,mr4 ,,wells has also writt5 ! foll[+ novels3 ,,love ,,& ,,mr4 ,,lewi%am ,,kipps ,,mr4 ,,polly ,,! ,,:eels ,,( ,,*ance ,,! ,,new ,,ma*iavelli ,,ann ,,v]onica ,,tono ,,bungay ,,m>riage ,,bealby ,,! ,,passionate ,,fri5ds ,,! ,,wife ,,( ,,sir ,,isaac ,,h>man ,,! ,,rese>* ,,magnific5t ,,mr4 ,,britl+ ,,sees ,,x ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,s\l ,,( ,a ,,bi%op ,! foll[+ fanta/ic & imag9ative romances3 ,,! ,,w> ,,( ,,! ,,worlds ,,! ,,"t ,,ma*9e ,,! ,,wond]ful ,,visit ,,! ,,isl& ,,( ,,dr4 ,,moreau ,,! ,,sea ,,lady ,,! ,,sleep] ,,awakes ,,! ,,food ,,( ,,! ,,gods ,,! ,,w> ,,9 ,,! ,,air ,,! ,,fir/ ,,m5 ,,9 ,,! ,,moon ,,9 ,,! ,,days ,,( ,,! ,,comet ,,! ,,_w ,,set ,,free ,& num]\s ,%ort ,/ories n[ collect$ 9 ,"o ,volume "u ! title ( ,,! ,,c\ntry ,,( ,,! ,,bl9d ,a ,s]ies ( books ^u ,social1 ,religi\s & ,political que/ions3 ,,anticipations 7#aijj7 ,,mank9d ,,9 ,,! ,,mak+ ,,fir/ ,,& ,,la/ ,,?+s ,,new ,,worlds ,,= ,,old ,a ,,mod]n ,,utopia ,,! ,,future ,,9 ,,am]ica ,,an ,,engli%man ,,looks ,,at ,,! ,,_w ,,:at ,,is ,,com+8 ,,w> ,,& ,,! ,,future ,,god ,,! ,,invisible ,,k+ ,& two little books ab\t *ildr5's play1 call$3 ,,floor ,,games & ,,little ,,w>s ,,9 ,,! ,,f\r? ,,ye> ,,anticipations ,,( ,a ,,_w ,,peace ,,by ,h4 ,g4 ,,wells ,,au?or ,,( ,,mr4 ,,britl+ ,,sees ,,x ,,?r\gh1 ,,! ,,w> ,,& ,,! ,,future1 ,,:at ,,is ,,com+8 ,,! ,,w> ,,t ,,w ,,end ,,w>1 ,,! ,,_w ,,set ,,free1 ,,9 ,,! ,,days ,,( ,,! ,,comet1 ,,& ,a ,,mod]n ,,utopia #aiah ,,preface ,9 ! latt] half ( #aiad a few ( u 7 writ+ t ?is w> 0 a ,w> ( ,ideas4 ,a phrase1 ,! ,w> to end ,w>1 got into circulation1 amid/ mu* sceptical comm5t4 ,x 0 a phrase p[]ful en\gh to sway _m m51 ess5tially pacifi/s1 t[>ds tak+ an active "p 9 ! w> aga9/ ,g]man imp]ialism1 b x 0 a phrase ^: *ief cont5t 0 its aspiration4 ,p 7 already writ+ 9 ^? e>ly days ( dis>mam5t & ( ! abolition ( ! armam5t indu/ry ?r\gh\t ! _w2 !y realiz$ fully ! elem5t ( indu/rial bellig]5cy beh9d ! %9+ arm\r ( imp]ialism1 & !y d5\nc$ ! ,krupp-,kais] alliance4 ,b aga9/ su* writ+ & su* ?\ght we _h to c\nt1 9 ^? days1 great & p[]ful realities4 ,ev5 to ^? :o express$ ^! ideas !re lay visibly ^u !m ! %ad[ ( impracticability2 !y 7 v advanc$ ideas 9 #aiad1 v ,utopian4 ,aga9/ !m 0 an unbrok5 mass ( m5tal habit & public tradition4 ,:ile we talk$ ( ?is w> to end w>1 ! diplomati/s ( ! ,p[]s alli$ aga9/ ,g]many 7 busily sp9n+ a disa/r\s web ( gre$y secret treaties1 7 answ]+ aggression by s*emes ( aggression1 7 see+ 9 ! trea*]\s viol5ce ( ,g]many only ! ju/ification = c\nt]vail+ evil acts4 ,to !m x 0 only ano!r w> = asc5dancy4 ,t 0 ?ree ye>s & a half ago1 & s9ce !n ?is w> ( ideas has gone on to a phase few ( u _h d>$ hope = 9 ^? op5+ days4 ,! ,russian revolution put a mat* to t pile ( secret treaties & inde$ to all ! imp]iali/ plans ( ! ,allies2 9 ! end x w burn !m all4 ,! greate/ ( ! ,we/]n ,allies is n[ ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 & ! ,am]icans h come into ?is w> simply = an idea4 ,?ree ye>s & a half ago a few ( u 7 say+ ?is 0 a w> aga9/ ! idea ( imp]ialism1 n ,g]man imp]ialism m]ely1 b ,briti% & ,fr5* & ,russian imp]ialism1 & we 7 say+ ?is n because x 0 s1 b because we hop$ to see x become s4 ,to-day we c say s1 because n[ x is s4 ,9 ^? days1 moreov]1 we said ?is is ! w> to end w>1 & we /ill did n "k cle>ly h[4 ,we ?\ght 9 t]ms ( treaties & alliances4 ,x is l>gely ! deta*m5t & practical g5ius ( ! great ,engli%-speak+ nation across ! ,atlantic t has c>ri$ ! _w on beyond & replac$ t phrase by ! phrase1 ,! ,league ( ,nations1 a phrase sugge/+ pla9ly ! organization ( a suffici5t in/rum5t by :i* w> may be end$ = ev]4 ,9 #aiac talk ( a ,_w ,league ( ,nations w\ld h seem$1 to ! extreme/ pit*1 ,utopian4 ,to-day ! project has an air n only ( be+ s practicable1 b ( be+ s urg5t & necess>y & s manife/ly ! sane ?+ be=e mank9d t n to be busi$ ^u x1 n to be mak+ x m widely kn[n & bett] und]/ood1 n to be work+ out its problems & br++ x ab\t1 is to be liv+ outside ( ! contempor>y life ( ! _w4 ,= a book ^u any o!r subject at ! pres5t "t "s apology may be necess>y1 b a book ^u ?is subject is z natural a ?+ to produce n[ z a pair ( skates 9 w9t] :5 ! ice beg9s to be>4 ,all we writ]s f9d ourselves engag$ p]=ce 9 "s "p or o!r ( a _w-wide propag&a ( ?is ! mo/ creative & hopeful ( political ideas t has ev] dawn$ ^u ! consci\sness ( mank9d4 ,) no conc]t$ plan we feel call$ ^u to s]ve x4 ,& 9 no connection w\ld "o s l to ?9k oneself un-orig9al z 9 ?is connection4 ,x w\ld be a dismay+ ?+ to realize t "o 7 writ+ any?+ "h :i* 0 n ! possible ?\ght ( great multitudes ( o!r p1 & capable ( becom+ ! common ?\ght ( mank9d4 ,"o writes 9 su* a book z ?is n to express oneself b to swell a *orus4 ,! idea ( ! ,league ( ,nations is s great a "o t x may well ov]ride ! pret5sions & comm& ! allegiance ( k+s2 mu* m does x claim ! self-subjugation ( ! j\rnali/ic writ]4 ,our innum]able books ^u ?is great edifice ( a ,_w ,peace d n con/itute a scramble = att5tion1 b an attempt to express 9 e v>iety ( phrase & aspect ?is "o sy/em ( ideas :i* n[ possesses u all4 ,9 ! same way ! elem5t>y facts & ideas ( ! sci5ce ( *emi/ry might conceivably be put completely & fully into "o text-book1 b1 z a matt] ( fact1 x is f> m conv5i5t to tell t same /ory ov] 9 a ?\s& diff]5t =ms1 9 a text-book = boys "h1 = a diff]5t sort or class ( boy !re1 = adult /ud5ts1 = ref]5ce1 = p exp]t 9 ma!matics1 = p unus$ to ! sci5tific me?od1 & s on4 ,= ! la/ ye> ! writ] has be5 do+ :at he c--& a numb] ( o!r writ]s h be5 do+ :at !y c--to br+ ab\t a unit$ decl>ation ( all ! ,atlantic ,allies 9 fav\r ( a ,league ( ,nations1 & to def9e ! necess>y nature ( t ,league4 ,he has1 9 ! c\rse ( ?is "w1 writt5 a s]ies ( articles ^u ! ,league & ^u ! necess>y sacrifices ( preconceptions t ! idea involves 9 ! ,london press4 ,he has also be5 try+ to cle> 8 own m9d ^u ! real mean+ ( t ambigu\s ^w democracy1 = :i* ! ,league is to make ! _w safe4 ,! bulk ( ?is book is made up ( ^! discussions4 ,= a v consid]able numb] ( read]s1 x may be well to admit "h1 x c h no possible int]e/2 !y w h come at ^! que/ions !mselves f diff]5t angles & !y w h long s9ce got to _! own conclusions4 ,b !re may be o!rs ^: angle ( approa* may be simil> to ! writ]'s1 :o may h ask$ "s or mo/ ( ! que/ions he has _h to ask1 & :o may be actively int]e/$ 9 ! answ]s & ! work+ out ( ! answ]s he has made to ^! que/ions4 ,= !m ?is book is pr9t$4 ,h4 ,g4 ,,wells4 ,may1 #aiah4 ,x is a dang]\s ?+ to recomm5d specific books out ( s l>ge & v>i\s a lit]ature z ! ,league ( ,nations idea has already produc$1 b ! read] :o wi%es to rea* beyond ! range ( ?is book1 or :o does n l its tone & me?od1 w probably f9d some?+ to meet 8 ne$s & ta/es bett] 9 ,m>burg's ,league ( ,nations1 a /raight=w>d acc\nt ( ! ,am]ican side ( ! movem5t by ! =m] ,unit$ ,/ates ,m9i/] 9 ,belgium1 on ! "o h&1 or 9 ! conclud+ p>ts ( ,mr4 ,fayle's ,great ,settlem5t 7#aiae71 a frankly sceptical treatm5t f ! ,briti% ,imp]iali/ po9t ( view1 on ! o!r4 ,an illum9at+ discussion1 advocat+ peace treaties r ?an a league1 is ,sir ,walt] ,phillimore's ,?ree ,c5turies ( ,treaties4 ,two excell5t books f ,am]ica1 t *ance to be on my table1 are ,mr4 ,goldsmi?'s ,league to ,en=ce ,peace & ,a ,_w 9 ,f]m5t by ,presid5t ,ni*olas ,murray ,butl]4 ,mat]'s ,socit des ,nations 7,didi]7 is an able pres5tation ( a ,fr5* po9t ( view4 ,brails=d's ,a ,league ( ,nations is already a classic ( ! movem5t 9 ,engl&1 & a v full & ?or\gh book2 & ,hobson's ,t[>ds ,int]national ,gov]nm5t is a v sympa!tic contribution f ! ,engli% lib]al left2 b ! read] mu/ und]/& t ^! two writ]s seem dispos$ to welcome a peace ) an unrevolutioniz$ ,g]many1 an idea to :i*1 9 common ) mo/ ,briti% p1 ,i am bitt]ly oppos$4 ,wal%'s ,_w ,rebuilt is a good exhortation1 & ,mugge's ,p>liam5t ( ,man is fre% & sane & able4 ,! omnivor\s read] w f9d good s5se & qua9t ,engli% 9 ,judge ,mejdell's ,jus ,g5tium1 publi%$ 9 ,engli% by ,ols5's ( ,*ri/iania4 ,!re is an active ,league ( ,nations ,society 9 ,dubl91 z well z ! ,london & ,wa%+ton ones1 publi%+ pamphlets & conduct+ propag&a4 ,all ^! books & pamphlets ,i h nam$ happ5 to lie ^u my /udy table z ,i write1 b ,i h made no sy/ematic ef=t to get toge!r lit]ature ^u ! subject1 & probably !re are j z _m books z good ( :i* ,i h nev] ev5 he>d4 ,!re mu/1 ,i am sure1 be /atem5ts ( ! ,league ( ,nations idea =?com+ f v>i\s religi\s /&po9ts1 b ,i d n "k any suffici5tly well to recomm5d !m4 ,x is incr$ible t nei!r ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 ! ,engli% ,episcopal ,*ur*1 nor any ,noncon=mi/ body has made any ef=t z an organization to =w>d ?is ess5tially religi\s end ( peace on e>?4 ,& also !re mu/ be ,g]man writ+s ^u ?is same topic4 ,i m5tion ^! div]se s\rces n 9 ord] to pres5t a bibliography1 b because ,i %\ld be sorry to h ! read] ?9k t ?is little book pret5ds to /ate ! case r ?an a case = ! ,league ( ,nations4 ,,cont5ts ,i4 ,,! ,,way ,,to ,,concrete ,,realization ,,ii4 ,,! ,,league ,,mu/ ,,be ,,repres5tative ,,iii4 ,,! ,,necess>y ,,p[]s ,,( ,,! ,,league ,,iv4 ,,! ,,lab\r ,,view ,,( ,,middle ,,africa ,v4 ,,gett+ ,,! ,,league ,,idea ,,cle> ,,9 ,,relation ,,to ,,imp]ialism ,,vi4 ,,! ,,w> ,,aims ,,( ,,! ,,we/]n ,,allies ,,compactly ,,/at$ ,,vii4 ,,! ,,future ,,( ,,mon>*y ,,viii4 ,,! ,,pla9 ,,necessity ,,= ,a ,,league ,,ix4 ,,democracy ,x4 ,,! ,,rec5t ,,/ruggle ,,= ,,proportional ,,repres5tation ,,9 ,,great ,,brita9 ,,xi4 ,,! ,,/udy ,,& ,,propag&a ,,( ,,democracy ,,9 ,,! ,,f\r? ,,ye> ,,! ,,league ,,( ,,free ,,nations ,i ,,! ,,way ,,to ,,concrete ,,realization ,m & m frequ5tly does "o he> ?is phrase1 ,! ,league ( ,nations1 us$ to express ! outl9e idea ( ! new _w t w come out ( ! w>4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! phrase has tak5 hold ( ! imag9ations ( great multitudes ( p3 x is "o ( ^? creative phrases t may alt] ! :ole de/9y ( mank9d4 ,b z yet x is /ill a v vague phrase1 a cl\dy promise ( peace4 ,i make no apology !re=e1 = ca/+ my discussion ( x 9 ! mo/ g5]al t]ms4 ,! idea is ! idea ( unit$ human ef=t to put an end to w>s2 ! fir/ practical "q1 t mu/ prec$e all o!rs1 is h[ f> c we hope to get to a concrete realization ( t8 ,b fir/ let me note ! f\r? ^w 9 ! second title ( ?is book4 ,! common talk is ( a ,league ( ,nations m]ely4 ,i foll[ ! man :o is1 m ?an any o!r man1 ! lead] ( ,engli% political ?\ght ?r\gh\t ! _w to-day1 ,presid5t ,wilson1 9 ins]t+ t significant adjective ,free4 ,we we/]n allies "k to-day :at is involv$ 9 mak+ b>ga9s ) gov]nm5ts t d n /& = _! peoples2 we h _h all our ,russian deal1 = example1 repudiat$ & ?ru/ back ^u our h&s2 & x is cle>ly 9 8 m9d1 z x mu/ be 9 ! m9ds ( all reasonable m51 t no m]e scrap ( pap]1 ) j a mon>*'s or a *ancellor's endorsem5t1 is a good en\gh e>ne/ ( fell[%ip 9 ! league4 ,x _c be a diplomati/'s league4 ,! ,league ( ,nations1 if x is to h any su* effect z p seem to hope f x1 mu/ be1 9 ! fir/ place1 und]/&$ ( ! p4 ,x mu/ be support$ by su/a9$1 delib]ate explanation1 & by tea*+ 9 s*ool & *ur* & press ( ! :ole mass ( all ! peoples conc]n$4 ,i und]l9e ! adjective ,free "h to set aside1 once = all1 any possible misconception t ?is mod]n idea ( a ,league ( ,nations has any aff9ity to t ,holy ,alliance ( ! diplomati/s1 :i* set out to keep ! peace ( ,europe s disa/r\sly a c5tury ago4 ,lat] ,i w discuss ! p[]s ( ! ,league4 ,b be=e ,i come to t ,i w\ld l to say a little ab\t ! m g5]al "q ( its nature & au?ority4 ,:at sort ( ga!r+ w embody x8 ,! sugge/ions made range f a m]e advisory body1 r l ! ,hague conv5tion1 :i* w m]ely pron\nce on ! rights & wrongs ( any int]national conflict1 to ! idea ( a sort ( ,sup]-,/ate1 a ,p>liam5t ( ,mank9d1 a ,sup] ,national ,au?ority1 practically tak+ ov] ! sov]eignty ( ! exi/+ /ates & empires ( ! _w4 ,mo/ p's ideas ( ! ,league fall betwe5 ^! extremes4 ,!y want ! ,league to be some?+ m ?an an e?ical c\rt1 !y want a ,league t w act1 b on ! o!r h& !y %r9k f any loss ( our indep5d5ce4 ,!re seems to be a conflict "h4 ,!re is a real ne$ = _m p to tidy up _! ideas at ?is po9t4 ,we _c h our cake & eat x4 ,if association is wor? :ile1 !re mu/ be "s sacrifice ( fre$om to association4 ,z a v di/+ui%$ colonial repres5tative said to me ! o!r day3 ,"h we are talk+ ( ! fre$om ( small nations & ! 'self-det]m9ation' ( peoples1 & at ! same "t ( ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,league ( ,nations & all sorts ( int]national controls4 ,:i* d we want8 ,! answ]1 ,i ?9k1 is ,bo?4 ,x is a matt] ( m or less1 ( gett+ ! be/ ?+ at ! co/ ( ! second-be/4 ,we may want to relax an old association 9 ord] to make a new] & wid] "o4 ,x is q und]/&able t peoples aw>e ( a di/9ctive national "* & involv$ 9 "s big exi/+ political complex1 %\ld wi% to dis5tangle !mselves f "o gr\p ( associations 9 ord] to ent] m effectively into ano!r1 a great]1 & m satisfactory "o4 ,! ,f9n or ! ,pole1 :o has hi!rto be5 a r reluctant memb] ( ! syn!sis ( ! ,russian empire1 may well wi% to end t atta*m5t 9 ord] to become a free memb] ( a worldwide bro!rhood4 ,! desire = free arrangem5t is n a desire = *aos4 ,!re is su* a ?+ z unty+ y\r p>cels 9 ord] to pack !m bett]1 & ,i d n see myself h[ we c possibly contemplate a great league ( fre$om & reason 9 ! _w )\t a consid]able am\nt ( su* prelim9>y dissolution4 ,x happ5s1 v =tunately = ! _w1 t a c5tury & a qu>t] ago ?irte5 v>i\s & v jeal\s /ates work$ out ! problem ( a ,union1 & became--aft] an enorm\s1 exhau/+ wrangle--! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica4 ,n[ ! way !y solv$ _! riddle 0 by delegat+ & giv+ ov] jeal\sly specifi$ sov]eign p[]s & do+ all t 0 possible to reta9 ! residuum4 ,!y rema9$ ess5tially sov]eign /ates4 ,new ,york1 ,virg9ia1 ,massa*usetts1 = example1 rema9$ legally indep5d5t4 ,! practical fusion ( ^! peoples into "o p outran ! legal b>ga94 ,x 0 only aft] long ye>s ( discussion t ! po9t 0 conc$$2 x 0 inde$ only aft] ! ,civil ,w> t ! implications 7 fully e/abli%$1 t !re resid$ a sov]eignty 9 ! ,am]ican p z a :ole1 z di/+ui%$ f ! peoples ( ! sev]al /ates4 ,?is is a prec$5t t e "o :o talks ab\t ! ,league ( ,nations %\ld be> 9 m9d4 ,^! /ates set up a congress & presid5t 9 ,wa%+ton ) /rictly delegat$ p[]s4 ,t congress & presid5t !y delegat$ to look aft] c]ta9 common int]e/s1 to deal ) int]/ate trade1 to deal ) =eign p[]s1 to ma9ta9 a supreme c\rt ( law4 ,ev]y?+ else--education1 militia1 p[]s ( life & dea?--! /ates reta9$ = !mselves4 ,to ?is day1 = in/ance1 ! f$]al c\rts & ! f$]al (ficials h no p[] to int]f]e to protect ! lives or prop]ty ( ali5s 9 any "p ( ! union outside ! di/rict ( ,columbia4 ,! /ate gov]nm5ts /ill see to t4 ,! f$]al gov]nm5t has ! legal "r p]haps to int]v5e1 b x is /ill *>y ( su* int]v5tion4 ,& ^! /ates ( ! ,am]ican ,union 7 at ! outset s indep5d5t-spirit$ t !y w\ld n ev5 adopt a common "n4 ,to ?is day !y h no common "n4 ,we h to call !m ,am]icans1 :i* is a ridicul\s "n :5 we consid] t ,canada1 ,mexico1 ,p]u1 ,brazil are all ( !m also 9 ,am]ica4 ,or else we h to call !m ,virg9ians1 ,cali=nians1 ,new ,engl&]s1 & s =?4 ,_! legal & nom9al sep>at5ess weighs no?+ aga9/ ! real fusion t _! great league has n[ made possible4 ,n[1 t cle>ly is a prec$5t ( ! utmo/ value 9 our s*emes = ?is c\ncil ( ! ,league ( ,nations4 ,we mu/ beg9 by delegat+1 z ! ,/ates began by delegat+4 ,x is a f> cry to ! "t :5 we %all talk & ?9k ( ! ,sov]eign ,p ( ! ,e>?4 ,t c\ncil ( ! ,league ( ,nations w be a tie z /rong1 we hope1 b c]ta9ly n s close & multiplex z ! e>ly tie ( ! ,/ates at ,wa%+ton4 ,x w beg9 by hav+ c]ta9 delegat$ p[]s & no o!rs4 ,x w be an ad hoc body4 ,lat] its p[]s may gr[ z mank9d becomes accu/om$ to x4 ,b at fir/ x w h1 directly or m$iately1 all ! p[]s t seem necess>y to re/ra9 ! _w f w>--& unless ,i "k no?+ ( patriotic jeal\sies x w h n a scrap ( p[] m4 ,! dang] is mu* m t its p[]s w be insuffici5t ?an t !y w be excessive4 ,( t lat]4 ,:at ,i want to discuss "h n[ is ! con/itution ( ?is delegat$ body4 ,i want to discuss t fir/ 9 ord] to set aside out ( ! discussion c]ta9 fanta/ic notions t w o!rwise get v s]i\sly 9 our way4 ,fanta/ic z !y are1 !y h play$ a l>ge "p 9 r$uc+ ! ,hague ,tribunal to an ineffective squeak amid/ ! ?und]s ( ?is w>4 ,a numb] ( g5tlem5 s*em+ out _w unity 9 /udies h begun _! proposals ) ! simple sugge/ion t ea* sov]eign p[] %\ld s5d "o memb] to ! project$ p>liam5t ( mank9d4 ,?is has a pleasant democratic air2 "o sov]eign /ate1 "o vote4 ,n[ let u run ov] a li/ ( sov]eign /ates & see to :at ?is leads u4 ,we f9d our li/ includes ! ,briti% ,empire1 ) a population ( f\r hundr$ millions1 ( :i* probably half c read & write "s language or o!r2 ,bogota ) a population ( a million1 mo/ly poets2 ,hayti ) a population ( a million & a ?ird1 almo/ entirely illit]ate & liable at any "t to fur!r political disruption2 ,&orra ) a population ( f\r or five ?\s& s\ls4 ,! m]e sugge/ion ( equal repres5tation betwe5 su* p[]s is en\gh to make ! ,briti% ,empire bur/ into a ?\s& 7vot+7 fragm5ts4 ,a c]ta9 concession to population1 "o mu/ admit1 0 made by ! !ori/s2 a /ate ( ov] ?ree millions got1 if ,i rememb] rightly1 two delegates1 & if ov] tw5ty1 ?ree1 & "s ( ! small /ates 7 giv5 a k9d ( int]mitt5t appe>ance1 !y only came e o!r "t or some?+ ( t sort2 b at ,! ,hague ?+s /ill rema9$ 9 su* a po/ure t ?ree or f\r m9ute & backw>d /ates c\ld outvote ! ,briti% ,empire or ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!re9 lies ! clue to ! insignificance ( ,! ,hague4 ,su* projects z ^! are idle projects & we mu/ put !m out ( our heads2 !y are aga9/ nature2 ! great nations w n suff] !m = a mom5t4 ,b :5 we dismiss ?is idea ( repres5tation by /ates1 we are left ) ! problem ( ! proportion ( repres5tation & ( relative weight 9 ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,league on our h&s4 ,x is ! sort ( problem t appeals t]ribly to ! +5i\s4 ,we _c solve x by mak+ population a basis1 because t w give a mon/r\s importance to ! illit]ate millions ( ,india & ,*9a4 ,+5i\s /ati/ical s*emes h be5 fram$ 9 :i* ! numb] ( univ]sity graduates & ! /eel output come 9 z multipli]s1 b = my own "p ,i am n greatly impress$ by /ati/ical s*emes4 ,at ! risk ( seem+ some?+ ( a ,prussian1 ,i w\ld l to insi/ ^u c]ta9 brute facts4 ,! bus9ess ( ! ,league ( ,nations is to keep ! peace ( ! _w & no?+ else4 ,no p[] w ev] d>e to break ! peace ( ! _w if ! p[]s t are capable ( mak+ w> "u mod]n conditions say ,no4 ,& !re are only f\r p[]s c]ta9ly capable at ! pres5t "t ( produc+ ! m5 & mat]ials ne$$ = a mod]n w> 9 suffici5t abundance to g on fight+3 ,brita91 ,france1 ,g]many1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!re are ?ree o!rs :i* are v d\btfully capable3 ,italy1 ,japan1 & ,au/ria4 ,russia ,i w m>k--x is all t "o c d ) ,russia j n[--) a note ( int]rogation4 ,"s day ,*9a may be w> capable--,i hope nev]1 b x is a possibility4 ,p]sonally ,i don't ?9k t any o!r p[] on e>? w\ld h a gho/ ( a *ance to resi/ ! w--if x c\ld be an hone/ly unit$ w--( ! fir/-nam$ f\r4 ,all ! re/ fight by ! sanction ( & by association ) ^! lead]s4 ,!y c only fight because ( ! split w ( ! w>-complete p[]s4 ,"s are =c$ to fight by t v division4 ,no "o c vie ) me 9 my appreciation ( ! civilization ( ,switz]l&1 ,sw$51 or ,holl&1 b ! pla9 fact ( ! case is t su* p[]s are absolutely incapable ( utt]+ an effective prote/ aga9/ w>4 ,f> less s are y\r ,haytis & ,lib]ias4 ,! pres]vation ( ! _w-peace re/s ) ! great p[]s & ) ! great p[]s alone4 ,if !y h ! w = peace1 x is peace4 ,if !y h n1 x is conflict4 ,! f\r p[]s ,i h nam$ c n[1 if !y see fit1 dictate ! peace ( ! _w = ev]4 ,let u keep our grip on t4 ,peace is ! bus9ess ( ! great p[]s prim>ily4 ,/eel output1 univ]sity graduates1 & s =? may be conv5i5t second>y crit]ia1 may be useful ways ( measur+ w> effici5cy1 b ! meat & sub/ance ( ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,league ( ,nations mu/ embody ! wills ( ^? lead+ peoples4 ,!y c give an endur+ peace to ! little nations & ! :ole ( mank9d4 ,x c arrive 9 no o!r way4 ,s ,i take x t ! ,c\ncil ( an ideal ,league ( ,nations mu/ consi/ *iefly ( ! repres5tatives ( ! great bellig]5t p[]s1 & t ! repres5tatives ( ! m9or allies & ( ! neutrals--ess5tial ?\gh _! pres5ce w be--mu/ n be all[$ to swamp ! voices ( ^! l>g] masses ( mank9d4 ,& ?is /ate ( affairs may come ab\t m easily ?an logical1 /ati/ical-m9d$ p may be dispos$ to ?9k4 ,our fir/ impulse1 :5 we discuss ! ,league ( ,nations idea1 is to ?9k ( "s v elaborate & def9ite s*eme ( memb]s on ! model ( exi/+ legislative bodies1 call$ toge!r "o h>dly kn[s h[1 & sitt+ 9 a specially built ,league ( ,nations ,congress ,h\se4 ,all s*emes are m me?odical ?an reality4 ,we ?9k ( somebody1 le>n$ & exp]t1 9 spectacles1 ) a ?9 cle> voice1 read+ ov] ! ,project$ ,con/itution ( a ,league ( ,nations to an att5tive & respectful ,peace ,congress4 ,b !re is a m natural way to a league ?an t4 ,in/ead ( be+ made l a ma*9e1 ! ,league ( ,nations may come ab\t l a m>riage4 ,! ,peace ,congress t mu/ soon] or lat] meet may itself become1 aft] a "t1 ! ,c\ncil ( a ,league ( ,nations4 ,! ,league ( ,nations may come ^u u by degrees1 almo/ imp]ceptibly4 ,i am /rongly obsess$ by ! idea t t ,peace ,congress w necess>ily become--& t x is highly desirable t x %\ld become--a mo/ prolong$ & p]si/5t ga!r+4 ,:y %\ld x n become at l5g? a p]man5t ga!r+1 invit+ repres5tatives to aid its delib]ations f ! neutral /ates1 & gradually adju/+ itself to conditions ( p]man5cy8 ,i c conceive no su* ,peace ,congress z ^? t h settl$ up aft] o!r w>s1 settl+ up aft] ?is w>4 ,n only has ! w> be5 enorm\sly bigg] ?an any o!r w>1 b x has /ruck deep] at ! f\ndations ( social & economic life4 ,i d\bt if we beg9 to realize h[ mu* ( ! old sy/em is dead to-day1 h[ mu* has to be remade4 ,s9ce ! beg9n+s ( hi/ory !re has be5 a cr$ible promise ( gold paym5ts und]nea? our f9ancial arrangem5ts4 ,x is n[ an incr$ible promise4 ,! value ( a p\nd note waves ab\t :ile y look at x4 ,:at w happ5 to x :5 peace comes no man c tell4 ,nor :at w happ5 to ! m>k4 ,! r\ble has gone into ! ,abyss4 ,our giddy money speciali/s clut* _! h&fuls ( pap] & wat* x fly+ d[n ! /eep4 ,mu* z we may hate ! ,g]mans1 "s ( u w h to sit d[n ) "s ( ! enemy to arrange a common s*eme = ! pres]vation ( cr$it 9 money4 ,& ,i presume t x is n propos$ to end ?is w> 9 a wild scramble ( buy]s = su* food z rema9s 9 ! _w4 ,!re is a %ortage n[1 a great] %ortage ahead ( ! _w1 & !re w be %ortages ( supply at ! s\rce & transport 9 food & all raw mat]ials = "s ye>s to come4 ,! ,peace ,congress w h to sit & organize a %>e-out & di/ribution & reorganization ( ^! %att]$ supplies4 ,x w h to ,rhondda ! nations4 ,probably1 too1 we %all h to deal collectively ) a pe/il5ce be=e we are out ( ! mess4 ,!n !re are su* little jobs z ! recon/ruction ( ,belgium & ,s]bia4 ,!re are consid]able rectifications ( b\nd>ies to be made4 ,!re are fre% /ates to be creat$1 9 ,pol& & ,arm5ia = example4 ,ab\t all ^! small] /ates1 new & old1 t ! peace mu/ call into be+1 !re mu/ be a sy/em ( gu>antees ( ! mo/ difficult & complicat$ sort4 ,i d n see ! ,press ,congress gett+ ?r\gh su* matt]s z ^! 9 a session ( weeks or mon?s4 ,! idea ! ,g]mans betray$ at ,bre/1 t ?+s 7 go+ to be done 9 ! ,v]sailles fa%ion by great m\/a*$ h]oes fr[n+ & draw+ l9es ) a l>ge black soldi]ly ?umbnail across maps1 is--old-fa%ion$4 ,!y h made _! ea/]n treaties1 x is true1 9 ?is mode1 b !y are /ill look+ = "s really responsible gov]nm5t to keep !m n[ t !y are made4 ,f fir/ to la/ cle>ly ! ma9 peace negotiations are go+ to foll[ unprec$5t$ c\rses4 ,?is prelim9>y discussion ( w> aims by means ( great public spee*es1 t has be5 gett+ m & m explicit n[ = _m mon?s1 is q unprec$5t$4 ,app>5tly all ! broad prelim9>ies are to be /at$ & accept$ 9 ! sight ( all mank9d be=e ev5 an armi/ice occurs on ! ma91 ! we/]n front4 ,! ,g]man diplomati/s hate ?is process4 ,s d a lot ( ours4 ,s d "s ( ! diplomatic ,fr5*m54 ,! ,g]man junk]s are dodg+ & ly+1 !y are fight+ desp]ately to keep back ev]y?+ !y possibly c = ! b>ga9+ & bully+ & table-bang+ ( ! c\ncil *amb]1 b t way !re is no peace4 ,& :5 at la/ ,g]many says snip suffici5tly to ! ,allies' snap1 & ! ,peace ,congress beg9s1 x w almo/ c]ta9ly be z unprec$5t$ z its prelude4 ,be=e x meets1 ! broad l9es ( ! settlem5t w h be5 drawn pla9ly ) ! approval ( ! mass ( mank9d4 ,,ii ,,! ,,league ,,mu/ ,,be ,,repres5tative ,a ,peace ,congress1 gr[+ p]man5t1 !n1 may prove to be ! mo/ practical & conv5i5t embodim5t ( ?is idea ( a ,league ( ,nations t has tak5 possession ( ! imag9ation ( ! _w4 ,a mo/ necess>y prelim9>y to a ,peace ,congress1 ) su* possibilities inh]5t 9 x1 mu/ obvi\sly be ! meet+ & organization ( a prelim9>y ,league ( ! ,alli$ ,nations4 ,t po9t ,i w\ld n[ enl>ge4 ,half a _w peace is bett] ?an none4 ,!re seems no reason :atev] :y ! _w %\ld wait = ! ,c5tral ,p[]s be=e x beg9s ?is necess>y "w4 ,mr4 ,mc,curdy has be5 ask+ lately1 ,:y n ! ,league ( ,nations n[8 ,t is a "q a great numb] ( p w\ld l to e*o v he>tily4 ,! ne>] ! ,allies c come to a ,league ( ,free ,nations be=e ! ,peace ,congress ! m prospect !re is t t body w approximate 9 nature to a ,league ( ,nations = ! :ole _w4 ,9 "o mo/ unexpect$ qu>t] ! same idea has be5 endors$4 ,! ,k+'s ,spee* on ! prorogation ( ,p>liam5t ?is ,febru>y 0 "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable royal utt]ances t h ev] be5 made f ! ,briti% ?rone4 ,!re 0 less ( ! old-fa%ion$ ,k+ & m ( ! mod]n ,presid5t ab\t x ?an ! mo/ republican-m9d$ ( u c\ld h anticipat$4 ,= ! fir/ "t 9 a ,k+'s ,spee* we he>d ( ! democracies ( ! _w1 & !re 0 a cle> claim t ! ,allies at pres5t fight+ ! ,c5tral ,p[]s did !mselves con/itute a ,league ( ,nations4 ,b we mu/ admit t at pres5t !y d s only 9 a v rhetorical s5se4 ,!re is no real c\ncil ( emp[]$ repres5tatives1 & no?+ 9 ! nature ( a unit$ front has be5 prep>$4 ,unless we provide be=eh& = some?+ m effective1 ,italy1 ,france1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,japan1 & ?is c\ntry w s5d sep>ate gr\ps ( repres5tatives1 ) sep>ate in/ructions1 unequal /atus1 & v probably conflict+ views ^u _m subjects1 to ! ultimate peace discussions4 ,x is q conceivable--x is a v s]i\s dang]--t at ?is discussion skilful diplomacy on ! "p ( ! ,c5tral ,p[]s may op5 a cleft among ! ,allies t has nev] appe>$ dur+ ! actual w>4 ,h ! ,briti% settl$1 = example1 ) ,italy & ,france = ! supply ( metallurgical coal aft] ! w>8 ,^? c\ntries mu/ h x someh[4 ,across ! bo>d ,g]many c make "s tempt+ bids 9 t respect4 ,or take ano!r "q3 ,h ! ,briti% arriv$ at common views ) ,france1 ,belgium1 ,portugal1 & ,s\? ,africa ab\t ! adm9i/ration ( ,c5tral ,africa8 ,suppose ,g]many makes sudd5 proposals affect+ native lab\r t w9 ov] ! ,portuguese & ! ,bo]s8 ,!re are a score ( su* po9ts ^u :i* we %all f9d ! ,alli$ repres5tatives haggl+ ) ea* o!r 9 ! pres5ce ( ! enemy if !y h n be5 settl$ be=eh&4 ,x is ! pla9e/ common s5se t we %\ld be fix+ up all su* matt]s ) our ,allies n[1 & knitt+ toge!r a common front = ! f9al deal ) ,g]man ,imp]ialism4 ,& ^! ?+s are n to be done effectively & b9d+ly n[adays by (ficial g5tlem5 9 discreet und]tones4 ,!y ne$ to be done ) ! full k & au?ority ( ! p>ticipat+ peoples4 ,! ,russian example has taught ! _w ! in/ability ( diplomatic b>ga9s 9 a "t ( su* fundam5tal issues z ! pres5t4 ,!re is little hope & little /r5g? 9 hole-&-corn] b>ga9+s betwe5 ! (ficials or politicians :o happ5 to be at ! head ( ?is or t nation = ! "t be+4 ,our ,lab\r p w n /& ?is sort ( ?+ & !y w n be b\nd by x4 ,!re w be ! pla9 dang] ( repudiation = all arrangem5ts made 9 t fa%ion4 ,a ga!r+ ( somebody or o!r approv$ by ! ,briti% ,=eign ,(fice & ( somebody or o!r approv$ by ! ,fr5* ,=eign ,(fice1 ( somebody ) vague p[]s f ,am]ica1 & s on & s on1 w be an entirely ineffective ga!r+4 ,b t is ! sort ( ga!r+ ( ! ,allies we h be5 hav+ hi!rto1 & t is ! sort ( ga!r+ t is likely to cont9ue unless !re is a consid]able expression ( op9ion 9 fav\r ( some?+ m repres5tative & responsible4 ,ev5 our ,=eign ,(fice mu/ be aw>e t 9 e c\ntry 9 ! _w !re is n[ bitt] suspicion ( & ke5 ho/ility t[>ds m]ely diplomatic repres5tatives4 ,"o ( ! mo/ significant features ( ! "t is ! evid5t desire ( ! ,lab\r movem5t 9 e ,european c\ntry to take "p 9 a collat]al conf]5ce ( ,lab\r t %all meet :5 & :]e ! ,peace ,congress does & delib]ate & comm5t on its proce$+s4 ,= a ye> n[ ! dem& ( ! masses = su* a ,lab\r conf]5ce has be5 gr[+4 ,x m>ks a di/ru/ ( (ficialdom ^: int5sity (ficialdom w\ld d well to pond]4 ,b x is ! natural consequ5ce (1 x is ! popul> attempt at a corrective to1 ! alo(ness & obscurity t h hi!rto be5 s evil a *>act]i/ic ( int]national negotiations4 ,i d n ?9k ,lab\r & intellig5t p any:]e are go+ to be fobb$ (f ) an old-fa%ion$ diplomatic ga!r+ z be+ t ,league ( ,free ,nations !y dem&4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,i d n contemplate ?is bi-cam]al conf]5ce ) ! diplomati/s try+ to be/ & humbug ! ,lab\r p z well z ea* o!r & ! ,lab\r p gett+ m & m irritat$1 suspici\s1 & extremi/1 ) any?+ b dread4 ,! ,alli$ c\ntries mu/ g into ! conf]5ce solid1 & !y c only hope to d t by he$+ & incorporat+ ,lab\r ideas be=e !y come to ! conf]5ce4 ,! only alt]native t ,i c see to ?is unsatisfactory prospect ( a ,peace ,congress sitt+ side by side ) a diss5ti5t & probably revolution>y ,lab\r & ,sociali/ conv5tion--bo? ga!r+s ) unsatisfactory cr$5tials contradict+ "o ano!r & drift+ to opposite extremes--is t ! delegates ! ,alli$ ,p[]s s5d to ! ,peace ,conf]5ce 7! same delegates :i*1 if !y are wise1 !y w h previ\sly s5t to a prelim9>y ,league ( ,alli$ ,nations to discuss _! common action at ! ,peace ,congress71 %\ld be elect$ ad hoc ^u democratic l9es4 ,i "k t ?is w be a v %ock+ proposal to all our able speciali/s 9 =eign policy4 ,!y w talk at once ab\t ! ignorance ( p l ! ,lab\r lead]s & myself ab\t su* matt]s1 & s on4 ,:at d we "k ( ! treaty ( s-&-s t 0 sign$ 9 ! ye> sev5te5 some?+8--& s on4 ,to :i* ! answ] is t we ought n to h be5 kept ignorant ( ^! ?+s4 ,a day w come :5 ! ,=eign ,(fices ( all c\ntries w h to recognize t :at ! p d n "k ( int]national agreem5ts a9't facts4 ,a secret treaty is only b9d+ ^u ! p]sons 9 ! secret4 ,b :at ,i1 z a sample common p]son1 am n ignorant ( is ?is3 t ! bus9ess t goes on at ! ,peace ,congress w ei!r make or m> ! lives ( ev]yone ,i c>e = 9 ! _w1 & t someh[1 by repres5tative or :at n1 ,i h to be !re4 ,! ,peace ,congress deals ) ! blood & happ9ess ( my *ildr5 & ! future ( my _w4 ,speak+ z "o ( ! hundr$s ( millions ( rank outsid]s 9 public affairs1 ,i d n mean to respect any peace treaty t may end ?is w> unless ,i am hone/ly repres5t$ at its mak+4 ,i ?9k ev]y:]e !re is a t5d5cy 9 p to foll[ ! ,russian example to ?is ext5t & to repudiate b>ga9s 9 :i* !y h _h no voice4 ,i d n see t any g5u9e realization ( ! hopes ) :i* all ?is talk ab\t ! ,league ( ,nations is *>g$ c be possible1 unless ! two bodies :i* %\ld naturally lead up to ! ,league ( ,nations--t is to say1 fir/ly1 ! ,conf]5ce ( ! ,allies1 & !n ! ,peace ,congress--are elect$ bodies1 speak+ confid5tly = ! :ole mass ( ! peoples beh9d !m4 ,x may be a tr\blesome ?+ to elect !m1 b x w involve mu* m tr\blesome consequ5ces if !y are n elect$4 ,?is1 ,i ?9k1 is "o ( ! consid]ations = :i* _m p's m9ds are /ill unprep>$4 ,b unless we are to h ov] aga9 aft] all ?is blood%$ & ef=t "s su* ,peace ) ,hon\r fool]y z we _h p]=m$ by ,dizzy & ,salisbury at t fatal ,b]l9 ,conf]5ce 9 :i* ?is pres5t w> 0 begott51 we mu/ sit up to ?is novel proposal ( electoral repres5tation 9 ! peace negotiations4 ,some?+ m ?an common s5se b9ds our /atesm5 to ?is idea4 ,!y are morally pl$g$ to x4 ,presid5t ,wilson & our ,briti% & ,fr5* spokesm5 alike h said ov] & ov] aga9 t !y want to deal n ) ! ,hoh5zoll]ns b ) ! ,g]man p4 ,9 o!r words1 we h dem&$ elect$ repres5tatives f ! ,g]man p ) :om we may deal1 & h[ c we make a dem& ( t sort unless we on our "p are already prep>$ to s5d our own elect$ repres5tatives to meet !m8 ,x is up to u to indicate by our own practice h[ we on our side1 pr(ess+ z we d to act = democracies1 to make democracy safe on ! e>?1 & s on1 int5d to meet ?is new occasion4 ,yet x has to be rem>k$ t1 s f>1 n "o ( ! ,league ( ,nations projects ,i h se5 h includ$ any practicable proposals = ! appo9tm5t ( delegates ei!r to t ultimate body or to its two necess>y pr$ecessors1 ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,allies & ! ,peace ,congress4 ,x is evid5t t "h1 aga91 we are neglect+ to get on ) some?+ ( v urg5t importance4 ,i w v5ture1 !re=e1 to say a ^w or two "h ab\t ! possible way 9 :i* a mod]n community may appo9t its int]national repres5tatives4 ,& "h1 aga91 ,i turn f any ,european prec$5ts to t political outcome ( ! ,briti% m9d1 ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 7,because we mu/ always rememb] t :ile our political in/itutions 9 ,brita9 are a pat*-up ( feudalism1 ,tudor1 ,/u>t1 & ,hanov]ian mon>*i/ traditions & urg5t m]ely ,european necessities1 a pat*-up t has be5 made quasi-democratic 9 a s]ies ( aft]-?\ghts1 ! ,am]ican ,con/itution is a real1 delib]ate creation ( ! ,engli%-speak+ intellig5ce47 ,! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 !n1 we h to note1 is elect$ 9 a mo/ extraord9>y way1 & 9 a way t has n[ ! ju/ification ( v great successes inde$4 ,on sev]al occasions ! ,unit$ ,/ates has a*iev$ indisputable greatness 9 its ,presid5ts1 & v r>ely has x fail$ to set up v lead]ly & di/+ui%$ m54 ,x is wor? :ile1 !re=e1 to inquire h[ ?is ,presid5t is elect$4 ,he is nei!r elect$ directly by ! p nor appo9t$ by any legislative body4 ,he is *os5 by a special college elect$ by ! p4 ,?is college exi/s to elect him2 x meets1 elects him1 & disp]ses4 7,i w n "h g into ! prelim9>y complications t makes ! election ( a ,presid5t foll[ ^u a prelim9>y election ( two ,presid5tial ,c&idates4 ,! po9t ,i am mak+ "h is t he is a specially select$ man *os5 ad hoc47 ,is !re any reason :y we %\ld1 n adopt ?is me?od 9 ?is new necessity we are "u ( s5d+ repres5tatives1 fir/1 to ! long ov]due & necess>y ,alli$ ,c\ncil1 !n to ! ,peace ,congress1 & !n to ! hop$-= ,c\ncil ( ! ,league ( ,nations8 ,i am anxi\s "h only to />t = discussion ! idea ( an electoral repres5tation ( ! nations ^u ^! ?ree bodies t mu/ 9 succession set !mselves to def9e1 organize1 & ma9ta9 ! peace ( ! _w4 ,i d n wi% to complicate ! "q by any too explicit advocacy ( me?ods ( election or ! l4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ?is college :i* elects ! ,presid5t is elect$ on ! same regi/] ( vot]s z t :i* elects ! ,s5ate & ,congress1 & at ! same "t4 ,b ,i suppose if we are to give a popul> m&ate to ! ?ree or five or twelve or tw5ty 7or :atev] numb] x is7 m5 to :om we are go+ to entru/ our ,empire's %>e 9 ?is great task ( ! peace negotiations1 x w be m decisive ( ! w ( ! :ole nation if ! college t _h to appo9t !m is elect$ at a special election4 ,i suppose t ! great ,briti% common-weals ov]-seas1 at pres5t n repres5t$ 9 ,p>liam5t1 w\ld also & sep>ately at ! same "t elect colleges to appo9t _! repres5tatives4 ,i suppose !re w\ld be at lea/ "o ,indian repres5tative elect$1 p]haps by "s special electoral conf]5ce ( ,indian pr9ces & lead+ m54 ,! *ief defect ( ! ,am]ican ,presid5tial election is t z ! old s+le vote me?od ( election is employ$ x has to be f\ght on purely p>ty l9es4 ,he is ! select man ( ! ,democratic half1 or ( ! ,republican half ( ! nation4 ,he is n ! select man ( ! :ole nation4 ,x w\ld give a f> m repres5tative "* to ! electoral college if x c\ld be elect$ by fair mod]n me?ods1 if = ?is p>ticul> purpose p>liam5t>y con/itu5cies c\ld be gr\p$ & ! clean sci5tific me?od ( proportional repres5tation c\ld be us$4 ,b ,i suppose ! p>ty politician 9 ?is1 z 9 mo/ ( our affairs1 mu/ /ill h 8 p\nd ( our fle%--& we mu/ reckon ) him lat] = ! blood%$4 ,^! are all1 h[ev]1 second>y consid]ations4 ,! above p>agraph is1 s to speak1 9 ! nature ( a footnote4 ,! fundam5tal matt]1 if we are to get t[>ds any realization ( ?is ideal ( a _w peace su/a9$ by a ,league ( ,nations1 is to get /raight away to ! conception ( direct special electoral m&ates 9 ?is matt]4 ,at pres5t all ! political lun*eon & d9n] p>ties 9 ,london are busy ) smirk+ discussions ( ,:o is to g8 ,! titl$ ladies are p>ticul>ly busy4 ,!y are talk+ ab\t x z if we poor1 ignorant1 tax-pay+1 blood-pay+ common p did n exi/4 ,l4 ,g41 !y say1 w ( c\rse insi/ on go+1 b !re is mu* talk ( ! ,old ,man4 ,p are gett+ q nice aga9 ab\t ! ,old ,man's feel+s4 ,x w\ld be su* a pretty ?+ to s5d him4 ,b if ,l4 ,g4 goes we want him to g ) some?+ m ?an a back+ ( intrigues & snat*$ au?ority4 ,& ,i d n ?9k ! mass ( p h any en?usiasm = ! ,old ,man4 ,x is difficult aga9--by ! d9n]-p>ty /&>ds--to "k h[ ,"l ,curzon c be re/ra9$4 ,b we common p d n c>e if he is re/ra9$ to ! po9t ( ext9ction4 ,probably !re w be nobody :o talks or und]/&s ,russian among ! ,briti% repres5tatives4 ,b1 ( c\rse1 ! ,briti% gov]n+ class has wa%$ its h&s ( ! ,russians4 ,!y 7 always v difficult1 & n[ !y are impossible1 my de>1 p]fectly impossible4 ,no6 ,t sort ( ?+ w n d n[4 ,?is ,peace ,congress is too big a job = p>ty politicians & society & c\nty families4 ,! bulk ( ,briti% op9ion _c g on be+ repres5t$ = ev] by ,presid5t ,wilson4 ,we _c always look to ! ,am]icans to express our ideas & d our "w = democracy4 ,! fool]y ( ! ,b]l9 ,treaty mu/ n be repeat$4 ,we _c h ano!r popul> ,prime ,m9i/] come triumph+ back to ,engl& ) a gross ( p9k spectacles--?r\gh :i* we may survey ! prospect ( ! next great w>4 ,! ,league ( ,free ,nations means some?+ v big & solid2 x is n a rhetorical phrase to be us$ to pacify a re/less1 di/ress$1 & anxi\s public1 & to be sne]$ out ( exi/5ce :5 t use is pa/4 ,:5 ! popul> m9d n[ dem&s a ,league ( ,free ,nations x dem&s a reality4 ,! only way to t reality is ?r\gh ! direct p>ticipation ( ! nation z a :ole 9 ! settlem5t1 & t is possible only ?r\gh ! direct election = ?is p>ticul> issue ( repres5tative & responsible m54 ,,iii ,,! ,,necess>y ,,p[]s ,,( ,,! ,,league ,if ?is phrase1 ! ,league ( ,free ,nations1 is to signify any?+ m ?an a rhetorical fl\ri%1 !n c]ta9 consequ5ces foll[ t h to be fac$ n[4 ,no man c jo9 a p>tn]%ip & rema9 an absolutely free man4 ,y _c b9d y\rself to d ?is & n to d t & to consult & act ) y\r associates 9 c]ta9 ev5tualities )\t a loss ( y\r sov]eign fre$om4 ,p 9 ?is c\ntry & 9 ,france d n seem to be sitt+ up manfully to ^! necess>y propositions4 ,if ?is ,league ( ,free ,nations is really to be an effectual ?+ = ! pres]vation ( ! peace ( ! _w x mu/ possess p[] & ex]cise p[]1 p[]s mu/ be delegat$ to x4 ,o!rwise x w only help1 ) all o!r half-he>t$ good resolutions1 to pave ! road ( mank9d to hell4 ,no?+ 9 all ! _w s /r5g!ns evil z ! half-he>t$ attempts ( good to make good4 ,x sc>cely ne$s repeat+ "h--x has be5 s g5]ally said--t no ,league ( ,free ,nations c hope to keep ! peace unless e memb] ( x is inde$ a free memb]1 repres5t$ by duly elect$ p]sons4 ,nobody1 ( c\rse1 asks to dictate ! int]nal gov]nm5t ( any c\ntry to t c\ntry4 ,if ,g]mans1 = in/ance1 l to wall[ 9 absolutism aft] ! w> !y c d s4 ,b if !y or any o!r peoples wi% to take "p 9 a p]man5t ,league ( ,free ,nations x is only reasonable to insi/ t s f> z _! repres5tatives on ! c\ncil g !y mu/ be duly elect$ "u conditions t are by ! /&>ds ( ! g5]al league satisfactorily democratic4 ,t seems to be only ! common s5se ( ! matt]4 ,e c\rt is a pot5tial conspiracy aga9/ fre$om1 & ! ,league _c tol]ate m]ely c\rt appo9tm5ts4 ,if c\rts are to exi/ any:]e 9 ! new _w ( ! future1 !y w be wise to /& alo( f int]national m$dl+4 ,( c\rse if a p1 aft] due provision = electoral repres5tation1 *oose to elect dyna/ic c&idates1 t is an altoge!r diff]5t matt]4 ,& n[ let u consid] :at are ! p[]s t mu/ be delegat$ to ?is propos$ c\ncil ( a ,league ( ,free ,nations1 if t is really effectually to prev5t w> & to organize & e/abli% & make peace p]man5t 9 ! _w4 ,fir/ly1 !n1 x mu/ be able to adjudicate ^u all int]national disputes :atev]4 ,its fir/ function mu/ cle>ly be t4 ,be=e a w> c break out !re mu/ be ! possibility ( a _w decision ^u its rights & wrongs4 ,! ,league1 !re=e1 w h z its prim>y function to ma9ta9 a ,supreme ,c\rt1 ^: decisions w be f9al1 be=e :i* e sov]eign p[] may appe> z pla9tiff aga9/ any o!r sov]eign p[] or gr\p ( p[]s4 ,! plea1 ,i take x1 w always be 9 ! =m t ! def5dant p[] or p[]s is engag$ 9 proce$+s calculat$ to lead to a brea* ( ! peace1 & call+ ^u ! ,league = an injunction aga9/ su* proce$+s4 ,i suppose ! proce$+s t c be br\ght into c\rt 9 ?is way fall "u su* head+s z ^! t foll[2 re/ra9t ( trade by injuri\s t>iffs or su*like diff]5tiations or by int]f]5ce ) ?r\gh traffic1 improp] treatm5t ( ! subjects or _! prop]ty 7"h ,i put a qu]y7 ( ! pla9tiff nation 9 ! def5dant /ate1 aggressive milit>y or naval prep>ation1 disord] spread+ ov] ! fronti]1 trespass 7z1 = in/ance1 by air%ips71 propag&a ( disord]1 espionage1 p]mitt+ ! organization ( injuri\s activities1 su* z raids or piracy4 ,cle>ly all su* actions mu/ come )9 ! purview ( any _w-supreme c\rt organiz$ to prev5t w>4 ,b 9 addition !re is a m d\btful & delicate class ( case1 aris+ out ( ! discont5t ( pat*es ( "o race or religion 9 ! dom9ions ( ano!r4 ,h[ f> may ! supreme c\rt ( ! _w att5d to grievances betwe5 subject & sov]eign8 ,su* cases are highly probable1 & no l>ge1 vague propositions ab\t ! self-det]m9ation ( peoples c meet all ! cases4 ,9 ,mac$onia1 = in/ance1 !re is a jumble ( ,albanian1 ,s]bian1 ,bulg>ian1 ,greek & ,rumanian villages always jo/l+ "o ano!r & ma9ta9+ an int5se irritation betwe5 ! k9dr$ nations close at h&4 ,& q a l>ge numb] ( areas & cities 9 ! _w1 x has to be rememb]$1 are n homog5e\s at all4 ,w ! great nations ( ! _w h ! self-abnegation to p]mit a scatt]$ subject population to appeal aga9/ ! treatm5t ( its rul+ p[] to ! ,supreme ,c\rt8 ,?is is a mu* m s]i\s int]f]5ce ) sov]eignty ?an int]v5tion 9 an ext]nal qu>rel4 ,c\ld a ,greek village 9 ,bulg>ian ,mac$onia plead 9 ! ,supreme ,c\rt8 ,c\ld ! ,arm5ians 9 ,con/ant9ople1 or ! ,jews 9 ,r\mania1 or ! ,poles 9 ,we/ ,prussia1 or ! negroes 9 ,georgia1 or ! ,indians 9 ! ,transvaal make su* an appeal8 ,c\ld any ,indian population 9 ,india appeal8 ,p]sonally ,i %\ld l to see ! p[] ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt ext5d z f> z ?is4 ,i d n see h[ we c possibly prev5t a k9dr$ nation plead+ = ! scatt]$ p ( its own race & culture1 or any nation pres5t+ a case on behalf ( "s o!rwise unrepres5t$ p--! ,unit$ ,/ates1 = example1 pres5t+ a case on behalf ( ! ,arm5ians4 ,b ,i d\bt if _m p h made up _! m9ds yet to see ! p[]s ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ! ,league ( ,nations g s f> z ?is4 ,i d\bt if1 to beg9 )1 x w be possible to provide = ^! cases4 ,i w\ld l to see x done1 b ,i d\bt if ! majority ( ! sov]eign peoples conc]n$ w reconcile _! national pride ) ! idea1 at lea/ s f> z _! own subject populations g4 ,"h1 y see1 ,i d no m ?an ask a "q4 ,x is a difficult "o1 & x has to be answ]$ be=e we c cle> ! way to ! ,league ( ,free ,nations4 ,b ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 :e!r x is to h ! wid] or ! n>r[] scope "h sugge/$1 w\ld be m]ely ! c5tral function ( ! ,league ( ,free ,nations4 ,beh9d ! decisions ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt mu/ lie p[]4 ,& "h come fre% difficulties = patriotic dige/ions4 ,! armies & navies ( ! _w mu/ be at ! disposal ( ! ,league ( ,free ,nations1 & t op5s up a new l>ge area ( delegat$ au?ority4 ,! fir/ impulse ( any p[] dispos$ to *all5ge ! decisions ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt w be1 ( c\rse1 to arm2 & x is difficult to imag9e h[ ! ,league ( ,free ,nations c ex]cise any practical au?ority unless x has p[] to re/ra9 su* armam5t4 ,! ,league ( ,free ,nations mu/1 9 fact1 if x is to be a work+ reality1 h p[] to def9e & limit ! milit>y & naval & a]ial equipm5t ( e c\ntry 9 ! _w4 ,?is means some?+ m ?an a re/riction ( /ate =ces4 ,x mu/ h p[] & fre$om to inve/igate ! milit>y & naval & a]ial e/abli%m5ts ( all its con/itu5t p[]s4 ,x mu/ also h effective control ov] e armam5t indu/ry4 ,& armam5t indu/ries are n always easy to def9e4 ,are a]oplanes1 = example1 armam5t8 ,its p[]s1 ,i sugge/1 mu/ ext5d ev5 to a re/ra9t ^u ! bellig]5t propag&a :i* is ! natural adv]tisem5t campaign ( e armam5t indu/ry4 ,x mu/ h ! "r1 = example1 to raise ! "q ( ! proprietor%ip ( newspap]s by armam5t int]e/s4 ,dis>mam5t is1 9 fact1 a necess>y factor ( any ,league ( ,free ,nations1 & y _c h dis>mam5t unless y are prep>$ to see ! p[]s ( ! c\ncil ( ! ,league ext5d ?us f>4 ,! v exi/5ce ( ! ,league presupposes t x & x alone is to h & to ex]cise milit>y =ce4 ,any o!r bellig]5cy or prep>ation or incitem5t to bellig]5cy becomes rebellion1 & any o!r arm+ a ?reat ( rebellion1 9 a _w ,league ( ,free ,nations4 ,b "h1 aga91 has ! g5]al m9d yet ?\ght out all t is involv$ 9 ?is proposition8 ,9 all ! great bellig]5t c\ntries ! armam5t indu/ries are n[ huge int]e/s ) enorm\s p[]s4 ,krupp's bus9ess alone is z p[]ful a ?+ 9 ,g]many z ! ,cr[n4 ,9 e c\ntry a heavily subsidiz$ patriotic press w fight desp]ately aga9/ giv+ p[]s s ext5sive & ?or\gh z ^? "h sugge/$ to an int]national body4 ,s long1 ( c\rse1 z ! ,league ( ,free ,nations rema9s a project 9 ! air1 )\t body or p>ts1 su* a press w sne] at x g5tly z ,utopian1 & ev5 patronize x k9dly4 ,b s soon z ! ,league takes on ! %ape its g5]al proposition makes logically necess>y1 ! armam5t int]e/ w take fright4 ,!n x is we %all he> ! drum patriotic l\d 9 def5ce ( ! human blood trade4 ,are we to h& ov] ^! mo/ intimate affairs ( ours to a lot ( =eign]s8 ,among ^! =eign]s :o w be appeal$ to to t]rify ! patriotic s\ls ( ! ,briti% w be ! ,am]icans4 ,are we m5 ( ,engli% blood & tradition to see our affairs controll$ by su* =eign]s z ,wilson1 ,l9coln1 ,web/] & ,wa%+ton8 ,p]i% ! ?\ght6 ,:5 !y might be controll$ by ,disraelis1 ,wett9s1 ,m\nt-,batt5s1 & :at n6 ,& s on & s on4 ,krupp's ag5ts & ! ag5ts ( ! k9dr$ firms 9 ,great ,brita9 & ,france w also be v busy ) ! national pride ( ,france4 ,9 ,g]many !y h already creat$ a colossal suspicion ( ,engl&4 ,"h is a giant 9 ! pa?4444 ,b let u rememb] t x is only necess>y to defeat ! propag&a ( ?is vile & dang]\s indu/ry 9 f\r great c\ntries4 ,& = ! common citiz51 t\*$ on ! t5d]e/ "p ( 8 patriotic susceptibilities1 !re are c]ta9 irrefutable argum5ts4 ,:e!r ! ways ( ! _w 9 ! ye>s to come are to be ! pa?s ( peace or ! pa?s ( w> is n go+ to alt] ?is ess5tial fact1 t ! great educat$ _w communities1 ) a social & indu/rial organization on a w>-capable scale1 are go+ to dom9ate human affairs4 ,:e!r !y sp5d _! p[] 9 kill+ or 9 educat+ & creat+1 ,france1 ,g]many1 h[ev] mu* we may res5t x1 ! two great ,engli%-speak+ communities1 ,italy1 ,japan ,*9a1 & pres5tly p]haps a r5asc5t ,russia1 are jo9tly go+ to control ! de/9ies ( mank9d4 ,:e!r t jo9t control comes ?r\gh arms or ?r\gh ! law is a second>y consid]ation4 ,to refuse to br+ our affairs into a common c\ncil does n make u indep5d5t ( =eign]s4 ,x makes u m dep5d5t ^u !m1 z a v little consid]ation w %[4 ,i am sugge/+ "h t ! ,league ( ,free ,nations %all practically control ! army1 navy1 air =ces1 & armam5t indu/ry ( e nation 9 ! _w4 ,:at is ! alt]native to t8 ,to d z we please8 ,no1 ! alt]native is t any malignant c\ntry w be free to =ce ^u all ! re/ j ! maximum am\nt ( armam5t x *ooses to adopt4 ,s9ce #ahga ,france1 we say1 has be5 free 9 milit>y matt]s4 ,:at has be5 ! value ( t fre$om8 ,! tru? is1 %e has be5 ! bond-slave ( ,g]many1 b\nd to wat* ,g]many z a slave wat*es a ma/]1 b\nd to laun* subm>9e = subm>9e & ca/ gun = gun1 to sweep all h] y\? into h] army1 to subdue h] trade1 h] lit]ature1 h] education1 h] :ole life to ! necessity ( prep>ations impos$ ^u h] by h] drill-ma/] ov] ! ,rh9e4 ,& ,mi*ael1 too1 has be5 a slave to 8 imp]ial ma/] = ! self-same reason1 = ! reason t ,g]many & ,france 7 bo? s pr\dly sov]eign & indep5d5t4 ,bo? c\ntries h be5 slaves to ,kruppism & ,zab]nism--because !y 7 sov]eign & free6 ,s x w always be4 ,s long z patriotic cant c keep ! common man jeal\s ( int]national controls ov] 8 bellig]5t possibilities1 s long w he be ! helpless slave ( ! =eign ?reat1 & ,peace rema9 a m]e "n = ! re/+ phase betwe5 w>s4 ,b p[] ov] ! milit>y res\rces ( ! _w is by no means ! limit ( ! necess>y p[]s ( an effective ,league ( ,free ,nations4 ,!re are /ill m indige/ible implications 9 ! idea1 &1 s9ce !y h got to be dige/$ soon] or lat] if civilization is n to collapse1 !re is no reason :y we %\ld n beg9 to bite ^u !m n[4 ,i 0 mu* int]e/$ to read ! ,briti% press ^u ! alleg$ proposal ( ! ,g]man ,*ancellor t we %\ld give up 7presumably to ,g]many7 ,gibralt>1 ,malta1 ,egypt1 & su*like key possessions4 ,x seem$ to excite sev]al ( our politicians extremely4 ,i read ov] ! ,g]man ,*ancellor's spee* v c>efully1 s f> z x 0 available1 & x is cle> t he did n propose any?+ ( ! sort4 ,wilfully or bl9dly our press & our demagogues scream$ ov] a false issue4 ,! ,*ancellor 0 def5d+ ! idea ( ! ,g]mans rema9+ 9 ,belgium & ,lorra9e because ( ! /rategic & economic importance ( ^? regions to ,g]many1 & he 0 argu+ t be=e we ,engli% got into su* a fev]i% /ate ( indignation ab\t t1 we %\ld fir/ ask ourselves :at we 7 do+ 9 ,gibralt>1 etc41 etc4 ,t is a diff]5t ?+ altoge!r4 ,& x is an argum5t t is n to be dispos$ ( by misrepres5tation4 ,! ,briti% h to ?9k h>d ov] ?is q legitimate ,g]man tu quoque4 ,x is no good gett+ into a patriotic bad temp] & refus+ to answ] t "q4 ,we ,briti% p are s p]suad$ ( ! purity & unselfi%ness ) :i* we dis*>ge our imp]ial responsibilities1 we h be5 s tra9$ 9 imp]ial self-satisfaction1 we "k s c]ta9ly t all our subject nations call u bless$1 t x is a little difficult = u to see j h[ ! fact t we are1 = example1 s deeply root$ 9 ,egypt looks to an outside intellig5ce4 ,( c\rse ! ,g]man imp]iali/ idea is a wick$ & aggressive idea1 z ,"l ,rob]t ,cecil has expla9$2 !y want to set up all ov] ! e>? coal+ /ations & /rategic po9ts1 on ! patt]n ( ours4 ,well1 !y argue1 we are only try+ to d :at y ,briti% h done4 ,if we are n to d s--because x is aggression & s on & s on--is n ! "t ripe = y to make "s concessions to ! public op9ion ( ! _w8 ,t is ! ,g]man argum5t4 ,ei!r1 !y say1 tol]ate ?is idea ( a ,g]many ) advantage\s po/s & possessions r\nd & ab\t ! e>?1 or reconsid] y\r own position4 ,well1 at ! risk ( r\s+ mu* patriotic wra?1 ,i mu/ admit t ,i ?9k we h to reconsid] our position4 ,our argum5t is t 9 ,india1 ,egypt1 ,africa & else:]e1 we /& = ord] & civilization1 we are ! tru/ees ( fre$om1 ! ag5ts ( k & effici5cy4 ,on ! :ole ! record ( ,briti% rule is a pretty respectable "o2 ,i am n a%am$ ( our record4 ,nev]!less ! case is alt]+4 ,x is q ju/ifiable = u ,briti%1 no d\bt1 if we d really play ! "p ( hone/ tru/ees1 to rema9 9 ,egypt & 9 ,india "u exi/+ conditions2 x is ev5 possible = u to glance at ! helplessness ( ,arabia1 ,pale/9e1 & ,mesopotamia1 z yet incapable ( self-gov]nm5t1 helpless z new-born infants4 ,b our case1 our only ju/ifiable case1 is t we are tru/ees because !re is no bett] tru/ee possible4 ,& ! creation ( a c\ncil ( a ,league ( ,free ,nations w\ld be l ! creation ( a ,public ,tru/ee = ! _w4 ,! creation ( a ,league ( ,free ,nations mu/ necess>ily be ! creation ( an au?ority t may legitimately call exi/+ empires to give an acc\nt ( _! /ew>d%ip4 ,= an un*eck$ fragm5t>y control ( tropical & *aotic regions1 x sub/itutes ! possibility ( a g5]al au?ority4 ,& ?is mu/ necess>ily alt] ! problems n only ( ! politically immature nations & ! control ( ! tropics1 b also ( ! regulation ( ! sea ways1 ! regulation ( ! com+ air r\tes1 & ! di/ribution ( /aple products 9 ! _w4 ,i w n g 9 detail ov] ! items ( ?is li/1 because ! read] c fill 9 ! ess5tials ( ! argum5t f :at has gone be=e4 ,i want simply to sugge/ h[ widely ?is project ( a ,league ( ,free ,nations sw+s :5 once y h let x sw+ freely 9 y\r m9d6 ,& if y d n let x sw+ freely 9 y\r m9d1 x rema9s no?+--a s5tim5tal ge/ure4 ,! pla9 tru? is t ! ,league ( ,free ,nations1 if x is to be a reality1 if x is to effect a real pacification ( ! _w1 mu/ d no less ?an sup]s$e ,empire2 x mu/ end n only ?is new ,g]man imp]ialism1 :i* is /ruggl+ s savagely & p[]fully to possess ! e>?1 b x mu/ also w9d up ,briti% imp]ialism & ,fr5* imp]ialism1 :i* d n[ s l>gely & inaggressively possess x4 ,&1 moreov]1 ?is idea qu]ies ! adjective ( ,belgian1 ,portuguese1 ,fr5*1 & ,briti% ,c5tral ,africa alike1 j z emphatically z x qu]ies ,g]man4 ,/ill m effectually does ! ,league =bid ^? creations ( ! futuri/ imag9ation1 ! imp]ialism ( ,italy & ,greece1 :i* make su* ?reat5+ ge/ures at ! _w ( our *ildr54 ,are ^! incompatibilities und]/ood8 ,until p h fac$ ! cle> antagonism t exi/s betwe5 imp]ialism & int]nationalism1 !y h n begun to suspect ! real significance ( ?is project ( ! ,league ( ,free ,nations4 ,!y h n begun to realize t peace also has its price4 ,,iv ,,! ,,lab\r ,,view ,,( ,,middle ,,africa ,i 0 rec5tly privileg$ to he> ! views ( "o ( ^? titl$ & influ5tial ladies--) a g5]al education at ab\t ! fif? /&>d level1 plus a little ,fr5*1 ,g]man1 ,italian1 & music--:o d s mu* to make our ,engl& :at x is at ! pres5t "t1 ^u ! ,lab\r idea ( an int]national control ( tropical ,africa4 ,%e 0 l\d & d]isive ab\t ! ignorance ( ,lab\r4 ,:at c !y "k ab\t =eign politics8 %e said1 ) ge/ures to indicate h] conception ( !m4 ,i 0 mov$ to ask h] :at %e w\ld d ab\t ,africa4 ,leave x to ,"l ,rob]t6 %e said1 lean+ =w>d impressively4 ,leave x to ! p :o "k4 ,unhappily ,i %>e ! evid5t op9ion ( ,lab\r t we are n bless$ ) any pr(\ndly wise class ( p :o h def9ite k & cle> int5tions ab\t ,africa1 t ^! p :o "k are mo/ly a pret5ti\s bluff1 & s1 9 spite ( a v e>ne/ desire to take refuge 9 my ignorance f ! bur!n ( ?9k+ ab\t ,african problems1 ,i f9d myself oblig$1 l mo/ o!r p1 to d s4 ,9 ! int]e/s ( our c\ntry1 our *ildr51 & ! _w1 we common p]sons h to h op9ions ab\t ^! matt]s4 ,a muddle-up 9 ,africa ?is ye> may kill y\r son & m9e 9 ! c\rse ( ! next decade4 ,i "k ?is is n a claim to be int]e/$ 9 ?+s ,african1 su* z ! promot] ( a tropical railway or an oil speculator has2 /ill x is a claim4 ,& = ! life ( me ,i _c see :at is wrong ab\t ! ,lab\r proposals1 or :at alt]native exi/s t c give ev5 a hope ( peace 9 & ab\t ,africa4 ,! gi/ ( ! ,lab\r proposal is an int]national control ( ,africa betwe5 ! ,zambesi & ! ,sah>a4 ,?is has be5 receiv$ ) l\d prote/s by m5 ^: "w "o is oblig$ to respect1 by ,sir ,h>ry1 ,john/on1 = example1 & ,sir ,alfr$ ,%>pe1 & ) some?+ approa*+ a %riek ( ho/ility by ,mr4 ,cunn+hame ,graham4 ,b ,i ?9k ^! g5tlem5 h n p]haps giv5 ! ,lab\r proposal q z mu* att5tion z !y h sp5t ^u ! details ( ,african conditions4 ,i ?9k !y h jump$ to conclusions at ! m]e s\nd ( ! ^w int]national4 ,!re h be5 "s gross failures 9 ! pa/ to set up int]national adm9i/rations 9 ,africa & ! ,ne> ,ea/4 ,& ^! g5tlem5 ?9k at once ( "s new ,congo adm9i/ration & ( nondescript police =ces comm&$ by cosmopolitan adv5tur]s4 7,see ,joseph ,conrad's ,out-po/ ( ,civilization47 ,!y ?9k ( int]nationalism ) gre$y ,great ,p[]s 9 ! backgr\nd outside ! int]nationaliz$ area1 intrigu+ to create disord] & mis*ief ) ideas ( an ultimate annexation4 ,b ,i d\bt if su* nightm>es d any sort ( ju/ice to ! ,lab\r int5tion4 ,& ! ess5tial ?+ ,i w\ld l to po9t out to ^! au?orities ^u ,african que/ions is t n "o ( !m ev5 h9ts at any o!r =mula :i* cov]s ! broad ess5tials ( ! ,african riddle4 ,:at are ^! broad ess5tials8 ,:at are ! ends t mu/ be a*iev$ if ,africa is n to cont9ue a fe/]+ sore 9 ! body ( mank9d8 ,! fir/ mo/ obvi\s dang] ( ,africa is ! milit>ization ( ! black4 ,g5]al ,smuts has po9t$ ?is out pla9ly4 ,! negro makes a good soldi]2 he is h>dy1 he /&s ! sea1 & he /&s cold4 7,!re 0 a negro 9 ! little p>ty :i* rea*$ ! ,nor? ,pole47 ,x is absolutely ess5tial to ! peace ( ! _w t !re %\ld be no arm+ ( ! negroes beyond ! m9imum necess>y = ! polic+ ( ,africa4 ,b h[ is ?is to be wat*$ & prev5t$ if !re is no ov]rid+ body repres5t+ civilization to say ,/op to ! beg9n+s ( any su* milit>ization8 ,i d n see h[ ,sir ,h>ry ,john/on1 ,sir ,alfr$ ,%>pe1 & ! o!r au?orities c object to at lea/ an int]national ,african ,dis>mam5t ,commission to wat*1 w>n1 & prote/4 ,at lea/ !y mu/ conc$e t4 ,b 9 practice ?is involves some?+ else4 ,a practical consequ5ce ( ?is dis>mam5t idea mu/ be an effective control ( ! importation ( arms into ! tutelage areas ( ,africa4 ,t rat at ! dykes ( civilization1 t ultimate expression ( political sc\ndrelism1 ! ,gun-,runn]1 has to be kept "u & /amp$ out 9 ,africa z ev]y:]e4 ,a ,dis>mam5t ,commission t has no =ces available to prev5t ! arms trade w be j ano!r ,hague ,conv5tion1 j ano!r vague1 well-int5tion$1 futile ge/ure4 ,& closely connect$ ) ?is function ( controll+ ! arms trade is ano!r great necessity ( ,africa "u tutelage1 & t is ! necessity ( a common collective agreem5t n to demoralize ! native population4 ,t demoralization1 physical & moral1 has already gone f>4 ,! :ole negro population ( ,africa is n[ rott5 ) diseases introduc$ by ,arabs & ,europeans dur+ ! la/ c5tury1 & su* ,african /atesm5 z ,sir ,h>ry ,john/on are eloqu5t ^u ! necessity ( sav+ ! blacks--& ! bas] :ites--f ! effects ( trade g9 & simil> allur+ articles ( comm]ce4 ,moreov]1 f ,africa !re is always some?+ new 9 ! way ( tropical diseases1 & pres5tly ,africa1 if we let x cont9ue to fe/] z x fe/]s n[1 may produce an epidemic t w /& exportation to a temp]ate climate4 ,a bact]ium t may kill y or me 9 "s novel & disgu/+ way may ev5 n[ be develop+ 9 "s ,congo muck-heap4 ,s "h is ! ne$ = ano!r ,commission to look aft] ! ,heal? ( ,africa4 ,t1 too1 %\ld be ( au?ority ov] all ! area ( tutelage ,africa4 ,x is no good /amp+ out infecti\s disease 9 ,nyasal& :ile x is be+ br$ 9 ,portuguese ,ea/ ,africa4 ,& if !re is a ,dis>mam5t ,commission already controll+ ! importation ( arms1 :y %\ld n t body also control at ! same "t ! importation ( trade g9 & simil> delicacies1 & direct qu>ant9e & su*-l heal? regulations8 ,b !re is ano!r "q 9 ,africa ^u :i* our ignorant ,lab\r class is f> bett] in=m$ ?an our de> old eighte5?-c5tury upp] class :i* /ill squats s firmly 9 our ,=eign & ,colonial ,(fices1 & t is ! "q ( =c$ lab\r4 ,we _c tol]ate any possibilities ( ! enslavem5t ( black ,africa4 ,long ago ! ,unit$ ,/ates f\nd out ! impossibility ( hav+ slave lab\r work+ 9 ! same sy/em ) :ite4 ,to cure t anomaly co/ ! ,unit$ ,/ates a long & bloody w>4 ,! slave-own]1 ! exploit] ( ! black1 becomes a ?reat & a nuisance to any :ite democracy4 ,he br+s back 8 loot to corrupt ,press & life at home4 ,:at happ5$ 9 ,am]ica 9 ! mid/ ( ! la/ c5tury betwe5 ,f$]als & ,conf$]ates mu/ n happ5 aga9 on a l>g] scale betwe5 :ite ,europe & middle ,africa4 ,slav]y 9 ,africa1 op5 or disguis$1 :e!r en=c$ by ! la% or br\ght ab\t by iniquit\s l&-/eal+1 /rikes at ! home & fre$om ( e ,european work]--& ,lab\r kn[s ?is4 ,b h[ are we to prev5t ! enslavem5t & economic exploitation ( ! blacks if we h no g5]al wat*] ( ,african conditions8 ,we want a common law = ,africa1 a g5]al ,decl>ation ( ,rights1 ( c]ta9 elem5t>y rights1 & we want a common au?ority to :i* ! black man & ! native tribe may appeal = ju/ice4 ,:at is ! good ( try+ to elevate ! population ( ,ug&a & to give x a free & hopeful life if "s o!r population close at h& is compet+ aga9/ ! ,bag&a work] "u la% & tax8 ,s "h is a ?ird aspect ( our int]national ,commission1 z a native protectorate & c\rt ( appeal6 ,!re is /ill a f\r? aspect ( ! ,african "q 9 :i* e "m's son 9 ,europe is closely int]e/$1 & t is ! trade "q4 ,africa is ! great s\rce ( _m ( ! mo/ necess>y raw mat]ials ^u :i* our mod]n com=ts & conv5i5ces dep5d2 m p>ticul>ly is x ! s\rce ( *eap fat 9 ! =m ( palm oil4 ,"o ( ! mo/ p[]ful lev]s 9 ! h&s ( ! ,alli$ democracies at ! pres5t "t 9 _! /ruggle aga9/ ! imp]ial brig&s ( ,potsdam is ! complete control we h n[ obta9$ ov] ^! ess5tial supplies4 ,we c1 if we *oose1 cut (f ,g]many altoge!r f ^! vital economic necessities1 if %e does n cons5t to ab&on militant imp]ialism = "s m civiliz$ =m ( gov]nm5t4 ,we hope t ?is w> w end 9 t r5unciation1 & t ,g]many w re-ent] ! community ( nations4 ,b :e!r t is s or n1 :e!r ,g]many is or is n to be "o ( ! int]e/$ p>ties 9 ! ,african solution1 ! fact rema9s t x is impossible to contemplate a cont9u+ /ruggle = ! ,african raw mat]ial supply betwe5 ! int]e/$ ,p[]s4 ,soon] or lat] t means a r5ewal ( w>4 ,int]national trade rivalry is1 inde$1 only w>--sm\ld]+4 ,we ne$1 & ,lab\r dem&s1 a fair1 frank treatm5t ( ,african trade1 & t c only be done by "s ov]rid+ regulative p[]1 a ,commission :i*1 s f> z ,i c see1 might also be ! same ,commission z t we h already hypo!siz$ z be+ necess>y to control ! ,cu/oms 9 ord] to prev5t gun-runn+ & ! g9 trade4 ,t ,commission might v conv5i5tly h a voice 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ! great wat]ways ( ,africa 7:i* (t5 run ?r\gh ! possessions ( sev]al ,p[]s7 & 9 ! regulation ( ! big railway l9es & air r\tes t w spe$ily foll[ ! conclusion ( peace4 ,n[ ?is ,i take x is ! gi/ ( ! ,lab\r proposal4 ,?is--& no m ?an ?is--is :at is int5d$ by ! int]national control ( tropical ,africa4 ,i d n read t phrase z abrogat+ exi/+ sov]eignties 9 ,africa4 ,:at is contemplat$ is a delegation ( au?ority4 ,e "o %\ld "k1 ?\gh unhappily ! badness ( our hi/ory tea*+ makes x d\btful if e "o does "k1 t ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica did n beg9 z a sov]eign ,gov]nm5t1 & has n[ only a v que/ionable sov]eignty4 ,ea* ,/ate 0 sov]eign1 & ea* ,/ate delegat$ c]ta9 p[]s to ,wa%+ton4 ,t 0 ! initial idea ( ! union4 ,only lat] did ! idea ( a p ( ! ,/ates z a :ole em]ge4 ,9 ! same way ,i und]/& ! ,lab\r proposal z mean+ t we %\ld delegate to an ,african ,commission ! middle ,african ,cu/oms1 ! regulation ( int]-,/ate trade1 int]-,/ate railways & wat]ways1 qu>ant9e & heal? g5]ally1 & ! e/abli%m5t ( a ,supreme ,c\rt = middle ,african affairs4 ,"o or two m9or matt]s1 su* z ! pres]vation ( r>e animals1 might v well fall "u ! same au?ority4 ,^u t ,commission ! int]e/$ nations1 t is to say--putt+ !m 9 alphabetical ord]--! ,afric&]1 ! ,briton1 ! ,belgian1 ! ,egyptian1 ! ,fr5*man1 ! ,italian1 ! ,indian ! ,portuguese--might all be repres5t$ 9 proportion to _! int]e/4 ,:e!r ! ,g]man w\ld come 9 is really a "q = ! ,g]man to consid]2 he c come 9 z a good ,european1 he _c come 9 z an imp]iali/ brig&4 ,:e!r1 too1 any o!r nations c claim to h an int]e/ 9 ,african affairs1 :e!r ! ,commission w\ld n be bett] appo9t$ by a ,league ( ,free ,nations ?an directly by ! int]e/$ ,gov]nm5ts1 & a numb] ( o!r su* que/ions1 ne$ n be consid]$ "h4 ,"h we are discuss+ only ! ma9 idea ( ! ,lab\r proposal4 ,n[ b5ea? ! sup]vision & re/ra9t ( su* a delegat$ ,commission ,i d n see :y ! exi/+ adm9i/rations ( tutelage ,africa %\ld n cont9ue4 ,i d n believe t ! ,lab\r proposal contemplates any humiliat+ cession ( ,european sov]eignty4 ,"u t int]national ,commission ! ,fr5* flag may /ill wave 9 ,s5egal & ! ,briti% ov] ! protect$ ,/ate ( ,ug&a4 ,giv5 a new _s 9 ,g]many ,i d n see :y ! ,g]man flag %\ld n pres5tly be re/or$ 9 ,g]man ,ea/ ,africa4 ,b ov] all1 /&+ = righte\sness1 pati5ce1 fair play = ! black1 & ! common welf>e ( mank9d w\ld wave a new flag1 ! ,sun ( ,africa repres5t+ ! ,c5tral ,african ,commission ( ! ,league ( ,free ,nations4 ,t is my vision ( ! ,lab\r project4 ,x is some?+ v diff]5t1 ,i "k1 f ! nightm>e ( an int]national police ( cosmopolitan sc\ndrels 9 nondescript uni=ms1 ha/5+ to loot & ravi% 8 de> ,ug&a & 8 belov$ ,nig]ia1 :i* di/resses ! crumpl$ pill[ ( ,sir ,h>ry ,john/on4 ,b if x is n ! solution1 !n x is up to him & 8 fell[ au?orities to tell u :at is ! solution ( ! ,african riddle4 ,v ,,gett+ ,,! ,,league ,,idea ,,cle> ,,9 ,,relation ,,to ,,imp]ialism #a ,x is idle to pret5d t ev5 at ! pres5t "t ! idea ( ! ,league ( ,free ,nations has secure possession ( ! ,briti% m9d4 ,!re is q naturally a su/a9$ opposition to x 9 all ! fa/nesses ( aggressive imp]ialism4 ,su* pap]s z ! ,times & ! ,morn+ ,po/ rema9 ho/ile & ob/ructive to ! expression ( int]national ideas4 ,mo/ ( our eld] /atesm5 seem to h le>nt no?+ & =gott5 no?+ dur+ ! ye>s ( wilde/ *ange ! _w has ev] kn[n4 ,b 9 ! g5]al m9d ( ! ,briti% peoples ! movem5t ( op9ion f a n>r[ imp]ialism t[>ds int]nationalism has be5 wide & swift4 ,& x cont9ues /eadily4 ,"o c trace week by week & almo/ day by day ! ,am]icanization ( ! ,briti% conception ( ! ,alli$ ,w> ,aims4 ,x may be int]e/+ to reproduce "h ?ree communications ^u ?is "q made at diff]5t times by ! pres5t writ] to ! press4 ,! circum/ances ( _! publication are significant4 ,! fir/ is 9 sub/ance id5tical ) a lett] :i* 0 s5t to ! ,times late 9 ,may1 #aiag1 & reject$ z be+ altoge!r too revolution>y4 ,= n[adays ! correspond5ce 9 ! ,times has ceas$ to be an imp>tial expression ( public op9ion4 ,! correspond5ce ( ! ,times is n[ app>5tly select$ & edit$ 9 accordance ) ! views ^u public policy held by ! act+ editor = ! day4 ,m & m has t pap] become ! organ ( a sort ( ,ox=d ,imp]ialism1 ?ree or f\r ye>s beh9d ! times & v ripe & exp]t4 ,! lett] is "h giv5 z x 0 f9ally pr9t$ 9 ! issue ( ! ,daily ,*ronicle = ,june #d?1 #aiag1 "u ! head+1 ,want$ a ,/atem5t ( ,imp]ial ,policy4 ,sir1--,! "t seems to h come = mu* cle>] /atem5ts ( outlook & int5tion f ?is c\ntry ?an x has hi!rto be5 possible to make4 ,! entry ( ,am]ica into ! w> & ! bani%m5t ( autocracy & aggressive diplomacy f ,russia h enorm\sly cle>$ ! air1 & ! rec5t great spee* ( ,g5]al ,smuts at ! ,savoy ,hotel is probably only ! fir/ ( a s]ies ( exp]im5ts 9 /atem5t4 ,x is desirable alike to cle> our own heads1 to unify our ef=ts1 & to give ! nations ( ! _w "s assurance & /&>d = our national conduct 9 ! future1 t we %\ld n[ def9e ! ,idea ( our ,empire & its relation to ! _w outlook mu* m cle>ly ?an has ev] hi!rto be5 done4 ,nev] be=e 9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d has op9ion c\nt$ = s mu* & p]sons & organizations = s little z 9 ?is w>4 ,nev] be=e has ! ne$ = cle> ideas1 widely und]/ood & consi/5tly su/a9$1 be5 s comm&+ly vital4 ,:at d we mean by our ,empire1 & :at is its relation to t univ]sal desire ( mank9d1 ! p]man5t rule ( peace & ju/ice 9 ! _w8 ,! :ole _w w be ! bett] = a v pla9 answ] to t "q4 ,is x n "t = u ,briti% n m]ely to admit to ourselves1 b to assure ! _w t our ,empire z x exi/s to-day is a provisional ?+1 t 9 sc>cely any "p ( ! _w d we reg>d x z m ?an an em]g5cy arrangem5t1 z a necess>y association t mu/ give place ultimately to ! high] syn!sis ( a _w league1 t "h we hold z tru/ees & !re on acc\nt ( /rategic consid]ations t may pres5tly disappe>1 & t ?\gh we w n contemplate ! replacem5t ( our flag any:]e by ! flag ( any o!r compet+ nation1 ?\gh we d hope to hold toge!r ) our k9 & ) ^? :o increas+ly %>e our tradition & our language1 nev]!less we are prep>$ to welcome great r5unciations ( our pres5t asc5d5cy & privileges 9 ! int]e/s ( mank9d z a :ole4 ,we ne$ to make ! _w und]/& t we d n put our nation nor our ,empire be=e ! commonweal? ( man4 ,unless pres5tly we are to foll[ ,g]many along ! tragic pa? h] national vanity & h] _w ambitions h made = h]1 t is :at we h to make cle> n[4 ,x is n only our duty to mank9d1 x is also ! sane c\rse = our own pres]vation4 ,is x n ! pla9 lesson ( ?is /up5d\s & disa/r\s w> t !re is no way to secure civilization f de/ruction except by an imp>tial control & protection 9 ! int]e/s ( ! :ole human race1 a control repres5t+ ! be/ intellig5ce ( mank9d1 ( ^! ma9 causes ( w>4 7#a7 ,! politically undevelop$ tropics2 7#b7 ,%ipp+ & int]national trade2 & 7#c7 ,small nationalities & all regions 9 a /ate ( political impot5ce or confusion8 ,x is our case aga9/ ! ,g]mans t 9 all ^! ?ree cases !y h subord9at$ e consid]ation ( ju/ice & ! g5]al human welf>e to a mon/r\s national egotism4 ,t argum5t has a d\ble edge4 ,at pres5t !re is a vigor\s campaign 9 ,am]ica1 ,russia1 ! neutral c\ntries g5]ally1 to repres5t ,briti% patriotism z equally egoti/ic1 & our purpose 9 ?is w> z a m]e p>allel to ! ,g]man purpose4 ,9 ! same mann]1 ?\gh p]haps ) less p]si/5cy1 ,france & ,italy are also c>icatur$4 ,we are suppos$ to be grabb+ at ,mesopotamia & ,pale/9e1 ,france at ,syria2 ,italy is repres5t$ z pursu+ a ,ma*iavellian policy t[>ds ! un=tunate ,greek republicans1 ) h] eyes on ! ,greek isl&s & ,greece 9 ,asia4 ,is x n "t t ^! base imputations 7 repudiat$ cle>ly & conclusively by our ,alliance8 ,& is x n "t t we began to discuss 9 mu* m frank & def9ite t]ms ?an has hi!rto be5 done1 ! nature ( ! int]national arrangem5t t w be ne$$ to secure ! safety ( su* lib]at$ populations z ^? ( ,pale/9e1 ( ! ,arab regions ( ! old ,turki% empire1 ( ,arm5ia1 ( reunit$ ,pol&1 & ! l8 ,i d n mean "h m]e diplomatic discussions & und]/&+s1 ,i mean su* full & pla9 /atem5ts z w be spread ?r\gh ! :ole _w & grasp$ & assimilat$ by ord9>y p ev]y:]e1 /atem5ts by :i* we1 z a p1 w be prep>$ to /& or fall4 ,almo/ z urg5t is ! ne$ = "s def9ite /atem5t ab\t ,africa4 ,g5]al ,smuts has w>n$ n only ! ,empire1 b ! :ole _w ( ! gigantic ?reat to civilization t lies 9 ! pres5t division ( ,africa betwe5 v>i\s ke5ly competitive ,european ,p[]s1 any "o ( :i* w be free to misuse ! great natural res\rces at its disposal & to arm millions ( black soldi]s = aggression4 ,a m]e elim9ation ( ,g]many f ,africa w n solve t difficulty4 ,:at we h to elim9ate is n ?is nation or t1 b ! sy/em ( national %ov+ & elb[+1 ! treatm5t ( ,africa z ! bo>d = a game ( begg>-my-neighb\r-&-damn-!-nigg]s1 9 :i* a few syndicates1 masqu]ad+ z national int]e/s1 snat* a pr(it to ! inf9ite loss ( all mank9d4 ,we want a l[]+ ( b>ri]s & a unification ( int]e/s1 we want an int]national control ( ^! disput$ regions1 to ov]ride nationali/ exploitation4 ,! :ole _w wants x4 ,x is a *a/5$ & reasonable _w we live 9 to-day1 & ! "t = :ite reason & ! wide treatm5t ( ^! problems is n[4 ,f9ally1 ! "t is draw+ ne> :5 ! ,egyptian & ! nations ( ,india w ask u1 ,are ?+s go+ on = ev] "h z !y g on n[1 or are we to look = ! "t :5 we1 too1 l ! ,afric&]1 ! ,canadian & ! ,au/ralian1 w be y\r confess$ & equal p>tn]s8 ,w\ld x n be wise to answ] t "q 9 ! affirmative be=e ! voice 9 :i* x is ask$ gr[s ?ick ) ang]8 ,9 ,egypt1 = example1 we are ei!r robb]s v l--except = a c]ta9 diff]5ce 9 t\*--! ,g]mans 9 ,belgium1 or we are hon\rable tru/ees4 ,x is our claim & pride to be hon\rable tru/ees4 ,no?+ s becomes a tru/ee z a *e]ful op5ness ( disposition4 ,great ,brita9 has to table h] _w policy4 ,x is a ?+ ov]due4 ,no d\bt we h already a lit]ature ( lib]al imp]ialism & a consid]able accumulation ( decl>ations by ?is /atesman or t4 ,b :at is ne$$ is a =mulation mu* m repres5tative1 (ficial & p]man5t ?an t1 some?+ t c be put beside ,presid5t ,wilson's cle> r5d]+ ( ! ,am]ican idea4 ,we want all our peoples to und]/&1 & we want all mank9d to und]/& t our ,empire is n a net ab\t ! _w 9 :i* ! progress ( mank9d is entangl$1 b a self-consci\s political sy/em work+ side by side ) ! o!r democracies ( ! e>?1 prep>+ ! way =1 & prep>$ at la/ to sacrifice & m]ge itself 91 ! _w conf$]ation ( free & equal peoples4 #b ,?is lett] 0 pres5tly foll[$ up by an article 9 ! ,daily ,news1 entitl$ ,a ,reasonable ,man's ,peace4 ,?is article provok$ a consid]able controv]sy 9 ! imp]iali/ press1 & x 0 repr9t$ z a pamphlet by a ,free ,trade organization1 :i* di/ribut$ ov] #bjj1jjj copies4 ,x is p>ticul>ly int]e/+ to note1 9 view ( :at foll[s x1 t x 0 attack$ ) great virul5ce 9 ! ,ev5+ ,news1 ! little fi]ce mud-?r[+ bro!r ( ! ,daily ,mail4 ,! int]national situation at ! pres5t "t is beyond "q ! mo/ wond]ful t ! _w has ev] se54 ,!re is n a c\ntry 9 ! _w 9 :i* ! great majority ( s5sible p are n passionately desir\s ( peace1 ( an endur+ peace1 &--! w> goes on4 ,! conditions ( peace c n[ be /at$1 9 g5]al t]ms t are z acceptable to a reasonable man 9 ,b]l9 z !y are to a reasonable man 9 ,p>is or ,london or ,petrograd or ,con/ant9ople4 ,!re are to be no conque/s1 no dom9ation ( recalcitrant populations1 no bitt] insi/5ce ^u v9dictive p5alties1 & !re mu/ be some?+ 9 ! nature ( a _w-wide ,league ( ,nations to keep ! peace securely 9 future1 to make ! _w safe = democracy1 & ma9ta9 int]national ju/ice4 ,to t ! g5]al m9d ( ! _w has come to-day4 ,:y1 !n1 does ! wa/e & kill+ g on8 ,:y is n ! ,peace ,conf]5ce sitt+ n[8 ,manife/ly because a small m9ority ( p 9 positions ( peculi> advantage1 9 positions ( tru/ & au?ority1 & p>ticul>ly ! ,g]man reaction>ies1 prev5t or delay its assembl+4 ,! answ] :i* seems to suffice 9 all ! ,alli$ c\ntries is t ! ,g]man ,imp]ial ,gov]nm5t--t ! ,g]man ,imp]ial ,gov]nm5t alone--/&s 9 ! way1 t its tradition is incurably a tradition ( conque/ & aggression1 t until ,g]man milit>ism is ov]?r[n1 etc4 ,few p 9 ! ,alli$ c\ntries w dispute t t is broadly true4 ,b is x ! :ole & complete tru?8 ,is !re no?+ m to be done on our side8 ,let u put a "q t goes to ! v he>t ( ! problem4 ,:y does ! great mass ( ! ,g]man p /ill cl+ to its incurably bellig]5t ,gov]nm5t8 ,! answ] to t "q is n ov]:elm+ly difficult4 ,! ,g]man p /icks to its milit>i/ imp]ialism z ,mazeppa /uck to 8 horse2 because x is b\nd to x1 & ! wolves pursue4 ,! att5tive /ud5t ( ! home & =eign propag&a lit]ature ( ! ,g]man ,gov]nm5t w realize t ! case made by ,g]man imp]ialism1 ! ma9 argum5t by :i* x /icks to p[]1 is ?is1 t ! ,alli$ ,gov]nm5ts are also imp]iali/1 t !y also aim at conque/ & aggression1 t = ,g]many ! *oice is _w empire or d[nfall & utt] ru94 ,?is is ! argum5t t holds ! ,g]man p /iffly unit$4 ,= mo/ m5 9 mo/ c\ntries x w\ld be a conv9c+ argum5t1 /rong en\gh to ov]ride consid]ations ( "r & wrong4 ,i f9d t ,i myself am ( ?is way ( ?9k+1 t :e!r ,engl& has done "r or wrong 9 ! pa/--& ,i h sometimes criticiz$ my c\ntry v bitt]ly--,i w n endure ! prospect ( see+ h] at ! foot ( "s victori\s =eign nation4 ,nei!r w any ,g]man :o matt]s4 ,v few p w\ld respect a ,g]man :o did4 ,b ! case = ! ,allies is t ?is great argum5t by :i*1 & by :i* alone1 ! ,g]man ,imp]ial ,gov]nm5t keeps its grip ^u ! ,g]man p at ! pres5t "t1 & keeps !m fac+ _! enemies1 is untrue4 ,! ,allies decl>e t !y d n want to de/roy ! ,g]man p1 !y d n want to cripple ! ,g]man p2 !y want m]ely to see c]ta9 gap+ w\nds inflict$ by ,g]many repair$1 & beyond t reasonable requirem5t !y want no?+ b to be assur$1 completely assur$1 absolutely assur$1 aga9/ any fur!r aggressions on ! "p ( ,g]many4 ,is t true8 ,our lead]s say s1 & we believe !m4 ,we w\ld n support !m if we did n4 ,& if x is true1 h ! /atesm5 ( ! ,allies made x z transp>5tly & conv9c+ly cle> to ! ,g]man p z possible8 ,t is "o ( ! supreme que/ions ( ! pres5t "t4 ,we _c too e>ne/ly exam9e x4 ,because 9 ! answ] to x lies ! reason :y s _m m5 7 kill$ ye/]day on ! ea/]n & we/]n front1 s _m %ips sunk1 s mu* prop]ty de/roy$1 s mu* human en]gy wa/$ = ev] ^u m]e de/ruction1 & :y to-morr[ & ! next day & ! day aft]--?r\gh _m mon?s yet1 p]haps--! same kill+ & de/roy+ mu/ /ill g on4 ,9 _m respects ?is w> has be5 an amaz+ display ( human inadaptability4 ,! milit>y hi/ory ( ! w> has /ill to be writt51 ! grim /ory ( ma*9]y misund]/ood1 improvem5ts resi/$1 antiquat$ me?ods p]si/$ 92 b ! broad facts are already be=e ! public m9d4 ,aft] ?ree ye>s ( w> ! air (f5sive1 ! only possible decisive bl[1 is /ill m]ely talk$ (4 ,n once nor twice only h ! ,we/]n ,allies _h victory )9 _! grasp--& fail$ to grip x4 ,! ,briti% cavalry g5]als wa/$ ! great inv5tion ( ! tanks z a c>eless *ild breaks a toy4 ,at lea/ equally rem>kable is ! dragg+ inadaptability ( ,european /atecraft4 ,ev]y:]e ! failure ( m9i/]s & /atesm5 to rise to ! urg5t def9ite necessities ( ! pres5t "t is gl>+ly conspicu\s4 ,!y seem to be incapable ev5 ( ?9k+ h[ ! w> may be br\ght to an end4 ,!y seem incapable ( t pla9 speak+ to ! _w audi5ce :i* alone c br+ ab\t a peace4 ,!y keep on ) ! tricks & fe9ts ( a dep>t$ age4 ,bo? on ! side ( ! ,allies & on ! side ( ! ,g]mans ! decl>ations ( public policy rema9 *ildi%ly vague & dis+5u\s1 *ildi%ly diplomatic4 ,!y *aff] l happy imbeciles :ile civilization ble$s to dea?4 ,x 0 p]haps to be expect$4 ,few1 if any1 m5 ( ov] five-&-=ty completely readju/ !mselves to *ang$ conditions1 h[ev] novel & *all5g+ ! *anges may be1 & ne>ly all ! lead+ figures 9 ^! affairs are eld]ly m5 tra9$ 9 a tradition ( diplomatic ineffectiv5ess1 & n[ ov]work$ & ov]/ra9$ to a pit* ( complete inela/icity4 ,!y g on z if x 7 /ill #aiac4 ,c\ld any?+ be m palpably %ifty & unsatisfactory1 m s5ile1 m feebly artful1 ?an ! rec5t utt]ances ( ! ,g]man ,*ancellor8 ,&1 on our own side-- ,let u exam9e ! ?ree lead+ po9ts ab\t ?is peace bus9ess 9 :i* ?is jad$ /atecraft is mo/ app>5t4 ,let ! read] ask himself ! foll[+ que/ions3-- ,does he "k :at ! ,allies mean to d ) ! problem ( ,c5tral ,africa8 ,x is ! cle> common s5se ( ! ,african situation t :ile ^! preci\s regions ( raw mat]ial rema9 divid$ up betwe5 a numb] ( competitive ,european imp]ialisms1 ea* resolutely set ^u ! exploitation ( its possessions to its own advantage & ! disadvantage ( ! o!rs1 !re c be no p]man5t peace 9 ! _w4 ,!re c be p]man5t peace 9 ! _w only :5 tropical & sub-tropical ,africa con/itute a field free to ! comm]cial ent]prise ( e "o irrespective ( nationality1 :5 ?is is no long] an area ( competition betwe5 nations4 ,?is is possible only "u "s supreme int]national control4 ,x requires no special k nor wisdom to see t4 ,a s*oolboy c see x4 ,any "o b a /atesman absolutely flaccid ) ov]/ra9 c see t4 ,h[ev] difficult x may prove to "w out 9 detail1 su* an int]national control mu/ !re=e be work$ out4 ,! manife/ solution ( ! problem ( ! ,g]man colonies 9 ,africa is nei!r to return !m to h] nor deprive h] ( !m1 b to give h] a %>e 9 ! pool$ g5]al control ( mid-,africa4 ,9 t way %e c be depriv$ ( all p[] = political mis*ief 9 ,africa )\t humiliation or economic injury4 ,9 t way1 too1 we c head (f--& 9 no o!r way c we head (f--! p[] = evil1 ! p[] ( develop+ qu>rels inh]5t 9 imp]ialisms o!r ?an ,g]man4 ,b has ! read] any assurance t ?is sane solution ( ! ,african problem has ! support ( ! ,alli$ ,gov]nm5ts8 ,at be/ he has only a vague p]suasion4 ,& consid] h[ ! matt] looks ov] !re4 ,! ,g]man ,gov]nm5t assures ! ,g]man p t ! ,allies int5d to cut (f ,g]many f ! ,african supply ( raw mat]ial4 ,t w\ld mean ! practical de/ruction ( ,g]man economic life4 ,x is some?+ f> m vital to ! mass ( ,g]mans ?an any "q ( ,belgium or ,alsace-,lorra9e4 ,x is1 !re=e1 "o ( ! ideas mo/ pot5t 9 n]v+ ! ov]/ra9$ ,g]man p to cont9ue _! fight4 ,:y are we1 & :y are ! ,g]man p1 n giv5 "s def9ite assurance 9 ?is matt]8 ,giv5 rep>ation 9 ,europe1 is ,g]many to be all[$ a fair %>e 9 ! control & trade ( a pool$ & neutraliz$ ,c5tral ,africa8 ,soon] or lat] we mu/ come to "s su* arrangem5t4 ,:y n /ate x pla9ly n[8 ,a second "q is equally ess5tial to any really p]man5t settlem5t1 & x is "o ^u :i* ^! eloqu5t b unsatisfactory m\?pieces ( ours turn _! backs ) an equal resolution1 & t is ! fate ( ! ,ottoman ,empire4 ,:at 9 pla9 ,engli% are we up to !re8 ,:atev] happ5s1 t ,humpty ,dumpty _c be put back z x 0 be=e ! w>4 ,! idea ( ! ,g]man imp]iali/1 ! idea ( our own little b& ( noisy b influ5tial imp]iali/ vulg>ians1 is evid5tly a game ( grab1 a p]il\s cutt+ up ( ^! areas into jo/l+ protectorates & sph]es ( influ5ce1 f :i* ei!r ! ,g]mans or ! ,allies 7accord+ to ! side y are on7 are to be vici\sly %ut out4 ,on su* a basis ?is w> is a w> to ! dea?4 ,nei!r ,g]many1 ,france1 ,brita91 ,italy1 nor ,russia c live prosp]\sly if its trade & ent]prise is %ut out f ?is c>d9ally important area4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 no alt]native1 if we are to h a satisfactory p]man5t pacification ( ! _w1 b local self-developm5t 9 ^! regions "u hone/ly conceiv$ int]national control ( police & transit & trade4 ,let x be grant$ t t w be a difficult control to organize4 ,none ! less x has to be attempt$4 ,x has to be attempt$ because !re is no o!r way ( peace4 ,b once t conception has be5 cle>ly =mulat$1 a second great motive :y ,g]many %\ld cont9ue fight+ w h gone4 ,! ?ird great issue ab\t :i* !re is no?+ b fog & unc]ta9ty is ! s-call$ ,w> ,aft] ! ,w>1 ! idea ( a p]man5t economic alliance to prev5t ! economic recup]ation ( ,g]many4 ,^u t idea ,g]man imp]ialism1 9 its frantic ef=t to keep its torm5t$ p fight+1 naturally puts ! utmo/ /ress4 ,! ?reat ( ,w> aft] ! ,w> robs ! reasonable ,g]man ( 8 la/ inducem5t to turn on 8 ,gov]nm5t & insi/ ^u peace4 ,%ut out f all trade1 unable to buy food1 depriv$ ( raw mat]ial1 peace w\ld be z bad = ,g]many z w>4 ,he w argue naturally en\gh & reasonably en\gh t he may z well die fight+ z />ve4 ,?is is a f> m vital issue to him ?an ! ,belgian issue or ,pol& or ,alsace-,lorra9e4 ,our /atesm5 wa/e _! brea? & slight our intellig5ce :5 ^! =egr\nd que/ions are ?ru/ 9 front ( ! really fundam5tal matt]s4 ,b z ! mass ( s5sible p 9 e c\ntry conc]n$1 9 ,g]many j z mu* z 9 ,france or ,great ,brita91 "k p]fectly well1 unimp$$ trade is good = e "o except a few ri* adv5tur]s1 & re/rict$ trade de/roys limitless weal? & welf>e = mank9d to make a few private =tunes or secure an advantage = "s imp]iali/ clique4 ,we want an end to ?is economic /rategy1 we want an end to ?is plott+ ( ,gov]nm5tal cliques aga9/ ! g5]al welf>e4 ,9 su* (f5ces ,g]many has be5 ! *ief ( s9n]s1 b :i* among ! bellig]5t nations c ?r[ ! fir/ /one8 ,"h aga9 ! way to ! _w's peace1 ! only way to endur+ peace1 lies ?r\gh int]nationalism1 ?r\gh an int]national survey ( comm]cial treaties1 ?r\gh an int]national control ( int]-,/ate %ipp+ & transport rates4 ,unless ! ,alli$ /atesm5 fail to und]/& ! implications ( _! own g5]al pr(essions !y mean t4 ,b :y d !y n say x pla9ly8 ,:y d !y n %\t x s compactly & l\dly t all ,g]many w he> & und]/&8 ,:y d !y ju/ify imp]ialism to ,g]many8 ,:y d !y ma9ta9 a ?reat5+ ambiguity t[>ds ,g]many on all ^! matt]s8 ,by do+ s !y leave ,g]many no *oice b a w> ( desp]ation4 ,!y und]l9e & endorse ! claim ( ,g]man imp]ialism t ?is is a w> = b>e exi/5ce4 ,!y unify ! ,g]man p4 ,!y prolong ! w>4 #c ,"s weeks lat] ,i 0 able1 at ! invitation ( ! editor1 to c>ry ! controv]sy aga9/ imp]ialism into ! ,daily ,mail1 :i* has hi!rto c\nt$ z a /rictly imp]iali/ pap]4 ,! article t foll[s 0 publi%$ 9 ! ,daily ,mail "u ! head+1 ,are we ,/ick+ to ! ,po9t8 ,a ,discussion ( ,w> ,aims4 ,has ?is ,w>-,aims controv]sy really got d[n to ess5tials8 ,is ! purpose ( ?is _w conflict f fir/ to la/ too complicat$ = brevity1 or c we boil x d[n into a /atem5t compact en\gh = a newspap] article8 ,& if we c1 :y is !re all ?is volum9\s1 uneasy1 unqu5*able disputation ab\t ,w> ,aims8 ,z to ! fir/ "q1 ,i w\ld say t ! gi/ ( ! dispute betwe5 ! ,c5tral ,p[]s & ! _w c be writt5 easily )\t undue cramp+ 9 an ord9>y h&writ+ ^u a po/c>d4 ,x is ! second "q t ne$s answ]+4 ,& ! reason :y ! second "q has to be ask$ & answ]$ is ?is1 t sev]al ( ! ,allies1 & p>ticul>ly we ,briti%1 are n be+ p]fectly pla9 & simple-m9d$ 9 our answ] to ! fir/1 t !re is a division among u & 9 our m9ds1 & t our division is mak+ u ambigu\s 9 our behavi\r1 t x is weak5+ & divid+ our action & /r5g!n+ & consolidat+ ! enemy1 & t unless we c drag ?is slurr$-ov] division ( aim & _s into ! light ( day & settle x n[1 we are likely to rema9 d\ble-m9d$ to ! end ( ! w>1 to split our /r5g? :ile ! w> cont9ues & to come out ( ! settlem5t at ! end ) no?+ ne>ly wor? ! /ra9 & sacrifice x has co/ u4 ,& fir/1 let u deal ) t po/c>d & say :at is ! ess5tial aim ( ! w>1 ! aim to :i* all o!r aims are subsidi>y4 ,x is1 we h he>d repeat$ aga9 & aga9 by e /atesman ( importance 9 e ,alli$ c\ntry1 to defeat & de/roy milit>y imp]ialism1 to make ! _w safe = ev] aga9/ any su* delib]ate aggression z ,g]many prep>$ = =ty ye>s & br\ght to a climax :5 %e cross$ ! ,belgian fronti] 9 #aiad4 ,we want to make any?+ ( t k9d on ! "p ( ,g]many or ( any o!r ,p[] h5ce=? impossible 9 ?is _w4 ,t is our great aim4 ,:atev] o!r objects may be s\ght 9 ?is w> no responsible /atesman d>e claim !m z any?+ b subsidi>y to t2 "o c say1 9 fact1 ?is is our sole aim1 our o!r aims be+ b p>ts ( x4 ,bett] t millions %\ld die n[1 we decl>e1 ?an t hundr$s ( millions /ill unborn %\ld g on liv+1 g5]ation aft] g5]ation1 "u ! black tyranny ( ?is imp]iali/ ?reat4 ,!re is our common agreem5t4 ,s f>1 at any rate1 we are unit$4 ,! "q ,i w\ld put to ! read] is ?is3 ,are we all logically1 s9c]ely1 & fully c>ry+ out ! pla9 implications ( ?is ,w> ,aim8 ,or are we to any ext5t muddl+ ab\t ) x 9 su* a way z to confuse & disorganize our ,allies1 weak5 our int]nal w1 & /r5g!n ! enemy8 ,n[ ! pla9 mean+ ( ?is supreme decl>$ ,w> ,aim is t we are ask+ ,g]many to alt] h] ways4 ,we are ask+ ,g]many to become a diff]5t ,g]many4 ,ei!r ,g]many has to be utt]ly sma%$ up & de/roy$ or else ,g]many has to cease to be an aggressive milit>y imp]ialism4 ,! =m] alt]native is dismiss$ by mo/ responsible /atesm54 ,!y decl>e t !y d n wi% to de/roy ! ,g]man p or ! ,g]man nationality or ! civiliz$ life ( ,g]many4 ,i w n enl>ge "h ^u ! t$ium & difficulties su* an und]tak+ w\ld pres5t4 ,i w dismiss x z be+ n only impossible1 b also z an insanely wick$ project4 ,! second alt]native1 !re=e1 rema9s z our ,w> ,aim4 ,i d n see h[ ! sloppie/ reason] c evade t4 ,z we d n want to kill ,g]many we mu/ want to *ange ,g]many4 ,if we d n want to wipe ,g]many (f ! face ( ! e>?1 !n we want ,g]many to become ! prospective & tru/-wor?y fri5d ( h] fell[ nations4 ,& if words h any mean+ at all1 t is say+ t we are fight+ to br+ ab\t a ,revolution 9 ,g]many4 ,we want ,g]many to become a democratically controll$ ,/ate1 su* z is ! ,unit$ ,/ates to-day1 ) op5 me?ods & pacific int5tions1 in/ead ( rema9+ a cl5*$ fi/4 ,if we c br+ t ab\t we h a*iev$ our ,w> ,aim2 if we _c1 !n ?is /ruggle has be5 = u only su* loss & failure z humanity has nev] kn[n be=e4 ,b d we1 z a nation1 /ick closely to ?is cle> & necess>y1 ?is only possible1 mean+ ( our decl>$ ,w> ,aim8 ,t great1 cle>-m9d$ lead] among ! ,allies1 t ,engli%man :o m ?an any o!r s+le man speaks = ! :ole ,engli%-speak+ & ,we/]n-?9k+ community1 ,presid5t ,wilson1 has said def9itely t ?is is 8 mean+4 ,am]ica1 ) him z h] spokesman1 is "u no delusion2 %e is fight+ consci\sly = a ,g]man ,revolution z ! ess5tial ,w> ,aim4 ,we 9 ,europe d n seem to be s lucid4 ,i ?9k myself we h be51 & are /ill1 fatally & disa/r\sly n lucid4 ,x is high "t1 & ov]1 t we cle>$ our m9ds & got d[n to ! ess5tials ( ! w>4 ,we h muddl$ ab\t 9 blood & dirt & second>y issues long en\gh4 ,we 9 ,brita9 are n cle>-m9d$1 ,i w\ld po9t out1 because we are d\ble-m9d$4 ,no good end is s]v$ by try+ to ignore 9 ! fanci$ int]e/s ( unity a division ( _s & int5tion t trips u up at e /ep4 ,we are1 we decl>e1 fight+ = a complete *ange 9 int]national me?ods1 & we are b\nd to /ick to ! logical consequ5ces ( t4 ,we h plac$ ourselves on ! side ( democratic revolution aga9/ autocratic mon>*y1 & we _c af=d to g on %illy-%ally+ ) t *oice4 ,we _c 9 ^! days ( black or :ite play ! "p ( lukew>m fri5ds to fre$om4 ,i w n rem9d ! read] "h ( ! horrible vacillations & inconsi/5cies ( policy 9 ,greece t h prolong$ ! w> & co/ u weal? & lives beyond measure1 b ,presid5t ,wilson himself has rem9d$ u pung5tly en\gh & suffici5tly en\gh ( ! follies & dis+5u\sness ( our e>ly treatm5t ( ! ,russian ,revolution4 ,:at ,i want to po9t out "h is ! supreme importance ( a cle> lead 9 ?is matt] n[ 9 ord] t we %\ld /ate our ,w> ,aims effectively4 ,9 e w> !re mu/ be two sets ( ,w> ,aims kept 9 m9d2 we ought to "k :at we mean to d 9 ! ev5t ( victory s complete t we c dictate :at t]ms we *oose1 & we ought to "k :at1 9 ! ev5t ( a n altoge!r conclusive tussle1 are ! m9imum t]ms t we %\ld consid] ju/ifi$ u 9 a discont9uance ( ! tussle4 ,n[1 unless our lead+ /atesm5 are humbugs & unless we are prep>$ to qu>rel ) ,am]ica 9 ! int]e/s ( ! mon>*i/ in/itutions ( ,europe1 we %\ld1 9 ! ev5t ( an ov]:elm+ victory1 de/roy bo? ! ,hoh5zoll]n & ,hapsburg ,imp]ialisms1 & t means1 if x means any?+ at all & is n m]e ly+ rhetoric1 t we %\ld insi/ ^u ,g]many becom+ free & democratic1 t is to say1 9 effect if n 9 =m republican1 & ^u a s]ies ( national republics1 ,poli%1 ,hung>ian1 ,s]bo-,croatian1 ,bulg>ian1 & ! l1 9 ,ea/]n ,europe1 gr\p$ toge!r if possible into cong5ial gr\ps--cr[n$ republics x might be 9 "s cases1 9 ! case ( ! ,s]b = example1 b 9 no case too mu* cr[n$--t we %\ld jo9 ) ?is r5asc5t ,g]many & ) ^! ?us lib]aliz$ ,p[]s & ) our ,allies & ) ! neutrals 9 "o great ,league ( ,free ,nations1 trad+ freely ) "o ano!r1 gu>antee+ ea* o!r fre$om1 & ma9ta9+ a _w-wide peace & dis>mam5t & a new reign ( law = mank9d4 ,if t is n :at we are out =1 !n ,i d n und]/& :at we are out =2 !re is di%one/y & trick]y & diplomacy & fool]y 9 ! /ruggle1 & ,i am no long] :ole-he>t$ = su* a half-he>t$ w>4 ,if aft] a complete victory we are to bol/] up ! ,hoh5zoll]ns1 ,hapsburgs1 & _! relations1 set up a con/ellation ( m *eat+ little subord9ate k+s1 & re9/ate t sy/em ( diplomacies & secret treaties & secret und]/&+s1 t endless drama ( int]national ?reat5+ & plott+1 t nev]-end+ arm+1 t has l$ u aft] a hundr$ ye>s ( wa/e & muddle to ! supreme trag$y ( ?is w>1 !n ! _w is n good en\gh = me & ,i %all be glad to close my eyes ^u x4 ,i am n alone 9 ^! s5tim5ts4 ,i believe t 9 writ+ ?us ,i am writ+ ! op9ion ( ! great mass ( reasonable ,briti%1 ,fr5*1 ,italian1 ,russian1 & ,am]ican m54 ,i believe1 too1 t ?is is ! desire also ( great numb]s ( ,g]mans1 & t !y w\ld1 if !y c\ld believe u1 gladly set aside _! pres5t rul]s to a*ieve ?is pla9 common good = mank9d4 ,b1 ! read] w say1 :at evid5ce is !re ( any republican feel+ 9 ,g]many8 ,t is always ! objection made to any reasonable discussion ( ! w>--& z mo/ ( u are d5i$ access to ,g]man pap]s1 x is difficult to produce quotations2 & ev5 :5 "o does1 !re are pl5ty ( fools to sugge/ & believe t ! entire ,g]man ,press is an elaborate cam\flage4 ,yet 9 ! ,g]man ,press !re is f> m criticism ( militant imp]ialism ?an ^? :o h no access to x c imag9e4 ,!re is f> frank] criticism ( milit>ism 9 ,g]many ?an !re is ( reaction>y ,toryism 9 ?is c\ntry1 & x is m free to speak its m9d4 ,t1 h[ev]1 is a "q by ! way4 ,x is n ! ma9 ?+ t ,i h to say "h4 ,:at ,i h to say "h is t 9 ,great ,brita9--,i w n discuss ! affairs ( any ( our ,allies--!re are gr\ps & classes ( p1 n num]\s1 n repres5tative1 b plac$ 9 high & influ5tial positions & capable ( free & public utt]ance1 :o are secretly & bitt]ly ho/ile to ?is great ,w> ,aim1 :i* inspires all ! ,alli$ peoples4 ,^! p are p]mitt$ to d5y--our peculi> c5sor%ip does n hamp] !m--l\dly & publicly t we are fight+ = democracy & _w fre$om2 ,to%1 !y say to our dead 9 ! tr5*es1 y di$ = a mi/ake2 !y je] at ?is idea ( a ,league ( ,nations mak+ an end to w>1 an idea t has inspir$ c\ntless brave lads to face dea? & su* pa9s & h>d%ips z outdo ev5 dea? itself2 !y p]plex & irritate our ,allies by prop\nd+ s*emes = "s preci\s economic league ( ! ,briti% ,empire--t is to treat all =eign]s ) a common base selfi%ness & /upid hatr$--& !y intrigue ) ! mo/ reaction>y =ces 9 ,russia4 ,^! ,briti% reaction>ies op5ly1 & ) p]fect impunity1 repres5t our w> z a ?+ z mean & %ameful z ,g]many's attack on ,belgium1 & !y d x because g5]osity & ju/ice 9 ! _w is z t]rible to !m z dawn is to ! creatures ( ! night4 ,our ,tories blund]$ into ?is great w>1 n see+ :i!r x w\ld take !m4 ,9 p>ticul> x is manife/ n[ by a hundr$ signs t !y dread ! fall ( mon>*y 9 ,g]many & ,au/ria4 ,f> r w\ld !y make ! mo/ abject surr5d]s to ! ,kais] ?an deal ) a r5asc5t ,republican ,g]many4 ,! rec5t lett] ( ,"l ,lansd[ne1 urg+ a peace ) ,g]man imp]ialism1 0 b a feel] f ! pacifi/ side ( ?is mo/ un-,engli%1 & unhappily mo/ influ5tial1 section ( our public life4 ,"l ,lansd[ne's lett] 0 ! lett] ( a ,pe] :o fe>s revolution m ?an national di%on\r4 ,b x is ! trucul5t w+ ( ?is same anti-democratic movem5t t is f> m active4 ,:ile our sons suff] & die = _! com=ts & conceit1 ^! p s*eme to prev5t any communication betwe5 ! ,republican & ,sociali/ classes 9 ,g]many & ! ,alli$ population4 ,at any co/ ?is class ( pamp]$ & privileg$ traitors int5d to h peace :ile ! ,kais] is /ill on 8 ?rone4 ,if n !y face a new _w--9 :i* _! "p w be small inde$4 ,& ) ! utmo/ +5uity !y ma9ta9 a dang]\s vagu5ess ab\t ! ,alli$ peace t]ms1 ) ! sole object ( prev5t+ a revolution>y movem5t 9 ,g]many4 ,let me put x to ! read] exactly :y our failure to say pla9ly & exactly & conclusively :at we mean to d ab\t a score ( po9ts1 & p>ticul>ly ab\t ,g]man economic life aft] ! w>1 p>alyses ! p5it5ts & fri5ds & help]s t we c\ld n[ f9d 9 ,g]many4 ,let me ask ! read] to suppose himself a ,g]man 9 ,g]many at ! pres5t "t4 ,( c\rse if he 01 he is sure t he w\ld hate ! ,kais] z ! s\rce ( ?is atroci\s w>1 he w\ld be bitt]ly a%am$ ( ! ,belgian iniquity1 ( ! subm>9e murd]s1 & a score ( su* /a9s ^u 8 national hon\r2 & he w\ld want to alt] 8 national sy/em & make peace4 ,hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( ,g]mans are 9 t mood n[4 ,b z mo/ ( u h _h to le>n1 a man may be bitt]ly a%am$ ( ?is or t incid5t 9 8 c\ntry's hi/ory--:at ,engli%man1 = in/ance1 c be pr\d ( ,gl5coe8--he may disbelieve 9 half its in/itutions & /ill love 8 c\ntry f> too mu* to suff] ! ?\ght ( its de/ruction4 ,i pref] to see my c\ntry "r1 b if x comes to ! p9* & my c\ntry s9s ,i w fight to save h] f ! de/ruction h] s9s may h br\ght ^u h]4 ,t is ! natural way ( a man4 ,b suppose a ,g]man wi%$ to try to />t a revolution>y movem5t 9 ,g]many at ! pres5t "t1 h we giv5 him any reason at all = suppos+ t a ,g]many lib]at$ & democratiz$1 b1 ( c\rse1 divid$ & weak5$ z %e w\ld be b\nd to be 9 ! process1 w\ld get bett] t]ms f ! ,allies ?an a ,g]many /ill fac+ !m1 militant1 imp]iali/1 & wick$8 ,he w\ld h no reason = believ+ any?+ ( ! sort4 ,if we ,allies are hone/1 !n if a revolution />t$ 9 ,g]many to-day we %\ld if any?+ l[] ! price ( peace to ,g]many4 ,b ^! p :o pret5d to lead u w /ate no?+ ( ! sort4 ,= !m a revolution 9 ,g]many w\ld be ! signal = putt+ up ! price ( peace4 ,at any risk !y are resolv$ t t ,g]man revolution %all n happ54 ,y\r sane1 good ,g]man1 let me ass]t1 is up aga9/ t z h>d z if he 0 a wick$ "o4 ,& s1 poor devil1 he has to put 8 revolution>y ideas away1 !y are hopeless ideas = him because ( ! p[] ( ! ,briti% reaction>y1 !y are hopeless because ( ! l9e we z a nation take 9 ?is matt]1 & he has to g on fight+ = 8 ma/]s4 ,a pla9 /atem5t ( our w> aims t did no m ?an set out hone/ly & conv9c+ly ! t]ms ! ,allies w\ld make ) a democratic republican ,g]many--republican ,i say1 because :]e a scrap ( ,hoh5zoll]n is left to-day !re w be a fre% milit>ism to-morr[--w\ld absolutely revolutionize ! int]nal psy*ology ( ,g]many4 ,we %\ld no long] face a solid p4 ,we %\ld h replac$ ! false issue ( ,g]many & ,brita9 fight+ = ! hegemony ( ,europe1 ! lie ^u :i* ! ,g]man ,gov]nm5t has always trad$1 & 9 :i* our extreme ,tory ,press has always support$ ! ,g]man ,gov]nm5t1 by ! true issue1 :i* is fre$om v]sus imp]ialism1 ! ,league ( ,nations v]sus t net ( diplomatic rogu]y & ( ari/ocratic1 plutocratic1 & autocratic gre$ & conceit :i* dragg$ u all into ?is va/ welt] ( blood%$ & loss4 ,,vi ,,! ,,w> ,,aims ,,( ,,! ,,we/]n ,,allies ,"h1 q compactly1 is ! pla9 /atem5t ( ! ess5tial cause & process ( ! w> to :i* ,i w\ld l to see ! ,alli$ ,=eign ,(fices subscribe1 & :i* ,i w\ld l to h plac$ pla9ly be=e ! ,g]man m9d4 ,x embodies mu* t has be5 le>nt & ?\ght out s9ce ?is w> began1 & ,i ?9k x is mu* tru] & m fundam5tal ?an t m]e rag+ aga9/ ,g]man milit>ism1 ^u :i* our politicians & press /ill s l>gely subsi/4 ,! enorm\s developm5t ( w> me?ods & w> mat]ial )9 ! la/ fifty ye>s has made w> s horrible & de/ructive t x is impossible to contemplate a future = mank9d f :i* x has n be5 elim9at$2 ! increas$ facilities ( railway1 /eam%ip1 automobile travel & air navigation h br\ght mank9d s close toge!r t ord9>y human life is no long] safe any:]e 9 ! b\nd>ies ( ! little /ates 9 :i* x 0 once secure4 ,9 "s fa%ion x is n[ necess>y to a*ieve suffici5t human unity to e/abli% a _w peace & save ! future ( mank9d4 ,9 "o or o!r ( two ways only is t unification possible4 ,ei!r m5 may set up a common league to keep ! peace ( ! e>?1 or "o /ate mu/ ultimately become s great & p[]ful z to repeat = all ! _w :at ,rome did = ,europe two ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,ei!r we mu/ h human unity by a league ( exi/+ /ates or by an ,imp]ial ,conque/4 ,! =m] is n[ ! decl>$ ,aim ( our c\ntry & its ,allies2 ! latt] is manife/ly ! ambition ( ! pres5t rul]s ( ,g]many4 ,:atev] ! complications may h be5 9 ! e>li] /ages ( ! w>1 due to treaties t are n[ dead lett]s & agreem5ts t are ext9ct1 ! ess5tial issue n[ be=e e man 9 ! _w is ?is3 ,is ! unity ( mank9d to be ! unity ( a common fre$om1 9 :i* e race & nationality may p>ticipate ) complete self-respect1 play+ its "p1 accord+ to its "*1 9 "o great _w community1 or is x to be rea*$--& x c only be s rea*$ ?r\gh _m g5]ations ( blood%$ & /ruggle /ill1 ev5 if x c be ev] rea*$ 9 ?is way at all--?r\gh conque/ & a ,g]man hegemony8 ,:ile ! rul]s ( ,g]many to-day are m op5ly aggressive & imp]iali/ ?an !y 7 9 ,augu/1 #aiad1 ! ,allies array$ aga9/ !m h made great progress 9 cle>+ up & realiz+ ! in/9cts & ideals :i* br\ght !m orig9ally into ! /ruggle4 ,! ,g]man gov]nm5t (f]s ! _w to-day a w>r+ future 9 :i* ,g]many alone is to be secure & p[]ful & pr\d4 ,mank9d w n endure t4 ,! ,allies (f] ! _w m & m def9itely ! s*eme ( an organiz$ ,league ( ,free ,nations1 a rule ( law & ju/ice ab\t ! e>?4 ,to fight = t & = no o!r conceivable end1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 ) ! full sympa?y & co-op]ation ( e /ate 9 ! we/]n hemisph]e1 has ent]$ ! w>4 ,! ,briti% ,empire1 9 ! mid/ ( ! /ress ( ! great w>1 has set up 9 ,dubl9 a ,conv5tion ( ,iri%m5 ( all op9ions ) ! fulle/ p[]s ( decid+ ^u ! future ( _! c\ntry4 ,if ,irel& 7 n divid$ aga9/ h]self %e c\ld be free & equal ) ,engl& to-morr[4 ,x is ! op5 int5tion ( ,great ,brita9 to develop repres5tative gov]nm5t1 :]e x has n hi!rto exi/$1 9 ,india & ,egypt1 to g on /eadfa/ly increas+ ! %>e ( ! natives ( ^! c\ntries 9 ! gov]nm5t ( _! own l&s1 until !y too become free & equal memb]s ( ! _w league4 ,nei!r ,france nor ,italy nor ,brita9 nor ,am]ica has ev] tamp]$ ) ! %ipp+ ( o!r c\ntries except 9 "t ( w>1 & ! trade ( ! ,briti% ,empire has be5 imp>tially op5 to all ! _w4 ,! extra-national possessions1 ! s-call$ subject nations 9 ! ,empires ( ,brita91 ,france1 ,italy1 & ,japan1 are1 9 fact1 possessions held 9 tru/ aga9/ ! day :5 ! ,league ( ,free ,nations w inh]it = mank9d4 ,is x to be union by conque/ or is x to be union by league8 ,= any sort ( man except ! ,g]man ! "q is1 ,w y be a free citiz5 or w y be an und]l+ to ! ,g]man imp]ialism8 ,= ! ,g]man n[ ! "q is a f> grav] & m tragic "o4 ,= him x is ?is3 ,y belong to a p n n[ increas+ v rapidly1 a num]\s p1 b n s num]\s z "s ( ! great peoples ( ! _w1 a p v highly tra9$1 v well drill$ & well arm$1 p]haps z well tra9$ & drill$ & equipp$ z ev] x w be4 ,! collapse ( ,russian imp]ialism has made y safe if n[ y c get peace1 & y c get a peace n[ t w nei!r de/roy y nor humiliate y nor op5 up ! prospect ( fre% w>s4 ,! ,allies (f] y su* a peace4 ,to accept x1 we mu/ w>n y pla9ly1 means refus+ to g on ) ! manife/ int5tions ( y\r pres5t rul]s1 :i* are to laun* y & y\r *ildr5 & y\r *ildr5's *ildr5 ^u a c>e] ( /ruggle = w> pr$om9ance1 :i* may no d\bt inflict untold deprivations & mis]ies ^u ! re/ ( mank9d1 b ^: end 9 ! long run1 = ,g]many & ?+s ,g]man1 c be only ,judgm5t & ,dea?4 ,9 su* t]ms z ^! ! ,oceanic ,allies c\ld n[ /ate _! w>-w & c>ry ! _w /raightway into a new phase ( human hi/ory4 ,!y c\ld b !y d n4 ,= alas6 n "o ( !m is free f ! entanglem5ts ( pa/ ?+s2 :5 we look = ! wisdom ( /atesm5 we f9d ! cunn+ ( politicians2 :5 op5 spee* & pla9 reason might save ! _w1 c\rts1 bureaucrats1 f9anci]s & pr(ite]s conspire4 ,,vii ,,! ,,future ,,( ,,mon>*y ,f ! v outset ( ?is w> x 0 manife/ to ! cle>-head$ obs]v] t only ! complete victory ( ,g]man imp]ialism c\ld save ! dyna/ic sy/em 9 ,europe f ! fate t x _h *all5g$4 ,t curi\s sy/em _h be5 ! natural & unplann$ developm5t ( ! political complications ( ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies4 ,two sy/ems ( mon>*ies1 ! ,b\rbon sy/em & ! ,g]man1 !n rul$ ,europe betwe5 !m4 ,) ! latt] 0 associat$ ! tradition ( ! ,european unity "u ! ,roman empire2 all ! ,g]manic mon>*s _h an it* to be call$ ,caes>4 ,! ,kais] ( ! ,au/ro-,hung>ian empire & ! ,cz> _h1 s to speak1 ! prior claim to ! title4 ,! ,prussian k+ set up z a ,caes> 9 #ahga2 ,que5 ,victoria became ! ,caes> ( ,india 7,kaisir-i-,h9d7 "u ! auspices ( ,"l ,beaconsfield1 & la/ & lea/1 t mo/ dete/able ( all ,coburg]s1 ,f]d9& ( ,bulg>ia1 gave ,kais]ism a t\* ( qua9t absurdity by sett+ up z ,cz> ( ,bulg>ia4 ,! weak5+ ( ! ,b\rbon sy/em by ! ,fr5* revolution & ! ,napoleonic adv5ture cle>$ ! way = ! complete asc5dancy ( ! ,g]manic mon>*ies 9 spite ( ! break+ away ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates f t sy/em4 ,aft] #ahga1 a con/ellation ( quasi-div9e ,teutonic mon>*s1 ( :i* ! ,g]man ,emp]or1 ! ,g]man ,que5 ,victoria1 ! ,g]man ,cz>1 7 ! greate/ />s1 =m$ a ca/e ap>t1 int]m>ri$ only among !mselves1 dom9at$ ! _w & 0 reg>d$ ) a my/ical awe by ! ignorant & fooli% 9 mo/ ,european c\ntries4 ,! m>riages1 ! fun]als1 ! coronations1 ! ob/etrics ( ?is amaz+ bre$ ( idols 7 matt]s ( almo/ univ]sal wor%ip4 ,! ,cz> & ,que5 ,victoria pr(ess$ also to be ! heads ( religion ^u e>?4 ,! c\rt-c5t]$ diplomacies ( ! m firmly root$ mon>*ies /e]$ all ! great lib]at+ movem5ts ( ! n9ete5? c5tury into mon>*ical *annels4 ,italy 0 made a mon>*y2 ,greece1 ! mo!rl& ( republics1 0 h&$ ov] to a ne$y scion ( ! ,dani% royal family2 ! /urdy peasants ( ,bulg>ia suff]$ f a k9dr$ imposition4 ,ev5 ,norway 0 saddl$ ) z mu* ( a k+ z x w\ld /&1 z a condition ( its indep5d5ce4 ,at ! dawn ( ! tw5tie? c5tury republican fre$om seem$ a remote dream beyond ! conf9es ( ,switz]l& & ,france--& x _h no v secure air 9 ,france4 ,reaction>y s*em+ has be5 an int]mitt5t fev] 9 ! ,fr5* republic = six & =ty ye>s4 ,! ,fr5* =eign (fice is /ill undemocratic 9 tradition & temp]4 ,b = ! re/less disloyalty ( ! ,hoh5zoll]ns ?is ,g]man k+ly ca/e might be dom9at+ ! _w to ?is day4 ,( c\rse ! /ability ( ?is ,teutonic dyna/ic sy/em 9 ,europe--:i* w pres5tly seem to ! /ud5t ( hi/ory s curi\s a halt+-place ^u ! way to human unity--re/$ v l>gely ^u ! ma9t5ance ( peace4 ,x 0 ! failure to und]/& ?is on ! "p ( ! ,g]man & ,bulg>ian rul]s 9 p>ticul> t has n[ br\ght all mon>*y to ! "q4 ,! implicit !ory t support$ ! int]m>ry+ ,g]man royal families 9 ,europe 0 t _! int]-relation%ip & _! alo(ness f _! subjects 0 a mitigation ( national & racial animosities4 ,9 ! days :5 ,que5 ,victoria 0 ! gr&mo!r ( ,europe ?is 0 a plausible argum5t4 ,k+1 ,cz> & ,emp]or1 or ,emp]or & ,emp]or w\ld meet1 & x 0 und]/ood t ^! meet+s 7 ! lubrication ( ,european affairs4 ,! mon>*s m>ri$ l>gely1 conspicu\sly1 & v exp5sively = our good4 ,royal fun]als1 m>riages1 *ri/5+s1 coronations1 & jubilees int]rupt$ traffic & /imulat$ trade ev]y:]e4 ,!y seem$ to give a raison d'tre = mank9d4 ,x is ! ,emp]or ,william & ! ,cz> ,f]d9& :o h betray$ n only humanity b _! own /range ca/e by %att]+ all ^! pleasant illusions4 ,! wisdom ( ,kant is ju/ifi$1 & we "k n[ t k+s cause w>s4 ,x ne$$ ! %ock ( ! great w> to br+ home ! wisdom ( t old ,scot*man ( ,knigsb]g to ! m9d ( ! ord9>y man4 ,moreov] 9 support ( ! dyna/ic sy/em 0 ! fact t x did exi/ z ! sy/em 9 possession1 & all prosp]\s & intellig5t p are *>y ( di/urb+ exi/+ ?+s4 ,life is full ( ve/igial /ructures1 & x is a long way to logical p]fection4 ,let u keep on1 !y w\ld argue1 ) :at we h4 ,& ano!r idea :i*1 rightly or wrongly1 made m5 pati5t ) ! emp]ors & k+s 0 an exagg]at$ idea ( ! insecurity ( republican in/itutions4 ,y c /ill he> v old dull m5 say gravely t k+s are bett] ?an pronunciam5tos2 !re 0 an article ^u ,greece to ?is effect q rec5tly 9 t unc]ta9 pap] ,! ,new ,/atesman4 ,!n a k9d ( illu/rative ge/ure w\ld be made to ! ,s\? ,am]ican republics1 al?\gh ! int]nal di/urbances ( ! ,s\? ,am]ican republics h dim9i%$ to v small dim5sions 9 ! la/ ?ree decades & al?\gh pronunciam5tos r>ely di/urb ! traffic 9 ,switz]l&1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or ,france4 ,b !re c be no d\bt t ! influ5ce ( ! ,g]manic mon>*y up to ! dea? ( ,que5 ,victoria ^u ,briti% ?\ght 0 9 ! direction ( e/rangem5t f ! two great mod]n republics & 9 ! direction ( assi/ance & propitiation to ,g]many4 ,we surr5d]$ ,heligol&1 we made great concessions to ,g]man colonial ambitions1 we all[$ ourselves to be jockey$ into a phase ( dang]\s ho/ility to ,france4 ,a practice ( sne]+ at ?+s ,am]ican has di$ only v rec5tly out ( ,engli% j\rnalism & lit]ature1 z any "o :o c>es to consult ! b\nd magaz9es ( ! 'sev5ties & 'eighties may soon see = himself4 ,x is well too 9 ^! days n to =get ,colonel ,m>*&1 if only to rememb] t su* a cla% mu/ nev] recur4 ,b 9 ju/ice to our mon>*y we mu/ rememb] t aft] ! dea? ( ,que5 ,victoria1 ! _s1 if n ! =ms1 ( ,briti% k+%ip 0 greatly modifi$ by ! exceptional "* & ability ( ,k+ ,edw>d ,,vii4 ,he 0 curi\sly anti-,g]man 9 _s2 he _h ess5tially democratic in/9cts2 9 a few preci\s ye>s he re/or$ good w betwe5 ,france & ,great ,brita94 ,x is no slight ^u 8 successor to d\bt :e!r any "o c\ld h h&l$ ! pres5t opportunities & risks ( mon>*y 9 ,great ,brita9 z ,edw>d c\ld h h&l$ !m4 ,because no d\bt if mon>*y is to survive 9 ! ,briti% ,empire x mu/ spe$ily und]go ! pr(\nde/ modification4 ,! old /ate ( affairs _c cont9ue4 ,! ,european dyna/ic sy/em1 bas$ ^u ! int]m>riage ( a gr\p ( ma9ly ,g]man royal families1 is dead to-day2 x is fre%ly dead1 b x is z dead z ! rule ( ! ,incas4 ,x is idle to close our eyes to ?is fact4 ,! revolution 9 ,russia1 ! sett+ up ( a republic 9 ,*9a1 demon/rat+ ! rip5ess ( ! ,ea/ = free in/itutions1 ! entry ( ! ,am]ican republics into _w politics--^! ?+s slam ! door on any idea ( work+ back to ! old n9ete5?-c5tury sy/em4 ,p calls to p4 ,no peace ) ! ,hoh5zoll]ns is a cry t c>ries ) x ! f9al repudiation ( emp]ors & k+s4 ,! man 9 ! /reet w assure y he wants no diplomatic peace4 ,beyond ! un/able %apes ( ! pres5t ! political =ms ( ! future rise n[ s cle>ly t !y are ! common talk ( m54 ,kant's lucid ?\ght told u long ago t ! peace ( ! _w dem&$ a _w union ( republics4 ,t is a commonplace rem>k n[ 9 e civiliz$ community4 ,! />s 9 _! c\rses1 ! logic ( circum/ances1 ! ev]yday ne$s & ev]yday intellig5ce ( m51 all ^! ?+s m>* irresi/ibly t[>ds a p]man5t _w peace bas$ on democratic republicanism4 ,! "q ( ! future ( mon>*y is n :e!r x w be able to resi/ & ov]come t tr5d2 x has z little *ance ( do+ t z ! ,lama ( ,?ibet has ( becom+ ,emp]or ( ! ,e>?4 ,x is :e!r x w resi/ op5ly1 become ! c5tre & symbol ( a reaction>y resi/ance1 & h to be aboli%$ & swept away altoge!r ev]y:]e1 z ! ,roman(fs h already be5 swept away 9 ,russia1 or :e!r x w be able 9 ?is c\ntry & t to adapt itself to ! necessities ( ! great age t dawns ^u mank9d1 to take a g5]\s & helpful attitude t[>ds its own modification1 & s survive1 = a "t at any rate1 9 t l>g] air4 ,x is ! fa%ion = ! apologi/s ( mon>*y 9 ! ,briti% ,empire to speak ( ! ,briti% sy/em z a cr[n$ republic4 ,t is an attractive phrase to p ( republican s5tim5ts4 ,x is q conceivable t ! ,briti% ,empire may be able to make t phrase a reality & t ! royal l9e may cont9ue1 a l9e ( h]$it>y presid5ts1 ) "s ( ! anci5t trapp+s & some?+ ( ! picturesque pre/ige t1 z ! olde/ mon>*y 9 ,europe1 x has to-day4 ,two k+s 9 ,europe h already gone f> t[>ds realiz+ ?is conception ( a life presid5t2 bo? ! ,k+ ( ,italy & ! ,k+ ( ,norway live z simply z if !y 7 9 ! ,:ite ,h\se & are f> m accessible4 ,along t l9e ! ,briti% mon>*y mu/ g if x is n to g altoge!r4 ,w x g along ^? l9es8 ,!re are _m reasons = hop+ t x w d s4 ,! ,times has /yl$ ! cr[n ! gold5 l9k ( ! empire4 ,au/ralians & ,canadians1 x 0 argu$1 _h little love = ! mo!rl& b ! greate/ devotion to ! sov]eign1 & /ill tru] 0 ?is ( ,indians1 ,egyptians1 & ! l4 ,x might be easy to press ?is !ory ( devotion too f>1 b !re c be little d\bt t ! ,briti% ,cr[n does at pres5t /& z a symbol ( unity ov] div]sity su* z no o!r cr[n1 unless x be t ( ,au/ria-,hung>y1 c be said to d4 ,! ,briti% cr[n is n l o!r cr[ns2 x may conceivably take a l9e ( its own & em]ge--possibly a little m l a hat & a little less l a cr[n--f trials t may de/roy e o!r mon>*ial sy/em 9 ! _w4 ,n[ _m ?+s are go+ on beh9d ! sc5es1 _m little indications peep out ^u ! speculative wat*] & vani% aga92 b !re is v little t is def9ite to g ^u at ! pres5t "t to det]m9e h[ f> ! mon>*y w rise to ! ne$s ( ?is great occasion4 ,c]ta9 acts & *anges1 ! initiative to :i* w\ld come mo/ gracefully f royalty itself1 c\ld be done at ?is pres5t "t4 ,!y may be done q soon4 ,^u ! do+ ( !m wait great masses ( public op9ion4 ,! fir/ ( ^! ?+s is = ! ,briti% mon>*y to sev] itself def9itely f ! ,g]man dyna/ic sy/em1 ) :i* x is s fatally entangl$ by m>riage & desc5t1 & to make its int5tion ( becom+ h5ce=? m & m ,briti% 9 blood z well z _s1 unmi/akably pla94 ,?is idea has be5 put =? q prom95tly 9 ! ,times4 ,! k+ has be5 ask$ to give 8 c\nt5ance to ! sweep+ away ( all ^? re/rictions fir/ set up by ,george ! ,?ird1 ^u ! m>riage ( ! ,royal ,pr9ces ) ,briti%1 ,fr5* & ,am]ican subjects4 ,! ,briti% ,empire is v ne> ! limit ( its endurance ( a k+ly ca/e ( ,g]mans4 ,! *oice ( ,briti% royalty betwe5 its peoples & its c\s9s _c be indef9itely delay$4 ,7 x made n[ publicly & boldly1 !re c be no d\bt t ! decision w\ld mean a r5asc5ce ( mon>*y1 a consid]able outbreak ( royali/ en?usiasm 9 ! ,empire4 ,!re are times :5 a k+ or que5 mu/ ne$ be dramatic & mu/ a little anticipate occasions4 ,x is n seemly to make concessions p]=ce2 k+s may n make obvi\sly unwill+ surr5d]s2 x is ! indecisive k+s :o lose _! cr[ns4 ,no d\bt ! ,anglicization ( ! royal family by national m>riages w\ld gradually m]ge t family into ! g5]al body ( ! ,briti% pe]age4 ,its consequ5t loss ( di/9ction might be accompani$ by an associat$ fad+ out ( function1 until ! ,k+ became at la/ h>dly m functional ?an 0 ! late ,duke ( ,norfolk z premi] pe]4 ,possibly t is ! mo/ desirable c\rse f _m po9ts ( view4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t ! ab&onm5t ( m>riages )9 ! royal ca/e & a bold attempt to introduce a /ra9 ( ,briti% blood 9 ! royal family does n 9 itself fulfil all t is ne$$ if ! ,briti% k+ is inde$ to become ! cr[n$ presid5t ( 8 p & ! nom9al & accept$ lead] ( ! movem5t t[>ds republican in/itutions4 ,a ?+ t is productive ( an enorm\s am\nt ( republican talk 9 ,great ,brita9 is ! suspicion--,i believe an ill-f\nd$ suspicion--t !re are influ5ces at "w at c\rt antagoni/ic to republican in/itutions 9 fri5dly /ates & t !re is a disposition ev5 to sacrifice ! int]e/s ( ! lib]al allies to dyna/ic sympa?ies4 ,^! ?+s are n to be believ$1 b x w\ld be a feat ( va/ impressiv5ess if !re 7 some?+ l a royal & public repudiation ( ! weaknesses ( c\s9%ip4 ,! behavi\r ( ! ,allies t[>ds t great ,balkan /atesman ,v5izelos1 ! sacrific+ ( ! fri5dly ,greek republicans 9 fav\r ( ! manife/ly trea*]\s ,k+ ( ,greece1 has produc$ ! deepe/ %ame & disgu/ 9 _m qu>t]s t are altoge!r fri5dly1 t are ev5 w>mly loyal to ! ,briti% mon>*y4 ,& 9 a phase ( tott]+ ?rones x is v undesirable t ! ,briti% habit ( asylum %\ld be abus$4 ,we h already 9 ,engl& ! de?ron$ mon>* ( a fri5dly republic2 he is no d\bt duly look$ aft]4 ,9 ! future !re may be a %ak+ ( ! autumnal b\ghs & a %[] ( emp]ors & k+s4 ,we d n want ,great ,brita9 to become a hotb$ ( reaction>y plott+ & ! />t+-po9t ( re/oration raids into ! t]ritories ( emancipat$ peoples4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly desirable if pres5tly1 aft] ! ,kais]'s dea?--:i* by all ! /ati/ics ( ,hoh5zoll]n mortality _c be delay$ n[ = _m ye>s--! pres5t ,cr[n ,pr9ce goes a-w&]+4 ,we d n want any ,g]man ex-mon>*s2 ,sw$5 is always op5 to !m & fri5dly1 & to ,sw$5 !y ought to g2 & p>ticul>ly d ,briti% p dread an irruption ( ,hoh5zoll]ns or ,coburg]s4 ,almo/ z undesirable w\ld be ! arrival ( ! ,cz> & ,cz>9a4 ,x is supremely important t no w9d ( suspicion %\ld bl[ betwe5 u & ! fre$om ( ,russia4 ,aft] ! w> ev5 m ?an dur+ ! w> w ! enemy be anxi\s to s[ discord betwe5 ! great ,russian-speak+ & ,engli%-speak+ democracies4 ,q ap>t f ! sc&al ( _! inelegant dome/icities1 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,cz> & ,cz>9a 9 ,engl& ) frequ5t & easy access to our royal family may be extraord9>ily un=tunate = ! ,briti% mon>*y4 ,i w confess a c]ta9 sympa?y = ! ,cz> myself4 ,he is n an evil figure1 he is n a /rong figure1 b he has t sort ( weakness1 t failure 9 decision1 :i* trails revolution 9 its wake4 ,he has end$ "o dyna/y already4 ,! ,briti% royal family owes x to itself1 t he br+ n ! infection ( 8 mis=tunes to ,w9dsor4 ,! security ( ! ,briti% mon>*y lies 9 su* a c\rage\s sev]ance ( its de/9ies f ! ,teutonic dyna/ic sy/em4 ,w x make t sev]ance8 ,!re ,i %>e an almo/ univ]sal ignorance4 ,! loyalty ( ! ,briti% is n to :at k+s are too prone to call my p]son1 n to a *os5 & admir$ family1 b to a r5asc5t mank9d4 ,we h f\ght 9 ?is w> = ,belgium1 = ,france1 = g5]al fre$om1 = civilization & ! :ole future ( mank9d1 f> m ?an = ourselves4 ,we h n f\ght = a k+4 ,we are discov]+ 9 t _s ( human unity t lies bel[ ! idea ( a ,league ( ,free ,nations ! real invisible k+ ( our he>t & race4 ,b we w v gladly g on ) our task "u a nom9al k+ unless he hamp]s u 9 ! task t gr[s ev] m pla9ly be=e u4 444 ,t1 ,i ?9k1 is a fair /atem5t ( ,briti% public op9ion on ?is "q4 ,b e day :5 ,i am 9 ,london ,i walk pa/ ,buck+ham ,palace to lun* at my club1 & ,i look at t n v expressive faade & wond]--& we all wond]--:at ?\ghts are go+ on beh9d x & :at acts are be+ conceiv$ !re4 ,out ( x !re might yet come "s ge/ure ( acceptance magnific5t en\gh to set beside ,presid5t ,wilson's magnific5t decl>ation ( w>4 444 ,^! are ?+s 9 ! scales ( fate4 ,i w n pret5d to be able to guess ev5 :i* way ! scales w sw+4 ,,viii ,,! ,,pla9 ,,necessity ,,= ,a ,,league ,great z ! sacrifices ( prejudice & preconception :i* any effective realization ( ?is idea ( a ,league ( ,free ,nations w dem&1 difficult z ! necess>y delegations ( sov]eignty mu/ be1 none ! less are su* sacrifices & difficulties unavoidable4 ,p 9 ,france & ,italy & ,great ,brita9 & ,g]many alike h to subdue _! m9ds to ! realization t "s su* ,league is n[ a necessity = !m if _! peace & national life are to cont9ue4 ,!re is no prospect be=e !m b ei!r "s su* ,league or else great humiliation & disa/r\s w>f>e driv+ !m d[n t[>ds social dissolution2 & = ! ,unit$ ,/ates x is only a "q ( a little long] "t be=e ! same alt]natives h to be fac$4 ,:e!r ?is w> ends 9 ! complete defeat ( ,g]many & ,g]man imp]ialism1 or 9 a revolution>y mod]nization ( ,g]many1 or 9 a practical triumph = ! ,hoh5zoll]ns1 are consid]ations t affect ! nature & scope ( ! ,league1 b d n affect its ess5tial necessity4 ,9 ! fir/ two cases ! ,league ( ,free ,nations w be a _w league includ+ ,g]many z a pr9cipal p>tn]1 9 ! latt] case ! ,league ( ,free ,nations w be a def5sive league /&+ /eadfa/ aga9/ ! ?reat ( a _w imp]ialism1 & wat*+ & re/ra9+ ) "o common w ! homicidal maniac 9 its mid/4 ,b 9 all ^! cases !re c be no great alleviation ( ! evils t n[ black5 & ?reat5 to ru9 human life altoge!r1 unless all ! civiliz$ & peace-seek+ peoples ( ! _w are pl$g$ & lock$ toge!r "u a common law & a common _w policy4 ,!re mu/ r be an int5sification ( ^! evils4 ,!re mu/ be w>s m evil ?an ?is w> cont9u+ ?is w>1 & m de/ructive ( civiliz$ life4 ,!re c be no peace & hope = our race b an organiz$ peace & hope1 arm$ aga9/ di/urbance z a /ate is arm$ aga9/ mad1 f]oci\s1 & crim9al m54 ,n[1 !re are two *ief argum5ts1 runn+ "o into ! o!r1 = ! necessity ( m]g+ our exi/+ sov]eignties into a great] &1 if possible1 a _w-wide league4 ,! fir/ is ! pres5t geographical impossibility ( ne>ly all ! exi/+ ,european /ates & empires2 & ! second is ! /eadily increas+ disproportion betwe5 ! tortures & de/ructions inflict$ by mod]n w>f>e & any possible advantages t may arise f x4 ,und]ly+ bo? argum5ts is ! fact t mod]n developm5ts ( me*anical sci5ce h br\ght ! nations ( ,europe toge!r into too close a proximity4 ,?is pres5t w>1 m ?an any?+ else1 is a viol5t /ruggle betwe5 old political ideas & new antagoni/ic conditions4 ,x is ! unhappy usage ( our s*ools & univ]sities to /udy ! hi/ory ( mank9d only dur+ p]iods ( me*anical unprogressiv5ess4 ,! hi/orical ideas ( ,europe range betwe5 ! "t :5 ! ,greeks 7 go+ ab\t ! _w on foot or horseback or 9 galleys or sail+ %ips to ! days :5 ,napoleon1 ,well+ton1 & ,nelson 7 go+ ab\t at v mu* ! same pace 9 mu* ! same vehicles & vessels4 ,at ! adv5t ( /eam & electricity ! muse ( hi/ory holds h] nose & %uts h] eyes4 ,sci5ce w /udy & get ! bett] ( a mod]n disease1 z1 = example1 sleep+ sickness1 9 spite ( ! fact t x has no classical /&+2 b our hi/ory s*ools w\ld be %ock$ at ! b>e idea ( /udy+ ! effect ( mod]n means ( communication ^u adm9i/rative areas1 l>ge or small4 ,?is defect 9 our hi/orical tra9+ has made our m9ds politically sluggi%4 ,we fail to adapt readily en\gh4 ,9 small ?+s & great alike we are try+ to run ! _w 9 areas m>k$ out 9 or be=e ! eighte5? c5tury1 reg>dless ( ! fact t a man or an army or an a]oplane c get 9 a few m9utes or a few h\rs to po9ts t x w\ld h tak5 days or weeks to rea* "u ! old foot-&-horse conditions4 ,t matt]s no?+ to ! le>n$ m5 :o in/ruct our /atesm5 & politicians4 ,x matt]s ev]y?+ f ! po9t ( view ( social & economic & political life4 ,& ! grave fact to consid] is t all ! great /ates ( ,europe1 except = ! unification ( ,italy & ,g]many1 are /ill mu* ( ! size & 9 mu* ! same b\nd>ies t made !m /rong & safe 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 t is to say1 9 ! clos+ ye>s ( ! foot-horse p]iod4 ,! ,briti% empire grew & 0 organiz$ "u ^? conditions1 & _h to modify itself only a little to meet ! ne$s ( /eam %ipp+4 ,all ov] ! _w are its l9k$ possessions & its ports & coal+ /ations & fa/nesses on ! trade r\tes4 ,& ,briti% p /ill look at ! r$-spla%$ map ( ! _w ) ! pr(\nde/ self-satisfaction1 bl9d to ! swift *anges t are mak+ t scatt]$ empire--if x is to rema9 an isolat$ sy/em--almo/ ! mo/ dang]\s conceivable4 ,let me ask ! ,briti% read] :o is dispos$ to sne] at ! ,league ( ,nations & say he is v well cont5t ) ! empire1 ?ank y1 to get 8 atlas & consid] "o or two propositions4 ,&1 fir/1 let him ?9k ( aviation4 ,i c assure him1 because ^u ?is matt] ,i h "s special k1 t long-di/ance air travel = m51 = lett]s & light goods & = bombs1 is cont9ually becom+ m practicable4 ,b ! air r\tes t air transport w foll[ mu/ g ov] a c]ta9 am\nt ( l&1 = ?is reason t e few hundr$ miles at ! longe/ ! ma*9e mu/ come d[n = petrol4 ,a fly+ ma*9e ) a safe non-/op range ( #aejj miles is /ill a long way (f4 ,x may inde$ be p]man5tly impracticable because !re seems to be an upw>d limit to ! size ( an a]oplane eng9e4 ,& n[ w ! read] take ! map ( ! _w & /udy ! air r\tes f ,london to ! re/ ( ! empire8 ,he w f9d !m p]plex+--if he wants !m to be ,all-,r$4 ,happily ?is is n a ,briti% difficulty only4 ,w he next /udy ! air r\tes f ,p>is to ! re/ ( ! ,fr5* possessions8 ,&1 f9ally1 w he /udy ! air r\tes out ( ,g]many to any:]e8 ,! ,g]mans are z badly (f z any p4 ,b we are all badly (f4 ,s f> z _w air transit goes any c\ntry c1 if x *ooses1 *oke any adjac5t c\ntry4 ,directly any trade difficulty breaks out1 any c\ntry c beg9 a vexati\s campaign aga9/ its neighb\r's air traffic4 ,x c oblige x to alight at ! fronti]1 to foll[ prescrib$ r\tes1 to l& at specifi$ places on ^? r\tes & und]go exam9ations t w wa/e preci\s h\rs4 ,b s f> z ,i c see1 no ,european /atesman1 ,g]man or ,alli$1 h begun to give _! att5tion to ?is amaz+ difficulty4 ,)\t a great pool+ ( air control1 ei!r a _w-wide pool+ or a pool+ at lea/ ( ! ,atlantic-,m$it]ranean ,allies 9 "o ,air ,league1 ! spl5did peace possibilities ( air transport--& !y are inde$ spl5did--mu/ rema9 v l>gely a =bidd5 possibility to mank9d4 ,& z a second illu/ration ( ! way 9 :i* *ang+ conditions are alt]+ political que/ions1 let ! read] take 8 atlas & consid] ! case ( t impregnable fa/ness1 t great naval /ation1 t ,key to ! ,m$it]ranean1 ,gibralt>4 ,briti% boys are br\ght up on ,gibralt> & ! ,gibralt> idea4 ,to ! ,briti% imag9ation ,gibralt> is almo/ z sacr$ a national symbol z ! lions 9 ,trafalg> ,squ>e4 ,n[1 9 8 atlas ! read] w almo/ c]ta9ly f9d an inset map ( ?is valuable possession1 col\r$ bright r$4 ,! inset map w h atta*$ to x a small scale ( miles4 ,f t he w be able to satisfy himself t !re is n an in* ( ! rock any:]e t is n )9 five miles or less ( ,spani% l&1 & t !re is r m ?an a semicircle ( hills r\nd ! rock )9 a range ( sev5 or eight miles4 ,t is mu* less ?an ! range ( a sixte5-in* gun4 ,9 o!r words1 ! ,spani>ds are 9 a position to knock ,gibralt> to bits :5ev] !y want to d s1 or to sma% & s9k any %ips 9 its h>b\r4 ,!y c hit x on e side4 ,consid]1 moreov]1 t !re are long sweeps ( coa/ nor?1 s\?1 & we/ ( ! ,rock1 f :i* torp$oes c\ld be dis*>g$ at any %ip t approa*$4 ,inquire fur!r :]e on ! ,rock an a]oplane c l&4 ,& hav+ asc]ta9$ ^! ?+s1 ask y\rself :at is ! pres5t value ( ,gibralt>8 ,i w n multiply disagreeable in/ances ( ?is sort1 ?\gh x w\ld be easy en\gh to d s 9 ! case bo? ( ,france & ,italy z well z ( ,great ,brita94 ,i give !m z illu/rations ( ! way 9 :i* ev]y:]e old securities & old arrangem5ts mu/ be upset by ! great] range ( mod]n ?+s4 ,let u get on to m g5]al conditions4 ,!re is n a capital city 9 ,europe t tw5ty ye>s f n[ w n be liable to a bomb+ raid done by hundr$s or ev5 ?\s&s ( big a]oplanes1 ^u or ev5 be=e a decl>ation ( w>1 & !re is n a l9e ( sea communication t w n be z promptly int]rupt$ by ! ho/ile subm>9e4 ,i po9t ^! ?+s out "h only to c>ry home ! fact t ! ideas ( sov]eign isolation & deta*m5t t 7 p]fectly valid 9 #aijj1 ! self-suffici5t empire1 ,imp]ial ,zollv]e9 & all t /uff1 & damn ! =eign]6 are n[1 because ( ! enorm\s *anges 9 range ( action & facility ( locomotion t h be5 go+ on1 almo/ z wild--or w\ld be if we 7 n s fatally accu/om$ to !m--& q z dang]\s1 z ! idea ( sett+ up a free & sov]eign /ate 9 ! ,isle ( ,dogs4 ,all ! ,european empires are becom+ vuln]able at e po9t4 ,surely ! moral is obvi\s4 ,! only wise c\rse be=e ! alli$ ,european p[]s n[ is to put _! national conceit 9 _! pockets & to comb9e to lock up _! =eign policy1 _! trade int]e/s1 & all _! imp]ial & int]national int]e/s into a ,league s big z to be able to )/& ! mo/ sudd5 & trea*]\s ( bl[s4 ,& surely ! only completely safe c\rse = !m & mank9d--h>d & ne>ly impossible ?\gh x may seem at ! pres5t juncture--is = !m to lock up into "o unity ) a democratiz$ ,g]many & ) all ! o!r /ates ( ! e>? into "o peace-ma9ta9+ ,league4 ,if ! read] w rev]t aga9 to 8 atlas he w see v cle>ly t a /rongly consolidat$ ,league ( ,free ,nations1 ev5 if x consi/$ only ( our pres5t allies1 w\ld 9 itself =m a comb9ation ) s close a sy/em ( communication ab\t ! _w1 & s great an economic advantage1 t 9 ! long run x c\ld oblige ,g]many & ! re/ ( ! _w to come 9 to its c\ncil4 ,divid$ ! ,oceanic ,allies are1 to speak pla9ly1 geographical rags & nak$ness2 unit$ !y are a _w4 ,to set ab\t organiz+ t ,league n[1 ) its necess>y repudiation on ! "p ( ,brita91 ,france1 & ,italy1 ( a selfi% &1 x mu/ be rememb]$ 9 ! light ( ^! ?+s ,i h b h9t$ at "h1 a n[ hopelessly unpracticable imp]ialism1 w\ld1 ,i am conv9c$1 lead q rapidly to a great *ange ( he>t 9 ,g]many & to a satisfactory peace4 ,b ev5 if ,i am wrong 9 t1 !n all ! /rong] is ! reason = b9d+1 lock+ & unit+ ! alli$ p[]s toge!r4 ,x is ! mo/ dang]\s ( delusions = ea* & all ( !m to suppose t ei!r ,brita91 ,france or ,italy c ev] /& alone aga9 & be secure4 ,& turn+ n[ to ! o!r aspect ( ^! consequ5ces ( ! developm5t ( mat]ial sci5ce1 x is too (t5 assum$ t ?is w> is be+ z horrible & de/ructive z w> c be4 ,!re nev] 0 s great a delusion4 ,?is w> has only begun to be horrible4 ,no d\bt x is mu* m horrible & de/ructive ?an any =m] w>1 b ev5 9 comp>ison ) ! full possibilities ( kn[n & exi/+ means ( de/ruction x is /ill a mild w>4 ,p]haps x w nev] rise to its full possibilities4 ,at ! pres5t /age !re is n a combatant1 except p]haps ,am]ica1 :i* is n n[ practis+ a p9*+ economy ( /eel & o!r me*anical mat]ial4 ,! ,g]mans are runn+ %ort ( fir/-class fly+ m51 & if we & our allies cont9ue to press ! air attack1 & seek out & tra9 our own va/ly great] res\rces ( fir/ quality "y airm51 ! ,g]mans may come z ne> to be+ driv5 out ( ! air z is possible4 ,i am a firm] believ] ?an ev] ,i 0 9 ! possibility ( a complete victory ov] ,g]many--?r\gh & by ! air4 ,b ! occasional dropp+ ( a big bomb or s 9 ,london is n to be tak5 z any?+ b a m9imum display ( :at air w> c d4 ,9 a little :ile n[ our alliance %\ld be 9 a position to comm5ce day & night cont9u\s attacks ^u ! ,rh9e t[ns4 ,n h\r-long raids su* z ,london kn[s1 b week-long raids4 ,!n & !n only %all we be able to gauge ! really horrible possibilities ( ! air w>4 ,!y are 9 our h&s & n 9 ! h&s ( ! ,g]mans4 ,9 addition ! ,g]mans are at a huge disadvantage 9 _! subm>9e campaign4 ,_! subm>9e campaign is only ! feeble %ad[ ( :at a subm>9e campaign might be4 ,turn+ aga9 to ! atlas ! read] c see = himself t ! ,g]man & ,au/rian subm>9es are oblig$ to come out across v n>r[ fronts4 ,a f5ce ( m9es less ?an ?ree hundr$ miles long & two hundr$ feet deep w\ld1 = example1 completely b> _! exit ?r\gh ! ,nor? ,sea4 ,! ,u-boats run ! gauntlet ( t long n>r[ sea & pay a heavy toll to x4 ,if only our ,admiralty w\ld tell ! ,g]man public :at t toll is n[1 !re w\ld come a "t :5 ,g]man seam5 w\ld no long] cons5t to g d[n 9 !m4 ,consid]1 h[ev]1 :at a subm>9e campaign w\ld be = ,great ,brita9 if in/ead ( /ruggl+ ?r\gh ?is bottle-neck x 7 conduct$ f ! coa/ ( ,norway1 :]e ^! pe/s might h>b\r 9 a hundr$ fiords4 ,consid] too :at ?is weapon may be 9 tw5ty ye>s' "t 9 ! h&s ( a c\ntry 9 ! position ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,great ,brita91 if %e is n altoge!r mad1 w cease to be an isl& z soon z possible aft] ! w>1 by pi]c+ ! ,*annel ,tunnel--h[ diff]5t our transport problem w\ld be if we _h t n[6--b su* c\ntries z ,au/ralia1 ,new ,zeal&1 & ,japan1 directly !y are involv$ 9 ! future 9 a w> aga9/ any effici5t naval p[] ) an unimp$$ sea access1 w be isolat$ =?)4 ,i _c conceive t any ( ! great ocean p[]s w re/ cont5t until su* a trem5d\s possibility ( blockade z ! subm>9e has creat$ is securely ve/$ 9 ! h&s ( a common league beyond any p[] ( sudd5 abuse4 ,x mu/ always be rememb]$ t ?is w> is a me*anical w> conduct$ by m5 ^: discipl9e r5d]s !m un9v5tive1 :o "k little or no?+ ( me*anism1 :o are = ! mo/ "p /ruggl+ bl9dly to get ?+s back to ! conditions = :i* !y 7 tra9$1 to ,napoleonic conditions1 ) infantry & cavalry & comp>atively light guns1 ! s-call$ w> ( manoeuvres4 ,x is l a man engag$ 9 a desp]ate duel :o keeps on try+ to make x a game ( cricket4 ,mo/ ( ^! soldi]s dete/ e sort ( me*anical device2 ! tanks1 = example1 :i*1 us$ ) imag9ation1 might h giv5 ! ,briti% & ,fr5* ov]:elm+ victory on ! we/]n front1 7 subord9at$ to ! usual cavalry break ?r\gh idea4 ,i am n mak+ any p>ticul> compla9t aga9/ ! ,briti% & ,fr5* g5]als 9 say+ ?is4 ,x is :at mu/ happ5 to any c\ntry :i* entru/s its welf>e to soldi]s4 ,a soldi] has to be a sev]ely discipl9$ man1 & a sev]ely discipl9$ man _c be a v]satile man1 & on ! :ole ! ,briti% army has be5 z receptive to novelties z any4 ,! ,g]man g5]als h done no bett]2 inde$1 !y h n done s well z ! g5]als ( ! ,allies 9 ?is respect4 ,b aft] ! w>1 if ! _w does n organize rapidly = peace1 !n z res\rces accumulate a little1 ! me*anical g5ius w get to "w on ! possibilities ( ^! ideas t h m]ely be5 sket*$ out 9 ?is w>4 ,we %all get big l& ironclads :i* w sma% t[ns4 ,we %all get air (f5sives--let ! exp]i5c$ ,london read] ?9k ( an air raid go+ on h\r aft] h\r1 day aft] day--t w really burn out & wreck t[ns1 t w drive p mad by ! ?\s&4 ,we %all get a v complete cessation ( sea transit4 ,ev5 l& transit may be enorm\sly hamp]$ by a]ial attack4 ,i d\bt if any sort ( social ord] w really be able to /& ! /ra9 ( a fully work$ out mod]n w>4 ,we h /ill1 ( c\rse1 to feel ! full %ock effects ev5 ( ?is w>4 ,mo/ ( ! combatants are go+ on1 z sometimes m5 :o h incurr$ grave w\nds w /ill g on = a "t--)\t feel+ !m4 ,! educational1 biological1 social1 economic puni%m5t t has already be5 tak5 by ea* ( ! ,european c\ntries is1 ,i feel1 v mu* great] ?an we yet realize4 ,russia1 ! heavie/ & wor/-tra9$ combatant1 has inde$ %[n ! effects & is d[n & sick1 b 9 ?ree ye>s' "t all ,europe w "k f> bett] ?an x does n[ ! full price ( ?is w>4 ,& ! %ock effects ( ! next w> w h mu* ! same relation to ! %ock effects ( ?is1 z ! %ock ( break+ a f+]-nail has to ! %ock ( cru%+ 9 a body4 ,9 ,russia to-day we h se51 n inde$ social revolution1 n ! replacem5t ( "o social ord] by ano!r1 b dis9tegration4 ,let n national conceit bl9d u4 ,g]many1 ,france1 ,italy1 ,brita9 are all slipp+ ab\t on t same slope d[n :i* ,russia has slid4 ,:i* goes fir/1 x is h>d to guess1 or :e!r we %all all hold out to "s k9d ( ,peace4 ,at pres5t ! social discipl9e ( ,france & ,brita9 seems to be at lea/ z good z t ( ,g]many1 & ! morale ( ! ,rh9el& & ,bav>ia has probably to und]go v sev]e te/+ by sy/ematiz$ & /eadily increas+ air puni%m5t z ?is ye> goes on4 ,! next w>--if a next w> comes--w see all ,g]many1 f end to end1 vuln]able to aircraft4444 ,su* are ! two sets ( consid]ations t w1 ,i ?9k1 ultimately prevail ov] e prejudice & e difficulty 9 ! way ( ! ,league ( ,free ,nations4 ,exi/+ /ates h become impossible z absolutely indep5d5t sov]eignties4 ,! new conditions br+ !m s close toge!r & give !m su* extravagant p[]s ( mutual injury t !y mu/ ei!r s9k national pride & dyna/ic ambitions 9 subord9ation to ! common welf>e ( mank9d or else utt]ly %att] "o ano!r4 ,x becomes m & m pla9ly a *oice betwe5 ! ,league ( ,free ,nations & a fami%$ race ( m5 loot+ 9 se>* ( non-exi/5t food amid/ ! sm\ld]+ ru9s ( civilization4 ,9 ! end ,i believe t ! common s5se ( mank9d w pref] a revision ( its ideas ( nationality & imp]ialism1 to ! latt] alt]native4 ,x may take ob/9ate m5 a few m ye>s yet ( blood & horror to le>n ?is lesson1 b = my own "p ,i *]i% an ob/9ate belief 9 ! pot5tial reasonabl5ess ( mank9d4 ,,ix ,,democracy ,all ! talk1 all ! aspiration & "w t is mak+ n[ t[>ds ?is conception ( a _w securely at peace1 "u ! direction ( a ,league ( ,free ,nations1 has int]wov5 ) x an idea t is (t5 r felt ?an und]/ood1 ! idea ( ,democracy4 ,n only is ju/ice to prevail betwe5 race & race & nation & nation1 b also betwe5 man & man2 !re is to be a univ]sal respect = human life ?r\gh\t ! e>?2 ! _w1 9 ! words ( ,presid5t ,wilson1 is to be made safe = democracy4 ,i w\ld l to subject t ^w to a c]ta9 scrut9y to see :e!r ! ?+s we are apt to ?9k & assume ab\t x correspond exactly ) ! feel+ ( ! ^w4 ,i w\ld l to ask :at1 "u mod]n conditions1 does democracy mean1 & :e!r we h got x n[ any:]e 9 ! _w 9 its fulness & completion4 ,& to beg9 ) ,i mu/ h a qu>rel ) ! ^w itself4 ,! ecc5tricities ( mod]n education make u dep5d5t = a numb] ( our prim>y political t]ms ^u ^? us$ by ! ?9k]s ( ! small ,greek republics ( anci5t times be=e ^? petty /ates collaps$1 ?r\gh %e] political ineptitude1 be=e ! ,mac$onians4 ,!y ?\ght 9 t]ms ( /ates s small t x 0 possible to ga!r all ! citiz5s toge!r = ! purposes ( legislation4 ,^! /ates 7 sc>cely m ?an :at we ,engli% might call sov]eign urban di/ricts4 ,fa/ communications 7 made by runn]s2 ev5 ! policeman ) a bicycle ( ! mod]n urban di/rict 0 beyond ! scope ( ! ,greek imag9ation4 ,!re 7 no railways1 telegraphs1 telephones1 books or newspap]s1 !re 0 no ne$ = ! /ate to ma9ta9 a sy/em ( education1 & ! affairs ( ! /ate 7 s simple t !y c\ld be discuss$ & decid$ by ! human voice & op5 vot+ 9 an assembly ( all ! citiz5s4 ,t is :at democracy1 meant4 ,9 ,&orra1 or p]haps 9 ,canton ,uri1 su* democracy may /ill be possible2 9 any o!r mod]n /ate x _c exi/4 ,! opposite t]m to x 0 olig>*y1 9 :i* a small c\ncil ( m5 controll$ ! affairs ( ! /ate4 ,olig>*y1 n>r[$ d[n to "o man1 became mon>*y4 ,if y wi%$ to be polite to an olig>*y y call$ x an ari/ocracy2 if y wi%$ to po9t out t a mon>* 0 r by way ( be+ self-appo9t$1 y call$ him a ,tyrant4 ,an olig>*y ) a prop]ty qualification 0 a plutocracy4 ,n[ ! mod]n intellig5ce1 be+ "u a sort ( magic slav]y to ! anci5t ,greeks1 has to adapt all ^! t]ms to ! problems ( /ates s va/ & complex t !y h ! same relation to ! ,greek /ates t ! anatomy ( a man has to ! anatomy ( a jellyfi%4 ,!y are n only great] 9 ext5t & d5s] 9 population1 b !y are increas+ly inn]vat$ by m & m rapid means ( communication & excitem5t4 ,9 ! classical pa/--except = su* special cases z ! fe$+ ( ,rome ) ,egyptian corn--trade 0 a traffic 9 luxuries or slaves1 w> a small specializ$ affair ( infantry & horsem5 9 se>* ( slaves & loot1 & empire ! exaction ( tribute4 ,! mod]n /ate mu/ conduct its enorm\s bus9esses ?r\gh a sy/em ( m9i/ries2 its vital int]e/s g all r\nd ! e>?2 no?+ t any anci5t ,greek w\ld h recogniz$ z democracy is conceivable 9 a great mod]n /ate4 ,x is absolutely necess>y1 if we are to get ?+s cle> 9 our m9ds ab\t :at democracy really means 9 relation to mod]n politics1 fir/ to make a q fre% classification 9 ord] to f9d :at items !re really are to consid]1 & !n to inquire :i* seem to correspond m or less closely 9 _s ) our ideas ab\t anci5t democracy4 ,n[ !re are two prim>y classes ( idea ab\t gov]nm5t 9 ! mod]n _w dep5d+ ^u our conception ( ! political capacity ( ! common man4 ,we may suppose he is a microcosm1 ) complete ideas & wi%es ab\t ! /ate & ! _w1 or we may suppose t he isn't4 ,we may believe t ! common man c gov]n1 or we may believe t he c't4 ,we may ?9k fur!r along ! fir/ l9e t he is s wise & good & "r t we only h to get out ( 8 way = him to act rightly & = ! good ( all mank9d1 or we may d\bt x4 ,& if we d\bt t we may /ill believe t1 ?\gh p]haps y c fool all ! p "s ( ! "t1 & "s ( ! p all ! "t1 ! common man1 express+ himself by a majority vote1 /ill rema9s ! secure s\rce ( human wisdom4 ,b next1 :ile we may d5y ?is univ]sal di/ribution ( political wisdom1 we may1 if we are suffici5tly "u ! sway ( mod]n ideas ab\t collective psy*ology1 believe t x is necess>y to poke up ! political indiff]5ce & inability ( ! common man z mu* z possible1 to ?ru/ political ideas & facts ^u him1 to incite him to a wat*ful & critical attitude t[>ds !m1 & above all to secure 8 ass5t to ! proce$+s ( ! able p :o are manag+ public affairs4 ,or f9ally1 we may treat him z a ?+ to be rul$ & n consult$4 ,let me at ?is /age make out a classificatory diagram ( ^! elem5t>y ideas ( gov]nm5t 9 a mod]n c\ntry4 ,,class ,i4 ,x is suppos$ t ! common man c gov]n3 7#a7 )\t fur!r organization 7,an>*y72 7#b7 ?r\gh a majority vote by delegates4 ,,class ,,ii4 ,x is suppos$ t ! common man _c gov]n1 & t gov]nm5t !re=e mu/ be ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ,able ,p]sons :o may be classifi$ "u "o ( ! foll[+ sub-heads1 ei!r z 7#a7 p]sons elect$ by ! common man because he believes !m to be p]sons able to gov]n--j z he *ooses 8 doctors z p]sons able to secure heal?1 & 8 electrical eng9e]s z p]sons able to att5d to 8 tramways1 light+1 etc41 etc42 7#b7 p]sons ( a special class1 z1 = example1 p]sons born & educat$ to rule 7e4g4 ,ari/ocracy71 or ri* bus9ess adv5tur]s 7,plutocracy7 :o rule )\t consult+ ! common man at all4 ,to :i* two sub-classes we may p]haps add a sort ( int]m$iate /age betwe5 !m1 namely3 7#c7 p]sons elect$ by a special class ( vot]4 ,mon>*y may be ei!r a special case ( ,class ,,ii47#a71 7#b7 or 7#c71 9 :i* ! p]sons :o rule h n>r[$ d[n 9 numb] to "o p]son1 & ! duration ( mon>*y may be ei!r = life or a t]m ( ye>s4 ,^! two classes & ! five sub-classes cov]1 ,i believe1 all ! elem5t>y political types 9 our _w4 ,n[ 9 ! con/itution ( a mod]n /ate1 because ( ! conflict & confusion ( ideas1 all or mo/ ( ^! five sub-classes may usually be f\nd int]tw9$4 ,! ,briti% con/itution1 = in/ance1 is a complicat$ tangle ( arrangem5ts1 due to a /ruggle betwe5 ! ideas ( ,class ,i47#b71 ,class ,,ii47#c71 t5d+ to become ,class ,,ii47#a7 & ,class ,,ii47#b7 9 bo? its ari/ocratic & mon>*i/ =ms4 ,! ,am]ican con/itution is l>gely dom9at$ by ,class ,i47#b71 f :i* x breaks away 9 ! case ( ! ,presid5t to a %ort-t]m mon>*i/ aspect ( ,class ,,ii47#a74 ,i w n elaborate ?is classification fur!r4 ,i h made x "h 9 ord] to r5d] cle> fir/1 t :at we mod]ns mean by democracy is n :at ! ,greeks meant at all1 t is to say1 direct gov]nm5t by ! assembly ( all ! citiz5s1 & secondly & m important1 t ! ^w democracy is be+ us$ v l>gely 9 curr5t discussion1 s t x is impossible to say 9 any p>ticul> case :e!r ! int5tion is ,class ,i47#b7 or ,class ,,ii47#a71 & t we h to make up our m9ds :e!r we mean1 if ,i may co9 two phrases1 delegate democracy or selective democracy1 or "s def9ite comb9ation ( ^! two1 :5 we talk ab\t democracy1 be=e we c get on mu* beyond a g5]\s ge/ure ( equality & enfran*isem5t t[>ds our bro!r man4 ,! ^w is be+ us$1 9 fact1 confus+ly = ^! two q widely diff]5t ?+s4 ,n[1 x seems to me t ?\gh !re has be5 no v cle> discussion ( ! issue betwe5 ^? two v opposite conceptions ( democracy1 l>gely because ( ! want ( prop] di/9ctive t]ms1 !re has nev]!less be5 a wide movem5t ( public op9ion away f delegate democracy & t[>ds selective democracy4 ,p h gone on say+ democracy1 :ile gradually *ang+ its mean+ f ! =m] to ! latt]4 ,x is notable 9 ,great ,brita91 = example1 t :ile !re has be5 no p]ceptible dim9ution 9 our fai? 9 democracy1 !re has be5 a gr[+ criticism ( p>ty & politicians1 & a great weak5+ 9 ! p[] & influ5ce ( repres5tatives & repres5tative in/itutions4 ,!re has be5 a gr[+ dem& = p]sonality & initiative 9 elect$ p]sons4 ,! press1 :i* 0 once entirely subord9ate politically to p>liam5t>y politics1 adopts an attitude t[>ds p>liam5t & p>ty lead]s n[adays :i* w\ld h seem$ inconceivable insol5ce 9 ! days ( ,"l ,palm]/on4 ,& !re has be5 a vigor\s agitation 9 support ( electoral me?ods :i* are manife/ly calculat$ to subord9ate delegat$ to select$ m54 ,! movem5t = electoral re=m 9 ,great ,brita9 at ! pres5t "t is "o ( q fundam5tal importance 9 ! developm5t ( mod]n democracy4 ,! case ( ! re=m]s is t h]et(ore mod]n democracy has n _h a fair opportunity ( %[+ its be/ possibilities to ! _w1 because ! me?ods ( election h p]si/5tly set aside ! bett] types ( public m51 or r ( w\ld-be public m51 9 fav\r ( m]e p>ty hacks4 ,t is a /ory common to ,brita9 & ! ,am]ican democracies1 b 9 ,am]ica x 0 express$ 9 r diff]5t t]ms & dealt ) 9 a less analytical fa%ion ?an x has be5 9 ,great ,brita94 ,x 0 n at fir/ cle>ly und]/ood t ! failure ( democracy to produce good gov]nm5t came ?r\gh ! pref]5ce ( delegat$ ov] select$ m51 ! idea ( delegation did 9 fact dom9ate ! m9ds ( bo? electoral re=m]s & electoral cons]vatives alike1 & ! e>li] /ages ( ! re=m movem5t 9 ,great ,brita9 7 inspir$ n s mu* by ! idea ( gett+ a bett] type ( repres5tative z by ! idea ( gett+ a fair] repres5tation ( m9orities4 ,x 0 only sl[ly t ! idea t s5sible m5 d n usually belong to any political p>ty took hold4 ,x is only n[ be+ realiz$ t :at s5sible m5 desire 9 a memb] ( p>liam5t is hon\r & capacity r ?an a me*anical loyalty to a plat=m4 ,!y d n want to dictate to _! repres5tative2 !y want a man !y c tru/ z _! repres5tative4 ,9 ! fifties & sixties ( ! la/ c5tury1 9 :i* ?is electoral re=m movem5t began & ! me?od ( ,proportional ,repres5tation 0 ?\ght out1 x 0 possible = ! re=m]s to "w untr\bl$ ^u ! assumption t if a man 0 n necess>ily born a 444 little ,lib]-al1 or else a little ,cons]vative1 he mu/ at lea/ be a ,lib]al-,unioni/ or a ,cons]vative ,free-,trad]4 ,b seek+ a fair repres5tation = p>ty m9orities1 ^! re=m]s produc$ a sy/em ( vot+ at once simple & incapable ( manipulation1 t leads /raight1 n to ! repres5tation ( small p>ties1 b to a type ( democratic gov]nm5t by select$ be/ m54 ,be=e giv+ ! ess5tial features ( t sy/em1 x may be well to /ate 9 its simple/ =m ! evils at :i* ! re=m aims4 ,an election1 ! re=m]s po9t out1 is n ! simple matt] x appe>s to be at ! fir/ blu%4 ,me?ods ( vot+ c be manipulat$ 9 v>i\s ways1 & ne>ly e me?od has its own liability to falsification4 ,we may take = illu/ration ! commone/1 simple/ case--! case t is ! p]plexity ( e cle>-?9k+ vot] "u ,briti% or ,am]ican conditions--! case ( a con/itu5cy 9 :i* e elector has "o vote1 & :i* returns "o repres5tative to ,p>liam5t4 ,! naive !ory on :i* p g is t all ! possible c&idates are put up1 t ea* vot] votes = ! "o he likes be/1 & t ! be/ man w9s4 ,! bitt] exp]i5ce is t h>dly ev] are !re m ?an two c&idates1 & /ill m r>ely is ei!r ( ^! ! be/ man possible4 ,suppose1 = example1 ! con/itu5cy is ma9ly ,cons]vative4 ,a little gr\p ( po?\se politicians1 wire-pull]s1 busybodies1 local j\rnali/s1 & small lawy]s1 work+ = v>i\s monet>y int]e/s1 h captur$ ! local ,cons]vative organization4 ,!y h "t & en]gy to capture x1 because !y h no o!r int]e/ 9 life except t4 ,x is _! bus9ess1 & hone/ m5 are busy ) o!r duties4 ,= reasons t d n appe> ^! local work]s put up an unkn[n ,mr4 ,goldbug z ! (ficial ,cons]vative c&idate4 ,he pr(esses a g5]ally ,cons]vative view ( ?+s1 b few p are sure ( him & few p tru/ him4 ,aga9/ him ! weak] 7& !re=e /ill m v5al7 ,lib]al organization n[ puts up a ,mr4 ,k5t%ire 7=m]ly ,wur/b]g7 to repres5t ! broad] ?\ght & f9] g5]osities ( ! ,engli% m9d4 ,a numb] ( ,cons]vative g5tlem51 g5]ally too busy ab\t _! hone/ bus9esses to att5d ! p>ty smok]s & ! p>ty cave1 realize sudd5ly t !y want ,goldbug h>dly m ?an !y want ,wur/b]g4 ,!y put up _! long-admir$1 tru/$1 & able fri5d ,mr4 ,sanity z an ,indep5d5t ,cons]vative4 ,e "o kn[s ! tr\ble t foll[s4 ,mr4 ,sanity is go+ to split ! p>ty vote4 ,! hesitat+ vot] is told1 ) consid]able tru?1 t a vote giv5 = ,mr4 ,sanity is a vote giv5 = ,wur/b]g4 ,at any price ! con/itu5cy does n want ,wur/b]g4 ,s at ! elev5? h\r ,mr4 ,sanity is induc$ to )draw1 & ,mr4 ,goldbug goes into ,p>liam5t to misrepres5t ?is con/itu5cy4 ,& s ) mo/ con/itu5cies1 & ! result is a legislative body consi/+ l>gely ( m5 ( unkn[n "* & obscure aims1 ^: only cr$5tial is ! we>+ ( a p>ty label4 ,!y come into p>liam5t n to =w>d ! great int]e/s !y o/5sibly support1 b ) an eye to ! railway jobb]y1 corporation bus9ess1 concessions & f9ancial op]ations t necess>ily g on 9 & ab\t ! national legislature4 ,t 9 its simple/ =m is ! dilemma ( democracy4 ,! problem t has confront$ mod]n democracy s9ce its beg9n+ has n really be5 ! repres5tation ( organiz$ m9orities--!y are v well able to look aft] !mselves--b ! protection ( ! unorganiz$ mass ( busily occupi$1 fairly intellig5t m5 f ! tricks ( ! speciali/s :o "w ! p>ty ma*9es4 ,we "k ,mr4 ,sanity1 we want ,mr4 ,sanity1 b we are too busy to wat* ! incessant intrigues to ou/ him 9 fav\r ( ! obscurely influ5tial p1 politically docile1 :o are fav\r$ by ! organization4 ,we want an organiz]-pro( me?od ( vot+4 ,x is 9 answ] to ?is dem&1 z ! outcome ( a mo/ c>eful exam9ation ( ! ways 9 :i* vot+ may be protect$ f ! exploitation ( ^? :o "w elections1 t ! me?od ( ,proportional ,repres5tation ) a s+le transf]able vote has be5 evolv$4 ,x is organiz]-pro(4 ,x defies ! caucus4 ,if y d n l ,mr4 ,goldbug y c put up & vote = ,mr4 ,sanity1 giv+ ,mr4 ,goldbug y\r second *oice1 9 ! mo/ p]fect confid5ce t 9 any case y\r vote _c help to return ,mr4 ,wur/b]g4 ,) ,proportional ,repres5tation ) a s+le transf]able vote 7?is specification is necess>y1 because !re are also ! inf]ior imitations ( v>i\s election-rigg]s figur+ z proportional repres5tation71 x is impossible to prev5t ! effective c&idature ( indep5d5t m5 ( repute beside ! (ficial c&idates4 ,! me?od ( vot+ "u ! ,proportional ,repres5tation sy/em has be5 ignorantly repres5t$ z complex4 ,x is really almo/ ideally simple4 ,y m>k ! li/ ( c&idates ) numb]s 9 ! ord] ( y\r pref]5ce4 ,= example1 y believe ,a to be absolutely ! be/ man = p>liam5t2 y m>k him #a4 ,b ,b y ?9k is ! next be/ man2 y m>k him #b4 ,t means t if ,a gets an enorm\s am\nt ( support1 ev] s _m m votes ?an he requires = 8 return1 y\r vote w n be wa/$4 ,only s mu* ( y\r vote z is ne$$ w g to ,a2 ! re/ w g to ,b4 ,or1 on ! o!r h&1 if ,a has s little support t 8 *ances are hopeless1 y w n h ?r[n y\r vote away ^u him2 x w g to ,b4 ,simil>ly y may indicate a ?ird1 a f\r?1 & a fif? *oice2 if y l y may m>k e "n on y\r pap] ) a numb] to indicate ! ord] ( y\r pref]5ces4 ,& t is all ! vot] has to d4 ,! reckon+ & c\nt+ ( ! votes pres5ts n ! slighte/ difficulty to any "o us$ to ! bus9ess ( computation4 ,silly & di%one/ m51 appeal+ to /ill silli] audi5ces1 h got !mselves & _! audi5ces into humor\s muddles ov] ?is bus9ess1 b ! pr9ciples are p]fectly pla9 & simple4 ,let me /ate !m "h2 !y c be fully & exactly /at$1 ) v>i\s ornam5ts1 comm5ts1 argum5ts1 s>ca/ic rem>ks1 & digressions1 9 sev5ty l9es ( ?is type4 ,x w be evid5t t1 9 any election "u ?is sy/em1 any "o :o has got a c]ta9 proportion ( ,no4 #a votes w be elect$4 ,if1 = in/ance1 five p h to be elect$ & #bj1jjj vot]s vote1 !n any "o :o has got #djja fir/ votes or m mu/ be elect$4 #djja votes is 9 t case en\gh to elect a c&idate4 ,?is suffici5t numb] ( votes is call$ ! quota1 & any "o :o has m ?an t numb] ( votes has obvi\sly got m votes ?an is ne$ful = election4 ,s1 to beg9 )1 ! vot+ pap]s are classifi$ accord+ to _! fir/ votes1 & any c&idates :o h got m ?an a quota ( fir/ votes are =?) decl>$ elect$4 ,b mo/ ( ^! elect$ m5 w\ld "u ! old sy/em wa/e votes because !y w\ld h too _m2 = manife/ly a c&idate :o gets m ?an ! quota ( votes ne$s only a fraction ( ea* ( ^! votes to return him4 ,if1 = in/ance1 he gets d\ble ! quota he ne$s only half ea* vote4 ,he takes t fraction1 !re=e1 "u ?is new & bett] sy/em1 & ! re/ ( ea* vote is ent]$ on to ,no4 #b ^u t vot+ pap]4 ,& s on4 ,n[ ?is is an extremely easy job = an acc\ntant or skill$ comput]1 & x is q easily *eck$ by any o!r acc\ntant & skill$ comput]4 ,a read] ) a bad ari?metical education1 ignorant ( ! v exi/5ce ( su* a ?+ z a slide rule1 kn[+ no?+ ( acc\nt keep+1 :o ?9ks ( himself work+ out ! resultant fractions ) a /umpy p5cil on a bit ( greasy pap] 9 a bad light1 may easily ?9k ( ?is transf] ( fractions z a dang]\s & t]rify+ process4 ,x is1 = a prop]ly tra9$ man1 ! easie/1 exacte/ job conceivable4 ,! ,ca% ,regi/] p w inv5t ma*9es to d x = y :ile y wait4 ,:at happ5s1 !n1 is t e c&idate ) m ?an a quota1 beg9n+ ) ! top c&idate1 %$s a traction ( ea* vote he has receiv$1 d[n ! li/1 & ! next "o %$s 8 surplus fraction 9 ! same way1 & s on until c&idates l[] 9 ! li/1 :o are at fir/ bel[ ! quota1 fill up to x4 ,:5 all ! surplus votes ( ! c&idates at ! head ( ! li/ h be5 dispos$ (1 !n ! hopeless c&idates at ! bottom ( ! li/ are dealt )4 ,! second votes on _! vot+ pap]s are treat$ z :ole votes & di/ribut$ up ! li/1 & s on4 ,x w be pla9 to ! quick-m9d$ t1 t[>ds ! end1 !re w be a c]ta9 *as+ ab\t ( little fractions ( votes1 & a slight modification ( ! quota due to vot+ pap]s hav+ no second or ?ird pref]5ces m>k$ ^u !m1 a *as+ ab\t t x w be difficult = an untra9$ intellig5ce to foll[4 ,b untra9$ intellig5ces are n requir$ to foll[ x4 ,= ! skill$ comput] ^! ?+s (f] no difficulty at all4 ,& !y are n difficulties ( pr9ciple b ( manipulation4 ,"o might z well refuse to travel 9 a taxicab until ! driv] _h expla9$ ! magneto z refuse to accept ! pr9ciple ( ,proportional ,repres5tation by ! s+le transf]able vote until "o _h rem$i$ all ! defici5cies ( "o's ari?metical education4 ,! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ! ?+1 t a c&idate :o gets m votes ?an he wants is made to h& on a fraction ( ea* vote to ! vot]'s second *oice1 & t a c&idate ^: *ances are hopeless is made to h& on ! :ole vote to ! vot]'s second *oice1 s t practically only a small numb] ( votes are ineffective1 is )9 ! compass ( ! m9d ( a boy ( t54 ,b simple z ?is me?od is1 x completely kills ! organization & manipulation ( vot+4 ,x completely solves ! ,goldbug-,wur/b]g- ,sanity problem4 ,x is knave-pro(--%ort ( =g+1 /eal+1 or de/roy+ vot+ pap]s4 ,a man ( repute1 a lead]ly man1 may defy all ! p>ty organizations 9 exi/5ce & /& beside & be return$ ov] ! head ( a wor?less man1 ?\gh ! latt] be smo!r$ ) p>ty labels4 ,t is ! gi/ ( ?is bus9ess4 ,! diff]5ce 9 effect betwe5 ,proportional ,repres5tation & ! old me?od ( vot+ mu/ ultimately be to *ange ! moral & intellectual quality ( elect$ p]sons pr(\ndly4 ,p are only beg9n+ to realize ! huge possibilities ( advance inh]5t 9 ?is *ange ( political me?od4 ,x means no less ?an a revolution f delegate democracy to selective democracy4 ,n[1 ,i w n pret5d to be any?+ b a /rong p>tizan 9 ?is matt]4 ,:5 ,i speak ( democracy ,i mean selective democracy4 ,i believe t delegate democracy is already provably a failure 9 ! _w1 & t ! reason :y to-day1 aft] ?ree & a half ye>s ( /ruggle1 we are /ill fight+ ,g]man autocracy & fight+ ) no c]ta9ty ( absolute victory1 is because ! affairs ( ! ?ree great ,atlantic democracies h be5 l>gely 9 ! h&s n ( select$ m5 b ( delegat$ m51 m5 ( intrigue & ! p>ty ma*9e1 ( dodges r ?an initiatives1 second-rate m54 ,:5 ,"l ,haldane1 def5d+ 8 p>ty = c]ta9 insuffici5cies 9 _! prep>ation = ! ev5tuality ( ! great w>1 plead$ t !y _h no m&ate f ! c\ntry to d any?+ ( ! sort1 he did m ?an commit political suicide1 he bore conclusive witness aga9/ ! :ole sy/em :i* _h made him :at he 04 ,nei!r ,brita9 nor ,france 9 ?is /ruggle has produc$ bett] /atesm5 nor bett] g5]als ?an ! ,g]man autocracy4 ,! ,briti% & ,fr5* ,=eign ,(fices are old mon>*i/ organizations /ill4 ,to ?is day ! ,briti% & ,fr5* politicians haggle & argue ) ! ,g]man m9i/]s ^u petty po9ts & debat+ society advantages1 sm>t & cunn+1 :ile ! peoples p]i%4 ,! "o man :o has ris5 to ! greatness ( ?is great occasion1 ! man :o is1 9 default ( any rival1 rapidly becom+ ! lead] ( ! _w t[>ds peace1 is nei!r a delegate politician nor ! *oice ( a mon>* & 8 c\ncillors4 ,he is ! "o au?oritative figure 9 ^! transactions ^: m9d has n be5 subdu$ ei!r by long discipl9e 9 ! p>ty ma*9e or by c\rt intrigue1 :o has cont9u$ 8 education beyond ^? e>ly tw5ties :5 ! m9d ( ! budd+ politician ceases to exp&1 :o has ?\ght1 & ?\ght ?+s out1 :o is an educat$ man among dext]\s "u-educat$ speciali/s4 ,by some?+ v l a belat$ accid5t 9 ! fram+ ( ! ,am]ican con/itution1 ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is m 9 ! nature ( a select$ man ?an any o!r conspicu\s figure at ! pres5t "t4 ,he is specially elect$ by a special electoral college aft] an elaborate prelim9>y selection ( c&idates by ! two great p>ty ma*9es4 ,& be x rememb]$ t ,mr4 ,wilson is n ! fir/ great ,presid5t ! ,unit$ ,/ates h _h1 he is "o ( a s]ies ( figures :o t[] ov] _! ,european contempor>ies4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates h _h _m advantage\s circum/ances to ?ank = _! pres5t asc5dancy 9 ! _w's affairs3 isolation f milit>i/ pressure = a c5tury & a qu>t]1 a va/ virg9 cont95t1 pl5ty ( l&1 fre$om f c5tralization1 fre$om f titles & social vulg>ities1 common s*ools1 a real democratic _s 9 its p1 & a great en?usiasm = univ]sities2 b no s+le advantage has be5 s great z ?is happy accid5t :i* has giv5 x a specially select$ man z its voice & figurehead 9 ! _w's affairs4 ,9 ! av]age congressman1 9 ! av]age s5ator1 z ,o/rogorski's great book s indu/ri\sly demon/rat$1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates h no great occasion = pride4 ,nei!r ! ,s5ate nor ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives seem to rise above ! level ( ! ,briti% ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t1 ) a ,gov]nm5t unable to control ! rebel =ces ( ,ul/]1 unable to promote or dismiss g5]als )\t an outcry1 weakly am5able to ! press1 & t]rify+ly incapable ( great designs4 ,x is to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica we mu/ look n[ if ! _w is to be made safe = democracy4 ,x is to ! me?od ( selection1 z di/+ui%$ f delegation1 t we mu/ look if democracy is to be sav$ f itself4 ,x ,,! ,,rec5t ,,/ruggle ,,= ,,proportional ,,repres5tation ,,9 ,,great ,,brita9 ,briti% political life resi/s cleans+ ) all ! vig\r ( a dirty little boy4 ,x is no?+ to y\r politician t ! economic & social organization ( all ! _w1 is /ra9$ almo/ to ! pit* ( collapse1 & t x is vitally important to mank9d t ev]y:]e ! :ole w & intellig5ce ( ! race %\ld be enli/$ 9 ! great tasks ( mak+ a p]man5t peace & recon/ruct+ ! %att]$ framework ( society4 ,^! are remote1 unreal consid]ations to ! politician4 ,:at is ! _w to him8 ,he has sc>cely he>d ( x4 ,he has be5 f> too busy z a politician4 ,he has be5 ?9k+ ( sm>t little tricks 9 ! lobby & brilliant exploits at "q "t4 ,he has be5 ?9k+ ( jobs & appo9tm5ts1 ( :e!r ,mr4 ,asqui? is likely to come back & h[ f> x is safe to bank ^u ,l4 ,g4 ,8 "o supreme purpose is to keep affairs 9 ! h&s ( 8 own specializ$ set1 to keep ! old obscure p>ty game go+1 to rig 8 little tricks beh9d a va/1 silly cam\flage ( %am issues1 to keep out able m5 & dis9t]e/$ m51 ! public m9d1 & ! g5]al intellig5ce1 f any effective int]f]5ce ) 8 disa/r\s manipulations ( ! common weal4 ,i d n see h[ any intellig5t & in=m$ man c h foll[$ ! rec5t debates 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons ^u ,proportional ,repres5tation )\t "s gu/s ( angry contempt4 ,!y 7 ! mo/ pitiful & al>m+ demon/ration ( ! intellectual & moral quality ( ,briti% public life at ! pres5t "t4 ,f ! wire-pull]s ( ! ,fabian ,society & f ! p>ty organiz]s ( bo? ,lib]al & ,tory p>ty alike1 & f ! kn[+ c>ds1 ! po?\se %eph]ds1 & jobb+ lawy]s :o "w ! con/itu5cies1 comes ! *ief opposition to ?is /raight5+ out ( our electoral sy/em s urg5tly necess>y & s long ov]due4 ,!y h f\ght x ) a zeal & effici5cy t is r>ely display$ 9 ! nation's int]e/4 ,f ne>ly e out/&+ man outside t little inn] _w ( political %ams & dodges1 :o has giv5 any att5tion to ! "q1 comes1 on ! o!r h&1 support = ?is re=m4 ,ev5 ! great p>ty lead]s1 ,mr4 ,balf\r & ,mr4 ,asqui?1 7 9 its fav\r4 ,"o might safely judge ?is "q by consid]+ :o are ! advocates on ei!r side4 ,b ! be/ argum5ts = ,proportional ,repres5tation arise out ( its oppon5ts' spee*es1 & to ^! ,i w conf9e my att5tion n[4 ,consid] ,"l ,h>c\rt--heir to ! mo/ sacr$ traditions ( ! p>ty game--hurl+ scorn at a project t w\ld introduce faddi/s1 mugwumps1 & s on & s on--9 fact indep5d5t ?9k+ m5--into ! legislature4 ,consid] ! value ( ,"l ,curzon's /atem5t t ,london rose 9 revolt aga9/ ! project4 ,d y rememb] t day1 de> read]1 :5 ! /reets ( ,london boil$ ) passionate m5 %\t+1 ,no ,proportional ,repres5tation6 ,d[n ) ,proportional ,repres5tation8 ,y don't4 ,nor d ,i4 ,b :at happ5$ 0 t ! gu9ea-pigs & solicitors & nobodies1 ! p>ty hacks :o =m ! bulk ( ,london's misrepres5tation 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 /amp$$ 9 t]ror aga9/ a proposal t ?reat5$ to wipe !m out & replace !m by kn[n & responsible m54 ,london1 alas6 does n seem to c>e h[ its memb]s are elect$4 ,:at ,london] kn[s any?+ ab\t 8 memb]8 ,hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( ,london]s d n ev5 "k :i* ( ! ridicul\s con/itu5cies into :i* ! politicians h dismemb]$ our ,london !y are 94 ,only z ,i 0 writ+ ?is 9 my flat 9 ,/4 ,james's ,c\rt1 ,we/m9/]1 did x occur to me to inquire :o 0 repres5t+ me 9 ! c\ncils ( ! nation :ile ,i write4444 ,aft] "s slight difficulty ,i asc]ta9$ t my repres5tative is a ,mr4 ,burdett ,c\tts1 :o 01 9 ! romantic eighties1 ,mr4 ,a%mead-,b>tlett4 ,& by a conv5i5t accid5t ,i f9d t ! o!r day he mov$ to reject ! ,proportional ,repres5tation ,am5dm5t made by ! ,h\se ( ,lords to ! ,repres5tation ( ! ,p ,bill1 s t ,i am able to look up ! debate 9 ,hans>d & /udy my op9ions z he repres5t$ !m & ?is "q at "o & ! same "t4 ,&1 tak+ little ?+s fir/1 ,i am pr\d & happy to discov] t ! memb] = me 0 ! only p>ticipator 9 ! debate :o1 9 ! vulg> & repreh5sible phrase1 ?rew a dead cat1 or1 9 polite t]ms1 display$ classical le>n+4 ,my memb] said1 ,timeo ,danaos et dona f]5tes1 ) a r graceful complim5t to ! ,lab\r ,conf]5ce at ,nott+ham4 ,i c\ld n help ?9k+ to myself1 said my memb]1 t at t conf]5ce !re mu/ h be5 _m m5 ( suffici5t classical read+ to say to !mselves1 ',timeo ,danaos et dona f]5tes4' ,9 :i* surmise he 0 q "r4 ,except p]haps = ,tempus fugit1 v]bum sap41 ,arma virumque1 & ,quis cu/odiet1 !re is no bett] kn[n relic ( antiquity4 ,b my memb] w5t a little beyond my ideas :5 he said3 ,we are ask$ to ent] ^u a me?od ( legislation :i* c be> no o!r description ?an t ( law-mak+ 9 ! d>k1 because ,i ?9k x c be> q a lot ( o!r descriptions4 ,?is 01 h[ev]1 ! arti/ic prelude to a l>ge1 vague1 gloomy diss]tation ab\t no?+ v def9ite1 a muddl+ up ( ! ma9 "q ) ! m9or issue ( a s*$ule ( con/itu5cies involv$ 9 ! proposal4 ,! o!r p>ts ( my memb]'s spee* d n1 ,i confess1 fill me ) ! easy confid5ce ,i w\ld l to feel 9 my proxy4 ,let me extract a few gems ( eloqu5ce f ! spee* ( ?is voice :i* speaks = me1 & give also ! only argum5t he advanc$ t ne$s consid]ation4 ,hi/ory repeats itself1 he said1 v (t5 9 curi\s ways z to facts1 b g5]ally ) v diff]5t results4 ,t1 hone/ly1 ,i l4 ,x is a s5t5ce "o c read ov] sev]al times4 ,b he w5t on to talk ( ! entirely diff]5t s*eme = m9ority repres5tation1 :i* 0 introduc$ into ! ,re=m ,bill ( #ahfg1 & !re ,i am oblig$ to "p company ) him4 ,t 0 a silly s*eme = giv+ two votes to ea* vot] 9 a ?ree-memb] con/itu5cy4 ,x has ab\t z mu* resemblance to ! me?od ( sci5tific vot+ "u discussion z a ba?-*air has to an a]oplane4 ,b t measure ( m9ority repres5tation l$ to a baneful inv5tion1 my repres5tative w5t on to say1 & left beh9d x a hateful memory 9 ! ,birm+ham caucus4 ,i well rememb] t :5 ,i /ood = ,p>liam5t ?irty-two ye>s ago we _h no bett] plat=m weapon ?an repeat+ ov] & ov] aga9 9 a s5t5ce ! "n ( ,mr4 ,s*nadhor/1 & ,i am n sure t x w\ld n s]ve ! same purpose n[4 ,"u t sy/em ! "w ( ! caucus 01 ( c\rse1 f> simpl] ?an x w be if ?is sy/em ev] comes into op]ation4 ,all ! caucus _h to d "u t measure 0 to divide ! electors into ?ree gr\ps & ) ?ree c&idates1 ,a41 ,b41 & ,c41 to ord] "o gr\p to vote = ,a4 & ,b41 ano!r = ,b4 & ,c41 & ! ?ird = ,a4 & ,c41 & !y c>ri$ ! :ole ( _! c&idates & kept !m = _m ye>s4 ,b ! multiplicity ( ord9al pref]5ces1 second1 ?ird1 f\r?1 fif?1 up to t5?1 :i* ! s+le transf]able vote sy/em w\ld involve1 w require a m sci5tific h&l+ 9 p>ty int]e/s1 & nei!r p>ty w be able to face an election ) any hope ( success )\t ! assi/ance ( ! mo/ dra/ic =m ( caucus & )\t its ord]s be+ c>ri$ out by ! electors4 ,n[1 ,i swe> by ,heav5 t1 l[ly creature z ,i am1 a lo/ vote1 a no?+1 voiceless & helpless 9 public affairs1 ,i am n go+ to /& ! imputation t t sort ( reason+ repres5ts ! av]age m5tal quality ( ,we/m9/]--outside ,p>liam5t1 t is4 ,mo/ ( my neighb\rs 9 ,/4 ,james's ,c\rt1 = example1 h q l>ge pieces ( head above _! eyebr[s4 ,read ^! above s5t5ces ov] & pond] _! significance--s f> z !y h any significance4 ,nev] m9d my ke5 p]sonal humiliation at ?is display ( ! m5tal calibre ( my repres5tative1 b consid] :at ! m5tal calibre ( a ,h\se mu/ be t did n break out into l\d guffaws at su* a passage4 ,! l9e ( argum5t is ab\t z lucid z if "o reason$ t because "o c break a w9d[ ) a /one x is no use buy+ a telescope4 ,& x rema9s entirely a matt] = speculation :e!r my memb] is argu+ t a caucus c rig an election c>ri$ on "u ! ,proportional ,repres5tation sy/em or t x _c4 ,at ! fir/ blu% x seems to read z if he int5d$ ! =m]4 ,b be c>eful6 ,did he8 ,let me sugge/ t 9 t la/ s5t5ce he really expresses ! op9ion t x _c4 ,x c be read ei!r way4 ,electors "u mod]n conditions are n go+ to obey ! ord]s ( ev5 ! mo/ dra/ic caucus--:atev] a dra/ic caucus may be4 ,:y %\ld !y8 ,9 ! ,birm+ham in/ance x 0 only a section ( ! majority1 vot+ by w>ds1 9 an election on purely p>ty l9es1 :i* obey$ 9 ord] to keep out ! m9ority p>ty c&idate4 ,i ?9k myself t my memb]'s m9d waggl$4 ,p]haps 8 real ?\ghts %one out ?r\gh an argum5t n int5d$ to betray !m4 ,:at he did say z mu* z he said any?+ 0 t "u ,proportional ,repres5tation1 elections are go+ to be v tr\blesome & difficult = p>ty c&idates4 ,if t 0 8 int5tion1 !n1 aft] all1 ,i =give him mu*4 ,i ?9k t & m ?an t4 ,i ?9k t !y are go+ to make p>ty c&idates :o are m]ely p>ty c&idates impossible4 ,t is exactly :at we re=m]s are aft]4 ,!n ,i %all get a repres5tative m to my ta/e ?an ,mr4 ,burdett ,c\tts4 ,b let me turn n[ to ! views ( o!r p's repres5tatives4 ,p]haps ! mo/ damn+ ?+ ev] said aga9/ ! pres5t sy/em1 damn+ because ( its empty absurdity1 0 utt]$ by ,sir ,?omas ,:ittak]4 ,he 0 mak+ ! usual exagg]ations ( ! suppos$ difficulties ( ! me?od4 ,he said ,engli% p didn't l su* complications4 ,!y l a /raight fight betwe5 two m54 ,?9k ( x6 ,a /raight fight6 ,= m ?an a qu>t]-c5tury ,i h be5 a vot]1 usually ) votes 9 two or ?ree con/itu5cies1 & nev] 9 all t long political life h ,i se5 a s+le /raight fight 9 an election1 b only ! dismalle/ %am fights x is possible to conceive4 ,?rice only 9 all t "t h ,i ca/ a vote = a man :om ,i respect$4 ,on all o!r occasions ! election t mock$ my citiz5%ip 0 ei!r an arrang$ walk-ov] = "o p>ty or ! o!r1 or ,i _h a *oice betwe5 two unkn[n p]sons1 my/]i\sly select$ z c&idates by obscure busy p ) local int]e/s 9 ! con/itu5cy4 ,e intellig5t p]son kn[s t ?is is ! usual exp]i5ce ( a free & indep5d5t vot] 9 ,engl&4 ,! fight ( an ord9>y ,p>liam5t>y election 9 ,engl& is ab\t z /raight z ! bus9ess ( a ?imble rigg]4 ,& consid] j :at ^! complications are ( :i* ! oppon5ts ( ,proportional ,repres5tation *ant s l\dly4 ,9 ! %am election ( to-day1 :i* ! politicians claim gives !m a m&ate to muddle up our affairs1 ! vot] puts a x aga9/ ! "n ( ! lea/ dete/able ( ! two c&idates t are ?ru/ ^u him4 ,"u ! ,proportional ,repres5tation me?od !re w be a l>g] con/itu5cy1 a l>g] li/ ( c&idates1 & a l>g] numb] ( p to be elect$1 & he w put ,i aga9/ ! "n ( ! man he mo/ wants to be elect$1 #b aga9/ 8 second *oice1 & if he likes he may indulge 9 m>k+ a ?ird1 or ev5 a fur!r *oice4 ,he may1 if he ?9ks fit1 numb] (f ! :ole li/ ( c&idates4 ,t is all he w h to d4 ,t is ! /up5d\s intricacy ( ! me?od t flatt5s out ! m9ds ( ,"l ,h>c\rt & ,sir ,?omas ,:ittak]4 ,& z = ! work+ ( x1 if y mu/ g into t1 all t happ5s is t if y\r fir/ *oice gets m votes ?an he ne$s = 8 return1 he takes only ! fraction ( y\r vote t he requires1 & ! re/ ( ! vote goes on to y\r ,numb] #b4 ,if #b isn't 9 ne$ ( all ( x1 ! re/ goes on to #c4 ,& s on4 ,t is ! pr(\nd ma!matical my/]y1 t is ! riddle beyond ! wit ( ,we/m9/]1 :i* ov]p[]s ^! f9e intellig5ces & sets !m babbl+ ( s5ior wrangl]s4 ,ea* "t !re is a debate on ?is "q 9 ! ,h\se1 memb] aft] memb] ho/ile to ! proposal w play ! ignorant fool & pret5d to be confus$ himself1 & w try to confuse o!rs1 by delib]ately clumsy /atem5ts ( ^! mo/ elem5t>y ideas4 ,surely if !re 7 no o!r argum5t = a *ange ( type 9 ! ,h\se1 ^! poor knitt$ br[s1 ^! public p]spirations ( ! g5try :o _c und]/& ,p4,r41 %\ld suffice4 ,b let u be j2 x is n all pret5ce2 ! inability ( ,mr4 ,au/5 ,*amb]la9 to grasp ! simple facts be=e him 0 und\bt$ly g5u9e4 ,he foll[$ ,mr4 ,burdett ,c\tts1 9 support ( ,mr4 ,burdett ,c\tts1 ) ! mo/ ,*ri/ian disreg>d ( ! na/y ?+s ,mr4 ,burdett ,c\tts _h seem$ to be say+ ab\t ! ,birm+ham caucus f :i* he sprang4 ,he _h a *ildi% /ory to tell ( h[ vot]s w\ld n give _! fir/ votes to _! real pref]5ces1 because !y w\ld assume he w\ld get 9 9 any case--,god kn[s :y4 ,( c\rse on ! assumption t ! vot] behaves l an idiot1 any?+ is possible4 ,& nev] app>5tly hav+ he>d ( fractions1 ?is great ,birm+ham lead] 0 unable to und]/& t a vot] :o puts #a aga9/ a c&idate's "n votes = t c&idate anyh[4 ,he c\ld n imag9e any feel+ on ! "p ( ! vot] t ,no4 #a 0 8 man4 ,a vote is a vote to ?is simple r ?an lucid m9d1 a ?+ "o & indivisible4 ,read ?is-- ,birm+ham1 he said1 ref]r+ to a ,s*$ule "u consid]ation1 is to be cut into ?ree con/itu5cies ( f\r memb]s ea*4 ,i am to h a con/itu5cy ( #ajj1jjj electors1 ,i suppose4 ,h[ _m ?\s& inhabitants ,i d n "k4 ,e ef=t w be made to prev5t any ( ^? electors kn[+--9 fact1 x w\ld be impossible = any ( !m to "k--:e!r !y vot$ = me or n1 or at any rate :e!r !y effectively vot$ = me or n1 or :e!r ! vote :i* !y wi%$ to give to me 0 really div]t$ to somebody else4 ,only 9 a h\se ( habitually inatt5tive m5 c\ld any "o talk su* nons5se )\t repro(1 b ,i look 9 va9 ?r\gh ,hans>d's record ( ?is debate = a s+le contemptu\s ref]5ce to ,mr4 ,*amb]la9's obtus5ess4 ,& ! re/ ( 8 spee* 0 a lam5table acc\nt ( ! "t & tr\ble he w\ld h to sp5d ^u 8 con/itu5ts if ! new me?od came 94 ,he 0 ! p]fect figure ( ! p>o*ially important p]son 9 a /ate ( def5sive excitem5t4 ,no d\bt 8 spee* appeal$ to _m 9 ! ,h\se4 ,( c\rse ,"l ,h>c\rt 0 q "r 9 say+ t ! "* ( ! av]age ,h\se ( ,commons memb] w be *ang$ by ,proportional ,repres5tation4 ,x w4 ,x w make ! election ( obscure & unkn[n m51 ( c>pet-bag c&idates :o "w a con/itu5cy z a hawk] works a village1 ( local pomposities & village-pump lead]s almo/ impossible4 ,x w replace su* c&idates by bett] kn[n & m widely kn[n m54 ,x w make ! ,h\se ( ,commons s mu* ! m a real ga!r+ ( ! nation1 s mu* ! m a h\se ( repres5tative m54 7,"l ,h>c\rt's faddi/s & mugwumps47 ,& x is p]fectly true z ,mr4 ,ramsay ,macdonald 7also an oppon5t7 decl>es1 t ,proportional ,repres5tation means con/itu5cies s big t x w be impossible = a poor man to cultivate & "w !m4 ,t is unque/ionable4 ,b1 m>k ano!r po9t1 x w also make x useless1 z ,mr4 ,*amb]la9 has te/ifi$1 = ri* m5 to cultivate & "w !m4 ,all ?is cultivat+ & work+1 all ?is go+ ab\t & mak+ ?+s "r ) ?is little jobb] "h1 t contractor !re1 all ! squ>+ ( small political clubs & organizations1 all ! subscription blackmail & *>ity brib]y1 t n[ makes a ,p>liam5t>y c&idature s utt]ly rott5 an influ5ce ^u public life1 w be kill$ dead by ,proportional ,repres5tation4 ,y _c job m5 into ,p>liam5t by ,proportional ,repres5tation4 ,proportional ,repres5tation lets 9 ! outsid]4 ,x lets 9 ! common1 unassign$ vot] :o isn't 9 ! local clique4 ,t is ! clue to ne>ly all ?is opposition ( ! politicians4 ,x makes democracy possible = ! fir/ "t 9 mod]n hi/ory4 ,& t poor man ( ,mr4 ,ramsay ,macdonald's imag9ation1 in/ead ( cadg+ ab\t a con/itu5cy 9 ord] to />t politician1 w h to make good 9 "s m useful way--z a lead] ( ! work]s 9 _! practical affairs1 = example--be=e p w he> ( him & beg9 to believe 9 him4 ,! opposition to ,proportional ,repres5tation ( ,mr4 ,sidney ,webb & 8 little circle is a trifle m sci5tific 9 tone ?an ^! naive objections ( ! common run ( antagoni/1 b und]ly+ x is ! same passionate desire to keep politics a close game = ! politician & to b> out ! politically unspecializ$ man4 ,!re is m conceit & less jobb]y beh9d ! criticisms ( ?is type ( m9d4 ,x is an opposition bas$ on ! idea t ! common man is a fool :o does n "k :at is good = him4 ,s he has to be /amp$$4 ,politics1 accord+ to ?is s*ool1 is a sort ( cattle-driv+4 ,! ,webbites d n d5y ! broad facts ( ! case4 ,our pres5t electoral sy/em1 ) our big mod]n con/itu5cies ( ?\s&s ( vot]s1 leads to huge turnov]s ( political p[] ) a relatively small %ift+ ( public op9ion4 ,x makes a mock ( public op9ion by c>icature1 & ,p>liam5t becomes ! di/ort+ mirror ( ! nation4 ,"u "s l\d false issue a few score ( ?\s&s ( votes turn ov]1 & 9 goes ?is p>ty or t ) a big %am majority4 ,?is ! ,webbites admit4 ,b !y applaud x4 ,x gives u1 !y say1 a /rong ,gov]nm5t4 ,public op9ion1 ! intellig5t man outside ! ,h\se1 is rul$ out ( ! game4 ,he has no p[] ( int]v5tion at all4 ,! artful little ,fabian politicians rub _! h&s & say1 ,n[ we c get to "w ) ! wires6 ,no "o c /op u4 ,& :5 ! public compla9s ( ! results1 !re is always ! rep>tee1 ,y elect$ !m4 ,b ! ,fabian psy*ology is ! psy*ology ( a v small gr\p ( p$ants :o believe t fair ends may be rea*$ by f\l means4 ,x is mu* easi] & m natural to s]ve f\l ends by f\l means4 ,9 practice x is n tricky b5evol5ce b tricky b>ga9+ among ! int]e/s t w secure control ( ! political wires4 ,t is a bad en\gh /ate ( affairs 9 ord9>y times1 b 9 times ( tragic necessity l ! pres5t m5 w n be mock$ 9 ?is way4 ,life is go+ to be v int5se 9 ! ye>s ahead ( u4 ,if we g "r on to ano!r c>icature ,p>liam5t1 ) p]haps half a hundr$ lead+ m5 9 x & ! re/ hacks & nobodies1 ! baffl$ & discont5t$ outsid]s 9 ! /reets may pres5tly be driv5 to riot+ & ! ?r[+ ( bombs4 ,unless1 inde$1 ! insurrection ( ! outsid]s takes a /ill grav] =m1 & ! ,press1 :i* has ceas$ entirely to be a ,p>ty ,press 9 ,great ,brita91 helps "s adv5tur\s ,prime ,m9i/] to fl\t & set aside ! l[] ,h\se altoge!r4 ,!re is nei!r mu* moral nor mu* physical =ce beh9d ! ,h\se ( ,commons at ! pres5t "t4 ,! argum5t ( ! ,fabian oppon5ts to ,proportional ,repres5tation is frankly t ! /ronge/ ,gov]nm5t is got 9 a ,h\se ( half a hundr$ or few] lead+ m51 ) ! re/ ( ! ,p>liam5t driv5 %eep4 ,b ! :ole mis*ief ( ! pres5t sy/em is t ! obscure memb]s ( ,p>liam5t are n %eep2 !y are a cr[d ( little-m9d$1 second-rate m5 j z gre$y & eag] & self-seek+ z any ( u4 ,!y vote /raight inde$ on all ! ma9 p>ty que/ions1 !y obey _! ,:ips l %eep !n2 b !re is a great bulk ( bus9ess 9 ,p>liam5t outside ! ma9 p>ty que/ions1 & ob$i5ce is n )\t its price4 ,^! are matt]s vitally affect+ our railways & %ips & communications g5]ally1 ! food & heal? ( ! p1 armam5ts1 e sort ( employm5t1 ! appo9tm5t ( public s]vants1 ! ev]yday texture ( all our lives4 ,!n ! nobody becomes somebody1 ! p>ty hack gets busy1 ! rat is 9 ! gran>y4444 ,9 ^! rec5t debates 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons "o c see e /ock trick ( ! wire-pull] 9 op]ation4 ,p>ticul>ly we h ! old dodge ( ! man :o is 9 !ory q 9 sympa?y ) ,proportional ,repres5tation1 b 444 ,x is1 he decl>es regretfully1 too late4 ,x w cause delay4 ,difficult to make arrangem5ts4 ,lat] on p]haps4 ,& s on4 ,x is nev] too late = a vital issue4 ,^u ! spe$y adoption ( ,proportional ,repres5tation dep5ds1 z ,mr4 ,balf\r made pla9 9 an admirable spee*1 :e!r ! great occasions ( ! peace & aft] ! peace are to be h&l$ by a gr& c\ncil ( all t is be/ & mo/ lead]like 9 ! nation1 or :e!r !y are to be left to a few lead]s1 app>5tly lead+1 b really pr(\ndly sway$ by ! obscure cr[d ( politicians & jobb]s beh9d !m4 ,are ! politicians to hamp] & /ifle u 9 ?is supreme crisis ( our national de/9ies or are we ,briti% peoples to h a real control ( our own affairs 9 ?is mom5t\s "t8 ,are m5 ( light & purpose to h a voice 9 public affairs or n8 ,proportional ,repres5tation is supremely a te/ "q4 ,x is a "q t no adv]se decision 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons c /ifle4 ,!re are too _m p n[ :o grasp its importance & significance4 ,e "o :o sets a prop] value ^u purity 9 public life & ! vitality ( democratic in/itutions w1 ,i am conv9c$1 vote & cont9ue to vote across e o!r "q aga9/ ! antiquat$1 f\l1 & fraudul5t electoral me?ods t h hi!rto robb$ democracy ( ?ree-qu>t]s ( its effici5cy4 ,,xi ,,! ,,/udy ,,& ,,propag&a ,,( ,,democracy ,9 ! prec$+ *apt] ,i h dealt ) ! discussion ( ,proportional ,repres5tation 9 ! ,briti% ,h\se ( ,commons 9 ord] to illu/rate ! intellectual squalor amid/ :i* public affairs h to be h&l$ at ! pres5t "t1 ev5 9 a c\ntry pr(ess$ly democratic4 ,i h tak5 ?is "o discussion z a sample to illu/rate ! pres5t imp]fection ( our democratic in/rum5t4 ,all ov] ! _w1 9 e c\ntry1 great multitudes ( intellig5t & s]i\s p are n[ inspir$ by ! idea ( a new ord] ( ?+s 9 ! _w1 ( a _w-wide e/abli%m5t ( peace & mutual aid betwe5 nation & nation & man & man4 ,b1 *iefly because ( ! elem5t>y crudity ( exi/+ electoral me?ods1 h>dly any:]e at pres5t1 except at ,wa%+ton1 d ^! great ideas & ?is _w-wide w f9d expression4 ,amid/ ! o!r politicians & /atesm5 ( ! _w ,presid5t ,wilson t[]s up ) an effect almo/ div9e4 ,b x is no +ratitude to him to say t he is n ne>ly s exceptional a be+ among educat$ m5 z he is among ! (ficial lead]s ( mank9d4 ,ev]y:]e n[ "o may f9d some?+ ( ! ,wilson purpose & intellig5ce1 b ne>ly ev]y:]e x is sil5c$ or muffl$ or made ineffective by ! political advantage ( privileg$ or ( viol5t & adv5tur\s inf]ior m54 ,he is "o ( u1 b x is 8 good =tune to h got 8 head out ( ! sack t is ab\t ! heads ( mo/ ( u4 ,9 ! (ficial _w1 9 ! _w ( rul]s & repres5tatives & /atesm51 he almo/ alone1 speaks = ! mod]n intellig5ce4 ,?is g5]al /ifl+ ( ! bett] intellig5ce ( ! _w & its possible release to expression & p[]1 seems to me to be ! fundam5tal issue und]ly+ all ! pres5t tr\bles ( mank9d4 ,we _c get on :ile ev]y:]e fools & vulg>ians hold ! lev]s t c kill1 imprison1 sil5ce & />ve m54 ,we _c get on ) false gov]nm5t & we _c get on ) mob gov]nm5t2 we mu/ h "r gov]nm5t4 ,! intellectual p ( ! _w h a duty ( co-op]ation !y h too long neglect$4 ,! mod]nization ( political in/itutions1 ! /udy ( ^! in/itutions until we h work$ out & a*iev$ ! v be/ & mo/ effici5t me?ods :]eby ! :ole community ( mank9d may "w toge!r "u ! direction ( its *os5 intellig5ces1 is ! common duty ( e "o :o has a bra9 = ! s]vice4 ,& be=e ev]y?+ else we h to realize ?is crudity & imp]fection 9 :at we call democracy at ! pres5t "t4 ,democracy is /ill *iefly an aspiration1 x is a _s1 x is an idea2 = ! mo/ "p its me?ods are /ill to seek4 ,& /ill m is ?is ,league ( ,free ,nations z yet b an aspiration4 ,let u n und]rate ! task be=e u4 ,only ! dis9t]e/$ devotion ( hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( active bra9s 9 s*ool1 9 pulpit1 9 book & press & assembly c ev] br+ ^! r$eem+ conceptions d[n to ! solid e>? to rule4 ,all r\nd ! _w !re is ?is same obscuration ( ! real intellig5ce ( m54 ,9 ,g]many1 human good w & e f9e m9d are subord9at$ to political =ms t h = a m\?piece a ,*ancellor ) 8 bra9s manife/ly addl$ by ! !ories ( ,welt-,politik & ! ,bism>ckian tradition1 & = a figurehead a mad ,kais]4 ,nev]!less !re comes ev5 f ,g]many muffl$ cries = a new age4 ,a gr9n+ figure l a blood/a9$ ,pun* is all t speaks = ! be/ bra9s 9 ,bulg>ia4 ,yes4 ,we ,we/]n allies "k all t by he>t2 b1 aft] all1 ! imm$iate "q = ea* "o ( u is1 ,:at speaks = me8 ,s f> z (ficial political =ms g ,i myself am z ineffective z any "r-?9k+ ,g]man or ,bulg>ian c\ld possibly be4 ,i am m ineffective ?an a ,galician ,pole or a ,bohemian :o votes = 8 nationali/ repres5tative4 ,politically ,i am a negligible item 9 ! con/itu5cy ( ?is ,mr4 ,burdett ,c\tts into ^: bra9 we h be5 peep+4 ,politically ,i am less ?an a wai/coat button on t qua9t figure4 ,& t is all ,i am--except t ,i revolt4 ,i h writt5 ( x s f> z if x 7 j a joke4 ,b inde$ bad & fooli% political in/itutions _c be a joke4 ,soon] or lat] !y prove !mselves to be trag$y4 ,?is w> is t4 ,x is ye/]day's lazy1 tol]ant1 s5se ( hum\r wad+ out n[ into ! lakes ( blood x refus$ to =esee4 ,x is absurd to suppose t any:]e to-day ! nationalisms1 ! suspicions & hatr$s1 ! cants & policies1 & dead phrases t sway m5 repres5t ! curr5t intellig5ce ( mank9d4 ,!y are m]ely ! evid5ces ( its disorganization4 ,ev5 n[ we "k we c\ld d f> bett]4 ,give mank9d b a g5]ation or s ( peace & "r education & ?is _w c\ld mock at ! poor imag9ations t conceiv$ a mill5nium4 ,b we h to get intellig5ces toge!r1 we h to canalize ?\ght be=e x c "w & produce its due effects4 ,to t end1 ,i suppose1 !re has be5 a va/ am\nt ( m5tal activity among u political negligibles4 ,= my own "p ,i h ?\ght ( ! idea ( ,god z ! bann] ( human unity & ju/ice1 & ,i h made "s t5tatives 9 t direction1 b m51 ,i p]ceive1 h argu$ !mselves mean & petty ab\t religion4 ,at ! ^w ,god passions bri/le4 ,! ^w ,god does n unite m51 x ang]s !m4 ,b ,i d\bt if ,god c>es greatly :e!r we call ,him ,god or no4 ,8 s]vice is ! s]vice ( man4 ,?is d\ble idea ( ! ,league ( ,free ,nations1 l9k$ ) ! idea ( democracy z univ]sal ju/ice1 is free f ! jeal\sy ( ! !ologians & great en\gh = m5 to unite ^u ev]y:]e4 ,i "k h[ w>ily "o mu/ reckon ) ! spite ( ! prie/1 b surely ^! ideas may call ^u ! tea*]s ( all ! great _w religions = _! support4 ,! _w is full n[ ( confus$ propag&a1 propag&a ( national ideas1 ( traditions ( hate1 ( s5tim5tal & degrad+ loyalties1 ( e sort ( error t divides & tortures & slays mank9d4 ,all human in/itutions are made ( propag&a1 are su/a9$ by propag&a & p]i% :5 x ceases2 !y mu/ be cont9ually expla9$ & re-expla9$ to ! "y & ! neglig5t4 ,& = ?is new _w ( democracy & ! ,league ( ,free ,nations to :i* all reasonable m5 are look+1 !re mu/ ne$s be ! greate/ ( all propag&as4 ,= t cause e "o mu/ become a tea*] & a mission>y4 ,p]suade to x & make ! idea ( x & ! necessity = x pla91 t is ! duty ( e s*ool tea*]1 e tutor1 e religi\s tea*]1 e writ]1 e lectur]1 e p>5t1 e tru/$ fri5d ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,= x1 too1 e "o mu/ become a /ud5t1 mu/ g on ) ! task ( mak+ vague int5tions into def9ite int5tions1 ( analyz+ & de/roy+ ob/acles1 ( ma/]+ ! t5 ?\s& difficulties ( detail4444 ,i am a man :o looks n[ t[>ds ! end ( life2 fifty-"o ye>s h ,i scrat*$ (f f my cal5d>1 ano!r slips by1 & ,i _c tell h[ _m m ( ! sp>se rema9d] ( possible ye>s are really m9e4 ,i live 9 days ( h>d%ip & privation1 :5 x seems m natural to feel ill ?an well2 )\t holidays or re/ or peace2 fri5ds & ! sons ( my fri5ds h be5 kill$2 dea? seems to be feel+ always n[ = ^? ,i mo/ love2 ! newspap]s t come 9 to my h\se tell mo/ly ( blood & disa/]1 ( dr[n+s & slaught]+s1 ( cruelties & base intrigues4 ,yet nev] h ,i be5 s sure t !re is a div9ity 9 man & t a great ord] ( human life1 a reign ( ju/ice & _w-wide happ9ess1 ( pl5ty1 p[]1 hope1 & gigantic creative ef=t1 lies close at h&4 ,ev5 n[ we h ! sci5ce & ! ability available = a univ]sal welf>e1 ?\gh x is scatt]$ ab\t ! _w l a h&ful ( money dropp$ by a *ild2 ev5 n[ !re exi/s all ! k t is ne$$ to make mank9d univ]sally free & human life sweet & noble4 ,we ne$ b ! fai? = x1 & x is at h&2 we ne$ b ! c\rage to lay our h&s ^u x & 9 a little space ( ye>s x c be ours4 ,,! ,,end4