,a ,,lie ,,nev] ,,ju/ifiable ,a ,/udy 9 ,e?ics ,,by ,h4 ,,clay ,,trumbull #ahef ,,preface4 ,t !re 0 ne$ ( a book on ! subject ( :i* ?is treats1 w be evid5c$ to ^? :o exam9e its cont5ts4 ,:e!r ?is book meets ! ne$1 x is = ^? to decide :o are its read]s4 ,! circum/ances ( its writ+ are recit$ 9 its op5+ *apt]4 ,i 0 urg$ to ! und]tak+ by valu$ fri5ds4 ,at e /ep 9 its progress ,i h be5 help$ by ^? fri5ds1 & o!rs4 ,= mu* ( t :i* is valuable 9 x1 !y des]ve cr$it4 ,= its imp]fections & lack1 ,i alone am at fault4 ,al?\gh ,i make no claim to exhau/iv5ess ( treatm5t 9 ?is "w1 ,i d claim to h attempt$ a treatm5t t is exceptionally compreh5sive & ?or\gh4 ,my rese>*es h includ$ ext5sive & v>i$ fields ( fact & ( ?\ght1 ev5 ?\gh v mu* 9 ^? fields has be5 left unga!r$4 ,:at is "h pres5t$ is at lea/ sugge/ive ( ! abundance & ri*ness ( ! matt] available 9 ?is l9e4 ,:ile n presum+ to ?9k t ,i h said ! la/ ^w on ?is "q ( ! ages1 ,i d v5ture to hope t ,i h furni%$ fre% mat]ial = its m intellig5t consid]ation4 ,x may be t1 9 view ( ! data "h pres5t$1 "s w settle ! "q f9ally = !mselves--by settl+ x "r4 ,if ! "w t5ds to br+ any consid]able numb] to ?is practical issue1 ,i %all be m ?an repaid = ! labor exp5d$ on x2 = ,i h a pr(\nd conviction t x is ! "q ( que/ions 9 e?ics1 n[ z always4 ,h4 ,,clay ,,trumbull4 ,,philadelphia1 ,augu/ #ad1ahic ,,cont5ts4 ,i4 ,a ,,"q ,,( ,,! ,,ages4 ,is a ,lie ,ev] ,ju/ifiable8--,two ,pr(f]$ ,answ]s4--,inducem5ts & ,temptations ,influ5c+ a ,decision4--,incid5t 9 ,army ,prison ,life4--,diff]5ce 9 ,op9ion4--,kill+ ,enemy1 or ,ly+ to ,him4--,kill+1 b n ,ly+1 ,possibility ) ,god4--,beg9n+ ( ?is ,discussion4--,its ,cont9uance4--,orig9 ( ?is ,book4 ,,ii4 ,,e?nic ,,conceptions4 ,/&>ds & ,practices ( ,primitive ,peoples4--,say+s & ,do+s ( ,h9doos4--,tea*+s ( ! ,mahabh>ata4--,h>is*&ra & ,viswamitra1 ! ,job & ,satan ( ,h9doo ,passion-,play4--,sc&9avian ,leg5ds4--,frid?j( & ,+eborg4--,p]sian ,ideals4--,zoroa/rian ,heav5 & ,hell4--,home ( ,song1 & ,home ( ! ,lie4--,tru? ! ,ma9 ,c>d9al ,virtue ) ,egyptians4--,no ,hope = ! ,li>4--,ptah1 ,"l ( ,tru?4--,tru? ,fundam5tal to ,deity4--,relatively ,l[ ,/&>d ( ,greeks4--,incid5tal ,te/imony ( ,h]odotus4--,tru?fulness ( ,a*illes4--,plato4--,ari/otle4--,!ognis4 --,p9d>4--,trag$y ( ,philoctetes4--,roman ,/&>d4--,cic]o4--,m>cus ,aurelius4--,g]man ,ideal4--,v]acity a ,primitive ,conception4--,lie ,abhorr5t among ,hill ,tribes ( ,india4--,khonds4--,son?als4--,todas4--, bheels4--,s[rahs4-- ,tipp]ahs4--,arabs4--,am]ican ,indians4--,patagonians4--,hott5tots4-- ,ea/ ,africans4--,m&+oes4--,dyaks ( ,borneo1--,ly+ ,heaps4--,v$dahs ( ,ceylon4--,javanese4--,ly+ ,incid5t ( ,civilization4--,influ5ce ( ,_s ( ,b>t]4--,punic ,fai?4--,false ,philosophy ( ,morals4 ,,iii4 ,,bible ,,tea*+s4 ,pr9ciples1 n ,rules1 ! ,bible ,/&>d4--,two ,pictures ( ,p>adise4--,place ( ,li>s4--,god ,true1 ?\gh ,m5 ,lie4--,hebrew ,midwives4--,jacob & ,esau4--,rahab ! ,ly+ ,h>lot4--,samuel at ,be?lehem4--,micaiah be=e ,jeho%aphat & ,ahab4--,"* & ,conduct4--,abraham4--,isaac4--,jacob4-- ,david4--,ananias & ,sapphira4--,bible ,injunctions & ,w>n+s4 ,,iv4 ,,def9itions4 ,importance ( a ,def9ition4--,lie ,positive1 & ,lie ,negative4--,spee* & ,act4--,elem5t ( ,int5tion4--,concealm5t ,ju/ifiable1 & ,concealm5t ,unju/ifiable4--,witness 9 ,c\rt4--,concealm5t t is ,"r4--,concealm5t t is ,s9ful4--,fir/ ,duty ( ,fall5 ,man4--,brutal ,frankness4--,indec5t ,exposure ( ,p]sonal ,op9ion4--,lie ,nev] ,tol]able z ,means ( ,conceal+4--,false ,leg or ,eye4--,duty ( ,disclosure ,condition$ on ,relations to ,o!rs4--,deception ,purpos$1 & ,resultant ,deception4--,limits ( ,responsibility = ,results ( ,action4--,surgeon ,refus+ to ,leave ,pati5t4--,fa!r ) ,dr[n+ ,*ild4--,"m & ,wife ,*oos+4--,o!rs ,self-,deceiv$ conc]n+ ,u4--,facial ,expression4--,a ,bl9d ,pat*4--,brok5 ,vase4--,clos$ ,%utt]s 9 ,midsumm]4--,op5$ ,%utt]s4--,abs5t ,man's ,hat 9 ,front ,hall4--,:5 ,concealm5t is ,prop]4--,:5 ,concealm5t is ,wrong4--,contagi\s ,diseases4--,sell+ a ,horse or ,c[4--,cov]+ ,pit4--,we>+ ,wig4--,god's ,me?od ) ,man4--,delicate ,di/9ction4-- ,tru?ful ,/atem5ts ,result+ 9 ,false ,impressions4--,conceal+ ,family ,tr\ble4--,physician & ,inquir+ ,pati5t4--,illu/rations ,expla9 ,pr9ciple1 n ,def9e x4 ,v4 ,,! ,,plea ,,( ,,necessity4 ,quak] & ,dry-goods ,salesman4--,suppos$ ,pr(itabl5ess ( ,ly+4--,plea = ,lies ( ,necessity4--,ly+ n ,ju/ifiable betwe5 ,enemies 9 ,w>-"t4--,rightfulness ( ,conceal+ ,movem5ts & ,plans f ,enemy4--,responsibility ) ,flag ( ,truce4--,diff]5ce betwe5 ,sc\t & ,spy4--,e?ical ,di/9ctions ,recogniz$ by ,bellig]5ts4--,illu/ration3 ,f$]al ,prison] ,que/ion$ by ,conf$]ate ,captors4--,libby ,prison ,exp]i5ces4--,physicians & ,pati5ts4--,concealm5t n ,necess>ily ,deception4--,loss ( ,reputation = ,tru?fulness by ,ly+ ,physicians4--,loss ( ,p[] ,!reby4--,impolicy ( ,ly+ to ,insane4--,dr4 ,kirkbride's ,te/imony4--,life n ,wor? ,sav+ by ,lie4--,conceal+ ,"o's ,condition f ,robb] 9 ,b$room4--,que/ions ( ,w\ld-be ,murd]]4--,d ,"r ?\gh ! ,heav5s ,fall4--,duty to ,god n to be ,c\nt$ out ( ,problem4--,des]t+ ,god's ,s]vice by ,ly+4--,p>t+ ,pray]4 ,,vi4 ,,c5turies ,,( ,,discussion4 ,wide ,diff]5ces ( ,op9ion4--,views ( ,talmudi/s4--,hamburg]'s ,te/imony4--,/rictness 9 ,pr9ciple4--,exceptions 9 ,practice4--,isaac ,abohab's ,te/imony4--,*ri/ian ,fa!rs n ,agre$4--,m>tyrdom ,price ( ,tru?tell+4--,ju/9 ,m>tyr's ,te/imony4--,temptations ( ,e>ly ,*ri/ians4--,words ( ,%eph]d ( ,h]mas4--,t]tullian's ,e/imate4--,orig5 on ,false ,speak+4--,pet] & ,paul at ,antio*4-- ,gregory ( ,nyssa & ,basil ! ,great4--,deceit 9 ,int]e/s ( ,h>mony4--,*ryso/om's ,deception ( ,basil4--,*ryso/om's ,def5se ( ,deceit4--,augu/9e's ,firmness ( ,position4--,condemnation ( ,ly+4--,exam9ation ( ,excuses4--,j]ome's ,weakness & ,error4--,f9al ,agreem5t ) ,augu/9e4--,repetition ( ,argum5ts ( ,augu/9e & ,*ryso/om4--,repres5tative ,disputants4--,?omas ,aqu9as4--,ma/]ly ,discussion4--,errors ( ,duns ,scotus4--,john ,calv94--,m>t9 ,lu!r4-- ,ignatius ,loyola4--,position ( ,jesuits4--,prote/ants ,def5d+ ,ly+4 --,j]emy ,taylor4--,errors & ,inconsi/5cies4--,wrong ,def9itions4-- ,misapplication ( ,scripture4--,ri*>d ,ro!4--,"*1 ,ability1 & ,influ5ce4 9 ,def9ition ( ,lie4--,failure to ,recognize4--,error ,love to ,god z ,only ,basis ( ,love to ,man4--,exceptions 9 ,favor ( ,ly+4--,nitzs*'s ,claim ( ,wis] & ,nobl] ,me?ods ?an ,ly+ 9 ,love4--,ro!'s ,claim ( ,responsibility ( ,lov+ ,gu>dian%ip--,no ,c\nt5ance ( ,deception 9 ,example ( ,jesus4--,prime ,error ( ,ro!4 --,op9ions ( ,contempor>y ,critics4--,isaac ,augu/us ,dorn]4-- ,"* & ,pr9ciples4--,ke5 ,def9itions4--,high ,/&>ds4-- ,cle>ness & ,consi/5cy4--,hans ,lass5 ,m>t5s54--,logic ,sway$ by ,feel+4--,"r ,premises & ,wav]+ ,reason+s4--,l(ty ,ideals4-- ,/ory ( ,jeanie ,deans4--,correct ,conclusions4--,influ5ce ( ,p]sonal ,peculi>ities on ,e?ical ,convictions4--,contra/ ( ,*>les ,hodge & ,james ,h4 ,?ornwell4--,dr4 ,hodge's ,correct ,premises & ,amiable ,inconsi/5cies4--,tru? ! ,sub/ratum ( ,deity4--,misconceptions ( ,bible ,tea*+s4--,sugge/ion ( ,deception by ,jesus ,*ri/4--,error z to ,g5]al ,op9ion ( ,*ri/ians4--,dr4 ,hodge's ,conclusions ,cru%$ by 8 ,premises4--,dr4 ,?ornwell's ,?or\gh ,treatm5t ( ,subject4-- ,"r ,basis4--,s\nd ,argum5t4--,correct ,def9itions4--,firmness = ,tru?4--,newman ,smy?'s ,manual4--,good ,beg9n+ & ,bad ,end+4-- ,confusion ( ,t]ms4--,inconsi/5cies 9 ,argum5t4--,loose ,reason+4 --,dang]\s ,tea*+s4--,james ,m>t9eau4--,f9e ,moral ,s5se4--,conflict betwe5 ,feel+ & ,conviction4--,safe ,in/9cts4--,?omas ,f[l]4-- ,high] ,exp$i5cy ( ,v]acity4--,importance to ,g5]al ,good4--,leslie ,/eph54--,duty ( ,v]acity ,result ( ,moral ,progress4--,kant & ,fi*te4--,jacobi ,misrepres5t$4--,false ,assumptions by ,advocates ( ,lie ( ,necessity4--,enemies 9 ,w>f>e n ,ju/ifi$ 9 ,ly+4--,te/imony ( ,cic]o4--,macaulay on ,"l ,clive's ,trea*]y4--,woolsey on ,int]national ,law4--,no ,place = ,ly+ 9 ,m$ical ,e?ics4--,op9ions & ,exp]i5ces ( ,physicians4--,pl9y's ,/ory ( ,roman ,matron4--,victor ,hugo's ,si/] ,simplice4--,words ( ,abb ,sic>d4--,tact & ,pr9ciple4--,legal ,e?ics4--,:ewell's ,view4--,op9ion ( ,*ief-,ju/ice ,%>swood4--,mi/akes ( ,dr4 ,hodge4--,"l ,br\gham's ,claim4--,false ,*>ge aga9/ ,*>les ,phillips4--,*ancellor ,k5t on ,moral ,obligations 9 ,law & 9 ,equity4--,cl]ical ,pr(ession ,*iefly ,involv$4--,cl]gym5 = & aga9/ ,ly+4--,temptation to ,lies ( ,love4--,supreme ,importance ( ,s\nd ,pr9ciple4--,duty ( ,v]acity to ,l[] ,animals4--,dr4 ,dabney's ,view4--,views ( ,dr4 ,newman ,smy?4--,duty ( ,tru?fulness an ,obligation t[>d ,god4--,l[] ,animals n ,exempt f ,pr9ciple ( ,univ]sal ,application4--,fi%+4--,hunt+4--,cat*+ ,horse4--,pr(essor ,b[ne's ,psy*ological ,view4--,no ,place = ,ly+ 9 ,god's ,univ]se4--,small ,improvem5t on ,*ryso/om's ,argum5t = ,ly+4--,limits ( ,consi/5cy 9 ,logical ,plea4--,god1 or ,satan4 ,,vii4 ,,! ,,gi/ ,,( ,,! ,,matt]4 ,"o ,all-,divid+ ,l9e4--,primal & ,et]nal ,diff]5ce4--,lie ,inevitably ,ho/ile to ,god4--,ly+ ,sep>ates f ,god4--,s9 p] se4--,p]jury ,ju/ifiable if ,ly+ be ,ju/ifiable4--,ly+--,ly+ ,defiles ,li>1 ap>t f ,que/ions ( ,ga9 9 ,ly+4--,social ,evils ,resultant f ,ly+4--,confid5ce ,ess5tial to ,society4--,ly+ ,de/ructive ( ,confid5ce4--,lie ,nev] ,h>mless4 ,,indexes4 ,,topical ,,index4 ,,scriptural ,,index4 ,i4 ,a ,,"q ,,( ,,! ,,ages4 ,:e!r a lie is ev] ju/ifiable1 is a "q t has be5 9 discussion1 n only 9 all ! ,*ri/ian c5turies1 b ev] s9ce que/ions conc]n+ human conduct 7 fir/ a possibility4 ,on ! "o h&1 x has be5 claim$ t a lie is by its v nature irreconcilable ) ! et]nal pr9ciples ( ju/ice & "r2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 x has be5 ass]t$ t great em]g5cies may necessitate a dep>ture f all ord9>y rules ( human conduct1 & t !re=e !re may be1 9 an em]g5cy1 su* a ?+ z ! lie ( necessity4 ,x is n s easy to consid] fairly a "q l ?is 9 ! h\r :5 vital p]sonal int]e/s pivot on ! decision1 z x is 9 a season ( re/ & safety2 yet1 if 9 a "t ( extreme/ p]il ! unv>y+ duty ( tru?fulness %9es cle>ly ?r\gh an atmosph]e ( sore temptation1 t light may be accept$ z div9] because ( its v p[] to p5etrate cl\ds & to dispel d>kness4 ,be+ =c$ to consid]1 9 an em]g5cy1 ! possible ju/ification ( ! s-call$ lie ( necessity1 ,i 0 br\ght to a settlem5t ( t "q 9 my own m9d1 & h s9ce be5 l$ to an hone/ endeavor to br+ o!rs to a l settlem5t ( x4 ,h5ce ?is monograph4 ,9 ! summ] ( #ahfc ,i 0 a prison] ( w> 9 ,columbia1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 ,! ,f$]al prison]s 7 conf9$ 9 ! common jail1 "u milit>y gu>d1 & ) no p>ole b9d+ !m n to attempt an escape4 ,!y 7 subject to ! ord9>y laws ( w>4 ,_! captors 7 responsible = _! det5tion 9 imprisonm5t1 & x 0 _! duty to escape f captivity1 & to return to ! army ( ! gov]nm5t to :i* !y ow$ allegiance1 if !y c\ld d s by any "r means4 ,no obligations 7 on !m t[>d _! captors1 save ^? :i* are b9d+ at all times1 ev5 :5 a /ate ( w> susp5ds su* social duties z are m]ely conv5tional4 ,only he :o has be5 a prison] ( w> 9 a ,s\!rn prison 9 midsumm]1 or 9 a ,nor!rn prison 9 ! dead ( w9t]1 9 "t ( active ho/ilities outside1 c fully realize ! he>t-long+s ( a soldi] prison] to f9d release f 8 suff]+s 9 conf9em5t1 & to be aga9 at 8 po/ ( duty at ! front1 or c und]/& h[ gladly su* a man w\ld f9d a way1 consi/5t ) ! "r1 to escape1 at any involv$ risk4 ,b all c believe t plans ( escape 7 9 frequ5t discussion among ! re/less ,f$]al prison]s 9 ,columbia1 ( :om ,i 0 "o4 ,a plan propos$ to me by a fell[-(fic] seem$ to (f] peculi> *ances ( success1 & ,i gladly jo9$ 9 x4 ,b z its full] details 7 consid]$1 ,i f\nd t a probable cont+5cy w\ld involve ! tell+ ( a lie to an enemy1 or a failure ( ! :ole plan4 ,at ?is my moral s5se recoil$2 & ,i express$ my unwill+ness to tell a lie1 ev5 to rega9 my p]sonal lib]ty or to advantage my gov]nm5t by a return to its army4 ,?is op5$ an e>ne/ discussion ( ! "q :e!r !re is su* a ?+ z a lie ( necessity1 or a ju/ifiable lie4 ,my fri5d 0 a pure-m9d$ man ( pr9ciple1 ready to die = 8 convictions2 & he look$ at ?is "q ) a s9c]e desire to "k ! "r1 & to con=m to x4 ,he argu$ t a condition ( w> susp5d$ ord9>y social relations betwe5 ! combatants1 & t ! obligation ( tru?-speak+ 0 "o ( ! duties ?us susp5d$4 ,i1 on ! o!r h&1 felt t a lie 0 necess>ily a s9 aga9/ ,god1 & !re=e 0 nev] ju/ifiable4 ,my fri5d ask$ me :e!r ,i w\ld hesitate to kill an enemy :o 0 on gu>d ov] me1 or :om ,i met outside1 if x 7 ess5tial to our escape4 ,i repli$ t ,i w\ld n hesitate to d s1 any m ?an ,i w\ld hesitate at x if we 7 ov] aga9/ ea* o!r 9 battle4 ,9 "t ( w> ! soldi]s ( bo? sides take ! risks ( a life-&-dea? /ruggle2 & n[ t we 7 unp>ol$ prison]s x 0 our duty to escape if we c\ld d s1 ev5 at ! risk ( our lives or ( ! lives ( our captors1 & x 0 _! duty to prev5t our escape at a simil> risk4 ,my fri5d !n ask$ me on :at pr9ciple ,i c\ld ju/ify ! tak+ ( a man's life z an enemy1 & yet n feel ju/ifi$ 9 tell+ him a lie 9 ord] to save 8 life & secure our lib]ty4 ,h[ c\ld x be claim$ t x 0 m ( a s9 to tell a lie to a man :o _h =feit$ 8 social rights1 ?an to kill him4 ,i confess$ t ,i c\ld n at t "t see ! reason = ! di/9ction1 :i* my moral s5se assur$ me 0 a real "o1 & ,i ask$ "t to ?9k ( x4 ,?us x 0 t ,i came fir/ to face a "q ( ! ages1 ,is a lie ev] ju/ifiable8 "u circum/ances t involv$ m ?an life to me1 & :5 ,i _h a /rong inducem5t to see ! =ce ( reasons 9 favor ( a lie ( necessity4 ,9 my c>eful /udy1 at t "t1 ( ! pr9ciples involv$ 9 ?is "q1 ,i came ^u :at seem$ to me ! conclusion ( ! :ole matt]4 ,god is ! au?or ( life4 ,he :o gives life has ! "r to take x aga94 ,:at ,god c d by himself1 ,god c au?orize ano!r to d4 ,human gov]nm5ts d]ive _! j p[]s f ,god4 ,! p[]s t be are orda9$ ( ,god4 ,a human gov]nm5t acts = ,god 9 ! adm9i/]+ ( ju/ice1 ev5 to ! ext5t ( tak+ life4 ,if a w> wag$ by a human gov]nm5t be righte\s1 ! (fic]s ( t gov]nm5t take life1 9 ! prosecution ( ! w>1 z ,god's ag5ts4 ,9 ! case !n 9 "q1 we :o 7 9 prison z ,f$]al (fic]s 7 repres5tatives ( our gov]nm5t1 & w\ld be ju/ifi$ 9 tak+ ! lives ( enemies ( our gov]nm5t :o h9d]$ u z ,god's ag5ts 9 ! do+ ( our duty to ,god & to our gov]nm5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,god1 :o c ju/ly take life1 _c lie4 ,a lie is contr>y to ! v nature ( ,god4 ,x is impossible = ,god to lie4#a ,& if ,god _c lie1 ,god _c au?orize ano!r to lie4 ,:at is unju/ifiable 9 ,god's sight1 is )\t a possibility ( ju/ification 9 ! univ]se4 ,no p]sonal or social em]g5cy c ju/ify a lie1 :atev] may be its app>5t ga91 or :atev] h>m may seem to be involv$ 9 a refusal to speak x4 ,!re=e we :o 7 ,f$]al prison]s 9 w>-"t c\ld n be ju/ifi$ 9 do+ :at 0 a s9 p] se1 & :at ,god 0 by 8 v nature deb>r$ f au?oriz+ or approv+4 ,i c\ld see no way ( evad+ ?is conclusion1 & ,i det]m9$ly refus$ to seek release f imprisonm5t at ! co/ ( a s9 aga9/ ,god4 ,footnote #a3 ,heb4 #f3 #ah ,at ?is "t ,i _h no special famili>ity ) e?ics z a /udy1 & ,i 0 unacqua9t$ ) ! prom95ce ( ! "q ( ! lie ( necessity 9 t realm ( ?\ght4 ,b on my return f army s]vice1 ) my newly awak5$ int]e/ 9 ! subject1 ,i came to "k h[ vigor\s _h be5 its discussion1 & h[ v>i$ _h be5 ! op9ions ) ref]5ce to x1 among philosophic ?9k]s 9 all ! c5turies2 & ,i s\ght to le>n = myself :at c\ld be kn[n conc]n+ ! pr9ciples involv$ 9 ?is "q1 & _! practical application to ! affairs ( human life4 ,& n[1 aft] all ^! ye>s ( /udy & ?\ght1 ,i v5ture to make my contribution to ?is phase ( ,*ri/ian e?ics1 9 an exhibit ( ! facts & pr9ciples :i* h gone to confirm ! conviction ( my own moral s5se1 :5 fir/ ,i 0 call$ to consid] ?is "q z a "q4 ,,ii4 ,,e?nic ,,conceptions4 ,! habit ( ly+ is m or less common among primitive peoples1 z x is among ^? ( high] cultivation2 b x is ( int]e/ to note t widely1 ev5 among !m1 ! /&>d ( tru?fulness z a duty is recogniz$ z ! correct /&>d1 & ly+ is1 9 !ory at lea/1 a s94 ,! highe/ conception ( "r obs]vable among primitive peoples1 & n ! av]age con=mity to t /&>d 9 practice1 is ! true measure ( "r 9 ! m9ds ( su* peoples4 ,if we 7 to look at ! practices ( su* m5 9 times ( temptation1 we might be ready to say sweep+ly ) ! ,psalmi/1 9 8 impulsiv5ess1 ,i said 9 my ha/e1 ,all m5 are li>s6#a ,b if we fix$ our m9ds on ! l(tie/ conception ( tru?fulness z an inv>iable duty1 recogniz$ by races ( m5 :o are notori\s z li>s1 we %\ld see h[ mu* easi] x is to h a "r /&>d ?an to con=m to x4 ,footnote #a3 ,psa4 #aaf3 ,,ii4 ,a c>eful obs]v] ( ! p ( ,india1 :o 0 long a resid5t among !m1#a says3 ,m sy/ematic1 m det]m9$1 li>s1 ?an ! p ( ! ,ea/1 _c1 9 my op9ion1 be f\nd 9 ! _w4 ,!y (t5 utt] falsehoods )\t any app>5t reason2 & ev5 :5 tru? w\ld be an advantage1 !y w n tell x4444 ,yet1 /range to say1 "s ( _! works & say+s repres5t a falsehood z almo/ ! unp>donable s94 ,take ! foll[+ = an example3 ',! s9 ( kill+ a ,brahman is z great z t ( kill+ a hundr$ c[s2 & ! s9 ( kill+ a hundr$ c[s is z great z t ( kill+ a woman2 ! s9 ( kill+ a hundr$ wom5 is z great z t ( kill+ a *ild 9 ! womb2 & ! s9 ( kill+ a hundr$ *ildr5 9 ! womb is z great z t ( tell+ a lie4' ,footnote #a3 ,joseph ,rob]ts1 9 8 ,ori5tal ,illu/rations1 p4 #ehj4 ,! ,mahabh>ata is "o ( ! great epics ( anci5t ,india4 ,x conta9s a hi/ory ( a w> betwe5 two rival families1 or peoples1 & its text includes tea*+s ) ref]5ce to ev]y?+ t x conc]n$ a cultivat$ ,h9doo to "k4 ,! h]oes 9 ?is record$ w>1 betwe5 ! ,p&avas & ! ,kauravas1 are 9 ! habit ( ly+ )\t /9t2 yet !re is evid5ce t !y recogniz$ ! s9 ( ly+ ev5 to an enemy 9 "t ( w>1 & :5 a decisive advantage might be ga9$ by x4 ,at a po9t 9 ! combat :5 ,yudhi%?ira1 a lead] ( ! ,p&avas1 0 9 extremity 9 8 battl+ ) ,drona1 a lead] ( ! ,kauravas1 ! div9e ,kri%na told ,yudhi%?ira t1 if he w\ld tell ,drona 7= 9 ^! my?ical conte/s ! combatants 7 usually )9 speak+ di/ance ( ea* o!r7 t 8 lov$ son ,aswat?anea 0 dead1 ! old w>rior w\ld imm$iately lay d[n 8 arms & become an easy prey4 ,b ,yudhi%?ira _h nev] be5 kn[n to tell a falsehood1 & 9 ?is in/ance he utt]ly refus$ to tell a lie1 ev5 to secure ! dea? ( s p[]ful an enemy4 #a ,al?\gh x came ab\t t ,drona 01 z a matt] ( fact1 defeat$ by trea*]y1 ! s9 ( ly+1 ev5 9 "t ( w>1 & to an enemy1 is cle>ly br\ght out z a recogniz$ pr9ciple ( bo? !ory & action among ! anci5t ,h9doos4 ,footnote #a3 ,see ,:eel]'s ,hi/ory ( ,india1 ,i41 #cba4 ,!re is a fam\s passion-play popul> 9 ,s\!rn ,india & ,ceylon1 :i* illu/rates ! ,h9doo ideal ( tru?fulness at e risk or co/4 ,viswamitra1 ! tempt] & accus] z repres5t$ 9 ! ,v$as1 appe>s 9 ! c\ncil ( ! gods1 face to face ) ,indra4 ,! "q is rais$ by ,indra1 :o is ! mo/ virtu\s sov]eign on e>?4 ,he asks1 ,:at *ief ( mortals is !re1 :o has nev] told a lie8 ,h>is*&ra1 k+ ( ,ayodiah 7,oude7 is nam$ z su* a man4 ,viswamitra d5ies x4 ,x is agre$ 7z 9 ! te/+ ( ,job1 accord+ to ! ,bible /ory7 t ,viswamitra may employ any means :atsoev] = ! induc+ ( ,h>is*&ra to lie1 unh9d]$ by ,indra or any o!r god4 ,if he succe$s 9 8 ef=t1 he %all secure to himself all ! m]it ( ! good de$s ( ,h>is*&ra2 b if ,h>is*&ra _c be induc$ to lie1 ,viswamitra mu/ add half 8 m]it to t ( ,h>is*&ra4#a ,footnote #a3 ,ari*&ra1 ! ,m>tyr ( ,tru?3 ,a ,tamil ,drama translat$ into ,engli% by ,muta ,coomra ,swmy2 cit$ 9 ,conway's ,demonology & ,devil ,lore1 ,,ii41 #ce-dc4 ,fir/1 ,viswamitra induces ,h>is*&ra to become ! cu/odian ( a fabul\s treasure1 ) a promise to deliv] x up :5 call$ =4 ,!n he br+s him into su* a /rait t he mu/ give up to ,viswamitra all 8 possessions1 includ+ t treasure & 8 k+dom1 9 ord] to reta9 8 p]sonal virtue4 ,aft] ?is1 ,viswamitra dem&s ! return by ,h>is*&ra ( ! gold :i* has be5 already surr5d]$1 claim+ t its surr5d] 0 n accord+ to ! contract4 ,9 ?is em]g5cy ,viswamitra sugge/s1 t if ,h>is*&ra w only d5y t he owes ?is am\nt to 8 enemy ! debt %all at once be cancel$4 ,su* a decl>ation ,i c nev] make1 says ,h>is*&ra4 ,i owe !e ! gold1 & pay x ,i w4 ,f ?is "t =w>d ! ef=ts ( ,viswamitra are direct$ to ! induc+ ( ,h>is*&ra to say t he is n 9 debt to 8 adv]s>y2 b 9 e trial ,h>is*&ra refuses to tell a lie4 ,8 only son dies 9 ! des]t4 ,he & 8 wife are 9 pov]ty & sorr[2 :ile all ! "t he is told t 8 k+dom & 8 treasures %all be re/or$ to him1 if he w tell only "o lie4 ,at la/ 8 wife is condemn$ to dea? on a false accusation1 & he is appo9t$1 by ! sov]eign ( ! l& :]e %e & he h be5 sold z slaves1 to be h] execution]4 ,%e calls on him to d 8 duty1 & /rike (f h] head4 ,j !n ,viswamitra appe>s to him1 say+3 ,wick$ man1 sp>e h]6 ,tell a lie ev5 n[1 & be re/or$ to y\r =m] /ate6 ,h>is*&ra's answ] is3 ,ev5 ?\gh ?\ did/ (f] to me ! ?rone ( ,indra1 ,i w\ld n tell a lie4 ,& to 8 wife1 ,*&ravati1 he says enc\rag+ly3 ,?is ke5 sab] w d its duty4 ,?\ dead1 ?y husb& dies too--?is selfsame sword %all pi]ce my brea/4444 ,yes1 let all m5 p]i%1 let all gods cease to exi/1 let ! />s t %9e above gr[ dim1 let all seas be dri$ up1 let all m\nta9s be level$ to ! gr\nd1 let w>s rage1 blood fl[ 9 /reams1 let millions ( millions ( ,h>is*&ras be ?us p]secut$2 yet let tru? be ma9ta9$1 let tru? ride victori\s ov] all1 let tru? be ! light1--tru? alone ! la/+ solace ( mortals & immortals4 ,z ,h>is*&ra /rikes at ! neck ( ,*&ravati1 ! sword1 in/ead ( h>m+ h]1 is trans=m$ into a necklace ( pe>ls1 :i* w9ds itself ar\nd h]4 ,! gods ( heav51 all sages1 & all k+s1 appe> sudd5ly to ! view ( ,h>is*&ra1 & ,siva1 ! fir/ ( ! gods1 comm5ds him = 8 fidelity to tru?1 & tells him t 8 dead son %all be br\ght aga9 to life1 & 8 k+dom & treasures & honors %all be re/or$ to him4 ,& ?us ! /ory ( ,h>is*&ra /&s z a rebuke to ! ,*ri/ian philosoph] :o c\ld suppose t ,god1 or ! gods1 w\ld co-"w ) a man :o act$ on ! supposition t !re is su* an anomaly 9 ! univ]se z a lie ( necessity4 ,! old ,sc&9avian h]oes 7 valiant 9 w>1 b !y held t a lie 0 n ju/ifiable "u any pressure ( an em]g5cy4 ,_! ,valhalla heav5 0 ! home ( ^? :o _h f\ght bravely2 b !re 0 no place = li>s 9 x4 ,a f9e illu/ration ( _! conception ( ! unv>y+ duty ( tru?fulness is giv5 9 ! saga ( ,frid?j(4 ,frid?j(1 h]oic son ( ,?or/e91 lov$ ,+eborg1 daught] ( 8 fa!r's fri5d1 ,k+ ,bele4 ,+eborg's bro!r ,helge1 successor to 8 fa!r's ?rone1 oppos$ ! mat*1 & %ut h] up )9 ! sacr$ enclosure ( ! god ,bald]4 ,frid?j( v5tur$ )9 ! =bidd5 gr\nd1 9 ord] to pl$ge to h] 8 manly tro?4 ,! lov]s 7 pure 9 purpose & 9 act1 b1 if _! int]view 7 kn[n1 !y w\ld bo? be p]man5tly h>m$ 9 reputation & 9 /&+4 ,a rumor ( _! secret meet+ 0 circulat$1 & ,frid?j( 0 summon$ be=e ! c\ncil ( h]oes to answ] to ! *>ge4 ,if ev] a lie 7 ju/ifiable1 x w\ld seem to be :5 a pure woman's honor 0 at /ake1 & :5 a h]o's happ9ess & p[] = good pivot$ on x4 ,frid?j( tells to ,+eborg ! /ory ( 8 sore temptation :51 9 ! pres5ce ( ! c\ncil1 ,helge *all5ges 8 c\rse4 ',say1 ,frid?j(1 ,bald]'s peace ha/ ?\ n brok51 ,n se5 my si/] 9 8 h\se :ile ,day ,conceal$ himself1 aba%$1 be=e y\r meet+8 ,speak6 yea or nay6' ,!n e*o$ f ! r+ ,( cr[d$ w>riors1 ',say b nay1 say nay6 ,?y simple ^w we'll tru/2 we'll c\rt = !e1--,?\1 ,?or/e9's son1 art good z any k+'s4 ,say nay6 say nay6 & ?9e is ,+eborg6' ',! happ9ess1' ,i answ]$1 '( my life ,on "o ^w hangs2 b fe> n !re=e1 ,helge6 ,i w\ld n lie to ga9 ! joys ( ,valhal1 ,mu* less ?is e>?'s delights4 ,i've se5 ?y si/]1 ,h spok5 ) h] 9 ! temple's night1 ,b h n !re=e brok5 ,bald]'s peace6' ,m none w\ld he>4 ,a murmur ( deep horror ,! diet trav]s$2 !y :o ne>e/ /ood ,drew back1 z ,i _h ) ! plague be5 smitt54#a ,footnote #a3 ,&]son's ,vik+ ,tales ( ! ,nor?1 p4 #bbc4 ,& s1 because ,frid?j( w\ld n lie1 he lo/ 8 bride & became a w&]] f 8 l&1 & ,+eborg became ! wife ( ano!r2 & ?is record is to ?is day told to ! honor ( ,frid?j(1 9 accordance ) ! /&>d ( ! ,nor? 9 ! matt] ( tru?-tell+4 ,9 anci5t ,p]sia1 ! same high /&>d prevail$4 ,h]odotus says ( ! ,p]sians3 ,! mo/ disgraceful ?+ 9 ! _w1 !y ?9k1 is to tell a lie2 ! next worse1 to owe a debt2 because1 among o!r reasons1 ! debtor is oblig$ to tell lies4#a ,_! sons are c>efully in/ruct$1 f _! fif? to _! tw5tie? ye>1 9 ?ree ?+s alone1--to ride1 to draw ! b[1 & to speak ! tru?4#b ,"h ! "o duty 9 ! realm ( morals is tru?-tell+4 ,9 ! fam\s inscription ( ,d>ius1 ! son ( ,hy/aspes1 on ! ,rock ( ,behi/un1#c !re are repeat$ ref]5ces to ly+ z ! *ief ( s9s1 & to ! evil "t :5 ly+ 0 introduc$ into ,p]sia1 & ! lie grew 9 ! prov9ces1 9 ,p]sia z well z 9 ,m$ia & 9 ! o!r prov9ces4 ,d>ius claims to h _h ! help ( ,ormuzd & ! o!r gods t may exi/1 because he 0 n wick$1 nor a li>2 & he enjo9s x on 8 successor to puni% sev]ely him :o is a li> or a rebel4 ,footnote #a3 ,rawl9son's ,h]odotus1 ,bk4 ,i41 #aci4 ,footnote #b3 ,ibid41 ,bk4 ,i41 #acf4 ,footnote #c3 ,sayce's ,introduction to ,ezra1 ,nehemiah1 & ,e/h]1 pp4 #abj-acg4 ,! ,zoroa/rian designation ( heav5 0 ! ,home ( ,song2 :ile hell 0 kn[n z ! ,home ( ! ,lie4#a ,!re 0 9 ! ,zoroa/rian ?\ght only two rival pr9ciples 9 ! univ]se1 repres5t$ by ,ormuzd & ,ahriman1 z ! ,god ( tru?1 & ! fa!r ( lies2 & ! lie 0 ev] & always an (fspr+ ( ,ahriman1 ! evil pr9ciple3 x c\ld n emanate f or be consi/5t ) ! ,god ( tru?4 ,! same idea 0 manife/ 9 ! designation ( ! subord9ate div9ities ( ! ,zoroa/rian religion4 ,mi?ra 0 ! god ( light1 & z !re is no concealm5t 9 ! light1 ,mi?ra 0 also god ( tru?4 ,a li> 0 ! enemy ( righte\sness4#b ,footnote #a3 ,mll]'s ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 ,,xxxi41 #ahd4 ,footnote #b3 ,mll]'s ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 ,,xxiii41 #aai f41 #abd f41 #abh1 #aci4 ,see ref]5ce to ,jackson's pap] on ! anci5t ,p]sians' abhorr5ce ( falsehood1 illu/rat$ f ! ,ave/a1 9 ,j\rnal ( ,am4 ,ori5tal ,soc41 ,vol4 ,,xiii41 p4 cii4 ,tru? 0 ! ma9 c>d9al virtue among ! ,egyptians1 & falsehood 0 consid]$ disgraceful among !m4#a ,ra & ,ma 7 symbols ( ,light & ,tru?2 & _! repres5tation 0 worn on ! brea/plate ( prie/ & judge1 l ! ,urim & ,?ummim ( ! ,hebrews4#b ,:5 ! s\l appe>$ 9 ! ,hall ( ,two ,tru?s1 = f9al judgm5t1 x mu/ be able to say1 ,i h n told a falsehood1 or fail ( acquittal4#c ,ptah1 ! creator1 a *ief god ( ! ,egyptians1 0 call$ ,"l ( ,tru?4#d ,! ,egyptian conception ( ,deity 03 ,god is ! tru?1 he lives by tru?1 he lives ^u ! tru?1 he is ! k+ ( tru?4#e ,! ,egyptians1 l ! ,zoroa/rians1 seem$ to c\nt ! "o all-divid+ l9e 9 ! univ]se ! l9e betwe5 tru? & falsehood1 betwe5 light & d>kness4 ,footnote #a3 ,wilk9son's ,anci5t ,egyptians1 ,i41 #bii2 ,,iii41 #ahc-ahe4 ,footnote #b3 ,exod4 #ci3 #h-ba2 ,lev4 #h3 #h4 ,footnote #c3 ,buns5's ,egypt's ,place 9 ,univ]sal ,hi/ory1 ,v41 #bed4 ,footnote #d3 ,wilk9son's ,anc4 ,egyp41 ,,iii41 #ae-ag4 ,footnote #e3 ,budge's ,! ,dwell]s on ! ,nile1 p4 #aca4 ,among ! anci5t ,greeks ! practice ( ly+ 0 v g5]al1 s g5]al t writ]s on ! social life ( ! ,greeks h be5 accu/om$ to give a l[ place relatively to t p 9 its e/imate ( tru?fulness z a virtue4 ,pr(essor ,mahaffy says on ?is po9t3 ,at no p]iod did ! nation ev] atta9 t high /&>d :i* is ! great feature 9 ,g]manic civilization4 ,ev5 ! ,romans1 ) all _! co>s5ess1 /ood high] 9 ?is respect4 ,b nei!r 9 ,iliad nor 9 ,odyssey is !re1 except 9 phrases1 any reprobation ( deceit z su*4 ,he po9ts to ! te/imony ( ,cic]o1 conc]n+ ! ,greeks1 :o conc$es to !m all ! high qualities !y *oose to claim save "o--t ( tru?fulness4#a ,yet ! v way 9 :i* ,h]odotus tells to ! cr$it ( ! ,p]sians t !y all[$ no place = ! lie 9 _! e?ics#b seems to indicate 8 appreh5sion ( a high] /&>d ( v]acity ?an t :i* 0 g5]ally obs]v$ among 8 own p4 ,moreov]1 9 ! ,iliad1 ,a*illes is repres5t$ z say+3 ,him ,i hate z ,i d ! gates ( ,hades1 :o hides "o ?+ 9 8 he>t & utt]s ano!r2 & x is ! /raight=w>d ,a*illes1 r ?an ! wily & %iftful ,ulysses1 :o is ! admir$ h]o ( ! ,greeks4#c ,plato ass]ts1 & argues 9 pro( ( 8 ass]tion1 t ! v]itable lie 444 is hat$ by all gods & m54 ,he includes 9 ! t]m v]itable lie1 or g5u9e lie1 a lie 9 ! s\l z back ( ! spok5 lie1 & he is sure t ! div9e nature is incapable ( a lie1 & t 9 proportion z ! s\l ( a man is con=m$ to ! div9e image1 ! man w speak1 act1 & live 9 accordance ) ! tru?4#d ,ari/otle1 also1 :ile recogniz+ diff]5t degrees ( v]acity1 insi/s t ! man :o is 9 8 s\l a lov] ( tru? w be tru?ful ev5 :5 he is tempt$ to sw]ve f ! tru?4 ,= ! lov] ( tru?1 :o is tru?ful :]e no?+ is at /ake or :]e x makes no diff]5ce1 w yet m surely be tru?ful :]e !re is a /ake or :]e x does make a diff]5ce2 = he w !n %un ! lie z %ameful1 s9ce he %uns x simply because x is a lie4#e ,&1 aga91 ,falsehood ab/ractly is bad & blamable1 & tru? honorable & praisewor?y2 & ?us ! tru?ful man be+ 9 ! mean is praisewor?y1 :ile ! false 9 ei!r extreme1 ( ov]/at+ or ( und]/at+ are bo? blamable1 b ! exagg]at+ man m s ?an ! o!r4#f ,footnote #a3 ,mahaffy's ,social ,life 9 ,greece1 pp4 #bg1 #abc4 ,see also ,f[l]'s ,pr9ciples ( ,morals1 ,,ii41 #bai-bba4 ,footnote #b3 ,hi/41 ,bk4 ,i41 #aci4 ,footnote #c3 ,pr(essor ,f[l] seems to be q =getful ( ?is fact4 ,he speaks ( ,ulysses z if he _h prec$5ce ( ,a*illes 9 ! e/eem ( ! ,greeks4 ,see 8 ,pr9ciples ( ,morals1 ,,ii41 #bai4 ,footnote #d3 ,plato's ,republic1 ,,ii41 #chb1 a1 b4 ,footnote #e3 ,ari/otle's ,e?4 ,nic41 ,,iv41 #ac1 #aabg1 a1 b4 ,footnote #f3 ,ibid41 ,,iv4 ,!ognis recognizes ?is high ideal ( ! duty & ! beauty ( tru?fulness1 :5 he says3 ,at fir/ !re is a small attractiv5ess ab\t a lie1 b 9 ! end ! ga9 x br+s is bo? %ameful & h>mful4 ,t man has no fair glory1 9 ^: he>t dwells a lie1 & f ^: m\? x has once issu$4#a ,footnote #a3 ,!ognis1 #fjg4 ,p9d> looks t[>d ! same /&>d :5 he says to ,hi]o1 ,=ge ?y tongue on ! anvil ( tru?2#a & :5 he decl>es emphatically1 ,i w n /a9 spee* ) a lie4#b ,s1 aga91 :5 8 appeal to a div9ity is3 ,?\ t art ! beg9n+ ( l(ty virtue1 ,lady ,tru?1 =bid ?\ t my poem or composition %\ld /umble aga9/ a lie1 h>% rock ( (f5se4#c ,9 8 trag$y ( ! ,philoctetes1 ,sophocles makes ! :ole play pivot on ! remorse ( ,neoptolemus1 son ( ,a*illes1 ov] 8 hav+ li$ to ,philoctetes 7:o is = ! "t be+ an enemy ( ! ,greeks71 9 ord] to secure ?r\gh him ! kill+ ( ,p>is & ! ov]?r[ ( ,troy4 ,! lie 0 told at ! in/igation ( ,ulysses2 b ,neoptolemus rep5ts its utt]ance1 & refuses to take advantage ( x1 ev5 ?\gh ! fate ( ,troy & ! triumph ( ,greek arms dep5d on ! issue4 ,! pla9 tea*+ ( ! trag$y is t ! purposes ( heav5 are n to be s]v$ by a lie2 & t ! simplicity ( ! "y son ( tru?-lov+ ,a*illes is bett] 9 ! sight ( heav51 ev5 :5 x seems to lead to failure1 ?an all ! clev]ness ( guileful ,ulysses4#d ,footnote #a3 ,py?ian ,ode1 ,i1 #hf4 ,footnote #b3 ,olympian ,ode1 #d1 #af4 ,footnote #c3 ,b]gk's ,p9d>1 #ahc #bba4 ,footnote #d3 ,pr(essor ,lamb]ton ,x is admitt$ on all h&s t ! ,romans & ! ,g]mans _h a high ideal z to ! duty ( tru?fulness & ! s9 ( ly+4#a ,& s x 0 9 fact ) all peoples :i* _h any consid]able measure ( civilization 9 =m] ages4 ,x is a notewor?y fact t ! duty ( v]acity is (t5 m prom95t among primitive peoples ?an among ! m civiliz$1 & t1 correspond+ly1 ly+ is abhorr$ z a vice1 or seems to be unkn[n z an exp$i5t 9 social int]c\rse4 ,?is is n always admitt$ 9 ! !ories ( writ]s on morals1 b x w\ld seem to be borne out by an exam9ation into ! facts ( ! case4 ,lecky1 9 8 /udy ( ! natural hi/ory ( morals1#b claims t v]acity usually increases ) civilization1 & he seeks to %[ :y x is s4 ,b ?is view ( ,lecky's is an unf\nd$ assumption1 9 support ( :i* he pr(f]s no evid5ce2 :ile ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s exhibit ( facts1 9 8 ,cyclopa$ia ( ,descriptive ,sociology1 seems to disprove ! claim ( ,lecky2 & he directly ass]ts t surviv+ remnants ( "s primitive races 9 ,india h natures 9 :i* tru?fulness seems to be organic2 t n only to ! surr\nd+ ,h9doos1 high] intellectually & relatively advanc$ 9 culture1 are !y 9 ?is respect f> sup]ior1 b !y are sup]ior to ,europeans4#c ,footnote #a3 ,see ,f[l]'s ,pr9ciples ( ,morals1 ,,ii41 #bbj2 also ,mahaffy's ,social ,life 9 ,greece1 p4 #bg4 ,note1 = in/ance1 ! high /&>d z to tru?fulness indicat$ by ,cic]o1 9 8 ,(fices1 ,,iii41 #ab-ag1 #cb4 ,pret5se & dissimulation ought to be bani%$ f ! :ole ( life4 ,reason 444 requires t no?+ be done insidi\sly1 no?+ dissembl+ly1 no?+ falsely4 ,note1 also1 ,juv5al1 ,satire ,,xiii41 z to ! s9 ( a lie purpos$1 ev5 if n spok52 & ,m>cus ,aurelius 9 8 ,?\ghts1 ,book ,,ix43 ,he 444 :o lies is guilty ( impiety to ! same highe/ div9ity4 ,he1 !n1 :o lies int5tionally is guilty ( impiety1 inasmu* z he acts unju/ly by deceiv+2 & he also :o lies un9t5tionally1 inasmu* z he is at v>iance ) ! univ]sal nature1 & inasmu* z he di/urbs ! ord] by fight+ aga9/ ! nature ( ! _w2 = he fights aga9/ x1 :o is mov$ ( himself to t :i* is contr>y to tru?1 = he _h receiv$ p[]s f nature ?r\gh ! neglect ( :i* he is n able n[ to di/+ui% falsehood f tru?4 ,footnote #b3 ,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals1 ,i41 #adc4 ,footnote #c3 ,see ,sp5c]'s ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 ,,ii41 #bcd ff42 also 8 ,inductions ( ,e?ics1 p4 #dje f4 ,among ^? ,hill ,tribes ( ,india :i* h be5 mo/ seclud$1 & :i* h reta9$ ! l>ge/ measure ( primitive life & cu/oms1 fidelity to tru? 9 spee* & act is /ill ! /&>d1 & a lie is abhorr5t to ! normal in/9cts ( ! race4 ,( ! ,khonds ( ,c5tral ,india x is said t !y1 9 common ) _m o!r wild races1 be> a s+ul> "* = tru?fulness & hone/y2#a & t especially ! aborig9e is ! mo/ tru?ful ( be+s4#b ,! ,khonds believe t tru?fulness is "o ( ! mo/ sacr$ ( duties impos$ by ! gods4#c ,!y are m5 ( "o ^w4#d ,! tru? is by a ,son?als held sacr$4 #e ,! ,todas call falsehood "o ( ! wor/ ( vices4#f ,al?\gh x is said by "o travel] t ! ,todas practice dissimulation t[>d ,europeans1 yet he recognizes ?is z a trait consequ5t on _! int]c\rse ) ,europeans4#g ,! ,bheels1 :i* 7 said to be a race ( unmitigat$ savages1 )\t any s5se ( natural religion4 #h & :i* h pres]v$ _! rude habits & mann]s to ! pres5t day1 are yet imbu$ ) a s5se ( tru? & honor /rangely at contra/ ) _! ext]nal "*4#i ,bi%op ,heb] says t _! ^w is m to be dep5d$ on ?an t ( _! conqu]ors4#aj ,( ! ,s[rahs x is said3 ,a pleas+ feature 9 _! "* is _! complete tru?fulness4 ,!y d n "k h[ to tell a lie4#aa ,inde$1 z ,mr4 ,sp5c] sums up ! case on ?is po9t1 !re are ,hill ,tribes 9 ,india orig9ally di/+ui%$ by _! v]acity1 b :o are r5d]$ less v]aci\s by contact ) ! :ites4 ',s r>e is ly+ among ^! aborig9al races :5 unvitiat$ by ! 'civiliz$1' t ( ^? 9 ,b5gal1 ,hunt] s+les out ! ,tipp]ahs z '! only ,hill ,tribe 9 :i* ?is vice is met )4'#ab ,footnote #a3 ,glasfurd1 cit$ 9 ,cycl4 ( ,descrip4 ,sociol41 ,v41 #cb4 ,footnote #b3 ,=sy?1 ,ibid4 ,footnote #c3 ,macph]son1 cit$ 9 ,ibid4 ,footnote #d3 ,ibid4 ,footnote #e3 ,%]will1 cit$ 9 ,ibid4 ,footnote #f3 ,h>kness1 cit$ 9 ,cycl4 ( ,descrip4 ,sociol41 ,v41 #ca4 ,footnote #g3 ,sp5c]'s ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 ,,ii41 #bcd4 ,footnote #h3 ,m>%man1 cit$ 9 ,cycl4 ( ,descrip4 ,sociol41 ,v41 #ca4 ,footnote #i3 ,:eel]1 cit$ 9 ,ibid4 ,footnote #aj3 ,cit$ 9 ,ibid4 ,footnote #aa3 ,%ortt1 cit$ 9 ,ibid4 ,footnote #ab3 ,sp5c]'s ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 ,,ii41 #bcd ff4 ,! ,arabs are m tru?ful 9 _! m primitive /ate ?an :]e !y are influ5c$ by civilization1 or by deal+s ) ^? f civiliz$ communities4#a ,& ! same w\ld seem to be true ( ! ,am]ican ,indians4#b ,( ! ,patagonians x is said3 ,a lie ) !m is held 9 dete/ation4 #c ,! ^w ( a ,hott5tot is sacr$2 & ! good quality ( a rigid adh]5ce to tru?1 he is ma/] ( 9 an em95t degree4#d ,dr4 ,liv+/one says t ly+ 0 kn[n to be a s9 by ! ,ea/ ,africans be=e !y knew aught ( ,europeans or _! tea*+4#e ,& ,mungo ,p>k says ( ! ,m&+oes1 among ! inl& ,africans1 t1 :ile !y seem to be ?ieves by nature1 "o ( ! fir/ lessons 9 :i* ! ,m&+o wom5 in/ruct _! *ildr5 is ! practice ( tru?4 ,! only consolation ( a "m ^: son _h be5 murd]$1 0 ! reflection t ! poor boy1 9 ! c\rse ( 8 blameless life1 _h nev] told a lie4#f ,ri*>d ,burton is alone among mod]n travel]s 9 consid]+ ly+ natural to all primitive or savage peoples4 ,c>l ,bock1 l o!r travel]s1 te/ifies to ! unv>y+ tru?fulness ( ! ,dyaks 9 ,borneo1#g & ano!r obs]vant travel] tells ( ! disgrace t atta*es to a lie 9 t l&1 z %[n by ! ly+ heaps ( /icks or /ones along ! roadside "h & !re4 ,ea* heap is 9 remembrance ( "s man :o has told a /up5d\s lie1 or fail$ 9 c>ry+ out an engagem5t2 & e pass]-by takes a /ick or a /one to add to ! accumulation1 say+ at ! "t he does x1 ',= ,s-&-s's ly+ heap4' ,x goes on = g5]ations1 until !y sometimes =get :o x 0 t told ! lie1 b1 not)/&+ t1 !y cont9ue ?r[+ ! /ones4#h ,:at a block+ ( ! pa?s ( civilization !re w\ld be if a ly+ heap 7 pil$ up :]ev] a lie _h be5 told1 or a promise _h be5 brok51 by a *ild ( civilization6 ,footnote #a3 ,d5ham1 & ,palgrave1 cit$ 9 ,cycl4 ( ,des4 ,social41 ,v41 #cj1ca4 ,footnote #b3 ,see ,morgan's ,league ( ! ,iroquois1 p4 #cce2 also ,s*oolcraft1 & ,keat+1 on ! ,*ippewas1 cit$ 9 ,cycl4 ( ,descrip4 ,sociol41 ,,vi41 #cj4 ,footnote #c3 ,sn[1 cit$ 9 ,ibid4 ,footnote #d3 ,kolb51 & ,b>r[1 cit$ 9 ,cycl4 ( ,descrip4 ,sociol41 ,,iv41 #be4 ,footnote #e3 ,cycl4 ( ,descrip4 ,sociol41 ,,iv41 #bf4 ,footnote #f3 ,cycl4 ( ,descrip4 ,social41 ,,iv41 #bg4 ,footnote #g3 ,head ,hunt]s ( ,borneo1 p4 #bji4 ,see also ,boyle1 cit$ 9 ,sp5c]'s ,cycl4 ( ,descrip4 ,social41 ,,iii41 #ce4 ,footnote #h3 ,/4 ,john's ,life 9 ! ,=e/s ( ! ,f> ,ea/1 ,i41 #hh f4 ,! ,v$dahs ( ,ceylon1 "o ( ! mo/ primitive ( peoples1 are prov]bially tru?ful4#a ,! natives ( ,java are peculi>ly free f ! vice ( ly+1 except 9 ^? di/ricts :i* h _h mo/ int]c\rse ) ,europeans4#b ,footnote #a3 ,bailey1 cit$ 9 ,sp5c]'s ,cycl4 ( ,descrip4 ,social41 ,,iii41 #cb4 ,footnote #b3 ,e>l1 & ,raffles1 cit$ 9 ,ibid41 p4 #ce4 ,x is f\nd1 9 fact1 t 9 all ! ages1 ! _w ov]1 primitive man's highe/ ideal conception ( deity has be5 t ( a ,god :o c\ld n tol]ate a lie2 & 8 l(tie/ /&>d ( human action has includ$ ! read9ess to refuse to tell a lie "u any inducem5t1 or 9 any p]il1 :e!r x be to a fri5d or to an enemy4 ,?is is ! tea*+ ( e?nic conceptions on ! subject4 ,! lie w\ld seem to be a product ( civilization1 or an outgr[? ( ! _s ( trade & b>t]1 r ?an a natural impulse ( primitive man4 ,x appe>$ 9 full fl[] & fruitage 9 old5 "t among ! comm]cial ,pho5icians1 s prom95tly t ,punic fai? became a synonym ( falsehood 9 social deal+s4 ,yet x is 9 ! face ( facts l ^! t a writ] l ,pr(essor ,f[l] baldly claims1 9 support ( ! same presuppos$ !ory z t ( ,lecky1 t x is probably ow+ ma9ly to ! developm5t ( comm]ce1 & to ! consequ5t necessity1 9 _m cases1 ( absolute tru?fulness1 t v]acity has come to take ! prom95t position :i* x n[ occupies among ! virtues2 ?\gh ! ke5 s5se ( honor1 eng5d]$ by *ivalry1 may h _h some?+ to d 9 br++ ab\t ! same result4#a ,footnote #a3 ,pr9ciples ( ,morality1 ,,ii41 #bbj4 ,,iii4 ,,bible ,,tea*+s4 ,9 look+ at ! ,bible = light 9 su* an inve/igation z ?is1 x is important to be> 9 m9d t ! ,bible is n a collection ( specific rules ( conduct1 b r a book ( pr9ciples illu/rat$ 9 hi/oric facts1 & 9 precepts bas$ on ^? pr9ciples1--ann\nc$ or presuppos$4 ,! "q1 !re=e1 is n1 ,does ! ,bible au?oritatively draw a l9e sep>at+ ! tru? f a lie1 & mak+ ! tru? to be always "r1 & a lie to be always wrong8 b x is1 ,does ! ,bible evid5tly recognize an unv>y+ & ev]-exi/+ di/9ction betwe5 a tru? & a lie1 & does ! :ole sweep ( its tea*+s g to %[ t 9 ,god's sight a lie1 z by its nature oppos$ to ! tru? & ! "r1 is always wrong8 ,! ,bible op5s ) a picture ( ! fir/ pair 9 ,p>adise1 to :om ,god tells ! simple tru?1 & to :om ! enemy ( man tells a lie2 & x %[s ! ru9 ( mank9d wr\ght by t lie1 & ! au?or ( ! lie puni%$ because ( its tell+4#a ,! ,bible closes ) a picture ( ,p>adise1 into :i* are ga!r$ ! lov]s & do]s ( tru?1 & f :i* is exclud$ e "o t love? & doe? a lie2#b :ile all li>s are to h _! "p 9 ! lake t burne? ) fire & brim/one2 :i* is ! second dea?4#c ,9 ! ,old ,te/am5t & 9 ! ,new1 ,god is repres5t$ z himself ! ,tru?1 to :om1 by 8 v nature1 ! do+ or ! speak+ ( a lie is impossible1#d :ile ,satan is repres5t$ z a li> & z ! fa!r ( lies4#e ,footnote #a3 ,g54 #b1 #c4 ,footnote #b3 ,rev4 #bb4 ,footnote #c3 ,rev4 #ba3 #e-h4 ,footnote #d3 ,psa4 #ca3e2 #adf3f2 ,john #ad3f2 ,num4 #bc3ai2 #a ,sam4 #ae3bi2 ,titus #a3b2 ,heb4 #f3ah2 #a ,john #e3g4 ,footnote #e3 ,john #h3dd4 ,:ile ! human s]vants ( ,god1 z repres5t$ 9 ! ,bible n>rative1 are 9 _m in/ances guilty ( ly+1 _! lies are cle>ly contr>y to ! great pr9ciple1 9 ! light ( :i* ! ,bible itself is writt51 t a lie is always wrong1 & t x _c h ju/ification 9 ,god's sight4 ,! idea ( ! ,bible record is t ,god is true1 ?\gh e man 7 a li>4#a ,god is uni=mly repres5t$ z oppos$ to lies & to li>s1 & a lie 9 8 sight is spok5 ( z a lie unto him1 or z a lie aga9/ him4 ,9 ! few cases :]e ! ,bible n>rative has be5 ?\ght by "s to indicate an approval by ! ,"l ( a lie1 t 0 told1 z x 71 9 8 int]e/1 an exam9ation ( ! facts w %[ t !y (f] no exception to ! rule t1 by ! ,bible /&>d1 a lie is nev] ju/ifiable4 ,footnote #a3 ,rom4 #c3d4 ,take1 = example1 ! case ( ! ,hebrew midwives1 :o li$ to ! (ficials ( ,ph>aoh1 :5 !y 7 comm&$ to kill e ,hebrew male *ild2#a & ( :om x is said t ,god dealt well ) ! midwives2444 & 444 because ! midwives fe>$ ,god1444 he made !m h\ses4#b ,"h x is pla9 t ,god comm5d$ _! fe> ( him1 n _! ly+ 9 behalf ( 8 p1 & t x 0 because ! midwives fe>$ ,god n because !y li$1 t he made !m h\ses4 ,x 0 _! *oice ( ! ,"l above ! gods & rul]s ( ,egypt t won !m ! approval ( ! ,"l1 ev5 ?\gh !y 7 s9n]s 9 be+ li>s2 z 9 an e>li] day x 0 ! approval ( ,jacob's high e/imate ( ! bir?right1 & n ! deceits practic$ by him on ,esau & 8 fa!r ,isaac1 t ! ,"l %[$ 9 confirm+ a bless+ to ,jacob4#c ,footnote #a3 ,exod4 #a3 #ae-ai4 ,footnote #b3 ,exod4 ,i3 #bj1 #ba4 ,footnote #c3 ,g54 #be3 #bg-cd2 #bg2 #a-dj2 #bh3 #a-bb ,s1 also1 9 ! n>rative ( ,rahab1 ! ,canaaniti% "y woman1 :o conceal$ ! ,israeliti% spies s5t into h] l& by ,jo%ua1 & li$ ab\t !m to h] c\ntrym51 & :o 0 comm5d$ by ! ,"l = h] fai? 9 ?is transaction4#a ,rahab 0 a h>lot by pr(ession & a li> by practice4 ,:5 ! ,hebrew spies ent]$ ,j]i*o1 !y w5t to h] h\se z a place ( common resort4 ,rahab1 on le>n+ :o !y 71 express$ h] read9ess1 s9n] z %e 01 to tru/ ! ,god ( ,israel r ?an ! gods ( ,canaan2 & because ( h] tru/ %e put h]self1 ) all h] hea!n habits ( m9d & conduct1 at ! disposal ( ! ,god ( ,israel1 & %e li$1 z %e _h be5 accu/om$ to lie1 to h] own p1 z a means ( secur+ safety to h] ,hebrew visitors4 ,because ( h] fai?1 :i* 0 %[n 9 ?is way1 b n necess>ily because ( h] way ( %[+ h] fai?1 ! ,"l approv$ ( h] _s 9 *oos+ 8 s]vice r ?an ! s]vice ( ! gods ( h] p4 ,! record ( h] approval is1 ,by fai? ,rahab ! h>lot p]i%$ n ) !m t 7 disob$i5t1 hav+ receiv$ ! spies ) peace4#b ,footnote #a3 ,jo%4 #b3 #a-ba4 ,footnote #b3 ,heb4 ,,ii3 #ca4 ,x w\ld be q z fair to claim t ,god approv$ ( ,rahab's h>lotry1 9 ?is case1 z to claim t he approv$ ( h] ly+4 ,rahab 0 a h>lot & a li>1 & %e 0 ready to practice 9 bo? ^! l9es 9 ! s]vice ( ! spies4 ,%e 0 n to be comm5d$ = ei!r ( ^? vices2 b %e 0 to be comm5d$ 9 t1 ) all h] vices1 %e 0 yet ready to give h]self j z %e 01 & ) h] ways z !y 71 to ,jehovah's side1 9 ! crisis h\r ( conflict betwe5 him & ! gods ( h] p4 ,x 0 ! fai? t prompt$ h] to ?is decision t ,god comm5d$2 & by fai? %e 0 pres]v$ f de/ruction :5 h] p p]i%$4 ,ano!r case t has be5 ?\ght to imply a div9e approval ( an untrue /atem5t1 is t ( ,samuel1 :5 he w5t to ,be?lehem to ano9t ,david z ,saul's successor on ! ?rone ( ,israel1 &1 at ! ,"l's comm&1 said he _h come to (f] a sacrifice to ,god4#a ,b "h cle>ly ! n>rative %[s no lie1 nor false /atem5t1 made or approv$4 ,samuel1 z judge & prophet1 0 ,god's repres5tative 9 ,israel4 ,he 0 accu/om$ to g f place to place 9 ! l9e ( 8 (ficial m9i/ry1 includ+ ! (f]+ at times ( sacrifices ( communion4#b ,:51 on ?is occasion1 ! ,"l told ,samuel ( 8 purpose ( designat+ a son ( ,jesse to succe$ ,saul on ! ?rone1 & desir$ him to g to ,be?lehem = fur!r in/ructions1 ,samuel 0 unnecess>ily al>m$1 & said1 9 8 fe>1 ,h[ c ,i g8 if ,saul he> x1 he w kill me4 ,! ,"l's simple answ] 01 ,take an heif] ) !e1 & say1 ,i am come to sacrifice to ! ,"l4 ,& call ,jesse to ! sacrifice1 & ,i w %ew !e :at ?\ %alt d3 & ?\ %alt ano9t unto me him :om ,i "n unto !e4 ,footnote #a3 #a ,sam4 #af3 #a-c4 ,footnote #b3 #a ,sam4 #g3 #ae-ag2 #i3 #bb-bd2 #aa3 #ad1ae2 #bj3bi4 ,9 o!r words1 ! ,"l said to ,samuel1 ,i want y to g to ,be?lehem z my repres5tative1 & (f] a sacrifice !re4 ,say ?is fe>lessly4 ,9 due "t ,i w give y o!r directions2 b d n borr[ tr\ble on acc\nt ( !m4 ,d y\r duty /ep by /ep4 ,speak out ! pla9 tru? z to all t ! au?orities ( ,be?lehem h any "r to "k2 & d n fe> any h>m ?r\gh my subsequ5t private revelations to y4 ,9 ^! directions ( ! ,"l !re is no c\nt5ance ( ! slighte/ sw]v+ f ! tru? by ,samuel2 nor is !re an au?oriz$ concealm5t ( any fact t ^? to :om ,samuel 0 s5t _h any claim to "k4 ,/ill ano!r ,bible incid5t t has be5 a cause ( confusion to ^? :o did n see h[ ,god c\ld approve ly+1 & a cause ( rejoic+ to ^? :o want$ to f9d evid5ce ( 8 ju/ification ( t practice1 is ! /ory ( ! prophet ,micaiah1 say+ be=e ,jeho%aphat & ,ahab t ! ,"l _h put a ly+ _s into ! m\?s ( all ! false prophets :o 7 at t "t be=e ^? k+s4#a ,h]b]t ,sp5c] actually cites ?is incid5t z an illu/ration ( ! example set be=e ! p ( ,israel1 by _! ,god1 ( ly+ z a means ( accompli%+ a desir$ end4#b ,b j look at ! /ory z x /&s6 ,footnote #a3 #a ,k+s #bb3 #a-bc2 #b ,*ron4 #ah3 #a-cd4 ,footnote #b3 ,! ,inductions ( ,e?ics1 p4 #aeh4 ,f\r hundr$ ( ,ahab's prophets 7 ready to tell him t a campaign :i* he want$ to ent] ^u w\ld be successful4 ,micaiah1 an hone/ prophet ( ! ,"l1 0 s5t = at ,jeho%aphat's reque/1 & 0 urg$ by ! mess5g] to prophesy to ! same effect z ,ahab's prophets4 ,micaiah repli$ t he %\ld give ! ,"l's message1 :e!r x 0 agreeable or n to ,ahab4 ,he came1 & at fir/ he spoke satirically z if he agre$ ) ! o!r prophets 9 deem+ ! campaign a hopeful "o4 ,x 0 z ?\gh he said to ! k+1 ,y want me to aid y 9 y\r plans1 n to give y c\nsel f ! ,"l2 !re=e ,i w say1 z y\r prophets h said1 ,g ahead1 & h success4 ,x 0 evid5t1 h[ev]1 to ,ahab1 t ! prophet's words 7 n to be tak5 lit]ally1 b 7 a rebuke to him 9 ,ori5tal /yle1 & !re=e he told ! prophet to give him ! ,"l's message pla9ly4 ,!n ! prophet gave a p>able1 or a message 9 ,ori5tal guise1 %[+ t ^! f\r hundr$ prophets ( ,ahab 7 speak+ falsely1 z if inspir$ by a ly+ _s1 & t1 if ,ahab foll[$ _! c\nsel1 he w\ld g to 8 ru94 ,to cite ?is p>able z a pro( ( ,jehovah's comm5dation ( ly+ is an absurdity4 ,jehovah's prophet ,micaiah 0 !re be=e ! k+1 tell+ ! simple tru? to ! k+4 ,&1 9 ord] to meet effectively ! claim ( ! false prophets t !y 7 inspir$1 he relat$1 z x 71 a vision1 or a p>able1 9 :i* he decl>$ t he _h se5 prep>ations mak+ 9 heav5 = _! inspir+ by a ly+ _s4 ,?is 01 z e ,ori5tal w\ld und]/& x1 a p>liam5t>y way ( call+ ! f\r hundr$ prophets a pack ( li>s2 & ! ev5t prov$ t all ( !m 7 li>s1 & t ,micaiah alone1 z ,jehovah's prophet1 0 a tru?-tell]4 ,:at folly c\ld be great] ?an ! attempt to c\nt ?is public *>ge aga9/ ! ly+ prophets z an item ( evid5ce 9 pro( ( ! ,"l's responsibility = _! ly+--:i* ! ,"l's prophet took ?is me?od ( expos+ & rebuk+6 ,!re are1 inde$1 v>i\s in/ances 9 ! ,bible /ory ( lies told by m5 :o 7 9 favor ) ,god1 :]e !re is no gr\nd = claim+ t ^? lies _h approval ) ,god4 ,! m5 ( ! ,bible /ory are %[n z m51 ) ! s9s & follies & weaknesses ( m54 ,_! conduct is to be judg$ by ! pr9ciples enunciat$ 9 ! ,bible1 & _! "* is to be e/imat$ by ! relation :i* !y su/a9$ t[>d ,god 9 spite ( _! human infirmities4 ,abraham is call$ ! fa!r ( ! fai?ful1#a & he 0 kn[n z ! fri5d ( ,god4#b ,b he indulg$ 9 ! vice ( concub9age1#c 9 accordance ) ! loose morals ( 8 day & ( 8 surr\nd+s2 & :5 he 0 d[n 9 ,egypt he li$ ?r\gh 8 di/ru/ ( ,god1 app>5tly ?9k+ t !re 0 su* a ?+ z a lie ( necessity1 & he br\ght ^u himself ! rebuke ( an ,egyptian k+ because ( 8 ly+4#d ,b x w\ld be folly to claim t ,god approv$ ( concub9age or ( ly+1 because a man :om he 0 sav+ 0 guilty ( ei!r ( ^! vices4 ,isaac also li$1#e & s did ,jacob2#f b x 0 n because ( _! lies t ^! m5 _h favor ) ,god4 ,david 0 a man aft] ,god's own he>t#g 9 8 fidelity ( _s to ,god z ! only true ,god1 9 contra/ ) ! gods ( ! nations r\nd ab\t ,israel2 b ,david li$1#h z ,david committ$ adult]y4#i ,x w\ld h>dly be claim$1 h[ev]1 t ei!r 8 adult]y or 8 ly+ 9 itself made ,david a man aft] ,god's own he>t4 ,s all along ! ,bible n>rative1 d[n to ! "t :5 ,ananias & ,sapphira1 prom95t among ! e>ly ,*ri/ians1 li$ unto ,god conc]n+ _! v gifts into 8 treasury1 & 7 /ruck dead z a rebuke ( _! ly+4#aj ,footnote #a3 ,jo%4 #bd3c2 ,isa4 #ea3 #b2 ,matt4 #c3 #i2 ,rom4 #d3ab2 ,gal4 #c3i ,footnote #b3 #b ,*ron4 #bj3 #g2 ,isa4 #da3 #h2 ,jas4 #b3 #bc4 ,footnote #c3 ,g54 #af3 #a-f4 ,footnote #d3 ,g54 #ab3 #aj-ai4 ,footnote #e3 ,g54 #bf3 #f-aj4 ,footnote #f3 ,g54 #bg3 #f-bi4 ,footnote #g3 #a ,sam4 #aa3 #a-bg ,footnote #h3 #a ,sam4 #ba3 #a1b4 ,footnote #i3 #b ,sam4 #aa3 #a-bg4 ,footnote #aj3 ,acts #e3 #a-aa4 ,! :ole sweep ( ,bible tea*+ is oppos$ to ly+2 & ! specific injunctions aga9/ t s91 z well z ! calls to ! duty ( tru?-speak+1 are illu/rative ( t sweep4 ,ye %all n /eal2 nei!r %all ye deal falsely1 nor lie "o to ano!r1#a says ! ,"l1 9 hold+ up ! "r /&>d be=e 8 *ildr54 ,a ly+ tongue is said to be an abom9ation be=e ! ,"l4#b ,a fai?ful witness w n lie3 b a false witness brea!? out lies1#c says ,solomon1 9 m>k+ ! "o all-divid+ l9e ( "*2 & z to ! results ( ly+ he says1 ,he t brea!? out lies %all n escape1#d & he t brea!? out lies %all p]i%4#e ,& he adds ! conclusion ( wisdom1 9 view ( ! suppos$ pr(it ( ly+1 ,a poor man is bett] ?an a li>2#f t is1 a tru?-tell+ poor man is bett] ?an a ri* li>4 ,footnote #a3 ,lev4 #ai3aa4 ,footnote #b3 ,prov4 #f3af1 #ag4 ,footnote #c3 ,prov4 #ad3e4 ,footnote #d3 ,prov4 #ai3e4 ,footnote #e3 ,prov4 #ai3i4 ,footnote #f3 ,prov4 #ai3bb4 ,! inspir$ ,psalms are full ( su* tea*+s3 ,! wick$ are e/rang$ f ! womb3 !y g a/ray z soon z !y be born1 speak+ lies4#a ,!y delight 9 lies4#b ,! m\? ( !m t speak lies %all be /opp$4#c ,he t speake? falsehood %all n be e/abli%$ be=e m9e ! ,psalmi/'s eyes4#d ,& ! ,psalmi/ prays1 ,deliv] my s\l1 ,o ,"l1 f ly+ lips4#e ,9 ! ,new ,te/am5t x is mu* ! same z 9 ! ,old4 ,lie n "o to ano!r2 see+ t ye h put (f ! old man ) 8 do+s1#f is ! apo/olic injunction2 & aga91 ,speak ye tru? ea* "o ) 8 neighbor3 = we are memb]s "o ( ano!r4#g ,!re is no place = a lie 9 ,bible e?ics1 "u ! e>li] disp5sation or ! lat]4 ,footnote #a3 ,psa4 #eh3c4 ,footnote #b3 ,psa4 #fb3d4 ,footnote #c3 ,psa4 #fc3aa4 ,footnote #d3 ,psa4 #aja3 #g4 ,footnote #e3 ,psa4 #abj3 #b4 ,footnote #f3 ,col4 #c3 #i4 ,footnote #g3 ,eph4 #d3 #be4 ,,iv4 ,,def9itions4 ,x w\ld seem to be cle> t ! ,bible1 & also ! o!r sacr$ books ( ! _w1 & ! be/ moral s5se ( mank9d ev]y:]e1 are unit$ 9 deem+ a lie incompatible ) ! idea ( a holy ,god1 & consi/5t only ) ! _s ( man's ar*-enemy--! embodim5t ( all evil4 ,!re=e he :o1 admitt+ ?is1 w\ld f9d a place 9 ,god's provid5tial plan = a lie ( necessity mu/ beg9 ) claim+ t !re are lies :i* are n lies4 ,h5ce x is ( prime importance to def9e a lie cle>ly1 & to di/+ui% x f all[able & prop] concealm5ts ( tru?4 ,a lie1 9 its /rict] s5se1 is ! affirm+1 by ^w or by action1 ( t :i* is n true1 ) a purpose ( deceiv+2 or ! d5y+1 by ^w or by action1 ( t :i* is true1 ) a purpose ( deceiv+4 ,b ! suppress+ or conceal+ ( ess5tial facts1 f "o :o is entitl$ to "k !m1 ) a purpose ( deceiv+1 may practically am\nt to a lie4 ,obvi\sly a lie may be by act1 z really z by ^w2 z :5 a man is ask$ to tell ! "r road1 & he sil5tly po9ts 9 ! wrong direction4 ,obvi\sly1 also1 ! int5tion or purpose ( deceiv+ is 9 ! ess5ce ( ! lie2 = if a man says t :i* is n true1 suppos+ x to be true1 he makes a mis/atem5t1 b he does n lie2 or1 aga91 if he speaks an untru? playfully :]e no deception is wr\ght or int5d$1 z by say+1 :5 ! m]cury is bel[ z]o1 t x is good summ] wea!r1 !re is no lie 9 ! pat5t untru?4 ,s f> all are likely to be agre$2 b :5 x comes to ! "q ( t concealm5t :i* is 9 ! realm ( ! lie1 z di/9ct f "r & prop] concealm5t1 !re is m difficulty 9 mak+ ! l9es ( di/9ction cle> to all m9ds4 ,yet ^? l9es c be def9$1 & x is important t !y %\ld be4 ,a witness on ! /& 9 a c\rt ( law is b\nd by 8 oa?1 or 8 affirmation1 to tell ! tru?1 ! :ole tru?1 & no?+ b ! tru?1 9 ! te/imony t he gives 9 response to ! que/ions ask$ ( him4 ,if1 !re=e1 9 ! c\rse ( 8 te/imony1 he decl>es t he receiv$ five doll>s = 8 %>e 9 a c]ta9 transaction1 :5 9 reality he receiv$ five hundr$ doll>s1 8 concealm5t ( ! fact t he receiv$ a hundr$ times z mu* z he admits hav+ receiv$1 is practically a lie1 & is culpable z su*4 ,any int5tional concealm5t ( ess5tial facts 9 ! matt] at issue1 9 8 answ]s to que/ions ask$ ( him z a witness1 is a lie 9 ess5ce4 ,b a p]son :o is n be=e a c\rt ( ju/ice is n necess>ily b\nd to tell all ! facts involv$ to e p]son :om he addresses1 or :o desires to h him d s2 & !re=e1 :ile a concealm5t ( facts :i* ought to be disclos$ may be equival5t to a lie1 !re is su* a ?+ z ! concealm5t ( facts :i* is n only all[able1 b :i* is an unmi/akable duty4 ,& to "k :5 concealm5t is "r1 & :5 x is wrong1 is to "k :5 concealm5t p>takes ( ! nature ( a lie1 & :5 x is a totally diff]5t matt]4 ,concealm5t1 s f> f be+ 9 itself a s91 is 9 itself "r2 x is only 9 its misuse t x becomes repreh5sible 9 a giv5 case4 ,concealm5t is a prime duty ( man2 z truly a duty z tru?-speak+1 or *a/ity1 or hone/y4 ,god1 :o _c lie to 8 creatures1 conceals mu* f 8 creatures4 ,! secret ?+s belong unto ! ,"l our ,god3 b ! ?+s t are reveal$ belong unto u & to our *ildr5 = ev]1#a says ! au?or ( ,deut]onomy2 & ! :ole c\rse ( ,god's revelation to man is 9 accordance ) ?is ann\nc$ pr9ciple ( ,god's concealm5t ( t :i* ought to be conceal$4 ,he :o is himself ! revelation ( ,god says to 8 *os5 disciples1 ev5 :5 he is speak+ 8 late/ words to !m be=e 8 dea?3 ,i h yet _m ?+s to say unto y1 b ye _c be> !m n[2#b & he conceals :at1 z yet1 x is bett] = !m %\ld rema9 conceal$4 ,footnote #a3 ,deut4 #bi3 #bi4 ,footnote #b3 ,john #af3ab4 ,!re is a pr(\nd mean+ 9 ! sugge/ion1 9 ! ,bible /ory ( man's fall1 t1 :5 man _h come to ! k ( good & evil1 ! fir/ practical duty :i* he recogniz$ z incumb5t ^u himself1 0 ! duty ( concealm5t2#a & f t day to ?is t duty has be5 incumb5t on him4 ,man has a duty to conceal 8 besett+ impurities ( ?\ght & incl9ations to s92 to conceal su* ( 8 d\bts & fe>s z w\ld di%e>t5 o!rs & weak5 himself by _! expression2 to conceal 8 unk9dnesses ( _s & 8 unju/ prejudices ( feel+2 to conceal1 9 fact1 :atev] ( 8 inn]mo/ p]sonality is liable to "w h>m by its disclosure1 & to a k ( :i* 8 fell[s h no j claim4 ,9 ! _w z x is1 !re is m to be conceal$ ?an to be disclos$ 9 e individual life2 & concealm5t r ?an disclosure is ! rule ( p]sonal action4 ,footnote #a3 ,g54 #c3f1 #g4 ,absolute & unre/rict$ frankness 9 social int]c\rse w\ld be brutal4 ,! speak+ ( ! :ole tru? at all times & to ev]ybody c\ld h nei!r ju/ification nor excuse betwe5 man & man4 ,we h no "r to tell our fell[s all t we ?9k ( !m1 or fe> = !m1 or suspect !m (4 ,we h no "r to betray ! confid5ces ( ^? :o tru/ u1 or to disclose to all ! fact t we h su* confid5ces to conceal4 ,we h no "r to let x be g5]ally kn[n t !re are su* peculi> /ruggles )9 u z make our lives a ceaseless battle ) temptations & fe>s & d\bts4 ,!re is su* a ?+ z an indec5t exposure ( p]sonal op9ions1 & z a crim9al disclosure ( ! treasures ( ! inn] life4#a ,h[ to conceal aright t :i* ought to be conceal$1 is "o ( ! vital que/ions ( upright liv+4 ,footnote #a3 ,see #b ,k+s #bj3 #ab-ai4 ,! duty ( "r concealm5t /&s ov] aga9/ ! s9 ( ly+4 ,:atev] ought to be conceal$1 %\ld be conceal$1 if concealm5t is a possibility )\t s9n+4 ,b ! /ronge/ desire = concealm5t c nev] ju/ify a lie z a means ( concealm5t2 & concealm5t at ! co/ ( a lie becomes a s9 ?r\gh ! means employ$ = its secur+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 disclosure is a duty1 concealm5t is s9ful1 because x is made to /& 9 ! way ( ! p]=mance ( a duty4 ,concealm5t is n 9 itself wrong1 b x may become wrong ?r\gh its misuse4 ,ly+ is 9 itself wrong1 & x _c be made "r ?r\gh any seem+ advantage to be ga9$ by x4 ,concealm5t :i* is "r 9 "o in/ance may be wrong 9 ano!r in/ance1 ! diff]5ce be+ 9 ! relations ( ! two p>ties 9 ! case4 ,a man :o has lo/ a leg or an eye may prop]ly conceal f o!rs g5]ally ! fact ( 8 loss by any legitimate means ( concealm5t4 ,8 defect is a purely p]sonal matt]4 ,! public has no claim ^u him = all ! facts 9 ! premises4 ,he may h an artificial limb or an artificial eye1 s con/ruct$ z to conceal 8 loss f ! ord9>y obs]v]4 ,!re is no?+ wrong 9 ?is4 ,x is 9 ! l9e ( man's primal duty ( concealm5t4 ,b if a man ?us disabl$ 7 apply+ = a life-insurance policy1 or 7 an applicant = re-enli/m5t 9 ! army1 or 7 seek+ employm5t :]e bodily :ol5ess is a requisite1 x w\ld be 8 duty to make kn[n 8 defect2 & ! concealm5t ( x f ! p>ties int]e/$ w\ld be 9 ! realm ( ! lie4 ,s1 aga91 if a man 7 propos+ m>riage1 or 7 ent]+ into confid5tial relations ) a p>tn] 9 bus9ess1 or 7 seek+ f9ancial aid f a bank1 he w\ld h no "r to conceal f ! p>ty int]e/$ _m a fact :i* he c\ld prop]ly conceal f ! public4 ,a man :o w\ld be ju/ifi$ 9 conceal+ f ! g5]al public 8 m5tal tr\bles1 or 8 bus9ess emb>rassm5ts1 or 8 spiritual p]plexities1 c\ld n prop]ly conceal ! ess5tial facts 9 ! case f 8 *os5 advis] 9 m$ic9e1 or 9 law1 or 9 matt]s ( religion4 ,x is a man's duty to disclose ! :ole tru? to him :o has a "r to "k ! :ole tru?4 ,x is a man's "r1 & x may become 8 duty1 to conceal a measure ( ! tru? f "o :o is n entitl$ to "k t portion ( ! tru?1 s f> z he c prop]ly make concealm5t4 ,b z a lie is nev] ju/ifiable1 x is nev] a prop] means ( concealm5t2 & if concealm5t be1 9 any case1 a mode ( ly+1 x is z bad z any o!r =m ( ly+4 ,b concealm5t1 ev5 :5 x is ( facts t o!rs h no "r to "k1 may cause o!rs to be deceiv$1 & delib]ate deceit is "o =m ( a lie4 ,h[1 !n1 c concealm5t t is sure to result 9 deception be free f ! s9 t inv>iably atta*es to a lie 9 any =m1 or ( any nature :atsoev]8 ,concealm5t :i* is = ! purpose ( deception1 is "o ?+2 concealm5t :i* is only = ! purpose ( concealm5t1 b :i* is sure to result 9 deception1 is q ano!r ?+4 ,! "o is n ju/ifiable1 ! o!r may be4 ,9 ! "o case x is a man's purpose to deceive 8 fell[-man2 9 ! o!r case x is simply 8 purpose to conceal :at 8 fell[-man has no "r to "k1 & t fell[-man receives a false impression1 or deceives himself1 9 consequ5ce4 ,we may1 or we may n1 be responsible = ! obvi\s results ( our action2 & ! moral measure ( any action dep5ds on ! measure ( our responsibility 9 ! premises4 ,a surgeon1 :o is engag$ 9 an important & critical op]ation1 is told t he is want$ else:]e 9 a case ( life & dea?4 ,if he sees x to be 8 duty to cont9ue :]e he is because he _c safely leave ?is case at ?is "t1 he obvi\sly is n responsible = results :i* come because ( 8 abs5ce f ! side ( ! o!r suff]]4 ,a man is by a riv] bank :5 a boy is s9k+ be=e 8 eyes4 ,if ! man 7 to rea* out 8 arms to him1 ! boy might be sav$4 ,b ! man makes no movem5t 9 ! boy's behalf1 & ! boy dr[ns4 ,x might seem z ?\gh t man 7 responsible = t boy's dea?2 b :5 x is kn[n t ! man is at t mom5t occupi$ 9 sav+ ! life ( 8 own son1 :o is also /ruggl+ 9 ! wat]1 x w h to be admitt$ t ! fa!r is n responsible = ! results ( 8 inaction 9 ano!r sph]e ?an t :i* is = ! mom5t ! sph]e ( 8 imp]ative duty4 ,if a wife & "m has to *oose betwe5 h] lov+ m9i/ry to h] sick husb& & to h] sick *ild1 & %e *ooses t :i* %e sees to be ! m important duty ( ! h\r1 %e is n responsible = any results t foll[ f h] inability to be 9 two places at ! same "t4 ,a man ) a limit$ income may "k t t5 families are 9 ne$ ( money1 :ile he c give help to only two ( !m4 ,ev5 ?\gh o!rs />ve :ile he is supply+ food to all :om he c aid1 he is n responsible = results t fl[ f 8 decision to limit 8 m9i/ry to 8 means4 ,9 all our daily life1 our decision to d ! "o duty ( ! h\r involves our refusal to d :at is n our duty1 & we h no responsibility = ! results :i* come f su* a refusal4 ,s 9 ! matt] ( ! duty ( concealm5t1 if a man simply purposes ! concealm5t f ano!r ( t :i* ! o!r has no "r to "k1 & does n specifically affirm by ^w or act t :i* is n true1 nor d5y by act or ^w t :i* is true1 he is 9 no degree responsible = ! self-deception by ano!r conc]n+ a po9t :i* is no prop] conc]n ( t o!r p]son4 ,o!rs are self-deceiv$ ) ref]5ce to u 9 _m ?+s1 beyond our responsibility or k4 ,we may be consid]$ weak] or /rong]1 wis] or m simple1 y\ng] or old]1 gladd] or sadd]1 ?an we are2 b = ! self-deception on t po9t by ! av]age obs]v] we are n responsible4 ,we may n ev5 be aw>e ( x4 ,x is really no conc]n ( ours--or ( our neighbor's4 ,x is m]ely an incid5t ( human life z x is4 ,we may h an a*+ too? or an a*+ he>t1 & yet refra9 f disclos+ ?is fact 9 ! expression ( our face4 ,9 su* a case we m]ely conceal :at is our own possession f ^? :o h no claim to "k x4 ,ev5 ?\gh !y deceive !mselves z to our condition 9 consequ5ce ( our looks1 we are n responsible = _! self-deception1 because !y are n possess$ ( all ! facts1 nor h !y any "r to !m1 nor yet to a fix$ op9ion 9 ! case4 ,if a man 7 to h a pat* put on 8 coat1 he might prop]ly h x put on ! "u side ( ! coat in/ead ( ! out] side1 ?us mak+ :at is call$ a bl9d pat*1 = ! purpose ( conceal+ ! defect 9 8 g>m5t4 ,ev5 ?\gh ?is c\rse might result 9 a false impression on ! m9d ( ! casual obs]v]1 ! man w\ld n be blamewor?y1 z he w\ld be if he _h pursu$ ! same c\rse ) a purpose ( deceiv+ a pur*as] ( ! coat4 ,s1 aga91 9 ! case ( a m5d] ( bric-a-brac3 x w\ld be "r = him to cem5t c>efully ! p>ts ( a brok5 vase = ! m]e purpose ( conceal+ its damag$ condition f ! ord9>y eye1 b n = ! purpose ( deceiv+ "o :o w\ld be a pur*as]4 ,a man ^: city h\se is clos$ f ! public 9 ! summ] season1 because ( 8 abs5ce 9 ! c\ntry1 has a p]fect "r to come to t h\se = a s+le night1 )\t op5+ ! %utt]s & light+ up ! rooms 9 intimation ( 8 pres5ce4 ,he may ev5 keep ^? %utt]s clos$ :ile 8 room is light$1 = ! express purpose ( conceal+ ! fact ( 8 pres5ce !re1 & yet n be responsible = any false impression on ! m9ds ( pass]s-by1 :o ?9k t ! proprietor is /ill 9 ! c\ntry1 & t ! city h\se is vacant4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! h\se be left light$ up all ?r\gh ! night1 ) ! %utt]s op51 :ile ! inmates are asleep1 = ! v purpose ( conceal+ f ^? outside ! fact t no "o 9 ! h\se is awake & on gu>d1 ! proprietor is n responsible = any self-deception :i* results to ^? :o h no "r to "k ! facts 9 ! case4 ,& s1 aga91 9 ! matt] ( hav+ a man's hat or coat on ! rack 9 ! front hall1 :ile !re are only wom5 9 ! h\se1 ! sole purpose ( ! action may be ! concealm5t ( ! real condition ( affairs f ^? :o h no claim to "k ! tru?1 & n ! delib]ate deception ( any p>ty 9 int]e/4 ,9 s f> z ! purpose is m]ely ! concealm5t f o!rs ( ! def5seless condition ( ! h\se ! action is obvi\sly a prop] "o1 not)/&+ its liability to result 9 false impressions on ! m9ds ( ^? :o h no "r to an op9ion 9 ! case4 ,:ile a man w\ld be ju/ifi$ 9 conceal+1 )\t falsehood1 ! fact ( a bodily lack or infirmity on 8 "p :i* conc]n$ himself alone1 he w\ld n be ju/ifi$ 9 conceal+ ! fact t he 0 sick ( a contagi\s disease1 or t 8 h\se 0 infect$ by a disease t might be giv5 to a call] !re4 ,nor w\ld he be ju/ifi$ 9 conceal+ a defect 9 a horse or a c[ 9 ord] to deceive a man into ! pur*ase ( t animal z a s\nd "o1 any m ?an he w\ld be ju/ifi$ 9 slightly cov]+ an op5+ 9 ! gr\nd be=e 8 h\se1 s z to deceive a disagreeable visitor into /umbl+ into t hole4 ,x w\ld be altoge!r prop] = a man ) a bald head to conceal 8 baldness f ! g5]al public by a well-con/ruct$ wig4 ,x w\ld likewise be prop] = him to we> a wig 9 ord] to gu>d 8 %9+ pate aga9/ flies :ile at *ur* 9 ,july1 or aga9/ dang] f pneumonia 9 ,janu>y1 ev5 ?\gh wide-awake *ildr5 9 ! neighbor+ pews deceiv$ !mselves into ?9k+ t he _h a f9e head ( natural hair4 ,b if t man 7 to we> t wig = ! purpose ( deceiv+ a "y woman1 :om he wi%$ to m>ry1 z to 8 age & z to 8 fre$om f bodily defects1 x w\ld be q a diff]5t matt]4 ,concealm5t = ! m]e purpose ( concealm5t may be1 n only ju/ifiable1 b a duty4 ,concealm5t = ! purpose ( deception is nev] ju/ifiable4 ,x w\ld seem t ?is is ! pr9ciple on :i* ,god acts ) ref]5ce to bo? ! mat]ial & ! moral univ]se4 ,he conceals facts1 ) ! result t _m a man is self-deceiv$1 9 8 ignorance1 z to ! size ( ! />s1 & ! cause ( eclipses1 & ! processes ( nature1 & ! consequ5ces ( conduct1 9 _m an important p>ticul>4 ,b man1 & n ,god1 is responsible = man's self-deception conc]n+ po9ts at :i* man c make no claim to a "r to "k all ! tru?4 ,x is true t ?is di/9ction is a delicate "o1 b x is a di/9ction none ! less real on t acc\nt4 ,a moral l9e1 l a ma!matical l9e1 has l5g?1 b nei!r bread? nor ?ickness4 ,& ! l9e t sep>ates a ju/ifiable concealm5t :i* causes self-deception on ! "p ( ^? :o are n entitl$ to "k ! :ole tru? 9 ! matt]1 & ! delib]ate concealm5t ( tru? = ! specific purpose ( deception1 is a l9e t runs all ! way up f ! f\ndations to ! summit ( ! univ]se4 ,?is l9e ( di/9ction is vital to an und]/&+ ( ! "q ( ! duty ( tru?-speak+1 & ( ! s9 ( ly+4 ,an ef=t at "r concealm5t may include tru?ful /atem5ts :i* are likely1 or ev5 sure1 to result 9 false impressions on ! m9d ( ! "o to :om !y are address$1 & :o 9 consequ5ce deceives himself z to ! facts1 :5 ! purpose ( ^? /atem5ts is n ! deception ( ! he>]4 ,a husb& may h _h a s]i\s misund]/&+ ) 8 wife t causes him pa9 ( he>t1 s t 8 face gives sign ( x z he comes out ( ! h\se 9 ! morn+4 ,! difficulty :i* has giv5 him su* m5tal anxiety is "o :i* he ought to conceal4 ,he has no "r to disclose x to o!rs4 ,yet he has no "r to speak an untru? = ! purpose ( conceal+ t :i* he ought to conceal4 ,x may be t ! m5tal tr\ble has already depriv$ him ( sleep1 & has int5sifi$ 8 anxiety ov] a special bus9ess matt] t awaits 8 att5tion d[n t[n1 & t all ?is %[s 9 8 face4 ,if s1 ^! facts are second>y b v real causes ( 8 tr\bl$ look1 z he meets a neighbor on leav+ 8 h\se1 :o says to him3 ,y look v mu* tr\bl$ ?is morn+4 ,:at's ! matt] ) y8 ,n[1 if he 7 to say 9 reply1 ,!n my looks belie me2 = ,i h no special tr\ble1 he w\ld say :at 0 n true4 ,b he might prop]ly say1 ,i ?9k x is v likely4 ,i didn't sleep well la/ night1 & ,i am v tir$ ?is morn+4 ,& ,i h "w be=e me to-day t ,i am n easy ab\t4 ,^? /atem5ts be+ lit]ally true1 & be+ made = ! purpose ( conceal+ facts :i* 8 que/ion] has no "r to "k1 _! utt]ance is ju/ifiable1 reg>dless ( ! work+s ( ! m9d ( ! "o :o he>s !m4 ,!y are made 9 ord] to conceal :at is back ( !m1 n 9 ord] to deceive "o :o is entitl$ to "k ^? prim>y facts4 ,if1 aga91 a physician 9 att5dance on a pati5t sees t !re is cause = grave anxiety 9 ! pati5t's condition1 & deems x important to conceal 8 fe>s1 s f> z he c )\t untru?fulness1 he may1 9 answ] to direct que/ions f 8 pati5t1 give tru?ful answ]s t are design$ to conceal :at he has a "r to conceal1 )\t 8 desir+ to deceive 8 pati5t1 & )\t 8 be+ responsible = any self-deception on 8 pati5t's "p t results f _! conv]sation4 ,! pati5t may ask1 ,doctor1 am ,i v sick8 ,! doctor may answ] tru?fully1 ,n s sick z y might be1 by a good deal4 ,he may give ?is answ] ) a *e]ful look & tone1 & x may result 9 calm+ ! pati5t's fe>s4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! pati5t goes on to ask1 ,b1 doctor1 d y ?9k ,i'm go+ to die8 ! doctor may respond lightly1 ,well1 mo/ ( u w die soon] or lat]1 & ,i suppose y are n to be exempt f ! ord9>y lot ( mortals4 ,b1 cont9ues ! pati5t1 d y ?9k ,i am go+ to die ( ?is disease8 ,!n ! doctor c say1 s]i\sly & tru?fully1 ,i'm sure ,i don't "k4 ,! future is conceal$ f me4 ,y may live long] ?an ,i d4 ,i c]ta9ly hope y are n go+ to die yet a:ile1 & ,i'm go+ to d all ,i c to prev5t x4 ,all ?is w\ld be ju/ifiable1 & be )9 ! limits ( tru?fulness4 ,concealm5t ( ! op9ions ( ! physician z to ! pati5t's *ances ( life1 & n ! specific deception ( ! pati5t1 is ! object ( ^! answ]s4 ,9 no ev5t1 h[ev]1 w\ld ! physician be ju/ifi$ 9 tell+ a lie1 any m ?an he w\ld be 9 committ+ any o!r s91 z a means ( good4 ,he is necess>ily limit$ by ! limits ( "r1 9 ! ex]cise ( 8 pr(essional skill1 & 9 ! *oice ( available means4 ,he is 9 no wise responsible = ! consequ5ces ( 8 refusal to g beyond ^? limits4 ,concealm5t may be1 or may n be1 ( ! nature ( deception4 ,concealm5t is n "r :5 disclosure is a duty4 ,concealm5t ( t :i* may prop]ly be conceal$ is n 9 itself wrong4 ,ef=ts at concealm5t mu/1 9 ord] to be "r1 be kept )9 ! limits ( /rict tru?fulness ( /atem5t4 ,concealm5t = ! purpose ( deception is 9 ! realm ( ! lie4 ,concealm5t = ! m]e purpose ( concealm5t may be 9 ! realm ( positive duty--9 ! sight ( ,god & = ! sake ( our fell[s4 ,x is to be borne 9 m9d t ! def9itions "h giv5 d n pivot on ! specific illu/rations pr(f]$ = _! explanation4 ,if1 9 any in/ance1 ! illu/ration seems inapt or imp]fect1 x may be ?r[n aside1 & ref]5ce made to ! def9ition itself4 ,! def9ition repres5ts ! pr9ciple involv$2 ! illu/ration is only a sugge/ion ( ! pr9ciple4 ,v4 ,,! ,,plea ,,( ,,necessity4 ,! /ory is told ( an old ,quak]1 :o1 aft] li/5+ = a "t to ! un/9t$ praises1 by a dry-goods salesman1 ( ! v>i\s articles he 0 try+ to dispose (1 said quietly3 ,fri5d1 x is a great pity t ly+ is a s91 s9ce x seems s necess>y 9 ?y bus9ess4 ,x has be5 g5]ally suppos$ t ?is rem>k ( ! old ,quak] 0 a satirical "o1 r ?an a s]i\s expression ( regret ov] ! cla%+ ( ! dem&s ( ,god's nature ) ! practical necessities ( m54 ,yet1 z a matt] ( fact1 !re are moral philosoph]s1 & writ]s on ,*ri/ian e?ics1 :o seem to take s]i\sly ! position assum$ by ?is ,quak]1 & :o argue delib]ately t !re are su* mat]ial advantages to be secur$ by ly+1 9 c]ta9 em]g5cies1 t x w\ld be a great pity to recognize any unv>y+ rule1 ) ref]5ce to ly+1 t w\ld %ut (f all possibility ( desir$ ga9 f ?is practice "u conditions ( greate/ urg5cy4 ,x is claim$ t ly+ pr(f]s su* unmi/akable advantages 9 "t ( w>1 & ( sickness1 & 9 deal+s ) w\ld-be crim9als & ! insane1 & o!r classes exempt f ord9>y social consid]ation1 t ly+ becomes a necessity :5 ! ga9 f x is ( suffici5t magnitude4 ,look$ at 9 ?is light1 ly+ is n s9ful p] se1 b simply becomes s9ful by its misuse or untimel9ess2 = if x be s9ful p] se1 no tempor>y or mat]ial advantage f its ex]cise c\ld ev] make x o!r ?an s9ful4 ,if1 inde$1 ! rightfulness ( ly+ is cont+5t on ! results to be hop$ = or to be fe>$ f x1 ! prime "q ) ref]5ce to x1 9 a moral e/imate ( its propriety1 is ! limit ( pr(it1 or ( ga91 :i* w ju/ify x z a necessity4 ,b ) all t has be5 writt5 on ?is subject 9 ! pass+ c5turies1 ! advocates ( ! lie ( necessity h _h to cont5d ) ! moral s5se ( ! _w z to ! s9fulness ( ly+1 & ) ! fact t ly+ is n m]ely a violation ( a social duty1 b is contr>y to ! dem&s ( ! v nature ( ,god1 & ( ! nature ( man z =m$ 9 ! image ( ,god4 ,& x has be5 ! practice ( su* advocates to ignore or to d5y ! te/imony ( ?is moral s5se ( ! race1 & to p]si/ 9 look+ at ly+ ma9ly 9 ! light ( its social aspects4 ,t ! moral s5se ( ! race is aga9/ ! admissibility ( ! rightfulness ( ly+1 is %[n by ! e/imate ( ?is s9 z a s9 9 ! e?nic conceptions ( x1 ev5 among peoples :o indulge freely 9 its practice1 z well z 9 ! tea*+s ( ! sacr$ books ( ! ages4 ,&1 moreov]1 x is n ! fact1 z is (t5 claim$1 t ly+ is g5]ally admitt$ to be all[able betwe5 enemies 9 w> "t1 or by a physician to 8 pati5t1 or by a sane man to "o :o is insane1 or 9 ord] to ! prev5tion ( crime1 or = ! purpose ( secur+ "s real or suppos$ advantage 9 any case4 ,! "r to conceal f ! enemy "o's weakness1 or "o's plans1 by any exhibit ( quak] guns1 or ( mock =tifications1 or ( movem5ts & c\nt]-movem5ts1 or ( fe9ts ( attack1 or ( surplus wat*fires1 9 "t ( w>f>e1 is recogniz$ on all sides4 ,b ! "r to lie to or to deceive ! enemy by s5d+ out a flag ( truce1 z if 9 desire = a peaceful conf]5ce1 & foll[+ x up ) an attack on 8 l9es 9 an unsuspect+ mom5t1 is n admitt$ 9 any !ory ( civiliz$ w>f>e4 ,& :ile a sc\t may creep )9 ! enemy's l9es1 & make obs]vations ( ! enemy's weakness & /r5g? ( position1 )\t be+ op5 to any *>ge ( di%onorable conduct1--if he comes disguis$ z a soldi] ( ! o!r side ?an 8 own1 or if he claims to be a m]e civilian or non-combatant1 he is held to be a spy1 & z su* he is d5i$ a soldi]'s dea?1 & mu/ yield 8 life on ! gall[s z a deceiv] & a li>4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ju/ifiable concealm5t = ! m]e purpose ( concealm5t1 & concealm5t = ! express purpose ( deceiv+1 is recogniz$ z cle>ly 9 w>f>e z 9 peaceful civil life2 & ! writ] on ,*ri/ian e?ics :o appeals to ! approv$ practices ( w>f>e 9 support ( ! lie ( necessity c h only ! plea ( ignorance z an excuse = 8 baseless argum5t4 ,an enemy 9 w>f>e has no "r to "k ! details ( 8 oppon5t's plans = 8 ov]com+2 b 8 oppon5t has no "r to lie to him1 by ^w or action1 z a means ( concealm5t2 = a lie is nev] ju/ifiable1 & !re=e is nev] a necessity4 ,& ?is is admitt$ 9 ! cu/oms ( honorable w>f>e4 ,illu/rations ( ?is di/9ction are abundant4 ,a ,f$]al (fic]1 tak5 prison] 9 battle1 0 br\ght be=e a ,conf$]ate (fic] = exam9ation4 ,he 0 ask$ 8 "n1 8 rank1 8 regim5t1 8 brigade1 8 division1 & 8 corps4 ,to all ^! que/ions he gave tru?ful answ]s promptly2 = ! enemy _h a "r to in=mation at ^! po9ts conc]n+ a prison] ( w>4 ,b :5 ! "q came1 ,:at is ! pres5t /r5g? ( y\r corps8 he repli$1 ,two & a half millions4 ,t _c be true1 said ! ,conf$]ate (fic]4 ,d y expect me to tell y ! tru?1 ,colonel1 9 su* a matt]8 he respond$1 9 rem9d] ( ! fact t x 0 prop] = him to conceal facts :i* ! o!r _h no "r to "k2 & 8 me?od ( concealm5t 0 by an answ] t 0 int5d$ to conceal1 b n to deceive4 ,9 ,libby ,prison1 dur+ w> "t1 ! attempt to prev5t writt5 messages be+ c>ri$ out by releas$ prison]s 0 at fir/ made by ! c>eful exam9ation ( ! clo?+ & p]sons ( su* prison]s2 b ?is prov$ to be ineffectual4 ,!n x 0 decid$ to put e outgo+ prison] on 8 ^w ( honor z a soldi] 9 ?is matt]2 & t 0 effectual4 ,a true soldi] w\ld require some?+ m ?an ! av]age treatise on ,*ri/ian e?ics to conv9ce him t a lie to an enemy 9 w> "t is ju/ifiable z a lie ( necessity1 on ! gr\nd ( its pr(itabl5ess4 ,9 deal+ ) ! sick1 h[ev] desirable x may be1 9 any in/ance1 to conceal f a pati5t 8 critical condition1 ! diff]5ce mu/ always be obs]v$ betwe5 tru?ful /atem5ts t conceal t :i* ! physician1 or o!r speak]1 has a "r to conceal1 & /atem5ts t are n /rictly true1 or t are made = ! explicit purpose ( deceiv+ ! pati5t4 ,x is a physician's duty to conceal f a pati5t 8 s5se ( ! grave dang]s disclos$ to 8 pr(essional eye1 & :i* he is endeavor+ to meet successfully4 ,&1 9 wellnigh e case1 x is possible = him to give tru?ful answ]s t w conceal f 8 pati5t :at he ought to conceal2 = ! be/ physician does n "k ! future1 & 8 pr(essional guesses are n to be put =w>d z if !y 7 assur$ c]titudes4 ,if1 inde$1 x 7 g5]ally und]/ood1 z _m e?ical writ]s are dispos$ to claim1 t physicians are ready to lie z a help to _! pati5ts' recov]y1 physicians1 z a class1 w\ld !reby be depriv$ ( ! p[] ( enc\rag+ _! pati5ts by words ( s9c]e & he>ty confid5ce4 ,!re are physicians ^: mo/ hopeful assurances are ( little or no s]vice to _! pati5ts1 because ^? physicians are kn[n to be will+ to lie to a pati5t 9 an em]g5cy2 & h[ c a timid pati5t be sure t 8 case does n pres5t su* an em]g5cy8 ,!re=e x is t a physician's habit ( ly+ to 8 pati5ts z a means ( cure w\ld cause him to lose ! p[] ( aid+ by tru?ful assurances ^? pati5ts :o mo/ ne$$ help ( ?is sort4 ,x is poor policy1 z policy1 to v5ture a lie 9 behalf ( a s+le pati5t1 at ! co/ ( los+ ! p[] to make ! tru? b5eficial to a hundr$ pati5ts ^: lives may be dep5d5t on wise words ( enc\ragem5t4 ,& ! policy is /ill poor] z policy1 :5 x is 9 ! l9e ( an unmi/akable s94 ,& _m a good physician l _m a good soldi]1 repudiates ! idea ( a lie ( necessity 9 8 pr(ession4 ,s9ce ly+ is s9ful because a lie is always a lie unto ,god1 ! fact t a lie is spok5 to an insane p]son or to a w\ld-be crim9al does n make x any ! less a s9 9 ,god's sight4 ,& x is held by "s ( ! mo/ em95t physicians to ! insane t ly+ to ! insane is z poor policy z x is bad morals1 & t x is nev] ju/ifiable1 & !re=e is nev] a necessity 9 t sph]e4#a ,footnote #a3 ,see1 = example1 ! views ( ,dr4 ,?omas ,s4 ,kirkbride1 physician-9-*ief & sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,p5nsylvania ,hospital = ! ,insane1 9 ! ,report ( t in/itution = #ahhc1 at pages #gd-gf4 ,9 speak+ ( ! duty ( avoid+ deception 9 deal+s ) ! insane1 he said3 ,i nev] ?9k x "r to speak any?+ b ! tru?4 ,s also 9 deal+ ) ! w\ld-be crim9al1 a lie is n ju/ifiable 9 ord] to save "o's life1 or "o's possessions t are de>] ?an life1 nor yet to prev5t ! commission ( a crime or to gu>d ! highe/ int]e/s ( ^? :om we love4 ,yet concealm5t ( t :i* ought to be conceal$ is z truly a duty :5 disclosure w\ld lead to crime1 or w\ld imp]il ! int]e/s ( ourselves or o!rs1 z x is 9 all ! ord9>y affairs ( life2 b ly+ z a means ( concealm5t is n to be tol]at$ 9 su* a case any m ?an 9 any o!r case4 ,if a robb]1 ) a pi/ol 9 8 h&1 7 9 a man's b$room at night1 x w\ld n be wrong = ! def5seless inmate to rema9 quiet 9 8 b$1 9 concealm5t ( ! fact t he 0 awake1 if !reby he c\ld save 8 life1 at ! exp5se ( 8 prop]ty4 ,if a w\ld-be murd]] 7 seek+ 8 victim1 & a man :o knew ?is fact 7 ask$ to tell ( 8 :]eab\ts1 x w\ld be t man's duty to conceal 8 k at ?is po9t by all legitimate means4 ,he might refuse to speak1 ev5 ?\gh 8 own life 7 risk$ !reby2 = x 7 bett] to die ?an to lie4 ,& s 9 _m ano!r em]g5cy4 ,a lie be+ a s9 p] se1 no price paid = x1 nor any advantage to be ga9$ f x1 w\ld make x o!r ?an a s94 ,! temptation to look at x z a necessity may1 inde$1 be increas$ by increas+ ! suppos$ co/ ( its refusal2 b x is a temptation to wrong-do+ to ! la/4 ,x 0 a hea!n maxim1 ,d "r ?\gh ! heav5s fall1 & ,*ri/ian e?ics ought n to h a l[] /&>d ?an t ( ! be/ hea!n morality4 ,duty t[>d ,god _c be c\nt$ out ( ?is "q4 ,god himself _c lie4 ,god _c ju/ify or approve a lie4 ,h5ce x foll[s t he :o delib]ately lies 9 ord] to secure a ga9 to himself1 or to "o :om he loves1 mu/ by t v act leave ! s]vice ( ,god1 & put himself = ! "t be+ "u ! rule ( ! fa!r ( lies4 ,?us 9 an em]g5cy :i* seems to a man to ju/ify a lie ( necessity t man's attitude t[>d ,god might be indicat$ 9 ?is address to him3 ,"l1 ,i %\ld pref] to cont9ue 9 y\r s]vice1 & ,i w\ld d s if y 7 able & will+ to help me4 ,b ,i f9d myself 9 an em]g5cy :]e a lie is a 'necessity1' & s ,i mu/ avail myself ( ! help ( '! fa!r ( lies4' ,if ,i am c>ri$ ?r\gh ?is crisis by 8 help1 ,i %all be glad to resume my position 9 y\r s]vice4 ,! man ^: :ole moral nature recoils f ?is position1 w n be l$ into x by ! be/ argum5ts ( ,*ri/ian philosoph]s 9 favor ( ! lie ( necessity4 ,,vi4 ,,c5turies ,,( ,,discussion4 ,because ( ! obvi\s ga9 9 ly+ 9 times ( extremity1 & because ( ! manife/ p]il or co/ ( tru?-tell+ 9 an em]g5cy1 attempts h be5 made1 by int]e/$ or prejudic$ p]sons1 all along ! ages1 to reconcile ! g5]al duty ( adh]+ to an absolute /&>d ( "r1 ) ! special inducem5ts1 or temptations1 to dep>t f t /&>d = ! "t be+4 ,x has be5 claim$ by _m t ! results ( a lie w\ld1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 ju/ify ! use ( a lie1--! good end 9 ?is case ju/ify+ ! bad means 9 ?is case4 ,& ! endeavor has also be5 made to %[ t :at is call$ a lie is n always a lie4 ,yet !re h ev] be5 f\nd /alw>t *ampions ( ! "r1 ready to insi/ t a lie is a s9 p] se1 & !re=e n to be ju/ifi$ by any advantage or pr(it 9 its utt]ance4 ,prom95t 9 ! e>li] record$ discussions ( ! c5turies conc]n+ ! admissibility ( ! lie1 are ^? ( ! ,jewi% ,talmudi/s & ( ! ,*ri/ian ,fa!rs4 ,z 9 ! ,bible /ory ! /&>d ( "r is recogniz$ z unv>iable1 ev5 ?\gh su* ,bible *>act]s z ,abraham & ,jacob & ,david1 & ,ananias & ,sapphira1 fail to con=m to x 9 p]sonal practice2 s 9 ! records ( ! ,talmud & ! ,fa!rs !re are n want+ in/ances ( godly m5 :o are ready to speak 9 favor ( a dep>ture f ! /ricte/ requirem5t ( ! law ( tru?1 ev5 :ile ! great sweep ( s5tim5t is se5 to be 9 favor ( ! l9e t sep>ates ! lie f ! tru? et]nally4 ,hamburg]1 a recogniz$ ,jewi% au?ority 9 ?is sph]e1 repres5ts ! tea*+s ( ! ,talmud z ev5 m compreh5sive & explicit ?an ! ,bible itself1 9 favor ( ! univ]sal duty ( tru?fulness4 ,he says3 ,mosaism1 ) its fundam5tal law ( hol9ess1 has e/abli%$ ! /&>d ( tru?fulness ) incomp>able def9it5ess & %>pness 7see ,lev4 #ai3 #b1 #ab1 #ac1 #cd-cg74 ,tru?fulness is "h pres5t$ z d]iv$ directly f ! pr9ciple ( hol9ess1 & to be practic$ )\t reg>d to result+ b5efit or injury to foe or to fri5d1 to =eign] or to c\ntryman4 ,9 ?is moral l(t9ess ^! ,mosaic tea*+s z to tru?fulness p]vade ! :ole ,bible4 ,9 ! ,talmud !y receive a pr(\nd] compreh5sion & a fur!r developm5t4 ,tru?fulness t[>d m5 is repres5t$ z a duty t[>d ,god2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 any dep>ture f x is a dep>ture f ,god4#a ,footnote #a3 ,hamburg]'s ,real-,encyclopadie fr ,bibel und ,talmud1 ,i41 art4 ,tru?fulness 7,wahrhaftigkeit74 ,z specim5 illu/rations ( ! tea*+s ( ! ,talmud on ?is !me1 ,hamburg] quotes ^! utt]ances f its pages3 ,he :o alt]s 8 ^w1 at ! same "t commits idolatry4 ,?ree are hat$ ( ,god3 he :o speaks ) 8 m\? o!rwise ?an z he feels ) 8 he>t2 he :o kn[s ( evid5ce aga9/ any "o1 & does n disclose x1 etc4 ,f\r _c appe> be=e ,god3 ! scorn]1 ! hypocrite1 ! li>1 & ! sl&]]4 ',a j measure ?\ %alt keep2' t is1 we %\ld n ?9k "o ?+ 9 our he>t1 & speak ano!r ) our m\?4 ,sev5 commit ! (f5se ( !ft3 he :o /eals sneaks into ! good w ( ano!r2 he :o invites 8 fri5d to visit him1 & does n mean x 9 8 he>t2 he :o (f]s 8 neighbor pres5ts1 kn[+ be=eh& t he w n receive !m1 etc4 ,& ,hamburg] adds3 ,e lie1 !re=e1 h[ev] excell5t ! motive1 is decid$ly =bidd54444 ,9 ! tract ,jebamo?1 #fc1 ,raba blames 8 son = employ+ a 'lie ( necessity' 7no?lge7 to re/ore peace betwe5 8 fa!r & 8 "m4444 ,x is cle> t ! ,talmud decid$ly rejects ! pr9ciple t '! end ju/ifies ! means4'#a ,footnote #a3 ,comp>e also art4 ,fals5ess 7,fals*eit74 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,hamburg] cites ,rabbi ,i%mael1 "o ( ! ,talmudi/s1 z tea*+ t a ,jew might transgress ev5 ! prohibition ( idolatry 7& ly+ is1 accord+ to ,talmudic tea*+1 equival5t to idolatry7 9 ord] to save 8 life1 provid$ ! act 0 n done 9 public4 ,9 support ( 8 position1 ,rabbi ,i%mael cit$ ! decl>ation conc]n+ ! /atutes ( ,moses 9 ,leviticus #ah3 #e1 :i* if a man d he %all live 9 !m1 & add$ by way ( explanation3 ,he ! ,israelite is to live ?r\gh ! law1 b is n to die ?r\gh x4#a ,footnote #a3 ,see ,hamburg]'s ,real-,encyc41 ,,ii41 art4 ,ismael ,r4 ,& ,isaac ,abohab1 an em95t ,spani% rabbi1 9 8 ,m5ora? ,hammaor#a gives o!r illu/rations f ! ,talmud ( ! advocacy ( special exceptions to ! /rict law ( tru?fulness1 ) a good purpose 9 view1 not)/&+ ! sweep+ claim to ! contr>y by ,hamburg]4 ,he says3 ,only :5 x is ! int5tion to br+ ab\t peace betwe5 m51 may any?+ be alt]$ 9 disc\rse2 z is taught 9 ! tract ,jebamo?4 ,rabbi ,ilai says1 9 ! "n ( ,rabbi ,jehuda1 son ( ,rabbi ,simeon3 ',"o may alt] some?+ 9 disc\rse = ! sake ( e/abli%+ h>mony4'444 ,rabbi ,na?an says3 ',?is inde$ is a duty4'444 ,rabbi ,i%mael taught3 ',peace is ( su* importance t = its sake ,god ev5 alt]s facts4' ,9 ea* ( ^! cases ! rabbi cit$ misapplies a ,bible passage 9 support ( 8 position4 ,footnote #a3 ,see ,g]man translation by ,r4,j4 ,fr/5?al1 ,disc\rse ,,ii41 ,i4 ,isaac ,abohab adds3 ,9 l mann] ! rabbis say t "o may praise a bride 9 ! pres5ce ( h] bridegroom1 & say t %e is h&some & dev\t1 :5 %e is nei!r1 if ! int5tion pr$om9ates to make h] attractive 9 ! eyes ( h] bridegroom4 ,nev]!less a man is n to tell lies ev5 9 trifl+ matt]s1 le/ ly+ %\ld come to be a habit ) him1 z is w>n$ aga9/ 9 ! tract ,jebamo?4 ,?us x w\ld appe> t !re 7 discussions on ?is subject among ! rabbis ( ! ,talmud1 & t :ile !re 7 ^? :o advocat$ ! lie ( necessity1 z a matt] ( p]sonal ga9 or z a means ( good to o!rs1 !re 7 ^? :o /ood firmly aga9/ any =m ( ! lie1 or any falsity1 z 9 itself at v>iance ) ! v nature ( ,god1 & ) ! pla9 duty ( ,god's *ildr54 ,among ! ,*ri/ian ,fa!rs x 0 mu* ! same z among ! ,jewi% rabbis1 9 discussions ov] ?is "q4 ,! "o unv>y+ /&>d 0 recogniz$1 by ! cle>e/ ?9k]s1 z b9d+ on all = always2 yet !re 7 individuals incl9$ to f9d a reason = exceptions 9 ! practical application ( ?is /&>d4 ,! phase ( ! "q t imm$iately pres5t$ itself to ! e>ly ,*ri/ians 01 :e!r x 7 all[able = a man to d5y to a pagan enemy t he 0 a ,*ri/ian1 or t "o :om he held de> 0 a ,*ri/ian1 :5 ! speak+ ( ! tru? w\ld co/ him 8 life1 or co/ ! life ( "o :om he lov$4 ,!re 7 ^? :o held t ! duty to speak ! tru? 0 m]ely a social obligation1 & t :5 a man %[$ himself z an enemy ( ,god & ( 8 fell[s1 he %ut himself out f ! pale ( ?is social obligation2 moreov]1 t :5 su* a man c\ld be det]r$ f crime1 & at ! same "t a ,*ri/ian's life c\ld be pres]v$1 by ! tell+ ( an untru?1 a falsehood w\ld be ju/ifiable4 ,if ! lie 7 told 9 private "u su* circum/ances1 x 0 by su* p]sons consid]$ diff]5t f a public d5ial ( "o's fai?4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! great body ( ,*ri/ians1 9 ! apo/olic age1 & 9 ! age e>ly foll[+1 act$ on ! conviction t a lie is a s9 p] se1 & t no em]g5cy c\ld make a lie a necessity4 ,& x 0 9 fidelity to ?is conviction t ! roll ( ,*ri/ian m>tyrs 0 s glori\sly ext5d$4 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 ^: ,apologies 9 behalf ( ! ,*ri/ians are ! e>lie/ extant1 speaks = ! be/ ( ! class he repres5ts :5 he says3 ,x is 9 our p[]1 :5 we are exam9$1 to d5y t we are ,*ri/ians2 b we w\ld n live by tell+ a lie4#a ,& aga93 ,:5 we are exam9$1 we make no d5ial1 because we are n consci\s ( any evil1 b c\nt x impi\s n to speak ! tru? 9 all ?+s1 :i* also we "k is pleas+ to ,god4#b ,!re 0 no ?\ght 9 su* a m9d z ,ju/9 ,m>tyr's1 or 9 ! m9ds ( 8 fell[-m>tyrs1 t any life 0 wor? sav+ at ! co/ ( a lie 9 ,god's sight4 ,footnote #a3 ,fir/ ,apology1 ,*apt] #h4 ,footnote #b3 ,second ,apology1 ,*apt] #d4 ,!re 7 _m temptations1 & great ones1 to ! e>ly ,*ri/ians1 to evade ! consequ5ces ( be+ kn[n z refus]s to wor%ip ! gods ( ! ,romans2 & x is n to be wond]$ at t _m poor mortals yield$ to ^? temptations4 ,exemption f puni%m5t c\ld be pur*as$ by say+ t "o _h (f]$ sacrifices to ! gods1 or by accept+ a c]tificate t su* sacrifice _h be5 made1 ev5 :5 su* 0 n ! fact2 or1 aga91 by pr(ess+ a read9ess to sacrifice1 )\t ! int5tion ( su* compliance1 or by p]mitt+ a fri5d to te/ify falsely z to ! facts2 & !re 7 ^? :o ?\ght a lie ( ?is sort ju/ifiable1 = ! sav+ ( _! lives1 :5 !y w\ld n h op5ly r5\nc$ _! ,*ri/ian fai?4#a ,!re 0 mu* discussion ov] ^! practices 9 ! writ+s ( ! ,fa!rs2 b :ile !re 0 recogniz$ a diff]5ce betwe5 op5 apo/asy & ! tol]ance ( a falsehood 9 "o's behalf1 x 0 held by ! *ur* au?orities t a lie 0 always s9ful1 ev5 ?\gh !re 7 degrees 9 modes ( s9n+4 ,footnote #a3 ,see ,smi? & ,*ee?am's ,diction>y ( ,*ri/ian ,antiquities1 art4 ,libelli4 ,see also ,b+ham's ,antiquities ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 ,book ,,xvi41 ,*ap4 #ac1 ,section #e2 also ,book ,,xvi41 ,*ap4 #c1 ,section #ad2 ) citations f ,t]tullian1 ,orig51 & ,cyprian4 ,r++ words aga9/ all =ms ( ly+ 7 spok5 by "s ( ! ,*ri/ian ,fa!rs4 ,says ! ,%eph]d ( ,h]mas3 ,love ! tru?1 & let no?+ b tru? proce$ f y\r m\?1 t ! _s :i* ,god has plac$ 9 y\r fle% may be f\nd tru?ful be=e all m52 & ! ,"l1 :o dwelle? 9 y1 w be glorifi$1 because ! ,"l is tru?ful 9 e ^w1 & 9 him is no falsehood4 ,!y1 !re=e1 :o lie1 d5y ! ,"l1 & rob him1 n giv+ back to him ! deposit :i* !y h receiv$4 ,= !y receiv$ f him a _s free f falsehood4 ,if !y give him back ?is _s untru?ful1 !y pollute ! comm&m5t ( ! ,"l1 & become robb]s4#a ,footnote #a3 ,book ,,ii41 ,comm&m5t ,?ird4 ,! ,ante-,nic5e ,fa!rs 7,am4 ed471 ,,ii41 #ba4 ,t]tullian names among s9s ( daily committal1 to :i* we all are liable1 ! s9 ( ly+1 f ba%fulness or mode/y1 or 'necessity4'#a ,orig5 also speaks ( ! frequ5cy ( ly+1 or ( idle talk+2#b z if possibly its frequ5cy 7 9 "s s5se an excuse = x4 ,& ,orig5 specifically claim$ t ! apo/les ,pet] & ,paul agre$ toge!r to deceive _! he>]s at ,antio* by simulat+ a diss5sion betwe5 !mselves1 :5 9 reality !y 7 agre$4#c ,orig5 also seem$ to approve ( false speak+ to ^? :o 7 n entitl$ to "k all ! tru?2 z :5 he says ( ! cauti\s use ( falsehood1 a man on :om necessity imposes ! responsibility ( ly+ is b\nd to use v great c>e1 & to use falsehood z he w\ld a /imulant or a m$ic9e1 & /rictly to pres]ve its measure1 & n g beyond ! b\nds obs]v$ by ,judi? 9 h] deal+s ) ,hol(]nes1 :om %e ov]came by ! wisdom ) :i* %e dissembl$ h] words4#d ,footnote #a3 ,on ,mode/y1 ,*ap4 #ai4 ,! ,ante-,nic5e ,fa!rs1 ,,xiv41 #ig4 ,footnote #b3 ,orig5's ,comm5t>ies on ,mat!w1 ,tract ,,vi41 p4 #fj2 cit$ 9 ,b+ham's ,antiq4 ( ,*r4 ,*41 ,book ,,xvi41 ,*ap4 #c4 ,footnote #c3 ,gal4 #b3 #aa-ad4 ,a concise /atem5t ( ! influ5ce ( ?is tea*+ ( ,orig5 on ! patri/ic int]pretations ( ! passage 9 ,galatians1 is giv5 by ,lightfoot 9 8 comm5t>y on ,galatians1 six? edition1 pp4 #abh-acb4 ,footnote #d3 ,quot$ f ! six? book ( ,orig5's ,miscellanies by ,j]ome1 9 8 ,apology aga9/ ,ruf9us1 ,book ,i41 #ah4 ,see ,! ,nic5e & ,po/-,nic5e ,fa!rs1 second s]ies 7,am4 ed471 ,,iii41 #dib4 ,see1 also1 ,ne&]'s ,ges*i*te d] ,*ri/li*5 ,e?ik1 pp4 #afj1 #afg4 ,!re 7 ,*ri/ian ,fa!rs :o f\nd x conv5i5t to lie1 9 _! own behalf or 9 behalf ( o!rs2 & x 0 q natural = su* mortals to seek to f9d an excuse = lies t seem$ s necess>y = _! purposes4 ,:5 ,gregory ( ,nyssa1 9 8 laudable ef=t to br+ ab\t a reconciliation betwe5 8 eld] bro!r ,basil & _! uncle1 0 induc$ to practice a deceit :i* 0 z irreconcilable ) ,*ri/ian pr9ciples z ) common s5se1#a he 0 ready to argue 9 def5se ( su* a c\rse4 ,footnote #a3 ,moore's ,life ( ,s4 ,gregory ( ,nyssa4 ,! ,nic5e & ,po/-,nic5e ,fa!rs1 second s]ies 7,am4 ed471 ,v41 #e4 ,s aga91 :5 8 bro!r ,basil 0 *>g$ ) falsehood 9 a comp>atively trivial matt]1 7:]e1 9 fact1 he _h m]ely be5 9 error un9t5tionally17 ,gregory falls back ^u ! com=t+ sugge/ion1 t z to ly+1 9 "o way or ano!r ev]ybody is at fault2 accord+ly1 we accept t g5]al /atem5t :i* ! ,holy ,_s utt]$ by ! ,prophet1 ',e man is a li>4'#a ,gregory prote/s aga9/ ! solemn reflections on falsehood by ,eunomius1 9 ?is connection1 & 8 see+ equal he9\sness 9 x :e!r 9 great or v trivial matt]s4 ,cease1 he says1 to bid u ?9k x ( no acc\nt to measure ! guilt ( a falsehood by ! slightness or importance ( ! circum/ances4 ,basil1 on ! contr>y1 ass]ts )\t qualification1 z 8 conviction1 t x nev] is p]missible to employ a falsehood ev5 = a good purpose4 ,he appeals to ! words ( ,*ri/ t all lies are ( ! ,devil4#b ,footnote #a3 ,ibid41 p4 #df4 ,footnote #b3 ,ne&]'s ,ges*i*te d] ,*ri/li*5 ,e?ik1 p4 #bai4 ,*ryso/om1 z a "y man1 evad$ ord9ation = himself & secur$ x to 8 de>e/ fri5d ,basil 7:o %\ld n be conf\nd$ ) ,basil ! ,great1 ! bro!r ( ,gregory ( ,nyssa7 by a c\rse ( deception1 :i* he aft]w>ds labor$ to ju/ify by ! claim t !re 7 lies ( necessity1 & t ,god approv$ ( deception z a means ( good to o!rs4#a ,9 ! c\rse ( 8 exculpatory argum5t1 he said to 8 mu* aggriev$ fri5d ,basil3 ,great is ! value ( deceit1 provid$ x be n introduc$ ) a mis*iev\s int5tion4 ,9 fact1 action ( ?is sort ought n to be call$ deceit1 b r a k9d ( good managem5t1 clev]ness1 & skill1 capable ( f9d+ out ways :]e res\rces fail1 & mak+ up = ! defects ( ! m9d4444 ,t man w\ld fairly des]ve to be call$ a deceiv] :o made an unrighte\s use ( ! practice1 n "o :o did s ) a salut>y purpose4 ,& (t5 x is necess>y to deceive1 & to d ! greate/ b5efits by means ( ?is device1 :]eas he :o has gone by a /raight c\rse has done great mis*ief to ! p]son :om he has n deceiv$4#b ,footnote #a3 ,see ,smi? & ,wace's ,diction>y ( ,*ri/ian ,biography1 ,i41 #eai f42 art4 ,*ryso/om1 ,john4 ,footnote #b3 ,see ,*ryso/om's ,treatise on ! ,prie/hood1 9 ,! ,nic5e & ,po/-,nic5e ,fa!rs1 fir/ s]ies 7,am4 ed471 ,,ix41 #cd-ch4 ,9 fact1 ,*ryso/om seems1 9 ?is argum5t1 to recognize no absolute & unv>y+ /&>d ( tru?fulness z b9d+ on all at all times2 b to judge lies & deceptions z wrong only :5 !y are wrongly us$1 or :5 !y result 9 evil to o!rs4 ,he appe>s to act on ! anti-,*ri/ian !ory#a t ! end ju/ifies ! means4 ,inde$1 ,dr4 ,s*aff1 9 reprobat+ ?is pi\s fraud ( ,*ryso/om1 z conduct :i* e s\nd ,*ri/ian consci5ce mu/ condemn1 says ( ! :ole matt]3 ,! ,jesuitical maxim1 '! end ju/ifies ! means1' is mu* old] ?an ,jesuitism1 & runs ?r\gh ! :ole apocryphal1 pseudo-prophetic1 pseudo-apo/olic1 pseudo-,clem5t9e1 & pseudo-,isidorian lit]ature ( ! e>ly c5turies4 ,sev]al ( ! be/ ,fa!rs %[ a surpris+ want ( a /rict s5se ( v]acity4 ,!y introduce a sort ( *eat ev5 into _! /range !ory ( r$emption1 by suppos+ t ! ,devil caus$ ! crucifixion "u ! delusion int5tionally produc$ by ,god t ,*ri/ 0 a m]e man1 & ?us lo/ 8 claim ^u ! fall5 race4 #b ,footnote #a3 ,rom4 #c3 #g1 #h4 ,footnote #b3 ,see ,dr4 ,s*aff's ,prologem5a to ,! ,life & ,works ( ,/4 ,*ryso/om1 9 ,! ,nic5e & ,po/-,nic5e ,fa!rs1 fir/ ,s]ies 7,am4 ed471 ,,ix41 #h4 ,*ryso/om1 l ,gregory ( ,nyssa1 hav+ done t :i* 0 wrong 9 itself1 ) a laudable end 9 view1 naturally attempts its def5se by ! use ( argum5ts bas$ on a confusion 9 8 own m9d ( ?+s :i* are unju/ifiable1 ) ?+s :i* are all[able4 ,he does n seem to di/+ui% betwe5 delib]ate deception z a mode ( ly+1 & concealm5t ( t :i* "o has a "r to conceal4 ,l _m ano!r def5d] ( ! "r to lie 9 behalf ( a wor?y cause1 9 all ! c5turies1 ,*ryso/om essays no def9ition ( ! lie1 & indicates no di/9ction betwe5 culpable concealm5t1 & concealm5t t is "r & prop]4 ,yet ,*ryso/om 0 a man ( lov+ he>t & ( unwav]+ purpose ( life4 ,9 an age ( evil-do+1 he /ood firm = ! "r4 ,& 9 spite ( any lack ( logical p]ceptions on 8 "p 9 a matt] l ?is1 x c be said ( him ) tru? t p]haps few h ev] ex]cis$ a m p[]ful influ5ce ov] ! he>ts & affections ( ! mo/ exalt$ natures4#a ,footnote #a3 ,smi? & ,wace's ,diction>y ( ,*ri/ian ,biography1 ,i41 #ecb4 ,augu/9e1 on ! o!r h&1 looks at ?is "q1 9 accordance ) ! qualities ( 8 logical m9d1 9 its relation to an absolute /&>d2 & he is ready to accept ! consequ5ces ( an adh]5ce to t /&>d1 :e!r !y be 9 !mselves desirable or deplorable4 ,he is n afraid to def9e a lie1 & to /& by 8 def9ition 9 8 argum5t4 ,he sees & notes ! diff]5ce betwe5 ju/ifiable concealm5t1 & concealm5t t is = ! purpose ( deception4 ,x is lawful !n1 he says on ?is po9t1 to conceal at fitt+ "t :atev] seems fit to be conceal$3 b to tell a lie is nev] lawful1 !re=e nei!r to conceal by tell+ a lie4#a ,9 8 treatise ,on ,ly+ 7,de ,m5dacid71#b & 9 8 treatise ,aga9/ ,ly+ 7,contra ,m5daciuni7#c z well z 9 8 treatise on ,fai?1 ,hope1 & ,love 7,en*iridion71#d & aga9 9 8 ,lett]s to ,j]ome1#e ,augu/9e /ates ! pr9ciple involv$ 9 ?is vex$ "q ( ! ages1 & goes ov] all ! argum5ts = & aga9/ ! s-call$ lie ( necessity4 ,he sees a lie to be a s9 p] se1 & !re=e nev] admissible = any purpose :atsoev]4 ,he sees tru?fulness to be a duty gr[+ out ( man's primal relation to ,god1 & !re=e b9d+ on man :ile man is 9 ,god's sight4 ,he /rikes ?r\gh ! speci\s argum5ts bas$ on any tempor>y advantages to be secur$ ?r\gh ly+1 & rejects utt]ly ! sugge/ion t man may d evil t good may come4 ,footnote #a3 ,! ,nic5e & ,po/-,nic5e ,fa!rs1 fir/ s]ies 7,am4 ed471 ,,ix41 #dff4 ,footnote #b3 ,ibid41 ,,iii41 #dee-dgg4 ,footnote #c3 ,ibid41 pp4 #dgi-ejj4 ,footnote #d3 ,ibid41 pp4 #bcj-bgf4 ,footnote #e3 ,ibid41 ,i41 ,lett]s ( ,/4 ,augu/9e4 ,! s\nd words ( ,augu/9e on ?is "q1 z bas$ on 8 s\nd argum5ts1 come d[n to u ) /r5g? & fre%ness ?r\gh ! int]v5+ c5turies2 & !y are wor?y ( be+ emphasiz$ z ! expressions ( un*ang+ tru? conc]n+ ! duty ( tru?fulness & ! s9 ( ly+4 ,!re is a great "q ab\t ly+1 he says at ! />t1 :i* (t5 arises 9 ! mid/ ( our ev]yday bus9ess1 & gives u mu* tr\ble1 t we may n ei!r ra%ly call t a lie :i* is n su*1 or decide t x is sometimes "r to tell a lie2 t is1 a k9d ( hone/1 well-meant1 *>itable lie4 ,?is "q he discusses ) fulness1 & 9 view ( all t c be said on bo? sides4 ,ev5 ?\gh life or salvation 7 to pivot on ! tell+ ( a lie1 he is sure t no good to be ga9$ c\ld comp5sate = ! committal ( a s94 ,argu+ t a lie is ess5tially oppos$ to ,god's tru?--by :i* alone man c h et]nal life--,augu/9e insi/s t to attempt to save ano!r's life ?r\gh ly+1 is to set (f "o's et]nal life aga9/ ! m]e bodily life ( ano!r4 ,s9ce !n by ly+ et]nal life is lo/1 nev] = any man's temporal life mu/ a lie be told4 ,& z to ^? :o take x ill1 & are indignant t "o %\ld refuse to tell a lie1 & !reby slay 8 own s\l 9 ord] t ano!r may gr[ old 9 ! fle%1 :at if by our committ+ adult]y a p]son might be deliv]$ f dea?3 are we !re=e to /eal1 to commit :or$om4444 ,to ask :e!r a man ought to tell a lie = ! safety ( ano!r1 is j ! same z ask+ :e!r = ano!r's safety a man ought to commit iniquity4 ,good m51 he says1 %\ld nev] tell lies4 ,to tell a lie is nev] lawful1 !re=e nei!r to conceal :5 concealm5t is desirable by tell+ a lie4 ,ref]r+ to ! fact t "s seek to f9d a ju/ification 9 ! ,bible tea*+s = ly+ 9 a good cause1--ev5 9 ! mid/ ( ! v words ( ! div9e te/imonies seek+ place = a lie1--he insi/s1 aft] a full exam9ation ( ?is claim1 t ^? cit$ te/imonies ( ,scripture h none o!r mean+ ?an t we mu/ nev] at all tell a lie4 ,a lie is n all[able1 ev5 to save ano!r f injury4 ,e lie mu/ be call$ a s94 ,nor are we to suppose t !re is any lie t is n a s91 because x is sometimes possible1 by tell+ a lie1 to d s]vice to ano!r4 ,x _c be d5i$ t !y h atta9$ a v high /&>d ( goodness :o nev] lie except to save a man f injury2 b 9 ! case ( m5 :o h rea*$ ?is /&>d1 x is n ! deceit1 b _! good int5tion1 t is ju/ly prais$1 & sometimes ev5 rew>d$1--z 9 ! case ( ,rahab 9 ! ,bible /ory4 ,!re is no lie t is n contr>y to tru?4 ,= z light & d>kness1 piety & impiety1 ju/ice & inju/ice1 s9 & righte\sness1 heal? & sickness1 life & dea?1 s are tru? & a lie contr>y ! "o to ! o!r4 ,:5ce by h[ mu* we love ! =m]1 by s mu* ought we to hate ! latt]4 ,x does inde$ make v mu* diff]5ce = :at cause1 ) :at end1 ) :at int5tion1 a ?+ be done3 b ^? ?+s :i* are cle>ly s9s1 are ^u no plea ( a good cause1 ) no seem+ good end1 no alleg$ good int5tion1 to be done4 ,^? works1 namely1 ( m51 :i* are n 9 !mselves s9s1 are n[ good1 n[ evil1 accord+ z _! causes are good or evil4444 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! works 9 !mselves are evil1444 :o is !re t w say1 t ^u good causes1 !y may be done1 s z ei!r to be no s9s1 or1 :at is m absurd1 to be j s9s8 ,he :o says t "s lies are j1 mu/ be judg$ to say no o!r ?an t "s s9s are j1 & t !re=e "s ?+s are j :i* are unju/3 ?an :i* :at c be m absurd8 ,ei!r !n we are to es*ew lies by "r do+1 or to confess !m :5 guilty ( !m by rep5t+3 b n1 :ile !y unhappily ab\nd 9 our liv+1 to make !m m by tea*+ also4 ,9 reply+ to ! argum5t t x w\ld be bett] to lie conc]n+ an innoc5t man ^: life 0 s\ght by an enemy1 or by an unju/ accus]1 ?an to betray him to 8 dea?1 ,augu/9e said c\rage\sly3 ,h[ mu* brav]1444 h[ mu* m excell5t1 to say1 ',i w nei!r betray nor lie4' ,?is1 he said1 did a =m] bi%op ( ! ,*ur* ( ,taga/e1 ,firmus by "n1 & ev5 m firm 9 w4 ,= :5 he 0 ask$ by comm& ( ! emp]or1 ?r\gh (fic]s s5t by him1 = a man :o 0 tak+ refuge ) him1 & :om he kept 9 hid+ ) all possible c>e1 he made answ] to _! que/ions1 t he c\ld nei!r tell a lie nor betray a man2 & :5 he _h suff]$ s _m torm5ts ( body 7= z yet emp]ors 7 n ,*ri/ians71 he /ood firm 9 8 purpose4 ,!reupon1 be+ br\ght be=e ! emp]or1 8 conduct appe>$ s admirable t he )\t any difficulty obta9$ a p>don = ! man :om he 0 try+ to save4 ,:at conduct c\ld be m brave & con/ant8#a ,footnote #a3 ,see ,! ,nic5e & ,po/-,nic5e ,fa!rs1 fir/ s]ies 7,am4 ed471 ,,iii41 #djh4 ,! treatise ,aga9/ ,ly+ 0 writt5 by ,augu/9e ) special ref]5ce to ! practice & tea*+ ( ! sect ( ,priscilliani/s4 ,^! ,*ri/ians affirm$1 ) "s o!r ( ! !osophic sects1 t falsehood 0 all[able = a holy end4 ,absolute v]acity 0 only b9d+ betwe5 fell[-memb]s ( _! sect4#a ,h5ce x 0 claim$ by "s o!r ,*ri/ians t x w\ld be fair to %ut out ,priscilliani/s f a "r to h only tru? spok5 to !m1 s9ce !y w\ld n admit t x is always b9d+ betwe5 man & man4 ,?is view ( tru?fulness z m]ely a social obligation ,augu/9e utt]ly repudiat$2 z1 inde$1 mu/ be ! case ) e "o :o reckons ly+ a s9 9 & ( itself4 ,augu/9e consid]$1 9 ?is treatise1 v>i\s hypo!tical cases1 9 :i* ! tell+ ( ! tru? might result 9 dea? to a sick man1 :ile ! tell+ ( a falsehood might save 8 life4 ,he said frankly3 ,& :o c be> m5 ca/+ up to him :at a mis*ief x is to %un a lie t might save life1 & to *oose tru? :i* might murd] a man8 ,i am mov$ by ?is objection exce$+ly1 b x 7 d\btful :e!r also wisely4 ,yet he sees t x 7 nev] safe to *oose s9 z a means to good1 9 pref]5ce to tru? & "r ) all _! consequ5ces4 ,footnote #a3 ,see ,smi? & ,wace's ,dict4 ( ,*ris4 ,biog41 ,,iv41 #dgh1 art4 ,priscillianus4 ,j]ome hav+1 l _m o!rs1 adopt$ ,orig5's explanation ( ! sc5e betwe5 ,pet] & ,paul at ,antio*1 ,augu/9e wrote to him 9 prote/ aga9/ su* tea*+1 ) its impli$ approval ( deceit & falsehood4#a ,a correspond5ce on ?is subject 0 cont9u$ betwe5 ^! two ,fa!rs = ye>s2#b & f9ally ,j]ome 0 l$ to adopt ,augu/9e's view ( ! matt]1#c & also to condemn ,orig5 = 8 loose views z to ! duty ( v]acity4#d ,b h[ev] ,j]ome might vacillate 9 8 !ory1 z 9 8 practice1 conc]n+ ! p]man5t obligations ( tru?fulness1 ,augu/9e /ood firm f fir/ to la/ 9 ! position :i* is ju/ifi$ by ! tea*+s ( ! ,bible & by ! moral s5se ( ! human race z a :ole1--t a lie is always a lie & always a s91 & t a lie c nev] be ju/ifi$ z a means to ev5 ! be/ ( ends4 ,footnote #a3 ,see ,! ,nic5e & ,po/-,nic5e ,fa!rs1 fir/ s]ies 7,am4 ed471 ,i41 ,lett]s ,,xxviii41 ,,xl4 ,footnote #b3 ,ibid41 ,lett]s ,,lxvii41 ,,lxviii41 ,,lxxii41 ,,lxxiii41 ,,lxxiv41 ,,lxxv4 ,footnote #c3 ,ibid41 ,lett] ,,clxxx4 ,footnote #d3 ,! ,nic5e & ,po/-,nic5e ,fa!rs1 second s]ies 7,am4 ed471 ,,iii41 #dfj ff42 ,ruf9us' ,apology1 ,book ,,ii42 ,j]ome's ,apology1 ,book ,i41 p4 #dib4 ,f ! days ( ,*ryso/om & ,augu/9e to ! pres5t "t1 all discussions ( ?is "q h be5 b a repetition ( ! argum5ts & objections !n br\ght =w>d & exam9$4 ,!re c be1 9 fact1 only two positions ma9ta9$ ) any %[ ( logical consi/5cy4 ,ei!r a lie is 9 its v nature antagoni/ic to ! be+ ( ,god1 & !re=e n to be us$ or approv$ by him1 :atev] imm$iate advantages might accrue f x1 or :atev] consequ5ces might pivot on its rejection2 or a lie is n 9 itself a s91 is n ess5tially at v>iance ) ! nature ( ,god1 b is good or evil accord+ to ! _s ( its use1 & ! end to be ga9$ by x2 & !re=e on occasions ,god c\ld lie1 or c\ld approve ly+ on ! "p ( ^? :o repres5t him4 ,! fir/ ( ^! positions is t ma9ta9$ by ! ,%eph]d ( ,h]mas1 by ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 by ,basil ! ,great1 & by ,augu/9e2 ! second is practically t occupi$ by ,gregory ( ,nyssa & ,*ryso/om1 ev5 ?\gh !y d n explicitly def9e1 or ev5 seem to p]ceive1 x z _! position4 ,!re are1 aga91 ^? l ,orig5 & ,j]ome1 :o are n[ on "o side ( ! divid+ l9e1 & n[ on ! o!r2 b !y are n logically consi/5t ) !mselves 9 _! op9ions or practices4 ,& ^? :o are n consi/5t usually refra9 f explicit def9itions ( ! lie & ( falsehood2 !y make no attempt at di/+ui%+ betwe5 ju/ifiable concealm5t1 & concealm5t = ! v purpose ( deception4 ,) all ! argum5ts on ?is "q1 9 all ! c5turies1 compris$ )9 ^! well-def9$ b\nds1 x 7 useless to "n ea* prom95t disputant1 9 ord] m]ely to classify him z on ! "o side or on ! o!r1 or z zigzagg+ along ! l9e :i* he fails to p]ceive4 ,x 7 suffici5t to po9t out a few pre-em95t m\nta9 peaks1 9 ! c5turies betwe5 ! fif? & ! n9ete5 ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 z indicative ( ! p]spective hi/ory ( ?is discussion4 ,t[]+ above ! greate/ ( ! ,s*oolm5 9 ! lat] middle ages /&s ,?omas ,aqu9as4 ,z a man ( massive intellect1 ( ke5ness ( p]ception1 ( consi/5t logical in/9cts1 & ( unque/ion$ s9c]ity & great p]sonal dev\tness1 we might expect him to be f\nd1 l ,augu/9e1 on ! side ( pr9ciple aga9/ policy1 9 unqualifi$ condemnation ( ly+ "u any circum/ances :atsoev]1 & 9 advocacy ( tru?fulness at all haz>ds4 ,& t1 z a matt] ( fact1 is 8 position4 ,9 8 ,summa ,!ologies#a ,aqu9as discusses ?is :ole "q ) em95t fairness1 & ) great ?or\ghness4 ,he fir/ /ates ! claims ( ^? :o1 f ! days ( ,*ryso/om1 _h made excuses = ly+ ) a good end 9 view1 & !n he meets ^? claims sev]ally4 ,he looks ^u lies z evil 9 !mselves1 & z 9 no way to be deem$ good & lawful1 s9ce a "r concurr5ce ( all elem5ts is ess5tial to a ?+'s be+ good4 ,:5ce1 e lie is a s91 z ,augu/9e says 9 8 book ',aga9/ ,ly+4' ,8 conclusion1 9 view ( all t is to be said on bo? sides ( ! "q1 is3 ,ly+ is s9ful n only z h>mful to our neighbor1 b because ( its own disord]l9ess4 ,x is no m p]mitt$ to d :at is disord]ly t is1 contr>y to ! div9e ord] ( ! univ]se 9 ord] to prev5t h>m1 ?an x is to /eal = ! purpose ( giv+ alms1 except inde$ 9 case ( necessity :5 all ?+s are common prop]ty :51 = in/ance1 ! tak+ ( ne$ful food 9 "t ( a great disa/]1 z on a wreck$ %ip1 is n /eal+4 ,& !re=e x is n all[able to utt] a lie ) ?is view1 t we may deliv] "o f "s p]il4 ,x is all[able1 h[ev]1 to conceal ! tru? prud5tly1 by a sort ( dissimulation1 z ,augu/9e says4 ,?is recognizes ! correctness ( ,augu/9e's position1 t concealm5t ( :at "o has a "r to conceal may be "r1 provid$ no lie is involv$ 9 ! concealm5t4 ,z to ! relative grades ( s9 9 ly+1 ,aqu9as c\nts ly+ to ano!r's hurt z a mortal s91 & ly+ to av]t h>m f ano!r z a v5ial s92 b he sees t bo? are s9s4 ,footnote #a3 ,secunda ,secundae1 ,quae/io ,,cx41 art4 ,,iii4 ,x is natural to f9d ,aqu9as1 z a repres5tative ( ! ke5-m9d$ ,dom9icans1 /&+ by tru? z an et]nal pr9ciple1 reg>dless ( consequ5ces2 z x is also natural to f9d1 on ! o!r side1 ,duns ,scotus1 z a repres5tative ( ! easy-go+ ,franciscans1 ) 8 d5ial ( good absolute save z manife/$ 9 ! arbitr>y w ( ,god4 ,duns ,scotus accept$ ! !ory ( a tw(old tru?1 ascrib$ to ,av]roes1 t "o & ! same affirmation might be !ologically true & philosophically false1 & vice v]sa4 ,9 ,duns ,scotus's view1 ,god does n *oose a ?+ because x is good1 b ! ?+ *os5 is good because ,god *ooses x2 x is good simply & solely because ,god has will$ x precisely s2 b he might j z readily h will$ ! opposite !re(4 ,h5ce also ,god is n et]nally b\nd by 8 comm&s1 & he c 9 fact annul !m4#a ,accord+ to ?is view1 ,god c\ld =bid ly+ to-day & ju/ify x to-morr[4 ,x is n surpris+1 !re=e1 t falsehood & misrepres5tation are "u c]ta9 circum/ances all[able1 9 ! op9ion ( ,duns ,scotus4 ,footnote #a3 ,see ,kurtz's ,*ur* ,hi/ory 7,macph]son's ,translation71 ,,ii41 #aja1 #afg-afi2 ,ueb]weg's ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy1 ,i41 #daf1 #def f42 ,wuttke's ,*ri/ian ,e?ics 7,am4 ed471 ,i41 #bah1 ,sec4 #cd4 ,s1 all along ! c5turies1 ! religi\s tea*] :o holds to ! l9e betwe5 tru? & falsehood z an et]nal l9e mu/1 if logically consi/5t1 refuse to admit any possible ju/ification ( ly+4 ,only he :o d5ies an et]nally absolute l9e betwe5 ! true & ! false c\ld admit ) consi/5cy ! ju/ification by ,god ( an act t is ess5tially ho/ile to ! div9e nature4 ,any exception to ?is rule is likely to be :]e a sympa!tic nature incl9es a tea*] to seek = an excuse = t :i* seems desirable ev5 ?\gh x be !oretically wrong4 ,:5 x comes to ! days ( ! ,prote/ant ,re=mation1 we f9d ,john ,calv91 l 8 prototype ,augu/9e1 & l ,augu/9e's foll[] ,aqu9as1 /&+ firmly aga9/ a lie z antagoni/ic to ! v nature ( ,god1 & !re=e nev] ju/ifiable4 ,m>t9 ,lu!r1 also1 is a fe>less lov] ( ! tru?2 b he is dispos$ to f9d excuses = a lie told ) a good end 9 view1 al?\gh he refra9s f ass]t+ t ev5 ! be/ dispos$ lie lacks ! elem5t ( s9fulness4#a ,on ! o!r h&1 ,ignatius ,loyola1 & 8 associates 9 ! f\nd+ ( ! ,society ( ,jesus z a means ( *eck+ ! ,prote/ant ,re=mation1 act$ on ! idea t 0 involv$ 9 ! !ology ( ,duns ,scotus1 t ! only /&>d ( tru? & "r is 9 ! absolute & arbitr>y w ( ,god2 & t1 !re=e1 if ,god1 speak+ ?r\gh 8 repres5tative 9 ! newly =m$ ,society1 comm&s ! tell+ ( a lie1 a lie is ju/ifiable1 & its tell+ is a duty4 ,moreov]1 ^! ,jesuit lead]s 9 def9+1 or 9 expla9+ away1 ! lie1 include1 "u ! head ( ju/ifiable concealm5t1 equivocations & falsifications t ! ord9>y m9d w\ld see to be =ms ( ! lie4#b ,footnote #a3 ,see ,m>t5s5's ,*ri/ian ,e?ics1 p4 #baf4 ,comp>e1 = example1 ,lu!r's comm5ts on ,exodus ,i3 #ae-ba1 ) ,calv9's comm5ts on ,g5esis #ab3 #ad-bj4 ,footnote #b3 ,see ,symonds's ,r5aissance 9 ,italy1 ,i41 #bfc-bfg2 ,c>twright's ,! ,jesuits2 ,meyrick's ,moral ,!ology ( ! ,*ur* ( ,rome2 ,pascal's ,prov9cial ,lett]s4 ,see1 also1 ,kurtz's ,*ur* ,hi/ory1 ,,ii41 #dcj4 ,x is common to po9t to ! argum5ts ( ! ,jesuits 9 favor ( lies ( exp$i5cy1 9 _! "w = ! ,*ur* & = s\ls1 z ?\gh _! position 7 exceptional1 & !y /ood all by !mselves 9 includ+ falsehood z a means to be employ$ rightfully = a good end4 ,b 9 ?is !y are simply logically consi/5t foll[]s ( ^? ,*ri/ian ,fa!rs1 & _! successors 9 e bran* ( ! ,*ur*1 :o h held t a lie = righte\s purposes 0 admissible :5 ! results to be secur$ by x 7 ( vital importance4 ,all ! ref9em5ts ( casui/ry h _! value to ^? :o admit t a lie may be "r "u c]ta9 conceivable circum/ances2 b to ^? :o1 l ,augu/9e & ,aqu9as1 insi/ t a lie is a s9 p] se1 & !re=e nev] admissible1 casui/ry itself has no int]e/ z a means ( %[+ :5 a s9 is n s9ful4#a ,footnote #a3 ,h5ce ! casui/ry ( ! ,s*oolm5 & ( ! ,jesuits1 & ! "q ( ,m5tal ,res]vations1 & ( ,probabilities1 are n treat$ 9 detail "h4 ,"s ( ! zeal\s def5d]s ( ! pr9ciples & me?ods ( ! ,jesuits affirm t1 9 _! advocacy ( dissimulation & prev>ication 9 ! int]e/s ( a good cause1 ! ,jesuits d n int5d to ju/ify ly+1 b are po9t+ out me?ods ( prop] concealm5t :i* are n )9 ! realm ( ! lie4 ,9 ?is 7waiv+ ! "q :e!r ^! def5d]s are "r or n z to ! fact7 !y seem ev5 m desir\s ( be+ c\nt$ aga9/ ly+ ?an ^? tea*]s1 9 ! ,romi% ,*ur* or among ,prote/ants1 :o boldly affirm t a lie itself is sometimes ju/ifiable4 ,?us x is claim$ by a ,roman ,ca?olic writ]1 9 def5se ( ! ,jesuits1 t ,liguori1 _! favorite !ologian1 taught t to speak falsely is immutably a s9 aga9/ ,god4 ,x may be p]mitt$ "u no circum/ances1 n ev5 to save life4 ,pope ,innoc5t ,,iii4 says1 ',n ev5 to def5d our life is x lawful to speak falsely2' !re=e1 :5 ,liguori approves any actions t seem oppos$ to tru?fulness1 he all[s ! in/ances because !y are n falsehood4#a ,on ! o!r h&1 ,j]emy ,taylor squ>ely ass]ts3 ,x is lawful to tell a lie to *ildr5 or to madm51 because !y1 hav+ no p[]s ( judg+1 h no "r to ! tru?4#b ,footnote #a3 ,see ,meyrick's ,moral ,!ology ( ! ,*ur* ( ,rome1 ,app5dix1 p4 #bef f4 ,footnote #b3 ,j]emy ,taylor's ,ductor ,dubitantium1 9 8 ,works1 ,x41 #ajc4 ,b ,j]emy ,taylor's tr\ble is 9 8 indef9ite def9ition ( a lie1 & 9 8 consequ5t confusion ( m9d & ( /atem5t ) ref]5ce to ! limitations ( ! duty ( v]acity4 ,he writes on ?is subject at consid]able l5g?1#a & 9 alt]nation decl>es himself pla9ly fir/ on "o side1 & !n on ! o!r1 ( ! ma9 "q1 )\t ev5 an attempt at logical consi/5cy4 ,he />ts out ) ! idea t we are to endeavor to be l ,god1 :o is tru? ess5tially2 t ,god speaks tru? because x is 8 nature2 t ! ,holy ,scriptures ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t d indef9itely & sev]ely =bid ly+1 & our bless$ ,savi\r condemns x by decl>+ e lie to be ( ! ,devil2 & t beyond ^! ?+s no?+ c c\ld be said = ! condemnation ( ly+4 ,all t c]ta9ly is explicit & s\nd1--z s\nd z ,basil ! ,great1 z ,/4 ,augu/9e1 or z ,?omas ,aqu9as6 ,footnote #a3 ,j]emy ,taylor's ,ductor ,dubitantium1 9 8 ,works1 ,x41 #ajj-acb4 ,:5 he attempts ! def9ition ( a lie1 h[ev]1 ,j]emy ,taylor w\ld seem to claim t inju/ice t[>d o!rs & an evil motive are ( its v ess5ce1 & t1 if ^! be lack+1 a lie is n a lie4 ,ly+ is to be und]/ood to be some?+ said or writt5 to ! hurt ( a neighbor1 :i* _c be und]/ood by ! he>] or read] o!rwise ?an to diff] f ! m9d ( him t speaks4 ,z ,melan*?on says1 ,to lie is to deceive our neighbor to 8 hurt4 ,if a lie be unju/1 x c nev] become lawful2 b if x c be sep>ate f inju/ice1 !n x may be innoc5t4 ,j]emy ,taylor naturally falls back on ! ,bible /ories ( ! ,hebrew midwives & ,rahab ! h>lot1 & assumes t ,god comm5d$ _! ly+1 z ly+1 because !y _h a good end 9 view2 & he ass]ts t x is necess>y sometimes by a lie to advantage *>ity by los+ ( a tru? to save a life1 & t to tell a lie = *>ity1 to save a man's life1 ! life ( a fri5d1 ( a husb&1 ( a pr9ce1 ( an useful & a public p]son1 ha? n only be5 done 9 all times1 b comm5d$ by great & wise & good m54 ,f ?is x w\ld appe> t ly+1 :i* ,j]emy ,taylor sets out ) d5\nc+ z contr>y to ,god's nature1 & z decl>$ by our ,savi\r to be always ( ! ,devil1 may1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 be a godly s94 ,gregory ( ,nyssa & "y ,*ryso/om c\ld n h done bett] ?an ?is 9 %[+ ! s9lessness ( a s9 9 a good cause4 ,see+ t concealm5t ( t :i* is true is (t5 a duty1 & see+ also t concealm5t ( t :i* ought to be disclos$ is (t5 practically a lie1 ,j]emy ,taylor app>5tly2 jumps to ! conclusion t concealm5t & equivocation & ly+ are practically ! same ?+1 & t !re=e ly+ is sometimes a duty1 :ile aga9 x is a s94 ,he holds t ! "r to be spok5 to 9 tru?fulness1 ?\gh x be regul>ly & commonly belong+ to all m51 yet x may be tak5 away by a sup]ior "r sup]v5+2 or x may be lo/1 or x may be h9d]$1 or x may cease ^u a great] reason4 ,z t :i* is b ! half ( a true proposition ei!r signifies no?+ or is directly a lie1 x mu/ be admitt$ t 9 ! same cases 9 :i* x is lawful to tell a lie1 9 ! same cases x is lawful to use a m5tal res]vation2 & :]e x is lawful to lie1 x is lawful to equivocate1 :i* may be some?+ less ?an a pla9 lie4 ,moreov]1 x is lawful ^u a j cause ( great *>ity or necessity to use1 9 our answ]s & int]c\rses1 words ( div]s signification1 ?\gh x does deceive him t asks4 ,j]emy ,taylor +5u\sly confesses t1 9 c]ta9 cases :]e ly+ is all[able or is a duty1 ! prejudice :i* ! "q is l to h is 9 ! mean+ & evil s\nd ( ! ^w ly+2 :i*1 because x is s hateful to ,god & man1 ca/s a cl\d ^u any?+ t x comes ne>4 ,b1 on ! :ole1 ,j]emy ,taylor is will+ to employ ) comm5dation t v ^w ly+ :i* is s hateful to ,god & man4 ,& 9 v>i\s cases he insi/s t x is lawful to tell a lie1 al?\gh ! lie mu/ be *>itable & useful1--a good lie1 & n a wick$ lie2 = a good lie is good1 & a wick$ lie is wick$4 ,he does n %r9k f ! consequ5ces ( 8 false position4 ,j]emy ,taylor c !re=e be cit$ z argu+ t a lie is nev] admissible1 b t x (t5 is comm5dable4 ,he does n seem to be q sure ( any real diff]5ce betwe5 ly+ & ju/ifiable concealm5t1 or to h 9 8 m9d an unv>y+ l9e betwe5 tru?fulness & ly+4 ,he admits t ,god & man hate ly+1 b t a good lie1 nev]!less1 is a v good ?+4 ,& s he leaves ! subject 9 m ( a muddle ?an he f\nd x4 ,com+ d[n to ! pres5t c5tury1 p]haps ! mo/ prom95t & influ5tial def5d] ( ! lie ( necessity1 or ( limitations to ! law ( v]acity1 is ,ri*>d ,ro!2 !re=e x is important to give special att5tion to 8 op9ions & argum5ts on ?is subject4 ,ro! 0 a man ( great ability1 ( lovely _s1 & ( p]vasive p]sonal influ5ce2 & z a consequ5ce 8 op9ions c>ry special weight ) 8 num]\s pupils & foll[]s4 ,kurtz#a *>act]izes ,ro! z "o ( ! mo/ pr(\nd ?9k]s ( ! c5tury1 equal$ by none ( 8 contempor>ies 9 ! grasp1 dep?1 & orig9ality ( 8 speculation1 & 8 ,!ological ,e?ics z a "w :i* 9 dep?1 orig9ality1 & conclusiv5ess ( reason+1 is almo/ unapproa*$4 ,& 9 ! op9ion ( ,li*t5b]g]1#b ,ro! is unque/ionably ! mo/ di/+ui%$ !ologian ( ! ,s*ool ( ,conciliation1 & ! mo/ orig9al ?9k] s9ce ,s*lei]ma*]1 :ile he also %[$ himself to be "o ( ! humble/ ,*ri/ians & "o ( ! f9e/ =m$ *>act]s ( 8 age4 ,x is n to be wond]$ at !re=e1 t1 :5 su* a lead] 9 ?\ght & 9 influ5ce z ,ro! decl>es himself 9 favor ( a judici\s use ( falsehood z a means ( good1 _m are incl9$ to feel t !re mu/ be "s s\nd reason = 8 c\rse4 ,yet1 on ! o!r h&1 ! argum5ts 9 favor ( falsehood1 put =w>d by ev5 su* a man1 ought to be scrut9iz$ ) c>e1 9 ord] to asc]ta9 if !y are any?+ m ?an ! famili> argum5ts on ! same side repeat$ 9 v>y+ phrase 9 all ! =m] c5turies f ,*ryso/om to ,j]emy ,taylor4 ,footnote #a3 ,*ur* ,hi/ory 7,macph]son's translation71 ,,iii41 #bja4 ,footnote #b3 ,hi/ory ( ,g]man ,!ology 9 ! #ai? ,c5tury1 p4 #dib4 ,! tr\ble ) ,ro! 9 8 treatm5t ( ?is ,matt]#a is1 t he consid]s ! duty ( tru?fulness m]ely 9 its p]sonal & social aspects1 )\t any direct ref]5ce to ! nature1 & ! decl>$ w1 ( ,god4 ,moreov]1 8 peculi> def9ition ( a lie is adapt$ to 8 view ( ! necessities ( ! case4 ,he def9es a lie z ! unlov+ misuse ( spee* 7or ( o!r recogniz$ means ( communication7 to ! int5tional deception ( our neighbor4 ,9 8 m9d1 lovelessness t[>d "o's fell[-man is ( ! v ess5ce ( ! lie1 & :5 "o speaks falsely 9 expression ( a _s ( love to o!rs1 x is n necess>ily a lie4 ,footnote #a3 ,ro!'s ,!ologis*e ,e?ik1 ,i,vter ,b&1 #ajfd1 #ajfe4 ,ro! does n seem to recognize1 9 its application to ?is matt]1 ! great pr9ciple t !re is no true love = man except 9 con=mity to & 9 expression ( love = ,god2 h5ce t no?+ t is 9 direct violation ( a primal law ( ,god c be an exhibition ( real love = "o ( ,god's creatures4 ,x is true t ,ro! assumes t ! subject ( ,!ological ,e?ics is an ess5tial bran* ( ,speculative ,!ology2 b 9 8 treatm5t ( ,special ,duties he seems to assume t ,society r ?an ,god is _! backgr\nd1 & !re=e ! idea ( s9 z s9 does n ent] into ! discussion4 ,8 :ole argum5t & 8 conclusions are an illu/ration ( ! folly ( attempt+ to solve any problem 9 e?ics )\t consid]+ ! relation to x ( ,god's et]nal laws1 & ( ! et]nal pr9ciples :i* are involv$ 9 ! v conception ( ,god4 ,e?ics necess>ily includes m ?an social duties1 & mu/ be consid]$ 9 ! light ( duty to ,god z above all4 ,! int5tional deception ( our neighbor1 says ,ro!1 by say+ :at is untrue1 is n inv>iably & unqualifi$ly a lie4 ,! "q 9 ?is case is ess5tially "o ( ! purpose4444 ,x is only 9 ! case :]e ! untru? spok5 ) int5t to deceive is at ! same "t an act ( unlov+ness t[>d our neighbor1 t x is a violation ( tru?fulness z already def9$1 t is1 a lie4 ,9 ,ro!'s view1 !re are relations ( m5 to ea* o!r 9 :i* = ! "t be+ av[$ly ! e?ical fell[%ip does n exi/1 al?\gh ! susp5sion ( ?is fell[%ip mu/1 ( c\rse1 always be reg>d$ z tempor>y1 & ?is inde$ z a matt] ( duty = at lea/ "o ( ! p>ties4 ,"h !re c be no m5tion ( love1 & !re=e no m ( ! want ( x4 ,social duties be+ 9 su* cases susp5d$1 & ! idea ( any special duty t[>d ,god n be+ 9 consid]ation1 x is q prop]1 z ,ro! sees x1 = enemies 9 w>1 or 9 private life1 to speak falsely to ea* o!r4 ,su* enemies naturally h 9 spee* simply a weapon :i* "o may use aga9/ ! o!r4444 ,! duty ( speak+ ! tru? _c ev5 be ?\ght ( z exi/+ betwe5 p]sons s array$ aga9/ ea* o!r4444 ,h[ev] !y may try to deceive ea* o!r1 ev5 ) ! help ( spee*1 !y d n lie4 ,b ,ro! goes ev5 f>!r ?an ?is 9 ! advocacy ( su* violations1 or abrogations1 ( ! law ( v]acity1 z w\ld und]m9e ! v f\ndations ( social life1 & z w\ld r5d] ! law aga9/ falsehood little m ?an a v>iable p]sonal rule = limit$ & select$ applications1--aft] ! fa%ion ( ! ,am]ican humori/ :o believ$ 9 univ]sal salvation if he c\ld pick 8 m54 ,ro! tea*es t falsehood is a duty1 n only :5 x is ne$ful 9 deal+ ) public or p]sonal enemies1 b (t51 also1 9 deal+ ) *ildr51 ! sick1 ! insane1 ! drunk51 ! passionately excit$1 & ! morally weak1--& t takes 9 a l>ge %>e ( ! human race4 ,he gives _m illu/rations ( falsehood suppos$ to be necess>y 7:]e1 9 fact1 !y w\ld seem to ! ke5-m9d$ read] to be q sup]flu\s#a7 & hav+ affirm$ ! duty ( false speak+ 9 ^! cases1 he takes x = grant$ 79 a /range misconception ( ! moral s5se ( mank9d7 t ! deceiv$ p>ties w\ld1 if appeal$ to 9 _! bett] s5ses1 ju/ify ! falsehoods spok5 by mo!rs 9 ! nurs]y1 by physicians 9 ! sick-room1 & by ! cle>-head$ sob] man 9 8 int]c\rse ) ! angry or fooli% or drunk5 individual4 ,footnote #a3 ,nitzs*1 ! mo/ em95t dogmatic !ologian among ,s*lei]ma*]'s imm$iate disciples1 d5ies ! possibility ( conceiv+ ( a case :]e lov+ consid]ation = o!rs1 or any o!r dutiful reg>d = !m1 w n atta9 its end o!rwise & m truly & nobly ?an by ly+ to !m1 or :]e ! lov+ li> or falsifi] might n h act$ /ill m lov+ly & wisely )\t any falsification4444 ,! lie told f suppos$ necessity or to s]ve ano!r is always1 ev5 9 ! mo/ favorable circum/ances1 a sign ei!r ( a wisdom :i* is lack+ 9 love & tru?1 or ( a love :i* is lack+ 9 wisdom4 ,( c\rse1 he says1 su* a proc$ure presupposes a c]ta9 relation ( gu>dian%ip1 on ! "p ( ! "o :o speaks untru?1 ov] him :om he deceives1 & a relative irresponsibility on ! "p ( ! o!r1--an incapacity to make use ( c]ta9 tru?s except to 8 actual moral injury4 ,& 9 ea* case all dep5ds on ! accuracy ( ?is assumption4 ,x is appall+ to f9d a man l ,ro! ann\nc+ a pr9ciple l ?is z op]ative 9 social e?ics6 ,e man to decide = himself 7tak+ ! responsibility1 ( c\rse1 = 8 p]sonal decision7 :e!r he is 9 any s5se su* a gu>dian ( 8 fell[-man z %all make x 8 duty to speak falsely to him 9 love6 ,ro! frankly admits t !re is no evid5ce t ,jesus ,*ri/1 :ile sett+ an example "h among m51 ev] spoke "o ( ^! dutiful untru?s2 al?\gh x c]ta9ly w\ld seem t ,jesus might h fairly claim$ z good a "r to a gu>dian%ip ( 8 e>?ly fell[s z ! av]age man ( n[adays4#a ,b ?is does n re/ra9 ,ro! f delib]ately advis+ 8 fell[-m5 to a diff]5t c\rse4 ,footnote #a3 ,ro! says on ?is po9t3 ,t ! ,savi\r spoke untru? is a *>ge to ^: support only a s+le passage1 ,john #g3h1 c be alleg$ ) any %[ ( plausibility4 ,b ev5 "h !re 0 no speak+ ( untru?1 ev5 if ,greek3 anka disput$ read+ be reg>d$ z ! "r read+4 ,see on ?is passage ,mey] 9 8 ,comm5t>y1 & ,we/cott 9 ,! ,bible ,comm5t>y4 ,ro! names ,m>he9eke1 ,de,wette1 von ,ammon1 ,h]b>t1 ,h>t5/e91 ,s*w>tz1 ,h>less1 & ,re9h>d1 z agree+ 9 ! ma9 ) 8 position2 :ile z oppos$ to x he m5tions ,kant1 ,fi*te1 ,krause1 ,s*lei]ma*]1 von ,hirs*]1 ,nitzs*1 ,flatt1 & ,baumg>t5-,crusius4 ,b ?is is by no means a "q to be settl$ by votes2 & n "o ( ! writ]s cit$ by ,ro! z ( 8 m9d1 9 ?is controv]sy1 has any?+ new to (f] 9 def5se ( a position 9 su* radical disagreem5t ) ! tea*+s ( ! ,bible1 & ) ! moral s5se ( ! race1 on ?is po9t1 z t tak5 by ,ro!4 ,9 8 ignor+ ( ! nature & ! w ( ,god z ! basis ( an argum5t 9 ?is matt]1 & 9 8 arbitr>y & unau?oriz$ def9ition ( a lie 7) its inclusion ( ! claim t ! delib]ate utt]ance ( a /atem5t kn[n to be false1 = ! express purpose ( deceiv+ ! "o to :om x is spok51 is n necess>ily & inevitably a lie71 ,ro! /&s q pre-em95t4 ,wuttke says1 inde$1 ( ,ro!'s treatm5t ( e?ics3 ,morality z he sees x is an indep5d5t some?+ alongside ( piety1 & re/s by no means on piety1--is entirely co-ord9ate to & indep5d5t ( x4#a ,yet s great is ! g5]al influ5ce ( ,ro!1 t v>i\s e*oes ( 8 argum5ts = falsehoods 9 love are to be f\nd 9 subsequ5t ,engli% & ,am]ican utt]ances on ,*ri/ian e?ics4 ,footnote #a3 ,wuttke's ,*ri/ian ,e?ics 7,lacroix's transl471 #dh4 ,contemporane\s ) ,ri*>d ,ro!1 & fully 8 pe] 9 intellectual =ce & ,*ri/-lik5ess ( _s1 /&s ,isaac ,augu/ ,dorn]4 ,dr4 ,s*aff says ( him3#a ,dr4 ,dorn] 0 "o ( ! pr(\nde/ & mo/ le>n$ !ologians ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 & ranks ) ,s*lei]ma*]1 ,ne&]1 ,nitzs*1 ,julius ,mll]1 & ,ri*>d ,ro!4 ,he ma/]$ ! !ology ( ,s*lei]ma*] & ! philosophy ( ,hegel1 appropriat$ ! be/ elem5ts ( bo?1 infus$ into !m a positive evangelical fai? & a hi/oric _s2 & z a lectur]1 especially on dogmatics & e?ics 444 he excell$ all 8 contempor>ies4 ,& to ?is e/imate ( him ,pr(essor ,mead adds3#b ,ev5 "o :o kn[s ,dorn] m]ely z ! !ological writ]1 w 9 8 writ+s easily detect ! f9e ,*ri/ian tone :i* *>act]iz$ ! man2 b no "o :o did n p]sonally "k him c get a true impression ( ! ,johannean t5d]ness & *ildlike simplicity :i* di/+ui%$ him above almo/ any "o ( equal em95ce :om ! _w has ev] kn[n4 ,footnote #a3 ,supplem5t to ,s*aff-,h]tzog ,encyc4 ( ,relig4 ,kn[l41 p4 #eh4 ,footnote #b3 ,preface to ,dorn]'s ,sy/em ( ,*ri/ian ,e?ics 7,am4 ed471 p4 vii4 ,:51 !re=e1 x is consid]$ t1 aft] ,ro! _h giv5 8 views on v]acity to ! _w1 ,dorn] wrote on ! same subject1 z ! v la/ "w ( 8 mature/ life1 a special int]e/ atta*es to 8 views on ?is moot$ "q4 ,& ,dorn] is diametrically oppos$ to ,ro! 9 ?is ?+4 ,dorn] bases ! duty ( tru?fulness on our common memb]%ip 9 ,*ri/1 & ! love t gr[s out ( su* a relation4#a ,tru? does n1 inde$1 dem& t all t is 9 a man %\ld be br\ght out1 else x w\ld be a moral duty = him to let also ! evil t is 9 him come =?1 :]eas x is 8 duty to keep x d[n4 ,b if an untrue /atem5t be made ) ! int5tion to deceive1 x is a lie4 ,footnote #a3 ,see ,dorn]'s ,sy/em ( ,*ri/ian ,e?ics 7,am4 ed471 pp4 #dhg-dib4 ,are !re cases1 he asks1 :]e ly+ is all[able8 ,c we make out ! s-call$ ':ite lie' to be morally p]missible8 ,!n he takes up ! cases ( *ildr5 & ! insane1 :o are n entitl$ to "k all ! tru?1 & asks if x be "r n only to conceal ! tru? b to falsify x1 9 talk+ ) !m4 ,concealm5t may be a duty1 he admits1 b he d5ies t falsify+ is ev] a duty4 ,h[ %all e?ics ev] be br\ght to lay d[n a duty ( ly+ ( ':ite ly+'1 to recomm5d evil t good may come8 ,! te/ = u is1 :e!r we c\ld ev] imag9e ,*ri/ act+ 9 ?is way1 ei!r = ! sake ( o!rs1 or--:i* w\ld be q z ju/ifiable1 s9ce self-love is a moral duty--= 8 own sake4 ,z to falsify+ to a sick or dy+ man1 he says1 we ov]e/imate ! value ( human life1 &1 besides1 we 9 a measure usurp ! place ( ,provid5ce1 :5 we believe we may save x by committ+ s94 ,9 o!r words1 ,dorn] c\nts falsify+ ) ! int5tion ( deceiv+1 ev5 ) ! be/ ( motives1 a lie1 & !re=e a s9--nev] ju/ifiable4 ,l ,augu/9e1 ,dorn] recognizes degrees ( guilt 9 lies1 accord+ to ! _s & motive ( _! tell+2 b 9 any ev5t1 if !re be falsehood ) ! purpose ( deceiv+1 x is a s9--to be regrett$ & rep5t$ (4 ,dorn] makes a fre% di/9ction betwe5 ! /ratagems ( w> & ly+1 :i* is wor?y ( note4 ,he says t playful fictions1 aft] ! mann] ( riddles to be guess$ out1 are cle>ly all[able4 ,s 9 w>1 too1 some?+ l a game ( ?is k9d is c>ri$ on1 :5 by way ( /ratagem "s deceptive appe>ance is produc$1 & a riddle is ?us giv5 to ! enemy4 ,9 su* cases !re is no falsehood2 = f ! conditions ( ! situation1--:e!r fri5dly or ho/ile1--! appe>ance t is giv5 is confess$ly no?+ m ?an an appe>ance1 & is !re=e hone/4 ,! simplicity & cle>ness ( ,dorn]1 9 8 unsophi/ical treatm5t ( ?is "q1 is 9 refre%+ contra/ ) ! c\rse ( ,ro!1--:o confuses ! :ole matt] 9 discussion by 8 arbitr>y claim t a lie is n a lie1 if x be told ) a good purpose & a lov+ _s4 ,& ! two m5 are repres5tative disputants 9 ?is controv]sy ( ! c5turies1 z truly z 7 ,augu/9e & ,*ryso/om4 ,a close fri5d ( ,dorn] 0 ,hans ,lass5 ,m>t5s51 ! greate/ !ologian ( ,d5m>k1 & a ?9k] ( ! fir/ class1 ) high speculative end[m5ts1 & a consid]able t9cture ( !osophical my/icism4#a ,m>t5s5's ,*ri/ian ,e?ics d n ignore ,god & ! ,bible z factors 9 any "q ( practical morals "u discussion4 ,he *>act]izes ! result ( su* an omission z a reckon+ ( an acc\nt ^: balance has be5 /ruck else:]e2 if we br+ out ano!r figure1 we h reckon$ wrong4 ,m>t5s5's treatm5t ( ! duty ( v]acity is a rem>kable exhibit ( ! work+s ( a logical m9d 9 full view ( et]nal pr9ciples1 yet measurably h9d]$ & ret>d$ by ! he>t-draw+s ( an amiable s5tim5t4 ,he sees ! all-divid+ l9e1 & recognizes ! primal duty ( con=m+ to x2 yet he feels t x is a pity t su* con=mity mu/ be s exp5sive 9 c]ta9 imag9>y cases1 & he longs to f9d "s all[ance = desirable exceptions4#b ,footnote #a3 ,see ,kurtz's ,*ur* ,hi/ory 7,macph]son's transl471 ,,iii41 #bja2 ,supplem5t to ,s*aff-,h]tzog ,encyc4 ( ,relig4 ,kn[l41 p4 #eg2 ,johnson's ,univ4 ,cycl441 art4 ,m>t5s54 ,footnote #b3 ,m>t5s5's ,*ri/ian ,e?ics 7,individual71 7,eng4 trans417 pp4 #bje-bbf4 ,m>t5s5 gives z l>ge prom95ce z ,ro! to love = "o's fell[-man2 b he bases t love entirely1 z ,ro! does n1 on love = ,*ri/4 ,only 9 ,*ri/1 & 9 ! light :i*1 proce$+ f him1 is p\r$ ov] human nature & all human life1 c we love m5 9 ! c5tral s5se1 & only !n does philan?ropy receive its deepe/ religi\s & moral "*1 :5 x is root$ 9 ! tru? ( ,*ri/4 ,& z ,*ri/ is ,tru?1 ^? :o are ,*ri/'s mu/ nev] violate ! tru?4 ',?\ %alt n be> false witness2 ?\ %alt n lie1 nei!r 9 ^w nor de$2 ?\ %alt nei!r d5y ! tru?1 nor give out any?+ t is n tru? = tru?1'--?is comm&m5t mu/ dom9ate & p5etrate all our life's relations4 ,tru? does n exi/ = man's sake1 b man = ! sake ( ! tru?1 because ! tru? w\ld reveal itself to man1 w\ld be own$ & te/ifi$ by him4 ,?is w\ld seem to be explicit en\gh to %ut out ! possibility ( a ju/ifiable lie6 ,yet x does n foll[ f ?is1 says ,m>t5s51 t our duty to communicate ! tru? to o!rs is unlimit$4444 ',!re is a "t to be sil5t1 & a "t to speak4' ,no "o is b\nd to say ev]y?+ to ev]ybody4 ,"h he di/+ui%es betwe5 ju/ifiable concealm5t & falsehood4 ,!n he comes to ! "q :e!r ! s-call$ 'lie ( exig5cy' c ev] be ju/ifiable4 ,he runs ov] ! argum5ts on bo? sides1 & recalls ! c5turies ( discussion on ! subject4 ,he ?9ks t adh]5ce to ! g5]al pr9ciple :i* =bids ly+ w\ld1 9 c]ta9 cases :]e love prompt$ to falsehood1 cause 9 mo/ m9ds an inw>d feel+ t ! lett] kille?1 & t to foll[ ! prompt+s ( love 7 bett]4 ,h5ce he argues t z 9 o!r dep>tm5ts !re are actions :i*1 al?\gh f ! /&po9t ( ! ideal !y are to be reject$1 yet1 f ! h>dness ( m5's he>ts1 mu/ be approv$ & admitt$1 & "u ?is re/riction become relatively ju/ifiable & dutiful actions1 simply because great] evils are !reby av]t$2 s !re is also an untru? f exig5cy t mu/ /ill be all[$ = ! sake ( human weakness4 ,& 9 8 op9ion x comes to ?is1 t ! "q ( casui/ry _c be solv$ by g5]al & ab/ract directions1 b mu/ be solv$ 9 an individual1 p]sonal way1 especially accord+ to ! /age ( moral & religi\s developm5t & rip5ess on :i* ! p]son 9 "q is f\nd4 ,hav+ made ^! concessions1 9 ! realm ( feel+1 to ! def5d]s ( ! lie ( exig5cy1 :i* may be ei!r utt]$ f love to m51 or z def5se aga9/ m5--a def5se 9 :i* ei!r a ju/ifiable self-love or sympa?y ) o!rs is op]ative1 ,m>t5s5 proce$s to %[ t e su* falsehood is abnormal & immoral4 ,:5 we ?us ma9ta91 he says1 t 9 c]ta9 difficult cases an 'untru? f necessity' may occur1 :i* is to be all[$ = ! sake ( human weakness1 & "u ! giv5 relations may be said to be ju/ifi$ & dutiful1 we _c b all[1 on ! o!r h&1 t 9 e su* untru? !re is some?+ ( s91 nay some?+ t ne$s excuse & =giv5ess4444 ,c]ta9ly ev5 ! tru? ( ! lett]1 ! ext]nal1 actual tru?1 ev5 ! =mally correct1 f9ds its "r1 ! gr\nd ( its validity1 9 ,god's holy ord] ( ! _w4 ,b by e lie ( exig5cy ! comm& is brok51 ',?\ %alt n be> false witness4' ,m>t5s5 prote/s aga9/ ! claim ( ,ro! t a falsehood spok5 9 love is n at all to be call$ a lie1 b c be absolutely def5d$ z morally normal1 & s 9 no respect ne$s p>don4 ,h[ev] %>ply we may di/+ui% betwe5 lie & untru? 7m5dacium & falsilo-quium71 ! untru? 9 "q c nev] be resolv$ into ! morally normal4 ,& he sugge/s t if "o _h m ( wisdom & c\rage & fai?1 he might be true to ! tru? 9 an em]g5cy )\t fe> ( ! consequ5ces4 ,let u suppose1 = in/ance1 he says1 ! 444 case1 :]e ! husb& deceives 8 sick sp\se f fe> t %e c\ld n survive ! news ( ! dea? ( h] *ild2 :o d>e ma9ta9 t if ! man _h be5 able 9 ! "r way1 t is 9 ! p[] ( ! gospel1 ) ! wisdom & ! com=t ( fai?1 to ann\nce ! dea? ( ! *ild1 a religi\s crisis might n h aris5 9 h] s\l1 :i* might h a heal+ & quick5+ effect ^u h] bodily /ate8 ,& suppos+ t x _h ev5 l$ to h] dea?1 :o d>e ma9ta9 t t dea?1 if x 0 a ,*ri/ian dea?1 7 an evil1 :e!r = ! "m h]self1 or = ! survivors8 ,or1 let u take ! woman :o1 to save h] *a/ity1 applies ! def5se ( an untru?3 :o d>e ma9ta9 t if %e said ! tru? to h] p]secutors1 b utt]$ x 9 womanly h]oism1 ) a believ+ look to ,god1 ) ! c\rage1 ! elevation ( s\l spr++ f a pure consci5ce1 exhibit+ to h] p]secutors ! badness & unwor?9ess ( _! object1 %e might n h dis>m$ !m by t might t lies 9 ! good1 ! j cause1 ! cause ^: def5se & %ield ,god himself w be8 ,& ev5 if %e _h to suff] :at is unwor?y1 :o d>e ma9ta9 t %e c\ld n 9 suff]+ pres]ve h] moral wor?8 ,m>t5s5 recalls ! /ory ( ,jeanie ,deans1 9 ,scott's ,he>t ( ,midlo?ian1 :o refuses to tell a lie ( exig5cy 9 ord] to save h] si/]'s life2 yet :o1 hav+ utt]$ ! tru? :i* l$ to h] si/]'s s5t5ce ( dea?1 set h]self1 9 fai? 9 ,god1 to secure t si/]'s p>don1 & by ,god's grace compass$ x4 ,mo/ p w\ld at lea/ be dispos$ to excuse ,jeanie ,deans1 & to =give h]1 if %e _h "h made a false oa?1 & !reby _h af=d$ h] protection to ! high] tru?4 ,& if a lov+ lie ( exig5cy be a duty be=e ,god1 an appeal to 8 k ( ! fact is1 ( c\rse1 equally a duty4 ,to refuse to appeal to ,god 9 witness ( ! tru? ( a falsehood t is told f a lov+ s5se ( duty1 is to %[ a lack ( confid5ce 9 ,god's approval ( su* an untru?4 ,b %e w1 c1 & d>e1 = h] consci5ce' sake1 n d ?is4 ,b ! be/ ?+ 9 ?is tale1 adds ,m>t5s51 is t x is no m]e fiction4 ,! k]nel ( ?is celebrat$ romance is actual hi/ory4 ,& ,sir ,walt] ,scott caus$ a monum5t to be erect$ 9 8 g>d51 ) ! foll[+ inscription1 9 memory ( ?is fai?ful tru?-lov]3 ,?is /one 0 plac$ by ! ,au?or ( ',wav]ley' 9 memory ( ,hel5 ,walk]1 :o fell asleep 9 ! ye> ( our ,"l #agia4 ,?is maid5 practic$ 9 humility all ! virtues ) :i* fancy _h adorn$ ! "* t be>s 9 fiction ! "n ( ,jeanie ,deans4 ,%e w\ld n dep>t a foot's bread? f ! pa? ( tru?1 n ev5 to save h] si/]'s life2 & yet %e obta9$ ! lib]ation ( h] si/] f ! sev]ity ( ! law by p]sonal sacrifices ^: greatness 0 n less ?an ! purity ( h] aims4 ,honor to ! grave :]e pov]ty re/s 9 beautiful union ) tru?fulness & si/]ly love4 ,:o w n readily obey ?is reque/1 adds ,m>t5s51 & hold su* a memory 9 honor8444 ,:o does n feel himself p5etrat$ ) involunt>y1 mo/ he>ty admiration8 ,9 conclusion1 9 view ( all t c be said on ei!r side ( ! "q1 ,m>t5s5 is sure t ! lie ( exig5cy itself1 :i* we call inevitable1 leaves 9 u ! feel+ ( some?+ unwor?y1 & ?is unwor?9ess %\ld1 simply 9 foll[+ ,*ri/1 m & m disappe> f our life4 ,t is1 ! inevitabl5ess ( ! lie ( exig5cy w disappe> 9 ! same measure t an individual develops into a true p]sonality1 a true "*4444 ,a lie ( exig5cy _c occur ) a p]sonality t is f\nd 9 possession ( full c\rage1 ( p]fect love & hol9ess1 z ( ! enlight5$1 all-p5etrat+ glance4 ,n ev5 z aga9/ madm5 & maniacs w a lie ( exig5cy be requir$1 = to ! ^w ( ! truly sanctifi$ p]sonality !re belongs an impos+ comm&+ p[] t ca/s out demons4 ,x is ?is t we see 9 ,*ri/1 9 ^: m\? no guile 0 f\nd1 9 :om we f9d no?+ t ev5 remotely belongs to ! category ( ! exig5t lie4 ,s x is evid5t t if "o w\ld seek excuse = ! lie ( exig5cy1 9 ! concessions made by ,m>t5s51 he mu/ d s only on ! score ( ! h>dness ( 8 he>t1 & ! s(tness ( 8 head1 z "o lack+ a prop] measure ( wisdom1 ( c\rage1 & ( fai?1 to enable him to con=m to ! prop] ideal /&>d ( human conduct4 ,& ev5 !n he mu/ recognize ! fact t 9 8 weakness he has done some?+ to be a%am$ (1 & to dem& rep5tance4 ,cold com=t t = a dec5t man6 ,x w\ld seem t p]sonal temp]am5t & individual peculi>ities _h _! "p 9 decid+ a man's attitude t[>d ! "q ( ! unv>y+ duty ( v]acity1 q z surely z ! man's recognition ( great pr9ciples4 ,an illu/ration ( ?is tru? is %[n 9 ! treatm5t ( ! subject by ,dr4 ,*>les ,hodge on ! "o h&1 & by ,dr4 ,james ,h4 ,?ornwell on ! o!r1 z repres5tatives1 sev]ally1 ( ,calv9i/ic ,augu/9ianism 9 ! ,presbyt]ian ,*ur* ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 its ,nor!rn & ,s\!rn bran*es4 ,/>t+ f ! same po9t ( view1 & agree+ z to ! pr9ciples involv$1 ^! two ?9k]s are by no means toge!r 9 _! conclusions2 & ?is1 n because ( any real diff]5ce 9 _! processes ( reason+1 b app>5tly because ( ! l>g] place giv5 by ! =m] to ! influ5ce ( p]sonal feel+1 z ov] aga9/ ! imp]ative dem&s ( tru?4 ,dr4 ,hodge beg9s ) ! recognition & assev]ation ( et]nal pr9ciples1 t c "k no *ange or v>iation 9 _! application to ?is "q2 & !n1 z he proce$s ) its discussion1 he is amiably illogical & good-natur$ly inconsi/5t1 & he ends 9 a maze1 )\t seem+ q sure z to 8 own view ( ! case1 or giv+ 8 read]s cause to "k :at %\ld be _! view4 ,dr4 ,?ornwell1 on ! o!r h&1 beg9n+ 9 ! same way1 proce$s unwav]+ly to ! close1 9 logical consi/5cy ( reason+2 leav+ 8 read]s at ! la/ z fully assur$ z he is z to ! application ( un*angeable pr9ciples to man's life & duties4 ,no "o c\ld /ate ! und]ly+ pr9ciples involv$ 9 ?is "q m cle>ly & explicitly ?an does ,dr4 ,hodge at ! outset2#a & x w\ld seem f ?is /atem5t t he c\ld n be 9 d\bt z to ! issue ( ! discussion ( ?is "q ( ! ages4 ,! comm& to keep tru? inviolate belongs to a diff]5t class ( comm&s f ^? relat+ to ! sabba?1 to m>riage1 or to prop]ty4 ,^! are f\nd$ on ! p]man5t relations ( m5 9 ! pres5t /ate ( exi/5ce4 ,!y are n 9 _! own nature immutable4 ,b tru? is at all times sacr$1 because x is "o ( ! ess5tial attributes ( ,god1 s t :atev] militates aga9/ or is ho/ile to tru? is 9 opposition to ! v nature ( ,god4 ,footnote #a3 ,see ,hodge's ,sy/ematic ,!ology1 ,,iii41 #dcg-dfc4 ,tru? is1 s to speak1 ! v sub/ratum ( ,deity4 ,x is 9 su* a s5se ! f\ndation ( all ! moral p]fections ( ,god1 t )\t x !y _c be conceiv$ ( z exi/+4 ,unless ,god really is :at he decl>es himself to be2 unless he means :at he decl>es himself to mean2 unless he w d :at he promises1--! :ole idea ( ,god is lo/4 ,z !re is no ,god b ! true ,god1 s )\t tru? !re is & c be no ,god4 ,z ?is attribute is ! f\ndation1 s to speak1 ( ! div9e1 s x is ! f\ndation ( ! physical & moral ord] ( ! univ]se4444 ,!re is1 !re=e1 some?+ awfully sacr$ 9 ! obligations ( tru?4 ,a man :o violates ! tru?1 s9s aga9/ ! v f\ndation ( 8 moral be+4 ,z a false god is no god1 s a false man is no man2 he c nev] be :at man 0 design$ to be2 he c nev] answ] ! end ( 8 be+4 ,!re c be 9 him no?+ t is /able1 tru/wor?y1 or good4 ,"h is a plat=m t w\ld seem to be ! "r /&+-place = all & = always4 ,dr4 ,hodge app>5tly recognizes its well-def9$ limits & b\nds2 yet :5 he comes to discuss ! "q :e!r a c]ta9 p]son is1 9 a supposable case1 on x1 or (f x1 he does n seem s sure z to its precise b\nd>y l9es4 ,he beg9s to wav] :5 he cites ,bible incid5ts4 ,recogniz+ ! fact t fables & p>ables1 & works ( fiction1 ev5 ?\gh untrue1 are n falsehoods1 he /rangely jumps to ! conclusion t ! int5tion to deceive is n always culpable4 ,he imm$iately foll[s ?is non-sequitur ) a ref]5ce to ! ly+ ,hebrew midwives1#a & he quotes ! decl>ation ( ,god's bless+ on !m1 z if x 7 an approval ( _! ly+1 or _! false speak+ ) an int5tion to deceive1 in/ead ( an approval ( _! _s ( devotion to ,god's p4#b ,footnote #a3 ,exod4 ,i3 #ai1 #bj4 ,footnote #b3 ,comp4 p4 #ce f41 supra4 ,f ! midwives he passes to ,samuel1 s5t ( ,god to ,be?lehem2 #a & "u cov] ( ! express$ op9ions ( o!rs1 ,dr4 ,hodge says vaguely3 ,"h1 x is said1 is a case ( int5tional deception comm&$4 ,saul 0 to be deceiv$ z to ! object ( ,samuel's j\rney to ,be?lehem4 ,yet1 :oev] said ?is 0 guilty ( a gratuit\s *>ge ( int5tional deception1 aga9/ ! ,almighty4 ,samuel 0 direct$ ( ,god to speak ! tru?1 s f> z he spoke at all1 :ile he conceal$ f o!rs t :i* o!rs _h no "r to "k4#b ,x w\ld appe>1 h[ev]1 ?r\gh\t ?is discussion1 t ,dr4 ,hodge does n p]ceive ! cle> & important di/9ction betwe5 ju/ifiable concealm5t f ^? :o h no "r to a k ( ! facts1 & concealm5t1 or ev5 false speak+1 ) ! delib]ate int5tion ( deceiv+ ^? int]e/$4 ,9 fact1 ,dr4 ,hodge does n ev5 m5tion concealm5t1 z ap>t f its use = ! specific purpose ( deception4 ,footnote #a3 ,i ,sam4 #af3 i1 #b4 ,footnote #b3 ,comp4 pp4 #ch-dj1 supra4 ,aga9 ,dr4 ,hodge cites ! incid5t ( ,eli%a at ,do?an#a z if 9 illu/ration ( ! rightfulness ( deception "u c]ta9 circum/ances4 ,b 9 ?is case x 0 concealm5t ( facts t might prop]ly be conceal$1 & n ! deception ( enemies z enemies1 t ,eli%a compass$4 ,! ,syrians want$ to f9d ,eli%a4 ,_! eyes 7 bl9d$1 s t !y did n recognize him :5 9 8 pres5ce4 ,9 ord] to tea* !m a lesson1 ,eli%a told ! ,syrians t !y c\ld n f9d him1 or ! city :i* 0 8 home1 by _! own seek+2 b if !y w\ld foll[ him he w\ld br+ !m to ! man :om !y s\ght4 ,!y foll[$ him1 & he %[$ himself to !m4 ,:5 _! eyes 7 op5$ 9 ,sam>ia he w\ld n suff] !m to be h>m$1 b _h !m treat$ z gue/s1 & s5t back safely to _! k+4 ,footnote #a3 ,k+s #f3 #ad-bj4 ,hav+ cit$ ^! ?ree cases1 no "o ( :i* c fairly be made to apply to ! argum5t he is pursu+1 ,dr4 ,hodge complac5tly rem>ks3 ,examples ( ?is k9d ( deception are num]\s 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,"s ( !m are simply record$ facts1 )\t any?+ to indicate h[ !y 7 reg>d$ 9 ! sight ( ,god2 b o!rs1 z 9 ! cases above cit$1 receiv$ ei!r directly or by implication ! div9e sanction4 ,b ,dr4 ,hodge goes ev5 f>!r ?an ?is4 ,he v5tures to sugge/ t ,jesus ,*ri/ deceiv$ 8 disciples by intimat+ :at 0 n true z to 8 purpose1 9 m ?an "o in/ance4 ,( our bless$ ,"l himself x is said 9 ,luke #bd3bh1 ',he made z ?\gh ,greek3 prosepoieito--he made a %[ (3 he w\ld h gone fur!r4' ,he s act$ z to make ! impression on ! two disciples t x 0 8 purpose to cont9ue 8 j\rney4 7,comp4 ,m>k #f3 #dh47a ,?is sugge/ion ( ,dr4 ,hodge's w\ld h be5 rebuk$ by ev5 ,ri*>d ,ro!1 & w\ld h %ock$ ,augu/ ,dorn]4 ,w\ld ,dr4 ,hodge d5y t ,jesus c\ld h _h x 9 8 m9d to g fur!r1 or to h pass$ by 8 disciples1 if !y w\ld n ask him to /op8 ,& if ?is 7 a possibility1 is x fair to intimate t a purpose ( deception 0 9 8 m9d1 :5 !re is no?+ 9 ! text t makes t a necess>y conclusion8 ,dr4 ,hodge1 inde$1 adds ! sugge/ion t _m !ologians d n admit t ! fact record$ 9 ,luke #bd3bh :i* he cites z an illu/ration ( ju/ifiable deception by our ,"l involv$ any int5tional deception2 b ?is fact does n det] him f putt+ x =w>d 9 ?is light4 ,footnote #a3 ,:5 ,jesus came walk+ on ! sea1 t[>d 8 disciples 9 _! tempe/-toss$ boat1 he w\ld h pass$ !m by2 b _! cry ( fe> drew him t[>d !m4 ,9 ! discussion ( ! application to em]g5cies1 9 practical life1 ( ! et]nal pr9ciple :i* he po9ts out at ! beg9n+1 ,dr4 ,hodge is z f> f consi/5cy z 9 8 treatm5t ( ,bible n>ratives4 ,x is g5]ally admitt$1 he says1 t 9 crim9al falsehoods !re mu/ be n only ! enunciation or signification ( :at is false1 & an int5tion to deceive1 b also a violation ( "s obligation4 ,:at obligation c be /rong] ?an ! obligation to be true to ,god & true to "o's self8 ,if1 z ,dr4 ,hodge decl>es1 a man :o violates ! tru?1 s9s aga9/ ! v f\ndation ( 8 moral be+1 a man w\ld seem to be always "u an obligation n to violate ! tru? by speak+ t :i* is false ) an int5tion to deceive4 ,b ,dr4 ,hodge seems to lose sight ( 8 premises1 9 all 8 progress t[>d 8 conclusions on ?is subject4 ,!re w always be cases1 he cont9ues1 9 :i* ! rule ( duty is a matt] ( d\bt4 ,x is (t5 said t ! rule above /at$ applies :5 a robb] dem&s y\r purse4 ,x is said to be "r to d5y t y h any?+ ( value ab\t y4 ,y are n b\nd to aid him 9 committ+ a crime2 & he has no "r to assume t y w facilitate ! accompli%m5t ( 8 object4 ,?is is n s cle>4 ,! obligation to speak ! tru? is a v solemn "o2 & :5 ! *oice is left a man to tell a lie or lose 8 money1 he _h bett] let 8 money g4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if a "m sees a murd]] 9 pursuit ( h] *ild1 %e has a p]fect "r to mislead him by any means 9 h] p[] includ+ ly+82 because ! g5]al obligation to speak ! tru? is m]g$ or lo/1 = ! "t be+1 9 ! high] obligation4 ,yet ,dr4 ,hodge />ts out ) ! decl>ation t ! obligation to keep tru? inviolate1 is highe/ ( all2 t tru? is at all times sacr$1 because x is "o ( ! ess5tial attributes ( ,god2 t ,god himself _c susp5d or modify ?is obligation2 & t man is always "u its =ce4 ,& n[1 /rangely en\gh1 he claims t 9 v>i\s em]g5cies ! g5]al obligation to speak ! tru? is m]g$1 or lo/1 = ! "t be+1 9 ! high] obligation4 ,! complete/ & mo/ cru%+ answ] to ! vici\s conclusions ( ,dr4 ,hodge z to ! v>y+ claims ( v]acity1 is to be f\nd 9 ! explicit t]ms ( 8 unv>y+ly correct premises 9 ! discussion4 ,dr4 ,hodge appe>s to be consci\s ( 8 confusion ( m9d 9 ?is discussion1 b n to be q sure ( ! cause ( x4 ,z to 8 claim t ! g5]al obligation to speak ! tru? may be m]g$ = ! "t be+ 9 a high] obligation1 he says3 ,?is pr9ciple is n invalidat$ by its possible or actual abuse4 ,x has be5 greatly abus$4 ,& he adds1 f>!r on1 9 ! c\rse ( ! discussion3 ,! "q n[ "u consid]ation is n :e!r x is ev] "r to d wrong1 :i* is a solecism2 nor is ! "q :e!r x is ev] "r to lie2 b r :at con/itutes a lie4 ,hav+ claim$ t a lie necess>ily includes falsity ( /atem5t1 an int5tion to deceive1 & a violation ( "s obligation1 ,dr4 ,hodge goes on to %[ t e lie is a violation ( a promise1 z gr[+ out ( ! nature ( human society1 :]e e man is expect$ to speak ! tru?1 & is "u a tacit b b9d+ promise n to deceive 8 neighbor by ^w or act4 ,&1 aft] all ?is1 he is incl9$ to admit t !re are cases 9 :i* falsehoods ) ! int5tion ( deceiv+ are n ly+1 & are ju/ifiable4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 he goes on to say1 is n always admitt$4 ,augu/9e1 = example1 makes e int5tional deception1 no matt] :at ! object or :at ! circum/ances1 to be s9ful4 ,& !n1 9 artless simplicity1 ,dr4 ,hodge concludes3 ,?is w\ld be ! simple/ gr\nd = ! morali/ to take4 ,b z %[n above1 & z g5]ally admitt$1 !re are cases ( int5tional deception :i* are n crim9al4 ,accord+ to ! pr9ciples laid d[n at ! />t by ,dr4 ,hodge1 !re is no place = a lie 9 ,god's s]vice2 b accord+ to ! inf]5ces ( ,dr4 ,hodge1 9 ! discussion ( ?is "q1 !re are places :]e falsehoods spok5 ) int5t to deceive are admissible 9 ,god's sight & s]vice4 ,8 :ole treatm5t ( ?is subject rem9ds me ( an incid5t 9 my army-prison life1 :]e ?is "q z a "q 0 fir/ =c$ ^u my att5tion4 ,! ,union prison]s1 9 ,columbia at t "t1 receiv$ _! rations f ! ,conf$]ate au?orities1 & _h !m cook$ 9 _! own way1 & at _! own exp5se1 by an old color$ woman :om !y employ$ = ! purpose4 ,two ( u _h a dislike = onions 9 our /ew1 :ile ! o!rs 7 well pleas$ ) !m4 ,s we two agre$ ) old ,maggie1 = a small consid]ation1 to prep>e u a sep>ate mess )\t onions4 ,! next day our mess came by itself4 ,we took x1 & began our meal ) peculi> satisfaction2 b ! fir/ ta/e %[$ u an unmi/akable onion flavor 9 our /ew4 ,:5 old ,maggie came aga91 we remon/rat$ ) h] on h] brea* ( engagem5t4 ,bless y\r he>ts1 honeys1 %e repli$1 y mu/ h "s onions 9 y\r /ew6 ,%e c\ld n compreh5d ! possibility ( a beef /ew )\t onions1 ev5 ?\gh %e _h =mally agre$ to make x4 ,dr4 ,hodge's premises 9 ! discussion ( ! duty ( tru?fulness rule out onions2 b 8 inf]5ces & conclusions h ! odor & ! ta/e ( onions4 ,he /&s on a safe plat=m to beg9 )2 b he is an unsafe guide :5 he walks away f x4 ,8 argum5ts 9 ?is case are an illu/ration ( 8 own decl>ation3 ,an adept 9 logic may be a v poor reason]4 ,dr4 ,?ornwell's ,disc\rses on ,tru?#a are a ?or\gh treatm5t ( ! obligation ( v]acity & ! s9 ( ly+4 ,he is cle> 9 8 def9itions1 m>k+ ! di/9ction betwe5 rightful concealm5t z concealm5t1 & concealm5t = ! purpose ( deception4 ,!re are ?+s :i* m5 h a "r to keep secret1 he says1 & if a pruri5t curiosity prompts o!rs (fici\sly to pry into !m1 !re is no?+ crim9al or di%one/ 9 refus+ to m9i/] to su* a _s4 ,our sil5ce or evasive answ]s may h ! effect ( mislead+4 ,t is n our fault1 z x 0 n our design4 ,our purpose 0 simply to leave ! inquir] z ne>ly z possible 9 ! /ate ( ignorance 9 :i* we f\nd him3 x 0 n to mis9=m him1 b n to in=m him at all4 ,footnote #a3 ,9 ,?ornwell's ,collect$ ,writ+s1 ,,ii41 #dea-fac4 ',e man1' says ,dr4 ,dick1 'has n a "r to he> ! tru? :5 he *ooses to dem& x4 ,we are n b\nd to answ] e "q :i* may be propos$ to u4 ,9 su* cases we may be sil5t1 or we may give z mu* in=mation z we please1 & suppress ! re/4 ,if ! p]son aft]w>d discov] t ! in=mation 0 p>tial1 he has no title to compla91 because he _h no "r ev5 to :at he obta9$2 & we are n guilty ( a falsehood unless we made him believe1 by some?+ :i* we said1 t ! in=mation 0 complete4' ,! int5tion ( ! speak]1 & ! effect consequ5t ^u x1 are v diff]5t ?+s4 ,dr4 ,?ornwell recognizes ! fact t ! moral s5se ( humanity disc]ns ! inv>iable sup]iority ( tru? ov] falsehood4 ,if we place virtue 9 s5tim5t1 he says1 !re is no?+1 accord+ to ! confession ( all mank9d1 m beautiful & lovely ?an tru?1 m ugly & hateful ?an a lie4 ,if we place x 9 calculations ( exp$i5cy1 no?+1 on ! "o h&1 is m conspicu\sly useful ?an tru? & ! confid5ce x inspires2 no?+1 on ! o!r1 m disa/r\s ?an falsehood1 trea*]y1 & di/ru/4 ,if !re be !n a moral pr9ciple to :i*1 9 e =m1 humanity has giv5 utt]ance1 x is ! obligation ( v]acity4 ,no man ev] tells a lie )\t a c]ta9 degree ( viol5ce to 8 nature4 ,dr4 ,?ornwell bases ?is obligation ( v]acity on ! nature ( ,god1 & on ! duty ( man to con=m to ! image ( ,god 9 :i* he 0 creat$4 ,jesus ,*ri/ comm5ds himself to our confid5ce & love1 he says1 on ! gr\nd ( 8 be+ ! tru?2444 & makes x ! glory ( ! ,fa!r t he is ! ,god ( tru?1 & ! %ame & ev]la/+ infamy ( ! pr9ce ( d>kness t he is ! fa!r ( lies2 & he adds3 ,! m9d _c move 9 *>ity1 nor re/ 9 ,provid5ce1 unless x turn ^u ! poles ( tru?4 ,e man is z di/9ctly organiz$ 9 ref]5ce to tru?1 z 9 ref]5ce to any o!r purpose4 ,9 ,dr4 ,?ornwell's view1 x is n1 z ,dr4 ,paley w\ld h x1 t a lie is a brea* ( promise1 because z betwe5 man & man ! tru? is expect$1 accord+ to a tacit und]/&+4 ,z ,dr4 ,?ornwell sees x1 we are n b\nd by any o!r expectations ( man b ^? :i* we h au?oriz$2 & he deems x surpris+ to :at an ext5t ?is sup]ficial !ory ( 'contract' has f\nd advocates among div9es & morali/s1 z1 = example1 ,dr4 ,rob]t ,s\?1 :om he quotes4#a ,if ,dr4 ,paley _h pu%$ 8 inquiries a little f>!r1 adds ,?ornwell1 he might h acc\nt$ = ?is expectation ( tru?fulness :i* c]ta9ly exi/s1 indep5d5tly ( a promise1 ^u pr9ciples firm] & sur] ?an any he has admitt$ 9 ! /ructure ( 8 philosophy4 ,he might h se5 x 9 ! language ( our nature proclaim+ ! w ( our nature's ,god4 ,! moral s5se ( mank9d dem&s v]acity1 & abhors falsehood4 ,footnote #a3 ,smi?'s ,s]mon1 on ,falsehood & ,ly+4 ,dr4 ,?ornwell is cle> z to ! tea*+s ( ! ,bible1 9 its pr9ciples1 & 9 ! illu/ration ( ^? pr9ciples 9 ! sacr$ n>rative4 ,! ,bible z he sees x tea*es ! unv>y+ duty ( v]acity1 & ! ess5tial s9fulness ( falsehood & deception4 ,he repudiates ! idea t ,god1 9 any in/ance1 approv$ deception1 or t ,jesus ,*ri/ practic$ x4 ,:5 our ,savi\r 'made z ?\gh he w\ld h gone f>!r1' he effectually que/ion$ 8 disciples z to ! condition ( _! he>ts 9 relation to ! duties ( hospitality4 ,! angels1 9 pret5d+ t x 0 _! purpose to abide 9 ! /reet all night1 made ! same exp]im5t on ,lot4 ,?is species ( simulation involves no falsehood2 its design is n to deceive1 b to cate*ize & in/ruct4 ,! :ole action is to be reg>d$ z a sign by :i* a "q is propos$1 or ! m9d excit$ to su* a degree ( curiosity & att5tion t lessons ( tru? c be successfully imp>t$4 ,& s on ?r\gh o!r ,bible incid5ts4 ,dr4 ,?ornwell has no hesitation 9 di/+ui%+ :5 concealm5t is "r concealm5t1 & :5 concealm5t is wrong because int5d$ to deceive4 ,expos+ ! incorrectness ( ! claim1 made by ,dr4 ,paley1 z by o!rs1 t c]ta9 specific falsehoods are n lies1 ,dr4 ,?ornwell %[s himself famili> ) ! discussion ( ?is "q ( ! ages 9 all ! c5turies2 & he moves on ) 8 eye fix$ un]r+ly on ! pol> /> ( tru?1 9 refre%+ contra/ ) ! amiable wav]+ ( ,dr4 ,hodge's foot/eps4 ,paley's law1 he concludes1 w\ld obvi\sly be ! de/ruction ( all confid5ce4 ,h[ mu* nobl] & saf] is ! doctr9e ( ! ,scriptures1 & ( ! unsophi/icat$ language ( man's moral con/itution1 t tru? is obligatory on its own acc\nt1 & t he :o und]takes to signify to ano!r1 no matt] 9 :at =m1 & no matt] :at may be ! "r 9 ! case to "k ! tru?1 is b\nd to signify accord+ to ! convictions ( 8 own m9d6 ,he is n always b\nd to speak1 b :5ev] he does speak he is solemnly b\nd to speak no?+ b ! tru?4 ,! univ]sal application ( ?is pr9ciple w\ld be ! diffusion ( univ]sal confid5ce4 ,x w\ld bani% deceit & suspicion f ! _w1 & re/rict ! use ( signs to _! legitimate (fices4 ,a lat] "w on ,*ri/ian ,e?ics1 :i* acquires special prom95ce ?r\gh its place 9 ,! ,int]national ,!ological ,libr>y1 edit$ by ,drs4 ,briggs & ,salmond1 is by ,dr4 ,newman ,smy?4 ,x %[s signs ( /r5g? 9 ! premises assum$ by ! writ]1 9 accordance ) ! tea*+s ( ,scripture & ( ! be/ moral s5se ( mank9d2 & signs ( weakness 9 8 processes ( reason+1 & 9 8 f9al conclusion1 accord+ to ! m5tal me?ods ( ^? :o h wav]$ on ?is subject1 f ,john ,*ryso/om to ,ri*>d ,ro! & ,*>les ,hodge4 ,dr4 ,smy? rightly bases ,*ri/ian e?ics on ! nature & w ( ,god1 z illu/rat$ 9 ! life & tea*+s ( ! div9e-human ,son ( ,god4 ,a ?or\ghly sci5tific e?ics mu/ n only be adequate to ! common moral s5se ( m51 b prove true also to ! moral consci\sness ( ! ,son ( man4 ,no e?ics has "r to claim to be ?or\ghly sci5tific1 or to (f] itself z ! only sci5ce ( e?ics possible to u 9 our pres5t exp]i5ce1 until x has s\ght to ent] into ! _s ( ,*ri/1 & has br\ght all its1 analysis & !ories ( man's moral life to ! light ( ! lum9\s e?ical p]sonality ( ,jesus ,*ri/4#a ,footnote #a3 ,smy?'s ,*ri/ian ,e?ics1 p4 #f4 ,9 8 g5]al /atem5t ( ! duty ( speak+ ! tru?1 ,dr4 ,smy? is also cle>1 s\nd1 & emphatic4#a ,! law ( tru?fulness is1 he says1 a supreme inw>d law ( ?\ght4 ,! obligation ( v]acity 444 is an obligation :i* e man owes to himself4 ,x is a primal p]sonal obligation4 ,kant 0 pr(\ndly "r :5 he reg>d$ falsehood z a =feiture ( p]sonal wor?1 a de/ruction ( p]sonal integrity4444 ,tru?fulness is ! self-consi/5cy ( "*2 falsehood is a break+ up ( ! moral integrity4 ,inw>d tru?fulness is ess5tial to moral gr[? & p]sonal vigor1 z x is necess>y to ! live oak t x %\ld be ( "o fib] & gra9 f root to bran*4 ,:at a flaw is 9 /eel1 :at a =eign sub/ance is 9 any texture1 t a falsehood is to ! "*1--a s\rce ( weakness1 a po9t :]e "u /ra9 x may break4444 ,tru?fulness1 !n1 is due1 fir/ by ! individual to himself z ! obligation ( p]sonal integrity4 ,! unity ( ! p]sonal life consi/s 9 x4 ,footnote #a3 ,ibid41 pp4 #chf-chi4 ,& 9 addition to ! obligation ( v]acity z a duty to "o's self1 ,dr4 ,smy? recognizes x z a duty to o!rs4 ,he says3 ,tru?fulness is ow$ to society z ess5tial to its integrity4 ,x is ! indisp5sable bond ( social life4 ,m5 c be memb]s1 "o ( ano!r 9 a social organism only z !y live toge!r 9 tru?4 ,society w\ld fall1 to pieces )\t cr$it2 b cr$it re/s on ! g5]al social virtue ( tru?fulness4444 ,! li> is rightly reg>d$ z an enemy to mank9d4 ,a lie is n only an affront aga9/ ! p]son to :om x is told1 b x is an (f5se aga9/ humanity4 ,if ,dr4 ,smy? _h be5 cont5t to leave ?is matt] ) ! explicit /atem5t ( ! pr9ciples t are unv>y+ly op]ative1 he w\ld h done good s]vice to ! _w1 & 8 "w c\ld h be5 comm5d$ z s\nd & tru/wor?y 9 ?is dep>tm5t ( e?ics2 b z soon z he beg9s to "q & reason on ! subject1 he beg9s to wav] & gr[ confus$2 & 9 ! end 8 inconclusive conclusions are pitiably defective & repreh5sible4#a ,footnote #a3 ,smy?'s ,*ri/ian ,e?ics1 pp4 #cib-djc ,9 consid]+ ! s-call$ lies ( necessity1 ,dr4 ,smy? decl>es ) frankness3 ,"s morali/s 9 _! supreme reg>d = tru? w n admit t "u any conceivable circum/ances a lie c be deem$ necess>y1 n ev5 to save life or to prev5t a murd]] f accompli%+ 8 fi5di% purpose4 ,& !n ov] aga9/ ?is he indicates 8 fatal confusion ( m9d & weakness ( reason+ 9 ! sugge/ion3 ,b ! s\nd human und]/&+1 9 spite ( ! morali/s1 w prev>icate1 & (t5 ) great vigor & success1 9 su* cases4 ,:o is "r1--,kant1 or ! common moral s5se8 ,:i* %\ld be foll[$1--! philosophic morality1 or ! practice ( o!rwise mo/ tru?ful m58 ,x is to be not$ t1 9 ^! two decl>ations1 ,dr4 ,smy? puts ly+ z if x 7 synonym\s ) prev>ication2 else !re is no reason = 8 giv+ ! "o z ov] aga9/ ! o!r4 ,& ?is indicates a peculi> difficulty 9 ! :ole c\rse ( ,dr4 ,smy?'s argum5t conc]n+ ! s-call$ lie ( necessity4 ,he essays no def9ition ( ! lie4 ,he draws no cle> l9e ( di/9ction betwe5 a lie1 a falsehood1 a deceit1 & a prev>ication1 or betwe5 a ju/ifiable concealm5t & an unju/ifiable concealm5t2 & 9 8 v>i\s illu/rations ( 8 position he uses ^! t]ms indiscrim9ately1 9 su* a way z to indicate t he kn[s no ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 !m1 or t he does n c>e to emphasize any diff]5ce4 ,if1 9 ! in/ance giv5 above1 ,dr4 ,smy? means t ! s\nd human und]/&+1 9 spite ( ! morali/s1 w approve ly+1 or falsify+ ) ! int5tion to deceive1 he ought to "k t ! s\nd human und]/&+ w n ju/ify su* a c\rse1 & t x is unfair to intimate su* a ?+4#a ,& :5 he asks1 9 connection ) ?is sugge/ion1 ,:o is "r1--,kant1 or ! common moral s5se8 ,:i* %\ld be foll[$1 ! philosophic morality1 or ! practice ( o!rwise mo/ tru?ful m58 8 own prelim9>y ass]tions are 8 conclusive answ]4 ,he says specifically1 ,kant 0 pr(\ndly "r :5 he reg>d$ falsehood z a =feiture ( p]sonal wor?1 a de/ruction ( p]sonal integrity2 & ! common moral s5se ( humanity is ) ,kant 9 ?is ?+1 9 accordance ) ,dr4 ,smy?'s prim>y view ( ! case1 z ov] aga9/ ! intimation ( ,dr4 ,smy?'s "q4 ,z to ! sugge/$ practice ( o!rwise mo/ tru?ful m5 9 ?is ?+1--if m5 :o g5]ally tell ! tru?1 lie1 or speak falsely1 or deceive1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 !y are mu* l m5 :o are g5]ally dec5t1 b :o occasionally1 "u temptation1 are un*a/e or di%one/2 !y are bett] examples 9 _! uprightness ?an 9 _! s9n+4 ,footnote #a3 ,see pp4 #i-cb1 supra4 ,x w\ld seem1 inde$1 t1 not)/&+ 8 s\nd basis ( pr9ciples1 :i* recognizes ! incompatibility ( falsehood ) true manhood & ) man's duty to 8 fell[s1 ,dr4 ,smy? does n c>ry ) him 9 8 argum5t ! idea ( ! ess5tial s9fulness ( a lie1 & !re=e he is cont9ually inconsi/5t ) himself4 ,he says1 = example1 9 speak+ ( ! susp5sion ( social duties 9 w> "t3 ,if ! w> is ju/ifiable1 ! e?ics ( w>f>e come at once into play4 ,x w\ld be absurd to say t x is "r to kill an enemy1 b n to deceive him4 ,falsehood1 x may be admitt$1 z milit>y /rategy1 is ju/ifiable1 if ! w> is righte\s4 ,"h1 aga91 is ! int]*ange ( ! t]ms deception & falsehood4 ,b unless ?is is an int5tional juggl]y ( words1 :i* is n to be suppos$1 ?is means t x w\ld be absurd to say t x is "r to kill an enemy1 b n "r to tell him a falsehood4 ,& no?+ c\ld m cle>ly %[ ,dr4 ,smy?'s error ( m9d on ?is :ole subject ?an ?is decl>ation4 ,absurd to claim t :ile x is "r to take a man's life 9 op5 w>f>e1 9 a j cause1 x w\ld n be "r to =feit "o's p]sonal wor?1 & to de/roy "o's p]sonal integrity1 :i* ,dr4 ,smy? says are involv$ 9 a falsehood6 ,absurd to claim t :ile ,god :o is ! au?or ( life c ju/ify ! tak+ ( life1 he _c ju/ify ! s9 ( ly+6 ,no1 no1 ! absurdity ( ! case is n on t side ( ! l9e4 ,!re is no consi/5cy ( argum5t on ?is subject 9 ,dr4 ,smy?'s "w4 ,8 premises are s\nd4 ,8 reason+ is confus$ & inconsi/5t4 ,n only 9 "s cases ( necessity is falsehood p]missible1 b we may recognize a positive obligation ( love to ! concealm5t ( ! tru?1 he says4 ,"h aga9 is t app>5t conf\nd+ ( unju/ifiable falsehood ) p]fectly prop] concealm5t ( tru?4 ,he cont9ues3 ,o!r duties :i* "u su* circum/ances h become p>am\nt1 may require ! pres]vation ( "o's own or ano!r's life ?r\gh a falsehood4 ,n only ought "o n to tell ! tru? "u ! suppos$ conditions1 b1 if ! pr9ciple assum$ be s\nd1 a good consci5ce may proce$ to en=ce a positive obligation ( untru?fulness4444 ,!re are occasions :5 ! int]e/s ( society & ! highe/ motives ( ,*ri/ian love may r5d] x mu* m pref]able to dis*>ge ! duty ( self-def5se ?r\gh ! humanity ( a successful falsehood1 ?an by ! b>b>ity ( a /unn+ bl[ or a pi/ol-%ot4 ,g5]al b5evol5ce dem&s t ! less] evil1 if possible1 r ?an ! great]1 %\ld be inflict$ on ano!r4 ,j comp>e ^! conclusions ( ,dr4 ,smy? ) 8 own premises4 ,tru?fulness 444 is an obligation :i* e man owes to himself4 ,x is a primal p]sonal obligation4444 ,tru?fulness is ! self-consi/5cy ( "*2 falsehood is a break+ up ( ! moral integrity4 ,! li> is rightly reg>d$ z an enemy to mank9d4 ,a lie is n only an affront aga9/ ! p]son to :om x is told1 b x is an (f5se aga9/ humanity4 ,b :at ( all t8 ,!re are occasions :5 ! int]e/s ( society & ! highe/ motives ( ,*ri/ian love may r5d] x mu* m pref]able to dis*>ge ! duty ( self-def5se ?r\gh ! humanity ( a successful falsehood1 ?an by ! b>b>ity ( a /unn+ bl[ or a pi/ol-%ot4 ,g5]al b5evol5ce dem&s t ! less] evil1 if possible1 r ?an ! great]1 %\ld be inflict$ on ano!r4 ,bett] break up "o's moral integrity1 & fail 9 "o's primal p]sonal obligation to himself1--bett] become an enemy ( mank9d1 & commit an (f5se aga9/ humanity1--?an def5d "o's self aga9/ an outlaw by ! b>b>ity ( a /unn+ bl[ or a bullet6 ,w\ld any "o suppose f 8 premises t ,dr4 ,smy? look$ ^u p]sonal tru?fulness z a m9or virtue1 & ^u falsehood z a less] vice8 ,does he seem 9 ^? premises to put v]acity bel[ *a/ity1 & falsehood bel[ p]sonal impurity8 ,yet is he to be und]/ood z intimat+1 9 ?is phase ( 8 argum5t1 t un*a/ity1 or di%one/y1 or any o!r vice ?an falsehood1 is to be pref]r$1 9 practice1 ov] a /unn+ bl[ or a fatal bullet aga9/ a w\ld-be murd]]8#a ,! loos5ess ( ,dr4 ,smy?'s logic1 z indicat$ 9 ?is reason+ on ! subject ( v]acity1 w\ld 9 its t5d5cy be de/ructive to ! safegu>ds ( p]sonal virtue & ( social purity2 & 8 argum5ts = ! lie ( exig5cy are simil> to ^? :i* are put =w>d 9 excuse = common s9s aga9/ *a/ity1 by ! free-&-easy def5d]s ( a lax /&>d 9 su* matt]s4 ,"s morali/s1 says ! av]age "y man ( ! _w1 9 _! extreme reg>d = p]sonal purity1 w n admit t any act ( un*a/ity is necess>y1 ev5 to protect "o's heal?1 or z an act ( love4 ,b ! m5 ( virility & /rong feel+ w let d[n occasionally at ?is po9t1 9 spite ( ! morali/s4 ,:i* %\ld be foll[$1--! philosophic morality1 or ! practice ( _m o!rwise dec5t & v respectable m58 ,footnote #a3 ,see ,augu/9e's words on ?is po9t1 quot$ at p4 #ajj1 supra4 ,conf\nd+1 z always1 a wise & "r concealm5t ( tru? ) actual falsehood1 ,dr4 ,smy? says ( ! duty ( a tea*] 9 ! matt] ( imp>t+ tru? to a pupil accord+ to ! measure ( ! pupil's ability to receive x3 ,an occasional fri5dly use ( tru? z a cra% t[el may be :olesome2 b ord9>ily !re is a m excell5t way4 ,t is a c\nt+ ( tru? preci\s1 ) a v5geance6 ,dr4 ,smy? seems incl9$ to accept 9 ! ma9 ! conclusions1 on ?is :ole subject1 ( ,ro!1 b )\t ,ro!'s measure ( consi/5cy 9 ! argum5t4 ,ro! />ts wrong1 & ( c\rse ends wrong4 ,dr4 ,smy?1 l ,dr4 ,hodge1 />ts "r & ends wrong4 ,no sor] condemnation ( ,dr4 ,smy?'s position c be made1 ?an by ! simple pres5tation ( 8 own review ( 8 own argum5t1 :5 he says3 ,to sum up1 !n1 :at has be5 said conc]n+ ! s-call$ lies ( necessity1 ! pr9ciple to be appli$ ) wisdom is simply ?is3 give ! tru? always to ^? :o 9 ! bonds ( humanity h ! "r to ! tru?2 conceal x or falsify x only :5 x is unmi/akably evid5t t ! human "r to ! tru? f o!rs has be5 =feit$1 or tempor>ily is held 9 abeyance by sickness1 weakness1 or "s crim9al int5t3 d n 9 any case prev>icate1 unless y c tell ! necess>y falsehood delib]ately & positively1 f pr9ciple1 ) a good consci5ce void ( (f5se t[>d m51 & s9c]e 9 ! sight ( ,god4 ,:at says ! moral s5se ( humanity to su* a position z t8 ,z ov] aga9/ ! errone\s claim1 made by ,ri*>d ,ro!1 & ,newman ,smy?1 & o!rs1 t ! moral s5se ( mank9d is at v>iance ) ! dem&s ( rigid morali/s1 9 reg>d to ! unju/ifiabl5ess ( falsehood1 x is ( int]e/ to note ! te/imony ( /rong ?9k]s1 :o h writt5 on ?is subject ) ! fulle/ fre$om1 f ! /&po9t ( speculative philosophy1 r ?an ( exclusively ,*ri/ian e?ics4 ,= example1 ,james ,m>t9eau1 :ile a ,*ri/ian philosoph]1 discusses ! "q ( v]acity z a philosoph]1 r ?an z a ,*ri/ian1 9 8 ,types ( ,e?ical ,!ory2#a & he insi/s t v]acity is /rictly natural1 t is1 x is impli$ 9 ! v nature :i* leads u to int]communion 9 spee*4 ,footnote #a3 ,m>t9eau's ,types ( ,e?ical ,!ory1 ,,ii41 #bee-bfe4 ,z he sees x1 a man is trea*]\s to himself :o speaks falsely at any "t to any "o1 & ! man's moral s5se recoils f 8 action accord+ly4 ,dr4 ,m>t9eau says3 ,x is p]haps1 ! peculi> trea*]y ( ?is process :i* fixes ^u falsehood a /amp ( meanness q exceptional2 & r5d]s x impossible1 ,i ?9k1 to yield to its inducem5ts1 ev5 9 cases suppos$ to be v5ial1 )\t a disgu/ little di/+ui%able f compunction4 ,?is mu/ h be5 ,kant's feel+ :5 he said3 ',a lie is ! ab&onm5t1 or1 z x 71 ! annihilation ( ! dignity ( man4' ,dr4 ,m>t9eau is n s rigid a morali/ b t he is ready to agree ) ^? easy-go+ !ologians :o f9d a place = exceptional falsehoods 9 _! reason+2 yet he is s true a man 9 8 moral in/9cts t 8 nature recoils f ! results ( su* reason+4 ,aft] all1 he says1 !re is some?+ 9 ?is problem :i* refuses to be ?us laid to re/2 & 9 treat+ x1 x is h>dly possible to escape ! uneas9ess ( a c]ta9 moral inconsequ5ce4 ,if we consult ! casui/ ( ,common ,s5se he usually tells u t1 9 !ory1 ,v]acity c h no exceptions2 b t1 9 practice1 he is br\ght face to face ) at lea/ a few2 & he *e]fully accepts a disp5sation1 :5 requir$1 at ! h&s ( ,necessity4 ,i confess r to an inv]se exp]i5ce4 ,! !oretic reasons = c]ta9 limits to ! rule ( v]acity appe> to me unansw]able2 nor c ,i condemn any "o :o acts 9 accordance ) !m4 ,yet :5 ,i place myself 9 a l position1 at "o ( ! crises dem&+ a delib]ate lie1 an unutt]able repugnance returns ^u me1 & makes ! !ory seem %ameful4 ,if br\ght to ! te/1 ,i %\ld probably act r z ,i ?9k ?an z ,i feel1#a )\t1 h[ev]1 be+ able to escape ! /ab ( an in/ant compunction & ! secret w\nd ( a long humiliation4 ,is ?is ! m]e weakness ( sup]/ition8 ,x may be s4 ,b may x n also spr+ f an in]adicable s5se ( a common humanity1 /ill leav+ social ties to ev5 social ali5s1 &1 9 ! pres5ce ( an imp]i%able frat]nal unity1 =bidd+ to ! individual ( ! mom5t ! pr\d "r ( spiritual o/racism8444 ,footnote #a3 ,no1 a man :o feels l t w\ld be true 9 ! h\r ( temptation4 ,8 d\bt ( himself is only ! tremul\sness ( true c\rage4 ,h[ c\ld ,i ev] face ! s\l ,i _h deceiv$1 :5 p]haps our relations are rev]s$1 & he meets my s9s1 n ) self-protective repulse1 b ) w9n+ love8 ,& if ) ?\ghts l ^! !re also bl5ds t inw>d rev]5ce = reality :i* cl+s to ! v ess5ce ( human reason1 & r5d]s x incr$ible1 priori1 t falsehood %\ld become an implem5t ( good1 x is p]haps intelligible h[ !re may be an irrem$iable discrepancy betwe5 ! dioptric c]ta9ty ( ! und]/&+ & ! imm$iate insight ( ! consci5ce3 n all ! rays ( spiritual tru? are refrangible2 "s !re are beyond ! intellectual spectrum1 t wake invisible response1 & tremble 9 ! d>k4 ,dr4 ,m>t9eau's def9ition ( "r & wrong is ?is3#a ,e action is "r1 :i*1 9 pres5ce ( a l[] pr9ciple1 foll[s a high]3 e action is wrong1 :i*1 9 pres5ce ( a high] pr9ciple1 foll[s a l[]2 & 8 moral s5se w n admit ! possibility ( falsehood be+ at any "t high] ?an tru?1 or ( v]acity ev] be+ l[] ?an a lie4 ,footnote #a3 ,types ( ,e?ical ,!ory1 ,,ii41 #bgj4 ,pr(essor ,?omas ,f[l]1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d1 writ+ z a believ] 9 ! gradual evolution ( morals1 & bas+ 8 philosophy on exp]i5ce )\t any recognition ( priori pr9ciples1 is mu* m ne>ly 9 accord1 at ?is po9t1#a ) ,m>t9eau1 ?an ) ,ro!1 ,hodge1 & ,smy?4 ,al?\gh he is ready to conc$e t a lie may1 !oretically1 be ju/ifiable1 he is sure t ! moral s5se ( mank9d is1 at ! pres5t /ate ( av]age developm5t1 aga9/ its propriety4 ,h5ce1 he ass]ts t1 ev5 :5 ju/ice might d5y an answ] to an improp] "q1 outside ! limits ( ju/ice1 & irrespectively ( _! duty to o!rs1 _m p]sons are (t5 re/ra9$1 & q rightly s1 f return+ an untru?ful or ambigu\s answ] by purely self-reg>d+ feel+s4 ,!y feel t to give an untru?ful answ]1 ev5 "u su* circum/ances z ,i h suppos$1 w\ld be to burd5 !mselves ) ! subsequ5t consci\sness ( c[>dice or lack ( self-respect4 ,& h5ce1 :atev] inconv5i5ce or annoyance x may co/ !m1 !y tell ! nak$ tru?1 r ?an /& convict$ to !mselves ( a want ( c\rage or dignity4 ,footnote #a3 ,pr9ciples ( ,morals1 ,,ii41 #aei-afa4 ,v]acity1 ?\gh ?is 0 by no means always ! case1 ,pr(essor ,f[l] cont9ues1 has become ! po9t ( honor 9 ! upp] ranks ( mod]n civiliz$ societies1 & h5ce x is inve/$ ) a sanctity :i* seems to atta* to no o!r virtue2 & to ! un9/ruct$ consci5ce ( ! unreflective man1 ! duty ( tell+ ! tru? appe>s1 ( all duties1 to be ! only duty :i* nev] admits ( any exceptions1 f ! unavoidable conflict ) o!r duties4 ,he ranges ! moral s5se ( ! upp] ranks ( mod]n civiliz$ societies1 & ! un9/ruct$ consci5ce ( ! unreflective man1 aga9/ any tol]ance ( ! lie ( necessity1 leav+ only ! locality ( ,muhammad's c(f9 = ^? :o are array$ aga9/ ! rigid morali/s on ?is "q4 ,:ile he admits ! !oretical possibility ( ! lie ( necessity1 ,pr(essor ,f[l] concludes z to its practical exp$i5cy3 ,)\t ma9ta9+ t !re are no conceivable circum/ances "u :i* a man w be ju/ifi$ 9 committ+ a brea* ( v]acity1 x may at lea/ be said t1 9 ! lives ( mo/ m51 !re is no case likely to occur 9 :i* ! great] social good w\ld n be atta9$ by ! obs]vation ( ! g5]al rule to tell ! tru?1 r ?an by ! recognition ( an exception 9 favor ( a lie1 ev5 ?\gh t lie 7 told = purely b5evol5t reasons4 ,t is ne>] "r ?an ! conclusions ( _m an inconsi/5t intuitioni/6 ,leslie ,/eph51 a consi/5t agno/ic1 & a believ] 9 ! sl[ evolution ( morals1 9 8 ,sci5ce ( ,e?ics1#a naturally holds1 l ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 to ! gradual developm5t ( ! cu/om ( tru?fulness1 z a necessity ( society4#b ,! moral s5se ( primitive man1 z he sees x1 might seem to ju/ify falsehood to an enemy1 r ?an1 z ,ro! & ,smy? w\ld claim1 to ^? :o are w>ds ( love4 ,9 illu/ration ( ?is he says3 ,! obligation to tru?fulness is prim>ily limit$ to relations ) memb]s ( ! same tribe or /ate2 &1 m g5]ally1 x is curi\s to obs]ve h[ a k9d ( local or special morality is (t5 develop$ 9 reg>d to ?is virtue4 ,! s*oolboy ?9ks x a duty to 8 fell[s to lie to 8 ma/]1 ! m]*ant to 8 cu/om]1 & ! s]vant to 8 employ]2 &1 inv]sely1 ! duty is (t5 recogniz$ z betwe5 memb]s ( "s little clique or pr(ession1 z soon z x is se5 to be important = _! corporate int]e/1 ev5 at ! exp5se ( ! wid] social organization4 ,!re is honor among ?ieves1 bo? ( ! respectable & o!r v>ieties4 ,footnote #a3 ,leslie ,/eph5's ,sci5ce ( ,e?ics1 pp4 #bjb-bji4 ,footnote #b3 ,see pp4 #bf-cb1 supra4 ,b ,leslie ,/eph5 sees t1 9 ! progress ( ! race1 ! importance ( v]acity has come to a recognition1 9 :i* x diff]s f ! o!r virtues4 ,:ile ! law ( m>riage may v>y at diff]5t p]iods1 ! rule ( tru?fulness1 on ! o!r h&1 seems to possess ! a priori quality ( a ma!matical axiom4444 ,tru?1 9 %ort1 be+ always ! same1 tru?fulness mu/ be unv>y+4 ,?us1 ',be tru?ful' means1 ',speak ! tru? :atev] ! consequ5ces1 :e!r ! tell] or ! he>] receives b5efit or injury4' ,& h5ce1 x is inf]r$1 tru?fulness implies a quality indep5d5t ( ! organization ( ! ag5t or ( society4 ,:ile ,mr4 ,/eph5 w\ld himself f9d a place = ! lie ( necessity "u conceivable circum/ances1 he is cle>-m9d$ en\gh to p]ceive t ! moral s5se ( ! civiliz$ _w is oppos$ to ?is view2 & 9 ?is he is ne>] correct ?an ^? :o claim ! opposite4 ,x is true t ^? :o seek an approbation ( _! def5se ( falsehoods :i* !y deem a necessity1 assume1 )\t pro(1 _! agreem5t ) ! moral s5se ( ! race4 ,b x is also true t !re /&s oppos$ to _! !ory ! be/ moral s5se ( primitive man1 z %[n 9 a wide area ( inve/igation1 & also ( ?9k]s all ! way up f ! l[e/ moral grade to ! mo/ rigor\s morali/s1 includ+ intuitioni/s1 utilit>ians1 & agno/ics4 ,h[ev] defici5t may be ! practice ( err+ mortals1 ! ideal /&>d 9 !ory1 is v]acity1 & n falsehood4 ,z to ! op9ions ( purely speculative philosoph]s1 conc]n+ ! admissibility ( ! lie ( necessity1 !y h little value except z p]sonal op9ions4 ,?is "q is "o t _c be discuss$ fairly )\t relation to ! nature & law ( ,god4 ,x is ( int]e/1 h[ev]1 to note t a ke5 m9d l ,kant's insi/s t ! highe/ violation ( ! duty ow$ by man to himself1 consid]$ z a moral be+ s+ly 7ow$ to ! humanity subsi/+ 9 8 p]son71 is a dep>ture f tru?1 or ly+4#a ,& :5 a man l ,fi*te1#b :om ,c>lyle *>act]izes z t cold1 colossal1 adamant9e _s1 /&+ erect l a ,cato ,major among deg5]ate m52 fit to h be5 ! tea*] ( ! ,/oa1 & to h disc\rs$ ( beauty & virtue 9 ! groves ( ,academe1 decl>es t no measure ( evil results f tru?-speak+ w\ld induce him to tell a lie1 a c]ta9 moral weight atta*es to 8 te/imony4 ,& s ) all ! o!r philosoph]s4 ,no attempt at exhau/iv5ess 9 _! treatm5t is made 9 ?is "w4 ,b ! fulle/ =ce ( any fre% argum5t made by !m 9 favor ( occasional ly+ is recogniz$ s f> z x is kn[n4 ,footnote #a3 ,see ,semple's ,kant's ,metaphysic ( ,e?ics1 p4 #bfg4 ,footnote #b3 ,see ,m>t5s5's ,*ri/ian ,e?ics 7,individual71 #ig4 ,"o common misquotation f a well-kn[n philosoph]1 9 ?is l9e1 is1 h[ev]1 suffici5tly notewor?y = special m5tion "h4 ,jacobi1 9 8 int5se !ism1 prote/s aga9/ ! unqualifi$ idealism ( ,fi*te1 & ! indef9ite naturalism ( ,s*ell+2 &1 9 8 fam\s ,lett] to ,fi*te1#a he says vehem5tly3 ,b ! ,good :at is x8 ,i h no answ] if !re be no ,god4 ,z to me1 ?is _w ( ph5om5a--if x h all its tru? 9 ^! ph5om5a1 & no m pr(\nd significance1 if x h no?+ beyond itself to reveal to me--becomes a repulsive phantom1 9 ^: pres5ce ,i curse ! consci\sness :i* has call$ x into exi/5ce1 & ,i invoke aga9/ x annihilation z a deity4 ,ev5 s1 also1 ev]y?+ t ,i call good1 beautiful1 & sacr$1 turns to a *im]a1 di/urb+ my _s1 & r5d+ ! he>t out ( my bosom1 z soon z ,i assume t x /&s n 9 me z a relation to a high]1 real ,be+1--n a m]e resemblance or copy ( x 9 me2--:51 9 f9e1 ,i h )9 me an empty & fictiti\s consci\sness only4 ,i admit also t ,i "k no?+ ( '! ,good p] se1' or '! ,true p] se1' t ,i ev5 h no?+ b a vague notion ( :at su* t]ms /& =4 ,i decl>e t x revolts me :5 p seek to obtrude ^u me ! ,w :i* wills no?+1 ?is empty nut ( indep5d5ce & fre$om 9 absolute indiff]5ce1 & accuse me ( a!ism1 ! true & prop] godlessness1 because ,i %[ reluctance to accept x4 ,footnote #a3 ,f4,h4 ,jacobi's ,w]ke1 ,i,i,iter ,b&1 pp4 #cf-ch4 ,insi/+ ?us t he mu/ h ! w ( a p]sonal ,god z a s\rce ( obligation to con=m to ! law ( tru? & virtue1 & t )\t su* a s\rce no assum$ law c be b9d+ on him1 ,jacobi adds3 ,yes ,i am ! a!i/1 & ! godless man :o1 9 opposition to ! ,w t wills no?+1 w lie z ! ly+ ,desdemona li$2 w lie & deceive z did ,pylades 9 pass+ himself (f z ,ore/es2 w commit murd] z did ,timoleon2 break law & oa? z did ,epam9ondas1 z did ,john ,de ,witt2 w commit suicide z did ,o?o2 w und]take sacrilege ) ,david2 yes & rub e>s ( corn on ! ,sabba? m]ely because ,i am an hung]$1 & because ! law is made = man & n man = ! law4 ,jacobi's ref]5ce1 9 ?is /atem5t1 to ly+ & o!r s9s1 0 tak5 by itself z ! motto to "o ( ,col]idge's essays2#a & ?is seems to h giv5 curr5cy to ! idea t ,jacobi 0 9 favor ( ly+4 ,h5ce he is unfairly cit$ by e?ical writ]s#b z hav+ decl>$ himself = ! lie ( exp$i5cy2 :]eas ! context %[s t t is n 8 position4 ,he is simply /at+ ! logical consequ5ces ( a philosophy :i* he repudiates4 ,footnote #a3 ,col]idge's ,works3 ,! ,fri5d1 ,essay ,,xv4 ,footnote #b3 ,see1 = in/ance1 ,m>t5s5's ,*ri/ian ,e?ics 7,individual71 #ig4 ,among ! false assumptions t are made by _m ( ! advocates ( ! lie ( necessity is ! claim t 9 w>1 9 m$ical practice1 & 9 ! legal pr(ession1 ! propriety ( falsehood & deceit1 9 c]ta9 cases1 is recogniz$ & admitt$ on all sides4 ,:ile ! baselessness ( ?is claim has be5 po9t$ out1 incid5tally1 9 ! progress ( ! =ego+ discussion1#a x w\ld seem desirable to give p>ticul> att5tion to ! matt] 9 a full] treatm5t ( x1 be=e clos+ ?is record ( c5turies ( discussion4 ,footnote #a3 ,see pp4 #ga-ge1 supra4 ,x is n true t 9 civiliz$ w>f>e !re is an entire abrogation1 or susp5sion1 ( ! duty ( tru?fulness t[>d an enemy4 ,!re is no mat]ial diff]5ce betwe5 w> & peace 9 ?is respect4 ,enemies1 on bo? sides1 und]/& t 9 w>f>e !y are to kill ea* o!r if !y c1 by ! use ( means t are all[able z means2 b ?is does n give !m ! privilege ( do+ :at is utt]ly inconsi/5t ) true manhood4 ,enemies are n b\nd to disclose _! plans to ea* o!r4 ,!y h a duty ( conceal+ ^? plans f ea* o!r4 ,h5ce1 z ,dorn] has sugge/$1 !y pr(f] to ea* o!r's sight only appe>ances1 n assurances2 & x is = ea* to guess out1 if he c1 ! real purpose ( ! o!r1 bel[ ! appe>ance4 ,an enemy c protect 8 bord]s by pitfalls1 or torp$oes1 or ambu%es1 c>efully conceal$ f sight1 9 ord] to gu>d ! life ( 8 own p by de/roy+ ! life ( 8 oppon5ts1 or may make demon/rations1 be=e ! enemy1 ( possible movem5ts1 9 ord] to conceal 8 purpos$ movem5ts2 b 9 do+ ?is he does only :at is all[able1 9 effect1 9 "t ( peace4#a ,footnote #a3 ,sev]al ( ! illu/rations ( ,ori5tal w>f>e 9 ! ,bible record are to be expla9$ 9 accordance ) ?is pr9ciple4 ,?us ) ! ambu% set by ,jo%ua be=e ,ai 7,jo%4 #h3 #a-bf73 ! ,canaanites did n read aright ! riddle ( ! ,israeliti% comm&]1 & !y suff]$ accord+ly4 ,yet ,dr4 ,dabney 7,!ology1 p4 #dbd7 cites ?is z an in/ance ( an int5tional deception :i* 0 innoc5t 9 ,god's sight4 ,& aga91 9 ! case record$ at #b ,k+s #g3 #f1 :]e ! ,"l made ! ho/ ( ! ,syrians to he> a noise ( *>iots1 & a noise ( horses1 ev5 ! noise ( a great ho/1444 & !y arose & 444 fl$ = _! life1 ?9k+ t ,hittite & ,egyptian =ces 7 approa*+1 x is evid5t t ,god simply caus$ ! ,syrians1 :o 7 cont5d+ ) 8 p1 to feel t !y 7 fight+ hopelessly aga9/ ,god's cause4 ,! impression ,god made on _! m9ds 0 a correct "o4 ,he c\ld br+ *>iots & horses z a great ho/ aga9/ !m4 ,!y did well to realize ?is fact4 ,b ! ,syrians' explanation ( ?is impression 0 incorrect 9 its details4 ,a simil> me?od ( my/ify+ 8 oppon5t is adopt$ by ! base-ball pit*] 9 8 demon/rations ) ! ball be=e lett+ x drive at ! batsman4 ,! batsman holds himself responsible = read+ ! riddle ( ! pit*]'s motions4 ,yet ! pit*] is =bidd5 to deceive ! batsman by a fe9t ( deliv]+ ! ball )\t deliv]+ x4 ,if an enemy attempts any communication ) 8 oppon5t1 he has no "r to lie to1 or to deceive him4 ,he mu/ n draw him into an ambuscade1 or ov] conceal$ torp$oes1 on ! plea ( desir+ an amicable int]view ) him2 & 8 e ^w giv5 to an enemy mu/ be obs]v$ sacr$ly z an obligation ( tru?4 ,ev5 be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 & c5turies prior to ! "t :5 ,*ryso/om 0 confus$ 9 8 m9d on ?is po9t1 ,cic]o wrote z to ! obligations ( v]acity ^u enemies 9 "t ( w>1 & 9 repudiation ( ! idea t w>f>e includ$ a susp5sion ( all moral relations betwe5 bellig]5ts dur+ active ho/ilities4#a ,footnote #a3 ,cic]o's ,de ,(ficiis1 ,i41 #ab1 #ac4 ,he said3 ,! equities ( w> are prescrib$ mo/ c>efully by ! h]alds' law 7lex fetialis7 ( ! ,roman p1 & he w5t on to give illu/rations ( ! recogniz$ duty ( combatants to keep )9 ! b\nds ( mutual social obligations4 ,ev5 :]e private p]sons1 "u /ress ( circum/ances1 h made any promise to ! enemy1 he said1 !y %\ld obs]ve ! exacte/ good fai?1 z did ,regulus1 9 ! fir/ ,punic w>1 :5 tak5 prison] & s5t to ,rome to treat ( ! ex*ange ( prison]s1 hav+ sworn t he w\ld return4 ,fir/1 :5 he _h arriv$1 he did n vote 9 ! ,s5ate = ! return ( ! prison]s4 ,!n1 :5 8 fri5ds & k9sm5 w\ld h deta9$ him1 he pref]r$ to g back to puni%m5t r ?an evade 8 fai? plight$ to ! enemy4 ,9 ! second ,punic w> also1 aft] ! battle ( ,cannae1 ( ! t5 ,romans :om ,hannibal s5t to ,rome b\nd by an oa? t !y w\ld return unless !y obta9$ an agreem5t = ! r$emption ( prison]s1 ! c5sors kept disfran*is$ ^? :o p]jur$ !mselves1 mak+ no exception 9 favor ( him :o _h devis$ a fraudul5t evasion ( 8 oa?4 ,= :5 by leave ( ,hannibal he _h dep>t$ f ! camp1 he w5t back a little lat]1 on pret5se ( hav+ =gott5 some?+4 ,!n dep>t+ aga9 f ! camp )\t r5ew+ 8 oa?1 he c\nt$ himself set free f ! obligation ( 8 oa?4 ,& s he 0 free s f> z ! words w5t1 b n s 9 reality2 = always 9 a promise we mu/ h reg>d to ! mean+ ( our words1 r ?an to ! words !mselves4 ,9 mod]n times1 :5 ,"l ,clive1 9 ,india1 act$ on ! !ory t an utt] lack ( v]acity & good fai? on ! "p ( an enemy ju/ifi$ a susp5sion ( all moral obligations t[>d him1 & practic$ deceit on a ,b5galee by ! "n ( ,omi*und1 9 ord] to ga9 an advantage ov] ! ,nabob ( ,b5gal1 he 0 condemn$ by ! moral s5se ( ! nation = :i* he ?us act$ deceitfully2 &1 9 spite ( ! speci\s argum5ts put =? by 8 p>tisan def5d]s1 8 "n is infam\s because ( ?is transaction4 ,engli% valor & ,engli% intellig5ce h done less to ext5d & pres]ve our ,ori5tal empire ?an ,engli% v]acity1 says ,"l ,macaulay4 ,all t we c\ld h ga9$ by imitat+ ! d\bl+s1 ! evasions1 ! fictions1 ! p]juries1 :i* h be5 employ$ aga9/ u1 is z no?+ :5 comp>$ ) :at we h ga9$ by be+ ! "o p[] 9 ,india on ^: ^w reliance c be plac$4 ,no oa? :i* sup]/ition c devise1 no ho/age h[ev] preci\s1 inspires a hundr$? "p ( ! confid5ce :i* is produc$ by ! 'yea1 yea1' & ! 'nay1 nay1' ( a ,briti% envoy4 ,!re=e x is t ,"l ,macaulay is sure t look+ at ! "q ( exp$i5cy 9 ! l[e/ s5se ( ! ^w1 & us+ no argum5ts b su* z ,ma*iavelli might h employ$ 9 8 conf]5ces ) ,borgia1 we are conv9c$ t ,clive 0 altoge!r 9 ! wrong1 & t he committ$1 n m]ely a crime b a blund]4#a ,footnote #a3 ,macaulay's ,essay on ,"l ,clive4 ,s aga9 :5 an ,engli% vessel ( w> made signals ( di/ress1 (f ! coa/ ( ,france1 dur+ ! w> ) ,napoleon1 & !reby deceiv$ m5 f ! enemy into com+ to its relief1 & !n held !m z prison]s1 ! act 0 condemn$ by ! moral s5se ( ! _w4 ,z ,woolsey says1 9 8 ,int]national ,law3#a ,brea* ( fai? betwe5 enemies has always be5 /rongly condemn$1 & t v9dication ( x is wor?less :i* ma9ta9s t1 )\t an express or tacit promise to our enemy1 we are n b\nd to keep fai? ) him4 ,footnote #a3 ,sect4 #acc1 p4 #bac4 ,! !ologian :o assumes t ! duty ( v]acity is susp5d$ betwe5 enemies 9 w> "t is ignorant ( ! v !ory ( civiliz$ w>f>e2 or else he fails to di/+ui% betwe5 ju/ifiable concealm5t1 by ! aid ( me?ods ( my/ify+1 & falsehood :i* is nev] ju/ifiable4 ,& t comm&] :o %\ld attempt to ju/ify falsehood & bad fai? 9 w>f>e on ! gr\nd t x is held ju/ifiable 9 c]ta9 works on ,*ri/ian e?ics1 w\ld incur ! scorn ( ! civiliz$ _w = 8 cr$ulity2 & he w\ld be told t x is absurd to claim t because he is entitl$ to kill a man 9 w>f>e x mu/ be fair to lie to him4 ,9 ! treatm5t ( ! m$ical pr(ession1 _m writ]s on e?ics h be5 z unfair1 z 9 _! misrepres5tation ( ! g5]al moral s5se ) ref]5ce to w>f>e4 ,!y h spok5 z if ! e?ics ( ! m$ical pr(ession _h a recogniz$ place = falsehood 9 ! treatm5t ( ! sick4 ,b ?is assumption is only an assumption4 ,!re are physicians :o w lie1 & !re are physicians :o w n lie2 & 9 ea* case ! individual physician acts 9 ?is matt] on 8 own responsibility3 he has no code ( pr(essional e?ics ju/ify+ a lie on 8 "p z a physician1 :5 x w\ld n be ju/ifiable 9 a layman4 ,concealm5t ( t :i* he has a "r to conceal1 is z cle>ly a duty1 9 _m a case1 on ! "p ( a physician1 z x is on ! "p ( any o!r p]son2 b falsehood is nev] a legitimate1 or an all[able1 means ( concealm5t by physician or layman4 ,z has be5 already /at$#a if x be once kn[n t a physician is ev] ready to speak words ( *e] to a pati5t falsely1 t physician is measurably depriv$ ( ! possibility ( enc\rag+ a pati5t by tru?ful words ( *e] :5 he w\ld gladly d s4 ,& physicians w\ld probably be surpris$ to "k h[ g5]ally !y are e/imat$ 9 ! community accord+ to _! reputation 9 ?is matt]4 ,"o is kn[n z a man :o w speak falsely to 8 pati5ts z a means ( enc\ragem5t1 :ile ano!r is kn[n z a man :o w be cauti\s ab\t giv+ 8 op9ion conc]n+ *ances ( recov]y1 b :o w nev] tell an untru? to a pati5t or to any o!r p]son4 ,b 9 no case c a physician claim t ! e?ics ( 8 pr(ession z a pr(ession ju/ify him 9 a falsehood to any p]son--pati5t or no pati5t4 ,footnote #a3 ,see p4 #ge f41 supra4 ,a di/+ui%$ pr(essor 9 "o ( ! prom95t m$ical colleges ( ?is c\ntry1 9 d5y+ ! claim ( a writ] on e?ics t x may become ! duty ( a physician to deceive 8 pati5t z a means ( cur+ him1 decl>es t a physician act+ on ?is !ory w n be f\nd 9 accord ) ! be/ & ! highe/ m$ical tea*+ ( ! pres5t day2 & he goes on to say3#a ,9 my pr(ession to-day1 ! tru? prop]ly pres5t$1 we h f\nd1 c>ries ) x a conv9c+ & adju/+ elem5t :i* does n fail to br+ ! afflict$ p]son to t condition ( m9d t is mo/ conducive to 8 physical well-be+1 & let me add also1 ,i believe1 to 8 spiritual welf>e4 ,?is /atem5t 0 made 9 connection ) ! decl>ation t 9 ! hospital :i* 0 9 8 *>ge x is n deem$ "r or wise to deceive a pati5t z to any op]ation to be p]=m$ ^u him4 ,& !re are o!r well-kn[n physicians :o te/ify simil>ly z to ! e?ics ( _! pr(ession4 ,footnote #a3 ,9 a p]sonal communication to ! au?or4 ,an illu/ration ( ! possible good results ( conceal+ an unpleasant fact f a sick p]son1 t has be5 a favorite citation all along ! c5turies ) writ]s on e?ics :o w\ld ju/ify em]g5cy falsehoods1 is "o :i* is giv5 9 8 correspond5ce by ,pl9y ! y\ng]1 eighte5 c5turies ago4#a ,footnote #a3 ,epi/les ( ,pl9y ! ,y\ng]1 ,book ,,iii41 ,epis4 #af4 ,pl9y to ,nepos4 ,caec9na ,paetus & 8 son 7 bo? at ! same "t attack$ ) :at seem$ a mortal illness1 ( :i* ! son di$4444 ,8 "m ,arria manag$ 8 fun]al s privately t ,paetus did n "k ( 8 dea?4 ,:5ev] %e came into 8 b$*amb]1 %e pret5d$ t h] son 0 bett]1 &1 z (t5 z he inquir$ aft] 8 heal?1 w\ld answ] t he _h re/$ well1 or _h eat5 ) an appetite4 ,:5 %e f\nd %e c\ld no long] re/ra9 h] grief1 b h] te>s 7 gu%+ out1 %e w\ld leave ! room1 &1 hav+ giv5 v5t to h] passion1 return aga9 ) dry eyes & a s]5e c\nt5ance1 z if %e _h dismiss$ e s5tim5t ( sorr[4 ,?is ,roman matron also committ$ suicide1 z an enc\ragem5t to h] husb& :om %e desir$ to h put an end to 8 own life1 :5 he 0 likely to h x tak5 f him by ! execution]2 & ,pl9y comm5ds h] nobl5ess ( conduct 9 bo? cases4 ,x is common among e?ical writ]s1 9 cit+ ?is in/ance 9 favor ( ly+1 to say no?+ ab\t ! suicide1 & to omit m5tion ( ! fact t ! "m squ>ely li$1 by say+ t h] dead boy _h eat5 a good breakfa/1 in/ead ( employ+ language t might h be5 ! tru? z f> z x w5t1 :ile x conceal$ t portion ( ! tru? :i* %e ?\ght x be/ to conceal4 ,x is common to quote h] z simply say+ ( h] son ,he is bett]2#a q a diff]5t v]sion f ,pl9y's1 & pres5t+ a diff]5t issue4 ,footnote #a3 ,see ,newman ,smy?'s ,*ri/ian ,e?ics1 p4 #cie1 :]e ?is case is /at$ ) vagu5ess ( phrase1 & z ?us /at$ is approv$4 ,x 0 p]fectly prop] = t "m to conceal ! signs ( h] sorr[ f h] sick husb&1 :o _h no "r to "k ! tru? conc]n+ matt]s outside ( 8 sick-room at su* a "t4 ,& if1 inde$1 %e c\ld say 9 all s9c]ity1 z expressive ( h] feel+s 9 ! dea? ( h] son1 by ! w ( ! gods1 ,he is bett]1 x w\ld h be5 possible = h] to feel t %e 0 entitl$ to say t z ! tru?1 & n z a falsehood2 & 9 t case %e w\ld n h int5d$ a deceit1 b only a concealm5t4 ,b :51 on ! o!r h&1 %e told a delib]ate lie--spoke falsely 9 ord] to deceive--%e committ$ a s9 9 s do+1 & h] s9 0 none ! less a s9 because x result$ 9 app>5t good to h] husb&4 ,an illu/ration does n ov]turn a pr9ciple1 b x may misrepres5t x4 ,ano!r illu/ration1 on ! o!r side ( ! case1 is wor? cit+ "h4 ,victor ,hugo pictures1 9 8 ,les ,mis]ables1#a a si/] ( *>ity adroitly conceal+ facts f a sick p]son 9 a hospital1 :ile refus+ to tell a falsehood ev5 = ! pati5t's good4 ,nev] to h told a falsehood1 nev] to h said = any advantage1 or ev5 indiff]5tly1 a ?+ :i* 0 n ! tru?1 ! holy tru?1 0 ! *>act]i/ic feature ( ,si/] ,simplice4 ,%e _h tak5 ! "n ( ,simplice ?r\gh special *oice4 ,simplice1 ( ,sicily1 our read]s w rememb]1 is ! sa9t :o soon] let h] bosom be pluck$ out ?an say %e 0 a native ( ,sege/e1 z %e 0 born at ,syracuse1 ?\gh ! falsehood w\ld h sav$ h]4 ,su* a patron sa9t suit$ ?is s\l4 ,& 9 speak+ ( ,si/] ,simplice1 z nev] hav+ told ev5 a :ite lie1 ,victor ,hugo quotes a lett] f ! ,abb ,sic>d1 to 8 deaf-mute pupil ,massieu1 on ?is po9t3 ,c !re be su* a ?+ z a :ite lie1 an innoc5t lie8 ,ly+ is ! absolute ( evil4 ,ly+ a little is n possible4 ,! man :o lies tells ! :ole lie4 ,ly+ is ! face ( ! fi5d2 & ,satan has two names1--he is call$ ,satan & ,ly+4 ,victor ,hugo ! romanc] w\ld seem to be a saf] guide1 s f>1 = ! physician or ! nurse 9 ! sick-room1 ?an ,pl9y ! rhetorician1 or ,ro! ! !ologian4#b ,footnote #a3 ,book ,,vii4 ,footnote #b3 ,yet ,victor ,hugo aft]w>ds repres5ts ev5 ,si/] ,simplice z ly+ unqualifi$ly1 :5 sorely tempt$--al?\gh n 9 ! sick-room4 ,a well-kn[n physician1 9 speak+ to me ( ?is subject1 said3 ,x is n s difficult to avoid falsehood 9 deal+ ) anxi\s pati5ts z _m seem to suppose4 ,tact1 z well z pr9ciple1 w d a good deal to help a physician out1 9 an em]g5cy4 ,i h nev] se5 any ne$ ( ly+1 9 my practice4 ,& yet ano!r physician1 :o _h be5 9 a widely v>i$ practice = =ty ye>s1 said t he _h nev] f\nd x necess>y to tell a lie to a pati5t2 al?\gh he ?\ght he might h done s if he _h deem$ x necess>y to save a pati5t's life4 ,9 o!r words1 :ile he admitt$ ! possible ju/ification ( an em]g5cy lie1 he _h nev] f\nd a fir/-class op5+ = "o 9 8 practice4 ,& he add$1 t he knew v well t if he _h be5 kn[n to lie to 8 pati5ts1 8 pr(essional effici5cy1 z well z 8 good "n1 w\ld h suff]$4 ,m$ical m5 d n always see1 9 _! practice1 ! suppos$ advantages ( ly+1 :i* h s l>ge prom95ce 9 ! m9ds ( e?ical writ]s4 ,ano!r pr(ession1 :i* is popul>ly & wrongly accus$ ( hav+ a place = ! lie 9 its sy/em ( e?ics1 is ! legal pr(ession4 ,:ewell ref]s to ?is *>ge 9 8 ,elem5ts ( ,morality 7cit+ ,paley 9 its support74 ,he says3 ,"s morali/s h rank$ ) ! cases 9 :i* conv5tion sup]s$es ! g5]al rule ( tru?1 an advocate ass]t+ ! ju/ice1 or 8 belief 9 ! ju/ice1 ( 8 cli5t's cause4 ,b z to an advocate's "r 9 ?is matt]1 ,:ewell says explicitly3 ,if1 9 plead+1 he ass]t 8 belief t 8 cause is j1 :5 he believes x unju/1 he (f5ds aga9/ tru?2 z any o!r man w\ld d :o1 9 l mann]1 made a l ass]tion4#a ,footnote #a3 ,:ewell's ,elem5ts ( ,morality1 #djj4 ,*ief-,ju/ice ,%>swood1 ( ,p5nsylvania1 9 8 /&>d "w on ,legal ,e?ics1 cites ?is op9ion ( ,:ewell ) unqualifi$ approval2 &1 9 speak+ = ! legal pr(ession1 he says3 ,no c\nsel c ) propriety & good consci5ce express to c\rt or jury 8 belief 9 ! ju/ice ( 8 cli5t's cause1 contr>y to ! fact4 ,inde$1 ! occasions are v r>e 9 :i* he ought to ?r[ ! weight ( 8 private op9ion into ! scales 9 favor ( ! side he has esp\s$4 ,call+ att5tion to ! fact t ! (ficial oa? ( an attorney1 on 8 admission to ! b>1 9 ! /ate ( ,p5nsylvania1 includes ! specific promise to use no falsehood1 he says3 ,tru? 9 all its simplicity--tru? to ! c\rt1 cli5t1 & adv]s>y--%\ld be inde$ ! pol> /> ( ! lawy]4 ,! influ5ce ( only slight deviations f tru? ^u pr(essional "* is v obs]vable4 ,a man may z well be detect$ 9 a great z a little lie4 ,a s+le discov]y1 among pr(essional bre?r51 ( a failure ( tru?fulness1 makes a man ! object ( di/ru/1 subjects him to con/ant mortification1 & soon ?is want ( confid5ce ext5ds itself beyond ! ,b> to ^? :o employ ! ,b>4 ,t lawy]'s case is truly pitiable1 ^u ! escut*eon ( ^: hone/y or tru? re/s ! slighte/ t>ni%4#a ,footnote #a3 ,%>swood's ,essay on ,pr(essional ,e?ics1 pp4 #eg1 #ii1ajb1afg f4 ,z illu/rative ( ! c>elessness ) :i* popul> *>ges aga9/ an entire pr(ession are made ! basis ( reflections ^u ! e?ical /&>d ( t pr(ession1 ! comm5ts ( ,dr4 ,hodge on ?is matt] are wor?y ( p>ticul> notice4 ,9 connection ) 8 ass]tion t ! pr9ciples ( pr(essional m5 all[ ( _m ?+s :i* are cle>ly inconsi/5t ) ! requirem5ts ( ! n9? comm&m5t1 he says3 ,"l ,br\gham is report$ to h said1 9 ! ,h\se ( ,lords1 t an advocate kn[s no "o b 8 cli5t4 ,he is b\nd p] fas et nefas1 if possible1 to cle> him4 ,if necess>y = ! accompli%m5t ( t object1 he is at lib]ty to accuse & defame ! innoc5t1 & ev5 7z ! report /at$7 to ru9 8 c\ntry4 ,x is n unusual1 especially 9 trials = murd]1 = ! advocates ( ! accus$ to *>ge ! crime on innoc5t p>ties & to ex]t all _! +5uity to conv9ce ! jury ( _! guilt4 ,& ,dr4 ,hodge adds ! note t ,"l ,br\gham1 accord+ to ! public pap]s1 utt]$ ^! s5tim5ts 9 v9dication ( ! conduct ( ! fam\s ,iri% advocate ,phillips1 :o on ! trial ( ,c\rvoisi] = ! murd] ( ,"l ,russell1 endeavor$ to fa/5 ! guilt on ! butl] & h\semaid1 :om he knew to be innoc5t1 z 8 cli5t _h confess$ to him t he _h committ$ ! murd]4#a ,footnote #a3 ,hodge's ,sy/ematic ,!ology1 ,,iii41 #dci4 ,n[ ! facts1 9 ! two v diff]5t cases ?us errone\sly int]m+l$ by ,dr4 ,hodge1 z giv5 by ,ju/ice ,%>swood1#a pres5t q ano!r aspect f t 9 :i* ,dr4 ,hodge sees !m1 z be>+ on ! accept$ e?ics ( ! legal pr(ession4 ,x w\ld appe> t ,"l ,br\gham 0 n speak+ 9 def5se ( ano!r attorney's action1 b 9 def5se ( 8 own c\rse z attorney ( ,que5 ,c>ol9e1 ?irty ye>s be=e ! ,c\rvoisi] murd] trial4 ,z ,ju/ice ,%>swood rem>ks ( ,"l ,br\gham's extravagant claims3 ,no d\bt he 0 l$ by ! excitem5t ( s great an occasion to say :at cool reflection & sob] reason c]ta9ly nev] c approve4 ,yet ,"l ,br\gham does n appe> to h sugge/$1 9 8 claim1 t a lawy] _h a "r to falsify ! facts involv$1 or to utt] an untru?4 ,he 0 speak+ ( 8 suppos$ duty to def5d 8 cli5t1 ! ,que51 aga9/ ! *>ges ( ! ,k+1 reg>dless ( ! consequ5ces to himself or to 8 c\ntry ?r\gh 8 advocacy ( h] cause1 :i* he deem$ a j "o4 ,footnote #a3 ,%>swood's ,legal ,e?ics1 p4 #hf f4 ,& z to ! *>ge aga9/ ! em95t advocate1 ,*>les ,phillips1 ( seek+ to fa/5 ! crime on ! innoc5t1 :5 he knew t 8 cli5t 0 guilty1 9 ! trial ( ,c\rvoisi] = ! murd] ( ,"l ,russell1 t *>ge 0 ov]:elm+ly refut$ by ! te/imony ( lawy]s & judges pres5t at t trial4 ,mr4 ,phillips suppos$ 8 cli5t an innoc5t man until ! trial 0 ne>ly conclud$4 ,!n came ! unexpect$ confession f ! guilty man1 accompani$ by ! dem& t 8 c\nsel cont9ue 9 8 case to ! end4 ,at fir/ ,mr4 ,phillips propos$ to retire at once f ! case2 b1 on advis+ ) em95t c\nsel1 he 0 told t x w\ld be wrong = him to betray ! prison]'s confid5ce1 & practically to te/ify aga9/ him1 by des]t+ him at t h\r4 ,he !n cont9u$ 9 ! case1 b1 z is %[n conclusively 9 8 /atem5t ( ! facts1 ) its accompany+ pro(s1 )\t say+ a ^w or do+ a ?+ t might prop]ly be deem$ 9 ! realm ( false ass]tion or intimations4#a ,footnote #a3 ,see ,%>swood's ,legal ,e?ics1 pp4 #ajc-ajg1 #ahc-aif4 ,! v prom95ce giv5 9 ! public press to ! *>ges aga9/ ,mr4 ,phillips1 & to _! refutation1 are add$ pro( t ! moral s5se ( ! community is aga9/ falsehood "u any circum/ances or 9 any pr(ession4 ,memb]s ( ! legal pr(ession are b\nd by ! same e?ical obligations z o!r m52 yet ! civil law1 9 connection ) :i* !y practice _! pr(ession1 is n 9 all po9ts id5tical ) ! moral law2 al?\gh x is n 9 conflict ) any ( its p>ticul>s4 ,z ,*ancellor ,k5t says3 ,human laws are n s p]fect z ! dictates ( consci5ce1 & ! sph]e ( morality is m enl>g$ ?an ! limits ( civil jurisdiction4 ,!re are _m duties t belong to ! class ( imp]fect obligations1 :i* are b9d+ on consci5ce1 b :i* human laws d n & _c und]take directly to en=ce4 ,b :5 ! aid ( a ,c\rt ( ,equity is s\ght to c>ry into execution 444 a contract1 !n ! pr9ciples ( e?ics h a m ext5sive sway4#a ,footnote #a3 ,k5t's ,comm5t>ies1 ,lect4 #ci1 p4 #dij f4 7#d? ed472 cit$ 9 ,/ory's ,equity ,jurisprud5ce1 ,,vi41 p4 #bbi 7#ac? ed474 ,9 ! decisions ( ,equity c\rts1 :ile ! duty ( absolute tru?fulness betwe5 p>ties 9 int]e/ is insi/$ on z vital1 & a suppression ( ! tru? f "o :o _h a "r to its k1 or a sugge/ion ( t :i* is untrue 9 a simil> case7sugge/io falsi aut suppressio v]i71 is deem$ an elem5t ( fraud1 ! di/9ction betwe5 m]e sil5ce :5 "o is entitl$ to be sil5t1 & concealm5t ) ! purpose ( deception1 is di/9ctly recogniz$1 z x is n 9 all manuals on e?ics4#a ,?is is indicat$1 on ! "o h&1 9 ! legal maxim ,aliud e/ cel>e1 aliud tac]e1--,x is "o ?+ to conceal1 ano!r to be sil5t2 sil5ce is n necess>ily deceptive concealm5t2#b & on ! o!r h& 9 su* a /atem5t z ?is1 9 ,b5jam9's great "w on ,sales3 ,! nondisclosure ( hidd5 facts to a p>ty 9 int]e/ is ! m objectionable :5 any artifice is employ$ to ?r[ ! buy] (f 8 gu>d2 z by tell+ half ! tru?4#c ,x is n 9 any pr9ciples :i* are recogniz$ by ! legal pr(ession z b9d+ on ! consci5ce1 t loose e?ics are to f9d def5se or support4 ,footnote #a3 ,see ,bispham's ,pr9ciples ( ,equity1 p4 #bfa1 7#c;d ed472 ,broom's ,legal ,maxims1 p4 #gha f4 7#g? ,am4 ed472 ,m]rill's ,am]ican & ,engli% ,encyclop$ia ( ,law1 art4 ,fraud4 ,footnote #b3 ,see ,&]son's ,diction>y ( ,law1 p4 #bbj2 ,abbott's ,law ,diction>y1 ,i41 #ec4 ,footnote #c3 ,treatise on ! ,law ( ,sale ( ,p]sonal ,prop]ty1 p4 #dea f4 ,b ! pr(ession t has mo/ at /ake 9 ?is discussion1 & t1 inde$1 is mo/ involv$ 9 its issue1 is ! m9i/]ial1 or cl]ical1 pr(ession4 ,:ile x 0 ,jewi% rabbis :o affirm$ mo/ positively1 9 old5 "t1 ! unwav]+ obligations ( tru?fulness1 x 0 ,jewi% rabbis1 also1 :o s\ght to f9d ext5uation or excuse = falsehoods utt]$ ) a good int5tion4 ,& :ile x 0 ,*ri/ian ,fa!rs1 l ! ,%eph]d ( ,h]mas1 & ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 & ,basil ! ,great1 & ,augu/9e1 :o insi/$ t no tol]ance %\ld be all[$ to falsehood or deceit1 x 0 also ,*ri/ian ,fa!rs1 l ,gregory ( ,nyssa1 & ,*ryso/om1 :o hav+ practic$ deceit = :at !y deem$ a good end1 fir/ attempt$ a special plea = su* falsities z !y _h f\nd conv5i5t 9 _! pr(essional labors4 ,& x 0 o!r ,*ri/ian ,fa!rs1 l ,orig5 & ,j]ome1 :o s\ght to f9d argum5ts = laxity ( practice1 at ?is po9t1 9 ! c\rse ( ! ,apo/les !mselves4 ,all ! way along ! c5turies1 :ile ! /ronge/ def5d]s ( ! law ( tru?fulness h be5 f\nd among cl]gym51 m has be5 writt5 9 favor ( ! lie ( necessity by cl]gym5 ?an by m5 ( any o!r class or pr(ession4 ,& if x be true1 z _m ( ^! h claim$1 t deceit & falsehood are a duty1 on ! "p ( a ,god-lov+ tea*]1 t[>d ^? p]sons :o1 ?r\gh weakness1 or m5tal incapacity1 or moral obliquity1 are 9 ! relation to him ( w>ds ( love1 or ( subjects ( gu>dian%ip1 !re is no pr(ession 9 :i* !re is m ( a call = godly deception1 & = holy falsehood1 ?an ! ,*ri/ian m9i/ry4 ,if x be true t a lie1 or a falsehood1 is ju/ifiable 9 ord] to ! sav+ ( ! physical life ( ano!r1 h[ mu* bett] 7 x to tell su* a lie 9 ! lov+ desire to save a s\l4 ,if ! lie ( necessity be all[able = any purpose1 x w\ld seem to be m important z a means ( good 9 ! ex]cise ( ! m9i/]ial pr(ession1 ?an ( any o!r pr(ession or occupation4 ,& if x be und]/ood t ?is is ! case1 :at dep5d5ce c be put1 by ! av]age he>]1 on ! mo/ e>ne/ words ( a prea*]1 :o may be decl>+ a tru? f ,god1 & :o1 on ! o!r h&1 may be utt]+ falsehoods 9 love8 ,& if x be true1 also1 z "s ( ^! cl]gym5 h claim$1 t ,god specifically approv$ falsehood & deception1 accord+ to ! ,bible record1 & t ,jesus ,*ri/ practic$ 9 ?is l9e1 :ile "h on e>?1 :at measure ( confid5ce c fallible man place 9 ! sacr$ text z x has come to him8 ,! /atem5t ( ?is view ( ! case1 is ! be/ refutation ( ! claim ( a possible ju/ification = ! mo/ lov+ lie imag9able4 ,! only o!r po9t rema9+ unt\*$1 9 ?is review ( ! c5turies ( discussion conc]n+ ! possible ju/ifiabl5ess ( a lie "u conceivable circum/ances1 is 9 its relation to ! l[] animals4 ,x has be5 claim$ t all admit t !re is no impropriety 9 us+ any available means = ! decoy+ ( fi% or ( bea/s to _! dea?1 or 9 sav+ "o's self f an enrag$ animal2 h5ce t a lie is n to be c\nt$ z a s9 p] se1 b dep5ds = its moral value on ! relation subsi/+ betwe5 its utt]] & ! "o t[>d :om x is utt]$4 ,dr4 ,dabney1 :o is f> less cle> & s\nd ?an ,dr4 ,?ornwell 9 8 reason+ on ?is e?ical "q1 says3 ,i presume t no man w\ld feel himself guilty = deceiv+ a mad dog 9 ord] to de/roy him2#a & he argues f ?is assumption t :5 a man1 ?r\gh insanity or malice1 is n a rational man1 b a brute1 he may fairly be deem$ z outside ( ! pale ( humanity1 s f> z ! obligations ( v]acity1 view$ only z a social virtue1 are conc]n$4 ,footnote #a3 ,dabney's ,!ology 7second edition71 p4 #dbe f4 ,dr4 ,newman ,smy? exp&s ?is idea4#a ,he says3 ,we may say t animals1 /rictly speak+1 c h no imm$iate "r to our words ( tru?1 s9ce !y belong bel[ ! l9e ( exi/5ce :i* m>ks ! beg9n+ ( any functions ( spee*4 ,he adds t animals may h direct claims ^u our humanity1 & s indirectly put u "u obligations to give !m /raight=w>d & fair treatm5t1 & t tru?fulness to ! dome/ic animal1 to ! horse or ! dog1 is to be includ$ z a "p ( our g5]al obligation ( k9dness to creatures t are entirely dep5d5t ^u our fidelity to !m & _! wants4 ,b he cites ! driv+ ( horses ) bl9d]s1#b & ! fi%+ = tr\t ) artificial flies1 z evid5ce ( ! fact t man recognizes no s9fulness 9 ! deceiv+ ( ! l[] animals1 & h5ce t ! duty ( v]acity is n "o ( univ]sal obligation4 ,footnote #a3 ,smy?'s ,*ri/ian ,e?ics1 p4 #cih4 ,footnote #b3 ,"h is ano!r illu/ration ( ,dr4 ,smy?'s /range confusion ( concealm5t ) deception4 ,x w\ld seem z ?\gh a man mu/ h bl9d]s be=e 8 own eyes1 to r5d] him incapable ( p]ceiv+ ! diff]5ce betwe5 conceal+ a possible cause ( fright f an animal1 & int5tionally deceiv+ t animal4 ,if1 inde$1 ! duty ( tru?fulness 7 only a social obligation1 !re might be a =ce 9 ?is reason+ t is lack+ :5 we see t falsehood & deceit are aga9/ ! v nature ( ,god1 & are a violation ( man's primal nature4 ,a lie is a s91 :5ev] & h[ev] & to :omsoev] spok5 or act$4 ,x is a s9 aga9/ ,god :5 utt]$ 9 8 sight4 ,man is giv5 au?ority f ,god ov] all ! l[] animals2#a & he is emp[]$ to take _! lives1 if necess>y = 8 protection or = 8 su/5ance4 ,9 ! ex]cise ( ?is "r1 man is entitl$ to conceal f ! animals he w\ld kill or capture ! means employ$ = ! purpose2 z he is entitl$ to conceal simil>ly f 8 fell[-man1 :5 he is au?oriz$ to kill him z an enemy1 9 "t ( w> wag$ = ,god4 ,?us x is q prop] = a man to conceal ! hook or ! net f ! fi%1 or ! trap or ! pitfall f ! bea/2 b x is n prop] to deceive an animal by an imitation ( ! cry ( ! animal's (fspr+ 9 ord] to lure t animal to its de/ruction2 & ! moral s5se ( ! human race makes ?is di/9ction4 ,footnote #a3 ,g54 #a3bh2 #i3a-c4 ,an illu/ration t has be5 put =w>d1 z involv+ a nice "q 9 ! treatm5t ( an animal1 is t ( go+ t[>d a loose horse ) a pr(f]$ tuft ( grass 9 "o h&1 & a halt] = 8 capture conceal$ beh9d ! back 9 ! o!r h&4 ,x is "r to conceal ! halt]1 & to pr(f] ! grass1 provid$ !y are us$ sev]ally 9 _! prop] relations4 ,if ! grass be held =? z an assurance ( ! read9ess ( ! man to provide = ! ne$s ( ! horse1 & x be giv5 to him :5 he comes = x1 !re is no deception practic$ s f>2 & if1 :5 horse & man are ?us on good t]ms1 ! man br+s out ! halt] = its use 9 ! relation ( ma/] & s]vitor betwe5 ! two1 t also is prop]1 & ! horse w\ld s und]/& x4 ,b if ! man 7 to refuse ! grass to ! horse1 :5 ! two _h come toge!r1 & 7 to sub/itute = x ! halt]1 ! man w\ld d wrong1 & ! horse w\ld recognize ! fact1 & n be caught aga9 9 t way4 ,ev5 a writ] l ,pr(essor ,b[ne1 :o is n q sure z to ! "r 9 all phases ( ! ly+ "q1 sees ?is po9t 9 its psy*ological aspects to bett] advantage ?an ^? e?ical writ]s :o w\ld look at ! duty ( tru?fulness z ma9ly a social virtue3 ,ev5 9 cases :]e we reg>d tru? z 9 our own p[]1 he says1 !re are consid]ations ( exp$i5cy :i* are by no means to be disreg>d$4 ,!re is fir/ ! psy*ological fact t inexactness ( /atem5t1 exagg]ation1 unreality 9 spee*1 are sure to react ^u ! m5tal habit ( ! p]son himself1 & ^u ! e/imate 9 :i* 8 /atem5ts are held by o!rs4 ,9 deal+ ) *ildr51 also1 h[ev] conv5i5t a romanc+ /atem5t might mom5t>ily be1 x is unque/ionable t exact tru?fulness is ! only way :i* does n lead to mis*ief4 ,ev5 9 deal+ ) animals1 x pays 9 ! long run to be tru?ful4 ,! horse t is caught once by false pret5ses w n be long 9 f9d+ out ! trick4 ,! physician also :o dissembles1 quickly comes to lose ! confid5ce ( 8 pati5t1 & has !reaft] no way ( gett+ himself believ$4#a ,footnote #a3 ,b[ne's ,pr9ciples ( ,e?ics1 p4 #bbd4 ,! ma9 "q is n :e!r x is fair t[>d an animal = a man to lie to him1 b :e!r x is fair t[>d a man's self1 or t[>d ,god ! mak] ( animals & ( m51 = a man to lie to an animal4 ,a lie has no place1 ev5 !oretically1 9 ! univ]se1 unless x be 9 "s sph]e :]e ,god has no cognizance & man has no individuality4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x 7 useless to foll[ f>!r ! ev]-v>y+ *anges ( ! nev]-v>y+ reason+s = ! ju/ification ( ! unju/ifiable lie ( necessity 9 ! c\rse ( ! pass+ c5turies4 ,x is evid5t t ! speci\s argum5ts put =? by "y ,*ryso/om1 9 def5se ( 8 inexcusable lie ( love fifte5 c5turies ago1 h nei!r be5 add$ to nor improv$ on by any subsequ5t apologi/ ( ly+ & deception4 ,! action ( ,*ryso/om is decl>$ by 8 biograph]s to be utt]ly at v>iance ) ! pr9ciples ( tru? & honor1 "o :i* e s\nd ,*ri/ian consci5ce mu/ condemn2 yet ^? mod]n e?ical writ]s :o f9d =ce & reasonabl5ess 9 8 n[ v5]able ?\gh (t5-refut$ fallacies1 are sure t ! moral s5se ( ! race is ) ,*ryso/om4 ,e man :o recognizes ! b9d+ =ce ( intuitions ( a primal law ( tru?fulness1 & :o gives weight to priori argum5ts = ! un*ang+ opposition ( tru? & falsehood1 ei!r admits1 9 8 discussion ( ?is "q1 t a lie is nev] ju/ifiable1 or he is obvi\sly illogical & inconsi/5t 9 8 processes ( reason+1 & 9 8 conclusions4 ,ev5 ^? :o d5y any priori argum5t = ! sup]iority ( tru?fulness ov] falsehood1 & ^: philosophy re/s on ! exp]im5tal evid5ce ( ! good or evil ( a giv5 c\rse1 are g5]ally incl9$ to condemn any dep>ture f /rict tru?fulness z 9 its t5d5cies detrim5tal to ! int]e/s ( society1 aside f any "q ( its s9fulness4 ,! only m5 :o are ?or\ghly consi/5t 9 _! argum5ts 9 favor ( occasional ly+1 are ^? :o />t ) ! false premise t !re is no high] law ( e?ics ?an t ( su* a love = "o's neighbor z w make "o ready to d :atev] seems likely to advantage him 9 ! pres5t life4 ,c5turies ( discussion h only br\ght out ) add$ cle>ness ! ess5tial fact t a lie is et]nally oppos$ to ! tru?2 & t he :o w\ld be a wor?y *ild ( ! ,fa!r ( tru? mu/ refuse to employ1 "u any circum/ances1 modes ( spee* & action :i* belong exclusively to ! fa!r ( lies4 ,,vii4 ,,! ,,gi/ ,,( ,,! ,,matt]4 ,x w\ld seem t ! "o all-divid+ l9e 9 ! univ]se1 :i* nev] *anges or v>ies1 is ! l9e betwe5 ! true & ! false1 betwe5 ! tru? & a lie4 ,all o!r l9es ( di/9ction1 su* ev5 z ^? :i* sep>ate good f evil1 light f d>kness1 purity f impurity1 love f hate1 are 9 a s5se relative & v>iable l9es1 tak+ _! decisive measure f ?is "o primal & et]nal divid+ l9e4 ,?is is ! "o l9e :i* goes back ( our v conception ( a p]sonal ,god1 or :i* is inh]5t 9 t conception4 ,we _c conceive ( ,god z ,god1 unless we conceive ( him z ! true ,god1 & ! ,god ( tru?4 ,if !re be any falsity 9 him1 he is n ! true ,god4 ,tru? is ( ,god's v nature4 ,to admit 9 our ?\ght t a lie is ( ,god1 is to admit t falsity is 9 him1 or1 9 o!r words1 t he is a false god4 ,a lie is ! opposite ( tru?1 & a be+ :o w lie /&s oppos$ to ,god1 :o by 8 v nature _c lie4 ,h5ce he :o lies takes a /&1 by t v act1 9 opposition to ,god4 ,!re=e if x be necess>y at any "t to lie1 x is necess>y to des]t ,god & be 9 ho/ility to him s long z ! necessity = ly+ cont9ues4 ,if !re be su* a ?+ z a s9 p] se1 a lie is t ?+2 z a lie is1 9 its v nature1 9 ho/ility to ! be+ ( ,god4 ,:atev]1 !re=e1 be ! temptation to lie1 x is a temptation to s9 by ly+4 ,:atev] be ! seem+ ga9 to result f a lie1 x is ! seem+ ga9 f a s94 ,:atev] be ! app>5t co/ or loss f refus+ to lie1 x is ! app>5t co/ or loss f refus+ to s94 ,man1 =m$ 9 ! moral image ( ,god1 is s f> a repres5tative ( ,god4 ,if a man lies1 he misrepres5ts & di%onors ,god1 & mu/ incur ,god's disapproval because ( 8 c\rse4 ,?is fact is recogniz$ 9 ! univ]sal habit ( appeal+ to ,god 9 witness ( ! tru?fulness ( a /atem5t1 :5 !re is room = d\bt z to its correctness4 ,! feel+ is g5]al t a man :o believes 9 ,god w n lie unto ,god "u ! solemnity ( an oa?4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x 7 possible = ,god to approve a lie on ! "p ( "o ( 8 *ildr51 !n t *ild ( ,god might confid5tly make solemn oa? to ! tru? ( 8 lie1 appeal+ to ,god to be> witness to ! lie--:i* 9 ,god's m9d is1 9 ?is case1 bett] ?an ! tru?4 ,9 ,god's sight an oa? is no m sacr$ ?an a yea1 yea2 & e *ild ( ,god speaks always z 9 ! sight ( ,god4 ,p]jury is no m ( an immorality ?an ord9>y ly+2 nor is ord9>y ly+ any less a s9 ?an =mal p]jury4 ,! s9 ( ly+ consi/s prim>ily & *iefly 9 its inconsi/5cy ) ! nature ( ,god & ) ! nature ( ,god's image 9 man4 ,x is n ma9ly z a s9 aga9/ "o's neighbor1 b x is z a s9 aga9/ ,god & "o's self1 t a lie is ev] & always a s94 ,if x 7 possible to lie )\t h>m+ or (f5d+ "o's neighbor1 or ev5 if x 7 possible to b5efit "o's fell[-man by a lie1 no man c\ld ev] tell a lie1 "u any circum/ances or = any purpose :atsoev]1 )\t do+ h>m to 8 own nature1 & (f5d+ aga9/ ,god's v be+4 ,if a lie comes out ( a man on any inducem5t or provocation1 or = any purpose ( good1 t man is ! worse = x4 ,! lie is evil1 & its com+ out ( ! man is h>mful to him4 ,! ?+s :i* proce$ out ( ! man are ^? t defile ! man1#a said our ,"l2 & ! exp]i5ce ( mank9d be>s witness to ! correctness ( ?is assev]ation4 ,footnote #a3 ,m>k #g3ae4 ,yet1 al?\gh ! ma9 s9 & guilt & curse ( a lie are ev] on him :o utt]s t lie1 :atev] be 8 motive 9 s do+1 ! evil consequ5ces ( ly+ are immeasurable 9 ! community z a community2 & :oev] is guilty ( a new lie adds to ! burd5 ( evil t weighs d[n society1 & t t5ds to its dis9tegration & ru94 ,! bond ( society is confid5ce4 ,a lie is inconsi/5t ) confid5ce2 & ! k t a lie is1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 deem$ prop] by a man1 ?r[s d\bt on all t t man says or does "u any circum/ances4 ,no matt] :y or :]e ! "o op5+ = an all[able lie be made 9 ! res]voir ( public confid5ce1 if x be made at all1 ! f9al empty+ ( t res]voir is m]ely a "q ( "t4 ,to-day1 z 9 all ! days1 ! *ief ne$ ( m51 = !mselves & = _! fell[s1 is a lik5ess to ,god 9 ! impossibility ( ly+2 & ! *ief long+ ( ! community is = su* confid5ce ( m5 9 "o ano!r z w give !m assurance t !y w n lie "o to ano!r4 ,!re 0 nev] yet a lie utt]$ :i* did n br+ m ( h>m ?an ( good2 nor w !re ev] be a h>mless lie1 :ile ,god is ,tru?1 & ,satan is ! fa!r ( lies4 ,,topical ,,index4 ,abb ,sic>d3 cit$ ,abbott1 ,b5jam9 ,v42 cit$ ,abohab1 ,isaac3 quotation f ,abraham3 8 deceiv+ ,a*illes1 tru?fulness ( ,act & spee*1 ly+ 9 ,advantages ( ly+1 suppos$ ,africans1 tru?fulness among ,ahab's false prophets ,ahriman1 fa!r ( lies ,am]ican ,indians1 habits ( ,ananias & ,sapphira ,&]son1 ,rasmus ,b43 cit$ ,animals1 deception ( ,aqu9as1 ,?omas3 cit$ ,arabs1 influ5ce ( civilization on ,ari/otle3 cit$ ,army prison life1 incid5ts 9 ,augu/9e3 cit$ ,aurelius1 ,m>cus3 cit$ ,bailey3 cit$ ,b>r[1 ,sir ,john3 cit$ ,base-ball1 concealm5t 9 ,basil1 fri5d ( ,*ryso/om ,basil ! ,great3 cit$ ,baumg>t5-,crusius3 cit$ ,b5jam91 ,judah ,p43 cit$ ,b]gk1 ,!odor3 cit$ ,be?lehem1 ,samuel at ,bheels1 e/imate ( tru? by ,bible3 pr9ciples1 n rules1 9 fir/ record ( lie 9 /ory ( man's fall 9 /&>d ( "r =bids ly+ ,bible tea*+s on ly+ ,b+ham1 ,joseph3 cit$ ,bispham1 ,george ,t43 cit$ ,bock1 ,c>l3 cit$ ,b[ne1 ,b4,p41 quotation f ,boyle1 ,f43 cit$ ,brahmans1 e/imate ( tru? by ,briggs & ,salmond3 cit$ ,broom1 ,dr4 ,h]b]t3 cit$ ,br\gham1 ,"l3 cit$ ,budge1 ,e4,a43 cit$ ,buns51 ,c4,k4,j12 cit$ ,burton1 ,ri*>d3 cit$1 #cj4 ,caec9na ,paetus3 cit$ ,calv91 ,john3 cit$ ,c>lyle1 ,?omas3 cit$ ,c>twright1 ,william ,c43 cit$ ,*a/ity1 ly+ to save ,*ildr5's "r to tru? ,*oos+ betwe5 duties ,*ri/1 example ( ,*ri/ian e?ics1 basis ( ,*ri/ian ,fa!rs1 discussion by ,*ri/ians1 e>ly1 discussion by ,*ryso/om3 cit$ ,cic]o3 cit$ ,cl]gym51 position ( ,clive1 ,"l3 cit$ ,col]idge1 ,s4,t43 cit$ ,concealm5t1 ju/ifiable ,concealm5t1 unju/ifiable ,confid5ce ess5tial to society ,contract1 ov]press+ !ory ( ,conway1 ,moncure ,d43 cit$ ,c\rt1 oa? 9 ,c\rvoisi]1 trial ( ,crime1 ly+ to prev5t ,cyprian3 cit$ ,dabney1 ,dr4 ,r4,l43 cit$ ,d>ius1 inscription ( ,david3 8 deceiv+ ,deans1 ,jeanie1 /ory ( ,deception3 antagoni/ic to nature ( ,god among ,pho5icians by ,hebrew midwives by ,rahab by ,jacob ,samuel *>g$ ) ,micah *>g$ ) by ,abraham by ,isaac by ,david by ,ananias & ,sapphira 9 spee* & 9 act concealm5t n necess>ily purpos$ & resultant ( l[] animals 9 m$ical pr(ession ( insane 9 flag ( truce tea*+ ( ,talmudi/s z to ,pet] & ,paul *>g$ ) tea*+ ( ,jesuits ( ! intoxicat$ ,eli%a *>g$ ) ,jo%ua *>g$ ) 9 legal pr(ession 9 m9i/]ial pr(ession1 ,def9itions ( lie ,d5ham3 cit$ ,de ,wette3 cit$ ,dick1 ,dr41 quotation f ,dorn]1 ,dr4 ,isaac ,a43 cit$ ,drona1 /ory ( ,yudhi%?ira & ,duns ,scotus3 cit$ ,duty3 ( tru?fulness2 ( disclosure1 conditional2 *oos+ ( m important2 ( "r concealm5t2 to ,god n to be c\nt$ out4 ,dyaks2 _! tru?fulness ,e>l1 ,g4,w43 cit$ ,e>ly ,*ri/ians1 temptations ( ,ea/ ,africans1 e/imate ( tru? by ,egyptian idea ( deity synonym\s ) tru? ,eli%a & ,syrians ,enemy1 duty ( tru?fulness to ,esau1 deceit practic$ on ,eunomius3 cit$ ,evil z a means ( good ,exig5cy1 lie ( 7see ,lie ( ,necessity7 ,false impressions1 limit ( responsibility = ,falsehood3 e/imate (1 9 ,india2 9 ,ceylon2 9 ,p]sia2 9 ,egypt2 ,punic fai?1 synonym (2 9 m$ical pr(ession2 its use z means ( good2 spok5 9 love2 9 legal pr(ession4 ,family tr\bles1 concealm5t ( ,fi*te3 cit$ ,firmus1 ,bi%op3 cit$ ,flag ( truce1 s5d+ ( ,flatt3 cit$ ,=sy?1 ,capt4 ,j43 cit$ ,f[l]1 ,pr(essor3 cit$ ,frankness1 brutal ,frid?j( & ,+eborg1 /ory ( ,fr/5?al1 ,r4,j43 cit$ ,g]man ideal ( tru? ,glasfurd3 cit$ ,god3 kill+1 b n ly+1 a possibility )2 _c lie2 8 concealm5ts f man2 is tru?2 call$ to witness lie2 ,greeks1 anci5t3 _! e/imate ( tru? ,gregory ( ,nyssa3 cit$ ,hall ( two tru?s ,hamburg]1 ,dr4 ,i43 cit$ ,hannibal3 cit$ ,h>is*&ra1 /ory ( ,h>kness1 ,capt4 ,h5ry3 cit$ ,h>less3 cit$ ,h>t5/e93 cit$ ,heb]1 ,bi%op3 cit$ ,hebrew midwives ,hebrew spies ,hegel3 cit$ ,h]alds' law ,h]b>t3 cit$ ,h5nas1 ,%eph]d (3 cit$ ,h]odotus3 cit$ ,hill ,tribes ( ,india3 _! e/imate ( tru? ,h9doo2 e/imate ( tru?2 passion-play4 ,hodge1 ,dr4 ,*>les2 cit$ ,home ( ,song ,home ( ! ,lie ,hott5tot1 e/imate ( tru? ,hugo1 ,victor3 cit$ ,hunt]1 ,w4,w43 cit$ ,ilai1 ,rabbi3 cit$ ,iliad1 e/imate ( tru? 9 ,indians1 ,am]ican1 influ5ce ( civilization on ,+eborg & ,frid?j( (1 /ory ( ,innoc5t ,,iii43 cit$ ,insane3 ly+ to _! "r to tru? ,inscription ( ,d>ius ,intoxicat$1 !3 _! "r to tru? ,isaac3 8 deceiv+ ,isaac1 ,jacob1 & ,esau ,i%mael1 ,rabbi3 cit$ ,jackson1 ,pr(4 ,a4,v4,w43 cit$ ,jacob3 8 deceiv+ 8 lie to ,isaac ,jacobi1 ,f4,h43 cit$ ,javanese3 _! tru?fulness ,jeho%aphat & ,ahab ,jehuda1 ,rabbi3 cit$ ,j]ome3 cit$ ,jesuits1 tea*+ ( ,jewi% ,talmudi/s1 discussions ( ,johnson's ,cyclopa$ia3 cit$ ,judi? & ,hol(]nes ,ju/9 ,m>tyr3 cit$ ,juv5al3 cit$ ,kant1 ,immanuel3 cit$ ,keat+1 ,w4,h43 cit$ ,k5t1 ,*ancellor3 cit$ ,khonds ( ,c5tral ,india1 tru?fulness among ,kill+ an enemy or ly+ to him ,kirkbride1 ,dr4 ,?omas ,s41 te/imony ( ,kolb51 ,p43 cit$ ,krause3 cit$ ,kurtz1 ,pr(4 ,j4,h43 cit$ ,lamb]ton1 ,pr(4 ,w4,a43 cit$ ,lecky1 ,w4,e4,h43 cit$ ,legal pr(ession1 e?ics ( ,leg5ds1 ,sc&9avian ,li>3 an enemy ( righte\sness =m ( pray] = ,li>s1 place ( ,libby ,prison1 incid5t ( ,li*t5b]g]1 ,f43 cit$ ,life1 los+ ( tru? to save ,life insurance1 tru?fulness 9 ,lightfoot1 ,bi%op3 cit$ ,liguori3 cit$ ,liv+/one1 ,david3 cit$ ,logic sway$ by feel+ ,loyola1 ,ignatius3 cit$ ,lu!r1 ,m>t93 cit$ ,,ma1 symbol ( ,tru? ,macaulay1 ,"l1 on ,"l ,clive's trea*]y ,macph]son1 ,lieut5ant3 cit$ ,mahabh>ata on ly+ ,mahaffy1 ,pr(4 ,j4,p43 cit$ ,m&+oes3 _! e/imate ( tru? ,m>cus ,aurelius1 quotation f ,m>he9eke3 cit$ ,m>riage1 duty ( tru?fulness 9 connection ) ,m>%man1 ,jo%ua3 cit$ ,m>t5s51 ,hans ,lass53 cit$ ,m>t9eau1 ,dr4 ,james1 quotations f ,m>tyrdom price ( tru?-tell+ ,mead1 ,pr(essor3 cit$ ,m$ical pr(ession1 no ju/ifiable falsehood 9 ,melan*?on3 cit$ ,m5ora? ,hammaor1 ref]5ce to ,m]rill1 ,j4,h43 cit$ ,mey]1 ,dr4 ,h4,a4,w43 cit$ ,meyrick1 ,rev4 ,f43 cit$ ,micaiah1 /ory ( ,midwives1 ,hebrew1 lies ( ,mi?ra1 god ( tru? ,moore1 ,william3 cit$ ,moral s5se ( man aga9/ ly+ ,morgan3 cit$ ,mll]1 ,julius3 cit$ ,mll]1 ,pr(4 ,max3 cit$ ,murd]]1 concealm5t f w\ld-be ,na?an1 ,rabbi3 cit$ ,ne&]3 cit$ ,nitzs*3 cit$ ,oa? ( witness 9 c\rt ,omi*und1 deceit practic$ on ,"o all-divid+ l9e ,orig53 cit$ ,ormuzd1 ,zoroa/rian god ( tru? ,paley1 ,dr43 def9ition ( lie ,palgrave1 ,w4,g43 cit$ ,p>adise1 two pictures ( ,p>k1 ,mungo3 cit$ ,pascal3 cit$ ,passion-play1 ,h9doo ,patagonians3 _! view ( ly+ ,pati5t1 deception (1 by physician ,paul & ,pet]3 sugge/ion ( _! deceiv+ ,p]jury ju/ifiable1 if ly+ be ,p]sian ideals ,pet] & ,paul3 sugge/ion ( _! deceiv+ ,phillips1 ,*>les1 misrepres5t$ ,philoctetes1 trag$y ( ,pho5icians3 _! untru?fulness ,physician1 ly+ by ,p9d>3 cit$ ,place ( li>s ,plato3 cit$ ,pl9y ! y\ng]3 cit$ ,pope ,innoc5t ,,iii43 cit$ ,pray]1 =m (1 = li> ,pr9ciples1 n rules1 ,bible /&>d ,priscilliani/s1 sect ( ,prophets1 ly+ ,plan1 "l ( tru? ,punic fai?1 synonym ( falsehood ,pylades & ,ore/es ,quak] & salesman ,quak] guns1 concealm5t by means ( ,ra1 symbol ( light ,raba3 cit$ ,raffles1 ,sir ,t4,s43 cit$ ,rahab ! h>lot1 ly+ ( ,rawl9son1 ,pr(4 ,george3 cit$ ,re9h>d3 cit$ ,responsibility1 limit ( ,robb]3 concealm5t f ly+ to ,rob]ts1 ,joseph1 quotation f ,rock ( ,behi/un1 inscription on ,roman ,ca?olic writ]s1 views ( ,roman matron1 /ory (3 cit$ by ,pl9y ,roman /&>d ( tru?fulness ,ro!1 ,ri*>d3 cit$ ,/4 ,john1 ,sir ,sp5c]3 cit$ ,samuel at ,be?lehem ,sapphira3 h] deceiv+ ,satan1 fa!r ( lies ,sayce1 ,pr(4 ,a4,h43 cit$ ,sc&9avian leg5ds ,s*aff1 ,dr4 ,philip3 cit$ ,s*aff-,h]tzog3 cit$ ,s*lei]ma*]3 cit$ ,s*oolcraft1 ,h4,r43 cit$ ,s*w>tz3 cit$ ,scott ,sir ,walt]3 cit$ ,self-deception 9 o!rs1 limit ( responsibility = ,semple1 ,j4,w43 cit$ ,%>swood1 ,*ief-,ju/ice3 cit$ ,%eph]d ( ,h]mas1 quotation f ,%]will3 cit$ ,%orn1 ,dr4 ,j43 cit$ ,sick3 _! "r to tru? ,simplice1 ,si/]1 /ory ( ,s9 p] se1 ly+ ,smi? & ,*ee?am3 cit$ ,smi? & ,wace3 cit$ ,smy?1 ,dr4 ,newman3 cit$ ,son?als1 tru?fulness among ,s\?1 ,dr4 ,rob]t3 cit$ ,s[rahs1 tru?fulness among ,spee* & act1 ly+ 9 ,sp5c]1 ,h]b]t3 cit$ ,spies1 ,hebrew1 ,rahab & ,spy d5i$ soldi]'s dea? ,/eph51 ,leslie3 cit$ ,/ory1 ,ju/ice3 cit$ ,surgeon's responsibility = 8 action te/imony z to deceiv+ pati5t ,symonds ,j4,a43 cit$ ,syrians1 ,eli%a & ,talmud1 tea*+s ( ,talmudi/s1 discussion among ,taylor1 ,j]emy2 cit$ ,tea*+ ( ,jesuits ,temptations influ5c+ decision ,t]tullian3 cit$ ,!ognis3 cit$ ,?ornwell1 ,dr4 ,james ,h43 cit$ ,tipp]ahs3 _! habit ( ly+ ,todas1 tru?fulness among ,trag$y ( ,philoctetes ,truce1 flag (1 use ( ,tru?3 univ]sal duty ( tell+ ,god is n e "o entitl$ to full de>] ?an life ju/ifiable concealm5t ( unju/ifiable concealm5t ( ,tru?1 e/imate (3 among ,h9doos among ,sc&9avians 9 anci5t ,p]sia 9 anci5t ,egypt among ,romans among anci5t ,greeks among anci5t ,g]mans among ,hill ,tribes ( ,india among ,arabs among ,am]ican ,indians among ,patagonians among ,africans among ,dyaks among ,v$dahs among ,javanese ,ueb]weg1 ,f43 cit$ ,ulysses1 ref]5ce to ,urim & ,?ummim ,v$dahs ( ,ceylon3 _! tru?fulness ,v]acity3 duty ( ( ,greeks ( ,p]sians ( primitive & civiliz$ peoples comp>$ ( ,hill ,tribes ( ,india ( ,arabs ( ,am]ican ,indians ( ,africans ( ,dyaks ( ,v$dahs ( ,javanese ,viswamitra & ,indra1 /ory ( ,von ,ammon3 cit$ ,von ,hirs*]3 cit$ ,walk]1 ,hel51 example ( ,w>3 ju/ifiable concealm5t 9 duty ( v]acity 9 ,we/cott1 ,bi%op3 cit$ ,:eel]1 ,j4 ,talboys2 cit$ ,:ewell1 ,dr4 ,william3 cit$ ,:ite lie ,wig1 concealm5t by ,wilk9son1 ,sir ,j4,g43 cit$ ,witness1 oa? (1 9 c\rt ,woolsey1 ,presid5t3 cit$ ,wuttke1 ,dr4 ,adolf3 cit$ ,yudhi%?ira & ,drona1 my?ical /ory ( ,zoroa/rian designation ( heav5 & hell ,,scriptural ,,index4 ,,g5esis4 #a3 #bh #b & #c #c3 #f1 #g #i3 #a-c #ab3 #aj-ai #ab3 #ad-bj #af3 #a-f #be3 #bg-cd #bf3 #f-aj #bg3 #a-dj #bg3 #f-bi #bh3 #a-bb #ci3 #h-ba ,,exodus4 #a3 #ae-ai #a3 #ae-ba #a3 #ai1 #bj #a3 #bj1 #ba ,,leviticus4 #h3 #h #ah3 #e #ai3 #b1 #ab1 #ac1 #cd-cg #ai3 #aa ,,numb]s4 #bc3 #ai ,,deut]onomy4 #bi3 #bi ,,jo%ua4 #b3 #a-ba #h3 #a-bf #bd3 #c #a ,,samuel4 #g3 #ae-ag #i3 #bb-bd #aa3 #ad1 #ae #ac3 #ad #ae3 #bi #af3 #a1 #b #af3 #a-c #bj3 #bi #ba3 #a1 #b #b ,,samuel4 #aa3 #a-bg #a ,,k+s4 #bb3 #a-bc #b ,,k+s4 #f3 #ad-bj #g3 #f #bj3 #ab-ai #b ,,*ronicles4 #ah3 #a-cd #bj3 #g ,,psalms4 #ca3 #e #eh3 #c #fb3 #d #fc3 #aa #aja3 #g #aaf3 #aa #abj3 #b #adf3 #f ,,prov]bs4 #f3 #af1 #ag #ad3 #e #ai3 #e1 #i1 #bb ,,isaiah4 #da3 #h #ea3 #b ,,mat!w4 #c3 #i ,,m>k4 #f3 #dh #g3 #ae ,,luke4 #bd3 #bh ,,john4 #g3 #h #h3 #dd #ad3 #f #af3 #ab ,,acts4 #e3 #a-aa #ac3 #bb ,,romans4 #c3 #d #c3 #g1 #h #d3 #ab ,,galatians4 #b3 #aa-ad #c3 #i ,,ephesians4 #d3 #be ,,colossians4 #c3 #i ,,titus4 #a3 #b ,,hebrews4 #f3 #ah #aa3 #ca ,,james4 #b3 #bc #a ,,john4 #e3 #g ,,revelation4 #ba3 #e-h #bb