,,?\ghts ,,on ,,! ,,necessity ,,(       
,,improv+ ,,! ,,condition ,,( ,,!       
,,slaves ,,9  ,,! ,,briti% ,,colonies1  
,,) ,a ,,view ,,to ,,_! ,,ultimate      
,,emancipation2 ,,& ,,on  ,,!           
,,practicability1 ,,! ,,safety1 ,,& ,,! 
,,advantages ,,( ,,! ,,latt]  ,,measure4
      ,,by ,t4 ,,cl>kson1 ,,esq4        
#ahbc4        ,,preface4      ,! foll[+ 
%eets fir/ appe>$ 9 a p]iodical "w call$
 ,!  ,inquir]4 ,!y are n[ republi%$ )\t 
und]go+ any sub/antial  alt]ation4 ,!   
au?or h[ev] ?9ks x due to himself to    
/ate1 t  he w\ld h mat]ially qualifi$ ^?
 p>ts ( 8 essay :i* speak  ( ! improv$  
,condition ( ! ,slaves 9 ! ,we/ ,indies 
s9ce !  abolition1 _h he !n be5 acqua9t$
 ) ! rec5t evid5ce  obta9$ ^u t subject4
 ,8 pres5t conviction c]ta9ly is1 t he  
has ov]rat$ t improvem5t1 & t 9 po9t (  
fact ,negro ,slav]y  is1 9 its ma9 &    
lead+ feature1 ! same sy/em :i* x 0 :5  
! ,abolition controv]sy fir/ comm5c$4   
,x is possible !re may be "s1 :o1 hav+  
glanc$ ov] ! ,title  ,page ( ?is little 

"w1 may be />tl$ at ! ^w ,emancipation4 
,i  wi% to in=m su*1 t ,mr4 ,dundas1    
aft]w>ds ,"l ,melville1 an acute  ,man1 
& a ,fri5d to ! ,plant]s1 propos$ ?is v 
measure to  ,p>liam5t 9 ! ye> #agib4 ,we
 see1 !n1 t ! ^w ,emancipation  _c be   
*>g$ ) ,novelty4 ,x conta9s n[ no new   
ideas4 ,x  conta9s n[ no?+ b :at has be5
 ?\ght practicable1 & ev5  desirable to 
be accompli%$4 ,! ,emancipation :i* ,i  
desire is su*  an ,emancipation only1 z 
,i firmly believe to be compatible n    
only )  ! due subord9ation & happ9ess ( 
! lab\r]1 b ) !  p]man5t int]e/s ( 8    
employ]4    ,i wi% also to say1 9 case  
any ?+ l an undue w>m? ( feel+ on  my "p
 %\ld be discov]$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! "w1 t ,i
 _h no  int5tion ( be+ w>m aga9/ ! ,we/ 
,indians z a body4 ,i "k t  !re are _m  
e/imable m5 among !m liv+ 9 ,engl&1 :o  
des]ve  e desirable praise = hav+ s5t   
ov] in/ructions to _! ,ag5ts  9 ! ,we/  
,indies f "t to "t 9 behalf ( _! wret*$ 
,slaves4  ,& yet1 alas6 ev5 ^!1 ! ,ma/]s
 !mselves1 h n _h  influ5ce en\gh to    

secure ! fulfilm5t ( _! own in/ructions 
^u  _! own e/ates2 nor w !y1 s long z ! 
pres5t sy/em  cont9ues4 ,!y w nev] be   
able to c>ry _! m]itori\s designs  into 
effect aga9/ ,prejudice1 ,law1 & ,cu/om4
 ,if ?is be n s1 h[  happ5s x t y _c see
 ! ,slaves1 belong+ to su* e/imable  m51
 )\t m>ks ( ! :ip ^u _! backs8 ,! tru?  
is1 t  s long z ov]se]s1 driv]s1 & o!rs1
 are entru/$ ) ! use  ( arbitr>y p[]1 & 
s long z ,negro-evid5ce is invalid aga9/
  ! :ite oppressor1 & s long z human    
nature cont9ues to be :at  x is1 no ord]
 f ! ,ma/] = ! bett] p]sonal treatm5t ( 
! ,slave w or c be obey$4 ,x is aga9/ ! 
sy/em !n1 &  n aga9/ ! ,we/ ,indians z a
 body1 t ,i am w>m1 %\ld ,i be  f\nd s  
un9t5tionally1 9 ! pres5t "w4    ,"o ^w 
or two n[ on ano!r "p ( ! subject4 ,a   
great noise w  be made1 no d\bt1 :5 ! "q
 ( ,emancipation comes to be  agitat$1  
ab\t ! imm5se prop]ty at /ake1 ,i mean !
 prop]ty (  ! ,plant]s2--& o!rs connect$
 ) !m4 ,?is is all well4 ,_!  int]e/s   
ought und\bt$ly to be att5d$ to4 ,b ,i  

hope & tru/1  t1 if prop]ty is to be    
att5d$ to on "o side ( ! "q1 x  w be    
equally att5d$ to on ! o!r4 ,?is is b   
common ju/ice4  ,if y put into "o scale 
! gold & jewels ( ! ,plant]s1 y  are    
b\nd to put into ! o!r ! lib]ty (       
#hjj1jjj ( ! ,african  race2 = e man's  
lib]ty is 8 own prop]ty by ! laws (     
,nature1 ,reason1 ,ju/ice1 & ,religion8 
&1 if x be n s )  our ,we/ ,indian      
,slaves1 x is only because !y h be51 &  
cont9ue to be1 depriv$ ( x by =ce4 ,& "h
 let u consid]  = a mom5t :i* ( ^! two  
diff]5t sorts ( prop]ty is ( !  greate/ 
value4 ,let u suppose an ,engli%        
g5tleman to be seiz$ by  ruffians on !  
banks ( ! ,?ames 7& :y n a g5tleman :5  
,african pr9ces h be5 s s]v$87 & hurri$ 
away to a l& 7&  ,algi]s is su* a l&1 = 
in/ance71 :]e :ite p]sons are held z    
,slaves4 ,n[ ?is g5tleman has n be5 us$ 
to sev]e lab\r 7nei!r  has ! ,african 9 
8 own c\ntry72 & be+ !re=e unable1 ?\gh 
he does 8 be/1 to please 8 ma/]1 he is  
r\s$ to fur!r ex]tion  by ! :ip4 ,p]haps

 he takes ?is treatm5t indignantly4 ,?is
 only  secures him a sev]] puni%m5t4 ,i 
say no?+ ( 8 be+ badly  f$1 or lodg$1 or
 clo!d4 ,if he %\ld h a wife & daught]s 
)  him1 h[ mu* m cruel w\ld be 8 fate6  
to see ! t5d] sk9s (  ^! lac]at$ by !   
:ip6 to see !m torn f him1 ) a  k1 t !y 
are go+ to be compell$ to submit to !   
lu/ (  an ov]se]6 & no r$ress4 ,h[ long1
 says he1 is ?is frightful  sy/em1 :i*  
te>s my body 9 pieces & excruciates my  
s\l1 :i*  kills me by in*es1 & :i*      
involves my family 9 unspeakable mis]y  
& unm]it$ disgrace1 to cont9ue8--,= ev]1
 replies a voice  ,sudd5ly3 = ev]1 z    
relates to y\r own life1 & ! life (  y\r
 wife & daught]s1 & t ( all _! po/]ity1 
,n[ w\ld  n ?is g5tleman give all t he  
_h left beh9d him 9 ,engl&1  & all t he 
_h 9 ! _w besides1 & all t he _h 9      
prospect & expectancy1 to get out ( ?is 
wret*$ /ate1 ?\gh he  =esaw t on 8      
return to 8 own c\ntry he w\ld be oblig$
 to beg  8 bread = ! rema9d] ( 8 life8  
,i am sure he w\ld4 ,i am sure  he w\ld 

in/antly pref] 8 lib]ty to 8 gold4 ,!re 
w\ld n  be ! hesitation ( a mom5t z to !
 *oice he w\ld make4 ,i hope1  !n1 t if 
! argum5t ( prop]ty %\ld he urg$ on "o  
side  ( ! "q1 ! argum5t ( prop]ty       
7lib]ty7 w n be  ov]look$ on ! o!r1 b t 
!y w be fairly weigh$1 ! "o  aga9/ !    
o!r1 & t an all[ance w be made z ! scale
 %all  prepond]ate on ei!r side4        
,,?\ghts1 c4      ,i "k ( no subject1   
:]e humanity & ju/ice1 z well z public &
  private int]e/1 w\ld be m intimately  
unit$ ?an 9 t1 :i*  %\ld recomm5d a     
mitigation ( ! slav]y1 ) a view aft]w>ds
 to  ! emancipation ( ! ,negroes1 :]ev] 
su* may be held 9 bondage4  ,?is subject
 0 tak5 up = consid]ation1 s e>ly z :5 !
  ,abolition ( ! slave trade 0 fir/     
practically ?\ght (1 & by  ! v p]sons :o
 fir/ publicly emb>k$ 9 t cause 9       
,engl&2  b x 0 at l5g? ab&on$ by !m1 n  
on ! gr\nd t ,slav]y  0 less cruel1 or  
wick$1 or impolitic1 ?an ! slave trade1 
b =  o!r reasons4 ,9 ! fir/ place !re 7 
n at t "t s _m  ob/acles 9 ! way ( !    

,abolition1 z ( ! ,emancipation ( !     
,negroes4 ,9 ! second place ,abolition  
c\ld be effect$ imm$iately1  & ) b      
comp>atively little loss1 & no dang]4   
,emancipation1 on  ! o!r h&1 appe>$ to  
be r a "w ( "t4 ,x 0 beset too  ) _m    
difficulties1 :i* requir$ deep          
consid]ation1 & :i*1 if  n treat$ )     
great caution & prud5ce1 ?reat5$ ! mo/  
al>m+ results4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 x 0     
suppos$1 t1 by  effect+ ! abolition ( ! 
slave trade1 ! axe w\ld be laid to !    
root ( ! :ole evil2 s t by cutt+ (f ! m 
vital "p (  x1 ! o!r w\ld gradually die 
away3--= :at 0 m reasonable  ?an to     
suppose1 t1 :5 ma/]s c\ld no long] obta9
 ,slaves f  ,africa or else:]e1 !y w\ld 
be compell$ individually1 by a sort (   
inevitable necessity1 or a fe> (        
consequ5ces1 or by a s5se ( _!  own     
int]e/1 to take bett] c>e ( ^? :om !y   
might !n h 9  _! possession8 ,:at 0 m   
reasonable to suppose1 ?an t !  diff]5t 
legislatures !mselves1 mov$ also by !   
same necessity1  w\ld imm$iately        

int]f]e1 )\t ev5 ! loss ( a day1 & s    
alt] & am5d ! laws relative to !        
treatm5t ( ,slaves1 z to  en=ce t z a   
public duty1 :i* x w\ld be ?us ! private
  int]e/ ( individuals to p]=m8 ,0 x n  
also reasonable to  suppose t a sy/em ( 
bett] treatm5t1 ?us begun by            
individuals1  & en=c$ directly aft]w>ds 
by law1 w\ld produce m will+ z  well z m
 able & valuable lab\r]s ?an be=e2 & t  
?is  effect1 :5 once visible1 w\ld aga9 
lead bo? ma/]s & legislators  on ! score
 ( int]e/ to treat _! slaves /ill m l   
m52 nay1  at l5g? to give !m ev5        
privileges2 & ?us to elevate _!         
condition by degrees1 till at l5g? x    
w\ld be no difficult task1 &  no mighty 
transition1 to pass !m to t mo/         
advantage\s situation  to bo? p>ties1 ! 
rank ( ,free ,m58    ,^! 7 ! ?ree       
effects1 :i* ! simple measure ( !       
abolition  ( ! slave trade 0 expect$ to 
produce by ^?1 :o fir/ esp\s$  x1 by    
,mr4 ,granville ,%>p1 & ^? :o =m$ !     
,london committee2  & by ,mr4 ,pitt1    

,mr4 ,fox1 ,mr4 ,burke1 ,mr4 ,wilb]=ce1 
& o!rs (  illu/ri\s "n1 :o br\ght !     
subject be=e ,p>liam5t4 ,!  "q !n is1 h[
 h ^! fond expectations be5 realiz$8 or 
h[  _m & :i* ( ^! desirable effects h   
be5 produc$8 ,i may  answ] p]haps )     
tru?1 t 9 our own ,isl&s1 :]e ! law ( ! 
abolition is n s easily evad$1 or :]e   
!re is less *ance (  obta9+ new slaves1 
?an 9 "s o!r p>ts1 !re has be5 already1 
t is1 s9ce ! abolition ( ! slave trade1 
a some:at bett]  individual treatm5t ( !
 slaves ?an be=e4 ,a c]ta9 c>e has be5  
tak5 ( !m4 ,! pl\gh has be5 introduc$ to
 ease _! lab\r4  ,indulg5ces h be5 giv5 
to pregnant wom5 bo? be=e & aft]  _!    
deliv]y2 premiums h be5 (f]$ = ! re>+ ( 
infants to  a c]ta9 age2 religi\s       
in/ruction has be5 all[$ to _m4 ,b :5   
,i m5tion ^! in/ances ( improvem5t1 ,i  
mu/ be c>eful to  di/+ui% :at ,i        
mean2--,i d n int5d to say1 t !re 7 no  
in/ances ( humane treatm5t ( ! slaves   
be=e ! abolition ( !  slave trade4 ,i   
"k1 on ! o!r h&1 t !re 72 ,i "k t  !re 7

 plant]s1 :o introduc$ ! pl\gh ^u _!    
e/ates1 &  :o mu* to _! ,hon\r grant$   
simil> indulg5ces1 premiums1 &          
p]missions to ^? n[ m5tion$1 previ\sly  
to ?is great ev5t4 ,all  !n t ,i mean to
 say is ?is1 t1 indep5d5tly ( ! common  
progress ( humanity & lib]al op9ion1 !  
circum/ance ( n be+  able to get new    
slaves z =m]ly1 has _h its influ5ce ^u  
"s (  our plant]s2 t x has made "s ( !m 
?9k m2 t x has put  "s ( !m m ^u _!     
gu>d2 & t !re are !re=e ^u  ! :ole1 m   
in/ances ( good treatm5t ( slaves by    
individuals 9  our ,isl&s 7?\gh f> f be+
 z num]\s z !y ought to be7 ?an  at any 
=m] p]iod4    ,b1 alas6 ?\gh ! abolition
 ( ! slave trade may h produc$ a        
some:at bett] individual treatm5t ( !   
slaves1 & ?is also to a  some:at great] 
ext5t ?an =m]ly1 n "o ( ! o!r effects1  
s anxi\sly look$ =1 has be5 realiz$4 ,! 
condition ( ! slaves  has n yet be5     
improv$ by law4 ,x is a rem>kable1 &    
inde$  almo/ an incr$ible fact1 t no "o 
ef=t has be5 made by !  legislative     

bodies 9 our ,isl&s ) ! real int5tion ( 
meet+  ! new1 ! great1 & ! extraord9>y  
ev5t ( ! abolition ( !  slave trade4    
,:ile inde$ ?is measure 0 "u discussion 
by !  ,briti% ,p>liam5t1 an attempt 0   
made 9 sev]al ( our ,isl&s to  alt] !   
old laws ) a view1 z x 0 !n pret5d$1 (  
provid+  bett] = ! wants & p]sonal      
protection ( ! slaves2 b x 0  aft]w>ds  
discov]$1 t ! promot]s ( ?is alt]ation  
nev] meant  to c>ry x into effect4 ,x 0 
int5d$1 by mak+ a %[ ( ^!  laws1 to     
deceive ! p ( ,engl&1 & ?us to prev5t !m
 f  foll[+ up ! great "q ( ! abolition4 
,mr4 ,clappeson1 "o (  ! evid5ces exam9$
 by ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 0 9 ,jamaica1 :5
 !  ,assembly pass$ _! fam\s consolidat$
 laws1 & he told ! ,h\se1  t he _h (t5  
he>d f p !re1 t x 0 pass$ because  ( !  
/ir 9 ,engl& ab\t ! slave trade2 & he   
add$1 t  slaves cont9u$ to be z ill     
treat$ !re s9ce ! pass+ ( t  act z be=e4
 ,mr4 ,cook1 ano!r ( ! evid5ces exam9$1 
0 long  resid5t 9 ! same isl&1 &1 ?\gh  
he liv$ !re also s9ce !  pass+ ( ! act1 

he knew ( no legal protection1 :i*      
slaves _h  aga9/ injuries f _! ma/]s4   
,mr4 ,dalrymple 0 exam9$ to !  same po9t
 = ,gr5ada4 ,he 0 !re 9 #aghh1 :5 ! ,act
 = t  isl& 0 pass$ also1 call$ ,an ,act 
= ! bett] ,protection &  promot+ !      
,increase & ,population ( ,slaves4 ,he  
told ! ,h\se1  t1 :ile he resid$ !re1 ! 
proposal 9 ! ,briti% ,p>liam5t  = !     
abolition ( ! slave trade 0 a matt] (   
g5]al discussion1  & t he believ$1 t ?is
 0 a pr9cipal reason = pass+ x4  ,he 0 (
 op9ion1 h[ev]1 t ?is ,act w\ld prove   
ineffectual1  because1 z ,negro evid5ce 
0 n to be admitt$1 ^?1 :o *ose to  abuse
 _! slaves1 might /ill d x ) impunity2 &
 p1 :o  liv$ on t]ms ( intimacy1 w\ld   
dislike ! idea ( becom+ spies &  in=m]s 
aga9/ ea* o!r4 ,we h ! same acc\nt ( !  
ameliorat+ ,act ( ,dom9ica4 ,?is ,act1  
says ,gov]nor ,prevo/1  appe>s to h be5 
consid]$ f ! day x 0 pass$ until ?is    
h\r z a political measure to av]t !     
int]f]5ce ( ! "m  c\ntry 9 ! managem5t (
 ! slaves4 ,we1 are in=m$ also on !     

same au?ority1 t ! clauses ( ?is ,act1  
:i* _h giv5 a promise  ( bett] days1 _h 
be5 :olly neglect$4 ,9 %ort1 ! ,acts    
pass$  9 our diff]5t ,isl&s = ! pret5d$ 
purpose ( bett]+ !  condition ( ! slaves
 h be5 all ( !m mo/ %amefully  neglect$2
 & !y rema9 only a dead lett]2 or !y are
 z mu* a  nullity1 z if !y _h nev]      
exi/$1 at ! pres5t day4    ,& z our     
plant]s h done no?+ yet effectively by  
law =  ameliorat+ ! condition ( _!      
slaves1 s !y h done no?+ or  worse ?an  
no?+ 9 ! case ( _! emancipation4 ,9 !   
ye> #ahae  ,mr4 ,wilb]=ce gave notice 9 
! ,h\se ( ,commons ( 8 int5tion to      
introduce !re a bill = ! regi/ration (  
slaves 9 ! ,briti%  colonies4 ,9 !      
foll[+ ye> an insurrection broke out    
among "s  slaves 9 ,b>badoes4 ,n[1 ?\gh 
?is insurrection orig9at$1 z !re  0 !n  
reason to believe1 9 local or peculi>   
circum/ances1 or 9  circum/ances :i* _h 
(t5 produc$ insurrections be=e1 !       
plant]s *ose to attribute x to !        
,regi/ry ,bill n[ m5tion$4 ,!y  gave out

 also1 t ! slaves 9 ,jamaica & 9 ! o!r  
isl&s _h  imbib$ a notion1 t ?is ,bill 0
 to lead to _! emancipation2  t1 :ile   
?is notion exi/$1 _! m9ds w\ld be 9 an  
unsettl$  /ate2 & !re=e t x 0 necess>y t
 x %\ld be done  away4 ,accord+ly on !  
#ai? day ( ,june #ahaf1 !y mov$ &       
procur$  an address f ! ,commons to !   
,pr9ce ,reg5t1 ! sub/ance ( :i*  0 7z   
relates to ?is p>ticul>7 t ,8 ,royal    
,highness w\ld be  pleas$ to ord] all ! 
gov]nors ( ! ,we/ ,india isl&s to       
proclaim1 9 ! mo/ public mann]1 ,8      
,royal ,highness's conc]n &  surprise at
 ! false & mis*iev\s op9ion1 :i* appe>$ 
to h  prevail$ 9 "s ( ! ,briti%         
colonies1--t ei!r ,8 ,royal  ,highness  
or ! ,briti% ,p>liam5t _h s5t out ord]s 
= !  emancipation ( ! ,negroes2 & to    
direct ! mo/ effectual me?ods  to be    
adopt$ = disc\nt5anc+ ^! unf\nd$ &      
dang]\s  impressions4 ,"h !n we h a pro(
 t 9 ! mon? ( ,june #ahaf  ! plant]s _h 
no notion ( alt]+ ! condition ( _!      
,negroes4 ,x is also evid5t1 t !y h     

ent]ta9$ no su*  notion s9ce2 =         
emancipation implies a prep>ation ( !   
p]sons  :o are to be ! subjects ( s     
great a *ange4 ,x implies a previ\s     
alt]ation ( treatm5t = ! bett]1 & a     
previ\s alt]ation (  cu/oms & ev5 (     
circum/ances1 no "o ( :i* c h[ev] be    
really  & truly effect$ )\t a previ\s   
*ange ( ! laws4 ,9 fact1 a              
progressively bett] treatm5t by law mu/ 
h be5 settl$ z a  prep>atory &          
absolutely necess>y "w1 _h emancipation 
be5  int5d$4 ,b z we h nev] he>d ( !    
introduction ( any new  laws to ?is     
effect1 or ) a view ( produc+ ?is       
effect1 9 any (  our colonies1 we h an  
evid5ce1 almo/ z cle> z ! sun at        
noonday1 t our plant]s h no notion (    
alt]+ ! condition (  _! ,negroes1 ?\gh  
fifte5 ye>s h elaps$ s9ce ! abolition ( 
! slave trade4  ,b if x be true t !     
abolition ( ! slave  trade has n produc$
 all ! effects1 :i* ! abolitioni/s      
anticipat$ or int5d$1 x w\ld appe> to be
 _! duty1 unless  insurm\ntable ob/acles

 pres5t !mselves1 to resume _! lab\rs3  
= ?\gh !re may be ^u ! :ole1 z ,i h     
admitt$1 a some:at  bett] individual    
treatm5t ( ! slaves by _! ma/]s1 aris+  
out ( an increas$ prud5ce 9 same1 :i*   
has be5 occasion$ by  /opp+ !           
importations1 yet x is true1 t n only _m
 ( !  =m] cont9ue to be ill-treat$ by ! 
latt]1 b t all may be s  ill-treat$1 if 
! latt] be s dispos$4 ,!y may be ill-f$1
  h>d-work$1 ill-us$1 & wantonly &      
b>b>\sly puni%$4 ,!y may  be tortur$1   
nay ev5 delib]ately & int5tionally kill$
 )\t !  means ( r$ress1 or ! puni%m5t ( 
! aggressor1 s long z !  evid5ce ( a    
,negro is n valid aga9/ a :ite man4 ,if 
a :ite ma/]  only take c>e1 t no o!r    
:ite man sees him commit an atrocity (  
! k9d m5tion$1 he is safe f ! cognizance
 ( ! law4 ,he may  commit su* atrocity 9
 ! sight ( a ?\s& black spectators1 & no
  h>m w happ5 to him f x4 ,9 fact1 !    
slaves 9 our ,isl&s h  no m real        
protection or r$ress f law1 ?an :5 !    
,abolitioni/s fir/ took up ! "q ( !     

slave trade4 ,x is  evid5t !re=e1 t !   
latt] h /ill "o-half ( _! "w to  p]=m1 &
 t x is _! duty to p]=m x4 ,if !y 7 ev] 
influ5c$ by any good motives1 :e!r (    
humanity1 ju/ice1 or  religion1 to      
und]take ! cause ( ! ,negroes1 !y mu/   
ev5 n[ be  influ5c$ by ! same motives to
 cont9ue x4 ,if any ( ^? disord]s  /ill 
exi/1 :i* x 0 _! int5tion to cure1 !y _c
 7if ^!  are curable7 retire f ! c\rse &
 say--!re is n[ no fur!r  ne$ ( our     
int]f]5ce4    ,! fir/ /ep !n to be tak5 
by ! ,abolitioni/s is to attempt to     
introduce an entire new code ( laws into
 our colonies4 ,! treatm5t  ( ! ,negroes
 !re mu/ no long] be made to dep5d ^u ! 
presum$  effects ( ! abolition ( ! slave
 trade4 ,inde$ !re 7 p]sons  well       
acqua9t$ ) ,colonial conc]ns1 :o call$ !
 abolition b a  half measure at ! "t :5 
x 0 fir/ publicly talk$ (4 ,!y  7 sure1 
t x w\ld nev] ( itself answ] ! end      
propos$4 ,mr4  ,/eele also confess$ 9 8 
lett] to ,dr4 ,dickson#a 7( bo? ( :om  m
 by & by71 t ! abolition ( ! /ave trade 

w\ld be  useless1 unless at ! same "t ! 
infam\s laws1 :i* he _h  po9t$ out1 7   
repeal$4 ,nei!r mu/ ! treatm5t ( !      
,negroes  be made to dep5d ^u :at may be
 call$ cont+5t humanity4 ,we n[  leave 9
 ?is c\ntry nei!r ! horse1 nor ! ass1   
nor ox51 nor  %eep1 to ! cont+5t        
humanity ev5 ( ,briti% bosoms2--& %all  
we leave ^?1 :om we h prov$ to be m51 to
 ! cont+5t  humanity ( a slave colony1  
:]e ! eye is famili>iz$ ) cruel  sights1
 & :]e we h se5 a con/ant exposure to   
oppression )\t  ! possibility ( r$ress8 
,no4 ,! treatm5t ( ! ,negroes mu/ be    
made to dep5d ^u law2 & unless ?is be   
done1 we %all look 9  va9 = any real    
amelioration ( _! condition4 ,9 ! fir/  
place1  all ^? old laws1 :i* are        
repugnant to humanity & ju/ice1 mu/ be  
done away4 ,!re mu/ also be new laws1   
positive1 c]ta91 easy (  execution1 b9d+
 ^u all1 by means ( :i* ! ,negroes 9 our
  isl&s %all h spe$y & sub/antial r$ress
 9 real cases (  ill-usage1 :e!r by     
/>vation1 ov]-"w1 or acts ( p]sonal     

viol5ce1 or o!rwise4 ,!re mu/ be new    
laws aga9 m ak9 to !  pr9ciple ( rew>d  
?an ( puni%m5t1 ( privilege ?an (       
privation1 & :i* %all1 h a t5d5cy to    
raise or elevate _!  condition1 s z to  
fit !m by degrees to su/a9 ! rank ( free
 m54    ,b if a new ,code ( ,laws be    
indisp5sably necess>y 9 our colonies 9  
ord] to secure a bett] treatm5t to !    
slaves1 to :om mu/ we look  = x8 ,i     
answ]1 t we mu/ n look = x to ! ,we/    
,indian  ,legislatures4 ,=1 9 ! fir/    
place1 judg+ ( :at !y are likely  to d f
 :at !y h already done1 or r f :at !y h 
n done1 we c h no reasonable expectation
 f t qu>t]4 ,"o  hundr$ & fifty ye>s h  
pass$1 dur+ :i* long int]val _!  laws h 
be5 ne>ly /ation>y1 or )\t any mat]ial  
improvem5t4  ,9 ! second place1 !       
individuals compos+ ^! ,legislatures1   
hav+ be5 us$ to ! ex]cise ( unlimit$    
p[]1 w\ld be unwill+  to "p ) t portion 
( x1 :i* w\ld be necess>y to secure !   
object 9 view4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 _!      
prejudices aga9/ _!  slaves are too     

great to all[ !m to become ei!r imp>tial
 or will+  actors 9 ! case4 ,! t]m slave
 be+ synonym\s accord+ to _!  e/imation 
& usage ) ! t]m brute1 !y h fix$ a /igma
  ^u _! ,negroes1 su* z we1 :o live 9   
,europe1 c\ld n h  conceiv$1 unless we  
_h _h irrefragable evid5ce ^u ! po9t4   
,:at  evils has n ?is cruel association 
( t]ms produc$8 ,! ,we/ ,indian  ma/]   
looks d[n ^u 8 slave ) disda94 ,he has  
besides a c]ta9  antipa?y aga9/ him4 ,he
 hates ! sight ( 8 features1 & ( 8      
col\r2 nay1 he m>ks ) di/9ctive         
opprobrium ! v blood 9 8  ve9s1 atta*+  
diff]5t names & m or less infamy to ^?  
:o  h x 9 !m1 accord+ to ! quantity :i* 
!y h ( x 9  consequ5ce ( _! p$igree1 or 
( _! great] or less degree (            
consangu9ity ) ! :ites4 ,h5ce ! ,we/    
,indian feels an  unwill+ness to elevate
 ! condition ( ! ,negro1 or to d any ?+ 
= him z a human be+4 ,i h no d\bt1 t ?is
 prejudice has be5  "o ( ! great causes 
:y ! improvem5t ( our slave population  
by  law has be5 s long ret>d$1 & t !    

same prejudice w  cont9ue to h a simil> 
op]ation1 s long z x %all cont9ue to    
exi/4 ,n t !re are want+ m5 ( humanity  
among our ,we/ ,indian  legislators4 ,_!
 humanity is disc]nible en\gh :5 x is to
 be  appli$ to ! :ites2 b su* is ! sy/em
 ( slav]y1 & !  degradation atta*$ to   
?is sy/em1 t _! humanity seems to be    
lo/ or gone1 :5 x is to be appli$ to !  
blacks4 ,n aga9 t  !re are want+ m5 (   
s5se among ! same body4 ,!y are %rewd & 
clev] en\gh 9 ! affairs ( life1 :]e !y  
ma9ta9 an int]c\rse  ) ! :ites2 b 9 _!  
int]c\rse ) ! blacks _!  s5se appe>s to 
be %rivell$ & n ( its ord9>y size4 ,look
 at !  laws ( _! own mak+1 z f> z !     
,negroes are conc]n$1 & !y  are a       
collection ( any ?+ b--wisdom4    ,x    
appe>s !n1 t if a new code ( laws is    
indisp5sably necess>y  9 our ,colonies 9
 ord] to secure a bett] treatm5t ( !    
slaves  !re1 we are n to look to ! ,we/ 
,indian ,legislatures = x4 ,to  :om !n  
are we to turn our eyes = help on ?is   
occasion8 ,we answ]1  ,to ! ,briti%     

,p>liam5t1 ! s\rce ( all legitimate p[]2
 to t  ,p>liam5t1 :i* has already he>d &
 r$ress$ 9 "p ! wrongs (  ,africa4 ,!   
,we/ ,indian ,legislatures mu/ be call$ 
^u to s5d _!  respective codes to ?is   
,p>liam5t = revision4 ,"h !y w be well  
& imp>tially exam9$2 "s ( ! laws w be   
/ruck out1 o!rs  am5d$1 & o!rs add$2 &  
at l5g? !y w be return$ to !  ,colonies1
 means hav+ be5 previ\sly devis$ = _!   
execution  !re4    ,b "h no d\bt a      
consid]able opposition w\ld arise on !  
"p (  ! ,we/ ,india plant]s4 ,^! w\ld   
consid] any su* int]f]5ce by  ! ,briti% 
,p>liam5t z an invasion ( _! rights1 &  
!y w\ld  cry out accord+ly4 ,we rememb] 
t !y set up a clam\r :5 !  abolition ( !
 slave trade 0 fir/ propos$4 ,b :at did 
,mr4 ,pitt  say to !m 9 ! ,h\se (       
,commons8 ,i w n[1 said he1 consid]  !  
proposition1 t on acc\nt ( "s           
patrimonial rights ( ! ,we/  ,indians1 !
 prohibition ( ! slave trade w\ld be an 
invasion (  _! legal inh]itance4 ,?is   
proposition impli$1 t ,p>liam5t _h  no  

"r to /op ! importations3 b _h ?is      
dete/able traffic  receiv$ su* a        
sanction1 z plac$ x m out ( !           
jurisdiction (  ! ,legislature = ev]    
aft]1 ?an any o!r bran* ( our trade8 ,b 
if ! laws respect+ ! slave trade impli$ 
a contract = its  p]petual cont9uance1 !
 ,h\se c\ld nev] regulate any o!r ( !   
bran*es ( our national comm]ce4 ,b any  
contract = ! promotion  ( ?is trade mu/1
 9 8 op9ion1 h be5 void f !  beg9n+2 =  
if x 0 an outrage ^u ju/ice1 & only     
ano!r  "n = fraud1 robb]y1 & murd]1 :at 
pl$ge c\ld devolve ^u  ! ,legislature to
 incur ! obligation ( becom+ pr9cipals 9
 !  commission ( su* enormities by      
sanction+ _! cont9uance8    ,!y set up  
aga9 a simil> clam\r1 :5 ! ,regi/ry     
,bill be=e  m5tion$ 0 discuss$ 9        
,p>liam5t1 cont5d+ t ! introduction  ( x
 !re 0 an int]f]5ce ) _! rights also3 b 
we mu/ n  =get ! reply :i* ,mr4 ,cann+  
made to !m on t occasion4 ,he  _h kn[n1 
7he said17 & !re might aga9 occur1      
in/ances (  ob/9acy 9 ! colonial        

assemblies1 :i* left ! ,briti% ,p>liam5t
  no *oice b direct int]f]5ce4 ,su*     
conduct might n[ call = su*  an ex]tion 
on ! "p ( ,p>liam5t2 b all t he plead$ =
 01  t "t %\ld be grant$1 t x might be  
kn[n if ! colonial  assemblies w\ld take
 ^u !m to d :at t ,h\se 0 pleas$ to     
decl>e %\ld be done4 ,! pres5t address  
c\ld n be misund]/ood4  ,x told !       
colonial assemblies1 ,y are safe = !    
pres5t f !  int]f]5ce ( ! ,briti%       
,p>liam5t1 on ! belief1 & on !  promise 
made = y1 t left to y\rselves y w d :at 
is  requir$ ( y4 ,to hold ?is language 0
 suffici5t4 ,! ,assemblies  might be    
left to inf] ! consequ5ces ( a refusal1 
& ,p>liam5t  might re/ satisfi$ ) !     
consci\sness1 t !y held 9 _!  h&s !     
means ( accompli%+ t :i* !y _h propos$4 
,9 a  subsequ5t discussion ( ! subject 9
 ! ,h\se ( ,lords1 ,"l ,holl&  rem>k$1 t
 9 8 op9ion !re _h be5 m prejudice aga9/
  ?is ,bill ?an ! nature ( ! ?+ ju/ifi$2
 b1 :atev] might be  ! objection felt   
aga9/ x 9 ! ,colonies1 x might be well =

 !m  to consid]1 t x w\ld be impossible 
= !m to resi/1 & t1  if ! ?+ 0 n done by
 !m1 x w\ld be done = !m4 ,b on  ?is    
subject1 t is1 on ! subject ( colonial  
rights1 ,i %all say  m 9 ano!r place4 ,x
 w be prop]1 h[ev]1 to repeat "h1 &  to 
insi/ ^u x too1 t !re is no effectual   
way ( rem$y+ !  evil compla9$ (1 b by   
subject+ ! colonial laws to ! revision  
( ! ,legislature ( ! "m c\ntry2 & p]haps
 ,i %all dis>m  "s ( ! oppon5ts to ?is  
measure1 & at any rate free myself f  ! 
*>ge ( a novel & wild proposition1 :5 ,i
 in=m !m t ,mr4  ,long1 ! celebrat$     
hi/orian & plant] ( ,jamaica1 & to ^:   
au?ority all ,we/ ,indians look up1     
adopt$ ! same idea4 ,writ+ on  ! affairs
 ( ,jamaica1 he says3 ,! sy/em#b (      
,colonial gov]nm5t1  & ! imp]fection (  
_! sev]al laws1 are subjects1 :i* nev]  
71 b :i* ought to be1 /rictly canvass$1 
exam9$1 & am5d$  by ! ,briti% ,p>liam5t4
    ,! second & la/ /ep to be tak5 by ! 
,abolitioni/s %\ld be1 to  collect all  
possible light on ! subject (           

emancipation ) a view  ( c>ry+ t measure
 into effect 9 its due "t4 ,!y ought    
nev]  to =get1 t emancipation 0 includ$ 
9 _! orig9al idea (  ! abolition ( !    
slave trade4 ,slav]y 0 !n z mu* an evil 
9  _! eyes z ! trade itself2 & s long z 
! =m] cont9ues 9  its pres5t /ate1 !    
ext9ction ( x ought to be equally an    
object (  _! c>e4 ,all ! slaves 9 our   
colonies1 :e!r m51 wom51 or  *ildr51    
:e!r ,africans or ,creoles1 h be5       
unju/ly depriv$ (  _! rights4 ,!re is n 
a ma/]1 :o has ! lea/ claim to _!       
s]vices 9 po9t ( equity4 ,!re is1 !re=e1
 a great debt due to  !m1 & = ?is no    
paym5t1 no am5ds1 no equival5t c be     
f\nd1  b a re/oration to _! lib]ty4     
,t all h be5 unju/ly depriv$ ( _!       
rights1 may be easily  %[n by exam9+ !  
diff]5t gr\nds on :i* !y are alleg$ to  
be  held 9 bondage4 ,) respect to ^? 9  
our colonies1 :o are  ,africans1 ,i nev]
 he>d ( any title to !m b by ! "r (     
pur*ase4 ,b x w be ask$1 :]e did !      
pur*as]s get !m8 ,x  w be answ]$1 t !y  

got !m f ! sell]s2 & :]e did !  sell]s1 
t is1 ! orig9al sell]s1 get !m8 ,!y got 
!m by  fraud or viol5ce4 ,s says !      
evid5ce be=e ! ,h\se ( ,commons2  & s1 9
 fact1 said bo? ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t1 :5  
!y aboli%$ !  trade3 & ?is is ! plea set
 up = reta9+ !m 9 a cruel  bondage666   
,) respect to ! re/ ( ! slaves1 t is1 ! 
,creoles1 or ^?  born 9 ! colonies1 !   
s]vices1 ! p]petual s]vices1 ( ^! are   
claim$ on ! plea ( ! law ( bir?4 ,!y 7  
born slaves1 &  ?is circum/ance is said 
to give to _! ma/]s a suffici5t "r to   
_! p]sons4 ,b ?is doctr9e sprung f ! old
 ,roman law1 :i*  taught t all slaves 7 
to be consid]$ z cattle4 ,p>tus         
sequitur v5trem1 says ?is law1 or !     
condition or lot ( ! "m  det]m9es !     
condition or lot ( ! (fspr+4 ,x is !    
same law1  :i* we ourselves n[ apply to 
cattle :ile !y are 9 our possession4    
,?us ! calf belongs to ! man :o owns !  
c[1 & ! foal to !  man :o owns ! m>e1 & 
n to ! own] ( ! bull or horse1 :i*  7 ! 
male p>5ts ( ea*4 ,x is !n ^u ?is1 ! old

 ,roman law1  & n ^u any ,engli% law1 t 
! plant]s f\nd _! "r to !  s]vices ( su*
 z are born 9 slav]y4 ,9 con=mity ) ?is 
law  !y d5i$1 = "o hundr$ & fifty ye>s1 
bo? ! moral &  intellectual nature ( _! 
slaves4 ,!y consid]$ !m !mselves1  & !y 
wi%$ !m to be consid]$ by o!rs1 9 ^!    
respects1 z  ^u a level only ) ! bea/s (
 ! field4 ,happily1 h[ev]1  _! ef=ts h  
be5 9 va94 ,! evid5ce exam9$ be=e !     
,h\se  ( ,commons 9 ! ye>s #aghi1 #agij1
 & #agia1 has confirm$ !  falsehood ( _!
 doctr9es4 ,x has prov$ t ! social      
affections  & ! intellectual p[]s bo? ( 
,africans & ,creoles are ! same z  ^? ( 
o!r human be+s4 ,:at !n becomes ( !     
,roman law8 ,= z  x takes no o!r view ( 
slaves ?an z cattle1 h[ is x applicable 
to ^?1 :om we h s abundantly prov$ to be
 m58    ,?is is ! gr& plea1 ^u :i* our  
,we/ ,indian plant]s h f\nd$  _! "r to !
 p]petual s]vices ( _! ,creole slaves4  
,!y  consid] !m z ! "y or (fspr+ (      
cattle4 ,b z ! slaves 9  "q h be5 prov$1
 & are n[ ackn[l$g$1 to be ! (fspr+  (  

m5 & wom51 ( social1 intellectual1 &    
acc\ntable be+s1 _!  "r mu/ fall to !   
gr\nd4 ,nor d ,i "k ^u :at o!r pr9ciple 
or "r !y c support x4 ,!y c h surely no 
natural "r to  ! infant1 :o is born ( a 
woman slave4 ,if !re be any "r to x by  
nature1 su* "r mu/ belong1 n to ! ma/] (
 ! "m1 b  to ! "m h]self4 ,!y c h no "r 
to x aga91 ei!r on !  score ( reason or 
( ju/ice4 ,debt & crime h be5 g5]ally   
admitt$ to be two fair gr\nds1 on :i* m5
 may be ju/ly depriv$ (  _! lib]ty = a  
"t1 & ev5 made to lab\r1 inasmu* z !y   
include rep>ation ( injury1 & ! duty ( !
 magi/rate to make  examples1 9 ord] t  
he may n be> ! sword 9 va94 ,b :at      
injury _h ! infant done1 :5 x came into 
! _w1 to ! ma/]  ( its "m1 t rep>ation  
%\ld be s\ght =1 or puni%m5t  inflict$ =
 example1 & t ?is rep>ation & ?is       
puni%m5t  %\ld be made to consi/ ( a    
c\rse ( action & suff]+1 aga9/  :i*1 m  
?an aga9/ any o!r1 human nature w\ld    
revolt8 ,is x  reasonable1 is x j1 t a  
poor infant :o has done no injury to any

  "o1 %\ld be subject$1 he & 8 po/]ity =
 ev]1 to !  arbitr>y w & tyranny (      
ano!r1 & moreov] to ! condition  ( a    
brute1 because by m]e accid5t1 & by no  
fault or w (  8 own1 he 0 born ( a      
p]son1 :o _h be5 previ\sly 9 !          
condition ( a slave8    ,& z ! "r to    
slaves1 because !y 7 born slaves1 _c be 
def5d$ ei!r ^u ! pr9ciples ( reason or (
 ju/ice1 s ?is  "r absolutely falls to  
pieces1 :5 we come to try x by !        
t\*/one ( ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,e man :o
 is born into !  _w1 :e!r he be :ite or 
:e!r he be black1 is born1 accord+ to   
,*ri/ian notions1 a free ag5t & an      
acc\ntable creature4 ,?is is  !         
,scriptural law ( 8 nature z a human    
br+4 ,he is born "u ?is  law1 & he      
cont9ues "u x dur+ 8 life4 ,n[ ! ,we/   
,indian  slav]y is ( su* an arbitr>y    
nature1 t x may be t]m$ prop]  or       
absolute4 ,! dom9ion atta*$ to x is a   
despotism )\t  control2 a despotism1 :i*
 keeps up its au?ority by t]ror only4 ,!
  subjects ( x mu/ d1 & ?is             

in/antane\sly1 :atev] _!  ma/] ord]s !m 
to d1 :e!r x be "r or wrong4 ,8 w1  & 8 
w alone1 is _! law4 ,if ! wife ( a slave
 7 ord]$ by  a ma/] to submit h]self to 
8 lu/s1 & !re=e to commit  adult]y1 or  
if h] husb& 7 ord]$ to /eal any ?+ =    
him1 &  !re=e to commit !ft1 ,i h no    
conception t ei!r ! "o or  ! o!r w\ld   
d>e to disobey 8 comm&s4 ,! :ip1 !      
%ackles1  ! dungeon1 says ,mr4 ,/eele   
be=e m5tion$1 are at all times 9 8  p[]1
 :e!r x be to gratify 8 lu/1 or display 
8  au?ority#c4 ,n[ if ! ma/] has ! p[]1 
a j1 & moral  p[]1 to make 8 slaves d   
:at he ord]s !m to d1 ev5 if x be       
wrong1 !n ,i mu/ cont5d t ! ,scriptures1
 ^: au?ority we  v5]ate1 are false4 ,i  
mu/ cont5d t 8 slaves nev] c\ld h  be5  
born free ag5ts & acc\ntable creatures2 
or t1 z soon z  !y became slaves1 !y 7  
absolv$ f ! condition ( free-ag5cy  & t 
!y lo/ _! responsibility z m54 ,b if1 on
 ! o!r  h&1 x be ! reveal$ w ( ,god1 t  
all m51 )\t exception1  mu/ be left free
 to act1 b acc\ntable to ,god = _!      

actions2--,i  cont5d t no man c be born1
 nay1 fur!r1 t no man c be made1  held1 
or possess$1 z a prop] slave4 ,i cont5d 
t !re c be1  accord+ to !               
,gospel-disp5sation1 no su* /ate z ,we/ 
,indian  slav]y4 ,b let u n[ suppose = a
 mom5t1 t !re might be f\nd  an in/ance 
or two ( slaves enlight5$ by "s pi\s    
,mission>y1 :o  w\ld refuse to execute  
_! ma/]'s ord]s on ! pr9ciple t !y  7   
wrong2 ev5 ?is w\ld n alt] our views ( !
 case4 ,= w\ld  n ?is refusal be s      
unexampl$1 s unlook$-=1 s imm$iately    
de/ructive to all au?ority & discipl9e1 
& s provocative (  ang]1 t x w\ld be    
foll[$ by imm$iate & signal puni%m5t8   
,"h !n we %\ld h a ,we/ ,indian ma/]    
rev]s+ all ! laws &  rules ( civiliz$   
nations1 & turn+ upside d[n all !       
morality (  ! ,gospel by ! novel        
practice ( puni%+ m5 = _! virtues4  ,?is
 new case af=ds ano!r argum5t1 :y a man 
_c be born a  prop] slave4 ,9 fact1 !   
:ole sy/em ( our plant]s appe>s to me to
  be s directly 9 opposition to ! :ole  

sy/em ( our religion1 t ,i  h no        
conception1 h[ a man c h be5 born a     
slave1 su* z !  ,we/ ,indian is2 nor    
inde$ h ,i any conception1 h[ he c be1  
rightly1 or ju/ly1 or prop]ly1 a ,we/   
,indian slave at all4 ,!re  appe>s to me
 some?+ ev5 impi\s 9 ! ?\ght2 & ,i am   
conv9c$1  t _m ye>s w n pass1 be=e !    
,we/ ,indian slav]y w  fall1 & t future 
ages w contemplate ) a/oni%m5t h[ !     
prec$+ c\ld h tol]at$ x4    ,x has n[   
appe>$1 if ,i h reason$ conclusively1 t 
! ,we/  ,indians h no title to _! slaves
 on ! gr\nd ( pur*ase1 nor on  ! plea ( 
! law ( bir?1 nor on t ( any natural "r1
 nor on  t ( reason or ju/ice1 & t      
,*ri/ianity absolutely annihilates  x4  
,x rema9s only to %[1 t !y h no title to
 !m on !  gr\nd ( orig9al grants or     
p]missions ( ,gov]nm5ts1 or ( ,acts  (  
,p>liam5t1 or ( ,*>t]s1 or ( ,engli%    
law4    ,) respect to orig9al grants or 
p]missions ( ,gov]nm5ts1 ! case  is v   
cle>4 ,hi/ory in=ms u1 t nei!r !        
,african slave trade  nor ! ,we/ ,indian

 slav]y w\ld h be5 all[$1 _h x n be5 =  
! misrepres5tations & falsehoods ( ^?1  
:o 7 fir/  conc]n$ 9 !m4 ,! ,gov]nm5ts (
 ^? times 7 made to believe1  fir/1 t ! 
poor ,africans emb>k$ volunt>ily on bo>d
 ! %ips  :i* took !m f _! native l&2 &  
secondly1 t !y 7  convey$ to ! ,colonies
 pr9cipally = _! own b5efit1 or out (   
,*ri/ian feel+ = !m1 t !y might aft]w>ds
 be conv]t$  to ,*ri/ianity4 ,take z an 
in/ance ( ! fir/ ass]tion1 ! way 9  :i* 
,que5 ,elizabe? 0 deceiv$1 9 ^: reign ! 
execrable slave  trade began 9 ,engl&4  
,?is great pr9cess seems on ! v         
comm5cem5t ( ! trade to h que/ion$ its  
lawfulness4 ,%e seems  to h ent]ta9$ a  
religi\s scruple conc]n+ x1 & inde$1 to 
h revolt$ at ! v ?\ghts ( x4 ,%e seems  
to h be5 aw>e  ( ! evils to :i* its     
cont9uance might lead1 or t1 if x 7     
sanction$1 ! mo/ unju/ifiable means     
might be made use ( to procure  ! p]sons
 ( ! natives ( ,africa4 ,& 9 :at light  
%e w\ld h  view$ any acts ( ?is k9d1 _h 
!y tak5 place to h] k1 we  may          

conjecture f ?is fact--t :5 ,capta9     
7aft]w>ds ,sir ,john7  ,hawk9s return$ f
 8 fir/ voyage to ,africa & ,hispaniola1
 :i!r  he _h c>ri$ slaves1 %e s5t = him1
 &1 z we le>n f ,hill's  ,naval ,hi/ory1
 express$ h] conc]n le/ any ( !         
,africans %\ld be  c>ri$ (f )\t _! free 
cons5t1 decl>+1 t x w\ld be  dete/able &
 call d[n ! v5geance ( ,heav5 ^u !      
und]tak]s4  ,capt4 ,hawk9s promis$ to   
comply ) ! injunctions ( ,elizabe? 9    
?is respect4 ,b he did n keep 8 ^w2 = :5
 he w5t to ,africa  aga91 he seiz$ _m ( 
! inhabitants & c>ri$ !m (f z  slaves1  
,"h 7says ,hill7 began ! horrid practice
 ( =c+ !  ,africans into slav]y1 an     
inju/ice & b>b>ity1 :i*1 s sure z  !re  
is v5geance 9 ,heav5 = ! wor/ ( crimes1 
w sometime be  ! de/ruction ( all :o    
enc\rage x4 ,take z an in/ance ( !      
second :at ,labat1 a ,roman mission>y1  
records 9 8 acc\nt ( !  ,isles (        
,am]ica4 ,he says1 t ,l\is ! ,?irte5? 0 
v uneasy1  :5 he 0 ab\t to issue !      
edict1 by :i* all ,africans com+ into  8

 colonies 7 to be made slaves2 & t ?is  
uneas9ess cont9u$1  till he 0 assur$ t !
 introduction ( !m 9 ?is capacity into  
8 =eign dom9ions 0 ! readie/ way (      
conv]t+ !m to !  pr9ciples ( ! ,*ri/ian 
religion4 ,x 0 ^u ^! ideas !n1  namely1 
t ! ,africans left _! own c\ntry        
volunt>ily1 & t  !y 7 to receive !      
bless+s ( ,*ri/ianity1 & ^u ^!  alone1 t
 ! fir/ transportations 7 all[$1 & t !  
fir/  ,engli% grants & ,acts (          
,p>liam5t1 & t ! fir/ =eign  edicts1    
sanction$ !m4 ,we h !re=e ! fact well   
au!nticat$1  z x relates to orig9al     
,gov]nm5t grants & p]missions1 t !      
own]s ( _m ( ! ,creole slaves 9 our     
colonies h no bett] title  to !m z      
prop]ty1 ?an z be+ ! desc5dants ( p]sons
 =c$  away f _! c\ntry & br\ght ?i!r by 
a traffic1 :i* _h its  all[$ orig9 9    
fraud & falsehood4    ,nei!r h ! ma/]s (
 slaves 9 our colonies any title to _!  
slaves on acc\nt ( any *>t]s1 :i* !y may
 be able to produce1  ?\gh _! *>t]s are 
! only s\rce ( _! p[]4 ,x is ?r\gh  ^! t

 !y h hi!rto legislat$1 & t !y cont9ue  
to  legislate4 ,take away _! *>t]s1 & !y
 w\ld h no "r or  p[] to legislate at   
all4 ,& yet1 ?\gh !y h _! *>t]s1 &  ?\gh
 ! slav]y1 :i* n[ exi/s1 has be5 =m$ &  
kept toge!r  entirely by ! laws1 :i* su*
 *>t]s h giv5 !m ! p[] to  make1 ?is v  
slav]y is illegal4 ,!re is n an         
individual1 :o  holds any ( ! slaves by 
a legal title3 = x is express$ 9 all  ^!
 *>t]s1 :e!r 9 ^? giv5 to ,william ,p5n 
& o!rs =  ! cont95t ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 or 
9 ^? giv5 = ! isl&s n[  "u our          
consid]ation1 t ! laws & /atutes1 to be 
made !re1  are n to be repugnant1 b1 z  
ne> z may be1 agreeable1 to !  laws &   
/atutes ( ?is our k+dom ( ,great        
,brita94 ,b is x  consi/5t ) ! laws (   
,engl&1 t any "o man %\ld h !  p[] ( =c+
 ano!r to "w = him )\t wages8 ,is x     
consi/5t  ) ! laws ( ,engl&1 t any "o   
man %\ld h ! p[] (  flogg+1 beat+1      
bruis+1 or w\nd+ ano!r at 8 discretion8 
,is  x consi/5t ) ! laws ( ,engl&1 t a  
man %\ld be judg$ by  any b 8 pe]s8 ,is 

x consi/5t ) ! same laws1 t a man  %\ld 
be depriv$ ( ! p[] ( giv+ evid5ce aga9/ 
! man :o  has injur$ him8 or t !re %\ld 
be a privileg$ class1 aga9/  :om no     
te/imony c be admitt$ on c]ta9          
occasions1 ?\gh !  p]petrators ( ! mo/  
horrid crimes8 ,b :5 we talk ( consi/5cy
  on ?is occasion1 let u n =get t old   
law ( ,b>badoes1  made  :ile ! *>t] ( t 
isl& 0 fre% 9 e body's memory1 &  !re=e 
9 ! v tee? ( ! *>t] itself1 :i* runs    
?us3 ,if  any slave1 "u puni%m5t by 8   
ma/] or by 8 ord]1 %all suff]  9 life or
 memb]1 no p]son %all be liable to any  
f9e = ! same3  b if any p]son %all      
wantonly or cruelly kill 8 own slave1 he
  %all pay ! treasury #ae l4 ,& "h let u
 rem>k1 t1 :5 ,"l  ,sea=?1 gov]nor (    
,b>badoes1 propos$1 s lately z 9 #ahjb1 
!  repeal ( ?is bloody law1 !           
,legislature ( t isl& reject$ !         
proposition ) indignation4 ,nay1 ! v    
proposal to repeal x s  /irr$ up at ! "t
 ! bad passions ( _m1 t sev]al brutal   
murd]s ( slaves 7 committ$ 9 consequ5ce2

 & x 0 n till two  or ?ree ye>s aft]w>ds
 t ! gov]nor _h influ5ce en\gh to get  !
 law repeal$4 ,let ! ,we/ ,indians !n   
talk no m ( _!  *>t]s2 = 9 consequ5ce ( 
hav+ legislat$ ^u pr9ciples1  :i* are at
 v>iance ) ^? ^u :i* ! laws ( ,engl& are
  f\nd$1 !y h =feit$ !m all4 ,! "m      
c\ntry has  !re=e a "r to )draw ^! *>t]s
 :5ev] %e pleases1 &  to sub/itute su*  
o!rs z %e may ?9k prop]4 ,& "h let x be 
obs]v$ also1 t ! "r ( ! ,we/ ,indians to
 make any laws at  all = _! own isl&s   
be+ f\nd$ ^u _! *>t]s1 & ^u  ^! alone1 &
 ! laws relat+ to ! slaves be+ contr>y  
to :at  su* *>t]s prescribe1 ! slav]y   
itself1 t is1 ! daily liv+  practice )  
respect to slaves "u su* laws1 is       
illegal & may  be done away4 ,b if s1   
all our ,we/ ,indian slaves are1 )\t    
exception1 unlawfully held 9 bondage4   
,!re is no ma/]1 :o has a  legal title  
to any ( !m4 ,?is ass]tion may appe>    
/range &  extravagant to _m2 b x does n 
foll[ on t acc\nt t x is  ! less true4  
,x is an ass]tion1 :i* has be5 made by a

 ,we/ ,indian  proprietor himself4 ,mr4 
,/eele#d1 be=e quot$1 furni%es u ) :at  
pass$ at ! meet+ ( ! ,society ( ,arts 9 
,b>badoes at _!  committee-room 9 ,augu/
 #aghe1 :5 ! foll[+ "q 0 9 !  ord] ( !  
day3 ,is !re any law writt51 or pr9t$1  
by :i* a  proprietor c prove 8 title to 
8 slave "u or con=mable to !  laws (    
,engl&8 ,& ,:y1 7imm$iately said "o ( ! 
memb]s17 :y  con=mable to ! laws (      
,engl&8 ,w n ! c\rts 9 ,engl& admit  su*
 pro( z is au?oriz$ by our slave        
laws8--,i appreh5d n1  7answ]$ a        
second17 unless we c %[ t our slave laws
 7accord+  to ! limitations ( ! *>t]7   
are n repugnant to ! laws (  ,engl&4--,!
 same g5tleman resum$3 ,does ! orig9al  
pur*as] (  an ,african slave 9 ?is isl& 
obta9 any legal title f ! m]*ant  or    
import] ( slaves--& ( :at nature8 ,does 
x set =? any title  ( propriety1        
agreeable to ! laws ( ,engl& 7or ev5 to 
! laws (  nations7 to be 9 ! import] m  
?an :at dep5ds ^u 8 simple  av]m5t8 ,& h
 n free ,negroes be5 at sundry times    

trepann$ by  su* deal]s1 & be5 br\ght   
contr>y to ! laws ( nations1 & sold  "h 
z slaves8--,!re is no d\bt1 7obs]v$ a   
?ird17 b su*  villa9\s actions h be5    
done by wor?less p3 h[ev]1 ?\gh  an     
hone/ & unsuspici\s man may be deceiv$ 9
 buy+ a /ol5 horse1  x does n foll[ t he
 may n h a fair & j title to a horse  or
 any ?+ else b\ght 9 an op5 & legal     
m>ket2 b accord+ to  ! obligation ( be+ 
n repugnant to ! laws ( ,engl&1 ,i d n  
see h[ we c h any title to our slaves   
likely to be support$ by  ! laws (      
,engl&4 ,9 fact1 ! ,colonial sy/em is an
 excresc5ce  ^u ! ,engli% ,con/itution1 
& is con/antly at v>iance ) x4  ,!re is 
n "o ,engli% law1 :i* gives a man a "r  
to ! lib]ty  ( any ( 8 fell[ creatures4 
,( c\rse !re _c be1 accord+ to  *>t]s1  
any ,colonial law to ?is effect4 ,if !re
 be1 x is null &  void4 ,nay1 ! v man1  
:o is held 9 bondage by ! ,colonial law1
  becomes free by ,engli% law ! mom5t he
 rea*es ! ,engli% %ore4 ,b  we h said   
en\gh = our pres5t purpose4 ,we h %[n t 

!  slaves 9 our ,colonies1 :e!r !y be   
,africans1 or :e!r !y be  ,creoles1 h   
be5 unju/ly depriv$ ( _! rights4 ,!re is
 (  c\rse a great debt due to !m4 ,!y h 
a claim to a re/oration to  lib]ty2 & z 
?is re/oration 0 includ$ by !           
,abolitioni/s 9  _! orig9al idea ( !    
abolition ( ! slavetrade1 s x is _!     
duty to endeav\r to obta9 x ! fir/ mom5t
 x is practicable4 ,i  %all conclude my 
obs]vations on ?is "p ( ! subject1 9 !  
words  ( t old *ampion ( ,african       
lib]ty1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,smi?1 ! pres5t  ,memb]
 = ,norwi*1 :5 address+ ! ,h\se (       
,commons 9 ! la/  session ( p>liam5t on 
a p>ticul> occasion4 ,he admitt$1 allud+
 to  ! slaves 9 our colonies1 t imm$iate
 emancipation might be an  injury1 & n a
 bless+ to ! slaves !mselves4 ,a p]iod (
  prep>ation1 :i* unhappily includ$     
delay1 seem$ to be necess>y4  ,! gr\nd (
 ?is delay1 h[ev]1 0 n ! int]m$iate     
advantage to  be d]iv$ f _! lab\r1 b a  
conviction ( its exp$i5cy z x  relat$ to
 !mselves4 ,we _h to comp5sate to ^!    

wret*$ be+s  = ages ( inju/ice4 ,we 7   
b\nd by ! /ronge/ obligations to  tra9  
up ^! subjects ( our pa/ inju/ice &     
tyranny = an equal  p>ticipation )      
ourselves 9 ! bless+s ( lib]ty & !      
protection ( ! law2 & by ^!             
consid]ations ought our measures  to be 
/rictly & consci5ti\sly regulat$4 ,x 0  
only 9 consequ5ce  ( ! necessity ( "t to
 be consum$ 9 su* a prep>ation1 t we    
c\ld be ju/ifi$ 9 ! ret5tion ( !        
,negroes 9 slav]y = a  s+le h\r2 & he   
tru/$ t ! eyes ( all m51 bo? "h & 9  !  
colonies1 w\ld be op5 to ?is view ( !   
subject z _! cle>  & indisp5sable duty4 
,hav+ l$ ! read] to ! fir/ necess>y /ep 
to be tak5 9 fav\r  ( our slaves 9 !    
,briti% ,colonies1--namely1 ! procur+ = 
!m a  new & bett] code ( laws2 & hav+   
s9ce l$ him to ! la/ or  f9al           
"o1--namely1 ! procur+ = !m ! rights (  
:i* !y h  be5 unju/ly depriv$3 ,i %all  
n[ conf9e myself entirely to ?is  latt] 
bran* ( ! subject1 be+ assur$1 t x has a
 claim to all  ! att5tion t c be be/[$  

^u x2 & ,i tru/ t ,i %all be  able to   
%[1 by appeal+ to hi/orical facts1 t    
h[ev] awful &  trem5d\s ! "w (          
emancipation may seem1 x is yet         
practicable2  t x is practicable also   
)\t dang]2 & moreov]1 t x is            
practicable ) ! probability ( advantage 
to all ! p>ties  conc]n$4    ,9 appeal+ 
h[ev] to facts = ?is purpose1 we mu/    
expect no light  f antiquity to guide u 
on our way2 = hi/ory gives u no acc\nt  
( p]sons 9 ^? times simil>ly situat$ ) !
 slaves 9 !  ,briti% colonies at !      
pres5t day4 ,!re 7 no p>ticul> nations 9
  ^? times1 l ! ,africans1 expressly set
 ap>t = slav]y by !  re/ ( ! _w1 s z to 
h a /igma put ^u !m on t acc\nt1  nor   
did a diff]5ce ( ! col\r ( ! sk9        
con/itute always1 z x  n[ does1 a mo/   
m>k$ di/9ction betwe5 ! ma/] & ! slave1 
s  z to increase ?is /igma & to         
p]petuate antipa?ies betwe5 !m4  ,nor   
did ! slaves ( antiquity1 except p]haps 
once 9 ,sp>ta1 =m !  :ole lab\r+        
population ( ! l&2 nor did !y "w        

incessantly1  l ! ,africans1 "u ! :ip2  
nor 7 !y g5]ally s beh9d  _! ma/]s 9    
cultivat$ intellect4 ,nei!r does anci5t 
hi/ory give  u 9 ! cases ( manumission1 
:i* x records1 any p>allel1 f  :i* we   
might argue 9 ! case be=e u4 ,! anci5t  
manumissions  7 ^? ( individuals only1  
g5]ally ( b "o at a "t1 & only  n[ & !n2
 :]eas ! emancipation1 :i* we           
contemplate 9 !  colonies1 w compreh5d  
:ole bodies ( m51 nay1 :ole             
populations1 at a giv5 "t4 ,we mu/ g    
!re=e 9 que/ ( examples  to mod]n times1
 or r to ! hi/ory ( ! colonial slav]y   
itself2 & if we %\ld f9d any !re1 :i*   
appe> to be> at all  ^u ! case 9 "q1 we 
mu/ be ?ankful = !m1 &1 ?\gh  !y %\ld n 
be entirely to our m9d1 we mu/ n turn !m
 away1 b  keep !m1 & reason f !m z f> z 
_! analogies w w>rant4    ,9 exam9+ a   
p]iod compreh5d+ ! la/ =ty ye>s1 ,i f9d 
no less  ?an six or sev5 in/ances ( !   
emancipation ( ,african slaves 9        
bodies4 ,! fir/ ( ^! cases occurr$ at ! 
close ( ! fir/  ,am]ican w>4 ,a numb] ( 

slaves _h run away f _! ,nor? ,am]ican  
ma/]s & jo9$ ! ,briti% army4 ,:5 peace  
came1 ! ,briti%  ,gov]nm5t did n "k :at 
to d ) !m4 ,_! s]vices 7 no  long]      
want$4 ,to leave !m beh9d to fall aga9  
into ! p[] (  _! ma/]s w\ld h be5 great 
cruelty z well z inju/ice2 & z  to tak+ 
!m to ,engl&1 :at c\ld h be5 done ) !m  
!re8 ,x  0 at l5g? det]m9$ to give !m _!
 lib]ty1 & to disb&  !m 9 ,nova ,scotia1
 & to settle !m !re ^u grants ( l& z    
,briti% subjects & z free m54 ,! ,nova  
,scotians on le>n+  _! de/9ation 7      
al>m$4 ,!y c\ld n be> ! ?\ght (  hav+   
su* a numb] ( black p]sons among !m1 &  
p>ticul>ly z  ^! und]/ood ! use ( arms4 
,! ,gov]nm5t1 h[ev]1 p]sev]+  9 its     
orig9al int5tion1 !y 7 convey$ to       
,halifax1 &  di/ribut$ f !nce into !    
c\ntry4 ,_! numb]1 compreh5d+  m51 wom51
 & *ildr51 7 two ?\s& & upw>ds4 ,to ga9 
_!  livelihood1 "s ( !m work$ ^u little 
portions ( l& ( _!  own2 o!rs work$ z   
c>p5t]s2 o!rs became fi%]m52 & o!rs     
work$ = hire 9 o!r ways4 ,9 process ( "t

 !y rais$ places (  wor%ip ( _! own1 &  
_h m9i/]s ( _! own f _! own  body4 ,!y  
l$ a h>mless life1 & ga9$ ! "* ( an     
indu/ri\s & hone/ p f _! :ite neighb\rs4
 ,a few ye>s  aft]w>ds ! l& 9 ,nova     
,scotia be+ f\nd too poor to answ]1 &  !
 climate too cold = _! con/itutions1 a  
numb] ( !m1 to !  am\nt ( betwe5 ?irte5 
& f\rte5 hundr$1 volunte]$ to =m a  new 
colony1 :i* 0 !n fir/ ?\ght (1 at ,si]ra
 ,leone4  ,accord+ly1 hav+ be5 convey$  
!re1 !y realiz$ ! object 9  view2 & !y  
are to be f\nd !re1 !y or _! desc5dants1
 mo/ (  !m 9 indep5d5t & "s ( !m 9      
afflu5t circum/ances1 at !  pres5t day4 
,a second case may be tak5 f :at occurr$
 at ! close ( !  second1 or la/ ,am]ican
 w>4 ,x may be rememb]$ t a l>ge ,briti%
  naval =ce1 hav+ on bo>d a p[]ful l&   
=ce1 sail$ 9 ! ye>  #ahad1 to make a    
desc5t on ! coa/ ( ! s\!rn ,/ates (     
,am]ica4  ,! ,briti% army1 :5 l&$1 m>*$ 
to ,wa%+ton1 & burnt mo/ (  its public  
build+s4 ,x 0 engag$ also at diff]5t    
times ) !  ,am]ican army 9 ! field4     

,dur+ ^! exp$itions1 "s hundr$s (       
slaves 9 ^! p>ts jo9$ ! ,briti% /&>d by 
invitation4 ,:5  ! campaign 0 ov]1 !    
same difficulty occurr$ ab\t dispos+ (  
^! z 9 ! =m] case4 ,x 0 det]m9$ at l5g? 
to %ip !m to  ,tr9idad z free lab\r]s4  
,b "h1 t is1 at ,tr9idad1 an  objection 
0 />t$ aga9/ receiv+ !m1 b on a diff]5t 
gr\nd  f t :i* _h be5 />t$ 9 ! simil>   
case 9 ,nova ,scotia4 ,!  plant]s (     
,tr9idad 7 sure t no free ,negroes w\ld 
ev] "w1  & !re=e t ! slaves 9 "q w\ld1  
if made free &  settl$ among !m1 support
 !mselves by plund]4 ,sir ,ralph        
,wood=d1  h[ev]1 ! gov]nor ( ! isl&1    
resi/$ ! outcry ( ^!  prejudices4 ,he   
receiv$ !m into ! isl&1 & settl$ !m :]e 
he  suppos$ ! exp]im5t w\ld be mo/      
safely made4 ,! result has %[n  8       
disc]nm5t4 ,^! v m51 =m]ly slaves 9 !   
,s\!rn ,/ates  ( ,am]ica & aft]w>ds     
emancipat$ 9 a body at ,tr9idad1 are n[ 
e>n+ _! own livelihood1 & ) s mu*       
indu/ry & good conduct  t ! calumnies   
orig9ally spread aga9/ !m h entirely di$

  away4    ,a ?ird case may compreh5d ^?
 ,negroes1 :o lately =m$ :at we  call   
our ,we/ ,indian black regim5ts4 ,"s (  
^! _h be5 orig9ally  pur*as$ 9 ,africa1 
n z slaves b recruits1 & o!rs 9 ,jamaica
  & else:]e4 ,!y _h all s]v$ z soldi]s 9
 ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,at  l5g? c]ta9 ( ^!   
regim5ts 7 transport$ to ,si]ra ,leone &
  disb&$ !re1 & ! individuals compos+ !m
 receiv$ _!  dis*>ge z free m54 ,?is    
happ5$ 9 ! spr+ ( #ahai4 ,_m  hundr$s ( 
!m 7 set at lib]ty at once ^u ?is       
occasion4 ,"s  ( ^! 7 aft]w>ds m>*$ into
 ! int]ior1 :]e !y f\nd$  ,wat]loo1     
,ha/+s1 & o!r villages4 ,o!rs 7 %ipp$ to
 ! ,isles  de ,loss1 :]e !y made        
settlem5ts 9 l mann]4 ,_m1 9 bo?  cases1
 took ) !m _! wives1 :i* !y _h br\ght f 
! ,we/  ,indies1 & o!rs select$ wives f 
! natives on ! spot4 ,!y  7 all settl$  
^u grants giv5 !m by ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,x    
appe>s  f acc\nts receiv$ f ,sir ,*>les 
,m',c>?y1 ! gov]nor ( ,si]ra  ,leone1 t 
!y h conduct$ !mselves to 8             
satisfaction1 & t  !y w prove a valuable

 addition to t colony4    ,a f\r? case  
may compreh5d :at we call ! captur$     
,negroes 9 !  colony n[ m5tion$4 ,^! are
 totally di/9ct f ^? ei!r 9  ! fir/ or 9
 ! la/ ( ! cases :i* h be5 m5tion$4 ,x  
is  well kn[n t ^! 7 tak5 out (         
slave-%ips captur$ at  diff]5t times f !
 comm5cem5t ( ! abolition ( ! slave     
trade to ! pres5t mom5t1 & t on be+ l&$ 
!y 7 made  free4 ,aft] hav+ be5 recruit$
 9 _! heal? !y 7 m>*$ 9  bodies into !  
int]ior1 :]e !y 7 taught to =m villages 
& to  cultivate l& = !mselves4 ,!y 7    
made free z !y 7 l&$  f ! vessels1 f    
fifty to two or ?ree hundr$ at a "t4 ,!y
  occupy at pres5t twelve t[ns1 9 :i* !y
 h bo? _! *ur*es  & _! s*ools4 ,reg5ts  
,t[n hav+ be5 "o ( ! fir/  e/abli%$1    
conta9+ ab\t ?irte5 hundr$ s\ls1 /&s    
=emo/ 9  improvem5t1 & has become a     
patt]n = indu/ry & good example4  ,! p  
!re h n[ fall5 entirely into ! habits ( 
,engli%  society4 ,!y are dec5tly &     
respectably dress$4 ,!y att5d div9e     
wor%ip regul>ly4 ,!y exhibit an ord]ly &

 moral conduct4 ,9 _!  t[n little %ops  
are n[ beg9n+ to make _! appe>ance2 & _!
  l&s %[ ! m>ks ( extraord9>y           
cultivation4 ,_m ( !m1 aft]  hav+       
suppli$ _! own wants = ! ye>1 h a       
surplus produce 9  h& = ! pur*ase (     
sup]fluities or com=ts4    ,"h !n are   
f\r cases ( slaves1 ei!r ,africans or   
desc5dants (  ,africans1 emancipat$ 9   
consid]able bodies at a "t4 ,i h kept   
!m by !mselves1 became !y are ( a       
diff]5t complexion f  ^?1 :i* ,i int5d  
%\ld foll[4 ,i %all n[ reason ^u !m4    
,let  me premise1 h[ev]1 t ,i %all      
consid] ! ?ree fir/ ( ! cases  z "o1 s t
 ! same reason+ w d = all4 ,!y are alike
  inde$ 9 _! ma9 features2 & we mu/     
consid] ?is z  suffici5t2 = to att5d    
m9utely to e %ade ( diff]5ce#e1  :i* may
 occur 9 e case1 w\ld be to bewild] !   
read]1 & to  swell ! size ( my "w       
unnecess>ily1 or )\t conf]r+ an         
adequate b5efit to ! controv]sy on ei!r 
side4    ,x w be said !n 7= my reason+ w
 consi/ pr9cipally 9  answ]+ objections 

on ! pres5t occasion7 t ! ?ree fir/     
cases  are n /rictly analog\s to t ( our
 ,we/ ,indian slaves1 ^:  emancipation  
we are seek+4 ,x w be cont5d$1 t !      
slaves 9  our ,we/ ,indian colonies h   
be5 con/antly 9 an abject & degrad$     
/ate4 ,_! faculties are b5umb$4 ,!y h   
contract$ all ! vices  ( slav]y4 ,!y are
 become habitually ?ieves & li>s4 ,_!   
bosoms  burn ) rev5ge aga9/ ! :ites4 ,h[
 !n c p]sons 9 su* a  /ate be fit to    
receive _! fre$om8 ,! slaves1 on ! o!r  
h&1  :o are compreh5d$ 9 ! ?ree cases   
above m5tion$1 f\nd 9 !  ,briti% army a 
s*ool z x 71 :i* fitt$ !m by degrees =  
mak+ a good use ( _! lib]ty4 ,:ile !y 7 
!re1 !y 7  nev] out ( ! rea* (          
discipl9e1 & yet 7 daily left to        
!mselves to act z free m54 ,!y obta9$   
also 9 ?is prep>atory  s*ool "s k ( !   
cu/oms ( civiliz$ life4 ,!y 7 9  ! habit
 also ( mix+ famili>ly ) ! :ite soldi]s4
 ,h5ce1 x  w be said1 !y 7 9 a /ate mu* 
m fav\rable = und]go+  a *ange 9 _!     
condition ?an ! ,we/ ,indian slaves be=e

  m5tion$4 ,i admit all ?is4 ,i admit ! 
diff]5ce betwe5 ! two  situations1 &    
also ! pref]5ce :i* ,i myself %\ld give 
to !  "o above ! o!r on acc\nt ( its    
desirable t5d5cies4 ,b ,i nev]  /at$1 t 
our ,we/ ,indian slaves 7 to be         
emancipat$ sudd5ly1  b by degrees4 ,i   
always1 on ! o!r h&1 took x = grant$1 t 
!y 7 to h _! prep>atory s*ool also4 ,nor
 mu/ x be  =gott51 z a comp>ison has be5
 in/itut$1 t if !re 0 less  dang] 9     
emancipat+ ! o!r slaves1 because !y _h  
receiv$  some?+ l a prep>atory education
 = ! *ange1 !re 0 f>  m 9 ano!r po9t (  
view1 because !y 7 all acqua9t$ )  ! use
 ( arms4 ,?is is a consid]ation ( great 
importance2 b  p>ticul>ly :5 we consid] 
! prejudices ( ! blacks aga9/ !  :ites2 
= w\ld our ,we/ ,indian plant]s be z mu*
 at _! ease1 z  !y n[ are1 if _! slaves 
_h acquir$ a k ( ! use (  arms1 or w\ld 
!y ?9k !m on ?is acc\nt m or less fit = 
emancipation8    ,x w be said aga91 t ! 
f\r? case1 consi/+ ( ! ,si]ra  ,leone   
captur$ ,negroes1 is n /rictly analog\s 

to ! "o 9 po9t4  ,^! _h probably be5    
slaves b = a %ort "t1--say a few  mon?s1
 includ+ ! "t :i* elaps$ betwe5 _!      
r$uction to  slav]y & _! emb>kation f   
,africa1 & betwe5 ?is _!  emb>kation &  
_! capture ^u ! ocean4 ,!y _h sc>cely   
be5  slaves :5 !y 7 return$ to ! rank ( 
free m54 ,little or no  *ange !re=e c\ld
 h be5 effect$ 9 s %ort an int]im 9  _! 
disposition & _! "*2 &1 z !y 7 nev]     
c>ri$  to ! ,we/ ,indies1 s !y nev] c\ld
 h contract$ ! bad habits1  or !        
degradation or vices1 ( ! slav]y !re4 ,x
 w be cont5d$  !re=e1 t !y 7 bett]1 or  
less haz>d\s1 subjects =  emancipation1 
?an ! slaves 9 our colonies4 ,i admit   
?is objection1  & ,i give x its full    
weight4 ,i admit x to be less haz>d\s to
  emancipate a new ?an an old slave4 ,& 
yet ! case ( ! ,si]ra  ,leone captur$   
,negroes is a v /rong "o4 ,!y 7 all     
,africans4  ,!y 7 all slaves4 ,!y mu/ h 
contract$ z mortal a hatr$ (  ! :ites f 
_! suff]+s on bo>d %ip by fett]s1 :ips1 
&  suffocation 9 ! hold1 z ! ,we/       

,indian f ^? sev]ities :i*  are atta*$  
to _! bondage ^u %ore4 ,"u ^!           
circum/ances !n  we f9d !m made free2 b 
obs]ve1 n aft] any prep>atory           
discipl9e1 b almo/ sudd5ly1 & n s+ly1 b 
9 bodies at  a "t4 ,we f9d !m also      
settl$ or made to live "u ! unnatural   
gov]nm5t ( ! :ites2 &1 :at is m         
extraord9>y1 we f9d  _! pres5t numb]1 z 
comp>$ ) t ( ! :ites 9 ! same  colony1  
ne>ly z "o hundr$ & fifty to "o2 not)/&+
 :i*  sup]iority fre% emancipations are 
con/antly tak+ place1 z fre%  c>goes ( !
 captur$ arrive 9 port4    ,x w be said1
 la/ly1 t all ! f\r cases put toge!r    
prove  no?+4 ,!y c give u no?+ l a      
positive assurance1 t !  ,negro slaves 9
 our colonies w\ld pass ?r\gh ! ordeal (
  emancipation )\t dang] to _! ma/]s or 
! community at l>ge4  ,c]ta9ly n4 ,nor  
if ^! in/ances _h be5 f> m num]\s ?an   
!y are1 c\ld !y1 9 ?is _w ( accid5ts1 h 
giv5 u a moral  c]ta9ty ( ?is4 ,!y af=d 
u h[ev] a hope1 t emancipation  is      
practicable )\t dang]3 = w any "o pret5d

 to say1 t we  %\ld h _h z mu* reason = 
ent]ta9+ su* a hope1 if no su*  in/ances
 _h occurr$2 or t we %\ld n h _h reason 
to  despair1 if f\r su* exp]im5ts _h be5
 made1 & if !y _h all  fail$8 ,!y af=d u
 aga9 gr\nd = believ+1 t !re is a       
peculi> s(tness1 & pla/icity1 &         
pliability 9 ! ,african  "*4 ,?is       
s(tness may be collect$ almo/ e :]e f ! 
,travels ( ,mr4 ,mungo ,p>k1 & has be5  
notic$ by o!r writ]s1 :o  h contra/$ x )
 ! unb5d+ f]ocity ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican    
,indians & o!r tribes4 ,b if ?is be a   
feature 9 ! ,african  "*1 we may acc\nt 
= ! uni=mity ( ! conduct ( ^?           
,africans1 :o 7 lib]at$ on ! sev]al     
occasions above m5tion$1  or = _! yield+
 s uni=mly to ! impressions1 :i* _h be5 
giv5 !m by _! sup]iors1 aft] !y _h be5  
made free2 &1 if  ?is be s1 :y %\ld n   
our colonial slaves1 if emancipat$1     
conduct  !mselves 9 ! same mann]8       
,besides1 ,i am n sure :e!r ! good      
conduct ( ! lib]at$ 9 ^! cases 0 n to be
 attribut$ 9 "p  to a s5se ( int]e/1 :5 

!y came to "k1 t _! condition  0 to be  
improv$4 ,self-int]e/ is a lead+        
pr9ciple ) all :o  are born into ! _w2 &
 :y is ! ,negro slave 9 our colonies to 
be %ut out f ?is common feel+ ( our     
nature8--:y is he to rise  aga9/ 8 ma/]1
 :5 he is in=m$ t 8 condition is to be  
bett]$8 ,did n ! plant]s1 z ,i h be=e   
relat$1 decl>e 9 !  ,h\se ( ,commons 9 !
 ye> #ahaf1 t _! ,negroes _h !n imbib$  
! idea t !y 7 to be made free1 & t !y 7 
extremely  re/less on t acc\nt8 ,b :at 0
 ! cause ( all ?is  re/lessness8 ,:y1   
und\bt$ly ! ?\ght ( _! emancipation 0 s 
int]e/+1 or r a matt] ( su* exce$+ly    
great joy to !m1  t !y c\ld n help ?9k+ 
& talk+ ( x4 ,& w\ld n  ?is be ! case ) 
our ,negroes at ?is mom5t1 if su* a     
prospect  7 to be set be=e !m8 ,b if !y 
w\ld be ov]joy$ at ?is  prospect1 is x  
likely !y w\ld cut ! ?roats ( ^?1 :o    
%\ld  attempt to realize x8 w\ld !y n1  
on ! o!r h&1 be dispos$ to  conduct     
!mselves equally well z ! o!r ,african  
slaves be=e  m5tion$1 :5 !y came to "k1 

t !y 7 imm$iately to be  prep>$ = !     
reception ( ?is great bless+1 ! fir/    
gu>antee ( :i* w\ld be an imm$iate &    
liv+ exp]i5ce (  bett] laws & bett]     
treatm5t8    ,! fif? case may compreh5d 
! slaves ( ,/4 ,dom+o z !y 7  made free 
at diff]5t int]vals 9 ! c\rse ( ! ,fr5* 
,revolution4    ,to d ju/ice to ?is     
case1 ,i mu/ give a hi/ory ( ! diff]5t  
circum/ances connect$ ) x4 ,x may be    
rememb]$1 !n1 t :5  ! ,fr5* ,revolution1
 :i* decre$ equality ( rights to all    
citiz5s1  _h tak5 place1 ! free ,p (    
,col\r ( ,/4 ,dom+o1 _m (  :om 7 p]sons 
( l>ge prop]ty & lib]al education1      
petition$  ! ,national ,assembly1 t !y  
might enjoy ! same political  privileges
 z ! ,:ites !re4 ,at l5g? ! subject ( ! 
petition  0 discuss$1 b n till ! #h? (  
,m>* #agij1 :5 ! ,assembly  agre$ ^u a  
decree conc]n+ x4 ,! decree1 h[ev]1 0   
word$ s  ambigu\sly1 t ! two p>ties 9   
,/4 ,dom+o1 ! ,:ites & !  ,p ( ,col\r1  
int]pret$ x ea* ( !m 9 its own fav\r4   
,?is  diff]5ce ( int]pretation gave rise

 to animosities betwe5 !m1 &  ^!        
animosities 7 augm5t$ by political      
p>ty-_s1 accord+ z  !y 7 royali/s or    
p>tizans ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 s t     
di/urbances took place & blood 0 %$4    
,9 ! ye> #agia1 ! ,p ( ,col\r petition$ 
! ,assembly aga91  b pr9cipally = an    
explanation ( ! decree 9 "q4 ,on !  #ae?
 ( ,may1 ! subject 0 tak5 into          
consid]ation1 & ! result  0 ano!r decree
 9 explicit t]ms1 :i* det]m9$1 t ! ,p  (
 ,col\r 9 all ! ,fr5* isl&s 7 entitl$ to
 all ! rights (  citiz5%ip1 provid$ !y 7
 born ( free p>5ts on bo? sides4  ,!    
news ( ?is decree _h no soon] arriv$ at 
! ,cape1 ?an x  produc$ an indignation  
almo/ am\nt+ to phr5sy among ! ,:ites4  
,!y directly trampl$ "u foot ! national 
cockade1 & )  difficulty 7 prev5t$ f    
seiz+ all ! ,fr5* m]*ant %ips 9  !      
roads4 ,aft] ?is ! two p>ties arm$ aga9/
 ea* o!r4 ,ev5  camps began to be =m$4  
,horrible massacres & conflagrations    
foll[$1 ! reports ( :i*1 :5 br\ght to ! 
"m-c\ntry1 7  s t]rible1 t ! ,assembly  

aboli%$ ! decree 9 fav\r ( !  ,free ,p (
 ,col\r 9 ! same ye>4    ,9 ! ye> #agib1
 ! news ( ! resc9d+ ( ! decree z n[     
/at$1 produc$1 :5 x rea*$ ,/4 ,dom+o1 z 
mu* irritation among  ! ,p ( ,col\r1 z !
 news ( ! pass+ ( x _h done among  !    
,:ites1 & ho/ilities 7 r5ew$ betwe5 !m1 
s t new  battles1 massacres1 & burn+s1  
took place4 ,suffice x to say1 t z  soon
 z ^! ev5ts became kn[n 9 ,france1 !    
,conv5tional ,assembly1  :i* _h !n      
succe$$ ! ,legislative1 took !m into    
consid]ation4  ,see+1 h[ev]1 no?+ b     
difficulties & no hope ( reconciliation 
on ei!r side1 !y knew n :at o!r c\rse to
 take ?an to d  ju/ice1 :atev] !        
consequ5ces might be4 ,!y resolv$1      
accord+ly1  9 ! mon? ( ,april1 t !      
decree ( #agia1 :i* _h be5 bo? made  &  
rev]s$ by ! prec$+ ,assembly 9 ! same   
ye>1 %\ld /&  good4 ,!y re/or$ !re=e !  
,p ( ,col\r to ! privileges  :i* _h be5 
be=e vot$ to !m1 & appo9t$ ,san?onax1   
,polv]el1  & ano!r1 to repair 9 p]son to
 ,/4 ,dom+o1 ) a l>ge body (  troops1 & 

to act !re z commission]s1 &1 among o!r 
?+s1 to  en=ce ! decree & to keep !     
peace4    ,9 ! ye> #agic1 ! same        
divisions & ! same bad blood cont9u+1   
not)/&+ ! arrival ( ! commission]s1 a v 
trivial matt]1  viz4 a qu>rel betwe5 a  
,mulatto & a ,:ite man 7an (fic] 9 !    
,fr5* m>9e71 gave rise to new disa/]s4  
,?is qu>rel took place on  ! #bj? (     
,june4 ,on ! same day ! seam5 left _!   
%ips 9 !  roads1 & came on %ore1 & made 
common cause ( ! affair ) !  :ite       
inhabitants ( ! t[n4 ,on ! o!r side 7   
oppos$ !  ,mulattos & o!r ,p ( ,col\r1 &
 ^! 7 aft]w>ds jo9$ by  "s insurg5t     
,blacks4 ,! battle la/$ ne>ly two days4 
,dur+ ?is  "t ! ars5al 0 tak5 & plund]$1
 & "s ?\s&s 7 kill$  9 ! /reets1 & m ?an
 half ! t[n 0 burnt4 ,!  commission]s1  
:o 7 spectators ( ?is horrible sc5e1 &  
:o _h  done all !y c\ld to re/ore peace1
 escap$ unhurt1 b !y 7 left  ^u a heap (
 ru9s1 & ) b little m p[] ?an ! au?ority
  :i* _! commission gave !m4 ,!y _h only
 ab\t a ?\s& troops  left 9 ! place4 ,!y

 det]m9$1 !re=e1 "u ^!  circum/ances1 to
 call 9 ! ,negro ,slaves 9 !            
neighb\rhood to _!  assi/ance4 ,!y issu$
 a proclamation 9 consequ5ce1 by :i* !y 
promis$ to give fre$om to all ! ,blacks 
:o 7 will+ to range  !mselves "u !      
bann]s ( ! ,republic4 ,?is 0 ! fir/     
proclamation made by public au?ority =  
emancipat+ slaves 9 ,/4  ,dom+o4 ,x is  
usually call$ ! ,proclamation (         
,san?onax1 ?\gh bo?  commission]s _h a  
h& 9 x2 & sometimes1 9 allusion to !    
place  :]e x 0 issu$ 7! ,cape71 !       
,proclamation ( ! ,nor?4 ,!  result ( x 
01 t a consid]able numb] ( slaves came 9
 & 7  enfran*is$4    ,soon aft] ?is     
transaction ,polv]el left 8 colleague   
,san?onax at !  ,cape1 & w5t 9 8        
capacity ( commission] to ,port au      
,pr9ce1 !  capital ( ! ,we/4 ,"h he f\nd
 e ?+ quiet1 & cultivation 9  a fl\ri%+ 
/ate4 ,f ,port au ,pr9ce he visit$ ,les 
,cayes1 !  capital ( ! ,s\?4 ,he _h n1  
h[ev]1 be5 long !re1 be=e he  f\nd t !  
m9ds ( ! slaves began to be 9 an        

unsettl$ /ate4  ,!y _h become acqua9t$ )
 :at _h tak5 place 9 ! nor?1 n  only ) !
 riots at ! ,cape1 b ! proclamation (   
,san?onax4 ,n[  ?is proclamation1 ?\gh x
 sanction$ fre$om only = a p>ticul> or  
tempor>y purpose1 did n exclude x f any 
p>ticul> qu>t]4 ,!  t]ms !re=e appe>$ to
 be op5 to all :o w\ld accept !m4       
,polv]el !re=e1 see+ ! impression :i* x 
_h begun to make  ^u ! m9ds ( ! slaves 9
 ^! p>ts1 0 conv9c$ t  emancipation c\ld
 be nei!r /opp$ nor ret>d$1 & t x 0     
absolutely necess>y = ! p]sonal safety (
 ! :ite plant]s1  t x %\ld be ext5d$ to 
! :ole isl&4 ,he 0 s conv9c$ (  !       
necessity ( ?is1 t he drew up a         
proclamation )\t fur!r  delay to t      
effect1 & put x into circulation4 ,he   
dat$ x f  ,les ,cayes4 ,he exhort$ !    
plant]s to patronize x4 ,he advis$ !m1  
if  !y wi%$ to avoid ! mo/ s]i\s        
calamities1 to concur !mselves  9 !     
proposition ( giv+ fre$om to _! slaves4 
,he !n caus$ a  regi/] to be op5$ at !  
,gov]nm5t h\se to receive ! signatures  

( all ^? :o %\ld approve ( 8 advice4 ,x 
0 rem>kable t  all ! proprietors 9 ^!   
p>ts inscrib$ _! names 9 ! book4 ,he  !n
 caus$ a simil> regi/] to be op5$ at    
,port au ,pr9ce = !  ,we/4 ,"h ! same   
disposition 0 f\nd to prevail4 ,all !   
plant]s1  except "o1 gave 9 _!          
signatures4 ,!y _h become pretty g5]ally
  conv9c$ by ?is "t1 t _! own p]sonal   
safety 0 connect$  ) ! measure4 ,x may  
be prop] to obs]ve "h1 t !  proclamation
 la/ m5tion$1 :i* prec$$ ^! regi/ries1  
?\gh x  0 ! act ( ,polv]el alone1 0     
sanction$ aft]w>ds by ,san?onax4  ,x is1
 h[ev]1 usually call$ ! ,proclamation ( 
,polv]el or ( ,les  ,cayes4 ,x came out 
9 ,septemb] #agic4 ,we may n[ add1 t 9 !
 mon?  ( ,febru>y #agid1 ! ,conv5tional 
,assembly ( ,france1 ?\gh probably      
ignorant ( :at ! commission]s _h n[     
done1 pass$ a decree = !  abolition (   
slav]y ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ! ,fr5*         
colonies4 ,?us  ! ,gov]nm5t ( !         
"m-c\ntry1 )\t kn[+ x1 confirm$  fre$om 
to ^? ^u :om x _h be5 be/[$ by !        

commission]s4  ,?is decree put !re=e !  
f9i%+ /roke to ! :ole4 ,x  complet$ !   
emancipation ( ! :ole slave population (
 ,/4  ,dom+o4    ,hav+ n[ giv5 a concise
 hi/ory ( ! abolition ( slav]y 9 ,/4    
,dom+o1 ,i %all inquire h[ ^? :o 7      
lib]at$ on ^! sev]al  occasions conduct$
 !mselves aft] ?is *ange 9 _! situation4
 ,x  is ( great importance to u to "k1  
:e!r !y us$ _! fre$om  prop]ly1 or :e!r 
!y abus$ x4    ,) respect to ^?         
emancipat$ by ,san?onax 9 ! ,nor?1 we h 
no?+ to communicate4 ,!y 7 made free =  
milit>y purposes only2  & we h no clue  
:]eby we c f9d out :at became ( !m      
aft]w>ds4    ,) respect to ^? :o 7      
emancipat$ next 9 ! ,s\?1 & ^?  directly
 aft]w>ds 9 ! ,we/1 by ! proclamation ( 
,polv]el1 we are  enabl$ to give a v    
pleas+ acc\nt4 ,=tunately = our views1  
,colonel ,mal5fant1 :o 0 resid5t 9 !    
isl& at ! "t1 has made  u acqua9t$ ) _! 
g5]al conduct & "*4 ,8 acc\nt1  ?\gh    
%ort1 is q suffici5t = our purpose4     
,inde$ x is highly  satisfactory#f4     

,aft] ?is public act ( emancipation1    
says he1 7by  ,polv]el17 ! ,negroes     
rema9$ quiet bo? 9 ! ,s\? & 9 !  ,we/1 &
 !y cont9u$ to "w ^u all ! plantations4 
,!re 7  e/ates1 inde$1 :i* _h nei!r     
own]s nor manag]s resid5t ^u  !m1 = "s (
 ^! _h be5 put into prison by ,montbrun2
 &  o!rs1 fe>+ ! same fate1 _h fl$ to ! 
qu>t] :i* _h j  be5 giv5 up to !        
,engli%4 ,yet ^u ^! e/ates1 ?\gh ab&on$1
  ! ,negroes cont9u$ _! lab\rs1 :]e !re 
7 any1 ev5  inf]ior1 ag5ts to guide !m2 
& on ^? e/ates1 :]e no :ite m5  7 left  
to direct !m1 !y betook !mselves to !   
plant+ (  provisions2 b ^u all !        
plantations :]e ! ,:ites resid$1 !      
,blacks cont9u$ to lab\r z quietly z    
be=e4 ,a little fur!r on  9 ! "w1       
ridicul+ ! notion ent]ta9$ 9 ,france1 t 
!  ,negroes w\ld n "w )\t compulsion1 he
 takes occasion to allude  to o!r       
,negroes1 :o _h be5 lib]at$ by ! same   
proclamation1 b  :o 7 m imm$iately "u 8 
own eye & cognizance#g4 ,if1  says he1 y
 w take c>e n to speak to !m ( _! return

 to  slav]y1 b talk to !m ab\t _!       
lib]ty1 y may ) ?is latt]  ^w *a9 !m d[n
 to _! lab\r4 ,h[ did ,t\ssa9t succe$8  
,h[ did  ,i succe$ also be=e 8 "t 9 !   
pla9 ( ! ,cul de ,sac1 & on  !          
,plantation ,g\raud1 m ?an eight mon?s  
aft] lib]ty _h be5  grant$ 7by ,polv]el7
 to ! slaves8 ,let ^? :o knew me at t   
"t1  & ev5 ! ,blacks !mselves1 be ask$4 
,!y w all reply1 t n  a s+le ,negro ^u t
 plantation1 consi/+ ( m ?an f\r  hundr$
 & fifty lab\r]s1 refus$ to "w2 & yet   
?is plantation  0 ?\ght to be "u ! wor/ 
discipl9e1 & ! slaves ! mo/  idle1 ( any
 9 ! pla94 ,i1 myself1 inspir$ ! same   
activity into  ?ree o!r plantations1 (  
:i* ,i _h ! managem5t4    ,! above      
acc\nt is f> beyond any ?+ t c\ld h be5 
expect$4 ,inde$1 x is mo/ gratify+4 ,we 
f9d t ! lib]at$  ,negroes1 bo? 9 ! ,s\? 
& ! ,we/1 cont9u$ to "w ^u _!  old      
plantations1 & = _! old ma/]s2 t !re 0  
also a  _s ( indu/ry among !m1 & t !y   
gave no uneas9ess to  _! employ]s2 = !y 
are describ$ z cont9u+ to "w z  quietly 

z be=e4 ,su* 0 ! conduct ( ! ,negroes = 
! fir/  n9e mon?s aft] _! lib]ation1 or 
up to ! middle ( #agid4 ,let u  pursue !
 subject1 & see h[ !y conduct$ !mselves 
aft] ?is  p]iod4    ,dur+ ! ye> #agie & 
"p ( #agif ,i le>n no?+ ab\t !m1  nei!r 
good1 nor bad1 nor indiff]5t1 ?\gh ,i h 
ransack$ !  ,fr5* hi/orians = ?is       
purpose4 ,_h !re1 h[ev]1 be5 any ?+  9 !
 way ( outrage1 ,i %\ld h he>d ( x2 &   
let me take ?is  opportunity ( sett+ my 
read]s "r1 if1 = want ( kn[+ !  dates ( 
occurr5ces1 !y %\ld h connect$ c]ta9    
outrages1  :i* assur$ly took place 9 ,/4
 ,dom+o1 ) ! emancipation ( !  slaves4  
,! great massacres & conflagrations1 :i*
 h made s  frightful a picture 9 !      
hi/ory ( ?is unhappy isl&1 _h be5 all   
effect$ be=e ! proclamations ( ,san?onax
 & ,polv]el4 ,!y _h  all tak5 place 9 ! 
days ( slav]y1 or be=e ! ye> #agid1 t   
is1 be=e ! great conv5tional decree ( ! 
"m c\ntry 0  kn[n4 ,!y _h be5 occasion$1
 too1 n orig9ally by ! slaves  !mselves1
 b by qu>rels betwe5 ! :ite & col\r$    

plant]s1  & betwe5 ! royali/s & !       
revolutioni/s1 :o1 = !  purpose ( reek+ 
_! v5geance ^u ea* o!r1 call$ 9 ! aid ( 
_! respective slaves2 & z to ! insurg5t 
,negroes ( ! ,nor?1  :o fill$ t "p ( !  
colony s (t5 ) t]ror & dismay1 !y  7    
orig9ally put 9 motion1 accord+ to      
,mal5fant1 "u !  auspices ( ! royali/s  
!mselves1 to /r5g!n _! own cause1  & to 
put d[n ! p>tizans ( ! ,fr5* revolution4
 ,:5 ,jean  ,franois & ,biass\ comm5c$ !
 insurrection1 !re 7 _m :ite  royali/s )
 !m1 & ! ,negroes 7 made to we> ! :ite  
cockade4 ,i repeat1 !n1 t dur+ ! ye>s   
#agie & #agif1 ,i c  f9d no?+ 9 !       
,hi/ory ( ,/4 ,dom+o1 :]e) to reproa* ! 
emancipat$ ,negroes 9 ! way ( outrage#h4
 ,!re is e reason1 on  ! o!r h&1 to     
believe1 t !y conduct$ !mselves1 dur+   
?is  p]iod1 9 z ord]ly a mann] z be=e4  
,i come n[ to ! latt] "p ( ! ye> #agif2 
& "h happily a clue  is furni%$ me1 by  
:i* ,i h an opportunity ( pursu+ my     
inquiry  ) pleasure4 ,we %all f9d1 t f  
?is "t !re 0 no want (  indu/ry 9 ^? :o 

_h be5 emancipat$1 nor want ( ob$i5ce 9 
!m z hir$ s]vants3 !y ma9ta9$1 on ! o!r 
h&1 a  respectable "*4 ,let u appeal    
fir/ to ,mal5fant4 ,! colony1  says     
he#i1 0 fl\ri%+ "u ,t\ssa9t4 ,! ,:ites  
liv$ happily  & 9 peace ^u _! e/ates1 & 
! ,negroes cont9u$ to "w =  !m4 ,n[     
,t\ssa9t came into p[]1 be+ g5]al-9-*ief
 ( !  armies ( ,/4 ,dom+o1 a little be=e
 ! end ( ! ye> #agif1 &  rema9$ 9 p[]   
till ! ye> #ahjb1 or till ! invasion ( !
 isl&  by ! ,fr5* exp$ition ( ,buonap>te
 "u ,lecl]c4 ,mal5fant means  !re=e to  
/ate1 t f ! latt] end ( #agif to #ahjb1 
a p]iod  ( six ye>s1 ! plant]s or f>m]s 
kept possession ( _! e/ates2  t !y liv$ 
^u !m1 & t !y liv$ ^u !m peaceably1 t   
is1 )\t int]ruption or di/urbance f any 
"o2 &1 f9ally1 t  ! ,negroes1 ?\gh !y _h
 be5 all set free1 cont9u$ to be _!     
lab\r]s4 ,c !re be any acc\nt m         
fav\rable to our views ?an  ?is1 aft] s 
sudd5 an emancipation4    ,i may appeal 
next to ,g5]al ,lacroix1 :o publi%$ 8   
,memoirs = a  ,hi/ory ( ,/4 ,dom+o1 at  

,p>is1 9 #ahai4 ,he in=ms u1 t :5       
,san?onax1 :o _h be5 recall$ to ,france 
by ! ,gov]nm5t !re1  return$ to ! colony
 9 #agif1 he 0 a/oni%$ at ! /ate 9  :i* 
he f\nd x on 8 return4 ,?is1 says       
,lacroix#aj1 0 ow+ to  ,t\ssa9t1 :o1    
:ile he _h succe$$ 9 e/abli%+ p]fect    
ord] &  discipl9e among ! black troops1 
_h succe$$ also 9 mak+ !  black lab\r]s 
return to ! plantations1 !re to resume !
 drudg]y  ( cultivation4    ,b ! same   
au?or tells u1 t 9 ! next ye> 7#agig7 ! 
mo/  wond]ful progress _h be5 made 9    
agriculture4 ,he uses ^!  rem>kable     
words3 ,! colony1 says he#aa1 m>*$1 z by
  en*antm5t1 t[>ds its anci5t spl5d\r2  
cultivation prosp]$2 e  day produc$     
p]ceptible pro(s ( its progress4 ,! city
 ( ! ,cape  & ! plantations ( ! ,nor?   
rose up aga9 visibly to ! eye4 ,n[  ,i  
am f> f wi%+ to attribute all ?is       
wond]ful improvem5t1 ?is  daily visible 
progress 9 agriculture1 to ! m]e act ( !
  emancipation ( ! slaves 9 ,/4 ,dom+o4 
,i "k t _m o!r  circum/ances :i* ,i c\ld

 specify1 if ,i _h room1 contribut$     
t[>ds  its gr[?2 b ,i mu/ be all[$ to   
ma9ta91 t unless ! ,negroes1  :o 7 !n   
free1 _h done _! "p z lab\r]s1 bo? by   
work+  regul>ly & indu/ri\sly1 & by     
obey+ ! directions ( _!  sup]9t5dants or
 ma/]s1 ! colony c\ld nev] h gone on1 z 
relates to cultivation1 ) ! rapidity    
describ$4    ,! next witness to :om ,i  
%all appeal1 is ! e/imable ,g5]al       
,v9c5t1 :o lives n[ at ,p>is1 ?\gh at an
 advanc$ age4 ,v9c5t 0  a colonel1 &    
aft]w>ds a g5]al ( brigade ( artill]y 9 
,/4  ,dom+o4 ,he 0 /ation$ !re dur+ ! "t
 bo? ( ,san?onax &  ,t\ssa9t4 ,he 0 also
 a proprietor ( e/ates 9 ! isl&4 ,he 0 !
  man :o plann$ ! r5ovation ( its       
agriculture aft] ! abolition (  slav]y1 
& "o ( ! great in/rum5ts 9 br++ x to !  
p]fection m5tion$ by ,lacroix4 ,9 ! ye> 
#ahja1 he 0 call$ ^u by  ,t\ssa9t to    
repair to ,p>is1 to lay be=e !          
,directory ! new  con/itution1 :i* _h   
be5 agre$ ^u 9 ,/4 ,dom+o4 ,he obey$ !  
summons4 ,x happ5$1 t he arriv$ 9       

,france j at ! mom5t (  ! peace (       
,ami5s2 "h he f\nd1 to 8 inexpressible  
surprise &  grief1 t ,buonap>te 0 prep>+
 an imm5se armam5t1 to be  comm&$ by    
,lecl]c1 = ! purpose ( re/or+ slav]y 9  
,/4  ,dom+o4 ,he lo/ no "t 9 see+ !     
,fir/ ,consul1 & he _h !  c\rage to say 
at ?is int]view :at1 p]haps1 no o!r man 
9 ,france  w\ld h d>$ to say at ?is     
p>ticul> mom5t4 ,he remon/rat$  aga9/ ! 
exp$ition2 he told him to 8 face1 t ?\gh
 ! army  de/9$ = ?is purpose 0 compos$ (
 ! brilliant conqu]ors (  ,europe1 x    
c\ld d no?+ 9 ! ,antilles4 ,x w\ld mo/  
assur$ly be  de/roy$ by ! climate ( ,/4 
,dom+o1 ev5 ?\gh x %\ld be  d\btful1    
:e!r x w\ld n be de/roy$ by ! ,blacks4  
,he /at$1 z  ano!r argum5t aga9/ !      
exp$ition1 t x 0 totally  unnecess>y1 & 
!re=e crim9al2 = t e ?+ 0 go+ on  well 9
 ,/4 ,dom+o4 ,! proprietors 7 9         
peaceable possession (  _! e/ates2      
cultivation 0 mak+ a rapid progress2 !  
,blacks 7  indu/ri\s1 & beyond example  
happy4 ,he conjur$ him1 !re=e1 9  ! "n (

 humanity1 n to rev]se ?is beautiful    
/ate ( ?+s4 ,b  alas6 8 ef=ts 7         
ineffectual4 ,! die _h be5 ca/3 & ! only
  rew>d1 :i* he receiv$ f ,buonap>te = 8
 manly & fai?ful  repres5tations1 0     
bani%m5t to ! ,isle ( ,elba4    ,hav+   
c>ri$ my exam9ation into ! conduct ( !  
,negroes aft]  _! lib]ation to #ahjb1 or
 to ! invasion ( ! isl& by ,lecl]c1 ,i  
mu/ n[ leave a blank = ne>ly two ye>s1  
or till ! ye> #ahjd4 ,x  _c be expect$  
dur+ a w>1 9 :i* e man 0 call$ to arms  
to def5d 8 own p]sonal lib]ty1 & t ( e  
individual ( 8  family1 t we %\ld see   
plantations cultivat$ z quietly z be=e1 
or ev5 cultivat$ at all4 ,b ?is 0 n !   
fault ( !  emancipat$ ,negroes1 b ( _!  
=m] ma/]s4 ,x 0 ow+ to !  prejudices ( !
 latt]1 t ?is frightful invasion took   
place2  prejudices1 inde$1 common to all
 plant]s1 :]e slav]y obta9s1  f ! v     
nature ( _! situation1 & ^u :i* ,i h    
made my  obs]vations 9 a =m] place4     
,accu/om$ to ! use ( arbitr>y  p[]1 !y  
c\ld no long] brook ! loss ( _! :ips4   

,accu/om$  aga9 to look d[n ^u !        
,negroes z an inf]ior race ( be+s1 or z 
! reptiles ( ! e>?1 !y c\ld n be>1      
peaceably z ^! _h  conduct$ !mselves1 to
 come into t famili> contact ) !m1 z    
free lab\r]s1 :i* ! *ange ( _! situation
 requir$4 ,!y  consid]$ !m1 too1 z      
prop]ty lo/1 b :i* 0 to be recov]$4  ,9 
an evil h\r1 !y prevail$ ^u ,buonap>te1 
by false  repres5tations & promises (   
pecuni>y support1 to re/ore ?+s  to _!  
=m] /ate4 ,! helli% exp$ition at l5g?   
arriv$ ^u !  %ores ( ,/4 ,dom+o3--a sc5e
 ( blood & torture foll[$1 su* z  hi/ory
 _h nev] be=e disclos$1 & comp>$ ) :i*1 
?\gh  plann$ & execut$ by ,:ites#ab1 all
 ! b>b>ities said to h  be5 p]petrat$ by
 ! insurg5t ,blacks ( ! ,nor?1 am\nt    
comp>atively to no?+4 ,9 f9e1 ! ,fr5* 7 
driv5 f !  isl&4 ,till t "t1 ! plant]s  
reta9$ _! prop]ty1 & !n  x 01 b n till  
!n1 t !y lo/ _! all2 x _c1  !re=e1 be   
expect$1 z ,i h said be=e1 t ,i %\ld h  
any  ?+ to say 9 fav\r ( ! indu/ry or   
good ord] ( ! emancipat$  ,negroes1 dur+

 su* a convulsive p]iod4    ,9 ! ye>    
#ahjd1 ,dessal9es 0 proclaim$ emp]or (  
?is f9e  t]ritory4 ,"h ,i resume ! ?read
 ( my hi/ory1 7?\gh x w be  b = a       
mom5t17 9 ord] t ,i may foll[ x to its  
end4 ,9 process  ( "t1 ! black troops1  
conta9+ ! ,negroes 9 "q1 7  disb&$1     
except su* z 7 reta9$ = !               
peace-e/abli%m5t (  ! army4 ,!y1 :o 7   
disb&$1 return$ to cultivation4 ,z !y  7
 free :5 !y became soldi]s1 s !y cont9u$
 to be free :5  !y became lab\r]s aga94 
,f t "t to ?is1 !re has be5 no  want (  
subord9ation or indu/ry among !m4 ,!y or
 _! desc5dants  are ! p]sons1 by :om !  
pla9s & valleys ( ,/4 ,dom+o are  /ill  
cultivat$1 & !y are report$ to foll[ _! 
occupations  /ill1 & ) z fair a "* z o!r
 free lab\r]s 9 any  o!r qu>t] ( !      
globe4    ,we h n[ se51 t ! emancipat$  
,negroes nev] abus$ _!  lib]ty1 f ! ye> 
#agic 7! era ( _! g5]al emancipation7 to
  ! pres5t day1 a p]iod ( ?irty ye>s4   
,an important "q !n  seems to =ce itself
 ^u u1 ,:at 7 ! measures tak5 aft] s    

frightful an ev5t1 z t ( emancipation1  
to secure ! tranquillity  & ord] :i* has
 be5 describ$1 or to rescue ! plant]s & 
!  colony f ru98 ,i am b\nd to answ]    
?is1 if ,i c1 7 x only to  gratify !    
curiosity ( my read]s2 b m p>ticul>ly :5
 ,i  consid]1 t if emancipation %\ld ev]
 be 9 contemplation 9 our  own colonies1
 x w be desirable to h all ! light      
possible ^u  t subject1 & p>ticul>ly (  
prec$5t or example4 ,x appe>s !n1  t !  
two commission]s1 ,san?onax & ,polv]el1 
aw>e ( !  mis*ief :i* might att5d _!    
decrees1 7 oblig$ to take ! be/         
measures !y c\ld devise to prev5t x4 ,"o
 ( _! fir/ /eps 0  to draw up a %ort    
code ( rules to be obs]v$ ^u !          
plantations4  ,^! rules 7 pr9t$ & made  
public4 ,!y 7 also ord]$ to be  read    
al\d to all ! ,negroes ^u e e/ate1 = :i*
 purpose !  latt] 7 to be assembl$ at a 
p>ticul> h\r once a week4 ,!  preamble  
to ^! regulations insi/$ ^u ! necessity 
( work+1  )\t :i* ev]y?+ w\ld g to ru94 
,among ! articles1 ! two  ! mo/ wor?y ( 

our notice 71 t ! lab\r]s 7 to be       
oblig$ to hire !mselves to _! ma/]s = n 
less ?an a ye>1  at ! end ( :i*         
7,septemb]71 b n be=e1 !y might quit _! 
s]vice1 & engage ) o!rs2 & t !y 7 to    
receive a ?ird  "p ( ! produce ( !      
e/ate1 z a recomp5se = _! lab\r4  ,^!   
two 7 fundam5tal articles4 ,z to ! m9or1
 !y 7 n  alike ^u e e/ate4 ,?is code ( !
 commission]s subsi/$ =  ab\t ?ree ye>s4
    ,t\ssa9t1 :5 he came into p[]1      
reconsid]$ ?is subject1 &  adopt$ a code
 ( rules ( 8 own4 ,8 fir/ object 0 to   
prev5t  oppression on ! "p ( ! ma/] or  
employ]1 & yet to secure  ob$i5ce on !  
"p ( ! lab\r]4 ,conceiv+ t !re c\ld be  
no  lib]ty :]e any "o man _h ! p[] (    
puni%+ ano!r at 8  discretion1 he took  
away f e ma/] ! use ( ! :ip1 & (  ! *a91
 & ( e o!r in/rum5t ( correction1 ei!r  
by  himself or 8 own ord]3 he took away1
 9 fact1 all p[] ( arbitr>y  puni%m5t4  
,e ma/] (f5d+ aga9/ ?is regulation 0 to 
be  summon$1 on compla9t by ! lab\r]1   
be=e a magi/rate or int5dant  ( police1 

:o 0 to exam9e into ! case1 & to act    
accord+ly4  ,conceiv+1 on ! o!r h&1 t a 
j subord9ation ought to be  kept up1 &  
t1 :]ev] del9qu5cy occurr$1 puni%m5t    
ought to  foll[1 he orda9$1 t all       
lab\r]s (f5d+ aga9/ ! plantation  laws1 
or n p]=m+ _! contracts1 %\ld be br\ght 
be=e !  same magi/rate or int5dant (    
police1 :o %\ld exam9e !m t\*+  su*     
del9qu5cy1 & decide z 9 ! =m] case3 ?us 
he adm9i/]$  ju/ice )\t respect (       
p]sons4 ,x mu/ be notic$1 t all         
puni%m5ts 7 to be execut$ by a civil    
(fic]1 a sort ( public  execution]1 t !y
 might be consid]$ z puni%m5ts by !     
/ate4 ,?us he kept up discipl9e on !    
plantations1 )\t  less5+ au?ority on !  
"o h&1 & )\t invad+ ! lib]ty  (         
individuals on ! o!r4    ,among 8       
plantation (f5ces 0 idl5ess on ! "p ( ! 
lab\r]4  ,a man 0 n to receive wages f 8
 ma/]1 & to d no?+4 ,he  0 oblig$ to    
p]=m a reasonable quantity ( "w1 or be  
puni%$4  ,ano!r (f5ce 0 abs5ce )\t      
leave1 :i* 0 consid]$ z  des]tion4      

,t\ssa9t diff]$ f ! commission]s1 z to !
 l5g? ( "t =  :i* lab\r]s %\ld engage   
!mselves to ma/]s4 ,he ?\ght x  unwise  
to all[ ! =m]1 9 ! infancy ( _! lib]ty1 
to get  notions ( *ange & rambl+ at !   
end ( e ye>4 ,he orda9$1  !re=e1 t !y   
%\ld be atta*$ to ! plantations1 & made1
  ?\gh free lab\r]s1 a sort ( adscripti 
glebae = five ye>s4    ,he diff]$ aga9 f
 ! commission]s1 z to ! quantum (       
comp5sation = _! lab\r4 ,he ?\ght       
"o-?ird ( ! produce too  mu*1 see+ t !  
plant] _h ano!r ?ird to pay to !        
,gov]nm5t4 ,he ord]$1 !re=e1 "o-f\r? to 
! lab\r]1 b ?is  0 9 ! case only1 :]e ! 
lab\r] clo!d & ma9ta9$ himself3  :]e he 
did n d ?is1 he 0 entitl$ to a f\r? only
 nom9ally1  = out ( ?is 8 ma/] 0 to make
 a d$uction = bo>d &  clo?+4    ,! above
 is all ,i h be5 able to collect ( !    
code ( ,t\ssa9t1  :i*1 "u 8 auspices1 _h
 ! surpris+ effect ( pres]v+            
tranquillity & ord]1 & ( keep+ up a _s (
 indu/ry on !  plantations ( ,/4 ,dom+o1
 at a "t :5 only idl5ess & an>*y  7 to h

 be5 expect$4 ,x 0 9 =ce :5 ,lecl]c     
arriv$ )  8 invad+ army1 & x cont9u$ 9  
=ce :5 ! ,fr5* army 7  beat5 &          
,negro-lib]ty confirm$4 ,f ,t\ssa9t x   
pass$ to  ,dessal9es1 & f ,dessal9es to 
,*ri/ophe & ,petion1 & f !  two latt] to
 ,boy]2 & x is ! code !re=e :i*         
regulates1 & ,i  believe ) b v little   
v>iation1 ! relative situation ( ma/]  &
 s]vant 9 husb&ry at ?is pres5t h\r4    
,b x is "t t ,i %\ld n[ w9d up ! case   
be=e u4 ,&1 fir/1  w any "o say t ?is   
case is n analog\s to t :i* we h  9     
contemplation8 ,let u rememb] t ! numb] 
( slaves lib]at$ by  ! ,fr5* decrees 9  
,/4 ,dom+o 0 v little %ort ( #ejj1jjj   
p]sons1 & t ?is 0 ne>ly equal to ! numb]
 ( all !  slaves !n 9 ! ,briti% ,we/    
,indian ,isl&s :5 put toge!r4 ,b  if !re
 be a want ( analogy1 ! diff]5ce lies on
 my side ( !  "q4 ,i ma9ta91 t          
emancipation 9 ,/4 ,dom+o 0 att5d$  ) f>
 m haz>d to p]sons & prop]ty1 & ) f>    
great]  difficulties1 ?an x c\ld        
possibly be1 if attempt$ 9 our own      

isl&s4 ,c we =get t by ! decree (       
,polv]el1 sanction$  aft]w>ds by !      
,conv5tion1 all ! slaves 7 made free at 
once1  or 9 a s+le day8 ,no notice 0    
giv5 ( ! ev5t1 & ( c\rse  no prep>ation 
c\ld be made = x4 ,!y 7 releas$ sudd5ly 
f all _! =m] obligations & re/ra9ts4 ,!y
 7 let loose  ^u ! ,:ites1 _! ma/]s1 )  
all ! vices ( slav]y ^u  !m4 ,:at 0 to h
 be5 expect$ b ! dissolution ( all      
civiliz$ society1 ) ! reign ( b>b>ism & 
t]ror8 ,n[ all ,i ask  = ) respect to ! 
slaves 9 our own isl&s is1 t !y %\ld  be
 emancipat$ by degrees1 or t !y %\ld be 
made to pass ?r\gh  a c]ta9 c\rse (     
discipl9e1 z ?r\gh a prep>atory s*ool1  
to  fit !m = ! "r use ( _! fre$om4      
,aga91 c we =get !  unfav\rable         
circum/ances1 9 :i* ! slaves ( ,/4      
,dom+o 7  plac$1 = a ye> or two be=e _! 
lib]ation1 9 ano!r po9t (  view8 ,! isl&
 at ?is juncture 0 a prey to political  
discord1  civil w>1 & =eign invasion1 at
 ! same "t4 ,_! ma/]s 7  politically at 
v>iance ) ea* o!r1 z !y 7 :ite or col\r$

  p]sons1 or republicans or royali/s4   
,!y 7 qu>rell+ & fight+  ) ea* o!r1 &   
%$d+ ea* o!r's blood4 ,! ,engli%1 :o 7  
9 possession ( ! /rong m>itime po/s1 7  
al>m+ ! c\ntry by  _! incursions3 !y1 ! 
slaves1 _h be5 tra9$ up to ! same       
political animosities4 ,!y _h be5 made  
to take ! side ( _!  respective ma/]s1 &
 to pass ?r\gh sc5es ( viol5ce &        
blood%$4 ,n[1 :5ev] emancipation is to  
be propos$ 9 our own  colonies1 ,i      
anticipate nei!r political p>ties1 nor  
civil w>s1  nor =eign invasion1 b a "t (
 tranquillity & peace4 ,:o !n  w be bold
 en\gh to say1 aft] ^! rem>ks1 t !re    
c\ld be any  ?+ l ! dang] & difficulties
 9 emancipat+ ! slaves !re1  :i* exi/$  
:5 ! slaves ( ,/4 ,dom+o 7 made free8 ,b
 "s  objector may say1 aft] all1 ,!re is
 "o po9t 9 :i* y\r analogy  is defici5t4
 ,:ile ,t\ssa9t 0 9 p[]1 ! ,gov]nm5t (  
,/4  ,dom+o 0 a black "o1 & ! ,blacks   
w\ld be m will+ to  submit to ! au?ority
 ( a black 7_! own7 ,gov]nm5t1 ?an ( a  
:ite "o4 ,h5ce !re ,7 less disord]s aft]

 emancipation 9 ,/4  ,dom+o1 ?an w\ld h 
probably occurr$1 _h x be5 tri$ 9 our   
own  isl&s4 ,b to su* an objector ,i    
%\ld reply1 t he kn[s no?+  ( ! hi/ory (
 ,/4 ,dom+o4 ,! ,gov]nm5t ( t isl& 0    
,fr5*1  or :ite1 f ! v infancy (        
emancipation to ! arrival ( !  exp$ition
 ( ,lecl]c4 ,! slaves 7 made free "u !  
gov]nm5t  ( ,san?onax & ,polv]el4 ,:5 ^!
 retir$1 o!r :ite  commission]s succe$$ 
!m4 ,:5 ,t\ssa9t came into p[]1 he 0 n  
supreme2 ,g5]als ,h$\ille1 ,v9c5t1 &    
o!rs1 _h a %>e 9 !  gov]nm5t4 ,t\ssa9t  
himself receiv$ 8 commission f ! ,fr5*  
,directory1 & act$ "u x4 ,he caus$ x e  
:]e to be made  kn[n1 b p>ticul>ly among
 8 (fic]s & troops1 t he reta9$  ! isl& 
= ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t1 & t ,france 0 !    
"m-c\ntry4    ,a six? class ( slaves    
emancipat$ 9 bodies may compreh5d ^?1 :o
  began to be lib]at$ ab\t eighte5 mon?s
 ago 9 ! newly-erect$  ,/ate (          
,columbia4 ,g5]al ,boliv> began ! great 
"w himself by  enfran*is+ 8 own slaves1 
to ! numb] ( betwe5 sev5 & eight        

hundr$4 ,b he 0 n satisfi$ ) ?is2 =     
believ+1 z he did1  t to hold p]sons 9  
slav]y at all1 0 n only morally wrong1 b
  utt]ly inconsi/5t ) ! "* ( m5 fight+ =
 _! own  lib]ty1 he br\ght ! subject    
be=e ! ,congress ( ,v5ezuela4 ,!        
,congress !re1 aft] hav+ duly consid]$  
x1 drew up resolutions  accord+ly1 :i* x
 recomm5d$ to ! fir/ g5]al ,congress (  
,columbia1 :5 x %\ld be assembl$4 ,?is  
la/ congress1 :i* met at  ! "t expect$1 
pass$ a decree = emancipation on ! #ai? 
( ,july  #ahba4 ,all slaves1 :o _h      
assi/$1 9 a milit>y capacity1 9 a*iev+  
! indep5d5ce ( ! republic1 7 at once    
decl>$ free4 ,all !  *ildr5 ( slaves1   
born aft] ! said #ai? ( ,july1 7 to be  
free 9  succession z !y atta9$ !        
eighte5? ye> ( _! age4 ,a fund 0        
e/abli%$ at ! same "t by a g5]al tax ^u 
prop]ty1 to pay !  own]s ( su* "y slaves
 ! exp5se ( br++ !m up to _!  eighte5?  
ye>1 & = putt+ !m aft]w>ds to trades &  
useful  pr(essions2 & ! same fund 0 made
 applicable to ! pur*ase (  ! fre$om (  

adults 9 ea* di/rict e ye>1 dur+ ! ?ree 
national fe/ivals 9 ,decemb]1 z f> z !  
di/rict-funds w\ld  p]mit4 ,c>e1 h[ev]1 
0 to be tak5 to select ^? ( ! be/  "*4  
,x may be prop] to obs]ve1 t            
emancipation1 z above  expla9$1 has be5 
proce$+ regul>ly1 f ! #ai? ( ,july      
#ahba1  accord+ to ! t]ms ( ! decree1 & 
also accord+ to ! anci5t  ,spani% code1 
:i* /ill exi/s1 & :i* is made to g h& 9 
h&  ) x4 ,!y :o atta9 _! eighte5? ye>   
are n all[$ to g at  l>ge aft] _!       
lib]ation1 b are put "u ! *>ge ( special
  juntas = a useful education4 ,! adults
 may h l&1 if !y desire  x1 or !y may g 
:]e !y please4 ,! ,/ate has lately      
pur*as$  fre$om = _m ( ! latt]1 :o _h a 
lik+ to ! army4 ,_!  fre$om is secur$ to
 !m :e!r !y rema9 soldi]s or are        
dis*>g$4 ,x is p>ticul>ly agreeable to  
me to be able to say t  all1 :o h be5   
hi!rto emancipat$1 h conduct$ !mselves  
s9ce t "t ) propriety4 ,x appe>s by a   
lett] f ,columbia1  dat$ #ag? ,febru>y  
#ahbb1 ab\t sev5 mon?s aft] emancipation

 _h  comm5c$1 address$ to ,james ,/eph51
 ,esq4 ( ,london1 & s9ce made  public1 t
 ! slaves 7 all !n peaceably at "w      
?r\gh\t  ! republic1 z well z ! newly   
enfran*is$ & ^? orig9ally  free4 ,& x   
appe>s f ! acc\nt ( a g5tleman ( high   
consid]ation j arriv$ f ,columbia1 9    
,london1 t up to ! "t  ( 8 dep>ture1 !y 
:o _h be5 emancipat$ 7 /eady &          
indu/ri\s1 & t !y _h conduct$ !mselves  
well )\t a  s+le exception4 ,b z ?is is 
an exp]im5t :i* x w yet take  sixte5    
ye>s to complete1 x c only be call$ to  
our aid1 z f> z  ! result ( x is kn[n4  
,x is1 h[ev]1 an exp]im5t to :i*1 z  f> 
z x has be5 made1 we may appeal )       
satisfaction3 = :5 we  consid] t eighte5
 mon?s h elaps$1 & t _m#ac  ?\s&s h be5 
fre$ s9ce ! pass+ ( ! decree & ! date  (
 ! la/ acc\nts f ,columbia1 ! decree _c 
b be consid]$  to h _h a suffici5t      
trial4    ,! sev5? class may compreh5d !
 slaves ( ! ,hon\rable ,jo%ua  ,/eele1  
^: emancipation 0 attempt$ 9 ,b>badoes  
betwe5 ! ye>s  #aghc & #agij4    ,x     

appe>s t ,mr4 ,/eele liv$ sev]al ye>s 9 
,london4 ,he 0  ,vice-presid5t ( !      
,london ,society ( ,arts1 ,manufactures1
 &  ,comm]ce1 & a p]son ( tal5t &       
erudition4 ,he 0 ! proprietor (  ?ree   
e/ates 9 ,b>badoes4 ,8 ag5t !re us$ to  
s5d him acc\nts  annually ( 8 conc]ns2 b
 ^! 7 latt]ly s ru9\s1 n only  9 a      
pecuni>y po9t ( view1 b z !y relat$ to  
:at ,mr4 ,/eele  call$ ! de/ruction ( 8 
,negroes1 t he resolv$1 ?\gh !n  at !   
advanc$ age ( eighty1 to g !re1 & to    
look into 8 affairs  himself4 ,accord+ly
 he emb>k$1 & arriv$ !re e>ly 9 ! ye>   
#aghj4    ,mr4 ,/eele _h n be5 long 9   
,b>badoes1 be=e he saw en\gh to  conv9ce
 him t !re 0 some?+ radically wrong 9 ! 
managem5t  ( ! slaves !re1 & he 0 anxi\s
 to try1 z well = ! sake (  humanity z (
 8 own int]e/1 to effect a *ange 9 x4 ,b
 h[ 0  he to accompli% ?is#ad8 ,he      
consid]$ )9 himself h[ difficult  x w\ld
 be1 nay1 impossible1 = a s+le          
proprietor to attempt s  great a novelty
 z to br+ ab\t an alt]ation ( mann]s &  

cu/oms  protect$ by iniquit\s laws1 & to
 :i* ! g5tlem5 ( ! c\ntry  7 reconcil$ z
 to ! be/ possible = am5d+ ! indocile & 
intractable ignorance ( ,negro slaves4  
,x /ruck him h[ev]1 among !  exp$i5ts   
:i* occurr$1 t he might be able to =m a 
,society1  simil> to ! "o 9 ,london1 = !
 purpose ( improv+ ! arts1              
manufactures1 & comm]ce ( ,b>badoes2 &  
if s1 he indulg$ a hope  t by means ( x 
conf]5ces might be introduc$ on         
patriotic  subjects1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* new
 ideas & new op9ions might s(t5  !      
national bigotry1 s f> z to admit "s    
disc\rses on !  possibility ( am5dm5t 9 
! mode ( gov]n+ slaves4 ,foll[+ up  ?is 
idea1 he br\ght x at l5g? to be>4 ,a    
,society 0 =m$1 9  consequ5ce1 ( g5tlem5
 ( ! isl& 9 #agha4 ,! subjects "u its   
discussion became popul>4 ,x pr9t$ its  
fir/ m9utes 9 #aghb1 :i*  7 v fav\rably 
receiv$1 & x seem$ to bid fair aft] ?is 
to  answ] ! b5evol5t views ( its f\nd]4 
,dur+ ?is "t1 a space ( two ye>s1 ,mr4  
,/eele _h be5 ga9+ a  practical k ( !   

,we/ ,indian husb&ry1 & also a practical
  k ( ! temp]1 disposition1 habits1 &   
cu/oms ( ! slaves4  ,he _h also read mu*
 & ?\ght mu*4 ,x may be inf]r$ f 8      
writ+s1 t ?ree que/ions especially _h   
employ$ 8 m9d4  #a4 ,:e!r he c\ld n d   
away all arbitr>y puni%m5ts & yet keep  
up discipl9e among ! slaves8 #b4 ,:e!r  
he c\ld n c>ry on !  plantation-"w ?r\gh
 ! /imulus ( rew>d8 #c4 ,:e!r he c\ld n 
*ange slav]y into a condition ( a mild] 
"n & "*1 s t  ! slaves %\ld be l$ by    
degrees to ! ?re%old ( lib]ty1 f  :5ce  
!y might /ep next1 )\t haz>d1 into !    
rank ( free m51  if circum/ances %\ld   
p]mit & enc\rage su* a proc$ure4 ,mr4   
,/eele ?\ght1 aft] mature consid]ation1 
t he c\ld accompli% all  ^! objects1 &  
he resolv$ to make ! exp]im5ts gradually
 ^u  8 own e/ates4    ,at ! end ( ! ye> 
#aghc he put ! fir/ ( ^! que/ions to    
trial4 ,i took1 says he1 ! :ips & all   
p[] ( arbitr>y  puni%m5t f all ! ov]se]s
 & _! :ite s]vants1 :i*  occasion$ my   
*ief ov]se] to resign1 & ,i soon        

dismiss$ all 8  deputies1 :o c\ld n be> 
! loss ( _! :ips2 b at ! same  "t1 t a  
prop] subord9ation & ob$i5ce to lawful  
ord]s &  duty %\ld be pres]v$1 ,i creat$
 a magi/racy out ( ! ,negroes  !mselves1
 & appo9t$ a c\rt or jury ( ! eld]      
,negroes or  head-m5 = trial & puni%m5t 
( all casual (f5ces1 7& ^!  c\rts 7     
always to be held 9 my pres5ce1 or 9 t (
 my new  sup]9t5dant17 :i* c\rt v soon  
grew respectable4 ,sev5 (  ^! m5 be+ ( !
 rank ( driv]s 9 _! diff]5t dep>tm5ts1  
7 also con/itut$ rul]s1 z magi/rates ov]
 all ! gang1 &  7 *>g$ to see at all    
times t no?+ %\ld g wrong 9 !           
plantations2 b t on all necess>y        
occasions !y %\ld assemble  & consult   
toge!r h[ any su* wrong %\ld be         
imm$iately rectifi$2  & ,i made x kn[n  
to all ! gangs1 t ! au?ority ( ^! rul]s 
%\ld supply ! abs5ce or vacancy ( an    
ov]se] 9 all cases2 !y  mak+ daily or   
occasional reports ( all occurr5ces to !
 proprietor  or 8 delegate = 8          
approbation or 8 ord]s4    ,x appe>s t  

,mr4 ,/eele 0 satisfi$ ) ?is 8 fir/ /ep1
 &  he took no o!r = "s "t4 ,at l5g?1 9 
ab\t ano!r ye>1 he  v5tur$ ^u ! second4 
,he tri$ :e!r he c\ld n obta9 !  lab\r (
 8 ,negroes by volunt>y means in/ead ( !
 old me?od by  viol5ce4 ,on a c]ta9 day 
he (f]$ a pecuni>y rew>d = hol+  canes1 
:i* is ! mo/ labori\s op]ation 9 ,we/   
,indian husb&ry4  ,he (f]$ two-p5ce     
half-p5ny 7curr5cy71 or ab\t            
?ree-halfp5ce  7/]l+71 p] day1 ) ! usual
 all[ance to hol]s ( a dram )  molasses1
 to any tw5ty-five ( 8 ,negroes1 bo? m5 
& wom51 :o  w\ld und]take to hole =     
canes an acre p] day1 at ab\t #if-a_/b  
holes  = ea* ,negro to ! acre4 ,! :ole  
gang 7 ready to und]take x2  b only     
fifty ( ! volunte]s 7 accept$1 & _m     
among !m 7  ^? :o on mu* light]         
occasions _h usually plead$ infirmity & 
inability3 b ! gr\nd hav+ be5 moi/1 !y  
hol$ twelve acres  )9 six days ) great  
ease1 hav+ _h an h\r1 m or less1  e ev5+
 to sp>e1 & ! l exp]im5t 0 repeat$ ) !  
l success4 ,m exp]im5ts ) su* premiums  

on we$+ & deep  hoe+ 7 made by task-"w  
p] acre1 & all succe$$ 9 l  mann]1 _!   
premiums be+ all punctually paid !m 9   
proportion to  _! p]=mance4 ,b aft]w>ds 
"s ( ! same p be+ put  )\t premium to   
we$ on a loose cultivat$ soil 9 ! common
  mann]1 eighte5 ,negroes did n d z mu* 
9 a giv5 "t z six  _h p]=m$ ( ! l sort (
 "w a few days be=e ) !  premium (      
two-p5ce half-p5ny4 ,! next ye> ,mr4    
,/eele made simil>  exp]im5ts4 ,success 
att5d$ him aga92 & f ?is "t task-"w1  or
 ! volunt>y sy/em1 became ! g5]al       
practice ( ! e/ate4  ,mr4 ,/eele did n  
proce$ to put ! ?ird "q to trial till ! 
ye> #aghi4 ,! ,society ( ,arts1 :i* he  
_h in/itut$ 9 #agha1 _h  greatly        
disappo9t$ him4 ,"s ( ! memb]s1 look+   
back to !  discussions :i* _h tak5 place
 on ! subject ( ,slav]y1 began to  ?9k t
 !y _h gone too f> z slavehold]s 9 _!   
admissions4  ,!y began to ins9uate1 t !y
 _h be5 tak5 91 "u !  speci\s appe>ance 
( promot+ ! arts1 manufactures1 &       
comm]ce (  ,b>badoes1 to promote dang]\s

 designs aga9/ its e/abli%$ laws  &     
cu/oms4 ,discussions !re=e ( ?is sort   
became too unpopul>  to be cont9u$4 ,x 0
 !re=e n till ,mr4 ,/eele f\nd1 t he _h 
no hope ( assi/ance f ?is ,society1 & t 
he 0 oblig$ to  dep5d solely ^u himself1
 t he put 9 =ce ! rema9d] ( 8  g5]al    
plan4 ,he _h already 79 #aghc71 z we    
/at$ "s "t ago1  aboli%$ arbitr>y       
puni%m5t & in/itut$ a ,negro-magi/racy2 
&  s9ce t "t 79 #aghe7 he _h adopt$ !   
sy/em ( work+ by !  piece4 ,b ! rema9+  
"p ( 8 plan w5t ! l5g? ( alt]+  !       
condition ( ! slaves !mselves2 & x is ( 
?is alt]ation1 a  mo/ important "o 79   
#aghi71 t ,i am n[ to speak4    ,mr4    
,/eele took ! h9t = ! p>ticul> mode (   
improv+ !  condition ( 8 slaves1 :i* ,i 
am go+ to describe1 f ! practice  ( our 
,anglo-,saxon ance/ors 9 ! days (       
,villa9age1 :i*1 he says1  0 ! mo/ wise 
& excell5t mode ( civiliz+ savage       
slaves4  ,!re 7 9 ^? days ?ree classes (
 villa9s4 ,! fir/ or l[e/  consi/$ (    
villa9s 9 gross1 :o 7 ali5able at       

pleasure4 ,!  second ( villa9s reg>d5t1 
:o 7 adscripti glebae1 or atta*$  z     
freehold prop]ty to ! soil4 ,& ! ?ird or
 la/ ( copyhold  bondm51 :o _h t5em5ts (
 l&1 = :i* !y 7 b\nd to pay 9  s]vices4 
,! villa9s fir/ m5tion$1 or ^? ( ! l[e/ 
class1  _h all ^! gradations to pass    
?r\gh1 f ! fir/ into !  second1 & f !   
second into ! ?ird1 be=e !y c\ld become 
free m54 ,?is 0 ! model1 f :i* ,mr4     
,/eele resolv$ to borr[1  :5 he =m$ 8   
plan = *ang+ ! condition ( 8 slaves4 ,me
 did  n1 h[ev]1 adopt x ?r\gh\t1 b he   
*ose out ( x :at he  ?\ght w\ld be mo/  
suitable to 8 purpose1 & left ! re/4 ,we
 may  n[ see :at ! plan 01 :5 put       
toge!r1 f ! foll[+  acc\nt4    ,9 ! ye> 
#aghi he erect$ 8 plantations into      
manors4 ,x appe>s  t ! ,gov]nor (       
,b>badoes _h ! p[] by *>t]1 ) !  cons5t 
( ! majority ( ! c\ncil1 ( divid+ ! isl&
 into  manors1 lord%ips1 & prec9cts1 & (
 mak+ freehold]s2 & ?\gh  ?is _h n yet  
be5 done1 ,mr4 ,/eele hop$1 z a memb] ( 
c\ncil1 to  h influ5ce suffici5t to get 

8 own practice legaliz$ 9 "t4  ,presum+ 
^u ?is1 he regi/]$ 9 ! manor-book all 8 
adult  male slaves z copyhold]s4 ,he !n 
gave to ^! sep>ate t5em5ts  ( l&s1 :i*  
!y 7 to occupy1 & ^u :i* !y 7 to raise  
:atev] !y might ?9k mo/ advantage\s to  
_! support4 ,^!  t5em5ts consi/$ ( half 
an acre ( plantable & productive l& to  
ea* adult1 a quantity suppos$ to be     
suffici5t ) indu/ry to  furni% him & 8  
family ) provision & clo?+4 ,! t5em5ts  
7 made desc5dible to ! heirs ( !        
occupi]s or copyhold]s1 t  is1 to _!    
*ildr5 on ! plantations2 = no "p ( !    
succession 0 to g out ( ! plantations to
 ! issue ( any =eign  wife1 &1 9 case ( 
no su* heir1 !y 7 to fall 9 to ! "l to  
be re-grant$ accord+ to 8 discretion4 ,x
 0 also inscrib$ t  any "o ( !          
copyhold]s1 :o w\ld n p]=m 8 s]vices to 
!  manor 7! refractory & o!rs71 0 to    
=feit 8 t5em5t & 8  privileg$ rank1 & to
 g back to villa9 9 gross & to be       
subject to  corporal puni%m5t z be=e4   
,?us1 says ,mr4 ,/eele1 we run no risk  

:atev] 9 mak+ ! exp]im5t by giv+ su*    
copyhold-t5em5ts to  all our well-des]v+
 ,negroes1 & to all 9 g5]al1 :5 !y appe>
  to be wor?y ( t fav\r4    ,matt]s hav+
 be5 adju/$ s f>1 ,mr4 ,/eele introduc$ 
! practice  ( r5t & wages4 ,he put an   
annual r5t ^u ea* t5em5t1 :i*  he valu$ 
at s _m days' lab\r4 ,he set a r5t also 
^u p]sonal  s]vice1 z due by ! copyhold]
 to 8 ma/] 9 8 =m] quality (  slave1    
see+ t 8 ma/] or pr$ecessor _h pur*as$ a
 prop]ty 9  him1 & ?is be valu$ 9 ! same
 mann]4 ,he !n add$ ! two r5ts  toge!r1 
mak+ s _m days' "w altoge!r1 & e/imat$  
!m 9  ! curr5t money ( ! "t4 ,hav+ done 
?is1 he fix$ a daily wages  or pay to be
 receiv$ by ! copyhold]s = ! "w :i* !y 7
 to  d4 ,!y 7 to "w #bfj days 9 ! ye> = 
him1 & to h #dh  besides ,sundays =     
!mselves4 ,he r$uc$ ^! days' "w also to 
curr5t money4 ,^! wages he fix$ at su* a
 rate1 t !y %\ld be  m ?an equival5t to 
! r5t ( _! copyholds & ! r5t (  _!      
p]sonal s]vices :5 put toge!r1 9 ord] to
 hold out to !m  an evid5t & pr(itable  

inc5tive to _! indu/ry4 ,x appe>s t  !  
r5t ( ! t5em5t1 half an acre1 0 fix$ at 
! rate ( #i l4  curr5cy1 or betwe5 =ty &
 fifty %ill+s /]l+ p] acre1 &  ! wages =
 a man belong+ to ! fir/ gang at        
#g-a_/b;d4 curr5cy  or #f;d4 /]l+ p]    
day4 ,z to ! r5t = ! p]sonal s]vices1 x 
is n m5tion$4    ,) respect to lab\r &  
?+s connect$ ) x1 ,mr4 ,/eele ent]$  !  
foll[+ among ! local laws 9 ! c\rt-roll 
( ! t5ants  & t5em5ts4 ,! copyhold]s 7 n
 to "w = o!r ma/]s  )\t ! leave ( ! "l4 
,!y 7 to "w t5 h\rs p] day4 ,if  !y     
work$ ov] & above t "t1 !y 7 to be paid 
= e  h\r a t5? "p ( _! daily wages1 & !y
 7 also to =feit a  t5? = e h\r !y 7    
abs5t or defici5t 9 ! "w ( !  day4 ,all 
sorts ( "w1 h[ev]1 7 to be r$uc$1 z f> z
 x c\ld  be done by obs]vation &        
e/imation1 to equitable task-"w4 ,hoes 7
  to be furni%$ to ! copyhold]s 9 ! fir/
 in/ance2 b !y 7  to r5ew !m1 :5 worn   
out1 at _! own exp5se4 ,! o!r tools 7   
to be l5t !m1 b to be return$ to !      
/orekeep] at night1 or to  be paid = 9  

default ( s do+4 ,mr4 ,/eele 0 to       
cont9ue !  hospital & m$ical att5dance  
at 8 own exp5se z be=e4    ,mr4 ,/eele1 
hav+ n[ r5t to receive & wages to pay1 0
 oblig$ to  settle a new mode ( acc\nt+ 
betwe5 ! plantation & !  lab\r]s4 ,he   
br\ght1 !re=e1 all ! m9or crops ( !     
plantation1 su* z corn1 gra9 ( all      
sorts1 yams1 eddoes1 besides rum  &     
molasses1 into a regul> ca% acc\nt by   
weight & measure1 :i*  he *>g$ to !     
copyhold-/orekeep] at m>ket prices ( !  
curr5t  "t1 & ! /orekeep] paid !m at !  
same prices to su* ( !  copyhold]s z    
call$ = !m 9 "p ( wages1 9 ^: option x 0
  to take ei!r ca% or goods1 accord+ to 
_! e>n+s1 to answ] all  _! wants4 ,rice1
 salt1 salt fi%1 b>rell$ pork1 ,cork    
butt]1 fl\r1  bread1 biscuit1 c&les1    
tobacco & pipes1 & all species ( clo?+1 
7 provid$ & furni%$ f ! /ore at ! l[e/  
m>ket prices4  ,an acc\nt ( :at 0 paid =
 daily subsi/5ce1 & ( :at /ood 9  _!    
arre>s to answ] ! r5ts ( _! l&s1 ! f9es 
&  =feitures = del9qu5cies1 _! head-levy

 & all o!r casual  dem&s1 0 accurately  
kept 9 columns ) great simplicity1 & 9  
books1 :i* *eck$ ea* o!r4    ,su* 0 !   
plan ( ,mr4 ,/eele1 & ,i h ! pleasure ( 
be+ able  to ann\nce1 t ! result ( x 0  
highly satisfactory to himself4  ,9 !   
ye> #aghh1 :5 only ! fir/ & second "p ( 
x _h be5  r$uc$ to practice1 he spoke ( 
x ?us3--,a plantation1 says he1 (       
betwe5 sev5 & eight hundr$ acres has be5
 gov]n$ by fix$ laws  & a ,negro-c\rt = 
ab\t five ye>s ) great success4 ,9 ?is  
plantation no ov]se] or :ite s]vant is  
all[$ to lift 8 h&  aga9/ a ,negro1 nor 
c he arbitr>ily ord] a puni%m5t4 ,fix$  
laws  & a c\rt or jury ( _! pe]s keep   
all 9 ord] )\t ! ill  effect ( sudd5 &  
intemp]ate passions4 ,& 9 ! ye> #agij1  
ab\t  a ye> aft] ! la/ "p ( 8 plan _h   
be5 put to trial1 he says 9  a lett] to 
,dr4 ,dickson1  ,my copyhold]s h succe$$
 beyond my  expectation4 ,?is 0 8 la/   
lett] to t g5tleman1 = he di$ 9  !      
beg9n+ ( ! next ye>4 ,mr4 ,/eele w5t ov]
 to ,b>badoes1 z ,i  h said be=e1 9 !   

ye> #aghj1 & he 0 !n 9 ! eightie?  ye> (
 8 age4 ,he began 8 humane & glori\s "w 
9 #aghc1 & he  f9i%$ x 9 #aghi4 ,x took 
him1 !re=e1 six ye>s to br+ 8  ,negroes 
to ! /ate ( vassalage describ$1 or to t 
/ate f  :5ce he 0 sure t !y might be    
transf]r$ )\t dang] 9 no  di/ant "t1 to 
! rank ( freem51 if x %\ld be ?\ght     
desirable4  ,he liv$ "o ye> aft]w>ds to 
witness ! success ( 8 lab\rs4 ,he  _h   
accompli%$1 !re=e1 all he wi%$1 & he di$
 9 ! ye>  #agia1 9 ! n9ety-fir/ ye> ( 8 
age4    ,x may be prop] n[1 & inde$     
useful to ! cause :i* ,i advocate1  to  
/op = a mom5t1 j to obs]ve ! simil>ity (
 s5tim5t ( two  great m51 q unkn[n to   
ea* o!r2 "o ( :om 7,mr4 ,/eele7 0       
conc]n$ 9 prep>+ ,negro-slaves = fre$om1
 & ! o!r  7,t\ssa9t7 9 devis+ ! be/ mode
 ( manag+ !m aft] !y _h  be5 sudd5ly    
made free4    ,x appe>s1 fir/1 t !y 7   
bo? agre$ 9 ?is po9t1 viz4 t  ! fir/ /ep
 to be tak5 9 ei!r case1 0 ! total      
abolition (  arbitr>y puni%m5t4    ,x   
appe>s1 secondly1 t !y 7 nev]!less bo?  

agre$ aga9 z  to ! necessity ( puni%+   
del9qu5ts1 b t !y adopt$  diff]5t ways (
 br++ !m to ju/ice4 ,t\ssa9t ref]r$ !m  
to  magi/rates1 b ,mr4 ,/eele to a      
,negro-c\rt4 ,i %\ld pref] !  latt]     
exp$i5t2 fir/1 because a ,negro-c\rt may
 be always at h&1  :]eas magi/rates may 
live at a di/ance f ! plantations1 & n  
be always at home4 ,secondly1 because ! 
hold+ ( a ,negro-c\rt w\ld  give        
consequ5ce to ^? ,negroes :o %\ld       
compose x1 n only 9  _! own eyes b 9 !  
eyes ( o!rs2 & e ?+1 t might  elevate ! 
,black "*1 w\ld be useful to ^? :o 7 on 
!  road to emancipation2 &1 la/ly1      
because !re mu/ be "s ?+  satisfactory &
 consol+ to ! accus$ to be tri$ by _!   
pe]s4    ,x appe>s1 ?irdly1 t bo? ( !m 7
 agre$ aga9 9 !  pr9ciple ( mak+ !      
,negroes1 9 ei!r case1 adscripti glebae2
 or  atta*$ to ! soil1 ?\gh !y might    
diff] z to ! l5g? ( "t  ( su*           
ascription4    ,& x appe>s1 la/ly1 t !y 
7 agre$ 9 ano!r1 & ?is !  only rema9+   
po9t1 viz4 on ! necessity ( hold+ out a 

/imulus to  ei!r1 s z to excite 9 !m a v
 sup]ior _s ( indu/ry to  any !y _h kn[n
 be=e4 ,!y resort$1 h[ev] to diff]5t    
means to  effect ?is4 ,t\ssa9t gave !   
lab\r]s "o f\r? ( ! produce  ( ! l&2    
d$uct+ bo>d & clo?+4 ,mr4 ,/eele1 on !  
o!r  h&1 gave !m daily wages4 ,i d n "k 
:i* to pref]2 b !  plan ( ,mr4 ,/eele is
 mo/ consonant to ! ,engli% practice4   
,b to return4 ,x is possible t "s       
objector may rise up "h z  be=e1 & say t
 ev5 ! case1 :i* ,i h n[ detail$1 is n1 
/rictly speak+1 analog\s to t :i* we h 9
 contemplation1 &  may argue ?us3--,!   
case ( ,mr4 ,/eele is n a complete      
prec$5t1  because 8 slaves 7 nev] fully 
emancipat$4 ,he _h br\ght !m  only to ! 
?re%old ( lib]ty1 b no fur!r4 ,!y 7 only
  copyhold]s1 b n free m54 ,to ?is ,i   
reply1 fir/1 ,t ,mr4  ,/eele accompli%$ 
all t he ev] aim$ at4 ,i h 8 own words  
= say+1 t s long z ! pres5t iniquit\s   
slave-laws1 & !  di/9ction ( col\r1 %\ld
 exi/1 x w\ld be imprud5t to g  fur!r4  
,i reply aga91 ,t ! p>tisans (          

emancipation w\ld be  happy inde$1 if !y
 c\ld see ! day :5 our ,we/ ,indian     
slaves  %\ld arrive at ! rank &         
condition ( ! copyhold]s ( ,mr4  ,/eele4
 ,!y wi% = no o!r fre$om ?an t :i* is   
compatible  ) ! jo9t int]e/ ( ! ma/] & !
 slave4 ,at ! same "t  !y mu/ ma9ta91 t 
! copyhold]s ( ,mr4 ,/eele _h be5 br\ght
  s ne> to ! condition ( free m51 t a   
removal f "o into !  o!r1 aft] a c]ta9  
"t1 seem$ m l a ?+ ( c\rse ?an a  matt] 
to be att5d$ ei!r ) difficulty or dang]3
 =  unque/ionably _! moral "* mu/ h be5 
improv$4 ,if !y  _h ceas$ = sev5 ye>s to
 feel !mselves degrad$ by arbitr>y      
puni%m5t1 !y mu/ h acquir$ "s little    
indep5d5ce ( m9d4 ,if  !y _h be5 paid = 
_! lab\r1 !y mu/ h acquir$ some?+  l a  
_s ( indu/ry4 ,if !y _h be5 made to pay 
r5t = _!  cottage & l&1 & to ma9ta9     
!mselves1 !y mu/ h be5 made  to look    
be=eh&1 to ?9k = !mselves & families f  
day to  day1 & to provide aga9/ !       
future1 all :i* op]ations ( !  m9d are !
 *>act]i/ics only ( free m54 ,! case1   

!re=e1 (  ,mr4 ,/eele is mo/ important &
 preci\s3 = x %[s u1 fir/1 t  !         
emancipation1 :i* we seek1 is a ?+ :i*  
may be effect$4 ,!  plan ( ,mr4 ,/eele 0
 put 9 =ce 9 a ,briti% ,isl&1 & t1  :i* 
0 done 9 "o ,briti% ,isl&1 may "u simil>
 circum/ances  be done aga9 9 ! same1 z 
well z 9 ano!r4 ,x %[s u1 aga91  h[ ?is 
emancipation may be br\ght ab\t4 ,!     
process is s cle>ly  detail$1 t any "o  
may foll[ x4 ,x is also a case =        
enc\ragem5t1 inasmu* z x 0 att5d$ )     
success4    ,i h n[ consid]$ no less ?an
 six cases ( slaves emancipat$ 9        
bodies1 & a sev5? ( slaves1 :o 7 l$ up  
to ! v ?re%old  ( fre$om1 compreh5d+    
altoge!r n less ?an betwe5 five & six   
hundr$ ?\s& p]sons2 & ,i h consid]$ also
 all ! objections  t c\ld be reasonably 
advanc$ aga9/ !m4 ,! result is a belief 
on my "p1 t emancipation is n only      
practicable1 b t x is  practicable )\t  
dang]4 ,! slaves1 ^: cases ,i h be5     
consid]+1 7 resid5t 9 diff]5t p>ts ( !  
_w4 ,!re mu/  h be51 among/ su* a va/   

numb]1 p]sons ( all *>act]s4 ,"s  7     
lib]at$1 :o _h be5 accu/om$ to ! use (  
arms4 ,o!rs at  a "t :5 ! l& 9 :i* !y   
soj\rn$ 0 afflict$ ) civil  & =eign w>s2
 o!rs aga9 sudd5ly1 & ) all ! vici\s    
habits ( slav]y ^u !m4 ,& yet1 "u all ^!
 disadvantage\s  circum/ances1 ,i f9d !m
 all1 )\t exception1 yield+ !mselves  to
 ! w ( _! sup]iors1 s z to be br\ght by 
!m ) z  mu* ease & c]ta9ty into ! =m    
int5d$ = !m1 z clay 9 !  h&s ( ! pott]  
is fa%ion$ to 8 own model4 ,b1 if ?is be
 s1 ,i  ?9k ,i %\ld be *>geable ) a want
 ( common s5se1 7 ,i to  d\bt = a mom5t1
 t emancipation 0 n practicable2 & ,i am
  n sure t ,i %\ld n be expos$ to ! same
 *>ge1 7 ,i to  d\bt1 t emancipation 0  
practicable )\t dang]4 ,= ,i h  n be5   
able to discov] 7& x is mo/ rem>kable7 a
 s+le failure  9 any ( ! cases :i* h be5
 produc$4 ,i h n be5 able to  discov]   
?r\gh\t ?is va/ mass ( emancipat$ p]sons
 a s+le  in/ance ( bad behavi\r on _!   
p>ts1 n ev5 ( a refusal to  "w1 or (    
disob$i5ce to ord]s4 ,mu* less h ,i se5 

frightful  commotions1 or massacres1 or 
a return ( evil = evil1 or rev5ge =  pa/
 injuries1 ev5 :5 !y _h x amply 9 _!    
p[]4 ,9 fact1 !  ,negro "* is malleable 
at ! ,european w4 ,!re is1 z ,i h       
obs]v$ be=e1 a s+ul> pliability 9 !     
con/itutional temp] (  ! ,negroes1 & !y 
h besides a quick s5se ( _! own int]e/1 
:i* influ5ces _! conduct4 ,i am conv9c$1
 t ,we/ ,india ma/]s  c d :at !y w ) _! 
slaves2 & t !y may lead !m  ?r\gh any   
*anges !y please1 & ) p]fect safety to  
!mselves1  if !y w only make !m 7!      
slaves7 und]/& t !y are to be  b5efit$  
!reby4    ,hav+ n[ e/abli%$1 ,i hope1   
two ( my po9ts1 fir/1 t  emancipation is
 practicable1 &1 secondly1 t x is       
practicable  )\t dang]1 ,i proce$ to %[ 
! probability t x w\ld be  att5d$ )     
pr(it to ^? plant]s :o %\ld be p]mitt$  
to adopt  x4 ,i return1 !re=e1 to ! case
 ( ,mr4 ,/eele4 ,i give him ! prior     
he>+ on ?is new occasion1 because ,i am 
sure t my read]s w be  anxi\s to le>n   
some?+ m ab\t him2 or to "k :at became (

 8  plans1 or h[ f> su* humane endeav\rs
 7 att5d$ ) success4  ,i  %all beg9 by  
quot+ ! foll[+ expressions ( ,mr4       
,/eele4 ,i h  employ$ & amus$ myself1   
says he1 by introduc+ an entire new     
mode ( gov]n+ my own slaves1 = _!       
happ9ess1 & also = my  own pr(it4 ,x    
appe>s1 !n1 t ,mr4 ,/eele's new me?od ( 
managem5t 0 pr(itable4 ,let u n[ try to 
make out f 8 own  acc\nt1 ( :at ^!      
pr(its consi/$4    ,mr4 ,/eele in=ms u1 
t 8 sup]9t5dant _h oblig$ him to hire   
all 8 hol+ at #c l4 curr5cy1 or #b l4   
#bs4 #aj;d4 /]l+ p]  acre4 ,he 0 v mu*  
displeas$ at ^! repeat$ *>ges2 & !n x   
01 t he put 8 second "q to trial1 z ,i h
 be=e relat$1  viz4 :e!r he c\ld n obta9
 ! lab\r ( 8 ,negroes by volunt>y       
means1 in/ead ( by ! old me?od by       
viol5ce4 ,he made1 !re=e1 an  attempt to
 introduce task-"w1 or lab\r ) an       
expect$ premium =  extraord9>y ef=ts1 ^u
 8 e/ates4 ,he gave 8 ,negroes !re=e a  
small pecuni>y rew>d ov] & above ! usual
 all[ances1 & !  consequ5ce 01 z he     

himself says1 t ! poore/1 feeble/1 &  by
 "* ! mo/ indol5t ,negroes ( ! :ole     
gang1 *e]fully  p]=m$ ! hol+ ( 8 l&1    
g5]ally said to be ! mo/  labori\s "w1 =
 less ?an a f\r? "p ( ! /at$ price paid 
to ! und]tak]s = hol+4 ,?is exp]im5t ,i 
h detail$ 9  ano!r place4 ,aft] ?is he  
cont9u$ ! practice ( task-"w or         
premium4 ,he describes ! op]ation ( su* 
a sy/em ^u ! m9ds (  8 ,negroes 9 !     
foll[+ words3 ,accord+ to ! vulg> mode (
  gov]n+ ,negro-slaves1 !y feel only !  
despond+ fe> ( puni%m5t  = do+ less ?an 
!y ought1 )\t be+ s5sible t ! settl$    
all[ance ( food & clo?+ is giv51 & %\ld 
be accept$1 z a  rew>d = do+ well1 :ile 
9 task-"w ! expectation ( w9n+ !  rew>d1
 & ! fe> ( los+ x1 h a d\ble op]ation to
 ex]t  _! endeav\rs4 ,mr4 ,/eele 0 also 
b5efit$ aga9 9 ano!r po9t  ( view by !  
new practice :i* he _h introduc$4 ,he 0 
cle>ly  conv9c$1 t sav+ "t1 by do+ 9 "o 
day z mu* z w\ld  o!rwise require ?ree  
days1 0 wor? m ?an d\ble ! premium1  !  
timely effects on vegetation be+        

critical4 ,he f\nd also to  8           
satisfaction1 t dur+ all ! op]ations "u 
! premium  !re 7 no disord]s1 no cr[d+  
to ! sick-h\se1 z be=e4    ,i h n[ to   
make my rem>ks ^u ?is acc\nt4 ,x %[s u  
cle>ly h[  ,mr4 ,/eele made a "p ( 8    
pr(its4 ,^! pr(its consi/$ fir/ (  a    
sav+ ( exp5se 9 8 husb&ry1 :i* sav+ 0 n 
made by  o!rs4 ,he _h 8 l& hol$ at      
"o-f\r? ( ! usual rate4 ,let u  apply   
?is to all ! o!r op]ations ( husb&ry1   
su* z we$+1  deep hoe+1 c4 9 a l>ge f>m 
( ne>ly eight hundr$ acres1 l  81 & we  
%all see h[ consid]able ! sav+s w\ld be 
9 "o  ye>4 ,8 ,negroes aga9 did n       
c\nt]feit sickness z be=e1 9 ord]  to be
 excus$ f lab\r1 b r wi%$ to lab\r 9    
ord] to  obta9 ! rew>d4 ,!re 0 !re=e no 
cr[d+ to ! hospitals4  ,?is con/itut$ a 
second s\rce ( sav+2 = !y :o 7 9 !      
hospitals 7 ma9ta9$ by ,mr4 ,/eele )\t  
e>n+ any ?+1 :ile  !y :o 7 work+ 9 !    
field left to _! ma/] 9 _! "w1  :5 !y   
w5t home at night1 a value equal at lea/
 to t :i* !y  _h receiv$ f him = _!     

day's lab\r4 ,b !re 0 ano!r  sav+ (     
equal importance1 :i* ,mr4 ,/eele calls 
a sav+ ( "t1  b :i* he might ) m        
propriety h call$ a sav+ ( season4  ,?is
 sav+ ( season1 he says1 0 wor? m ?an   
d\ble !  premium2 & s x might easily h  
be54 ,!re are soils1 e  f>m] kn[s1 :i*  
are s con/itut$1 t if y miss y\r day1 y 
miss y\r season2 &1 if y miss y\r       
season1 y lose probably half  y\r crop4 
,! sav+1 !re=e1 ( ! season1 by hav+ a   
:ole crop  in/ead ( half an "o1 0 a ?ird
 s\rce ( sav+ ( money4 ,n[ let  u put   
all ^! sav+s toge!r1 & !y w con/itute a 
great  sav+ or pr(it2 = z ^! sav+s 7    
made by ,mr4 ,/eele 9  consequ5ce ( 8   
new plan1 & 7 !re=e n made by o!rs1  !y 
con/itut$ an extraord9>y pr(it to him2  
or !y add$ to !  pr(it1 :atev] x might h
 be51 :i* he us$ to receive f !  e/ate  
be=e 8 new plan 0 put 9 execution4    ,b
 ,i discov] o!r ways 9 :i* ,mr4 ,/eele 0
 b5efit$1 z ,i  advance 9 ! p]usal ( 8  
writ+s4 ,x 0 impossible to ov]look  !   
foll[+ passage3 ,n[1 says he 7allud+ to 

8 new sy/em71  e species ( provisions   
rais$ on ! plantations1 or b\ght f  !   
m]*ants1 is *>g$ at ! m>ket-price to !  
copyhold-/ore1 &  dis*>g$ by :at has be5
 paid on ! sev]al acc\nts ( e           
individual bond-slave2 :]eas = all ^?   
species h]et(ore1 ,i nev]  saw 9 any    
plantation-book ( my e/ates any acc\nt (
 :at became (  !m1 or h[ !y 7 dispos$ (1
 nor ( _! value1 o!r ?an 9  ^! concise  
words1 !y 7 giv5 9 all[ance to !        
,negroes &  /ock4 ,e ye>1 = six ye>s    
pa/1 ?is great plantation has  b\ght    
sev]al hundr$ bu%els ( corn1 & 0 scanty 
9 all  gr\nd-provisions1 our produce    
always fall+ %ort4 ,?is ye>1 #agij1     
s9ce ! e/abli%m5t ( copyhold]s1 ?\gh    
sev]al less acres 7  plant$ la/ ye> 9   
,gu9ea corn ?an usual1 yet we h be5 able
 to  sell sev]al hundr$ bu%els at a high
 price1 & we h /ill a  great /ock 9 h&4 
,i c place ?is sav+ to no o!r acc\nt1   
?an  t !re is n[ an exact acc\nt kept by
 all produce be+ paid z  ca% to !       
bond-slaves2 & also z all our wat*m5 are

 oblig$ to pay  = all losses t happ5 on 
_! wat*1 !y h f\nd x _!  int]e/ to look 
well to _! *>ge2 & consequ5tly t we h   
_h mu* less /ol5 f u ?an be=e ?is new   
gov]nm5t took  place4    ,"h !n we h se5
 ano!r consid]able s\rce ( sav+ to ,mr4 
,/eele1 viz4 t he 0 n oblig$ to pur*ase 
any corn = 8  slaves z =m]ly4 ,my read]s
 w be able to judge bett] ( ?is  sav+1  
:5 ,i in=m !m ( :at has be5 ! wret*$    
policy ( _m  ( our plant]s 9 ?is        
dep>tm5t ( _! conc]ns4 ,look ov] _!     
f>m+ memor&a1 & y w see sug>1 sug>1     
sug>1 9 e  page2 b y may turn ov] leaf  
aft] leaf1 be=e y w f9d !  words        
provision gr\nd = _! slaves4 ,by means (
 ?is wret*$  policy1 slaves h (t5 suff]$
 mo/ griev\sly4 ,"s ( !m h  be5         
half-/>v$4 ,/>vation1 too1 has br\ght on
 disord]s :i* h  ultimately t]m9at$ 9 _!
 dea?4 ,h5ce _! ma/]s h suff]$  losses1 
besides ! exp5se incurr$ 9 buy+ :at !y  
ought to h  rais$ ^u _! own e/ates1 &   
?is p]haps at a de> m>ket3 & 9  ?is     
wret*$ pr$icam5t ,mr4 ,/eele appe>s to h

 be5 himself :5  he fir/ w5t to ! e/ate4
 ,8 slaves1 he tells u1 _h be5 r$uc$  9 
numb] by bad managem5t4 ,ev5 = six ye>s 
aft]w>ds he _h be5  oblig$ to buy sev]al
 hundr$ bu%els ( corn2 b 9 ! ye> #agij  
he  _h sold sev]al hundr$ bu%els at a   
high price1 & _h /ill a great  /ock on  
h&4 ,& to :at 0 all ?is ow+8 ,n to an   
exact acc\nt  kept at ! /ore 7= "s may h
 s misund]/ood ,mr4 ,/eele72 =  h[ c\ld 
an exact acc\nt kept !re1 h occasion$ an
 increase 9  ! produce ( ! e>?8 b1 z    
,mr4 ,/eele himself says1 to !          
e/abli%m5t ( 8 copyhold]s1 or to !      
alt]ation ( !  condition ( 8 slaves4 ,8 
slaves did n only ?ree times m "w  ?an  
be=e1 9 consequ5ce ( ! sup]ior indu/ry  
he _h excit$  among !m1 b1 by s do+1 !y 
7 enabl$ to put ! corn into !  e>? ?ree 
times m quickly ?an be=e1 or !y 7 s mu* 
=w>d] 9 _! o!r "w1 t !y 7 enabl$ to s[ x
 at !  critical mom5t1 or s z to save ! 
season1 & ?us secure a full  crop1 or a 
l>g] crop on a less numb] ( acres1 ?an 0
 be=e rais$  ^u a great]4 ,! copyhold]s1

 !re=e1 7 ! p]sons :o  increas$ !       
produce ( ! e>?2 b ! exact acc\nt kept  
at !  /ore prev5t$ ! produce f be+      
misappli$ z =m]ly4 ,x c\ld  no long] be 
put d[n 9 ! g5]al expression ( giv5 9   
all[ances  to ! ,negroes & ! /ock2 b x 0
 put d[n to ! copyhold]1  & to him only1
 :o receiv$ x4 ,?us ,mr4 ,/eele sav$ !  
pur*ase (  a great "p ( ! provisions = 8
 slaves4 ,he _h =m]ly a great  deal to  
buy = !m1 b n[ no?+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he _h
 to  sell2 b1 z 8 slaves 7 made1 accord+
 to ! new sy/em1 to  ma9ta9 !mselves1 he
 _h n[ ! :ole produce ( 8 e/ate to      
dispose (4 ,! circum/ance !re=e ( hav+  
no?+ to buy1 b  e ?+ to sell1 con/itut$ 
ano!r s\rce ( 8 pr(its4    ,:at ! o!r   
p>ticul> pr(its ( ,mr4 ,/eele 7 ,i c no 
:]e  f9d1 nei!r c ,i f9d :at 7 8        
p>ticul> exp5ses2 s z to be  enabl$ to  
/rike ! balance 9 8 fav\r4 ,happily1    
h[ev]1 ,mr4  ,/eele has done ?is = u    
himself1 ?\gh he has n furni%$ u )  !   
items on ei!r side4--,he says t f ! ye> 
#aggc to #aggi 7he  arriv$ 9 ,b>badoes 9

 #aghj71 8 /ock _h be5 s mu* r$uc$ by   
ill  managem5t & wa/eful economy1 t !   
annual av]age neat cle>ance  0 little m 
?an "o & a qu>t] p] c5t4 on ! pur*ase4  
,9 a  second p]iod ( f\r ye>s1 9        
consequ5ce ( ! ex]tion ( an hone/  &    
able manag]1 7?\gh ) a fur!r r$uction ( 
! /ock1 &  includ+ ! loss f ! great     
hurricane17 ! annual av]age income  0   
br\ght to cle> a little above two p]    
c5t42 b 9 a ?ird  p]iod ( ?ree ye>s f   
#aghd to #aghf inclusive1 s9ce ! new    
mode  ( gov]n+ ! ,negroes1 7besides     
increas+ ! /ock1 & lay+ out  l>ge sums  
annually 9 add+ necess>y works1 & 9     
repairs ( !  damages by ! great         
hurricane17 ! e/ate has cle>$ v ne>ly   
f\r & a qu>t] p] c5t42 t is1 its annual 
av]age cle>ance 9  ea* ( ^! ?ree p]iods1
 0 9 ?is proportion2 = e #ajj l4        
annually cle>$ 9 ! fir/ p]iod ! annual  
av]age cle>ance 9 !  second p]iod 0 #aeh
 l4 #ajs41 & 9 ! ?ird p]iod 0 #cde l4   
#fs4 #h;d4 ,?is is ! /atem5t giv5 by    
,mr4 ,/eele1 & a mo/  important "o x is2

 = if we comp>e :at ! e/ate _h cle>$ 9  
! fir/1 ) :at x _h cle>$ 9 ! la/ ( ^!   
p]iods1 &  h rec\rse to figures1 we %all
 f9d t ,mr4 ,/eele _h m ?an  tripl$ !   
income ( x1 9 consequ5ce ( 8 new        
managem5t1  dur+ 8 resid5ce 9 ,b>badoes4
 ,& ?is is 9 fact :at he says  himself 9
 words at full l5g?1 9 8 answ] to ! #ag?
 "q  propos$ to him by ! committee ( !  
,privy-c\ncil on ! affairs (  ! slave   
trade4 ,9 a plantation1 says he1 ( #bjj 
slaves 9 ,june  #aghj1 consi/+ ( #ij m51
 #hb wom51 #ef boys1 & #fj girls1 ?\gh  
"u ! ex]tions ( an able & hone/ manag]1 
!re 7 only #ae  bir?s1 & no less ?an #eg
 dea?s1 9 ?ree ye>s & ?ree mon?s4 ,an   
alt]ation 0 made 9 ! mode ( gov]n+ !    
slaves4 ,! :ips 7  tak5 f all ! :ite    
s]vants4 ,all arbitr>y puni%m5ts 7      
aboli%$1 & all (f5ces 7 tri$ & s5t5ce   
pass$ by a ,negro  c\rt4 ,9 f\r ye>s &  
?ree mon?s aft] ?is *ange ( gov]nm5t1   
!re 7 #dd bir?s1 & only #da dea?s1 ( :i*
 t5 dea?s 7 (  sup]annuat$ m5 & wom51 "s
 above #hj ye>s old4 ,b 9 ! same        

int]val ! annual neat cle>ance ( ! e/ate
 0 above ?ree times  m ?an x _h be5 = t5
 ye>s be=e666    ,dr4 ,dickson1 ! editor
 ( ,mr4 ,/eele1 m5tions ^! pr(its also1 
&  9 ! same t]ms1 & connects !m ) an    
eulogium on ,mr4 ,/eele1  :i* is wor?y (
 our att5tion4 ,mr4 ,/eele1 says he1 saw
 t !  ,negroes1 l all o!r human be+s1 7 
to be /imulat$ to p]man5t  ex]tion only 
by a s5se ( _! own int]e/s 9 provid+ =  
_!  own wants & ^? ( _! (fspr+4 ,he     
!re=e tri$ rew>ds1  :i* imm$iately r\s$ 
! mo/ indol5t to ex]tion4 ,8 exp]im5ts  
end$ 9 regul> wages1 :i* ! indu/ry he _h
 excit$ among 8  :ole gang enabl$ him to
 pay4 ,"h 0 a natural1 effici5t1 &      
pr(itable reciprocity ( int]e/s4 ,8 p   
became cont5t$2 8  m9d 0 fre$ f t       
p]petual vexation & t load ( anxiety1   
:i* are insep>able f ! vulg> sy/em1 & 9 
little m ?an  f\r ye>s ! annual neat    
cle>ance ( 8 prop]ty 0 m ?an  tripl$4   
,aga91 9 ano!r "p ( ! "w1 ,mr4 ,/eele's 
plan may no  d\bt receive "s            
improvem5ts1 :i* 8 great age oblig$ him 

to  decl9e--b x is p]fect1 z f> z x     
goes4 ,to advance above #cjj            
field-negroes1 :o _h nev] be=e mov$ )\t 
! :ip1 to a /ate  ne>ly resembl+ t (    
cont5t$1 hone/ & indu/ri\s s]vants1  &1 
aft] pay+ = _! lab\r1 to triple 9 a few 
ye>s ! annual  neat cle>ance ( !        
e/ate1--^!1 ,i say1 7 great a*ievem5ts  
= an ag$ man 9 an untri$ field (        
improvem5t1 pre-occupi$ by  invet]ate   
vulg> prejudice4 ,he has inde$          
accompli%$ all t 0  really d\btful or   
difficult 9 ! und]tak+1 & p]haps all t  
is  at pres5t desirable ei!r = own] or  
slave2 = he has asc]ta9$  z a fact1 :at 
0 be=e only kn[n to ! le>n$ z a !ory1 & 
to  practical m5 z a p>adox1 t ! pay+ ( 
slaves = _! lab\r  does actually produce
 a v great pr(it to _! own]s4    ,i h n[
 prov$ 7z f> z ! plan#ae ( ,mr4 ,/eele  
is conc]n$7  my ?ird proposition1 or !  
probability t emancipation w\ld  promote
 ! int]e/s ( ^? :o %\ld adopt x2 b z ,i 
"k ( no  o!r e/ate simil>ly circum/anc$ 
) t ( ,mr4 ,/eele1 t is1  :]e           

emancipation has be5 tri$1 & :]e a      
detail$ result ( x has  be5 made kn[n1  
,i _c confirm x by o!r simil> examples4 
,i mu/  h rec\rse !re=e to "s new       
species ( pro(4 ,n[ x is an old  maxim1 
z old z ! days ( ,pl9y & ,columella1 &  
confirm$ by ,dr4  ,adam ,smi?1 & all !  
mod]n writ]s on political economy1 t !  
lab\r ( free m5 is *eap] ?an ! lab\r (  
slaves4 ,if !re=e ,i  %\ld be able to %[
 t ?is maxim w\ld be true1 if appli$ to 
all  ! op]ations & dem&s ( ,we/ ,indian 
agriculture1 ,i %\ld be able  to e/abli%
 my proposition on a new gr\nd3 = x     
requires no great  acut5ess to inf]1 t1 
if x be *eap] to employ free m5 ?an     
slaves 9 ! cultivation ( our isl&s1     
emancipation w\ld be a  pr(itable       
und]tak+ !re4    ,i %all %[1 !n1 t ! old
 maxim j m5tion$ is true1 :5  appli$ to 
! case 9 our own isl&s1 fir/1 by        
e/abli%+ ! fact1  t free m51 p ( col\r1 
9 ! ,ea/ ,indies1 are employ$ 9         
precisely ! same conc]ns 7! cultivation 
( ! cane & !  mak+ ( sug>7 z ! slaves 9 

! ,we/1 & t !y are employ$  at a *eap]  
rate4 ,! te/imony ( ,h5ry ,bo?am1 ,esq4 
w be q  suffici5t = ?is po9t4 ,t        
g5tleman resid$ = "s "t 9 !  ,ea/       
,indies1 :]e he became acqua9t$ ) !     
bus9ess ( a sug>  e/ate4 ,9 ! ye> #aggj 
he quitt$ ! ,ea/ = ! ,we/4 ,8 object  0 
to settle 9 ! latt] "p ( ! _w1 if x %\ld
 be f\nd  desirable s to d4 ,= ?is      
purpose he visit$ all ! ,we/ ,indian    
isl&s1 bo? ,engli% & ,fr5*1 9 ab\t two  
ye>s4 ,he became dur+  ?is "t a plant]1 
?\gh he did n cont9ue long 9 ?is        
situation2  & he sup]9t5d$ also ,messrs4
 ,bosanquets' & ,j4 ,fatio's            
sug>-plantation 9 _! p>tn]s' abs5ce4    
,f9d+ at l5g? !  unpr(itable way 9 :i* !
 ,we/ ,indian plant]s conduct$ _!       
conc]ns1 he return$ to ! ,ea/ ,indies 9 
#aggf1 & e/abli%$  sug>-works at        
,b5cool5 on 8 own acc\nt4 ,be+ 9 ,london
 9 ! ye>  #aghi1 :5 a committee ( privy 
c\ncil 0 sitt+ to exam9e into !  "q ( ! 
slave trade1 he deliv]$ a pap] to ! bo>d
 on !  mode ( cultivat+ a sug>          

plantation 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies2 & ?is  pap]
 be+ ?\ght ( great importance1 he 0     
summon$ aft]w>ds 9  #agia by a committee
 ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons to be exam9$      
p]sonally  ^u x4    ,x is v rem>kable t 
! v fir/ s5t5ce 9 ?is pap]  ann\nc$ !   
fact at once1 t sug>1 bett] & *eap] ?an 
t  9 ! ,we/ ,indian isl&s1 0 produc$ by 
free m54    ,mr4 ,bo?am !n expla9$ !    
simple process ( mak+ sug> 9 !  ,ea/4 ,a
 proprietor1 g5]ally a ,dut*man1 us$ to 
let 8 e/ate1 say  #cjj acres or m1 )    
prop] build+s ^u x1 to a ,*9ese1 :o     
liv$ ^u x & sup]9t5d$ x1 & :o re-let x  
to free m5 9  p>cels ( #ej or #fj acres 
on condition t !y %\ld plant x 9  canes 
= s mu* = e pecul1 #acc lbs41 ( sug>    
produc$4 ,?is  sup]9t5dant hir$ p f !   
adjac5t villages to take (f 8  crop4 ,"o
 lot ( task-m5 ) _! c>ts & buffaloes cut
 ! canes1  c>ri$ !m to ! mill1 & gr\nd  
!m4 ,a second set boil$ !m1 &  a ?ird   
clay$ & basket$ !m = m>ket at s mu* p]  
pecul4 ,?us  ! r5t] knew ) c]ta9ty :at e
 pecul w\ld co/ him1 & he  incurr$ no   

unnecess>y exp5se2 =1 :5 ! crop 0 ov]1 !
  task-m5 return$ home4 ,by divid+ !    
lab\r 9 ?is mann]1 x 0  bett] & *eap]   
done4    ,mr4 ,bo?am detail$ next !     
improv$ me?od ( mak+ sug> 9 ,batavia1   
:i* we h n room to ins]t "h4 ,we may j  
/ate1 h[ev]1 t  ! p]sons conc]n$ 9 x    
nev] made spirits on ! sug> e/ates4 ,!  
molasses & skimm+s 7 s5t =1 sale to     
,batavia1 :]e "o  di/ill]y might buy !  
produce ( a hundr$ e/ates4 ,"h1 aga91 0 
a va/ sav+1 says ,mr4 ,bo?am1 !re 0 n1 z
 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 a  di/ill]y = ea*    
e/ate4    ,he !n proce$$ to make a      
comp>ison betwe5 ! agricultural sy/em  (
 ! two c\ntries4 ,! cane 0 cultivat$ to 
! utmo/  p]fection 9 ,batavia1 :]eas !  
culture ( x 9 ! ,we/ ,indies 0  b 9 its 
infancy4 ,! hoe 0 sc>cely us$ 9 ! ,ea/1 
:]eas x  0 almo/ ! sole implem5t 9 !    
,we/4 ,! pl\gh 0 us$  in/ead ( x 9 !    
,ea/1 z f> z x c\ld be done4 ,"y canes  
!re 7 kept also (t5 pl\gh$ z a we$+1 & !
 hoe 0 kept  to we$ r\nd ! plant :5 v   
"y2 b ( ?is !re 0 little  ne$1 if ! l&  

_h be5 suffici5tly pl\gh$4 ,:5 ! cane 0 
ready to be e>!d up1 x 0 done by a sort 
( %ovel made = !  purpose4 ,two p]sons )
 ?is in/rum5t w\ld e>? up m canes 9  a  
day ?an t5 ,negroes ) hoes4 ,!          
cane-roots 7 also pl\gh$  up 9 ! ,ea/1  
:]eas !y 7 dug up ) ! sev]e/ ex]tion  9 
! ,we/4 ,_m alt]ations1 says ,mr4       
,bo?am1 are to be made1 &  exp5ses &    
human lab\r less5$ 9 ! ,we/4 ,hav+      
exp]i5c$ !  diff]5ce ( lab\r]s = pr(it &
 lab\r]s f =ce1 ,i c  ass]t1 t ! sav+s  
by ! =m] are v consid]able4    ,he !n   
po9t$ out o!r defects 9 ! ,we/ ,indian  
managem5t1 &  _! rem$ies4 ,i am (       
op9ion1 says he1 t ! ,we/ ,indian       
plant] %\ld = 8 own int]e/ give m lab\r 
to bea/ & less  to man4 ,a l>g] portion 
( 8 e/ate ought to be 9 pa/ure4 ,:5     
practicable1 canes %\ld be c>ri$ to !   
mill1 & cane tops &  grass to ! /ock1 9 
waggons4 ,! cu/om ( mak+ a h>d-work$    
,negro  get a bundle ( grass twice a day
 %\ld be aboli%$1 & 9 %ort a  total     
*ange take place 9 ! mis]able managem5t 

9 our ,we/ ,indian  ,isl&s4 ,by ^! means
 foll[+ z ne> z possible ! ,ea/ ,indian 
mode1 & consolidat+ ! di/ill]ies1 ,i d  
suppose our sug>-isl&s  might be bett]  
work$ ?an !y n[ are by two-?irds or     
inde$  "o-half ( ! pres5t =ce4 ,let x be
 consid]$ h[ mu* lab\r is  lo/ by !     
p]sons ov]see+ ! =c$ lab\r]1 :i* is sav$
  :5 he works = 8 own pr(it4 ,i h /at$ )
 ! /ricte/  v]acity a pla9 matt] ( fact1
 t sug> e/ates c be work$  *eap] by free
 m5 ?an by slaves#af4    ,i %all n[ %[1 
t ! old maxim1 :i* has be5 m5tion$1 is  
true1  :5 appli$ to ! case ( our ,we/   
,indian isl&s1 by e/abli%+ a  fact ( a v
 diff]5t k9d1 viz4 t ! slaves 9 ! ,we/  
,indies  d mu* m "w 9 a giv5 "t :5 !y "w
 = !mselves1 ?an  :5 !y "w = _! ma/]s4  
,b h[1 x w be said1 d y  prove1 by      
e/abli%+ ?is fact1 t x w\ld be *eap] =  
our  plant]s to employ free m5 ?an      
slaves8 ,i answ] ?us3 ,i ma9ta9 t1  :ile
 ! slaves are work+ = !mselves1 !y are  
to be  consid]$1 inde$ t !y are1 bon    
fide1 free lab\r]s4 ,9 !  fir/ place1 !y

 nev] h a driv] ) !m on any ( ^!        
occasions2 &1 9 ! second place1 hav+ all
 _! e>n+s to  !mselves1 !y h t /imulus  
)9 !m to excite indu/ry1  :i* is only   
kn[n to free m54 ,:at is x1 ,i ask1 :i* 
gives bir?  to indu/ry 9 any "p ( ! _w1 
see+ t lab\r is n  agreeable to man1 b !
 /imulus aris+ f ! hope ( ga98 ,:at     
makes an ,engli% lab\r] d m "w 9 ! day  
?an a slave1 b !  /imulus aris+ f ! k1 t
 :at he e>ns is = himself  & n = ano!r8 
,:at1 aga91 makes an ,engli% lab\r] d   
mu*  m "w by ! piece ?an by ! day1 b !  
/imulus aris+  f ! k t he may ga9 m by !
 =m] ?an by !  latt] mode ( "w8 ,j s is 
! ,we/ ,indian slave situat$1 :5 he  is 
work+ = himself1 t is1 :5 he kn[s t :at 
he e>ns is  = 8 own use4 ,he has !n all 
! /imulus ( a free man1 & he is1  !re=e1
 dur+ su* "w 7?\gh unhappily no long]7  
really1 &  9 effect1 & to all int5ts &  
purposes1 z mu* a free lab\r] z  any    
p]son 9 any "p ( ! globe4 ,b if he be a 
free man1 :ile he  is work+ = himself1 &
 if 9 t capacity he does twice or ?rice 

m "w ?an :5 he works = 8 ma/]1 x foll[s1
 t x w\ld  be *eap] = 8 ma/] to employ  
him z a free lab\r]1 or t !  lab\r (    
free m5 9 ! ,we/ ,indies w\ld be *eap]  
?an ! lab\r  ( slaves4    ,t ,we/       
,indian slaves1 :5 !y "w = !mselves1 d  
mu* m 9  a giv5 "t ?an :5 !y "w = _!    
ma/]s1 is a fact s  notori\s 9 ! ,we/   
,indies1 t no "o :o has be5 !re w\ld d5y
  x4 ,look at ,long's ,hi/ory (         
,jamaica1 ,! ,privy ,c\ncil ,report1    
,gais=d's ,essay on ! good ,effects ( ! 
,abolition ( ! ,slave  ,trade1 & o!r    
books4 ,let u he> also :at ,dr4         
,dickson1 ! editor  ( ,mr4 ,/eele1 & :o 
resid$ s _m ye>s 9 ,b>badoes1 says on   
?is  subject1 = :at he says is s        
admirably express$ t ,i _c help  quot+  
x4 ,! plant]s1 says he1 d n take ! "r   
way to make  human be+s put =? _! /r5g?4
 ,!y apply ma9 =ce :]e !y  %\ld apply   
moral motives1 & puni%m5ts alone :]e    
rew>ds %\ld  be judici\sly int]mix$4 ,!y
 fir/ beslave _! poor p )  _! curs$ :ip1
 & !n /& & wond] at ! trem\r ( _!       

n]ves1 & ! laxity ( _! muscles4 ,& yet1 
/range to tell1  ^? v m5 affirm1 &      
affirm truly1 t a slave w d m  "w =     
himself 9 an aft]noon ?an he c be made  
to d = 8  own] 9 a :ole day or m6 ,& did
 n ! :ole ,assembly (  ,gr5ada1 z we    
collect f ! fam\s spee* ( ,mr4 ,pitt on 
! ,slave  ,trade 9 #agia1 affirm ! same 
?+8 ,he 7,mr4 ,pitt7 w\ld %[1 he  said1 
! futility ( ! argum5t ( 8 hon\rable    
fri5d4 ,he 78  hon\rable fri5d7 _h      
himself admitt$1 t x 0 9 ! p[] ( !      
colonies to correct ! v>i\s abuses by   
:i* ! ,negro population 0  re/ra9$4 ,b  
!y c\ld n d ?is )\t improv+ ! condition 
( _! slaves1 )\t mak+ !m approximate    
t[>ds ! rank (  citiz5s1 )\t giv+ !m "s 
little int]e/ 9 _! lab\r1  :i* w\ld     
occasion !m to "w ) ! en]gy ( m54 ,b n[ 
!  ,assembly ( ,gr5ada _h !mselves /at$1
 t1 ?\gh ! ,negroes  7 all[$ ! aft]noon 
( only "o day 9 e week1 !y w\ld d  z mu*
 "w 9 t aft]noon :5 employ$ = _! own    
b5efit1 z  9 ! :ole day :5 employ$ 9 _! 
ma/]s' s]vice4 ,n[ aft]  ?is confession 

! ,h\se might burn all 8 calculations   
relative to  ! ,negro population2 = if  
?is population _h n q rea*$ !  desirable
 /ate :i* he _h po9t$ out1 ?is          
confession _h prov$  t fur!r supplies 7 
n want$4 ,a ,negro1 if he work$ =       
himself1 c\ld d d\ble "w4 ,by an        
improvem5t !n 9 ! mode (  lab\r1 ! "w 9 
! isl&s c\ld be d\bl$4 ,b if s1 :at w\ld
  become ( ! argum5t ( 8 hon\rable      
fri5d8 = !n only half !  numb] ( !      
pres5t lab\r]s 7 necess>y4    ,b ! fact1
 t ! slaves 9 ! ,we/ ,indies d mu* m "w 
=  !mselves 9 a giv5 "t ?an :5 !y "w =  
_! ma/]s1 may be  e/abli%$ almo/        
ari?metically1 if we w take ! tr\ble (  
calculat+ f au!ntic docum5ts :i* pres5t 
!mselves on !  subject4 ,x is surpris+1 
:5 we look into ! evid5ce exam9$ by  !  
,h\se ( ,commons on ! subject ( ! ,slave
 ,trade1 to f9d h[  little a ,we/       
,indian slave really does1 :5 he works =
 8 ma/]2  & ?is is confess$ equally by !
 witnesses on bo? sides ( !  "q4 ,"o (  
!m 7,mr4 ,francklyn7 says1 t a lab\r+   

man c\ld  n get 8 bread 9 ,europe if he 
work$ no h>d] ?an a ,negro4  ,ano!r     
7,mr4 ,tob971 t no ,negro works l a     
day-lab\r] 9  ,engl&4 ,ano!r 7,sir ,john
 ,dall+71 t ! g5]al "w ( ,negroes is  n 
to be call$ lab\r4 ,a f\r? 7,dr4        
,jackson71 t an ,engli%  lab\r] does    
?ree times z mu* "w z a ,negro 9 ! ,we/ 
,indies4  ,n[ h[ are ^! expressions to  
be reconcil$ ) ! common notions  9      
,engl& ( ,negro lab\r8 = to "w l a      
,negro is a common  phrase1 :i* is      
und]/ood to convey ! mean+1 t ! lab\r ( 
! ,negroes is ! mo/ sev]e & intol]able t
 is kn[n4 ,"o ( !  witnesses1 h[ev]1 j  
m5tion$ expla9s ! matt]4 ,! h>d%ip1     
says he1 ( ,negro field-lab\r is m 9 !  
mode ?an 9 !  quantity done4 ,! slave1  
see+ no end ( 8 lab\r1 /&s ov] !  "w1 & 
only ?r[s ! hoe to avoid ! la%4 ,he     
appe>s to "w  )\t actually work+4 ,!    
tru? is1 t a ,negro1 hav+ no  int]e/ 9 8
 "w :ile work+ = 8 ma/]1 w "w only :ile 
! :ip is ^u him4 ,i c no :]e make out ! 
cle> net annual  e>n+s ( a field ,negro 

on a sug> plantation to come up to #h l4
  /]l+4 ,n[ :at does he e>n 9 ! c\rse ( 
a ye> :5 he is  work+ = himself8 ,i d>e 
n repeat :at "s ( ! witnesses =  !      
plant]s /at$ to ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 :5  
repres5t+ !  enviable condition ( !     
slaves 9 ! ,we/ ,indies2 = ?is w\ld be  
to make him e>n m = himself 9 "o day ?an
 = 8 ma/] 9 a  week4 ,let u take !n !   
l[e/ sum m5tion$ 9 ! ,book (  ,evid5ce4 
,?is is /at$ to be #ad;d4 /]l+ p] week2 
& #ad;d4  /]l+ p] week w\ld make #c l4  
/]l+ p] ye>4 ,b h[ _m days  9 ! week    
does he "w :5 he makes su* annual e>n+s8
 ,! mo/  "t1 :i* any ( ! witnesses gives
 to a field slave = 8 own  private      
conc]ns1 is e ,sunday1 & also e         
,saturday aft]noon 9  ! week1 besides   
?ree holidays 9 ! ye>4 ,b ?is is f> f   
be+  ! g5]al acc\nt4 ,_m ( !m say t he  
has only ,sunday to  himself2 & o!rs1 t 
ev5 ,sunday is occasionally trespass$ ^u
 by  8 ma/]4 ,x appe>s1 also1 t ev5 :]e 
! aft]noon is giv5  him1 x is only out (
 crop-"t4 ,n[ let u take into ! acc\nt !

  "t lo/ by slaves 9 go+ backw>ds &     
=w>ds to _!  provision-gr\nds2 = ?\gh "s
 ( ^! are describ$ z be+ only  a /one's 
?r[ f _! huts1 o!rs are describ$ z be+  
"o1  & two1 & ?ree1 & ev5 f\r miles (f2 
& let u take into !  acc\nt also1 t     
,sunday is1 by ! confession ( all1 !    
,negro m>ket  day1 on :i* alone !y c    
dispose ( _! own produce1 & t !  m>ket  
itself may be f "o to t5 or fifte5 miles
 f _! homes1  & t !y :o g !re _c be     
work+ 9 _! g>d5s at !  same "t1 & we    
%all f9d t !re _c be on an av]age m  ?an
 a cle> ?ree qu>t]s ( a day 9 ! week1   
:i* !y c call  _! own1 & 9 :i* !y c "w =
 !mselves4 ,b call x a  :ole day1 if y  
please1 & y w f9d t ! slave does =      
himself 9 ?is "o day m ?an a ?ird ( :at 
he does = 8 ma/]  9 six1 or t he works m
 ?an ?ree times h>d] :5 he works  =     
himself ?an :5 he works = 8 ma/]4    ,i 
h n[ %[n1 fir/ by ! evid5ce ( ,mr4      
,bo?am1 & secondly by  ! fact ( ,negroes
 e>n+ m 9 a giv5 "t :5 !y "w 9 _!  own  
g>d5s1 ?an :5 !y "w 9 _! ma/]'s s]vice1 

t ! old  maxim ( its be+ *eap] to employ
 free m5 ?an slaves1 is true1  :5 appli$
 to ! op]ations & dem&s ( ,we/ ,indian  
agriculture4  ,b if x be *eap] to employ
 free m5 ?an slaves 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1   
!n !y1 :o %\ld emancipate _! ,negroes   
!re1 w\ld promote  _! int]e/ by s do+4  
,b hold6 says an objector1 we all[  t _!
 successors w\ld be b5efit$1 b n !      
emancipators  !mselves4 ,^! w\ld h a    
great sacrifice to make4 ,_! slaves  are
 wor? s mu* money at ?is mom5t2 b !y    
w\ld lose all ?is  value1 if !y 7 to set
 !m free4 ,i reply1 & inde$ ,i h all    
along affirm$1 t x is n propos$ to      
emancipate ! slaves at  once1 b to      
prep>e !m = emancipation 9 a c\rse (    
ye>s4 ,mr4  ,/eele did n make 8 slaves  
entirely free4 ,!y 7 copyhold-bond      
slaves4 ,!y 7 /ill 8 freehold prop]ty3 &
 !y w\ld1 if he  _h liv$1 h cont9u$ s = 
_m ye>s4 ,!y !re=e1 :o %\ld  emancipate1
 w\ld lose no?+ ( ! value ( _! slaves1 s
 long z  !y br\ght !m only to ! door (  
lib]ty1 b did n all[ !m to  pass ?r\gh  

x4 ,b suppose !y 7 to all[ !m to pass   
?r\gh x  & ?us admit !m to fre$om1 !y   
w\ld lose no?+ by s do+2 =  !y w\ld n   
admit !m to fre$om till aft] a c]ta9    
p]iod (  ye>s1 dur+ :i* ,i cont5d t !   
value ( e individual  slave w\ld h be5  
reimburs$ to !m f ! increas$ income  (  
_! e/ates4 ,mr4 ,/eele1 z we h se51 m   
?an tripl$ !  value ( 8 income dur+ 8   
exp]im5t3 ,i believe t he m ?an         
quadrupl$ x2 = he says1 t he m ?an      
tripl$ x besides  increas+ 8 /ock1 &    
lay+ out l>ge sums annually 9 add+      
necess>y works1 & 9 repairs ( ! damage  
by ! great hurricane4  ,suppose !n a    
,we/ ,india e/ate to yield at ?is mom5t 
a nett income  ( #ejj l4 p] annum1 ?is  
income w\ld be increas$1 accord+ to ,mr4
  ,/eele's exp]i5ce1 to some:]e ab\t    
#agjj l4 p] annum4 ,w\ld n1  !n1 !      
surplus beyond ! orig9al #ejj l41 viz4  
#abjj l4 p] annum1  be suffici5t to     
reimburse ! proprietor 9 a few ye>s = ! 
value  ( e slave :i* he _h :5 he began 8
 plan ( emancipation8 ,b  he w\ld be    

reimburs$ aga91 t is1 7twice ov] on !   
:ole =  e individual slave17 f a new    
s\rce1 viz4 ! improv$ value (  8 l&4 ,x 
is a fact well kn[n 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 t
 a c]ta9  quantity ( l&1 or f>m1 9 full 
cultivation by free m51 w fet*  twice m 
money ?an ! same quantity ( l&1 simil>ly
  circum/anc$1 9 full cultivation by    
slaves4 ,let u suppose n[ t  ! slaves at
 pres5t on any ,we/ ,indian plantation  
are wor? ab\t z  mu* z ! l& ) ! build+s 
^u x1 to :i* !y are atta*$1  & t ! l& ) 
! build+s ^u x w\ld rise to d\ble its   
=m] value :5 cultivat$ by free m51 x    
foll[s t ! l& &  build+s alone w\ld be  
wor? z mu* !n1 t is1 :5 work$ by  free  
lab\r]s1 z ! l&1 build+s1 & slaves      
toge!r are wor? at  ! pres5t "t4    ,i h
 n[1 ,i ?9k1 pretty well canvass$ !     
subject1 & ,i %all  !re=e ha/5 to a     
conclusion4 ,& fir/1 ,i ask ! ,we/      
,indians1  :e!r !y ?9k t !y w be all[$  
to c>ry on _! pres5t  cruel sy/em1 !    
arbitr>y use ( ! :ip & ! *a91 & !       
brutal debasem5t ( _! fell[-creatures1 =

 ev]4 ,i say1 ,no2 ,i  ent]ta9 bett]    
hopes ( ! humanity & ju/ice ( ! ,briti% 
p4 ,i am sure t !y w int]f]e1 & t :5 !y 
once  take up ! cause1 !y w nev] ab&on x
 till !y h obta9$  _! object4 ,& :at is 
x1 aft] all1 t ,i h be5 propos+ 9  !    
c\rse ( ! prec$+ pages8 two ?+s only1   
viz4 t ! laws  relat+ to ! slaves may be
 revis$ by ! ,briti% p>liam5t1 s t  !y1 
may be made 7z x 0 always int5d$7 to    
accord )1 & n  to be repugnant to1 !    
pr9ciples ( ! ,briti% con/itution1 &  t1
 :5 su* a revision %all h tak5 place1 ! 
slaves may be put  into a /ate (        
prep>ation = emancipation2 & = su* an   
emancipation only z may be compatible ) 
! jo9t int]e/s ( !  ma/] & ! slave4 ,is 
!re any ?+ unreasonable 9 ?is           
proposition8 ,is x unreasonable to      
desire t ^? laws %\ld be  repeal$1 :i*  
are contr>y to ! laws ( ,god1 or t !    
,africans  & _! desc5dants1 :o h ! %ape1
 image1 intellect1 feel+s1  & affections
 ( m51 %\ld be treat$ z human be+s8     
,! measure !n1 :i* ,i h be5 propos+1 is 

n unreasonable4 ,i  tru/ x w\ld n be    
injuri\s to ! int]e/s ( ! ,we/ ,indians 
!mselves4 ,^! are at pres5t1 x is said1 
9 great di/ress2 & s  !y h be5 = ye>s2 &
 s !y w /ill be 7& moreov] !y  w be     
gett+ worse & worse7 s long z !y cont9ue
 slav]y4 ,h[  c su* a wick$1 su* an     
ill-fram$ sy/em succe$8 ,has n !        
,almighty 9 8 moral gov]nm5t ( ! _w     
/amp$ a "* ^u  human actions1 & giv5 su*
 a turn to _! op]ations1 t !  balance   
%\ld be ultimately 9 fav\r ( virtue8    
,has he n tak5 f  ^?1 :o act wick$ly1 ! 
p[] ( disc]n+ ! "r pa?8 or has  he n s  
conf\nd$ _! faculties1 t !y are = ev]   
fru/rat+  _! own s*emes8 ,x is only to  
"k ! practice ( our plant]s to be       
assur$1 t x w br+ on difficulty aft]    
difficulty1 & loss  aft] loss1 till x w 
end 9 ru94 ,if a man 7 to sit d[n & to  
try to inv5t a ru9\s sy/em (            
agriculture1 c\ld he devise "o m  to 8  
m9d ?an t :i* !y h be5 9 ! habit ( us+8 
,let u  look at "s ( ! m /rik+ p>ts (   
?is sy/em4 ,! fir/ t  />es u 9 ! face1  

is ! unnatural & de/ructive practice (  
=c$ lab\r4 ,"h we see m5 work+ )\t any  
rational /imulus  to elicit _! ex]tions1
 & !re=e !y mu/ be foll[$ by  driv]s )  
:ips 9 _! h&s4 ,well might x be said by 
,mr4 ,bo?am  to ! ,committees (         
,privy-c\ncil & ,h\se ( ,commons1 ,let x
 be  consid]$1 h[ mu* lab\r is lo/ by ! 
p]sons ov]see+ ! =c$  lab\r]1 :i* is    
sav$ :5 he works = 8 own pr(it2 &1      
not)/&+ all ! vigilance & :ipp+ ( ^!    
driv]s1 ,i h  prov$ t ! slaves d m =    
!mselves 9 an aft]noon1 ?an 9 a  :ole   
day :5 !y "w = _! ma/]s4 ,x 0 d\btless !
  conviction t =c$ lab\r 0 unpr(itable1 
z well z t !re  w\ld be less ( human    
suff]+1 :i* made ,mr4 ,/eele take away !
  :ips f 8 driv]s1 z ! v fir/ /ep       
necess>y 9 8  improv$ sy/em1 or z ! s9e 
qu non )\t :i* su* a sy/em  c\ld n      
prop]ly be begun2 & did n ?is v measure 
alt] !  face ( 8 affairs 9 po9t ( pr(it 
9 ?ree ye>s aft] x _h be5  put into     
op]ation8 ,& "h x mu/ be obs]v$1 t1 if  
ev]  emancipation %\ld be begun by our  

plant]s1 ?is mu/ be 7h[ev] !y  may      
dislike to "p ) arbitr>y p[]7 z mu* a   
fir/ /ep ) !m  z x 0 ) ,mr4 ,/eele4 ,=c$
 lab\r /&s at ! head ( !  catalogue ( ^?
 nuisances belong+ to slav]y1 :i* oppose
 !  plant]'s ga94 ,x mu/ be remov$ be=e 
any ?+ else c be done4  ,see :at        
mis*iefs x leads to1 indep5d5tly ( its  
want ( pr(it4 ,x  is impossible t =c$   
lab\r c be kept up f day to day )\t     
injury to ! con/itution ( ! slaves2 & if
 _! heal? is  injur$1 ! prop]ty ( _!    
ma/]s mu/ be injur$ also4 ,=c$  lab\r1  
aga91 s5ds _m ( !m to ! sick-h\ses4 ,"h 
is1 at any  rate1 a loss ( _! work+ "t4 
,b x drives !m also occasionally  to run
 away1 & sometimes to de/roy !mselves4  
,"h aga9 is a loss  ( _! work+ "t & (   
prop]ty into ! b>ga94 ,=c$ lab\r1  !n1  
is "o ( ^? /rik+ p>ts 9 ! ,we/ ,indian  
husb&ry1 9  :i* we see a con/ant s\rce (
 loss to ^? :o adopt x2 & may  we n     
speak1 & yet ) tru?1 z unfav\rably ( "s 
( ! o!r  /rik+ p>ts 9 ! same sy/em8 ,:at
 %all we say1 fir/1 to t  injuri\s      

disproportion ( ! articles ( croppage ) 
! wants (  ! e/ates1 :i* makes little or
 no provision ( food = !  lab\r]s 7! v  
fir/ to be c>$ =71 b leaves ^! to be f$ 
by articles to be b\ght ?ree ?\s& miles 
(f 9 ano!r c\ntry1  let ! m>kets !re be 
ev] s high1 or ! prices ev] s           
unfav\rable1 at ! "t8 ,:at %all we say1 
aga91 to t ob/9ate  & ru9\s atta*m5t to 
old cu/oms1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* ev5      
ackn[l$g$ improvem5ts are almo/ =bidd5  
to be receiv$8 ,h[  g5]ally has !       
introduction ( ! pl\gh be5 oppos$ 9 !   
,we/  ,indies1 ?\gh bo? ! hi/orians (   
,jamaica h recomm5d$ ! use  ( x1 & ?\gh 
x has be5 prov$ t "o pl\gh ) two sets ( 
horses to relieve ea* o!r1 w\ld turn up 
z mu* l& 9 a day1 z  "o hundr$ ,negroes 
c\ld ) _! hoes6 ,is n ! hoe also        
cont9u$ 9 e>?+ up ! canes !re1 :5 ,mr4  
,bo?am prov$1 m  ?an ?irty ye>s ago1 t  
two m5 w\ld d m ) ! ,ea/ ,indian  %ovel 
at t sort ( "w 9 a day1 ?an t5 ,negroes 
) ! =m]  in/rum5t8 ,s mu* = unpr(itable 
in/rum5ts ( husb&ry2 a few  words n[ on 

unpr(itable modes ( employm5t4 ,x seems1
 fir/1 little  less ?an infatuation1 to 
make ,negroes c>ry baskets ( dung ^u _! 
heads1 basket aft] basket1 to ! field4  
,i d n m5tion ?is s mu*  z an intol]able
 h>d%ip ^u ^? :o h to p]=m x1 z an      
improvid5t wa/e ( /r5g? & "t4 ,:y are n 
horses1 or mules1 or  ox51 & c>ts or o!r
 vehicles ( conv5i5ce1 us$ (t5] on su*  
occasions8 ,i may notice also t cruel & 
mo/ disadvantage\s mode (  employm5t (  
mak+ ,negroes collect grass = ! cattle1 
by pick+ x  by ! h& blade by blade4 ,are
 no artificial grasses to be f\nd 9 our 
isl&s1 & is ! exi/5ce ( ! scy! unkn[n   
!re8 ,b x is (  no use to dwell long] ^u
 ?is subject4 ,! :ole sy/em is a ru9\s  
"o f ! beg9n+ to ! end4 ,& f :5ce does  
su* a sy/em  arise8 ,x has its orig9 9  
slav]y alone4 ,x is practis$ no :]e  b 9
 ! l& ( ignorance & slav]y4 ,slav]y     
inde$1 or r !  despotism :i* supports   
slav]y1 has no compassion1 & x is "o (  
its *>act]i/ics nev] to ?9k ( sp>+ !    
s9ews ( !  wret*$ creature call$ a      

slave4 ,h5ce x is sl[ to adopt helps1 ) 
:i* a b5efic5t ,provid5ce has furni%$ u1
 by giv+ to man an  inv5tive faculty =  
eas+ 8 bur!ns1 or by submitt+ ! bea/s  (
 ! field to 8 dom9ion & 8 use1 & x flies
 to exp$i5ts  :i* are contr>y to nature 
& reason4 ,h[ !n c su* a sy/em ev]      
answ]8 ,7 an ,engli% f>m] to h rec\rse  
to su* a sy/em1 he  w\ld n be able to   
pay 8 r5t = a s+le ye>4 ,if ! plant]s   
!n are 9 di/ress1 x is _! own fault4 ,!y
 may1 h[ev]1 ?ank  ! abolitioni/s t !y  
are n worse (f ?an !y are at pres5t4  ,!
 abolition ( ! slave trade1 by cutt+ (f 
! pur*ase ( new  slaves1 has cut (f "o  
cause ( _! ru9#ag2 & x is only !        
abolition ( slav]y :i* c yet save !m4   
,_h ! plant]s1 :5  ! slave trade 0      
aboli%$1 tak5 imm$iate measures to meet 
!  *ange2 _h !y !n revis$ _! laws &     
sub/itut$ bett]2 _h  !y !n put _! slaves
 into a /ate ( prep>ation =             
emancipation1  9 :at a diff]5t1 t is1   
desirable situation w\ld !y h be5  at   
?is mom5t6 ,9 fact1 no?+ c save !m1 b ! 

abolition (  slav]y on a wise & prud5t  
plan4 ,!y c no m expect1 )\t  x1 to meet
 ! pres5t l[ prices ( colonial produce1 
?an ! ,briti%  f>m] c meet ! pres5t l[  
prices ( gra91 unless he c h an         
abatem5t ( r5t1 ti!1 & taxation1 &      
unless 8 pres5t poor  rates c be dim9i%$
 also4 ,take away1 h[ev]1 f ! plant]s ! 
use & practice ( slav]y1 & ! h\r ( _!   
reg5]ation w\ld  be begun4 ,c we d\bt1 t
 ,provid5ce w\ld !n bless _!  endeav\rs1
 & t salvation f _! difficulties w\ld be
 _!  portion 9 ! end8    ,x has appe>$1 
,i hope1 by ?is "t1 t :at ,i h be5      
propos+  is n unreasonable1 & t1 s f> f 
be+ injuri\s to !  int]e/s ( ! plant]s1 
x w\ld be highly advantage\s to !m4 ,i  
%all n[ %[1 t ,i d n ask = !            
introduction ( a m humane  sy/em into   
our ,colonies at a "t :5 x w\ld be      
improp] to grant  x2 or t no fair       
objection c be rais$ aga9/ ! pres5t     
mom5t1 z ! fit era f :5ce ! measures 9  
contemplation  %\ld comm5ce4 ,!re 01    
inde$1 a "t :5 ! plant]s might h  (f]$  

some?+ l an excuse = ! sev]ity ( _!     
conduct  t[>ds _! slaves1 on ! plea t ! 
great] "p ( !m !n 9  ! colonies 7       
,african-born or /rang]s1 & t c>goes 7  
con/antly p\r+ 91 "o aft] ! o!r1 consi/+
 ( ! same sort  ( be+s2 or ( /ubborn    
f]oci\s p1 nev] accu/om$ to "w1  ^:     
spirits x 0 necess>y to break1 & ^:     
necks to =ce d[n  to ! yoke2 & t ?is    
c\ld only be effect$ by ! :ip1 !  *a91 !
 iron coll>1 & o!r in/rum5ts ( ! k9d4 ,b
 n[ no  su* plea c be (f]$4 ,x is n[    
sixte5 ye>s s9ce ! slave trade  0       
aboli%$ by ,engl&1 & x is !re=e to be   
presum$1 t no  new slaves h be5 import$ 
into ! ,briti% colonies )9 t  p]iod4 ,! 
slaves1 !re=e1 :o are !re at ?is day1   
mu/ consi/  ei!r ( ,africans1 ^: spirits
 mu/ h be5 long ago brok51 or (         
,creoles born 9 ! cradle & br\ght up 9 !
 trammels ( slav]y4  ,:at argum5t !n c  
be produc$ = ! cont9uation ( a b>b>\s   
discipl9e !re8 ,& we are v glad to f9d t
 two g5tlem51 bo?  ( :om we h _h        
occasion to quote be=e1 be> u out 9 ?is 

rem>k4 ,mr4 ,/eele1 speak+ ( "s ( ! old 
cruel laws ( ,b>badoes1  applies !m to !
 case be=e u 9 ^! words3--,z1 accord+ to
  ,ligon's acc\nt1 !re 7 n above        
two-?irds ( ! isl& 9  plantations 9 !   
ye> #afej1 we mu/ suppose t 9 ! ye>     
#afhh !  great numb] ( ,african-born    
slaves br\ght into ! plantations 9      
*a9s1 & compell$ to lab\r by ! t]rors ( 
corporal puni%m5t1  might h made x appe>
 necess>y to enact a tempor>y law s h>% 
z  ! /atute ,no4 #hb2 b :5 ! great      
majority ( ! ,negroes 7  become         
v]nacul>1 born 9 ! isl&1 naturaliz$ by  
language1 &  famili>is$ by cu/om1 did n 
policy z well z humanity require3  !m to
 be put "u mild] conditions1 su* z 7    
grant$ to !  slaves ( our ,saxon        
ance/ors8 ,colonel ,mal5fant speaks !   
same  s5tim5ts4 ,9 def5d+ 8 plan1 :i* he
 (f]$ to ! ,fr5*  ,gov]nm5t = ,/4 ,dom+o
 9 #ahad1 aga9/ ! vulg> prejudice1 t    
:]e y employ ,negroes y mu/ ( necessity 
use slav]y1 he  deliv]s himself         
?us3--#ah;,if all ! ,negroes on a       

plantation _h n  be5 m ?an six mon?s out
 ( ,africa1 or if !y _h ! same ideas    
conc]n+ an indep5d5t mann] ( life z !   
,indians or ! savages  ( ,guiana1 ,i    
%\ld consid] my plan to be              
impracticable4 ,i %\ld !n  say t co]cion
 w\ld be necess>y3 b n9ety-n9e out ( e  
hundr$ ,negroes 9 ,/4 ,dom+o are aw>e t 
!y _c obta9  necess>ies )\t "w4 ,!y "k t
 x is _! duty to "w1 &  !y are ev5      
desir\s ( work+2 b ! remembrance ( _!   
cruel  suff]+s 9 ! "t ( slav]y r5d]s !m 
suspici\s4 ,we may  conclude1 !n1 t if a
 cruel discipl9e 0 n necess>y 9 !  ye>s 
#agij & #agid1 to :i* ^! g5tlem5 allude1
 :5 !re mu/  h be5 "s ?\s&s ( newly     
import$ ,africans bo? 9 ,/4  ,dom+o & 9 
! ,engli% colonies1 x _c be necess>y n[1
 :5  !re h be5 no importations into !   
latt] = fifte5 ye>s4  ,!re c be no      
excuse1 !n1 = ! ,engli% plant]s = n     
alt]+  _! sy/em1 & ?is imm$iately4 ,x   
is1 on ! o!r h&1 a great  reproa* to !m1
 consid]+ ! quality & "* ( _! slaves1  t
 !y %\ld n ( !mselves h come =w>d on !  

subject  be=e ?is "t4    ,see+ !n t no?+
 has be5 done :]e x ought1 x is ! duty (
  ! abolitioni/s to resume _! lab\rs4   
,if ?r\gh ! m$ium (  ! abolition ( !    
slave trade !y h n accompli%$1 z !y     
expect$1 ! :ole ( _! object1 !y h no    
alt]native b to  resort to o!r measures1
 or to attempt by con/itutional means1  
"u  t ,legislature :i* has already      
sanction$ _! ef=ts1 !  mitigation ( !   
cruel treatm5t ( ! ,negroes1 ) !        
ultimate view  ( ext+ui%+1 9 due "t & 9 
a suitable mann]1 ! slav]y  itself4 ,nor
 ought any "t to be lo/ 9 mak+ su* an   
attempt2 = x  is a melan*oly fact1 t !re
 is sc>cely any increase ( ! slave      
population 9 our isl&s at ! pres5t      
mom5t4 ,:at o!r pro( ne$  we require ( !
 sev]ity ( ! slav]y !re1 & ( ! necessity
  ( its mitigation8 ,sev]e puni%m5ts1   
want ( suffici5t food1 lab\r  extract$  
by ! :ip1 & a sy/em ( pro/itution1      
conspire1 almo/  z mu* z ev]1 to make   
inroads ^u ! con/itutions ( ! slaves1  &
 to prev5t _! increase4 ,& let x be     

rememb]$ "h1 t any  =m] defect ( ?is k9d
 0 suppli$ by importations2 b t         
importations are n[ unlawful4 ,unless1  
!re=e1 ! abolitioni/s  int]f]e1 & t     
soon1 our ,we/ ,indian plant]s may come 
to  ,p>liam5t & say1 ,we h n[ tri$ y\r  
exp]im5t4 ,x has n  answ]$4 ,y mu/ !re=e
 give u leave to g aga9 to ! coa/ (     
,africa = slaves4 ,!re is also ano!r    
consid]ation wor?y ( !  att5tion ( !    
abolitioni/s1 viz4 t a public attempt   
made 9  ,engl& to procure ! abolition ( 
slav]y w\ld v mu* promote  _! orig9al   
object1 ! cause ( ! abolition ( ! slave 
trade2  = =eign c\rts h greatly d\bt$   
our s9c]ity z to ! latt]  measure1 & h  
!re=e be5 v backw>d 9 giv+ u _!         
assi/ance 9 x4 ,if ,engl&1 say !y1      
aboli%$ ! slave trade f  moral motives1 
h[ happ5s x t %e cont9ues slav]y8 ,b if 
?is  public attempt 7 to succe$1 !n !   
abolitioni/s w\ld see _!  wi%es 9 a     
direct tra9 = completion3 = if slav]y 7 
to fall 9  ! ,briti% isl&s1 ?is ev5t    
w\ld occasion dea? 9 a giv5 "t1  & )\t  

/rik+ any fur!r bl[1 to ! execrable     
trade 9 e  "p ( ! _w2 because ^?        
=eign]s1 :o %\ld cont9ue  slav]y1 no    
long] able to compete 9 ! m>kets ) ^? :o
 %\ld  employ free m51 mu/ ab&on ! slave
 trade altoge!r4    ,b "h p]haps !      
plant]s w say1 ,:at "r h ! p (  ,engl&  
to int]f]e ) our prop]ty1 :i* w\ld be ! 
case if !y  7 to attempt to aboli%      
slav]y8 ,! p ( ,engl& might reply1  t !y
 h z good a "r z y1 ! plant]s1 h to     
int]f]e  ) t mo/ preci\s ( all prop]ty1 
! lib]ty ( y\r slaves1  see+ t y hold !m
 by no "r t is n oppos$ to nature1      
reason1 ju/ice1 & religion4 ,! p (      
,engl& h no desire to  int]f]e ) y\r    
prop]ty1 b ) y\r oppression4 ,x is      
probable t y\r prop]ty w\ld be improv$  
by ! *ange4 ,b1 to  exam9e ?is "r m     
m9utely1 ,i cont5d1 fir/1 t !y h  always
 a "r to int]f]e 9 behalf ( humanity &  
ju/ice :]ev]  _! appeals c be he>d4 ,i  
cont5d1 secondly1 t !y h a m  imm$iate  
"r to int]f]e 9 ! pres5t case1 because !
 oppress$  p]sons 9 "q1 liv+ 9 ! ,briti%

 dom9ions & "u !  ,briti% ,gov]nm5t1 are
 _! fell[ subjects4 ,i cont5d aga91 t   
!y h ?is "r ^u ! gr\nd t !y are giv+ y1 
! ,we/  ,indians1 a monopoly = _! sug>1 
by buy+ x f y exclusively  at a mu* de>]
 rate ?an !y c get x f o!r qu>t]s4      
,surely !y h a "r to say to y1 z cu/om]s
 = y\r produce1  ,*ange y\r sy/em & we w
 cont9ue to deal ) y2 b if y  w n *ange 
x1 we w buy our sug> else:]e1 or we w n 
buy  sug> at all4 ,! ,ea/ ,indian m>ket 
is op5 to u1 & we pref] sug>  t is n    
/a9$ ) blood4 ,nay1 we w petition       
,p>liam5t to take  (f ! surplus duty )  
:i* ,ea/ ,indian sug> is load$ on y\r   
acc\nt4 ,:at sup]ior claims h y ei!r ^u 
,p>liam5t or ^u  u1 t y %\ld h !        
pref]5ce8 ,z to ! ,ea/ ,indians1 !y  are
 z mu* ! subjects ( ! ,briti% empire z  
y\rselves4 ,z to !  ,ea/ ,india         
,company1 !y support all _! e/abli%m5ts1
 bo? civil  & milit>y1 at _! own exp5se4
 ,!y come to our ,treasury =  no?+2 :ile
 y1 ) naval /ations1 & an extraord9>y   
milit>y  =ce kept up = no o!r purpose   

?an to keep 9 awe an injur$  population1
 & ) heavy b\nties on ! exportation (   
y\r sug>1  put u to su* an exp5se z     
makes u d\bt :e!r y\r trade is wor?     
hav+ on its pres5t t]ms4 ,!y1 ! ,ea/    
,india ,company1 aga91 h  be5 a bless+  
to ! ,natives ) :om !y h be5 conc]n$4   
,!y  di/ribute an equal sy/em ( law &   
ju/ice to all )\t respect (  p]sons4 ,!y
 dispell ! cl\ds ( ignorance1           
sup]/ition1 &  idolatry1 & c>ry ) !m    
civilization & lib]ty :]ev] !y g4  ,y1  
on ! o!r h&1 h no code ( ju/ice b =     
y\rselves4 ,y  d5y x to ^? :o _c help   
!mselves4 ,y h9d] lib]ty by  y\r cruel  
re/rictions on manumission2 & dread+ !  
inlet ( light1  y /udy to p]petuate     
ignorance & b>b>ism4 ,:i* !n ( ! two    
competitors has ! claim to pref]5ce by  
an ,engli% ,p>liam5t & an  ,engli% p8 ,x
 may probably soon become a "q ) !      
latt]1  :e!r !y w cons5t to pay a       
million annually m = ,we/ ,india  sug>  
?an = o!r ( l quality1 or1 :i* is ! same
 ?+1  :e!r !y w all[ !mselves to be tax$

 annually to ! am\nt  ( a million /]l+  
to support ,we/ ,indian slav]y4    ,i   
%all n[ conclude by say+1 t ,i leave x2 
& t ,i recomm5d  x1 to o!rs to add to ! 
light :i* ,i h endeav\r$ to furni% on   
?is subject1 by collect+ new facts      
relative to ,emancipation & !  result ( 
x 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w1 z well z relative  
to !  sup]iority ( free ov] s]vile      
lab\r1 9 ord] t ! ,we/ ,indians  may be 
conv9c$1 if possible1 t !y w\ld be      
b5efit$ by !  *ange ( sy/em :i* ,i      
propose4 ,!y mu/ already "k1 bo? by pa/ 
& pres5t exp]i5ce1 t ! ways (           
unrighte\sness are n  pr(itable4 ,let !m
 n d\bt1 :5 ! ,almighty has decre$ !    
balance 9 fav\r ( virtu\s actions1 t _! 
ef=ts "u ! new  sy/em w "w toge!r = _!  
good1 s t _! temporal  r$emption may be 
at h&4      ,,! ,,end4      ,pr9t$ by   
,ri*>d ,taylor1 ,%oe-,lane1 ,london4    
,footnotes3    #a ,see ,dickson's       
,mitigation ( ,slav]y1 p4 #ah4    #b    
,see ,dickson's ,mitigation ( ,slav]y1  
p4 #cci4    #c ,mitigation ( ,slav]y1 p4

 #ej4    #d ,see ,dickson's ,mitigation 
( ,slav]y1 p4 #ajb4    #e ,a "p ( !     
black regim5ts 7 b\ght 9 ,africa z      
recruits1 &  7 n transport$ 9           
slave-%ips1 &1 nev] "u ,we/ ,india      
ma/]s3 b x 0 only a small "p comp>$ ) ! 
:ole numb] 9  ! ?ree cases4    #f       
,mmoire hi/orique et politique des      
,colonies1 et p>ticulirem5t de  celle de
 ,/4 ,dom+ue1 c4 ,p>is1 ,augu/ #ahad4   
#hvo4 p4 #eh4    #g ,pp4 #abe1 #abf4    
#h ,!re 7 occasionally m>aud+ p>ties f !
 m\nta9s1 :o  pillag$ 9 ! pla9s2 b ^! 7 
! old insurg5t1 & n !  emancipat$       
,negroes4    #i ,p4 #gh4    #aj         
,mmoires1 p4 #caa4    #aa ,ibid4 p4     
#cbd4    #ab ,! ,fr5* 7 n ! au?ors (    
te>+ to pieces ! ,negroes  alive by     
bloodh\nds1 or ( suffocat+ !m by hundr$s
 at a "t 9  ! holds ( %ips1 or ( dr[n+  
!m 7:ole c>goes7 by scuttl+ &  s9k+ !   
vessels2--b ! plant]s4    #ac ,all !    
slave-population 0 to be emancipat$ 9   
#ah ye>s2 &  ?is consi/$ at ! "t ( pass+
 ! decree ( f #bej1jjj to  #cjj1jjj     

s\ls4    #ad ,see ,dr4 ,dickson's       
,mitigation ( ,slav]y1 ,london #ahad1 f 
:5ce  e ?+ relat+ to ?is subject is     
tak54 ,dr4 ,dickson _h be5 =  _m ye>s   
secret>y to ,gov]nor ,hay1 9 ,b>badoes1 
:]e he _h an  opportunity ( /udy+ !     
,slave agriculture z a sy/em4 ,be+ 9    
,london aft]w>ds :5 ! ,slave ,trade     
controv]sy 0 go+ on 9  ,p>liam5t1 he    
di/+ui%$ himself by sil5c+ ! diff]5t    
writ]s  :o def5d$ ! ,we/ ,indian slav]y4
 ,!re x 0 t ,mr4 ,/eele  address$       
himself to him by lett]1 & s5t him ^?   
invaluable  pap]s1 :i* ! ,doctor        
aft]w>ds publi%$ "u ! mode/ title (     
,mitigation ( ,slav]y by ,/eele &       
,dickson4 ,no "o 0 bett]  qualifi$ ?an  
,dr4 ,dickson to become ! ,editor ( ,mr4
 ,/eele4    #ae ,x is mu* to be fe>$ t  
?is beautiful ord] ( ?+s 0  brok5 up    
aft] ,mr4 ,/eele's dea? by 8 successors1
 ei!r ?r\gh  _! own prejudices1 or _!   
unwill+ness or inability to /&  aga9/ ! 
sc(fs & prejudices ( o!rs4 ,x may be    
happy1 h[ev]1  = ?\s&s n[ 9 slav]y1 t   

,mr4 ,/eele liv$ to accompli% 8  plan4  
,! con/itu5t p>ts & result ( x be+ kn[n1
 a f9e example  is %[n to ^? :o may be  
desir\s ( try+ emancipation4    #af ,mr4
 ,bo?am's acc\nt is confirm$            
incontrov]tibly by ! fact1  t sug> made 
9 ! ,ea/ ,indies c be br\ght to ,engl&  
7?\gh x  has ?ree times ! di/ance to    
come1 & ( c\rse ?ree times !  freight to
 pay71 & yet be af=d$ to ! consum] at z 
*eap a rate  z any t c be br\ght ?i!r f 
! ,we/4    #ag ,dickson's ,mitigation ( 
,slav]y1 p4 #bac1 :]e x is prov$ t      
b\ght slaves nev] refund _!             
pur*ase-money to _! own]s4    #ah ,p4   
#abe4