,,introduction ,,to ,,! ,,philosophy ,,& ,,writ+s ,,( ,,plato ,by ,,?omas ,,taylor ,philosophy1 says ,hi]ocles1 is ! purification & p]fection ( human life4 ,x is ! purification1 inde$1 f mat]ial irrationality1 & ! mortal body2 b ! p]fection1 9 consequ5ce ( be+ ! resumption ( our prop] felicity1 & a reasc5t to ! div9e lik5ess4 ,to effect ^! two is ! prov9ce ( ,virtue & ,tru?2 ! =m] ext]m9at+ ! immod]ation ( ! passions2 & ! latt] introduc+ ! div9e =m to ^? :o are naturally adapt$ to its reception4 ,( philosophy ?us def9$1 :i* may be comp>$ to a lum9\s pyramid1 t]m9at+ 9 ,deity1 & hav+ = its basis ! rational s\l ( man & its spontane\s unp]v]t$ conceptions1--( ?is philosophy1 ,augu/1 magnific5t1 & div9e1 ,plato may be ju/ly call$ ! prim>y lead] & hi]ophant1 ?r\gh :om1 l ! my/ic light 9 ! inmo/ recesses ( "s sacr$ temple1 x fir/ %one =? ) occult & v5]able spl5d\r4#a ,x may inde$ be truly said ( ! :ole ( ?is philosophy1 t x is ! greate/ good :i* man c p>ticipate3 = if x purifies u f ! defilem5ts ( ! passions & assimilates u to ,div9ity1 x conf]s on u ! prop] felicity ( our nature4 ,h5ce x is easy to collect its pre-em95ce to all o!r philosophies2 to %[ t :]e !y oppose x1 !y are errone\s2 t s f> z !y conta9 any ?+ sci5tific !y are alli$ to x2 & t at be/ !y are b rivulets d]iv$ f ?is va/ ocean ( tru?4 ------------------ #a ,9 ! my/]ies a light ( ?is k9d %one =? f ! adytum ( ! temple 9 :i* !y 7 exhibit$4 ------------------ ,to ev9ce t ! philosophy ( ,plato possesses ?is preem95ce2 t its dignity & sublimity are unrival$2 t x is ! p>5t ( all t ennobles man2 &1 t x is f\nd$ on pr9ciples1 :i* nei!r "t c oblit]ate1 nor sophi/ry subv]t1 is ! pr9cipal design ( ?is ,introduction4 ,to effect ?is design1 ,i %all 9 ! fir/ place pres5t ! read] ) ! outl9es ( ! pr9cipal dogmas ( ,plato's philosophy4 ,! und]tak+ is inde$ no less novel ?an ardu\s1 s9ce ! au?or ( x has to tread 9 pa?s :i* h be5 untrodd5 = upw>ds ( a ?\s& ye>s1 & to br+ to light tru?s :i* = t ext5d$ p]iod h be5 conceal$ 9 ,greek4 ,let n ! read]1 !re=e1 be surpris$ at ! solit>9ess ( ! pa?s ?r\gh :i* ,i %all attempt to conduct him1 or at ! novelty ( ! objects :i* w pres5t !mselves 9 ! j\rney3 = p]haps he may =tunately recollect t he has travel$ ! same road be=e1 t ! sc5es 7 once famili> to him1 & t ! c\ntry ?r\gh :i* he is pass+ is 8 native l&4 ,at1 lea/1 if 8 sight %\ld be dim1 & 8 memory oblivi\s1 7= ! objects :i* he w meet ) c only be se5 by ! mo/ pi]c+ eyes17 & 8 abs5ce f !m has be5 lam5tably long1 let him implore ! p[] ( wisdom1 ,f mortal mi/s to purify 8 eyes1 ,t ,god & man he may di/9ctly see4 ,let u also1 implor+ ! assi/ance ( ! same illum9at+ p[]1 beg9 ! solit>y j\rney4 ,( all ! dogmas ( ,plato1 t conc]n+ ! fir/ pr9ciple ( ?+s z f> transc5ds 9 sublimity ! doctr9e ( o!r philosoph]s ( a diff]5t sect1 on ?is subject1 z ?is supreme cause ( all transc5ds o!r causes4 ,=1 accord+ to ,plato1 ! highe/ ,god1 :om 9 ! ,republic he calls ! good1 & 9 ! ,p>m5ides ! "o1 is n only above s\l & intellect1 b is ev5 sup]ior to be+ itself4 ,h5ce1 s9ce e ?+ :i* c 9 any respect be kn[n1 or ( :i* any ?+ c be ass]t$1 mu/ be connect$ ) ! univ]sality ( ?+s1 b ! fir/ cause is above all ?+s1 x is v prop]ly said by ,plato to be p]fectly ineffable4 ,! fir/ hypo!sis !re=e ( 81 ,p>m5ides1 9 :i* all ?+s are d5i$ ( ?is imm5se pr9ciple1 concludes z foll[s3 ,! "o !re=e is 9 no respect4 ,s x seems4 ,h5ce x is n 9 su* a mann] z to be "o1 = ?us x w\ld be be+1 & p>ticipate ( ess5ce2 b z x appe>s1 ! "o nei!r is "o1 nor is1 if x be prop] to believe 9 reason+ ( ?is k9d4 ,x appe>s s4 ,b c any ?+ ei!r belong to1 or be affirm$ ( t1 :i* is n8 ,h[ c x8 ,nei!r !re=e does any "n belong to x1 nor disc\rse1 nor any sci5ce1 nor s5se1 nor op9ion4 ,x does n appe> t !re c4 ,h5ce x c nei!r be nam$1 nor spok5 (1 nor conceiv$ by op9ion1 nor be kn[n1 nor p]ceiv$ by any be+4 ,s x seems4 ,& "h x mu/ be obs]v$ t ?is conclusion respect+ ! highe/ pr9ciple ( ?+s1 t he is p]fectly ineffable & inconceivable1 is ! result ( a mo/ sci5tific s]ies ( negations1 9 :i* n only all s5sible & intellectual be+s are d5i$ ( him1 b ev5 natures ! mo/ transc5d5tly alli$ to him1 8 fir/ & mo/ div9e prog5y4 ,= t :i* s em95tly di/+ui%es ! philosophy ( ,plato f o!rs is ?is1 t e "p ( x is /amp$ ) ! "* ( sci5ce4 ,! vulg> inde$ proclaim ! ,deity to be ineffable2 b z !y h no sci5tific k t he is s1 ?is is no?+ m ?an a confus$ & indi/9ct p]ception ( ! mo/ sublime ( all tru?s1 l t ( a ?+ se5 betwe5 sleep+ & wak+1 l ,phaeacia to ,ulysses :5 sail+ to 8 native l&1 ,t lay be=e him indi/9ct & va/1 ,l a broad %ield amid ! watr'y wa/e4 ,9 %ort1 an unsci5tific p]ception ( ! ineffable nature ( ! ,div9ity resembles t ( a man1 :o on survey+ ! heav5s1 %\ld ass]t ( ! altitude ( its highe/ "p1 t x surpasses t ( ! l(tie/ tree1 & is !re=e immeasurable4 ,b to see ?is sci5tifically1 is l a survey ( ?is highe/ "p ( ! heav5s by ! a/ronom]2 = he by kn[+ ! height ( ! m$ia betwe5 u & x1 kn[s also sci5tifically t x transc5ds 9 altitude n only ! l(tie/ tree2 b ! summits ( air & ae!r1 ! moon1 & ev5 ! sun itself4 ,let u !re=e inve/igate :at is ! asc5t to ! ineffably1 & aft] :at mann] x is accompli%$1 accord+ to ,plato1 f ! la/ ( ?+s1 foll[+ ! pr(\nd & mo/ inquisitive ,damascius z our lead] 9 ?is ardu\s inve/igation4 ,let our disc\rse also be common to o!r pr9ciples1 & to ?+s proce$+ f !m to t :i* is la/1 & let u1 beg9n+ f t :i* is p]fectly effable & kn[n to s5se1 asc5d too ! ineffable1 & e/abli% 9 sil5ce1 z 9 a port1 ! p>turitions ( tru? conc]n+ x4 ,let u !n assume ! foll[+ axiom1 9 :i* z 9 a secure vehicle we may safely pass f h5ce ?i!r4 ,i say1 !re=e1 t ! un9dig5t is naturally prior to ! indig5t4 ,= t :i* is 9 want ( ano!r is naturally adapt$ f necessity to be subs]vi5t to t ( :i* x is indig5t4 ,b if !y are mutually 9 want ( ea* o!r1 ea* be+ indig5t ( ! o!r 9 a diff]5t respect1 nei!r ( !m w be ! pr9ciple4 ,= ! un9dig5t is mo/ adapt$ to t :i* is truly ! pr9ciple4 ,& if x is 9 want ( any ?+1 accord+ to ?is x w n be ! pr9ciple4 ,x is h[ev] necess>y t ! pr9ciples %\ld be ?is v ?+1 ! pr9ciple alone4 ,! un9dig5t !re=e p]ta9s to ?is1 nor mu/ x by any means be ackn[l$g$ t !re is any ?+ prior to x4 ,?is h[ev]1 w\ld be ackn[l$g$ if x _h any connection ) ! indig5t4 ,let u !n consid] body1 7t is1 a triply ext5d$ sub/ance17 endu$ ) quality2 = ?is is ! fir/ ?+ effable by u1 & is1 s5sible4 ,is ?is !n ! pr9ciple ( ?+s8 ,b x is two ?+s1 body1 & quality :i* is 9 body z a subject4 ,:i* ( ^! !re=e is by nature prior8 ,= bo? are indig5t ( _! prop] p>ts2 & t also :i* is 9 a subject is indig5t ( ! subject4 ,%all we say !n t body itself is ! pr9ciple ( ! fir/ ess5ce8 ,b ?is is impossible4 ,=1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! pr9ciple w n receive any ?+ f t :i* is po/]ior to itself4 ,b body1 we say is ! recipi5t ( quality4 ,h5ce quality1 & a subsi/5ce 9 conjunction ) x1 are n d]iv$ f body1 s9ce quality is pres5t ) body z some?+ diff]5t4 ,&1 9 ! second place1 body is e way1 divisible2 its sev]al p>ts are indig5t ( ea* o!r1 & ! :ole is indig5t ( all ! p>ts4 ,z x is indig5t1 !re=e1 & receives its completion f ?+s :i* are indig5t1 x w n be entirely un9dig5t4 ,fur!r /ill1 if x is n "o b unit$1 x w require1 z ,plato says1 ! connect+ "o4 ,x is likewise some?+ common & =mless1 be+ z x 7 a c]ta9 matt]4 ,x requires1 !re=e1 ornam5t & ! possession ( =m1 t x may n be m]ely body1 b a body ) a c]ta9 p>ticul> quality2 z = in/ance1 a fi]y1 or e>?ly1 body1 &1 9 %ort1 body adorn$ & inve/$ ) a p>ticul> quality4 ,h5ce ! ?+s :i* acc$e to x1 f9i% & adorn x4 ,is !n t :i* acc$es ! pr9ciple8 ,b ?is is impossible4 ,= x does n abide 9 itself1 nor does x subsi/ alone1 b is 9 a subject ( :i* also x is indig5t4 ,if1 h[ev]1 "s "o %\ld ass]t t body is n a subject1 b "o ( ! elem5ts 9 ea*1 z = in/ance1 animal 9 horses & man1 ?us also ea* w be indig5t ( ! o!r1 viz4 ?is subject1 & t :i* is 9 ! subject2 or r ! common elem5t1 animal1 & ! peculi>ities1 z ! rational & irrational1 w be indig5t4 ,= elem5ts are always1 indig5t ( ea* o!r1 & t :i* is compos$ f elem5ts is indig5t ( ! elem5ts4 ,9 %ort1 ?is s5sible nature1 & :i* is s manife/ to u1 is nei!r body1 = ?is does n ( itself move ! s5ses1 nor quality2 = ?is does n possess an int]val comm5surate ) s5se4 ,h5ce1 t :i* is ! object ( sight1 is nei!r body nor color2 b color$ body1 or color corporaliz$1 is t :i* is motive ( ! sight4 ,& univ]sally1 t :i* its s5sible1 :i* is body ) a p>ticul> quality1 is motive ( s5se4 ,f h5ce x is evid5t t ! ?+ :i* excites ! s5se is some?+ incorporeal4 ,= if x 0 body1 x w\ld n yet be ! object ( s5se4 ,body !re=e requires t :i* is incorporeal1 & t :i* is incorporeal1 body4 ,= an incorporeal nature1 is n ( itself s5sible4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 diff]5t f body1 because ^! two possess pr]ogatives diff]5t f ea* o!r1 & nei!r ( ^! subsi/s prior to ! o!r2 b be+ elem5ts ( "o s5sible ?+1 !y are pres5t ) ea* o!r2 ! "o imp>t+ int]val to t :i* is void ( int]val1 b ! o!r introduc+ to t :i* is =mless1 s5sible v>iety inve/$ ) =m4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 nei!r are bo? ^! toge!r ! pr9ciples2 s9ce !y are n un9dig5t4 ,= !y /& 9 ne$ ( _! prop] elem5ts1 & ( t :i* conducts !m to ! g5]ation ( "o =m4 ,= body _c effect ?is1 s9ce x is ( itself impot5t2 nor quality1 s9ce x is n able to subsi/ sep>ate f ! body 9 :i* x is1 or toge!r ) :i* x has its be+4 ,! composite !re=e ei!r produces itself1 :i* is impossible1 = x does n conv]ge to itself1 b ! :ole ( x is multif>i\sly disp]s$1 or x is n produc$ by itself1 & !re is "s o!r pr9ciple prior to x4 ,let x !n be suppos$ to be t :i* is call$ nature1 be+ a pr9ciple ( motion & re/1 9 t :i* is mov$ & at re/1 ess5tially & n accord+ to accid5t4 ,= ?is is some?+ m simple1 & is fabricative ( composite =ms4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x is 9 ! ?+s fabricat$1 & does n subsi/ sep>ate f nor prior to !m1 b /&s 9 ne$ ( !m = its be+1 x w n be un9dig5t2 ?\gh its possesses some?+ transc5d5t ) respect to !m1 viz4 ! p[] ( fa%ion+ & fabricat+ !m4 ,= x has its be+ toge!r ) !m1 & has 9 !m an insep>able subsi/5ce2 s t1 :5 !y are x is1 & is n :5 !y are n1 & ?is 9 consequ5ce ( p]fectly v]g+ to !m1 & n be+ able to su/a9 t :i* is appropriate4 ,= ! p[] ( increas+1 n\ri%+1 & g5]at+ simil>s1 & ! "o prior to ^! ?ree1 viz4 nature1 is n :olly incorporeal1 b is ne>ly a c]ta9 quality ( body1 f :i* x alone diff]s1 9 t x imp>ts to ! composite to be inw>dly mov$ & at re/4 ,= ! quality ( t :i* is s5sible imp>ts t :i* is app>5t 9 matt]1 & t :i* falls on s5se4 ,b body imp>ts int]val e way ext5d$2 & nature1 an inw>dly proce$+ natural en]gy1 :e!r accord+ to place only1 or accord+ to n\ri%+1 increas+1 & g5]at+ ?+s simil>4 ,nature1 h[ev]1 is insep>able f a subject1 & is indig5t1 s t x w n be 9 %ort ! pr9ciple1 s9ce x is indig5t ( t :i* is subord9ate4 ,= x w n be wond]ful1 if be+ a c]ta9 pr9ciple1 x is indig5t ( ! pr9ciple above x2 b x w\ld be wond]ful if x 7 indig5t ( ?+s po/]ior to itself1 & ( :i* x is suppos$ to be ! pr9ciple4 ,by ! l argum5ts we may %[ t ! pr9ciple _c be irrational s\l1 :e!r s5sitive1 or orectic4 ,= if x appe>s t x has some?+ sep>ate1 toge!r ) impulsive & ,gno/ic enemies1 yet at ! same "t x is b\nd 9 body1 & has some?+ insep>able f x2 s9ce x is notable to conv]t itself to itself1 b its enemy is m+l$ ) its subject4 ,= x is evid5t t its ess5ce is some?+ ( ?is k9d2 s9ce if x 7 lib]at$ & 9 itself free1 x w\ld also ev9ce a c]ta9 indep5d5t enemy1 & w\ld n always be conv]t$ to body2 b sometimes x w\ld be conv]t$ to itself2 or ?\gh x 7 always conv]t$ to body1 yet x w\ld judge & explore itself4 ,! en]gies1 !re=e1 ( ! multitude ( mank9d1 7?\gh !y are conv]sant ) ext]nals17 yet1 at ! same "t !y exhibit t :i* is sep>ate ab\t !m4 ,= !y consult h[ !y %\ld engage 9 !m1 & obs]ve t delib]ation is necess>y1 9 ord] to effect or be passive to app>5t good1 or to decl9e some?+ ( ! contr>y4 ,b ! impulses ( o!r animals are uni=m & spontane\s1 are mov$ toge!r ) ! s5sible organs1 & require ! s5ses alone t !y may obta9 f s5sibles ! pleasurable1 & avoid ! pa9ful4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! body communicates 9 pleasure & pa91 & is affect$ 9 a c]ta9 respect by !m1 x is evid5t t ! psy*ical en]gies1 7i4e4 en]gies belong+ to ! s\l7 are ex]t$1 m+l$ ) bodies1 & are n purely psy*ical1 b are also corporeal2 = p]ception is ( ! animat$ body1 or ( ! s\l corporaliz$1 ?\gh 9 su* p]ception ! psy*ical idiom pr$om9ates ov] ! corporeal2 j z 9 bodies1 ! corporeal idiom has dom9ion accord+ to int]val & subsi/5ce4 ,z ! irrational s\l1 !re=e1 has its be+ 9 some?+ diff]5t f itself1 s f> x is indig5t ( ! subord9ate3 b a ?+ ( ?is k9d w n be ! pr9ciple4 ,prior !m to ?is ess5ce1 we see a c]ta9 =m sep>ate f a subject1 & conv]t$ to itself1 su* z is ! rational nature4 ,our s\l1 !re=e1 presides ov] its prop] en]gies & corrects itself4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 w\ld n be ! case1 unless x 0 conv]t$ to itself2 & x w\ld n be conv]t$1 to itself unless x _h a sep>ate ess5ce4 ,x is n !re=e indig5t ( ! subord9ate4 ,%all we !n say t x is ! mo/ p]fect pr9ciple8 ,b1 x does n at once ex]t all its en]gies1 b is always indig5t ( ! great] "p4 ,! pr9ciple1 h[ev]1 wi%es to h no?+ indig5t3 b ! rational nature is an ess5ce 9 want ( its own en]gies4 ,"s "o1 h[ev]1 may say t x is an et]nal ess5ce1 & has nev]-fail+ ess5tial en]gies1 always concurr+ ) its ess5ce1 accord+ to ! self-mov$ & ev] vital1 & t x is !re=e un9dig5t2 b ! pr9ciple is p]fectly un9dig5t4 ,s\l !re=e1 & :i* ex]ts mutable en]gies1 w n be ! mo/ prop] pr9ciple4 ,h5ce x is necess>y t !re %\ld be some?+ prior to ?is1 :i* is 9 e respect immutable1 accord+ to nature1 life1 & k1 & accord+ to all p[]s & enemies1 su* z we ass]t an et]nal & immutable ess5ce to be1 & su* z is mu* hon\r$ intellect1 to :i* ,ari/otle hav+ asc5d$1 ?\ght he _h discov]$ ! fir/ pr9ciple4 ,= :at c be want+ to t :i* p]fectly compreh5ds 9 itself its own pl5itudes 7ol]omata71 & ( :i* nei!r addition nor ablation *anges any ?+ belong+ to x8 ,or is n ?is also1 "o & _m1 :ole & p>ts1 conta9+ 9 itself1 ?+s fir/1 middle1 & la/8 ,! subord9ate pl5itudes also /& 9 ne$ ( ! m excell5t1 & ! m excell5t ( ! subord9ate1 & ! :ole ( ! p>ts4 ,= ! ?+s relat$ are indig5t ( ea* o!r1 & :at are fir/ ( :at are la/1 ?r\gh ! same cause2 = x is n ( itself t :i* is fir/4 ,besides1 ! "o "h is indig5t ( ! _m1 because x has its subsi/5ce 9 ! _m4 ,or x may be said1 t ?is "o is collective ( ! _m1 & ?is n by itself1 b 9 conjunction ) !m4 ,h5ce !re is mu* ( ! indig5t 9 ?is pr9ciple4 ,= s9ce intellect g5]ates 9 itself its prop] pl5itudes f :i* ! :ole at once receives its completion1 x w be itself indig5t ( itself1 n only t :i* is g5]at$ ( t :i* g5]ates1 b also t :i* g5]ates1 ( t :i* is g5]at$1 9 ord] to ! :ole completion ( t :i* :olly g5]ates itself4 ,fur!r /ill1 intellect und]/&s & is und]/ood1 is intellective ( & intelligible to itself1 & bo? ^!4 ,h5ce ! intellectual is indig5t ( ! intelligible1 z ( its prop] object ( desire2 & ! intelligible is 9 want ( ! intellectual1 because x wi%es to be ! intelligible ( x4 ,bo? also are indig5t ( ei!r1 s9ce ! possession is always accompani$ ) indig5ce1 9 ! same mann] z ! _w is always pres5t ) matt]4 ,h5ce a c]ta9 indig5ce is naturally coess5tialliz$ ) intellect1 s t x _c be ! mo/ prop] pr9ciple4 ,%all we1 !re=e1 9 ! next place1 direct our att5tion to ! mo/ simple ( be+s1 :i* ,plato calls ! "o be+1 ,greek3 en on8 ,= z !re is no sep>ation !re ?r\gh\t ! ,:ole1 nor any multitude1 or ord]1 or duplicity1 or conv]sion to itself1 :at indig5ce w !re appe> to me1 9 ! p]fectly unit$8 ,& especially :at indig5ce w !re be ( t :i* is subord9ate8 ,h5ce ! great ,p>m5ides asc5d$ to ?is mo/ safe pr9ciple1 z t :i* is mo/ un9dig5t4 ,is x n1 h[ev]1 "h necess>y to att5d to ! conception ( ,plato1 t ! unit$ is n ! "o itself1 b t :i* is passive#b to x8 ,& ?is be+ ! case1 x is evid5t t x ranks aft] ! "o2 = x is suppos$ to be ! unit$ & n ! "o itself4 ,if also be+ is compos$ f ! elem5ts b\nd & inf9ity1 z appe>s f ! ,philebus ( ,plato1 :]e he calls x t :i* is mixt1 x w be indig5t ( its elem5ts4 ,besides1 if ! conception ( be+ is diff]5t f t ( be+ unit$1 & t :i* is a :ole is bo? unit$ & be+1 ^! w be indig5t ( ea* o!r1 & ! :ole :i* is call$ "o be+ is indig5t ( ! two4 ,& ?\gh ! "o 9 ?is is bett] ?an be+1 yet ?is is indig5t ( be+1 9 ord] to ! subsi/5ce ( "o be+4 ,b if be+ "h sup]v5es ! "o1 z x 71 =m 9 t :i* is mixt & unit$1 j z ! idiom ( man 9 t :i* is collectively rational-mortal-animal1 ?us also ! "o w be indig5t ( be+4 ,if1 h[ev]1 to speak m prop]ly1 ! "o is two-fold2 ?is be+ ! cause ( ! mixture1 & subsi/+ prior to be+1 b t conf]r+ rectitude1 on be+1--if ?is be ! case1 nei!r w ! indig5t p]fectly des]t ?is nature4 ,aft] all ^!1 x may be said t ! "o w be p]fectly un9dig5t4 ,= nei!r is x indig5t ( t :i* is po/]ior to itself = its subsi/5ce1 s9ce ! truly "o is by itself sep>at$ f all ?+s2 nor is x indig5t ( t :i* is inf]ior or m excell5t 9 itself2 = !re is no?+ 9 x besides itself2 nor is x 9 want ( itself4 ,b x is "o1 because nei!r has x any duplicity ) respect to itself4 ,= n ev5 ! relation ( itself to itself mu/ be ass]t$ ( ! truly "o2 s9ce x is p]fectly simple4 ,?is1 !re=e1 is ! mo/ un9dig5t ( all ?+s4 ,h5ce ?is is ! pr9ciple & ! cause ( all2 & ?is is at once ! fir/ ( all ?+s4 ,if ^! qualities1 h[ev]1 are pres5t ) x1 x w n be ! "o4 ,or may we n say t all ?+s subsi/ 9 ! "o accord+ to ! "o8 ,& t bo? ^! subsi/ 9 x1 & su* o!r ?+s z we pr$icate ( x1 z1 = in/ance1 ! mo/ simple1 ! mo/ excell5t1 ! mo/ p[]ful1 ! pres]v] ( all ?+s1 & ! good itself8 ,if ^! ?+s1 h[ev]1 are ?us true ( ! "o1 x w ?us also be indig5t ( ?+s po/]ior to itself1 accord+ to ^? v ?+s :i* we add to x4 ,= ! pr9ciple is1 & is said to be ! pr9ciple ( ?+s proce$+ f x1 & ! cause is ! cause ( ?+s caus$1 & ! fir/ is ! fir/ ( ?+s arrang$1 po/]ior to x4#c ------------------ #b ,see ! ,sophi/a ( ,plato1 :]e ?is is ass]t$4 #c ,= a ?+ _c be said to be a pr9ciple or cause )\t ! subsi/5ce ( ! ?+s ( :i* x is ! pr9ciple or cause4 ,h5ce1 s f> z x is a pr9ciple or cause1 x w be indig5t ( ! subsi/5ce ( ^!4 ------------------ ,fur!r /ill1 ! simple subsi/s accord+ to a transc5d5cy ( o!r ?+s1 ! mo/ p[]ful accord+ to p[] ) relation to ! subjects ( x2 & ! good1 ! desirable1 & ! pres]v+1 are s call$ ) ref]5ce to ?+s b5efitt$1 pres]v$1 & desir+4 ,& if x %\ld be said to be all ?+s accord+ to ! preassumption ( all ?+s 9 itself1 x w inde$ be said to be s accord+ to ! "o alone1 & w at ! same "t be ! "o cause ( all ?+s prior to all1 & w be ?us1 & no o!r accord+ to ! "o4 ,s f>1 !re=e1 z x is ! "o alone1 x w be un9dig5t2 b s f> z un9dig5t1 x w be ! fir/ pr9ciple1 & /able root ( all pr9ciples4 ,s f>1 h[ev]1 z x is ! pr9ciple & ! fir/ cause ( all ?+s1 & is pre-e/abli%$ z ! object ( desire to all ?+s1 s f> x appe>s to be 9 a c]ta9 respect indig5t ( ! ?+s to :i* x is relat$4 ,x has !re=e1 if x be lawful s to speak1 an ultimate ve/ige ( indig5ce1 j z on ! contr>y matt] has an ultimate e*o ( ! un9dig5t1 or a mo/ obscure & debile impression ( ! "o4 ,& language inde$ appe>s to be "h subv]t$4 ,= s f> z x is ! "o1 x is also un9dig5t1 s9ce ! pr9ciple has appe>$ to subsi/ accord+ to ! mo/ un9dig5t & ! "o4 ,at ! same "t1 h[ev]1 s f> z x is ! "o1 x is also ! pr9ciple2 & s f> z x is ! "o x is un9dig5t1 b s f> z ! pr9ciple1 indig5t4 ,h5ce s f> z x is un9dig5t1 x is also indig5t1 ?\gh n accord+ to ! same2 b ) respect to be+ t :i* x is1 x is undig5t2 b z produc+ & compreh5d+ o!r ?+s 9 itself1 x is indig5t4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is ! peculi>ity ( ! "o2 s t x is bo? un9dig5t & indig5t accord+ to ! "o4 ,n inde$ ?an x is ea* ( ^!1 9 su* a mann] z we divide x 9 speak+ ( x1 b x is "o alone2 & accord+ to ?is is bo? o!r ?+s1 & t :i* is indig5t4 ,= h[ is x possible1 x %\ld n be indig5t also s f> z x is ! "o8 ,j z x is all o!r ?+s :i* proce$ f x4 ,= ! indig5t also is1 some?+ belong+ to all ?+s4 ,some?+ else1 !re=e1 mu/ be inve/igat$ :i* 9 no respect has any k9d ( indig5ce4 ,b ( a ?+ ( ?is k9d x _c ) tru? be ass]t$ t x is ! pr9ciple1 nor c x ev5 be said ( x t x is mo/ un9dig5t1 ?\gh ?is appe>s to be ! mo/ v5]able ( all ass]tions4#d --------------- #d ,see ! extracts f ,damascius 9 ! additional notes to ! ?ird volume1 :i* conta9 an ine/imable treasury ( ! mo/ pr(\nd conceptions conc]n+ ! ineffable4 ------------------ ,= ?is signifies transc5d5cy1 & an exemption f ! indig5t4 ,we d n1 h[ev]1 ?9k x prop] to call ?is ev5 ! p]fectly exempt2 b t :i* is 9 e respect incapable ( be+ appreh5d$1 & ab\t :i* we mu/ be p]fectly sil5t1 w be ! mo/1 j axiom ( our conception 9 ! pres5t inve/igation2 nor yet ?is z utt]+ any ?+1 b z rejoic+ 9 n utt]+1 & by ?is v5]at+ t imm5se unkn[n4 ,?is !n is ! mode ( asc5t to t :i* is call$ ! fir/1 or r to t :i* is beyond e ?+ :i* c be conceiv$1 or become ! subject ( hypo!sis4 ,!re is also ano!r mode1 :i* does n place ! un9dig5t be=e ! indig5t1 b consid]s t :i* is indig5t ( a m excell5t nature1 z subsi/+ second>y to t :i* is m excell5t4 ,e :]e !n1 t :i* is 9 capacity is second>y to t :i* is 9 en]gy4 ,= t x may proce$ into en]gy1 & t x may n rema9 9 capacity 9 va91 x requires t :i* is 9 en]gy4 ,= ! m excell5t nev] blossoms f ! subord9ate nature4 ,let ?is !n be def9$ by u accord+ to common unp]v]t$ conceptions4 ,matt] !re=e has prior to itself mat]ial =m2 because all matt] is =m 9 capacity1 :e!r x be ! fir/ matt] :i* is p]fectly =mless1 or ! second :i* subsi/s accord+ to body void ( quality1 or 9 o!r words m]e triple ext5sion1 to :i* x is likely ^? direct$ _! att5tion :o fir/ inve/igat$ s5sibles1 & :i* at fir/ appe>$ to be ! only ?+ t _h a subsi/5ce4 ,= ! exi/5ce ( t :i* is common 9 ! diff]5t elem5ts1 p]suad$ !m t !re is a c]ta9 body void ( quality4 ,b s9ce1 among bodies ( ?is k9d1 "s possess ! gov]n+ pr9ciple inw>dly1 & o!rs ext]nally1 su* z ?+s artificial1 x is necess>y besides quality to direct our att5tion to nature1 z be+ some?+ bett] ?an qualities1 & :i* is pre>rang$ 9 ! ord] ( cause1 z art is1 ( ?+s artificial4 ,( ?+s1 h[ev]1 :i* are inw>dly gov]n$1 "s appe> to possess be+ alone1 b o!rs to be n\ri%$ & increas$1 & to g5]ate ?+s simil> to !mselves4 ,!re is !re=e ano!r c]ta9 cause prior to ! above-m5tion$ nature1 viz4 a vegetable p[] itself4 ,b x is evid5t t all su* ?+s z are +5]at$ 9 body z 9 a subject1 are ( !mselves incorporeal1 ?\gh !y become corporeal by ! p>ticipation ( t 9 :i* !y subsi/1 s t !y are said to be & are mat]ial 9 consequ5ce ( :at !y suff] f matt]4 ,qualities !re=e1 & /ill m natures1 & 9 a /ill great] degree ! vegetable life1 pres]ve ! incorporeal 9 !mselves4 ,s9ce h[ev]1 s5se exhibits ano!r m conspicu\s life1 p]ta9+ to be+s :i* are mov$ accord+ to impulse & place1 ?is mu/ be e/abli%$ prior to t1 z be+ a m prop] pr9ciple1 & z ! suppli] ( a c]ta9 bett] =m1 t ( a self-mov$ animal1 & :i* naturally prec$es plants root$ 9 ! e>?4 ,! animal h[ev]1 is n accurately self-mov$4 ,= ! :ole is n su* ?r\gh\t !y :ole2 b a "p moves & a "p is mov$4 ,?is !re=e is ! app>5t self-mov$4 ,h5ce1 prior to ?is x is necess>y !re %\ld be t :i* is truly self-mov$1 & :i* accord+ to ! :ole ( itself moves &s is mov$1 t ! app>5tly self-mov$ may be ! image ( ?is4 ,& inde$ ! s\l :i* moves ! body mu/ be consid]$ z a m prop] self-mov$ ess5ce4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is tw(old1 ! "o rational1 ! o!r irrational4 ,= t !re is a rational s\l is evid5t3 or has n e "o a cos5sation ( himself1 m cle> or m obscure1 :5 conv]t$ to himself 9 ! att5tions to & inve/igations ( himself1 & 9 ! vital & ,gno/ic animadv]sions ( himself8 ,= ! ess5ce :i* is capable ( ?is1 & :i* c collect univ]sals by reason+1 w v ju/ly be rational4 ,! irrational s\l also1 ?\gh x does n appe> to inve/igate ^! ?+s1 & to reason ) itself1 yet at ! same "t x moves bodies f place to place1 be+ itself previ\sly mov$ f itself2 = at diff]5t times x ex]ts a diff]5t impulse4 ,does x !re=e move itself f "o impulse to ano!r8 or x is mov$ by some?+ else1 z1 = in/ance1 by ! :ole rational s\l 9 ! univ]se8 ,b x w\ld be absurd to say t ! en]gies ( e irrational s\l are n ! en]gies ( t s\l1 b ( "o m div9e2 s9ce !y are inf9ite1 & m+l$ ) mu* ( ! base & imp]fect4 ,= ?is w\ld be j ! same z to say t ! irrational enemies are ! en]gies ( ! rational s\l4 ,i omit to m5tion ! absurdity ( suppos+ t ! :ole ess5ce is n g5]ative ( its prop] en]gies4 ,= if ! irrational s\l is a c]ta9 ess5ce1 x w h peculi> en]gies ( its own1 n imp>t$ f some?+ else1 b proce$+ f itself4 ,?is irrational s\l1 !re=e1 w also move itself at diff]5t times to diff]5t impulses4 ,b if x moves itself1 x w be conv]t$ to itself4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ?is be ! case1 x w h a sep>ate subsi/5ce1 & w n be 9 a subject4 ,x is !re=e rational1 if x looks to itself3 = 9 be+ conv]t$ to1 x surveys itself4 ,= :5 ext5d$ to ?+s ext]nal1 x looks to ext]nals1 or r x looks to color$ body1 b does n see itself1 because sight itself is nei!r body nor t :i* is color$4 ,h5ce x does n rev]t to itself4 ,nei!r !re=e is ?is ! case ) any o!r irrational nature4 ,= nei!r does ! phantasy project a type ( itself1 b ( t :i* is s5sible1 z = in/ance ( color$ body4 ,nor does irrational appetite desire itself1 b aspires aft] a c]ta9 object ( desire1 su* z honor1 or pleasure1 or ri*es4 ,x does n !re=e move itself4 ,b if "s "o1 on see+ t brutes ex]t rational en]gies1 %\ld appreh5d t ^! also p>ticipate ( ! fir/ self-mov$1 & on ?is acc\nt possess a s\l conv]t$ to itself1 x may p]haps be grant$ to him t ^! also are rational natures1 except t !y are n s ess5tially1 b accord+ to p>ticipation1 & ?is mo/ obscure1 j z ! rational s\l may be said to be intellectual accord+ to p>ticipation1 z always project+ common conceptions )\t di/ortion4 ,x mu/ h[ev] be obs]v$1 t ! extreme are t :i* is capable ( be+ p]fectly sep>at$1 su* z ! rational =m1 & t :i* is p]fectly insep>able1 su* z corporeal quality1 & t 9 ! middle ( ^! nature subsi/s1 :i* v]ges to ! insep>able1 hav+ a small repres5tation ( ! sep>able & ! irrational s\l1 :i* v]ges to ! sep>able2 or x appe>s 9 a c]ta9 respect to subsi/ by itself1 sep>ate f a subject2 s t x becomes d\btful :e!r x is self-motive1 or alt]-motive4 ,= x conta9s an abundant ve/ige ( self-motion1 b n t :i* is true & conv]t$ to itself1 & on ?is acc\nt p]fectly sep>at$ f a subject4 ,& ! vegetable s\l has 9 a c]ta9 respect a middle subsi/5ce4 ,on ?is acc\nt to "s ( ! anci5ts x appe>$ to be a c]ta9 s\l1 b to o!rs1 nature4 ,aga91 !re=e1 t we may return to ! propos$ object ( inve/igation1 h[ c a self-motive nature ( ?is k9d1 :i* is m+l$ ) ! alt]-motive1 be ! fir/ pr9ciple ( ?+s8 ,= x nei!r subsi/s f itself1 nor does x 9 reality p]fect itself2 b x requires a c]ta9 o!r nature1 bo? = its subsi/5ce & p]fection3 & prior to x is t :i* is truly self-mov$4 ,is !re=e t :i* is prop]ly self-mov$ ! pr9ciple1 & is x indig5t ( no =m m excell5t ?an itself8 ,or is n t :i* moves always naturally prior to t :i* is mov$2 & 9 %ort does n e =m :i* is pure f its contr>y subsi/ by itself prior to t :i* is m+l$ ) x8 ,& is n ! pure ! cause ( ! comm+l$8 ,= t :i* is coess5tializ$ ) ano!r has also an en]gy m+l$ ) t o!r4 ,s t a self-mov$ nature w inde$1 make itself2 b ?us subsi/+ x w be at ! same "t mov+ & mov$1 b w n be made a mov+ nature only4 ,= nei!r is x ?is alone4 ,e =m h[ev] is always alone accord+ to its fir/ subsi/5ce2 s t !re w be t :i* moves only )\t be+ mov$4 ,& inde$ x w\ld be absurd t !re %\ld be t :i* is mov$ only su* z body1 b t prior bo? to t :i* is self-mov$ & t :i* is mov$ only1 !re %\ld n be t :i* moves only4 ,= x is evid5t t !re mu/ be1 s9ce ?is w be a m excell5t nature1 & t :i* is self-mov$1 s f> z x moves itself1 is m excell5t ?an s f> z x is mov$4 ,x is necess>y !re=e t ! ess5ce :i* moves unmov$1 %\ld be fir/1 z t :i* is mov$1 n be+ motive1 is ! ?ird1 9 ! middle ( :i* is ! self-mov$1 :i* we say requires t :i* moves 9 ord] to its becom+ motive4 ,9 %ort1 if x is mov$1 x w n abide1 s f> z x is mov$2 & if x moves1 x is necess>y x %\ld rema9 mov+ s f> z x moves4 ,:5ce !n does x d]ive ! p[] ( abid+8 ,= f itself x d]ives ! p[] ei!r ( be+ mov$ only1 or ( at ! same "t abid+ & be+ mov$ :olly accord+ to ! same4 ,:5ce !n does x simply obta9 ! p[] ( abid+8 ,c]ta9ly f t :i* simply abides4 ,b1 ?is is an immovable cause4 ,we mu/ !re=e admit t ! immovable is prior to ! self mov$4 ,let u consid] !n if ! immovable is ! mo/ prop] pr9ciple8 ,b h[ is ?is possible8 ,= ! immovable conta9s z num]\s a multitude immovably2 z ! self-mov$ self-moveably4 ,besides an immovable sep>ation mu/ necess>ily subsi/ prior to a self-moveable sep>ation4 ,! unmov$ !re=e is at ! same "t "o & _m1 & is at ! same "t unit$ & sep>at$1 & a nature ( ?is k9d is d5om9at$ intellect4 ,b x is evid5t t ! unit$ 9 ?is is naturally prior to & m honorable ?an ! sep>at$4 ,= sep>ation is always indig5t ( union2 b n1 on ! contr>y1 union ( sep>ation4 ,intellect1 h[ev]1 has n ! unit$ pure f its opposite4 ,= intellectual =m is coess5tializ$ ) ! sep>at$1 ?r\gh ! :ole ( itself4 ,h5ce t :i* is 9 a c]ta9 respect unit$ requires t :i* is simply unit$2 & t :i* subsi/s ) ano!r is indig5t ( t :i* subsi/s by itself2 & t :i* subsi/s accord+ to p>ticipation1 ( t :i* subsi/s accord+ to ess5ce4 ,= intellect be+ self-subsi/5t produces itself z unit$1 & at ! same "t sep>at$4 ,h5ce x subsi/s accord+ to bo? ^!4 ,x is produc$ !re=e f t :i* is simply unit$ & alone unit$4 ,prior !re=e to t :i* is =mal is ! uncircumscrib$1 & undi/ribut$ into =ms4 ,& ?is is t :i* we call ! unit$1 & :i* ! wise m5 ( antiquity d5om9at$ be+1 possess+ 9 "o contraction multitude1 subsi/+ prior to ! _m4 ,hav+ !re=e arriv$ ?us f>1 let u "h re/ = a :ile1 & consid] ) ourselves1 :e!r be+ is ! inve/igat$ pr9ciple ( all ?+s4 ,= :at w !re be :i* does n p>ticipate ( be+8 ,may we n say1 t ?is1 if x is ! unit$1 w be second>y to ! "o1 & t by p>ticipat+ ( ! "o x becomes ! unit$8 ,b 9 %ort2 if we conceive ! "o to be some?+ diff]5t f be+1 if be+ is prior to ! "o1 x w n p>ticipate ( ! "o4 ,x w !re=e be _m only1 & ^! w be inf9itely inf9ite4 ,b if ! "o is ) be+1 & be+ ) ! "o1 & !y are ei!r coord9ate or divid$ f ea* o!r1 !re w be two pr9ciples1 & ! above-m5tion$ absurdity w happ54 ,or !y w mutually p>ticipate ( ea* o!r1 & !re w be two elem5ts4 ,or !y are p>ts ( some?+ else1 consi/+ f bo?4 ,&1 if ?is be ! case1 :at w t be :i* leads !m to union ) ea* o!r8 ,= if ! "o unites be+ to itself 7= ?is may be said71 ! "o also w en]gize prior to be+1 t x may call =? & conv]t be+ to itself4 ,! "o1 !re=e1 w subsi/ f itself self-p]fect prior to be+4 ,fur!r /ill1 ! m simple is always prior to ! m composite4 ,if !re=e !y are simil>ly simple1 !re w ei!r be two pr9ciples1 or "o f ! two1 & ?is w be a composite4 ,h5ce ! simple & p]fectly incomposite is prior to ?is1 :i* mu/ be ei!r "o1 or n "o2 & if n "o1 x mu/ ei!r be _m1 or no?+4 ,b ) respect to no?+1 if x signifies t :i* is p]fectly void1 x w signify some?+ va94 ,b if x signifies ! arcane1 ?is w n ev5 be t :i* is simple4 ,9 %ort1 we _c conceive any pr9ciple m simple ?an ! "o4 ,! "o !re=e is 9 e respect prior to be+4 ,h5ce ?is is ! pr9ciple ( all ?+s1 & ,plato recurr+ to ?is1 did n require any o!r pr9ciple 9 8 reason+s4 ,= ! arcane 9 :i* ?is our asc5t t]m9ates is n ! pr9ciple ( reason+1 nor ( k1 nor ( animals1 nor ( be+s1 nor ( unities1 b simply ( all ?+s1 be+ arrang$ above e conception & suspicion t we c frame4 ,h5ce ,plato indicates no?+ conc]n+ x1 b makes 8 negations ( all o!r ?+s except ! "o1 f ! "o4 ,= t ! "o is he d5ies 9 ! la/ place1 b he does n make a negation ( ! "o4 ,he also1 besides ?is1 ev5 d5ies ?is negation1 b n ! "o4 ,he d5ies1 too1 "n & conception1 & all k1 & :at c be said m1 :ole itself & e be+4 ,b let !re be ! unit$ & ! unical1 &1 if y w1 ! two pr9ciples b\nd & ! inf9ite4 ,plato1 h[ev]1 nev] 9 any respect makes a negation ( ! "o :i* is beyond all ^!4 ,h5ce 9 ! ,sophi/a he consid]s x z ! "o prior to be+1 & 9 ! ,republic z ! good beyond e ess5ce2 b at ! same "t ! "o alone is left4 ,:e!r h[ev] is x kn[n & effable1 or unkn[n & ineffable8 ,or is x 9 a c]ta9 respect ^!1 & 9 a c]ta9 respect n8 ,= by a negation ( ?is x may be said ! ineffable is affirm$4 ,& aga91 by ! simplicity ( k x w be kn[n or suspect$1 b by composition p]fectly unkn[n4 ,h5ce nei!r w x be appreh5d$ by negation4 ,& 9 %ort1 s f> z x is admitt$ to be "o1 s f> x w be co>rang$ ) o!r ?+s1 :i* are ! subject ( position4 ,= x is ! summit ( ?+s1 :i* subsi/ accord+ to position4 ,at ! same "t !re is mu* 9 x ( ! ineffable & unkn[n1 ! uncoord9at$1 & t :i* is depriv$ ( position1 b ^! are accompani$ ) a repres5tation ( ! ,contr>ies3 & ! =m] are m excell5t1 ?an ! latt]4 ,b e :]e ?+s pure subsi/ prior to _! contr>ies1 & su* z are unm+l$ to ! comm+l$4 ,= ei!r ?+s m excell5t subsi/ 9 ! "o ess5tially1 & 9 a c]ta9 respect ! contr>ies ( ^! also w be !re at ! same "t2 or !y subsi/ accord+ to p>ticipation1 & are d]iv$ f t :i* is fir/ a ?+ ( ?is k9d4 ,prior to ! "o1 !re=e1 is t :i* is simply & p]fectly ineffable1 )\t position1 uncoord9at$1 & incapable ( be+ appreh5d$1 to :i* also ! asc5t ( ! pres5t disc\rse ha/5s ?r\gh ! cle>e/ indications1 omitt+ none ( ^? natures betwe5 ! fir/ & ! la/ ( ?+s4 ,su* !n is ! asc5t to ! highe/ ,god1 accord+ to ! !ology ( ,plato1 v5]ably pres]v+ 8 ineffable exemption f all ?+s1 & 8 transc5d5cy1 :i* _c be circumscrib$ by any gno/ic en]gy1 & at ! same "t1 unfold+ ! pa?s :i* lead upw>ds to him1 & enk9dl+ t lum9\s summit ( ! s\l1 by :i* %e is conjo9$ ) ! incompreh5sible "o4 ,f ?is truly ineffable pr9ciple1 exempt f all ess5ce1 p[]1 & en]gy1 a multitude ( div9e natures1 accord+ to ,plato1 imm$iately proce$s4 ,t ?is mu/ necess>ily be ! case1 w be admitt$ by ! read] :o und]/&s :at has be5 already discuss$1 & is fully demon/rat$ by ,plato 9 ! ,p>m5ides1 z w be evid5t to ! intellig5t f ! notes on t ,dialogue4 ,9 addition !re=e to :at ,i h /aid on ?is subject1 ,i %all fur!r obs]ve at pres5t t ?is doctr9e1 :i* is f\nd$ 9 ! sublime/ & mo/ sci5tific conceptions ( ! human m9d1 may be cle>ly %[n to be a legitimate dogma ( ,plato f :at is ass]t$ by him 9 ! six? book ( 8 ,republic4 ,= he !re affirms1 9 ! mo/ cle> & unequivocal t]ms1 t ! good1 or ! ineffable pr9ciple ( ?+s is sup]ess5tial1 & %[s by ! analogy ( ! sun to ! good1 t :at light & sight are 9 ! visible1 t tru? & intellig5ce are 9 ! intelligible _w4 ,z light !re=e1 imm$iately proce$s f ! sun1 & :olly subsi/s accord+ to a sol> idiom or prop]ty1 s tru? or ! imm$iate prog5y ( ! good1 mu/ subsi/ accord+ to a sup]ess5tial idiom4 ,& z ! good1 accord+ to ,plato1 is ! same ) ! "o1 z is evid5t f ! ,p>m5ides1 ! imm$iate prog5y ( ! "o w be ! same z t ( ! good4 ,b1 ! imm$iate (fspr+ ( ! "o _c be any ?+ else ?an unities4 ,&1 h5ce we necess>ily inf] t accord+ to ,plato1 ! imm$iate (fspr+ ( ! ineffable pr9ciple ( ?+s are sup]ess5tial unities4 ,!y diff] h[ev] f _! imm5se pr9ciple 9 ?is1 t he is sup]ess5tial & ineffable1 )\t any addition2 b ?is div9e multitude is p>ticipat$ by ! sev]al ord]s ( be+1 :i* are susp5d$ f & produc$ by x4 ,h5ce1 9 consequ5ce ( be+ connect$ ) multitude ?r\gh ?is p>ticipation1 !y are necess>ily subord9ate to ! "o4 ,no less admirably1 !re=e1 ?an ,platonically does ,simplicius1 9 8 ,comm5t>y ( ,epictetus1 obs]ve on ?is subject z foll[s3 ,! f\nta9 & pr9ciple ( all ?+s is ! good3 = t :i* all ?+s desire1 & to :i* all ?+s are ext5d$1 is ! pr9ciple & ! end ( all ?+s4 ,! good also produces f itself all ?+s1 fir/1 middle1 & la/4 ,b x produces su* z are fir/ & proximate to itself1 simil> to itself2 "o goodness1 _m goodnesses1 "o simplicity & unity :i* transc5ds all o!rs1 _m1 unities1 & "o pr9ciple _m pr9ciples4 ,= ! "o1 ! pr9ciple1 ! good1 & deity1 are ! same3 = deity is ! fir/ & ! cause ( all ?+s4 ,b x is necess>y t ! fir/ %\ld also be mo/ simple2 s9ce :atev] is a composite & has multitude is po/]ior to ! "o4 ,& multitude & ?+s1 :i* are n good desire ! good z be+ above !m3 & 9 %ort1 t :i* is n itself ! pr9ciple is f ! pr9ciple4 ,b x is also necess>y t ! pr9ciple ( all ?+s %\ld possess ! highe/1 & all1 p[]4 ,= ! amplitude ( p[] consi/s 9 produc+ all ?+s f itself1 & 9 giv+ subsi/5ce to simil>s1 prior to ?+s :i* are dissimil>4 ,h5ce ! "o pr9ciple produces _m pr9ciples1 _m simplicities1 & _m goodnesses1 proximately f itself4 ,= s9ce all ?+s diff] f ea* o!r1 & are multipli$ ) _! prop] diff]5ces1 ea* ( ^! multitudes is susp5d$ f its "o prop] pr9ciple4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 all beautiful ?+s1 :atev] & :]ev] !y may be1 :e!r 9 s\ls or 9 bodies1 are susp5d$ f "o f\nta9 ( beauty4 ,?us too1 :atev] possesses symmetry1 & :atev] is true1 & all pr9ciples1 are 9 a c]ta9 respect1 connate ) ! fir/ pr9ciple1 s f> z !y are pr9ciples & f\nta9s & goodnesses1 ) an appropriate subjection & analogy4 ,= :at ! "o pr9ciple is to all be+s1 t ea* ( ! o!r pr9ciples is to ! multitude compreh5d$ "u ! idiom ( its pr9ciple4 ,= x is impossible1 s9ce ea* multitude is *>act]iz$ by a c]ta9 diff]5ce1 t x %\ld n be ext5d$ to its prop] pr9ciple1 :i* illum9ates "o & ! same =m to all ! individuals ( t multitude4 ,= ! "o is ! lead] ( e multitude2 & e peculi>ity or idiom 9 ! _m is d]iv$ to ! _m f ! "o4 ,all p>tial pr9ciples !re=e are e/abli%$ 9 t pr9ciple :i* ranks z a :ole1 & are compreh5d$ 9 x1 n ) int]val & multitude1 b z p>ts 9 ! :ole1 z multitude 9 ! "o1 & numb] 9 ! monad4 ,= ?is fir/ pr9ciple is all ?+s prior to all3 & _m pr9ciples are multipli$ ab\t ! "o pr9ciple1 & 9 ! "o goodness1 _m goodnesses are e/abli%$4 ,?is too1 is n a c]ta9 pr9ciple l ea* ( ! re/3 = ( ^!1 "o is ! pr9ciple ( beauty1 ano!r ( symmetry1 ano!r ( tru?1 & ano!r ( some?+ else1 b x is simply pr9ciple4 ,nor is x simply ! pr9ciples ( be+s1 b x is ! pr9ciple ( pr9ciples4 ,= x is necess>y t ! idiom ( pr9ciple1 aft] ! same mann] z o!r ?+s1 %\ld n beg9 f multitude1 b %\ld be collect$ into "o monad z a summit1 & :i* is ! pr9ciple ( pr9ciples4 ,su* ?+s !re=e z are fir/ produc$ by ! fir/ good1 9 consequ5ce ( be+ connasc5t ) x1 d n rec$e f ess5tial goodness1 s9ce !y are immovable & un*ang$1 & are et]nally e/abli%$ 9 ! same bless$ness4 ,!y are likewise n indig5t ( ! good1 because !y are goodnesses !mselves4 ,all o!r natures h[ev]1 be+ produc$ by ! "o good1 & _m goodnesses1 s9ce !y fall (f f ess5tial goodness1 & are n immovably e/abli%$ 9 ! hyp>xis ( div9e goodness1 on ?is acc\nt !y possess ! good accord+ to p>ticipation4 ,f ?is sublime !ory ! mean+ ( t anci5t ,egyptian dogma1 t ,god is all ?+s1 is at once app>5t4 ,= ! fir/ pr9ciple1#f z ,simplicius 9 ! above passage ju/ly obs]ves1 is all ?+s prior to all2 i4e4 he compreh5ds all ?+s causally1 ?is be+ ! mo/ transc5d5t mode ( compreh5sion4 ,z all ?+s !re=e1 consid]$ z subsi/+ causally 9 deity1 are transc5d5tly m excell5t ?an !y are :5 consid]$ z effects prec$+ f him1 h5ce t mighty & all-compreh5d+ :ole1 ! fir/ pr9ciple1 is said to be all ?+s prior to all2 priority "h d5ot+ exempt transc5d5cy4 ,z ! monad & ! c5tre ( a circle are images f _! simplicity ( ?is greate/ ( pr9ciples1 s likewise d !y p]spicu\sly %ad[ =? to u its causal compreh5sion ( all ?+s4 ,= all numb] may be consid]$ z subsi/+ occultly 9 ! monad1 & ! circle 9 ! c5tre2 ?is occult be+ ! same 9 ea* ) causal subsi/5ce4 ----------------- #f ,by ! fir/ pr9ciple "h1 ! "o is to be und]/ood = t arcane nature :i* is beyond ! "o1 s9ce all language is subv]t$ ab\t x1 c only1 z we h already obs]v$1 be conceiv$ & v5]at$ 9 ! mo/ pr(\nd sil5ce4 ----------------- ,t ?is conception ( causal subsi/5ce is n an hypo!sis devis$ by ! latt] ,platoni/s1 b a g5u9e dogma ( ,plato1 is evid5t f :at he says 9 ! ,philebus3 = 9 t ,dialogue he expressly ass]ts t 9 ,jupit] a royal intellect1 & a royal s\l subsi/ accord+ to cause4 ,ph]ecydes ,syrus1 too1 9 8 ,hymn to ,jupit]1 z cit$ by ,k]*] 79 ,o$ip4 ,egyptiac471 has ! foll[+ l9es3 ,greek3 ,o !os e/i kuklos1 tetragonos ede trigonos1 ,ke9os de gramme1 k5tron1 kai panta pro panton4 i4e4 ,jove is a circle1 triangle & squ>e1 c5tre & l9e1 & all ?+s be=e all4 ,f :i* te/imonies ! antiquity ( ?is sublime doctr9e is suffici5tly app>5t4 ,& "h x is necess>y to obs]ve t ne>ly all philosoph]s3 prior to ,jambli*us 7z we are in=m$ by ,damascius7 ass]t$ inde$1 t !re is "o sup]ess5tial ,god1 b t ! o!r gods _h an ess5tial subsi/5ce1 & 7 deifi$ by illum9ations f ! "o4 ,!y likewise said t !re is a multitude ( sup]-ess5tial unities1 :o are n self-p]fect subsi/5ces1 b illum9at$ unions ) deity1 imp>t$ to ess5ces by ! highe/ ,gods4 ,t ?is hypo!sis1 h[ev]1 is n con=mable to ! doctr9e ( ,plato is evid5t f 8 ,p>m5ides1 9 :i* he %[s t ! "o does n subsi/ 9 itself4 7,see vol4 iii1 p4 #acc74 ,= z we h obs]v$ f ,proclus1 9 ! notes on t ,dialogue1 e ?+ :i* is ! cause ( itself & is self-subsi/5t1 is said to be 9 itself4 ,h5ce z produc+ p[] always compreh5ds1 accord+ to cause t :i* x produces1 x is necess>y t :atev] produces itself %\ld compreh5d itself s f> z x is a cause1 & %\ld be compreh5d$ by itself s f> z x is caus$2 & t x %\ld be at once bo? cause & ! ?+ caus$1 t :i* compreh5ds1 & t :i* is compreh5d$4 ,if !re=e a subsi/5ce 9 ano!r signifies1 accord+ to ,plato1 ! be+ produc$ by ano!r m excell5t cause 7z we h %[n 9 ! note to p4 #acc1 vol4 iii71 a subsi/5ce 9 itself mu/ signify t :i* is self- begott51 & produc$ by itself4 ,if ! "o !re=e is n self-sub- si/5t z ev5 transc5d+ ?is mode ( subsi/5ce1 & if x be necess>y t !re %\ld be some?+ self-subsi/5t1 x foll[s t ?is mu/ be ! *>act]i/ic prop]ty ( t :i* imm$iately proce$s f ! ineffable4 ,b t !re mu/ be some?+ self- subsi/5t is evid5t1 s9ce unless ?is is admitt$ !re w n be a true suffici5cy 9 any ?+4 ,besides1 z ,damascius well obs]ves1 if t :i* is subord9ate by nature is self-p]fect1 su* z ! human s\l1 mu* m w ?is be ! case ) a div9e s\l4 ,b if ) s\l1 ?is also w be true ( intellect4 ,& if x be true ( intellect1 x w also be true ( life3 if ( life1 ( be+ likewise2 & if ( be+1 ( ! unities above be+4 ,= ! self-p]fect1 ! self-suffici5t1 & t :i* is e/abli%$ 9 itself1 w mu* m subsi/ 9 sup]ior ?an 9 subord9ate natures4 ,if !re=e1 ^! are 9 ! latt]1 !y w also be 9 ! =m]4 ,i mean ! subsi/5ce ( a ?+ by itself1 & ess5tializ$ 9 itself2 & su* are ess5ce & life1 intellect1 s\l1 & body4 ,= body1 ?\gh x does n subsi/ f1 yet subsi/s by itself2 & ?r\gh ?is belongs to ! g5us ( sub/ance1 & is contra-di/+ui%$ f accid5t1 :i* _c exi/ indep5d5t ( a subject4 ,self-subsi/5t sup]ess5tial natures !re=e are ! imm$iate prog5y ( ! "o1 if x be lawful ?us to d5om9ate ?+s1 :i* ought r to be call$ ineffable unfold+s into light f ! ineffable2 = prog5y implies a produc+ cause1 & ! "o mu/ be conceiv$ z some?+ ev5 m excell5t ?an ?is4 ,f ?is div9e self-p]fect & self-produc+ multitude1 a s]ies ( self-p]fect natures1 viz4 ( be+s1 lives1 intellects1 & s\ls proce$s1 accord+ to ,plato1 9 ! la/ l9k ( :i* lum9\s s]ies he also classes ! human s\l2 proximately susp5d$ f ! daemoniacal ord]3 = ?is ord]1 z he cle>ly ass]ts 9 ! ,banquet1 /&s 9 ! middle rank betwe5 ! div9e & human1 fills up ! vacant space1 & l9ks toge!r all intellig5t nature4 ,& "h to ! read]1 :o has n p5etrat$ ! dep?s ( ,plato's philosophy1 x w d\btless appe> p>adoxical 9 ! extreme1 t any be+ %\ld be said to produce itself1 & yet at ! same "t proce$ f a sup]ior cause4 ,! solution ( ?is difficulty is z foll[s3--,ess5tial production1 or t en]gy ?r\gh :i* any nature produces some?+ else by its v be+1 is ! mo/ p]fect mode ( production1 because ve/iges ( x are se5 9 ! la/ ( ?+s2 ?us fire imp>ts heat1 by its v ess5ce1 & sn[ coldness4 ,& 9 %ort1 ?is is a produc+ ( t k9d1 9 :i* ! effect is t second>ily :i* ! cause is prim>ily4 ,z ?is mode ( production !re=e1 f its be+ ! mo/ p]fect ( all o!rs1 orig9ates f ! highe/ natures1 x w consequ5tly fir/ belong to ^? self-subsi/5t p[]s1 :o imm$iately proce$ f ! ineffable1 & w f !m be d]iv$ to all ! foll[+ ord]s ( be+s4 ,b ?is en]gy1 z be+ *>act]iz$ by ! ess5tial1 w necess>ily be diff]5t 9 diff]5t produc+ causes4 ,h5ce1 f t :i* subsi/s1 at ! summit ( self subsi/5t natures1 a s]ies ( self subsi/+ be+s w inde$ proce$1 b !n ?is s]ies w be second>ily t :i* its cause is prim>ily1 & ! en]gy by :i* x produces itself w be second>y to t by :i* x is produc$ by its cause4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 ! rational s\l bo? produces itself 79 consequ5ce ( be+ a self-motive nature71 & is produc$ by intellect2 b x is produc$ by intellect immutably1 & by itself transitively2 = all its en]gies subsi/ 9 "t1 & are accompani$ ) motion4 ,s f> !re=e z s\l conta9s intellect by p>ticipation1 s f> x is produc$ by intellect1 b s f> z x is self-motive x is produc$ by itself4 ,9 %ort1 ) respect to e ?+ self-subsi/5t1 ! summit ( its nature is produc$ by a sup]ior cause1 b ! evolution ( t summit is its own spontane\s en]gy2 &1 ?r\gh ?is x becomes self-subsi/5t1 & self-p]fect4 ,t ! rational s\l1 inde$1 s f> z x is rational1 produces itself1 may be cle>ly demon/rat$ z foll[s3--,t :i* is able to imp>t any ?+ sup]ior & m excell5t 9 any g5us ( ?+s1 c easily imp>t t :i* is subord9ate & less excell5t 9 ! same g5us2 b well be+ confess$ly ranks high] & is m excell5t ?an m]e be+4 ,! rational s\l imp>ts well be+ to itself1 :5 x cultivates & p]fects itself1 & recalls & )draws itself f ! contagion ( ! body4 ,x w !re=e also imp>t be+ to itself4 ,& ?is ) great propriety2 = all div9e natures1 & su* ?+s z possess ! ability ( imp>t+ any ?+ prim>ily to o!rs1 necess>ily beg9 ?is en]gy f !mselves4 ,( ?is mighty tru? ! sun himself is an illu/ri\s example2 = he illum9ates all ?+s ) 8 light1 & is himself light1 & ! f\nta9 & orig9 ( all spl5d\r4 ,h5ce1 s9ce ! s\ls imp>ts life & motion to o!r ?+s1 on :i* acc\nt ,ari/otle calls an animal antok9cton1 self- mov$1 x w mu* m1 & by a mu* great] priority1 imp>t life & motion to itself4 ,f ?is magnific5t1 sublime1 & mo/ sci5tific doctr9e ( ,plato1 respect+ ! arcane pr9ciple ( ?+s & 8 imm$iate prog5y1 x foll[s t ?is ineffable cause is n ! imm$iate mak] ( ! univ]se1 & ?is1 z ,i h obs]v$ 9 ! ,introduction to ! ,timaeus1 n ?r\gh any defect1 b on ! contr>y ?r\gh transc5d5cy ( p[]4 ,all ?+s inde$ are ineffably unfold$ f him at once1 into light2 b div9e m$ia are necess>y to ! fabrication ( ! _w4 ,= if ! univ]se 0 imm$iately produc$ f ! ineffable1 x w\ld1 agreeably to :at we h above obs]v$1 be ineffable also 9 a second>y degree4 ,b z ?is is by no means ! case1 x pr9cipally d]ives its imm$iate subsi/5ce f a deity ( a fabricative *>act]i/ic1 :om ,plato calls ,jupit]1 con=mably to ! !ology ( ,orpheus4 ,! intellig5t read] w readily admit t ?is dogmas is s f> f be+ d]ogatory to ! dignity ( ! ,supreme1 t on ! contr>y x exalts t dignity1 &1 pres]ves 9 a becom+ mann] ! exempt transc5d5cy ( ! ineffable4 ,if !re=e we presume to celebrate him1 = z we h already obs]v$1 x is m becom+ to e/abli% 9 sil5ce ^? p>turitions ( ! s\l :i* d>e anxi\sly to explore him1 we %\ld celebrate him z ! pr9ciple ( pr9ciples1 & ! f\nta9 ( deity1 or 9 ! rev]5tial language ( ! ,egyptians1 z a d>kness ?rice unkn[n4#g ,highly laudable inde$1 & wor?y ! imitation ( all po/]ity1 is ! v5]ation :i* ! great anci5ts paid to ?is imm5se pr9ciple4 ,?is ,i h already notic$ 9 ! ,introduction to ! ,p>m5ides1 & ,i %all only obs]ve at pres5t 9 addition1 t 9 consequ5ce ( ?is pr(\nd & mo/ pi\s rev]5ce ( ! fir/ ,god1 !y did n ev5 v5ture to give a "n to ! summit ( t highe/ ord] ( div9ities :i* is d5om9at$ intelligible4 ,h5ce1 says ,proclus1 9 8 ,mss4 ,s*olia on ! ,cratylus1 ,n e g5us ( ! gods has an appellation2 = ) respect to ! fir/ ,deity1 :o is beyond all ?+s1 ,p>m5ides tea*es u t he is ineffable2 & ! fir/ g5]a ( ! intelligible gods1 :o are unit$ to ! "o1 & are call$ occult1 h mu* ( ! unkn[n & ineffable4 ,= t :i* is p]fectly effable _c be conjo9$ ) ! p]fectly ineffable2 b x is necess>y t ! progression ( intelligibles %\ld t]m9ate 9 ?is ord]1 9 :i* ! fir/ effable subsi/s1 & t :i* is call$ by prop] names4 ,= !re ! fir/ intelligible =ms1 & ! intellectual nature ( intelligibles1 are unfold$ into light4 ,b1 ! natures prior to ?is be+ sil5t & occult1 are only kn[n by intellig5ce4 ,h5ce ! :ole ( ! tele/ic sci5ce en]giz+ !urgically asc5ds z f> z to ?is ord]4 ,orpheus also says t ?is is fir/ call$ by a "n by ! o!r gods2 = ! light proce$+ f x is kn[n to & d5om9at$ by ! intellectual gods4 ----------------- #g ,psalm xviii3#aa2 xcvii3#b4 ----------------- ,) no less magnific5ce !re=e ?an piety1 does ,proclus ?us speak conc]n+ ! ineffable pr9ciple ( ?+s4 ,let u n[ if ev] remove f ourselves multi=m k1 ext]m9ate all ! v>iety ( life1 & 9 p]fect quiet approa* ne> to ! cause ( all ?+s4 ,= ?is purpose1 let n only op9ion & phantasy be at re/1 nor ! passions alone :i* imp$e our anagogic impulse to ! fir/ be at peace2 b let ! air1 & ! univ]se itself1 be /ill4 ,& let all ?+s ext5d u ) a tranquil p[] to communion ) ! ineffable4 ,let u also /&+ !re1 hav+ transc5d$ ! intelligible 7if we conta9 any ?+ ( ?is k9d71 & ) ne>ly clos$ eyes ador+ z x 7 ! ris+ sun1 s9ce x is n lawful = any be+ :atev] int5tly to behold him1--let u survey ! sun :5ce ! light ( ! intelligible gods proce$s1 em]g+1 z ! poets say1 f ! bosom ( ! ocean2 & aga9 f ?is div9e tranquillity desc5d+ into intellect1 & f intellect employ+ ! reason+s ( ! s\l1 let u relate to ourselves :at ! natures are f :i* 9 ?is progression we %all consid] ! fir/ ,god z exempt4 ,& let u z x 7 celebrate him1 n z e/abli%+ ! e>? & ! heav5s1 nor z giv+ subsi/5ce to s\ls1 & ! g5]ations ( all animals2 = he produc$ ^! inde$1 b among ! la/ ( ?+s4 ,b prior to ^!1 let u celebrate him z unfold+ into light ! :ole intelligible & intellectual g5us ( gods1 toge!r ) all ! sup]mundane & mundane div9ities z1 ! ,god ( all gods1 ! ,unity ( all unities1 & beyond ! fir/ adyta--z m ineffable ?an all sil5ce1 & m unkn[n ?an all ess5ce1--z holy among ! holies1 & conceal$ 9 ! intelligible gods4 ,su* is ! piety1 su* ! sublimity1 & magnific5ce ( conception1 ) :i* ! ,platonic philosoph]s speak ( t :i* is 9 reality 9 e respect ineffable1 :5 !y presume to speak ab\t x1 ext5d+ ! ineffable p>turitions ( ! s\l to ! ineffable cos5sation ( ! incompreh5sible "o4 ,f ?is sublime v5]ation ( ?is mo/ awful nature1 :i*1 z is notic$ 9 ! extracts f ,damascius1 induc$ ! mo/ anci5t !ologi/s1 philosoph]s1 & poets1 to be entirely sil5t conc]n+ x1 arose ! great rev]5ce :i* ! anci5ts paid to ! div9ities ev5 ( a mundane *>act]i/ic1 or f :om bodies are susp5d$1 consid]+ !m also z p>tak+ ( ! nature ( ! ineffable1 & z s _m l9ks ( ! truly gold5 *a9 ( deity4 ,h5ce we f9d 9 ! ,odyssey1 :5 ,ulysses & ,telema*us are remov+ ! arms f ! walls ( ! palace ( ,i?aca1 & ,m9]va go+ be=e !m ) h] gold5 lamp fills all ! place ) a div9e light1 ,greek3 4 4 4 4 4 p>oi! de pallas ,a!ne ,*ryseon ly*non e*rusa ph>s p]ikalles epoiei4 ,be=e !e ,pallas ,a!ne bore a gold5 cresset & ca/ a mo/ lovely light4 ,telema*us hav+ obs]v$ t c]ta9ly "s "o ( ! cele/ial gods 0 pres5t1 ,greek3 ,emala tis deos endon1 ( ouranon euryn e*\si4 ,v]ily "s ,god is )91 ( ^? t hold ! wide heav54 ,ulysses says 9 reply1 ,be sil5t1 re/ra9 y\r intellect 7i4e4 ev5 cease to en]gize intellectually71 & speak n4 ,greek3 ,siga1 kai kata son noon is*ana1 m$' eree9e4 ,hold ?y peace & keep all ?is 9 ?9e he>t & ask n h]e(4 --,book #ai1 ,odyssey4 ,la/ly1 f all t has be5 said1 x mu/1 ,i ?9k1 be imm$iately obvi\s to e "o ^: m5tal eye is n entirely bl9d$1 t !re c be no su* ?+ z a tr9ity 9 ! !ology ( ,plato1 9 any respect analog\s to ! ,*ri/ian ,tr9ity4 ,= ! highe/ ,god1 accord+ to ,plato1 z we h l>gely %[n f irresi/ible evid5ce1 is s f> f be+ a "p ( a consubsi/5t triad1 t he is n to be connum]at$ ) any ?+2 b is s p]fectly exempt f all multitude1 t he is ev5 beyond be+2 & he s ineffably transc5ds all relation & habitude1 t language is 9 reality subv]t$ ab\t him1 & k refund$ into ignorance4 ,:at t tr9ity h[ev] is 9 ! !ology ( ,plato1 :i* d\btless gave bir? to ! ,*ri/ian1 w be evid5t to ! intellig5t f ! notes on ! ,p>m5ides1 & ! extracts1 f ,damascius4 ,& ?us mu* = ! doctr9e ( ,plato conc]n+ ! pr9ciple ( ?+s1 & 8 imm$iate (fspr+1 ! great importance ( :i* w1 ,i d\bt n1 be a suffici5t apology = ! l5g? ( ?is discussion4 ,9 ! next place1 foll[+ ,proclus & ,olympiodorus z our guides1 let u consid] ! mode accord+ to :i* ,plato tea*es u my/ic conceptions ( div9e natures3 = he appe>s n to h pursu$ e :]e ! same mode ( doctr9e ab\t ^!2 b sometimes accord+ to a div9ely inspir$ en]gy1 & at o!r times dialectically1 he evolves ! tru? conc]n+ !m4 ,& sometimes he symbolically ann\nces _! ineffable idioms1 b at o!r times he recurs to !m f images1 & discov]s 9 !m ! prim>y causes ( :oles4 ,= 9 ! ,pha$rus be+ evid5tly inspir$1 & hav+ ex*ang$ human intellig5ce = a bett] possession1 div9e mania1 he unfolds _m arcane dogmas conc]n+ ! intellectual1 lib]at$1 & mundane gods4 ,b 9 ! ,sophi/a dialectically cont5d+ ab\t be+1 & ! subsi/5ce ( ! "o above be+s1 & d\bt+ aga9/ philosoph]s m anci5t ?an himself1 he %[s h[ all be+s are susp5d$ f _! cause & ! fir/ be+1 b t be+ itself p>ticipates ( t unity :i* is exempt f all ?+s1 t x is a passive1#h "o1 b n ! "o itself1 be+ subject to & unit$ to ! "o1 b n be+ t :i* is prim>ily "o4 ,9 a simil> mann] too1 9 ! ,p>m5ides1 he unfolds dialectically ! progressions ( be+ f ! "o1 ?r\gh ! fir/ hypo!sis ( t dialogue1 & ?is1 z he !re ass]ts1 accord+ to ! mo/ p]fect division ( ?is me?od4 ,& aga9 9 ! ,gorgias1 he relates ! fable conc]n+ ! ?ree fabricators1 & _! demiurgic allotm5t4 ,b 9 ! ,banquet he speaks conc]n+ ! union ( love2 & 9 ! ,protagoras1 ab\t ! di/ribution ( mortal animals f ! gods2 9 a symbolical mann] conceal+ ! tru? conc]n+ div9e natures1 & z f> z to m]e indication unfold+ 8 m9d to ! mo/ g5u9e ( 8 read]s4 ----------------- #h ,x is necess>y to obs]ve1 t1 accord+ to ,plato1 :atev] p>ticipates ( any ?+ is said to be passive to t :i* x p>ticipates1 & ! p>ticipations !mselves are call$ by him passions4 ----------------- ,aga91 if x be necess>y to m5tion ! doctr9e deliv]$ ?r\gh ! ma!matical discipl9es1 & ! discussion ( div9e conc]ns f e?ical or physical disc\rses1 ( :i* _m may be contemplat$ 9 ! ,timaeus1 _m 9 ! dialogue call$ ,politicus1 & _m may be se5 scatt]$ 9 o!r dialogues2 "h likewise1 to ^? :o are desir\s ( kn[+ div9e conc]ns ?r\gh images1 ! me?od w be app>5t4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 ! ,politicus %ad[s =? ! fabrication 9 ! heav5s4 ,b ! figures ( ! five elem5ts1 deliv]$ 9 geometrical proportions 9 ! ,timaeus1 repres5t 9 images ! idioms ( ! gods :o preside ov] ! p>ts ( ! univ]se4 ,& ! divisions ( ! ess5ce ( ! s\l 9 t dialogue %ad[ =? ! total ord]s ( ! gods4 ,to ?is we may also add t ,plato composes politics1 assimilat+ !m to div9e natures1 & adorn+ !m f ! :ole _w & ! p[]s :i* x conta9s4 ,all ^!1 !re=e1 ?r\gh ! similitude ( mortal to div9e conc]ns1 exhibit to u 9 images ! progressions1 ord]s1 & fabrications ( ! latt]4 ,& su* are ! modes ( !ologic doctr9e employ$ by ,plato4 ,b ^?1 says ,proclus1 :o treat ( div9e conc]ns 9 an indicative mann]1 ei!r speak symbolically & fabul\sly1 or ?r\gh images4 ,& ( ^? :o op5ly ann\nce _! conceptions1 "s frame _! disc\rses accord+ to sci5ce1 b o!rs accord+ to inspiration f ! gods4 ,& he :o desires to signify div9e conc]ns ?r\gh symbols is ,orphic1 &1 9 %ort1 accords ) ^? :o write fables respect+ ! gods4 ,b he :o does ?is ?r\gh images is ,py?agoric4 ,= ! ma!matical discipl9es 7 inv5t$ by ! ,py?agorean 9 ord] to a rem9isc5ce ( div9e conc]ns1 to :i* ?r\gh ^! z images1 !y endeav\r to asc5d4 ,= !y ref] bo? numb]s & figures to ! gods1 accord+ to ! te/imony ( _! hi/orians4 ,b ! en?usia/ic "*1 or he :o is div9ely inspir$1 unfold+ ! tru? itself conc]n+ ! gods ess5tially1 p]spicu\sly ranks among ! highe/ initiators4 ,= ^! d n ?9k prop] to unfold ! div9e ord]s1 or _! idioms1 to _! famili>s ?r\gh veils1 b ann\nce _! p[]s & _! numb]s 9 consequ5ce ( be+ mov$ by ! gods !mselves4 ,b ! tradition ( div9e conc]ns accord+ to sci5ce is ! illu/ri\s1 pr]ogative ( ! ,platonic philosophy4 ,= ,plato alone1 z x appe>s to me ( all ^? :o are kn[n to u1 has attempt$ me?odically to divide & r$uce into ord] ! regul> progression ( ! div9e g5]a1 _! mutual diff]5ce1 ! common idioms ( ! total ord]s1 & ! di/ribut$ idioms 9 ea*4 ,aga91 s9ce ,plato employs fables1 let u 9 ! fir/ place consid] :5ce ! anci5ts 7 induc$ to devise fables1 & 9 ! second place1 :at ! diff]5ce is betwe5 ! fables ( philosoph]s & ^? ( poets4 ,9 answ] to ! fir/ "q !n1 x is necess>y to "k t ! anci5ts employ$ fables look+ to two ?+s1 viz4 nature1 & our s\l4 ,!y employ$ !m by look+ to nature1 & ! fabrication ( ?+s1 z foll[s4 ,?+s unapp>5t are believ$ f ?+s app>5t1 & incorporeal natures f bodies4 ,= see+ ! ord]ly arrangem5t ( bodies1 we und]/& t a c]ta9 incorporeal p[] presides ov] !m2 z ) respect to ! cele/ial bodies1 !y h a c]ta9 presid+ motive p[]4 ,z we !re=e see t our body is mov$1 b is no long] s aft] dea?1 we conceive t x 0 a c]ta9 incorporeal p[] :i* mov$ x4 ,h5ce1 p]ceiv+ t we believe ?+s incorporeal & unapp>5t f ?+s app>5t & corporeal1 fables came to be adopt$1 t we might come f ?+s app>5t to c]ta9 unapp>5t natures2 z1 = in/ance1 t on he>+ ! adult]ies1 bonds1 & lac]ations ( ! gods1 ca/rations ( heav51 & ! l1 we may n re/ satisfi$ ) ! app>5t mean+ ( su* l p>ticul>s1 b may proce$ to ! unapp>5t1 & inve/igate ! true signification4 ,aft] ?is mann]1 !re=e1 look+ to ! nature ( ?+s1 7 fables employ$4 ,b f look+ to our s\ls1 !y orig9at$ z foll[s3 ,:ile we are *ildr5 we live accord+ to ! phantasy1 b ! phanta/ic "p is conv]sant ) figures1 & types1 & ?+s ( ?is k9d4 ,t ! phanta/ic "p 9 u !re=e may be pres]v$1 we employ fables 9 consequ5ce ( ?is "p rejoic+ 9 fables4 ,x may also be said t a fable is no?+ else ?an a false disc\rse %ad[+ =? ! tru?3 = a fable is ! image ( tru?4 ,b ! s\l is ! image ( ! natures prior to h]self2 & h5ce ! s\l v prop]ly rejoices 9 fables1 z an image 9 an image4 ,z we are !re=e f our *ildhood n\ri%$ 9 fables1 x is necess>y t !y %\ld be introduc$4 ,& ?us mu* = ! fir/ problem1 conc]n+ ! orig9 ( fables4 ,9 ! next place let u consid] :at ! diff]5ce is betwe5 ! fables ( philosoph]s & poets4 ,ea* !re=e has some?+ 9 :i* x ab\nds m ?an1 & some?+ 9 :i* x is defici5t f ! o!r4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 ! poetic fable ab\nds 9 ?is1 t we mu/ n re/ satisfi$ ) ! app>5t mean+1 b pass on to ! occult tru?4 ,= :o1 endu$ ) intellect1 w\ld believe t ,jupit] 0 desir\s ( hav+ connection ) ,juno1 & on ! gr\nd1 )\t wait+ to g into ! b$-*amb]4 ,s t ! poetic fable ab\nds1 9 consequ5ce ( ass]t+ su* ?+s z d n suff] u to /op at ! app>5t1 b lead u to explore ! occult tru?4 ,b x is defective 9 ?is1 t x deceives ^? ( a juv5ile age4 ,plato !re=e neglects fable ( ?is k9d1 & bani%es ,hom] f 8 ,republic2 because y\? on he>+ su* fables1 w n be able to di/+ui% :at is allegorical f :at is n4 ,philosophical fables1 on ! contr>y1 d n injure ^? t g no fur!r ?an ! app>5t mean+4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 !y ass]t t !re are puni%m5ts & riv]s "u ! e>?3 & if we adh]e to ! lit]al mean+ ( ^! we %all n be injur$4 ,b !y are defici5t 9 ?is1 t z _! app>5t signification does n injure1 we (t5 cont5t ourselves ) ?is1 & d n explore ! lat5t tru?4 ,we may also say t philosophic fables look to ! enemies ( ! s\l4 ,= if we 7 entirely intellect alone1 & _h no connection ) phantasy1 we %\ld n require fables1 9 consequ5ce ( always associat+ ) intellectual natures4 ,if aga91 we 7 entirely irrational1 & liv$ accord+ to ! phantasy1 & _h no o!r en]gy ?an ?is1 x w\ld be requisite t ! :ole ( our life %\ld be fabul\s4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 we possess intellect1 op9ion1 & phantasy1 demon/rations are giv5 ) a view to intellect2 & h5ce ,plato says t if y are will+ to en]gize accord+ to intellect1 y w h demon/rations b\nd ) adamant9e *a9s2 if accord+ to op9ion1 y w h ! te/imony ( r5[n$ p]sons2 & if accord+ to ! phantasy1 y h fables by :i* x is excit$2 s t f all ^! y w d]ive advantage4 ,plato !re=e rejects ! m tragical mode ( my?ologiz+ ( ! anci5t poets1 :o ?\ght prop] to e/abli% an arcane !ology respect+ ! gods1 & on ?is acc\nt devis$ w&]+s1 ca/rations1 battles & lac]ations ( ! gods1 & _m o!r su* symbols ( ! tru? ab\t div9e natures :i* ?is !ology conceals2--?is mode he rejects1 & ass]ts t x is 9 e respect mo/ =eign f erudition4 ,b he consid]s ^? my?ological disc\rses ab\t ! gods z m p]suasive & m adapt$ to tru?1 :i* ass]t t a div9e nature is ! cause ( all good1 b ( no evil1 & t x is void ( all mutation1 compreh5d+ 9 itself ! f\nta9 ( tru?1 b nev] becom+ ! cause ( any deception to o!rs4 ,= su* types ( !ology ,socrates deliv]s 9 ! ,republic4 ,all ! fables !re=e ( ,plato gu>d+ ! tru? 9 concealm5t1 h n ev5 _! ext]nally app>5t app>atus discordant ) our undiscipl9$ & unp]v]t$ anticipations ( div9ity4 ,b !y br+ ) !m an image ( ! mundane composition 9 :i* bo? ! app>5t beauty is wor?y ( div9ity1 & a beauty m div9e ?an ?is is e/abli%$ 9 ! unapp>5t lives & p[]s ( its causes4 ,9 ! next place1 t ! read] may see :5ce & f :at dialogues pr9cipally ! !ological dogmas ( ,plato may be collect$1 ,i %all pres5t him ) ! foll[+ translation ( :at ,proclus has admirably writt5 on ?is subject4 ,! tru? 7says he7 conc]n+ ! gods p]vades1 z ,i may say1 ?r\gh all ! ,platonic dialogues1 & 9 all ( !m conceptions ( ! fir/ philosophy1 v5]able1 cle>1 & sup]natural1 are dissem9at$1 9 "s m obscurely1 b 9 o!rs m conspicu\sly2--conceptions :i* excite ^? t are 9 any respect able to p>take ( !m1 to ! immat]ial & sep>ate ess5ce ( ! gods4 ,& z 9 ea* "p ( ! univ]se & 9 nature itself1 ! demiurgus ( all :i* ! _w conta9s e/abli%$ resemblances ( ! unkn[n ess5ce ( ! gods1 t all ?+s might be conv]t$ to div9ity ?r\gh _! alliance ) x1 9 l mann] ,i am ( op9ion1 t ! div9e intellect ( ,plato weaves conceptions ab\t ! gods ) all its prog5y1 & leaves no?+ depriv$ ( ! m5tion ( div9ity1 t f ! :ole ( its (fspr+ a rem9isc5ce ( total natures may be obta9$1 & imp>t$ to ! g5u9e lov]s ( div9e conc]ns4 ,b if x be requisite to lay be=e ! read] ^? dialogues out ( _m :i* pr9cipally unfold to u ! my/ic discipl9e ab\t ! gods1 ,i %all n err 9 rank+ among ?is numb] ! ,pha$o & ,pha$rus1 ! ,banquet & ! ,philebus1 & toge!r ) ^! ! ,sophi/a & ,politicus1 ! ,cratylus & ! ,timaeus4 ,= all ^! are full ?r\gh ! :ole ( !mselves1 z ,i may say1 ( ! div9e sci5ce ( ,plato4 ,b ,i %\ld place 9 ! second rank aft] ^!1 ! fable 9 ! ,gorgias1 & t 9 ! ,protagoras1 likewise ! ass]tions ab\t ! provid5ce ( ! gods 9 ! ,laws1 & su* ?+s z are deliv]$ ab\t ! ,fates1 or ! "m ( ! ,fates1 or ! circulations ( ! univ]se1 9 ! t5? book ( ! ,republic4 ,aga9 y may1 if y please1 place 9 ! ?ird rank ^? ,epi/les ?r\gh :i* we may be able to arrive at ! sci5ce ab\t div9e natures4 ,= 9 ^!1 m5tion is made ( ! ?ree k+s2 & _m o!r div9e dogmas wor?y ! ,platonic !ory are deliv]$4 ,x is necess>y !re=e1 reg>d+ ^!1 to explore 9 !m ea* ord] ( ! gods4 ,?us f ! ,philebus1 we may receive ! sci5ce respect+ ! "o good1 & ! two fir/ pr9ciples ( ?+s 7b\nd & inf9ity7 toge!r ) ! triad subsi/+ f ^!4 ,= y w f9d all ^! di/9ctly deliv]$ to u by ,plato 9 t dialogue4 ,b f ! ,timaeus y may obta9 ! !ory ab\t intelligibles1 a div9e n>ration ab\t ! demiurgic monad1 & ! mo/ full tru? ab\t ! mundane gods4 ,f ! ,pha$rus y may le>n all ! intelligible & intellectual g5]a1 & ! lib]at$ ord]s ( ! gods1 :i* are proximately e/abli%$ above ! cele/ial circulations4 ,f ! ,politicus y may obta9 ! !ory ( ! fabrication 9 ! heav5s1 ( ! p]iods ( ! univ]se1 & ( ! intellectual causes ( ^? p]iods4 ,b f ! ,sophi/a y may le>n ! :ole sublun>y g5]ation1 & ! idiom ( ! gods :o are allott$ ! sublun>y region1 & preside ov] its g5]ations & corruptions4 ,& ) respect to ea* ( ! gods1 we may obta9 _m sacr$ conceptions f ! ,banquet1 _m f ! ,cratylus1 & _m f ! ,pha$o4 ,= 9 ea* ( ^! dialogues m or less m5tion is made ( div9e names1 f :i* x is easy = ^? :o are exorcis$ 9 div9e conc]ns to discov] by a reason+ process ! idioms ( ea*4 ,x is necess>y1 h[ev]1 to ev9ce t ea* ( ! dogmas accords ) ,platonic pr9ciples & ! my/ic traditions ( !ologi/s4 ,= all ! ,grecian !ology is ! prog5y ( ! my/ic doctr9e ( ,orpheus2 ,py?agoras fir/ ( all le>n+ f ,aglaophemus ! orig9s ( ! gods1 b ,plato 9 ! second place receiv+ an all-p]fect sci5ce ( ! div9ities f ! ,py?agoric & ,orphic writ+s4 ,= 9 ! ,philebus1 ref]r+ ! !ory ab\t ! two =ms ( pr9ciples 7b\nd & inf9ity7 to ! ,py?agoreans1 he calls !m m5 dwell+ ) ! gods1 & truly bless$4 ,philolaus1 !re=e1 ! ,py?agorean1 has left = u 9 writ+ admirable conceptions ab\t ^! pr9ciples1 celebrat+ _! common progression into be+s1 & _! sep>ate fabrication4 ,aga91 9 ! ,timaeus1 endeav\r+ to tea* u ab\t ! sublun>y gods & _! ord]1 ,plato flies to !ologi/s1 calls !m ! sons ( ! gods1 & makes !m ! fa!rs ( ! tru? ab\t ^! div9ities4 ,& la/ly1 he deliv]s ! ord]s ( ! sublun>y gods proce$+ f :oles1 accord+ to ! progression deliv]$ by !ologi/s ( ! intellectual k+s4 ,fur!r /ill1 9 ! ,cratylus he foll[s ! traditions ( !ologi/s respect+ ! ord] ( ! div9e processions4 ,b 9 ! ,gorgias he adopts ! ,hom]ic dogma1 respect+ ! triadic hypo/ases ( ! demiurgi4 ,&1 9 %ort1 he e :]e disc\rses conc]n+ ! gods agreeably to ! pr9ciples ( !ologi/s2 reject+ inde$ ! tragical "p ( my?ological fiction1 b e/abli%+ fir/ hypo!ses 9 common ) ! au?ors ( fables4 ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 "s "o may "h object to u1 t we d n 9 a prop] mann] exhibit ! e :]e disp]s$ !ology ( ,plato1 & t we endeav\r to heap toge!r diff]5t p>ticul>s f diff]5t dialogues1 z if we 7 /udi\s ( collect+ _m ?+s into "o mixture1 in/ead ( d]iv+ !m all f "o & ! same f\nta94 ,= if ?is 7 our int5tion1 we might inde$ ref] diff]5t dogmas to diff]5t treatises ( ,plato1 b we %all by no means h a prec$ane\s doctr9e conc]n+ ! gods1 nor w !re be any dialogue :i* pres5ts u ) an all-p]fect & entire procession ( ! div9e g5]a1 & _! coord9ation ) ea* o!r4 ,b we %all be simil> to ^? :o endeavor to obta9 a :ole f p>ts1 ?r\gh ! want ( a :ole prior#i to p>ts1 & to weave toge!r ! p]fect1 f ?+s imp]fect1 :51 on ! contr>y1 ! imp]fect ought to h ! fir/ cause ( its g5]ation 9 ! p]fect4 ,= ! ,timaeus1 = in/ance1 w tea* u ! !ory ( ! intelligible g5]a1 & ! ,pha$rus appe>s to pres5t u ) a regul> acc\nt ( ! fir/ intellectual ord]s4 ,b :]e w be ! coord9ation ( intellectuals to intelligibles8 ,& :at w be ! g5]ation ( second f fir/ natures8 ,9 %ort1 aft] :at mann] ! progression ( ! div9e ord]s takes place f ! "o pr9ciple ( all ?+s1 & h[ 9 ! g5]ations ( ! gods1 ! ord]s betwe5 ! "o1 & all-p]fect numb]1 are fill$ up1 we %all be unable to ev9ce4 ----------------- #i ,a :ole prior to p>ts is t :i* causally conta9s p>ts 9 itself4 ,su* p>ts too1 :5 !y proce$ f _! occult causal subsi/5ce1 & h a di/9ct be+ ( _! own1 are nev]!less compreh5d$1 ?\gh 9 a diff]5t mann]1 9 _! produc+ :ole4 ----------------- ,fur!r /ill1 x may be said1 :]e w be ! v5]abl5ess ( y\r boa/$ sci5ce ab\t div9e natures8 ,= x is absurd to call ^! dogmas1 :i* are collect$ f _m places1 ,platonic1 & :i*1 z y ackn[l$ge1 are r$uc$ f =eign names to ! philosophy ( ,plato2 nor are y able to ev9ce ! :ole entire tru? ab\t div9e natures4 ,p]haps1 inde$1 !y w say t c]ta9 p]sons1 junior to ,plato1 h deliv]$ 9 _! writ+s1 & left to _! disciples1 "o p]fect =m ( philosophy4 ,y1 !re=e1 are able to produce "o entire !ory ab\t nature f ! ,timaeus2 b f ! ,republic1 or ,laws1 ! mo/ beautiful dogmas ab\t morals1 & :i* t5d to "o =m ( philosophy4 ,alone1 !re=e1 neglect+ ! treatise ( ,plato1 :i* conta9s all ! good ( ! fir/ philosophy1 & :i* may be call$ ! summit ( ! :ole !ory1 y w be depriv$ ( ! mo/ p]fect k ( be+s1 unless y are s mu* infatuat$ z to boa/ on acc\nt ( fabul\s fictions1 ?\gh an analysis ( ?+s ( ?is k9d ab\nds ) mu* ( ! probable1 b n ( ! demon/rative4 ,besides1 ?+s ( ?is k9d are only deliv]$ adv5titi\sly 9 ! ,platonic dialogues2 z ! fable 9 ! ,protagoras1 :i* is ins]t$ = ! sake ( ! political sci5ce1 & ! demon/rations respect+ x4 ,9 l mann] ! fable 9 ! ,republic is ins]t$ = ! sake ( ju/ice2 & 9 ! ,gorgias = ! sake ( temp]ance4 ,= ,plato comb9es fabul\s n>rations ) inve/igations ( e?ical dogmas1 n = ! sake ( ! fables1 b = ! sake ( ! lead+ design1 t we may n only ex]cise ! intellectual "p ( ! s\l1 ?r\gh cont5d+ reasons1 b t ! div9e "p ( ! s\l may m p]fectly receive ! k ( be+s1 ?r\gh its sympa?y ) m my/ic conc]ns4 ,= f o!r disc\rses we resemble ^? :o are compell$ to ! reception ( tru?2 b f fables we are affect$ 9 an ineffable mann]1 & call =? our unp]v]t$ conceptions1 v5]at+ ! my/ic in=mation :i* !y conta94 ,h5ce1 z x appe>s to me1 ,timaeus ) great propriety ?9ks x fit t we %\ld produce ! div9e g5]a1 foll[+ ! inv5tors ( fables z sons ( ! gods1 & subscribe to _! always g5]at+ second>y natures f su* z are fir/1 ?\gh !y %\ld speak )\t demon/ration4 ,= ?is k9d ( disc\rse is n demon/rative1 b en!a/ic1 or ! prog5y ( div9e inspiration2 & 0 inv5t$ by ! anci5ts1 n ?r\gh necessity1 b = ! sake ( p]suasion1 n reg>d+ nak$ discipl9e1 b sympa?y ) ?+s !mselves4 ,b if y are will+ to speculate n only ! causes ( fables1 b ( o!r !ological dogmas1 y w f9d t "s ( !m are scatt]$ 9 ! ,platonic dialogues = ! sake ( e?ical1 & o!rs = ! sake ( physical consid]ations4 ,= 9 ! ,philebus1 ,plato disc\rses conc]n+ b\nd & inf9ity1 = ! sake ( pleasure1 & a life accord+ to intellect4 ,= ,i ?9k ! latt] are species ( ! =m]4 ,9 ! ,timaeus ! disc\rse ab\t ! intelligible gods is assum$ = ! sake ( ! propos$ physiology4 ,on :i* acc\nt1 x is e :]e necess>y t images %\ld be kn[n f p>adigms1 b t ! p>adigms ( mat]ial ?+s %\ld be immat]ial1 ( s5sibles1 intelligible1 & ( physical =ms1 sep>ate f nature4 ,b 9 ! ,pha$rus1 ,plato celebrates ! sup]cele/ial place1 ! subcele/ial pr(undity1 & e g5us "u ?is = ! sake ( amatory mania2 ! mann] 9 :i* ! rem9isc5ce ( s\ls takes place2 & ! passage to ^! f h5ce4 ,e :]e1 h[ev]1 ! lead+ end1 z ,i may say1 is ei!r physical or political1 :ile ! conceptions ab\t div9e natures are introduc$ ei!r = ! sake ( inv5tion or p]fection4 ,h[1 !re=e1 c su* a !ory z y\rs be any long] v5]able & sup]natural1 & wor?y to be /udi$ beyond e ?+1 :5 x is nei!r able to ev9ce ! :ole 9 itself1 nor ! p]fect1 nor t :i* is prec$ane\s 9 ! writ+s ( ,plato1 b is de/itute ( all ^!1 is viol5t & n spontane\s1 & does n possess a g5u9e1 b an adv5titi\s ord]1 z 9 a drama8 ,& su* are ! p>ticul>s :i* may be urg$ aga9/ our design4 ,to ?is objection ,i %all make a j & p]spicu\s reply4 ,i say !n t ,plato e :]e disc\rses ab\t ! gods agreeably to anci5t op9ions & ! nature ( ?+s4 ,& sometimes inde$1 = ! sake ( ! cause ( ! ?+s propos$1 he r$uces !m to ! pr9ciples ( ! dogmas1 & !nce1 z f an exalt$ place ( survey1 contemplates ! nature ( ! ?+ propos$4 ,b "s times he e/abli%es ! !ological sci5ce z ! lead+ end4 ,= 9 ! ,pha$rus1 8 subject respects intelligible beauty1 & ! p>ticipation ( beauty p]vad+ !nce ?r\gh all ?+s2 & 9 ! ,banquet x respects ! amatory ord]4 ,b if x be necess>y to consid]1 9 "o ,platonic dialogue1 ! all-p]fect1 :ole & connect$1 ext5d+ z f> z to ! complete numb] ( !ology1 ,i %all p]haps ass]t a p>adox1 & :i* w alone be app>5t to our famili>s4 ,we ought h[ev] to d>e1 s9ce we h begun ! ass]tion1 & affirm aga9/ our oppon5ts1 t ! ,p>m5ides1 & ! my/ic conceptions ( ?is dialogue1 w accompli% all y desire4 ,= 9 ?is dialogue1 all ! div9e g5]a proce$ 9 ord] f ! fir/ cause1 & ev9ce _! mutual susp5sion f ea* o!r4 ,& ^? inde$ :i* are highe/1 connate ) ! "o1 & ( a prim>y nature1 are allott$ a =m ( subsi/5ce1 *>act]iz$ by unity1 occult & simple2 b su* z are la/ are multipli$1 are di/ribut$ into _m p>ts1 & excel 9 numb]1 b are inf]ior 9 p[] to su* z are ( a high] ord]2 & su* z are middle1 accord+ to a conv5i5t proportion1 are m composite ?an _! causes1 b m simple ?an _! prop] prog5y4 ,&1 9 %ort1 all ! axioms ( ! !ological sci5ce appe> 9 p]fection 9 ?is dialogue2 & all ! div9e ord]s are exhibit$ subsi/+ 9 connection4 ,s t ?is is no?+ else ?an ! celebrat$ g5]ation ( ! gods1 & ! procession ( e k9d ( be+ f ! ineffable & unkn[n cause ( :oles4#aj ,! ,p>m5ides !re=e1 enk9dles 9 ! lov]s ( ,plato ! :ole & p]fect light ( ! !ological sci5ce4 ,b aft] ?is1 ! a=em5tion$ dialogues di/ribute p>ts ( ! my/ic discipl9e ab\t ! gods1 & all ( !m1 z ,i may say1 p>ticipate ( div9e wisdom1 & excite our spontane\s conceptions respect+ a div9e nature4 ------------------ #aj ,! pr9ciple ( all ?+s is celebrat$ by ,platonic philosophy z ! cause ( :oles1 because ?r\gh transc5d5cy ( p[] he fir/ produces ^? p[]s 9 ! univ]se :i* rank z :oles1 & aft]w>d ^? :i* rank z p>ts ?r\gh ^!4 ,agreeably to ?is ,jupit]1 ! artific] ( ! univ]se1 is almo/ always call$ ,greek3 demi\rgos ton olon1 ! demiurgus ( :oles4 ,see ! ,timaeus1 & ! ,introduction to x4 ------------------ ,& x is necess>y to ref] all ! p>ts ( ?is my/ic discipl9e to ^! dialogues1 & ^! aga9 to ! "o & all p]fect !ory ( ! ,p>m5ides4 ,= ?us1 z x appe>s to me1 we %all susp5d ! m imp]fect f ! p]fect1 & p>ts f :oles1 & %all exhibit reasons assimilat$ to ?+s ( :i*1 accord+ to ! ,platonic ,timaeus1 !y are int]pret]s4 ,su* !n is our answ] to ! objection :i* may be urg$ aga9/ u2 & ?us we ref] ! ,platonic !ory to ! ,p>m5ides2 j z ! ,timaeus is ackn[l$g$ by all :o h ! lea/ degree ( intellig5ce to conta9 ! :ole sci5ce ab\t nature4 ,all t is "h ass]t$ by ,proclus w be imm$iately admitt$ by ! read] :o und]/&s ! outl9es :i* we h "h giv5 ( ! !ology ( ,plato1 & :o is besides ?is a complete ma/] ( ! my/ic mean+ ( ! ,p>m5ides2 :i* ,i tru/ he w f9d suffici5tly unfold$1 ?r\gh ! assi/ance ( ,proclus1 9 ! introduction & notes to t dialogue4 ,! next important ,platonic dogma 9 ord]1 is t doctr9e conc]n+ ideas1 ab\t :i* ! read] w f9d s mu* said 9 ! notes on ! ,p>m5ides1 t b little rema9s to be add$ "h4 ,t little h[ev] is z foll[s3 ,! div9e ,py?agoras1 & all ^? :o h legitimately receiv$ 8 doctr9es1 among :om ,plato holds ! mo/ di/+ui%$ rank1 ass]t$ t !re are _m ord]s ( be+s1 viz4 intelligible1 intellectual1 dianoetic1 physical1 or 9 %ort1 vital & corporeal ess5ces4 ,= ! progression ( ?+s1 ! subjection :i* naturally subsi/s toge!r ) su* progression1 & ! p[] ( div]sity 9 coord9ate g5]a give subsi/5ce to all ! multitude ( corporeal & incorporeal natures4 ,!y said1 !re=e1 t !re are ?ree ord]s 9 ! :ole ext5t ( be+s2 viz4 ! intelligible1 ! dianoetic1 & ! s5sible2 & t 9 ea* ( ^! ideas subsi/1 *>act]iz$ by ! respective ess5tial prop]ties ( ! natures by :i* !y are conta9$4 ,& ) respect to intelligible ideas1 ^! !y plac$ among div9e natures1 toge!r ) ! produc+1 p>adigmatic1 & f9al causes ( ?+s 9 a consequ5t ord]4 ,= if ^! ?ree causes sometimes concur1 & are unit$ among !mselves1 7:i* ,ari/otle says is ! case71 )\t d\bt ?is w n happ5 9 ! l[e/ works ( nature1 b 9 ! fir/ & mo/ excell5t causes ( all ?+s1 :i* on acc\nt ( _! exub]ant fecundity h a p[] g5]ative ( all ?+s1 & f _! conv]t+ & r5d]+ simil> to !mselves ! natures :i* !y h g5]at$1 are ! p>adigms1 or exempl>s ( all ?+s4 ,b z ^! div9e causes act = _! own sake1 & on acc\nt ( _! own goodness1 d !y n exhibit ! f9al cause8 ,s9ce !re=e intelligible =ms are ( ?is k9d1 & are ! lead]s ( s mu* good to :oles1 !y give completion to ! div9e ord]s1 ?\gh !y l>gely subsi/ ab\t ! intelligible ord] conta9$ 9 ! artific] ( ! univ]se4 ,b dianoetic =ms or ideas imitate ! intellectual1 :i* h a prior subsi/5ce1 r5d] ! ord] ( s\l simil> to ! intellectual ord]1 & compreh5d all ?+s 9 a second>y degree4 ,^! =ms beheld 9 div9e natures possess a fabricative p[]1 b ) u !y are only gno/ic1 & no long] demiurgic1 ?r\gh ! defluxion ( our w+s1 or degradation ( our intellectual p[]s4 ,=1 z ,plato says 9 ! ,pha$rus1 :5 ! w+$ p[]s ( ! s\l are p]fect & plum$ = flight1 %e dwells on high1 & 9 conjunction ) div9e natures gov]ns ! _w4 ,9 ! ,timaeus1 he manife/ly ass]ts t ! demiurgus implant$ ^! dianoetic =ms 9 s\ls1 9 geometric1 ari?metic1 & h>monic proportions3 b 9 8 ,republic 79 ! section ( a l9e 9 ! #f? book7 he calls !m images ( intelligibles2 & on ?is acc\nt does n = ! mo/ "p disda9 to d5om9ate !m intellectual1 z be+ ! exempl>s ( s5sible natures4 ,9 ! ,pha$o he says t ^! are ! causes to u ( rem9isc5ce2 because discipl9es are no?+ else ?an rem9isc5ces ( middle dianoetic =ms1 f :i* ! productive p[]s ( nature be+ d]iv$ & inspir$1 give bir? to all ! mundane ph5om5a4 ,plato h[ev] did n consid] ?+s def9able1 or 9 mod]n language ab/ract ideas1 z ! only univ]sals1 b prior to ^! he e/abli%$ ^? pr9ciples productive ( sci5ce :i* ess5tially reside 9 ! s\l1 z is evid5t f 8 ,pha$rus & ,pha$o4 ,9 ! #aj? book ( ! ,republic too1 he v5]ates ^? sep>ate =ms :i* subsi/ 9 a div9e intellect4 ,9 ! ,pha$rus1 he ass]ts t s\ls elevat$ to ! sup]cele/ial place1 behold ,ju/ice h]self1 temp]ance h]self1 & sci5ce h]self2 & la/ly 9 ! ,pha$o he ev9ces ! immortality ( ! s\l f ! hypo!sis ( sep>ate =ms4 ,syrianus#aa1 9 8 comm5t>y on ! #ac? book ( ,ari/otle's ,metaphysics1 %[s 9 def5se ( ,socrates1 ,plato1 ! ,p>m5ideans1 & ,py?agoreans1 t ideas 7 n introduc$ by ^! div9e m5 accord+ to ! usual mean+ ( names1 z 0 ! op9ion ( ,*rysippus1 ,ar*$emus1 & _m ( ! junior ,/oics2 = ideas are di/+ui%$ by _m diff]5ces f ?+s :i* are d5om9at$ f cu/om4 ,nor d !y subsi/1 says he1 toge!r ) intellect1 9 ! same mann] z ^? sl5d] conceptions :i* are d5om9at$ univ]sals ab/ract$ f s5sibles1 accord+ to ! hypo!sis ( ,long9us3#ab = if t :i* subsi/s is unsub/antial1 x _c be consubsi/5t ) intellect4 ----------------- #aa ,see my translation ( ,ari/otle's ,metaphysics1 p4 #cdg4 ,if ! read] conjo9s :at is said conc]n+ ideas 9 ! notes on t "w1 ) ! introduction & notes to ! ,p>m5ides 9 ?is1 he w be 9 possession ( ne>ly all t is to be f\nd 9 ! writ+s ( ! anci5ts on ?is subject4 #ab ,x appe>s f ?is passage ( ,syrianus t ,long9us 0 ! orig9al inv5tor ( ! !ory ( ab/ract ideas2 & t ,mr4 ,locke 0 m]ely ! re/or] ( x4 ----------------- ,nor are ideas accord+ to ^! m5 notions1 z ,clean!s aft]w>ds ass]t$ !m to be4 ,nor is idea def9ite reason1 nor mat]ial =m2 = ^! subsi/ 9 composition & division1 & v]ge to matt]4 ,b ideas are p]fect1 simple1 immat]ial1 & imp>tible natures4 ,& :at wond] is !re1 says ,syrianus1 if we %\ld sep>ate ?+s :i* are s mu* di/ant f ea* o!r8 ,s9ce nei!r d we imitate 9 ?is p>ticul> ,plut>*1 ,atticus1 & ,democritus1 :o1 because univ]sal reasons p]petually subsi/ 9 ! ess5ce ( ! s\l1 7 ( op9ion t ^! reasons are ideas3 = ?\gh !y sep>ate !m f ! univ]sal 9 s5sible natures1 yet x is n prop] to conjo9 9 "o & ! same ! reason ( s\l1 & an intellect su* z ours1 ) p>adigmatic & immat]ial =ms1 & demiurgic intellections4 ,b z ! div9e ,plato says1 x is ! prov9ce ( our s\l to collect ?+s into "o by a reason+ process1 & to possess a rem9isc5ce ( ^? transc5d5t spectacles1 :i* we once beheld :5 gov]n+ ! univ]se 9 conjunction ) div9ity4 ,boe?us1#ac ! p]ipatetic too1 ) :om x is prop] to jo9 ,cornutus2 ?\ght t ideas are ! same ) univ]sals 9 s5sible natures4 ,h[ev]1 :e!r ^! univ]sals are prior to p>ticul>s1 !y are n prior 9 su* a mann] z to be d5udat$ f ! habitude :i* !y possess ) respect to !m1 nor d !y subsi/ z ! causes ( p>ticul>s2 bo? :i* are ! pr]ogatives ( ideas2 or :e!r !y are po/]ior to p>ticul>s1 z _m are accu/om$ to call !m1 h[ c ?+s ( po/]ior orig91 :i* h no ess5tial subsi/5ce1 b are no?+ m ?an sl5d] conceptions1 su/a9 ! dignity ( fabricative ideas8 ------------------- #ac ,?is 0 a ,greek philosoph]1 :o is (t5 cit$ by ,simplicius 9 8 ,comm5t>y on ! ,pr$icam5ts1 & mu/ n !re=e be conf\nd$ ) ,boetius1 ! roman s5ator & philosoph]4 ------------------- ,9 :at mann] !n1 says ,syrianus1 d ideas subsi/ accord+ to ! contemplative lov]s ( tru?8 ,we reply1 intelligibly & tetradically 7,greek3 no]os kai tetradikos71 9 animal itself 7,greek3 en to antozoo71 or ! extremity ( ! intelligible ord]2 b intellectually & decadically 7,greek3 no]os kai dekadikos71 9 ! intellect ( ! artific] ( ! univ]se2 =1 accord+ to ! ,py?agoric ,hymn1 ,div9e numb] proce$s f ! retreats ( ! undecay+ monad1 till x arrives at ! div9e tetrad :i* produc$ ! "m ( all ?+s1 ! univ]sal recipi5t1 v5]able1 circul>ly inve/+ all ?+s ) b\nd1 immovable & unwe>i$1 & :i* is d5om9at$ ! sacr$ decad1 bo? by ! immortal gods & e>?-born m54 ,greek3 ,proeisi g> o ,!ios ari?mos1 os phes9 o ,py?agoreios eis auton umnos1 ,monados ek keu?monos ak]al\ e/i'an iketai ,tetrada epi za!51 he de teke met]a panton1 ,p&e*ea1 presbeiran1 oron p]i pasi ti!iran1 ,atropon1 akamat\1 dekada klei\si m9 agn51 ,a?anatoi to !oi kai geg5eeis an?ropoi4 ,& su* is ! mode ( _! subsi/5ce accord+ to ,orpheus1 ,py?agoras & ,plato4 ,or if x be requisite to speak 9 m famili> language1 an intellect suffici5t to itself1 & :i* is a mo/ p]fect cause1 presides ov] ! :oles ( ! univ]se1 & ?r\gh ^! gov]ns all its p>ts2 b at ! same "t t x fabricates all mundane natures1 & b5efits !m by its provid5tial en]gies1 x pres]ves its own mo/ div9e & immaculate purity2 & :ile x illum9ates all ?+s1 is n m+l$ ) ! natures :i* x illum9ates4 ,?is intellect1 !re=e1 compreh5d+ 9 ! dep?s ( its ess5ce an ideal _w1 replete ) all v>i\s =ms1 excludes privation ( cause & casual subsi/5ce1 f its en]gy4 ,b z x imp>ts e good & all possible beauty to its fabrications1 x conv]ts ! univ]se to itself1 & r5d]s x simil> to its own omni=m nature4 ,its en]gy1 too1 is su* z its intellection2 b x und]/&s all ?+s1 s9ce x is mo/ p]fect4 ,h5ce !re is n any ?+ :i* ranks among true be+s1 t is n compreh5d$ 9 ! ess5ce ( intellect2 b x always e/abli%es 9 itself ideas1 :i* are n diff]5t f itself & its ess5ce1 b give completion to x1 & introduce to ! :ole ( ?+s1 a cause :i* is at ! same "t productive1 p>adigmatic1 & f9al4 ,= x en]gizes z intellect1 & ! ideas :i* x conta9s are p>adigmatic1 z be+ =ms2 & !y en]gize f !mselves1 & accord+ to _! own exub]ant goodness4 ,& su* are ! ,platonic dogmas conc]n+ ideas1 :i* sophi/ry & ignorance may inde$ oppose1 b w nev] be able to confute4 ,f ?is intelligible _w1 replete ) omni=m ideas1 ?is s5sible _w1 accord+ to ,plato1 p]petually fl[s1 dep5d+ on its artific] intellect1 9 ! same mann] z %ad[ on its =m+ sub/ance4 ,= z a deity ( an intellectual *>act]i/ic is its fabricator1 & bo? ! ess5ce & en]gy ( intellect are e/abli%$ 9 et]nity ! s5sible univ]se1 :i* is ! effect or production ( su* an en]gy1 mu/ be consubsi/5t ) its cause1 or 9 o!r words1 mu/ be a p]petual emanation f x4 ,?is w be evid5t f consid]+ t e ?+ :i* is g5]at$1 is ei!r g5]at$ by art or by nature1 or accord+ to p[]4 ,x is necess>y1 !re=e1 t e ?+ op]at+ accord+ to nature or art %\ld be prior to ! ?+s produc$2 b t ?+s op]at+ accord+ to p[] %\ld h _! productions coexi/5t ) !mselves2 j z ! sun produces light coexi/5t ) itself2 fire1 heat2 & sn[1 coldness4 ,if !re=e ! artific] ( ! univ]se produc$ x by art1 he w\ld n cause x simply to be1 b to be 9 "s p>ticul> mann]2 = all art produces =m4 ,:5ce !re=e does ! _w d]ive its be+8 ,if he produc$ x f nature1 s9ce t :i* makes by nature imp>ts some?+ ( itself to its productions1 & ! mak] ( ! _w is incorporeal1 x w\ld be necess>y t ! _w1 ! (fspr+ ( su* an en]gy1 %\ld be incorporeal4 ,x rema9s !re=e1 t ! demiurgus produc$ ! univ]se by p[] alone2 b e ?+ g5]at$ by p[] subsi/s toge!r ) ! cause conta9+ ?is p[]3 & h5ce production ( ?is k9d _c be de/roy$ unless ! produc+ cause is depriv$ ( p[]4 ,! div9e intellect !re=e t produc$ ! s5sible univ]se caus$ x to be coexi/5t ) himself4 ,?is _w ?us dep5d+ on its div9e artific]1 :o is himself an intelligible _w replete ) ! ar*etypal ideas ( all ?+s1 consid]$ accord+ to its corporeal nature1 is p]petually fl[+1 & p]petually advanc+ to be+ 7en to gigne/hai71 & comp>$ ) its p>adigm1 has no /ability or reality ( be+4 ,h[ev]1 consid]$ z animat$ by a div9e s\l1 & z receiv+ ! illum9ations ( all ! sup]mundane gods1 & be+ itself ! receptacle ( div9ities f :om bodies are susp5d$1 x is said by ,plato 9 ! ,timaeus to be a bless$ god4 ,! great body ( ?is _w too1 :i* subsi/s 9 a p]petual disp]sion ( temporal ext5sion1 may be prop]ly call$ a :ole ) a total subsi/5ce1 on acc\nt ( ! p]petuity ( its duration1 ?\gh ?is is no?+ m ?an a fl[+ et]nity4 ,& h5ce ,plato calls x a :ole ( :oles2 by ! o!r :oles :i* are compreh5d$ 9 its mean+1 ! cele/ial sph]es1 ! sph]e ( fire1 ! :ole ( air consid]$ z "o great orb2 ! :ole e>?1 & ! :ole sea4 ,^! sph]es1 :i* are call$ by ,platonic writ]s p>ts ) a total subsi/5ce1 are consid]$ by ,plato z aggoregately p]petual4 ,= if ! body ( ?is _w is p]petual1 ?is also mu/ be ! case ) its l>g] p>ts1 on acc\nt ( _! exquisite alliance to x1 & 9 ord] t :oles ) a p>tial subsi/5ce1 su* z all individuals1 may rank 9 ! la/ gradation ( ?+s4 ,z ! _w too1 consid]$ z "o great compreh5d+ :ole1 is call$ by ,plato a div9e animal1 s likewise e :ole :i* x conta9s is a _w1 possess+ 9 ! fir/ place1 a self-p]fect unity2 proce$+ f ! ineffable1 by :i* x becomes a god2 9 ! second place1 a div9e intellect2 9 ! ?ird place1 a div9e s\l2 & 9 ! la/ place1 a deifi$ body4 ,h5ce ea* ( ^! :oles is ! produc+ cause ( all ! multitude :i* x conta9s1 & on ?is acc\nt is said to be a :ole prior to p>ts2 because1 consid]$ z possess+ an et]nal =m :i* holds all its p>ts toge!r1 & gives to ! :ole p]petuity ( subsi/5ce1 x is n indig5t ( su* p>ts to ! p]fection ( its be+4 ,t ^! :oles :i* rank ?us high 9 ! univ]se are animat$1 mu/ foll[ by a geometrical necessity4 ,=1 z ,!ophra/us well obs]ves1 :oles w\ld possess less au?ority ?an p>ts1 & ?+s et]nal ?an su* z are corruptible1 if depriv$ ( ! possession ( s\l4 ,& n[ hav+ ) v5tur\s1 yet unpresum+ w+1 asc5d$ to ! ineffable pr9ciple ( ?+s1 & /&+ ) e eye clos$ 9 ! ve/ibules ( ! adytum1 f\nd t we c\ld ann\nce no?+ conc]n+ him1 b only indicate our d\bts & disappo9tm5t1 & hav+ !nce desc5d$ to 8 occult & mo/ v5]able prog5y1 & pass+ ?r\gh ! lum9\s _w ( ideas1 hold+ fa/ by ! gold5 *a9 ( deity1 t]m9at$ our d[nw>d flight 9 ! mat]ial univ]se1 & its undecay+ :oles1 let u /op a:ile & contemplate ! sublimity & magnific5ce ( ! sc5e :i* ?is j\rney pres5ts to our view4 ,"h !n we see ! va/ empire ( deity1 an empire t]m9at$ upw>ds by a pr9ciple s ineffable t all language is subv]t$ ab\t x1 & d[nw>ds1 by ! va/ body ( ! _w4 ,imm$iately subsi/+ aft] ?is imm5se unkn[n we 9 ! next place behold a mighty all- compreh5d+ "o1 :i* z be+ next to t :i* is 9 e respect incompreh5sible1 possesses mu* ( ! ineffable & unkn[n4 ,f ?is pr9ciple ( pr9ciples1 9 :i* all ?+s casually subsi/ absorb$ 9 sup]ess5tial light & involv$ 9 unfa?omable dep?s1 we view a beaute\s prog5y ( pr9ciples1 all l>gely p>tak+ ( ! ineffable1 all /amp$ ) ! occult *>act]s ( deity1 all possess+ an ov]-fl[+ fullness ( good4 ,f ^! dazzl+ summits1 ^! ineffable blossoms1 ^! div9e propagations1 we next see be+1 life1 intellect1 s\l1 nature & body dep5d+2 monads susp5d$ f unities1 deifi$ natures proce$+ f deities4 ,ea* ( ^! monads too1 is ! lead] ( a s]ies :i* ext5ds f itself to ! la/ ( ?+s1 & :i* :ile x proce$s f1 at ! same "t abides 91 & returns to its lead]4 ,& all ^! pr9ciples & all _! prog5y are f9ally c5tr$1 & root$ by _! summits 9 ! fir/ great all- compreh5d+ "o4 ,?us all be+s proce$ f1 & are compreh5d$ 9 ! fir/ be+2 all intellects emanate f "o fir/ intellect2 all s\ls f "o fir/ s\l2 all natures blossom f "o fir/ nature2 & all bodies proce$ f ! vital & lum9\s body ( ! _w4 ,& la/ly1 all ^! great monads are compreh5d$ 9 ! fir/ "o1 f :i* bo? !y & all _! dep5d+ s]ies are unfold$ into light4 ,h5ce ?is fir/ "o is truly ! unity ( unities1 ! monad ( monads1 ! pr9ciple ( pr9ciples1 ! ,god ( gods1 "o & all ?+s1 & yet "o prior to all4 ,su*1 accord+ to ,plato1 are ! flights ( ! true philosoph]1 su* ! ,augu/ & magnific5t sc5e :i* pres5ts itself to 8 view4 ,by asc5d+ ^! lum9\s heights1 ! spontane\s t5d5cies ( ! s\l to deity alone f9d ! adequate object ( _! desire2 inve/igation "h alone f9ally reposes1 d\bt expires 9 c]ta9ty1 & k loses itself 9 ! ineffable4 ,& "h p]haps "s grave objector1 ^: little s\l is inde$ acute1 b sees no?+ ) a vision heal?y & s\nd1 w say t all ?is is v magnific5t1 b t x is so>+ too high = man2 t x is m]ely ! effect ( spiritual pride2 t no tru?s1 ei!r 9 morality or !ology1 are ( any importance :i* are n adapt$ to ! level ( ! meane/ capacity2 & t all t x is necess>y = man to "k conc]n+ ei!r ,god or himself is s pla91 t he t runs may read4 ,9 answ] to su* l cant1 = x is no?+ m1--a cant produc$ by ! mo/ pr(\nd ignorance1 & frequ5tly att5d$ ) ! mo/ deplorable envy1 ,i ask1 is !n ! ,delphic precept1 ,,"k ,,?yself1 a trivial m&ate8 ,c ?is be accompli%$ by e man8 ,or c any "o prop]ly "k himself )\t kn[+ ! rank he holds 9 ! scale ( be+8 ,& c ?is be effect$ )\t kn[+ :at are ! natures :i* he surpasses1 & :at ^? are by :i* he is surpass$8 ,& c he "k ?is )\t kn[+ z mu* ( ^? natures z x is possible = him to "k8 ,& w ! objector be h>dy en\gh to say t e man is equal to ?is ardu\s task8 ,t he :o ru%es f ! =ge1 or ! m9es1 ) a s\l di/ort$1 cru%$ & bruis$ by base me*anical arts1 & madly presumes to tea* !ology to a delud$ audi5ce1 is ma/] ( ?is sublime1 ?is mo/ important sci5ce8 ,= my own "p ,i "k ( no tru?s :i* are ?us obvi\s1 ?us accessible to e man1 b axioms1 ^? self-evid5t pr9ciples ( sci5ce :i* are conspicu\s by _! own light1 :i* are ! spontane\s unp]v]t$ conceptions ( ! s\l1 & to :i* he :o does n ass5t des]ves1 z ,ari/otle ju/ly rem>ks1 ei!r pity or correction4 ,9 %ort1 if ?is is to be ! crit]ion ( all moral & !ological k1 t x mu/ be imm$iately obvi\s to e man1 t x is to be appreh5d$ by ! mo/ c>eless inspection1 :at occasion is !re = sem9>ies ( le>n+8 ,education is ridicul\s1 ! toil ( inve/igation is idle4 ,let u at once conf9e ,wisdom 9 ! dungeons ( ,folly1 recall ,ignorance f h] b>b>\s wilds1 & close ! gates ( ,sci5ce ) ev]la/+ b>s4 ,hav+ ?us tak5 a g5]al survey ( ! great _w1 & desc5d$ f ! intelligible to ! s5sible univ]se1 let u /ill1 adh]+ to t gold5 *a9 :i* is b\nd r\nd ! summit ( ,olympus1 & f :i* all ?+s are susp5d$1 desc5d to ! microcosm man4 ,= man compreh5ds 9 himself p>tially ev]y?+ :i* ! _w conta9s div9ely & totally4 ,h5ce1 accord+ to ,pluto1 he is endu$ ) an intellect subsi/+ 9 en]gy1 & a rational s\l proce$+ f ! same fa!r & vivific goddess z 7 ! causes ( ! intellect & s\l ( ! univ]se4 ,he has likewise an e!real vehicle analog\s to ! heav5s1 & a t]re/rial body1 compos$ f ! f\r elem5ts1 & ) :i* also x is coord9ate4 ,) respect to 8 rational "p1 = 9 ?is ! ess5ce ( man consi/s1 we h already %[n t x is ( a self-motive nature1 & t x subsi/s betwe5 intellect1 :i* is immovable bo? 9 ess5ce & en]gy1 & nature1 :i* bo? moves & is mov$4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is middle subsi/5ce1 ! mundane s\l1 f :i* all p>tial s\ls are d]iv$1 is said by ,plato 9 ! ,timaeus1 to be a m$ium betwe5 t :i* is indivisible & t :i* is divisible ab\t bodies1 i4e4 ! mundane s\l is a m$ium betwe5 ! mundane intellect1 & ! :ole ( t corporeal life :i* ! _w p>ticipates4 ,9 l mann]1 ! human s\l is a m$ium betwe5 a daemoniacal intellect proximately1 e/abli%$ above our ess5ce1 :i* x also elevates & p]fects1 & t corporeal life :i* is di/ribut$ ab\t our body1 & :i* is ! cause ( its g5]ation1 nutrition & increase4 ,?is daemoniacal intellect is call$ by ,plato1 9 ! ,pha$rus1 !oretic &1 ! gov]nor ( ! s\l4 ,! highe/ "p !re=e ( ! human s\l is ! summit ( ! dianoetic p[] 7,greek3 to akrotaton tes dianoias71 or t p[] :i* reasons sci5tifically2 & ?is summit is our intellect4 ,z1 h[ev]1 our v ess5ce is *>act]iz$ by reason1 ?is our summit is rational1 & ?\gh x subsi/s 9 en]gy1 yet x has a remitt$ union ) ?+s !mselves4 ,?\gh too x en]gizes f itself1 & conta9s intelligibles 9 its ess5ce1 yet f its alliance to ! discursive nature ( s\l1 & its incl9ation to t :i* is divisible1 x falls %ort ( ! p]fection ( an intellectual ess5ce & en]gy pr(\ndly indivisible & unit$1 & ! intelligibles :i* x conta9s deg5]ate f ! transc5d5tly fulg$ & self-lum9\s nature ( fir/ intelligibles4 ,h5ce1 9 obta9+ a p]fectly indivisible k1 x requires to be p]fect$ by an intellect ^: en]gy is ev] vigilant & unremitt$2 & x's intelligibles1 t !y may become p]fect1 are indig5t ( ! light :i* proce$s f sep>ate intelligibles4 ,ari/otle1 !re=e1 v prop]ly comp>es ! intelligibles ( our intellect to colors1 because ^! require ! spl5d\r ( ! sun1 & d5om9ates an intellect ( ?is k9d1 intellect 9 capacity1 bo? on acc\nt ( its subord9ation to an ess5tial intellect1 & because x is f a sep>ate intellect t x receives ! full p]fection ( its nature4 ,! middle "p ( ! rational s\l is call$ by ,plato1 dianoia1 & is t p[] :i*1 z we h already said1 reasons sci5tifically1 d]iv+ ! pr9ciples ( its reason+1 :i* are axioms f intellect4 ,& ! extremity ( ! rational s\l is op9ion1 :i* 9 8 ,sophi/a he def9es to be t p[] :i* kn[s ! conclusion ( dianoia4 ,?is p[] also kn[s ! univ]sal 9 s5sible p>ticul>s1 z t e man is a bip$1 b x kn[s only ! oti1 or t a ?+ is1 b is ignorant ( ! dioti1 or :y x is3 k ( ! latt] k9d be+ ! prov9ce ( ! dianoetic p[]4 ,& su* is ,plato's division ( ! rational "p ( our nature1 :i* he v ju/ly consid]s z ! true man2 ! ess5ce ( e ?+ consi/+ 9 its mo/ excell5t "p4 ,aft] ?is foll[s ! irrational nature1 ! summit ( :i* is ! phantasy1 or t p[] :i* p]ceives e ?+ accompani$ ) figure & int]val2 & on ?is acc\nt x may be call$ a figur$ intellig5ce 7,greek3 morphotike noesis74 ,?is p[]1 z ,jambli*us beautifully obs]ves1 gr\ps ^u1 z x 71 & fa%ions all ! p[]s ( ! s\l2 excit+ 9 op9ion ! illum9ations f ! s5ses1 & fix+ 9 t life :i* is ext5d$ ) body1 ! impressions :i* desc5d f intellect4 ,h5ce1 slays ,proclus1 x folds itself ab\t ! indivisibility ( true intellect1 con=ms itself to all =mless species1 & becomes p]fectly e ?+1 f :i* ! dianoetic p[] & our indivisible reason consi/s4 ,h5ce too1 x is all ?+s passively :i* intellect is impassively1 & on ?is acc\nt ,ari/otle calls x passive intellect4 ,"u ?is subsi/ ang] & desire1 ! =m] resembl+ a rag+ lion1 & ! latt] a _m-head$ bea/2 & ! :ole is b\nd$ by s5se1 :i* is no?+ m ?an a passive p]ception ( ?+s1 & on ?is acc\nt is ju/ly said by ,plato1 to be r passion ?an k2 s9ce ! =m] ( ^! is *>act]iz$ by al]tness1 & ! latt] by en]gy4 ,fur!r /ill1 9 ord] t ! union ( ! s\l ) ?is gross t]re/rial body may be effect$ 9 a becom+ mann]1 two vehicles1 accord+ to ,plato1 are necess>y z m$ia1 "o ( :i* is e!real1 & ! o!r a]ial1 & ( ^!1 ! e!real vehicle is simple & immat]ial1 b ! a]ial1 simple & mat]ial2 & ?is d5se e>?ly body is composite & mat]ial4 ,! s\l ?us subsi/+ z a m$ium betwe5 natures imp>tible & su* z are divid$ ab\t bodies1 x produces & con/itutes ! latt] ( ^!2 b e/abli%es 9 itself ! prior causes f :i* x proce$s4 ,h5ce x previ\sly receives1 aft] ! mann] ( an exempl>1 ! natures to :i* x is prior z _! cause2 b x possesses ?r\gh p>ticipation1 & z ! blossoms ( fir/ natures1 ! causes ( its subsi/5ce4 ,h5ce x conta9s 9 its ess5ce immat]ial =ms ( ?+s mat]ial1 incorporeal ( su* z are corporeal1 & ext5d$ ( su* z are di/+ui%$ by int]val4 ,b x conta9s intelligibles aft] ! mann] ( an image1 & receives p>tibly _! imp>tible =ms1 su* z are uni=m v>i\sly1 & su* z are immovable1 accord+ to a self-motive condition4 ,s\l !re=e is all ?+s1 & is elegantly said by ,olympiodorus to be an omni=m /atue 7,greek3 pammorphon agalma73 = x conta9s su* ?+s z are fir/ ?r\gh p>ticipation1 b su* z are po/]ior to its nature1 aft] ! mann] ( an exempl>4 ,z1 too1 x is always mov$2 & ?is always is n et]nal1 b temporal1 = t :i* is prop]ly et]nal1 & su* is intellect1 is p]fectly /able1 & has no transitive en]gies1 h5ce x is necess>y t its motions %\ld be p]iodic4 ,= motion is a c]ta9 mutation f "s ?+s into o!rs4 ,& be+s are t]m9at$ by multitudes & magnitudes4 ,^! !re=e be+ t]m9at$1 !re c nei!r be an inf9ite mutation1 accord+ to a "r l9e1 nor c t :i* is always mov$ proce$ accord+ to a f9i%$ progression4 ,h5ce t :i* is always mov$ w proce$ f ! same to ! same2 & w ?us =m a p]iodic motion4 ,h5ce1 too1 ! human1 & ?is also is true ( e mundane s\l1 uses p]iods & re/itutions ( its prop] life4 ,=1 9 consequ5ce ( be+ measur$ by "t1 x en]gizes transitively1 & possesses a prop] motion4 ,b e ?+ :i* is mov$ p]petually & p>ticipates ( "t1 revolves p]iodically & proce$s f ! same to ! same4 ,& h5ce ! s\l1 f possess+ motion1 & en]giz+ accord+ to "t1 w bo? possess p]iods ( motion & re/itutions to its pri/9e /ate4 ,aga91 z ! human s\l1 accord+ to ,plato1 ranks among ! numb] ( ^? s\ls t sometimes foll[ ! mundane div9ities1 9 consequ5ce ( subsi/+ imm$iately aft] daemons & h]oes1 ! p]petual att5dants ( ! gods1 h5ce x possesses a p[] ( desc5d+ inf9itely into g5]ation1 or ! sublun>y region1 & ( asc5d+ f g5]ation to real be+4 ,= s9ce x does n reside ) div9ity ?r\gh an inf9ite "t1 nei!r w x be conv]sant ) bodies ?r\gh ! :ole succe$+ "t4 ,= t :i* has no temporal beg9n+1 bo? accord+ to ,plato & ,ari/otle1 _c h an end2 & t :i* has no end1 is necess>ily )\t a beg9n+4 ,x rema9s1 !re=e1 t e s\l mu/ p]=m p]iods1 bo? ( asc5sions f g5]ation1 & ( desc5sions into g5]ation2 & t ?is w nev] fail1 ?r\gh an inf9ite "t4 ,f all ?is x foll[s t ! s\l1 :ile an inhabitant ( e>?1 is 9 a fall5 condition1 an apo/ate f deity1 an exile f ! orb ( light4 ,h5ce ,plato1 9 ! #g? book ( 8 ,republic1 consid]+ our life ) ref]5ce to erudition & ! want ( x1 assimilates u to m5 9 a subt]ranean cav]n1 :o h be5 !re conf9$ f _! *ildhood1 & s fett]$ by *a9s z to be only able to look be=e !m to ! entrance ( ! cave :i* exp&s to ! light1 b incapable ?r\gh ! *a9 ( turn+ !mselves r\nd4 ,he supposes too1 t !y h ! light ( a fire burn+ f> above & beh9d !m2 & t betwe5 ! fire & ! fett]$ m51 !re is a road above1 along :i* a l[ wall is built4 ,on ?is wall are se5 m5 be>+ ut5sils ( e k9d1 & /atues 9 wood & /one ( m5 & o!r animals4 ,& ( ^! m5 "s are speak+ & o!rs sil5t4 ,) respect to ! fett]$ m5 9 ?is cave1 !y see no?+ ( !mselves or ano!r1 or ( :at is c>ry+ along1 b ! %ad[s =m$ by ! fire fall+ on ! opposite "p ( ?o cave4 ,he supposes too1 t ! opposite "p ( ?is prison has an e*o2 & t 9 consequ5ce ( ?is ! fett]$ m51 :5 !y he> any "o speak1 w imag9e t x is no?+ else ?an ! pass+ %ad[4 ,"h1 9 ! fir/ place1 z we h obs]v$ 9 ! notes on t book1 ! road above betwe5 ! fire & ! fett]$ m51 indicates t !re is a c]ta9 asc5t 9 ! cave itself f a m abject to a m elevat$ life4 ,by ?is asc5t1 !re=e ,plato signifies ! contemplation ( dianoetic objects 9 ! ma!matical discipl9es4 ,= z ! %ad[s 9 ! cave correspond to ! %ad[s ( visible objects1 & visible objects are ! imm$iate images ( dianoetic =ms1 or ^? ideas :i* ! s\l ess5tially p>ticipates1 x is evid5t t ! objects f :i* ^! %ad[s are =m$ mu/ correspond to su* z are dianoetic4 ,x is requisite1 !re=e1 t ! dianoetic p[] ex]cis+ itself 9 ^!1 %\ld draw =? ! pr9ciples ( ^! f _! lat5t retreats1 & %\ld contemplate !m n 9 images1 b z subsi/+ 9 h]self 9 imp>tible involution4 ,9 ! next place he says1 t ! man :o is to be l$ f ! cave w m easily see :at ! heav5s conta91 & ! heav5s !mselves1 by look+ 9 ! night to ! light ( ! />s1 & ! moon1 ?an by day look+ on ! sun1 & ! light ( ! sun4 ,by ?is he signifies ! contemplation ( intelligibles3 = ! />s & _! light are imitations ( intelligibles1 s f> z all ( !m p>take ( ! =m ( ! sun1 9 ! same mann] z intelligibles are *>act]iz$ by ! nature ( ! good4 ,aft] ! contemplation ( ^!1 & aft] ! eye is accu/om$ ?r\gh ^! to ! light1 z x is requisite 9 ! visible region to see ! sun himself 9 ! la/ place1 9 l mann]1 accord+ to ,plato1 ! idea ( ! good mu/ be se5 ! la/ 9 ! intelligible region4 ,he1 likewise div9ely adds1 t x is sc>cely to be se52 = we c only be conjo9$ ) x ?r\gh ! intelligible1 9 ! ve/ibule ( :i* x is beheld by ! asc5d+ s\l4 ,9 %ort1 ! cold1 accord+ to ,plato1 c only be re/or$ :ile on e>? to ! div9e lik5ess1 :i* %e ab&on$ by h] desc5t1 & be able aft] dea? to reasc5d to ! intelligible _w1 by ! ex]cise ( ! ca?>tic & !oretic virtues2 ! =m] purify+ h] f ! defilem5ts ( a mortal nature1 & ! latt] elevat+ h] to ! vision ( true be+3 = ?us1 z ,plato says 9 ! ,timaeus1 ! s\l becom+ sane & entire1 w arrive at ! =m ( h] pri/9e habit4 ,! ca?>tic1 h[ev]1 mu/ necess>ily prec$e ! !oretic virtues2 s9ce x is impossible to survey tru? :ile subject to ! p]turbation & tumult ( ! passions4 ,= ! rational s\l subsi/+ z a m$ium betwe5 intellect & ! irrational nature1 c !n only )\t revulsion associate ) ! intellect prior to h]self1 :5 %e becomes pure f copassivity ) inf]ior natures4 ,by ! ca?>tic virtues1 !re=e1 we become sane1 9 consequ5ce ( be+ lib]at$ f ! passions z diseases2 b we become entire by ! reassumption ( intellect & sci5ce z ( our prop] p>ts2 & ?is is effect$ by contemplative tru?4 ,plato also cle>ly tea*es u t our apo/acy f bett] natures is only to be heal$ by a flight f h5ce1 :5 he def9es 9 8 ,!aetetus philosophy to be a flight f t]re/rial evils3 = he ev9ces by ?is t passions are connasc5t ) mortals alone4 ,he likewise says 9 ! same dialogue1 t nei!r c evil be aboli%$1 nor yet d !y subsi/ ) ! gods1 b t !y necess>ily revolve ab\t ?is t]r5e abode1 & a mortal nature4 ,= ^? :o are obnoxi\s to g5]ation & corruption c also be affect$ 9 a mann] contr>y to nature1 :i* is ! beg9n+ ( evils4 ,b 9 ! same dialogue he subjo9s ! mode by :i* our flight f evil is to be accompli%$4 ,x is necess>y1 says he to fly f h5ce ?i!r3 b ! flight is a similitude to div9ity1 z f> z is possible to man2 & ?is similitude consi/s 9 becom+ j & holy 9 conjunction ) intellectual prud5ce4 ,= x is necess>y t he :o wi%es to run f evils1 %\ld 9 ! fir/ place turn away f a mortal nature2 s9ce x is n possible = ^? :o are m+l$ ) x to avoid be+ fill$ ) its att5dant evils4 ,z !re=e1 ?r\gh our flight f div9ity1 & ! defluction ( ^? w+s :i* elevate u on high1 we fell into ?is mortal abode1 & ?us became connect$ ) evils1 s by ab&on+ passivity ) a mortal nature1 & by ! g]m9ation ( ! virtues1 z ( c]ta9 w+s1 we return to ! abode ( pure & true good1 & to ! possession ( div9e felicity4 ,= ! ess5ce ( _m subsi/+ z a m$ium betwe5 daemoniacal natures1 :o always h an intellectual k ( div9ity1 & ^? be+s :o are nev] adapt$ by nature to und]/& him1 x asc5ds to ! =m] & desc5ds to ! latt]1 ?r\gh ! possession & des]tion ( intellect4 ,= x becomes famili> bo? ) ! div9e & brutal lik5ess1 ?r\gh ! amphibi\s condition ( its nature4 ,:5 ! s\l !re=e has recov]$ h] pri/9e p]fection 9 z great a degree z is possible1 :ile %e is an inhabitant ( e>? by ! ex]cise ( ! ca?>tic & !oretic virtues1 %e returns aft] dea?1 z he says 9 ! ,timaeus1 to h] k9dr$ />1 f :i* %e fell1 & enjoys a bless$ life4 ,!n1 too1 z he says 9 ! ,pha$rus1 be+ w+$1 %e gov]ns ! _w 9 conjunction ) ! gods4 ,& ?is inde$ is ! mo/ beautiful end ( h] labors4 ,?is is :at he calls 9 ! ,pha$o1 a great conte/ & a mighty hope4 ,?is is ! mo/ p]fect fruit ( philosophy to famili>ize & lead h] back to ?+s truly beautiful1 to lib]ate h] f ?is t]r5e abode z f a c]ta9 subt]ranean cav]n ( mat]ial life1 elevate h] to e!real spl5dors1 & place h] 9 ! isl&s ( ! bless$4 ,f ?is acc\nt ( ! human s\l1 t mo/ important ,platonic dogma necess>ily foll[s1 t our s\l ess5tially conta9s all k1 & t :atev] k %e acquires 9 ! pres5t life1 is 9 reality no?+ m ?an a recov]y ( :at a he once possess$4 ,?is recov]y is v prop]ly call$ by ,plato rem9isc5ce1 n z be+ att5d$ ) actual recollection 9 ! pres5t life1 b z be+ an actual repossession ( :at ! s\l _h lo/ ?r\gh h] oblivi\s union ) ! body4 ,allud+ to ?is ess5tial k ( ! s\l1 :i* discipl9e evocates f its dormant retreats1 ,plato says 9 ! ,sophi/a1 t we "k all ?+s z 9 a dream1 & are aga9 ignorant ( !m1 accord+ to vigilant p]ception4 ,h5ce too1 z ,proclus well obs]ves1 x is evid5t t ! s\l does n collect h] k f s5sibles1 nor f ?+s p>tial & divisible discov] ! :ole & ! "o4 ,= x is n prop] to ?9k t ?+s :i* h 9 no respect a real subsi/5ce1 %\ld be ! lead+ causes ( k to ! s\l2 & t ?+s :i* oppose ea* o!r & are ambigu\s1 %\ld prec$e sci5ce :i* has a sam5ess ( subsi/5ce2 nor t ?+s :i* are v>i\sly mutable1 %\ld be g5]ative ( reasons :i* are e/abli%$ 9 unity2 nor t ?+s indef9ite %\ld be ! causes ( def9ite intellig5ce4 ,x is n fit1 !re=e1 t ! tru? ( ?+s et]nal %\ld be receiv$ f ! _m1 nor ! discrim9ation ( univ]sals f s5sibles1 nor a judgm5t respect+ :at is good f irrational natures2 b x is requisite t ! s\l ent]+ )9 h]self1 %\ld inve/igate h]self ! true & ! good1 & ! et]nal reasons ( ?+s4 ,we h said t discipl9e awak5s ! dormant k ( ! s\l2 & ,plato consid]$ ?is z p>ticul>ly effect$ by ! ma!matical discipl9e4 ,h5ce1 he ass]ts ( !oretic ari?metic t x imp>ts no small aid to our asc5t to real be+1 & t x lib]ates u f ! w&]+ & ignorance ab\t a s5sible nature4 ,geometry too is consid]$ by him z mo/ in/rum5tal to ! k ( ! good1 :5 x is n pursu$ = ! sake ( practical purposes1 b z ! means ( asc5t to an intelligible ess5ce4 ,a/ronomy also is useful = ! purpose ( inve/igat+ ! fabricator ( all ?+s1 & contemplat+ z 9 mo/ spl5did images ! ideal _w1 & its ineffable cause4 ,& la/ly music1 :5 prop]ly /udi$1 is subs]vi5t to our asc5t1 viz4 :5 f s5sible we betake ourselves to ! contemplation ( ideal & div9e h>mony4 ,unless1 h[ev]1 we ?us employ ! ma!matical discipl9e1 ! /udy ( !m is ju/ly consid]$ by ,plato z imp]fect & useless1 & ( no wor?4 ,= z ! true end ( man accord+ to 8 philosophy is an assimilation to div9ity1 9 ! greate/ p]fection ( :i* human nature is capable1 :atev] contributes to ?is is to be ard5tly pursu$2 b :atev] has a diff]5t t5d5cy1 h[ev] necess>y x may be to ! wants & conv5i5ces ( ! m]e animal life1 is comp>atively little & vile4 ,h5ce x necess>y to pass rapidly f ?+s visible & audible1 to ^? :i* are alone se5 by ! eye ( intellect4 ,= ! ma!matical sci5ces1 :5 prop]ly /udi$1 move ! inh]5t k ( ! s\l2 awak5 its intellig5ce2 purify its dianoetic p[]2 call =? its ess5tial =ms f _! dormant retreats2 remove t oblivion & ignorance :i* are cong5ial ) our bir?2 & dissolve ! bonds aris+ f our union ) an irrational nature4 ,x is !re=e beautifully said by ,plato 9 ! #g? book ( 8 ,republic1 t ! s\l ?r\gh ^! discipl9es has an organ purifi$ & enlight5$1 :i* is bl9d$ & buri$ by /udies ( a diff]5t k9d1 an organ bett] wor? sav+ ?an t5 ?\s& eyes1 s9ce tru? becomes visible ?r\gh ?is alone4 ,dialectic1 h[ev]1 or ! v]tex ( ! ma!matical sci5ces1 z x is call$ by ,plato 9 8 ,republic1 is t ma/] discipl9e :i* p>ticul>ly leads u up to an intelligible ess5ce4 ,( ?is fir/ ( sci5ces1 :i* is ess5tially diff]5t f vulg> logic1 & is ! same ) :at ,ari/otle calls ! fir/ philosophy & wisdom1 ,i h l>gely spok5 9 ! introduction & notes to ! ,p>m5ides4 ,suffice x !re=e to obs]ve 9 ?is place1 t dialectic diff]s f ma!matical sci5ce 9 ?is1 t ! latt] fl[s f1 & ! =m] is void ( hypo!sis4 ,t dialectic has a p[] ( kn[+ univ]sals2 t x asc5ds to good & ! supreme cause ( all2 &1 t x consid]s good z ! end ( its elevation2 b t ! ma!matical sci5ce1 :i* previ\sly fabricates = itself def9ite pr9ciples1 f :i* x ev9ces ?+s consequ5t to su* pr9ciples1 does n t5d to ! pr9ciple1 b to ! conclusion4 ,h5ce ,plato does n expel ma!matical k f ! numb] ( ! sci5ces1 b ass]ts x to be ! next 9 rank to t "o sci5ce :i* is ! summit ( all2 nor does he accuse x z ignorant ( its own pr9ciples1 b consid]s x z receiv+ ^! f ! ma/] sci5ce dialectic1 & t possess+ !m )\t any demon/ration1 x demon/rates f ^! its consequ5t propositions4 ,h5ce ,socrates1 9 ! ,republic1 speak+ ( ! p[] ( dialectic1 says t x surr\nds all discipl9es l a def5sive enclosure1 & elevates ^? t use x to ! good itself1 & ! fir/ unities2 t x purifies ! eye ( ! s\l2 e/abli%es itself 9 true be+s1 &1 ! "o pr9ciple ( all ?+s1 & ends at la/ 9 t :i* is no long] hypo!tical4 ,! p[] ( dialectic1 !re=e1 be+ ?us great1 & ! ends ( ?is pa? s mighty1 x mu/ by no means be conf\nd$ ) argum5ts :i* are alone conv]sant ) op9ion3 = ! =m] is ! gu>dian ( sci5ces1 & ! passage to x is ?r\gh ^!1 b ! latt] is p]fectly de/itute ( discipl9ative sci5ce4 ,to :i* we may add1 t ! me?od ( reason+ :i* is f\nd$ 9 op9ion1 reg>ds only t :i* is app>5t2 b ! dialectic me?od endeavors to arrive at ! "o itself1 always employ+ = ?is purpose /eps ( asc5t1 & at la/ beautifully ends 9 ! nature ( ! good4 ,v diff]5t !re=e is x f ! m]ely logical me?od1 :i* presides ov] ! demon/rative phantasy1 is ( a second>y nature1 & is alone pleas$ ) cont5ti\s discussions4 ,= ! dialectic ( ,plato = ! mo/ "p employs divisions & analyses z prim>y sci5ces1 & z imitat+ ! progression ( be+s f ! "o1 & _! conv]sion to x aga94 ,x likewise sometimes uses def9itions & demon/rations1 & prior to ^! ! def9itive me?od1 & ! divisive prior to ?is4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! m]ely logical me?od1 :i* is solely conv]sant ) op9ion1 is depriv$ ( ! incontrov]tible reason+s ( demon/ration4 ,! foll[+ is a specim5 ( ! analytical me?od ( ,plato's dialectic4 ,( analysis !re are ?ree species4 ,= "o is an asc5t f s5sibles to ! fir/ intelligibles2 a second is an asc5t ?r\gh ?+s demon/rat$ & subdemon/rat$1 to undemon/rat$ & imm$iate propositions2 & a ?ird proce$s f hypo!sis to unhypo!tical pr9ciples4 ,( ! fir/ ( ^! species1 ,plato has giv5 a mo/ admirable specim5 9 ! spee* ( ,diotima 9 ! ,banquet4 ,= !re he asc5ds f ! beauty ab\t bodies to ! beauty 9 s\ls2 f ?is to ! beauty 9 "r discipl9es2 f ?is aga9 to ! beauty 9 laws2 f ! beauty 9 laws to ! ample sea ( beauty 7,greek3 to polu pelagos t\ kal\72 & ?us proce$+ he at l5g? arrives at ! beautiful itself4 ,! second species ( analysis is z foll[s3 ,x is necess>y to make ! ?+ inve/igat$ ! subject ( hypo!sis2 to survey su* ?+s z are prior to x2 & to demon/rate ^! f ?+s po/]ior1 asc5d+ to su* z are prior1 till we arrive at ! fir/ ?+ & to :i* we give our ass5t4 ,b beg9n+ f ?is1 we desc5d syn!tically to ! ?+ inve/igat$4 ,( ?is species1 ! foll[+ is an example f ! ,pha$rus ( ,plato4 ,x is inquir$ if ! s\l is immortal2 & ?is be+ hypo!tically admitt$1 x is inquir$ 9 ! next place if x is always mov$4 ,?is be+ demon/rat$1 ! next inquiry is if t :i* is always mov$1 is self-mov$2 & ?is aga9 be+ demon/rat$1 x is consid]$ :e!r t :i* is self-mov$ is ! pr9ciple ( motion1 & aft]w>ds if ! pr9ciple is unbegott54 ,?is !n be+ admitt$ z a ?+ ackn[l$g$1 & likewise t :at is begott5 is incorruptible1 ! demon/ration ( ! ?+ propos$ is ?us collect$4 ,if !re is a pr9ciple1 x is unbegott5 & incorruptible4 ,t :i* is self-mov$ is ! pr9ciple ( motion4 ,s\l is self-mov$4 ,s\l !re=e 7i4e4 ! rational s\l7 is incorruptible1 unbegott51 & immortal4 ,( ! ?ird species ( analysis1 :i* proce$s f ! hypo!tical to t :i* is unhypo!tical1 ,plato has giv5 a mo/ beautiful specim5 9 ! fir/ hypo!sis ( 8 ,p>m5ides4 ,= "h1 tak+ = 8 hypo!sis t ! "o is1 he proce$s ?r\gh an ord]ly s]ies ( negations1 :i* are n privative ( _! subjects1 b g5]ative ( ?+s :i* are z x 71 _! opposites1 till he at l5g? takes away ! hypo!sis t ! "o is4 ,= he d5ies ( x all disc\rse & e appellation4 ,& ?us evid5tly d5ies ( x n only t x is1 b ev5 negation4 ,= all ?+s are po/]ior to ! "o2 viz4 ?+s kn[n1 k1 & ! in/rum5ts ( k4 ,& ?us1 beg9n+ f ! hypo!tical1 he ends 9 t :i* is unhypo!tical1 & truly ineffable4 ,hav+ tak5 a g5]al survey1 bo? ( ! great _w & ! microcosm man1 ,i %all close ?is acc\nt ( ! pr9cipal dogmas ( ,plato1 ) ! outl9es ( 8 doctr9e conc]n+ ,provid5ce & ,fate1 z x is a subject ( ! greate/ importance1 & ! difficulties 9 :i* x is involv$ are happily remov$ by t pr9ce ( philosoph]s4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re=e1 ,provid5ce1 accord+ to common conceptions1 is ! cause ( good to ! subjects ( its c>e2 & ,fate is ! cause ( a c]ta9 connection to g5]at$ natures4 ,?is be+ admitt$1 let u consid] :at ! ?+s are :i* are connect$4 ,( be+s1 !re=e1 "s h _! ess5ce 9 et]nity1 & o!rs 9 "t4 ,b by be+s ^: ess5ce is 9 et]nity1 ,i mean ^? ^: en]gy z well z _! ess5ce is et]nal2 & by be+s ess5tially temporal1 ^? ^: ess5ce is always 9 g5]ation1 or becom+ to be1 ?\gh ?is %\ld take place 9 an inf9ite "t4 ,! m$ia betwe5 ^! two extremes are natures :i*1 9 a c]ta9 respect1 h an ess5ce p]man5t & bett] ?an g5]ation1 or a fl[+ subsi/5ce1 b ^: en]gy is measur$ by "t4 ,= x is necess>y t e procession f ?+s fir/ to la/ %\ld be effect$ ?r\gh m$ia4 ,! m$ium1 !re=e1 betwe5 ^! two extremes1 mu/ ei!r be t :i* has an et]nal ess5ce1 b any en]gy indig5t ( "t1 or1 on ! contr>y1 t :i* has a temporal ess5ce1 b an et]nal en]gy4 ,x is impossible1 h[ev]1 = ! latt] ( ^! to h any subsi/5ce2 = if ?is 7 admitt$1 en]gy w\ld be prior to ess5ce4 ,! m$ium1 !re=e1 mu/ be t ^: ess5ce is et]nal1 b en]gy temporal4 ,& ! ?ree ord]s :i* compose ?is fir/ middle & la/ are1 ! intellectual1 psy*ical 7or t p]ta9+ to s\l71 & corporeal4 ,= f :at has be5 already said by u conc]n+ ! gradation ( be+s1 x is evid5t t ! intellectual ord] is e/abli%$ 9 et]nity1 bo? 9 ess5ce & en]gy2 t ! corporeal ord] is always 9 g5]ation1 or advanc+ to be+1 & ?is ei!r 9 an inf9ite "t1 or 9 a "p ( "t2 & t ! psy*ical is inde$ et]nal 9 ess5ce1 b temporal 9 en]gy4 ,:]e !n %all we rank ?+s :i* be+ di/ribut$ ei!r 9 places or times1 h a c]ta9 coord9ation & sympa?y ) ea* o!r ?r\gh connection8 ,x is evid5t t !y mu/ be rank$ among alt]motive & corporeal natures4 ,= ( ?+s :i* subsi/ beyond ! ord] ( bodies1 "s are bett] bo? ?an place & "t2 & o!rs1 ?\gh !y en]gize accord+ to "t1 appe> to be entirely pure f any connection ) place4 ,h5ce ?+s :i* are gov]n$ & connect$ by ,fate are entirely alt]motive & corporeal4 ,if ?is !n is demon/rat$1 x is manife/ t admitt+ ,fate to be a cause ( connection1 we mu/ ass]t t x presides ov] alt]motive & corporeal natures4 ,if1 !re=e1 we look to t :i* is ! proximate cause ( bodies1 & ?or\gh :i* also alt]motive be+s are mov$1 brea!1 & are held toge!r1 we %all f9d t ?is is nature1 ! en]gies ( :i* are to g5]ate1 n\ri%1 & increase4 ,if1 !re=e1 ?is p[] n only subsi/s 9 u1 & all o!r animals & plants1 b prior to p>tial bodies !re is1 by a mu* great] necessity1 "o nature ( ! _w :i* compreh5ds & is motive ( all bodies2 x foll[s t nature mu/ be ! cause ( ?+s connect$1 & t 9 ?is we mu/ inve/igate ,fate4 ,h5ce1 ,fate is nature1 or t incorporeal p[] :i* is ! "o life ( ! _w1 presid+ ov] bodies1 mov+ all ?+s accord+ to "t1 & connect+ ! motions ( ?+s t1 by places & times1 are di/ant f ea* o!r4 ,x is likewise ! cause ( ! mutual sympa?y ( mortal natures1 & ( _! conjunction ) su* z are et]nal4 ,= ! nature :i* is 9 u1 b9ds & connects all ! p>ts ( our body1 ( :i* also x is a c]ta9 ,fate4 ,& z 9 our body "s p>ts h a pr9cipal subsi/5ce1 & o!rs are less pr9cipal1 & ! latt] are consequ5t to ! =m]1 s 9 ! univ]se1 ! g5]ations ( ! less pr9cipal p>ts are consequ5t to ! motions ( ! m pr9cipal1 viz4 ! sublun>y g5]ations to ! p]iods ( ! cele/ial bodies2 & ! circle ( ! =m] is ! image ( ! latt]4 ,h5ce x is n difficult to see t ,provid5ce is deity itself1 ! f\nta9 ( all good4 ,= :5ce c good be imp>t$1 to all ?+s1 b f div9ity8 ,s t no o!r cause ( good b deity is1 z ,plato says1 to be assign$4 ,&1 9 ! next place1 z ?is cause is sup]ior to all intelligible & s5sible natures1 x is consequ5tly sup]ior to ,fate4 ,:atev] too is subject to ,fate1 is also "u ! dom9ion ( ,provid5ce2 hav+ its connection inde$ f ,fate1 b d]iv+ ! good :i* x possesses f ,provid5ce4 ,b aga91 n all ?+s t are "u ! dom9ion ( ,provid5ce are indig5t ( ,fate2 = intelligibles are exempt f its sway4 ,fate !re=e is pr(\ndly conv]sant ) corporeal natures2 s9ce connection introduces "t & corporeal motion4 ,h5ce ,plato1 look+ to ?is1 says 9 ! ,timaeus1 t ! _w is m+l$ f intellect & necessity1 ! =m] rul+ ov] ! latt]4 ,= by necessity "h he means ! motive cause ( bodies1 :i* 9 o!r places he calls ,fate4 ,& ?is ) great propriety2 s9ce e body is compell$ to d :atev] x does1 & to suff] :atev] x suff]s2 to heat or to be heat$1 to imp>t or to receive cold4 ,b ! elective p[] is unkn[n to a corporeal nature2 s t ! necess>y & ! nonelective may be said to be ! peculi>ities ( bodies4 ,z !re are two g5]a ( ?+s1 !re=e1 ! intelligible & ! s5sible1 s likewise !re are two k+doms ( ^!2 t ( ,provid5ce1 upw>ds1 :i* reigns ov] intelligibles & s5sibles1 & t ( ,fate d[nw>ds1 :i* reigns ov] s5sibles only4 ,provid5ce likewise diff]s f ,fate 9 ! same mann] z deity f t :i* is div9e inde$1 b p>ticipation1 & n prim>ily4 ,= 9 o!r ?+s we see t :i* has a prim>y subsi/5ce1 & t :i* subsi/s accord+ to p>ticipation4 ,?us ! light :i* subsi/s 9 ! orb ( ! sun is prim>y light1 & t :i* is 9 ! air1 accord+ to p>ticipation2 ! latt] be+ d]iv$ f ! =m]4 ,& life is prim>ily 9 ! s\l1 b second>ily 9 ! body4 ,?us also1 accord+ to ,plato1 ,provid5ce is deity1 b ,fate is some?+ div9e1 & n a god3 = x dep5ds ^u ,provid5ce1 ( :i* x is z x 7 ! image4 ,z ,provid5ce too is to intelligibles1 s is ,fate to s5sibles4 ,&1 alt]nately1 z ,provid5ce is to ,fate1 s are intelligibles to s5sibles4 ,b intelligibles are ! fir/ ( be+s1 & f ^! o!rs d]ive _! subsi/5ce4 ,& h5ce ! ord] ( ,fate dep5ds on ! dom9ion ( ,provid5ce4 ,9 ! second place1 let u look to ! rational nature itself1 :5 correct+ ! inaccuracy ( s5sible in=mation1 z :5 x accuses ! sight ( deception1 9 see+ ! orb ( ! sun z n l>g] ?an a foot 9 diamet]2 :5 x represses ! ebullitions ( ang]1 & exclaims ) ,ulysses1 ,endure my he>t2 or :5 x re/ra9s ! wanton t5d5cies ( desire to corporeal delight4 ,= 9 all su* op]ations x manife/ly subdues ! irrational motions1 bo? gno/ic & appetitive1 & absolves itself f !m1 z f ?+s =eign to its nature4 ,b x is necess>y to inve/igate ! ess5ce ( e ?+1 n f its p]v]sion1 b f its en]gies accord+ to nature4 ,if !re=e reason1 :5 x en]gizes 9 u z reason1 re/ra9s ! %ad[y impressions ( ! delights ( lic5ti\s desire1 puni%es ! precipitate motion ( fury1 & reproves ! s5ses z full ( deception1 ass]t+ t ,we no?+ accurate1 or see1 or he>3 & if x says ?is1 look+ to its int]nal reasons1 none ( :i* x kn[s ?r\gh ! body1 or ?r\gh corporeal cognitions1 x is evid5t t1 accord+ to ?is en]gy1 x removes itself f> f ! s5ses1 contr>y to ! decision ( :i* x becomes sep>at$ f ^? sorr[s & delights4 ,aft] ?is1 let u direct our att5tion to ano!r & a bett] motion ( our rational s\l1 :51 dur+ ! tranquillity ( ! inf]ior p>ts1 by a self-conv]tive en]gy1 x sees its own ess5ce1 ! p[]s :i* x conta9s1 ! h>monic reasons f :i* x consi/s1 & ! _m lives ( :i* x is ! middle b\nd>y1 & ?us f9ds itself to be a rational _w1 ! image ( ! prior natures1 f :i* x proce$s1 b ! p>adigm ( su* z are po/]ior to itself4 ,to ?is en]gy ( ! s\l1 !oretic ari?metic & geometry greatly contribute1 = ^! remove x f ! s5ses1 purify ! intellect f ! irrational =ms ( life ) :i* x is surr\nd$1 & lead x to ! incorporeal p]ception ( ideas4 ,= if ^! sci5ces receive ! s\l replete ) images1 & kn[+ no?+ subtile & unatt5d$ ) mat]ial g>rulity2 & if !y elucidate reasons possess+ an irrefragable necessity ( demon/ration1 & =ms full ( all c]ta9ty & immat]iality1 & :i* by no means call to _! aid ! inaccuracy ( s5sibles1 d !y n evid5tly purify our intellectual life f ?+s :i* fill u ) a privation ( intellect1 & :i* imp$e our p]ception ( true be+8 ,aft] bo? ^! op]ations ( ! rational s\l1 let u n[ survey h] highe/ intellig5ce1 ?r\gh :i* %e sees h] si/] s\ls 9 ! univ]se1 :o are allott$ a resid5ce 9 ! heav5s1 & 9 ! :ole ( a visible nature1 accord+ to ! w ( ! fabricator ( ! _w4 ,b above all s\ls1 %e sees intellectual ess5ces & ord]s4 ,= a dei=m intellect resides above e s\l1 & :i* also imp>ts to ! s\l an intellectual habit4 ,prior to ^!1 h[ev]1 %e sees ^? div9e monads1 f :i* all intellectual multitudes receive _! unions4 ,= above all ?+s unit$1 !re mu/ necess>ily be unific causes2 above ?+s vivifi$1 vivify+ causes2 above intellectual natures1 ^? t imp>t intellect2 & above all p>ticipants1 imp>ticipable natures4 ,f all ^! elevat+ modes ( intellig5ce1 x mu/ be obvi\s to su* z are n p]fectly bl9d1 h[ ! s\l1 leav+ s5se & body beh9d1 surveys ?r\gh ! project+ en]gies ( intellect ^? be+s t are entirely exempt f all connection ) a corporeal nature4 ,! rational & intellectual s\l !re=e1 9 :atev] mann] x may be mov$ accord+ to nature1 is beyond body & s5se4 ,& h5ce x mu/ necess>ily h an ess5ce sep>ate f bo?4 ,b f ?is aga91 x becomes manife/1 t :5 x en]gizes accord+ to its nature1 x is sup]ior to ,fate1 & beyond ! rea* ( its attractive p[]2 b t1 :5 fall+ into s5se & ?+s irrational & corporaliz$1 x foll[s d[nw>d natures & lives1 ) !m z ) inebriat$ neighbors1 !n toge!r ) !m x becomes subject to ! dom9ion ( ,fate4 ,= aga91 x is necess>y t !re %\ld be an ord] ( be+s ( su* a k9d1 z to subsi/ accord+ to ess5ce above ,fate1 b to be sometimes rank$ "u x accord+ to habitude4 ,= if !re are be+s1 & su* are all intellectual natures :i* are et]nally e/abli%$ above ! laws ( ,fate1 & also :i*1 accord+ to ! :ole ( _! life1 are di/ribut$ "u ! p]iods ( ,fate1 x is necess>y t ! m$ium betwe5 ^! %\ld be t nature :i* is sometimes above1 & sometimes "u ! dom9ion ( ,fate4 ,= ! procession ( incorporeal natures is mu* m )\t a vacuum ?an t ( bodies4 ,! free w !re=e ( man1 accord+ to ,plato1 is a rational elective1 p[]1 desid]ative ( true & app>5t good1 & lead+ ! s\l to bo?1 ?r\gh :i* x asc5ds & desc5ds1 errs & acts ) rectitude4 ,& h5ce ! elective w be ! same ) t :i* *>act]izes our ess5ce4 ,accord+ to ?is p[]1 we diff] f div9e & mortal natures3 = ea* ( ^! is void ( t two-fold incl9ation2 ! "o on acc\nt ( its excell5ce be+ alone e/abli%$ 9 true good2 b ! o!r 9 app>5t good1 on acc\nt ( its defect4 ,intellect too *>act]izes ! "o1 b s5se ! o!r2 & ! =m]1 z ,plot9us says1 is our k+1 b ! latt] our mess5g]4 ,we !re=e are e/abli%$ 9 ! elective p[] z a m$ium2 & hav+ ! ability ( t5d+ bo? to true & app>5t good1 :5 we t5d to ! =m] we foll[ ! guidance ( intellect1 :5 to ! latt]1 t ( s5se4 ,! p[] !re=e :i* is 9 u is n capable ( all ?+s4 ,= ! p[] :i* is omnipot5t is *>act]iz$ by unity2 & on ?is acc\nt is all-p[]ful1 because x is "o1 & possesses ! =m ( good4 ,b ! elective p[] is two-fold1 & on ?is acc\nt is n able to effect all ?+s2 because1 by x's incl9ations to true & app>5t good1 x falls %ort ( t nature :i* is prior to all ?+s4 ,x w\ld h[ev] be all-p[]ful1 if x _h n an elective impulse1 & 0 w alone4 ,= a life subsi/+ accord+ to w alone subsi/s accord+ to good1 because ! w naturally t5ds to good1 & su* a life makes t :i* is *>act]i/ic 9 u mo/ p[]ful & dei=m4 ,& h5ce ?r\gh ?is ! s\l1 accord+ to ,plato1 becomes div9e1 & 9 ano!r life1 9 conjunction ) deity1 gov]ns ! _w4 ,& ?us mu* ( ! outl9es ( ! lead+ dogmas ( ! philosophy ( ,plato4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ?is ,introduction1 ,i obs]v$ t1 9 draw+ ^! outl9es ,i %\ld conduct ! read] ?r\gh novel & solit>y pa?s1 solit>y inde$ !y mu/ be1 s9ce !y h be5 unfrequ5t$ f ! reign ( ! emp]or ,ju/9ian to ! pres5t "t2 & novel !y w d\btless appe> to read]s ( e description1 & p>ticul>ly to ^? :o h be5 nurs$ z x 7 9 ! bosom ( matt]1 ! pupils ( exp]im5t1 ! d>l+s ( s5se1 & ! legitimate desc5dants ( ! e>?-born race t w>r$ on ! ,olympian gods4 ,to su* z ^!1 :o h gaz$ on ! d>k & de=m$ face ( _! nurse1 till !y are incapable ( behold+ ! light ( tru?1 & :o are become s dr[sy f dr9k+ immod]ately ( ! cup ( oblivion1 t _! :ole life is no?+ m ?an a transmigration f sleep to sleep1 & f dream to dream1 l m5 pass+ f "o b$ to ano!r1--to su* z ^!1 ! road ?r\gh :i* we h be5 travel+ w appe> to be a delusive passage1 & ! objects :i* we h survey$ to be no?+ m ?an fanta/ic visions1 se5 only by ! eye ( imag9ation1 & :5 se51 idle & va9 z ! dreams ( a %ad[4 ,! foll[+ argum5ts1 h[ev]1 may p]haps awak5 "s few ( ^! :o are less le?>gic ?an ! re/1 f ! sleep ( s5se1 & enable !m to elevate _! m5tal eye f ! d>k mire 9 :i* !y are plung$1 & ga9 a glimpse ( ?is mo/ weighty tru?1 t !re is ano!r _w1 ( :i* ?is is no?+ m ?an a mo/ obscure resemblance1 & ano!r life1 ( :i* ?is is b ! fly+ mock]y4 ,my pres5t disc\rse !re=e is address$ to ^? :o consid] exp]im5t z ! only solid crit]ion ( tru?4 ,9 ! fir/ place !n1 ^! m5 appe> to be ignorant ( ! inv>iable laws ( demon/ration prop]ly s call$1 & t ! necess>y requisites ( all demon/rative propositions are ^!3 t !y exi/ z causes1 are prim>y1 m excell5t1 peculi>1 true1 & kn[n ?an ! conclusions4 ,= e demon/ration n only consi/s ( pr9ciples prior to o!rs1 b ( su* z are em95tly fir/2 s9ce if ! assum$ propositions may be demon/rat$ by o!r assumptions1 su* propositions may inde$ appe> prior to ! conclusions1 b are by no means entitl$ to ! appellation ( fir/4 ,o!rs1 on ! contr>y1 :i* require no demon/ration1 b are ( !mselves manife/1 are des]v$ly e/eem$ ! fir/1 ! true/1 & ! be/4 ,su* indemon/rable tru?s 7 call$ by ! anci5ts axioms f _! maje/y & au?ority1 z ! assumptions :i* con/itute demon/rative syllogisms d]ive all _! =ce & efficacy f ^!4 ,9 ! next place1 !y seem n to be suffici5tly aw>e1 t univ]sal is bett] ?an p>tial demon/ration4 ,= t demon/ration is ! m excell5t :i* is d]iv$ f ! bett] cause2 b a univ]sal is m ext5d$ & excell5t ?an a p>tial cause2 s9ce ! ardu\s inve/igation ( ! :y 9 any subject is only /opp$ by ! arrival at univ]sals4 ,?us if we desire to "k :y ! outw>d angles ( a triangle are equal to f\r "r angles1 & x is answ]$1 ,because ! triangle is isosceles2 we aga9 ask1 b :y ,because isosceles8 ,& if x be repli$1 ,because x is a triangle2 we may aga9 inquire1 ,b :y because a triangle8 ,to :i* we f9ally answ]1 because a triangle is a "r-l9$ figure4 ,& "h our inquiry re/s at t univ]sal idea1 :i* embraces e prec$+ p>ticul> "o1 & is conta9$ 9 no o!r m g5]al & compreh5sive ?an itself4 ,add too1 t ! demon/ration ( p>ticul>s is almo/ ! demon/ration ( inf9ites2 ( univ]sals ! demon/ration ( f9ites2 & ( inf9ites !re c be no sci5ce4 ,t demon/ration likewise is ! be/ :i* furni%es ! m9d ) ! mo/ ample k2 & ?is is1 alone1 ! prov9ce ( univ]sals4 ,we may also add1 t he :o kn[s univ]sals kn[s p>ticul>s likewise 9 capacity2 b we c n inf] t he :o has ! be/ k ( p>ticul>s1 kn[s any ?+ ( univ]sals4 ,& la/ly1 t :i* is univ]sal is ! object ( intellect & reason2 b p>ticul>s are coord9at$ to ! p]ceptions ( s5se4 ,b "h p]haps ! exp]im5tali/ w say1 admitt+ all ?is to be true1 yet we no o!rwise obta9 a p]ception ( ^! univ]sals ?an by an induction ( p>ticul>s1 & ab/raction f s5sibles4 ,to ?is1 ,i answ] t ! univ]sal :i* is ! prop] object ( sci5ce1 is n by any means ! (fspr+ ( ab/raction2 & induction is no o!rwise subs]vi5t to its exi/5ce ?an an excit+ cause4 ,= if sci5tific conclusions are indubitable1 if ! tru? ( demon/ration is necess>y & et]nal1 ?is univ]sal is truly all1 & n l t ga9$ by ab/raction1 limit$ to a c]ta9 numb] ( p>ticul>s4 ,?us1 ! proposition t ! angles ( e triangle are equal to two "r1 if x is indubitably true1 t is1 if ! t]m e 9 x really includes all triangles1 _c be ! result ( any ab/raction2 = ?is1 h[ev] ext5d$ x may be1 is limit$1 & falls f> %ort ( univ]sal compreh5sion4 ,:5ce is x !n t ! dianoetic p[] concludes ?us confid5tly t ! ,proposition is true ( all triangles8 ,= if x be said t ! m9d1 aft] hav+ ab/ract$ triangle f a c]ta9 numb] ( p>ticul>s1 adds f itself :at is want+ to complete ! all2 9 ! fir/ place1 no man1 ,i believe1 w say t any su* op]ation z ?is took place 9 8 m9d :5 he fir/ le>nt ?is proposition2 & 9 ! next place1 if ?is %\ld be grant$1 x w\ld foll[ t su* proposition is a m]e fiction1 s9ce x is unc]ta9 :e!r t :i* is add$ to complete ! all is truly add$2 & ?us ! conclusion w no long] be indubitably necess>y4 ,9 %ort1 if ! words all & e1 ) :i* e page ( !oretic ma!matics is full1 mean :at !y are conceiv$ by all m5 to mean1 & if ! univ]sals :i* !y signify are ! prop] objects ( sci5ce1 su* univ]sals mu/ subsi/ 9 ! s\l prior to ! en]gies ( s5se4 ,h5ce x w foll[ t induction is no o!rwise subs]vi5t to sci5ce1 ?an z x produces cr$ibility 9 axioms & petitions2 & ?is by excit+ ! univ]sal conception ( ^! lat5t 9 ! s\l4 ,! p>ticul>s1 !re=e1 ( :i* an induction is made 9 ord] to produce sci5ce1 mu/ be s simple1 t !y may be imm$iately appreh5d$1 & t ! univ]sal may be pr$icat$ ( !m )\t hesitation4 ,! p>ticul>s ( ! exp]im5tali/s are n ( ?is k9d1 & !re=e nev] c be s\rces ( sci5ce truly s call$4 ,( ?is1 h[ev]1 ! man ( exp]im5t appe>s to be totally ignorant1 & 9 consequ5ce ( ?is1 he is likewise ignorant t p>ts c only be truly kn[n ?r\gh :oles1 & t ?is is p>ticul>ly ! case ) p>ts :5 !y belong to a :ole1 :i*1 z we h already obs]v$1 f compreh5d+ 9 itself ! p>ts :i* x produces1 is call$ a :ole prior to p>ts4 ,z he1 !re=e1 w\ld by no means m]it ! appellation ( a physician :o %\ld attempt to cure any "p ( ! human body1 )\t a previ\s k ( ! :ole2 s nei!r c he "k any ?+ truly ( ! vegetable life ( plants1 :o has n a previ\s k ( t vegetable life :i* subsi/s 9 ! e>? z a :ole prior to1 because ! pr9ciple & cause ( all p>tial vegetable life1 & :o /ill prior to ?is has n a k ( t great] :ole ( ?is k9d :i* subsi/s 9 nature h]self2 nor1 z ,hippocrates ju/ly obs]ves1 c he "k any ?+ truly ( ! nature ( ! human body :o is ignorant :at nature is consid]$ z a great compreh5d+ :ole4 ,& if ?is be true1 & x is s mo/ indubitably1 ) all physiological inquiries1 h[ mu* m mu/ x be ! case ) respect to a k ( ^? incorporeal =ms to :i* we asc5d$ 9 ! fir/ "p ( ?is ,introduction1 & :i* 9 consequ5ce ( proce$+ f :oles entirely exempt f body are p>ticipat$ by x1 ) mu* great] obscurity & imp]fection8 ,"h !n is ! great diff]5ce1 & a mighty "o x is1 betwe5 ! k ga9$ by ! mo/ elaborate exp]im5ts1 & t acquir$ by sci5tific reason+1 f\nd$ on ! spontane\s1 unp]v]t$1 & self-lum9\s conceptions ( ! s\l4 ,! =m] does n ev5 lead its vot>y up to t "o nature ( ! e>? f :i* ! natures ( all ! animals & plants on its surface1 & ( all ! m9]als & metals 9 its int]ior p>ts1 blossom z f a p]5nial root4 ,! latt] conducts its vot>y ?r\gh all ! sev]al mundane :oles up to t great :ole ! _w itself1 & !nce leads him ?r\gh ! lum9\s ord] ( incorporeal :oles to t va/ :ole ( :oles1 9 :i* all o!r :oles are c5tr$ & root$1 & :i* is no o!r ?an ! pr9ciple ( all pr9ciples1 & ! f\nta9 ( deity itself4 ,no less rem>kable likewise1 is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! t5d5cies ( ! two pursuits1 = ! "o elevates ! s\l to ! mo/ lum9\s heights1 & to t great ineffable :i* is beyond all altitude2 b ! o!r is ! cause ( a mighty calamity to ! s\l1 s9ce1 accord+ to ! elegant expression ( ,plut>*1 x ext+ui%es h] pr9cipal & brighte/ eye1 ! k ( div9ity4 ,9 %ort1 ! "o leads to all t is gr&1 sublime & spl5did 9 ! univ]se2 ! o!r to all t is little1 grovel+#ad & d>k4 ,! "o is ! p>5t ( ! mo/ pure & ard5t piety2 ! g5u9e prog5y ( ! o!r are impiety & a!ism4 ,&1 9 f9e1 ! "o conf]s on its vot>y ! mo/ s9c]e1 p]man5t1 & exalt$ delight2 ! o!r cont9ual disappo9tm5t1 & unceas+ mole/ation4 ----------------- #ad ,t ?is mu/ be ! t5d5cy ( exp]im5t1 :5 prosecut$ z ! crit]ion ( tru?1 is evid5t f :at ,bacon1 ! pr9ce ( mod]n philosophy1 says 9 ! #ajd? ,aphorism ( 8 ,novum ,organum1 t baseless fabric ( a vision4 ,= he !re sagely obs]ves t w+s are n to be add$ to ! human intellect1 b r lead & weights2 t all its leaps & flights may be re/ra9$4 ,t ?is is n yet done1 b t :5 x is we may ent]ta9 bett] hopes respect+ ! sci5ces4 ,itaque hom9um intellectui non plumae add5dae1 s$ plumbum potius1 et pond]a2 ut cohibeant omnem saltum et volatum4 ,atque hoc adhuc factum non e/2 quum v]o factum fu]it1 melius de sci5tiis sp]>e licebit4 ,a consid]able portion ( lead mu/ c]ta9ly h be5 add$ to ! intellect ( ,bacon :5 he wrote ?is ,aphorism4 ----------------- ,if su* !n are ! consequ5ces1 su* ! t5d5cies ( exp]im5tal inquiries1 :5 prosecut$ z ! crit]ion ( tru?1 & daily exp]i5ce#ae unhappily %[s t !y are1 !re c be no o!r rem$y = ?is enorm\s evil ?an ! intellectual philosophy ( ,plato4 ,s obvi\sly excell5t inde$ is ! t5d5cy ( ?is philosophy1 t its au?or1 = a p]iod ( m ?an two ?\s& ye>s1 has be5 univ]sally celebrat$ by ! epi!t ( div9e4 ,su* too is its preem95ce1 t x may be %[n1 )\t mu* difficulty1 t ! greate/ m5 ( antiquity1 f ! "t 9 :i* its salut>y light fir/ bless$ ! human race1 h be5 m or less imbu$ ) its sacr$ pr9ciples1 h be5 m or less ! vot>ies ( its div9e tru?s4 ,?us1 to m5tion a few f among a c\ntless multitude4 ,9 ! catalogue ( ^? endu$ ) sov]eign p[]1 x _h = its vot>ies ,dion ( ,siracusian1 ,julian ! ,roman1 & ,*osroes ! ,p]sian1 emp]or2 among ! lead]s ( armies1 x _h ,*abrias & ,phocion1 ^? brave g5]als ( ! ,a!nians2 among ma!maticians1 ^? lead+ />s ( sci5ce1 ,eudoxus1 ,ar*im$es#af & ,euclid2 among biograph]s1 ! inimitable ,plut>*2 among physicians1 ! admirable ,gal52 among rhetoricians1 ^? unrival$ orators ,demo/h5es & ,cic]o2 among critics1 t pr9ce ( philologi/s1 ,long9us2 & among poets1 ! mo/ le>n$ & maje/ic ,virgil4 ,in/ances1 ?\gh n equally illu/ri\s1 yet approximat+ to ^! 9 spl5d\r1 may d\btless be adduc$ aft] ! fall ( ! ,roman empire2 b !n !y h be5 =m$ on ^! great anci5ts z models1 & are1 consequ5tly1 only rivulets f ,platonic /reams4 ,& in/ances ( excell5ce 9 philosophic atta9m5ts1 simil> to ^? among ! ,greeks1 might h be5 enum]at$ among ! mod]ns1 if ! h& ( b>b>ic despotism _h n compell$ philosophy to retire into ! deepe/ solitude1 by demoli%+ h] s*ools1 & involv+ ! human intellect 9 ,cimm]ian d>kness4 ,9 our own c\ntry1 h[ev]1 ?\gh no "o appe>s to h :olly devot$ himself to ! /udy ( ?is philosophy1 & he :o does n w nev] p5etrate its dep?s1 yet we h a few bright examples ( no common pr(ici5cy 9 its m accessible p>ts4 ----------------- #ae ,i nev] yet knew a man :o made exp]im5t ! te/ ( tru?1 & ,i h kn[n _m su*1 t 0 n a!i/ically incl9$4 #af ,i h rank$ ,ar*im$es among ! ,platoni/s1 because he cultivat$ ! ma!matical sci5ces ,platonically1 z is evid5t f ! te/imony ( ,plut>* 9 8 ,life ( ,m>cellus1 p4 #cjg4 ,= he !re in=ms u t ,ar*im$es consid]$ ! be+ busi$ ab\t me*anics1 & 9 %ort1 e art :i* is connect$ ) ! common purposes ( life1 z ignoble & illib]al2 & t ^? ?+s alone 7 objects ( 8 ambition ) :i* ! beautiful & ! excell5t 7 pres5t1 unm+l$ ) ! necess>y4 ,! great accuracy & elegance 9 ! demon/rations ( ,euclid & ,ar*im$es1 :i* h n be5 equal$ by any ( our greate/ mod]n ma!maticians1 7 d]iv$ f a deep conviction ( ?is important tru?4 ,on ! o!r h& mod]n ma!maticians1 ?r\gh a pr(\nd ignorance ( ?is div9e tru?1 & look+ to no?+ b ! wants & conv5i5ces ( ! animal life ( man1 z if ! gratification ( 8 s5ses 0 8 only end1 h corrupt$ pure geometry1 by m+l+ ) x algebraical calculations1 & ?r\gh eag]ness to r$uce x z mu* z possible to practical purposes1 h m anxi\sly s\ght aft] concis5ess ?an accuracy1 facility ?an elegance ( geometrical demon/ration4 ----------------- ,! in/ances ,i allude to are ,%aftesbury1 ,ak5side1 ,h>ris1 ,petw91 & ,syd5ham4 ,s spl5did is ! specim5 ( philosophic abilities display$ by ^! writ]s1 l ! fair dawn+ ( same uncl\d$ morn+1 t we h only deeply to regret t ! sun ( _! g5ius sat be=e we 7 gladd5$ ) its effulg5ce4 ,_h x %one ) its full /r5g?1 ! writ] ( ?is ,introduction w\ld n h attempt$ ei!r to translate ! works1 or elucidate ! doctr9es ( ,plato2 b ?\gh x rose ) vigor1 x disp]s$ n ! cl\ds 9 :i* its light 0 gradually involv$1 & ! eye 9 va9 anxi\sly wait$ = x's m]idian beam4 ,9 %ort1 ! pr9ciples ( ! philosophy ( ,plato are ( all o!rs ! mo/ fri5dly to true piety1 pure morality1 solid le>n+1 & s\nd gov]nm5t4 ,= z x is sci5tific 9 all its p>ts1 & 9 ^! p>ts compreh5ds all t c be kn[n by man 9 !ology & e?ics1 & all t is necess>y = him to "k 9 physics1 x mu/ consequ5tly conta9 9 itself ! s\rce ( all t is great & good bo? to individuals & communities1 mu/ necess>ily exalt :ile x b5efits1 & deify :ile x exalts4 ,we h said t ?is philosophy at fir/ %one =? ?r\gh ,plato ) an occult & v5]able spl5dor2 & x is ow+ to ! hidd5 mann] 9 :i* x is deliv]$ by him1 t its dep? 0 n fa?om$ till _m ages aft] x's promulgation1 & :5 fa?om$1 0 treat$ by sup]ficial read]s ) ridicule & contempt4 ,plato inde$1 is n s+ul> 9 deliv]+ 8 philosophy occultly3 = ?is 0 ! cu/om ( all ! great anci5ts2 a cu/om n orig9at+ f a wi% to become tyrants 9 k1 & keep ! multitude 9 ignorance1 b f a pr(\nd conviction t ! sublime/ tru?s are pr(an$ :5 cle>ly unfold$ to ! vulg>4 ,?is inde$ mu/ necess>ily foll[2 s9ce1 z ,socrates 9 ,plato ju/ly obs]ves1 x is n lawful = ! pure to be t\*$ by ! impure2 & ! multitude are nei!r purifi$ f ! defilem5ts ( vice1 nor ! d>kness ( tw(old ignorance4 ,h5ce1 :ile !y are ?us d\bly impure1 x is z impossible = !m to p]ceive ! spl5dors ( tru?1 z = an eye buri$ 9 mire to survey ! light ( day4 ,! dep? ( ?is philosophy !n does n appe> to h be5 p]fectly p5etrat$ except by ! imm$iate disciples ( ,plato1 = m ?an five hundr$ ye>s aft] its fir/ propagation4 ,= ?\gh ,crantor1 ,atticus1 ,alb9us1 ,gal5 & ,plut>*1 7 m5 ( great g5ius1 & made no common pr(ici5cy 9 ,philosophic atta9m5ts1 yet !y appe> n to h develop$ ! pr(undity ( ,plato's conceptions2 !y )drew n ! veil :i* cov]s 8 secret mean+1 l ! curta9s :i* gu>d$ ! adytum ( temples f ! pr(ane eye2 & !y saw n t all beh9d ! veil is lum9\s1 & t !re div9e spectacles#ag e :]e pres5t !mselves to ! view4 ,?is task 0 res]v$ = m5 :o 7 born inde$ 9 a bas] age1 b1 :o be+ allott$ a nature simil> to _! lead]1 7 ! true int]pret]s ( 8 my/ic speculations4 ,! mo/ conspicu\s ( ^! are ! great ,plot9us1 ! mo/ le>n$ ,porphyry1 ! div9e ,jambli*us1 ! mo/ acute ,syrianus1 ,proclus ! consummation ( philosophic excell5ce1 ! magnific5t ,hi]ocles1 ! concisely elegant ,sallu/1 & ! mo/ inquisitive ,damascius4 ,by ^! m51 :o 7 truly l9ks ( ! gold5 *a9 ( deity1 all t is sublime1 all t is my/ic 9 ! doctr9es ( ,plato 7& !y are replete ) bo? ^! 9 a transc5d5t degree71 0 fre$ f its obscurity & unfold$ into ! mo/ pleas+ & admirable light4 ,_! labors1 h[ev]1 h be5 ungratefully receiv$4 ,! beautiful light :i* !y b5evol5tly disclos$ has hi!rto unnotic$ illum9$ philosophy 9 h] desolate retreats1 l a lamp %9+ on "s v5]able /atue amid/ d>k & solit>y ru9s4 ,! pr$iction ( ! ma/] has be5 unhappily fulfill$ 9 ^! 8 mo/ excell5t disciples4 ,= an attempt ( ?is k9d1 says he1#ah w only be b5eficial to a few1 :o f small ve/iges1 previ\sly demon/rat$1 are !mselves able to discov] ^! ab/ruse p>ticul>s4 ,b ) respect to ! re/ ( mank9d1 "s x w fill ) a contempt by no means elegant1 & o!rs ) a l(ty & arrogant hope1 t !y %all n[ le>n c]ta9 excell5t ?+s4 ,?us ) respect to ^! admirable m51 ! la/ & ! mo/ legitimate ( ! foll[]s ( ,plato1 "s f be+ entirely ignorant ( ! ab/ruse dogmas ( ,plato1 & f9d+ ^! int]pret]s full ( conceptions :i* are by no means obvi\s to e "o 9 ! writ+s ( t philosoph]1 h imm$iately conclud$ t su* conceptions are m]e j>gon & rev]y1 t !y are n truly ,platonic1 & t !y are no?+ m ?an /reams1 :i*1 ?\gh1 orig9ally d]iv$ f a pure f\nta91 h become pollut$ by di/ance f _! s\rce4 ,o!rs1 :o pay att5tion to no?+ b ! mo/ exquisite purity ( language1 look d[n ) contempt ^u e writ] :o liv$ aft] ! fall ( ! ,mac$onian empire2 z if dignity & weight ( s5tim5t 7 insep>able f spl5did & accurate diction2 or z if x 7 impossible = elegant writ]s to exi/ 9 a deg5]ate age4 ,s f> is ?is f be+ ! case1 t ?\gh ! /yle ( ,plot9us#ai & ,jambli*us#bj is by no means to be comp>$ ) t ( ,plato1 yet ?is inf]iority is lo/ 9 ! dep? & sublimity ( _! conceptions1 & is z little reg>d$ by ! intellig5t read]1 z motes 9 a sunbeam by ! eye t gladly turns itself to ! sol> light4 -------------- #ag ,see my ,diss]tation on ! ,my/]ies4 #ah,see ! #g? ,epi/le ( ,plato4 #ai ,x w\ld seem t ^? intemp]ate critics :o h ?\ght prop] to revile ,plot9us1 ! lead] ( ! latt] ,platoni/s1 h paid no att5tion to ! te/imony ( ,long9us conc]n+ ?is mo/ wond]ful man1 z pres]v$ by ,porphyry 9 8 life ( him4 ,= ,long9us !re says1 t ?\gh he does n entirely acc$e to _m ( 8 hypo!ses1 yet he exce$+ly admires & loves ! =m ( 8 writ+1 ! d5sity ( 8 conceptions1 & ! philosophic mann] 9 :i* 8 que/ions are dispos$4 ,& 9 ano!r place he says1 ,plot9us1 z x seems1 has expla9$ ! ,py?agoric & ,platonic pr9ciples m cle>ly ?an ^? t 7 prior to him2 = nei!r are ! writ+s ( ,num5ius1 ,cronius1 ,mod]atus1 & ,?rasyllus1 to be comp>$ ) ^? ( ,plot9us on ?is subject4 ,aft] su* a te/imony z ?is f su* a consummate critic z ,long9us1 ! writ+s ( ,plot9us h no?+ to fe> f ! imbecile c5sure ( mod]n critics4 ,i %all only fur!r obs]ve1 t ,long9us1 9 ! above te/imony1 does n give ! lea/ h9t ( 8 hav+ f\nd any pollut$ /reams1 or corruption ( ! doctr9es ( ,plato1 9 ! works ( ,plot9us4 ,!re is n inde$ ! lea/ ve/ige ( 8 ent]ta9+ any su* op9ion 9 any "p ( :at he has said ab\t ?is mo/ extraord9>y man4 ,?is discov]y 0 res]v$ = ! m acute critic ( mod]n times1 :o1 by a happ9ess ( conjecture unkn[n to ! anci5ts1 & ! assi/ance ( a good index1 c 9 a few days p5etrate ! mean+ ( ! pr(\nde/ writ] ( antiquity1 & bid defiance ev5 to ! decision ( ,long9us4 #bj ,( ?is mo/ div9e man1 :o is ju/ly said by ! emp]or ,julian to h be5 po/]ior inde$ 9 "t1 b n 9 g5ius ev5 to ,plato himself1 see ! life :i* ,i h giv5 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,re/oration ( ! ,platonic ,!ology1 9 ! second vol4 ( my ,proclus on ,euclid4 ---------------------- ,z to ! /yle ( ,porphyry1 :5 we consid] t he 0 ! disciple ( ,long9us1 :om ,eunapius elegantly calls a c]ta9 liv+ libr>y1 & walk+ museum1 x is b reasonable to suppose t he imbib$ "s portion ( 8 ma/]'s excell5ce 9 writ+4 ,t he did s is abundantly evid5t f ! te/imony ( ,eunapius1 :o p>ticul>ly comm5ds 8 /yle = its cle>ness1 purity1 & grace4 ,h5ce1 he says1 ,porphyry be+ let d[n to m5 l a m]curial *a91 ?r\gh 8 v>i\s erudition1 unfold$ e ?+ into p]spicuity1 & purity4 ,& 9 ano!r place he speaks ( him z ab\nd+ ) all ! graces ( diction1 & z ! only "o t exhibit$ & proclaim$ ! praise ( 8 ma/]4 ,) respect to ! /yle ( ,proclus1 x is pure1 cle> & elegant1 l t ( ,dionysius ,halic>nassus2 b is mu* m copi\s & magnific5t2 t ( ,hi]ocles is v5]able & maje/ic1 & ne>ly equals ! /yle ( ! greate/ anci5ts2 t ( ,sallu/ possesses an accuracy & a pregnant brevity1 :i* _c easily be di/+ui%$ f ! composition ( ! ,/agirite2 & la/ly1 t ( ,damascius is cle> & accurate1 & highly wor?y a mo/ inve/igat+ m9d4 ,o!rs aga9 h fill$ !mselves ) a va9 confid5ce1 f read+ ( comm5t>ies ( ^! admirable int]pret]s1 & h 9 a %ort "t consid]$ !mselves sup]ior to _! ma/]s4 ,?is 0 ! case ) ,fic9us1 ,picus1 ,dr4 ,h5ry ,moore1 & o!r pseudo ,platoni/s1 _! contempor>ies1 :o1 9 ord] to comb9e ,*ri/ianity ) ! doctr9es ( ,plato1 reject$ "s ( 8 mo/ important t5ets1 & p]v]t$ o!rs1 & ?us corrupt$ "o ( ^! sy/ems1 & af=d$ no real b5efit to ! o!r4 ,b :o are ! m5 by :om ^! latt] int]pret]s ( ,plato are revil$8 ,:5 & :5ce did ?is defamation orig9ate8 ,0 x :5 ! fi]ce *ampions = ! tr9ity fl$ f ,galilee to ! groves ( ,academus1 & invok$1 b 9 va91 ! assi/ance ( ,philosophy8 ,:5 ,! trembl+ grove confess$ its fright1 ,! wood-nymphs />t$ at ! sight2 ,ilissus backw>d urg'd 8 c\rse1 ,& ru%'d indignant to 8 s\rce4 ,0 x because t mitr$ sophi/1 ,w>burton1 ?\ght fit to talk ( ! pollut$ /reams ( ! ,alex&rian s*ool1 )\t kn[+ any ?+ ( ! s\rce :5ce ^? /reams are d]iv$8 ,or 0 x because "s heavy ,g]man critic1 :o knew no?+ beyond a v]b 9 mi1 presum$ to grunt at ^! v5]able h]oes8 ,:atev] 0 its s\rce1 & :5ev] x orig9at$1 = ,i h n be5 able to discov] ei!r1 ?is h[ev] is c]ta91 t x owes its be+ to ! mo/ pr(\nd ,ignorance1 or ! mo/ artful ,sophi/ry1 & t its orig9 is no less contemptible ?an obscure4 ,= let u b = a mom5t consid] ! advantages :i* ^! latt] ,platoni/s possess$ beyond any ( _! mod]n revil]s4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !y _h ! felicity ( hav+ ! ,greek = _! native language1 & mu/ !re=e1 z !y 7 confess$ly1 le>n$ m51 h und]/ood t language incomp>ably bett] ?an any man s9ce ! "t 9 :i* ! anci5t ,greek 0 a liv+ tongue4 ,9 ! next place1 !y _h books to consult1 writt5 by ! imm$iate disciples ( ,plato1 :i* h be5 lo/ = upw>ds ( a ?\s& ye>s1 besides _m ,py?agoric writ+s f :i* ,plato himself d]iv$ mo/ ( 8 m sublime dogmas4 ,h5ce we f9d ! works ( ,p>m5ides1 ,emp$ocles1 ! ,electic ,z5o1 ,speusippus1 ,x5ocrates1 & _m o!r illu/ri\s philosoph]s ( ! highe/ antiquity1 :o 7 ei!r g5u9e ,platoni/s or ! s\rces ( ,platonism1 are cont9ually cit$ by ^! mo/ excell5t int]pret]s1 & 9 ! ?ird place !y unit$ ! greate/ purity ( life to ! mo/ pi]c+ vigor ( intellect4 ,n[ :5 x is consid]$ t ! philosophy to ! /udy ( :i* ^! great m5 devot$ _! lives1 0 pr(ess$ly deliv]$ by its au?or 9 obscurity2 t ,ari/otle himself /udi$ x = tw5ty ye>s2 & t x 0 no uncommon ?+1 z ,plato in=ms u 9 "o ( 8 ,epi/les1 to f9d /ud5ts unable to compreh5d its sublime/ t5ets ev5 9 a long] p]iod ?an ?is1--:5 all ^! circum/ances are consid]$1 :at mu/ we ?9k ( ! arrogance1 n to say impud5ce1 ( m5 9 ! sev5te5?1 eighte5?1 & n9ete5? c5turies1 :o h d>$ to calumniate ^! great ma/]s ( wisdom8 ,( m51 ) :om ! ,greek is no native language2 :o h no su* books to consult z ^? _h :om !y revile2 :o h nev] ?\ght1 ev5 9 a dream1 ( mak+ ! acquisition ( wisdom ! great object ( _! life2 & :o 9 %ort h committ$ t mo/ baneful error ( mi/ak+ philology = philosophy1 & words = ?+s8 ,:5 su* z ^! d>e to defame m5 :o may be ju/ly rank$ among ! greate/ & wise/ ( ! anci5ts1 :at else c be said ?an t !y are ! legitimate desc5dants ( ! suitors ( ,p5elope1 :om1 9 ! animat$ language ( ,ulysses1 ,laws or div9e or human fail'd to move1 ,or %ame ( m51 or dread ( gods above3 ,he$less alike ( infamy or praise1 ,or ,fame's et]nal voice 9 future days1#ba ----------------- #ba ,pope's ,odyssey1 book xxii1 v4 #dg1 c4 ----------------- ,b x is n[ "t to pres5t ! read] ) a g5]al view ( ! works ( ,plato1 &1 also to speak ( ! preambles1 digressions1 & /yle ( _! au?or1 & ( ! foll[+ translation4 ,9 accompli%+ ! fir/ ( ^!1 ,i %all avail myself ( ! synopsis ( ,mr4 ,syd5ham1 tak+ ! lib]ty at ! same "t ( correct+ x :]e x appe>s to be errone\s1 & ( mak+ additions to x :]e x appe>s to be defici5t4 ,! dialogues ( ,plato are ( v>i\s k9ds2 n only ) reg>d to ^? diff]5t matt]s1 :i* are ! subjects ( !m2 b 9 respect ( ! mann] also 9 :i* !y are compos$ or fram$1 & ( ! =m "u :i* !y make _! appe>ance to ! read]4 ,x w !re=e1 z ,i imag9e1 be n improp]1 9 pursuance ( ! admonition giv5 u by ,plato himself 9 8 dialogue nam$ ,pha$rus#bb & 9 imitation ( ! example set u by ! anci5t ,platoni/s to di/+ui% ! sev]al k9ds2 by divid+ !m1 fir/1 into ! mo/ g5]al2 & !n1 subdivid+ into ! subord9ate2 till we come to ^? l[] species1 t p>ticul>ly & precisely d5ote ! nature ( ! sev]al dialogues1 & f :i* !y ought to take _! respective d5om9ations4 ---------------- #bb ,:oev] is unable to divide & di/+ui% ?+s into _! sev]al sorts or species2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ref]r+ e p>ticul> to its prop] species1 to compreh5d !m all 9 "o g5]al idea2 w nev] und]/& any writ+s ( :i* ^? ?+s are ! subject1 l a true critic1 ^u ^? high pr9ciples ( art to :i* ! human und]/&+ rea*es4 ,we h ?\ght prop]1 "h1 to p>aphrase ?is passage1 = ! sake ( giv+ to e "p ( s important a s5t5ce its full =ce1 agreeably to ! t5or ( ,plato's doctr9e2 & 9 ord] to initiate our read]s into a way ( ?9k+1 t probably _m ( !m are z yet unacqua9t$ )4 ---------------- ,! mo/ g5]al division ( ! writ+s ( ,plato1 is into ^? ( ! ,sceptical k9d1 & ^? ( !y ,dogmatical4 ,9 ! =m] sort1 no?+ is expressly ei!r prov$ or ass]t$1 "s philosophical "q only is consid]$ & exam9$2 & ! read] is left to himself to draw su* conclusions1 & discov] su* tru?s z ! philosoph] means to ins9uate4 ,?is is done1 ei!r 9 ! way ( inquiry1 or 9 ! way ( controv]sy & dispute4 ,9 ! way ( controv]sy are c>ri$ on all su* dialogues1 z t5d to eradicate false op9ions2 & t1 ei!r indirectly1 by involv+ !m 9 difficulties1 & emb>rass+ ! ma9ta9]s ( !m2 or directly1 by confut+ !m4 ,9 ! way ( inquiry proce$ ^? ^: t5d5cy is to raise 9 ! m9d "r op9ions2 & t ei!r by excit+ to ! pursuit ( "s "p ( wisdom1 & %[+ 9 :at mann] to inve/igate x2 or by lead+ ! way1 & help+ ! m9d =w>d 9 ! se>*4 ,& ?is is effect$ by a process ?r\gh oppos+ argum5ts4#bc ------------------ #bc ,x is necess>y to obs]ve t ,plato 9 ! ,p>m5ides calls all t "p ( 8 ,dialectic1 :i* proce$s ?r\gh opposite argum5ts1 an ex]cise & w&]+4 ------------------ ,! dialogues ( ! o!r k9d1 ! ,dogmatical or ,didactic1 tea* explicitly "s po9t ( doctr9e2 & ?is !y d ei!r by lay+ x d[n 9 ! au?oritative way1 or by prov+ x 9 ! ways ( reason & argum5t4 ,9 ! au?oritative way ! doctr9e is deliv]$1 sometimes by ! speak] himself magi/]ially1 at o!r times z d]iv$ to him by tradition f wise m54 ,! argum5tative or demon/rative me?od ( tea*+1 us$ by ,plato1 proce$s 9 all ! dialectic ways1 divid+1 def9+1 demon/rat+1 & analys+2 & ! object ( x consi/s 9 explor+ tru? alone4 ,accord+ to ?is division is fram$ ! foll[+ s*eme1 or table3 ,,dialogues#bd ,sceptical ,disputative ,emb>rass+ ,confut+ ,inquisitive ,excit+ ,assi/+ ,dogmatical ,demon/rative ,analytical ,inductional ,au?oritative ,magi/]ial ,traditional ----------------- #bd,we h1 giv5 u by ,diog5es ,la]tius1 ano!r division ( ! *>act]s1 z he calls !m1 ( ,plato's writ+s1 diff]5t f t exhibit$ 9 ! s*eme above4 ,?is we h ?\ght prop] to subjo91 on acc\nt ( its antiquity & g5]al reception4 ,dialogues ,diadectic ,speculative ,physical ,logical ,practical ,e?ical ,political ,inquisitive ,gymna/ic ,maieutic ,peira/ic ,agoni/ic ,endeietic ,anatreptic ,! le>n$ read] w obs]ve ! latt] half ( ! dialogues1 accord+ to ?is s*eme1 to be describ$ by metaphors tak5 f ! gymna/ic art3 ! dialogues1 "h t]m$ gymna/ic1 be+ imag9$ to be> a similitude to t ex]cise2 ! agoni/ic1 to ! combat4 ,9 ! l[e/ subdivision1 inde$1 ! ^w maieutic is a metaphor ( ano!r k9d1 fully expla9$ 9 ,plato's ,!aetetus3 ! maieutic dialogues1 h[ev]1 7 suppos$ to resemble giv+ ! rudim5ts ( ! art2 z ! peira/ic 71 to repres5t a skirmi%1 or trial ( pr(ici5cy2 ! endeietic 71 x seems1 lik5$ to ! exhibit+ a specim5 ( skill2 & ! anatreptic1 to pres5t+ ! spectacle ( a ?or\gh defeat1 or s\nd drubb+4 ,! pr9cipal reason :y we cont5t$ n ourselves ) ?is acc\nt ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! dialogues ( ,plato1 0 ! capital error !re committ$ 9 ! fir/ subdivision1 ( c\rse ext5d+ itself ?r\gh ! latt]4 ,?is error consi/s 9 divid+ ! ,didactic dialogues ) reg>d to _! subject-matt]2 :ile ^? ( ! ,inquisitive sort are divid$ ) respect to ! mann] ( _! composition4 ,s t ! subdivisions fall n1 ) any propriety1 "u "o & ! same g5]al head4 ,besides1 a novice 9 ! works ( ,plato might h5ce be l$ naturally to suppose1 t ! dogmatical or didactic dialogues are1 all ( !m1 writt5 9 ! same mann]2 & t ! o!rs1 ^? ( ! inquisitive k9d1 by u t]m$ sceptical1 h no p>ticul> subjects at all2 or1 if !y h1 t _! subjects are diff]5t f ^? ( ! didactic dialogues1 & are consequ5tly unphilosophical4 ,n[ e "o ( ! suppositions "h m5tion$ is f> f be+ true4 ---------------- ,! philosoph]1 9 ?us v>y+ 8 mann]1 & div]sify+ 8 writ+s into ^! sev]al k9ds1 means n m]ely to ent]ta9 ) _! v>iety2 n to tea*1 on diff]5t occasions1 ) m or less pla9ness & p]spicuity2 n yet to ins9uate diff]5t degrees ( c]ta9ty 9 ! doctr9es !mselves3 b he takes ?is me?od1 z a consummate ma/] ( ! art ( composition 9 ! dialogue-way ( writ+1 f ! diff]5t *>act]s ( ! speak]s1 z f diff]5t elem5ts 9 ! frame ( ^! dramatic dialogues1 or diff]5t +r$i5ts 9 _! mixture1 produc+ "s peculi> g5ius & turn ( temp]1 z x 71 9 ea*4 ,socrates inde$ is 9 almo/ all ( !m ! pr9cipal speak]3 b :5 he falls into ! company ( "s arrogant sophi/2 :5 ! mode/ wisdom1 & cle> sci5ce ( ! "o1 are contra/$ ) ! confid5t ignorance & bl9d op9ionativ5ess ( ! o!r2 dispute & controv]sy mu/ ( c\rse arise3 :]e ! false pret5d] _c fail ( be+ ei!r puzzl$ or confut$4 ,to puzzle him only is suffici5t1 if !re be no o!r p]sons pres5t2 because su* a man c nev] be confut$ 9 8 own op9ion3 b :5 !re is an audi5ce r\nd !m1 9 dang] ( be+ misl$ by sophi/ry into error1 !n is ! true philosoph] to ex]t 8 utmo/1 & ! va9 sophi/ to be convict$ & expos$4 ,9 "s dialogues ,plato repres5ts 8 great ma/] mix+ 9 conv]sation ) "y m5 ( ! be/ families 9 ! commonweal?4 ,:5 ^! happ5 to h docile dispositions & fair m9ds1 !n is occasion giv5 to ! philosoph] to call =?#be ! lat5t se$s ( wisdom1 & to cultivate ! noble plants ) true doctr9e1 9 ! affable & famili> way ( jo9t inquiry4 ,to ?is is ow+ ! inquisitive g5ius ( su* dialogues3 :]e1 by a seem+ equality 9 ! conv]sation1 ! curiosity or zeal ( ! m]e /rang] is excit$2 t ( ! disciple is enc\rag$2 &1 by prop] que/ions1 ! m9d is aid$ & =w>d$ 9 ! se>* ( tru?4 ----------------- #be ,we require exhortation1 t we may be l$ to true good2 dissuasion1 t we may be turn$ f ?+s truly evil2 ob/etrication1 t we may draw =? our unp]v]t$ conceptions2 & confutation1 t we may be purifi$ f two-fold ignorance4 ----------------- ,at o!r times1 ! philosophic h]o ( ^! dialogues is introduc$ 9 a high] "*1 engag$ 9 disc\rse ) m5 ( m improv$ und]/&+s & enlight5$ m9ds4 ,at su* seasons he has an opportunity ( tea*+ 9 a m explicit mann]1 & ( discov]+ ! reasons ( ?+s3 = to su* an audi5ce tru? is due1 & all demon/rations#bf possible 9 ! tea*+ x4 ,h5ce1 9 ! dialogues compos$ ( ^! p]sons1 naturally arises ! ju/ly argum5tative or demon/rative g5ius2 & ?is1 z we h be=e obs]v$1 accord+ to all ! dialectic me?ods4 ----------------- #bf ,! ,platoni/s rightly obs]ve1 t ,socrates1 9 ^! cases1 makes use ( demon/rative & j reason+1 7,greek3 apodeiktik\72 :]eas to ! novice he is cont5t$ ) argum5ts only probable1 7,greek3 pi?anois72 & aga9/ ! litigi\s sophi/ (t5 employs su* z are ,greek3 eri/ikoi2 puzzl+ & cont5ti\s4 ----------------- ,b :5 ! doctr9e to be taught admits n ( demon/ration2 ( :i* k9d is ! doctr9e ( antiquities1 be+ only traditional1 & a matt] ( belief2 & ! doctr9e ( laws1 be+ injunctional1 & ! matt] ( ob$i5ce2 ! air ( au?ority is !n assum$3 9 ! =m] cases1 ! doctr9e is traditionally h&$ d[n to o!rs f ! au?ority ( anci5t sages2 9 ! latt]1 is magi/]ially pron\nc$ ) ! au?ority ( a legislator4#bg ----------------- #bg ,x is necess>y to obs]ve1 t 9 ^? dialogues 9 :i* ,socrates is inde$ introduc$1 b su/a9s an inf]ior "p1 he is pres5t$ to our view z a le>n]1 & n z a tea*]2 & ?is is ! case 9 ! ,p>m5ides & ,timaeus4 ,= by ! =m] ( ^! philosoph]s he is in/ruct$ 9 ! mo/ abtruse !ological dogmas1 & by ! latt] 9 ! :ole ( physiology4 ----------------- ,?us mu* = ! mann] 9 :i* ! dialogues ( ,plato are sev]ally compos$1 & ! ca/ ( g5ius giv5 !m 9 _! composition4 ,! =m "u :i* !y appe>1 or ! ext]nal "* t m>ks !m1 is ( ?ree sorts3 ei!r purely dramatic1 l ! dialogue ( trag$y or com$y2 or purely n>rative1 :]e a =m] conv]sation is suppos$ to be committ$ to writ+1 & communicat$ to "s abs5t fri5d2 or ( ! mix$ k9d1 l a n>ration 9 dramatic poems1 :]e is recit$1 to "s p]son pres5t1 ! /ory ( ?+s pa/4 ,hav+ ?us divid$ ! dialogues ( ,plato1 9 respect ( t inw>d =m or composition1 :i* creates _! g5ius2 & aga91 ) ref]5ce to t outw>d =m1 :i* m>ks !m1 l fl[]s & o!r vegetables1 ) a c]ta9 "*2 we are fur!r to make a division ( !m1 ) reg>d to _! subject & _! design2 beg9n+ ) _! design1 or end1 because = ! sake ( ?is are all ! subjects *os54 ,! end ( all ! writ+s ( ,plato is t1 :i* is ! end ( all true philosophy or wisdom1 ! p]fection & ! happ9ess ( man4 ,man !re=e is ! g5]al subject2 & ! fir/ bus9ess ( philosophy mu/ be to inquire :at is t be+ call$ man1 :o is to be made happy2 & :at is 8 nature1 9 ! p]fection ( :i* is plac$ 8 happ9ess4 ,z h[ev]1 9 ! prec$+ "p ( ?is ,introduction1 we h endeavor$ to give ! outl9es ( ,plato's doctr9e conc]n+ man1 x is unnecess>y 9 ?is place to say any ?+ fur!r on t subject4 ,! dialogues ( ,plato1 !re=e1 ) respect to _! subjects1 may be divid$ into ! speculative1 ! practical1 & su* z are ( a mix$ nature4 ,! subjects ( ^! la/ are ei!r g5]al1 compreh5d+ bo? ! o!rs2 or diff]5tial1 di/+ui%+ !m4 ,! g5]al subject are ei!r fundam5tal1 or f9al3 ^? ( ! fundam5tal k9d are philosophy1 human nature1 ! s\l ( man2 ( ! f9al k9d are love1 beauty1 good4 ,! diff]5tial reg>d k1 z x /&s relat$ to practice2 9 :i* are consid]$ two que/ions3 "o ( :i* is1 :e!r virtue is to he taught2 ! o!r is1 :e!r error 9 ! w dep5ds on error 9 ! judgm5t4 ,! subjects ( ! speculative dialogues relate ei!r to words1 or to ?+s4 ,( ! =m] sort are etymology1 sophi/ry1 rhetoric1 poetry2 ( ! latt] sort are sci5ce1 true be+1 ! pr9ciples ( m9d1 outw>d nature4 ,! practical subjects relate ei!r to private conduct1 & ! gov]nm5t ( ! m9d ov] ! :ole man2 or to 8 duty t[>ds o!rs 9 8 sev]al relations2 or to ! gov]nm5t ( a civil /ate1 & ! public conduct ( a :ole p4 ,"u ^! ?ree heads rank 9 ord] ! p>ticul> subjects practical2 virtue 9 g5]al1 sanctity1 temp]ance1 =titude1 ju/ice1 fri5d%ip1 patriotism1 piety2 ! rul+ m9d 9 a civil gov]nm5t1 ! frame & ord] ( a /ate1 law 9 g5]al1 & la/ly1 ^? rules ( gov]nm5t & ( public conduct1 ! civil laws4 ,?us1 = ! sake ( giv+ ! read] a sci5tific1 t is a compreh5sive1 & at ! same "t a di/9ct view ( ,plato's writ+s1 we h attempt$ to exhibit to him1 _! j & natural di/9ctions2 :e!r he *ooses to consid] !m ) reg>d to _! inw>d =m or ess5ce1 _! outw>d =m or appe>ance1 _! matt]2 or _! end3 t is1 9 ^? m famili> t]ms1 we h us$ 9 ?is ,synopsis1 _! g5ius1 _! "*1 _! subject1 & _! design4 ,& "h x is requisite to obs]ve1 t z x is ! *>act]i/ic ( ! highe/ good to be univ]sally b5eficial1 ?\gh "s ?+s are b5efitt$ by x m & o!rs less1 9 consequ5ce ( _! great] or less aptitude to receive x2 9 l mann] ! dialogues ( ,plato are s l>gely /amp$ ) ! *>act]s ( sov]eign good1 t !y are calculat$ to b5efit 9 a c]ta9 degree ev5 ^? :o are incapable ( p5etrat+ _! pr(undity4 ,!y c tame a savage sophi/1 l ,?rasyma*us 9 ! ,republic2 humble ! arrogance ev5 ( ^? :o are ignorant ( _! ignorance2 make ^? to become pr(ici5ts 9 political1 :o w nev] arrive at !oretic virtue2 &1 9 %ort1 l ! illum9ations ( deity1 :]ev] !re is any portion ( aptitude 9 _! recipi5ts1 !y purify1 irradiate1 & exalt4 ,aft] ?is g5]al view ( ! dialogues ( ,plato1 let u 9 ! next place consid] _! preambles1 ! digressions ) :i* !y ab\nd1 & ! "* ( ! /yle 9 :i* !y are writt54 ,) respect to ! fir/ ( ^!1 ! preambles1 h[ev] sup]flu\s !y may at fir/ sight appe>1 !y w be f\nd on a clos] inspection necess>y to ! design ( ! dialogues :i* !y accompany4 ,?us ! prefatory "p ( ! ,timaeus unfolds1 9 images agreeably to ! ,py?agoric cu/om1 ! !ory ( ! _w2 & ! fir/ "p ( ! ,p>m5ides1 or ! discussion ( ideas1 is 9 fact m]ely a preamble to ! second "p1 or ! speculation ( ! "o2 to :i* h[ev] x is ess5tially prep>atory4 ,h5ce1 z ,plut>* says1 :5 he speaks ( ,plato's dialogue on ! ,atlantic isl&3 ,^! preambles are sup]b gates & magnific5t c\rts ) :i* he purposely embelli%es 8 great edifices1 t no?+ may be want+ to _! beauty1 & t all may be equally spl5did4 ,he acts1 z ,daci] well obs]ves1 l a great pr9ce1 :o1 :5 he builds a sumptu\s palace1 adorns 79 ! language ( ,p9d>7 ! ve/ibule ) gold5 pill>s4 ,= x is fit t :at is fir/ se5 %\ld be spl5did & magnific5t1 & %\ld z x 7 p]spicu\sly ann\nce all t gr&eur :i* aft]w>ds pres5ts itself to ! view4 ,) respect to ! frequ5t digressions 9 8 dialogues1 ^! also1 :5 accurately exam9$1 w be f\nd to be no less subs]vi5t to ! lead+ design ( ! dialogues 9 :i* !y are introduc$2 at ! same "t t !y af=d a pleas+ relaxation to ! m9d f ! labor ( sev]e inve/igation4 ,h5ce ,plato1 by ! mo/ happy & en*ant+ art1 contrives to lead ! read] to ! temple ( ,tru? ?r\gh ! delightful groves & valleys ( ! ,graces4 ,9 %ort1 ?is circuit\s c\rse1 :5 att5tively consid]$1 w be f\nd to be ! %orte/ road by :i* he c\ld conduct ! read] to ! desir$ end3 = 9 accompli%+ ?is x is necess>y to reg>d n t road1 :i* is mo/ /raight 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 or ab/ract$ly consid]$1 b t :i* is mo/ direct 9 ! progressions ( human und]/&+4 ,) respect to ! /yle ( ,plato1 ?\gh x =ms 9 reality ! mo/ inconsid]able "p ( ! m]it ( 8 writ+s1 /yle 9 all philosophical works be+ ! la/ ?+ t %\ld be att5d$ to1 yet ev5 9 ?is ,plato may cont5d = ! palm ( excell5ce ) ! mo/ r5[n$ ma/]s ( diction4 ,h5ce we f9d t 8 /yle 0 ! admiration ( ! f9e/ writ]s ( antiquity4 ,accord+ to ,ammianus1 ,jupit] himself w\ld n speak o!rwise1 if he 7 to conv]se 9 ! ,attic tongue4 ,ari/otle consid]$ 8 /yle z a m$ium betwe5 poetry & prose4 ,cic]o no less praises him = ! excell5ce ( 8 diction ?an ! pr(undity ( 8 conceptions2 & ,long9us calls him ) respect to 8 language1 ! rival ( ,hom]4 ,h5ce he is consid]$ by ?is pr9ce ( critics1 z d]iv+ into himself abundant /reams f ! ,hom]ic f\nta91 & is comp>$ by him1 9 8 rival%ip ( ,hom]1 to a new antagoni/ :o ent]s ! li/s aga9/ "o t is already ! object ( univ]sal admiration4 ,not)/&+ ?is praise1 h[ev]1 ,plato has be5 accus$1 z ,long9us in=ms u1 ( be+ frequ5tly hurri$ away z by a c]ta9 ,bac*ic fury ( words to immod]ate & unpleasant metaphors1 & an allegoric magnific5ce ( diction4 ,long9us excuses ?is by say+ t :atev] naturally excels 9 magnitude possesses v little ( purity4 ,= t1 says he1 :i* is 9 e respect accurate is 9 dang] ( littl5ess4 ,he adds1 & may n ?is also be necess>y1 t ^? ( an abject & mod]ate g5ius1 because !y nev] enc\nt] dang]1 nor aspire aft] ! summit ( excell5ce1 are = ! mo/ "p )\t error & rema9 9 security2 b t great ?+s become insecure ?r\gh _! magnitude8 ,inde$ x appe>s to me1 t :5ev] ?is exub]ance1 ?is ,bac*ic fury1 occurs 9 ! diction ( ,plato1 x is ow+ to ! magnitude ( ! inspir+ influ5ce ( deity ) :i* he is !n replete4 ,= t he sometimes wrote f div9e inspiration is evid5t f 8 own confession 9 ! ,pha$rus1 a great "p ( :i* is n s mu* l an ord]ly disc\rse z a di?yrambic poem4 ,su* a /yle !re=e1 z x is ! prog5y ( div9e mania1 :i*1 z ,plato ju/ly obs]ves1 is bett] ?an all human prud5ce1 spontane\sly adapts itself to its produc+ cause1 imitates a sup]natural p[] z f> z ?is c be effect$ by words1 & ?us necess>ily becomes magnific5t1 vehem5t1 & exub]ant2 = su* are ! *>act]i/ics ( its s\rce4 ,all judges ( composition h[ev]1 bo? anci5t & mod]n1 are agre$ t 8 /yle is 9 g5]al graceful & pure2 & t x is sublime )\t be+ impetu\s & rapid4 ,x is inde$ no less h>moni\s ?an elevat$1 no less accurate#bg ?an magnific5t4 ,x comb9es ! =ce ( ! greate/ orators ) ! graces ( ! fir/ ( poets2 & 9 %ort2 is a riv] to :i* ^? ju/ly celebrat$ l9es ( ,d5ham may be mo/ p]t95tly appli$3 ,?o' deep1 yet cle>2 ?o' g5tle1 yet n dull2 ,/rong )\t rage1 )\t o'erf[+ full4 ----------------- #bg ,! read] w see1 f ! notes on ,plato's dialogues1 & p>ticul>ly f ! notes on ! ,p>m5ides & ,timaeus1 t ! /yle ( t philosoph] possesses an accuracy :i* is n to be f\nd 9 any mod]n writ]2 an accuracy ( su* a wond]ful nature1 t ! words are exactly comm5surate ) ! s5se4 ,h5ce ! read] :o has happily p5etrat$ 8 pr(undity f9ds1 ) a/oni%m5t1 t ano!r ^w c\ld n h be5 add$ )\t be+ sup]flu\s1 nor "o ^w tak5 away )\t injur+ ! s5se4 ,! same obs]vation may also be appli$ to ! /yle ( ,ari/otle4 ----------------- ,hav+ ?us consid]$ ! philosophy ( ,plato1 giv5 a g5]al view ( 8 writ+s1 & made "s obs]vations on 8 /yle1 x only n[ rema9s to speak ( ! foll[+ arrangem5t ( 8 dialogues & translation ( 8 works1 & !n1 ) a few appropriate obs]vations1 to close ?is ,introduction4 ,z no accurate & sci5tific arrangem5t !n ( ^! dialogues has be5 transmitt$ to u f ! anci5ts1 ,i 0 "u ! necessity ( adopt+ an arrangem5t ( my own1 :i* ,i tru/ is n unsci5tific1 h[ev] inf]ior x may be to t :i* 0 d\btless made1 ?\gh un=tunately lo/1 by ! latt] int]pret]s ( ,plato4 ,9 my arrangem5t1 !re=e1 ,i h imitat$ ! ord] ( ! univ]se 9 :i*1 z ,i h already obs]v$1 :oles prec$e p>ts1 & univ]sals p>ticul>s4 ,h5ce ,i h plac$ ^? dialogues fir/ :i* rank z :oles1 or h ! relation ( a sy/em1 & aft]w>ds ^? 9 :i* ^! sy/ems are bran* out into p>ticul>s4 ,?us1 aft] ! ,fir/ ,alcibiades1 :i* may be call$1 & appe>s to h be5 g5]ally consid]$ by ! anci5ts an introduction to ! :ole ( ,plato's philosophy1 ,i h plac$ ! ,republic & ! ,laws1 :i* may be said to compreh5d sy/ematically ! morals & politics ( ,plato4 ,aft] ^! ,i h rank$ ! ,timaeus1 :i* conta9s ! :ole ( 8 physiology1 & toge!r ) x ! ,critias1 because ( its connection ) ! ,timaeus4 ,! next 9 ord] is ! ,p>m5ides1 :i* conta9s a sy/em ( 8 !ology4 ,?us f> ?is arrangem5t is con=mable to ! natural progress ( ! human m9d 9 ! acquisition ( ! sublime/ k2 ! subsequ5t arrangem5t pr9cipally reg>ds ! ord] ( ?+s4 ,aft] ! ,p>m5ides !n1 ! ,sophi/a1 ,pha$rus1 ,great] ,hippias1 & ,banquet1 foll[1 :i* may be consid]$ z s _m less] :oles subord9ate to & compreh5d$ 9 ! ,p>m5ides1 :i*1 l ! univ]se itself1 is a :ole ( :oles4 ,= 9 ! ,sophi/a be+ itself is inve/igat$1 9 ! ,banquet love itself1 & 9 ! ,pha$rus beauty itself2 all :i* are intelligible =ms1 & are consequ5tly conta9$ 9 ! ,p>m5ides1 9 :i* ! :ole ext5t ( ! intelligible is unfold$4 ,! ,great] ,hippias is class$ ) ! ,pha$rus1 because 9 ! latt] ! :ole s]ies ( ! beautiful is discuss$1 & 9 ! =m] t :i* subsi/s 9 s\l4 ,aft] ^! foll[s ! ,!aetetus1 9 :i* sci5ce consid]$ z subsi/+ 9 s\l is inve/igat$2 sci5ce itself1 accord+ to its fir/ subsi/5ce1 hav+ be5 previ\sly celebrat$ by ,socrates 9 "o "p ( ! ,pha$rus4 ,! ,politicus & ,m9os1 :i* foll[ next1 may be consid]$ z ramifications f ! ,laws2 &1 9 %ort1 all ! foll[+ dialogues ei!r consid] m p>ticul>ly ! dogmas :i* are sy/ematically compreh5d$ 9 ^? already enum]at$1 or naturally fl[ f !m z _! orig9al s\rce4 ,z x did n h[ev] appe> possible to arrange ^! dialogues :i* rank z p>ts 9 ! same accurate ord] z ^? :i* we consid]$ z :ole1 x 0 ?\ght bett] to class !m ei!r accord+ to _! agreem5t 9 "o p>ticul> circum/ance1 z ! ,pha$o1 ,apology1 & ,crito1 all :i* relate to ! dea? ( ,socrates1 & z ! ,m5o & ,protagoras1 :i* relate to ! "q :e!r virtue c be taught2 or accord+ to _! agreem5t 9 "*1 z ! ,less] ,hippias & ,eu?ydemus1 :i* are anatreptic1 & ! ,!ages1 ,la*es1 & ,lysis1 :i* are maieutic dialogues4 ,! ,cratylus is rank$ 9 ! la/ place1 n s mu* because ! subject ( x is etymology1 z because a great "p ( x is deeply !ological2 = by ?is arrangem5t1 aft] hav+ asc5d$ to all ! div9e ord]s & _! ineffable pr9ciple 9 ! ,p>m5ides1 & !nce desc5d$ 9 a regul> s]ies to ! human s\l 9 ! subsequ5t dialogues1 ! read] is aga9 l$ back to deity 9 ?is dialogue1 & ?us imitates ! ord] :i* all be+s obs]ve1 t ( incessantly return+ to ! pr9ciples :5ce !y flew4 ,aft] ! dialogues#bh foll[ ! ,epi/les ( ,plato1 :i* are 9 e respect wor?y t pr9ce ( all true philosoph]s4 ,!y are n only writt5 ) great elegance1 & occasionally ) magnific5ce ( diction1 b ) all ! becom+ dignity ( a m9d consci\s ( its sup]ior end[m5ts1 & all ! au?ority ( a ma/] 9 philosophy4 ,!y are likewise replete ) _m admirable political obs]vations1 & conta9 "s ( 8 mo/ ab/ruse dogmas1 :i* ?\gh deliv]$ enigmatically1 yet ! mann] 9 :i* !y are deliv]$1 elucidates at ! same "t t x is elucidat$ by :at is said ( ^! dogmas 9 8 m !ological dialogues4 ----------------- #bh ,z ,i pr(ess to give ! read] a translation ( ! g5u9e works ( ,plato only1 ,i h n translat$ ! ,axio*us1 ,demodoeus1 ,sisyphus1 c4 z ^! are evid5tly spuri\s dialogues4 ----------------- ,) respect1 to ! foll[+ translation1 x is necess>y to obs]ve1 9 ! fir/ place1 ?an ! numb]s ( legitimate dialogues ( ,plato is fifty-five2 = ?\gh ! ,republic =ms b "o treatise1 & ! ,laws ano!r1 yet ! =m] consi/s ( t51 & ! latt] ( twelve books1 & ea* ( ^! books is a dialogue4 ,h5ce1 z !re are ?irty-?ree dialogues1 besides ! ,laws & ! ,republic1 fifty-five w1 z we h said1 be ! am\nt ( ! :ole4 ,( ^! fifty-five1 ! n9e foll[+ h be5 translat$ by ,mr4 ,syd5ham2 viz4 ! ,fir/ & ,second ,alcibiades1 ! ,great] & ,less] ,hippias1 ! ,banquet 7except ! spee* ( ,alcibiades71 ! ,philebus1 ! ,m5o1 ! ,io1 & ! ,rivals4#bi ,i h already obs]v$1 & ) deep regret1 t ?is excell5t ?\gh un=tunate s*ol> di$ be=e he _h made t pr(ici5cy 9 ! philosophy ( ,plato :i* might h be5 reasonably expect$ f s fair a beg9n+4 ,i p]sonally knew him only 9 ! decl9e ( life1 :5 8 m5tal p[]s 7 n only consid]ably impair$ by age1 b greatly injur$ by calamity4 ,8 life _h be5 v /ormy2 8 circum/ances1 = _m ye>s prec$+ 8 dea?1 7 indig5t2 8 patrons 7 by no means lib]al2 & 8 real fri5ds 7 nei!r num]\s nor afflu5t4 ,he began ! /udy ( ,plato1 z he himself in=m$ me1 :5 he _h consid]ably pass$ ! m]idian ( life1 & ) mo/ un=tunate prejudices aga9/ 8 be/ disciples1 :i* ,i attempt$ to remove dur+ my acqua9tance ) him1 & p>tly succe$$ 9 ! attempt2 b infirmity & dea? prev5t$ its completion4 ,"u su* circum/ances x 0 n to be expect$ t he w\ld fa?om ! pr(undity ( ,plato's conceptions1 & arrive at ! summit ( philosophic atta9m5ts4 ,i saw1 h[ev]1 t 8 tal5ts & 8 natural disposition 7 su* z might h rank$ him among ! be/ ( ,plato's int]pret]s1 if he _h n yield$ to ! pressure ( calamity1 if he _h n n\ri%$ su* baneful prejudices1 & if he _h n neglect$ philosophy 9 ! e>ly "p ( life4 ,_h ?is happ5$1 my labors w\ld h be5 consid]ably less5$1 or p]haps r5d]$ entirely unnecess>y1 & 8 "n w\ld h be5 transmitt$ to po/]ity ) undecay+ r5[n4 ,z ?is un=tunately did n happ51 ,i h be5 "u ! necessity ( dilig5tly exam9+ & comp>+ ) ! orig9al all ^? p>ts ( ! dialogues :i* he translat$1 t are m deeply philosophical1 or t conta9 any ?+ ( ! !ology ( ,plato4 ,9 ^!1 z might be expect$1 ,i f\nd him greatly defici5t2 ,i f\nd him sometimes mi/ak+ ! mean+ ?r\gh ignorance ( ,plato's m sublime t5ets1 & at o!r times p]v]t+ x1 9 ord] to favor "s op9ions ( 8 own4 ,8 translation h[ev] ( o!r p>ts :i* are n s ab/ruse is excell5t4 ,9 ^! he n only pres5ts ! read] fai?fully ) ! matt]1 b likewise ) ! g5u9e mann] ( ,plato4 ,! notes too :i* accompany ! translation ( ^! p>ts g5]ally exhibit j criticism & ext5sive le>n+1 an elegant ta/e1 & a g5ius naturally philosophic4 ,( ^! notes ,i h pres]v$ z mu* z 0 consi/5t ) ! limits & design ( ! foll[+ "w4 ----------------- #bi ,9 ! notes on ! above-m5tion$ n9e dialogues1 ^? writt5 by ,mr4 ,syd5ham are sign$ ,s41 & ^? by myself ,t4 ----------------- ,( ! translation ( ! ,republic by ,dr4 ,sp5s1 x is necess>y to obs]ve t a consid]able "p ( x is v fai?fully execut$2 b t 9 ! m ab/ruse p>ts x is inaccurate2 & t x e :]e ab\nds ) ,scotticisms :i* (f5d an ,engli% e>1 & vulg>isms :i* are no less disgraceful to ! translator ?an disgu/+ to ! read]4 ,suffice x !re=e to say ( ?is v]sion1 t ,i h adopt$ x :]ev] ,i f\nd x c\ld ) propriety be adopt$1 & giv5 my own translation :]e x 0 o!rwise4 ,( ! t5 dialogues translat$ by ,daci]1 ,i c say no?+ ) accuracy1 because ,i h no k :atev] ( ! ,fr5* language2 b if any judgm5t may be =m$ ( ?is "w1 f a translation ( x into ,engli%1 ,i w be bold to say t x is by no means lit]al1 & t he v frequ5tly mi/akes ! s5se ( ! orig9al4 ,f ?is translation !re=e ,i c\ld d]ive b little assi/ance2 "s h[ev] ,i h d]iv$1 & t little ,i will+ly ackn[l$ge4 ,9 translat+ ! re/ ( ,plato's works1 & ?is1 z ! read] may easily see1 =m by f> ! greate/ "p ( !m1 ,i h _h no assi/ance f any translation except t ( ,fic9us1 ! g5]al excell5cy ( :i* is well kn[n to e /ud5t ( ,plato1 aris+ n only f 8 possess+ a k ( ,platonism sup]ior to t ( any translators t h foll[$ him1 b likewise f 8 hav+ made ?is translation f a v valuable manuscript 9 ! ,m$icean libr>y1 :i* is n[ no long] to be f\nd4 ,i h1 h[ev]1 avail$ myself ( ! le>n$ labors ( ! editors ( v>i\s dialogues ( ,plato2 su* z ! edition ( ! ,rivals1 ,eu?yphro1 ,apology1 ,crito1 & ,pha$o1 by ,=/]2 ( ! ,fir/ & ,second ,alcibiades & ,hipp>*us1 by ,etwall2 ( ! ,m5o1 ,fir/ ,alcibiades1 ,pha$o & ,pha$rus1 pr9t$ at ,vi5na1 #aghd2 ( ! ,cratylus & ,!aetetus1 by ,fis*]2 ( ! ,republic1 by ,massey2 & ( ! ,eu?ydemus & ,gorgias1 by ,dr4 ,r\?1 presid5t ( ,magdal5 ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,?is la/ editor has enri*$ 8 edition ( ^! two dialogues ) v valuable & copi\s philological & critical notes1 9 :i* he has display$ no less le>n+ ?an judgm5t1 no less acut5ess ?an ta/e4 ,he appe>s inde$ to me to be "o ( ! be/ & mo/ mode/ ( philologi/s2 & x is to be hop$ t he w be imitat$ 9 :at he has done by succe$+ editors ( ,plato's text4 ,if my translation _h be5 made ) an eye to ! judgm5t ( ! _m1 x w\ld h be5 necess>y to apologize = its lit]al exactness4 ,_h ,i be5 anxi\s to gratify false ta/e ) respect to composition1 ,i %\ld d\btless h att5d$ less to ! precise mean+ ( ! orig9al1 h omitt$ almo/ all connective ,p>ticles1 h divid$ long p]iods into a numb] ( %ort ones1 & bran*$ out ! /rong & deep riv] ( ,plato's language into smoo?-glid+1 %all[1 & feeble /reams2 b z ! pres5t "w 0 compos$ ) ! hope inde$ ( b5efitt+ all1 b ) an eye to ! criticism solely ( m5 ( elevat$ s\ls1 ,i h endeavor$ n to lose a ^w ( ! orig9al2 & yet at ! same "t h attempt$ to give ! translation z mu* elegance z su* v]bal accuracy c be suppos$ capable ( admitt+4 ,i h also endeavor$ to pres]ve ! mann] z well z ! matt] ( my au?or1 be+ fully p]suad$ t no translation des]ves applause1 9 :i* bo? ^! are n z mu* z possible pres]v$4 ,my pr9cipal object 9 ?is ardu\s und]tak+ has be5 to unfold all ! ab/ruse & sublime dogmas ( ,plato1 z !y are f\nd disp]s$ 9 8 works4 ,m9utely to unravel ! art :i* he employs 9 ! composition ( all 8 dialogues1 & to d full ju/ice to 8 mean+ 9 e p>ticul>1 mu/ be ! task ( "s "o :o has m leisure1 & :o is able to give ! works ( ,plato to ! public on a m ext5sive plan4 ,9 accompli%+ ?is great object1 ,i h pres5t$ ! read] 9 my notes ) ne>ly ! sub/ance 9 ,engli% ( all ! foll[+ manuscript ,greek ,comm5t>ies & ,s*olia on ,plato2 viz4 ( ! ,comm5t>ies ( ,proclus on ! ,p>m5ides & ,fir/ ,alcibiades2 & ( 8 ,s*olia on ! ,cratylus2 ( ! ,s*olia ( ,olympiodorus on ! ,pha$o1 ,gorgias1 & ,philebus2 & ( ,h]meas on ! ,pho$rus4 ,to ^! are add$ v copi\s extracts f ! manuscript ( ,damascius1#cj ,p]i ,ar*on1 & f ! publi%$ works ( ,proclus on ! ,timeus1 ,republic1 & ,!ology ( ,plato4 ,( ! f\r fir/ ( ^! manuscripts1 ?ree ( :i* are folio volumes1 ,i h complete copies tak5 ) my own h&2 & ( ! copi\s extracts f ! o!rs1 ^? f ,olympiodorus on ! ,gorgias 7 tak5 by me f ! copy pres]v$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum2 ^? f ! same philosoph] on ! ,philebus1 & ^? f ,h]meas on ! ,pha$rus1 & ,damascius ,p]i ,ar*on1 f ! copies 9 ! ,bodleian libr>y4 ----------------- #cj ,patricius 0 "o ( ! v few 9 mod]n times :o h be5 s5sible ( ! great m]it ( ^! writ+s1 z is evid5t f ! extract f ! preface to 8 translation ( ,proclus's ,!ological ,elem5ts4 7,f]r>4 #dto4 #aehc47 ,patricius1 prior to ?is1 enum]ates ! writ+s ( ,proclus1 & !y are includ$ 9 8 wi% t all ! manuscript ,greek comm5t>ies on ,plato 7 made public4 ----------------- ,& "h gratitude dem&s t ,i %\ld publicly ackn[l$ge ! v h&some & lib]al mann] 9 :i* ,i 0 receiv$ by ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d1 & by ! pr9cipal libr>ian & sub-libr>ians ( ! ,bodleian libr>y1 dur+ ! "t t ,i made ! above m5tion$ extracts4 ,9 ! fir/ place ,i h to ackn[l$ge ! v polite att5tion :i* 0 paid to me by ,dr4 ,jackson1#ca dean ( ,*ri/-*ur*4 ,9 ! second place1 ! lib]ty ( att5dance at ! ,bodleian libr>y1 & ! accommodation :i* 0 !re af=d$ me1 by ! libr>ians ( t excell5t collection1 dem& f me no small tribute ( praise4 ,&1 above all1 ! v lib]al mann] 9 :i* ,i 0 receiv$ by ! fell[s ( ,new ,college1 ) :om ,i resid$ = ?ree weeks1 & f :om ,i exp]i5c$ ev5 ,grecian hospitality1 w1 ,i tru/1 be z difficult a task = "t to oblit]ate f my memory1 z x w\ld be = me to express x z x des]ves4 ----------------- #ca ,i 0 mu* pleas$ to f9d t ?is v respectable prelate is a great admir] ( ,ari/otle1 & t extracts f ! ,comm5t>ies ( ,simplicius & ,ammonius on ! ,categories ( t philosoph]1 are read by 8 ord]s 9 ! college ( :i* he is ! head4 ----------------- ,) respect to ! faults :i* ,i may h committ$ 9 ?is translation 7= ,i am n va9 en\gh to suppose x is )\t fault71 ,i might plead z an excuse1 t ! :ole ( x has be5 execut$ amid/ sev]e endurance f bodily infirmity & indig5t circum/ances2 & t a v consid]able "p ( x 0 accompli%$ amid/ o!r ills ( no common magnitude1 & o!r labors inimical to su* an und]tak+4 ,b :atev] may be my errors1 ,i w n fly to calamity = an apology4 ,let x be my excuse t ! mi/akes ,i may h committ$ 9 less] p>ticul>s1 h aris5 f my eag]ness to seize & promulgate ^? great tru?s 9 ! philosophy & !ology ( ,plato1 :i* ?\gh !y h be5 conceal$ = ages 9 oblivion1 h a subsi/5ce coeval ) ! univ]se1 & w aga9 be re/or$1 & fl\ri% = v ext5d$ p]iods1 ?r\gh all ! inf9ite revolutions ( "t4 ,9 ! next place1 x is necess>y to speak conc]n+ ! qualifications requisite 9 a legitimate /ud5t ( ! philosophy ( ,plato1 previ\s to :i* ,i %all j notice ! absurdity ( suppos+ t a m]e k ( ! ,greek tongue1 h[ev] great t k may be1 is alone suffici5t to ! und]/&+ ! sublime doctr9es ( ,plato2 = a man might z well ?9k t he c und]/& ,ar*im$es )\t a k ( ! elem5ts ( geometry1 m]ely because he c read him 9 ! orig9al4 ,^? :o ent]ta9 su* an idle op9ion1 w\ld d well to m$itate on ! pr(\nd obs]vation ( ,h]aclitus1 t polyma?y does n tea* intellect1 7,greek3 ,polyma?ic noon ou didaskei74 ,by a legitimate /ud5t1 !n1 ( ! ,platonic philosophy1 ,i mean "o :o1 bo? f nature & education1 is prop]ly qualifi$ = su* an ardu\s und]tak+2 t is "o :o possesses a naturally good disposition2 is sagaci\s & acute1 & is inflam$ ) an ard5t desire = ! acquisition ( wisdom & tru?2 :o f 8 *ildhood has be5 well in/ruct$ 9 ! ma!matical discipl9es2 :o1 besides ?is1 has sp5t :ole days1 & frequ5tly ! great] "p ( ! night1 9 pr(\nd m$itation2 &1 l "o triumphantly sail+ ov] a rag+ sea1 or skillfully pi]c+ ?r\gh an army ( foes1 has successfully enc\nt]$ an ho/ile multitude ( d\bts2--9 %ort1 :o has nev] consid]$ wisdom z a ?+ ( trifl+ e/imation & easy access1 b z t :i* _c be obta9$ )\t ! mo/ g5]\s & sev]e endurance1 & ! intr9sic wor? ( :i* surpasses all corporeal good1 f> m ?an ! ocean ! fleet+ bubble :i* floats on its surface4 ,to su* z are de/itute ( ^! requisites1 :o make ! /udy ( words _! sole employm5t1 & ! pursuit ( wisdom b at be/ a second>y ?+1 :o expect to be wise by desultory application = an h\r or two 9 a day1 aft] ! fatigues ( bus9ess1 aft] mix+ ) ! base multitude ( mank9d1 laugh+ ) ! gay affect+ airs ( gravity ) ! s]i\s1 tacitly ass5t+ to e man's op9ion1 h[ev] absurd1 & w9k+ at folly h[ev] %ameful & base--to su* z ^!--&1 alas6 ! _w is full ( su*--! sublime/ tru?s mu/ appe> to be no?+ m ?an j>gon & rev]ie1 ! dreams ( a di/emp]$ imag9ation1 or ! ebullitions ( fanatical fai?4 ,b all ?is is by no means wond]ful1 if we consid] t two-fold ignorance is ! disease ( ! _m4 ,= !y are n only ignorant ) respect to ! sublime/ k1 b !y are ev5 ignorant ( _! ignorance4 ,h5ce !y nev] suspect _! want ( und]/&+1 b imm$iately reject a doctr9e :i* appe>s at fir/ sight absurd1 because x is too spl5did = _! bat-l eyes to behold4 ,or if !y ev5 yield _! ass5t to its tru?1 _! v ass5t is ! result ( ! same mo/ dreadful disease ( ! s\l4 ,= !y w fancy1 says ,plato1 t !y und]/& ! highe/ tru?s1 :5 ! v contr>y is really ! case4 ,i e>ne/ly !re=e entreat m5 ( ?is description1 n to m$dle ) any ( ! pr(\nd speculations ( ! ,platonic philosophy1 = x is m dang]\s to urge !m to su* an employm5t1 ?an to advise !m to foll[ _! sordid avocations ) unwe>i$ assiduity1 & toil = weal? ) increas+ alacrity & vigor2 z !y w by ?is means give free scope to ! base habits ( _! s\l1 & soon] suff] t puni%m5t :i* 9 su* z ^! mu/ always prec$e m5tal illum9ation1 & be ! inevitable consequ5ce ( guilt4 ,x is well said inde$ by ,lysis1 ! ,py?agorean1 t to inculcate lib]al speculations & disc\rses to ^? ^: morals are turbid & confus$1 is j z absurd z to p\r pure & transp>5t wat] into a deep well full ( mire & clay2 = he :o does ?is w only di/urb ! mud1 & cause ! pure wat] to become defil$4 ,! woods ( su*1 z ! same au?or beautifully obs]ves1 7t is ! irrational or corporeal life71 9 :i* ^! dire passions are n\ri%$1 mu/ fir/ be purifi$ ) fire & sword1 & e k9d ( in/rum5t 7t is1 ?r\gh prep>atory discipl9es1 & ! political virtues71 & reason mu/ be fre$ f its slav]y to ! affections1 be=e any ?+ useful c be plant$ 9 ^! savage haunts4 ,let n su* !n presume to explore ! regions ( ,platonic philosophy4 ,! l& is too pure to admit ! sordid & ! base4 ,! road :i* conducts to x is too intricate to be discov]$ by ! unskillful & /upid1 & ! j\rney is too long & labori\s to be accompli%$ by ! effem9ate & ! timid1 by ! slave ( passion & ! dupe ( op9ion1 by ! lov] ( s5se & ! despis] ( tru?4 ,! dang]s & difficulties 9 ! und]tak+ are su* z c be su/a9$ by none b ! mo/ h>dy & accompli%$ adv5tur]s2 & he :o beg9s ! j\rney )\t ! /r5g? ( ,h]cules1 or ! wisdom & pati5ce ( ,ulysses1 mu/ be de/roy$ by ! wild bea/s ( ! =e/1 or p]i% 9 ! /orms ( ! ocean2 mu/ suff] transmutation into a bea/ ?r\gh ! magic p[] ( ,circe1 or be exil$ = life by ! deta9+ *>m ( ,calypso2 & 9 %ort mu/ desc5d into ,hades1 & w&] 9 its d>kness1 )\t em]g+ f !nce to ! bright regions ( ! morn+1 or be ru9$ by ! deadly melody ( ! ,syr5's song4 ,to ! mo/ skillful travel]1 :o pursues ! "r road ) an ardor :i* no toils c abate1 ) a vigilance :i* no we>9ess c surprise into neglig5ce1 & ) virtue :i* no temptations c s$uce1 x exhibits = _m ye>s ! appe>ance ( ! ,i?aca ( ,ulysses1 or ! fly+ ,italy ( ,a,eneas2 = we no soon] ga9 a glimpse ( ! pleas+ l& :i* is to be ! end ( our j\rney1 ?an x is sudd5ly ravi%$ f our view1 & we /ill f9d ourselves at a di/ance f ! belov$ coa/1 expos$ to ! fury ( a /ormy sea ( d\bts4 ,ab&on !n1 ye grovel+ s\ls1 ! fruitless design6 ,pursue ) avidity ! beat5 road :i* leads to popul> honors & sordid ga91 b rel9qui% all ?\ghts ( a voyage = :i* y are totally unprep>$4 ,d y n p]ceive :at a l5g? ( sea sep>ates y f ! royal coa/8 ,a sea1 ,huge1 horrid1 va/1 :]e sc>ce 9 safety sails ,! be/ built %ip1 ?\gh ,jove inspire ! gales4 ,& may we n v ju/ly ask y1 simil> to ! int]rogation ( ,calypso1 ,:at %ips h y1 :at sailors to convey1 ,:at o>s to cut ! long labori\s way8 ,i %all only obs]ve fur!r1 t ! life ( ,plato1 by ,olympiodorus1 0 prefix$ to ?is translation1 9 pref]5ce to t by ,diog5es ,la]tius1 because ! =m] is ! production ( a mo/ em95t ,platoni/1 & ! latt] ( a m]e hi/orian1 :o indiscrim9ately gave to ! public :atev] anecdotes he f\nd 9 o!r au?ors4 ,if ! read] comb9es ?is %ort sket* ( ! life ( ,plato ) :at t philosoph] says ( himself 9 8 #g? ,epi/le1 he w be 9 possession ( ! mo/ important p>ticul>s ab\t him t c be obta9$ at pres5t4 ,,explanations ,,( ,,c]ta9 ,,platonic ,,t]ms ,z "s apology may be ?\ght necess>y = hav+ introduc$ c]ta9 unusual words ( ,greek orig91 ,i %all only obs]ve1 t1 z all arts & sci5ces h c]ta9 appropriate t]ms peculi> to !mselves1 philosophy1 :i* is ! art ( arts1 & sci5ce ( sci5ces1 z be+ ! mi/ress ( bo?1 has c]ta9ly a prior & a f> sup]ior claim to ?is privilege4 ,i h n1 h[ev]1 introduc$1 ,i believe1 any ( ^! t]ms )\t at ! same "t suffici5tly expla9+ !m2 b1 le/ ! contr>y %\ld h tak5 place1 ! foll[+ explanation ( all su* t]ms z ,i h be5 able to recollect1 & also ( common words us$ by ,platoni/s 9 a peculi> s5se1 is subjo9$ = ! in=mation ( ! read]4 ,anagogic1 ,greek3 anagogikos4 ,lead+ on high4 ,demiurgus1 ,greek3 demi\rgos4 ,jupit]1 ! artific] ( ! univ]se4 ,dianoetia4 ,?is ^w is d]iv$ f ,greek3 dianoia1 or t p[] ( ! s\l :i* reasons sci5tifically1 d]iv+ ! pr9ciples ( its reason+ f intellect4 ,plato is s uncommonly accurate 9 8 diction1 t ?is ^w is v seldom us$ by him 9 any o!r ?an its prim>y s5se4 ,! ,div9e1 ,greek3 to ,!ion1 is be+ subsi/+ 9 conjunction ) ! "o4 ,= all ?+s1 except ! "o1 viz4 ess5ce1 life1 & intellect1 are consid]$ by ,plato z susp5d$ f & second>y to ! gods4 ,= ! gods d n subsi/ 91 b prior to1 ^!1 :i* !y also produce & connect1 b are n *>act]iz$ by ^!4 ,9 _m places1 h[ev]1 ,plato calls ! p>ticipants ( ! gods by ! names ( ! gods4 ,= n only ! ,a!nian ,gue/ 9 ! ,laws1 b also ,socrates 9 ! ,pha$rus1 calls a div9e s\l a god4 ,=1 says he1 all ! horses & *>iote]s ( ! gods are good1 c4 ,& aft]w>ds1 /ill m cle>ly1 he adds1 ,& ?is is ! life ( ! gods4 ,& n only ?is1 b he also d5om9ates ^? nature gods t are always unit$ to ! gods1 & :i*1 9 conjunction ) !m1 give completion to "o s]ies4 ,he also frequ5tly calls daemons gods1 ?\gh1 accord+ to ess5ce1 !y are second>y to & subsi/ ab\t ! gods4 ,= 9 ! ,pha$rus1 ,timaeus1 & o!r dialogues1 he ext5ds ! appellation ( gods z f> z ! daemons4 ,& :at is /ill m p>adoxical ?an all ?is1 he does n refuse to call "s m5 gods2 z1 = in/ance1 ! ,elean ,gue/ 9 ! ,sophi/a4 ,f all ?is1 !re=e1 we mu/ inf] t ) respect to ! ^w god1 "o ?+ :i* is ?us d5om9at$ is simply deity2 ano!r is s accord+ to union2 a ?ird1 accord+ to p>ticipation2 a f\r?1 accord+ to contact2 & a fif?1 accord+ to similitude4 ,?us e sup]ess5tial nature is prim>ily a god2 b e intellectual nature is s accord+ to union4 ,& aga91 e div9e s\l is a god accord+ to p>ticipation2 b div9e daemons are gods accord+ to contact ) ! gods2 & ! s\ls ( m5 obta9 ?is appellation ?r\gh similitude4 ,ea* ( ^!1 h[ev]1 except ! fir/1 is z we h said1 r div9e ?an a god2 = ! ,a!nian ,gue/ 9 ! ,laws1 calls intellect itself div9e4 ,b t :i* is div9e is second>y to ! fir/ deity1 9 ! same mann] z ! unit$ is to ! "o2 t :i* is intellectual to intellect2 & t :i* is animat$ to s\l4 ,inde$1 ?+s m uni=m & simple always prec$e1 & ! s]ies ( be+s ends 9 ! "o itself4 ,doxa/ic4 ,?is ^w is d]iv$ f doxa1 op9ion1 & signifies t :i* is appreh5d$ by op9ion1 or t p[] :i* is ! extremity ( ! rational s\l4 ,?is p[] kn[s ! univ]sal 9 p>ticul>s1 z t e man is a rational animal2 b x kn[s n ! dioti1 or :y a ?+ is1 b only ! oti1 or t x is4 ,! ,et]nal1 ,greek3 ,to aionion1 t :i* has a nev]-end+ subsi/5ce1 )\t any connection ) "t2 or1 z ,plot9us pr(\ndly def9es x1 inf9ite life at once total & full4 ,t :i* is g5]at$1 ,greek3 to g5eton4 ,t :i* has n ! :ole ( its ess5ce or en]gy subsi/+ at once )\t temporal disp]sion4 ,g5]ation1 ,greek3 g5esis4 ,an ess5ce composite & multi=m1 & conjo9$ ) "t4 ,?is is ! prop] signification ( ! ^w2 b x is us$ symbolically by ,plato1 & also by !ologi/s m anci5t ?an ,plato1 = ! sake ( indication4 ,= z ,proclus beautifully obs]ves 79 ,,ms4 ,comm5t 9 ,p>m5idem71 ,fables call ! ineffable unfold+ into light ?r\gh causes1 g5]ation4 ,h5ce1 he adds 9 ! ,orphic writ+s1 ! fir/ cause is d5om9at$ "t2 = :]e !re is g5]ation1 accord+ to its prop] signification1 !re also !re is "t4 ,a ,gue/1 ,greek3 ,x5os4 ,?is ^w1 9 its m ample signification 9 ! ,greek1 d5otes a /rang]1 b prop]ly implies "o :o receives ano!r1 or is himself receiv$ at an ent]ta9m5t4 ,9 ! foll[+ dialogues1 !re=e1 :]ev] "o ( ! speak]s is introduc$ z a ,x5os1 ,i h translat$ ?is ^w gue/1 z be+ m con=mable to ! g5ius ( ,plato's dialogues1 :i* may be ju/ly call$ ri* m5tal banquets1 & consequ5tly ! speak]s 9 !m may be consid]$ z s _m gue/s4 ,h5ce 9 ! ,timaeus1 ! p]sons ( t dialogue are expressly spok5 ( z gue/s4 ,hyp>xis1 ,greek3 up>xis4 ,! fir/ pr9ciple or f\ndation1 z x 71 ( ! ess5ce ( a ?+4 ,h5ce also1 x is ! summit ( ess5ce4 ,idiom1 ,greek3 ,idioma4 ,! *>act]i/ic peculi>ity ( a ?+4 ,! ,immortal1 ,greek3 ,to a?anaton4 ,accord+ to ,plato1 !re are _m ord]s ( immortality1 p]vad+ f on high to ! la/ ( ?+s2 & ! ultimate e*o1 z x 71 ( immorality is se5 9 ! p]petuity ( ! mundane :oles1 :i* accord+ to ! doctr9e ( ! ,elean ,gue/ 9 ! ,politicus1 !y p>ticipate f ! ,fa!r ( ! univ]se4 ,= bo? ! be+ & ! life ( e body dep5d on ano!r cause2 s9ce body is n itself naturally adapt$ to connect1 or adorn1 or pres]ve itself4 ,b ! immortality ( p>tial s\ls1 su* z ours1 is m manife/ & m p]fect ?an ?is ( ! p]petual bodies 9 ! univ]se2 z is evid5t f ! _m demon/rations :i* are giv5 ( x 9 ! ,pha$o1 & 9 ! #aj? book ( ! ,republic4 ,= ! immortality ( p>tial s\ls has a m pr9cipal subsi/5ce1 z possess+ 9 itself ! cause ( et]nal p]man5cy4 ,b prior to bo? ^! is ! immortality ( daemons2 = ^! nei!r v]ge to mortality1 nor are !y fill$ ) ! nature ( ?+s :i* are g5]at$ & corrupt$4 ,m v5]able1 h[ev]1 ?an ^!1 & ess5tially transc5d+ !m1 is ! immortality ( div9e s\ls1 :i* are prim>ily self-motive1 & conta9 ! f\nta9s & pr9ciples ( ! life :i* is attribut$ ab\t bodies1 & ?r\gh :i* bodies p>ticipate ( r5ew$ immortality4 ,& prior to all ^! is ! immortality ( ! gods3 = ,diotima 9 ! ,banquet does n ascribe an immortality ( ?is k9d to demons4 ,h5ce su* an immortality z ?is is sep>ate & exempt f :oles4 ,=1 toge!r ) ! immortality ( ! gods1 et]nity subsi/s1 :i* is ! f\nta9 ( all immortality & life1 z well t life :i* is p]petual1 z t :i* is dissipat$ into non5tity4 ,9 %ort1 !re=e1 ! div9e immortal is t :i* is g5]ative & connective ( p]petual life4 ,= x is n immortal1 z p>ticipat+ ( life1 b z supply+ div9e life1 & deify+ life itself4 ,imp>ticipable1 ,greek3 ,to ame!kton4 ,t :i* is n consubsi/5t ) an inf]ior nature4 ,?us imp>ticipable intellect is an intellect :i* is n consubsi/5t ) s\l4 ,intellectual ,projection1 ,greek3 no]a epibole4 ,z ! p]ception ( intellect is imm$iate1 be+ a d>t+ =?1 z x 71 directly to its prop] objects1 ?is direct intuition is express$ by ! t]m projection4 ,! ,intelligible1 ,greek3 ,to noeton4 ,?is ^w 9 ,plato & ,platonic writ]s has a v>i\s signification3 =1 9 ! fir/ place1 :atev] is exempt f s5sibles1 & has its ess5ce sep>ate f !m1 is said to be intelligible1 & 9 ?is s5se s\l is intelligible4 ,9 ! second place1 intellect1 :i* is prior to s\l1 is intelligible4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 t :i* is m anci5t ?an intellect1 :i* repl5i%es intellig5ce & is ess5tially p]fective ( x1 is call$ intelligible2 & ?is is ! intelligible :i* ,timaeus 9 ,plato places 9 ! ord] ( a p>adigm1 prior to ! demiurgic intellect & intellectual en]gy4 ,b beyond ^! is ! div9e intelligible1 :i* is def9$ accord+ to div9e union & hyp>xis4 ,= ?is is intelligible z ! object ( desire to intellect1 z giv+ p]fection to & conta9+ x1 & z ! completion ( be+4 ,! highe/ intelligible1 !re=e1 is t :i* is ! hyp>xis ( ! gods2 ! second1 t :i* is true be+1 & ! fir/ ess5ce2 ! ?ird1 intellect1 & all intellectual life2 & ! f\r?1 ! ord] belong+ to s\l4 ,logismos1 reason+4 ,:5 appli$ to div9ity z by ,plato 9 ! ,timaeus1 signifies a di/ributive cause ( ?+s4 ,on acc\nt ( :i*2 ) ref]5ce to :i*2 ?r\gh :i*2 accord+ to :i*1 f :i*2 or 9 :i*2 viz4 ,greek3 di o1 uph' ou1 di ou1 ka?' o1 ex ou4 ,by ! fir/ ( ^! t]ms1 ,plato is accu/om$ to d5om9ate ! f9al cause2 by ! second ! p>adigmatic2 by ! ?ird1 ! demiurgic2 by ! f\r?1 ! in/rum5tal2 by ! fif?1 =m2 & by ! six?1 matt]4 ,orectic4 ,?is ^w is d]iv$ f ,greek3 orexis1 appetite4 ,p>adigm1 ,greek3 p>adeigma4 ,a patt]n1 or t ) ref]5ce to :i* a ?+ is made4 ,! p]petual1 ,greek3 to aidion4 ,t :i* subsi/s =ev]1 b ?r\gh a connection ) "t4 ,a ,politician1 ,greek3 politikos4 ,?is ^w1 z ,mr4 ,syd5ham ju/ly obs]ves 9 8 notes 9 ! ,rivals1 is ( a v l>ge & ext5sive import z us$ by ,plato1 & ! o!r anci5t writ]s on politics3 = x includes all ^? /atesm5 or politicians 9 ari/ocracies & democracies1 :o 71 ei!r = life1 or = a c]ta9 "t1 inve/$ ) ! :ole or a "p ( k+ly au?ority1 & ! p[] !reto belong+4 ,see ! ,politicus4 ,prud5ce1 ,greek3 ,phronesis4 ,?is ^w frequ5tly means 9 ,plato & ,platonic writ]s1 ! habit ( disc]n+ :at is good 9 all moral actions1 & frequ5tly signifies intellig5ce1 or intellectual ,p]ception4 ,! foll[+ admirable explanation ( ?is ^w is giv5 by ,jambli*us ,prud5ce hav+ a prec$ane\s subsi/5ce1 receives its g5]ation f a pure & p]fect intellect4 ,h5ce x looks to intellect itself1 is p]fect$ by x1 & has ?is z ! measure & mo/ beautiful p>adigm ( all its en]gies4 ,if also we h any communion ) ! gods1 x is especially effect$ by ?is virtue2 & ?r\gh ?is we are 9 ! highe/ degree assimilat$ to !m4 ,! k too ( su* ?+s z are good1 pr(itable1 & beautiful1 & ( ! contr>ies to ^!1 is obta9$ by ?is virtue2 & ! judgm5t & correction ( works prop] to be done are by ?is direct$4 ,& 9 %ort x is a c]ta9 gov]n+ lead] ( m51 & ( ! :ole arrangem5t ( _! nature2 & ref]r+ cities & h\ses1 & ! p>ticul> life1 ( e "o to a div9e p>adigm1 x =ms !m accord+ to ! be/ similitude2 oblit]at+ "s ?+s & purify+ o!rs4 ,s t prud5ce r5d]s its possessors simil> to div9ity4 ,jamblic4 apud4 ,/ob4 p4 #ada4 ,psy*ical1 ,greek3 psy*ikos4 ,p]ta9+ to s\l4 ,sci5ce4 ,?is ^w is sometimes def9$ by ,plato to be t :i* assigns ! causes ( ?+s2 sometimes to be t ! subjects ( :i* h a p]fectly /able ess5ce2 & toge!r ) ?is1 he conjo9s ! assignation ( cause f reason+4 ,sometimes aga9 he def9es x to be t ! pr9ciples ( :i* are n hypo!ses2 &1 accord+ to ?is def9ition1 he ass]ts t !re is "o sci5ce :i* asc5ds z f> z to ! pr9ciple ( ?+s4 ,= ?is sci5ce consid]s t :i* is truly ! pr9ciple z unhypo!tic1 has = its subject true be+1 & produces its reason+s f cause4 ,accord+ to ! second def9ition1 he calls dianoetic k sci5ce2 b accord+ to ! fir/ alone1 he assigns to physiology ! appellation ( sci5ce4 ,! tele/ic art4 ,! art p]ta9+ to my/ic c]emonies4 ,!urgic4 ,?is ^w is d]iv$ f ,greek3 ,!\rgia1 or t religi\s op]ation :i* deifies him by :om x is p]=m$ z mu* z is possible to man4 ,tru?1 ,greek3 ale!ia4 ,plato1 foll[+ anci5t !ologi/s1 consid]s tru? multif>i\sly4 ,h5ce1 accord+ to 8 doctr9e1 ! highe/ tru? is *>act]iz$ by unity1 & is ! light proce$+ f ! good1 :i* imp>ts purity1 z he says 9 ! ,philebus1 & union1 z he says 9 ! ,republic1 to intelligibles4 ,! tru? :i* is next to ?is 9 dignity is t :i* proce$s f intelligibles1 & illum9ates ! intellectual ord]s1 & :i* an ess5ce unfigur$1 uncolor$1 & )\t contact1 fir/ receives1 :]e also ! pla9 ( tru? is situat$1 z x is writt5 9 ! ,pha$rus4 ,! ?ird k9d ( tru? is1 t :i* is connasc5t ) s\ls1 & :i* ?r\gh intellig5ce comes into contact ) true be+4 ,= ! psy*ical light is ! ?ird1 f ! intelligible2 intellectual d]iv+ its pl5itude f intelligible light1 & ! psy*ical f ! intellectual4 ,& ! la/ k9d ( tru? is t :i* is full ( error & inaccuracy ?r\gh s5se1 & ! in/ability ( its object4 ,= a mat]ial nature is p]petually fl[+1 & is n naturally adapt$ to abide ev5 = a mom5t4 ,! foll[+ beautiful description ( ! ?ird k9d ( tru?1 or t :i* subsi/s 9 s\ls1 is giv5 by ,jambli*us3 ,tru?1 z ! "n implies1 make/ a conv]sion ab\t ! gods & _! incorporeal en]gy2 b1 doxa/ic imitation1 :i*1 z ,plato says1 is fabricative ( images1 w&]s ab\t t :i* is depriv$ ( div9ity & is d>k4 ,& ! =m] inde$ receives its p]fection 9 intelligible & div9e =ms1 & real be+s :i* h a p]petual sam5ess ( subsi/5ce2 b ! latt] looks to t :i* is =mless1 & non-be+1 & :i* has a v>i\s subsi/5ce2 &1 ab\t ?is x's visive p[] is blunt$4 ,! =m] contemplates t :i* is1 b ! latt] assumes su* a =m z appe>s to ! _m4 ,h5ce ! =m] associates ) intellect1 & increases ! intellectual nature :i* we conta92 b ! latt]1 f look+ to t :i* always seems to be1 hunts aft] folly & deceives4 ,jamblic4 apud ,/ob4 p4 #acf4 ,! unical1 ,greek3 to niaion4 ,t :i* is *>act]iz$ by unity4