,,an ,,essay ,,on ,,! ,,slav]y ,,& ,,comm]ce ,,( ,,! ,,human ,,species1 ,,p>ticul>ly ,,! ,,african1 ,,translat$ ,,f ,a ,,lat9 ,,diss]tation1 ,,:i* ,,0 ,,hon\r$ ,,) ,,! ,,fir/ ,,prize ,,9 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,cambridge1 ,,= ,,! ,,ye> #aghe1 ,,) ,,additions4 99 99 99 99 99 ,neque prem5do alium me extulisse velim4--,,livy4 ,m4,,dcc4,,lxxxvi4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,to ,,! ,,"r ,,hon\rable ,,william ,,*>les ,,colye>1 ,,e>l ,,( ,,portmore1 ,,visc\nt ,,mils9t[n4 ,,my ,,"l1 ,! dignity ( ! subject ( ?is little ,treatise1 n any p]suasion ( its m]its z a lit]>y composition1 enc\rages me to (f] x to y\r ,lord%ip's patronage4 ,! cause ( fre$om has always be5 f\nd suffici5t1 9 e age & c\ntry1 to attract ! notice ( ! g5]\s & humane2 & x is !re=e1 9 a m peculi> mann]1 wor?y ( ! att5tion & fav\r ( a p]sonage1 :o holds a di/+ui%$ rank 9 t illu/ri\s isl&1 ! v air ( :i* has be5 det]m9$1 ^u a late inve/igation ( its laws1 to be an antidote aga9/ slav]y4 ,i feel a satisfaction 9 ! opportunity1 :i* ! publication ( ?is treatise af=ds me1 ( ackn[l$g+ y\r ,lord%ip's civilities1 :i* c only be equall$ by ! respect1 ) :i* ,i am1 ,y\r ,lord%ip's1 mu* oblig$1 & ob$i5t s]vant1 ,,?omas ,,cl>kson4 99 99 99 99 99 ,books ,pr9t$ & ,sold by ,j4 ,,phillips1 ,,essay on ! ,,treatm5t & ,,conv]sion ( ,,african ,,slaves 9 ! ,,briti% ,sug> ,colonies4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,,ramsay1 ,vic> ( ,te/on 9 ,k5t1 :o resid$ _m ,ye>s 9 ! ,we/-,indies4 ,9 ,"o ,volume1 ,octavo4 ,price #es b\nd1 or #ds 9 ,bo>ds4 ,an ,,inquiry into ! ,effects ( putt+ a ,/op to ! ,african ,slave ,trade1 & ( grant+ ,lib]ty to ! ,slaves 9 ! ,briti% ,sug> ,colonies4 ,by ,j4 ,,ramsay4 ,price #f;d4 ,a ,,reply to ! ,p]sonal ,invectives & ,objections conta9$ 9 two ,answ]s1 publi%$ by c]ta9 anonym\s ,p]sons1 to an ,essay on ! ,treatm5t & ,conv]sion ( ,african ,slaves1 9 ! ,briti% ,colonies4 ,by ,,james ,,ramsay4 ,price #bs4 ,a ,,lett] f ,capt4 ,j4,s4 ,,smi?1 to ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,,hill1 on ! ,/ate ( ! ,negroe ,slaves2 to :i* are add$ an ,introduction1 & ,rem>ks on ,free ,negroes1 c4 by ,j4 ,,ramsay4 ,price #f;d4 ,,?\ghts on ! ,slav]y ( ! ,negroes4 ,price #d;d4 ,! ,,case ( our ,fell[-,creatures1 ! ,oppress$ ,africans1 respectfully recomm5d$ to ! s]i\s ,consid]ation ( ! ,legislature ( ,great-,brita91 by ! ,p call$ ,quak]s4 ,price #b;d4 ,a ,,s]i\s ,,address to ! ,rul]s ( ,am]ica1 on ! ,inconsi/5cy ( _! ,conduct respect+ ,slav]y4 ,price #c;d4 ,a ,,caution to ,,great ,,brita9 & h] ,colonies1 9 a %ort ,repres5tation ( ! calamit\s ,/ate ( ! enslav$ ,negroes 9 ! ,briti% ,dom9ions4 ,by ,,an?ony ,,b5ezet4 ,price #f;d4 ,a ,description ( ,gu9ea1 its ,situation1 ,produce1 & ! g5]al ,disposition ( its ,inhabitants2 ) an ,inquiry into ! ,rise & ,progress ( ! ,slave ,trade1 c4 ,by ,,an?ony ,,b5ezet4 ,b\nd #bs4 #f;d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,preface4 ,z ! subject ( ! foll[+ "w has =tunately become ( late a topick ( conv]sation1 ,i _c beg9 ! preface 9 a mann] m satisfactory to ! feel+s ( ! b5evol5t read]1 ?an by giv+ an acc\nt ( ^? humane & wor?y p]sons1 :o h endeav\r$ to draw ^u x t %>e ( ! publick att5tion :i* x has obta9$4 ,among ! well dispos$ individuals1 ( diff]5t nations & ages1 :o h humanely ex]t$ !mselves to suppress ! abject p]sonal slav]y1 introduc$ 9 ! orig9al cultivation ( ! ,european colonies 9 ! we/]n _w1 ,b>?olomew de las ,casas1 ! pi\s bi%op ( ,*iapa1 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 seems to h be5 ! fir/4 ,?is amiable man1 dur+ 8 resid5ce 9 ,spani% ,am]ica1 0 s s5sibly affect$ at ! treatm5t :i* ! mis]able ,indians und]w5t t he return$ to ,spa91 to make a publick remon/rance be=e ! celebrat$ emp]or ,*>les ! fif?1 decl>+1 t heav5 w\ld "o day call him to an acc\nt = ^? cruelties1 :i* he !n _h x 9 8 p[] to prev5t4 ,! spee* :i* he made on ! occasion1 is n[ extant1 & is a mo/ p]fect picture ( b5evol5ce & piety4 ,b 8 intreaties1 by opposition ( av>ice1 7 r5d]$ ineffectual3 & ,i d n f9d by any books :i* ,i h read ^u ! subject1 t any o!r p]son int]f]$ till ! la/ c5tury1 :5 ,morgan ,godwyn1 a ,briti% cl]gyman1 di/+ui%$ himself 9 ! cause4 ,! pres5t age has also produc$ "s zeal\s & able oppos]s ( ! colonial slav]y4 ,= ab\t ! middle ( ! pres5t c5tury1 ,john ,woolman & ,an?ony ,b5ezet1 two respectable memb]s ( ! religi\s society call$ ,quak]s1 devot$ mu* ( _! "t to ! subject4 ,! =m] travell$ ?r\gh mo/ p>ts ( ,nor? ,am]ica on foot1 to hold conv]sations ) ! memb]s ( 8 own sect1 on ! impiety ( reta9+ ^? 9 a /ate ( involunt>y s]vitude1 :o _h nev] giv5 !m (f5ce4 ,! latt] kept a free s*ool at ,philadelphia1 = ! education ( black p4 ,he took e opportunity ( plead+ 9 _! behalf4 ,he publi%$ sev]al treatises aga9/ slav]y1#jja & gave an he>ty pro( ( 8 atta*m5t to ! cause1 by leav+ ! :ole ( 8 =tune 9 support ( t s*ool1 to :i* he _h s g5]\sly devot$ 8 "t & att5tion :5 alive4 ,till ?is "t x does n appe>1 t any bodies ( m51 _h collectively int]e/$ !mselves 9 endeav\r+ to rem$y ! evil4 ,b 9 ! ye> #aged1 ! religi\s society1 call$ ,quak]s1 publickly te/ifi$ _! s5tim5ts ^u ! subject1#jjb decl>+1 t to live 9 ease & pl5ty by ! toil ( ^?1 :om fraud & viol5ce _h put into _! p[]1 0 nei!r consi/5t ) ,*ri/ianity nor common ju/ice4 ,impress$ ) ^! s5tim5ts1 _m ( ?is society imm$iately lib]at$ _! slaves2 & ?\gh su* a measure appe>$ to be att5d$ ) consid]able loss to ! b5evol5t individuals1 :o unconditionally pres5t$ !m ) _! fre$om1 yet !y adopt$ x ) pleasure3 nobly consid]+1 t to possess a little1 9 an hon\rable way1 0 bett] ?an to possess mu*1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( inju/ice4 ,_! example 0 gradually foll[$ by ! re/4 ,a g5]al emancipation ( ! slaves 9 ! possession ( ,quak]s1 at l5g? took place2 & s effectually did !y s]ve ! cause :i* !y _h und]tak51 t !y d5i$ ! claim ( memb]%ip 9 _! religi\s community1 to all su* z %\ld h]eaft] oppose ! sugge/ions ( ju/ice 9 ?is p>ticul>1 ei!r by reta9+ slaves 9 _! possession1 or by be+ 9 any mann] conc]n$ 9 ! slave trade3 & x is a fact1 t ?r\gh ! va/ tract ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 !re is n at ?is day a s+le slave 9 ! possession ( an ackn[l$g$ ,quak]4 ,b ?\gh ?is measure appe>$1 z has be5 obs]v$ be=e1 to be att5d$ ) consid]able loss to ! b5evol5t individuals :o adopt$ x1 yet1 z virtue seldom fails ( obta9+ its rew>d1 x became ultimately b5eficial4 ,mo/ ( ! slaves1 :o 7 ?us unconditionally fre$1 return$ )\t any solicitation to _! =m] ma/]s1 to s]ve !m1 at /at$ wages2 z free m54 ,! "w1 :i* !y n[ did1 0 f\nd to bett] done ?an be=e4 ,x 0 f\nd also1 t1 a great] quantity 0 done 9 ! same "t4 ,h5ce less ?an ! =m] numb] ( lab\r]s 0 suffici5t4 ,f ^!1 & a v>iety ( circum/ances1 x appe>$1 t _! plantations 7 consid]ably m pr(itable :5 work$ by free m51 ?an :5 work$1 z be=e1 by slaves2 & t !y d]iv$ !re=e1 contr>y to _! expectations1 a consid]able advantage f _! b5evol5ce4 ,animat$ by ! example ( ! ,quak]s1 ! memb]s ( o!r sects began to delib]ate ab\t adopt+ ! same measure4 ,"s ( ^? ( ! *ur* ( ,engl&1 ( ! ,roman ,ca?olicks1 & ( ! ,presbyt]ians & ,indep5dants1 fre$ _! slaves2 & !re happ5$ b "o in/ance1 :]e ! matt] 0 debat$1 :]e x 0 n imm$iately put 9 =ce4 ,?is 0 9 ,p5nsylvania4 ,x 0 agitat$ 9 ! synod ( ! ,presbyt]ians !re1 to oblige _! memb]s to lib]ate _! slaves4 ,! "q 0 negativ$ by a majority ( b "o p]son2 & ?is opposition seem$ to arise r f a dislike to ! attempt ( =c+ su* a measure ^u ! memb]s ( t community1 ?an f any o!r consid]ation4 ,i h ! pleasure ( be+ cr$ibly in=m$1 t ! manumission ( slaves1 or ! employm5t ( free m5 9 ! plantations1 is n[ daily ga9+ gr\nd 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,%\ld slav]y be aboli%$ !re1 7& x is an ev5t1 :i*1 f ^! circum/ances1 we may reasonably expect to be produc$ 9 "t7 let x be rememb]$1 t ! ,quak]s w h _h ! m]it ( its abolition4 ,nor h _! bre?r5 "h be5 less assidu\s 9 ! cause4 ,z !re are happily no slaves 9 ?is c\ntry1 s !y h n _h ! same opportunity ( %ew+ _! b5evol5ce by a g5]al emancipation4 ,!y h n h[ev] omitt$ to %ew x z f> z !y h be5 able4 ,at _! religi\s meet+s !y h regul>ly inquir$ if any ( _! memb]s are conc]n$ 9 ! iniquit\s ,african trade4 ,!y h appo9t$ a committee = obta9+ e k9d ( in=mation on ! subject1 ) a view to its suppression1 &1 ab\t ?ree or f\r ye>s ago1 petition$ p>liam5t on ! occasion = _! int]f]5ce & support4 ,i am sorry to add1 t _! b5evol5t application 0 ineffectual1 & t ! re=mation ( an evil1 productive ( consequ5ces equally impolitick & immoral1 & g5]ally ackn[l$g$ to h long disgrac$ our national "*1 is yet left to ! unsupport$ ef=ts ( piety morality & ju/ice1 aga9/ int]e/ viol5ce & oppression2 & ^!1 ,i blu% to ackn[l$ge1 too /rongly c\nt5anc$ by ! legislative au?ority ( a c\ntry1 ! basis ( ^: gov]nm5t is lib]ty4 ,no?+ c be m cle>ly %ewn1 ?an t an inexhau/ible m9e ( weal? is neglect$ 9 ,africa1 = prosecution ( ?is impi\s traffick2 t1 if prop] measures 7 tak51 ! rev5ue ( ?is c\ntry might be greatly improv$1 its naval /r5g? increas$1 its colonies 9 a m fl\ri%+ situation1 ! plant]s ri*]1 & a trade1 :i* is n[ a sc5e ( blood & desolation1 conv]t$ into "o1 :i* might be prosecut$ ) advantage & hon\r4 ,su* h be5 ! ex]tions ( ! ,quak]s 9 ! cause ( humanity & virtue4 ,!y are /ill prosecut+1 z f> z !y are able1 _! b5evol5t design2 & ,i %\ld /op "h & praise !m = ?us cont9u+ _! humane endeav\rs1 b t ,i conceive x to be unnecess>y4 ,!y are act+ consi/5tly ) ! pr9ciples ( religion4 ,!y w f9d a rew>d 9 _! own consci5ces2 & !y w receive m real pleasure f a s+le reflection on _! conduct1 ?an !y c possibly exp]i5ce f ! praises ( an ho/ ( writ]s4 ,9 giv+ ?is %ort acc\nt ( ^? humane & wor?y p]sons1 :o h endeav\r$ to re/ore to _! fell[ creatures ! rights ( nature1 ( :i* !y _h be5 unju/ly depriv$1 ,i w\ld feel myself unju/1 7 ,i to omit two zeal\s oppos]s ( ! colonial tyranny1 conspicu\s at ! pres5t day4 ,! fir/ is ,mr4 ,granville ,%>p4 ,?is ,g5tleman has p>ticul>ly di/+ui%$ himself 9 ! cause ( fre$om4 ,x is a notori\s fact1 t1 b a few ye>s s9ce1 _m ( ! un=tunate black p1 :o _h be5 br\ght f ! colonies into ?is c\ntry1 7 sold 9 ! metropolis to m]*ants & o!rs1 :5 _! ma/]s _h no f>!r occasion = _! s]vices2 ?\gh x 0 always und]/ood t e p]son 0 free1 z soon z he l&$ on ! ,briti% %ore4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is notion1 ^! un=tunate black p1 refus$ to g to ! new ma/]s1 to :om !y 7 consign$4 ,!y 7 h[ev] seiz$1 & =cibly convey$1 "u cov] ( ! night1 to %ips !n ly+ 9 ! ,?ames1 to be retransport$ to ! colonies1 & to be deliv]$ aga9 to ! plant]s z m]*antable goods4 ,! humane ,mr4 ,%>pe1 0 ! means ( putt+ a /op to ?is iniquit\s traffick4 ,:5ev] he ga9$ in=mation ( p 9 su* a situation1 he caus$ !m to be br\ght on %ore4 ,at a consid]able exp5ce he und]took _! cause1 & 0 in/rum5tal 9 obta9+ ! fam\s decree 9 ! case ( ,som]sett1 t z soon z any p]son :atev] set 8 foot 9 ?is c\ntry1 he came "u ! protection ( ! ,briti% laws1 & 0 consequ5tly free4 ,nor did he int]f]e less hon\rably 9 t cruel & disgraceful case1 9 ! summ] ( ! ye> #agha1 :5 an hundr$ & ?irty two negroes1 9 _! passage to ! colonies1 7 ?r[n into ! sea alive1 to defraud ! und]writ]s2 b 8 pi\s endeav\rs 7 by no means att5d$ ) ! same success4 ,to enum]ate 8 _m laudable endeav\rs 9 ! extirpation ( tyranny & oppression1 w\ld be to swell ! preface into a volume3 suffice x to say1 t he has writt5 sev]al books on ! subject1 & "o p>ticul>ly1 :i* he di/+ui%es by ! title ( ,a ,limitation ( ,slav]y4 ,! second is ! ,rev4 ,james ,ramsay4 ,?is g5tleman resid$ = _m ye>s 9 ! ,we/-,indies1 9 ! cl]ical (fice4 ,he p]us$ all ! colonial codes ( law1 ) a view to f9d if !re 7 any fav\rable clauses1 by :i* ! grievances ( slaves c\ld be r$ress$2 b he 0 sev]ely disappo9t$ 9 8 pursuits4 ,he publi%$ a treatise1 s9ce 8 return to ,engl&1 call$ ,an ,essay on ! ,treatm5t & ,conv]sion ( ,african ,slaves 9 ! ,briti% ,sug> ,colonies1 :i* ,i recomm5d to ! p]usal ( ! humane read]4 ,?is "w reflects great praise ^u ! au?or1 s9ce1 9 ord] to be ( s]vice to ?is s+ul>ly oppress$ "p ( ! human species1 he compil$ x at ! exp5ce ( =feit+ t fri5d%ip1 :i* he _h contract$ ) _m 9 ^? p>ts1 dur+ a s]ies ( ye>s1 & at ! haz>d1 z ,i am cr$ibly in=m$1 ( suff]+ mu*1 9 8 private prop]ty1 z well z ( subject+ himself to ! ill w & p]secution ( num]\s individuals4 ,?is ,essay on ! ,treatm5t & ,conv]sion ( ,african ,slaves1 conta9s s _m important tru?s on ! colonial slav]y1 & has come s home to ! plant]s1 7be+ writt5 by a p]son :o has a ?or\gh k ( ! subject7 z to h occasion$ a consid]able al>m4 ,)9 ! la/ eight mon?s1 two publications h expressly appe>$ aga9/ x4 ,"o ( !m is intitl$ ,cursory ,rem>ks on ,mr4 ,ramsay's ,essay2 ! o!r an ,apology = ,negroe ,slav]y4 ,on ea* ( ^! ,i am b\nd1 z writ+ on ! subject1 to make a few rem>ks4 ,! cursory rem>k] ins9uates1 t ,mr4 ,ramsay's acc\nt ( ! treatm5t is greatly exagg]at$1 if n :olly false4 ,to ?is ,i %all make ! foll[+ reply4 ,i h ! hon\r ( kn[+ sev]al dis9t]e/$ g5tlem51 :o h be5 acqua9t$ ) ! ,we/ ,indian isl&s = ye>s4 ,i call !m dis9t]e/$1 because !y h nei!r _h a conc]n 9 ! ,african trade1 nor 9 ! colonial slav]y3 & ,i h he>d ^! unanim\sly ass]t1 t ,mr4 ,ramsay's acc\nt is s f> f be+ exagg]at$1 or tak5 f ! mo/ dre>y pictures t he c\ld f9d1 t x is absolutely bel[ ! tru?2 t he mu/ h omitt$ _m in/ances ( cruelty1 :i* he _h se5 himself2 & t !y only wond]$1 h[ he c\ld h writt5 ) s mu* mod]ation ^u ! subject4 ,!y all[ ! ,cursory ,rem>ks to be excell5t z a composition1 b decl>e t x is p]fectly devoid ( tru?4 ,b ! cursory rem>k] does n dep5d s mu* on ! circum/ances :i* he has advanc$1 7nor c he1 s9ce !y h no o!r exi/5ce ?an 9 8 own1 bra97 z on ! in/rum5t detraction4 ,?is he has us$ ) ! utmo/ virul5ce ?r\gh ! :ole ( 8 publication1 artfully suppos+1 t if he c\ld br+ ,mr4 ,ramsay's reputation into dispute1 8 "w w\ld fall ( c\rse1 z ( no au!nticity4 ,i submit ?is simple "q to ! read]4 ,:5 a writ]1 9 attempt+ to sil5ce a publication1 attacks ! "* ( its au?or1 r ?an ! pr9ciples ( ! "w itself1 is x n a pro( t ! "w itself is unque/ionable1 & t ?is writ] is at a loss to f9d an argum5t aga9/ x8 ,b !re is some?+ s v ung5]\s 9 ?is mode ( replication1 z to require f>!r notice4 ,= if ?is is ! mode to be adopt$ 9 lit]>y disputes1 :at writ] c be safe8 ,or :o is !re1 t w n be det]r$ f tak+ up 8 p5 9 ! cause ( virtue8 ,!re are circum/ances 9 e p]son's life1 :i*1 if giv5 to ! publick 9 a malevol5t mann]1 & )\t explanation1 might ess5tially injure him 9 ! eyes ( ! _w2 ?\gh1 7 !y expla9$1 !y w\ld be ev5 reputable4 ,! cursory rem>k] has adopt$ ?is me?od ( dispute2 b ,mr4 ,ramsay has expla9$ himself to ! satisfaction ( all p>ties1 & has refut$ him 9 e po9t4 ,! "n ( ?is cursory rem>k] is ,tob93 a "n1 :i* ,i feel myself oblig$ to h& d[n ) dete/ation1 z f> z ,i am able2 & ) an h9t to future writ]s1 t !y w d !mselves m cr$it1 & s]ve m effectually ! cause :i* !y und]take1 if on su* occasions !y attack ! "w1 r ?an ! "* ( ! writ]1 :o af=ds !m a subject = _! lucubrations4 ,nor is ?is ! only circum/ance1 :i* induces me to take su* p>ticul> notice ( ! ,cursory ,rem>ks4 ,i feel x incumb5t ^u me to rescue an injur$ p]son f ! cruel asp]sions t h be5 ?r[n ^u him1 z ,i h be5 repeat$ly in=m$ by ^?1 :o h ! pleasure ( 8 acqua9tance1 t 8 "* is irreproa*able4 ,i am also int]e/$ myself4 ,= if su* detraction is pass$ ov] 9 sil5ce1 my own reputation1 & n my "w1 may be attack$ by an anonym\s hirel+ 9 ! cause ( slav]y4 ,! ,apology = ,negroe ,slav]y is almo/ too despicable a composition to m]it a reply4 ,i h only !re=e to obs]ve1 7z is frequ5tly ! case 9 a bad cause1 or :]e writ]s d n conf9e !mselves to tru?7 t ! "w refutes itself4 ,?is writ]1 speak+ ( ! slave-trade1 ass]ts1 t p are nev] kidnapp$ on ! coa/ ( ,africa4 ,9 speak+ ( ! treatm5t ( slaves1 he ass]ts aga91 t x is ( ! v milde/ nature1 & t !y live 9 ! mo/ com=table & happy mann] imag9able4 ,to prove ea* ( 8 ass]tions1 he proposes ! foll[+ regulations4 ,t ! /eal+ ( slaves f ,africa %\ld be felony4 ,t ! prem$itat$ murd] ( a slave by any p]son on bo>d1 %\ld come "u ! same d5om9ation4 ,t :5 slaves arrive 9 ! colonies1 l&s %\ld be allott$ = _! provisions1 9 proportion to _! numb]1 or commission]s %\ld see t a suffici5t quantity ( s\nd :olesome provisions is pur*as$4 ,t !y %\ld n "w on ,sundays & o!r holy-days4 ,t extra lab\r1 or night-"w1 out ( crop1 %\ld be prohibit$4 ,t a limit$ numb] ( /ripes %\ld be inflict$ ^u !m4 ,t !y %\ld h annually a suit ( clo!s4 ,t old infirm slaves %\ld be prop]ly c>$ =1 c4--,n[ x c h>dly be conceiv$1 t if ?is au?or _h tri$ to injure 8 cause1 or contradict himself1 he c\ld n h done x 9 a m effectual mann]1 ?an by ?is proposal ( ^! salut>y regulations4 ,= to say t slaves are hon\rably obta9$ on ! coa/2 to say t _! treatm5t is ( ! milde/ nature1 & yet to propose ! above-m5tion$ regulations z necess>y1 is to refute himself m cle>ly1 ?an ,i confess myself to be able to d x3 & ,i h only to reque/1 t ! regulations propos$ by ?is writ]1 9 ! def5ce ( slav]y1 may be consid]$ z s _m pro(s ( ! ass]tions conta9$ 9 my own "w4 ,i %all close my acc\nt ) an obs]vation1 :i* is ( great importance 9 ! pres5t case4 ,( all ! publications 9 fav\r ( ! slave-trade1 or ! subsequ5t slav]y 9 ! colonies1 !re is n "o1 :i* has n be5 writt51 ei!r by a *apla9 to ! ,african factories1 or by a m]*ant1 or by a plant]1 or by a p]son ^: int]e/ has be5 connect$ 9 ! cause :i* he has tak5 ^u him to def5d4 ,( ?is description are ,mr4 ,tob91 & ! ,apologi/ = ,negroe ,slav]y4 ,:ile on ! o!r h& ^?1 :o h _h z compet5t a k ( ! subject1 b n ! same int]e/ z !mselves1 h unanim\sly condemn$ x2 & _m ( !m h writt5 _! s5tim5ts ^u x1 at ! haz>d ( creat+ an innum]able ho/ ( enemies1 & ( be+ subject$ to ! mo/ malignant opposition4 ,n[1 :i* ( ^! are we to believe on ! occasion8 ,are we to believe ^?1 :o are p>ties conc]n$1 :o are int]e/$ 9 ! practice8--,b ! "q does n admit ( a dispute4 ,conc]n+ my own "w1 x seems prop] to obs]ve1 t :51 ! orig9al ,lat9 ,diss]tation1 z ! title page expresses1 0 hon\r$ by ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge ) ! fir/ ( _! annual prizes = ! ye> #aghe1 ,i 0 wait$ ^u by "s g5tlem5 ( respectability & consequ5ce1 :o reque/$ me to publi% x 9 ,engli%4 ,! only objection :i* occurr$ to me 0 ?is2 t hav+ be5 prev5t$1 by an att5tion to o!r /udies1 f obta9+ t critical k ( my own language1 :i* 0 necess>y = an ,engli% composition1 ,i 0 fe>ful ( appe>+ be=e ! publick eye3 b t1 z !y flatt]$ me ) ! hope1 t ! publication ( x might be ( use1 ,i w\ld c]ta9ly engage to publi% x1 if !y w\ld all[ me to po/pone x = a little "t1 till ,i 0 m 9 ! habit ( writ+4 ,!y repli$1 t z ! publick att5tion 0 n[ excit$ to ! case ( ! un=tunate ,africans1 x w\ld be s]v+ ! cause ) d\ble ! effect1 if x 7 to be publi%$ )9 a few mon?s4 ,?is argum5t prevail$4 ,no?+ b ?is circum/ance c\ld h induc$ me to (f] an ,engli% composition to ! inspection ( an ho/ ( criticks3 & ,i tru/ !re=e t ?is circum/ance w plead mu* ) ! b5evol5t read]1 9 fav\r ( ^? faults1 :i* he may f9d 9 ! pres5t "w4 ,hav+ ?us promis$ to publi% x1 ,i 0 = "s "t d\btful f :i* ( ! copies to translate4 ,!re 7 two1 ! orig9al1 & an abridgem5t4 ,! latt] 7z ^! academical compositions are g5]ally ( a c]ta9 l5g?7 0 t :i* 0 s5t d[n to ,cambridge1 & hon\r$ ) ! prize4 ,i 0 det]m9$ h[ev]1 ^u consult+ ) my fri5ds1 to translate f ! =m]4 ,?is has be5 fai?fully done ) b few#jjc additions4 ,! read] w probably p]ceive ! ,lat9 idiom 9 sev]al passages ( ! "w1 ?\gh ,i h endeav\r$1 z f> z ,i h be5 able1 to avoid x4 ,& ,i am s s5sible ( ! disadvantages "u :i* x mu/ yet lie1 z a translation1 t ,i wi% ,i _h writt5 ^u ! subject1 )\t any ref]5ce at all to ! orig9al copy4 ,x w p]haps be ask$1 f :at au?ority ,i h collect$ ^? facts1 :i* relate to ! colonial slav]y4 ,i reply1 t ,i h _h ! means ( ! v be/ ( in=mation on ! subject2 hav+ ! pleasure ( be+ acqua9t$ ) _m1 bo? 9 ! naval & milit>y dep>tm5ts1 z well z ) sev]al o!rs1 :o h be5 long acqua9t$ ) ,am]ica & ! ,we/-,indian isl&s4 ,! facts !re=e :i* ,i h relat$1 are compil$ f ! dis9t]e/$ acc\nts ( ^! g5tlem51 all ( :om1 ,i h ! happ9ess to say1 h co9cid$1 9 ! m9ute/ mann]1 9 _! descriptions4 ,x mud be rem>k$ too1 t !y 7 compil$1 n f :at ^! g5tlem5 he>d1 :ile !y 7 resid5t 9 ^? p>ts1 b f :at !y actually saw4 ,nor has a s+le in/ance be5 tak5 f any book :atev] ^u ! subject1 except t :i* is m5tion$ 9 ! #bce? page2 & ?is book 0 publi%$ 9 ,france1 9 ! ye> #aggg1 by au?ority4 ,i h n[ ! pleasure to say1 t ! acc\nts ( ^! dis9t]e/$ g5tlem51 :om ,i consult$ on ! occasion1 are confirm$ by all ! books :i* ,i h ev] p]us$ ^u slav]y1 except ^? :i* h be5 writt5 by m]*ants1 plant]s1 c4 ,!y are confirm$ by ,sir ,hans ,sloane's ,voyage to ,b>badoes2 ,griffi? ,hughes's ,hi/ory ( ! same isl&1 pr9t$ #agej2 an ,acc\nt ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 by ,?omas ,jeffries1 #agfa2 all ,b5ezet's works1 c4 c4 & p>ticul>ly by ,mr4 ,ramsay's ,essay on ! ,treatm5t & ,conv]sion ( ! ,african ,slaves 9 ! ,briti% ,sug> ,colonies2 a "w :i* is n[ firmly e/abli%$2 &1 ,i may add 9 a v extraord9>y mann]1 9 consequ5ce ( ! controv]sy :i* ?is g5tleman has su/a9$ ) ! ,cursory ,rem>k]1 by :i* sev]al facts :i* 7 m5tion$ 9 ! orig9al copy ( my own "w1 be=e ! controv]sy began1 & :i* _h nev] appe>$ 9 any "w ^u ! subject1 h be5 br\ght to light4 ,nor has x receiv$ less support f a lett]1 publi%$ only la/ week1 f ,capt4 ,j4,s4 ,smi?1 ( ! ,royal ,navy1 to ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,hill2 on ! =m] ( :om too high encomiums _c be be/[$1 = /&+ =? 9 t noble & dis9t]e/$ mann]1 9 behalf ( an injur$ "*4 ,i h n[ only to solicit ! read] aga91 t he w make a fav\rable all[ance = ! pres5t "w1 n only f ^? circum/ances :i* ,i h m5tion$1 b f ! consid]ation1 t only two mon?s are all[$ by ! ,univ]sity = ^! _! annual compositions4 ,%\ld he h[ev] be unpropiti\s to my reque/1 ,i mu/ console myself ) ! reflection1 7a reflection t w always af=d me pleasure1 ev5 amid/ ! c5sures ( ! great17 t by und]tak+ ! cause ( ! un=tunate ,africans1 ,i h und]tak51 z f> z my abilities w\ld p]mit1 ! cause ( injur$ innoc5ce4 ,london1 ,june #a/ #aghf4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,footnotes ,footnote #jja3 ,a ,description ( ,gu9ea1 ) an ,inquiry into ! ,rise & ,progress ( ! ,slave ,trade1 c4--,a ,caution to ,great ,brita9 & h] ,colonies1 9 a %ort ,repres5tation ( ! calamit\s ,/ate ( ! enslav$ ,negroes 9 ! ,briti% ,dom9ions4 ,besides sev]al small] pieces4 ,footnote #jjb3 ,!y _h c5sur$ ! ,african ,trade 9 ! ye> #agbg1 b _h tak5 no publick notice ( ! colonial slav]y till ?is "t4 ,footnote #jjc3 ,! in/ance ( ! ,dut* coloni/s at ! ,cape1 9 ! fir/ "p ( ! ,essay2 ! description ( an ,african battle1 9 ! second2 & ! poetry ( a negroe girl 9 ! ?ird1 are ! only consid]able additions t h be5 made4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,cont5ts4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,"p ,i4 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,slav]y4 ,,*ap4 ,i4 ,introduction4--,division ( slav]y into volunt>y & involunt>y4--,! latt] ! subject ( ! pres5t "w4--,*ap4 ,,ii4 ,! fir/ class ( involunt>y slaves among ! anci5ts1 f w>4--,conjecture conc]n+ _! antiquity4--,*ap4 ,,iii4 ,! second class f piracy4--,%ort hi/ory ( piracy4--,! dance c>poea4--,consid]ations f h5ce on ! =m] topick4--,?ree ord]s ( involunt>y slaves among ! anci5ts4--,*ap4 ,,iv4 ,_! p]sonal treatm5t4--,exception 9 gypt4--,exception at ,a!ns4--,*ap4 ,v4 ,! causes ( su* treatm5t among ! anci5ts 9 g5]al4--,additional causes among ! ,greeks & ,romans4--,a refutation ( _! pr9ciples4--,rem>ks on ! writ+s ( sop4--,*ap4 ,,vi4 ,! anci5t slave-trade4--,its antiquity4--gypt ! fir/ m>ket record$ = ?is species ( traffick4--,cyprus ! second4--,! agreem5t ( ! writ+s ( ,moses & ,hom] on ! subject4--,! univ]sal preval5ce ( ! trade4--,*ap4 ,,vii4 ,! decl9e ( ?is comm]ce & slav]y 9 ,europe4--,! causes ( _! decl9e4--,*ap4 ,,viii4 ,_! revival 9 ,africa4--,%ort hi/ory ( _! revival4--,five classes ( involunt>y slaves among ! mod]ns4--,cruel in/ance ( ! ,dut* coloni/s at ! ,cape4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,! ,african ,comm]ce or ,slave-,trade4 ,,*ap4 ,i4 ,! hi/ory ( mank9d f _! fir/ situation to a /ate ( gov]nm5t4--,*ap4 ,,ii4 ,an acc\nt ( ! fir/ gov]nm5ts4--,*ap4 ,,iii4 ,lib]ty a natural "r4--,t ( gov]nm5t adv5titi\s4--,gov]nm5t1 its nature4--,its end4--,*ap4 ,,iv4 ,mank9d _c be consid]$ z prop]ty4--,an objection answ]$4--,*ap4 ,v4 ,division ( ! comm]ce into two p>ts1 z x relates to ^? :o sell1 & ^? :o pur*ase ! human species into slav]y4--,! "r ( ! sell]s exam9$ ) respect to ! two ord]s ( ,african slaves1 ( ^? :o are publickly seiz$ by virtue ( ! au?ority ( _! pr9ce1 & ( ^?1 :o are kidnapp$ by individuals4--,*ap4 ,,vi4 ,_! "r ) respect to convicts4--,f ! proportion ( ! puni%m5t to ! (f5ce4--,f its object & end4--,*ap4 ,,vii4 ,_! "r ) respect to prison]s ( w>4--,! jus captivitatis1 or "r ( capture expla9$4--,its inju/ice4--,f>!r explication ( ! "r ( capture1 9 answ] to "s suppos$ objections4--,*ap4 ,,viii4 ,additional rem>ks on ! two ord]s t 7 fir/ m5tion$4--,! numb] :i* !y annually conta94--,a description ( an ,african battle4--,additional rem>ks on prison]s ( w>4--,on convicts4--,*ap4 ,,ix4 ,! "r ( ! pur*as]s exam9$4--,conclusion4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,"p ,,iii4 ,! ,slav]y ( ! ,africans 9 ! ,european ,colonies4 ,,*ap4 ,i4 ,imag9>y sc5e 9 ,africa4--,imag9>y conv]sation ) an ,african4--,8 ideas ( ,*ri/ianity4--,a ,description ( a body ( slaves go+ to ! %ips4--,_! emb>kation4--,*ap4 ,,ii4 ,_! treatm5t on bo>d4--,! numb] t annually p]i% 9 ! voyage4--,horrid in/ance at sea4--,_! deb>kation 9 ! colonies4--,horrid in/ance on ! %ore4--,*ap4 ,,iii4 ,! condition ( _! po/]ity 9 ! colonies4--,! lex nativitatis expla9$4--,its inju/ice4--,*ap4 ,,iv4 ,! season+ 9 ! colonies4--,! numb] t annually die 9 ! season+4--,! employm5t ( ! survivors4--,! colonial discipl9e4--,its t5d5cy to produce cruelty4--,horrid in/ance ( ?is effect4--,immod]ate lab\r1 & its consequ5ces4--,want ( food & its consequ5ces4--,sev]ity & its consequ5ces4--,! =lorn situation ( slaves4--,an appeal to ! memory ( ,alfr$4--,*ap4 ,v4 ,! cont5ts ( ! two prec$+ *apt]s d5i$ by ! pur*as]s4--,_! fir/ argum5t refut$4--,_! second refut$4--,_! ?ird refut$4--,*ap4 ,,vi4 ,?ree argum5ts1 :i* !y br+ 9 v9dication ( _! treatm5t1 refut$4--,*ap4 ,,vii4 ,! argum5t1 t ! ,africans are an inf]i\r l9k ( ! *a9 ( nature1 z f> z x relates to _! g5ius1 refut$4--,! causes ( ?is app>5t inf]iority4--,%ort diss]tation on ,african g5ius4--,poetry ( an ,african girl4--,*ap4 ,,viii4 ,! argum5t1 t !y are an inf]i\r l9k ( ! *a9 ( nature1 z f> z x relates to col\r1 c4 refut$4--,exam9ation ( ! div9e writ+s 9 ?is p>ticul>4--,diss]tation on ! col\r4--,*ap4 ,,ix4 ,o!r argum5ts ( ! pur*as]s exam9$4--,_! comp>isons unju/4--,_! ass]tions1 ) respect to ! happy situation ( ! ,africans 9 ! colonies1 )\t f\ndation4--,_! happ9ess exam9$ ) respect to manumission4--,) respect to holy-days4--,dances1 c4--,an e/imate made at ,/4 ,dom+o4--,*ap4 ,x4 ,! "r ( ! pur*as]s ov] _! slaves refut$ ^u _! own pr9ciples4--,*ap4 ,,xi4 ,dreadful argum5ts aga9/ ?is comm]ce & slav]y ( ! human species4--,h[ ! ,deity seems already to puni% u = ?is inhuman violation ( 8 laws4--,conclusion4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,errata4 ,= ,dom9ique1 7,footnote #ajg7 read ,dom+ue4 ,n4 ,b4 ,9 page #ah a ,lat9 note has be5 ins]t$ by mi/ake1 "u ! quotation ( ,diodorus ,siculus4 ,! read] w f9d ! orig9al ,greek ( ! same signification1 9 ! same au?or1 at page #di4 ,editio ,/ephani4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,an ,,essay ,,on ,,! ,,slav]y & ,,comm]ce ,,( ,,! ,,human ,,species4 ,,9 ,,?ree ,,p>ts4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,"p ,i4 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,slav]y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*ap4 ,i4 ,:5 civiliz$1 z well z b>b>\s nations1 h be5 f\nd1 ?r\gh a long succession ( ages1 uni=mly to concur 9 ! same cu/oms1 !re seems to arise a presumption1 t su* cu/oms are n only em95tly useful1 b are f\nd$ also on ! pr9ciples ( ju/ice4 ,su* is ! case ) respect to ,slav]y3 x has _h ! concurr5ce ( all ! nations1 :i* hi/ory has record$1 & ! repeat$ practice ( ages f ! remote/ antiquity1 9 its fav\r4 ,"h !n is an argum5t1 d$uc$ f ! g5]al cons5t & agreem5t ( mank9d1 9 fav\r ( ! propos$ subject3 b alas6 :5 we reflect t ! p1 ?us r$uc$ to a /ate ( s]vitude1 h _h ! same feel+s ) ourselves2 :5 we reflect t !y h _h ! same prop5sities to pleasure1 & ! same av]sions f pa92 ano!r argum5t seems imm$iately to arise 9 opposition to ! =m]1 d$uc$ f our own feel+s & t div9e sympa?y1 :i* nature has implant$ 9 our brea/s1 = ! mo/ useful & g5]\s ( purposes4 ,to asc]ta9 ! tru? !re=e1 :]e two su* opposite s\rces ( argum5t occur2 :]e ! =ce ( cu/om pleads /rongly on ! "o h&1 & ! feel+s ( humanity on ! o!r2 is a matt] ( mu* importance1 z ! dignity ( human nature is conc]n$1 & ! rights & lib]ties ( mank9d w be involv$ 9 its discussion4 ,x w be necess>y1 be=e ?is po9t c be det]m9$1 to consult ! ,hi/ory ( ,slav]y1 & to lay be=e ! read]1 9 z concise a mann] z possible1 a g5]al view ( x f its e>lie/ appe>ance to ! pres5t day4 ,! fir/1 :om we %all m5tion "h to h be5 r$uc$ to a /ate ( s]vitude1 may be compreh5d$ 9 t class1 :i* is usually d5om9at$ ! ,m]c5>y4 ,x consi/$ ( free-born citiz5s1 :o1 f ! v>i\s cont+5cies ( =tune1 _h become s poor1 z to h rec\rse = _! support to ! s]vice ( ! ri*4 ,( ?is k9d 7 ^?1 bo? among ! ,egyptians & ! ,jews1 :o are record$ 9 ! sacr$ writ+s4#jjd ,! ,grecian ,!tes#jje also 7 ( ?is description1 z well z ^? among ! ,romans1 f :om ! class receives its appellation1 ! #jjf,m]c5>ii4 ,we may obs]ve ( ! above-m5tion$1 t _! situation 0 9 _m in/ances simil> to t ( our own s]vants4 ,!re 0 an express contract betwe5 ! p>ties2 !y c\ld1 mo/ ( !m1 dem& _! dis*>ge1 if !y 7 ill us$ by _! respective ma/]s2 & !y 7 treat$ !re=e ) m humanity ?an ^?1 :om we usually di/+ui% 9 our language by ! appellation ( ,slaves4 ,z ?is class ( s]vants 0 compos$ ( m51 :o _h be5 r$uc$ to su* a situation by ! cont+5cies ( =tune1 & n by _! own misconduct2 s !re 0 ano!r among ! anci5ts1 compos$ entirely ( ^?1 :o _h suff]$ ! loss ( lib]ty f _! own imprud5ce4 ,to ?is class may be r$uc$ ! ,grecian ,prodigals1 :o 7 deta9$ 9 ! s]vice ( _! cr$itors1 till ! fruits ( _! lab\r 7 equival5t to _! debts2 ! del9qu5ts1 :o 7 s5t5c$ to ! o>2 & ! ,g]man en?usia/s1 z m5tion$ by ,tacitus1 :o 7 s immod]ately *>m$ ) gam+1 z1 :5 e ?+ else 0 gone1 to h /ak$ _! lib]ty & _! v selves4 ,! los]1 says he1 goes into a volunt>y s]vitude1 & ?\gh y\ng] & /rong] ?an ! p]son ) :om he play$1 pati5tly suff]s himself to be b\nd & sold4 ,_! p]sev]ance 9 s bad a cu/om is /il$ hon\r4 ,! slaves1 ?us obta9$1 are imm$iately ex*ang$ away 9 comm]ce1 t ! w9n] may get rid ( ! sc&al ( 8 victory4 ,to enum]ate o!r in/ances1 w\ld be unnecess>y2 x w be suffici5t to obs]ve1 t ! s]vants ( ?is class 7 9 a f> m wret*$ situation1 ?an ^? ( ! =m]2 _! drudg]y 0 m int5se2 _! treatm5t m sev]e2 & !re 0 no retreat at pleasure1 f ! fr[ns & la%es ( _! despotick ma/]s4 ,hav+ premis$ ?is1 we may n[ proce$ to a g5]al division ( slav]y1 into volunt>y & involunt>y4 ,! volunt>y w compreh5d ! two classes1 :i* we h already m5tion$2 =1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 !re 0 a contract1 f\nd$ on cons5t2 &1 9 ! second1 !re 0 a *oice ( engag+ or n 9 ^? practices1 ! kn[n consequ5ces ( :i* 7 s]vitude4 ,! involunt>y2 on ! o!r h&1 w compreh5d ^?1 :o 7 =c$1 )\t any su* condition or *oice1 into a situation1 :i* z x t5d$ to degrade a "p ( ! human species1 & to class x ) ! brutal1 mu/ h be51 ( all human situations1 ! mo/ wret*$ & insupportable4 ,^! are !y1 :om we %all consid] solely 9 ! pres5t "w4 ,we %all !re=e take our leave ( ! =m]1 z !y 7 m5tion$ only1 t we might /ate ! "q ) great] accuracy1 &1 be ! bett] enabl$ to r$uce x to its prop] limits4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,footnotes ,footnote #jjd3 ,g5esis1 ,*4 #dg4 ,leviticus ,,xxv4 v4 #ci1 #dj4 ,footnote #jje3 ,! ,!tes appe> v e>ly 9 ! ,grecian ,hi/ory4--kai t9es auto k\roi epont',i?akes exairetoi2 he eoi aut\ !ntes te ,dmoes787 te2 ,od4 ,hom]4 ,d4 #fdb4 ,!y 7 aft]w>ds s mu* 9 use t1 ,murioi dep\ ap$idonto eaut\s ose d\leue9 kata sungraph51 till ,solon suppress$ ! cu/om 9 ,a!ns4 ,footnote #jjf3 ,! m5tion ( ^! is frequ5t among ! classics2 !y 7 call$ 9 g5]al m]c5>ii1 f ! circum/ances ( _! hire1 z quibus1 non mal prcipiunt1 qui ita jub5t uti1 ut m]c5>iis1 op]am exig5dam1 ju/a proeb5da4 ,cic]o de (f4 ,b !y are sometimes m5tion$ 9 ! law books by ! "n ( lib]i1 f ! circum/ances ( _! bir?1 to di/+ui% !m f ! ali5i1 or =eign]s1 z ,ju/9ian4 ,d4 #g4 #h4 #d4 --,id4 #ba4 #a4 #be4 c4 c4 c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*ap4 ,,ii4 ,! fir/ t w be m5tion$1 ( ! involunt>y1 7 prison]s ( w>4#jjg ,x 0 a law1 e/abli%$ f "t immemorial among ! nations ( antiquity1 to oblige ^? to und]go ! sev]ities ( s]vitude1 :om victory _h ?r[n into _! h&s4 ,con=mably ) ?is1 we f9d all ! ,ea/]n nations unanim\s 9 ! practice4 ,! same cu/om prevail$ among ! p ( ! ,we/2 = z ! ,helots became ! slaves ( ! ,sp>tans1 f ! "r ( conque/ only1 s prison]s ( w> 7 r$uc$ to ! same situation by ! re/ ( ! inhabitants ( ,greece4 ,by ! same pr9ciples t actuat$ ^!1 7 ! ,romans also influ5c$4 ,_! ,hi/ory w confirm ! fact3 = h[ _m cities are record$ to h be5 tak52 h[ _m armies to h be5 vanqui%$ 9 ! field1 & ! wret*$ survivors1 9 bo? in/ances1 to h be5 doom$ to s]vitude8 ,x rema9s only n[ to obs]ve1 9 %ew+ ?is cu/om to h be5 univ]sal1 t all ^? nations :i* assi/$ 9 ov]turn+ ! ,roman ,empire1 ?\gh _m & v>i\s1 adopt$ ! same measures2 = we f9d x a g5]al maxim 9 _! polity1 t :oev] %\ld fall into _! h&s z a prison] ( w>1 %\ld imm$iately be r$uc$ to ! condition ( a slave4 ,x may "h1 p]haps1 be n unwor?y ( rem>k1 t ! involunt>y 7 ( great] antiquity ?an ! volunt>y slaves4 ,! latt] are fir/ m5tion$ 9 ! "t ( ,ph>aoh3 !y c\ld h aris5 only 9 a /ate ( society2 :5 prop]ty1 aft] its division1 _h become s unequal1 z to multiply ! wants ( individuals2 & :5 gov]nm5t1 aft] its e/abli%m5t1 _h giv5 security to ! possessor by ! puni%m5t ( crimes4 ,:]eas ! =m] seem to be dat$ ) m propriety f ! days ( ,nimrod2 :o gave rise probably to t insep>able idea ( victory & s]vitude1 :i* we f9d among ! nations ( antiquity1 & :i* has exi/$ uni=mly s9ce1 9 "o c\ntry or ano!r1 to ! pres5t day4#jjh ,add to ?is1 t !y might h aris5 ev5 9 a /ate ( nature1 & h be5 coequal ) ! qu>rels ( mank9d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,footnotes ,footnote #jjg3 ,nomos en pas9 an?ropois aidios es91 otan polem\nton polis alo1 ton elonton e9ai kai ta somata ton en te poleis1 kai ta *remata4 ,x5oph4 ,kyr\ ,paid4 ,l4 #g4 f94 ,footnote #jjh3 ,pr\d ,nimrod fir/ ! bloody *ace began1 ,a mighty hunt]1 & 8 prey 0 man4 --,,pope4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*ap4 ,,iii4 ,b x 0 n victory alone1 or any presuppos$ "r1 f\nd$ 9 ! damages ( w>1 t af=d$ a pret5ce = invad+ ! lib]ties ( mank9d3 ! hon\rable light1 9 :i* piracy 0 consid]$ 9 ! unciviliz$ ages ( ! _w1 contribut$ n a little to ! slav]y ( ! human species4 ,piracy _h a v e>ly beg9n+4 ,! ,grecians1#jji says ,?ucydides1 9 _! primitive /ate1 z well z ! contempor>y b>b>ians1 :o inhabit$ ! sea coa/s & isl&s1 gave !mselves :olly to x2 x 01 9 %ort1 _! only pr(ession & support4 ,! writ+s ( ,hom] are suffici5t ( !mselves to e/abli% ?is acc\nt4 ,!y %ew x to h be5 a common practice at s e>ly a p]iod z t ( ! ,trojan w>2 & ab\nd ) _m lively descriptions ( x2 :i*1 _h !y be5 z gr\ndless z !y are beautiful1 w\ld h frequ5tly sp>$ ! sigh ( ! read] ( s5sibility & reflection4 ,! piracies1 :i* 7 ?us practis$ 9 ! e>ly ages1 may be consid]$ z publick or private4 ,9 ! =m]1 :ole crews emb>k$ = ! b5efit#jaj ( _! respective tribes4 ,!y made desc5ts on ! sea coa/s1 c>ri$ (f cattle1 surpriz$ :ole villages1 put _m ( ! inhabitants to ! sword1 & c>ri$ o!rs into slav]y4 ,9 ! latt]1 individuals only 7 conc]n$1 & ! emolum5t 0 _! own4 ,^! l&$ f _! %ips1 &1 go+ up into ! c\ntry1 conceal$ !mselves 9 ! woods & ?ickets2 :]e !y wait$ e opportunity ( cat*+ ! un=tunate %eph]d or husb&man alone4 ,9 ?is situation !y salli$ out ^u him1 dragg$ him on bo>d1 convey$ him to a =eign m>ket1 & sold him = a slave4 ,to ?is k9d ( piracy ,ulysses alludes1 9 opposition to ! =m]1 :i* he _h be5 j be=e m5tion+1 9 8 "q to ,eumoeus4 ,did pirates wait1 till all ?y fri5ds 7 gone1 ,to cat* !e s+ly ) ?y flocks alone2 ,say1 did !y =ce !e f ?y fleecy c>e1 ,& f ?y fields transport & sell !e "h8#jaa ,b no picture1 p]haps1 ( ?is mode ( depr$ation1 is equal to t1 ) :i*#jab ,x5ophon pres5ts u 9 ! simple n>rative ( a dance4 ,he in=ms u t ! ,grecian army _h conclud$ a peace ) ! ,paphlagonians1 & t !y ent]ta9$ _! embassadors 9 consequ5ce ) a banquet1 & ! exhibition ( v>i\s feats ( activity4 ,:5 ! ,?racians1 says he1 _h p]=m$ ! p>ts allott$ !m 9 ?is ent]ta9m5t1 "s ,a5ianian & ,magnetian soldi]s rose up1 &1 acc\tr$ 9 _! prop] arms1 exhibit$ t dance1 :i* is call$ ,k>poea4 ,! figure ( x is ?us4 ,"o ( !m1 9 ! "* ( an husb&man1 is se5 to till 8 l&1 & is obs]v$1 z he drives 8 pl\gh1 to look frequ5tly beh9d him1 z if appreh5sive ( dang]4 ,ano!r imm$iately appe>s 9 fight1 9 ! "* ( a robb]4 ,! husb&man1 hav+ se5 him previ\sly advanc+1 snat*es up 8 arms4 ,a battle ensues be=e ! pl\gh4 ,! :ole ( ?is p]=mance is kept 9 p]fect "t ) ! musick ( ! flute4 ,at l5g? ! robb]1 hav+ got ! bett] ( ! husb&man1 b9ds him1 & drives him (f ) 8 team4 ,sometimes x happ5s t ! husb&man subdues ! robb]3 9 ?is case ! sc5e is only rev]s$1 z ! latt] is !n b\nd & driv51 (f by ! =m]4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to obs]ve1 t ?is dance 0 a repres5tation ( ! g5]al mann]s ( m51 9 ! m unciviliz$ ages ( ! _w2 %ew+ t ! husb&man & %eph]d liv$ 9 cont9ual al>m1 & t !re 7 p 9 ^? ages1 :o d]iv$ _! pleasures & =tunes f kidnapp+ & enslav+ _! fell[ creatures4 ,we may n[ take notice ( a circum/ance 9 ?is n>ration1 :i* w lead u to a review ( our fir/ ass]tion on ?is po9t1 t ! hon\rable light1 9 :i* piracy 0 consid]$ 9 ! times ( b>b>ism1 contribut$ n a little to ! slav]y ( ! human species4 ,! robb] is repres5t$ "h z frequ5tly defeat$ 9 8 attempts1 & z r$uc$ to t deplorable situation1 to :i* he 0 endeav\r+ to br+ ano!r4 ,?is %ews ! frequ5t difficulty & dang] ( 8 und]tak+s3 p w\ld n tamely resign _! lives or lib]ties1 )\t a /ruggle4 ,!y 7 sometimes prep>$2 7 sup]ior (t51 9 _m po9ts ( view1 to ^! invad]s ( _! lib]ty2 !re 7 an hundr$ accid5tal circum/ances frequ5tly 9 _! fav\r4 ,^! adv5tures !re=e requir$ all ! skill1 /r5g?1 agility1 val\r1 & e ?+1 9 %ort1 t may be suppos$ to con/itute h]oism1 to conduct !m ) success4 ,^u ?is idea piratical exp$itions fir/ came into repute1 & _! frequ5cy aft]w>ds1 toge!r ) ! dang] & =titude1 t 7 insep>ably connect$ ) !m1 br\ght !m into su* cr$it among ! b>b>\s nations ( antiquity1 t ( all human pr(essions1 piracy 0 ! mo/ hon\rable4#jac ,! notions !n1 :i* 7 ?us annex$ to piratical exp$itions1 did n fail to produce ^? consequ5ces1 :i* we h m5tion$ be=e4 ,!y af=d$ an opportunity to ! views ( av>ice & ambition1 to conceal !mselves "u ! mask ( virtue4 ,!y excit$ a _s ( ent]prize1 ( all o!rs ! mo/ irresi/ible1 z x subsi/$ on ! /ronge/ pr9ciples ( action1 emolum5t & hon\r4 ,?us c\ld ! vile/ ( passions be gratifi$ ) impunity4 ,p 7 robb$1 /ol51 murd]$1 "u ! pret5d$ idea t ^! 7 reputable adv5tures3 e enormity 9 %ort 0 committ$1 & dress$ up 9 ! habilim5ts ( hon\r4 ,b z ! notions ( m5 9 ! less b>b>\s ages1 :i* foll[$1 became m correct$ & ref9$1 ! practice ( piracy began gradually to disappe>4 ,x _h hi!rto be5 support$ on ! gr& columns ( emolum5t & hon\r4 ,:5 ! latt] !re=e 0 remov$1 x receiv$ a consid]able %ock2 b1 alas6 x _h /ill a pill> = its support6 av>ice1 :i* exi/s 9 all /ates1 & :i* is ready to turn e inv5tion to its own ends1 /ra9$ h>d = its pres]vation4 ,x _h be5 produc$ 9 ! ages ( b>b>ism2 x _h be5 po9t$ out 9 ^? ages z lucrative1 & "u ?is notion x 0 cont9u$4 ,p 7 /ill /ol52 _m 7 int]cept$ 7"s1 9 _! pursuits ( pleasure1 o!rs1 9 ! dis*>ge ( _! sev]al occupations7 by _! own c\ntrym52 :o previ\sly laid 9 wait = !m1 & sold !m aft]w>ds = slaves2 :ile o!rs seiz$ by m]*ants1 :o trad$ on ! diff]5t coa/s1 7 torn f _! fri5ds & connections1 & c>ri$ into slav]y4 ,! m]*ants ( ,!ssaly1 if we c cr$it ,ari/ophanes#jad :o nev] sp>$ ! vices ( ! times1 7 p>ticul>ly infam\s = ! latt] k9d ( depr$ation2 ! ,a!nians 7 notori\s = ! =m]2 = !y _h practis$ ^! robb]ies to su* an al>m+ degree ( dang] to individuals1 t x 0 f\nd necess>y to enact a law#jae1 :i* puni%$ kidnapp]s ) dea?4--,b ?is is suffici5t = our pres5t purpose2 x w enable u to ass]t1 t !re 7 two classes ( involunt>y slaves among ! anci5ts1 ( ^? :o 7 tak5 publickly 9 a /ate ( w>1 & ( ^? :o 7 privately /ol5 9 a /ate ( innoc5ce & peace4 ,we may n[ add1 t ! *ildr5 & desc5d5ts ( ^! compos$ a ?ird4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,footnotes ,footnote #jji3 ,?ucydides4 ,l4 #a4 sub initio4 ,footnote #jaj3 ,idem4--! /ronge/1 says he1 engag+ 9 ^! adv5tures1 ,k]d\s t\ sphet]\ auton eneka kai tois a/h5esi trophes4 ,footnote #jaa3 ,hom]4 ,odyss4 ,l4 #ae4 #che4 ,footnote #jab3 ,x5oph4 ,kyr\ ,anab4 ,l4 #f4 sub initio4 ,footnote #jac3 ouk e*ontos po ,ais*yn5 t\t\ t\ erg\ ph]ontos de ti kai ,doxes mallon4 ,?ucydides1 ,l4 #a4 sub initio4 kai euklees t\to oi ,kilikes enomizon4 ,sextus ,empiricus4 ouk adoxon all'endoxon t\to4 ,s*ol4 c4 c4 ,footnote #jad3 ,ari/oph4 ,plut4 ,act4 #b4 ,sc5e #e4 ,footnote #jae3 ,z5oph4 ,apomnemon1 ,l4 #a4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*ap4 ,,iv4 ,x w be prop] to say some?+ "h conc]n+ ! situation ( ! un=tunate m51 :o 7 ?us doom$ to a life ( s]vitude4 ,to enum]ate _! v>i\s employm5ts1 & to describe ! mis]ies :i* !y endur$ 9 consequ5ce1 ei!r f ! sev]ity1 or ! long & con/ant application ( _! lab\r1 w\ld exce$ ! b\nds we h propos$ to ! pres5t "w4 ,we %all conf9e ourselves to _! p]sonal treatm5t1 z dep5d+ on ! p[] ( _! ma/]s1 & ! protection ( ! law4 ,_! treatm5t1 if consid]$ 9 ?is light1 w equally excite our pity & abhorr5ce4 ,!y 7 beat51 />v$1 tortur$1 murd]$ at discretion3 !y 7 dead 9 a civil s5se2 !y _h nei!r "n nor tribe2 7 incapable ( a judicial process2 7 9 %ort )\t appeal4 ,poor un=tunate m56 to be depriv$ ( all possible protection6 to suff] ! bitt]e/ ( injuries )\t ! possibility ( r$ress6 to be condemn$ unhe>d6 to be murd]$ ) impunity6 to be consid]$ z dead 9 t /ate1 ! v memb]s ( :i* !y 7 support+ by _! lab\rs6 ,yet su* 0 _! g5]al situation3 !re 7 two places h[ev]1 :]e _! condition1 if consid]$ 9 ?is po9t ( view1 0 m tol]able4 ,! gyptian slave1 ?\gh p]haps ( all o!rs ! greate/ drudge1 yet if he _h "t to rea* ! temple#jaf ( ,h]cules1 f\nd a c]ta9 retreat f ! p]secution ( 8 ma/]2 & he receiv$ additional com=t f ! reflection1 t 8 life1 :e!r he c\ld rea* x or n1 c\ld n be tak5 ) impunity4 ,wise & salut>y law6#jag h[ (t5 mu/ x h curb$ ! insol5ce ( p[]1 & /opp$ ^? passions 9 _! progress1 :i* _h o!rwise be5 de/ructive to ! slave6 ,b ?\gh ! p]sons ( slaves 7 ?us greatly secur$ 9 gypt1 yet !re 0 no place s fav\rable to !m z ,a!ns4 ,!y 7 all[$ a great] lib]ty ( spee*2#jah !y _h _! convivial meet+s1 _! am\rs1 _! h\rs ( relaxation1 pleasantry1 & mir?2 !y 7 treat$1 9 %ort1 ) s mu* humanity 9 g5]al1 z to occasion t obs]vation ( ,demo/h5es1 9 8 second ,philippick1 t ! condition ( a slave1 at ,a!ns1 0 pref]able to t ( a free citiz51 9 _m o!r c\ntries4 ,b if any exception happ5$ 7:i* 0 sometimes ! case7 f ! g5]al treatm5t describ$2 if p]secution took ! place ( l5ity1 & made ! fangs ( s]vitude m po9t$ ?an be=e1#jai !y _h !n _! temple1 l ! gyptian1 = refuge2 :]e ! legislature 0 s att5tive1 z to exam9e _! compla9ts1 & to ord] !m1 if !y 7 f\nd$ 9 ju/ice1 to be sold to ano!r ma/]4 ,nor 0 ?is all3 !y _h a privilege inf9itely great] ?an ! :ole ( ^!4 ,!y 7 all[$ an opportunity ( work+ = !mselves1 & if _! dilig5ce _h procur$ !m a sum equival5t ) _! ransom1 !y c\ld imm$iately1 on pay+ x d[n1#jbj dem& _! fre$om = ev]4 ,?is law 01 ( all o!rs1 ! mo/ important2 z ! prospect ( lib]ty1 :i* x af=d$1 mu/ h be5 a cont9ual s\rce ( ! mo/ pleas+ reflections1 & h greatly sweet5$ ! draught1 ev5 ( ! mo/ bitt] slav]y4 ,?us !n1 to ! et]nal hon\r ( gypt & ,a!ns1 !y 7 ! only places t we c f9d1 :]e slaves 7 consid]$ ) any humanity at all4 ,! re/ ( ! _w seem$ to vie ) ea* o!r1 9 ! debasem5t & oppression ( ^! un=tunate p4 ,!y us$ !m ) z mu* sev]ity z !y *ose2 !y measur$ _! treatm5t only by _! own passion & caprice2 &1 by leav+ !m on e occasion1 )\t ! possibility ( an appeal1 !y r5d]$ _! situation ! mo/ melan*oly & intol]able1 t c possibly be conceiv$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,footnotes ,footnote #jaf3 ,h]odotus4 ,l4 #b4 #aac4 ,footnote #jag3 ,apud gyptios1 si quis s]vum sponte occid]at1 eum morte damn>i que ac si lib]um occidisset1 jubebant leges c4 ,diodorus ,sic4 ,l4 #a4 ,footnote #jah3 ,atq id ne vos mirem9i1 ,hom9es s]vulos ,pot>e1 am>e1 atq ad co5am condic]e4 ,licet hoc ,a!nis4 ,plautus4 ,/i*o4 ,footnote #jai3 ,be me kratison es9 eis to ,!seion ,drame91 ekei d'eos an euromb\ pras9 m5e9 ,ari/oph4 ,hor4 ,kaka toiade pask\s9 oude pras9 ,ait\s94 ,eupolis4 poleis4 ,footnote #jbj3 ,to ?is privilege ,plautus alludes 9 8 ,cas9a1 :]e he introduces a slave1 speak+ 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,quid tu me v] lib]tate t]ritas8 ,quod si tu nolis1 siliusque etiam tuus ,vobis invitis1 atq amborum +ratiis1 ,una libella lib] possum fi]i4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*ap4 ,v4 ,z we h m5tion$ ! b>b>\s & inhuman treatm5t t g5]ally fell to ! lot ( slaves1 x may n be amiss to inquire into ! v>i\s circum/ances by :i* x 0 produc$4 ,! fir/ circum/ance1 f :5ce x orig9at$1 0 ! comm]ce3 = if m5 c\ld be consid]$ z possessions2 if1 l cattle1 !y c\ld be b\ght & sold1 x w n be difficult to suppose1 t !y c\ld be held 9 ! same consid]ation1 or treat$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,! comm]ce !re=e1 :i* 0 begun 9 ! primitive ages ( ! _w1 by class+ !m ) ! brutal species1 & by habituat+ ! m9d to consid] ! t]ms ( brute & slave z synonim\s1 soon caus$ !m to be view$ 9 a l[ & despicable light1 & z greatly inf]i\r to ! human species4 ,h5ce proce$$ t treatm5t1 :i* might n unreasonably be suppos$ to arise f s l[ an e/imation4 ,!y 7 tam$1 l bea/s1 by ! /+s ( hung] & ! la%1 & _! education 0 direct$ to ! same end1 to make !m commodi\s in/rum5ts ( lab\r = _! possessors4 ,?is treatm5t1 :i* ?us proce$$ 9 ! ages ( b>b>ism1 f ! l[ e/imation1 9 :i* slaves 7 un=tunately held f ! circum/ances ( ! comm]ce1 did n fail ( produc+1 9 ! same in/ant1 its own effect4 ,x depress$ _! m9ds2 x numb$ _! faculties2 &1 by prev5t+ ^? sp>ks ( g5ius f blaz+ =?1 :i* _h o!rwise be5 conspicu\s2 x gave !m ! appe>ance ( be+ endu$ ) inf]i\r capacities ?an ! re/ ( mank9d4 ,?is effect ( ! treatm5t _h made s consid]able a progress1 z to h be5 a matt] ( obs]vation 9 ! days ( ,hom]4 ,= half 8 s5ses ,jove conveys away1 ,:om once he dooms to see ! s]vile day4#jba ,?us !n did ! comm]ce1 by class+ !m orig9ally ) brutes1 & ! consequ5t treatm5t1 by cramp+ _! abilities1 & h9d]+ !m f becom+ conspicu\s1 give to ^! un=tunate p1 at a v e>ly p]iod1 ! mo/ unfav\rable appe>ance4 ,! ris+ g5]ations1 :o receiv$ bo? ! comm]ce & treatm5t f _! ance/ors1 & :o _h always be5 accu/om$ to behold _! effects1 did n consid] ^! effects z incid5tal3 !y judg$ only f :at !y saw2 !y believ$ ! appe>ances to be real2 & h5ce arose ! comb9$ pr9ciple1 t slaves 7 an inf]i\r ord] ( m51 & p]fectly void ( und]/&+4 ,^u ?is pr9ciple x 01 t ! =m] treatm5t began to be fully confirm$ & e/abli%$2 & z ?is pr9ciple 0 h&$ d[n & dissem9at$1 s x became1 9 succe$+ ages1 an excuse = any sev]ity1 t despotism might sugge/4 ,we may obs]ve "h1 t z all nations _h ?is excuse 9 common1 z aris+ f ! circum/ances above-m5tion$1 s ! ,greeks fir/1 & ! ,romans aft]w>ds1 _h an additional excuse1 z aris+ f _! own vanity4 ,! =m] hav+ conqu]$ ,troy1 & hav+ unit$ !mselves "u "o common "n & int]e/1 began1 f t p]iod1 to di/+ui% ! re/ ( ! _w by ! title ( b>b>ians2 inf]r+ by su* an appellation1 t !y 7 m5 :o 7 only noble 9 _! own c\ntry2 t !y _h no "r1 f _! nature1 to au?ority or comm&2 t1 on ! contr>y1 s l[ 7 _! capacities1 !y 7 de/9$ by nature to obey1 & to live 9 a /ate ( p]petual drudg]y & subjugation4#jbb ,con=mable ) ?is op9ion 0 ! treatm5t1 :i* 0 accord+ly prescrib$ to a b>b>ian4 ,! philosoph] ,ari/otle himself1 9 ! advice :i* he gave to 8 pupil ,alex&]1 be=e he w5t ^u 8 ,asiatick exp$ition1 intreat$ him to use ! ,greeks1 z x became a g5]al1 b ! b>b>ians1 z x became a ma/]2 consid]1 says he1 ! =m] z fri5ds & dome/icks2 b ! latt]1 z brutes & plants2#jbc inf]r+ t ! ,greeks1 f ! sup]iority ( _! capacities1 _h a natural "r to dom9ion1 & t ! re/ ( ! _w1 f ! inf]iority ( _! own1 7 to be consid]$ & treat$ z ! irrational "p ( ! creation4 ,n[1 if we consid] t ?is 0 ! treatm5t1 :i* !y judg$ to be absolutely prop] = p ( ?is description1 & t _! slaves 7 uni=mly ^?1 :om !y t]m$ b>b>ians2 be+ g5]ally su*1 z 7 ei!r kidnapp$ f ,b>b>y1 or pur*as$ f ! b>b>ian conqu]ors 9 _! w>s ) "o ano!r2 we %all imm$iately see1 ) :at an additional excuse _! own vanity _h furni%$ !m = ! sallies ( caprice & passion4 ,to refute ^! cruel s5tim5ts ( ! anci5ts1 & to %ew t _! slaves 7 by no means an inf]i\r ord] ( be+s ?an !mselves1 may p]haps be consid]$ z an unnecess>y task2 p>ticul>ly1 z hav+ %ewn1 t ! causes ( ?is inf]i\r appe>ance 7 incid5tal1 aris+1 on ! "o h&1 f ! comb9$ effects ( ! treatm5t & comm]ce1 &1 on ! o!r1 f vanity & pride1 we seem to h refut$ !m already4 ,b we tru/ t "s few obs]vations1 9 v9dication ( ^! un=tunate p1 w nei!r be unacceptable nor improp]4 ,h[ !n %all we beg9 ! refutation8 ,%all we say ) ,s5eca1 :o saw _m ( ! slaves 9 "q1 ,:at is a knight1 or a lib]t9e1 or a slave8 ,are !y n names1 assum$ ei!r f injury or ambition8 ,or1 %all we say ) him on ano!r occasion1 ,let u consid] t he1 :om we call our slave1 is born 9 ! same mann] z ourselves2 t he enjoys ! same sky1 ) all its heav5ly lum9>ies2 t he brea!s1 t he lives1 9 ! same mann] z ourselves1 &1 9 ! same mann]1 t he expires4 ,^! consid]ations1 we confess1 w\ld furni% u ) a pl5tiful s\rce ( argum5ts 9 ! case be=e u2 b we decl9e _! assi/ance4 ,h[ !n %all we beg98 ,%all we enum]ate ! _m in/ances ( fidelity1 pati5ce1 or val\r1 t are record$ ( ! s]vile race8 ,%all we enum]ate ! _m important s]vices1 t !y r5d]$ bo? to ! individuals & ! community1 "u :om !y liv$8 ,"h w\ld be a second s\rce1 f :5ce we c\ld collect suffici5t mat]ials to %ew1 t !re 0 no inf]iority 9 _! nature4 ,b we decl9e to use !m4 ,we %all cont5t ourselves ) "s few in/ances1 t relate to ! g5ius only3 we %all m5tion ! names ( ^? ( a s]vile condition1 ^: writ+s1 hav+ escap$ ! wreck ( "t1 & hav+ be5 h&$ d[n ev5 to ! pres5t age1 are n[ to be se51 z s _m liv+ monum5ts1 t nei!r ! ,grecian1 nor ,roman g5ius1 0 sup]i\r to _! own4 ,! fir/1 :om we %all m5tion "h1 is ! fam\s sop4 ,he 0 a ,phrygian by bir?1 & liv$ 9 ! "t ( ,croesus1 k+ ( ,lydia1 to :om he d$icat$ 8 fables4 ,! writ+s ( ?is great man1 9 :atev] light we consid] !m1 w be equally entitl$ to our admiration4 ,b we are well aw>e1 t ! v m5tion ( him z a writ] ( fables1 may depreciate him 9 ! eyes ( "s4 ,to su* we %all propose a "q1 ,:e!r ?is species ( writ+ has n be5 m b5eficial to mank9d2 or :e!r x has n produc$ m important ev5ts1 ?an any o!r8 ,) respect to ! fir/ consid]ation1 x is evid5t t ^! fables1 z consi/+ ( pla9 & simple transactions1 are p>ticul>ly easy to be und]/ood2 z convey$ 9 images1 !y please & s$uce ! m9d2 &1 z conta9+ a moral1 easily d$ucible on ! side ( virtue2 t !y af=d1 at ! same "t1 ! mo/ weighty precepts ( philosophy4 ,"h !n are ! two gr& po9ts ( composition1 a mann] ( expression to be appreh5d$ by ! l[e/ capacities1 &1 7:at is consid]$ z a victory 9 ! art7 an happy conjunction ( utility & pleasure4#jbd ,h5ce ,qu9tilian recomm5ds !m1 z s+ul>ly useful1 & z admirably adapt$1 to ! pu]ile age2 z a j gradation betwe5 ! language ( ! nurse & ! preceptor1 & z furni%+ maxims ( prud5ce & virtue1 at a "t :5 ! speculative pr9ciples ( philosophy are too difficult to be und]/ood4 ,h5ce also hav+ be5 introduc$ by mo/ civiliz$ nations into _! sy/em ( education1 !y h produc$ t g5]al b5efit1 to :i* we at fir/ allud$4 ,nor h !y be5 ( less consequ5ce 9 maturity2 b p>ticul>ly to ^? ( inf]i\r capacities1 or little erudition1 :om !y h frequ5tly s]v$ z a guide to conduct !m 9 life1 & z a m$ium1 ?r\gh :i* an explanation might be made1 on _m & important occasions4 ,) respect to ! latt] consid]ation1 :i* is easily d$ucible f h5ce1 we %all only appeal to ! wond]ful effect1 :i* ! fable1 pron\nc$ by ,demo/h5es aga9/ ,philip ( ,mac$on1 produc$ among 8 he>]s2 or to ! fable1 :i* 0 spok5 by ,m55ius ,agrippa to ! ,roman populace2 by :i* an illit]ate multitude 7 br\ght back to _! duty z citiz5s1 :5 no o!r species ( oratory c\ld prevail4 ,to ^! truly +5i\s1 & philosophical works ( sop1 we %all add ^? ( 8 imitator ,pho$rus1 :i* 9 purity & elegance ( /yle1 are inf]i\r to none4 ,we %all add also ! ,lyrick ,poetry ( ,alcman1 :i* is no s]vile composition2 ! sublime ,morals ( ,epictetus1 & ! incomp>able com$ies ( ,t]5ce4 ,?us !n does x appe>1 t ! excuse :i* 0 uni=mly />t$ 9 def5ce ( ! treatm5t ( slaves1 _h no f\ndation :atev] ei!r 9 tru? or ju/ice4 ,! in/ances t we h m5tion$ above1 are suffici5t to %ew1 t !re 0 no inf]iority1 ei!r 9 _! nature1 or _! und]/&+s3 & at ! same "t t !y refute ! pr9ciples ( ! anci5ts1 !y af=d a valuable lesson to ^?1 :o h be5 accu/om$ to =m too precipitate a judgm5t on ! abilities ( m53 =1 alas6 h[ (t5 has secret angui% depress$ ! spirits ( ^?1 :om !y h frequ5tly c5sur$1 f _! gloomy & deject$ appe>ance6 & h[ (t51 on ! o!r h&1 has _! judgm5t result$ f _! own vanity & pride6 99 99 99 99 99 ,,footnotes ,footnote #jba3 ,hom]4 ,odys4 ,p4 #cbb4 ,9 ! late/ edition ( ,hom]1 ! ^w1 :i* we h translat$ s5ses1 is ,aretae1 or virtue1 b ! old & prop] read+ is ,noos1 z appe>s f ,plato de ,legibus1 *4 #f1 :]e he quotes x on a simil> occasion4 ,footnote #jbb3 ,ari/otle4 ,polit4 ,*4 #b4 et inseq4 ,footnote #jbc3 ,elles9 hegemonikos1 tois de ,b>b>ois despotikos kra/h> kai ton m5 os philon kai oikeion epimelei/hai1 tois de os zoois he phytois prosph]e/hai4 ,plut>*4 de ,=tun4 ,alex&4 ,orat4 #a4 ,footnote #jbd3 ,omne tulit punctum1 qui miscuit utile dulci4 ,horace4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*ap4 ,,vi4 ,we proce$ n[ to ! consid]ation ( ! comm]ce3 9 consequ5ce ( :i*1 p1 endu$ ) ! same feel+s & faculties z ourselves1 7 made subject to ! laws & limitations ( possession4 ,?is comm]ce ( ! human species 0 ( a v e>ly date4 ,x 0 f\nd$ on ! idea t m5 7 prop]ty2 &1 z ?is idea 0 coeval ) ! fir/ ord] ( involunt>y slaves1 x mu/ h aris51 7if ! date1 :i* we previ\sly affix$ to t ord]1 be "r7 9 ! fir/ practices ( b>t]4 ,! ,/ory ( ,joseph1 z record$ 9 ! sacr$ writ+s1 :om 8 bro!rs sold f an envi\s suspicion ( 8 future greatness1 is an ample te/imony ( ! tru? ( ?is conjecture4 ,x %ews t !re 7 m51 ev5 at t e>ly p]iod1 :o travell$ up & d[n z m]*ants1 collect+ n only balm1 myrrh1 spic]y1 & o!r w>es1 b ! human species also1 = ! purposes ( traffick4 ,! in/ant det]m9ation ( ! bro!rs1 on ! fir/ sight ( ! m]*ants1 to sell him1 & ! imm$iate acquiesc5ce ( ^!1 :o pur*as$ him = a =eign m>ket1 prove t ?is comm]ce _h be5 !n e/abli%$1 n only 9 t "p ( ! c\ntry1 :]e ?is transaction happ5$1 b 9 t also1 :i!r ! m]*ants 7 !n travell+ ) _! camels1 namely1 gypt3 & !y %ew f>!r1 t1 z all cu/oms require "t = _! e/abli%m5t1 s x mu/ h exi/$ 9 ! ages1 previ\s to t ( ,ph>aoh2 t is1 9 ^? ages1 9 :i* we fix$ ! fir/ date ( involunt>y s]vitude4 ,?is comm]ce !n1 z appe>s by ! pres5t in/ance1 exi/$ 9 ! e>lie/ practices ( b>t]1 & _h desc5d$ to ! gyptians1 ?r\gh z long a p]iod ( "t1 z 0 suffici5t to h made x1 9 ! times allud$ to1 an e/abli%$ cu/om4 ,?us 0 gypt1 9 ^? days1 ! place ( ! greate/ resort2 ! gr& emporium ( trade1 to :i* p 7 driv+ _! m]*&ize1 z to a c5tre2 & ?us did x af=d1 among o!r opportunities ( traffick1 ! fir/ m>ket t is record$1 = ! sale ( ! human species4 ,?is m>ket1 :i* 0 ?us suppli$ by ! con/ant conc\rse ( m]*ants1 :o resort$ to x f v>i\s p>ts1 c\ld n fail1 by ^! means1 to h be5 consid]able4 ,x receiv$1 aft]w>ds1 an additional supply f ^? piracies1 :i* we m5tion$ to h exi/$ 9 ! unciviliz$ ages ( ! _w1 & :i*1 9 fact1 x greatly promot$ & enc\rag$2 & x became1 f ^! unit$ circum/ances1 s fam\s1 z to h be5 kn[n1 )9 a few c5turies f ! "t ( ,ph>aoh1 bo? to ! ,grecian colonies 9 ,asia1 & ! ,grecian isl&s4 ,hom] m5tions ,cyprus & gypt z ! common m>kets = slaves1 ab\t ! times ( ! ,trojan w>4 ,?us ,ant9\s1 (f5d$ ) ,ulysses1 ?reat5s to s5d him to "o ( ^! places1 if he does n in/antly dep>t f 8 table4#jbe ,! same poet also1 9 8 hymn to ,bac*us#jbf1 m5tions !m aga91 b 9 a m unequivocal mann]1 z ! common m>kets = slaves4 ,he takes occasion1 9 t hymn1 to describe ! pirates me?od ( sc\r+ ! coa/1 f ! circum/ance ( _! hav+ kidnapp$ ,bac*us1 z a noble y\?1 = :om !y expect$ an imm5se ransom4 ,! capta9 ( ! vessel1 hav+ dragg$ him on bo>d1 is repres5t$ z address+ himself ?us1 to ! /e]sman3 ,haul 9 ! tackle1 hoi/ al(t ! sail1 ,!n take y\r helm1 & wat* ! d\btful gale6 ,to m9d ! captive prey1 be our's ! c>e1 ,:ile y to gypt or to ,cyprus /e]2 ,!re %all he g1 unless 8 fri5ds he'll tell1 ,^: ransom-gifts w pay u full z well4 ,x may n p]haps be consid]$ z a digression1 to m5tion 9 few words1 by itself1 ! wond]ful concordance ( ! writ+s ( ,moses & ,hom] ) ! case be=e u3 n t ! =m]1 f _! div9e au?ority1 want additional support1 b because x _c be unpleasant to see !m confirm$ by a p]son1 :o1 be+ "o ( ! e>lie/ writ]s1 & liv+ 9 a v remote age1 0 ! fir/ t c\ld af=d u any additional pro( ( ! circum/ances above-m5tion$4 gypt is repres5t$1 9 ! fir/ book ( ! sacr$ writ+s1 z a m>ket = slaves1 &1 9 ! #jbgsecond1 z fam\s = ! sev]ity ( its s]vitude4 #jbh,! same l9e1 :i* we h already cit$ f ,hom]1 conveys to u ! same ideas4 ,x po9ts x out z a m>ket = ! human species1 & by ! epi!t ( bitt] gypt1 7#jbi:i* epi!t is peculi>ly annex$ to x on ?is occasion7 alludes 9 ! /ronge/ mann] to t sev]ity & rig\r1 ( :i* ! sacr$ hi/orian transmitt$ u ! fir/ acc\nt4 ,b1 to return4 ,?\gh gypt 0 ! fir/ m>ket record$ = ?is species ( traffick2 & ?\gh gypt1 & ,cyprus aft]w>ds1 7 p>ticul>ly di/+ui%$ = x1 9 ! times ( ! ,trojan w>2 yet !y 7 n ! only places1 ev5 at t p]iod1 :]e m5 7 b\ght & sold4 ,! ,odyssey ( ,hom] %ews t x 0 !n practis$ 9 _m ( ! isl&s ( ! gean sea2 & ! ,iliad1 t x _h tak5 place among ^? ,grecians on ! cont95t ( ,europe1 :o _h emb>k$ f !nce on ! ,trojan exp$ition4 ,?is appe>s p>ticul>ly at ! end ( ! sev5? book4 ,a fleet is describ$ !re1 z hav+ j arriv$ f ,lemnos1 ) a supply ( w9e = ! ,grecian camp4 ,! m]*ants are describ$ also1 z imm$iately expos+ x to sale1 & z receiv+ 9 ex*ange1 among o!r articles ( b>t]1 a numb] ( slaves4 ,x w n[ be suffici5t to obs]ve1 t1 z o!r /ates arose1 & z circum/ances contribut$ to make !m kn[n1 ?is cu/om is discov]$ to h exi/$ among !m2 t x travell$ ov] all ,asia2 t x spread ?r\gh ! ,grecian & ,roman _w2 0 9 use among ! b>b>\s nations1 :i* ov]turn$ ! ,roman empire2 & 0 practis$ !re=e1 at ! same p]iod1 ?r\gh\t all ,europe4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,footnotes ,footnote #jbe3 me ta*a pikr5 ,aigypton kai ,kypron idnai4 ,hom4 ,odyss4 ,l4 #ag4 #ddh4 ,footnote #jbf3 ,l4 #bf4 ,footnote #jbg3 ,exodus4 ,*4 #a4 ,footnote #jbh3 ,vide note #a/4 7,"h %[n z footnote #jbe74 ,footnote #jbi3 ,?is /rikes u ! m =cibly1 z x is /il$ eurreit5 & p]ikallea1 beautiful & well wat]$1 9 all o!r passages :]e x is m5tion$1 b ?is4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*ap4 ,,vii4 ,?is slav]y & comm]ce1 :i* _h cont9u$ = s long a "t1 & :i* 0 ?us practis$ 9 ,europe at s late a p]iod z t1 :i* succe$$ ! gr& revolutions 9 ! we/]n _w1 began1 z ! nor!rn nations 7 settl$ 9 _! conque/s1 to decl9e1 &1 on _! full e/abli%m5t1 7 aboli%$4 ,a diff]5ce ( op9ion has aris5 respect+ ! cause ( _! abolition2 "s hav+ ass]t$1 t !y 7 ! necess>y consequ5ces ( ! feudal sy/em2 :ile o!rs1 sup]i\r bo? 9 numb] & 9 argum5t1 h ma9ta9$ t !y 7 ! natural effects ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! mode ( argum5t1 :i* ! =m] adopt on ?is occasion1 is z foll[s4 ,! multitude ( little /ates1 :i* sprang up f "o great "o at ?is ra1 occasion$ inf9ite bick]+s & matt] = cont5tion4 ,!re 0 n a /ate or seignory1 :i* did n want all ! h&s !y c\ld mu/]1 ei!r to def5d _! own "r1 or to dispute t ( _! neighb\rs4 ,?us e man 0 tak5 into ! s]vice3 :om !y arm$ !y mu/ tru/3 & !re c\ld be no tru/ b 9 free m54 ,?us ! b>ri] betwe5 ! two natures 0 ?r[n d[n1 & slav]y 0 no m he>d (1 9 ! we/4 ,t ?is 0 n ! necess>y consequ5ce ( su* a situation1 is app>5t4 ,! political /ate ( ,greece1 9 its e>ly hi/ory1 0 ! same z t ( ,europe1 :5 divid$1 by ! feudal sy/em1 into an inf9ite numb] ( small & indep5d5t k+doms4 ,!re 0 ! same matt] !re=e = cont5tion1 & ! same call = all ! h&s t c\ld be mu/]$3 ! ,grecians1 9 %ort1 9 h]oick1 7 9 ! same situation 9 ^! respects z ! feudal b>ons 9 ! ,go?ick times4 ,_h ?is !re=e be5 a necess>y effect1 !re _h be5 a cessation ( s]vitude 9 ,greece1 9 ^? ages1 9 :i* we h already %ewn t x exi/$4 ,b ) respect to ,*ri/ianity1 _m & great are ! argum5ts1 t x occasion$ s desirable an ev5t4 ,x taught1 t all m5 7 orig9ally equal2 t ! ,deity 0 no respect] ( p]sons1 & t1 z all m5 7 to give an acc\nt ( _! actions h]eaft]1 x 0 necess>y t !y %\ld be free4 ,^! doctr9es c\ld n fail ( hav+ _! prop] influ5ce on ^?1 :o fir/ embrac$ ,*ri/ianity1 f a conviction ( its tru?2 & on ^? ( _! desc5d5ts aft]w>ds1 :o1 by engag+ 9 ! crusades1 & haz>d+ _! lives & =tunes !re1 %ew$1 at lea/1 an atta*m5t to t religion4 ,we f9d !m accord+ly actuat$ by ^! pr9ciples3 we h a positive pro(1 t ! feudal sy/em _h no %>e 9 ! hon\r ( suppress+ slav]y1 b t ,*ri/ianity 0 ! only cause2 = ! greate/ "p ( ! *>t]s :i* 7 grant$ = ! fre$om ( slaves 9 ^? times 7_m ( :i* are /ill extant7 7 grant$1 pro amore ,dei1 pro m]c$e anim4 ,!y 7 f\nd$1 9 %ort1 on religi\s consid]ations1 t !y might procure ! fav\r ( ! ,deity1 :i* !y conceiv$ !mselves to h =feit$1 by ! subjugation ( ^?1 :om !y f\nd to be ! objects ( ! div9e b5evol5ce & att5tion equally ) !mselves4 ,^! consid]ations1 :i* _h ?us _! fir/ orig9 9 ,*ri/ianity1 began to produce _! effects1 z ! diff]5t nations 7 conv]t$2 & procur$ t g5]al lib]ty at la/1 :i*1 at ! close ( ! twelf? c5tury1 0 conspicu\s 9 ! we/ ( ,europe4 ,:at a glori\s & important *ange6 ,^?1 :o w\ld h _h o!rwise no hopes1 b t _! mis]ies w\ld be t]m9at$ by dea?1 7 !n fre$ f _! s]vile condition2 ^?1 :o1 by ! laws ( w>1 w\ld h _h o!rwise an imm$iate prospect ( s]vitude f ! h&s ( _! imp]i\s conqu]ors1 7 !n ex*ang$2 a cu/om1 :i* has happily desc5d$ to ! pres5t day4 ,?us1 a num]\s class ( m51 :o =m]ly _h no political exi/5ce1 & 7 employ$ m]ely z in/rum5ts ( lab\r1 became useful citiz5s1 & contribut$ t[>ds augm5t+ ! =ce or ri*es ( ! society1 :i* adopt$ !m z memb]s2 & ?us did ! great] "p ( ! ,europeans1 by _! conduct on ?is occasion1 ass]t n only lib]ty = !mselves1 b = _! fell[-creatures also4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*ap4 ,,viii4 ,b if m5 !re=e1 at a "t :5 "u ! influ5ce ( religion !y ex]cis$ _! s]i\s ?\ghts1 aboli%$ slav]y1 h[ impi\s mu/ !y appe>1 :o reviv$ x2 & :at argum5ts w n pres5t !mselves aga9/ _! conduct6#jcj ,! ,portuguese1 )9 two c5turies aft] its suppression 9 ,europe1 9 imitation ( ^? piracies1 :i* we h %ewn to h exi/$ 9 ! unciviliz$ ages ( ! _w1 made _! desc5ts on ,africa1 & committ+ depr$ations on ! coa/1#jca fir/ c>ri$ ! wret*$ inhabitants into slav]y4 ,?is practice1 h[ev] trifl+ & p>tial x might appe> at fir/1 soon became s]i\s & g5]al4 ,a melan*oly in/ance ( ! depravity ( human nature2 z x %ews1 t nei!r ! laws nor religion ( any c\ntry1 h[ev] excell5t ! =ms ( ea*1 are suffici5t to b9d ! consci5ces ( "s2 b t !re are always m51 ( e age1 c\ntry1 & p]suasion1 :o are ready to sacrifice _! de>e/ pr9ciples at ! %r9e ( ga94 ,our own ance/ors1 toge!r ) ! ,spani>ds1 ,fr5*1 & mo/ ( ! m>itime p[]s ( ,europe1 soon foll[$ ! piratical example2 & ?us did ! ,europeans1 to _! et]nal infamy1 r5ew a cu/om1 :i* _! own ance/ors _h s lately explod$1 f a consci5ti\sness ( its impiety4 ,! un=tunate ,africans1 t]rifi$ at ^! repeat$ depr$ations1 fl$ 9 confusion f ! coa/1 & s\ght1 9 ! int]i\r p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 a retreat f ! p]secution ( _! invad]s4 ,b1 alas1 !y 7 mis]ably disappo9t$6 ,!re are few retreats1 t c escape ! p5etrat+ eye ( av>ice4 ,! ,europeans /ill pursu$ !m2 !y ent]$ _! riv]s2 sail$ up into ! he>t ( ! c\ntry2 surpriz$ ! un=tunate ,africans aga92 & c>ri$ !m into slav]y4 ,b ?is conduct1 ?\gh successful at fir/1 defeat$ aft]w>ds its own ends4 ,x creat$ a m g5]al al>m1 & po9t$ out1 at ! same in/ant1 ! be/ me?od ( security f future depr$ations4 ,! banks ( ! riv]s 7 accord+ly des]t$1 z ! coa/s _h be5 be=e2 & ?us 7 ! ,*ri/ian invad]s left )\t a prospect ( _! prey4 ,9 ?is situation h[ev]1 exp$i5ts 7 n want+4 ,!y n[ =m$ to !mselves ! resolution ( settl+ 9 ! c\ntry2 ( secur+ !mselves by =tifi$ ports2 ( *ang+ _! sy/em ( =ce into t ( pret5d$ lib]ality2 & ( op5+1 by e species ( brib]y & corruption1 a communication ) ! natives4 ,^! plans 7 put into imm$iate execution4 ,! ,europeans erect$ _! =ts#jcb2 l&$ _! m]*&ize2 & endeav\r$1 by a peaceable deportm5t1 by pres5ts1 & by e appe>ance ( munific5ce1 to s$uce ! atta*m5t & confid5ce ( ! ,africans4 ,^! s*emes _h ! desir$ effect4 ,! gaudy trapp+s ( ,european art1 n only caught _! att5tion1 b excit$ _! curiosity3 !y dazzl$ ! eyes & bewit*$ ! s5ses1 n only ( ^?1 to :om !y 7 giv51 b ( ^?1 to :om !y 7 %ewn4 ,?us foll[$ a spe$y int]c\rse ) ea* o!r1 & a confid5ce1 highly fav\rable to ! views ( av>ice or ambition4 ,x 0 n[ "t = ! ,europeans to embrace ! opportunity1 :i* ?is int]c\rse _h ?us af=d$ !m1 ( c>ry+ _! s*emes into execution1 & ( fix+ !m on su* a p]man5t f\ndation1 z %\ld secure !m future success4 ,!y _h already discov]$1 9 ! diff]5t int]views obta9$1 ! *iefs ( ! ,african tribes4 ,!y paid _! c\rt !re=e to ^!1 & s compleatly intoxicat$ _! s5ses ) ! luxuries1 :i* !y br\ght f home1 z to be able to s$uce !m to _! designs4 ,a treaty ( peace & comm]ce 0 imm$iately conclud$3 x 0 agre$1 t ! k+s1 on _! "p1 %\ld1 f ?is p]iod1 s5t5ce prison]s ( w> & convicts to ,european s]vitude2 & t ! ,europeans %\ld supply !m1 9 return1 ) ! luxuries ( ! nor?4 ,?is agreem5t imm$iately took place2 & ?us begun t comm]ce1 :i* makes s consid]able a figure at ! pres5t day4 ,b happy _h ! ,africans be51 if ^? only1 :o _h be5 ju/ly convict$ ( crimes1 or tak5 9 a j w>1 _h be5 s5t5c$ to ! sev]ities ( s]vitude6 ,h[ _m ( ^? mis]ies1 :i* aft]w>ds att5d$ !m1 _h be5 nev] kn[n2 & h[ w\ld _! hi/ory h sav$ ^? sighs & emotions ( pity1 :i* mu/ n[ ev] accompany its p]usal4 ,! ,europeans1 on ! e/abli%m5t ( _! we/]n colonies1 requir$ a great] numb] ( slaves ?an a /rict adh]5ce to ! treaty c\ld produce4 ,! pr9ces !re=e _h only ! *oice ( rel9qui%+ ! comm]ce1 or ( cons5t+ to become unju/4 ,!y _h long exp]i5c$ ! emolum5ts ( ! trade2 !y _h acquir$ a ta/e = ! luxuries x af=d$2 & !y n[ beheld an opportunity ( gratify+ x1 b 9 a m ext5tive mann]4 ,av>ice !re=e1 :i* 0 too p[]ful = ju/ice on ?is occasion1 imm$iately turn$ ! scale3 n only ^?1 :o 7 fairly convict$ ( (f5ces1 7 n[ s5t5c$ to s]vitude1 b ev5 ^? :o 7 suspect$4 ,new crimes 7 inv5t$1 t new puni%m5ts might succe$4 ,?us 0 e appe>ance soon con/ru$ into reality2 e %ad[ into a sub/ance2 & (t5 virtue into a crime4 ,su* also 0 ! case ) respect to prison]s ( w>4 ,n only ^? 7 n[ deliv]$ into slav]y1 :o 7 tak5 9 a /ate ( publick enmity & inju/ice1 b ^? also1 :o1 consci\s ( no injury :atev]1 7 tak5 9 ! arbitr>y skirmi%es ( ^! v5al sov]eigns4 ,w> 0 n[ made1 n z =m]ly1 f ! motives ( retaliation & def5ce1 b = ! sake ( obta9+ prison]s alone1 & ! advantages result+ f _! sale4 ,if a %ip f ,europe came b into sight1 x 0 n[ consid]$ z a suffici5t motive = a w>1 & z a signal only = an in/antane\s comm5cem5t ( ho/ilities4 ,b if ! ,african k+s c\ld be capable ( su* inju/ice1 :at vices are !re1 t _! consci5ces w\ld re/ra91 or :at enormities1 t we might n expect to be committ$8 ,:5 m5 once cons5t to be unju/1 !y lose1 at ! same in/ant ) _! virtue1 a consid]able portion ( t s5se ( %ame1 :i*1 till !n1 _h be5 f\nd a successful protector aga9/ ! sallies ( vice4 ,f t awful p]iod1 almo/ e expectation is =lorn3 ! he>t is left ungu>d$3 its great protector is no m3 ! vices !re=e1 :i* s long encompass$ x 9 va91 obta9 an easy victory3 9 cr\ds !y p\r into ! def5celess av5ues1 & take possession ( ! s\l3 !re is no?+ n[ too vile = !m to m$itate1 too impi\s to p]=m4 ,su* 0 ! situation ( ! despotick sov]eigns ( ,africa4 ,!y _h once v5tur$ to pass ! b\nds ( virtue1 & !y soon proce$$ to enormity4 ,?is 0 p>ticul>ly conspicu\s 9 t g5]al conduct1 :i* !y uni=mly obs]v$1 aft] any unsuccessful conflict4 ,influ5c$ only by ! v5al motives ( ,european traffick1 !y fir/ made w> ^u ! neighb\r+ tribes1 contr>y to e pr9ciple ( ju/ice2 & if1 by ! flight ( ! enemy1 or by o!r cont+5cies1 !y 7 disappo9t$ ( _! prey1 !y made no hesitation ( imm$iately turn+ _! arms aga9/ _! own subjects4 ,! fir/ villages !y came to1 7 always m>k$ on ?is occasion1 z ! fir/ objects ( _! av>ice4 ,!y 7 imm$iately surr\nd$1 7 aft]w>ds set on fire1 & ! wret*$ inhabitants seiz$1 z !y 7 escap+ f ! flames4 ,^!1 consi/+ ( :ole families1 fa!rs1 bro!rs1 husb&s1 wives1 & *ildr51 7 in/antly driv5 9 *a9s to ! m]*ants1 & consign$ to slav]y4 ,to ^! calamities1 :i* ?us arose f ! tyranny ( ! k+s1 we may n[ subjo9 ^?1 :i* arose f ! av>ice ( private p]sons4 ,_m 7 kidnapp$ by _! own c\ntrym51 :o1 enc\rag$ by ! m]*ants ( ,europe1 previ\sly lay 9 wait = !m1 & sold !m aft]w>ds = slaves2 :ile ! seam5 ( ! diff]5t %ips1 by e possible artifice1 entic$ o!rs on bo>d1 & transport$ !m to ! regions ( s]vitude4 ,z ^! practices are 9 full =ce at ! pres5t day1 x appe>s t !re are f\r ord]s ( involunt>y slaves on ! ,african cont95t2 ( #jcc;convicts2 ( prison]s ( w>2 ( ^?1 :o are publickly seiz$ by virtue ( ! au?ority ( _! pr9ce2 & ( ^?1 :o are privately kidnapp$ by individuals4 ,x rema9s only to obs]ve on ?is head1 t 9 ! sale & pur*ase ( ^! ! ,african comm]ce or ,slave ,trade consi/s2 t !y are deliv]$ to ! m]*ants ( ,europe 9 ex*ange = _! v>i\s commodities2 t ^! transport !m to _! colonies 9 ! we/1 :]e _! slav]y takes place2 & t a fif? ord] arises !re1 compos$ ( all su* z are born to ! native ,africans1 aft] _! transportation & slav]y h comm5c$4 ,hav+ ?us expla9$ z mu* ( ! hi/ory ( mod]n s]vitude1 z is suffici5t = ! prosecution ( our design1 we %\ld h clos$ our acc\nt "h1 b t a "w1 j publi%$1 has furni%$ u ) a s+ul> anecdote ( ! coloni/s ( a neighb\r+ nation1 :i* we _c b relate4 ,! le>n$ #jcd;au?or1 hav+ describ$ ! me?od :i* ! ,dut* coloni/s at ! ,cape make use ( to take ! ,hott5tots & enslave !m1 takes occasion1 9 _m subsequ5t p>ts ( ! "w1 to m5tion ! dreadful effects ( ! practice ( slav]y2 :i*1 z he ju/ly rem>ks1 leads to all mann] ( misdemean\rs & wick$ness4 ,pregnant wom51 says he1 & *ildr5 9 _! t5d]e/ ye>s1 7 n at ?is "t1 nei!r inde$ are !y ev]1 exempt f ! effects ( ! hatr$ & _s ( v5geance con/antly h>b\r$ by ! coloni/s1 ) respect to ! #jce;,bo%ies-man nation2 except+ su* inde$ z are m>k$ out to be c>ri$ away into bondage4 ,does a coloni/ at any "t get sight ( a ,bo%ies-man1 he takes fire imm$iately1 & spirits up 8 horse & dogs1 9 ord] to hunt him ) m ard\r & fury ?an he w\ld a wolf1 or any o!r wild bea/8 ,on an op5 pla91 a few coloni/s on horseback are always sure to get ! bett] ( ! greate/ numb] ( ,bo%ies-m5 t c be br\ght toge!r2 z ! =m] always keep at ! di/ance ( ab\t an hundr$1 or an hundr$ & fifty paces 7j z !y f9d x conv5i5t7 & *>g+ _! heavy fire-arms ) a v l>ge k9d ( %ot1 jump (f _! horses1 & re/ _! pieces 9 _! usual mann] on _! ramrods1 9 ord] t !y may %oot ) ! great] c]ta9ty2 s t ! balls dis*>g$ by !m w sometimes1 z ,i h be5 assur$1 g ?r\gh ! bodies ( six1 sev51 or eight ( ! enemy at a "t1 especially z ^! latt] "k no bett] ?an to keep close toge!r 9 a body4-- ,& n only is ! capture ( ! ,hott5tots consid]$ by !m m]ely z a p>ty ( pleasure1 b 9 cold blood !y de/roy ! b&s :i* nature has knit betwe5 _! husb&s1 & _! wives & *ildr51 c4 ,) :at horr\r d ^! passages seem to /rike u6 ,:at indignation d !y seem to raise 9 our brea/s1 :5 we reflect1 t a "p ( ! human species are consid]$ z game1 & t p>ties ( pleasure are made = _! de/ruction6 ,! lion does n imbrue 8 claws 9 blood1 unless call$ ^u by hung]1 or provok$ by int]ruption2 :]eas ! m]ciless ,dut*1 m savage ?an ! brutes !mselves1 n only murd] _! fell[-creatures )\t any provocation or necessity1 b ev5 make a div]sion ( _! suff]+s1 & enjoy _! pa94 99 99 99 99 99 ,,footnotes ,footnote #jcj3 ,! foll[+ %ort hi/ory ( ! ,african s]vitude1 is tak5 f ,a/ley's ,collection ( ,voyages1 & f ! unit$ te/imonies ( ,smy?1 ,adanson1 ,bosman1 ,moore1 & o!rs1 :o 7 ag5ts to ! diff]5t factories e/abli%$ !re2 :o resid$ _m ye>s 9 ! c\ntry2 & publi%$ _! respective hi/ories at _! return4 ,^! writ]s1 if !y are p>tial at all1 may be consid]$ z fav\rable r to _! own c\ntrym51 ?an ! un=tunate ,africans4 ,footnote #jca3 ,we w\ld n wi% to be und]/ood1 t slav]y 0 unkn[n 9 ,africa be=e ! piratical exp$itions ( ! ,portuguese1 z x appe>s f ! ,nubian's ,geography1 t bo? ! slav]y & comm]ce _h be5 e/abli%$ among ! natives ) "o ano!r4 ,we mean only to ass]t1 t ! ,portuguese 7 ! fir/ ( ! ,europeans1 :o made _! piratical exp$itions1 & %ew$ ! way to t slav]y1 :i* n[ makes s disgraceful a figure 9 ! we/]n colonies ( ! ,europeans4 ,9 ! t]m ,europeans1 :]ev] x %all occur 9 ! rema9+ "p ( ?is fir/ diss]tation1 we include ! ,portuguese1 & ^? nations only1 :o foll[$ _! example4 ,footnote #jcb3 ,! ,portuguese erect$ _! fir/ =t at ,d',elm9a1 9 ! ye> #adha1 ab\t =ty ye>s aft] ,alonzo ,gonzales _h po9t$ ! ,s\!rn ,africans out to 8 c\ntrym5 z articles ( comm]ce4 ,footnote #jcc3 ,9 ! anci5t s]vitude1 we reckon$ convicts among ! volunt>y slaves1 because !y _h x 9 _! p[]1 by a virtu\s conduct1 to h avoid$ s melan*oly a situation2 9 ! ,african1 we include !m 9 ! involunt>y1 because1 z virtues are frequ5tly con/ru$ into crimes1 f ! v5al motives ( ! traffick1 no p]son :atev] possesses su* a p[] or *oice4 ,footnote #jcd3 ,&rew ,sp>rman1 ,m4,d4 pr(essor ( ,physick at ,/ockholm1 fell[ ( ! ,royal ,academy ( ,sci5ces 9 ,sw$51 & inspector ( its cab9et ( natural hi/ory1 ^: voyage 0 translat$ into ,engli%1 & publi%$ 9 #aghe4 ,footnote #jce3 ,bo%ies-man1 or wild ,hott5tot4 99 99 99 99 99 ,end ( ! ,fir/ ,"p4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,! ,,african ,,comm]ce1 ,,or ,,slave ,,trade4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*ap4 ,i4 ,z we expla9$ ! ,hi/ory ( ,slav]y 9 ! fir/ "p ( ?is ,essay1 z f> z x 0 necess>y = our purpose1 we %all n[ take ! "q into consid]ation1 :i* we propos$ at fir/ z ! subject ( our inquiry1 viz4 h[ f> ! comm]ce & slav]y ( ! human species1 z reviv$ by "s ( ! nations ( ,europe 9 ! p]sons ( ! un=tunate ,africans1 & z reviv$1 9 a great measure1 on ! pr9ciples ( antiquity1 are consi/5t ) ! laws ( nature1 or ! common notions ( equity1 z e/abli%$ among m54 ,?is "q resolves itself into two sep>ate p>ts = discussion1 into ! ,african comm]ce 7z expla9$ 9 ! hi/ory ( slav]y7 & ! subsequ5t slav]y 9 ! colonies1 z f\nd$ on ! equity ( ! comm]ce4 ,! =m]1 ( c\rse1 w be fir/ exam9$4 ,= ?is purpose we %all inquire into ! rise1 nature1 & design ( gov]nm5t4 ,su* an inquiry w be p>ticul>ly useful 9 ! pres5t place2 x w af=d u t g5]al k ( subord9ation & lib]ty1 :i* is necess>y 9 ! case be=e u1 & w be f\nd1 z x 71 a s\rce1 to :i* we may frequ5tly ref] = _m & valuable argum5ts4 ,x appe>s t mank9d 7 orig9ally free1 & t !y possess$ an equal "r to ! soil & produce ( ! e>?4 ,= pro( ( ?is1 we ne$ only appeal to ! div9e writ+s2 to ! gold5 age ( ! poets1 :i*1 l o!r fables ( ! times1 _h its orig9 9 tru?2 & to ! in/itution ( ! ,saturnalia1 & ( o!r simil> fe/ivals2 all ( :i* are s _m monum5ts ( ?is orig9al equality ( m54 ,h5ce !n !re 0 no rank1 no di/9ction1 no sup]i\r4 ,e man w&]$ :]e he *ose1 *ang+ 8 resid5ce1 z a spot attract$ 8 fancy1 or suit$ 8 conv5i5ce1 uncontr\l$ by 8 neighb\r1 unconnect$ ) any b 8 family4 ,h5ce also 7z e ?+ 0 common7 he collect$ :at he *ose )\t injury1 & enjoy$ )\t injury :at he _h collect$4 ,su* 0 ! fir/ situation ( mank9d2 #jcf;a /ate ( dissociation & indep5d5ce4 ,9 ?is dissociat$ /ate x is impossible t m5 c\ld h long cont9u$4 ,! dang]s to :i* !y mu/ h frequ5tly be5 expos$1 by ! attacks ( fi]ce & rapaci\s bea/s1 by ! pro$atory attempts ( _! own species1 & by ! disputes ( contigu\s & indep5d5t families2 ^!1 toge!r ) _! inability to def5d1 !mselves1 on _m su* occasions1 mu/ h incit$ !m to unite4 ,h5ce !n 0 society =m$ on ! gr& pr9ciples ( pres]vation & def5ce3 & z ^! pr9ciples began to op]ate1 9 ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! e>?1 :]e ! diff]5t families _h roam$1 a great numb] ( ^! societies began to be =m$ & e/abli%$2 :i*1 tak+ to !mselves p>ticul> names f p>ticul> occurr5ces1 began to be p]fectly di/9ct f "o ano!r4 ,z ! individuals1 ( :om ^! societies 7 compos$1 _h associat$ only = _! def5ce1 s !y exp]i5c$1 at fir/1 no *ange 9 _! condition4 ,!y 7 /ill indep5d5t & free2 !y 7 /ill )\t discipl9e or laws2 !y _h e ?+ /ill 9 common2 !y pursu$ ! same1 mann] ( life2 w&]+ only1 9 h]ds1 z ! e>? gave !m or refus$ !m su/5ance1 & do+1 z a publick body1 :at !y _h be5 accu/om$ to d z individuals be=e4 ,?is 0 ! exact situation ( ! ,get & ,scy?ians#jcg1 ( ! ,lybians & ,goetulians#jch1 ( ! ,italian ,aborig9es#jci1 & ( ! ,huns & ,alans#jdj4 ,!y _h left _! orig9al /ate ( dissociation1 & _h /epp$ into t1 :i* has be5 j describ$4 ,?us 0 ! second situation ( m5 a /ate ( indep5d5t society4 ,hav+ ?us jo9$ !mselves toge!r1 & hav+ =m$ !mselves into sev]al l>ge & di/9ct bodies1 !y c\ld n fail ( submitt+ soon to a m consid]able *ange4 ,_! numb]s mu/ h rapidly increas$1 & _! societies1 9 process ( "t1 h become s popul\s1 z frequ5tly to h exp]i5c$ ! want ( subsi/5ce1 & _m ( ! commotions & tumults ( inte/9e /rife4 ,= ^! inconv5i5ces h[ev] !re 7 rem$ies to be f\nd4 ,agriculture w\ld furni% !m ) t subsi/5ce & support1 :i* ! e>?1 f ! rapid increase ( its inhabitants1 _h become unable spontane\sly to produce4 ,an assignation ( prop]ty w\ld n only en=ce an application1 b excite an emulation1 to lab\r2 & gov]nm5t w\ld at once af=d a security to ! acquisitions ( ! indu/ri\s1 & heal ! inte/9e disord]s ( ! community1 by ! introduction ( laws4 ,su* !n 7 ! rem$ies1 t 7 gradually appli$4 ,! societies1 :i* _h hi!rto se5 _! memb]s1 undi/+ui%$ ei!r by au?ority or rank1 admitt$ n[ ( magi/ratical pre-em95ce4 ,!y 7 divid$ into tribes2 to e tribe 0 allott$ a p>ticul> di/rict = its support1 & to e individual 8 p>ticul> spot4 ,! ,g]mans#jda1 :o consi/$ ( _m & v>i\s nations1 7 exactly 9 ?is situation4 ,!y _h advanc$ a /ep beyond ! ,scy?ians1 ,goetulians1 & ^?1 :om we describ$ be=e2 & ?us 0 ! ?ird situation ( mank9d a /ate ( subord9ate society4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,footnotes ,footnote #jcf3 ,?is conclusion conc]n+ ! dissociat$ /ate ( mank9d1 is confirm$ by all ! e>ly writ]s1 ) ^: descriptions ( primitive times no o!r conclusion is reconcileable4 ,footnote #jcg3 ,ju/94 ,l4 #b4 ,c4 #b4 ,footnote #jch3 ,sallu/4 ,bell4 ,jug4 ,footnote #jci3 ,sallu/4 ,bell4 ,catil4 ,footnote #jdj3 ,ammianus ,m>cell9us4 ,l4 #ca4 ,c4 #b4 et4 inseq4 ,footnote #jda3 ,agri pro ,num]o ,cultorum ab univ]sis p] vicos occupantur1 quos mox int] se secundum dignationem p>tiuntur4 ,tacitus4 ,c4 #bf4 de ,mor4 ,g]m4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*ap4 ,,ii4 ,z we h ?us trac$ ! situation ( man f unb\nd$ lib]ty to subord9ation1 x w be prop] to c>ry our inquiries f>!r1 & to consid]1 :o fir/ obta9$ ! pre-em95ce 9 ^! primoeval societies1 & by :at p>ticul> me?ods x 0 obta9$4 ,!re 7 only two ways1 by :i* su* an ev5t c\ld h be5 produc$1 by compulsion or cons5t4 ,:5 mank9d fir/ saw ! necessity ( gov]nm5t1 x is probable t _m _h conceiv$ ! desire ( rul+4 ,to be plac$ 9 a new situation1 to be tak5 f ! common h]d1 to be ! fir/1 di/+ui%$ among m51 7 ?\ghts1 t mu/ h _h _! *>ms4 ,let u suppose !n1 t ^! ?\ghts _h work$ s unusually on ! passions ( any p>ticul> individual1 z to h driv5 him to ! extravagant design ( obta9+ ! preem95ce by =ce4 ,h[ c\ld 8 design h be5 accompli%$8 ,h[ c\ld he =cibly h usurp$ ! jurisdiction at a "t1 :51 all be+ equally free1 !re 0 n a s+le p]son1 ^: assi/ance he c\ld comm&8 ,add to ?is1 t1 9 a /ate ( univ]sal lib]ty1 =ce _h be5 repaid by =ce1 & ! attempt _h be5 fatal to ! usurp]4 ,z empire !n c\ld nev] h be5 ga9$ at fir/ by compulsion1 s x c\ld only h be5 obta9$ by cons5t2 & z m5 7 !n go+ to make an important sacrifice1 = ! sake ( _! mutual happ9ess1 s he alone c\ld h obta9$ x1 7n ^: ambition _h greatly di/+ui%$ him f ! re/7 b 9 ^: wisdom1 ju/ice1 prud5ce1 & virtue1 ! :ole community c\ld confide4 ,to confirm ?is reason+1 we %all appeal1 z be=e1 to facts2 & %all consult !re=e ! hi/ory ( ^? nations1 :i* hav+ j left _! =m] /ate ( indep5d5t society1 7 ! v p t e/abli%$ subord9ation & gov]nm5t4 ,! comm5t>ies ( ,cs> af=d u ! foll[+ acc\nts ( ! anci5t ,gauls4 ,:5 any ( _! k+s1 ei!r by dea?1 or deposition1 made a vacancy 9 ! regal (fice1 ! :ole nation 0 imm$iately conv5$ = ! appo9tm5t ( a successor4 ,9 ^! national conv5tions 7 ! regal (fices conf]r$4 ,e individual _h a voice on ! occasion1 & e individual 0 free4 ,! p]son ^u :om ! g5]al approbation appe>$ to fall1 0 imm$iately advanc$ to pre-em95ce 9 ! /ate4 ,he 0 uni=mly "o1 ^: actions _h made him em95t2 ^: conduct _h ga9$ him previ\s applause2 ^: val\r ! v assembly1 t elect$ him1 _h !mselves witness$ 9 ! field2 ^: prud5ce1 wisdom & ju/ice1 hav+ r5d]$ him signally s]viceable1 _h ende>$ him to 8 tribe4 ,= ?is reason1 _! k+doms 7 n h]$it>y2 ! son did n always inh]it ! virtues ( ! sire2 & !y 7 det]m9$ t he alone %\ld possess au?ority1 9 ^: virtues !y c\ld confide4 ,nor 0 ?is all4 ,s s5sible 7 !y ( ! important sacrifice !y _h made2 s extremely jeal\s ev5 ( ! "n ( sup]iority & p[]1 t !y limit$1 by a v>iety ( laws1 ! au?ority ( ! v p]son1 :om !y _h j elect$1 f a confid5ce ( 8 integrity2 ,ambiorix himself confess+1 t 8 p _h z mu* p[] ov] him1 z he c\ld possibly h ov] 8 p4 ,! same cu/om1 z appe>s f ,tacitus1 prevail$ also among ! ,g]mans4 ,!y _h _! national c\ncils1 l ! ,gauls2 9 :i* ! regal & ducal (fices 7 confirm$ accord+ to ! majority ( voices4 ,!y elect$ also1 on ^! occasions1 ^? only1 :om _! virtue1 by repeat$ trial1 _h unequivocally di/+ui%$ f ! re/2 & !y limit$ _! au?ority s f>1 z nei!r to leave !m ! p[] ( inflict+ imprisonm5t or /ripes1 nor ( ex]cis+ any p5al jurisdiction4 ,b z puni%m5t 0 necess>y 9 a /ate ( civil society1 x 0 p]mitt$ to ! prie/s alone1 t x might appe> to h be5 inflict$1 by ! ord] ( ! gods1 & n by any sup]i\r au?ority 9 man4 ,! acc\nts :i* we h ?us giv5 ( ! anci5t ,g]mans & ,gauls1 w be f\nd also to be equally true ( ^? p1 :i* _h arriv$ at ! same /ate ( subord9ate society4 ,we might appeal1 = a te/imony ( ?is1 to ! hi/ory ( ! ,go?s2 to ! hi/ory ( ! ,franks & ,saxons2 to1 ! hi/ory1 9 %ort1 ( all ^? nations1 f :i* ! diff]5t gov]nm5ts1 n[ conspicu\s 9 ,europe1 h und5iably sprung4 ,& we might appeal1 z a f>!r pro(1 to ! ,am]icans1 :o are repres5t$ by _m ( ! mod]ns1 f _! own ocul> te/imony1 z obs]v+ ! same cu/oms at ! pres5t day4 ,x rema9s only to obs]ve1 t z ^! cu/oms prevail$ among ! diff]5t nations describ$1 9 _! e>ly /ate ( subord9ate society1 & z !y 7 moreov] ! cu/oms ( _! respective ance/ors1 x appe>s t !y mu/ h be5 h&$ d[n1 bo? by tradition & use1 f ! fir/ introduction ( gov]nm5t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*ap4 ,,iii4 ,we may n[ d$uce ^? g5]al maxims conc]n+ subord9ation1 & lib]ty1 :i* we m5tion$ to h be5 ess5tially connect$ ) ! subject1 & :i* "s1 f speculation only1 & )\t any allusion to facts1 h be5 bold en\gh to d5y4 ,x appe>s fir/1 t lib]ty is a natural1 & gov]nm5t an adv5titi\s "r1 because all m5 7 orig9ally free4 ,x appe>s secondly1 t gov]nm5t is a #jdb;contract because1 9 ^! primeval subord9ate societies1 we h se5 x volunt>ily conf]r$ on ! "o h&1 & accept$ on ! o!r4 ,we h se5 x subject to v>i\s re/rictions4 ,we h se5 its articles1 :i* c\ld !n only be writt5 by tradition & use1 z p]fect & b9d+ z ^?1 :i* are n[ committ$ to lett]s4 ,we h se5 x1 9 %ort1 p>tak+ ( ! f$]al nature1 z mu* z x c\ld 9 a /ate1 :i* want$ ! means ( record+ its transactions4 ,x appe> ?irdly1 t ! gr& object ( ! contra/1 is ! happ9ess ( ! p2 because !y gave ! supremacy to him alone1 :o _h be5 conspicu\s = ! spl5d\r ( 8 abilities1 or ! integrity ( 8 life3 t ! p[] ( ! multitude be+ direct$ by ! wisdom & ju/ice ( ! pr9ce1 !y might exp]i5ce ! mo/ effectual protection f injury1 ! highe/ advantages ( society1 ! greate/ possible happ9ess4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,footnotes ,footnote #jdb3 ,! au?or has lately read a "w1 intitl$ ,paley's ,moral & ,political ,philosophy1 :i*1 9 ?is "o respect1 fav\rs ^? :i* h be5 h9t$ at1 z x d5ies t gov]nm5t 0 a contract4 ,no social compact 0 ev] made 9 fact1--x is to suppose x possible to call savages out ( caves & des]ts1 to delib]ate ^u topicks1 :i* ! exp]i5ce & /udies1 & ! ref9em5ts ( civil life alone sugge/4 ,!re=e no gov]nm5t 9 ! univ]se begun f ?is orig9al4 ,b !re are no gr\nds = s absurd a supposition2 = gov]nm5t1 & ( c\rse ! social compact1 does n appe> to h be5 introduc$ at ! "t1 :5 families com+ out ( _! caves & des]ts1 or1 9 o!r words1 quitt+ _! =m] dissociat$ /ate1 jo9$ !mselves toge!r4 ,!y _h liv$ a consid]able "t 9 society1 l ! ,lybians & ,gtulians be=e-m5tion$1 & _h felt _m ( ! disadvantages ( a want ( discipl9e & laws1 be=e gov]nm5t 0 introduc$ at all4 ,! au?or ( ?is ,essay1 be=e he took into consid]ation ! orig9 ( gov]nm5t1 0 det]m9$1 9 a matt] ( su* importance1 to be biass$ by no op9ion :atev]1 & mu* less to indulge himself 9 speculation4 ,he 0 det]m9$ solely to adh]e to fact1 &1 by look+ into ! acc\nts left u ( ^? gov]nm5ts :i* 7 9 _! infancy1 &1 ( c\rse 9 ! lea/ complicat$ /ate1 to attempt to discov] _! f\ndation3 he _c say !re=e1 t ^u a v m9ute p]usal ( ! excell5t "w be=e quot$1 he has be5 s f> conv9c$1 z to retract 9 ! lea/ f 8 s5tim5ts on ?is head1 & to give up maxims1 :i* are drawn f hi/orical facts1 = ^?1 :i* are ! result ( speculation4 ,he may obs]ve "h1 t :e!r gov]nm5t 0 a contract or n1 x w n affect ! reason+ ( ! pres5t ,essay2 s9ce :]e ev] ! contract is aft]w>ds m5tion$1 x is inf]r$ only t its object 0 ! happ9ess ( ! p1 :i* is confess$ly ! end ( gov]nm5t4 ,not)/&+ ?is1 he is "u ! necessity ( ins]t+ ?is little note1 ?\gh he almo/ feels himself ungrateful 9 contradict+ a "w1 :i* has af=d$ him s mu* ent]ta9m5t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*ap4 ,,iv4 ,hav+ n[ collect$ ! mat]ials t are necess>y = ! prosecution ( our design1 we %all imm$iately ent] ^u ! discussion4 ,if any man _h orig9ally be5 endu$ ) p[]1 z ) o!r faculties1 s t ! re/ ( mank9d _h discov]$ 9 !mselves an innate necessity ( obey+ ?is p>ticul> p]son2 x is evid5t t he & 8 desc5dants1 f ! sup]iority ( _! nature1 w\ld h _h a claim ^u m5 = ob$i5ce1 & a natural "r to comm&3 b z ! "r to empire is adv5titi\s2 z all 7 orig9ally free2 z nature made e man's body & m9d 8 own2 x is evid5t t no j man c be consign$ to slav]y1 )\t 8 own cons5t4 ,nei!r c m51 by ! same pr9ciples1 be consid]$ z l&s1 goods1 or h\ses1 among possessions4 ,x is necess>y t all prop]ty %\ld be inf]i\r to its possessor4 ,b h[ does ! slave diff] f 8 ma/]1 b by *ance8 ,= ?\gh ! m>k1 ) :i* ! latt] is pleas$ to br& him1 %ews1 at ! fir/ sight1 ! diff]5ce ( _! =tune2 :at m>k c be f\nd 9 8 nature1 t c w>rant a di/9ction8 ,to ?is consid]ation we %all add ! foll[+1 t if m5 c ju/ly become ! prop]ty ( ea* o!r1 _! *ildr51 l ! (fspr+ ( cattle1 mu/ inh]it _! pat]nal lot4 ,n[1 z ! actions ( ! fa!r & ! *ild mu/ be ?us at ! sole disposal ( _! common ma/]1 x is evid5t1 t ! au?ority ( ! "o1 z a p>5t1 & ! duty ( ! o!r1 z a *ild1 mu/ be in/antly annihilat$2 rights & obligations1 :i*1 z !y are s\nd$ 9 nature1 are implant$ 9 our feel+s1 & are e/abli%$ by ! voice ( ,god1 mu/ conta9 9 _! annihilation a solid argum5t to prove1 t !re _c be any prop]ty :atev] 9 ! human species4 ,we may consid] also1 z a f>!r confirmation1 t x is impossible1 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 t lib]ty c be b\ght or sold6 ,x is nei!r saleable1 nor pur*asable4 ,= if any "o man c h an absolute prop]ty 9 ! lib]ty ( ano!r1 or1 9 o!r words1 if he1 :o is call$ a ma/]1 c h a j "r to comm& ! actions ( him1 :o is call$ a slave1 x is evid5t t ! latt] _c be acc\ntable = ^? crimes1 :i* ! =m] may ord] him to commit4 ,n[ z e reasonable be+ is acc\ntable = 8 actions1 x is evid5t1 t su* a "r _c ju/ly exi/1 & t human lib]ty1 ( c\rse1 is beyond ! possibility ei!r ( sale or pur*ase4 ,add to ?is1 t1 :5ev] y sell ! lib]ty ( a man1 y h ! p[] only ( allud+ to ! body3 ! m9d _c be conf9$ or b\nd3 x w be free1 ?\gh its mansion be beset ) *a9s4 ,b if1 9 e sale ( ! human species1 y are "u ! necessity ( consid]+ y\r slave 9 ?is ab/ract$ light2 ( allud+ only to ! body1 & ( mak+ no allusion to ! m9d2 y are "u ! necessity also ( treat+ him1 9 ! same mom5t1 z a brute1 & ( abus+ !re=e t nature1 :i* _c o!rwise be consid]$1 ?an 9 ! d\ble capacity ( s\l & body4 ,b "s p]son1 p]haps1 w make an objection to "o ( ! =m] argum5ts4 ,if m51 f sup]iority ( _! nature1 _c be consid]$1 l l&s1 goods1 or h\ses1 among possessions1 s nei!r c cattle3 = be+ endu$ ) life1 motion1 & s5sibility1 !y are evid5tly sup]i\r to ^!4 ,b ?is objection w receive its answ] f ^? obs]vations :i* h be5 already made2 & w discov] ! true reason1 :y cattle are ju/ly to be e/imat$ z prop]ty4 ,= fir/1 ! "r to empire ov] brutes1 is natural1 & n adv5titi\s1 l ! "r to empire ov] m54 ,!re are1 secondly1 _m & evid5t signs ( ! inf]iority ( _! nature2 & ?irdly1 _! lib]ty c be b\ght & sold1 because1 be+ void ( reason1 !y _c be acc\ntable = _! actions4 ,we might /op "h = a consid]able "t1 & d$uce _m valuable lessons f ! rem>ks t h be5 made1 b t su* a circum/ance might be consid]$ z a digression4 ,!re is "o1 h[ev]1 :i*1 z x is s intimately connect$ ) ! subject1 we _c b d$uce4 ,we are taught to treat m5 9 a diff]5t mann] f brutes1 because !y are s manife/ly sup]i\r 9 _! nature2 we are taught to treat brutes 9 a diff]5t mann] f /ones1 = ! same reason2 & ?us1 by giv+ to e creat$ ?+ its due respect1 to answ] ! views ( ,provid5ce1 :i* did n create a v>iety ( natures )\t a purpose or design4 ,b if ^! ?+s are s1 h[ evid5tly aga9/ reason1 nature1 & e ?+ human & div9e1 mu/ !y act1 :o n only =ce m5 into slav]y1 aga9/ _! own cons5t2 b treat !m altoge!r z brutes1 & make ! natural lib]ty ( man an article ( publick comm]ce6 & by :at argum5ts c !y possibly def5d t comm]ce1 :i* _c be c>ri$ on1 9 any s+le in/ance1 )\t a flagrant violation ( ! laws ( nature & ( ,god8 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*ap4 ,v4 ,t we may ! m accurately exam9e ! argum5ts t are advanc$ on ?is occasion1 x w be prop] to divide ! comm]ce into two p>ts2 fir/1 z x relates to ^? :o sell1 & secondly1 z x relates to ^? :o pur*ase1 ! human species into slav]y4 ,to ! =m] "p ( :i*1 hav+ giv5 e previ\s & necess>y in=mation 9 ! hi/ory ( s]vitude1 we %all imm$iately proce$4 ,let u inquire fir/1 by :at p>ticul> "r ! lib]ties ( ! h>mless p are invad$ by ! pr9ce4 ,by ! "r ( empire1 x w be answ]$2 because he possesses dom9ion & p[] by _! own approbation & cons5t4 ,b subjects1 ?\gh "u ! dom9ion1 are n ! prop]ty1 ( ! pr9ce4 ,!y _c be consid]$ z 8 possessions4 ,_! natures are bo? ! same2 !y are bo? born 9 ! same mann]2 are subject to ! same disord]s2 mu/ apply to ! same rem$ies = a cure2 are equally p>tak]s ( ! grave3 an incid5tal di/9ction accompanies !m ?r\gh life1 & ?is--is all4 ,we may add to ?is1 t ?\gh ! pr9ce possesses dom9ion & p[]1 by ! cons5t & approbation ( 8 subjects1 he possesses x only = ! mo/ salut>y ends4 ,he may tyrannize1 if he c3 he may alt] ! =m ( 8 gov]nm5t3 he _c1 h[ev]1 alt] its nature & end4 ,^! w be immutably ! same1 ?\gh ! :ole sy/em ( its adm9i/ration %\ld be *ang$2 & he w be /ill b\nd to def5d ! lives & prop]ties ( 8 subjects1 & to make !m happy4 ,does he def5d ^? !re=e1 :om he invades at discretion ) ! sword8 ,does he protect ! prop]ty ( ^?1 ^: h\ses & effects he consigns at discretion to ! flames8 ,does he make ^? happy1 :om he seizes1 z !y are try+ to escape ! g5]al deva/ation1 & compels ) _! wives & families to a wret*$ s]vitude8 ,he acts surely1 z if ! use ( empire consi/$ 9 viol5ce & oppression2 z if he1 t 0 mo/ exalt$1 ought1 ( necessity1 to be mo/ unju/4 ,"h !n ! voice ( nature & ju/ice is aga9/ him4 ,he breaks t law ( nature1 :i* orda9s1 t no j man %all be giv5 into slav]y1 aga9/ 8 own cons5t3 he violates ! fir/ law ( ju/ice1 z e/abli%$ among m51 t no p]son %all d h>m to ano!r )\t a previ\s & suffici5t provocation2 & he violates also ! sacr$ condition ( empire1 made ) 8 ance/ors1 & necess>ily und]/ood 9 e species ( gov]nm5t1 t1 ! p[] ( ! multitude be+ giv5 up to ! wisdom & ju/ice ( ! pr9ce1 !y may exp]i5ce1 9 return1 ! mo/ effectual protection f injury1 ! highe/ advantages ( society1 ! greate/ possible happ9ess4 ,b if k+s !n1 to :om _! own p h grant$ dom9ion & p[]1 are unable to invade ! lib]ties ( _! h>mless subjects1 )\t ! highe/ inju/ice2 h[ c ^? private p]sons be ju/ifi$1 :o trea*]\sly lie 9 wait = _! fell[-creatures1 & sell !m into slav]y8 ,:at argum5ts c !y possibly br+ 9 _! def5ce8 ,:at treaty ( empire c !y produce1 by :i* _! innoc5t victims ev] resign$ to !m ! lea/ portion ( _! lib]ty8 ,9 va9 w !y plead ! antiquity ( ! cu/om3 9 va9 w ! hon\rable light1 9 :i* piracy 0 consid]$ 9 ! ages ( b>b>ism1 af=d !m an excuse4 ,impi\s & ab&on$ m56 ye invade ! lib]ties ( ^?1 :o1 7) respect to y\r impi\s selves7 are 9 a /ate ( nature1 9 a /ate ( orig9al dissociation1 p]fectly indep5d5t1 p]fectly free4 ,x appe>s !n1 t ! two ord]s ( slaves1 :i* h be5 m5tion$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,african s]vitude1 ( ^? :o are publickly seiz$ by virtue ( ! au?ority ( _! pr9ce2 & ( ^?1 :o are privately kidnapp$ by individuals1 are collect$ by means ( viol5ce & oppression2 by means1 repugnant to nature1 ! pr9ciples ( gov]nm5t1 & ! common notions ( equity1 z e/abli%$ among m54 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*ap4 ,,vi4 ,we come n[ to ! ?ird ord] ( involunt>y slaves1 to convicts4 ,! only argum5t t ! sell]s advance "h1 is ?is1 t !y h be5 f\nd guilty ( (f5ces1 & t ! puni%m5t is j4 ,b be=e ! equity ( ! s5t5ce c be all[$ two que/ions mu/ be decid$1 :e!r ! puni%m5t is proportion$ to ! (f5ce1 & :at is its p>ticul> object & end8 ,to decide ! fir/1 we may previ\sly obs]ve1 t ! ,african s]vitude compreh5ds bani%m5t1 a deprivation ( lib]ty1 & _m corporal suff]+s4 ,on bani%m5t1 ! foll[+ obs]vations w suffice4 ,mank9d h _! local atta*m5ts4 ,!y h a p>ticul> reg>d = ! spot1 9 :i* !y 7 born & nurtur$4 ,"h x 01 t !y fir/ drew _! infant-brea?3 "h1 t !y 7 *]i%$ & support$3 "h1 t !y pass$ ^? sc5es ( *ildhood1 :i*1 free f c>e & anxiety1 are ! happie/ 9 ! life ( man2 sc5es1 :i* accompany !m ?r\gh life2 :i* ?r[ !mselves frequ5tly into _! ?\ghts1 & produce ! mo/ agreeable s5sations4 ,^! !n are weighty consid]ations2 & h[ great ?is reg>d is1 may be evid5c$ f our own feel+s2 f ! te/imony ( "s1 :o1 :5 remote f _! c\ntry1 &1 9 ! h\r ( dang] & di/ress1 h f\nd _! ?\ghts unusually direct$1 by "s impulse or o!r1 to _! native spot2 & f ! example ( o!rs1 :o1 hav+ brav$ ! /orms & adv]sities ( life1 ei!r repair to x = ! rema9d] ( _! days1 or desire ev5 to be convey$ to x1 :5 exi/5ce is no m4 ,b sep>ately f ^! _! local1 !y h also _! p]sonal atta*m5ts2 _! reg>d = p>ticul> m54 ,!re are ties ( blood2 !re are ties ( fri5d%ip4 ,9 ! =m] case1 !y mu/ ( necessity be atta*$3 ! con/itution ( _! nature dem&s x4 ,9 ! latt]1 x is impossible to be o!rwise1 s9ce fri5d%ip is f\nd$ on an h>mony ( temp]1 on a concordance ( s5tim5ts & mann]s1 on habits ( confid5ce1 & a mutual ex*ange ( fav\rs4 ,we may n[ m5tion1 z p]fectly di/9ct bo? f _! local & p]sonal1 ! national atta*m5ts ( mank9d1 _! reg>d = ! :ole body ( ! p1 among :om !y 7 born & educat$4 ,?is reg>d is p>ticul>ly conspicu\s 9 ! conduct ( su*1 z1 be+ ?us nationally connect$1 reside 9 =eign p>ts4 ,h[ anxi\sly d !y meet toge!r6 h[ mu* d !y enjoy ! fight ( o!rs ( _! c\ntrym51 :om =tune places 9 _! way6 :at an eag]ness d !y %[ to s]ve !m1 ?\gh n born on ! same p>ticul> spot1 ?\gh n connect$ by consangu9ity or fri5d%ip1 ?\gh unkn[n to !m be=e6 ,nei!r is ?is affection wond]ful1 s9ce !y are creatures ( ! same education2 ( ! same pr9ciples2 ( ! same mann]s & habits2 ca/1 z x 71 9 ! same m\ld2 & m>k$ ) ! same impression4 ,if m5 !re=e are ?us sep>ately atta*$ to ! sev]al objects describ$1 x is evid5t t a sep>ate exclusion f ei!r mu/ af=d !m consid]able pa94 ,:at !n mu/ be _! suff]+s1 to be =c$ = ev] f _! c\ntry1 :i* includes !m all8 ,:i* conta9s ! spot1 9 :i* !y 7 born & nurtur$2 :i* conta9s _! relations & fri5ds2 :i* conta9s ! :ole body ( ! p1 among :om !y 7 br$ & educat$4 ,9 ^! suff]+s1 :i* arise to m51 bo? 9 bidd+1 & 9 hav+ bid1 adieu to all t !y e/eem z de> & valuable1 bani%m5t consi/s 9 "p2 & we may agree !re=e ) ! anci5ts1 )\t add+ o!r melan*oly circum/ances to ! acc\nt1 t x is no inconsid]able puni%m5t ( itself4 ,) respect to ! loss ( lib]ty1 :i* is ! second consid]ation 9 ! puni%m5t1 x is evid5t t m5 be> no?+ worse2 t !re is no?+1 t !y lay m at he>t2 & t !y h %ewn1 by _m & memorable in/ances1 t ev5 dea? is to be pref]r$4 ,h[ _m c\ld be nam$ "h1 :o1 hav+ suff]$ ! loss ( lib]ty1 h put a p]iod to _! exi/5ce6 ,h[ _m1 t h will+ly und]gone ! haz>d ( _! lives to de/roy a tyrant6 ,h[ _m1 t h ev5 glori$ to p]i% 9 ! attempt6 ,h[ _m bloody & publick w>s h be5 und]tak5 7n to m5tion ! num]\s s]vile insurrections1 ) :i* hi/ory is /a9$7 = ! cause ( fre$om6 ,b if no?+ is de>] ?an lib]ty to m51 ) :i*1 ! b>r5 rock is able to af=d its joys1 & )\t :i*1 ! glori\s fun %9es ^u !m b 9 va91 & all ! sweets & delicacies ( life are ta/eless & un5joy$2 :at puni%m5t c be m sev]e ?an ! loss ( s great a bless+8 ,b if to ?is deprivation ( lib]ty1 we add ! agoniz+ pangs ( bani%m5t2 & if to ! complicat$ /+s ( bo?1 we add ! incessant /ripes1 w\nds1 & mis]ies1 :i* are und]gone by ^?1 :o are sold into ?is horrid s]vitude2 :at crime c we possibly imag9e to be s enorm\s1 z to be wor?y ( s great a puni%m5t8 ,h[ contr>y !n to reason1 ju/ice1 & nature1 mu/ ^? act1 :o apply ?is1 ! sev]e/ ( human puni%m5ts1 to ! mo/ insignificant (f5ce6 yet su* is ! cu/om ) ! ,africans3 =1 f ! "t1 9 :i* ! ,europeans fir/ intoxicat$ ! ,african pr9ces ) _! =eign draughts1 no crime has be5 committ$1 no %ad[ ( a crime devis$1 t has n imm$iately be5 puni%$ ) s]vitude4 ,b = :at purpose is ! puni%m5t appli$8 ,is x appli$ to am5d ! mann]s ( ! crim9al1 & ?us r5d] him a bett] subject8 ,no1 = if y bani% him1 he c no long] be a subject1 & y c no long] !re=e be solicit\s = 8 morals4 ,add to ?is1 t if y bani% him to a place1 :]e he is to exp]i5ce ! h>d%ips ( want & hung] 7s p[]fully does hung] compel m5 to ! p]petration ( crimes7 y =ce him r to corrupt1 ?an am5d 8 mann]s1 & to be wick$1 :5 he might o!rwise be j4 ,is x appli$ !n1 t o!rs may be det]r$ f ! same proce$+s1 & t crimes may become less frequ5t8 ,no1 b t av>ice may be gratifi$2 t ! pr9ce may exp]i5ce ! emolum5ts ( ! sale3 =1 horrid & melan*oly ?\ght6 ! m crimes 8 subjects commit1 ! ri*] is he made2 ! m ab&on$ ! subject1 ! happi] is ! pr9ce6 ,nei!r c we all[ t ! puni%m5t ?us appli$1 t5ds 9 any degree to answ] publick happ9ess2 = if m5 c be s5t5c$ to slav]y1 "r or wrong2 if %ad[s c be turn$ into sub/ances1 & virtues into crimes2 x is evid5t t none c be happy1 because none c be secure4 ,b if ! puni%m5t is inf9itely great] ?an ! (f5ce1 7:i* has be5 %ewn be=e7 & if x is inflict$1 nei!r to am5d ! crim9al1 nor to det] o!rs f ! same proce$+s1 nor to advance1 9 any degree1 ! happ9ess ( ! publick1 x is sc>ce necess>y to obs]ve1 t x is totally unju/1 s9ce x is repugnant to reason1 ! dictates ( nature1 & ! v pr9ciples ( gov]nm5t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*ap4 ,,vii4 ,we come n[ to ! f\r? & la/ ord] ( slaves1 to prison]s ( w>4 ,z ! sell]s lay a p>ticul> /ress on ?is ord] ( m51 & inf] mu*1 f its antiquity1 9 support ( ! ju/ice ( _! cause1 we %all exam9e ! pr9ciple1 on :i* x subsi/$ among ! anci5ts4 ,b z ?is pr9ciple 0 ! same among all nations1 & z a citation f _m ( _! hi/ories w\ld n be less t$i\s ?an unnecess>y1 we %all select ! example ( ! ,romans = ! consid]ation ( ! case4 ,! law1 by :i* prison]s ( w> 7 said to be s5t5c$ to s]vitude1 0 ! law ( nations#jdc4 ,x 0 s call$ f ! univ]sal concurr5ce ( nations 9 ! cu/om4 ,x _h two po9ts 9 view1 ! p]sons ( ! captur$1 & _! effects2 bo? ( :i* x imm$iately s5t5c$1 )\t any ( ! usual =ms ( law1 to be ! prop]ty ( ! captors4 ,! pr9ciple1 on :i* ! law 0 e/abli%$1 0 ! "r ( capture4 ,:5 any ( ! cont5d+ p>ties _h ov]come _! oppon5ts1 & 7 ab\t to de/roy !m1 ! "r 0 consid]$ to comm5ce2 a "r1 :i* ! victors conceiv$ !mselves to h1 to recall _! swords1 &1 f ! consid]ation ( hav+ sav$ ! lives ( ! vanqui%$1 :5 !y c\ld h tak5 !m by ! laws ( w>1 to commute blood = s]vice4 ,h5ce ! ,roman lawy]1 ,pomponius1 d$uces ! etymology ( slave 9 ! ,roman language4 ,!y 7 call$ s]vi#jdd1 says he1 f ! foll[+ circum/ance4 ,x 0 usual ) our comm&]s to take !m prison]s1 & sell !m3 n[ ?is circum/ance implies1 t !y mu/ h be5 previ\sly pres]v$1 & h5ce ! "n4 ,su* !n 0 ! "r ( capture4 ,x 0 a "r1 :i* ! circum/ance ( tak+ ! vanqui%$1 t is1 ( pres]v+ !m alive1 gave ! conqu]ors to _! p]sons4 ,by ?is "r1 z always includ+ ! idea ( a previ\s pres]vation f dea?1 ! vanqui%$ 7 said to be slaves#jde2 &1 z all slaves1 says ,ju/9ian1 are !mselves 9 ! p[] ( o!rs1 & ( c\rse c h no?+ ( _! own1 s _! effects foll[$ ! condition ( _! p]sons1 & became ! prop]ty ( ! captors4 ,to exam9e ?is "r1 by :i* ! vanqui%$ 7 said to be slaves1 we %all use ! words ( a celebrat$ ,roman au?or1 & apply !m to ! pres5t case#jdf4 ,if x is lawful1 says he1 to deprive a man ( 8 life1 x is c]ta9ly n inconsi/5t ) nature to rob him2 to rob him ( 8 lib]ty4 ,we admit ! conclusion to be j1 if ! supposition be ! same3 we all[1 if m5 h a "r to commit t1 :i* is consid]$ z a great] crime1 t !y h a "r1 at ! same in/ant1 to commit t1 :i* is consid]$ z a less4 ,b :at %all we say to ! hypo!sis8 ,we d5y x to be true4 ,! voice ( nature is aga9/ x4 ,x is n lawful to kill1 b on necessity4 ,_h !re be5 a necessity1 :]e _h ! wret*$ captive surviv$ to be brok5 ) *a9s & s]vitude8 ,! v act ( sav+ 8 life is an argum5t to prove1 t no su* necessity exi/$4 ,! conclusion is !re=e false4 ,! captors _h no "r to ! lives ( ! captur$1 & ( c\rse none to _! lib]ty3 !y _h no "r to _! blood1 & ( c\rse none to _! s]vice4 ,_! "r !re=e _h no f\ndation 9 ju/ice4 ,x 0 f\nd$ on a pr9ciple1 contr>y to ! law ( nature1 & ( c\rse contr>y to t law1 :i* p1 "u diff]5t gov]nm5ts1 are b\nd to obs]ve to "o ano!r4 ,x is sc>ce necess>y to obs]ve1 z a f>!r te/imony ( ! inju/ice ( ! measure1 t ! ,europeans1 aft] ! introduction ( ,*ri/ianity1 explod$ ?is pr9ciple ( ! anci5ts1 z frivol\s & false2 t !y sp>$ ! lives ( ! vanqui%$1 n f ! sordid motives ( av>ice1 b f a consci5ti\sness1 t homicide c\ld only be ju/ifi$ by necessity2 t !y introduc$ an ex*ange ( prison]s1 &1 by _m & wise regulations1 depriv$ w> ( _m ( its =m] horr\rs4 ,b ! advocates = slav]y1 unable to def5d !mselves aga9/ ^! argum5ts1 h fl$ to o!r res\rces1 &1 ignorant ( hi/ory1 h d5i$ t ! "r ( capture 0 ! true pr9ciple1 on :i* slav]y subsi/$ among ! anci5ts4 ,!y reason ?us4 ,! le>n$ ,grotius1 & o!rs1 h consid]$ slav]y z ! j consequ5ce ( a private w>1 7suppos+ ! w> to be j & ! oppon5ts 9 a /ate ( nature71 ^u ! pr9ciples ( rep>ation & puni%m5t4 ,n[ z ! law ( nature1 :i* is ! rule ( conduct to individuals 9 su* a situation1 is applicable to memb]s ( a diff]5t community1 !re is reason to presume1 t ^! pr9ciples 7 appli$ by ! anci5ts to _! prison]s ( w>2 t _! effects 7 confiscat$ by ! "r ( rep>ation1 & _! p]sons by ! "r ( puni%m5t4-- ,b1 su* a presumption is false4 ,! "r ( capture 0 ! only argum5t1 t ! anci5ts adduc$ 9 _! def5ce4 ,h5ce ,polybius2 ,:at mu/ !y1 7! ,mant95ses7 suff]1 to receive ! puni%m5t !y des]ve8 ,p]haps x w be said1 t !y mu/ be sold1 :5 !y are tak51 ) _! wives & *ildr5 into slav]y3 ,b ?is is n to be consid]$ z a puni%m5t1 s9ce ev5 ^? suff] x1 by ! laws ( w>1 :o h done no?+ t is base4 ,! tru? is1 t bo? ! (f5d+ & ! (f5d$ p>ties1 :5ev] !y 7 victori\s1 inflict$ slav]y alike4 ,b if ! (f5d+ p>ty inflict$ slav]y on ! p]sons ( ! vanqui%$1 by :at "r did !y inflict x8 ,x mu/ be answ]$ f ! presumption be=e-m5tion$1 by ! "r ( rep>ation1 or ( puni%m5t3 an answ] pla9ly absurd & contradictory1 z x supposes ! aggressor to h a "r1 :i* ! injur$ only c\ld possess4 ,nei!r is ! argum5t less fallaci\s ?an ! presumption1 9 apply+ ^! pr9ciples1 :i* 9 a publick w> c\ld belong to ! publick only1 to ! p]sons ( ! individuals t 7 tak54 ,?is calls u aga9 to ! hi/ory ( ! anci5ts1 &1 z ! rights ( rep>ation & puni%m5t c\ld ext5d to ^? only1 :o _h be5 injur$1 to select a p>ticul> in/ance = ! consid]ation ( ! case4 ,z ! ,romans _h be5 injur$ )\t a previ\s provocation by ! conduct ( ,hannibal at ,saguntum1 we may take ! treaty into consid]ation1 :i* !y made ) ! ,c>?ag9ians1 :5 ! latt]1 defeat$ at ,zama1 su$ = peace4 ,x consi/$ ( ?ree articles#jdg4 ,by ! fir/1 ! ,c>?ag9ians 7 to be free1 & to enjoy _! own con/itution & laws4 ,by ! second1 !y 7 to pay a consid]able sum ( money1 z a rep>ation = ! damages & exp5ce ( w>3 &1 by ! ?ird1 !y 7 to deliv] up _! elephants & %ips ( w>1 & to be subject to v>i\s re/rictions1 z a puni%m5t4 ,) ^! t]ms !y compli$1 & ! w> 0 f9i%$4 ,?us !n did ! ,romans make t di/9ction betwe5 private & publick w>1 :i* 0 necess>y to be made1 & :i* ! argum5t is fallaci\s 9 n suppos+4 ,! treasury ( ! vanqui%$ 0 m>k$ z ! means ( rep>ation2 & z ?is treasury 0 suppli$1 9 a great measure1 by ! imposition ( taxes1 & 01 :olly1 ! prop]ty ( ! publick1 s ! publick made ! rep>ation t 0 due4 ,! elephants also1 & %ips ( w>1 :i* 7 m>k$ z ! means ( puni%m5t1 7 publick prop]ty2 & z !y 7 consid]able in/rum5ts ( security & def5ce to _! possessors1 & ( annoyance to an enemy1 s _! loss1 add$ to ! re/rictions ( ! treaty1 op]at$ z a great & publick puni%m5t4 ,b ) respect to ! ,c>?ag9ian prison]s1 :o _h be5 tak5 9 ! w>1 !y 7 reta9$ 9 s]vitude3 n ^u ! pr9ciples ( rep>ation & puni%m5t1 because ! ,romans _h already receiv$1 by _! own confession 9 ! treaty1 a suffici5t satisfaction3 n ^u ^! pr9ciples1 because !y 7 inapplicable to individuals3 ! legion>y soldi] 9 ! s]vice ( ! injur$1 :o took 8 prison]1 0 n ! p]son1 to :om ! injury _h be5 done1 any m ?an ! soldi] 9 ! s]vice ( ! aggressors1 :o 0 tak51 0 ! p]son1 :o _h committ$ ! (f5ce3 b !y 7 reta9$ 9 s]vitude by ! "r ( capture2 because1 :5 bo? p>ties _h s5t _! milit>y into ! field to det]m9e ! dispute1 x 0 at ! private *oice ( ! legion>y soldi] be=e-m5tion$1 :e!r he w\ld sp>e ! life ( 8 conqu]$ oppon5t1 :5 he 0 ?\ght to be entitl$ to take x1 if he _h *os51 by ! laws ( w>4 ,to produce m in/ances1 z an illu/ration ( ! subject1 or to g f>!r into ! argum5t1 w\ld be to trespass ^u ! pati5ce1 z well z und]/&+ ( ! read]4 ,9 a /ate ( nature1 :]e a man is suppos$ to commit an injury1 & to be unconnect$ ) ! re/ ( ! _w1 ! act is private1 & ! "r1 :i* ! injur$ acquires1 c ext5d only to himself3 b 9 a /ate ( society1 :]e any memb] or memb]s ( a p>ticul> community give (f5ce to ^? ( ano!r1 & !y are patroniz$ by ! /ate1 to :i* !y belong1 ! case is alt]$2 ! act becomes imm$iately publick1 & ! publick alone are to exp]i5ce ! consequ5ces ( _! inju/ice4 ,= z no p>ticul> memb] ( ! community1 if consid]$ z an individual1 is guilty1 except ! p]son1 by :om ! injury 0 done1 x w\ld be contr>y to reason & ju/ice1 to apply ! pr9ciples ( rep>ation & puni%m5t1 :i* belong to ! p z a collective body1 to any individual ( ! community1 :o %\ld happ5 to be tak54 ,n[1 z ! pr9ciples ( rep>ation & puni%m5t are ?us inapplicable to ! prison]s1 tak5 9 a publick w>1 & z ! "r ( capture1 z we h %ewn be=e1 is insuffici5t to intitle ! victors to ! s]vice ( ! vanqui%$1 x is evid5t t slav]y _c ju/ly exi/ at all1 s9ce !re are no o!r maxims1 on :i* x c be f\nd$1 ev5 9 ! mo/ equitable w>s4 ,b if ^! ?+s are s2 if slav]y _c be def5d$ ev5 9 ! mo/ equitable w>s1 :at argum5ts w n be f\nd aga9/ t s]vitude1 :i* arises f ^?1 t are unju/8 ,:i* arises f ^? ,african w>s1 t relate to ! pres5t subject8 ,! ,african pr9ces1 corrupt$ by ! m]*ants ( ,europe1 seek e opportunity ( qu>rell+ ) "o ano!r4 ,e sp>k is bl[n into a flame2 & w> is und]tak5 f no o!r consid]ation1 ?an t ( procur+ slaves3 :ile ! ,europeans1 on ! o!r h&1 happy 9 ! qu>rels :i* !y h ?us excit$1 supply !m ) arms & ammunition = ! accompli%m5t ( _! horrid purpose4 ,?us has ,africa1 = ! space ( two hundr$ ye>s1 be5 ! sc5e ( ! mo/ iniquit\s & bloody w>s2 & ?us h _m ?\s&s ( m51 9 ! mo/ iniquit\s mann]1 be5 s5t into s]vitude4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,footnotes ,footnote #jdc3 ,jure ,g5tium s]vi no/ri sunt1 qui ab ho/ibus capiuntur4 ,ju/9ian1 ,l4 #a4 #e4 #e4 #a4 ,footnote #jdd3 ,s]v]um appellatio ex eo fluxit1 quod imp]atores no/ri captivos v5d]e1 ac p] hoc s]v>e1 nec occid]e sol5t4 ,footnote #jde3 ,nam sive victoribus jure captivitatis s]viss5t1 c4 ,ju/91 ,l4 #d4 #c4 et passim apud scriptores antiquos4 ,footnote #jdf3 ,neque e/ contra naturam spoli>e eum1 si possis1 quem hone/um e/ nec>e4 ,cic]o de (ficiis4 ,l4 #c4 #f4 ,footnote #jdg3 #a4 ,ut lib]i suis legibus viv]5t4 ,livy1 ,l4 #cj4 #cg4 #b4 ,decem millia tal5tum arg5ti descripta p5sionibus quis 9 annos qu9quag9ta solv]5t4 ,ibid4 #c4 ,et naves ro/ratas1 prt] decem triremes1 trad]5t1 elephantosque1 quos hab]5t domitos2 neque dom>5t alios2 ,bellum neve 9 ,africa1 neve extra ,africam1 injussu ,p4 ,r4 g]]5t1 c4 ,ibid4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*ap4 ,,viii4 ,we %all beg leave1 be=e we proce$ to ! argum5ts ( ! pur*as]s1 to add ! foll[+ obs]vations to ! sub/ance ( ! ?ree prec$+ *apt]s4 ,z ! two ord]s ( m51 ( ^? :o are privately kidnapp$ by individuals1 & ( ^? :o are publickly seiz$ by virtue ( ! au?ority ( _! pr9ce1 compose toge!r1 at lea/#jdh1 n9e t5?s ( ! ,african slaves1 !y _c conta91 ^u a mod]ate computation1 less ?an n9ety ?\s& m5 annually transport$3 an imm5se numb]1 b easily to be cr$it$1 :5 we reflect t ?\s&s are employ$ = ! purpose ( /eal+ ! unw>y1 & t ^! diabolical practices are 9 =ce1 s f> has ,european inju/ice be5 spread1 at ! di/ance ( a ?\s& miles f ! factories on ! coa/4 ,! slave m]*ants1 among :om a quantity ( ,european goods is previ\sly divid$1 travel into ! he>t ( ! c\ntry to ?is amaz+ di/ance4 ,"s ( !m att5d ! v>i\s m>kets1 t are e/abli%$ ?r\gh s l>ge an ext5t ( t]ritory1 to pur*ase ! kidnapp$ p1 :om ! slave-hunt]s are cont9ually br++ 92 :ile ! re/1 subdivid+ _! m]*&ize among ! petty sov]eigns ) :om !y deal1 receive1 by an imm$iate ex]tion ( fraud & viol5ce1 ! /ipulat$ numb]4 ,n[1 w any man ass]t1 9 opposition to ! argum5ts be=e advanc$1 t out ( ?is imm5se body ( m51 ?us annually collect$ & transport$1 !re is ev5 "o1 ov] :om ! orig9al or subsequ5t sell] c h any p[] or "r8 ,:oev] ass]ts ?is1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 mu/1 contradict 8 own feel+s1 & mu/ consid] himself z a j object ( prey1 :5ev] any d>+ invad] %all ?9k x prop] to attack him4 ,&1 9 ! second in/ance1 ! v idea :i* ! ,african pr9ces ent]ta9 ( _! villages1 z p>ks or res]voirs1 /ock$ only = _! own conv5i5ce1 & ( _! subjects1 z wild bea/s1 :om !y may pursue & take at pleasure1 is s %ock+1 t x ne$ only be m5tion$1 to be in/antly reprobat$ by ! read]4 ,! ord] ( slaves1 :i* is next to ! =m] 9 respect to ! numb] ( p :om x conta9s1 is t ( prison]s ( w>4 ,?is ord]1 if ! =m] /atem5t be true1 is m inconsid]able ?an is g5]ally imag9$2 b :oev] reflects on ! prodigi\s slaught] t is con/antly made 9 e ,african skirmi%1 _c be o!rwise ?an ( ?is op9ion3 he w f9d1 t :]e t5 are tak51 he has e reason to presume t an hundr$ p]i%4 ,9 "s ( ^! skirmi%es1 ?\gh !y h be5 begun = ! express purpose ( procur+ slaves1 ! conqu]ors h suff]$ b few ( ! vanqui%$ to escape ! fury ( ! sword2 & !re h n be5 want+ in/ances1 :]e !y h be5 s inc5s$ at ! resi/ance !y h f\nd1 t _! _s ( v5geance has entirely got ! bett] ( _! av>ice1 & !y h murd]$1 9 cool blood1 e individual1 )\t discrim9ation1 ei!r ( age or sex4 ,! foll[+#jdi is an acc\nt ( "o ( ^! skirmi%es1 z describ$ by a p]son1 :o 0 witness to ! sc5e4 ,i 0 s5t1 ) sev]al o!rs1 9 a small sloop up ! riv] ,nig]1 to pur*ase slaves3 we _h "s free negroes ) u 9 ! practice2 & z ! vessels are liable to frequ5t attacks f ! negroes on "o side ( ! riv]1 or ! ,moors on ! o!r1 !y are all arm$4 ,z we rode at an*or a long way up ! riv]1 we obs]v$ a l>ge numb] ( negroes 9 huts by ! riv]'s side1 & = our own safety kept a w>y eye on !m4 ,e>ly next morn+ we saw f our ma/head a num]\s body approa*+1 ) app>5tly b little ord]1 b 9 close array4 ,!y approa*$ v fa/1 & fell furi\sly on ! inhabitants ( ! t[n1 :o seem$ to be q surpriz$1 b nev]!less1 z soon z !y c\ld get toge!r1 f\ght /\tly4 ,!y _h "s fire-arms1 b made v little use ( !m1 z !y came directly to close fight+ ) _! spe>s1 lances1 & sabres4 ,_m ( ! invad]s 7 m\nt$ on small horses2 & bo? p>ties f\ght = ab\t half an h\r ) ! fi]ce/ animosity1 ex]t+ mu* m c\rage & p]sev]ance ?an ,i _h ev] be=e be5 witness to among/ !m4 ,! wom5 & *ildr5 ( ! t[n clu/]$ toge!r to ! wat]'s edge1 runn+ %riek+ up & d[n ) t]r\r1 wait+ ! ev5t ( ! combat1 till _! p>ty gave way & took to ! wat]1 to endeav\r to swim ov] to ! ,b>b>y side4 ,!y 7 closely pursu$ ev5 into ! riv] by ! victors1 :o1 ?\gh !y came = ! purpose ( gett+ slaves1 gave no qu>t]1 _! cruelty ev5 prevail+ ov] _! av>ice4 ,!y made no prison]s1 b put all to ! sword )\t m]cy4 ,horrible inde$ 0 ! c>nage ( ! vanqui%$ on ?is occasion1 & z we 7 )9 two or ?ree hundr$ y>ds ( !m1 _! cries & %rieks affect$ u extremely4 ,we _h got up our an*or at ! beg9n+ ( ! fray1 & n[ /ood close 9 to ! spot1 :]e ! victors hav+ foll[$ ! vanqui%$ into ! wat]1 7 cont9ually dragg+ out & murd]+ ^?1 :om by reason ( _! w\nds !y easily ov]took4 ,! v *ildr51 :om !y took 9 great numb]s1 did n escape ! massacre4 ,enrag$ at _! b>b>ity1 we fir$ our guns load5 ) grape %ot1 & a volley ( small arms among !m1 :i* effectually *eck$ _! ard\r1 & oblig$ !m to retire to a di/ance f ! %ore2 f :5ce a few r\nd cannon %ot soon remov$ !m into ! woods4 ,! :ole riv] 0 black ov] ) ! heads ( ! fugitives1 :o 7 swimm+ = _! lives4 ,^! poor wret*es1 fe>+ u z mu* z _! conqu]ors1 div$ :5 we fir$1 & cri$ mo/ lam5tably = m]cy4 ,hav+ n[ effectually fav\r$ _! retreat1 we /ood backw>ds & =w>ds1 & took up sev]al t 7 w\nd$ & tir$4 ,all ^: w\nds _h disabl$ !m f swimm+1 7 ei!r but*]$ or dr[n$1 be=e we got up to !m4 ,) a ju/ice & g5]osity1 nev] ,i believe be=e he>d ( among slav]s1 we gave ^? _! lib]ty :om we _h tak5 up1 sett+ !m on %ore on ! ,b>b>y side1 among ! poor residue ( _! companions1 :o _h surviv$ ! slaught] ( ! morn+4 ,we %all make b two rem>ks on ?is horrid in/ance ( ,african cruelty4 ,x adds1 fir/1 a consid]able weight to ! /atem5ts t h be5 made2 & confirms1 secondly1 ! conclusions t 7 drawn 9 ! prec$+ *apt]4 ,= if we ev5 all[ ! "r ( capture to be j1 & ! pr9ciples ( rep>ation & puni%m5t to be applicable to ! individuals ( a community1 yet w\ld ! =m] be unju/1 & ! latt] inapplicable1 9 ! pres5t case4 ,e ,african w> is a robb]y2 & we may add1 to our =m] expression1 :5 we said1 t ?us h _m ?\s&s ( m51 9 ! mo/ iniquit\s mann]1 be5 s5t into s]vitude1 t we believe !re are few ( ?is ord]1 :o are n z mu* ! examples ( inju/ice1 z ! p t h be5 kidnapp$2 & :o d n additionally convey1 :5 we consid] !m z prison]s ( w>1 an idea ( ! mo/ complicat$ sc5e ( murd]4 ,! ord] ( convicts1 z x exi/s almo/ solely among ^? pr9ces1 ^: dom9ions are contigu\s to ! ,european factories1 is f ?is circum/ance s inconsid]able1 :5 comp>$ ) ei!r ( ! prec$+1 t we %\ld n h m5tion$ x aga91 b t we 7 unwill+ to omit any additional argum5t t occurr$ aga9/ x4 ,x has be5 %ewn already1 t ! puni%m5t ( slav]y is inflict$ f no o!r motive1 ?an t ( gratify+ ! av>ice ( ! pr9ce1 a conf$]ation s dete/able1 z to be suffici5t ( itself to prove x to be unju/2 & t x is s disproportionate1 f its nature1 to ! (f5ce1 z to af=d an additional pro( ( its inju/ice4 ,we %all add n[1 z a second argum5t1 its disproportion f its cont9uance3 & we %all d]ive a ?ird f ! consid]ation1 t1 9 civil society1 e violation ( ! laws ( ! community is an (f5ce aga9/ ! /ate#jej4 ,let u suppose !n an ,african pr9ce1 disda9+ = once ! idea ( emolum5t3 let u suppose him = once inflam$ ) ! love ( 8 c\ntry1 & resolv+ to puni% f ?is pr9ciple alone1 t by exhibit+ an example ( t]r\r1 he may pres]ve t happ9ess ( ! publick1 :i* he is b\nd to secure & def5d by ! v nature ( 8 contract2 or1 9 o!r words1 t he may answ] ! end ( gov]nm5t4 ,if actuat$ !n by ?is pr9ciple1 he %\ld adjudge slav]y to an (f5d]1 z a j puni%m5t = 8 (f5ce1 = ^: b5efit mu/ ! convict lab\r8 ,if x be answ]$1 = ! b5efit ( ! /ate1 we all[ t ! puni%m5t1 9 :atev] light x is consid]$1 w be f\nd to be equitable3 b if x be answ]$1 = ! b5efit ( any individual :om he pleases to appo9t1 we d5y x to be j4 ,! /ate#jea alone is consid]$ to h be5 injur$1 & z injuries _c possibly be transf]r$1 ! /ate alone c ju/ly receive ! advantages ( 8 lab\r4 ,b if ! ,african pr9ce1 :5 he ?us condemns him to lab\r = ! b5efit ( an un(f5d$ individual1 %\ld at ! same "t s5t5ce him to become 8 prop]ty2 t is1 if he %\ld make ! p]son & life ( ! convict at ! absolute disposal ( him1 = :om he has s5t5c$ him to lab\r2 x is evid5t t1 9 addition to 8 =m] inju/ice1 he is usurp+ a p[]1 :i* no rul] or rul]s ( a /ate c possess1 & :i* ! great ,creator ( ! univ]se nev] yet gave to any ord] :atev] ( creat$ be+s4 ,t ?is reason+ is true1 & t civiliz$ nations h consid]$ x z su*1 w be be/ te/ifi$ by _! practice4 ,we may appeal "h to t slav]y1 :i* is n[ adjudg$ to del9qu5ts1 z a puni%m5t1 among _m ( ! /ates ( ,europe4 ,^! del9qu5ts are s5t5c$ to lab\r at ! o>1 to "w 9 m9es1 & on =tifications1 to cut & cle> riv]s1 to make & repair roads1 & to p]=m o!r works ( national utility4 ,!y are employ$1 9 %ort1 9 ! publick "w2 because1 z ! crimes !y h committ$ are consid]$ to h be5 crimes aga9/ ! publick1 no individual c ju/ly receive ! emolum5ts ( _! lab\r2 & !y are nei!r sold1 nor made capable ( be+ transf]r$1 because no gov]nm5t :atsoev] is inve/$ ) su* a p[]4 ,?us !n may t slav]y1 9 :i* only ! idea ( lab\r is includ$1 be p]fectly equitable1 & ! del9qu5t w always receive 8 puni%m5t z a man2 :]eas 9 t1 :i* additionally includes ! idea ( prop]ty1 & to und]go :i*1 ! del9qu5t mu/ previ\sly *ange 8 nature1 & become a brute2 !re is an inconsi/5cy1 :i* no argum5ts c reconcile1 & a contradiction to e pr9ciple ( nature1 :i* a man ne$ only to appeal to 8 own feel+s imm$iately to ev9ce4 ,& we w v5ture to ass]t1 f ! unit$ obs]vations t h be5 made ^u ! subject1 9 opposition to any argum5ts t may be advanc$1 t !re is sc>cely "o ( ^?1 :o are call$ ,african convicts1 on :om ! pr9ce has a "r to inflict a puni%m5t at all2 & t !re is no "o :atev]1 :om he has a p[] ( s5t5c+ to lab\r = ! b5efit ( an un(f5d$ individual1 & mu* less :om he has a "r to sell4 ,hav+ n[ fully exam9$ ! argum5ts ( ! sell]s#jeb1 & hav+ made su* additional rem>ks z 7 necess>y1 we h only to add1 t we _c suffici5tly express our dete/ation at _! conduct4 ,7 ! read] coolly to reflect ^u ! case ( b "o ( ! un=tunate m51 :o are annually ! victims ( av>ice1 & consid] 8 situation 9 life1 z a fa!r1 an husb&1 or a fri5d1 we are sure1 t ev5 on su* a p>tial reflection1 he mu/ exp]i5ce consid]able pa94 ,:at !n mu/ be 8 feel+s1 :5 he is told1 t1 s9ce ! slave-trade began1 #jecn9e millions ( m5 h be5 torn f _! de>e/ connections1 & sold into slav]y4 ,if at ?is recital 8 indignation %\ld arise1 let him consid] x z ! g5u9e production ( nature2 t %e recoil$ at ! horrid ?\ght1 & t %e appli$ in/antly a tor* to 8 brea/ to k9dle 8 res5tm5t2 & if1 dur+ 8 indignation1 %e %\ld awak5 ! sigh ( sympa?y1 or s$uce ! te> ( commis]ation f 8 eye1 let him consid] ea* z an additional argum5t aga9/ ! iniquity ( ! sell]s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,footnotes ,footnote #jdh3 ,! total annual exportation f ,africa1 is e/imat$ "h at #ajj1jjj m51 two ?irds ( :om are export$ by ! ,briti% m]*ants alone4 ,?is e/imate is less ?an t :i* is usually made1 & has be5 publi%$4 ,! au?or has be5 in=m$ by dis9t]e/$ p1 :o 7 9 mo/ ( ! ,we/ ,india isl&s dur+ ! late w>1 & :o conv]s$ ) _m ( ! mo/ intellig5t ( ! negroes1 = ! purpose ( inquir+ by :at me?ods !y _h orig9ally be5 r$uc$ to slav]y1 t !y did n f9d ev5 two 9 tw5ty1 :o _h be5 r$uc$ to t situation1 by any o!r means ?an ^? m5tion$ above4 ,! au?or1 desir\s ( a f>!r confirmation ( ?is circum/ance1 /opp$ ! press till he _h writt5 to ano!r fri5d1 :o _h resid$ tw5ty ye>s 9 ! ,we/-,indies1 & ^: op9ion he _h n yet ask$4 ,! foll[+ is an extract f ! answ]4 ,i d n among _m hundr$s recollect to h se5 b "o or two slaves1 ( ^? import$ f ,africa1 :o _h any sc>s to %ew1 t !y _h be5 9 w>4 ,!y are g5]ally su* z are kidnapp$1 or sold by _! tyrants1 aft] ! de/ruction ( a village4 ,9 %ort1 ,i am firmly ( op9ion1 t crimes & w> toge!r d n furni% "o slave 9 an hundr$ ( ! numb]s introduc$ into ! ,european colonies4 ,( consequ5ce ! trade itself1 7 x possible to suppose convicts or prison]s ( w> to be ju/ly s5t5c$ to s]vitude1 is acc\ntable = n9ety-n9e 9 e hundr$ slaves1 :om x supplies4 ,x an insult to ! publick1 to attempt to palliate ! me?od ( procur+ !m4 ,footnote #jdi3 ,! writ] ( ! lett] ( :i* ?is is a fai?ful extract1 & :o 0 kn[n to ! au?or ( ! pres5t ,essay1 0 a long "t on ! ,african coa/4 ,he _h once ! mis=tune to be %ipwreck$ !re1 & to be tak5 by ! natives1 :o convey$ him & 8 companions a consid]able way up into ! c\ntry4 ,! h>d%ips :i* he und]w5t 9 ! m>*1 8 treatm5t dur+ 8 captivity1 ! sc5es to :i* he 0 witness1 :ile he resid$ among ! inl& ,africans1 z well z :ile 9 ! ,african trade1 gave occasion to a s]ies ( v int]e/+ lett]s4 ,^! lett]s 7 s5t to ! au?or ( ! pres5t ,essay1 ) lib]ty to make :at use ( !m he *ose1 by ! g5tleman to :om !y 7 writt54 ,footnote #jej3 ,7 ?is n ! case1 ! gov]nm5t ( a c\ntry c\ld h no "r to take cognizance ( crimes1 & puni% !m1 b e individual1 if injur$1 w\ld h a "r to puni% ! aggressor ) 8 own h&1 :i* is contr>y to ! notions ( all civiliz$ m51 :e!r among ! anci5ts or ! mod]ns4 ,footnote #jea3 ,?is same notion is ent]ta9$ ev5 by ! ,african pr9ces1 :o d n p]mit ! p]son injur$ to rev5ge 8 injury1 or to receive ! convict z 8 slave4 ,b if ! v p]son :o has be5 injur$1 does n possess him1 mu* less ought any o!r p]son :atsoev]4 ,footnote #jeb3 ,!re are in/ances on ! ,african cont95t1 ( p>5ts sell+ _! *ildr54 ,z ! slaves ( ?is description are s few1 & are s irregul>ly obta9$1 we did n ?9k x wor? our :ile to consid] !m z =m+ an ord]2 &1 z ,god nev] gave ! p>5t a p[] ov] 8 *ild to make him mis]able1 we tru/ t any f>!r m5tion ( !m w be unnecess>y4 ,footnote #jec3 ,abb ,raynal1 ,hi/4 ,phil4 vol4 #d4 ,p4 #aed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*ap4 ,,ix4 ,x rema9s only n[ to exam9e by :at argum5ts ^?1 :o receive or pur*ase _! fell[-creatures into slav]y1 def5d ! comm]ce4 ,_! fir/ plea is1 t !y receive ^? ) propriety1 :o are convict$ ( crimes1 because !y are deliv]$ into _! h&s by _! own magi/rates4 ,b :at is ?is to y receiv]s8 ,h ! un=tunate convicts be5 guilty ( injury to y8 ,h !y brok5 y\r treaties8 ,h !y plund]$ y\r %ips8 ,h !y c>ri$ y\r wives & *ildr5 into slav]y1 t y %\ld ?us retaliate8 ,h !y (f5d$ y ev5 by ^w or ge/ure8 ,b if ! ,african convicts are innoc5t ) respect to y2 if y h n ev5 ! %ad[ ( a claim ^u _! p]sons2 by :at "r d y receive !m8 ,by ! laws ( ! ,africans1 y w say2 by :i* x is positively all[$4--,b c laws alt] ! nature ( vice8 ,!y may give x a sanction p]haps3 x w /ill be immutably ! same1 &1 ?\gh dress$ 9 ! outw>d habilim5ts ( hon\r1 w /ill be intr9sically base4 ,b alas6 y d n only attempt to def5d y\rselves by ^! argum5ts1 b ev5 d>e to give y\r actions ! appe>ance ( l5ity1 & assume m]it f y\r bas5ess6 & h[ fir/ ought y p>ticul>ly to blu%1 :5 y ass]t1 t prison]s ( w> are only pur*as$ f ! h&s ( _! conqu]ors1 to deliv] !m f dea?4 ,ridicul\s def5ce6 c ! mo/ cr$ul\s believe x8 ,y entice ! ,africans to w>2 y fom5t _! qu>rels2 y supply !m ) arms & ammunition1 & all--f ! motives ( b5evol5ce4 ,does a man set fire to an h\se1 = ! purpose ( rescu+ ! inhabitants f ! flames8 ,b if !y are only pur*as$1 to deliv] !m f dea?2 :y1 :5 !y are deliv]$ into y\r h&s1 z protectors1 d y torture !m ) hung]8 ,:y d y kill !m ) fatigue8 ,:y does ! :ip de=m _! bodies1 or ! knife _! limbs8 ,:y d y s5t5ce !m to dea?8 to a dea?1 inf9itely m excruciat+ ?an t f :i* y s k9dly sav$ !m8 ,:at answ] d y make to ?is8 = if y _h n humanely pres]v$ !m f ! h&s ( _! conqu]ors1 a quick dea? p]haps1 & t 9 ! space ( a mom5t1 _h fre$ !m f _! pa93 b on acc\nt ( y\r fav\r & b5evol5ce1 x is kn[n1 t !y h l+]$ ye>s 9 pa9 & agony1 & h be5 s5t5c$1 at la/1 to a dreadful dea? = ! mo/ insignificant (f5ce4 ,nei!r c we all[ ! o!r argum5t to be true1 on :i* y f\nd y\r m]it2 t y take !m f _! c\ntry = _! own conv5i5ce2 because ,africa1 scor*$ ) incessant heat1 & subject to ! mo/ viol5t ra9s & tempe/s1 is un:olesome1 & unfit to be inhabit$4 ,prepo/]\s m56 d y ?us judge f y\r own feel+s8 ,d y ?us judge f y\r own con/itution & frame8 ,b if y suppose t ! ,africans are incapable ( endur+ _! own climate1 because y _c endure x y\rselves2 :y d y receive !m into slav]y8 ,:y d y n measure !m "h by ! same /&>d8 ,= if y are unable to be> hung] & ?ir/1 *a9s & imprisonm5t1 w\nds & torture1 :y d y n suppose !m incapable ( endur+ ! same treatm5t8 ,?us !n is y\r argum5t turn$ aga9/ y\rselves4 ,b consid] ! answ] :i* ! ,scy?ians gave ! gyptians1 :5 !y cont5d$ ab\t ! antiquity ( _! orig9al#jed1 ,t nature1 :5 %e fir/ di/+ui%$ c\ntries by diff]5t degrees ( heat & cold1 temp]$ ! bodies ( animals1 at ! same in/ant1 to endure ! diff]5t situations3 t z ! climate ( ,scy?ia 0 sev]] ?an t ( gypt1 s 7 ! bodies ( ! ,scy?ians h>d]1 & z capable ( endur+ ! sev]ity ( _! atmosph]e1 z ! gyptians ! temp]at5ess ( _! own4 ,b y may say p]haps1 t1 ?\gh !y are capable ( endur+ _! own climate1 yet _! situation is frequ5tly uncom=table1 & ev5 wret*$3 t ,africa is infe/$ ) locu/s1 & insects ( v>i\s k9ds2 t !y settle 9 sw>ms ^u ! trees1 de/roy ! v]dure1 consume ! fruit1 & deprive ! inhabitants ( _! food4 ,b ! same answ] may be appli$ z be=e2 t ! same k9d ,provid5ce1 :o temp]$ ! body ( ! animal1 temp]$ also ! body ( ! tree2 t he gave x a quality to recov] ! bite ( ! locu/1 :i* he s5t2 & to reassume1 9 a %ort int]val ( "t1 its =m] glory4 ,& t su* is ! case exp]i5ce has %ewn3 = ! v trees t h be5 infe/$1 & /ripp$ ( _! bloom & v]dure1 s surpriz+ly quick is vegetation1 appe> 9 a few days1 z if an insect _h be5 utt]ly unkn[n4 ,we may add to ^! obs]vations1 f ! te/imony ( ^? :o h writt5 ! ,hi/ory ( ,africa f _! own inspection1 t no c\ntry is m luxuri\s 9 prospects1 none m fruitful1 none m ri* 9 h]ds & flocks1 & none1 :]e ! com=ts ( life1 c be ga9$ ) s little tr\ble4 ,b y say aga91 z a confirmation ( ^! y\r =m] argum5ts1 7by :i* y w\ld h x und]/ood1 t ! ,africans !mselves are s5sible ( ! goodness ( y\r int5tions7 t !y d n appe> to g ) y aga9/ _! w4 ,impud5t & base ass]tion6 ,:y !n d y load !m ) *a9s8 ,:y keep y y\r daily & nightly wat*es8 ,b alas1 z a f>!r1 ?\gh a m melan*oly pro(1 ( ! falsehood ( y\r ass]tions1 h[ _m1 :5 on bo>d y\r %ips1 h put a p]iod to _! exi/5ce8 ,h[ _m h leap$ into ! sea8 ,h[ _m h p9$ to dea?1 t1 ev5 at ! exp5ce ( _! lives1 !y might fly f y\r b5evol5ce8 ,d y call !m ob/9ate !n1 because !y refuse y\r fav\rs8 ,d y call !m ungrateful1 because !y make y ?is return8 ,h[ mu* r ought y receiv]s to blu%6 ,h[ mu* r ought y receiv]s to be consid]$ z ab&on$ & execrable2 :o1 :5 y usurp ! dom9ion ov] ^?1 :o are z free & indep5d5t z y\rselves1 break ! fir/ law ( ju/ice1 :i* orda9s1 t no p]son %all d h>m to ano!r1 )\t a previ\s provocation2 :o (f5d aga9/ ! dictates ( nature1 :i* comm&s1 t no j man %all be giv5 or receiv$ into slav]y aga9/ 8 own cons5t2 & :o violate ! v laws ( ! empire t y assume1 by consign+ y\r subjects to mis]y4 ,n[1 z a fam\s ,hea!n philosoph] obs]ves1 f ^: m\? y %all be convict$#jee1 !re is a consid]able diff]5ce1 :e!r an injury is done1 dur+ any p]turbation ( m9d1 :i* is g5]ally %ort & mom5t>y2 or :e!r x is done ) any previ\s m$itation & design2 =1 ^? crimes1 :i* proce$ f any sudd5 commotion ( ! m9d1 are less ?an ^?1 :i* are /udi$ & prep>$1 h[ great & enorm\s are y\r crimes to be consid]$1 :o plan y\r ,african voyages at a "t1 :5 y\r reason is f\nd1 & y\r s5ses are awake2 :o coolly & delib]ately equip y\r vessels2 & :o sp5d ye>s1 & ev5 lives1 9 ! traffick ( human lib]ty4 ,b if ! argum5ts ( ^?1 :o sell or deliv] m5 into slav]y1 7z we h %ewn be=e7 & ( ^?1 :o receive or pur*ase !m1 7z we h n[ %ewn7 are :olly false2 x is evid5t t ?is comm]ce1 is n only beyond ! possibility ( def5ce1 b is ju/ly to be acc\nt$ wick$1 & ju/ly impi\s1 s9ce x is contr>y to ! pr9ciples ( law & gov]nm5t1 ! dictates ( reason1 ! common maxims ( equity1 ! laws ( nature1 ! admonitions ( consci5ce1 &1 9 %ort1 ! :ole doctr9e ( natural religion4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,footnotes ,footnote #jed3 ,ju/91 ,l4 #b4 ,c4 #a4 ,footnote #jee3 ,cic]o de ,(ficiis4 ,l4 #a4 ,c4 #h4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,! ,,slav]y ( ! ,,africans ,,9 ,,! ,,european ,,colonies4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*ap4 ,i4 ,hav+ conf9$ ourselves :olly1 9 ! second "p ( ?is ,essay1 to ! consid]ation ( ! comm]ce1 we %all n[ proce$ to ! consid]ation ( ! slav]y t is f\nd$ ^u x4 ,z ?is slav]y w be conspicu\s 9 ! treatm5t1 :i* ! un=tunate ,africans uni=mly und]go1 :5 !y are put into ! h&s ( ! receiv]s1 we %all describe ! mann] 9 :i* !y are accu/om$ to be us$ f ?is p]iod4 ,to place ?is 9 ! cle>e/1 & mo/ conspicu\s po9t ( view1 we %all ?r[ a consid]able "p ( our in=mation on ?is head into ! =m ( a n>rative3 we %all suppose ourselves1 9 %ort1 on ! cont95t ( ,africa1 & relate a sc5e1 :i*1 f its agreem5t ) unque/ionable facts1 might n unreasonably be presum$ to h be5 pres5t$ to our view1 _h we be5 really !re4 ,& fir/1 let u turn our eyes to ! cl\d ( du/ t is be=e u4 ,x seems to advance rapidly1 &1 accompani$ ) dismal %rieks & yell+s1 to make ! v air1 t is above x1 tremble z x rolls along4 ,:at c possibly be ! cause8 ,let u inquire ( t melan*oly ,african1 :o seems to walk deject$ ne> ! %ore2 ^: eyes are /$fa/ly fix$ on ! approa*+ object1 & ^: he>t1 if we c judge f ! appe>ance ( 8 c\nt5ance1 mu/ be greatly agitat$4 ,alas6 says ! unhappy ,african1 ! cl\d t y see approa*+1 is a tra9 ( wret*$ slaves4 ,!y are go+ to ! %ips beh9d y4 ,!y are de/9$ = ! ,engli% colonies1 &1 if y w /ay "h b = a little "t1 y w see !m pass4 ,!y 7 la/ night drawn up ^u ! pla9 :i* y see be=e y1 :]e !y 7 br&$ ^u ! brea/ ) an hot iron2 & :5 !y _h und]gone ! :ole ( ! treatm5t :i* is cu/om>y on ^! occasions1 & :i* ,i am in=m$ t y ,engli%m5 at home use to ! cattle :i* y buy1 !y 7 return$ to _! prison4 ,z ,i h "s deal+s ) ! memb]s ( ! factory :i* y see at a little di/ance1 7?\gh ?anks to ! ,great ,_s1 ,i nev] dealt 9 ! lib]ty ( my fell[ creatures7 ,i ga9$ admittance !re4 ,i le>n$ ! hi/ory ( "s ( ! un=tunate p1 :om ,i saw conf9$1 & w expla9 to y1 if my eye %\ld cat* !m z !y pass1 ! real causes ( _! s]vitude4 ,sc>cely 7 ^! words spok51 :5 !y came di/9ctly into sight4 ,!y appe>$ to advance 9 a long column1 b 9 a v irregul> mann]4 ,!re 7 ?ree only 9 ! front1 & ^! 7 *a9$ toge!r4 ,! re/ t foll[$ seem$ to be *a9$ by pairs1 b by press+ =w>d1 to avoid ! la% ( ! driv]s1 ! bread? ( ! column began to be greatly ext5d$1 & t5 or m 7 obs]v$ abrea/4 ,:ile we 7 mak+ ^! rem>ks1 ! intellig5t ,african ?us resum$ 8 disc\rse4 ,! fir/ ?ree :om y obs]ve1 at ! head ( ! tra91 to be *a9$ toge!r1 are prison]s ( w>4 ,z soon z ! %ips t are beh9d y arriv$1 ! news 0 dispat*$ into ! inl& c\ntry2 :5 "o ( ! petty k+s imm$iately assembl$ 8 subjects1 & attack$ a neighb\r+ tribe4 ,! wret*$ p1 ?\gh !y 7 surpriz$1 made a =midable resi/ance1 z !y resolv$1 almo/ all ( !m1 r to lose _! lives1 ?an survive _! lib]ty4 ,! p]son :om y see 9 ! middle1 is ! fa!r ( ! two "y m51 :o are *a9$ to him on ea* side4 ,8 wife & two ( 8 *ildr5 7 kill$ 9 ! attack1 & 8 fa!r be+ w\nd$1 &1 on acc\nt ( 8 age1 incapable ( s]vitude1 0 left ble$+ on ! spot :]e ?is transaction happ5$4 ,) respect to ^? :o are n[ pass+ u1 & are imm$iately beh9d ! =m]1 ,i c give y no o!r intellig5ce1 ?an t "s ( !m1 to ab\t ! numb] ( ?irty1 7 tak5 9 ! same skirmi%4 ,_! tribe 0 said to h be5 num]\s be=e ! attack2 ^! h[ev] are all t are left alive4 ,b ) respect to ! unhappy man1 :o is n[ opposite to u1 & :om y may di/+ui%1 z he is n[ look+ back & wr++ 8 h&s 9 despair1 ,i c in=m y ) m precision4 ,he is an un=tunate convict4 ,he liv$ only ab\t five days j\rney f ! factory4 ,he w5t out ) 8 k+ to hunt1 & 0 "o ( 8 tra92 b1 ?r\gh too great an anxiety to af=d 8 royal ma/] div]sion1 he r\s$ ! game f ! cov]t r soon] ?an 0 expect$4 ,! k+1 exasp]at$ at ?is circum/ance1 imm$iately s5t5c$ him to slav]y4 ,8 wife & *ildr51 fe>+ le/ ! tyrant %\ld ext5d ! puni%m5t to !mselves1 :i* is n unusual1 fl$ directly to ! woods1 :]e !y 7 all dev\r$4 ,! p1 :om y see close beh9d ! unhappy convict1 =m a num]\s body1 & rea* a consid]able way4 ,!y speak a language1 :i* no p]son 9 ?is "p ( ,africa c und]/&1 & _! features1 z y p]ceive1 are s diff]5t f ^? ( ! re/1 t !y almo/ appe> a di/9ct race ( m54 ,f ?is circum/ance ,i recollect !m4 ,!y are ! subjects ( a v di/ant pr9ce1 :o agre$ ) ! slave m]*ants1 = a quantity ( spiritu\s liquors1 to furni% him ) a /ipulat$ numb] ( slaves4 ,he accord+ly surr\nd$1 & set fire to "o ( 8 own villages 9 ! night1 & seiz$ ^! p1 :o 7 un=tunately ! inhabitants1 z !y 7 escap+ f ! flames4 ,i fir/ saw !m z ! m]*ants 7 driv+ !m 91 ab\t two days ago4 ,!y came 9 a l>ge body1 & 7 ti$ toge!r at ! neck ) lea!r ?ongs1 :i* p]mitt$ !m to walk at ! di/ance ( ab\t a y>d f "o ano!r4 ,_m ( !m 7 load5 ) elephants tee?1 :i* _h be5 pur*as$ at ! same "t4 ,all ( !m _h bags1 made ( sk91 ^u _! %\ld]s2 = z !y 7 to travel1 9 _! way f ! great m\nta9s1 ?r\gh b>r5 s&s & inhospitable woods = _m days toge!r1 !y 7 oblig$ to c>ry wat] & provisions ) !m4 ,not)/&+ ?is1 _m ( !m p]i%$1 "s by hung]1 b ! greate/ numb] by fatigue1 z ! place f :5ce !y came1 is at su* an amaz+ di/ance f ?is1 & ! ob/acles1 f ! nature ( ! c\ntry1 s great1 t ! j\rney c\ld sc>cely be complet$ 9 sev5 moons4 ,:5 ?is relation 0 f9i%$1 & we _h be5 look+ /$fa/ly = "s "t on ! cr\d t 0 go+ by1 we lo/ sight ( t peculi>ity ( feature1 :i* we _h be=e rem>k$4 ,we !n discov]$ t ! inhabitants ( ! depopulat$ village _h all ( !m pass$ u1 & t ! "p ( ! tra91 to :i* we 7 n[ opposite1 0 a num]\s body ( kidnapp$ p4 ,"h we indulg$ our imag9ation4 ,we ?\ght we beheld 9 "o ( !m a fa!r1 9 ano!r an husb&1 & 9 ano!r a son1 ea* ( :om 0 =c$ f 8 v>i\s & t5d] connections1 & )\t ev5 ! opportunity ( bidd+ !m adieu4 ,:ile we 7 engag$ 9 ^! & o!r melan*oly reflections1 ! :ole body ( slaves _h entirely pass$ u4 ,we turn$ almo/ ins5sibly to look at !m aga91 :5 we discov]$ an unhappy man at ! end ( ! tra91 :o c\ld sc>cely keep pace ) ! re/4 ,8 feet seem$ to h suff]$ mu* f long & con/ant travell+1 = he 0 limp+ pa9fully along4 ,?is man1 resumes ! ,african4 has travell$ a consid]able way4 ,he liv$ at a great di/ance f h5ce1 & _h a l>ge family1 = :om he 0 daily to provide4 ,z he w5t out "o night to a neighb\r+ spr+1 to procure wat] = 8 ?ir/y *ildr51 he 0 kidnapp$ by two slave hunt]s1 :o sold him 9 ! morn+ to "s c\ntry m]*ants = a b> ( iron4 ,^! drove him ) o!r slaves1 procur$ almo/ 9 ! same mann]1 to ! ne>e/ m>ket1 :]e ! ,engli% m]*ants1 to :om ! tra9 t has j n[ pass$ u belongs1 pur*as$ him & two o!rs1 by means ( _! travell+ ag5ts1 = a pi/ol4 ,8 wife & *ildr5 h be5 long wait+ = 8 return4 ,b he is gone = ev] f _! sight3 & !y mu/ be n[ disconsolate1 z !y mu/ be c]ta9 by 8 delay1 t he has fall5 into ! h&s ( ! ,*ri/ians4 ,& n[1 z ,i h m5tion$ ! "n ( ,*ri/ians1 a "n1 by :i* ! ,europeans di/+ui% !mselves f u1 ,i c\ld wi% to be in=m$ ( ! mean+ :i* su* an appellation may convey4 ,!y consid] !mselves z m51 b u un=tunate ,africans1 :om !y t]m ,hea!ns1 z ! bea/s t s]ve u4 ,b ah6 h[ diff]5t is ! fact6 ,:at is ,*ri/ianity1 b a sy/em ( murd] & oppression8 ,! cries & yells ( ! un=tunate p1 :o are n[ soon to emb>k = ! regions ( s]vitude1 h already pi]c$ my he>t4 ,h y n he>d me sigh1 :ile we h be5 talk+8 ,d y n see ! te>s t n[ trickle d[n my *eeks8 & yet ^! h>d5$ ,*ri/ians are unable to be mov$ at all3 nay1 !y w sc\rge !m amid/ _! groans1 & ev5 smile1 :ile !y are tortur+ !m to dea?4 ,happy1 happy ,hea!nism6 :i* c dete/ ! vices ( ,*ri/ianity1 & feel = ! di/resses ( mank9d4 ,b we reply1 ,y are totally mi/ak53 ,*ri/ianity is ! mo/ p]fect & lovely ( moral sy/ems4 ,x blesses ev5 ! h& ( p]secution itself1 & returns good = evil4 ,b ! p aga9/ :om y s ju/ly declaim2 are n ,*ri/ians4 ,!y are infidels4 ,!y are mon/]s4 ,!y are out ( ! common c\rse ( nature4 ,_! c\ntrym5 at home are g5]\s & brave4 ,!y support ! sick1 ! lame1 & ! bl9d4 ,!y fly to ! succ\r ( ! di/ress$4 ,!y h noble & /ately build+s = ! sole purpose ( b5evol5ce4 ,!y are 9 %ort1 ( all nations1 ! mo/ rem>kable = humanity & ju/ice4 ,b :y !n1 replies ! hone/ ,african1 d !y suff] ?is8 ,:y is ,africa a sc5e ( blood & desolation8 ,:y are h] *ildr5 wre/$ f h]1 to adm9i/] to ! luxuries & greatness ( ^? :om !y nev] (f5d$8 ,& :y are ^! dismal cries 9 va98 ,alas6 we reply aga91 c ! cries & groans1 ) :i* ! air n[ trembles1 be he>d across ?is ext5sive cont95t8 ,c ! s\!rn w9ds convey !m to ! e> ( ,brita98 ,if !y c\ld rea* ! g5]\s ,engli%man at home1 !y w\ld pi]ce 8 he>t1 z !y h already pi]c$ y\r own4 ,he w\ld sympa?ize ) y 9 y\r di/ress4 ,he w\ld be enrag$ at ! conduct ( 8 c\ntrym51 & resi/ _! tyranny4-- ,b "h a %riek unusually l\d1 accompani$ ) a dreadful rattl+ ( *a9s1 int]rupt$ ! disc\rse4 ,! wret*$ ,africans 7 j ab\t to emb>k3 !y _h turn$ _! face to _! c\ntry1 z if to take a la/ adieu1 &1 ) arms uplift$ to ! sky1 7 mak+ ! v atmosph]e res\nd ) _! pray]s & imprecations4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*ap4 ,,ii4 ,! =ego+ sc5e1 ?\gh x may be said to be imag9>y1 is /rictly consi/5t ) fact4 ,x is a sc5e1 to :i* ! read] himself may h be5 witness1 if he has ev] visit$ ! place1 :]e x is suppos$ to lie2 z no circum/ance :atev] has be5 ins]t$ 9 x1 = :i* ! fulle/ & mo/ und5iable evid5ce _c be produc$4 ,we %all proce$ n[ to describe1 9 g5]al t]ms1 ! treatm5t :i* ! wret*$ ,africans und]go1 f ! "t ( _! emb>kation4 ,:5 ! ,african slaves1 :o are collect$ f v>i\s qu>t]s1 = ! purposes ( sale1 are deliv]$ ov] to ! receiv]s1 !y are conduct$ 9 ! mann] above describ$ to ! %ips4 ,_! situation on bo>d is beyond all description3 = "h !y are cr\d$1 hundr$s ( !m toge!r1 into su* a small compass1 z w\ld sc>cely be ?\ght suffici5t to accommodate tw5ty1 if consid]$ z free m54 ,?is conf9em5t soon produces an effect1 t may be easily imag9$4 ,x g5]ates a pe/il5tial air1 :i*1 co-op]at+ )1 bad provisions1 occasions su* a sickness & mortality among !m1 t n less ?an tw5ty ?\s&#jef are g5]ally tak5 (f 9 e ye>ly transportation4 ,?us conf9$ 9 a pe/il5tial prison1 & almo/ entirely exclud$ f ! *e>ful face ( day1 x rema9s = ! sickly survivors to l+] out a mis]able exi/5ce1 till ! voyage is f9i%$4 ,b are no f>!r evils to be expect$ 9 ! int]im p>ticul>ly if we add to _! already wret*$ situation ! indignities t are daily (f]$ !m1 & ! regret :i* !y mu/ con/antly feel1 at be+ = ev] =c$ f _! connexions8 ,^! evils are b too app>5t4 ,"s ( !m h resolv$1 &1 not)/&+ ! ?reats ( ! receiv]s1 h c>ri$ _! resolves into execution1 to />ve !mselves to dea?4 ,o!rs1 :5 !y h be5 br\ght ^u deck = air1 if ! lea/ opportunity has (f]$1 h leap$ into ! sea1 & t]m9at$ _! mis]ies at once4 ,o!rs1 9 a fit ( despair1 h attempt$ to rise1 & rega9 _! lib]ty4 ,b "h :at a sc5e ( b>b>ity has con/antly ensu$4 ,"s ( !m h be5 in/antly kill$ ^u ! spot2 "s h be5 tak5 f ! hold1 h be5 bruis$ & mutilat$ 9 ! mo/ b>b>\s & %ock+ mann]1 & h be5 return$ ble$+ to _! companions1 z a sad example ( resi/ance2 :ile o!rs1 ti$ to ! ropes ( ! %ip1 & mangl$ alt]nately ) ! :ip & knife1 h be5 left 9 t horrid situation1 till !y h expir$4 ,b ?is is n ! only inhuman treatm5t :i* !y are frequ5tly oblig$ to und]go2 = if !re %\ld be any necessity1 f tempe/u\s wea!r1 = light5+ ! %ip2 or if x %\ld be presum$ on ! voyage1 t ! provisions w fall %ort be=e ! port c be made1 !y are1 _m ( !m1 ?r[n into ! sea1 )\t any compunction ( m9d on ! "p ( ! receiv]s1 & )\t any o!r regret = _! loss1 ?an t :i* av>ice inspires4 ,wret*$ survivors6 :at mu/ be _! feel+s at su* a sight6 h[ mu/ !y tremble to ?9k ( t s]vitude :i* is approa*+1 :5 ! v dogs ( ! receiv]s h be5 reta9$ on bo>d1 & pref]r$ to _! un(f5d+ c\ntrym54 ,b inde$ s lightly are ^! unhappy p e/eem$1 t _! lives h be5 ev5 tak5 away ^u speculation3 !re has be5 an in/ance1 )9 ! la/ five ye>s1 ( "o hundr$ & ?irty two ( !m be+ ?r[n into ! sea1 because x 0 suppos$ t1 by ?is trick1 _! value c\ld be recov]$ f ! insur]s#jeg4 ,b if ! %ip %\ld arrive safe at its de/9$ port1 a circum/ance :i* does n always happ51 7= "s h be5 bl[n up1 & _m lo/7 ! wret*$ ,africans d n f9d an alleviation ( _! sorr[4 ,"h !y are aga9 expos$ to sale4 ,"h !y are aga9 subject$ to ! inspection ( o!r brutal receiv]s1 :o exam9e & treat !m ) an inhumanity1 at :i* ev5 av>ice %\ld blu%4 ,to ?is mortify+ circum/ance is add$ ano!r1 t !y are pick$ out1 z ! pur*as] pleases1 )\t any consid]ation :e!r ! wife is sep>at$ f h] husb&1 or ! "m f h] son3 & if ^! cruel in/ances ( sep>ation %\ld happ52 if relations1 :5 !y f9d !mselves ab\t to be p>t$1 %\ld cl+ toge!r2 or if filial1 conjugal1 or p>5tal affection1 %\ld deta9 !m b a mom5t long] 9 ea* o!r's arms1 ?an ^! second receiv]s %\ld ?9k suffici5t1 ! la% in/antly sev]s !m f _! embraces4 ,we _c close our acc\nt ( ! treatm5t1 :i* ! wret*$ ,africans und]go :ile 9 ! h&s ( ! fir/ receiv]s1 )\t m5tion+ an in/ance ( wanton1 b>b>ity1 :i* happ5$ "s "t ago2 p>ticul>ly z x may be ins]t$ ) propriety 9 ! pres5t place1 & may give ! read] a bett] idea ( ! cruelties1 to :i* !y are cont9ually expos$1 ?an any t he may h yet conceiv$4 ,to avoid mak+ a mi/ake1 we %all take ! lib]ty t has be5 all[$ u1 & transcribe x f a little manuscript acc\nt1 ) :i* we h be5 fav\r$ by a p]son ( ! /ricte/ integrity1 & :o 0 at t "t 9 ! place :]e ! transaction happ5$#jeh4 ,n long aft]1 says he1 7cont9u+ 8 acc\nt7 ! p]petrator ( a cruel murd]1 committ$ 9 op5 day light1 9 ! mo/ publick "p ( a t[n1 :i* 0 ! seat ( gov]nm5t1 escap$ e o!r notice ?an ! curses ( a few ( ! m humane witnesses ( 8 b>b>ity4 ,an (fic] ( a ,gu9ea %ip1 :o _h ! c>e ( a numb] ( new slaves1 & 0 return+ f ! sale-y>d to ! vessel ) su* z rema9$ unsold2 obs]v$ a /\t fell[ among !m r sl[ 9 8 motions1 :i* he !re=e quick5$ ) 8 rattan4 ,! slave soon aft]w>ds fell d[n1 & 0 rais$ by ! same application4 ,mov+ =w>ds a few y>ds1 he fell d[n aga92 & ?is be+ tak5 z a pro( ( 8 sull5 p]v]se _s1 ! enrag$ (fic] furi\sly repeat$ 8 bl[s1 till he expir$ at 8 feet4 ,! brute coolly ord]$ "s ( ! surviv+ slaves to c>ry ! dead body to ! wat]'s side1 :]e1 )\t any c]emony or delay1 be+ ?r[n into ! sea1 ! trag$y 0 suppos$ to h be5 imm$iately f9i%$ by ! n m inhuman %>ks1 ) :i* ! h>b\r !n ab\nd$4 ,^! voraci\s fi% 7 suppos$ to h foll[$ ! vessels f ! coa/ ( ,africa1 9 :i* t5 ?\s& slaves 7 import$ 9 t "o season1 be+ allur$ by ! /5*1 & daily f$ by ! dead c>casses ?r[n ov]bo>d on ! voyage4 ,if ! read] %\ld obs]ve "h1 t cattle are bett] protect$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 ?an slaves 9 ! colonies1 8 obs]vation w be j4 ,! bea/ :i* is driv5 to m>ket1 is def5d$ by law f ! goad ( ! driv]2 :]eas ! wret*$ ,african1 ?\gh an human be+1 & ^: feel+s receive ( c\rse a d\ble poignancy f ! p[] ( reflection1 is unnotic$ 9 ?is respect 9 ! colonial code1 & may be goad$ & beat5 till he expires4 ,we may n[ take our leave ( ! fir/ receiv]s4 ,_! crime has be5 already e/imat$2 & to reason f>!r ^u x1 w\ld be unnecess>y4 ,= :]e ! conduct ( m5 is s manife/ly impi\s1 !re c be no ne$1 ei!r ( a s+le argum5t or a reflection2 z e read] ( s5sibility w anticipate !m 9 8 own feel+s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,footnotes ,footnote #jef3 ,x is univ]sally all[$1 t at lea/ "o fif? ( ! export$ negroes p]i% 9 ! passage4 ,?is e/imate is made f ! "t 9 :i* !y are put on bo>d1 to ! "t :5 !y are dispos$ ( 9 ! colonies4 ,! ,fr5* are suppos$ to lose ! greate/ numb] 9 ! voyage1 b p>ticul>ly f ?is circum/ance1 because _! slave %ips are 9 g5]al s v l>ge1 t _m ( ! slaves t h be5 put on bo>d sickly1 die be=e ! c>go c be complet$4 ,footnote #jeg3 ,?is in/ance happ5$ 9 a %ip1 comm&$ by "o ,coll+wood4 ,on ! #bi? ( ,novemb]1 #agha1 fifty-f\r ( !m 7 ?r[n into ! sea alive2 on ! #cj? =ty-two m2 & 9 ab\t ?ree days aft]w>ds1 tw5ty-six4 ,t5 o!rs1 :o 7 br\ght ^u ! deck = ! same purpose1 did n wait to be h&-cuff$1 b bravely leap$ into ! sea1 & %>$ ! fate ( _! companions4 ,x is a fact1 t ! p on bo>d ?is %ip _h n be5 put ^u %ort all[ance4 ,! excuse :i* ?is execrable wret* made on bo>d = 8 conduct1 0 ! foll[+1 t if ! slaves1 :o 7 !n sickly1 _h di$ a natural dea?1 ! loss w\ld h be5 ! own]s2 b z !y 7 ?r[n alive into ! sea1 x w\ld fall ^u ! und]writ]s4 ,footnote #jeh3 ,?is g5tleman is at pres5t resid5t 9 ,engl&4 ,! au?or ( ?is ,essay appli$ to him = "s in=mation on ! treatm5t ( slaves1 s f> z 8 own k 0 conc]n$4 ,he 0 s oblig+ z to furni% him ) ! writt5 acc\nt allud$ to1 int]sp]s$ only ) su* in/ances1 z he himself c\ld und]take to answ] =4 ,! au?or1 z he has nev] met ) ^! in/ances be=e1 & z !y are ( su* high au?ority1 int5ds to transcribe two or ?ree ( !m1 & ins]t !m 9 ! f\r? *apt]4 ,!y w be f\nd 9 inv]t$ commas4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*ap4 ,,iii4 ,:5 ! wret*$ ,africans are ?us put into ! h&s ( ! second receiv]s1 !y are convey$ to ! plantations1 :]e !y are totally consid]$ z cattle1 or bea/s ( lab\r2 _! v *ildr51 if any %\ld be born to !m 9 t situation1 be+ previ\sly de/9$ to ! condition ( _! p>5ts4 ,b "h a "q arises1 :i*1 w int]rupt ! ?read ( ! n>ration = a little "t1 viz4 h[ f> _! desc5dants1 :o compose ! fif? ord] ( slaves1 are ju/ly r$uc$ to s]vitude1 & ^u :at pr9ciples ! receiv]s def5d _! conduct4 ,au?ors h be5 at great pa9s to inquire1 :y1 9 ! anci5t s]vitude1 ! *ild has uni=mly foll[$ ! condition ( ! "m4 ,b we conceive t !y w\ld h sav$ !mselves mu* tr\ble1 & h done !mselves m cr$it1 if in/ead (1 endeav\r+ to reconcile ! cu/om ) hea!n notions1 or _! own lab\r$ conjectures1 !y _h %ewn its inconsi/5cy ) reason & nature1 & its repugnancy to common ju/ice4 ,suffice x to say1 t ! :ole !ory ( ! anci5ts1 ) respect to ! desc5dants slaves1 may be r$uc$ to ?is pr9ciple1 t z ! p>5ts1 by becom+ prop]ty1 7 :olly consid]$ z cattle1 _! *ildr51 l ! prog5y ( cattle1 inh]it$ _! p>5tal lot4 ,su* also is ! excuse ( ! tyrannical receiv]s be=e-m5tion$4 ,!y allege1 t !y h pur*as$ ! p>5ts1 t !y c sell & dispose ( !m z !y please1 t !y possess !m "u ! same laws & limitations z _! cattle1 & t _! *ildr51 l ! prog5y ( ^!1 become _! prop]ty by bir?4 ,b ! absurdity ( ! argum5t w imm$iately appe>4 ,x dep5ds :olly on ! supposition1 t ! p>5ts are brutes4 ,if !y are brutes1 we %all in/antly cease to cont5d3 if !y are m51 :i* we ?9k x n difficult to prove1 ! argum5t mu/ imm$iately fall1 z we h already %ewn t !re _c ju/ly be any prop]ty :atev] 9 ! human species4 ,x has appe>$ also1 9 ! second "p ( ?is ,essay1 t z nature made1 e man's body & m9d 8 own1 s no j p]son c be r$uc$ to slav]y aga9/ 8 own cons5t4 ,d ! un=tunate (fspr+ ev] cons5t to be slaves8--,!y are slaves f _! bir?4--,are !y guilty ( crimes1 t !y lose _! fre$om8--,!y are slaves :5 !y _c speak4--,are _! p>5ts ab&on$8 ,! crimes ( ! p>5ts _c ju/ly ext5d to ! *ildr54 ,?us !n mu/ ! tyrannical receiv]s1 :o presume to s5t5ce ! *ildr5 ( slaves to s]vitude1 if !y mean to dispute ^u ! ju/ice ( _! cause2 ei!r all[ !m to h be5 brutes f _! bir?1 or to h be5 guilty ( crimes at a "t1 :5 !y 7 incapable ( (f5d+ ! v ,k+ ( ,k+s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*ap4 ,,iv4 ,b to return to ! n>ration4 ,:5 ! wret*$ ,africans are convey$ to ! plantations1 !y are consid]$ z bea/s ( lab\r1 & are put to _! respective "w4 ,hav+ l$1 9 _! own c\ntry1 a life ( indol5ce & ease1 :]e ! e>? br+s =? spontane\sly ! com=ts ( life1 & sp>es frequ5tly ! toil & tr\ble ( cultivation1 !y c h>dly be expect$ to endure ! drudg]ies ( s]vitude4 ,calculations are accord+ly made ^u _! lives4 ,x is conjectur$1 t if ?ree 9 f\r survive :at is call$ ! season+1 ! b>ga9 is highly fav\rable4 ,?is season+ is said to expire1 :5 ! two fir/ ye>s ( _! s]vitude are complet$3 ,x is ! "t :i* an ,african mu/ take to be s accu/om$ to ! colony1 z to be able to endure ! common lab\r ( a plantation1 & to be put into ! gang4 ,at ! end ( ?is p]iod ! calculations become v]ifi$1 tw5ty ?\s&#jei ( ^?1 :o are annually import$1 dy+ be=e ! season+ is ov]4 ,?is is surely an horrid & awful consid]ation3 & ?us does x appe>1 7& let x be rememb]$1 t x is ! l[e/ calculation t has be5 ev] made ^u ! subject7 t out ( e annual supply t is %ipp$ f ! coa/ ( ,africa1 =ty ?\s& lives#jfj are regul>ly exp5d$1 ev5 be=e x c be said1 t !re is really any additional /ock = ! colonies4 ,:5 ! season+ is ov]1 & ! survivors are ?us enabl$ to endure ! usual task ( slaves1 !y are consid]$ z real & sub/antial supplies4 ,f ?is p]iod#jfa !re=e we %all describe _! situation4 ,!y are summon$ at five 9 ! morn+ to beg9 _! "w4 ,?is "w may be divid$ into two k9ds1 ! culture ( ! fields1 & ! collection ( grass = cattle4 ,! la/ is ! mo/ labori\s & intol]able employm5t2 z ! grass c only be collect$ blade by blade1 & is to be fet*$ frequ5tly twice a day at a consid]able di/ance f ! plantation4 ,9 ^! two occupations !y are jo9tly tak5 up1 ) no o!r int]mission ?an t ( tak+ _! subsi/5ce twice1 till n9e at night4 ,!y !n sep>ate = _! respective huts1 :5 !y ga!r /icks1 prep>e _! supp]1 & att5d _! families4 ,?is employs !m till midnight1 :5 !y g to re/4 ,su* is _! daily way ( life = r m ?an half ! ye>4 ,!y are sixte5 h\rs1 includ+ two int]vals at meals1 9 ! s]vice ( _! ma/]s3 !y are employ$ ?ree aft]w>ds 9 _! own necess>y conc]ns2 five only rema9 = sleep1 & _! day is f9i%$4 ,dur+ ! rema9+ portion ( ! ye>1 or ! "t ( crop1 ! nature1 z well z ! "t ( _! employm5t1 is consid]ably *ang$4 ,! :ole gang is g5]ally divid$ into two or ?ree bodies4 ,"o ( ^!1 besides ! ord9>y lab\r ( ! day1 is kept 9 turn at ! mills1 t are con/antly go+1 dur+ ! :ole ( ! night4 ,?is is a dreadful encroa*m5t ^u _! "t ( re/1 :i* 0 be=e too %ort to p]mit !m p]fectly to refre% _! we>i$ limbs1 & actually r$uces _! sleep1 z long z ?is season la/s1 to ab\t ?ree h\rs & an half a night1 ^u a mod]ate computation#jfb4 ,^? :o c keep _! eyes op5 dur+ _! nightly lab\r1 & are will+ to resi/ ! dr[s9ess t is cont9ually com+ ^u !m1 are pres5tly worn out2 :ile "s ( ^?1 :o are ov]come1 & :o fe$ ! mill betwe5 asleep & awake1 suff]1 = ?us obey+ ! calls ( nature1 by ! loss ( a limb#jfc4 ,9 ?is mann] !y g on1 ) little or no respite f _! "w1 till ! crop season is ov]1 :5 ! ye> 7f ! "t ( our fir/ description7 is complet$4 ,to support#jfd a life ( su* unp>allel$ drudg]y1 we %\ld at lea/ expect3 to f9d1 t !y 7 com=tably clo!d1 & pl5tifully f$4 ,b sad rev]se6 !y h sc>cely a cov]+ to def5d !mselves aga9/ ! inclem5cy ( ! night4 ,_! provisions are frequ5tly bad1 & are always dealt out to !m ) su* a sp>+ h&1 t ! means ( a b>e livelihood are n plac$ )9 ! rea* ( f\r out ( five ( ^! unhappy p4 ,x is a fact1 t _m ( ! disord]s ( slaves are contract$ f eat+ ! vegetables1 :i* _! little spots produce1 be=e !y are suffici5tly ripe3 a cle> indication1 t ! calls ( hung] are frequ5tly s press+1 z n to suff] !m to wait1 till !y c really enjoy !m4 ,?is1 situation1 ( a want ( ! common necess>ies ( life1 add$ to t ( h>d & cont9ual lab\r1 mu/ be suffici5tly pa9ful ( itself4 ,h[ !n mu/ ! pa9 be %>p5$1 if x be accompani$ ) sev]ity6 if an un=tunate slave does n come into ! field exactly at ! appo9t$ "t1 if1 droop+ ) sickness or fatigue1 he appe>s to "w unwill+ly1 or if ! bundle ( grass t he has be5 collect+1 appe>s too small 9 ! eye ( ! ov]se]1 he is equally sure ( exp]i5c+ ! :ip4 ,?is in/rum5t erases ! sk91 & cuts out small portions ( ! fle% at almo/ e /roke2 & is s frequ5tly appli$1 t ! smack ( x is all day long 9 ! e>s ( ^?1 :o are 9 ! vic9ity ( ! plantations4 ,?is sev]ity ( ma/]s1 or manag]s1 to _! slaves1 :i* is consid]$ only z common discipl9e1 is att5d$ ) bad effects4 ,x enables !m to behold in/ances ( cruelty )\t commis]ation1 & to be guilty ( !m )\t remorse4 ,h5ce ^? _m acts ( delib]ate mutilation1 t h tak5 place on ! slighte/ occasions3 h5ce ^? _m acts ( inf]i\r1 ?\gh %ock+1 b>b>ity1 t h tak5 place )\t any occasion at all3 ! v slitt+#jfe ( e>s has be5 consid]$ z an op]ation1 s p]fectly devoid ( pa91 z to h be5 p]=m$ = no o!r reason ?an t = :i* a br& is set ^u cattle1 z a m>k ( prop]ty4 ,b ?is is n ! only effect1 :i* ?is sev]ity produces3 = :ile x h>d5s _! he>ts1 & makes !m ins5sible ( ! mis]y ( _! fell[-creatures1 x begets a turn = wanton cruelty4 ,z a pro( ( ?is1 we %all m5tion "o1 among ! _m in/ances t occur1 :]e +5uity has be5 ex]t$ 9 contriv+ modes ( torture4 ,an iron c(f91 ) holes 9 x1 0 kept by a c]ta9 coloni/1 z an auxili>y to ! la%4 ,9 ?is ! poor victim ( ! ma/]'s res5tm5t 0 inclos$1 & plac$ suffici5tly ne> a fire1 to occasion extreme pa91 & consequ5tly %rieks & groans1 until ! rev5ge ( ! ma/] 0 satiat$1 )\t any o!r inconv5i5ce on 8 "p1 ?an a tempor>y susp5sion ( ! slave's lab\r4 ,_h he be5 flogg$ to dea?1 or 8 limbs mutilat$1 ! int]e/ ( ! brutal tyrant w\ld h suff]$ a m irrep>able loss4 ,9 m5tion+1 ?is in/ance1 we d n mean to ins9uate1 t x is common4 ,we "k t x 0 reprobat$ by _m4 ,all t we w\ld inf] f x is1 t :]e m5 are habituat$ to a sy/em ( sev]ity1 !y become wantonly cruel1 & t ! m]e tol]ation ( su* an in/rum5t ( torture1 9 any c\ntry1 is a cle> indication1 t ?is wret*$ class ( m5 d n !re enjoy ! protection ( any laws1 t may be pret5d$ to h be5 enact$ 9 _! fav\r4 ,su* !n is ! g5]al situation ( ! un=tunate ,africans4 ,!y are beat5 & tortur$ at discretion4 ,!y are badly clo!d4 ,!y are mis]ably f$4 ,_! drudg]y is int5se & incessant & _! re/ %ort4 ,= sc>cely are _! heads recl9$1 sc>cely h _! bodies a respite f ! lab\r ( ! day1 or ! cruel h& ( ! ov]se]1 b !y are summon$ to r5ew _! sorr[s4 ,9 ?is mann] !y g on f ye> to ye>1 9 a /ate ( ! l[e/ degradation1 )\t a s+le law to protect !m1 )\t ! possibility ( r$ress1 )\t a hope t _! situation w be *ang$1 unless dea? %\ld t]m9ate ! sc5e4 ,hav+ describ$ ! g5]al situation ( ^! un=tunate p1 we %all n[ take notice ( ! common consequ5ces t are f\nd to att5d x1 & relate !m sep>ately1 z !y result ei!r f long & pa9ful lab\r1 a want ( ! common necess>ies ( life1 or cont9ual sev]ity4 ,oppress$ by a daily task ( su* immod]ate lab\r z human nature is utt]ly unable to p]=m1 _m ( !m run away f _! ma/]s4 ,!y fly to ! recesses ( ! m\nta9s1 :]e !y *oose r to live ^u any ?+ t ! soil af=ds !m1 nay1 ! v soil itself1 ?an return to t happy situation1 :i* is repres5t$ by ! receiv]s1 z ! condition ( a slave4 ,x sometimes happ5s1 t ! manag] ( a m\nta9 plantation1 falls 9 ) "o ( ^!2 he imm$iately seizes him1 & ?reat5s to c>ry him to 8 =m] ma/]1 unless he w cons5t to live on ! m\nta9 & cultivate 8 gr\nd4 ,:5 8 plantation is put 9 ord]1 he c>ries ! del9qu5t home1 ab&ons him to all ! sugge/ions ( despotick rage1 & accepts a rew>d = 8 hone/y4 ,! unhappy wret* is *a9$1 sc\rg$1 tortur$2 & all ?is1 because he obey$ ! dictates ( nature1 & want$ to be free4 ,& :o is !re1 t w\ld n h done ! same ?+1 9 ! same situation8 ,:o is !re1 t has once kn[n ! *>ms ( lib]ty2 t w\ld n fly f despotism8 ,& yet1 by ! impi\s laws ( ! receiv]s1 ! abs5ce#jff ( six mon?s f ! la% ( tyranny is--dea?4 ,b ?is law is ev5 mild1 :5 comp>$ ) ano!r aga9/ ! same (f5ce1 :i* 0 9 =ce sometime ago1 & :i* we fe> is ev5 n[ 9 =ce1 9 "s ( ^? colonies :i* ?is acc\nt ( ! treatm5t compreh5ds4 ,adv]tisem5ts h frequ5tly appe>$ !re1 (f]+ a rew>d = ! appreh5d+ ( fugitive slaves ei!r alive or dead4 ,! foll[+ in/ance 0 giv5 u by a p]son ( unque/ionable v]acity1 "u ^: own obs]vation x fell4 ,z he 0 travell+ 9 "o ( ! colonies allud$ to1 he obs]v$ "s p 9 pursuit ( a poor wret*1 :o 0 seek+ 9 ! wild]ness an asylum f 8 lab\rs4 ,he he>d ! dis*>ge ( a gun1 & soon aft]w>ds /opp+ at an h\se = refre%m5t1 ! head ( ! fugitive1 /ill reek+ ) blood1 0 br\ght 9 & laid ^u a table ) exultation4 ,! production ( su* a trophy 0 ! pro( requir$ by law to entitle ! h]oes to _! rew>d4 ,n[ read] det]m9e if y c1 :o 7 ! mo/ execrable2 ! rul]s ( ! /ate 9 au?oriz+ murd]1 or ! p 9 be+ brib$ to commit x4 ,?is is "o ( ! common consequ5ces ( t immod]ate %>e ( lab\r1 :i* is impos$ ^u !m2 nor is t1 :i* is ! result ( a scanty all[ance ( food1 less to be lam5t$4 ,! wret*$ ,african is (t5 s deeply pi]c$ by ! excruciat+ fangs ( hung]1 z almo/ to be driv5 to despair4 ,:at is he to d 9 su* a try+ situation8 ,let him apply to ! receiv]s4 ,alas6 ! maje/y ( receiv]%ip is too sacr$ = ! appeal1 & ! intrusion w\ld be fatal4 ,?us attack$ on ! "o h&1 & %ut out f e possibility ( relief on ! o!r1 he has only ! *oice ( be+ />v$1 or ( reliev+ 8 necessities by tak+ a small portion ( ! fruits ( 8 own lab\r4 ,horrid crime6 to be f\nd eat+ ! cane1 :i* probably 8 own h&s h plant$1 & to be eat+ x1 because 8 necessities 7 press+6 ,?is crime h[ev] is ( su* a magnitude1 z always to be accompani$ ) ! :ip2 & s unm]cifully has x be5 appli$ on su* an occasion1 z to h be5 ! cause1 9 wet wea!r1 ( ! del9qu5t's dea?4 ,b ! sm>t ( ! :ip has n be5 ! only pa9 t ! wret*$ ,africans h exp]i5c$4 ,any ?+ t passion c\ld seize1 & conv]t into an in/rum5t ( puni%m5t1 has be5 us$2 &1 horrid to relate6 ! v knife has n be5 ov]look$ 9 ! fit ( phr5zy4 ,e>s h be5 slit1 eyes h be5 beat5 out1 & bones h be5 brok52 & s frequ5tly has ?is be5 ! case1 t x has be5 a matt] ( con/ant lam5tation ) dis9t]e/$ p1 :o out ( curiosity h att5d$ ! m>kets#jfg to :i* ^! unhappy p weekly resort1 t !y h n be5 able to turn _! eyes on any gr\p ( !m :atev]1 b !y h beheld ^! inhuman m>ks ( passion1 despotism1 & caprice4 ,b ^! in/ances ( b>b>ity h n be5 able to det] !m f simil> proce$+s4 ,& inde$1 h[ c x be expect$ t !y %\ld8 ,!y h /ill ! same appetite to be satisfi$ z be=e1 & to drive !m to desp]ation4 ,!y creep out cl&e/9ely by night1 & g 9 se>* ( food into _! ma/]'s1 or "s neighb\r+ plantation4 ,b "h !y are almo/ equally sure ( suff]+4 ,! wat*man1 :o w be puni%$ himself1 if he neglects 8 duty1 frequ5tly seizes !m 9 ! fact4 ,no excuse or intreaty w avail2 he mu/ puni% !m = an example1 & he mu/ puni% !m1 n ) a /ick1 nor ) a :ip1 b ) a cutlass4 ,?us x happ5s1 t ^! unhappy slaves1 if !y are tak51 are ei!r s5t away mangl$ 9 a b>b>\s mann]1 or are kill$ ^u ! spot4 ,we may n[ m5tion ! consequ5ces ( ! sev]ity4 ,! wret*$ ,africans1 daily subject$ to ! la%1 & unm]cifully :ipt & beat5 on e trifl+ occasion1 h be5 f\nd to resi/ _! oppos]s4 ,unp>donable crime6 t !y %\ld h ! feel+s ( nature6 t _! brea/s %\ld gl[ ) res5tm5t on an injury6 t !y %\ld be s f> ov]come1 z to resi/ ^?1 :om !y are "u no obligations to obey1 & ^: only title to _! s]vices consi/s 9 a violation ( ! rights ( m56 ,:at has be5 ! consequ5ce8--,b "h let u sp>e ! feel+s ( ! read]1 7we wi% we c\ld sp>e our own7 & let u only say1 )\t a recital ( ! cruelty1 t !y h be5 murd]$ at ! discretion ( _! ma/]s4 ,= let ! read] obs]ve1 t ! life ( an ,african is only valu$ at a price1 t w\ld sc>cely pur*ase an horse2 t ! ma/] has a p[] ( murd]+ 8 slave1 if he pays b a trifl+ f9e2 & t ! murd] mu/ be att5d$ ) uncommon circum/ances ( horr\r1 if x ev5 produces an inquiry4 ,immortal ,alfr$6 fa!r ( our invaluable con/itution6 p>5t ( ! civil bless+s we enjoy6 h[ ought ?y laws to excite our love & v5]ation1 :o ha/ =bidd5 u1 ?y po/]ity1 to tremble at ! fr[n ( tyrants6 h[ ought !y to p]petuate ?y "n1 z v5]able1 to ! remote/ ages1 :o has secur$1 ev5 to ! meane/ s]vant1 a fair & imp>tial trial6 ,h[ mu* does nature approve ?y laws1 z consi/5t ) h] own feel+s1 :ile %e absolutely turns pale1 trembles1 & recoils1 at ! in/itutions ( ^! receiv]s6 ,execrable m56 y d n murd] ! horse1 on :i* y only ride2 y d n mutilate ! c[1 :i* only af=ds y h] milk2 y d n torture ! dog1 :i* is b a p>tial s]vant ( y\r pleasures3 b ^! un=tunate m51 f :om1 y d]ive y\r v pleasures & y\r =tunes1 y torture1 mutilate1 murd] at discretion6 ,sleep !n y receiv]s1 if y c1 :ile y sc>cely all[ ^! un=tunate p to re/ at all6 fea/ if y c1 & indulge y\r g5ius1 :ile y daily apply to ^! un=tunate p ! /+s ( sev]ity & hung]6 exult 9 ri*es1 at :i* ev5 av>ice ought to %udd]1 &1 :i* humanity mu/ dete/6 99 99 99 99 99 ,,footnotes ,footnote #jei3 ,"o ?ird ( ! :ole numb] import$1 is (t5 comput$ to be lo/ 9 ! season+1 :i*1 9 r\nd numb]s1 w be #bgjjj4 ,! loss 9 ! season+ dep5ds1 9 a great measure1 on two circum/ances1 viz4 on ! numb] ( :at are call$ refuse slaves t are import$1 & on ! quantity ( new l& 9 ! colony4 ,9 ! ,fr5* w9dw>d isl&s ( ,m>t9ico1 & ,guadal\pe1 :i* are cle>$ & highly cultivat$1 & 9 our old small isl&s1 "o f\r?1 includ+ refuse slaves1 is consid]$ z a g5]al proportion4 ,b 9 ,/4 ,dom+o1 :]e !re is a great deal ( new l& annually tak5 into culture1 & 9 o!r colonies 9 ! same situation1 ! g5]al proportion1 includ+ refuse slaves1 is f\nd to be "o ?ird4 ,?is !re=e is a l[] e/imate ?an ! =m]1 & r$uces ! numb] to ab\t #bcjjj4 ,we may obs]ve1 t ?is is ! common e/imate1 b we h r$uc$ x to #bjjjj to make x free f all objection4 ,footnote #jfj3 ,includ+ ! numb] t p]i% on ! voyage1 & 9 ! season+4 ,x is g5]ally ?\ght t n half ! numb] pur*as$ c be consid]$ z an additional /ock1 & ( c\rse t #ej1jjj are consum$ )9 ! fir/ two ye>s f _! emb>kation4 ,footnote #jfa3 ,t "p ( ! acc\nt1 t has be5 hi!rto giv51 ext5ds to all ! ,europeans & _! coloni/s1 :o are conc]n$ 9 ?is horrid practice4 ,b we are sorry t we mu/ n[ make a di/9ction1 & conf9e ! rema9+ "p1 ( x to ! coloni/s ( ! ,briti% ,we/ ,india isl&s1 & to ^? ( ! s\!rn prov9ces ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,z ! employm5t ( slaves is diff]5t 9 ! two p>ts ( ! _w la/ m5tion$1 we %all cont5t ourselves ) describ+ x1 z x exi/s 9 "o ( !m1 & we %all aft]w>ds annex su* treatm5t & su* consequ5ces z are applicable to bo?4 ,we h only to add1 t ! read] mu/ n consid] our acc\nt z univ]sally1 b only g5]ally1 true4 ,footnote #jfb3 ,?is computation is made on a supposition1 t ! gang is divid$ into ?ree bodies2 we call x !re=e mod]ate1 because ! gang is frequ5tly divid$ into two bodies1 :i* mu/ !re=e set up alt]nately e o!r night4 ,footnote #jfc3 ,an h& or arm be+ frequ5tly gr\nd (f4 ,footnote #jfd3 ,! read] w sc>cely believe x1 b x is a fact1 t a slave's annual all[ance f 8 ma/]1 = provisions1 clo?+1 m$ic9es :5 sick1 c4 is limit$1 ^u an av]age1 to ?irty %ill+s4 ,footnote #jfe3 ,a boy hav+ receiv$ six slaves z a pres5t f 8 fa!r1 imm$iately slit _! e>s1 & = ! foll[+ reason1 t z 8 fa!r 0 a :imsical man1 he might claim !m aga91 unless !y 7 m>k$4 ,we d n m5tion ?is in/ance z a confirmation ( ! passage to :i* x is annex$1 b only to %ew1 h[ cauti\s we ought to be 9 giv+ cr$it to :at may be advanc$ 9 any "w writt5 9 def5ce ( slav]y1 by any native ( ! colonies3 = be+ tra9$ up to sc5es ( cruelty f 8 cradle1 he may1 consi/5tly ) 8 own feel+s1 repres5t t treatm5t z mild1 at :i* we1 :o h nev] be5 us$ to see !m1 %\ld absolutely %udd]4 ,footnote #jff3 ,9 ?is case he is consid]$ z a crim9al aga9/ ! /ate4 ,! m>%al1 an (fic] answ]+ to our %]iff1 sup]9t5ds 8 execution1 & ! ma/] receives ! value ( ! slave f ! publick treasury4 ,we may obs]ve "h1 t 9 all cases :]e ! del9qu5t is a crim9al ( ! /ate1 he is execut$1 & 8 value is receiv$ 9 ! same mann]2 ,he is tri$ & condemn$ by two or ?ree ju/ices ( ! peace1 & )\t any int]v5tion ( a jury4 ,footnote #jfg3 ,p>ticul>ly 9 ,jamaica4 ,^! obs]vations 7 made by dis9t]e/$ p1 :o 7 !re = ?ree or f\r ye>s dur+ ! late w>4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*ap4 ,v4 ,"s p may suppose1 f ! melan*oly acc\nt t has be5 giv5 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 t we h be5 absolutely deal+ 9 romance3 t ! sc5e exhibit$ is r a dre>y picture ( ! imag9ation1 ?an a repres5tation ( fact4 ,w\ld to heav51 = ! hon\r ( human nature1 t ?is 7 really ! case6 ,we wi% we c\ld say1 t we h no te/imony to produce = any ( our ass]tions1 & t our description ( ! g5]al treatm5t ( slaves has be5 greatly exagg]at$4 ,b ! receiv]s1 not)/&+ ! ample & dis9t]e/$ evid5ce1 t c be br\ght on ! occasion1 d n admit ! description to be true4 ,!y say fir/1 t if ! slav]y 7 su* z has be5 n[ repres5t$1 no human be+ c\ld possibly support x long4 ,melan*oly tru?6 ! wret*$ ,africans g5]ally p]i% 9 _! prime4 ,let !m reflect ^u ! prodigi\s supplies t are annually requir$1 & _! argum5t w be no?+ less ?an a confession1 t ! slav]y has be5 ju/ly depict$4 ,!y appeal next to e man's own reason1 & desire him to ?9k s]i\sly1 :e!r self-int]e/ w n always re/ra9 ! ma/] f acts ( cruelty to ! slave1 & :e!r su* acc\nts !re=e1 z ! =ego+1 d n conta9 )9 !mselves1 _! own refutation4 ,we answ]1 ,no4 ,= if ?is re/ra9+ pr9ciple be z p[]ful z x is imag9$1 :y does n ! g5]al conduct ( m5 af=d u a bett] picture8 ,:at is imprud5ce1 or :at is vice1 b a dep>ture f e man's own int]e/1 & yet ^! are ! *>act]i/icks ( m ?an half ! _w8-- --,b1 to come m closely to ! pres5t case1 self-int]e/ w be f\nd b a weak b>ri] aga9/ ! sallies ( passion3 p>ticul>ly :]e x has be5 daily indulg$ 9 its greate/ latitude1 & !re are no laws to re/ra9 its calamit\s effects4 ,if ! obs]vation be true1 t passion is a %ort madness1 !n x is evid5t t self-int]e/1 & e o!r consid]ation1 mu/ be lo/1 s long z x cont9ues4 ,we _c h a /rong] in/ance ( ?is1 ?an 9 a circum/ance relat$ 9 ! second "p ( ?is ,essay1 t ?\gh ! ,africans h gone to w> = ! express purpose ( procur+ slaves1 yet s great has be5 _! res5tm5t at ! resi/ance !y h frequ5tly f\nd1 t _! passion has entirely got ! bett] ( _! int]e/1 & !y h murd]$ all )\t any discrim9ation1 ei!r ( age or sex4 ,su* may be presum$ to be ! case ) ! no less savage receiv]s4 ,impress$ ) ! mo/ haughty & tyrannical notions1 easily provok$1 accu/om$ to indulge _! ang]1 &1 above all1 habituat$ to sc5es ( cruelty1 & unaw$ by ! fe> ( laws1 !y w h>dly be f\nd to be exempt f ! common fail+s ( human nature1 & to sp>e an unlucky slave1 at a "t :5 m5 ( cool] temp]1 & bett] regulat$ passions1 are s frequ5tly bl9d to _! own int]e/4 ,b if passion may be suppos$ to be g5]ally m ?an a ballance = int]e/1 h[ mu/ ! scale be turn$ 9 fav\r ( ! melan*oly picture exhibit$1 :5 we reflect t self-pres]vation additionally /eps 91 & dem&s ! mo/ rigor\s sev]ity4 ,= :5 we consid] t :]e !re is "o ma/]1 !re are fifty slaves2 t ! latt] h be5 all =cibly torn f _! c\ntry1 & are reta9$ 9 _! pres5t situation by viol5ce2 t !y are p]petually at w> 9 _! he>ts ) _! oppressors1 & are cont9ually *]i%+ ! se$s ( rev5ge2 x is evid5t t ev5 av>ice h]self1 h[ev] cool & delib]ate1 h[ev] free f passion & caprice1 mu/ sacrifice h] own sordid feel+s1 & adopt a sy/em ( tyranny & oppression1 :i* x mu/ be ru9\s to pursue4 ,?us !n1 if no picture _h be5 drawn ( ! situation ( slaves1 & x _h be5 left solely to e man's sob] judgm5t to det]m9e1 :at x might probably be1 he w\ld conclude1 t if ! situation 7 ju/ly describ$1 ! page mu/ be frequ5tly /a9$ ) acts ( uncommon cruelty4 ,x rema9s only to make a reply to an objection1 t is usually advanc$ aga9/ p>ticul> in/ances ( cruelty to slaves1 z record$ by v>i\s writ]s4 ,x is said t "s ( ^! are s inconceivably1 & beyond all example inhuman1 t _! v excess above ! common measure ( cruelty %ews !m at once exagg]at$ & incr$ible4 ,b _! cr$ibility %all be e/imat$ by a supposition4 ,let u suppose t ! foll[+ in/ance _h be5 record$ by a writ] ( ! highe/ reputation1 t ! ma/] ( a %ip1 b\nd to ! we/]n colonies ) slaves1 on a presumption t _m ( !m w\ld die1 select$ an hundr$ & ?irty two ( ! mo/ sickly1 & ord]$ !m to be ?r[n into ! sea1 to recov] _! value f ! insur]s1 &1 above all1 t ! fatal ord] 0 put into execution4 ,:at w\ld ! read] h ?\ght on ! occasion8 ,w\ld he h believ$ ! fact8 ,x w\ld h surely /agg]$ 8 fai?2 because he c\ld nev] h he>d t any "o man ev] 01 & c\ld nev] h suppos$ t any "o man ev] c\ld be1 guilty ( ! murd] ( su* a numb] ( 8 fell[ creatures4 ,b :5 he is in=m$ t su* a fact z ?is came be=e a c\rt#jfh ( ju/ice 9 ?is v c\ntry2 t x happ5$ )9 ! la/ five ye>s2 t hundr$s c come =w>ds & say1 t !y he>d ! melan*oly evid5ce ) te>s2 :at b\nds is he to place to 8 belief8 ,! great ,god1 :o looks d[n ^u all 8 creatures ) ! same imp>tial eye1 seems to h infatuat$ ! p>ties conc]n$1 t !y might br+ ! horrid circum/ance to light1 t x might be record$ 9 ! annals ( a publick c\rt1 z an au!ntick specim5 ( ! treatm5t :i* ! un=tunate ,africans und]go1 & at ! same "t1 z an argum5t to %ew1 t !re is no species ( cruelty1 t is record$ to h be5 ex]cis$ ^u ^! wret*$ p1 s enorm\s t x may n readily be believ$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,footnotes ,footnote #jfh3 ,! action 0 br\ght by ! own]s aga9/ ! und]writ]s1 to recov] ! value ( ! murd]$ slaves4 ,x 0 tri$ at ,guildhall4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*ap4 ,,vi4 ,if ! treatm5t !n1 z be=e describ$1 is confirm$ by reason1 & ! great cr$it t is due to dis9t]e/$ writ]s on ! subject2 if ! un=tunate ,africans are us$1 z if _! fle% 7 /one1 & _! vitals brass2 by :at argum5ts d y receiv]s def5d y\r conduct8 ,y say t a great "p ( y\r savage treatm5t consi/s 9 puni%m5t = real (f5ces1 & frequ5tly = su* (f5ces1 z all civiliz$ nations h concurr$ 9 puni%+4 ,! fir/ *>ge t y exhibit aga9/ !m is specifick1 x is t ( !ft4 ,b h[ mu* r ought y receiv]s to blu%1 :o r$uce !m to su* a situation6 :o r$uce !m to ! dreadful alt]native1 t !y mu/ ei!r /eal or p]i%6 ,h[ mu* r ought y receiv]s to be consid]$ z robb]s y\rselves1 :o cause ^! un=tunate p to be /ol56 ,& h[ mu* great] is y\r crime1 :o are robb]s ( human lib]ty6 ,! next *>ge :i* y exhibit aga9/ !m1 is g5]al1 x is t ( rebellion2 a crime ( su* a latitude1 t y c impose x ^u almo/ e action1 & ( su* a nature1 t y always annex to x ! mo/ excruciat+ pa94 ,b :at a contradiction is ?is to common s5se6 ,h ! wret*$ ,africans =mally resign$ _! fre$om8 ,h y any o!r claim ^u _! ob$i5ce1 ?an t ( =ce8 ,if !n !y are y\r subjects1 y violate ! laws ( gov]nm5t1 by mak+ !m unhappy4 ,b if !y are n y\r subjects1 !n1 ev5 ?\gh !y %\ld resi/ y\r proce$+s1 !y are n rebelli\s4 ,b :at d y say to t long catalogue ( (f5ces1 :i* y puni%1 & ( :i* no p b y\rselves take cognizance at all8 ,y say t ! wisdom ( legislation has ins]t$ x 9 ! colonial laws1 & t y puni% by au?ority4 ,b d y allude to t execrable code1 t au?orises murd]8 t tempts an un(f5d$ p]son to kill ! slave1 t abhors & flies y\r s]vice8 t delegates a p[]1 :i* no ho/ ( m51 :i* n all ! _w1 c possess8-- ,or1--,:at d y say to t daily unm]it$ sev]ity1 :i* y consid] only z common discipl9e8 ,"h y say t ! ,africans are vici\s1 t !y are all ( !m ill-dispos$1 t y mu/ ( necessity be sev]e4 ,b c !y be well-dispos$ to _! oppressors8 ,9 _! own c\ntry !y 7 j1 g5]\s1 hospitable3 qualities1 :i* all ! ,african hi/orians all[ !m em95tly to possess4 ,if !n !y are vici\s1 !y mu/ h contract$ _m ( _! vices f y\rselves2 & z to _! own native vices1 if any h be5 import$ ) !m1 are !y n amiable1 :5 comp>$ ) y\rs8 ,?us !n d ! excuses1 :i* h be5 hi!rto made by ! receiv]s1 =ce a relation ( su* circum/ances1 z makes _! conduct totally inexcusable1 &1 in/ead ( dim9i%+ at all1 highly aggravates _! guilt4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*ap4 ,,vii4 ,we come n[ to t o!r sy/em ( reason+1 :i* is always appli$1 :5 ! =m] is confut$2 t ! ,africans are an inf]i\r l9k ( ! *a9 ( nature1 & are made = slav]y4 ,?is ass]tion is prov$ by two argum5ts2 ! fir/ ( :i* 0 advanc$ also by ! anci5ts1 & is drawn f ! inf]iority ( _! capacities4 ,let u all[ !n = a mom5t1 t !y appe> to h no p>ts1 t !y appe> to be void ( und]/&+4 ,& is ?is wond]ful1 :51 y receiv]s depress _! s5ses by hung]8 ,is ?is wond]ful1 :5 by incessant lab\r1 ! cont9ual application ( ! la%1 & ! mo/ inhuman treatm5t t imag9ation c devise1 y ov]:elm _! g5ius1 & h9d] x f break+ =?8--,no1--,y conf\nd _! abilities by ! sev]ity ( _! s]vitude3 = z a sp>k ( fire1 if cru%$ by too great a weight ( incumb5t fuel1 _c be bl[n into a flame1 b sudd5ly expires1 s ! human m9d1 if depress$ by rigor\s s]vitude1 _c be excit$ to a display ( ^? faculties1 :i* might o!rwise h %one ) ! brighte/ lu/re4 ,nei!r is x wond]ful 9 ano!r po9t ( view4 ,= :at is x t awak5s ! abilities ( m51 & di/+ui%es !m f ! common h]d8 ,is x n (t5 ! amiable hope ( becom+ s]viceable to individuals1 or ! /ate8 ,is x n (t5 ! hope ( ri*es1 or ( p[]8 ,is x n frequ5tly ! hope ( tempor>y hon\rs1 or a la/+ fame8 ,^! pr9ciples h all a wond]ful effect ^u ! m9d4 ,!y call ^u x to ex]t its faculties1 & br+ ^? tal5ts to ! publick view1 :i* _h o!rwise be5 conceal$4 ,b ! un=tunate ,africans h no su* incitem5ts z ^!1 t !y %\ld %ew _! g5ius4 ,!y h no hope ( ri*es1 p[]1 hon\rs1 fame4 ,!y h no hope b ?is1 t _! mis]ies w be soon t]m9at$ by dea?4 ,& "h we _c b c5sure & expose ! murmur+s ( ! un?9k+ & ! gay2 :o1 go+ on 9 a cont9ual r\nd ( pleasure & prosp]ity1 rep9e at ! w ( ,provid5ce1 z exhibit$ 9 ! %ortness ( human duration4 ,b let a weak & infirm old age ov]take !m3 let !m exp]i5ce calamities3 let !m feel b half ! mis]ies :i* ! wret*$ ,africans und]go1 & !y w praise ! goodness ( ,provid5ce1 :o ha? made !m mortal2 :o ha? prescrib$ c]ta9 ord9>y b\nds to ! life ( man2 & :o1 by su* a limitation1 ha? giv5 all m5 ?is com=table hope1 t h[ev] p]secut$ 9 life1 a "t w come1 9 ! common c\rse ( nature1 :5 _! suff]+s w h an end4 ,su* !n is ! nature ( ?is s]vitude1 t we c h>dly expect to f9d 9 ^?1 :o und]go x1 ev5 ! glimpse ( g5ius4 ,= if _! m9ds are 9 a cont9ual /ate ( depression1 & if !y h no expectations 9 life to awak5 _! abilities1 & make !m em95t1 we _c be surpriz$ if a sull5 gloomy /upidity %\ld be ! lead+ m>k 9 _! "*2 or if !y %\ld appe> inf]i\r to ^?1 :o d n only enjoy ! invaluable bless+s ( fre$om1 b h e prospect be=e _! eyes1 t c allure !m to ex]t _! faculties4 ,n[1 if to ^! consid]ations we add1 t ! wret*$ ,africans are torn f _! c\ntry 9 a /ate ( nature1 & t 9 g5]al1 z long z _! slav]y cont9ues1 e ob/acle is plac$ 9 ! way ( _! improvem5t1 we %all h a suffici5t answ] to any argum5t t may be drawn f ! inf]iority ( _! capacities4 ,x appe>s !n1 f ! circum/ances t h be5 m5tion$1 t to =m a true judgm5t ( ! abilities ( ^! un=tunate p1 we mu/ ei!r take a g5]al view ( !m be=e _! slav]y comm5ces1 or conf9e our att5tion to su*1 z1 aft] x has comm5c$1 h _h any opportunity giv5 !m ( %ew+ _! g5ius ei!r 9 arts or lett]s4 ,if1 ^u su* a fair & imp>tial view1 !re %\ld be any reason to suppose1 t !y are at all inf]i\r to o!rs 9 ! same situation1 ! argum5t w !n ga9 "s ( t weight & importance1 :i* x wants at pres5t4 ,9 _! own c\ntry1 :]e we are to see !m fir/1 we mu/ expect t ! prospect w be unfav\rable4 ,!y are mo/ly 9 a savage /ate4 ,_! p[]s ( m9d are limit$ to few objects4 ,_! ideas are consequ5tly few4 ,x appe>s1 h[ev]1 t !y foll[ ! same mode ( life1 & ex]cise ! same arts1 z ! ance/ors ( ^? v ,europeans1 :o boa/ ( _! great sup]iority1 are describ$ to h done 9 ! same uncultivat$ /ate4 ,?is appe>s f ! ,nubian's ,geography1 ! writ+s ( ,leo1 ! ,moor1 & all ! subsequ5t hi/ories1 :i* ^?1 :o h visit$ ! ,african cont95t1 h writt5 f _! own inspection4 ,h5ce ?ree conclusions2 t _! abilities are suffici5t = _! situation2--t !y are z great1 z ^? ( o!r p h be51 9 ! same /age ( society2--& t !y are z great z ^? ( any civiliz$ p :atev]1 :5 ! degree ( ! b>b>ism ( ! "o is drawn into a comp>ison ) t ( ! civilization ( ! o!r4 ,let u n[ foll[ !m to ! colonies4 ,!y are c>ri$ ov] 9 ! unfav\rable situation describ$4 ,x is obs]v$ "h1 t ?\gh _! abilities _c be e/imat$ high f a want ( cultivation1 !y are yet v>i\s1 & t !y v>y 9 proportion z ! nation1 f :i* !y h be5 br\ght1 has advanc$ m or less 9 ! scale ( social life4 ,?is obs]vation1 :i* is s frequ5tly made1 is ( great importance3 = if _! abilities exp& 9 proportion to ! improvem5t ( _! /ate1 x is a cle> indication1 t if !y 7 equally improv$1 !y w\ld be equally +5i\s4 ,b "h1 be=e we consid] any opportunities t may be af=d$ !m1 let x be rememb]$ t ev5 _! mo/ poli%$ situation may be call$ b>b>\s1 & t ?is circum/ance1 %\ld !y appe> less docile ?an o!rs1 may be consid]$ z a suffici5t answ] to any objection t may be made to _! capacities4 ,not)/&+ ?is1 :5 !y are put to ! me*anical arts1 !y d n discov] a want ( +5uity4 ,!y atta9 !m 9 z %ort a "t z ! ,europeans1 & arrive at a degree ( excell5ce equal to t ( _! tea*]s4 ,?is is a fact1 almo/ univ]sally kn[n1 & af=ds u ?is pro(1 t hav+ le>n$ ) facility su* ( ! me*anical arts1 z !y h be5 taught1 !y are capable ( atta9+ any o!r1 at lea/1 ( ! same class1 if !y %\ld receive b ! same in/ruction4 ,) respect to ! lib]al arts1 _! pr(ici5cy is c]ta9ly less2 b n less 9 proportion to _! "t & opportunity ( /udy2 n less1 because !y are less capable ( atta9+ !m1 b because !y h seldom or ev] an opportunity ( le>n+ !m at all4 ,x is yet extraord9>y t _! tal5ts appe>1 ev5 9 "s ( ^! sci5ces1 9 :i* !y are totally un9/ruct$4 ,_! abilities 9 musick are su*1 z to h be5 g5]ally notic$4 ,!y play frequ5tly ^u a v>iety ( in/rum5ts1 )\t any o!r assi/ance ?an _! own +5uity4 ,!y h also tunes ( _! own composition4 ,"s ( ^! h be5 import$ among u2 are n[ 9 use2 & are admir$ = _! sprightl9ess & ease1 ?\gh ! ung5]\s & prejudic$ import] has conceal$ _! orig9al4 ,nei!r are _! tal5ts 9 poetry less conspicu\s4 ,e occurr5ce1 if _! spirits are n too greatly depress$1 is turn$ into a song4 ,^! songs are said to be incoh]5t & nons5sical4 ,b ?is proce$s pr9cipally f two causes1 an improp] conjunction ( words1 aris+ f an ignorance ( ! language 9 :i* !y compose2 & a wildness ( ?\ght1 aris+ f ! diff]5t mann]1 9 :i* ! organs ( rude & civiliz$ p w be /ruck by ! same object4 ,& z to _! want ( h>mony & rhyme1 :i* is ! la/ objection1 ! diff]5ce ( pronunciation is ! cause4 ,^u ! :ole1 z !y are p]fectly consi/5t ) _! own ideas1 & are /rictly musical z pron\nc$ by !mselves1 !y af=d u z high a pro( ( _! poetical p[]s1 z ! works ( ! mo/ ackn[l$g$ poets4 ,b :]e ^! imp$im5ts h be5 remov$1 :]e !y h receiv$ an education1 & h kn[n & pron\nc$ ! language ) propriety1 ^! defects h vani%$1 & _! productions h be5 less objectionable4 ,= a pro( ( ?is1 we appeal to ! writ+s ( an ,african girl#jfi1 :o made no contemptible appe>ance 9 ?is species ( composition4 ,%e 0 kidnapp$ :5 only eight ye>s old1 &1 9 ! ye> #agfa1 0 transport$ to ,am]ica1 :]e %e 0 sold ) o!r slaves4 ,%e _h no s*ool education !re1 b receiv+ "s little in/ruction f ! family1 ) :om %e 0 s =tunate z to live1 %e obta9$ su* a k ( ! ,engli% language )9 sixte5 mon?s f ! "t ( h] arrival1 z to be able to speak x & read x to ! a/oni%m5t ( ^? :o he>d h]4 ,%e soon aft]w>ds le>n$ to write1 &1 hav+ a great incl9ation to le>n ! ,lat9 tongue1 %e 0 indulg$ by h] ma/]1 & made a progress4 ,h] ,poetical works 7 publi%$ ) 8 p]mission1 9 ! ye> #aggc4 ,!y conta9 ?irty-eight pieces on diff]5t subjects4 ,we %all beg leave to make a %ort extract f two or ?ree ( !m1 = ! obs]vation ( ! read]4 ,f an ,hymn to ! ,ev5+#jgj4 ,fill'd ) ! praise ( him :o gives ! light1 ,& draws ! sable curta9s ( ! night1 ,let placid slumb]s soo? ea* we>y m9d1 ,at morn to wake m heav'nly & ref9'd2 ,s %all ! lab\rs ( ! day beg91 ,m pure & gu>d$ f ! sn>es ( s94 ----c4 c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,f an ,hymn to ! ,morn+4 ,aurora hail6 & all ! ?\s& dies1 ,t deck ?y progress ?r\gh ! vault$ skies6 ,! morn awakes1 & wide ext5ds h] rays1 ,on ev'ry leaf ! g5tle zephyr plays4 ,h>moni\s lays ! fea!r'd race resume1 ,d>t ! bright eye1 & %ake ! pa9t$ plume4 ----c4 c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,f ,?\ghts on ,imag9ation4 ,n[ "h1 n[ !re1 ! rov+ fancy flies1 ,till "s lov'd object /rikes h] w&'r+ eyes1 ,^: silk5 fett]s all ! s5ses b9d1 ,& s(t captivity involves ! m9d4 ,imag9ation6 :o c s+ ?y =ce1 ,or :o describe ! swiftness ( ?y c\rse8 ,so>+ ?r\gh air to f9d ! bright abode1 ,?' empyreal palace ( ! ?und'r+ ,god1 ,we on ?y p9ions c surpass ! w9d1 ,& leave ! roll+ univ]se beh9d3 ,f /> to /> ! m5tal opticks rove1 ,measure ! skies1 & range ! realms above4 ,!re 9 "o view we grasp ! mighty :ole1 ,or ) new worlds amaze ?' unb\nd$ s\l4 ----c4 c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,su* is ! poetry :i* we produce z a pro( ( our ass]tions4 ,h[ f> x has succe$$1 ! read] may by ?is "t h det]m9$ 9 8 own m9d4 ,we %all !re=e only beg leave to accompany x ) ?is obs]vation1 t if ! au?oress 0 design$ = slav]y1 7z ! argum5t mu/ confess7 ! great] "p ( ! inhabitants ( ,brita9 mu/ lose _! claim to fre$om4 ,to ?is poetry we %all only add1 z a f>!r pro( ( _! abilities1 ! ,prose compositions ( ,ignatius ,san*o1 :o receiv$ "s little education4 ,8 lett]s are too well kn[n1 to make any extract1 or inde$ any f>!r m5tion ( him1 necess>y4 ,if o!r examples ( ,african g5ius %\ld be requir$1 suffice x to say1 t !y c be produc$ 9 abundance2 & t if we 7 all[$ to enum]ate in/ances ( ,african gratitude1 pati5ce1 fidelity1 hon\r1 z s _m in/ances ( good s5se1 & a s\nd und]/&+1 we fe> t ?\s&s ( ! enlight5$ ,europeans w\ld h occasion to blu%4 ,b an objection w be made "h1 t ! two p]sons :om we h p>ticul>iz$ by "n1 are prodigies1 & t if we 7 to live = _m ye>s1 we %\ld sc>cely meet ) two o!r ,africans ( ! same description4 ,b we reply1 t consid]+ _! situation z be=e describ$1 two p]sons1 above m$iocrity 9 ! lit]>y way1 are z _m z c be expect$ )9 a c]ta9 p]iod ( ye>s2 & f>!r1 t if ^! are prodigies1 !y are only su* prodigies z e day w\ld produce1 if !y _h ! same opportunities ( acquir+ k z o!r p1 & ! same expectations 9 life to excite _! g5ius4 ,?is has be5 con/antly & solemnly ass]t$ by ! pi\s ,b5ezet#jga1 :om we h m5tion$ be=e1 z hav+ devot$ a consid]able "p ( 8 "t to _! in/ruction4 ,?is great man1 = we _c b m5tion him ) v5]ation1 _h a bett] opportunity ( kn[+ !m ?an any p]son :atev]1 & he always uni=mly decl>$1 t he c\ld nev] f9d a diff]5ce betwe5 _! capacities & ^? ( o!r p2 t !y 7 z capable ( reason+ z any individual ,europeans2 t !y 7 z capable ( ! highe/ intellectual atta9m5ts2 9 %ort1 t _! abilities 7 equal1 & t !y only want$ to be equally cultivat$1 to af=d specim5s ( z f9e productions4 ,?us !n does x appe> f ! te/imony ( ?is v5]able man1 ^: au?ority is suffici5t ( itself to sil5ce all objections aga9/ ,african capacity1 & f ! in/ances t h be5 produc$1 & ! obs]vations t h be5 made on ! occasion1 t if ! m9ds ( ! ,africans 7 unbrok5 by slav]y2 if !y _h ! same expectations 9 life z o!r p1 & ! same opportunities ( improvem5t1 !y w\ld be equal2 9 all ! v>i\s bran*es ( sci5ce1 to ! ,europeans1 & t ! argum5t t /ates !m to be an inf]i\r l9k ( ! *a9 ( nature1 & design$ = s]vitude1 z f> z x dep5ds on ! inf]iority ( _! capacities1 is :olly malevol5t & false#jgb4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,footnotes ,footnote #jfi3 ,phillis ,:eatley1 negro slave to ,mr4 ,john ,:eatley1 ( ,bo/on1 9 ,new-,engl&4 ,footnote #jgj3 ,le/ x %\ld be d\bt$ :e!r ^! ,poems are g5u9e1 we %all transcribe ! names ( ^?1 :o sign$ a c]tificate ( _! au!nticity4 ,8 ,excell5cy ,?omas ,hut*9son1 ,gov]nor4 ,! ,hon\rable ,&rew ,oliv]1 ,lieut5ant ,gov]nor4 ,! ,hon4 ,?omas ,hubb>d ,! ,hon4 ,john ,erv+ ,! ,hon4 ,james ,pitts ,! ,hon4 ,h>rison ,gray ,! ,hon4 ,james ,b[do9 ,john ,hancock1 ,esq4 ,joseph ,gre51 ,esq4 ,ri*>d ,c>ey1 ,esq4 ,! ,rev4 ,*a4 ,*auncy1 ,d4,d4 ,! ,rev4 ,ma!r ,byles1 ,d4,d4 ,! ,rev4 ,ed4 ,pemb]ton1 ,d4,d4 ,! ,rev4 ,&rew ,elliot1 ,d4,d4 ,! ,rev4 ,sam4 ,coop]1 ,d4,d4 ,! ,rev4 ,samuel ,ma!r ,! ,rev4 ,john ,moorhead ,mr4 ,john ,:eatley1 h] ,ma/]4 ,footnote #jga3 ,9 ! ,preface4 ,footnote #jgb3 ,z to ,mr4 ,hume's ass]tions ) respect to ,african capacity1 we h pass$ !m ov] 9 sil5ce1 z !y h be5 s admirably refut$ by ! le>n$ ,dr4 ,beattie1 9 8 ,essay on ,tru?1 to :i* we ref] ! read]4 ,! :ole ( ?is admirable refutation ext5ds f p4 #deh4 to #dfd4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*ap4 ,,viii4 ,! second argum5t1 by :i* x is attempt$ to be prov$1 t ! ,africans are an inf]i\r l9k ( ! *a9 ( nature1 & are design$ = slav]y1 is drawn f col\r1 & f ^? o!r m>ks1 :i* di/+ui% !m f ! inhabitants ( ,europe4 ,to prove ?is ) ! great] facility1 ! receiv]s divide 9 op9ion4 ,"s ( !m cont5d t ! ,africans1 f ^! circum/ances1 are ! desc5dants ( ,ca9#jgc3 o!rs1 t !y are ! po/]ity ( ,ham2 & t z x 0 decl>$ by div9e inspiration1 t ^! %\ld be s]vants to ! re/ ( ! _w1 s !y are design$ = slav]y2 & t ! r$uc+ ( !m to su* a situation is only ! accompli%m5t ( ! w ( heav53 :ile ! re/1 consid]+ !m f ! same circum/ances z a totally di/9ct species ( m51 conclude !m to be an inf]i\r l9k ( ! *a9 ( nature1 & d$uce ! inf]5ce describ$4 ,to answ] ^! argum5ts 9 ! cle>e/ & fulle/ mann]1 we are "u ! necessity ( mak+ two suppositions1 fir/1 t ! scriptures are true2 secondly1 t !y are false4 ,if !n ! scriptures are true1 x is evid5t t ! po/]ity ( ,ca9 7 ext+ui%$ 9 ! flood4 ,?us "o ( ! argum5ts is no m4 ,) respect to ! curse ( ,ham1 x appe>s also t x 0 limit$2 t x did n ext5d to ! po/]ity ( all 8 sons1 b only to ! desc5dants ( him :o 0 call$ ,canaan#jgd3 by :i* x 0 =etold t ! ,canaanites1 a "p ( ! po/]ity ( ,ham1 %\ld s]ve ! po/]ity ( ,%em & ,japhet4 ,n[ h[ does x appe> t ^! wret*$ ,africans are ! desc5dants ( ,canaan8--,by ^? m>ks1 x w be said1 :i* di/+ui% !m f ! re/ ( ! _w4--,b :]e are ^! m>ks to be f\nd 9 ! div9e writ+s8 ,9 :at page is x said1 t ! ,canaanites 7 to be kn[n by _! col\r1 _! features1 _! =m1 or ! v hair ( _! heads1 :i* is br\ght into ! acc\nt8--,b alas6 s f> are ! div9e writ+s f giv+ any su* acc\nt1 t !y %ew ! ass]tion to be false4 ,!y %ew t ! desc5dants ( ,cu%#jge 7 ( ! col\r1 to :i* ! advocates = slav]y allude2 & ( c\rse1 t !re 0 no su* limitation ( col\r to ! po/]ity ( ,canaan1 or ! inh]itors ( ! curse4 ,suppose we %\ld n[ %ew1 ^u ! mo/ und5iable evid5ce#jgf1 t ^? ( ! wret*$ ,africans1 :o are s+l$ out z inh]it+ ! curse1 are ! desc5dants ( ,cu% or ,phut2 & t we %\ld %ew f>!r1 t b a s+le remnant ( ,canaan1 :i* 0 aft]w>ds ru9$1 0 ev] 9 ,africa at all4--,"h all is con/]nation4-- ,b un=tunately aga9 = ! argum5t1 ?\gh wond]fully = ! confirmation t ! scriptures are ( div9e orig9al1 ! :ole prophecy has be5 complet$4 ,a "p ( ! desc5dants ( ,canaan 7 hew]s ( wood & draw]s ( wat]1 & became tribut>y & subject to ! ,israelites1 or ! desc5dants ( ,%em4 ,! ,greeks aft]w>ds1 z well z ! ,romans1 :o 7 bo? ! desc5dants ( ,japhet1 n only subdu$ ^? :o 7 settl$ 9 ,syria & ,pale/9e1 b pursu$ & conqu]$ all su* z 7 !n rema9+4 ,^! 7 ! ,tyrians & ,c>?ag9ians3 ! =m] ( :om 7 ru9$ by ,alex&] & ! ,greeks1 ! latt] by ,scipio & ! ,romans4 ,x appe>s !n t ! second argum5t is :olly inapplicable & false3 t x is false 9 its application1 because ^?1 :o 7 ! objects ( ! curse1 7 a totally di/9ct p3 t x is false 9 its pro(1 because no su* di/+ui%+ m>ks1 z h be5 specifi$1 are to be f\nd 9 ! div9e writ+s3 & t1 if ! pro( c\ld be made out1 x w\ld be n[ inapplicable1 z ! curse has be5 long complet$4 ,) respect to ! ?ird argum5t1 we mu/ n[ suppose t ! scriptures are false2 t mank9d did n all spr+ f ! same orig9al2 t !re are diff]5t species ( m54 ,n[ :at mu/ we ju/ly conclude f su* a supposition8 ,mu/ we conclude t "o species is inf]i\r to ano!r1 & t ! inf]iority dep5ds ^u _! col\r1 or _! features1 or _! =m8--,no--,we mu/ n[ consult ! analogy ( nature1 & ! conclusion w be ?is3 t z %e temp]$ ! bodies ( ! diff]5t species ( m5 9 a diff]5t degree1 to enable !m to endure ! respective climates ( _! habitation1 s %e gave !m a v>iety ( col\r & appe>ance ) a l b5evol5t design4 ,to sum up ! :ole4 ,if ! scriptures are true1 x is evid5t t ! po/]ity ( ,ca9 are no m2 t ! curse ( ,ham has be5 accompli%$2 & t1 z all m5 7 d]iv$ f ! same /ock1 s ?is v>iety ( appe>ance 9 m5 mu/ ei!r h proce$$ f "s int]position ( ! ,deity2 or f a co-op]ation ( c]ta9 causes1 :i* h an effect ^u ! human frame1 & h ! p[] ( *ang+ x m or less f its primitive appe>ance1 z !y happ5 to be m or less num]\s or p[]ful ?an ^?1 :i* act$ ^u ! frame ( man 9 ! fir/ seat ( 8 habitation4 ,if f ! int]position ( ! ,deity1 !n we mu/ conclude t he1 :o br+e? good out ( evil1 produc$ x = _! conv5i5ce4 ,if1 f ! co-op]ation ( ! causes be=e relat$1 :at argum5t may n be f\nd aga9/ any society ( m51 :o %\ld happ5 to diff]1 9 ! po9ts allud$ to1 f ourselves8 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! scriptures are false1 !n x is evid5t1 t !re 0 nei!r su* a p]son z ,ca91 nor ,ham1 nor ,canaan2 & t nature be/[$ su* col\r1 features1 & =m1 ^u ! diff]5t species ( m51 z 7 be/ adapt$ to _! situation4 ,?us1 on :i* ev] supposition x is f\nd$1 ! :ole argum5t mu/ fall4 ,& inde$ x is impossible t x c /&1 ev5 9 ! eye ( common s5se4 ,= if y admit ! =m ( m5 z a ju/ification ( slav]y1 y may subjugate y\r own bro!r3 if features1 !n y mu/ qu>rel ) all ! _w3 if col\r1 :]e are y to /op8 ,x is evid5t1 t if y travel f ! equator to ! nor!rn pole1 y w f9d a regul> gradation ( col\r f black to :ite4 ,n[ if y c ju/ly take him = y\r slave1 :o is ( ! deepe/ die1 :at h9d]s y f tak+ him also1 :o only diff]s f ! =m] b by a %ade4 ,?us y may proce$1 tak+ ea* 9 a regul> succession to ! poles4 ,b :o are y1 t ?us take into slav]y s _m p8 ,:]e d y live y\rself8 ,d y live 9 ,spa91 or 9 ,france1 or 9 ,brita98 ,if 9 ei!r ( ^! c\ntries1 take c>e le/ ! :it] natives ( ! nor? %\ld h a claim ^u y\rself4--,b ! argum5t is too ridicul\s to be f>!r notic$4 ,hav+ n[ sil5c$ ! :ole argum5t1 we might imm$iately proce$ to ! discussion ( o!r po9ts1 )\t ev5 decl>+ our op9ion z to :i* ( ! suppositions may be "r1 on :i* x has be5 refut$2 b we d n ?9k ourselves at lib]ty to d ?is4 ,! pres5t age w\ld rejoice to f9d t ! scriptures _h no f\ndation1 & w\ld anxi\sly cat* at ! writ+s ( him1 :o %\ld m5tion !m 9 a d\btful mann]4 ,we %all !re=e decl>e our s5tim5ts1 by ass]t+ t !y are true1 & t all mank9d1 h[ev] v>i\s _! appe>ances are d]iv$ f ! same /ock4 ,to prove ?is1 we %all n produce ^? innum]able argum5ts1 by :i* ! scriptures h /ood ! te/ ( ages1 b adv]t to a s+le fact4 ,x is an univ]sal law1 obs]vable ?r\gh\t ! :ole creation1 t if two animals ( a diff]5t species propagate1 _! (fspr+ is unable to cont9ue its own species4 ,by ?is admirable law1 ! diff]5t species are pres]v$ di/9ct2 e possibility ( confusion is prev5t$1 & ! _w is =bidd5 to be ov]-run by a race ( mon/]s4 ,n[1 if we apply ?is law to ^? ( ! human k9d1 :o are said to be ( a di/9ct species f ea* o!r1 x imm$iately fails4 ,! mulattoe is z capable ( cont9u+ 8 own species z 8 fa!r2 a cle> & irrefragable pro(1 t ! scripture#jgg acc\nt ( ! creation is true1 & t ,god1 :o ha? made ! _w1 ha? made ( "o blood#jgh all ! nations ( m5 t dwell on all ! face ( ! e>?4 ,b if ?is be ! case1 x w be said t mank9d 7 orig9ally ( "o col\r2 & x w be ask$ at ! same "t1 :at x is probable t ! col\r 01 & h[ !y came to assume s v>i\s an appe>ance8 ,to1 ea* ( ^! we %all make t reply1 :i* we conceive to be ! mo/ rational4 ,z mank9d 7 orig9ally ( ! same /ock1 s x is evid5t t !y 7 orig9ally ( ! same col\r4 ,b h[ %all we attempt to asc]ta9 x8 ,%all we ,engli%m5 say1 t x 0 ! same z t :i* we n[ f9d to be peculi> to ourselves8--,no--,?is w\ld be a va9 & p>tial consid]ation1 & w\ld betray our judgm5t to h aris5 f t false fondness1 :i* habituates u to suppose1 t e ?+ belong+ to ourselves is ! p]fecte/ & ! be/4 ,add to ?is1 t we %\ld always be liable to a j repro( f e inhabitant ( ! globe1 ^: col\r 0 diff]5t f our own2 because he w\ld ju/ly say1 t he _h z good a "r to imag9e t 8 own 0 ! primitive col\r1 z t ( any o!r p4 ,h[ !n %all we attempt to asc]ta9 x8 ,%all we look into ! v>i\s climates ( ! e>?1 see ! col\r t g5]ally prevails 9 ! inhabitants ( ea*1 & apply ! rule8 ,?is w be c]ta9ly free f p>tiality1 & w af=d u a bett] prospect ( success3 = z e p>ticul> di/rict has its p>ticul> col\r1 s x is evid5t t ! complexion ( ,noah & 8 sons1 f :om ! re/ ( ! _w 7 desc5d$1 0 ! same z t1 :i* is peculi> to ! c\ntry1 :i* 0 ! seat ( _! habitation4 ,?is1 by su* a mode ( decision1 w be f\nd a d>k olive2 a beautiful col\r1 & a j m$ium betwe5 :ite & black4 ,t ?is 0 ! primitive col\r1 is highly probable f ! obs]vations t h be5 made2 &1 if admitt$1 w af=d a valuable lesson to ! ,europeans1 to be cauti\s h[ !y d]ide ^? ( ! opposite complexion1 z !re is great reason to presume1 t ! pure/ :ite#jgi is z f> remov$ f ! primitive col\r z ! deepe/ black4 ,we come n[ to ! gr& "q1 :i* is1 t if mank9d 7 orig9ally ( ?is or any o!r col\r1 h[ came x to pass1 t !y %\ld we> s v>i\s an appe>ance8 ,we reply1 z we h _h occasion to say be=e1 ei!r by ! int]position ( ! ,deity2 or by a co-op]ation ( c]ta9 causes1 :i* h an effect ^u ! human frame1 & h ! p[] ( *ang+ x m or less f its primitive appe>ance1 z !y are m or less num]\s or p[]ful ?an ^?1 :i* act$ ^u ! frame ( man 9 ! fir/ seat ( 8 habitation4 ,) respect to ! ,div9e int]position1 two epo*s h be5 assign$1 :5 ?is diff]5ce ( col\r has be5 imag9$ to h be5 s produc$4 ,! fir/ is t1 :i* has be5 relat$1 :5 ! curse 0 pron\nc$ on a bran* ( ! po/]ity ( ,ham4 ,b ?is argum5t has be5 already refut$2 = if ! p>ticul> col\r allud$ to 7 assign$ at ?is p]iod1 x 0 assign$ to ! desc5dants ( ,canaan1 to di/+ui% !m f ^? ( 8 o!r bro!rs1 & 0 !re=e limit$ to ! =m]4 ,b ! desc5dants ( ,cu%#jhj1 z we h %ewn be=e1 p>took ( ! same col\r2 a cle> pro(1 t x 0 nei!r assign$ to !m on ?is occasion1 nor at ?is p]iod4 ,! second epo* is t1 :5 mank9d 7 disp]s$ on ! build+ ( ,babel4 ,x has be5 ?\ght1 t bo? national features & col\r might probably h be5 giv5 !m at ?is "t1 because ^! w\ld h assi/$ ! confusion ( language1 by caus+ !m to disp]se into tribes1 & w\ld h unit$ m firmly ! individuals ( ea*1 aft] ! disp]sion _h tak5 place4 ,b ?is is improbable3 fir/1 because !re is great reason to presume t ,moses1 :o has m5tion$ ! confusion ( language1 w\ld h m5tion$ ^! circum/ances also1 if !y _h actually contribut$ to br+ ab\t s s+ul> an ev5t3 secondly1 because ! confusion ( language 0 suffici5t ( itself to h accompli%$ ?is2 & we _c suppose t ! ,deity c\ld h done any ?+ 9 va93 & ?irdly1 because1 if mank9d _h be5 disp]s$1 ea* tribe 9 its peculi> hue1 x is impossible to conceive1 t !y c\ld h w&]$ & settl$ 9 su* a mann]1 z to exhibit t regul> gradation ( col\r f ! equator to ! poles1 s conspicu\s at ! pres5t day4 ,^! are ! only p]iods1 :i* !re has be5 ev5 ! %ad[ ( a probability = assign+2 & we may !re=e conclude t ! prec$+ obs]vations1 toge!r ) su* circum/ances z w appe> 9 ! pres5t *apt]1 w am\nt to a demon/ration1 t ! diff]5ce ( col\r 0 nev] caus$ by any int]position ( ! ,deity1 & t x mu/ h proce$$ !re=e f t incid5tal co-op]ation ( causes1 :i* has be5 be=e relat$4 ,:at ^! causes are1 x is out ( ! p[] ( human wisdom positively to ass]t3 !re are facts1 h[ev]1 :i*1 if prop]ly weigh$ & put toge!r1 w ?r[ consid]able light ^u ! subject4 ,^! we %all submit to ! p]usal ( ! read]1 & %all d$uce f !m su* inf]5ces only1 z almo/ e p]son mu/ make 9 8 own m9d1 on _! recital4 ,! fir/ po9t1 t occurs to be asc]ta9$1 is1 ,:at "p ( ! sk9 is ! seat ( col\r8 ,! old anatomi/s usually divid$ ! sk9 into two p>ts1 or lam9a2 ! ext]i\r & ?9ne/1 call$ by ! ,greeks ,epid]mis1 by ! ,romans ,cuticula1 & h5ce by u ,cuticle2 & ! int]i\r1 call$ by ! =m] ,d]ma1 & by ! latt] ,cutis1 or true sk94 ,h5ce !y mu/ necess>ily h suppos$1 t1 z ! true sk9 0 9 e respect ! same 9 all human subjects1 h[ev] v>i\s _! ext]nal hue1 s ! seat ( col\r mu/ h exi/$ 9 ! ,cuticle1 or upp] surface4 ,malphigi1 an em95t ,italian physician1 ( ! la/ c5tury1 0 ! fir/ p]son :o discov]$ t ! sk9 0 divid$ into ?ree lam9a1 or p>ts2 ! ,cuticle1 ! true sk91 & a c]ta9 coagulat$ sub/ance situat$ betwe5 bo?1 :i* he di/+ui%$ by ! title ( ,mucosum ,corpus2 a title reta9$ by anatomi/s to ! pres5t day3 :i* coagulat$ sub/ance adh]$ s firmly to ! ,cuticle1 z1 9 all =m] anatomical prep>ations1 to h come (f ) x1 &1 f ?is circum/ance to h l$ ! anci5t anatomi/s to believe1 t !re 7 b two lam9a1 or divisible portions 9 ! human sk94 ,?is discov]y 0 suffici5t to asc]ta9 ! po9t 9 "q3 = x appe>$ aft]w>ds t ! ,cuticle1 :5 divid$ accord+ to ?is discov]y f ! o!r lam9a1 0 semi-transp>5t2 t ! cuticle ( ! blacke/ negroe 0 ( ! same transp>5cy & col\r1 z t ( ! pure/ :ite2 & h5ce1 ! true sk9s ( bo? be+ inv>iably ! same1 t ! mucosum corpus 0 ! seat ( col\r4 ,?is has be5 f>!r confirm$ by all subsequ5t anatomical exp]im5ts1 by :i* x appe>s1 t1 :atev] is ! col\r ( ?is int]m$iate coagulat$ sub/ance1 ne>ly ! same is ! app>5t col\r ( ! upp] surface ( ! sk94 ,nei!r c x be o!rwise2 = ! ,cuticle1 f its transp>5cy1 mu/ necess>ily transmit ! col\r ( ! sub/ance b5ea? x1 9 ! same mann]1 ?\gh n 9 ! same degree1 z ! cornea transmits ! col\r ( ! iris ( ! eye4 ,?is transp>5cy is a matt] ( ocul> demon/ration 9 :ite p4 ,x is conspicu\s 9 e blu%2 = no "o c imag9e1 t ! cuticle becomes r$1 z (t5 z ?is happ5s3 nor is x less discov]able 9 ! ve9s1 :i* are s easy to be disc]n$2 = no "o c suppose1 t ! blue /reaks1 :i* he con/antly sees 9 ! faire/ complexions1 are pa9t$1 z x 71 on ! surface ( ! upp] sk94 ,f ^!1 & a v>iety ( o!r obs]vations#jha1 no maxim is m true 9 physiology1 ?an t on ! mucosum corpus dep5ds ! col\r ( ! human body2 or1 9 o!r words1 t ! mucosum corpus be+ ( a diff]5t col\r 9 diff]5t inhabitants ( ! globe1 & appe>+ ?r\gh ! cuticle or upp] surface ( ! sk91 gives !m t v>i\s appe>ance1 :i* /rikes u s =cibly 9 contemplat+ ! human race4 ,z ?is c be incontrov]tibly asc]ta9$1 x is evid5t1 t :atev] causes coop]ate 9 produc+ ?is diff]5t appe>ance1 !y produce x by act+ ^u ! mucosum corpus1 :i*1 f ! almo/ incr$ible mann] 9 :i* ! cuticle#jhb is p]=at$1 is z accessible z ! cuticle itself4 ,^! causes are probably ^? v>i\s qualities ( ?+s1 :i*1 comb9$ ) ! influ5ce ( ! sun1 contribute to =m :at we call climate4 ,= :5 any p]son consid]s1 t ! muc\s sub/ance1 be=e-m5tion$1 is f\nd to v>y 9 its col\r1 z ! climates v>y f ! equator to ! poles1 8 m9d mu/ be in/antly /ruck ) ! hypo!sis1 & he mu/ adopt x )\t any hesitation1 z ! g5u9e cause ( ! phnom5on4 ,?is fact#jhc1 ( ! v>iation ( ! muc\s sub/ance accord+ to ! situation ( ! place1 has be5 cle>ly asc]ta9$ 9 ! num]\s anatomical exp]im5ts t h be5 made2 9 :i*1 subjects ( all nations h come "u consid]ation4 ,! natives ( _m ( ! k+doms & isles ( ,asia1 are f\nd to h _! corpus mucosum black4 ,^? ( ,africa1 situat$ ne> ! l9e1 ( ! same col\r4 ,^? ( ! m>itime p>ts ( ! same cont95t1 ( a dusky br[n1 ne>ly approa*+ to x2 & ! col\r becomes light] or d>k] 9 proportion z ! di/ance f ! equator is ei!r great] or less4 ,! ,europeans are ! faire/ inhabitants ( ! _w4 ,^? situat$ 9 ! mo/ s\!rn regions ( ,europe1 h 9 _! corpus mucosum a t+e ( ! d>k hue ( _! ,african neighb\rs3 h5ce ! epidemick complexion1 preval5t among !m1 is ne>ly ( ! col\r ( ! pickl$ ,spani% olive2 :ile 9 ?is c\ntry1 & ^? situat$ ne>] ! nor? pole1 x appe>s to be ne>ly1 if n absolutely1 :ite4 ,^! are facts#jhd1 :i* anatomy has e/abli%$2 & we ackn[l$ge !m to be su*1 t we _c dive/ ourselves ( ! idea1 t climate has a consid]able %>e 9 produc+ a diff]5ce ( col\r4 ,o!rs1 we "k1 h inv5t$ o!r hypo!ses1 b all ( !m h be5 in/antly refut$1 z unable to expla9 ! difficulties = :i* !y 7 advanc$1 & z absolutely contr>y to fact3 & ! inv5tors !mselves h be5 oblig$1 almo/ z soon z !y h propos$ !m1 to ackn[l$ge !m defici5t4 ,! only objection ( any consequ5ce1 t has ev] be5 made to ! hypo!sis ( climate1 is ?is1 t p "u ! same p>allels are n exactly ( ! same col\r4 ,b ?is is no objection 9 fact3 = x does n foll[ t ^? c\ntries1 :i* are at an equal di/ance f ! equator1 %\ld h _! climates ! same4 ,inde$ no?+ is m contr>y to exp]i5ce ?an ?is4 ,climate dep5ds ^u a v>iety ( accid5ts4 ,high m\nta9s1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( a place1 make x cool]1 by *ill+ ! air t is c>ri$ ov] !m by ! w9ds4 ,l>ge spread+ succul5t plants1 if among ! productions ( ! soil1 h ! same effect3 !y af=d agreeable cool+ %ades1 & a moi/ atmosph]e f _! cont9ual exhalations1 by :i* ! ard\r ( ! sun is consid]ably abat$4 ,:ile ! soil1 on ! o!r h&1 if ( a s&y nature1 reta9s ! heat 9 an uncommon degree1 & makes ! summ]s consid]ably hott] ?an ^? :i* are f\nd to exi/ 9 ! same latitude1 :]e ! soil is diff]5t4 ,to ?is proximity ( :at may be t]m$ burn+ s&s1 & to ! sulphur\s & metallick p>ticles1 :i* are cont9ually exhal+ f ! b[els ( ! e>?1 is ascrib$ ! diff]5t degree ( blackness1 by :i* "s ,african nations are di/+ui%able f ea* o!r1 ?\gh "u ! same p>allels4 ,to ^! obs]vations we may add1 t ?\gh ! inhabitants ( ! same p>allel are n exactly ( ! same hue1 yet !y diff] only by %ades ( ! same col\r2 or1 to speak ) m precision1 t !re are no two p1 9 su* a situation1 "o ( :om is :ite1 & ! o!r black4 ,to sum up ! :ole--,suppose we 7 to take a common globe2 to beg9 at ! equator2 to pa9t e c\ntry along ! m]idian l9e 9 succession f !nce to ! poles2 & to pa9t !m ) ! same col\r :i* prevails 9 ! respective inhabitants ( ea*1 we %\ld see ! black1 ) :i* we _h be5 oblig$ to beg91 ins5sibly *ang+ to an olive1 & ! olive1 ?r\gh z _m int]m$iate col\rs1 to a :ite3 & if1 on ! o!r h&1 we %\ld complete any "o ( ! p>allels accord+ to ! same plan1 we %\ld see a diff]5ce p]haps 9 ! appe>ance ( "s ( ! c\ntries ?r\gh :i* x ran1 ?\gh ! diff]5ce w\ld consi/ :olly 9 %ades ( ! same col\r4 ,! argum5t !re=e1 :i* is br\ght aga9/ ! hypo!sis1 is s f> f be+1 an objection1 t we %all consid] x "o ( ! fir/ argum5ts 9 its fav\r3 = if climate has really an influ5ce on ! muc\s sub/ance ( ! body1 x is evid5t1 t we mu/ n only expect to see a gradation ( col\r 9 ! inhabitants f ! equator to ! poles1 b also diff]5t#jhe %ades ( ! same col\r 9 ! inhabitants ( ! same p>allel4 ,to ?is argum5t1 we %all add "o t is incontrov]tible1 :i* is1 t :5 ! black inhabitants ( ,africa are transplant$ to cold]1 or ! :ite inhabitants ( ,europe to hott] climates1 _! *ildr51 born !re1 are ( a diff]5t col\r f !mselves2 t is1 light] 9 ! fir/1 & d>k] 9 ! second in/ance4 ,z a pro( ( ! fir/1 we %all give ! words ( ! ,abb ,raynal#jhf1 9 8 admir$ publication4 ,! *ildr51 says he1 :i* !y1 7! ,africans7 procreate 9 ,am]ica1 are n s black z _! p>5ts 74 ,aft] ea* g5]ation ! diff]5ce becomes m palpable4 ,x is possible1 t aft] a num]\s succession ( g5]ations1 ! m5 come f ,africa w\ld n be di/+ui%$ f ^? ( ! c\ntry1 into :i* !y may h be5 transplant$4 ,?is circum/ance we h _h ! pleasure ( he>+ confirm$ by a v>iety ( p]sons1 :o h be5 witnesses ( ! fact2 b p>ticul>ly by _m intellig5t#jhg ,africans1 :o h be5 p>5ts !mselves 9 ,am]ica1 & :o h decl>$ t ! diff]5ce is s palpable 9 ! nor!rn prov9ces1 t n only !y !mselves h con/antly obs]v$ x1 b t !y h he>d x obs]v$ by o!rs4 ,nei!r is ?is v>iation 9 ! *ildr5 f ! col\r ( _! p>5ts improbable4 ,! *ildr5 ( ! blacke/ ,africans are born :ite#jhh4 ,9 ?is /ate !y cont9ue = ab\t a mon?1 :5 !y *ange to a pale yell[4 ,9 process ( "t !y become br[n4 ,_! sk9 /ill cont9ues to increase 9 d>kness ) _! age1 till x becomes ( a dirty1 sall[ black1 & at l5g?1 aft] a c]ta9 p]iod ( ye>s1 glossy & %9+4 ,n[1 if climate has any influ5ce on ! muc\s sub/ance ( ! body1 ?is v>iation 9 ! *ildr5 f ! col\r ( _! p>5ts is an ev5t1 :i* mu/ be reasonably expect$3 = be+ born :ite1 & n hav+ equally p[]ful causes to act ^u !m 9 cold]1 z _! p>5ts _h 9 ! hott] climates :i* !y left1 x mu/ necess>ily foll[1 t ! same affect _c possibly be produc$4 ,h5ce also1 if ! hypo!sis be admitt$1 may be d$uc$ ! reason1 :y ev5 ^? *ildr51 :o h be5 br\ght f _! c\ntry at an e>ly age into cold] regions1 h be5 obs]v$#jhi to be ( a light] col\r ?an ^? :o h rema9$ at home till !y arriv$ at a /ate ( manhood4 ,= hav+ und]gone "s ( ! *anges :i* we m5tion$ to h att5d$ _! c\ntrym5 f infancy to a c]ta9 age1 & hav+ be5 tak5 away be=e ! re/ c\ld be complet$1 ^! f>!r *anges1 :i* w\ld h tak5 place _h !y rema9$ at home1 seem ei!r to h be5 *eck$ 9 _! progress1 or weak5$ 9 _! degree1 by a cold] climate4 ,we come n[ to ! second & opposite case2 = a pro( ( :i* we %all appeal to ! words ( ,dr4 ,mit*ell#jij1 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions4 ,! ,spani>ds :o h inhabit$ ,am]ica "u ! torrid zone = any "t1 are become z d>k col\r$ z our native ,indians ( ,virg9ia1 ( :i*1 ,i myself h be5 a witness2 & 7 !y n to int]m>ry ) ! ,europeans1 b lead ! same rude & b>b>\s lives ) ! ,indians1 x is v probable t1 9 a succession ( _m g5]ations1 !y w\ld become z d>k 9 complexion4 ,to ?is in/ance we %all add "o1 :i* is m5tion$ by a late writ]#jia1 :o describ+ ! ,african coa/1 & ! ,european settlem5ts !re1 has ! foll[+ passage4 ,!re are sev]al o!r small ,portuguese settlem5ts1 & "o ( "s note at ,mitomba1 a riv] 9 ,si]ra ,leon4 ,! p "h call$ ,portuguese1 are pr9cipally p]sons br$ f a mixture ( ! fir/ ,portuguese discov]]s ) ! natives1 & n[ become1 9 _! complexion & woolly quality ( _! hair1 p]fect negroes1 reta9+ h[ev] a smatt]+ ( ! ,portuguese language4 ,^! facts1 ) respect to ! coloni/s ( ! ,europeans1 are ( ! highe/ importance 9 ! pres5t case1 & des]ve a s]i\s att5tion4 ,= :5 we "k to a c]ta9ty f :om !y are desc5d$2 :5 we "k t !y 71 at ! "t ( _! transplantation1 ( ! same col\r z ^? f :om !y sev]ally sprung2 & :51 on ! o!r h&1 we are cr$ibly in=m$1 t !y h *ang$ x = ! native col\r ( ! place :i* !y n[ inhabit2 ! evid5ce 9 support ( ^! facts is z great1 z if a p]son1 on ! removal ( two or ?ree families into ano!r climate1 _h det]m9$ to asc]ta9 ! circum/ance2 z if he _h gone ) !m & wat*$ _! *ildr52 z if he _h communicat$ 8 obs]vations at 8 dea? to a successor2 z if 8 successor _h prosecut$ ! plan1 & ?us an un9t]rupt$ *a9 ( evid5ce _h be5 kept up f _! fir/ removal to any det]m9$ p]iod ( succe$+ "t4 ,b ?\gh ^! facts seem suffici5t ( !mselves to confirm our op9ion1 !y are n ! only facts :i* c be adduc$ 9 its support4 ,x c be %ewn1 t ! memb]s ( ! v same family1 :5 divid$ f ea* o!r1 & remov$ into diff]5t c\ntries1 h n only *ang$ _! family complexion1 b t !y h *ang$ x to z _m diff]5t col\rs z !y h gone into diff]5t regions ( ! _w4 ,we _c h1 p]haps1 a m /rik+ in/ance ( ?is1 ?an 9 ! ,jews4 ,^! p1 are scatt]$ ov] ! face ( ! :ole e>?4 ,!y h pres]v$ !mselves di/9ct f ! re/ ( ! _w by _! religion2 &1 z !y nev] int]m>ry ) any b ^? ( _! own sect1 s !y h no mixture ( blood 9 _! ve9s1 t !y %\ld diff] f ea* o!r3 & yet no?+ is m true1 ?an t ! ,engli% ,jew#jib is :ite1 ! ,portuguese sw>?y1 ! ,arm5ian olive1 & ! ,arabian copp]2 9 %ort1 t !re appe> to be z _m diff]5t species ( ,jews1 z !re are c\ntries 9 :i* !y reside4 ,to ^! facts we %all add ! foll[+ obs]vation1 t if we c give cr$it to ! anci5t hi/orians 9 g5]al1 a *ange f ! d>ke/ black to ! pure/ :ite mu/ h actually be5 accompli%$4 ,"o in/ance1 p]haps1 may be ?\ght suffici5t4 ,h]odotus#jic relates1 t ! ,col*i 7 black1 & t !y _h crisp$ hair4 ,^! p 7 a deta*m5t ( ! ?iopian army "u ,seso/ris1 :o foll[$ him 9 8 exp$ition1 & settl$ 9 t "p ( ! _w1 :]e ,col*is is usually repres5t$ to h be5 situat$4 ,_h n ! same au?or in=m$ u ( ?is circum/ance1 we %\ld h ?\ght x /range#jid1 t a p ( ?is description %\ld h be5 f\nd 9 su* a latitude4 ,n[ z !y 7 und\bt$ly settl$ !re1 & z !y 7 nei!r s totally de/roy$1 nor made any su* rapid conque/s1 z t hi/ory %\ld notice ! ev5t1 !re is great reason to presume1 t _! desc5dants cont9u$ 9 ! same1 or settl$ 9 ! adjac5t c\ntry2 f :5ce x w foll[1 t !y mu/ h *ang$ _! complexion to t1 :i* is obs]vable 9 ! inhabitants ( ?is p>ticul> region at ! pres5t day2 or1 9 o!r words1 t ! black inhabitant ( ,col*is mu/ h be5 *ang$ into ! fair ,circassian#jie4 ,z we h n[ %ewn x to be highly probable1 f ! facts :i* h be5 advanc$1 t climate is ! cause ( ! diff]5ce ( col\r :i* prevails 9 ! diff]5t inhabitants ( ! globe1 we %all n[ %ew its probability f s simil> an effect produc$ on ! muc\s sub/ance be=e-m5tion$ by s simil> a cause1 t ?\gh ! fact does n absolutely prove our conjecture to be "r1 yet x w give u a v lively conception ( ! mann]1 9 :i* ! phnom5on may be caus$4 ,?is probability may be %ewn 9 ! case ( freckles1 :i* are to be se5 9 ! face ( *ildr51 b ( su* only1 z h ! ?9ne/ & mo/ transp>5t sk9s1 & are occasion$ by ! rays ( ! sun1 /rik+ =cibly on ! muc\s sub/ance ( ! face1 & dry+ ! accumulat+ fluid4 ,?is accumulat+ fluid1 or p]spirable matt]1 is at fir/ col\rless2 b be+ expos$ to viol5t heat1 or dri$1 becomes br[n4 ,h5ce1 ! mucosum corpus be+ t+$ 9 v>i\s p>ts by ?is br[n coagulat$ fluid1 & ! p>ts s t+$ appe>+ ?r\gh ! cuticle1 or upp] surface ( ! sk91 arises t spott$ appe>ance1 obs]vable 9 ! case recit$4 ,n[1 if we 7 to conceive a black sk9 to be an univ]sal freckle1 or ! rays ( ! sun to act s univ]sally on ! muc\s sub/ance ( a p]son's face1 z to produce ^! spots s contigu\s to ea* o!r t !y %\ld unite1 we %\ld !n see1 9 imag9ation1 a face simil> to ^?1 :i* are daily to be se5 among black p3 & if we 7 to conceive 8 body to be expos$ or act$ ^u 9 ! same mann]1 we %\ld !n see 8 body assum+ a simil> appe>ance2 & ?us we %\ld see ! :ole man ( a p]fect black1 or resembl+ "o ( ! nak$ inhabitants ( ! torrid zone4 ,n[ z ! feat ( freckles & ( blackness is ! same2 z _! appe>ance is simil>2 & z ! cause ( ! fir/ is ! ard\r ( ! sun1 x is !re=e probable t ! cause ( ! second is ! same3 h5ce1 if we sub/itute = ! ^w sun1 :at is analog\s to x1 ! ^w climate1 ! same effect may be suppos$ to be produc$1 & ! conjecture to receive a sanction4 ,nor is x unlikely t ! hypo!sis1 :i* consid]s ! cause ( freckles & ( blackness z ! same1 may be "r4 ,= if blackness is occasion$ by ! rays ( ! sun /rik+ =cibly & univ]sally on ! muc\s sub/ance ( ! body1 & dry+ ! accumulat+ fluid1 we c acc\nt = ! diff]5t degrees ( x to be f\nd 9 ! diff]5t inhabitants ( ! globe4 ,= z ! quantity ( p]spirable fluid1 & ! =ce ( ! sol> rays is successively increas$1 z ! climates are successively w>m]1 f any giv5 p>allel to ! l9e1 x foll[s t ! fluid1 ) :i* ! muc\s sub/ance w be /a9$1 w be successively ?ick] & deep] col\r$2 & h5ce1 z x appe>s ?r\gh ! cuticle1 ! complexion successively d>k]2 or1 :at am\nts to ! same ?+1 !re w be a diff]5ce ( col\r 9 ! inhabitants ( e successive p>allel4 ,f ^!1 & ! :ole ( ! prec$+ obs]vations on ! subject1 we may conclude1 t z all ! inhabitants ( ! e>? _c be o!rwise ?an ! *ildr5 ( ! same p>5ts1 & z ! diff]5ce ( _! appe>ance mu/ h ( c\rse proce$$ f incid5tal causes1 ^! causes are a comb9ation ( ^? qualities1 :i* we call climate2 t ! blackness ( ! ,africans is s f> +raft$ 9 _! con/itution1 9 a c\rse ( _m g5]ations1 t _! *ildr5 :olly inh]it x1 if br\ght up 9 ! same spot1 b t x is n s absolutely int]wov5 9 _! nature1 t x _c be remov$1 if !y are born & settl$ 9 ano!r2 t ,noah & 8 sons 7 probably ( an olive complexion2 t ^? ( _! desc5dants1 :o w5t f>!r to ! s\?1 became ( a deep] olive or copp]2 :ile ^?1 :o w5t /ill f>!r1 became ( a deep] copp] or black2 t ^?1 on ! o!r h&1 :o travell$ f>!r to ! nor?1 became less olive or br[n1 :ile ^? :o w5t /ill f>!r ?an ! =m]1 became less br[n or :ite2 & t if any man 7 to po9t out any "o ( ! col\rs :i* prevails 9 ! human complexion1 z likely to furni% an argum5t1 t ! p ( su* a complexion 7 ( a diff]5t species f ! re/1 x is probable t 8 own desc5dants1 if remov$ to ! climate to :i* ?is complexion is peculi>1 w\ld1 9 ! c\rse ( a few g5]ations1 deg5]ate into ! same col\r4 ,hav+ n[ repli$ to ! argum5t1 t ! ,africans are an inf]i\r l9k ( ! *a9 ( nature1 z f> z x dep5d$ on _! capacity & col\r1 we %all n[ only take notice ( an expression1 :i* ! receiv]s be=e-m5tion$ are pleas$ to make use (1 t !y are made = slav]y4 ,_h ! ,africans be5 made = slav]y1 or to become ! prop]ty ( any society ( m51 x is cle>1 f ! obs]vations t h be5 made 9 ! second "p ( ?is ,essay1 t !y mu/ h be5 creat$ devoid ( reason3 b ?is is contr>y to fact4 ,x is cle> also1 t !re mu/ h be51 _m & evid5t signs ( ! inf]iority ( _! nature1 & t ?is society ( m5 mu/ h _h a natural "r to _! dom9ion3 b ?is is equally false4 ,no su* signs ( inf]iority are to be f\nd 9 ! "o1 & ! "r to dom9ion 9 ! o!r is incid5tal3 = 9 :at volume ( nature or religion is x writt51 t "o society ( m5 %\ld bre$ slaves = ! b5efit1 ( ano!r8 ,nor is x less evid5t t !y w\ld h want$ _m ( ^? qualities :i* !y h1 & :i* brutes h n3 !y w\ld h want$ t _s ( lib]ty1 t s5se ( ignom9y & %ame#jif1 :i* s frequ5tly drives !m to ! horrid extremity ( f9i%+ _! own exi/5ce4 ,nor w\ld !y h be5 end[$ ) a contemplative p[]2 = su* a p[] w\ld h be5 unnecess>y to p 9 su* a situation2 or r1 its only use c\ld h be5 to increase _! pa94 ,we _c suppose !re=e t ,god has made an ord] ( be+s1 ) su* m5tal qualities & p[]s1 = ! sole purpose ( be+ us$ z bea/s1 or in/rum5ts ( lab\r4 ,& "h1 :at a dreadful argum5t pres5ts itself aga9/ y receiv]s8 ,= if !y h no und]/&+s z y confess1 !n is y\r conduct impi\s1 because1 z !y _c p]ceive ! int5tion ( y\r puni%m5t1 y\r sev]ities _c make !m bett]4 ,b if1 on ! o!r h&1 !y h _h und]/&+s1 7:i* has evid5tly appe>$7 !n is y\r conduct equally impi\s1 :o1 by de/roy+ _! faculties by ! sev]ity ( y\r discipl9e1 h r$uc$ m52 :o _h once ! p[] ( reason1 to an equality ) ! brute creation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,footnotes ,footnote #jgc3 ,g5esis1 *4 iv4 #ae4 ,footnote #jgd3 ,g5esis1 *4 ix4 #be1 #bf1 #bg4 ,footnote #jge3 ,j]emiah says1 *4 xiii4 #bc1 ,c ! ?iopian *ange 8 col\r1 or ! leop>d 8 spots8 ,n[ ! ^w1 :i* is "h translat$ ?iopian1 is 9 ! orig9al ,hebrew ! desc5dant ( ,cu%1 :i* %ews t ?is col\r 0 n conf9$ to ! desc5dants ( ,canaan1 z ! advocates = slav]y ass]t4 ,footnote #jgf3 ,x is v extraord9>y t ! advocates = slav]y %\ld consid] ^? ,africans1 :om !y call negroes1 z ! desc5dants ( ,canaan1 :5 few hi/orical facts c be s well asc]ta9$1 z t out ( ! desc5dants ( ! f\r sons ( ,ham1 ! desc5dants ( ,canaan 7 ! only p1 7if we except ! ,c>?ag9ians1 :o 7 a colony ( ,canaan1 & 7 aft]w>ds ru9$7 :o did n settle 9 t qu>t] ( ! globe4 ,africa 0 incontrov]tibly peopl$ by ! po/]ity ( ! ?ree o!r sons4 ,we _c %ew ?is 9 a cle>] mann]1 ?an 9 ! words ( ! le>n$ ,mr4 ,bryant1 9 8 lett] to ,mr4 ,granville ,%>p on ?is subject4 ,we le>n f scripture1 t ,ham _h f\r sons1 ,*us1 ,mizraim1 ,phut1 & ,canaan1 ,g54 x4 #e1 #f4 ,canaan occupi$ ,pale/9e1 & ! c\ntry call$ by 8 "n3 ,mizraim1 ,egypt3 b ,phut pass$ deep into ,africa1 &1 ,i believe1 mo/ ( ! nations 9 t "p ( ! _w are desc5d$ f him2 at lea/ m ?an f any o!r p]son4 ,josephus says1 t ,phut 0 ! f\nd] ( ! nations 9 ,libya1 & ! p 7 f him call$ 7ph\toi7 ,phuti4 ,antiq4 ,l4 #a4 c4 #g4 ,by ,lybia he und]/&s1 z ! ,greeks did1 ,africa 9 g5]al3 = ! p>ticul> c\ntry call$ ,lybia ,prop]1 0 peopl$ by ! ,lubim1 or ,lehabim1 "o ( ! bran*es f ,mizraim1 7,labieim ex ou ,libnes7 ,*ron4 ,pas*ale1 p4 #bi4 ,! sons ( ,phut settl$ 9 ,mauritania1 :]e 0 a c\ntry call$ ,phutia1 & a riv] ( ! l d5om9ation4 ,mauritani ,fluvius usque ad prs5s ,tempus ,phut dicitur1 omnisq2 circa eum ,regio ,phut5sis4 ,hi]on4 ,tradit4 ,hebroe4--,amnem1 quem vocant ,fut4 ,pl9y1 ,l4 #e4 c4 #a4 ,"s ( ?is family settl$ above gypt1 ne> ?iopia1 & 7 /yl$ ,troglodyt4 7ph\d ex ou troglodotai74 ,syncellus1 p4 #dg4 ,_m ( !m pass$ inl&1 & peopl$ ! ,m$it]ranean c\ntry4 ,9 process ( "t ! sons ( ,*us also1 7aft] _! expulsion f ,egypt7 made settlem5ts ^u ! sea coa/ ( ,africa1 & came into ,mauritania4 ,h5ce we f9d traces ( !m also 9 ! names ( places1 su* z ,*uris1 ,*us>es1 ^u ! coa/3 & a riv] ,*usa1 & a city ,cotta1 toge!r ) a promontory1 ,cotis1 9 ,mauritania1 all d5om9at$ f ,*us2 :o at diff]5t times1 & by diff]5t p1 0 call$ ,*us1 ,cu?1 ,co%1 & ,cotis4 ,! riv] ,cusa is m5tion$ by ,pl9y1 ,lib4 #e4 c4 #a4 & by ,ptolomy4 ,_m ages aft] ^! settlem5ts1 !re 0 ano!r eruption ( ! ,cu%ites into ^! p>ts1 "u ! "n ( ,s>ac5s & ,moors1 :o ov]-ran ,africa1 to ! v extremity ( ,m\nt ,atlas4 ,!y pass$ ov] & conqu]$ ,spa9 to ! nor?1 & !y ext5d$ !mselves s\?w>d1 z ,i said 9 my treatise1 to ! riv]s ,s5egal & ,gambia1 & z l[ z ! ,gold ,coa/4 ,i m5tion$ ?is1 because ,i d n ?9k t !y proce$$ mu* f>!r3 mo/ ( ! nations to ! s\? be+1 z ,i imag9e1 ( ! race ( ,phut4 ,! v c\ntry ^u ! riv] ,gambia on "o side1 is at ?is day call$ ,phuta1 ( :i* ,bluet1 9 8 hi/ory ( ,juba ,b5 ,solomon1 gives an acc\nt4 ,footnote #jgg3 ,:5 ,am]ica 0 fir/ discov]$1 x 0 ?\ght by "s1 t ! scripture acc\nt ( ! creation 0 false1 & t !re 7 diff]5t species ( m51 because !y c\ld nev] suppose t p1 9 s rude a /ate z ! ,am]icans1 c\ld h transport$ !mselves to t cont95t f any p>ts ( ! kn[n _w4 ,?is op9ion h[ev] 0 refut$ by ! celebrat$ ,capta9 ,cooke1 :o %ew$ t ! traject betwe5 ! cont95ts ( ,asia & ,am]ica1 0 z %ort z "s1 :i* p 9 z rude a /ate h be5 actually kn[n to pass4 ,?is af=ds an excell5t caution aga9/ an ill-judg$ & ha/y c5sure ( ! div9e writ+s1 because e difficulty :i* may be />t$1 _c be in/antly cle>$ up4 ,footnote #jgh3 ,! div9e writ+s1 :i* ass]t t all m5 7 d]iv$ f ! same /ock1 %ew also1 9 ! same in/ance ( ,cu%1 7,footnote #jge71 t "s ( !m _h *ang$ _! orig9al complexion4 ,footnote #jgi3 ,! foll[+ are ! gr& col\rs disc]nible 9 mank9d1 betwe5 :i* !re are _m %ades2 ,:ite ,copp] --,olive-- ,br[n ,black ,footnote #jhj3 ,see note1 7,footnote #jge74 ,to ?is we may add1 t ! re/ ( ! desc5dants ( ,ham1 z f> z !y c be trac$1 are n[ also black1 at well z _m ( ! desc5dants ( ,%em4 ,footnote #jha3 ,diseases h a great effect ^u ! mucosum corpus1 b p>ticul>ly ! jaundice1 :i* turns x yell[4 ,h5ce1 be+ transmitt$ ?r\gh ! cuticle1 ! yell[ appe>ance ( ! :ole body4 ,b ?is1 ev5 z a matt] ( ocul> demon/ration1 is n conf9$ solely to :ite p2 negroes !mselves1 :ile affect$ ) ^! or o!r disord]s1 *ang+ _! black col\r = t :i* ! disease has convey$ to ! muc\s sub/ance4 ,footnote #jhb3 ,! cutane\s pores are s excessively small1 t "o gra9 ( s&1 7accord+ to ,dr4 ,lew5hoeck's calculations7 w\ld cov] _m hundr$s ( !m4 ,footnote #jhc3 ,we d n mean to ins9uate t ! same p h _! corpus mucosum s5sibly v>y1 z (t5 z !y g into ano!r latitude1 b t ! fact is true only ( diff]5t p1 :o h be5 long e/abli%$ 9 diff]5t latitudes4 ,footnote #jhd3 ,we beg leave to return our ?anks "h to a g5tleman1 em95t 9 ! m$ical l9e1 :o furni%$ u ) ! above-m5tion$ facts4 ,footnote #jhe3 ,suppose we 7 to see two nations1 contigu\s to ea* o!r1 ( black & :ite inhabitants 9 ! same p>allel1 ev5 ?is w\ld be no objection1 = _m circum/ances are to be consid]$4 ,a black p may h w&]$ into a :ite1 & a :ite p into a black latitude1 & !y may n h be5 settl$ !re a suffici5t l5g? ( "t = su* a *ange to h be5 accompli%$ 9 _! complexion1 z t !y %\ld be l ! old e/abli%$ inhabitants ( ! p>allel1 into :i* !y h lately come4 ,footnote #jhf3 ,ju/amond's ,abbe ,raynal1 v4 #e4 p4 #aic4 ,footnote #jhg3 ,! au?or ( ?is ,essay made x 8 bus9ess to inquire ( ! mo/ intellig5t ( ^?1 :om he c\ld meet ) 9 ,london1 z to ! au!nticity ( ! fact4 ,all ^? f ,am]ica assur$ him t x 0 /rictly true2 ^? f ! ,we/-,indies1 t !y _h nev] obs]v$ x !re2 b t !y _h f\nd a s5sible diff]5ce 9 !mselves s9ce !y came to ,engl&4 ,footnote #jhh3 ,?is circum/ance1 :i* always happ5s1 %ews t !y are desc5d$ f ! same p>5ts z ourselves2 = _h !y be5 a di/9ct species ( m51 & ! blackness entirely +raft$ 9 _! con/itution & frame1 !re is great reason to presume1 t _! *ildr5 w\ld h be5 born black4 ,footnote #jhi3 ,?is obs]vation 0 communicat$ to u by ! g5tleman 9 ! m$ical l9e1 to :om we return$ our ?anks = c]ta9 anatomical facts4 ,footnote #jij3 ,philos4 ,trans4 ,no4 #dgf4 sect4 #d4 ,footnote #jia3 ,treatise ^u ! ,trade f ,great ,brita9 to ,africa1 by an ,african m]*ant4 ,footnote #jib3 ,we mean su* only z are natives ( ! c\ntries :i* we m5tion1 & ^: ance/ors h be5 settl$ !re = a c]ta9 p]iod ( "t4 ,footnote #jic3 ,h]odotus4 ,eut]pe4 p4 #hj4 ,editio ,/ephani1 pr9t$ #aegj4 ,footnote #jid3 ,?is circum/ance confirms :at we said 9 a =m] note1 7,footnote #jhe71 t ev5 if two nations 7 to be f\nd 9 ! same p>allel1 "o ( :om 0 black1 & ! o!r :ite1 x w\ld =m no objection aga9/ ! hypo!sis ( climate1 z "o ( !m might h be5 new settl]s f a di/ant c\ntry4 ,footnote #jie3 ,suppose1 )\t ! k ( any hi/orian1 !y _h made su* consid]able conque/s1 z to h settl$ !mselves at ! di/ance ( #ajjj miles 9 any "o direction f ,col*is1 /ill !y mu/ h *ang$ _! col\r4 ,= _h !y gone 9 an ,ea/]n or ,we/]n direction1 !y mu/ h be5 ( ! same col\r z ! ,circassians2 if to ! nor?1 :it]2 if to ! s\?1 ( a copp]4 ,!re are no p )9 t di/ance ( ,col*is1 :o are black4 ,footnote #jif3 ,!re are a p>ticul> p among ^? transport$ f ,africa to ! colonies1 :o imm$iately on receiv+ puni%m5t1 de/roy !mselves4 ,?is is a fact :i* ! receiv]s are unable to contradict4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*ap4 ,,ix4 ,! read] may p]haps ?9k1 t ! receiv]s h by ?is "t exp5d$ all _! argum5ts1 b _! /ore is n s easily exhau/$4 ,!y are well aw>e t ju/ice1 nature1 & religion1 w cont9ue1 z !y h ev] uni=mly done1 to oppose _! conduct4 ,?is has driv5 !m to ex]t _! +5uity1 & has occasion$ t multiplicity ( argum5ts to be f\nd 9 ! pres5t "q4 ,^! argum5ts are ( a diff]5t complexion f ! =m]4 ,!y consi/ 9 comp>+ ! /ate ( slaves ) t ( "s ( ! classes ( free m51 & 9 c]ta9 sc5es ( felicity1 :i* ! =m] are said to enjoy4 ,x is affirm$ t ! puni%m5ts :i* ! ,africans und]go1 are less sev]e ?an ! milit>y2 t _! life is happi] ?an t ( ! ,engli% peasant2 t !y h ! advantages ( manumission2 t !y h _! little spots ( gr\nd1 _! holy-days1 _! dances2 9 %ort1 t _! life is a sc5e ( fe/ivity & mir?1 & t !y are mu* happi] 9 ! colonies ?an 9 _! own c\ntry4 ,^! repres5tations1 :i* h be5 made out ) mu* +5uity & art1 may h _h _! weight ) ! unw>y2 b !y w nev] pass ) m5 ( consid]ation & s5se1 :o are accu/om$ to e/imate ! probability ( ?+s1 be=e !y admit !m to be true4 ,inde$ ! b>e ass]tion1 t _! situation is ev5 com=table1 conta9s its own refutation1 or at lea/ leads u to suspect t ! p]son1 :o ass]t$ x1 has omitt$ "s important consid]ations 9 ! acc\nt4 ,su* we %all %ew to h be5 actually ! case1 & t ! repres5tations ( ! receiv]s1 :5 /ripp$ ( _! glossy ornam5ts1 are b empty declamation4 ,x is said1 fir/1 ( milit>y puni%m5ts1 t !y are m sev]e ?an ^? :i* ! ,africans und]go4 ,b ?is is a b>e ass]tion )\t a pro(4 ,x is n %ewn ev5 by ^?1 :o ass]t x1 h[ ! fact c be made out4 ,we are left !re=e to draw ! comp>ison ourselves1 & to fill up ^? important consid]ations1 :i* we h j said t ! receiv]s _h omitt$4 ,t milit>y puni%m5ts are sev]e we confess1 b we d5y t !y are sev]] ?an ^? ) :i* !y are comp>$4 ,:]e is ! milit>y man1 ^: e>s h be5 slit1 ^: limbs h be5 mutilat$1 or ^: eyes h be5 beat5 out8 ,b let u ev5 all[1 t _! puni%m5ts are equal 9 ! degree ( _! sev]ity3 /ill !y mu/ lose by comp>ison4 ,! soldi] is nev] puni%$ b aft] a fair & equitable trial1 & ! decision ( a milit>y c\rt2 ! unhappy ,african1 at ! discretion ( 8 ,"l4 ,! "o kn[s :at p>ticul> conduct w con/itute an (f5ce#jig2 ! o!r has no su* in=mation1 z he is :olly at ! disposal ( passion & caprice1 :i* may impose ^u any action1 h[ev] laudable1 ! appellation ( a crime4 ,! =m] has x ( c\rse 9 8 p[] to avoid a puni%m5t2 ! latt] is nev] safe4 ,! =m] is puni%$ = a real1 ! latt]1 (t51 = an imag9>y fault4 ,n[ w any p]son ass]t1 on comp>+ ! :ole ( ^? circum/ances toge!r1 :i* relate to _! respective puni%m5ts1 t !re c be any d\bt1 :i* ( ! two are 9 ! wor/ situation1 z to _! p5al sy/ems8 ,) respect to ! decl>ation1 t ! life ( an ,african 9 ! colonies is happi] ?an t ( an ,engli% peasant1 x is equally false4 ,inde$ we c sc>cely )hold our indignation1 :5 we consid]1 h[ %amefully ! situation ( ?is latt] class ( m5 has be5 misrepres5t$1 to elevate ! =m] to a /ate ( fictiti\s happ9ess4 ,if ! repres5tations ( ! receiv]s be true1 x is evid5t t ^? ( ! mo/ approv$ writ]s1 :o h plac$ a consid]able %>e ( happ9ess 9 ! cottage1 h be5 mi/ak5 9 _! op9ion2 & t ^? ( ! ri*1 :o h be5 he>d to sigh1 & envy ! felicity ( ! peasant1 h be5 trea*]\s to _! own s5sations4 ,b :i* are we to believe on ! occasion8 ,^?1 :o endeav\r to dress vice 9 ! habit ( virtue1 or ^?1 :o d]ive _! op9ion f _! own feel+s8 ,! latt] are surely to be believ$2 & we may conclude !re=e1 t ! horrid picture :i* is giv5 ( ! life ( ! peasant1 has n s j a f\ndation z ! receiv]s w\ld1 lead u to suppose4 ,= has he no pleasure 9 ! ?\ght1 t he lives 9 8 own c\ntry1 & among 8 relations & fri5ds8 ,t he is actually free1 & t 8 *ildr5 w be ! same8 ,t he c nev] be sold z a bea/8 ,t he c speak 8 m9d )\t ! fe> ( ! la%8 ,t he _c ev5 be /ruck ) impunity8 ,& t he p>takes1 equally ) 8 sup]i\rs1 ( ! protection ( ! law8--,n[1 !re is no "o ( ^! advantages :i* ! ,african possesses1 & no "o1 :i* ! def5d]s ( slav]y take into _! acc\nt4 ,( ! o!r comp>isons t are usually made1 we may obs]ve 9 g5]al1 t1 z !y consi/ 9 comp>+ ! iniquit\s practice ( slav]y ) o!r iniquit\s practices 9 =ce among o!r nations1 !y c nei!r raise x to ! appe>ance ( virtue1 nor ext5uate its guilt4 ,! ?+s comp>$ are 9 ^! in/ances bo? ( !m evils alike4 ,!y call equally = r$ress#jih1 & are equally disgraceful to ! gov]nm5ts :i* suff] !m1 if n enc\rage !m1 to exi/4 ,to attempt !re=e to ju/ify "o species ( iniquity by comp>+ x ) ano!r1 is no ju/ification at all2 & is s f> f answ]+ ! purpose1 = :i* ! comp>ison is int5d$1 z to give u reason to suspect1 t ! comp>] has b little notion ei!r ( equity or hon\r4 ,we come n[ to ^? sc5es ( felicity1 :i* slaves are said to enjoy4 ,! fir/ advantage :i* !y are said to exp]i5ce1 is t ( manumission4 ,b "h ! advocates = slav]y conceal an important circum/ance4 ,!y expatiate inde$ on ! *>ms ( fre$om1 & cont5d t x mu/ be a bless+ 9 ! eyes ( ^?1 ^u :om x is conf]r$4 ,we p]fectly agree ) !m 9 ?is p>ticul>4 ,b !y d n tell u t ^! advantages are conf9$2 t !y are conf9$ to "s fav\rite dome/ick2 t n "o 9 an hundr$ enjoy !m2 & t !y are nev] ext5d$ to ^?1 :o are employ$ 9 ! cultivation ( ! field1 z long z !y c "w4 ,^! are !y1 :o are mo/ to be piti$1 :o are de/9$ to p]petual drudg]y2 & ( :om no "o :atev] has a *ance ( be+ fre$ f 8 situation1 till dea? ei!r releases him at once1 or age r5d]s him incapable ( cont9u+ 8 =m] lab\r4 ,& "h let x be rem>k$1 to ! disgrace ( ! receiv]s1 t he is !n made free1 n--z a rew>d = 8 pa/ s]vices1 b1 z 8 lab\r is !n ( little or no value1--to save ! tax#jii4 ,) ! same artifice is m5tion also made ( ! little spots1 or g>d5s1 z !y are call$1 :i* slaves are said to possess f ! lib]ality ( ! receiv]s4 ,b p mu/ n be l$ away by agreeable & pleasant s\nds4 ,!y mu/ n suppose t ^! g>d5s are made = fl[]s2 or t !y are places ( amusem5t1 9 :i* !y c sp5d _! "t 9 botanical rese>*es & delights4 ,alas1 !y d n furni% !m ) a !me = su* pleas+ pursuits & speculations6 ,!y mu/ be cultivat$ 9 ^? h\rs1 :i* ought to be appropriat$ to re/#ajj2 & !y mu/ be cultivat$1 n = an amusem5t1 b to make up1 if x be possible1 ! great defici5cy 9 _! weekly all[ance ( provisions4 ,h5ce x appe>s1 t ! receiv]s h no m]it :atev] 9 su* an appropriation ( l& to _! un=tunate slaves3 = !y are ei!r "u ! necessity ( do+ ?is1 or ( los+ !m by ! jaws ( fam9e4 ,& x is a notori\s fact1 t1 ) _! weekly all[ance1 & ! produce ( _! spots toge!r1 x is (t5 ) ! greate/ difficulty t !y pres]ve a wret*$ exi/5ce4 ,! ?ird advantage :i* !y are said to exp]i5ce1 is t ( holy-days1 or days ( respite f _! usual discipl9e & fatigue4 ,?is is c]ta9ly a great indulg5ce1 & ought to be record$ to ! immortal hon\r ( ! receiv]s4 ,we wi% we c\ld express _! lib]ality 9 ^? h&some t]ms1 9 :i* x des]ves to be repres5t$1 or applaud !m suffici5tly = deviat+ = once f ! rig\rs ( s]vile discipl9e4 ,b we confess1 t we are unequal to ! task1 & mu/ !re=e cont5t ourselves ) obs]v+1 t :ile ! horse has "o day 9 sev5 to refre% 8 limbs1 ! happy ,african#aja has b "o 9 fifty-two1 z a relaxation f 8 lab\rs4 ,) respect to _! dances1 on :i* su* a p>ticul> /ress has be5 g5]ally laid1 we fe> t p may h be5 z %amefully deceiv$1 z 9 ! =m] in/ances4 ,= f ! mann] 9 :i* ^! are g5]ally m5tion$1 we %\ld almo/ be l$ to imag9e1 t !y _h c]ta9 h\rs all[$ !m = ! purpose ( jo9+ 9 ! dance1 & t !y _h e com=t & conv5i5ce1 t p are g5]ally suppos$ to enjoy on su* convivial occasions4 ,b ?is is f> f ! case4 ,reason in=ms u1 t x c nev] be4 ,if !y wi% = su* innoc5t recreations1 !y mu/ enjoy !m 9 ! "t t is allott$ !m = sleep2 & s f> are ^! dances f proce$+ f any uncommon degree ( happ9ess1 :i* excites !m to convivial society1 t !y proce$ r f an uncommon depression ( spirits1 :i* makes !m ev5 sacrifice _! re/#ajb1 = ! sake ( exp]i5c+ = a mom5t a m joyful oblivion ( _! c>es4 ,= suppose any "o ( ! receiv]s1 9 ! middle ( a dance1 7 to address 8 slaves 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,africans6 ,i beg9 at la/ to feel = y\r situation2 & my consci5ce is sev]ely hurt1 :5ev] ,i reflect t ,i h be5 r$uc+ ^? to a /ate ( mis]y & pa91 :o h nev] giv5 me (f5ce4 ,y seem to be fond ( ^! ex]cises1 b yet y are oblig$ to take !m at su* unseasonable h\rs1 t !y impair y\r heal?1 :i* is suffici5tly brok5 by ! intol]able %>e ( lab\r :i* ,i h hi!rto impos$ ^u y4 ,i w !re=e make y a proposal4 ,w y be cont5t to live 9 ! colonies1 & y %all h ! half ( e week entirely to y\rselves8 or w y *oose to return to y\r mis]able1 wret*$ c\ntry8--,b :at is t :i* /rikes _! e>s8 ,:i* makes !m motionless 9 an in/ant8 ,:i* int]rupts ! fe/ive sc5e8--_! c\ntry8--transport+ s\nd6--,behold6 !y are n[ fly+ f ! dance3 y may see !m runn+ to ! %ore1 &1 frantick z x 7 ) joy1 dem&+ ) op5 arms an in/antane\s passage to _! belov$ native pla9s4 ,su* are ! colonial delights1 by ! repres5tation ( :i* ! receiv]s w\ld p]suade u1 t ! ,africans are tak5 f _! c\ntry to a region ( conviviality & mir?2 & t l ^?1 :o leave _! usual places ( resid5ce = a summ]'s amusem5t1 !y are convey$ to ! colonies--to ba!1--to dance1--to keep holy-day1--to be jovial4--,b !re is some?+ s truly ridicul\s 9 ! attempt to impose ^! sc5es ( felicity on ! publick1 z sc5es :i* fall to ! lot ( slaves1 t ! receiv]s mu/ h be5 driv5 to great extremities1 to haz>d !m to ! eye ( c5sure4 ,! la/ po9t t rema9s to be consid]$1 is ! %ameful ass]tion1 t ! ,africans are mu* happi] 9 ! colonies1 ?an 9 _! own c\ntry4 ,b 9 :at does ?is sup]i\r happ9ess consi/8 ,9 ^? real sc5es1 x mu/ be repli$1 :i* h be5 j m5tion$2 = ^!1 by ! confession ( ! receiv]s1 con/itute ! happ9ess !y enjoy4--,b x has be5 %ewn t ^! h be5 unfairly repres5t$2 &1 7 !y realiz$ 9 ! mo/ ext5sive latitude1 !y w\ld n confirm ! fact4 ,= if1 ^u a recapitulation1 x consi/s 9 ! pleasure ( manumission1 !y surely mu/ h pass$ _! lives 9 a mu* m com=table mann]1 :o1 l ! ,africans at home1 h _h no occasion = su* a b5efit at all4 ,b ! receiv]s1 we presume1 reason ^u ?is pr9ciple1 t we nev] "k ! value ( a bless+ b by its loss4 ,?is is g5]ally true3 b w\ld any "o ( !m make himself a slave = ye>s1 t he might run ! *ance ( ! pleasures ( manumission8 ,or t he might ta/e ! *>ms ( lib]ty ) a great] reli%8 ,nor is ! ass]tion less false 9 e o!r consid]ation4 ,= if _! happ9ess consi/s 9 ! few holy-days1 :i* 9 ! colonies !y are p]mitt$ to enjoy1 :at mu/ be _! situation 9 _! own c\ntry1 :]e ! :ole ye> is b "o cont9u$ holy-day1 or cessation f discipl9e & fatigue8--,if 9 ! possession ( a mean & contract$ spot1 :at mu/ be _! situation1 :]e a :ole region is _! own1 produc+ almo/ spontane\sly ! com=ts ( life1 & requir+ = its cultivation none ( ^? h\rs1 :i* %\ld be appropriat$ to sleep8--,if 9 ! pleasures ( ! colonial dance1 :at mu/ x be 9 _! own c\ntry1 :]e !y may dance = ev]2 :]e !re is no /at$ h\r to int]rupt _! felicity1 no intol]able lab\r imm$iately to succe$ _! recreations1 & no ov]se] to receive !m "u ! discipl9e ( ! la%8--,if ^! !re=e are ! only circum/ances1 by :i* ! ass]tion c be prov$1 we may v5ture to say1 )\t fe> ( opposition1 t x c nev] be prov$ at all4 ,b ^! are n ! only circum/ances4 ,x is said t !y are b>b>\s at home4--,b d y receiv]s civilize !m8--,y\r unwill+ness to conv]t !m to ,*ri/ianity1 because y suppose y mu/ use !m m k9dly :5 conv]t$1 is b a bad argum5t 9 fav\r ( ! fact4 ,x is affirm$ aga91 t _! mann] ( life1 & _! situation is su* 9 _! own c\ntry1 t to say !y are happy is a je/4 ,b :o are y1 :o pret5d to judge#ajc ( ano!r man's happ9ess8 ,t /ate :i* ea* man1 "u ! guidance ( 8 mak]1 =ms = himself1 & n "o man = ano!r8 ,to "k :at con/itutes m9e or y\r happ9ess1 is ! sole pr]ogative ( him :o creat$ u1 & ca/ u 9 s v>i\s & diff]5t m\lds4 ,did y\r slaves ev] compla9 to y ( _! unhapp9ess1 amid/ _! native woods & des>ts8 ,or1 r1 let me ask1 did !y ev] cease compla9+ ( _! condition "u y _! lordly ma/]s8 ,:]e !y see1 inde$1 ! accommodations ( civil life1 b see !m all pass to o!rs1 !mselves unb5efit$ by !m4 ,be s graci\s !n1 ye petty tyrants ov] human fre$om1 to let y\r slaves judge = !mselves1 :at x is :i* makes _! own happ9ess1 & !n see :e!r !y d n place x 9 ! return to _! own c\ntry1 r ?an 9 ! contemplation ( y\r gr&eur1 ( :i* _! mis]y makes s l>ge a "p4 ,b s9ce y speak ) s mu* confid5ce on ! subject1 let u ask y receiv]s aga91 if y h ev] be5 in=m$ by y\r un=tunate slaves1 t !y _h no connexions 9 ! c\ntry f :i* !y h =cibly be5 torn away3 or1 if y w take ^u y to ass]t1 t !y nev] sigh1 :5 !y are alone2 or t !y nev] relate to ea* o!r _! tales ( mis]y & woe4 ,b y judge ( !m1 p]haps1 9 an happy mom5t1 :5 y are deal+ out to !m _! provisions = ! week2 & are b little aw>e1 t1 ?\gh ! c\nt5ance may be *e]$ ) a mom5t>y smile1 ! he>t may be exquisitely tortur$4 ,7 y to %ew u1 inde$1 t !re are laws1 subject to no evasion1 by :i* y are oblig$ to clo! & fe$ !m 9 a com=table mann]2 7 y to %ew u t !y are protect$#ajd at all2 or t ev5 "o 9 a ?\s& ( ^? ma/]s h suff]$ dea?#aje1 :o h be5 guilty ( prem$itat$ murd] to _! slaves1 y w\ld h a bett] claim to our belief3 b y c nei!r produce ! in/ances nor ! laws4 ,! p1 ( :om y speak1 are slaves1 are y\r own prop]ty1 are :olly at y\r own disposal2 & ?is idea is suffici5t to ov]turn y\r ass]tions ( _! happ9ess4 ,b we %all n[ m5tion a circum/ance1 :i*1 9 ! pres5t case1 w h m weight ?an all ! argum5ts :i* h hi!rto be5 advanc$4 ,x is an op9ion1 :i* ! ,africans univ]sally ent]ta91 t1 z soon z dea? %all release !m f ! h&s ( _! oppressors1 !y %all imm$iately be waft$ back to _! native pla9s1 !re to exi/ aga91 to enjoy ! sight ( _! belov$ c\ntrym51 & to sp5d ! :ole ( _! new exi/5ce 9 sc5es ( tranquillity & delight2 & s p[]fully does ?is notion op]ate ^u !m1 z to drive !m frequ5tly to ! horrid extremity ( putt+ a p]iod to _! lives4 ,n[ if ^! suicides are frequ5t1 7:i* no p]son c d5y7 :at are !y b a pro(1 t ! situation ( ^? :o de/roy !mselves mu/ h be5 insupportably wret*$3 & if ! ?\ght ( return+ to _! c\ntry aft] dea?1 :5 !y h exp]i5c$ ! colonial joys1 con/itutes _! supreme felicity1 :at are !y b a pro(1 t !y ?9k !re is z mu* diff]5ce betwe5 ! two situations1 z !re is betwe5 mis]y & delight8 ,nor is ! ass]tion ( ! receiv]s less liable to a refutation 9 ! in/ance ( ^?1 :o t]m9ate _! own exi/5ce1 ?an ( ^?1 :om nature releases f _! p]secutions4 ,!y die ) a smile ^u _! face1 & _! fun]als are att5d$ by a va/ conc\rse ( _! c\ntrym51 ) e possible demon/ration ( joy#ajf4 ,b :y ?is unusual mir?1 if _! dep>t$ bro!r has left an happy place8 ,or if he has be5 tak5 f ! c>e ( an indulg5t ma/]1 :o consult$ 8 pleasures1 & adm9i/]$ to 8 wants8 ,b alas1 x arises f h5ce1 t he is gone to 8 happy c\ntry3 a circum/ance1 suffici5t ( itself1 to sil5ce a myriad ( ^? speci\s argum5ts1 :i* ! imag9ation has be5 rack$1 & w always be rack$ to produce1 9 fav\r ( a sy/em ( tyranny & oppression4 ,x rema9s only1 t we %\ld n[ conclude ! *apt] ) a fact1 :i* w %ew t ! acc\nt1 :i* we h giv5 ( ! situation ( slaves1 is /rictly true1 & w refute at ! same "t all ! argum5ts :i* h hi!rto be51 & may yet be br\ght by ! receiv]s1 to prove t _! treatm5t is humane4 ,9 "o ( ! we/]n colonies ( ! ,europeans1 #ajgsix hundr$ & fifty ?\s& slaves 7 import$ )9 an hundr$ ye>s2 at ! expiration ( :i* "t1 _! :ole po/]ity 7 f\nd to am\nt to "o hundr$ & =ty ?\s&4 ,?is fact w asc]ta9 ! treatm5t ( itself4 ,= h[ %amefully mu/ ^! un=tunate p h be5 oppress$8 ,:at a dreadful havock mu/ fam9e1 fatigue1 & cruelty1 h made among !m1 :5 we consid]1 t ! desc5dants ( six hundr$ & fifty ?\s& p 9 ! prime ( life1 gradually import$ )9 a c5tury1 are less num]\s ?an ^?1 :i* only t5 ?\s&#ajh w\ld h produc$ 9 ! same p]iod1 "u common advantages1 & 9 a c\ntry cong5ial to _! con/itutions8 ,b ! receiv]s h probably great m]it on ! occasion4 ,let u !re=e set x d[n to _! humanity4 ,let u suppose = once1 t ?is incr$ible wa/e ( ! human species proce$s f a b5evol5t design2 t1 s5sible ( ! mis]ies ( a s]vile /ate1 !y resolve to we> out1 z fa/ z !y possibly c1 _! un=tunate slaves1 t _! mis]ies may ! soon] end1 & t a wret*$ po/]ity may be prev5t$ f %>+ _! p>5tal condition4 ,n[1 :e!r ?is is ! plan ( reason+ :i* ! receiv]s adopt1 we _c take ^u u to decide2 b true x is1 t ! effect produc$ is exactly ! same1 z if !y _h reason$ :olly on ?is b5evol5t pr9ciple4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,footnotes ,footnote #jig3 ,! articles ( w> are frequ5tly read at ! head ( e regim5t 9 ! s]vice1 /at+ ^? p>ticul> actions :i* are to be consid]$ z crimes4 ,footnote #jih3 ,we _c omit "h to m5tion "o ( ! cu/oms1 :i* has be5 (t5 br\ght z a palliation ( slav]y1 & :i* prevail$ b a little "t ago1 & we are d\btful :e!r x does n prevail n[1 9 ! metropolis ( ?is c\ntry1 ( kidnapp+ m5 = ! s]vice ( ! ,ea/-,india ,company4 ,e subject1 z long z he behaves well1 has a "r to ! protection ( gov]nm5t2 & ! tacit p]mission ( su* a sc5e ( iniquity1 :5 x becomes kn[n1 is z mu* a brea* ( duty 9 gov]nm5t1 z ! conduct ( ^? subjects1 :o1 on o!r occasions1 w\ld be t]m$1 & puni%$ z1 rebelli\s4 ,footnote #jii3 ,! exp5ces ( e p>i% are defray$ by a poll-tax on negroes1 to save :i* !y pret5d to lib]ate ^? :o are pa/ lab\r2 b !y /ill keep !m employ$ 9 repair+ f5ces1 or 9 do+ "s trifl+ "w on a scanty all[ance4 ,= to free a field-negroe1 s long z he c "w1 is a maxim1 :i*1 not)/&+ ! num]\s boa/$ manumissions1 no ma/] ev] ?9ks ( adopt+ 9 ! colonies4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,!y mu/ be cultivat$ always on a ,sunday1 & frequ5tly 9 ^? h\rs :i* %\ld be appropriat$ to sleep1 or ! wret*$ possessors mu/ be inevitably />v$4 ,footnote #aja3 ,!y are all[$ 9 g5]al ?ree holy-days at ,*ri/mas1 b 9 ,jamaica !y h two also at ,ea/]1 & two at ,:itsuntide3 s t on ! l>ge/ scale1 !y h only sev5 days 9 a ye>1 or "o day 9 fifty-two4 ,b ?is is on a supposition1 t ! receiv]s d n break 9 ^u ! aft]noons1 :i* !y are frequ5tly too apt to d4 ,if x %\ld be said t ,sunday is an holy-day1 x is n true2 x is s f> an holy-day1 t !y d n "w = _! ma/]s2 b su* an holy-day1 t if !y d n employ x 9 ! cultivation ( _! little spots1 !y mu/ />v$4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,^! dances are usually 9 ! middle ( ! night2 & s desir\s are ^! un=tunate p ( obta9+ b a joyful h\r1 t !y n only (t5 give up _! sleep1 b add to ! lab\rs ( ! day1 by go+ sev]al miles to obta9 x4 ,footnote #ajc3 ,bi%op ( ,gloce/]'s s]mon1 prea*$ be=e ! society = ! propagation ( ! gospel1 at ! anniv]s>y meet+1 on ! #ba/ ( ,febru>y1 #agff4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,!re is a law1 7b let ! read] rem>k1 t x prevails b 9 "o ( ! colonies71 aga9/ mutilation4 ,x took its rise f ! frequ5cy ( ! inhuman practice4 ,b ?\gh a ma/] _c !re *op (f ! limb ( a slave ) an axe1 he may yet "w1 />ve1 & beat him to dea? ) impunity4 ,footnote #aje3 ,two in/ances are record$ by ! receiv]s1 out ( ab\t fifty-?\s&1 :]e a :ite man has suff]$ dea? = ! murd] ( a negroe2 b ! receiv]s d n tell u1 t ^! suff]$ m because !y 7 ! pe/s ( society1 ?an because ! murd] ( slaves 0 a crime4 ,footnote #ajf3 ,a negroe-fun]al is consid]$ z a curi\s sight1 & is att5d$ ) s++1 danc+1 musick1 & e circum/ance t c %ew ! att5dants to be happy on ! occasion4 ,footnote #ajg3 ,9 #if ye>s1 end+ 9 #aggd1 #hjj1jjj slaves _h be5 import$ into ! ,fr5* "p ( ,/4 ,dom+o1 ( :i* !re rema9$ only #bij1jjj 9 #aggd4 ,( ?is la/ numb] only #adj1jjj 7 creoles1 or natives ( ! isl&1 i4 e4 ( #fej1jjj slaves1 ! :ole po/]ity 7 #adj1jjj4 ,consid]ations sur la ,colonie de ,/4 ,dom9ique17,see errata--%\ld be read z ,/4 ,dom+ue7 publi%$ by au?ority 9 #aggg4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,t5 ?\s& p "u fair advantages1 & 9 a soil cong5ial to _! con/itutions1 & :]e ! means ( subsi/5ce are easy1 %\ld produce 9 a c5tury #afj1jjj4 ,?is is ! proportion 9 :i* ! ,am]icans increas$2 & ! ,africans 9 _! own c\ntry increase 9 ! same1 if n 9 a great] proportion4 ,n[ z ! climate ( ! colonies is z fav\rable to _! heal? z t ( _! own c\ntry1 ! causes ( ! prodigi\s decrease 9 ! "o1 & increase 9 ! o!r1 w be m conspicu\s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*ap4 ,x4 ,we h n[ tak5 a survey ( ! treatm5t :i* ! un=tunate ,africans und]go1 :5 !y are put into ! h&s ( ! receiv]s4 ,?is treatm5t1 by ! f\r fir/ *apt]s ( ! pres5t "p ( ?is ,essay1 appe>s to be :olly insupportable1 & to be su* z no human be+ c apply to ano!r1 )\t ! imputation ( su* crimes1 z %\ld make him tremble4 ,b z _m argum5ts are usually advanc$ by ^? :o h any int]e/ 9 ! practice1 by :i* !y w\ld ei!r exculpate ! treatm5t1 or dim9i% its sev]ity1 we allott$ ! rema9+ *apt]s = _! discussion4 ,9 ^! we consid]$ ! probability ( su* a treatm5t aga9/ ! motives ( int]e/2 ! cr$it t 0 to be giv5 to ^? dis9t]e/$ writ]s on ! subject1 :o h record$ p>ticul> in/ances ( b>b>ity2 ! inf]iority ( ! ,africans to ! human species2 ! comp>isons t are g5]ally made ) respect to _! situation2 ! positive sc5es ( felicity :i* !y are said to enjoy1 & e o!r argum5t1 9 %ort1 t we h f\nd to h ev] be5 advanc$ 9 ! def5ce ( slav]y4 ,^! h be5 all consid]$1 & we may v5ture to pron\nce1 t1 in/ead ( answ]+ ! purpose = :i* !y 7 int5d$1 !y s]ve only to br+ su* circum/ances to light1 z cle>ly %ew1 t if +5uity 7 rack$ to inv5t a situation1 t w\ld be ! mo/ di/ress+ & insupportable to ! human race2 x c\ld nev] inv5t "o1 t w\ld suit ! description bett]1 ?an !--colonial slav]y4 ,if ?is !n be ! case1 & if slaves1 not)/&+ all ! argum5ts to ! contr>y1 are exquisitely mis]able1 we ask y receiv]s1 by :at "r y r$uce !m to s wret*$ a situation8 ,y reply1 t y buy !m2 t y\r money con/itutes y\r "r1 & t1 l all o!r ?+s :i* y pur*ase1 !y are :olly at y\r own disposal4 ,^u ?is pr9ciple alone x 01 t we pr(ess$ to view y\r treatm5t1 or exam9e y\r "r1 :5 we said1 t ! "q#aji resolv$ itself into two sep>ate p>ts = discussion2 into ! ,african comm]ce1 z expla9$ 9 ! hi/ory ( slav]y1 & ! subsequ5t slav]y 9 ! colonies1 z f\nd$ on ! equity ( ! comm]ce4 ,n[1 s9ce x appe>s t ?is comm]ce1 ^u ! fulle/ inve/igation1 is contr>y to ! pr9ciples#aaj ( law & gov]nm5t1 ! dictates ( reason1 ! common maxims ( equity1 ! laws ( nature1 ! admonitions ( consci5ce1 &1 9 %ort1 ! :ole doctr9e ( natural religion1 x is evid5t t ! "r1 :i* is f\nd$ ^u x1 mu/ be ! same2 & t if ^? ?+s only are lawful 9 ! sight ( ,god1 :i* are ei!r virtu\s 9 !mselves1 or proce$ f virtu\s pr9ciples1 y h no "r ov] !m at all4 ,y y\rselves also confess ?is4 ,= :5 we ask y1 :e!r any human be+ has a "r to sell y1 y imm$iately answ]1 ,no2 z if nature revolt$ at ! ?\ght1 & z if x 0 s contradictory to y\r own feel+s1 z n to require consid]ation4 ,b :o are y1 t h ?is exclusive *>t] ( trad+ 9 ! lib]ties ( mank9d8 ,:5 did nature1 or r ! ,au?or ( nature1 make s p>tial a di/9ction betwe5 y & !m8 ,:5 did ,he say1 t y %\ld h ! privilege ( sell+ o!rs1 & t o!rs %\ld n h ! privilege ( sell+ y8 ,n[ s9ce y confess1 t no p]son :atev] has a "r to dispose ( y 9 ?is mann]1 y mu/ confess also1 t ^? ?+s are unlawful to be done to y1 :i* are usually done 9 consequ5ce ( ! sale4 ,let u suppose !n1 t 9 consequ5ce ( ! comm]ce y 7 =c$ into a %ip2 t y 7 convey$ to ano!r c\ntry2 t y 7 sold !re2 t y 7 conf9$ to incessant lab\r2 t y 7 p9*$ by cont9ual hung] & ?ir/2 & subject to be :ipp$1 cut1 & mangl$ at discretion1 & all ?is at ! h&s ( ^?1 :om y _h nev] (f5d$2 w\ld y n ?9k t y _h a "r to resi/ _! treatm5t8 ,w\ld y n resi/ x ) a safe consci5ce8 ,& w\ld y n be surpriz$1 if y\r resi/ance %\ld be t]m$ rebellion8--,by ! =m] premises y mu/ answ]1 yes4--,su* !n is ! case ) ! wret*$ ,africans4 ,!y h a "r to resi/ y\r proce$+s4 ,!y c resi/ !m1 & yet !y _c ju/ly be consid]$ z rebelli\s4 ,= ?\gh we suppose !m to h be5 guilty ( crimes to "o ano!r2 ?\gh we suppose !m to h be5 ! mo/ ab&on$ & execrable ( m51 yet are !y p]fectly innoc5t ) respect to y receiv]s4 ,y h no "r to t\* ev5 ! hair ( _! heads )\t _! own cons5t4 ,x is n y\r money1 t c inve/ y ) a "r4 ,human lib]ty c nei!r be b\ght nor sold4 ,e la% t y give !m is unju/4 ,x is a la% aga9/ nature & religion1 & w surely /& record$ aga9/ y1 s9ce !y are all1 ) respect to y\r impi\s selves1 9 a /ate ( nature2 9 a /ate ( orig9al dissociation2 p]fectly free4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,footnotes ,footnote #aji3 ,see ,"p ,,ii ,*apt] ,i second p>agraph4 ,footnote #aaj3 ,see ,"p ,,ii ,*apt] ,,ix la/ p>agraph4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*ap4 ,,xi4 ,hav+ n[ consid]$ bo? ! comm]ce & slav]y1 x rema9s only to collect su* argum5ts z are scatt]$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! "w1 & to make su* additional rem>ks1 z pres5t !mselves on ! subject4 ,& fir/1 let u ask y1 :o h /udi$ ! law ( nature1 & y1 :o are le>n$ 9 ! law ( ! l&1 if all prop]ty mu/ n be inf]i\r 9 its nature to its possessor1 or1 9 o!r words1 7= x is a case1 :i* e p]son mu/ br+ home to 8 own brea/7 if y suppose t any human be+ c h a prop]ty 9 y\rselves8 ,let u ask y apprais]s1 :o sci5tifically "k ! value ( ?+s1 if any human creature is equival5t only to any ( ! tr9kets t y we>1 or at mo/1 to any ( ! horses t y ride3 or 9 o!r words1 if y h ev] consid]$ ! mo/ co/ly ?+s t y h valu$1 z equival5t to y\rselves8 ,let u ask y rationali/s1 if man1 z a reasonable be+1 is n acc\ntable = 8 actions1 & let u put ! same "q to y1 :o h /udi$ ! div9e writ+s8 ,let u ask y p>5ts1 if ev] y ?\ght t y possess$ an au?ority z su*1 or if ev] y expect$ a duty f y\r sons2 & let u ask y sons1 if ev] y felt an impulse 9 y\r own brea/s to obey y\r p>5ts4 ,n[1 if y %\ld all answ] z we c\ld wi%1 if y %\ld all answ] consi/5tly ) reason1 nature1 & ! reveal$ voice ( ,god1 :at a dreadful argum5t w pres5t itself aga9/ ! comm]ce & slav]y ( ! human species1 :5 we reflect1 t no man :atev] c be b\ght or r$uc$ to ! situation ( a slave1 b he mu/ in/antly become a brute1 he mu/ in/antly be r$uc$ to ! value ( ^? ?+s1 :i* 7 made = 8 own use & conv5i5ce2 he mu/ in/antly cease to be acc\ntable = 8 actions1 & 8 au?ority z a p>5t1 & 8 duty z a son1 mu/ be in/antly no m4 ,nei!r does x escape our notice1 :5 we are speak+ ( ! fatal w\nd :i* e social duty mu/ receive1 h[ consid]ably ,*ri/ianity suff]s by ! conduct ( y receiv]s4 ,= by prosecut+ ?is impi\s comm]ce1 y keep ! ,africans 9 a /ate ( p]petual f]ocity & b>b>ism2 & by prosecut+ x 9 su* a mann]1 z mu/ repres5t y\r religion1 z a sy/em ( robb]y & oppression1 y n only oppose ! propagation ( ! gospel1 z f> z y are able y\rselves1 b ?r[ ! mo/ c]ta9 imp$im5ts 9 ! way ( o!rs1 :o might attempt ! glori\s & important task4 ,su* also is ! effect1 :i* ! subsequ5t slav]y 9 ! colonies mu/ produce4 ,= by y\r inhuman treatm5t ( ! un=tunate ,africans !re1 y create ! same insup]able imp$im5ts to a conv]sion4 ,= h[ mu/ !y dete/ ! v "n ( ,*ri/ians1 :5 y ,*ri/ians are de=m$ by s _m & dreadful vices8 ,h[ mu/ !y dete/ t sy/em ( religion1 :i* appe>s to resi/ ! natural rights ( m51 & to give a sanction to brutality & murd]8 ,b1 z we are n[ m5tion+ ,*ri/ianity1 we mu/ pause = a little "t1 to make a few rem>ks on ! argum5ts :i* are usually d$uc$ f !nce by ! receiv]s1 9 def5ce ( _! sy/em ( oppression4 ,= ! read] may readily suppose1 t1 if !y did n hesitate to br+ ! ,old ,te/am5t 9 support ( _! b>b>ities1 !y w\ld h>dly let ! ,new escape !m4 ,/4 ,paul1 hav+ conv]t$ ,onesimus to ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 :o 0 a fugitive slave ( ,philemon1 s5t him back to 8 ma/]4 ,?is circum/ance has furni%$ ! receiv]s ) a plea1 t ,*ri/ianity enc\rages slav]y4 ,b !y h n only /ra9$ ! passages :i* !y produce 9 support ( _! ass]tions1 b are ignorant ( hi/orical facts4 ,! b5evol5t apo/le1 9 ! lett] :i* he wrote to ,philemon1 ! ma/] ( ,onesimus1 addresses him to ! foll[+ effect3 ,i s5d him back to y1 b n 9 8 =m] capacity#aaa1 n n[ z a s]vant1 b above a s]vant1 a bro!r belov$4 ,9 ?is mann] ,i besee* y to receive him1 = ?\gh ,i c\ld enjo9 y to d x1 yet ,i _h r x %\ld be a matt] ( y\r own w1 ?an ( necessity4 ,x appe>s t ! same ,onesimus1 :5 he 0 s5t back1 0 no long] a slave1 t he 0 a m9i/] ( ! gospel1 t he 0 jo9$ ) ,ty*icus 9 an ecclesia/ical commission to ! *ur* ( ! ,colossians1 & 0 aft]w>ds bi%op ( ,ephesus4 ,if language !re=e has any mean+1 & if hi/ory has record$ a fact :i* may be believ$1 !re is no case m opposite to ! doctr9e ( ! receiv]s1 ?an ?is :i* !y produce 9 its support4 ,x is said aga91 t ,*ri/ianity1 among ! _m important precepts :i* x conta9s1 does n furni% u ) "o = ! abolition ( slav]y4 ,b ! reason is obvi\s4 ,slav]y at ! "t ( ! introduction ( ! gospel 0 univ]sally preval5t1 & if ,*ri/ianity _h abruptly decl>$1 t ! millions ( slaves %\ld h be5 made free1 :o 7 !n 9 ! _w1 x w\ld h be5 univ]sally reject$1 z conta9+ doctr9es t 7 dang]\s1 if n de/ructive1 to society4 ,9 ord] !re=e t x might be univ]sally receiv$1 x nev] m$dl$1 by any positive precept1 ) ! civil in/itutions ( ! times2 b ?\gh x does n expressly say1 t y %all nei!r buy1 nor sell1 nor possess a slave1 x is evid5t t1 9 its g5]al t5\r1 x suffici5tly militates aga9/ ! cu/om4 ,! fir/ doctr9e :i* x inculcates1 is t ( bro!rly love4 ,x comm&s good w t[>ds m54 ,x enjo9s u to love our neighb\rs z ourselves1 & to d unto all m51 z we w\ld t !y %\ld d unto u4 ,& h[ c any man fulfil ?is s*eme ( univ]sal b5evol5ce1 :o r$uces an un=tunate p]son aga9/ 8 w1 to ! mo/ insupportable ( all human conditions2 :o consid]s him z 8 private prop]ty1 & treats him1 n z a bro!r1 nor z "o ( ! same p>5tage ) himself1 b z an animal ( ! brute creation8 ,b ! mo/ important doctr9e is t1 by :i* we are assur$ t mank9d are to exi/ 9 a future /ate1 & to give an acc\nt ( ^? actions1 :i* !y h sev]ally done 9 ! fle%4 ,?is /rikes at ! v root ( slav]y4 ,= h[ c any man be ju/ly call$ to an acc\nt = 8 actions1 ^: actions are n at 8 own disposal8 ,?is is ! case ) ! prop]#aab slave4 ,8 lib]ty is absolutely b\ght & appropriat$2 & if ! pur*ase is j & equitable1 he is "u ! necessity ( p]petrat+ any crime1 :i* ! pur*as] may ord] him to commit1 or1 9 o!r words1 ( ceas+ to be acc\ntable = 8 actions4 ,^! doctr9es !re=e are suffici5t to %ew1 t slav]y is incompatible1 ) ! ,*ri/ian sy/em4 ,! ,europeans consid]$ !m z su*1 :51 at ! close ( ! twelf? c5tury1 !y resi/$1 _! h]$it>y prejudices1 & occasion$ its abolition4 ,h5ce "o1 among _m o!r pro(s1 t ,*ri/ianity 0 ! production ( inf9ite wisdom2 t ?\gh x did n take su* express cognizance ( ! wick$ national in/itutions ( ! times1 z %\ld h9d] its reception1 x %\ld yet conta9 su* doctr9es1 z1 :5 x %\ld be fully e/abli%$1 w\ld be suffici5t = ! abolition ( !m all4 ,?us !n is ! argum5t ( y receiv]s ineffectual1 & y\r conduct impi\s4 ,=1 by ! prosecution ( ?is wick$ slav]y & comm]ce1 y n only oppose ! propagation ( t gospel :i* 0 ord]$ to be prea*$ unto e creature1 & br+ x into contempt1 b y oppose its t5ets also3 fir/1 because y violate t law ( univ]sal b5evol5ce1 :i* 0 to take away ^? hateful di/9ctions ( ,jew & ,g5tile1 ,greek & ,b>b>ian1 bond & free1 :i* prevail$ :5 ! gospel 0 introduc$2 & secondly1 because1 z e man is to give an acc\nt ( 8 actions h]eaft]1 x is necess>y t he %\ld be free4 ,ano!r argum5t yet rema9s1 :i*1 ?\gh nature w absolutely turn pale at ! recital1 _c possibly be omitt$4 ,9 ^? w>s1 :i* are made = ! sake ( procur+ slaves1 x is evid5t t ! conte/ mu/ be g5]ally ob/9ate1 & t great numb]s mu/ be sla9 on bo? sides1 be=e ! ev5t c be det]m9$4 ,?is we may reasonably appreh5d to be ! case3 & we h %ewn#aac1 t !re h n be5 want+ in/ances1 :]e ! conqu]ors h be5 s inc5s$ at ! resi/ance !y h f\nd1 t _! _s ( v5geance has entirely got ! bett] ( _! av>ice1 & !y h murd]$1 9 cool blood1 e individual1 )\t discrim9ation1 ei!r ( age or sex4 ,f ^! & o!r circum/ances1 we ?\ght we _h suffici5t reason to conclude1 t1 :]e t5 7 suppos$ to be tak51 an hundr$1 includ+ ! victors & vanqui%$1 might be suppos$ to p]i%4 ,n[1 z ! annual exportation f ,africa consi/s ( an hundr$ ?\s& m51 & z ! two ord]s1 ( ^? :o are privately kidnapp$ by individuals1 & ( ^?1 :o are publickly seiz$ by virtue ( ! au?ority ( _! pr9ce1 compose toge!r1 at lea/1 n9e-t5?s ( ! ,african slaves1 x foll[s1 t ab\t t5 ?\s& consi/ ( convicts & prison]s ( w>4 ,! la/ ord] is ! mo/ num]\s4 ,let u suppose !n t only six ?\s& ( ?is ord] are annually s5t into s]vitude1 & x w imm$iately appe> t no less ?an sixty-?\s& p annually p]i% 9 ^? w>s1 :i* are made only = ! purpose ( procur+ slaves4 ,b t ?is numb]1 :i* we believe to be by no means exagg]at$1 may be free f all objection1 we w include ^? 9 ! e/imate1 :o die z !y are travell+ to ! %ips4 ,_m ( ^! un=tunate p h a j\rney ( "o ?\s& miles to p]=m on foot1 & are driv5 l %eep ?r\gh inhospitable woods & des]ts1 :]e !y frequ5tly die 9 great numb]s1 f fatigue & want4 ,n[ if to ^?1 :o ?us p]i% on ! ,african cont95t1 by w> & travell+1 we subjo9 ^?#aad1 :o aft]w>ds p]i% on ! voyage1 & 9 ! season+ toge!r1 x w appe> t1 9 e ye>ly attempt to supply ! colonies1 an hundr$ ?\s& mu/ p]i%1 ev5 be=e "o useful individual c be obta9$4 ,graci\s ,god6 h[ wick$1 h[ beyond all example impi\s1 mu/ be t s]vitude1 :i* _c be c>ri$ on )\t ! cont9ual murd] ( s _m & innoc5t p]sons6 ,:at puni%m5t is n to be expect$ = su* mon/r\s & unp>allel$ b>b>ities6 ,= if ! blood ( "o man1 unju/ly %$1 cries ) s l\d a voice = ! div9e v5geance1 h[ %all ! cries & groans ( an hundr$ ?\s& m51 annually murd]$1 asc5d ! cele/ial mansions1 & br+ d[n t puni%m5t1 :i* su* enormities des]ve6 ,b d we m5tion puni%m5t8 ,d we allude to t puni%m5t1 :i* %all be inflict$ on m5 z individuals1 9 a future life8 ,d we allude to t awful day1 :i* %all surely come1 :5 ! ma/] %all behold 8 murd]$ negroe face to face8 ,:5 a tra9 ( mutilat$ slaves %all be br\ght aga9/ him8 ,:5 he %all /& conf\nd$ & aba%$8 ,or1 d we allude to t puni%m5t1 :i* may be inflict$ on !m "h1 z memb]s ( a wick$ community8 ,= z a body politick1 if its memb]s are ev] s num]\s1 may be consid]$ z an :ole1 act+ ( itself1 & by itself1 9 all affairs 9 :i* x is conc]n$1 s x is acc\ntable1 z su*1 = its conduct2 & z ^! k9ds ( polities h only _! exi/5ce "h1 s x is only 9 ?is _w1 t1 z su*1 !y c be puni%$4 ,n[1 :e!r we consid] ! crime1 ) respect to ! individuals imm$iately conc]n$ 9 ?is mo/ b>b>\s & cruel traffick1 or :e!r we consid] x z patroniz$#aae & enc\rag$ by ! laws ( ! l&1 x pres5ts to our view an equal degree ( enormity4 ,a crime1 f\nd$ on a dreadful pre-em95ce 9 wick$ness1--a crime1 :i* be+ bo? ( individuals & ! nation1 mu/ sometime draw d[n ^u u ! heavie/ judgm5t ( ,almighty ,god1 :o made ( "o blood all ! sons ( m51 & :o gave to all equally a natural "r to lib]ty2 & :o1 rul+ all ! k+doms ( ! e>? ) equal provid5tial ju/ice1 _c suff] su* delib]ate1 su* mon/r\s iniquity1 to pass long unpuni%$#aaf4 ,b alas6 he seems already to h int]f]$ on ! occasion6 ,! viol5t#aag & sup]natural agitations ( all ! elem5ts1 :i*1 = a s]ies ( ye>s1 h prevail$ 9 ^? ,european settlem5ts1 :]e ! un=tunate ,africans are reta9$ 9 a /ate ( slav]y1 & :i* h br\ght unspeakable calamities on ! inhabitants1 & publick losses on ! /ates to :i* !y sev]ally belong1 are s _m awful visitations ( ,god = ?is inhuman violation ( 8 laws4 ,& x is n p]haps unwor?y ( rem>k1 t z ! subjects ( ,great-,brita9 h two ?irds ( ?is impi\s comm]ce 9 _! own h&s1 s !y h suff]$#aah 9 ! same proportion1 or m sev]ely ?an ! re/4 ,h[ f> ^! mis=tunes may appe> to be acts ( provid5ce1 & to create an al>m to ^? :o h be5 accu/om$ to ref] e effect to its app>5t cause2 :o h be5 habituat$ to /op !re1 & to ov]look ! f+] ( ,god2 because x is slightly cov]$ "u ! veil ( second>y laws1 we w n pret5d to det]m9e8 b ?is we w ass]t ) confid5ce1 t ! ,europeans h ri*ly des]v$ !m all2 t ! fe> ( sympa?y1 :i* c h>dly be re/ra9$ on o!r melan*oly occasions1 seems to =get to fl[ at ! relation ( ^!2 & t we c nev]1 ) any %ad[ ( ju/ice1 ) prosp]ity to ! und]tak]s ( ^?1 ^: success mu/ be at ! exp5ce ( ! happ9ess ( millions ( _! fell[-creatures4 ,b ?is is suffici5t4 ,= if lib]ty is only an adv5titi\s "r2 if m5 are by no means sup]i\r to brutes2 if e social duty is a curse2 if cruelty is highly to be e/eem$2 if murd] is /rictly hon\rable1 & ,*ri/ianity is a lye2 !n x is evid5t1 t ! ,african slav]y may be pursu$1 )\t ei!r ! remorse ( consci5ce1 or ! imputation ( a crime4 ,b if ! contr>y ( ?is is true1 :i* reason mu/ imm$iately ev9ce1 x is evid5t t no cu/om e/abli%$ among m5 0 ev] m impi\s2 s9ce x is contr>y to reason1 ju/ice1 nature1 ! pr9ciples ( law & gov]nm5t1 ! :ole doctr9e1 9 %ort1 ( natural religion1 & ! reveal$ voice ( ,god4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,footnotes ,footnote #aaa3 ,epi/4 to ,philemon4 ,footnote #aab3 ,! ,african slave is ( ?is description2 & we c\ld wi%1 9 all our argum5ts on ! pres5t subject1 to be und]/ood z hav+ spok5 only ( prop] slaves4 ,! slave :o is condemn$ to ! o>1 to ! =tifications1 & o!r publick works1 is 9 a diff]5t pr$icam5t4 ,8 lib]ty is n appropriat$1 & !re=e none ( ^? consequ5ces c be ju/ly drawn1 :i* h be5 d$uc$ 9 ! pres5t case4 ,footnote #aac3 ,see ! description ( an ,african battle 7,footnote #jdi74 ,footnote #aad3 ,! l[e/ computation is #dj1jjj1 7,footnote #jfj74 ,footnote #aae3 ,! legislature has squ&]$ away m money 9 ! prosecution ( ! slave trade1 )9 tw5ty ye>s1 ?an 9 any o!r trade :atev]1 hav+ grant$ f ! ye> #agej1 to ! ye> #aggj1 ! sum ( #cjj1jjj p\nds4 ,footnote #aaf3 ,s]mon prea*$ be=e ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge1 by ! ,rev4 ,pet] ,peck>d4 ,footnote #aag3 ,! fir/ not$ e>?quake at ,jamaica1 happ5$ ,june ! #g? #afib1 :5 ,port ,royal 0 totally sunk4 ,?is 0 succe$$ by "o 9 ! ye> #afig1 & by ano!r 9 ! ye> #agbb1 f :i* "t to ! pres5t1 ^! regions ( ! globe seem to h be5 sev]ely visit$1 b p>ticul>ly dur+ ! la/ six or sev5 ye>s4 ,see a g5]al acc\nt ( ! calamities1 occasion$ by ! late trem5d\s hurricanes & e>?quakes 9 ! ,we/-,indian isl&s1 by ,mr4 ,f[l]4 ,footnote #aah3 ,! _m %ips ( w> belong+ to ! ,briti% navy1 :i* 7 lo/ ) all _! crews 9 ^! dreadful hurricanes1 w suffici5tly prove ! fact4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,f9is4 99 99 99 99 99