,,t[n ,,geology ,,preface ,?is little book1 includ+ ! great] "p ( ?is ,preface1 has %ap$ itself out ( lectures giv5 to ! "y m5 ( ! city ( ,*e/]4 ,b x does n deal1 9 its pres5t =m1 ) ! geology ( ! neighb\rhood ( ,*e/] only4 ,i h tri$ s to reca/ x1 t any t[nsman1 at lea/ 9 ! manufactur+ di/ricts ( ,engl& & ,scotl&1 may le>n f x to judge1 r\ghly p]haps1 b on ! :ole accurately1 ( ! rocks & soils ( 8 own neighb\rhood4 ,he w f9d1 x is true1 9 ^! pages1 little or no?+ ab\t ^? ,old ,r$ ,s&/ones1 s int]e/+ to a ,scot*man2 & he w h to be> 9 m9d1 if he belong to ! coal di/ricts ( ,scotl&1 t ! /ones 9 ! wall !re belong to mu* old] rocks ?an ^? ,new ,r$ ,s&/ones ( :i* ?is book treats2 & t ! coal measures ( ,scotl&1 ) ! volcanic rocks :i* h di/urb$ !m1 are (t5 v diff]5t 9 appe>ance to ! ,engli% coal measures4 ,b he w soon le>n to di/+ui% ! relative age ( rocks by ! fossils f\nd 9 !m1 :i* he c n[1 happily1 /udy 9 _m local museums2 & he may be c]ta91 = ! re/1 t all rocks & soils :atsoev] :i* he may meet h be5 laid d[n by ! ag5ts1 & accord+ to ! laws1 :i* ,i h tri$ to set =? 9 ?is book2 & ^! only require1 = ! le>n+ ( !m1 ! ex]cise ( 8 own obs]vation & common s5se4 ,i h n tri$ to make ?is a h&book ( geological facts4 ,su* a guide 7& none bett]7 ! "y man w f9d 9 ,sir ,*>les ,lyell's ,/ud5t's ,elem5ts ( ,geology4 ,i h tri$ r to tea* ! me?od ( geology1 ?an its facts2 to furni% ! /ud5t ) a key to all geology1 r\gh inde$ & rudim5t>y1 b sure & s\nd en\gh1 ,i tru/1 to help him to unlock mo/ geological problems :i* he may meet1 9 any qu>t] ( ! globe4 ,b "y m5 mu/ rememb] always1 t nei!r ?is book1 nor all ! books 9 ! _w1 w make !m geologi/s4 ,no am\nt ( book le>n+ w make a man a sci5tific man2 no?+ b pati5t obs]vation1 & quiet & fair ?\ght ov] :at he has obs]v$4 ,he mu/ g out = himself1 see = himself1 comp>e & judge = himself1 9 ! field1 ! qu>ry1 ! cutt+4 ,he mu/ /udy rocks1 ores1 fossils1 9 ! ne>e/ museum2 & ?us /ore 8 head1 n ) words1 b ) facts4 ,he mu/ v]ify--z f> z he c--:at he reads 9 books1 by 8 own obs]vation2 & be sl[ to believe any?+1 ev5 on ! highe/ sci5tific au?ority1 till he has ei!r se5 x1 or some?+ l en\gh to x to make x seem to him probable1 or at lea/ possible4 ,s1 & s only1 w he become a sci5tific man1 & a good geologi/2 & acquire t habit ( m9d by :i* alone he c judge fairly & wisely ( facts ( any k9d :atsoev]4 ,i say--facts ( any k9d :atsoev]4 ,if any ( my read]s %\ld be incl9$ to say to !mselves3 ,geology may be a v pleasant /udy1 b ,i h no special fancy = x4 ,i _h r le>n some?+ ( botany1 a/ronomy1 *emi/ry1 or :at n--,i %all answ]3 ,by all means4 ,le>n any bran* ( ,natural ,sci5ce y w4 ,x matt]s little to me :i* y le>n1 provid$ y le>n "o at lea/4 ,b be> 9 m9d1 & settle x 9 y\r he>ts1 t y w le>n no bran* ( sci5ce s\ndly1 s z to ma/] x1 & be able to make use ( x1 unless y acquire t habit & me?od ( m9d :i* ,i am try+ to tea* y 9 ?is book4 ,i h tri$ to tea* x y by geology1 because geology is1 p]haps1 ! simple/ & ! easie/ ( all physical sci5ces4 ,x appeals m ?an any to m]e common s5se4 ,x requires few] difficult exp]im5ts1 & exp5sive app>atus4 ,x requires less previ\s k ( o!r sci5ces1 :e!r pure or mix$2 at lea/ 9 its rudim5t>y /ages4 ,x is m free f long & puzzl+ ,greek & ,lat9 words4 ,x is specially1 ! poor man's sci5ce4 ,b if y d n l x1 /udy some?+ else4 ,only /udy t z y mu/ /udy geology2 proce$+ f ! kn[n to ! unkn[n by obs]vation & exp]im5t4 ,b "h "s ( my read]s may ask1 z !y h a p]fect "r to ask1 :y ,i wi% "y m5 to le>n ,natural ,sci5ce at all8 ,:at good w ! "r und]/&+ ( geology1 or ( a/ronomy1 or ( *emi/ry1 or ( ! plants or animals :i* !y meet--:at good1 ,i say1 w t d !m8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !y ne$1 ,i presume1 occupation aft] _! h\rs ( "w4 ,if any ( !m answ]3 ,we d n want occupation1 we want amusem5t4 ,"w is v dull1 & we want some?+ :i* w excite our fancy1 imag9ation1 s5se ( hum\r4 ,we want poetry1 fiction1 ev5 a good laugh or a game ( play--,i %all mo/ fully agree ) !m4 ,!re is (t5 no bett] m$ic9e = a h>d-work$ body & m9d ?an a good laugh2 & ! man :o c play mo/ he>tily :5 he has a *ance ( play+ is g5]ally ! man :o c "w mo/ he>tily :5 he mu/ "w4 ,b !re is c]ta9ly no?+ 9 ! /udy ( physical sci5ce to int]f]e ) g5ial hil>ity2 ?\gh1 inde$1 "s solemn p]sons h be5 wont to reprove ! memb]s ( ! ,briti% ,association1 & specially t ,r$ ,lion ,club1 :]e all ! philosoph]s are expect$ to la% _! tails & ro>1 ( be+ some:at too fond ( m]e & %e] fun1 aft] ! ab/ruse pap]s ( ! day are read & discuss$4 ,& z = h>mless amusem5t1 & /ill m = ! free ex]cise ( ! fancy & ! imag9ation1 ,i "k few /udies to comp>e ) ,natural ,hi/ory2 ) ! se>* = ! mo/ beautiful & curi\s productions ( ,nature amid h] lovelie/ sc5]y1 & 9 h] fre%e/ atmosph]e4 ,i h kn[n aga9 & aga9 work+ m5 :o 9 ! mid/ ( smoky cities h kept _! bodies1 _! m9ds1 & _! he>ts heal?y & pure by go+ out into ! c\ntry at odd h\rs1 & mak+ collections ( fossils1 plants1 insects1 birds1 or "s o!r objects ( natural hi/ory2 & ,i d\bt n t su* w be ! case ) "s ( my read]s4 ,ano!r argum5t1 & a v /rong "o1 9 fav\r ( /udy+ "s bran* ( ,natural ,sci5ce j n[ is ?is--t )\t x y c h>dly keep pace ) ! ?\ght ( ! _w ar\nd y4 ,ov] & above ! solid ga9 ( a sci5tific habit ( m9d1 ( :i* ,i %all speak pres5tly1 ! ga9 ( m]e facts1 ! increas$ k ( ?is planet on :i* we live1 is v valuable j n[2 valuable c]ta9ly to all :o d n wi% _! *ildr5 & _! y\ng] bro!rs to "k m ab\t ! univ]se ?an !y d4 ,natural ,sci5ce is n[ occupy+ a m & m important place 9 education4 ,ox=d1 ,cambridge1 ! ,london ,univ]sity1 ! public s*ools1 "o aft] ano!r1 are tak+ up ! subject 9 e>ne/2 s are ! middle-class s*ools2 s ,i tru/ w all prim>y s*ools ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry2 & ,i hope t my *ildr51 at lea/1 if n ,i myself1 w see ! day1 :5 ignorance ( ! prim>y laws & facts ( sci5ce w be look$ on z a defect1 only second to ignorance ( ! prim>y laws ( religion & morality4 ,i speak /rongly1 b delib]ately4 ,x does seem to me /range1 to use ! milde/ ^w1 t p ^: de/9y x is to live1 ev5 = a few %ort ye>s1 on ?is planet :i* we call ! e>?1 & :o d n at all int5d to live on x z h]mits1 %utt+ !mselves up 9 cells1 & look+ on dea? z an escape & a deliv]ance1 b int5d to live z com=tably & :olesomely z !y c1 !y & _! *ildr5 aft] !m--x seems /range1 ,i say1 t su* p %\ld 9 g5]al be s c>eless ab\t ! con/itution ( ?is same planet1 & ( ! laws & facts on :i* dep5d1 n m]ely _! com=t & _! weal?1 b _! heal? & _! v lives1 & ! heal? & ! lives ( _! *ildr5 & desc5dants4 ,i "k "s w say1 at lea/ to !mselves3 ,:at ne$ = u to /udy sci5ce8 ,!re are pl5ty to d t already2 & we %all be sure soon] or lat] to pr(it by _! discov]ies2 & mean:ile x is n sci5ce :i* is ne$$ to make mank9d ?rive1 b simple common s5se4 ,i %\ld reply1 t to expect to pr(it by o!r m5's discov]ies :5 y d n pay = !m--to let o!rs lab\r 9 ! hope ( ent]+ into _! lab\rs1 is n a v noble or g5]\s /ate ( m9d--comp>able some:at1 ,i %\ld say1 to t ( ! fatt+ ox1 :o will+ly all[s ! f>m] to h\se him1 till = him1 fe$ him1 provid$ only he himself may l\nge 9 8 /all1 & eat1 & ,,n be ?ankful4 ,!re is "o diff]5ce 9 ! two cases1 b only "o-- t :ile ! f>m] c repay himself by eat+ ! ox1 ! sci5tific man _c repay himself by eat+ y2 & s nev] gets paid1 9 mo/ cases1 at all4 ,b z = mank9d ?riv+ by common s5se3 !y h n ?riv5 by common s5se1 because !y h n us$ _! common s5se accord+ to t regulat$ me?od :i* is call$ sci5ce4 ,9 no age1 9 no c\ntry1 z yet1 h ! majority ( mank9d be5 guid$1 ,i w n say by ! love ( ,god1 & by ! fe> ( ,god1 b ev5 by s5se & reason4 ,n s5se & reason1 b nons5se & unreason1 prejudice & fancy1 gre$ & ha/e1 h l$ !m to su* results z 7 to be expect$--to sup]/itions1 p]secutions1 w>s1 fam9es1 pe/il5ce1 h]$it>y diseases1 pov]ty1 wa/e--wa/e incalculable1 & n[ too (t5 irrem$iable--wa/e ( life1 ( lab\r1 ( capital1 ( raw mat]ial1 ( soil1 ( manure1 ( e b\nty :i* ,god has be/[$ on man1 till1 z 9 ! ea/]n ,m$it]ranean1 :ole c\ntries1 "s ( ! f9e/ 9 ! _w1 seem ru9$ = ev]3 & all because m5 w n le>n nor obey ^? physical laws ( ! univ]se1 :i* 7:e!r we be consci\s ( !m or n7 are all ar\nd u1 l walls ( iron & ( adamant--say r1 l "s va/ ma*9e1 ru?less ?\gh b5efic5t1 among ! :eels ( :i* if we entangle ourselves 9 our ra% ignorance1 !y w n /op to set u free1 b cru% u1 z !y h cru%$ :ole nations & :ole races ere n[1 to p[d]4 ,v t]rible1 ?\gh v calm1 is outrag$ ,nature4 ,?\gh ! mills ( ,god gr9d sl[ly1 ,yet !y gr9d exce$+ small2 ,?\gh ,he sit1 & wait ) pati5ce1 ,) exactness gr9ds ,he all4 ,x is1 ,i believe1 "o ( ! mo/ hopeful among ! _m hopeful signs ( ! times1 t ! civilis$ nations ( ,europe & ,am]ica are awak5+ sl[ly b surely to ?is tru?4 ,! civilis$ _w is le>n+1 ?ank ,god1 m & m ( ! importance ( physical sci5ce2 ye> by ye>1 ?ank ,god1 x is le>n+ to live m & m accord+ to ^? laws ( physical sci5ce1 :i* are1 z ! great ,"l ,bacon said ( old1 none o!r ?an ,vox ,dei 9 rebus revelata--! ,^w ( ,god reveal$ 9 facts2 & x is ga9+ by s do+1 ye> by ye>1 m & m ( heal? & weal?2 ( peaceful & com=table1 ev5 ( graceful & elevat+1 means ( life = fre% millions4 ,if y want to "k :at ! /udy ( physical sci5ce has done = man1 look1 z a s+le in/ance1 at ! sci5ce ( ,sanatory ,re=m2 ! sci5ce :i* does n m]ely try to cure disease1 & %ut ! /able-door aft] ! horse is /ol51 b tries to prev5t disease2 &1 ?ank ,god6 is succe$+ beyond our highe/ expectations4 ,or look at ! actual fre% am\nt ( employm5t1 ( subsi/5ce1 :i* sci5ce has1 dur+ ! la/ c5tury1 giv5 to m52 & judge = y\rselves :e!r ! /udy ( x be n "o wor?y ( ^? :o wi% to help !mselves1 &1 9 s do+1 to help _! fell[-m54 ,let me quote to y a passage f an essay urg+ ! in/itution ( s*ools ( physical sci5ce = artisans1 :i* says all ,i wi% to say & m3 ,! discov]ies ( ,voltaic electricity1 electromagnetism1 & magnetic electricity1 by ,volta1 ,o,ersted1 & ,f>aday1 l$ to ! inv5tion ( electric telegraphy by ,:eat/one & o!rs1 & to ! great manufactures ( telegraph cables & telegraph wire1 & ( ! mat]ials requir$ = !m4 ,! value ( ! c>go ( ! ,great ,ea/]n alone 9 ! rec5t ,bombay telegraph exp$ition 0 calculat$ at ?ree millions ( p\nds /]l+4 ,x also l$ to ! employm5t ( ?\s&s ( op]ators to transmit ! telegraphic messages1 & to a great increase ( our comm]ce 9 ne>ly all its bran*es by ! m rapid means ( communication4 ,! discov]y ( ,voltaic electricity fur!r l$ to ! inv5tion ( electro-plat+1 & to ! employm5t ( a l>ge numb] ( p]sons 9 t bus9ess4 ,! num]\s exp]im5tal rese>*es on specific heat1 lat5t heat1 ! t5sion ( vap\rs1 ! prop]ties ( wat]1 ! me*anical effect ( heat1 etc41 result$ 9 ! developm5t ( /eam-eng9es1 & railways1 & ! almo/ endless employm5ts dep5d+ ^u _! con/ruction & use4 ,ab\t a qu>t] ( a million ( p]sons are employ$ on railways alone 9 ,great ,brita94 ,! v>i\s orig9al inve/igations on ! *emical effects ( light l$ to ! inv5tion ( photography1 & h giv5 employm5t to ?\s&s ( p]sons :o practise t process1 or manufacture & prep>e ! v>i\s mat]ial & articles requir$ 9 x4 ,! discov]y ( *lor9e by ,s*eele l$ to ! inv5tion ( ! mod]n processes ( blea*+1 & to v>i\s improvem5ts 9 ! dye+ ( ! textile fabrics1 & has giv5 employm5t to a v l>ge numb] ( our ,lanca%ire op]atives4 ,! discov]y ( *lor9e has also contribut$ to ! employm5t ( ?\s&s ( pr9t]s1 by enabl+ ,esp>to grass to be blea*$ & =m$ into pap] = ! use ( our daily press4 ,! num]\s exp]im5tal inve/igations 9 relation to coal-gas h be5 ! means ( ext5d+ ! use ( t sub/ance1 & ( increas+ ! employm5t ( workm5 & o!rs connect$ ) its manufacture4 ,! discov]y ( ! alkal9e metals by ,davy1 ( cyanide ( potassium1 ( nickel1 phosphorus1 ! common acids1 & a multitude ( o!r sub/ances1 has l$ to ! employm5t ( a :ole army ( workm5 9 ! conv]sion ( ^? sub/ances into articles ( utility4 ,! =ego+ examples might be greatly enl>g$ ^u1 & a great _m o!rs might be select$ f ! sci5ces ( physics & *emi/ry3 b ^? m5tion$ w suffice4 ,!re is n a =ce ( ,nature1 nor sc>cely a mat]ial sub/ance t we employ1 :i* has n be5 ! subject ( sev]al1 & 9 "s cases ( num]\s1 orig9al exp]im5tal rese>*es1 _m ( :i* h result$1 9 a great] or less degree1 9 increas+ ! employm5t = workm5 & o!rs4 #a ,all ?is may be v true4 ,b ( :at practical use w physical sci5ce be to me8 ,let me ask 9 return3 ,are none ( y go+ to emigrate8 ,if y h c\rage & wisdom1 emigrate y w1 "s ( y1 in/ead ( /opp+ "h to scramble ov] ea* o!r's backs = ! scraps1 l black-beetles 9 a kit*54 ,& if y emigrate1 y w soon f9d out1 if y h eyes & common s5se1 t ! vegetable weal? ( ! _w is no m exhau/$ ?an its m9]al weal?4 ,exhau/$8 ,n half ( x--,i believe n a t5? ( x--is yet kn[n4 ,c\ld ,i %[ y ! weal? :i* ,i h se5 9 a s+le ,tropic isl&1 n sixty miles squ>e--preci\s timb]s1 gums1 fruits1 :at n1 en\gh to give employm5t & weal? to ?\s&s & t5s ( ?\s&s1 wa/+ = want ( be+ kn[n & work$-- !n y w\ld see :at a man :o emigrates may d1 by a little s\nd k ( botany alone4 ,& if n4 ,suppose t any "o ( y1 le>n+ a little s\nd ,natural ,hi/ory1 %\ld abide "h 9 ,brita9 to y\r life's end1 & obs]ve no?+ b ! h$g][ plants1 he w\ld f9d t !re is mu* m to be se5 9 ^? m]e h$g][ plants ?an he fancies n[4 ,! microscope w reveal to him 9 ! tissues ( any wood1 ( any se$1 wond]s :i* w fir/ amuse him1 !n puzzle him1 & at la/ 7,i hope7 awe him1 z he p]ceives t smallness ( size int]f]es 9 no way ) p]fection ( developm5t1 & t ,nature1 z has be5 well said1 is greate/ 9 t :i* is lea/4 ,& m4 ,suppose t he w5t fur!r /ill4 ,suppose t he ext5d$ 8 rese>*es some:at to ^? m9ut] vegetable =ms1 ! mosses1 fungi1 li*5s2 suppose t he w5t a little fur!r /ill1 & tri$ :at ! microscope w\ld %[ him 9 any /agnant pool1 :e!r fre% wat] or salt1 ( ,desmidiae1 ,diatoms1 & all ^? wondr\s atomies :i* seem z yet to defy our classification into plants or animals4 ,suppose he le>nt some?+ ( ?is1 b no?+ ( aught else4 ,w\ld he h ga9$ no solid wisdom8 ,he w\ld be a /upid] man ?an ,i h a "r to believe any ( my read]s to be1 if he _h n ga9$ !reby some:at ( ! mo/ valuable ( treasures--namely1 t inductive habit ( m9d1 t p[] ( judg+ fairly ( facts1 )\t :i* no good or la/+ "w w be done1 :e!r 9 physical sci5ce1 9 social sci5ce1 9 politics1 9 philosophy1 9 philology1 or 9 hi/ory4 ,b m3 let me urge y to /udy ,natural ,sci5ce1 on gr\nds :i* may be to y new & unexpect$--on social1 ,i _h almo/ said on political1 gr\nds4 ,we all "k1 & ,i tru/ we all love1 ! names ( ,lib]ty1 ,equality1 & ,bro!rhood4 ,we feel1 ,i tru/1 t ^! words are too beautiful n to repres5t true & j ideas2 & t !re=e !y w come true1 & be fulfill$1 some:51 some:]e1 someh[4 ,x may be 9 a %ape v diff]5t f t :i* y1 or ,i1 or any man expects2 b /ill !y w be fulfill$4 ,b if !y are to come true1 x is we1 ! individual m51 :o mu/ help !m to come true = ! :ole _w1 by practis+ !m ourselves1 :5 & :]e we c4 ,& ,i tell y--t 9 becom+ sci5tific m51 9 /udy+ sci5ce & acquir+ ! sci5tific habit ( m9d1 y w f9d y\rselves enjoy+ a fre$om1 an equality1 a bro!rhood1 su* z y w n f9d else:]e j n[4 ,fre$om3 :at d we want fre$om =8 ,= ?is1 at lea/2 t we may be ea* & all able to ?9k :at we *oose2 & to say :at we *oose also1 provid$ we d n say x rudely or viol5tly1 s z to provoke a brea* ( ! peace4 ,t la/ 0 ,mr4 ,buckle's def9ition ( fre$om ( spee*4 ,t 0 ! only limit to x :i* he w\ld all[2 & ,i ?9k t t is ,mr4 ,john ,/u>t ,mill's limit also4 ,x is m9e4 ,& ,i ?9k we h t k9d ( fre$om 9 ^! isl&s z p]fectly z any m5 are likely to h x on ?is e>?4 ,b :at ,i compla9 ( is1 t :5 m5 h got ! fre$om1 ?ree out ( f\r ( !m w n use x4 ,:at8--someone w answ]--,d y suppose t ,i w n say :at ,i *oose1 & t ,i d>e n speak my own m9d to any man8 ,d\btless4 ,b are y sure fir/1 t y ?9k :at y *oose1 or only :at someone else *ooses = y8 ,are y sure t y make up y\r own m9d be=e y speak1 or let someone else make x up = y8 ,y\r spee* may be free en\gh1 my good fri5d2 & ,heav5 =bid t x %\ld be any?+ else3 b are y\r ?\ghts free likewise8 ,are y sure t1 ?\gh y may hate bigotry 9 o!rs1 y are n some:at ( a bigot y\rself8 ,t y d n look at only "o side ( a "q1 & t ! "o :i* pleases y8 ,t y d n take up y\r op9ions at second h&1 f "s book or "s newspap]1 :i* aft] all only reflects y\r own feel+s1 y\r own op9ions8 ,y %\ld ask y\rselves t "q1 s]i\sly & (t53 ,are my ?\ghts really free8 ,no "o values m highly ?an ,i d ! advantage ( a free press4 ,b y mu/ rememb] always t a newspap] editor1 h[ev] hone/ or able1 is no m infallible ?an ! ,pope2 t he may1 j z y may1 only see "o side ( a "q1 :ile any "q is sure to h two sides1 or p]haps ?ree or f\r2 & if y only see ! side :i* suits y1 day aft] day1 mon? aft] mon?1 y mu/ ne$s become bigot$ to x4 ,y\r ?\ghts mu/ ne$s run 9 "o groove4 ,!y _c 7z ,mr4 ,mat!w ,arnold w\ld say7 play freely r\nd a "q2 & look x all ov]1 boldly1 pati5tly1 rationally1 *>itably4 ,& ,i tell y t if y1 or ,i1 or any man1 want to let our ?\ghts play freely r\nd que/ions1 & s escape f ! t5d5cy to become bigot$ & n>r[-m9d$ :i* !re is 9 e human be+1 !n we mu/ acquire some?+ ( t inductive habit ( m9d :i* ! /udy ( ,natural ,sci5ce gives4 ,x is1 aft] all1 z ,pr(essor ,huxley says1 only common s5se well regulat$4 ,b !n x is well regulat$2 & h[ preci\s x is1 if y c b get x4 ,! art ( see+1 ! art ( kn[+ :at y see2 ! art ( comp>+1 ( p]ceiv+ true lik5esses & true diff]5ces1 & s ( classify+ & arrang+ :at y see3 ! art ( connect+ facts toge!r 9 y\r own m9d 9 *a9s ( cause & effect1 & t accurately1 pati5tly1 calmly1 )\t prejudice1 vanity1 or temp]--?is is :at is want$ = true fre$om ( m9d4 ,b accuracy1 pati5ce1 fre$om f prejudice1 c>elessness = all except ! tru?1 :atev] ! tru? may be--are n ^! ! virtues ( a truly free _s8 ,!n1 z ,i said j n[1 ,i "k no /udy s able to give t free habit ( m9d z ! ,/udy ( ,natural ,sci5ce4 ,equality1 too3 :atev] equality may or may n be j1 or possible2 ?is at lea/1 is j1 & ,i hope possible2 t e man1 e *ild1 ( e rank1 %\ld h an equal *ance ( education2 an equal *ance ( develop+ all t is 9 him by nature2 an equal *ance ( acquir+ a fair k ( ^? facts ( ! univ]se :i* specially conc]n him2 & ( hav+ 8 reason tra9$ to judge ( !m4 ,i say1 :atev] equal rights m5 may or may n h1 !y h ?is "r4 ,let e boy1 e girl1 h an equal & s\nd education4 ,if ,i _h my way1 ,i w\ld give ! same education to ! *ild ( ! colli] & to ! *ild ( a pe]4 ,i w\ld see t !y 7 taught ! same ?+s1 & by ! same me?od4 ,let !m all beg9 alike1 say ,i4 ,!y w be h&icapp$ heavily en\gh z !y g on 9 life1 )\t our h&icapp+ !m 9 _! fir/ race4 ,:atev] /able !y come out (1 :atev] promise !y %[1 let !m all tra9 alike1 & />t fair1 & let ! be/ colt w94 ,well3 b !re is a bran* ( education 9 :i*1 ev5 n[1 ! poor man c compete fairly aga9/ ! ri*2 & t is1 ,natural ,sci5ce4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! ri*1 bl9d to _! own int]e/1 h neglect$ x hi!rto 9 _! s*ools2 s t !y h n ! />t ( ! poor man on t subject :i* !y h on _m4 ,9 ! next place1 ,natural ,sci5ce is a subject :i* a man _c le>n by pay+ = tea*]s4 ,he mu/ tea* x himself1 by pati5t obs]vation1 by pati5t common s5se4 ,& if ! poor man is n ! ri* man's equal 9 ^? qualities1 x mu/ be 8 own fault1 n 8 purse's4 ,_m %ops h ,i se5 ab\t ! _w1 9 :i* fools c\ld buy articles m or less helpful to !m2 b nev] saw ,i yet an obs]vation-%op1 nor a common-s5se %op ei!r4 ,& if any man says1 ,we mu/ buy books3 ,i answ]1 a poor man n[ c obta9 bett] sci5tific books ?an a duke or a pr9ce c\ld sixty ye>s ago1 simply because !n ! books did n exi/4 ,:5 ,i 0 a boy ,i w\ld h giv5 mu*1 or r my fa!r w\ld h giv5 mu*1 if ,i c\ld h got hold ( su* sci5tific books z are to be f\nd n[ 9 any fir/-class elem5t>y s*ool4 ,& if m exp5sive books are ne$$2 if a microscope or app>atus is ne$$2 c y n get !m by ! co-op]ative me?od1 :i* has work$ s well 9 o!r matt]s8 ,c y n =m y\rselves into a ,natural ,sci5ce club1 = buy+ su* ?+s & l5d+ !m r\nd among y\r memb]s2 & = discussion also1 ! read+ ( sci5tific pap]s ( y\r own writ+1 ! comp>+ ( y\r obs]vations1 g5]al mutual help & mutual in/ructions8 ,su* societies are becom+ num]\s n[1 & gladly %\ld ,i see "o 9 e t[n4 ,= 9 sci5ce1 z 9 mo/ matt]s1 ,z iron %>p5e? iron1 s a man %>p5e? ! c\nt5ance ( 8 fri5d4 ,& ,bro!rhood3 well1 if y want t2 if y want to mix ) m51 & m51 too1 em95tly wor? mix+ )1 on ! simple gr\nd t a man's a man = a' t2 if y want to become ! acqua9tances1 &--if y prove wor?y--! fri5ds1 ( m5 :o w be glad to tea* y all !y "k1 & equally glad to le>n f y any?+ y c tea* !m1 ask+ no que/ions ab\t y1 save1 fir/--,is he an hone/ /ud5t ( ,nature = h] own sake8 ,& next- -,is he a man :o w n qu>rel1 or o!rwise behave 9 an unbro!rly fa%ion to 8 fell[-/ud5ts8--,if y want a gr\nd ( bro!rhood ) m51 n m]ely 9 ^! isl&s1 b 9 ,am]ica1 on ! ,cont95t--9 a ^w1 all ov] ! _w--su* z rank1 weal?1 fa%ion1 or o!r artificial arrangem5ts ( ! _w _c give & _c take away2 if y want to feel y\rself z good z any man 9 !ory1 because y are z good z any man 9 practice1 except ^? :o are bett] ?an y 9 ! same l9e1 :i* is op5 to any & e man2 if y wi% to h ! inspir+ & ennobl+ feel+ ( be+ a bro!r 9 a great freemasonry :i* owns no diff]5ce ( rank1 ( cre$1 or ( nationality--! only freemasonry1 ! only ,int]national ,league :i* is likely to make mank9d 7z we all hope !y w be "s day7 "o--!n become m5 ( sci5ce4 ,jo9 ! freemasonry 9 :i* ,hugh ,mill]1 ! poor ,crom>ty /onemason1 9 :i* ,mi*ael ,f>aday1 ! poor bookb9d]'s boy1 became ! companions & fri5ds ( ! noble/ & mo/ le>n$ on e>?1 look$ up to by !m n z equals m]ely b z tea*]s & guides1 because philosoph]s & discov]]s4 ,d y wi% to be great8 ,!n be great ) true greatness2 :i* is1--kn[+ ! facts ( nature1 & be+ able to use !m4 ,d y wi% to be /rong8 ,!n be /rong ) true /r5g?2 :i* is1 kn[+ ! facts ( nature1 & be+ able to use !m4 ,d y wi% to be wise8 ,!n be wise ) true wisdom2 :i* is1 kn[+ ! facts ( nature1 & be+ able to use !m4 ,d y wi% to be free8 ,!n be free ) true fre$om2 :i* is aga91 kn[+ ! facts ( nature1 & be+ able to use !m4 ,i d>e say "s ( my read]s1 especially ! y\ng] ones1 w demur to t la/ spee* ( m9e4 ,well1 ,i hope !y w n be angry ) me = say+ x4 ,i1 at lea/1 %all c]ta9ly n he angry ) !m4 ,= :5 ,i 0 "y ,i 0 v mu* ( :at ,i suspect is _! op9ion4 ,i us$ to ?9k "o c\ld get p]fect fre$om1 & social re=m1 & all t ,i want$1 by alt]+ ! arrangem5ts ( society & legislation2 by con/itutions1 & ,acts ( ,p>liam5t2 by putt+ society into "s sort ( fre$om-mill1 & gr9d+ x all d[n1 & reg5]at+ x s4 ,& t some?+ c be done by improv$ arrangem5ts1 some?+ c be done by ,acts ( ,p>liam5t1 ,i hold /ill1 z e rational man mu/ hold4 ,b z ,i grew old]1 ,i began to see t if ?+s 7 to be got "r1 ! fre$om-mill w\ld d v little t[>ds gr9d+ !m "r1 h[ev] well & amaz+ly x 0 made4 ,i began to see t :at sort ( fl\r came out at "o end ( ! mill1 dep5d$ ma9ly on :at sort ( gra9 y _h put 9 at ! o!r2 & ,i began to see t ! problem 0 to get good gra91 & !n good fl\r w\ld be turn$ out1 ev5 by a v clumsy old-fa%ion$ sort ( mill4 ,& :at d ,i mean by good gra98 ,good m51 hone/ m51 accurate m51 righte\s m51 pati5t m51 self-re/ra9+ m51 fair m51 mode/ m54 ,m5 :o are aw>e ( _! own va/ ignorance comp>$ ) ! va/ am\nt t !re is to be le>n$ 9 su* a univ]se z ?is4 ,m5 :o are accu/om$ to look at bo? sides ( a "q2 :o1 in/ead ( mak+ up _! m9ds 9 ha/e l bigots & fanatics1 wait l wise m51 = m facts1 & m ?\ght ab\t ! facts4 ,9 "o ^w1 m5 :o _h acquir$ j ! habit ( m9d :i* ! /udy ( ,natural ,sci5ce c give1 & mu/ give2 = )\t x !re is no use /udy+ ,natural ,sci5ce2 & ! man :o has n got t habit ( m9d1 if he m$dles ) sci5ce1 w m]ely become a quack & a *>latan1 only fit to get 8 bread z a _s-rapp]1 or an inv5tor ( infallible pills4 ,& :5 ,i saw t1 ,i said to myself--,i w tra9 myself1 by ,natural ,sci5ce1 to ! truly rational1 & !re=e truly able & useful1 habit ( m9d2 & m1 ,i w1 = x is my duty z an ,engli%man1 tra9 e ,engli%man ov] :om ,i c get influ5ce 9 ! same sci5tific habit ( m9d1 t ,i may1 if possible1 make him1 too1 a rational & an able man4 ,&1 !re=e1 kn[+ t mo/ ( y1 my read]s--probably all ( y1 z y ought & mu/ if y are ,britons1 ?9k mu* ( social & political que/ions---!re=e1 ,i say1 ,i entreat y to cultivate ! sci5tific _s by :i* alone y c judge ju/ly ( ^? que/ions4 ,i ask y to le>n h[ to conqu] nature by obey+ h]1 z ! great ,"l ,bacon said two hundr$ & fifty ye>s ago4 ,= s only w y 9 y\r !ories & y\r movem5ts1 draw bills :i* nature w hon\r--to use ,mr4 ,c>lyle's fam\s p>able--because !y are accord+ to h] un*ang+ laws1 & n h !m return$ on y\r h&s1 z too _m !ori/s' are1 ) no effects writt5 across _! backs4 ,take my advice = y\rselves1 de> read]s1 & = y\r *ildr5 aft] y2 =1 believe me1 ,i am %[+ y ! way to true & useful1 &1 !re=e1 to j & des]v$ p[]4 ,i am %[+ y ! way to become memb]s ( :at ,i tru/ w be--:at ,i am c]ta9 ought to be--! ari/ocracy ( ! future4 ,i say x delib]ately1 z a /ud5t ( society & ( hi/ory4 ,p[] w pass m & m1 if all goes heal?ily & well1 into ! h&s ( sci5tific m52 into ! h&s ( ^? :o h made due use ( t great heirloom :i* ! philosoph]s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury left = ! use ( future g5]ations1 & specially ( ! ,teutonic race4 ,= ! re/1 ev5ts seem b too likely to repeat !mselves aga9 & aga9 all ov] ! _w1 9 ! same hopeless circle4 ,ari/ocracies ( m]e bir? decay & die1 & give place to ari/ocracies ( m]e weal?2 & !y aga9 to ari/ocracies ( g5ius1 :i* are really ari/ocracies ( ! noisie/1 ( m]e scribbl]s & sp\t]s1 su* z ,france is wri?+ "u at ?is mom5t4 ,& :5 ^! la/ h bl[n (f _! /eam1 ) mighty ro>1 b )\t mov+ ! eng9e a s+le y>d1 !n !y are b too likely to give place to ! wor/ ( all ari/ocracies1 ! ari/ocracy ( m]e ord]1 :i* means organis$ brute =ce & milit>y despotism4 ,&1 aft] t1 :at c come1 save an>*y1 & decay1 & social dea?8 ,:at else8--unless !re be left 9 ! nation1 9 ! society1 z ! salt ( ! l&1 to keep x all f rott+1 a suffici5t numb] ( wise m5 to =m a true work+ ari/ocracy1 an ari/ocracy ( s\nd & rational sci5ce8 ,if !y be /rong en\gh 7& !y are gr[+ /rong] day by day ov] ! civilis$ _w71 on !m w ! future ( t _w ma9ly dep5d4 ,!y w rule1 & !y w act--cauti\sly we may hope1 & mode/ly & *>itably1 because 9 le>n+ true k !y w h le>nt also _! own ignorance1 & ! va/ness1 ! complexity1 ! my/]y ( nature4 ,b !y w be able to rule1 !y w be able to act1 because !y h tak5 ! tr\ble to le>n ! facts & ! laws ( nature4 ,!y w rule2 & _! rule1 if !y are true to !mselves1 w be "o ( heal? & weal?1 & peace1 ( prud5ce & ( ju/ice4 ,= !y alone w be able to wield = ! b5efit ( man ! brute =ces ( nature2 because !y alone w h /oop$1 to conqu] nature by obey+ h]4 ,s runs my dream4 ,i ask my "y read]s to help t[>ds mak+ t dream a fact1 by becom+ 7z _m ( !m z feel ! ju/ice ( my words7 hone/ & e>ne/ /ud5ts ( ,natural ,sci5ce4 ,b n[3 :y %\ld ,i1 z a cl]gyman1 int]e/ myself specially 9 ! spread ( ,natural ,sci5ce8 ,am ,i n go+ out ( my prop] sph]e to m$dle ) secul> matt]s8 ,am ,i n1 inde$1 go+ into a sph]e out ( :i* ,i _h bett] keep myself1 & all ov] :om ,i may h influ5ce8 ,= is n sci5ce antagoni/ic to religion8 &1 if s1 :at has a cl]gyman to d1 save to w>n ! "y aga9/ x1 in/ead ( attract+ !m t[>ds x8 ,fir/1 z to m$dl+ ) secul> matt]s4 ,i grudge t epi!t ( secul> to any matt] :atsoev]4 ,b ,i d m2 ,i d5y x to any?+ :i* ,god has made1 ev5 to ! t9ie/ ( insects1 ! mo/ insignificant atom ( du/4 ,to ^? :o believe 9 ,god1 & try to see all ?+s 9 ,god1 ! mo/ m9ute natural ph5om5on _c be secul>4 ,x mu/ be div9e2 ,i say1 delib]ately1 div9e2 & ,i c use no less l(ty ^w4 ,! gra9 ( du/ is a ?\ght ( ,god2 ,god's p[] made x2 ,god's wisdom gave x :atsoev] prop]ties or qualities x may possess2 ,god's provid5ce has put x 9 ! place :]e x is n[1 & has orda9$ t x %\ld be 9 t place at t mom5t1 by a tra9 ( causes & effects :i* rea*es back to ! v creation ( ! univ]se4 ,! gra9 ( du/ c no m g f ,god's pres5ce1 or flee f ,god's ,_s1 ?an y or ,i c4 ,if x g up to ! physical heav51 & float 7z x actually (t5 does7 f> above ! cl\ds1 9 ^? high] /rata ( ! atmosph]e :i* ! a]onaut has nev] visit$1 :i!r ! ,alp9e sn[-peaks d n rise1 ev5 !re x w be obey+ physical laws :i* we t]m ha/ily laws ( ,nature1 b :i* are really ! laws ( ,god3 & if x g d[n into ! physical abyss2 if x be buri$ fa?oms1 miles1 bel[ ! surface1 & become an atom ( "s rock /ill 9 ! process ( consolidation1 has x escap$ f ,god1 ev5 9 ! b[els ( ! e>?8 ,is x n !re /ill obey+ physical laws1 ( pressure1 heat1 cry/allisation1 & s =?1 :i* are laws ( ,god- -! w & m9d ( ,god conc]n+ p>ticles ( matt]8 ,only look at all creat$ ?+s 9 ?is light--look at !m z :at !y are1 ! expressions ( ,god's m9d & w conc]n+ ?is univ]se 9 :i* we live--! ,^w ( ,god1 z ,bacon says1 reveal$ 9 facts- -& !n y w n fe> physical sci5ce2 = y w be sure t1 ! m y "k ( physical sci5ce1 ! m y w "k ( ! works & ( ! w ( ,god4 ,at lea/1 y w be 9 h>mony ) ! tea*+ ( ! ,psalmi/3 ,! heav5s1 says he1 decl>e ! glory ( ,god2 & ! firmam5t %[e? ,8 h&iwork4 ,!re is nei!r spee* nor language :]e _! voices are n he>d among !m4 ,s held ! ,psalmi/ conc]n+ a/ronomy1 ! k ( ! heav5ly bodies2 & :at he says ( sun & />s is true likewise ( ! fl[]s ar\nd our feet1 ( :i* ! greate/ ,*ri/ian poet ( mod]n times has said-- ,to me ! meane/ fl[] t gr[s may give ,?\ghts t d lie too deep = te>s4 ,s1 aga91 y w be 9 h>mony ) ! tea*+ ( ,/4 ,paul1 :o told ! ,romans t ! invisible ?+s ( ,god are cle>ly se5 f ! creation ( !-_w1 be+ und]/ood by ! ?+s t are made1 ev5 ,8 et]nal p[] & ,godhead2 & :o told ! savages ( ,lycaonia t ,god _h n left ,himself )\t witness1 9 t ,he did good & s5t m5 ra9 f heav51 & fruitful seasons1 fill+ m5's he>ts ) food & gladness4 ,ra9 & fruitful seasons witness$ to all m5 ( a ,fa!r 9 heav54 ,& he :o wi%es to "k h[ truly ,/4 ,paul spoke1 let him /udy ! laws :i* produce & regulate ra9 & fruitful seasons1 :at we n[ call climatology1 meteorology1 geography ( l& & wat]4 ,let him read t truly noble ,*ri/ian "w1 ,maury's ,physical ,geography ( ! ,sea2 & see1 if he be a truly rational man1 h[ advanc$ sci5ce1 in/ead ( disprov+1 has only corroborat$ ,/4 ,paul's ass]tion1 & h[ ! ocean & ! ra9-cl\d1 l ! sun & />s1 decl>e ! glory ( ,god4 ,& if anyone und]values ! sci5ces :i* tea* u conc]n+ /ones & plants & animals1 or ?9ks t no?+ c be le>nt f !m conc]n+ ,god--all[ "o :o has be5 f *ildhood only a humble1 ?\gh he tru/s a dilig5t /ud5t ( ^! sci5ces--all[ him1 ,i say1 to ask 9 all rev]5ce1 b 9 all frankness1 :o x 0 :o said1 ,consid] ! lilies ( ! field1 h[ !y gr[4 ,consid] ! birds ( ! air- -& h[ y\r ,heav5ly ,fa!r fe$e? !m4 ,consid] !m4 ,if ,he has bid y d s1 c y d s too mu*8 ,i "k1 ( c\rse1 ! special application :i* our ,"l made ( ^! words4 ,b ,i "k1 too1 f exp]i5ce1 t ! m y /udy nature1 9 all h] =ms ! m y w f9d t ! special application itself is deep]1 wid]1 m lit]ally true1 m wond]ful1 m t5d]1 & if ,i d>e use su* a ^w1 m poetic1 ?an ! unsci5tific man c guess4 ,b let me ask y fur!r--d y ?9k t our ,"l 9 t in/ance1 & 9 ^? _m in/ances 9 :i* ,he drew 8 p>ables & lessons f natural objects1 0 lead+ m5's m9ds on to dang]\s gr\nd1 & po9t+ out to !m a subject ( contemplation 9 ! laws & processes ( ! natural _w1 & _! analogy ) ^? ( ! spiritual _w1 ! k+dom ( ,god--a subject ( contemplation1 ,i say1 :i* x 0 n safe to contemplate too mu*8 ,i appeal to y\r common s5se4 ,if ,he :o spoke ^! words 7 7z ,i believe7 none o!r ?an ! ,creator ( ! univ]se1 by :om all ?+s 7 made1 & )\t :om no?+ 0 made t is made1 d y suppose t ,he w\ld h bid y to consid] ,8 univ]se1 _h x be5 dang]\s = y to d s8 ,d y suppose1 moreov]1 t ! univ]se1 :i* ,he1 ! ,tru?1 ! ,light1 ! ,love1 has made1 c be o!rwise !n inf9itely wor?y to be consid]$8 or t ! c>eful1 accurate1 & pati5t consid]ation ( x1 ev5 to its m9ute/ details1 c be o!rwise ?an useful to man1 & c be> witness ( aught1 save ! m9d & "* ( ,him :o made x8 ,& if s1 c x be a "w unfit =1 unwor?y (1 a cl]gyman--^: duty is to prea* ,him to all1 & 9 all ways1--to call on m5 to consid] t physical _w :i*1 l ! spiritual _w1 consi/s1 holds toge!r1 by ,him1 & lives & moves & has its be+ 9 ,him8 ,& "h ,i mu/ pause to answ] an objection :i* ,i h he>d 9 my y\? f _m pi\s & virtu\s p--bett] p 9 ,god's sight1 ?an ,i1 ,i fe>1 c pret5d to be4 ,!y us$ to say1 ,?is w\ld be all v true if !re 7 n a curse ^u ! e>?4 ,& !n !y seem$ to d$uce1 f ! fact ( t curse1 a vague notion 7= x 0 little m7 t ?is _w 0 ! devil's _w1 & t !re=e physical facts c\ld n be tru/$1 because !y 7 disord]$1 & deceptive1 & :at n4 ,n[1 9 ju/ice to ! ,bible1 & 9 ju/ice to ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 ,i am b\nd to say t su* a /atem5t1 or any?+ l x1 is contr>y to ! doctr9es ( bo?4 ,x is contr>y to ,scripture4 ,accord+ to x1 ! e>? is n curs$4 ,= x is said 9 ,g54 viii4 #ba1 ,& ! ,"l said1 ,i w n aga9 curse ! gr\nd any m = man's sake4 ,:ile ! e>? rema9e?1 se$-"t & h>ve/1 cold & heat1 summ] & w9t]1 day & night %all n cease4 ,accord+ to ,scripture1 aga91 physical facts are n disord]$4 ,! ,psalmi/ says1 ,!y cont9ue ?is day accord+ to _! ord9ance2 = all ?+s s]ve ,!e4 ,& aga91 ,?\ ha/ made !m fa/ = ev] & ev]4 ,?\ ha/ giv5 !m a law :i* _c be brok54 ,s does ! ,bible 7n to quote ov] aga9 ! passages :i* ,i h already giv5 y f ,/4 ,paul1 & ,"o great] ?an ,/4 ,paul7 decl>e ! p]man5ce ( natural laws1 & ! tru/wor?9ess ( natural ph5om5a z ob$i5t to ,god4 ,& s does ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&4 ,= %e has incorporat$ into h] s]vices t magnific5t hymn1 :i* our =efa!rs call$ ! ,song ( ! ,?ree ,*ildr52 :i* is1 z x 71 ! v fl[] & cr[n ( ! ,old ,te/am5t2 ! summ+ up ( all t is true & et]nal 9 ! old ,jewi% fai?2 z true = u z = !m3 z true millions ( ye>s h5ce z x is n[--:i* cries to all heav5 & e>?1 f ! skies above our heads to ! gre5 h]b b5ea? our feet1 ,o all ye works ( ! ,"l1 bless ye ! ,"l2 praise ,him & magnify ,him = ev]4 ,on t "o hymn ,i take my /&4 ,t is my *>t] z a /ud5t ( ,natural ,sci5ce4 ,z long z t is sung 9 an ,engli% *ur*1 ,i h a "r to inve/igate ,nature boldly )\t /9t or /ay1 & to call on all :o h ! w1 to inve/igate h] boldly likewise1 & ) ,socrates ( old1 to foll[ ! ,logos :i!rsoev] x leads4 ,! ,logos4 ,i mu/ pause on t ^w4 ,x meant at fir/1 no d\bt1 simply spee*1 argum5t1 reason4 ,9 ! m9d ( ,socrates x _h a deep] mean+1 at :i* he only dimly guess$2 :i* 0 se5 m cle>ly by ,philo & ! ,alex&rian ,jews2 :i* 0 reveal$ 9 all its fulness to ! belov$ ,apo/le ,/4 ,john1 till he ga!r$ spee* to tell m5 ( a ,logos1 a ,^w1 :o 0 9 ! beg9n+ ) ,god1 & 0 ,god2 by :om all ?+s 7 made1 & )\t ,him 0 n any?+ made t 0 made2 & h[ 9 ,him 0 ,life1 & ! ,life 0 ! light ( m52 & t ,he 0 none o!r ?an ,jesus ,*ri/ our ,"l4 ,yes1 t is ! tru?4 ,& to t tru? no man c add1 & f x no man c take away4 ,& z long z we believe t z long z we believe t 9 ,8 light alone c we see light--z long z we believe t ! light ar\nd u1 :e!r physical or spiritual1 is giv5 by ,him )\t :om no?+ is made--s long we %all n fe> to meet ,light1 s long we %all n fe> to inve/igate ,life2 = we %all "k1 h[ev] /range or novel1 beautiful or awful1 ! discov]ies we make may be1 we are only foll[+ ! ,^w :i!rsoev] ,he may lead u2 & t ,he c nev] lead u amiss ,i4 ,,! ,,soil ,,( ,,! ,,field #b ,my de> read]s1 let me1 be=e t\*+ on ! special subject ( ?is pap]1 say a few words on t ( ! :ole s]ies4 ,x is geology3 t is1 ! sci5ce :i* expla9s to u ! ,,r9d ( ! e>?2 ( :at x is made2 h[ x has be5 made4 ,x tells u no?+ ( ! mass ( ! e>?4 ,t is1 prop]ly speak+1 an a/ronomical "q4 ,if ,i may be all[$ to lik5 ?is e>? to a fruit1 !n a/ronomy w tell u--:5 x kn[s--h[ ! fruit grew1 & :at is inside ! fruit4 ,geology c only tell u at mo/ h[ its r9d1 its out] cov]+1 grew1 & ( :at x is compos$2 a v small "p1 d\btless1 ( all t is to be kn[n ab\t ?is planet4 ,b z x happ5s1 ! m]e r9d ( ?is e>?-fruit :i* has1 c\ntless ages s9ce1 dropp$1 z x 71 f ! ,bosom ( ,god1 ! ,et]nal ,f\nt ( ,life--! m]e r9d ( ?is e>?-fruit1 ,i say1 is s beautiful & s complex1 t x is well wor? our awful & rev]5t /udy4 ,x has be5 well said1 inde$1 t ! hi/ory ( x1 :i* we call geology1 w\ld be a magnific5t epic poem1 7 !re only any human int]e/ 9 x2 did x deal ) creatures m l ourselves ?an /ones1 & bones1 & ! dead relics ( plants & bea/s4 ,:e!r !re be no human int]e/ 9 geology2 :e!r man did n exi/ on ! e>? dur+ ages :i* h se5 enorm\s geological *anges1 is becom+ m & m an op5 "q4 ,b mean:ile all mu/ agree t !re is matt] en\gh = int]e/--nay1 room en\gh = ! free use ( ! imag9ation1 9 a sci5ce :i* tells ( ! gr[? & decay ( :ole m\nta9-ranges1 cont95ts1 oceans1 :ole tribes & worlds ( plants & animals4 ,& yet x is n s mu* = ! va/ness & gr&eur ( ^? sc5es ( ! di/ant pa/1 to :i* ! sci5ce ( geology introduces u1 t ,i value x z a /udy1 & wi% e>ne/ly to awak5 y to its beauty & importance4 ,x is because x is ! sci5ce f :i* y w le>n mo/ easily a s\nd sci5tific habit ( ?\ght4 ,i say mo/ easily2 & = ^! reasons4 ,! mo/ important facts ( geology d n require1 to discov] !m1 any k ( ma!matics or ( *emical analysis2 !y may be /udi$ 9 e bank1 e grot1 e qu>ry1 e railway-cutt+1 by anyone :o has eyes & common s5se1 & :o *ooses to copy ! late illu/ri\s ,hugh ,mill]1 :o made himself a great geologi/ out ( a poor /onemason4 ,next1 its mo/ important !ories are n1 or ne$ n be1 wrapp$ up 9 obscure ,lat9 & ,greek t]ms4 ,!y may be express$ 9 ! simple/ ,engli%1 because !y are discov]$ by simple common s5se4 ,& ?us geology is 7or ought to be71 9 popul> p>lance1 ! p's sci5ce--! sci5ce by /udy+ :i*1 ! man ignorant ( ,lat91 ,greek1 ma!matics1 sci5tific *emi/ry1 c yet become--z f> z 8 bra9 enables him--a truly sci5tific man4 ,b h[ %all we le>n sci5ce by m]e common s5se8 ,fir/4 ,always try to expla9 ! unkn[n by ! kn[n4 ,if y meet some?+ :i* y h n se5 be=e1 !n ?9k ( ! ?+ mo/ l x :i* y h se5 be=e2 & try if t :i* y "k expla9s ! "o w n expla9 ! o!r also4 ,sometimes x w2 sometimes x w n4 ,b if x w1 no "o has a "r to ask y to try any o!r explanation4 ,suppose1 = in/ance1 t y f\nd a dead bird on ! top ( a ca!dral t[]1 & 7 ask$ h[ y ?\ght x _h got !re4 ,y w\ld say1 ,( c\rse1 x di$ up "h4 ,b if a fri5d said1 ,n s2 x dropp$ f a balloon1 or f ! cl\ds2 & told y ! prettie/ tale ( h[ ! bird came to s /range an end1 y w\ld answ]1 ,no1 no2 ,i mu/ reason f :at ,i "k4 ,i "k t birds haunt ! ca!dral t[]2 ,i "k t birds die2 & !re=e1 let y\r /ory be z pretty z x may1 my common s5se bids me take ! simple/ explanation1 & say--x di$ "h4 ,9 say+ t1 y w\ld be talk+ sci5tifically4 ,y w\ld h made a fair & suffici5t induction 7z x is call$7 f ! facts ab\t birds' habits & birds' dea?s :i* y "k4 ,b suppose t :5 y took ! bird up y f\nd t x 0 nei!r a jackdaw1 nor a sp>r[ nor a swall[1 z y expect$1 b a humm+-bird4 ,!n y w\ld be adrift aga94 ,! fact ( x be+ a humm+-bird w\ld be a new fact :i* y _h n tak5 into acc\nt1 & = :i* y\r old explanation 0 n suffici5t2 & y w\ld h to try a new induction--to use y\r common s5se afre%--say+1 ,i h n to expla9 m]ely h[ a dead bird got "h1 b h[ a dead humm+-bird4 ,& n[1 if y\r imag9ative fri5d *im$ 9 triumphantly )3 ,d y n see t ,i 0 "r aft] all8 ,d y n see t x fell f ! cl\ds8 t x 0 swept away hi!r1 all ! way f ,s\? ,am]ica1 by "s s\?-we/]ly /orm1 & we>i$ out at la/1 dropp$ "h to f9d re/1 z 9 a sacr$-place8 :at w\ld y answ]8 ,my fri5d1 t is a beautiful imag9ation2 b ,i mu/ treat x only z su*1 z long z ,i c expla9 ! my/]y m simply by facts :i* ,i d "k4 ,i d n "k t humm+-birds c be bl[n across ! ,atlantic alive4 ,i d "k !y are actually br\ght across ! ,atlantic dead2 are /uck 9 ladies' hats4 ,i "k t ladies visit ! ca!dral2 & odd z ! accid5t is1 ,i pref] to believe1 till ,i get a bett] explanation1 t ! humm+-bird has simply dropp$ out ( a lady's hat4 ,!re1 aga91 y w\ld be speak+ common s5se2 & us+1 too1 s\nd inductive me?od2 try+ to expla9 :at y d n "k f :at y d "k already4 ,n[1 ,i ask ( y to employ ! same common s5se :5 y read & ?9k ( ,geology4 ,x is v necess>y to d s4 ,= 9 pa/ times m5 h tri$ to expla9 ! mak+ ( ! _w ar\nd !m1 its oceans1 riv]s1 m\nta9s1 & cont95ts1 by ,i "k n :at ( fanci$ cataclysms & convulsions ( nature2 expla9+ ! unkn[n by ! /ill m unkn[n1 till "s ( _! geological !ories 7 no m rational1 because no m f\nd$ on kn[n facts1 ?an t ( ! ,new ,zeal& ,maories1 :o hold t "s god1 :5 fi%+1 fi%$ up _! isl&s out ( ! bottom ( ! ocean4 ,b a s\nd] & wis] s*ool ( geologi/s n[ reigns2 ! fa!r ( :om1 9 ,engl& at lea/1 is ! v5]able ,sir ,*>les ,lyell4 ,he 0 almo/ ! fir/ ( ,engli%m5 :o taught u to see--:at common s5se tells u- -t ! laws :i* we see at "w ar\nd u n[ h be5 mo/ probably at "w s9ce ! creation ( ! _w2 & t :atev] *anges may seem to h tak5 place 9 pa/ ages1 & 9 anci5t rocks1 %\ld be expla9$1 if possible1 by ! *anges :i* are tak+ place n[ 9 ! mo/ rec5t deposits--9 ! soil ( ! field4 ,& 9 ! la/ =ty ye>s--s9ce t great & s\nd idea has become root$ 9 ! m9ds ( /ud5ts1 & especially ( ,engli% /ud5ts1 geology has ?riv5 & develop$1 p]haps m ?an any o!r sci5ce2 & has l$ m5 on to discov]ies f> m really a/oni%+ & awful ?an all fanci$ convulsions & cataclysms4 ,i h plann$ ?is s]ies ( pap]s1 !re=e1 on ,sir ,*>les ,lyell's me?od4 ,i h begun by try+ to tea* a little ab\t ! "p ( ! e>?'s cru/ :i* lies ne>e/ u1 :i* we see mo/ (t52 namely1 ! soil2 int5d+1 if my read]s d me ! hon\r to read ! pap]s :i* foll[1 to lead !m d[nw>d1 z x 71 into ! e>?2 deep] & deep] 9 ea* pap]1 to rocks & m9]als :i* are probably less kn[n to !m ?an ! soil 9 ! fields4 ,?us y w f9d ,i %all lead y1 or try to lead y on1 ?r\gh\t ! s]ies1 f ! kn[n to ! unkn[n1 & %[ y h[ to expla9 ! latt] by ! =m]4 ,sir ,*>les ,lyell has1 ,i see1 9 ! new edition ( 8 ,/ud5t's ,elem5ts ( ,geology1 begun 8 book ) ! upp]mo/1 t is1 newe/1 /rata1 or lay]s2 & has gone regul>ly d[nw>ds 9 ! c\rse ( ! book to ! l[e/ or e>lie/ /rata2 & ,i %all foll[ 8 plan4 ,i mu/ ask y mean:ile to rememb] "o law or rule1 :i* seems to me f\nd$ on common s5se2 namely1 t ! upp]mo/ /rata are really almo/ always ! newe/2 t :5 two or m lay]s1 :e!r ( rock or e>?--or inde$ two /ones 9 ! /reet1 or two %eets on a b$1 or two books on a table--any two or m lifeless ?+s1 9 fact1 lie "o on ! o!r1 !n ! l[] "o 0 mo/ probably put !re fir/1 & ! upp] "o laid d[n on ! l[]4 ,does t seem to y a truism8 ,d ,i seem almo/ imp]t95t 9 ask+ y to rememb] x8 ,s mu* ! bett]4 ,i %all be sav$ unnecess>y tr\ble h]eaft]4 ,b "s "o may say1 & w h a "r to say1 ,/op--! l[] ?+ may h be5 ?ru/ "u ! upp] "o4 ,q true3 & !re=e ,i said only t ! l[] "o 0 mo/ probably put !re fir/4 ,& ,i said mo/ probably1 because x is mo/ probable t 9 nature we %\ld f9d ?+s done by ! me?od :i* co/s lea/ =ce1 j z y d !m4 ,i w w>rant t :5 y want to hide a ?+1 y lay some?+ d[n on x t5 times = once t y ?ru/ x "u some?+ else4 ,y may say1 ,:at8 ,:5 ,i want to hide a pap]1 say1 "u ! s(a-cov]1 d ,i n ?ru/ x "u8 ,no1 y lift up ! cov]1 & slip ! pap] 91 & let ! cov] fall on x aga94 ,& s1 ev5 9 t case1 ! pap] has got into its place fir/4 ,n[ :y is ?is8 ,simply because 9 lay+ "o ?+ on ano!r y only move weight4 ,9 ?ru/+ "o ?+ "u ano!r1 y h n only to move weight1 b to ov]come friction4 ,t is :y y d x1 ?\gh y are h>dly aw>e ( x3 simply because s y employ less =ce1 & take less tr\ble4 ,& s d clays & s&s & /ones4 ,!y are laid d[n on ea* o!r1 & n ?ru/ "u ea* o!r1 because ?us less =ce is exp5d$ 9 gett+ !m into place4 ,!re are exceptions4 ,!re are cases 9 :i* nature does try to ?ru/ "o rock "u ano!r4 ,b to d t %e requires a =ce s enorm\s1 comp>$ ) :at is employ$ 9 lay+ "o rock on ano!r1 t 7s to speak7 %e cont9ually fails2 & in/ead ( produc+ a volcanic eruption1 produces only an e>?quake4 ,( t ,i may speak h]eaft]1 & may tell y1 9 good "t1 h[ to di/+ui% rocks :i* h be5 ?ru/ 9 f b5ea?1 f rocks :i* h be5 laid d[n f above1 z e rock betwe5 ,london & ,birm+ham or ,exet] has be5 laid d[n4 ,t ,i only ass]t n[4 ,b ,i d n wi% y to take x on tru/ f me4 ,i wi% to prove x to y z ,i g on1 or to d :at is f> bett] = y3 to put y 9 ! way ( prov+ x = y\rself1 by us+ y\r common s5se4 ,at ! risk ( seem+ prolix1 ,i mu/ say a few m words on ?is matt]4 ,i h special reasons = x4 ,until ,i c get y to let y\r ?\ghts play freely r\nd ?is "q ( ! sup]position ( soils & rocks1 !re w be no use 9 my go+ on ) ^! pap]s4 ,suppose !n 7to argue f ! kn[n to ! unkn[n7 t y 7 wat*+ m5 clean+ out a pond4 ,atop1 p]haps1 !y w\ld come to a lay] ( s(t mud1 & "u t to a lay] ( s&4 ,w\ld n common s5se tell y t ! s& 0 !re fir/1 & t ! wat] _h laid d[n ! mud on ! top ( x8 ,!n1 p]haps1 !y might come to a lay] ( dead leaves4 ,w\ld n common s5se tell y t ! leaves 7 !re be=e ! s& above !m8 ,!n1 p]haps1 to a lay] ( mud aga94 ,w\ld n common s5se tell y t ! mud 0 !re be=e ! leaves8 ,& s on d[n to ! bottom ( ! pond1 :]e1 la/ly1 ,i ?9k common s5se w\ld tell y t ! bottom ( ! pond 0 !re already1 be=e all ! lay]s :i* 7 laid d[n on x4 ,is n t simple common s5se8 ,!n apply t reason+ to ! soils & rocks 9 any spot on e>?4 ,if y made a deep bor+1 & f\nd1 z y w\ld 9 _m p>ts ( ?is k+dom1 t ! bor+1 aft] pass+ ?r\gh ! soil ( ! field1 ent]$ clays or loose s&s1 y w\ld say ! clays 7 !re be=e ! soil4 ,if x !n w5t d[n into s&/one1 y w\ld say--w\ld y n8--t s&/one mu/ h be5 "h be=e ! clay2 & h[ev] ?ick--ev5 ?\s&s ( feet- -x might be1 t w\ld make no diff]5ce to y\r judgm5t4 ,if next ! bor+ came into q diff]5t rocks2 into a diff]5t sort ( s&/one & %ales1 & among !m b$s ( coal1 w\ld y n say--,^! coal-b$s mu/ h be5 "h be=e ! s&/ones8 ,& if y f\nd 9 ^? coal-b$s dead leaves & /ems ( plants1 w\ld y n say--,^? plants mu/ h be5 laid d[n "h be=e ! lay]s above !m1 j z ! dead leaves 9 ! pond 78 ,if y !n came to a lay] ( lime/one1 w\ld y n say ! same8 ,& if y f\nd t lime/one full ( %ells & corals1 dead1 b _m ( !m q p]fect1 "s ( ! corals pla9ly 9 ! v place 9 :i* !y grew1 w\ld y n say--,^! creatures mu/ h liv$ d[n "h be=e ! coal 0 laid on top ( !m8 ,& if1 la/ly1 bel[ ! lime/one y came to a bottom rock q diff]5t aga91 w\ld y n say--,! bottom rock mu/ h be5 "h be=e ! rocks on ! top ( x8 ,& if t bottom rock rose up a few miles (f1 two ?\s& feet1 or any o!r height1 into hills1 :at w\ld y say !n8 ,w\ld y say3 ,oh1 b ! rock is n bottom rock2 is n "u ! lime/one "h1 b high] ?an x4 ,s p]haps 9 ?is "p x has made a %ift1 & ! highl&s are y\ng] ?an ! l[l&s2 = see1 !y rise s mu* high]8 ,w\ld n t be z wise z to say t ! bottom ( ! pond 0 n !re be=e ! pond mud1 because ! banks r\nd ! pond rose high] ?an ! mud8 ,n[ = ! soil ( ! field4 ,if we c und]/& a little ab\t x1 :at x is made (1 & h[ x got !re1 we %all p]haps be on ! "r road t[>d und]/&+ :at all ,engl&--&1 inde$1 ! cru/ ( ?is :ole planet--is made (2 & h[ its rocks & soils got !re4 ,b we %all be/ und]/& h[ ! soil 9 ! field 0 made1 by reason+1 z ,i h said1 f ! kn[n to ! unkn[n4 ,:at d ,i mean8 ,?is3 ,on ! upl&s are fields 9 :i* ! soil is already made4 ,y d n "k h[8 ,!n look = a field 9 :i* ! soil is /ill be+ made4 ,!re are pl5ty 9 e l[l&4 ,le>n h[ x is be+ made !re2 apply ! k :i* y le>n f !m to ! upl& fields :i* are already made4 ,if !re is1 z !re usually is1 a riv]-mead[1 or /ill bett]1 an ae/u>y1 ne> y\r t[n1 y h e advantage = see+ soil made4 ,?\s&s ( squ>e feet ( fre%-made soil spread betwe5 y\r t[n & ! sea2 ?\s&s m are 9 process ( be+ made4 ,y w see n[ :y ,i h begun ) ! soil 9 ! field2 because x is ! upp]mo/1 & !re=e late/1 ( all ! lay]s2 & also = ?is reason1 t1 if ,sir ,*>les ,lyell's !ory be true--z x is--!n ! soils & rocks bel[ ! soil ( ! field may h be5 made 9 ! v same way 9 :i* ! soil ( ! field is made4 ,if s1 x is well wor? our :ile to exam9e x4 ,y all "k f :5ce ! soil comes :i* has fill$ up1 9 ! c\rse ( ages1 ! great ae/u>ies bel[ ,london1 ,/irl+1 ,*e/]1 or ,cambridge4 ,x is riv] mud & s&4 ,! riv]1 help$ by tribut>y brooks "r & left1 has br\ght d[n f ! inl& t enorm\s mass4 ,y "k t4 ,y "k t e flood & fre%et br+s a fre% load1 ei!r ( f9e mud or ( f9e s&1 or possibly "s ( x peaty matt] out ( di/ant hills4 ,"h is "o indisputable fact f :i* to />t4 ,let u look = ano!r4 ,h[ does ! mud get into ! riv]8 ,! ra9 c>ries x ?i!r4 ,if y wi% to le>n ! fir/ elem5ts ( geology by direct exp]im5t1 d ?is3 ,! next ra9y day--! h>d] x ra9s ! bett]--in/ead ( sitt+ at home ov] ! fire1 & read+ a book ab\t geology1 put on a mac9to% & ?ick boots1 & get away1 ,i c>e n :i!r1 provid$ y c f9d !re runn+ wat]4 ,if y h n "t to get away to a hilly c\ntry1 !n g to ! ne>e/ bit ( turnpike road1 or ! ne>e/ slop+ field1 & see 9 little h[ :ole cont95ts are made1 & unmade aga94 ,wat* ! ra9 rak+ & sift+ ) its million delicate f+]s1 sep>at+ ! f9] p>ticles f ! co>s]1 dropp+ ! latt] z soon z x c1 & c>ry+ ! =m] d[nw>d ) x t[>d ! sea4 ,foll[ ! ne>e/ roadside dra9 :]e x runs into a pond1 & see h[ x drops ! pebbles ! mom5t x ent]s ! pond1 & !n ! s& 9 a fan-%ap$ heap at ! ne>e/ end2 b c>ries ! f9e mud on1 & holds x susp5d$1 to be gradually deposit$ at ! bottom 9 ! /ill wat]2 & say to y\rself3 ,p]haps ! s&s :i* cov] s _m inl& tracts 7 dropp$ by wat]1 v ne> ! %ore ( a lake or sea1 & by rapid curr5ts4 ,p]haps1 aga91 ! brick clays1 :i* are (t5 m+l$ ) ^! s&s1 7 dropp$1 l ! mud 9 ! pond1 9 deep] wat] f>!r f ! %ore1 & c]ta9ly 9 /ilt wat]4 ,b m4 ,suppose once m1 !n1 t look+ & wat*+ a pond be+ cle>$ out1 "u ! l[e/ lay] ( mud1 y f\nd--z y w\ld f9d 9 any ( ^? magnific5t res]voirs s common 9 ! ,lanca%ire hills--a lay] ( vegetable soil1 ) grass & bru%wood root$ 9 x4 ,:at w\ld y say b3 ,! pond has n be5 always full4 ,x has at "s "t or o!r be5 dry en\gh to let a :ole copse gr[ up inside x8 ,& if y f\nd--z y w actually f9d along "s ,engli% %ores--"u ! s& hills1 p]haps a b$ ( e>? ) %ells & bones2 "u t a b$ ( peat2 "u t "o ( blue silt2 "u t a buri$ =e/1 ) ! trees upright & root$2 "u t ano!r lay] ( blue silt full ( roots & vegetable fibre2 p]haps "u t aga9 ano!r old l& surface ) trees aga9 gr[+ 9 x2 & "u all ! ma9 bottom clay ( ! di/rict--:at w\ld common s5se tell y8 ,i leave y to discov] = y\rselves4 ,x c]ta9ly w\ld n tell y t ^? trees 7 ?ru/ 9 !re by a viol5t convulsion1 or t all ^? lay]s 7 deposit$ !re 9 a few days1 or ev5 a few ye>s2 & y might safely indulge 9 speculations ab\t ! antiquity ( ! ae/u>y1 & ! *anges :i* x has und]gone1 ) :i* ,i w n fright5 y at pres5t4 ,x w be fair reason+ to argue ?us4 ,y may n be always "r 9 y\r conclusion1 b /ill y w be try+ fairly to expla9 ! unkn[n by ! kn[n4 ,b h ,ra9 & ,riv]s alone made ! soil8 ,h[ v mu* !y h done t[>d mak+ x y w be able to judge = y\rselves1 if y w read ! six? *apt] ( ,sir ,*>les ,lyell's new ,elem5ts ( ,geology1 or ! fir/ hundr$ pages ( t admirable book1 ,de la ,be*e's ,geological ,obs]v]2 & la/1 b n lea/1 a v clev] little book call$ ,ra9 & ,riv]s1 by ,colonel ,george ,gre5wood4 ,b ?\gh ra91 l riv]s1 is a c>ri] ( soil1 x is m4 ,x is a mak] ( soil1 likewise2 & by x ma9ly ! soil ( an upl& field is made1 :e!r x be c>ri$ d[n to ! sea or n4 ,if y w look into any qu>ry y w see t h[ev] compact ! rock may be a few feet bel[ ! surface1 x becomes1 9 almo/ e case1 rott5 & brok5 up z x ne>s ! upp] soil1 till y (t5 _c tell :]e ! rock ends & ! soil beg9s4 ,n[ ?is *ange has be5 produc$ by ra94 ,fir/1 me*anically1 by ra9 9 ! %ape ( ice4 ,! w9t] ra9 gets into ! gr\nd1 & does by ! rock :at x has done by ! /ones ( _m an old build+4 ,x s9ks into ! por\s /one1 freezes !re1 exp&s 9 freez+1 & splits & peels ! /one ) a =ce :i* is sl[ly b surely crumbl+ ! :ole ( ,nor!rn ,europe & ,am]ica to p[d]4 ,d y d\bt me8 ,i say no?+ b :at y c judge ( y\rselves4 ,! next "t y g up any m\nta91 look at ! loose brok5 /ones ) :i* ! top is coat$1 j und]nea? ! turf4 ,:at has brok5 !m up b fro/8 ,look aga91 z /rong] pro(1 at ! talus ( brok5 /ones--screes1 z !y call !m 9 ,scotl&2 rattles1 z we call !m 9 ,devon--:i* lie along ! base ( _m m\nta9 cliffs4 ,:at has br\ght !m d[n b fro/8 ,if y ask ! c\ntry folk !y w tell y :e!r ,i am "r or n4 ,if y g ?i!r1 n 9 ! summ]1 b j aft] ! w9t]'s fro/1 y w see = y\rselves1 by ! fre% fro/-crop ( newly-brok5 bits1 t ,i am "r4 ,possibly y may f9d me to be ev5 m "r ?an is desirable1 by hav+ a few angul> /ones1 f ! size ( y\r head to t ( y\r body1 hurl$ at y by ! fro/- giants up above4 ,if y g to ! ,alps at c]ta9 seasons1 & he> ! ?und] ( ! fall+ rocks1 & see _! long l9es--mora9es1 z !y are call$--slid+ sl[ly d[n ^u ! surface ( ! glaci]1 !n y w be ready to believe ! geologi/ :o tells y t fro/1 & probably fro/ alone1 has hewn out su* a peak z ! ,matt]horn f "s va/ table-l&2 & is hew+ x d[n /ill1 w9t] aft] w9t]1 till "s day1 :]e ! sn[ ,alps n[ /&1 !re %all be roll+ upl&s ( ri* cultivable soil4 ,s mu* = ! me*anical action ( ra91 9 ! %ape ( ice4 ,n[ a few words on its *emical action4 ,ra9 wat] is seldom pure4 ,x c>ries 9 x c>bonic acid2 & t acid1 beat+ 9 %[] aft] %[] aga9/ ! face ( a cliff-- especially if x be a lime/one cliff--wea!rs ! rock *emically2 *ang+ 79 case ( lime/one7 ! insoluble c>bonate ( lime into a soluble bic>bonate1 & c>ry+ t away 9 wat]1 :i*1 h[ev] cle>1 is /ill h>d4 ,h>d wat] is usually wat] :i* has invisible lime 9 x2 !re are f t5 to fifte5 gra9s & m ( lime 9 e gallon ( lime/one wat]4 ,i leave y to calculate ! enorm\s weight ( lime :i* mu/ be s c>ri$ d[n to ! sea e ye> by a s+le lime/one or *alk brook4 ,y c calculate x1 if y l1 by asc]ta9+ ! weight ( lime 9 ea* gallon1 & ! av]age quantity ( wat] :i* comes d[n ! /ream 9 a day2 & :5 y\r sum is done1 y w be a/oni%$ to f9d x "o n ( _m p\nds1 b probably ( _m tons1 ( solid lime1 :i* y nev] suspect$ or miss$ f ! hills ar\nd4 ,aga91 by ! "t ! ra9 has sunk ?r\gh ! soil1 x is /ill less pure4 ,x c>ries ) x n only c>bonic acid1 b acids produc$ by decay+ vegetables--by ! roots ( ! grasses & trees :i* gr[ above2 & !y dissolve ! cem5t ( ! rock by *emical action1 especially if ! cem5t be lime or iron4 ,y may see ?is = y\rselves1 aga9 & aga94 ,y may see h[ ! root ( a tree1 p5etrat+ ! e>?1 discol\rs ! soil ) :i* x is 9 contact4 ,y may see h[ ! :ole rock1 j bel[ ! soil1 has (t5 *ang$ 9 col\r f ! compact rock bel[1 if ! soil be cov]$ ) a d5se lay] ( peat or gr[+ vegetables4 ,b !re is ano!r =ce at "w1 & q z p[]ful z ra9 & riv]s1 mak+ ! soil ( alluvial flats4 ,p]haps x has help$1 likewise1 to make ! soil ( all ! l[l&s 9 ^! isles--& t is1 ! waves ( ! sea4 ,if y ev] g to ,p>kgate1 9 ,*e%ire1 try if y _c le>n !re a little geology4 ,walk beyond ! t[n4 ,y f9d ! %ore protect$ = a long way by a sea-wall1 le/ x %\ld be eat5 away by ! waves4 ,:at ! =ce ( ^? waves c be1 ev5 on t %elt]$ coa/1 y may judge--at lea/ y c\ld h judg$ ?is "t la/ ye>--by ! masses ( masonry torn f _! iron clamp+s dur+ ! gale ( ?ree w9t]s s9ce4 ,look /eadily at ^? roll$ blocks1 ^? twi/$ /an*ions1 if !y are !re /ill2 & !n ask y\rselves- -x w be fair reason+ f ! kn[n to ! unkn[n--,:at effect mu/ su* wave-p[] z t h _h beat+ & break+ = ?\s&s ( ye>s along ! we/]n coa/s ( ,engl&1 ,scotl&1 ,irel&8 ,x mu/ h eat5 up ?\s&s ( acres--:ole %ires1 may be1 ere n[4 ,its tee? are /rong en\gh1 & x kn[s nei!r re/ nor pity1 ! cruel hungry sea4 ,give x b "t en\gh1 & :at w\ld x n eat up8 ,x w\ld eat up1 9 ! c\rse ( ages1 all ! dry l& ( ?is planet1 7 x n baffl$ by ano!r c\nt]act+ =ce1 ( :i* ,i %all speak h]eaft]4 ,z y g on beyond ! sea-wall1 y f9d :at x is eat+ up4 ,! :ole l[ cliff is go+ visibly4 ,b :i!r is x go+8 ,to =m new soil 9 ! ae/u>y4 ,n[ y w n wond] h[ old h>b\rs s (t5 become silt$ up4 ,! sea has wa%$ ! l& into !m4 ,b m1 ! sea-curr5ts d n all[ ! s&s ( ! ae/u>y to escape freely out to sea4 ,!y pile x up 9 %ift+ s&-banks ab\t ! m\? ( ! ae/u>y4 ,! prevail+ sea-w9ds1 f :atev] qu>t]1 cat* up ! s&1 & roll x up into s&-hills4 ,^? s&-hills are aga9 eat5 d[n by ! sea1 & mix$ ) ! mud ( ! tide-flats1 & s is =m$ a m+l$ soil1 p>tly ( clayey mud1 p>tly ( s&2 su* a soil z /ret*es ov] ! great] "p ( all our l[l&s4 ,n[1 :y %\ld n t soil1 :e!r 9 ,engl& or 9 ,scotl&1 h be5 made by ! same means z t ( e ae/u>y4 ,y f9d ov] great tracts ( ,ea/ ,scotl&1 ,lanca%ire1 ,norfolk1 etc41 pure loose s& j b5ea? ! surface1 :i* looks z if x 0 bl[n s& f a bea*4 ,is x n reasonable to suppose t x is8 ,y f9d ris+ out ( _m l[l&s1 crags :i* look exactly l old sea-cliffs eat5 by ! waves1 f ! base ( :i* ! wat]s h gone back4 ,:y %\ld n ^? crags be old sea-cliffs8 ,:y %\ld we n1 foll[+ our rule ( expla9+ ! unkn[n by ! kn[n1 assume t su* !y are till someone gives u a s\nd pro( t !y are n2 & say--,^! great pla9s ( ,engl& & ,scotl& 7 probably once cov]$ by a %all[ sea1 & _! soils made z ! soil ( any tide-flat is be+ made n[8 ,b y may say1 & mo/ reasonably ,! tide-flats are j at ! sea-level4 ,! :ole ( ! l[l& is _m feet above ! sea2 x mu/ !re=e h be5 rais$ out ( ! sea1 accord+ to y\r !ory3 & :at pro(s h y ( t8 ,well1 t is a "q bo? gr& & deep1 on :i* ,i %all n ent] yet2 b mean:ile1 to satisfy y t ,i wi% to play fair ) y1 ,i ask y to believe no?+ b :at y c prove = y\rselves4 ,let me ask y ?is3 suppose t y _h pro( positive t ,i _h fall5 into ! riv] 9 ! morn+2 w\ld n y\r meet+ me 9 ! ev5+ be also pro( positive t someh[ or o!r ,i _h 9 ! c\rse ( ! day got out ( ! riv]8 ,i ?9k y w accept t logic z s\nd4 ,n[ if ,i c give y pro( positive1 pro( :i* y c see ) y\r own eyes1 & h&le ) y\r own h&s1 & alas6 (t5 feel b too ke5ly ) y\r own feet1 t ! :ole ( ! l[l&s 7 once b5ea? ! sea2 !n w x n be c]ta9 t1 someh[ or o!r1 !y mu/ h be5 rais$ out ( ! sea aga98 ,& t ,i propose to d 9 my next pap]1 :5 ,i speak ( ! pebbles 9 ! /reet4 ,mean:ile ,i wi% y to face fairly ! truly gr& idea1 :i* all ,i h said t5ds to prove true--t all ! soil we see is made by ! de/ruction ( old] soils1 :e!r s(t z clay1 or h>d z rock2 t ra91 riv]s1 & seas are p]petually melt+ & gr9d+ up old l&1 to compose new l& out ( x2 & t x mu/ h be5 do+ s1 z long z ra91 riv]s1 & seas h exi/$4 ,b h[ did ! fir/ l& ( all get made8 ,i c only reply3 ,a natural "q3 b we c only answ] t1 by work+ f ! kn[n to ! unkn[n4 ,:ile we are f9d+ out h[ ^! lat] l&s 7 made & unmade1 we may /umble on "s h9ts z to h[ ! fir/ primeval cont95ts rose out ( ! bosom ( ! sea4 ,& ?us ,i end ?is pap]4 ,i tru/ x has n be5 intol]ably dull4 ,b ,i want$ at />t+ to %[ my read]s some?+ ( ! "r way ( f9d+ out tru? on ?is & p]haps on all subjects2 to make "s simple appeals to y\r common s5se2 & to get y to accept "s pla9 rules f\nd$ on common s5se1 :i* w be ( inf9ite use to bo? y & me 9 my future pap]s4 ,i hope1 mean:ile1 t y w agree ) me1 t !re is pl5ty ( geological matt] to be se5 & ?\ght ov] 9 ! neighb\rhood ( any t[n4 ,be sure1 t :]ev] !re is a riv]1 ev5 a dra92 & a /one qu>ry1 or ev5 a roadside bank2 mu* m :]e !re is a sea1 or a tidal ae/u>y1 !re is geology en\gh to be le>nt1 to expla9 ! great] "p ( ! mak+ ( all ! cont95ts on ! globe4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,pebbles ,,9 ,,! ,,/reet ,if y1 de> read]1 dwell 9 any nor!rn t[n1 y w almo/ c]ta9ly see pav+ c\rts & alleys1 & sometimes--to ! discom=t ( y\r feet--:ole /reets1 or set up z b\rne/ones at corn]s1 or laid 9 heaps to be brok5 up = road-metal1 c]ta9 r\nd pebbles1 usually d>k br[n or speckl$ gray1 & exce$+ly t\gh & h>d4 ,"s ( !m w be v l>ge--b\ld]s ( sev]al feet 9 diamet]4 ,if y move f t[n to t[n1 f ! nor? ( ,scotl& z f> d[n z ,essex on ! ea/1 or z f> d[n z ,%rewsbury & ,wolv]hampton 7at lea/7 on ! we/1 y w /ill f9d ^! pebbles1 b few] & small] z y g s\?4 ,x matt]s n :at ! rocks & soils ( ! c\ntry r\nd may be4 ,h[ev] mu* !y may diff]1 ^! pebbles w be1 on ! :ole1 ! same ev]y:]e4 ,b if y\r t[n be s\? ( ! valley ( ! ,?ames1 y w f9d1 z f> z ,i am aw>e1 no su* pebbles !re4 ,! gravels r\nd y w be made up entirely ( roll$ *alk fl9ts1 & bits ( b$s imm$iately above or bel[ ! *alk4 ,! blocks ( ,s>sd5 s&/one--^? ( :i* ,/oneh5ge is built--& ! plum-pudd+ /ones :i* are sometimes f\nd ) !m1 h no k9dr$ ) ! nor!rn pebbles4 ,!y belong to b$s above ! *alk4 ,n[ if1 see+ su* pebbles ab\t y\r t[n1 y inquire1 l a s5sible p]son :o wi%es to und]/& some?+ ( ! spot on :i* he lives1 :5ce !y come1 y w be %[n ei!r a gravel- pit or a clay-pit4 ,9 ! gravel ! pebbles & b\ld]s lie mix$ ) s&1 z !y d 9 ! railway cutt+ j s\? ( ,%rewsbury2 or 9 huge m\nds ( f9e sweet e>?1 z !y d 9 ! gorge ( ! ,tay ab\t ,dunkeld1 & all ! way up ,/ra?more1 :]e !y =m long grassy m\nds--tomauns z !y call !m 9 "s p>ts ( ,scotl&--ask]s z !y call !m 9 ,irel&4 ,^! m\nds1 ) _! sweet fre% turf ris+ out ( hea!r & bog1 7 t5ant$-- s ,scotti% *ildr5 us$ to believe--by fairies4 ,he t 0 lucky might he> inside !m fairy music1 &1 ! j+l+ ( ! fairy horses' trapp+s4 ,b woe to him if he fell asleep ^u ! m\nd1 = he w\ld be spirit$ away into fairyl& = sev5 ye>s1 :i* w\ld seem to him b "o day4 ,a /range fancy2 yet n s /range z ! actual tru? z to :at ^! m\nds are1 & h[ !y came into _! places4 ,or aga91 y might f9d t y\r t[n's pebbles & b\ld]s came out ( a pit ( clay1 9 :i* !y 7 /uck1 )\t any ord] or b$d+1 l plums & rais9s 9 a pudd+4 ,?is clay goes usually by ! "n ( b\ld]-clay4 ,y w\ld see su* ne> any t[n 9 ,*e%ire & ,lanca%ire2 or along ,lei? %ore1 ne> ,ed9burgh2 or1 to give "o m in/ance out ( hundr$s1 along ! coa/ at ,sc>bor\gh4 ,if y walk along ! %ore s\?w>d ( t t[n1 y w see1 9 ! gullies ( ! cliff1 great b$s ( /icky clay1 /uff$ full ( bits ( e rock betwe5 ! ,lake m\nta9s & ,sc>bor\gh1 f r\nd$ pebbles ( mo/ anci5t rock d[n to great angul> fragm5ts ( iron/one & coal4 ,!re1 z else:]e1 ! great majority ( ! pebbles h no?+ to d ) ! rock on :i* ! clay happ5s to lie1 b h come1 "s ( !m1 f places _m miles away4 ,n[ if we f9d spread ov] a l[ l& pebbles compos$ ( rocks :i* are only f\nd 9 c]ta9 high l&s1 is x n an act ( common s5se to say--,^! pebbles h come f ! highl&s8 ,& if ! pebbles are r\nd$1 :ile ! rocks l !m 9 ! highl&s always break (f 9 angul> %apes1 is x n1 aga91 an act ( m]e common s5se to say--,^! pebbles 7 once angul>1 & h be5 rubb$ r\nd1 ei!r 9 gett+ hi!r or be=e !y />t$ hi!r8 ,does all ?is seem to y m]e truism1 my de> read]8 ,if s1 ,i am s9c]ely glad to he> x4 ,x 0 n s v long ago t su* argum5ts w\ld h be5 consid]$ n only no truisms1 b n ev5 common s5se4 ,b to return1 let u take1 z an example1 a sample ( ^! b\ld] clay pebbles f ! neighb\rhood ( ,liv]pool & ,birk5head1 made by ,mr4 ,de ,rance1 ! gov]nm5t geological surveyor3 ,granite1 gre5/one1 felsp> porphyry1 fel/one1 qu>tz rock 7all igne\s rocks1 t is1 ei!r =m$ by1 or alt]$ by volcanic heat1 & almo/ all f\nd 9 ! ,lake m\nta9s71 #cg p] c5t4 ,silurian grits 7! common /ones ( ! ,lake m\nta9s deposit$ by wat]71 #dc p] c5t4 ,iron/one1 #a p] c5t4 ,c>bonif]\s lime/one1 #e p] c5t4 ,p]mian or ,triassic s&/ones1 i4e4 rocks imm$iately r\nd ,liv]pool1 #ab p] c5t4 ,n[1 does n ?is sample %[1 z f> z human common s5se c be dep5d$ on1 t ! great majority ( ^! /ones come f ! ,lake m\nta9s1 sixty or sev5ty miles nor? ( ,liv]pool8 ,i ?9k y\r common s5se w tell y t ^! pebbles are n m]e concretions2 t is1 =m$ out ( ! sub/ance ( ! clay aft] x 0 deposit$4 ,! lea/ k ( m9]alogy w\ld prove t4 ,b1 ev5 if y are no m9]alogi/1 common s5se w tell y1 t if !y 7 all concret$ out ( ! same clay1 x is mo/ likely t !y w\ld be all ( ! same k9d1 & n ( a doz5 or m diff]5t k9ds4 ,common s5se w tell y1 also1 t if !y 7 all concret$ out ( ! same clay1 x is a mo/ extraord9>y co9cid5ce1 inde$ "o too /range to be believ$1 if any less /range explanation c be f\nd--t !y %\ld h tak5 ! composition ( diff]5t rocks :i* are f\nd all toge!r 9 "o gr\p ( m\nta9s to ! nor?w>d4 ,y w surely say--,if ?is be granite1 x has mo/ probably come f a granite m\nta92 if ?is be grit1 f a grit-/one m\nta91 & s on ) ! :ole li/4 ,:y--are we to g out ( our way to seek improbable explanations1 :5 !re is a probable "o />+ u 9 ! face8 ,next--& ?is is well wor? y\r notice--if y w exam9e ! pebbles c>efully1 especially ! l>g] ones1 y w f9d t !y are n only m or less r\nd$1 b (t5 scrat*$2 & (t51 too1 9 m ?an "o direction1 two or ev5 ?ree sets ( scrat*es cross+ ea* o!r2 m>k$1 z a cat m>ks an eld] /em :5 %e %>p5s h] claws ^u x2 & t ^! scrat*es h n be5 made by ! qu>rym5's tools1 b are old m>ks :i* exi/--z y may easily prove = y\rself--:ile ! /one is /ill ly+ 9 its b$ ( clay4 ,w\ld x n be an act ( m]e common s5se to say--,^! scrat*es h be5 made by ! %>p po9ts ( o!r /ones :i* h rubb$ aga9/ ! pebbles some:]e1 & some:51 ) great =ce8 ,s f> s good4 ,! next "q is--,h[ did ^! /ones get into ! clay8 ,if we c discov] t1 we may also discov] h[ !y wore r\nd$ & scrat*$4 ,we mu/ f9d a !ory :i* w answ] our "q2 & "o :i*1 z ,pr(essor ,huxley w\ld say1 w g on all-f\rs1 t is1 w expla9 all ! facts ( ! case1 & n only a few ( !m4 ,:at1 !n1 br\ght ! /ones8 ,we _c1 ,i ?9k1 answ] t "q1 z "s h tri$ to answ] x1 by say+ t !y 7 br\ght by ,noah's flood4 ,= x is cle>1 t v viol5t curr5ts ( wat] w\ld be ne$$ to c>ry b\ld]s1 "s ( !m weigh+ _m tons1 = _m miles4 ,n[ ,scripture says no?+ ( any su* viol5t curr5ts2 & we h no "r to put curr5ts1 or any o!r imag9$ facts1 into ,scripture out ( our own heads1 & !n argue f !m z if n we1 b ! text ( ,scripture _h ass]t$ _! exi/5ce4 ,b /ill1 !y may h be5 roll$ hi!r by wat]4 ,t !ory c]ta9ly w\ld expla9 _! be+ r\nd$2 ?\gh n _! be+ scrat*$4 ,b x w n expla9 _! be+ f\nd 9 ! clay4 ,recollect :at ,i said 9 my fir/ pap]3 t wat] drops its pebbles & co>s] p>ticles fir/1 :ile x c>ries ! f9e clayey mud onw>d 9 solution1 & only drops x :5 ! wat] becomes /ill4 ,n[ curr5ts ( su* trem5d\s viol5ce z to c>ry ^! b\ld] /ones onw>d1 w\ld h c>ri$ ! mud = _m miles f>!r /ill2 & we %\ld f9d ! b\ld]s1 n 9 clay1 b ly+ loose toge!r1 probably on a h>d rock bottom1 sc\r$ clean by ! curr5t4 ,t is :at we f9d 9 ! b$s ( /reams2 t is j :at we d n f9d 9 ?is case4 ,b ! b\ld]s may h be5 br\ght by a curr5t1 & !n ! wat] may h become /ill1 & ! clay settl$ quietly r\nd !m4 ,:at8 ,"u !m z well z ov] !m8 ,on t !ory also we %\ld f9d !m only at ! bottom ( ! clay4 ,z x is1 we f9d !m scatt]$ any:]e & ev]y:]e ?r\gh x1 f top to bottom4 ,s t !ory w n d4 ,inde$1 no !ory w d :i* supposes !m to h be5 br\ght by wat] alone4 ,try y\rself1 de> read]1 & make exp]im5ts1 ) runn+ wat]1 pebbles1 & mud4 ,if y try = sev5 ye>s1 ,i believe1 y w nev] contrive to make y\r pebbles lie ab\t 9 y\r mud1 z !y lie ab\t 9 e pit 9 ! b\ld] clay4 ,well !n1 !re we are at fault1 x seems4 ,we h no explanation drawn f kn[n facts :i* w d--unless we are to suppose1 :i* ,i don't ?9k y w d1 t /ones1 clay1 & all 7 bl[n hi!r along ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 by primeval hurricanes1 t5 times worse ?an ^? ( ! ,we/ ,indies1 :i* c]ta9ly w roll a cannon a few y>ds1 b _c1 surely1 roll a b\ld] /one a hundr$ miles4 ,n[1 suppose t !re 0 a =ce1 an ag5t1 kn[n--luckily = y1 n to y--b kn[n too well to sailors & travell]s2 a =ce :i* is at "w ov] ! va/ %eets ( l& at bo? ! nor? & s\? poles2 at "w1 too1 on e high m\nta9 range 9 ! _w1 & !re=e a v common natural =ce2 & suppose t ?is =ce w\ld expla9 all ! facts1 namely-- ,h[ ! /ones got "h2 ,h[ !y 7 scrat*$ & r\nd$2 ,h[ !y 7 imb$d$ 9 clay2 because x is notori\sly1 & be=e m5's eyes n[1 c>ry+ great /ones hundr$s ( miles1 & scrat*+ & r\nd+ !m also2 c>ry+ va/ deposits ( mud1 too1 & mix+ up mud & /ones j z we see !m 9 ! brick-pits1--,w\ld n our common s5se h a "r to try t explanation8--to suspect t ?is =ce1 :i* we d n see at "w 9 ,brita9 n[1 may h be5 at "w "h ages s9ce8 ,t w\ld at lea/ be reason+ f ! kn[n to ! unkn[n4 ,:at /ate ( ?+s1 !n1 d we f9d among ! highe/ m\nta9s2 & ov] :ole c\ntries :i*1 ?\gh n l(ty1 lie f> en\gh nor? or s\? to be p]man5tly cov]$ ) ice8 ,we f9d1 fir/1 an ice-cap or ice-%eet1 f$ by ! w9t]'s sn[s1 /ret*+ ov] ! high] l&1 & crawl+ d[nw>d & outw>d by its own weight1 along ! valleys1 z glaci]s4 ,we f9d und]nea? ! glaci]s1 fir/ a mora9e pr(onde1 consi/+ ( ! b\ld]s & gravel1 & e>?1 :i* ! glaci] has gr\nd (f ! hillsides1 & is c>ry+ d[n ) x4 ,^! /ones1 ( c\rse1 gr9d1 scrat*1 & poli% ea* o!r2 & 9 l wise gr9d1 scrat*1 & poli% ! rock ov] :i* !y pass1 "u ! enorm\s weight ( ! sup]9cumb5t ice4 ,we f9d also1 issu+ f "u ea* glaci] a /ream1 c>ry+ ! f9e/ mud1 ! result ( ! gr9d+ ( ! b\ld]s aga9/ ea* o!r & ! glaci]4 ,we f9d1 moreov]1 on ! surface ( ! glaci]s1 mora9es sup]ieures--long l9es ( /ones & dirt :i* _h fall5 f neighb\r+ cliffs1 & are n[ travell+ d[nw>d ) ! glaci]s4 ,_! fate1 if ! glaci] ends on l&1 is :at 0 to be expect$4 ,! /ones f above ! glaci] fall ov] ! ice-cliff at its end1 to m+le ) ^? ?r[n out f und]nea? ! glaci]1 & =m huge banks ( b\ld]s1 call$ t]m9al mora9es1 :ile ! mud runs (f1 z all :o h se5 glaci]s "k1 9 a turbid torr5t4 ,_! fate1 aga91 is :at 0 to be expect$ if ! glaci] ends1 z x commonly does 9 ,arctic regions1 9 ! sea4 ,! ice gr[s out to sea-w>d = m ?an a mile sometimes1 ab\t "o-eigh? ( x be+ above wat]1 & sev5-eigh?s bel[1 s t an ice-cliff "o hundr$ feet high may project into wat] eight hundr$ feet deep4 ,at la/1 :5 x gets out ( its dep?1 ! buoyancy ( ! wat] breaks x (f 9 iceb]gs1 :i* float away1 at ! m]cy ( tides & curr5ts1 (t5 gr\nd+ aga9 9 %all[] wat]1 & pl\gh+ ! sea-bottom z !y drag along x4 ,^! b]gs c>ry /ones & dirt1 (t5 9 l>ge quantities2 s t1 :5ev] a b]g melts or capsizes1 x /rews its burd5 confus$ly ab\t ! sea-floor4 ,mean:ile ! f9e mud :i* is fl[+ out f "u ! ice goes out to sea likewise1 col\r+ ! wat] f> out1 & !n subsid+ z a s(t t5aci\s ooze1 9 :i* ! /ones br\ght out by ! ice are imb$d$4 ,& ?is ooze--s ^? :o h exam9$ x ass]t-- _c be di/+ui%$ f ! brick-clay1 or fossilif]\s b\ld]-clay1 s common 9 ! ,nor?4 ,a v illu/ri\s ,sc&9avian explor]1 visit+ ,ed9burgh1 decl>$1 z soon z he saw ! sections ( b\ld]-clay exhibit$ ne> t city1 t ?is 0 ! v sub/ance :i* he saw =m+ 9 ! ,spitzb]g5 ice- fiords4 #c ,i h put ^! facts z simply & baldly z ,i c1 9 ord] t ! read] may look /eadily at !m1 )\t hav+ 8 att5tion drawn (f1 or 8 fancy excit$1 by _! real poetry & gr&eur4 ,inde$1 x w\ld h be5 an imp]t95ce to h done o!rwise2 = ,i h nev] se5 a live glaci]1 by l& or sea1 ?\gh ,i h se5 _m a dead "o4 ,& ! public has _h ! opportunity1 lately1 ( read+ s _m delightful books ab\t peaks1 passes1 & glaci]s1 t ,i am b\nd to suppose t _m ( my read]s "k z mu*1 or m1 ab\t !m ?an ,i d4 ,b let u g a /ep f>!r2 &1 be>+ 9 our m9ds :at live glaci]s are l1 let u imag9e :at a dead glaci] w\ld be l2 a glaci]1 t is1 :i* _h melt$1 & left no?+ b its skeleton ( /ones & dirt4 ,we %\ld f9d ! faces ( ! rock scor$ & poli%$1 g5]ally 9 l9es po9t+ d[n ! valleys1 or at lea/ outw>d f ! c5tre ( ! highl&s1 & poli%$ & scor$ mo/ 9 _! upl& or wea!r sides4 ,we %\ld f9d blocks ( rock left beh9d1 & p]*$ ab\t on o!r rocks ( a diff]5t k9d4 ,we %\ld f9d 9 ! valleys ! old mora9es left z va/ deposits ( b\ld] & %+le1 :i* w\ld be 9 "t sawn ?r\gh & sort$ ov] by ! riv]s4 ,& if ! sea-bottom outside 7 upheav$1 & became dry l&1 we %\ld f9d on x ! rema9s ( ! mud f "u ! glaci]1 /uck full ( /ones & b\ld]s iceb]g-dropp$4 ,?is mud w\ld be (t5 v irregul>ly b$d$2 = x w\ld h be5 di/urb$ by ! pl\gh+ ( ! iceb]gs1 & mix$ "h & !re ) dirt :i* _h fall5 f !m4 ,moreov]1 z ! sea became %all[] & ! mud-b$s got awa% "o aft] ! o!r1 !y w\ld be torn ab\t1 re-sift$1 & re-%ap$ by curr5ts & by tides1 & mix$ ) %ore-s& gr\nd out ( %+le-bea*1 ?us mak+ confusion worse conf\nd$4 ,a few %ells1 ( an ,arctic or nor!rn type1 w\ld be f\nd 9 x "h & !re4 ,"s w\ld h liv$ ne> ^? lat] bea*es1 "s 9 deep] wat] 9 ! anci5t ooze1 :]ev] ! iceb]g _h left x 9 peace long en\gh = sea-animals to colonise & bre$ 9 x4 ,b ! g5]al appe>ance ( ! dri$ sea-bottom w\ld be a dre>y & lifeless wa/e ( s&s1 gravels1 loose b\ld]s1 & b\ld]-be>+ clays2 & :]ev] a boss ( b>e rock /ill /ood up1 x w\ld be f\nd gr\nd d[n1 & probably poli%$ & scor$ by ! pond]\s iceb]gs :i* _h lumb]$ ov] x 9 _! passage out to sea4 ,9 a ^w1 x w\ld look exactly z va/ tracts ( ! ,engli%1 ,scot*1 & ,iri% l[l&s mu/ h look$ be=e return+ vegetation coat$ _! dre>y s&s & clays ) a lay] ( br[n vegetable soil4 ,?us1 & ,i believe ?us only1 c we expla9 ! facts connect$ ) ^! b\ld] pebbles4 ,no ag5t kn[n on e>? c h /uck !m 9 ! clay1 save ice1 :i* is kn[n to d s /ill else:]e4 ,no kn[n ag5t c h scrat*$ !m z !y are scrat*$1 save ice1 :i* is kn[n to d s /ill else:]e4 ,no kn[n ag5t--c]ta9ly n1 9 my op9ion1 ! exi/+ riv]s-- c h accumulat$ ! va/ b$s ( b\ld]s :i* lie along ! c\rse ( c]ta9 nor!rn riv]s2 notably along ! ,dee ab\t ,aboyne--save ice be>+ !m sl[ly d[n f ! di/ant summits ( ! ,grampians4 ,no kn[n ag5t1 save ice1 c h produc$ ^? r\nd$1 & poli%$1 & scor$1 & flut$ ro*]s m\tonnes %eep-back$ rocks--s common 9 ! ,lake di/rict2 s common1 too1 9 ,sn[don1 especially betwe5 ! two lakes ( ,llanb]is2 common 9 ,k]ry2 to be se5 any:]e1 z f> z ,i h asc]ta9$1 ar\nd ! ,scot* ,highl&s1 :]e ! turf is cle>$ away f an unwea!r$ surface ( ! rock1 9 ! direction 9 :i* a glaci] w\ld h press$ aga9/ x _h "o be5 !re4 ,:]e ^! poli%+s & scor+s are f\nd 9 n>r[ gl5s1 x is1 no d\bt1 an op5 "q :e!r "s ( !m may n be ! "w ( wat]4 ,b no?+ b ! action ( ice c h produc$ :at ,i h se5 9 l&-lock$ & quiet =ds 9 ,k]ry--ice-flut+s 9 poli%$ rocks bel[ high-wat] m>k1 s l>ge t ,i c\ld lie d[n 9 "o ( !m4 ,no?+ b ! action ( ice c\ld produce :at may be se5 9 any ( our m\nta9s- -:ole %eets ( rock gr\nd d[n into r\nd$ flats1 irrespective ( ! lie ( ! b$s1 n 9 valleys1 b on ! br[s & summits ( m\nta9s1 (t5 end+ abruptly at ! edge ( "s sudd5 cliff1 :]e ! true "w ( wat]1 9 ! %ape ( ra9 & fro/1 is actually de/roy+ ! previ\s "w ( ice1 & fulfill+ ! rule laid d[n 7,i ?9k by ,pr(essor ,geikie 9 8 delightful book on ,scot* sc5]y z influ5c$ by its geology71 t ice planes d[n into flats1 :ile wat] saws out into crags & gullies2 & t ! ra9 & fro/ are ev5 n[ re/or+ ,scot* sc5]y to some?+ ( t rugg$ness & picturesqu5ess :i* x mu/ h lo/ :5 x lay1 l ,gre5l&1 "u ! indiscrim9at+ gr9d+ ( a heavy %eet ( ice4 ,la/ly2 no kn[n ag5t1 save ice1 w expla9 ^? p]*$ b\ld]s1 compos$ ( anci5t h>d rocks1 :i* may be se5 9 s _m p>ts ( ^! isl&s & ( ! ,cont95t4 ,no wat] p[] c\ld h lift$ ^? /ones1 & toss$ !m up high & dry on m\nta9 ridges & promontories1 ^u rocks ( a totally diff]5t k9d4 ,"s ( my read]s surely recollect ,wordswor?'s noble l9es ab\t ^! my/]i\s w&]]s1 ( :i* he _h se5 _m a "o ab\t 8 native hills3 ,z a huge /one is sometimes se5 to lie ,c\*$ on ! bald top ( an em95ce1 ,wond] to all :o d ! same espy ,by :at means x c\ld ?i!r come1 & :5ce2 ,s t x seems a ?+ endu$ ) s5se3 ,l a sea-bea/ crawl$ =?1 t on a %elf ,( rock or s& repose?1 !re to sun itself4 ,yes2 b ! next "t y see su* a /one1 believe t ! wond] has be5 solv$1 & f\nd to be1 l mo/ wond]s 9 ,nature1 m wond]ful ?an we guess$ x to be4 ,x is n a sea-bea/ :i* has crawl$ =?1 b an ice-bea/ :i* has be5 left beh9d2 lift$ up ?i!r by ! ice1 z surely z ! fam\s ,pi]re-a-bot1 =ty feet 9 diamet]1 & hundr$s ( b\ld]s m1 almo/ z l>ge z cottages1 h be5 c>ri$ by ice f ! di/ant ,alps "r across ! lake ( ,neuf*atel1 & /r&$ on ! slopes ( ! ,jura1 n9e hundr$ feet above ! lake4 #d ,?us1 ,i ?9k1 we h acc\nt$ = facts en\gh to make x probable t ,brita9 0 once cov]$ p>tly by an ice-%eet1 z ,gre5l& is n[1 & p>tly1 p]haps1 by an icy sea4 ,b1 to make assurance m sure1 let u look = new facts1 & try :e!r our ice-dream w acc\nt = !m also4 ,let u inve/igate our case z a good m$ical man does1 by v]ify+ 8 fir/ induction4 ,he says3 ,at ! fir/ glance1 ,i c see symptoms a1 b1 c4 ,x is !re=e probable t my pati5t has got compla9t ,a4 ,b if he has he ought to h symptom d also4 ,if ,i f9d t1 my guess w be yet m probable4 ,he ought also to h symptom e1 & s =?2 & z ,i f9d successively ea* ( ^! symptoms :i* are prop] to ,a1 my fir/ guess w become m & m probable1 till x rea*es practical c]ta9ty4 ,n[ let u d ! same1 & say--,if ?is /range dream be true1 & ! l[l&s ( ! ,nor? 7 once "u an icy sea1 ought we n to f9d sea-%ells 9 _! s&s & clays8 ,n abundantly1 ( c\rse4 ,we c und]/& t ! sea-animals w\ld be too rapidly cov]$ up 9 mud1 & too mu* di/urb$ by iceb]gs & b\ld]s1 to be v abundant4 ,b /ill1 "s %\ld surely be f\nd "h & !re4 ,d\btless2 & if my nor!rn-t[n read]s w se>* ! b\ld]- clay pits ne> !m1 !y w mo/ probably f9d a few %ells1 if n 9 ! clay itself1 yet 9 s&-b$s mix$ ) !m1 & probably und]ly+ !m4 ,& ?is is a notable fact1 t ! m species ( %ells !y f9d1 ! m !y w f9d--if !y "w out _! names f any good book ( con*ology--( a nor!rn type2 ( %ells :i* notori\sly1 at ?is day1 inhabit ! cold] seas4 ,x is impossible = me "h to ent] at l5g? on a subject on :i* a :ole lit]ature has be5 already writt54 ,^? :o wi% to /udy x may f9d all t !y ne$ "k1 & m1 9 ,lyell's ,/ud5t's ,elem5ts ( ,geology1 & 9 *apt] xii4 ( 8 ,antiquity ( ,man4 ,!y w f9d t if ! evid5ce ( sci5tific con*ologi/s be wor? any?+1 ! p]iod c be po9t$ out 9 ! /rata1 ?\gh n ( c\rse 9 "t1 at :i* ^! seas began to gr[ cold]1 & s\!rn & ,m$it]ranean %ells to disappe>1 _! places be+ tak5 by %ells ( a temp]ate1 & at la/ ( an ,arctic climate2 :i* la/ h s9ce retreat$ ei!r t[>d _! native ,nor?1 or into cold wat] at great dep?s4 ,f ,essex across to ,wales1 f ,wales to ! ae/u>y ( ! ,clyde1 ?is fact has be5 v]ifi$ aga9 & aga94 ,& 9 ! se>* = ^! %ells1 a fre% fact1 & a mo/ />tl+ "o1 0 discov]$4 ,!y are to be f\nd n only 9 ! clay ( ! l[l&s1 b at consid]able heights up ! hills1 %[+ t1 at "s "t or o!r1 ^! hills h be5 subm]g$ b5ea? ! sea4 ,let me give "o example1 :i* any t\ri/ into ,wales may see = himself4 ,moel ,tryfa5 is a m\nta9 ov] ,c>n>von4 ,n[ p]*$ on ! side ( t m\nta91 f\rte5 hundr$ feet above ! pres5t sea-level1 is an anci5t sea-bea*1 five-&-?irty feet ?ick1 ly+ on great ice-scrat*$ b\ld]s1 :i* aga9 lie on ! m\nta9 slates4 ,x 0 discov]$ by ! late ,mr4 ,trimm]1 n[1 alas6 lo/ to ,geology4 ,out ( t bea* fifty-sev5 diff]5t species ( %ells h be5 tak52 elev5 ( !m are n[ exclusively ,arctic1 & n f\nd 9 our seas2 f\r ( !m are /ill common to ! ,arctic seas & to our own2 & almo/ all ! re/ are nor!rn %ells4 ,f\rte5 hundr$ feet above ! pres5t sea3 & t1 x mu/ be und]/ood1 is n ! greate/ height at :i* su* %ells may be f\nd h]eaft]4 ,=1 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,ramsay1 drift ( ! same k9d z t on ,moel ,tryfa5 is f\nd at a height ( two ?\s& ?ree hundr$ feet4 ,n[ ,i ask my read]s to use _! common s5se ov] ?is a/\nd+ fact--:i*1 aft] all1 is only "o among hundr$s2 to let 7z ,mr4 ,mat!w ,arnold w\ld well say7 _! ?\ght play freely ab\t x2 & consid] = !mselves :at ^? %ells mu/ mean4 ,i say n may1 b mu/1 unless we are to believe 9 a ,deus quidam deceptor1 9 a ,god :o puts %ells ^u m\nta9-sides only to befool hone/ human be+s1 & gives m5 intellects :i* are wor?less = ev5 ! simple/ "w4 ,^? %ells mu/ mean t t m\nta91 & !re=e ! m\nta9s r\nd x1 mu/ h be5 once f\rte5 hundr$ feet at lea/ l[] ?an !y are n[4 ,t ! sea 9 :i* !y 7 sunk 0 f> cold] ?an n[4 ,t iceb]gs br\ght & dropp$ b\ld]s r\nd _! flanks4 ,t ^u ^? b\ld]s a sea- bea* =m$1 & t dead %ells 7 beat5 into x f a sea- bottom close by4 ,t1 & no less1 ,moel ,tryfa5 mu/ mean4 ,b x mu/ mean1 also1 a l5g? ( "t :i* has be5 well call$ appall+4 ,a l5g? ( "t suffici5t to let ! m\nta9 s9k into ! sea4 ,!n l5g? ( "t en\gh to enable ^? ,arctic %ells to crawl d[n f ! nor?w>d1 settle1 & propagate !mselves g5]ation aft] g5]ation2 !n l5g? ( "t en\gh to uplift _! dead rema9s1 & ! bea*1 & ! b\ld]s1 & all ,sn[donia1 f\rte5 hundr$ feet into ! air4 ,& if anyone %\ld object t ! la/ upheaval may h be5 effect$ sudd5ly by a few trem5d\s e>?quakes1 we mu/ answ]--,we h no pro( ( x4 ,e>?quakes upheave l&s n[ only by slight & int]mitt5t upw>d pulses2 nay1 "s l&s we "k to rise )\t any e>?quake pulses1 b by simple1 sl[1 upw>d swell+ ( a few feet 9 a c5tury2 & we h no reason1 & !re=e no "r1 to suppose t ,sn[donia 0 upheav$ by any means or at any rate :i* we d n witness n[2 & !re=e we are b\nd to all[1 n only t !re 0 a pa/ age ( ice1 b t t age 0 "o ( altoge!r enorm\s duration4 ,b mean:ile "s ( y1 ,i presume1 w be ready to cry--,/op6 ,x may be our own weakness2 b y are really go+ on too fa/ & too f> = our small imag9ations4 ,h y n play$ ) u1 z well z argu$ ) u1 till y h inveigl$ u /ep by /ep into a conclusion :i* we _c & w n believe8 ,t all ?is l& %\ld h be5 sunk b5ea? an icy sea8 ,t ,brita9 %\ld h be5 z ,gre5l& is n[8 ,we c't believe x1 & we won't4 ,if y say s1 l /\t common-s5se ,britons1 :o h a :olesome dread ( be+ tak5 9 ) f9e words & wild speculations1 ,i assure y ,i %all n laugh at y ev5 9 private4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,i %all say--:at ,i am sure e sci5tific man w say-- ,s mu* ! bett]4 ,t is ! sort ( audi5ce :i* we want1 if we are tea*+ natural sci5ce4 ,we d n want ha/e1 en?usiasm1 gobe-m\*]ie1 z ! ,fr5* call x1 :i* is agape to snap up any new & va/ fancy1 j because x is new & va/4 ,we want our read]s to be sl[1 suspici\s1 cons]vative1 ready to gib1 z we say ( a horse1 & refuse ! coll> up a /eep place1 say+--,i mu/ /op & ?9k4 ,i don't l ! look ( ! pa? ahead ( me4 ,x seems an ugly place to get up4 ,i don't "k ?is road1 & ,i %all n hurry ov] x4 ,i mu/ g back a few /eps1 & make sure4 ,i mu/ see :e!r x is ! "r road2 :e!r !re are n o!r roads1 a doz5 ( !m p]haps1 :i* w\ld d z well & bett] ?an ?is4 ,?is is ! temp] :i* f9ds out tru?1 sl[ly1 b once & = all2 & ,i %all be glad1 n sorry1 to see x 9 my read]s4 ,& ,i am b\nd to say t x has be5 by t temp] t ?is !ory has be5 work$ out1 & ! exi/5ce ( ?is pa/ age ( ice1 or glacial epo*1 has be5 discov]$1 ?r\gh _m mi/akes1 _m corrections1 & _m *anges ( op9ion ab\t details1 = ne>ly =ty ye>s ( h>d "w1 by _m m51 9 _m l&s4 ,z a v humble /ud5t ( ?is subject1 ,i may say t ,i h be5 look+ ^! facts 9 ! face e>ne/ly en\gh = m ?an tw5ty ye>s1 & t ,i am ab\t z c]ta9 t !y c only be expla9$ by ice1 z ,i am t my hav+ got home by rail c only be expla9$ by /eam4 ,b ,i ?9k ,i "k :at />tles y4 ,x is ! be+ ask$ to believe 9 su* an enorm\s *ange 9 climate1 & 9 ! height ( ! l& above ! sea4 ,well--x is v a/oni%+1 appall+--all b incr$ible1 if we _h n ! facts to prove x4 ,b ( ! facts !re c be no d\bt4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! climate ( ?is nor!rn hemisph]e has *ang$ enorm\sly m ?an once4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! di/ribution ( l& & wat]1 ! %ape & size ( its cont95ts & seas1 h *ang$ aga9 & aga94 ,!re c be no d\bt t1 = in/ance1 long be=e ! age ( ice1 ! :ole ,nor? ( ,europe 0 mu* w>m] ?an x is n[4 ,take ,gre5l&1 = in/ance4 ,disco ,isl& lies 9 ,baff9's ,bay1 (f ! we/ coa/ ( ,gre5l&1 9 latitude #gj degrees1 f> )9 ! ,arctic circle4 ,n[ !re c]ta9 /rata ( rock1 old] ?an ! ice1 h n be5 de/roy$ by ! gr9d+ ( ! ice-cap2 & !y are full ( fossil plants4 ,b ( :at k9d ( plants8 ,( ! same families z n[ gr[ 9 ! w>m] p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,ev5 a tulip-tree has be5 f\nd among !m4 ,n[ h[ is ?is to be expla9$8 ,ei!r we mu/ say t ! climate ( ,gre5l& 0 !n s mu* w>m] ?an n[1 t x _h summ]s probably z hot z ^? ( ,new ,york2 or we mu/ say t ^! leaves & /ems 7 float$ ?i!r f ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,b if we say ! latt]1 we mu/ all[ a *ange 9 ! %ape ( ! l& :i* is enorm\s4 ,= no?+ n[ c float nor?w>d f ! ,unit$ ,/ates into ,baff9's ,bay4 ,! pol> curr5t sets ,,out ( ,baff9's ,bay s\?w>d1 br++ iceb]gs d[n1 n leaves up1 ?r\gh ,davis's ,/raits4 ,& 9 any case we mu/ all[ t ! hills ( ,disco ,isl& 7 !n ! bottom ( a sea3 or h[ w\ld ! leaves h be5 deposit$ 9 !m at all8 ,s mu* = ! *ange ( climate & l& :i* c be prov$ to h gone on 9 ,gre5l&4 ,x has become cold]4 ,:y %\ld x n "s day become w>m] aga98 ,n[ = ,engl&4 ,x c be prov$1 z f> z common s5se c prove any?+1 t ,engl& 01 be=e ! age ( ice1 mu* w>m] ?an x is n[1 & grew gradually cool] & cool]1 j z1 :ile ! age ( ice 0 dy+ out1 x grew w>m] aga94 ,n[ :at pro( is !re ( t8 ,?is4 ,und]nea? ,london--z1 ,i d>e say1 _m ( y "k--!re lies f\r or five hundr$ feet ( clay4 ,b n ice-clay4 ,any?+ b t1 z y w see4 ,x belongs to a =mation late 7geologically speak+71 b some:at old] ?an ^? ,disco ,isl& b$s4 ,& :at sort ( fossils d we f9d 9 x8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! %ells1 :i* are abundant1 are tropical-- ,nautili1 ,cones1 & su* l4 ,& m1 fruits & se$s are f\nd 9 x1 especially at ! ,isle ( ,%eppey4 ,& :at are !y8 ,fruits ( ,nipa palms1 a =m only f\nd n[ at riv]-m\?s 9 ,ea/]n ,india & ! ,indian isl&s2 ,anona-se$s2 g\rd-se$s2 ,acacia fruits--all tropical aga92 & ,proteace\s plants too--( an ,au/ralian type4 ,surely y\r common s5se w\ld h9t to y1 t ?is ,london clay mu/ be mud laid d[n (f ! m\? ( a tropical riv]4 ,b y\r common s5se w\ld be all b c]ta9 ( t1 :5 y f\nd1 z y w\ld f9d1 ! tee? & bones ( crocodiles & turtles1 :o come to l&1 rememb]1 to lay _! eggs2 ! bones1 too1 ( l>ge mammals1 alli$ to ! tapir ( ,india & ,s\? ,am]ica1 & ! wat]-hog ( ! ,cape4 ,if all ?is does n mean t !re 0 once a tropic climate & a tropic riv] runn+ into "s sea or o!r :]e ,london n[ /&s1 ,i mu/ give up common s5se & reason z deceitful & useless faculties2 & believe no?+1 n ev5 ! evid5ce ( my own s5ses4 ,& n[1 h ,i1 or h ,i n1 fulfill$ ! promise :i* ,i made-- ra%ly1 ,i d>e say "s ( y ?\ght--9 my fir/ pap]8 ,h ,i1 or h ,i n1 made y prove to y\rself1 by y\r own common s5se1 t ! l[l&s ( ,brita9 7 und]nea? ! sea 9 ! days 9 :i* ^! pebbles & b\ld]s 7 laid d[n ov] y\r pla9s8 ,nay1 h we n prov$ m8 ,h we n f\nd t t old sea 0 an icy sea8 ,h we n w&]$ on1 /ep by /ep1 into a :ole true fairyl& ( wond]s8 to a "t :5 all ,engl&1 ,scotl&1 & ,irel& 7 z ,gre5l& is n[8 :5 mud /reams h ru%$ d[n f "u glaci]s on to a cold sea-bottom1 :5 ice1 ma/ high1 came float+ by1 z gre5 z em]ald8 :5 ,sn[don 0 sunk = at lea/ f\rte5 hundr$ feet ( its height8 :5 7z ,i c\ld prove to y1 _h ,i "t7 ! peaks ( ! highe/ ,cumb]l& & ,scot* m\nta9s alone /ood out1 z islets 9 a froz5 sea8 ,we want to get an answ] to "o /range "q1 & we h f\nd a gr\p ( que/ions /rang] /ill1 & got !m answ]$ too4 ,b s x is always 9 sci5ce4 ,we "k n :at we %all discov]4 ,b ?is1 at lea/1 we "k1 t x w be f> m wond]ful ?an we _h dream$4 ,! sci5tific explor] is always l ,saul ( old1 :o set out simply to f9d 8 fa!r's asses1 & f\nd !m--& a k+dom besides4 ,i %\ld h lik$ to h told y m ab\t ?is bygone age ( ice4 ,i %\ld h lik$ to say some?+ to y on ! curi\s "q--:i* is /ill an op5 "o--:e!r !re 7 n two ages ( ice2 :e!r ! climate "h did n1 aft] p]haps ?\s&s ( ye>s ( ,arctic cold1 s(t5 some:at = a :ile--a few ?\s& ye>s1 p]haps--& !n h>d5 aga9 into a second age ( ice1 some:at less sev]e1 probably1 ?an ! fir/4 ,i %\ld h lik$ to h h9t$ at ! probable causes ( ?is *ange--inde$1 ( ! age ( ice altoge!r--:e!r x 0 caus$ by a *ange 9 ! di/ribution ( l& & wat]1 or by *ange 9 ! height & size ( ^! isl&s1 :i* made !m l>ge en\gh1 & high en\gh1 to c>ry a %eet ( et]nal sn[ inl&2 or :e!r1 f9ally1 ! age ( ice 0 caus$ by an actual *ange 9 ! position ( ! :ole planet ) reg>d to its orbit r\nd ! sun--%ift+ at once ! poles & ! tropics2 a deep "q t latt]1 on :i* a/ronom]s1 ^: bus9ess x is1 are /ill at "w1 & on :i*1 ere "y folk are old1 !y w h discov]$1 ,i expect1 "s />tl+ facts4 ,on t la/ "q1 ,i1 be+ no a/ronom]1 _c speak4 ,b ,i %\ld h lik$ to h said some:at on matt]s on :i* ,i h k en\gh1 at lea/1 to tea* y h[ mu* !re is to be le>nt4 ,i %\ld h lik$ to tell ! /ud5t ( sea-animals--h[ ! ice-age helps to expla91 & is aga9 expla9$ by1 ! rem>kable discov]ies :i* ,dr4 ,c>p5t] & ,mr4 ,wyville ,?ompson h j made1 9 ! deep-sea dr$g+s 9 ! ,nor? ,atlantic4 ,i %\ld h lik$ to tell ! botani/ some:at ( ! pro-glacial flora--! plants :i* liv$ "h be=e ! ice1 & la/$1 "s ( !m at lea/1 ?r\gh all ^? ages ( fe>ful cold1 & l+] /ill on ! summits ( ,sn[don1 & ! highe/ peaks ( ,cumb]l& & ,scotl&4 ,i %\ld h lik$ to h told ! lov]s ( zoology ab\t ! animals :i* liv$ be=e ! ice-- ( ! mammo?1 or woolly elephant2 ! woolly rh9oc]os1 ! cave lion & be>1 ! re9de]1 ! musk ox51 ! lemm+s & ! m>mots :i* inhabit$ ,brita9 till ! ice drove !m out s\?w>d1 ev5 into ! ,s\? ( ,france2 & h[ z ! ice retreat$1 & ! climate became tol]able once m1 "s ( !m-- ! mammo? & rh9oc]os1 ! bison1 ! lion1 & _m ano!r mighty bea/ reoccupi$ our l[l&s1 at a "t :5 ! hippopotamus1 at lea/ 9 summ]1 rang$ freely f ,africa & ,spa9 across :at 0 !n dry l& betwe5 ,france & ,engl&1 & f$ by ! side ( animals :i* h long s9ce retreat$ to ,norway & to ,canada4 ,i %\ld h lik$ to tell ! ar*aeologi/ ( ! human be+s--probably f _! weapons & _! habits--( ! same race z ! pres5t ,lapl&]s1 :o pass$ nor?w>d z ! ice w5t back1 foll[+ ! wild re9de] h]ds f ! ,s\? ( ,france into our isl&s1 :i* 7 no isl&s !n1 to be 9 _! turn driv5 nor?w>d by /rong] races f ! ea/ & s\?4 ,b space presses1 & ,i fe> t ,i h writt5 too mu* already4 ,at lea/1 ,i h turn$ ov] = y a few gr& & /range pages 9 ! book ( nature1 & taught y1 ,i hope1 a key by :i* to deciph] _! hi]oglyphics4 ,at lea/1 ,i h1 ,i tru/1 taught y to look1 z ,i d1 ) some?+ ( int]e/1 ev5 ( awe1 ^u ! pebbles 9 ! /reet4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,/ones ,,9 ,,! ,,wall ,?is is a l>ge subject4 ,= 9 ! diff]5t t[ns ( ^! isl&s1 ! walls are built ( /ones ( almo/ e age1 f ! e>lie/ to ! late/2 & ! t[n-geologi/ may f9d a q diff]5t problem to solve 9 ! ne>e/ wall1 on mov+ f "o t[n to ano!r tw5ty miles (f4 ,all ,i c d1 !re=e1 is to take "o set ( t[ns1 9 ! walls ( :i* "o sort ( /ones is commonly f\nd1 & talk ( !m2 tak+ c>e1 ( c\rse1 to *oose a /one :i* is widely di/ribut$4 ,& su*1 ,i ?9k1 we c f9d 9 ! s-call$ ,new ,r$ s&/one1 :i*1 ) its att5dant m>ls1 cov]s a va/ tract--& t a ri* & busy "o--( ,engl&4 ,f ,h>tlepool & ! m\? ( ! ,tees1 d[n ?r\gh ,york%ire & ,nott+ham%ire2 ov] ! manufactur+ di/ricts ( c5tral ,engl&2 d[n ! valley ( ! ,sev]n2 pa/ ,bri/ol & ! ,som]set%ire flats to ,torquay 9 ,s\? ,devon2 up nor?-we/w>d ?r\gh ,%rop%ire & ,*e%ire2 pa/ ,liv]pool & nor?w>d ?r\gh ,lanca%ire2 reappe>+ aga91 nor? ( ! ,lake m\nta9s1 ab\t ,c>lisle & ! ,scot* side ( ! ,solway ,fri?1 /ret*es ! ,new ,r$ s&/one pla91 f "u :i* ev]y:]e ! coal-be>+ rocks rise z f a sea4 ,x conta9s1 9 _m places1 excell5t qu>ries ( build+-/one2 ! mo/ fam\s ( :i*1 p]haps1 are ! well-kn[n ,runcorn qu>ries1 ne> ,liv]pool1 f :i* ! old ,romans br\ght ! mat]ial = ! walls & temples ( anci5t ,*e/]1 & f :i* ! /one = ! re/oration ( ,*e/] ,ca!dral is be+ tak5 at ?is day4 ,9 "s qu>t]s1 especially 9 ! nor?-we/ ( ,engl&1 its soil is poor1 because x is mask$ by t v b\ld]- clay ( :i* ,i spoke 9 my la/ pap]4 ,b its ri* r$ m>ls1 :]ev] !y come to ! surface1 are "o ( ,god's mo/ preci\s gifts to ?is fav\r$ l&4 ,on !m1 "o f9ds oneself at once 9 a g>d52 amid ! noble/ ( timb]1 :eat1 roots1 grass :i* is gre5 ?r\gh ! drie/ summ]s1 &1 9 ! we/]n c\nties1 cid]-or*>ds lad5 ) r$ & gold5 fruit4 ,i "k1 ?r\gh\t nor!rn ,europe1 no su* *>m+ sc5]y1 = quiet beauty & solid weal?1 z t ( ! ,new ,r$ m>ls2 & if ,i wi%$ to %[ a =eign] :at ,engl& 01 ,i %\ld take him along !m1 f ,york%ire to ,s\? ,devon1 & say--,!re4 ,is n t a c\ntry wor? liv+ =1--& wor? dy+ = if ne$ be8 ,ano!r reason :i* ,i h = deal+ ) ! ,new ,r$ s&/one is ?is--t 7z ,i said j n[7 ov] great tracts ( ,engl&1 especially ab\t ! manufactur+ di/ricts1 ! t[n-geologi/ w f9d x cov]$ imm$iately by ! b\ld] clay4 ,! t[nsman1 f9d+ ?is1 w\ld h a fair "r to suppose t ! clay 0 laid d[n imm$iately1 or at lea/ soon aft]1 ! s&/ones or m>ls on :i* x lies2 t z soon z ! "o _h settl$ at ! bottom ( "s old sea1 ! o!r settl$ on ! top ( x1 9 ! same sea4 ,a fair & reasonable guess1 :i* w\ld 9 _m cases1 inde$ 9 mo/1 be q true4 ,b 9 ?is case x w\ld be a mi/ake4 ,! s&/one & m>ls are imm5sely old] ?an ! b\ld]-clay4 ,!y are1 humanly speak+1 "s f\r or five worlds old]4 ,:at d ,i mean8 ,?is--t betwe5 ! "t :5 ! "o1 & ! "t :5 ! o!r1 0 made1 ! ,briti% ,isl&s1 & probably ! :ole cont95t ( ,europe1 h *ang$ f\r or five times2 9 %ape2 9 height above ! sea1 or dep? bel[ x2 9 climate2 9 ! k9ds ( plants & animals :i* h dwelt on !m1 or on _! sea- bottoms4 ,& surely x is n too /rong a metaphor1 to call su* *anges a *ange f an old _w to a new "o4 ,m9d4 ,i d n say t ^! *anges 7 sudd5 or viol5t4 ,x is f> m probable t !y are only "p & p>cel ( t va/ b sl[ *ange :i* is go+ on ev]y:]e ov] our :ole globe4 ,i ?9k t w appe> probable 9 ! c\rse ( ?is pap]4 ,b t ^! *anges h tak5 place1 is my ma9 !sis4 ,! fact ,i ass]t2 & ,i am b\nd to try & prove x4 ,& 9 try+ to d s1 ,i %all no long] treat my read]s1 z ,i did 9 ! fir/ two pap]s1 l *ildr54 ,i %all take = grant$ t !y n[ und]/& some?+ ( ! me?od by :i* geological problems are work$ out2 & c tru/ x1 & me2 & %all /ate boldly ! conclusions ( geologi/s1 only giv+ pro( :]e pro( is specially ne$$4 ,n[ y mu/ und]/& t 9 ,engl& !re are two great divisions ( ^! ,new ,r$ s&/ones1 ,trias1 z geologi/s call !m4 ,an upp]1 call$ 9 ,g]many ,keup]1 :i* consi/s1 atop1 ( ! ri* r$ m>l1 bel[ !m1 ( s&/ones1 & ( ^? va/ deposits ( rock-salt1 :i* h be5 long work$1 & work$ to su* good purpose1 t a va/ subsid5ce ( l& has j tak5 place ne> ,nantwi* 9 ,*e%ire2 & s]i\s fe>s are ent]ta9$ le/ ! t[n itself may subside1 to fill up ! cav]ns bel[1 f :5ce ! salt has be5 qu>ri$4 ,und]nea? ^! b$s aga9 are ^? :i* c>ry ! build+-/one ( ,runcorn4 ,n[ ^! b$s altoge!r1 9 ,*e%ire1 at lea/1 are ab\t #c1djj feet ?ick2 & 7 n laid d[n 9 a ye>1 or 9 a c5tury ei!r4 ,bel[ !m lies a ?\s& feet ( s&/ones1 kn[n 9 ,g]many by ! "n ( ,bunt]1 f its mottl$ & spott$ appe>ance4 ,:at lies "u !m aga91 does n conc]n u j n[4 ,i said t ! geologi/s call$ ^! b$s ! ,trias2 t is1 ! triple gr\p4 ,b z yet we h he>d ( only two p>ts ( x4 ,:]e is ! ?ird8 ,n "h1 b 9 ,g]many4 ,!re1 betwe5 ! ,keup] above & ! ,bunt] bel[1 lies a great s]ies ( lime/one b$s1 :i*1 f ! abundance ( fossils :i* !y conta91 g by ! "n ( ,mus*elkalk4 ,a long epo* mu/ !re=e h int]v5$ betwe5 ! lay+ d[n ( ! ,bunt] & ( ! ,keup]4 ,& we h a trace ( t long epo*1 ev5 9 ,engl&4 ,! ,keup] lies1 c]ta9ly1 imm$iately on ! ,bunt]2 b n always con=mably on x4 ,t is1 ! b$s are n exactly p>allel4 ,! ,bunt] _h be5 slightly tilt$1 & slightly wat]worn1 be=e ! ,keup] 0 laid on x4 ,x is reasonable1 !re=e1 to suppose1 t ! ,bunt] 9 ,engl& 0 dry l&1 & !re=e safe f fre% deposit1 ?r\gh ages dur+ :i* x 0 deep en\gh b5ea? ! sea 9 ,g]many1 to h ! ,mus*elkalk laid d[n on x4 ,"h aga91 !n1 z ev]y:]e1 we h evid5ce ( "t--"t1 n only beyond all c\nt+1 b beyond all imag9+4 ,& n[1 p]haps1 ! read] w ask--,if ,i am to believe t all new l& is made out ( old l&1 & t all rocks & soils are d]iv$ f ! we> & te> ( /ill old] rocks1 (f :at l& came ?is enorm\s heap ( s&s m ?an #e1jjj feet ?ick 9 places1 /ret*+ across ,engl& & into ,g]many8 ,x is difficult to answ]4 ,! %ape & di/ribution ( l& 9 ^? days 7 s diff]5t f :at !y are n[1 t ! rocks :i* furni%$ a great deal ( our s&/one may be n[1 = aught ,i "k1 a mile b5ea? ! sea4 ,b ov] ! l& :i* /ill /&s out ( ! sea ne> u !re has be5 we> & te> en\gh to acc\nt = any quantity ( s& deposit4 ,z a s+le in/ance--,x is a provable & prov5 fact--z y may see f ,mr4 ,ramsay's survey ( ,nor? ,wales--t ov] a l>ge tract to ! s\? ( ,sn[don1 betwe5 ,port ,madoc & ,b>m\?1 !re has be5 gr\nd (f & c>ri$ away a mass ( solid rock #bj1jjj feet ?ick2 ?ick en\gh1 9 fact1 if x 7 !re /ill1 to make a range ( m\nta9s z high z ! ,&es4 ,x is a provable & prov5 fact t va/ tracts ( ! c5tre ( poor old ,irel& 7 once cov]$ ) coal-measures1 :i* h be5 scrap$ (f 9 likewise1 depriv$ ( ine/imable m9]al weal?4 ,! de/ruction ( rocks--d5udation z x is call$--9 ! di/rict r\nd ,malv]n1 is1 ,i am told1 provably enorm\s4 ,inde$1 x is s ov] all ,wales1 ,nor? ,engl&1 & ,we/ & ,nor? ,scotl&4 ,s !re is en\gh ( rubbi% to be acc\nt$ = to make our ,new ,r$ s&s4 ,! r\nd pebbles 9 x be+1 ,i believe1 pieces ( ,old ,r$ s&/one1 may h come f ! great ,old ,r$ s&/one region ( ,s\? ,ea/ ,wales & ,h]e=d%ire4 ,"s ( ! rubbi%1 too1 may h come f :at is n[ ! ,isle ( ,anglesey4 ,= y f9d 9 ! b$s1 f ! top to ! bottom 7at lea/ 9 ,*e%ire71 p>ticles ( mica4 ,n[ ?is mica c\ld n h be5 =m$ 9 ! s&4 ,x is a def9ite cry/all9e m9]al1 ^: composition is well kn[n4 ,x is only f\nd 9 rocks :i* h be5 subject$ to imm5se pressure1 & probably to heat4 ,! granites & mica-slates ( ,anglesey are full ( x2 & f ,anglesey--z likely z f any:]e else--^! ?9 scales ( mica came4 ,& t is ab\t all t ,i c say on ! matt]4 ,b x is c]ta9 t mo/ ( ^! s&s 7 deposit$ 9 a v %all[ wat]1 & v ne> to l&4 ,s& & pebbles1 z ,i said 9 my fir/ pap]1 c\ld n be c>ri$ f> out to sea2 & "s ( ! b$s ( ! ,bunt] are full ( r\nd$ pebbles4 ,nay1 x is c]ta9 t _! surface 0 (t5 out ( wat]4 ,( t y may see v pretty pro(s4 ,y f9d ^! s&s ripple-m>k$1 z y d %ore-s&s n[4 ,y f9d cracks :]e ! m>l mud has dri$ 9 ! sun3 &1 m1 y f9d ! little pits made by ra94 ,( t ,i h no d\bt4 ,i h se5 specim5s1 9 :i* y c\ld n only see at a glance t ! m>ks _h be5 made by ! l>ge drops ( a %[]1 b see also f :at direction ! %[] _h come4 ,^! delicate m>k+s mu/ h be5 cov]$ up imm$iately ) a fre% lay] ( mud or s&4 ,h[ long s9ce8 ,h[ long s9ce t flag _h se5 ! light ( ! sun1 :5 x saw x once aga91 re/or$ to ! upp] air by ! pick ( ! qu>ryman8 ,:o c answ] t8 ,n ,i4 ,fossils are v r>e 9 ^! s&s2 x is n easy to say :y4 ,x may be t ! r$ oxide ( iron 9 !m has de/roy$ !m4 ,few or none are ev] f\nd 9 b$s 9 :i* x ab\nds4 ,x is curi\s1 too1 t ! ,keup]1 :i* is all b b>r5 ( fossils 9 ,engl&1 is full ( !m 9 ,wurtemb]g1 reptiles1 fi%1 & rema9s ( plants be+ common4 ,b :at w int]e/ ! read] are ! footpr9ts ( a /range bea/1 f\nd alike 9 ,engl& & 9 ,g]many--! ,*eiro!rium1 z x 0 fir/ nam$1 f its h&-l feet2 ! ,labyr9?odon1 z x is n[ nam$1 f ! extraord9>y /ructure ( its tee?4 ,!re is little d\bt n[1 among anatomi/s1 t ! bones & tee? ( ! s-call$ ,labyr9?odon belong to ! animal :i* made ! footpr9ts4 ,if s1 ! creature mu/ h be5 a "r loa?ly mon/]4 ,"s ?9k him to h be5 ak9 to liz>ds2 b ! usual op9ion is t he 0 a c\s9 ( frogs & toads4 ,look+ at 8 h&s & o!r rema9s1 "o pictures him to oneself z a %ort1 squat brute1 z big z a fat hog1 ) a head v mu* ! %ape ( a baboon1 v l>ge h&s beh9d & small ones 9 front1 waddl+ ab\t on ! tide flats ( a s&y sea1 & dragg+ aft] him1 seem+ly1 a %ort tail1 :i* has left its m>k on ! s&4 ,:at 8 od\r 01 :e!r he 0 smoo? or w>ty1 :at he ate1 & 9 g5]al h[ he got 8 liv+1 we "k n4 ,b !re mu/ h be5 some?+ !re = him to eat2 & ,i d>e say t he 0 ab\t z happy & ab\t z intellectual z ! toad is n[4 ,rememb] always t !re is no?+ alive n[ exactly l him1 or1 inde$1 l any animal f\nd 9 ^! s&/ones4 ,! :ole animal _w ( ?is planet has *ang$ entirely m ?an once s9ce ! ,labyr9?odon waddl$ ov] ! ,*e%ire flats4 ,a liz>d1 = in/ance1 :i* has be5 f\nd 9 ! ,keup]1 _h a skull l a bird's1 & no tee?--a type :i* is n[ q ext9ct4 ,b !re is a m rem>kable animal ( :i* ,i mu/ say a few words1 & "o :i* to sci5tific m5 is mo/ int]e/+ & significant4 ,bo? ne> ,w>wick1 & ne> ,elg9 9 ,scotl&1 9 ,c5tral ,india1 & 9 ,s\? ,africa1 fossil rema9s are f\nd ( a family ( liz>ds utt]ly unlike any?+ n[ liv+ save "o1 & t "o is crawl+ ab\t1 pl5tifully ,i believe--( all places 9 ! _w--9 ,new ,zeal&4 ,h[ x got !re2 h[ s /range a type ( creature %\ld h di$ out ov] ! re/ ( ! _w1 & yet h la/$ on 9 t remote isl& = long ages1 ev] s9ce ! days ( ! ,new ,r$ s&/one1 is "o ( ^? que/ions--q awful que/ions ,i consid] !m--) :i* ,i w n puzzle my read]s4 ,i only m5tion x to %[ !m :at s]i\s que/ions ! sci5tific man has to face1 & to answ]1 if he c4 ,only ! next "t !y g to ! ,zoological ,g>d5s 9 ,london1 let !m g to ! reptile-h\se1 & ask ! v clev] & c\rte\s att5dant to %[ !m ! ,sph5odons1 or ,hatt]ias1 z he w probably call !m--& !n look1 ,i hope ) k9dly int]e/1 at ! olde/ ,cons]vatives !y ev] saw1 or are l to see2 g5tlem5 ( mo/ anci5t p$igree1 :o h rema9$ all b un*ang$1 :ile ! :ole surface ( ! globe has *ang$ ar\nd !m m ?an once or twice4 ,& n[1 ( c\rse1 my read]s w expect to he> some?+ ( ! deposits ( rock-salt1 = :i* ,*e%ire & its r$ rocks are fam\s4 ,i h nev] se5 !m1 & c only say t ! salt does n1 x is said by geologi/s1 lie 9 ! s&/one1 b at ! bottom ( ! r$ m>l :i* caps ! s&/one4 ,x 0 =m$ mo/ probably by ! gradual dry+ up ( lagoons1 su* z are deposit+ salt1 x is said n[1 bo? 9 ! ,gulf ( ,tadj>a1 on ! ,abyss9ian fronti] opposite ,ad51 & 9 ! ,runn ( ,cut*1 ne> ! ,delta ( ! ,indus4 ,if ?is be s1 !n ^! ,new ,r$ s&/ones may be ! rema9s ( a :ole ,sah>a--a %eet ( s&y & all b lifeless des]ts1 rea*+ f ! we/ ( ,engl& into ,g]many1 & ris+ sl[ly out ( ! sea2 to s9k1 z we %all f9d1 b5ea? ! sea aga94 ,& n[1 z to ! va/ p]iod ( "t--! f\r or five worlds1 z ,i call$ x--:i* elaps$ betwe5 ! lay+ d[n ( ! ,new ,r$ s&/ones & ! lay+ d[n ( ! b\ld]-clays4 ,i ?9k ?is fact--= fact x is--may be bett] prov$ by tak+ read]s an imag9>y railway j\rney to ,london f any spot 9 ! manufactur+ di/ricts ( c5tral ,engl&--begg+ !m1 mean:ile1 to keep _! eyes op5 on ! way4 ,& "h ,i mu/ say t ,i wi% folks 9 g5]al w\ld keep _! eyes a little m op5 :5 !y travel by rail4 ,:5 ,i see "y p roll+ along 9 a luxuri\s c>riage1 _! eyes & _! bra9s absorb$ probably 9 a tra%y %ill+ novel1 & nev] lift$ up to look out ( ! w9d[1 unconsci\s ( all t !y are pass+--( ! rev]5d antiquities1 ! admirable agriculture1 ! ri* & peaceful sc5]y1 ! l ( :i* no c\ntry ^u e>? c %[2 unconsci\s1 too1 ( h[ mu* !y might le>n ( botany & zoology1 by simply wat*+ ! fl[]s along ! railway banks & ! sections 9 ! cutt+s3 !n x grieves me to see :at little use p make ( ! eyes & ( ! und]/&+ :i* ,god has giv5 !m4 ,!y compla9 ( a dull j\rney3 b x is n ! j\rney :i* is dull2 x is !y :o are dull4 ,eyes h !y1 & see n2 e>s h !y1 & he> n2 m]e dolls 9 sm>t clo!s1 too _m ( !m1 l ! idols ( ! hea!n4 ,b my read]s1 ,i tru/1 are ( a bett] m9d4 ,s ! next "t !y f9d !mselves runn+ up s\?w>d to ,london--or ! rev]se way-- let !m keep _! eyes op51 & v]ify1 ) ! help ( a geological map1 ! sket* :i* is giv5 9 ! foll[+ pages4 ,( ! ,black ,c\ntries--! actual coal di/ricts ,i %all speak h]eaft]4 ,!y are 9 ,engl& ei!r %ores or isl&s yet unde/roy$1 :i* /& out ( ! great sea ( ,new ,r$ s&/one1 & (t5 c>ry along _! edges lay]s ( f> y\ng] rocks1 call$ n[ ,p]mian1 f ! anci5t k+dom ( ,p]mia1 9 ,russia1 :]e !y cov] a va/ area4 ,) !m ,i w n confuse ! read] j n[1 b w only ask him to keep 8 eye on ! roll+ pla9 ( ,new ,r$ s&s & m>ls pa/1 say1 ,birm+ham & ,w>wick4 ,aft] ^? places1 ^! s&s & m>ls dip to ! s\?-ea/1 & o!r rocks & soils appe> above !m1 "o aft] ano!r1 dipp+ likewise t[>ds ! s\?-ea/--t is1 t[>d ,london4 ,fir/ appe> ?9 lay]s ( a v h>d blue lime/one1 full ( %ells1 & p>t$ by lay]s ( blue mud4 ,t rock runs 9 a broad belt across ,engl&1 f ,:itby 9 ,york%ire1 to ,lyme 9 ,dorset%ire1 & is kn[n z ,lias4 ,fam\s x is1 z "s read]s may "k1 = hold+ ! bones ( ext9ct mon/]s--,i*?yosaurs & ,plesiosaurs1 su* z ! unle>n$ may behold 9 ! lake at ! ,cry/al ,palace4 ,on ?is rock lie ! ri* *eese pa/ures1 & ! be/ tracts ( ! fam\s hunt+ %ires ( ,engl&4 ,ly+ on x1 z we g s\?-ea/w>d1 appe> alt]nate b$s ( s&y lime/one1 ) va/ dep?s ( clay betwe5 !m4 ,^! oolites1 or free/ones1 furni% ! fam\s ,ba? /one1 ! ,ox=d /one1 & ! ,b>nack /one ( ,nor?ampton%ire1 ( :i* "s ( ! f9e/ ca!drals are built--a /one only surpass$1 ,i believe1 by ! ,ca5 /one1 :i* comes f b$s ( ! same age 9 ,norm&y4 ,^! free/ones & clays ab\nd 9 fossils1 b ( k9ds1 be x rememb]$1 :i* diff] m & m f ^? ( ! lias b5ea?1 z ! b$s are high] 9 ! s]ies1 & !re=e ne>]4 ,!re1 too1 are f\nd pr9cipally ! bones ( t extraord9>y fly+ liz>d1 ! ,pt]odactyle1 :i* _h w+s =m$ out ( its =e-legs1 on some:at ! same plan z ^? ( a bat1 b ) "o exception4 ,9 ! bat1 z any "o may see1 f\r f+]s ( ! h& are l5g!n$ to c>ry ! w+1 :ile ! fir/ alone is left free1 z a ?umb3 b 9 ! ,pt]odactyle1 ! out] or little f+] alone is l5g!n$1 & ! o!r f\r f+]s left free--"o ( ^? /range in/ances 9 nature ( ! same effect be+ produc$ 9 widely diff]5t plants & animals1 & yet by slightly diff]5t means1 on :i* a :ole *apt] ( natural philosophy--say1 r1 natural !ology--w h to be writt5 "s day4 ,b n[ consid] :at ?is ,lias1 & ! ,oolites & clays ^u x mean4 ,!y mean t ! ,new ,r$ s&/one1 aft] x _h be5 dry l&1 or all b dry l& 7z is prov$ by ! footpr9ts ( animals & ! deposits ( salt71 0 sunk aga9 b5ea? ! sea4 ,ea* deposit ( lime/one signifies a long p]iod ( "t1 dur+ :i* t sea 0 pure en\gh to all[ reefs ( coral to gr[1 & %ells to propagate1 at ! bottom4 ,ea* great b& ( clay signifies a long p]iod1 dur+ :i* f9e mud 0 br\ght d[n f "s wa/+ l& 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,& t l& 0 n f> di/ant is prov$ by ! bones ( ! ,pt]odactyle1 ( ,crocodiles1 & ( ,m>supials2 by ! fact t ! %ells are ( %all[-wat] or %ore species2 by ! pres5ce1 mix$ ) !m1 ( fragm5ts ( wood1 impressions ( plants1 & ev5 w+-%ells ( beetles2 & la/ly1 if fur!r pro( 0 ne$$1 by ! fact t 9 ! dirt-b$ ( ! ,isle ( ,portl& & ! neighb\r+ %ores1 /umps ( trees alli$ to ! mod]n sago-palms are f\nd z !y grew 9 ! soil1 :i*1 ) !m1 has be5 cov]$ up 9 lay]s ( fre%wat] %ale & lime/one4 ,a tropic =e/ has pla9ly sunk b5ea? a lagoon2 & t lagoon1 aga91 b5ea? ! sea4 ,& h[ long did ?is p]iod ( sl[ s9k+ g on8 ,:o c tell8 ,! ?ickness ( ! ,lias & ,oolites toge!r _c be less ?an a ?\s& feet4 ,consid]+1 !n1 ! l5g? ( "t requir$ to lay d[n a ?\s& feet ( /rata1 & consid]+ ! va/ diff]5ce betwe5 ! animals f\nd 9 !m1 & ! few f\nd 9 ! ,new ,r$ s&/one1 we h a "r to call !m ano!r _w1 & t "o :i* mu/ h la/$ = ages4 ,aft] we pass ,ox=d1 or ! ,vale ( ,aylesbury1 we ent] yet ano!r _w4 ,we come to a b$ ( s&1 "u :i* ! free/ones & _! adjo9+ clays dip to ! s\?-ea/4 ,?is is call$ commonly ! l[] ,gre5s&1 ?\gh x is n gre51 b ri* iron-r$4 ,!n succe$s a b& ( /iff blue clay1 call$ ! ,gault1 & !n ano!r b$ ( s&1 ! upp] ,gre5s&1 :i* is m wor?y ( ! "n1 = x does c>ry1 9 mo/ places1 a b& ( gre5 or glauconite s&4 ,b x & ! upp] lay]s ( ! l[] ,gre5s& also1 are wor? our att5tion2 = we are all probably eat+ !m f "t to "t 9 ! =m ( bran4 ,x _h be5 long rem>k$ t c]ta9 p>ts ( ^! b$s c>ri$ admirable :eatl&2 x _h be5 rem>k$1 too1 t ! f9e/ hop- l&s--^? ( ,f>nham1 = in/ance1 & ,tunbridge--lay ^u !m3 b t ! f]tile b& 0 v n>r[2 t1 z 9 ! ,surrey ,moors1 va/ %eets ( ! l[] ,gre5s& 7 n wor? cultivation4 ,:at caus$ ! /rik+ diff]5ce8 ,my belov$ fri5d & tea*]1 ! late ,dr4 ,h5sl[1 :5 ,pr(essor ( ,botany at ,cambridge1 _h br\ght to him by a f>m] 7s ! /ory ran7 a few fossils4 ,he saw1 be+ some:at ( a geologi/ & *emi/1 t !y 7 n1 z fossils usually are1 c>bonate ( lime1 b phosphate ( lime--bone-e>?4 ,he said at once1 z by an inspiration1 ,y h f\nd a treasure--n a gold-m9e1 inde$1 b a food-m9e4 ,?is is bone-e>?1 :i* we are at our wits' end to get = our gra9 & pulse2 :i* we are import+1 z exp5sive bones1 all ! way f ,bu5os ,ayres4 ,only f9d en\gh ( !m1 & y w increase imm5sely ! food supply ( ,engl&1 & p]haps make h] indep5d5t ( =eign phosphates 9 case ( w>4 ,8 advice 0 act$ on2 = ! ,briti% f>m] is by no means ! /upid p]sonage :i* t[nsfolk are too apt to fancy him4 ,?is b$ ( phosphates 0 f\nd ev]y:]e 9 ! ,gre5s&1 und]ly+ ! ,*alk4 ,x may be trac$ f ,dorset%ire ?r\gh ,engl& to ,cambridge1 & !nce1 ,i believe1 into ,york%ire4 ,x may be trac$ aga91 ,i believe1 all r\nd ! ,weald ( ,k5t & ,sussex1 f ,hy! to ,f>nham--:]e x is peculi>ly ri*--& s to ,ea/b\rne & ,bea*ey ,head2 & x furni%es1 9 ,cambridge%ire1 ! great] "p ( ^? s-call$ coprolites1 :i* are us$ p]petually n[ = manure1 be+ gr\nd up1 & !n treat$ ) sulphuric acid1 till !y become a soluble sup]-phosphate ( lime4 ,s mu* = ! useless hobby1 z "s fancy x1 ( pok+ ov] old bones & /ones1 & le>n+ a little ( ! composition ( ?is e>? on :i* ,god has plac$ u4 ,h[ to expla9 ! pres5ce ( ?is va/ mass ( animal matt]1 9 "o or two ?9 b&s "r across ,engl&1 ,i "k n4 ,t ! fossils h be5 roll$ on a sea-bea* is pla9 to ^? :o look at !m4 ,b :at caus$ s va/ a de/ruction ( animal life along t bea*1 mu/ rema9 "o ( ! buri$ secrets ( ! pa/4 ,& n[ we are fa/ ne>+ ano!r _w1 :i* is f> y\ng] ?an t coprolite b$1 & has be5 =m$ "u circum/ances ! mo/ opposite to x4 ,we are ne>+1 by :atev] rail we approa* ,london1 ! esc>pm5t ( ! *alk d[ns4 ,all read]s1 surely1 "k ! :ite *alk1 ! special feature & ! special pride ( ! s\? ( ,engl&4 ,all "k its s(tly- r\nd$ d[ns1 its va/ bee* woods1 its %ort & sweet turf1 its sn[y cliffs1 :i* h giv5--s "s say--to ! :ole isl& ! "n ( ,albion--! :ite l&4 ,b all d n1 p]haps1 "k t till we get to ! *alk no s+le plant or animal has be5 f\nd :i* is exactly l any plant or animal n[ kn[n to be liv+4 ,! plants & animals gr[1 on ! :ole1 m & m l our liv+ =ms z we rise 9 ! s]ies ( b$s4 ,b only above ! *alk 7z f> z we yet "k7 d we beg9 to f9d species id5tical ) ^? liv+ n[4 ,?is 9 itself w\ld prove a va/ lapse ( "t4 ,we %all h a fur!r pro( ( t va/ lapse :5 we exam9e ! *alk itself4 ,x is compos$--( ?is !re is n[ no d\bt--almo/ entirely ( ! %ells ( m9ute animalcules2 & animalcules 7,i use an unsci5tific ^w = ! sake ( unsci5tific read]s7 l ^!1 & 9 "s cases id5tical ) !m1 are n[ =m+ a simil> deposit ( mud1 at va/ dep?s1 ov] ! great] "p ( ! ,atlantic sea-floor4 ,?is fact has be5 put out ( d\bt by rec5t deep-sea dr$g+s4 ,a :ole lit]ature has be5 writt5 on x ( late4 ,any read] :o wi%es to "k x1 ne$ only ask ! fir/ geologi/ he meets2 & if he has ! :olesome in/9ct ( wond] 9 him1 fill 8 imag9ation ) true wond]s1 m gr& & /range ?an he is l to f9d 9 any fairy tale4 ,all ,i h to d ) ! matt] "h is1 to say t1 argu+ f ! kn[n to ! unkn[n1 f ! ,atlantic deep- sea ooze :i* we d "k ab\t1 to ! *alk :i* we d n "k ab\t1 ! :ole ( ! *alk mu/ h be5 laid d[n at ! bottom ( a deep & /ill ocean1 f> out ( ! rea* ( w9ds1 tides1 & ev5 curr5ts1 z a great "p ( ! ,atlantic sea-floor is at ?is day4 ,prodigi\s6 says ! read]4 ,& s x is4 ,prodigi\s to ?9k t t %all[ ,gre5s& %ore1 /rew$ ) dead animals1 %\ld s9k to ! bottom ( an ocean1 p]haps a mile1 p]haps "s f\r miles deep4 ,prodigi\s ! "t dur+ :i* x mu/ h la9 z a /ill ocean-floor4 ,= s m9ute are ! liv+ atomies :i* =m ! ooze1 t an in*1 ,i %\ld say1 is z mu* z we c all[ = _! ye>ly deposit2 & ! *alk is at lea/ a ?\s& feet ?ick4 ,x may h tak51 !re=e1 twelve ?\s& ye>s to =m ! *alk alone4 ,a r\gh guess1 ( c\rse1 b "o z likely to be two or ?ree times too little z two or ?ree times too big4 ,su*1 or some:at su*1 is ! fact4 ,x _h long be5 suspect$1 & m ?an suspect$2 & ! late discov]ies ( ,dr4 ,c>p5t] & ,mr4 ,wyville ,?ompson h surely plac$ x beyond d\bt4 ,?us1 surely1 if we call ! ,oolitic b$s "o new _w above ! ,new ,r$ s&/one1 we mu/ call ! *alk a second new _w 9 l wise4 ,i w n tr\ble ! read] "h ) ! reasons :y geologi/s connect ! *alk ) ! gre5s&s bel[ x1 by regul> gradations1 9 spite ( ! enorm\s d[nw>d leap1 f sea-%ore to deep ocean1 :i* ! b$s seem 7b only seem7 to h tak54 ,! *ange--l all *anges 9 geology--0 probably gradual4 ,n by spasmodic leaps & />ts1 b sl[ly & /ately1 z befits a ,god ( ord]1 ( pati5ce1 & ( /r5g?1 h ^! great de$s be5 done4 ,b we h n yet done ) new worlds or new prodigies on our way to ,london1 z any ,london] may asc]ta9 = himself1 if he w run out a few miles by rail1 & look 9 any cutt+ or pit1 :]e ! surface ( ! *alk1 & ! b$s :i* lie on x1 are expos$4 ,on ! *alk lie--especially 9 ! ,blackhea? & ,woolwi* di/rict- -s&s & clays4 ,& :at d !y tell u8 ,( ano!r new _w1 9 :i* ! *alk has be5 lift$ up aga91 to =m gradually1 d\btless1 & at diff]5t po9ts 9 succession1 ! %ore ( a sea4 ,b :at pro( is !re ( ?is8 ,! surface ( ! *alk is n flat & smoo?1 z x mu/ h be5 :5 at ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,x is eat5 out into holes & furr[s1 pla9ly by ! gnaw+ ( ! waves2 & on x lie1 9 _m places1 l>ge roll$ fl9ts out ( *alk :i* has be5 de/roy$1 b$s ( %ore-%+le1 b$s ( oy/]s ly+ z !y grew1 fre% or bracki% wat]-%ells /&+ z !y liv$1 bits ( lignite 7fossil wood half turn$ to coal71 & 7z 9 ,katesgrove pits at ,read+7 leaves ( trees4 ,pro( en\gh1 "o w\ld say1 t ! *alk _h be5 rais$ till "p ( x at lea/ became dry l&1 & c>ri$ vegetation4 ,& yet we h n done4 ,!re is ano!r _w to tell ( yet4 ,= ^! b$s 7kn[n z ! ,woolwi* & ,read+ b$s7 dip "u t va/ b$ ( ,london clay1 f\r hundr$ & m feet ?ick1 :i* 7z ,i said 9 my la/ *apt]7 0 c]ta9ly laid d[n by ! e/u>y ( "s great tropic riv]1 among palm-trees & ,anonas1 crocodiles & turtles4 ,is ! read]'s p[] ( belief exhau/$8 ,if n3 !re are to be se51 capp+ almo/ e high l& r\nd ,london1 ! rema9s ( a fif? _w4 ,"s ( my read]s may h be5 to ,ascot races1 or to ,ald]%ot camp1 & may recollect ! table-l& ( ! s&y moors1 p]fectly flat atop1 dre>y en\gh to ^? to :om !y are n 7z !y h long be5 to me7 a home & a "w-field4 ,^? s&s are sev]al hundr$ feet ?ick4 ,!y lie on ! ,london clay4 ,& !y repres5t--! read] mu/ take geologi/s' ^w = x--a s]ies ( b$s 9 "s places ?\s&s ( feet ?ick1 9 ! ,isle ( ,wight1 9 ! ,p>is bas91 9 ! volcanic c\ntry ( ! ,auv]gne1 9 ,switz]l&1 9 ,italy2 a p]iod dur+ :i* ! l& mu/ at fir/ h sw>m$ ) =ms ( tropic life1 & !n gr[n--b v gradually--m temp]ate1 & !n cold] & cold] /ill2 till at la/ set 9 t age ( ice1 :i* spread ! b\ld] pebbles ov] all rocks & soils indiscrim9ately1 f ! ,lake m\nta9s to )9 a few miles ( ,london4 ,= ev]y:]e ab\t ^? ,ascot moors1 ! top ( ! s&s has be5 pl\gh$ by %ore-ice 9 w9t]1 z !y lay a-wa% 9 ! %all[ sea2 & ov] !m1 9 _m places1 is spread a ?9 %eet ( ice gravel1 m anci5t1 ! be/ geologi/s ?9k1 ?an ! b\ld] & ! b\ld]-clay4 ,if any ( my read]s ask h[ long ! p]iod 0 dur+ :i* ^? s&s ( ,ascot ,hea? & ,ald]%ot h be5 laid d[n1 ,i _c tell4 ,b ?is we c tell4 ,x 0 long en\gh to see su* *anges 9 l& & sea1 t maps repres5t+ ,europe dur+ ! great] "p ( t p]iod 7z f> z we c guess at x7 look no m l ,europe ?an l ,am]ica or ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&s4 ,& ?is we c tell besides3 t t p]iod 0 long en\gh = ! ,swiss ,alps to be lift$ up at lea/ #aj1jjj feet ( _! pres5t height4 ,& t 0 a "w :i*--?\gh ,god c\ld1 if ,he will$ x1 h done x 9 a s+le day--we h pro( positive 0 n done 9 less ?an ages1 beside :i* ! mortal life ( man is z ! life ( ! gnat :i* dances 9 ! sun4 ,& all ?is1 & m--z may be prov$ f ! geology ( =eign c\ntries--happ5$ betwe5 ! date ( ! b\ld]-clay1 & t ( ! ,new ,r$ s&/one on :i* x re/s4 ,,iv4 ,,! ,,coal ,,9 ,,! ,,fire ,my de> t[n-dwell+ read]s1 let me tell y n[ some?+ ( a geological product well kn[n1 happily1 to all dwell]s 9 t[ns1 & ( late ye>s1 ?anks to railroad ext5sion1 to mo/ dwell]s 9 c\ntry di/ricts3 ,i mean coal4 ,coal1 z ( c\rse y "k1 is commonly said to be compos$ ( vegetable matt]1 ( ! leaves & /ems ( anci5t plants & trees--a />tl+ /atem5t1 & "o :i* ,i d n wi% y to take entirely on tru/4 ,i %all !re=e sp5d a few pages 9 %[+ y h[ ?is fact--= fact x is--0 discov]$4 ,x is a v good example ( reason+ f ! kn[n to ! unkn[n4 ,y w h a "r to say at fir/ />t+1 ,coal is utt]ly diff]5t 9 look f leaves & /ems4 ,! only prop]ty :i* !y seem to h 9 common is t !y c bo? burn4 ,true4 ,b diff]5ce ( m]e look may be only ow+ to a trans=mation1 or s]ies ( trans=mations4 ,!re are pl5ty 9 nature q z great1 & great]4 ,:at c be m diff]5t 9 look1 = in/ance1 ?an a gre5 field ( :eat & a basket ( loaves at ! bak]'s8 ,& yet !re is1 ,i tru/1 no d\bt :atsoev] t ! bread has be5 once gre5 :eat1 & t ! gre5 :eat has be5 trans=m$ into bread--mak+ due all[ance1 ( c\rse1 = ! bone-du/1 or gypsum1 or alum ) :i* ! wor?y bak] may h f\nd x pr(itable to adult]ate 8 bread1 9 ord] to improve ! dige/ion ( ,h] ,maje/y's subjects4 ,b y may say1 ,yes1 b we c see ! :eat gr[+1 fl[]+1 rip5+1 reap$1 gr\nd1 knead$1 bak$4 ,we see1 9 ! case ( bread1 ! processes ( ! trans=mation go+ on3 b 9 ! case ( coal we d n see ! wood & leaves be+ actually trans=m$ into coal1 or any?+ l x4 ,n[ suppose we laid out ! :eat on a table 9 a regul> s]ies1 su* z y may see 9 _m exhibitions ( manufactures2 beg9n+ ) ! :eat plant at "o end1 & end+ ) ! loaf at ! o!r2 & call$ 9 to look at !m a savage :o knew no?+ ( agriculture & no?+ ( cook]y--call$ 91 z an extreme case1 ! man 9 ! moon1 :o c]ta9ly c "k no?+ ( ei!r2 = z !re is nei!r air nor wat] r\nd ! moon1 !re c be no?+ to gr[ !re1 & !re=e no?+ to cook--& suppose we ask$ him to /udy ! s]ies f end to end4 ,d y n ?9k t ! man 9 ! moon1 if he 7 half z %rewd z ,cr(ton ,crok] makes him 9 8 conv]sation ) ,daniel ,o',r\rke1 w\ld answ] aft] due m$itation1 ,h[ ! :eat plant got *ang$ into ! loaf ,i _c see f my exp]i5ce 9 ! moon3 b t x has be5 *ang$1 & t ! two are ! same ?+ ,i d see1 = ,i see all ! diff]5t /ages ( ! *ange4 ,& s ,i ?9k y may say ( ! wood & ! coal4 ,! man 9 ! moon w\ld be q reasonable 9 8 conclusion2 = x is a law1 a rule1 & "o :i* y w h to apply aga9 & aga9 9 ! /udy ( natural objects1 t h[ev] diff]5t two objects may look 9 "s respects1 yet if y c f9d a regul> s]ies ( gradations betwe5 !m1 ) all %ades ( lik5ess1 fir/ to "o ( !m & !n to ! o!r1 !n y h a fair "r to suppose !m to be only v>ieties ( ! same species1 ! same k9d ( ?+1 & t1 !re=e1 !y h a common orig94 ,t s\nds r magniloqu5t4 ,let me give y a simple example4 ,suppose y _h come into ,brita9 ) ,brute1 ! gr&son ( ,a,eneas1 at t remote epo* :5 7z all ar*aeologi/s "k :o h duly read ,ge(frey ( ,monm\? & ! ,ar?uric leg5ds7 ,brita9 0 inhabit$ only by a few giants4 ,n[ if y _h met giants ) "o head1 & also giants ) sev5 heads1 & no o!rs1 y w\ld h _h a "r to say1 ,!re are two bre$s ( giants "h1 "o-head$ & sev5-head$4 ,b if y _h f\nd1 z ,jack ! ,giant-,kill] 7:o belongs to ! same old cycle ( my?s7 appe>s to h f\nd1 two-head$ giants also1 & ?ree-head$1 & giants1 inde$1 ) any reasonable numb] ( heads1 w\ld y n h be5 ju/ifi$ 9 say+1 ,!y are all ( ! same bre$1 aft] all2 only "s are m capitate1 or heady1 ?an o!rs6 ,i hope t y agree to t reason+2 = by x ,i ?9k we arrive mo/ surely at a belief 9 ! unity ( ! human race1 & t ! ,negro is actually a man & a bro!r4 ,if ! only two types ( m5 9 ! _w 7 an extreme :ite type1 l ! ,norwegians1 & an extreme black type1 l ! ,negros1 !n !re w\ld be fair gr\nd = say+1 ,^! two types h be5 always di/9ct2 !y are diff]5t races1 :o h no common orig94 ,b if y f\nd1 z y w f9d1 _m types ( man %[+ endless gradations betwe5 ! :ite man & ! ,negro1 & n only t1 b endless gradations betwe5 !m bo? & a ?ird type1 ^: extreme p]haps is ! ,*9ese--endless gradations1 ,i say1 %[+ e conceivable %ade ( resemblance or diff]5ce1 till y (t5 _c say to :at type a giv5 individual belongs2 & all ( !m1 h[ev] diff]5t f ea* o!r1 m l ea* o!r ?an !y are l any o!r creature ^u e>?2 !n y are ju/ifi$ 9 say+1 ,all ^! are m]e v>ieties ( "o k9d4 ,h[ev] di/9ct !y are n[1 !y 7 probably l ea* o!r at fir/1 & !re=e all probably _h a common orig94 ,t seems to me s\nd reason+1 & advanc$ natural sci5ce is corroborat+ x m & m daily4 ,n[ apply ! same reason+ to coal4 ,y may f9d ab\t ! _w-- y may see ev5 9 ,engl& alone--e gradation betwe5 coal & gr[+ =e/4 ,y may see ! =e/ gr[+ 9 its b$ ( vegetable m\ld2 y may see ! =e/ dead & conv]t$ into peat1 ) /ems & roots 9 x2 t1 aga91 into sunk5 =e/s1 l ^? to be se5 bel[ high-wat] m>k on _m coa/s ( ?is isl&4 ,y f9d gradations betwe5 !m & b$s ( lignite1 or wood coal2 !n gradations betwe5 lignite & common or bitum9\s coal2 & !n gradations betwe5 common coal & culm1 or an?racite1 su* z is f\nd 9 ,s\? ,wales4 ,h y n a "r to say1 ,^! are all b v>ieties ( ! same k9d ( ?+--namely1 vegetable matt]8 ,!y h a common orig9--namely1 woody fibre4 ,& coal1 or r culm1 is ! la/ l9k 9 a s]ies ( trans=mations f gr[+ vegetation8 ,?is is our fir/ !ory4 ,let u try to v]ify x1 z sci5tific m5 are 9 ! habit ( do+1 by say+1 ,if t be true1 !n some?+ else is likely to be true too4 ,if coal has all be5 vegetable soil1 !n x is likely t "s ( x has n be5 q conv]t$ into %apeless coal4 ,x is likely t !re w be vegetable fibre /ill to be se5 "h & !re2 p]haps leaves1 p]haps ev5 /ems ( trees1 z 9 a peat bog4 ,let u look = !m4 ,y w n ne$ to look f>4 ,! coal1 & ! s&s & %ales :i* accompany ! coal1 are s full ( plant-rema9s1 t ?ree hundr$ species 7 kn[n to ,adolphe ,brongni>t z e>ly z #ahdi1 & t numb] has l>gely increas$ s9ce4 ,n[ "o po9t is specially noticeable ab\t ^! plants ( ! coal2 namely1 t !y may at lea/ h gr[n 9 swamps4 ,fir/1 y w be int]e/$ if y /udy ! coal flora1 ) ! abundance1 beauty1 & v>iety ( ! f]ns4 ,n[ f]ns 9 ^! isl&s gr[ pr9cipally 9 rocky woods1 because !re1 beside ! moi/ure1 !y get f decay+ vegetable or decay+ rock1 especially lime/one1 ! c>bonic acid :i* is _! special food1 & :i* !y d n get on our dry pa/ures1 & /ill less 9 our cultivat$ fields4 ,b 9 ^! isl&s !re are two noble species1 at lea/1 :i* are true swamp-f]ns2 ! ,la/raea ,!lypt]is1 :i* ( old fill$ ! f5s1 b is n[ all b ext9ct2 & ! ,osmunda1 or ,k+-f]n1 :i*1 z all "k1 w gr[ :]ev] x is damp en\gh ab\t ! roots4 ,9 ,hamp%ire1 9 ,devon1 & ,cornwall1 & 9 ! s\?we/ ( ,irel&1 ! ,k+-f]n too is a true swamp f]n4 ,b 9 ! ,tropics ,i h se5 m ?an once noble tree-f]ns gr[+ 9 wet savannahs at ! sea-level1 z freely z 9 ! m\nta9-woods2 f]ns ) su* a /em z "s ( ! coal f]ns _h1 "s fifte5 feet 9 height1 "u :i*1 z "o rode on horseback1 "o saw ! blaz+ blue sky1 z ?r\gh a p>asol ( delicate lace1 z m5 might h long ages s9ce h se5 x1 ?r\gh ! plum$ fronds ( ! f]ns n[ buri$ 9 ! coal1 _h !re only be5 a man !n creat$ to enjoy its beauty4 ,next we f9d plants call$ by geologi/s ,calamites4 ,!re is no d\bt n[ t !y are ( ! same family z our ,equiseta1 or horse- tails1 a race :i* has1 ov] mo/ p>ts ( ! globe1 dw9dl$ d[n n[ f tw5ty or ?irty feet 9 height1 z !y 7 9 ! old coal measures1 to paltry little we$s4 ,! talle/ ,equisetum 9 ,engl&--! beautiful ,e4 ,telmateia--is seldom five feet high4 ,b !y1 too1 are mo/ly mud & swamp plants2 & s may ! ,calamites h be54 ,! ,lepidod5drons1 aga91 are )\t d\bt ! spl5did old repres5tatives ( a family n[ dw9dl$ d[n to su* creep+ ?+s z our club-mosses1 or ,lycopodiums4 ,n[ x is a c]ta9 fact1 :i* c be prov$ by ! microscope1 t a v great "p ( ! be/ coal is actually made up ( millions ( ! m9ute se$s ( club- mosses1 su* z gr[--a few ( !m1 & ^? v small--on our moors2 a pro(1 surely1 n only ( ! va/ am\nt ( ! vegetation 9 ! coal-mak+ age1 b also ( ! va/ "t dur+ :i* x la/$4 ,! ,lepidod5dra may h be5 fifty or sixty feet high4 ,!re is n a ,lycopodium 9 ! _w n[1 ,i believe1 five feet high4 ,b ! club-mosses are n[1 9 ^! isl&s & else:]e1 lov]s ( wet & peaty soils1 & s may _! hug] prototypes h be51 9 ! old =e/s ( ! coal4 ,( ! ,sigill>iae we _c say z mu* ) c]ta9ty1 = botani/s are n agre$ z to :at l[ ord] ( fl[]less plants !y belong4 ,b t !y root$ 9 clay b$s !re is pro(1 z y w he> pres5tly4 ,& z to ! ,conif]s1 or p9e-l trees--! ,dadoxylon1 ( :i* ! pi? goes by ! "n ( ,/]nb]gia1 & ! unc]ta9 tree :i* furni%es 9 "s coal-measures bu%els ( a se$ connect$ ) t ( ! yew--we may suppose t !y w\ld f9d no m difficulty 9 gr[+ 9 swamps ?an ! cypress1 :i* =ms s l>ge a portion ( ! vegetation 9 ! swamps ( ! ,s\!rn ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,i h giv5 y ^! h9ts1 because y w naturally wi% to "k :at sort ( a _w x 0 9 :i* all ^! /range plants grew & turn$ into coal4 ,my answ] is1 t x 0 mo/ probably j l ! _w 9 :i* we are liv+ n[1 ) ! "o exception t ! plants & animals are diff]5t4 ,x 0 ! fa%ion a few ye>s s9ce to expla9 ! coal--l o!r ph5om5a ( geology--by "s m]e hypo!sis ( a /ate ( ?+s q unlike :at we see n[4 ,we 7 br\ght up to believe t 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s1 or coal-be>+ era1 ! atmosph]e 0 int5sely moi/ & hot1 & ov]*>g$ ) c>bonic acid1 :i* _h be5 p\r$ out f ! int]ior ( ! planet by volcanic eruptions1 or by "s o!r convulsion4 ,i =get mo/ ( x n[3 & really !re is no ne$ to rememb]2 = x is all1 ,i v]ily believe1 a dream--an attempt to expla9 ! unkn[n n by ! kn[n1 b by ! /ill m unkn[n4 ,y may f9d su* !ories l+]+ /ill 9 s5sational s*ool-books1 if y l to be unsci5tific4 ,if y l1 on ! o!r h&1 to be sci5tific y w li/5 to ^? :o tell y t in/ead ( !re hav+ be5 "o unique c>bonif]\s epo*1 ) a peculi> coal-mak+ climate1 all epo*s are c>bonif]\s if !y get ! *ance2 t coal is ( e age1 f t ( ! ,scot* & ,engli% b$s1 up to ! pres5t day4 ,! great coal-b$s along ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 = in/ance1 are t]ti>y--t is1 lat] ?an ! *alk4 ,coal is =m+ n[1 ,i d\bt n1 9 _m places on ! e>?1 & w\ld =m 9 _m m1 if man did n int]f]e ) ! processes ( wild nature1 by dra9+ ! f5s1 & embank+ ! riv]s4 ,let me by a few words prove ?is /atem5t4 ,!y w give y1 beside1 a fre% pro( ( ,sir ,*>les ,lyell's great geological rule-- t ! be/ way to expla9 :at we see 9 anci5t rocks is to take = grant$1 z long z we c d s fairly1 t ?+s 7 go+ on !n v mu* z !y are go+ on n[4 ,:5 x 0 fir/ se5 t coal _h be5 once vegetable1 ! "q arose--,h[ did all ^! huge masses ( vegetable matt] get !re8 ,! ,york%ire & ,d]by%ire coal-fields1 ,i he>1 cov] #gjj or #hjj squ>e miles2 ! ,lanca%ire ab\t #bjj4 ,h[ l>ge ! ,nor? ,wales & ! ,scot* fields are ,i _c say4 ,b d\btless a great deal m coal ?an c be got at lies "u ! sea1 especially 9 ! nor? ( ,wales4 ,coal probably exi/s ov] va/ %eets ( ,engl& & ,france1 buri$ s deeply "u lat] rocks1 t x _c be rea*$ by m9+4 ,z an in/ance1 a di/+ui%$ geologi/ has long held t !re are b$s ( coal "u ,london itself1 :i* rise1 ow+ to a peculi> di/urbance ( ! /rata1 to )9 #a1jjj or #a1bjj feet ( ! surface1 & t we or our *ildr5 may yet see coal-m9es 9 ! m>%es ( ! ,?ames4 ,& m1 x is a provable fact t only a portion ( ! coal measures is left4 ,a great "p ( ,irel& mu/ once h be5 cov]$ ) coal1 :i* is n[ de/roy$4 ,inde$1 x is likely t ! coal n[ kn[n ( 9 ,europe & ,am]ica is b a remnant ( :at has exi/$ !re 9 =m] ages1 & has be5 eat5 away by ! inroads ( ! sea4 ,n[ :5ce did all t enorm\s mass ( vegetable soil come8 ,(f "s neighb\r+ l&1 0 ! fir/ & mo/ natural answ]4 ,x 0 a rational "o4 ,x proce$$ f ! kn[n to ! unkn[n4 ,x 0 cle> t ^! plants _h gr[n on l&2 = !y 7 l&- plants4 ,x 0 cle> t !re mu/ h be5 l& close by1 = betwe5 ! b$s ( coal1 z y all "k1 ! rock is pr9cipally co>se s&/one1 :i* c\ld only h be5 laid d[n 7z ,i h expla9$ to y already7 9 v %all[ wat]4 ,x 0 natural1 !n1 to suppose t ^! plants & trees _h be5 swept d[n by riv]s into ! sea1 z ! s&s & muds :i* buri$ !m _h be54 ,& x 0 kn[n t at ! m\?s ( c]ta9 riv]s--! ,mississippi1 = in/ance--va/ rafts ( dead float+ trees accumulat$2 & t ! bottoms ( ! riv]s 7 (t5 full ( snags1 etc42 trees :i* _h gr\nd$1 & /uck 9 ! mud2 & :y %\ld n ! coal h be5 =m$ 9 ! same way8 ,because--& ?is 0 a s]i\s objection--!n surely ! coal w\ld be impure--mix$ up ) mud & s&1 till x 0 n wor? burn+4 ,in/ead ( :i*1 ! coal is usually pure vegetable1 p>t$ %>ply f ! s&/one :i* lies on x4 ,! only o!r explanation 01 t ! coal vegetation _h gr[n 9 ! v places :]e x 0 f\nd4 ,b t seem$ too /range to be true1 till t great geologi/1 ,sir ,w4 ,logan--:o has s9ce done su* good "w 9 ,canada- -%[$ t e b$ ( coal _h a b$ ( clay "u x1 & t t clay always conta9$ fossils call$ ,/igm>ia4 ,!n x came out t ! ,/igm>ia 9 ! "u clay _h long filam5ts atta*$ to !m1 :ile :5 f\nd 9 ! s&/ones or %ales1 !y _h lo/ _! filam5ts1 & seem$ m or less roll$--9 fact1 t ! natural place ( ! ,/igm>ia 0 9 ! "u clay4 ,!n ,mr4 ,b9ney discov]$ a tree--a ,sigill>ia1 /&+ upright 9 ! coal- measures ) its roots atta*$4 ,^? roots p5etrat$ into ! "u clay ( ! coal2 & ^? roots 7 ,/igm>ias4 ,t seems to h settl$ ! "q4 ,! ,sigill>ias1 at lea/1 _h gr[n :]e !y 7 f\nd1 & ! clay b5ea? ! coal-b$s 0 ! orig9al soil on :i* !y _h gr[n4 ,j s1 if y w look at any peat bog y w f9d x bottom$ by clay1 :i* clay is pi]c$ ev]y:]e by ! roots ( ! moss =m+ ! peat1 or ( ! trees1 bir*es1 ald]s1 popl>s1 & will[s1 :i* gr[ 9 ! bog4 ,s ! pro( seem$ complete1 t ! coal _h be5 =m$ out ( vegetation gr[+ :]e x 0 buri$4 ,if any fur!r pro( = t !ory 0 ne$$1 x w\ld be f\nd 9 ?is fact1 mo/ +5i\sly sugge/$ by ,mr4 ,boyd ,dawk9s4 ,! res9\s spores1 or se$s ( ! ,lepidod5dra make up--z said above--a great "p ( ! bitum9\s coal4 ,n[ ^? spores are s light1 t if ! coal _h be5 laid d[n by wat]1 !y w\ld h float$ on x1 & h be5 c>ri$ away2 & !re=e ! bitum9\s coal mu/ h be5 =m$1 n "u wat]1 b on dry l&4 ,i h dwelt at l5g? on ^! fur!r argum5ts1 because !y seem to me z pretty a specim5 z ,i c give my read]s ( t regul> & gradual induction1 t common-s5se regulat$1 by :i* geological !ories are work$ out4 ,b h[ does ?is !ory expla9 ! p]fect purity ( ! coal8 ,i ?9k ,sir ,c4 ,lyell answ]s t "q fully 9 p4 #chc ( 8 ,/ud5t's ,elem5ts ( ,geology4 ,he tells u t ! d5se gr[?s ( re$s & h]bage :i* encompass ! m>g9s ( =e/-cov]$ swamps 9 ! valley & delta ( ! ,mississippi1 9 pass+ ?r\gh !m1 are filt]$ & made to cle> !mselves entirely be=e !y rea* ! areas 9 :i* vegetable matt] may accumulate = c5turies1 =m+ coal if ! climate be fav\rable2 & t 9 ! cypress-swamps ( t region no s$im5t m+les ) ! vegetable matt] accumulat$ f ! decay ( trees & semi-aquatic plants2 s t :51 9 a v dry season1 ! swamp is set on fire1 pits are burnt into ! gr\nd _m feet deep1 or z f> z ! fire c g d[n )\t rea*+ wat]1 & sc>cely any e>?y residuum is left2 j z :5 ! soil ( ! ,engli% f5s cat*es fire1 r$-hot holes are eat5 d[n ?r\gh pure peat till ! wat]-be>+ clay bel[ is rea*$4 ,b ! purity ( ! wat] 9 peaty lagoons is obs]vable else:]e ?an 9 ! delta ( ! ,mississippi4 ,:at c be m transp>5t ?an _m a pool surr\nd$ by quak+ bogs1 fr+$1 z !y are 9 ,irel&1 ) a r+ ( :ite wat]-lilies1 :i* y d>e n /oop to pick1 le/ ! peat1 b5d+ inw>d1 slide y d[n into t cle> d>k gulf "s tw5ty feet 9 dep?1 bottom$ & wall$ ) yield+ ooze1 f :i* !re is no escape8 ,mo/ transp>5t1 likewise1 is ! wat] ( ! ,we/ ,indian swamps4 ,?\gh x is ( ! col\r ( c(fee1 or r ( d>k be]1 & s impregnat$ ) gases t x produces fev] or *ol]a :5 drunk1 yet x is--at lea/ :5 x does n m+le ) ! salt wat]--s cle>1 t "o might see e m>k+ on a boa- con/rictor or alligator1 if he glid$ along ! bottom "u ! canoe4 ,b n[ comes ! "q--,ev5 if all ?is be true1 h[ 7 ! =e/s cov]$ up 9 %ale & s&/one1 "o aft] ano!r8 ,by gradual s9k+ ( ! l&1 "o w\ld suppose4 ,if we f9d1 z we may f9d 9 a hundr$ coal-pits1 trees root$ z !y grew1 ) _! trunks ei!r /&+ up ?r\gh ! coal1 & ?r\gh ! s&/one above ! coal2 _! b>k (t5 rema9+ z coal :ile _! inside is fill$ up ) s&/one1 has n our common-s5se a "r to say--,! l& on :i* !y grew sank bel[ ! wat]-l9e2 ! trees 7 kill$2 & ! mud & s& :i* 7 br\ght d[n ! /reams envelop$ _! trunks8 ,z = ! inside be+ full ( s&/one1 h we n all se5 holl[ trees8 ,d we n all "k t :5 a tree dies its wood decays fir/1 its b>k la/8 ,x is s1 especially 9 ! ,tropics4 ,!re "o may see huge dead trees ) _! b>k seem+ly s\nd1 & _! inside a m]e cav]n ) t\*wood at ! bottom2 into :i* cav]ns "o us$ to peep ) "s caution4 ,= ?\gh "o might h f\nd inside only a pair ( t\cans1 or p>rots1 or a :ole p>ty ( jolly little monkeys1 "o 0 q z likely to f9d a poison\s snake f\r or five feet long1 ^: bite w\ld h v c]ta9ly prev5t$ me hav+ ! pleasure ( writ+ ?is book4 ,n[ is x n pla9 t if su* trees z t sunk1 _! b>k w\ld be turn$ into lignite1 & at la/ into coal1 :ile _! insides w\ld be silt$ up ) mud & s&8 ,?us a core or pill> ( h>d s&/one w\ld be =m$1 :i* might d to ! colli] ( ! future :at !y are too apt to d n[ 9 ! ,newca/le & ,bri/ol colli]ies4 ,= !re1 :5 ! coal is work$ out bel[1 ! s&/one /ems--coal-pipes z ! colli]s call !m--9 ! ro( ( ! seam1 hav+ no bran*es1 & no?+ to hold !m up b _! friable b>k ( coal1 are b too apt to drop out sudd5ly1 kill+ or w\nd+ ! hapless m5 bel[4 ,or aga91 if we f9d--z we v (t5 f9d--z 0 f\nd at ,p>kfield ,colli]y1 ne> ,wolv]hampton1 9 ! ye> #ahad--;a qu>t] ( an acre ( coal-seam fill$4 ) /umps ( trees z !y grew1 _! trunks brok5 (f & ly+ 9 e direction1 turn$ into coal1 & flatt5$1 z coal-fossils s (t5 are1 by ! weight ( ! rock above--%\ld we n h a "r to say--,^! trees 7 snapp$ (f :]e !y grew by "s viol5t convulsion2 by a /orm1 or by a sudd5 inru% ( wat] ow+ to a sudd5 s9k+ ( ! l&1 or by ! v e>?quake %ock itself :i* sank ! l&8 ,b :at evid5ce h we ( su* s9k+s8 ,! pla9 fact t y h coal-seam above coal-seam1 ea* ) its b$ ( "u-clay2 & t !re=e ! l& ,,mu/ h sunk ere ! next b$ ( soil c\ld h be5 deposit$1 & ! next =e/ h gr[n on x4 ,9 "o ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 coal-fields !re are m ?an ?irty seams ( coal1 ea* ) its "u-clay bel[ x4 ,:at c t mean b ?irty or m subsid5ces ( ! l&1 & ! peat ( ?irty or m =e/s or peat-mosses1 "o above ! o!r8 ,& n[ if any read] %all say1 ,subsid5ce8 ,:at is ?is q new elem5t :i* y h br\ght into y\r argum5t8 ,y told u t y w\ld reason f ! kn[n to ! unkn[n4 ,:at d we "k ( subsid5ce8 ,y (f]$ to expla9 ! ?+ :i* _h gone on once by t :i* is go+ on n[4 ,:]e is subsid5ce go+ on n[ ^u ! surface ( our planet8 ,& :]e1 too1 upheaval1 su* z w\ld br+ u ^! buri$ =e/s up aga9 f "u ! sea-level1 & make !m1 l our ,briti% coal-field1 dry l& once m8 ,! answ] is--,subsid5ce & elevation ( ! l& are common n[1 probably j z common z !y 7 9 any age ( ?is planet's hi/ory4 ,to give two in/ances1 made n[ notori\s by ! writ+s ( geologi/s4 ,z lately z #ahai a s+le e>?quake %ock 9 ,cut*1 at ! m\? ( ! ,indus1 sunk a tract ( l& l>g] ?an ! ,lake ( ,g5eva 9 "s places to a dep? ( eighte5 feet1 & conv]t$ x into an inl& sea4 ,! same %ock rais$1 a few miles (f1 a correspond+ %eet ( l& "s fifty miles 9 l5g?1 & 9 "s p>ts sixte5 miles broad1 t5 feet above ! level ( ! alluvial pla91 & left x to be nam$ by ! c\ntry-p ! ,ullah ,bund1 or bank ( ,god1 to di/+ui% x f ! artificial banks 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,aga93 9 ! valley ( ! ,mississippi--a tract :i* is n[1 x w\ld seem1 9 mu* ! same /ate z c5tral ,engl& 0 :ile our coal-fields 7 be+ laid d[n--! e>?quakes ( #ahaa-ab caus$ l>ge lakes to appe> sudd5ly 9 _m p>ts ( ! di/rict1 amid ! d5se =e/s ( cypress4 ,"o ( ^!1 ! ,sunk ,c\ntry1 ne> ,new ,madrid1 is betwe5 sev5ty & eighty miles 9 l5g?1 & ?irty miles 9 bread?1 & ?r\gh\t x1 z late z #ahdf1 dead trees 7 conspicu\s1 "s erect 9 ! wat]1 o!rs fall51 & /rew$ 9 d5se masses ov] ! bottom1 9 ! %all[s1 & ne> ! %ore4 ,i quote ^! words f ,sir ,*>les ,lyell's ,pr9ciples ( ,geology 7#aa? edit471 vol4 i4 p4 #dec4 ,& ,i _c d bett] ?an advise my read]s1 if !y wi% to "k m ( ! way 9 :i* coal 0 =m$1 to read :at is said 9 t book conc]n+ ! ,delta ( ! ,mississippi1 & its /rata ( =e/s sunk :]e !y grew1 & 9 "s places uprais$ aga91 alt]nat+ ) b$s ( clay & s&1 vegetable soil1 rec5t sea-%ells1 & :at n1 =m+1 to a dep? ( sev]al hundr$ feet1 j su* a mass ( b$s z exi/s 9 our own coal-fields at ?is day4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! read] wi%es to picture to himself ! sc5]y ( :at is n[ c5tral ,engl&1 dur+ ! p]iod :5 our coal 0 be+ laid d[n1 he has only1 ,i believe1 to transport himself 9 fancy to any great alluvial delta1 9 a moi/ & w>m climate1 fav\rable to ! gr[? ( vegetation4 ,he has only to conceive wood$ m>%es1 at ! m\? ( great riv]s1 sl[ly s9k+ b5ea? ! sea2 ! =e/s 9 !m kill$ by ! wat]1 & !n cov]$ up by lay]s ( s&1 br\ght d[n f inl&1 till t new lay] became dry l&1 to c>ry a fre% crop ( vegetation4 ,he has ?us all t he ne$s to expla9 h[ coal-measures 7 =m$4 ,i myself saw once a sc5e ( t k9d1 :i* ,i %\ld be sorry to =get2 = !re 01 z ,i conceiv$1 coal1 mak+1 or gett+ ready to be made1 be=e my eyes3 a %eet ( swamp1 s9k+ sl[ly into ! sea2 = !re /ood trees1 /ill root$ bel[ high-wat] m>k1 & kill$ by ! waves2 :ile inl& huge trees /ood dy+1 or dead1 f ! wat] at _! roots4 ,b :at a sc5e--a labyr9? ( n>r[ creeks1 s n>r[ t a canoe c\ld n pass up1 haunt$ ) alligators & boa-con/rictors1 p>rots & :ite h]ons1 amid an inextricable confusion ( vegetable mud1 roots ( ! ald]-l mangroves1 & tangl$ creep]s hang+ f tree to tree2 & ov]head huge fan-palms1 delight+ 9 ! moi/ure1 m+l$ ) /ill hug] broad-leav$ trees 9 e /age ( decay4 ,! dr[n$ vegetable soil ( ages b5ea? me2 above my head1 = a hundr$ feet1 a mass ( /ems & b\ghs1 & leaves & fl[]s1 comp>$ ) :i* ! ri*e/ ho?\se 9 ,engl& 0 poor & small4 ,b if ! s9k+ process :i* 0 go+ on cont9u$ a few hundr$ ye>s1 all t huge mass ( wood & leaf w\ld be sunk b5ea? ! swamp1 & cov]$ up 9 mud wa%$ d[n f ! m\nta9s1 & s& driv5 9 f ! sea2 to =m a b$ _m feet ?ick1 ( :at w\ld be fir/ peat1 !n lignite1 & la/1 x may be1 coal1 ) ! /ems ( kill$ trees /&+ up out ( x into ! new mud & s&-b$s above x1 j z ! ,sigill>iae & o!r /ems /& up 9 ! coal-b$s bo? ( ,brita9 & ( ,nova ,scotia2 :ile ov] x a fre% =e/ w\ld gr[ up1 to suff] ! same fate--if ! s9k+ process w5t on--z t :i* _h prec$$ x4 ,t 0 a sight n easily to be =gott54 ,b we ne$ n h gone s f> f home1 at lea/1 a few hundr$ ye>s ago1 to see an exactly simil> "o4 ,! f5s ( ,norfolk & ,cambridge%ire1 be=e ! riv]s 7 embank$1 ! wat] pump$ (f1 ! =e/s fell$1 & ! re$-b$s pl\gh$ up1 7 exactly 9 ! same /ate4 ,! va/ deposits ( peat betwe5 ,cambridge & ! sea1 (t5 fill$ ) timb]-trees1 ei!r fall5 or upright z !y grew1 & (t5 mix$ ) b$s ( s& or mud1 br\ght d[n 9 floods1 7 =m$ 9 exactly ! same way2 & if !y _h rema9$ undra9$1 !n t sl[ s9k+1 :i* geologi/s say is go+ on ov] ! :ole area ( ! ,f5s1 w\ld h br\ght !m gradually1 b surely1 bel[ ! sea-level1 to be cov]$ up by new =e/s1 & conv]t$ 9 due "t into coal4 ,& future geologi/s w\ld h f\nd--!y may f9d yet1 if1 :i* ,god =bid1 ,engl& %\ld become b>b>\s & ! trees be ?r[n out ( cultivation--in/ead ( fossil ,lepidod5dra & ,sigill>iae1 ,calamites & f]ns1 fossil a%es & oaks1 ald]s & popl>s1 bulru%es & re$s4 ,almo/ ! only fossil f]n w\ld h be5 t tall & beautiful ,la/raea ,!lypt]is1 once s abundant1 n[ all b de/roy$ by dra9age & ! pl\gh4 ,we ne$ n1 !re=e1 fancy any extraord9>y /ate ( ?+s on ?is planet :ile our ,engli% coal 0 be+ =m$4 ,! climate ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e--,brita91 at lea/1 & ,nova ,scotia--0 w>m] ?an n[1 to judge f ! abundance ( f]ns2 & especially ( tree-f]ns2 b n s w>m1 to judge f ! pres5ce ( conif]s 7trees ( ! p9e tribe71 z ! ,tropics4 ,moreov]1 !re mu/ h be51 x seems to me1 a great sc>city ( animal-life4 ,insects are f\nd1 beautifully pres]v$2 a few reptiles1 too1 & l&-%ells2 b v few4 ,& :]e are ! traces ( su* a sw>m+ life z w\ld be entomb$ 7 a tropic =e/ n[ sunk2 :i* is f\nd entomb$ 9 _m p>ts ( our ,engli% f5s8 ,! only explanation :i* ,i c (f] is ?is--t ! club-mosses1 tree- f]ns1 p9es1 & o!r l[-rank$ vegetation ( ! coal af=d$ little or no food = animals1 z ! same families ( plants d to ?is day2 & if creatures c get no?+ to eat1 !y c]ta9ly _c multiply & repl5i% ! e>?4 ,b1 be t z x may1 ! fact t coal is buri$ =e/ is n affect$4 ,mean:ile1 ! %ape & arrangem5ts ( sea & l& mu/ h be5 utt]ly diff]5t f :at !y are n[4 ,:]e 0 t great l&1 (f :i* great riv]s ran to deposit our coal-measures 9 _! deltas8 ,x has be5 suppos$1 = good reasons1 t nor?-we/]n ,france1 ,belgium1 ,holl&1 & ,g]many 7 !n "u ! sea2 t ,d5m>k & ,norway 7 jo9$ to ,scotl& by a cont95t1 a tongue ( :i* ran across ! c5tre ( ,engl&1 & into ,irel&1 divid+ ! nor!rn & s\!rn coal-fields4 ,b h[ f> to ! we/ & nor? did t old cont95t /ret*8 ,did x1 z x almo/ c]ta9ly did long ages aft]w>ds1 jo9 ,gre5l& & ,nor? ,am]ica ) ,scotl& & ,norway8 ,7 ! nor!rn fields ( ,nova ,scotia1 :i* are ( ! same geological age z our own1 & conta9 ! same plants1 laid d[n by riv]s :i* ran (f ! same cont95t z ours8 ,:o c tell n[8 ,t old l&1 & all record ( x1 save :at ^! fragm5t>y coal-measures c give1 are buri$ 9 ! d>k abyss ( c\ntless ages2 & we c only look back ) awe1 & com=t ourselves ) ! ?\ght--,let ,"t be ev] s va/1 yet ,"t is n ,et]nity4 ,"o ^w m4 ,if my read]s h grant$ t all = :i* ,i h argu$ is probable1 !y w /ill h a "r to ask = fur!r pro(4 ,!y w be ju/ifi$ 9 say+3 ,y say t coal is trans=m$ vegetable matt]2 b c y %[ u h[ ! trans=mation takes place8 ,is x possible accord+ to kn[n natural laws8 ,! *emi/ mu/ answ] t4 ,& he tells u t wood c become lignite1 or wood-coal1 by p>t+ ) its oxyg51 9 ! %ape ( c>bonic acid gas1 or *oke-damp2 & !n common or bitum9\s coal1 by p>t+ ) its hydrog51 *iefly 9 ! =m ( c>burett$ hydrog5--! gas ) :i* we light our /reets4 ,t is ab\t z mu* z ! unsci5tific read] ne$ "k4 ,b x is a fre% corroboration ( ! !ory t coal has be5 once vegetable fibre1 = x %[s h[ vegetable fibre c1 by ! laws ( nature1 become coal4 ,& x c]ta9ly helps u to believe t a ?+ has be5 done1 if we are %[n t x c be done4 ,?is fact expla9s1 also1 :y 9 m9es ( wood-coal c>bonic acid1 i4e4 *oke-damp1 alone is giv5 (f4 ,= 9 ! wood-coal a great deal ( ! hydrog5 /ill rema9s4 ,9 m9es ( true coal1 n only is *oke-damp giv5 (f1 b t m t]rible pe/ ( ! m9]s1 fire-damp1 or explosive c>burett$ hydrog5 & olefiant gases4 ,n[ ! occurr5ce ( t fire-damp 9 m9es proves t *anges are /ill go+ on 9 ! coal3 t x is gett+ rid ( its hydrog51 & s progress+ t[>d ! /ate ( an?racite or culm--/one-coal z x is sometimes call$4 ,9 ! ,p5nsylvanian coal-fields "s ( ! coal has actually done ?is1 "u ! di/urb+ =ce ( e>?quakes2 = ! coal1 :i* is bitum9\s1 l our common coal1 to ! we/w>d :]e ! /rata are horizontal1 becomes gradually an?racite z x is toss$ & torn by ! e>?quake faults ( ! ,alleghany & ,appala*ian m\nta9s4 ,& is a fur!r trans=mation possible8 ,yes2 & m ?an "o4 ,if we conceive ! an?racite cle>$ ( all b its la/ atoms ( oxyg51 hydrog51 & nitrog51 till x has become all b pure c>bon1 x w\ld become--z x has become 9 c]ta9 rocks ( imm5se antiquity1 graphite--:at we miscall black-lead4 ,&1 aft] t1 x might g ?r\gh "o trans=mation m1 & t ! mo/ />tl+ ( all4 ,x w\ld ne$ only p]fect purification & cry/allisation to become--a diamond2 no?+ less4 ,we may consid] ! coal ^u ! fire z ! middle t]m ( a s]ies1 ( :i* ! fir/ is live wood1 & ! la/ diamond2 & indulge safely 9 ! fancy t e diamond 9 ! _w has probably1 at "s remote epo*1 =m$ "p ( a gr[+ plant4 ,a /range trans=mation2 :i* w look to u m /range1 m truly poetical1 ! m /eadily we consid] x4 ,! coal on ! fire2 ! table at :i* ,i write--:at are !y made (8 ,gas & sunbeams2 ) a small p]c5tage ( a%1 or e>?y salts1 :i* ne$ h>dly be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,gas & sunbeams4 ,/range1 b true4 ,! life ( ! gr[+ plant--& :at t life is :o c tell8-- laid hold ( ! gases 9 ! air & 9 ! soil2 ( ! c>bonic acid1 ! atmosph]ic air1 ! wat]--= t too is gas4 ,x drank !m 9 ?r\gh its rootlets3 x brea!d !m 9 ?r\gh its leaf- pores1 t x might di/il !m into sap1 & bud1 & leaf1 & wood4 ,b x has to take 9 ano!r elem5t1 )\t :i* ! di/illation & ! %ap+ c\ld nev] h tak5 place4 ,x _h to dr9k 9 ! sunbeams--t my/]i\s & complex =ce :i* is = ev] p\r+ f ! sun1 & mak+ itself p>tly palpable to our s5ses z heat & light4 ,s ! life ( ! plant seiz$ ! sunbeams1 & absorb$ !m1 buri$ !m 9 itself--no long] z light & heat1 b z invisible *emical =ce1 lock$ up = ages 9 t woody fibre4 ,s x is4 ,"l ,lytton told u long ago1 9 a beautiful song1 h[ ,! ,w9d & ! ,beam lov$ ! ,rose4 ,b ,nature's poetry 0 m beautiful ?an man's4 ,! w9d & ! beam lov$ ! rose s well t !y made ! rose--or r1 ! rose took ! w9d & ! beam1 & built up out ( !m1 by h] own inn] life1 h] exquisite texture1 hue1 & fragrance4 ,:at next8 ,! rose dies2 ! timb] tree dies2 decays d[n into vegetable fibre1 is buri$1 & turn$ to coal3 b ! plant _c altoge!r undo its own "w4 ,ev5 9 dea? & decay x _c set free ! sunbeams imprison$ 9 its tissue4 ,! sun-=ce mu/ /ay1 %ut up age aft] age1 invisible1 b /rong2 work+ at its own prison-cells2 transmut+ !m1 or mak+ !m capable ( be+ transmut$ by man1 into ! manifold products ( coal--coke1 petroleum1 m9]al pit*1 gases1 coal-t>1 b5zole1 delicate anil9e dyes1 & :at n1 till its day ( deliv]ance comes4 ,man digs x1 ?r[s x on ! fire1 a black1 dead-seem+ lump4 ,a corn]1 an atom ( x1 w>ms till x rea*es ! ignit+ po9t2 ! temp]ature at :i* x is able to comb9e ) oxyg54 ,& !n1 l a dormant live ?+1 awak+ aft] ages to ! s5se ( its own p[]s1 its own ne$s1 ! :ole lump is seiz$1 atom aft] atom1 ) an infecti\s hung] = t oxyg5 :i* x lo/ c5turies s9ce 9 ! bottom ( ! e>?4 ,x dr9ks ! oxyg5 9 at e pore2 & burns4 ,& s ! spell ( ages is brok54 ,! sun-=ce bur/s its prison- cells1 & blazes into ! free atmosph]e1 z light & heat once m2 return+ 9 a mom5t into ! same =ms 9 :i* x ent]$ ! gr[+ leaf a ?\s& c5turies s9ce4 ,/range x all is1 yet true4 ,b ( nature1 z ( ! he>t ( man1 ! old say+ /&s--t tru? is /rang] ?an fiction4 ,v4 ,,! ,,lime ,,9 ,,! ,,mort> ,i %all presume 9 all my read]s "s slight k ab\t lime4 ,i %all take = grant$1 = in/ance1 t all are bett] in=m$ ?an a c]ta9 p>ty ( ,au/ralian black fell[s 7 a few ye>s s9ce4 ,9 pr[l+ on ! track ( a p>ty ( ,engli% settl]s1 to see :at !y c\ld pick up1 !y came--oh joy6--on a sack ( fl\r1 dropp$ & left beh9d 9 ! bu% at a c]ta9 creek4 ,! poor savages _h n _h su* a prospect ( a good meal = _m a day4 ,) endless jabb]+ & danc+1 ! :ole tribe ga!r$ r\nd ! preci\s fl\r-bag ) all ! pannik9s1 g\rds1 & o!r holl[ articles x c\ld mu/]1 ea* ( c\rse ) a due quantity ( wat] f ! creek !re91 & ! *ief began deal+ out ! fl\r by h&fuls1 beg9n+ ( c\rse ) ! bolde/ w>riors4 ,b1 horror ( horrors1 ea* man's porridge swell$ be=e 8 eyes1 grew hot1 smok$1 boil$ ov]4 ,!y turn$ & fl$1 man1 woman1 & *ild1 f be=e t sup]natural prodigy2 & ! settl]s com+ back to look = ! dropp$ sack1 saw a sight :i* told ! :ole tale4 ,= ! poor creatures1 9 _! t]ror1 _h ?r[n away _! pans & calaba%es1 ea* fill$ ) t :i* x 0 likely to conta91 see+ t ! sack itself _h conta9$1 n fl\r1 b quick-lime4 ,9 memory ( :i* comi-trag$y1 t creek is call$ to ?is day1 ,fl\r-bag ,creek4 ,n[ ,i take = grant$ t y are all m le>n$ ?an ^! black fell[s1 & "k quick-lime f fl\r4 ,b /ill y are n b\nd to "k :at quick-lime is4 ,let me expla9 x to y4 ,lime1 prop]ly speak+1 is a metal1 :i* goes among *emi/s by ! "n ( calcium4 ,b x is =m$1 z y all "k1 9 ! e>?1 n z a metal1 b z a /one1 z *alk or lime/one1 :i* is a c>bonate ( lime2 t is1 calcium comb9$ ) oxyg5 & c>bonic-acid gases4 ,9 t /ate x w make1 if x is cry/all9e & h>d1 excell5t build+ /one4 ,! f9e/ :ite m>ble1 l t ( ,c>r>a 9 ,italy1 ( :i* ! mo/ delicate /atues are c>v$1 is c>bonate ( lime alt]$ & h>d5$ by volcanic heat4 ,b to make mort> ( x1 x mu/ be s(t5$ & !n br\ght into a /ate 9 :i* x c be h>d5$ aga92 & ages s9ce1 "s man or o!r1 :o des]ves to rank z "o ( ! great inv5tors1 "o ( ! great b5efactors ( 8 race1 discov]$ ! art ( mak+ lime s(t & h>d aga92 9 fact ( mak+ mort>4 ,! discov]y 0 probably v anci5t2 & made1 probably l mo/ ( ! old discov]ies1 9 ! ,ea/1 spread+ ,we/w>d gradually4 ,! e>li] ,greek build+s are cyclopean1 t is1 ( /one fitt$ toge!r )\t mort>4 ,! e>li] ,egyptian build+s1 ?\gh ! /ones are exquisitely squ>$ & poli%$1 are put toge!r likewise )\t mort>4 ,s1 long ages aft]1 7 ! e>li] ,roman build+s1 & ev5 "s ( ! lat]4 ,! fam\s aqu$uct ( ! ,pont du ,g>d1 ne> ,nismes1 9 ! s\? ( ,france1 has1 if ,i recollect "r1 no mort> :atev] 9 x4 ,! /ones ( its noble d\ble ti] ( circul> ar*es h be5 dropp$ into _! places ^u ! wood5 c5tres1 & /& unmov$ to ?is day1 simply by ! jamm+ ( _! own weight2 a miracle ( art4 ,b ! fact is puzzl+2 = ^! ,romans 7 ! be/ mort> mak]s ( ! _w4 ,we _c1 ,i believe1 surpass !m 9 ! art ev5 n[2 & 9 "s ( _! old ca/les1 ! mort> is actually to ?is day h>d] & t\gh] ?an ! /ones :i* x holds toge!r4 ,& !y _h pl5ty ( lime at h& if !y _h *os5 to make mort>4 ,! ,pont du ,g>d crosses a lime/one rav9e1 & is itself built ( lime/one4 ,b ,i presume ! cunn+ ,romans w\ld n tru/ mort> made f t co>se ,nummulite lime/one1 fill$ ) gritty s&1 & pref]r$1 ) _! usual c>efulness1 no mort> at all to bad4 ,b ,i mu/ return1 & tell my read]s1 9 a few words1 ! *emical hi/ory ( mort>4 ,if lime/one be burnt1 or r roa/$1 9 a kiln1 ! c>bonic acid is giv5 (f--z y may discov] by y\r own nose2 z _m a poor tramp has discov]$ too late1 :51 on a cold w9t] night1 he has la9 d[n by ! side ( ! burn+ kiln to keep himself w>m1 & woke 9 ! o!r _w1 /ifl$ to dea? by ! poison\s fumes4 ,! lime !n gives (f its c>bonic acid1 & also its wat] ( cry/allisation1 t is1 wat] :i* x holds 7z d _m rocks7 lock$ up 9 x unse51 & only to be discov]$ by *emical analysis4 ,x is !n anhydr\s--t is1 wat]less--oxide ( lime1 :at we call quick-lime2 t :i* figur$ 9 ! comi-trag$y ( ,fl\r-bag ,creek2 & !n1 z y may f9d if y get x "u y\r nails or into y\r eyes1 w burn & bli/] l an acid4 ,?is has to be turn$ aga9 into a h>d & t\gh artificial lime/one1 9 pla9 words1 into mort>2 & ! fir/ /ep is to slack x--t is1 to give x back ! wat] :i* x has lo/1 & = :i* x is z x 7 ?ir/+4 ,s x is slack$ ) wat]1 :i* x dr9ks 91 heat+ itself & ! wat] till x /eams & swells 9 bulk1 because x takes ! sub/ance ( ! wat] into its own sub/ance4 ,slack$ lime1 z we all "k1 is n visibly wett] ?an quick-lime2 x crumbles to a dry :ite p[d] 9 spite ( all ! wat] :i* x conta9s4 ,!n x mu/ be made to set1 t is1 to return to lime/one1 to c>bonate ( lime1 by dr9k+ 9 ! c>bonic acid f wat] & air1 :i* "s sorts ( lime w d in/antly1 sett+ at once1 & be+ !re=e us$ z cem5ts4 ,b ! lime usually employ$ mu/ be mix$ ) m or less s& to make x set h>d3 a my/]i\s process1 ( :i* x w be en\gh to tell ! read] t ! s& & lime are said to unite gradually1 n only me*anically1 t is1 by /ick+ toge!r2 b also 9 "p *emically--t is1 by =m+ out ( !mselves a new sub/ance1 :i* is call$ silicate ( lime4 ,be t z x may1 ! mort> pa/e has n[ to d two ?+s2 fir/ to dry1 & next to take up c>bonic acid f ! air & wat]1 en\gh to h>d5 x aga9 into lime/one3 & t x w take "s "t 9 do+4 ,a ?ick wall1 ,i am in=m$1 requires sev]al ye>s be=e x is set ?r\gh\t1 & has acquir$ its full h>dness1 or r t\ghness2 & good mort>1 z is well kn[n1 w acquire extreme h>dness ) age1 probably f ! v same cause t x did :5 x 0 lime/one 9 ! e>?4 ,=1 z a g5]al rule1 ! m anci5t ! /rata is 9 :i* ! lime/one is f\nd1 ! h>d] ! lime/one is2 except 9 cases :]e volcanic action & e>?quake pressure h h>d5$ lime/one 9 m rec5t /rata1 z 9 ! case ( ! :ite m>bles ( ,c>r>a 9 ,italy1 :i* are ( ! age ( our ,oolites1 t is1 ( ! free/one ( ,ba?1 etc41 h>d5$ by ! heat ( intrud$ volcanic rocks4 ,b n[3 :at is ! lime/one8 & h[ did x get :]e x is--n into ! mort>1 ,i mean1 b into ! lime/one qu>ry8 ,let me tell y1 or r1 help y to tell y\rselves1 by lead+ y1 z be=e1 f ! kn[n to ! unkn[n4 ,let me lead y to places unkn[n inde$ to mo/2 b !re may be sailors or soldi]s among my read]s :o "k !m f> bett] ?an ,i d4 ,let me lead y1 9 fancy1 to "s isl& 9 ! ,tropic seas4 ,aft] all1 ,i am n lead+ y z f> away z y fancy by sev]al ?\s& miles1 z y w see1 ,i tru/1 ere ,i h done4 ,let me take y to "s isl&3 :at %all x be l8 ,%all x be a high isl&1 ) cliff pil$ on cliff1 & peak on peak1 all ri* ) mighty =e/s1 l a furr$ mantle ( gre5 velvet1 m\nt+ up & up till x is lo/ among :ite cl\ds above8 ,or %all x be a m]e l[ reef1 :i* y d n see till y are close ^u x2 on :i* no?+ rises above ! wat]1 b "h & !re a knot ( cocoa-nut palms or a block ( /one1 or a few bu%es1 sw>m+ ) innum]able sea-f[l & _! eggs8 ,let x be :i* y w3 bo? are /range en\gh2 bo? beautiful2 bo? w tell u a /ory4 ,! %ip w h to lie-to1 & an*or if %e c2 x may be a mile1 x may be only a few y>ds1 f ! l&4 ,= betwe5 x & ! l& w be a l9e ( break]s1 rag+ 9 be=e ! w>m trade- w9d4 ,& ?is1 y w be told1 m>ks ! edge ( ! coral reef4 ,y w h to g a%ore 9 a boat1 ov] a sea :i* looks unfa?omable1 & :i* may be a mile or m 9 dep?1 & se>* = an op5+ 9 ! reef1 ?r\gh :i* ! boat c pass )\t be+ knock$ to pieces4 ,y f9d "o3 & 9 a mom5t1 :at a *ange6 ,! deep has sudd5ly become %all[2 ! blue :ite1 f ! gleam ( ! :ite coral at ! bottom4 ,b ! coral is n all :ite1 only inde$ a little ( x2 = z y look d[n ?r\gh ! cle> wat]1 y f9d t ! coral is />r$ ) innum]able live fl[]s1 blue1 crimson1 grey1 e conceivable hue2 & t ^! are ! coral polypes1 ea* ) its r+ ( arms ?ru/ out ( its cell1 :o are build+ up _! common habitations ( lime4 ,if y want to und]/&1 by a r\gh b correct description1 :at a coral polype is3 all :o h be5 to ! sea-side "k1 or at lea/ h he>d (1 sea-anemones4 ,n[ coral polypes are sea-anemones1 :i* make ea* a %ell ( lime1 gr[+ ) its gr[?4 ,z = _! %apes1 ! v>iety ( !m1 ! beauty ( !m1 no tongue c describe !m4 ,if y want to see !m1 g to ! ,coral ,rooms ( ! ,briti% or ,liv]pool ,museums1 & judge = y\rselves4 ,only rememb] t y mu/ re-clo! ea* ( ^? exquisite =ms ) a coat+ ( live jelly ( "s delicate hue1 & put back into e "o ( ! ?\s& cells its liv+ fl[]2 & into ! b$s1 or r banks1 ( ! salt-wat] fl[] g>d51 ! gaudie/ ( %ell-less sea-anemones1 su* z we h on our coa/s1 root$ 9 ! cracks1 & live %ells & sea-slugs1 z gaudy z !y1 crawl+ ab\t1 ) fifty o!r =ms ( fanta/ic & exub]ant life4 ,y mu/ n ov]look1 too1 ! fi%1 especially ! p>rot-fi%1 "s ( !m ( ! gaudie/ col\rs1 :o sp5d _! lives 9 br[s+ on ! live coral1 ) /rong clipp+ & gr9d+ tee?1 j z a c[ br[ses ! grass1 keep+ ! animal matt]1 & ?r[+ away ! lime 9 ! =m ( an impalpable :ite mud1 :i* fills up ! int]/ices 9 ! coral b$s4 ,! bottom1 j outside ! reef1 is cov]$ ) t mud1 mix$ ) m lime-mud1 :i* ! surge we>s (f ! reef2 & if y h1 z y %\ld h1 a dr$ge on bo>d1 & try a haul ( t mud z y r[ home1 y may f9d1 b n always1 animal =ms root$ 9 x1 :i* w delight ! s\l ( a sci5tific man4 ,"o1 ,i hope1 w\ld be "s sort ( ,t]ebratula1 or %ell ak9 to x4 ,y w\ld probably ?9k x a cockle3 b y w\ld be wrong4 ,! animal :i* dwells 9 x has ab\t ! same relation%ip to a cockle z a dog has to a bird4 ,x is a ,bra*iopod2 a family ) :i* ! anci5t seas once sw>m$1 b :i* is r>e n[1 all ov] ! _w1 hav+ be5 supplant$ & driv5 out ( ! seas by new] & /rong] =ms ( %ell$ animals4 ,! ne>e/ spot at :i* y are likely to dr$ge a live ,bra*iopod w be 9 ! deep wat] ( ,lo* ,fyne1 9 ,argyle%ire1 :]e two species /ill l+]1 fa/5$1 /rangely en\gh1 to ! smoo? pebbles ( a subm]g$ glaci]1 =m$ 9 ! op5 air dur+ ! age ( ice1 b sunk n[ to a dep? ( eighty fa?oms4 ,! fir/ "t ,i saw ^? %ells come up 9 ! dr$ge out ( ! d>k & motionless abyss1 ,i c\ld sympa?ise ) ! feel+s ( m+l$ delight & awe :i*1 s my companion told me1 ! great ,pr(essor ,ow5 _h 9 ! same spot fir/ beheld ! same l+]+ remnants ( a primaeval _w4 ,! o!r might be 7b ,i _c promise y ev5 a *ance ( dr$g+ t1 unless y 7 (f ! coa/ ( ,portugal1 or ! w9dw>d side ( "s ( ! ,we/ ,india ,isl&s7 a live ,cr9oid2 an exquisite />fi%1 ) long & bran*+ arms1 b root$ 9 ! mud by a long /alk1 & t /alk ?r[+ out b>r5 side bran*es2 ! :ole a liv+ plant ( /one4 ,y may see 9 museums specim5s ( ?is family1 n[ s r>e1 all b ext9ct4 ,& yet fifty or a hundr$ diff]5t =ms ( ! same type sw>m$ 9 ! anci5t seas3 :ole masses ( lime/one are made up ( little else b ! fragm5ts ( su* animals4 ,b we h n l&$ yet on ! dry "p ( ! reef4 ,let u make = x1 tak+ c>e mean:ile t we d n get our feet cut by ! coral1 or /ung z by nettles by ! coral insects4 ,we %all see t ! dry l& is made up entirely ( coral1 gr\nd & brok5 by ! waves1 & hurl$ inl& by ! /orm1 sometimes 9 huge b\ld]s1 mo/ly z f9e mud2 & t1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! sun & ( ! ra91 :i* filt]s ?r\gh x1 *>g$ ) lime f ! rott+ coral1 ! :ole is sett+1 z cem5t sets1 into rock4 ,& :at is ?is8 ,a long bank ( /one /&+ up z a l[ cliff1 t5 or twelve feet above high-wat] m>k4 ,x is full ( fragm5ts ( %ell1 ( fragm5ts ( coral1 ( all sorts ( animal rema9s2 & ! l[] "p ( x is q h>d rock4 ,moreov]1 x is b$d$ 9 regul> lay]s1 j su* z y see 9 a qu>ry4 ,b h[ did x get !re8 ,x mu/ h be5 =m$ at ! sea-level1 "s ( x1 inde$1 "u ! sea2 = "h are great masses ( madrepore & lime/one corals imb$d$ j z !y grew4 ,:at lift$ x up8 ,y\r companions1 if y h any :o "k ! isl&1 h no difficulty 9 tell+ y4 ,x 0 hove up1 !y say1 9 ! e>?quake 9 su* & su* a ye>2 & !y w tell y1 p]haps1 t if y w g on %ore to ! ma9 isl& :i* rises inside ! reef1 y may see dead coral b$s j l ^! ly+ on ! old rocks1 & slop+ up along ! flanks ( ! m\nta9s to sev]al hundr$ feet above ! sea4 ,i h se5 su* _m a "t4 ,?us y f9d ! coral be+ conv]t$ gradually into a lime/one rock1 ei!r f9e & homog5e\s1 compos$ ( coral gr[n into pulp1 or fill$ ) corals & %ells1 or ) angul> fragm5ts ( old] coral rock4 ,did y nev] see t la/8 ,no8 ,yes1 y h a hundr$ times4 ,y h b to look at ! m>bles commonly us$ ab\t ^! isl&s1 ) angul> fragm5ts imb$d$ 9 ! mass1 & "h & !re a %ell1 ! :ole cem5t$ toge!r by wat] hold+ 9 solution c>bonate ( lime1 & !re see ! v same ph5om5on p]petuat$ to ?is day4 ,?us1 ,i ?9k1 we h got fir/ f ! kn[n to ! unkn[n2 f a tropic coral isl& back "h to ! lime/one hills ( ,great ,brita92 & ,i did n speak at r&om :5 ,i said t ,i 0 n lead+ y away z f> z y fanci$ by sev]al ?\s& miles4 ,exam9e any av]age lime/one qu>ry f ,bri/ol to ,b]wick1 & y w see !re all t ,i h be5 describ+2 t is1 all ( x :i* is n s(t animal matt]1 c]ta9 to decay4 ,y w see ! lime-mud h>d5$ into rock b$s2 y w see ! %ells emb$d$ 9 x2 y w see ! corals 9 e /age ( de/ruction2 y w see :ole lay]s made up ( innum]able fragm5ts ( ,cr9oids--no wond] !y are innum]able1 =1 x has be5 calculat$1 !re are 9 a s+le animal ( "s ( ! species #adj1jjj jo9ts--#adj1jjj bits ( lime to fall ap>t :5 its s(t p>ts decay4 ,b is x n all !re8 ,& :y %\ld x n h got !re by ! same process by :i* simil> old coral b$s get up ! m\nta9 sides 9 ! ,we/ ,indies & else:]e2 namely1 by ! upheav+ =ce ( e>?quakes8 ,:5 y see simil> effects1 y h a "r to presume simil> causes4 ,if y see a man fall (f a h\se "h1 & break 8 neck2 & "s ye>s aft]1 9 ,london or ,new ,york1 or any:]e else1 f9d ano!r man ly+ at ! foot ( ano!r h\se1 ) 8 neck brok5 9 ! same way1 is x n a v fair presumption t he has fall5 (f a h\se likewise8 ,y may be wrong4 ,he may h come to 8 end by a doz5 o!r means3 b y mu/ h pro( ( t4 ,y w h a full "r1 9 sci5ce & 9 common s5se1 to say--,t man fell (f ! h\se1 till "s "o proves to y t he did n4 ,9 fact1 !re is no?+ :i* y see 9 ! lime/ones ( ^! isles--save & except ! diff]5ce 9 e %ell & coral--:i* y w\ld n see 9 ! coral-b$s ( ! ,we/ ,indies1 if su* e>?quakes z t fam\s "o at ,/4 ,?omas's1 9 #ahff1 became common & p]iodic1 upheav+ ! l& 7!y ne$s upheave x a v little1 only two hundr$ & fifty feet71 till ,/4 ,?omas's1 & all ! ,virg9 ,isles1 & ! mighty m\nta9 ( ,porto ,rico1 :i* looms up dim & purple to ! we/1 7 all jo9$ into dry l& once m1 & ! lonely coral-%oal ( ,anegada 7 rais$1 z x w\ld be rais$ !n1 into a lime/one table-l&1 l t ( ,c5tral ,irel&1 ( ,galway1 or ( ,c\nty ,cl>e4 ,b y mu/ cle>ly und]/&1 t h[ev] mu* ^! corall9e lime/ones h be5 upheav$ s9ce !y 7 =m$1 yet ! sea- bottom1 :ile !y 7 be+ =m$1 0 s9k+ & n ris+4 ,?is is a fact :i* 0 fir/ po9t$ out by ,mr4 ,d>w91 f ! obs]vations :i* he made 9 ! _w-fam\s ,voyage ( ! ,beagle2 & ! obs]vations ( subsequ5t great naturali/s h all gone to corroborate 8 !ory4 ,x 0 suppos$ at fir/1 y mu/ und]/&1 t :5 a coral isl& rose /eeply to ! surface ( ! sea out ( blue wat]1 p]haps a ?\s& fa?oms or m1 t fact 0 pla9 pro( t ! little coral polypes _h begun at ! bottom ( ! sea1 &1 9 ! c\rse ( ages1 built up ! :ole isl& an enorm\s dep?4 ,b x soon came out t t !ory 0 n correct2 = ! coral polypes _c live & build save 9 %all[ wat]--say 9 ?irty to =ty fa?oms4 ,inde$1 "s ( ! /ronge/ & l>ge/ species "w be/ at ! v surface1 & 9 ! cut ( ! fi]ce/ surf4 ,& s arose a puzzle z to h[ coral rock is (t5 f\nd ( va/ ?ickness1 :i* ,mr4 ,d>w9 expla9$4 ,8 !ory 01 & !re is no d\bt n[ t x is correct1 t 9 ^! cases ! sea-bottom is s9k+2 t z x s9ks1 c>ry+ ! coral b$s d[n ) x1 ! coral dies1 & a fre% live crop ( polypes builds on ! top ( ! h\ses ( _! dead ance/ors3 s t1 z ! depression goes on1 g5]ation aft] g5]ation builds upw>ds1 ! liv+ on ! dead1 keep+ ! upp] surface ( ! reef at ! same level1 :ile its base is s9k+ d[nw>d into ! abyss4 ,apply+ ?is !ory to ! coral reef ( ! ,pacific ,ocean1 ! foll[+ int]e/+ facts 7 made out3 ,t :]e y f9d an ,isl& ris+ out ( deep wat]1 ) a r+ ( coral r\nd x1 a little way f ! %ore--or1 z 9 ,ea/]n ,au/ralia1 a coa/ ) a fr++ reef 7! ,fl9d]s reef ( ,au/ralia is elev5 ?\s& miles long7--t is a pretty sure sign t t %ore1 or m\nta91 is s9k+ sl[ly b5ea? ! sea4 ,t :]e y f9d1 z y (t5 d 9 ! ,pacific1 a m]e atoll1 or circul> reef ( coral1 ) a %all[ pond ( smoo? wat] 9 ! c5tre1 & deep sea r\nd1 t is a pretty sure sign t ! m\nta9-top has sunk completely into ! sea1 & t ! corals are go+ on build+ :]e its peak once 04 ,& m4 ,on work+ out ! geography ( ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&s by ! light ( ?is !ory ( ,mr4 ,d>w9's1 ! foll[+ extraord9>y fact has be5 discov]$3 ,t ov] a great "p ( ! ,pacific ,ocean s9k+ is go+ on1 & has be5 go+ on = ages2 & t ! great] numb] ( ! beautiful & preci\s ,s\? ,sea ,isl&s are only ! remnants ( a va/ cont95t or ar*ipelago1 :i* once /ret*$ = ?\s&s ( miles betwe5 ,au/ralia & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,n[1 apply+ ! same !ory to lime/one b$s1 :i* are1 z y "k1 only fossil coral reefs1 we h a "r to say1 :5 we see 9 ,engl&1 ,scotl&1 ,irel&1 lime/ones sev]al ?\s& feet ?ick1 t :ile !y 7 be+ laid d[n z coral reef1 ! sea-bottom1 & probably ! neighb\r+ l&1 mu/ h be5 s9k+ to ! am\nt ( _! ?ickness--to sev]al ?\s& feet--be=e t lat] s9k+ :i* enabl$ sev]al hundr$ feet ( mill/one grit to be laid d[n on ! top ( ! lime/one4 ,?is mill/one grit is a new & a v rem>kable elem5t 9 our /range /ory4 ,f ,d]by to ,nor?umb]l& x =ms va/ & l(ty moors1 capp+1 z at ,:]nside & ,p5yg5t1 ! highe/ lime/one hills ) its h>d1 r\gh1 b>r51 & unfossilif]\s /rata4 ,:]ev] x is f\nd1 x lies on ! top ( ! m\nta91 or c>bonif]\s lime/one4 ,almo/ ev]y:]e1 :]e coal is f\nd 9 ,engl&1 x lies on ! mill/one grit4 ,i speak r\ghly1 = fe> ( confus+ my read]s ) details4 ,! ?ree deposits pass m or less1 9 _m places1 into ea* o!r3 b always 9 ! ord] ( m\nta9 lime/one bel[1 mill/one grit on x1 & coal on t aga94 ,n[ :at does its pres5ce prove8 ,:at b ?is8 ,t aft] ! great coral reefs :i* spread ov] ,som]set%ire & ,s\? ,wales1 ar\nd ! pres5t e/u>y ( ! ,sev]n1--& ^?1 once p]haps jo9$ to !m1 :i* spread f ,d]by to ,b]wick1 ) a we/]n bran* ?r\gh ,nor?-ea/ ,wales1--7 laid d[n--aft] all ?is1 ,i say1 "s *ange took place 9 ! sea-bottom1 & br\ght d[n on ! reefs ( coral %eets ( s&1 :i* kill$ ! corals & buri$ !m 9 grit4 ,does any read] wi% = pro( ( ?is8 ,let him exam9e ! *]ty1 or fl9ty1 b$s :i* s (t5 appe> :]e ! bottom ( ! mill/one grit is pass+ into ! top ( ! m\nta9 lime/one--! b$s1 to give an in/ance1 :i* are n[ qu>ri$ on ! top ( ! ,halk9 ,m\nta9 9 ,fl9t%ire1 = *]t1 :i* is s5t to ,/af=d%ire to be gr\nd d[n = ! manufacture ( *9a4 ,he w f9d lay]s 9 ^? b$s1 ( sev]al feet 9 ?ickness1 z h>d z fl9t1 b z por\s z sponge4 ,on exam9+ _! cavities he w f9d !m to be simply holl[ ca/s ( innum]able jo9ts ( ,cr9oids1 s exquisitely pres]v$1 ev5 to _! mo/ delicate m>k+s1 t x is pla9 !y 7 nev] wa%$ ab\t ^u a bea*1 b h gr[n :]e1 or ne>ly :]e1 !y lie4 ,:at !n1 has happ5$ to !m8 ,!y h be5 kill$ by ! s&4 ,! s(t p>ts ( ! animals h decay$1 lett+ ! #adj1jjj jo9ts 7m or less7 belong+ to ea* animal fall into a heap1 & be imb$d$ 9 ! gr[+ s&-rock2 & !n1 x may be long ye>s aft]1 wat] filt]+ ?r\gh ! por\s s& has remov$ ! lime ( :i* ! jo9ts 7 made1 & left _! p]fect ca/s beh9d4 ,s mu* = ! mill/one grits4 ,h[ long ! deposition ( s& w5t on1 h[ long aft] x t second deposition ( s&s took place1 :i* goes by ! "n ( ! ganni/]1 or l[] coal- measures1 we _c tell4 ,b x is cle>1 at lea/1 t p>ts ( t anci5t sea 7 fill+ up & becom+ dry l&4 ,= coal1 or fossilis$ vegetable matt]1 becomes m & m common z we asc5d 9 ! s]ies ( b$s2 till at la/1 9 ! upp] coal- measures1 ! enorm\s weal? ( vegetation :i* grew1 mu* ( x1 :]e x is n[ f\nd1 prove ! exi/5ce ( "s su* %eets ( f]tile & =e/-clad l[l& z ,i describ$ 9 my la/ pap]4 ,?\s&s ( feet ( ri* coral reef2 ?\s&s ( feet ( b>r5 s&s2 !n ?\s&s ( feet ( ri* alluvial =e/--& all ^! slid+ into ea* o!r1 if n 9 "o place1 !n 9 ano!r1 )\t viol5t break or *ange2 ?is is ! /ory :i* ! lime 9 ! mort> & ! coal on ! fire1 betwe5 ! two1 reveal4 ,,vi4 ,,! ,,slates ,,on ,,! ,,ro( ,! slates on ! ro( %\ld be1 :5 rightly und]/ood1 a pleasant subject = contemplation to ! dwell] 9 a t[n4 ,i d n ask him to imitate ! boy :o1 cliff-br$ f 8 y\?1 us$ to sp5d /ol5 h\rs on ! h\se-top1 ) 8 back aga9/ a *imney-/alk1 transfigur+ 9 8 imag9ation ! ro(-slopes into m\nta9-sides1 ! slates into %eets ( rock1 ! cats into lions1 & ! sp>r[s into eagles4 ,i only wi% t he %\ld--at lea/ aft] read+ ?is pap]--let ! slates on ! ro( c>ry him back 9 fancy to ! m\nta9s :5ce !y came2 p]haps to pleasant trips to ! lakes & hills ( ,cumb]l&1 ,we/morel&1 & ,nor? ,wales2 & to recognise--z he w d if he h intellect z well z fancy--h[ beautiful & h[ curi\s an object is a common slate4 ,beautiful1 n only = ! compactness & delicacy ( its texture1 & = ! regul>ity & smoo?ness ( its surface1 b /ill m = its col\r4 ,:e!r m]ely w>m grey1 z :5 dry1 or bright purple1 z :5 wet1 ! col\r ( ! ,engli% slate well ju/ifies ,mr4 ,rusk9's say+1 t :]ev] !re is a brick wall & a slate ro( !re ne$ be no want ( ri* col\r 9 an ,engli% l&scape4 ,b mo/ beautiful is ! hue ( slate1 :51 %9+ wet 9 ! sun%9e aft] a summ] %[]1 its blue is br\ght out 9 ri* contra/ by gold5 spots ( circul> li*51 ^: spores1 ,i presume1 h travell$ ) x (f its native m\nta9s4 ,!n1 inde$1 x rem9ds ! voyag] ( a sight :i* x almo/ rivals 9 brilliancy-- ( ! sapphire ( ! deep ocean1 br\ght out into blaz+ int5sity by ! contra/ ( ! gold5 pat*es ( float+ gulf-we$ b5ea? ! tropic sun4 ,beautiful1 ,i say1 is ! slate2 & curi\s likewise1 nay1 v5]able2 a mo/ anci5t & elaborate "w ( ,god1 :i* has la/$ long en\gh1 & endur$ en\gh likewise1 to br+ out 9 x :atsoev] lat5t capabilities ( /r5g? & usefulness might lie hid 9 x2 :i* has lit]ally be5--z f> z su* words c apply to a ?+ inanimate-- ,heat$ hot ) burn+ fe>s1 ,& ba!d 9 ba?s ( hiss+ te>s1 ,& batt]$ by ! /rokes ( doom ,to %ape & use4 ,& yet x 0 at fir/ naught b an ugly lump ( s(t & %apeless ooze4 ,!re=e1 ! slates to me are z a p>able1 on :i* ,i w n enl>ge1 b w leave ea* read] to int]pret x = himself4 ,i %all conf9e myself n[ to pro(s t slate is h>d5$ mud1 & to h9ts z to h[ x assum$ its pres5t =m4 ,t slate may h be5 once mud1 is made probable by ! simple fact t x c be turn$ into mud aga94 ,if y gr9d tip slate1 & !n analyse x1 y w f9d its m9]al con/itu5ts to be exactly ^? ( a f9e1 ri*1 & t5aci\s clay4 ,! slate di/ricts 7at lea/ 9 ,sn[don7 c>ry su* a ri* clay on !m1 :]ev] x is n mask$ by ! ru9s ( o!r rocks4 ,at ,ilfracombe1 9 ,nor? ,devon1 ! passage f slate bel[ to clay above1 may be cle>ly se54 ,:]ev] ! top ( ! slate b$s1 & ! soil ^u x1 is laid b>e1 ! black lay]s ( slate may be se5 gradually melt+--if ,i may use ! ^w--"u ! influ5ce ( ra9 & fro/1 into a ri* t5aci\s clay1 :i* is n[ n black1 l its p>5t slate1 b r$1 f ! oxidation ( ! iron :i* x conta9s4 ,b1 grant+ ?is1 h[ did ! fir/ *ange take place8 ,x mu/ be all[$1 at />t+1 t "t en\gh has elaps$1 & ev5ts en\gh h happ5$1 s9ce our suppos$ mud began fir/ to become slate1 to all[ ( _m & /range trans=mations4 ,= ^! slates are f\nd 9 ! olde/ b$s ( rocks1 save "o s]ies1 9 ! kn[n _w2 & x is notori\s t ! old] & l[] ! b$s 9 :i* ! slates are f\nd1 ! bett]1 t is1 ! m p]fectly elaborate1 is ! slate4 ,! be/ slates ( ,sn[don--,i mu/ conf9e myself to ! di/rict :i* ,i "k p]sonally--are f\nd 9 ! s-call$ ,cambrian b$s4 ,bel[ ^! b$s b "o s]ies ( b$s is z yet kn[n 9 ! _w1 call$ ! ,laur5tian4 ,!y occur1 to a ?ickness ( "s eighty ?\s& feet1 9 ,labrador1 ,canada1 & ! ,adirondack m\nta9s ( ,new ,york3 b _! repres5tatives 9 ,europe are1 z f> z is kn[n only to be f\nd 9 ! nor?-we/ highl&s ( ,scotl&1 & 9 ! isl& ( ,lewis1 :i* consi/s entirely ( !m4 ,& x is to be rememb]$1 z a pro( ( _! inconceivable antiquity1 t !y h be5 upheav$ & %ift$ long be=e ! ,cambrian rocks 7 laid d[n uncon=mably on _! worn & brok5 edges4 ,above ! ,cambrian slates--:e!r ! l[] & old] ones ( ,p5rhyn & ,llanb]ris1 :i* are ! same--"o slate m\nta9 be+ work$ at bo? sides 9 two opposite valleys--or ! upp] & new] slates ( ,tremadoc1 lie o!r & new] slate-be>+ b$s ( inf]ior quality1 & belong+ to a yet new] _w1 ! ,silurian4 ,to !m belong ! ,ll&eilo flags & slates ( ,wales1 & ! ,skiddaw slates ( ,cumb]l&1 amid b$s ab\nd+ 9 ext9ct fossil =ms4 ,fossil %ells are f\nd1 x is true1 9 ! upp] ,cambrian b$s4 ,9 ! l[] !y h all b disappe>$4 ,:e!r _! traces h be5 oblit]at$ by heat & pressure1 & *emical action1 dur+ long ages2 or :e!r1 9 ^! l[] b$s1 we are actually rea*+ t ,primordial ,zone conceiv$ ( by ,m4 ,b>r&e1 namely1 rocks :i* exi/$ be=e liv+ ?+s _h begun to p ?is planet1 is a "q n yet answ]$4 ,i believe ! =m] !ory to be ! true "o4 ,t !re 0 life1 9 ! sea at lea/1 ev5 be=e ! olde/ ,cambrian rocks 7 laid d[n1 is prov$ by ! discov]y ( ! n[ fam\s fossil1 ! ,eozoon1 9 ! ,laur5tian lime/ones1 :i* seems to h gr[n lay] aft] lay]1 & to h =m$ reefs ( lime/one z d ! liv+ coral-build+ polypes4 ,we "k no m z yet4 ,b all t we d "k po9ts d[nw>ds1 d[nw>ds /ill1 w>n+ u t we mu/ dig deep] ?an we h dug z yet1 be=e we rea* ! graves ( ! fir/ liv+ ?+s4 ,let ?is suffice at pres5t = ! ,cambrian & ,laur5tian rocks4 ,! ,silurian rocks1 l[] & upp]1 :i* 9 ^! isl&s h _! *ief developm5t 9 ,wales1 & :i* are ne>ly ?irty-eight ?\s& feet ?ick2 & ! ,devonian or ,old ,r$ s&/one b$s1 :i* 9 ! ,fans ( ,brecon & ,c>m>!n%ire atta9 a ?ickness ( t5 ?\s& feet1 mu/ be pass$ ?r\gh 9 an upw>d direction be=e we rea* ! bottom ( t ,c>bonif]\s ,lime/one ( :i* ,i spoke 9 my la/ pap]4 ,we ?us f9d on ! ,cambrian rocks =ty- five ?\s& feet at lea/ ( new] rocks1 9 sev]al cases ly+ uncon=mably on ea* o!r1 %[+ !reby t ! l[] b$s _h be5 upheav$1 & _! edges worn (f on a sea-%ore1 ere ! upp] 7 laid d[n on !m2 & ?r\gh\t ?is va/ ?ickness ( rocks1 ! rema9s ( hundr$s ( =ms ( animals1 corals1 %ells1 fi%1 old] =ms dy+ out 9 ! new] rocks1 & new ones tak+ _! places 9 a /eady succession ( ev]-v>y+ =ms1 till ^? 9 ! upp] b$s h become unlike ^? 9 ! l[]1 & all are f ! beg9n+ m or less unlike any exi/+ n[ on e>?4 ,:ole families1 inde$1 disappe> entirely1 l ! ,trilobites1 :i* seem to h sw>m$ 9 ! ,silurian seas1 hold+ ! same place !re z crabs & %rimps d 9 our mod]n seas4 ,!y vani% aft] ! p]iod ( ! coal1 & _! place is tak5 by an alli$ family ( ,cru/aceans1 ( :i* only "o =m 7z f> z ,i am aw>e7 l+]s n[ on e>?1 namely1 ! ,k+ ,crab1 or ,limulus1 ( ! ,indian ,seas1 a well-kn[n animal1 ( :i* specim5s may sometimes be se5 alive 9 ,engli% aqu>ia4 ,s p]i%$ 9 ! lapse ( ^? same ages1 ! arm\r-plat$ or ,ganoid fi% :i* ,hugh ,mill] made s ju/ly fam\s--& :i* made him s ju/ly fam\s 9 return-- appe>+ fir/ 9 ! upp] ,silurian b$s1 & ab\nd+ 9 va/ v>iety ( /range =ms 9 ! old ,r$ ,s&/one1 b gradually disappe>+ f ! wat]s ( ! _w1 till _! only repres5tatives1 z f> z kn[n1 are ! ,lepido/ei1 or ,bony ,pikes1 ( ,nor? ,am]ica2 ! ,polypt]i ( ! ,nile & ,s5egal2 ! ,lepidosir5s ( ! ,african lakes & ,we/]n riv]s2 ! ,c]atodus or ,b>ramundi ( ,que5sl& 7! two latt] ( :i* approa* ,amphibians71 & "o or two m fanta/ic =ms1 ei!r rudim5t>y or degrad$1 :i* h la/$ on "h & !re 9 isolat$ /ations ?r\gh long ages1 comp>atively un*ang$ :ile all ! _w is *ang$ ar\nd !m1 & _! own k9dr$1 buri$ l ! fossil ,c]atodus ( ! ,trias b5ea? ?\s&s ( feet ( anci5t rock1 among creatures ! likes :]e( are n to be f\nd n[ on e>?4 ,& ^! are b two examples out ( hundr$s ( ! va/ *anges :i* h tak5 place 9 ! animal life ( ! globe1 betwe5 ! lay+ d[n ( ! ,cambrian slates & ! pres5t "t4 ,surely--& x is to ?is conclusion ,i h be5 t5d+ ?r\gh\t a seem+ly w&]+ p>agraph--surely !re has be5 "t en\gh dur+ all ^? ages = clay to *ange into slate4 ,& h[ 7 !y *ang$8 ,i ?9k ,i _c tea* my read]s ?is m simply ?an by ask+ !m fir/ to buy ,%eet ,no4 ,,lxxviii4 ,s4,e4 7,bangor7 ( ! ,sn[don di/rict ( ! ,gov]nm5t ,geological ,survey1 :i* may be ord]$ at any good /ation]'s1 price #cs42 & /udy x ) me4 ,he w see d[n ! "r-h& m>g9 int]pretations ( ! diff]5t col\rs :i* m>k ! diff]5t b$s1 beg9n+ ) ! y\nge/ 7alluvium7 atop1 & go+ d[n ?r\gh ,c>bonif]\s ,lime/one & ,s&/one1 ,upp] ,silurian1 ,l[] ,silurian1 ,cambrian1 & bel[ !m c]ta9 rocks m>k$ ( diff]5t %ades ( r$1 :i* signify rocks ei!r alt]$ by heat1 or p\r$ out ( old volcanic v5ts4 ,he w next see t ! map is cov]$ ) a labyr9? ( r$ pat*es & curv$ l9es1 signify+ ! outcrop or appe>ance at ! surface ( ^! volcanic b$s4 ,!y lie at e conceivable slope2 & ! hills & valleys h be5 scoop$ out by ra9 & ice into e conceivable slope likewise4 ,:]e=e we see1 "h a broad pat* ( r$1 :]e ! back ( a %eet ( ,lava1 ,porphyry1 ,gre5/one1 or :at n is expos$2 !re a n>r[ l9e curv+ (t5 ) ! curve ( ! hill-side1 :]e only ! edge ( a simil> %eet is expos$2 & e possible v>iety ( %ape & attitude betwe5 ^! two4 ,he w see also l>ge spaces cov]$ ) little col\r$ dots1 :i* signify 7z he w f9d at ! m>g97 b$s ( volcanic a%4 ,if he look bel[ ! little col\r$ squ>es on ! m>g91 he w see figures m>k+ ! /rike1 or direction ( ! incl9ation ( ! b$s--incl9$1 v]tical1 horizontal1 contort$2 t ! :ite l9es 9 ! map signify faults1 i4e4 %ifts 9 ! /rata2 ! gold l9es1 lodes ( metal--! latt] ( :i* ,i %\ld advise him /rongly1 9 ?is di/rict at lea/1 n to m$dle )3 b to button up 8 pockets1 & to put into ! fire1 9 :olesome fe> ( 8 own weakness & ignorance1 any puffs ( m9+ companies :i* may be s5t him--z "o or two h probably be5 s5t him already4 ,furni%$ ) :i* keys to ! map1 let him beg9 to con x ov]1 sure t !re is if n an ord]1 /ill a gr& mean+ 9 all its seem+ confusion2 & let him1 if he be a c\rte\s & grateful p]son1 return due ?anks to ,pr(essor ,ramsay = hav+ f\nd x all out2 n )\t wond]+1 z ,i h (t5 wond]$1 h[ ev5 ,pr(essor ,ramsay's acut5ess & indu/ry c\ld f9d x all out4 ,:5 my read] has /udi$ a:ile ! confusion--= x is a true confusion--( ! diff]5t b$s1 he w ask1 or at lea/ h a "r to ask1 :at kn[n process ( nature c h produc$ x8 ,h[ h ^! v>i\s volcanic rocks1 :i* he sees m>k$ z ,felspa?ic ,traps1 ,qu>tz ,porphyries1 ,gre5/ones1 & s =?1 got int]m+l$ ) b$s :i* he is told to believe are volcanic a%es1 & ^? aga9 ) fossil-be>+ ,silurian b$s & ,cambrian slates1 :i* he is told to believe 7 deposit$ "u wat]8 ,& 8 puzzle w n be less5$ :5 he is told t1 9 "s cases1 z 9 t ( ! summit ( ,sn[don1 ^! v volcanic a%es conta9 fossil %ells4 ,! be/ answ] ,i c give is to ask him to use 8 imag9ation1 or 8 common s5se2 & to picture to himself :at mu/ g on 9 ! case ( a subm>9e eruption1 su* z broke out (f ! coa/ ( ,icel& 9 #aghc & #ahcj1 (f ! ,azores 9 #ahaa1 & 9 our day 9 m ?an "o spot 9 ! ,pacific ,ocean4 ,a ma9 bore or v5t--or m ?an "o--op5s itself betwe5 ! bottom ( ! sea & ! ne!r fires4 ,f ea* ru%es an enorm\s jet ( high-pressure /eam & o!r gases1 :i* boils up ?r\gh ! sea1 & =ms a cl\d above2 t cl\d desc5ds aga9 9 heavy ra91 & gives out (t5 true lightn+ f its "u side4 ,b x does m4 ,x acts z a true /eam-gun1 hurl+ into ! air fragm5ts ( cold rock rasp$ (f f ! sides ( ! bore1 & fragm5ts also ( melt$ lava1 & cl\ds ( du/1 :i* fall aga9 into ! sea1 & =m !re b$s ei!r ( f9e mud or ( breccia-- t is1 fragm5ts ( /one emb$d$ 9 pa/e4 ,?is1 ! read] w und]/&1 is no fancy sket*1 z f> z ,i am conc]n$4 ,i h /eam$ into crat]s sawn ?r\gh by ! sea1 & %[+ sections ( b$s ( a% dipp+ outw>ds & "u ! sea1 & 9 !m b\ld]s & pebbles ( e size1 :i* _h be5 hurl$ out ( ! crat]2 & 9 !m also ve9s ( h>d5$ lava1 :i* _h burr[$ out ?r\gh ! s(t a%es ( ! cone4 ,( ^? lava ve9s ,i w speak pres5tly4 ,:at ,i want ! read] to ?9k ( n[ is ! imm5se quantity ( a% :i* ! /eam-mitrailleuse hurls to s va/ a height into ! air1 t x is (t5 drift$ _m miles d[n to leew>d4 ,to give two in/ances3 ,! jet ( /eam f ,vesuvius1 9 ! eruption ( #ahbb1 rose m ?an f\r miles into ! air2 ! jet f ! ,s\ffri]e ( ,/4 ,v9c5t 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 9 #ahab1 probably rose high]2 c]ta9ly x met ! ,n4,e4 trade-w9d1 = x p\r$ d[n a lay] ( a%es1 sev]al in*es ?ick1 n only on ,/4 ,v9c5t itself1 b on ,b>badoes1 eighty miles to w9dw>d1 & !re=e on all ! sea betwe54 ,n[ let u consid] :at t repres5ts--a lay] ( f9e mud1 laid d[n at ! bottom ( ! ocean1 sev]al in*es ?ick1 eighty miles at lea/ long1 & tw5ty miles p]haps broad1 by a s+le eruption4 ,suppose t h>d5$ 9 long ages 7z x w\ld be "u pressure7 into a b$ ( f9e gra9$ ,fel/one1 or volcanic a%2 & we c und]/& h[ ! a%-b$s ( ,sn[donia--:i* may be trac$ "s ( !m = _m squ>e miles-- 7 laid d[n at ! bottom ( an anci5t sea4 ,b n[ ab\t ! lavas or true volcanic rocks1 :i* are pa9t$ 7z is usual 9 geological maps7 r$4 ,let u g d[n to ! bottom ( ! sea1 & build up our volcano t[>ds ! surface4 ,fir/1 z ,i said1 ! subt]ranean /eam w\ld bla/ a bore4 ,! du/ & /ones1 rasp$ & bla/$ out ( t hole w\ld be spread ab\t ! sea-bottom z an a%-b$ slop+ away r\nd ! hole2 !n ! molt5 lava w\ld rise 9 ! bore1 & fl[ out ov] ! a%es & ! sea-bottom--p]haps 9 "o direction1 p]haps all r\nd4 ,!n1 usually1 ! volcano1 hav+ v5t$ itself1 w\ld be quiet] = a "t1 till ! heat accumulat$ bel[1 & m a% 0 bla/$ out1 mak+ a second a%-b$2 & !n w\ld foll[ a second lava fl[4 ,?us are produc$ ! alt]nate b$s ( lava & a% :i* are s common4 ,n[ suppose t at ?is po9t ! volcano 0 exhau/$1 & lay quiet = a few hundr$ ye>s1 or m4 ,if !re 0 any l& ne>1 f :i* mud & s& 7 wa%$ d[n1 we might h lay]s on lay]s ( s$im5t deposit$1 ) live %ells1 etc41 liv+ 9 !m1 :i* w\ld be conv]t$ into fossils :5 !y di$2 & s we %\ld h fossilif]\s b$s ov] ! a%es & lavas4 ,inde$1 %ells might live & ?rive 9 ! a%-mud itself1 :5 x cool$1 & ! sea grew quiet1 z !y h liv$ & ?riv5 9 ,sn[donia4 ,n[ suppose t aft] ^! s$im5t>y b$s are laid d[n by wat]1 ! volcano breaks out aga9--:at w\ld happ58 ,_m ?+s3 specially ?is1 :i* has (t5 happ5$ already4 ,! lava1 kept d[n by ! weight ( ^! new rocks1 se>*es = ! po9t ( lea/ resi/ance1 & f9ds x 9 a m horizontal direction4 ,x burr[s out ?r\gh ! s(t] a%-b$s1 & betwe5 ! s$im5t>y b$s1 spread+ itself along horizontally4 ,?is process acc\nts = ! v puzzl+1 ?\gh v common case 9 ,sn[don & else:]e1 9 :i* we f9d lavas int]/ratifi$ ) rocks :i* are pla9ly old] ?an ^? lavas4 ,p]haps :5 t is done ! volcano has got rid ( all its lava1 & is quiet4 ,b if n1 soon] or lat]1 x bores up ?r\gh ! new s$im5t>y rocks1 fault+ !m by e>?quake %ocks till x gets free v5t1 & beg9s its lay]s ( alt]nate a% & lava once m4 ,& consid] ?is fact also3 ,if ne> ! fir/ 7z (t5 happ5s7 !re is ano!r volcano1 ! lava f "o may run ov] ! lava f ! o!r1 & we may h two lavas ( diff]5t mat]ials ov]ly+ ea* o!r1 :i* h come f diff]5t directions4 ,! a%es bl[n out ( ! two crat]s may m+le also1 & s1 9 ! c\rse ( ages1 ! result may be su* a confusion ( a%es1 lavas1 & s$im5t>y rocks z we f9d ?r\gh\t mo/ m\nta9 ranges 9 ,sn[don1 9 ! ,lake m\nta9s1 9 ! ,auv]gne 9 ,france1 9 ,sicily r\nd ,etna1 9 ,italy r\nd ,vesuvius1 & 9 s _m ,we/ ,indian ,isl&s2 ! la/ confusion ( :i* is v likely to be ?is3 ,t :5 ! volcano has succe$$--z x did 9 ! case ( ,sabr9a ,isl& (f ! ,azores 9 #ahaa1 & z x did1 p]haps (t51 9 ,sn[donia--9 pil+ up an a% cone "s hundr$ feet out ( ! sea2 t--z has happ5$ to ,sabr9a ,isl&--! cone is sunk aga9 by e>?quakes1 & gnawn d[n at ! same "t by ! sea-waves1 till no?+ is left b a %oal "u wat]4 ,b :]e h all its va/ heaps ( a%es gone8 ,to be spread ab\t ov] ! bottom ( ! sea1 to m+le ) ! mud already !re1 & s make b$s ( :i*1 l _m 9 ,sn[don1 we _c say :e!r !y are ( volcanic or ( m>9e orig91 because !y are ( bo?4 ,b :at has all ?is to d ) ! slates8 ,i %all n be surpris$ if my read]s ask t "q two or ?ree times dur+ ?is pap]4 ,b !y mu/ be k9d en\gh to let me tell my /ory my own way4 ,! slates 7 n made 9 a day1 & ,i fe> !y _c be expla9$ 9 an h\r3 unless we beg9 c>efully at ! beg9n+ 9 ord] to end at ! end4 ,let me fir/ make my read]s cle>ly und]/& t all our slate-be>+ m\nta9s1 & mo/ also ( ! non-slate-be>+ ones likewise1 are =m$ aft] ! fa%ion :i* ,i h describ$1 namely1 b5ea? ! sea4 ,i d n say t !re may n h be51 aga91 & aga91 a%-cones ris+ above ! surface ( ! waves4 ,b if s1 !y 7 wa%$ away1 aga9 & aga91 ages be=e ! l& assum$ any?+ ( its pres5t %ape2 ages be=e ! b$s 7 twi/$ & upheav$ z !y are n[4 ,& !re=e ,i beg my read]s to put out ( _! m9ds once & = all ! fancy t 9 any kn[n "p ( ^! isl&s crat]s are to be /ill se51 su* z exi/ 9 ,etna1 or ,vesuvius1 or o!r volcanoes n[ at "w 9 ! op5 air4 ,x is necess>y to insi/ on ?is1 because _m p he>+ t c]ta9 m\nta9s are volcanic1 conclude--& v naturally & h>mlessly--t ! circul> lakes ab\t _! tops are true crat]s4 ,i h be5 told1 = in/ance1 t t wond]ful little blue ,glas ,llyn1 "u ! highe/ cliff ( ,sn[don1 is ! old crat] ( ! m\nta92 & ,i h he>d p insi/ t a simil> lake1 ( almo/ equal gr&eur1 9 ! s\? side ( ,cad] ,idris1 is a crat] likewise4 ,b ! fact is n s4 ,any "o acqua9t$ ) rec5t crat]s w\ld see at once t ,glas ,llyn is n an anci5t "o2 & ,i am n surpris$ to f9d ! ,gov]nm5t geologi/s decl>+ t ! ,llyn on ,cad] ,idris is n "o ei!r4 ,! fact is1 t ! crat]1 or r ! place :]e ! crat] has be51 9 anci5t volcanoes ( ?is k9d1 is probably n[ cov]$ by "o ( ! innum]able bosses ( lava4 ,=1 z an eruption ceases1 ! melt$ lava cools 9 ! v5ts1 & h>d5s2 usually into lava inf9itely h>d] ?an ! a%-cone r\nd x2 & ?is1 :5 ! a%-cone is wa%$ (f1 rema9s z ! highe/ "p ( ! hill1 z 9 ! ,mont ,dore & ! ,cantal 9 ,france1 & 9 sev]al ext9ct volcanoes 9 ! ,antilles4 ,( c\rse ! lava mu/ h be5 p\r$ out1 & ! a%es bl[n out f "s v5ts or o!r1 connect$ ) ! ne!r _w ( fire2 probably f _m successive v5ts4 ,= 9 volcanoes1 :5 "o v5t is *ok$1 ano!r is wont to op5 at "s fre% po9t ( lea/ resi/ance among ! ov]ly+ rocks4 ,b :]e are ^! v5ts8 ,buri$ deep "u successive eruptions1 %ift$ probably f _! places by successive upheav+s & dislocations2 & if we want$ to f9d !m we %\ld h to qu>ry ! m\nta9 range all ov]1 a mile deep1 be=e we hit ^u "h & !re a tap-root ( anci5t lava1 connect+ ! upp] & ! ne!r worlds4 ,!re are su* tap- roots1 probably1 "u ea* ( our ,briti% m\nta9 ranges4 ,b ,sn[don1 c]ta9ly1 does n owe its %ape to ! fact ( "o ( ^! old fire v5ts be+ "u x4 ,x owes its %ape simply to ! accid5t ( "s ( ! b$s t[>d ! summit be+ especially h>d1 & ?us able to /& ! we> & te> ( sea-wave1 ice1 & ra94 ,its lakes h be5 =m$ q reg>dless ( ! lie ( ! rocks1 ?\gh n reg>dless ( _! relative h>dness4 ,b :at =ces scoop$ !m out--:e!r !y 7 orig9ally holes left 9 ! gr\nd by e>?quakes1 & deep5$ s9ce by ra9 & riv]s1 or :e!r !y 7 scoop$ out by ice1 or by any o!r means1 is a "q on :i* ! be/ geologi/s are yet undecid$--decid$ only on ?is--t crat]s !y are n4 ,z = ! enorm\s *anges :i* h tak5 place 9 ! outl9e ( ! :ole ( ! m\nta9s1 s9ce fir/ _! /rata 7 laid d[n at ! bottom ( ! sea3 ,i %all give facts en\gh1 be=e ?is pap] is done1 to enable read]s to judge ( !m = !mselves4 ,! read] w n[ ask1 naturally en\gh1 h[ su* a heap ( b$s z ,i h describ$ c take ! %ape ( m\nta9s l ,sn[don4 ,look at any sea cliff 9 :i* ! /rata are twi/$ & set on slope4 ,!re are hundr$s ( su* 9 ^! isles4 ,! b$s mu/ h be5 at "o "t /raight & horizontal4 ,b x is equally cle> t !y h be5 fold$ by be+ squeez$ lat]ally4 ,at lea/1 t is ! simple/ explanation1 z may be prov$ by exp]im5t4 ,take a numb] ( pieces ( clo?1 or any su* /uff2 lay !m on ea* o!r & !n squeeze !m toge!r at ea* end4 ,!y w arrange !mselves 9 folds1 j z ! b$s ( ! cliff h done4 ,& if1 in/ead ( clo?1 y take "s m brittle matt]1 y w f9d t1 z y squeeze on1 ^! folds w t5d to snap at ! po9ts ( greate/ t5sion or /ret*+1 :i* w be ( c\rse at ! anticl9al & syncl9al l9es--9 pla9 ,engli%1 ! tops & bottoms ( ! folds4 ,?us cracks w be =m$2 & if ! pressure goes on1 ! ends ( ! lay]s w %ift aga9/ ea* o!r 9 ! l9e ( ^? cracks1 =m+ faults l ^? s common 9 rocks4 ,b aga91 suppose t in/ead ( squeez+ ^! brok5 & fold$ l9es toge!r any m1 y took (f ! pressure "r & left1 & press$ !m upw>ds f bel[1 by a mimic e>?quake4 ,!y w\ld rise2 & z !y rose leave op5 space betwe5 !m4 ,n[ if y c\ld contrive to squeeze into !m f bel[ a pa/e1 :i* w\ld h>d5 9 ! cracks & betwe5 ! lay]s1 & s keep !m p]man5tly ap>t1 y w\ld make !m into a fair lik5ess ( an av]age m\nta9 range--a mess--if ,i may make use ( a pla9 old ^w--( rocks :i* h1 by alt]nate contraction & expansion1 help$ 9 ! latt] case by ! injection ( molt5 lava1 be5 ?ru/ ab\t z !y are 9 mo/ m\nta9 ranges4 ,t su* a contraction & expansion goes on 9 ! cru/ ( ! e>? is evid5t2 = "h are ! palpable effects ( x4 ,& ! simple/ g5]al cause :i* ,i c give = x is ?is3 ,t ?+s exp& z !y are heat$1 & contract z !y are cool$4 ,n[ ,i am n le>n$ en\gh--& 7 ,i1 ,i h n "t--to ent] into ! v>i\s !ories :i* philosoph]s h put =w>d1 to acc\nt = ^! gr& ph5om5a4 ,! mo/ rem>kable1 p]haps1 & ! mo/ probable1 is ! !ory ( ,m4 ,elie de ,beaumont1 :i* is1 9 a few words1 ?is3 ,t ?is e>?1 l all ! planets1 mu/ h be5 once 9 a /ate ( int5se heat ?r\gh\t1 z its mass inside is probably n[4 ,t x mu/ be cool+1 & giv+ (f its heat into space4 ,t1 !re=e1 z x cools1 its cru/ mu/ contract4 ,t1 !re=e1 9 contract+1 wr9kles 7= ! l(tie/ m\nta9 *a9s are no?+ b t9y wr9kles1 comp>$ ) ! :ole mass ( ! e>?71 wr9kles1 ,i say1 mu/ =m on its surface f "t to "t4 ,& t ! m\nta9 *a9s are ^! wr9kles4 ,be t z x may1 we may safely say ?is4 ,t :]ev] ! int]nal heat ( ! e>? t5ds 7z 9 ! case ( volcanoes7 t[>ds a p>ticul> spot1 t spot mu/ exp&1 & swell up1 bulg+ ! rocks out1 & probably crack+ !m1 & ins]t+ melt+ lava into ^? cracks f bel[4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! int]nal heat leaves t spot aga91 & x cools1 !n x mu/ contract m or less1 9 fall+ inw>d t[>d ! c5tre ( ! e>?2 & s ! b$s mu/ be crumpl$1 & cru%$1 & %ift$ aga9/ ea* o!r /ill m1 z ^? ( our m\nta9s h be54 ,b "h may arise1 9 "s ( my read]s' m9ds1 a reasonable "q--,if ^! upheav$ b$s 7 once horizontal1 %\ld we n be likely to f9d !m1 9 "s places1 horizontal /ill8 ,a reasonable "q1 & "o :i* admits ( a full answ]4 ,!y "k1 ( c\rse1 t !re has be5 a gradual1 b /eady1 *ange 9 ! animals ( ?is planet2 & t ! relative age ( b$s c1 on ! /r5g? ( t kn[n *ange1 be det]m9$ g5]ally by ! fossils1 usually %ells1 peculi> to !m3 s t if we f9d ! same fa%ion ( %ells1 & /ill m ! same species ( %ells1 9 two b$s 9 diff]5t qu>t]s ( ! _w1 !n we h a "r to say--,^! b$s 7 laid d[n at lea/ ab\t ! same "t4 ,t is a g5]al rule among all geologi/s1 & n to be ga9said4 ,n[ ,i ?9k ,i may say1 t1 grant+ t we c recognise a b$ by its fossils1 !re are few or no b$s :i* are f\nd 9 "o place upheav$1 brok51 & alt]$ by heat1 :i* are n f\nd 9 "s o!r place /ill horizontal1 unbrok51 unalt]$1 & m or less z !y 7 at fir/4 ,f ! mo/ rec5t b$s2 f ! upheav$ coral-rocks ( ! ,we/ ,indies1 & ! upheav$ & fault$ b\ld] clay & *alk ( ! ,isle ( ,mo5 9 ,d5m>k--d[nw>ds ?r\gh all ! /rata1 d[n to t v anci5t "o 9 :i* ! be/ slates are f\nd1 ?is rule1 ,i believe1 /&s true4 ,x /&s true1 c]ta9ly1 ( ! anci5t ,silurian rocks ( ,wales1 ,cumb]l&1 ,irel&1 & ,scotl&4 ,=1 ?r\gh\t great tracts ( ,russia1 & 9 p>ts ( ,norway & ,sw$51 ,sir ,rod]ick ,mur*ison discov]$ our own ,silurian b$s1 recognisable f _! peculi> fossils4 ,b 9 :at /ate8 ,n contract$1 upheav$1 & h>d5$ to slates & grits1 z !y are 9 ,wales & else:]e3 b horizontal1 unbrok51 & /ill s(t1 because undi/urb$ by volcanic rooks & e>?quakes4 ,at ! bottom ( !m all1 ne> ,pet]sburg1 ,sir ,rod]ick f\nd a %ale ( dri$ mud 7to quote 8 own words71 s s(t & incoh]5t t x is ev5 us$ by sculptors = modell+1 al?\gh x und]lies ! great mass ( fossil-be>+ ,silurian rocks1 & is1 !re=e1 ( ! same age z ! l[] cry/all9e h>d slates ( ,nor? ,wales4 ,s entirely h mo/ ( ^! elde/ rocks 9 ,russia be5 exempt$ f ! influ5ce ( *ange1 ?r\gh\t ^? enorm\s p]iods :i* h pass$ away s9ce _! accumulation4 ,among ! _m discov]ies :i* sci5ce owes to t illu/ri\s vet]an1 ,i "k none m valuable = its be>+ on ! :ole "q ( ! mak+ ( ! e>?-cru/1 ?an ?is "o magnific5t fact4 ,b :at a contra/ betwe5 ^! ,sc&9avian & ,russian rocks & ^? ( ,brita96 ,nev] exce$+1 9 ,sc&9avia1 a ?\s& feet 9 ?ickness1 & ly+ usually horizontal1 z !y 7 fir/ laid d[n1 !y are swell$ 9 ,brita9 to a ?ickness ( ?irty ?\s& feet1 by intrud$ lavas & a%es2 snapt1 turn$1 set on end at e conceivable angle2 %ift$ aga9/ ea* o!r to su* an ext5t1 t1 to give a s+le in/ance1 9 ! ,vale ( ,gwynnant1 "u ,sn[don1 an imm5se w$ge ( porphyry has be5 ?ru/ up1 9 :at is n[ ! bottom ( ! valley1 betwe5 rocks f> new] ?an x1 on "o side to a height ( eight hundr$1 on ! o!r to a height ( eighte5 hundr$ feet--half ! pres5t height ( ,sn[don4 ,nay1 ! v slate b$s ( ,sn[donia h n =c$ _! way up f "u ! m\nta9--)\t long & fe>ful /ruggles4 ,!y are set 9 places upright on end1 !n horizontal aga91 !n sunk 9 an opposite direction1 !n curl$ l sea-waves1 !n set ne>ly upright once m1 & fault$ ?r\gh & ?r\gh1 six times1 ,i believe1 9 ! di/ance ( a mile or two2 !y c>ry "h & !re on _! backs pat*es ( new] b$s1 ! re/ ( :i* has long vani%$2 & 9 _! rise !y h hurl$ back to ! ea/w>d1 & set upright1 :at is n[ ! :ole we/]n flank ( ,sn[don1 a mass ( rock :i* 0 !n sev]al times z ?ick z x is n[4 ,! =ce :i* ?us tortur$ !m 0 probably ex]t$ by ! great mass ( volcanic ,qu>tz-porphyry1 :i* rises f "u !m to ! nor?-we/1 cross+ ! end ( ! l[] lake ( ! ,llanb]ris2 & inde$ ! %ifts & convulsions :i* h tak5 place betwe5 !m & ! ,m5ai ,/raits are s va/ t !y c only be e/imat$ by look+ at !m on ! section :i* may be f\nd at ! end ( ,pr(essor ,ramsay's ,geological ,survey ( ,nor? ,wales4 ,b anyone :o w /udy t section1 & use 7z ) ! map7 a little imag9ation & common s5se1 w see t betwe5 ! heat ( t ,porphyry1 :i* mu/ h be5 p\r$ out z a fluid mass z hot1 probably1 z melt$ iron1 & ! pressure ( x bel[1 & ( ! ,silurian b$s above1 ! ,cambrian mud-/rata ( ,llanb]ris & ,p5rhyn qu>ries mu/ h suff]$ en\gh to *ange !m into some?+ v diff]5t f mud1 &1 !re=e1 probably1 into :at !y are n[--namely1 slate4 ,& n[1 at la/1 we h got to ! slates on ! ro(1 & may disport ourselves ov] !m--l ! cats4 ,look at any piece ( slate4 ,all "k t slate splits or cleaves freely1 9 "o direction only1 into flat lay]s4 ,n[ any "o w\ld suppose at fir/ sight1 & fairly en\gh1 t ! flat surface--! plane ( cleavage--0 also ! plane ( b$d+4 ,9 simpl] ,engli% we %\ld say--,! mud :i* has h>d5$ into ! slate 0 laid d[n horizontally2 & !re=e ea* slate is "o ( ! little horizontal b$s ( x1 p]haps j :at 0 laid d[n 9 a s+le tide4 ,we %\ld h a "r to d s1 because t w\ld be true ( mo/ s$im5t>y rocks4 ,b x w\ld n be true ( slate4 ,! plane ( b$d+ 9 slate has no?+ to d ) ! plane ( cleavage4 ,or1 m pla9ly1 ! mud ( :i* ! slate is made may h be5 deposit$ at ! sea-bottom at any angle to ! plane ( cleavage4 ,we may sometimes see ! l9es ( ! true b$d+--! l9es :i* 7 actually horizontal :5 ! mud 0 laid d[n--9 bits ( slate1 & f9d !m sometimes p]p5dicul> to1 sometimes incl9$ to1 & sometimes aga9 co9cid+ ) ! plane ( cleavage1 :i* !y h evid5tly acquir$ long aft]4 ,nay1 m4 ,^! p>allel planes ( cleavage1 at ea* ( :i* ! slate splits freely1 w run ?r\gh a :ole m\nta9 at ! same angle1 ?\gh ! b$s ?r\gh :i* !y run may be tilt$ at diff]5t angles1 & twi/$ into curves4 ,n[ :at has made ?is *ange 9 ! rook8 ,we d n exactly "k4 ,"o ?+ is cle>1 t ! p>ticles ( ! n[ solid rock h actually mov$ on !mselves4 ,& ?is is prov$ by a v curi\s fact--:i* ! read]1 if he geologises ab\t slate qu>ries mu*1 may see ) 8 own eyes4 ,! fossils 9 ! slate are (t5 di/ort$ into qua9t %apes1 pull$ out long if !y lie along ! plane ( cleavage1 or squeez$ toge!r1 or d\bl$ d[n on bo? sides1 if !y lie across ! plane4 ,s t "s =ce has be5 at "w :i* c\ld actually *ange ! %ape ( h>d %ells1 v sl[ly1 no d\bt1 else x w\ld h snapp$ & crumbl$ !m4 ,if ,i am ask$ :at t =ce 01 ,i d n "k4 ,i %\ld advise "y geologi/s to read :at ,sir ,h5ry de la ,be*e has said on x 9 8 admirable ,geological ,obs]v]1 pp4 #gjf-gbe4 ,he w f9d !re1 too1 "s rem>ks on t equally my/]i\s ph5om5a ( jo9t+1 :i* y may see 9 almo/ all ! old] rocks2 x is common 9 lime/ones4 ,all we c say is1 t "s =ce has gone on1 or may be ev5 n[ go+ on1 9 ! m anci5t rocks1 :i* is simil> to t :i* produces s+le cry/als2 & simil>1 too1 to t :i* produc$ ! jo9t$ cry/als ( basalt1 i4e4 lava1 at ! ,giant's ,causeway1 9 ,irel&1 & ,/affa1 9 ! ,hebrides4 ,two philosoph]s--,mr4 ,rob]t ,7 ,fox & ,mr4 ,rob]t ,hunt--are ( op9ion t ! =ce :i* has det]m9$ ! cleavage ( slates may be t ( ! electric curr5ts1 :i* 7z is well kn[n7 run ?r\gh ! cru/ ( ! e>?4 ,mr4 ,%>pe1 ,i believe1 attributes ! cleavage to ! m]e me*anical pressure ( enorm\s weights ( rock1 especially :]e cru%$ by e>?quakes4 ,pr(essor ,rog]s1 aga91 po9ts out t z ^! slates may h be5 highly heat$1 !rmal electricity 7i4e4 electricity br\ght out by heat7 may h act$ on !m4 ,"o ?+ at lea/ is cle>4 ,t ! be/ slates are f\nd among anci5t lavas1 & also 9 rocks :i* are fault$ & tilt$ enorm\sly1 all :i* c\ld n h happ5$ )\t a proportionately enorm\s pressure1 & !re=e heat2 & next1 t ! be/ slates are inv>iably f\nd 9 ! olde/ b$s--t is1 9 ! b$s :i* h _h mo/ "t to endure ! *anges1 :e!r me*anical or *emical1 :i* h made ! e>?'s surface :at we see x n[4 ,ano!r />tl+ fact ! section ( ,sn[donia1 & ,i believe ( mo/ m\nta9 *a9s 9 ^! isl&s1 w\ld prove--namely1 t ! cont\r ( ! e>?'s surface1 z we see x n[1 dep5ds v little1 c]ta9ly 9 m\nta9s compos$ ( ^! eld] rocks ^u ! lie ( ! /rata1 or b$s1 b has be5 c>v$ out by great =ces1 long aft] ^? b$s 7 n only laid d[n & h>d5$1 b fault$ & tilt$ on end4 ,sn[don itself is s rem>kable an in/ance ( ?is fact t1 z x is a m\nta9 :i* e "o 9 ^! happy days ( excursion-tra9s & /eam]s ei!r has se5 or c see1 ,i mu/ say a few m words ab\t x4 ,any "o :o saw t noble peak leap+ high into ! air1 dom9at+ all ! c\ntry r\nd1 at lea/ ^u ?ree sides1 & 0 told t its summit consi/$ ( b$s mu* new]1 n mu* old]1 ?an ! slate-b$s fifte5 hundr$ feet d[n on its nor?-we/]n flank--any "o1 ,i say1 w\ld h ! "r at fir/ sight1 on he>+ ( e>?quake faults & upheavals1 to say--,! peak ( ,sn[don has be5 upheav$ to its pres5t height above & out ( ! l[] l&s ar\nd4 ,b :5 he came to exam9e sections1 he w\ld f9d 8 reasonable guess utt]ly wrong4 ,sn[don is no swell+ up ( ! e>?'s cru/4 ,! b$s d n1 z !y w\ld 9 t case1 slope up to x4 ,!y slope up f x1 to ! nor?-we/ 9 "o direction1 & ! s\?-s\?-we/ 9 ! o!r2 & ,sn[don is a m]e insignificant boss1 left hang+ on "o slope ( :at 0 once an enorm\s tr\gh1 or valley1 ( /rata f> old] ?an itself4 ,by re/or+ ^! /rata1 9 ! direction ( ! angles1 9 :i* !y crop out1 & vani% at ! surface1 x is f\nd t to ! nor?- we/--! direction ( ! ,m5ai ,/raits--!y mu/ once h ris5 to a height ( at lea/ six or sev5 ?\s& feet2 & m1 by re/or+ !m1 specially ! a%-b$ ( ,sn[don1 t[>ds ! s\?- ea/--:i* c be done by ! guidance ( c]ta9 pat*es ( x left on o!r hills--x is f\nd t s\? ( ,ffe/9iog1 :]e ! ,cambrian rocks rise aga9 to ! surface1 ! s\? side ( ! tr\gh mu/ h slop$ upw>ds to a height ( f fifte5 to tw5ty ?\s& feet1 :e!r at ! bottom ( ! sea1 or 9 ! upp] air1 we _c tell4 ,b ! fact is c]ta91 t (f ! surface ( ,wales1 s\? ( ,ffe/9iog a mass ( solid rock z high z ! ,&es has be5 worn d[n & c>ri$ bodily away2 & t a few miles s\? aga91 ! peak ( ,arran ,m[ddy1 :i* is n[ n two ?\s& feet high1 0 once--ei!r "u ! sea or above x--ne>] t5 ?\s& feet4 ,if ,i am ask$ :i!r is all t enorm\s mass ( rock--millions ( tons--gone8 ,:]e is x n[8 ,i "k n4 ,b if ,i d>$ to haz>d a guess1 ,i %\ld say x w5t to make ! ,new ,r$ s&/ones ( ,engl&4 ,! ,new ,r$ s&/ones mu/ h come f some:]e4 ,! mo/ likely region = !m to h come f is f ,nor? ,wales1 :]e1 z we "k1 va/ masses ( gritty rock h be5 gr\nd (f1 su* z w\ld make f9e s&/ones if !y _h ! *ance4 ,s t _m a gra9 ( s& 9 ,*e/] walls 0 probably once bla/$ out ( ! b[els ( ! e>? into ! old ,silurian sea1 & aft] a few hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( ye>s' repose 9 a ,sn[donian a%-b$1 0 s5t ea/w>d to build ! good old city & _m a good t[n m4 ,& ! r$ m>l--! great deposit ( r$ m>l :i* cov]s a wide region ( ,engl&--:y %\ld n x h come f ! same qu>t]8 ,:y %\ld x n be simply ! rema9s ( ! ,sn[don ,slate8 ,mud ! slate 01 & into mud x has return$4 ,:y n8 ,"s ( ! ri*e/ r$ m>l l& ,i "k1 is1 z ,i h said1 actually be+ made n[1 out ( ! black slates ( ,ilfracombe1 :]ev] !y are wea!r$ by ra9 & air4 ,! *emical composition is ! same4 ,! diff]5ce 9 col\r betwe5 black slate & r$ m>l is caus$ simply by ! oxidation ( ! iron 9 ! slate4 ,& if my read]s want a probable cause :y ! s&/ones lie und]mo/1 & ! r$ m>l upp]mo/--c !y n f9d "o = !mselves8 ,i d n say t x is ! cause1 b x is at lea/ a causa v]a1 "o :i* w\ld fully expla9 ! fact1 ?\gh x may be explicable 9 o!r ways4 ,?9k1 !n1 or %all ,i ?9k = my read]s8 ,!n d !y n see t :5 ! ,wel% m\nta9s 7 gr\nd d[n1 ! ,silurian /rata1 be+ upp]mo/1 w\ld be gr\nd d[n fir/1 & w\ld g to make ! l[] /rata ( ! great ,new ,r$ ,s&/one ,l[l&2 & t be+ s&y1 !y w\ld make ! s&/ones8 ,b :]ev] !y 7 gr\nd ?r\gh1 ! ,l[] ,cambrian slates w\ld be laid b>e2 & _! rema9s1 be+ wa%$ away by ! sea ! la/1 w\ld be wa%$ on to ! top ( ! rema9s ( ! ,silurians2 & s 7z 9 mo/ cases7 ! rema9s ( ! old] rock1 :5 r$eposit$ by wat]1 w\ld lie on ! rema9s ( ! y\ng] rock4 ,& d !y n see t 7if :at ,i j said is true7 ^! slates w\ld gr9d up into r$ m>l1 su* z is se5 ov] ! we/ & s\? ( ,*e%ire & ,/af=d%ire & f> away into ,nott+ham%ire8 ,! r$ m>l mu/ almo/ c]ta9ly h be5 black slate some:]e1 some:54 ,:y %\ld x n h be5 su* 9 ,sn[don8 ,& :y %\ld n ! slates 9 ! ro( be ! remnants ( ! v b$s :i* are n[ ! m>l 9 ! fields8 ,& ?us ,i end my /ory ( ! slates 9 ! ro(1 & ^! pap]s on ,t[n ,geology4 ,i d s1 well kn[+ h[ imp]fect !y are3 ?\gh n1 ,i believe1 inaccurate4 ,!y are1 aft] all1 m]ely sugge/ive ( ! great am\nt t !re is to be le>nt ab\t ! face ( ! e>? & h[ x got made1 ev5 by ! t[nsman1 :o c escape into ! c\ntry & ex*ange ! _w ( man = ! _w ( ,god1 only1 p]haps1 on ,sundays--if1 alas6 ev5 !n--or only once a ye> by a trip 9 a /eam] or an excursion tra94 ,little1 inde$1 c he le>n ( ! planet on :i* he lives4 ,little 9 t direction is giv5 to him1 & ( him little %all be requir$4 ,b to him1 = t v reason1 all t c be giv5 %\ld be giv52 he %\ld h e facility = le>n+ :at he c ab\t ?is e>?1 its composition1 its capabilities2 le/ 8 intellect1 cru%$ & fett]$ by t artificial drudg]y :i* we = a "t miscall civilisation1 %\ld beg9 to fancy1 z too _m d already1 t ! _w is compos$ ma9ly ( bricks & deal1 & gov]n$ by acts ( p>liam5t4 ,if ,i %all h awak5$ any t[nsm5 "h & !re to ?9k s]i\sly ( ! complexity1 ! antiquity1 ! gr&eur1 ! true poetry1 ( ! commone/ objects ar\nd !m1 ev5 ! /ones b5ea? _! feet2 if ,i %all h sugge/$ to !m ! solemn ?\ght t all ^! ?+s1 & !y !mselves /ill m1 are ord]$ by laws1 utt]ly indep5d5t ( man's w ab\t !m1 man's belief 9 !m2 if ,i %all at all h help$ to op5 _! eyes t !y may see1 & _! e>s t !y may he>1 ! great book :i* is free to all alike1 to peasant z to pe]1 to m5 ( bus9ess z to m5 ( sci5ce1 ev5 t great book ( nature1 :i* is1 z ,"l ,bacon said ( old1 ! ,^w ( ,god reveal$ 9 facts--!n ,i %all h a fre% reason = lov+ t sci5ce ( geology1 :i* has be5 my fav\rite /udy s9ce ,i 0 a boy4 ,footnotes3 #a ,see ,nature1 ,no4 ,,xxv4 7,macmillan ,co47 #b ,^! ,lectures 7 deliv]$ to ! memb]s ( ! ,natural ,sci5ce ,class at ,*e/] 9 #ahga4 #c ,see a mo/ *>m+ pap] on ,! ,physics ( ,arctic ,ice1 by ,dr4 ,rob]t ,br[n ( ,camp/]1 publi%$ 9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ! ,geological ,society1 ,june1 #ahgj4 ,?is article is s rem>kable1 n only = its s\nd sci5tific matt]1 b = ! vividness & poetic beauty ( its descriptions1 t ,i mu/ express a hope t ! le>n$ au?or w "s day enl>ge x1 & publi% x 9 a sep>ate =m4 #d ,see ,lyell1 ,antiquity ( ,man1 p4 #bid et seq4