,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,figures #afb-afg h be5 r5umb]$4 ,9 ! orig9al1 ,figure #afb 0 label$ z #afa2 #afc z #afb2 etc4 ,a ,practical ,physiology ,a ,text-,book = ,high] ,s*ools ,by ,alb]t ,f4 ,blaisdell1 ,m4,d4 ,au?or ( ,*ild's ,book ( ,heal?1 ,h[ to ,keep ,well1 ,our ,bodies & ,h[ ,we ,live1 ,etc41 ,etc4 ,preface4 ,! au?or has aim$ to prep>e a text-book on human physiology = use 9 high] s*ools4 ,! design ( ! book is to furni% a practical manual ( ! m important facts & pr9ciples ( physiology & hygi5e1 :i* w be adapt$ to ! ne$s ( /ud5ts 9 high s*ools1 normal s*ools1 & academies4 ,tea*]s "k1 & /ud5ts soon le>n to recognize ! fact1 t x is impossible to obta9 a cle> und]/&+ ( ! functions ( ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! body )\t fir/ ma/]+ a few elem5t>y facts ab\t _! /ructure4 ,! c\rse adopt$1 !re=e1 9 ?is book1 is to devote a c]ta9 am\nt ( space to ! anatomy ( ! sev]al organs be=e describ+ _! functions4 ,a m]e k ( ! facts :i* c be ga9$ 9 second>y s*ools1 conc]n+ ! anatomy & physiology ( ! human body1 is ( little real value or int]e/ 9 itself4 ,su* facts are important & ( practical wor? to "y /ud5ts only s f> z to enable !m to und]/& ! relation ( ^! facts to ! great laws ( heal? & to apply !m to daily liv+4 ,h5ce1 x has be5 ! e>ne/ ef=t ( ! au?or 9 ?is book1 z 9 8 o!r physiologies = s*ools1 to lay special emphasis ^u su* po9ts z be> ^u p]sonal heal?4 ,physiology _c be le>n$ z x %\ld be by m]e book /udy4 ,! result w be meagre 9 comp>ison ) ! capabilities ( ! subject4 ,! /udy ( ! text %\ld always be supplem5t$ by a s]ies ( practical exp]im5ts4 ,actual obs]vations & actual exp]im5ts are z necess>y to illum9ate ! text & to illu/rate important pr9ciples 9 physiology z !y are 9 botany1 *emi/ry1 or physics4 ,h5ce1 z supplem5t>y to ! text prop]1 & ?r\gh\t ! sev]al *apt]s1 a s]ies ( c>efully arrang$ & practical exp]im5ts has be5 add$4 ,= ! mo/ "p1 !y are simple & c be p]=m$ ) inexp5sive & easily obta9$ app>atus4 ,!y are s arrang$ t "s may be omitt$ & o!rs add$ z circum/ances may all[4 ,if x becomes necess>y to %ort5 ! c\rse 9 physiology1 ! v>i\s sections pr9t$ 9 small] type may be omitt$ or us$ = home /udy4 ,! laws ( mo/ ( ! /ates n[ require 9 our public s*ools ! /udy ( ! effects ( alcoholic dr9ks1 tobacco1 & o!r n>cotics ^u ! bodily life4 ,?is book w be f\nd to comply fully ) all su* laws4 ,! au?or has aim$ to embody 9 simple & concise language ! late/ & mo/ tru/wor?y in=mation :i* c be obta9$ f ! /&>d au?orities on mod]n physiology1 9 reg>d to ! sev]al topics4 ,9 ! prep>ation ( ?is text-book ! au?or has _h ! editorial help ( 8 e/eem$ fri5d1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,e4 ,sanborn1 ( ,melrose1 ,mass41 & is also indebt$ to ! c\rtesy ( ,?omas ,e4 ,major1 ( ,bo/on1 = assi/ance 9 revis+ ! pro(s4 ,alb]t ,f4 ,blaisdell4 ,bo/on1 ,augu/1 #ahig4 ,cont5ts4 ,*apt] ,i4 ,introduction ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,! ,bones ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,! ,muscles ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,physical ,ex]cise ,*apt] ,v4 ,food & ,dr9k ,*apt] ,,vi4 ,dige/ion ,*apt] ,,vii4 ,! ,blood & ,its ,circulation ,*apt] ,,viii4 ,respiration ,*apt] ,,ix4 ,! ,sk9 & ! ,kidneys ,*apt] ,x4 ,! ,n]v\s ,sy/em ,*apt] ,,xi4 ,! ,special ,s5se ,*apt] ,,xii4 ,! ,?roat & ! ,voice ,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,accid5ts & ,em]g5cies ,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,9 ,sickness & 9 ,heal? ,c>e ( ! ,sick-,room2 ,poisons & _! ,antidotes2 ,bact]ia2 ,dis9fectants2 ,managem5t ( ,contagi\s ,diseases4 ,*apt] ,,xv4 ,exp]im5tal ,"w 9 ,physiology ,practical ,exp]im5ts2 ,use ( ! ,microscope2 ,additional ,exp]im5ts2 ,surface ,anatomy & ,l&m>ks4 ,gloss>y ,index ,*apt] ,i4 ,introduction4 #a4 ,! ,/udy ( ,physiology4 ,we are n[ to take up a new /udy1 & 9 a field q diff]5t f any we h ?us f> ent]$4 ,( all our o!r /udies1--ma!matics1 physics1 hi/ory1 language1--n "o comes home to u ) su* peculi> int]e/ z does physiology1 because ?is is ! /udy ( ourselves4 ,e ?\ghtful "y p]son mu/ h ask$ himself a hundr$ que/ions ab\t ! problems ( human life3 h[ x c be t ! few articles ( our daily food--milk1 bread1 meats1 & simil> ?+s--build up our complex bodies1 & by :at /range magic !y are trans=m$ into hair1 sk91 tee?1 bones1 muscles1 & blood4 ,h[ is x t we c lift ^! curta9s ( our eyes & behold all ! wond]s ( ! _w ar\nd u1 !n drop ! lids1 & ?\gh at noonday1 are in/antly 9 total d>kness8 ,h[ does ! m9ute /ructure ( ! e> report to u ) equal accuracy ! ?und] ( ! tempe/1 & ! hum ( ! pass+ bee8 ,:y is brea?+ s ess5tial to our life1 & :y _c we /op brea?+ :5 we try8 ,:]e )9 u1 & h[1 burns ! my/]i\s fire ^: subtle heat w>ms u f ! fir/ brea? ( infancy till ! la/ h\r ( life8 ,^! & scores ( simil> que/ions x is ! prov9ce ( ?is deeply int]e/+ /udy ( physiology to answ]4 #b4 ,:at ,physiology %\ld ,tea* u4 ,! /udy ( physiology is n only int]e/+1 b x is also extremely useful4 ,e reasonable p]son %\ld n only wi% to acquire ! k h[ be/ to protect & pres]ve 8 body1 b %\ld feel a c]ta9 pr(\nd respect = an organism s wond]ful & s p]fect z 8 physical frame4 ,= our bodies are inde$ n ourselves1 b ! frames t conta9 u1--! %ips 9 :i* we1 ! real selves1 are borne ov] ! sea ( life4 ,he mu/ be inde$ a poor navigator :o is n zeal\s to adorn & /r5g!n 8 %ip1 t x may escape ! rocks ( disease & premature decay1 & t ! voyage ( 8 life may be long1 pleasant1 & successful4 ,b above ^! ?\ghts !re rises ano!r1--t 9 /udy+ physiology we are trac+ ! myriad l9es ( m>vel\s +5uity & =e?\ght1 z !y appe> at e glimpse ( ! "w ( ! ,div9e ,build]4 ,h[ev] closely we /udy our bodily /ructure1 we are1 at our be/1 b imp]fect obs]v]s ( ! h&iwork ( ,him :o made u z we are4 #c4 ,di/9ctive ,*>act]s ( ,liv+ ,bodies4 ,ev5 a v meagre k ( ! /ructure & action ( our bodies is en\gh to reveal ! foll[+ di/9ctive *>act]s3 our bodies are cont9ually brea?+1 t is1 !y take 9 oxyg5 f ! surr\nd+ air2 !y take 9 c]ta9 sub/ances kn[n z food1 simil> to ^? compos+ ! body1 :i* are capable ?r\gh a process call$ oxidation1 or ?r\gh o!r *emical *anges1 ( sett+ free a c]ta9 am\nt ( en]gy4 ,aga91 our bodies are cont9ually mak+ heat & giv+ x out to surr\nd+ objects1 ! production & ! loss ( heat be+ s adju/$ t ! :ole body is w>m1 t is1 ( a temp]ature high] ?an t ( surr\nd+ objects4 ,our bodies1 also1 move !mselves1 ei!r "o "p on ano!r1 or ! :ole body f place to place4 ,! motive p[] is n f ! outside _w1 b ! en]gy ( _! movem5ts exi/s 9 ! bodies !mselves1 influ5c$ by *anges 9 _! surr\nd+s4 ,f9ally1 our bodies are cont9ually gett+ rid ( s-call$ wa/e matt]s1 :i* may be consid]$ products ( ! oxidation ( ! mat]ial us$ z food1 or ( ! sub/ances :i* make up ! organism4 #d4 ,! ,ma9 ,problems ( ,physiology briefly ,/at$4 ,we %all le>n 9 a subsequ5t *apt] t ! liv+ body is cont9ually los+ en]gy1 b by means ( food is cont9ually re/or+ its sub/ance & repl5i%+ its /ock ( en]gy4 ,a great deal ( en]gy ?us /or$ up is utiliz$ z me*anical "w1 ! result ( physical movem5ts4 ,we %all le>n lat] on t mu* ( ! en]gy :i* at la/ leaves ! body z heat1 exi/s = a "t )9 ! organism 9 o!r =ms ?an heat1 ?\gh ev5tually trans=m$ into heat4 ,ev5 a slight *ange 9 ! surr\nd+s ( ! liv+ body may rapidly1 pr(\ndly1 & 9 special ways affect n only ! am\nt1 b ! k9d ( en]gy set free4 ,?us ! m]e t\* ( a hair may lead to su* a dis*>ge ( en]gy1 t a body previ\sly at re/ may be sudd5ly ?r[n into viol5t convulsions4 ,?is is especially true 9 ! case ( tetanus1 or lockjaw4 ,! ma9 problem we h to solve 9 ! succe$+ pages is to asc]ta9 h[ x is t our bodies c r5ew _! sub/ance & repl5i% ! en]gy :i* !y are cont9ually los+1 & c1 accord+ to ! nature ( _! surr\nd+s1 v>y n only ! am\nt1 b ! k9d ( en]gy :i* !y set free4 #e4 ,te*nical ,t]ms ,def9$4 ,all liv+ organisms are /udi$ usually f two po9ts ( view3 fir/1 z to _! =m & /ructure2 second1 z to ! processes :i* g on )9 !m4 ,! sci5ce :i* treats ( all liv+ organisms is call$ biology4 ,x has naturally two divisions1--morphology1 :i* treats ( ! =m & /ructure ( liv+ be+s1 & physiology1 :i* inve/igates _! functions1 or ! special "w done 9 _! vital processes4 ,! ^w anatomy1 h[ev]1 is usually employ$ in/ead ( morphology4 ,x is d]iv$ f two ,greek words1 & means ! sci5ce ( dissection4 ,human anatomy !n deals ) ! =m & /ructure ( ! human body1 & describes h[ ! diff]5t p>ts & organs are arrang$1 z reveal$ by obs]vation1 by dissection1 & by ! microscope4 ,hi/ology is t "p ( anatomy :i* treats ( ! m9ute /ructure ( any "p ( ! body1 z %[n by ! microscope4 ,human physiology describes ! v>i\s processes t g on 9 ! human body 9 heal?4 ,x treats ( ! "w done by ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! body1 & ( ! results ( ! h>moni\s action ( ! sev]al organs4 ,broadly speak+1 physiology is ! sci5ce :i* treats ( functions4 ,by ! ^w function is meant ! special "w :i* an organ has to d4 ,an organ is a "p ( ! body :i* does a special "w4 ,?us ! eye is ! organ ( sight1 ! /oma* ( dige/ion1 & ! lungs ( brea?+4 ,x is pla9 t we _c und]/& ! physiology ( our bodies )\t a k ( _! anatomy4 ,an eng9e] c\ld n und]/& ! work+ ( 8 eng9e unless well acqua9t$ ) all its p>ts1 & ! mann] 9 :i* !y 7 fitt$ toge!r4 ,s1 if we are to und]/& ! pr9ciples ( elem5t>y physiology1 we mu/ ma/] ! ma9 anatomical facts conc]n+ ! organs ( ! body be=e consid]+ _! special functions4 ,z a bran* ( /udy 9 our s*ools1 physiology aims to make cle> c]ta9 laws :i* are necess>y to heal?1 s t by a prop] k ( !m1 & _! practical application1 we may hope to sp5d happi] & m useful1 because heal?i]1 lives4 ,9 brief1 ! /udy ( hygi5e1 or ! sci5ce ( heal?1 9 ! s*ool curriculum1 is usually associat$ ) t ( physiology4#a #f4 ,*emical ,elem5ts 9 ! ,body4 ,all ( ! v>i\s complex sub/ances f\nd 9 nature c be r$uc$ by *emical analysis to ab\t #gj elem5ts1 :i* _c be fur!r divid$4 ,by v>i\s comb9ations ( ^! #gj elem5ts all ! sub/ances kn[n to exi/ 9 ! _w ( nature are built up4 ,:5 ! inanimate body1 l any o!r sub/ance1 is submitt$ to *emical analysis1 x is f\nd t ! bone1 muscle1 tee?1 blood1 etc41 may be r$uc$ to a few *emical elem5ts4 ,9 fact1 ! human body is built up ) #ac ( ! #gj elem5ts1 namely3 oxyg51 hydrog51 nitrog51 *lor9e1 fluor9e1 c>bon1 phosphorus1 sulphur1 calcium1 potassium1 sodium1 magnesium1 & iron4 ,besides ^!1 a few ( ! o!r elem5ts1 z silicon1 h be5 f\nd2 b !y exi/ 9 extremely m9ute quantities4 ,! foll[+ table gives ! proportion 9 :i* ^! v>i\s elem5ts are pres5t3 ,oxyg5 #fb4dcj p] c5t ,c>bon #ba4aej ,hydrog5 #i4hfe ,nitrog5 #c4ajj ,calcium #a4ijj ,phosphorus #j4idf ,potassium #j4bcj ,sulphur #j4afb ,*lor9e #j4jha ,sodium #j4jha ,magnesium #j4jbg ,iron #j4jad ,fluor9e #j4jad ----- #ajj4jjj ,z w be se5 f ?is table1 oxyg51 hydrog51 & nitrog51 :i* are gases 9 _! uncomb9$ =m1 make up ( ! weight ( ! :ole human body4 ,c>bon1 :i* exi/s 9 an impure /ate 9 *>coal1 =ms m ?an ( ! weight ( ! body4 ,?us c>bon & ! ?ree gases nam$1 make up ab\t #if p] c5t ( ! total weight ( ! body4 #g4 ,*emical ,comp\nds 9 ! ,body4 ,we mu/ keep 9 m9d t1 ) slight exceptions1 none ( ^! #ac elem5ts exi/ 9 _! elem5t>y =m 9 ! animal economy4 ,!y are comb9$ 9 v>i\s proportions1 ! results diff]+ widely f ! elem5ts ( :i* !y consi/4 ,oxyg5 & hydrog5 unite to =m wat]1 & wat] =ms m ?an ( ! weight ( ! :ole body4 ,9 all ! fluids ( ! body1 wat] acts z a solv5t1 & by ?is means alone ! circulation ( nutri5t mat]ial is possible4 ,all ! v>i\s processes ( secretion & nutrition dep5d on ! pres5ce ( wat] = _! activities4 #h4 ,inorganic ,salts4 ,a l>ge numb] ( ! elem5ts ( ! body unite "o ) ano!r by *emical aff9ity & =m inorganic salts4 ,?us sodium & *lor9e unite & =m *loride ( sodium1 or common salt4 ,?is is f\nd 9 all ! tissues & fluids1 & is "o ( ! mo/ important inorganic salts ! body conta9s4 ,x is absolutely necess>y = cont9u$ exi/5ce4 ,by a comb9ation ( phosphorus ) sodium1 potassium1 calcium1 & magnesium1 ! v>i\s phosphates are =m$4 ,! phosphates ( lime & soda are ! mo/ abundant ( ! salts ( ! body4 ,!y =m m ?an half ! mat]ial ( ! bones1 are f\nd 9 ! tee? & 9 o!r solids & 9 ! fluids ( ! body4 ,! special place ( iron is 9 ! color+ matt] ( ! blood4 ,its v>i\s salts are trac$ 9 ! a% ( bones1 9 muscles1 & 9 _m o!r tissues & fluids4 ,^! comp\nds1 =m+ salts or m9]al matt]s t exi/ 9 ! body1 are e/imat$ to am\nt to ab\t #f p] c5t ( ! entire weight4 #i4 ,organic ,comp\nds4 ,besides ! inorganic mat]ials1 !re exi/s 9 ! human body a s]ies ( comp\nd sub/ances =m$ ( ! union ( ! elem5ts j describ$1 b :i* require ! ag5cy ( liv+ /ructures4 ,!y are built up f ! elem5ts by plants1 & are call$ organic4 ,human be+s & ! l[] animals take ! organiz$ mat]ials !y require1 & build !m up 9 _! own bodies into /ill m highly organiz$ =ms4 ,! organic comp\nds f\nd 9 ! body are usually divid$ into ?ree great classes3 #a4 ,proteids1 or album9\s sub/ances4 #b4 ,c>bohydrates 7/>*es1 sug>s1 & gums74 #c4 ,fats4 ,! ext5t to :i* ^! ?ree great classes ( organic mat]ials ( ! body exi/ 9 ! animal & vegetable k+doms1 & are utiliz$ = ! food ( man1 w be discuss$ 9 ! *apt] on food 7,*apt] ,v474 ,! ,proteids1 because !y conta9 ! elem5t nitrog5 & ! o!rs d n1 are frequ5tly call$ nitrog5\s1 & ! o!r two are kn[n z non-nitrog5\s sub/ances4 ,! proteids1 ! type ( :i* is egg album51 or ! :ite ( egg1 are f\nd 9 muscle & n]ve1 9 gl&s1 9 blood1 & 9 ne>ly all ! fluids ( ! body4 ,a human body is e/imat$ to yield on an av]age ab\t #ah p] c5t ( album9\s sub/ances4 ,9 ! succe$+ *apt]s we %all h occasion to ref] to v>i\s & alli$ =ms ( proteids z !y exi/ 9 muscle 7myos971 coagulat$ blood 7fibr971 & bones 7gelat974 ,! ,c>bohydrates are =m$ ( c>bon1 hydrog51 & oxyg51 ! la/ two 9 ! proportion to =m wat]4 ,?us we h animal />*1 or glycog51 /or$ up 9 ! liv]4 ,sug>1 z grape sug>1 is also f\nd 9 ! liv]4 ,! body ( an av]age man conta9s ab\t #aj p] c5t ( ,fats4 ,^! are =m$ ( c>bon1 hydrog51 & oxyg51 9 :i* ! latt] two are n 9 ! proportion to =m wat]4 ,! fat ( ! body consi/s ( a mixture :i* is liquid at ! ord9>y temp]ature4 ,n[ x mu/ n = "o mom5t be suppos$ t ! v>i\s *emical elem5ts1 z ! proteids1 ! salts1 ! fats1 etc41 exi/ 9 ! body 9 a condition to be easily sep>at$ "o f ano!r4 ,?us a piece ( muscle conta9s all ! v>i\s organic comp\nds j m5tion$1 b !y are comb9$1 & 9 diff]5t cases ! am\nt w v>y4 ,aga91 fat may exi/ 9 ! muscles ev5 ?\gh x is n visible to ! nak$ eye1 & a microscope is requir$ to %[ ! m9ute fat cells4 #aj4 ,protoplasm4 ,! ultimate elem5ts ( :i* ! body is compos$ consi/ ( masses ( liv+ matt]1 microscopic 9 size1 ( a mat]ial commonly call$ protoplasm4#b ,9 its simple/ =m protoplasm appe>s to be a homog5e\s1 /ructureless mat]ial1 some:at resembl+ ! raw :ite ( an egg4 ,x is a mixture ( sev]al *emical sub/ances & diff]s 9 appe>ance & composition 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! body4 ,protoplasm has ! p[] ( appropriat+ nutri5t mat]ial1 ( divid+ & subdivid+1 s z to =m new masses l itself4 ,:5 n built into a tissue1 x has ! p[] ( *ang+ its %ape & ( mov+ f place to place1 by means ( ! delicate processes :i* x puts =?4 ,n[1 :ile !re are f\nd 9 ! l[e/ realm ( animal life1 organisms l ! amba ( /agnant pools1 consi/+ ( no?+ m ?an m9ute masses ( protoplasm1 !re are o!rs l !m :i* possess a small c5tral body call$ a nucleus4 ,?is is kn[n z nucleat$ protoplasm4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4--;,diagram ( a ,cell4 ,a1 nucleus2 ,b1 nucleolus2 ,c1 protoplasm4 7,highly magnifi$7 #aa4 ,cells4 ,:5 we c>ry back ! analysis ( an organiz$ body z f> z we c1 we f9d e "p ( x made up ( masses ( nucleat$ protoplasm ( v>i\s sizes & %apes4 ,9 all ess5tial features ^! masses con=m to ! type ( protoplasmic matt] j describ$4 ,su* bodies are call$ cells4 ,9 _m cells ! nucleus is f9ely granul> or reticulat$ 9 appe>ance1 & on ! ?reads ( ! me%work may be "o or m enl>gem5ts1 call$ nucleoli4 ,9 "s cases ! protoplasm at ! circumf]5ce is s modifi$ z to give ! appe>ance ( a limit+ membrane call$ ! cell wall4 ,9 brief1 !n1 a cell is a mass ( nucleat$ protoplasm2 ! nucleus may h a nucleolus1 & ! cell may be limit$ by a cell wall4 ,e tissue ( ! human body is =m$ ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( protoplasmic cells1 al?\gh 9 mo/ cases ! *anges !y und]go are s great t little evid5ce rema9s ( _! exi/5ce4 ,!re are "s organisms l[] d[n 9 ! scale1 ^: :ole activity is conf9$ )9 ! n>r[ limits ( a s+le cell4 ,?us1 ! amba beg9s its life z a cell split (f f its p>5t4 ,?is divides 9 its turn1 & ea* half is a complete amba4 ,:5 we come a little high] ?an ! amba1 we f9d organisms :i* consi/ ( sev]al cells1 & a specialization ( function beg9s to appe>4 ,z we asc5d 9 ! animal scale1 specialization ( /ructure & ( function is f\nd cont9ually advanc+1 & ! v>i\s k9ds ( cells are gr\p$ toge!r into colonies or organs4 #ab4 ,cells & ! ,human ,organism4 ,if ! body be /udi$ 9 its developm5t1 x is f\nd to orig9ate f a s+le mass ( nucleat$ protoplasm1 a s+le cell ) a nucleus & nucleolus4 ,f ?is orig9al cell1 by gr[? & developm5t1 ! body1 ) all its v>i\s tissues1 is built up4 ,_m fully =m$ organs1 l ! liv]1 consi/ *iefly ( cells4 ,aga91 ! cells are modifi$ to =m fib]s1 su* z t5don1 muscle1 & n]ve4 ,lat] on1 we %all see ! :ite blood corpuscles exhibit all ! *>act]s ( ! amba 7,fig4 #b74 ,ev5 su* d5se /ructures z bone1 c>tilage1 & ! tee? are =m$ f cells4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4--;,amboid ,movem5t ( a ,human ,:ite ,blood ,corpuscle4 7,%[+ v>i\s phases ( movem5t47 ,9 %ort1 cells may be reg>d$ z ! hi/ological units ( animal /ructures2 by ! comb9ation1 association1 & modification ( ^! ! body is built up4 ,( ! real nature ( ! *anges go+ on )9 ! liv+ protoplasm1 ! process ( build+ up lifeless mat]ial into liv+ /ructures1 & ! process ( break+ d[n by :i* wa/e is produc$1 we "k absolutely no?+4 ,c\ld we le>n t1 p]haps we %\ld "k ! secret ( life4 #ac4 ,k9ds ( ,cells4 ,cells v>y greatly 9 size1 "s ( ! smalle/ be+ only #a_/cejj an in* or less 9 diamet]4 ,!y also v>y greatly 9 =m1 z may be se5 9 ,figs4 #c & #e4 ,! typical cell is usually globul> 9 =m1 o!r %apes be+ ! result ( pressure or ( simil> modify+ influ5ces4 ,! globul>1 z well z ! l>ge1 flat cells1 are well %[n 9 a drop ( saliva4 ,!n !re are ! column> cells1 f\nd 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! inte/9es1 9 :i* !y are closely arrang$ side by side4 ,^! cells sometimes h on ! free surface delicate prolongations call$ cilia4 ,"u ! microscope !y resemble a wave1 z :5 ! w9d bl[s ov] a field ( gra9 7,fig4 #e74 ,!re are besides cells kn[n z sp9dle1 /ellate1 squam\s or pavem5t1 & v>i\s o!r names sugge/$ by _! %apes4 ,cells are also describ$ z to _! cont5ts4 ,?us fat & pigm5t cells are allud$ to 9 succe$+ sections4 ,aga91 !y may be describ$ z to _! functions or location or ! tissue 9 :i* !y are f\nd1 z epi!lial cells1 blood cells 7corpuscles1 ,figs4 #b & #ff71 n]ve cells 7,fig4 #d71 & connective-tissue cells4 #ad4 ,vital ,prop]ties ( ,cells4 ,ea* cell has a life ( its own4 ,x manife/s its vital prop]ties 9 t x is born1 gr[s1 multiplies1 decays1 & at la/ dies4#c ,dur+ its life x assimilates food1 works1 re/s1 & is capable ( spontane\s motion & frequ5tly ( locomotion4 ,! cell c secrete & excrete sub/ance1 &1 9 brief1 pres5ts ne>ly all ! ph5om5a ( a human be+4 ,cells are produc$ only f cells by a process ( self-division1 consi/+ ( a cleavage ( ! :ole cell into p>ts1 ea* ( :i* becomes a sep>ate & indep5d5t organism4 ,cells rapidly increase 9 size up to a c]ta9 def9ite po9t :i* !y ma9ta9 dur+ adult life4 ,a mo/ int]e/+ quality ( cell life is motion1 a beautiful =m ( :i* is f\nd 9 ciliat$ epi!lium4 ,cells may move actively & passively4 ,9 ! blood ! cells are swept along by ! curr5t1 b ! :ite corpuscles1 seem able to make _! way actively ?r\gh ! tissues1 z if guid$ by "s sort ( in/9ct4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4--,v>i\s ,=ms ( ,cells4 ,a1 column> cells f\nd l9+ v>i\s p>ts ( ! inte/9es 7call$ column> epi!lium72 ,b1 cells ( a fusi=m or sp9dle %ape f\nd 9 ! loose tissue "u ! sk9 & 9 o!r p>ts 7call$ connective-tissue cells72 ,c1 cell hav+ _m processes or projections--su* are f\nd 9 connective tissue1 ,d1 primitive cells compos$ ( protoplasm ) nucleus1 & hav+ no cell wall4 ,all are repres5t$ ab\t #djj times _! real size4 ,"s cells live a brief life ( #ab to #bd h\rs1 z is probably ! case ) _m ( ! cells l9+ ! alim5t>y canal2 o!rs may live = ye>s1 z d ! cells ( c>tilage & bone4 ,9 fact ea* cell goes ?r\gh ! same cycle ( *anges z ! :ole organism1 ?\gh d\btless 9 a mu* %ort] "t4 ,! "w ( cells is ( ! mo/ v>i$ k9d1 & embraces ! =mation ( e tissue & product1--solid1 liquid1 or gase\s4 ,?us we %all le>n t ! cells ( ! liv] =m bile1 ^? ( ! saliv>y gl&s & ( ! gl&s ( ! /oma* & pancreas =m juices :i* aid 9 ! dige/ion ( food4 #ae4 ,! ,process ( ,life4 ,all liv+ /ructures are subject to con/ant decay4 ,life is a condition ( incessant *anges1 dep5d5t ^u two opposite processes1 repair & decay4 ,?us our bodies are n compos$ ( exactly ! same p>ticles f day to day1 or ev5 f "o mom5t to ano!r1 al?\gh to all appe>ance we rema9 ! same individuals4 ,! *ange is s gradual1 & ! r5ewal ( t :i* is lo/ may be s exact1 t no diff]5ce c be notic$ except at long int]vals ( "t4#d 7,see "u ,bact]ia1 ,*apt] ,,xiv47 ,! entire s]ies ( *emical *anges t take place 9 ! liv+ body1 beg9n+ ) assimilation & end+ ) excretion1 is includ$ 9 "o ^w1 metabolism4 ,! process ( build+ up liv+ mat]ial1 or ! *ange by :i* complex sub/ances 7includ+ ! liv+ matt] itself7 are built up f simpl] mat]ials1 is call$ anabolism4 ,! break+ d[n ( mat]ial into simple products1 or ! *anges 9 :i* complex mat]ials 7includ+ ! liv+ sub/ance7 are brok5 d[n into comp>atively simple products1 is kn[n z katabolism4 ,?is r$uction ( complex sub/ances to simple1 results 9 ! production ( animal =ce & en]gy4 ,?us a complex sub/ance1 l a piece ( beef-/eak1 is built up ( a l>ge numb] ( molecules :i* requir$ ! exp5diture ( =ce or en]gy to /ore up4 ,n[ :5 ?is mat]ial is r$uc$ by ! process ( dige/ion to simpl] bodies ) few] molecules1 su* z c>bon dioxid1 urea1 & wat]1 ! =ce /or$ up 9 ! meat z pot5tial en]gy becomes manife/ & is us$ z active life-=ce kn[n z k9etic en]gy4 #af4 ,epi!lium4 ,cells are associat$ & comb9$ 9 _m ways to =m a simple tissue4 ,su* a simple tissue is call$ an epi!lium or surface-limit+ tissue1 & ! cells are kn[n z epi!lial cells4 ,^! are unit$ by a v small am\nt ( a cem5t sub/ance :i* belongs to ! proteid class ( mat]ial4 ,! epi!lial cells1 f _! %ape1 are kn[n z squam\s1 column>1 gl&ul>1 or ciliat$4 ,aga91 ! cells may be arrang$ 9 only a s+le lay]1 or !y may be sev]al lay]s deep4 ,9 ! =m] case ! epi!lium is said to be simple2 9 ! latt]1 /ratifi$4 ,no blood-vessels pass into ^! tissues2 ! cells d]ive _! n\ri%m5t by ! imbibition ( ! plasma ( ! blood exud$ into ! subjac5t tissue4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4--,n]ve ,cells f ! ,gray ,matt] ( ! ,c]ebellum4 7,magnifi$ #bfj diamet]s47 #ag4 ,v>ieties ( ,epi!lium4 ,! squam\s or pavem5t epi!lium consi/s ( v ?91 flatt5$ scales1 usually ) a small nucleus 9 ! c5t]4 ,:5 ! nucleus has disappe>$1 !y become m]e horny plates1 easily deta*$4 ,su* cells w be describ$ z =m+ ! out] lay] ( ! sk91 ! l9+ ( ! m\? & ! l[] "p ( ! no/rils4 ,! column> epi!lium consi/s ( pe>-%ap$ or elongat$ cells1 frequ5tly z a s+le lay] ( cells on ! surface ( a muc\s membrane1 z on ! l9+ ( ! /oma* & inte/9es1 & ! free surface ( ! w9dpipe & l>ge air-tubes4 ,! gl&ul> or sph]oidal epi!lium is compos$ ( r\nd cells or su* z become angul> by mutual pressure4 ,?is k9d =ms ! l9+ ( gl&s su* z ! liv]1 pancreas1 & ! gl&s ( ! sk94 ,! ciliat$ epi!lium is m>k$ by ! pres5ce ( v f9e hair-l processes call$ cilia1 :i* develop f ! free end ( ! cell & exhibit a rapid :ip-l movem5t z long z ! cell is alive4 ,?is motion is always 9 ! same direction1 & s]ves to c>ry away mucus & ev5 =eign p>ticles 9 contact ) ! membrane on :i* ! cells are plac$4 ,?is epi!lium is especially common 9 ! air passages1 :]e x s]ves to keep a free passage = ! entrance & exit ( air4 ,9 o!r canals a simil> (fice is fill$ by ?is k9d ( epi!lium4 #ah4 ,functions ( ,epi!lial ,tissues4 ,! epi!lial /ructures may be divid$1 z to _! functions1 into two ma9 divisions4 ,"o is *iefly protective 9 "*4 ,?us ! lay]s ( epi!lium :i* =m ! sup]ficial lay] ( ! sk9 h little beyond su* an (fice to dis*>ge4 ,! same is to a c]ta9 ext5t true ( ! epi!lial cells cov]+ ! muc\s membrane ( ! m\?1 & ^? l9+ ! air passages & air cells ( ! lungs4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4--,v>i\s ,k9ds ( ,epi!lial ,cells ,a1 column> cells ( inte/9e2 ,b1 polyh$ral cells ( ! conjunctiva2 ,c1 ciliat$ conical cells ( ! tra*ea2 ,d1 ciliat$ cell ( frog's m\?2 ,e1 inv]t$ conical cell ( tra*ea2 ,f1 squam\s cell ( ! cavity ( m\?1 se5 f its broad surface2 ,g1 squam\s cell1 se5 edgeways4 ,! second great division ( ! epi!lial tissues consi/s ( ^? ^: cells are =m$ ( highly active protoplasm1 & are busily engag$ 9 "s sort ( secretion4 ,su* are ! cells ( gl&s1--! cells ( ! saliv>y gl&s1 :i* secrete ! saliva1 ( ! ga/ric gl&s1 :i* secrete ! ga/ric juice1 ( ! inte/9al gl&s1 & ! cells ( ! liv] & sweat gl&s4 #ai4 ,connective ,tissue4 ,?is is ! mat]ial1 made up ( fib]s & cells1 :i* s]ves to unite & b9d toge!r ! diff]5t organs & tissues4 ,x =ms a sort ( flexible framework ( ! body1 & s p]vades e portion t if all ! o!r tissues 7 remov$1 we %\ld /ill h a complete repres5tation ( ! bodily %ape 9 e "p4 ,9 g5]al1 ! connective tissues prop] act z pack+1 b9d+1 & support+ /ructures4 ,?is "n includes c]ta9 tissues :i* to all outw>d appe>ance v>y greatly1 b :i* are prop]ly gr\p$ toge!r = ! foll[+ reasons3 fir/1 !y all act z support+ /ructures2 second1 "u c]ta9 conditions "o may be sub/itut$ = ano!r2 ?ird1 9 "s places !y m]ge into ea* o!r4 ,all ^! tissues consi/ ( a gr\nd-sub/ance1 or matrix1 cells1 & fib]s4 ,! gr\nd-sub/ance is 9 small am\nt 9 connective tissues prop]1 & is obscur$ by a mass ( fib]s4 ,x is be/ se5 9 hyal9e c>tilage1 :]e x has a glossy appe>ance4 ,9 bone x is infiltrat$ ) salts :i* give bone its h>dness1 & make x seem s unlike o!r tissues4 ,! cells are call$ connective-tissue corpuscles1 c>tilage cells1 & bone corpuscles1 accord+ to ! tissues 9 :i* !y occur4 ,! fib]s are ! :ite fibr\s & ! yell[ ela/ic tissues4 ,! foll[+ v>ieties are usually describ$3 ,i4 ,connective ,tissues ,prop]3 #a4 ,:ite ,fibr\s ,tissue4 #b4 ,yell[ ,ela/ic ,tissue4 #c4 ,areol> or ,cellul> ,tissue4 #d4 ,adipose or ,fatty ,tissue4 #e4 ,ad5oid or ,reti=m ,tissue4 ,,ii4 ,c>tilage 7,gri/le73 #a4 ,hyal9e4 #b4 ,:ite ,fibro-c>tilage4 #c4 ,yell[ ,fibro-c>tilage4 ,,iii4 ,bone & ,d5t9e ( ,tee?4 #bj4 ,:ite ,fibr\s ,tissue4 ,?is tissue consi/s ( bundles ( v delicate fibrils b\nd toge!r by a small am\nt ( cem5t sub/ance4 ,betwe5 ! fibrils protoplasmic masses 7connective-tissue corpuscles7 are f\nd4 ,^! fib]s may be f\nd s int]wov5 z to =m a %eet1 z 9 ! p]io/eum ( ! bone1 ! fasci ar\nd muscles1 & ! capsules ( organs2 or !y may be aggregat$ into bundles & =m rope-l b&s1 z 9 ! ligam5ts ( jo9ts & ! t5dons ( muscles4 ,on boil+1 ?is tissue yields gelat9e4 ,9 g5]al1 :]e :ite fibr\s tissue ab\nds1 /ructures are held toge!r1 & !re is flexibility1 b little or no di/5sibility4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4--,:ite ,fibr\s ,tissue4 7,highly magnifi$47 #ba4 ,yell[ ,ela/ic ,tissue4 ,! fib]s ( yell[ ela/ic tissue are mu* /rong] & co>s] ?an ^? ( ! :ite4 ,!y are yell[i%1 t5d to curl up at ! ends1 & are highly ela/ic4 ,x is ^! fib]s :i* give ela/icity to ! sk9 & to ! coats ( ! art]ies4 ,! typical =m ( ?is tissue occurs 9 ! ligam5ts :i* b9d ! v]tebr toge!r 7,fig4 #bf71 9 ! true vocal cords1 & 9 c]ta9 ligam5ts ( ! l>ynx4 ,9 ! sk9 & fasci1 ! yell[ ela/ic is f\nd mix$ ) :ite fibr\s & areol> tissues4 ,x does n yield gelat9e on boil+1 & ! cells are1 if any1 few4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4--,yell[ ,ela/ic ,tissue4 7,highly magnifi$47 #bb4 ,areol> or ,cellul> ,tissue4 ,?is consi/s ( bundles ( delicate fib]s int]lac+ & cross+ "o ano!r1 =m+ irregul> spaces or me%es4 ,^! little spaces1 9 heal?1 are fill$ ) fluid t has ooz$ out ( ! blood-vessels4 ,! areol> tissue =ms a protective cov]+ = ! tissues ( delicate & important organs4 #bc4 ,adipose or ,fatty ,tissue4 ,9 almo/ e "p ( ! body ! ord9>y areol> tissue conta9s a v>iable quantity ( adipose or fatty tissue4 ,exam9$ by ! microscope1 ! fat cells consi/ ( a numb] ( m9ute sacs ( exce$+ly delicate1 /ructureless membrane fill$ ) oil4 ,?is is liquid 9 life1 b becomes solidifi$ aft] dea?4 ,?is tissue is pl5tiful b5ea? ! sk91 9 ! abdom9al cavity1 on ! surface ( ! he>t1 ar\nd ! kidneys1 9 ! m>r[ ( bones1 & else:]e4 ,fat s]ves z a s(t pack+ mat]ial4 ,be+ a poor conductor1 x reta9s ! heat1 & furni%es a /ore ri* 9 c>bon & hydrog5 = use 9 ! body4 #bd4 ,ad5oid or ,reti=m ,tissue4 ,?is is a v>iety ( connective tissue f\nd 9 ! tonsils1 sple51 lymphatic gl&s1 & alli$ /ructures4 ,x consi/s ( a v f9e network ( cells ( v>i\s sizes4 ,! tissue comb9+ !m is kn[n z ad5oid or gl&-l tissue4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4--;,fibro-,c>tilage ,fib]s4 7,%[+ network surr\nd$ c>tilage cells47 #be4 ,c>tilage4 ,c>tilage1 or gri/le1 is a t\gh b highly ela/ic sub/ance4 ,"u ! microscope c>tilage is se5 to consi/ ( a matrix1 or base1 9 :i* nucleat$ cells ab\nd1 ei!r s+ly or 9 gr\ps4 ,x has sometimes a f9e gr\nd-glass appe>ance1 :5 ! c>tilage is spok5 ( z hyal9e4 ,9 o!r cases ! matrix is almo/ replac$ by :ite fibr\s tissue4 ,?is is call$ :ite fibro-c>tilage1 & is f\nd :]e great /r5g? & a c]ta9 am\nt ( rigidity are requir$4 ,aga91 !re is betwe5 ! cells a me%work ( yell[ ela/ic fib]s1 & ?is is call$ yell[ fibro-c>tilage 7,fig4 #h74 ,! hyal9e c>tilage =ms ! e>ly /ate ( mo/ ( ! bones1 & is also a p]man5t coat+ = ! articul> ends ( long bones4 ,! :ite fibro-c>tilage is f\nd 9 ! disks betwe5 ! bodies ( ! v]tebr1 9 ! int]ior ( ! knee jo9t1 9 ! wri/ & o!r jo9ts1 fill+ ! cavities ( ! bones1 9 socket jo9ts1 & 9 ! grooves = t5dons4 ,! yell[ fibro-c>tilage =ms ! exp&$ "p ( ! e>1 ! epiglottis1 & o!r p>ts ( ! l>ynx4 #bf4 ,g5]al ,plan ( ! ,body4 ,to get a cle>] idea ( ! g5]al plan on :i* ! body is con/ruct$1 let u imag9e its division into p]fectly equal p>ts1 "o ! "r & ! o!r ! left1 by a great knife sev]+ x ?r\gh ! m$ian1 or middle l9e 9 front1 backw>d ?r\gh ! sp9al column1 z a but*] divides an ox or a %eep into halves = ! m>ket4 ,9 a section ( ! body ?us plann$ ! skull & ! sp9e toge!r are %[n to h =m$ a tube1 conta9+ ! bra9 & sp9al cord4 ,! o!r p>ts ( ! body =m a second tube 7v5tral7 9 front ( ! sp9al or dorsal tube4 ,! upp] "p ( ! second tube beg9s ) ! m\? & is =m$ by ! ribs & brea/bone4 ,bel[ ! *e/ 9 ! abdom51 ! walls ( ?is tube w\ld be made up ( ! s(t p>ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4--;,diagrammatic ,longitud9al ,section ( ! ,trunk & ,head4 7,%[+ ! dorsal & ! v5tral tubes47 ,a1 ! cranial cavity2 ,b1 ! cavity ( ! nose2 ,c1 ! m\?2 ,d1 ! alim5t>y canal repres5t$ z a simple /raight tube2 ,e1 ! sympa!tic n]v\s sy/em2 ,f1 he>t2 ,g1 diaphragm2 ,h1 /oma*2 ,k1 end ( sp9al portion ( c]ebro-sp9al n]v\s sy/em4 ,we may say1 !n1 t ! body consi/s ( two tubes or cavities1 sep>at$ by a bony wall1 ! dorsal or n]v\s tube1 s call$ because x conta9s ! c5tral p>ts ( ! n]v\s sy/em2 & ! visc]al or v5tral tube1 z x conta9s ! visc]a1 or g5]al organs ( ! body1 z ! alim5t>y canal1 ! he>t1 ! lungs1 ! sympa!tic n]v\s sy/em1 & o!r organs4 ,! m detail$ /udy ( ! body may n[ be begun by a description ( ! skeleton or framework :i* supports ! s(t p>ts4 ,exp]im5ts4 ,= g5]al directions & explanations & also detail$ sugge/ions = p]=m+ exp]im5ts1 see ,*apt] ,,xv4 ,exp]im5t #a4 ,to exam9e squam\s epi!lium4 ,) an ivory pap]-knife scrape ! back ( ! tongue or ! inside ( ! lips or *eek2 place ! sub/ance ?us obta9$ ^u a glass slide2 cov] x ) a ?9 cov]-glass1 & if necess>y add a drop ( wat]4 ,exam9e ) ! microscope1 & ! irregul>ly =m$ epi!lial cells w be se54 ,exp]im5t #b4 ,to exam9e ciliat$ epi!lium4 ,op5 a frog's m\?1 & ) ! back ( a knife blade g5tly scrape a little ( ! membrane f ! ro( ( ! m\?4 ,transf] to a glass slide1 add a drop ( salt solution1 & place ov] x a cov]-glass ) a hair und]nea? to prev5t pressure ^u ! cells4 ,exam9e ) a microscope "u a high p[]4 ,! cilia move v rapidly :5 q fre%1 & are !re=e n easily se54 ,= additional exp]im5ts :i* p]ta9 to ! microscopic exam9ation ( ! elem5t>y tissues & to o!r po9ts 9 practical hi/ology1 see ,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,note4 ,inasmu* z mo/ ( ! exp]im5tal "w ( ?is *apt] dep5ds ^u ! use ( ! microscope & also necess>ily assumes a k ( facts :i* are discuss$ lat]1 x w\ld be well to po/pone exp]im5ts 9 hi/ology until !y c be m satisfactorily h&l$ 9 connection ) k9dr$ topics z !y are met ) 9 ! succe$+ *apt]s4 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,! ,bones4 #bg4 ,! ,skeleton4 ,mo/ animals h "s k9d ( framework to support & protect ! s(t & fle%y p>ts ( _! bodies4 ,?is framework consi/s *iefly ( a l>ge numb] ( bones1 & is call$ ! skeleton4 ,x is l ! keel & ribs ( a vessel or ! frame ( a h\se1 ! f\ndation ^u :i* ! bodies are securely built4 ,!re are 9 ! adult human body #bjj di/9ct bones1 ( _m sizes & %apes4 ,?is numb] does n1 h[ev]1 include sev]al small bones f\nd 9 ! t5dons ( muscles & 9 ! e>4 ,! tee? are n usually reckon$ z sep>ate bones1 be+ a "p ( ! /ructure ( ! sk94 ,! numb] ( di/9ct bones v>ies at diff]5t p]iods ( life4 ,x is great] 9 *ildhood ?an 9 adults1 = _m bones :i* are !n sep>ate1 to all[ gr[?1 aft]w>ds become gradually unit$4 ,9 e>ly adult life1 = in/ance1 ! skull conta9s #bb naturally sep>ate bones1 b 9 infancy ! numb] is mu* great]1 & 9 old age f> less4 ,! bones ( ! body ?us arrang$ give firmness1 /r5g?1 & protection to ! s(t tissues & vital organs1 & also =m lev]s = ! muscles to act ^u4 #bh4 ,*emical ,composition ( ,bone4 ,! bones1 ?us =m+ ! framework ( ! body1 are h>d1 t\gh1 & ela/ic4 ,!y are twice z /rong z oak2 "o cubic in* ( compact bone w support a weight ( #ejjj p\nds4 ,bone is compos$ ( e>?y or m9]al matt] 7*iefly 9 ! =m ( lime salts71 & ( animal matt] 7pr9cipally gelat9e71 9 ! proportion ( two-?irds ( ! =m] to "o-?ird ( ! latt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4--,! ,skeleton4 ,! proportion ( e>?y to animal matt] v>ies ) age4 ,9 infancy ! bones are compos$ almo/ :olly ( animal matt]4 ,h5ce1 an infant's bones are r>ely brok51 b its legs may soon become mis%ap5 if walk+ is all[$ too e>ly4 ,9 *ildhood1 ! bones /ill conta9 a l>g] p]c5tage ( animal matt] ?an 9 m advanc$ life1 & are !re=e m liable to b5d ?an to break2 :ile 9 old age1 !y conta9 a great] p]c5tage ( m9]al matt]1 & are brittle & easily brok54 ,exp]im5t #c4 ,to %[ ! m9]al matt] 9 bone4 ,weigh a l>ge s\p bone2 put x on a hot1 cle> fire until x is at a r$ heat4 ,at fir/ x becomes black f ! c>bon ( its organic matt]1 b at la/ x turns :ite4 ,let x cool & weigh aga94 ,! animal matt] has be5 burnt out1 leav+ ! m9]al or e>?y "p1 a :ite1 brittle sub/ance ( exactly ! same %ape1 b weigh+ only ab\t two-?irds z mu* z ! bone orig9ally weigh$4 ,exp]im5t #d4 ,to %[ ! animal matt] 9 bone4 ,add a teaspoonful ( muriatic acid to a p9t ( wat]1 & place ! mixture 9 a %all[ e>!n di%4 ,scrape & clean a *ick5's leg bone1 "p ( a %eep's rib1 or any o!r small1 ?9 bone4 ,soak ! bone 9 ! acid mixture = a few days4 ,! e>?y or m9]al matt] is sl[ly dissolv$1 & ! bone1 al?\gh reta9+ its orig9al =m1 loses its rigidity1 & becomes pliable1 & s s(t z to be readily cut4 ,if ! exp]im5t be c>efully p]=m$1 a long1 ?9 bone may ev5 be ti$ into a knot4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4--,! fibula ti$ into a knot1 aft] ! h>d m9]al matt] has be5 dissolv$ by acid4 #bi4 ,physical ,prop]ties ( ,bone4 ,if we take a leg bone ( a %eep1 or a l>ge end ( beef %9 bone1 & saw x l5g?wise 9 halves1 we see two di/9ct /ructures4 ,!re is a h>d & compact tissue1 l ivory1 =m+ ! outside %ell1 & a spongy tissue inside hav+ ! appe>ance ( a beautiful lattice "w4 ,h5ce ?is is call$ cancell\s tissue1 & ! gradual transition f "o to ! o!r is app>5t4 ,x w also be se5 t ! %aft is a holl[ cyl9d]1 =m$ ( compact tissue1 enclos+ a cavity call$ ! m$ull>y canal1 :i* is fill$ ) a pulpy1 yell[ fat call$ m>r[4 ,! m>r[ is ri*ly suppli$ ) blood-vessels1 :i* ent] ! cavity ?r\gh small op5+s 9 ! compact tissue4 ,9 fact1 all ov] ! surface ( bone are m9ute canals lead+ into ! sub/ance4 ,"o ( ^!1 especially con/ant & l>ge 9 _m bones1 is call$ ! nutri5t =am51 & transmits an art]y to n\ri% ! bone4 ,at ! ends ( a long bone1 :]e x exp&s1 !re is no m$ull>y canal1 & ! bony tissue is spongy1 ) only a ?9 lay] ( d5se bone ar\nd x4 ,9 flat bones we f9d two lay]s or plates ( compact tissue at ! surface1 & a spongy tissue betwe54 ,%ort & irregul> bones h no m$ull>y canal1 only a ?9 %ell ( d5se bone fill$ ) cancell\s tissue4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig #ab4--,! ,"r femur saw$ 9 two1 l5g?wise4 7,%[+ arrangem5t ( compact & cancell\s tissue47 ,exp]im5t #e4 ,obta9 a "p ( a beef %9 bone1 or a portion ( a %eep's or calf's leg1 includ+ if conv5i5t ! knee jo9t4 ,h ! bone saw$ 9 two1 l5g?wise1 keep+ ! m>r[ 9 place4 ,boil1 scrape1 & c>efully clean "o half4 ,note ! compact & spongy p>ts1 %aft1 etc4 ,exp]im5t #f4 ,trim (f ! fle% f ! second half4 ,note ! p9ki% :ite appe>ance ( ! bone1 ! m>r[1 & ! t9y specks ( blood1 etc4 ,knead a small piece ( ! m>r[ 9 ! palm2 note ! oily appe>ance4 ,conv]t "s m>r[ into a liquid by heat+4 ,contra/ ?is fre% bone ) an old dry "o1 z f\nd 9 ! fields4 ,fre% bones %\ld be kept 9 a cool place1 c>efully wrapp$ 9 a damp clo?1 :ile wait+ = class use4 ,a fre% or liv+ bone is cov]$ ) a delicate1 t\gh1 fibr\s membrane1 call$ ! p]io/eum4 ,x adh]es v closely to ! bone1 & cov]s e "p except at ! jo9ts & :]e x is protect$ ) c>tilage4 ,! p]io/eum is ri*ly suppli$ ) blood-vessels1 & plays a *ief "p 9 ! gr[?1 =mation1 & repair ( bone4 ,if a portion ( ! p]io/eum be deta*$ by injury or disease1 !re is risk t a lay] ( ! subjac5t bone w lose its vitality & be ca/ (f4#e #cj4 ,microscopic ,/ructure ( ,bone4 ,if a v ?9 slice ( bone be cut f ! compact tissue & exam9$ "u a microscope1 num]\s m9ute op5+s are se54 ,ar\nd ^! are arrang$ r+s ( bone1 ) little black bodies 9 !m1 f :i* radiate f9e1 d>k l9es4 ,^! op5+s are sections ( canals call$ ,hav]sian canals1 aft] ,hav]s1 an ,engli% physician1 :o fir/ discov]$ !m4 ,! black bodies are m9ute cavities call$ lacun1 :ile ! f9e l9es are v m9ute canals1 canaliculi1 :i* connect ! lacun & ! ,hav]sian canals4 ,^! ,hav]sian canals are suppli$ ) t9y blood-vessels1 :ile ! lacun conta9 bone cells4 ,v f9e bran*es f ^! cells pass into ! canaliculi4 ,! ,hav]sian canals run l5g?wise ( ! bone2 h5ce if ! bone be divid$ longitud9ally ^! canals w be op5$ along _! l5g? 7,fig4 #ac74 ,?us bones are n dry1 lifeless sub/ances1 b are ! v type ( activity & *ange4 ,9 life !y are ri*ly suppli$ ) blood f ! nutri5t art]y & f ! p]io/eum1 by an endless network ( n\ri%+ canals ?r\gh\t _! :ole /ructure4 ,bone has1 !re=e1 l all o!r liv+ /ructures1 a self-=mative p[]1 & draws f ! blood ! mat]ials = its own nutrition4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,a1 longitud9al section ( bone1 by :i* ! ,hav]sian canals are se5 bran*+ & communicat+ ) "o ano!r2 ,b1 cross section ( a v ?9 slice ( bone1 magnifi$ ab\t #cjj diamet]s--little op5+s 7,hav]sian canals7 are se51 & ar\nd !m are rang$ r+s ( bones ) little black bodies 7lacun71 f :i* bran* out f9e d>k l9es 7canaliculi72 ,c1 a bone cell1 highly magnifi$1 ly+ 9 lacuna4 ,! ,bones ( ! ,head4 #ca4 ,! ,head1 or ,skull4 ,! bones ( ! skeleton1 ! bony framework ( our bodies1 may be divid$ into ^? ( ! head1 ! trunk1 & ! limbs4 ,! bones ( ! head are describ$ 9 two p>ts1--^? ( ! cranium1 or bra9-case1 & ^? ( ! face4 ,tak5 toge!r1 !y =m ! skull4 ,! head is usually said to conta9 #bb bones1 ( :i* #h belong to ! cranium & #ad to ! face4 ,9 e>ly *ildhood1 ! bones ( ! head are sep>ate to all[ ! bra9 to exp&2 b z we gr[ old] !y gradually unite1 ! bett] to protect ! delicate bra9 tissue4 #cb4 ,! ,cranium4 ,! cranium is a dome-l /ructure1 made up 9 ! adult ( #h di/9ct bones firmly lock$ toge!r4 ,^! bones are3 ,"o ,frontal1 ,two ,p>ietal1 ,two ,temporal ,"o ,occipital1 ,"o ,sph5oid1 ,"o ,e?moid4 ,! frontal bone =ms ! =ehead & front ( ! head4 ,x is unit$ ) ! two p>ietal bones beh9d1 & ext5ds ov] ! =ehead to make ! ro(s ( ! sockets ( ! eyes4 ,x is ?is bone :i*1 9 _m races ( man1 gives a dignity ( p]son & a beauty ( =m se5 9 no o!r animal4 ,! p>ietal bones =m ! sides & ro( ( ! skull4 ,!y are b\nd$ ant]iorly by ! frontal bone1 po/]iorly by ! occipital1 & lat]ally by ! temporal & sph5oid bones4 ,! two bones make a beautiful ar* to aid 9 ! protection ( ! bra94 ,! temporal bones1 =m+ ! temples on ei!r side1 are atta*$ to ! sph5oid bone 9 front1 ! p>ietals above1 & ! occipital beh9d4 ,9 ea* temporal bone is ! cavity conta9+ ! organs ( he>+4 ,^! bones are s call$ because ! hair usually fir/ turns gray ov] !m4 ,! occipital bone =ms ! l[] "p ( ! base ( ! skull1 z well z ! back ( ! head4 ,x is a broad1 curv$ bone1 & re/s on ! topmo/ v]tebra 7atlas7 ( ! backbone2 its l[] "p is pi]c$ by a l>ge oval op5+ call$ ! =am5 magnum1 ?r\gh :i* ! sp9al cord passes f ! bra9 7,fig4 #ae74 ,! sph5oid bone is 9 front ( ! occipital1 =m+ a "p ( ! base ( ! skull4 ,x is w$g$ betwe5 ! bones ( ! face & ^? ( ! cranium1 & locks toge!r f\rte5 diff]5t bones4 ,x be>s a rem>kable resemblance to a bat ) ext5d$ w+s1 & =ms a s]ies ( gird]s to ! ar*es ( ! cranium4 ,! e?moid bone is situat$ betwe5 ! bones ( ! cranium & ^? ( ! face1 j at ! root ( ! nose4 ,x =ms a "p ( ! floor ( ! cranium4 ,x is a delicate1 spongy bone1 & is s call$ because x is p]=at$ ) num]\s holes l a sieve1 ?r\gh :i* ! n]ves ( smell pass f ! bra9 to ! nose4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4--,! ,skull #cc4 ,! ,face4 ,! bones ( ! face s]ve1 to a m>k$ ext5t1 9 giv+ =m & expression to ! human c\nt5ance4 ,^u ^! bones dep5d1 9 a measure1 ! build ( ! =ehead1 ! %ape ( ! *91 ! size ( ! eyes1 ! prom95ce ( ! *eeks1 ! cont\r ( ! nose1 & o!r m>ks :i* are reflect$ 9 ! beauty or ugl9ess ( ! face4 ,! face is made up ( f\rte5 bones :i*1 ) ! exception ( ! l[] jaw1 are1 l ^? ( ! cranium1 closely int]lock$ ) ea* o!r4 ,by ?is union ^! bones help =m a numb] ( cavities :i* conta9 mo/ important & vital organs4 ,! two deep1 cup-l sockets1 call$ ! orbits1 conta9 ! organs ( sight4 ,9 ! cavities ( ! nose is locat$ ! s5se ( smell1 :ile ! buccal cavity1 or m\?1 is ! site ( ! s5se ( ta/e1 & plays besides an important "p 9 ! fir/ act ( dige/ion & 9 ! function ( spee*4 ,! bones ( ! face are3 ,two ,sup]ior ,maxill>y1 ,two ,mal>1 ,two ,nasal1 ,two ,la*rymal1 ,two ,palate1 ,two ,turb9at$1 ,"o ,vom]1 ,"o ,l[] ,maxill>y4 #cd4 ,bones ( ! ,face4 ,! sup]ior maxill>y or upp] jawbones =m a "p ( ! ro( ( ! m\? & ! entire floor ( ! orbits4 ,9 !m is fix$ ! upp] set ( tee?4 ,! mal> or *eek bones are jo9$ to ! upp] jawbones1 & help =m ! sockets ( ! eyes4 ,!y s5d an ar* backw>ds to jo9 ! temporal bones4 ,^! bones are rem>kably ?ick & /rong1 & are specially adapt$ to resi/ ! injury to :i* ?is "p ( ! face is expos$4 ,! nasal or nose bones are two v small bones betwe5 ! eye sockets1 :i* =m ! bridge ( ! nose4 ,v ne> ^! bones are ! two small la*rymal bones4 ,^! are plac$ 9 ! inn] angles ( ! orbit1 & 9 !m are grooves 9 :i* lie ! ducts ?r\gh :i* ! te>s fl[ f ! eyes to ! nose4 ,! palate bones are beh9d ^? ( ! upp] jaw & ) !m =m ! bony "p ( ! ro( ( ! m\?4 ,! inf]ior turb9at$ are spongy1 scroll-l bones1 :i* curve ab\t )9 ! nasal cavities s z to increase ! surface ( ! air passages ( ! nose4 ,! vom] s]ves z a ?9 & delicate p>tition betwe5 ! two cavities ( ! nose4 ,x is s nam$ f its resemblance to a pl\gh%>e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4--,! ,base ( ! ,skull4 ,a1 palate process ( upp] jawbone2 ,b1 zygoma1 =m+ zygomatic ar*2 ,c1 condyle = =m+ articulation ) atlas2 ,d1 =am5 magnum2 ,e1 occipital bone4 ,! longe/ bone 9 ! face is ! inf]ior maxill>y1 or l[] jaw4 ,x has a horse%oe %ape1 & supports ! l[] set ( tee?4 ,x is ! only movable bone ( ! head1 hav+ a v]tical & lat]al motion by means ( a h+e jo9t ) a "p ( ! temporal bone4 #ce4 ,sutures ( ! ,skull4 ,be=e leav+ ! head we mu/ notice ! peculi> & admirable mann] 9 :i* ! edges ( ! bones ( ! out] %ell ( ! skull are jo9$ toge!r4 ,^! edges ( ! bones resemble ! tee? ( a saw4 ,9 adult life ^! too?-l edges fit into ea* o!r & gr[ toge!r1 sugge/+ ! dovetail$ jo9ts us$ by ! cab9et-mak]4 ,:5 unit$ ^! s]rat$ edges look almo/ z if sew$ toge!r2 h5ce _! "n1 sutures4 ,?is mann] ( union gives unity & /r5g? to ! skull4 ,9 infants1 ! corn]s ( ! p>ietal bones d n yet meet1 & ! ?robb+ ( ! bra9 may be se5 & felt "u ^! s(t spots1 or fontanelles1 z !y are call$4 ,h5ce a slight bl[ to a babe's head may cause s]i\s injury to ! bra9 7,fig4 #ad74 ,! ,bones ( ! ,trunk4 #cf4 ,! ,trunk4 ,! trunk is t c5tral "p ( ! body :i* supports ! head & ! upp] pair ( limbs4 ,x divides itself into an upp] cavity1 ! ?orax1 or *e/2 & a l[] cavity1 ! abdom54 ,^! two cavities are sep>at$ by a movable1 muscul> p>tition call$ ! diaphragm1 or midriff 7,figs4 #i & #di74 ,! bones ( ! trunk are v>i\sly relat$ to ea* o!r1 & "s ( !m become unit$ dur+ adult life into bony masses :i* at e>li] p]iods are q di/9ct4 ,= example1 ! sacrum is 9 e>ly life made up ( five di/9ct bones :i* lat] unite into "o4 ,! upp] cavity1 or *e/1 is a bony enclosure =m$ by ! brea/bone1 ! ribs1 & ! sp9e4 ,x conta9s ! he>t & ! lungs 7,fig4 #hf74 ,! l[] cavity1 or abdom51 holds ! /oma*1 liv]1 inte/9es1 sple51 kidneys1 & "s o!r organs 7,fig4 #ei74 ,! bones ( ! trunk may be subdivid$ into ^? ( ! sp9e1 ! ribs1 & ! hips4 ,! trunk includes #ed bones usually ?us arrang$3 ,i4 ,sp9al ,column1 #bf bones3 #g ,c]vical ,v]tebr4 #ab ,dorsal ,v]tebr4 #e ,lumb> ,v]tebr4 #a ,sacrum4 #a ,coccyx4 ,,ii4 ,ribs1 #bd bones3 #ad ,true ,ribs4 #f ,false ,ribs4 #d ,float+ ,ribs4 ,,iii4 ,/]num4 ,,iv4 ,two ,hip ,bones4 ,v4 ,hyoid ,bone4 #cg4 ,! ,sp9al ,column4 ,! sp9al column1 or backbone1 is a m>vel\s piece ( me*anism1 comb9+ (fices :i* no?+ %ort ( p]fection 9 adaptation & arrangem5t c\ld enable x to p]=m4 ,x is ! c5tral /ructure to :i* all ! o!r p>ts ( ! skeleton are adapt$4 ,x consi/s ( num]\s sep>ate bones1 call$ v]tebr4 ,! sev5 upp] ones belong to ! neck1 & are call$ c]vical v]tebr4 ,! next twelve are ! dorsal v]tebr2 ^! belong to ! back & support ! ribs4 ,! rema9+ five belong to ! lo9s1 & are call$ lumb> v]tebr4 ,on look+ at ! diagram ( ! backbone 7,fig4 #i7 x w be se5 t ! v]tebr increase 9 size & /r5g? d[nw>d1 because ( ! great] burd5 !y h to be>1 ?us cle>ly indicat+ t an erect position is ! "o natural to man4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4--,! ,sp9al ,column4 ,?is column supports ! head1 encloses & protects ! sp9al cord1 & =ms ! basis = ! atta*m5t ( _m muscles1 especially ^? :i* ma9ta9 ! body 9 an erect position4 ,ea* v]tebra has an op5+ ?r\gh its c5t]1 & ! sep>ate bones s re/1 "o ^u ano!r1 t ^! op5+s =m a cont9u\s canal f ! head to ! l[] "p ( ! sp9e4 ,! great n]ve1 kn[n z ! sp9al cord1 ext5ds f ! cranium ?r\gh ! entire l5g? ( ?is canal4 ,all along ! sp9al column1 & betwe5 ea* two adjo9+ bones1 are op5+s on ea* side1 ?r\gh :i* n]ves pass out to be di/ribut$ to v>i\s p>ts ( ! body4 ,betwe5 ! v]tebr are pads or cu%ions ( c>tilage4 ,^! act z buff]s1 & s]ve to give ! sp9e /r5g? & ela/icity & to prev5t friction ( "o bone on ano!r4 ,ea* v]tebra consi/s ( a body1 ! solid c5tral portion1 & a numb] ( projections call$ processes4 ,^? :i* spr+ f ! po/]ior ( ea* ar* are ! sp9\s processes4 ,9 ! dorsal region !y are pla9ly se5 & felt 9 ?9 p]sons4 ,! bones ( ! sp9al column are arrang$ 9 ?ree slight & graceful curves4 ,^! curves n only give beauty & /r5g? to ! bony framework ( ! body1 b also assi/ 9 ! =mation ( cavities = important int]nal organs4 ,?is arrangem5t ( ela/ic pads betwe5 ! v]tebr supplies ! sp9e ) s _m ela/ic spr+s1 :i* s]ve to break ! effect ( %ock to ! bra9 & ! sp9al cord f any sudd5 j> or injury4 ,! sp9al column re/s on a /rong ?ree-sid$ bone call$ ! sacrum1 or sacr$-bone1 :i* is w$g$ 9 betwe5 ! hip bones & =ms ! key/one ( ! pelvis4 ,jo9$ to ! l[] end ( ! sacrum is ! coccyx1 or cuckoo-bone1 a tap]+ s]ies ( little bones4 ,exp]im5t #g4 ,run ! tips ( ! f+]s briskly d[n ! backbone1 & ! sp9es ( ! v]tebr w be tipp$ ) r$ s t !y c be readily c\nt$4 ,h ! model lean =w>d ) ! arms fold$ across ! *e/2 ?is w make ! sp9es ( ! v]tebr m prom95t4 ,exp]im5t #h4 ,to illu/rate ! movem5t ( torsion 9 ! sp9e1 or its rotation r\nd its own axis4 ,sit upright1 ) ! back & %\ld]s well appli$ aga9/ ! back ( a *air4 ,note t ! head & neck c be turn$ z f> z #fj or #gj4 ,n[ b5d =w>ds1 s z to let ! dorsal & lumb> v]tebr come into play1 & ! head c be turn$ #cj m4 ,exp]im5t #i4 ,to %[ h[ ! sp9al v]tebr make a firm b flexible column4 ,take #bd h>d rubb] ov]coat buttons1 or ! same numb] ( two-c5t pieces1 & pile !m on top ( ea* o!r4 ,a ?9 lay] ( s(t putty may be put betwe5 ! co9s to repres5t ! pads ( c>tilage betwe5 ! v]tebr4 ,! mo/ /rik+ features ( ! sp9al column may be illu/rat$ by ?is simple app>atus4 #ch4 ,h[ ! ,head & ,sp9e are ,jo9$ toge!r4 ,! head re/s ^u ! sp9al column 9 a mann] wor?y ( special notice4 ,?is consi/s 9 ! peculi> /ructure ( ! fir/ two c]vical v]tebr1 kn[n z ! axis & atlas4 ,! atlas is nam$ aft] ! fabl$ giant :o support$ ! e>? on 8 %\ld]s4 ,?is v]tebra consi/s ( a r+ ( bone1 hav+ two cup-l sockets into :i* fit two bony projections aris+ on ei!r side ( ! great op5+ 7=am5 magnum7 9 ! occipital bone4 ,! h+e jo9t ?us =m$ all[s ! head to nod =w>d1 :ile ligam5ts prev5t x f mov+ too f>4 ,on ! upp] surface ( ! axis1 ! second v]tebra1 is a peg or process1 call$ ! odontoid process f its resemblance to a too?4 ,?is peg =ms a pivot ^u :i* ! head ) ! atlas turns4 ,x is held 9 its place aga9/ ! front inn] surface ( ! atlas by a b& ( /rong ligam5ts1 :i* also prev5ts x f press+ on ! delicate sp9al cord4 ,?us1 :5 we turn ! head to ! "r or left1 ! skull & ! atlas move toge!r1 bo? rotat+ on ! odontoid process ( ! axis4 #ci4 ,! ,ribs & ,/]num4 ,! b>rel-%ap$ framework ( ! *e/ is 9 "p compos$ ( long1 sl5d]1 curv$ bones call$ ribs4 ,!re are twelve ribs on ea* side1 :i* enclose & /r5g!n ! *e/2 !y some:at resemble ! hoops ( a b>rel4 ,!y are connect$ 9 pairs ) ! dorsal v]tebr beh9d4 ,! fir/ sev5 pairs1 c\nt+ f ! neck1 are call$ ! true ribs1 & are jo9$ by _! own special c>tilages directly to ! brea/bone4 ,! five l[] pairs1 call$ ! false ribs1 are n directly jo9$ to ! brea/bone1 b are connect$1 ) ! exception ( ! la/ two1 ) ea* o!r & ) ! la/ true ribs by c>tilages4 ,^! ela/ic c>tilages enable ! *e/ to be> great bl[s ) impunity4 ,a bl[ on ! /]num is di/ribut$ ov] f\rte5 ela/ic ar*es4 ,! l[e/ two pairs ( false ribs1 are n jo9$ ev5 by c>tilages1 b are q free 9 front1 & = ?is reason are call$ float+ ribs4 ,! ribs are n horizontal1 b slope d[nw>ds f ! backbone1 s t :5 rais$ or depress$ by ! /rong int]co/al muscles1 ! size ( ! *e/ is alt]nately increas$ or dim9i%$4 ,?is movem5t ( ! ribs is ( ! utmo/ importance 9 brea?+ 7,fig4 #ia74 ,! /]num1 or brea/bone1 is a long1 flat1 n>r[ bone =m+ ! middle front wall ( ! *e/4 ,x is connect$ ) ! ribs & ) ! coll> bones4 ,9 %ape x some:at resembles an anci5t dagg]4 #dj4 ,! ,hip ,bones4 ,f\r immovable bones are jo9$ toge!r s z to =m at ! l[] extremity ( ! trunk a bas9-l cavity call$ ! pelvis4 ,^! f\r bones are ! sacrum & ! coccyx1 :i* h be5 describ$1 & ! two hip bones4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4--,?orax4 7,ant]ior view47 ,! hip bones are l>ge1 irregul>ly %ap$ bones1 v firm & /rong1 & are sometimes call$ ! haun* bones or ossa innom9ata 7nameless bones74 ,!y are unit$ to ! sacrum beh9d & jo9$ to ea* o!r 9 front4 ,on ! out] side ( ea* hip bone is a deep cup1 or socket1 call$ ! acetabulum1 resembl+ an anci5t v9eg> cup1 into :i* fits ! r\nd$ head ( ! ?igh bone4 ,! bones ( ! pelvis are support$ l a bridge on ! legs z pill>s1 & !y 9 turn conta9 ! int]nal organs 9 ! l[] "p ( ! trunk4 #da4 ,! ,hyoid ,bone4 ,"u ! l[] jaw is a little horse%oe %ap$ bone call$ ! hyoid bone1 because x is %ap$ l ! ,greek lett] upsilon 774 ,! root ( ! tongue is fa/5$ to its b5d1 & ! l>ynx is hung f x z f a hook4 ,:5 ! neck is 9 its natural position ?is bone c be pla9ly felt on a level ) ! l[] jaw & ab\t "o in* & a half beh9d x4 ,x s]ves to keep op5 ! top ( ! l>ynx & = ! atta*m5t ( ! muscles1 :i* move ! tongue4 7,see ,fig4 #df47 ,! hyoid bone1 l ! knee-pan1 is n connect$ ) any o!r bone4 ,! ,bones ( ! ,upp] ,limbs4 #db4 ,! ,upp] ,limbs4 ,ea* ( ! upp] limbs consi/ ( ! upp] arm1 ! =e>m1 & ! h&4 ,^! bones are classifi$ z foll[s3 ,upp] ,arm3 ,scapula1 or %\ld]-blade1 ,clavicle1 or coll> bone1 ,hum]us1 or arm bone1 ,=e>m3 ,ulna1 ,radius1 ,h&3 #h ,c>pal or wri/ bones1 #e ,metac>pal bones1 #ad ,phalanges1 or f+] bones1 mak+ #cb bones 9 all4 #dc4 ,! ,upp] ,arm4 ,! two bones ( ! %\ld]1 ! scapula & ! clavicle1 s]ve 9 man to atta* ! arm to ! trunk4 ,! scapula1 or %\ld]-blade1 is a flat1 triangul> bone1 plac$ po9t d[nw>ds1 & ly+ on ! upp] & back "p ( ! *e/1 ov] ! ribs4 ,x consi/s ( a broad1 flat portion & a prom95t ridge or sp9e4 ,at its out] angle x has a %all[ cup kn[n z ! gl5oid cavity4 ,into ?is socket fits ! r\nd$ head ( ! hum]us4 ,! %\ld]-blade is atta*$ to ! trunk *iefly by muscles1 & is capable ( ext5sive motion4 ,! clavicle1 or coll> bone1 is a sl5d] bone ) a d\ble curve l an italic f1 & ext5ds f ! out] angle ( ! %\ld]-blade to ! top ( ! brea/bone4 ,x ?us s]ves l ! key/one ( an ar* to hold ! %\ld]-blade firmly 9 its place1 b its *ief use is to keep ! %\ld]s wide ap>t1 t ! arm may enjoy a fre] range ( motion4 ,?is bone is (t5 brok5 by falls ^u ! %\ld] or arm4 ,! hum]us is ! /ronge/ bone ( ! upp] extremity4 ,z already m5tion$1 its r\nd$ head fits into ! socket ( ! %\ld]-blade1 =m+ a ball-&-socket jo9t1 :i* p]mits great fre$om ( motion4 ,! %\ld] jo9t resembles :at me*anics call a univ]sal jo9t1 = !re is no "p ( ! body :i* _c be t\*$ by ! h&4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4--,left ,scapula1 or ,%\ld]-,blade4 ,:5 ! %\ld] is dislocat$ ! head ( ! hum]us has be5 =c$ out ( its socket4 ,! l[] end ( ! bone is groov$ to help =m a h+e jo9t at ! elb[ ) ! bones ( ! =e>m 7,fig4 #bg74 #dd4 ,! ,=e>m4 ,! =e>m conta9s two long bones1 ! ulna & ! radius4 ,! ulna1 s call$ because x =ms ! elb[1 is ! long] & l>g] bone ( ! =e>m1 & is on ! same side z ! little f+]4 ,x is connect$ ) ! hum]us by a h+e jo9t at ! elb[4 ,x is prev5t$ f mov+ too f> back by a hook-l projection call$ ! olecranon process1 :i* makes ! %>p po9t ( ! elb[4 ,! radius is ! %ort] ( ! two bones ( ! =e>m1 & is on ! same side z ! ?umb4 ,its sl5d]1 upp] end articulates ) ! ulna & hum]us2 its l[] end is enl>g$ & gives atta*m5t 9 "p to ! bones ( ! wri/4 ,?is bone radiates or turns on ! ulna1 c>ry+ ! h& ) x4 ,exp]im5t #aj4 ,re/ ! =e>m on a table1 ) ! palm up 7an attitude call$ sup9ation74 ,! radius is on ! out] side & p>allel ) ! ulna ,if n[1 )\t mov+ ! elb[1 we turn ! h& 7pronation71 z if to pick up some?+ f ! table1 ! radius may be se5 & felt cross+ ov] ! ulna1 :ile ! latt] has n mov$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4--,left ,clavicle1 or ,coll> ,bone4 7,ant]ior surface47 #de4 ,! ,h&4 ,! h& is ! executive or ess5tial "p ( ! upp] limb4 ,)\t x ! arm w\ld be almo/ useless4 ,x consi/s ( #bg sep>ate bones1 & is divid$ into ?ree p>ts1 ! wri/1 ! palm1 & ! f+]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4--,left ,hum]us4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4--,left ,radius & ,ulna4 ,! c>pus1 or wri/1 includes #h %ort bones1 arrang$ 9 two r[s ( f\r ea*1 s z to =m a broad support = ! h&4 ,^! bones are closely pack$1 & tightly b\nd ) ligam5ts :i* admit ( ample flexibility4 ,?us ! wri/ is mu* less liable to be brok5 ?an if x 7 to consi/ ( a s+le bone1 :ile ! ela/icity f hav+ ! eight bones movable on ea* o!r1 neutralizes1 to a great ext5t1 a %ock caus$ by fall+ on ! h&s4 ,al?\gh ea* ( ! wri/ bones has a v limit$ mobility 9 relation to its neighbors1 _! comb9ation gives ! h& t fre$om ( action ^u ! wri/1 :i* is manife/ 9 c\ntless examples ( ! mo/ accurate & delicate manipulation4 ,! metac>pal bones are ! five long bones ( ! back ( ! h&4 ,!y are atta*$ to ! wri/ & to ! f+] bones1 & may be easily felt by press+ ! f+]s ( "o h& ov] ! back ( ! o!r4 ,! metac>pal bones ( ! f+]s h little fre$om ( movem5t1 :ile ! ?umb1 unlike ! o!rs1 is freely movable4 ,we are ?us enabl$ to br+ ! ?umb 9 opposition to ea* ( ! f+]s1 a matt] ( ! highe/ importance 9 manipulation4 ,= ?is reason ! loss ( ! ?umb disables ! h& f> m ?an ! loss ( ei!r ( ! f+]s4 ,?is v significant opposition ( ! ?umb to ! f+]s1 furni%+ ! complete grasp by ! h&1 is *>act]i/ic ( ! human race1 & is want+ 9 ! h& ( ! ape1 *impanzee1 & ourang-outang4 ,! phalanges1 or f+] bones1 are ! f\rte5 small bones arrang$ 9 ?ree r[s to =m ! f+]s4 ,ea* f+] has ?ree bones2 ea* ?umb1 two4 ,! l>ge numb] ( bones 9 ! h& n only af=ds e v>iety ( movem5t1 b (f]s great resi/ance to bl[s or %ocks4 ,^! bones are unit$ by /rong b flexible ligam5ts4 ,! h& is ?us giv5 /r5g? & flexibility1 & enabl$ to accompli% ! c\ntless movem5ts s necess>y to our well-be+4 ,9 brief1 ! h& is a m>vel ( precise & adapt$ me*anism1 capable n only ( p]=m+ e v>iety ( "w & ( express+ _m emotions ( ! m9d1 b ( execut+ its ord]s ) inconceivable rapidity4 ,! ,bones ( ! ,l[] ,limbs4 #df4 ,! ,l[] ,limbs4 ,! g5]al /ructure & numb] ( ! bones ( ! l[] limbs be> a /rik+ simil>ity to ^? ( ! upp] limbs4 ,?us ! leg1 l ! arm1 is arrang$ 9 ?ree p>ts1 ! ?igh1 ! l[] leg1 & ! foot4 ,! ?igh bone corresponds to ! hum]us2 ! tibia & fibula to ! ulna & radius2 ! ankle to ! wri/2 & ! metat>sus & ! phalanges ( ! foot1 to ! metac>pus & ! phalanges ( ! h&4 ,! bones ( ! l[] limbs may be ?us arrang$3 ,?igh3 ,femur1 or ?igh bone1 ,l[] ,leg3 ,patella1 or knee cap1 ,tibia1 or %9 bone1 ,fibula1 or spl9t bone1 ,foot3 #g ,t>sal or ankle bones1 #e ,metat>sal or in/ep bones1 #ad ,phalanges1 or toes bones1 mak+ #cj bones 9 all4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4--,"r ,femur1 or ,?igh ,bone4 #dg4 ,! ,?igh4 ,! longe/ & /ronge/ ( all ! bones is ! femur1 or ?igh bone4 ,its upp] end has a r\nd$ head :i* fits into ! acetabulum1 or ! deep cup-l cavity ( ! hip bone1 =m+ a p]fect ball-&-socket jo9t4 ,:5 cov]$ ) c>tilage1 ! ball fits s accurately into its socket t x may be reta9$ by atmosph]ic pressure alone 7sec4 #ej74 ,! %aft ( ! femur is /rong1 & is ridg$ & r\gh5$ 9 places = ! atta*m5t ( ! muscles4 ,its l[] end is broad & irregul>ly %ap$1 hav+ two prom95ces call$ condyles1 sep>at$ by a groove1 ! :ole fitt$ = =m+ a h+e jo9t ) ! bones ( ! l[] leg & ! knee-cap4 #dh4 ,! ,l[] ,leg4 ,! l[] leg1 l ! =e>m1 consi/s ( two bones4 ,! tibia1 or %9 bone1 is ! long ?ree-sid$ bone =m+ ! front ( ! leg4 ,! %>p edge ( ! bone is easily felt j "u ! sk94 ,x articulates ) ! l[] end ( ! ?igh bone1 =m+ ) x a h+e jo9t4 ,! fibula1 ! companion bone ( ! tibia1 is ! long1 sl5d] bone on ! out] side ( ! leg4 ,x is firmly fix$ to ! tibia at ea* end1 & is commonly spok5 ( z ! small bone ( ! leg4 ,its l[] end =ms ! out] projection ( ! ankle4 ,9 front ( ! knee jo9t1 emb$d$ 9 a ?ick1 /rong t5don1 is an irregul>ly disk-%ap$ bone1 ! patella1 or knee-cap4 ,x increases ! lev]age ( important muscles1 & protects ! front ( ! knee jo9t1 :i* is1 f its position1 mu* expos$ to injury4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4--,patella1 or ,knee-,cap4 #di4 ,! ,foot4 ,! bones ( ! foot1 #bf 9 numb]1 consi/ ( ! t>sal bones1 ! metat>sal1 & ! phalanges4 ,! t>sal bones are ! sev5 small1 irregul> bones :i* make up ! ankle4 ,^! bones1 l ^? ( ! wri/1 are compactly arrang$1 & are held firmly 9 place by ligam5ts :i* all[ a consid]able am\nt ( motion4 ,"o ( ! ankle bones1 ! os calcis1 projects prom95tly backw>ds1 =m+ ! heel4 ,an ext5sive surface is ?us af=d$ = ! atta*m5t ( ! /rong t5don ( ! calf ( ! leg1 call$ ! t5don ( ,a*illes4 ,! l>ge bone above ! heel bone1 ! a/ragalus1 articulates ) ! tibia1 =m+ a h+e jo9t1 & receives ! weight ( ! body4 ,! metat>sal bones1 correspond+ to ! metac>pals ( ! h&1 are five 9 numb]1 & =m ! l[] in/ep4 ,! phalanges are ! f\rte5 bones ( ! toes1--?ree 9 ea* except ! great toe1 :i*1 l ! ?umb1 has two4 ,!y resemble 9 numb] & plan ! correspond+ bones 9 ! h&4 ,! bones ( ! foot =m a d\ble ar*1--an ar* f be=e backw>ds1 & an ar* f side to side4 ,! =m] is support$ beh9d by ! os calcis1 & 9 front by ! ends ( ! metat>sal bones4 ,! weight ( ! body falls p]p5dicul>ly on ! a/ragalus1 :i* is ! key-bone or cr[n ( ! ar*4 ,! bones ( ! foot are kept 9 place by p[]ful ligam5ts1 comb9+ great /r5g? ) ela/icity4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4--,"r ,tibia & ,fibula 7,ant]ior surface47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4--;,bones ( ,"r ,foot4 7,dorsal surface47 ,! ,jo9ts4 #ej4 ,=mation ( ,jo9ts4 ,! v>i\s bones ( ! skeleton are connect$ toge!r at diff]5t p>ts ( _! surfaces by jo9ts1 or articulations4 ,_m diff]5t k9ds ( jo9ts h be5 describ$1 b ! same g5]al plan obta9s = ne>ly all4 ,!y v>y accord+ to ! k9d & ! am\nt ( motion4 ,! pr9cipal /ructures :i* unite 9 ! =mation ( a jo9t are3 bone1 c>tilage1 synovial membrane1 & ligam5ts4 ,bones make ! *ief elem5t ( all ! jo9ts1 & _! adjo9+ surfaces are %ap$ to meet ! special dem&s ( ea* jo9t 7,fig4 #bg74 ,! jo9t-end ( bones is coat$ ) a ?9 lay] ( t\gh1 ela/ic c>tilage4 ,?is is also us$ at ! edge ( jo9t-cavities1 =m+ a r+ to deep5 !m4 ,! r\nd$ heads ( bones :i* move 9 !m are ?us m securely held 9 _! sockets4 ,besides ^! /ructures1 ! muscles also help to ma9ta9 ! jo9t-surfaces 9 prop] relation4 ,ano!r ess5tial to ! action ( ! jo9ts is ! pressure ( ! outside air4 ,?is may be suffici5t to keep ! articul> surfaces 9 contact ev5 aft] all ! muscles are remov$4 ,?us ! hip jo9t is s completely surr\nd$ by ligam5ts z to be air-tight2 & ! union is v /rong4 ,b if ! ligam5ts be pi]c$ & air all[$ to ent] ! jo9t1 ! union at once becomes mu* less close1 & ! head ( ! ?igh bone falls away z f> z ! ligam5ts w all[ x4 #ea4 ,synovial ,membrane4 ,a v delicate connective tissue1 call$ ! synovial membrane1 l9es ! capsules ( ! jo9ts1 & cov]s ! ligam5ts connect$ ) !m4 ,x secretes ! synovia1 or jo9t oil1 a ?ick & glairy fluid1 l ! :ite ( a raw egg1 :i* ?or\ghly lubricates ! inn] surfaces ( ! jo9ts4 ,?us ! friction & heat develop$ by movem5t are r$uc$1 & e "p ( a jo9t is enabl$ to act smoo?ly4 #eb4 ,ligam5ts4 ,! bones are fa/5$ toge!r1 held 9 place1 & _! movem5ts controll$1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 by b&s ( v>i\s =ms1 call$ ligam5ts4 ,^! are compos$ ma9ly ( bundles ( :ite fibr\s tissue plac$ p>allel to1 or closely int]lac$ )1 "o ano!r1 & pres5t a %9+1 silv]y aspect4 ,!y ext5d f "o ( ! articulat+ bones to ano!r1 /rongly support+ ! jo9t1 :i* !y sometimes completely envelope ) a k9d ( cap 7,fig4 #bh74 ,?is prev5ts ! bones f be+ easily dislocat$4 ,x is difficult1 = in/ance1 to sep>ate ! two bones 9 a %\ld] or leg ( mutton1 !y are s firmly held toge!r by t\gh ligam5ts4 ,:ile ligam5ts are pliable & flexible1 p]mitt+ free movem5t1 !y are also wond]fully /rong & inext5sible4 ,a bone may be brok51 or its end torn (f1 be=e its ligam5ts c be ruptur$4 ,! wri/ end ( ! radius1 = in/ance1 is (t5 torn (f by =ce ex]t$ on its ligam5ts )\t _! rupture4 ,! ligam5ts are s num]\s & v>i\s & are 9 "s p>ts s int]wov5 ) ea* o!r1 t space does n all[ ev5 m5tion ( ^? t are important4 ,at ! knee jo9t1 = in/ance1 !re are no less ?an fifte5 di/9ct ligam5ts4 #ec4 ,imp]fect ,jo9ts4 ,x is only p]fect jo9ts t are fully equipp$ ) ! /ructures j m5tion$4 ,"s jo9ts lack "o or m1 & are !re=e call$ imp]fect jo9ts4 ,su* jo9ts all[ little or no motion & h no smoo? c>tilages at _! edges4 ,?us1 ! bones ( ! skull are dovetail$ by jo9ts call$ sutures1 :i* are immovable4 ,! union betwe5 ! v]tebr af=ds a good example ( imp]fect jo9ts :i* are p>tially movable4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4--;,ela/ic ,tissue f ! ,ligam5ts ab\t ,jo9ts4 7,highly magnifi$47 #ed4 ,p]fect ,jo9ts4 ,!re are v>i\s =ms ( p]fect jo9ts1 accord+ to ! nature & am\nt ( movem5t p]mitt$4 ,!y an divid$ into h+e jo9ts1 ball-&-socket jo9ts & pivot jo9ts4 ,! h+e jo9ts all[ =w>d & backw>d movem5ts l a h+e4 ,^! jo9ts are ! mo/ num]\s 9 ! body1 z ! elb[1 ! ankle1 & ! knee jo9ts4 ,9 ! ball-&-socket jo9ts--a beautiful contrivance--! r\nd$ head ( "o bone fits into a socket 9 ! o!r1 z ! hip jo9t & %\ld] jo9t4 ,^! jo9ts p]mit free motion 9 almo/ e direction4 ,9 ! pivot jo9t a k9d ( peg 9 "o bone fits into a not* 9 ano!r4 ,! be/ example ( ?is is ! jo9t betwe5 ! fir/ & second v]tebr 7see sec4 #ch74 ,! radius moves ar\nd on ! ulna by means ( a pivot jo9t4 ,! radius1 z well z ! bones ( ! wri/ & h&1 turns ar\nd1 ?us enabl+ u to turn ! palm ( ! h& upw>ds & d[nw>ds4 ,9 _m jo9ts ! ext5t ( motion am\nts to only a slight glid+ betwe5 ! ends ( ! bones4 #ee4 ,uses ( ! ,bones4 ,! bones s]ve _m important & useful purposes4 ,! skeleton1 a g5]al framework1 af=ds protection1 support1 & lev]age to ! bodily tissues4 ,?us1 ! bones ( ! skull & ( ! *e/ protect ! bra91 ! lungs1 & ! he>t2 ! bones ( ! legs support ! weight ( ! body2 & ! long bones ( ! limbs are lev]s to :i* muscles are atta*$4 ,ow+ to ! v>i\s duties !y h to p]=m1 ! bones are con/ruct$ 9 _m diff]5t %apes4 ,"s are broad & flat2 o!rs1 long & cyl9drical2 & a l>ge numb] v irregul> 9 =m4 ,ea* bone is n only diff]5t f all ! o!rs1 b is also curi\sly adapt$ to its p>ticul> place & use4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4--,%[+ h[ ! ,ends ( ! ,bones are %ap$ to =m ! ,elb[ ,jo9t4 7,! cut ends ( a few ligam5ts are se547 ,no?+ c\ld be m admirable ?an ! me*anism by :i* ea* "o ( ! bones is enabl$ to fulfill ! manifold purposes = :i* x 0 design$4 ,we h se5 h[ ! bones ( ! cranium are unit$ by sutures 9 a mann] ! bett] to all[ ! delicate bra9 to gr[1 & to af=d x protection f viol5ce4 ,! ar*$ arrangem5t ( ! bones ( ! foot has sev]al me*anical advantages1 ! mo/ important be+ t x gives firmness & ela/icity to ! foot1 :i* ?us s]ves z a support = ! weight ( ! body1 & z ! *ief in/rum5t ( locomotion4 ,! complicat$ organ ( he>+ is protect$ by a w9d+ s]ies ( m9ute ap>tm5ts1 9 ! rock-l portion ( ! temporal bone4 ,! socket = ! eye has a jutt+ ridge ( bone all ar\nd x1 to gu>d ! organ ( vision aga9/ injury4 ,grooves & canals1 =m$ 9 h>d bone1 lodge & protect m9ute n]ves & t9y blood-vessels4 ,! surfaces ( bones are (t5 provid$ ) grooves1 %>p edges1 & r\gh projections1 = ! orig9 & ins]tion ( muscles4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4--;,ext]nal ,ligam5ts ( ! ,knee4 #ef4 ,! ,bones 9 ,infancy & ,*ildhood4 ,! bones ( ! infant1 consi/+ almo/ :olly ( c>tilage1 are n /iff & h>d z 9 aft] life1 b flexible & ela/ic4 ,z ! *ild gr[s1 ! bones become m solid & firm] f a gradually increas$ deposit ( lime salts4 ,9 "t !y become capable ( support+ ! body & su/a9+ ! action ( ! muscles4 ,! reason is t well-develop$ bones w\ld be ( no use to a *ild t _h n muscul> /r5g? to support its body4 ,aga91 ! num]\s falls & tumbles t ! *ild su/a9s be=e x is able to walk1 w\ld result 9 brok5 bones almo/ e day ( its life4 ,z x is1 "y *ildr5 meet ) a great v>iety ( falls )\t s]i\s injury4 ,b ?is condition ( ?+s has its dang]s4 ,! fact t a *ild's bones b5d easily1 also r5d]s !m liable to p]man5t *ange ( %ape4 ,?us1 *ildr5 (t5 become b[-legg$ :5 all[$ to walk too e>ly4 ,mod]ate ex]cise1 h[ev]1 ev5 9 infancy1 promotes ! heal? ( ! bones z well z ( ! o!r tissues4 ,h5ce a *ild may be kept too long 9 its cradle1 or :eel$ ab\t too mu* 9 a c>riage1 :5 ! full use ( its limbs w\ld furni% prop] ex]cise & enable x to walk e>li]4 #eg4 ,positions at ,s*ool4 ,great c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ by tea*]s t *ildr5 d n =m ! habit ( tak+ injuri\s positions at s*ool4 ,! desks %\ld n be too l[1 caus+ a =w>d /oop2 or too high1 ?r[+ "o %\ld] up & giv+ a twi/ to ! sp9e4 ,if ! seats are too l[ !re w result an undue /ra9 on ! %\ld] & ! backbone2 if too high1 ! feet h no prop] support1 ! ?ighs may be b5t by ! weight ( ! feet & legs1 & !re is a prolong$ /ra9 on ! hips & back4 ,curvature ( ! sp9e & r\nd %\ld]s (t5 result f long-cont9u$ positions at s*ool 9 seats & at desks :i* are n adapt$ to ! physical build ( ! occupant4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4--,section ( ! ,knee ,jo9t4 7,%[+ its int]nal /ructure7 ,a1 t5don ( ! semi-membranosus muscle cut across2 ,b1 ,f1 t5don ( same muscle2 ,c1 int]nal condyle ( femur2 ,d1 po/]ior crucial ligam5t2 ,e1 int]nal int]>ticul> fibro c>tilage2 ,g1 bursa "u knee-cap2 ,h1 ligam5t ( knee-cap2 ,k1 fatty mass "u knee-cap2 ,l1 ant]ior crucial ligam5t cut across2 ,p1 patella1 or knee-cap ,a few simple rules %\ld guide tea*]s & s*ool (ficials 9 provid+ prop] furniture = pupils4 ,seats %\ld be regulat$ accord+ to ! size & age ( ! pupils1 & frequ5t *anges ( seats %\ld be made4 ,at lea/ ?ree sizes ( desks %\ld be us$ 9 e s*oolroom1 & m 9 ungrad$ s*ools4 ,! feet ( ea* pupil %\ld re/ firmly on ! floor1 & ! edge ( ! desk %\ld be ab\t "o in* high] ?an ! level ( ! elb[s4 ,a l9e dropp$ f ! edge ( ! desk %\ld /rike ! front edge ( ! seat4 ,slid+ d[n into ! seat1 b5d+ too mu* ov] ! desk :ile writ+ & /udy+1 sitt+ on "o foot or re/+ on ! small ( ! back1 are all ungraceful & unheal?ful positions1 & are (t5 tak5 by pupils old en\gh to "k bett]4 ,?is topic is well wor? ! vigilance ( e ?\ghtful tea*]1 especially ( "o 9 ! l[] grades4 #eh4 ,! ,bones 9 ,aft] ,life4 ,popul> impression attributes a less %>e ( life1 or a l[] grade ( vitality1 to ! bones ?an to any o!r "p ( ! body4 ,b really !y h _! own circulation & nutrition1 & ev5 n]v\s relations4 ,?us1 bones are ! seat ( active vital processes1 n only dur+ *ildhood1 b also 9 adult life1 & 9 fact ?r\gh\t life1 except p]haps 9 extreme old age4 ,! f9al knitt+ toge!r ( ! ends ( "s ( ! bones ) _! %afts does n occur until some:at late 9 life4 ,= example1 ! upp] end ( ! tibia & its %aft d n unite until ! tw5ty-fir/ ye>4 ,! sep>ate bones ( ! sacrum d n fully knit into "o solid bone until ! tw5ty-fif? ye>4 ,h5ce1 ! risk ( subject+ ! bones ( "y p]sons to undue viol5ce f injudici\s physical ex]cise z 9 r[+1 baseball1 football1 & bicycle-rid+4 ,! bones dur+ life are con/antly go+ ?r\gh ! process ( absorption & recon/ruction4 ,!y are easily modifi$ 9 _! gr[?4 ,?us ! cont9u$ pressure ( "s morbid deposit1 z a tumor or canc]1 or an enl>gem5t ( an art]y1 may cause ! absorption or di/ortion ( bones z readily z ( "o ( ! s(t] tissues4 ,! di/ortion result+ f tight lac+ is a famili> illu/ration ( ! facility ) :i* ! bones may be modifi$ by prolong$ pressure4 ,"s savage races1 n cont5t ) ! natural %ape ( ! head1 take special me?ods to m\ld x by cont9u$ artificial pressure1 s t x may con=m 9 its di/ortion to ! fa%ion ( _! tribe or race4 ,?is cu/om is "o ( ! mo/ anci5t & widespread ) :i* we are acqua9t$4 ,9 "s cases ! skull is flatt5$1 z se5 9 c]ta9 ,indian tribes on our ,pacific coa/1 :ile ) o!r tribes on ! same coa/ x is compress$ into a sort ( conical appe>ance4 ,9 su* cases ! bra9 is compell$1 ( c\rse1 to accommodate itself to ! *ange 9 ! %ape ( ! head2 & ?is is done1 x is said1 )\t any s]i\s result4 #ei4 ,spra9s & ,dislocations4 ,a twi/ or /ra9 ( ! ligam5ts & s(t p>ts ab\t a jo9t is kn[n z a spra91 & may result f a great v>iety ( accid5ts4 ,:5 a p]son falls1 ! foot is frequ5tly caught "u him1 & ! twi/ comes ^u ! ligam5ts & tissues ( ! ankle4 ,! ligam5ts _c /ret*1 & s h to endure ! wr5* ^u ! jo9t4 ,! result is a spra9$ ankle4 ,next to ! ankle1 a spra9 ( ! wri/ is mo/ common4 ,a p]son tries1 by ?r[+ out 8 h&1 to save himself f a fall1 & ! weight ( ! body br+s ! /ra9 ^u ! firmly fix$ wri/4 ,z a result ( a spra91 ! ligam5ts may be wr5*$ or torn1 & ev5 a piece ( an adjac5t bone may be torn (f2 ! s(t p>ts ab\t ! injur$ jo9t are bruis$1 & ! neighbor+ muscles put to a sev]e /ret*4 ,a spra9 may be a slight affair1 ne$+ only a brief re/1 or x may be sev]e & pa9ful en\gh to call = ! mo/ skillful treatm5t by a surgeon4 ,lack ( prop] c>e 9 sev]e spra9s (t5 results 9 p]man5t lam5ess4 ,a fall or a bl[ may br+ su* a sudd5 wr5* or twi/ ^u ! ligam5ts z to =ce a bone out ( place4 ,?is displacem5t is kn[n z a dislocation4 ,a *ild may trip or fall dur+ play & put 8 elb[ out ( jo9t4 ,a fall f horseback1 a c>riage1 or a bicycle may result 9 a dislocation ( ! %\ld] jo9t4 ,9 play+ baseball a swift ball (t5 knocks a f+] out ( jo9t4 ,a dislocation mu/ be r$uc$ at once4 ,any delay or c>elessness may make a s]i\s & pa9ful affair ( x1 z ! torn & bruis$ p>ts rapidly swell & become extremely s5sitive4 #fj4 ,brok5 ,bones4 ,! bones1 especially ^? ( ! upp] limbs1 are (t5 fractur$ or brok54 ,! simple fracture is ! mo/ common =m1 ! bone be+ brok5 9 a s+le place ) no op5+ ?r\gh ! sk94 ,:5 prop]ly adju/$1 ! bone heals rapidly4 ,sometimes bones are cru%$ into a numb] ( fragm5ts2 ?is is a comm9ut$ fracture4 ,:51 besides ! break1 !re is an op5+ ?r\gh ! s(t p>ts & surface ( ! body1 we h a comp\nd fracture4 ,?is is a s]i\s injury1 & calls = ! be/ surgical treatm5t4 ,a bone may be b5t1 or only p>tly brok51 or split4 ,?is is call$ a gre5-/ick fracture1 f its resemblance to a half-brok5 gre5 /ick4 ,?is fracture is m common 9 ! bones ( *ildr54 ,fractures may be caus$ by direct viol5ce1 z :5 a bone is brok5 at a c]ta9 po9t by "s p[]ful =ce1 z a bl[ f a baseball bat or a fall f a horse4 ,aga91 a bone may be brok5 by indirect viol5ce1 z :5 a p]son be+ ab\t to fall1 ?r[s out 8 h& to save himself4 ,! =ce ( ! fall on ! h& (t5 breaks ! wri/1 by :i* is meant ! fracture ( ! l[] end ( ! radius1 (t5 kn[n z ! silv]-=k fracture4 ,?is accid5t is common 9 w9t] f a fall or slip on ! ice4 ,sometimes bones are brok5 at a di/ance f ! po9t ( injury1 z 9 a fracture ( ! ribs by viol5t compression ( ! *e/2 or fracture may occur f ! vibration ( a bl[1 z :5 a fall or bl[ ^u ! top ( ! head produces fracture ( ! bones at ! base ( ! bra94#f #fa4 ,treatm5t = ,brok5 ,bones4 ,:5 a bone is brok5 a surgeon is ne$$ to set x1 t is1 to br+ ! brok5 p>ts into _! natural position1 & reta9 !m by prop] appliances4 ,nature ?r[s out betwe5 & ar\nd ! brok5 ends ( bones a supply ( repair mat]ial kn[n z pla/ic lymph1 :i* is *ang$ to fibr\s tissue1 !n to c>tilage1 & f9ally to bone4 ,?is mat]ial s]ves z a sort ( cem5t to hold ! fractur$ p>ts toge!r4 ,! excess ( ?is at ! po9t ( union c be felt "u ! sk9 = "s "t aft] ! bone is heal$4 ,) old p a brok5 bone is (t5 a s]i\s matt]1 & may cripple !m = life or prove fatal4 ,a trifl+ fall1 = in/ance1 may cause a brok5 hip 7popul>ly s call$1 ?\gh really a fracture ( ! neck ( ! femur71 f ! %ock ( :i*1 & ! subsequ5t pa9 & exhau/ion1 an ag$ p]son may die 9 a few weeks4 ,9 "y p1 h[ev]1 ! p>ts ( a brok5 bone w knit toge!r 9 ?ree or f\r weeks aft] ! fracture is r$uc$2 :ile 9 adults1 six or ev5 m may be requir$ = firm union4 ,aft] a brok5 bone is /rong en\gh to be us$1 x is fragile = "s "t2 & great c>e mu/ be tak51 especially ) *ildr51 t ! injur$ p>ts may n be brok5 aga9 be=e p]fect union takes place4#g #fb4 ,! ,effect ( ,alcohol ^u ! ,bones4 ,:ile ! gr[? ( ! bones occurs1 ( c\rse1 ma9ly dur+ ! e>li] ye>s ( life1 yet !y d n atta9 _! full maturity until ab\t ! tw5ty-fif? ye>2 & x is /at$ t 9 p]sons devot$ to intellectual pursuits1 ! skull gr[s ev5 aft] t age4 ,x is pla9ly necess>y t dur+ ?is p]iod ( bone gr[? ! nutrition ( ! body %\ld be ( ! be/1 t ! bones may be built up f pure blood1 & suppli$ ) all ! mat]ials = a l>ge & durable framework4 ,else ! body w be feeble & /unt$1 & s ?r\gh life fall %ort ( its purpose4 ,if ?is bony f\ndation be !n laid wrong1 ! defect c nev] be rem$i$4 ,?is condition is se5 9 "y p]sons :o h be5 und]f$ & ov]work$4 ,b ! use ( alcoholic liquors produces a simil> effect1 h9d]+ bone cell-gr[? & prev5t+ full developm5t4#h ,! appetite is dim9i%$1 nutrition p]v]t$ & impair$1 ! /ature /unt$1 & bo? bodily & m5tal p[]s are enfeebl$4 #fc4 ,effect ( ,tobacco ^u ! ,bones4 ,ano!r n>cotic1 ! de/ructive influ5ce ( :i* is wide & s]i\s1 is tobacco4 ,its p]nici\s influ5ce1 l t ( alcohol1 is peculi>ly hurtful to ! "y1 z ! cell developm5t dur+ ! ye>s ( gr[? is easily di/urb$ by noxi\s ag5ts4 ,! bone gr[? is by cells1 & a p[]ful n>cotic l tobacco ret>ds cell-gr[?1 & ?us h9d]s ! build+ up ( ! bodily frame4 ,! =mation ( heal?y bone dem&s good1 nutriti\s blood1 b if in/ead ( ?is1 ! mat]ial furni%$ = ! production ( blood is poor 9 quality or load$ ) poison\s n>cotics1 ! body ?us defraud$ ( its prop] build+ mat]ial becomes und]gr[n & enfeebl$4 ,two unfavorable facts accompany ?is s]i\s drawback3 "o is1 t ow+ to ! insidi\s nature ( ! smoky poison#i 7cig>ettes are its wor/ =m7 ! cause may (t5 be unsuspect$1 & s g on1 un*eck$2 & ! o!r1 t ! progress ( gr[? once int]rupt$1 ! gap c nev] be fully made up4 ,nature does h] be/ to repair damages & to re/ore defects1 b nev] goes backw>ds to rem$y neglects4 ,additional ,exp]im5ts4 ,exp]im5t #aa4 ,take a portion ( ! decalcifi$ bone obta9$ f ,exp]im5t #d1 & wa% x ?or\ghly 9 wat]3 9 ?is x is insoluble4 ,place x 9 a solution ( c>bonate ( soda & wa% x aga94 ,boil x 9 wat]1 & f x gelat9e w be obta9$4 ,exp]im5t #ab4 ,dissolve 9 hydro*loric acid a small piece ( ! p[d]$ bone-a% obta9$ f ,exp]im5t #c4 ,bubbles ( c>bon dioxid are giv5 (f1 indicat+ ! pres5ce ( a c>bonate4 ,dilute ! solution2 add an excess ( ammonia1 & we f9d a :ite precipitate ( ! phosphate ( lime & ( magnesia4 ,exp]im5t #ac4 ,filt] ! solution 9 ! prec$+ exp]im5t1 & to ! filtrate add oxalate ( ammonia4 ,! result is a :ite precipitate ( ! oxalate ( lime1 %[+ !re is lime pres5t1 b n z a phosphate4 ,exp]im5t #ad4 ,to ! solution ( m9]al matt]s obta9$ f ,exp]im5t #c1 add acetate ( soda until free acetic acid is pres5t1 recogniz$ by ! smell 7l dilute v9eg>72 !n add oxalate ( ammonia4 ,! result w be a copi\s :ite precipitate ( lime salts4 ,exp]im5t #ae4 ,to %[ h[ ! cancell\s /ructure ( bone is able to support a great deal ( weight4 ,h ! m>ket-man saw out a cubic in* f ! cancell\s tissue ( a fre% beef bone & place x on a table ) its pr9cipal lay]s upright4 ,balance a heavy book ^u x1 & !n gradually place ^u x v>i\s articles & note h[ _m p\nds x w support be=e giv+ way4 ,exp]im5t #af4 ,repeat ! la/ exp]im5t1 us+ a cube ( ! decalcifi$ bone obta9$ f ,exp]im5t #d4 ,,note4 ,z ! succe$+ *apt]s are /udi$1 additional exp]im5ts on bones & _! relation to o!r p>ts ( ! body1 w readily sugge/ !mselves to ! +5i\s in/ructor or ! ?\ghtful /ud5t4 ,su* exp]im5ts may be utiliz$ = review or o!r ex]cises4 ,review ,analysis3 ,! ,skeleton 7#bjf bones74 _/ _/ #a ,frontal1 _/ _/ #b ,p>ietal1 _/ ,i4 ,cranium #b ,temporal1 _/ 7#h bones7 #a ,occipital1 _/ #a ,sph5oid1 #a ,e?moid4 _/ #b ,sup]ior ,maxill>y1 ,! ,head _/ #b ,mal>1 7#bh bones74 _/ #b ,nasal1 ,,ii4 ,face #b ,la*rymal ,bones1 7#ad bones7 #b ,palate ,bones1 #b ,turb9at$1 #a ,vom]1 #a ,l[] ,maxill>y4 _/ ,hamm]1 ,,iii4 ,! ,e> ,anvil1 7#f bones7 ,/irrup4 _/ _/ #g ,c]vical ,v]tebr4 _/ _/ #ab ,dorsal ,v]tebr1 _/ ,i4 ,sp9al ,column #e ,lumb> ,v]tebr1 7#bf bones7 ,sacrum1 ,coccyx4 ,! ,trunk 7#ed bones74 _/ #g ,true ,ribs1 ,,ii4 ,! ,ribs #c ,false ,ribs1 7#bd bones7 #b ,float+ ,ribs4 ,,iii4 ,/]num4 ,,iv4 ,two ,hip ,bones4 ,v4 ,hyoid ,bone4 _/ _/ ,scapula1 _/ ,i4 ,upp] ,arm ,clavicle1 ,hum]us4 ,! ,upp] ,limbs ,,ii4 ,=e>m _/ ,ulna1 7#fd bones74 ,radius4 _/ #h ,c>pal ,bones1 ,,iii4 ,h& #e ,metac>pal ,bones1 #ad ,phalanges4 _/ ,i4 ,?igh ,femur4 _/ _/ ,patella1 ,! ,l[] ,limbs ,,ii4 ,l[] ,leg ,tibia1 7#fj bones74 ,fibula4 _/ #g ,t>sal ,bones1 ,,iii4 ,foot #e ,metat>sal ,bones1 #ad ,phalanges4 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,! ,muscles4 #fd4 ,motion 9 ,animals4 ,all motion ( our bodies is produc$ by means ( muscles4 ,n only ! limbs are mov$ by !m1 b ev5 ! movem5ts ( ! /oma* & ( ! he>t are controll$ by muscles4 ,e "p ( ! body :i* is capable ( motion has its own special set ( muscles4 ,ev5 :5 ! high] animals are at re/ x is possible to obs]ve "s k9d ( motion 9 !m4 ,trees & /ones nev] move unless act$ ^u by ext]nal =ce1 :ile ! infant & ! t9ie/ insect c execute a great v>iety ( movem5ts4 ,ev5 9 ! deepe/ sleep ! beat+ ( ! he>t & ! motion ( ! *e/ nev] cease4 ,9 fact1 ! p[] to execute spontane\s movem5t is ! mo/ *>act]i/ic prop]ty ( liv+ animals4 #fe4 ,k9ds ( ,muscles4 ,mo/ ( ! bodily movem5ts1 su* z affect ! limbs & ! body z a :ole1 are p]=m$ by muscles "u our control4 ,^! muscles make up ! r$ fle% or lean p>ts1 :i*1 toge!r ) ! fat1 clo! ! bony framework1 & give to x g5]al =m & proportion4 ,we call ^! muscul> tissues volunt>y muscles1 because !y usually act "u ! control ( ! w4 ,! int]nal organs1 z ^? ( dige/ion1 secretion1 circulation1 & respiration1 p]=m _! functions by means ( muscul> activity ( ano!r k9d1 t is1 by t ( muscles n "u our control4 ,?is "w goes on q indep5d5tly ( ! w1 & dur+ sleep4 ,we call ! in/rum5ts ( ?is activity involunt>y muscles4 ,! volunt>y muscles1 f peculi>ities reveal$ by ! microscope1 are also kn[n z /rip$ or /riat$ muscles4 ,! involunt>y f _! smoo?1 regul> appe>ance "u ! microscope are call$ ! un/rip$ or non-/riat$ muscles4 ,! two k9ds ( muscles1 !n1 are ! r$1 volunt>y1 /riat$ muscles1 & ! smoo?1 involunt>y1 non-/riat$ muscles4 #ff4 ,/ructure ( ,volunt>y ,muscles4 ,! ma9 sub/ance :i* clo!s ! bony framework ( ! body1 & :i* =ms ab\t two-fif?s ( its weight1 is ! volunt>y muscul> tissue4 ,^! muscles d n cov] & surr\nd ! bones 9 cont9u\s %eets1 b consi/ ( sep>ate bundles ( fle%1 v>y+ 9 size & l5g?1 _m ( :i* are capable ( indep5d5t movem5t4 ,ea* muscle has its own set ( blood-vessels1 lymphatics1 & n]ves4 ,x is ! blood t gives ! r$ color to ! fle%4 ,blood-vessels & n]ves on _! way to o!r p>ts ( ! body1 d n pass ?r\gh ! muscles1 b betwe5 !m4 ,ea* muscle is envelop$ 9 its own %ea? ( connective tissue1 kn[n z ! fascia4 ,muscles are n usually connect$ directly ) bones1 b by means ( :ite1 gli/5+ cords call$ t5dons4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4--,/riat$ 7volunt>y7 ,muscul> ,fib]s4 ,a1 fib] s]p>at+ into disks2 ,b1 fibrill 7highly magnifi$72 ,c1 cross section ( a disk ,if a small piece ( muscle be exam9$ "u a microscope x is f\nd to be made up ( bundles ( fib]s4 ,ea* fib] is enclos$ )9 a delicate1 transp>5t %ea?1 kn[n z ! s>colemma4 ,if "o ( ^! fib]s be fur!r exam9$ "u a microscope1 x w be se5 to consi/ ( a great numb] ( /ill m m9ute fib]s call$ fibrill4 ,^! fib]s are also se5 m>k$ cross-wise ) d>k /ripes1 & c be sep>at$ at ea* /ripe into disks4 ,^! cross m>k+s acc\nt = ! "n /rip$ or /riat$ muscle4 ,! fibrill1 !n1 are b\nd toge!r 9 a bundle to =m a fib]1 :i* is envelop$ 9 its own %ea?1 ! s>colemma4 ,^! fib]s1 9 turn1 are fur!r b\nd toge!r to =m l>g] bundles call$ fasciculi1 & ^!1 too1 are enclos$ 9 a %ea? ( connective tissue4 ,! muscle itself is made up ( a numb] ( ^! fasciculi b\nd toge!r by a d5s] lay] ( connective tissue4 ,exp]im5t #ag4 ,to %[ ! gross /ructure ( muscle4 ,take a small portion ( a l>ge muscle1 z a /rip ( lean corn$ beef4 ,h x boil$ until its fib]s c be easily sep>at$4 ,pick ! bundles & fasciculi ap>t until ! fib]s are s f9e z to be almo/ invisible to ! nak$ eye4 ,cont9ue ! exp]im5t ) ! help ( a h& magnify+ glass or a microscope4 #fg4 ,! ,involunt>y ,muscles4 ,^! muscles consi/ ( ribbon-%ap$ b&s :i* surr\nd holl[ fle%y tubes or cavities4 ,we might comp>e !m to ,india rubb] r+s on rolls ( pap]4 ,z !y are nev] atta*$ to bony lev]s1 !y h no ne$ ( t5dons4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4--;,a1 ,muscul> ,fib]1 %[+ ,/ripes1 & ,nuclei1 b & c4 7,highly magnifi$47 ,! microscope %[s ^! muscles to consi/ n ( fib]s1 b ( long sp9dle-%ap$ cells1 unit$ to =m %eets or b&s4 ,!y h no s>colemma1 /ripes1 or cross m>k+s l ^? ( ! volunt>y muscles4 ,h5ce _! "n ( non-/riat$1 or un/rip$1 & smoo? muscles4 ,! involunt>y muscles respond to irritation mu* less rapidly ?an d ! volunt>y4 ,! wave ( contraction passes ov] !m m sl[ly & m irregul>ly1 "o "p contract+ :ile ano!r is relax+4 ,?is may readily be se5 9 ! muscul> action ( ! inte/9es1 call$ v]micul> motion4 ,x is ! irregul> & excessive contraction ( ! muscul> walls ( ! b[els t produces ! cramp-l pa9s ( colic4 ,! smoo? muscles are f\nd 9 ! tissues ( ! he>t1 lungs1 blood-vessels1 /oma*1 & inte/9es4 ,9 ! /oma* _! contraction produces ! motion by :i* ! food is *urn$ ab\t2 9 ! art]ies & ve9s !y help supply ! =ce by :i* ! blood is driv5 along1 & 9 ! inte/9es t by :i* ! p>tly dige/$ food is ma9ly kept 9 motion4 ,?us all ! great vital functions are c>ri$ on1 reg>dless ( ! w ( ! individual1 or ( any outw>d circum/ances4 ,if x requir$ an ef=t ( ! w to control ! action ( ! int]nal organs we c\ld n ?9k ( any?+ else4 ,x w\ld take all our "t to att5d to liv+4 ,h5ce ! c>e ( su* delicate & important ma*9]y has wisely be5 put beyond our control4 ,?us1 too1 ^! muscles act in/9ctively )\t tra9+2 b ! volunt>y ne$ long & c>eful education4 ,a babe c use ! muscles ( swall[+ on ! fir/ day ( its life z well z x ev] c4 ,b z x gr[s up1 long & pati5t education ( its volunt>y muscles is ne$$ to a*ieve walk+1 writ+1 use ( musical in/rum5ts1 & _m o!r acts ( daily life4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4--;,a ,sp9dle ,cell ( ,involunt>y ,muscle4 7,highly magnifi$47 ,exp]im5t #ah4 ,to %[ ! g5]al appe>ance ( ! muscles4 ,obta9 ! l[] "p ( a %eep's or calf's leg1 ) ! mo/ ( ! lean meat & ! ho( left on4 ,"o or m ( ! muscles ) _! bundles ( fib]s1 fascia1 & t5dons2 are readily made out ) a little c>eful dissection4 ,! dissection %\ld be made a few days be=e x is want$ & ! p>ts all[$ to h>d5 some:at 9 dilute alcohol4 #fh4 ,prop]ties ( ,muscul> ,tissue4 ,! peculi> prop]ty ( liv+ muscul> tissue is irritability1 or ! capacity ( respond+ to a /imulus4 ,:5 a muscle is irritat$ x responds by contract+4 ,by ?is act ! muscle does n dim9i% its bulk to any ext5t2 x simply *anges its =m4 ,! ends ( ! muscle are drawn ne>] ea* o!r & ! middle is ?ick]4 ,muscles d n %ort5 !mselves all at once1 b ! contraction passes quickly ov] !m 9 ! =m ( a wave4 ,!y are usually /imulat$ by n]v\s action4 ,! delicate n]ve fibrils :i* end 9 ! fib]s communicate ) ! bra91 ! c5t] ( ! w p[]4 ,h5ce1 :5 ! bra9 comm&s1 a n]v\s impulse1 s5t along ! n]ve fib]s1 becomes ! excit+ /imulus :i* acts ^u ! muscles & makes !m %ort]1 h>d]1 & m rigid4#aj ,muscles1 h[ev]1 w respond to o!r ?an ?is usual /imulus4 ,?us an electrical curr5t may h a simil> effect4 ,heat1 also1 may produce muscul> contraction4 ,me*anical means1 su* z a %>p bl[ or p9*+1 may irritate a muscle & cause x to contract4 ,we mu/ rememb] t ?is prop]ty ( contraction is inh]5t & belongs to ! muscle itself4 ,?is p[] ( contraction is (t5 indep5d5t ( ! bra94 ,?us1 on prick+ ! he>t ( a fi% an h\r aft] removal f its body1 obvi\s contraction w occur4 ,9 ?is case x is n ! n]ve =ce f ! bra9 t supplies ! en]gy = contraction4 ,! p[] ( contraction is inh]5t 9 ! muscle sub/ance1 & ! /imulus by irritat+ ! n]ve ganglia ( ! he>t simply af=ds ! opportunity = its ex]cise4 ,contraction is n1 h[ev]1 ! natural /ate ( a muscle4 ,9 "t x is tir$1 & beg9s to relax4 ,ev5 ! he>t1 ! h>de/-work+ muscle1 has %ort p]iods ( re/ betwe5 its beats4 ,muscles are highly ela/ic z well z contractile4 ,by ?is prop]ty muscle yields to a /ret*+ =ce1 & returns to its orig9al l5g? if ! /ret*+ has n be5 excessive4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4--,pr9cipal ,muscles ( ! ,body4 7,ant]ior view47 #fi4 ,! ,object ( ,contraction4 ,! object ( contraction is obvi\s4 ,l rubb] b&s1 if "o end ( a muscle be fix$ & ! o!r atta*$ to "s object :i* is free to move1 ! contraction ( ! muscle w br+ ! movable body ne>] to ! fix$ po9t4 ,a weight fa/5$ to ! free end ( a muscle may be lift$ :5 ! muscle contracts4 ,?us by _! contraction muscles are able to d _! "w4 ,!y ev5 contract m vigor\sly :5 resi/ance is oppos$ to !m ?an :5 x is n4 ,) increas$ weight !re is an increas$ am\nt ( "w to be done4 ,! great] resi/ance calls =? a great] action ( ! muscle4 ,?is is true up to a c]ta9 po9t1 b :5 ! limit has be5 pass$1 ! muscle quickly fails to respond4 ,aga91 muscles "w be/ ) a c]ta9 degree ( rapidity provid$ ! irritations d n foll[ ea* o!r too rapidly4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! contractions are too rapid1 ! muscles become exhau/$ & fatigue results4 ,:5 ! feel+ ( fatigue passes away ) re/1 ! muscle recov]s its p[]4 ,:ile we are re/+1 ! blood is p\r+ 9 fre% supplies ( build+ mat]ial4 ,exp]im5t #ai4 ,to %[ h[ muscles relax & contract4 ,lay y\r left =e>m on a table2 grasp ) ! "r h& ! mass ( fle% on ! front ( ! upp] arm4 ,n[ gradually raise ! =e>m1 keep+ ! elb[ on ! table4 ,note t ! muscle ?ick5s z ! h& rises4 ,?is illu/rates ! contraction ( ! biceps1 & is popul>ly call$ try+ y\r muscle ,rev]se ! act4 ,keep ! elb[ 9 position1 br+ ! =e>m sl[ly to ! table1 & ! biceps appe>s to become s(t] & small]1--x relaxes4 ,exp]im5t #bj4 ,repeat ! same exp]im5t ) o!r muscles4 ,) ! "r h& grasp firmly ! ext5d$ left =e>m4 ,ext5d & flex ! f+]s vigor\sly4 ,note ! effect on ! muscles & t5dons ( ! =e>m4 ,grasp ) ! "r h& ! calf ( ! ext5d$ "r leg1 & vigor\sly flex ! leg1 br++ x ne> to ! body4 ,note ! contractions & relaxations ( ! muscles4 #gj4 ,arrangem5t ( ,muscles4 ,muscles are n connect$ directly ) bones4 ,! mass ( fle% tap]s (f t[>ds ! ends1 :]e ! fib]s pass into :ite1 gli/5+ cords kn[n z t5dons4 ,! place at :i* a muscle is atta*$ to a bone1 g5]ally by means ( a t5don1 is call$ its orig92 ! end connect$ ) ! movable bone is its ins]tion4 ,!re are ab\t #djj muscles 9 ! human body1 all necess>y = its v>i\s movem5ts4 ,!y v>y greatly 9 %ape & size1 accord+ to _! position & use4 ,"s are f "o to two feet long1 o!rs only a fraction ( an in*4 ,"s are long & sp9dle-%ap$1 o!rs ?9 & broad1 :ile /ill o!rs =m r+s4 ,?us "s ( ! muscles ( ! arm & ?igh are long & tap]+1 :ile ! abdom9al muscles are ?9 & broad because !y help =m walls = cavities4 ,aga91 ! muscul> fib]s :i* surr\nd & by _! contraction close c]ta9 orifices1 z ^? ( ! eyelids & lips1 (t5 radiate l ! spokes ( a :eel4 ,muscles are nam$ accord+ to _! %ape1 position1 division ( orig9 or ins]tion1 & _! function4 ,?us we h ! recti 7/raight71 & ! deltoid 71 delta71 ! bra*ial 7arm71 pectoral 7brea/71 & ! int]co/als 7betwe5 ! ribs71 s nam$ f _! position4 ,aga91 we h ! biceps 7two-head$71 triceps 7?ree-head$71 & _m o!rs ) simil> names1 s call$ f ! po9ts ( orig9 & ins]tion4 ,we f9d o!r gr\ps nam$ aft] _! special use4 ,! muscles :i* b5d ! limbs are call$ flexors :ile ^? :i* /raight5 !m are kn[n z ext5sors4 ,aft] a bone has be5 mov$ by ! contraction ( a muscle1 x is br\ght back to its position by ! contraction ( ano!r muscle on ! opposite side1 ! =m] muscle mean:ile be+ relax$4 ,muscles ?us act+ 9 opposition to ea* o!r are call$ antagoni/ic4 ,?us ! biceps s]ves z "o ( ! antagoni/s to ! triceps1 & ! v>i\s flexors & ext5sors ( ! limbs are antagoni/ic to "o ano!r4 #ga4 ,! ,t5dons4 ,! muscles :i* move ! bones by _! contraction tap] = ! mo/ "p1 z be=e m5tion$1 into t5dons4 ,^! are commonly v /rong cords1 l belts or /raps1 made up ( :ite1 fibr\s tissue4 ,t5dons are mo/ num]\s ab\t ! l>g] jo9ts1 :]e !y p]mit free action & yet occupy b little space4 ,l>ge & prom95t muscles 9 ^! places w\ld be clumsy & inconv5i5t4 ,if we b5d ! arm or leg =cibly1 & grasp ! inside ( ! elb[ or knee jo9t1 we c feel ! t5dons b5ea? ! sk94 ,! num]\s t5dons 9 ! palm or on ! back ( ! h& contribute to its m>vel\s dext]ity & flexibility4 ,! ?icke/ & /ronge/ t5don 9 ! body is ! t5don ( ,a*illes1 :i* connects ! great muscles 9 ! calf ( ! leg ) ! heel bone 7sec4 #di74 ,:5 muscles contract =cibly1 !y pull ^u ! t5dons :i* transmit ! movem5t to ! bones to :i* !y are atta*$4 ,t5dons may be comp>$ to ropes or cords :i*1 :5 pull$1 are made to act ^u di/ant objects to :i* "o end is fa/5$4 ,sometimes ! t5don runs d[n ! middle ( a muscle1 & ! fib]s run obliquely into x1 ! t5don resembl+ ! quill 9 a fea!r4 ,aga91 t5dons are spread out 9 a flat lay] on ! surface ( muscles1 9 :i* case !y are call$ aponeuroses4 ,sometimes a t5don is f\nd 9 ! middle ( a muscle z well z at ea* end ( x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4--,! ,biceps ,muscle dissect$ to %[ its ,t5dons4 #gb4 ,synovial ,%ea?s & ,sacs4 ,! rapid movem5t ( ! t5dons ov] bony surfaces & prom95ces w\ld soon produce an undue am\nt ( heat & friction unless "s means exi/$ to make ! motion z easy z possible4 ,?is is suppli$ by %ea?s :i* =m a d\ble l9+ ar\nd ! t5dons4 ,! oppos$ surfaces are l9$ ) synovial membrane1#aa ! secretion f :i* oils ! %ea?s 9 :i* ! t5dons move4 ,little clos$ sacs1 call$ synovial sacs or burs1 simil>ly l9$ & conta9+ fluid1 are also f\nd 9 special places betwe5 two surfaces :]e mu* motion is requir$4 ,!re are two ( ^! burs ne> ! patella1 "o sup]ficial1 j "u ! sk92 ! o!r deep b5ea? ! bone 7,fig4 #bi74 ,)\t ^!1 ! con/ant motion ( ! knee-pan & its t5dons 9 walk+ w\ld produce undue friction & heat & consequ5t inflammation4 ,simil>1 ?\gh small]1 sacs are f\nd ov] ! po9t ( ! elb[1 ov] ! knuckles1 ! ankle bones1 & v>i\s o!r prom95t po9ts4 ,^! sacs answ] a v important purpose1 & are liable to v>i\s =ms ( inflammation4 ,exp]im5t #ba4 ,exam9e c>efully ! t5dons 9 ! p>ts dissect$ 9 ,exp]im5t #ah4 ,pull on ! muscles & ! t5dons1 & note h[ !y act to move ! p>ts4 ,?is may be also admirably %[n on ! leg ( a f[l or turkey f a kit*5 or obta9$ at ! m>ket4 ,obta9 ! ho( ( a calf or %eep ) "o end ( ! t5don ( ,a*illes /ill atta*$4 ,dissect x & te/ its /r5g?4 #gc4 ,me*anism ( ,movem5t4 ,! active ag5ts ( bodily movem5ts1 z we h se51 are ! muscles1 :i* by _! contraction cause ! bones to move "o on ! o!r4 ,all ^! movem5ts1 bo? ( motion & ( locomotion1 occur accord+ to c]ta9 fix$ laws ( me*anics4 ,! bones1 to :i* a great proportion ( ! muscles 9 ! body are atta*$1 act z di/9ct lev]s4 ,! muscles supply ! p[] = mov+ ! bones1 & ! jo9ts act z fulcrums or po9ts ( support4 ,! weight ( ! limb1 ! weight to be lift$1 or ! =ce to ov]come1 is ! resi/ance4 #gd4 ,lev]s 9 ! ,body4 ,9 me*anics ?ree classes ( lev]s are describ$1 accord+ to ! relative position ( ! p[]1 ! fulcrum1 & ! resi/ance4 ,all ! movem5ts ( ! bones c be ref]r$ to "o or ano!r ( ^! ?ree classes4 ,lev]s ( ! fir/ class are ^? 9 :i* ! fulcrum is betwe5 ! p[] & ! weight4 ,! cr[b>1 :5 us$ to lift a weight at "o end by ! application ( p[] at ! o!r1 ) a block z a fulcrum1 is a famili> example ( ?is class4 ,!re are sev]al examples ( ?is 9 ! human body4 ,! head support$ on ! atlas is "o4 ,! jo9t betwe5 ! atlas & ! skull is ! fulcrum1 ! weight ( ! head is ! resi/ance4 ,! p[] is beh9d1 :]e ! muscles f ! neck are atta*$ to ! back ( ! skull4 ,! object ( ?is arrangem5t is to keep ! head /eady & balanc$ on ! sp9al column1 & to move x backw>d & =w>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4--,%[+ h[ ! ,bones ( ! ,arm s]ve z ,lev]s4 ,p1 p[]2 ,w1 weight2 ,f1 fulcrum4 ,lev]s ( ! second class are ^? 9 :i* ! weight is betwe5 ! fulcrum & ! p[]4 ,a famili> example is ! cr[b> :5 us$ = lift+ a weight :ile "o end re/s on ! gr\nd4 ,?is class ( lev]s is n common 9 ! body4 ,/&+ on tiptoe is1 h[ev]1 an example4 ,"h ! toes 9 contact ) ! gr\nd are ! fulcrum1 ! p[] is ! action ( ! muscles ( ! calf1 & betwe5 ^! is ! weight ( ! body transmitt$ d[n ! bones ( ! leg to ! foot4 ,lev]s ( ! ?ird class are ^? 9 :i* ! p[] is appli$ at a po9t betwe5 ! fulcrum & weight4 ,a famili> example is :]e a workman raises a ladd] aga9/ a wall4 ,?is class ( lev]s is common 9 ! body4 ,9 b5d+ ! =e>m on ! arm1 famili>ly kn[n z try+ y\r muscle1 ! p[] is suppli$ by ! biceps muscle atta*$ to ! radius1 ! fulcrum is ! elb[ jo9t at "o end ( ! lev]1 & ! resi/ance is ! weight ( ! =e>m at ! o!r end4 ,exp]im5t #bb4 ,to illu/rate h[ ! muscles use ! bones z lev]s4 ,fir/1 practice ) a rul]1 blackbo>d po9t]1 or any o!r conv5i5t object1 illu/rat+ ! diff]5t k9ds ( lev]s until ! pr9ciples are famili>4 ,next1 illu/rate ^! pr9ciples on ! p]son1 by mak+ use ( conv5i5t muscles4 ,?us1 lift a book on ! toes1 by ! f+]s1 on ! back ( ! h&1 by ! m\?1 & 9 o!r ways4 ,^! exp]im5ts1 %[+ h[ ! bones s]ve z lev]s1 may be multipli$ & v>i$ z circum/ances may require4 #ge4 ,! ,erect ,position4 ,! erect position is peculi> to man4 ,no o!r animal naturally assumes x or is able to keep x long4 ,x is ! result ( a some:at complex arrangem5t ( muscles :i* balance ea* o!r1 "s pull+ backw>ds & "s =w>ds4 ,al?\gh ! :ole skeleton is =m$ ) ref]5ce to ! erect position1 yet ?is attitude is sl[ly le>n$ 9 infancy4 ,9 ! erect position ! c5t] ( gravity lies 9 ! jo9t betwe5 ! sacrum & ! la/ lumb> v]tebra4 ,a l9e dropp$ f ?is po9t w\ld fall betwe5 ! feet1 j 9 front ( ! ankle jo9ts4 ,we r>ely /& ) ! feet close toge!r1 because t basis ( support is too small = a firm position4 ,h5ce1 9 all ef=ts requir+ vigor\s muscul> movem5ts ! feet are kept m or less ap>t to enl>ge ! basis ( support4 ,n[1 on acc\nt ( ! l>ge numb] & flexibility ( ! jo9ts1 ! body c\ld n be kept 9 an upright position )\t ! coop]ation ( c]ta9 gr\ps ( muscles4 ,! muscles ( ! calf ( ! leg1 act+ on ! ?igh bone1 above ! knee1 keep ! body f fall+ =w>d1 :ile ano!r set 9 front ( ! ?igh helps hold ! leg /raight4 ,^! ?igh muscles also t5d to pull ! trunk =w>d1 b 9 turn are balanc$ by ! p[]ful muscles ( ! l[] back1 :i* help keep ! body /raight & brac$4 ,! head is kept balanc$ on ! neck p>tly by ! c5tral position ( ! jo9t betwe5 ! atlas & axis1 & p>tly by means ( /rong muscles4 ,?us1 ! comb9$ action ( ^! & o!r muscles s]ves to balance ! body & keep x erect4 ,a bl[ on ! head1 or a sudd5 %ock to ! n]v\s sy/em1 causes ! body to fall 9 a heap1 because ! bra9 has = ! "t lo/ its p[] ov] ! muscles1 & !y cease to contract4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4--;,diagram %[+ ! ,action ( ! ,*ief ,muscles :i* keep ! ,body ,erect4 7,! arr[s indicate ! direction 9 :i* ^! muscles act1 ! feet s]v+ z a fix$ basis47 ,aft] ,huxley4 ,muscles :i* t5d to keep ! body f fall+ =w>d4 ,a1 muscles ( ! calf2 ,b1 ( ! back ( ! ?igh2 ,c1 ( ! sp9al column4 ,muscles :i* t5d to keep ! body f fall+ backw>d4 ,d1 muscles ( ! front ( ! leg2 ,e1 ( ! front ( ! ?igh2 ,f1 ( ! front ( ! abdom52 ,g1 ( ! front ( ! neck4 #gf4 ,important ,muscles4 ,!re are scores ( t9y muscles ab\t ! head1 face1 & eyes1 :i*1 by _! alt]nate contractions & relaxations1 imp>t to ! c\nt5ance ^? expressions :i* reflect ! feel+s & passions ( ! individual4 ,two important muscles1 ! temporal1 ne> ! temples1 & ! masset]1 or *ew+ muscle1 are ! *ief ag5ts 9 mov+ ! l[] jaw4 ,!y are v l>ge 9 ! lion1 tig]1 & o!r fle%-eat+ animals4 ,on ! inn] side ( ea* *eek is ! bucc9ator1 or trumpet]'s muscle1 :i* is l>gely develop$ 9 ^? :o play on w9d in/rum5ts4 ,easily se5 & felt "u ! sk9 9 ?9 p]sons1 on turn+ ! head to "o side1 is ! /]no-cleido-ma/oid muscle1 :i* passes obliquely d[n on ea* side ( ! neck to ! coll> bone--prom95t 9 sculpture & pa9t+4 ,! *e/ is suppli$ ) num]\s muscles :i* move ! ribs up & d[n 9 ! act ( brea?+4 ,a great1 fan-%ap$ muscle1 call$ ! pectoralis major1 lies on ! *e/4 ,x ext5ds f ! *e/ to ! arm & helps draw ! arm inw>d & =w>d4 ,! arm is rais$ f ! side by a l>ge triangul> muscle on ! %\ld]1 ! deltoid1 s call$ f its resemblance to ! ,greek lett] delta1 4 ,! biceps1 or two-head$ muscle1 =ms a l>ge "p ( ! fle%y mass 9 front ( ! arm4 ,its use is to b5d ! =e>m on ! arm1 an act famili>ly kn[n z try+ y\r muscle4 ,its direct antagoni/ is ! ?ree-head$ muscle call$ ! triceps4 ,x =ms ! fle%y mass on ! back ( ! arm1 its use be+ to draw ! flex$ =e>m into a "r l9e4 ,on ! back & outside ( ! =e>m are ! ext5sors1 :i* /raight5 ! wri/1 ! h&1 & ! f+]s4 ,on ! front & inside ( ! =e>m are ! flexors1 :i* b5d ! h&1 ! wri/1 & ! f+]s4 ,if ^! muscles are work$ vigor\sly1 _! t5dons c be readily se5 & felt "u ! sk94 ,at ! back ( ! %\ld] a l>ge1 spread-out muscle passes upw>d f ! back to ! hum]us4 ,f its wide expanse on ! back x is kn[n z ! latissimus dorsi 7broade/ ( ! back74 ,:5 9 action x draws ! arm d[nw>d & backw>d1 or1 if "o hangs by ! h&s1 x helps to raise ! body4 ,x is famili>ly kn[n z ! climb+ muscle4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4--;,a ,few ( ! ,important ,muscles ( ! ,back4 ,pass+ to ! l[] extremity1 ! ?igh muscles are ! l>ge/ & ! mo/ p[]ful 9 ! body4 ,9 front a great1 f\r-head$ muscle1 quadriceps ext5sor1 unites into a s+le t5don 9 :i* ! knee-cap is set1 & s]ves to /raight5 ! knee1 or :5 ris+ f a sitt+ po/ure helps elevate ! body4 ,on ! back ( ! ?igh are sev]al l>ge muscles :i* b5d ! knee1 & ^: t5dons1 kn[n z ! ham/r+s1 are readily felt j beh9d ! knee4 ,on ! back ( ! leg ! mo/ important muscles1 =m+ :at is kn[n z ! calf1 are ! ga/rocnemius & ! soleus4 ,! fir/ =ms ! l>ge/ "p ( ! calf4 ,! soleus1 s nam$ f resembl+ a sole-fi%1 is a muscle ( broad1 flatt5$ %ape1 ly+ b5ea? ! ga/rocnemius4 ,! t5dons ( ^! two muscles unite to =m ! t5don ( ,a*illes1 z t h]o is said to h be5 invuln]able except at ?is po9t4 ,! muscles ( ! calf h great p[]1 & are con/antly call$ into use 9 walk+1 cycl+1 danc+1 & leap+4 #gg4 ,! ,effect ( ,alcoholic ,dr9ks ^u ! ,muscles4 ,x is f\nd t a man c d m "w )\t alcohol ?an ) x4 ,aft] tak+ x !re may be a mom5t>y increase ( activity1 b ?is la/s only t5 or fifte5 m9utes at ! mo/4 ,x is foll[$ by a rapid r$uction ( p[] t m ?an outweighs ! mom5t>y ga91 :ile ! quality ( ! "w is decid$ly impair$ f ! "t ! alcohol is tak54 ,ev5 9 ! case ( h>d "w t mu/ be spe$ily done1 alcohol does n help1 b h9d]s its execution4 ,! tir$ man :o does n und]/& ! effects ( alcohol (t5 supposes t x increases 8 /r5g?1 :5 9 fact x only dead5s 8 s5se ( fatigue by p>alyz+ 8 n]ves4 ,:5 put to ! te/ he is surpris$ at 8 self-deception4 ,full intoxication produces1 by its peculi> depression ( ! bra9 & n]v\s sy/em1 an artificial & tempor>y p>alysis ( ! muscles1 z is obvi\s 9 ! pitifully helpless condition ( a man fully intoxicat$4 ,b ev5 p>tial approa* to intoxication involves its proportionate impairm5t ( n]v\s integrity1 & !re=e j s mu* dim9ution ( muscul> =ce4 ,all a?letes recognize ?is fact1 z :ile tra9+ = a conte/1 rigid ab/95ce is ! rule1 bo? f liquors & tobacco4 ,?is muscul> weakness is %[n also 9 ! un/eady h&1 ! trembl+ limbs ( ! inebriate1 8 ?ick spee*1 w&]+ eye1 & loll+ head4 #gh4 ,de/ructive ,effect ( ,alcoholic ,liquors ^u ,muscul> ,tissue4 ,alcoholic liquors ret>d ! natural *emical *anges s ess5tial to good heal?1 by :i* is meant ! oxidation ( ! nutriti\s elem5ts ( food4 ,c>eful demon/ration has prov$ also t ! am\nt ( c>bon dioxide escap+ f ! lungs ( intoxicat$ p]sons is f ?irty to fifty p] c5t less ?an normal4 ,?is %ut-9 c>bon /ifles ! n]v\s en]gy1 & cuts (f ! p[] t controls muscul> =ce4 ,?is lo/ =ce is 9 close ratio to ! reta9$ c>bon3 s mu* p]v]t$ *emical *ange1 s mu* loss ( muscul> p[]4 ,n only ! /r5g? b ! f9e delicacy ( muscul> action is lo/1 ! p[] ( nice control ( ! h& & f+]s1 z 9 neat p5man%ip1 or ! use ( musical in/rum5ts4 ,to ?is p]v]t$ *emical action is also due ! fatty deg5]ation s common 9 inebriates1 affect+ ! muscles1 ! he>t1 & ! liv]4 ,^! organs are encroa*$ ^u by globules ( fat 7a hydroc>bon71 :i*1 :ile v good 9 _! prop] place & quantity1 become a s\rce ( disord] & ev5 ( dea? :5 !y abnormally invade vital /ructures4 ,o!r poisons1 z phosphorus1 produce ?is fatty decay m rapidly2 b alcohol causes x 9 a mu* m g5]al way4 ,?is is prov$ by ! microscope1 :i* pla9ly %[s ! condition m5tion$1 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! heal?y tissues & ^? ?us diseas$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4--,pr9cipal ,muscles on ! ,left ,side ( ,neck4 ,a1 bucc9ator2 ,b1 masset]2 ,c1 depressor anguli oris2 ,d1 ant]ior portion ( ! diga/ric2 ,e1 mylo-hyoid2 ,f1 t5don ( ! diga/ric2 ,g1 /]no-hyoid2 ,h1 /]no-?yroid2 ,k1 omo-hyoid2 ,l1 /]nal orig9 ( /]no-cleido-ma/oid muscle2 ,m1 sup]ior fib]s ( deltoid2 ,n1 po/]ior scal5us2 ,o1 clavicul> orig9 ( /]no-cleido-ma/oid2 ,p1 /]no-cleido-ma/oid2 ,r1 trapezius2 ,s1 ant]ior con/rictor2 ,t1 spl5ius capitis2 ,v1 /ylo-hyoid2 ,w1 po/]ior portion ( ! diga/ric2 ,x1 fasciculi ( e> muscles2 ,z1 occipital4 ,,note4 ,x 0 propos$ dur+ ! ,civil ,w> to give ea* soldi] 9 a c]ta9 army "o gill ( :iskey a day1 because ( great h>d%ip & exposure4 ,! em95t surgeon1 ,dr4 ,frank ,h4 ,hamilton ( ,new ,york1 ?us express$ 8 views ( ! "q3 ,x is e>ne/ly desir$ t no su* exp]im5t w ev] be repeat$ 9 ! armies ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 our own m9d1 ! conviction is e/abli%$1 by ! exp]i5ce & obs]vation ( a life1 t ! regul> r\t9e employm5t ( alcoholic /imulants by man 9 heal? is nev]1 "u any circum/ances1 useful4 ,we make no exceptions 9 favor ( cold or heat or ra94 ,x seems to me to foll[ f ^! ,arctic exp]i5ces t ! regul> use ( spirits1 ev5 9 mod]ation1 "u conditions ( great physical h>d%ip1 cont9u$ & exhau/+ labor1 or exposure to sev]e cold _c be too /rongly deprecat$4 ,a4 ,w4 ,greely1 retir$ ,brigadi] ,g5]al1 ,u4,s4,a41 & =m]ly lead] ( ! ,greely ,exp$ition4 #gi4 ,effect ( ,tobacco on ! ,muscles4 ,t o!r prom95t n>cotic1 tobacco1 impairs ! en]gy ( ! muscles some:at z alcohol does1 by its p>alyz+ effect ^u ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,z all muscul> action dep5ds on ! integrity ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 :atev] lays its dead5+ h& ^u t1 saps ! vigor & gr[? ( ! entire frame1 dw>fs ! body1 & ret>ds m5tal developm5t4 ,?is applies especially to ! "y1 9 ! gr[+ age betwe5 twelve or f\rte5 & tw5ty1 ! v "t :5 ! heal?y body is be+ well knit & compact$4 ,h5ce _m public s*ools1 z well z our national naval & milit>y academies1 rigidly prohibit ! use ( tobacco by _! pupils4 ,s also "y m5 9 a?letic tra9+ are /rictly =bidd5 to use x4#ab ,?is loss ( muscul> vigor is %[n by ! un/eady condition ( ! muscles1 ! trembl+ h&1 & ! inability to d ) precision & accuracy any f9e "w1 z 9 draw+ or nice p5man%ip4 ,additional ,exp]im5ts4 ,exp]im5t #bc4 ,to exam9e ! m9ute /ructure ( volunt>y muscul> fib]4 ,tease1 ) two ne$les set 9 small h&les1 a bit ( raw1 lean meat1 on a slip ( glass1 9 a little wat]4 ,cont9ue until ! pieces are almo/ invisible to ! nak$ eye4 ,exp]im5t #bd4 ,place a clean1 dry cov]-glass ( ab\t ! wid? ( ! slip1 ov] ! wat] conta9+ ! torn fragm5ts4 ,absorb ! excess ( moi/ure at ! edge ( ! cov]1 by press+ a bit ( blott+-pap] aga9/ x = a mom5t4 ,place x on ! /age ( a microscope & exam9e ) highe/ obta9able p[]1 by light reflect$ upw>d f ! mirror b5ea? ! /age4 ,note ! app>5t size ( ! f9e/ fib]s2 ! /riation ( ! fib]s1 or _! m>k+s1 consi/+ ( alt]nate dim & bright cross b&s4 ,note ! arrangem5t ( ! fib]s 9 bundles1 ea* ?read runn+ p>allel ) its neighbor4 ,exp]im5t #be4 ,to exam9e ! m9ute /ructure ( involunt>y muscul> fib]1 a t5don1 or a ligam5t4 ,obta9 a v small portion ( ! muscul> coat ( a c['s or a pig's /oma*4 ,put x to soak 9 a solution ( "o dram ( bi*romate ( pota% 9 a p9t ( wat]4 ,take out a morsel on ! slip ( glass1 & tease z direct$ = ! volunt>y muscle4 ,exam9e ) a high p[] ( ! microscope & note3 7#a7 ! isolat$ cells1 long & sp9dle-%ap$1 t !y are mu* flatt5$2 7#b7 ! arrangem5t ( ! cells1 or fib]s1 9 %eets1 or lay]s1 f ! torn ends ( :i* !y project l palisades4 ,exp]im5t #bf4 ,tease out a small portion ( ! t5don or ligam5t 9 wat]1 & exam9e ) a glass ( high p[]4 ,note ! l>ge fib]s 9 ! ligam5t1 :i* bran* & int]lace4 ,exp]im5t #bg4 ,) ! head slightly b5t =w>ds1 grasp betwe5 ! f+]s ( ! "r h& ! edge ( ! left /]no-cleido-ma/oid1 j above ! coll> bone4 ,raise ! head & turn x f left to "r1 & ! action ( ?is important muscle is readily se5 & felt4 ,9 "s p]sons x /&s out 9 bold relief4 ,exp]im5t #bh4 ,! t5dons :i* b\nd ! space 7popliteal7 beh9d ! knee c be di/9ctly felt :5 ! muscles :i* b5d ! knee are 9 action4 ,on ! out] side note ! t5dons ( ! biceps ( ! leg1 runn+ d[n to ! head ( ! fibula4 ,on ! inside we feel ?ree t5dons ( important muscles on ! back ( ! ?igh :i* flex ! leg ^u ! ?igh4 ,exp]im5t #bi4 ,to %[ ! ligam5t\s action ( ! muscles4 ,/&+ ) ! back fix$ aga9/ a wall to /eady ! pelvis1 ! knee c be flex$ s z to almo/ t\* ! abdom54 ,take ! same position & keep ! knee rigid4 ,:5 ! heel has be5 b slightly rais$ a %>p pa9 9 ! back ( ! ?igh foll[s any ef=t to c>ry x high]4 ,flexion ( ! leg to a "r angle1 increases ! di/ance f ! l9es ( ins]tion on ! pelvic bones to ! tub]osities ( ! tibia by two or ?ree in*es--an am\nt ( /ret*+ ^! muscle _c und]go4 ,h5ce ! knee mu/ be flex$ 9 flexion ( ! hip4 ,exp]im5t #cj4 ,a simil> exp]im5t may be tri$ at ! wri/4 ,flex ! wri/ ) ! f+]s ext5d$1 & aga9 ) ! f+]s 9 ! fi/4 ,! fir/ movem5t c be c>ri$ to #ij1 ! second only to #cj1 or 9 "s p]sons up to #fj4 ,mak+ a fi/ _h already /ret*$ ! ext5sor muscles ( ! arm1 & !y c be /ret*$ b little f>!r4 ,h5ce1 ne$less pa9 w be avoid$ by work+ a /iff wri/ ) ! p>ts loose1 or ! f+]s ext5d$1 & n ) a cl5*$ fi/4 ,review ,analysis3 ,important ,muscles4 ,location4 ,"n4 ,*ief ,function4 ,head & ,neck4 ,occipito-frontalis4 moves scalp & raises eye br[4 ,orbicul>is palpebr>um4 %uts ! eyes4 ,levator palpebr>um4 op5s ! eyes4 ,temporal4 raise ! l[] jaw4 ,masset]4 ,/]no-cleido-ma/oid4 depresses head ^u neck & neck ^u *e/4 ,platysma myoides4 depresses l[] jaw & l[] lip4 ,trunk4 ,pectoralis major4 draws arm across front ( *e/4 ,pectoralis m9or4 depresses po9t ( %\ld]1 ,latissimus dorsi4 draws arm d[nw>ds & backw>ds4 ,s]ratus magnus4 assi/s 9 rais+ ribs4 ,trapezius4 ,rhomboideus4 backw>d movem5ts ( head & %\ld]1 ,int]co/als4 raise & depress ! ribs4 ,ext]nal oblique4 _/v>i\s =w>d movem5ts ,int]nal oblique4 ( trunk ,rectus abdom9is4 compresses abdom9al visc]a & acts ^u pelvis4 ,upp] ,limbs4 ,deltoid4 c>ries arm outw>ds & upw>ds4 ,biceps4 flexes elb[ & raises arm4 ,triceps4 ext5ds ! =e>m4 ,bra*ialis anticus4 flexor ( elb[4 ,sup9ator longus4 flexes ! =e>m4 ,flexor c>pi radialis4 flexors ( wri/4 ,flexor c>pi uln>is4 ,l[] ,limbs4 ,gluteus maximus4 adducts ! ?igh4 ,adductors ( ?igh4 draw ! leg inw>ds4 ,s>torius4 crosses ! legs4 ,rectus femoris4 flexes ! ?igh4 ,va/us ext]nus4 ext5sor ( leg4 ,va/us int]nus4 ext5sor ( leg ^u ?igh4 ,biceps femoris4 flexes leg ^u ?igh4 ,gracilis4 flexes ! leg & adducts ?igh4 ,tibialis anticus4 draws up inn] bord] ( foot4 ,p]oneus longus4 raises out] edge ( foot1 ,ga/rocnemius4 keep ! body erect1 & ,soleus4 aid 9 walk+ & runn+4 ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,physical ,ex]cise4 #hj4 ,importance ( ,bodily ,ex]cise4 ,no?+ is s ess5tial to success 9 life z s\nd physical heal?4 ,x enables u to "w ) en]gy & com=t1 & bett] to endure unusual physical & m5tal /ra9s4 ,:ile o!rs suff] ! p5alties ( feebl5ess1 a l[] /&>d ( functional activities1 & premature decay1 ! =tunate possessor ( a s\nd m9d 9 a s\nd body is bett] prep>$1 ) prop] application1 to endure ! h>d%ips & w9 ! triumphs ( life#ac4 ,?is elem5t ( physical capacity is z necess>y to a useful & en]getic life1 z are m5tal end[m5t & intellectual acquirem5t4 ,in/9ct impels u to seek heal? & pleasure 9 muscul> ex]cise4 ,a heal?y & vigor\s *ild is nev] /ill except dur+ sleep4 ,! re/less limbs & muscles ( s*ool *ildr5 p5t up = sev]al h\rs1 feel ! ne$ ( movem5t1 z a hungry man craves food4 ,?is natural desire = ex]cise1 al?\gh too (t5 ov]look$1 is really "o ( ! necessities ( life4 ,"o mu/ be 9 ill heal? or ( an imp]fect nature1 :5 he ceases to feel ?is impulse4 ,inde$1 motion )9 prop] b\nds is ess5tial to ! full developm5t & p]fect ma9t5ance ( ! bodily heal?4 ,unlike o!r ma*9es1 ! human body becomes )9 reasonable limits1 /rong] & m capable ! m x is us$4 ,z our t5ure ( life at be/ is %ort1 x is our duty to /rive to live z free z possible f bodily ills4 ,x is1 !re=e1 ( p>am\nt importance to rightly ex]cise e "p ( ! body1 & ?is )\t undue ef=t or injuri\s /ra94 ,/rictly speak+1 physical ex]cise ref]s to ! functional activity ( ea* & e tissue1 & prop]ly includes ! regulation ( ! functions & movem5ts ( ! entire body4 ,! ^w ex]cise1 h[ev]1 is us$ usually 9 a n>r[] s5se z appli$ to ^? movem5ts t are effect$ by ! contraction ( ! volunt>y muscles4 ,brief ref]5ce w be made 9 ?is *apt] only to su* natural & sy/ematic physical tra9+ z %\ld ent] into ! life ( e heal?y p]son4 #ha4 ,muscul> ,activity4 ,! body1 z we h le>n$1 is built up ( c]ta9 elem5t>y tissues :i* are comb9$ to make bones1 muscles1 n]ves1 & o!r /ructures4 ,! tissues1 9 turn1 are made up ( c\ntless m9ute cells1 ea* ( :i* has its bir?1 lives its brief mom5t to d its "w 9 ! animal economy1 is sep>at$ f ! tissue ( :i* x 0 a "p1 & is 9 due "t elim9at$ by ! organs ( excretion1--! lungs1 ! sk91 or ! kidneys4 ,?us !re is a cont9u\s process ( gr[?1 ( decay1 & removal1 among ! individual cells ( ea* tissue4 ,,note4 ,! ,incessant ,*anges 9 ,muscul> ,tissue4 ,9 e t9y block ( muscle !re is a "p :i* is really alive1 !re are p>ts :i* are becom+ alive1 !re are p>ts :i* h be5 alive1 & are n[ dy+ or dead2 !re is an upw>d ru% f ! lifeless to ! liv+1 a d[nw>d ru% f ! liv+ to ! dead4 ,?is is always go+ on1 :e!r ! muscle be quiet & at re/1 or :e!r x be active & mov+1--"s ( ! capital ( liv+ mat]ial is be+ sp5t1 *ang$ into dead wa/e2 "s ( ! new food is always be+ rais$ into liv+ capital4 ,b :5 ! muscle is call$ ^u to d "w1 :5 x is put into movem5t1 ! exp5diture is quick5$1 !re is a run ^u ! liv+ capital1 ! great]1 ! m urg5t ! call = action4--,pr(essor ,mi*ael ,fo/]4 ,^! ceaseless processes are greatly modifi$ by ! activity ( ! bodily functions4 ,e movem5t ( a muscle1 = in/ance1 involves *ange 9 its compon5t cells4 ,& s9ce ! loss ( e atom ( ! body is 9 direct relation to its activity1 a second process is necess>y to repair ?is con/ant wa/e2 else ! body w\ld rapidly dim9i% 9 size & /r5g?1 & life itself w\ld soon end4 ,?is process ( repair is accompli%$1 z we %all le>n 9 ,*apt]s ,,vi4 & ,,vii41 by ! organs ( nutrition1 :i* conv]t ! food into blood4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4--,%[+ h[ ! ,muscles ( ! ,back may be develop$ by a ,mod]ate ,am\nt ( ,dumb-,bell ,ex]cise at ,home4 7,f a photograph47 #hb4 ,effect ( ,ex]cise ^u ! ,muscles4 ,sy/ematic ex]cise influ5ces ! gr[? & /ructure ( ! muscles ( ! body 9 a mann] some:at rem>kable4 ,muscul> ex]cise makes muscul> tissue2 f ! lack ( x1 muscles become s(t & wa/$4 ,muscles prop]ly ex]cis$ n only increase 9 size1 bo? z a :ole & 9 _! individual /ructure1 b are bett] enabl$ to get rid ( mat]ial :i* t5ds to hamp] _! movem5ts4 ,?us muscul> ex]cise helps to remove any ne$less accumulation ( fat1 z well z useless wa/e matt]s1 :i* may exi/ 9 ! tissues4 ,z fat =ms no p]man5t /ructural "p ( ! organism1 its removal is1 )9 limits1 effect$ ) no inconv5i5ce4 ,muscul> /r5g? provides ! jo9ts ) m p[]ful ligam5ts & bett] develop$ bony p>ts4 ,aft] long conf9em5t to ! b$ f disease1 ! jo9ts h wa/$ ligam5ts1 ?9 c>tilages1 & ! bones are ( small] proportions4 ,duly ex]cis$ muscles influ5ce ! size ( ! bones ^u :i* !y act4 ,?us ! bones ( a well-develop$ man are /rong]1 firm]1 & l>g] ?an ^? ( a feeble p]son4 ,he :o has be5 physically well tra9$1 has bo? a m complete & a m intellig5t use ( 8 muscles4 ,he has acquir$ ! art ( caus+ 8 muscles to act 9 conc]t4 ,movem5ts once difficult are n[ c>ri$ on ) ease4 ,! p[] ( cord9ation is increas$1 s t a desir$ end is atta9$ ) ! lea/ am\nt ( physical =ce & n]v\s en]gy4 ,9 le>n+ to r[1 play baseball1 ride ! bicycle1 or 9 any o!r ex]cises1 ! beg9n] makes 8 movem5ts 9 a /iff & awkw>d mann]4 ,he w use & wa/e m muscul> =ce 9 play+ "o game ( ball1 or 9 rid+ a mile on 8 :eel1 ?an an exp]t w\ld 9 do+ t5 times ! "w4 ,he has n yet le>n$ to balance "o set ( muscles aga9/ _! antagoni/s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4--,! ,/&>d ,special ,*e/ ,weight4 ,a conv5i5t ma*9e by means ( :i* all ! muscles ( ! body may be easily & pleasantly ex]cis$ ) suffici5t v>iations 9 ! movem5ts to relieve x ( monotony4 ,a space #f ft wide1 #f ft deep1 & #g ft high ne>ly 9 front ( ! ma*9e is requir$ = ex]cise4 ,9 "t1 h[ev]1 acts :i* 7 fir/ done only ) ef=t & by a consci\s w1 become automatic4 ,! w ceases to conc]n itself4 ,by :at is call$ reflex action1 memory is develop$ 9 ! sp9al cord & ! muscul> c5t]s 7sec4 #bgc74 ,!re is ?us a great sav+ ( actual bra9 "w1 & "o important cause ( fatigue is remov$4 #hc4 ,effect ( ,ex]cise on ,important ,organs4 ,! importance ( regul> ex]cise is be/ und]/ood by not+ its effects ^u ! pr9cipal organs ( ! body4 ,z ! action ( ! he>t is increas$ bo? 9 =ce & frequ5cy dur+ ex]cise1 ! fl[ ( blood ?r\gh\t ! body is augm5t$4 ,?is results f ! =ce ( ! muscul> contractions :i* play _! "p 9 press+ ! blood 9 ! ve9s onw>d t[>ds ! he>t4 ,ex]cise also induces a m vigor\s respiration1 & "u increas$ brea?+ ef=ts ! lung capacity is increas$ & ! size ( ! *e/ is enl>g$4 ,! am\nt ( air inspir$ & expir$ 9 a giv5 "t is mu* l>g] ?an if ! body 7 at re/4 ,! blood is ?us suppli$ ) a mu* l>g] am\nt ( oxyg5 f ! air inhal$1 & gives (f to ! air a correspond+ excess ( c>bon dioxid & wat]4 ,aga91 ex]cise /imulates & /r5g!ns ! organs ( dige/ion4 ,! appetite is improv$1 z is especially not$ aft] ex]cise 9 ! op5 air4 ,! dige/ion is m complete1 absorption becomes m rapid1 ! p]i/altic movem5ts ( ! b[els are promot$1 & ! circulation ?r\gh ! liv] is m vigor\s4 ,m food is tak5 to supply ! =ce necess>y = ! ma9t5ance ( ! me*anical movem5ts4 ,ample ex]cise also *ecks ! t5d5cy t[>ds a torpid circulation 9 ! l>g] dige/ive organs1 z ! /oma* & ! liv]1 s common ) ^? :o eat he>tily1 b lead s$5t>y lives4 ,9 %ort1 ex]cise may be reg>d$ z a great regulator ( nutrition4 ,ex]cise increases ! fl[ ( blood ?r\gh ! small vessels ( ! sk91 & ?us increases ! radiation ( heat f ! surface4 ,if ! ex]cise be vigor\s & ! wea!r hot1 a pr(use sweat ensues1 ! rapid evaporation ( :i* cools ! body4 ,! sk9 is ?us a mo/ important regulator ( ! bodily temp]ature1 & prev5ts any rise above ! normal :i* w\ld o!rwise result f vigor\s ex]cise4 7,see secs4 #bbf & #bda74 #hd4 ,effect ( ,ex]cise ^u ! ,p]sonal ,appe>ance4 ,judici\s & sy/ematic ex]cise1 if mod]ately employ$1 soon gives a m upright & symmetrical figure1 & an easi] & m graceful c>riage4 ,r\nd$ %\ld]s become squ>e1 ! awkw>d gait disappe>s1 & !re is se5 a graceful poise to ! head & a be>+ ( ! body :i* m>k ^? ^: muscles h be5 well tra9$4 ,a p]fectly =m$ skeleton & well-develop$ muscles give ! graceful cont\r & p]fect outl9e to ! human body4 ,! lean1 s(t limbs ( ^? :o h nev] _h any physical education1 (t5 look z if !y belong$ to p]sons recov]+ f sickness4 ,! effects ( s\nd physical ex]cise are well exhibit$ 9 ! aspect ( ! neck1 %\ld]s1 & *e/ ( "o :o has be5 well tra9$4 ,?is is noticeable 9 gymna/s & o!rs :o practice ^u ! horizontal b>1 ) *e/ weights1 dumb-bells1 & o!r app>atus :i* develop m especially ! muscles ( ! upp] half ( ! trunk4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4--,"y ,woman practic+ at ,home ) ! ,:itely ,ex]cis]4 7,f a photograph7 ,ex]cise improves ! condition ( ! tissues g5]ally4 ,!y become m ela/ic1 & 9 all respects s\nd]4 ,! sk9 becomes firm1 cle>1 & :olesome4 ,h5ce1 e "p ( ! surface ( ! body rapidly takes on a *ange 9 cont\r1 & soon assumes t appe>ance ( vigor & s\ndness :i* m>ks ^? ( firm physical condition4 ,! delicate1 ruddy aspect ( ! complexion1 ! sw+ ab\t ! body & ! be>+ ( ! head & %\ld]s1 ( "y wom5 ^: physical tra9+ has be5 effici5t1 are 9 m>k$ contra/ ) ^? *>act]i/ics 9 p]sons ^: education 9 ?is respect has be5 neglect$4 #he4 ,effect ( ,unsuitable or ,excessive ,ex]cise4 ,b ex]cise1 l ev]y?+ else :i* contributes to our welf>e1 may be c>ri$ to excess4 ,! words excessive & unsuitable1 :5 appli$ to muscul> ex]tion1 are relative t]ms1 & apply to ! individual r ?an to am\nt ( "w done4 ,?us :at may be excessive = "o p]son1 might be suitable & b5eficial to ano!r4 ,!n ! condition ( ! individual1 r ?an ! "* ( ! muscul> "w1 is always a mo/ important factor4 ,brea?lessness is1 p]haps1 ! mo/ common effect ( undue ex]tion4 ,let a middle-ag$ p]son1 :o is out ( practice1 run a c]ta9 di/ance1 & he is soon tr\bl$ ) 8 brea?+4 ,! respirations become irregul>1 & !re is a s5se ( oppression 9 8 *e/4 ,he pants1 & 8 /r5g? gives out4 ,8 *e/1 & n 8 legs1 has fail$ him4 ,he is said to be out ( brea?4 ,he might h practic$ dumb-bells or r[$ = "s "t )\t inconv5i5ce4 ,! he>t is (t5 ov]/ra9$1 & at times has be5 ruptur$ dur+ viol5t ex]tion1 z 9 lift+ an imm5se weight4 ,! v>i\s =ms ( he>t-disease are common ) ^? ^: occupations involve sev]e muscul> ef=t1 z pr(essional a?letes & o>sm54 ,hmorrhages ( v>i\s k9ds1 especially f ! lungs1 or rupture ( blood-vessels 9 ! bra91 are n uncommon results ( ov]-ex]tion4 ,excessive repetition ( muscul> movem5ts may lead to p]man5t contractions ( ! p>ts involv$4 ,?us sailors1 me*anics1 & o!rs frequ5tly develop a rigidity ( ! t5dons ( ! h& :i* prev5ts ! full ext5sion ( ! f+]s4 ,s /5ograph]s1 telegraph]s & writ]s occasionally suff] f p]man5t contractions ( c]ta9 muscles ( ! arm1 kn[n z writ]'s cramp1 due to _! excessive use4 ,b ! accid5ts :i* n[ & !n may result f sev]e physical ex]tion1 %\ld disc\rage no "o f secur+ ! b5efits :i* accrue f mod]ate & reasonable ex]cise4 #hf4 ,muscul> ,fatigue4 ,we all "k h[ tiresome x is to hold ! arm out/ret*$ horizontally ev5 = a few mom5ts4 ,a s+le muscle1 ! deltoid1 9 ?is case does mo/ ( ! "w4 ,ev5 9 a vigor\s man1 ?is muscle c act no long] ?an f\r to six m9utes be=e ! arm drops helpless4 ,we may prolong ! p]iod by a /rong ef=t ( ! w1 b a "t soon comes :5 by no possible ef=t are we able to hold out ! arm4 ,! muscle is said to be fatigu$4 ,x has by no means lo/ its contractile p[]1 = if we apply a /rong electric /imulus to x1 ! fatigue seems to disappe>4 ,?us we see ! functional p[] ( a muscle has a def9ite limit1 & 9 fatigue t limit is rea*$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4--;,a ,well-,equipp$ ,gymnasium4 7,f a photograph47 ,! /r5g? ( ! muscle1 its physical condition1 ! "w x has done1 & ! m5tal condition ( ! individual1 all modify ! /ate ( fatigue4 ,9 ^? difficult acts :i* involve a special ef=t ( ! w1 ! matt] ( n]ve exhau/ion is l>gely conc]n$4 ,?us1 ! incessant movem5ts 9 ,/4 ,vitus' dance result 9 comp>atively little fatigue1 because !re is no association ( ! bra9 ) ! muscul> action4 ,if a /rong man %\ld attempt to p]=m volunt>ily ! same movem5ts1 he w\ld soon h to re/4 ,none ( ! movem5ts :i* are p]=m$ indep5d5tly ( ! w1 z ! he>t-beats & brea?+ movem5ts1 ev] involve ! s5sation ( fatigue4 ,z a result ( fatigue ! normal irritability ( muscul> tissue becomes weak5$1 & its =ce ( contraction is less5$4 ,!re is1 also1 (t5 notic$ 9 fatigue a peculi> tremor ( ! muscles1 r5d]+ _! movem5ts unc]ta94 ,! /iffness ( ! muscles :i* comes on dur+ sev]e ex]cise1 or ! day aft]1 are famili> results ( fatigue4 ,?is s5se ( fatigue %\ld put u on gu>d aga9/ dang]4 ,x is a k9d ( regulator :i* s]ves 9 ! ord9>y actions ( life to w>n u n to exce$ ! limits ( useful ex]cise4 ,fatigue summons u to re/ long be=e all ! =ce ( ! motor organs has be5 exp5d$1 j z ! s5sation ( hung] w>ns u t we ne$ food1 long be=e ! body has become weak f ! lack ( n\ri%m5t4 ,we %\ld nev] =get t x is highly ess5tial to ma9ta9 an unus$ res]ve ( p[]1 j z a cauti\s m]*ant always keeps at ! bank an unexp5d$ balance ( money4 ,if he ov]sp5ds 8 money he is bankrupt1 & ! p]son :o ov]sp5ds 8 /r5g? is = ! "t physically bankrupt4 ,9 ea* case ! process ( recov]y is sl[ & pa9ful4 #hg4 ,re/ = ! ,muscles4 ,re/ is necess>y = ! tissues1 t !y may repair ! losses su/a9$ by "w2 t is1 a p]iod ( re/ mu/ alt]nate ) a p]iod ( activity4 ,ev5 ! he>t1 beat+ ceaselessly1 has its p]iods ( absolute re/ to alt]nate ) ^? ( "w4 ,a /eam-eng9e is always sl[ly1 b surely1 los+ its fitness = "w4 ,at la/ x /ops f ! ne$ ( repair4 ,unlike ! eng9e1 ! body is con/antly r5ew+ itself & und]go+ cont9ual repair4 ,7 x n = ?is p[] to repair & r5ew its v>i\s tissues1 ! body w\ld soon be worn out4 ,?is repair is really a r5ovation ( ! /ructure4 ,re/ & "w are relative t]ms1 directly oppos$ to ea* o!r4 ,"w quick5s ! pulse & ! respiration1 :ile re/ sl[s bo?4 ,dur+ sleep ! volunt>y muscles are relax$1 & ^? ( organic life "w ) less en]gy4 ,! pulse & ! respiration are less frequ5t1 & ! temp]ature l[] ?an :5 awake4 ,h5ce sleep1 tir$ ,nature's sweet re/or]1 may be reg>d$ z a complete re/4 ,! p]iods ( re/ %\ld v>y ) ! k9d ( ex]cise4 ,?us ex]cise :i* produces brea?lessness requires frequ5t b %ort re/s4 ,! tra9$ runn]1 f9d+ 8 respiration emb>rass$1 /ops a mom5t to rega9 8 brea?4 ,ex]cises ( endurance cause fatigue less quickly ?an ^? ( spe$1 b require long] re/4 ,?us a man n us$ to long di/ances may walk a numb] ( h\rs )\t /opp+1 b :ile fatigue is sl[ to result1 x is also sl[ to disappe>4 ,h5ce a l5g?y p]iod ( re/ is necess>y be=e he is able to r5ew 8 j\rney4 #hh4 ,am\nt ( ,physical ,ex]cise ,requir$4 ,! am\nt ( physical ex]cise t c be safely p]=m$ by ea* p]son1 is a mo/ important & practical "q4 ,no rule c be laid d[n1 = :at "o p]son be>s well1 may prove v injuri\s to ano!r4 ,to a c]ta9 ext5t1 ea* mu/ be guid$ by 8 own judgm5t4 ,if1 aft] tak+ ex]cise1 we feel fatigu$ & irritable1 are subject to heada*e & sleeplessness1 or f9d x difficult to apply ! m9d to its "w1 x is pla9 t we h be5 tax+ our /r5g? unduly1 & ! w>n+s %\ld be he$$4 ,age is an important factor 9 ! problem1 z a "y man may d ) ease & safety1 :at might be injuri\s to an old] p]son4 ,9 y\?1 :5 ! body is mak+ its mo/ active developm5t1 ! judici\s use ( games1 sports1 & gymna/ics is mo/ b5eficial4 ,9 advanc$ life1 bo? ! p[] & ! incl9ation = ex]cise fail1 b ev5 !n ef=t %\ld be made to take a c]ta9 reasonable am\nt ( ex]cise4 ,abundant evid5ce %[s t physical developm5t is mo/ active f ?irte5 to sev5te5 ye>s ( age2 ?is manife/s itself cle>ly by increase 9 weight4 ,h5ce ?is p]iod ( life is ( great consequ5ce4 ,if at ?is age a boy or girl is subject$ to undue physical /ra91 ! developm5t may suff]1 ! gr[? be ret>d$1 & ! f\ndation laid = future ill heal?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4--,/ud5t ex]cis+ 9 ! ,s*ool ,gymnasium on ! ,r[+ ,ma*9e4 7,f a photograph47 ,! prop] am\nt ( ex]cise mu/ v>y greatly ) circum/ances4 ,x may be laid d[n z a fairly safe rule1 t a p]son ( av]age height & weight1 engag$ 9 /udy or 9 any indoor or s$5t>y occupation1 %\ld take an am\nt ( ex]cise equival5t to walk+ five or six miles a day4 ,gr[+ *ildr51 z a rule1 take m ex]cise ?an ?is1 :ile mo/ m5 work+ indoors take f> less1 & _m wom5 take less ex]cise ?an m54 ,ex]cise may be v>i$ 9 _m ways1 ! m ! bett]2 b = ! mo/ "p x %\ld always be tak5 9 ! op5 air4 #hi4 ,"t = ,ex]cise4 ,x is n prud5t to d h>d "w or take sev]e ex]cise1 j be=e or j aft] a full meal4 ,! be/ "t is "o or two h\rs aft] a meal4 ,vigor\s ex]cise :ile ! /oma* is busily dige/+ food1 may prove injuri\s1 & is apt to result soon] or lat] 9 dyspepsia4 ,on ! o!r h&1 sev]e ex]cise %\ld n be tak5 on an empty /oma*4 ,^? :o d mu* "w or /udy be=e breakfa/1 %\ld fir/ take a light lun*1 j en\gh to prev5t any fa9t feel+4 ,) ?is precaution1 !re is no bett] "t = mod]ate ex]cise ?an ! e>ly morn+4 ,9 ! case ( *ildr51 physical ex]cises %\ld n be und]tak5 :5 !y are ov]tir$ or hungry4 ,nei!r is x judici\s = adults to take vigor\s ex]cise 9 ! ev5+1 aft] a long & ardu\s day's "w4 #ij4 ,walk+1 ,runn+1 & ,jump+4 ,walk+ is g5]ally reg>d$ z ! simple/ & mo/ conv5i5t mode ( tak+ ex]cise4 ,man is ess5tially a walk+ animal4 ,:5 tak5 ) a special object 9 view1 x is ! be/ & mo/ pleasant ( all physical activities4 ,x is suit$ = individuals ( all ages & occupations1 & = resid5ts ( e climate4 ,! *ild1 ! a?lete1 & ! ag$ are all able to indulge 9 ?is simple & effective means ( keep+ ! body 9 heal?4 ,9 walk+1 ! muscles ( ! entire body are br\ght into action1 & ! movem5ts ( brea?+ & ! circulation ( ! blood are increas$4 ,! body %\ld be erect1 ! *e/ ?r[n out1 ! head & %\ld]s held back1 & ! /ride long & ela/ic4 ,x is an excell5t cu/om to add to ! usefulness ( ?is f9e ex]cise1 by deep1 volunt>y inhalations ( pure air4 ,runn+ is an excell5t ex]cise = *ildr5 & "y p1 b %\ld be sp>+ly indulg$ 9 aft] ! age ( ?irty-five4 ,if x be accompani$ ) a feel+ ( fa9tness1 brea?lessness1 & palpitation ( ! he>t1 ! ex]cise is too sev]e1 & its cont9uance may d s]i\s h>m4 ,runn+ z an ex]cise is b5eficial to ^? :o h kept !mselves 9 practice & 9 s\nd condition4 ,x br+s into play ne>ly e muscle ( ! body1 & ?us s]ves to develop ! p[] ( endurance1 z well z /r5g? & capacity = rapid movem5t4 ,jump+ may well be left to boys & "y m5 "u tw5ty1 b skipp+ ) a rope1 alli$ to jump+1 is an admirable & b5eficial =m ( ex]cise4 ,x br+s into action _m muscles )\t putt+ undue /ra9 ^u any p>ticul> gr\p4 #ia4 ,skat+1 ,swimm+1 & ,r[+4 ,skat+ is a delightful & invigorat+ ex]cise4 ,x calls into play a great v>iety ( muscles1 & is admirably adapt$ = almo/ all ages4 ,x /r5g!ns ! ankles & helps give an easy & graceful c>riage to ! body4 ,skat+ is especially valuable1 z x c be enjoy$ :5 o!r out-door ex]cises are n conv5i5t4 ,e *ild above t5 ye>s ( age %\ld be taught to swim4 ,! art1 once ma/]$1 is nev] =gott54 ,x calls into use a wide comb9ation ( muscles4 ,?is accompli%m5t1 s easily le>n$1 %\ld be a "p ( our education1 z well z baseball or bicycl+1 z x may *ance to any "o to save 8 own life or t ( a companion4 ,9 _m respects r[+ is "o ( ! mo/ p]fect ex]cises at our comm&4 ,x exp&s ! *e/1 /r5g!ns ! body1 & gives tone to ! muscles ( ! abdom54 ,x is v suitable = girls & wom51 z no o!r ex]cise is s well adapt$ to rem$y ! muscul> defects s m>k$ 9 _! sex4 ,ev5 eld]ly p]sons c r[ day aft] day )\t difficulty4 ,! degree ( muscul> ef=t requir$1 c be regulat$ s t ^? ) weak he>ts & weak lungs c adju/ !mselves to ! ex]cise4 #ib4 ,bicycl+ z an ,ex]cise4 ,! bicycle z a means ( tak+ ex]cise has come into popul> use ) rem>kable rapidity4 ,%>p competition bids fair to make ! :eel m popul> & less exp5sive ?an ev]4 ,its ph5om5al use by p]sons ( all ages & 9 all /ations ( life1 is pro( ( ! en?usiasm ) :i* ?is a?letic ex]cise is employ$ by wom5 z well z by m54 ,me*anical skill has remov$ mo/ ( ! risks to heal? & p]son :i* once exi/$4 ,a good ma*9e1 us$ by its own] ) judgm5t1 is ! mo/ conv5i5t1 ! safe/1 & ! lea/ exp5sive means ( travel+ = pleasure or ex]cise4 ,x is do+ m ?an any o!r =m ( ex]cise to improve ! bodily condition ( ?\s&s ^: occupations conf9e !m all day to s$5t>y "w4 ,dep5d5t ^u no "o b himself1 ! cycli/ has 8 means ( ex]cise always at h&4 ,no prep>ation is necess>y to take a sp9 ( t5 miles or s on ! road1 dur+ a summ] ev5+ or be=e breakfa/4 ,bicycl+ br+s into active use ! muscles ( ! legs z well z ^? ( ! trunk & arms4 ,x seems to b5efit ^? :o suff] f dyspepsia1 con/ipation1 & functional disord]s ( ! liv]4 ,a special caution mu/ be us$ aga9/ ov]do+ 9 cycl+1 = ! temptation by rivalry1 mak+ a record1 by social competition on ! road1 is /rong] 9 ?is =m ( ex]cise ?an 9 any o!r1 especially = "y folks4 ,_m cases h occurr$ ( p]man5t injury1 & ev5 loss ( life1 f collapse simply by excessive ex]tion & exhau/ion4 #ic4 ,outdoor ,games & ,physical ,education4 ,:ile outdoor games are n necess>y to ma9ta9 heal?1 yet we c sc>cely ov]e/imate ! "p t ! great games ( baseball1 football1 t5nis1 golf1 & croquet1 play 9 ! physical developm5t ( "y p4 ,:5 play$ 9 mod]ation & "u suitable conditions1 !y are mo/ useful & b5eficial ex]cises4 ,!y are play$ 9 ! op5 air1 & dem& a great v>iety ( vigor\s muscul> movem5t1 ) a consid]able am\nt ( skill & adroitness ( action4 ,^! games n only involve heal?ful ex]cise1 b develop all ^? manly & :olesome qualities s ess5tial to success 9 life4 ,a vigor\s body is well-nigh ess5tial to success1 b equally important are read9ess ( action1 s\nd judgm5t1 good temp]1 p]sonal c\rage1 a s5se ( fair play1 & above all1 a _s ( honor4 ,outdoor games1 :5 play$ 9 a reasonable & honorable mann]1 are mo/ effici5t & practical means to develop ^! qualities 9 "y p4 #id4 ,! ,s*ool & ,physical ,education4 ,! advantages to be d]iv$1 dur+ ! s*ool p]iod1 f ! prop] c>e & developm5t ( ! body1 %\ld be und]/ood & appreciat$ by s*ool (ficials1 tea*]s1 & p>5ts4 ,! s*ool p]iod is ! be/ "t to %ape ! lives ( pupils1 n m5tally or morally alone1 b physically z well4 ,?is is ! "t1 by ! use ( a few daily ex]cises at s*ool1 to draw back ! r\nd+ %\ld]s1 to =m ! habit ( sitt+ & /&+ erect1 to build up /rong & comely arms & *e/s1 & o!rwise to tra9 pupils to ^? me?ods :i* w s]ve to rip5 !m into vigor\s & well-knit m5 & wom54 ,tea*]s c by a little ef=t ga9 ! k requisite prop]ly to in/ruct _! pupils 9 a few sy/ematic ex]cises4 ,gratify+ results w foll[ j z ! tea*] & pupils ev9ce int]e/ & judgm5t 9 ! "w4 ,x is f\nd by exp]i5ce t pupils are n only quick to le>n1 b look =w>d eag]ly to ! physical ex]cises z an int]e/+ *ange f ! r\t9e ( s*ool life4 ,!re %\ld be a /at$ "t = ^! s*ool ex]cises1 z = any o!r duty4 ,!re c be practic$ 9 ! s*oolroom a great v>iety ( int]e/+ & useful ex]cises1 :i* call = little or no exp5se = app>atus4 ,su* ex]cises %\ld no m int]f]e ) ! *ildr5's usual games ?an any o!r /udy does4 ,"u no circum/ances %\ld ! play h\rs be curtail$4 #ie4 ,physical ,ex]cises 9 ,s*ool4 ,physical ex]cises ( "s sort1 !n1 %\ld be provid$ = pupils 9 our s*ools1 especially 9 l>ge t[ns & cities1 :]e !re is little opportunity = outdoor games1 & !y %\ld =m a "p ( ! regul> c\rse ( /udy4 ,! object %\ld be ! promotion ( s\nd heal? r ?an ! developm5t ( muscle1 or p]=m+ feats ( agility or /r5g?4 ,ex]cises ) dumb-bells & w&s1 or ev5 )\t any app>atus1 practic$ a few times a day1 = five m9utes at a "t1 d a great deal ( good4 ,!y relax ! t5sion ( body & m9d1 & introduce an elem5t ( pleasure into ! r\t9e ( s*ool life4 ,!y increase ! brea?+ p[] & quick5 ! action ( ! he>t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4--,physical ,ex]cises z c>ri$ on 9 ,s*ools4 7,f photographs47 ,,note4 ,9 e>ly boyhood & y\? no?+ c replace ! active sports s mu* enjoy$ at ?is p]iod2 & :ile no ne$less re/rictions %\ld be plac$ ^u !m1 consid]ation %\ld be paid to ! am\nt1 & especially to ! "*1 ( ! games pursu$ by delicate y\?4 ,= ^! x w\ld be bett] to develop ! weak5$ p>ts by means ( sy/ematic physical ex]cises & by light] sports4--,dr4 ,john ,m4 ,keat+ on ,physical ,developm5t 9 ,pepp]'s ,cyclopdia ( ! ,diseases ( ,*ildr54 ,if vigor\sly & sy/ematically c>ri$ out1 ^! ex]cises invigorate all ! tissues & organs ( ! body1 & /imulate !m to r5ew$ activity4 ,!y s]ve to (fset ! lack ( prop] v5tilation1 faulty positions at ! desks1 & ! prolong$ inaction ( ! muscles4 ,to secure ! greate/ b5efit f physical tra9+ 9 s*ool1 x is important t ! pupils be int]e/$ 9 ^! ex]cises1 & consid] !m a recreation1 & n a task#ad4 #if4 ,practical ,po9ts ab\t ,physical ,ex]cise4 ,! ma9 object 9 und]tak+ sy/ematic & graduat$ physical ex]cises is n to le>n to d m]e feats ( /r5g? & skill1 b ! bett] to fit ! individual = ! duties & ! "w ( life4 ,ex]cises %\ld be consid]$ ) ref]5ce to _! availability f ! le>n]'s /&po9t4 ,! mo/ b5eficial ex]cises ord9>ily are ! g5tle ones1 9 :i* no /ra9 is put ^u ! he>t & ! respiration4 ,! special aim is to secure ! equal use ( all ! muscles1 n ! developm5t ( a few4 ,! p]=mance ( feats ( /r5g? %\ld nev] come )9 ! scope ( any educational s*eme4 ,ex]cises :i* call = su/a9$ ef=t1 viol5t ex]tion1 or sudd5 /ra9 are be/ avoid$ by ^? :o h _h no prep>ation or tra9+4 ,regul> ex]cise1 n sudd5 & occasional prolong$ ex]tion1 is necess>y = heal?4 ,! man or woman :o works 9 an (fice or /ore all ! week1 & on ,sunday or a holiday indulges 9 a long sp9 on ! bicycle1 (t5 receives m h>m ?an good f ! ex]tion4 ,ex]cise %\ld be tak51 s f> z is conv5i5t1 9 ! op5 air1 or 9 a l>ge & well-v5tilat$ room4#ae ,aft] ! m viol5t ex]cises1 z baseball1 football1 a long ride on ! bicycle1 or ev5 aft] a prolong$ walk1 a w>m ba? %\ld be tak5 at ! fir/ conv5i5t opportunity4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to rub d[n ?or\ghly1 & to *ange a "p or all ( ! clo?+4 ,ex]cise is comp>atively valueless until ! idea ( tak+ x = heal? is q =gott5 9 ! int]e/ & pleasure excit$ by ! occasion4 ,no ex]cise %\ld be c>ri$ to su* a degree z to cause fatigue or exhau/ion4 ,keep w>mly clad aft] ex]cise1 avoid *ills1 & always /op ex]cis+ z soon z fatigue is felt4 ,we> clo?+ :i* all[s free play to all ! muscles ( ! body4 ,! clo?+ %\ld be light1 loose1 & made ( wool4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 n to take cold by /&+ ab\t 9 clo!s :i* are damp ) p]spiration4 ,9 brisk walk+ & climb+ hills keep ! m\? %ut1 especially 9 cold wea!r1 & brea! ?r\gh ! nose1 regulat+ ! pace s t x c be done )\t discom=t4 #ig4 ,effect ( ,alcoholic ,liquors & ,tobacco ^u ,physical ,culture4 ,z a result ( ! unusual att5tion giv5 to physical culture 9 ! la/ few ye>s1 hundr$s ( special in/ructors are n[ employ$ 9 tra9+ "y p 9 ! !ory & practice ( physical ex]cise4 ,^! exp]t tea*]s1 to d _! "w ) ?or\ghness & discipl9e1 recognize ! necessity ( look+ aft] ! daily liv+ ( _! /ud5ts4 ,! "t ( ris+ & retir+1 ! h\rs ( sleep1 ! dress1 ! c>e ( ! diet1 & _m o!r details ( p]sonal heal? become an important "p ( ! tra9+4 ,recogniz+ ! fact t alcoholic dr9k & tobacco are s disa/r\s to effici5cy 9 any sy/em ( physical tra9+1 ^! in/ructors rigidly =bid ! use ( ^! drugs "u all circum/ances4 ,:ile ?is pr9ciple is p]haps m rigor\sly en=c$ 9 tra9+ = a?letic conte/s1 x applies equally to ^? :o h 9 view only ! ma9t5ance ( heal?4 ,books on ,physical ,education4 ,!re are _m excell5t books on physical education1 :i* are easily obta9$ = read+ or = ref]5ce4 ,among ^! "o ( ! mo/ useful & sugge/ive is ,blackie's well-kn[n book1 ,h[ to ,get ,/rong & h[ to ,/ay s4 ,?is little book is full ( k9dly advice & practical sugge/ions to ^? :o may wi% to beg9 to practice heal? ex]cises at home ) inexp5sive app>atus4 ,= m advanc$ "w1 ,lagrange's ,physiology ( ,bodily ,ex]cise & ! ,introduction to ,macl>5's ,physical ,education may be consult$4 ,a notable article on ,physical ,tra9+ by ,joseph ,h4 ,se>s1 an ,ex-,capta9 ( ! ,h>v>d ,football ,team1 may be f\nd 9 ,roosevelt's ,9 ,sickness & 9 ,heal?4 ,price li/s & catalogues ( all k9ds ( gymna/ic app>atus are easily obta9$ on application to firms h&l+ su* goods4 ,v>i\s ,sy/ems ( ,physical ,ex]cises4 ,! rec5t revival ( popul> int]e/ 9 physical education has done mu* to call ! att5tion ( ! public to ! usefulness & importance ( a m ?or\gh & sy/ematic use ( physical ex]cises1 bo? at home & 9 ! s*ools4 ,x is n )9 ! scope ( ?is book to describe ! v>i\s sy/ems ( gymna/ic & cali/h5ic ex]cises n[ 9 common use 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,= ! mo/ "p !y h be5 modifi$ & re>rang$ f o!r s\rces1 notably f ! two great sy/ems1 i4e41 ,sw$i% & ,g]man4 ,= a mo/ compreh5sive "w on ! ,sw$i% sy/em1 ! tea*] is ref]r$ to ! ,sw$i% ,sy/em ( ,educational ,gymna/ics1 ) #bfd illu/rations1 by ,b>on ,nils ,posse4 ,!re is also a small manual = tea*]s1 call$ ,h&book ( ,s*ool ,gymna/ics ( ! ,sw$i% ,sy/ems1 by ! same au?or4 ,*apt] ,v4 ,food & ,dr9k4 #ih4 ,:y we ne$ ,food4 ,! body is (t5 comp>$ to a /eam-eng9e 9 good work+ ord]4 ,an eng9e uses up fuel & wat] to obta9 f !m ! en]gy necess>y to d its "w4 ,s1 we consume )9 our bodies c]ta9 nutriti\s sub/ances to obta9 f !m ! en]gy necess>y = our activities4 ,j z ! en]gy = ! work+ ( ! eng9e is obta9$ f /eam by ! combu/ion ( fuel1 s ! en]gy possess$ by our bodies results f ! combu/ion or oxidation )9 u ( ! food we eat4 ,unless ?is en]gy is provid$ = ! body x w h b little p[] ( do+ "w1 & l an eng9e )\t /eam1 mu/ soon become motionless4 #ii4 ,wa/e & ,repair4 ,a /eam-eng9e f ! fir/ /roke ( its pi/on-rod beg9s to we> out1 & be=e long ne$s repair4 ,all "w involves wa/e4 ,! eng9e1 unless kept 9 ?or\gh repair1 w\ld soon /op4 ,s ) our bodies4 ,9 _! liv+ cells *emical *anges are con/antly go+ on2 en]gy1 on ! :ole1 is runn+ d[n2 complex sub/ances are be+ brok5 up into simpl] comb9ations4 ,s long z life la/s1 food mu/ be br\ght to ! tissues1 & wa/e products c>ri$ away f !m4 ,x is impossible to move a s+le muscle1 or ev5 to ?9k = "o mom5t1 )\t "s m9ute "p ( ! muscul> or bra9 tissue becom+ ( no fur!r use 9 ! body4 ,! trans=mation ( dead matt] into liv+ tissue is ! ev]-pres5t miracle :i* life pres5ts ev5 9 its l[e/ =ms4 ,9 *ildhood ! wa/e is small1 & ! am\nt ( food tak5 is m ?an suffici5t to repair ! loss4 ,"s ( ! extra food is us$ 9 build+ up ! body1 especially ! muscles4 ,z we %all le>n 9 ,*apt] ,,viii41 food is also requir$ to ma9ta9 ! bodily heat4 ,food1 !n1 is necess>y = ! production ( en]gy1 = ! repair ( ! body1 = ! build+ up ( ! tissues1 & = ! ma9t5ance ( bodily heat4 #ajj4 ,nature ( ! ,wa/e ,mat]ial4 ,an ord9>ily heal?y p]son passes daily1 on an av]age1 by ! kidneys ab\t #ej ounces ( wa/e mat]ial1 ( :i* #if p] c5t is wat]1 & f ! inte/9es1 on an av]age1 #e ounces1 a l>ge proportion ( :i* is wat]4 ,by ! sk91 9 ! %ape ( sweat & ins5sible p]spiration1 !re is ca/ out ab\t #bc ounces1 ( :i* #ii p] c5t is wat]2 & by ! lungs ab\t #cd ounces1 #aj ( :i* are wat] & ! rema9d] c>bon dioxid4 ,n[ if we omit an e/imate ( ! undige/ible rema9s ( ! food1 we f9d t ! ma9 bulk ( :at daily leaves ! body consi/s ( wat]1 c>bon dioxid1 & c]ta9 solid matt]s conta9$ 9 solution 9 ! r5al secretion & ! sweat4 ,! *ief ( ^! solid matt]s is urea1 a complex product made up ( f\r elem5ts1--c>bon1 hydrog51 oxyg51 & nitrog54 ,wat] conta9s only two elem5ts1 hydrog5 & oxyg52 & c>bon dioxid also has only two1 c>bon & oxyg54 ,h5ce1 :at we daily ca/ out ( our bodies consi/s ess5tially ( ^! f\r elem5ts 9 ! =m ma9ly ( wat]1 c>bon dioxid1 & urea4 ,^! wa/e products repres5t ! oxidation t has tak5 place 9 ! tissues 9 produc+ ! en]gy necess>y = ! bodily activities1 j z ! smoke1 a%es1 cl9k]s1 & /eam repres5t ! consumption ( fuel & wat] 9 ! eng9e4 ,pla9ly1 !re=e1 if we c\ld re/ore to ! body a supply ( ^! f\r elem5ts equival5t to t ca/ out1 we c\ld make up = ! wa/e4 ,! object ( food1 !n1 is to re/ore to ! body an am\nt ( ! f\r elem5ts equal to t consum$4 ,9 o!r words1 & briefly3 ,! purpose ( food is to supply ! wa/e ( ! tissues & to ma9ta9 ! normal composition ( ! blood4 #aja4 ,classification ( ,foods4 ,foods may be conv5i5tly divid$ into f\r great classes1 to :i* ! "n food-/uffs or alim5t>y pr9ciples has be5 giv54 ,!y correspond to ! *ief proximate pr9ciples ( :i* ! body consi/s4 ,to "o or ! o!r ( ^! classes all available foods belong#af4 ,! classification ( food-/uffs usually giv5 is z foll[s3 ,i4 ,proteids1 or ,nitrog5\s ,foods4 ,,ii4 ,/>*es & ,sug>s1 or ,c>bohydrates4 ,,iii4 ,fats & ,oils4 ,,iv4 ,inorganic or ,m9]al ,foods1--,wat]1 ,salt4 #ajb4 ,proteids2 or ,nitrog5\s ,foods4 ,! proteids1 frequ5tly spok5 ( z ! nitrog5\s foods1 are ri* 9 "o or m ( ! foll[+ organic sub/ances3 album51 case91 fibr91 gelat9e1 myos91 glut51 & legum94 ,! type ( ?is class ( foods is album51 well kn[n z ! :ite ( an egg4 ,! s]um ( ! blood is v ri* 9 album51 z is lean meat4 ,! curd ( milk consi/s ma9ly ( case94 ,fibr9 exi/s l>gely 9 blood & fle% foods4 ,gelat9e is obta9$ f ! animal p>ts ( bones & connective tissue by prolong$ boil+4 ,"o ( ! *ief con/itu5ts ( muscul> fib] is myos94 ,glut5 exi/s l>gely 9 ! c]eals :eat1 b>ley1 oats1 & rye4 ,! proteid pr9ciple ( peas & beans is legum91 a sub/ance resembl+ case94 ,z ! "n implies1 ! proteids1 or nitrog5\s foods1 conta9 nitrog52 c>bohydrates & fats1 on ! contr>y1 d n conta9 nitrog54 ,! pr9cipal proteid food-/uffs are milk1 eggs1 fle% foods ( all k9ds1 fi%1 & ! c]eals among vegetable foods4 ,peas & beans are ri* 9 proteids4 ,! ess5tial use ( ! proteids to ! tissues is to supply ! mat]ial f :i* ! new proteid tissue is made or ! old proteid tissue is repair$4 ,!y are also valuable z s\rces ( en]gy to ! body4 ,n[1 z ! proteid "p ( its molecule is ! mo/ important con/itu5t ( liv+ matt]1 x is evid5t t proteid food is an absolute necessity4 ,if our diet conta9$ no proteids1 ! tissues ( ! body w\ld gradually wa/e away1 & dea? f />vation w\ld result4 ,all ! food-/uffs are necess>y 9 "o way or ano!r to ! pres]vation ( p]fect heal?1 b proteids1 toge!r ) a c]ta9 proportion ( wat] & inorganic salts1 are absolutely necess>y = ! b>e ma9t5ance ( animal life--t is1 = ! =mation & pres]vation ( liv+ protoplasm4 #ajc4 ,/>*es & ,sug>s4 ,! />*es1 sug>s1 & gums1 also kn[n z c>bohydrates1 ent] l>gely into ! composition ( foods ( vegetable orig94 ,!y conta9 no nitrog51 b ! ?ree elem5ts1 c>bon1 hydrog51 & oxyg51 ! la/ two 9 ! same proportion z 9 wat]4 ,! />*es are widely di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! vegetable k+dom4 ,!y are abundant 9 potatoes & ! c]eals1 & 9 arr[root1 rice1 sago1 & tapioca4 ,/>* probably /&s fir/ 9 importance among ! v>i\s vegetable foods4 ,! sug>s are also widely di/ribut$ sub/ances1 & include ! cane1 grape1 malt1 maple1 & milk sug>s4 ,"h also belong ! gums & cellulose f\nd 9 fruit1 c]eals1 & all vegetables :i* =m ! basis ( ! plant cells & fib]s4 ,honey1 molasses1 & manna are includ$ 9 ?is class4 ,! physiological value ( ! />*es & sug>s lies 9 ! fact t !y are oxidiz$ 9 ! body1 & a c]ta9 am\nt ( en]gy is !reby lib]at$4 ,! en]gy ( muscul> "w & ( ! heat ( ! body comes l>gely f ! oxidation1 or de/ruction1 ( ?is class ( foods4 ,n[1 inasmu* z we are cont9ually giv+ (f en]gy f ! body1 *iefly 9 ! =m ( muscul> "w & heat1 x is evid5t t mat]ial = ! production ( ?is en]gy mu/ be tak5 9 ! food4 ,! c>bohydrates con/itute ! bulk ( our ord9>y food4 #ajd4 ,fats & ,oils4 ,^! include n only ! ord9>y fats ( meat1 b _m animal & vegetable oils4 ,!y are alike 9 *emical composition1 consi/+ ( c>bon & hydrog51 ) a little oxyg5 & no nitrog54 ,! pr9cipal k9ds ( fat us$ z food are ! fat ( meat1 butt]1 suet1 & l>d2 b 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w v>i\s vegetable oils are l>gely us$1 z ! olive1 palm1 cotton se$1 cocoanut1 & almond4 ,! use ( ! fats 9 ! body is ess5tially ! same z t ( ! />*es & sug>s4 ,weight = weight !y are m valuable ?an ! c>bohydrates z s\rces ( en]gy1 b ! latt] are m easily dige/$1 & m easily oxidiz$ 9 ! body4 ,an important use ( fatty foods is = ! ma9t5ance ( ! bodily heat4 ,! inhabitants ( ,arctic regions are ?us enabl$1 by l>ge use ( ! fat & oil f ! animals !y dev\r1 to endure safely ! sev]e cold4 ,!n !re is reason to believe t fat helps ! dige/ion ( o!r foods1 = x is f\nd t ! body is bett] n\ri%$ :5 ! fats are us$ z food4 ,:5 m fat is consum$ ?an is requir$ to keep up ! bodily heat & to yield work+ p[]1 ! excess is /or$ up 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! body1 mak+ a sort ( res]ve fuel1 :i* may be drawn ^u at any future "t4 #aje4 ,sal9e or ,m9]al ,foods4 ,all food conta9s1 besides ! sub/ances hav+ pot5tial en]gy1 z describ$1 c]ta9 sal9e matt]s4 ,wat] & salts are n usually consid]$ foods1 b ! results ( sci5tific rese>*1 z well z ! exp]i5ce ( life1 %[ t ^! sub/ances are absolutely necess>y to ! body4 ,! pr9cipal m9]al foods are salt1 lime1 iron1 magnesia1 phosphorus1 pota%1 & wat]4 ,except common salt & wat]1 ^! sub/ances are usually tak5 only 9 comb9ation ) o!r foods4 ,^! sal9e matt]s are ess5tial to heal?1 & :5 n pres5t 9 due proportion nutrition is di/urb$4 ,if a dog be f$ on food fre$ f all sal9es1 b o!rwise conta9+ prop] nutri5ts1 he soon suff]s f weakness1 aft] a "t am\nt+ to p>alysis1 & (t5 dies 9 convulsions4 ,ab\t #bjj gra9s ( common salt are requir$ daily by an adult1 b a l>ge proportion ( ?is is 9 our food4 ,phosphate ( lime is obta9$ f milk & meats1 & c>bonate ( lime f ! h>d wat] we dr9k4 ,bo? are requir$ = ! bones & tee?4 ,! salts ( pota%1 :i* assi/ 9 purify+ ! blood1 are obta9$ f vegetables & fruits4 ,an iron salt is f\nd 9 mo/ foods1 & sulphur 9 ! yolk ( eggs4 #ajf4 ,wat]4 ,wat] is ( use *iefly z a solv5t1 & :ile n /rictly a food1 is necess>y to life4 ,x ent]s into ! con/ruction ( e tissue & is con/antly be+ remov$ f ! body by e *annel ( wa/e#ag4 ,z a solv5t wat] aids dige/ion1 & z x =ms ab\t #hj p] c5t ( ! blood1 x s]ves z a c>ri] ( nutri5t mat]ial to all ! tissues ( ! body4 ,important ,articles ( ,diet4 #ajg4 ,milk4 ,! value ( milk z a food _c be ov]e/imat$4 ,x af=ds n\ri%m5t 9 a v simple1 conv5i5t1 & p]fect =m4 ,x is ! sole food provid$ = ! "y ( all animals :i* n\ri% _! "y4 ,x is an ideal food conta9+1 9 excell5t proportions1 all ! f\r elem5ts necess>y = gr[? & heal? 9 e>li] y\?4 ,table3 ,composition ( ,food ,mat]ials4 ,c>eful analyses h be5 made ( ! diff]5t articles ( food1 mo/ly ( ! raw1 or uncook$ foods4 ,z might be expect$1 ! analyses on record diff] m or less 9 ! p]c5tages assign$ to ! v>i\s con/itu5ts1 b ! foll[+ table w give a fair idea ( ! fundam5tal nutritive value ( ! m common foods3 ,9 #ajj p>ts ,wat] ,proteid ,fat ,c>bohydrate ,a% ,dige/ible ,cellulose ,meat #gf4g #bj4h #a4e #j4c -- #a4c ,eggs #gc4g #ab4f #ab4a -- -- #a4a ,*eese #cf-fj #be-cc #g-cj #c-g -- #c4d ,c['s ,milk #hg4g #c4d #c4b #d4h -- #j4g ,:eat ,fl\r #ac4c #aj4b #j4i #gd4h #j4c #j4e ,:eat ,bread #ce4f #g4a #j4b #ee4e #j4c #a4a ,rye ,fl\r #ac4g #aa4e #b4a #fi4g #a4f #a4d ,rye bread #db4c #f4a #j4d #di4b #j4e #a4e ,rice #ac4a #g4j #j4i #gg4d #j4f #a4j ,corn #ac4a #i4i #d4f #fh4d #b4e #a4e ,mac>oni #aj4a #i4j #j4c #gi4j #j4c #j4e ,peas & ,beans #ab-ae #bc-bf #a-b #di-ed #d4g #b-c ,potatoes #ge4e #b4j #j4b #bj4f #j4g #a4j ,c>rots #hg4a #a4j #j4b #i4c #a4d #j4i ,cabbage #ij #b4c #j4e #d-f #a-b #a4c ,fruit #hd #j4e -- #aj #d #j4e ,*eese is ! nitrog5\s "p ( milk1 :i* has be5 coagulat$ by ! use ( r5net4 ,! curd is !n c>efully dri$1 salt$1 & press$4 ,*eese is sometimes difficult ( dige/ion1 z on acc\nt ( its solid =m x is n easily act$ ^u by ! dige/ive fluids4 #ajh4 ,meats4 ,! fle% ( animals is "o ( our ma9 s\rces ( food4 ,conta9+ a l>ge am\nt ( proteid1 x is admirably adapt$ = build+ up & repair+ ! tissues ( ! body4 ,! proportion ( wat] is also high1 v>y+ f #ej to #ge p] c5t4 ,! mo/ common meats us$ 9 ?is c\ntry are beef1 mutton1 veal1 pork1 p\ltry1 & game4 ,beef conta9s less fat & is m nutriti\s ?an ei!r mutton or pork4 ,mutton has a f9e flavor & is easily dige/$4 ,veal & lamb1 ?\gh m t5d]1 are less easily dige/$4 ,pork conta9s mu* fat1 & its fib] is h>d1 s t x is ! mo/ difficult to dige/ ( all ! meats4 ,p\ltry & game h usually a small proportion ( fat1 b are ri* 9 phosphates & are valu$ = _! flavor4 #aji4 ,eggs4 ,consi/+ ( ab\t two-?irds wat] & ! re/ album5 & fat1 eggs are (t5 spok5 ( z typical natural food4 ,! :ite ( an egg is *iefly album51 ) traces ( fat & salt2 ! yolk is l>gely fat & salts4 ,! yell[ color is due p>tly to sulphur4 ,x is ?is :i* black5s a silv] spoon4 ,eggs furni% a conv5i5t & conc5trat$ food1 & if prop]ly cook$ are readily dige/$4 #aaj4 ,fi%4 ,fi% =ms an important & a mo/ nutriti\s article ( diet1 z x conta9s almo/ z mu* n\ri%m5t z but*]'s meat4 ,! fi%-eat+ races & classes are rem>kably /rong & heal?y4 ,fi% is less /imulat+ ?an meat1 & is ?us valuable z a food = invalids & dyspeptics4 ,to be at its be/1 fi% %\ld be eat5 9 its season4 ,z a rule %ell-fi%1 except oy/]s1 are n v dige/ible4 ,"s p]sons are unable to eat c]ta9 k9ds ( fi%1 especially %ell-fi%1 )\t eruptions on ! sk9 & o!r symptoms ( mild poison+4 #aaa4 ,vegetable ,foods4 ,?is is a l>ge & important gr\p ( foods1 & embraces a rem>kable numb] ( diff]5t k9ds ( diet4 ,vegetable foods include ! c]eals1 g>d5 vegetables1 ! fruits1 & o!r less important articles4 ,^! foods supply a c]ta9 quantity ( album5 & fat1 b _! *ief use is to furni% />*es1 sug>s1 acids1 & salts4 ,! vegetable foods indirectly supply ! body ) a l>ge am\nt ( wat]1 :i* !y absorb 9 cook+4 #aab4 ,proteid ,vegetable ,foods4 ,! mo/ important proteid vegetable foods are ^? d]iv$ f ! gra9s ( c]eals & c]ta9 legum9\s se$s1 z peas & beans4 ,! gra9s :5 gr\nd make ! v>i\s fl\rs or meals4 ,!y conta9 a l>ge quantity ( />*1 a proteid sub/ance peculi> to !m call$ glut51 & m9]al salts1 especially phosphate ( lime4 ,peas & beans conta9 a small] proportion ( />*1 b m proteid matt]1 call$ legum91 or vegetable case94 ,( ! c]eal foods1 :eat is t mo/ g5]ally useful4 ,:eat1 & corn & oatmeal =m mo/ important articles ( diet4 ,:eat fl\r has />*1 sug>1 & glut5--ne>ly ev]y?+ to support life except fat4 ,oatmeal is ri* 9 proteids4 ,9 "s c\ntries1 z ,scotl&1 x =ms an important article ( diet1 9 ! =m ( porridge or oatmeal cakes4 ,corn meal is n only ri* 9 nitrog51 b ! proportion ( fat is also l>ge2 h5ce x is a mo/ important & nutriti\s article ( food4 ,rice1 on ! o!r h&1 conta9s less proteids ?an any o!r c]eal gra91 & is ! lea/ nutriti\s4 ,:]e us$ z a /aple article ( food1 z 9 ,india1 x is commonly mix$ ) milk1 *eese1 or o!r nutriti\s sub/ances4 ,peas & beans1 di/+ui%$ f all o!r vegetables by _! l>ge am\nt ( proteids--excel 9 ?is respect ev5 beef1 mutton1 & fi%4 ,!y take ! place ( meats ) ^? :o believe 9 a vegetable diet4 #aac4 ,non-proteid ,vegetable ,foods4 ,! common potato is ! be/ type ( non-proteid vegetable food4 ,:5 prop]ly cook$ x is easily dige/$ & makes an excell5t food4 ,x conta9s ab\t #ge p] c5t ( wat]1 ab\t #bj p] c5t ( c>bohydrates1 *iefly />*1 #b p] c5t ( proteids1 & a little fat & sal9e matt]s4 ,b be+ defici5t 9 fle%-=m+ mat]ials1 x is unfit = an exclusive food1 b is be/ us$ ) milk1 meat1 & o!r foods ri*] 9 proteid sub/ances4 ,sweet potatoes1 ( late ye>s ext5sively us$ z food1 are ri* 9 />* & sug>4 ,arr[root1 sago1 tapioca1 & simil> foods are nutriti\s1 & easily dige/$1 & ) milk furni% excell5t articles ( diet1 especially = invalids & *ildr54 ,explanation ( ! ,graphic ,*>t4 ,! graphic *>t1 on ! next page1 pres5ts 9 a succ9ct & easily und]/ood =m ! composition ( food mat]ials z !y are b\ght 9 ! m>ket1 includ+ ! edible & non-edible portions4 ,x has be5 cond5s$ f ,dr4 ,w4 ,o4 ,atwat]'s valuable monograph on ,foods & ,diet4 ,?is "w is kn[n z ! ,ye>book ( ! ,u4,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture = #ahid4 ,,key3 #a1 p]c5tage ( nutri5ts2 #b1 fuel value ( #a p\nd 9 calories4 ,! unit ( heat1 call$ a calorie1 or gramme-degree1 is ! am\nt ( heat :i* is necess>y to raise "o gramme 7#ae4dc gra9s7 ( wat] "o degree c5tigrade 7#a4h ,fahr474 ,a1 r\nd beef2 ,b1 sirlo9 beef2 ,c1 rib beef2 ,d1 leg ( mutton2 ,e1 sp>e rib ( pork2 ,f1 salt pork2 ,g1 smok$ ham2 ,h1 fre% codfi%2 ,i1 oy/]s2 ,j1 milk2 ,k1 butt]2 ,l1 *eese2 ,m1 eggs2 ,n1 :eat bread2 ,o1 corn meal2 ,p1 oatmeal2 ,q1 dri$ beans2 ,r1 rice2 ,s1 potatoes2 ,t1 sug>4 ,?is table1 among o!r ?+s1 %[s t ! fle% ( fi% conta9s m wat] ?an t ( w>m-blood$ animals4 ,x may also be se5 t animal foods conta9 ! mo/ wat]2 & vegetable foods1 except potatoes1 ! mo/ nutri5ts4 ,proteids & fats exi/ only 9 small proportions 9 mo/ vegetables1 except beans & oatmeal4 ,vegetable foods are ri* 9 c>bohydrates :ile meats conta9 none4 ,! fatt] ! meat ! less ! am\nt ( wat]4 ,?us v lean meat may be almo/ f\r-fif?s wat]1 & fat pork almo/ "o-t5? wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de4--;,graphic ,*>t ( ! ,composition ( ,food ,mat]ials4 ,composition ( ,food ,mat]ials4 ,nutritive +r$i5ts1 refuse1 & fuel value4 #aad4 ,non-proteid ,animal ,foods4 ,butt] is "o ( ! mo/ dige/ible ( animal fats1 agreeable & delicate 9 flavor1 & is on ?is acc\nt mu* us$ z a :olesome food4 ,v>i\s sub/itutes h rec5tly come into use4 ,^! are all made f animal fat1 *iefly t ( beef1 & are kn[n z butt]9e1 oleom>g>9e1 & by o!r trade names4 ,^! prep>ations1 if prop]ly made1 are :olesome1 & may be useful sub/itutes = butt]1 f :i* !y diff] b little 9 composition4 #aae4 ,g>d5 ,vegetables4 ,v>i\s gre51 fre%1 & succul5t vegetables =m an ess5tial "p ( our diet4 ,!y are ( importance n s mu* on acc\nt ( _! nutriti\s elem5ts1 :i* are usually small1 z = ! salts !y supply1 especially ! salts ( pota%4 ,x is a well-kn[n fact t ! cont9u$ use ( a diet f :i* fre% vegetables are exclud$ leads to a disease kn[n z scurvy4 ,!y are also us$ = ! agreeable flavor possess$ by _m1 & ! pleasant v>iety & reli% !y give to ! food4 ,! undige/$ residue left by all gre5 vegetables af=ds a useful /imulus to inte/9al contraction1 & t5ds to promote ! regul> action ( ! b[els4 #aaf4 ,fruits4 ,a great v>iety ( fruits1 bo? fre% & dry1 is us$ z food1 or z luxuries4 ,!y are ( little nutritive value1 conta9+1 z !y d1 mu* wat] & only a small am\nt ( proteid1 b are ( use *iefly = ! sug>1 vegetable acids1 & salts !y conta94 ,9 mod]ate quantity1 fruits are a useful addition to our regul> diet4 ,!y are cool+ & refre%+1 ( agreeable flavor1 & t5d to prev5t con/ipation4 ,_! flavor & juic9ess s]ve to /imulate a weak appetite & to give v>iety to an o!rwise heavy diet4 ,if eat5 9 excess1 especially 9 an unripe or an ov]ripe /ate1 fruits may occasion a di/urbance ( ! /oma* & b[els1 (t5 ( a sev]e =m4 #aag4 ,condim5ts4 ,! ref9em5ts ( cook]y z well z ! crav+ ( ! appetite1 dem& _m articles :i* _c be class$ /rictly z foods4 ,!y are call$ condim5ts1 & z su* may be us$ 9 mod]ation4 ,!y give flavor & reli% to food1 excite appetite & promote dige/ion4 ,condim5ts increase ! pleasure ( eat+1 & by _! /imulat+ prop]ties promote secretions ( ! dige/ive fluids & excite ! muscul> contractions ( ! alim5t>y canal4 ,! well-kn[n condim5ts are salt1 v9eg>1 pepp]1 g+]1 nutmeg1 cloves1 & v>i\s sub/ances conta9+ e!real oils & aromatics4 ,_! excessive use is calculat$ to excite irritation & disord] ( ! dige/ive organs4 #aah4 ,salt ,! mo/ important & ext5sively us$ ( ! condim5ts is common salt4 ,x exi/s 9 all ord9>y articles ( diet1 b 9 quantities n suffici5t to meet ! wants ( ! bodily tissues4 ,h5ce x is add$ to _m articles ( food4 ,x improves _! flavor1 promotes c]ta9 dige/ive secretions1 & meets ! nutritive dem&s ( ! body4 ,! use ( salt seems bas$ ^u an in/9ctive dem& ( ! sy/em = some?+ necess>y = ! full p]=mance ( its functions4 ,food )\t salt1 h[ev] nutriti\s 9 o!r respects1 is tak5 ) reluctance & dige/$ ) difficulty4 ,salt has always play$ an important & picturesque "p 9 ! hi/ory ( dietetics4 ,ref]5ce to its wor? & necessity ab\nds 9 sacr$ & pr(ane hi/ory4 ,9 anci5t times1 salt 0 ! fir/ ?+ plac$ on ! table & ! la/ remov$4 ,! place at ! long table1 above or bel[ ! salt1 indicat$ rank4 ,x 0 ev]y:]e ! emblem ( hospitality4 ,9 p>ts ( ,africa x is s sc>ce t x is wor? its weight 9 gold1 & is actually us$ z money4 ,torture 0 inflict$ ^u prison]s ( /ate 9 old5 times by limit+ ! food to wat] & bread1 )\t salt4 ,s int5se may ?is crav+ = salt become1 t m5 h (t5 risk$ _! lib]ty & ev5 _! lives to obta9 x4 #aai4 ,wat]4 ,! mo/ important natural bev]age is pure wat]2 9 fact x is ! only "o requir$4 ,man has1 h[ev]1 f ! e>lie/ times pref]r$ & daily us$ a v>iety ( artificial dr9ks1 among :i* are tea1 c(fee1 & cocoa4 ,all bev]ages except c]ta9 /rong alcoholic liquors1 consi/ almo/ entirely ( wat]4 ,x is a l>ge elem5t ( solid foods1 & our bodies are made up to a great ext5t ( wat]4 ,ev]y?+ tak5 into ! circulat+ fluids ( ! body1 or elim9at$ f !m1 is done ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( wat]4 ,z a solv5t x is indisp5sable 9 all ! activities ( ! body4 ,x has be5 e/imat$ t an av]age-siz$ adult loses by means ( ! lungs1 sk91 & kidneys ab\t eighty ounces ( wat] e tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,to re/ore ?is loss ab\t f\r p9ts mu/ be tak5 daily4 ,ab\t "o p9t ( ?is is obta9$ f ! food we eat1 ! rema9+ ?ree p9ts be+ tak5 z dr9k4 ,"o ( ! be/ ways ( supply+ wat] to ! body is by dr9k+ x 9 its pure /ate1 :5 its solv5t prop]ties c be completely utiliz$4 ,! am\nt ( wat] consum$ dep5ds l>gely ^u ! am\nt ( "w p]=m$ by ! body1 & ^u ! temp]ature4 ,be+ "o ( ! ess5tial elem5ts ( ! body1 x is highly important t wat] %\ld be free f h>mful impurities4 ,if x conta9 ! g]ms ( disease1 sickness may foll[ its use4 ,)\t d\bt ! mo/ important factor 9 ! spread ( disease is1 ) ! exception ( impure air1 impure wat]4 ,! *ief ag5t 9 ! spread ( typhoid fev] is impure wat]4 ,s ) *ol]a1 ! evid5ce is ov]:elm+ t fil?y wat] is an all-p[]ful ag5t 9 ! spread ( ?is t]rible disease4 #abj4 ,tea1 ,c(fee1 & ,cocoa4 ,! active pr9ciple ( tea is call$ !9e2 t ( c(fee1 caffe9e1 & ( cocoa1 !obrom9e4 ,!y also conta9 an aromatic1 volatile oil1 to :i* !y owe _! di/9ctive flavor4 ,tea & c(fee also conta9 an a/r+5t call$ tann91 :i* gives ! peculi> bitt] ta/e to ! infusions :5 /eep$ too long4 ,9 cocoa1 ! fat kn[n z cocoa butt] am\nts to fifty p] c5t4 #aba4 ,tea4 ,x has be5 e/imat$ t "o-half ( ! human race n[ use tea1 ei!r habitually or occasionally4 ,its use is a prolific s\rce ( indige/ion1 palpitation ( ! he>t1 p]si/5t wakefulness1 & ( o!r disord]s4 ,:5 us$ at all x %\ld be only 9 mod]ation4 ,p]sons :o _c use x )\t feel+ its hurtful effects1 %\ld leave x alone4 ,x %\ld n be tak5 on an empty /oma*1 nor sipp$ aft] e m\?ful ( food4 #abb4 ,c(fee4 ,c(fee (t5 di/urbs ! rhy?m ( ! he>t & causes palpitation4 ,tak5 at night1 c(fee (t5 causes wakefulness4 ,?is effect is s well kn[n t x is (t5 employ$ to prev5t sleep4 ,immod]ate use ( /rong c(fee may produce o!r toxic effects1 su* z muscul> tremors1 n]v\s anxiety1 sick-heada*e1 palpitation1 & v>i\s uncom=table feel+s 9 ! c>diac region4 ,"s p]sons _c dr9k ev5 a small am\nt ( tea or c(fee )\t ^! unpleasant effects4 ,^! favorite bev]ages are unsuitable = "y p4 #abc4 ,cocoa4 ,! bev]age kn[n z cocoa comes f ! se$s ( ! cocoa-tree1 :i* are roa/$ l ! c(fee b]ries to develop ! aroma4 ,*ocolate is manufactur$ cocoa1--sug> & flavors be+ add$ to ! prep>$ se$s4 ,*ocolate is a conv5i5t & palatable =m ( highly nutriti\s food4 ,= ^? ) :om tea & c(fee disagree1 x may be an agreeable bev]age4 ,! l>ge quantity ( fat :i* x conta9s1 h[ev]1 (t5 causes x to be some:at indige/ible4 #abd4 ,alcoholic ,bev]ages4 ,!re is a class ( liquids :i* are c]ta9ly n prop]ly food or dr9k1 b be+ s commonly us$ z bev]ages1 !y seem to require special notice 9 ?is *apt]4 ,9 view ( ! great v>iety ( alcoholic bev]ages1 ! preval5ce ( _! use1 & ! v rem>kable delet]i\s effects !y produce ^u ! bodily organism1 !y imp]atively dem& our mo/ c>eful att5tion1 bo? f a physiological & an hygi5ic po9t ( view4 #abe4 ,nature ( ,alcohol4 ,! ceaseless action ( m9ute =ms ( plant life1 9 br++ ab\t ! decomposition ( ! elaborat$ products ( organiz$ plant or animal /ructures1 w be describ$ 9 m detail 7secs4 #cid-cih74 ,all su* "w ( vegetable organisms1 :e!r go+ on 9 ! m\ld+ *eese1 9 ! s\r+ ( milk1 9 putrefy+ meat1 9 rott+ fruit1 or 9 decompos+ fruit juice1 is ess5tially "o ( f]m5tation1 caus$ by ^! m9ute =ms ( plant life4 ,!re are _m k9ds ( f]m5tation1 ea* ) its own special =m ( m9ute plant life or micro-organism4 ,9 ?is section we are m especially conc]n$ ab\t t f]m5tation :i* results f ! decomposition ( sweet fruit1 plant1 or o!r vegetable1 juices :i* are compos$ l>gely ( wat] conta9+ sug> & flavor+ matt]s4 ,?is special =m ( f]m5tation is kn[n z alcoholic or v9\s f]m5tation1 & ! micro-organisms t cause x are famili>ly t]m$ alcoholic f]m5ts4 ,! botani/ classes !m z ,sac*>omycetes1 ( :i* !re are sev]al v>ieties4 ,g]ms ( ,sac*>omycetes are f\nd on ! surfaces & /ems ( fruit z x is rip5+4 ,:ile ! fruit rema9s :ole ^! g]ms h no p[] to invade ! juice1 & ev5 :5 ! sk9s are brok5 ! conditions are less favorable = _! "w ?an = t ( ! m\lds1#ah :i* are ! cause ( ! rott+ ( fruit4 ,b :5 fruit is cru%$ & its juice press$ out1 ! ,sac*>omycetes are c>ri$ into x :]e !y _c get ! oxyg5 !y ne$ f ! air4 ,!y are !n able to obta9 oxyg5 by tak+ x f ! sug> ( ! juice4 ,by s do+ !y cause a break+ up ( ! sug> & a re>rangem5t ( its elem5ts4 ,two new sub/ances are =m$ 9 ?is decomposition ( sug>1 viz41 c>bon dioxid1 :i* arises f ! liquid 9 t9y bubbles1 & alcohol1 a poison :i* rema9s 9 ! f]m5t+ fluid4 ,n[ we mu/ rememb] t f]m5tation entirely *anges ! nature ( ! sub/ance f]m5t$4 ,= all =ms ( decomposition ?is "o law holds good4 ,be=e alcoholic f]m5tation1 ! fruit juice 0 :olesome & b5eficial2 aft] f]m5tation1 x becomes1 by ! action ( ! m9ute g]ms1 a poison\s liquid kn[n z alcohol1 & :i* =ms an ess5tial "p ( all intoxicat+ bev]ages4 ,tak+ advantage ( ?is great law ( f]m5tation :i* dom9ates ! realm ( nature1 man has devis$ means to manufacture v>i\s alcoholic bev]ages f a great v>iety ( plant /ructures1 z ripe grapes1 pe>s1 apples1 & o!r fruits1 cane juices1 corn1 ! malt ( b>ley1 rye1 :eat1 & o!r c]eals4 ,! process diff]s accord+ to ! sub/ance us$ & ! mann] 9 :i* x is treat$1 b ! ultimate outcome is always ! same1 viz41 ! manufacture ( a bev]age conta9+ a great] or less proportion ( alcoholic poison4 ,by ! process ( di/illation1 new & /rong] liquor is made4 ,bev]ages ?us di/ill$ are kn[n z ard5t spirits4 ,br&y is di/ill$ f w9e1 rum f f]m5t$ molasses1 & comm]cial alcohol mo/ly f :iskey4 ,! poison\s elem5t 9 all =ms ( intoxicat+ dr9ks1 & ! "o s fraught ) dang] to ! bodily tissues1 is ! alcohol !y conta94 ,! proportion ( ! alcoholic +r$i5t v>ies1 be+ ab\t #ej p] c5t 9 br&y1 :iskey1 & rum1 ab\t #bj to #ae p] c5t 9 w9es1 d[n to #e p] c5t1 or less1 9 ! v>i\s be]s & cid]2 b :e!r ! proportion ( alcohol be m or less1 ! same elem5t ( dang] is always pres5t4 #abf4 ,effects ( ,alcoholic ,bev]ages ^u ! ,human ,sy/em4 ,"o ( ! mo/ common alcoholic bev]ages is w9e1 made f ! juice ( grapes4 ,z ! juice fl[s f ! cru%$ fruit ! f]m5ts are wa%$ f ! sk9s & /ems into ! vat4 ,"h !y bud & multiply rapidly1 produc+ alcohol4 ,9 a few h\rs ! juice t 0 sweet & :olesome :ile 9 ! grape is *ang$ to a poison\s liquid1 capable ( injur+ :oev] dr9ks x4 ,"o ( ! grave/ dang]s ( w9e-dr9k+ is ! p[] :i* ! alcohol 9 x has to create a ?ir/ :i* dem&s m alcohol4 ,! spread ( alcoholism 9 w9e-mak+ c\ntries is an illu/ration ( ?is fact4 ,ano!r alcoholic bev]age1 common 9 apple-gr[+ di/ricts1 is cid]4 ,until ! microscope reveal$ ! f]m5t g]m on ! bloom ( ! apple-sk91 v little 0 kn[n ( ! *anges produc$ 9 cid] dur+ ! my/]i\s process ( work+4 ,n[1 :5 we see ! bubbles ( gas 9 ! glass ( cid] we "k :at has produc$ !m1 & we "k too t a poison :i* we d n see is !re also 9 correspond+ am\nts4 ,we h le>n$1 too1 to trace ! wreck$ hopes ( _m a f>m]'s family to ! alcohol 9 ! cid] :i* he provid$ s freely1 suppos+ x h>mless4 ,be] & o!r malt liquors are made f gra94 ,by spr\t+ ! gra91 :i* *anges its />* to sug>1 & !n dissolv+ out ! sug> ) wat]1 a sweet liquid is obta9$ :i* is f]m5t$ ) yea/1 "o k9d ( alcoholic f]m5t4 ,"s k9ds ( be] conta9 only a small p]c5tage ( alcohol1 b ^! are usually drunk 9 proportionately l>ge am\nts4 ,! life insurance company f9ds ! be] dr9k] a prec>i\s risk2 ! surgeon f9ds him an unpromis+ subject2 ! crim9al c\rt f9ds him conspicu\s 9 its proce$+s4 ,! unit$ te/imony f all ^! s\rces is t be] is demoraliz+1 m5tally1 morally1 & physically4 #abg4 ,cook+4 ,! process ?r\gh :i* ne>ly all food us$ by civiliz$ man has to pass be=e x is eat5 is kn[n z cook+4 ,v few articles inde$ are consum$ 9 _! natural /ate1 ! exceptions be+ eggs1 milk1 oy/]s1 fruit & a few vegetables4 ,man is ! only animal t cooks 8 food4 ,al?\gh !re are savage races t h no k ( cook+1 civiliz$ man inv>iably cooks mo/ ( 8 food4 ,x seems to be true t z nations advance 9 civilization !y make a proportionate advance 9 ! art ( cook+4 ,cook+ answ]s mo/ important purposes 9 connection ) our food1 especially f its influ5ce ^u heal?4 ,x enables food to be m readily *ew$1 & m easily dige/$4 ,?us1 a piece ( meat :5 raw is t\gh & t5aci\s1 b if cook$ ! fib]s lose mu* ( _! t\ghness1 :ile ! connective tissues are *ang$ into a s(t & jelly-l mass4 ,besides1 ! meat is mu* m readily ma/icat$ & act$ ^u by ! dige/ive fluids4 ,s cook+ makes vegetables & gra9s s(t]1 loos5s _! /ructure1 & enables ! dige/ive juices readily to p5etrate _! sub/ance4 ,cook+ also improves or develops flavors 9 food1 especially 9 animal foods1 & ?us makes !m attractive & pleasant to ! palate4 ,! appe>ance ( uncook$ meat1 = example1 is repulsive to our ta/e1 b by ! process ( cook+1 agreeable flavors are develop$ :i* /imulate ! appetite & ! fl[ ( dige/ive fluids4 ,ano!r important use ( cook+ is t x kills any m9ute p>asites or g]ms 9 ! raw food4 ,! safegu>d ( cook+ ?us effectually removes "s important causes ( disease4 ,! w>m? t cook+ imp>ts to food is a matt] ( no slight importance2 = w>m food is m readily dige/$1 & !re=e n\ri%es ! body m quickly4 ,! art ( cook+ plays a v important "p 9 ! matt] ( heal?1 & ?us ( com=t & happ9ess4 ,badly cook$ & ill-assort$ foods are (t5 ! cause ( s]i\s disord]s4 ,m]e cook+ is n en\gh1 b good cook+ is ess5tial4 ,exp]im5ts4 ,exp]im5ts ) ! ,proteids4 ,exp]im5t #ca4 ,z a type ( ! gr\p ( proteids we take ! :ite ( egg1 egg-:ite or egg-album54 ,break an egg c>efully1 s z n to mix ! :ite ) ! yolk4 ,drop ab\t half a teaspoonful ( ! raw :ite ( egg into half a p9t ( di/ill$ wat]4 ,beat ! mixture vigor\sly ) a glass rod until x fro?s freely4 ,filt] ?r\gh sev]al folds ( musl9 until a fairly cle> solution is obta9$4 ,exp]im5t #cb4 ,to a small quantity ( ?is solution 9 a te/ tube add /rong nitric acid1 & boil4 ,note ! =mation ( a :ite precipitate1 :i* turns yell[4 ,aft] cool+1 add ammonia1 & note t ! precipitate becomes orange4 ,exp]im5t #cc4 ,add to ! solution ( egg-album51 excess ( /rong solution ( cau/ic soda 7or pota%71 & !n a drop or two ( v dilute solution 7"o p] c5t7 ( copp] sulphate4 ,a violet color is obta9$ :i* deep5s on boil+4 ,exp]im5t #cd4 ,boil a small portion ( ! album5 solution 9 a te/ tube1 add+ drop by drop dilute acetic acid 7two p] c5t7 until a flaky coagulum ( insoluble album5 sep>ates4 ,exp]im5ts ) ,/>*4 ,exp]im5t #ce4 ,wa% a potato & peel x4 ,grate x on a nutmeg grat] into a tall cyl9drical glass full ( wat]4 ,all[ ! susp5d$ p>ticles to subside1 & aft] a "t note ! deposit4 ,! l[e/ lay] consi/s ( a :ite p[d]1 or />*1 & above x lie co>s] fragm5ts ( cellulose & o!r matt]s4 ,exp]im5t #cf4 ,exam9e "u ! microscope a bit ( ! above :ite deposit4 ,note t ea* />* granule %[s an ecc5tric hilum ) conc5tric m>k+s4 ,add a few drops ( v dilute solution ( iod9e4 ,ea* granule becomes blue1 :ile ! m>k+s become m di/9ct4 ,exp]im5t #cg4 ,exam9e a few ( ! _m v>ieties ( o!r k9ds ( />* granules1 z 9 rice1 arr[root1 etc4 ,press "s dry />* p[d] betwe5 ! ?umb & =ef+]1 & note ! peculi> crepitation4 ,exp]im5t #ch4 ,rub a few bits ( />* 9 a little cold wat]4 ,put a little ( ! mixture 9 a l>ge te/ tube1 & !n fill ) boil+ wat]4 ,boil until an imp]fect opalesc5t solution is obta9$4 ,exp]im5t #ci4 ,add p[d]$ dry />* to cold wat]4 ,x is insoluble4 ,filt] & te/ ! filtrate ) iod9e4 ,x gives no blue color4 ,exp]im5t #dj4 ,boil a little />* ) wat]2 if !re is en\gh />* x sets on cool+ & a pa/e results4 ,exp]im5t #da4 ,moi/5 "s fl\r ) wat] until x =ms a t\gh1 t5aci\s d\gh2 tie x 9 a piece ( cotton clo?1 & knead x 9 a vessel conta9+ wat] until all ! />* is sep>at$4 ,!re rema9s on ! clo? a grayi% :ite1 /icky1 ela/ic glut51 made up ( album51 "s ( ! a%1 & fats4 ,draw out "s ( ! glut5 into ?reads1 & obs]ve its t5aci\s "*4 ,exp]im5t #db4 ,%ake up a little fl\r ) e!r 9 a te/ tube1 ) a tight-fitt+ cork4 ,all[ ! mixture to /& = an h\r1 %ak+ x f "t to "t4 ,filt] (f ! e!r1 & place "s ( x on a p]fectly clean wat* glass4 ,all[ ! e!r to evaporate1 :5 a greasy /a9 w be left1 ?us %[+ ! pres5ce ( fats 9 ! fl\r4 ,exp]im5t #dc4 ,secure a specim5 ( ! v>i\s k9ds ( fl\r1 & meal1 peas1 beans1 rice1 tapioca1 potato1 etc4 ,boil a small quantity ( ea* 9 a te/ tube = "s m9utes4 ,put a bit ( ea* ?us cook$ on a :ite plate1 & p\r on x two or ?ree drops ( ! t9cture ( iod9e4 ,note ! v>i\s *anges ( color1--blue1 gre5i%1 orange1 or yell[i%4 ,exp]im5ts ) ,milk4 ,exp]im5t #dd4 ,use fre% c['s milk4 ,exam9e ! nak$-eye "* ( ! milk4 ,te/ its reaction ) litmus pap]4 ,x is usually neutral or slightly alkal9e4 ,exp]im5t #de4 ,exam9e ) ! microscope a drop ( milk1 not+ num]\s small1 highly refractive oil globules float+ 9 a fluid4 ,exp]im5t #df4 ,dilute "o ounce ( milk ) t5 times its volume ( wat]4 ,add cauti\sly dilute acetic acid until !re is a copi\s1 granul>-look+ precipitate ( ! *ief proteid ( milk 7case9og571 =m]ly reg>d$ z a d]iv$ album54 ,?is action is ha/5$ by heat+4 ,exp]im5t #dg4 ,saturate milk ) ,epsom salts1 or common salt4 ,! proteid & fat sep>ate1 rise to ! surface1 & leave a cle> fluid b5ea?4 ,exp]im5t #dh4 ,place "s milk 9 a bas92 heat x to ab\t #ajj ,f41 & add a few drops ( acetic acid4 ,! mass curdles & sep>ates into a solid curd 7proteid & fat7 & a cle> fluid 7! :ey71 :i* conta9s ! lactose4 ,exp]im5t #di4 ,take "o or two teaspoonfuls ( fre% milk 9 a te/ tube2 heat x1 & add a small quantity ( extract ( r5net4 ,note t ! :ole mass curdles 9 a few m9utes1 s t ! tube c be inv]t$ )\t ! curd fall+ out4 ,soon ! curd %r9ks1 & squeezes out a cle>1 slightly yell[i% fluid1 ! :ey4 ,exp]im5t #ej4 ,boil ! milk z be=e1 & all[ x to cool2 !n add r5net4 ,no coagulation w probably take place4 ,x is m difficult to coagulate boil$ milk ) r5net ?an unboil$ milk4 ,exp]im5t #ea4 ,te/ fre% milk ) r$ litmus pap]2 x %\ld turn ! pap] pale blue1 %[+ t x is slightly alkal9e4 ,place aside = a day or two1 & !n te/ ) blue litmus pap]2 x w be f\nd to be acid4 ,?is is due to ! fact t lactose und]goes ! lactic acid f]m5tation4 ,! lactose is conv]t$ into lactic acid by means ( a special f]m5t4 ,exp]im5t #eb4 ,evaporate a small quantity ( milk to dryness 9 an op5 di%4 ,aft] ! dry residue is obta9$1 cont9ue to apply heat2 obs]ve t x *>s & gives (f pung5t gases4 ,raise ! temp]ature until x is r$ hot2 all[ ! di% !n to cool2 a f9e :ite a% w be left beh9d4 ,?is repres5ts ! inorganic matt] ( ! milk4 ,exp]im5ts ) ! ,sug>s4 ,exp]im5t #ec4 ,cane sug> is famili> z cook+ & table sug>4 ,! little :ite gra9s f\nd ) rais9s are grape sug>1 or glucose4 ,milk sug> is readily obta9$ ( ! druggi/4 ,prep>e a solution ( ! v>i\s sug>s by dissolv+ a small quantity ( ea* 9 wat]4 ,heat ea* solution ) sulphuric acid1 & x is se5 to d>k5 or *> sl[ly4 ,exp]im5t #ed4 ,place "s ,fehl+ solution 7:i* c be readily obta9$ at ! drug /ore z a solution1 or tablets may be b\ght :i* answ] ! same purpose7 9 a te/ tube1 & boil4 ,if no yell[ discoloration takes place1 x is 9 good condition4 ,add a few drops ( ! grape sug> solution & boil1 :5 ! mixture sudd5ly turns to an opaque yell[ or r$ color4 ,exp]im5t #ee4 ,repeat same exp]im5t ) milk sug>4 ,*apt] ,,vi4 ,dige/ion4 #abh4 ,! ,purpose ( ,dige/ion4 ,z we h le>n$1 our bodies are subject to cont9ual wa/e1 due bo? to ! we> & te> ( _! sub/ance1 & to ! consumption ( mat]ial = ! production ( _! heat & en]gy4 ,! wa/e occurs 9 no "o "p alone1 b 9 all ! tissues4 ,n[1 ! blood comes into direct contact ) e "o ( ^! tissues4 ,! ultimate cells :i* =m ! tissues are con/antly be+ ba!d by ! myriads ( m9ute blood-vessels :i* br+ to ! cells ! raw mat]ial ne$$ = _! cont9u$ r5ewal4 ,^! cells are able to select f ! nutritive fluid :atev] !y require to repair _! wa/e1 & to provide = _! r5ew$ activity4 ,at ! same "t1 ! blood1 z x ba!s ! tissues1 sweeps into its curr5t & be>s away ! products ( wa/e4 ,?us ! wa/e occurs 9 ! tissues & ! means ( repair are obta9$ f ! blood4 ,! blood is ?us cont9ually be+ impov]i%$ by hav+ its n\ri%m5t dra9$ away4 ,h[1 !n1 is ! effici5cy ( ! blood ma9ta9$8 ,! answ] is t :ile ! ultimate purpose ( ! food is = ! repair ( ! wa/e1 its imm$iate de/9ation is ! blood4#ai #abi4 ,absorption ( ,food by ! ,blood4 ,h[ does ! food pass f ! cavity ( ! /oma* & inte/9al canal into ! blood-vessels8 ,!re are no visible op5+s :i* p]mit communication4 ,x is done by :at 9 physics is kn[n z endosmotic & exosmotic action4 ,t is1 :5ev] !re are two solutions ( diff]5t d5sities1 sep>at$ only by an animal membrane1 an int]*ange w take place betwe5 !m ?r\gh ! membrane4 ,to illu/rate3 9 ! walls ( ! /oma* & inte/9es !re is a network ( m9ute vessels fill$ ) blood1--a liquid conta9+ _m sub/ances 9 solution4 ,! /oma* & inte/9al canal also conta9 liquid food1 hold+ _m sub/ances 9 solution4 ,a membrane1 made up ( ! extremely ?9 walls ( ! blood-vessels & inte/9es1 sep>ates ! liquids4 ,an ex*ange takes place betwe5 ! blood & ! cont5ts ( ! /oma* & b[els1 by :i* ! dissolv$ sub/ances ( food pass ?r\gh ! sep>at+ membranes into ! blood4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df4--;,cavities ( ! ,m\?1 ,ph>ynx1 etc4 7,section 9 ! middle l9e design$ to %[ ! m\? 9 its relations to ! nasal foss1 ! ph>ynx1 & ! l>ynx47 ,a1 sph5oidal s9us2 ,b1 int]nal orifice ( ,eu/a*ian tube2 ,c1 velum palati2 ,d1 ant]ior pill> ( s(t palate2 ,e1 po/]ior pill> ( s(t palate2 ,f1 tonsil2 ,h1 l+ual portion ( ! ph>ynx2 ,k1 l[] portion ( ! ph>ynx2 ,l1 l>ynx2 ,m1 section ( hyoid bone2 ,n1 epiglottis2 ,o1 palat9e ar* ,?is *ange1 by :i* food is made ready to pass into ! blood1 con/itutes food-dige/ion1 & ! organs conc]n$ 9 br++ ab\t ?is *ange 9 ! food are ! dige/ive organs4 #acj4 ,! ,g5]al ,plan ( ,dige/ion4 ,x is evid5t t ! dige/ive organs w be simple or complex1 accord+ to ! am\nt ( *ange :i* is necess>y to prep>e ! food to be tak5 up by ! blood4 ,if ! requisite *ange is slight1 ! dige/ive organs w be few1 & _! /ructure simple4 ,b if ! food is v>i$ & complex 9 composition1 ! dige/ive app>atus w be complex4 ,?is condition applies to ! food & ! dige/ion ( man4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg4--;,diagram ( ! ,/ructure ( ,secret+ ,gl&s4 ,a1 simple tubul> gl&2 ,b1 gl& ) m\? %ut & sac =m$2 ,c1 gl& ) a coil$ tube2 ,d1 plan ( "p ( a racemose gl& ,! dige/ive app>atus ( ! human body consi/s ( ! alim5t>y canal & tribut>y organs :i*1 al?\gh outside ( ?is canal1 communicate ) x by ducts4 ,! alim5t>y canal consi/s ( ! m\?1 ! ph>ynx1 ! sophagus1 ! /oma*1 & ! inte/9es4 ,o!r dige/ive organs :i* are tribut>y to ?is canal1 & dis*>ge _! secretions into x1 are ! saliv>y gl&s1#bj ! liv]1 & ! pancreas4 ,! dige/ive process is subdivid$ into ?ree /eps1 :i* take place 9 ! m\?1 9 ! /oma*1 & 9 ! inte/9es4 #aca4 ,! ,m\?4 ,! m\? is ! cavity =m$ by ! lips1 ! *eeks1 ! palate1 & ! tongue4 ,its bony ro( is made up ( ! upp] jawbone on ea* side1 & ! palate bones beh9d4 ,?is is ! h>d palate1 & =ms only ! front portion ( ! ro(4 ,! cont9uation ( ! ro( is call$ ! s(t palate1 & is made up ( muscul> tissue cov]$ ) muc\s membrane4 ,! m\? cont9ues beh9d into ! ?roat1 ! sep>ation betwe5 ! two be+ m>k$ by fle%y pill>s :i* ar* up f ! sides to =m ! s(t palate4 ,9 ! middle ( ?is ar* !re hangs f its free edge a little lobe call$ ! uvula4 ,on ea* side :]e ! pill>s beg9 to ar* is an almond-%ap$ body kn[n z ! tonsil4 ,:5 we take cold1 "o or bo? ( ! tonsils may become inflam$1 & s swoll5 z to ob/ruct ! passage into ! ?roat4 ,! m\? is l9$ ) muc\s membrane1 :i* is cont9u\s ) t ( ! ?roat1 sophagus1 /oma*1 & inte/9es 7,fig4 #ea74 #acb4 ,ma/ication1 or ,*ew+4 ,! fir/ /ep ( ! process ( dige/ion is ma/ication1 ! cutt+ & gr9d+ ( ! food by ! tee?1 effect$ by ! v]tical & lat]al movem5ts ( ! l[] jaw4 ,:ile ! food is ?us be+ cru%$1 x is mov$ to & fro by ! v>i$ movem5ts ( ! tongue1 t e "p ( x may be act$ ^u by ! tee?4 ,! advantage ( ?is is obvi\s4 ,! m f9ely ! food is divid$1 ! m easily w ! dige/ive fluids rea* e "p ( x1 & ! m ?or\ghly & spe$ily w dige/ion ensue4 ,! act ( *ew+ is simple & yet important1 = if hurri$ly or imp]fectly done1 ! food is 9 a condition to cause di/urbance 9 ! dige/ive process4 ,?or\gh ma/ication is a necess>y introduction to ! m complicat$ *anges :i* occur 9 ! lat] dige/ion4 #acc4 ,! ,tee?4 ,! tee? are atta*$ to ! upp] & l[] maxill>y bones by roots :i* s9k into ! sockets ( ! jaws4 ,ea* too? consi/s ( a cr[n1 ! visible "p1 & "o or m fangs1 buri$ 9 ! sockets4 ,!re are 9 adults #cb tee?1 #af 9 ea* jaw4 ,tee? diff] 9 "n accord+ to _! =m & ! uses to :i* !y are specially adapt$4 ,?us1 at ! front ( ! jaws1 ! incisors1 or cutt+ tee?1 numb] eight1 two on ea* side4 ,!y h a s+le root & ! cr[n is bevel$ beh9d1 pres5t+ a *isel-l edge4 ,! incisors divide ! food1 & are well develop$ 9 rod5ts1 z squirrels1 rats1 & beav]s4 ,next come ! can9e tee?1 or cuspids1 two 9 ea* jaw1 s call$ f _! resemblance to ! tee? ( dogs & o!r fle%-eat+ animals4 ,^! tee? h s+le roots1 b _! cr[ns are m po9t$ ?an 9 ! incisors4 ,! upp] two are (t5 call$ eye tee?1 & ! l[] two1 /oma* tee?4 ,next beh9d ! can9es foll[1 on ea* side1 two bicuspids4 ,_! cr[ns are broad1 & !y h two roots4 ,! ?ree h9dmo/ tee? 9 ea* jaw are ! mol>s1 or gr9d]s4 ,^! are broad tee? ) f\r or five po9ts on ea*1 & usually ea* mol> has ?ree roots4 ,! la/ mol>s are kn[n z ! wisdom tee?1 z !y d n usually appe> until ! p]son has rea*$ ! ye>s ( discretion4 ,all animals t live on grass1 hay1 corn1 & ! c]eals g5]ally1 h l>ge gr9d+ tee?1 z ! horse1 ox1 %eep1 & elephant4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! tee? 9 _! ord]3 ,mo4 ,bi4 ,ca4 ,94 ,94 ,ca4 ,bi4 ,mo4 ,upp] #c #b #a #b #b #a #b #c #af #cb ,l[] #c #b #a #b #b #a #b #c #af ,! v]tical l9e indicates ! middle ( ! jaw1 & %[s t on ea* side ( ea* jaw !re are eight tee?4 #acd4 ,developm5t ( ! ,tee?4 ,! tee? j describ$ are ! p]man5t set1 :i* succe$s ! tempor>y or milk tee?4 ,! latt] are tw5ty 9 numb]1 t5 9 ea* jaw1 ( :i* ! f\r 9 ! middle are incisors4 ,! too? beyond on ea* side is an eye too?1 & ! next two on ea* side are bicuspids1 or premol>s4 ,! milk tee? appe> dur+ ! fir/ & second ye>s1 & la/ until ab\t ! six? or sev5? ye>1 f :i* "t until ! twelf? or ?irte5? ye>1 !y are gradually pu%$ out1 "o by "o1 by ! p]man5t tee?4 ,! roots ( ! milk tee? are mu* small] ?an ^? ( ! second set4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh4--,tempor>y & ,p]man5t ,tee? toge!r4 ,tempor>y tee?3 ,a1 c5tral incisors2 ,b lat]al incisors2 ,c1 can9es2 ,d1 ant]ior mol>s2 ,e1 po/]ior mol>s ,p]man5t tee?3 ,f1 c5tral incisors2 ,h1 lat]al incisors2 ,k1 can9es2 ,l1 fir/ bicuspids2 ,m1 second biscuspids2 ,n1 fir/ mol>s ,! plan ( a gradual succession ( tee? is a beautiful provision ( nature1 p]mitt+ ! jaws to increase 9 size1 & pres]v+ ! relative position & regul>ity ( ! successive tee?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di4--,%[+ ! ,pr9cipal ,organs ( ! ,?orax & ,abdom5 9 situ4 7,! pr9cipal muscles are se5 on ! left1 & sup]ficial ve9s on ! "r47 #ace4 ,/ructure ( ! ,tee?4 ,if we %\ld saw a too? d[n ?r\gh its c5t] we w\ld f9d 9 ! int]ior a cavity4 ,?is is ! pulp cavity1 :i* is fill$ ) ! d5tal pulp1 a delicate sub/ance ri*ly suppli$ ) n]ves & blood-vessels1 :i* ent] ! too? by small op5+s at ! po9t ( ! root4 ,! tee? are ?us n\ri%$ l o!r p>ts ( ! body4 ,! exposure ( ! delicate pulp to ! air1 due to ! decay ( ! d5t9e1 gives rise to ! pa9 ( too?a*e4 ,surr\nd+ ! cavity on all sides is ! h>d sub/ance kn[n z ! d5t9e1 or too? ivory4 ,outside ! d5t9e ( ! root is a sub/ance closely resembl+ bone1 call$ cem5t4 ,9 fact1 x is true bone1 b lacks ! ,hav]sian canals4 ,! root is held 9 its socket by a d5se fibr\s membrane :i* surr\nds ! cem5t z ! p]io/eum does bone4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ej4--,section ( ,face4 7,%[+ ! p>otid & submaxill>y gl&s47 ,! cr[n ( ! too? is n cov]$ by cem5t1 b by ! h>d enamel1 :i* =ms a /rong protection = ! expos$ "p4 ,:5 ! tee? are fir/ cut1 ! surface ( ! enamel is coat$ ) a delicate membrane :i* answ]s to ! ,scriptural phrase ! sk9 ( ! tee?4 ,?is is worn (f 9 adult life4 #acf4 ,insalivation4 ,! ?or\gh mixture ( ! saliva ) ! food is call$ insalivation4 ,:ile ! food is be+ *ew$1 x is moi/5$ ) a fluid call$ saliva1 :i* fl[s into ! m\? f six little gl&s4 ,!re are on ea* side ( ! m\? ?ree saliv>y gl&s1 :i* secrete ! saliva f ! blood4 ,! p>otid is situat$ on ! side ( ! face 9 front ( ! e>4 ,! disease1 common 9 *ildhood1 dur+ :i* ?is gl& becomes inflam$ & swoll51 is kn[n z ! mumps4 ,! submaxill>y gl& is plac$ bel[ & to ! inn] side ( ! l[] jaw1 & ! subl+ual is on ! floor ( ! m\?1 betwe5 ! tongue & ! gums4 ,ea* gl& op5s into ! m\? by a little duct4 ,^! gl&s some:at resemble a bun* ( grapes ) a tube = a /alk4 ,! saliva is a colorless liquid )\t ta/e or smell4 ,its pr9cipal elem5t1 besides wat]1 is a f]m5t call$ ptyal91 :i* has ! rem>kable prop]ty ( be+ able to *ange />* into a =m ( cane-sug>1 kn[n z maltose4 ,?us1 :ile ! food is be+ *ew$1 ano!r process is go+ on by :i* />* is *ang$ into sug>4 ,! saliva also moi/5s ! food into a mass = swall[+1 & aids 9 spee* by keep+ ! m\? moi/4 ,! activity ( ! saliv>y gl&s is l>gely regulat$ by _! abundant supply ( n]ves4 ,?us1 ! saliva fl[s into ! m\?1 ev5 at ! sight1 smell1 or ?\ght ( food4 ,?is is popul>ly kn[n z mak+ ! m\? wat]4 ,! fl[ ( saliva may be *eck$ by n]v\s influ5ces1 z sudd5 t]ror & undue anxiety4 ,exp]im5t #ef4 ,to %[ ! action ( saliva on />*4 ,saliva = exp]im5t may be obta9$ by *ew+ a piece ( ,india rubb] & collect+ ! saliva 9 a te/ tube4 ,obs]ve t x is colorless & ei!r transp>5t or transluc5t1 & :5 p\r$ f "o vessel to ano!r is glairy & m or less adhesive4 ,its reaction is alkal9e to litmus pap]4 ,exp]im5t #eg4 ,make a ?9 pa/e f pure />* or arr[root4 ,dilute a little ( ! saliva ) five volumes ( wat]1 & filt] x4 ,?is is be/ done ?r\gh a filt] p]=at$ at its apex by a p9-hole4 ,9 ?is way all air-bubbles are avoid$4 ,label ?ree te/ tubes ,a1 ,b1 & ,c4 ,9 ,a1 place />* pa/e2 9 ,b1 saliva2 & 9 ,c "o volume ( saliva & ?ree volumes ( />* pa/e4 ,place !m = t5 m9utes 9 a wat] ba? at ab\t #ajd ,fahr5heit4 ,te/ portions ( all ?ree = a r$uc+ sug>1 by means ( ,fehl+'s solution or tablets4#ba ,a & ,b give no evid5ce ( sug>1 :ile ,c r$uces ! ,fehl+1 giv+ a yell[ or r$ deposit ( cupr\s oxide4 ,!re=e1 />* is conv]t$ into a r$uc+ sug> by ! saliva4 ,?is is done by ! f]m5t ptyal9 conta9$ 9 saliva4 #acg4 ,! ,ph>ynx & sophagus4 ,! dilat$ upp] "p ( ! alim5t>y canal is call$ ! ph>ynx4 ,x =ms a bl9d sac above ! level ( ! m\?4 ,! m\? op5s directly into ! ph>ynx1 & j above x are two op5+s lead+ into ! po/]ior passages ( ! nose4 ,!re are also little op5+s1 "o on ea* side1 f :i* beg9 ! ,eu/a*ian tubes1 :i* lead upw>d to ! e> cavities4 ,! w9dpipe op5s d[nw>d f ! ph>ynx1 b ?is communication c be %ut (f by a little plate or lid ( c>tilage1 ! epiglottis4 ,dur+ ! act ( swall[+1 ?is closes d[n ov] ! entrance to ! w9dpipe1 l a lid1 & prev5ts ! food f pass+ into ! air-passages4 ,?is t9y trap-door c be se51 by ! aid ( a mirror1 if we op5 ! m\? wide & press d[n ! back ( ! tongue ) ! h&le ( a spoon 7,figs4 #df1 #hd1 & #he74 ,?us1 !re are six op5+s f ! ph>ynx2 ! sophagus be+ ! direct cont9uation f x to ! /oma*4 ,if we op5 ! m\? be=e a mirror we see ?r\gh ! fauces ! re> wall ( ! ph>ynx4 ,9 its l9+ membrane is a l>ge numb] ( gl&s1 ! secretion f :i* dur+ a sev]e cold may be q tr\blesome4 ,! sophagus1 or gullet1 is a tube ab\t n9e in*es long1 rea*+ f ! ?roat to ! /oma*4 ,x lies beh9d ! w9dpipe1 pi]ces ! diaphragm betwe5 ! *e/ & abdom51 & op5s into ! /oma*4 ,x has 9 its walls muscul> fib]s1 :i*1 by _! worm-l contractions1 grasp ! successive masses ( food swall[$1 & pass !m along d[nw>ds into ! /oma*4 #ach4 ,deglutition1 or ,swall[+4 ,! food1 hav+ be5 well *ew$ & mix$ ) saliva1 is n[ ready to be swall[$ z a s(t1 pa/y mass4 ,! tongue ga!rs x up & =ces x backw>ds betwe5 ! pill>s ( ! fauces into ! ph>ynx4 ,if we place ! f+]s on ! ,adam's apple1 & !n pret5d to swall[ some?+1 we c feel ! upp] "p ( ! w9dpipe & ! clos+ ( its lid 7epiglottis71 s z to cov] ! entrance & prev5t ! passage ( food into ! tra*ea4 ,!re is only "o pa?way = ! food to travel1 & t is d[n ! sophagus4 ,! sl[ desc5t ( ! food may be se5 if a horse or dog be wat*$ :ile swall[+4 ,ev5 liquids d n fall or fl[ d[n ! food passage4 ,h5ce1 acrobats c dr9k :ile /&+ on _! heads1 or a horse ) its m\? bel[ ! level ( ! sophagus4 ,! food is "u ! control ( ! w until x has ent]$ ! ph>ynx2 all ! lat] movem5ts are involunt>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ea4--;,a ,view into ! ,back ,"p ( ! ,adult ,m\?4 7,! head is repres5t$ z hav+ be5 ?r[n back1 & ! tongue drawn =w>d47 ,a1 ,b1 incisors2 ,c1 can9e2 ,d1 ,e1 bicuspids2 ,f1 ,h1 ,k1 mol>s2 ,m1 ant]ior pill> ( ! fauces2 ,n1 tonsil2 ,l1 uvula2 ,o1 upp] "p ( ! ph>ynx2 ,p1 tongue drawn =w>d2 ,r1 l9e> ridge1 or raph4 #aci4 ,! ,/oma*4 ,! /oma* is ! mo/ dilat$ portion ( ! alim5t>y canal & ! pr9cipal organ ( dige/ion4 ,its =m is n easily describ$4 ,x has be5 comp>$ to a bagpipe1 :i* x resembles some:at1 :5 mod]ately di/5d$4 ,:5 empty x is flatt5$1 & 9 "s p>ts its opposite walls are 9 contact4 ,we may describe ! /oma* z a pe>-%ap$ bag1 ) ! l>ge end to ! left & ! small end to ! "r4 ,x lies *iefly on ! left side ( ! abdom51 "u ! diaphragm1 & protect$ by ! l[] ribs4 ,! fact t ! l>ge end ( ! /oma* lies j b5ea? ! diaphragm & ! he>t1 & is sometimes greatly di/5d$ on acc\nt ( indige/ion or gas1 may cause feel+s ( heav9ess 9 ! *e/ or palpitation ( ! he>t4 ,! /oma* is subject to great] v>iations 9 size ?an any o!r organ ( ! body1 dep5d+ on its cont5ts4 ,j aft] a mod]ate meal x av]ages ab\t twelve in*es 9 l5g? & f\r 9 diamet]1 ) a capacity ( ab\t f\r p9ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eb4--,! ,/oma*4 ,a1 c>diac end2 ,b1 pyloric end1 ,c1 less] curvature1 ,d1 great] curvature ,! orifice by :i* ! food ent]s is call$ ! c>diac op5+1 because x is ne> ! he>t4 ,! o!r op5+1 by :i* ! food leaves ! /oma*1 & :]e ! small inte/9e beg9s1 is ! pyloric orifice1 & is gu>d$ by a k9d ( valve1 kn[n z ! pylorus1 or gatekeep]4 ,! concave bord] betwe5 ! two orifices is call$ ! small curvature1 & ! convex z ! great curvature1 ( ! /oma*4 #adj4 ,coats ( ,/oma*4 ,! walls ( ! /oma* are =m$ by f\r coats1 kn[n successively f )\t z s]\s1 muscul>1 sub-muc\s1 & muc\s4 ,! out] coat is ! s]\s membrane :i* l9es ! abdom51--! p]itoneum 7note1 p4 #ace74 ,! second coat is muscul>1 hav+ ?ree sets ( involunt>y muscul> fib]s4 ,! out] set runs l5g?wise f ! c>diac orifice to ! pylorus4 ,! middle set encircles all p>ts ( ! /oma*1 :ile ! inn] set consi/s ( oblique fib]s4 ,! ?ird coat is ! sub-muc\s1 made up ( loose connective tissues1 & b9ds ! muc\s to ! muscul> coat4 ,la/ly !re is ! muc\s coat1 a moi/1 p9k1 inela/ic membrane1 :i* completely l9es ! /oma*4 ,:5 ! /oma* is n di/5d$1 ! muc\s lay] is ?r[n into folds pres5t+ a corrugat$ appe>ance4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ec4--,pits 9 ! ,muc\s ,membrane ( ! ,/oma*1 & ,op5+s ( ! ,ga/ric ,gl&s4 7,magnifi$ #bj diamet]s47 #ada4 ,! ,ga/ric ,gl&s4 ,if we 7 to exam9e ) a h& l5s ! inn] surface ( ! /oma*1 we w\ld f9d x cov]$ ) little pits1 or depressions1 at ! bottom ( :i* w\ld be se5 d>k dots4 ,^! dots are ! op5+s ( ! ga/ric gl&s4 ,9 ! =m ( f9e1 wavy tubes1 ! ga/ric gl&s are buri$ 9 ! muc\s membrane1 _! m\?s op5+ on ! surface4 ,:5 ! /oma* is empty ! muc\s membrane is pale1 b :5 food ent]s1 x at once takes on a rosy t9t4 ,?is is due to ! influx ( blood f ! l>ge numb] ( v m9ute blood-vessels :i* are 9 ! tissue betwe5 ! r[s ( gl&s4 ,! cells ( ! ga/ric gl&s are ?r[n into a /ate ( great] activity by ! increas$ quantity ( blood supply4 ,z a result1 soon aft] food ent]s ! /oma*1 drops ( fluid collect at ! m\?s ( ! gl&s & trickle d[n its walls to mix ) ! food4 ,?us ^! gl&s produce a l>ge quantity ( ga/ric juice1 to aid 9 ! dige/ion ( food4 #adb4 ,dige/ion 9 ! ,/oma*4 ,:5 ! food1 ?or\ghly mix$ ) saliva1 rea*es ! /oma*1 ! c>diac end ( t organ is clos$ z well z ! pyloric valve1 & ! muscul> walls contract on ! cont5ts4 ,a spiral wave ( motion beg9s1 becom+ m rapid z dige/ion goes on4 ,e p>ticle ( food is ?us con/antly *urn$ ab\t 9 ! /oma* & ?or\ghly mix$ ) ! ga/ric juice4 ,! action ( ! juice is aid$ by ! heat ( ! p>ts1 a temp]ature ( ab\t #ii ,fahr5heit4 ,! ga/ric juice is a ?9 almo/ colorless fluid ) a s\r ta/e & odor4 ,! reaction is di/9ctly acid1 normally due to free hydro*loric acid4 ,its *ief con/itu5ts are two f]m5ts call$ peps9 & r5n91 free hydro*loric acid1 m9]al salts1 & #ie p] c5t ( wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ed4--;,a highly magnifi$ view ( a peptic or ga/ric gl&1 :i* is repres5t$ z giv+ (f bran*es4 ,x %[s ! column> epi!lium ( ! surface dipp+ d[n into ! duct ,d ( ! gl&1 f :i* two tubes bran* (f4 ,ea* tube is l9$ ) column> epi!lial cells1 & !re is a m9ute c5tral passage ) ! neck at ,n4 ,"h & !re are se5 o!r special cells call$ p>ietal cells1 ,p1 :i* are suppos$ to produce ! acid ( ! ga/ric juice4 ,! pr9cipal cells are repres5t$ at ,c4 ,peps9 ! important con/itu5t ( ! ga/ric juice1 has ! p[]1 9 ! pres5ce ( an acid1 ( dissolv+ ! proteid food-/uffs4 ,"s ( :i* is conv]t$ into :at are call$ peptones1 bo? soluble & capable ( filt]+ ?r\gh membranes4 ,! ga/ric juice has no action on />*y foods1 nei!r does x act on fats1 except to dissolve ! album9\s walls ( ! fat cells4 ,! fat itself is ?us set free 9 ! =m ( m9ute globules4 ,! :ole cont5ts ( ! /oma* n[ assume ! appe>ance & ! consi/5cy ( a ?ick s\p1 usually ( a grayi% color1 kn[n z *yme4 ,x is well kn[n t r5net prep>$ f ! calf's /oma* has a rem>kable effect 9 rapidly curdl+ milk1 & ?is prop]ty is utiliz$ 9 ! manufacture ( *eese4 ,n[1 a simil> f]m5t is abundant 9 ! ga/ric juice1 & may be call$ r5n94 ,x causes milk to clot1 & does ?is by s act+ on ! case9 z to make ! milk set into a jelly4 ,mo!rs are sometimes fright5$ :5 _! *ildr51 seem+ly 9 p]fect heal?1 vomit masses ( curdl$ milk4 ,?is curdl+ ( ! milk is1 h[ev]1 a normal process1 & ! only notewor?y ?+ is its rejection1 usually due to ov]fe$+4 ,exp]im5t #eh4 ,to %[ t peps9 & acid are necess>y = ga/ric dige/ion4 ,take ?ree beak]s1 or l>ge te/ tubes2 label !m ,a1 ,b1 ,c4 ,put into ,a wat] & a few gra9s ( p[d]$ peps94 ,fill ,b two-?irds full ( dilute hydro*loric acid 7"o teaspoonful to a p9t71 & fill ,c two-?irds full ( hydro*loric acid & a few gra9s ( peps94 ,put into ea* a small quantity ( well-wa%$ fibr91 & place !m all 9 a wat] ba? at #ajd ,fahr5heit = half an h\r4 ,exam9e !m4 ,9 ,a1 ! fibr9 is un*ang$2 9 ,b1 ! fibr9 is cle> & swoll5 up2 9 ,c1 x has disappe>$1 hav+ fir/ become swoll5 & cle>1 & completely dissolv$1 be+ f9ally conv]t$ into peptones4 ,!re=e1 bo? acid & f]m5t are requir$ = ga/ric dige/ion4 ,exp]im5t #ei4 ,half fill ) dilute hydro*loric acid ?ree l>ge te/ tubes1 labell$ ,a1 ,b1 ,c4 ,add to ea* a few gra9s ( peps94 ,boil ,b1 & make ,c fa9tly alkal9e ) sodic c>bonate4 ,! alkal9ity may be not$ by add+ previ\sly "s neutral litmus solution4 ,add to ea* an equal am\nt--a few ?reads--( well-wa%$ fibr9 :i* has be5 previ\sly /eep$ = "s "t 9 dilute hydro*loric acid1 s t x is swoll5 & transp>5t4 ,keep ! tubes 9 a wat]-ba? at ab\t #ajd ,fahr5heit = an h\r & exam9e !m at int]vals ( tw5ty m9utes4 ,aft] five to t5 m9utes ! fibr9 9 ,a is dissolv$ & ! fluid beg9s to be turbid4 ,9 ,b & ,c !re is no *ange4 ,ev5 aft] long exposure to #ajj ,fahr5heit !re is no *ange 9 ,b & ,c4 ,aft] a v>iable "t1 f "o to f\r h\rs1 ! cont5ts ( ! /oma*1 :i* are n[ call$ *yme1 beg9 to move on 9 successive portions into ! next "p ( ! inte/9al canal4 ,! r+-l muscles ( ! pylorus relax at int]vals to all[ ! muscles ( ! /oma* to =ce ! p>tly dige/$ mass into ! small inte/9es4 ,?is action is frequ5tly repeat$1 until ev5 ! indige/ible masses :i* ! ga/ric juice _c break d[n are cr[d$ out ( ! /oma* into ! inte/9es4 ,f ?ree to f\r h\rs aft] a meal ! /oma* is aga9 q empti$4 ,a c]ta9 am\nt ( ?is semi-liquid mass1 especially ! peptones1 ) any sac*>9e fluids1 result+ f ! p>tial conv]sion ( />* or o!rwise1 is at once absorb$1 mak+ its way ?r\gh ! delicate vessels ( ! /oma* into ! blood curr5t1 :i* is fl[+ ?r\gh ! ga/ric ve9s to ! portal ve9 ( ! liv]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ee4--;,a ,small ,portion ( ! ,muc\s ,membrane ( ! ,small ,inte/9e4 7,villi are se5 surr\nd$ ) ! op5+s ( ! tubul> gl&s47 ,magnifi$ #bj diamet]s4 #adc4 ,! ,small ,inte/9e4 ,at ! pyloric end ( ! /oma* ! alim5t>y canal becomes aga9 a sl5d] tube call$ ! small inte/9e4 ,?is is ab\t tw5ty feet long & "o in* 9 diamet]1 & is divid$1 = ! conv5i5ce ( description1 into ?ree p>ts4 ,! fir/ #ab in*es is call$ ! duod5um4 ,into ?is portion op5s ! bile duct f ! liv] ) ! duct f ! pancreas1 ^! hav+ be5 fir/ unit$ & !n ent]+ ! inte/9e z a common duct4 ,! next portion ( ! inte/9e is call$ ! jejunum1 because x is usually empty aft] dea?4 ,! rema9+ portion is nam$ ! ileum1 because ( ! _m folds into :i* x is ?r[n4 ,x is ! longe/ "p ( ! small inte/9e1 & t]m9ates 9 ! "r iliac region1 op5+ into ! l>ge inte/9e4 ,?is op5+ is gu>d$ by ! folds ( ! membrane =m+ ! ileo-ccal valve1 :i* p]mits ! passage ( mat]ial f ! small to ! l>ge inte/9e1 b prev5ts its backw>d movem5t4 #add4 ,! ,coats ( ! ,small ,inte/9e4 ,l ! /oma*1 ! small inte/9e has f\r coats1 ! s]\s1 muscul>1 sub-muc\s1 & muc\s4 ,! s]\s is ! p]itoneum4#bb ,! muscul> consi/s ( an out] lay] ( longitud9al1 & an inn] lay] ( circul> fib]s1 by contraction ( :i* ! food is =c$ along ! b[el4 ,! sub-muc\s coat is made up ( a loose lay] ( tissue 9 :i* ! blood-vessels & n]ves are di/ribut$4 ,! inn]1 or muc\s1 surface has a f9e1 velvety feel+1 due to a c\ntless numb] ( t9y1 ?read-l projections1 call$ villi4 ,!y /& up some:at l ! pile ( velvet4 ,x is ?r\gh ^! villi t ! dige/$ food passes into ! blood4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ef4--,sectional ,view ( ,inte/9al ,villi4 7,black dots repres5t ! gl&ul> op5+s47 ,! inn] coat ( a l>ge "p ( ! small inte/9e is ?r[n into num]\s transv]se folds call$ valvul conniv5tes4 ,^! seem to s]ve two purposes1 to increase ! ext5t ( ! surface ( ! b[els & to delay me*anically ! progress ( ! inte/9al cont5ts4 ,buri$ 9 ! muc\s lay] ?r\gh\t ! l5g?1 bo? ( ! small & l>ge inte/9es1 are o!r gl&s :i* secrete inte/9al fluids4 ,?us1 9 ! l[] "p ( ! ileum !re are num]\s gl&s 9 oval pat*es kn[n z ,pey]'s pat*es4 ,^! are v prone to become inflam$ & to ulc]ate dur+ ! c\rse ( typhoid fev]4 #ade4 ,! ,l>ge ,inte/9e4 ,! l>ge inte/9e beg9s 9 ! "r iliac region & is ab\t five or six feet long4 ,x is mu* l>g] ?an ! small inte/9e1 jo9+ x obliquely at %ort di/ance f its end4 ,a bl9d p\*1 or dilat$ pocket is ?us =m$ at ! place ( junction1 call$ ! ccum4 ,a valvul> arrangem5t call$ ! ileo-ccal valve1 :i* is provid$ ) a button-hole slit1 =ms a k9d ( movable p>tition betwe5 ?is "p ( ! l>ge inte/9e & ! small inte/9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eg4--,tubul> ,gl&s ( ! ,small ,inte/9es4 ,a1 ,b1 tubul> gl&s se5 9 v]tical section ) _! orifices at ,c1 op5+ ^u ! membrane betwe5 ! villi1 ,d1 villus 7,magnifi$ #dj diamet]s7 ,atta*$ to ! ccum is a worm-%ap$ tube1 ab\t ! size ( a lead p5cil1 & f ?ree to f\r in*es long1 call$ ! v]mi=m app5dix4 ,its use is unkn[n4 ,?is tube is ( great surgical importance1 f ! fact t x is subject to sev]e inflammation1 (t5 result+ 9 an int]nal abscess1 :i* is always dang]\s & may prove fatal4 ,inflammation ( ! app5dix is kn[n z app5dicitis1--a "n q famili> on acc\nt ( ! _m surgical op]ations p]=m$ ( late ye>s = its relief4 ,! l>ge inte/9e passes upw>ds on ! "r side z ! asc5d+ colon1 until ! "u side ( ! liv] is rea*$1 :]e x passes to ! left side1 z ! transv]se colon1 bel[ ! /oma*4 ,x !re turns d[nw>d1 z ! desc5d+ colon1 & mak+ an ,s-%ap$ curve1 ends 9 ! rectum4 ,?us ! l>ge inte/9e encircles1 9 ! =m ( a horse%oe1 ! convolut$ mass ( small inte/9es4 ,l ! small inte/9e1 ! l>ge has f\r coats4 ,! muc\s coat1 h[ev]1 has no folds1 or villi1 b num]\s closely set gl&s1 l "s ( ^? ( ! small inte/9e4 ,! longitud9al muscul> fib]s ( ! l>ge inte/9e are arrang$ 9 ?ree b&s1 or bundles1 :i*1 be+ %ort] ?an ! canal itself1 produce a s]ies ( bulg+s or p\*es 9 its walls4 ,?is sacculation ( ! l>ge b[el is suppos$ to be design$ = delay+ ! onw>d fl[ ( its cont5ts1 ?us all[+ m "t = ! absorption ( ! liquid mat]ial4 ,! blood-vessels & n]ves ( ?is "p ( ! dige/ive canal are v num]\s1 & are d]iv$ f ! same s\rces z ^? ( ! small inte/9e4 #adf4 ,! ,liv]4 ,! liv] is a "p ( ! dige/ive app>atus1 s9ce x =ms ! bile1 "o ( ! dige/ive fluids4 ,x is a l>ge r$di%-br[n organ1 situat$ j bel[ ! diaphragm1 & on ! "r side4 ,! liv] is ! l>ge/ gl& 9 ! body1 & weighs f #ej to #fj ounces4 ,x consi/s ( two lobes1 ! "r & ! left1 ! "r be+ mu* ! l>g]4 ,! upp]1 convex surface ( ! liv] is v smoo? & ev52 b ! "u surface is irregul>1 brok5 by ! entrance & exit ( ! v>i\s vessels :i* belong to ! organ4 ,x is held 9 its place by five ligam5ts1 f\r ( :i* are =m$ by d\ble folds ( ! p]itoneum4 ,! ?9 front edge ( ! liv] rea*es j bel[ ! bony edge ( ! ribs2 b ! dome-%ap$ diaphragm rises slightly 9 a horizontal position1 & ! liv] passes up & is almo/ :olly cov]$ by ! ribs4 ,9 tight lac+1 ! liv] is (t5 =c$ d[nw>d out f ! cov] ( ! ribs1 & ?us becomes p]man5tly displac$4 ,z a result1 o!r organs 9 ! abdom5 & pelvis are cr[d$ toge!r1 & also become displac$4 #adg4 ,m9ute ,/ructure ( ! ,liv]4 ,:5 a small piece ( ! liv] is exam9$ "u a microscope x is f\nd to be made up ( masses ( _m-sid$ cells1 ea* ab\t #a_/ajjj ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,ea* gr\p ( cells is call$ a lobule4 ,:5 a s+le lobule is exam9$ "u ! microscope x appe>s to be ( an irregul>1 circul> %ape1 ) its cells arrang$ 9 r[s1 radiat+ f ! c5t] to ! circumf]5ce4 ,m9ute1 hair-l *annels sep>ate ! cells "o f ano!r1 & unite 9 "o ma9 duct lead+ f ! lobule4 ,x is ! lobules :i* give to ! liv] its co>se1 granul> appe>ance1 :5 torn across4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eh4--;,diagrammatic ,section ( a ,villus ,a1 lay] ( column> epi!lium cov]+ ! villus2 ,b1 c5tral lacteal ( villus2 ,c1 un/rip$ muscul> fib]s2 ,d1 goblet cell ,n[ !re is a l>ge vessel call$ ! portal ve9 t br+s to ! liv] blood full ( n\ri%+ mat]ial obta9$ f ! /oma* & inte/9es4 ,on ent]+ ! liv] ?is great ve9 conducts itself z if x 7 an art]y4 ,x divides & subdivides into small] & small] bran*es1 until1 9 ! =m ( ! t9ie/ vessels1 call$ capill>ies1 x passes inw>d among ! cells to ! v c5t] ( ! hepatic lobules4 #adh4 ,! ,bile4 ,we h 9 ! liv]1 on a gr& scale1 exactly ! same conditions z obta9 9 ! small] & simpl] gl&s4 ,! ?9-wall$ liv] cells take f ! blood c]ta9 mat]ials :i* !y elaborate into an important dige/ive fluid1 call$ ! bile4#bc ,?is newly manufactur$ fluid is c>ri$ away 9 little canals1 call$ bile ducts4 ,^! m9ute ducts gradually unite & =m at la/ "o ma9 duct1 :i* c>ries ! bile f ! liv]4 ,?is is kn[n z ! hepatic duct4 ,x passes out on ! "u side ( ! liv]1 & z x approa*es ! inte/9e1 x meets at an acute angle ! cy/ic duct :i* proce$s f ! gall bladd] & =ms ) x ! common bile duct4 ,! common duct op5s obliquely into ! horse%oe b5d ( ! duod5um4 ,! cy/ic duct leads back to ! "u surface ( ! liv]1 :]e x exp&s into a sac capable ( hold+ ab\t two ounces ( fluid1 & is kn[n z ! gall bladd]4 ,?us ! bile1 prep>$ 9 ! dep?s ( ! liv] by ! liv] cells1 is c>ri$ away by ! bile ducts1 & may pass directly into ! inte/9es to mix ) ! food4 ,if1 h[ev]1 dige/ion is n go+ on1 ! m\? ( ! bile duct is clos$1 & 9 t case ! bile is c>ri$ by ! cy/ic duct to ! gall bladd]4 ,"h x rema9s until su* "t z x is ne$$4 #adi4 ,blood ,supply ( ! ,liv]4 ,we mu/ n =get t ! liv] itself1 be+ a l>ge & important organ1 requires con/ant n\ri%m5t = ! "w assign$ to x4 ,! blood :i* is br\ght to x by ! portal ve91 be+ v5\s1 is n fit to n\ri% x4 ,! "w is done by ! art]ial blood br\ght to x by a great bran* direct f ! aorta1 kn[n z ! hepatic art]y1 m9ute bran*es ( :i* 9 ! =m ( capill>ies1 spread !mselves ar\nd ! hepatic lobules4 ,! blood1 hav+ done its "w & n[ lad5 ) impurities1 is pick$ up by m9ute ve9lets1 :i* unite aga9 & aga9 till !y at la/ =m "o great trunk call$ ! hepatic ve94 ,?is c>ries ! impure blood f ! liv]1 & f9ally empties x into "o ( ! l>ge ve9s ( ! body4 ,aft] ! blood has be5 robb$ ( its bile-mak+ mat]ials1 x is collect$ by ! ve9lets t surr\nd ! lobules1 & f9ds its way ) o!r v5\s blood into ! hepatic ve94 ,9 brief1 blood is br\ght to ! liv] & di/ribut$ ?r\gh its sub/ance by two di/9ct *annels1--! portal ve9 & ! hepatic art]y1 b x leaves ! liv] by "o di/9ct *annel1--! hepatic ve94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ei--,%[+ ! ,relations ( ! ,duod5um & ,o!r ,inte/9al ,organs4 7,a portion ( ! /oma* has be5 cut away47 #aej4 ,functions ( ! ,liv]4 ,we h ?us f> /udi$ ! liv] only z an organ ( secretion1 ^: "w is to elaborate bile = future use 9 ! process ( dige/ion4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 only "o ( its functions1 & p]haps n ! mo/ important4 ,9 fact1 ! functions ( ! liv] are n s+le1 b sev]al4 ,! bile is n :olly a dige/ive fluid1 b x conta9s1 also1 mat]ials :i* are sep>at$ f ! blood to be ca/ out ( ! body be=e !y "w mis*ief4 ,?us1 ! liv] ranks above all o!rs z an organ ( excretion1 t is1 x sep>ates mat]ial ( no fur!r use to ! body4 ,( ! v>i\s +r$i5ts ( ! bile1 only ! bile salts are ( use 9 ! "w ( dige/ion1 = !y act ^u ! fats 9 ! alim5t>y canal1 & aid someh[ 9 _! emulsion & absorption4 ,!y appe> to be !mselves split up into o!r sub/ances1 & absorb$ ) ! dissolv$ fats into ! blood /ream aga94 ,! ?ird function ( ! liv] is v diff]5t f ^? already describ$4 ,x is f\nd t ! liv] ( an animal well & regul>ly f$1 :5 exam9$ soon aft] dea?1 conta9s a quantity ( a c>bohydrate sub/ance n unlike />*4 ,?is sub/ance1 extract$ 9 ! =m ( a :ite p[d]1 is really an animal />*4 ,x is call$ glycog51 or liv] sug>1 & is easily conv]t$ into grape sug>4 ,! hepatic cells appe> to manufacture ?is glycog5 & to /ore x up f ! food br\ght by ! portal blood4 ,x is also ?\ght ! glycog5 ?us deposit$ & /or$ up 9 ! liv] is little by little *ang$ into sug>4 ,!n1 z x is want$1 ! liv] disposes ( ?is /or$-up mat]ial1 by p\r+ x1 9 a /ate ( solution1 into ! hepatic ve94 ,x is ?us /eadily c>ri$ to ! tissues1 z _! ne$s dem&1 to supply !m ) mat]ial to be trans=m$ into heat & en]gy4 #aea4 ,! ,pancreas4 ,! pancreas1 or sweetbread1 is mu* small] ?an ! liv]4 ,x is a tongue-l mass f six to eight in*es long1 weigh+ f ?ree to f\r ounces1 & is (t5 comp>$ 9 appe>ance to a dog's tongue4 ,x is some:at ! %ape ( a hamm] ) ! h&le runn+ to a po9t4 ,! pancreas lies beh9d ! /oma*1 across ! body1 f "r to left1 ) its l>ge head embrac$ 9 ! horse%oe b5d ( ! duod5um4 ,x closely resembles ! saliv>y gl&s 9 /ructure1 ) its ma9 duct runn+ f "o end to ! o!r4 ,?is duct at la/ ent]s ! duod5um 9 company ) ! common bile duct4 ,! pancreatic juice1 ! mo/ p[]ful 9 ! body1 is cle>1 some:at viscid1 fluid4 ,x has a decid$ alkal9e reaction & is n unlike saliva 9 _m respects4 ,comb9$ ) ! bile1 ?is juice acts ^u ! l>ge drops ( fat :i* pass f ! /oma* into ! duod5um & emulsifies !m4 ,?is process consi/s p>tly 9 produc+ a f9e subdivision ( ! p>ticles ( fat1 call$ an emulsion1 & p>tly 9 a *emical decomposition by :i* a k9d ( soap is =m$4 ,9 ?is way ! oils & fats are divid$ into p>ticles suffici5tly m9ute to p]mit ( _! be+ absorb$ into ! blood4 ,aga91 ?is mo/ important dige/ive fluid produces on />* an action simil> to t ( saliva1 b mu* m p[]ful4 ,dur+ its %ort /ay 9 ! m\?1 v little />* is *ang$ into sug>1 & 9 ! /oma*1 z we h se51 ! action ( ! saliva is arre/$4 ,n[1 ! pancreatic juice takes up ! "w 9 ! small inte/9e & *anges ! great] "p ( ! />* into sug>4 ,nor is ?is all1 = x also acts p[]fully ^u ! proteids n act$ ^u 9 ! /oma*1 & *anges !m into peptones t d n diff] mat]ially f ^? result+ f ga/ric dige/ion4 ,! rem>kable p[] :i* ! pancreatic juice possesses ( act+ on all ! food-/uffs appe>s to be due ma9ly to ! pres5ce ( a specific elem5t or f]m5t1 kn[n z tryps94 ,exp]im5t #fj4 ,to %[ ! action ( pancreatic juice ^u oils or fats4 ,put two gra9s ( ,fair*ild's extract ( pancreas into a f\r-ounce bottle4 ,add half a teaspoonful ( w>m wat]1 & %ake well = a few m9utes2 !n add a tablespoonful ( cod liv] oil2 %ake vigor\sly4 ,a creamy1 opaque mixture ( ! oil & wat]1 call$ an emulsion1 w result4 ,?is w gradually sep>ate ^u /&+1 ! pancreatic extract settl+ 9 ! wat] at ! bottom4 ,:5 %ak5 x w aga9 =m an emulsion4 ,exp]im5t #fa4 ,to %[ ! action ( pancreatic juice on />*4 ,put two tablespoonfuls ( smoo? />* pa/e into a goblet1 & :ile /ill s w>m z j to be borne by ! m\?1 /ir into x two gra9s ( ! extract ( pancreas4 ,! />* pa/e w rapidly become ?9n]1 & gradually *ange into soluble />*1 9 a p]fectly fluid solution4 ,)9 a few m9utes "s ( ! />* is conv]t$ ?r\gh int]m$i>y /ages into maltose4 ,use ! ,fehl+ te/ = sug>4 #aeb4 ,dige/ion 9 ! ,small ,inte/9es4 ,aft] dige/ion 9 ! /oma* has be5 go+ on = "s "t1 successive portions ( ! semi-dige/$ food beg9 to pass into ! duod5um4 ,! pancreas n[ takes on new activity1 & a copi\s fl[ ( pancreatic juice is p\r$ along its duct into ! inte/9es4 ,z ! food is pu%$ along ov] ! common op5+ ( ! bile & pancreatic ducts1 a great quantity ( bile f ?is res]voir1 ! gall bladd]1 is p\r$ into ! inte/9es4 ,^! two dige/ive fluids are n[ mix$ ) ! *yme1 & act ^u x 9 ! rem>kable mann] j describ$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fj4--;,diagrammatic ,s*eme ( ,inte/9al ,absorption4 ,a1 mes5t]y2 ,b1 lacteals & mes5t]y gl&s2 ,c1 ve9s ( inte/9es2 ,r4,c1 receptacle ( ! *yle 7receptaculum *yli72 ,p ,v1 portal ve92 ,h ,v1 hepatic ve9s2 ,s4,v4,c1 sup]ior v5a cava2 ,r4,a1 "r auricle ( ! he>t2 ,i4,v4,c1 inf]ior v5a cava4 ,! inn] surface ( ! small inte/9e also secretes a liquid call$ inte/9al juice1 ! precise functions ( :i* are n kn[n4 ,! *yme1 ?us act$ ^u by ! diff]5t dige/ive fluids1 resembles a ?ick cream1 & is n[ call$ *yle4 ,! *yle is propell$ along ! inte/9e by ! worm-l contractions ( its muscul> walls4 ,a function ( ! bile1 n yet m5tion$1 is to /imulate ^! movem5ts1 & at ! same "t by its antiseptic prop]ties to prev5t putrefaction ( ! cont5ts ( ! inte/9e4 #aec4 ,dige/ion 9 ! ,l>ge ,inte/9es4 ,dige/ion does n occur to any great ext5t 9 ! l>ge inte/9es4 ,! food ent]s ?is portion ( ! dige/ive canal ?r\gh ! ileo-ccal valve1 & travels ?r\gh x sl[ly4 ,"t is ?us giv5 = ! fluid mat]ials to be tak5 up by ! blood-vessels ( ! muc\s membrane4 ,! rema9s ( ! food n[ become less fluid1 & consi/ ( undige/$ matt] :i* has escap$ ! action ( ! sev]al dige/ive juices1 or )/ood _! influ5ce4 ,driv5 onw>d by ! contractions ( ! muscul> walls1 ! refuse mat]ials at la/ rea* ! rectum1 f :i* !y are volunt>ily expell$ f ! body4 ,absorption4 #aed4 ,absorption4 ,:ile food rema9s )9 ! alim5t>y canal x is z mu* outside ( ! body1 s f> z nutrition is conc]n$1 z if x _h nev] be5 tak5 inside4 ,to be ( any s]vice ! food mu/ ent] ! blood2 x mu/ be absorb$4 ,! effici5t ag5ts 9 absorption are ! blood-vessels1 ! lacteals1 & ! lymphatics4 ,! process ?r\gh :i* ! nutriti\s mat]ial is fitt$ to ent] ! blood1 is call$ absorption4 ,x is a process n conf9$1 z we %all see1 simply to ! alim5t>y canal1 b "o t is go+ on 9 e tissue4 ,! vessels by :i* ! process ( absorption is c>ri$ on are call$ absorb5ts4 ,! /ory1 briefly told1 is ?is3 c]ta9 food mat]ials t h be5 prep>$ to ent] ! blood1 filt] ?r\gh ! muc\s membrane ( ! inte/9al canal1 & also ! ?9 walls ( m9ute blood-vessels & lymphatics1 & are c>ri$ by ^! to l>g] vessels1 & at la/ rea* ! he>t1 !nce to be di/ribut$ to ! tissues4 #aee4 ,absorption f ! ,m\? & ,/oma*4 ,! l9+ ( ! m\? & sophagus is n well adapt$ = absorption4 ,t ?is does occur is %[n by ! fact t c]ta9 poison\s *emicals1 l cyanide ( pota%1 if kept 9 ! m\? = a few mom5ts w cause dea?4 ,:ile we are *ew+ & swall[+ our food1 no d\bt a c]ta9 am\nt ( wat] & common salt1 toge!r ) sug> :i* has be5 *ang$ f />* by ! action ( ! saliva1 ga9s entrance to ! blood4 ,9 ! /oma*1 h[ev]1 absorption takes place ) great activity4 ,! semi-liquid food is sep>at$ f ! enorm\s supply ( blood-vessels 9 ! muc\s membrane only by a ?9 por\s p>tition4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 no?+ to prev5t ! ex*ange tak+ place betwe5 ! blood & ! food4 ,wat]1 along ) any sub/ances 9 ! food t h become dissolv$1 w pass ?r\gh ! p>tition & ent] ! blood-curr5t4 ,?us x is t a c]ta9 am\nt ( />* t has be5 *ang$ into sug>1 ( salts 9 solution1 ( proteids conv]t$ into peptones1 is tak5 up directly by ! blood-vessels ( ! /oma*4 #aef4 ,absorption by ! ,inte/9es4 ,absorption by ! inte/9es is a mo/ active & complicat$ process4 ,! /oma* is really an organ m = ! dige/ion ?an ! absorption ( food1 :ile ! small inte/9es are especially con/ruct$ = absorption4 ,9 fact1 ! greate/ "p ( absorption is accompli%$ by ! small inte/9es4 ,!y h n only a v l>ge area ( absorb+ surface1 b also /ructures especially adapt$ to d ?is "w4 #aeg4 ,! ,lacteals4 ,we h le>n$ 9 ,section #add t ! muc\s l9+ ( ! small inte/9es is cr[d$ ) millions ( little app5dages call$ villi1 mean+ tufts ( hair4 ,^! are only ab\t #a_/cj ( an in* long1 & a dime w cov] m ?an five hundr$ ( !m4 ,ea* villus conta9s a loop ( blood-vessels1 & ano!r vessel1 ! lacteal1 s call$ f ! ,lat9 ^w lac1 milk1 because ( ! milky appe>ance ( ! fluid x conta9s4 ,! villi are adapt$ especially = ! absorption ( fat4 ,!y dip l ! t9ie/ f+]s into ! *yle1 & ! m9ute p>ticles ( fat pass ?r\gh _! cellul> cov]+ & ga9 entrance to ! lacteals4 ,! milky mat]ial suck$ up by ! lacteals is n 9 a prop] condition to be p\r$ at once into ! blood curr5t4 ,x is1 z x 71 9 too crude a /ate1 & ne$s "s special prep>ation4 ,! inte/9es are susp5d$ to ! po/]ior wall ( ! abdom5 by a d\ble fold ( p]itoneum call$ ! mes5t]y4 ,9 ?is membrane are "s #aej gl&s ab\t ! size ( an almond1 call$ mes5t]ic gl&s4 ,n[ ! lacteals jo9 ^! gl&s & p\r 9 _! fluid cont5ts to und]go "s important *anges4 ,x is n unlikely t ! mes5t]ic gl&s may int]cept1 l a filt]1 mat]ial :i*1 if all[$ to ent] ! blood1 w\ld di/urb ! :ole body4 ,?us1 :ile ! gl&s might suff]1 ! re/ ( ! body might escape4 ,?is may acc\nt = ! fact t ^! gl&s & ! lymphatics may be easily irritat$ & inflam$1 ?us becom+ enl>g$ & s5sitive1 z (t5 occurs 9 ! axilla4 ,hav+ be5 act$ ^u by ! mes5t]ic gl&s1 & pass$ ?r\gh !m1 ! *yle fl[s onw>d until x is p\r$ into a dilat$ res]voir = ! *yle1 kn[n z ! receptaculum *yli4 ,?is is a sac-l expansion ( ! l[] end ( ! ?oracic duct4 ,into ?is receptacle1 situat$ at ! level ( ! upp] lumb> v]tebr1 9 front ( ! sp9al column1 are p\r$1 n only ! cont5ts ( ! lacteals1 b also ( ! lymphatic vessels ( ! l[] limbs4 #aeh4 ,! ,?oracic ,duct4 ,?is duct is a tube f fifte5 to eighte5 in*es long1 :i* passes upw>ds 9 front ( ! sp9e to rea* ! base ( ! neck1 :]e x op5s at ! junction ( ! great ve9s ( ! left side ( ! head ) ^? ( ! left arm4 ,?us ! ?oracic duct acts z a k9d ( fe$+ pipe to c>ry along ! nutritive mat]ial obta9$ f ! food & to p\r x into ! blood curr5t4 ,x is to be rememb]$ t ! lacteals are 9 reality lymphatics--! lymphatics ( ! inte/9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fa4--,section ( a ,lymphatic ,gl&4 ,a1 /rong fibr\s capsule s5d+ p>titions into ! gl&2 ,b1 p>titions betwe5 ! follicles or p\*es ( ! cortical or out] portion2 ,c1 p>titions ( ! m$ull>y or c5tral portion2 ,d1 ,e1 masses ( protoplasmic matt] 9 ! p\*es ( ! gl&2 ,f1 lymph-vessels :i* br+ lymph to ! gl&1 pass+ into its c5t]2 ,g1 conflu5ce ( ^? lead+ to ! eff]5t vessel2 ,h1 vessel :i* c>ries ! lymph away f ! gl&4 #aei4 ,! ,lymphatics4 ,9 ne>ly e tissue & organ ( ! body !re is a m>vel\s network ( vessels1 precisely l ! lacteals1 call$ ! lymphatics4 ,^! are busily at "w tak+ up & mak+ ov] anew wa/e fluids or surplus mat]ials d]iv$ f ! blood & tissues g5]ally4 ,x is e/imat$ t ! quantity ( fluid pick$ up f ! tissues by ! lymphatics & re/or$ daily to ! circulation is equal to ! bulk ( ! blood 9 ! body4 ,! lymphatics seem to />t out f ! "p 9 :i* !y are f\nd1 l ! rootlets ( a plant 9 ! soil4 ,!y c>ry a turbid1 slightly yell[i% fluid1 call$ lymph1 v mu* l blood )\t ! r$ corpuscles4 ,n[1 j z ! *yle 0 n fit to be imm$iately tak5 up by ! blood1 b 0 pass$ ?r\gh ! mes5t]ic gl&s to be prop]ly work$ ov]1 s ! lymph is c>ri$ to ! lymphatic gl&s1 :]e x und]goes c]ta9 *anges to fit x = be+ p\r$ into ! blood4 ,nature1 l a c>eful h\sekeep]1 all[s no?+ to be wa/$ t c be ( any fur!r s]vice 9 ! animal economy 7,figs4 #fc & #fd74 ,! lymphatics unite to =m l>g] & l>g] vessels1 & at la/ jo9 ! ?oracic duct1 except ! lymphatics ( ! "r side ( ! head & *e/ & "r arm4 ,^! op5 by ! "r lymphatic duct into ! v5\s sy/em on ! "r side ( ! neck4 ,! :ole lymphatic sy/em may be reg>d$ z a necess>y app5dage to ! vascul> sy/em 7,*apt] ,,vii474 ,x is conv5i5t1 h[ev]1 to treat x "u ! g5]al topic ( absorption1 9 ord] to complete ! hi/ory ( food dige/ion4 #afj4 ,! ,sple5 & ,o!r ,ductless ,gl&s4 ,) ! lymphatics may be classifi$1 = conv5i5ce1 a numb] ( organs call$ ductless or blood gl&s4 ,al?\gh !y app>5tly prep>e mat]ials = use 9 ! body1 !y h no ducts or canals along :i* may be c>ri$ ! result ( _! "w4 ,aga91 !y are call$ blood gl&s because x is suppos$ !y s]ve "s purpose 9 prep>+ mat]ial = ! blood4 ,! sple5 is ! l>ge/ ( ^! gl&s4 ,x lies b5ea? ! diaphragm1 & ^u ! left side ( ! /oma*4 ,x is ( a deep r$ color1 full ( blood1 & is ab\t ! size & %ape ( ! palm ( ! h&4 ,! sple5 has a fibr\s capsule f :i* p>titions pass inw>ds1 divid+ x into spaces by a framework ( ela/ic tissue1 ) pla9 muscul> fib]s4 ,^! spaces are fill$ ) :at is call$ ! sple5 pulp1 ?r\gh :i* ! blood filt]s f its art]y1 j z a fluid w\ld pass ?r\gh a sponge4 ,! functions ( ! sple5 are n kn[n4 ,x appe>s to take "s "p 9 ! =mation ( blood corpuscles4 ,9 c]ta9 diseases1 l mal>ial fev]1 x may become rem>kably enl>g$4 ,x may be :olly remov$ f an animal )\t app>5t injury4 ,dur+ dige/ion x seems to act z a muscul> pump1 draw+ ! blood onw>ds ) increas$ vigor along its l>ge ve9 to ! liv]4 ,! ?yroid is ano!r ductless gl&4 ,x is situat$ b5ea? ! muscles ( ! neck on ! sides ( ,adam's apple & bel[ x4 ,x und]goes great enl>gem5t 9 ! disease call$ goitre4 ,! ?ymus is also a blood gl&4 ,x is situat$ ar\nd ! w9dpipe1 beh9d ! upp] "p ( ! brea/bone4 ,until ab\t ! end ( ! second ye> x increases 9 size1 & !n x beg9s gradually to %rivel away4 ,l ! sple51 ! ?yroid & ?ymus gl&s are suppos$ to "w "s *ange 9 ! blood1 b :at is n cle>ly kn[n4 ,! supr>5al capsules are two little bodies1 "o p]*$ on ! top ( ea* kidney1 9 %ape n unlike t ( a conical hat4 ,( _! functions no?+ def9ite is kn[n4 ,exp]im5ts4 ,! action produc$ by ! t5d5cy ( fluids to mix1 or become equally diffus$ 9 contact ) ea* o!r1 is kn[n z osmosis1 a =m ( molecul> attraction alli$ to t ( adhesion4 ,! v>i\s physical processes by :i* ! products ( dige/ion are transf]r$ f ! dige/ive canal to ! blood may be illu/rat$ 9 a g5]al way by ! foll[+ simple exp]im5ts4 ,! /ud5t mu/1 h[ev]1 und]/& t ! necess>ily crude exp]im5ts ( ! classroom may n con=m 9 c]ta9 ess5tials to ^! great processes conduct$ 9 ! liv+ body1 :i* !y are int5d$ to illu/rate & expla94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fb4 ,exp]im5t #fb4 ,simple ,app>atus = ,illu/rat+ ,endosmotic ,action4 ,remove c>efully a circul> portion1 ab\t an in* 9 diamet]1 ( ! %ell f "o end ( an egg1 :i* may be done )\t injur+ ! membranes1 by crack+ ! %ell 9 small pieces1 :i* are pick$ (f ) =ceps4 ,a small glass tube is !n introduc$ ?r\gh an op5+ 9 ! %ell & membranes ( ! o!r end ( ! egg1 & is secur$ 9 a v]tical position by wax or pla/] ( ,p>is1 ! tube p5etrat+ ! yelk4 ,! egg is !n plac$ 9 a w9e-glass p>tly fill$ ) wat]4 ,9 ! c\rse ( a few m9utes1 ! wat] w h p5etrat$ ! expos$ membrane1 & ! yelk w rise 9 ! tube4--,fl9t's ,human ,physiology1 page #bic4 ,exp]im5t #fc4 ,/ret* a piece ( moi/ bladd] across a glass tube1--a common lamp-*imney w d4 ,into ?is put a /rong sal9e solution4 ,n[ susp5d ! tube 9 a wide m\!d vessel ( wat]4 ,aft] a %ort "t x w be f\nd t a "p ( ! salt solution has pass$ ?r\gh into ! wat]1 :ile a l>g] am\nt ( wat] has pass$ into ! tube & rais$ ! height ( ! liquid )9 x4 #afa4 ,! ,quantity ( ,food z ,affect$ by ,age4 ,! quantity ( food requir$ to keep ! body 9 prop] condition is modifi$ to a great ext5t by circum/ances4 ,age1 occupation1 place ( resid5ce1 climate1 & season1 z well z individual conditions ( heal? & disease1 are always important factors 9 ! problem4 ,9 y\? ! body is n only gr[+1 b ! tissue *anges are active4 ,! re/less en]gy & necess>y gr[? at ?is "t ( life _c be ma9ta9$ )\t an abundance ( :olesome food4 ,?is food supply = "y p %\ld be ample en\gh to answ] ! dem&s ( _! ke5 appetite & vigor\s dige/ion4 ,9 adult life1 :5 ! processes ( dige/ion & assimilation are active1 ! am\nt ( food may )\t h>m1 be 9 excess ( ! actual ne$s ( ! body4 ,?is is true1 h[ev]1 only s long z active muscul> ex]cise is tak54 ,9 advanc$ life ! tissue *anges are sl[1 dige/ion is less active1 & ! ability to assimilate food is greatly dim9i%$4 ,gr[? has ceas$1 ! en]gy :i* induc$ activity is gone1 & ! proteids are no long] requir$ to build up worn-out tissues4 ,h5ce1 z old age approa*es1 ! quantity ( nitrog5\s foods %\ld be /eadily dim9i%$4 ,exp]im5t #fd4 ,obta9 a %eep's bladd] & p\r into x a heavy solution ( sug> or "s color$ simple elixir1 f\nd at any drug /ore4 ,tie ! bladd] c>efully & place x 9 a vessel conta9+ wat]4 ,aft] a :ile x w be f\nd t an int]*ange has occurr$1 wat] hav+ pass$ into ! bladd] & ! wat] outside hav+ become sweet4 ,exp]im5t #fe4 ,make a hole ab\t z big z a five-c5t piece 9 ! l>ge end ( an egg4 ,t is1 break ! %ell c>efully & snip ! out] %ell membrane1 ?us op5+ ! space betwe5 ! out] & inn] membranes4 ,n[ put ! egg into a glass ( wat]1 keep+ x 9 an upright position by re/+ on a napk9-r+4 ,!re is only ! inn] %ell membrane betwe5 ! liquid :ite ( ! egg 7album57 & ! wat]4 ,an int]*ange takes place1 & ! wat] passes t[>ds ! album54 ,z ! album5 does n pass out freely t[>ds ! wat]1 ! membrane becomes di/5d$1 l a little bag at ! top ( ! egg4 #afb4 ,ill ,effects ( a too ,g5]\s ,diet4 ,a g5]\s diet1 ev5 ( ^? :o take active muscul> ex]cise1 %\ld be indulg$ 9 only ) vigilance & discretion4 ,frequ5t sick or n]v\s heada*es1 a s5se ( fullness1 bili\s attacks1 & dyspepsia are "s ( ! aft]-effects ( eat+ m food ?an ! body actually requires4 ,! excess ( food is n prop]ly act$ ^u by ! dige/ive juices1 & is liable to und]go f]m5tation1 & ?us to become a s\rce ( irritation to ! /oma* & ! inte/9es4 ,if too mu* & too ri* food be p]si/5tly indulg$ 91 ! complexion is apt to become muddy1 ! sk91 especially ( ! face1 pale & sall[1 & m or less cov]$ ) blot*es & pimples2 ! brea? has an unpleasant odor1 & ! g5]al appe>ance ( ! body is un:olesome4 ,an excess ( any "o ( ! diff]5t classes ( foods may lead to s]i\s results4 ,?us a diet habitually too ri* 9 proteids1 z ) ^? :o eat meat 9 excess1 (t5 ov]-taxes ! kidneys to get rid ( ! excess ( nitrog5\s wa/e1 & ! organs ( excretion are n able to rid ! tissues ( wa/e products :i* accumulate 9 ! sy/em4 ,f ! blood1 ?us imp]fectly purifi$1 may result kidney tr\bles & v>i\s diseases ( ! liv] & ! /oma*4 #afc4 ,effect ( ,occupation4 ,occupation has an important influ5ce ^u ! quantity ( food dem&$ = ! bodily support4 ,^? :o "w long & h>d at physical labor1 ne$ a g5]\s am\nt ( nutriti\s food4 ,a lib]al diet ( ! c]eals & lean meat1 especially beef1 gives t vigor to ! muscles :i* enables "o to und]go labori\s & prolong$ physical ex]tion4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^? :o foll[ a s$5t>y occupation d n ne$ s l>ge a quantity ( food4 ,bra9-work]s :o w\ld "w well & live long1 %\ld n indulge 9 too g5]\s a diet4 ,! dige/ion ( heavy meals involves a great exp5diture ( n]v\s =ce4 ,h5ce1 ! =ces ( ! bra9-work]1 be+ requir$ = m5tal ex]tion1 %\ld n be exp5d$ to an unw>rant$ ext5t on ! task ( dige/ion4 #afd4 ,effect ( ,climate4 ,climate also has a m>k$ influ5ce on ! quantity ( food dem&$ by ! sy/em4 ,mu* m food ( all k9ds is consum$ 9 cold ?an 9 w>m climates4 ,! acc\nts by travel]s ( ! quantity ( food us$ by ! inhabitants ( ! frigid zone are almo/ beyond belief4 ,a ,russian admiral gives an in/ance ( a man :o1 9 8 pres5ce1 ate at a s+le meal #bh p\nds ( rice & butt]4 ,dr4 ,hayes1 ! ,arctic travel]1 /ates f p]sonal obs]vation t ! daily ration ( ! ,eskimos is #ab to #ae p\nds ( meat4 ,) ! !rmomet] rang+ f #fj to #gj ,f4 bel[ z]o1 !re 0 a p]si/5t crav+ = /rong animal diet1 especially fatty foods4#bd ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fc4--,lymphatics & ,lymphatic ,gl&s ( ! ,axilla4 ,! int5se cold makes su* a dra9 ^u ! heat-produc+ p[] ( ! body t only food conta9+ ! l>ge/ proportion ( c>bon is capable ( mak+ up = ! loss4 ,9 tropical c\ntries1 on ! o!r h&1 ! natives crave & subsi/ ma9ly ^u fruits & vegetables4 #afe4 ,! ,k9ds ( ,food ,requir$4 ,an appetite = pla91 well-cook$ food is a safe guide to foll[4 ,e p]son 9 good heal?1 tak+ a mod]ate am\nt ( daily ex]cise1 %\ld h a ke5 appetite = ?ree meals a day & enjoy !m4 ,food %\ld be bo? nutriti\s & dige/ible4 ,x is nutriti\s 9 proportion to ! am\nt ( mat]ial x furni%es = ! n\ri%m5t ( ! tissues4 ,x is dige/ible 9 a great] or less degree 9 respect to ! read9ess ) :i* x yields to ! action ( ! dige/ive fluids1 & is prep>$ to be tak5 up by ! blood4 ,?is dige/ibility dep5ds p>tly ^u ! nature ( ! food 9 its raw /ate1 p>tly ^u ! effect produc$ ^u x by cook+1 & to "s ext5t ^u its admixture ) o!r foods4 ,c]ta9 foods1 z ! vegetable album5s1 are bo? nutriti\s & dige/ible4 ,a h>d-work+ man may gr[ /rong & ma9ta9 vigor\s heal? on mo/ ( !m1 ev5 if depriv$ ( animal food4 ,:ile x is true t ! vegetable album5s furni% all t is really ne$$ = ! bodily heal?1 animal food ( "s k9d is an economical & useful addition to ! diet4 ,races ( m5 :o endure prolong$ physical ex]tion h discov]$ = !mselves1 )\t ! tea*+ ( sci5ce1 ! great value ( meat4 ,h5ce ! common cu/om ( eat+ meat ) bread & vegetables is a s\nd "o4 ,x is und\bt$ly true t ! p ( ?is c\ntry1 z a rule1 eat meat too (t5 & too mu* at a "t4 ,! judici\s admixture ( diff]5t classes ( foods greatly aids _! dige/ibility4 ,! great abundance & v>iety ( food 9 ?is c\ntry1 p]mit ?is pr9ciple to be put into practice4 ,a v>iety ( mix$ foods1 z milk1 eggs1 bread1 & meat1 are almo/ inv>iably associat$ to a great] or less ext5t at e meal4 ,(t5times :]e !re is ( necessity a sam5ess ( diet1 !re arises a crav+ = special articles ( food4 ,?us on long voyages1 & dur+ long campaigns 9 w>1 !re is an almo/ univ]sal crav+ = onions1 raw potatoes1 & o!r vegetables4 #aff4 ,h9ts ab\t ,meals4 ,on an av]age1 ?ree meals ea* day1 f five to six h\rs ap>t1 is ! prop] numb] = adults4 ,five h\rs is by no means too long a "t to int]v5e betwe5 consecutive meals1 = x is n desirable to introduce new food into ! /oma*1 until ! ga/ric dige/ion ( ! prec$+ meal has be5 complet$1 & until ! /oma* has _h "t to re/1 & is 9 condition to receive fre% mat]ial4 ,! /oma*1 l o!r organs1 does its "w be/ at regul> p]iods4#be ,eat+ out ( mealtimes %\ld be /rictly avoid$1 = x robs ! /oma* ( its ne$$ re/4 ,food eat5 :5 ! body & m9d are we>i$ is n well dige/$4 ,re/1 ev5 = a few m9utes1 %\ld be tak5 be=e eat+ a full meal4 ,x is well to lie d[n1 or sit quietly & read1 fifte5 m9utes be=e eat+1 & directly aft]w>ds1 if possible4 ,sev]e ex]cise & h>d /udy j aft] a full meal1 are v apt to delay or actually arre/ dige/ion1 = aft] eat+ he>tily1 ! vital =ces ( ! body are call$ ^u to help ! /oma* dige/ its food4 ,if our bodily en]gies are compell$1 9 addition to ?is1 to help ! muscles or bra91 dige/ion is ret>d$1 & a feel+ ( dullness & heav9ess foll[s4 ,f]m5tative *anges1 in/ead ( ! normal dige/ive *anges1 are apt to take place 9 ! food4 #afg4 ,practical ,po9ts ab\t ,eat+4 ,we %\ld n eat = at lea/ two or ?ree h\rs be=e go+ to b$4 ,:5 we are asleep1 ! vital =ces are at a l[ ebb1 ! process ( dige/ion is = ! "t ne>ly susp5d$1 & ! ret5tion ( incompletely dige/$ food 9 ! /oma* may cause bad dreams & tr\bl$ sleep4 ,b 9 _m cases ( sleeplessness1 a trifle ( "s simple food1 especially if ! /oma* seems to feel exhau/$1 (t5 appe>s to promote sleep & re/4 ,,note4 ,! table on ! next page %[s ! results ( _m exp]im5ts to illu/rate ! "t tak5 = ! ga/ric dige/ion ( a numb] ( ! m common solid foods4 ,!re are a good _m factors ( :i* ! table takes no acc\nt1 su* z ! int]val s9ce ! la/ meal1 /ate ( ! appetite1 am\nt ( "w & ex]cise1 me?od ( cook+1 & especially ! quantity ( food4 ,table ,%[+ ! ,dige/ibility ( ! ,m ,common ,solid ,foods4 ,food ,h[ ,"t 9 ,cook$ ,/oma*1 ,h\rs ---------------------------------------- --------- ,apples1 sweet & mell[ ,raw #a ,apples1 s\r & h>d #b ,apple ,dumpl+ ,boil$ #c ,bass1 /rip$1 fre% ,broil$ #c ,beans1 pod ,boil$ #b ,beef1 ) salt only #b fre%1 lean ,raw #c ,fri$ #d ,roa/$ #c old1 h>d1 salt$ ,boil$ #d ,beef/eak ,broil$ #c ,beets ,boil$ #c ,bread1 corn ,bak$ #c :eat1 fre% #c ,butt] ,melt$ #c ,cabbage1 ) v9eg> ,raw #b ,boil$ #d heads ,raw #b ,c>rots ,boil$ #c ,*eese1 old1 /rong ,raw #c ,*ick51 full-gr[n ,fricassee #b s\p ,boil$ #c ,codfi%1 cur$1 dri$ #b ,corncake ,bak$ #b ,cu/>d #b ,duck1 dome/ic ,roa/$ #d wild #d ,eggs1 fre%1 :ipp$ ,raw #a #b s(t-boil$ ,boil$ #c h>d-boil$ #c ,fri$ #c ,f[l1 dome/ic ,boil$ #d ,roa/$ #d ,gelat9 ,boil$ #b ,goose ,roa/$ #b ,gre5 corn & beans ,boil$ #c ,ha%1 meat & vegetables ,w>m$ #b ,lamb ,broil$ #b ,liv] #b ,milk ,boil$ #b ,raw #b ,mutton1 fre% ,broil$ #c ,boil$ #c ,roa/$ #c ,oy/]s1 fre% ,raw #b ,roa/$ #c ,/ew$ #c ,p>snips ,boil$ #b ,pig ,roa/$ #b ,pig's feet1 s\s$ ,boil$ #a ,pork1 rec5tly salt$ #d ,fri$ #d ,raw #c /eaks ,fri$ #c ,/ew$ #c fat or lean ,roa/$ #e ,potatoes ,bak$ #b ,boil$ #c ,roa/$ #b ,rice ,boil$ #a ,sago #a ,salmon1 salt$ #d ,s\p1 b>ley #a beans #c beef1 vegetables1 bread #d m>r[ bone #d mutton #c ,sponge ,cake ,bak$ #b ,suet1 beef1 fre% ,boil$ #e mutton #d ,tapioca #b ,tripe1 s\s$ #a ,tr\t1 salmon1 fre% #a ,fri$ #a ,turkey1 wild ,roa/$ #b dome/ic ,boil$ #b ,roa/$ #b ,turnips ,boil$ #c ,veal ,roa/$ #d ,fri$ #d ,v5ison1 /eaks ,broil$ #a ,! /ate ( m9d has mu* to d ) dige/ion4 ,sudd5 fe> or joy1 or unexpect$ news1 may de/roy ! appetite at once4 ,let a hungry p]son be anxi\sly await+ a he>ty meal1 :5 sudd5ly a disa/r\s telegram is br\ght him2 all appetite in/antly disappe>s1 & ! tempt+ food is refus$4 ,h5ce we %\ld laugh & talk at our meals1 & drive away anxi\s ?\ghts & unpleasant topics ( discussion4 ,! prop] *ew+ ( ! food is an important elem5t 9 dige/ion4 ,h5ce1 eat sl[ly1 & d n bolt l>ge fragm5ts ( food4 ,if imp]fectly *ew$1 x is n readily act$ ^u by ! ga/ric juice1 & (t5 und]goes f]m5tative *anges :i* result 9 s\r /oma*1 ga/ric pa91 & o!r dige/ive di/urbance4 ,if we take too mu* dr9k ) our meals1 ! fl[ ( ! saliva is *eck$1 & dige/ion is h9d]$4 ,x is n desireable to dilute ! ga/ric juice1 nor to *ill ! /oma* ) l>ge am\nt ( cold liquid4 ,d n take food & dr9k too hot or too cold4 ,if !y are tak5 too cold1 ! /oma* is *ill$1 & dige/ion delay$4 ,if we dr9k freely ( ice-wat]1 x may require half an h\r or m = ! /oma* to rega9 its natural heat4 ,x is a poor plan to /imulate a flagg+ appetite ) highly spic$ food & bitt] dr9ks4 ,an undue am\nt ( pepp]1 mu/>d1 hors]adi%1 pickles1 & highly season$ meat-sauces may /imulate dige/ion = ! "t1 b !y soon impair x4 ,,note4 ,! process ( ga/ric dige/ion 0 /udi$ _m ye>s ago by ,dr4 ,beaumont & o!rs1 9 ! rem>kable case ( ,alexis ,/4 ,m>t91 a ,fr5*-,canadian1 :o met ) a gun-%ot w\nd :i* left a p]man5t op5+ into 8 /oma*1 gu>d$ by a little valve ( muc\s membrane4 ,?r\gh ?is op5+ ! l9+ ( ! /oma* c\ld be se51 ! temp]ature asc]ta9$1 & num]\s exp]im5ts made z to ! dige/ibility ( v>i\s k9ds ( food4 ,x 0 by ^! c>eful & conv9c+ exp]im5ts t ! f\ndation ( our exact k ( ! composition & action ( ga/ric juice 0 laid4 ,! mode/ book 9 :i* ,dr4 ,beaumont publi%$ 8 results is /ill c\nt$ among ! classics ( physiology4 ,! production ( artificial fi/ul 9 animals1 a me?od t has s9ce prov$ s fruitful1 0 fir/ sugge/$ by 8 "w4 ,x _c be too /rongly /at$ t food ( a simple "*1 well cook$ & neatly s]v$1 is m productive ( heal?ful liv+ ?an a great v>iety ( fancy di%es :i* unduly /imulate ! dige/ive organs1 & create a crav+ = food 9 excess ( ! bodily ne$s4 #afh4 ,! ,prop] ,c>e ( ! ,tee?4 ,x is our duty n only to take ! v be/ c>e ( our tee?1 b to reta9 !m z long z possible4 ,tee?1 z we well "k1 are prone to decay4 ,we may inh]it poor & s(t tee?3 our mode ( liv+ may make bad tee? worse4 ,if an ounce ( prev5tion is ev] wor? a p\nd ( cure1 x is 9 keep+ ! tee? 9 good ord]4 ,bad tee? & too?less gums mean imp]fect *ew+ ( ! food &1 h5ce1 impair$ dige/ion4 ,to atta9 a heal?ful old age1 ! p[] ( vigor\s ma/ication mu/ be pres]v$4 ,"o ( ! mo/ frequ5t causes ( decay ( ! tee? is ! ret5tion ( fragm5ts ( food betwe5 & ar\nd !m4 ,! w>m? & moi/ure ( ! m\? make ^! matt]s decompose quickly4 ,! acid ?us g5]at$ attacks ! enamel ( ! tee?1 caus+ decay ( ! d5t9e4 ,decay$ tee? are (t5 ! cause ( an (f5sive brea? & a f\l /oma*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fd4--,lymphatics on ! ,inside ( ! ,"r ,h&4 ,to keep ! tee? clean & :olesome1 !y %\ld be ?or\ghly cleans$ at b$time & 9 ! morn+ ) a s(t bru% & w>m wat]4 ,ca/ile soap1 & "s prep>$ too?-p[d] )\t grit1 %\ld be us$1 & ! bru% %\ld be appli$ on bo? sides ( ! tee?4 ,! enamel1 once brok5 ?r\gh1 is nev] r5ew$4 ,! too? decays1 sl[ly b surely3 h5ce we mu/ gu>d aga9/ c]ta9 habits :i* injure ! enamel1 z pick+ ! tee? ) p9s & ne$les4 ,we %\ld nev] crack nuts1 cru% h>d c&y1 or bite (f /\t ?read ) ! tee?4 ,/iff too?-bru%es1 gritty & *eap too?-p[d]s1 & hot food & dr9k1 (t5 injure ! enamel4 ,to remove fragm5ts ( food :i* h lodg$ betwe5 adjac5t tee?1 a quill or wood5 too?pick %\ld be us$4 ,ev5 bett] ?an ^! is ! use ( surgeon's floss1 or silk1 :i* :5 drawn betwe5 ! tee?1 effectually dislodges reta9$ p>ticles4 ,if ! tee? are n regul>ly cleans$ !y become discolor$1 & a h>d coat+ kn[n z t>t> accumulates on !m & t5ds to loos5 !m4 ,x is said t aft] ! age ( ?irty m tee? are lo/ f ?is deposit ?an f all o!r causes comb9$4 ,9 fact decay & t>t> are ! two great ag5ts t furni% "w = ! d5ti/4#bf #afi4 ,h9ts ab\t ,sav+ ,tee?4 ,we %\ld ex]cise ! greate/ c>e 9 sav+ ! tee?4 ,! la/ resort ( all is to lose a too? by extraction4 ,! skill$ d5ti/ w save almo/ any?+ 9 ! %ape ( a too?4 ,p are (t5 urg$ & cons5t to h a numb] ( tee? extract$ :i*1 ) b little tr\ble & exp5se1 might be kept & d good s]vice = ye>s4 ,! object is to replace ! tee? ) an artificial set4 ,v few plates1 ei!r p>tial or entire1 are worn ) real com=t4 ,!y %\ld always be remov$ be=e go+ to sleep1 z !re is dang] ( _! be+ swall[$4 ,! great majority ( drugs h no injuri\s effect ^u ! tee?4 ,"s m$ic9es1 h[ev]1 mu/ be us$ ) great c>e4 ,! acids us$ 9 ! t9cture ( iron h a great aff9ity = ! lime salts ( ! tee?4 ,z ?is =m ( iron is (t5 us$1 x is n unusual to see tee? v badly /a9$ or decay$ f ! effects ( ?is drug4 ,! acid us$ 9 ! liquid prep>ations ( qu99e may de/roy ! tee? 9 a comp>atively %ort "t4 ,aft] tak+ su* m$ic9es ! m\? %\ld be ?or\ghly r9s$ ) a weak solution ( common soda1 & ! tee? cleans$4 #agj4 ,alcohol & ,dige/ion4 ,! influ5ce ( alcoholic dr9ks ^u dige/ion is ( ! utmo/ importance4 ,alcohol is n1 & _c be reg>d$ f a physiological po9t ( view z a true food4 ,! reception giv5 to x by ! /oma* proves ?is v pla9ly4 ,x is obvi\sly an unwelcome intrud]4 ,x _c1 l prop] foods1 be trans=m$ into any elem5t or compon5t ( ! human body1 b passes on1 innutriti\s & = ! mo/ "p unappropriat$4 ,tak5 ev5 into ! m\?1 by any p]son n h>d5$ to its use1 its effect is s pung5t & burn+ z at once to dem& its rejection4 ,b if all[$ to pass into ! /oma*1 t organ imm$iately rebels aga9/ its intrusion1 & n unfrequ5tly ejects x ) indignant emphasis4 ,! burn+ s5sation x produces !re1 is only an appeal = wat] to dilute x4 ,! /oma* mean:ile1 9 response to ?is fi]y invitation1 secretes f its myriad pores its juices & wat]y fluids1 to protect itself z mu* z possible f ! invad+ liquid4 ,x does n dige/ alcoholic dr9ks2 we might say x does n attempt to1 because !y are n mat]ial suitable = dige/ion1 & also because no organ c p]=m its normal "w :ile sm>t+ "u an unnatural irritation4 ,ev5 if ! /oma* does n at once eject ! poison1 x refuses to adopt x z food1 = x does n pass along ) ! o!r food mat]ial1 z *yme1 into ! inte/9es1 b is seiz$ by ! absorb5ts1 borne into ! ve9s1 :i* convey x to ! he>t1 :5ce ! pulmon>y art]y conveys x to ! lungs1 :]e its pres5ce is ann\nc$ 9 ! brea?4 ,b :]ev] alcohol is c>ri$ 9 ! tissues1 x is always an irritant1 e organ 9 turn endeavor+ to rid itself ( ! noxi\s mat]ial4 #aga4 ,effect ( ,alcoholic ,liquor ^u ! ,/oma*4 ,! me?ods by :i* intoxicat+ dr9ks impair & (t5 ru9 dige/ion are v>i\s4 ,we "k t a piece ( animal food1 z beef1 if soak$ 9 alcohol = a few h\rs1 becomes h>d & t\gh1 ! fib]s hav+ be5 compact$ toge!r because ( ! ab/raction ( _! moi/ure by ! alcohol1 :i* has a m>vel\s aff9ity = wat]4 ,9 ! same way alcohol h>d5s & t\gh5s animal food 9 ! /oma*1 cond5s+ its fib]s1 & r5d]+ x indige/ible1 ?us prev5t+ ! heal?ful nutrition ( ! body4 ,s1 if alcohol be add$ to ! cle>1 liquid :ite ( an egg1 x is in/antly coagulat$ & trans=m$ into h>d album54 ,z a result ( ?is h>d5+ action1 animal food 9 contact ) alcoholic liquids 9 ! /oma* rema9s undige/$1 & mu/ ei!r be deta9$ !re s long z to become a s\rce ( ga/ric di/urbance1 or else be all[$ to pass undige/$ ?r\gh ! pyloric gate1 & !n may become a cause ( s]i\s inte/9al di/urbance4#bg ,?is peculi> prop]ty ( alcohol1 its gre$y absorption ( wat] f objects 9 contact ) x1 acts also by absorb+ liquids f ! surface ( ! /oma* itself1 ?us h>d5+ ! delicate gl&s1 impair+ _! ability to absorb ! food-liquids1 & s induc+ ga/ric dyspepsia4 ,?is local injury inflict$ ^u ! /oma* by all =ms ( intoxicants1 is s]i\s & protract$4 ,?is organ is1 ) admirable wisdom1 s con/ruct$ z to endure a surpris+ am\nt ( abuse1 b x 0 pla9ly n int5d$ to ?rive on alcoholic liquids4 ,! application ( fi]y dr9ks to its t5d] surface produces at fir/ a m>k$ conge/ion ( its blood-vessels1 *ang+ ! natural p9k color1 z 9 ! m\?1 to a bright or deep r$4 ,if ! irritation be n repeat$1 ! l9+ membrane soon recov]s its natural appe>ance4 ,b if repeat$ & cont9u$1 ! conge/ion becomes m int5se1 ! r$ color deep] & d>k]2 ! entire surface is ! subject ( *ronic inflammation1 its walls are ?ick5$1 & sometimes ulc]at$4 ,9 ?is deplorable /ate1 ! organ is q unable to p]=m its normal "w ( dige/ion4#bh #agb4 ,alcohol & ! ,ga/ric ,juice4 ,b /ill ano!r de/ructive influ5ce ^u dige/ion appe>s 9 ! s+ul> fact t alcohol dim9i%es ! p[] ( ! ga/ric juice to d its prop] "w4 ,alcohol coagulates ! peps91 :i* is ! dissolv+ elem5t 9 ?is important ga/ric fluid4 ,a v simple exp]im5t w prove ?is4 ,obta9 a small quantity ( ga/ric juice f ! fre% /oma* ( a calf or pig1 by g5tly press+ x 9 a v little wat]4 ,p\r ! milky juice into a cle> glass vessel1 add a little alcohol1 & a :ite deposit w pres5tly settle to ! bottom4 ,?is deposit conta9s ! peps9 ( ! ga/ric juice1 ! pot5t elem5t by :i* x does its special "w ( dige/ion4 ,! ill effect ( alcohol ^u x is "o ( ! prime factors 9 ! long s]ies ( evil results f ! use ( intoxicants4 #agc4 ,! ,f9al ,results ^u ,dige/ion4 ,we h ?us expla9$ ?ree diff]5t me?ods by :i* alcoholic dr9ks ex]cise a t]rible p[] = h>m2 !y act ^u ! food s z to r5d] x less dige/ible2 !y injure ! /oma* s z s]i\sly to impair its p[] ( dige/ion2 & !y deprive ! ga/ric juice ( ! "o pr9cipal +r$i5t ess5tial to its usefulness4 ,alcoholic dr9ks =c$ ^u ! /oma* are a =eign sub/ance2 ! /oma* treats !m z su*1 & refuses to g on ) ! process ( dige/ion till x fir/ gets rid ( ! poison4 ,?is irritat+ pres5ce & delay weak5 ! /oma*1 s t :5 prop] food foll[s1 ! enfeebl$ organ is ill prep>$ = its "w4 ,aft] intoxication1 !re occurs an obvi\s reaction ( ! /oma*1 & dige/ive organs1 aga9/ ! viol5t & unnatural di/urbance4 ,! appetite is ext+ui%$ or deprav$1 & int5se heada*e racks ! frame1 ! :ole sy/em is pro/rat$1 z f a p>tial p>alysis 7all ^! results be+ ! voice ( ,nature's %>p w>n+ ( ?is great wrong71 & a re/ ( "s days is ne$$ be=e ! sy/em fully recov]s f ! injury inflict$4 ,x is altoge!r an error to suppose ! use ( intoxicants is necess>y or ev5 desirable to promote appetite or dige/ion4 ,9 heal?1 good food & a /oma* undi/urb$ by artificial int]f]5ce furni% all ! conditions requir$4 ,m ?an ^! is h>mful4 ,if x may sometimes seem z if alcoholic dr9ks ar\se ! appetite & invigorate dige/ion1 we mu/ n %ut our eyes to ! fact t ?is is only a seem+1 & t _! cont9u$ use w inevitably ru9 bo?4 ,9 brief1 !re is no m sure foe to good appetite & normal dige/ion ?an ! habitual use ( alcoholic liquors4 #agd4 ,effect ( ,alcoholic ,dr9ks ^u ! ,liv]4 ,x is to be not$ t ! circulation ( ! liv] is peculi>2 t ! capill>ies ( ! hepatic art]y unite 9 ! lobule ) ^? ( ! portal ve91 & ?us ! blood f bo? s\rces is comb9$2 & t ! portal ve9 br+s to ! liv] ! blood f ! /oma*1 ! inte/9es1 & ! sple54 ,f ! fact t alcohol absorb$ f ! /oma* ent]s ! portal ve91 & is borne directly to ! liv]1 we w\ld expect to f9d ?is organ suff]+ ! full effects ( its pres5ce4 ,& all ! m w\ld ?is be true1 because we h j le>n$ t ! liv] acts z a sort ( filt] to /ra9 f ! blood its impurities4 ,s ! liv] is especially liable to diseases produc$ by alcoholics4 ,po/ mortems ( ^? :o h di$ :ile intoxicat$ %[ a l>g] am\nt ( alcohol 9 ! liv] ?an 9 any o!r organ4 ,next to ! /oma* ! liv] is an e>ly & late suff]]1 & ?is is especially ! case ) h>d dr9k]s1 & ev5 m mod]ate dr9k]s 9 hot climates4 ,yell[ fev] occurr+ 9 inebriates is always fatal4 ,! effects produc$ 9 ! liv] are n s mu* functional z organic2 t is1 n m]ely a di/urb$ mode ( action1 b a de/ruction ( ! fabric ( ! organ itself4 ,f ! use ( intoxicants1 ! liv] becomes at fir/ irritat$1 !n inflam$1 & f9ally s]i\sly diseas$4 ,! f9e b&s1 or septa1 :i* s]ve z p>titions betwe5 ! hepatic lobules1 & s ma9ta9 ! =m & consi/5cy ( ! organ1 are ! special subjects ( ! inflammation4 ,?\gh ! liv] is at fir/ enl>g$1 x soon becomes contract$2 ! secret+ cells are compress$1 & are q unable to p]=m _! prop] "w1 :i* inde$ is a v important "o 9 ! r\nd ( ! dige/ion ( food & ! purification ( ! blood4 ,?is contraction ( ! septa 9 "t gives ! :ole organ an irregul>ly puck]$ appe>ance1 call$ f ?is fact a hob-nail liv] or1 popul>ly1 g9 liv]4 ,! yell[i% discoloration1 usually f reta9$ or p]v]t$ bile1 gives ! disease ! m$ical "n ( cirrhosis4#bi ,x is usually accompani$ ) dropsy 9 ! l[] extremities1 caus$ by ob/ruction to ! return ( ! circulation f ! p>ts bel[ ! liv]4 ,?is disease is always fatal4 #age4 ,fatty ,deg5]ation ,due to ,alcohol4 ,ano!r =m ( de/ructive disease (t5 occurs4 ,!re is an increase ( fat globules deposit$ 9 ! liv]1 caus+ notable enl>gem5t & de/roy+ its function4 ,?is is call$ fatty deg5]ation1 & is n limit$ to ! liv]1 b o!r organs are likely to be simil>ly affect$4 ,9 tru?1 ?is deposition ( fat is a mo/ significant occurr5ce1 z x means actual de/ruction ( ! liv] tissues1--no?+ less ?an progressive dea? ( ! organ4 ,?is condition always leads to a fatal issue4 ,/ill o!r =ms ( alcoholic disease ( ! liv] are produc$1 "o be+ ! excessive =mation ( sug>1 con/itut+ :at is kn[n z a =m ( diabetes4 #agf4 ,effect ( ,tobacco on ,dige/ion4 ,! noxi\s influ5ce ( tobacco ^u ! process ( dige/ion is ne>ly p>allel to ! effects ( alcohol1 :i* x resembles 9 its irritant & n>cotic "*4 ,locally1 x /imulates ! secretion ( saliva to an unnatural ext5t1 & ?is excess ( secretion dim9i%es ! am\nt available = normal dige/ion4 ,tobacco also poisons ! saliva furni%$ = ! dige/ion ( food1 & ?us at ! v outset impairs1 9 bo? ( ^! p>ticul>s1 ! g5]al dige/ion1 & especially ! dige/ion ( ! />*y portions ( ! food4 ,= ?is reason ! am\nt ( food tak51 fails to n\ri% z x %\ld1 & ei!r m food mu/ be tak51 or ! body becomes gradually impov]i%$4 ,! poison\s nicot9e1 ! active elem5t ( tobacco1 ex]ts a de/ructive influ5ce ^u ! /oma* dige/ion1 enfeebl+ ! vigor ( ! muscul> walls ( t organ4 ,^! effects comb9$ produce dyspepsia1 ) its we>y tra9 ( baneful results4 ,! tobacco tongue nev] pres5ts ! natural1 cle>1 p9k color1 b r a dirty yell[1 & is usually heavily coat$1 %[+ a disord]$ /oma* & impair$ dige/ion4 ,!n1 too1 !re is dryness ( ! m\?1 an unnatural ?ir/ t dem&s dr9k4 ,b pure wat] is /ale & flat to su* a m\?3 some?+ m emphatic is ne$$4 ,?us comes ! unnatural crav+ = alcoholic liquors1 & ?us are tak5 ! fir/ /eps on ! d[nw>d grade4 ,!re is no d\bt t tobacco pr$isposes to neuralgia1 v]tigo1 indige/ion1 & o!r affections ( ! n]v\s1 circulatory & dige/ive organs4--,w4 ,h4 ,hammond1 ! em95t surgeon ( ,new ,york city & =m]ly ,surgeon ,g5]al1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,drs4 ,seav] ( ,yale ,univ]sity & ,hit*cock ( ,amh]/ ,college1 in/ructors ( physical education 9 ^! two colleges1 h cle>ly demon/rat$ by p]sonal exam9ation & record$ /ati/ics t ! use ( tobacco among college /ud5ts *ecks gr[? 9 weight1 height1 *e/-gir?1 &1 mo/ ( all1 9 lung capacity4 ,additional ,exp]im5ts4 ,exp]im5t #ff4 ,te/ a portion ( ,c 7,exp]im5t #eg7 ) solution ( iod9e2 no blue color is obta9$1 z all ! />* has disappe>$1 hav+ be5 conv]t$ into a r$uc+ sug>1 or maltose4 ,exp]im5t #fg4 ,make a ?ick />* pa/e2 place "s 9 te/ tubes1 label$ ,a & ,b4 ,keep ,a = comp>ison1 & to ,b add saliva1 & expose bo? to ab\t #ajd ,f4 ,a is unaffect$1 :ile ,b soon becomes fluid --)9 two m9utes--& loses its opalesc5ce2 ?is liquefaction is a process q antec$5t to ! sac*>ify+ process :i* foll[s4 ,exp]im5t #fh4 ,to %[ ! action ( ga/ric juice on milk4 ,mix two teaspoonfuls ( fre% milk 9 a te/ tube ) a few drops ( neutral artificial ga/ric juice2#cj keep at ab\t #ajj ,f4 ,9 a %ort "t ! milk curdles1 s t ! tube c be inv]t$ )\t ! curd fall+ out4 ,by & by :ey is squeez$ out ( ! clot4 ,! curdl+ ( milk by ! r5net f]m5t pres5t 9 ! ga/ric juice1 is q diff]5t f t produc$ by ! s\r+ ( milk1 or by ! precipitation ( case9og5 by acids4 ,"h ! case9 7c>ry+ ) x mo/ ( ! fats7 is precipitat$ 9 a neutral fluid4 ,exp]im5t #fi4 ,to ! te/ tube 9 ! prec$+ exp]im5t1 add two teaspoonfuls ( dilute hydro*loric acid1 & keep at #ajj ,f4 = two h\rs4 ,! peps9 9 ! pres5ce ( ! acid dige/s ! case91 gradually dissolv+ x1 =m+ a /raw-color$ fluid conta9+ peptones4 ,! peptoniz$ milk has a peculi> odor & bitt] ta/e4 ,exp]im5t #gj4 ,to %[ ! action ( r5net on milk4 ,place milk 9 a te/ tube1 add a drop or two ( comm]cial r5net1 & place ! tube 9 a wat]-ba? at ab\t #ajj ,f4 ,! milk becomes solid 9 a few m9utes1 =m+ a curd1 & by & by ! curd ( case9 contracts1 & presses out a fluid1--! :ey4 ,exp]im5t #ga4 ,repeat ! exp]im5t1 b previ\sly boil ! r5net4 ,no su* result is obta9$ z 9 ! prec$+ exp]im5t1 because ! r5net f]m5t is de/roy$ by heat4 ,exp]im5t #gb4 ,to %[ ! effect ( ! pancreatic f]m5t 7tryps97 ^u album9\s matt]4 ,half fill ?ree te/ tubes1 ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ) "o-p]-c5t solution ( sodium c>bonate1 & add #e drops ( liquor pancreaticus1 or a few gra9s ( ,fair*ild's extract ( pancreas1 9 ea*4 ,boil ,b1 & make ,c acid ) dilute hydro*loric acid4 ,place 9 ea* tube an equal am\nt ( well-wa%$ fibr91 plug ! tubes ) absorb5t cotton1 & place all 9 a wat]-ba? at ab\t #ajj ,f4 ,exp]im5t #gc4 ,exam9e f "t to "t ! ?ree te/ tubes 9 ! prec$+ exp]im5t4 ,at ! end ( "o1 two1 or ?ree h\rs1 !re is no *ange 9 ,b & ,c1 :ile 9 ,a ! fibr9 is gradually be+ erod$1 & f9ally disappe>s2 b x does n swell up1 & ! solution at ! same "t becomes slightly turbid4 ,aft] ?ree h\rs1 /ill no *ange is obs]vable 9 ,b & ,c4 ,exp]im5t #gd4 ,filt] ,a1 & c>efully neutralize ! filtrate ) v dilute hydro*loric or acetic acid1 equal to a precipitate ( alkali-album54 ,filt] (f ! precipitate1 & on te/+ ! filtrate1 peptones are f\nd4 ,! int]m$iate bodies1 ! albumoses1 are n ne>ly s readily obta9$ f pancreatic z f ga/ric dige/s4 ,exp]im5t #ge4 ,filt] ,b & ,c1 & c>efully neutralize ! filtrates4 ,!y give no precipitate4 ,no peptones are f\nd4 ,exp]im5t #gf4 ,to %[ ! action ( pancreatic juice ^u ! album9\s +r$i5ts 7case97 ( milk4 ,into a f\r-ounce bottle put two tablespoonfuls ( cold wat]2 add "o gra9 ( ,fair*ild's extract ( pancreas1 & z mu* bak+ soda z c be tak5 up on ! po9t ( a p5knife4 ,%ake well1 & add f\r tablespoonfuls ( cold1 fre% milk4 ,%ake aga94 ,n[ set ! bottle into a bas9 ( hot wat] 7z hot z "o c be> ! h& 971 & let x /& = ab\t =ty-five m9utes4 ,:ile ! milk is dige/+1 take a small quantity ( milk 9 a goblet1 & /ir 9 t5 drops or m ( v9eg>4 ,a ?ick curd ( case9 w be se54 ,^u apply+ ! same te/ to ! dige/$ milk1 no curd w be made4 ,?is is because ! pancreatic f]m5t 7tryps97 has dige/$ ! case9 into peptone1 :i* does n curdle4 ,?is dige/$ milk is !re=e call$ peptoniz$ milk4 ,exp]im5t #gg4 ,to %[ ! action ( bile4 ,obta9 f ! but*] "s ox bile4 ,note its bitt] ta/e1 peculi> odor1 & gre5i% color4 ,x is alkal9e or neutral to litmus pap]4 ,p\r x f "o vessel to ano!r1 & note t /r+s ( muc9 7f ! l9+ membrane ( ! gall bladd]7 connect "o vessel ) ! o!r4 ,x is be/ to precipitate ! muc9 by acetic acid be=e mak+ exp]im5ts2 & to dilute ! cle> liquid ) a little di/ill$ wat]4 ,exp]im5t #gh4 ,te/ = bile pigm5ts4 ,place a few drops ( bile on a :ite porcela9 slab4 ,) a glass rod place a drop or two ( /rong nitric acid conta9+ nitr\s acid ne> ! drop ( bile2 br+ ! acid & bile into contact4 ,notice ! succession ( colors1 beg9n+ ) gre5 & pass+ into blue1 r$1 & yell[4 ,exp]im5t #gi4 ,to %[ ! action ( bile on fats4 ,mix ?ree teaspoonfuls ( bile ) "o-half a teaspoonful ( almond oil1 to :i* "s oleic acid is add$4 ,%ake well1 & keep ! tube 9 a wat]-ba? at ab\t #ajj ,f4 ,a v good emulsion is obta9$4 ,exp]im5t #hj4 ,to %[ t bile favors filtration & ! absorption ( fats4 ,place two small funnels ( exactly ! same size 9 a filt] /&1 & "u ea* a beak]4 ,into ea* funnel put a filt] pap]2 moi/5 ! "o ) wat] 7,a7 & ! o!r ) bile 7,b74 ,p\r into ea* an equal volume ( almond oil2 cov] ) a slip ( glass to prev5t evaporation4 ,set aside = twelve h\rs1 & note t ! oil passes ?r\gh ,b1 b sc>cely any ?r\gh ,a4 ,! oil filt]s mu* m readily ?r\gh ! "o moi/5$ ) bile1 ?an ?r\gh ! "o moi/5$ ) wat]4 ,exp]im5ts ) ! ,fats4 ,exp]im5t #ha4 ,use olive oil or l>d4 ,%[ by exp]im5t t !y are soluble 9 e!r1 *lor(orm & hot wat]1 b insoluble 9 wat] alone4 ,exp]im5t #hb4 ,dissolve a few drops ( oil or fat 9 a teaspoonful ( e!r4 ,let a drop ( ! solution fall on a piece ( tissue or rice pap]4 ,note ! greasy /a91 :i* does n disappe> ) ! heat4 ,exp]im5t #hc4 ,p\r a little cod-liv] oil into a te/ tube2 add a few drops ( a dilute solution ( sodium c>bonate4 ,! :ole mass becomes :ite1 mak+ an emulsion4 ,exp]im5t #hd4 ,%ake up olive oil ) a solution ( album5 9 a te/ tube4 ,note t an emulsion is =m$4 ,*apt] ,,vii4 ,! ,blood & ,its ,circulation4 #agg4 ,! ,circulation4 ,all ! tissues ( ! body are trav]s$ by exce$+ly m9ute tubes call$ capill>ies1 :i* receive ! blood f ! art]ies1 & convey x to ! ve9s4 ,^! capill>ies =m a great sy/em ( networks1 ! me%es ( :i* are fill$ ) ! elem5ts ( ! v>i\s tissues4 ,t is1 ! capill>ies are clos$ vessels1 & ! tissues lie outside ( !m1 z asbe/os pack+ may be us$ to envelop hot-wat] pipes4 ,! space betwe5 ! walls ( ! capill>ies & ! cells ( ! tissues is fill$ ) lymph4 ,z ! blood fl[s along ! capill>ies1 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! plasma ( ! blood filt] ?r\gh _! walls into ! lymph1 & c]ta9 p>ts ( ! lymph filt] ?r\gh ! cell walls ( ! tissues & m+le ) ! blood curr5t4 ,! lymph ?us acts z a m$ium ( ex*ange1 9 :i* a transf] ( mat]ial takes place betwe5 ! blood 9 ! capill>ies & ! lymph ar\nd !m4 ,a simil> ex*ange ( mat]ial is con/antly go+ on betwe5 ! lymph & ! tissues !mselves4 ,?is1 !n1 we mu/ rememb]1--t 9 e tissue1 s long z ! blood fl[s1 & life la/s1 ?is ex*ange takes place betwe5 ! blood )9 ! capill>ies & ! tissues )\t4 ,! /ream ( blood to ! tissues c>ries to !m ! mat]ial1 includ+ ! all-important oxyg51 ) :i* !y build !mselves up & d _! "w4 ,! /ream f ! tissues c>ries into ! blood ! products ( c]ta9 *emical *anges :i* h tak5 place 9 ^! tissues4 ,^! products may repres5t simple wa/e matt] to be ca/ out or mat]ial :i* may be ( use to "s o!r tissue4 ,9 brief1 ! tissues by ! help ( ! lymph live on ! blood4 ,j z our bodies1 z a :ole1 live on ! ?+s ar\nd u1 ! food & ! air1 s d ! bodily tissues live on ! blood :i* ba!s !m 9 an unceas+ curr5t1 & :i* is _! imm$iate air & food4 #agh4 ,physical ,prop]ties ( ,blood4 ,! blood has be5 call$ ! life ( ! body f ! fact t ^u x dep5ds our bodily exi/5ce4 ,! blood is s ess5tially ! nutri5t elem5t t x is call$ sometimes v aptly liquid fle%4 ,x is a r$1 w>m1 heavy1 alkal9e fluid1 slightly salt 9 ta/e1 & has a some:at fetid odor4 ,its color v>ies f bright r$ 9 ! art]ies & :5 expos$ to ! air1 to v>i\s t9ts f d>k purple to r$ 9 ! ve9s4 ,! color ( ! blood is due to ! color+ con/itu5t ( ! r$ corpuscles1 hmoglob91 :i* is bright] or d>k] z x conta9s m or less oxyg54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fe4--;,blood ,corpuscles ( ,v>i\s ,animals4 7,magnifi$ to ! same scale47 ,a1 f proteus1 a k9d ( newt2 ,b1 salam&]2 ,c1 frog2 ,d1 frog aft] addition ( acetic acid1 %[+ ! c5tral nucleus2 ,e1 bird2 ,f1 camel2 ,g1 fi%2 ,h1 crab or o!r inv]tebrate animal ,! temp]ature ( ! blood v>ies slightly 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! circulation4 ,its av]age heat ne> ! surface is 9 heal? ab\t ! same1 viz4 #ih ,f4 ,blood is alkal9e1 b outside ( ! body x soon becomes neutral1 !n acid4 ,! *loride ( sodium1 or common salt1 :i* ! blood conta9s1 gives x a salty ta/e4 ,9 a hemorrhage f ! lungs1 ! suff]] is quick to notice 9 ! m\? ! w>m & salti% ta/e4 ,! total am\nt ( ! blood 9 ! body 0 =m]ly greatly ov]e/imat$4 ,x is ab\t #a_/ac ( ! total weight ( ! body1 & 9 a p]son weigh+ #aef p\nds w\ld am\nt to ab\t #ab p\nds4 #agi4 ,blood ,corpuscles4 ,if we put a drop ( blood ^u a glass slide1 & place ^u x a cov] ( ?9 glass1 we c flatt5 x out until ! color almo/ disappe>s4 ,if we exam9e ?is ?9 film ) a microscope1 we see t ! blood is n altoge!r fluid4 ,we f9d t ! liquid "p1 or plasma1 is ( a light /raw color1 & has float+ 9 x a multitude ( v m9ute bodies1 call$ corpuscles4 ,^! are ( two k9ds1 ! r$ & ! colorless4 ,! =m] are mu* m num]\s1 & h be5 comp>$ some:at fancifully to c\ntless myriads ( t9y fi%es 9 a swiftly fl[+ /ream4 #ahj4 ,r$ ,corpuscles4 ,! r$ corpuscles are circul> disks ab\t #a_/cbjj ( an in* 9 diamet]1 & d\ble concave 9 %ape4 ,!y t5d to adh]e 9 long rolls l piles ( co9s4 ,!y are s(t1 flexible1 & ela/ic1 readily squeez+ ?r\gh op5+s & passages n>r[] ?an _! own diamet]1 !n at once resum+ _! own %ape4 ,! r$ corpuscles are s v small1 t r m ?an t5 millions ( !m w lie on a surface "o in* squ>e4 ,_! numb] is s enorm\s t1 if all ! r$ corpuscles 9 a heal?y p]son c\ld be arrang$ 9 a cont9u\s l9e1 x is e/imat$ t !y w\ld rea* f\r times ar\nd ! e>?6 ,! pr9cipal con/itu5t ( ^! corpuscles1 next to wat]1 & t :i* gives !m color is hmoglob91 a comp\nd conta9+ iron4 ,z all ! tissues are con/antly absorb+ oxyg51 & giv+ (f c>bon dioxid1 a v important (fice ( ! r$ corpuscles is to c>ry oxyg5 to all p>ts ( ! body4 #aha4 ,colorless ,corpuscles4 ,! colorless corpuscles are l>g] ?an ! r$1 _! av]age diamet] be+ ab\t #a_/bejj ( an in*4 ,:ile ! r$ corpuscles are regul> 9 %ape1 & float ab\t1 & tumble freely ov] "o ano!r1 ! colorless are ( irregul> %ape1 & /ick close to ! glass slide on :i* !y are plac$4 ,aga91 :ile ! r$ corpuscles are *ang$ only by "s influ5ce f )\t1 z pressure & ! l1 ! colorless corpuscles spontane\sly und]go active & v curi\s *anges ( =m1 resembl+ ^? ( ! amba1 a v m9ute organism f\nd 9 /agnant wat] 7,fig4 #b74 ,! numb] ( bo? r$ & colorless corpuscles v>ies a great deal f "t to "t4 ,= in/ance1 ! numb] ( ! latt] increases aft] meals1 & quickly dim9i%es4 ,!re is reason to ?9k bo? k9ds ( corpuscles are cont9ually be+ de/roy$1 _! place be+ suppli$ by new ones4 ,:ile ! action ( ! colorless corpuscles is important to ! lymph & ! *yle1 & 9 ! coagulation ( ! blood1 _! real function has n be5 asc]ta9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ff4--;,blood ,corpuscles ( ,man4 ,a1 r$ corpuscles2 ,b1 ! same se5 edgeways2 ,c1 ! same arrang$ 9 r[s2 ,d1 :ite corpuscles ) nuclei4 ,exp]im5t #he4 ,to %[ ! blood corpuscles4 ,a mod]ately p[]ful microscope is necess>y to exam9e blood corpuscles4 ,let a small drop ( blood 7easily obta9$ by prick+ ! f+] ) a ne$le7 be plac$ ^u a clean slip ( glass1 & cov]$ ) ?9 glass1 su* z is ord9>ily us$ = microscopic purposes4 ,! blood is ?us spread out into a film & may be readily exam9$4 ,at fir/ ! r$ corpuscles w be se5 z pale1 disk-l bodies float+ 9 ! cle> fluid4 ,soon !y w be obs]v$ to /ick to ea* o!r by _! flatt5$ faces1 s z to =m r[s4 ,! colorless corpuscles are to be se5 among ! r$ ones1 b are mu* less num]\s4 #ahb4 ,! ,coagulation ( ! ,blood4 ,blood :5 %$ f ! liv+ body is z fluid z wat]4 ,b x soon becomes viscid1 & fl[s less readily f "o vessel to ano!r4 ,soon ! :ole mass becomes a ne>ly solid jelly call$ a clot4 ,! vessel conta9+ x ev5 c be turn$ upside d[n1 )\t a drop ( blood be+ spill$4 ,if c>efully %ak5 out1 ! mass w =m a complete m\ld ( ! vessel4 ,at fir/ ! clot includes ! :ole mass ( blood1 takes ! %ape ( ! vessel 9 :i* x is conta9$1 & is ( a uni=m color4 ,b 9 a %ort "t a pale yell[i% fluid beg9s to ooze out1 & to collect on ! surface4 ,! clot gradually %r9ks1 until at ! end ( a few h\rs x is mu* firm]1 & floats 9 ! yell[i% fluid4 ,! :ite corpuscles become entangl$ 9 ! upp] portion ( clot1 giv+ x a pale yell[ look on ! top1 kn[n z ! buffy coat4 ,z ! clot is atta*$ to ! sides ( ! vessel1 ! %r9kage is m pron\nc$ t[>d ! c5t]1 & ?us ! surface ( ! clot is holl[$ or cupp$1 z x is call$4 ,?is rem>kable process is kn[n z coagulation1 or ! clott+ ( blood2 & ! liquid :i* sep>ates f ! clot is call$ s]um4 ,! s]um is almo/ entirely free f corpuscles1 ^! be+ entangl$ 9 ! fibr94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fg4--;,diagram ( ,clot ) ,buffy ,coat4 ,a1 s]um2 ,b1 cupp$ upp] surface ( clot2 ,c1 :ite corpuscles 9 upp] lay] ( clot2 ,d1 l[] portion ( clot ) r$ corpuscles4 ,?is clott+ ( ! blood is due to ! =mation 9 ! blood1 aft] x is )drawn f ! liv+ body1 ( a sub/ance call$ fibr94#ca ,x is made up ( a network ( f9e :ite ?reads1 runn+ 9 e direction ?r\gh ! plasma1 & is a proteid sub/ance4 ,! coagulation ( ! blood may be ret>d$1 & ev5 prev5t$1 by a temp]ature bel[ #dj ,f41 or a temp]ature above #abj ,f4 ,! addition ( common salt also prev5ts coagulation4 ,! clott+ ( ! blood may be ha/5$ by free access to air1 by contact ) r\gh5$ surfaces1 or by keep+ x at p]fect re/4 ,?is p[] ( coagulation is ( ! mo/ vital importance4 ,b = ?is1 a v small cut might cause ble$+ suffici5t to empty ! blood-vessels1 & dea? w\ld spe$ily foll[4 ,9 slight cuts1 ,nature plugs up ! w\nd ) clots ( blood1 & ?us prev5ts excessive ble$+4 ,! unfavorable effects ( ! want ( clott+ are illu/rat$ 9 "s p]sons 9 :om ble$+ f ev5 ! slighte/ w\nds cont9ues till life is 9 dang]4 ,su* p]sons are call$ ble$]s1 & surgeons hesitate to p]=m on !m any op]ation1 h[ev] trivial1 ev5 ! extraction ( a too? be+ (t5 foll[$ by an al>m+ loss ( blood4 ,exp]im5t #hf4 ,a few drops ( fre% blood may be easily obta9$ to illu/rate important po9ts 9 ! physiology ( blood1 by ty+ a /r+ tight ar\nd ! f+]1 & pi]c+ x ) a clean ne$le4 ,! blood runs freely1 is r$ & opaque4 ,put two or ?ree drops ( fre% blood on a %eet ( :ite pap]1 & obs]ve t x looks yell[i%4 ,exp]im5t #hg4 ,put two or ?ree drops ( fre% blood on a :ite individual butt] plate inv]t$ 9 a sauc] ( wat]4 ,cov] x ) an inv]t$ goblet4 ,take (f ! cov] 9 five m9utes1 & ! drop has set into a jelly-l mass4 ,take x (f 9 half an h\r1 & a little clot w be se5 9 ! wat]y s]um4 ,exp]im5t #hh4 ,to %[ ! blood-clot4 ,c>ry to ! slaught] h\se a clean1 six or eight ounce1 wide-m\!d bottle4 ,fill x ) fre% blood4 ,c>ry x home ) great c>e1 & let x /& ov] night4 ,! next day ! clot w be se5 float+ 9 ! ne>ly colorless s]um4 ,exp]im5t #hi4 ,obta9 a p9t ( fre% blood2 put x into a b[l1 & :ip x briskly = five m9utes1 ) a bun* ( dry twigs4 ,f9e :ite ?reads ( fibr9 collect on ! twigs1 ! blood rema9+ fluid4 ,?is is :ipp$ or defibr9at$ blood1 :i* has lo/ ! p[] ( coagulat+ spontane\sly4 #ahc4 ,g5]al ,plan ( ,circulation4 ,all ! tissues ( ! body dep5d ^u ! blood = _! n\ri%m5t4 ,x is evid5t !n t ?is vital fluid mu/ be cont9ually r5ew$1 else x w\ld spe$ily lose all ( its life-giv+ mat]ial4 ,"s provision1 !n1 is necess>y n only to h ! blood r5ew$ 9 quantity & quality1 b also to enable x to c>ry away impurities4 ,s we mu/ h an app>atus ( circulation4 ,we ne$ fir/ a c5tral pump f :i* bran* (f l>ge pipes1 :i* divide into small] & small] bran*es until !y rea* ! remote/ tissues4 ,?r\gh ^! pipes ! blood mu/ be pump$ & di/ribut$ to ! :ole body4 ,!n we mu/ h a set ( return pipes by :i* ! blood1 aft] x has c>ri$ n\ri%m5t to ! tissues1 & receiv$ wa/e matt]s f !m1 %all be br\ght back to ! c5tral pump+ /ation1 to be us$ aga94 ,we mu/ h also "s app>atus to purify ! blood f ! wa/e matt] x has collect$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fh4--;,ant]ior ,view ( ! ,he>t4 ,a1 sup]ior v5a cava2 ,b1 "r auricle2 ,c1 "r v5tricle2 ,d1 left v5tricle2 ,e1 left auricle2 ,f1 pulmon>y ve92 ,h1 pulmon>y art]y2 ,k1 aorta2 ,l1 "r subclavian art]y2 ,m1 "r common c>otid art]y2 ,n1 left common c>otid art]y4 ,?is c5tral pump is ! he>t4 ,! pipes lead+ f x & gradually gr[+ small] & small] are ! art]ies4 ,! v m9ute vessels into :i* !y are at la/ subdivid$ are capill>ies4 ,! pipes :i* convey ! blood back to ! he>t are ! ve9s4 ,?us1 ! art]ies end 9 ! tissues 9 f9e1 hair-l vessels1 ! capill>ies2 & ! ve9s beg9 9 ! tissues 9 exce$+ly small tubes1--! capill>ies4 ,( c\rse1 !re c be no break 9 ! cont9uity betwe5 ! art]ies & ! ve94 ,! app>atus ( circulation is ?us =m$ by ! he>t1 ! art]ies1 ! capill>ies1 & ! ve9s4 #ahd4 ,! ,he>t4 ,! he>t is a pe>-%ap$1 muscul> organ r\ghly e/imat$ z ab\t ! size ( ! p]sons clos$ fi/4 ,x lies 9 ! *e/ beh9d ! brea/bone1 & is1 lodg$ betwe5 ! lobes ( ! lungs1 :i* p>tly cov] x4 ,9 %ape ! he>t resembles a cone1 ! base ( :i* is direct$ upw>ds1 a little backw>ds1 & to ! "r side1 :ile ! apex is po9t$ d[nw>ds1 =w>ds1 & to ! left side4 ,dur+ life1 ! apex ( ! he>t beats aga9/ ! *e/ wall 9 ! space betwe5 ! fif? & six? ribs1 & ab\t an in* & a half to ! left ( ! middle l9e ( ! body4 ,! beat+ ( ! he>t c be readily felt1 he>d1 & (t5 se5 mov+ ! *e/ wall z x /rikes aga9/ x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fi4--;,diagram illu/rat+ ! ,/ructure ( a ,s]\s ,membrane4 ,a1 ! viscus1 or organ1 envelop$ by s]\s membrane2 ,b1 lay] ( membrane l9+ cavity2 ,c1 membrane reflect$ to envelop viscus2 ,d1 out] lay] ( viscus1 ) blood-vessels at ,e communicat+ ) ! g5]al circulation4 ,! he>t does n hang free 9 ! *e/1 b is susp5d$ & kept 9 position to "s ext5t by ! great vessels connect$ ) x4 ,x is enclos$ 9 a bell-%ap$ cov]+ call$ ! p]ic>dium4 ,?is is really d\ble1 ) two lay]s1 "o ov] ano!r4 ,! inn] or s]\s lay] cov]s ! ext]nal surface ( ! he>t1 & is reflect$ back ^u itself 9 ord] to =m1 l all membranes ( ?is k9d1 a sac )\t an op5+4#cb ,! he>t is ?us cov]$ by ! p]ic>dial sac1 b is n conta9$ inside its cavity4 ,! space betwe5 ! two membranes is fill$ ) s]\s fluid4 ,?is fluid p]mits ! he>t & ! p]ic>dium to glide ^u "o ano!r ) ! lea/ possible am\nt ( friction4#cc ,! he>t is a holl[ organ1 b ! cavity is divid$ into two p>ts by a muscul> p>tition =m+ a left & a "r side1 betwe5 :i* !re is no communication4 ,^! two cavities are ea* divid$ by a horizontal p>tition into an upp] & a l[] *amb]4 ,^! p>titions1 h[ev]1 include a set ( valves :i* op5 l fold+ doors betwe5 ! two rooms4 ,if ^! doors are clos$ !re are two sep>ate rooms1 b if op5 !re is practically only "o room4 ,! he>t ?us has f\r *amb]s1 two on ea* side4 ,! two upp] *amb]s are call$ auricles f _! suppos$ resemblance to ! e>4 ,! two l[] *amb]s are call$ v5tricles1 & _! walls =m ! *ief portion ( ! muscul> sub/ance ( ! organ4 ,!re are1 !re=e1 ! "r & left auricles1 ) _! ?91 s(t walls1 & ! "r & left v5tricles1 ) _! ?ick & /rong walls4 #ahe4 ,! ,valves ( ! ,he>t4 ,! he>t is a valvul> pump1 :i* works on me*anical pr9ciples1 ! motive p[] be+ suppli$ by ! contraction ( its muscul> fib]s4 ,reg>d+ ! he>t z a pump1 its valves assume great importance4 ,!y consi/ ( ?91 b /rong1 triangul> folds ( t\gh membrane :i* hang d[n f ! edges ( ! passages into ! v5tricles4 ,!y may be comp>$ to sw++ curta9s :i*1 by op5+ only "o way1 all[ ! blood to fl[ f ! auricles to ! v5tricles1 b by in/antly fold+ back prev5t its return4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gj4--,lat]al ,section ( ! ,"r ,*e/4 7,%[+ ! relative position ( ! he>t & its great vessels1 ! sophagus & tra*ea47 ,a1 inf]ior con/rictor muscle 7aids 9 convey+ food d[n ! sophagus72 ,b1 sophagus2 ,c1 section ( ! "r bron*us2 ,d1 two "r pulmon>y ve9s2 ,e1 great azygos ve9 cross+ sophagus & "r bron*us to empty into ! sup]ior v5a cava2 ,f1 ?oracic duct2 ,h1 ?oracic aorta2 ,k1 l[] portion ( sophagus pass+ ?r\gh ! diaphragm2 ,l1 diaphragm z x appe>s 9 sectional view1 envelop+ ! he>t2 ,m1 inf]ior v5a cava pass+ ?r\gh diaphragm & empty+ into auricle2 ,n1 "r auricle2 ,o1 section ( "r bran* ( ! pulmon>y art]y2 ,p1 aorta2 ,r1 sup]ior v5a cava2 ,s1 tra*ea4 ,! valve on ! "r side is call$ ! tricuspid1 because x consi/s ( ?ree little folds :i* fall ov] ! op5+ & close x1 be+ kept f fall+ too f> by a numb] ( sl5d] ?reads call$ *ord t5d94 ,! valve on ! left side1 call$ ! mitral1 f its fanci$ resemblance to a bi%op's mitre1 consi/s ( two folds :i* close toge!r z d ^? ( ! tricuspid valve4 ,! sl5d] cords :i* regulate ! valves are only j long en\gh to all[ ! folds to close toge!r1 & no =ce ( ! blood pu%+ aga9/ ! valves c s5d !m f>!r back1 z ! cords w n /ret* ,! h>d] ! blood 9 ! v5tricles pu%es back aga9/ ! valves1 ! tight] ! cords become & ! clos] ! folds are br\ght toge!r1 until ! way is completely clos$4 ,f ! "r v5tricle a l>ge vessel call$ ! pulmon>y art]y passes to ! lungs1 & f ! left v5tricle a l>ge vessel call$ ! aorta ar*es out to ! g5]al circulation ( ! body4 ,! op5+s f ! v5tricles into ^! vessels are gu>d$ by ! semilun> valves4 ,ea* valve has ?ree folds1 ea* half-moon-%ap$1 h5ce ! "n semilun>4 ,^! valves1 :5 %ut1 prev5t any backw>d fl[ ( ! blood on ! "r side betwe5 ! pulmon>y art]y & ! "r v5tricle1 & on ! left side betwe5 ! aorta & ! left v5tricle4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ga4--,"r ,cavities ( ! ,he>t4 ,a1 aorta2 ,b1 sup]ior v5a cava2 ,c1 ,c1 "r pulmon>y ve9s2 ,d1 inf]ior v5a cava2 ,e1 section ( coron>y ve92 ,f1 "r v5tricul> cavity2 ,h1 po/]ior curta9 ( ! tricuspid valve2 ,k1 "r auricul> cavity2 ,m1 fossa ovalis1 oval depression1 p>tition betwe5 ! auricles =m$ aft] bir?4 #ahf4 ,g5]al ,plan ( ! ,blood-vessels ,connect$ ) ! ,he>t4 ,!re are num]\s blood-vessels connect$ ) ! he>t1 ! relative position & ! use ( :i* mu/ be und]/ood4 ,! two l>ge/ ve9s 9 ! body1 ! sup]ior v5a cava & ! inf]ior v5a cava1 op5 into ! "r auricle4 ,^! two ve9s br+ v5\s blood f all p>ts ( ! body1 & p\r x into ! "r auricle1 :5ce x passes into ! "r v5tricle4 ,f ! "r v5tricle arises "o l>ge vessel1 ! pulmon>y art]y1 :i* soon divides into two bran*es ( ne>ly equal size1 "o = ! "r lung1 ! o!r = ! left4 ,ea* bran*1 hav+ rea*$ its lung1 divides & subdivides aga9 & aga91 until x ends 9 hair-l capill>ies1 :i* =m a v f9e network 9 e "p ( ! lung4 ,?us ! blood is pump$ f ! "r v5tricle into ! pulmon>y art]y & di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! two lungs 7,figs4 #hf & #hh74 ,we w n[ turn to ! left side ( ! he>t1 & notice ! g5]al arrangem5t ( its great vessels4 ,f\r ve9s1 call$ ! pulmon>y ve9s1 op5 into ! left auricle1 two f ea* lung4 ,^! ve9s />t f v m9ute vessels ! cont9uation ( ! capill>ies ( ! pulmon>y art]y4 ,!y =m l>g] & l>g] vessels until !y become two l>ge ve9s 9 ea* lung1 & p\r _! cont5ts into ! left auricle4 ,?us ! pulmon>y art]y c>ries v5\s blood f ! "r v5tricle to ! lungs1 z ! pulmon>y ve9s c>ry art]ial blood f ! lungs to ! left auricle4 ,f ! left v5tricle spr+s ! l>ge/ art]ial trunk 9 ! body1 ov] "o-half ( an in* 9 diamet]1 call$ ! aorta4 ,f ! aorta o!r art]ies bran* (f to c>ry ! blood to all p>ts ( ! body1 only to be aga9 br\ght back by ! ve9s to ! "r side1 ?r\gh ! cavities ( ! v5tricles4 ,we %all le>n 9 ,*apt] ,,viii4 t ! ma9 object ( pump+ ! blood into ! lungs is to h x purifi$ f c]ta9 wa/e matt]s :i* x has tak5 up 9 its c\rse ?r\gh ! body1 be=e x is aga9 s5t on its j\rney f ! left v5tricle4 #ahg4 ,! ,art]ies4 ,! blood-vessels are flexible tubes ?r\gh :i* ! blood is borne ?r\gh ! body4 ,!re are ?ree k9ds1--! art]ies1 ! ve9s1 & ! capill>ies1 & ^! diff] f "o ano!r 9 v>i\s ways4 ,! art]ies are ! highly ela/ic & ext5sible tubes :i* c>ry ! pure1 fre% blood outw>ds f ! he>t to all p>ts ( ! body4 ,!y may all be reg>d$ z bran*es ( ! aorta4 ,aft] ! aorta leaves ! left v5tricle x rises t[>ds ! neck1 b soon turns d[nw>ds1 mak+ a curve kn[n z ! ar* ( ! aorta4 ,f ! ar* are giv5 (f ! art]ies :i* supply ! head & arms ) blood4 ,^! are ! two c>otid art]ies1 :i* run up on ea* side ( ! neck to ! head1 & ! two subclavian art]ies1 :i* pass b5ea? ! coll> bone to ! arms4 ,?is great art]ial trunk n[ passes d[n 9 front ( ! sp9e to ! pelvis1 :]e x divides into two ma9 bran*es1 :i* supply ! pelvis & ! l[] limbs4 ,! desc5d+ aorta1 :ile pass+ d[nw>ds1 gives (f art]ies to ! diff]5t tissues & organs4 ,( ^! bran*es ! *ief are ! coeliac art]y1 :i* subdivides into ?ree great bran*es1--"o ea* to supply ! /oma*1 ! liv]1 & ! sple52 !n ! r5al art]ies1 "o to ea* kidney2 & next two o!rs1 ! mes5t]ic art]ies1 to ! inte/9es4 ,! aorta at la/ divides into two ma9 bran*es1 ! common iliac art]ies1 :i*1 by _! subdivisions1 furni% ! art]ial vessels = ! pelvis & ! l[] limbs4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gb4--,left ,cavities ( ! ,he>t4 ,a1 ,b1 "r pulmon>y ve9s2 ) ,s1 op5+s ( ! ve9s2 ,e1 ,d1 ,c1 aortic valves2 ,r1 aorta2 ,p1 pulmon>y art]y2 ,o1 pulmonic valves2 ,h1 mitral valve2 ,k1 column c>noe2 ,m1 "r v5tricul> cavity2 ,n1 int]v5tricul> septum4 ,! fl[ ( blood 9 ! art]ies is caus$ by ! muscul> =ce ( ! he>t1 aid$ by ! ela/ic tissues & muscul> fib]s ( ! art]ial walls1 & to a c]ta9 ext5t by ! muscles !mselves4 ,mo/ ( ! great art]ial trunks lie deep 9 ! fle%y p>ts ( ! body2 b _! bran*es are s num]\s & become s m9ute t1 ) a few exceptions1 !y p5etrate all ! tissues ( ! body1--s mu* s1 t ! po9t ( ! f9e/ ne$le _c be ?ru/ into ! fle% any:]e )\t w\nd+ "o or m little art]ies & ?us draw+ blood4 #ahh4 ,! ,ve9s4 ,! ve9s are ! blood-vessels :i* c>ry ! impure blood f ! v>i\s tissues ( ! body to ! he>t4 ,!y beg9 9 ! m9ute capill>ies at ! extremities ( ! f\r limbs1 & ev]y:]e ?r\gh\t ! body1 & pass+ onw>ds t[>d ! he>t1 receive con/antly fre% accessions on ! way f myriad o!r ve9s br++ blood f o!r wayside capill>ies1 till ! c5tral ve9s gradually unite into l>g] & l>g] vessels until at l5g? !y =m ! two great vessels :i* op5 into ! "r auricle ( ! he>t4 ,^! two great v5\s trunks are ! inf]ior v5a cava1 br++ ! blood f ! trunk & ! l[] limbs1 & ! sup]ior v5a cava1 br++ ! blood f ! head & ! upp] limbs4 ,^! two l>ge trunks meet z !y ent] ! "r auricle4 ,! f\r pulmon>y ve9s1 z we h le>n$1 c>ry ! art]ial blood f ! lungs to ! left auricle4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gc4 ,a1 "p ( a ve9 laid op51 ) two pairs ( valves2 ,b1 longitud9al section ( a ve91 %[+ ! valves clos$4 ,a l>ge ve9 g5]ally accompanies its correspond+ art]y1 b mo/ ve9s lie ne> ! surface ( ! body1 j b5ea? ! sk94 ,!y may be easily se5 "u ! sk9 ( ! h& & =e>m1 especially 9 ag$ p]sons4 ,if ! arm ( a "y p]son is all[$ to hang d[n a few mom5ts1 & !n tightly b&ag$ above ! elb[ to ret>d ! return ( ! blood1 ! ve9s become l>ge & prom95t4 ,! walls ( ! l>g] ve9s1 unlike art]ies1 conta9 b little ( ei!r ela/ic or muscul> tissue2 h5ce !y are ?91 & :5 empty collapse4 ,! inn] surfaces ( _m ( ! ve9s are suppli$ ) p\*-l folds1 or pockets1 :i* act z valves to imp$e ! backw>d fl[ ( ! blood1 :ile !y d n ob/ruct blood fl[+ =w>d t[>d ! he>t4 ,^! valves c be %[n by lett+ ! =e>m hang d[n1 & slid+ ! f+] upw>ds ov] ! ve9s 7,fig4 #gc74 ,! ve9s h no =ce-pump1 l ! art]ies1 to propel _! cont5ts t[>ds _! de/9ation4 ,! onw>d fl[ ( ! blood 9 !m is due to v>i\s causes1 ! *ief be+ ! pressure beh9d ( ! blood pump$ into ! capill>ies4 ,!n z ! pocket-l valves prev5t ! backw>d fl[ ( ! blood1 ! pressure ( ! v>i\s muscles ( ! body urges along ! blood1 & ?us promotes ! onw>d fl[4 ,! =ces :i* drive ! blood ?r\gh ! art]ies are suffici5t to c>ry ! blood on ?r\gh ! capill>ies4 ,x is calculat$ t ! onw>d fl[ 9 ! capill>ies is ab\t #a_/ej to #a_/cc ( an in* 9 a second1 :ile 9 ! art]ies ! blood curr5t fl[s ab\t #af in*es 9 a second1 & 9 ! great ve9s ab\t #d in*es e second4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gd4--,! ,/ructure ( ,capill>ies4 ,capill>ies ( v>i\s sizes1 %[+ cells ) nuclei #ahi4 ,! ,capill>ies4 ,! capill>ies are ! m9ute1 hair-l tubes1 ) v ?9 walls1 :i* =m ! connection betwe5 ! end+ ( ! f9e/ art]ies & ! beg9n+ ( ! smalle/ ve9s4 ,!y are di/ribut$ ?r\gh e tissue ( ! body1 except ! epid]mis & its products1 ! epi!lium1 ! c>tilages1 & ! sub/ance ( ! tee?4 ,9 fact1 ! capill>ies =m a network ( ! t9ie/ blood-vessels1 s m9ute z to be q invisible1 at lea/ "o-f\r? small] ?an ! f9e/ l9e visible to ! nak$ eye4 ,! capill>ies s]ve z a m$ium to transmit ! blood f ! art]ies to ! ve9s2 & x is ?r\gh !m t ! blood br+s n\ri%m5t to ! surr\nd+ tissues4 ,9 brief1 we may reg>d ! :ole body z consi/+ ( c\ntless gr\ps ( little isl&s surr\nd$ by ev]-fl[+ /reams ( blood4 ,! walls ( ! capill>ies are ( ! mo/ delicate /ructure1 consi/+ ( a s+le lay] ( cells loosely connect$4 ,?us !re is all[$ ! mo/ free int]*ange betwe5 ! blood & ! tissues1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! lymph4 ,! numb] ( ! capill>ies is inconceivable4 ,^? 9 ! lungs alone1 plac$ 9 a cont9u\s l9e1 w\ld rea* ?\s&s ( miles4 ,! ?9 walls ( ! capill>ies are admirably adapt$ = ! important int]*anges t take place betwe5 ! blood & ! tissues4 #aij4 ,! ,circulation ( ! ,blood4 ,x is n[ well to /udy ! circulation z a :ole1 trac+ ! c\rse ( ! blood f a c]ta9 po9t until x returns to ! same po9t4 ,we may conv5i5tly beg9 ) ! portion ( blood conta9$ at any mom5t 9 ! "r auricle4 ,! sup]ior & inf]ior v5 cav are busily fill+ ! auricle ) d>k1 impure blood4 ,:5 x is full1 x contracts4 ,! passage lead+ to ! "r v5tricle lies op51 & ?r\gh x ! blood p\rs till ! v5tricle is full4 ,in/antly ?is beg9s1 9 its turn1 to contract4 ,! tricuspid valve at once closes1 & blocks ! way backw>d4 ,! blood is n[ =c$ ?r\gh ! op5 semilun> valves into ! pulmon>y art]y4 ,! pulmon>y art]y1 br++ v5\s blood1 by its alt]nate expansion & recoil1 draws ! blood along until x rea*es ! pulmon>y capill>ies4 ,^! t9y tubes surr\nd ! air cells ( ! lungs1 & "h an ex*ange takes place4 ,! impure1 v5\s blood "h gives up its dbris 9 ! %ape ( c>bon dioxid & wat]1 & 9 return takes up a l>ge am\nt ( oxyg54 ,?us ! blood br\ght to ! lungs by ! pulmon>y art]ies leaves ! lungs entirely diff]5t 9 "* & appe>ance4 ,?is "p ( ! circulation is (t5 call$ ! less] or pulmonic circulation4 ,! f\r pulmon>y ve9s br+ back bright1 sc>let blood1 & p\r x into ! left auricle ( ! he>t1 :5ce x passes ?r\gh ! mitral valve into ! left v5tricle4 ,z soon z ! left v5tricle is full1 x contracts4 ,! mitral valve in/antly closes & blocks ! passage backw>d into ! auricle2 ! blood1 hav+ no o!r way op51 is =c$ ?r\gh ! semilun> valves into ! aorta4 ,n[ r$ 9 color f its fre% oxyg51 & lad5 ) nutritive mat]ials1 x is di/ribut$ by ! art]ies to ! v>i\s tissues ( ! body4 ,"h x gives up its oxyg51 & c]ta9 nutritive mat]ials to build up ! tissues1 & receives c]ta9 products ( wa/e1 &1 *ang$ to a purple color1 passes f ! capill>ies into ! ve9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ge4--;,diagram illu/rat+ ! ,circulation4 #a1 "r auricle2 #b1 left auricle2 #c1 "r v5tricle2 #d1 left v5tricle2 #e1 v5a cava sup]ior2 #f1 v5a cava inf]ior2 #g1 pulmon>y art]ies2 #h1 lungs2 #i1 pulmon>y ve9s2 #aj1 aorta2 #aa1 alim5t>y canal2 #ab1 liv]2 #ac1 hepatic art]y2 #ad1 portal ve92 #ae1 hepatic ve94 ,all ! ve9s ( ! body1 except ^? f ! lungs & ! he>t itself1 unite into two l>ge ve9s1 z already describ$1 :i* p\r _! cont5ts into ! "r auricle ( ! he>t1 & ?us ! gr& r\nd ( circulation is cont9ually ma9ta9$4 ,?is is call$ ! sy/emic circulation4 ,! :ole circuit ( ! blood is ?us divid$ into two portions1 v di/9ct f ea* o!r4 #aia4 ,! ,portal ,circulation4 ,a c]ta9 "p ( ! sy/emic or great] circulation is (t5 call$ ! portal circulation1 :i* consi/s ( ! fl[ ( ! blood f ! abdom9al visc]a ?r\gh ! portal ve9 & liv] to ! hepatic ve94 ,! blood br\ght to ! capill>ies ( ! /oma*1 inte/9es1 sple51 & pancreas is ga!r$ into ve9s :i* unite into a s+le trunk call$ ! portal ve94 ,! blood1 ?us lad5 ) c]ta9 products ( dige/ion1 is c>ri$ to ! liv] by ! portal ve91 m+l+ ) t suppli$ to ! capill>ies ( ! same organ by ! hepatic art]y4 ,f ^! capill>ies ! blood is c>ri$ by small ve9s :i* unite into a l>ge trunk1 ! hepatic ve91 :i* op5s into ! inf]ior v5a cava4 ,! portal circulation is ?us n an indep5d5t sy/em1 b =ms a k9d ( loop on ! sy/emic circulation4 ,! lymph-curr5t is 9 a s5se a sl[ & /agnant side /ream ( ! blood circulation2 = sub/ances are con/antly pass+ f ! blood-vessels into ! lymph spaces1 & return+1 al?\gh aft] a comp>atively long int]val1 into ! blood by ! great lymphatic trunks4 ,exp]im5t #ij4 ,to illu/rate ! action ( ! he>t1 & h[ x pumps ! blood 9 only "o direction4 ,take a ,davidson or ,h\sehold rubb] syr+e4 ,s9k ! suction end into wat]1 & press ! bulb4 ,z y let ! bulb exp&1 x fills ) wat]2 z y press x aga91 a valve prev5ts ! wat] f fl[+ back1 & x is driv5 out 9 a jet along ! o!r pipe4 ,! suction pipe repres5ts ! ve9s2 ! bulb1 ! he>t2 & ! tube end1 out ( :i* ! wat] fl[s1 ! art]ies4 ,,note4 ,! he>t is n n\ri%$ by ! blood :i* passes ?r\gh x4 ,! muscul> sub/ance ( ! he>t itself is suppli$ ) n\ri%m5t by two little art]ies call$ ! coron>y art]ies1 :i* />t f ! aorta j above two ( ! semilun> valves4 ,! blood is return$ to ! "r auricle 7n to ei!r ( ! v5 cav7 by ! coron>y ve94 ,! longe/ r\te a portion ( blood may take f ! mom5t x leaves ! left v5tricle to ! mom5t x returns to x1 is ?r\gh ! portal circulation4 ,! %orte/ possible r\te is ?r\gh ! sub/ance ( ! he>t itself4 ,! mean "t :i* ! blood requires to make a complete circuit is ab\t #bc seconds4 #aib4 ,! ,rhy?mic ,action ( ! ,he>t4 ,to ma9ta9 a /eady fl[ ( blood ?r\gh\t ! body ! action ( ! he>t mu/ be regul> & me?odical4 ,! he>t does n contract z a :ole4 ,! two auricles contract at ! same "t1 & ?is is foll[$ at once by ! contraction ( ! two v5tricles4 ,:ile ! v5tricles are contract+1 ! auricles beg9 to relax1 & aft] ! v5tricles contract !y also relax4 ,n[ comes a pause1 or re/1 aft] :i* ! auricles & v5tricles contract aga9 9 ! same ord] z be=e1 & _! contractions are foll[$ by ! same pause z be=e4 ,^! contractions & relaxations ( ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! he>t foll[ "o ano!r s regul>ly t ! result is call$ ! rhy?mic action ( ! he>t4 ,! av]age numb] ( beats ( ! he>t1 "u normal conditions1 is f #fe to #ge p] m9ute4 ,n[ ! "t occupi$ f ! in/ant ! auricles beg9 to contract until aft] ! contraction ( ! v5tricles & ! pause1 is less ?an a second4 ,( ?is "t "o-fif? is occupi$ by ! contraction ( ! auricles1 two-fif?s by ! contraction ( ! v5tricles1 & ! "t dur+ :i* ! :ole he>t is at re/ is two-fif?s ( ! p]iod4 #aic4 ,impulse & ,s\nds ( ! ,he>t4 ,! rhy?mic action ( ! he>t is att5d$ ) v>i\s occurr5ces wor?y ( note4 ,if ! h& be laid flat ov] ! *e/ wall on ! left1 betwe5 ! fif? & six? ribs1 ! he>t w be felt beat+4 ,?is movem5t is kn[n z ! beat or impulse ( ! he>t1 & c be bo? se5 & felt on ! left side4 ,! he>t-beat is unusually /rong dur+ active bodily ex]tion1 & "u m5tal excitem5t4 ,! impulse ( ! he>t is due to ! /rik+ ( ! l[]1 t5se "p ( ! v5tricles--! apex ( ! he>t--aga9/ ! *e/ wall at ! mom5t ( _! vigor\s contraction4 ,x is important = ! physician to "k ! exact place :]e ! he>t-beat %\ld be felt1 = ! he>t may be displac$ by disease1 & its impulse w\ld indicate its new position4 ,s\nds also accompany ! he>t's action4 ,if ! e> be appli$ ov] ! region ( ! he>t1 two di/9ct s\nds w be he>d foll[+ "o ano!r ) p]fect regul>ity4 ,_! "* may be tol]ably imitat$ by pron\nc+ ! syllables lubb1 dp4 ,"o s\nd is he>d imm$iately aft] ! o!r1 !n !re is a pause1 !n come ! two s\nds aga94 ,! fir/ is a dull1 muffl$ s\nd1 kn[n z ! fir/ s\nd1 foll[$ at once by a %ort & %>p] s\nd1 kn[n z ! second s\nd ( ! he>t4 ,! precise cause ( ! fir/ s\nd is /ill d\btful1 b x is made at ! mom5t ! v5tricles contract4 ,! second s\nd is1 )\t d\bt1 caus$ by ! sudd5 closure ( ! semilun> valves ( ! pulmon>y art]y & ! aorta1 at ! mom5t :5 ! contraction ( ! v5tricles is complet$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gf4--,muscul> ,fib]s ( ! ,v5tricles4 ,a1 sup]ficial fib]s common to bo? v5tricles2 ,b1 fib]s ( ! left v5tricle2 ,c1 deep fib]s pass+ upw>ds t[>d ! base ( ! he>t2 ,d1 fib]s p5etrat+ ! left v5tricle ,! s\nds ( ! he>t are modifi$ or mask$ by bl[+ murmurs :5 ! c>diac orifices or valves are r\gh5$1 dilat$1 or o!rwise affect$ z ! result ( disease4 ,h5ce ^! new s\nds may (t5 af=d indications ( ! greate/ importance to physicians 9 ! diagnosis ( he>t-disease4 #aid4 ,! ,n]v\s ,control ( ! ,he>t4 ,! regul>1 rhy?mic movem5t ( ! he>t is ma9ta9$ by ! action ( c]ta9 n]ves4 ,9 v>i\s places 9 ! sub/ance ( ! he>t are masses ( n]ve matt]1 call$ ganglia4 ,f ^! ganglia !re proce$1 at regul> int]vals1 dis*>ges ( n]ve en]gy1 "s ( :i* excite movem5t1 :ile o!rs seem to re/ra9 x4 ,! he>t w\ld quickly become exhau/$ if ! excit+ ganglia _h x all _! own way1 :ile x w\ld /& /ill if ! re/ra9+ ganglia _h full sway4 ,! influ5ce ( "o1 h[ev]1 modifies ! o!r1 & ! result is a mod]ate & regul> activity ( ! he>t4 ,! he>t is also subject to o!r n]ve influ5ces1 b f outside ( itself4 ,two n]ves are connect$ ) ! he>t1 ! pneumoga/ric & ! sympa!tic 7secs4 #bga & #bfe74 ,! =m] appe>s to be connect$ ) ! re/ra9+ ganglia2 ! latt] ) ! excit+ ganglia4 ,?us1 if a p]son 7 ! subject ( "s emotion :i* caus$ fa9t+1 ! explanation w\ld be t ! impression _h be5 convey$ to ! bra91 & f ! bra9 to ! he>t by ! pneumoga/ric n]ves4 ,! result w\ld be t ! he>t = an in/ant ceases to beat4 ,dea? w\ld be ! result if ! n]ve influ5ce 7 s great z to re/ra9 ! movem5ts ( ! he>t = any appreciable "t4 ,aga91 if ! p]son 7 ! subject ( "s emotion by :i* ! he>t 7 beat+ fa/] ?an usual1 x w\ld mean t !re 0 s5t f ! bra9 to ! he>t by ! sympa!tic n]ves ! impression :i* /imulat$ x to increas$ activity4 #aie4 ,! ,n]v\s ,control ( ! ,blood-vessels4 ,! tone & calib] ( ! blood-vessels are controll$ by c]ta9 vaso-motor n]ves1 :i* are di/ribut$ among ! muscul> fib]s ( ! walls4 ,^! n]ves are gov]n$ f a c5t] 9 ! m$ulla oblongata1 a "p ( ! bra9 7sec4 #bgj74 ,if ! n]ves are /imulat$ m ?an usual1 ! muscul> walls contract1 & ! quantity ( ! blood fl[+ ?r\gh !m & ! supply to ! "p are dim9i%$4 ,aga91 if ! /imulus is less ?an usual1 ! vessels dilate1 & ! supply to ! "p is increas$4 ,n[ ! vaso-motor c5t] may be excit$ to increas$ activity by influ5ces rea*+ x f v>i\s p>ts ( ! body1 or ev5 f ! bra9 itself4 ,z a result1 ! n]ves are /imulat$1 & ! vessels contract4 ,aga91 ! normal influ5ce ( ! vaso-motor c5t] may be susp5d$ = a "t by :at is kn[n z ! inhibitory or re/ra9+ effect4 ,! result is t ! tone ( ! blood-vessels becomes dim9i%$1 & _! *annels wid54 ,! effect ( ?is p[] ( ! n]v\s sy/em is to give x a c]ta9 control ov] ! circulation 9 p>ticul> p>ts4 ,?us1 ?\gh ! =ce ( ! he>t & ! g5]al av]age blood-pressure rema9 ! same1 ! /ate ( ! circulation may be v diff]5t 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! body4 ,! importance ( ?is local control ov] ! circulation is ( ! utmo/ significance4 ,?us an organ at "w ne$s to be m ri*ly suppli$ ) blood ?an :5 at re/4 ,= example1 :5 ! saliv>y gl&s ne$ to secrete saliva1 & ! /oma* to p\r out ga/ric juice1 ! art]ies t supply ^! organs are dilat$1 & s ! p>ts are flu%$ ) an extra supply ( blood1 & ?us are ar\s$ to great] activity4 ,aga91 ! ord9>y supply ( blood to a "p may be less5$1 s t ! organ is r$uc$ to a /ate ( inactivity1 z occurs 9 ! case ( ! bra9 dur+ sleep4 ,we h 9 ! act ( blu%+ a visible example ( sudd5 enl>gem5t ( ! small] art]ies ( ! face & neck1 call$ =? by "s m5tal emotion :i* acts on ! vaso-motor c5t] & dim9i%es its activity4 ,! rev]se condition occurs 9 ! act ( turn+ pale4 ,!n ! result ( ! m5tal emotion is to cause ! vaso-motor n]ves to ex]cise a m p[]ful control ov] ! capill>ies1 !reby clos+ !m1 & ?us %utt+ (f ! fl[ ( blood4 ,exp]im5t #ia4 ,hold up ! e> ( a :ite rabbit aga9/ ! light :ile ! animal is kept quiet & n al>m$4 ,! r$ c5tral art]y c be se5 c\rs+ along ! transluc5t organ1 giv+ (f bran*es :i* by subdivision become too small to be sep>ately visible1 & ! :ole e> has a p9k color & is w>m f ! abundant blood fl[+ ?r\gh x4 ,att5tive obs]vation w %[ also t ! calib] ( ! ma9 art]y is n con/ant2 at some:at irregul> p]iods ( a m9ute or m x dilates & contracts a little4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gg4--,"s ( ! ,pr9cipal ,organs ( ! ,*e/ & ,abdom54 7,blood vessels on ! left1 muscles on ! "r47 ,9 brief1 all ov] ! body1 ! n]v\s sy/em1 by its vaso-motor c5t]s1 is always sup]vis+ & regulat+ ! di/ribution ( blood 9 ! body1 s5d+ n[ m & n[ less to ?is or t "p4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gh4--;,capill>y ,blood-,vessels 9 ! ,web ( a ,frog's ,foot1 z se5 ) ! ,microscope4 #aif4 ,! ,pulse4 ,:5 ! f+] is plac$ on any "p ( ! body :]e an art]y is locat$ ne> ! surface1 z1 = example1 on ! radial art]y ne> ! wri/1 !re is felt an int]mitt5t pressure1 ?robb+ ) e beat ( ! he>t4 ,?is movem5t1 frequ5tly visible to ! eye1 is ! result ( ! alt]nate expansion ( ! art]y by ! wave ( blood1 & ! recoil ( ! art]ial walls by _! ela/icity4 ,9 o!r words1 x is ! wave produc$ by ?r[+ a mass ( blood into ! art]ies already full4 ,! blood-wave /rikes ^u ! ela/ic walls ( ! art]ies1 caus+ an increas$ di/5tion1 foll[$ at once by contraction4 ,?is regul> dilatation & rigidity ( ! ela/ic art]y answ]+ to ! beats ( ! he>t1 is kn[n z ! pulse4 ,! pulse may be easily f\nd at ! wri/1 ! temple1 & ! inn] side ( ! ankle4 ,! ?rob ( ! two c>otid art]ies may be pla9ly felt by press+ ! ?umb & f+] backw>ds on ea* side ( ! l>ynx4 ,! progress ( ! pulse-wave mu/ n be confus$ ) ! actual curr5t ( ! blood itself4 ,= in/ance1 ! pulse-wave travels at ! rate ( ab\t #cj feet a second1 & takes ab\t #a_/aj ( a second to rea* ! wri/1 :ile ! blood itself is f #c to #e seconds 9 rea*+ ! same place4 ,! pulse-wave may be comp>$ to ! wave produc$ by a /iff breeze on ! surface ( a sl[ly mov+ /ream1 or ! j]k+ ?rob s5t along a rope :5 %ak54 ,! rate ( ! pulse is modifi$ by age1 fatigue1 po/ure1 ex]cise1 /imulants1 disease1 & _m o!r circum/ances4 ,at bir? ! rate is ab\t #adj times a m9ute1 9 e>ly infancy1 #abj or upw>ds1 9 ! heal?y adult betwe5 #fe & #ge1 ! mo/ common numb] be+ #gb4 ,9 ! same individual1 ! pulse is quick] :5 /&+ ?an :5 ly+ d[n1 is quick5$ by excitem5t1 is fa/] 9 ! morn+1 & is sl[e/ at midnight4 ,9 old age ! pulse is fa/] ?an 9 middle life2 9 *ildr5 x is quick] ?an 9 adults4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gi4--;,circulation 9 ! ,capill>ies1 z se5 ) ! ,microscope4 ,z ! pulse v>ies mu* 9 its rate & "* 9 disease1 x is to ! skill$ t\* ( ! physician an invaluable help 9 ! diagnosis ( ! physical condition ( 8 pati5t4 ,exp]im5t #ib4 ,to f9d ! pulse4 ,grasp ! wri/ ( a fri5d1 press+ ) ?ree f+]s ov] ! radius4 ,press ?ree f+]s ov] ! radius 9 y\r own wri/1 to feel ! pulse4 ,c\nt by a wat* ! rate ( y\r pulse p] m9ute1 & d ! same ) a fri5d's pulse4 ,comp>e its *>act]s ) y\r own pulse4 ,obs]ve h[ ! "* & frequ5cy ( ! pulse are alt]$ by po/ure1 muscul> ex]cise1 a prolong$1 su/a9$1 deep inspiration1 prolong$ expiration1 & o!r conditions4 #aig4 ,effect ( ,alcoholic ,liquors ^u ! ,organs ( ,circulation4 ,alcoholic dr9ks ex]cise a de/ructive influ5ce ^u ! he>t1 ! circulation1 & ! blood itself4 ,^! vici\s liquids c rea* ! he>t only indirectly1 ei!r f ! /oma* by ! portal ve9 to ! liv]1 & !nce to ! he>t1 or else by way ( ! lacteals1 & s to ! blood ?r\gh ! ?oracic duct4 ,b by ei!r c\rse ! r\te is direct en\gh1 & spe$y en\gh to accompli% a va/ am\nt ( ru9\s "w4 ,! influ5ce ( alcohol ^u ! he>t & circulation is produc$ ma9ly ?r\gh ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,! inhibitory n]ves1 z we h se51 hold ! he>t 9 *eck1 ex]cise a re/ra9+ control ov] x1 v mu* z ! re9s control an active horse4 ,9 heal? ?is inhibitory influ5ce is protective & su/a9+4 ,b n[ comes ! n>cotic invasion ( alcoholic dr9ks1 :i* p>alyze ! inhibitory n]ves1 ) ! o!rs1 & at once ! uncontroll$ he>t1 l ! un*eck$ /e$1 plunges on to viol5t & (t5 de/ructive results4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hj4--,two ,pr9cipal ,art]ies ( ! ,front ( ! ,leg 7,ant]ior ,tibial & ,dorsalis ,p$is74 ,?is action1 because x is quick]1 has be5 consid]$ also a /rong] action1 & ! alcohol has !re=e be5 suppos$ to produce a /imulat+ effect4 ,b lat] rese>*es lead to ! conclusion t ! effect ( alcoholic liquors is n prop]ly t ( a /imulant1 b ( a n>cotic p>alyzant1 & t :ile x inde$ quick5s1 x also really weak5s ! he>t's action4 ,?is view w\ld seem su/a9$ by ! fact t ! m ! intoxicants are pu%$1 ! deep] are ! n>cotic & p>alyz+ effects4 ,aft] hav+ ob/ruct$ ! nutritive & rep>ative functions ( ! vital fluid = _m ye>s1 _! effects at la/ may become fatal4 ,?is relax+ effect involves n only ! he>t1 b also ! capill>y sy/em1 z is %[n 9 ! complexion ( ! face & ! color ( ! h&s4 ,9 mod]ate dr9k]s ! face is only flu%$1 b 9 drunk>ds x is purpli%4 ,! flu% att5d+ ! e>ly /ages ( dr9k+ is1 ( c\rse1 n ! flu% ( heal?1 b an indication ( disease4#cd #aih4 ,effect ^u ! ,he>t4 ,?is =c$ ov]work+ ( ! he>t :i* drives x at a reckless rate1 cuts %ort its p]iods ( re/ & inevitably produces s]i\s he>t-exhau/ion4 ,if repeat$ & cont9u$1 x involves grave *anges ( ! /ructure ( ! he>t4 ,! he>t muscle1 endeavor+ to comp5sate = ! ov]-ex]tion1 may become mu* ?ick5$1 mak+ ! v5tricles small]1 & s fail to d its duty 9 prop]ly pump+ =w>d ! blood :i* ru%es 9 f ! auricle4 ,or ! he>t wall may by exhau/ion become ?9n]1 mak+ ! v5tricles mu* too l>ge1 & unable to s5d on ! curr5t4 ,9 /ill o!r cases1 ! he>t deg5]ates ) m9ute p>ticles ( fat deposit$ 9 its /ructures1 & ?us loses its p[] to propel ! nutritive fluid4 ,all ?ree ( ^! conditions involve organic disease ( ! valves1 & all ?ree (t5 produce fatal results4 #aii4 ,effect ( ,alcohol on ! ,blood-vessels4 ,alcoholic liquors injure n only ! he>t1 b (t5 de/roy ! blood-vessels1 *iefly ! l>g] art]ies1 z ! ar* ( ! aorta or ! basil> art]y ( ! bra94 ,9 ! walls ( ^! vessels may be gradually deposit$ a morbid product1 ! result ( disord]$ nutrition1 sometimes *alky1 sometimes bony1 ) usually a dang]\s dilatation ( ! tube4 ,9 o!r cases ! vessels are weak5$ by an unnatural fatty deposit4 ,?\gh ^! disord]$ conditions diff] some:at1 ! morbid results 9 all are ! same4 ,! weak5$ & /iff5$ art]ial walls lose ! ela/ic spr+ ( ! puls+ curr5t4 ,! blood fails to sweep on ) its accu/om$ vigor4 ,at la/1 ow+ p]haps to ! pressure1 aga9/ ! ob/ruction ( a clot ( blood1 or p]haps to "s unusual /ra9 ( "w or passion1 ! enfeebl$ vessel bur/s1 & dea? spe$ily ensues f a =m ( apoplexy4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ha4--,%[+ ! ,c>otid ,art]y & ,jugul> ,ve9 on ! ,"r ,side1 ) ,"s ( _! ,ma9 ,bran*es4 7,"s bran*es ( ! c]vical plexus1 & ! hypoglossal n]ve are also %[n47 ,,note4 ,an alcoholic he>t loses its contractile & resi/+ p[]1 bo? ?r\gh morbid *anges 9 its n]ve ganglia & 9 its muscle fib]s4 ,9 typhoid fev]1 muscle *anges are evid5tly ! cause ( ! he>t-enfeeblem5t2 :ile 9 diph!ria1 di/urbances 9 inn]vation cause ! he>t insuffici5cy4 ',if ! habitual use ( alcohol causes ! loss ( contractile & resi/+ p[] by impairm5t ( bo? ! n]ve ganglia & muscle fib]s ( ! he>t1 h[ c x act z a he>t tonic8'--,dr4 ,alfr$ ,l4 ,loomis1 ,pr(essor ( ,m$ic9e 9 ! ,m$ical ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,univ]sity ( ! ,city ( ,new ,york4 #bjj4 ,o!r ,results f ! ,use ( ,intoxicants4 ,o!r disa/r\s consequ5ces foll[ ! use ( intoxicants1 & ^! ^u ! blood4 ,:5 any alcohol is pres5t 9 ! circulation1 its gre$ = wat] induces ! absorption ( moi/ure f ! r$ globules ( ! blood1 ! oxyg5-c>ri]s4 ,9 consequ5ce !y contract & h>d51 ?us becom+ unable to absorb1 z !ret(ore1 ! oxyg5 9 ! lungs4 ,!n1 9 turn1 ! oxidation ( ! wa/e matt] 9 ! tissues is prev5t$2 ?us ! corpuscles _c convey c>bon dioxid f ! capill>ies1 & ?is fact means t "s portion ( refuse mat]ial1 n be+ ?us *ang$ & elim9at$1 mu/ rema9 9 ! blood1 r5d]+ x impure & unfit = its prop] use 9 nutrition4 ,?us1 /ep by /ep1 ! use ( alcoholics impairs ! functions ( ! blood corpuscles1 p]v]ts nutrition1 & sl[ly poisons ! blood4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hb4--,! ,"r ,axill>y & ,bra*ial ,art]ies1 ) ,"s ( _! ,ma9 ,bran*es4 ,,note4 ,de/roy or p>alyze ! inhibitory n]ve c5t]1 & in/antly its controll+ effect on ! he>t me*anism is lo/1 & ! accel]at+ ag5t1 be+ no long] "u its normal re/ra9t1 runs riot4 ,! he>t's action is increas$1 ! pulse is quick5$1 an excess ( blood is =c$ into ! vessels1 & f _! becom+ engorg$ & dilat$ ! face gets flu%$1 all ! usual concomitants ( a g5]al engorgem5t ( ! circulation be+ ! result4--,dr4 ,george ,h>ley1 ,f4,r4,s41 an em95t ,engli% m$ical au?or4 ,! habitual use ( alcohol produces a delet]i\s influ5ce ^u ! :ole economy4 ,! dige/ive p[]s are weak5$1 ! appetite is impair$1 & ! muscul> sy/em is enfeebl$4 ,! blood is impov]i%$1 & nutrition is imp]fect & disord]$1 z %[n by ! flabb9ess ( ! sk9 & muscles1 emaciation1 or an abnormal accumulation ( fat4--,dr4 ,au/9 ,fl9t1 ,s5ior1 =m]ly ,pr(essor ( ! ,practice ( ,m$ic9e 9 ,bellevue ,m$ical ,college1 & au?or ( _m /&>d m$ical works4 ,! immod]ate use ( ! /rong k9d ( tobacco1 :i* soldi]s affect1 is (t5 v injuri\s to !m1 especially to v "y soldi]s4 ,x r5d]s !m n]v\s & %aky1 gives rise to palpitation1 & is a factor 9 ! production ( ! irritable or s-call$ trott+-he>t & t5ds to impair ! appetite & dige/ion4--,london ,lancet4 ,i nev] smoke because ,i h se5 ! mo/ effici5t pro(s ( ! injuri\s effects ( tobacco on ! n]v\s sy/em4--,dr4 ,br[n-,sequ>d1 ! em95t ,fr5* physiologi/4 ,tobacco1 & especially cig>ettes1 be+ a depressant ^u ! he>t1 %\ld be positively =bidd54--,dr4 ,j4 ,m4 ,keat+1 on ,physical ,developm5t1 9 ,cyclopdia ( ! ,diseases ( ,*ildr54 #bja4 ,effect ( ,tobacco ^u ! ,he>t4 ,:ile tobacco poisons m or less almo/ e organ ( ! body1 x is ^u ! he>t t x works its mo/ s]i\s wrong4 ,^u ?is mo/ important organ its de/ructive effect is to depress & p>alyze4 ,especially does ?is apply to ! "y1 ^: bodies are n yet knit into ! vigor t c brave invasion4 ,! nicot9e ( tobacco acts ?r\gh ! n]ves t control ! he>t's action4 ,"u its baneful influ5ce ! motions ( ! he>t are irregul>1 n[ feeble & flutt]+1 n[ ?ump+ ) app>5tly mu* =ce3 b bo? ^! =ms ( di/urb$ action indicate an abnormal condition4 ,frequ5tly !re is sev]e pa9 9 ! he>t1 (t5 dizz9ess ) gasp+ brea?1 extreme pallor1 & fa9t+4 ,! condition ( ! pulse is a guide to ?is /ate ( ! he>t4 ,9 ?is ! physician reads pla9ly ! exi/5ce ( ! tobacco he>t1 an affection z cle>ly kn[n among m$ical m5 z cr\p or measles4 ,!re are few conditions m di/ress+ ?an ! con/ant & imp5d+ suff]+ att5d+ a tumultu\s & flutt]+ he>t4 ,x is /at$ t "o 9 e f\r ( tobacco-us]s is subject1 9 "s degree1 to ?is di/urbance4 ,te/ exam9ations ( a l>ge numb] ( lads :o _h us$ cig>ettes %[$ t only a v small p]c5tage escap$ c>diac tr\ble4 ,( old] tobacco-us]s !re are v few b h "s w>n+ ( ! haz>d !y invoke4 ,g5]ally !y suff] m or less f ! tobacco he>t1 & if ! n]v\s sy/em or ! he>t be naturally feeble1 !y suff] all ! m spe$ily & int5sely4 ,additional ,exp]im5ts4 ,exp]im5t #ic4 ,t\* a few drops ( blood fre% f ! f+]1 ) a /rip ( dry1 smoo?1 neutral litmus pap]1 highly glaz$ to prev5t ! r$ corpuscles f p5etrat+ into ! te/ pap]4 ,all[ ! blood to rema9 a %ort "t2 !n wa% x (f ) a /ream ( di/ill$ wat]1 :5 a blue spot ^u a r$ or violet gr\nd w be se51 indicat+ its alkal9e reaction1 due *iefly to ! sodium phosphate & sodium c>bonate4 ,exp]im5t #id4 ,place on a glass slide a ?9 lay] ( defibr9at$ blood2 try to read pr9t$ matt] ?r\gh x4 ,?is _c be done4 ,exp]im5t #ie4 ,to make blood transp>5t or laky4 ,place 9 ea* ( ?ree te/ tubes two or ?ree teaspoonfuls ( defibr9at$ blood1 obta9$ f ,exp]im5t #hi1 label$ ,a1 ,b1 & ,c4 ,a is = comp>ison4 ,to ,b add five volumes ( wat]1 & w>m slightly1 not+ ! *ange ( color by reflect$ & transmitt$ light4 ,by reflect$ light x is mu* d>k]1--x looks almo/ black2 b by transmitt$ light x is transp>5t4 ,te/ ?is by look+ at pr9t$ matt] z 9 ,exp]im5t #id4 ,exp]im5t #if4 ,to fifte5 or tw5ty drops ( defibr9at$ blood 9 a te/ tube 7label$ ,d7 add five volumes ( a #aj-p]-c5t solution ( common salt4 ,x *anges to a v bright1 florid1 brick-r$ color4 ,comp>e its color ) ,a1 ,b1 & ,c4 ,x is opaque4 ,exp]im5t #ig4 ,wa% away ! color+ matt] f ! twigs 7see ,exp]im5t #hi7 ) a /ream ( wat] until ! fibr9 becomes q :ite4 ,x is :ite1 fibr\s1 & ela/ic4 ,/ret* "s ( ! fib]s to %[ _! ext5sibility2 on free+ !m1 !y rega9 _! ela/icity4 ,exp]im5t #ih4 ,take "s ( ! s]um sav$ f ,exp]im5t #hh & note t x does n coagulate spontane\sly4 ,boil a little 9 a te/ tube ov] a _s lamp1 & ! album5 w coagulate4 ,exp]im5t #ii4 ,to illu/rate 9 a g5]al way t blood is really a mass ( r$ bodies :i* give ! r$ color to ! fluid 9 :i* !y float4 ,fill a clean :ite glass bottle two-?irds full ( little r$ beads1 & !n fill ! bottle full ( wat]4 ,at a %ort di/ance ! bottle appe>s to be rill$ ) a uni=mly r$ liquid4 ,exp]im5t #ajj4 ,to %[ h[ blood holds a m9]al sub/ance 9 solution4 ,put an egg-%ell cru%$ f9e1 into a glass ( wat] made acid by a teaspoonful ( muriatic acid4 ,aft] an h\r or s ! egg-%ell w disappe>1 hav+ be5 dissolv$ 9 ! acid wat]4 ,9 l mann] ! blood holds v>i\s m9]als 9 solution4 ,exp]im5t #aja4 ,to he> ! s\nds ( ! he>t4 ,locate ! he>t exactly4 ,note its beat4 ,borr[ a /e?oscope f "s physician4 ,li/5 to ! he>t-beat ( "s fri5d4 ,note ! s\nds ( y\r own he>t 9 ! same way4 ,exp]im5t #ajb4 ,to %[ h[ ! pulse may be /udi$4 ,! movem5ts ( ! art]y 9 ! human body z ! pulse-wave passes ?r\gh x may be %[n to consi/ 9 a sudd5 dilatation1 foll[$ by a sl[ contraction1 int]rupt$ by "o or m second>y dilatations4 ,?is demon/ration may be made by press+ a small piece ( look+-glass ab\t "o c5timet] squ>e 7 ( an in*7 ^u ! wri/ ov] ! radial art]y1 9 su* a way t ) ea* pulse beat ! mirror may be slightly tilt$4 ,if ! wri/ be n[ held 9 su* a position t sunlight w fall ^u ! mirror1 a spot ( light w be reflect$ on ! opposite side ( ! room1 & its motion ^u ! wall w %[ t ! expansion ( ! art]y is a sudd5 movem5t1 :ile ! subsequ5t contraction is sl[ & int]rupt$4--,b[dit*'s ,h9ts = ,tea*]s ( ,physiology4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hc4--;,h[ ! ,pulse may be /udi$ by ,press+ a ,mirror ov] ! ,radial ,art]y4 ,exp]im5t #ajc4 ,to illu/rate ! effect ( muscul> ex]cise 9 quick5+ ! pulse4 ,run up & d[n /airs sev]al times4 ,c\nt ! pulse bo? be=e & aft]4 ,note ! effect ^u ! rate4 ,exp]im5t #ajd4 ,to %[ ! action ( ! ela/ic walls ( ! art]ies4 ,take a long glass or metal tube ( small calib]4 ,fa/5 "o end to ! faucet ( a wat]-pipe 7"o 9 a set b[l pref]r$7 by a v %ort piece ( rubb] tube4 ,turn ! wat] on & (f alt]nately & rapidly1 to imitate ! int]mitt5t dis*>ge ( ! v5tricles4 ,! wat] w fl[ f ! o!r end ( ! rubb] pipe 9 jets1 ea* jet ceas+ ! mom5t ! wat] is %ut (f4 ,! exp]im5t w be m successful if ! rubb] bulb atta*$ to an ord9>y m$ic9e-dropp] be remov$1 & ! tap]+ glass tube be slipp$ on to ! out] end ( ! rubb] tube atta*$ to ! faucet4 ,exp]im5t #aje4 ,sub/itute a piece ( rubb] tube = ! glass tube1 & repeat ! prec$+ exp]im5t4 ,n[ x w be f\nd t a cont9u\s /ream fl[s f ! tube4 ,! pressure ( wat] /ret*es ! ela/ic tube1 & :5 ! /ream is turn$ (f1 ! rubb] recoils on ! wat]1 & ! int]mitt5t fl[ is *ang$ into a cont9u\s /ream4 ,exp]im5t #ajf4 ,to illu/rate "s ( ! ph5om5a ( circulation4 ,take a common rubb] bulb syr+e1 ( ! ,davidson1 ,h\sehold1 or any o!r /&>d make4 ,atta* a piece ( rubb] tube ab\t six or eight feet long to ! deliv]y end ( ! syr+e4 ,to repres5t ! resi/ance made by ! capill>ies to ! fl[ ( blood1 slip ! l>ge end ( a common glass m$ic9e-dropp] into ! out] end ( ! rubb] tube4 ,?is dropp] has "o end tap]$ to a f9e po9t4 ,place ! syr+e flat1 )\t k9ks or b5ds1 on a desk or table4 ,press ! bulb sl[ly & regul>ly4 ,! wat] is ?us pump$ into ! tube 9 an int]mitt5t mann]1 & yet x is =c$ out ( ! tap]+ end ( ! glass tube 9 a /eady fl[4 ,exp]im5t #ajg4 ,take (f ! tap]+ glass tube1 or1 9 ! place ( "o long piece ( rubb] tube1 sub/itute sev]al pieces ( glass tub+ connect$ toge!r by %ort pieces ( rubb] tubes4 ,! ob/acle to ! fl[ has ?us be5 greatly less5$1 & ! wat] fl[s out 9 int]mitt5t jets to correspond to ! compression ( ! bulb4 ,*apt] ,,viii4 ,respiration4 #bjb4 ,nature & ,object ( ,respiration4 ,! blood1 z we h le>n$1 n only provides mat]ial = ! gr[? & activity ( all ! tissues ( ! body1 b also s]ves z a means ( remov+ f !m ! products ( _! activity4 ,^! are wa/e products1 :i* if all[$ to rema91 w\ld impair ! heal? ( ! tissues4 ,?us ! blood becomes impov]i%$ bo? by ! addition ( wa/e mat]ial1 & f ! loss ( its nutritive matt]4 ,we h %[n1 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 h[ ! blood c>ries to ! tissues ! n\ri%m5t x has absorb$ f ! food4 ,we h n[ to consid] a new s\rce ( n\ri%m5t to ! blood1 viz41 t :i* x receives f ! oxyg5 ( ! air4 ,we are also to le>n "o ( ! me?ods by :i* ! blood gets rid ( poison\s wa/e matt]s4 ,9 brief1 we are to /udy ! set ( processes kn[n z respiration1 by :i* oxyg5 is suppli$ to ! v>i\s tissues1 & by :i* ! pr9cipal wa/e matt]s1 or *ief products ( oxidation1 are remov$4 ,n[1 ! tissues are cont9ually fe$+ on ! life-giv+ oxyg51 & at ! same "t are cont9ually produc+ c>bon dioxid & o!r wa/e products4 ,9 fact1 ! life ( ! tissues is dep5d5t ^u a cont9ual succession ( oxidations & deoxidations4 ,:5 ! blood leaves ! tissues1 x is poor] 9 oxyg51 is burd5$ ) c>bon dioxid1 & has _h its color *ang$ f bright sc>let to purple r$4 ,?is is ! *ange f ! art]ial to v5\s conditions :i* has be5 describ$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]4 ,n[1 z we h se51 ! *ange f v5\s to art]ial blood occurs 9 ! capill>ies ( ! lungs1 ! only means ( communication betwe5 ! pulmon>y art]ies & ! pulmon>y ve9s4 ,! blood 9 ! pulmon>y capill>ies is sep>at$ f ! air only by a delicate tissue =m$ ( its own wall & ! pulmon>y membrane4 ,h5ce a gase\s int]*ange1 ! ess5tial /ep 9 respiration1 v readily takes place betwe5 ! blood & ! air1 by :i* ! latt] ga9s moi/ure & c>bon dioxid1 & loses its oxyg54 ,^! *anges 9 ! lungs also re/ore to ! d>k blood its rosy t9t4 ,! only condition absolutely necess>y to ! purification ( ! blood is an organ hav+ a delicate membrane1 on "o side ( :i* is a ?9 %eet ( blood1 :ile ! o!r side is 9 su* contact ) ! air t an int]*ange ( gases c readily take place4 ,! dem& = oxyg5 is1 h[ev]1 s incessant1 & ! accumulation ( c>bon dioxid is s rapid 9 e tissue ( ! human body1 t an ,all-,wise ,creator has provid$ a mo/ p]fect b complicat$ set ( ma*9]y to effect ?is wond]ful purification ( ! blood4 ,we are n[ ready to beg9 ! /udy ( ! arrangem5t & work+ ( ! respiratory app>atus4 ,) its consid]ation1 we complete our view ( ! s\rces ( supply to ! blood1 & beg9 our /udy ( its purification4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hd4--,! ,epiglottis4 #bjc4 ,! ,tra*ea1 or ,w9dpipe4 ,if we look into ! m\? ( a fri5d1 or into our own ) a mirror1 we see at ! back "p an ar* :i* is ! b\nd>y l9e ( ! m\? prop]4 ,!re is j beh9d ?is a simil> limit = ! back "p ( ! no/rils4 ,! funnel-%ap$ cavity beyond1 into :i* bo? ! m\? & ! po/]ior nasal passages op51 is call$ ! ph>ynx4 ,9 its l[] "p are two op5+s2 ! tra*ea1 or w9dpipe1 9 front1 & ! sophagus beh9d4 ,! tra*ea is surm\nt$ by a box-l /ructure ( c>tilage1 ab\t f\r & "o-half in*es long1 call$ ! l>ynx4 ,! upp] end ( ! l>ynx op5s into ! ph>ynx or ?roat1 & is provid$ ) a lid1-- ! epiglottis1--:i* closes "u c]ta9 circum/ances 7secs4 #acg & #cdi74 ,! l>ynx conta9s ! organ ( voice1 & is m fully describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xii4 ,! cont9uation ( ! l>ynx is ! tra*ea1 a tube ab\t ?ree-f\r?s ( an in* 9 diamet]1 & ab\t f\r in*es long4 ,x ext5ds d[nw>ds along ! middle l9e ( ! neck1 :]e x may readily be felt 9 front1 bel[ ! ,adam's apple4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #he4--,l>ynx1 ,tra*ea1 & ! ,bron*i4 7,front view47 ,a1 epiglottis2 ,b1 ?yroid c>tilage2 ,c1 cricoid-?yroid membrane1 connect+ ) ! cricoid c>tilage bel[1 all =m+ ! l>ynx2 ,d1 "o ( ! r+s ( ! tra*ea4 ,! walls ( ! w9dpipe are /r5g!n$ by a s]ies ( c>tilag9\s r+s1 ea* some:at ! %ape ( a horse%oe or l ! lett] ,c1 be+ incomplete beh9d1 :]e !y come 9 contact ) ! sophagus4 ,?us ! tra*ea1 :ile always op5 = ! passage ( air1 admits ( ! di/5tion ( ! food-passage4 #bjd4 ,! ,bron*ial ,tubes4 ,! l[] end ( ! w9dpipe is j beh9d ! upp] "p ( ! /]num1 & !re x divides into two bran*es1 call$ bron*i4 ,ea* bran* ent]s ! lung ( its own side1 & breaks up into a great numb] ( small] bran*es1 call$ bron*ial tubes4 ,^! divide into small] tubes1 :i* cont9ue subdivid+ till ! :ole lung is p5etrat$ by ! bran*es1 ! extremities ( :i* are extremely m9ute4 ,to all ^! bran*es ! g5]al "n ( bron*ial tubes is giv54 ,! smalle/ are only ab\t "o-fiftie? ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hf4--,relative ,position ( ! ,lungs1 ,he>t1 & its ,great ,vessels4 ,a1 left v5tricle2 ,b1 "r v5tricle2 ,c1 left auricle2 ,d1 "r auricle2 ,e1 sup]ior v5a cava2 ,f1 pulmon>y art]y2 ,g1 aorta2 ,h1 ar* ( ! aorta2 ,k1 innom9ate art]y2 ,l1 "r common c>otid art]y2 ,m1 "r subclavian art]y2 ,n1 ?yroid c>tilage =m+ upp] portion ( ! l>ynx2 ,o1 tra*ea4 ,n[ ! walls ( ! w9dpipe1 & ( ! l>g] bron*ial tubes w\ld readily collapse1 & close ! passage = air1 b = a wise precaution4 ,! horse%oe-%ap$ r+s ( c>tilage 9 ! tra*ea & ! plates ( c>tilage 9 ! bron*ial tubes keep ^! passages op54 ,aga91 ^! air passages h ela/ic fib]s runn+ ! l5g? ( ! tubes1 :i* all[ !m to /ret* & b5d readily ) ! movem5ts ( ! neck4 #bje4 ,! ,cilia ( ! ,air ,passages4 ,! inn] surfaces ( ! w9dpipe & bron*ial tubes are l9$ ) muc\s membrane1 cont9u\s ) t ( ! ?roat1 ! m\?1 & ! no/rils1 ! secretion f :i* s]ves to keep ! p>ts moi/4 ,delicate1 hair-l filam5ts1 n unlike ! pile on velvet1 call$ cilia1 spr+ f ! epi!lial l9+ ( ! air tubes4 ,_! con/ant wavy movem5t is always upw>ds & outw>ds1 t[>ds ! m\?4 ,?us any excessive secretion1 z ( bron*itis or cat>rh1 is c>ri$ upw>ds1 & f9ally expell$ by c\gh+4 ,9 ?is way1 ! lungs are kept q free f p>ticles ( =eign matt] d]iv$ f ! air4 ,o!rwise we %\ld suff]1 & (t5 be 9 dang] f ! accumulation ( mucus & du/ 9 ! air passages4 ,?us ^! t9y cilia act z du/]s :i* ,nature uses to keep ! air tubes free & clean 7,fig4 #e74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hg4--;,bron*ial tube1 ) its ,divisions & ,subdivisions4 7,%[+ gr\ps ( air cells at ! t]m9ation ( m9ute bron*ial tubes47 #bjf4 ,! ,lungs4 ,! lungs1 ! organs ( respiration1 are two p9ki% gray /ructures ( a light1 spongy appe>ance1 t fill ! *e/ cavity1 except ! space tak5 up by ! he>t & l>ge vessels4 ,betwe5 ! lungs are situat$ ! l>ge bron*i1 ! sophagus1 ! he>t 9 its p]ic>dium1 & ! great blood-vessels4 ,! base ( ! lungs re/s on ! dome-l diaphragm1 :i* sep>ates ! *e/ f ! abdom54 ,?is p>tly muscul> & p>tly t5d9\s p>tition is a mo/ important factor 9 brea?+4 ,ea* lung is cov]$1 except at "o po9t1 ) an ela/ic s]\s membrane 9 a d\ble lay]1 call$ ! pleura4 ,"o lay] closely envelops ! lung1 at ! apex ( :i* x is reflect$ to ! wall ( ! *e/ cavity ( its own side1 :i* x l9es4 ,! two lay]s ?us =m betwe5 !m a ,clos$ ,sac a s]\s cavity 7see ,fig4 #fi1 also note1 p4 #agf74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hh4--,! ,lungs ) ! ,tra*ea1 ,bron*i1 & ,l>g] ,bron*ial ,tubes expos$4 7,po/]ior view47 ,a1 division ( left bron*us to upp] lobe2 ,b1 left bran* ( ! ,pulmon>y art]y2 ,c1 left bron*us2 ,d1 left sup]ior pulmon>y ve92 ,e1 left inf]ior pulmon>y ve92 ,f1 left auricle2 ,k1 inf]ior v5a cava2 ,l1 division ( "r bron*us to l[] lobe2 ,m1 "r inf]ior pulmon>y ve92 ,n1 "r sup]ior pulmon>y ve92 ,o1 "r bran* ( ! pulmon>y art]y2 ,p1 division ( "r bron*us to upp] lobe2 ,r1 left v5tricle2 ,s1 "r v5tricle4 ,9 heal? ! two pleural surfaces ( ! lungs are always 9 contact1 & !y secrete j en\gh s]\s fluid to all[ ! surfaces to glide smoo?ly ^u ea* o!r4 ,inflammation ( ?is membrane is call$ pleurisy4 ,9 ?is disease ! brea?+ becomes v pa9ful1 z ! secretion ( glairy s]um is susp5d$1 & ! dry & inflam$ surfaces rub h>%ly ^u ea* o!r4 ,! root ( ! lung1 z x is call$1 is =m$ by ! bron*i1 two pulmon>y art]ies1 & two pulmon>y ve9s4 ,! n]ves & lymphatic vessels ( ! lung also ent] at ! root4 ,if we only rememb] t all ! bron*ial tubes1 great & small1 are holl[1 we may comp>e ! :ole sy/em to a %ort bu% or tree gr[+ upside d[n 9 ! *e/1 ( :i* ! tra*ea is ! trunk1 & ! bron*ial tubes ! bran*es ( v>i\s sizes4 #bjg4 ,m9ute ,/ructure ( ! ,lungs4 ,if "o ( ! smalle/ bron*ial tubes be trac$ 9 its tree-l ramifications1 x w be f\nd to end 9 an irregul> funnel-%ap$ passage wid] ?an itself4 ,ar\nd ?is passage are gr\p$ a numb] ( honeycomb-l sacs1 ! air cells#ce or alveoli ( ! lungs4 ,^! communicate freely ) ! passage1 & ?r\gh x ) ! bron*ial bran*es1 b h no o!r op5+s4 ,! :ole arrangem5t ( passages & air cells spr++ f ! end ( a bron*ial tube1 is call$ an ultimate lobule4 ,n[ ea* lobule is a v small m9iature ( a :ole lung1 = by ! gr\p+ toge!r ( ^! lobules ano!r set ( l>g] lobules is =m$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hi4 ,a1 diagrammatic repres5tation ( ! end+ ( a bron*ial tube 9 air sacs or alveoli2 ,b1 t]m9ation ( two bron*ial tubes 9 enl>gem5t beset ) air sacs 7,huxley72 ,c1 diagrammatic view ( an air sac4 a lies )9 sac & po9ts to epi!lium l9+ wall2 b1 p>tition betwe5 two adjac5t sacs1 9 :i* run capill>ies2 c1 ela/ic connective tissue 7,huxley74 ,9 l mann] c\ntless numb]s ( ^! lobules1 b\nd toge!r by connective tissue1 are gr\p$ aft] ! same fa%ion to =m by _! aggregation ! lobes ( ! lung4 ,! "r lung has ?ree su* lobes2 & ! left1 two4 ,ea* lobule has a bran* ( ! pulmon>y art]y ent]+ x1 & a simil> rootlet ( ! pulmon>y ve9 leav+ x4 ,x also receives lymphatic vessels1 & m9ute twigs ( ! pulmon>y plexus ( n]ves4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ij4--;,diagram to illu/rate ! ,am\nts ( ,air conta9$ by ! ,lungs 9 ,v>i\s ,phases ( ,ord9>y & ( ,=c$ ,respiration4 ,! walls ( ! air cells are ( extreme ?9ness1 consi/+ ( delicate ela/ic & connective tissue1 & l9$ inside by a s+le lay] ( ?9 epi!lial cells4 ,9 ! connective tissue run capill>y vessels belong+ to ! pulmon>y art]y & ve9s4 ,n[ ^! delicate vessels runn+ 9 ! connective tissue are surr\nd$ on all sides by air cells4 ,x is evid5t1 !n1 t ! blood fl[+ ?r\gh ^! capill>ies is sep>at$ f ! air )9 ! cells only by ! ?9 walls ( ! vessels1 & ! delicate tissues ( ! air cells4 ,?is arrangem5t is p]fectly adapt$ = an int]*ange betwe5 ! blood 9 ! capill>ies & ! air 9 ! air cells4 ,?is w be m fully expla9$ 9 sec4 #bad4 #bjh4 ,capacity ( ! ,lungs4 ,9 brea?+ we alt]nately take into & expel f ! lungs a c]ta9 quantity ( air4 ,) ea* quiet inspiration ab\t #cj cubic in*es ( air ent] ! lungs1 & #cj cubic in*es pass out ) ea* expiration4 ,! air ?us pass+ into & out ( ! lungs is call$ tidal air4 ,aft] an ord9>y inspiration1 ! lungs conta9 ab\t #bcj cubic in*es ( air4 ,by tak+ a deep inspiration1 ab\t #ajj cubic in*es m c be tak5 94 ,?is extra am\nt is call$ complem5tal air4 ,aft] an ord9>y expiration1 ab\t #bjj cubic in*es are left 9 ! lungs1 b by =c$ expiration ab\t "o-half ( ?is may be driv5 out4 ,?is is kn[n z supplem5tal air4 ,! lungs c nev] be entirely empti$ ( air1 ab\t #ge to #ajj cubic in*es always rema9+4 ,?is is kn[n z ! residual air4 ,! air t ! lungs ( an adult man are capable ( conta9+ is ?us compos$3 ,complem5tal air #ajj cubic in*es4 ,tidal #cj ,supplem5tal #ajj ,residual #ajj ---- ,total capacity ( lungs #ccj ,if1 !n1 a p]son proce$s1 aft] tak+ ! deepe/ possible brea?1 to brea? out z mu* z he c1 he expels3 ,complem5tal air #ajj cubic in*es4 ,tidal #cj ,supplem5tal #ajj ---- #bcj ,?is total ( #bcj cubic in*es =ms :at is call$ ! vital capacity ( ! *e/ 7,fig4 #ij74 #bji4 ,! ,movem5ts ( ,brea?+4 ,! act ( brea?+ consi/s ( a s]ies ( rhy?mical movem5ts1 succe$+ "o ano!r 9 regul> ord]4 ,9 ! fir/ movem5t1 inspiration1 ! *e/ rises1 & !re is an inru% ( fre% air2 ?is is at once foll[$ by expiration1 ! fall+ ( ! *e/ walls1 & ! output ( air4 ,a pause n[ occurs1 & ! same brea?+ movem5ts are repeat$4 ,! entrance & ! exit ( air into ! respiratory passages are accompani$ ) peculi> s\nds :i* are readily he>d on plac+ ! e> at ! *e/ wall4 ,^! s\nds are greatly modifi$ 9 v>i\s pulmon>y diseases1 & h5ce are ( great value to ! physician 9 mak+ a correct diagnosis4 ,9 a heal?y adult1 ! numb] ( respirations %\ld be f #af to #ah p] m9ute1 b !y v>y ) age1 t ( a newly born *ild be+ #dd = ! same "t4 ,ex]cise increases ! numb]1 :ile re/ dim9i%es x4 ,9 /&+1 ! rate is m ?an :5 ly+ at re/4 ,m5tal emotion & excitem5t quick5 ! rate4 ,! numb] is smalle/ dur+ sleep4 ,disease has a notable effect ^u ! frequ5cy ( respirations4 ,9 diseases involv+ ! lungs1 bron*ial tubes1 & ! pleura1 ! rate may be al>m+ly increas$1 & ! pulse is quick5$ 9 proportion4 #baj4 ,! ,me*anism ( ,brea?+4 ,! *e/ is a *amb] ) bony walls1 ! ribs connect+ 9 front ) ! brea/bone1 & beh9d ) ! sp9e4 ,! spaces betwe5 ! ribs are occupi$ by ! int]co/al muscles1 :ile l>ge muscles clo! ! entire *e/4 ,! diaphragm s]ves z a movable floor to ! *e/1 :i* is an air-tight *amb] ) movable walls & floor4 ,9 ?is *amb] are susp5d$ ! lungs1 ! air cells ( :i* communicate ) ! outside ?r\gh ! bron*ial passages1 b h no connection ) ! *e/ cavity4 ,! ?9 space betwe5 ! lungs & ! rib walls1 call$ ! pleural cavity1 is 9 heal? a vacuum4 ,n[1 :5 ! diaphragm contracts1 x desc5ds & ?us increases ! dep? ( ! *e/ cavity4 ,a quantity ( air is n[ drawn into ! lungs & causes !m to exp&1 ?us fill+ up ! increas$ space4 ,z soon z ! diaphragm relaxes1 return+ to its ar*$ position & r$uc+ ! size ( ! *e/ cavity1 ! air is driv5 f ! lungs1 :i* !n dim9i% 9 size4 ,aft] a %ort pause1 ! diaphragm aga9 contracts1 & ! same r\nd ( op]ation is con/antly repeat$4 ,! walls ( ! *e/ be+ movable1 by ! contractions ( ! int]co/als & o!r muscles1 ! ribs are rais$ & ! brea/bone pu%$ =w>d4 ,! *e/ cavity is ?us enl>g$ f side to side & f beh9d =w>ds4 ,?us1 by ! simultane\s desc5t ( ! diaphragm & ! elevation ( ! ribs1 ! cavity ( ! *e/ is increas$ 9 ?ree directions1--d[nw>ds1 side-ways1 & f beh9d =w>ds4 ,x is ?us evid5t t inspiration is due to a s]ies ( muscul> contractions4 ,z soon z ! contractions cease1 ! ela/ic lung tissue resumes its orig9al position1 j z an ext5d$ rubb] b& recov]s itself4 ,z a result1 ! orig9al size ( ! *e/ cavity is re/or$1 & ! inhal$ air is driv5 f ! lungs4 ,expiration may !n be reg>d$ z ! result ( an ela/ic recoil1 & n ( active muscul> contractions4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ia4--;,diagrammatic ,section ( ! ,trunk4 7,%[+ ! expansion ( ! *e/ & ! movem5t ( ! ribs by action ( ! lungs47 ,! dott$ l9es indicate ! position dur+ inspiration4 #baa4 ,v>ieties ( ,brea?+4 ,?is is ! me*anism ( quiet1 normal respiration4 ,:5 ! respiration is difficult1 additional =ces are br\ght into play4 ,?us :5 ! w9dpipe & bron*ial tubes are ob/ruct$1 z 9 cr\p1 a/hma1 or consumption1 _m additional muscles are made use ( to help ! lungs to exp&4 ,! position :i* a/hmatics (t5 assume1 ) arms rais$ to grasp some?+ = support1 is f ! ne$ ( ! suff]] to get a fix$ po9t f :i* ! muscles ( ! arm & *e/ may act =cibly 9 rais+ ! ribs1 & ?us secur+ m com=table brea?+4 ,! visible movem5ts ( brea?+ v>y accord+ to circum/ances4 ,9 infants ! action ( ! diaphragm is m>k$1 & ! movem5ts ( ! abdom5 are especially obvi\s4 ,?is is call$ abdom9al brea?+4 ,9 wom5 ! action ( ! ribs z !y rise & fall1 is emphasiz$ m ?an 9 m51 & ?is we call co/al brea?+4 ,9 "y p]sons & 9 m51 ! respiration n usually be+ imp$$ by tight clo?+1 ! brea?+ is normal1 be+ deep & abdom9al4 ,disease has a m>k$ effect ^u ! mode ( brea?+4 ,?us1 :5 *ildr5 suff] f "s s]i\s *e/ disease1 ! increas$ movem5ts ( ! abdom9al walls seem di/ress+4 ,s 9 fracture ( ! ribs1 ! surgeon envelops ! ov]ly+ "p ( ! *e/ ) long /rips ( firm adhesive pla/] to re/ra9 ! motions ( *e/ respiration1 t !y may n di/urb ! jagg$ ends ( ! brok5 bones4 ,aga91 9 pa9ful diseases ( ! abdom51 ! suff]] in/9ctively susp5ds ! abdom9al action & relies ^u ! *e/ brea?+4 ,^! deviations f ! natural movem5ts ( respiration are useful to ! physician 9 asc]ta9+ ! seat ( disease4 #bab4 ,! ,n]v\s ,control ( ,respiration4 ,x is a matt] ( common exp]i5ce t "o's brea? may be held = a %ort "t1 b ! ne$ ( fre% air spe$ily gets ! ma/]y1 & a long1 deep brea? is drawn4 ,h5ce ! ef=ts ( crim9als to commit suicide by p]si/5t re/ra9t ( _! brea?+1 are always a failure4 ,at ! v wor/1 unconsci\sness ensues1 & !n respiration is automatically resum$4 ,?us a wise ,provid5ce defeats ! purpose ( crime4 ,! movem5ts ( brea?+ g on )\t our att5tion4 ,9 sleep ! regul>ity ( respiration is ev5 great] ?an :5 awake4 ,!re is a p>ticul> "p ( ! n]v\s sy/em t presides ov] ! brea?+ function4 ,x is situat$ 9 t "p ( ! bra9 call$ ! m$ulla oblongata1 & is fancifully call$ ! vital knot 7sec4 #bgj74 ,x is injury to ?is respiratory c5t] :i* proves fatal 9 cases ( brok5 neck4 ,f ?is n]ve c5t] !re is s5t out to ! n]ves t supply ! diaphragm & o!r muscles ( brea?+1 a =ce :i* /imulates !m to regul> contraction4 ,?is brea?+ c5t] is affect$ by ! condition ( ! blood4 ,x is /imulat$ by an excess ( c>bon dioxid 9 ! blood1 & is quiet$ by ! pres5ce ( oxyg54 ,exp]im5t #ajh4 ,to locate ! lungs4 ,m>k out ! b\nd>ies ( ! lungs by s\nd+ !m2 t is1 by p]cussion1 z x is call$4 ,?is means to put ! =ef+] ( ! left h& across ! *e/ or back1 & to give x a quick1 %>p rap ) two or ?ree f+]s4 ,note :]e x s\nds holl[1 resonant4 ,?is exp]im5t c be done by ! /ud5t ) only imp]fect success1 until practice br+s "s skill4 ,exp]im5t #aji4 ,borr[ a /e?oscope1 & li/5 to ! respiration ov] ! *e/ on ! "r side4 ,?is is kn[n z auscultation4 ,note ! diff]5ce ( ! s\nds 9 inspiration & 9 expiration4 ,d n confuse ! he>t s\nds ) ^? ( respiration4 ,! respiratory murmurs may be he>d fairly well by apply+ ! e> flat to ! *e/1 ) only "o g>m5t int]pos$4 ,exp]im5t #aaj4 ,get a %eep's lungs1 ) ! w9dpipe atta*$4 ,ask = ! he>t & lungs all 9 "o mass4 ,take pa9s to exam9e ! specim5 fir/1 & accept only a good "o4 ,p>ts are apt to be ha/ily snipp$ or mangl$4 ,exam9e ! w9dpipe4 ,note ! horse%oe-%ap$ r+s ( c>tilage 9 front1 :i* s]ve to keep x op54 ,exp]im5t #aaa4 ,exam9e "o bron*us1 c>efully dissect+ away ! lung tissue ) curv$ scissors4 ,foll[ along until small bran*es ( ! bron*ial tubes are rea*$4 ,take "t = ! dissection1 & save ! specim5 9 dilute alcohol4 ,put pieces ( ! lung tissue 9 a bas9 ( wat]1 & note t !y float4 ,! labor$ brea?+ ( suffocation & ( lung diseases is due to ! excessive /imulation ( ?is c5t]1 caus$ by ! excess ( c>bon dioxid 9 ! blood4 ,v>i\s m5tal influ5ces f ! bra9 itself1 z ! emotions ( al>m or joy or di/ress1 modify ! action ( ! respiratory c5t]4 ,aga91 n]ves ( s5sation on ! surface ( ! body convey influ5ces to ?is n]ve c5t] & lead to its /imulation1 result+ 9 a vigor\s brea?+ movem5t4 ,?us a da% ( cold wat] on ! face or neck ( a fa9t+ p]son in/antly produces a deep1 long-drawn brea?4 ,c]ta9 drugs1 z opium1 act to r$uce ! activity ( ?is n]ve c5t]4 ,h5ce1 9 opium poison+1 special att5tion %\ld be paid to keep+ up ! respiration4 ,! condition ( ! lungs !mselves is made kn[n to ! brea?+ c5t]1 by messages s5t along ! bran*es ( ! great pneumoga/ric n]ve 7page #bgf71 lead+ f ! lungs to ! m$ulla oblongata4 #bac4 ,effects ( ,respiration ^u ! ,blood4 ,! blood conta9s ?ree gases1 p>tly dissolv$ 9 x & p>tly 9 *emical union ) c]ta9 ( its con/itu5ts4 ,^! are oxyg51 c>bon dioxid1 & nitrog54 ,! latt] ne$ n be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,! oxyg5 is ! n\ri%+ mat]ial :i* ! tissues require to c>ry on _! "w4 ,! c>bon dioxid is a wa/e sub/ance :i* ! tissues produce by _! activity1 & :i* ! blood c>ries away f !m4 ,z be=e %[n1 ! blood z x fl[s ?r\gh ! tissues loses mo/ ( its oxyg51 & c>bon dioxid takes its place4 ,n[ if ! blood is to ma9ta9 its effici5cy 9 ?is respect1 x mu/ always be receiv+ new supplies ( oxyg51 & also h "s mode ( ?r[+ (f its excess ( c>bon dioxid4 ,?is1 !n1 is ! d\ble function ( ! process ( respiration4 ,aga91 ! blood s5t out f ! left side ( ! he>t is ( a bright sc>let color4 ,aft] its "w is done1 & ! blood returns to ! "r side ( ! he>t1 x is ( a d>k purple color4 ,?is *ange 9 color takes place 9 ! capill>ies1 & is due to ! fact t !re ! blood gives up mo/ ( its oxyg5 to ! tissues & receives f !m a great deal ( c>bon dioxid4 ,9 brief1 :ile pass+ ?r\gh ! capill>ies ( ! lungs ! blood has be5 *ang$ f ! v5\s to ! art]ial blood4 ,t is to say1 ! blood 9 its progress ?r\gh ! lungs has rid itself ( its excess ( c>bon dioxid & obta9$ a fre% supply ( oxyg54#cf #bad4 ,effects ( ,respiration ^u ! ,air 9 ! ,lungs4 ,x is well kn[n t if two diff]5t liquids be plac$ 9 a vessel 9 contact ) ea* o!r & left undi/urb$1 !y d n rema9 sep>ate1 b gradually mix1 & 9 "t w be p]fectly comb9$4 ,?is is call$ diffusion ( liquids4 ,! same ?+ occurs ) gases1 ?\gh ! process is n visible4 ,?is is kn[n z ! diffusion ( gases4 ,x is also true t two liquids w m+le :5 sep>at$ f ea* o!r by a membrane 7sec4 #abi74 ,9 a simil> mann] two gases1 especially if ( diff]5t d5sities1 may m+le ev5 :5 sep>at$ f ea* o!r by a membrane4 ,9 a g5]al way ?is expla9s ! respiratory *anges t occur 9 ! blood 9 ! lungs4 ,blood conta9+ oxyg5 & c>bon dioxid is fl[+ 9 c\ntless t9y /reams ?r\gh ! walls ( ! air cells ( ! lungs4 ,! air cells !mselves conta9 a mixture ( ! same two gases4 ,a ?91 moi/ membrane1 well adapt$ to all[ gase\s diffusion1 sep>ates ! blood f ! air4 ,?is membrane is ! delicate wall ( ! capill>ies & ! epi!lium ( ! air cells4 ,by exp]im5t x has be5 f\nd t ! pressure ( oxyg5 9 ! blood is less ?an t 9 ! air cells1 & t ! pressure ( c>bon dioxid gas 9 ! blood is great] ?an t 9 ! air cells4 ,z a result1 a diffusion ( gases ensues4 ,! blood ga9s oxyg5 & loses c>bon dioxid1 :ile ! air cells lose oxyg5 & ga9 ! latt] gas4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ib4--;,capill>y ,network ( ! ,air ,cells & ,orig9 ( ! ,pulmon>y ,ve9s4 ,a1 small bran* ( pulmon>y art]y2 ,b1 twigs ( ! pulmon>y art]y ana/omos+ to =m p]iph]al network ( ! primitive air cells2 ,c1 capill>y network ar\nd ! walls ( ! air sacs2 ,d1 bran*es ( network conv]g+ = =m ! ve9lets ( ! pulmon>y ve9s4 ,! blood ?us becomes purifi$ & re9vigorat$1 & at ! same "t is *ang$ 9 color f purple to sc>let1 f v5\s to art]ial4 ,x is n[ evid5t t if ?is int]*ange is to cont9ue1 ! air 9 ! cells mu/ be con/antly r5ew$1 its oxyg5 re/or$1 & its excess ( c>bon dioxid remov$4 ,o!rwise ! process j describ$ w\ld be rev]s$1 mak+ ! blood /ill m unfit to n\ri% ! tissues1 & m poison\s to !m ?an be=e4 #bae4 ,*ange 9 ! ,air 9 ,brea?+4 ,! air :i* we exhale dur+ respiration diff]s 9 sev]al important p>ticul>s f ! air we inhale4 ,bo? conta9 *iefly ! ?ree gases1 ?\gh 9 diff]5t quantities1 z ! foll[+ table %[s4 ,oxyg54 ,nitrog54 ,c>bon ,dioxid4 ,inspir$ air conta9s #bj4ha #gi4ae 4#jd ,expir$ air conta9s #af4jc #gi4eh #d4ch ,t is1 expir$ air conta9s ab\t five p] c5t less oxyg5 & five p] c5t m c>bon dioxid ?an inspir$ air4 ,! temp]ature ( expir$ air is v>iable1 b g5]ally is high] ?an t ( inspir$ air1 x hav+ be5 9 contact ) ! w>m air passages4 ,x is also load$ ) aque\s vapor1 imp>t$ to x l ! heat1 n 9 ! dep? ( ! lungs1 b 9 ! upp] air passages4 ,expir$ air conta9s1 besides c>bon dioxid1 v>i\s impurities1 _m ( an unkn[n nature1 & all 9 small am\nts4 ,:5 ! expir$ air is cond5s$ 9 a cold receiv]1 ! aque\s product is f\nd to conta9 organic matt]1 :i*1 f ! pres5ce ( micro-organisms1 introduc$ 9 ! inspir$ air1 is apt to putrefy rapidly4 ,"s ( ^! organic sub/ances are probably poison\s1 ei!r s 9 !mselves1 z produc$ 9 "s mann] 9 ! brea?+ app>atus1 or poison\s z be+ ! products ( decomposition4 ,= x is kn[n t v>i\s animal sub/ances give rise1 by decomposition1 to di/9ct poison\s products kn[n z ptoma9es4 ,x is possible t "s ( ! con/itu5ts ( ! expir$ air are ( an alli$ nature4 ,see "u ,bact]ia 7,*apt] ,,xiv74 ,at all ev5ts1 ^! sub/ances h an injuri\s action1 = an atmosph]e conta9+ simply "o p] c5t ( pure c>bon dioxid has v little hurtful effect on ! animal economy1 b an atmosph]e 9 :i* ! c>bon dioxid has be5 rais$ "o p] c5t by brea?+ is highly injuri\s4 ,! quantity ( oxyg5 remov$ f ! air by ! brea?+ ( an adult p]son at re/ am\nts daily to ab\t #ah cubic feet4 ,ab\t ! same am\nt ( c>bon dioxid is expell$1 & ?is c\ld be repres5t$ by a piece ( pure *>coal weigh+ #i ounces4 ,! quantity ( c>bon dioxid1 h[ev]1 v>ies ) ! age1 & is increas$ also by ext]nal cold & by ex]cise1 & is affect$ by ! k9d ( food4 ,! am\nt ( wat]1 exhal$ z vapor1 v>ies f #f to #bj ounces daily4 ,! av]age daily quantity is ab\t "o-half a p9t4 #baf4 ,modifi$ ,respiratory ,movem5ts4 ,! respiratory column ( air is (t5 us$ 9 a me*anical way to expel bodies f ! upp] air passages4 ,!re are also1 9 ord] to secure special ends1 a numb] ( modifi$ movem5ts n di/9ctly respiratory4 ,! foll[+ peculi> respiratory acts call = a few words ( explanation4 ,a sigh is a rapid & g5]ally audible expiration1 due to ! ela/ic recoil ( ! lungs & *e/ walls4 ,x is (t5 caus$ by depress+ emotions4 ,yawn+ is a deep inspiration ) a /ret*+ ( ! muscles ( ! face & m\?1 & is usually excit$ by fatigue or dr[s9ess1 b (t5 occurs f a sort ( contagion4 ,hicc\gh is a sudd5 j]k+ inspiration due to ! spasmodic contraction ( ! diaphragm & ( ! glottis1 caus+ ! air to ru% sudd5ly ?r\gh ! l>ynx1 & produce ?is peculi> s\nd4 ,snor+ is caus$ by vibration ( ! s(t palate dur+ sleep1 & is habitual ) "s1 al?\gh x occurs ) _m :5 ! sy/em is unusually exhau/$ & relax$4 ,laugh+ consi/s ( a s]ies ( %ort1 rapid1 spasmodic expirations :i* cause ! peculi> s\nds1 ) *>act]i/ic movem5ts ( ! facial muscles4 ,cry+1 caus$ by emotional /ates1 consi/s ( sudd5 j]ky expirations ) long inspirations1 ) facial movem5ts indicative ( di/ress4 ,9 sobb+1 :i* (t5 foll[s long-cont9u$ cry+1 !re is a rapid s]ies ( convulsive inspirations1 ) sudd5 involunt>y contractions ( ! diaphragm4 ,laught]1 & sometimes sobb+1 l yawn+1 may be ! result ( involunt>y imitation4 ,exp]im5t #aab4 ,simple ,app>atus to ,illu/rate ! ,movem5ts ( ! ,lungs 9 ! ,*e/4--,t is a bottle f :i* ! bottom has be5 remov$2 ,d1 a flexible & ela/ic membrane ti$ on ! bottle1 & capable ( be+ pull$ out by ! /r+ ,s1 s z to increase ! capacity ( ! bottle4 ,l is a ?9 ela/ic bag repres5t+ ! lungs4 ,x communicates ) ! ext]nal air by a glass tube fitt$ air-tight ?r\gh a cork 9 ! neck ( ! bottle4 ,:5 ,d is drawn d[n1 ! pressure ( ! ext]nal air causes ,l to exp&4 ,:5 ! /r+ is let g1 ,l contracts aga91 by virtue ( its ela/icity4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ic4 ,c\gh+ is produc$ by irritation 9 ! upp] "p ( ! w9dpipe & l>ynx4 ,a deep brea? is drawn1 ! op5+ ( ! w9dpipe is clos$1 & imm$iately is bur/ op5 ) a viol5t ef=t :i* s5ds a bla/ ( air ?r\gh ! upp] air passages4 ,! object is to dislodge & expel any mucus or =eign matt] t is irritat+ ! air passages4 ,sneez+ is l c\gh+2 ! tongue is rais$ aga9/ ! s(t palate1 s ! air is =c$ ?r\gh ! nasal passages4 ,x is caus$ by an irritation ( ! no/rils or eyes4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( a cold 9 ! head1 = in/ance1 ! cold air irritates ! inflam$ muc\s membrane ( ! nose1 & causes repeat$ attacks ( sneez+4 #bag4 ,h[ ! ,atmosph]e is ,made ,impure4 ,! air ar\nd u is con/antly be+ made impure 9 a great v>iety ( ways4 ,! combu/ion ( fuel1 ! respiration ( m5 & animals1 ! exhalations f _! bodies1 ! noxi\s gases & effluvia ( ! v>i\s indu/ries1 toge!r ) ! *anges ( f]m5tation & decomposition to :i* all organiz$ matt] is liable1--all t5d to pollute ! atmosph]e4 ,! necessity ( ext]nal v5tilation has be5 =ese5 = u4 ,! =ces ( nature1--! w9ds1 sunlight1 ra91 & gr[+ vegetation1--all ( great p[] & univ]sal di/ribution & application1 re/ore ! balance1 & purify ! air4 ,z to ! pr9cipal gases1 ! air ( ! city does n diff] mat]ially f t ( rural sections4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a va/ly great] quantity ( du/ & smoke 9 ! air ( t[ns4 ,! brea?+ ( ?is du/1 to a great] or less ext5t lad5 ) bact]ia1 fungi1 & ! g]ms ( disease1 is an ev]-pres5t & mo/ pot5t m5ace to public & p]sonal heal?4 ,x is "o ( ! ma9 causes ( ! excess ( mortality 9 t[ns & cities ov] t ( c\ntry di/ricts4 ,?is is be/ %[n 9 ! ov]cr[d$ /reets & h\ses ( great cities1 :i* are depriv$ ( ! purify+ influ5ce ( sun & air4 ,! fatal effect ( liv+ 9 vitiat$ air is especially m>k$ 9 ! mortality among infants & *ildr5 liv+ 9 ! squalid & ov]cr[d$ sections ( our great cities4 ,! salut>y effect ( sun%9e is %[n by ! fact t mortality is usually great] on ! %ady side ( ! /reet4 #bah4 ,h[ ! ,air is ,made ,impure by ,brea?+4 ,x is n ! c>bon dioxid alone t causes injuri\s results to heal?1 x is m especially ! organic matt] ?r[n (f 9 ! expir$ air4 ,! c>bon dioxid :i* accompanies ! organic matt] is only ! index4 ,9 te/+ ! purity ( air x is n difficult to asc]ta9 ! am\nt ( c>bon dioxid pres5t1 b x is no easy problem to measure ! am\nt ( organic matt]4 ,h5ce x is ! =m] t is look$ = 9 factories1 *ur*es1 s*oolrooms1 & :5 x is f\nd to exce$ 4#jg p] c5t x is kn[n t !re is a hurtful am\nt ( organic matt] pres5t4 ,! air z expell$ f ! lungs conta9s1 n only a c]ta9 am\nt ( organic matt] 9 ! =m ( vapor1 b m9ute solid p>ticles ( dbris & bact]ial micro-organisms 7,*ap4 ,,xiv74 ,! air ?us already vitiat$1 aft] x leaves ! m\?1 putrefies v rapidly4 ,x is at once absorb$ by clo?+1 curta9s1 c>pets1 por\s walls1 & by _m o!r objects4 ,x is difficult to dislodge ^! enemies ( heal? ev5 by free v5tilation4 ,! close & disagreeable odor ( a fil?y or ov]cr[d$ room is due to ^! organic exhalations f ! lungs1 ! sk91 & ! unclean clo?+ ( ! occupants4 ,! necessity ( hav+ a prop] supply ( fre% air 9 enclos$ places1 & ! ne$ ( removal ( impure air are ?us evid5t4 ,if a man 7 %ut up 9 a tightly seal$ room conta9+ #dbe cubic feet ( air1 he w\ld be f\nd dead or ne>ly s at ! end ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,long be=e ?is "t he w\ld h suff]$ f nausea1 heada*e1 dizz9ess1 & o!r pro(s ( blood-poison+4 ,^! symptoms are (t5 felt by ^? :o are conf9$ = an h\r or m 9 a room :]e ! atmosph]e has be5 pollut$ by a cr[d ( p4 ,! unpleasant effects rapidly disappe> on brea?+ fre% air4 #bai4 ,! ,effect on ! ,heal? ( ,brea?+ ,f\l ,air4 ,p are (t5 compell$ to rema9 indoors = _m h\rs1 day aft] day1 9 %ops1 factories1 or (fices1 brea?+ air p]haps only slightly vitiat$1 b /ill recogniz$ z /uffy4 ,su* p]sons (t5 suff] f ill heal?4 ,! exact =m ( ! di/urbance ( heal? dep5ds mu* ^u ! h]$it>y proclivity & physical make-up ( ! individual4 ,loss ( appetite1 dull heada*e1 fretfulness1 p]si/5t we>9ess1 despond5cy1 foll[$ by a g5]al weakness & an impov]i%$ /ate ( blood1 (t5 result4 ,p]sons 9 ?is l[]$ /ate ( heal? are mu* m prone to surf] f colds1 cat>rhs1 bron*itis1 & pneumonia ?an if !y 7 liv+ 9 ! op5 air1 or brea?+ only pure air4 ,?us1 9 ! ,crimean ,w>1 ! soldi]s :o liv$ 9 t5ts 9 ! colde/ wea!r 7 f> m free f colds & lung tr\bles ?an ^? :o liv$ 9 tight & ill-v5tilat$ huts4 ,9 ! e>ly fall :5 typhoid fev] is preval5t1 ! gr\nds ( l>ge hospitals are dott$ ) canvas t5ts1 9 :i* pati5ts suff]+ f ?is fev] d mu* bett] ?an 9 ! w>ds4 ,?is t5d5cy to inflammatory diseases ( ! air passages is aggravat$ by ! ov]heat$ & ov]dri$ condition ( ! air 9 ! room occupi$4 ,?is may result f burn+ gas1 f ov]heat$ furnaces & /oves1 hot-wat] pipes1 & o!r causes4 ,s]i\s lung diseases1 su* z consumption1 are m common among ^? :o live 9 damp1 ov]cr[d$1 or poorly v5tilat$ homes4 #bbj4 ,! ,dang] f ,pulmon>y ,infection4 ,! g]m ( pulmon>y consumption1 kn[n z ! bacillus tub]culosis1 is conta9$ 9 ! brea? & ! sputa f ! lungs ( its victims4 ,x is n difficult to und]/& h[ ^! bacilli may be convey$ ?r\gh ! air f ! lungs ( ! sick to ^? ( app>5tly heal?y p4 ,su* p]sons may1 h[ev]1 be pr$ispos$1 ei!r con/itutionally or by defective hygi5ic surr\nd+s1 to fall victims to ?is dread$ disease4 ,ov]cr[d+1 poor v5tilation1 & dampness all t5d to increase ! risk ( pulmon>y infection4 ,x mu/ n be suppos$ t ! tub]cle bacillus is necess>ily transmitt$ directly ?r\gh ! air f ! lungs ( ! sick to be implant$ 9 ! lungs ( ! heal?y4 ,! g]ms may rema9 = a "t 9 ! du/ turn & dbris ( damp1 fil?y1 & ov]cr[d$ h\ses4 ,9 ?is cong5ial soil !y reta9 _! vitality = a long "t1 & possibly may take on m virul5t infective prop]ties ?an !y possess$ :5 expell$ f ! diseas$ lungs4#cg ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #id4 ,example ( a ,micro-,organism--,bacillus ,tub]culosis 9 ,spotum4 7,magnifi$ ab\t #ejj diamet]s47 #bba4 ,v5tilation4 ,! "q ( a practicable & economical sy/em ( v5tilation = our homes1 s*oolrooms1 work%ops1 & public places pres5ts _m difficult & p]plex+ problems4 ,x is p]haps due to ! complex nature ( ! subject1 t v5tilation1 z an ord9>y condition ( daily heal?1 has be5 s mu* neglect$4 ,! matt] is practically ignor$ 9 build+ ord9>y h\ses4 ,! cont9u\s r5ewal ( air receives little if any consid]ation1 comp>$ ) ! provision made to furni% our homes ) heat1 light1 & wat]4 ,:5 ! w9d[s are clos$ we usually dep5d = v5tilation ^u m]e *ance1--on ! *imney1 ! fireplace1 & ! crevices ( doors & w9d[s4 ,! prop] v5tilation ( a h\se & its surr\nd+s %\ld =m z prom95t a consid]ation 9 ! plans ( build]s & ar*itects z d ! grad+ ( ! l&1 ! size ( ! rooms1 & ! co/ ( heat+4 ,! object ( v5tilation is tw(old3 ,fir/1 to provide = ! removal ( ! impure air2 second1 = a supply ( pure air4 ,?is mu/ include a plan to provide fre% air 9 su* a mann] t !re %all be no draughts or exposure ( ! occupants ( ! rooms to undue temp]ature4 ,h5ce1 :at at fir/ might seem an easy ?+ to d1 is1 9 fact1 "o ( ! mo/ difficult ( sanit>y problems4 #bbb4 ,conditions ( ,effici5t ,v5tilation4 ,to secure prop] v5tilation c]ta9 conditions mu/ be obs]v$4 ,! pure air introduc$ %\ld n be f> bel[ ! temp]ature ( ! room1 or if s1 ! ent]+ curr5t %\ld be introduc$ t[>ds ! ceil+1 t x may mix ) ! w>m air4 ,draughts mu/ be avoid$4 ,if ! circuit f entrance to exit is %ort1 draughts are likely to be produc$1 & impure air has less *ance ( mix+ by diffusion ) ! pure air4 ,! curr5t ( air introduc$ %\ld be con/ant1 o!rwise ! balance may occasionally be 9 favor ( vitiat$ air4 ,if a mode ( v5tilation prove successful1 x %\ld n be int]f]$ ) by o!r means ( entrance4 ,?us1 an op5 door may prev5t ! incom+ air f pass+ ?r\gh its prop] *annels4 ,x is desirable t ! inlet be s arrang$ t x c be dim9i%$ 9 size or clos$ altoge!r4 ,= in/ance1 :5 ! out] air is v cold1 or ! w9d bl[s directly into ! inlet1 ! am\nt ( cold air ent]+ x may l[] ! temp]ature ( ! room to an undesirable degree4 ,9 brief1 x is necess>y to h a ?or\gh mix+ ( pure & impure air1 s t ! comb9ation at diff]5t p>ts ( ! room may be fairly uni=m4 ,to secure ^! results1 ! inlets & outlets %\ld be arrang$ ^u pr9ciples ( v5tilation g5]ally accept$ by au?orities on public heal?4 ,x seems h>dly necess>y to say t due att5tion mu/ be paid to ! s\rce f :i* ! introduc$ air is drawn4 ,if x be tak5 f f\l cell>s1 or f dirty /reets1 x may be z impure z t :i* x is design$ to replace4 ,animal ,heat4 #bbc4 ,animal or ,vital ,heat4 ,if a !rmomet]1 made = ! purpose1 be plac$ = five m9utes 9 ! armpit1 or "u ! tongue1 x w indicate a temp]ature ( ab\t #ih ,f41 :e!r ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e be w>m or cold4 ,?is is ! natural heat ( a heal?y p]son1 & 9 heal? x r>ely v>ies m ?an a degree or two4 ,b z ! body is con/antly los+ heat by radiation & conduction1 x is evid5t t if ! /&>d temp]ature be ma9ta9$1 a c]ta9 am\nt ( heat mu/ be g5]at$ )9 ! body to make up = ! loss ext]nally4 ,! heat ?us produc$ is kn[n z animal or vital heat4 ,?is g5]ation ( heat is common to all liv+ organisms4 ,:5 ! mass ( ! body is l>ge1 its heat is readily p]ceptible to ! t\* & by its effect ^u ! !rmomet]4 ,9 mammals & birds ! heat-production is m active ?an 9 fi%es & reptiles1 & _! temp]atures diff] 9 degree ev5 9 diff]5t species ( ! same class1 accord+ to ! special organization ( ! animal & ! g5]al activity ( its functions4 ,! temp]ature ( ! frog may be #he ,f4 9 ,june & #da ,f4 9 ,janu>y4 ,! /ructure ( its tissues is unalt]$ & _! vitality unimpair$ by su* viol5t fluctuations4 ,b 9 man x is necess>y n only = heal?1 b ev5 = life1 t ! temp]ature %\ld v>y only )9 n>r[ limits ar\nd ! mean ( #ih ,f4 ,we are ignorant ( ! precise significance ( ?is con/ancy ( temp]ature 9 w>m-blood$ animals1 :i* is z important & peculi> z _! av]age height1 ,man1 und\bt$ly1 mu/ possess a sup]ior delicacy ( organization1 h>dly reveal$ by /ructure1 :i* makes x necess>y t he %\ld be %ield$ f ! %ocks & j>s ( v>y+ temp]ature1 t less highly end[$ organisms endure ) impunity4 #bbd4 ,s\rces ( ,bodily ,heat4 ,! heat ( ! body is g5]at$ by ! *emical *anges1 g5]ally spok5 ( z ^? ( oxidation1 :i* are con/antly go+ on 9 ! tissues4 ,inde$1 :5ev] protoplasmic mat]ials are be+ oxidiz$ 7! process ref]r$ to 9 sec4 #ae z katabolism7 heat is be+ set free4 ,^! *emical *anges are ( v>i\s k9ds1 b ! great s\rce ( heat is ! katabolic process1 kn[n z oxidation4 ,! vital "p ( ! tissues1 built up f ! complex classes ( food1 is oxidiz$ by means ( ! oxyg5 c>ri$ by ! art]ial blood1 & brok5 d[n into simpl] bodies :i* at la/ result 9 urea1 c>bon dioxid1 & wat]4 ,:]ev] !re is life1 ?is process ( oxidation is go+ on1 b m en]getically 9 "s tissues & organs ?an 9 o!rs4 ,9 o!r words1 ! m9ute/ tissue 9 ! body is a s\rce ( heat 9 proportion to ! activity ( its *emical *anges4 ,! m active ! *anges1 ! great] is ! heat produc$1 & ! great] ! am\nt ( urea1 c>bon dioxid1 & wat] elim9at$4 ,! wa/e caus$ by ?is oxidation mu/ be made good by a due supply ( food to be built up into protoplasmic mat]ial4 ,= ! production ( heat1 !re=e1 food is necess>y4 ,b ! oxidation process is n z simple & direct z ! /atem5t ( x might seem to indicate4 ,?\gh complicat$ 9 its v>i\s /ages1 ! ultimate result is z simple z 9 ord9>y combu/ion outside ( ! body1 & ! products are ! same4 ,! cont9ual *emical *anges1 !n1 *iefly by oxidation ( combu/ible mat]ials 9 ! tissues1 produce an am\nt ( heat :i* is effici5t to ma9ta9 ! temp]ature ( ! liv+ body at ab\t #ih ,f4 ,?is process ( oxidation provides n only = ! heat ( ! body1 b also = ! en]gy requir$ to c>ry on ! muscul> "w ( ! animal organism4 #bbe4 ,regulation ( ! ,bodily ,temp]ature4 ,:ile bodily heat is be+ cont9ually produc$1 x is also z cont9ually be+ lo/ by ! lungs1 by ! sk91 & to "s ext5t1 by c]ta9 excretions4 ,! blood1 9 its swiftly fl[+ curr5t1 c>ries w>m? f ! tissues :]e heat is be+ rapidly g5]at$1 to ! tissues or organs 9 :i* x is be+ lo/ by radiation1 conduction1 or evaporation4 ,7 !re no arrangem5t by :i* heat c\ld be di/ribut$ & regulat$1 ! temp]ature ( ! body w\ld be v unequal 9 diff]5t p>ts1 & w\ld v>y at diff]5t times4 ,! normal temp]ature is ma9ta9$ ) slight v>iations ?r\gh\t life4 ,inde$ a *ange ( m ?an a degree above or bel[ ! av]age1 indicates "s failure 9 ! organism1 or "s unusual influ5ce4 ,x is evid5t1 !n1 t ! me*anisms :i* regulate ! temp]ature ( ! body mu/ be exce$+ly s5sitive4 ,! two *ief means ( regulat+ ! temp]ature ( ! body are ! lungs & ! sk94 ,z a means ( l[]+ ! temp]ature1 ! lungs & air passages are v inf]ior to ! sk92 al?\gh1 by giv+ heat to ! air we brea!1 !y /& next to ! sk9 9 importance4 ,z a regulat+ p[] !y are altoge!r subord9ate to ! sk94 ,exp]im5t #aac4 ,to %[ ! natural temp]ature ( ! body4 ,borr[ a physician's cl9ical !rmomet]1 & take y\r own temp]ature1 & t ( sev]al fri5ds1 by plac+ ! in/rum5t "u ! tongue1 clos+ ! m\?1 & hold+ x !re = five m9utes4 ,x %\ld be ?or\ghly cleans$ aft] ea* use4 #bbf4 ,! ,sk9 z a ,heat-regulator4 ,! great regulator ( ! bodily temp]ature is1 und\bt$ly1 ! sk91 :i* p]=ms ?is function by means ( a self-regulat+ app>atus ) a m or less d\ble action4 ,fir/1 ! sk9 regulates ! loss ( heat by means ( ! vaso-motor me*anism4 ,! m blood passes ?r\gh ! sk91 ! great] w be ! loss ( heat by conduction1 radiation1 & evaporation4 ,h5ce1 any action ( ! vaso-motor me*anism :i* causes dilatation ( ! cutane\s capill>ies1 leads to a l>g] fl[ ( blood ?r\gh ! sk91 & w t5d to cool ! body4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 by ! same me*anism ! cutane\s vessels are con/rict$1 !re w be a small] fl[ ( blood ?r\gh ! sk91 :i* w s]ve to *eck ! loss ( heat f ! body 7secs4 #aie & #bgj74 ,aga91 ! special n]ves ( p]spiration act directly z regulators ( temp]ature4 ,!y increase ! loss ( heat :5 !y promote ! secretion ( ! sk91 & dim9i% ! loss :5 !y cease to promote x4 ,! practical work+ ( ?is heat-regulat+ me*anism is well %[n by ex]cise4 ,! bodily temp]ature r>ely rises s mu* z a degree dur+ vigor\s ex]cise4 ,! respiration is increas$1 ! cutane\s capill>ies become dilat$ f ! quick5$ circulation1 & a l>g] am\nt ( blood is circulat+ ?r\gh ! sk94 ,besides ?is1 ! sk9 p]spires freely4 ,a l>ge am\nt ( heat is ?us lo/ to ! body1 suffici5t to (fset ! addition caus$ by ! muscul> contractions4 ,x is ow+ to ! wond]ful ela/icity ( ! sweat-secret+ me*anism1 & to ! increase 9 respiratory activity1 & ! consequ5t increase 9 ! am\nt ( wat]y vapor giv5 (f by ! lungs1 t m5 are able to endure = days an atmosph]e w>m] ?an ! blood1 & ev5 = a %ort "t at a temp]ature above t ( boil+ wat]4 ,! temp]ature ( a ,turki% ba? may be z high z #aej to #age ,f4 ,b an atmosph]ic temp]ature may be consid]ably bel[ ?is1 & yet if long cont9u$ becomes dang]\s to life4 ,9 ,augu/1 #ahif1 = in/ance1 hundr$s ( p]sons di$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 )9 a few days1 f ! effects ( ! excessive heat4 ,a mu* high] temp]ature may be borne 9 dry air ?an 9 humid air1 or t :i* is saturat$ ) wat]y vapor4 ,?us1 a %ade temp]ature ( #ajj ,f4 9 ! dry air ( a high pla9 may be q tol]able1 :ile a temp]ature ( #hj ,f4 9 ! moi/ure-lad5 atmosph]e ( less elevat$ regions1 is oppressive4 ,! reason is t 9 dry air ! sweat evaporates freely1 & cools ! sk94 ,9 saturat$ air at ! bodily temp]ature !re is little loss ( heat by p]spiration1 or by evaporation f ! bodily surface4 ,?is topic is aga9 discuss$ 9 ! description ( ! sk9 z a regulator ( ! bodily temp]ature 7sec4 #bda74 #bbg4 ,volunt>y ,means ( ,regulat+ ! ,temp]ature4 ,! volunt>y factor1 z a means ( regulat+ ! heat loss 9 man1 is "o ( great importance4 ,clo?+ ret>ds ! loss ( heat by keep+ 9 contact ) x a lay] ( /ill air1 :i* is an exce$+ly bad conductor4 ,:5 a man feels too w>m & ?r[s (f 8 coat1 he removes "o ( ! badly conduct+ lay]s ( air1 & increases ! heat loss by radiation & conduction4 ,! vapor next ! sk9 is ?us all[$ a fre] access to ! surface1 & ! loss ( heat by evaporation ( ! sweat becomes great]4 ,?is volunt>y factor by :i* ! equilibrium is ma9ta9$ mu/ be reg>d$ z ( great importance4 ,?is p[] also exi/s 9 ! l[] animals1 b to a mu* small] ext5t4 ,?us a dog1 on a hot day1 runs out 8 tongue & /ret*es 8 limbs s z to increase ! surface f :i* heat is radiat$ & conduct$4 ,! production1 l ! loss1 ( heat is to a c]ta9 ext5t "u ! control ( ! w4 ,"w increases ! production ( heat1 & re/1 especially sleep1 less5s x4 ,?us ! inhabitants ( v hot c\ntries seek relief dur+ ! hotte/ "p ( ! day by a sie/a4 ,! quantity & quality ( food also influ5ce ! production ( heat4 ,a l>g] quantity ( food is tak5 9 w9t] ?an 9 summ]4 ,among ! inhabitants ( ! nor!rn & ,arctic regions1 ! daily consumption ( food is f> great] ?an 9 temp]ate & tropical climates4 #bbh4 ,effect ( ,alcohol ^u ! ,lungs4 ,x is a well recogniz$ fact t alcohol :5 tak5 into ! /oma* is c>ri$ f t organ to ! liv]1 :]e1 by ! baneful directness ( its pres5ce1 x produces a spe$y & (t5 disa/r\s effect4 ,b ! trail ( its malign p[] does n disappe> !re4 ,f ! liv] x passes to ! "r side ( ! he>t1 & !nce to ! lungs1 :]e its influ5ce is /ill = h>m4 ,9 ! lungs1 alcohol t5ds to *eck & dim9i% ! brea?+ capacity ( ^! organs4 ,?is effect foll[s f ! p>tial p>alyz+ influ5ce ( ! /upefy+ ag5t ^u ! sympa!tic n]v\s sy/em1 dim9i%+ its s5sibility to ! impulse ( heal?ful respiration4 ,?is dim9i%$ capacity = respiration is cle>ly %[n by ! use ( ! spiromet]1 a simple in/rum5t :i* accurately records ! cubic measure ( ! lungs1 & proves beyond d5ial ! decrease ( ! lung space4 ,mo/ famili> & mo/ dang]\s is ! dr9k+ man's inability to resi/ lung diseases4--,dr4 ,adoph ,frick1 ! em95t ,g]man physiologi/ ( ,zuri*4 ,alcohol1 in/ead ( prev5t+ consumption1 z 0 once believ$1 r$uces ! vitality s mu* z to r5d] ! sy/em unusually susceptible to t fatal disease4--,r4 ,s4 ,tracy1 ,m4,d41 ,sanit>y ,inspector ( ! ,n4 ,y4 ,city ,heal? ,dept4 ,9 ?irty cases 9 :i* alcoholic ph?isis 0 pres5t a d5se1 fibroid1 pigm5t$ *ange 0 almo/ inv>iably pres5t 9 "s portion ( ! lung f> m frequ5tly ?an 9 o!r cases ( ph?isis4--,annual ( ,m$ical ,sci5ces4 ,!re is no =m ( consumption s fatal z t f alcohol4 ,m$ic9es affect ! disease b little1 ! mo/ judici\s diet fails1 & *ange ( air accompli%es b slight real good4444 ,9 pla9 t]ms1 !re is no rem$y :atev] = alcoholic ph?isis4 ,x may be delay$ 9 its c\rse1 b x is nev] /opp$2 & n infrequ5tly1 in/ead ( be+ delay$1 x runs on to a fatal t]m9ation m rapidly ?an is common 9 any o!r type ( ! disord]4--,dr4 ,b4 ,w4 ,ri*>dson 9 ,diseases ( ,mod]n ,life4 #bbi4 ,o!r ,results ( ,intoxicants ^u ! ,lungs4 ,b a m pot5t injury to ! lungs comes f ano!r cause4 ,! lungs are ! ar5a :]e is c>ri$ on ! ceaseless int]*ange ( elem5ts t is necess>y to ! processes ( life4 ,"h ! d>k v5\s blood1 load$ ) effete mat]ial1 lays d[n its c>bon burd5 &1 ) ! bright5+ company ( oxyg51 beg9s aga9 its circuit4 ,b ! enemy intrudes1 & ! use ( alcohol t5ds to prev5t ?is b5ign int]*ange4 ,! cont9u$ conge/ion ( ! lung tissue results 9 its becom+ ?ick5$ & h>d5$1 ?us ob/ruct+ ! absorption ( oxyg51 & ! escape ( c>bon dioxid4 ,besides ?is1 alcohol de/roys ! integrity ( ! r$ globules1 caus+ !m to %r9k & h>d51 & impair+ _! p[] to receive oxyg54 ,?us ! blood t leaves ! lungs conveys an excess ( ! poison\s c>bon dioxid1 & a defici5cy ( ! ne$ful oxyg54 ,?is is pla9ly %[n 9 ! purpli% c\nt5ance ( ! inebriate1 cr[d$ ) enl>g$ ve9s4 ,?is discoloration ( ! face is 9 a measure reproduc$ ^u ! conge/$ muc\s membrane ( ! lungs4 ,x is also prov$ beyond "q by ! decreas$ am\nt ( c>bon dioxid ?r[n (f 9 ! expir$ brea? ( any p]son :o has us$ alcoholics4 ,! enfeebl$ respiration expla9s 7?\gh x is only "o ( ! reasons7 :y inebriates _c endure vigor\s & prolong$ ex]tion z c a heal?y p]son4 ,! hurri$ circulation produc$ by intoxicants involves 9 turn quick5$ respiration1 :i* means m rapid exhau/ion ( ! life =ces4 ,! use ( intoxicants involves a repeat$ dilatation ( ! capill>ies1 :i* /eadily dim9i%es _! def5sive p[]1 r5d]+ ! p]son m liable to yield to ! invasion ( pulmon>y diseases4#ch #bcj4 ,effect ( ,alcoholics ^u ,disease4 ,a !ory has prevail$1 to a limit$ ext5t1 t ! use ( intoxicants may act z a prev5tive ( consumption4 ,! records ( m$ical sci5ce fail to %[ any pro( :atev] to support ?is impression4 ,no error c\ld be m s]i\s or m mislead+1 = ! tru? is 9 precisely ! opposite direction4 ,in/ead ( prev5t+1 alcohol t5ds to develop consumption4 ,_m physicians ( l>ge exp]i5ce record ! exi/5ce ( a di/9ctly recogniz$ alcoholic consumption1 attack+ ^? con/itutions brok5 d[n by dissipation4 ,?is =m ( consumption is /eadily progressive1 & always fatal4 ,! con/itutional debility produc$ by ! habit ( us+ alcoholic bev]ages t5ds to r5d] "o a prompt victim to ! m sev]e diseases1 z pneumonia1 & especially epidemical diseases1 :i* sweep away va/ numb]s ( victims e ye>4 #bca4 ,effect ( ,tobacco ^u ! ,respiratory ,passages4 ,! effects ( tobacco ^u ! ?roat & lungs are frequ5tly v m>k$ & p]si/5t4 ,! hot smoke mu/ v naturally be an irritant1 z ! m\? & no/rils 7 n made z a *imney = heat$ & n>cotic vapors4 ,! smoke is an irritant1 bo? by its temp]ature & f its de/ructive +r$i5ts1 ! c>bon soot & ! ammonia :i* x conveys4 ,x irritates & dries ! muc\s membrane ( ! m\? & ?roat1 produc+ an unnatural ?ir/ :i* becomes an enticem5t to ! use ( intoxicat+ liquors4 ,! inflammation ( ! m\? & ?roat is apt to ext5d up ! ,eu/a*ian tube1 ?us impair+ ! s5se ( he>+4 ,b ev5 ^! are n all ! bad effects ( tobacco4 ,! inhalation ( ! poison\s smoke produces unheal?ful effects ^u ! delicate muc\s membrane ( ! bron*ial tubes & ( ! lungs4 ,^u ! =m] ! effect is to produce an irritat+ c\gh1 ) %ort brea? & *ronic bron*ial cat>rh4 ,! pulmon>y membrane is conge/$1 tak+ cold becomes easy1 & recov]y f x t$i\s4 ,frequ5tly ! respiration is s]i\sly di/urb$1 ?us ! blood is imp]fectly arat$1 & s 9 turn ! nutrition ( ! entire sy/em is impair$4 ,! cig>ette is ! defil+ m$ium ?r\gh :i* ^! direful results frequ5tly invade ! sy/em1 & ! easily m\ld$ condition ( y\? yields readily to ! de/ructive sn>e4 ,! fir/ effect ( a cig> ^u any "o demon/rates t tobacco c poison by its smoke & ?r\gh ! lungs4--,london ,lancet4 ,! action ( ! he>t & lungs is impair$ by ! influ5ce ( ! n>cotic on ! n]v\s sy/em1 b a morbid /ate ( ! l>ynx1 tra*ea1 & lungs results f ! direct action ( ! smoke4--,dr4 ,laycock1 ,pr(essor ( ,m$ic9e 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh4 ,additional ,exp]im5ts4 ,exp]im5t #aad4 ,to illu/rate ! arrangem5t ( ! lungs & ! two pleur4 ,place a l>ge sponge :i* w repres5t ! lungs 9 a ?9 pap] bag :i* j fits x2 ?is w repres5t ! pulmon>y lay] ( ! pleura4 ,place ! sponge & pap] bag inside a second pap] bag1 :i* w repres5t ! p>ietal lay] ( ! pleura4 ,jo9 ! m\?s ( ! two bags4 ,! two surfaces ( ! bags :i* are n[ 9 contact w repres5t ! two moi/5$ surfaces ( ! pleur1 :i* rub toge!r 9 brea?+4 ,exp]im5t #aae4 ,to %[ h[ ! lungs may be fill$ ) air4 ,take "o ( ! lungs sav$ f ,exp]im5t #aaj4 ,tie a glass tube six in*es long into ! l>ynx4 ,atta* a piece ( rubb] to "o end ( ! glass tube4 ,n[ inflate ! lung sev]al times1 & let x collapse4 ,:5 di/5d$1 exam9e e "p ( x4 ,exp]im5t #aaf4 ,to take y\r own bodily temp]ature or t ( a fri5d4 ,if y _c obta9 ! use ( a physician's cl9ical !rmomet]1 unfa/5 "o ( ! little !rmomet]s f\nd on s _m cal5d>s & adv]tis+ %eets4 ,hold x = five m9utes "u ! tongue ) ! lips clos$4 ,read x :ile 9 position or ! in/ant x is remov$4 ,! natural temp]ature ( ! m\? is ab\t #ih ,f4 ,exp]im5t #aag4 ,to %[ ! vocal cords4 ,get a pig's w9dpipe 9 p]fect ord]1 f ! but*]1 to %[ ! vocal cords4 ,once secur$1 x c be kept = an indef9ite "t 9 glyc]9e & wat] or dilute alcohol4 ,exp]im5t #aah4 ,to %[ t ! air we expire is w>m4 ,brea! on a !rmomet] = a few m9utes4 ,! m]cury w rise rapidly4 ,exp]im5t #aai4 ,to %[ t expir$ cur is moi/4 ,brea! on a mirror1 or a knife blade1 or any poli%$ metallic surface1 & note ! deposit ( moi/ure4 ,exp]im5t #abj4 ,to %[ t ! expir$ air conta9s c>bon dioxid4 ,put a glass tube into a bottle ( lime wat] & brea! ?r\gh ! tube4 ,! ,a liquid w soon become cl\dy1 because ! c>bon dioxid ( ! expir$ air ?r[s d[n ! lime held 9 solution4 ,exp]im5t #aba4 ,a sub/itute = a cl9ical !rmomet] may be readily contriv$ by tak+ an ord9>y h\se !rmomet] f its t9 case1 & cutt+ (f ! l[] "p ( ! scale s t ! bulb may project freely4 ,) ?is in/rum5t ! pupils may take _! own & ea* o!r's temp]atures1 & x w be f\nd t :atev] ! season ( ! ye> or ! temp]ature ( ! room1 ! !rmomet] 9 ! m\? w record ab\t #ii ,f4 ,c>e mu/1 ( c\rse1 be tak5 to keep ! !rmomet] 9 ! m\? till x ceases to rise1 & to read :ile x is /ill 9 position4--,pr(essor ,h4 ,p4 ,b[dit*4 ,exp]im5t #abb4 ,to illu/rate ! mann] 9 :i* ! movem5ts ( inspiration cause ! air to ent] ! lungs4 ,fit up an app>atus1 z repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #ie1 9 :i* a /\t glass tube is provid$ ) a s\nd cork1 ,b1 & also an air-tight pi/on1 ,d1 resembl+ t ( an ord9>y syr+e4 ,a %ort tube1 ,a1 pass+ ?r\gh ! cork1 has a small ,india-rubb] bag1 ,c1 ti$ to x4 ,fit ! cork 9 ! tube :ile ! pi/on is ne> ! top4 ,n[1 by l[]+ ! pi/on we increase ! capacity ( ! cavity conta9+ ! bag4 ,! pressure outside ! bag is ?us l[]$1 & air ru%es into x ?r\gh ! tube1 ,a1 till a balance is re/or$4 ,! bag is ?us /ret*$4 ,z soon z we let g ! pi/on1 ! ela/icity ( ! bag1 be+ free to act1 ,movem5ts ( drives out ! air j tak5 91 & ! pi/on returns to its =m] place4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ie4 ,app>atus = ,illu/rat+ ! ,movem5ts ( ,respiration4 ,x w be notic$ t 9 ?is exp]im5t ! ela/ic bag & its tube repres5t ! lungs & tra*ea2 & ! glass vessel enclos+ x1 ! ?orax4 ,= additional exp]im5ts on ! me*anics ( respiration1 see ,*apt] ,,xv4 ,*apt] ,,ix4 ,! ,sk9 & ! ,kidneys4 #bcb4 ,! ,elim9ation ( ,wa/e ,products4 ,we h trac$ ! food f ! alim5t>y canal into ! blood4 ,we h le>n$ t v>i\s food mat]ials1 prep>$ by ! dige/ive processes1 are tak5 up by ! bran*es ( ! portal ve91 or by ! lymphatics1 & c>ri$ into ! blood curr5t4 ,! nutritive mat]ial ?us absorb$ is convey$ by ! blood plasma & ! lymph to ! v>i\s tissues to provide !m ) n\ri%m5t4 ,we h le>n$ also t oxyg51 tak5 up 9 ! air cells ( ! lungs1 is be+ cont9ually c>ri$ to ! tissues1 & t ! blood is purifi$ by be+ depriv$ 9 ! lungs ( its excess ( c>bon dioxid4 ,f ?is tissue activity1 :i* is ma9ly oxidation1 are =m$ c]ta9 wa/e products :i*1 z we h se51 are absorb$ by ! capill>ies & lymphatics & c>ri$ into ! v5\s circulation4 ,9 _! passage ?r\gh ! blood & tissues1 ! album5s1 sug>s1 />*es1 & fats are conv]t$ into c>bon dioxid1 wat]1 & urea1 or "s closely alli$ body4 ,c]ta9 articles ( food also conta9 small am\nts ( sulphur & phosphorus1 :i* und]go oxidation into sulphates & phosphates4 ,we speak1 !n1 ( c>bon dioxid1 salts1 & wat] z wa/e products ( ! animal economy4 ,^! leave ! body by "o ( ! ?ree ma9 *annels1--! lungs1 ! sk91 or ! kidneys4 ,! elim9ation ( ^! products is br\ght ab\t by a special app>atus call$ organs ( excretion4 ,! worn-out sub/ances !mselves are call$ excretions1 z oppos$ to secretions1 :i* are elaborat$ = use 9 ! body4 7,see note1 p4 #aba47 ,z already %[n1 ! lungs are ! ma9 *annels = ! elim9ation ( c>bon dioxid1 & ( a portion ( wat] z vapor4 ,by ! sk9 ! body gets rid ( a small portion ( salts1 a little c>bon dioxid1 & a l>ge am\nt ( wat] 9 ! =m ( p]spiration4 ,f ! kidneys are elim9at$ ne>ly all ! urea & alli$ bodies1 ! ma9 portion ( ! salts1 & a l>ge am\nt ( wat]4 ,9 fact1 practically all ! nitrog5\s wa/e leaves ! body by ! kidneys4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #if4--;,diagrammatic ,s*eme to illu/rate 9 a v ,g5]al ,way ,absorption & ,excretion4 ,a1 repres5ts ! alim5t>y canal2 ,l1 ! pulmon>y surface2 ,k1 ! surface ( ! r5al epi!lium2 ,s1 ! sk92 o1 oxyg52 h1 hydrog512 n1 nitrog54 #bcc4 ,! ,sk94 ,! sk9 is an important & unique organ ( ! body4 ,x is a blood-purify+ organ z truly z are ! lungs & ! kidneys1 :ile x also p]=ms o!r & complex duties4 ,x is n m]ely a protective cov]+ = ! surface ( ! body4 ,?is is inde$ ! mo/ app>5t1 b 9 "s respectes1 ! le/ important1 ( its functions4 ,?is protective duty is necess>y & effici5t1 z is prov$ by ! famili> exp]i5ce ( ! pa9 :5 a portion ( ! out] sk9 has be5 remov$4 ,! sk91 be+ ri*ly suppli$ ) n]ves1 is an important organ ( s5sibility & t\*4 ,9 "s p>ts x is closely atta*$ to ! /ructures b5ea?1 :ile 9 o!rs x is less firmly adh]5t & re/s ^u a v>iable am\nt ( fatty tissue4 ,x ?us assi/s 9 reliev+ ! abrupt projections & depressions ( ! g5]al surface1 & 9 giv+ r\ndness & symmetry to ! entire body4 ,! ?ickness ( ! sk9 v>ies 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! body4 ,:]e expos$ to pressure & friction1 z on ! soles ( ! feet & 9 ! palms ( ! h&s1 x is mu* ?ick5$4 ,! true sk9 is #a_/ab to ( an in* 9 ?ickness1 b 9 c]ta9 p>ts1 z 9 ! lips & e> passages1 x is (t5 n m ?an #a_/ajj ( an in* ?ick4 ,at ! orifices ( ! body1 z at ! m\?1 e>s1 & nose1 ! sk9 gradually passes into muc\s membrane1 ! /ructure ( ! two be+ practically id5tical4 ,z ! sk9 is an outside cov]+1 s is ! muc\s membrane a m delicate inside l9+ = all cavities into :i* ! ap]tures op51 z ! alim5t>y canal & ! lungs4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ig4--;,a ,lay] ( ! ,cuticle f ! ,palm ( ! ,h&4 7,deta*$ by mac]ation47 ,! sk9 ranks z an important organ ( excretion1 its product be+ sweat1 excret$ by ! sweat gl&s4 ,! am\nt ( ?is excretion evaporat$ f ! g5]al surface is v consid]able1 & is modifi$ z becomes necess>y f ! v>i$ conditions ( ! temp]ature4 ,! sk9 also plays an important "p 9 regulat+ ! bodily temp]ature7sec4 #bda74 #bcd4 ,! ,cutis ,v]a1 or ,true ,sk94 ,! sk9 is rem>kably complex 9 its /ructure1 & is divid$ into two di/9ct lay]s1 :i* may be readily sep>at$3 ! deep] lay]1--! true sk91 d]mis1 or corium2 & ! sup]ficial lay]1 or out] sk91--! epid]mis1 cuticle1 or sc>f sk94 ,! true sk9 consi/s ( ela/ic & :ite fibr\s tissue1 ! bundles ( :i* int]lace 9 e direction4 ,?r\gh\t ?is feltwork /ructure :i* gradually passes into areol> tissue are num]\s muscul> fib]s1 z ab\t ! hair-follicles & ! oil gl&s4 ,:5 ^! t9y muscles contract f cold or by m5tal emotion1 ! follicles project ^u ! surface1 produc+ :at is call$ goose fle%4 ,! true sk9 is ri*ly suppli$ ) blood-vessels & n]ves1 z :5 cut x ble$s freely1 & is v s5sitive4 ,! surface ( ! true sk9 is ?r[n into a s]ies ( m9ute elevations call$ ! papill1 ^u :i* ! out] sk9 is m\ld$4 ,^! ab\nd 9 blood-vessels1 lymphatics1 & peculi> n]ve-end+s1 :i* w be describ$ 9 connection ) ! organ ( t\* 7sec4 #cad74 ,! papill are l>ge & num]\s 9 s5sitive places1 z ! palms ( ! h&s1 ! soles ( ! feet1 & ! f+]s4 ,!y are arrang$ 9 p>allel curv$ l9es1 & =m ! elevat$ ridges se5 on ! surface ( ! out] sk9 7,fig4 #ajc74 #bce4 ,! ,epid]mis1 or ,cuticle4 ,above ! true sk9 is ! epid]mis4 ,x is semi-transp>5t1 & "u ! microscope resembles ! scales ( a fi%4 ,x is ?is lay] t is rais$ by a bli/]4 ,z ! epid]mis has nei!r blood-vessels1 n]ves1 nor lymphatics1 x may be cut )\t ble$+ or pa94 ,its out] surface is m>k$ ) %all[ grooves :i* correspond to ! deep furr[s betwe5 ! papill ( ! true sk94 ,! inn] surface is appli$ directly to ! papill>y lay] ( ! true sk91 & foll[s closely its inequalities4 ,! out] sk9 is made up ( sev]al lay]s ( cells1 :i* next to ! true sk9 are s(t & active1 b gradually become h>d] t[>ds ! surface1 :]e !y are flatt5$ & scale-l4 ,! upp] scales are cont9ually be+ rubb$ (f1 & are replac$ by deep] cells f b5ea?4 ,!re are new cells cont9ually be+ produc$ 9 ! deep] lay]1 :i* pu% upw>d ! cells already exi/+1 !n gradually become dry1 & are ca/ (f z f9e1 :ite du/4 ,rubb+ ) a co>se t[el aft] a hot ba? removes c\ntless numb]s ( ^! dead cells ( ! out] sk94 ,dur+ & aft] an attack ( sc>let fev] ! pati5t peels1 t is1 %$s an unusual am\nt ( ! seal2 cells ( ! cuticle4 ,! deep] & m active lay] ( ! epid]mis1 ! mucosum1 is made up ( cells "s ( :i* conta9 m9ute granules ( pigm5t1 or color+ matt]1 t give color to ! sk94 ,! diff]5ces 9 ! t9t1 z brunette1 fair1 & blond1 are due ma9ly to ! am\nt ( color+ matt] 9 ^! pigm5t cells4 ,9 ! ,european ?is am\nt is g5]ally small1 :ile 9 o!r peoples ! color cells may be br[n1 yell[1 or ev5 black4 ,! p9ki% t9t ( heal?y sk91 & ! rosy-r$ aft] a ba? are due1 n to ! pigm5t cells1 b to ! pressure ( capill>ies 9 ! true sk91 ! color ( ! blood be+ se5 ?r\gh ! semi-transp>5t out] sk94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ih4--,surface ( ! ,palm ( ! ,h&1 %[+ ! ,op5+s ( ! ,sweat ,gl&s & ! ,grooves betwe5 ! ,papill ( ! ,sk94 7,magnifi$ #d diamet]s47 ,9 ! small] figure ! same epid]mal surface is %[n1 z se5 ) ! nak$ eye4 ,exp]im5t #abc4 ,( c\rse ! liv+ sk9 c be exam9$ only 9 a g5]al way4 ,/ret* & pull x1 & notice t x is ela/ic4 ,note any liv] spots1 :ite sc>s1 moles1 w>ts1 etc4 ,exam9e ! out] sk9 c>efully ) a /rong magnify+ glass4 ,/udy ! papill on ! palms4 ,scrape (f ) a %>p knife a few bits ( ! sc>f sk91 & exam9e !m ) ! microscope4 #bcf4 ,! ,hair4 ,hairs v>y+ 9 size cov] ne>ly ! entire body1 except a few portions1 z ! upp] eyelids1 ! palms ( ! h&s1 & ! soles ( ! feet4 ,! l5g? & diamet] ( ! hairs v>y 9 diff]5t p]sons1 especially 9 ! long1 s(t hairs ( ! head & be>d4 ,! av]age numb] ( hairs ^u a squ>e in* ( ! scalp is ab\t #ajjj1 & ! numb] ^u ! entire head is e/imat$ z ab\t #abj1jjj4 ,heal?y hair is q ela/ic1 & may be /ret*$ f "o-fif? to "o-?ird m ?an its orig9al l5g?4 ,an ord9>y hair f ! head w support a weight ( six to sev5 ounces4 ,! hair may become /rongly electrifi$ by friction1 especially :5 bru%$ vigor\sly 9 cold1 dry wea!r4 ,ano!r peculi>ity ( ! hair is t x readily absorbs moi/ure4 #bcg4 ,/ructure ( ! ,hair4 ,! hair & ! nails are /ructures connect$ ) ! sk91 be+ modifi$ =ms ( ! epid]mis4 ,a hair is =m$ by a depression1 or furr[1 ! inn] walls ( :i* consi/ ( ! infold$ out] sk94 ,?is depression takes ! =m ( a sac & is call$ ! hair-follicle1 9 :i* ! roots ( ! hair are emb$d$4 ,at ! bottom ( ! follicle !re is an upw>d projection ( ! true sk91 a papilla1 :i* conta9s blood-vessels & n]ves4 ,x is cov]$ ) epid]mic cells :i* multiply rapidly1 ?us acc\nt+ = ! rapid gr[? ( ! hair4 ,ar\nd ea* papilla is a bulb\s expansion1 ! hair bulb1 f :i* ! hair beg9s to gr[4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ii4--;,epid]mis ( ! ,foot4 ,x w be notic$ t !re are only a few orifices ( ! sweat gl&s 9 ?is region4 7,magnifi$ #h diamet]s47 ,! cells on ! papill are ! means by :i* ! hairs gr[4 ,z ^! are pu%$ upw>ds by new ones =m$ b5ea?1 !y are compress$1 & ! %ape ( ! follicle det]m9es _! cyl9drical gr[?1 ! %aft ( ! hair4 ,s closely are ^! cells weld$ to =m ! cyl9d]1 t ev5 "u a microscope ! hair pres5ts only a fibr\s appe>ance1 except 9 ! c5t]1 :]e ! cells are l>g]1 =m+ ! m$ulla1 or pi? 7,fig4 #ajf74 ,! m$ulla ( ! hair conta9s ! pigm5t granules or color+ matt]1 :i* may be ( any %ade betwe5 a light yell[ & an int5se black4 ,x is ?is t gives ! great v>iety 9 color4 ,g5]ally ) old p ! pigm5t is abs5t1 ! cells be+ occupi$ by air2 h5ce ! hair becomes gray or :ite4 ,! ?91 flat scales on ! surface ( ! hair ov]lap l %+les4 ,connect$ ) ! hair-follicles are small bundles ( muscul> fib]s1 :i* run obliquely 9 ! sk9 & :i*1 on %ort5+1 may cause ! hairs to become m upright1 & ?us are made to /& on end4 ,! bri/l+ back ( an angry cat furni%es a famili> illu/ration ( ?is muscul> action4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajj4--;,hair & ,hair-,follicle4 ,a1 root ( hair2 ,b1 bulb ( ! hair2 ,c1 int]nal root %ea?2 ,d1 ext]nal root %ea?2 ,e1 ext]nal membrane ( follicle2 ,f1 muscul> fib]s atta*$ to ! follicle2 ,h1 comp\nd sebace\s gl& ) its duct2 ,k1 ,l1 simple sebace\s gl&2 ,m1 op5+ ( ! hair-follicle4 ,op5+ into ea* hair-follicle are usually "o or m sebace\s1 or oil1 gl&s4 ,^! consi/ ( gr\ps ( m9ute p\*es l9$ ) cells produc+ an oily mat]ial :i* s]ves to oil ! hair & keep ! sk9 moi/ & pliant4 #bch4 ,! ,nails4 ,! nails are also =m$ ( epid]mis cells :i* h und]gone compression1 mu* l ^? =m+ ! %aft ( a hair4 ,9 o!r words1 a nail is simply a ?ick lay] ( horny scales built f ! out] "p ( ! sc>f sk94 ,! nail lies ^u v f9e & closely set papill1 =m+ its matrix1 or b$4 ,x is cov]$ at its base ) a fold ( ! true sk91 call$ its root1 f b5ea? :i* x seems to gr[4 ,! gr[? ( ! nail1 l t ( ! hair & ! out] sk91 is effect$ by ! production ( new cells at ! root & "u surface4 ,! gr[? ( ea* hair is limit$2 9 "t x falls out & is replac$ by a new "o4 ,b ! nail is kept ( prop] size simply by ! removal ( its free edge4 #bci4 ,! ,sweat ,gl&s4 ,deep 9 ! sub/ance ( ! true sk91 or 9 ! fatty tissue b5ea? x1 are ! sweat gl&s4 ,ea* gl& consi/s ( a s+le tube ) a bl9d end1 coil$ 9 a sort ( ball ab\t #a_/fj ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,f ?is coil ! tube passes upw>ds ?r\gh ! d]mis 9 a wavy c\rse until x rea*es ! cuticle1 :i* x p5etrates ) a numb] ( spiral turns1 at la/ op5+ on ! surface4 ,! tubes consi/ ( delicate walls ( membrane l9$ ) cells4 ,! coil ( ! gl& is envelop$ by m9ute blood-vessels4 ,! cells ( ! gl&s are sep>at$ f ! blood only by a f9e p>tition1 & draw f x :atev] supplies !y ne$ = _! special "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aja4--;,concave or ,adh]5t ,surface ( ! ,nail4 ,a1 bord] ( ! root2 ,b1 :iti% portion ( semilun> %ape 7! lunula72 ,c1 body ( nail4 ,! cont9u\s l9e ar\nd bord] repres5ts ! free edge4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajb4--,nail 9 ,position4 ,a1 section ( cutane\s fold 7,b7 turn$ back to %[ ! root ( ! nail2 ,b1 cutane\s fold cov]+ ! root ( ! nail2 ,c1 semi lun> :iti% portion 7lunula72 ,d1 free bord]4 ,) few exceptions e portion ( ! sk9 is provid$ ) sweat gl&s1 b !y are n equally di/ribut$ ov] ! body4 ,!y are fewe/ 9 ! back & neck1 :]e x is e/imat$ !y av]age #djj to ! squ>e in*4 ,!y are ?icke/ 9 ! palms ( ! h&s1 :]e !y am\nt to ne>ly #cjjj to ea* squ>e in*4 ,^! m9ute op5+s occur 9 ! ridges ( ! sk91 & may be easily se5 ) a h& l5s4 ,! l5g? ( a tube :5 /raight5$ is ab\t #a_/d ( an in*4 ,! total numb] 9 ! body is e/imat$ at ab\t #b1ejj1jjj1 ?us mak+ ! entire l5g? ( ! tubes devot$ to ! secretion ( sweat ab\t #aj miles4 #bdj4 ,nature & ,prop]ties ( ,sweat4 ,! sweat is a turbid1 salti% fluid ) a feeble b *>act]i/ic odor due to c]ta9 volatile fatty acids4 ,urea is always pres5t 9 small quantities1 & its proportion may be l>gely increas$ :5 !re is defici5cy ( elim9ation by ! kidneys4 ,?us x is (t5 obs]v$ t ! sweat is m abundant :5 ! kidneys are inactive1 & ! rev]se is true4 ,?is expla9s ! increas$ excretion ( ! kidneys 9 cold wea!r4 ,( ! inorganic con/itu5ts ( sweat1 common salt is ! l>ge/ & mo/ important4 ,"s c>bon dioxid passes out ?r\gh ! sk91 b n m ?an #a_/ej z mu* z escapes by ! lungs4 ,! sweat ord9>ily passes (f z vapor4 ,if !re is no obvi\s p]spiration we mu/ n inf] t ! sk9 is inactive1 s9ce sweat is cont9ually pass+ f ! surface1 ?\gh (t5 x may n be app>5t4 ,on an av]age f #a-a_/b to #d p\nds ( sweat are elim9at$ daily f ! sk9 9 ! =m ( vapor4 ,?is is d\ble ! am\nt excret$ by ! lungs1 & av]ages ab\t #a_/fg ( ! weight ( ! body4 ,! visible sweat1 or s5sible p]spiration1 becomes abundant dur+ active ex]cise1 aft] copi\s dr9k+ ( cold wat]1 on tak+ c]ta9 drugs1 & :5 ! body is expos$ to excessive w>m?4 ,=m+ m rapidly ?an x evaporates x collects 9 drops on ! surface4 ,! disagreeable s5sations produc$ by humid wea!r result f ! fact t ! atmosph]e is s load$ ) vapor t ! moi/ure ( ! sk9 is sl[ly remov$ by evaporation4 ,exp]im5t #abd4 ,/udy ! op5+s ( ! sweat gl&s ) ! aid ( a /rong magnify+ glass4 ,!y are conv5i5tly exam9$ on ! palms4 ,a man's weight may be consid]ably r$uc$ )9 a %ort "t by loss ?r\gh ! p]spiration alone4 ,?is may expla9 to "s ext5t ! weak5+ effect ( pr(use p]spiration1 z f night sweats ( consumption1 convalesc5ce f typhoid fev]1 or ! artificial sweat+ f tak+ c]ta9 drugs4 #bda4 ,! ,sk9 z a ,regulator ( ! ,temp]ature ( ! ,body4 ,we ?us le>n t ! sk9 cov]s & protects ! m delicate /ructures b5ea? x2 & t x also s]ves z an important organ ( excretion4 ,by means ( ! sweat ! sk9 p]=ms a ?ird & a mo/ important function1 viz41 t ( regulat+ ! temp]ature ( ! body4 ,! blood-vessels ( ! sk91 l ^? ( o!r p>ts ( ! body1 are "u ! control ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 :i* regulates _! diamet]4 ,if ! n]v\s control be relax$1 ! blood-vessels dilate1 m blood fl[s ?r\gh !m1 & m mat]ial is br\ght to ! gl&s ( ! sk9 to be act$ ^u4 ,ext]nal w>m? relaxes ! sk9 & its blood-vessels4 ,!re results an increas$ fl[ ( blood to ! sk91 ) increas$ p]spiration4 ,ext]nal cold1 on ! o!r h&1 contracts ! sk9 & its blood-vessels1 produc+ a dim9i%$ supply ( blood & a dim9i%$ am\nt ( sweat4 ,n[1 x is a law ( physics t ! *ange f liquid to vapor involves a loss ( heat4 ,a few drops ( e!r or ( any volatile liquid plac$ on ! sk91 produce a m>k$ s5se ( coldness1 because ! heat necess>y to *ange ! liquid into vapor has be5 drawn rapidly f ! sk94 ,?is pr9ciple holds good = e p>ticle ( sweat t rea*es ! m\? ( a sweat gl&4 ,z ! sweat evaporates1 x absorbs a c]ta9 am\nt ( heat1 & cools ! body to t ext5t4 #bdb4 ,h[ ! ,action ( ! ,sk9 may be ,modifi$4 ,aft] pr(use sweat+ we feel *illy f ! evaporation ( a l>ge am\nt ( moi/ure1 :i* rapidly cools ! surface4 ,:5 ! wea!r is v w>m ! evaporation t5ds to prev5t ! bodily temp]ature f ris+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! wea!r be cold1 mu* less sweat is produc$1 ! loss ( heat f ! body is greatly less5$1 & its temp]ature prev5t$ f fall+4 ,?us x is pla9 :y m$ic9e is giv5 & o!r ef=ts are made to sweat ! fev] pati5t4 ,! increas$ activity ( ! sk9 helps to r$uce ! bodily heat4 ,! sweat gl&s are "u ! control ( c]ta9 n]ve fib]s orig9at+ 9 ! sp9al cord1 & are n necess>ily excit$ to action by an increas$ fl[ ( blood ?r\gh ! sk94 ,9 o!r words1 ! sweat gl&s may be /imulat$ to increas$ action bo? by an increas$ fl[ ( blood1 & also by reflex action ^u ! vaso-dilator n]ves ( ! p>ts4 ,^! two ag5cies1 :ile work+ 9 h>mony ?r\gh ! vaso-dilators1 produce ph5om5a :i* are ess5tially indep5d5t ( ea* o!r4 ,?us a /rong emotion1 l fe>1 may cause a pr(use sweat to break out1 ) cold1 pallid sk94 ,dur+ a fev] ! sk9 may be hot1 & its vessels full ( blood1 & yet !re may be no p]spiration4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajc4--,papill ( ! ,sk9 ( ! ,palm ( ! ,h&4 ,9 ea* papilla are se5 vascul> loops 7d>k l9es7 runn+ up f ! vascul> network bel[1 ! tactile corpuscles ) _! n]ve bran*es 7:ite l9es7 :i* supply ! papill4 ,! sk9 may h important uses ) :i* we are n yet acqua9t$4 ,dea? ensues :5 ! heat ( ! body has be5 r$uc$ to ab\t #gj ,f41 & suppression ( ! action ( ! sk9 always produces a l[]+ ( ! temp]ature4 ,w>m-blood$ animals usually die :5 m ?an half ( ! g5]al surface has be5 v>ni%$4 ,sup]ficial burns :i* involve a l>ge "p ( ! surface ( ! body1 g5]ally h a fatal result due to %ock4 ,if ! sk9 be cov]$ ) "s air-tight sub/ance l a coat+ ( v>ni%1 its functions are completely arre/$4 ,! bodily heat falls v rapidly4 ,symptoms ( blood-poison+ arise1 & dea? soon ensues4 ,! reason is n cle>ly kn[n1 unless x be f ! sudd5 ret5tion ( poison\s exhalations4 #bdc4 ,! ,sk9 & ! ,kidneys4 ,!re is a close relation%ip betwe5 ! sk9 & ! kidneys1 z bo? excrete organic & sal9e matt]4 ,9 hot wea!r1 or 9 conditions produc+ great activity ( ! sk91 ! am\nt ( wat] excret$ by ! kidneys is dim9i%$4 ,?is is %[n 9 ! case ( firem51 /ok]s1 bak]s1 & o!rs :o are expos$ to great heat1 & dr9k heavily & sweat pr(usely1 b d n h a relative increase 9 ! functions ( ! kidneys4 ,9 cool wea!r1 :5 ! sk9 is less active1 a l>ge am\nt ( wat] is excret$ by ! kidneys1 z is %[n by ! exp]i5ce ( ^? :o drive a long di/ance 9 sev]e wea!r1 or :o h caught a sudd5 cold4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajd4--,magnifi$ ,view ( a ,sweat ,gl& ) its ,duct4 ,! convolut$ gl& is se5 surr\nd$ ) big fat-cells1 & may be trac$ ?r\gh ! d]mis to its outlet 9 ! horny lay]s ( ! epid]mis4 #bdd4 ,absorb5t ,p[]s ( ! ,sk94 ,! sk9 s]ves to "s ext5t z an organ = absorption4 ,x is capable ( absorb+ c]ta9 sub/ances to :i* x is freely expos$4 ,o9tm5ts rubb$ 91 are absorb$ by ! lymphatics 9 ^? p>ts :]e ! sk9 is ?91 z 9 ! b5d ( ! elb[ or knee1 & 9 ! armpits4 ,physicians use m$icat$ o9tm5ts 9 ?is way1 :5 !y wi% to secure prompt & effici5t results4 ,feeble infants (t5 gr[ m vigor\s by hav+ _! sk9 rubb$ vigor\sly daily ) olive oil4 ,a slight am\nt ( wat] is absorb$ 9 ba?+4 ,sailors depriv$ ( fre% wat] h be5 able to allay p>tially _! int5se ?ir/ by soak+ _! clo?+ 9 salt wat]4 ,! ext5t to :i* absorption occurs ?r\gh ! heal?y sk9 is1 h[ev]1 q limit$4 ,if ! out] sk9 be remov$ f p>ts ( ! body1 ! expos$ surface absorbs rapidly4 ,v>i\s sub/ances may ?us be absorb$1 & rapidly pass$ into ! blood4 ,:5 ! physician wi%es rem$ies to act ?r\gh ! sk91 he sometimes raises a small bli/]1 & du/s ov] ! surface "s drug1 a f9e p[d]1 l morph9e4 ,! "p play$ by ! sk9 z an organ ( t\* w be consid]$ 9 sections #cad & #cae4 ,exp]im5t #abe4 ,to illu/rate ! s5se ( temp]ature4 ,ask ! p]son to close 8 eyes4 ,use two te/ tubes1 "o fill$ ) cold & ! o!r ) hot wat]1 or two spoons1 "o hot & "o cold4 ,apply ea* to diff]5t p>ts ( ! surface1 & ask ! p]son :e!r ! t\*+ body is hot or cold4 ,te/ r\ghly ! s5sibility ( diff]5t p>ts ( ! body ) cold & w>m metallic-po9t$ rods4 ,exp]im5t #abf4 ,t\* fur1 wood1 & metal4 ,! metal feels colde/1 al?\gh all ! objects are at ! same temp]ature4 ,:y8 ,exp]im5t #abg4 ,plunge ! h& into wat] at ab\t #ig;,f4 ,"o exp]i5ces a feel+ ( heat4 ,!n plunge x into wat] at ab\t #hf;,f42 at fir/ x feels cold1 because heat is ab/ract$ f ! h&4 ,plunge ! o!r h& direct into wat] at #hf;,f4 )\t previ\sly plac+ x 9 wat] at #ig;,f41--x w feel pleasantly w>m4 ,exp]im5t #abh4 ,to illu/rate w>m & cold spots4 ,) a blunt metallic po9t1 t\* diff]5t p>ts ( ! sk94 ,c]ta9 po9ts excite ! s5sation ( w>m?1 o!rs ( cold1 al?\gh ! temp]atures ( ! sk9 & ( ! in/rum5t rema9 con/ant4 #bde4 ,necessity = ,p]sonal ,cleanl9ess4 ,x is evid5t t ! sk91 ) its myriads ( blood-vessels1 n]ves1 & sweat & oil gl&s1 is an exce$+ly complicat$ & important /ructure4 ,! surface is cont9ually ca/+ (f p]spiration1 oily mat]ial1 & dead scales4 ,by friction & regul> ba?+ we get rid ( ^! wa/e mat]ials4 ,if ?is be n ?or\ghly done1 ! oily secretion holds ! p>ticles ( wa/e sub/ances to ! surface ( ! body1 :ile du/ & dirt collect1 & =m a lay] ^u ! sk94 ,:5 we rememb] t ?is dirt consi/s ( a great v>iety ( du/ p>ticles1 poison\s matt]s1 & sometimes g]ms ( disease1 we may well be impress$ ) ! necessity ( p]sonal cleanl9ess4 ,?is lay] ( =eign matt] on ! sk9 is 9 sev]al ways injuri\s to heal?4 ,x clogs ! pores & ret>ds p]spiration1 ?us *eck+ ! prop] action ( ! sk9 z "o ( ! *ief means ( gett+ rid ( ! wa/e matt]s ( ! body4 ,h5ce additional "w is ?r[n ^u o!r organs1 *iefly ! lungs & ! kidneys1 :i* already h en\gh to d4 ,?is extra "w !y c d = only a %ort "t4 ,soon] or lat] !y become disord]$1 & illness foll[s4 ,moreov]1 z ?is un:olesome lay] is a f]tile soil 9 :i* bact]ia may develop1 _m sk9 diseases may result f ?is neglect4 ,x is also highly probable t g]ms ( disease ?us adh]5t to ! sk9 may !n be absorb$ into ! sy/em4 ,p>asitic sk9 diseases are ?us greatly favor$ by ! pres5ce ( an unclean sk94 ,x is also a fact t uncleanly p are m liable to take cold ?an ^? :o ba! (t54 ,! importance ( cleanl9ess w\ld ?us seem too app>5t to ne$ special m5tion1 7 x n t ! habit is s mu* neglect$4 ,! old & excell5t def9ition t dirt is suitable matt]1 b 9 ! wrong place1 sugge/s t ! place %\ld be *ang$4 ,?is c be done only by regul> habits ( p]sonal cleanl9ess1 n only ( ! sk91 ! hair1 ! tee?1 ! nails1 & ! clo?+1 b also by ! rigid obs]vance ( a prop] sy/em 9 daily liv+4 #bdf4 ,ba?s & ,ba?+4 ,9 ba?+ we h two di/9ct objects 9 view1--to keep ! sk9 clean & to imp>t vigor4 ,^! are closely relat$1 = to remove f ! body worn-out mat]ial1 :i* t5ds to injure x1 is a direct means ( giv+ vigor to all ! tissues4 ,?us a cold ba? acts ^u ! n]v\s sy/em1 & calls out1 9 response to ! tempor>y ab/raction ( heat1 a fre] play ( ! g5]al vital p[]s4 ,ba?+ is s useful1 bo? locally & con/itutionally1 t x %\ld be practic$ to su* an ext5t z exp]i5ce proves to be b5eficial4 ,= ! g5]al surface1 ! use ( hot wat] once a week fulfills ! dem&s ( cleanl9ess1 unless 9 special occupations4 ,:e!r we %\ld ba! 9 hot or cold wat] dep5ds ^u circum/ances4 ,mo/ p]sons1 especially ! "y & vigor\s1 soon become accu/om$ to cool1 & ev5 cold wat] ba?s1 at all seasons ( ! ye>4 ,! hot ba? %\ld be tak5 at night be=e go+ to b$1 z 9 ! morn+ !re is usually m risk ( tak+ cold4 ,! body is readily *ill$1 if expos$ to cold :5 ! blood-vessels ( ! sk9 h be5 relax$ by heat4 ,hot ba?s1 besides _! use = ! purposes ( cleanl9ess1 h a s$ative influ5ce ^u ! n]v\s sy/em1 t5d+ to allay re/lessness & we>9ess4 ,!y are excell5t aft] sev]e physical or m5tal "w1 & give a feel+ ( re/ful com=t l t ( sleep4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aje4--;,epi!lial ,cells f ! ,sweat ,gl&s4 ,! cells are v di/9ct1 ) nuclei enclos+ pigm5t>y granulations 7,magnifi$ #cej times7 ,cold ba?s are less cleans+ ?an hot1 b s]ve z an excell5t tonic & /imulant to ! bodily functions4 ,! be/ & mo/ conv5i5t "t = a cold ba? is 9 ! morn+1 imm$iately aft] ris+4 ,to ! heal?y & vigor\s1 x is1 if tak5 at ?is "t1 ) prop] precautions1 a mo/ agreeable & heal?ful luxury4 ,! s5sation ( *ill9ess fir/ felt is caus$ by ! contraction ( ! sk9 & its blood-vessels1 s t ! blood is =c$ back1 z x 71 into ! deep] p>ts ( ! body4 ,?is /imulates ! n]v\s sy/em1 ! brea?+ becomes quick] & deep]1 ! he>t beats m vigor\sly1 &1 z a consequ5ce1 ! w>m blood is s5t back to ! sk9 ) increas$ =ce4 ,?is is kn[n z ! /age ( reaction1 :i* is be/ increas$ by friction ) a r\gh t[el4 ,?is %\ld produce ! pleasant feel+ ( a w>m gl[ all ov] ! body4 ,a cold ba? :i* is n foll[$ by reaction is likely to d m h>m ?an good4 ,! lack ( ?is reaction may be due to ! wat] be+ too cold1 ! ba? too prolong$1 or to ! ba!r be+ 9 a l[ condition ( heal?4 ,9 brief1 ! ruddy gl[ :i* foll[s a cold ba? is ! ma9 secret ( its favorable influ5ce4 ,! temp]ature ( ! wat] %\ld be adapt$ to ! age & /r5g? ( ! ba!r4 ,! "y & robu/ c safely endure cold ba?s1 t w\ld be ( no b5efit b inde$ an injury to ^? ( great] age or ( less vigor\s conditions ( heal?4 ,aft] tak+ a ba? ! sk9 %\ld be rapidly & vigor\sly rubb$ dry ) a r\gh t[el1 & ! clo?+ at once put on4 #bdg4 ,rules & ,precautions 9 ,ba?+4 ,ba?+ 9 cold wat] %\ld n be indulg$ 9 aft] sev]e ex]cise or great fatigue1 :e!r we are heat$ or n4 ,s]i\s results h ensu$ f cold ba?s :5 ! body is 9 a /ate ( exhau/ion or ( pr(use p]spiration4 ,a daily cold ba? :5 ! body is com=tably w>m1 is a safe tonic = almo/ all p]sons dur+ ! summ] mon?s1 & t5ds especially to re/ore ! appetite4 ,cold ba?s1 tak5 regul>ly1 r5d] p]sons :o are susceptible to colds mu* less liable to !m1 & less likely to be di/urb$ by sudd5 *anges ( temp]ature4 ,p]sons suff]+ f he>t disease or f *ronic disease ( an important organ %\ld n indulge 9 frequ5t cold ba?+ except by m$ical advice4 ,ow+ to ! relax+ nature ( hot ba?s1 p]sons ) weak he>ts or suff]+ f debility may fa9t :ile tak+ !m4 ,outdoor ba?+ %\ld n be tak5 = at lea/ an h\r aft] a full meal1 & except = ! robu/ x is n prud5t to ba! ) ! /oma* empty1 especially be=e breakfa/4 ,x is a wise rule1 9 outdoor or sea ba?+1 to come out ( ! wat] z soon z ! gl[ ( reaction is felt4 ,x is (t5 advisable n to apply cold wat] v freely to ! head4 ,tepid or ev5 hot wat] is pref]able1 especially by ^? subject to sev]e m5tal /ra94 ,b x is (t5 a s\rce ( great relief dur+ m5tal /ra9 to ba! ! face1 neck1 & *e/ freely at b$time ) cold wat]4 ,x (t5 proves effici5t at night 9 calm+ ! sleeplessness :i* results f m5tal labor4 ,hot ba?s1 if tak5 at b$time1 are (t5 s]viceable 9 prev5t+ a ?reat5$ cold or cutt+ x %ort1 ! pati5t go+ imm$iately to b$1 ) extra clo?+ & hot dr9ks4 ,! free p]spiration induc$ helps to break up ! cold4 ,salt wat] acts m z a /imulant to ! sk9 ?an fre% wat]4 ,salt-wat] ba?+ is refre%+ & invigorat+ = ^? :o are heal?y1 b ! ba!r %\ld come out ( ! wat] ! mom5t !re is ! slighte/ feel+ ( *ill9ess4 ,! practice ( ba?+ 9 salt wat] m ?an once a day is unheal?ful1 & ev5 dang]\s4 ,only ! /ronge/ c su/a9 s sev]e a tax on _! p[] ( endurance4 ,sea ba?+ is b5eficial 9 _m ways = *ildr51 z _! sk9 reacts well aft] x4 ,9 all cases1 brisk rubb+ ) a r\gh t[el %\ld be _h aft]w>ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajf4--,magnifi$ ,section ( ! ,l[] ,portion ( a ,hair & ,hair-,follicle4 ,a1 membrane ( ! hair-follicle1 cells ) nuclei & pigm5t>y granules2 ,b1 ext]nal l9+ ( ! root %ea?2 ,c1 int]nal l9+ ( ! root %ea?2 ,d1 cortical or fibr\s portion ( ! hair %aft2 ,e1 m$ull>y portion 7pi?7 ( %aft2 ,f1 hair-bulb1 %[+ its developm5t f cells f ,a4 ,! gold5 rule ( all ba?+ is t x mu/ nev] be foll[$ by a *ill4 ,if ev5 a *ill9ess occur aft] ba?+1 x mu/ imm$iately be brok5 up by "s appropriate me?ods1 z lively ex]cise1 brisk friction1 hot dr9ks1 & ! application ( heat4 ,swimm+ is a mo/ valuable accompli%m5t1 comb9+ ba?+ & ex]cise4 ,ba?+ ( ! feet %\ld nev] be neglect$4 ,cleanl9ess ( ! hair is also ano!r matt] requir+ /rict att5tion1 especially 9 *ildr54 #bdh4 ,c>e ( ! ,hair & ,nails4 ,! hair bru% %\ld n be too /iff1 z ?is increases ! t5d5cy t[>ds scurf9ess ( ! head4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! hair is bru%$ too long or too h>d1 ! scalp is greatly /imulat$1 & an increas$ production ( scurf may result4 ,if ! head be wa%$ too (t5 ) soap its natural secretion is *eck$1 & ! scalp becomes dry & scaly4 ,! v>i\s hair pomades are z a rule undesirable & unnecess>y4 ,! nails %\ld be kept 9 prop] condition1 else !y are n only unsightly1 b may s]ve z c>ri]s ( g]ms ( disease4 ,! nails are (t5 injur$ by too mu* int]f]5ce1 & %\ld nev] be trimm$ to ! quick4 ,! upp] surfaces %\ld on no acc\nt be scrap$4 ,! nail-bru% is suffici5t to cleanse !m )\t impair+ _! smoo? & poli%$ surfaces4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajg4--,longitud9al ,section ( a ,f+]-,nail4 ,a1 la/ phalanx ( ! f+]s2 ,b1 true sk9 on ! dorsal surface ( ! f+]2 ,c1 epid]mis2 ,d1 true sk92 ,e1 b$ ( ! nail2 ,f1 sup]ficial lay] ( ! nail2 ,h1 true sk9 ( ! pulp ( ! f+]4 #bdi4 ,use ( ,clo?+4 ,! *ief use ( clo?+1 f a hygi5ic po9t ( view1 is to assi/ 9 keep+ ! body at a uni=m temp]ature4 ,x also s]ves = protection aga9/ injury1 & = p]sonal adornm5t4 ,! heat ( ! body1 z we h le>n$1 is normally ab\t #ih #a_/b ,f4 ,?is v>ies b slightly 9 heal?4 ,a rise ( temp]ature ( m ?an "o degree is a symptom ( di/urbance4 ,! normal temp]ature does n v>y ) ! season4 ,9 summ] x is kept d[n by ! p]spiration & its rapid evaporation4 ,9 w9t] x is ma9ta9$ by m active oxidation1 by extra clo?+1 & by artificial heat4 ,! :ole matt] ( clo?+ is modifi$ to a great ext5t by climatic conditions & local environm5ts1--topics :i* d n come )9 ! scope ( ?is book4 #bej4 ,mat]ial ,us$ = ,clo?+4 ,x is evid5t t if clo?+ is to d d\ble duty 9 prev5t+ ! loss ( heat by radiation1 & 9 protect+ u f ! hot rays ( ! sun1 "s mat]ial mu/ be us$ t w all[ ! passage ( heat 9 ei!r direction4 ,! ideal clo?+ %\ld be bo? a bad conductor & a radiator ( heat4 ,at ! same "t x mu/ n int]f]e ) ! free evaporation ( ! p]spiration1 o!rwise *ills may result f ! accumulation ( moi/ure on ! surface ( ! body4 ,wool is a bad conductor1 & %\ld be worn next ! sk91 bo? 9 summ] & w9t]1 especially 9 v>iable climates4 ,x prev5ts1 bett] ?an any o!r mat]ial1 ! loss ( heat f ! body1 & all[s free v5tilation & evaporation4 ,its fib]s are s lightly wov5 t !y make innum]able me%es enclos+ air1 :i* is "o ( ! be/ ( non-conductors4 ,silk ranks next to wool 9 w>m? & porosity4 ,x is mu* s(t] & less irritat+ ?an flannel or m]9o1 & is v useful = summ] we>4 ,! practical objection to its g5]al use is ! exp5se4 ,fur ranks ) wool z a bad conductor ( heat4 ,x does n1 h[ev]1 l wool1 all[ ( free evaporation4 ,its use 9 cold c\ntries is univ]sal1 b 9 mild] climates x is n mu* worn4 ,cotton & l95 are good conductors ( heat1 b are n absorb5ts ( moi/ure1 & %\ld n be worn next ! sk94 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 v durable & easily cleans$4 ,z an int]m$iate clo?+ !y may be worn at all seasons1 especially ov] wool or silk4 ,wat]pro( clo?+ is also useful z a protection1 b %\ld n be worn a long] "t ?an necess>y1 z x %uts 9 ! p]spiration1 & causes a s5se ( great heat & discom=t4 ,! color ( clo?+ is ( "s importance1 especially if expos$ directly to ! sun's rays4 ,! be/ reflectors1 su* z :ite & light gray clo?+1 absorb comp>atively little heat & are ! coole/1 :ile black or d>k-color$ mat]ials1 be+ poor reflectors & good absorb5ts1 become v w>m4 #bea4 ,sugge/ions = ! ,use ( ,clo?+4 ,prud5ce & good s5se %\ld guide u 9 ! spr+1 9 *ang+ w9t] flannels or clo?+ = fabrics ( light] weight4 ,) ! fickle climate 9 mo/ sections ( ?is c\ntry1 !re are great risks ( sev]e colds1 pneumonia1 & o!r pulmon>y diseases f c>elessness or neglect 9 ?is matt]4 ,a *ange f heavy to light] clo?+ %\ld be made fir/ 9 ! out] g>m5ts1 ! und]clo?+ be+ *ang$ v cauti\sly4 ,! two ess5tials ( heal?ful clo?+ are cleanl9ess & dryness4 ,to we> g>m5ts t are daily be+ soil$ by p]spiration & o!r cutane\s excretions1 is a mo/ uncleanly & unheal?ful practice4 ,clo?+1 especially wool5 und]clo?+1 %\ld be frequ5tly *ang$4 ,"o ( ! objections to ! use ( ?is clo?+ is t x does n %[ soil+ to ! same ext5t z d cotton & l954 ,infecti\s & contagi\s diseases may be convey$ by ! clo?+4 ,h5ce1 special c>e mu/ be tak5 t all clo?+ 9 contact ) sick p is burn$ or prop]ly dis9fect$4 ,*ildr5 especially are susceptible to sc>let fev]1 diph!ria1 & measles1 & ! greate/ c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ to prev5t _! exposure to infection ?r\gh ! clo?+4 ,we %\ld nev] sleep 9 a damp b$1 or betwe5 damp %eets4 ,! vital p[]s are enfeebl$ dur+ sleep1 & !re is always risk ( pneumonia or rheumatism4 ,! practice ( sitt+ ) wet feet & damp clo?+ is highly injuri\s to heal?4 ,! surface ( ! body ?us *ill$ may be small1 yet !re is a grave risk ( s]i\s1 if n ( fatal1 disease4 ,no h>m may be done1 ev5 ) clo?+ wet ) wat] or damp ) p]spiration1 s long z ex]cise is ma9ta9$1 b ! failure or inability to *ange into dry g>m5ts z soon z ! body is at re/ is fraught ) dang]4 ,wool5 com=t]s1 sc>fs1 & fur muffl]s1 s commonly worn ar\nd ! neck1 are m likely to produce ?roat tr\bles & local *ill ?an to h any useful effect4 ,h>m ensues f ! fact t ! extra cov]+ induces local p]spiration1 :i* enfeebles ! natural def5sive p[] ( ! p>ts2 & :5 ! w>m] cov]+ is remov$1 ! p]spir+ surface is readily *ill$4 ,^? :o nev] bundle _! ?roats are lea/ liable to suff] f ?roat ailm5ts4 #beb4 ,ill ,effects ( ,we>+ ,tightly ,fitt+ ,clo?+4 ,! injury to heal? caus$ by tight lac+1 :5 c>ri$ to an extreme1 is due to ! compression & displacem5t ( v>i\s organs by ! pressure ex]t$ on !m4 ,?us ! lungs & ! he>t may be compress$1 caus+ %ort brea? on ex]tion1 palpitation ( ! he>t1 & o!r pa9ful & dang]\s symptoms4 ,! /oma*1 ! liv]1 & o!r abdom9al organs are (t5 displac$1 caus+ dyspepsia & all its att5dant evils4 ,! improp] use ( corsets1 especially by "y wom51 is injuri\s1 z !y int]f]e ) ! prop] developm5t ( ! *e/ & abdom9al organs4 ,! use ( tight ela/ics bel[ ! knee is (t5 injuri\s4 ,!y ob/ruct ! local v5\s circulation & are a fruitful s\rce ( cold feet & ( enl>g$ or v>icose ve9s4 ,tightly fitt+ boots & %oes (t5 cause corns1 bunions1 & +r[+ nails2 on ! o!r h&1 if too loosely worn1 !y cause corns f friction4 ,boots too n>r[ 9 front cr[d ! toes toge!r1 make !m ov]lap1 & r5d] walk+ difficult & pa9ful4 ,high-heel$ boots ?r[ ! weight ( ! body =w>ds1 s t ! body re/s too mu* on ! toes in/ead ( on ! heels1 z x %\ld1 ?us plac+ an undue /ra9 ^u c]ta9 gr\ps ( muscles ( ! leg1 9 ord] to ma9ta9 ! balance1 :ile o!r gr\ps are n suffici5tly ex]cis$4 ,locomotion is nev] easy & graceful1 & a firm1 ev5 tread _c be expect$4 ,! compression ( ! scalp by a tight-fitt+ hat int]f]es ) ! local circulation1 & may cause heada*es1 neuralgia1 or baldness1 ! nutrition ( ! hair-follicles be+ dim9i%$ by ! impair$ circulation4 ,! compression ( ! *e/ & abdom5 by a tight belt & v>i\s b9d]s int]f]es ) ! action ( ! diaphragm1--! mo/ important muscle ( respiration4 #bec4 ,miscellane\s ,h9ts on ! ,use ( ,clo?+4 ,*ildr5 & old p are less able to resi/ ! extreme *anges ( temp]ature ?an are adults ( an av]age age4 ,special c>e %\ld be tak5 to provide *ildr5 ) wool5 und]clo?+1 & to keep !m w>m & 9 well-v5tilat$ rooms4 ,nei!r ! *e/ nor limbs ( "y *ildr5 %\ld be unduly expos$1 z is (t5 done1 to ! cold bla/s ( w9t] or ! fickle wea!r ( e>ly spr+4 ,v "y *ildr5 %\ld n be tak5 out 9 extremely cold wea!r1 unless q w>mly clad & able to run ab\t4 ,! absurd notion is (t5 ent]ta9$ t *ildr5 %\ld be h>d5$ by exposure to ! cold4 ,judici\s h>d5+ means ample exposure ( well-f$ & well-clo!d *ildr54 ,exposure ( *ildr5 n ?us c>$ = is simple cruelty4 ,! _m sicknesses ( *ildr51 especially diseases ( ! ?roat & lungs1 may (t5 be trac$ directly to gross c>elessness1 ignorance1 or neglect ) ref]5ce to undue exposure4 ,! delicate feet ( *ildr5 %\ld n be injur$ by we>+ ill-fitt+ or clumsy boots or %oes4 ,_m de=mities ( ! feet1 :i* cause mu* vexation & tr\ble 9 aft] ye>s1 are acquir$ 9 e>ly life4 ,no "o %\ld sleep 9 any ( ! clo!s worn dur+ ! day1 n ev5 9 ! same und]clo?+4 ,all b$ clo?+ %\ld be prop]ly air$1 by free exposure to ! light & air e morn+4 ,nev] we> wet or damp clo?+ "o mom5t long] ?an necess>y4 ,aft] x is remov$ rub ! body ?or\ghly1 put on at once dry1 w>m clo?+1 & !n ex]cise vigor\sly = a few m9utes1 until a g5ial gl[ is felt4 ,neglect ( ^! precautions (t5 results 9 rheumatism1 neuralgia1 & diseases ( ! *e/1 especially among delicate p & "y wom54 ,pupils %\ld n be all[$ to sit 9 ! s*oolroom ) any out] g>m5ts on4 ,a p]son :o has become heat$ 9 a w>m room %\ld n expose himself to cold )\t extra clo?+4 ,we mu/ n be 9 a hurry to put on heavy clo!s = w9t]1 b hav+ once worn !m1 !y mu/ n be left (f until mild] wea!r r5d]s ! *ange safe4 ,! *eap] articles ( clo?+ are (t5 dy$ ) lead or ars5ic4 ,h5ce su* g>m5ts1 l /ock+s & color$ und]clo?+1 worn next ! sk9 h be5 kn[n to produce sev]e symptoms ( poison+4 ,z a precaution1 all su* articles %\ld be c>efully wa%$ & ?or\ghly r9s$ be=e !y are worn4 ,! ,kidneys4 #bed4 ,! ,kidneys4 ,! kidneys are two important organs 9 ! abdom51 "o on ea* side ( ! sp9e4 ,!y are ( a r$di%-br[n color1 & are envelop$ by a transp>5t capsule made up ( a fold ( ! p]itoneum4 ,emb$d$ 9 fat1 ! kidneys lie betwe5 ! upp] lumb> v]tebr1 & ! cre/ ( ! hip bone4 ,! liv] is above ! "r kidney1 & ! sple5 above ! left1 :ile bo? lie close aga9/ ! re> wall ( ! abdom51 ) ! inte/9es 9 front ( !m4 ,! human kidneys1 ?\gh some:at l>g]1 are exactly ( ! same %ape1 color1 & g5]al appe>ance z ^? ( ! %eep1 s commonly se5 9 ! m>kets4 ,! kidneys are ab\t f\r in*es long1 two in*es across1 "o in* ?ick1 & weigh f #da_/b to #ea_/b ounces ea*4 ,! holl[ or concave side ( ! kidneys is turn$ inw>ds1 & ! deep fissure ( ?is side1 kn[n z ! hilus1 wid5s out to =m ! pelvis4 ,?r\gh ! hilus ! r5al art]y passes into ea* kidney1 & f ea* hilus passes outw>ds ! r5al ve91 a bran* ( ! inf]ior v5a cava4 ,a tube1 call$ ! uret]1 passes out f ! concave bord] ( ea* kidney1 turns d[nw>ds1 & ent]s ! bladd] 9 ! bas9 ( ! pelvis4 ,?is tube is f #ab to #ad in*es long1 ab\t z l>ge z a goose quill1 & conveys ! secretion ( ! kidneys to ! bladd]4 #bee4 ,/ructure ( ! ,kidneys4 ,! pelvis is surr\nd$ by r$di% cones1 ab\t twelve 9 numb]1 project+ into x1 call$ ! pyramids ( ,malpighi4 ,! apices ( ^! cones1 kn[n z ! papill1 are cr[d$ ) m9ute op5+s1 ! m\?s ( ! ur9if]\s tubules1 :i* =m ! sub/ance ( ! kidney4 ,^! lie p>allel 9 ! m$ull>y or c5tral /ructure1 b ,on rea*+ ! cortical or out] lay]1 !y w9d ab\t & int]lace1 end+1 at la/1 9 dilat$ clos$ sacs call$ ,malpighian capsules4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajh4--,v]tical ,section ( ! ,kidney4 ,a1 pyramids ( ,malpighi2 ,b1 apices1 or papill1 ( ! pyramids1 surr\nd$ by subdivisions ( ! pelvis kn[n z cups or calices2 ,c1 pelvis ( ! kidney2 ,d1 upp] end ( uret]4 #bef4 ,function ( ! ,kidneys4 ,! ,malpighian capsules are really ! beg9n+ ( ! tubules1 = "h ! "w ( excretion beg9s4 ,! ?9 wall ( ! capill>ies )9 ea* capsule sep>ates ! blood f ! cavity ( ! tubule4 ,! blood-pressure on ! delicate capill>y walls causes ! exudation ( ! wat]y portions ( ! blood ?r\gh ! cell walls into ! capsule4 ,! epi!lial cell membrane all[s ! wat] ( ! blood ) c]ta9 salts 9 solution to pass1 b rejects ! album54 ,f ! capsules1 ! excretion passes ?r\gh ! tubules into ! pelvis1 & on ?r\gh ! uret]s to ! bladd]4 ,b ! delicate epi!lial walls ( ! tubules ?r\gh :i* x passes p]mit ! infl[ ( urea & o!r wa/e products f ! surr\nd+ capill>ies4 ,by ?is tw(old process are sep>at$ f ! blood ! fluid portions ( ! r5al secretion ) soluble salts1 & ! urea ) o!r wa/e mat]ial4 #beg4 ,h[ ! ,action ( ! ,kidneys may be ,modifi$4 ,! action ( ! kidneys is subject to v m>k$ & sudd5 modifications1 especially ^? op]at+ ?r\gh ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,?us :atev] raises ! blood-pressure 9 ! capill>ies ( ! capsules1 w increase ! quantity ( fluid filt]+ ?r\gh !m4 ,t is1 ! wat]y portion ( ! secretion w be increas$ )\t necess>ily add+ to its solids4 ,s any?+ :i* l[]s ! blood-pressure w dim9i% ! wat]y portion ( ! secretion1 t is1 ! secretion w be scanty1 b conc5trat$4 ,! ,r5al ,secretion4--,! function ( ! kidneys is to secrete a fluid commonly kn[n z ! ur9e4 ,! av]age quantity pass$ 9 #bd h\rs by an adult v>ies f #dj to #fj fluid ounces4 ,normal ur9e consi/s ( ab\t #if p] c5t ( wat] & #d p] c5t ( solids4 ,! latt] consi/ *iefly ( c]ta9 nitrog5\s sub/ances kn[n z urea & uric acid1 a consid]able quantity ( m9]al salts1 & "s color+ matt]4 ,urea1 ! mo/ important & mo/ abundant con/itu5t ( ur9e1 conta9s ! f\r elem5ts1 b nitrog5 =ms "o-half its weight4 ,:ile1 !re=e1 ! lungs expel c>bon dioxid *iefly1 ! kidneys expel nitrog54 ,bo? ( ^! sub/ances express ! result ( oxidations go+ on 9 ! body4 ,! urea & uric acids repres5t ! f9al result ( ! break+ d[n 9 ! body ( nitrog5\s sub/ances1 ( :i* album5 is ! type4 ,unusual con/itu5ts ( ! ur9e are album51 sug>1 & bile4 ,:5 album5 is pres5t 9 ur9e1 x (t5 indicates "s disease ( ! kidneys1 to :i* ! t]m album9uria or ,bright's ,disease is appli$4 ,! pres5ce ( grape sug> or glucose indicates ! disease kn[n z diabetes4 ,bile is ano!r unusual con/itu5t ( ! ur9e1 appe>+ 9 jaundice4 ,! bladd] is situat$ 9 ! pelvic cavity or 9 ! l[e/ "p ( ! abdom54 ,:5 full1 ! bladd] is pe>-%ap$2 :5 empty1 x is collaps$ & lies l[ 9 ! pelvis4 ,! functions ( ! bladd] are to collect & reta9 ! ur9e1 :i* has rea*$ x drop by drop f ! kidneys ?r\gh ! uret]s1 until a c]ta9 quantity accumulates1 & !n to expel x f ! body4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aji4--,v]tical ,section ( ! ,back4 7,%[+ kidneys 9 situ & ! relative position ( adjac5t organs & vessels47 ,po/]ior view4 ,a1 #ab? dorsal v]tebra2 ,b1 diaphragm2 ,c1 receptaculum *yli2 ,d1 small inte/9es ,9 ! kidneys1 z else:]e1 ! vaso-motor n]ves are di/ribut$ to ! walls ( ! blood-vessels1 & modify ! quantity & ! pressure ( blood 9 ^! organs4 ,?us1 "s /rong emotion1 l fe> or undue anxiety1 increases ! blood-pressure1 drives m blood to ! kidneys1 & causes a l>g] fl[ ( wat]y secretion4 ,:5 ! atmosph]e is hot1 !re is a relaxation ( ! vessels ( ! sk91 ) a m ?an ord9>y fl[ ( blood1 :i* is ?us )drawn f ! deep] organs4 ,! blood-pressure 9 ! kidneys is n only dim9i%$1 b ! total quantity pass+ ?r\gh !m 9 a giv5 "t is mu* less5$4 ,z a result1 ! secretion ( ! kidneys is scanty1 b x conta9s an unusual p]c5tage ( solids4 ,:5 ! atmosph]e is cold1 ! rev]se is true4 ,! cutane\s vessels contract1 ! blood is driv5 to ! deep] organs ) increas$ pressure1 & !re is a less am\nt ( sweat1 b an increas$ r5al secretion1 conta9+ a small] proportion ( solids4 ,c]ta9 drugs h ! p[] ( increas+ or dim9i%+ ! r5al secretion4 ,z ! wa/e matt]s elim9at$ by ! kidneys are be+ con/antly produc$ 9 ! tissues1 ! action ( ! r5al organs is cont9u\s1 9 m>k$ contra/ ) ! int]mitt5t fl[ ( mo/ ( ! secretions prop]1 z di/+ui%$ f ! excretions4 #beh4 ,effects ( ,alcoholic ,dr9ks ^u ! ,kidneys4 ,! kidneys diff] f "s ( ! o!r organs 9 ?is3 ^? c re/ a :ile )\t any h>m to !mselves1 or to ! body4 ,we c keep ! eyes clos$ = a few days1 if necess>y1 )\t injury1 & 9 fact (t5 ) b5efit2 or1 we c ab/a9 f food = "s days1 if ne$ be1 & let ! /oma* re/4 ,b ! kidneys _c1 ) safety1 cease _! "w4 ,_! duty 9 ridd+ ! blood ( wa/e products1 & ( any =eign or poison\s mat]ial introduc$1 mu/ be done n only fai?fully1 b cont9ually1 or ! :ole body at once suff]s f ! evil effects ( ! reta9$ wa/e matt]s4 ,?is vital fact is ! key to ! injuri\s results develop$ 9 ! kidneys by ! use ( alcoholic dr9ks4 ,^! two organs h l>ge blood-vessels convey+ full am\nts ( blood to & f _! /ructures1 & !y feel v quickly ! pres5ce ( alcohol4 ,alcoholic liquors excite & irritate ! delicate r5al membranes1 & spe$ily di/urb & ev5tually de/roy _! capacity to excrete ! prop] mat]ials f ! blood4 ,! cont9u$ conge/ion ( ! m9ute /ructure ( ! kidney cuts (f ! ne$$ nutrition ( ! organ1 & =ms ! prim>y /ep 9 ! s]ies ( disa/]s4 ,sometimes f ?is cont9u$ irritation1 ) ! result+ inflammation1 & sometimes f *ange ( /ructure ( ! kidney by fatty deg5]ation1 comes ! failure to p]=m its prop] function4 ,!n1 ) ?is two-edg$ sword ( disa/]1 ! urea1 :i* becomes a poison\s elem5t1 & %\ld be remov$1 is reta9$ 9 ! sy/em1 :ile ! album51 :i* is ess5tial to heal?y blood1 is filt]$ away ?r\gh ! diseas$ kidney4 #bei4 ,alcoholic ,liquors z a ,cause ( ,bright's ,disease4 ,! un=tunate pres5ce ( album5 9 ! ur9e is (t5 a symptom ( t insidi\s & fatal malady kn[n z album9uria or ,bright's disease1 (t5 accompani$ ) dropsy & convulsions4 ,"o ( ! mo/ con/ant causes ( ?is disease is ! use ( intoxicants4 ,x is n at all necess>y to ?is fatal result t a p]son be a heavy dr9k]4 ,/eady1 mod]ate dr9k+ w (t5 accompli% ! "w4 ,kidney diseases produc$ by alcoholic dr9ks1 are less responsive to m$ical treatm5t & m fatal ?an ^? aris+ f any o!r kn[n cause4#ci ,exp]im5t #abi4 ,obta9 a %eep's kidney 9 good ord]4 ,obs]ve t its %ape is some?+ l t ( a bean1 & note t ! concave "p 7hilus71 :5 9 its normal position1 is turn$ t[>ds ! backbone4 ,notice t all ! vessels leave & ent] ! kidney at ! hilus4 ,obs]ve a small ?ick-wall$ vessel ) op5 m\? f :i* may be press$ a few drops ( blood4 ,?is is ! r5al art]y4 ,pass a bri/le d[n x4 ,) ! =ceps1 or ev5 ) a p5knife1 lift f ! kidney ! f9e membrane enclos+ x4 ,?is is ! kidney capsule4 ,divide ! kidney 9 halves by a section f its out] to ne> its inn] bord]4 ,d n cut directly ?r\gh ! hilus4 ,note on ! cut surfaces1 on ! out] side1 ! d>k] cortical portion1 & on ! inn] side1 ! smoo?1 pale1 m$ull>y portion4 ,note also ! pyramids ( ,malpighi4 ,*apt] ,x4 ,! ,n]v\s ,sy/em4 #bfj4 ,g5]al ,view ( ! ,n]v\s ,sy/em4 ,?us f> we h le>n$ some?+ ( ! v>i\s organs & ! mann] 9 :i* !y d _! "w4 ,reg>d+ our bodily /ructure z a k9d ( liv+ ma*9e1 we h /udi$ its v>i\s p>ts1 & f\nd t ea* is design$ to p]=m "s special "w ess5tial to ! well-be+ ( ! :ole4 ,z yet we h le>n$ ( no means by :i* ^! organs are enabl$ to adju/ _! activities to ! ne$s ( o!r tissues & o!r organs4 ,we are n[ prep>$ to /udy a high]1 a m wond]ful & complex ag5cy1--! n]v\s sy/em1 ! ma/] tissue1 :i* controls1 regulates1 & directs e o!r tissue ( ! human body4 ,! n]v\s sy/em1 9 its prop]ties & mode ( action1 is di/9ct f all ! o!r sy/ems & organs1 & x %>es ) no o!r organ or tissue ! p[] to d its special "w4 ,x is ! m$ium ?r\gh :i* all impressions are receiv$4 ,x connects all ! p>ts ( ! body into an organism 9 :i* ea* acts 9 h>mony ) e o!r "p = ! good ( ! :ole4 ,x animates & gov]ns all movem5ts1 volunt>y or involunt>y1--secretion1 excretion1 nutrition2 9 fact all ! processes ( organic life are subject to its regulat+ p[]4 ,! diff]5t organs ( ! body are unit$ by a common sympa?y :i* regulates _! action3 ?is h>moni\s result is secur$ by means ( ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,?is sy/em1 9 c]ta9 ( its p>ts1 receives impressions1 & g5]ates a =ce peculi> to itself4 ,we %all le>n t !re c be no physical communication betwe5 or cord9ation ( ! v>i\s p>ts ( organs1 or h>moni\s acts = a desire result1 )\t ! n]ves4 ,g5]al impressions1 z 9 ord9>y s5sation1 or special impressions1 z 9 sight1 smell1 ta/e1 or he>+1--e in/9ct1 e act ( ! w1 & e ?\ght are possible only ?r\gh ! action ( ! n]ve c5t]s4 #bfa4 ,n]ve ,cells4 ,h[ev] complicat$ ! /ructure ( n]ve tissue 9 man seems to be1 x is f\nd to consi/ ( only two diff]5t elem5ts1 n]ve cells & n]ve fib]s4 ,^! are associat$ & comb9$ 9 _m ways4 ,!y are arrang$ 9 di/9ct masses call$ n]ve c5t]s1 or 9 ! =m ( cords kn[n z n]ves4 ,! =m] are made up ( n]ve fib]s2 ! latt] ( bo? cells & fib]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaj4 ,n]ve ,cells f ! ,sp9al ,cord4 ,n]ve cells1 :i* may be reg>d$ z ! c5tral organs ( ! n]ve fib]s1 consi/ ( masses ( cell protoplasm1 ) a l>ge nucleus & nucleolus4 ,!y be> a g5]al resemblance to o!r cells1 b v>y mu* 9 size & %ape4 ,n]ve cells gr[1 become active1 & die1 z d o!r cells4 ,a numb] ( processes bran* (f f !m1 "s cells giv+ "o or two1 o!rs _m4 ,! v>i\s k9ds ( n]ve cells diff] mu* 9 ! %ape & numb] ( processes4 ,"o ( ! processes is a /r& :i* becomes cont9u\s ) ! axis cyl9d] ( ! n]ve fib]s2 t is1 ! axis cyl9d]s ( all n]ve fib]s are jo9$ 9 "o place or ano!r ) at lea/ "o cell4 ,ea* "p ( ?is sy/em has its own *>act]i/ic cell4 ,?us we h 9 ! sp9al cord ! l>ge1 irregul> cells ) _m processes1 & 9 ! bra9 prop] ! ?ree-sid$ cells ) a process jutt+ out f ea* corn]4 ,s *>act]i/ic are ^! =ms ( cells1 t any p>ticul> "p ( n]ve /ructure may be id5tifi$ by ! k9d ( cells se5 "u ! microscope4 ,n]ve cells & n]ve fib]s are (t5 arrang$ 9 gr\ps1 ! v>i\s cells ( ! gr\ps communicat+ ) "o ano!r4 ,?is clu/]$ arrangem5t is call$ a n]ve c5t]4 #bfb4 ,n]ve ,fib]s4 ,! n]ve fib]s1 ! ess5tial elem5ts ( ! n]ves1 some:at resemble tubes fill$ ) a cle>1 jelly-l sub/ance4 ,!y consi/ ( a rod1 or c5tral core1 cont9u\s ?r\gh\t ! :ole l5g? ( ! n]ve1 call$ ! axis cyl9d]4 ,?is core is surr\nd$ by ! :ite sub/ance ( ,s*wann1 or m$ull>y %ea?1 :i* gives ! n]ve its *>act]i/ic ivory-:ite appe>ance4 ,! :ole is enclos$ 9 a ?91 delicate %ea?1 kn[n z neurilemma4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaa4--,n]ve ,cells f ! ,gray ,matt] ( ! ,bra94 ,! axis cyl9d] g5]ally passes )\t any break f ! n]ve c5t]s to ! end ( ! fib]s4#dj ,! out] %ea? 7neurilemma7 is also cont9u\s ?r\gh\t ! l5g? ( ! fib]s4 ,! m$ull>y %ea?1 on ! o!r h&1 is brok5 at int]vals ( ab\t #a_/be ( an in*1 & at ! same int]vals nuclei are f\nd along ! fib]1 ar\nd ea* ( :i* is a m9ute protoplasmic mass4 ,betwe5 ea* pair ( nuclei ! %ea? is int]rupt$4 ,?is po9t is kn[n z ! node ( ,ranvi]4 ,"s n]ve fib]s h no inn] %ea? 7m$ull>y71 ! out] alone protect+ ! axis cyl9d]4 ,^! are kn[n z ! non-m$ull>y fib]s4 ,!y are gray1 :ile ! ord9>y m$ull>y fib]s are :ite 9 appe>ance4 ,! :ite n]ve fib]s =m ! :ite "p ( ! bra9 & ( ! sp9al cord1 & ! great] "p ( ! c]ebro-sp9al n]ves4 ,! gray fib]s occur *iefly 9 bran*es f ! sympa!tic ganglia1 ?\gh f\nd to "s ext5t 9 ! n]ves ( ! c]ebro-sp9al sy/em4 ,9 a g5]al way1 ! n]ve fib]s resemble an electric cable wire ) its c5tral rod ( copp]1 & its out] non-conduct+ lay] ( silk or gutta p]*a4 ,l ! copp] rod1 ! axis cyl9d] along :i* ! n]ve impulse travels is ! ess5tial "p ( a n]ve fib]4 ,9 a cut n]ve ?is cyl9d] projects l ! wick ( a c&le4 ,x is really ! cont9uation ( a process ( a n]ve cell4 ,?us ! n]ve cells & n]ve fib]s are relat$1 9 t ! process ( "o is ! axis cyl9d] & ess5tial "p ( ! o!r4 ,! sep>ate microscopic ?reads or fib]s1 b\nd toge!r 9 cords ( v>iable size1 =m ! n]ves4 ,ea* /r& or cord is surr\nd$ & protect$ by its own %ea? ( connective tissue1 made up ( n]ves4 ,accord+ to its size a n]ve may h "o or _m ( ^! /r&s4 ,! :ole n]ve1 n unlike a m9ute t5don 9 appe>ance1 is cov]$ by a d5se %ea? ( fibr\s tissue1 9 :i* ! blood-vessels & lymphatics are di/ribut$ to ! n]ve fib]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aab4--,m$ullat$ ,n]ve ,fib]s4 ,a1 a m$ullat$ n]ve fib]1 %[+ ! subdivision ( ! m$ull>y %ea? into cyl9drical sections imbricat$ ) _! ends1 a n]ve corpuscle ) an oval nucleus is se5 betwe5 ! neurilemma & ! m$ull>y %ea?2 ,b1 a m$ullat$ n]ve fib] at a node or con/riction ( ,ranvi]1 ! axis cyl9d] passes un9t]rupt$ly f "o segm5t into ! o!r1 b ! m$ull>y %ea? is int]rupt$4 #bfc4 ,! ,functions ( ! ,n]ve ,cells & ,n]ve ,fib]s4 ,! n]ve cells are a highly active mass ( liv+ mat]ial4 ,!y f9d _! n\ri%m5t 9 ! blood1 :i* is suppli$ to !m 9 abundance4 ,! blood n only s]ves z n\ri%m5t1 b also supplies new mat]ial1 z x 71 = ! cells to "w ov] = _! own =ce or en]gy4 ,?us we may ?9k ( ! n]ve cells z a sort ( a m9iature manufactory1 d]iv+ _! mat]ial f ! blood1 & develop+ f x n]v\s en]gy4 ,! n]ve fib]s1 on ! o!r h&1 are conductors ( n]v\s en]gy4 ,!y furni% a pa?way along :i* ! n]ve en]gy g5]at$ by ! cells may travel4 ,made up z !y are ( liv+ n]ve sub/ance1 ! fib]s c also g5]ate en]gy1 yet x is _! special function to conduct influ5ces to & f ! cells4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aac4--,non-,m$ullat$ ,fib]s4 ,two n]ve fib]s1 %[+ ! nodes or con/rictions ( ,ranvi] & ! axis cyl9d]4 ,! m$ull>y %ea? has be5 dissolv$ away4 ,! deeply /a9$ oblong nuclei indicate ! n]ve corpuscles )9 ! neurilemma4 #bfd4 ,! ,n]v\s ,sy/em ,comp>$ to a ,telegraphic ,sy/em4 ,9 m5 & o!r highly organiz$ animals1 n]ves are f\nd 9 ne>ly e tissue & organ ( ! body4 ,!y p5etrate ! mo/ m9ute muscul> fib]s2 !y are closely connect$ ) ! cells ( ! gl&s1 & are f\nd 9 ! coats ( ev5 ! smalle/ blood-vessels4 ,!y are among ! *ief factors ( ! /ructure ( ! s5se organs1 & ramify ?r\gh ! sk94 ,?us ! n]v\s sy/em is ! sy/em ( organs ?r\gh ! functions ( :i* we are br\ght into relation ) ! _w ar\nd u4 ,:5 we he>1 our e>s are br++ u into relation ) ! out] _w4 ,s sight op5s up to u ano!r gateway ( k4 ,x w help u ! bett] to und]/& ! complicat$ functions ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 if we comp>e x to a telegraph l9e4 ,! bra9 is ! ma9 (fice1 & ! multitudes ( n]ve fib]s bran*+ (f to all p>ts ( ! body are ! wires4 ,by means ( ^!1 n]ve messages are con/antly be+ s5t to ! bra9 to in=m x ( :at is go+ on 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! body1 & ask+ :at is to be done 9 ea* case4 ,! bra91 on receiv+ ! intellig5ce1 at once s5ds back ! requir$ in/ructions4 ,c\ntless messages are s5t to & fro ) un]r+ accuracy & m>vel\s rapidity4 ,?us1 :5 we accid5tally pick up some?+ hot1 x is in/antly dropp$4 ,a n]ve impulse passes f ! n]ves ( t\* 9 ! f+]s to ! bra91 :i* at once hurries (f its ord] along ano!r set ( n]ves = ! h& to drop ! burn+ object4 ,^! examples1 s common 9 daily life1 may be multipli$ to any ext5t4 ,almo/ e volunt>y act we p]=m is execut$ "u ! direction ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 al?\gh ! "t occupi$ is s small t x is beyond our p[] to e/imate x4 ,! v frequ5cy ) :i* ! n]ves act t5ds to make u =get _! b5efic5t "w4 #bfe4 ,divisions ( ! ,n]v\s ,sy/em4 ,?is sy/em 9 man consi/s ( two great divisions4 ,! fir/ is ! great n]ve c5t] ( ! body1 ! c]ebro-sp9al sy/em1 :i* rules ! organs ( animal life4 ,?is includes ! bra91 ! sp9al cord1 & ! c]ebro-sp9al n]ves4 ,n]ves are giv5 (f f ! bra9 & ! cord1 & =m ! m$iums ( communication betwe5 ! ext]nal p>ts ( ! body1 ! muscles or ! s5se organs1 & ! bra94 ,! second "p is ! sympa!tic sy/em1 :i* regulates ! organic life4 ,?is consi/s ( num]\s small n]ve c5t]s arrang$ 9 oval masses v>y+ greatly 9 size1 call$ ganglia or knots4 ,^! are ei!r scatt]$ irregul>ly ?r\gh ! body1 or arrang$ 9 a d\ble *a9 ( knots ly+ on ! front ( ! sp9e1 )9 ! *e/ & abdom54 ,f ?is *a9 l>ge numb]s ( n]ves are giv5 (f1 :i* end *iefly 9 ! organs ( dige/ion1 circulation1 & respiration4 ,! sympa!tic sy/em s]ves to br+ all portions ( ! animal economy into direct sympa?y ) "o ano!r4 #bff4 ,! ,bra9 z a ,:ole4 ,! bra9 is ! seat ( ! intellect1 ! w1 ! affections1 ! emotions1 ! memory1 & s5sation4 ,x has also _m o!r & complex functions4 ,9 x are e/abli%$ _m reflex1 automatic1 & coord9at+ c5t]s1 :i* are z indep5d5t ( consci\sness z are ^? ( ! sp9al cord4 ,! bra9 is ! l>ge/ & mo/ complex mass ( n]ve tissue 9 ! body1 made up ( an enorm\s collection ( gray cells & n]ve fib]s4 ,?is organ consi/s ( a va/ numb] ( di/9ct ganglia1 or sep>ate masses ( n]ve matt]1 ea* capable ( p]=m+ sep>ate functions1 b unit$ ?r\gh ! c]ebral action into a h>moni\s :ole4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aad4--,! ,upp] ,surface ( ! ,c]ebrum4 7,%[+ its division into two hemisph]es1 & also ! convolutions7 ,! av]age weight ( ! adult human bra9 is ab\t #ej ounces = m5 & #de ounces = wom54 ,o!r ?+s be+ equal1 ! size & weight ( ! bra9 be> a g5]al relation to ! m5tal p[] ( ! individual4 ,z a rule1 a l>ge1 heal?y bra9 /&s = a vigor\s & sup]ior intellect4 ,! bra9s ( _m em95t m5 h be5 f\nd to be #h to #ab ounces above ! av]age weight1 b !re are notable exceptions4 ,! bra9s ( idiots are small2 inde$1 any weight "u a c]ta9 size1 ab\t #cj ounces1 seems to be inv>iably associat$ ) an imbecile m9d4 ,! human bra9 is absolutely heavi] ?an t ( any o!r animal1 except ! :ale & elephant4 ,comp>+ ! size ( ^! animals ) t ( man1 x is in/ructive to notice h[ mu* l>g] 9 proportion to ! body is man's bra94 ,! av]age proportion ( ! weight ( ! bra9 to ! weight ( ! body is great] 9 man ?an 9 mo/ animals1 be+ ab\t #a to #cf4 ,9 "s small birds1 9 ! small] monkeys1 & 9 "s rod5ts1 ! proportional weight ( ! bra9 to t ( ! body is ev5 great] ?an 9 man4 #bfg4 ,! ,c]ebrum4 ,! ?ree pr9cipal masses :i* make up ! bra9 :5 view$ z a :ole are3 #a4 ,! c]ebrum1 or bra9 prop]4 #b4 ,! c]ebellum1 or less] bra94 #c4 ,! m$ulla oblongata4 ,! c]ebrum comprises ne>ly sev5-eigh?s ( ! entire mass1 & fills ! upp] "p ( ! skull4 ,x consi/s ( two halves1 ! "r & left c]ebral hemisph]es4 ,^! are almo/ sep>at$ f ea* o!r by a deep m$ian fissure4 ,! hemisph]es are unit$ at ! bottom ( ! fissure by a mass ( :ite fib]s pass+ f side to side4 ,ea* ( ^! hemisph]es is subdivid$ into ?ree lobes1 s t ! entire c]ebrum is made up ( six di/9ct lobes4 ,! c]ebrum has a peculi> convolut$ appe>ance1 its deep folds be+ sep>at$ by fissures1 "s ( !m ne>ly an in* 9 dep?4 ,x is compos$ ( bo? :ite & gray matt]4 ,! =m] comprises ! great] "p ( ! mass1 :ile ! latt] is spread ov] ! surface 9 a lay] ( ab\t ( an in* ?ick4 ,! gray matt] is ! portion hav+ ! highe/ functions1 & its app>5t quantity is l>gely increas$ by be+ =m$ 9 convolutions4 ,! convolutions ( ! c]ebrum are )\t d\bt associat$ ) all ^? high] actions :i* di/+ui% man's life2 b all ! convolutions are n ( equal importance4 ,?us x is probable t only ! frontal "p ( ! bra9 is ! intellectual region1 :ile c]ta9 convolutions are devot$ to ! s]vice ( ! s5ses4 ,! c]ebrum is ! *ief seat ( ! s5sations1 ! intellect1 ! w1 & ! emotions4 ,a /udy ( c]ebral injuries & diseases1 & exp]im5ts ^u ! l[] animals1 prove t ! hemisph]es1 & m especially ! gray matt]1 are connect$ ) m5tal /ates4 ,! convolutions 9 ! human bra9 are m prom95t ?an 9 t ( ! high] animals1 mo/ ne>ly alli$ to man1 al?\gh "s species ( animals1 n especially intellig5t1 h m>k$ c]ebral convolutions4 ,! high] races ( m5 h m m>k$ convolutions ?an ^? less civiliz$4 ,a view ( ! "u surface ( ! bra91 :i* re/s on ! floor ( ! skull1 %[s ! orig9 ( important n]ves1 call$ ! cranial n]ves1 ! c]ebellum1 ! /ructure connect+ ! optic n]ves 7optic commissure71 ! bridge ( n]v\s matt] 7pons ,v>olii7 connect+ ! two hemisph]es ( ! c]ebellum1 & la/ly num]\s & well-m>k$ convolutions4 #bfh4 ,! ,c]ebellum4 ,! c]ebellum1 or less] bra91 lies 9 ! back ( ! cranium1 & is cov]$ ov] 9 man by ! po/]ior lobe ( ! c]ebrum4 ,x is1 at x 71 a/ride ( ! back ( ! c]ebro-sp9al axis1 & consi/s ( two hemisph]es jo9$ by a c5tral mass4 ,on its "u surface is a depression :i* receives ! m$ulla oblongata4 ,! c]ebellum is sep>at$ f ! c]ebrum by a horizontal p>tition ( membrane1 a portion ( ! dura mat]4 ,9 "s animals1 z 9 ! cat1 ?is p>tition is p>tly bone4 ,! c]ebellum is connect$ ) o!r p>ts ( ! n]v\s sy/em by /r&s ( :ite matt] on ea* side1 radiat+ f ! c5t] & divid$ into num]\s bran*es4 ,ar\nd ^! bran*es ! gray matt] is arrang$ 9 a beautiful mann]1 sugge/+ ! leaves ( a tree3 h5ce its "n1 arbor vit1 or ! tree ( life4 ,! functions ( ! c]ebellum are n c]ta9ly kn[n4 ,x appe>s to influ5ce ! muscles ( ! body s z to regulate _! movem5ts2 t is1 x s]ves to br+ ! v>i\s muscul> movem5ts into h>moni\s action4 ,! me*anism by :i* x does ?is has n yet be5 cle>ly expla9$4 ,9 an animal f :i* ! c]ebellum has be5 remov$1 ! functions ( life d n appe> to be de/roy$1 b all p[] ( ei!r walk+ or fly+ /raight is lo/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aae4--;,a ,v]tical ,section ( ! ,bra94 ,a1 frontal lobe ( ! c]ebrum2 ,b1 p>ietal lobe2 ,c1 p>ieto occipital lobe ) fissure betwe5 ?is lobe & ,d1 ! occipital lobe2 ,e1 c]ebellum2 ,f1 arbor vit2 ,h1 pons ,v>olu2 ,k1 m$ulla oblongata2 ,l1 portion ( lobe on ! opposite side ( bra94 ,! :ite curv$ b& above ,h repres5ts ! corpus callosum4 ,disease or injury ( ! c]ebellum usually produces bl9dness1 gidd9ess1 a t5d5cy to move backw>ds1 a /agg]+1 irregul> gait1 & a feel+ ( insecurity 9 ma9ta9+ v>i\s positions4 ,!re is no loss ( consci\sness1 or o!r di/urbance ( ! m5tal functions4 #bfi4 ,! ,membranes ( ! ,bra94 ,! bra9 & sp9al cord are protect$ by ?ree important membranes1 kn[n z ! m5+es1--! dura mat]1 ! ara*noid1 & ! pia mat]4 ,! out] membrane1 ! dura mat]1 is mu* ?ick] & /rong] ?an ! o!rs1 & is compos$ ( :ite fibr\s & ela/ic connective tissue4 ,x closely l9es ! inn] surface ( ! skull1 & =ms a protective cov]+ = ! bra94 ,folds ( x pass betwe5 ! sev]al divisions ( ! bra9 & s]ve to protect !m4 ,! ara*noid is a ?9 membrane :i* lies b5ea? ! dura mat]4 ,x secretes a s]\s fluid :i* keeps ! inn] surfaces moi/4 ,! pia mat] is a v delicate1 vascul> membrane :i* cov]s ! convolutions1 dips into all ! fissures1 & ev5 p5etrates into ! int]ior ( ! bra94 ,x is cr[d$ ) blood-vessels1 :i* divide & subdivide v m9utely be=e !y p5etrate ! bra94 ,! membranes ( ! bra9 are sometimes ! seat ( inflammation1 a s]i\s & pa9ful disease1 commonly kn[n z bra9 fev]4 #bgj4 ,! ,m$ulla ,oblongata4 ,?is is ! ?ick upp] "p ( ! sp9al cord1 ly+ )9 ! cavity ( ! skull4 ,x is imm$iately "u ! c]ebellum1 & =ms ! connect+ l9k betwe5 ! bra9 & ! sp9al cord4 ,x is ab\t an in* & a qu>t] long1 & f "o-half to ?ree-f\r?s ( an in* wide at its upp] "p4 ,! m$ulla oblongata consi/s1 l ! sp9al cord1 ( columns ( :ite fib]s & masses ( gray matt]1 b diff]5tly arrang$4 ,! gray matt] is brok5 up into masses :i* s]ve z c5t]s ( orig9 = v>i\s n]ves4 ,! functions ( ! m$ulla oblongata are closely connect$ ) ! vital processes4 ,x is a great n]ve tract = transmitt+ s5sory & motor impressions1 & also ! seat ( a numb] ( c5t]s = reflex actions ( ! highe/ importance to life4 ,?r\gh ! po/]ior "p ( ! m$ulla ! s5sory impressions pass1 t is1 impressions f bel[ upw>ds to ! bra9 result+ 9 s5sation or feel+4 ,9 ! ant]ior "p ( ! m$ulla1 pass ! n]ves = motor transmission1 t is1 n]ve influ5ces f above d[nw>ds t %all result 9 muscul> contractions 9 "s "p ( ! body4 ,! m$ulla is also ! seat ( a numb] ( reflex c5t]s connect$ ) ! influ5ce ( ! n]v\s sy/em on ! blood-vessels1 ! movem5ts ( ! he>t1 ( respiration1 & ( swall[+1 & on ! secretion ( saliva4 ,?is spot has be5 call$ ! vital knot4 ,9 ! m$ulla also are c5t]s = c\gh+1 vomit+1 swall[+1 & ! dilatation ( ! pupil ( ! eye4 ,x is also 9 "p ! deep orig9 ( _m ( ! 'important cranial n]ves4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaf4--;,illu/rat+ ! ,g5]al ,arrangem5t ( ! ,n]v\s ,sy/em4 7,po/]ior view47 #bga4 ,! ,cranial ,n]ves4 ,! cranial or c]ebral n]ves consi/ ( twelve pairs ( n]ves :i* pass f ! bra9 ?r\gh diff]5t op5+s 9 ! base ( ! skull1 & are di/ribut$ ov] ! head & face1 also to "s p>ts ( ! trunk & c]ta9 int]nal organs4 ,^! n]ves proce$ 9 pairs f ! correspond+ p>ts ( ea* side ( ! bra91 *iefly to ! organs ( smell1 ta/e1 he>+1 & sight4 ,! cranial n]ves are ( ?ree k9ds3 s5sory1 motor1 & bo? comb9$1 viz41 mix$4 ,di/ribution & ,functions ( ! ,cranial ,n]ves4 ,! cranial n]ves are ?us arrang$ 9 pairs3 ,! fir/ pair are ! olfactory n]ves1 :i* pass d[n ?r\gh ! e?moid bone into ! nasal cavities1 & are spread ov] ! inn] surface ( ! nose4 ,!y are s5sory1 & are ! special n]ves ( smell4 ,! second pair are ! optic n]ves1 :i*1 "u ! "n ( ! optic tracts1 run d[n to ! base ( ! bra91 f :i* an optic n]ve passes to ea* eyeball4 ,^! are s5sory n]ves1 & are devot$ to sight4 ,! ?ird1 f\r?1 & six? pairs proce$ to ! muscles ( ! eyes & control _! movem5ts4 ,^! are motor n]ves1 ! mov]s ( ! eye4 ,ea* ( ! fif? pair ( n]ves is 9 ?ree bran*es1 & proce$s ma9ly to ! face4 ,!y are call$ tri-facial1 & are mix$ n]ves1 p>tly s5sory & p>tly motor4 ,! fir/ bran* is purely s5sory1 & gives s5sibility to ! eyeball4 ,! second gives s5sibility to ! nose1 gums1 & *eeks4 ,! ?ird 7mix$7 gives ! special s5sation ( ta/e on ! front "p ( ! tongue1 & ord9>y s5sation on ! inn] side ( ! *eek1 on ! tee?1 & also on ! scalp 9 front ( ! e>4 ,! motor bran*es supply ! *ew+ muscles4 ,! sev5? pair1 ! facial1 proce$ to ! face1 :]e !y spread ov] ! facial muscles & control _! movem5ts4 ,! eigh? pair are ! auditory1 or n]ves ( he>+1 & are di/ribut$ to ! special organs ( he>+4 ,! next ?ree pairs ( n]ves all arise f ! m$ulla1 & escape f ! cavity ( ! skull ?r\gh ! same =am54 ,!y are sometimes describ$ z "o pair1 namely1 ! eigh?1 b x is m conv5i5t to consid] !m sep>ately4 ,! n9? pair1 ! glosso-ph>yngeal1 are p>tly s5sory & p>tly motor4 ,ea* n]ve conta9s two roots3 "o a n]ve ( ta/e1 :i* spreads ov] ! back "p ( ! tongue2 ! o!r a motor n]ve1 :i* controls ! muscles engag$ 9 swall[+4 ,! t5? pair1 ! pneumoga/ric1 also kn[n z ! vagus or w&]+ n]ves1 are ! longe/ & mo/ complex ( all ! cranial n]ves4 ,!y are bo? motor & s5sory1 & are "s ( ! mo/ important n]ves 9 ! body4 ,pass+ f ! m$ulla !y desc5d ne> ! sophagus to ! /oma*1 s5d+ (f1 on _! way1 bran*es to ! ?roat1 ! l>ynx1 ! lungs1 & ! he>t4 ,"s ( _! bran*es re/ra9 ! movem5ts ( ! he>t1 o!rs convey impressions to ! bra91 :i* result 9 quick5+ or sl[+ ! movem5ts ( brea?+4 ,o!r bran*es pass to ! /oma*1 & convey to ! bra9 impressions :i* in=m u ( ! condition ( t organ4 ,^! are ! n]ves by :i* we exp]i5ce ! feel+s ( pa9 9 ! /oma*1 hung]1 nausea1 & _m o!r vague impressions :i* we (t5 associate ) t organ4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aag4--;,ant]ior ,view ( ! ,m$ulla ,oblongata4 ,a1 *iasm ( ! optic n]ves2 ,b1 optic tracts2 ,c1 motor oculi communis2 ,d1 fif? n]ve2 ,e1 motor oculi ext]nus2 ,f1 facial n]ve2 ,h1 auditory n]ve2 ,i1 glosso-ph>yngeal n]ve2 ,k1 pneumoga/ric2 ,l1 sp9al accessory2 ,m1 c]vical n]ves2 ,n1 upp] extremity ( sp9al cord2 ,o1 decussation ( ! ant]ior pyramids2 ,r1 ant]ior pyramids ( ! m$ulla oblongata2 ,s1 pons ,v>olii4 ,! elev5? pair1 ! sp9al accessory1 are /rictly motor1 & supply ! muscles ( ! neck & ! back4 ,! twelf? pair1 ! hypoglossal1 are also motor1 pass to ! muscles ( ! tongue1 & help control ! delicate movem5ts 9 ! act ( spee*4 #bgb4 ,! ,sp9al ,cord4 ,?is is a long1 rod-l mass ( :ite n]ve fib]s1 surr\nd+ a c5tral mass ( gray matt]4 ,x is a cont9uation ( ! m$ulla oblongata1 & is lodg$ 9 ! canal ( ! sp9al column4 ,x ext5ds f ! base ( ! skull to ! l[] bord] ( ! fir/ lumb> v]tebra1 :]e x n>r[s (f to a sl5d] filam5t ( gray sub/ance4 ,! sp9al cord is f #af to #ah in*es long1 & has ab\t ! ?ickness ( "o's little f+]1 weigh+ ab\t #a-a_/b ounces4 ,l ! bra91 x is enclos$ 9 ?ree membranes1 :i* 9 fact are ! cont9uation ( ^? )9 ! skull4 ,!y protect ! delicate cord1 & convey vessels = its n\ri%m5t4 ,! space betwe5 ! two inn] membranes conta9s a small quantity ( fluid1 support+ ! cord1 z x 7 9 a wat]-ba?4 ,x is ?us gu>d$ aga9/ %ocks4 ,! cord is susp5d$ & kept 9 position 9 ! canal by delicate ligam5ts at regul> int]vals betwe5 ! inn] & out] membranes4 ,f9ally1 betwe5 ! canal1 enclos$ by its ?ree membranes1 & ! bony walls ( ! sp9al canal1 !re is consid]able fatty tissue1 a sort ( pack+ mat]ial1 imb$d$ 9 :i* are "s l>ge blood-vessels4 #bgc4 ,/ructure ( ! ,sp9al ,cord4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! p>ts ( ! sp9al cord is be/ und]/ood by a transv]se section4 ,two fissures1 "o beh9d1 ! o!r 9 front1 p5etrate deeply into ! cord1 v ne>ly divid+ x into lat]al halves4 ,9 ! middle ( ! i/hmus :i* jo9s ! two halves1 is a v m9ute op5+1 ! c5tral canal ( ! cord4 ,?is t9y *annel1 j visible to ! nak$ eye1 is connect$ ) "o ( ! op5+s ( ! m$ulla oblongata1 & ext5ds1 z d ! ant]ior & po/]ior fissures1 ! entire l5g? ( ! cord4 ,! sp9al cord1 l ! bra91 consi/s ( gray & :ite matt]1 b ! arrangem5t diff]s4 ,9 ! bra9 ! :ite matt] is )91 & ! gray matt] is on ! surface4 ,9 ! cord ! gray matt] is arrang$ 9 two half-moon-%ap$ masses1 ! backs ( :i* are connect$ at ! c5tral "p4 ,! :ite matt]1 consi/+ ma9ly ( fib]s1 runn+ = ! mo/ "p 9 ! direction ( ! l5g? ( ! cord1 is outside ( & surr\nds ! gray cresc5ts4 ,?us ea* half or side ( ! cord has its own gray cresc5t1 ! horns ( :i* po9t "o =w>ds & ! o!r backw>ds1 call$ respectively ! ant]ior & po/]ior cornua or horns4 ,x w also be se5 t ! :ite sub/ance itself1 9 ea* half ( ! cord1 is divid$ by ! horns ( ! gray matt] & by fib]s pass+ f !m into ?ree p>ts1 :i* are kn[n z ! ant]ior1 po/]ior1 & lat]al columns4 ,exp]im5t #acj4 ,procure at ! m>ket an un9jur$ piece ( ! sp9al cord f ! lo9 ( mutton or ! sirlo9 or ! rib ( beef4 ,aft] not+ its g5]al "* :ile fre%1 put x to soak 9 dilute alcohol1 until x is suffici5tly h>d to be cut 9 sections4 #bgd4 ,! ,sp9al ,n]ves4 ,f ! gray matt] on ea* side ( ! sp9al cord #ca sp9al n]ves are giv5 (f & di/ribut$ *iefly to ! muscles & ! sk94 ,!y pass out at regul> int]vals on ea* side ( ! canal1 by small op5+s betwe5 ! v]tebr4 ,hav+ escap$ f ! sp9e1 !y pass backw>ds & =w>ds1 ramify+ 9 ! s(t p>ts ( ! body4 ,! fir/ pair pass out betwe5 ! skull & ! atlas1 ! next betwe5 ! atlas & ! axis1 & s on d[n ! canal4 ,! eigh? pair1 call$ c]vical1 pass out 9 ! region ( ! neck2 twelve1 call$ dorsal1 9 ! region ( ! ribs2 five are lumb>1 & five sacral1 :ile ! la/ pair leave ! cord ne> ! coccyx4 ,ea* sp9al n]ve has two roots1 "o f ! ant]ior1 ! o!r f ! po/]ior portion ( ! cord4 ,^! unite & run side by side1 =m+ z !y pass betwe5 ! v]tebr "o silv]y ?read1 or n]ve trunk4 ,al?\gh b\nd up 9 "o bundle1 ! n]ve fib]s ( ! two roots rema9 q di/9ct1 & p]=m two entirely diff]5t functions4 ,aft] leav+ ! sp9al cord1 ea* n]ve divides aga9 & aga9 into f9] & f9] ?reads4 ,^! m9ute bran*es are di/ribut$ ?r\gh ! muscles1 & t]m9ate on ! surface ( ! body4 ,! ant]ior roots become motor n]ves1 _! bran*es be+ di/ribut$ to c]ta9 muscles ( ! body1 to control _! movem5ts4 ,! po/]ior roots develop into s5sory n]ves1 _! bran*es be+ di/ribut$ ?r\gh ! sk9 & ov] ! surface ( ! body to become n]ves ( t\*4 ,9 brief1 ! sp9al n]ves divide & subdivide1 to rea* ) _! twigs all p>ts ( ! body1 & provide e tissue ) a n]ve c5t]1 a /ation f :i* messages may be s5t to ! bra94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aah4--,side ,view ( ! ,sp9al ,cord4 7,%[+ ! fissures & columns47 ,a1 ant]ior m$ian fissure2 ,b1 po/]ior m$ian fissure2 ,c1 ant]ior lat]al fissure2 ,d1 po/]ior lat]al fissure2 ,e1 lat]al column2 ,f1 ant]ior column2 ,g1 po/]ior column2 ,h1 po/]ior m$ian column2 ,k1 ant]ior root2 ,l1 po/]ior root2 ,m1 ganglion ( ,n1 a sp9al n]ve4 #bge4 ,! ,functions ( ! ,sp9al ,n]ves4 ,! messages :i* pass along ! sp9al n]ves to & f ! bra9 are transmitt$ mo/ly ?r\gh ! gray matt] ( ! cord1 b "s pass along ! :ite matt] on ! out] "p4 ,z 9 ! bra91 h[ev]1 all ! active p[]s ( ! cord are conf9$ to ! gray matt]4 ,! sp9al n]ves !mselves h no?+ to d ) s5sation or w4 ,!y are m]ely conductors to c>ry messages to & fro4 ,!y nei!r issue comm&s nor feel a s5sation4 ,h5ce1 !y consi/ entirely ( :ite matt]4 #bgf4 ,functions ( ! ,sp9al ,cord4 ,! sp9al cord is ! pr9cipal *annel ?r\gh :i* all impulses f ! trunk & extremities pass to ! bra91 & all impulses to ! trunk & extremities pass f ! bra94 ,t is1 ! sp9al cord receives f v>i\s p>ts ( ! body by means ( its s5sory n]ves c]ta9 impressions1 & conveys !m to ! bra91 :]e !y are int]pret$4 ,! cord also transmits by means ( its motor n]ves ! comm&s ( ! bra9 to ! volunt>y muscles1 & s causes movem5t4 ,?us1 :5 ! cord is divid$ at any po9t1 compress$1 z by a tumor or brok5 bone1 or disorganiz$ by disease1 ! result is a complete loss ( s5sation & volunt>y movem5t bel[ ! po9t ( injury4 ,if by accid5t a man has 8 sp9al cord injur$ at "s po9t1 he f9ds he has lo/ all s5sation & p[] ( motion bel[ t spot4 ,! impulse to movem5t />t$ 9 8 bra9 by ! w does n rea* ! muscles he wi%es to move1 because travel+ d[n ! sp9al cord1 x _c pass ! seat ( injury4 ,s ! impression produc$ by prick+ ! leg ) a p91 :i*1 be=e pa9 c be felt1 mu/ travel up ! sp9al cord to ! bra91 _c rea* ! bra9 because ! injury ob/ructs ! pa?4 ,! telegraph wire has be5 cut1 & ! curr5t c no long] pass4 #bgg4 ,! ,sp9al ,cord z a ,conductor ( ,impulses4 ,! id5tity 9 /ructure ( ! sp9al n]ves1 :e!r motor or s5sory1 & ! va/ numb] ( n]ves 9 ! cord make x impossible to trace = any di/ance ) ! eye1 ev5 aid$ by ! microscope & ! mo/ skillful dissection1 ! c\rse ( n]ve fib]s4 ,! pa?s by :i* ! motor impulses travel d[n ! cord are fairly well kn[n4 ,^! impulses orig9ate 9 ! bra91 & pass+ d[n keep to ! same side ( ! cord1 & g out by n]ves to ! same side ( ! body4 ,! s5sory impulses1 h[ev]1 soon aft] !y ent] ! cord by ! n]ve ( "o side1 cross 9 ! cord to ! opposite side1 up :i* !y travel to ! bra94 ,?us ! de/ruction ( "o lat]al half ( ! cord causes p>alysis ( motion on ! same side z ! injury1 b loss ( s5sation on ! opposite side1 because ! po/]ior portion de/roy$ consi/s ( fib]s :i* h cross$ f ! opposite side4 ,exp]im5t proves t if bo? roots ( a sp9al n]ve be cut1 all ^? p>ts ( ! body to :i* !y s5d bran*es become p>alyz$1 & h nei!r s5se ( pa9 nor p[] ( volunt>y movem5t4 ,! p>ts might ev5 be cut or burn$ )\t pa94 ,x is precisely l cutt+ a telegraph wire & /opp+ ! curr5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aai4--,! ,base ( ! ,bra94 ,a1 ant]ior lobe ( ! c]ebrum2 ,b1 olfactory n]ve2 ,c1 sph5oid portion ( ! po/]ior lobe2 ,d1 optic *iasm2 ,e1 optic tract2 ,f1 abduc5s2 ,h1 ,m1 hemisph]es ( ! c]ebellum2 ,k1 occipital portion ( ! occipital lobe2 ,l1 fissure sep>at+ ! hemisph]es2 ,n1 m$ulla oblongata2 ,o1 oliv>y body2 ,p1 ant5or pyramids2 ,r1 pons ,valoru2 ,s1 section ( olfactory n]ve1 ) ! trunk remov$ to %[ sulcus 9 :i* x is lodg$2 ,t1 ant]ior extremity ( m$ian fissure ,exp]im5t also proves t if only ! po/]ior root ( a sp9al n]ve be cut1 all s5sation is lo/ 9 ! p>ts to :i* ! n]ve passes1 b ! p[] ( mov+ ^! p>ts is reta9$4 ,b if ! ant]ior root alone be divid$1 all p[] ( motion 9 ! p>ts suppli$ by t n]ve is lo/1 b s5sation rema9s4 ,f ^! & _m o!r exp]im5ts1 x is evid5t t ^? fib]s ( a n]ve :i* are d]iv$ f ! ant]ior root are motor1 & ^? f ! po/]ior root s5sory1 fib]s4 ,impulses s5t f ! bra9 & sp9al cord to muscles w1 !re=e1 pass along ! ant]ior roots ?r\gh ^? fib]s ( ! n]ves :i* are d]iv$ f ^! 7motor7 roots4 ,on ! o!r h&1 impressions or s5sations pass+ to ! bra9 w ent] ! sp9al cord & rea* ! bra9 ?r\gh ! po/]ior or s5sory roots4 #bgh4 ,! ,sp9al ,cord z a ,reflex ,c5t]4 ,besides ?is function ( ! sp9al cord z a great n]ve conductor to c>ry s5sations to ! bra91 & br+ back its ord]s1 x is also an indep5d5t c5t] = :at is call$ reflex action4 ,by means ( its s5sory n]ves x receives impressions f c]ta9 p>ts ( ! body1 & on its own au?ority s5ds back in/ructions to ! muscles by its motor n]ves1 )\t consult+ ! bra94 ,?is con/itutes reflex action1 s call$ because ! impulse s5t to ! sp9al cord by c]ta9 s5sory n]ves is at once reflect$ or s5t back z a motor impulse to ! muscles4 ,?is reflex action is a mo/ important function ( ! sp9al cord4 ,?is p[] is possess$ only by ! gray matt] ( ! cord1 ! :ite sub/ance be+ simply a conductor4 ,! cells ( gray matt] are f\nd all along ! cord1 b are gr\p$ toge!r 9 c]ta9 p>ts1 notably 9 ! c]vical & lumb> regions4 ,! cells ( ! ant]ior horns are 9 relation ) ! muscles by means ( n]ve fib]s1 & are also br\ght into connection ) ! sk9 & o!r s5sory surfaces1 by means ( n]ve fib]s runn+ 9 ! po/]ior "p ( ! cord4 ,?us !re is e/abli%$ 9 ! sp9al cord1 )\t ref]5ce to ! bra9 at all1 a reflex me*anism4 #bgi4 ,reflex ,c5t]s4 ,= ! purpose ( illu/ration1 we might consid] ! body z made up ( s _m segm5ts pil$ "o on ano!r1 ea* segm5t presid$ ov] by a simil> segm5t ( sp9al cord4 ,ea* bodily segm5t w\ld h s5sory & motor n]ves correspond+ to its connection ) ! sp9al cord4 ,! gr\p ( cells 9 ea* sp9al segm5t is intimately connect$ ) ! cells ( ! segm5ts above & bel[4 ,?us an impression rea*+ ! cells ( "o sp9al segm5t might be s /rong z to ov]fl[ into ! cells ( o!r segm5ts1 & ?us cause o!r p>ts ( ! body to be affect$4 ,take z an example ! case ( a *ild :o has eat5 improp] food1 :i* irritates its b[els4 ,s5sory n]ves ( ! b[els are di/urb$1 & p[]ful impressions are c>ri$ up to a c5t] 9 ! sp9al cord4 ,^! impressions may n[ ov]fl[ into o!r c5t]s1 f :i* spasmodic dis*>ges ( n]ve en]gy may be lib]at$1 :i* pass+ to ! muscles1 ?r[ !m into viol5t & spasmodic contraction4 ,9 o!r words1 ! *ild has a fit1 or convulsion4 ,all ?is di/urbance be+ ! result ( reflex action 7! spasmodic motions be+ q involunt>y1 z ! bra9 takes no "p 9 !m71 ! *ild mean:ile is1 ( c\rse1 entirely unconsci\s &1 h[ev] x may seem to be di/ress$1 really suff]s no pa94 ,scatt]$ along ! entire l5g? ( ! sp9al cord1 especially 9 ! upp] "p1 are gr\ps ( n]ve cells :i* preside ov] c]ta9 specific functions ( animal life2 t is1 def9ite collections ( cells :i* control def9ite functions4 ,?us !re are c]ta9 c5t]s = ma9ta9+ ! action ( ! he>t1 & ! movem5ts ( brea?+2 & l[ d[n 9 ! cord1 9 ! lumb> regions1 are c5t]s = ! control ( ! v>i\s abdom9al organs4 ,num]\s o!r reflex c5t]s are describ$ by physiologi/s1 b en\gh has be5 said to emphasize ! great importance ( ! sp9al cord z an indep5d5t n]ve c5t]1 besides its function z a conductor ( n]v\s impulses to & f ! bra94 #bhj4 ,! ,bra9 z a ,reflex ,c5t]4 ,! bra91 z we h j /at$1 is ! seat ( consci\sness & intellig5ce4 ,x is also ! seat ( _m reflex1 automatic1 & coord9at+ c5t]s4 ,^! give rise to c]ta9 reflex actions :i* are z entirely indep5d5t ( consci\sness z are ^? ( ! sp9al cord4 ,^! acts take place indep5d5tly ( ! w1 & (t5 )\t ! consci\sness ( ! individual4 ,?us1 a sudd5 fla% ( light causes ! eyes to bl9k1 z ! result ( reflex action4 ,! optic n]ves s]ve z ! s5sory1 & ! facial n]ves z ! motor1 conductors4 ,! sudd5 />t ( ! :ole body at "s l\d noise1 ! in/9ctive dodg+ a ?reat5$ bl[1 & ! spr++ back f sudd5 dang]1 are ! results ( reflex action4 ,! result ensues 9 ^! & 9 _m o!r in/ances1 )\t ! consci\sness ( ! individual1 & inde$ beyond 8 p[] ( control4 #bha4 ,! ,importance ( ,reflex ,action4 ,reflex action is ?us a m>vel\s provision ( nature = our com=t1 heal?1 & safety4 ,its va/ influ5ce is n realiz$1 z its numb]less acts are s cont9ually go+ on )\t our k4 ,9 fact1 ! great] "p ( n]ve p[] is exp5d$ to produce reflex action4 ,! bra9 is ?us reliev$ ( a va/ am\nt ( "w4 ,x w\ld be impossible = ! bra9 to s]ve z a ?9k+ c5t] to control e act ( our daily life4 ,if we _h to plan & to w e he>t-beat or e respiration1 ! /ruggle = life w\ld soon be giv5 up4 ,! fact t ! gray cells ( ! sp9al cord c orig9ate a c\ntless numb] ( reflex & automatic activities is n only ( great importance 9 protect+ ! body f injury1 b increases va/ly ! range ( ! activities ( our daily life4 ,ev5 walk+1 rid+ ! bicycle1 play+ on a piano1 & numb]less o!r su* acts may be reflex movem5ts4 ,to le>n h[1 requires1 ( c\rse1 ! action ( ! bra91 b ) frequ5t repetition ! muscles become s accu/om$ to c]ta9 successive movem5ts1 t !y are cont9u$ by ! cord )\t ! control ( ! bra94 ,?us we may acquire a sort ( artificial reflex action1 :i* 9 "t becomes 9 a way a "p ( our organization1 & is c>ri$ on )\t w p[] or ev5 consci\sness4 ,s1 :ile ! h&s are busily do+ "o ?+1 ! bra9 c be int5tly ?9k+ ( ano!r4 ,9 fact1 any attempt to control reflex action is m apt to h9d] ?an to help4 ,9 com+ rapidly d[n /airs1 ! desc5t w be made ) ease & safety if ! sp9al cord is all[$ entire *>ge ( ! act1 b ! *ances ( /umbl+ or ( tripp+ are v mu* increas$ if ea* /ep be tak5 z ! result ( ! w p[]4 ,! reflex action ( ! cord may be dim9i%$1 or inhibit$ z x is call$1 b ?is p[] is limit$4 ,?us1 we c by an ef=t ( ! w /op brea?+ = a c]ta9 "t1 b beyond t ! reflex me*anism ov]comes our w & we c\ld n1 if we w\ld1 commit suicide by hold+ our brea?4 ,:5 we are asleep1 if ! palm ( ! h& be tickl$1 x closes2 :5 we are awake we c prev5t x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abj4--;,dr4 ,wall]'s ,diagrammatic ,illu/ration ( ! ,reflex ,process4 ,f ! s5ti5t surface 7#a7 an aff]5t impulse passes along 7#b7 to ! po/]ior root ( ! sp9al cord1 ! n]ve fib]s ( ! po/]ior root end+ 9 m9ute filam5ts among ! small cells ( ?is "p ( ! cord 7#c74 ,9 "s unkn[n way ?is impulse passes across ! gray "p ( ! cord to ! l>ge cells ( ! ant]ior root 7#e71 ! cells ( ?is "p be+ connect$ by _! axis-cyl9d] ) ! eff]5t fib]s 7#f74 ,^! convey ! /imulus to ! fib]s ( ! muscle 7#g71 :i* accord+ly contract4 ,:]e ! bra9 is conc]n$ 9 ! action ! circuit is long] ?r\gh ,s & ,m4 ,exp]im5t #aca4 ,to illu/rate reflex action by :at is call$ knee-j]k4 ,sit on a *air1 & cross ! "r leg ov] ! left "o4 ,) ! tips ( ! f+]s or ! back ( a book1 /rike ! "r ligam5tum patell4 ,! "r leg w be rais$ & ?r[n =w>d ) a j]k1 ow+ to ! contraction ( ! quadriceps muscles4 ,an appreciable "t elapses betwe5 ! /rik+ ( ! t5don & ! j]k4 ,! pres5ce or abs5ce ( ! knee-j]k may be a mo/ significant symptom to ! physician4 #bhb4 ,! ,sympa!tic ,sy/em4 ,runn+ along ea* side ( ! sp9e1 f ! base ( ! skull to ! coccyx1 is a *a9 ( n]ve knots1 or ganglia4 ,^! ganglia1 tw5ty-f\r on ea* side1 & _! bran*es =m ! sympa!tic sy/em1 z di/+ui%$ f ! c]ebro-sp9al sy/em consi/+ ( ! bra9 & sp9al cord & ! n]ves spr++ f !m4 ,! ganglia ( ! sympa!tic sy/em are connect$ ) ea* o!r & ) ! s5sory roots ( ! sp9al n]ves by a network ( gray n]ve fib]s4 ,at ! upp] end ! *a9 ( ea* side passes up into ! cranium & is closely connect$ ) ! cranial n]ves4 ,9 ! neck1 bran*es pass to ! lungs & ! he>t4 ,f ! ganglia 9 ! *e/ ?ree n]ves =m a complicat$ network ( fib]s1 f :i* bran*es pass to ! /oma*1 ! liv]1 ! inte/9es1 ! kidneys1 & o!r abdom9al organs4 ,a simil> network ( fib]s is situat$ l[] d[n 9 ! pelvis1 f :i* bran*es are di/ribut$ to ! pelvic organs4 ,at ! coccyx ! two *a9s unite into a s+le ganglion4 ,?us1 9 g5]al1 ! sympa!tic sy/em1 :ile intimately connect$ ) ! c]ebro-sp9al1 =ms a close network ( n]ves :i* specially accompany ! m9ute blood-vessels1 & are di/ribut$ to ! muscles ( ! he>t1 ! lungs1 ! /oma*1 ! liv]1 ! inte/9es1 & ! kidneys--t is1 ! holl[ organs ( ! body4 #bhc4 ,! ,functions ( ! ,sympa!tic ,sy/em4 ,?is sy/em ex]cises a sup]9t5d+ influ5ce ov] ! great] "p ( ! int]nal organs ( ! body1 controll+ to a c]ta9 ext5t ! functions ( dige/ion1 nutrition1 circulation1 & respiration4 ,! influ5ce ?us especially connect$ ) ! processes ( organic life is g5]ally diff]5t f1 or ev5 oppos$ to1 t convey$ to ! same organs by fib]s runn+ 9 ! sp9al or cranial n]ves4 ,^! impulses are beyond ! control ( ! w4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aba4--,! ,c]vical & ,?oracic ,portion ( ! ,sympa!tic ,n]ve & its ,ma9 ,bran*es4 ,a1 "r pneumoga/ric2 ,b1 sp9al accessory2 ,c1 glosso-ph>yngeal2 ,d1 "r bron*us2 ,e1 "r bran* ( pulmon>y art]y2 ,f1 "o ( ! int]co/al n]ves2 ,h1 great splan*nic n]ve2 ,k1 sol> plexus2 ,l1 left pneumoga/ric2 ,m1 /oma* bran*es ( "r pneumoga/ric2 ,n1 "r v5tricle2 ,o1 "r auricle2 ,p1 trunk ( pulmon>y art]y2 ,r1 aorta2 ,s1 c>diac n]ves2 ,t1 recurr5t l>yngeal n]ve2 ,u1 sup]ior l>yngeal n]ve2 ,v1 submaxill>y ganglion2 ,w1 l+ual bran* ( ! #e? n]ve2 ,x1 oph?almic ganglion2 ,y1 motor oculi ext]nus4 ,h5ce1 all ^! actions ( ! int]nal organs j m5tion$ t are necess>y to ! ma9t5ance ( ! animal life1 & ( ! h>mony :i* mu/ exi/ betwe5 !m1 are controll$ by ! sympa!tic sy/em4 ,b = ?is control1 ! he>t w\ld /op beat+ dur+ sleep1 dige/ion w\ld cease1 & brea?+ w\ld be susp5d$4 ,g5tle irritation ( ^! n]ves1 induc$ by contact ( food 9 ! /oma*1 causes t organ to beg9 ! *urn+ motion ne$$ = dige/ion4 ,v>i\s m5tal emotions also h a reflex action ^u ! sympa!tic sy/em4 ,?us1 t]ror dilates ! pupils1 fe> acts ^u ! n]ves ( ! small blood-vessels ( ! face to produce pallor1 & ! sight ( an accid5t1 or ev5 ! emotions produc$ by he>+ ( "o1 may excite nausea & vomit+4 ,! control ( ! blood-vessels1 z has be5 /at$ 7sec4 #aie71 is "o ( ! special functions ( ! sympa!tic sy/em4 ,?r\gh ! n]ves di/ribut$ to ! muscul> coats ( ! art]ies1 ! calib] ( ^! vessels c be v>i$1 s t at "o mom5t !y p]mit a l>ge quantity ( blood to pass1 & at ano!r w contract s z to dim9i% ! supply4 ,?is1 too1 is beyond ! control ( ! w1 & is br\ght ab\t by ! vaso-motor n]ves ( ! sympa!tic sy/em ?r\gh a reflex arrangem5t1 ! c5t] = :i* is ! m$ulla oblongata4 #bhd4 ,ne$ ( ,re/4 ,! life ( ! body1 z has be5 emphasiz$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s1 is subject to con/ant wa/e go+ on e mom5t1 f ! fir/ brea? ( infancy to ! la/ h\r ( old age4 ,we %\ld spe$ily exhau/ our life f ?is cont9ual loss1 b = its con/ant r5ewal ) fre% mat]ial4 ,?is exhau/ion ( life is increas$ by ex]tion1 & ! process ( repair is va/ly promot$ by re/4 ,?us1 :ile ex]cise is a duty1 re/ is equally imp]ative4 ,! eye1 :5 exact+ly us$ 9 f9e "w1 %\ld h frequ5t int]vals ( re/ 9 a few mom5ts ( d>kness by clos+ ! lids4 ,! bra91 :5 urg$ by /r5u\s /udy1 %\ld h occasional seasons ( re/ by a da% ( cold wat] ^u ! =ehead1 & a brief walk ) sl[ & deep inspirations ( fre% air4 ,! muscles1 long cramp$ 9 a pa9ful attitude1 %\ld be re/$ z (t5 z may be1 by *ange ( po/ure or by a few /eps ar\nd ! room4 ,x is n entirely ! am\nt ( "w done1 b ! cont9uity ( /ra9 t we>s ^u ! body4 ,ev5 a brief re/ int]rupts ?is /ra92 x unclogs ! :eels ( action4 ,our bodies are n design$ = cont9u\s toil4 ,an alt]nation ( labor & re/ dim9i%es ! wa/e ( life4 ,! b5ign process ( repair _c g on1 to any ext5t1 dur+ /r5u\s labor1 b by int]pos+ frequ5t ?\gh brief p]iods ( re/1 we less5 ! am\nt ( exhau/ion1 refre% ! jad$ n]ves1 & ! rema9+ labor is m easily endur$4 #bhe4 ,b5efits ( ,re/4 ,!re is too little repose 9 our ,am]ican nature & 9 our modes ( life4 ,a s5se ( fatigue is ! mute appeal ( ! body = a brief respite f labor1 & ! appeal %\ld1 if possible1 be he$$4 ,if ?is appeal be n met1 ! future ex]tion exhau/s f> m ?an if ! body _h be5 ev5 slightly refre%$4 ,if ! appeal be met1 ! brief mid-labor re/ eases ! friction ( toil1 & ! rema9+ labor is m easily borne4 ,! feel+ t a five-m9ute re/ is s mu* "t lo/ is q an error4 ,x is a ga9 ( physical /r5g?1 ( m5tal vigor1 & ( ! total am\nt ( "w done4 ,! m]*ant burd5$ ) ! c>es ( bus9ess life1 ! soldi] on ! long m>*1 ! ambiti\s /ud5t ov]-anxi\s to w9 success 9 8 /udies1 ! h\sewife we>i$ ) h] _m h\rs ( exact+ toil1 ea* w\ld make ! task light]1 & w\ld get ?r\gh x ) less loss ( vital =ce1 by occasionally devot+ a few m9utes to absolute re/ 9 entire relaxation ( ! /ra9$ muscles & ov]tax$ n]ves4 #bhf4 ,! ,sabba? z a ,day ( ,physiological ,re/4 ,! div9e in/itution ( a ,sabba? ( re/1 "o day 9 sev51 is bas$ ^u ! highe/ ne$s ( our nature4 ,re/1 to be mo/ effective1 %\ld alt]nate 9 brief p]iods ) labor4 ,x is s\nd physiology1 z well z good morals & mann]s1 to cease f ! usual r\t9e ( six days ( m5tal or physical "w1 & re/ bo? ! m9d & ! body on ! sev5?4 ,^? :o h succe$$ be/ 9 :at !y h und]tak51 & :o h enjoy$ s\nd heal? dur+ a long & useful life1 h /udi\sly liv$ up to ! m&ates ( ?is great physiological law4 ,x is by no means c]ta9 t ! t5d5cy n[adays to devote ! ,sabba? to long trips on ! bicycle1 tiresome excursions by l& & sea1 & sight-see+ g5]ally1 af=ds t real re/ f a physiological po9t ( view :i* nature dem&s aft] six days ( well-direct$ manual or m5tal labor4 #bhg4 ,! ,significance ( ,sleep z a ,p]iodical ,re/4 ,( ! *ief *>act]i/ics ( all liv+ be+s none is s significant z _! p]iodicity4 ,plants z well z animals exhibit ?is p]iodic "*4 ,?us plants h _! annual z well z daily p]iods ( activity & inactivity4 ,hib]nat+ animals pass ! w9t] 9 a condition ( unconsci\sness only to h _! functions ( activity re/or$ 9 e>ly spr+4 ,human be+s also pres5t _m in/ances ( a p]iodic "*1 _m ( :i* h be5 m5tion$ 9 ! prec$+ pages4 ,?us we h le>n$ t ! he>t has its regul> alt]nat+ p]iods ( "w & re/4 ,aft] e expiration f ! lungs !re is a pause be=e ! next inspiration beg9s4 ,n[ sleep is j ano!r manife/ation ( ?is p]iodic & physiological re/ by :i* ,nature refre%es u4 ,x is dur+ ! p]iods ( sleep t ! en]gy exp5d$ 9 ! activities ( ! wak+ h\rs is ma9ly r5ew$4 ,9 our wak+ mom5ts ! m9d is kept incessantly active by ! dem&s made on x ?r\gh ! s5ses4 ,!re is a nev]-ceas+ exp5diture ( en]gy & a consequ5t wa/e :i* mu/ be repair$4 ,a "t soon comes :5 ! bra9 cells fail to respond to ! dem&1 & sleep mu/ sup]v5e4 ,h[ev] resolutely we may resi/ ?is dem&1 ,nature1 9 h] rel5tless way1 puts u to sleep1 no matt] :at objects are br\ght be=e ! m9d ) a view to reta9 its att5tion4#da #bhh4 ,effect ( ,sleep ^u ! ,bodily ,functions4 ,9 all ! high] animals1 ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em ent]s once at lea/ 9 ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs into ! condition ( re/ :i* we call sleep4 ,inasmu* z ! mo/ important modifications ( ?is function are obs]v$ 9 connection ) ! c]ebro-sp9al sy/em1 a brief consid]ation ( ! subject is prop]ly /udi$ 9 ?is *apt]4 ,9 ,*apt] ,,iv4 we le>n$ t repose 0 z necess>y z ex]cise to ma9ta9 muscul> vigor4 ,s aft] prolong$ m5tal ex]tion1 or 9 fact any ef=t :i* involves an exp5diture ( :at is (t5 call$ n]ve-=ce1 sleep becomes a necessity4 ,! ne$ ( su* a re/ is self-evid5t1 & ! loss ( x is a common cause ( ! impairm5t ( heal?4 ,:ile we are awake & active1 ! wa/e ( ! body exce$s ! repair2 b :5 asleep1 ! wa/e is dim9i%$1 & ! cells are m actively rebuild+ ! /ructure = to-morr['s labor4 ,! organic functions1 su* z are "u ! direct control ( ! sympa!tic n]v\s sy/em1--circulation1 respiration1 & dige/ion1--are dim9i%$ 9 activity dur+ sleep4 ,! pulsations ( ! he>t & ! respiratory movem5ts are less frequ5t1 & ! circulation is sl[]4 ,! bodily temp]ature is r$uc$1 & ! c]ebral circulation is dim9i%$4 ,! eyes are turn$ upw>d & inw>d1 & ! pupils are contract$4 ,! s5ses d n all fall to sleep at once1 b drop (f successively3 fir/ ! sight1 !n ! smell1 ! ta/e1 ! he>+ & la/ly ! t\*4 ,! sleep end$1 !y awake 9 an inv]se ord]1 t\*1 he>+1 ta/e1 smell1 & sight4 #bhi4 ,! ,am\nt ( ,sleep ,requir$4 ,no precise rule c be laid d[n conc]n+ ! am\nt ( sleep requir$4 ,x v>ies ) age1 occupation1 temp]am5t1 & climate to a c]ta9 ext5t4 ,an infant ^: ma9 bus9ess x is to gr[ sp5ds ! great] "p ( its "t 9 s\nd sleep4 ,adults ( av]age age :o "w h>d ) _! h&s or bra91 "u p]fectly normal physiological conditions1 usually require at lea/ eight h\rs ( sleep4 ,"s ne$ less1 b few require m4 ,p]sonal peculi>ities1 & p]haps habit to a great ext5t1 ex]t a m>k$ influ5ce4 ,"s ( ! greate/ m51 z ,napoleon ,i41 h be5 v sp>+ sleep]s4 ,?r\gh\t 8 long & active life1 ,fr$]ick ! ,great nev] slept m ?an five or six h\rs 9 ! tw5ty-f\r4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "s ( ! busie/ bra9-work]s :o liv$ to old age1 z ,william ,cull5 ,bryant & ,h5ry ,w>d ,bee*]1 requir$ & took c>e to secure at lea/ eight or n9e h\rs ( s\nd sleep e night4 ,9 old age1 less sleep is usually requir$ ?an 9 adult life1 :ile ! ag$ may pass mu* ( _! "t 9 sleep4 ,9 fact1 ea* p]son le>ns by exp]i5ce h[ mu* sleep is necess>y4 ,!re is no "o ?+ :i* m unfits "o = prolong$ m5tal or physical ef=t ?an ! loss ( natural re/4 #bij4 ,practical ,rules ab\t ,sleep4 ,*ildr5 %\ld n be play$ ) boi/]\sly j be=e ! b$time h\r1 nor _! m9ds excit$ ) weird gobl9 /ories1 or a long "t may pass be=e ! wide-op5 eyes & agitat$ n]ves become compos$ to slumb]4 ,di/urb$ or insuffici5t sleep is a pot5t factor t[>ds produc+ a fretful1 irritable *ild4 ,at all ages ! la/ h\r be=e sleep %\ld1 if possible1 be sp5t quietly1 to smoo? ! way t[>ds s\nd & refre%+ re/4 ,! sleep induc$ by m$ic9e is v (t5 tr\bl$ & unsatisfactory4 ,m$ic9es ( ?is sort %\ld n be tak5 except on ! advice ( a physician4 ,:ile a he>ty meal %\ld n usually be tak5 j be=e b$time1 x is n well to g to b$ ) a s5se ( positive fa9tness & hung]4 ,r1 "o %\ld take a v light lun* ( q simple food z a support = ! next eight h\rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abb4--,trunk ( ! ,left ,pneumoga/ric4 7,%[+ its di/ribution by its bran*es & ganglia to ! l>ynx1 ph>ynx1 he>t1 lungs1 & o!r p>ts47 ,x is bett]1 z a rule1 n to engage 9 sev]e /udy dur+ ! h\rs j be=e b$time4 ,nei!r body nor m9d be+ at its be/ aft] ! fatigues ( ! day1 /udy at t "t we>s ^u ! sy/em m1 & ! progress is less ?an at e>li] h\rs4 ,"o h\r ( morn+ or day /udy is wor? a mu* long] "t late at night4 ,x is1 !re=e1 an economy bo? ( "t & ( n]ve =ce to use ! day h\rs & ! e>ly ev5+ = /udy4 ,! s-call$ cat naps %\ld nev] be made to s]ve z a sub/itute = a full night's sleep4 ,!y are l>gely a matt] ( habit1 & are detrim5tal to "s z well z b5eficial to o!rs4 ,late h\rs are usually associat$ ) exposure1 excitem5t1 & v>i\s o!r dra9s ^u ! n]ve =ce1 & h5ce are injuri\s4 ,x is bett] to sleep on "o or o!r side ?an on ! back4 ,! head %\ld be some:at rais$1 & a mattress is bett] ?an a fea!r b$4 ,! b$clo!s %\ld be suffici5t1 b n too heavy4 ,light t5ds to prev5t sleep1 z d l\d or abrupt s\nds1 b monoton\s s\nds aid x4 #bia4 ,alcohol & ! ,bra94 ,! un=tunate effects :i* alcoholic dr9ks produce ^u ! bra9 & n]v\s sy/em diff] f ! de/ructive results ^u o!r p>ts ( ! body 9 ?is respect1 t else:]e ! consequ5ces are usually bo? less spe$y & less obvi\s4 ,! /oma*1 ! liv]1 & ev5 ! he>t may endure = a :ile ! trespass ( ! n>cotic poison1 & n betray ! invasion4 ,b ! n]v\s sy/em _c1 l !m1 suff] 9 sil5ce4 ,9 ! o!r p>ts ( ! body ! victim may 7to a c]ta9 ext5t7 conceal f o!rs ! suff]+ ( :i* he himself is pa9fully consci\s4 ,b ! tortur$ bra9 in/antly reveals ! calamity & ! %ame1 :ile ! only "o :o may n fully realize x is ! victim himself4 ,besides ?is1 ! injuries inflict$ ^u o!r organs affect only ! body1 b "h !y drag d[n ! m9d1 ru9 ! morals1 & de/roy ! "*4 ,! bra9 is inde$ ! mo/ important organ ( ! body1 z x presides ov] all ! o!rs4 ,x is ! l(ty seat ( p[] & au?ority4 ,"h ! k+ is on 8 ?rone4 ,b if1 by ?is malignant adv]s>y1 ! k+ himself be de?ron$1 8 :ole empire falls to ru9s4 #bib4 ,h[ ,alcohol ,injures ! ,bra94 ,! bra91 ! n]ve c5t]s1 & ! n]ves are all made up ( n]ve pulp1 ! s(te/ & mo/ delicate tissue 9 ! :ole bodily /ructure4 ,:]ev] ?is fragile mat]ial occurs 9 our bodies1--9 ! skull1 ! sp9e1 ! trunk1 or ! limbs1--! all-wise ,ar*itect has c>efully protect$ x f viol5ce1 = a r\gh t\* w\ld injure x1 or ev5 t5d] pressure w\ld di/urb its function4 ,x is a fur!r indication ( ! supreme importance ( ! bra91 t ab\t "o-fif? ( ! entire blood ( ! body is furni%$ to x4 ,manife/ly1 !n1 ?is vital organ mu/ be t5d]ly c>$ =4 ,x mu/ inde$ be well n\ri%$1 & !re=e ! blood s5t to x mu/ be highly nutri5t1 capable ( supply+ oxyg5 freely4 ,?is condition is ess5tial to successful bra9 action4 ,b intoxicants br+ to x blood sur*>g$ ) a poison\s liquid1 & be>+ only a limit$ supply ( oxyg54 ,ano!r condition ( a heal?y bra9 is t ! supply ( blood to x %all be equable & uni=m4 ,b "u ! influ5ce ( /rong dr9k1 ! blood p\rs into ! p>alyz$ art]ies a surg+ tide t floods ! head1 & h9d]s & may de/roy ! use ( ! bra9 & ! s5ses4 ,/ill ano!r requirem5t is t :atev] is introduc$ into ! c]ebral tissues1 hav+ fir/ pass$ ?r\gh ! /oma* walls & !nce into ! blood1 %all be bl&1 n irritat+4 ,b 9 ! bra9 ( ! inebriate are f\nd n only ! di/9ct odor b ! actual pres5ce ( alcohol4 ,?us we pla9ly see h[ all ^! ?ree vital conditions ( a heal?y bra9 are grossly violat$ by ! use ( intoxicants4 ,i ?9k !re is a great deal ( injury be+ done by ! use ( alcohol 9 :at is suppos$ by ! consum] to be a mo/ mod]ate quantity1 to p]sons :o are n 9 ! lea/ intemp]ate1 & to p suppos$ to be fairly well4 ,x leads to deg5]ation ( ! tissues2 x damages ! heal?2 x injures ! intellect4 ,%ort ( drunk5ness1 t is1 9 ^? effects ( x :i* /op %ort ( drunk5ness1 ,i %\ld say f my exp]i5ce t alcohol is ! mo/ de/ructive ag5t we are aw>e ( 9 ?is c\ntry4--,sir ,william ,gull1 ! mo/ em95t ,engli% physician ( our "t4 #bic4 ,:y ! ,bra9 ,suff]s f ! ,alcoholic ,habit4 ,we d n f9d t ! alcoholic habit has produc$ 9 ! bra9 ! same co>se injuries t we see 9 o!r organs1 z 9 ! /oma*1 ! liv]1 or ! he>t4 ,nor %\ld we expect to f9d !m2 = s delicate & s s5sitive is ! /ructure ( ?is organ1 t a v slight injury "h goes a great way1--a di/urbance may be ov]:elm+ to ! bra9 t w\ld be only a trifle to "s ( ! less delicate organs4 ,alcohol has diff]5t degrees ( aff9ity = diff]5t organs ( ! body1 b mu* ! /ronge/ = ! c]ebral tissues4 ,!re=e ! bra9 feels m ke5ly ! pres5ce ( alcohol ?an does any o!r organ4 ,almo/ ! mom5t t ! poison is br\ght into ! /oma*1 ! n]ves s5d up ! al>m t an invad+ foe has come4 ,at once !re foll[s a %ock to ! bra91 & v soon its p>alyz$ blood-vessels are di/5d$ ) ! ru% ( blood4 ,?is fir/ effect is1 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 exhil>at+1 & f ?is ar\s+ influ5ce alcohol has be5 errone\sly consid]$ a /imulant2 b ! falsity ( ?is view is po9t$ out else:]e 9 ?is book4 #bid4 ,alcohol1 ! ,enemy ( ,bra9 ,"w4 ,! heal?y bra9 conta9s a l>g] proportion ( wat] ?an does any o!r organ4 ,n[ alcohol1 ) its int5se aff9ity = wat]1 absorbs x f ! bra91 & ?us cond5ses & h>d5s its /ructure4 ,"o ( ! important elem5ts ( ! bra9 is its album52 ?is also is contract$ by alcohol4 ,! n]ve cells & fib]s gradually become %rivel$ & _! activity is l[]$1 ! ela/icity ( ! art]ies is dim9i%$1 ! membranes envelop+ ! bra9 are ?ick5$1 & ?us all prop] bra9 nutrition is impair$4 ,! entire organ is sl[ly h>d5$1 & becomes unfitt$ = ! prop] p]=mance ( its delicate duties4 ,9 brief1 alcohol 9 any & e =m is ! enemy ( successful & long-cont9u$ bra9 "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abc4--,n]ve ,trunks ( ! ,"r ,arm4 #bie4 ,o!r ,physical ,results ( ,intoxicants4 ,:at are "s ( ! physical results obs]v$8 ,fir/1 we note ! failure ( ! vaso-motor n]ves to ma9ta9 ! prop] tone ( ! blood-vessels1 z 9 ! turgid face & ! conge/$ cornea ( ! eye4 ,aga91 we obs]ve ! loss ( muscul> control1 z is %[n by ! drop ( ! l[] lip1 ! ?ick5$ spee*1 & ! w&]+ eye4 ,! sp9al cord1 too1 is (t5 affect$ & becomes unable to respond to ! dem& = reflex action1 z appe>s f ! trembl+ h&s1 ! /agg]+ legs1 ! sway+ body1 & ! g5]al muscul> unc]ta9ty4 ,all ^! are v>i$ results ( ! tempor>y p>alysis ( ! great n]ve c5t]s4 ,besides1 ! s5sibility ( ! n]ves is dead5$4 ,! inebriate may seize a hot iron & h>dly "k x1 or w\nd 8 h& pa9fully & nev] feel ! injury4 ,! numbness is n ( ! sk91 b ( ! bra91 = ! drunk5 man may be froz5 or burn$ to dea? )\t pa94 ,! s5ses1 too1 are invad$ & dull$4 ,d\ble vision is produc$1 ! eyes n be+ s controll$ z to br+ ! image ^u correspond+ po9ts ( ! ret9a4 #bif4 ,diseases ,produc$ by ,alcohol4 ,! diseases t foll[ 9 ! tra9 ( ! alcoholic habit are num]\s & fatal4 ,x lays its p>alyz+ h& ^u ! bra9 itself1 & soon p]man5tly de/roys ! integrity ( its functions4 ,9 "s ! p>alysis is local only1 p]haps 9 "o ( ! limbs1 or on "o side ( ! body2 9 o!rs !re is a g5]al muscul> failure4 ,! vitality ( ! n]ve c5t]s is s ?or\ghly impair$ t g5]al p>alysis (t5 ensues4 ,a condition ( insomnia1 or sleeplessness1 (t5 foll[s1 or :5 sleep does come1 x is 9 fragm5ts1 & is f> f refre%+ to ! jad$ body4 ,9 "t foll[s ano!r & a t]rible disease kn[n z delirium trem5s2 & ?is may occur 9 ^? :o claim to be only mod]ate dr9k]s1 r>ely if ev] intoxicat$4 ,x accompanies an utt] breakd[n ( ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,"h reason is = ! "t de?ron$1 :ile at "s times wild & frantic1 or at o!rs a l[1 mumbl+ delirium occurs1 ) a m>k$ trembl+ f t]ror & exhau/ion4 ,!re is /ill ano!r dep? ( ru9 9 ?is d[nw>d c\rse1 & t is insanity4 ,9 fact1 e in/ance ( complete intoxication is a case ( tempor>y insanity1 t is1 ( m5tal uns\ndness ) loss ( self-control4 ,p]man5t insanity may be "o ( ! la/ results ( intemp]ance4 ,alcoholism s5ds to our insane asylums a l>ge proportion ( _! inmates1 z ample records te/ify4 #big4 ,m5tal & ,moral ,ru9 ,caus$ by ,alcoholism4 ,alcoholism1 ! evil pr9ce ( de/roy]s1 also ha/5s to lay wa/e man's m5tal & moral nature4 ,j z ! inebriate's s5ses1 sight1 he>+1 & t\*1 fail to report correctly ( ! out] _w1 s ! m9d fails to preside prop]ly ov] ! inn] realm4 ,m5tal p]ceptions are dull$4 ,! /upefi$ faculties c h>dly be ar\s$ by any appeal4 ,memory fails4 ,?us ! man is disqualifi$ = any responsible labor4 ,no railroad company1 no m]cantile h\se1 w employ any "o addict$ to dr9k+4 ,! m9d ( ! drunk>d is unable to reta9 a s+le *a9 ( ?\ght1 b gropes ab\t ) idle que/ion+s4 ,! intellect is debas$4 ,judgm5t is impossible1 = ! un/able m9d _c ?9k1 comp>e1 or decide4 ,! once active p[] ( ! w is pro/rate1 & ! victim c no long] resi/ ! feeble/ impulse ( temptation4 ,! gr& faculty ( self-control is lo/2 & z a result1 ! bas] in/9cts ( our l[] nature are n[ upp]mo/2 gre$ & appetite rule unre/ra9$4 ,b ! moral p[] is also dragg$ d[n to ! l[e/ dep?s4 ,all ! f9] s5sibilities ( "* are dead5$2 all pride ( p]sonal appe>ance1 all nice self-respect & prop] reg>d = ! good op9ion ( o!rs1 e s5se ( decorum1 & at la/ e pret5ce ( dec5cy4 ,dignity ( behavior yields to cl[ni% sill9ess1 & ! p]son lately respect$ is n[ an object ( pity & loa?+4 ,! great c5tral convictions ( "r & wrong n[ f9d no place 9 8 nature2 consci5ce is qu5*$1 di%one/y prevails4 ,?is is true bo? z to ! solemn promises1 :i* prove m]e idle tales1 & also z to prop]ty1 = he resorts to any =m ( fraud or !ft to fe$ ! consum+ crav+ = m dr9k4 #bih4 ,evil ,results ( ,alcoholism ,inh]it$4 ,b ! calamity does n end ) ! (f5d]4 ,x may foll[ d[n ! family l9e1 & fa/5 itself ^u ! un(f5d+ *ildr54 ,^! (t5 inh]it ! crav+ = dr9k1 ) ! enfeebl$ nature t _c resi/ ! crav+1 & s are almo/ inevitably doom$ to foll[ ! appall+ c>e] ( _! p>5ts be=e !m4 ,nor does ?is cruel ta9t /op ) ! *ildr54 ,ev5 _! desc5dants are (t5 prone to become p]v]se4 ,z "o example1 c>eful /ati/ics ( a l>ge numb] ( families1 m ?an two hundr$ desc5d$ f drunk>ds1 %[ t a v l>ge portion ( !m gave und\bt$ pro( ( well-m>k$ deg5]ation4 ,?is 0 pla9 9 ! unusual preval5ce ( infant mortality1 convulsions1 epilepsy1 hy/]ia1 fatal bra9 diseases1 & actual imbecility4#db ,x is f\nd t ! long-cont9u$ habitual us] ( alcoholic dr9ks1 ! man :o is nev] intoxicat$1 b :o w tell y t he has drunk :iskey all 8 life )\t be+ h>m$ by x1 is m likely to transmit ! evil effects to 8 *ildr5 ?an ! man :o has occasional drunk5 outbreaks ) int]vals ( p]fect sobriety betwe54 ,by 8 frequ5tly repeat$ small drams he keeps 8 tissues con/antly alcoholiz$ to su* an ext5t t !y are seldom free f "s ( ! m or less s]i\s consequ5ces4 ,8 *ildr5 are born ) organisms :i* h receiv$ a c]ta9 bias f :i* !y _c escape2 !y are freight$ ) "s h]$ity1 or pr$isposition to p>ticul> =ms ( deg5]ation1 to "s morbid t5d5cy1 to an enfeebl$ con/itution1 to v>i\s defective conditions ( m9d & body4 ,let ! *ildr5 ( su* a man attempt to imitate ! dr9k+ habits ( ! fa!r & !y quickly %[ ! effects4 ,mod]ate dr9k+ br+s !m d[n4 ,among o!r consequ5ces ( an alcoholic inh]itance :i* h be5 trac$ by c>eful obs]v]s are3 ,morbid *anges 9 ! n]ve c5t]s1 consi/+ ( inflammatory lesions1 :i* v>y accord+ to ! age 9 :i* !y occur2 alcoholic insanity2 cong5ital mal=mations2 & a mu* high] infant dea? rate1 ow+ to lack ( vitality1 ?an among ! *ildr5 ( normal p>5ts4 ,:]e ! alcoholic inh]itance does n manife/ itself 9 "s def9ite disease or disord]1 x c /ill be trac$ 9 ! limitations to be f\nd 9 ! dr9k+ man's desc5dants4 ,!y seem to rea* a level f :i* !y _c asc5d1 & :]e f slight causes !y det]iorate4 ,! p>5ts1 by alcoholic poison+1 h l[]$ ! race /ock ( vitality beyond ! p[] ( asc5t or possibility to rise above or ov]come ! d[nw>d t5d5cy4 ,( c\rse ^! effects ( alcoholics diff] widely accord+ to ! degree ( intoxication4 ,yet1 we mu/ n =get t ! real nature ( inebriety is always ! same4 ,! end diff]s f ! beg9n+ only 9 degree4 ,he :o w\ld avoid a life ( sorr[1 disgrace1 & %ame mu/ c>efully %un ! v fir/ glass ( intoxicants4 #bii4 ,opium4 ,opium is a gum-l sub/ance1 ! dri$ juice ( ! unripe capsule ( ! poppy4 ,! head ( ! plant is slit ) f9e incisions1 & ! exud+ :ite juice is collect$4 ,:5 x ?ick5s & is m\ld$ 9 mass1 x becomes d>k ) exposure4 ,morph9e1 a :ite p[d]1 is a v cond5s$ =m ( opiate2 laudanum1 an alcoholic solution ( m>k$ /r5g?2 & p>egoric1 a dilut$ & flavor$ =m ( alcoholic t9cture4 #cjj4 ,poison\s ,effects ( ,opium4 ,"s p]sons are drawn into ! use ( opium1 solely = its n>cotic & intoxicat+ influ5ce4 ,e e>ly cons5t to its use involves a lurk+ pl$ge to repeat ! poison1 till soon /rong cords ( ! intoxicant appetite b9d ! n[ yield+ victim4 ,opium ?us us$ lays its b5umb+ h& ^u ! bra91 ! m9d is befogg$1 ?\ght & reason+ are impossible4 ,! secretions ( ! /oma* are susp5d$1 dige/ion is notably impair$1 & ! ga/ric n]ves are s dead5$ t ! body is r5d]$ unconsci\s ( its ne$s4 ,! moral s5se is ext+ui%$1 p]sons once hone/ resort to fraud & !ft1 if ne$ be1 to obta9 ! drug1 till at la/ heal?1 "*1 & life itself all become a pitiful wreck4 #cja4 ,! ,use ( ,opium 9 ,pat5t ,m$ic9es4 ,"s =ms ( ?is drug are f\nd 9 ne>ly all ! v>i\s pat5t m$ic9es s freely sold z a cure-all = e mortal disease4 ,opiates are an +r$i5t 9 diff]5t =ms & proportions 9 almo/ all ! soo?+-syrups1 c\gh m$ic9es1 *ol]a mixtures1 pa9 cures1 & consumption rem$ies1 s widely & unwisely us$4 ,_m dea?s occur f ! use ( ^! opiates1 :i* at fir/ seem inde$ to br+ relief1 b really only smo!r ! prom95t symptoms1 :ile ! disease goes on un*eck$1 & at la/ proves fatal4 ,^! pat5t m$ic9es may appe> to help "o p]son & be fraught ) dang] to ! next1 s widely diff]5t are ! effects ( opiates ^u diff]5t ages & temp]am5ts4 ,b x is ^u *ildr5 t ^! fatal results (t5e/ fall4 ,beyond d\bt1 ?\s&s ( *ildr5 h be5 soo!d & soo!d out ( exi/5ce4#dc #cjb4 ,! ,victim ( ! ,opium ,habit4 ,occasionally p]sons convalesc+ f s]i\s sickness :]e anodynes 7 tak51 unwisely cl+ to !m long aft] recov]y4 ,o!r p]sons1 jad$ ) bus9ess or ) worry1 & unable to sleep1 unwisely resort to "s n>cotic mixture to procure re/4 ,9 ^! & o!r simil> cases1 ! use ( opiates is always mo/ p]nici\s4 ,! am\nt mu/ be /eadily increas$ to obta9 ! elusive repose1 & at be/ ! phantom too (t5 escapes4 ,ev5 if ! desir$ sleep is procur$1 x is h>dly ! covet$ re/1 b a tr\bl$ & dreamy slumb]1 leav+ 9 ! morn+ ! body q unrefre%$1 ! head a*+1 ! m\? dry1 & ! /oma* utt]ly devoid ( appetite4 ,b f> worse ?an ev5 ?is condition is ! slavi% yield+ to ! habit1 :i* soon becomes a bondage 9 :i* life is %orn ( its :olesome pleasures1 & exi/5ce becomes a burd54 #cjc4 ,*loral4 ,!re are o!r prep>ations :i* h become in/rum5ts ( direful & (t5 fatal injury4 ,*loral is a p[]ful drug t has be5 mu* resort$ to by un?9k+ p]sons to produce sleep4 ,o!rs1 yield+ to a morbid reluctance to face ! problems ( life1 h timidly s\ght %elt] 9 artificial =getfulness4 ,to all su* x is a false fri5d4 ,its promises are treason4 ,x degrades ! m9d1 tramples ^u ! morals1 ov]p[]s ! w1 & de/roys life itself4 #cjd4 ,coca9e1 ,e!r1 ,*lor(orm1 & ,o!r ,p[]ful ,drugs4 ,ano!r dang]\s drug is ,coca9e4 ,e!r & *lor(orm1 ^? priceless bless+s to ! human race if prop]ly controll$1 become in/rum5ts ( dea? :5 c>elessly trifl$ )4 ,p]sons :o h be5 accu/om$ to inhale ! vapor 9 slight :iffs = neuralgia or simil> tr\bles d s at imm95t haz>d1 especially if ly+ d[n4 ,!y are liable to become sl[ly unconsci\s1 & s to cont9ue ! inhalation till life is end$4 ,!re is /ill ano!r class ( drugs (t5 c>elessly us$1 ^: effect1 :ile less directly s]i\s ?an ^? m5tion$1 is yet f> f h>mless4 ,^! drugs1 :i* h sprung into popul> use s9ce ! disease la grippe began its dread$ c>e]1 include ph5acet9e1 antipyr9e1 antifebr9e1 & o!r simil> prep>ations4 ,^! drugs h be5 seiz$ by ! public & tak5 freely & c>elessly = all sorts & conditions ( tr\ble4 ,! r&om arr[ may yet d s]i\s h>m4 ,^! drugs1 products ( coal-oil di/illation1 are p[]ful depressants4 ,!y l[] ! action ( ! he>t & ! tone ( ! n]v\s c5t]s4 ,?us ! effect ( _! cont9u$ use is to s dim9i% ! vigor ( ! sy/em z to aggravate ! v disord] !y are tak5 to relieve4 #cje4 ,effect ( ,tobacco on ! ,n]v\s ,sy/em4 ,t ! use ( tobacco produces a p]nici\s effect ^u ! n]v\s sy/em is obvi\s f ! indignant prote/ ( ! entire body aga9/ x :5 x is fir/ us$4 ,its poison\s "* is amply %[n by ! di/ress+ pro/ration & pallor1 ! dizz9ess & fa9tness1 ) extreme nausea & vomit+1 :i* foll[ its employm5t by a novice4 ,! morbid effects ( tobacco ^u ! n]v\s sy/em ( ^? :o habitually use x are %[n 9 ! irregul> & enfeebl$ action ( ! he>t1 ) dizz9ess & muscul> tremor4 ,! "* ( ! pulse %[s pla9ly ! un/eady he>t action1 caus$ by p>tial p>alysis ( ! n]ves controll+ ?is organ4 ,old1 habitual smok]s (t5 %[ an irritable & n]v\s condition1 ) sleeplessness1 due d\btless to lack ( prop] bra9 nutrition4 ,all ^! results t5d to prove t tobacco is really a n]ve poison1 & !re is reason to suspect t ! n]v\s breakd[n ( _m m5 9 mature life is (t5 due to ! cont9u$ use ( ?is depress+ ag5t4 ,?is is %[n m especially 9 m5 ( s$5t>y life & habits1 z m5 ( active habits & out-door life1 exp]i5ce less ( ! ill effects ( tobacco4 ,few1 if any1 habitual us]s ( tobacco ev] !mselves approve ( x4 ,!y all regret ! habit1 & _m lam5t !y are s enslav$ to x t !y _c ?r[ x (f4 ,!y v r>ely advise any "o to foll[ _! example4 #cjf4 ,effects ( ,tobacco on ! ,m9d4 ,) ?is cont9u\sly depress+ effect ( tobacco ^u ! bra91 x is little wond] t ! m9d may become enfeebl$ & lose its capacity = /udy or successful ef=t4 ,?is is especially true ( ! "y4 ,! gr[? & developm5t ( ! bra9 hav+ be5 once ret>d$1 ! y\?ful us] ( tobacco 7especially ! fooli% cig>ette-smok]7 has e/abli%$ a p]man5t drawback :i* may hamp] him all 8 life4 ,! "y man addict$ to ! use ( tobacco is (t5 ?r\gh its use ret>d$ 9 8 c>e] by m5tal languor or weak5+ w p[]1 & by m5tal incapacity4 ,! ke5ness ( m5tal p]ception is dull$1 & ! ability to seize & hold an ab/ract ?\ght is impair$4 ,true1 ^! effects are n %>ply obvi\s1 z x w\ld be impossible to contra/ ! pres5t condition ( any "o p]son ) :at x might h be54 ,b ! comp>ison ( l>ge numb]s conveys an in/ructive lesson4 ,s*ol>s :o />t well & give promise ( a good future fail by ! way4 ,! honors ( ! great s*ools1 academies1 & colleges are v l>gely tak5 by ! tobacco ab/a9]s4 ,?is is prov$ by ! result ( repeat$ & ext5sive comp>isons ( ! advanc$ classes 9 a great numb] ( in/itutions 9 ?is c\ntry & 9 ,europe4 ,s true is ?is t any "y man :o aspires to a noble c>e] %\ld bid f>ewell ei!r to 8 honorable ambition or to 8 tobacco1 = ! two v r>ely travel toge!r4 ,consequ5tly our milit>y & naval academies & v _m sem9>ies & colleges prohibit ! use ( tobacco by _! /ud5ts4 ,= ! same reasons ! laws ( _m /ates v prop]ly =bid ! sale to boys ( tobacco1 & especially ( cig>ettes4 #cjg4 ,effect ( ,tobacco ^u ,"*4 ,nor does tobacco sp>e ! morals4 ,! tobacco-us] is apt to manife/ a selfi% disreg>d ( ! c\rtesies due to o!rs4 ,he br+s to ! pres5ce ( o!rs a repulsive brea?1 & clo?+ ta9t$ ) (f5sive odors4 ,he poisons ! atmosph]e t o!rs mu/ inhale1 & disputes _! rights to brea! a pure1 unta9t$ air4 ,! free use ( tobacco by "y p dulls ! acut5ess ( ! moral s5ses1 (t5 leads to prev>ication & deceit 9 ! indulg5ce1 & is apt to draw "o d[nw>d to bad associates4 ,x is n ! spe$ b ! direction t tells on ! future "* & de/9y ( "y m54 ,additional ,exp]im5ts4 ,exp]im5t #acb4 ,to illu/rate ! coop]ation ( c]ta9 p>ts ( ! body4 ,tickle ! inside ( ! nose ) a fea!r4 ,?is does n int]f]e ) ! muscles ( brea?+1 b !y come to ! help ( ! irritat$ "p1 & provoke sneez+ to cle> & protect ! nose4 ,exp]im5t #acc4 ,pret5d to aim a bl[ at a p]son's eye4 ,ev5 if he is w>n$ be=eh&1 ! lids w close 9 spite ( 8 ef=t to prev5t !m4 ,exp]im5t #acd4 ,to illu/rate h[ s5sations are ref]r$ to ! ends ( ! n]ves4 ,/rike ! elb[ end ( ! ulna aga9/ any?+ h>d 7commonly call$ hitt+ ! crazy bone7 :]e ! ulna n]ve is expos$1 & ! little f+] & ! r+ f+] w t+le & become numb4 ,exp]im5t #ace4 ,to %[ t e n]ve is indep5d5t ( any o!r4 ,press two f+]s closely toge!r4 ,let ! po9t ( ! f9e/ ne$le be c>ri$ ev] s lightly across f "o f+] to ano!r1 & we c easily tell j :5 ! ne$le leaves "o f+] & t\*es ! o!r4 ,exp]im5t #acf4 ,to p>alyze a n]ve tempor>ily4 ,?r[ "o arm ov] ! %>p edge ( a *air-back1 br++ ! inn] edge ( ! biceps directly ov] ! edge ( ! *air4 ,press deep & h>d = a few m9utes4 ,! deep pressure on ! n]ve ( ! arm w put ! arm asleep1 caus+ numbness & t+l+4 ,! leg & foot (t5 get asleep by deep pressure on ! n]ves ( ! ?igh4 ,exp]im5t #acg4 ,press ! uln> n]ve at ! elb[1 ! prickl+ s5sation is ref]r$ to ! sk9 on ! uln> side ( ! h&4 ,exp]im5t #ach4 ,dip ! elb[ 9 ice-cold wat]2 at fir/ "o feels ! s5sation ( cold1 ow+ to ! effect on ! cutane\s n]ve-end+s4 ,aft]w>ds1 :5 ! trunk ( ! uln> n]ve is affect$1 pa9 is felt 9 ! sk9 ( ! uln> side ( ! h&1 :]e ! n]ve t]m9ates4 ,*apt] ,,xi4 ,! ,special ,s5ses4 #cjh4 ,! ,special ,s5ses4 ,9 man c]ta9 special organs are set ap>t ! p>ticul> duty ( :i* is to give in=mation ( ! nature ( ! relations :i* he su/a9s to ! great _w ( ?+s1 & ( :i* he is b a m]e speck4 ,! special s5ses are ! av5ues by :i* we obta9 ?is in=mation z to our bodily condition1 ! _w ar\nd u1 & ! mann] 9 :i* x affects u4 ,animals high 9 ! scale are affect$ 9 s _m diff]5t ways1 & by s _m ag5cies1 t a subdivision ( labor becomes necess>y t ! s5se av5ues may be rigidly gu>d$4 ,"o p]son alone may be a suffici5t wat* on ! deck ( a sloop1 b an ocean /eam] ne$s a score or m on gu>d1 ea* ) 8 special duty & at 8 own po/4 ,or ! s5ses are l a s]ies ( discipl9$ picket-gu>ds1 along ! outpo/s ( ! m9d1 to take note ( ev5ts1 & to report to headqu>t]s any in=mation :i* may be )9 ! range ( _! duty4 ,?us x is t we are provid$ ) a numb] ( special s5ses1 by means ( :i* in=mation is suppli$ reg>d+ outw>d =ces & objects4 ,^! are t\*1 ta/e1 smell1 see+1 & he>+1 to :i* may be add$ ! muscul> s5se & a s5se ( temp]ature4 #cji4 ,g5]al ,s5sations4 ,! body1 z we h le>n$1 is made up ( a great numb] ( complicat$ organs1 ea* do+ its own "p ( ! g5]al "w requir$ = ! life & vigor ( ! human organism4 ,^! organs %\ld all "w 9 h>mony = ! good ( ! :ole4 ,we mu/ h "s means ( kn[+ :e!r ?is h>mony is ma9ta9$1 & ( receiv+ timely w>n+ if any organ fails to d its p>ticul> duty4 ,su* in=mation is suppli$ by ! common or g5]al s5sations4 ,?us we h a feel+ ( hung] or ?ir/ indicat+ ! ne$ ( food1 & a feel+ ( discom=t :5 imp]fectly clad1 in=m+ u ( ! ne$ ( m clo?+4 ,to ^! may be add$ ! s5sation ( pa91 tickl+1 it*+1 & s on1 ! ne$s ( :i* arise f ! complicat$ /ructure ( ! human body4 ,! great majority ( s5sations result f "s /imulus or outw>d ag5cy2 & yet "s s5sations1 su* z ^? ( fa9tness1 re/lessness1 & fatigue seem to spr+ up )9 u 9 "s my/]i\s way1 )\t any obvi\s cause4 #caj4 ,ess5tials ( a ,s5se ,organ4 ,c]ta9 ess5tials are necess>y = a s5sation4 ,fir/1 !re is a special /ructure adapt$ to a p>ticul> k9d ( influ5ce4 ,?us ! e> is =m$ specially = be+ /imulat$ by ! waves ( s\nd1 :ile ! eye is n influ5c$ by s\nd1 b responds to ! action ( light4 ,^! special /ructures are call$ t]m9al organs4 ,aga91 a n]ve proce$s f ! special /ructure1 :i* is 9 direct communication ) n]ve cells 9 ! bra9 at ! region ( consci\sness4 ,?is la/ po9t is important to rememb]1 = if on "s acc\nt ! impression is arre/$ 9 ! connect+ n]ve1 no s5sation w result4 ,?us a man ^: sp9e has be5 injur$ may n feel a sev]e p9* on ei!r leg4 ,! impression may be q suffici5t to /imulate a n]ve c5t] 9 a heal?y cord1 s z to produce a m>k$ reflex act1 b he has no s5sation1 because ! injury has prev5t$ ! impression f be+ c>ri$ up ! cord to ! high] c5t]s 9 ! bra94 #caa4 ,! ,condition ( ,s5sation4 ,x is ?us evid5t t :ile an impression may be made ^u a t]m9al organ1 x _c /rictly be call$ a s5sation until ! p]son becomes consci\s ( x4 ,! consci\sness ( an impression is1 !re=e1 ! ess5tial elem5t ( a s5sation4 ,x foll[s t s5sation may be prev5t$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,9 ! s5se ( sight1 = example1 "o p]son may be bl9d because ! t]m9al organ1 or eye1 is defective or diseas$4 ,ano!r may h p]fect eyes & yet h no sight1 because a tumor presses on ! n]ve betwe5 ! eye & ! bra94 ,9 ?is case1 ! impression fails because ( ! break 9 ! communication4 ,once m1 ! eye may be p]fect & ! n]ve connection unbrok51 & yet ! p]son _c see1 because ! c5t] 9 ! bra9 itself is injur$ f disease or accid5t1 & _c receive ! impression4 #cab4 ,! ,functions ( ! ,bra9 ,c5t] 9 ! ,p]ception ( an ,impression4 ,s5sation is really ! result ( a *ange :i* occurs 9 a n]ve c5t] 9 ! bra91 & yet we ref] impressions to ! v>i\s t]m9al organs4 ,?us1 :5 ! sk9 is p9*$1 ! s5sation is ref]r$ to ! sk91 al?\gh ! p]ception is 9 ! bra94 ,we may ?9k x is ! eyes t see objects2 9 reality1 x is only ! bra9 t takes note ( !m4 ,?is is l>gely ! result ( education & habit4 ,f a bl[ on ! head "o sees fla%es ( light z vividly z if tor*es actually dance be=e ! eyes4 ,impressions h rea*$ ! see+-c5t] 9 ! bra9 f irritation ( ! optic n]ve1 produc+ ! same effect z real lights w\ld cause4 ,9 ?is case1 h[ev]1 kn[+ ! cause ( ! colors1 ! p]son is able to correct ! errone\s conclusion4 ,z a result ( a deprav$ condition ( blood1 ! see+-c5t] itself may be unduly /imulat$1 & a p]son may see objects :i* appe> real4 ,?us 9 an attack ( delirium trem5s1 ! victim ( alcoholic poison+ sees horrible & fanta/ic creatures4 ,! diseas$ bra9 ref]s !m z usual to ! ext]nal _w2 h5ce !y appe> real4 ,z ! suff]]'s judgm5t is w>p$ by ! alcoholic liquor1 he _c correct ! impressions1 & is !re=e deceiv$ by !m4 #cac4 ,organs ( ,special ,s5se4 ,! organs ( special s5se1 ! means by :i* we are br\ght into relation ) surr\nd+ objects1 are usually class$ z five 9 numb]4 ,!y are sometimes fancifully call$ ! five gateways ( k--! sk91 ! organ ( t\*2 ! tongue1 ( ta/e2 ! nose1 ( smell2 ! eye1 ( sight2 & ! e>1 ( he>+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abd4--,magnifi$ ,view ( a ,papilla ( ! ,sk91 ) a ,t\* ,corpuscle4 #cad4 ,! ,organ ( ,t\*4 ,! organ ( t\*1 or tactile s5sibility1 is ! mo/ widely ext5d$ ( all ! special s5ses1 & p]haps ! simple/4 ,x is c]ta9ly ! mo/ precise & c]ta9 9 its results4 ,x is ?is s5se to :i* we in/9ctively appeal to escape f ! illusions into :i* ! o!r s5ses may mislead u4 ,x has its seat 9 ! sk9 all ov] ! body1 & 9 ! muc\s membrane ( ! no/rils4 ,all p>ts ( ! body1 h[ev]1 d n h ?is s5se 9 an equal degree4 ,9 ,*apt] ,,ix4 we le>n$ t ! sup]ficial lay]s ( ! sk9 cov]s & dips 9 betwe5 ! papill4 ,we also le>n$ t ^! papill are ri*ly provid$ ) blood-vessels & s5sory n]ve fib]s 7sec4 #bcd74 ,n[ ^! n]ve fib]s t]m9ate 9 a peculi> way 9 ^? p>ts ( ! body :i* are end[$ ) a v delicate s5se ( t\*4 ,9 e papilla are oval-%ap$ bodies ab\t #a_/cjj ( an in* long1 ar\nd :i* ! n]ve fib]s w9d1 & :i* !y f9ally ent]4 ,^! are call$ t\*-bodies1 or tactile corpuscles1 & are f\nd 9 great numb]s on ! feet & toes1 & m scantily 9 o!r places1 z on ! edges ( ! eyelids4 ,aga91 _m ( ! n]ve fib]s t]m9ate 9 corpuscles1 ! l>ge/ ab\t #a_/bj ( an in* long1 call$ ,pac9ian corpuscles4 ,^! are mo/ num]\s 9 ! palm ( ! h& & ! sole ( ! foot4 ,9 ! papill ( ! r$ bord] ( ! lips ! n]ves end 9 capsules :i* enclose "o or m fib]s1 & are call$ end-bulbs4 ,! great majority ( ! n]ve fib]s :i* supply ! sk9 d n end 9 su* well-def9$ organs4 ,!y (t5] divide into exce$+ly delicate filam5ts1 ! t]m9ations ( :i* are trac$ ) ! greate/ difficulty4 #cae4 ,! ,s5se ( ,t\*4 ,t\* is a s5sation ( contact ref]r$ to ! surface ( ! body4 ,x includes ?ree ?+s1--! s5se ( contact1 ! s5se ( pressure1 & ! s5se ( heat & cold4 ,! s5se ( contact is ! mo/ important elem5t 9 t\*4 ,by x we le>n ( ! =m1 size1 & o!r prop]ties ( objects1 z _! smoo?ness & h>dness4 ,z we all "k1 ! s5se ( t\* v>ies 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! sk94 ,x is mo/ acute :]e ! out] sk9 is ?9ne/4 ,! tips ( ! f+]s1 ! edges ( ! lips1 & ! tip ( ! tongue are ! mo/ s5sitive p>ts4 ,ev5 ! nails1 ! tee?1 & ! hair h ! s5se ( t\* 9 a slight degree4 ,:5 ! sc>f sk9 is remov$1 ! "p is n m s5sitive to s5se ( contact4 ,9 fact1 direct contact ) ! unprotect$ true sk9 occasions pa91 :i* effectually masks ! feel+ ( t\*4 ,! s5se ( t\* is capable ( education1 & is g5]ally develop$ to an extraord9>y degree 9 p]sons :o are depriv$ ( "s o!r special s5se1 z sight or he>+4 ,we read ( ! fam\s bl9d sculptor :o 0 said to model excell5t lik5esses1 guid$ entirely by ! s5se ( t\*4 ,an em95t au?ority on botany 0 a bl9d man1 able to di/+ui% r>e plants by ! f+]s1 & by ! tip ( ! tongue4 ,! bl9d le>n to read ) facility by pass+ _! f+]s ov] rais$ lett]s ( a co>se type4 ,x is impossible to contemplate1 ev5 = a mom5t1 ! prom95ce assign$ to ! s5se ( t\* 9 ! physical organism1 )\t be+ impress$ ) ! manife/ations ( design--! "w ( an all-wise ,creator4 #caf4 ,muscul> ,s5se2 ,s5se ( ,temp]ature2 ,pa94 ,:5 a heavy object is laid ^u c]ta9 p>ts ( ! body1 x produces a s5sation ( pressure4 ,by x we are enabl$ to e/imate diff]5ces ( weight4 ,if an attempt be made to raise ?is object1 x (f]s resi/ance :i* ! muscles mu/ ov]come4 ,?is is kn[n z ! muscul> s5se4 ,x dep5ds on s5sory n]ves orig9at+ 9 ! muscles & c>ry+ impressions f !m to ! n]ve c5t]s4 ,! sk9 also judges1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 ( heat & cold4 ,^! s5sations c be felt only by ! sk94 ,direct irritation ( a n]ve does n give rise to !m4 ,?us1 ! expos$ pulp ( a diseas$ too?1 :5 irritat$ by cold fluids1 gives rise to pa91 & n to a s5sation ( temp]ature4 ,v>i\s portions ( ! body h diff]5t degrees ( s5sibility 9 ?is respect4 ,! h& w be> a degree ( heat :i* w\ld cause pa9 to "s o!r p>ts ( ! body4 ,!n1 aga91 ! s5sibility ( ! out] sk9 seems to affect ! s5sibility to heat1 = p>ts ) a ?9 sk9 c be> less heat ?an portions ) a ?ick cuticle4 ,exp]im5t #aci4 ,to illu/rate h[ ! s5se ( t\* is a matt] ( habit or education4 ,%ut bo? eyes1 & let a fri5d run ! tips ( y\r f+]s fir/ lightly ov] a h>d plane surface2 !n press h>d1 !n lightly aga91 & ! surface w seem to be concave4 ,exp]im5t #adj4 ,cross ! middle ov] ! index f+]1 roll a small m>ble betwe5 ! f+]s2 "o has a di/9ct impression ( two m>bles4 ,cross ! f+]s 9 ! same way1 & rub !m aga9/ ! po9t ( ! nose4 ,a simil> illusion is exp]i5c$4 ,exp]im5t #ada4 ,to te/ ! s5se ( locality4 ,ask a p]son to %ut 8 eyes1 t\* "s "p ( 8 body lightly ) ! po9t ( a p91 & ask him to indicate ! "p t\*$4 ,z to ! g5]al temp]ature1 ?is s5se is relative & is mu* modifi$ by habit1 = :at is cold to an inhabitant ( ! torrid zone w\ld be w>m to "o accu/om$ to a v cold climate4 ,pa9 is an excessive /imulation ( ! s5sory n]ves1 & 9 x all f9] s5sations are lo/4 ,?us1 :5 a piece ( hot iron burns ! h&1 ! s5sation is ! same z :5 ! iron is v cold1 & extreme cold feels l int5se heat4 #cag4 ,! ,organ ( ,ta/e4 ,! s5se ( ta/e is locat$ *iefly 9 ! tongue1 b may also be ref]r$ ev5 to ! regions ( ! fauces4 ,ta/e1 l t\*1 consi/s 9 a p>ticul> mode ( n]ve t]m9ation4 ,! tongue is a muscul> organ cov]$ ) muc\s membrane1 & is ri*ly suppli$ ) blood-vessels & n]ves4 ,by its complicat$ movem5ts x is an important factor 9 *ew+1 9 swall[+1 & 9 articulate spee*4 ,! surface ( ! tongue is cov]$ ) irregul> projections1 call$ papill1--f9e hair-l processes1 ab\t #a_/ab ( an in* high4 ,int]sp]s$ ) ^! are ! fungi=m papill4 ,^! are %ap$ some?+ l a mu%room1 & may (t5 be detect$ by _! bright r$ po9ts :5 ! re/ ( ! tongue is coat$4 ,t[>ds ! root ( ! tongue is ano!r k9d ( papill1 ! circumvallate1 eight to fifte5 9 numb]1 arrang$ 9 ! =m ( ! lett] ,v1 ) ! apex direct$ backw>ds4 ,^! are s call$ because !y consi/ ( a fungi=m papilla surr\nd$ by a fold ( muc\s membrane1 pres5t+ ! appe>ance ( be+ wall$ ar\nd4 ,9 _m ( ! fungi=m & mo/ ( ! circumvallate papill are peculi> /ructures call$ ta/e buds or ta/e goblets4 ,^! exi/ 9 great numb]s1 & are believ$ to be connect$ ) n]ve fib]s4 ,^! ta/e buds are readily excit$ by savory sub/ances1 & transmit ! impression along ! connect$ n]ve4 ,! tongue is suppli$ ) s5sory fib]s by bran*es f ! fif? & eigh? pairs ( cranial n]ves4 ,! =m] conf]s ta/e on ! front "p ( ! tongue1 & ! latt] on ! back "p4 ,bran*es ( ! latt] also pass to ! s(t palate & neighbor+ p>ts & conf] ta/e on !m4 ,! motor n]ve ( ! tongue is ! n9? pair1 ! hypoglossal4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abe4--,! ,tongue4 ,a1 epiglottis2 ,b1 gl&s at ! base ( tongue2 ,c1 tonsil2 ,d1 m$ian circumvallate papilla1 ,e1 circumvallate papill2 ,f1 fili=m papill2 ,h1 furr[s on bord] ( ! tongue2 ,k1 fungi=m papill4 #cah4 ,! ,s5se ( ,ta/e4 ,! s5se ( ta/e is excit$ by /imulation ( ! muc\s membrane ( ! tongue & ( ! palate1 affect+ ! ends ( ! n]ve fib]s4 ,ta/e is mo/ acute 9 or ne> ! circumvallate papill4 ,! middle ( ! tongue is sc>cely s5sitive to ta/e1 :ile ! edges & ! tip are1 z a rule1 highly s5sitive4 ,c]ta9 conditions are necess>y t ! s5se ( ta/e may be ex]cis$4 ,fir/1 ! sub/ance to be ta/$ mu/ be 9 solution1 or be soluble 9 ! fluids ( ! m\?4 ,insoluble sub/ances are ta/eless4 ,if we t\* our tongue to a piece ( rock cry/al1 !re is a s5sation ( contact or cold1 b no s5se ( ta/e4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 we br+ ! tongue 9 contact ) a piece ( rock salt1 we exp]i5ce ! s5sations ( contact1 coolness1 & sal9e ta/e4 ,aga91 ! muc\s membrane ( ! m\? mu/ be moi/4 ,:5 ! m\? is dry1 & receives sub/ances n already 9 solution1 !re is no saliva ready to dissolve !m2 h5ce1 !y are ta/eless4 ,?is abs5ce ( ta/e is common ) ! p>*$ m\? dur+ a fev]4 ,! tongue assi/s 9 br++ ! food 9 contact ) ! n]ves1 by press+ x aga9/ ! ro( ( ! m\? & ! s(t palate1 & ?us is produc$ ! fulle/ s5se ( ta/e4 #cai4 ,physiological ,conditions ( ,ta/e4 ,! tongue is ! seat ( s5sations :i* are q unlike ea* o!r4 ,?us1 besides ! s5se ( ta/e1 !re is ! s5sation ( t\*1 pressure1 heat & cold1 burn+ or acrid feel+s1 & ^? produc$ by ! application ( ! tongue to an int]rupt$ electric curr5t4 ,^! are di/9ct s5sations1 due to "s *emical action excit$ probably 9 ! t\* cells1 al?\gh ! true ta/es may be excit$ by causes n /rictly *emical4 ,?us a sm>t tap on ! tongue may excite ! s5sation ( ta/e4 ,9 ! majority ( p]sons ! back ( ! tongue is mo/ s5sitive to bitt]s1 & ! tip to sweets4 ,sal9e matt]s are p]ceiv$ mo/ di/9ctly at ! tip1 & acid sub/ances at ! sides4 ,! n]ves ( ta/e are s5sitive 9 an extraord9>y degree to "s articles ( food & c]ta9 drugs4 ,= example1 ! ta/e ( ! v>i\s prep>ations ( qu99e1 pepp]m9t1 & wild *]ry is got rid ( ) difficulty4 ,l ! o!r special s5ses1 t ( ta/e may become fatigu$4 ,! repeat$ ta/+ ( "o sub/ance rapidly dead5s ! s5sibility1 probably by ov]-/imulation4 ,"s savors s impress ! n]ves ( ta/e t o!rs fail to make any impression4 ,?is pr9ciple is us$ to make disagreeable m$ic9e some:at ta/eless4 ,?us a few cloves1 or gra9s ( c(fee1 or a bit ( pepp]1 eat5 be=e a dose ( ca/or oil1 r5d]s x less nause\s4 ,flavor is some?+ m ?an ta/e4 ,x is 9 reality a mix$ s5sation1 9 :i* smell & ta/e are bo? conc]n$1 z is %[n by ! common obs]vation t "o suff]+ f a cold 9 ! head1 :i* blunts 8 s5se ( smell1 loses ! prop] flavor ( 8 food4 ,s if a p]son be bl9dfold$1 & ! nose p9*$1 he w be unable to di/+ui% betwe5 an apple & an onion1 if "o be rubb$ on ! tongue aft] ! o!r4 ,z soon z ! no/rils are op5$ ! diff]5ce is at once p]ceiv$4 ,exp]im5t #adb4 ,put a drop ( v9eg> on a fri5d's tongue1 or on y\r own4 ,notice h[ ! papill ( ! tongue />t up4 ,exp]im5t #adc4 ,rub diff]5t p>ts ( ! tongue ) ! po9t$ end ( a piece ( salt or gum-aloes1 to %[ t ! back ( ! tongue is mo/ s5sitive to salt & bitt] sub/ances4 ,exp]im5t #add4 ,repeat ! same ) "s sweet or s\r sub/ances1 to %[ t ! edges ( ! tongue are ! mo/ s5sitive to ^! sub/ances4 ,exp]im5t #ade4 ,we (t5 fail to di/+ui% betwe5 ! s5se ( ta/e & t ( smell4 ,*ew "s pure1 roa/$ c(fee1 & x seems to h a di/9ct ta/e4 ,p9* ! nose h>d1 & !re is little ta/e4 ,c(fee has a p[]ful odor1 b only a feeble ta/e4 ,! same is true ( g>lic1 onions1 & v>i\s spices4 ,exp]im5t #adf4 ,light helps ! s5se ( ta/e4 ,%ut ! eyes1 & palatable foods ta/e insipid4 ,p9* ! nose1 close ! eyes1 & see h[ palatable "o half ( a teaspoonful ( cod-liv] oil becomes4 ,exp]im5t #adg4 ,close ! no/rils1 %ut ! eyes1 & attempt to di/+ui% by ta/e alone betwe5 a slice ( an apple & "o ( a potato4 #cbj4 ,modifications ( ! ,s5se ( ,ta/e4 ,ta/e is modifi$ to a great ext5t by habit1 education1 & o!r circum/ances4 ,articles ( food t are unpleasant 9 e>ly life (t5 become agreeable 9 lat] ye>s4 ,!re is occasionally a crav+1 especially ) p ( a peculi> n]v\s organization1 = c]ta9 unnatural articles 7z *alk & laundry />*7 :i* are eat5 )\t ! lea/ repugnance4 ,aga91 ! mo/ savory di%es may excite disgu/1 :ile ! simple/ articles may h a delici\s flavor to "o long depriv$ ( !m4 ,! ta/e = c]ta9 articles is c]ta9ly acquir$4 ,?is is (t5 true ( raw tomatoes1 olives1 & especially ( tobacco4 ,! organs ( ta/e & smell may be reg>d$ z necess>y accessories ( ! g5]al app>atus ( nutrition1 & are1 !re=e1 m or less ess5tial to ! ma9t5ance ( animal life4 ,:ile ta/e & smell are g5]ally ma9ta9$ until ! close ( life1 sight & he>+ are (t5 impair$ by "t1 & may be altoge!r de/roy$1 ! o!r vital functions rema9+ unimpair$4 #cba4 ,effect ( ,tobacco & ,alcohol ^u ,ta/e4 ,x w\ld be rem>kable if tobacco %\ld fail to injure ! s5se ( ta/e4 ,! effect produc$ ^u ! t5d] papill ( ! tongue by ! nicot9e-load$ juices & ! acrid smoke t5ds to impair ! delicate s5sibility ( ! entire surface4 ,! ke5 appreciation ( f9e flavors is de/roy$4 ,! once cle> & enjoyable ta/es ( simple objects become dull & vapid2 ?us highly spic$ & season$ articles ( food are 9 dem&1 & !n foll[s cont9u$ indige/ion1 ) all its suff]+4 ,aga91 ! burn+1 almo/ cau/ic effect ( ! /rong] alcoholic dr9ks1 & ! acrid pung5cy ( tobacco smoke1 are disa/r\s to ! f9] p]ceptions ( bo? ta/e & odors4 #cbb4 ,smell4 ,! s5se ( smell is lodg$ 9 ! delicate membrane :i* l9es ! nasal cavities4 ,! floor1 sides1 & ro( ( ^! cavities are =m$ by c]ta9 bones ( ! cranium & ! face4 ,man1 9 common ) all air-brea?+ animals1 has two nasal cavities4 ,!y communicate ) ! out] air by two no/rils op5+ 9 front1 :ile two o!r passages op5 into ! ph>ynx beh9d4 ,to increase ! area ( ! air passages1 ! two light1 spongy turb9at$ bones1 "o on ea* side1 =m n>r[1 w9d+ *annels4 ,! muc\s membrane1 ) ! bran*es ( ! olfactory n]ve1 l9es ! divid+ wall & ! inn] surfaces ( ^! w9d+ passages4 ,bel[ all ^! bones ! l[] turb9at$ bones may be said to divide ! olfactory *amb] above f ! ord9>y air passages4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abf4--;,di/ribution ( ,n]ves ov] ! ,int]ior ( ! ,no/rils4 7,out] wall47 ,a1 bran*es ( ! n]ves ( smell--olfactory n]ve1 or ganglion2 ,b1 n]ves ( common s5sation to ! no/ril2 ,e1 ,f1 ,g1 n]ves to !1 palate spr++ f a ganglion at ,c2 ,h1 vidian n]ve1 f :i* bran*es ,d1 ,i1 & ,j spr+ to be di/ribut$ to ! no/rils4 ,! n]ves :i* supply ! nasal muc\s membrane are d]iv$ f ! bran*es ( ! fif? & ! fir/ pair ( cranial n]ves1--! olfactory4 ,! latt]1 h[ev]1 are ! n]ves ( smell prop]1 & are spread out 9 a k9d ( ?ick bru% ( m9ute n]ve filam5ts4 ,x is 9 ! muc\s membrane ( ! upp]mo/ "p ( ! cavity ( ! no/ril t ! n]ve end+s ( smell prop] reside4 ,! o!r n]ves :i* supply ! no/rils are ^? ( common s5sation 7sec4 #bga74 #cbc4 ,! ,s5se ( ,smell4 ,! s5se ( smell is excit$ by ! contact ( odor\s p>ticles conta9$ 9 ! air1 ) ! fib]s ( ! olfactory n]ves1 :i* are di/ribut$ ov] ! delicate surface ( ! upp] p>ts ( ! nasal cavities4 ,9 ! l[] p>ts are ! end+s ( n]ves ( ord9>y s5sation4 ,^! latt] n]ves may be irritat$ by "s sub/ance l ammonia1 result+ 9 a p[]fully pung5t s5sation4 ,?is is n a true s5sation ( smell1 b m]ely an irritation ( a n]ve ( g5]al s5sation4 ,9 ord9>y quiet brea?+1 ! air simply fl[s along ! l[] nasal passages into ! ph>ynx1 sc>cely ent]+ ! olfactory *amb] at all4 ,?is is ! reason :y1 :5 we wi% to p]ceive a fa9t odor1 we sniff up ! air %>ply4 ,by s do+1 ! air :i* is =cibly drawn into ! no/rils passes up ev5 into ! high] olfactory *amb]1 :]e "s ( ! float+ p>ticles ( ! odor\s mat]ial come into contact ) ! n]ves ( smell4 ,"o ( ! mo/ ess5tial conditions ( ! s5se ( smell is t ! nasal passages be kept well ba!d 9 ! fluid secret$ by ! l9+ membrane4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( a cold 9 ! head1 ?is membrane becomes dry & swoll51 ?us prev5t+ ! entrance ( air into ! upp] *amb]1 dead5+ ! s5sibility ( ! n]ves1 & ?us ! s5se ( smell is greatly dim9i%$4 ,! delicacy ( ! s5se ( smell v>ies greatly 9 diff]5t individuals & 9 diff]5t animals4 ,x is g5]ally m acute 9 savage races4 ,x is highly develop$ 9 bo? ! c>nivora & ! h]bivora4 ,_m animals are m highly end[$ ) ?is s5se ?an is man4 ,! dog1 = example1 appe>s to dep5d on ! s5se ( smell almo/ z mu* z on sight4 ,x is well kn[n1 also1 t fi%es h a s5se ( smell4 ,fragm5ts ( bait ?r[n into ! wat] soon attract !m to a fi%+ gr\nd1 & at dep?s :i* little or no light c p5etrate4 ,de]1 wild horses1 & antelopes probably surpass all o!r animals 9 hav+ a vivid s5se ( smell4 ,smell has be5 def9$ z ta/e at a di/ance1 & x is obvi\s t ^! two s5ses n only =m a natural gr\p1 b are cle>ly associat$ 9 _! physical action1 especially 9 connection ) ! p]ception ( ! flavor ( food4 ,! s5se ( odor gives u in=mation z to ! quality ( food & dr9k1 & m especially z to ! quality ( ! air we brea!4 ,ta/e is at ! gateway ( ! alim5t>y canal1 :ile smell acts z ! s5t9el ( ! respiratory tract4 ,j z ta/e & flavor influ5ce nutrition by affect+ ! dige/ive process1 s ! agreeable odors ab\t u1 ev5 ^? ( ! p]fumes1 play an important "p 9 ! economy ( life4 #cbd4 ,! ,s5se ( ,sight4 ,! sight is well reg>d$ z ! highe/ & ! mo/ p]fect ( all our s5ses4 ,x plays s common & s b5efic5t a "p 9 ! animal economy t we sc>cely appreciate ?is m>vel\s gift4 ,sight is ess5tial n only to ! simple/ matt]s ( daily com=t & necessity1 b is also ( prime importance 9 ! culture ( ! m9d & 9 ! high] =ms ( pleasure4 ,x op5s to u ! wide/ & ! mo/ v>i$ range ( obs]vation & enjoym5t4 ,! pleasures & advantages x af=ds1 directly & indirectly1 h nei!r cessation nor b\nds4 ,ap>t f its uses1 ! eye itself is an int]e/+ & in/ructive object ( /udy4 ,x pres5ts beyond comp>ison ! mo/ beautiful example ( design & arti/ic workman%ip to be f\nd 9 ! bodily /ructure4 ,x is ! wat*ful s5t9el & inve/igator ( ! ext]nal _w4 ,unlike ! s5ses ( ta/e & smell we seem1 by ! s5se ( vision1 to become aw>e ( ! exi/5ce ( objects :i* are entirely ap>t f u1 & :i* h no direct or mat]ial l9k connect+ !m ) our bodies4 ,& yet we are told t 9 vision ! eye is affect$ by some?+ :i* is z mat]ial z any sub/ance we ta/e or smell4 ,,note4 ,! high] intellig5ce ( man is intimately associat$ ) ! p]fection ( ! eye4 ,cry/all9e 9 its transp>5cy1 s5sitive 9 receptivity1 delicate 9 its adju/m5ts1 quick 9 its motions1 ! eye is a fitt+ s]vant = ! eag] s\l1 &1 at times1 ! true/ int]pret] betwe5 man & man ( ! _s's inmo/ work+s4 ,! ra9b['s vivid hues & ! pallor ( ! lily1 ! fair creations ( art & ! glance ( mutual affection1 all are pictur$ 9 its transluc5t dep?s1 & trans=m$ & glorifi$ by ! m9d )94 ,bani% vision1 & ! mat]ial univ]se %r9ks = u to t :i* we may t\*2 sight alone sets u free to pi]ce ! limitless abyss ( space4--,m',k5drick & ,snodgrass's ,physiology ( ! ,s5ses4 ,physici/s tell u t ?is mat]ial1 kn[n z ! lum9if]\s e!r1 p]meates ! univ]se1 & by its vibrations transmits movem5ts :i* affect ! eye1 giv+ rise to ! s5sation ( light1 & ! p]ception ( ev5 ! mo/ di/ant objects4 ,our eyes are s con/ruct$ z to respond to ! vibrations ( ?is m$ium = ! transmission ( light4 #cbe4 ,! ,eye4 ,! eye1 ! out] in/rum5t ( vision1 is a mo/ beautiful & +5i\s ma*9e4 ,all its p>ts are arrang$ ) su* a delicate adju/m5t to "o ano!r1 & su* an exquisite adaptation ( e "p to ! great object ( ! :ole1 t ! eye is prop]ly reg>d$ z "o ( ! wond]s ( nature4 ,! eyeball is ne>ly sph]ical 9 %ape1 b is slightly elongat$ f be=e backw>ds4 ,! front "p is cle> & transp>5t1 & bulges some:at prom95tly to all[ ! entrance ( ! rays ( light4 ,! eye re/s 9 a b[l-%ap$ socket1 call$ ! orbit1 =m$ by p>ts ( v>i\s bones ( ! head & face4 ,! m>g9s ( ?is cavity are =m$ ( /rong bone :i* c )/& heavy bl[s4 ,! socket is padd$ ) loose1 fatty tissue1 & c]ta9 membranes1 :i* s]ve z a s(t & yield+ b$ 9 :i* ! eyeball c re/ & move )\t injury4 ,9 a sev]e sickness ?is fatty tissue is absorb$1 & ?is fact expla9s ! sunk5 appe>ance ( ! eyes4 ,! orbit is pi]c$ ?r\gh its po/]ior surface by an op5+ ?r\gh :i* ! n]ve ( sight1 ! optic1 passes to ! eyeball4 ,we may ?9k ( ! optic n]ve hold+ ! eyeball mu* z ! /em holds ! apple4 ,x is ! function ( ?is mo/ important n]ve to transmit ret9al impressions to ! seat ( consci\sness 9 ! bra91 :]e !y are int]pret$4 ,! eye is ba!d ) a wat]y fluid1 & protect$ by ! eyelids & ! eyebr[s2 x is mov$ 9 v>i\s directions1 by muscles1 all ( :i* w soon be describ$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abg4--,section ( ! ,human ,eye4 #cbf4 ,! ,coats ( ! ,eyeball4 ,! eyeball prop] is ela/ic b firm1 & is compos$ ( ?ree coats1 or lay]s1 ea* ( :i* p]=ms important functions4 ,^! coats are ! scl]otic1 ! *oroid1 & ! ret9a4 ,! scl]otic coat is ! outside lay] & enclos+ membrane ( ! eyeball4 ,x is a t\gh1 fibr\s coat = ! protection & ma9t5ance ( ! %ape ( ! eye4 ,x is :ite & gli/5+ 9 appe>ance1 & is 9 "p visible1 to :i* ! phrase1 ! :ite ( ! eye1 is appli$4 ,to ?is coat1 :i* s]ves z a k9d ( framework = ! eye1 are atta*$ ! muscles :i* move ! eyeball4 ,9 front ( ! globe1 ! scl]otic passes into a transp>5t circul> portion =m+ a w9d[ ?r\gh :i* "o c see into ! int]ior4 ,?is is ! cornea4 ,! cornea1 a cle>1 transp>5t1 circul> disk1 fits into ! scl]otic1 some:at z ! cry/al fits into ! metallic case ( a wat*1 =m+ a cov]+ = its dial4 ,x projects f ! g5]al cont\r ( ! eyeball1 n unlike a r\nd$ bay-w9d[1 & is (t5 spok5 ( z ! w9d[ ( ! eye4 ,l9+ ! inn] surface ( ! scl]otic is ! second coat1 ! *oroid4 ,x is d>k 9 color & fragile 9 /ructure1 & is made up almo/ entirely ( blood-vessels & n]ves4 ,z ! *oroid approa*es ! front "p ( ! eyeball1 its p>ts become fold$ ^u !mselves into a s]ies ( ridges1 call$ cili>y processes4 ,^! folds gradually become l>g]1 & at la/ m]ge into ! cili>y or accommodation muscle ( ! eye4 ,! circul> space ?us left 9 front by ! t]m9ation ( ! *oroid is occupi$ by ! iris1 a ?91 circul> curta91 susp5d$ 9 ! aque\s humor beh9d ! cornea & 9 front ( ! cry/all9e l5s4 ,9 its c5t] is a r\nd op5+ = ! admission ( light4 ,?is is ! pupil1 :i* appe>s z if x 7 a black spot4 ,! back ( ! iris is l9$ ) d>k pigm5t1 & z ! color+ matt] is m or less abundant1 we may h a v>iety ( colors4 ,?is pigm5t lay] & t ( ! *oroid & ret9a absorb ! light ent]+ ! eye1 s t little is reflect$4 ,! pupil appe>s black1 j z ! op5 doorway to a d>k closet seems black4 ,! m>g9 ( ! iris is firmly connect$ ) ! eyeball all r\nd1 at ! junction ( ! scl]otic & ! cornea4 #cbg4 ,! ,ret9a4 ,! ?ird & inn]mo/ coat ( ! eyeball is ! ret9a4 ,?is is ! p]ceptive coat1 )\t :i* x w\ld be impossible to see1 & ^u :i* ! images ( ext]nal objects are receiv$4 ,x l9es ne>ly ! :ole ( ! inn] surface ( ! po/]ior *amb]1 re/+ on ! inn] surface ( ! *oroid4 ,x is ) ! ret9a1 !re=e1 t ! vitre\s humor is 9 contact4 ,! ret9a is a v ?91 delicate membrane4 ,al?\gh v ?91 x is made up ( t5 di/9ct lay]s1 & is s complicat$ 9 /ructure t n ev5 a g5]al description w be attempt$ 9 ?is book4 ,x does n ext5d q to ! front limits ( ! po/]ior *amb]1 b /ops %ort 9 a scallop$ bord]1 a little beh9d ! cili>y processes4 ,?is is ! n]ve coat ( ! eye1 & =ms ! t]m9al organ ( vision4 ,x is really an expansion ( ! ultimate fib]s ( ! optic n]ve1 by means ( :i* impressions are s5t to ! bra94 ,! ret9a conta9s curi\s /ructures :i* c be se5 only ) ! aid ( ! microscope4 ,= in/ance1 a lay] ne> ! *oroid is made up ( n]ve cells arrang$ 9 innum]able cyl9d]s call$ rods & cones1 & pack$ toge!r n unlike ! se$s ( a sunfl[]4 ,^! rods & cones are to be reg>d$ z ! peculi> modes ( t]m9ation ( ! n]ve filam5ts ( ! eye1 j z ! ta/e buds are ! modes ( t]m9ation ( ! n]ve ( ta/e 9 ! tongue1 & j z ! t\* corpuscles are ! t]m9ations ( ! n]ves 9 ! sk94 ,exp]im5t #adh4 ,close "o eye & look /eadily at ! small a 9 ! figure bel[4 ,! o!r lett]s w also be visible at ! same "t4 ,if n[ ! page be br\ght sl[ly ne>] to ! eye :ile ! eye is kept /eadily look+ at ! small a1 ! l>ge ,a w disappe> at a c]ta9 po9t1 reappe>+ :5 ! book is br\ght /ill ne>]4 ,illu/ration3 a o,ax ,on ! reappe>ance ( ! ,a x w be not$ t x comes into view f ! inn] side1 ! x be+ se5 be=e x4 ,if n[ we move ! book t[>ds its orig9al place1 ! ,a w aga9 disappe>1 com+ aga9 into view f ! out] side :5 ! o is se5 be=e x4 #cbh4 ,inn] ,/ructure ( ! ,eye4 ,let u imag9e an eyeball divid$ ?r\gh ! middle f above d[nw>ds4 ,let u n[ />t 9 front & obs]ve its p>ts 7,fig4 #abg74 ,we come fir/ to ! cornea1 :i* has j be5 describ$4 ,! iris =ms a sort ( v]tical p>tition1 divid+ ! cavity ( ! eyeball into two *amb]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abh4--;,diagram illu/rat+ ! ,mann] 9 :i* ! ,image ( an ,object is br\ght to a ,focus on ! ,ret9a4 ,! ant]ior *amb] occupies ! space betwe5 ! cornea & ! iris1 & is fill$ ) a ?91 wat]y fluid call$ ! aque\s humor4 ,! portion beh9d ! iris =ms ! po/]ior *amb]1 & conta9s ! cry/all9e l5s & a transp>5t1 jelly-l fluid1 ! vitre\s humor4 ,?is fluid is nev] r5ew$1 & its loss is popul>ly describ$ by ! phrase1 :5 ! eye runs out4 ,exp]im5t #adi4 ,! ret9a is n s5sitive :]e ! optic n]ve ent]s ! eyeball4 ,?is is call$ ! bl9d spot4 ,put two ink-bottles ab\t two feet ap>t1 on a table cov]$ ) :ite pap]4 ,close ! left eye1 & fix ! "r /eadily on ! left-h& ink/&1 gradually v>y+ ! di/ance f ! eye to ! ink-bottle4 ,at a c]ta9 di/ance ! "r-h& bottle w disappe>2 b ne>] or f>!r ?an t1 x w be pla9ly se54 ,! vitre\s humor fills ab\t f\r-fif?s ( ! eyeball & prev5ts x f fall+ into a %apeless mass4 ,x also s]ves to hold ! *oroid & ! ret9a 9 position1 & to ma9ta9 ! prop] relations ( ! inn] /ructures ( ! eye4 ,! iris consi/s ( a framework ( connective tissue1 ! surface ( :i* is l9$ by cells conta9+ pigm5t1 :i* gives color to ! eye4 ,bundles ( involunt>y muscul> fib]s are f\nd 9 ! sub/ance ( ! iris4 ,"s are arrang$ 9 a r+ r\nd ! m>g9 ( ! pupil2 o!rs radiate f x l ! spokes ( a :eel4 ,:5 ! circul> fib]s contract1 ! pupil is made small]1 b if ^! fib]s relax1 ! radiat+ fib]s cause ! pupil to dilate m or less widely4 #cbi4 ,! ,cry/all9e ,l5s4 ,j beh9d ! pupil & close to ! iris is a semi-solid1 d\ble-convex body1 call$ ! cry/all9e l5s4 ,x is %ap$ l a magnify+ glass1 convex on ea* side1 b ) ! po/]ior surface m convex ?an ! ant]ior4 ,9 heal? x is p]fectly cle> & transp>5t1 & highly ela/ic4 ,:5 ! l5s becomes opaque1 f *ange 9 old age1 or f ulc]s or w\nds1 we h ! disease kn[n z cat>act4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abi4--;,diagram %[+ ! ,*ange 9 ! ,l5s dur+ ,accommodation4 ,on ! "r ! l5s is arrang$ = di/ant vision1 ! cili>y muscle is relax$ & ! ligam5t ,d is t5se1 s flatt5+ by its compression ! front ( ! l5s ,c2 on ! left ! muscle ,a is act+1 & ?is relaxes ! ligam5t & all[s ! l5s ,b to become m convex1 & s fitt$ = ! vision ( ne> objects4 ,! l5s is n plac$ loosely 9 ! eyeball1 b is enclos$ 9 a transp>5t & ela/ic capsule susp5d$ ?r\gh\t its circumf]5ce by a ligam5t call$ ! susp5sory ligam5t4 ,?is ligam5t n only reta9s ! l5s 9 place1 b is capable ( alt]+ its %ape4 ,9 ord9>y conditions ( ! eye1 ?is ligam5t is kept t5se s t ! front "p ( ! l5s is flatt5$ some:at by ! pressure on x4 ,all ar\nd ! edge1 :]e ! cornea1 scl]otic1 & *oroid meet1 is a r+ ( involunt>y muscul> fib]s1 =m+ ! cili>y muscle4 ,:5 ^! fib]s contract1 !y draw =w>ds ! atta*m5t ( ! susp5sory ligam5t ( ! l5s1 ! pressure ( :i* on ! l5s is consequ5tly dim9i%$4 ,! ela/icity ( ! l5s causes x at once to bulge =w>ds1 & x becomes m convex4 ,! cili>y muscle is ?us kn[n z ! muscle ( accommodation1 because x has ! p[] to accommodate ! eye to ne> & di/ant objects4 ,9 ?is respect x corresponds 9 its use to ! adju/+ screw 9 ! op]a-glass & ! microscope4 #ccj4 ,! ,eye ,comp>$ to ! ,photographic ,cam]a4 ,z an optical in/rum5t1 ! eye may be aptly comp>$1 9 _m p>ticul>s1 to ! photographic cam]a4 ,! latt]1 ( c\rse1 is mu* simpl] 9 /ructure4 ,! eyelid =ms ! cap1 :i* be+ remov$1 ! light f ! object /reams ?r\gh ! eye & passes across ! d>k *amb] to ! ret9a beh9d1 :i* corresponds to ! s5sitive plate ( ! cam]a4 ,! transp>5t /ructures ?r\gh :i* ! rays ( light pass repres5t ! l5ses4 ,to prev5t any reflect$ light f /rik+ ! plate & int]f]+ ) ! %>pness ( ! picture1 ! int]ior ( ! photographic cam]a box is d>k5$4 ,! pigm5t$ lay] ( ! *oroid coat repres5ts ?is black5$ l9+4 ,9 ! cam]a1 ! arti/ uses a ?umb-screw to br+ to a focus on ! s5sitive plate ! rays ( light com+ f objects at diff]5t di/ances4 ,?us ! l5s ( ! cam]a may be mov$ ne>] to or f>!r f ! object4 ,9 ord] to obta9 cle> images1 ! same result mu/ be accompli%$ by ! eye4 ,:5 ! eye is focus$ = ne> objects1 ^? at a di/ance are blurr$1 & :5 focus$ = di/ant objects1 ^? ne> at h& are indi/9ct4 ,n[1 9 ! eye !re is no arrangem5t to alt] ! position ( ! l5ses1 z 9 ! cam]a1 b ! same result is obta9$ by :at is call$ accommodation4 ,aga91 e cam]a has an arrangem5t ( diaphragms regulat+ ! am\nt ( light4 ,?is is a rude contrivance comp>$ ) ! iris1 :i* by means ( its muscul> fib]s c 9 a mom5t alt] ! size ( ! pupil1 ?us s]v+ a simil> purpose4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acj4--;,illu/rat+ ! mann] 9 :i* ! ,image ( an ,object is br\ght to a ,focus 9 a ,photograph]'s ,cam]a4 #cca4 ,! ,refractive ,m$ia ( ! ,eye4 ,! eye is a clos$ *amb] into :i* no light c pass b ?r\gh ! cornea4 ,all ! rays t ent] ! eye mu/ also pass ?r\gh ! cry/all9e l5s1 :i* br+s !m to a focus1 z any ord9>y l5s w\ld d4 ,n[1 if ! m$ia ?r\gh :i* ! light f an object passes to rea* ! ret9a 7 all ( ! same d5sity z ! air1 & 7 also plane surfaces1 an impression w\ld be produc$1 b ! image w\ld n be di/9ct4 ,! action ( ! l5s is aid$ by sev]al refractive m$ia 9 ! eye4 ,^! m$ia are ! cornea1 ! aque\s humor1 & ! vitre\s humor4 ,by reason ( _! %ape & d5sity ^! m$ia refract ! rays ( light1 & br+ !m to a focus ^u ! ret9a1 ?us aid+ 9 produc+ a %>p & di/9ct image ( ! object4 ,ea* po9t ( ! image be+ ! focus or meet+-place ( a va/ numb] ( rays com+ f ! correspond+ po9t ( ! object is suffici5tly bright to /imulate ! ret9a to action4#dd ,?us1 ! mom5t rays ( light ent] ! eye !y are b5t out ( _! c\rse4 ,by ! action ( ! cry/all9e l5s1 aid$ by ! refractive m$ia1 ! rays ( light t are p>allel :5 !y fall ^u ! normal eye are br\ght to a focus on ! ret9a4 ,if ! entire optical app>atus ( ! eye 7 rigid & immovable1 "o ( ?ree ?+s w\ld be necess>y1 9 ord] to obta9 a cle> image ( an object2 = only p>allel rays 7t is1 rays com+ f objects di/ant ab\t ?irty feet or m71 are br\ght to a focus 9 ! av]age normal eye1 unless "s *ange is br\ght ab\t 9 ! refractive m$ia4 ,fir/1 ! po/]ior wall ( ! eye mu/ be mov$ fur!r back1 or ! l5s w\ld h to be capable ( movem5t1 or !re mu/ be "s way ( increas+ ! focus+ p[] ( ! l5s4 ,9 ! eye x is ! convexity ( ! l5s t is alt]$ s t ! eye is capable ( adju/+ itself to diff]5t di/ances4#de ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aca4--,! ,actual ,size ( ! ,te/-,type1 :i* %\ld be se5 by ! ,normal ,eye at a ,di/ance ( ,tw5ty ,feet4 #ccb4 ,! ,m ,common ,defects ( ,vision4 ,! eye may be free f disease & p]fectly s\nd1 & yet vision be indi/9ct1 because ! rays ( light are n accurately br\ght to a focus on ! ret9a4 ,old sight1 kn[n z presbyopia1 is a common defect ( vision 9 advanc+ ye>s4 ,?is is a p>tial loss ( ! p[] to accommodate ! eye to diff]5t di/ances4 ,?is defect is caus$ by an increase 9 ! d5sity ( ! cry/all9e l5s1 & an accompany+ dim9ution 9 ! ability to *ange its =m4 ,! f> po9t ( vision is n *ang$1 b ! ne> po9t is remov$ s f> f ! eye1 t small objects are no long] visible4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acb4--;,diagram illu/rat+ ! ,hyp]metropic 7f>-sight$7 ,eye4 ,! image ,p ( a po9t ,p falls beh9d ! ret9a 9 ! unaccommodat$ eye4 ,by means ( a convex l5s x may be focus$ on ! ret9a )\t accommodation 7dott$ l9es74 7,to save space ,p is plac$ mu* too ne> ! eye47 ,h5ce1 :5 a p]son ab\t =ty-five ye>s ( age compla9s ( dim light1 poor pr9t1 & tir$ eyes1 ! "t has come to seek ! advice ( an optician4 ,a convex l5s may be ne$$ to aid ! fail+ p[] to increase ! convexity ( ! l5s1 & to assi/ x 9 br++ ! div]g5t rays ( light to a focus4 ,9 long sight1 or hyp]metropia bo? ! ne> & f> po9t ( vision are conc]n$1 & !re is no di/9ct vision at any di/ance )\t a /ra94 ,x is a defect 9 ! focus1 dep5d5t ^u ! =m ( ! eyes1 & exi/s 9 *ildhood4 ,! axis ( ! eyeball is too %ort1 & ! focus falls beyond ! ret9a1 :i* is too ne> ! cornea4 ,9 *ildhood ?is /ra9 may pass unnotic$1 b1 soon] or lat] x manife/s itself by a s5se ( fatigue1 dizz9ess1 & a blurr$ & indi/9ct vision4 ,! rem$y is 9 ! use ( convex glasses to conv]ge p>allel rays ( light be=e !y ent] ! eye4 ,! muscles ( accommodation are ?us reliev$ ( _! extra "w4 ,%ort sight1 kn[n z myopia1 is "o ( ! commone/ defects ( vision4 ,9 ?is defect ! axis ( ! eye1 or ! di/ance betwe5 ! cornea & ! ret9a1 is too long & ! rays ( light are br\ght to a focus 9 front ( ! ret9a4 ,! t5d5cy to %ort-sight$ness exi/s 9 _m cases at bir?1 & is l>gely h]$it>y4 ,x is al>m+ly common ) ^? :o make a sev]e dem& ^u ! eyes4 ,dur+ *ildhood !re is a m>k$ increase ( ne>-sight$ness4 ,! results ( imprud5ce & abuse1 9 matt]s ( eyesight1 are s disa/r\s1 especially dur+ s*ool life1 t ! "q ( %ort sight becomes "o ( p>am\nt importance4 ,exp]im5t #aej4 ,) a h&-mirror reflect ! sunlight on a :ite wall4 ,look /eadily at ! spot = a full m9ute1 & !n let ! mirror sudd5ly be remov$4 ,! complem5t>y color--a d>k spot--w appe>4 ,exp]im5t #aea4 ,to %[ t impressions made ^u ! ret9a d n disappe> at once4 ,look /eadily at a bright light = a mom5t or two1 & !n turn away sudd5ly1 or %ut ! eyes4 ,a gleam ( light w be se5 = a second or two4 ,look /eadily at a well-light$ w9d[ = a few seconds1 & !n turn ! eyes sudd5ly to a d>k5$ wall4 ,! w9d[ frame may be pla9ly se5 = a mom5t4 ,glance at ! sun = a mom5t1 close ! eyes & ! image ( ! sun may be se5 = a few seconds4 ,exp]im5t #aeb4 ,take a r\nd piece ( :ite c>dbo>d ! size ( a sauc]1 & pa9t x 9 alt]nate r+s ( r$ & yell[1--two prim>y colors4 ,?ru/ a p9 ?r\gh ! c5t] & rotate x rapidly4 ,! eye p]ceives nei!r color1 b orange1--! second>y color4 ,exp]im5t #aec4 ,to note ! %ad[s ca/ ^u ! ret9a by opaque matt]s 9 ! vitre\s humor 7popul>ly kn[n z float+ specks1 or gossam] ?reads71 look ?r\gh a small p9-hole 9 a c>d at a bright light cov]$ by a gr\nd-glass %ade4 ,exp]im5t #aed4 ,to illu/rate accommodation4 ,/&+ ne> a s\rce ( light1 close "o eye1 hold up bo? =ef+]s n q 9 a l9e1 keep+ "o f+] ab\t six or sev5 in*es f ! o!r eye1 & ! o!r =ef+] ab\t sixte5 to eighte5 in*es f ! eye4 ,look at ! ne> f+]2 a di/9ct image is obta9$ ( x1 :ile ! f> "o is blurr$ or indi/9ct4 ,look at ! f> image2 x becomes di/9ct1 :ile ! ne> "o becomes blurr$4 ,obs]ve t 9 accommodat+ = ! ne> object1 "o is consci\s ( a di/9ct ef=t4 ,9 _m cases ne>-sight$ness becomes a s]i\s matt] & dem&s skillful advice & c>eful treatm5t4 ,to rem$y ?is defect1 some?+ mu/ be done to ?r[ f>!r back ! rays proce$+ f an object s t !y w come to a focus exactly on ! ret9a4 ,?is is done by means ( concave glasses1 prop]ly adju/$ to meet ! conditions ( ! eyes4 ,! selection ( suitable glasses calls = great c>e1 z mu* h>m may be done by us+ glasses n prop]ly fitt$ to ! eye4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acc4--;,diagram illu/rat+ ! ,myopic 7ne>-sight$7 ,eye4 ,! image ,p ( a di/ant object ,p falls 9 front ( ! ret9a ev5 )\t accommodation4 ,by means ( a concave l5s 7,l7 ! image may be made to fall on ! ret9a 7dott$ l9es74 7,to save space ,p is plac$ mu* too ne> ! eye74 ,!re is an optical condition ( ! eye kn[n z a/igmatism1 9 :i* ! cornea is usually at fault4 ,9 ?is defect ( vision ! curvature ( ! cornea is great] 9 "o m]idian ?an 9 ano!r4 ,z a result ! rays f an object are n all br\ght to ! same focus4 ,objects appe> di/ort$ or are se5 ) unequal cle>ness4 ,glasses ( a peculi> %ape are requir$ to c\nt]act ?is defect4 #ccc4 ,! ,movem5ts ( ! ,eyes4 ,9 ord] t our eyes may be effici5t in/rum5ts ( vision1 x is necess>y t !y h ! p[] ( mov+ indep5d5tly ( ! head4 ,! me*anical arrangem5t by :i* ! eyeballs are mov$ 9 diff]5t directions is q simple4 ,x is done by six little muscles1 arrang$ 9 ?ree pairs1 :i*1 ) "o exception1 orig9ate 9 ! back ( ! cavity 9 :i* ! eye re/s4 ,f\r ( ^! muscles run a /raight c\rse & are call$ ! recti4 ,! rema9+ two muscles b5d 9 _! c\rse & are call$ oblique4 ,! cord9ation ( ^! t9y muscles is m>vell\s 9 its delicacy1 accuracy1 & rapidity ( action4 ,:51 = any cause1 ! cord9ation is faulty1 cross eye1 te*nically call$ /rabismus1 is produc$4 ,?us1 if ! int]nal rectus is %ort5$1 ! eye turns 92 if ! ext]nal rectus1 ! eye turns out1 produc+ :at is kn[n z wall eye4 ,x is ?us evid5t t ! beauty ( ! int]nal me*anism ( ! eye has its fitt+ complem5t 9 ! precision1 delicacy1 & range ( movem5t conf]r$ ^u x by its muscles4 #ccd4 ,! ,eyelids & ,eyebr[s4 ,! eye is adorn$ & protect$ by ! eyelids1 eyela%es1 & eyebr[s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acd4--,muscles ( ! ,eyeball4 ,a1 atta*m5t ( t5don connect$ ) ! ?ree recti muscles2 ,b1 ext]nal rectus1 divid$ & turn$ d[nw>d1 to expose ! int]nus rectus2 ,c1 inf]ior rectus2 ,d1 int]nal rectus2 ,e1 sup]ior rectus2 ,f1 sup]ior oblique2 ,h1 pulley & reflect$ portion ( ! sup]ior oblique2 ,k1 inf]ior oblique2 ,l1 levator palpebri sup]ioris2 ,m1 middle portion ( ! same muscle 7,l72 ,n1 optic n]ve4 ,! eyelids1 two 9 numb]1 move ov] ! front ( ! eyeball & protect x f injury4 ,!y consi/ ( folds ( sk9 l9$ ) muc\s membrane1 kept 9 %ape by a lay] ( fibr\s mat]ial4 ,ne> ! inn] surface ( ! lids is a r[ ( tw5ty or ?irty gl&s1 kn[n z ! ,meibomian gl&s1 :i* op5 on ! free edges ( ea* lid4 ,:5 "o ( ^! gl&s is block$ by its own secretion1 ! inflammation :i* results is call$ a /y4 ,! inn] l9+ membrane ( ! eyelids is kn[n z ! conjunctiva2 x is ri*ly suppli$ ) blood-vessels & n]ves4 ,aft] l9+ ! lids x is reflect$ on to ! eyeballs4 ,x is ?is membrane :i* is occasionally inflam$ f tak+ cold4 ,! free edges ( ! lids are bord]$ ) two or m r[s ( hairs call$ ! eyela%es1 :i* s]ve bo? = ornam5t & = use4 ,!y help to protect ! eyes f du/1 & to a c]ta9 ext5t to %ade !m4 ,_! loss gives a peculi>1 unsightly look to ! face4 ,! upp] bord] ( ! orbit is provid$ ) a fr+e ( %ort1 /iff hairs1 ! eyebr[s4 ,!y help to %ade ! eyes f excessive light1 & to protect ! eyelids f p]spiration1 :i* w\ld o!rwise cause s]i\s discom=t4 #cce4 ,! ,lacrymal ,app>atus4 ,nature provides a special secretion1 ! te>s1 to moi/5 & protect ! eye4 ,! app>atus produc+ ?is secretion consi/s ( ! lacrymal or te> gl& & lacrymal canals or te> passages 7,fig4 #acf74 ,outside ( ! eyeball1 9 ! loose1 fatty tissue ( ! orbit1 9 ! upp] & out] corn] is ! lacrymal or te> gl&4 ,x is ab\t ! size ( a small almond & f x lead sev]al little canals :i* op5 on ! inn] surface ( ! upp] lid4 ,! fluid f ! gl& fl[s out by ^! op5+s ov] ! eyeball1 & is collect$ at ! inn] or nasal corn]4 ,"h 9 ea* lid is a little r$di% elevation1 or lacrymal c>uncle1 9 :i* is an op5+1 communicat+ ) a small canal 9 ! lid :i* jo9s ! lacrymal sac1 lodg$ betwe5 ! orbit & ! bridge ( ! nose 7,fig4 #acg74 ,f ?is sac !re passes a *annel1 ! nasal duct1 ab\t "o-half ( an in* long1 lead+ into ! l[] portion ( ! no/ril4 ,! fluid :i* has fl[$ ov] ! eye is dra9$ (f by ^! canals into ! nose4 ,dur+ sleep ?is secretion is mu* dim9i%$4 ,:5 ! eyes are op5 ! quantity is suffici5t to moi/5 ! eyeball1 ! excess be+ c>ri$ into ! nose s gradually t ! att5tion is n attract$ to x4 ,! lacrymal canals are at times block$ by inflammation ( ! nasal duct1 & ! fluid collects 9 ! corn]s ( ! eyelids & ov]fl[s d[n ! *eeks1 produc+ mu* inconv5i5ce4 ,! l9+ membrane ( ! eyelids ?r\gh ^! canals is cont9u\s ) t ( ! no/rils4 ,h5ce1 :5 ! l9+ membrane ( ! eye is r$ & swoll51 z dur+ a cold1 ! nasal passages are also irritat$1 & :5 ! nasal membrane is inflam$1 ! irritation is apt to pass upw>ds & affect ! eyelids4 #ccf4 ,! ,te>s4 ,! lacrymal or te> gl& is "u ! control ( ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,?us1 if any?+ irritates ! eyelids1 ! s5sory n]ves are /imulat$ & ! impression is c>ri$ to ! bra94 ,!nce ! n]ve impulses travel to ! lacrymal gl&s1 lead+ to an increas$ fl[ ( _! secretion4 ,! irritation ( ! s5sory n]ves 9 ! nasal passages by smell+ su* sub/ances z onions1 or pung5t salts1 (t5 causes a copi\s fl[ ( te>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ace4--,lacrymal ,gl& & ,ducts4 ,a1 la*rymal gl&1 ! size ( a small almond lodg$ 9 a %all[ depression 9 ! bones ( ! orbit2 ,b1 la*rymal ducts 7usually sev571 :i* =m a r[ ( op5+s into ! conjunctival fold4 ,v>i\s m5tal emotions1 z joy & grief1 may produce simil> results4 ,9 ^! cases ! gl&s secrete ! fluid 9 su* quantities t x _c escape by ! lacrymal canals1 & ! excess rolls ov] ! *eeks z te>s4 ,excessive grief sometimes acts on ! n]ve c5t]s 9 exactly ! opposite mann]1 s t ! activity ( ! gl&s is arre/$ & less fluid is secret$4 ,?is expla9s :y "s p d n %$ te>s 9 times ( deep grief4 ,exp]im5t #aee4 ,g5tly turn ! inn] "p ( y\r l[] eyelid d[n4 ,look 9 a mirror1 & ! small lacrymal po9t1 or op5+ into ! nasal duct1 may be obs]v$4 #ccg4 ,color-bl9dness4 ,!re is an abnormal condition ( vision call$ color-bl9dness1 9 :i* ! p[] ( discrim9ation betwe5 diff]5t colors is impair$4 ,exp]im5t %[s t n9ety-six out ( e "o hundr$ m5 agree z to ! id5tity or ! diff]5ce ( color1 :ile ! rema9+ f\r %[ a defective p]ception ( color4 ,! fir/ may be said to h normal vision2 ! second are call$ color-bl9d4 ,x is a curi\s fact t t5 times m m5 ?an wom5 are color-bl9d4 ,9 its true s5se1 color-bl9dness is always cong5ital1 (t5 h]$it>y4 ,?is condition ( abnormal vision is totally incurable4 ,a p]son may be color-bl9d & n "k x until ! defect is accid5tally reveal$4 ,! common =m ( defective color-vision is ! inability to di/+ui% betwe5 r$ & gre54 ,z gre5 lights mean safety1 & r$ lights dang]1 on railroads1 on %ipbo>d1 & else:]e1 x becomes ( p>am\nt importance t no "o :o is color-bl9d %\ld be employ$ 9 su* s]vice4 ,v>i\s te/s are n[ requir$ by /atute law 9 _m /ates to be us$ = ! detection ( su* defects ( vision among employees 9 c]ta9 occupations4 #cch4 ,s*ool ,life & ! ,eyesight4 ,! eyes ( *ildr5 ne$ m c>e ?an ^? ( adults1 because _! eyes are /ill 9 ! c\rse ( developm5t4 ,! eyes1 l any o!r organ :i* is yet to atta9 its full gr[?1 require m c>e 9 _! use ?an "o :i* has already rea*$ its full size4 ,!y are peculi>ly liable to be affect$ by improp] or defective light4 ,h5ce ! c>e ( ! eyes dur+ s*ool life is a matt] ( ! mo/ practical importance4 ,9 no matt] ( heal? c ! tea*] d a m di/9ct s]vice ?an 9 look+ aft] ! eyesight ( ! pupils4 ,*ildr5 suff]+ f defective vision are sometimes puni%$ by tea*]s = suppos$ /upidity4 ,su* pupils1 z well z ! deaf1 are peculi>ly s5sitive to _! defects4 ,e s*oolroom %\ld h pl5ty ( light2 x %\ld come f ei!r side or ! re>1 & %\ld be regulat$ ) suitable %ades & curta9s4 ,pupils %\ld n be all[$ to =m ! bad habit ( read+ ) ! book held close to ! eyes4 ,! long se>* on maps = obscure names pr9t$ 9 lett]s ( bad & try+ type %\ld be disc\rag$4 ,/ra9+ ! eyes 9 try+ to read f slates & blackbo>ds1 9 ! la/ h\r ( ! aft]noon session1 or 9 cl\dy wea!r1 may d a lifelong injury to ! eyesight4 ,avoid ! use1 s f> z possible1 especially 9 a defective light1 ( text-books :i* are pr9t$ on batt]$ type & worn plates4 ,! seat & desk ( ea* s*ol> %\ld be c>efully arrang$ to suit ! eyesight1 z well z ! bones & muscles4 ,special pa9s %\ld be tak5 ) ! ne>-sight$ pupils1 & ^? :o return to s*ool aft] an attack ( sc>let fev]1 measles1 or diph!ria4 ,exp]im5t #aef4 ,to te/ color-bl9dness4 ,on no acc\nt is ! p]son be+ te/$ to be ask$ to "n a color4 ,9 a l>ge class ( /ud5ts "o is pretty sure to f9d "s :o are m or less color-bl9d4 ,! common defects are = r$ & gre54 ,place wor/$s on a :ite backgr\nd 9 a good light4 ,select1 z a te/ color1 a ske9 ( light gre5 color1 su* z w\ld be obta9$ by mix+ a pure gre5 ) :ite4 ,ask ! exam9ee to select & pick out f ! heap all ^? ske9s :i* appe> to him to be ( ! same color1 :e!r ( light] or d>k] %ades4 ,a color-bl9d p]son w select among/ o!rs "s ( ! confusion-colors1 e4g41 p9k1 yell[4 ,a color$ plate %[+ ^! %\ld be hung up 9 ! room4 ,any "o :o selects all ! gre5s & no confusion-colors has normal color vision4 ,if1 h[ev]1 "o or m confusion-colors be select$1 proce$ z foll[s3 select z a te/ color a ske9 ( pale rose4 ,if ! p]son be r$-bl9d1 he w *oose blue & violet2 if gre5-bl9d1 gray & gre54 ,select a bright r$ ske94 ,! r$-bl9d w select gre5 & br[n2 ! gre5-bl9d picks out r$s or light] br[n4 #cci4 ,practical ,h9ts on ! ,c>e ( ! ,eyes4 ,! eye is an exce$+ly delicate & s5sitive organ4 ,:ile x is long-suff]+1 its endurance has a limit4 ,l all ! o!r organs ( ! body1 ! eyes are bett] = mod]ate & rational use4 ,m ?an any o!r organ !y require att5tion to ! g5]al heal?1 z ! condition ( ! sk91 ex]cise 9 ! op5 air1 good food1 & prop] habits ( daily liv+4 ,! tissues ( ! eyes are peculi>ly s5sitive to any g5]al influ5ce4 ,c]ta9 con/itutional diseases1 l rheumatism1 lead-poison+1 diph!ria1 & measles (t5 affect ! eyes4 ,special c>e %\ld be tak5 ) *ildr5's eyes dur+ & aft] an attack ( measles & sc>let fev]4 ,! eyes ( "y infants %\ld n be expos$ to gl>+ lights or to ! direct rays ( ! sun1 z :5 tak5 out 9 baby c>riages4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acf4--,%[+ ! ,relative ,position ( ! ,lacrymal ,app>atus1 ! ,eyeball1 & ! ,eyelids4 ,a1 lacrymal canals1 ) ! m9ute orifices repres5t$ z two black dots 7puncta lacrymalia7 to ! "r2 ,b1 t5don ( ! orbicul>is palpebr>um muscle2 app>5tly "u ,b is se5 ! lacrymal sac4 ,! m9ute op5+s ( ! ,meibomian gl&s are se5 on ! free m>g9s ( ! eyelids4 ,bel[ ,a is se5 a small conical elevation1 ) black dots 7! lacrymal papilla or c>uncle74 ,glasses %\ld be worn :5 !y are ne$$4 ,a failure to d ?is ususally causes mu* unnecess>y suff]+4 ,x is f> f wise to po/pone z long z possible ! fir/ use ( glasses4 ,! selection & prop] fitt+ ( glasses call = ! comb9$ skill ( bo? ! physician & ! optician4 ,ob/9ate heada*es are (t5 caus$ by defective vision1 & may disappe> aft] discont9u+ improp] glasses4 ,! habit ( read+1 9 ! c>s or else:]e1 ! daily pap] & poorly pr9t$ books1 ) _! blurr$ & indi/9ct type1 is a sev]e /ra9 on ! accommodation app>atus ( ! eyes4 ,x is a dang]\s practice to read 9 b$ at night1 or :ile ly+ d[n 9 a d>k5$ or %ad$ room4 ,?is is especially true dur+ recov]y f illness4 ,! muscles ( ! eyes und]go excessive /ra9 9 accommodat+ !mselves to ! unnatural position4 ,! batt]$ type1 wood-pulp pap]1 & poor presswork1 n[ s commonly us$ 9 ! *eap editions ( books & p]iodicals1 are (t5 injuri\s to ! eyesight4 ,read+-matt] %\ld n be held ne>] to ! eyes ?an is necess>y to make ! pr9t appe> p]fectly %>p & di/9ct4 ,no pr9t %\ld be read cont9u\sly t _c be se5 cle>ly at ab\t eighte5 in*es4 ,^? :o read music are especially liable to /ra9 ! eyes1 because exact vision is requir$ to foll[ ! notes4 ,p]sons :o we> glasses = read+ %\ld be c>eful to use !m :ile read+ music1 & good light is necess>y to avoid any undue /ra94 ,aft] read+ /eadily = "s "t1 ! eyes %\ld be re/$ by clos+ !m a %ort p]iod or by look+ at "s di/ant object1 ev5 if only = a few mom5ts4 ,! book1 ! sew+1 & "w g5]ally1 %\ld be held z f> f ! eyes z is compatible ) good vision4 ,! natural t5d5cy is to rev]se ?is rule4 ,we %\ld nev] read1 write1 sew1 /it*1 or o!rwise use ! eyes :5 !y sm>t or t+le1 or :5 ! sight is dim or blurr$4 ,! eyes are !n tir$ & ne$ a re/4 ,mu* injury may be done by read+ 9 twilight1 or by artificial light 9 ! e>ly morn+1 & by read+ & work+ 9 badly light$ & ill-v5tilat$ rooms4 ,good artificial light is mu* to be pref]r$ to insuffici5t sunlight4 ,! artificial light %\ld be suffici5tly bright & /eady2 a fick]+ light is always bad4 ,rid+ aga9/ a /rong w9d1 especially on a bicycle1 may prove hurtful1 at lea/ = eyes t are incl9$ to any k9d ( inflammation4 ,! light reflect$ f sn[ is a common s\rce ( injury to ! eyes4 ,x is a wise caution 9 pass+ f a d>k room to avoid look+ imm$iately at ! sun1 an inc&esc5t light1 ! gli/5+ sn[1 or o!r bright objects4 ,! eyes %\ld nev] be rubb$1 or ! f+]s ?ru/ into !m1#df & mu* less :5 !y are irritat$ by any =eign sub/ance4 ,! soon] ! (f5d+ sub/ance is remov$ ! bett]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acg4--,lacrymal ,canals1 ,lacrymal ,sac1 & ,nasal ducts1 op5$ by _! ,ant]ior ,portion4 #cdj4 ,effect ( ,alcohol ^u ! ,eye4 ,! e>li] & slight] =ms ( injury done to ! eye by ! use ( intoxicants are q famili>3 ! wat]y condition ( ! eye & ( ! lids1 & ! r$ & ble>$ aspect ( ! organ4 ,bo? are ! result ( *ronic inflammation1 :i* cr[ds ! blood into ! vessels ( ! cornea1 mak+ !m blood%ot & visible4 ,! n]ves controll+ ! circulation ( ! eye are p>tially p>alyz$1 & ?us ! relax$ vessels become di/5d$4 ,b m s]i\s results ensue4 ,long use ( intoxicants produces diseases ( ! ret9a1 involv+ 9 _m cases m>k$ dim9ution ( acut5ess z well z quickness ( vision1 & at times di/ort$ images ^u ! surface ( ! ret9a4 ,9 o!r in/ances1 ! conge/ion ( ! optic n]ve is s s]i\s z to involve a progressive wa/+ ( t organ1 produc+ at fir/ a hazy dimness ( vision :i* gradually becomes worse & worse1 till total bl9dness may ensue4 ,x is beyond "q t a wide comp>ison ( cases by c>eful obs]v]s proves t a l>ge fraction ( ^? :o indulge 9 /rong dr9k suff] f "s =m ( disease ( ! eye4 #cda4 ,effect ( ,tobacco ^u ,vision4 ,tobacco1 9 its di/ribution ( evil effects1 does n neglect ! s5ses & especially ! eye4 ,a v>iety ( vici\s results is produc$4 ,! pung5t smoke inflames ! lids4 ,! n>cotic dilates ! pupil1 caus+ dimness & confusion ( vision4 ,a diseas$ condition occurs ) sev]e pa9 9 ! eye foll[$ by impair$ vision4 ,oculi/s speak impressively ( ! ill effects ( tobacco1 & especially ( cig>ettes1 ^u ! eyes ( ! "y4 ,!y m5tion a well-kn[n disease1 tobacco bl9dness1 usually beg9n+ ) color-bl9dness1 & progress+ occasionally ) increas+ dimness ( vision to entire loss ( sight4#dg #cdb4 ,! ,s5se ( ,he>+4 ,! /ructure ( ! human e> is mu* m complicat$ ?an is g5]ally suppos$4 ,x is an app>atus con/ruct$ to respond to ! waves ( s\nd4 ,z a :ole1 x may be consid]$ a peculi> =m ( n]ve-end+4 ,! ext]nal e> =ms only a "p ( a mo/ elaborate app>atus :]eby s\nd waves may be transmitt$ inw>ds to ! real organ ( he>+4 ,! really s5sitive "p ( ! e>1 9 :i* ! auditory n]ve ends1 is buri$ = protection deep out ( sight 9 ! bones ( ! head2 s deep t s\nds _c directly affect x4 ,"s arrangem5t1 !re=e1 is requir$ = conduct+ ! s\nds inw>ds to ?is true organ4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ach4--,! ,p9na1 or ,auricle4 ,9 /udy+ ! /ructure ( ! e>1 & h[ x is fitt$ to respond to sonor\s vibrations1 we may divide x into ?ree p>ts3 ! s\nd-conduct+ "p1 kn[n z ! ext]nal e>1 ! middle e>1 & ! deeply plac$ n]ve portion1 ! inn] e>4 #cdc4 ,! ,ext]nal ,e>4 ,! ext]nal e> consi/s ( an exp&$ portion kn[n z ! p9na or auricle1 & ( a passage1 ! auditory canal or meatus1 lead+ inw>ds f x4 ,! surface ( ! auricle is convolut$ to collect & transmit ! vibrations ( air by :i* s\nd is produc$ ! auditory canal conducts ^! vibrations to ! tympanic membrane4 ,_m animals move ! auricle 9 ! direction ( ! s\nd4 ,?us ! horse pricks up its e>s :5 x he>s a noise1 ! bett] to judge ( ! direction ( s\nds4#dh ,! ext]nal auditory meatus1 ! passage to ! middle e>1 is curv$ & is ab\t an in* & a qu>t] long4 ,ne> its out] portion are a numb] ( f9e hairs slant+ outw>ds to prev5t ! entrance ( insects4 ,emb$d$ 9 ! deep] p>ts ( ! canal are gl&s :i* secrete ! c]um51 or e>-wax1 :i* keeps ! canal moi/1 & helps to protect x aga9/ =eign bodies & insects4 ,z ! result ( a cold1 ?is wax may collect 9 suffici5t quantities to block ! passage1 & to dim9i% to a consid]able ext5t ! p[] ( he>+4 #cdd4 ,! ,middle ,e>4 ,at ! inn] end ( ! out] e> passage is ! tympanum1 kn[n z ! drum ( ! e>4 ,x is a ?91 oval membrane1 /ret*$ at an angle across ! deep end ( ! passage1 :i* x completely closes4 ,! tympanum is ?us a p>tition betwe5 ! passage ( ! out] e> & ! cavity ( ! middle e>4 ,on its inn] side is a small air *amb] 9 ! petr\s portion ( ! temporal bone1 call$ ! cavity ( ! tympanum4 ,its bony walls are l9$ ) muc\s membrane simil> to t l9+ ! nose1 m\?1 & ?roat4 ,on ! inn] wall ( ! tympanum are two op5+s1 ! r\nd w9d[1 or =am5 rotundum1 & ! oval w9d[1 or =am5 ovale4 ,! tympanic cavity communicates ) ! back "p ( ! ?roat1 by ! ,eu/a*ian tube4 ,?is tube is ab\t "o & a half in*es long & l9$ ) muc\s membrane simil> to t ( ! tympanic *amb] & ! ?roat4 ,?is passage is usually clos$1 b is op5$ 9 ! act ( swall[+4 ,9 heal? !re is no communication betwe5 ! *amb] ( ! middle e> & ! outside1 except by ! ,eu/a*ian tube4 ,?us a ?roat cold1 ) r$ness & swell+ ( ! muc\s membrane1 is usually accompani$ ) "s degree ( deafness1 because ! swell+ may block ! lum5 ( ! tube1 & ?us prev5t ! free passage ( air to & fro4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aci4--;,g5]al ,view ( ! ,organ ( ,he>+4 ,a1 p9na2 ,b1 cavity ( ! con*a1 %[+ ! orifices ( a great numb] ( sebace\s gl&s2 ,c1 ext]nal auditory meatus2 ,d1 membrana tympani2 ,f1 incus2 ,h1 malleus2 ,k1 h&le ( malleus appli$ to ! int]nal surface ( ! membrana tympani2 ,l1 t5sor tympani muscle2 betwe5 ,m & ,k is ! tympanic cavity2 ,n1 ,eu/a*ian tube2 ,o1 ,p1 semicircul> canals2 ,r1 int]nal auditory canal2 ,s1 l>ge n]ve giv5 (f f ! facial ganglion2 ,t1 facial & auditory n]ves4 ,a mo/ curi\s feature ( ! e> is ! *a9 ( t9y movable bones :i* /ret* across ! cavity ( ! middle e>4 ,!y connect ! tympanic membrane ) ! labyr9?1 & s]ve to convey ! vibrations communicat$ to ! membrane across ! cavity ( ! tympanum to ! int]nal e>4 ,^! bones are ?ree 9 numb]1 & f _! %ape are call$ ! bmalleus_/b1 or hamm]1 bincus_/b1 or anvil2 & b/apes_/b1 or /irrup4 ,! hamm] is atta*$ by its long h&le to ! inn] surface ( ! drum ( ! e>4 ,! r\nd head is connect$ ) ! anvil by a movable jo9t1 :ile ! long projection ( ! anvil is simil>ly connect$ ) ! /irrup bone4 ,! plate ( ! /irrup is fix$ by a membrane into ! oval w9d[ ( ! inn] wall ( ! tympanic *amb]4 ,^! little bones are connect$ ) ea* o!r & ! tympanum by ligam5ts & mov$ by ?ree t9y muscles4 ,two are atta*$ to ! hamm]1 & tight5 & relax ! drum2 ! o!r is atta*$ to ! /irrup1 & prev5ts x f be+ pu%$ too deeply into ! oval w9d[4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adj4--;,e>-,bones4 7,ant]ior ,view47 #a1 malleus1 or hamm]2 #b1 incus1 or anvil2 #c1 /apes1 or /irrup4 #cde4 ,! ,int]nal ,e>4 ,?is =ms "o ( ! mo/ delicate & complex pieces ( me*anism 9 ! :ole body4 ,x is t portion ( ! organ :i* receives ! impression ( s\nd1 & c>ries x directly to ! seat ( consci\sness 9 ! bra94 ,we are !n able to say t we he>4 ,! int]nal e>1 or bony labyr9?1 consi/s ( ?ree di/9ct p>ts1 or v>i\sly %ap$ *amb]s1 holl[$ out 9 ! temporal bone1--! ve/ibule1 ! semicircul> canals1 & ! co*lea1 or snail's %ell4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ada4--;,a ,ca/ ( ! ,ext]nal ,auditory ,canal4 7,po/]ior view7 ,! ve/ibule is ! common cavity ) :i* all ! o!r portions ( ! labyr9? connect4 ,x is an oval-%ap$ *amb]1 ab\t ( an in* 9 diamet]1 occupy+ ! middle "p ( ! int]nal e>4 ,x is on ! inn] side ( ! oval w9d[1 :i* 0 clos$1 z we h se51 by ! /irrup bone4 ,f "o side ( ?is ve/ibule1 or c5tral hall1 ! ?ree semicircul> canals pass (f1 & f ! o!r side1 ! co*lea4 ,! ?ree semicircul> canals1 s call$ f _! %ape1 are simply bony tubes ab\t #a_/bj ( an in* 9 wid?1 mak+ a curve ( ab\t #a_/d ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,!y pass out f ! ve/ibule1 & aft] b5d+ ar\nd some:at l a hoop1 !y return aga9 to ! ve/ibule4 ,ea* bony canal conta9s )9 x a membran\s canal1 at ! end ( :i* x is dilat$ to =m an ampulla4 ,exp]im5t #aeg4 ,to vibrate ! tympanic membrane & ! little e>-bones4 ,%ut ! m\?1 & p9* ! nose tightly4 ,try to =ce air ?r\gh ! nose4 ,! air dilates ! ,eu/a*ian tube1 & is =c$ into ! e>-drum4 ,! di/9ct crackle1 or click+ s\nd1 is due to ! movem5t ( ! e>-bones & ! tympanic membrane4 ,! co*lea1 or snail's %ell1 is ano!r *amb] holl[$ out 9 ! solid bone4 ,x is coil$ on itself some:at l a snail's %ell4 ,!re is a c5tral pill>1 ar\nd :i* w9ds a long spiral canal4 ,"o passage f ! co*lea op5s directly into ! ve/ibule2 ! o!r leads to ! *amb] ( ! middle e>1 & is sep>at$ f x by ! little r\nd w9d[ already describ$4 ,! co*lea conta9s ?\s&s ( ! mo/ m9ute cords1 kn[n z ! fib]s or organ ( ,corti4#di ,"u ! microscope !y pres5t ! appe>ance ( ! keybo>d ( a piano4 ,^! fib]s appe> to vibrate 9 sympa?y ) ! c\ntless %ades ( s\nds :i* daily p5etrate ! e>4 ,f ! hair-l processes on ^! tightly /ret*$ fib]s1 auditory impulses appe> to be transmitt$ to ! bra94 ,! tubes & *amb]s ( ! inn] e> enclose & protect a delicate membran\s sac ( exactly ! same %ape z !mselves4 ,betwe5 ! bony walls ( ! passages & ! membran\s bag inside is a ?91 cle> fluid1 ! p]ilymph4 ,! membran\s bag itself conta9s a simil> fluid1 ! endolymph4 ,9 ?is fluid are f\nd "s m9ute cry/als ( lime l t9y p>ticles ( s&1 call$ otoli?s1 or e>-/ones4 ,e movem5t ( ! fluid itself ?r[s ^! gra9s f side to side4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adb4--;,bony int]nal ,e> ( ,"r ,side4 7,magnifi$2 ! upp] figure ( ! natural size47 ,a1 oval w9d[ 7=am5 ovale72 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 semicircul> canals2 99 repres5ts ! bulg+ "p 7ampulla7 ( ea* canal2 ,e1 ,f1 ,g co*lea1 ,h1 r\nd w9d[ 7=am5 rotundum74 ,! auditory n]ve1 or n]ve ( he>+1 passes to ! inn] e>1 ?r\gh a passage 9 ! solid bone ( ! skull4 ,its m9ute filam5ts spread at la/ ov] ! inn] walls ( ! membran\s labyr9? 9 two bran*es1--"o go+ to ! ve/ibule & ! ampull at ! ends ( ! semicircul> canals1 ! o!r lead+ to ! co*lea4 #cdf4 ,me*anism ( ,he>+4 ,waves ( s\nd rea* ! e>1 & are direct$ by ! con*a to ! ext]nal passage1 at ! end ( :i* !y rea* ! tympanic membrane4 ,:5 ! s\nd-waves beat ^u ?is ?9 membrane1 x is ?r[n into vibration1 reproduc+ 9 its movem5ts ! "* ( ! air-vibrations t h fall5 ^u x4 ,n[ ! vibrations ( ! tympanic membrane are pass$ along ! *a9 ( bones atta*$ to its inn] surface & rea* ! /irrup bone4 ,! /irrup n[ p]=ms a to-&-fro movem5t at ! oval w9d[1 pass+ ! auditory impulse inw>ds to ! int]nal e>4 ,e "t ! /irrup bone is pu%$ 9 & drawn out ( ! oval w9d[1 ! wat]y fluid 7! p]ilymph7 9 ! ve/ibule & inn] e> is set 9 motion m or less viol5tly1 accord+ to ! int5sity ( ! s\nd4 ,! membran\s labyr9? occupies ! c5tral portion ( ! ve/ibule & ! passages lead+ f x4 ,:51 !re=e1 ! p]ilymph is %ak5 x communicates ! impulse to ! fluid 7endolymph7 conta9$ 9 ! inn] membran\s bag4 ,! endolymph & ! t9y gra9s ( e>-s& n[ p]=m _! "p 9 ?is m>vel\s & complex me*anism4 ,!y are driv5 aga9/ ! sides ( ! membran\s bag1 & s /rike ! ends ( ! n]ves ( he>+1 :i* transmit ! auditory impulses to ! seat ( s5sation 9 ! bra94 ,x is 9 ! seat ( s5sation 9 ! bra9 call$ ! s5sorium t ! v>i\s auditory impulses receiv$ f diff]5t p>ts ( ! inn] e> are fus$ into "o1 & int]pret$ z s\nds4 ,x is ! ext5t ( ! vibrations t det]m9es ! l\dness ( ! s\nd2 ! numb] ( !m t det]m9es ! pit*4 ,exp]im5t #aeh4 ,hold a tick+ wat* betwe5 ! tee?1 or t\* ! upp] incisors ) a vibrat+ tun+-=k2 close bo? e>s1 & obs]ve t ! tick+ or vibration is he>d l\d]4 ,un/op "o e>1 & obs]ve t ! tick+ or vibration is he>d l\de/ 9 ! /opp$ e>4 ,exp]im5t #aei4 ,hold a vibrat+ tun+-=k on ! incisor tee? until y _c he> x s\nd+4 ,close "o or bo? e>s1 & y w he> x4 ,exp]im5t #afj4 ,li/5 to a tick+ wat* or a tun+-=k kept vibrat+ electrically4 ,close ! m\? & no/rils1 & take ei!r a deep inspiration or deep expiration1 s z to alt] ! t5sion ( ! air 9 ! tympanum2 9 bo? cases ! s\nd is dim9i%$4 ,exp]im5t #afa4 ,) a bl9dfold$ p]son te/ 8 s5se ( ! direction ( s\nd1 e4g41 by click+ two co9s toge!r4 ,x is v imp]fect4 ,let a p]son press bo? auricles aga9/ ! side ( ! head1 & hold bo? h&s v]tically 9 front ( ea* meatus4 ,on a p]son mak+ a s\nd 9 front1 ! obs]v$ p]son w ref] x to a position beh9d him4 #cdg4 ,practical ,h9ts on ! ,c>e ( ! ,e>4 ,?is v delicate & complicat$ organ is (t5 neglect$ :5 skill$ treatm5t is urg5tly ne$$1 & x is (t5 ignorantly & c>elessly tamp]$ ) :5 x %\ld be let alone4 ,nev] ins]t into ! e> canal ! corn]s ( t[els1 e> spoons1 ! ends ( too?picks1 hairp9s1 or any o!r po9t$ in/rum5ts4 ,x is a ne$less & dang]\s practice1 usually caus+1 9 "t1 "s =m ( inflammation4 ,! abrasion ( ! sk9 9 ! canal ?us produc$ af=ds a favorable soil = ! gr[? ( vegetable p>asites4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adc4--;,diagram ( ! ,middle & ,int]nal ,e>4 ,?is1 9 turn1 may lead to a *ronic inflammation ( ! canal & ( ! tympanic membrane4 ,aga91 !re is always risk t ! elb[ may be jogg$ & ! in/rum5t pu%$ ?r\gh ! drum-head4 ,!re is1 ( c\rse1 a natural impulse to relieve ! it*+ ( ! e>4 ,?is %\ld be done ) ! tips ( ! f+]s or n at all4 ,! popul> notion t some?+ %\ld be put into ! e> to cure too?a*e is errone\s4 ,?is treatm5t does n cure a too?a*e1 & may lead to an injury to ! delicate p>ts ( ! e>4 ,a piece ( absorb5t cotton1 c>efully ins]t$ into ! e>1 may be worn out ( doors1 :5 ! cold air causes pa91 b %\ld be remov$ on com+ into ! h\se4 ,frequ5t ba?+ 9 ! cold wat] ( ponds & riv]s is liable to injure bo? ! e>s & ! g5]al heal?4 ,9 salt-wat] ba?+1 ! =ce ( ! waves /rik+ aga9/ ! e>s (t5 leads to e>a*e1 long-cont9u$ inflammation1 or defective he>+2 to dim9i% ?is risk1 ins]t into ! e>s a small plug ( absorb5t cotton4 ,! e>s are (t5 c>elessly expos$ to cold wat] & inclem5t wea!r4 ,v cold wat] %\ld nev] be us$ to ba! ! e>s & no/rils4 ,ba! mod]ately & g5tly 9 lukew>m wat]1 us+ a wa%-rag 9 pref]5ce to a sponge2 dry g5tly & ?or\ghly4 ,*ildr5's e>s are (t5 rudely wa%$1 especially 9 ! auditory canal4 ,?is is n at all necess>y to cleanl9ess1 & may result 9 a local inflammation4 ,nev] %\t sudd5ly 9 a p]son's e>4 ,! e> is n prep>$ = ! %ock1 & deafness has occasionally result$4 ,a sudd5 explosion1 ! noise ( a cannon1 may bur/ ! drum-head1 especially if ! ,eu/a*ian tube be clos$ at ! "t4 ,dur+ heavy cannonad+1 soldi]s are taught to keep ! m\? op5 to all[ an equal t5sion ( air4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #add4--,section ( ,co*lea4 ,f ,a /raight d[nw>ds is ! direction ( ! c5tral column1 to :i* ,e po9ts4 ,b po9ts to ! project+ ridge1 almo/ divid+ ! canal ( ! tube into an upp] comp>tm5t 7,d71 & a l[] 7,c74 ,insects may ga9 entrance to ! e>s & occasion annoyance1 pa91 & fright1 p]haps lead+ to vomit+1 ev5 to convulsions1 ) n]v\s *ildr54 ,a light$ lamp held at ! entrance ( ! e> w (t5 induce ! (f5d+ insect to crawl out t[>ds ! light4 ,a few drops ( w>m wat]1 sweet oil1 or molasses1 dropp$ into ! e>1 w help remove ! intrud]4 ,:5 a dis*>ge occurs f ! e>s1 x is n be/ to plug !m ) cotton wads4 ,x only keeps 9 :at %\ld be got rid (4 ,d n g to sleep ) ! head on a w9d[ sill or 9 any position1 ) ! e>s expos$ to draughts ( cold or damp air4 ,no ef=t %\ld be made to remove ! e> wax unless x accumulates unduly4 ,! sk9 ( ! canal gr[s outw>d1 & ! extra wax & du/ w be naturally c>ri$ out1 if let alone4 ,nev] employ any ( ! _m articles or drops1 adv]tis$ to cure deafness4 ,neuralgic pa9 9 ! canal1 usually class$ z e>a*e1 may be due to decay$ or improp]ly fill$ tee?4 ,qu99e1 s g5]ally us$ 9 its _m prep>ations = mal>ia1 causes a peculi> r++ or buzz+ 9 ! e>s4 ,?is is a w>n+ t x %\ld be tak5 9 small] doses1 or p]haps /opp$ = a "t4 ,9 "s cases qu99e may produce tempor>y deafness4 ,! practice ( snuff+ up cold wat] into ! no/rils is occasionally foll[$ by an acute inflammation ( ! middle e>1 "s ( ! wat] f9d+ its way ?r\gh ! ,eu/a*ian tube into ?is "p ( ! organ ( he>+4 ,! nasal d\*e1 s (t5 advis$ z a home rem$y = nasal cat>rh1 %\ld be us$ only ) great caution1 & always 9 accordance ) detail$ directions f a physician4 #cdh4 ,effect ( ,tobacco ^u ! ,he>+4 ,! s5se ( he>+ is (t5 injur$ by ! use ( tobacco4 ,! irritat+ smoke fill+ all ! inn] cavity ( ! m\? & ?roat1 readily f9ds its way up ! ,eu/a*ian tube1 dries ! membrane1 & irritates or inflames ! delicate me*anism ( ! inn] e>4 ,?us may be produc$ a v>iety ( s]i\s aural di/urbances1 su* z unnatural noises1 :i/l+1 & ro>+1 foll[$ (t5times by a p>tial loss ( he>+4 ,he>+ may be impair$ by ! use ( alcoholic bev]ages4 ,alcohol inflames ! muc\s membrane ( ! ?roat1 !n by its ne>ness ! l9+ ( ! ,eu/a*ian tube1 & f9ally may injure ! delicate app>atus ( ! int]nal e>4 ,additional ,exp]im5ts4 ,exp]im5t #afb4 ,use a small pair ( wood5 compasses1 or an ord9>y pair ( divid]s ) _! po9ts gu>d$ by a small piece ( cork4 ,apply ! po9ts ( ! compasses lightly & simultane\sly to diff]5t p>ts ( ! body1 & asc]ta9 at :at di/ance ap>t ! po9ts are felt z two4 ,! foll[+ is ! ord] ( s5sibility3 tip ( tongue1 tip ( ! middle f+]1 palm1 =ehead1 & back ( h&4 ,exp]im5t #afc4 ,te/ z 9 prec$+ exp]im5t ! sk9 ( ! arm1 beg9n+ at ! %\ld] & pass+ d[nw>ds4 ,obs]ve t ! s5sibility is great] z "o te/s t[>ds ! f+]s1 & also 9 ! transv]se ?an 9 ! long axis ( ! limb4 ,9 all cases comp>e ! results obta9$ on bo? sides ( ! body4 ,exp]im5t #afd4 ,by means ( a spray-produc]1 spray ! back ( ! h& ) e!r1 & obs]ve h[ ! s5sibility is aboli%$4 ,exp]im5t #afe4 ,t\* y\r =ehead ) y\r =ef+]2 ! f+] appe>s to feel ! contact1 b on rubb+ ! =ef+] rapidly ov] ! =ehead1 x is ! latt] :i* is int]pret$ z feel+ ! f+]4 ,exp]im5t #aff4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ! s5sation ( t\* is ref]r$ to ! cutane\s surfaces4 ,9 c]ta9 cases1 h[ev]1 x is ref]r$ ev5 beyond ?is4 ,hold+ firmly 9 "o h& a cane or a p5cil1 t\* an object !re)2 ! s5sation is ref]r$ to ! extremity ( ! cane or p5cil4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! cane or p5cil be held loosely 9 "o's h&1 "o exp]i5ces two s5sations3 "o correspond+ to ! object t\*$1 & ! o!r due to ! contact ( ! rod ) ! sk94 ,! process ( ma/ication af=ds a good example ( ! ref]5ce ( s5sations to & beyond ! p]iph]y ( ! body4 ,exp]im5t #afg4 ,prep>e a /rong solution ( sulphate ( qu99e ) ! aid ( a little sulphuric acid to dissolve x 7bitt]71 a five-p]-c5t solution ( sug> 7sweet71 a t5-p]-c5t solution ( common salt 7sal9e71 & a "o-p]-c5t solution ( acetic acid 7acid74 ,wipe ! tongue dry1 & lay on its tip a cry/al ( sug>4 ,x is n ta/$ until x is dissolv$4 ,exp]im5t #afh4 ,apply a cry/al ( sug> to ! tip1 & ano!r to ! back ( ! tongue4 ,! sweet ta/e is m pron\nc$ at ! tip4 ,exp]im5t #afi4 ,repeat ! process ) sulphate ( qu99e 9 solution4 ,x is sc>cely ta/$ on ! tip1 b is ta/$ imm$iately on ! back "p ( ! tongue4 ,te/ :]e sal9es & acids are ta/$ mo/ acutely4 ,exp]im5t #agj4 ,to illu/rate ! muscul> s5se4 ,take two equal iron or lead weights2 heat "o & leave ! o!r cold4 ,! cold weight w feel ! heavi]4 ,exp]im5t #aga4 ,place a ?9 disk ( cold lead1 ! size ( a silv] doll>1 on ! =ehead ( a p]son ^: eyes are clos$2 remove ! disk1 & on ! same spot place two w>m disks ( equal size4 ,! p]son w judge ! latt] to be ab\t ! same weight1 or light]1 ?an ! s+le cold disk4 ,exp]im5t #agb4 ,comp>e two simil> wood5 disks1 & let ! diamet] ( "o be slightly great] ?an t ( ! o!r4 ,heat ! small] "o to ov] #abj ,f41 & x w be judg$ heavi] ?an ! l>g] cold "o4 ,exp]im5t #agc4 ,to illu/rate ! influ5ce ( excitation ( "o s5se organ on ! o!r s5se organs4 ,small color$ pat*es ! %ape & color ( :i* are n di/9ctly visible may become s :5 a tun+-=k is kept vibrat+ ne> ! e>s4 ,9 o!r individuals ! visual impressions are dim9i%$ by ! same process4 ,on li/5+ to ! tick+ ( a wat*1 ! tick+ s\nds feebl] or l\d] on look+ at a s\rce ( light ?r\gh glasses ( diff]5t colors4 ,if ! f+] be plac$ 9 cold or w>m wat] ! temp]ature appe>s to rise :5 a r$ glass is held 9 front ( ! eyes4 ,exp]im5t #agd4 ,=mation ( an inv]t$ image on ! ret9a4 ,take a fre%ly remov$ ox-eye2 dissect ! scl]otic f t "p ( its po/]ior segm5t ne> ! optic n]ve4 ,roll up a piece ( black5$ pap] 9 ! =m ( a tube1 black surface inn]mo/1 & place ! eye 9 x ) ! cornea direct$ =w>d4 ,look at an object--e4g41 a c&le-flame--& obs]ve ! inv]t$ image ( ! flame %9+ ?r\gh ! ret9a & *oroid1 & notice h[ ! image moves :5 ! c&le is mov$4 ,exp]im5t #age4 ,focus a c&le-flame or o!r object on ! gr\nd-glass plate ( an ord9>y photographic cam]a1 & obs]ve ! small inv]t$ image4 ,exp]im5t #agf4 ,to illu/rate sph]ical ab]ration4 ,make a p9-hole 9 a black5$ piece ( c>dbo>d2 look at a light plac$ at a great] di/ance ?an ! normal di/ance ( accommodation4 ,"o w see a radiate figure ) f\r to eight radii4 ,! figures obta9$ f opposite eyes w probably diff] 9 %ape4 ,exp]im5t #agg4 ,hold a ?9 wood5 rod or p5cil ab\t a foot f ! eyes & look at a di/ant object4 ,note t ! object appe>s d\ble4 ,close ! "r eye2 ! left image disappe>s1 & vice v]sa4 ,exp]im5t #agh4 ,to %[ ! movem5ts ( ! iris4 ,x is an extremely beautiful exp]im5t1 & "o t c easily be made4 ,look ?r\gh a p9-hole 9 a c>d at a uni=m :ite surface z ! :ite %ade ( an ord9>y read+-lamp4 ,) ! "r eye look ?r\gh ! p9-hole1 ! left eye be+ clos$4 ,note ! size ( ! 7slightly dull7 circul> visual field4 ,op5 ! left eye1 ! field becomes bright] & small] 7contraction ( pupil72 close ! left eye1 aft] an appreciable "t1 ! field 7n[ slightly dull7 is se5 gradually to exp&4 ,"o c ?us see & obs]ve ! rate ( movem5ts ( 8 own iris4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ade4 ,exp]im5t #agi4 ,to %[ ! bl9d spot4 ,! left eye be+ %ut1 let ! "r eye be fix$ ^u ! cross z 9 ,fig4 #ade4 ,:5 ! book is held at arm's l5g?1 bo? cross & r\nd spot w be visible2 b if ! book be br\ght to ab\t #h in*es f ! eye1 ! gaze be+ kept /eadily ^u ! cross1 ! r\nd spot w at fir/ disappe>1 b z ! book1 is br\ght /ill ne>] bo? cross & r\nd spot w aga9 be se54 ,exp]im5t #ahj4 ,to illu/rate ! duration ( ret9al impressions4 ,on a circul> :ite disk1 ab\t halfway betwe5 ! c5t] & circumf]5ce1 fix a small1 black1 oblong disk1 & rapidly rotate x by means ( a rotat+ :eel4 ,!re appe>s a r+ ( gray on ! black1 %[+ t ! impression on ! ret9a la/s a c]ta9 "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adf4--,optic ,disks4 ,! disk ,a1 hav+ black & :ite sectors1 :5 rotat$ rapidly gives an ev5 gray t9t z 9 ,b4 ,exp]im5t #aha4 ,m>k (f a r\nd piece ( c>dbo>d into black & :ite sectors z 9 ,a 7,fig4 #adf74 ,atta* x s z to rotate x rapidly1 z on a sew+ ma*9e4 ,an ev5 gray t9t w be produc$ z 9 ,b4 ,exp]im5t #ahb4,to illu/rate imp]fect visual judgm5ts4 ,make ?ree r\nd black dots1 ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ( ! same size1 9 ! same l9e1 & let ,a & ,c be equidi/ant f ,b4 ,betwe5 ,a & ,b make sev]al m dots ( ! same size4 ,a & ,b w !n appe> to be f>!r ap>t ?an ,b & ,c4 ,illu/ration3 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,b ,c ,= ! same reason1 ( two squ>es absolutely id5tical 9 size1 "o m>k$ ) alt]nately cle> & d>k cross-b&s1 & ! o!r ) alt]nately cle> & d>k upright m>k+s1 ! =m] w appe> broad] & ! latt] high] ?an ! o!r4 ,exp]im5t #ahc4 ,make on a :ite c>d two squ>es ( equal size4 ,across ! "o draw horizontal l9es at equal di/ances1 & 9 ! o!r make simil> v]tical l9es4 ,hold !m at "s di/ance4 ,! "o ) horizontal l9es appe>s high] ?an x really is1 :ile ! "o ) v]tical l9es appe>s broad]1 i4e41 bo? appe> oblong4 ,exp]im5t #ahd4 ,look at ! r[ ( lett]s 7,s7 & figures 7#h74 ,to ,illu/ration3 ,s ,s ,s ,s ,s ,s ,s ,s #h #h #h #h #h #h #h #h "s ! upp] halves ( ! lett]s & figures may appe> to be ( ! same size z ! l[] halves1 to o!rs ! l[] halves may appe> l>g]4 ,hold ! figure upside d[n1 & obs]ve t !re is a consid]able diff]5ce betwe5 ! two1 ! l[] halves be+ consid]ably l>g]4 ,exp]im5t #ahe4 ,to illu/rate imp]fect visual judgm5t4 ,! l5g? ( a l9e appe>s to v>y accord+ to ! angle & direction ( c]ta9 o!r l9es 9 relation to x 7,fig4 #adg74 ,! l5g? ( ! two v]tical l9es is ! same1 yet ,b appe>s mu* long] ?an ,a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adg4--,to %[ ,false ,e/imate ( ,size4 _/ _/ _/ _/ ,a ,b _/ _/ _/ _/ ,exp]im5t #ahf4 ,9 indirect vision ! appreciation ( direction is /ill m imp]fect4 ,:ile lean+ on a l>ge table1 fix a po9t on ! table1 & !n try to arrange ?ree small pieces ( color$ pap] 9 a /raight l9e4 ,inv>iably1 ! pap]s1 be+ at a di/ance f ! fixation-po9t1 & be+ se5 by indirect vision1 are arrang$1 n 9 a /raight l9e1 b 9 ! arc ( a circle ) a long radius4 ,*apt] ,,xii4 ,! ,?roat & ! ,voice4 #cdi4 ,! ,?roat4 ,! ?roat is a d\ble highway1 z x 71 ?r\gh :i* ! air we brea! trav]ses ! l>ynx on its way to ! lungs1 & ?r\gh :i* ! food we swall[ rea*es ! sophagus on its passage to ! /oma*4 ,x is1 !re=e1 a v important region ( ! body1 be+ conc]n$ 9 ! great acts ( respiration & dige/ion4 ,! ?roat is enclos$ & protect$ by v>i\s muscles & bony /ructures1 along :i* run ! great blood-vessels t supply ! head1 & ! great n]ve trunks t pass f ! bra9 to ! p>ts bel[4 ,we h already describ$ ! food passages 7,*apt] ,,vi47 & ! air passages 7,*apt] ,,viii474 ,to get a correct idea ( ! ?roat we %\ld look into ! wide-op5 m\? ( "s fri5d4 ,depress+ ! tongue we c readily see ! back wall ( ! ph>ynx1 :i* is common to ! two ma9 av5ues lead+ to ! lungs & ! /oma*4 ,above1 we notice ! air passages1 :i* lead to ! po/]ior cavities ( ! nose4 ,we h already describ$ ! h>d palate1 ! s(t palate1 ! uvula1 & ! tonsils 7,fig4 #df74 ,on look+ directly beyond ^! organs1 we see ! beg9n+ ( ! d[nw>d passage1--! ph>ynx4 ,if n[ ! tongue be =cibly drawn =w>d1 a curv$ ridge may be se5 beh9d x4 ,?is is ! epiglottis1 :i*1 z we h already le>n$ %uts d[n1 l ! lid ( a box1 ov] ! top ( ! l>ynx 7secs4 #acg & #bjc74 ,! ?roat is l9$ ) muc\s membrane cov]$ ) ciliat$ epi!lium1 :i* secretes a lubricat+ fluid :i* keeps ! p>ts moi/ & pliable4 ,an excess ( ?is secretion =ms a ?ick1 t5aci\s mass ( mucus1 :i* irritates ! passages & gives rise to ef=ts ( hawk+ & c\gh+ to get rid ( x4 #cej4 ,! ,l>ynx4 ,! l>ynx1 ! ess5tial organ ( voice1 =ms ! box-l top ( ! w9dpipe4 ,x is built ( v>i\sly %ap$ c>tilages1 connect$ by ligam5ts4 ,x is clo!d on ! outside ) muscles2 on ! inside x is l9$ ) muc\s membrane1 cont9u\s ) t ( ! o!r air passages4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adh4--,view ( ! ,c>tilages 9 front project & =m ! lages & ,ligam5ts ( ! ,adam's apple1 pla9ly se5 & ,l>ynx4 7,ant]ior view47 ,a1 hyoid bone2 ,b1 ?yro-hyoid membrane2 ,c1 ?yroid c>tilage2 ,d1 erico-?yroid membrane2 ,e1 cricoid c>tilage1 lat]al ligam5ts se5 on ea* side2 ,f1 upp] r+ ( ! tra*ea4 7,adam's apple is 9 ! ,v-%ap$ groove on a l9e ) ,b & ,c47 ,! l>ynx has = a framework two c>tilages1 ! ?yroid & ! cricoid1 "o above ! o!r4 ,! l>g] ( ^!1 call$ ! ?yroid1 f a suppos$ resemblance to a %ield1 consi/s ( two ext5d$ w+s :i* jo9 9 front1 b are sep>at$ by a wide int]val beh9d4 ,! unit$ edges 9 front project & =m ! ,adam's apple pla9ly se5 & easily felt on mo/ p1 especially on v lean m54 ,above & f ! sides rise two horns connect$ by b&s to ! hyoid bone f :i* ! l>ynx is susp5d$4 ,?is bone is atta*$ by muscles & ligam5ts to ! skull4 ,x lies at ! base ( ! tongue1 & c be readily felt by ! f+] beh9d ! *9 at ! angle ( ! jaw & ! neck 7sec4 #da & ,fig4 #df74 ,f ! "u side ( ! ?yroid two horns project d[nw>ds to become jo9t$ to ! cricoid4 ,! ?yroid ?us re/s ^u1 & is movable on1 ! cricoid c>tilage4 ,! cricoid c>tilage1 s call$ f its fanci$ resemblance to a signet-r+1 is small] b ?ick] & /rong] ?an ! ?yroid1 & =ms ! l[] & back "p ( ! cavity ( ! l>ynx4 ,?is c>tilage is q s5sitive to pressure f ! f+]s1 & is ! cause ( ! %>p pa9 felt :5 we try to swall[ a l>ge & h>d piece ( food n prop]ly *ew$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adi4--;,diagram ( a ,sectional ( ,nasal & ,?roat ,passages4 ,c1 nasal cavities2 ,t1 tongue2 ,l1 l[] jaw2 ,m1 m\?2 ,u1 uvula2 ,e1 epiglottis2 ,g1 l>ynx2 ,o1 sophagus4 ,on ! upp] edge ( ! cricoid c>tilage are p]*$ a pair ( v s+ul> c>tilages1 pyramidal 9 %ape1 call$ ! aryt5oid1 :i* are ( great importance 9 ! production ( ! voice4 ,^! c>tilages are capp$ ) little horn-l projections1 & give atta*m5t at _! ant]ior angles to ! true vocal cords1 & at _! po/]ior angles to ! muscles :i* op5 & close ! glottis1 or upp] op5+ ( ! w9dpipe4 ,:5 9 _! natural position ! aryt5oid c>tilages resemble some:at ! m\? ( a pit*]1 h5ce _! "n4 #cea4 ,! ,vocal ,cords4 ,! muc\s membrane :i* l9es ! v>i\s c>tilages ( ! l>ynx is ?r[n into sev]al folds4 ,?us1 "o fold1 ! free edge ( :i* is =m$ ( a b& ( ela/ic fib]s1 passes horizontally outw>ds f ea* side t[>ds ! middle l9e1 at ! level ( ! base ( ! aryt5oid c>tilages4 ,^! folds are call$ ! true vocal cords1 by ! movem5ts ( :i* ! voice is produc$4 ,above !m are o!r folds ( muc\s membrane call$ ! false vocal cords1 :i* take no "p 9 ! production ( ! voice4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! true vocal cords1 project+ z !y d t[>ds ! middle l9e1 r$uces to a m]e *9k ! space betwe5 ! "p ( ! l>ynx above !m & ! "p bel[ !m4 ,?is con/riction ( ! l>ynx is call$ ! glottis4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aej4--,view ( ! ,c>tilages & ,ligam5ts ( ,l>ynx4 7,po/]ior view47 ,a1 epiglottis2 ,b1 ?yroid c>tilage2 ,c1 aryt5oid c>tilage2 ,d1 ligam5t connect+ l[] cornu ( ! ?yroid ) ! back ( ! cricoid c>tilage2 ,e1 cricoid c>tilage2 ,f1 upp] r+ ( ! tra*ea4 #ceb4 ,! ,me*anism ( ! ,voice4 ,! me*anism ( ! voice may be m easily und]/ood by a /udy ( ,fig4 #aej4 ,we h "h ! l>ynx1 view$ f beh9d1 ) all ! s(t p>ts 9 connection ) x4 ,on look+ d[n1 ! folds =m+ ! true vocal cords are se5 enclos+ a ,v-%ap$ ap]ture 7! glottis71 ! n>r[ "p be+ 9 front4 ,! =m ( ?is ap]ture may be *ang$ by ! delicately coord9ate activities ( ! muscles ( ! l>ynx4 ,= in/ance1 ! vocal cords may be br\ght s closely toge!r t ! space becomes a m]e slit4 ,air =c$ ?r\gh ! slit w ?r[ ! edges ( ! folds into vibration & a s\nd w be produc$4 ,! ,v>iations 9 ! =m ( ! op5+ w det]m9e ! v>iations 9 ! s\nd4 ,n[1 if ! v>i\s muscles ( ! l>ynx be relax$1 ! op5+ ( ! glottis is wid]4 ,?us ! air ent]s & leaves ! l>ynx dur+ brea?+1 )\t ?r[+ ! cords into vibration en\gh to produce any s\nd4 ,we may say t ! production ( ! voice is effect$ by an arrangem5t l t ( "s musical in/rum5ts1 ! s\nds produc$ by ! vibrations ( ! vocal cords be+ modifi$ by ! tubes above & bel[4 ,all musical s\nds are due to movem5ts or vibrations occurr+ ) a c]ta9 regul>ity1 & !y diff] 9 l\dness1 pit*1 & quality4 ,l\dness ( ! s\nd dep5ds ^u ! ext5t ( ! vibrations1 pit* on ! rapidity ( ! vibrations1 & quality on ! admixture ( tones produc$ by vibrations ( v>y+ rates ( rapidity1 relat$ to "o ano!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aea4--,longitud9al ,section ( ! ,l>ynx4 7,%[+ ! vocal cords47 ,a1 epiglottis2 ,b1 section ( hyoid bone2 ,c1 sup]ior vocal cord2 ,d1 v5tricle ( ! l>ynx2 ,e1 inf]ior vocal cord2 ,f1 section ( ! ?yroid c>tilage2 ,h1 section ( ant]ior portion ( ! cricoid c>tilage2 ,k1 tra*ea2 ,l1 section ( ! po/]ior portion ( ! cricoid c>tilage2 ,m1 aryt5oid c>tilage2 ,n1 section ( ! aryt5oid muscle4 #cec4 ,factors 9 ! ,production ( ! ,voice4 ,muscles :i* pass f ! cricoid c>tilage to ! out] angle ( ! aryt5oids act to br+ ! vocal cords close toge!r1 & p>allel to "o ano!r1 s t ! space betwe5 !m is n>r[$ to a slit4 ,a /rong expiration n[ drives ! air f ! lungs ?r\gh ! slit1 betwe5 ! cords1 & ?r[s !m into vibration4 ,! vibration is small 9 am\nt1 b v rapid4 ,o!r muscles are connect$ ) ! aryt5oid c>tilages :i* s]ve to sep]ate ! vocal cords & to widely op5 ! glottis4 ,! =ce ( ! outgo+ curr5t ( air det]m9es ! ext5t ( ! movem5t ( ! cords1 & ?us ! l\dness ( ! s\nd w increase ) great] =ce ( expiration4 ,we h j le>n$ t ! pit* ( s\nd dep5ds on ! rapidity ( ! vibrations4 ,?is dep5ds on ! l5g? ( cords & _! tightness = ! %ort] & tight] a /r+ is1 ! high] is ! note :i* its vibration produces4 ,! vocal cords ( wom5 are ab\t "o-?ird %ort] ?an ^? ( m51 h5ce ! high] pit* ( ! notes !y produce4 ,9 *ildr5 ! vocal cords are %ort] ?an 9 adults4#ej ,! cords ( t5or s+]s are also %ort] ?an ^? ( basses & b>itones4 ,! muscles )9 ! l>ynx1 ( c\rse1 play a v important "p 9 alt]+ ! t5sion ( ! vocal cords4 ,^? qualities ( ! voice :i* we speak ( z sweet1 h>%1 & sympa!tic dep5d to a great ext5t ^u ! peculi> /ructure ( ! vocal cords ( ! individual4 ,besides ! physical condition ( ! vocal cords1 z _! degree ( smoo?ness1 ela/icity1 ?ickness1 & s on1 o!r factors det]m9e ! quality ( an individual's voice4 ,?us1 ! g5]al %ape & /ructure ( ! tra*ea1 ! l>ynx1 ! ?roat1 & m\? all influ5ce ! quality ( voice4 ,9 fact1 ! air passages1 bo? bel[ & above ! vibrat+ cords1 act z resonators1 or res\nd+ *amb]s1 & int5sify & modify ! s\nds produc$ by ! cords4 ,x is ?is fact t prompts skillful tea*]s ( music & elocution to urge ^u _! pupils ! necessity ( ! m\? be+ prop]ly op5$ dur+ spee*1 & especially dur+ s++4 ,exp]im5t #ahg4 ,to %[ ! anatomy ( ! ?roat4 ,/udy ! g5]al con/ruction ( ! ?roat by ! help ( a h& mirror4 ,repeat ! same on ! ?roat ( "s fri5d4 ,exp]im5t #ahh4 ,to %[ ! con/ruction ( ! vocal organs4 ,get a but*] to furni% two w9dpipes f a %eep or a calf4 ,!y diff] some:at f ! vocal organs ( ! human body1 b w enable u to recognize ! diff]5t p>ts :i* h be5 describ$1 & ?us to get a good idea ( ! gross anatomy4 ,"o specim5 %\ld be cut op5 l5g?wise 9 ! middle l9e 9 front1 & ! o!r cut 9 ! same way f beh9d4 #ced4 ,spee*4 ,spee* is to be di/+ui%$ f voice4 ,x may exi/ )\t voice1 z 9 a :isp]4 ,spee* consi/s ( articulat$ s\nds1 produc$ by ! action ( v>i\s p>ts ( ! m\?1 ?roat1 & nose4 ,voice is common to mo/ animals1 b spee* is ! peculi> privilege ( man4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aeb4--;,diagramatic ,horizontal ,section ( ,l>ynx to %[ ! ,direction ( ,pull ( ! ,po/]ior ,crico-,aryt5oid ,muscles1 :i* abduct ! ,vocal ,cords4 7,dott$ l9es %[ position 9 abduction47 ,! organ ( spee* is p]haps ! mo/ delicate & p]fect motor app>atus 9 ! :ole body4 ,x has be5 calculat$ t upw>ds ( #ijj movem5ts p] m9ute c be made by ! movable organs ( spee* dur+ read+1 speak+1 & s++4 ,x is said t no less ?an a hundr$ diff]5t muscles are call$ into action 9 talk+4 ,ea* "p ( ?is delicate app>atus is s admirably adju/$ to e o!r t all p>ts ( ?is mo/ complex ma*9]y act 9 p]fect h>mony4 ,!re are c]ta9 articulate s\nds call$ v[el or vocal1 f ! fact t !y are produc$ by ! vocal cords1 & are b slightly modifi$ z !y pass out ( ! m\?4 ,! true v[els1 a1 e1 i1 o1 u1 c all be s\nd$ alone1 & may be prolong$ 9 expiration4 ,^! are ! s\nds *iefly us$ 9 s++4 ,! diff]5ces 9 _! *>act]s are produc$ by *anges 9 ! position ( ! tongue1 m\?1 & lips4 ,consonants are s\nds produc$ by int]ruptions ( ! outgo+ curr5t ( air1 b 9 "s cases h no s\nd 9 !mselves1 & s]ve m]ely to modify v[el s\nds4 ,?us1 :5 ! int]ruption to ! outgo+ curr5t takes place by movem5ts ( ! lips1 we h ! labial consonants1 p1 b1 f1 & v4 ,:5 ! tongue1 9 relation ) ! tee? or h>d palate1 ob/ructs ! air1 ! d5tal consonants1 d1 t1 l1 & s are produc$4 ,gutturals1 su* z k1 g1 *1 gh1 & r1 are due to ! movem5ts ( ! root ( ! tongue 9 connection ) ! s(t palate or ph>ynx4 ,to secure an easy & prop] production ( articulate s\nds1 ! m\?1 tee?1 lips1 tongue1 & palate %\ld be 9 p]fect ord]4 ,! modifications 9 articulation occasion$ by a defect 9 ! palate1 or 9 ! uvula1 by ! loss ( tee?1 f disease1 & f cong5ital defects1 are suffici5tly famili>4 ,we h se5 t spee* consi/s ess5tially 9 a modification ( ! vocal s\nds by ! accessory organs1 or by p>ts above ! l>ynx1 ! latt] be+ ! ess5tial vocal in/rum5t4 ,_m animals h ! p[] ( mak+ articulat$ s\nds2 a few h ris51 l man1 to ! dignity ( s5t5ces1 b ^! are only by imitation ( ! human voice4 ,bo? v[els & consonants c be di/+ui%$ 9 ! notes ( birds1 ! vocal p[]s ( :i* are g5]ally high] ?an ^? ( mammals4 ,! latt]1 z a rule1 produce only v[els1 ?\gh "s are also able to =m consonants4 ,p]sons idiotic f bir? are incapable ( produc+ any o!r vocal s\nds ?an in>ticulate cries1 al?\gh suppli$ ) all ! int]nal means ( articulation4 ,p]sons deaf & dumb are 9 ! same situation1 ?\gh f a diff]5t cause2 ! "o be+ incapable ( imitat+1 & ! o!r be+ depriv$ ( he>+ ! s\nds to be imitat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aec4--;,direction ( ,pull ( ! ,lat]al ,crico-,aryt5oids1 :i* adduct ! ,vocal ,cords4 7,dott$ l9es %[ position 9 adduction47 ,9 :isp]+1 ! l>ynx takes sc>cely any "p 9 ! production ( ! s\nds2 ! vocal cords rema9 ap>t & comp>atively slack1 & ! expiratory bla/ ru%es ?r\gh )\t sett+ !m 9 vibration4 ,9 /amm]+1 spasmodic contraction ( ! diaphragm int]rupts ! ef=t ( expiration4 ,! /amm]] has full control ( ! me*anism ( articulation1 b n ( ! expiratory bla/4 ,8 l>ynx & 8 lips are at 8 comm&1 b n 8 diaphragm4 ,to conqu] ?is defect he mu/ tra9 8 muscles ( respiration to calm & /eady action dur+ spee*4 ,! /utt]]1 on ! o!r h&1 has full control ( ! muscles ( expiration4 ,8 diaphragm is well drill$1 b 8 lips & tongue are insubord9ate4 #cee4 ,! ,c>e ( ! ,?roat & ,voice4 ,! ?roat1 expos$ z x is to un:olesome & ov]heat$ air1 irritat+ du/ ( ! /reet1 factories1 & work%ops1 is (t5 inflam$1 result+ 9 t common ailm5t1 sore ?roat4 ,! p>ts are r$1 swoll51 & q pa9ful on swall[+4 ,spee* is (t5 indi/9ct1 b !re is no ho>s5ess or c\gh unless ! uvula is l5g!n$ & tickles ! back "p ( ! tongue4 ,slight sore ?roat r>ely requires any special treatm5t1 aside f simple nurs+4 ,! mo/ frequ5t cause ( ?roat tr\ble is ! action ( cold ^u ! heat$ body1 especially dur+ active p]spiration4 ,= ?is reason a cold ba? %\ld n be tak5 :ile a p]son is p]spir+ freely4 ,! muscles ( ! ?roat are frequ5tly ov]/ra9$ by l\d talk+1 scream+1 %\t+1 or by read+ al\d too mu*4 ,p :o /ra9 or misuse ! voice (t5 suff] f :at is call$ cl]gyman's sore ?roat4 ,attacks ( sore ?roat due to improp] me?ods ( brea?+ & ( us+ ! voice %\ld be treat$ by judici\s elocution>y ex]cises & a sy/em ( vocal gymna/ics1 "u ! direction ( prop] tea*]s4 ,p]sons subject to ?roat disease %\ld take special c>e to we> suitable und]clo?+1 adapt$ to ! *anges ( ! seasons4 ,frequ5t ba?s are excell5t tonics to ! sk91 & s]ve indirectly to protect "o liable to ?roat ailm5ts f *anges 9 ! wea!r4 ,x is n prud5t to muffle ! neck 9 sc>fs1 furs1 & wraps1 unless p]haps dur+ an unusual exposure to cold4 ,su* a dress = ! neck only makes ! p>ts t5d]1 & increases ! liability to a sore ?roat4 ,e tea*] ( elocution or ( vocal music1 entru/$ ) ! tra9+ ( a voice ( "s value to its possessor1 %\ld h a good1 practical k ( ! me*anism ( ! voice4 ,good voices are (t5 injur$ by injudici\s managem5t on ! "p ( "s incompet5t in/ructor4 ,x is always prud5t to cease speak+ or s++ 9 public ! mom5t !re is any ho>s5ess or sore ?roat4 ,! voice %\ld n be ex]cis$ j aft] a full meal1 = a full /oma* int]f]es ) ! free play ( ! diaphragm4 ,a sip ( wat] tak5 at conv5i5t int]vals1 & held 9 ! m\? = a mom5t or two1 w relieve ! dryness ( ! ?roat dur+ ! use ( ! voice4 #cef4 ,effect ( ,alcohol ^u ! ,?roat & ,voice4 ,alcoholic bev]ages s]i\sly injure ! ?roat1 & consequ5tly ! voice1 by caus+ a *ronic inflammation ( ! membrane l9+ ! l>ynx & ! vocal cords4 ,! color is *ang$ f ! heal?ful p9k to r$1 & ! natural smoo? surface becomes r\gh5$ & swoll51 & secretes a t\gh phlegm4 ,! vocal cords usually suff] f ?is condition4 ,!y are ?ick5$1 r\gh5$1 & enfeebl$1 ! delicate vibration ( ! cords is impair$1 ! cle>ness & purity ( ! vocal tones are gone1 & in/ead ! voice has become r\gh & husky4 ,s well kn[n is ?is result t vocali/s1 ^: =tune is ! purity & compass ( _! tones1 are scrupul\sly c>eful n to impair ^! f9e qualities by convivial indulg5ces4 #ceg4 ,effect ( ,tobacco ^u ! ,?roat & ,voice4 ,! effect ( tobacco is (t5 specially s]i\s ^u ! ?roat1 produc+ a disease well kn[n to physicians z ! smok]'s sore ?roat4 ,/ill fur!r1 x produces inflammation ( ! l>ynx1 & ?us entails disord]s ( ! vocal cords1 involv+ r\gh voice & h>% tones4 ,= ?is reason vocali/s r>ely all[ !mselves to come "u ! n>cotic influ5ce ( tobacco smoke4 ,x is /at$ t habitual smok]s r>ely h a normal condition ( ! ?roat4 ,additional ,exp]im5ts4 ,exp]im5t #ahi4 ,to illu/rate ! importance ( ! resonat+ cavity ( ! nose 9 articulation4 ,p9* ! no/rils1 & try to pron\nce sl[ly ! words ,l9coln1 some?+1 or any o!r words :i* require ! s\nd ( m1 ln1 or ng4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aed4 ,exp]im5t #aij4 ,to illu/rate ! passage ( air ?r\gh ! glottis4 ,take two /rips ( ,india rubb]1 & /ret* !m ov] ! op5 end ( a boy's bean-bl[]1 or any k9d ( a tube4 ,tie !m tightly ) ?read1 s t a *9k w be left betwe5 !m1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aed4 ,=ce ! air ?r\gh su* a tube by bl[+ h>d1 & if ! /rips are n too f> ap>t a s\nd w be produc$4 ,! s\nd w v>y 9 "*1 j z ! b&s are made tight or loose4 ,exp]im5t #aia4 ,a v good illu/ration ( ! action ( ! vocal b&s 9 ! production ( ! voice may be giv5 by means ( a piece ( bamboo or any holl[ wood5 tube1 & a /rip ( rubb]1 ab\t an in* or an in* & a half wide1 cut f ! pure %eet rubb] us$ by d5ti/s4 ,"o end ( ! tube is to be cut slop+ 9 two directions1 & ! /rip ( %eet rubb] is !n to be wrapp$ r\nd ! tube1 s z to leave a n>r[ slit t]m9at+ at ! upp] corn]s ( ! tube4 ,by bl[+ into ! o!r end ( ! tube ! edges ( ! rubb] b&s w be set 9 vibration1 & by t\*+ ! vibrat+ membrane at diff]5t po9ts s z to *eck its movem5ts x may be %[n t ! pit* ( ! note emitt$ dep5ds ^u ! l5g? & bread? ( ! vibrat+ portion ( ! vocal b&s4#ea--;,dr4 ,h4 ,p4 ,b[dit*4 ,,note4 ,! limitations ( a text-book on physiology = s*ools d n p]mit s full a description ( ! voice z ! subject des]ves4 ,= additional details1 ! /ud5t is ref]r$ to ,coh5's ,! ,?roat & ! ,voice1 a volume 9 ! ,am]ican ,heal? ,prim] ,s]ies4 ,price #dj c5ts4 ,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,accid5ts & ,em]g5cies4 #ceh4 ,prompt ,aid to ! ,injur$4 ,a l>ge proportion ( ! accid5ts1 em]g5cies1 & sudd5 sicknesses t happ5 d n call = m$ical or surgical att5tion4 ,= ^? t d require ! s]vices ( a physician or surgeon1 mu* c be (t5 done be=e ! arrival ( pr(essional help4 ,_m a life has be5 sav$ & mu* suff]+ & anxiety prev5t$ by ! prompt & effici5t help ( "s p]son ) a cool head1 a /eady h&1 & a practical k ( :at to d fir/4 ,_m ( u c recall ) m+l$ admiration & gratitude ! prompt s]vices r5d]$ our families by "s neighbor or fri5d 9 ! pres5ce ( an em]g5cy or sudd5 illness4 ,9 fact1 :at we h /udi$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s becomes t5fold m int]e/+1 in/ructive1 & ( value to u1 if we are able to supplem5t su* /udy ) its practical application to ! treatm5t ( ! m common & less s]i\s accid5ts & em]g5cies4 ,:ile no book c tea* "o to h pres5ce ( m9d1 a cool head1 or to re/ra9 a m or less excitable temp]am5t 9 ! mid/ ( sudd5 dang]1 yet assur$ly ) prop] k = a f\ndation1 a c]ta9 self-confid5ce may be acquir$ :i* w d mu* to prev5t ha/y action1 & to ma9ta9 a useful am\nt ( self-control4 ,space all[s u to describe briefly 9 ?is *apt] only a few ( ! simple/ helps 9 ! m common accid5ts & em]g5cies :i* are met ) 9 ev]yday life4#eb #cei4 ,h9ts z to :at to ,d ,fir/4 ,reta9 s f> z possible y\r pres5ce ( m9d1 or1 9 o!r words1 keep cool4 ,?is is an all-important direction4 ,act promptly & quietly1 b n ) ha/e4 ,:atev] y d1 d 9 e>ne/2 & nev] act 9 a half-he>t$ mann] 9 ! pres5ce ( dang]4 ,( c\rse1 a k ( :at to-d & h[ to d x w contribute mu* t[>ds t self-control & confid5ce t comm& success4 ,be sure & s5d = a doctor at once if ! em]g5cy calls = skill$ s]vice4 ,all t is expect$ ( y "u su* circum/ances is to tide ov] matt]s until ! doctor comes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aee4--,%[+ h[ ,digital ,compression %\ld be appli$ to ! ,bra*ial ,art]y4 ,d n presume ^u any smatt]+ ( k y h1 to assume any risk t might lead to s]i\s results4 ,make ! suff]] com=table by giv+ him an abundance ( fre% air & plac+ him 9 a re/ful position4 ,d all t is possible to keep back ! cr[d ( curi\s look]s-on1 :om a morbid curiosity has ga!r$ ab\t ! injur$ p]son4 ,loos5 all tight articles ( clo?+1 z belts1 coll>s1 corsets1 & ela/ics4 ,avoid ! use ( alcoholic liquors4 ,!y are r>ely ( any real s]vice1 & 9 _m in/ances1 z 9 ble$+1 may d mu* h>m4 #cfj4 ,incis$ & ,lac]at$ ,w\nds4 ,an incis$ or cut w\nd is "o made by a %>p in/rum5t1 z :5 ! f+] is cut ) a knife4 ,su* a w\nd ble$s freely because ! clean-cut edges d n favor ! clott+ ( blood4 ,9 slight cuts ! ble$+ readily ceases1 & ! w\nd heals by prim>y union1 or by fir/ int5tion1 z surgeons call x4 ,lac]at$ & contus$ w\nds are made by a te>+ or bruis+ in/rum5t1 = example1 cat*+ ! f+] on a nail4 ,su* w\nds ble$ b little1 & ! edges & surfaces are r\gh & ragg$4 ,if ! incis$ w\nd is deep or ext5sive1 a physician is necess>y to br+ ! cut edges toge!r by /it*es 9 ord] to get prim>y union4 ,(t5times1 9 sev]e cuts1 & g5]ally 9 lac]ations1 !re is a loss ( tissue1 s t ! w\nd heals by second int5tion2 t is1 ! w\nd heals f ! bottom by a deposit ( new cells call$ granulations1 :i* gradually fill x up4 ,! sk9 beg9s to gr[ f ! edges to ! c5t]1 cov]+ ! new tissue & leav+ a cicatrix or sc> ) :i* e "o is famili>4 #cfa4 ,contusion & ,bruises4 ,an injury to ! s(t tissues1 caus$ by a bl[ f "s blunt in/rum5t1 or a fall1 is a contusion1 or bruise4 ,x is m or less pa9ful1 foll[$ by discoloration due to ! escape ( blood "u ! sk91 :i* (t5 may n be torn ?r\gh4 ,a black eye1 a knee injur$ by a fall f a bicycle1 & a f+] hurt by a baseball1 are famili> examples ( ?is sort ( injury4 ,su* injuries ord9>ily require v simple treatm5t4 ,! blood :i* has escap$ f ! capill>ies is sl[ly absorb$1 *ang+ color 9 ! process1 f blue black to gre51 & fad+ into a light yell[4 ,wr+ out old t[els or pieces ( flannel 9 hot wat]1 & apply to ! p>ts1 *ang+ z !y become cool4 ,= cold applications1 clo?s wet ) equal p>ts ( wat] & alcohol1 v9eg>1 & wit*-hazel may be us$4 ,ev5 if ! injury is app>5tly slight x is always safe to re/ ! p>ts = a few days4 ,:5 w\nds are made ) ragg$ edges1 su* z ^? made by brok5 glass & spl9t]s1 m skill is call$ =4 ,remove e bit ( =eign sub/ance4 ,wa% ! p>ts clean ) "o ( ! _m antiseptic solutions1 br+ ! torn edges toge!r1 & hold !m 9 place ) /rips ( pla/]4 ,d n cov] su* an injury all ov] ) pla/]1 b leave room = ! escape ( ! w\nd dis*>ges4 ,= an outside dress+1 use compresses made ( clean *eese-clo? or /rips ( any clean l95 clo?4 ,! antiseptic corrosive-sublimate gauze on sale at any drug /ore %\ld be us$ if x c be _h4 ,w\nds made by toy pi/ols1 p]cussion-caps1 & ru/y nails & tools1 if neglect$1 (t5 lead to s]i\s results f blood-poison+4 ,a hot flaxse$ p\ltice may be ne$$ = sev]al days4 ,keep su* w\nds clean by wa%+ or syr++ !m twice a day ) hot antiseptics1 :i* are poisons to bact]ia & kill !m or prev5t _! gr[?4 ,bact]ia are widely di/ribut$1 & h5ce ! utmo/ c>e %\ld be tak5 to h ev]y?+ :i* is to come 9 contact ) a w\nd$ surface free f ! g]ms ( inflammation4 ,9 brief1 su* injuries mu/ be kept scrupul\sly neat & surgically clean4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aef4--;,dott$ ,l9e %[+ ! ,c\rse ( ! ,bra*ial ,art]y4 ,! injur$ p>ts %\ld be kept at re/4 ,movem5t & di/urbance h9d] ! heal+ process4 #cfb4 ,bites ( ,mad ,dogs4 ,remove ! clo?+ at once1 if only f ! bitt5 "p1 & apply a tempor>y ligature above ! w\nd4 ,?is int]rupts ! activity ( ! circulation ( ! "p1 & to t ext5t delays ! absorption ( ! poison\s saliva by ! blood-vessels ( ! w\nd4 ,a dog bite is really a lac]at$ & contus$ w\nd1 & ly+ 9 ! little r\ghnesses1 & betwe5 ! %r$s1 is ! poison\s saliva4 ,if by any means ^! projections & depressions af=d+ ! lodgm5t c be remov$1 ! poison _c d mu* h>m4 ,if done ) a knife1 ! w\nd w\ld be conv]t$1 practically1 into an incis$ w\nd1 & w\ld require treatm5t = su*4 ,if a surgeon is at h& he w\ld probably cut out ! injur$ portion1 or caut]ize x ?or\ghly4 ,pr(essional aid is n always at our comm&1 & 9 su* a case x w\ld be well to take a pok]1 or o!r suitable piece ( iron1 heat x r$ hot 9 ! fire1 wipe (f & de/roy ! entire surface ( ! w\nd4 ,z fa/ z de/roy$1 ! tissue becomes :ite4 ,an iron1 ev5 at a :ite heat1 gives less pa9 & at once de/roys ! vitality ( ! "p ) :i* x comes 9 contact4 ,if ! w\nd is at once well wip$ out1 & a /ick ( solid nitrate ( silv] 7lun> cau/ic7 rapidly appli$ to ! entire surface ( ! w\nd1 little dang] is to be appreh5d$4 ,p\ltices & w>m fom5tations %\ld be appli$ to ! injury to ha/5 ! sl\gh+ away ( ! "p ^: vitality has be5 int5tionally de/roy$4 ,any dog1 aft] hav+ bitt5 a p]son1 is apt1 "u a mi/ak5 belief1 to be at once kill$4 ,?is %\ld n be done4 ,!re is no m dang] f a dog-bite1 unless ! dog is suff]+ f ! disease call$ rabies or is mad1 ?an f any o!r lac]at$ w\nd4 ,! suspect$ animal %\ld be at once plac$ 9 conf9em5t & wat*$1 "u prop] safegu>ds1 = ! appe>ance ( any symptoms t indicate rabies4 ,%\ld no pron\nc$ symptoms indicate ?is disease 9 ! dog1 a great deal ( unnecess>y m5tal di/ress & worry c be sav$ bo? on ! "p ( ! p]son bitt5 & 8 fri5ds4 #cfc4 ,injuries to ! ,blood-vessels4 ,x is v important to "k ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ble$+ f an art]y & t f a ve94 ,if an art]y ble$s1 ! blood leaps 9 spurts1 & is ( a bright sc>let color4 ,if a ve9 ble$s1 ! blood fl[s 9 a /eady /ream1 & is ( a d>k purple color4 ,if ! capill>ies are injur$ ! blood m]ely oozes4 ,ble$+ f an art]y is a dang]\s matt] 9 proportion to ! size ( ! vessel1 & life itself may be spe$ily lo/4 ,hemorrhage f a ve9 or f ! capill>ies is r>ely tr\blesome1 & is ord9>ily easily *eck$1 aid$1 if ne$ be1 by hot wat]1 deep pressure1 ! application ( "s =m ( iron /yptic1 or ev5 p[d]$ alum4 ,:5 an art]y is ble$+1 always rememb] to make deep pressure betwe5 ! w\nd & ! he>t4 ,9 all su* cases s5d at once = ! doctor4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aeg4--,%[+ h[ ,digital ,compression %\ld be appli$ to ! ,femoral ,art]y4 ,d n be afraid to act at once4 ,a resolute grip 9 ! "r place ) firm f+]s w d well en\gh1 until a twi/$ h&k]*ief1 /\t cord1 %oe/r+1 susp5d]1 or an improvis$ t\rniquet#ec is ready to take its place4 ,if ! fl[ ( blood does n /op1 *ange ! pressure until ! "r spot is f\nd4 ,sometimes x w d to seize a h&ful ( dry e>? & cr[d x d[n into ! ble$+ w\nd1 ) a firm pressure4 ,/rips ( an old h&k]*ief1 und]clo?+1 or cotton wadd+ may also be us$ z a compress1 provid$ pressure is n neglect$4 ,9 ! aft]-treatm5t x is ( great importance t ! w\nd & ! dress+ %\ld be kept free f bact]ia by keep+ ev]y?+ surgically clean4 #cfd4 ,:]e & h[ to ,apply ,pressure4 ,! pr9cipal places 9 :i* to apply pressure :5 art]ies are injur$ & ble$+ %\ld always be kept 9 m9d4 ,exp]im5t #aib4 ,h[ to tie a squ>e knot4 ,if ! /ud5t w\ld r5d] effici5t help 9 accid5ts & em]g5cies1 to say no?+ ( s]vice on scores ( o!r occasions1 he mu/ le>n h[ to tie a squ>e or reef knot4 ,?is knot is secure & does n slip z does ! granny knot4 ,! squ>e knot is ! "o us$ by surgeons 9 ligat+ vessels & secur+ b&ages4 ,unless "o knew ! diff]5ce1 ! insecure granny knot might be sub/itut$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aeh4--,%[+ h[ a ,squ>e ,knot may be ti$ ) a ,cord & a ,h&k]*ief4 ,a squ>e knot is ti$ by hold+ an end ( a b&age or cord 9 ea* h&1 & !n pass+ ! end 9 ! "r h& ov] ! "o 9 ! left & ty+2 ! end n[ 9 ! left h& is pass$ ov] ! "o 9 ! "r & aga9 ti$4 ,if 9 ! f+]1 grasp x ) ! ?umb & =ef+]1 & p9* x firmly on ea* side2 if 9 ! h&1 press on ! ble$+ spot1 or press ) ! ?umb j above & 9 front ( ! wri/4 ,= injuries bel[ ! elb[1 grasp ! upp] "p ( ! arm ) ! h&s1 & squeeze h>d4 ,! ma9 art]y runs 9 ! middle l9e ( ! b5d ( ! elb[4 ,tie ! knott$ cord "h1 & b5d ! =e>m s z to press h>d aga9/ ! knot4 ,= ! upp] arm1 press ) ! f+]s aga9/ ! bone on ! inn] side1 & j on ! edge ( ! swell ( ! biceps muscle4 ,n[ we are ready = ! knott$ cord4 ,take a /\t /ick ( wood1 ab\t a foot long1 & twi/ ! cord h>d ) x1 br++ ! knot firmly ov] ! art]y4 ,= ! foot or leg1 pressure z be=e1 9 ! holl[ beh9d ! knee1 j above ! calf ( ! leg4 ,b5d ! ?igh t[>ds ! abdom5 & br+ ! leg up aga9/ ! ?igh1 ) ! knot 9 ! b5d ( ! knee4 #cfe4 ,ble$+ f ! ,/oma* & ,lungs4 ,blood t comes f ! lungs is bright r$1 fro?y1 or soapy4 ,!re is r>ely mu*2 x usually foll[s c\gh+1 feels w>m1 & has a salty ta/e4 ,?is is a grave symptom4 ,p]fect re/ on ! back 9 b$ & quiet mu/ be insi/$ ^u4 ,bits ( ice %\ld be eat5 freely4 ,loos5 ! clo?+1 keep ! %\ld]s well rais$1 & ! body 9 a recl9+ position & absolutely at re/4 ,d n give alcoholic dr9ks4 ,blood f ! /oma* is n fro?y1 has a s\r ta/e1 & is usually d>k color$1 look+ some:at l c(fee gr\nds4 ,x is m 9 quantity ?an f ! lungs1 & is apt to be mix$ ) food4 ,employ ! same treatm5t1 except t ! p]son %\ld be kept flat on ! back4 #cff4 ,ble$+ f ! ,nose4 ,?is is ! mo/ frequ5t & ! lea/ dang]\s ( ! v>i\s =ms ( ble$+4 ,let ! pati5t sit upright2 lean+ =w>d ) ! head l[ only increases ! hemorrhage4 ,raise ! arm on ! ble$+ side2 d n bl[ ! nose4 ,wr+ two t[els out ( cold wat]2 wrap "o ar\nd ! neck & ! o!r prop]ly fold$ ov] ! =ehead & upp] "p ( ! nose4 ,add a teaspoonful ( p[d]$ alum to a cup ( wat]1 & snuff x up f ! h&4 ,if necess>y1 soak 9 alum wat] a piece ( absorb5t cotton1 :i* has be5 w\nd ar\nd ! po9t$ end ( a p5cil or p5hold]2 plug ! no/ril by pu%+ x up ) a twi/+ motion until firmly lodg$4 #cfg4 ,burns or ,scalds4 ,burns or scalds are dang]\s 9 proportion to _! ext5t & dep?4 ,a *ild may h "o ( 8 f+]s burn$ (f ) less dang] to life ?an an ext5sive scald ( 8 back & legs4 ,a deep or ext5sive burn or scald %\ld always h prompt m$ical att5dance4 ,9 burns by acids1 ba! ! p>ts ) an alkal9e fluid1 z dilut$ ammonia1 or /rong soda 9 solution1 & aft]w>ds dress ! burn4 ,9 burns caus$ by lime1 cau/ic pota%1 & o!r alkalies1 soak ! p>ts ) v9eg> dilut$ ) wat]2 lemon juice1 or any o!r dilut$ acid4 ,remove ! clo?+ ) ! greate/ c>e4 ,d n pull1 b c>efully cut & coax ! clo!s away f ! burn$ places4 ,save ! sk9 unbrok5 if possible1 tak+ c>e n to break ! bli/]s4 ,! secret ( treatm5t is to prev5t friction1 & to keep out ! air4 ,if ! burn is slight1 put on /rips ( s(t l95 soak$ 9 a /rong solution ( bak+-soda & wat]1 "o heap+ table spoonful to a cupful ( wat]4 ,?is is especially good = scalds4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aei4--;,dott$ ,l9e %[+ ! ,c\rse ( ! ,femoral ,art]y4 ,c>ron oil is "o ( ! be/ applications4 ,x is simply half l9se$-oil & half lime-wat] %ak5 toge!r4 ,a few tablespoonfuls ( c>bolic acid solution to "o p9t may be add$ to ?is mixture to help dead5 ! pa94 ,soak /rips ( old l95 or absorb5t cotton 9 ?is "t-honor$ rem$y1 & g5tly apply4 ,if c>boliz$ or ev5 pla9 vasel9e is at h&1 spread x freely on /rips ( old l951 & cov] well ! burnt p>ts1 keep+ out ! air ) o!r /rips c>efully laid on4 ,simple cold wat] is bett] ?an fl\r1 />*1 toilet p[d]1 cotton batt+1 & o!r ?+s :i* are apt to /ick1 & make an aft]-exam9ation v pa9ful4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afj4--,%[+ h[ ,hemorrhage f ! ,femoral ,art]y may be arre/$ by ! ,use ( an ,improvis$ ,app>atus 7te*nically call$ a ,t\rniquet74 #cfh4 ,fro/ ,bites4 ,! e>s1 toes1 nose1 & f+]s are occasionally froz51 or fro/-bitt54 ,no w>m air1 w>m wat]1 or fire %\ld be all[$ ne> ! froz5 p>ts until ! natural temp]ature is ne>ly re/or$4 ,rub ! froz5 "p vigor\sly ) sn[ or sn[-wat] 9 a cold room4 ,cont9ue ?is until a burn+1 t+l+ pa9 is felt1 :5 all active treatm5t %\ld cease4 ,pa9 %[s t w>m? & circulation are beg9n+ to return4 ,! aft] effects ( a fro/ bite are precisely l ^? ( a burn1 & require simil> treatm5t4 ,p\ltices made f scrap$ raw potatoes af=d mu* com=t = an aft] treatm5t4 #cfi4 ,cat*+ ! ,clo?+ on ,fire4 ,:5 ! clo?+ cat*es fire1 ?r[ ! p]son d[n on ! gr\nd or floor1 z ! flames w t5d less to rise t[>d ! m\? & no/rils4 ,!n )\t a mom5t's delay1 roll ! p]son 9 a c>pet or he>?-rug1 s z to /ifle ! flames1 leav+ only ! head out = brea?+4 ,if no c>pet or rug c be _h1 !n take (f y\r coat1 %awl1 or cloak & use x in/ead4 ,keep ! flame z mu* z possible f ! face1 s z to prev5t ! entrance ( ! hot air into ! lungs4 ,?is c be done by beg9n+ at ! neck & %\ld]s ) ! wrapp+4 #cgj4 ,=eign ,bodies 9 ! ,?roat4 ,bits ( food or o!r small objects sometimes get lodg$ 9 ! ?roat1 & are easily extract$ by ! =ef+]1 by %>p slaps on ! back1 or expell$ by vomit+4 ,if x is a sliv] f a too?pick1 mat*1 or fi%bone1 x is no easy matt] to remove x2 = x g5]ally /icks into ! l9+ ( ! passage4 ,if ! object has actually pass$ into ! w9dpipe1 & is foll[$ by sudd5 fits ( spasmodic c\gh+1 ) a dusky hue to ! face & f+]s1 surgical help mu/ be call$ )\t delay4 ,if a =eign body1 l co9s1 p5cils1 keys1 fruit-/ones1 etc41 is swall[$1 x is n wise to give a physic4 ,give pl5ty ( h>d-boil$ eggs1 *eese1 & crack]s1 s t ! intrud+ sub/ance maybe enfold$ 9 a mass ( solid food & all[$ to pass (f 9 ! natural way4 #cga4 ,=eign ,bodies 9 ! ,nose4 ,*ildr5 are apt to pu% beans1 peas1 fruit-/ones1 buttons1 & o!r small objects1 into ! nose4 ,sometimes we c get ! *ild to help by bl[+ ! nose h>d4 ,at o!r times1 a %>p bl[ betwe5 ! %\ld]s w cause ! sub/ance to fall out4 ,if x is a pea or bean1 :i* is apt to swell ) ! w>m? & moi/ure1 call 9 m$ical help at once4 #cgb4 ,=eign ,bodies 9 ! ,e>4 ,x is a mu* m difficult matt] to get =eign bodies out ( ! e> ?an f ! nose4 ,syr+e 9 a little w>m wat]1 :i* w (t5 wa% out ! sub/ance4 ,if live insects get into ! e>1 drop 9 a little sweet oil1 melt$ vasel9e1 salt & wat]1 or ev5 w>m molasses4 ,if ! tip ( ! e> is pull$ up g5tly1 ! liquid w fl[ 9 m readily4 ,if a light is held close to ! outside e>1 ! insect may be coax$ to crawl out t[>ds ! out] op5+ ( ! e>1 be+ attract$ by ! bright flame4 #cgc4 ,=eign ,bodies 9 ! ,eye4 ,c9d]s1 p>ticles ( du/1 & o!r small sub/ances1 (t5 get into ! eye1 & cause mu* pa94 ,x w only make bad matt]s worse to rub ! eye4 ,(t5 ! copi\s fl[ ( te>s w wa% ! sub/ance away4 ,x is sometimes se51 & remov$ simply by ! twi/$ corn] ( a h&k]*ief c>efully us$4 ,if x is n remov$1 or ev5 f\nd1 9 ?is way1 ! upp] lid mu/ be turn$ back4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afa4--,%[+ h[ ! ,upp] ,eyelid may be ev]t$ ) a ,p5cil or ,p5hold]4 ,?is is done usually z foll[s3 ,seize ! la%es betwe5 ! ?umb & =ef+]1 & draw ! edge ( ! lid away f ! eyeball4 ,n[1 tell+ ! pati5t to look d[n1 press a sl5d] lead-p5cil or p5hold] aga9/ ! lid1 p>allel to & above ! edge1 & !n pull ! edge up1 & turn x ov] ! p5cil by means ( ! la%es4 ,! eye is n[ readily exam9$1 & usually ! =eign body is easily se5 & remov$4 ,d n increase ! tr\ble by rubb+ ! eye aft] y fail1 b get at once skill$ help4 ,aft] ! sub/ance has be5 remov$1 ba! ! eye = a "t ) hot wat]4 ,if lime gets into ! eye1 x may d a great am\nt ( mis*ief1 & g5]ally requires m$ical advice1 or p]man5t injury w result4 ,until su* advice c be _h1 ba! ! injur$ p>ts freely ) a weak solution ( v9eg> & hot wat]4 #cgd4 ,brok5 ,bones4 ,loss ( p[]1 pa91 & swell+ are symptoms ( a brok5 bone t may be easily recogniz$4 ,brok5 limbs %\ld always be h&l$ ) great c>e & t5d]ness4 ,if ! accid5t happ5s 9 ! woods1 ! limb %\ld be b\nd ) h&k]*iefs1 susp5d]s1 or /rips ( clo?+1 to a piece ( bo>d1 pa/ebo>d1 or b>k1 padd$ ) moss or grass1 :i* w d well en\gh = a tempor>y spl9t4 ,always put a brok5 arm into a sl+ aft] ! spl9ts are on4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afb4--,%[+ h[ an ,umbrella may be us$ z a ,tempor>y ,spl9t 9 ,fracture ( ! ,leg4 ,nev] move ! injur$ p]son until ! limb is made safe f fur!r injuries by putt+ on tempor>y spl9ts4 ,if y d n ne$ to move ! p]son1 keep ! limb 9 a natural1 easy position1 until ! doctor comes4 ,rememb] t ?is treatm5t = brok5 bones is only to enable ! pati5t to be mov$ )\t fur!r injury4 ,a surgeon is ne$$ at once to set ! brok5 bone4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afc4--,%[+ h[ a ,pill[ may be us$ z a ,tempor>y ,spl9t 9 ,fracture ( ! ,leg4 #cge4 ,fa9t+4 ,a fa9t+ p]son %\ld be laid flat at once4 ,give pl5ty ( fre% air1 & da% cold wat]1 if necess>y1 on ! head & neck4 ,loos5 all tight clo?+4 ,smell+-salts may be held to ! nose1 to excite ! n]ves ( s5sation4 #cgf4 ,epileptic & ,hy/]ical ,fits1 ,convulsions ( ,*ildr54 ,suff]]s f fits are m or less common4 ,9 epilepsy1 ! suff]] falls ) a peculi> cry2 a loss ( consci\sness1 a mom5t ( rigidity1 & viol5t convulsions foll[4 ,!re is foam+ at ! m\?1 ! eyes are roll$ up1 & ! tongue or lips are (t5 bitt54 ,:5 ! fit is ov] ! pati5t rema9s 9 a daz$1 /upid /ate = "s "t4 ,x is a mi/ake to /ruggle ) su* pati5ts1 or to hold !m d[n & keep !m quiet4 ,x does m h>m ?an good4 ,see t ! p]son does n injure himself2 cr[d a pad made f a fold$ h&k]*ief or t[el betwe5 ! tee?1 to prev5t bit+ ( ! lips or tongue4 ,d n try to make ! suff]] swall[ any dr9k4 ,unfa/5 ! clo!s1 especially ab\t ! neck & *e/4 ,p]sons :o are subject to su* fits %\ld r>ely g out alone1 & nev] into cr[d$ or excit$ ga!r+s ( any k9d4 ,hy/]ical fits almo/ always occur 9 "y wom54 ,su* pati5ts nev] bite _! tongue nor hurt !mselves4 ,plac+ a t[el wrung out 9 cold wat] across ! face1 or da%+ a little cold wat] on ! face or neck1 w usually cut %ort ! fit1 speak+ firmly to ! pati5t at ! same "t4 ,nev] sympa?ize too mu* ) su* pati5ts2 x w only make !m a great deal worse4 #cgg4 ,asphyxia4 ,asphyxia is f ! ,greek1 & means an abs5ce ( pulse4 ,?is /ates a fact1 b n ! cause4 ,! ^w is n[ commonly us$ to mean susp5d$ animation4 ,:5 = any reason ! prop] supply ( oxyg5 is cut (f1 ! tissues rapidly load up ) c>bon dioxid4 ,! blood turns d>k1 & does n circulate4 ,! heal?y r$ or p9k look ( ! lips & f+]-nails becomes a dusky purple4 ,! p]son is suff]+ f a lack ( oxyg52 t is1 f asphyxia1 or suffocation4 ,x is evid5t !re c be sev]al v>ieties ( asphyxia1 z 9 app>5t dr[n+1 /rangulation & hang+1 inhalation ( gases1 etc4 ,! fir/ & ess5tial ?+ to d is to give fre% air4 ,remove ! p]son to ! op5 air & place him on 8 back4 ,remove tight clo?+ ab\t ! ?roat & wai/1 da% on cold wat]1 give a few drops ( ammonia 9 hot wat] or hot g+] tea4 ,friction appli$ to ! limbs %\ld be kept up4 ,if necess>y1 use artificial respiration by ! ,sylve/] me?od 7sec4 #chj74 ,! *ief dang]s f poison+ by noxi\s gases come f ! fumes ( burn+ coal 9 ! furnace1 /ove1 or range2 f bl[+ out gas1 turn+ x d[n1 & hav+ x bl[n out by a draught2 f ! f\l air (t5 f\nd 9 old wells2 f ! fumes ( *>coal & ! f\l air ( m9es4 #cgh4 ,app>5t ,dr[n+4 ,remove all tight clo?+ f ! neck1 *e/1 & wai/4 ,sweep ! =ef+]1 cov]$ ) a h&k]*ief or t[el1 r\nd ! m\?1 to free x f fro? & mucus4 ,turn ! body on ! face1 rais+ x a little1 ) ! h&s "u ! hips1 to all[ any wat] to run out f ! air passages4 ,take only a mom5t = ?is4 ,lay ! p]son flat ^u ! back1 ) a fold$ coat1 or pad ( any k9d1 to keep ! %\ld]s rais$ a little4 ,remove all ! wet1 cl++ clo?+ t is conv5i5t4 ,if 9 a room or %elt]$ place1 /rip ! body1 & wrap x 9 blankets1 ov]coats1 etc4 ,if at h&1 use bottles ( hot wat]1 hot flats1 or bags ( hot s& r\nd ! limbs & feet4 ,wat* ! tongue3 x g5]ally t5ds to slip back1 & to %ut (f ! air f ! glottis4 ,wrap a co>se t[el r\nd ! tip ( ! tongue1 & keep x well pull$ =w>d4 ,! ma9 ?+ to d is to keep up artificial respiration until ! natural brea?+ comes1 or all hope is lo/4 ,?is is ! simple/ way to d x3 ,! p]son lies on ! back2 let "s "o kneel beh9d ! head4 ,grasp bo? arms ne> ! elb[s1 & sweep !m upw>d above ! head until !y ne>ly t\*4 ,make a firm pull = a mom5t4 ,?is t5ds to fill ! lungs ) air by draw+ ! ribs up1 & mak+ ! *e/ cavity l>g]4 ,n[ return ! arms to ! sides ( ! body until !y press h>d aga9/ ! ribs4 ,?is t5ds to =ce out ! air4 ,?is makes artificially a complete act ( respiration4 ,repeat ?is act ab\t fifte5 times e m9ute4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afd4--,! ,sylve/] ,me?od4 7,fir/ movem5t--inspiration47 ,all ?is may be kept up = sev]al h\rs4 ,! fir/ sign ( recov]y is (t5 se5 9 ! slight p9ki% t+e ( ! lips or f+]-nails4 ,t ! pulse _c be felt at ! wri/ is ( little value 9 itself z a sign ( dea?4 ,life may be pres5t :5 only ! mo/ exp]i5c$ e> c detect ! fa9te/ he>t-beat4 ,:5 a p]son c brea!1 ev5 a little1 he c swall[4 ,hold smell+-salts or h>t%orn to ! nose4 ,put "o teaspoonful ( ! aromatic spirits ( ammonia1 or ev5 ( ammonia wat]1 into a half-glass ( hot wat]1 & give a few teaspoonfuls ( ?is mixture e few m9utes4 ,mean:ile d n fail to keep up artificial w>m? 9 ! mo/ vigor\s mann]4 #cgi4 ,me?ods ( ,artificial ,respiration4 ,!re are sev]al well-e/abli%$ me?ods ( artificial respiration4 ,! two kn[n z ! ,sylve/] & ! ,m>%all ,hall me?ods are g5]ally accept$ z effici5t & practical4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afe4--,! ,sylve/] ,me?od4 7,second movem5t--expiration47 #chj4 ,! ,sylve/] ,me?od4 ,! wat] & mucus are suppos$ to h be5 remov$ f ! int]ior ( ! body by ! means above describ$ 7sec4 #cgh74 ,! pati5t is to be plac$ on 8 back1 ) a roll made ( a coat or a %awl "u ! %\ld]s2 ! tongue %\ld !n be drawn =w>d & reta9$ by a h&k]*ief :i* is plac$ across ! ext5d$ organ & c>ri$ "u ! *91 !n cross$ & ti$ at ! back ( ! neck4 ,an ela/ic b& or small rubb] tube or a susp5d] may be us$ = ! same purpose4 ,! att5dant %\ld kneel at ! head & grasp ! elb[s ( ! pati5t & draw !m upw>d until ! h&s are c>ri$ above ! head & kept 9 ?is position until "o1 two1 ?ree1 c be sl[ly c\nt$4 ,?is movem5t elevates ! ribs1 exp&s ! *e/1 & creates a vacuum 9 ! lungs into :i* ! air ru%es1 or 9 o!r words1 ! movem5t produces inspiration4 ,! elb[s are !n sl[ly c>ri$ d[nw>d1 plac$ by ! side1 & press$ inw>d aga9/ ! *e/1 !reby dim9i%+ ! size ( ! latt] & produc+ expiration4 ,^! movem5ts %\ld be repeat$ ab\t fifte5 times ea* m9ute = at lea/ two h\rs1 provid$ no signs ( animation %[ !mselves4 #cha4 ,! ,m>%all ,hall ,me?od4 ,! pati5t %\ld be plac$ face d[nw>ds1 ! head re/+ on ! =e>m ) a roll or pill[ plac$ "u ! *e/2 he %\ld !n be turn$ on 8 side1 an assi/ant support+ ! head & keep+ ! m\? op52 aft] an int]val ( two or ?ree seconds1 ! pati5t %\ld aga9 be plac$ face d[nw>d & all[$ to rema9 9 ?is position ! same l5g? ( "t4 ,?is op]ation %\ld be repeat$ fifte5 or sixte5 times ea* m9ute1 & cont9u$ 7unless ! pati5t recov]s7 = at lea/ two h\rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aff4--,! ,m>%all ,hall ,me?od4 7,fir/ position47 ,if1 aft] us+ "o ( ! above me?ods1 evid5ce ( recov]y appe>s1 su* z an occasional gasp or muscul> movem5t1 ! ef=ts to produce artificial respiration mu/ n be discont9u$1 b kept up until respiration is fully e/abli%$4 ,all wet clo?+ %\ld !n be remov$1 ! pati5t rubb$ dry1 & if possible plac$ 9 b$1 :]e w>m? & w>m dr9ks c be prop]ly adm9i/]$4 ,a small am\nt ( n\ri%m5t1 9 ! =m ( hot milk or beef tea1 %\ld be giv51 & ! pati5t kept quiet = two or ?ree days4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afg4--,! ,m>%all ,hall ,me?od4 7,second position47 #chb4 ,sun/roke or ,heat/roke4 ,?is s]i\s accid5t1 s f>-rea*+ (t5times 9 its result1 is due to an unnatural elevation ( ! bodily temp]ature by exposure to ! direct rays ( ! sun1 or f ! extreme heat ( close & conf9$ rooms1 z 9 ! cook-rooms & laundries ( hotel basem5ts1 f ov]heat$ work%ops1 etc4 ,!re is sudd5 loss ( consci\sness1 ) deep1 labor$ brea?+1 an int5se burn+ heat ( ! sk91 & a m>k$ abs5ce ( sweat4 ,! ma9 ?+ is to l[] ! temp]ature4 ,/rip (f ! clo?+2 apply *opp$ ice1 wrapp$ 9 flannel to ! head4 ,rub ice ov] ! *e/1 & place pieces "u ! armpits & at ! sides4 ,if !re is no ice1 use %eets or clo?s wet ) cold wat]4 ,! body may be /ripp$1 & spr9kl$ ) ice-wat] f a common wat]+-pot4 ,if ! sk9 is cold1 moi/1 or clammy1 ! tr\ble is due to heat exhau/ion4 ,give pl5ty ( fre% air1 b apply no cold to ! body4 ,apply heat1 & give hot dr9ks1 l hot g+] tea4 ,sun/roke or heat/roke is a dang]\s affliction4 ,x is (t5 foll[$ by s]i\s & p]man5t results4 ,p]sons :o h once suff]$ 9 ?is way %\ld c>efully avoid any risk 9 ! future4 ,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,9 ,sickness & 9 ,heal?4 #chc4 ,arrangem5t ( ! ,sick-room4 ,?is room1 if possible1 %\ld be on ! quiet & sunny side ( ! h\se4 ,pure1 fre% air1 sun%9e1 & fre$om f noise & odor are almo/ indisp5sable4 ,a fireplace z a means ( v5tilation is invaluable4 ,! b$ %\ld be s plac$ t ! air may get to x on all sides & ! nurse move easily ar\nd x4 ,scre5s %\ld be plac$1 if necess>y1 s z to exclude sup]flu\s light & draughts4 ,! sick-room %\ld be kept free f all odors :i* affect ! sick unpleasantly1 z p]fum]y1 highly sc5t$ soaps1 & c]ta9 fl[]s4 ,remove all useless ornam5ts & articles likely to collect du/1 z unnecess>y pieces ( furniture & heavy drap]ies4 ,a clean floor1 ) a few rugs to dead5 ! foot/eps1 is mu* bett] ?an a wool5 c>pet4 ,rock+-*airs %\ld be bani%$ f ! sick-room1 z !y are almo/ sure to di/urb ! sick4 ,a daily supply ( fre% fl[]s t5ds to bright5 ! room4 ,keep ! m$ic9es close at h&1 b all poison\s drugs %\ld be kept c>efully by !mselves & ord9>ily "u lock & key4 ,a small table %\ld be plac$ at ! b$side1 & on x ! bell1 food tray1 fl[]s & o!r small ?+s :i* promote ! com=t ( ! pati5t4 ,! nurse %\ld n sleep ) ! pati5t4 ,s(as & c\*es are n commonly com=table en\gh to secure ne$$ re/4 ,a cot b$ is at once conv5i5t & inexp5sive1 & c be readily fold$ & put out ( sight 9 ! daytime4 ,x c also be us$ by ! pati5t occasionally1 especially dur+ convalesc5ce4 #chd4 ,v5tilation ( ! ,sick-room4 ,prop] v5tilation is mo/ ess5tial to ! sick-room1 b little provision is ord9>ily made = s important a matt]4 ,x is seldom t "o ( ! w9d[s _c be let d[n an in* or m at ! top1 a scre5 be+ arrang$ to avoid any draught on ! pati5t4 ,remove all odors by v5tilation & n by spray+ p]fum]y1 or burn+ pa/illes1 :i* m]ely conceal (f5sive odors )\t purify+ ! air4 ,dur+ cold wea!r & 9 c]ta9 diseases1 ! pati5t may be cov]$ entirely ) blankets & ! w9d[s op5$ wide = a few m9utes4 ,avoid v5tilation by means ( doors1 = ! /ale air ( ! h\se1 kit*5 smells1 & noises made by ! occupants ( ! h\se1 are apt to rea* ! sick-room4 ,! entire air ( ! room %\ld be *ang$ at lea/ two or ?ree times a day1 9 addition to ! introduction ( a con/ant supply ( fre% air 9 small quantities4 #che4 ,h9ts = ! ,sick-room4 ,always /rive to look *e]ful & pleasant be=e ! pati5t4 ,:atev] may happ51 d n appe> to be annoy$1 disc\rag$1 or despond5t4 ,d y\r be/ to keep up ! c\rage ( sick p]sons "u all circum/ances4 ,9 all ?+s keep 9 con/ant m9d ! com=t & ease ( ! pati5t4 ,d n worry ! sick ) unnecess>y que/ions1 idle talk1 or silly gossip4 ,x is cruel to :isp] 9 ! sick-room1 = pati5ts are always annoy$ by x4 ,!y are usually suspici\s t some?+ is wrong & g5]ally imag9e t _! condition has *ang$ = ! worse4 ,symptoms ( ! disease %\ld nev] be discuss$ be=e ! pati5t1 especially if he is ?\ght to be asleep4 ,he may be only doz+1 & any su* talk w\ld !n be gross cruelty4 ,l\d talk+ mu/1 ( c\rse1 be avoid$4 ,! directions ( ! physician mu/ be rigidly c>ri$ out 9 reg>d to visitors 9 ! sick-room4 ,?is is always a matt] ( =emo/ importance1 = an h\r or ev5 a night ( ne$$ sleep & re/ may be lo/ f ! untimely call ( "s ?\ghtless visitor4 ,a compet5t nurse1 :o has good s5se & tact1 %\ld be able to relieve ! family ( any emb>rassm5t "u su* circum/ances4 ,d n ev] all[ a k]os5e light ) ! flame turn$ d[n to rema9 9 ! sick-room4 ,use ! lamp ) ! flame c>efully %ad$1 or 9 an adjo9+ room1 or bett] /ill1 use a sp]m c&le = a night light4 ,keep1 s f> z possible1 ! v>i\s bottles ( m$ic9e1 spoons1 glasses1 & s on 9 an adjo9+ room1 r ?an to make a =midable array ( !m on a bureau or table ne> ! sick-b$4 ,a few simple ?+s1 z an orange1 a t9y b\quet1 "o or two play?+s1 or ev5 a pretty book1 may well take _! place4 ,! ideal b$ is s+le1 made ( iron or brass1 & provid$ ) wov5 wire spr+s & a hair mattress4 ,fea!r-b$s are always objectionable 9 ! sick-room = _m & obvi\s reasons4 ,! prop] mak+ ( a sick-b$1 ) ! =e?\ght & skill dem&$ 9 c]ta9 diseases1 is ( great importance & an art le>n$ only aft] long exp]i5ce4 ,! same pr9ciple obta9s 9 all t conc]ns ! lift+ & ! mov+ ( ! sick4 ,sick p take great com=t 9 ! use ( fre% l95 & fre% pill[s4 ,two sets %\ld be us$1 lett+ "o be air$ :ile ! o!r is 9 use4 ,9 mak+ *anges ! fre% l95 %\ld be ?or\ghly air$ & w>m$ & ev]y?+ 9 read9ess be=e ! pati5t is di/urb$4 #chf4 ,rules = ,sick-room4 ,d n deceive sick p4 ,tell :at is prop] or safe to be told1 promptly & pla9ly4 ,if a physician is employ$1 c>ry out 8 ord]s to ! v lett]1 z long z he visits y4 ,make on a slip ( pap] a note ( 8 directions4 ,make a brief record ( exactly :at to d1 ! precise "t ( giv+ m$ic9es1 etc4 ,?is %\ld always be done 9 s]i\s cases1 & by night wat*]s4 ,!n !re is no guesswork4 ,y h ! record be=e y = easy ref]5ce4 ,all su* ?+s are valuable helps to ! doctor4 ,:atev] mu/ be said 9 ! sick-room1 say x op5ly & al\d4 ,h[ (t5 a sudd5 turn 9 b$1 or a quick glance ( inquiry1 %[s t :isp]+ is do+ h>m6 ,if ! pati5t is 9 8 "r m9d1 answ] 8 que/ions pla9ly & squ>ely4 ,x may n be be/ to tell all ! tru?1 b no?+ is ga9$ 9 try+ to avoid a /raight=w>d reply4 ,noises t are liable to di/urb ! pati5t1 9 o!r p>ts ( ! h\se ?an ! sick-room1 %\ld be avoid$4 ,s\nds ( a />tl+ "*1 especially ^? n easily expla9$1 z ! rattl+ or slamm+ ( di/ant bl9ds & doors1 are always irritat+ to ! sick4 ,always attract ! att5tion ( a pati5t be=e address+ him1 o!rwise he may be />tl$ & a n]v\s spell be induc$4 ,! same h9t applies equally to lean+ or sitt+ ^u ! sick-b$1 or runn+ aga9/ furniture 9 mov+ ab\t ! sick-room4 #chg4 ,re/ ( ,m9d & ,body4 ,! great importance ( re/ = ! sick is n s g5]ally recogniz$ z its value w>rants4 ,if x is worry & n "w t breaks d[n ! m5tal & physical heal? ( ! well1 h[ mu* m important is x t ! m9ds & bodies ( ! sick %\ld be kept at re/1 free f worry & excitem5t6 ,h5ce ! skill$ nurse does h] be/ to aid 9 re/or+ ! sick to a condition ( heal? by secur+ = h] pati5t complete re/ bo? ( m9d & body4 ,to ?is end1 %e skillfully removes all m9or causes ( al>m1 irritation1 or worry4 ,!re are numb]less ways 9 :i* ?is may be done ( :i* space does n all[ ev5 m5tion4 ,details app>5tly trifl+1 z noiseless %oes1 quietness1 we>+ g>m5ts t d n ru/le1 use ( small pill[s ( diff]5t sizes1 & c\ntless o!r small ?+s t make up ! ref9em5t ( mod]n nurs+1 play an important "p 9 build+ up ! impair$ tissues ( ! sick4 #chh4 ,c>e ( ,infecti\s & ,contagi\s ,diseases4 ,!re are c]ta9 diseases :i* are kn[n to be infecti\s & c be communicat$ f "o p]son to ano!r1 ei!r by direct contact1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! atmosph]e1 or o!rwise4 ,( ! m preval5t infecti\s & contagi\s diseases are sc>let fev]1 diph!ria1 erysipelas1 measles1 & typhoid fev]4 ,consid]ations ( heal? dem& t a p]son suff]+ f any "o ( ^! diseases %\ld be ?or\ghly isolat$ f all o!r memb]s ( ! family4 ,all t has be5 /at$ 9 reg>d to g5]al nurs+ 9 previ\s sections ( ?is *apt]1 applies1 ( c\rse1 to nurs+ infecti\s & contagi\s diseases4 ,9 addition to ^! c]ta9 special directions mu/ be always kept 9 m9d4 ,^u ! nurse1 or ! p]son hav+ ! imm$iate *>ge ( ! pati5t1 re/s ! responsibility ( prev5t+ ! spread ( infecti\s diseases4 ,! importance mu/ be fully und]/ood ( c>ry+ out 9 e detail ! measures calculat$ to *eck ! spread or compass ! de/ruction ( ! g]ms ( disease4 #chi4 ,h9ts on ,nurs+ ,infecti\s & ,contagi\s ,diseases4 ,/rip ! room ( sup]flu\s rugs1 c>pets1 furniture1 etc4 ,isolate two rooms1 if possible1 & h ^!1 if conv5i5t1 at ! top ( ! h\se4 ,tack %eets1 wet 9 "s prop] dis9fectant1 to ! out] frame ( ! sick-room door4 ,boil ^! %eets e ?ird day4 ,9 case ( diseases to :i* "y folks are v susceptible1 s5d ! *ildr5 away1 if possible1 to o!r h\ses :]e !re are no *ildr54 ,mo/ scrupul\s c>e %\ld be tak5 9 reg>d to cleanl9ess & neatness 9 e detail4 ,old pieces ( l951 *eese-clo?1 pap] napk9s1 %\ld be us$ :]ev] conv5i5t or necess>y & !n at once burnt4 ,all soil$ clo?+ t _c well be burnt %\ld be put to soak at once 9 dis9fectants1 & aft]w>d boil$ ap>t f ! family wa%4 ,di%es & all ut5sils %\ld be kept scrupul\sly clean by frequ5t boil+4 ,= ! b$ & p]son old & worn articles ( clo?+ t c be de/roy$ %\ld be worn s f> z possible4 ,dur+ convalesc5ce1 or :5 ready to leave isolation1 ! pati5t %\ld be ?or\ghly ba!d 9 wat] prop]ly dis9fect$1 ! hair & nails especially be+ c>efully treat$4 ,_m details ( ! aft] treatm5t dep5d ^u ! special disease1 z ! rubb+ ( ! body ) c>boliz$ vasel9e aft] sc>let fev]1 ! c>e ( ! eyes aft] measles1 & o!r p>ticul>s ( :i* space does n admit m5tion "h4 ,poisons & ,_! ,antidotes4 #cij4 ,poisons4 ,a poison is a sub/ance :i*1 if tak5 into ! sy/em 9 suffici5t am\nts1 w cause s]i\s tr\ble or dea?4 ,= conv5i5ce poisons may be divid$ into two classes1 irritants & n>cotics4 ,! effects ( irritant poisons are evid5t imm$iately aft] be+ tak54 ,!y burn & corrode ! sk9 or membrane or o!r p>ts ) :i* !y come 9 contact4 ,!re are burn+ pa9s 9 ! m\?1 ?roat1 /oma*1 & abdom51 ) nausea & vomit+4 ,a c]ta9 am\nt ( fa9tness & %ock is also pres5t4 ,) n>cotic poison+1 ! symptoms come on m sl[ly4 ,aft] a "t !re is dr[s9ess1 :i* gradually increases until !re is a pr(\nd sleep or /upor1 f :i* ! pati5t c be ar\s$ only ) great difficulty4 ,!re are "s sub/ances :i* possess bo? ! irritant & n>cotic prop]ties & 9 :i* ! symptoms are ( a mix$ "*4 #cia4 ,treatm5t ( ,poison+4 ,an antidote is a sub/ance :i* w ei!r comb9e ) a poison to r5d] x h>mless1 or :i* w h a directly opposite effect ^u ! body1 ?us neutraliz+ ! effect ( ! poison4 ,h5ce 9 treatm5t ( poison+ ! fir/ ?+ to d1 if y "k ! special poison1 is to give its antidote at once4 ,if ! poison is unkn[n1 & !re is any delay 9 obta9+ ! antidote1 ! fir/ ?+ to d is to remove ! poison f ! /oma*4 ,!re=e cause vomit+ z quickly z possible4 ,?is may be done by an emetic giv5 z foll[s3 ,/ir a tablespoonful ( mu/>d or ( common salt 9 a glass ( w>m wat] & make ! pati5t swall[ ! :ole4 ,x w usually be vomit$ 9 a few mom5ts4 ,if mu/>d or salt is n at h&1 compel ! pati5t to dr9k lukew>m wat] v freely until vomit+ occurs4 ,vomit+ may be ha/5$ by ?ru/+ ! =ef+] d[n ! ?roat4 ,two teaspoonfuls ( ! syrup ( ipecac1 or a heap+ teaspoonful ( p[d]$ ipecac tak5 9 a cup ( w>m wat]1 make an effici5t emetic1 especially if foll[$ ) l>ge am\nts ( w>m wat]4 ,x is to be rememb]$ t 9 "s poisons1 z c]ta9 acids & alkalies1 no emetic %\ld be giv54 ,aga91 = c]ta9 poisons 7except 9 case ( ars5ic7 caus+ local irritation1 b :i* also affect ! sy/em at l>ge1 no emetic %\ld be giv54 #cib4 ,ref]5ce ,table ( ,common ,poisons2 ,prom95t ,symptoms2 ,antidotes & ,treatm5t4 ,! common poisons ) _! lead+ symptoms1 treatm5t1 & antidotes1 may be conv5i5tly arrang$ = easy ref]5ce 9 ! =m ( a table4 ,x is to be rememb]$1 ( c\rse1 t a complete ma/]y ( ! table ( poisons1 z set =? on ! two foll[+ pages1 is really a physician's bus9ess4 ,at ! same "t1 no "o ( fair education %\ld neglect to le>n a few ( ! ess5tial ?+s to d 9 accid5tal or int5tional poison+4 ,a ,table ( ! ,m ,common ,poisons1 ,) _! prom95t symptoms1 antidotes1 & treatm5t4 ,poison ,prom95t ,symptoms ,antidotes & ,treatm5t ,/rong ,acids3 ,muriatic1 ,burn+ s5sation 9 ,no emetic ,sal]atus2 ,nitric1 m\?1 ?roat1 & *alk2 soap2 pla/] f ,sulphuric 7vitriol71 /oma*2 bli/]s ! wall2 lime2 magnesia2 ,oxalic4 ab\t m\?2 vomit+2 bak+ soda 7#c or #d great weakness teaspoonfuls 9 a glass ( wat]74 ,alkalies3 ,cau/ic pota% & ,burn+ s5sation 9 ,no emetic ,olive oil soda1 ! p>ts2 sev]e pa9 freely2 lemon juice1 v9eg>2 ,ammonia1 9 /oma*2 vomit+2 melt$ butt] & vasel9e2 ,lye1 difficulty 9 ?ick cream4 ,pe>la%1 swall[+2 cold sk92 ,saltpet]4 weak pulse4 ,ars5ic3 ,p>is gre51 ,int5se pa9s 9 ,vomit pati5t repeat$ly1 ,r\gh on rats1 /oma* & b[els2 give hydrat$ oxide ( iron ,:ite ars5ic1 ?ir/2 vomit+1 ) magnesia1 usually kept ,f[l]'s solution1 p]haps ) blood2 by druggi/s = em]g5cies2 ,s*eele's gre54 cold & clammy sk94 foll[ ) /rong solution ( common salt & wat]4 ,o!r ,metallic ,poisons3 ,blue vitriol1 ,symptoms 9 g5]al1 ,emetic ) lead2 none ) ,copp]as1 same z 9 ars5ical copp] & iron2 :ite ( ,gre5 vitriol1 poison+4 ,) lead eggs 9 abundance ) ,sug> ( lead1 & m]cury !re may copp]2 ) iron & lead ,corrosive be a metallic ta/e 9 give epsom salts freely2 sublimate1 ! m\?4 aft]w>ds1 oils1 fl\r1 & ,b$bug poison4 wat]4 ,no emetic ) m]cury2 raw eggs2 milk1 or fl\r1 & wat]4 ,phosphorus f ,mat*es1 rat ,pa9 9 ! /oma*2 ,cause vomit+4 poisons1etc4 vomit+2 purg+2 ,/rong soapsuds2 g5]al collapse4 magnesia 9 wat]4 ,nev] give oils4 ,opium3 ,morph9e1 ,sleep9ess2 dullness2 ,cause vomit+4 ,keep ,laudanum1 /upor2 p9-hole pati5t awake by any means1 ,p>egoric1 pupils2 sl[ especially by vigor\s ,dov]'s p[d]1 brea?+2 pr(use walk+2 give /rong c(fee ,soo?+ syrups1 sweat4 freely2 da% cold wat] on ,*ol]a & di>rha face & *e/4 mixtures4 ,c>bolic ,acid3 ,creasote4 ,sev]e pa9 9 abdom52 ,no emetic4 ,milk or odor ( c>bolic acid1 fl\r & wat]2 :ite ( muc\s membrane 9 eggs4 ar\nd m\? :ite & b5umb$2 cold & clammy sk94 ,aconite3 ,wolfsbane ,numbness ev]y:]e1 ,vomit pati5t freely4 ,monk%ood great weakness2 cold ,/imulat+ dr9ks4 sweat4 ,belladonna ,deadly ,night%ade ,eyes bright1 ) pupil ,vomit pati5t freely4 ,atropia enl>g$2 dry m\? & ?roat4 ,v>i\s ,vegetable ,poisons ,wild p>sley1 ,/upor1 nausea1 great ,cause brisk vomit+4 ,indian tobacco1 weakness & o!r ,/imulat+ dr9ks4 ,toad/ools1 symptoms accord+ to ,tobacco plant1 ! poison4 ,hemlock1 ,b]ries ( ! m\nta9 a%1 ,bitt] sweet etc4 #cic4 ,practical ,po9ts ab\t ,poisons4 ,poisons %\ld nev] be kept 9 ! same place ) m$ic9es or o!r prep>ations us$ 9 ! h\sehold4 ,!y %\ld always be put 9 "s secure place "u lock & key4 ,nev] use int]nally or ext]nally any "p ( ! cont5ts ( any package or bottle unless its exact nature is kn[n4 ,if !re is ! lea/ d\bt ab\t ! sub/ance1 d n assume ! lea/ risk1 b de/roy x at once4 ,_m times ! unkn[n cont5ts ( "s bottle or package has be5 c>elessly tak5 & f\nd to be poison4 ,c>eless & /upid p (t5 take1 by mi/ake1 ) s]i\s1 & (t5 fatal1 results1 poison\s doses ( c>bolic acid1 b$-bug poison1 horse-l9im5t1 oxalic acid1 & o!r poisons4 ,a safe rule is to keep all bottles & boxes conta9+ poison\s sub/ances securely bottl$ or pack$1 & c>efully label$ ) ! ^w ,,poison pla9ly writt5 9 l>ge lett]s across ! label4 ,fa/5 ! cork ( a bottle conta9+ poison to ! bottle itself ) copp] or iron wire twi/$ into a knot at ! top4 ,?is is an effective means ( prev5t+ any mi/akes1 especially 9 ! night4 ,?is subject ( poisons assumes n[adays great importance1 z x is a common cu/om to keep ab\t /ables1 work%ops1 ba?rooms1 & liv+ rooms g5]ally a m or less =midable array ( g]micides1 dis9fectants1 horse-l9im5ts1 insect-poisons1 & o!r prep>ations ( a simil> "*4 ,= ! mo/ "p !y conta9 poison\s +r$i5ts4 ,bact]ia4 #cid4 ,nature ,( ,bact]ia4 ,! ^w bact]ia is ! "n appli$ to v l[ =ms ( plant life ( microscopic size4 ,?us1 if hay be soak$ 9 wat] = "s "t1 & a few drops ( ! liquid are exam9$ "u a high p[] ( ! microscope1 ! wat] is f\nd to be sw>m+ ) v>i\s =ms ( liv+ vegetable organisms1 or bact]ia4 ,^! microscopic plants belong to ! great fungus division1 & consi/ ( _m v>ieties1 :i* may be r\ghly divid$ into gr\ps1 accord+ z !y are sph]ical1 rod-l1 spiral1 or o!rwise 9 %ape4 ,ea* plant consi/s ( a mass ( protoplasm surr\nd$ by an ill-def9$ cell wall4 ,! bact]ia v>y cably 9 size4 ,"s ( ! rod-%ap$ v>ieties are f #a_/ab1jjj to #a_/h1jjj ( an in* 9 l5g?1 & av]age ab\t #a_/ej1jjj ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,x has be5 calculat$ t a space ( "o cubic millimet] w\ld conta9 #bej1jjj1jjj ( ^! m9ute organisms1 & t !y w\ld n weigh m ?an a milligram4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afh4--;,examples ( ,micro-,organisms call$ ,bact]ia4 7,drawn f photographs47 ,a1 sph]oidal bact]ia 7call$ cocci7 9 pairs2 ,b1 same k9d ( bact]ia 9 *a9s2 ,c1 bact]ia f\nd 9 pus 7gr\p$ 9 masses l a bun* ( grapes74 ,bact]ia 9 ,a1 ,b1 & ,c magnifi$ ab\t #ajjj diamet]s4 ,d1 bact]ia f\nd 9 pus 7t5d5cy to gr[ 9 ! =m ( *a9s74 ,magnifi$ ab\t #ejj diamet]s4 ,bact]ia are propagat$ 9 a v simple mann]4 ,! p>5t cell divides into two2 ^! two into two o!rs1 & s on4 ,! rapidity ) :i* ^! organisms multiply "u favorable conditions1 makes !m1 9 "s cases1 mo/ dang]\s enemies4 ,x has be5 calculat$ t if all ( ! organisms surviv$1 "o bact]ium w\ld lead to ! production ( sev]al billions ( o!rs 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 #cie4 ,! ,/ruggle ( ,bact]ia = ,exi/5ce4 ,l all k9ds ( liv+ ?+s1 _m species ( bact]ia are de/roy$ if expos$ to boil+ wat] or /eam1 b seem able to endure prolong$ cold1 f> bel[ ! freez+-po9t4 ,?us ice f ponds & riv]s may conta9 num]\s g]ms :i* resume _! activity :5 ! ice is melt$4 ,typhoid fev] g]ms h be5 kn[n to take an active & vigor\s gr[? aft] !y h be5 kept = weeks expos$ 9 ice to a temp]ature bel[ z]o4 ,! bact]ia ( consumption 7bacillus tub]culosis7 may reta9 _! vitality = mon?s1 & !n ! dri$ expectoration ( ! invalids may become a s\rce ( dang] to ^? :o inhale air lad5 ) su* impurities 7sec4 #bbj & ,fig4 #id74 ,l o!r liv+ organisms1 bact]ia ne$ w>m?1 moi/ure1 & "s *emical comp\nd :i* answ]s = food1 9 ord] to ma9ta9 ! ph5om5a ( life4 ,"s species gr[ only 9 contact ) air1 o!rs ne$ no m oxyg5 ?an !y c obta9 9 ! fluid or semi-fluid :i* !y inhabit4 #cif4 ,importance ( ,bact]ia 9 ,nature4 ,we might well ask :y ! myriads ( bact]ia d n deva/ate ! e>? ) _! m>vel\s rapidity ( propagation4 ,s inde$ !y might1 7 x n = ! w9ds1 ra9s1 melt+ sn[ & ice :i* scatt] !m f> & wide1 & de/roy !m4 ,aga91 z 9 c\ntless o!r species ( liv+ organisms1 bact]ia are subject to ! rel5tless law :i* all[s only ! fitte/ to survive4 ,! bact]ia ( high] & m complex types dev\r ^? ( a l[] type4 ,myriads p]i% 9 ! dige/ive tract ( man & o!r animals4 ,! excreta ( "s species ( bact]ia act z poison to de/roy o!r species4 ,x is true f ! /ricte/ sci5tific po9t ( view t all liv+ ?+s lit]ally return to ! du/ :5ce !y came4 ,:ile liv+ !y borr[ a few elem5t>y sub/ances & arrange !m 9 new comb9ations1 by aid ( ! en]gy giv5 !m by ! sun1 & aft] a "t die & leave beh9d all !y _h borr[$ bo? ( en]gy & matt]4 ,c\ntless myriads ( bact]ia are sil5tly at "w *ang+ dead animal & vegetable matt] into useful sub/ances4 ,9 brief1 bact]ia prep>e food = all ! re/ ( ! _w4 ,7 !y all de/roy$1 life ^u ! e>? w\ld be impossible1 = ! elem5ts necess>y to ma9ta9 x w\ld be embalm$ 9 ! bodies ( ! dead4 #cig4 ,action ( ,bact]ia4 ,9 c]ta9 well-kn[n processes bact]ia h ! p[] ( br++ ab\t decomposition ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,?us a highly organiz$ fungus1 l ! yea/ plant1 gr[+ 9 ! pres5ce ( sug>1 has ! p[] ( break+ d[n ?is complex body into simpl] ones1 viz41 alcohol & c>bon dioxid4 ,9 ! same way1 v>i\s =ms ( bact]ia h ! p[] ( break+ d[n complex bodies 9 _! imm$iate neighborhood1 ! products dep5d+ ^u ! sub/ance1 ! k9d ( bact]ia1 & ! conditions "u :i* !y act4 ,?us ! bact]ia lactis act ^u ! milk sug> pres5t 9 milk1 & conv]t x into lactic acid1 ?us br++ ab\t ! s\r+ ( milk4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afi4--;,examples ( ,pa?og5ic ,bact]ia4 7,drawn f photographs47 ,a1 spiral =m ( bact]ia f\nd 9 *ol]a 7,magnifi$ ab\t #ajjj diamet]s7 ,b1 rod-%ap$ bact]ia 7call$ bacilli7 f a culture obta9$ 9 an?rax or malignant fu/ule ( ! face4 ,diseas$ hides c>ry ?is micro-organism1 & ?us may occasion disease among ^? :o h&le hides & wool4 7,magnifi$ ab\t #ajjj diamet]s7 ,n[1 :ile mo/ species ( bact]ia are h>mless1 "s are ! cause ( sickness & dea? :5 !y ga9 admittance to ! body "u c]ta9 conditions4 ,^! disease-produc+ bact]ia 7kn[n z pa?og5ic71 :5 e/abli%$ 9 ! blood & tissues ( ! body1 br+ ab\t important *emical *anges1 dep5d+ ^u ! species ( bact]ia1 & also produce a p>ticul> =m ( disease4 ,! production ( c]ta9 diseases by ! ag5cy ( bact]ia has n[ be5 prov$ beyond all d\bt4 ,9 yell[ fev]1 erysipelas1 diph!ria1 typhoid fev]1 consumption & o!r diseases1 ! connection has be5 def9itely e/abli%$4 ,! evil results ^! g]ms ( disease produce v>y greatly 9 k9d & sev]ity4 ,?us ! bact]ia ( ,asiatic *ol]a & diph!ria may de/roy life 9 a few h\rs1 :ile ^? ( consumption may take ye>s to produce a fatal result4 ,aga91 ! bact]ia may attack "s p>ticul> organ1 or gr\p ( organs1 & produce mo/ly local symptoms4 ,?us 9 a boil !re is pa9ful swell+ due to ! local effect ( ! bact]ia1 ) slight g5]al di/urbance4 #cih4 ,! ,battle aga9/ ,bact]ia4 ,:5 we reflect ^u ! t]rible ravages made by infecti\s diseases1 & all _! att5dant evils = ^! _m ye>s1 we c ! bett] appreciate ! "w done ( late ye>s by tireless sci5ti/s 9 _! ef=ts to modify ! activity ( disease-produc+ bact]ia4 ,x is n[ possible to cultivate c]ta9 pa?og5ic bact]ia1 & by modify+ ! conditions "u :i* !y are gr[n1 to de/roy _! viol5ce4 ,9 brief1 sci5ce has taught u1 )9 c]ta9 limitations1 h[ to *ange ! virul5t g]ms ( a few diseases into h>mless microbes4 #cii4 ,alcoholic ,f]m5tation & ,bact]ia4 ,m5 ( ! l[e/1 z well z ( ! highe/1 type ( civilization h always kn[n t :5 ! sug>y juice ( any fruit is left to itself = a "t1 at a mod]ately w>m temp]ature1 a *ange takes place "u c]ta9 conditions1 & ! result is a liquid :i*1 :5 drank1 produces a pron\nc$ effect ^u ! body4 ,9 brief1 man has long kn[n h[ to make = himself alcoholic bev]ages1 by means ( :i* he may become intoxicat$ ) _! poison\s +r$i5ts4 ,:e!r x is a degrad$ ,s\? ,sea ,isl&] mak+ a crude intoxicant f a sug>y plant1 a ,japanese prep>+ 8 favorite alcoholic bev]age f ! f]m5tation ( rice by means ( a fungus plant gr[n = ! purpose1 a f>m] ( ?is c\ntry mak+ cid] f f]m5t+ apple juice1 or a ,fr5* exp]t manufactur+ co/ly *ampagne by a complicat$ process1 ! outcome & ! int5t are "o & ! same4 ,! ess5tial ?+ is to produce an alcoholic bev]age :i* w h a m>k$ physiological effect4 ,?is effect is poison\s1 & is due solely to ! alcoholic +r$i5t1 )\t :i* man w\ld h little or no use = ! o!rwise h>mless liquid4 ,:ile ! practical process ( mak+ "s =m ( alcoholic bev]age has be5 und]/ood = ^! _m c5turies1 ! real reason ( ?is rem>kable *ange 9 a :olesome fruit juice 0 n kn[n until reveal$ by rec5t progress 9 *emi/ry1 & by ! use ( ! microscope4 ,we "k n[ t ! *ange is due to f]m5tation1 br\ght ab\t f ! influ5ce1 & by ! action1 ( bact]ia 7sec4 #abe74 ,9 o!r words1 f]m5tation is ! result ( ! gr[? ( l[ =m ( vegetable life kn[n z an organis$ f]m5t4 ,! f]m5t1 :e!r x be ! commonly us$ brew]'s yea/1 or any o!r species ( alcoholic f]m5t1 has ! p[] to decompose or break d[n a l>ge "p ( ! sug> pres5t 9 ! liquid into alcohol1 :i* rema9s z a poison1 & c>bon dioxid1 :i* escapes m or less completely4 ,?us man1 ev] prone to d evil1 0 once oblig$1 9 8 ignorance1 to make 8 alcoholic dr9ks 9 ! crude/ mann]2 b n[ he has =c$ into 8 s]vice ! late/ discov]ies 9 sci5ce1 m especially 9 bact]iology1 t he may manufacture m sci5tifically & m economically alcoholic bev]ages ( all sorts & k9ds1 & di/ribute !m broadca/ all ov] ,god's e>? = ! physical & moral ru9 ( ! p4 ,dis9fectants4 #djj4 ,dis9fectants1 ,antiseptics1 & ,deodorants4 ,! ^w dis9fectant is synonym\s ) ! t]m bact]icide or g]micide4 ,a dis9fectant is a sub/ance :i* de/roys infecti\s mat]ial4 ,an antiseptic is an ag5t :i* may h9d] ! gr[?1 b does n de/roy ! vitality1 ( bact]ia4 ,a deodorant is n necess>ily a dis9fectant1 or ev5 an antiseptic1 b ref]s to a sub/ance t de/roys or masks (f5sive odors4 #dja4 ,air & ,wat] z ,dis9fectants4 ,nature has provid$ = our protection two mo/ effici5t means ( dis9fection1--pure air 7sec4 #bah7 & pure wat] 7sec4 #aai74 ,! air ( cr[d$ rooms conta9s l>ge quantities ( bact]ia1 :]eas 9 pure air !re are comp>atively few1 especially aft] ra91 :i* c>ries !m to ! e>?4 ,liv+ micro-organisms h nev] be5 detect$ 9 breezes com+ f ! sea1 b 9 ^? bl[+ out f ! %ore l>ge numb]s may be f\nd4 ,9 wat] ta9t$ ) organic matt] putrefactive bact]ia w fl\ri%1 :]eas pure wat] is fatal to _! exi/5ce4 ,surface wat]1 because x comes f t "p ( ! soil :]e bact]ia are mo/ active1 & :]e !re is mo/ organic matt]1 g5]ally conta9s great quantities ( ^! organisms4 ,9 ! deep] /rata ( ! soil !re is practically no decomposition ( organic matt] go+ on1 h5ce1 wat] tak5 f deep s\rces is comp>atively free f bact]ia4 ,= ?is reason1 deep well wat] is greatly to be pref]r$ = dr9k+ purposes to t f surface wells4 #djb4 ,dis9fectants4 ,x is evid5t t air & wat] are n always suffici5t to secure dis9fection1 & ?is mu/ be accompli%$ by o!r means4 ,! de/ruction ( infect$ mat]ial by fire is1 ( c\rse1 a sure b co/ly means ( dis9fection4 ,dry heat1 /eam1 & boil+ wat] are valuable dis9fectants & d n injure mo/ fabrics4 ,^! ag5ts are g5]ally us$ 9 comb9ation ) v>i\s *emical dis9fectants4 ,c]ta9 *emical ag5ts t are capable ( de/roy+ micro-organisms & _! spores h come1 ( late ye>s1 into g5]al use4 ,a =m ( m]cury1 call$ corrosive sublimate1 is a mo/ efficaci\s & p[]ful g]micide1 b is exce$+ly poison\s & c be b\ght only "u re/rictions4#ed ,c>bolic acid1 *loride ( lime1 p]manganate ( pota%1 & v>i\s o!r prep>ations made f z9c1 iron1 & petroleum1 are ! *emical dis9fectants mo/ commonly & successfully us$ at ! pres5t "t4 ,!re are also num]\s v>ieties ( comm]cial dis9fectants n[ 9 popul> use1 su* z ,platt's *lorides1 bromo-*loral1 sanitas1 etc41 :i* h prov$ effici5t g]micides4 ,in/ructions = ! ,managem5t ( ,contagi\s ,diseases4 ,! foll[+ in/ructions = ! managem5t ( contagi\s diseases 7 prep>$ = ! ,national ,bo>d ( ,heal? by an able corps ( sci5ti/s & exp]i5c$ physicians4 #djc4 ,in/ructions = ,dis9fection4 ,dis9fection is ! de/ruction ( ! poisons ( infecti\s & contagi\s diseases4 ,deodoriz]s1 or sub/ances :i* de/roy smells1 are n necess>ily dis9fectants1 & dis9fectants d n necess>ily h an odor4 ,dis9fection _c comp5sate = want ( cleanl9ess nor ( v5tilation4 #djd4 ,dis9fectants to be ,employ$4 #a4 ,roll sulphur 7brim/one72 = fumigation4 #b4 ,sulphate ( iron 7copp]as7 dissolv$ 9 wat] 9 ! proportion ( "o & a half p\nds to ! gallon2 = soil1 sew]s1 etc4 ,,note4 ,a mo/ useful little manual to consult 9 connection ) ?is *apt] is ! ,h&-,book ( ,sanit>y ,in=mation1 writt5 by ,rog] ,s4 ,tracy1 ,sanit>y ,inspector ( ! ,new ,york ,city ,heal? ,dep>tm5t4 ,price1 #ej c5ts4 #c4 ,sulphate ( z9c & common salt1 dissolv$ toge!r 9 wat] 9 ! proportion ( f\r ounces sulphate & two ounces salt to ! gallon2 = clo?+1 b$-l951 etc4 #dje4 ,h[ to ,use ,dis9fectants4 #a4 ,9 ! sick-room4 ,! mo/ available ag5ts are fre% air & cleanl9ess4 ,! clo?+1 t[els1 b$-l951 etc41 %\ld1 on removal f ! pati5t1 & be=e !y are tak5 f ! room1 be plac$ 9 a pail or tub ( ! z9c solution1 boil+-hot1 if possible4 ,all dis*>ges %\ld ei!r be receiv$ 9 vessels conta9+ copp]as solution1 or1 :5 ?is is impracticable1 %\ld be imm$iately cov]$ ) copp]as solution4 ,all vessels us$ ab\t ! pati5t %\ld be cleans$ ) ! same solution4 ,unnecess>y furniture1 especially t :i* is /uff$1 c>pets1 & hang+s1 %\ld1 :5 possible1 be remov$ f ! room at ! outset2 o!rwise !y %\ld rema9 = subsequ5t fumigation & treatm5t4 #b4 ,fumigation4 ,fumigation ) sulphur is ! only practicable me?od = dis9fect+ ! h\se4 ,= ?is purpose1 ! rooms to be dis9fect$ mu/ be vacat$4 ,heavy clo?+1 blankets1 b$d+1 & o!r articles :i* _c be treat$ ) z9c solution1 %\ld be op5$ & expos$ dur+ fumigation1 z direct$ bel[4 ,close ! rooms z tightly z possible1 place ! sulphur 9 iron pans support$ ^u bricks plac$ 9 wa%tubs conta9+ a little wat]1 set x on fire by hot coals or ) ! aid ( a spoonful ( alcohol1 & all[ ! room to rema9 clos$ = tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,= a room ab\t t5 feet squ>e1 at lea/ two p\nds ( sulphur %\ld be us$2 = l>g] rooms1 proportionally increas$ quantities4#ee #c4 ,premises4 ,cell>s1 y>ds1 /ables1 gutt]s1 privies1 cesspools1 wat]-closets1 dra9s1 sew]s1 etc41 %\ld be frequ5tly & lib]ally treat$ ) copp]as solution4 ,! copp]as solution is easily prep>$ by hang+ a basket conta9+ ab\t sixty p\nds ( copp]as 9 a b>rel ( wat]4#ef #d4 ,body & b$ clo?+1 etc4 ,x is be/ to burn all articles :i* h be5 9 contact ) p]sons sick ) contagi\s or infecti\s diseases4 ,articles too valuable to be de/roy$ %\ld be treat$ z foll[s3 7a7 ,cotton1 l951 flannels1 blankets1 etc41 %\ld be treat$ ) ! boil+-hot z9c solution2 introduce piece by piece1 secure ?or\gh wett+1 & boil = at lea/ half an h\r4 7b7 ,heavy wool5 clo?+1 silks1 furs1 /uff$ b$-cov]s1 b$s1 & o!r articles :i* _c be treat$ ) ! z9c solution1 %\ld be hung 9 ! room dur+ fumigation1 _! surfaces ?or\ghly expos$ & pockets turn$ inside out4 ,aft]w>d !y %\ld be hung 9 ! op5 air1 beat51 & %ak54 ,pill[s1 b$s1 /uff$ mattresses1 uphol/]$ furniture1 etc41 %\ld be cut op51 ! cont5ts spread out & ?or\ghly fumigat$4 ,c>pets are be/ fumigat$ on ! floor1 b %\ld aft]w>d be remov$ to ! op5 air & ?or\ghly beat54 ,books = ,collat]al ,/udy4 ,among ! _m works :i* may be consult$ ) pr(it1 ! foll[+ are recomm5d$ z among ^? mo/ useful3 ,p>kes ,elem5ts ( ,heal?2 ,canfield's ,hygi5e ( ! ,sick-,room2 ,copl9 ,bevan's ,practical ,hygi5e2 ,l9coln's ,s*ool ,hygi5e2 ,edw>d ,smi?'s ,heal?2 ,mc,sherrys ,heal?2 ,am]ican ,heal? ,prim]s 7#ab little volumes1 edit$ by ,dr4 ,ke5 ( ,philadelphia72 ,reynold's ,prim] ( ,heal?2 ,corfield's ,heal?2 ,appleton's ,heal? ,prim]s2 ,cl>a ,s4 ,weeks' ,nurs+2 ,*ur*'s ,food2 ,yeo's ,food 9 ,heal? & ,disease2 ,hampton's ,nurs+1 its ,pr9ciples & ,practice2 ,price's ,nurses & ,nurs+2 ,cull9wor?'s ,manual ( ,nurs+2 ,wise's ,text-,book ( ,nurs+ 7#b vols472 & ,humphrey's ,manual ( ,nurs+4 ,*apt] ,,xv4 ,exp]im5tal ,"w 9 ,physiology4 #djf4 ,! ,limitations ( ,exp]im5tal ,"w 9 ,physiology 9 ,s*ools4 ,unlike o!r bran*es ( sci5ce taught 9 ! s*ools f ! exp]im5tal po9t ( view1 ! /udy ( physiology has its limitations4 ,! scope & range ( su* exp]im5ts is necess>ily extremely limit$ comp>$ ) :at may be done ) ! co/ly & elaborate app>atus ( ! m$ical laboratory4 ,aga91 ! f\ndation ( physiology re/s ^u sy/ematic & pa9/ak+ dissection ( ! dead human body & ! l[] animals1 :i* mode ( /udy v prop]ly is n p]mitt$ 9 ord9>y s*ool "w4 ,exp]im5ts ^u ! liv+ human body & ! l[] animals1 n[ s g5]ally dep5d$ ^u 9 our m$ical & m advanc$ sci5tific s*ools1 = obvi\s reasons c be p]=m$ only 9 a crude & q sup]ficial mann] 9 second>y s*ools4 ,h5ce 9 ! /udy ( physiology 9 s*ools _m ?+s mu/ be tak5 = grant$4 ,! obs]vation & exp]i5ce ( m$ical m51 & ! exp]im5ts ( ! physiologi/ 9 8 laboratory mu/ be dep5d$ ^u = data :i* _c be well obta9$ at fir/ h& by "y /ud5ts4 #djg4 ,value ( ,exp]im5ts 9 ,physiology 9 ,second>y ,s*ools4 ,:ile circum/ances & reg>d = c]ta9 proprieties ( social life =bid ! use ( a range ( exp]im5ts1 9 anatomy & physiology1 su* z are p]mitt$ 9 o!r bran*es ( sci5ce 9 second>y s*ools1 x by no means foll[s t we are %ut out altoge!r f ?is mo/ important & int]e/+ "p ( ! /udy4 ,h[ev] simple & crude ! app>atus1 ! skillful & en?usia/ic tea*] has at 8 comm& a wide s]ies ( mat]ials :i* c be pr(itably utiliz$ = exp]im5tal in/ruction4 ,z e exp]i5c$ tea*] kn[s1 pupils ga9 a f> bett] k1 & keep up a liveli] int]e/ 9 any bran* ( sci5ce1 if !y see ) _! own eyes & d ) _! own h&s t :i* s]ves to illum9ate & illu/rate ! subject-matt]4 ,,note4 ,= additional sugge/ions & practical helps on ! subject ( exp]im5tal "w 9 physiology ! read] is ref]r$ to ,blaisdell's ,h[ to ,tea* ,physiology1 a h&book = tea*]s4 ,a copy ( ?is pamphlet w be s5t po/paid to any address by ! publi%]s ( ?is book on receipt ( t5 c5ts4 ,! exp]im5tal me?od ( in/ruction rivets ! att5tion & ar\ses & keeps alive ! int]e/ ( ! "y /ud5t2 9 fact1 x is ! only true me?od ( cultivat+ a sci5tific habit ( /udy#eg4 ,! subject-matt] z set =? on ! pr9t$ pages ( ?is book %\ld be ma/]$1 ( c\rse1 b at ! same "t ! topics discuss$ %\ld be illum9at$ & made m int]e/+ & practical by a well-arrang$ s]ies ( exp]im5ts1 a goodly %[ ( specim5s1 & a c]ta9 am\nt ( microscopical "w4 #djh4 ,! ,"q ( ,app>atus4 ,! au?or well und]/&s f p]sonal exp]i5ce ! _m practical difficulties 9 ! way ( provid+ a suitable am\nt ( app>atus = classroom use4 ,if !re are ample funds = ?is purpose1 !re ne$ be no excuse or delay 9 provid+ all t is necess>y f deal]s 9 app>atus 9 ! l>g] t[ns1 f ! drug /ore1 m>kets1 & else:]e4 ,9 s*ools :]e bo? ! funds & ! "t = su* purposes are limit$1 ! zeal & +5uity ( tea*]s & /ud5ts are (t5 put to a sev]e te/4 ,=tunately a v little money & a great deal ( +5uity & pati5ce w d app>5t wond]s t[>ds provid+ a work+ supply ( app>atus4 ,x w be notic$ t _m ( ! exp]im5ts 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s ( ?is book c be p]=m$ ) v simple1 & (t5 a crude & home-made sort ( app>atus4 ,?is plan has be5 rigidly foll[$ by ! au?or1 fir/1 because he fully realizes ! limitations & re/rictions ( ! subject2 & secondly1 because he wi%es to emphasize ! fact t exp5sive & complicat$ app>atus is by no means necess>y to illu/rate ! great pr9ciples ( anatomy & physiology4 #dji4 ,use ( ! ,microscope4 ,to d ?or\gh & satisfactory "w 9 physiology 9 our high] s*ools a comp\nd microscope is almo/ indisp5sable4 ,inasmu* z _m ( our be/ second>y s*ools are equipp$ ) "o or m microscopes = use 9 o!r /udies1 notably botany1 x is mu* less difficult ?an x 0 a few ye>s ago to obta9 ?is important help = ! classes 9 physiology4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agj4--;,a ,comp\nd ,microscope ,= elem5t>y class "w a mod]ate-pric$1 b well-made & /rong1 in/rum5t %\ld be provid$4 ,if ! s*ool does n own a microscope1 ! loan ( an in/rum5t %\ld be obta9$ = at lea/ a few weeks f "s p]son 9 ! neighborhood4 ,! appe>ance ( ! v>i\s /ructures & tissues ( ! human body z reveal$ by ! microscope possesses a curi\s fasc9ation = e obs]v]1 especially = "y p4 ,no "o ev] =gets ! fir/ look at a drop ( blood1 or ! circulation ( blood 9 a frog's foot z %[n by ! microscope4 ,,note4 ,= detail$ sugge/ions 9 reg>d to ! manipulation & use ( ! microscope ! /ud5t is ref]r$ to any ( ! /&>d works on ! subject4 ,! catalogues ( sci5tific-in/rum5t mak]s ( our l>g] cities g5]ally furni% a li/ ( ! requisite mat]ials or h&books :i* describe ! use ( ! v>i\s microscopes ( /&>d make4 ,! au?or is indebt$ to ,b]g5's ,elem5ts ( ,botany = ! foll[+ in=mation conc]n+ ! diff]5t firms :i* deal 9 microscopes4 ,sev]al ( ! ,g]man mak]s furni% excell5t in/rum5ts = use 9 su* a c\rse z t "h outl9$4 ,! au?or is mo/ famil> ) ! ,leitz microscopes1 :i* are furni%$ by ,wm4 ,krafft1 #daa ,we/ #ei? ,/41 ,new ,york city1 or by ! ,frankl9 ,educational ,co41 #ae & #ag ,h>c\rt ,/41 ,bo/on4 ,! ,leitz ,/&1 ,no4 ,,iv41 c be furni%$ duty free 7= s*ools only71 ) objectives #a1 #c1 & #e1 eye-pieces ,i4 & ,,iii41 = #bd4ej4 ,if sev]al in/rum5ts are be+ provid$1 x w\ld be well to h "p ( !m equipp$ ) objectives #c & #g1 & eye-pieces ,i4 & ,,iii4 ,! ,am]ican manufactur]s1 ,baus* ,lomb ,optical ,company1 ,ro*e/]1 ,n4,y41 & ,no4 #acj ,fulton ,/41 ,new ,york city1 h ?is ye> produc$ a microscope ( ! ,cont95tal type :i* is especially design$ to meet ! requirem5ts ( ! second>y s*ools = an in/rum5t ) rack & p9ion co>se adju/m5t & s]viceable f9e adju/m5t1 at a l[ price4 ,!y furni% ?is new /&1 ',,aab1' to s*ools & tea*]s at 'duty-free' rates1 ! prices be+ = ! /& ) two eye-pieces 7any desir$ p[]71 -in* & -in* objectives1 #be4fj1 or ) #b-;in*1 -in*1 & -in* objectives1 & two eye-pieces1 #bi4bj4 ,/& ',a1' ! same /& z ! ',,aab1' )\t jo9t & ) slid+ tube co>se adju/m5t 7z 9 ! ,leitz ,/& ,,iv471 & ) ?ree eye-pieces & -in* & -in* objectives1 is furni%$ = #bj4dj4 ,/& ',a1' ) two eye-pieces1 -in* & -in* objectives1 #bj4dj4 #daj4 ,! ,use ( ! ,skeleton & ,manik94 ,! /udy ( ! bones by ! help ( a skeleton is almo/ a necessity4 ,to ?is int5t1 s*ools ( a high] grade %\ld be provid$ bo? ) a skeleton & a manik94 ,if ! =m] is n own$ by ! s*ool1 (t5times a loan ( "o c be secur$ ( "s m$ical man 9 ! vic9ity4 ,sep>ate bones w also prove useful4 ,9 fact1 !re is no o!r way to /udy prop]ly ! /ructure & use ( ! bones & jo9ts ?an by ! bones !mselves4 ,a good manik9 is also equally s]viceable1 al?\gh n s commonly provid$ = s*ools on acc\nt ( its co/4 #daa4 ,! ,"q ( ,vivisection & ,dissection4 ,!re %\ld be no "q at all conc]n+ vivisection4 ,9 no %ape or =m %\ld x be all[$ 9 any grade ( our s*ools4 ,nor is !re any ne$ ( mu* dissection 9 ! gramm>-s*ool grades4 ,a few simple dissections to be p]=m$ ) fre% beef-jo9ts1 t5dons ( turkey legs1 & s on1 w nev] eng5d] cruel or brutal feel+s t[>d liv+ ?+s4 ,9 ! l[] grades a discreet tea*] w r>ely advise 8 pupils to dissect a dead cat1 dog1 frog1 or any o!r animal4 ,in/ead ( actual dissection1 ! pupils %\ld exam9e specim5s or c]ta9 p>ts previ\sly dissect$ by ! tea*]1--z ! muscles & t5dons ( a %eep1 ! he>t ( an ox1 ! eye ( a codfi%1 & s on4 ,ev5 "u ^! re/rictions ! tea*] %\ld n use ! knife or scissors be=e ! class to op5 up any "p ( ! specim54 ,9 brief1 avoid ev]y?+ t c possibly ar\se any cruel or brutal feel+ on ! "p ( "y /ud5ts4 ,9 ! high] s*ools1 9 normal & o!r tra9+ s*ools1 diff]5t conditions prevail4 ,nev] all[ vivisection 9 any =m :atev]1 ei!r 9 s*ool or at home4 ,"u ! mo/ exact re/rictions /ud5ts 9 ^! s*ools may be taught to make a few simple dissections4 ,mo/ tea*]s w f9d1 h[ev]1 ev5 9 s*ools ( a high] grade1 t ! :ole subject is fraught ) _m difficulties4 ,x w n require mu* (t5times to provoke 9 a community a deal ( unju/ criticism4 ,a tea*]'s good s5se & discretion are (t5 put to a sev]e te/4 ,additional ,exp]im5ts4 ,to ! some:at ext5d$ li/ ( exp]im5ts z describ$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s a few m are h]e) pres5t$ :i* may be us$ z opportunity all[s to supplem5t ^? already giv54 ,exp]im5t #aic4 ,to exam9e :ite fibr\s tissue4 ,snip (f a v m9ute portion f ! muscle ( a rabbit1 or any small animal rec5tly dead4 ,tease ! specim5 ) ne$les1 m\nt 9 salt solution & exam9e "u a high p[]4 ,note ! c\rse & *>act]s ( ! fib]s4 ,exp]im5t #aid4 ,to exam9e ela/ic tissue4 ,tease out a small piece ( ligam5t f a rabbit's leg 9 salt solution2 m\nt 9 ! same1 & exam9e z be=e4 ,note ! curl$ ela/ic fib]s4 ,exp]im5t #aie4 ,to exam9e areol> tissue4 ,g5tly tease ap>t "s muscul> fib]s1 not+ t !y are atta*$ to ea* o!r by connective tissue4 ,remove a little ( ?is tissue to a slide & exam9e z be=e4 ,exam9e ! matrix ) curl$ ela/ic fib] mix$ ) /raight :ite fib]s4 ,exp]im5t #aif4 ,to exam9e adipose tissue4 ,take a bit ( fat f ! mes5t]y ( a rabbit4 ,tease ! specim5 9 salt solution & m\nt 9 ! same4 ,note ! fat cells ly+ 9 a vascul> me%work4 ,exp]im5t #aig4 ,to exam9e connective tissues4 ,take a v small portion f "o ( ! t5dons ( a rabbit1 or any animal rec5tly dead2 place ^u a glass slide ) a drop ( salt solution2 tease x ap>t ) ne$les1 cov] ) ?9 glass & exam9e ) microscope4 ,! f9e wavy filam5ts w be se54 ,all[ a drop ( dilute acetic acid to run "u ! cov] glass2 ! filam5ts w swell & become transp>5t4 ,exp]im5t #aih4 ,tease out a small piece ( ligam5t f ! rabbit's leg 9 salt solution2 m\nt 9 ! same1 & exam9e "u a high p[]4 ,note ! curl$ ela/ic fib]s4 ,exp]im5t #aii4 ,a crude exp]im5t to repres5t ! way 9 :i* a p]son's neck is brok54 ,br+ ! ends ( ! left ?umb & ! left second f+] toge!r 9 ! =m ( a r+4 ,place a piece ( a wood5 too?pick across x f ! middle ( ! f+] to ! middle ( ! ?umb4 ,put ! "r =ef+] ( ! o!r h& up ?r\gh ! front "p to repres5t ! odontoid process ( ! axis1 & place "s absorb5t cotton ?r\gh ! o!r "p to repres5t ! sp9al cord4 ,pu% backw>ds ) ! =ef+] ) j en\gh =ce to break ! too?pick & drive its fragm5ts on to ! cotton4 ,exp]im5t #bjj4 ,to illu/rate h[ ! pulse-wave is transmitt$ along an art]y4 ,use ! same app>atus z 9 ,exp]im5t #ajf1 p4 #bja4 ,take sev]al ?91 n>r[ /rips ( p9e wood4 ,make little flags by fa/5+ a small piece ( tissue pap] on "o end ( a wood5 too?pick4 ,w$ge ! o!r end ( ! too?pick into "o end ( ! /rips ( p9e wood4 ,use ^! /rips l lev]s by plac+ !m across ! long rubb] tube at diff]5t po9ts4 ,let ea* lev] compress ! tube a little by weight+ "o end ( x ) a blackbo>d eras] or book ( conv5i5t size4 ,z ! pulse-wave passes along "u ! lev]s !y w be successively rais$1 caus+ a slight movem5t ( ! tissue-pap] flags4 ,exp]im5t #bja4 ,! dissection ( a %eep's he>t4 ,get a %eep's he>t ) ! lungs atta*$1 z ! position ( ! he>t w be bett] und]/ood4 ,let ! lungs be laid ^u a di% s t ! he>t is upp]mo/1 ) its apex turn$ t[>d ! obs]v]4 ,! l9e ( fat :i* ext5ds f ! upp] & left side ( ! he>t d[nw>ds & across t[>ds ! "r side1 indicates ! division betwe5 ! "r & left v5tricles4 ,exam9e ! l>ge vessels1 &1 by ref]5ce to ! text & illu/rations1 make q c]ta9 :i* are ! aorta1 ! pulmon>y art]y1 ! sup]ior & inf]ior v5 cav1 & ! pulmon>y ve9s4 ,tie v>i\sly color$ y>ns to ! vessels1 s t !y may be di/+ui%$ :5 sep>at$ f ! surr\nd+ p>ts4 ,hav+ sep>at$ ! he>t f ! lungs1 cut out a portion ( ! wall ( ! "r v5tricle t[>ds its l[] "p1 s z to lay ! cavity op54 ,gradually enl>ge ! op5+ until ! *ord t5d9e & ! flaps ( ! tricuspid valve are se54 ,cont9ue to lay op5 ! v5tricle t[>ds ! pulmon>y art]y until ! semilun> valves come into view4 ,! pulmon>y art]y may n[ be op5$ f above s z to display ! upp] surfaces ( ! semilun> valves4 ,remove "p ( ! wall ( ! "r auricle1 & exam9e ! "r auriculo-v5tricul> op5+4 ,! he>t may n[ be turn$ ov]1 & ! left v5tricle laid op5 9 a simil> mann]4 ,notice t ! mitral valve has only two flaps4 ,! =m ( ! valves is bett] se5 if !y are plac$ "u wat]1 & all[$ to float out4 ,obs]ve t ! walls ( ! left v5tricle are mu* ?ick] ?an ^? ( ! "r4 ,op5 ! left auricle1 & notice ! entrance ( ! pulmon>y ve9s1 & ! passage into ! v5tricle4 ,! v5tricul> cavity %\ld n[ be op5$ up z f> z ! aorta1 & ! semilun> valves exam9$4 ,cut op5 ! aorta1 & notice ! =m ( ! semilun> valves4 ,exp]im5t #bjb4 ,to %[ ! circulation 9 a frog's foot 7see ,fig4 #gh1 p4 #aib74 ,9 ord] to see ! blood circulat+ 9 ! membrane ( a frog's foot x is necess>y to firmly hold ! frog4 ,= ?is purpose obta9 a piece ( s(t wood1 ab\t six in*es long & ?ree wide1 & half an in* ?ick4 ,at ab\t two in*es f "o end ( ?is1 cut a hole ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* 9 diamet] & cov] x ) a piece ( glass1 :i* %\ld be let into ! wood1 s z to be level ) ! surface4 ,!n tie up ! frog 9 a wet clo?1 leav+ "o ( ! h9d legs outside4 ,next1 fa/5 a piece ( cotton to ea* ( ! two longe/ toes1 b n too tightly1 or ! circulation w be /opp$ & y may hurt ! frog4 ,tie ! frog ^u ! bo>d 9 su* a way t ! foot w j come ov] ! glass 9 ! ap]ture4 ,pull c>efully ! pieces ( cotton ti$ to ! toes1 s z to spread out ! membrane betwe5 !m ov] ! glass4 ,fa/5 ! ?reads by draw+ !m into not*es cut 9 ! sides ( ! bo>d4 ,! bo>d %\ld n[ be fix$ by ela/ic b&s1 or by any o!r conv5i5t means1 ^u ! /age ( ! microscope1 s z to br+ ! membrane ( ! foot "u ! object glass4 ,! fl[ ( blood ?us %[n is inde$ a wond]ful sight1 & nev] to be =gott54 ,! membrane %\ld be occasionally moi/5$ ) wat]4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 n to occasion any pa9 to ! frog4 ,exp]im5t #bjc4 ,to illu/rate ! me*anics ( respiration#eh 7see ,exp]im5t #abb1 p4 #bcd74 ,9 a l>ge lamp-*imney1 ! top ( :i* is clos$ by a tightly fitt+ p]=at$ cork 7,a71 is arrang$ a pair ( rubb] bags 7,c7 :i* are atta*$ to a ,y connect+ tube 7,b71 to be _h ( any deal] 9 *emical app>atus or :i* c be made by a tea*] hav+ a buns5 burn] & a little practice 9 ! manipulation ( glass 7,fig4 #aga74 ,f ! c5t] ( ! cork is atta*$ a rubb] b& by means ( a /aple driv5 ?r\gh ! cork1 ! o!r end ( :i* 7,d7 is atta*$ to ! c5t] ( a disk ( rubb] 7,e7 su* z d5ti/s use4 ,?is disk is held to ! edge ( ! *imney by a wide ela/ic b& 7,f74 ,!re is a /r+ 7,g7 also atta*$ to ! c5t] ( ! rubb] disk by means ( :i* ! diaphragm may be l[]$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aga4 ,su* is a description ( ! ess5tials ( ! model4 ,! difficulties enc\nt]$ 9 its con/ruction are few & easily ov]come4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! cork mu/ be air-tight1 & x is be/ made s by p\r+ a little melt$ p>aff9 ov] x1 c>e be+ tak5 n to close ! tube4 ,! rubb] bags 7 tak5 f toy balloon-:i/les4 ,9 ! con/ruction ( ! diaphragm1 x is to be rememb]$ t x also mu/ be air-tight1 & 9 ord] to resemble ! human diaphragm1 x mu/ h a conical appe>ance :5 at re/4 ,9 ord] to avoid mak+ any holes 9 ! rubb]1 ! two atta*m5ts 7"o ( ! rubb] b&1 & ! o!r ( ! /r+7 7 made 9 ?is wise3 ! rubb] 0 /ret*$ ov] a button hav+ an eye1 !n "u ! button 0 plac$ a small] r+ f an old umbrella2 to ?is r+ 0 atta*$ ! rubb] b&1 & to ! eye ( ! button 0 fa/5$ ! op]at+ /r+4 ,:5 n 9 use ! diaphragm %\ld be tak5 (f to relieve ! /ra9 on ! rubb] b&4 ,exp]im5t #bjd4 ,to illu/rate ! action ( ! int]co/al muscles 7see sec4 #baj74 ,! action ( ! int]co/al muscles is n at fir/ easy to und]/&2 b x w be readily compreh5d$ by ref]5ce to a model su* z t repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #agb4 ,?is maybe easily made by ! /ud5t himself ) f\r la?s ( wood1 fa/5$ toge!r at ! corn]s1 ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 ) p9s or small screws1 s z to be movable4 ,at ! po9ts ,e1 ,f1 ,g1 ,h1 p9s are plac$1 to :i* ela/ic b&s may be atta*$ 7,a74 ,b ,d repres5ts ! v]tebral column2 ,a ,c1 ! /]num2 & ,a ,b & ,c ,d1 ! ribs4 ,! ela/ic b& ,f ,g repres5ts ! ext]nal int]co/al muscles1 & ,e ,h1 ! int]nal int]co/als4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agb4 ,if n[ ! ela/ic b& ,e ,h be remov$1 ! rema9+ b&1 ,f ,g1 w t5d to br+ ! two po9ts to :i* x is atta*$1 ne>] toge!r1 & ! result w be t ! b>s ,a ,b & ,c ,d w be drawn upw>ds 7,b71 t is1 9 ! same direction z ! ribs 9 ! act ( inspiration4 ,:5 ! ela/ic b& ,e ,h is all[$ to ex]t its =ce1 ! opposite effect w be produc$ 7,c72 9 ?is case repres5t+ ! position ( ! ribs 9 an act ( expiration4 ,exp]im5t #bje4 ,p9 a r\nd piece ( bright r$ pap] 7l>ge z a d9n]-plate7 to a :ite wall1 ) a s+le p94 ,fa/5 a long piece ( ?read to x1 s x c be pull$ d[n 9 a mom5t4 ,gaze /eadily at ! r$ pap]4 ,h x remov$ :ile look+ at x int5tly1 & a gre5i% spot takes its place4 ,exp]im5t #bjf4 ,lay on diff]5t p>ts ( ! sk9 a small1 squ>e piece ( pap] ) a small c5tral hole 9 x4 ,let ! p]son close 8 eyes1 :ile ano!r p]son g5tly t\*es ! uncov]$ piece ( sk9 ) cotton wool1 or br+s ne> x a hot body4 ,9 ea* case ask ! obs]v$ p]son to di/+ui% betwe5 !m4 ,he w always succe$ on ! vol> side ( ! h&1 b occasionally fail on ! dorsal surface ( ! h&1 ! ext5sor surface ( ! arm1 & v frequ5tly on ! sk9 ( ! back4 ,exp]im5t #bjg4 ,:eat/one's flutt]+ he>ts4 ,make a draw+ ( a r$ he>t on a bright blue gr\nd4 ,9 a d>k room light$ by a c&le hold ! picture bel[ ! level ( ! eyes & give x a g5tle to-&-fro motion4 ,on cont9u+ to look at ! he>t x w appe> to move or flutt] ov] ! blue backgr\nd4 ,exp]im5t #bjh4 ,at a di/ance ( six in*es f ! eyes hold a veil or ?9 gauze 9 front ( "s pr9t$ matt] plac$ at a di/ance ( ab\t two feet4 ,close "o eye1 & ) ! o!r we soon see ei!r ! lett]s di/9ctly or ! f9e ?reads ( ! veil1 b we _c see bo? equally di/9ct at ! same "t4 ,! eye1 !re=e1 c =m a di/9ct image ( a ne> or di/ant object1 b n ( bo? at ! same "t2 h5ce ! necessity = accommodation4 ,exp]im5t #bji4 ,place a p]son 9 front ( a bright light opposite a w9d[1 & let him look at ! light2 or place "o's self opposite a well-illum9at$ mirror4 ,close "o eye ) ! h& & obs]ve ! diamet] ( ! o!r pupil4 ,!n sudd5ly remove ! h& f ! clos$ eye3 light falls ^u x2 at ! same "t ! pupil ( ! o!r eye contracts4 ,exp]im5t #baj4 ,to illu/rate ! bl9d spot4 ,m>riott's exp]im5t4 ,on a :ite c>d make a cross & a l>ge dot1 ei!r black or color$4 ,hold ! c>d v]tically ab\t t5 in*es f ! "r eye1 ! left be+ clos$4 ,look /eadily at ! cross ) ! "r eye1 :5 bo? ! cross & ! circle w be se54 ,gradually approa* ! c>d t[>d ! eye1 keep+ ! axis ( vision fix$ on ! cross4 ,at a c]ta9 di/ance ! circle w disappe>1 i4e41 :5 its image falls on ! entrance ( ! optic n]ve4 ,on br++ ! c>d ne>]1 ! circle reappe>s1 ! cross1 ( c\rse1 be+ visible all ! "t 7see ,exp]im5t #ahj1 p4 #cee74 ,exp]im5t #baa4 ,to map out ! field ( vision4 ,a crude me?od is to place ! p]son ) 8 back to a w9d[1 ask him to close "o eye1 /& 9 front ( him ab\t two feet di/ant1 hold up ! =ef+]s ( bo? h&s 9 front ( & 9 ! plane ( y\r own face4 ,ask ! p]son to look /eadily at y\r nose1 & z he does s obs]ve to :at ext5t ! f+]s c be sep>at$ horizontally1 v]tically1 & 9 oblique directions be=e !y disappe> f 8 field ( vision4 ,exp]im5t #bab4 ,to illu/rate imp]fect judgm5t ( di/ance4 ,close "o eye & hold ! left =ef+] v]tically 9 front ( ! o!r eye1 at arm's l5g?1 & try to /rike x ) ! "r =ef+]4 ,on ! fir/ trial "o w probably fall %ort ( ! m>k1 & fail to t\* x4 ,close "o eye1 & rapidly try to dip a p5 into an ink/&1 or put a f+] into ! m\? ( a bottle plac$ at a conv5i5t di/ance4 ,9 bo? cases "o w n succe$ at fir/4 ,9 ^! cases "o loses ! impressions produc$ by ! conv]g5ce ( ! optic axes1 :i* are important factors 9 judg+ ( di/ance4 ,exp]im5t #bac4 ,hold a p5cil v]tically ab\t twelve in*es f ! nose1 fix x ) bo? eyes1 close ! left eye1 & !n hold ! "r index f+] v]tically1 s z to cov] ! l[] "p ( ! p5cil4 ,) a sudd5 move1 try to /rike ! p5cil ) ! f+]4 ,9 e case "o misses ! p5cil & sweeps to ! "r ( x4 ,exp]im5t #bad4 ,to illu/rate imp]fect judgm5t ( direction4 ,z ! ret9a is sph]ical1 a l9e beyond a c]ta9 l5g? :5 look$ at always %[s an appreciable curvature4 ,hold a /raight edge j bel[ ! level ( ! eyes4 ,its upp] m>g9 %[s a slight concavity4 ,surface ,anatomy & ,l&m>ks4 ,9 all ( our lead+ m$ical colleges ! /ud5ts are c>efully & ?or\ghly drill$ on a /udy ( c]ta9 p]sons select$ z models4 ,! object is to ma/] by obs]vation & manipulation ! details ( :at is kn[n z surface anatomy & l&m>ks4 ,n[ :ile detail$ "w ( ?is k9d is n necess>y 9 second>y s*ools1 yet a limit$ am\nt ( /udy along ^! l9es is deeply int]e/+ & pr(itable4 ,! habit ( look+ at ! liv+ body ) anatomical eyes & ) eyes at our f+]s' ends1 dur+ ! c\rse 9 physiology1 _c be too highly e/imat$4 ,9 elem5t>y "w x is only fair to /ate t _m po9ts ( surface anatomy & _m ( ! l&m>ks _c always be def9$ or locat$ ) precision4 ,a great deal 9 ?is direction c1 h[ev]1 be done 9 high] s*ools ) +5uity1 pati5ce1 & a due reg>d = ! feel+s ( all conc]n$4 ,/ud5ts %\ld be taught to exam9e _! own bodies = ?is purpose4 ,two fri5ds may ?us "w toge!r1 ea* s]v+ z a model to ! o!r4 ,to ! foll[+ syllabus may be add$ su* o!r simil> ex]cises z +5uity may sugge/ or "t p]mit4 ,syllabus4 ,i4 ,bony ,l&m>ks4 #a4 ,! occipital protub]ance c be di/9ctly felt at ! back ( ! head4 ,?is is always ! ?icke/ "p 7(t5 ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* or m7 ( ! skull-cap1 & is m prom95t 9 "s ?an 9 o!rs4 ,! ?9ne/ "p is ov] ! temples1 :]e x may be almo/ z ?9 z p>*m5t4 #b4 ,! work+ ( ! condyle ( ! l[] jaw v]tically & f side to side c be di/9ctly felt & se5 9 front ( ! e>4 ,:5 ! m\? is op5$ wide1 ! condyle advances out ( ! gl5oid cavity1 & returns to its socket :5 ! m\? is %ut4 ,9 front ( ! e>1 lies ! zygoma1 "o ( ! mo/ m>k$ & important l&m>ks to ! t\*1 & 9 lean p]sons to ! eye4 #c4 ,! slid+ movem5t ( ! scapula on ! *e/ c be prop]ly und]/ood only on ! liv+ subject4 ,x c move n only upw>ds & d[nw>ds1 z 9 %rugg+ ! %\ld]s1 backw>ds & =w>ds1 z 9 ?r[+ back ! %\ld]s1 b x has a rot>y movem5t r\nd a movable c5t]4 ,?is rotation is se5 :ile ! arm is be+ rais$ f ! horizontal to ! v]tical position1 & is effect$ by ! coop]ation ( ! trapezius ) ! s]ratus magnus muscles4 #d4 ,! patella1 or knee-pan1 ! two condyles ( ! tibia1 ! tub]cle on ! tibia = ! atta*m5t ( ! ligam5t ( ! patella1 & ! head ( ! fibula are ! *ief bony l&m>ks ( ! knee4 ,! head ( ! fibula lies at ! out] & back "p ( ! tibia4 ,9 ext5sion ( ! knee1 ! patella is ne>ly all above ! condyles4 ,! inn] bord] ( ! patella is ?ick] & m prom95t ?an ! out]1 :i* slopes d[n t[>d its condyle4 #e4 ,! %ort1 front edge ( ! tibia1 call$ ! %91 & ! broad1 flat1 subcutane\s surface ( ! bone c be felt all ! way d[n4 ,! inn] edge c be felt1 b n s pla9ly4 #f4 ,! head ( ! fibula is a good l&m>k on ! out] side ( ! leg1 ab\t "o in* bel[ ! top ( ! tibia4 ,note t x is plac$ well back1 & t x =ms no "p ( ! knee jo9t1 & takes no %>e 9 support+ ! weight4 ,! %aft ( ! fibula ar*es backw>ds & is buri$ deep among ! muscles1 except at ! l[] f\r?1 :i* c be di/9ctly felt4 #g4 ,! malleoli =m ! great l&m>ks ( ! ankle4 ,! out] malleolus desc5ds l[] ?an ! inn]4 ,! inn] malleolus advances m to ! front & does n desc5d s l[ z ! out]4 #h4 ,! l9e ( ! clavicle1 or coll> bone1 & ! projection ( ! jo9t at ei!r end ( x c always be felt4 ,its direction is n p]fectly horizontal1 b slightly incl9$ d[nw>ds4 ,we c di/9ctly feel ! sp9e ( ! scapula & its highe/ po9t1 ! acromion4 #i4 ,project+ beyond ! acromion 7! arm hang+ by ! side71 we c feel1 ?r\gh ! fib]s ( ! deltoid1 ! upp] "p ( ! hum]us4 ,x di/9ctly moves "u ! h& :5 ! arm is rotat$4 ,x is n ! head ( ! bone :i* is felt1 b its prom95ces 7! tub]osities74 ,! great]1 ext]nally2 ! less] 9 front4 #aj4 ,! tub]osities ( ! hum]us =m ! convexity ( ! %\ld]4 ,:5 ! arm is rais$1 ! convexity disappe>s1--!re is a slight depression 9 its place4 ,! head ( ! bone c be felt by press+ ! f+]s high up 9 ! axilla4 #aa4 ,! hum]us ends at ! elb[ 9 two bony prom95ces 7int]nal & ext]nal condyles74 ,! int]nal is m prom95t4 ,we c always feel ! olecranon4 ,betwe5 ?is bony projection ( ! ulna & ! int]nal condyle is a deep depression along :i* runs ! ulna n]ve 7commonly call$ ! funny or crazy bone74 #ab4 ,turn ! h& ov] ) ! palm upw>ds1 & ! edge ( ! ulna c be felt f ! olecranon to ! prom95t knob 7/yloid process7 at ! wri/4 ,turn ! =e>m ov] ) ! palm d[n1 & ! head ( ! ulna c be pla9ly felt & se5 project+ at ! back ( ! wri/4 #ac4 ,! upp] half ( ! radius _c be felt because x is s cov]$ by muscles2 ! l[] half is m accessible to ! t\*4 #ad4 ,! ?ree r[s ( projections call$ ! knuckles are =m$ by ! proximal bones ( ! sev]al jo9ts4 ,?us ! fir/ r[ is =m$ by ! ends ( ! metac>pals1 ! second by ! ends ( ! fir/ phalanges1 & ! ?ird by ! ends ( ! second phalanges4 ,t is1 9 all cases ! l9e ( ! jo9ts is a little 9 advance ( ! knuckles & ne>] ! ends ( ! f+]s4 ,,ii4 ,muscul> ,l&m>ks4 #a4 ,! position ( ! /]no-ma/oid muscle z an important & int]e/+ l&m>k ( ! neck has already be5 describ$ 7p4 #gj74 #b4 ,if ! left arm be rais$ to a v]tical position & dropp$ to a horizontal1 some:at vigor\sly1 ! tap]+ ends ( ! pectoralis major & ! t5dons ( ! biceps & deltoid may be felt by press+ ! p>ts 9 ! axilla betwe5 ! f+]s & ?umb ( ! "r h&4 #c4 ,! appe>ance ( ! biceps z a l&m>k ( ! arm has already be5 describ$ 7p4 #gj74 ,! action ( its antagoni/1 ! triceps1 may be /udi$ 9 ! same mann]4 #d4 ,! s>torius is "o ( ! fle%y l&m>ks ( ! ?igh1 z ! biceps is ( ! arm1 & ! /]no-cleido-ma/oid ( ! neck4 ,its direction & bord]s may be easily trac$ by rais+ ! leg1--a movem5t :i* puts ! muscle 9 action4 #e4 ,if ! model be direct$ to /& on tiptoe1 bo? ( ! l>ge muscles ( ! calf1 ! ga/rocnemius & soleus1 c be di/+ui%$4 #f4 ,direct ! model1 :ile sitt+ upright1 to cross "o leg ov] ! o!r1 us+ 8 utmo/ /r5g?4 ,! great muscles ( ! inn] ?igh are fully contract$4 ,note ! =ce requir$ to pull ! legs to ! ord9>y position4 #g4 ,) ! model ly+ 9 a horizontal position ) bo? legs firmly held toge!r1 note ! =ce requir$ to pull ! feet ap>t :ile ! great muscles ( ! ?igh are fully contract$4 #h4 ,9 =cible & resi/$ flexion ( ! wri/ two t5dons come up 9 relief4 ,on ! out] side ( "o we feel ! pulse at ! wri/1 ! radial art]y "h ly+ close to ! radius4 #i4 ,on ! out] side ( ! wri/ we c di/9ctly see & feel :5 9 action1 ! ?ree ext5sor t5dons ( ! ?umbs4 ,betwe5 two ( !m is a deep depression at ! base ( ! ?umb1 :i* ! ,fr5* call ! anatomical tobacco box4 #aj4 ,! relative position ( ! sev]al ext5sor t5dons on ! back ( ! wri/ & f+]s z !y play 9 _! grooves ov] ! back ( ! radius & ulna c be di/9ctly trac$ :5 ! sev]al muscles are put 9 action4 #aa4 ,!re are sev]al /rong t5dons to be se5 & felt ab\t ! ankle4 ,beh9d is ! t5do ,a*illis4 ,x =ms a high relief ) a %all[ depression on ea* side ( x4 ,beh9d bo? ! inn] & out] ankle sev]al t5dons c be felt4 ,ov] ! front ( ! ankle1 :5 ! muscles are 9 action1 we c see & feel sev]al t5dons4 ,!y />t up l cords :5 ! action is resi/$4 ,!y are kept 9 _! prop] relative position by /rong pulleys =m$ by ! annul> ligam5t4 ,mo/ ( ^! t5dons c be be/ se5 by /& a model on "o foot1 i4e4 9 un/able equilibrium4 ,,iii4 ,l&m>ks ( ! ,he>t4 ,to h a g5]al idea ( ! =m & position ( ! he>t1 map its outl9e ) color$ p5cils or crayon on ! *e/ wall itself1 or on "s piece ( clean1 :ite clo?1 tightly p9n$ ov] ! clo?+4 ,a patt]n ( ! he>t may be cut out ( pa/ebo>d1 pa9t$ r$1 or pap]$ ) r$ pap]1 & p9n$ 9 position outside ! clo?+4 ,! apex ( ! he>t is at a po9t ab\t two in*es bel[ ! left nipple & "o in* to its /]nal side4 ,?is po9t w be betwe5 ! fif? & six? ribs1 & c g5]ally be det]m9$ by feel+ ! apex beat4 ,,iv4 ,l&m>ks ( a ,few ,art]ies4 ,! pulsation ( ! temporal art]y c be felt 9 front ( ! e>1 betwe5 ! zygoma & ! e>4 ,! facial art]y c be di/9ctly felt z x passes ov] ! upp] jaw at ! front edge ( ! masset] muscle4 ,! pulse ( a sleep+ *ild c (t5 be c\nt$ at ! ant]ior fontanelle by ! eye alone4 ,ab\t "o in* above ! clavicle1 ne> ! out] bord] ( ! /]no-ma/oid1 we c feel ! pulsation ( ! great subclavian art]y4 ,at ! back ( ! knee ! popliteal art]y c be felt beat+4 ,! dorsal art]y ( ! foot c be felt beat+ on a l9e f ! middle ( ! ankle to ! int]val betwe5 ! fir/ & second metat>sal bones4 ,:5 ! arm is rais$ to a "r angle ) ! body1 ! axill>y art]y c be pla9ly felt beat+ 9 ! axilla4 ,ext5d ! arm ) palm upw>ds & ! bra*ial art]y c be felt close to ! inn] side ( ! biceps4 ,! position ( ! radial art]y is describ$ 9 ,exp]im5t #ajb4 ,gloss>y4 ,abdom5 7,lat4 abdo1 abd]e1 to conceal74 ,! l>ge/ cavity ( ! body1 conta9+ ! liv]1 /oma*1 inte/9es1 & o!r organs4 ,abductor 7,lat4 abduco1 to draw f74 ,a muscle :i* draws a limb f ! middle l9e ( ! body1 or a f+] or toe f ! middle l9e ( ! foot or h&4 ,absorb5ts 7,lat4 absorb]e1 to suck up74 ,! vessels :i* take "p 9 ! process ( absorption4 ,absorption4 ,! process ( suck+ up nutritive or wa/e matt]s by ! blood-vessels or lymphatics4 ,accommodation ( ! ,eye4 ,! alt]ation 9 ! %ape ( ! cry/all9e l5s1 :i* accommodates1 or adju/s1 ! eye = ne> or remote vision4 ,acetabulum 7,lat4 acetabulum1 a small v9eg>-cup74 ,! cup-%ap$ cavity ( ! innom9ate bone = receiv+ ! head ( ! femur4 ,acid 7,lat4 acidus1 f ac]e1 to be s\r74 ,a sub/ance usually s\r1 %>p1 or bit+ to ! ta/e4 ,acromion 7,gr4 ! tip1 & 1 ! %\ld]74 ,! "p ( ! scapula =m+ ! tip ( ! %\ld]4 ,adam's ,apple4 ,an angul> projection ( c>tilage 9 ! front ( ! neck4 ,x may be p>ticul>ly prom95t 9 m54 ,adductor 7,lat4 adduco1 to draw to74 ,a muscle :i* draws t[>ds ! middle l9e ( ! body1 or ( ! h& or foot4 ,ad5oid 7,gr4 1 a gl&74 ,tissue resembl+ gl& tissue4 ,aff]5t 7,lat4 ad1 to1 & f]o1 to convey74 ,vessels or n]ves c>ry+ ! cont5ts or impulses f ! p]iph]y to ! c5t]4 ,album51 or ,album9 7,lat4 albus1 :ite74 ,an animal sub/ance resembl+ ! :ite ( an egg4 ,album9uria4 ,a comb9ation ( ! words album9 & ur9e4 ,pres5ce ( album5 9 ! ur9e4 ,alim5t 7,lat4 alo1 to n\ri%74 ,t :i* af=ds n\ri%m5t2 food4 ,alim5t>y 7,lat4 alim5tum1 food74 ,p]ta9+ to alim5t1 or food4 ,alim5t>y ,canal 7,lat4 alim5tum74 ,! tube 9 :i* ! food is dige/$ or prep>$ = reception into ! blood4 ,alkali 7,arabic al kali1 ! soda plant74 ,a "n giv5 to c]ta9 sub/ances1 su* z soda1 pota%1 & ! l1 :i* h ! p[] ( comb9+ ) acids4 ,alveol> 7,lat4 alveolus1 a little holl[74 ,p]ta9+ to ! alveoli1 ! cavities = ! reception ( ! tee?4 ,amba 7,gr4 1 to *ange74 ,a s+le-cell$1 protoplasmic organism1 :i* is con/antly *ang+ its =m by protrusions & )drawals ( its sub/ance4 ,amboid4 ,l an amba4 ,ampulla 7,lat4 ampulla1 a w9e-flask74 ,! dilat$ "p ( ! semicircul> canals ( ! int]nal e>4 ,anabolism 7,gr4 to ?r[ or build up74 ,! process by means ( :i* simpl] elem5ts are built up into m complex4 ,an/hetics 7,gr4 1 )\t1 & 1 feel+74 ,^? m$ic9al ag5ts :i* prev5t ! feel+ ( pa91 su* z *lor(orm1 e!r1 laugh+-gas1 etc4 ,ana/omosis 7,gr4 1 by1 & 1 a m\?74 ,! int]communication ( vessels4 ,anatomy 7,gr4 1 to cut up74 ,! sci5ce :i* describes ! /ructure ( liv+ ?+s4 ,! ^w lit]ally means dissection4 ,antiseptic 7,lat4 anti1 aga9/1 & sepsis1 poison74 ,oppos+ or c\nt]-act+ putrefaction4 ,antrum 7,lat4 antrum1 a cave74 ,! cavity 9 ! upp] jaw4 ,aorta 7,gr4 1 f 1 to raise up74 ,! great art]y t rises up f ! left v5tricle ( ! he>t4 ,aponeurosis 7,gr4 1 f1 & 1 a n]ve74 ,a fibr\s membran\s expansion ( a t5don2 ! n]ves & t5dons 7 =m]ly ?\ght to be id5tical /ructures1 bo? appe>+ z :ite cords4 ,apoplexy 7,gr4 1 a sudd5 /roke74 ,! escape ( blood f a ruptur$ blood-vessel into ! sub/ance ( ! bra94 ,app>atus4 ,a numb] ( organs ( v>i\s sizes & /ructures work+ toge!r = "s special object4 ,app5dages 7,lat4 ad & p5deo1 to hang f74 ,some?+ connect$ ) a "p4 ,aque\s ,humor 7,lat4 aqua1 wat]74 ,! wat]y fluid occupy+ ! space betwe5 ! cornea & cry/all9e l5s ( ! eye4 ,ara*noid ,membrane 7,gr4 1 a spid]1 & 1 l74 ,! ?9 cov]+ ( ! bra9 & sp9al cord1 betwe5 ! dura mat] & ! pia mat]4 ,arbor ,vit4 ,lit]ally1 ! tree ( life2 a "n giv5 to ! peculi> appe>ance pres5t$ by a section ( ! c]ebellum4 ,areol> 7,lat4 areola1 a small space1 dim4 ( area74 ,a t]m appli$ to a connective tissue conta9+ small spaces4 ,art]y 7,gr4 1 air1 & 1 to conta974 ,a vessel by :i* blood is c>ri$ away f ! he>t4 ,x 0 suppos$ by ! anci5ts to conta9 only air1 h5ce ! "n4 ,articulation 7,lat4 articulo1 to =m a jo9t74 ,! m or less movable union ( bones1 etc42 a jo9t4 ,aryt5oid ,c>tilages 7,gr4 1 a ladle74 ,two small c>tilages ( ! l>ynx1 resembl+ ! m\? ( a pit*]4 ,asphyxia 7,gr4 1 )\t1 & 1 ! pulse74 ,lit]ally1 )\t pulse4 ,condition caus$ by non-oxyg5ation ( ! blood4 ,assimilation 7,lat4 ad1 to1 & similis1 l74 ,! conv]sion ( food into liv+ tissue4 ,a/hma 7,gr4 1 a gasp+74 ,spasmodic affection ( ! bron*ial tubes 9 :i* free respiration is int]f]$ )1 ow+ to _! dim9i%$ calib]4 ,a/igmatism 7,gr4 1 )\t1 & 1 a po9t74 ,irregul> refraction ( ! eye1 produc+ a blurr$ image4 ,atrophy 7,gr4 1 )\t1 & 1 n\ri%m5t74 ,wa/+ ( a "p f lack ( nutrition4 ,auditory ,n]ve 7,lat4 audio1 to he>74 ,! special n]ve ( he>+4 ,auricle 7,lat4 auricula1 a little e>74 ,a cavity ( ! he>t4 ,azygos 7,gr4 1 )\t1 & 1 a yoke74 ,)\t fell[2 n pair$4 ,bact]ia 71 a /aff74 ,a microscopic1 vegetable organism2 c]ta9 species are active ag5ts 9 f]m5tation1 :ile o!rs appe> to be ! cause ( infecti\s diseases4 ,bact]icide 7,bact]ium & ,lat4 ca$]e1 to kill74 ,same z g]micide4 ,bile4 ,! gall1 or peculi> secretion ( ! liv]2 a viscid1 yell[i% fluid1 & v bitt] to ! ta/e4 ,biology 7,gr4 1 life1 & 1 disc\rse74 ,! sci5ce :i* treats ( liv+ bodies4 ,bladd] 7,saxon bl$dra1 a bladd]1 a goblet74 ,a bag1 or sac1 s]v+ z a receptacle ( "s secret$ fluid1 z ! gall bladd]1 etc4 ,! receptacle ( ! ur9e 9 man & o!r animals4 ,bright's ,disease4 ,a gr\p ( diseases ( ! kidney1 fir/ describ$ by ,dr4 ,bright1 an ,engli% physician4 ,bron*i 7,gr4 1 w9dpipe74 ,! fir/ two divisions1 or bran*es1 ( ! tra*ea2 "o ent]s ea* lung4 ,bron*ial ,tubes4 ,! small] bran*es ( ! tra*ea )9 ! sub/ance ( ! lungs t]m9at+ 9 ! air cells4 ,bron*itis4 ,inflammation ( ! l>g] bron*ial tubes2 a cold affect+ ! air passages4 ,bunion4 ,an enl>gem5t & inflammation ( ! fir/ jo9t ( ! great toe4 ,bursa4 ,a p\*2 a membran\s sac int]pos$ betwe5 p>ts :i* are subject to movem5t1 "o on ! o!r1 to all[ !m to glide smoo?ly4 ,callus 7,lat4 calleo1 to be ?ick-sk9n$74 ,any excessive h>dness ( ! sk9 caus$ by friction or pressure4 ,canal 7,lat4 canalis1 a canal74 ,a tube or passage4 ,capill>y 7,lat4 capillus1 hair74 ,! smalle/ blood-vessels1 s call$ because !y are s m9ute4 ,capsule 7,lat4 capsula1 a little *e/74 ,a membran\s bag enclos+ a "p4 ,c>bon ,dioxid1 (t5 call$ c>bonic acid4 ,! gas :i* is pres5t 9 ! air brea!d out f ! lungs2 a wa/e product ( ! animal k+dom & a food ( ! vegetable k+dom4 ,c>diac 7,gr4 1 ! he>t74 ,! c>diac orifice ( ! /oma* is ! upp] "o1 & is ne> ! he>t2 h5ce its "n4 ,c>nivor\s 7,lat4 c>o1 fle%1 & voro1 to dev\r74 ,subsi/+ ^u fle%4 ,c>ron ,oil4 ,a mixture ( equal p>ts ( l9se$ oil & lime-wat]1 s call$ because fir/ us$ at ! ,c>ron ,iron ,works 9 ,scotl&4 ,c>tilage4 ,a t\gh b flexible mat]ial =m+ a "p ( ! jo9ts1 air passages1 no/rils1 e>2 gri/le1 etc4 ,c>uncle 7,lat4 c>o1 fle%74 ,! small1 r$1 conical-%ap$ body at ! inn] angle ( ! eye1 consi/+ ( a clu/] ( follicles4 ,case9 7,lat4 caseus1 *eese74 ,! album9oid sub/ance ( milk2 x =ms ! basis ( *eese4 ,cat>rh4 ,an inflammation ( a muc\s membrane1 usually att5d$ ) an increas$ secretion ( mucus4 ,! ^w is (t5 limit$ to nasal cat>rh4 ,cauda ,equ9a 7,lat41 horse's tail74 ,! collection ( l>ge n]ves desc5d+ f ! l[] end ( ! sp9al cord4 ,cell 7,lat4 cella1 a /or]oom74 ,! "n ( ! t9y miscroscopic elem5ts1 :i*1 ) sl5d] ?reads or fib]s1 make up mo/ ( ! body2 !y 7 once believ$ to be little holl[ *amb]s2 h5ce ! "n4 ,cem5t4 ,! sub/ance :i* =ms ! out] "p ( ! fang ( a too?4 ,c]ebellum 7dim4 = c]ebrum1 ! bra974 ,! little bra91 situat$ b5ea? ! po/]ior ?ird ( ! c]ebrum4 ,c]ebrum4 ,! bra9 prop]1 occupy+ ! upp] portion ( ! skull4 ,c]um9\s 7,lat4 c]um51 e> wax74 ,a t]m appli$ to ! gl&s secret+ c]um51 or e> wax4 ,*loral4 ,a p[]ful drug & n>cotic poison us$ to produce sleep4 ,*lor(orm4 ,a n>cotic poison g5]ally us$ by inhalation2 ( ext5sive use 9 surgical op]ations4 ,x produces an/hesia4 ,*ondr9 7,gr4 1 c>tilage74 ,a k9d ( gelat9e obta9$ by boil+ c>tilage4 ,*ord ,t5d9e4 ,t5d9\s cords4 ,*oroid 7,gr4 1 sk91 & 1 =m74 ,! middle coat ( ! eyeball4 ,*yle 7,gr4 1 juice74 ,! milk-l fluid =m$ by ! dige/ion ( fatty articles ( food 9 ! inte/9es4 ,*yme 7,gr4 1 juice74 ,! pulpy liquid =m$ by dige/ion 9 ! /oma*4 ,cilia 7pl4 ( cilium1 an eyela%74 ,m9ute hair-l processes f\nd ^u ! cells ( ! air passages & o!r p>ts4 ,cili>y ,muscle4 ,a small muscle ( ! eye :i* assi/s 9 accommodation4 ,circumvallate 7,lat4 circum1 ar\nd1 & vallum1 a ramp>t74 ,surr\nd$ by a ramp>t1 z are c]ta9 papill ( ! tongue4 ,coagulation 7,lat4 coagulo1 to curdle74 ,appli$ to ! process by :i* ! blood clots or solidifies4 ,co*lea 7,lat4 co*lea1 a snail %ell74 ,! spiral cavity ( ! int]nal e>4 ,column ,c>ne4 ,fle%y projections 9 ! v5tricles ( ! he>t4 ,commissure 7,lat4 con1 toge!r1 & mitto1 missum1 to put74 ,a jo9+ or unit+ toge!r4 ,compress4 ,a pad or b&age appli$ directly to an injury to compress x4 ,con*a 7,gr4 1 a mussel %ell74 ,! %ell-%ap$ portion ( ! ext]nal e>4 ,conge/ion 7,lat4 con1 toge!r1 & g]o1 to br+74 ,abnormal ga!r+ ( blood 9 any "p ( ! body4 ,conjunctiva 7,lat4 con1 toge!r1 & jungo1 to jo974 ,a ?9 lay] ( muc\s membrane :i* l9es ! eyelids & cov]s ! front ( ! eyeball1 ?us jo9+ ! latt] to ! lids4 ,connective ,tissue4 ,! network :i* connects ! m9ute p>ts ( mo/ ( ! /ructures ( ! body4 ,con/ipation 7,lat4 con1 toge!r1 & /ipo1 to cr[d close74 ,co/iv5ess4 ,consumption 7,lat4 consumo1 to consume74 ,a disease ( ! lungs1 att5d$ ) fev] & c\gh1 & caus+ a decay ( ! bodily p[]s4 ,! m$ical "n is ph?isis4 ,contagion 7,lat4 con1 )1 & tango or tago1 to t\*74 ,! communication ( disease by contact1 or by ! inhalation ( ! effluvia ( a sick p]son4 ,contractility 7,lat4 con1 toge!r1 & traho1 to draw74 ,! prop]ty ( a muscle :i* enables x to contract1 or draw its extremities clos] toge!r4 ,convolutions 7,lat4 con1 toge!r1 & volvo1 to roll74 ,! tortu\s fold+s ( ! ext]nal surface ( ! bra94 ,convulsion 7,lat4 convello1 to pull toge!r74 ,a m or less viol5t agitation ( ! limbs or body4 ,cord9ation4 ,! mann] 9 :i* sev]al diff]5t organs ( ! body are br\ght into su* relations ) "o ano!r t _! functions are p]=m$ 9 h>mony4 ,coracoid 7,gr4 1 a cr[1 1 =m74 ,%ap$ l a cr['s beak4 ,cornea 7,lat4 cornu1 a horn74 ,! transp>5t horn-l sub/ance :i* cov]s a "p ( ! front ( ! eyeball4 ,coron>y 7,lat4 corona1 a cr[n74 ,a t]m appli$ to vessels & n]ves :i* encircle p>ts1 z ! coron>y art]ies ( ! he>t4 ,coronoid 7,gr4 21 a cr[74 ,l a cr['s beak2 ?us ! coronoid process ( ! ulna4 ,cricoid 7,gr4 1 a r+1 & 1 =m74 ,a c>tilage ( ! l>ynx resembl+ a seal r+ 9 %ape4 ,cry/all9e ,l5s 7,lat4 cry/allum1 a cry/al74 ,"o ( ! humors ( ! eye2 a d\ble-convex body situat$ 9 ! front "p ( ! eyeball4 ,cumulative4 ,a t]m appli$ to ! viol5t action f drugs :i* sup]v5es aft] ! tak+ ( sev]al doses ) little or no effect4 ,cuticle 7,lat4 dim4 ( cutis1 ! sk974 ,sc>f sk92 ! epid]mis4 ,cutis 7,gr4 1 a sk9 or hide74 ,! true sk91 also call$ ! d]mis4 ,decussation 7,lat4 decusso1 decussatum1 to cross74 ,! cross+ or runn+ ( "o portion a?w>t ano!r4 ,deg5]ation 7,lat4 deg5]>e1 to gr[ worse1 to det]iorate74 ,a *ange 9 ! /ructure ( any organ :i* makes x less fit to p]=m its duty4 ,deglutition 7,lat4 deglutire1 to swall[74 ,! process ( swall[+4 ,deltoid4 ,hav+ a triangul> %ape2 resembl+ ! ,greek lett] 7delta74 ,d5t9e 7,lat4 d5s1 d5tis1 a too?74 ,! h>d sub/ance :i* =ms ! great] "p ( a too?2 ivory4 ,deodoriz]4 ,an ag5t :i* corrects any f\l or un:olesome odor4 ,dextr94 ,a soluble sub/ance obta9$ f />*4 ,diabetes ,mellitus 7,gr4 1 ?r\gh1 1 to g1 & 1 honey74 ,excessive fl[ ( sug>-conta9+ ur9e4 ,diaphragm 7,gr4 1 to divide by a p>tition74 ,a l>ge1 ?9 muscle :i* sep>ates ! cavity ( ! *e/ f ! abdom54 ,dia/ole 7,gr4 1 to dilate74 ,! dilatation ( ! he>t4 ,dietetics4 ,t "p ( m$ic9e :i* relates to diet1 or food4 ,diffusion ( ,gases4 ,! p[] ( gases to become intimately m+l$4 ,diple 7,gr4 1 to d\ble1 to fold74 ,! osse\s tissue betwe5 ! tables ( ! skull4 ,dipsomania 7,gr4 1 ?ir/1 & 1 madness74 ,an insatiable desire = intoxicants4 ,dis9fectants4 ,ag5ts us$ to de/roy ! g]ms or p>ticles ( liv+ matt] t are believ$ to be ! causes ( infection4 ,dislocation 7,lat4 disloc>e1 to put out ( place74 ,an injury to a jo9t 9 :i* ! bones are displac$ or =c$ out ( _! sockets4 ,dissection 7,lat4 dis1 ap>t1 & seco1 to cut74 ,! cutt+ up ( an animal 9 ord] to le>n its /ructure4 ,di/al 7,lat4 dis1 ap>t1 & /o1 to /&74 ,away f ! c5t]4 ,duct 7,lat4 duco1 to lead74 ,a n>r[ tube4 ,duod5um 7,lat4 duod5i1 twelve74 ,! fir/ division ( ! small inte/9es1 ab\t twelve f+]s' bread? long4 ,dyspepsia 7,gr4 -1 ill1 & 1 to dige/74 ,a condition ( ! alim5t>y canal 9 :i* x dige/s imp]fectly4 ,indige/ion4 ,dyspna 7,gr4 1 difficult1 & 1 to brea!74 ,difficult brea?+4 ,eff]5t 7,lat4 eff]o1 to c>ry out74 ,be>+ or c>ry+ outw>ds1 z f ! c5t] to ! p]iph]y4 ,effluvia 7,lat4 effluo1 to fl[ out74 ,exhalations or vapors com+ f ! body1 & f decay+ animal or vegetable sub/ances4 ,elem5t4 ,"o ( ! simple/ p>ts ( :i* any?+ consi/s4 ,elim9ation 7,lat4 e1 out (1 & lim51 lim9is1 a ?re%old74 ,! act ( expell+ wa/e matt]s4 ,signifies1 lit]ally1 to ?r[ out ( doors4 ,emetic 7,gr4 1 to vomit74 ,a m$ic9e :i* causes vomit+4 ,emulsion 7,lat4 emulg]e1 to milk74 ,oil 9 a f9ely divid$ /ate1 susp5d$ 9 wat]4 ,enamel 7,fr4 mail74 ,d5se mat]ial cov]+ ! cr[n ( a too?4 ,endolymph 7,gr4 1 )91 & ,lat4 lympha1 wat]74 ,! fluid 9 ! membran\s labyr9? ( ! e>4 ,endosmosis 7,gr4 1 )91 & 1 to pu%74 ,! curr5t f )\t inw>ds :5 diffusion ( fluids takes place ?r\gh a membrane4 ,epidemic 7,gr4 1 ^u1 & 1 ! p74 ,an ext5sively preval5t disease4 ,epiglottis 7,gr4 1 ^u1 & 1 ! entrance to ! w9dpipe74 ,a leaf-%ap$ piece ( c>tilage :i* cov]s ! top ( ! l>ynx dur+ ! act ( swall[+4 ,epilepsy 7,gr4 1 a seizure74 ,a n]v\s disease accompani$ by fits 9 :i* consci\sness is lo/2 ! fall+ sickness4 ,e!r 7,gr4 1 ! pure1 upp] air74 ,a n>cotic poison4 ,us$ z an an/hetic 9 surgical op]ations4 ,eu/a*ian 7f an ,italian anatomi/ nam$ ,eu/a*i74 ,! tube :i* leads f ! ?roat to ! middle e>1 or tympanum4 ,excretion 7,lat4 exc]no1 to sep>ate74 ,! sep>ation f ! blood ( ! wa/e matt]s ( ! body2 also ! mat]ials excret$4 ,exosmosis 7,gr4 1 )\t1 & 1 to pu%74 ,! curr5t f )9 outw>ds :5 diffusion ( fluids takes place ?r\gh a membrane4 ,expiration 7,lat4 expiro1 to brea! out74 ,! act ( =c+ air out ( ! lungs4 ,ext5sion 7,lat4 ex1 out1 & t5do1 to /ret*74 ,! act ( re/or+ a limb1 etc41 to its natural position aft] x has be5 flex$ or b5t2 ! opposite ( flexion4 ,fauces4 ,! "p ( ! m\? :i* op5s into ! ph>ynx4 ,f5e/ra 7,lat474 ,lit]ally1 a w9d[4 ,f5e/ra ovalis & f5e/ra rotunda1 ! oval & ! r\nd w9d[2 two ap]tures 9 ! bone betwe5 ! tympanic cavity & ! labyr9? ( ! e>4 ,f]m5t4 ,t :i* causes f]m5tation1 z yea/4 ,f]m5tation 7,lat4 f]m5tum1 boil+74 ,! process ( und]go+ an eff]vesc5t *ange1 z by ! action ( yea/2 9 a wid] s5se1 ! *ange ( organiz$ sub/ances into new comp\nds by ! action ( a f]m5t4 ,x diff]s 9 k9d accord+ to ! nature ( ! f]m5t4 ,fib] 7,lat4 fibra1 a filam5t74 ,"o ( ! t9y ?reads ( :i* _m p>ts ( ! body are compos$4 ,fibrilla4 ,a little fib]2 "o ( ! longitud9al ?reads into :i* a /rip$ muscul> fib] c be divid$4 ,fibr9 7,lat4 fibra1 a fib]74 ,an album9oid sub/ance conta9$ 9 ! fle% ( animals1 & also produc$ by ! coagulation ( blood4 ,flexion 7,lat4 flecto1 to b5d74 ,! act ( b5d+ a limb1 etc4 ,follicle 7,lat4 dim4 ( follis1 a money bag74 ,a little p\* or depression4 ,fom5tation 7,lat4 foveo1 to keep w>m74 ,! application ( any w>m1 m$ic9al sub/ance to ! body1 by :i* ! vessels are relax$4 ,=am54 ,a hole1 or ap]ture4 ,frontal ,s9us4 ,a bl9d or clos$ cavity 9 ! bones ( ! skull j ov] ! eyebr[s4 ,fumigation 7,lat4 fumigo1 to p]fume a place74 ,! use ( c]ta9 fumes to c\nt]act contagi\s effluvia4 ,function 7,lat4 functio1 a do+74 ,! special duty ( any organ4 ,ganglion 7,gr4 1 a knot74 ,a knot-l swell+ 9 a n]ve2 a small] n]ve c5t]4 ,ga/ric 7,gr4 1 /oma*74 ,p]ta9+ to ! /oma*4 ,gelat9e 7,lat4 gelo1 to congeal74 ,an animal sub/ance :i* dissolves 9 hot wat] & =ms a jelly on cool+4 ,g]m 7,lat4 g]m51 a spr\t1 bud74 ,disease g]m2 a "n appli$ to c]ta9 t9y bact]ial organisms :i* h be5 demon/rat$ to be ! cause ( disease4 ,g]micide 7,g]m1 & ,lat4 ca$]e1 to kill74 ,any ag5t :i* has a de/ructive action ^u liv+ g]ms1 especially bact]ia4 ,gl& 7,lat4 glans1 an acorn74 ,an organ consi/+ ( follicles & ducts1 ) num]\s blood-vessels int]wov54 ,glottis 7,gr4 1 ! tongue74 ,! n>r[ op5+ betwe5 ! vocal cords4 ,glucose4 ,a k9d ( sug> f\nd 9 fruits1 also kn[n z grape sug>4 ,glut54 ,! glut9\s album9oid +r$i5t ( c]eals4 ,glycog54 ,lit]ally1 produc+ glucose4 ,animal />* f\nd 9 liv]1 :i* may be *ang$ into glucose4 ,gram4 ,unit ( metric sy/em1 #ae4dc gra9s troy4 ,gro94 ,! l[] "p ( ! abdom51 j above ea* ?igh4 ,gu/atory 7,lat4 gu/o1 gu/atum1 to ta/e74 ,belong+ to ! s5se ( ta/e4 ,gymna/ics 7,gr4 1 to ex]cise74 ,! practice ( a?letic ex]cises4 ,hmoglob9 7,gr4 1 blood1 & ,lat4 globus1 a globe or globule74 ,a complex sub/ance :i* =ms ! pr9cipal color+ con/itu5t ( ! r$ corpuscles ( ! blood4 ,hemisph]es 7,gr4 1 half1 & 1 a sph]e74 ,half a sph]e1 ! lat]al halves ( ! c]ebrum1 or bra9 prop]4 ,hemorrhage 7,gr4 1 blood1 & 1 to bur/74 ,ble$+1 or ! loss ( blood4 ,hepatic 7,gr4 1 ! liv]74 ,p]ta9+ to ! liv]4 ,h]bivor\s 7,lat4 h]ba1 an h]b1 & voro1 to dev\r74 ,appli$ to animals t subsi/ ^u vegetable food4 ,h]$ity4 ,! pr$isposition or t5d5cy d]iv$ f "o's ance/ors to def9ite physiological actions4 ,hicc\gh4 ,a convulsive motion ( "s ( ! muscles us$ 9 brea?+1 accompani$ by a %utt+ ( ! glottis4 ,hilum1 sometimes writt5 ,hilus4 ,a small fissure1 not*1 or depression4 ,a t]m appli$ to ! concave "p ( ! kidney4 ,homog5e\s 7,gr4 1 ! same1 & 1 k9d74 ,( ! same k9d or quality ?r\gh\t2 uni=m 9 nature1--! rev]se ( het]og5e\s4 ,humor4 ,! transp>5t cont5ts ( ! eyeball4 ,hyal9e 7,gr4 1 glass74 ,glass-l1 resembl+ glass 9 transp>5cy4 ,hydrog54 ,an elem5t>y gase\s sub/ance1 :i*1 9 comb9ation ) oxyg51 produces wat]4 ,hydrophobia 7,gr4 1 wat]1 & 1 to fe>74 ,a disease caus$ by ! bite ( a rabid dog or o!r animal4 ,hygi5e 7,gr4 heal?74 ,! art ( pres]v+ heal? & prev5t+ disease4 ,hyoid 7,gr4 lett] 1 & 1 =m1 resemblance74 ,! bone at ! root ( ! tongue1 %ap$ l ! ,greek lett] 4 ,hyp]metropia 7,gr4 ov]1 beyond1 1 measure1 & 1 ! eye74 ,f>-sight$ness4 ,hyp]trophy 7,gr4 1 ov]1 & 1 n\ri%m5t74 ,excessive gr[?2 ?ick5+ or enl>gem5t ( any "p or organ4 ,incisor 7,lat4 incido1 to cut74 ,appli$ to ! f\r front tee? ( bo? jaws1 :i* h %>p1 cutt+ edges4 ,incus4 ,an anvil2 ! "n ( "o ( ! bones ( ! middle e>4 ,indian ,hemp4 ,! common "n ( ,cannabis ,indica1 an intoxicat+ drug kn[n z ha%ee% & by o!r names 9 ,ea/]n c\ntries4 ,inf]ior ,v5a ,cava4 ,! *ief ve9 ( ! l[] "p ( ! body4 ,inflammation 7,lat4 prefix 9 & flammo1 to flame74 ,a r$ness or swell+ ( any "p ( ! body ) heat & pa94 ,insalivation 7,lat4 9 & saliva1 ! fluid ( ! m\?74 ,! m+l+ ( ! saliva ) ! food dur+ ! act ( *ew+4 ,inspiration 7,lat4 inspiro1 spiratum1 to brea! 974 ,! act ( draw+ 9 ! brea?4 ,inte/9e 7,lat4 intus1 )974 ,! "p ( ! alim5t>y canal :i* is cont9u\s ) ! l[] end ( ! /oma*2 also call$ ! b[els4 ,iris 7,lat4 iris1 ! ra9b[74 ,! ?91 muscul> r+ :i* lies betwe5 ! cornea & cry/all9e l5s1 giv+ ! eye its special color4 ,jaundice 7,fr4 jaunisse1 yell[74 ,a disord] 9 :i* ! sk9 & eyes assume a yell[i% t9t4 ,katabolism 7,gr4 1 to ?r[ d[n74 ,! process by means ( :i* ! m complex elem5ts are r5d]$ m simple & less complex4 ,! opposite ( anabolism4 ,labyr9?4 ,! int]nal e>1 s nam$ f its _m w9d+s4 ,lacrymal ,app>atus 7,lat4 lacryma1 a te>74 ,! organs = =m+ & c>ry+ away ! te>s4 ,lacteals 7,lat4 lac1 lactis1 milk74 ,! absorb5t vessels ( ! small inte/9es4 ,l>yngoscope 7,gr4 1 l>ynx1 & 1 to behold74 ,an in/rum5t consi/+ ( a mirror held 9 ! ?roat1 & a reflector to ?r[ light on x1 by :i* ! int]ior ( ! l>ynx is br\ght into view4 ,l>ynx4 ,! c>tilag9\s tube situat$ at ! top ( ! w9dpipe4 ,l5s4 ,lit]ally1 a l5til2 a piece ( transp>5t glass or o!r sub/ance s %ap$ z ei!r to conv]ge or disp]se ! rays ( light4 ,ligam5t 7,lat4 ligo1 to b9d74 ,a /rong1 fibr\s mat]ial b9d+ bones or o!r solid p>ts toge!r4 ,ligature 7,lat4 ligo1 to b9d74 ,a ?read ( "s mat]ial us$ 9 ty+ a cut or injur$ art]y4 ,lobe4 ,a r\nd1 project+ "p ( an organ1 z ( ! liv]1 lungs1 or bra94 ,lymph 7,lat4 lympha1 pure wat]74 ,! wat]y fluid convey$ by ! lymphatic vessels4 ,lymphatic ,vessels4 ,a sy/em ( absorb5t vessels4 ,malleus4 ,lit]ally1 ! mallet2 "o ( ! small bones ( ! middle e>4 ,m>r[4 ,! s(t1 fatty sub/ance conta9$ 9 ! cavities ( bones4 ,ma/ication 7,lat4 ma/ico1 to *ew74 ,! act ( cutt+ & gr9d+ ! food to pieces by means ( ! tee?4 ,meatus 7,lat4 meo1 meatum1 to pass74 ,a passage or canal4 ,m$ulla ,oblongata4 ,! oblong m>r[2 t portion ( ! bra9 :i* lies ^u ! basil> process ( ! occipital bone4 ,meibomian4 ,a t]m appli$ to ! small gl&s betwe5 ! conjunctiva & t>sal c>tilages1 discov]$ by ,meibomius4 ,membrana ,tympani4 ,lit]ally1 ! membrane ( ! drum2 a delicate p>tition sep>at+ ! out] f ! middle e>2 x is sometimes popul>ly call$ ! drum ( ! e>4 ,membrane4 ,a ?9 lay] ( tissue s]v+ to cov] "s "p ( ! body4 ,mes5t]y 7,gr4 1 middle1 & 1 ! inte/9e74 ,a duplicature ( ! p]itoneum cov]+ ! small inte/9e1 :i* occupies ! middle or c5t] ( ! abdom9al cavity4 ,metabolism 7,gr4 1 *ange74 ,! *anges tak+ place 9 cells1 :]eby !y become m complex & conta9 m =ce1 or less complex & conta9 less =ce4 ,! =m] is con/ructive metabolism1 or anabolism2 ! latt]1 de/ructive metabolism1 or katabolism4 ,microbe 7,gr4 1 little1 & 1 life74 ,a microscopic organism1 p>ticul>ly appli$ to bact]ia4 ,microscope 7,gr4 1 small1 & 21 to look at74 ,an optical in/rum5t :i* assi/s 9 ! exam9ation ( m9ute objects4 ,mol> 7,lat4 mola1 a mill74 ,! "n appli$ to ! ?ree back tee? at ea* side ( ! jaw2 ! gr9d]s1 or mill-l tee?4 ,molecule 7dim4 ( ,lat4 moles1 a mass74 ,! smalle/ quantity into :i* ! mass ( any sub/ance c physically be divid$4 ,a molecule may be *emically sep>at$ into two or m atoms4 ,morphology 7,gr4 1 =m1 & 1 disc\rse74 ,! /udy ( ! laws ( =m or /ructure 9 liv+ be+s4 ,motor 7,lat4 moveo1 motum1 to move74 ,! "n ( ! n]ves :i* conduct to ! muscles ! /imulus :i* causes !m to contract4 ,muc\s ,membrane4 ,! ?9 lay] ( tissue :i* cov]s ^? int]nal cavities or passages :i* communicate ) ! ext]nal air4 ,mucus4 ,! glairy fluid secret$ by muc\s membranes4 ,myopia 7,gr4 1 to %ut1 & 1 ! eye74 ,a defect ( vision dep5d5t ^u an eyeball t is too long1 r5d]+ di/ant objects indi/9ct2 ne> sight4 ,myos9 7,gr4 1 muscle74 ,*ief proteid sub/ance ( muscle4 ,n>cotic 7,gr4 1 to b5umb74 ,a m$ic9e :i*1 9 poison\s doses1 produces /upor1 convulsions1 & sometimes dea?4 ,n]ve ,cell4 ,a m9ute r\nd & a%5-gray cell f\nd 9 ! bra9 & o!r n]v\s c5t]s4 ,n]ve ,fib]4 ,an exce$+ly sl5d] ?read ( n]v\s tissue4 ,nicot9e4 ,! poison\s & /upefy+ oil extract$ f tobacco4 ,no/ril 7,anglo-,saxon nosu1 nose1 & ?yrl1 a hole74 ,"o ( ! two out] op5+s ( ! nose4 ,nucleolus 7dim4 ( nucleus74 ,a little nucleus4 ,nucleus 7,lat4 nux1 a nut74 ,a c5tral "p ( any body1 or t ab\t :i* matt] is collect$4 ,9 anatomy1 a cell )9 a cell4 ,nutrition 7,lat4 nutrio1 to n\ri%74 ,! processes by :i* ! n\ri%m5t ( ! body is accompli%$4 ,odontoid 7,gr4 1 a too?1 1 %ape74 ,! "n ( ! bony peg ( ! second v]tebra1 ar\nd :i* ! fir/ turns4 sophagus4 ,lit]ally1 t :i* c>ries food4 ,! tube lead+ f ! ?roat to ! /oma*2 ! gullet4 ,olecranon 7,gr4 1 ! elb[1 & 1 ! top ( ! head74 ,a curv$ em95ce at ! upp] & back "p ( ! ulna4 ,olfactory 7,lat4 olfacio1 to smell74 ,p]ta9+ to ! s5se ( smell4 ,optic 7,gr4 1 to see74 ,p]ta9+ to ! s5se ( sight4 ,orbit 7,lat4 orbis1 a circle74 ,! bony socket or cavity 9 :i* ! eyeball is situat$4 ,organ 7,lat4 organum1 an in/rum5t or implem5t74 ,a portion ( ! body hav+ "s special function or duty4 ,osmosis 7,gr4 1 impulsion74 ,diffusion ( liquids ?r\gh membranes4 ,ossa ,innom9ata1 pl4 ( ,os ,innom9atum 7,lat474 ,unnam$ bones4 ,! irregul> bones ( ! pelvis1 unnam$ on acc\nt ( _! non-resemblance to any kn[n object4 ,otoconia 7,gr4 1 an e>1 & 1 du/74 ,m9ute cry/als ( lime 9 ! ve/ibule ( ! e>2 also kn[n z otoli?s4 ,palate 7,lat4 palatum1 ! palate74 ,! ro( ( ! m\?1 consi/+ ( ! h>d & s(t palate4 ,palpitation 7,lat4 palpitatio1 a frequ5t or ?robb+ motion74 ,a viol5t & irregul> beat+ ( ! he>t4 ,papilla4 ,! small elevations f\nd on ! sk9 & muc\s membranes4 ,p>alysis 7,gr4 1 to loos52 also1 to disable74 ,loss ( function1 especially ( motion or feel+4 ,palsy4 ,p>asite4 ,a plant or animal t gr[s or lives on ano!r4 ,pelvis4 ,lit]ally1 a bas94 ,! bony cavity at ! l[] "p ( ! trunk4 ,peps9 7,gr4 1 to dige/74 ,! active pr9ciple ( ! ga/ric juice4 ,p]ic>dium 7,gr4 1 ab\t1 & 1 he>t74 ,! sac enclos+ ! he>t4 ,p]io/eum 7,gr4 1 ar\nd1 1 a bone74 ,a delicate fibr\s membrane :i* inve/s ! bones4 ,p]i/altic ,movem5ts 7,gr4 1 r\nd1 & 1 to s5d74 ,! sl[1 wave-l movem5ts ( ! /oma* & inte/9es4 ,p]itoneum 7,gr4 1 to /ret* ar\nd74 ,! inve/+ membrane ( ! /oma*1 inte/9es1 & o!r abdom9al organs4 ,p]spiration 7,lat4 p]spiro1 to brea! ?r\gh74 ,! sweat4 ,petr\s 7,gr4 1 a rock74 ,! "n ( ! h>d portion ( ! temporal bone1 9 :i* are situat$ ! drum ( ! e> & labyr9?4 ,phalanges 7,gr4 1 a body ( soldi]s closely arrang$ 9 ranks & files74 ,! bones ( ! f+]s & toes4 ,ph>ynx 7,gr4 1 ! ?roat74 ,! cavity betwe5 ! back ( ! m\? & ! gullet4 ,physiology 7,gr4 1 nature1 & 1 a disc\rse74 ,! sci5ce ( ! functions ( liv+1 organiz$ be+s4 ,pia ,mat] 7,lat474 ,lit]ally1 ! t5d] "m2 ! inn]mo/ ( ! ?ree cov]+s ( ! bra94 ,x is ?9 & delicate2 h5ce ! "n4 ,p9na 7,lat4 a fea!r or w+74 ,ext]nal c>tilag9\s flap ( ! e>4 ,plasma 7,gr4 1 to m\ld74 ,any?+ =m$ or m\ld$4 ,! liquid "p ( ! blood4 ,pleura 7,gr4 1 ! side1 also a rib74 ,a membrane cov]+ ! lung1 & l9+ ! *e/4 ,pleurisy4 ,an inflammation affect+ ! pleura4 ,pneumoga/ric 7,gr4 1 ! lungs1 & 1 ! /oma*74 ,! *ief n]ve ( respiration2 also call$ ! vagus1 or w&]+ n]ve4 ,pneumonia4 ,an inflammation affect+ ! air cells ( ! lungs4 ,poison 7,fr4 poison74 ,any sub/ance1 :i*1 :5 appli$ ext]nally1 or tak5 into ! /oma* or ! blood1 works su* a *ange 9 ! animal economy z to produce disease or dea?4 ,pons ,v>olii4 ,bridge ( ,v>olius4 ,! :ite fib]s :i* =m a bridge connect+ ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! bra91 fir/ describ$ by ,v>olius4 ,popliteal 7,lat4 poples1 poplitis1 ! ham1 ! back "p ( ! knee74 ,! space beh9d ! knee jo9t is call$ ! popliteal space4 ,portal ,ve9 7,lat4 porta1 a gate74 ,! v5\s trunk =m$ by ! ve9s com+ f ! inte/9es4 ,x c>ries ! blood to ! liv]4 ,presbyopia 7,gr4 1 old1 & 1 ! eye74 ,a defect ( ! accommodation ( ! eye1 caus$ by ! h>d5+ ( ! cry/all9e l5s2 ! f> sight ( adults & ag$ p]sons4 ,process 7,lat4 proc$o1 processus1 to proce$1 to g =?74 ,any projection f a surface2 also1 a me?od ( p]=mance2 a proc$ure4 ,pronation 7,lat4 pronus1 incl9$ =w>ds74 ,! turn+ ( ! h& ) ! palm d[nw>ds4 ,pronator4 ,! gr\p ( muscles :i* turn ! h& palm d[nw>ds4 ,proteids 7,gr4 1 fir/1 & 1 =m74 ,a g5]al t]m = ! album9oid con/itut5ts ( ! body4 ,protoplasm 7,gr4 1 fir/1 & 1 to =m74 ,a fir/-=m$ organiz$ sub/ance2 primitive organic cell matt]4 ,pt]ygoid 7,gr4 1 a w+1 & 1 =m1 resemblance74 ,w+-l4 ,ptoma9e 7,gr4 1 a dead body74 ,"o ( a class ( animal bases or alkaloids =m$ 9 ! putrefaction ( v>i\s k9ds ( album9\s matt]4 ,ptyal9 7,gr4 1 saliva74 ,a f]m5t pr9ciple 9 saliva1 hav+ p[] to conv]t />* into sug>4 ,pulse 7,lat4 pello1 pulsum1 to beat74 ,! ?robb+ ( an art]y aga9/ ! f+]1 occasion$ by ! contraction ( ! he>t4 ,commonly felt at ! wri/4 ,pupil 7,lat4 pupilla74 ,! c5tral1 r\nd op5+ 9 ! iris1 ?r\gh :i* light passes into ! int]ior ( ! eye4 ,pylorus 7,gr4 1 a gatekeep]74 ,! l[] op5+ ( ! /oma*1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! small inte/9e4 ,reflex 7,lat4 reflexus1 turn$ back74 ,! "n giv5 to involunt>y movem5ts produc$ by an excitation travel+ along a s5sory n]ve to a c5t]1 :]e x is turn$ back or reflect$ along motor n]ves4 ,r5al 7,lat4 r51 r5is1 ! kidney74 ,p]ta9+ to ! kidneys4 ,respiration 7,lat4 respiro1 to brea! frequ5tly74 ,! function ( brea?+1 compris+ two acts1--inspiration1 or brea?+ 91 & expiration1 or brea?+ out4 ,ret9a 7,lat4 rete1 a net74 ,! inn]mo/ ( ! ?ree tunics1 or coats1 ( ! eyeball1 be+ an expansion ( ! optic n]ve4 ,rima ,glottidis 7,lat4 rima1 a *9k or cleft74 ,! op5+ ( ! glottis4 ,sac*>9e 7,lat4 sac*>um1 sug>74 ,! gr\p ( food sub/ances :i* embraces ! diff]5t v>ieties ( sug>1 />*1 & gum4 ,saliva4 ,! moi/ure1 or fluids1 ( ! m\?1 secret$ by ! saliv>y gl&s2 ! spittle4 ,s>colemma 7,gr4 1 fle%1 & 1 a husk74 ,! membrane :i* surr\nds ! contractile sub/ance ( a /rip$ muscul> fib]4 ,scl]otic 7,gr4 1 h>d74 ,! t\gh1 fibr\s1 out] coat ( ! eyeball4 ,scurvy4 ,scorbutus1--a disease ( ! g5]al sy/em1 hav+ prom95t sk9 symptoms4 ,sebace\s 7,lat4 sebum1 fat74 ,resembl+ fat2 ! "n ( ! oily secretion by :i* ! sk9 is kept flexible & s(t4 ,secretion 7,lat4 sec]no1 secretum1 to sep>ate74 ,! process ( sep>at+ f ! blood "s ess5tial1 important fluid2 :i* fluid is also call$ a secretion4 ,semicircul> ,canals4 ,?ree canals 9 ! int]nal e>4 ,s5sation4 ,! p]ception ( an ext]nal impression by ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,s]um4 ,! cle>1 wat]y fluid :i* sep>ates f ! clot ( ! blood4 ,spasm 7,gr4 1 convulsion74 ,a sudd51 viol5t1 & involunt>y contraction ( "o or m muscles4 ,special ,s5se4 ,a s5se by :i* we receive p>ticul> s5sations1 su* z ^? ( sight1 he>+1 ta/e1 & smell4 ,sputum1 pi4 ,sputa 7,lat4 spuo1 sputum1 to spit74 ,! matt] :i* is c\gh$ up f ! air passages4 ,/apes4 ,lit]ally1 a /irrup2 "o ( ! small bones ( ! middle e>4 ,/imulant 7,lat4 /imulo1 to prick or goad on74 ,an ag5t :i* causes an increase ( vital activity 9 ! body or 9 any ( its p>ts4 ,/riat$ 7,lat4 /rio1 to furni% ) *annels74 ,m>k$ ) f9e l9es4 ,/yptics 7,gr4 a/r+5t74 ,sub/ances us$ to produce a contraction or %r9k+ ( liv+ tissues4 ,subclavian ,ve9 7,lat4 sub1 "u1 & clavis1 a key74 ,! great ve9 br++ back ! blood f ! arm & side ( ! head2 s call$ because x is situat$ und]nea? ! clavicle1 or coll> bone4 ,sup]ior ,v5a ,cava 7,lat41 upp] holl[ ve974 ,! great ve9 ( ! upp] "p ( ! body4 ,suture 7,lat4 sutura1 a seam74 ,! union ( c]ta9 bones ( ! skull by ! int]lock+ ( jagg$ edges4 ,sympa!tic ,sy/em ( ,n]ves4 ,a d\ble *a9 ( n]v\s ganglia1 situat$ *iefly 9 front (1 & on ea* side (1 ! sp9al column4 ,symptom 7,gr4 1 )1 & 1 to fall74 ,a sign or tok5 ( disease4 ,synovial 7,gr4 1 )1 & 1 an egg74 ,! liquid :i* lubricates ! jo9ts2 jo9t-oil4 ,x resembles ! :ite ( a raw egg4 ,sy/em4 ,a numb] ( diff]5t organs1 ( simil> /ructures1 di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! body & p]=m+ simil> functions4 ,sy/emic4 ,belong+ to ! sy/em1 or body1 z a :ole4 ,sy/ole 7,gr4 1 to contract74 ,! contraction ( ! he>t1 by :i* ! blood is expell$ f t organ4 ,tactile 7,lat4 tactus1 t\*74 ,relat+ to ! s5se ( t\*4 ,t>t>4 ,a h>d cru/ :i* =ms on ! tee?1 & is compos$ ( saliv>y mucus1 animal matt]1 & a comp\nd ( lime4 ,temporal 7,lat4 tempus1 "t1 & tempora1 ! temples74 ,p]ta9+ to ! temples2 s call$ because ! hair beg9s to turn :ite ) age 9 t portion ( ! scalp4 ,t5don 7,lat4 t5do1 to /ret*74 ,! :ite1 fibr\s cord1 or b&1 by :i* a muscle is atta*$ to a bone2 a s9ew4 ,tetanus 7,gr4 1 to /ret*74 ,a disease m>k$ by p]si/5t contractions ( all or "s ( ! volunt>y muscles2 ^? ( ! jaw are sometimes solely affect$2 ! disord] is !n t]m$ lockjaw4 ,?orax 7,gr4 1 a brea/-plate74 ,! upp] cavity ( ! trunk ( ! body1 conta9+ ! lungs1 he>t1 etc42 ! *e/4 ,?yroid 7,gr4 1 a %ield1 & 1 =m74 ,! l>ge/ ( ! c>tilages ( ! l>ynx3 its projection 9 front is call$ ,adam's ,apple4 ,tissue4 ,any sub/ance or texture 9 ! body =m$ ( v>i\s elem5ts1 su* z cells1 fib]s1 blood-vessels1 etc41 int]wov5 ) ea* o!r4 ,tobacco 7,indian tabaco1 ! tube1 or pipe1 9 :i* ! ,indians smok$ ! plant74 ,a plant us$ = smok+ & *ew+1 & 9 snuff4 ,tra*ea 7,gr4 1 r\gh74 ,! w9dpipe4 ,tragus 7,gr4 1 a goat74 ,! em95ce 9 front ( ! op5+ ( ! e>2 sometimes hairy1 l a goat's be>d4 ,transfusion 7,lat4 transfundo1 to p\r f "o vessel to ano!r74 ,! op]ation ( inject+ blood tak5 f "o p]son into ! ve9s ( ano!r4 ,tri*9a ,spiralis4 7,a twi/$ hair74 ,a m9ute species ( p>asite1 or worm1 :i* infe/s ! fle% ( ! hog3 may be introduc$ into ! human sy/em by eat+ pork n ?or\ghly cook$4 ,tro*ant] 7,gr4 1 to turn1 to revolve74 ,"n giv5 to two projections on ! upp] extremities ( ! femur1 :i* give atta*m5t to ! rotator muscles ( ! ?igh4 ,tryps94 ,! f]m5t pr9ciple 9 pancreatic juice1 :i* conv]ts proteid mat]ial into peptones4 ,tub]cle 7,lat4 tub]1 a bun*74 ,a pimple1 swell+1 or tumor4 ,a morbid product occurr+ 9 c]ta9 lung diseases4 ,tub]osity 7,lat4 tub]1 tub]is1 a swell+74 ,a protub]ance4 ,turb9at$ 7,lat4 turb9atus1 f turbo1 turb9is1 a top74 ,=m$ l a top2 a "n giv5 to ! bones 9 ! out] wall ( ! nasal foss4 ,tympanum 7,gr4 1 a drum74 ,! cavity ( ! middle e>1 resembl+ a drum 9 be+ clos$ by two membranes4 ,umbilicus 7,lat41 ! navel47 ,a r\nd cicatrix or sc> 9 ! m$ian l9e ( ! abdom54 ,urea 7,lat4 ur9a1 ur9e74 ,*ief solid con/itut5t ( ur9e4 ,nitrog5\s product ( tissue decomposition4 ,uret] 7,gr4 1 to pass ur9e74 ,! tube ?r\gh :i* ! ur9e is convey$ f ! kidneys to ! bladd]4 ,uvula 7,lat4 uva1 a grape74 ,! small1 p5dul\s body atta*$ to ! back "p ( ! palate4 ,vacc9e ,virus 7,lat4 vacca1 a c[1 & virus1 poison74 ,! mat]ial d]iv$ f heif]s = ! purpose ( vacc9ation1--! great prev5tive ( smallpox4 ,valvulae ,conniv5tes4 ,a "n giv5 to transv]se folds ( ! muc\s membrane 9 ! small inte/9e4 ,v>icose 7,lat4 v>ix1 a dilat$ ve974 ,a di/5d$ or enl>g$ ve94 ,vascul> 7,lat4 vasculum1 a little vessel74 ,p]ta9+ to or possess+ blood or lymph vessels4 ,vaso-motor 7,lat4 vas1 a vessel1 & moveo1 motum1 to move74 ,caus+ motion to ! vessels4 ,vaso-motor n]ves cause contraction & relaxation ( ! blood-vessels4 ,v5 ,cav1 pl4 ( ,v5a ,cava4 ,holl[ ve9s4 ,a "n giv5 to ! two great ve9s ( ! body :i* meet at ! "r auricle ( ! he>t ,v5\s 7,lat4 v5a1 a ve974 ,p]ta9+ to1 or conta9$ )91 a ve94 ,v5tilation4 ,! introduction ( fre% air into a room or build+ 9 su* a mann] z to keep ! air )9 x 9 a pure condition4 ,v5tral 7,lat4 v5t]1 v5tris1 ! belly74 ,belong+ to ! abdom9al or belly cavity4 ,v5tricles ( ! ,he>t4 ,! two l>ge/ cavities ( ! he>t4 ,v]mi=m 7,lat4 v]mis1 a worm1 & =ma1 =m74 ,worm-%ap$4 ,v]tebral ,column 7,lat4 v]tebra1 a jo9t74 ,! backbone2 also call$ ! sp9al column & sp9e4 ,ve/ibule4 ,a portion ( ! int]nal e>1 communicat+ ) ! semicircul> canals & ! co*lea1 s call$ f its fanci$ resemblance to ! ve/ibule1 or por*1 ( a h\se4 ,villi 7,lat4 villus1 %aggy hair74 ,m9ute1 ?read-l projections ^u ! int]nal surface ( ! small inte/9e1 giv+ x a velvety appe>ance4 ,virus 7,lat41 poison74 ,f\l matt] ( an ulc]2 poison4 ,vital ,knot4 ,a "p ( ! m$ulla oblongata1 ! de/ruction ( :i* causes in/ant dea?4 ,vitre\s 7,lat4 vitrum1 glass74 ,hav+ ! appe>ance ( glass2 appli$ to ! humor occupy+ ! l>ge/ "p ( ! cavity ( ! eyeball4 ,vivisection 7,lat4 vivus1 alive1 & seco1 to cut74 ,! practice ( op]at+ ^u liv+ animals1 = ! purpose ( /udy+ "s physiological process4 ,vocal ,cords4 ,two ela/ic b&s or ridges situat$ 9 ! l>ynx2 ! ess5tial p>ts ( ! organ ( voice4 ,zygoma 7,gr4 1 a yoke74 ,! ar* =m$ by ! mal> bone & ! zygomatic process ( ! temporal bone4 ,index4 ,absorption f m\? & /oma* by ! inte/9es ,accid5t & em]g5cies ,a*illes1 ,t5don ( ,air1 made impure by brea?+ ,f\l1 effect (1 on heal? ,alcohol1 ,effect (1 on bones ,effect (1 on muscles ,effect (1 on muscul> tissue ,effect (1 on physical culture ,nature ( ,effects (1 on human sy/em & dige/ion ,effect (1 on ! /oma* & ! ga/ric juice ,f9al results on dige/ion ,effects (1 on ! liv] ,fatty deg5]ation due to ,effect (1 on ! circulation ,effect (1 on ! he>t ,effect (1 on ! blood-vessels ,effect (1 on ! lungs ,o!r results (1 on lungs ,effect (1 on disease ,effect (1 on kidneys ,alcohol z cause ( ,bright's disease & ! bra9 ,h[1 injures ! bra9 ,:y bra9 suff]s f ! enemy ( bra9 "w ,o!r physical results ( ,diseases produc$ by ,m5tal & moral ru9 by ,evil results (1 inh]it$ ,effect (1 on ta/e ,effect (1 on ! eye ,effect (1 on ?roat & voice ,alcoholic bev]ages ,alcoholic f]m5tation & ,bact]ia ,anabolism def9$ ,anatomy def9$ ,antidotes = poisons ,antiseptics ,app>atus1 ,"q ( ,arm1 ,upp] ,art]ies ,a/igmatism ,asphyxia ,atlas & axis ,atmosph]e1 h[ made impure ,bact]ia1 ,nature ( ,bact]ia1 ,/ruggle = exi/5ce ( ,importance (1 9 ,nature ,action ( ,battle aga9/ ,ba?s & ba?+ ,ba?+1 ,rules & precautions ,bicycl+ ,bile ,biology def9$ ,bladd] ,ble$+1 f /oma* f lungs f nose ,h[ to /op ,blood1 ,circulation ( ,physical prop]ties ( corpuscles ,coagulation ( ,g5]al plan ( circulation ,blood-vessels1 ,n]v\s control ( connect$ ) he>t ,effect ( alcohol on ,injuries to ,bodies1 liv+1 ,*>act]s ( ,body1 ,g5]al plan ( ,bone1 ,*emical composition ( ,physical prop]ties ( ,microscopic /ructure ( ,bones1 uses (1 ,! ,k9ds ( 9 infancy & *ildhood positions at s*ool 9 aft] life ,brok5 brok51 ,treatm5t = ,effect ( alcohol on ,effect ( tobacco on ,brea?+1 ,movem5ts ( ,brea?+1 ,me*anism ( ,v>ieties ( ,n]v\s control ( *ange 9 ! air ,air1 made impure by ,bra91 z a :ole ,membranes ( z a reflex c5t] ,effects ( alcohol on ,bra9 c5t]1 ,functions (1 9 p]ception ( impressions ,bright's disease caus$ by alcohol ,bron*ial tubes ,burns or scalds ,capill>ies ,c>bohydrates ,c>pus ,c>tilage ,hyal9e ,:ite fibro- ,yell[ fibro- ,?yroid ,aryt5oid ,cricoid ,cells & ! human organism ,k9ds ( ,vital prop]ties ( ,epi!lial ,n]ve ,c]ebrum ,c]ebellum ,*emical comp\nds 9 ! body ,*loral ,*yle ,*yme ,cilia ( air passages ,circulation ,g5]al plan ( ,portal ,pulmonic ,sy/emic ,effect ( alcohol on ,clavicle ,cleanl9ess1 ,necessity = ,clo?+1 ,use ( ,mat]ial us$ = ,sugge/ions = use ( ,effects ( tight-fitt+ ,miscellane\s h9ts on use ( ,cat*+1 on fire ,coagulation ( blood ,coca9e1 e!r1 & *lor(orm ,co*lea ( e> ,cocoa ,c(fee ,colon ,color-bl9dness ,complem5tal air ,comp\nds1 ,*emical ,organic ,condim5ts ,conjunctiva ,connective tissue ,consonants ,contagi\s diseases ,contraction1 ,object ( ,contusions & bruises ,convulsions ,cook+ ,c\gh+ ,cornea ,corpuscles1 ,blood ,r$ ,colorless ,corti1 ,organ ( ,cranial ,n]ves ,cranium1 ,bones ( ,cry+ ,cry/all9e l5s ,cuticle ,cutis v]a1 or true sk9 ,deg5]ation1 ,fatty1 due to alcohol ,deglutition1 or swall[+ ,deodorants ,diet1 ,important articles ( ,effect ( occupation on ,too g5]\s ,effect ( climate on ,dige/ion1 ,purpose ( ,g5]al plan ( 9 small inte/9es 9 l>ge inte/9es ,effect ( alcohol on ,disease1 ,effect ( alcoholics ^u ,diseases1 infecti\s & contagi\s1 ,managem5t ( ,c>e ( ,h9ts on nurs+ ,dis9fectants ,air & wat] z ,h[ to use ,dislocations ,dogs1 mad1 ,bites ( ,dr[n+1 ,app>5t ,me?ods ( treat+ ,sylve/] me?od ,m>%all ,hall me?od ,duct1 ,hepatic ,cy/ic ,common bile ,?oracic ,nasal ,duod5um ,dura mat] ,e>1 ,ext]nal ,middle ,bones ( ! ,int]nal ,practical h9ts on c>e ( ,=eign bodies 9 ,eat+1 ,practical po9ts ab\t ,eggs z food ,elem5ts1 ,*emical1 9 ! body ,epid]mis1 or cuticle ,epiglottis ,epi!lium ,squam\s ,column> ,gl&ul> ,ciliat$ ,epi!lial tissues1 ,functions ( ,erect position ,e?moid bone ,eu/a*ian tube ,excretion ,ex]cise1 ,physical ,importance ( ,effect (1 on muscles ,effect (1 on important organs ,effect (1 on p]sonal appe>ance ,effect ( excessive ,am\nt (1 requir$ ,"t = ,physical1 9 s*ool ,practical po9ts ab\t ,effect ( alcohol & tobacco on ,exp]im5ts1 ,limitations ( ,value ( ,eye ,inn] /ructure ( ,comp>$ to cam]a ,refractive m$ia ( ,movem5ts ( ,=eign bodies 9 ,practical h9ts on c>e ( ,effect ( alcohol on ,effect ( tobacco on ,eyeball1 ,coats ( ,eyelids & eyebr[s ,eyesight 9 s*ools ,face ,bones ( ! ,fa9t+ ,fats & oils ,femur ,fibr9 ,fibula ,fi% z food ,food & dr9k ,food1 :y we ne$ x ,absorption (1 by ! blood ,quantity (1 z affect$ by age ,k9ds (1 requir$ ,foods1 ,classification ( ,nitrog5\s ,proteid ,sal9e or m9]al ,vegetable ,proteid vegetable ,non-proteid vegetable ,non-proteid animal ,table ( ,food mat]ials1 ,table ( ,composition ( ,foot ,f\l air1 ,effect (1 on heal? ,frontal bone ,fro/ bites ,fruits z food ,gall bladd] ,g>d5 vegetables ,ga/ric gl&s ,ga/ric juice1 ,effect ( alcohol on ,gl&s ,mes5t]ic ,lymphatic ,ductless ,?yroid ,?ymus ,supr>5al ,lacrymal ,glottis ,hair ,/ructure ( ,hair & nails1 ,c>e ( ,hall1 ,m>%all1 me?od = app>5t dr[n+ ,h& ,hav]sian canals ,head & sp9e1 h[ jo9$ ,head1 ,bones ( ,he>+1 ,s5se ( ,me*anism ( ,effect ( tobacco on ,he>t ,valves ( ,g5]al plan ( blood-vessels connect$ ) ,rhy?mic action ( ,impulse & s\nds ( ,n]v\s control ( ,effect ( alcohol on ,effect ( tobacco on ,heat1 ,animal ,s\rces ( ,hicc\gh ,hip bones ,hi/ology def9$ ,hum]us ,hygi5e def9$ ,hyoid bone ,hyp]metropia ,ileum ,injur$1 ,prompt aid to ,insalivation ,inte/9e1 ,small ,coats ( small ,l>ge ,intoxicants1 ,physical results ( ,iris ( ! eye ,jejunum ,jo9ts ,imp]fect ,p]fect ,h+e ,ball-&-socket ,pivot ,katabolism def9$ ,kidneys ,/ructure ( ,function ( ,action if1 h[ modifi$ ,effect ( alcohol on ,kidneys & sk9 ,lacrymal app>atus gl& ,lacteals ,l&m>ks1 ,bony ,muscul> he>t art]ies ,l>ynx ,laugh+ ,l5s1 ,cry/all9e ,lev]s 9 ! body ,life1 ,! process ( ,ligam5ts ,limbs1 ,upp] ,l[] ,liv] ,m9ute /ructure ( ,blood supply ( ,functions ( ,effect ( alcohol on ,lungs ,m9ute /ructure ( ,capacity ( ,effect ( alcohol on ,ble$+ f ,lymph ,lymphatics ,mad dogs1 ,bites ( ,mal> bone ,ma/ication ,maxill>y1 ,sup]ior ,inf]ior ,meals1 ,h9ts ab\t ,meats z food ,m$ulla oblongata ,membrane1 ,synovial ,s]\s ,ara*noid ,membranes1 ,bra9 ,mes5t]y ,metabolism def9$ ,metac>pal bones ,metat>sal bones ,microscope1 ,use ( ,milk ,m9]al foods ,morphology def9$ ,motion 9 animals ,m\? ,movem5t1 ,me*anism ( ,muscles1 ,k9ds ( volunt>y1 ,/ructure ( involunt>y1 ,/ructure ( ,arrangem5t ( ,important ,effect ( alcohol on ,effect ( tobacco on ,review analysis ( ,re/ = ,muscul> tissue1 ,effect ( alcohol on ,*anges 9 ,prop]ties ( activity contraction fatigue s5se ,myopia ,nails ,c>e ( ,nasal bones ,n]ve cells fib]s cells & fib]s1 ,function ( ,n]ves1 ,cranial ,sp9al ,motor ,s5sory sp9al1 ,functions ( ,n]v\s sy/em1 ,g5]al view ( comp>$ to telegraph sy/em ,divisions ( ,effect ( alcohol on ,effect ( tobacco on ,nitrog5\s foods4 ,non-proteid vegetable foods animal foods ,nose1 ,ble$+ f ,=eign bodies 9 ,occipital bone sophagus ,opium ,poison\s effects ( ,9 pat5t m$ic9es ,victim ( !1 habit ,organic comp\nds ,outdoor games ,oxidation ,pa91 ,s5se ( ,palate bones ,pancreas ,pancreatic juice ,p>ietal bones ,patella ,peps9 ,p]ic>dium ,p]io/eum ,p]itoneum ,phalanges ,ph>ynx & sophagus ,physical ex]cise ,physical education 9 s*ool ,physical ex]cises 9 s*ool ,physiology def9$ ,/udy ( :at x %\ld tea* ,ma9 problems (1 briefly /at$4 ,physiological k1 ,value ( ,pia mat] ,pneumoga/ric n]ve ,poisons ,poisons1 ,table ( ,antidotes = ,practical po9ts ab\t ,poison+1 ,treatm5t ( ,portal circulation ,portal ve9 ,presbyopia ,pressure1 ,:]e to apply ,proteids ,proteid vegetable foods ,protoplasm ,pulmon>y art]y ve9s ,pulmon>y infection ,pulse ,pupil ( ! eye ,radius ,receptaculum *yli ,rectum ,reflex c5t]s 9 ! bra9 ,reflex action1 ,importance ( ,r5al secretion ,residual air ,respiration1 ,nature & object ( ,n]v\s control ( ,effect (1 on ! blood ,effect (1 on ! air ,modifi$ movem5ts ( ,effect ( alcohol on ,effect ( tobacco on artificial1 ,me?ods ( ,re/1 = ! muscles ,ne$ ( ,b5efits ( ,! ,sabba?1 a day ( ( m9d & body ,ret9a ,ribs & /]num ,sal9e or m9]al foods ,saliva ,salt z food ,salts1 ,inorganic1 9 ! body ,scalds or burns ,scapula ,s*ool1 ,physical education 9 ,positions at ,s*ool & physical education ,secretion ,semicircul> canals ,s5sations1 ,g5]al ,s5sation1 ,conditions ( ,s5se1 ,organs ( ,s5se organ1 ,! ess5tials ( ,s]\s membranes ,sick-room1 ,arrangem5t ( ,v5tilation ( ,h9ts = ,rules = ,sigh+ ,sight1 ,s5se ( ,skat+1 swimm+1 & r[+ ,skeleton ,review analysis ( ,skeleton & manik91 ,use ( ,sk91 ,! regulat+ temp]ature ,action (1 h[ modifi$ ,absorb5t p[]s ( & ! kidneys ,skull ,sutures ( ,sleep1 a p]iodical re/ ,effect (1 on bodily functions ,am\nt (1 requir$ ,practical rules ab\t ,smell ,s5se ( ,sneez+ ,snor+ ,sobb+ ,special s5ses ,spee* ,sph5oid bone ,sp9al column ,sp9al cord ,/ructure ( ,functions ( conductor ( impulses z a reflex c5t] ,sp9al n]ves ,functions ( ,sple5 ,spra9s & dislocations ,/amm]+ ,/>*es & sug>s ,/]num ,/oma* ,coats ( ,dige/ion 9 ,effect ( alcohol on ,ble$+ f ,/rabismus ,/utt]+ ,sun/roke ,supplem5tal air ,supr>5al capsules ,sutures ( skull ,sweat gl&s ,sweat1 ,nature ( ,sylve/] me?od = app>5t dr[n+ ,sympa!tic sy/em ,functions ( ,synovial membrane %ea?s & sacs ,ta/e1 ,organ ( ,s5se ( ,ta/e1 ,physiological conditions ( ,modifications ( ! s5se ,effect ( alcohol on ,effect ( tobacco on ,tea ,te> gl& & te> passages ,te>s ,te*nical t]ms def9$ ,tee? ,developm5t ( ,/ructure ( ,prop] c>e ( ,h9ts ab\t sav+ ,temp]ature1 ,regulation ( bodily ,sk9 z a regulator ( ,volunt>y regulation ( ,s5se ( ,temporal bones ,t5don ( ,a*illes ,t5dons ,?igh ,?oracic duct ,?roat ,c>e ( ,effect ( alcohol on ,effect ( tobacco on ,=eign bodies 9 ,?ymus gl& ,?yroid gl& ,tibia ,tidal air ,tissue1 ,:ite fibr\s ,connective ,yell[ ela/ic ,areol> ,adipose ,ad5oid ,muscul> ,tissues1 ,epi!lial ,tissues1 epi!lial1 ,v>ieties ( ,functions ( ,connective ,tobacco1 ,effect (1 on bones ,effect (1 on muscles ,effect (1 on physical culture ,effect (1 on dige/ion ,effect (1 on ! he>t ,effect (1 on ! lungs ,effect (1 on ! n]v\s sy/em ,effect (1 on ! m9d ,effect (1 on ! "* ,effect (1 on ta/e ,effect (1 on he>+ ,effect (1 on ?roat & voice ,t\*1 ,organ ( ,s5se ( ,tra*ea ,trunk1 ,bones ( ,tympanum1 ,cavity ( ,ulna ,ur9e ,valve1 ,mitral ,valves ( ! he>t ,valves1 ,tricuspid ,semilun> ,vegetable foods ,ve9s ,v5tilation ,conditions ( effici5t ( sick-room ,ve/ibule ( e> ,v]mi=m app5dix ,vision1 ,common defects ( ,effect ( tobacco on ,vivisection & dissection ,vocal cords ,voice1 ,me*anism ( ,factors 9 ! production ( ,c>e ( ,effect ( alcohol on ,effect ( tobacco on ,v[el s\nds ,walk+1 jump+1 & runn+ ,wa/e & repair ,wa/e mat]ial1 ,nature ( ,wa/e products1 ,elim9ation ( ,wat] z food ,:isp]+ ,w\nds1 ,incis$ & lac]at$ ,yawn+ ,footnotes3 #a ,! ,value ( ,physiological ,k4 ,if any "o d\bts ! importance ( an acqua9tance ) ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( physiology z a means to complete liv+1 let him look ar\nd & see h[ _m m5 & wom5 he c f9d 9 middle life1 or lat]1 :o are ?or\ghly well4 ,occasionally only d we meet ) an example ( vigor\s heal? cont9u$ to old age2 h\rly d we meet ) examples ( acute disord]1 *ronic ailm5t1 g5]al debility1 premature decrepitude4 ,sc>cely is !re "o to :om y put ! "q1 :o has n1 9 ! c\rse ( 8 life1 br\ght ^u himself illness f :i* a little k w\ld h sav$ him4 ,"h is a case ( he>t disease consequ5t on a rheumatic fev] t foll[$ a reckless exposure4 ,!re is a case ( eyes spoil$ = life by ov]/udy4 ,n to dwell on ! natural pa91 ! gloom1 & ! wa/e ( "t & money ?us entail$1 only consid] h[ greatly ill heal? h9d]s ! dis*>ge ( all duties1--makes bus9ess (t5 impossible1 & always m difficult2 produces irritability fatal to ! "r managem5t ( *ildr51 puts ! functions ( citiz5%ip out ( ! "q1 & makes amusem5t a bore4 ,is x n cle> t ! physical s9s--p>tly our ance/ors' & p>tly our own--:i* produce ?is ill heal? d$uct m f complete liv+ ?an any?+ else1 & to a great ext5t make life a failure & a burd51 in/ead ( a b5efaction & a pleasure8--,h]b]t ,sp5c]4 #b ,! ^w protoplasm mu/ n be misund]/ood to mean a sub/ance ( a def9ite *emical nature1 or ( an inv>iable morphological /ructure2 x is appli$ to any "p ( a cell :i* %[s ! prop]ties ( life1 & is !re=e only a conv5i5t abbreviation = ! phrase mass ( liv+ matt]4 #c ,did we possess "s optic aid :i* %\ld ov]come ! grossness ( our vision1 s t we might wat* ! dance ( atoms 9 ! d\ble process ( mak+ & unmak+ 9 ! liv+ body1 we %\ld see ! commonplace1 lifeless ?+s :i* are br\ght by ! blood1 & :i* we call food1 caught up into & made "p ( ! molecul> :orls ( ! liv+ muscle1 l9k$ toge!r = a :ile 9 ! intricate figures ( ! dance ( life1 giv+ & tak+ en]gy z !y dance1 & !n we %\ld see h[1 loos+ h&s1 !y slipp$ back into ! blood z dead1 in]t1 us$-up matt]4--,mi*ael ,fo/]1 ,pr(essor ( ,physiology 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge1 ,engl&4 #d ,our mat]ial frame is compos$ ( innum]able atoms1 & ea* sep>ate & individual atom has its bir?1 life1 & dea?1 & !n its removal f ! 'place ( ! liv+4' ,?us !re is go+ on a cont9u\s process ( decay & dea? among ! individual atoms :i* make up ea* tissue4 ,ea* tissue pres]ves its vitality = a limit$ space only1 is !n sep>at$ f ! tissue ( :i* x has =m$ a "p1 & is resolv$ into its inorganic elem5ts1 to be 9 due c\rse elim9at$ f ! body by ! organs ( excretion4--,macl>5's ,physical ,education4 #e ,! p]io/eum is (t5 ( great practical importance to ! surgeon4 ,in/ances are on record :]e bones h be5 remov$1 leav+ ! p]io/eum1 )9 :i* ! entire bone has gr[n aga94 ,! importance ( ?is rem>kable tissue is /ill f>!r illu/rat$ by exp]im5ts ^u ! transplantation ( ?is membrane 9 ! diff]5t tissues ( liv+ animals1 :i* has be5 foll[$ by ! =mation ( bone 9 ^! situations4 ,"s ye>s ago a fam\s surgeon 9 ,new ,york remov$ ! :ole l[] jawbone f a "y woman1 leav+ ! p]io/eum & ev5 reta9+ 9 position ! tee? by a special app>atus4 ,! entire jawbone grew aga91 & ! tee? resum$ _! orig9al places z x grew4 #f ,! me*anism ( ?is rem>kable effect is cle>ly %[n by an exp]im5t :i* ! late ,dr4 ,oliv] ,w5dell ,holmes us$ to take delight 9 p]=m+ 9 8 anatomical lectures at ! ,h>v>d ,m$ical ,college4 ,he _h a /rong iron b> made into a r+ ( "s eight in*es 9 diamet]1 ) a space left betwe5 ! ends j l>ge en\gh to be fill$ by an ,engli% walnut4 ,! r+ 0 !n dropp$ to ! floor s z to /rike on ! convexity j opposite to ! walnut1 :i* inv>iably 0 brok5 to pieces4 #g ,= ! treatm5t ( accid5ts & em]g5cies :i* may occur ) ref]5ce to ! bones1 see ,*apt] ,,xiii4 #h ,besides ! dang] connect$ ) ! use ( alcoholic dr9ks :i* is common to !m ) o!r n>cotic poisons1 alcohol ret>ds ! gr[? ( "y cells & prev5ts _! prop] developm5t4 ,n[1 ! bodies ( all animals are made up l>gely ( cells1 444 & ! cells be+ ! liv+ "p ( ! animal1 x is especially important t !y %\ld n be injur$ or badly n\ri%$ :ile !y are gr[+4 ,s t alcohol 9 all its =ms is p>ticul>ly injuri\s to "y p]sons1 z x ret>ds _! gr[?1 & /unts bo? body & m9d4 ,?is is ! !ory ( ,dr4 ,lionel ,s4 ,beale1 a celebrat$ microscopi/ & ?9k]1 & is q g5]ally accept$4--,dr4 ,rog] ,s4 ,tracy1 ( ! ,new ,york ,bo>d ( ,heal?4 #i ,9 its action on ! sy/em nicot9e is "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful poisons kn[n4 ,a drop ( x 9 a conc5trat$ =m 0 f\nd suffici5t to kill a dog1 & small birds p]i%$ at ! approa* ( a tube conta9+ x4--,wood's ,mat]ia ,m$ica4 ,tobacco appe>s to *iefly affect ! he>t & bra91 & ,i h !re=e plac$ x among c]ebral & c>diac poisons4--,taylor's ,treatise on ,poisons4 #aj ,c]ta9 ev5ts occur 9 ! bra92 ^! give rise to o!r ev5ts1 to *anges :i* travel along c]ta9 bundles ( fib]s call$ n]ves1 & s rea* c]ta9 muscles4 ,arriv$ at ! muscles1 ^! *anges 9 ! n]ves1 :i* physiologi/s call n]v\s impulses1 induce *anges 9 ! muscles1 by virtue ( :i* ^! %ort5 contract1 br+ _! ends toge!r1 & s1 work+ ^u bony lev]s1 b5d ! arm or h&1 or lift ! weight4--,pr(essor ,mi*ael ,fo/]4 #aa ,! synovial membranes are almo/ id5tical 9 /ructure ) s]\s membranes 7page #agf71 b ! secretion is ?ick] & m l ! :ite ( egg4 #ab ,smok+ among /ud5ts or m5 tra9+ = conte/s is a mi/ake4 ,x n only affects ! w9d1 b relaxes ! n]ves 9 a way to make !m less vigor\s = ! com+ conte/4 ,x %[s its results at once1 & :5 ! a?lete is try+ to d 8 be/ to w9 he w d well to avoid x4 ,joseph ,hambl5 ,se>s1 ,h>v>d ,coa*1 & ,ex-,capta9 ( ! ,h>v>d ,football ,team1 ,article 9 ,9 ,sickness & 9 ,heal?4 #ac ,!re is no pr(ession1 !re is no call+ or occupation 9 :i* m5 c be engag$1 !re is no position 9 life1 no /ate 9 :i* a man c be plac$1 9 :i* a fairly develop$ frame w n be valuable to him2 !re are _m ( ^!1 ev5 ! mo/ purely & highly intellectual1 9 :i* x is ess5tial to success--ess5tial simply z a means1 mat]ial1 b none ! less imp]ative1 to enable ! m9d to d its "w4 ,ye> by ye>1 almo/ day by day1 we see m5 7& wom57 falt] & fail 9 ! mid/ ( _! labors2 444 & all = want ( a little bodily /am9a--a little bodily p[] & bodily capacity = ! endurance ( fatigue1 or protract$ unre/1 or anxiety1 or grief4--,macl>5's ,physical ,education4 #ad ,"o half ! /ruggle ( physical tra9+ has be5 won :5 a boy c be induc$ to take a g5u9e int]e/ 9 8 bodily condition1--to want to rem$y its defects1 & to pride himself on ! purity ( 8 sk91 ! firmness ( 8 muscles1 & ! uprightness ( 8 figure4 ,:e!r ! "y man *ooses aft]w>ds to use ! gymnasium1 to run1 to r[1 to play ball1 or to saw wood1 = ! purpose ( improv+ 8 physical condition1 matt]s little1 provid$ he accompli%es t object4--,dr4 ,d4 ,a4 ,s>g5t1 ,director ( ! ,hem5way ,gymnasium at ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 #ae ,x is heal? r ?an /r5g? t is ! great requirem5t ( mod]n m5 at mod]n occupations2 x is n ! p[] to travel great di/ances1 c>ry great burd5s1 lift great weights1 or ov]come great mat]ial ob/ructions2 x is simply t condition ( body1 & t am\nt ( vital capacity1 :i* %all enable ea* man 9 8 place to pursue 8 call+1 & "w on 9 8 work+ life1 ) ! greate/ am\nt ( com=t to himself & usefulness to 8 fell[m54--,macl>5's ,physical ,education4 #af ,to ?is classification may be add$ :at are call$ album9oids1 a gr\p ( bodies resembl+ proteids1 b hav+ 9 "s respects a diff]5t nutritive value4 ,gelat9e1 su* z is f\nd 9 s\ps or table gelat9e is a famili> example ( ! album9oids4 ,!y are n f\nd to any important ext5t 9 our raw foods1 & d n !re=e usually appe> 9 ! analyses ( ! composition ( foods4 ,! album9oids closely resemble ! proteids1 b _c be us$ l !m to build up protoplasm4 #ag ,! am\nt ( wat] 9 v>i\s tissues ( ! body is giv5 by ! foll[+ table 9 p>ts ( #ajjj3 ,solids4 ,liquids4 ,enamel1 #b ,blood1 #gia ,d5t9e1 #ajj ,bile1 #hfd ,bone1 #dhf ,blood plasma1 #ija ,fat1 #bii ,*yle1 #ibh ,c>tilage1 #eej ,lymph1 #ieh ,liv]1 #fic ,s]um1 #iei ,sk91 #gbj ,ga/ric juice1 #igc ,bra91 #gej ,te>s1 #ihb ,muscle1 #geg ,saliva1 #iie ,sple51 #geh ,sweat1 #iie ,kidney1 #hbg ,vitre\s humor1 #ihg #ah ,! "w ( "s k9ds ( m\lds may be app>5t to ! eye1 z 9 ! gr[?s t =m on old lea!r & /ale bread & *eese4 ,t ( o!rs goes on unse51 z :5 acids are =m$ 9 /ew$ fruits4 ,conc]n+ ! "w ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( m\lds4 ,tr\ss>t says3 ,mucor muc$o dev\rs our pres]ves2 ,ascophora muc$o turns our bread m\ldy2 ,mol9ia is n\ri%$ at ! exp5se ( our fruits2 ,mucor h]b>ium de/roys ! h]b>ium ( ! botani/2 & ,*oetonium *>tatum develops itself on pap]1 on ! insides ( books & on _! b9d+s1 :5 !y come 9 contact ) a damp wall4--,tr\ss>t's ,microbes1 ,f]m5ts1 & ,m\lds4 #ai ,! physiological we> ( ! organism is con/antly be+ repair$ by ! blood2 b 9 ord] to keep ! great nutritive fluid f becom+ impov]i%$1 ! matt]s :i* x is con/antly los+ mu/ be suppli$ f "s s\rce out ( ! body1 & ?is necessitates ! +e/ion ( articles :i* are kn[n z food4--,fl9t's ,text-book ( ,human ,physiology4 #bj ,gl&s4 ,gl&s are organs ( v>i\s %apes & sizes1 ^: special "w x is to sep>ate mat]ials f ! blood = fur!r use 9 ! body1 ! products be+ kn[n z secretion & excretion4 ,! means by :i* secretion & excretion are effect$ are1 h[ev]1 id5tical4 ,! ess5tial p>ts ( a gl& consi/ ( a basem5t membrane1 on "o side ( :i* are f\nd actively gr[+ cells1 on ! o!r is ! blood curr5t1 fl[+ 9 exce$+ly ?9-wall$ vessels kn[n z ! capill>ies4 ,! cells are able to select f ! blood :atev] mat]ial !y require & :i* !y elaborate into ! p>ticul> secretion4 ,9 ,fig4 #dg is illu/rat$1 diagrammatically1 ! /ructure ( a few typical secret+ gl&s4 ,! cont9u\s l9e repres5ts ! basem5t membrane4 ,! dott$ l9e repres5ts ! position ( ! cells on "o side ( ! basem5t membrane4 ,! irregul> l9es %[ ! position ( ! blood-vessels4 #ba ,tablets & o!r mat]ial = ,fehl+ & additional te/s = sug> c be pur*as$ at a drug /ore4 ,! practical details ( ^! & o!r te/s :i* assume "s k ( *emi/ry1 %\ld be le>n$ f "s manual on ! subject4 #bb ,! ,p]itoneum4 ,! inte/9es d n lie 9 a loose mass 9 ! abdom9al cavity4 ,l9+ ! walls ( ?is cavity1 j z 9 a g5]al way1 a pap] l9es ! walls ( a room1 is a delicate s]\s membrane1 call$ ! p]itoneum4 ,x envelops1 9 a great] or less degree1 all ! visc]a 9 ! cavity & =ms folds by :i* !y are connect$ ) ea* o!r1 or are atta*$ to ! po/]ior wall4 ,its arrangem5t is !re=e v complicat$4 ,:5 ! p]itoneum comes 9 contact ) ! l>ge inte/9e1 x passes ov] x j z ! pap] ( a room w\ld pass ov] a gas pipe :i* ran along ! surface ( ! wall1 & 9 pass+ ov] x b9ds x d[n to ! wall ( ! cavity4 ,! small inte/9es are susp5d$ f ! back wall ( ! cavity by a d\ble fold ( ! p]itoneum1 call$ ! mes5t]y4 ,! b[els are also protect$ f ext]nal cold by sev]al folds ( ?is membrane load$ ) fat4 ,?is is kn[n z ! great om5tum4 ,! p]itoneum1 :5 9 heal?1 secretes only en\gh fluid to keep its surface lubricat$ s t ! b[els may move freely & smoo?ly on ea* o!r & on ! o!r visc]a4 ,9 disease ?is fluid may increase 9 am\nt1 & ! abdom9al cavity may become greatly di/5d$4 ,?is is kn[n z ascites or dropsy4 #bc ,! human bile :5 fre% is g5]ally ( a bright gold5 r$1 sometimes ( a gre5i% yell[ color4 ,x becomes q gre5 :5 kept1 & is alkal9e 9 reaction4 ,:5 x has be5 omit$ x is di/9ctly yell[1 because ( its action on ! ga/ric juice4 ,! bile conta9s a great deal ( color+ matt]1 & its *ief +i$i5ts are two salts ( soda1 sodium tauro*olate & glyco*olate4 #bd ,nans5 emphasizes ?is po9t 9 8 rec5tly publi%$ "w1 ,f>!/ ,nor?4 #be ,we %\ld make x a po9t n to omit a meal unless =c$ to d s4 ,*ildr51 & ev5 adults1 (t5 h ! habit ( go+ to s*ool or to "w 9 a hurry1 )\t eat+ any breakfa/4 ,!re is almo/ sure to be a fa9t+1 or all-gone feel+ at ! /oma* be=e ano!r mealtime4 ,?is habit is injuri\s1 & sure to produce p]nici\s results4 #bf ,! tee? ( *ildr5 %\ld be (t5 exam9$ by ! d5ti/1 especially f ! beg9n+ ( ! second d5tition1 at ab\t ! six? ye>1 until gr[? is complet$4 ,9 infancy ! "m %\ld make x a "p ( h] daily c>e ( ! *ild to secure p]fect cleanl9ess ( ! tee?4 ,! *ild ?us tra9$ w n1 :5 old en\gh to r9se ! m\? prop]ly or to use ! bru%1 feel com=table aft] a meal until ! tee? h be5 cleans$4 ,! habit ?us =m$ is almo/ sure to be cont9u$ ?r\gh life4 #bg ,if ! am\nt ( alcohol be increas$1 or ! repetition become frequ5t1 "s "p ( x und]goes acid f]m5tation 9 ! /oma*1 & acid eructations or vomit+s occur4 ,) ^! ph5om5a are associat$ cat>rh ( ! /oma* & liv] ) its *>act]i/ic symptoms1--loss ( appetite1 feeble dige/ion1 sall[ness1 m5tal depression1 & heada*e4--,james ,c4 ,wilson1 ,pr(essor 9 ! ,jeff]son ,m$ical ,college1 ,philadelphia4 ,man has rec\rse to alcohol1 n = ! m9ute quantity ( en]gy :i* may be suppli$ by itself1 b = its p[]ful influ5ce on ! di/ribution ( ! en]gy furni%$ by o!r ?+s4 ,t influ5ce is a v complex "o4--,pr(essor ,mi*ael ,fo/]4 #bh ,:5 con/antly irritat$ by ! direct action ( alcoholic dr9ks1 ! /oma* gradually und]goes la/+ /ructural *anges4 ,its vessels rema9 dilat$ & conge/$1 its connective tissue becomes excessive1 its p[] ( secret+ ga/ric juice dim9i%es1 & its muc\s secretions abnormally abundant4--,h4 ,newell ,m>t91 late ,pr(essor ( ,physiology 9 ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity4 ,*emical exp]im5ts h demon/rat$ t ! action ( alcohol on ! dige/ive fluids is to de/roy its active pr9ciple1 ! peps91 ?us confirm+ ! obs]vations ( physiologi/s t its use gives ride to ! mo/ s]i\s disord]s ( ! /oma* & ! mo/ malignant ab]rations ( ! entire economy4--,pr(essor ,e4 ,c4 ,y\mans1 au?or ( /&>d sci5tific works4 ,! /ructural *anges induc$ by habitual use ( alcohol & ! action ( ?is ag5t on ! peps91 s]i\sly impair ! dige/ive p[]4 ,h5ce x is1 t ^? :o are habitual consum]s ( alcoholic fluids suff] f disord]s o dige/ion4--,rob]t ,b>?ol[1 rec5tly ,pr(essor ( ,mat]ia ,m$ica 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,alcohol 9 any appreciable quantity dim9i%es ! solv5t p[] ( ! ga/ric fluid s z to int]f]e ) ! process ( dige/ion in/ead ( aid+ x4--,pr(essor ,w4 ,b4 ,c>p5t]1 ! em95t ,engli% physiologi/4 #bi ,cirrhosis ( ! liv] is notori\sly frequ5t among drunk>ds1 & is 9 fact almo/1 ?\gh n absolutely1 conf9$ to !m4--,rob]t ,t4 ,edes1 =m]ly ,pr(essor ( ,mat]ia ,m$ica 9 ,h>v>d ,m$ical ,college4 ,alcohol acts on ! liv] by produc+ enl>gem5t ( t organ1 & a fat deposit1 or 'hob-nail$' liv] m5tion$ by ! ,engli% writ]s4--,pr(essor ,w4 ,b4 ,c>p5t]4 #cj ,prep>ation ( ,artificial ,ga/ric ,juice4 7a7 ,take "p ( ! c>diac end ( ! pig's /oma*1 :i* has be5 previ\sly op5$ & wa%$ rapidly 9 cold wat]1 & spread x1 muc\s surface upw>ds1 on ! convex surface ( an inv]t$ capsule4 ,scrape ! muc\s surface firmly ) ! back ( a knife blade1 & rub up ! scrap+s 9 a mort> ) f9e s&4 ,add wat]1 & rub up ! :ole vigor\sly = "s "t1 & filt]4 ,! filtrate is an artificial ga/ric juice4 7b7 ,f ! c>diac end ( a pig's /oma* deta* ! muc\s membrane 9 %r$s1 dry !m betwe5 folds ( blott+-pap]1 place !m 9 a bottle1 & cov] !m ) /rong glyc]9e = sev]al days4 ,! glyc]9e dissolves ! peps91 & on filt]+1 a glyc]9e extract ) high dige/ive prop]ties is obta9$4 ,^! artificial juices1 :5 add$ to hydro*loric acid ( ! prop] /r5g?1 h high dige/ive p[]s4 ,in/ead ( 7a7 or 7b7 use ! artificial peps9 prep>$ = ! m>ket by ! :olesale manufactur]s ( su* goods4 #ca ,! cause ( ! clott+ ( blood is n yet fully und]/ood4 ,al?\gh ! process has be5 ?or\ghly inve/igat$ we h n yet a satisfactory explanation :y ! circulat+ blood does n clot 9 heal?y blood-vessels4 ,! able/ physiologi/s ( our day d n1 z =m]ly1 reg>d ! process z a s-call$ vital1 b a purely *emical "o4 #cb ,s]\s ,membranes4--,! s]\s membranes =m %ut sacs1 ( :i* "o portion is appli$ to ! walls ( ! cavity :i* x l9es2 ! o!r is reflect$ ov] ! surface ( ! organ or organs conta9$ 9 ! cavity4 ,! sac is completely clos$1 s t no communication exi/s betwe5 ! s]\s cavity & ! p>ts 9 its neighborhood4 ,! v>i\s s]\s membranes are ! pleura :i* envelops ! lungs2 ! p]ic>dium :i* surr\nds ! he>t2 ! p]itoneum :i* inve/s ! visc]a ( ! abdom51 & ! ara*noid 9 ! sp9al canal & cranial cavity4 ,9 heal? ! s]\s membranes secrete only suffici5t fluid to lubricate & keep s(t & smoo? ! oppos+ surfaces4 #cc ,a correct idea may be =m$ ( ! arrangem5t ( ! p]ic>dium ar\nd ! he>t by recall+ h[ a boy puts on & we>s 8 toboggan cap4 ,! p]ic>dium encloses ! he>t exactly z ?is cap cov]s ! boy's head4 #cd ,alcohol tak5 9 small & s+le doses1 acts almo/ exclusively on ! bra9 & ! blood-vessels ( ! bra91 :]eas tak5 9 l>ge & repeat$ doses its *ief effects are always n]v\s effects4 ,! fir/ effects ( alcohol on ! function ( inhibition are to p>alyze ! controll+ n]ves1 s t ! blood-c5t]s are dilat$1 & m blood is let into ! bra94 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is flu%+ ( ! bra91 its n]ve c5t]s are ask$ to d m "w4--,dr4 ,t4 ,s4 ,cl\/on1 ,m$ical ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,royal ,asylum1 ,ed9burgh4 ,alcoholic dr9ks prev5t ! natural *anges go+ on 9 ! blood1 & ob/ruct ! nutritive & rep>ative functions4--,pr(essor ,e4 ,l4 ,y\mans1 well-kn[n sci5ti/ & au?or ( ,class ,book ( ,*emi/ry4 #ce ,! ^w cell is n us$ 9 ?is connection 9 its te*nical signification ( a hi/ological unit ( ! body 7sec4 #ab71 b m]ely 9 its prim>y s5se ( a small cavity #cf ,! /ud5t mu/ gu>d himself aga9/ ! idea t art]ial blood conta9s no c>bonic acid1 & v5\s blood no oxyg54 ,9 pass+ ?r\gh ! lungs v5\s blood loses only a "p ( its c>bonic acid2 & art]ial blood1 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! tissues1 loses only a "p ( its oxyg54 ,9 blood1 h[ev] v5\s1 !re is 9 heal? always "s oxyg52 & 9 ev5 ! brighte/ art]ial blood !re is actually m c>bonic acid ?an oxyg54--,t4 ,h4 ,huxley4 #cg ,consumption is a disease :i* c be tak5 f o!rs1 & is n simply caus$ by colds4 ,a cold may make x easi] to take ! disease4 ,x is usually caus$ by g]ms :i* ent] ! body ) ! air brea!d4 ,! matt] :i* consumptives c\gh or spit up conta9s ^! g]ms 9 great numb]s--frequ5tly millions are dis*>g$ 9 a s+le day4 ,?is matt] spit ^u ! floor1 wall1 or else:]e is apt to dry1 become pulv]iz$1 & float 9 ! air z du/4 ,! du/ conta9s ! g]ms1 & ?us !y ent] ! body ) ! air brea!d4 ,! brea? ( a consumptive does n conta9 ! g]ms & w n produce ! disease4 ,a well p]son cat*es ! disease f a consumptive only by 9 "s way tak+ 9 ! matt] c\gh$ up by ! consumptive4--,extract f a circul> issu$ by ! ,bo>d ( ,heal? ( ,new ,york ,city4 #ch ,! lungs f ! conge/$ /ate ( _! vessels produc$ by alcohol are m subject to ! influ5ce ( cold1 ! result be+ frequ5t attacks ( bron*itis4 ,x has be5 recogniz$ ( late ye>s t !re is a peculi> =m ( consumption ( ! lungs :i* is v rapidly fatal & f\nd only 9 alcohol dr9k]s4--,pr(essor ,h4 ,newell ,m>t94 #ci ,! relation to ,bright's ,disease is n s cle>ly made out z is assum$ by "s writ]s1 ?\gh ,i mu/ confess to myself %>+ ! popul> belief t alcohol is "o among its mo/ important factors4--,rob]t ,t4 ,edes1 ,m4,d4 #dj ,?us ! fib]s :i* pass out f ! sacral plexus 9 ! lo9s1 & ext5d by means ( ! great sciatic n]ve & its bran*es to ! ends ( ! toes1 may be m ?an a y>d long4 #da ,rem>kable in/ances are cit$ to illu/rate ! imp]ative dem& = sleep4 ,gunn] boys h be5 kn[n to fall asleep dur+ ! height ( a naval battle1 ow+ to ! fatigue occasion$ by ! ardu\s labor 9 c>ry+ ammunition = ! gunn]4 ,a case is report$ ( a capta9 ( a ,briti% frigate :o fell asleep & rema9$ s = two h\rs beside "o ( ! l>ge/ guns ( 8 vessel1 ! gun be+ s]v$ vigor\sly all ! "t4 ,:ole companies ( m5 h be5 kn[n to sleep :ile on ! m>* dur+ an ardu\s campaign4 ,cavalrym5 & fronti]sm5 h slept s\ndly 9 ! saddle dur+ ! exhau/+ campaigns aga9/ ! ,indians4 #db ,accord+ to ! ,annual ,report ( ,new ,york ,/ate ,re=matory1 = #ahif1 drunk5ness among ! inmates c be cle>ly trac$ to no less ?an #ch p] c5t ( ! fa!rs & mo!rs only4 ,drunk5ness among ! p>5ts ( #ch p] c5t ( ! prison]s 9 a re=matory ( ?is k9d is a high & a s]i\s p]c5tage4 ,x %[s t ! demoraliz+ influ5ce ( dr9k is apt to de/roy ! future ( ! *ild z well z ! "* ( ! p>5t4 ,!re is a m>k$ t5d5cy 9 nature to transmit all diseas$ conditions4 ,?us ! *ildr5 ( consumptive p>5ts are apt to be consumptive4 ,b1 ( all ag5ts1 alcohol is ! mo/ pot5t 9 e/abli%+ a h]$ity t exhibits itself 9 ! de/ruction ( m9d & body4 ,!re is n only a prop5sity transmitt$1 b an actual disease ( ! n]v\s sy/em4--,dr4 ,will>d ,p>k]4 #dc ,x is v c]ta9 t _m infants annually p]i% f ?is s+le cause4--,reese's ,manual ( ,toxicology4 #dd ,if an eye remov$ f its socket be /ripp$ po/]iorly ( ! scl]otic coat1 an inv]t$ image or ! field ( view w be se5 on ! ret9a2 b if ! l5s or o!r "p ( ! refractive m$ia be remov$1 ! image w become blurr$ or disappe> altoge!r4 #de ,?is *ange 9 ! convexity ( ! l5s is only a slight "o1 z ! diff]5ce 9 ! focal po9t betwe5 rays f an object tw5ty feet di/ant & "o f\r in*es di/ant is only "o-t5? ( an in*4 ,:ile ?is muscul> action is tak+ place1 ! pupil contracts & ! eyeballs conv]ge by ! action ( ! int]nal rectus muscles4 ,^! ?ree acts are due to ! ?ird n]ve 7! motor oculi74 ,?is is necess>y 9 ord] t ea* "p %\ld he impr9t$ on ! same portion ( ! ret9a1 o!rwise !re w\ld be d\ble vision4 #df ,! ,g]mans h a qua9t prov]b t "o %\ld nev] rub 8 eyes except ) 8 elb[s #dg ,! delet]i\s effect ( tobacco ^u eyesight is an ackn[l$g$ fact4 ,! ,belgian gov]nm5t in/itut$ an inve/igation into ! cause ( ! preval5ce ( color-bl9dness4 ,! unanim\s v]dict ( ! exp]ts mak+ ! exam9ation 0 t ! use ( tobacco 0 "o ( ! pr9cipal causes ( ?is defect ( vision4 ,! dimness ( sight caus$ by alcohol or tobacco has long be5 cl9ically recogniz$1 al?\gh n until rec5tly accurately und]/ood4 ,! ma9 facts c n[ be /at$ ) mu* assurance1 s9ce ! publication ( an article by ,uh?(f :i* leaves little m to be said4 ,he exam9$ "o ?\s& pati5ts :o 7 deta9$ 9 hospital because ( alcoholic excess1 & out ( ^! f\nd a total ( eye diseases ( ab\t ?irty p] c5t4 ,commonly bo? eyes are affect$1 & ! progress ( ! disease is sl[1 bo? 9 culm9ation & 9 recov]y4444 ,treatm5t dem&s entire ab/95ce4--,h5ry ,d4 ,noyes1 ,pr(essor ( ,otology 9 ! ,bellevue ,hospital ,m$ical ,college1 ,new ,york4 #dh ,! /ud5t :o w take a little tr\ble 9 notic+ ! e>s ( ! p]sons :om he meets f day to day w be greatly int]e/$ & surpris$ to see h[ mu* ! auricle v>ies4 ,x may be a ?ick & clumsy e> or a beautifully delicate "o2 long & n>r[ or %ort & broad1 may h a neatly =m$ & di/9ct lobule1 or "o t is heavy1 unga9ly1 & unit$ to ! *eek s z h>dly to =m a sep>ate "p ( ! auricle1 may hug ! head closely or fl>e outw>d s z to =m almo/ two w+s to ! head4 ,9 art1 & especially 9 m$allion portraits1 9 :i* ! e> is a m>k$ 7because c5tral7 feature1 ! auricle is ( great importance--,william ,w4 ,ke51 ,m4,d41 editor ( ,gray's ,anatomy #di ,! organ ( ,corti is a v complicat$ /ructure :i* x is ne$less to describe 9 ?is connection4 ,x consi/s ess5tially ( modifi$ ephi!lial cells float$ ^u ! auditory epi!lium1 or basil> membrane1 ( ! co*lea4 ,!re is a s]ies ( fib]s1 ea* made ( two p>ts slop$ aga9/ ea* o!r l ! raft]s ( a ro(4 ,x is e/imat$ t !re are no less ?an #cjjj ( ^! ar*es 9 ! human e>1 plac$ side by side 9 a cont9u\s s]ies along ! :ole l5g? ( ! basil> membrane4 ,re/+ on ^! ar*es are numb]s ( conical epi!lial cells1 f ! free surface ( :i* bundles ( /iff hairs 7cilia7 project4 ,! fact t ^! hair-cells are connect$ ) ! fib]s ( ! co*le> division ( ! auditory n]ve sugge/s t !y mu/ play an important "p 9 auditory s5sation4 #ej ,! voices ( boys break1 or *ange1 because ( ! sudd5 gr[? or enl>gem5t ( ! l>ynx1 & consequ5t increase 9 l5g? ( ! vocal cords1 at f f\rte5 to sixte5 ye>s ( age4 ,no su* enl>gem5t takes place 9 ! l>ynxes ( girls3 !re=e _! voices und]go no su* sudd5 *ange4 #ea ,?is exp]im5t & sev]al o!rs 9 ?is book1 are tak5 f ,pr(essor ,b[dit*'s little book call$ ,h9ts = ,tea*]s ( ,physiology1 a "w :i* %\ld be ma/]$ by e tea*] ( physiology 9 high] s*ools4 #eb ,! tea*] or /ud5t :o is dispos$ to /udy ! subject m ?or\ghly & 9 m detail ?an is possible 9 a class text-book1 w f9d all t is ne$$ 9 ! foll[+ excell5t books1 :i* are readily obta9$ by pur*ase1 or may be f\nd 9 ! public libr>ies ( l>g] t[ns3 ,dulles' ,accid5ts & ,em]g5cies2 ,pil*]'s ,fir/ ,aid 9 ,illness & ,injury2 ,doty's ,prompt ,aid to ! ,injur$2 & ,john/on's ,surgical ,injuries & ,surgical ,diseases1 a special article 9 ,roosevelt's ,9 ,sickness & 9 ,heal?4 #ec ,a t\rniquet is a b&age1 h&k]*ief1 or /rap ( webb+1 into ! middle ( :i* a /one1 a potato1 a small block ( wood1 or any h>d1 smoo? body is ti$4 ,! b& is ti$ loosely ab\t ! limb1 ! h>d body is held ov] ! art]y to be con/rict$1 & a /ick is ins]t$ b5ea? ! b& on ! opposite side ( ! limb & us$ to twi/ ! b& 9 su* a way t ! limb is tightly con/rict$ !reby1 & ! h>d body ?us made to compress ! art]y 7,fig4 #afj74 ,! entire circumf]5ce ( ! limb may be con/rict$ by any sort ( ela/ic b& or rubb] tube1 or any o!r /rong ela/ic mat]ial pass$ ar\nd ! limb sev]al times on a /ret*1 drawn tight & ti$ 9 a knot4 ,9 ?is way1 ble$+ may be /opp$ at once f ! l>ge/ art]ies4 ,! long] & s(t] ! tube ! bett]4 ,x requires no skill & b little k ( anatomy to apply x effici5tly4 ,alex&] ,b4 ,johnson1 ,surgeon to ,roosevelt ,hospital1 ,new ,york ,city4 #ed ,corrosive sublimate is probably ! mo/ p[]ful dis9fectant kn[n4 ,a solution ( "o "p 9 #bjjj w de/roy microscopic organisms4 ,two teaspoonfuls ( ?is sub/ance w make a solution /rong en\gh to kill all disease g]ms4 #ee ,! burn+ ( sulphur produces sulphur\s acid1 :i* is an irrespirable gas4 ,! p]son :o lights ! sulphur mu/1 !re=e1 imm$iately leave ! room1 & aft] ! lapse ( ! prop] "t1 mu/ hold 8 brea? z he ent]s ! room to op5 ! w9d[s & let out ! gas4 ,aft] fumigation1 pla/]$ walls %\ld be :ite-wa%$1 ! woodwork well scrubb$ ) c>bolic soap1 & pa9t$ portions repa9t$4 #ef ,put copp]as 9 a pail ( wat]1 9 su* quantity t "s may con/antly rema9 undissolv$ at ! bottom4 ,?is makes a saturat$ solution4 ,to e privy or wat]-closet1 all[ "o p9t ( ! solution = e f\r p]sons :5 *ol]a is ab\t4 ,to keep privies f be+ (f5sive1 p\r "o p9t into ea* seat1 night & morn+4 #eg ,:ile physiology is "o ( ! biological sci5ces1 x %\ld be cle>ly recogniz$ t x is n1 l botany or zoology1 a sci5ce ( obs]vation & description2 b r1 l physics or *emi/ry1 a sci5ce ( exp]im5t4 ,:ile ! am\nt ( exp]im5tal in/ruction 7n involv+ vivisection or exp]im5t o!rwise unsuitable7 t may ) propriety be giv5 9 ! high s*ool is nei!r small nor unimportant1 ! limitations to su* exp]im5tal tea*+1 bo? z to k9d & z to am\nt1 are pla9ly indicat$4 ,! obvi\s limitations to exp]im5tal "w 9 physiology 9 ! high s*ool1 already ref]r$ to1 make x necess>y = ! /ud5t to acquire mu* ( ! desir$ k f ! text-book only4 ,nev]!less1 mu* may be done by a ?\ghtful & +5i\s tea*] to make su* k real1 by ! aid ( suitable practical ex]cises & demon/rations4--,report ( ! ,committee ( ,t5 on ,second>y ,s*ool ,/udies4 #eh ,?is +5i\s & excell5t exp]im5t is tak5 f ! ,new ,york ,s*ool ,j\rnal = ,may1 #ahig1 = :i* pap] x 0 prep>$ by ,*>les ,d4 ,nason1 ( ,philadelphia4