate4 ,?irdly1 :at ,,ideas ,,we ,,h ,,( ,,sub/ances1 ,i h above %[n4 ,n[1 ^? ideas h 9 ! m9d a d\ble ref]5ce3 #a4 ,sometimes !y are ref]r$ to a suppos$ real ess5ce ( ea* species ( ?+s4 #b4 ,sometimes !y are only design$ to be pictures & repres5tations 9 ! m9d ( ?+s t d exi/1 by ideas ( ^? qualities t are discov]able 9 !m4 ,9 bo? :i* ways ^! copies ( ^? orig9als & ar*etypes are imp]fect & inadequate4 ,fir/1 x is usual = m5 to make ! names ( sub/ances /& = ?+s z suppos$ to h c]ta9 real ess5ces1 :]eby !y are ( ?is or t species3 & names /&+ = no?+ b ! ideas t are 9 m5's m9ds1 !y mu/ con/antly ref] _! ideas to su* real ess5ces1 z to _! ar*etypes4 ,t m5 7especially su* z h be5 br$ up 9 ! le>n+ taught 9 ?is "p ( ! _w7 d suppose c]ta9 specific ess5ces ( sub/ances1 :i* ea* individual 9 its sev]al k9ds is made con=mable to & p>takes (1 is s f> f ne$+ pro( t x w be ?\ght /range if any "o %\ld d o!rwise4 ,& ?us !y ord9>ily apply ! specific names !y rank p>ticul> sub/ances "u1 to ?+s z di/+ui%$ by su* specific real ess5ces4 ,:o is !re almo/1 :o w\ld n take x amiss if x %\ld be d\bt$ :e!r he call$ himself a man1 ) any o!r mean+ ?an z hav+ ! real ess5ce ( a man8 ,& yet if y dem& :at ^? real ess5ces are1 x is pla9 m5 are ignorant1 & "k !m n4 ,f :5ce x foll[s1 t ! ideas !y h 9 _! m9ds1 be+ ref]r$ to real ess5ces1 z to ar*etypes :i* are unkn[n1 mu/ be s f> f be+ adequate t !y _c be suppos$ to be any repres5tation ( !m at all4 ,! complex ideas we h ( sub/ances are1 z x has be5 %[n1 c]ta9 collections ( simple ideas t h be5 obs]v$ or suppos$ con/antly to exi/ toge!r4 ,b su* a complex idea _c be ! real ess5ce ( any sub/ance2 = !n ! prop]ties we discov] 9 t body w\ld dep5d on t complex idea1 & be d$ucible f x1 & _! necess>y connexion ) x be kn[n2 z all prop]ties ( a triangle dep5d on1 &1 z f> z !y are discov]able1 are d$ucible f ! complex idea ( ?ree l9es includ+ a space4 ,b x is pla9 t 9 our complex ideas ( sub/ances are n conta9$ su* ideas1 on :i* all ! o!r qualities t are to be f\nd 9 !m d dep5d4 ,! common idea m5 h ( iron is1 a body ( a c]ta9 col\r1 weight1 & h>dness2 & a prop]ty t !y look on z belong+ to x1 is malleabl5ess4 ,b yet ?is prop]ty has no necess>y connexion ) t complex idea1 or any "p ( x3 & !re is no m reason to ?9k t malleabl5ess dep5ds on t col\r1 weight1 & h>dness1 ?an t col\r or t weight dep5ds on its malleabl5ess4 ,& yet1 ?\gh we "k no?+ ( ^! real ess5ces1 !re is no?+ m ord9>y ?an t m5 %\ld attribute ! sorts ( ?+s to su* ess5ces4 ,! p>ticul> p>cel ( matt] :i* makes ! r+ ,i h on my f+] is =w>dly by mo/ m5 suppos$ to h a real ess5ce1 :]eby x is gold2 & f :5ce ^? qualities fl[ :i* ,i f9d 9 x1 viz4 its peculi> col\r1 weight1 h>dness1 fusibility1 fix$ness1 & *ange ( col\r ^u a slight t\* ( m]cury1 c4 ,?is ess5ce1 f :i* all ^! prop]ties fl[1 :5 ,i inquire into x & se>* aft] x1 ,i pla9ly p]ceive ,i _c discov]3 ! fur!/ ,i c g is1 only to presume t1 x be+ no?+ b body1 its real ess5ce or int]nal con/itution1 on :i* ^! qualities dep5d1 c be no?+ b ! figure1 size1 & connexion ( its solid p>ts2 ( nei!r ( :i* hav+ any di/9ct p]ception at all c ,i h any idea ( its ess5ce3 :i* is ! cause t x has t p>ticul> %9+ yell[ness2 a great] weight ?an any?+ ,i "k ( ! same bulk2 & a fitness to h its col\r *ang$ by ! t\* ( quicksilv]4 ,if any "o w say1 t ! real ess5ce & int]nal con/itution1 on :i* ^! prop]ties dep5d1 is n ! figure1 size1 & arrangem5t or connexion ( its solid p>ts1 b some?+ else1 call$ its p>ticul> ,,=m1 ,i am fur!r f hav+ any idea ( its real ess5ce ?an ,i 0 be=e4 ,= ,i h an idea ( figure1 size1 & situation ( solid p>ts 9 g5]al1 ?\gh ,i h none ( ! p>ticul> figure1 size1 or putt+ toge!r ( p>ts1 :]eby ! qualities above m5tion$ are produc$2 :i* qualities ,i f9d 9 t p>ticul> p>cel ( matt] t is on my f+]1 & n 9 ano!r p>cel ( matt]1 ) :i* ,i cut ! p5 ,i write )4 ,b1 :5 ,i am told t some?+ besides ! figure1 size1 & po/ure ( ! solid p>ts ( t body 9 its ess5ce1 some?+ call$ ,,sub/antial ,,=m1 ( t ,i confess ,i h no idea at all1 b only ( ! s\nd =m2 :i* is f> en\gh f an idea ( its real ess5ce or con/itution4 ,! l ignorance z ,i h ( ! real ess5ce ( ?is p>ticul> sub/ance1 ,i h also ( ! real ess5ce ( all o!r natural ones3 ( :i* ess5ces ,i confess ,i h no di/9ct ideas at all2 &1 ,i am apt to suppose1 o!rs1 :5 !y exam9e _! own k1 w f9d 9 !mselves1 9 ?is "o po9t1 ! same sort ( ignorance4 #g4 ,because m5 "k n ! real ess5ce ( sub/ances4 ,n[1 !n1 :5 m5 apply to ?is p>ticul> p>cel ( matt] on my f+] a g5]al "n already 9 use1 & d5om9ate x ,,gold1 d !y n ord9>ily1 or are !y n und]/ood to give x t "n1 z belong+ to a p>ticul> species ( bodies1 hav+ a real int]nal ess5ce2 by hav+ ( :i* ess5ce ?is p>ticul> sub/ance comes to be ( t species1 & to be call$ by t "n8 ,if x be s1 z x is pla9 x is1 ! "n by :i* ?+s are m>k$ z hav+ t ess5ce mu/ be ref]r$ prim>ily to t ess5ce2 & consequ5tly ! idea to :i* t "n is giv5 mu/ be ref]r$ also to t ess5ce1 & be int5d$ to repres5t x4 ,:i* ess5ce1 s9ce !y :o s use ! names "k n1 _! ideas ( sub/ances mu/ be all inadequate 9 t respect1 z n conta9+ 9 !m t real ess5ce :i* ! m9d int5ds !y %\ld4 #h4 ,ideas ( ,sub/ances1 :5 reg>d$ z ,collections ( _! ,qualities1 are all inadequate4 ,secondly1 ^? :o1 neglect+ t useless supposition ( unkn[n real ess5ces1 :]eby !y are di/+ui%$1 endeav\r to copy ! sub/ances t exi/ 9 ! _w1 by putt+ toge!r ! ideas ( ^? s5sible qualities :i* are f\nd co-exi/+ 9 !m1 ?\gh !y come mu* ne>] a lik5ess ( !m ?an ^? :o imag9e !y "k n :at real specific ess5ces3 yet !y arrive n at p]fectly adequate ideas ( ^? sub/ances !y w\ld ?us copy into _! m9ds3 nor d ^? copies exactly & fully conta9 all t is to be f\nd 9 _! ar*etypes4 ,because ^? qualities & p[]s ( sub/ances1 :]e( we make _! complex ideas1 are s _m & v>i\s1 t no man's complex idea conta9s !m all4 ,t our complex ideas ( sub/ances d n conta9 9 !m ,,all ! simple ideas t are unit$ 9 ! ?+s !mselves is evid5t1 9 t m5 d r>ely put into _! complex idea ( any sub/ance all ! simple ideas !y d "k to exi/ 9 x4 ,because1 endeav\r+ to make ! signification ( _! names z cle> & z little cumb]some z !y c1 !y make _! specific ideas ( ! sorts ( sub/ance1 = ! mo/ "p1 ( a few ( ^? simple ideas :i* are to be f\nd 9 !m3 b ^! hav+ no orig9al prec$5cy1 or "r to be put 91 & make ! specific idea1 m ?an o!rs t are left out1 x is pla9 t bo? ^! ways our ideas ( sub/ances are defici5t & inadequate4 ,! simple ideas :]e( we make our complex ones ( sub/ances are all ( !m 7bat+ only ! figure & bulk ( "s sorts7 p[]s2 :i* be+ relations to o!r sub/ances1 we c nev] be sure t we "k ,,all ! p[]s t are 9 any "o body1 till we h tri$ :at *anges x is fitt$ to give to or receive f o!r sub/ances 9 _! sev]al ways ( application3 :i* be+ impossible to be tri$ ^u any "o body1 mu* less ^u all1 x is impossible we %\ld h adequate ideas ( any sub/ance made up ( a collection ( all its prop]ties4 #i4 ,_! p[]s usually make up our complex ideas ( sub/ances4 ,:osoev] fir/ light$ on a p>cel ( t sort ( sub/ance we d5ote by ! ^w ,,gold1 c\ld n rationally take ! bulk & figure he obs]v$ 9 t lump to dep5d on its real ess5ce1 or int]nal con/itution4 ,!re=e ^? nev] w5t into 8 idea ( t species ( body2 b its peculi> col\r1 p]haps1 & weight1 7 ! fir/ he ab/ract$ f x1 to make ! complex idea ( t species4 ,:i* bo? are b p[]s2 ! "o to affect our eyes aft] su* a mann]1 & to produce 9 u t idea we call yell[2 & ! o!r to =ce upw>ds any o!r body ( equal bulk1 !y be+ put into a pair ( equal scales1 "o aga9/ ano!r4 ,ano!r p]haps add$ to ^! ! ideas ( fusibility & fix$ness1 two o!r passive p[]s1 9 relation to ! op]ation ( fire ^u x2 ano!r1 its ductility & solubility 9 aqua regia1 two o!r p[]s1 relat+ to ! op]ation ( o!r bodies1 9 *ang+ its outw>d figure1 or sep>ation ( x into ins5sible p>ts4 ,^!1 or p>ts ( ^!1 put toge!r1 usually make ! complex idea 9 m5's m9ds ( t sort ( body we call ,,gold4 #aj4 ,sub/ances h innum]able p[]s n conta9$ 9 our complex ideas ( !m4 ,b no "o :o ha? consid]$ ! prop]ties ( bodies 9 g5]al1 or ?is sort 9 p>ticul>1 c d\bt t ?is1 call$ ,,gold1 has inf9ite o!r prop]ties n conta9$ 9 t complex idea4 ,"s :o h exam9$ ?is species m accurately c\ld1 ,i believe1 enum]ate t5 times z _m prop]ties 9 gold1 all ( !m z insep>able f its int]nal con/itution1 z its col\r or weight3 & x is probable1 if any "o knew all ! prop]ties t are by div]s m5 kn[n ( ?is metal1 !re w\ld be an hundr$ times z _m ideas g to ! complex idea ( gold z any "o man yet has 9 82 & yet p]haps t n be ! ?\s&? "p ( :at is to be discov]$ 9 x4 ,! *anges t t "o body is apt to receive1 & make 9 o!r bodies1 ^u a due application1 exce$+ f> n only :at we "k1 b :at we are apt to imag9e4 ,:i* w n appe> s mu* a p>adox to any "o :o w b consid] h[ f> m5 are yet f kn[+ all ! prop]ties ( t "o1 no v comp\nd figure1 a triangle2 ?\gh x be no small numb] t are already by ma!maticians discov]$ ( x4 #aa4 ,ideas ( ,sub/ances1 be+ got only by collect+ _! qualities1 are all inadequate4 ,s t all our complex ideas ( sub/ances are imp]fect & inadequate4 ,:i* w\ld be s also 9 ma!matical figures1 if we 7 to h our complex ideas ( !m1 only by collect+ _! prop]ties 9 ref]5ce to o!r figures4 ,h[ unc]ta9 & imp]fect w\ld our ideas be ( an ellipsis1 if we _h no o!r idea ( x1 b "s few ( its prop]ties8 ,:]eas1 hav+ 9 our pla9 idea ! ,,:ole ess5ce ( t figure1 we f !nce discov] ^? prop]ties1 & demon/ratively see h[ !y fl[1 & are insep>able f x4 #ab4 ,simple ,ideas1 ^w 9 ,greek1 & adequate4 ,?us ! m9d has ?ree sorts ( ab/ract ideas or nom9al ess5ces3 ,fir/1 ,,simple ideas1 :i* are ^w 9 ,greek or copies2 b yet c]ta9ly adequate4 ,because1 be+ int5d$ to express no?+ b ! p[] 9 ?+s to produce 9 ! m9d su* a s5sation1 t s5sation1 :5 x is produc$1 _c b be ! effect ( t p[]4 ,s ! pap] ,i write on1 hav+ ! p[] 9 ! light 7,i speak accord+ to ! common notion ( light7 to produce 9 m5 ! s5sation :i* ,i call :ite1 x _c b be ! effect ( su* a p[] 9 some?+ )\t ! m9d2 s9ce ! m9d has n ! p[] to produce any su* idea 9 itself3 & be+ meant = no?+ else b ! effect ( su* a p[] t simple idea is 99 words miss+ ! s5sation ( :ite1 9 my m9d1 be+ ! effect ( t p[] :i* is 9 ! pap] to produce x1 is p]fectly adequate to t p[]2 or else t p[] w\ld produce a diff]5t idea4 #ac4 ,ideas ( ,sub/ances are ,e*?ypa1 & inadequate4 ,secondly1 ! ,,complex ideas ( ,,sub/ances are ectypes1 copies too2 b n p]fect ones1 n adequate3 :i* is v evid5t to ! m9d1 9 t x pla9ly p]ceives1 t :atev] collection ( simple ideas x makes ( any sub/ance t exi/s1 x _c be sure t x exactly answ]s all t are 9 t sub/ance4 ,s9ce1 n hav+ tri$ all ! op]ations ( all o!r sub/ances ^u x1 & f\nd all ! alt]ations x w\ld receive f1 or cause 91 o!r sub/ances1 x _c h an exact adequate collection ( all its active & passive capacities2 & s n h an adequate complex idea ( ! p[]s ( any sub/ance exi/+1 & its relations2 :i* is t sort ( complex idea ( sub/ances we h4 ,&1 aft] all1 if we w\ld h1 & actually _h1 9 our complex idea1 an exact collection ( all ! second>y qualities or p[]s ( any sub/ance1 we %\ld n yet !reby h an idea ( ! ,,ess5ce ( t ?+4 ,=1 s9ce ! p[]s or qualities t are obs]vable by u are n ! real ess5ce ( t sub/ance1 b dep5d on x1 & fl[ f x1 any collection :atsoev] ( ^! qualities _c be ! real ess5ce ( t ?+4 ,:]eby x is pla91 t our ideas ( sub/ances are n adequate2 are n :at ! m9d int5ds !m to be4 ,besides1 a man has no idea ( sub/ance 9 g5]al1 nor kn[s :at sub/ance is 9 itself4 #ad4 ,ideas ( ,modes & ,relations are ,ar*etypes1 & _c b be adequate4 ,?irdly1 ,,complex ideas ( ,,modes ,,& ,,relations are orig9als1 & ar*etypes2 are n copies1 nor made aft] ! patt]n ( any real exi/5ce1 to :i* ! m9d int5ds !m to be con=mable1 & exactly to answ]4 ,^! be+ su* collections ( simple ideas t ! m9d itself puts toge!r1 & su* collections t ea* ( !m conta9s 9 x precisely all t ! m9d int5ds t x %\ld1 !y are ar*etypes & ess5ces ( modes t may exi/2 & s are design$ only =1 & belong only to su* modes z1 :5 !y d exi/1 h an exact con=mity ) ^? complex ideas ,! ideas1 !re=e1 ( modes & relations _c b be adequate4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxii4 ,,( ,,true ,,& ,,false ,,ideas4 #a4 ,tru? & ,falsehood prop]ly belong to ,propositions1 n to ,ideas4 ,?\gh tru? & falsehood belong1 9 propriety ( spee*1 only to ,,propositions3 yet ,,ideas are (t5times t]m$ true or false 7z :at words are !re t are n us$ ) great latitude1 & ) "s deviation f _! /rict & prop] significations87 ,?\gh ,i ?9k t :5 ideas !mselves are t]m$ true or false1 !re is /ill "s secret or tacit proposition1 :i* is ! f\ndation ( t d5om9ation3 z we %all see1 if we exam9e ! p>ticul> occasions :]e9 !y come to be call$ true or false4 ,9 all :i* we %all f9d "s k9d ( affirmation or negation1 :i* is ! reason ( t d5om9ation4 ,= our ideas1 be+ no?+ b b>e ,,appe>ances1 or p]ceptions 9 our m9ds1 _c prop]ly & simply 9 !mselves be said to be true or false1 no m ?an a s+le "n ( any?+ c be said to be true or false4 #b4 ,ideas & words may be said to be true1 inasmu* z !y really are ideas & words4 ,inde$ bo? ideas & words may be said to be true1 9 a metaphysical s5se ( ! ^w tru?2 z all o!r ?+s t any way exi/ are said to be true1 i4e4 really to be su* z !y exi/4 ,?\gh 9 ?+s call$ true1 ev5 9 t s5se1 !re is p]haps a secret ref]5ce to our ideas1 look$ ^u z ! /&>ds ( t tru?2 :i* am\nts to a m5tal proposition1 ?\gh x be usually n tak5 notice (4 #c4 ,no ,idea1 z an ,appe>ance 9 ! ,m9d1 ei!r true or false4 ,b x is n 9 t metaphysical s5se ( tru? :i* we inquire "h1 :5 we exam9e1 :e!r our ideas are capable ( be+ true or false1 b 9 ! m ord9>y acceptation ( ^? words3 & s ,i say t ! ideas 9 our m9ds1 be+ only s _m p]ceptions or appe>ances !re1 none ( !m are false2 ! idea ( a c5taur hav+ no m falsehood 9 x :5 x appe>s 9 our m9ds1 ?an ! "n c5taur has falsehood 9 x1 :5 x is pron\nc$ by our m\?s1 or writt5 on pap]4 ,= tru? or falsehood ly+ always 9 "s affirmation or negation1 m5tal or v]bal1 our ideas are n capable1 any ( !m1 ( be+ false1 till ! m9d passes "s judgm5t on !m2 t is1 affirms or d5ies some?+ ( !m4 #d4 ,ideas ref]r$ to any?+ extrane\s to !m may be true or false4 ,:5ev] ! m9d ref]s any ( its ideas to any?+ extrane\s to !m1 !y are !n capable to be call$ true or false4 ,because ! m9d1 9 su* a ref]5ce1 makes a tacit supposition ( _! con=mity to t ?+2 :i* supposition1 z x happ5s to be true or false1 s ! ideas !mselves come to be d5om9at$4 ,! mo/ usual cases :]e9 ?is happ5s1 are ^! foll[+3 #e4 ,o!r ,m5's ,ideas2 real ,exi/5ce2 & suppos$ real ,ess5ces1 are :at ,m5 usually ref] _! ,ideas to4 ,fir/1 :5 ! m9d supposes any idea x has ,,con=mable to t 9 ,,o!r ,,m5',s ,,m9ds1 call$ by ! same common "n2 v4g4 :5 ! m9d int5ds or judges its ideas ( ju/ice1 temp]ance1 religion1 to be ! same ) :at o!r m5 give ^? names to4 ,secondly1 :5 ! m9d supposes any idea x has 9 itself to be ,,con=mable to "s ,,real ,,exi/5ce4 ,?us ! two ideas ( a man & a c5taur1 suppos$ to be ! ideas ( real sub/ances1 are ! "o true & ! o!r false2 ! "o hav+ a con=mity to :at has really exi/$1 ! o!r n4 ,?irdly1 :5 ! m9d ,,ref]s any ( its ideas to t ,,real con/itution & ,,ess5ce ( any?+1 :]eon all its prop]ties dep5d3 & ?us ! greate/ "p1 if n all our ideas ( sub/ances1 are false4 #f4 ,! cause ( su* ,ref]5ce4 ,^! suppositions ! m9d is v apt tacitly to make conc]n+ its own ideas4 ,b yet1 if we w exam9e x1 we %all f9d x is *iefly1 if n only1 conc]n+ its ,,ab/ract complex ideas4 ,= ! natural t5d5cy ( ! m9d be+ t[>ds k2 & f9d+ t1 if x %\ld proce$ by & dwell ^u only p>ticul> ?+s1 its progress w\ld be v sl[1 & its "w endless2 !re=e1 to %ort5 its way to k1 & make ea* p]ception m compreh5sive1 ! fir/ ?+ x does1 z ! f\ndation ( ! easi] enl>g+ its k1 ei!r by contemplation ( ! ?+s !mselves t x w\ld "k1 or conf]5ce ) o!rs ab\t !m1 is to b9d !m into bundles1 & rank !m s into sorts1 t :at k x gets ( any ( !m x may !reby ) assurance ext5d to all ( t sort2 & s advance by l>g] /eps 9 t :i* is its great bus9ess1 k4 ,?is1 z ,i h else:]e %[n1 is ! reason :y we collect ?+s "u compreh5sive ideas1 ) names annex$ to !m1 into g5]a & species2 i4e4 into k9ds & sorts4 #g4 ,names ( ?+s suppos$ to c>ry 9 !m k ( _! ess5ces4 ,if !re=e we w w>ily att5d to ! motions ( ! m9d1 & obs]ve :at c\rse x usually takes 9 its way to k1 we %all ,i ?9k f9d1 t ! m9d hav+ got an idea :i* x ?9ks x may h use ( ei!r 9 contemplation or disc\rse1 ! fir/ ?+ x does is to ab/ract x1 & !n get a "n to x2 & s lay x up 9 its /oreh\se1 ! memory1 z conta9+ ! ess5ce ( a sort ( ?+s1 ( :i* t "n is always to be ! m>k4 ,h5ce x is1 t we may (t5 obs]ve t1 :5 any "o sees a new ?+ ( a k9d t he kn[s n1 he pres5tly asks1 :at x is2 mean+ by t inquiry no?+ b ! "n4 ,z if ! "n c>ri$ ) x ! k ( ! species1 or ! ess5ce ( x2 :]e( x is inde$ us$ z ! m>k1 & is g5]ally suppos$ annex$ to x4 #h4 ,h[ m5 suppose t _! ideas mu/ correspond to ?+s1 & to ! cu/om>y mean+s ( names4 ,b ?is ,,ab/ract ,,idea1 be+ some?+ 9 ! m9d1 betwe5 ! ?+ t exi/s1 & ! "n t is giv5 to x2 x is 9 our ideas t bo? ! rightness ( our k1 & ! propriety & intelligibl5ess ( our speak+1 consi/s4 ,& h5ce x is t m5 are s =w>d to suppose1 t ! ab/ract ideas !y h 9 _! m9ds are su* z agree to ! ?+s exi/+ )\t !m1 to :i* !y are ref]r$2 & are ! same also to :i* ! names !y give !m d by ! use & propriety ( t language belong4 ,= )\t ?is d\ble con=mity ( _! ideas1 !y f9d !y %\ld bo? ?9k amiss ( ?+s 9 !mselves1 & talk ( !m un9telligibly to o!rs4 #i4 ,simple ,ideas may be false1 9 ref]5ce to o!rs ( ! same ,"n1 b are lea/ liable to be s4 ,fir/1 !n1 ,i say1 t :5 ! tru? ( our ideas is judg$ ( by ! con=mity !y h to ! ideas :i* o!r m5 h1 & commonly signify by ! same "n1 !y may be any ( !m false4 ,b yet ,,simple ,,ideas are lea/ ( all liable to be s mi/ak54 ,because a man1 by 8 s5ses & e day's obs]vation1 may easily satisfy himself :at ! simple ideas are :i* _! sev]al names t are 9 common use /& =2 !y be+ b few 9 numb]1 & su* z1 if he d\bts or mi/akes 91 he may easily rectify by ! objects !y are to be f\nd 94 ,!re=e x is seldom t any "o mi/akes 9 8 names ( simple ideas1 or applies ! "n r$ to ! idea gre51 or ! "n sweet to ! idea bitt]3 mu* less are m5 apt to conf\nd ! names ( ideas belong+ to diff]5t s5ses1 & call a col\r by ! "n ( a ta/e1 c4 ,:]eby x is evid5t t ! simple ideas !y call by any "n are commonly ! same t o!rs h & mean :5 !y use ! same names4 #aj4 ,ideas ( mix$ ,modes mo/ liable to be false 9 ?is ,s5se4 ,complex ideas are mu* m liable to be false 9 ?is respect2 & ! complex ideas ( ,,mix$ ,,modes1 mu* m ?an ^? ( sub/ances2 because 9 sub/ances 7especially ^? :i* ! common & unborr[$ names ( any language are appli$ to7 "s rem>kable s5sible qualities1 s]v+ ord9>ily to di/+ui% "o sort f ano!r1 easily pres]ve ^? :o take any c>e 9 ! use ( _! words1 f apply+ !m to sorts ( sub/ances to :i* !y d n at all belong4 ,b 9 mix$ modes we are mu* m unc]ta92 x be+ n s easy to det]m9e ( sev]al actions1 :e!r !y are to be call$ ,,ju/ice or ,,cruelty1 ,,lib]ality or ,,prodigality4 ,& s 9 ref]r+ our ideas to ^? ( o!r m51 call$ by ! same names1 ours may be false2 & ! idea 9 our m9ds1 :i* we express by ! ^w ,,ju/ice1 may p]haps be t :i* ought to h ano!r "n4 #aa4 ,or at lea/ to be ?\ght false4 ,b :e!r or no our ideas ( mix$ modes are m liable ?an any sort to be diff]5t f ^? ( o!r m51 :i* are m>k$ by ! same names1 ?is at lea/ is c]ta94 ,t ?is sort ( falsehood is mu* m famili>ly attribut$ to our ideas ( mix$ modes ?an to any o!r4 ,:5 a man is ?\ght to h a false idea ( ,,ju/ice1 or ,,gratitude1 or ,,glory1 x is = no o!r reason1 b t 8 agrees n ) ! ideas :i* ea* ( ^? names are ! signs ( 9 o!r m54 #ab4 ,& :y4 ,! reason :]e( seems to me to be ?is3 ,t ! ab/ract ideas ( mix$ modes1 be+ m5's volunt>y comb9ations ( su* a precise collection ( simple ideas1 & s ! ess5ce ( ea* species be+ made by m5 alone1 :]e( we h no o!r s5sible /&>d exi/+ any:]e b ! "n itself1 or ! def9ition ( t "n2 we hav+ no?+ else to ref] ^! our ideas ( mix$ modes to1 z a /&>d to :i* we w\ld con=m !m1 b ! ideas ( ^? :o are ?\ght to use ^? names 9 _! mo/ prop] significations2 &1 s z our ideas con=m or diff] f ,,!m1 !y pass = true or false4 ,& ?us mu* conc]n+ ! tru? & falsehood ( our ideas1 9 ref]5ce to _! names4 #ac4 ,z ref]r$ to ,real ,exi/5ce1 none ( our ,ideas c be false b ^? ( ,sub/ances4 ,secondly1 z to ! tru? & falsehood ( our ideas1 9 ref]5ce to ! real exi/5ce ( ?+s4 ,:5 t is made ! /&>d ( _! tru?1 none ( !m c be t]m$ false b only our complex ideas ( sub/ances4 #ad4 ,fir/1 ,simple ,ideas 9 ?is ,s5se n false & :y4 ,fir/1 our simple ideas1 be+ b>ely su* p]ceptions z ,god has fitt$ u to receive1 & giv5 p[] to ext]nal objects to produce 9 u by e/abli%$ laws & ways1 suitable to 8 wisdom & goodness1 ?\gh incompreh5sible to u1 _! tru? consi/s 9 no?+ else b 9 su* appe>ances z are produc$ 9 u1 & mu/ be suitable to ^? p[]s he has plac$ 9 ext]nal objects or else !y c\ld n be produc$ 9 u3 & ?us answ]+ ^? p[]s1 !y are :at !y %\ld be1 true ideas4 ,nor d !y become liable to any imputation ( falsehood1 if ! m9d 7z 9 mo/ m5 ,i believe x does7 judges ^! ideas to be 9 ! ?+s !mselves4 ,= ,god 9 8 wisdom hav+ set !m z m>ks ( di/9ction 9 ?+s1 :]eby we may be able to disc]n "o ?+ f ano!r1 & s *oose any ( !m = our uses z we h occasion2 x alt]s n ! nature ( our simple idea1 :e!r we ?9k t ! idea ( blue be 9 ! violet itself1 or 9 our m9d only2 & only ! p[] ( produc+ x by ! texture ( its p>ts1 reflect+ ! p>ticles ( light aft] a c]ta9 mann]1 to be 9 ! violet itself4 ,= t texture 9 ! object1 by a regul> & con/ant op]ation produc+ ! same idea ( blue 9 u1 x s]ves u to di/+ui%1 by our eyes1 t f any o!r ?+2 :e!r t di/+ui%+ m>k1 z x is really 9 ! violet1 be only a peculi> texture ( p>ts1 or else t v col\r1 ! idea :]e( 7:i* is 9 u7 is ! exact resemblance4 ,& x is equally f t appe>ance to be d5om9at$ blue1 :e!r x be t real col\r1 or only a peculi> texture 9 x1 t causes 9 u t idea3 s9ce ! "n1 ,,blue1 notes prop]ly no?+ b t m>k ( di/9ction t is 9 a violet1 disc]nible only by our eyes1 :atev] x consi/s 92 t be+ beyond our capacities di/9ctly to "k1 & p]haps w\ld be ( less use to u1 if we _h faculties to disc]n4 #ae4 ,?\gh "o ,man's ,idea ( ,blue %\ld be diff]5t f ano!r's4 ,nei!r w\ld x c>ry any imputation ( falsehood to our simple ideas1 if by ! diff]5t /ructure ( our organs x 7 s ord]$1 t ,,! ,,same ,,object ,,%\ld ,,produce ,,9 ,,sev]al ,,m5',s ,,m9ds ,,diff]5t ,,ideas at ! same "t2 v4g4 if ! idea t a violet produc$ 9 "o man's m9d by 8 eyes 7 ! same t a m>igold produc$ 9 ano!r man's1 & vice v]sa4 ,=1 s9ce ?is c\ld nev] be kn[n1 because "o man's m9d c\ld n pass into ano!r man's body1 to p]ceive :at appe>ances 7 produc$ by ^? organs2 nei!r ! ideas h]eby1 nor ! names1 w\ld be at all conf\nd$1 or any falsehood be 9 ei!r4 ,= all ?+s t _h ! texture ( a violet1 produc+ con/antly ! idea t he call$ blue1 & ^? :i* _h ! texture ( a m>igold1 produc+ con/antly ! idea :i* he z con/antly call$ yell[1 :atev] ^? appe>ances 7 9 8 m9d2 he w\ld be able z regul>ly to di/+ui% ?+s = 8 use by ^? appe>ances1 & und]/& & signify ^? di/9ctions m>k$ by ! "n blue & yell[1 z if ! appe>ances or ideas 9 8 m9d receiv$ f ^? two fl[]s 7 exactly ! same ) ! ideas 9 o!r m5's m9ds4 ,i am nev]!less v apt to ?9k t ! s5sible ideas produc$ by any object 9 diff]5t m5's m9ds1 are mo/ commonly v ne> & undisc]nibly alike4 ,= :i* op9ion1 ,i ?9k1 !re might be _m reasons (f]$3 b t be+ besides my pres5t bus9ess1 ,i %all n tr\ble my read] ) !m2 b only m9d him1 t ! contr>y supposition1 if x c\ld be prov$1 is ( little use1 ei!r = ! improvem5t ( our k1 or conv5i5cy ( life1 & s we ne$ n tr\ble ourselves to exam9e x4 #af4 ,simple ,ideas c none ( !m be false 9 respect ( real exi/5ce4 ,f :at has be5 said conc]n+ our simple ideas1 ,i ?9k x evid5t t our simple ideas c none ( !m be false 9 respect ( ?+s exi/+ )\t u4 ,= ! tru? ( ^! appe>ances or p]ceptions 9 our m9ds consi/+1 z has be5 said1 only 9 _! be+ answ]able to ! p[]s 9 ext]nal objects to produce by our s5ses su* appe>ances 9 u1 & ea* ( !m be+ 9 ! m9d su* z x is1 suitable to ! p[] t produc$ x1 & :i* alone x repres5ts1 x _c ^u t acc\nt1 or z ref]r$ to su* a patt]n1 be false4 ,blue & yell[1 bitt] or sweet1 c nev] be false ideas3 ^! p]ceptions 9 ! m9d are j su* z !y are !re1 answ]+ ! p[]s appo9t$ by ,god to produce !m2 & s are truly :at !y are1 & are int5d$ to be4 ,inde$ ! names may be misappli$1 b t 9 ?is respect makes no falsehood 9 ! ideas2 z if a man ignorant 9 ! ,engli% tongue %\ld call purple sc>let4 #ag4 ,secondly1 ,modes n false _c be false 9 ref]5ce to ess5ces ( ?+s4 ,secondly1 nei!r c our complex ideas ( modes1 9 ref]5ce to ! ess5ce ( any?+ really exi/+1 be false2 because :atev] complex ideas ,i h ( any mode1 x ha? no ref]5ce to any patt]n exi/+1 & made by nature2 x is n suppos$ to conta9 9 x any o!r ideas ?an :at x ha?2 nor to repres5t any?+ b su* a complication ( ideas z x does4 ,?us1 :5 ,i h ! idea ( su* an action ( a man :o =be>s to af=d himself su* meat1 dr9k1 & clo?+1 & o!r conv5i5ces ( life1 z 8 ri*es & e/ate w be suffici5t to supply & 8 /ation requires1 ,i h no false idea2 b su* an "o z repres5ts an action1 ei!r z ,i f9d or imag9e x1 & s is capable ( nei!r tru? nor falsehood4 ,b :5 ,i give ! "n ,,frugality or ,,virtue to ?is action1 !n x may be call$ a false idea1 if !reby x be suppos$ to agree ) t idea to :i*1 9 propriety ( spee*1 ! "n ( frugality do? belong1 or to be con=mable to t law :i* is ! /&>d ( virtue & vice4 #ah4 ,?irdly1 ,ideas ( ,sub/ances may be false 9 ref]5ce to exi/+ ?+s4 ,?irdly1 our complex ideas ( sub/ances1 be+ all ref]r$ to patt]ns 9 ?+s !mselves1 may be false4 ,t !y are all false1 :5 look$ ^u z ! repres5tations ( ! unkn[n ess5ces ( ?+s1 is s evid5t t !re ne$s no?+ to be said ( x4 ,i %all !re=e pass ov] t *im]ical supposition1 & consid] !m z collections ( simple ideas 9 ! m9d1 tak5 f comb9ations ( simple ideas exi/+ toge!r con/antly 9 ?+s1 ( :i* patt]ns !y are ! suppos$ copies2 & 9 ?is ref]5ce ( !m to ! exi/5ce ( ?+s1 !y are false ideas3--7#a7 ,:5 !y put toge!r simple ideas1 :i* 9 ! real exi/5ce ( ?+s h no union2 z :5 to ! %ape & size t exi/ toge!r 9 a horse1 is jo9$ 9 ! same complex idea ! p[] ( b>k+ l a dog3 :i* ?ree ideas1 h[ev] put toge!r into "o 9 ! m9d1 7 nev] unit$ 9 nature2 & ?is1 !re=e1 may be call$ a false idea ( a horse4 7#b7 ,ideas ( sub/ances are1 9 ?is respect1 also false1 :51 f any collection ( simple ideas t d always exi/ toge!r1 !re is sep>at$1 by a direct negation1 any o!r simple idea :i* is con/antly jo9$ ) !m4 ,?us1 if to ext5sion1 solidity1 fusibility1 ! peculi> weight9ess1 & yell[ col\r ( gold1 any "o jo9 9 8 ?\ghts ! negation ( a great] degree ( fix$ness ?an is 9 lead or copp]1 he may be said to h a false complex idea1 z well z :5 he jo9s to ^? o!r simple ones ! idea ( p]fect absolute fix$ness4 ,= ei!r way1 ! complex idea ( gold be+ made up ( su* simple ones z h no union 9 nature1 may be t]m$ false4 ,b1 if he leaves out ( ?is 8 complex idea t ( fix$ness q1 )\t ei!r actually jo9+ to or sep>at+ x f ! re/ 9 8 m9d1 x is1 ,i ?9k1 to be look$ on z an inadequate & imp]fect idea1 r ?an a false "o2 s9ce1 ?\gh x conta9s n all ! simple ideas t are unit$ 9 nature1 yet x puts none toge!r b :at d really exi/ toge!r4 #ai4 ,tru? or ,falsehood always supposes ,affirmation or ,negation4 ,?\gh1 9 compliance ) ! ord9>y way ( speak+1 ,i h %[n 9 :at s5se & ^u :at gr\nd our ideas may be sometimes call$ true or false2 yet if we w look a little ne>] into ! matt]1 9 all cases :]e any idea is call$ true or false1 x is f "s ,,judgm5t t ! m9d makes1 or is suppos$ to make1 t is true or false4 ,= tru? or falsehood1 be+ nev] )\t "s affirmation or negation1 express or tacit1 x is n to be f\nd b :]e signs are jo9$ or sep>at$1 accord+ to ! agreem5t or disagreem5t ( ! ?+s !y /& =4 ,! signs we *iefly use are ei!r ideas or words2 :]e) we make ei!r m5tal or v]bal propositions4 ,tru? lies 9 s jo9+ or sep>at+ ^! repres5tatives1 z ! ?+s !y /& = d 9 !mselves agree or disagree2 & falsehood 9 ! contr>y1 z %all be m fully %[n h]eaft]4 #bj4 ,ideas 9 !mselves nei!r true nor false4 ,any idea1 !n1 :i* we h 9 our m9ds1 :e!r con=mable or n to ! exi/5ce ( ?+s1 or to any idea 9 ! m9ds ( o!r m51 _c prop]ly = ?is alone be call$ false4 ,= ^! repres5tations1 if !y h no?+ 9 !m b :at is really exi/+ 9 ?+s )\t1 _c be ?\ght false1 be+ exact repres5tations ( some?+3 nor yet if !y h any?+ 9 !m diff]+ f ! reality ( ?+s1 c !y prop]ly be said to be false repres5tations1 or ideas ( ?+s !y d n repres5t4 ,b ! mi/ake & falsehood is3 #ba4 ,b are false--#a4 ,:5 judg$ agreeable to ano!r ,man's ,idea1 )\t be+ s4 ,fir/1 :5 ! m9d hav+ any idea1 x ,,judges & concludes x ! same t is 9 o!r m5's m9ds1 signifi$ by ! same "n2 or t x is con=mable to ! ord9>y receiv$ signification or def9ition ( t ^w1 :5 inde$ x is n3 :i* is ! mo/ usual mi/ake 9 mix$ modes1 ?\gh o!r ideas also are liable to x4 #bb4 ,secondly1 ,:5 judg$ to agree to real ,exi/5ce1 :5 !y d n4 7#b7 ,:5 x hav+ a complex idea made up ( su* a collection ( simple ones z nature nev] puts toge!r1 x ,,judges x to agree to a species ( creatures really exi/+2 z :5 x jo9s ! weight ( t9 to ! col\r1 fusibility1 & fix$ness ( gold4 #bc4 ,?irdly1 ,:5 judg$ adequate1 )\t be+ s4 7#c7 ,:5 9 its complex idea x has unit$ a c]ta9 numb] ( simple ideas t d really exi/ toge!r 9 "s sort ( creatures1 b has also left out o!rs z mu* insep>able1 x ,,judges ?is to be a p]fect complete idea ( a sort ( ?+s :i* really x is n2 v4g4 hav+ jo9$ ! ideas ( sub/ance1 yell[1 malleable1 mo/ heavy1 & fusible1 x takes t complex idea to be ! complete idea ( gold1 :5 yet its peculi> fix$ness1 & solubility 9 ,,aqua ,,regia1 are z insep>able f ^? o!r ideas1 or qualities1 ( t body z !y are "o f ano!r4 #bd4 ,f\r?ly1 ,:5 judg$ to repres5t ! real ,ess5ce4 7#d7 ,! mi/ake is yet great]1 :5 ,i ,,judge t ?is complex idea conta9s 9 x ! real ess5ce ( any body exi/+2 :5 at lea/ x conta9s b "s few ( ^? prop]ties :i* fl[ f its real ess5ce & con/itution4 ,i say only "s few ( ^? prop]ties2 = ^? prop]ties consi/+ mo/ly 9 ! active & passive p[]s x has 9 ref]5ce to o!r ?+s1 all t are vulg>ly kn[n ( any "o body1 ( :i* ! complex idea ( t k9d ( ?+s is usually made1 are b a v few1 9 comp>ison ( :at a man t has sev]al ways tri$ & exam9$ x kn[s ( t "o sort ( ?+s2 & all t ! mo/ exp]t man kn[s are b a few1 9 comp>ison ( :at are really 9 t body1 & dep5d on its int]nal or ess5tial con/itution4 ,! ess5ce ( a triangle lies 9 a v little compass1 consi/s 9 a v few ideas3 ?ree l9es includ+ a space make up t ess5ce3 b ! prop]ties t fl[ f ?is ess5ce are m ?an c be easily kn[n or enum]at$4 ,s ,i imag9e x is 9 sub/ances2 _! real ess5ces lie 9 a little compass1 ?\gh ! prop]ties fl[+ f t int]nal con/itution are endless4 #be4 ,ideas1 :5 call$ false4 ,to conclude1 a man hav+ no notion ( any?+ )\t him1 b by ! idea he has ( x 9 8 m9d1 7:i* idea he has a p[] to call by :at "n he pleases17 he may inde$ make an idea nei!r answ]+ ! reason ( ?+s1 nor agree+ to ! idea commonly signifi$ by o!r p's words2 b _c make a wrong or false idea ( a ?+ :i* is no o!rwise kn[n to him b by ! idea he has ( x3 v4g4 :5 ,i frame an idea ( ! legs1 arms1 & body ( a man1 & jo9 to ?is a horse's head & neck1 ,i d n make a false idea ( any?+2 because x repres5ts no?+ )\t me4 ,b :5 ,i call x a ,,man or ,,t>t>1 & imag9e x to repres5t "s real be+ )\t me1 or to be ! same idea t o!rs call by ! same "n2 9 ei!r ( ^! cases ,i may err4 ,& ^u ?is acc\nt x is t x comes to be t]m$ a false idea2 ?\gh inde$ ! falsehood lies n 9 ! idea1 b 9 t tacit m5tal proposition1 :]e9 a con=mity & resemblance is attribut$ to x :i* x has n4 ,b yet1 if1 hav+ fram$ su* an idea 9 my m9d1 )\t ?9k+ ei!r t exi/5ce1 or ! "n ,,man or ,,t>t>1 belongs to x1 ,i w call x ,,man or ,,t>t>1 ,i may be ju/ly ?\ght fanta/ical 9 ! nam+2 b n errone\s 9 my judgm5t2 nor ! idea any way false4 #bf4 ,m prop]ly to be call$ "r or wrong4 ,^u ! :ole matt]1 ,i ?9k t our ideas1 z !y are consid]$ by ! m9d1--ei!r 9 ref]5ce to ! prop] signification ( _! names2 or 9 ref]5ce to ! reality ( ?+s1--may v fitly be call$ ,,"r or ,,wrong ideas1 accord+ z !y agree or disagree to ^? patt]ns to :i* !y are ref]r$4 ,b if any "o _h r call !m true or false1 x is fit he use a lib]ty1 :i* e "o has1 to call ?+s by ^? names he ?9ks be/2 ?\gh1 9 propriety ( spee*1 ,,tru? or ,,falsehood w1 ,i ?9k1 sc>ce agree to !m1 b z !y1 "s way or o!r1 virtually conta9 9 !m "s m5tal proposition4 ,! ideas t are 9 a man's m9d1 simply consid]$1 _c be wrong2 unless complex ones1 :]e9 inconsi/5t p>ts are jumbl$ toge!r4 ,all o!r ideas are 9 !mselves "r1 & ! k ab\t !m "r & true k2 b :5 we come to ref] !m to any?+1 z to _! patt]ns & ar*etypes !n !y are capable ( be+ wrong1 z f> z !y disagree ) su* ar*etypes4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxiii4 ,,( ,,! ,,association ,,( ,,ideas4 #a4 ,some?+ unreasonable 9 mo/ ,m54 ,!re is sc>ce any "o t does n obs]ve some?+ t seems odd to him1 & is 9 itself really extravagant1 9 ! op9ions1 reason+s1 & actions ( o!r m54 ,! lea/ flaw ( ?is k9d1 if at all diff]5t f 8 own1 e "o is quick-sight$ en\gh to espy 9 ano!r1 & w by ! au?ority ( reason =w>dly condemn2 ?\gh he be guilty ( mu* great] unreasonabl5ess 9 8 own t5ets & conduct1 :i* he nev] p]ceives1 & w v h>dly1 if at all1 be conv9c$ (4 #b4 ,n :olly f ,self-love4 ,?is proce$s n :olly f self-love1 ?\gh t has (t5 a great h& 9 x4 ,m5 ( fair m9ds1 & n giv5 up to ! ov]we5+ ( self-flatt]y1 are frequ5tly guilty ( x2 & 9 _m cases "o ) amazem5t he>s ! argu+s1 & is a/oni%$ at ! ob/9acy ( a wor?y man1 :o yields n to ! evid5ce ( reason1 ?\gh laid be=e him z cle> z daylight4 #c4 ,n f ,education4 ,?is sort ( unreasonabl5ess is usually imput$ to education & prejudice1 & = ! mo/ "p truly en\gh1 ?\gh t rea*es n ! bottom ( ! disease1 nor %[s di/9ctly en\gh :5ce x rises1 or :]e9 x lies4 ,education is (t5 rightly assign$ = ! cause1 & prejudice is a good g5]al "n = ! ?+ itself3 b yet1 ,i ?9k1 he ought to look a little fur!r1 :o w\ld trace ?is sort ( madness to ! root x spr+s f1 & s expla9 x1 z to %[ :5ce ?is flaw has its orig9al 9 v sob] & rational m9ds1 & :]e9 x consi/s4 #d4 ,a ,degree ( ,madness f\nd 9 mo/ ,m54 ,i %all be p>don$ = call+ x by s h>% a "n z madness1 :5 x is consid]$ t opposition to reason des]ves t "n1 & is really madness2 & !re is sc>ce a man s free f x1 b t if he %\ld always1 on all occasions1 argue or d z 9 "s cases he con/antly does1 w\ld n be ?\ght fitt] = ,b$lam ?an civil conv]sation4 ,i d n "h mean :5 he is "u ! p[] ( an unruly passion1 b 9 ! /eady calm c\rse ( 8 life4 ,t :i* w yet m apologize = ?is h>% "n1 & ungrateful imputation on ! greate/ "p ( mank9d1 is1 t1 inquir+ a little by ! bye into ! nature ( madness1 7b4 ii4 *4 xi41 ,section #ac17 ,i f\nd x to spr+ f ! v same root1 & to dep5d on ! v same cause we are "h speak+ (4 ,?is consid]ation ( ! ?+ itself1 at a "t :5 ,i ?\ght n ! lea/ on ! subject :i* ,i am n[ treat+ (1 sugge/$ x to me4 ,& if ?is be a weakness to :i* all m5 are s liable1 if ?is be a ta9t :i* s univ]sally infects mank9d1 ! great] c>e %\ld be tak5 to lay x op5 "u its due "n1 !reby to excite ! great] c>e 9 its prev5tion & cure4 #e4 ,f a wrong ,connexion ( ,ideas4 ,"s ( our ideas h a ,,natural correspond5ce & connexion "o ) ano!r3 x is ! (fice & excell5cy ( our reason to trace ^!1 & hold !m toge!r 9 t union & correspond5ce :i* is f\nd$ 9 _! peculi> be+s4 ,besides ?is1 !re is ano!r connexion ( ideas :olly ow+ to ,,*ance or ,,cu/om4 ,ideas t 9 !mselves are n all ( k91 come to be s unit$ 9 "s m5's m9ds1 t x is v h>d to sep>ate !m2 !y always keep 9 company1 & ! "o no soon] at any "t comes into ! und]/&+1 b its associate appe>s ) x2 & if !y are m ?an two :i* are ?us unit$1 ! :ole gang1 always insep>able1 %[ !mselves toge!r4 #f4 ,?is ,connexion made by cu/om4 ,?is /rong comb9ation ( ideas1 n alli$ by nature1 ! m9d makes 9 itself ei!r volunt>ily or by *ance2 & h5ce x comes 9 diff]5t m5 to be v diff]5t1 accord+ to _! diff]5t incl9ations1 education1 int]e/s1 c4 ,,cu/om settles habits ( ?9k+ 9 ! und]/&+1 z well z ( det]m9+ 9 ! w1 & ( motions 9 ! body3 all :i* seems to be b tra9s ( motions 9 ! animal spirits1 :i*1 once set a go+1 cont9ue 9 ! same /eps !y h be5 us$ to2 :i*1 by (t5 tread+1 are worn into a smoo? pa?1 & ! motion 9 x becomes easy1 & z x 7 natural4 ,z f> z we c compreh5d ?9k+1 ?us ideas seem to be produc$ 9 our m9ds2 or1 if !y are n1 ?is may s]ve to expla9 _! foll[+ "o ano!r 9 an habitual tra91 :5 once !y are put into _! track1 z well z x does to expla9 su* motions ( ! body4 ,a musician us$ to any tune w f9d t1 let x b once beg9 9 8 head1 ! ideas ( ! sev]al notes ( x w foll[ "o ano!r ord]ly 9 8 und]/&+1 )\t any c>e or att5tion1 z regul>ly z 8 f+]s move ord]ly ov] ! keys ( ! organ to play out ! tune he has begun1 ?\gh 8 unatt5tive ?\ghts be else:]e a w&]+4 ,:e!r ! natural cause ( ^! ideas1 z well z ( t regul> danc+ ( 8 f+]s be ! motion ( 8 animal spirits1 ,i w n det]m9e1 h[ probable soev]1 by ?is in/ance1 x appe>s to be s3 b ?is may help u a little to conceive ( intellectual habits1 & ( ! ty+ toge!r ( ideas4 #g4 ,"s ,antipa?ies an ,effect ( x4 ,t !re are su* associations ( !m made by cu/om1 9 ! m9ds ( mo/ m51 ,i ?9k nobody w "q1 :o has well consid]$ himself or o!rs2 & to ?is1 p]haps1 might be ju/ly attribut$ mo/ ( ! sympa?ies & antipa?ies obs]vable 9 m51 :i* "w z /rongly1 & produce z regul> effects z if !y 7 natural2 & are !re=e call$ s1 ?\gh !y at fir/ _h no o!r orig9al b ! accid5tal connexion ( two ideas1 :i* ei!r ! /r5g? ( ! fir/ impression1 or future indulg5ce s unit$1 t !y always aft]w>ds kept company toge!r 9 t man's m9d1 z if !y 7 b "o idea4 ,i say mo/ ( ! antipa?ies1 ,i d n say all2 = "s ( !m are truly natural1 dep5d ^u our orig9al con/itution1 & are born ) u2 b a great "p ( ^? :i* are c\nt$ natural1 w\ld h be5 kn[n to be f unhe$$1 ?\gh p]haps e>ly1 impressions1 or wanton fancies at fir/1 :i* w\ld h be5 ackn[l$g$ ! orig9al ( !m1 if !y _h be5 w>ily obs]v$4 ,a gr[n p]son surfeit+ ) honey no soon] he>s ! "n ( x1 b 8 fancy imm$iately c>ries sickness & qualms to 8 /oma*1 & he _c be> ! v idea ( x2 o!r ideas ( dislike1 & sickness1 & vomit+1 pres5tly accompany x1 & he is di/urb$2 b he kn[s f :5ce to date ?is weakness1 & c tell h[ he got ?is indisposition4 ,_h ?is happ5$ to him by an ov]-dose ( honey :5 a *ild1 all ! same effects w\ld h foll[$2 b ! cause w\ld h be5 mi/ak51 & ! antipa?y c\nt$ natural4 #h4 ,influ5ce ( association to be wat*$ educat+ "y *ildr54 ,i m5tion ?is1 n out ( any great necessity !re is 9 ?is pres5t argum5t to di/+ui% nicely betwe5 natural & acquir$ antipa?ies2 b ,i take notice ( x = ano!r purpose1 viz4 t ^? :o h *ildr51 or ! *>ge ( _! education1 w\ld ?9k x wor? _! :ile dilig5tly to wat*1 & c>efully to prev5t ! undue connexion ( ideas 9 ! m9ds ( "y p4 ,?is is ! "t mo/ susceptible ( la/+ impressions2 & ?\gh ^? relat+ to ! heal? ( ! body are by discreet p m9d$ & f5c$ aga9/1 yet ,i am apt to d\bt1 t ^? :i* relate m peculi>ly to ! m9d1 & t]m9ate 9 ! und]/&+ or passions1 h be5 mu* less he$$ ?an ! ?+ des]ves3 nay1 ^? relat+ purely to ! und]/&+1 h1 z ,i suspect1 be5 by mo/ m5 :olly ov]look$4 #i4 ,wrong connexion ( ideas a great ,cause ( ,errors4 ,?is wrong connexion 9 our m9ds ( ideas 9 !mselves loose & indep5d5t ( "o ano!r1 has su* an influ5ce1 & is ( s great =ce to set u awry 9 our actions1 z well moral z natural1 passions1 reason+s1 & notions !mselves1 t p]haps !re is n any "o ?+ t des]ves m to be look$ aft]4 #aj4 ,z in/ance4 ,! ideas ( gobl9s & sprites h really no m to d ) d>kness ?an light3 yet let b a fooli% maid inculcate ^! (t5 on ! m9d ( a *ild1 & raise !m !re toge!r1 possibly he %all nev] be able to sep>ate !m aga9 s long z he lives1 b d>kness %all ev] aft]w>ds br+ ) x ^? frightful ideas1 & !y %all be s jo9$1 t he c no m be> ! "o ?an ! o!r4 #aa4 ,ano!r in/ance4 ,a man receives a s5sible injury f ano!r1 ?9ks on ! man & t action ov] & ov]1 & by rum9at+ on !m /rongly1 or mu*1 9 8 m9d1 s cem5ts ^? two ideas toge!r1 t he makes !m almo/ "o2 nev] ?9ks on ! man1 b ! pa9 & displeasure he suff]$ comes into 8 m9d ) x1 s t he sc>ce di/+ui%es !m1 b has z mu* an av]sion = ! "o z ! o!r4 ,?us hatr$s are (t5 begott5 f slight & innoc5t occasions1 & qu>rels propagat$ & cont9u$ 9 ! _w4 #ab4 ,a ?ird in/ance4 ,a man has suff]$ pa9 or sickness 9 any place2 he saw 8 fri5d die 9 su* a room3 ?\gh ^! h 9 nature no?+ to d "o ) ano!r1 yet :5 ! idea ( ! place occurs to 8 m9d1 x br+s 7! impression be+ once made7 t ( ! pa9 & displeasure ) x3 he conf\nds !m 9 8 m9d1 & c z little be> ! "o z ! o!r4 #ac4 ,:y ,"t cures "s ,disord]s 9 ! ,m9d1 :i* ,reason _c cure4 ,:5 ?is comb9ation is settl$1 & :ile x la/s1 x is n 9 ! p[] ( reason to help u1 & relieve u f ! effects ( x4 ,ideas 9 our m9ds1 :5 !y are !re1 w op]ate accord+ to _! natures & circum/ances4 ,& "h we see ! cause :y "t cures c]ta9 affections1 :i* reason1 ?\gh 9 ! "r1 & all[$ to be s1 has n p[] ov]1 nor is able aga9/ !m to prevail ) ^? :o are apt to he>k5 to x 9 o!r cases4 ,! dea? ( a *ild t 0 ! daily delight ( its "m's eyes1 & joy ( h] s\l1 r5ds f h] he>t ! :ole com=t ( h] life1 & gives h] all ! torm5t imag9able3 use ! consolations ( reason 9 ?is case1 & y 7 z good prea* ease to "o on ! rack1 & hope to allay1 by rational disc\rses1 ! pa9 ( 8 jo9ts te>+ asund]4 ,till "t has by disuse sep>at$ ! s5se ( t enjoym5t & its loss1 f ! idea ( ! *ild return+ to h] memory1 all repres5tations1 ?\gh ev] s reasonable1 are 9 va92 & !re=e "s 9 :om ! union betwe5 ^! ideas is nev] dissolv$1 sp5d _! lives 9 m\rn+1 & c>ry an incurable sorr[ to _! graves4 #ad4 ,ano!r in/ance ( ! ,effect ( ! ,association ( ,ideas4 ,a fri5d ( m9e knew "o p]fectly cur$ ( madness by a v h>% & (f5sive op]ation4 ,! g5tleman :o 0 ?us recov]$1 ) great s5se ( gratitude & ackn[l$gm5t own$ ! cure all 8 life aft]1 z ! greate/ obligation he c\ld h receiv$2 b1 :atev] gratitude & reason sugge/$ to him1 he c\ld nev] be> ! sight ( ! op]ator3 t image br\ght back ) x ! idea ( t agony :i* he suff]$ f 8 h&s1 :i* 0 too mighty & intol]able = him to endure4 #ae4 ,m in/ances4 ,_m *ildr51 imput+ ! pa9 !y endur$ at s*ool to _! books !y 7 correct$ =1 s jo9 ^? ideas toge!r1 t a book becomes _! av]sion1 & !y are nev] reconcil$ to ! /udy & use ( !m all _! lives aft]2 & ?us read+ becomes a torm5t to !m1 :i* o!rwise possibly !y might h made ! great pleasure ( _! lives4 ,!re are rooms conv5i5t en\gh1 t "s m5 _c /udy 91 & fa%ions ( vessels1 :i*1 ?\gh ev] s clean & commodi\s1 !y _c dr9k out (1 & t by reason ( "s accid5tal ideas :i* are annex$ to !m1 & make !m (f5sive2 & :o is !re t ha? n obs]v$ "s man to flag at ! appe>ance1 or 9 ! company ( "s c]ta9 p]son n o!rwise sup]ior to him1 b because1 hav+ once on "s occasion got ! asc5dant1 ! idea ( au?ority & di/ance goes along ) t ( ! p]son1 & he t has be5 ?us subject$1 is n able to sep>ate !m4 #af4 ,a curi\s in/ance4 ,in/ances ( ?is k9d are s pl5tiful ev]y:]e1 t if ,i add "o m1 x is only = ! pleasant oddness ( x4 ,x is ( a "y g5tleman1 :o1 hav+ le>nt to dance1 & t to great p]fection1 !re happ5$ to /& an old trunk 9 ! room :]e he le>nt4 ,! idea ( ?is rem>kable piece ( h\sehold /uff _h s mix$ itself ) ! turns & /eps ( all 8 dances1 t ?\gh 9 t *amb] he c\ld dance excell5tly well1 yet x 0 only :il/ t trunk 0 !re2 nor c\ld he p]=m well 9 any o!r place1 unless t or "s su* o!r trunk _h its due position 9 ! room4 ,if ?is /ory %all be suspect$ to be dress$ up ) "s comical circum/ances1 a little beyond precise nature1 ,i answ] = myself t ,i _h x "s ye>s s9ce f a v sob] & wor?y man1 ^u 8 own k1 z ,i report x2 & ,i d>e say !re are v few inquisitive p]sons :o read ?is1 :o h n met ) acc\nts1 if n examples1 ( ?is nature1 t may p>allel1 or at lea/ ju/ify ?is4 #ag4 ,influ5ce ( ,association on intellectual ,habits4 ,intellectual habits & defects ?is way contract$1 are n less frequ5t & p[]ful1 ?\gh less obs]v$4 ,let ! ideas ( be+ & matt] be /rongly jo9$1 ei!r by education or mu* ?\ght2 :il/ ^! are /ill comb9$ 9 ! m9d1 :at notions1 :at reason+s1 w !re be ab\t sep>ate spirits8 ,let cu/om f ! v *ildhood h jo9$ figure & %ape to ! idea ( ,god1 & :at absurdities w t m9d be liable to ab\t ! ,deity8 ,let ! idea ( infallibility be insep>ably jo9$ to any p]son1 & ^! two con/antly toge!r possess ! m9d2 & !n "o body 9 two places at once1 %all unexam9$ be swall[$ = a c]ta9 tru?1 by an implicit fai?1 :5ev] t imag9$ infallible p]son dictates & dem&s ass5t )\t inquiry4 #ah4 ,obs]vable 9 ! opposition betwe5 diff]5t ,sects ( philosophy & ( religion4 ,"s su* wrong & unnatural comb9ations ( ideas w be f\nd to e/abli% ! irreconcilable opposition betwe5 diff]5t sects ( philosophy & religion2 = we _c imag9e e "o ( _! foll[]s to impose wilfully on himself1 & kn[+ly refuse tru? (f]$ by pla9 reason4 ,int]e/1 ?\gh x does a great deal 9 ! case1 yet _c be ?\ght to "w :ole societies ( m5 to s univ]sal a p]v]s5ess1 z t e "o ( !m to a man %\ld kn[+ly ma9ta9 falsehood3 "s at lea/ mu/ be all[$ to d :at all pret5d to1 i4e4 to pursue tru? s9c]ely2 & !re=e !re mu/ be some?+ t bl9ds _! und]/&+s1 & makes !m n see ! falsehood ( :at !y embrace = real tru?4 ,t :i* ?us captivates _! reasons1 & leads m5 ( s9c]ity bl9dfold f common s5se1 w1 :5 exam9$1 be f\nd to be :at we are speak+ (3 "s indep5d5t ideas1 ( no alliance to "o ano!r1 are1 by education1 cu/om1 & ! con/ant d9 ( _! p>ty1 s c\pl$ 9 _! m9ds1 t !y always appe> !re toge!r2 & !y c no m sep>ate !m 9 _! ?\ghts ?an if !y 7 b "o idea1 & !y op]ate z if !y 7 s4 ,?is gives s5se to j>gon1 demon/ration to absurdities1 & consi/5cy to nons5se1 & is ! f\ndation ( ! greate/1 ,i _h almo/ said ( all ! errors 9 ! _w2 or1 if x does n rea* s f>1 x is at lea/ ! mo/ dang]\s "o1 s9ce1 s f> z x obta9s1 x h9d]s m5 f see+ & exam9+4 ,:5 two ?+s1 9 !mselves disjo9$1 appe> to ! sight con/antly unit$2 if ! eye sees ^! ?+s rivet$ :i* are loose1 :]e w y beg9 to rectify ! mi/akes t foll[ 9 two ideas t !y h be5 accu/om$ s to jo9 9 _! m9ds z to sub/itute "o = ! o!r1 &1 z ,i am apt to ?9k1 (t5 )\t p]ceiv+ x !mselves8 ,?is1 :il/ !y are "u ! deceit ( x1 makes !m incapable ( conviction1 & !y applaud !mselves z zeal\s *ampions = tru?1 :5 inde$ !y are cont5d+ = error2 & ! confusion ( two diff]5t ideas1 :i* a cu/om>y connexion ( !m 9 _! m9ds ha? to !m made 9 effect b "o1 fills _! heads ) false views1 & _! reason+s ) false consequ5ces4 #ai4 ,conclusion4 ,hav+ ?us giv5 an acc\nt ( ! orig9al1 sorts1 & ext5t ( our ,,ideas1 ) sev]al o!r consid]ations ab\t ^! 7,i "k n :e!r ,i may say7 in/rum5ts1 or mat]ials ( our k1 ! me?od ,i at fir/ propos$ to myself w\ld n[ require t ,i %\ld imm$iately proce$ to %[1 :at use ! und]/&+ makes ( !m1 & :at ,,k we h by !m4 ,?is 0 t :i*1 9 ! fir/ g5]al view ,i _h ( ?is subject1 0 all t ,i ?\ght ,i %\ld h to d3 b1 ^u a ne>] approa*1 ,i f9d t !re is s close a connexion betwe5 ideas & ,,words1 & our ab/ract ideas & g5]al words h s con/ant a relation "o to ano!r1 t x is impossible to speak cle>ly & di/9ctly ( our k1 :i* all consi/s 9 propositions1 )\t consid]+1 fir/1 ! nature1 use1 & signification ( ,language2 :i*1 !re=e1 mu/ be ! bus9ess ( ! next ,book4 ,,end ,,( ,,volume ,i