,,am]ican ,,lectures ,,on ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,religions ,,s]ies ,,( #aiad-aiae ,mohamm$anism ,lectures on ,its ,orig91 ,its ,religi\s & ,political ,gr[?1 & ,its ,pres5t ,/ate by ,c4 ,sn\ck ,hurgronje ,pr(essor ( ! ,arabic ,language 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,leid51 ,holl& #aiaf ,,ann\ncem5t4 ,! ,am]ican ,lectures on ! ,hi/ory ( ,religions are deliv]$ "u ! auspices ( ! ,am]ican ,committee = ,lectures on ! ,hi/ory ( ,religions4 ,?is ,committee 0 organiz$ 9 #ahib1 = ! purpose ( in/itut+ popul> c\rses 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,religions1 some:at aft] ! /yle ( ! ,hibb]t ,lectures 9 ,engl&1 to be deliv]$ by ! be/ s*ol>s ( ,europe & ?is c\ntry1 9 v>i\s cities1 su* z ,baltimore1 ,bo/on1 ,brooklyn1 ,*icago1 ,new ,york1 ,philadelphia4 ,! t]ms ( association "u :i* ! ,committee exi/s are z foll[s3 #a4--,! object ( ?is ,committee %all be to provide c\rses ( lectures on ! hi/ory ( religions1 to be deliv]$ 9 v>i\s cities4 #b4--,! ,committee %all be compos$ ( delegates f ! in/itutions agree+ to co-op]ate1 ) su* additional memb]s z may be *os5 by ^! delegates4 #c4--,^! delegates--"o f ea* in/itution1 ) ! additional memb]s select$--%all con/itute !mselves a c\ncil "u ! "n ( ! ,am]ican ,committee = ,lectures on ! ,hi/ory ( ,religions4 #d4--,! ,committee %all elect out ( its numb] a ,*airman1 a ,secret>y1 & a ,treasur]4 #e4--;,all matt]s ( local detail %all be left to ! co-op]at+ in/itutions "u ^: auspices ! lectures are to be deliv]$4 #f4--;,a c\rse ( lectures on "s religion1 or phase ( religion1 f an hi/orical po9t ( view1 or on a subject g]mane to ! /udy ( religions1 %all be deliv]$ annually1 or at su* int]vals z may be f\nd practicable1 9 ! diff]5t cities repres5t$ by ?is ,committee4 #g4--,! ,committee 7a7 %all be *>g$ ) ! selection ( ! lectures1 7b7 %all h *>ge ( ! funds1 7c7 %all assign ! "t = ! lectures 9 ea* city1 & p]=m su* o!r functions z may be necess>y4 #h4--,polemical subjects1 z well z polemics 9 ! treatm5t ( subjects1 %all be positively exclud$4 #i4--,! lectures %all be deliv]$ 9 ! v>i\s cities betwe5 ! mon?s ( ,septemb] & ,june4 #aj4--,! copyright ( ! lectures %all be ! prop]ty ( ! ,committee4 #aa4--,! comp5sation ( ! lectur] %all be fix$ 9 ea* case by ! ,committee4 #ab4--,! lectur] %all be paid 9 in/allm5ts aft] ea* c\rse1 until he %all h receiv$ half ( ! entire comp5sation4 ,( ! rema9+ half1 "o half %all be paid to him ^u deliv]y ( ! manuscript1 prop]ly prep>$ = ! press1 & ! second half on ! publication ( ! volume1 less a d$uction = corrections made by ! au?or 9 ! pro(s4 ,! ,committee z n[ con/itut$ is z foll[s3 ,pr(4 ,craw=d ,h4 ,toy1 ,*airman1 #g ,l[ell ,/41 ,cambridge1 ,mass42 ,rev4 ,dr4 ,john ,p4 ,pet]s1 ,treasur]1 #bbg ,w4 #ii? ,/41 ,new ,york ,city2 ,pr(4 ,morris ,ja/r[1 ,jr41 ,secret>y1 #bdh ,s4 #bc;d ,/41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa42 ,presid5t ,francis ,br[n1 ,union ,!ological ,sem9>y1 ,new ,york ,city2 ,pr(4 ,ri*>d ,got!il1 ,columbia ,univ]sity1 ,new ,york ,city2 ,pr(4 ,h>ry ,pratt ,judson1 ,univ]sity ( ,*icago1 ,*icago1 ,ill42 ,pr(4 ,paul ,haupt1 ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity1 ,baltimore1 ,md42 ,mr4 ,*>les ,d4 ,atk9s1 ,director1 ,brooklyn ,in/itute ( ,arts & ,sci5ces2 ,pr(4 ,e4,w4 ,hopk9s1 ,yale ,univ]sity1 ,new ,hav51 ,conn42 ,pr(4 ,edw>d ,knox ,mit*ell1 ,h>t=d ,!ological ,sem9>y1 ,h>t=d1 ,conn42 ,presid5t ,f4,k4 ,s&]s1 ,wa%burn ,college1 ,topeka1 ,kan42 ,pr(4 ,h4,p4 ,smi?1 ,meadville ,!ological ,sem9>y1 ,meadville1 ,pa42 ,pr(4 ,w4,j4 ,h9ke1 ,auburn ,!ological ,sem9>y1 ,auburn1 ,n4,y42 ,pr(4 ,kemp] ,full]ton1 ,ob]l9 ,!ological ,sem9>y1 ,ob]l91 ,n4,y4 ,! lectur]s 9 ! c\rse ( ,am]ican ,lectures on ! ,hi/ory ( ,religions & ! titles ( _! volumes are z foll[s3 #ahid-ahie--,pr(4 ,t4,w4 ,rhys-,davids1 ,ph4,d41--,buddhism4 #ahif-ahig--,pr(4 ,daniel ,g4 ,br9ton1 ,m4,d41 ,,ll4,d4--,religions ( ,primitive ,peoples4 #ahig-ahih--,rev4 ,pr(4 ,t4,k4 ,*eyne1 ,d4,d4--,jewi% ,religi\s ,life aft] ! ,exile4 #ahih-ahii--,pr(4 ,k>l ,budde1 ,d4,d4--,religion ( ,israel to ! ,exile4 #aijd-aije--,pr(4 ,george ,/e9dorff1 ,ph4,d4--,! ,religion ( ! ,anci5t ,egyptians4 #aije-aijf--,pr(4 ,george ,w4 ,knox1 ,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d4--,! ,developm5t ( ,religion 9 ,japan4 #aijf-aijg--,pr(4 ,maurice ,bloomfield1 ,ph4,d41 ,,ll4,d4--,! ,religion ( ! ,v$a4 #aijg-aijh--,pr(4 ,a4,v4,w4 ,jackson1 ,ph4,d41 ,,ll4,d4--,! ,religion ( ,p]sia4#a #aiji-aiaj--,pr(4 ,morris ,ja/r[1 ,jr41 ,ph4,d4--,aspects ( ,religi\s ,belief & ,practice 9 ,babylonia & ,assyria4 #aiaj-aiaa--,pr(4 ,j4,j4,m4 ,de,groot--,! ,developm5t ( ,religion 9 ,*9a4 #aiaa-aiab--,pr(4 ,franz ,cumont4#b--;,a/rology & ,religion among ! ,greeks & ,romans4 ,footnote #a3 ,?is c\rse 0 n publi%$ by ! ,committee1 b w =m "p ( ,pr(4 ,jackson's volume on ! ,religion ( ,p]sia 9 ! s]ies ( ,h&books on ! ,hi/ory ( ,religions1 edit$ by ,pr(4 ,morris ,ja/r[1 ,jr41 & publi%$ by ,messrs4 ,g9n ,company ( ,bo/on4 ,pr(4 ,ja/r['s volume is1 !re=e1 ! eigh? 9 ! s]ies4 ,footnote #b3 ,ow+ to special circum/ances1 ,pr(4 ,cumont's volume 0 publi%$ be=e t ( ,pr(4 ,de,groot4 ,x is1 !re=e1 ! n9? 9 ! s]ies & t ( ,pr(4 ,de,groot ! t5?4 ,! lectur] = #aiad 0 ,pr(essor ,c4 ,sn\ck ,hurgronje4 ,born 9 ,oo/]h\t1 ,holl&1 9 #aheg1 he /udi$ ,!ology & ,ori5tal ,languages at ! ,univ]sity ( ,leid5 & cont9u$ 8 /udies at ! ,univ]sity ( ,/rassburg4 ,9 #ahhj he publi%$ 8 fir/ important "w ,het ,mekkaans* ,fee/1 hav+ resolv$ to devote himself entirely to ! /udy ( ,mohamm$anism 9 its wide/ aspects4 ,aft] a few ye>s' activity z ,lectur] on ,mohamm$an ,law at ! ,sem9>y = ,ne!rl&s-,india 9 ,leid51 he sp5t eight mon?s 7#ahhd-e7 9 ,mecca & ,jidda4 ,9 #ahhh1 he became lectur] at ! ,univ]sity ( ,leid5 & 9 ! same ye> 0 s5t out z ,pr(essor to ,batavia 9 ,ne!rl&s-,india1 :]e he sp5t ! ye>s #ahhi-aijf4 ,^u 8 return he 0 appo9t$ ,pr(essor ( ,arabic at ! ,univ]sity ( ,leid54 ,among 8 pr9cipal publi%$ works may be m5tion$3 ,mekka1 ,! ,hague1 #ahhh-i2 ,de ,beteek5is van d5 ,islam voor zijne ,belijd]s 9 ,oo/ ,inde1 ,leid51 #ahhc2 ,mekkanis*e ,spri*wrt]1 ,! ,hague1 #ahhf2 ,de ,atjeh]s1 ,leid51 #aijc-d1 ,engl& tr4 ,london1 #aijf2 ,het ,gajl& en zijne ,bezvon]s1 ,batavia1 #aijc1 & ,n$]l& en de ,islm1 ,leid51 #aiae4 ,! lectures to be f\nd 9 ! pres5t volume 7 deliv]$ be=e ! foll[+ ,in/itutions3 ,columbia ,univ]sity1 ,yale ,univ]sity1 ,! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania1 ,meadville ,!ological ,sem9>y1 ,! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago1 ,! ,l[ell ,in/itute1 & ! ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity4 ,! ,committee owes a debt ( deep gratitude to ,mr4 ,*>les ,r4 ,crane = hav+ made possible ! c\rse ( lectures = ! ye> #aiad4 ,,ri*>d ,,got!il ,,craw=d ,h4 ,,toy ,committee on ,publication4 ,april1 #aiaf4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,cont5ts ,,"s ,,po9ts ,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,isl,m4 ,,! ,,religi\s ,,developm5t ,,( ,,isl,m4 ,,! ,,political ,,developm5t ,,( ,,isl,m4 ,,isl,m ,,& ,,mod]n ,,?\ght4 ,,index4 ,mohamm$anism ,i ,,"s ,,po9ts ,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,isl,m ,!re are m ?an two hundr$ million p :o call !mselves aft] ! "n ( ,mohamm$1 w\ld n rel9qui% t "n at any price1 & _c imag9e a great] bless+ = ! rema9d] ( humanity ?an to be incorporat$ into _! communion4 ,_! ideal is no less ?an t ! :ole e>? %\ld jo9 9 ! fai? t !re is no god b ,allah & t ,mohamm$ is ,allah's la/ & mo/ p]fect mess5g]1 :o br\ght ! late/ & f9al revelation ( ,allah to humanity 9 ,allah's own words4 ,?is alone is en\gh to claim our special int]e/ = ! ,prophet1 :o 9 ! sev5? c5tury /irr$ all ,arabia into agitation & ^: foll[]s soon aft] 8 dea? f\nd$ an empire ext5d+ f ,morocco to ,*9a4 ,ev5 ^? :o--to my m9d1 n )\t gross exagg]ation--w\ld seek ! explanation ( ! mighty /ream ( humanity p\r$ out by ! ,arabian p59sula s9ce #fcj ov] ,we/]n & ,middle ,asia1 ,nor!rn ,africa1 & ,s\!rn ,europe pr9cipally 9 geographic & economic causes1 d n ignore ! fact t x 0 ,mohamm$ :o op5$ ! sluice gates4 ,x w\ld inde$ be difficult to ma9ta9 t )\t 8 prea*+ ! ,arabs ( ! sev5? c5tury w\ld h be5 induc$ by circum/ances to swall[ up ! empire ( ! ,sasanids & to rob ! ,byzant9e ,empire ( "s ( its ri*e/ prov9ces4 ,h[ev] great a weight "o may give to political & economic factors1 x 0 religion1 ,islm1 :i* 9 a c]ta9 s5se unit$ ! hi!rto hopelessly divid$ ,arabs1 ,islm :i* enabl$ !m to f\nd an enorm\s int]national community2 x 0 ,islm :i* b\nd ! spe$ily conv]t$ nations toge!r ev5 aft] ! %att]+ ( its political p[]1 & :i* /ill b9ds !m today :5 only a mis]able remnant ( t p[] rema9s4 ,! aggressive mann] 9 :i* "y ,islm imm$iately put itself 9 opposition to ! re/ ( ! _w _h ! natural consequ5ce ( awak5+ an int]e/ :i* 0 f> f be+ ( a fri5dly nature4 ,moreov] m5 7 /ill v f> f su* a /riv+ t[>ds univ]sal peace z w\ld h induc$ a pati5t /udy ( ! means ( br++ ! diff]5t peoples into close spiritual relation%ip1 & !re=e f an endeav\r to und]/& ! spiritual life ( races diff]5t to _! own4 ,! ,*ri/ianity ( t "t 0 itself by no means av]se to ! =cible ext5sion ( its fai?1 & 9 ! community ( ,mohamm$ans :i* sy/ematically attempt$ to r$uce ! _w to its au?ority by =ce ( arms1 x saw only an enemy ^: annihilation 01 to its regret1 beyond its p[]4 ,su* an enemy x c\ld no m obs]ve imp>tially ?an "o mod]n nation c ano!r ^u :i* x consid]s x necess>y to make w>4 ,ev]y?+ ma9ta9$ or inv5t$ to ! disadvantage ( ,islm 0 gre$ily absorb$ by ,europe2 ! picture :i* our =efa!rs 9 ! ,middle ,ages =m$ ( ,mohamm$'s religion appe>s to u a malignant c>icature4 ,! r>e !ologians#a :o1 be=e attack+ ! false fai?1 tri$ to =m a cle> notion ( x1 7 n li/5$ to1 & _! m]its h only become appreciat$ 9 our own "t4 ,a vigor\s combat+ ( ! preval5t fictions conc]n+ ,islm w\ld h expos$ a s*ol> to a simil> treatm5t to t :i*1 fifte5 ye>s ago1 fell to ! lot ( any ,engli%man :o ma9ta9$ ! cause ( ! ,bo]s2 he w\ld h be5 z mu* ( an outca/ z a mod]n inhabitant ( ,mecca :o tri$ to conv9ce 8 compatriots ( ! virtues ( ,european policy & social ord]4 ,footnote #a3 ,see = in/ance ! ref]5ce to ! exposition ( ! ,pad]born bi%op ,oliv]s 7#abbg7 9 ! ,pad]born review ,!ologie und ,glaube1 ,jahrg4 iv41 p4 #ece1 etc4 7,islm1 iv41 p4 #ahf72 also "s ( ! acc\nts m5tion$ 9 ,gt]bock1 ,d] ,islm im ,li*te d] byzant9is*5 ,polemik1 etc4 ,two & a half c5turies ago1 a prom95t ,ori5tali/1#b :o wrote an exposition ( ,mohamm$'s tea*+1 felt himself oblig$ to give an elaborate ju/ification ( 8 und]tak+ 9 8 ,d$icatio4 ,he appeals to "o or two celebrat$ pr$ecessors & to le>n$ colleagues1 :o h expressly in/igat$ him to ?is "w4 ,among/ o!r ?+s he quotes a lett] f ! ,leid5 pr(essor1 ,l',emp]eur1 9 :i* he conjures ,breit+] by ! b[els ( ,jesus ,*ri/ 7p] visc]a ,jesu ,*ri/i7 to give ! "y man e opportunity to complete 8 /udy ( ! religion ( ,mohamm$1 :i* s f> has only be5 treat$ 9 a s5seless way4 ,z a fruit ( ?is /udy ,l',emp]eur ?9ks x necess>y to m5tion 9 ! fir/ place ! bett] und]/&+ ( ! 7,*ri/ian7 ,holy ,scriptures by ! ext5sion ( our k ( ,ori5tal mann]s & cu/oms4 ,besides su* promotion ( ,*ri/ian exegesis & apologetics & ! improvem5t ( ! works on g5]al hi/ory1 ,hott+] himself contemplat$ a d\ble purpose 9 8 ,hi/oria ,ori5talis4 ,! ,roman ,ca?olics (t5 vilifi$ ,prote/antism by comp>+ ! ,re=m$ doctr9e to t ( ,mohamm$anism2 ?is reproa* ( ,crypto-mohamm$anism ,hott+] wi%$ talionis lege to fl+ back at ! ,ca?olics2 & he devotes a :ole *apt] 7,cap4 #f7 ( 8 book to ! demon/ration t ,bell>m9ius' pro(s ( ! tru? ( ! ,*ur* doctr9e might h be5 copi$ f ! ,moslim dogma4 ,9 ! second place1 con=m+ to ! _s ( ! times1 he wi%$1 j z ,bibli&] _h done 9 8 refutation ( ! ,qorn1 to comb9e ! combat aga9/ ,mohamm$an unbelief ) t aga9/ ! ,turki% ,empire 79 oppugnationem ,mahometanae p]fidiae et ,turcici regni74 ,footnote #b3 ,j4,h4 ,hott+]1 ,hi/oria ,ori5talis1 ,zri*1 #afea 7#b;d4 edition #affj74 ,! ,turks 7 fe>$ by ! ,europe ( t "t1 & ! significance ( _! religion = _! worldly p[] 0 well kn[n2 ?us ! political side ( ! "q gave ,hott+]'s "w a special claim to consid]ation4 ,yet1 9 spite ( all ?is1 ,hott+] fe>$ t 8 lab\r w\ld be reg>d$ z useless1 or ev5 wick$4 ,especially :5 he is oblig$ to say any?+ fav\rable ( ,mohamm$ & 8 foll[]s1 he ?9ks x necess>y to protect himself aga9/ miscon/ruction by ! addition ( "s select$ t]ms ( abuse4 ,:5 m5tion+ ,mohamm$'s "n1 he says3 at ! m5tion ( :om ! m9d %udd]s 7ad cujus pr(ecto m5tionem inhorresc]e nobis debet animus74 ,! le>n$ ,abb ,m>acci1 :o 9 #afih produc$ a ,lat9 translation ( ! ,qorn accompani$ by an elaborate refutation1 0 no less ?an ,hott+] imbu$ ) ! necessity ( %udd]+ at e m5tion ( ! false ,prophet1 & ,dr4 ,prideaux1 ^: ,vie de ,mahomet appe>$ 9 ! same ye> 9 ,am/]dam1 abus$ & %udd]$ ) !m1 & held up 8 biography ( ,mohamm$ z a mirror to unbeliev]s1 a!i/s1 dei/s1 & lib]t9es4 ,x 0 a ,dut* s*ol>1 ,h4 ,rel&1 ! ,utre*t pr(essor ( !ology1 :o 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury frankly & w>mly recomm5d$ ! application ( hi/orical ju/ice ev5 t[>ds ! ,mohamm$an religion2 9 8 %ort ,lat9 sket* ( ,islm#a he all[$ ! ,mohamm$an au?orities to speak = !mselves4 ,9 8 ,d$icatio to 8 bro!r & 9 8 ext5sive preface he expla9s 8 !n new me?od4 ,is x to be suppos$1 he asks1 t a religion z ridicul\s z ! ,islm describ$ by ,*ri/ian au?ors %\ld h f\nd millions ( devotees8 ,let ! ,moslims !mselves describe _! own religion = u2 j z ! ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian religions are falsely repres5t$ by ! hea!n & ,prote/antism by ,ca?olics1 s e religion is misrepres5t$ by its antagoni/s4 ,we are mortals1 subject to error2 especially :]e religi\s matt]s are conc]n$1 we (t5 all[ ourselves to be grossly misl$ by passion4 ,al?\gh x may cause evil-m9d$ read]s to d\bt ! writ]'s or?odoxy he cont9ues to ma9ta9 t tru? c only be s]v$ by combat+ h] oppon5ts 9 an hon\rable way4 ,footnote #a3 ,h4 ,rel&i de religione ,mohamm$ica libri duo1 ,utre*t1 #agjd 7#b;d ed4 #agag74 ,no religion1 says ,rel&1 has be5 m calumniat$ ?an ,islm1 al?\gh ! ,abb ,m>acci himself c\ld give no bett] explanation ( ! turn+ ( _m ,jews & ,*ri/ians to ?is religion ?an ! fact t x conta9s _m elem5ts ( natural tru?1 evid5tly borr[$ f ! ,*ri/ian religion1 :i* seem to be 9 accordance ) ! law & ! light ( nature 7quae naturae legi ac lum9i cons5tanea vid5tur74 ,m w be ga9$ = ,*ri/ianity by fri5dly int]c\rse ) ,mohamm$ans ?an by sl&]2 above all ,*ri/ians :o live 9 ! ,ea/ mu/ n1 z is too (t5 ! case1 give cause to "o ,turk to say to ano!r :o suspects him ( ly+ or deceit3 ',d y take me = a ,*ri/ian8' 7putasne me ,*ri/ianum esse74 ,9 tru?1 ! ,mohamm$ans (t5 put u to %ame by _! virtues2 & a bett] k ( ,islm c only help to make our irrational pride give place to gratitude to ,god = ! undes]v$ m]cy :i* ,he be/[$ ^u u 9 ,*ri/ianity4 ,rel& has no illusions t 8 sci5tific ju/ice w f9d acceptance 9 a wide circle z he becomes daily m & m conv9c$ t ! _w wi%es to be deceiv$ & is gov]n$ by prejudice 7qui quotidie magis magisque exp]ior mundum decipi velle et praeconceptis op9ionibus regi74 ,x 0 n long be=e ! scale 0 turn$ 9 ! opposite direction1 & ,islm 0 made by "s p ! object ( panegyrics z devoid ( sci5tific f\ndation z ! =m] calumnies4 ,9 #agcj appe>$ 9 ,london ! incomplete po/hum\s "w ( ,c\nt de ,b\la9villi]s1 ,vie de ,mahomet1 9 :i*1 among/ o!r ?+s1 he says ( ! ,arabian ,prophet t all t he has said conc]n+ ! ess5tial religi\s dogmas is true1 b he has n said all t is true1 & x is only !re9 t 8 religion diff]s f ours4 ,de ,b\la9villi]s tells u ) p>ticul> satisfaction t ,mohamm$1 :o respect$ ! devotion ( h]mits & monks1 proce$$ ) ! utmo/ sev]ity aga9/ ! (ficial cl]gy1 condemn+ its memb]s ei!r to dea? or to ! abjuration ( _! fai?4 ,?is ,vie de ,mahomet 0 z a matt] ( fact an anti-cl]ical romance1 ! mat]ial ( :i* 0 suppli$ by a sup]ficial k ( ,islm drawn f second>y s\rces4 ,t a "w ) su* a t5d5cy 0 sure to ar\se int]e/ at t "t1 is %[n by a lett] f ! publi%]1 ,cod]c1 to ,pr(essor ,gagni] at ,ox=d1 9 :i* he writes3 ,he de ,b\la9villi]s mixes up 8 hi/ory ) _m political reflections1 :i* by _! newness & boldness are sure to be well receiv$ 7,il mle son ,hi/oire de plusieurs rflexions politiques1 et qui p> leur h>diesse ne manqu]ont pas d'tre trs bi5 reues74 ,jean ,gagni] h[ev] consid]$ ^! bold novelties v dang]\s & endeav\r$ to combat !m 9 ano!r ,vie de ,mahomet1 :i* appe>$ f 8 h& 9 #agdh at ,am/]dam4 ,he /rives aft] a ju/e milieu betwe5 ! too viol5t p>tisan%ip ( ,m>acci & ,prideaux & ! ridicul\s acclamations ( de ,b\la9villi]s4 ,yet ?is does n prev5t him 9 8 preface f call+ ,mohamm$ ! greate/ villa9 ( mank9d & ! mo/ mortal enemy ( ,god 7le plus sclrat de t\s les hommes et le plus mortel ennemi de ,dieu74 ,8 desire to make 8 contempor>ies pro( aga9/ ! poison ( de ,b\la9villi]s' dang]\s book ga9s ! ma/]y ov] ! pure love ( tru? = :i* ,rel& _h s bravely /riv54 ,al?\gh ,sale 9 8 ,prelim9>y ,disc\rse to 8 translation ( ! ,qorn endeav\rs to contribute to a fair e/imation ( ,mohamm$ & 8 "w1 ( :i* 8 motto borr[$ f ,augu/9e1 ,!re is no false doctr9e t does n conta9 "s tru? 7nulla falsa doctr9a e/ quae non aliquid v]i p]misceat71 is pro(1 /ill ! prejudicial view rema9$ = a consid]able "t ! preval5t "o4 ,mohamm$ 0 br&$ z impo/eur ev5 9 circles :]e ,*ri/ian fanaticism 0 out ( ! "q4 ,voltaire did n write 8 trag$y ,mahomet ou le fanatisme z a hi/orical /udy2 he 0 aw>e t 8 fiction 0 9 _m respects at v>iance ) hi/ory4 ,9 writ+ 8 "w he 01 z he himself expresses x1 inspir$ by l'am\r du g5re huma9 et l'horreur du fanatisme4 ,he want$ to put be=e ! public an arm$ ,t>tufe & ?\ght he might lay ! "p ^u ,mohamm$1 =1 says he1 is n ! man1 :o makes w> aga9/ 8 own c\ntry & d>es to d x 9 ! "n ( ,god1 capable ( any ill8 ,! dislike t ,voltaire _h conceiv$ = ! ,qorn f a sup]ficial acqua9tance ) x1 ce livre in9telligible qui fait frmir le s5s commun *aque page1 probably increas$ 8 unfav\rable op9ion1 b ! pr9cipal motive ( 8 *oice ( a repres5tative mu/ h be5 t ! g5]al public /ill reg>d$ ,mohamm$ z ! inc>nation ( fanaticism & prie/craft4 ,almo/ a c5tury lies betwe5 ,gagni]'s biography ( ,mohamm$ & t ( ! ,heidelb]g pr(essor ,weil 7,mohamm$ d] ,prophet1 se9 ,leb5 & se9e ,lehre1 ,/uttg>t1 #ahdc72 & yet ,weil did well to call ,gagni] 8 la/ indep5d5t pr$ecessor4 ,weil's great m]it is1 t he is ! fir/ 9 8 field :o in/itut$ an ext5sive hi/orico-critical inve/igation )\t any preconceiv$ op9ion4 ,8 f9al op9ion ( ,mohamm$ is1 ) ! necess>y res]vations3 ,9 s f> z he br\ght ! mo/ beautiful tea*+s ( ! ,old & ! ,new ,te/am5t to a p :i* 0 n illum9at$ by "o ray ( fai?1 he may be reg>d$1 ev5 by ^? :o are n ,mohamm$ans1 z a mess5g] ( ,god4 ,f\r ye>s lat] ,causs9 de ,p]ceval 9 8 ,essai sur l'hi/oire des ,arabes1 writt5 q indep5d5tly ( ,weil1 expresses ! same idea 9 ^! words3 ,x w\ld be an inju/ice to ,mohamm$ to consid] him z no m ?an a clev] impo/or1 an ambiti\s man ( g5ius2 he 0 9 ! fir/ place a man conv9c$ ( 8 vocation to deliv] 8 nation f error & to reg5]ate x4 ,ab\t tw5ty ye>s lat] ! biography ( ,mohamm$ made an enorm\s advance ?r\gh ! works ( ,muir1 ,spr5g]1 & ,nldeke4 ,on ! gr\nd ( mu* wid] & at ! same "t deep] /udy ( ! s\rces ?an _h be5 possible = ,weil & ,causs9 de ,p]ceval1 ea* ( ^! ?ree s*ol>s gave 9 8 own way an acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( ,islm4 ,nldeke 0 mu* %>p] & m cauti\s 9 8 hi/orical criticism ?an ,muir or ,spr5g]4 ,:ile ! biographies writt5 by ^! two m5 h n[ only hi/orical value1 ,nldeke's ,hi/ory ( ! ,qorn is /ill an indisp5sable in/rum5t ( /udy m ?an half a c5tury aft] its fir/ appe>ance4 ,numb]s ( m or less successful ef=ts to make ,mohamm$'s life und]/ood by ! n9ete5? c5tury intellect h foll[$ ^! )\t mu* p]man5t ga94 ,mohamm$1 :o 0 repres5t$ to ! public 9 turn z deceiv]1 z a g5ius mislead by ! ,devil1 z epileptic1 z hy/]ic1 & z prophet1 0 oblig$ lat] on ev5 to submit to play+ on ! "o h& ! "p ( sociali/ &1 on ! o!r h&1 t ( a def5d] ( capitalism4 ,^! po9ts ( view 7 pr9cipally *>act]i/ic ( ! temp]am5t ( ! s*ol>s :o held !m2 !y did n really advance our und]/&+ ( ! ev5ts t took place at ,mecca & ,m$9a betwe5 #faj & #fcb ,a4,d41 t prologue to a p]plex+ hi/orical drama4 ,! pr9cipal s\rce f :i* all biograph]s />t$ & to :i* !y always return$1 0 ! ,qorn1 ! collection ( words ( ,allah spok5 by ,mohamm$ 9 ^? tw5ty-two ye>s4 ,h>dly anyone1 among/ ! fai?ful & ! unfai?ful1 d\bts ! g5]ally au!ntic "* ( its cont5ts except ! ,p>isian pr(essor ,casanova4#a ,he tri$ to prove a little :ile ago t ,mohamm$'s revelations orig9ally conta9$ ! ann\ncem5t t ! ,,h\r1 ! f9al cata/rophe1 ! ,la/ judgm5t w\ld come dur+ 8 life4 ,:5 8 dea? _h !re=e falsifi$ ?is prophecy1 accord+ to ,casanova1 ! lead]s ( ! "y community f\nd !mselves oblig$ to submit ! revelations pres]v$ 9 writ+ or memory to a ?or\gh revision1 to add "s :i* ann\nc$ ! mortality ev5 ( ! la/ prophet1 &1 f9ally to console ! disappo9t$ fai?ful ) ! hope ( ,mohamm$'s return be=e ! end ( ! _w4 ,?is doctr9e ( ! return1 m5tion$ nei!r 9 ! ,qorn nor 9 ! es*atological tradition ( lat] times1 accord+ to ,casanova 0 aft]w>ds *ang$ aga9 into ! expectation ( ! ,mahd1 ! la/ ( ,mohamm$'s deputies1 a ,guid$ ( ,god1 :o %all be desc5d$ f ,mohamm$1 be> 8 "n1 resemble him 9 appe>ance1 & :o %all fill ! _w once m be=e its end ) ju/ice1 z x is n[ fill$ ) inju/ice & tyranny4 ,footnote #a3 ,paul ,casanova1 ,mohamm$ et la f9 du monde1 ,p>is1 #aiaa4 ,8 hypo!ses are f\nd$ ^u ,weil's d\bts ( ! au!nticity ( a few v]ses ( ! ,qorn 7iii41 #ach2 xxxix41 #ca1 etc471 :i* d\bts 7 suffici5tly refut$ half a c5tury ago by ,nldeke 9 8 ,ges*i*te des ,qorns1 #a/ edition1 p4 #aig1 etc4 ,9 our sceptical times !re is v little t is above criticism1 & "o day or o!r we may expect to he> t ,mohamm$ nev] exi/$4 ,! argum5ts = ?is c h>dly be weak] ?an ^? ( ,casanova aga9/ ! au!nticity ( ! ,qorn4 ,"h we may ackn[l$ge ! great p[] ( :at has be5 believ$ 9 all times1 9 all places1 by all ! memb]s ( ! community 7quod semp]1 quod ubique1 quod ab omnibus cr$itum e/74 ,=1 aft] ! dea? ( ,mohamm$ !re imm$iately arose a division :i* none ( ! lead+ p]sonalities 7 able to escape1 & ! oppon5ts sp>$ ea* o!r no possible k9d ( insult1 scorn1 or calumny4 ,! enemies ( ! fir/ lead]s ( ! community c\ld h wi%$ = no m p[]ful weapon = _! attack ?an a well-f\nd$ accusation ( falsify+ ! ^w ( ,god4 ,yet ?is accusation 0 nev] br\ght aga9/ ! fir/ collectors ( ! scatt]$ revelations2 ! only reproa* t 0 made aga9/ !m 9 connexion ) ?is lab\r be+ t v]ses 9 :i* ! ,holy ,family 7,ali & ,fatimah7 7 m5tion$ ) hon\r1 & :i*1 !re=e1 w\ld h s]v$ to support ! claims ( ! ,alids to ! succession ( ,mohamm$1 7 suppress$ by !m4 ,?is 0 ma9ta9$ by ! ,%i'ites1 :o are unsurpass$ 9 ,islm z falsifi]s ( hi/ory2 & ! passages :i*1 accord+ to !m1 are omitt$ f ! (ficial ,qorn w\ld involve precisely on acc\nt ( _! ref]5ce to ! succession1 ! mortality ( ,mohamm$4 ,all sects & p>ties h ! same text ( ! ,qorn4 ,?is may h its errors & defects1 b int5tional alt]ations or mutilations ( real importance are n to blame = ?is4 ,n[ ?is ri* au!ntic s\rce--?is collection ( wild1 poetic repres5tations ( ! ,day ( judgm5t2 ( /riv+ aga9/ idolatry2 ( /ories f ,sacr$ ,hi/ory2 ( exhortation to ! practice ( ! c>d9al virtues ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t2 ( precepts to re=m ! individual1 dome/ic1 & tribal life 9 ! _s ( ^! virtues2 ( incantations & =ms ( pray] & a hundr$ ?+s besides--is n always compreh5sible to u4 ,ev5 = ! p>ts :i* we d und]/&1 we are n able to make out ! *ronological arrangem5t :i* is necess>y to ga9 an insight into ,mohamm$'s p]sonality & "w4 ,?is is n only due to ! =m ( ! oracles1 :i* purposely diff]s f ! usual tone ( mortals by its unctu\sness & rhym$ prose1 b ev5 m to ! circum/ance t all t ! he>]s c\ld "k1 is assum$ to be kn[n4 ,s ! ,qorn is full ( ref]5ces t are enigmatical to u4 ,we !re=e ne$ additional explanation1 & ?is c only be d]iv$ f tradition conc]n+ ! circum/ances "u :i* ea* revelation 0 deliv]$4 ,&1 truly1 ! sacr$ tradition ( ,islm is n defici5t 9 data ( ?is sort4 ,9 ! canonical & half-canonical collections ( tradition conc]n+ :at ! ,prophet has said1 done1 & omitt$ to d1 9 biographical works1 an answ] is giv5 to e "q :i* may arise 9 ! m9d ( ! read] ( ! ,qorn2 & !re are _m ,qorn-comm5t>ies1 9 :i* ^! answ]s are app5d$ to ! v]ses :i* !y are suppos$ to elucidate4 ,sometimes ! explanations appe> to u1 ev5 at fir/ sight1 improbable & unacceptable2 sometimes !y contradict ea* o!r2 a good _m seem q reasonable4 ,! critical biograph]s ( ,mohamm$ h !re=e begun _! "w ( sift+ by elim9at+ ! improbable & by *oos+ betwe5 contradictory data by means ( critical comp>ison4 ,"h ! gradually increas+ k ( ! _s ( ! diff]5t p>ties 9 ,islm 0 an important aid1 z ( c\rse ea* gr\p repres5t$ ! facts 9 ! way :i* be/ s]v$ _! own purposes4 ,h[ev] cauti\sly & acutely ,weil & 8 successors h proce$$1 ! cont9ual progress ( ! analysis ( ! legislative z well z ( ! hi/orical tradition ( ,islam s9ce #ahgj has necessitat$ a r5ew$ inve/igation4 ,9 ! fir/ place x has become ev] m evid5t t ! ?\s&s ( traditions ab\t ,mohamm$1 :i*1 toge!r ) ! ,qorn1 =m ! f\ndation ^u :i* ! doctr9e & life ( ! community are bas$1 are = ! mo/ "p ! conv5tional expression ( all ! op9ions :i* prevail$ among/ 8 foll[]s dur+ ! fir/ ?ree c5turies aft] ! ,hijrah4 ,! fiction orig9at$ a long "t aft] ,mohamm$'s dea?2 dur+ ! turbul5t p]iod ( ! great conque/s !re 0 no leisure = su* "w4 ,our own conv5tional ins9c]ities diff] s mu*--ext]nally at lea/--f ^? ( t date1 t x is difficult = u to realize a spiritual atmosph]e :]e pi\s fraud 0 practis$ on su* a scale4 ,yet ?is is lit]ally true3 9 ! fir/ c5turies ( ,islm no "o c\ld h dreamt ( any o!r way ( ga9+ acceptance = a doctr9e or a precept ?an by circulat+ a tradition1 accord+ to :i* ,mohamm$ _h prea*$ ! doctr9e or dictat$ x or _h liv$ accord+ to ! precept4 ,! :ole individual1 dome/ic1 social1 & political life z x develop$ 9 ! ?ree c5turies dur+ :i* ! simple ,arabian religion 0 adju/$ to ! complicat$ civilization ( ! great nations ( t "t1 t all life 0 !oretically ju/ifi$ by repres5t+ x z ! application ( m9ute laws suppos$ to h be5 elaborat$ by ,mohamm$ by precept & example4 ,?us tradition gives invaluable mat]ial = ! k ( ! conflict ( op9ions 9 ! fir/ c5turies1 a /rife ! %>pness ( :i* has be5 blunt$ 9 lat] times by a mo/ res\rceful h>moni/ic me?od4 ,b1 x is va9 to endeav\r to con/ruct ! life & tea*+ ( ,mohamm$ f su* spuri\s acc\nts2 !y _c ev5 af=d u a reliable illu/ration ( 8 life 9 ! =m ( table talk1 z an ,engli% s*ol> r navely tri$ to d]ive f !m4 ,9 a collection ( ?is sort1 support$ by good ext]nal evid5ce1 !re w\ld be attribut$ to ! ,prophet ( ,mecca say+s f ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t1 wise saws f classical & ,arabian antiquity1 prescriptions ( ,roman law & _m o!r ?+s1 ea* text ( :i* 0 z au!ntic z its fell[s4 ,anyone :o1 w>n$ by ,goldzih] & o!rs1 has realiz$ h[ matt]s /& 9 ?is respect1 w be c>eful n to take ! legislative tradition z a direct in/rum5t = ! explanation ( ! ,qorn4 ,:51 aft] a mo/ c>eful inve/igation ( ?\s&s ( traditions :i* all appe> equally old1 we h select$ ! olde/1 !n we %all see t we h be=e u only witnesses ( ! fir/ c5tury ( ! ,hijrah4 ,! connect+ ?reads ) ! "t ( ,mohamm$ mu/ be suppli$ = a great "p by imag9ation4 ,! hi/orical or biographical tradition 9 ! prop] s5se ( ! ^w has only lately be5 submitt$ to a ke5] exam9ation4 ,x 0 kn[n = a long "t t "h too1 besides !ological & leg5d>y elem5ts1 !re 7 traditions orig9at+ f p>ty motive1 int5d$ to give an appe>ance ( hi/orical f\ndation to ! p>ticul> int]e/s ( c]ta9 p]sons or families2 b x 0 ?\ght t aft] "s sift+ !re yet rema9$ en\gh to enable u to =m a mu* cle>] sket* ( ,mohamm$'s life ?an t ( any o!r ( ! f\nd]s ( a univ]sal religion4 ,x is especially ,pr9ce ,caetani & ,fa!r ,lamm5s :o h di/urb$ ?is illusion4 ,accord+ to !m1 ev5 ! data :i* _h be5 pretty g5]ally reg>d$ z objective1 re/ *iefly ^u t5d5ti\s fiction4 ,! g5]ations t work$ at ! biography ( ! ,prophet 7 too f> remov$ f 8 "t to h true data or notions2 &1 moreov]1 x 0 n _! aim to "k ! pa/ z x 01 b to con/ruct a picture ( x z x ought to h be5 accord+ to _! op9ion4 ,^u ! b>e canvass ( v]ses ( ! ,qorn t ne$ explanation1 ! traditioni/s h embroid]$ ) great boldness sc5es suitable to ! desires or ideals ( _! p>ticul> gr\p2 or1 to use a fav\rite metaphor ( ,lamm5s1 !y fill ! empty spaces by a process ( /]eotyp+ :i* p]mits ! critical obs]v] to recognize ! orig9 ( ea* picture4 ,9 ! ,srah 7biography71 ! di/ance ( ! fir/ describ]s f _! object is ! same z 9 ! ,_h? 7legislative tradition72 9 bo? we get images ( v di/ant ?+s1 p]ceiv$ by means ( fancy r ?an by sight & tak+ diff]5t %apes accord+ to ! incl9ations ( ea* circle ( describ]s4 ,n[1 x may be true t ! late/ judges h "h & !re exam9$ ! ,mohamm$an traditions too sceptically & too suspici\sly2 nev]!less1 x rema9s c]ta9 t 9 ! light ( _! rese>*1 ! me?od ( exam9ation _c rema9 un*ang$4 ,we mu/ endeav\r to make our explanations ( ! ,qorn indep5d5t ( tradition1 & 9 respect to portions :]e ?is is impossible1 we mu/ be suspici\s ( explanations1 h[ev] app>5tly plausible4 ,dur+ ! la/ few ye>s ! accessible s\rces ( in=mation h consid]ably increas$1 ! /udy ( !m has become mu* deep] & m me?odical1 & ! result is t we c tell mu* less ab\t ! tea*+ & ! life ( ,mohamm$ ?an c\ld our pr$ecessors half a c5tury ago4 ,?is app>5t loss is ( c\rse 9 reality no?+ b ga94 ,^? :o d n take "p 9 new discov]ies1 nev]!less1 wi% to "k n[ & !n ! results ( ! obs]vations made ) con/antly improv$ in/rum5ts4 ,let me endeav\r1 v briefly1 to satisfy ?is curiosity4 ,t ! report ( ! bookkeep+ might make a some:at diff]5t impression if ano!r acc\ntant _h exam9$ x1 goes )\t say+1 & sometimes ,i %all draw p>ticul> att5tion to my p]sonal responsibility 9 ?is respect4 ,( ,mohamm$'s life be=e 8 appe>ance z ! mess5g] ( ,god1 we "k extremely little2 comp>$ to ! leg5d>y biography z treasur$ by ! ,fai?ful1 practically no?+4 ,n to m5tion 8 pre-exi/5ce z a ,light1 :i* 0 ) ,god1 & = ! sake ( :i* ,god creat$ ! _w1 ! ,light1 :i* z ! pr9ciple ( revelation1 liv$ 9 all prophets f ,adam onw>ds1 & ! f9al revelation ( :i* 9 ,mohamm$ 0 prophesi$ 9 ! ,scriptures ( ! ,jews & ! ,*ri/ians2 n to m5tion ! wond]ful & my/]i\s signs :i* ann\nc$ ! bir? ( ! ,seal ( ! ,prophets1 & _m o!r features :i* ! lat] ,srahs 7biographies7 & ,maulids 7pi\s hi/ories ( 8 bir?1 mo/ 9 rhym$ prose or 9 poetic metre7 produce 9 imitation ( ! ,gospels2 ev5 ! elaborate disc\rses ( ! old] biographies on occurr5ces1 :i* 9 !mselves might q well come )9 ! limits ( sub-lun>y possibility1 d n belong to hi/ory4 ,fiction plays su* a great "p 9 ^! /ories1 t we are nev] sure ( be+ on hi/orical gr\nd unless ! ,qorn gives u a firm foot+4 ,! "q1 :e!r ! family to :i* ,mohamm$ belong$1 0 reg>d$ z noble among/ ! ,qorai%ites1 ! rul+ tribe 9 ,mecca1 is answ]$ 9 ! affirmative by _m2 b by o!rs ?is answ] is que/ion$ n )\t good gr\nds4 ,! matt] is n ( prime importance1 z !re is no d\bt t ,mohamm$ grew up z a poor orphan & belong$ to ! ne$y & ! neglect$4 ,ev5 a long "t aft] 8 fir/ appe>ance ! unbeliev]s reproa*$ him1 accord+ to ! ,qorn1 ) 8 insignificant worldly position1 :i* fitt$ ill ) a heav5ly message2 ! same scornful reproa* accord+ to ! ,qorn 0 hurl$ at ,mohamm$'s pr$ecessors by sceptics ( e>li] g5]ations2 & x is well kn[n t ! /ories ( old] times 9 ! ,qorn are pr9cipally reflections ( :at ,mohamm$ himself exp]i5c$4 ,! leg5ds ( ,mohamm$'s relations to v>i\s memb]s ( 8 family are too closely connect$ ) ! pret5sions ( _! desc5dants to h any value = biographic purposes4 ,he m>ri$ late an eld]ly woman1 :o1 x is said1 0 able to light5 8 mat]ial c>es2 %e gave him ! only daught] by :om he _h desc5dants2 desc5dants1 :o1 f ! ,arabian po9t ( view1 d n c\nt z su*1 z accord+ to _! g5ealogical !ories ! l9e ( desc5t _c pass ?r\gh a woman4 ,!y h made an exception = ! ,prophet1 z male (fspr+1 ! only bless+ ( m>riage appreciat$ by ,arabs1 0 )held f him4 ,9 ! mat]iali/ic comm]cial t[n ( ,mecca1 :]e lu/ ( ga9 & usury reign$ supreme1 :]e wom51 w9e1 & gambl+ fill$ up ! leisure "t1 :]e might 0 "r1 & wid[s1 orphans1 & ! feeble 7 treat$ z sup]flu\s balla/1 an un=tunate be+ l ,mohamm$1 if 8 con/itution 7 s5sitive1 mu/ h exp]i5c$ mo/ pa9ful emotions4 ,9 ! intellectual advantages t ! place (f]$ he c\ld f9d no solace2 ! highly develop$ ,arabian art ( words1 poetry ) its fictiti\s am\rettes1 its poli%$ descriptions ( portions ( ,arabian nature1 its v5al va9 praise & satire1 might s]ve z dess]t to a well-fill$ di%2 !y 7 unable to comp5sate = ! lack ( mat]ial prosp]ity4 ,mohamm$ felt 8 mis]y z a pa9 too great to be endur$2 9 "s way or o!r he mu/ be deliv]$ f x4 ,he desir$ to be m ?an ! greate/ 9 8 surr\nd+s1 & he knew t 9 t :i* !y c\nt$ = happ9ess he c\ld nev] ev5 equal !m4 ,r ?an envy !m regretfully1 he pref]r$ to despise _! values ( life1 b on t v acc\nt he _h to oppose ^! values ) bett] ones4 ,x 0 n unkn[n 9 ,mecca t else:]e communities exi/$ acqua9t$ ) su* high ideals ( life1 spiritual goods accessible to ! poor1 ev5 to !m 9 p>ticul>4 ,ap>t f comm]ce1 :i* br\ght ! inhabitants ( ,mecca into contact ) ,abyss9ians1 ,syrians1 & o!rs1 !re 7 f> to ! s\? & less f> to ! nor? & nor?-ea/ ( ,mecca1 ,arabian tribes :o _h embrac$ ! ,jewi% or ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,p]haps ?is circum/ance _h help$ to make ! inhabitants ( ,mecca famili> ) ! idea ( a creator1 ,allah1 b ?is _h little significance 9 _! lives1 z 9 ! ,mak] ( ! ,univ]se !y did n see _! ,lawgiv] & judge1 b held !mselves dep5d5t = _! good & evil =tune ^u all mann] ( be+s1 :i* !y r5d]$ fav\rable or h>mless by animi/ic practices4 ,?or\ghly cons]vative1 !y did n take great int]e/ 9 ! conceptions ( ! ,p ( ! ,scripture1 z !y call$ ! ,jews1 ,*ri/ians1 & p]haps "s o!r sects aris5 f ^! communities4 ,b ,mohamm$'s deeply felt mis]y awak5$ 8 int]e/ 9 !m4 ,:e!r ?is _h be5 ! case ) a few o!rs be=e him 9 ! milieu ( ,mecca1 we ne$ n consid]1 z x does n help to expla9 8 actions4 ,if wide circles _h be5 anxi\s to "k m ab\t ! cont5ts ( ! ,scripture ,mohamm$ w\ld n h felt 9 ! d>k 9 ! way t he did4 ,we %all probably nev] "k1 by int]c\rse ) :om x really 0 t ,mohamm$ at la/ ga9$ "s k ( ! cont5ts ( ! sacr$ books ( ,judaism & ,*ri/ianity2 probably ?r\gh v>i\s p1 & ov] a consid]able l5g? ( "t4 ,x 0 n lett]$ m5 :o satisfi$ 8 awak5$ curiosity2 o!rwise ! q confus$ ideas1 especially 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! revelation1 conc]n+ ! mutual relations betwe5 ,jews & ,*ri/ians c\ld n be expla9$4 ,confusions betwe5 ,miryam1 ! si/] ( ,moses1 & ,m>y1 ! "m ( ,jesus1 betwe5 ,saul & ,gideon1 mi/akes ab\t ! relation%ip ( ,abraham to ,isaac1 ,i%mael1 & ,jacob1 might be put d[n to misconceptions ( ,mohamm$ himself1 :o c\ld n all at once ma/] ! /range mat]ial4 ,b 8 repres5tation ( ,judaism & ,*ri/ianity & a numb] ( o!r =ms ( revelation1 z almo/ id5tical 9 _! cont5ts1 diff]+ only 9 ! place :]e1 ! "t :]e91 & ! mess5g] ( ,god by :om !y came to man2 ?is idea1 :i* runs l a crimson ?read ?r\gh all ! revelations ( ! fir/ twelve ye>s ( ,mohamm$'s prophecy1 c\ld n h exi/$ if he _h _h an intimate acqua9tance ) ,jewi% or ,*ri/ian m5 ( lett]s4 ,moreov]1 ! _m po/-biblical features & /ories :i* ! ,qorn conta9s conc]n+ ! pa/ ( mank9d1 indicate a vulg> orig91 & especially z reg>ds ! ,*ri/ian leg5ds1 communications f p :o liv$ outside ! communion ( ! great ,*ri/ian *ur*es2 ?is is suffici5tly prov$ by ! docetical repres5tation ( ! dea? ( ,jesus & ! _m /ories ab\t 8 life1 tak5 f apocryphal s\rces or f popul> oral leg5ds4 ,mohamm$'s unle>n$ imag9ation work$ all su* mat]ial toge!r into a religi\s hi/ory ( mank9d1 9 :i* ,adam's desc5dants _h become divid$ into innum]able gr\ps ( peoples diff]+ 9 spee* & place ( abode1 ^: aim 9 life at "o p]iod or ano!r came to resemble wond]fully t ( ! inhabitants ( ,we/- & ,c5tral-,arabia 9 ! sev5? c5tury ,a4,d4 ,h]eby !y /ray$ f ! true pa?1 9 /rife ) ! comm&s giv5 by ,allah4 ,! :ole ( hi/ory1 !re=e1 0 = him a long s]ies ( repetitions ( ! anti!sis betwe5 ! fooli%ness ( m51 z ?is 0 n[ embodi$ 9 ! social /ate ( ,mecca1 & ! wisdom ( ,god1 z kn[n to ! ,p ( ! ,scripture4 ,to br+ ! err+ ones back to ! true pa?1 x 0 ,allah's plan to s5d !m mess5g]s f out ( _! mid/1 :o deliv]$ ,8 ritual & ,8 moral directions to !m 9 ,8 own words1 :o dem&$ ! ackn[l$gm5t ( ,allah's omnipot5ce1 & if !y refus$ to foll[ ! true guidance1 ?reat5$ !m ) ,allah's tempor>y or1 ev5 m1 ) ,8 et]nal puni%m5t4 ,! anti!sis is always ! same1 f ,adam to ,jesus1 & ! enum]ation ( ! sc5es is !re=e r monoton\s2 ! only v>iety is 9 ! detail1 borr[$ f biblical & apocryphal leg5ds4 ,9 all ! ?\s&s ( ye>s ! mess5g]s ( ,allah play ! same "p z ,mohamm$ f9ally saw himself call$ ^u to play t[>ds 8 p4 ,mohamm$'s acc\nt ( ! pa/ conta9s m elem5ts ( ,jewi% ?an ( ,*ri/ian orig91 & he ignores ! pr9cipal dogmas ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,9 spite ( 8 sup]natural bir?1 ,jesus is only a prophet l ,moses & o!rs2 & al?\gh 8 miracles surpass ^? ( o!r mess5g]s1 ,mohamm$ at a lat] p]iod ( 8 life is incl9$ to place ,abraham above ,jesus 9 c]ta9 respects4 ,yet ! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity ^u ,mohamm$'s vocation 0 v great2 )\t ! ,*ri/ian idea ( ! f9al sc5e ( human hi/ory1 ( ! ,resurrection ( ! dead & ! ,la/ ,judgm5t1 ,mohamm$'s mission w\ld h no mean+4 ,x is true1 mono!ism1 9 ! ,jewi% s5se1 & aft] ! contra/ _h become cle> to ,mohamm$1 accompani$ by an express rejection ( ! ,son ( ,god & ( ! ,tr9ity1 has become "o ( ! pr9cipal dogmas ( ,islm4 ,b 9 ,mohamm$'s fir/ prea*+1 ! ann\ncem5t ( ! ,day ( judgm5t is mu* m prom95t ?an ! ,unity ( ,god2 & x 0 aga9/ 8 revelations conc]n+ ,doomsday t 8 oppon5ts direct$ _! satire dur+ ! fir/ twelve ye>s4 ,x 0 n love ( _! half-dead gods b ang] at ! wret* :o 0 nev] tir$ ( tell+ !m1 9 ! "n ( ,allah1 t all _! life 0 idle & despicable1 t 9 ! o!r _w !y w\ld be ! outca/s1 :i* op5$ ! floodgates ( irony & scorn aga9/ ,mohamm$4 ,& x 0 ,mohamm$'s anxiety = 8 own lot & t ( ^? :o 7 de> to him 9 t future life1 t =c$ him to seek a solution ( ! "q3 :o %all br+ my p out ( ! d>kness ( anti!sis into ! light ( ob$i5ce to ,allah8 ,we %\ld1 a po/]iori1 be incl9$ to imag9e a simpl] answ] to ! "q ?an t :i* ,mohamm$ f\nd2 he might h become a mission>y ( ,judaism or ( ,*ri/ianity to ! ,meccans4 ,h[ev] natural su* a conclusion may appe> to u1 f ! premises ) :i* we are acqua9t$1 x did n occur to ,mohamm$4 ,he began--! ,qorn tells u expressly--by reg>d+ ! ,arabs1 or at all ev5ts 8 ,arabs1 z h]et(ore de/itute ( div9e message#a3 to :om ,we h s5t no w>n] be=e y4 ,moses & ,jesus--n to m5tion any o!rs--_h n be5 s5t = ! ,arabs2 & z ,allah w\ld n leave any section ( mank9d )\t a revelation1 _! prophet mu/ /ill be to come4 ,app>5tly ,mohamm$ reg>d$ ! ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian tribes 9 ,arabia z exceptions to ! rule t an e?nical gr\p 7ummah7 0 at ! same "t a religi\s unity4 ,he did n imag9e t x c\ld be 9 ,allah's plan t ! ,arabs 7 to con=m to a revelation giv5 9 a =eign language4 ,no2 ,god mu/ speak to !m 9 ,arabic4#b ,?r\gh ^: m\?8 ,footnote #a3 ,qorn1 xxxii41 #b2 xxxiv41 #dc2 xxxvi41 #e1 etc4 ,footnote #b3 ,ibid41 xii41 #b2 xiii41 #cg2 ,,xx41 #aab2 ,,xxvi41 #aie2 xli41 #dd1 etc4 ,a long & sev]e crisis prec$$ ,mohamm$'s call4 ,he 0 conv9c$ t1 if he 7 ! man1 mighty signs f ,heav5 mu/ be reveal$ to him1 = 8 conception ( revelation 0 me*anical2 ,allah ,himself1 or at lea/ angels1 mu/ speak to him4 ,! "t ( wait+1 ! process ( objectify+ ! subjective1 liv$ ?r\gh by ! help ( an ov]/ra9$ imag9ation1 all ?is laid great dem&s ^u ! psy*ical & physical con/itution ( ,mohamm$4 ,at l5g? he saw & he>d t :i* he ?\ght he ought to he> & see4 ,9 fev]i% dreams he f\nd ! =m = ! revelation1 & he did n 9 ! lea/ realize t ! cont5ts ( 8 inspiration f ,heav5 7 no?+ b ! result ( :at he _h himself absorb$4 ,he realiz$ x s little1 t ! id5tity ( :at 0 reveal$ to him ) :at he held to be ! cont5ts ( ! ,scriptures ( ,jews & ,*ri/ians 0 a miracle to him1 ! only miracle ^u :i* he reli$ = ! support ( 8 mission4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! tw5ty-?ree ye>s ( ,mohamm$'s "w z ,god's mess5g]1 ! ov]-excit$ /ate1 or inspiration1 or :atev] we may call ! peculi> spiritual condition 9 :i* 8 revelation 0 born1 gradually gave place to quiet reflection4 ,especially aft] ! ,hijrah1 :5 ! prophet _h to provide ! /ate e/abli%$ by him at ,m$9a ) inspir$ regulations1 ! words ( ,god became 9 almo/ e respect diff]5t f :at !y _h be5 at fir/4 ,only ! =m 0 reta9$4 ,9 connection ) ?is evolution1 "s ( our biograph]s ( ,mohamm$1 ev5 :]e !y d n d5y ! obvi\s hone/y ( 8 fir/ visions1 repres5t him 9 ! second half ( 8 "w1 z a sort ( actor1 :o play$ ) t :i* _h be5 mo/ sacr$ to him4 ,?is accusation is1 9 my op9ion1 unju/4 ,mohamm$1 :o twelve ye>s long1 9 spite ( d]ision & contempt1 cont9u$ to inveigh 9 ! "n ( ,allah aga9/ ! frivol\s cons]vatism ( ! hea!ns 9 ,mecca1 to prea* ,allah's omnipot5ce to !m1 to hold up to !m ,allah's comm&s & ,8 promises & ?reats reg>d+ ! future life1 )\t ask+ any rew>d = su* exhau/+ "w1 is really n ano!r man ?an ! ackn[l$g$ ,mess5g] ( ,allah 9 ,m$9a1 :o saw 8 p[] gradually increase1 :o 0 taught by exp]i5ce ! value & ! use ( ! mat]ial means ( ext5d+ x1 & :o f9ally1 by ! =ce ( arms compell$ all ,arabs to ob$i5ce to ,allah & ,8 mess5g]4 ,9 our own society1 real en?usiasm 9 ! propagation ( an idea g5]ally consid]$ z absurd1 if cr[n$ by success may1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 end 9 cold1 prosaic calculation )\t a trace ( hypocrisy4 ,n[h]e 9 ! life ( ,mohamm$ c a po9t ( turn+ be %[n2 !re is a gradual *ang+ ( aims & a readju/m5t ( ! means ( atta9+ !m4 ,f ! fir/ ! outca/ felt himself sup]ior to ! well-to-d p :o look$ d[n ^u him2 & ) all 8 p[] he s\ght = a position f :i* he c\ld =ce !m to ackn[l$ge 8 sup]iority4 ,?is he f\nd 9 ! next & bett] _w1 ( :i* ! ,jews & ,*ri/ians knew4 ,aft] a crisis1 :i* "s consid] z psy*opa?ologic1 he knew himself to be s5t by ,allah to call ! mat]iali/ic community1 :i* he hat$ & despis$1 to ! alt]native1 ei!r 9 foll[+ him to f9d et]nal bless$ness1 or 9 d5y+ him to be doom$ to et]nal fire4 ,p[]less aga9/ ! scepticism ( 8 he>]s1 aft] twelve ye>s ( prea*+ foll[$ only by a few doz51 mo/ ( !m outca/s l himself1 he hop$ n[ & !n t ,allah w\ld /rike ! recalcitrant multitude ) an e>?ly doom1 z he knew f revelations _h happ5$ be=e4 ,?is hope 0 also unfulfill$4 ,z o!r mess5g]s ( ,god _h done 9 simil> circum/ances1 he s\ght = a m fruitful field ?an t ( 8 bir?place2 he set out on ! ,hijrah1 i4e41 emigration to ,m$9a4 ,"h circum/ances 7 m fav\rable to him3 9 a %ort "t he became ! head ( a consid]able community4 ,allah1 :o _h giv5 him p[]1 soon all[$ him to use x = ! protection ( ! int]e/s ( ! ,fai?ful aga9/ ! unbeliev]s4 ,once become militant1 ,mohamm$ turn$ f ! purely def5sive to ! aggressive attitude1 ) su* success t a great "p ( ! ,arab tribes 7 compell$ to accept ,islm1 ob$i5ce to ,allah & ,8 ,mess5g]4 ,! rule =m]ly insi/$ ^u3 ,no compulsion 9 religion1 0 sacrific$1 s9ce exp]i5ce taught him1 t ! tru? 0 m easily =c$ ^u m5 by viol5ce ?an by ?reats :i* w\ld be fulfill$ only aft] ! resurrection4 ,naturally1 ! religi\s value ( ! conv]sions sank 9 proportion z _! numb] increas$4 ,! ,prophet ( _w r5\ncem5t 9 ,mecca wi%$ to w9 s\ls = 8 fai?2 ! ,prophet-,pr9ce 9 ,m$9a ne$$ subjects & fight]s = 8 army4 ,yet he 0 /ill ! same ,mohamm$4 ,p>allel ) 8 alt]$ position t[>ds ! hea!n ,arabs w5t a readju/m5t ( 8 po9t ( view t[>ds ! foll[]s ( ,scripture4 ,mohamm$ nev] pret5d$ to prea* a new religion2 he dem&$ 9 ! "n ( ,allah ! same ,islm 7submission7 t ,moses1 ,jesus1 & =m] prophets _h dem&$ ( _! nations4 ,9 8 e>li] revelations he always po9ts out ! id5tity ( 8 ,qorns ) ! cont5ts ( ! sacr$ books ( ,jews & ,*ri/ians1 9 ! sure conviction t ^! w confirm 8 ass]tion if ask$4 ,9 ,m$9a he 0 disillusion$ by f9d+ nei!r ,jews nor ,*ri/ians prep>$ to ackn[l$ge an ,arabian prophet1 n ev5 = ! ,arabs only2 s he 0 l$ to di/+ui% betwe5 ! true cont5ts ( ! ,bible & t :i* _h be5 made ( x by ! falsification ( lat] ,jews & ,*ri/ians4 ,he pref]r$ n[ to connect 8 own revelations m imm$iately ) ^? ( ,abraham1 no books ( :om c\ld be cit$ aga9/ him1 & :o 0 ackn[l$g$ by ,jews & ,*ri/ians )\t be+ himself ei!r a ,jew or a ,*ri/ian4 ,?is turn1 ?is p>ticul> connection ( ,islm ) ,abraham1 made x possible = him1 by means ( an adaptation ( ! biblical leg5ds conc]n+ ,abraham1 ,hag>1 & ,i%mael1 to include 9 8 religion a set ( religi\s cu/oms ( ! ,meccans1 especially ! hajj4#a ,?us ,islm became m ,arabian1 & at ! same "t m indep5d5t ( ! o!r reveal$ religions1 ^: deg5]acy 0 demon/rat$ by _! refusal to ackn[l$ge ,mohamm$4 ,footnote #a3 ,a complete explanation ( ! gradual developm5t ( ! ,abraham leg5d 9 ! ,qorn c be f\nd 9 my book ,het ,mekkaans*e ,fee/ 7,! ,fea/ ( ,mecca71 ,leid51 #ahhj4 ,all ?is is to be expla9$ )\t ! supposition ( consci\s trick]y or di%one/y on ! "p ( ,mohamm$4 ,!re 0 no o!r way = ! unlett]$ ,prophet1 ^: belief 9 8 mission 0 un%ak51 to ov]come ! difficulties entail$ by 8 clos] acqua9tance ) ! t5ets ( o!r religions4 ,h[1 !n1 are we to expla9 ! />t+-po9t ( x all--,mohamm$'s s5se ( vocation8 ,0 x a disease ( ! _s1 a k9d ( madness8 ,at all ev5ts1 ! data are insuffici5t ^u :i* to =m a s]i\s diagnosis4 ,"s h call$ x epilepsy4 ,spr5g]1 ) an exagg]at$ display ( c]ta9ty bas$ ^u 8 =m] m$ical /udies1 gave ,mohamm$'s disord] ! "n ( hy/]ia4 ,o!rs try to f9d a connection betwe5 ,mohamm$'s extraord9>y int]e/ 9 ! fair sex & 8 prophetic consci\sness4 ,b1 aft] all1 is x expla9+ ! spiritual life ( a man1 :o 0 c]ta9ly unique1 if we put a label ^u him1 & ?us class him ) o!rs1 :o at ! mo/ %>$ ) him c]ta9 abnormalities8 ,a normal man ,mohamm$ c]ta9ly 0 n4 ,b z soon z we try to give a positive "n to ?is negative quality1 !n we d ! same z ! hea!ns ( ,mecca1 :o 7 viol5tly awak5$ by 8 ?und]+ prophecies3 ,he is no?+ b "o possess$1 a poet1 a soo?say]1 a sorc]]1 !y said4 ,:e!r we say ) ! old ,european biograph]s impo/or1 or ) ! mod]n ones put epileptic1 or hy/]ic 9 its place1 makes little diff]5ce4 ,! ,meccans end$ by submitt+ to him1 & conqu]+ a _w "u ! bann] ( 8 fai?4 ,we1 ) ! diffid5ce :i* true sci5ce implies1 feel oblig$ m]ely to call him ,mohamm$1 & to seek 9 ! ,qorn1 & ) great cauti\sness 9 ! ,tradition1 a few pr9cipal po9ts ( 8 life & "w1 9 ord] to see h[ 9 8 m9d ! int5se feel+ ( discont5t dur+ ! mis]y ( 8 y\?1 toge!r ) a great self-reliance1 a feel+ ( spiritual sup]iority to 8 surr\nd+s1 develop$ into a call1 ! =m ( :i* 0 l>gely decid$ by ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian influ5ce4 ,:ile be+ /ruck by v>i\s weaknesses :i* disfigur$ ?is great p]sonality & :i* he himself freely confess$1 we mu/ admire ! p]sev]ance ) :i* he reta9$ 8 fai? 9 8 div9e mission1 n disc\rag$ by twelve ye>s ( humiliation1 nor by ! repudiation ( ! ,p ( ,scripture1 ^u :om he _h reli$ z 8 pr9cipal witnesses1 nor yet by numb]s ( tempor>y rebuffs dur+ 8 /ruggle = ! dom9ion ( ,allah & ,8 ,mess5g]1 :i* he c>ri$ on ?r\gh ! :ole ( ,arabia4 ,0 ,mohamm$ consci\s ( ! univ]sality ( 8 mission8 ,9 ! beg9n+ he c]ta9ly conceiv$ 8 "w z m]ely ! ,arabian "p ( a univ]sal task1 :i*1 = o!r p>ts ( ! _w1 0 laid ^u o!r mess5g]s4 ,9 ! ,m$9a p]iod he ev] m decid$ly *ose ! direction ( =c+ to comply4 ,he 0 cont5t only :5 ! hea!ns p]ceiv$ t fur!r resi/ance to ,allah's ho/s 0 useless2 _! und]/&+ ( 8 cle> ,arabic ,qorn 0 no long] ! pr9cipal object ( 8 /riv+4 ,su* an ,islm c\ld equally well be =c$ ^u non-,arabian hea!ns4 ,&1 z reg>ds ! ,p ( ,scripture1 s9ce ,mohamm$'s endeav\r to be recogniz$ by !m _h fail$1 he _h tak5 up 8 position oppos$ to !m1 ev5 above !m4 ,) ! rise ( 8 p[] he became h>d & cruel to ! ,jews 9 ,nor?-,arabia1 & f ,jews & ,*ri/ians alike 9 ,arabia he dem&$ submission to 8 au?ority1 s9ce x _h prov$ impossible to make !m recognize 8 div9e mission4 ,?is dem& c\ld q logically be ext5d$ to all ,*ri/ians2 9 ! fir/ place to ^? ( ! ,byzant9e ,empire4 ,b did ,mohamm$ himself come to ^! conclusions 9 ! la/ "p ( 8 life8 ,are ! words 9 :i* ,allah spoke to him3 ,we h s5t !e to m5 9 g5]al1#a & a few expressions ( ! same sort1 to be tak5 9 t s5se1 or does humanity "h1 z 9 _m o!r places 9 ! ,qorn1 mean ^? ) :om ,mohamm$ _h especially to d8 ,nldeke is /rongly ( op9ion t ! pr9cipal l9es ( ! program ( conque/ c>ri$ out aft] ,mohamm$'s dea?1 _h be5 drawn by ! ,prophet himself4 ,lamm5s & o!rs d5y ) equal vig\r1 t ,mohamm$ ev] look$ ^u ! :ole _w z ! field ( 8 mission4 ,?is %[s t ! solution is n evid5t4#b ,footnote #a3 ,qorn1 xxxiv41 #bg4 ,! translation ( ?is v]se has always be5 a subject ( great diff]5ce ( op9ion4 ,at ! "t ( its revelation--z fix$ by ,mohamm$an z well z by we/]n au?orities--! univ]sal conception ( ,mohamm$'s mission 0 q out ( "q4 ,footnote #b3 ,pr(essor ,t4,w4 ,arnold 9 ! #b;d edition 7,london1 #aiac7 ( 8 valuable "w ,! ,prea*+ ( ,islm 7especially pp4 #bh-ca71 w>mly endeav\rs to prove t ,mohamm$ f ! beg9n+ consid]$ 8 mission z univ]sal4 ,he weak5s 8 argum5t m ?an is necess>y by plac+ ! ,tradition ^u an almo/ equal foot+ ) ! ,qorn z a s\rce1 & by ignor+ ! hi/orical developm5t :i* is obvi\s 9 ! ,qorn itself4 ,9 ?is way he does n p]ceive ! great importance ( ! hi/ory ( ! ,abraham leg5d 9 ,mohamm$'s conception4 ,moreov]1 ! translation ( ! v]ses ( ! ,qorn on p4 #bi sometimes says m ?an ! orig9al4 ,lil-ns is n to mank9d b to m51 9 ! s5se ( to ev]ybody4 ,qorn1 xvi41 #hf1 does n say3 ,"o day we w raise up a witness out ( e nation1 b3 ,on ! day 7i4e41 ! day ( resurrection7 :5 we w raise up1 etc41 :i* w\ld seem to ref] to ! !me s con/antly repeat$ 9 ! ,qorn1 t ea* nation w be confront$ on ! ,day ( ,judgm5t ) ! prophet s5t to x4 ,:5 ! ,qorn is call$ an admonition to ! _w 7'lamn7 & ,mohamm$'s mission a m]cy to ! _w 7'lamn71 !n we mu/ rememb] t 'lamn is "o ( ! mo/ misus$ rhymewords 9 ! ,qorn 7e4g41 ,qorn1 xv41 #gj72 & we %\ld n !re=e translate x emphatically z all creat$ be+s1 unless ! univ]sality ( ,mohamm$'s mission is firmly e/abli%$ by o!r pro(s4 ,& ?is is f> f be+ ! case4 ,9 our valuation ( ,mohamm$'s say+s we _c lay too mu* /ress ^u 8 incapability ( look+ f> ahead4 ,! f9al aims :i* ,mohamm$ set himself 7 consid]$ by sane p]sons z unatta9able4 ,8 firm belief 9 ! realization ( ! vague picture ( ! future :i* he _h conceiv$1 nay1 :i* ,allah held be=e him1 drove him to ! utt]mo/ ex]tion ( 8 m5tal p[] 9 ord] to surm\nt ! innum]able unexpect$ ob/acles :i* he enc\nt]$4 ,h5ce ! v>iability ( ! practical directions conta9$ 9 ! ,qorn2 !y are con/antly alt]$ accord+ to circum/ances4 ,allah's words dur+ ! la/ "p ( ,mohamm$'s life3 ,?is day h ,i p]fect$ y\r religion = y1 & h ,i fill$ up ! measure ( my fav\rs t[>ds y1 & *os5 ,islm = y z y\r religion1 h 9 no way ! mean+ ( ! exclamation3 ,x is f9i%$1 ( ! dy+ ,*ri/4 ,!y are only a cry ( jubilation ov] ! degradation ( ! hea!n ,arabs by ! triumph ( ,allah's weapons4 ,at ,mohamm$'s dea? ev]y?+ 0 /ill un/able2 & ! vital que/ions = ,islm 7 subjects ( cont5tion betwe5 ! lead]s ev5 be=e ! ,prophet _h be5 buri$4 ,! exp$i5t ( new revelations complet+1 alt]+1 or abrogat+ =m] ones _h play$ an important "p 9 ! legislative "w ( ,mohamm$4 ,n[1 he _h nev] consid]$ t by 8 dea? ! spr+ w\ld be /opp$1 al?\gh completion 0 want$ 9 e respect4 ,=1 )\t d\bt1 ,mohamm$ felt 8 weakness 9 sy/ematiz+ & 8 abs5ce ( cle>ness ( vision into ! future1 & !re=e he po/pon$ ! promulgation ( div9e decrees z long z possible1 & he solv$ only su* que/ions ( law z frequ5tly recurr$1 :5 fur!r hesitation w\ld h be5 dang]\s to 8 au?ority & to ! peace ( ! community4 ,at ,mohamm$'s dea?1 all ,arabs 7 n yet subdu$ to 8 au?ority4 ,! exp$itions :i* he _h und]tak5 or arrang$ beyond ! nor!rn b\nd>ies ( ,arabia1 7 direct$ aga9/ ,arabs1 al?\gh !y 7 likely to r\se conflict ) ! ,byzant9e & ,p]sian empires4 ,x w\ld h be5 contr>y to ,mohamm$'s usual me?ods if ?is _h l$ him to =m a g5]al def9ition ( 8 attitude t[>ds ! _w outside ,arabia4 ,z little z ,mohamm$1 :5 he invok$ ! ,meccans 9 wild poetic inspirations to array !mselves beh9d him to seek ! bless$ness ( future life1 _h dreamt ( ! possibility t tw5ty ye>s lat] ! :ole ( ,arabia w\ld ackn[l$ge 8 au?ority 9 ?is _w1 z little1 nay1 mu* less1 c\ld he at ! close ( 8 life h _h ! fa9te/ premonition ( ! fabul\s developm5t :i* 8 /ate w\ld rea* half a c5tury lat]4 ,! subjugation ( ! mighty ,p]sia & ( "s ( ! ri*e/ prov9ces ( ! ,byzant9e ,empire1 only to m5tion ^!1 0 nev] a "p ( 8 program1 al?\gh leg5d has x t he s5t out writt5 *all5ges to ! six pr9ces ( ! _w be/ kn[n to him4 ,yet we may say t ,mohamm$'s successors 9 ! guidance ( 8 community1 by cont9u+ _! expansion t[>ds ! nor?1 aft] ! suppression ( ! apo/asy t foll[$ 8 dea?1 rema9$ 9 ,mohamm$'s l9e ( action4 ,!re is ev5 m evid5t cont9uity 9 ! developm5t ( ! empire ( ! ,omayyads out ( ! /ate ( ,mohamm$1 ?an 9 ! s]ies ( ev5ts by :i* we see ! dread$ ,pr9ce-,prophet ( ,m$9a grew out ( ! possess$ "o ( ,mecca4 ,b if ,mohamm$ _h be5 able to =esee h[ ! unity ( ,arabia1 :i* he ne>ly accompli%$1 0 to br+ into be+ a =midable int]national empire1 we %\ld expect "s indubitable traces ( ?is 9 ! ,qorn2 n a few v]ses ( dubi\s int]pretation1 b "s c]ta9 sign t ! ,revelation1 :i* _h repeat$ly1 & ) ! greate/ emphasis1 call$ itself a pla9 ,arabic ,qorn int5d$ = ^? to :om no w>n] _h yet be5 s5t1 %\ld 9 future be valid = ! ',ajam1 ! ,b>b>ians1 z well z = ! ,arabs4 ,ev5 if we ascribe to ,mohamm$ some?+ ( ! univ]sal program1 :i* ! lat] tradition makes him to h drawn up1 he c]ta9ly c\ld n =esee ! success ( x4 ,= ?is1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! economic & political factors to :i* "s s*ol>s ( our day w\ld attribute ! entire explanation ( ! ,islm movem5t1 mu/ be tak5 into consid]ation4 ,mohamm$ did to "s ext5t prep>e ! univ]sality ( 8 religion & make x possible4 ,b t ,islm1 :i* came into ! _w z ! ,arabian =m ( ! "o1 true religion1 has actually become a univ]sal religion1 is due to circum/ances :i* _h little to d ) its orig94#a ,?is ext5sion ( ! doma9 to be subdu$ to its spiritual rule entail$ ^u ,islm ab\t ?ree c5turies ( developm5t & accommodation1 ( a diff]5t sort1 to be sure1 b n less dra/ic 9 "* ?an t ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,footnote #a3 ,sir ,william ,muir 0 n wrong :5 he said3 ,f fir/ to la/ ! summons 0 to ,arabs & to none o!r444 ,! se$ ( a univ]sal cre$ _h inde$ be5 s[n2 b t x ev] g]m9at$ 0 due to circum/ances r ?an design4 ,,ii ,,! ,,religi\s ,,developm5t ,,( ,,isl,m ,we c h>dly imag9e a poor]1 m mis]able population ?an t ( ! ,s\?-,arabian c\ntry ,hadramaut4 ,all moral & social progress is !re imp$$ by ! cont9uance ( ! wor/ elem5ts ( ,jhiliyyah 7,arabian paganism71 side by side ) ^? ( ,islm4 ,a secul> nobility is =m$ by gr\ps ( p1 :o grudge ea* o!r _! v lives & fight ea* o!r accord+ to ! rules ( retaliation unmitigat$ by any m humane feel+s4 ,! religi\s nobility is repres5t$ by desc5dants ( ! ,prophet1 ardu\s patrons ( a mo/ n>r[-m9d$ or?odoxy & ( mo/ bigot$ fanaticism4 ,9 a well-ord]$ society1 mak+ ! mo/ ( all ! means (f]$ by mod]n te*nical sci5ce1 ! dry b>r5 soil might be made to yield suffici5t h>ve/s to satisfy ! wants ( its memb]s2 b among ^! inhabitants1 p>alys$ by an>*y1 *ronic fam9e prevails4 ,=eign]s wisely avoid ?is mis]able c\ntry1 & if !y did visit x1 w\ld n be hospitably receiv$4 ,hung] =ces _m ,hadramites to emigrate2 ?r\gh\t ! c5turies we f9d !m 9 all ! c\ntries ( ,islm1 9 ! sacr$ cities ( ,we/]n-,arabia1 9 ,syria1 ,egypt1 ,india1 ,indonesia1 :]e !y (t5 occupy important positions4 ,9 ! ,dut* ,indies1 = in/ance1 !y live 9 ! mo/ important comm]cial t[ns1 & ?\gh ! ,gov]nm5t has nev] fav\r$ !m1 & ?\gh !y h _h to compete ) ,*9ese & ) ,europeans1 !y h succe$$ 9 mak+ _! position suffici5tly /rong4 ,be=e ,european influ5ce prevail$1 !y ev5 f\nd$ /ates 9 "s ( ! l>g] isl&s or !y obta9$ political influ5ce 9 exi/+ native /ates4 ,"u a /rong ,european gov]nm5t !y are among ! quiete/1 mo/ indu/ri\s subjects1 all e>n+ _! own liv+ & sav+ some?+ = _! poor relations at home4 ,!y come p5niless1 & )\t any ( t !oretical k or practical skill :i* we are apt to consid] z indisp5sable = a man :o wi%es to try 8 =tune 9 a complicat$ mod]n colonial _w4 ,yet ,i h kn[n "s :o 9 tw5ty ye>s' "t h become comm]cial pot5tates1 & ev5 millionaires4 ,! /range spectacle ( ^! lat5t tal5ts & ( ! suppress$ en]gy ( ! p ( ,hadramaut t seem to be wait+ only = transplantation into a m fav\rable soil to develop ) amaz+ rapidity1 helps u to und]/& ! enorm\s consequ5ces ( ! ,arabian migration 9 ! sev5? c5tury4 ,! spiritual goods1 ) :i* ,islm set out into ! _w1 7 f> f impos+4 ,x prea*$ a mo/ simple mono!ism3 ,allah1 ! ,almighty ,creator & ,rul] ( heav5 & e>?1 entirely self-suffici5t1 s t x 7 ridicul\s to suppose ,him to h p>tn]s or sons & daught]s to support ,him2 :o has creat$ ! angels t !y might =m ,8 ret9ue1 & m5 & g5ii 7j9n7 t !y might ob$i5tly s]ve ,him2 :o decides ev]y?+ accord+ to ,8 incalculable w & is responsible to nobody1 z ! ,univ]se is ,82 ( :om ,8 creatures1 if _! m9ds be n l$ a/ray1 mu/ !re=e /& 9 respectful fe> & awe4 ,he has made ,8 w kn[n to mank9d1 beg9n+ at ,adam1 b ! spread+ ( mank9d ov] ! surface ( ! e>?1 its s$uction by ,satan & 8 emiss>ies h caus$ mo/ nations to become totally e/rang$ f ,him & ,8 s]vice4 ,n[ & !n1 :5 ,he consid]$ t ! "t 0 come1 ,he caus$ a prophet to arise f among a nation to be ,8 mess5g] to summon p to conv]sion1 & to tell !m :at bless$ness await$ !m z a rew>d ( ob$i5ce1 :at puni%m5ts w\ld be inflict$ if !y did n believe 8 message4 ,sometimes ! disob$i5t _h be5 /ruck by e>?ly judgm5t 7! flood1 ! dr[n+ ( ! ,egyptians1 etc471 & ! fai?ful _h be5 rescu$ 9 a miracul\s way & l$ to victory2 b su* ?+s m]ely s]v$ z indications ( ,allah's greatness4 ,"o day ! :ole _w w be ov]?r[n & de/roy$4 ,!n ! dead w be awak5$ & l$ be=e ,allah's tribunal4 ,! fai?ful w h abodes appo9t$ !m 9 well-wat]$1 %ady g>d5s1 ) fruit-trees ri*ly lad51 ) luxuri\s c\*es ^u :i* !y may lie & enjoy ! delici\s food1 s]v$ by ! m9i/rants ( ,p>adise4 ,!y may also freely indulge 9 sp>kl+ w9e t does n intoxicate1 & 9 int]c\rse ) wom51 ^: y\? & virg9ity d n fade4 ,! unbeliev]s end _! lives 9 ,hell-fire2 or1 r1 !re is no end1 = ! puni%m5t z well z ! rew>d are ev]la/+4 ,allah gives to ea* "o 8 due4 ,! actions ( ,8 creatures are all accurately writt5 d[n1 & :5 judgm5t comes1 ! book is op5$2 moreov]1 e creature c>ries ! li/ ( 8 own de$s & misde$s2 ! debit & cr$it sides are c>efully weigh$ aga9/ ea* o!r 9 ! div9e scales1 & _m witnesses are he>d be=e judgm5t is pron\nc$4 ,allah1 h[ev]1 is clem5t & m]ciful2 ,he gladly =gives ^? s9n]s :o h believ$ 9 ,him1 :o h s9c]ely accept$ ,islm1 t is to say3 :o h ackn[l$g$ ,8 absolute au?ority & h believ$ ! message ( ! prophet s5t to !m4 ,^! prophets h ! privilege ( act+ z m$iators on behalf ( _! foll[]s1 n 9 ! s5se ( r$eem]s1 b z advocates :o receive graci\s he>+4 ,naturally1 ,islm1 submission to ! ,"l ( ! ,univ]se1 ought to express itself 9 de$s4 ,allah desires ! homage ( =mal wor%ip1 :i* mu/ be p]=m$ sev]al times a day by e individual1 & on special occasions by ! assembl$ fai?ful1 l$ by "o ( !m4 ,?is4 s]vice1 s4alt1 acquir$ its /rictly b9d+ rules only aft] ,mohamm$'s "t1 b already 9 8 lifetime x consi/$ *iefly ( ! same elem5ts z n[3 ! recital ( sacr$ texts1 especially tak5 f ! ,revelation1 c]ta9 po/ures ( ! body 7/&+1 incl9ation1 kneel+1 pro/ration7 ) ! face t[>ds ,mecca4 ,?is la/ p>ticul> & ! language ( ! ,revelation are ! ,arabian elem5ts ( ! s]vice1 :i* is = ! re/ an imitation ( ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian rituals1 s f> z ,mohamm$ knew !m4 ,!re 0 no sacram5t1 consequ5tly no prie/ to adm9i/] x2 ,islm has always be5 ! lay religion p> excell5ce4 ,tea*+ & exhortation are ! only spiritual help t ! pi\s ,mohamm$an wants1 & ?is simple c>e ( s\ls is ex]cis$ )\t any ord9ation or consecration4 ,fa/+1 = a mon? if possible1 & long] if desir$1 0 also an integral "p ( religi\s life &1 by %[+ disreg>d ( e>?ly joys1 a pro( ( fai? 9 ,allah's promises = ! _w to come4 ,almsgiv+1 recomm5d$ above all o!r virtues1 0 n only to be practis$ 9 ob$i5ce to ,allah's law & 9 fai? 9 retribution1 b x 0 to te/ify contempt ( all e>?ly possessions :i* might imp$e ! /riv+ aft] et]nal happ9ess4 ,lat]1 ,mohamm$ 0 compell$1 by ! ne$ ( a public fund & ! wan+ zeal ( ! fai?ful z _! numb]s increas$1 to regulate ! practice ( ?is virtue & to exact c]ta9 m9ima z taxes 7zakt74 ,:5 ,mohamm$1 tak+ 8 /& z oppos$ to ,judaism & ,*ri/ianity1 _h acc5tuat$ ! ,arabian "* ( 8 religion1 ! ,meccan rites ( pagan orig9 7 incorporat$ into ,islm2 b only aft] ! purification requir$ by mono!ism4 ,f t "t =w>d ! ye>ly celebration ( ! ,hajj 0 among ! ritual duties ( ! ,moslim community4 ,9 ! fir/ ye>s ( ! /rife yet ano!r duty 0 mo/ emphatically impress$ on ! ,fai?ful2 jihd1 i4e41 read9ess to sacrifice life & possessions = ! def5ce ( ,islm1 und]/ood1 s9ce ! conque/ ( ,mecca 9 #fcj1 z ! ext5sion by =ce ( arms ( ! au?ority ( ! ,moslim /ate1 fir/ ov] ! :ole ( ,arabia1 & soon aft] ,mohamm$'s dea? ov] ! :ole _w1 s f> z ,allah grant$ ,8 ho/s ! victory4 ,= ! re/1 ! legislative revelations regulat$ only su* po9ts z _h become subjects ( argum5t or conte/ 9 ,mohamm$'s lifetime1 or su* z 7 p>ticul>ly sugge/$ by t anti!sis ( paganism & revelation1 :i* _h det]m9$ ,mohamm$'s prophetical c>e]4 ,gambl+ & w9e 7 =bidd51 ! latt] aft] "s hesitation betwe5 ! inculcation ( temp]ance & t ( ab/95ce4 ,usury1 tak5 9 ! s5se ( requir+ any int]e/ at all ^u loans1 0 also =bidd54 ,all tribal feuds ) _! consequ5ces _h h5ce=w>d to be consid]$ z non-exi/5t1 & retaliation1 provid$ t ! (f5d$ p>ty w\ld n agree to accept comp5sation1 0 put "u ! control ( ! head ( ! community4 ,polygamy & int]c\rse ( ma/] & female slave 7 re/rict$2 ! obligations aris+ f blood-relation%ip or own]%ip 7 regulat$4 ,^! po9ts suffice to rem9d u ( ! nature ( ! ,qornic regulations4 ,ref]5ce to c]ta9 subjects 9 ?is reveal$ law :ile o!rs 7 ignor$1 did n dep5d on _! respective importance to ! life ( ! community1 b r on :at happ5$ to h be5 sugge/$ by ! ev5ts 9 ,mohamm$'s lifetime4 ,= ,mohamm$ knew too well h[ little qualifi$ he 0 = legislative "w to und]take x unless absolutely necess>y4 ,?is r\gh sket* ( :at ,islm meant :5 x set out to conqu] ! _w1 is n v likely to create ! impression t its incr$ibly rapid ext5sion 0 due to its sup]iority ov] ! =ms ( civilization :i* x supplant$4 ,lamm5s's ass]tion1 t ,islm 0 ! ,jewi% religion simplifi$ accord+ to ,arabic wants & amplifi$ by "s ,*ri/ian & ,arabic traditions1 conta9s a great deal ( tru?1 if only we recognize ! c5tral importance = ,mohamm$'s vocation & prea*+ ( ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e ( ,resurrection & judgm5t4 ,?is expla9s ! l>ge numb] ( weak po9ts t ! book ( ,mohamm$'s revelations1 writt5 d[n by 8 fir/ foll[]s1 (f]$ to ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian polemics4 ,x 0 easy = ! !ologians ( ^? religions to po9t out numb]less mi/akes 9 ! "w ( ! illit]ate ,arabian prophet1 especially :]e he ma9ta9$ t he 0 repeat+ & confirm+ ! cont5ts ( _! ,bible4 ,! ,qornic revelations ab\t ,allah's int]c\rse ) m51 tak5 f apocryphal s\rces1 f pr(ane leg5ds l t ( ,alex&] ! ,great1 sometimes ev5 creat$ by ,mohamm$'s own fancy--su* z ! /ory ( ! prophet ,slih1 said to h liv$ 9 ! nor? ( ,arabia1 & t ( ! prophet ,hd1 suppos$ to h liv$ 9 ! s\?2 all ?is c\ld n b give !m ! impression ( a clumsy c>icature ( true tradition4 ,! pr9cipal doctr9es ( ,synagogue & ,*ur* _h app>5tly be5 misund]/ood1 or !y 7 simply d5i$ z corruptions4 ,! conv]sion to ,islm1 )9 a hundr$ ye>s1 ( su* nations z ! ,egyptian1 ! ,syrian1 & ! ,p]sian1 c h>dly be attribut$ to any?+ b ! lat5t tal5ts1 ! =m]ly suppress$ en]gy ( ! ,arabian race hav+ f\nd a fav\rable soil = its developm5t2 tal5ts & en]gy1 h[ev]1 n ( a mission>y k9d4 ,if ,islm is said to h be5 f its beg9n+ d[n to ! pres5t day1 a mission>y religion1#a !n mission is to be tak5 "h 9 a q peculi> s5se1 & special att5tion mu/ be giv5 to ! prep>ation ( ! mission>y field by ! ,moslim armies1 relat$ by hi/ory & consid]$ z mo/ important by ! ,mohamm$ans !mselves4 ,footnote #a3 ,) extraord9>y tal5t ?is !sis has be5 def5d$ by ,pr(essor ,t4,w4 ,arnold 9 ! above quot$ "w1 ,! ,prea*+ ( ,islam1 :i* fully des]ves ! att5tion also ( ^? :o d n agree ) ! writ]'s argum5t4 ,among ! _m objections t may be rais$ aga9/ ,pr(4 ,arnold's conclusion1 we po9t to ! und5iable fact1 t ! ,moslim s*ol>s ( all ages h>dly speak ( mission at all1 & always treat ! ext5sion ( ! true fai? by holy w> z "o ( ! pr9cipal duties ( ! ,moslim community4 ,c]ta9ly1 ! nations conqu]$ by ! ,arabs "u ! fir/ khalfs 7 n oblig$ to *oose betwe5 liv+ z ,moslims or dy+ z unbeliev]s4 ,! conqu]ors treat$ !m z ,mohamm$ _h treat$ ,jews & ,*ri/ians 9 ,arabia t[>ds ! end ( 8 life1 & only exact$ f !m submission to ,moslim au?ority4 ,!y 7 all[$ to adh]e to _! religion1 provid$ !y help$ ) _! taxes to fill ! ,moslim ex*equ]4 ,?is rule 0 ev5 ext5d$ to su* religions z t ( ! ,p>ss1 al?\gh !y c\ld n be consid]$ z belong+ to ! ,p ( ,scripture expressly recogniz$ 9 ! ,qorn4 ,b ! social condition ( ^! subjects 0 gradually made s oppressive by ! ,mohamm$an ma/]s1 t rapid conv]sions 9 masses 7 a natural consequ5ce2 ! m natural because among ! conqu]$ nations intellectual culture 0 re/rict$ to a small circle1 s t aft] ! conque/ _! spiritual lead]s lack$ fre$om ( movem5t4 ,besides1 practically v little 0 requir$ f ! new conv]ts1 s t x 0 v tempt+ to take ! /ep t l$ to full citiz5%ip4 ,no1 ^? :o 9 a %ort "t subject$ millions ( non-,arabs to ! /ate f\nd$ by ,mohamm$1 & ?us prep>$ _! conv]sion1 7 no apo/les4 ,!y 7 g5]als ^: /rategic tal5ts w\ld h rema9$ hidd5 b = ,mohamm$1 political g5iuses1 especially f ,mecca & ,taif1 :o1 be=e ,islm1 w\ld h excell$ only 9 ! organization ( comm]cial op]ations or 9 e/abli%+ h>mony betwe5 ho/ile families4 ,n[ !y prov$ capable ( unit+ ! ,arabs comm&$ by ,allah1 a unity /ill _m a "t endang]$ dur+ ! fir/ c5tury by ! old p>ty _s2 & ( devis+ a division ( lab\r betwe5 ! rul]s & ! conqu]$ :i* made x possible = !m to control ! function ( complicat$ ma*9es ( /ate )\t any te*nical k4 ,moreov]1 sev]al circum/ances fav\r$ _! "w2 bo? ! l>ge realms :i* ext5d$ nor? ( ,arabia1 7 9 a /ate ( political decl9e2 ! ,*ri/ians inhabit+ ! prov9ces t 7 to be conqu]$ fir/1 belong$1 = ! l>g] "p1 to h]etical sects & 7 treat$ by ! or?odox ,byzant9es 9 su* a way t o!r ma/]s1 if tol]ant1 might be welcome4 ,! ,arabian armies consi/$ ( h>d5$ ,b$\9s ) few wants1 ^: long+ = ! treasures ( ! civiliz$ _w made !m m ready to endure ! pressure ( a discipl9e hi!rto unkn[n to !m4 ,! use t ! lead]s made ( ! occasion comm&s our admiration2 al?\gh _! plan 0 =m$ 9 ! c\rse & "u ! influ5ce ( g5]ally un=ese5 ev5ts4 ,circum/ances _h *ang$ ,mohamm$ ! ,prophet into ,mohamm$ ! ,conqu]or2 & ! lead]s1 :o cont9u$ ! conqu]or's "w1 ?\gh n driv5 by fanaticism or religi\s zeal1 /ill prep>$ ! conv]sion ( millions ( m5 to ,islm4 ,x 0 only natural t ! new ma/]s adopt$1 ) c]ta9 modifications1 ! adm9i/rative & fiscal sy/ems ( ! conqu]$ c\ntries4 ,= simil> reasons ,islm _h to complete its spiritual /ore f ! well-ord]$ weal? ( t ( its new adh]5ts4 ,rec5t rese>* %[s mo/ cle>ly1 t ,islm1 9 aft] times s %>ply oppos$ to o!r religions & s /rongly arm$ aga9/ =eign influ5ce1 9 ! fir/ c5tury borr[$ freely & simply f ! ,p ( ,scripture :atev] 0 n evid5tly 9 contradiction to ! ,qorn4 ,?is 0 to be expect$2 _h n ,mohamm$ f ! v beg9n+ ref]r$ to ! p ( ! ,book z ^? :o "k8 ,:5 pa9ful exp]i5ce induc$ him aft]w>ds to accuse !m ( corruption ( _! ,scriptures1 ?is attitude necessitat$ a c]ta9 criticism b n rejection ( _! tradition4 ,! ritual1 only provisionally regulat$ & cont9ually liable to *ange accord+ to prophetic inspiration 9 ,mohamm$'s lifetime1 requir$ unalt]able rules aft] 8 dea?4 ,rec5t /udies#a h %[n 9 an a/\nd+ way1 t ! ,jewi% ritual1 toge!r ) ! religi\s rites ( ! ,*ri/ians1 /rongly influ5c$ ! def9ite %ape giv5 to t ( ,islm1 :ile indirect influ5ce ( ! ,p>s religion is at lea/ probable4 ,footnote #a3 ,! /udies ( ,pr(essors ,c4,h4 ,beck]1 ,e4 ,mittwo*1 & ,a4,j4 ,w5s9ck1 especially tak5 9 connection ) old] ones ( ,ignaz ,goldzih]1 h ?r[n mu* light ^u ?is subject4 ,s mu* = ! rites ( public wor%ip & ! ritual purity !y require4 ,! me?od ( fa/+ seems to foll[ ! ,jewi% model1 :]eas ! p]iod ( obligatory fa/+ dep5ds on ! ,*ri/ian usage4 ,mohamm$'s fragm5t>y & unsy/ematic acc\nts ( sacr$ hi/ory 7 freely drawn f ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian s\rces & cov]$ ! :ole p]iod f ! creation ( ! _w until ! fir/ c5turies ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,( c\rse1 features %ock+ to ! ,moslim m9d 7 dropp$ & ! :ole adapt$ to ! monoton\s conception ( ! ,qorn4 ,) ev] great] boldness ! /ory ( ,mohamm$'s own life 0 exalt$ to ! sph]e ( ! sup]natural2 "h ! ,gospel s]v$ z example4 ,?\gh ,mohamm$ _h repeat$ly decl>$ himself to be an ord9>y man *os5 by ,allah z ! organ ( ,8 revelation1 & ^: only miracle 0 ! ,qorn1 po/]ity ascrib$ to him a :ole s]ies ( wond]s1 evid5tly inv5t$ 9 emulation ( ! wond]s ( ,*ri/4 ,! reason = ?is seems to h be5 ! idea t none ( ! old] prophets1 n ev5 ,jesus1 ( :om ! ,qorn tells ! greate/ wond]s1 c\ld h work$ a miracle )\t ,mohamm$1 ! ,seal ( ! prophets1 hav+ rivall$ or surpass$ him 9 ?is respect4 ,only ,jesus 0 ! ,messiah2 b ?is title did n exce$ 9 value diff]5t titles ( o!r prophets1 & ,mohamm$'s special epi!ts 7 ( a high] ord]4 ,a relative s9lessness ,mohamm$ %>$ ) ,jesus2 ! acceptance ( ?is doctr9e1 contradictory to ! orig9al _s ( ! ,qorn1 _h moreov] a dogmatic motive3 x 0 consid]$ indisp5sable to raise ! text ( ! ,qorn above all suspicion ( corruption1 :i* suspicion w\ld n be exclud$ if ! organ ( ! ,revelation 7 fallible4 ,?is p]iod ( naively adopt+ in/itutions1 doctr9es1 & traditions 0 soon foll[$ by an awak5+ to ! consci\sness t ,islm c\ld n well absorb any m ( su* =eign elem5ts )\t endang]+ its indep5d5t "*4 ,!n a sort+ began2 & ! assimilation ( ! va/ am\nt ( borr[$ matt]1 t _h already become an integral "p ( ,islm1 0 complet$ by submitt+ ! :ole to a peculi> treatm5t4 ,x 0 c>efully dive/$ ( all m>ks ( orig9 & labell$ _h?1#a s t h5ce=? x 0 reg>d$ z emanations f ! wisdom ( ! ,arabian ,prophet1 = :i* 8 foll[]s ow$ no ?anks to =eign]s4 ,footnote #a3 ,_h?1 ! ,arabic ^w = record1 /ory1 has assum$ ! te*nical mean+ ( tradition conc]n+ ! words & de$s ( ,mohamm$4 ,x is us$ z well 9 ! s5se ( a s+le record ( ?is sort z 9 t ( ! :ole body ( sacr$ traditions4 ,at fir/1 x 0 only at ,m$9a t "s pi\s p occupi$ !mselves ) regi/]+1 putt+ 9 ord]1 & sy/ematiz+ ! spiritual prop]ty ( ,islm2 aft]w>ds simil> circles 7 =m$ 9 o!r c5tres1 su* z ,mecca1 ,kufa1 ,basra1 ,misr 7,cairo71 & else:]e4 ,at ! outset ! collection ( div9e say+s1 ! ,qorn1 0 ! only guide1 ! only s\rce ( decisive decrees1 ! only t\*/one ( :at 0 true or false1 all[$ or =bidd54 ,reluctantly1 b decid$ly at la/1 x 0 conc$$ t ! f\ndations laid by ,mohamm$ = ! life ( 8 community 7 by no means all to be f\nd 9 ! ,holy ,book2 r1 t ,mohamm$'s revelations )\t 8 explanation & practice w\ld h rema9$ an enigma4 ,x 0 und]/ood n[ t ! rules & laws ( ,islm 7 f\nd$ on ,god's ^w & on ! ,sunnah1 i4e41 ! way po9t$ out by ! ,prophet's ^w & example4 ,?us x _h be5 f ! mom5t t ,allah _h caus$ ,8 light to %9e ov] ,arabia1 & ?us x mu/ rema91 if human error 0 n to corrupt ,islm4 ,at ! mom5t :5 ?is cons]vative in/9ct began to ass]t itself among ! spiritual lead]s1 s mu* =eign matt] _h already be5 incorporat$ into ,islm1 t ! !ory ( ! suffici5cy ( ,qorn & ,sunnah c\ld n h be5 ma9ta9$ )\t ! labell+ op]ation :i* we h allud$ to4 ,s x 0 assum$ t z surely z ,mohamm$ mu/ h surpass$ 8 pr$ecessors 9 p]fection & 9 wond]s1 s surely mu/ all ! pr9ciples & precepts necess>y = 8 community h be5 =mulat$ by him4 ,?us1 by a gigantic web ( fiction1 he became aft] 8 dea? ! organ ( op9ions1 ideas1 & int]e/s1 ^: lawfulness 0 recogniz$ by e influ5tial section ( ! ,fai?ful4 ,all t c\ld n be id5tifi$ z "p ( ! ,prophet's ,sunnah1 receiv$ no recognition2 on ! o!r h&1 all t 0 accept$ _h1 someh[1 to be incorporat$ into ! ,sunnah4 ,x became a fundam5tal dogma ( ,islm1 t ! ,sunnah 0 ! indisp5sable completion ( ! ,qorn1 & t bo? toge!r =m$ ! s\rce ( ,mohamm$an law & doctr9e2 s mu* s t e p>ty assum$ ! "n ( ,p ( ! ,sunnah to express its pret5sion to or?odoxy4 ,! cont5ts ( ! ,sunnah1 h[ev]1 0 ! subject ( a great deal ( controv]sy2 s t x came to be consid]$ necess>y to make ! ,prophet pron\nce 8 au?oritative judgm5t on ?is diff]5ce ( op9ion4 ,he 0 said to h call$ x a pro( ( ,god's special m]cy1 t )9 reasonable limits diff]5ce ( op9ion 0 all[$ 9 8 community4 ,( t privilege ,mohamm$ans h always amply avail$ !mselves4 ,:5 ! diff]5ce t\*$ on political que/ions1 especially on ! succession ( ! ,prophet 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ! community1 s*ism 0 ! inevitable consequ5ce4 ,?us arose ! p>ty /rifes ( ! fir/ c5tury1 :i* l$ to ! e/abli%m5t ( ! sects ( ! ,%'ites & ! ,khrijites1 sep>ate communities1 sev]$ f ! great :ole1 t l$ _! own lives1 & !re=e foll[$ pa?s diff]5t f ^? ( ! majority 9 matt]s ( doctr9e & law z well z 9 politics4 ,! %>pness ( ! political anti!sis s]v$ to acc5tuate ! importance ( ! o!r diff]5ces 9 su* cases & to deb> _! acceptance z ! legal consequ5ce ( ! diff]5ce ( op9ion t ,god's m]cy all[$4 ,t ! political factor 0 inde$ ! great motive ( sep>ation1 is cle>ly %[n 9 our own day1 n[ t "o ,mohamm$an /ate aft] ! o!r sees its political indep5d5ce disappe>+ & ef=ts are be+ made f all sides to re-e/abli% ! unity ( ! ,mohamm$an _w by /imulat+ ! feel+ ( religi\s bro!rhood4 ,among ! mo/ cultivat$ ,moslims ( diff]5t c\ntries an e>ne/ endeav\r is ga9+ gr\nd to admit ,%'ites1 ,khrijites1 & o!rs1 =m]ly abus$ z h]etics1 into ! great community1 n[ ?reat5$ by common foes1 & to reg>d _! special t5ets 9 ! same way z ! diff]5ces exi/+ betwe5 ! f\r law s*ools3 ,hanafites1 ,mlikites1 ,%fi'ites & ,hanbalites1 :i* = c5turies h be5 consid]$ equally or?odox4 ,al?\gh ! diff]5ces t divide ^! s*ools at fir/ caus$ great excitem5t & gave rise to viol5t discussions1 ! /rong ca?olic in/9ct ( ,islm always knew h[ to prev5t s*ism4 ,ea* new g5]ation ei!r f\nd ! gold5 mean betwe5 ! extremes :i* _h divid$ ! prec$+ "o1 or x recogniz$ ! "r ( bo? op9ions4 ,?\gh ! dogmatic diff]5ces 7 n necess>ily s dang]\s to unity z 7 political ones1 yet !y 7 m apt to cause s*ism ?an discussions ab\t ! law4 ,x 0 ess5tial to put an end to diss5sion conc]n+ ! !ological roots ( ! :ole sy/em ( ,islm4 ,mohamm$ _h nev] express$ any tru? 9 dogmatic =m2 all sy/ematic ?9k+ 0 =eign to 8 nature4 ,x 0 aga9 ! non-,arabic ,moslims1 especially ^? ( ,*ri/ian orig91 :o sugge/$ su* doctr9al que/ions4 ,at fir/ !y met ) a vehem5t opposition t condemn$ all dogmatic discussion z a novelty ( ! ,devil4 ,9 ! long run1 h[ev]1 ! conte/ ( ! cons]vatives aga9/ specially objectionable features ( ! dogmati/s' discussions =c$ !m to borr[ arms f ! dogmatic ars5al4 ,h5ce a me?od ) a peculi> t]m9ology came 9 vogue1 to :i* ev5 ! bolde/ imag9ation c\ld n ascribe any connection ) ! ,sunnah ( ,mohamm$4 ,yet "s traditions v5tur$ to put prophetic w>n+s on ,mohamm$'s lips aga9/ dogmatic innovations t 7 sure to arise1 & to make him pron\nce ! names ( a c\ple ( future sects4 ,b no "o d>$ to make ! ,prophet prea* an or?odox sy/em ( dogmatics result+ f ! controv]sies ( sev]al c5turies1 all ! t]ms ( :i* 7 =eign to ! ,arabic spee* ( ,mohamm$'s "t4 ,inde$1 all ! subjects :i* _h giv5 rise to dogmatic controv]sy 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 except "s too specifically ,*ri/ian1 7 discuss$ by ! mutakallims1 ! dogmati/s ( ,islm4 ,free w or pr$e/9ation2 ,god omnipot5t1 or fir/ ( all j & holy2 ,god's ^w creat$ by ,him1 or %>+ ,8 et]nity2 ,god "o 9 ?is s5se1 t ,8 be+ admitt$ ( no plurality ( qualities1 or possess$ ( qualities1 :i* 9 all et]nity are inh]5t 9 ,8 be+2 9 ! _w to come only bliss & doom1 or also an int]m$iate /ate = ! neutral4 ,we might cont9ue ! enum]ation & always %[ to ! ,*ri/ian *ur*-hi/orian or !ologian old acqua9tances 9 ,moslim g>b4 ,t is :y ,m>acci & ,rel& c\ld und]/& ,jews & ,*ri/ians yield+ to ! temptation ( jo9+ ,islm1 & t also expla9s :y ,ca?olic & ,prote/ant dogmati/s c\ld accuse ea* o!r ( ,crypto-mohamm$anism4 ,n until ! beg9n+ ( ! t5? c5tury ,a4,d4 did ! or?odox ,mohamm$an dogma beg9 to em]ge f ! cla% ( op9ions into its def9ite %ape4 ,! ,mu'tazilites _h advocat$ man's free w2 _h giv5 prom95ce to ju/ice & hol9ess 9 _! conception ( ,god1 _h d5i$ di/9ct qualities 9 ,god & ! et]nity ( ,god's ,^w2 _h accept$ a place = ! neutral betwe5 ,p>adise & ,hell2 & = "s "t ! fav\r ( ! p[]s 9 au?ority seem$ to assure ! victory ( _! sy/em4 ,al-,a%'ar contradict$ all ^! po9ts1 & 8 sy/em has 9 ! end be5 adopt$ by ! great majority4 ,! ,mu'tazilite doctr9es = a long "t /ill en?rall$ _m m9ds1 b !y end$ by tak+ refuge 9 ! political h]esy ( ,%'itism4 ,9 ! mo/ cons]vative circles1 oppon5ts to all speculation 7 nev] want+2 b !y 7 oblig$ unconsci\sly to make l>ge concessions to sy/ematic ?\ght2 = 9 ! ,moslim _w z else:]e religi\s belief )\t dogma _h become z impossible z brea?+ is )\t air4 ,?us1 9 ,islm1 a :ole sy/em1 :i* c\ld n ev5 pret5d to draw its au?ority f ! ,sunnah1 _h come to be accept$4 ,x 0 n difficult to ju/ify ?is deviation f ! or?odox abhorr5ce aga9/ novelties4 ,islm has always look$ at ! _w 9 a pessimi/ic way1 a view express$ 9 numb]less prophetic say+s4 ,! _w is bad & w become worse & worse4 ,religion & morality w h to wage an ev] m hopeless w> aga9/ unbelief1 aga9/ h]esy & ungodly ways ( liv+4 ,:ile ?is is surely no reason = ent]+ into any compromise ) doctr9es :i* dep>t b a hair's bread? f ,qorn & ,sunnah1 x necessitates me?ods ( def5ce aga9/ h]esy z unkn[n 9 ,mohamm$'s "t z h]esy itself4 ,necessity kn[s no law is a pr9ciple fully accept$ 9 ,islam2 & h]esy is an enemy ( ! fai? t c only be defeat$ ) dialectic weapons4 ,s ! religi\s tru?s prea*$ by ,mohamm$ h n be5 alt]$ 9 any way2 b "u ! /ress ( necessity !y h be5 clad 9 mod]n arm\r1 :i* has some:at *ang$ _! aspect4 ,moreov]1 ,islm has a !ory1 :i* alone is suffici5t to ju/ify ! :ole lat] developm5t ( doctr9e z well z ( law4 ,?is !ory1 ^: importance = ! sy/em c h>dly be ov]e/imat$1 & :i*1 nev]!less1 has until v rec5t times con/antly be5 ov]look$ by ,we/]n /ud5ts ( ,islm1 f9ds its classical expression 9 ! foll[+ words1 put into ! m\? ( ,mohamm$3 ,my community w nev] agree 9 an error4 ,9 t]ms m famili> to u1 ?is means t ! ,mohamm$an ,*ur* tak5 z a :ole is infallible2 t all ! decisions on matt]s practical or !oretical1 on :i* x is agre$1 are b9d+ ^u its memb]s4 ,n[h]e else is ! ca?olic in/9ct ( ,islm m cle>ly express$4 ,a fai?ful ,mohamm$an /ud5t1 aft] hav+ /ruggl$ ?r\gh a h&book ( law1 may be vex$ by a d\bt z to :e!r ^! endless casui/ic precepts h be5 rightly d$uc$ f ! ,qorn & ! ,sacr$ ,tradition4 ,8 d\bt1 h[ev]1 w at once be sil5c$1 if he be>s 9 m9d t ,allah speaks m pla9ly to him by ?is infallible ,agreem5t 7,ijm'7 ( ! ,community ?an ?r\gh ,qorn & ,tradition2 nay1 t ! cont5ts ( bo? ^? sacr$ s\rces1 )\t ?is p]fect int]m$i>y1 w\ld be to a great ext5t un9telligible to him4 ,ev5 ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! s*ools ( law may be bas$ on ?is !ory ( ! ,ijm'2 =1 does n ! infallible ,agreem5t ( ! ,community tea* u t a c]ta9 div]sity ( op9ion is a m]ciful gift ( ,god8 ,x 0 ?r\gh ! ,agreem5t t dogmatic speculations z well z m9ute discussions ab\t po9ts ( law became legitimate4 ,! /amp ( ,ijm' 0 ess5tial to e rule ( fai? & life1 to all mann]s & cu/oms4 ,all sorts ( religi\s ideas & practices1 :i* c\ld n possibly be d$uc$ f ,mohamm$'s message1 ent]$ ! ,moslim _w by ! p]mission ( ,ijm'4 ,"h we ne$ ?9k only ( my/icism & ( ! cult ( sa9ts4 ,"s passages ( ! ,qorn may p]haps be int]pret$ 9 su* a way t we he> ! subtl] /r+s ( religi\s emotion vibrat+ 9 !m4 ,! *ief impression t ,mohamm$'s ,allah makes be=e ! ,hijrah is t ( awful maje/y1 at :i* m5 tremble f af>2 !y fe> ,8 puni%m5t1 d>e h>dly be sure ( ,8 rew>d1 & hope mu* f ,8 m]cy4 ,?is impression is a la/+ "o2 b1 aft] ! ,hijrah1 ,allah is also he>d quietly reason+ ) ,8 ob$i5t s]vants1 giv+ !m advice & comm&s1 :i* !y h to foll[ 9 ord] to fru/rate all resi/ance to ,8 au?ority & to des]ve ,8 satisfaction4 ,he is always ! ,"l1 ! ,k+ ( ! _w1 :o speaks to ,8 humble s]vants4 ,b ! lamp :i* ,allah _h caus$ ,mohamm$ to hold up to guide mank9d ) its light1 0 rais$ high] & high] aft] ! ,prophet's dea?1 9 ord] to %$ its light ov] an ev] increas+ "p ( humanity4 ,?is 0 n possible1 h[ev]1 )\t its res]voir be+ repl5i%$ ) all ! diff]5t k9ds ( oil t _h f "t immemorial giv5 light to ^? diff]5t nations4 ,! oil ( my/icism came f ,*ri/ian circles1 & its ,neo-,platonic orig9 0 q unmi/akable2 ,p]sia & ,india also contribut$ to x4 ,!re 7 ^? :o1 by asceticism1 by diff]5t me?ods ( mortify+ ! fle%1 lib]at$ ! _s t x might rise & become unit$ ) ! orig9 ( all be+2 to su* an ext5t1 t ) "s ! pr(ession ( fai? 0 r$uc$ to ! blasphem\s exclamation3 ,i am ,allah4 ,o!rs tri$ to become free f ! sph]e ( ! mat]ial & ! temporal by c]ta9 me?ods ( ?\ght1 comb9$ or n comb9$ ) asceticism4 ,"h ! necessity ( guidance 0 felt1 & congregations came into exi/5ce1 ^: purpose x 0 to p]mit l>ge gr\ps ( p "u ! lead]%ip ( _! %eikhs1 to p>ticipate simultane\sly 9 ! my/ic union4 ,! influ5ce :i* spread mo/ widely 0 t ( lead]s l ,ghazl1 ! ,fa!r ( ! lat] ,mohamm$an ,*ur*1 :o recomm5d$ moral purification ( ! s\l z ! only way by :i* m5 %\ld come ne>] to ,god4 ,8 my/icism wi%$ to avoid ! dang] ( pan!ism1 to :i* s _m o!rs 7 l$ by _! contemplations1 & :i* s (t5 eng5d]$ disreg>d ( ! reveal$ law1 or ev5 ( morality4 ,"s want$ to pass ov] ! gap betwe5 ! ,creator & ! creat$ along a bridge ( contemplation2 & s1 driv5 by ! fire ( sublime passion1 precipitate !mselves t[>ds ! object ( _! love1 9 a k9d ( rapture1 :i* poets comp>e ) intoxication4 ,! evil _w said t ! impossibility to accompli% ?is heav5ly union (t5 induc$ ^? p to imitate x = ! "t be+ ) ! e>?ly means ( w9e & ! indulg5ce 9 s5sual love4 ,*>act]i/ic ( all ^! sorts ( my/icism is _! esot]ic pride4 ,all ^? emotions are meant only = a small numb] ( *os5 ones4 ,ev5 ,ghazl's e?ical my/icism is n = ! multitude4 ,! developm5t ( ,islm z a :ole1 f ! ,hijrah on1 has always be5 great] 9 bread? ?an 9 dep?2 &1 consequ5tly1 its p$agogics h rema9$ defective4 ,ev5 "s ( ! noble/ m9ds 9 ,islm re/rict true religi\s life to an ari/ocracy1 & accept ! ignorance ( ! multitude z an irrem$iable evil4 ,?r\gh\t ! c5turies pan!i/ic & animi/ic =ms ( my/icism h f\nd _m adh]5ts among ! ,mohamm$ans2 b ! infallible ,agreem5t has p]si/$ 9 call+ t h]esy4 ,e?ical my/icism1 s9ce ,ghazl1 has be5 fully recogniz$2 &1 ) law & dogma1 x =ms ! sacr$ trio ( sci5ces ( ,islm1 to ! /udy ( :i* ! ,arabic humani/ic arts s]ve z prep>atory in/rum5ts4 ,all o!r sci5ces1 h[ev] useful & necess>y1 are ( ?is _w & h no value = ! _w to come4 ,! unfai?ful appreciate & /udy !m z well z d ! ,mohamm$ans2 b1 on ,mohamm$an soil !y mu/ be col\r$ ) a ,mohamm$an hue1 & _! results may nev] cla% ) ! ?ree religi\s sci5ces4 ,physics1 a/ronomy1 & philosophy h (t5 f\nd x difficult to obs]ve ?is re/riction1 & !re=e !y us$ to be at lea/ slightly suspect$ 9 pi\s circles4 ,my/icism did n only owe to ,ijm' its place 9 ! sacr$ trio1 b x succe$$1 bett] ?an dogmatics1 9 confirm+ its "r ) words ( ,allah & ,8 ,prophet4 ,9 ,islm my/icism & allegory are alli$ 9 ! usual way2 = ! illum9ati ! words _h q a diff]5t mean+ ?an = common1 e-day p4 ,s ! ,qorn 0 made to speak ! language ( my/icism2 & my/ic comm5t>ies ( ! ,holy ,book exi/1 :i*1 ) total disreg>d = philological & hi/orical objections1 expla9 ! v]ses ( ! ,revelation z expressions ( ! pr(\nde/ s\l exp]i5ces4 ,cle> utt]ances 9 ?is _s 7 put into ! ,prophet's m\?2 &1 l ! canoni/s1 ! lead]s on ! my/ic ,way to ,god boa/$ ( a spiritual g5ealogy :i* w5t back to ,mohamm$4 ,?us ! ,prophet is said to h decl>$ void all k & fulfillm5t ( ! law :i* lacks my/ic exp]i5ce4 ,( c\rse only true my/icism is ju/ifi$ by ,ijm' & confirm$ by ! evid5ce ( ,qorn & ,sunnah2 b1 ab\t ! b\nds betwe5 true & false or h]etical my/icism1 !re exi/s 9 a l>ge measure ! well-kn[n div]sity ( op9ion all[$ by ,god's grace4 ,! e?ical my/icism ( al-,ghazl is g5]ally recogniz$ z or?odox2 & ! possibility ( atta9+ to a high] spiritual sph]e by means ( me?odic asceticism & contemplation is d\bt$ by few4 ,! foll[+ op9ion has come to prevail 9 wide circles3 ! ,law (f]s ! bread ( life to all ! fai?ful1 ! dogmatics are ! ars5al f :i* ! weapons mu/ be tak5 to def5d ! treasures ( religion aga9/ unbelief & h]esy1 b my/icism %[s ! e>?ly pilgrim ! way to ,heav54 ,x 0 a mu* l[] ne$ t assur$ ! cult ( sa9ts a place 9 ! doctr9e & practice ( ,islm4 ,z /range z is ,mohamm$'s trans=mation f an ord9>y son ( man1 :i* he want$ to be1 into ! inc>nation ( ,div9e ,light1 z ! lat] biograph]s repres5t him1 x is /ill m a/\nd+ t ! int]cession ( sa9ts %\ld h become indisp5sable to ! community ( ,mohamm$1 :o1 accord+ to ,tradition1 curs$ ! ,jews & ,*ri/ians because !y wor%ipp$ ! %r9es ( _! prophets4 ,almo/ e ,moslim village has its patron sa9t2 e c\ntry has its national sa9ts2 e prov9ce ( human life has its own human rul]s1 :o are int]m$iate betwe5 ! ,creator & common mortals4 ,9 no o!r p>ticul> has ,islm m fully accommodat$ itself to ! religions x supplant$4 ,! popul> practice1 :i* is 9 _m cases h>dly to be di/+ui%$ f poly!ism1 01 to a great ext5t1 fav\r$ by ! !ory ( ! int]cession ( ! pi\s dead1 ( ^: fri5dly assi/ance p might assure !mselves by do+ good de$s 9 _! names & to _! et]nal advantage4 ,! ord9>y ,moslim visitor ( ! graves ( sa9ts does n tr\ble himself ) ?is +5i\s compromise betwe5 ! sev]e mono!ism ( 8 prophet & ! poly!ism ( 8 ance/ors4 ,he is firmly conv9c$1 t ! be/ way to obta9 ! satisfaction ( 8 desire aft] e>?ly or heav5ly goods is to give ! sa9t ^: special c>e ^! are :at he likes be/2 & he confid5tly leaves x to ! v5]at$ "o to settle ! matt] ) ,allah1 :o is f> too high above ! ord9>y mortal to all[ ( direct contact4 ,9 support ev5 ( ?is />tl+ deviation f ! orig9al1 traditions h be5 devis$4 ,moreov]1 ! v5]ation ( human be+s 0 fav\r$ by "s =ms ( my/icism2 =1 l _m sa9ts1 _m my/ics _h _! ecc5tricities1 & x 0 mu* to ! advantage ( my/ic !ologians if ! vulg> c\ld be p]suad$ to accept _! ab]rations f normal rules ( life z peculi>ities ( holy m54 ,b ,ijm' did m ev5 ?an tradition & my/icism to make ! v5]ation ( legions ( sa9ts possible 9 ! temples ( ! v m5 :o 7 oblig$ by _! ritual law to say to ,allah sev]al "t daily3 ,!e only d we wor%ip & to ,!e alone d we cry = help4 ,9 ! t5? c5tury ( our era ,islm's process ( accommodation 0 f9i%$ 9 all its ess5tials4 ,f ?is "t =w>d1 if circum/ances 7 fav\rable1 x c\ld cont9ue ! execution ( its _w conqu]+ plans )\t be+ compell$ to assimilate any m =eign elem5ts4 ,aga9/ ea* spiritual asset t ano!r univ]sal religion c\ld boa/1 x c\ld n[ put =w>d some?+ ( a simil> nature1 b :i* /ill %[$ *>act]i/ics ( its own1 & ! sup]iority ( :i* x c\ld su/a9 by argum5ts p]fectly satisfactory to its foll[]s4 ,f t "t on1 ,islm /rove to di/+ui% itself ev] m %>ply f its mo/ important rivals4 ,!re 0 no absolute /agnation1 ! evolution 0 n entirely /opp$2 b x mov$ at a mu* quiet] pace1 & its direction 0 gov]n$ by int]nal motives1 n by influ5ces f outside4 ,moslim ca?olicism _h atta9$ its full gr[?4 ,we _c )9 ! small compass ( ^! lectures consid] ! excresc5ces ( ! normal ,islm1 ! ,%'itic ultras1 :o v5]at$ c]ta9 desc5dants ( ,mohamm$ z infallible rul]s ( ! _w1 ,i%ma'ilites1 ,q>matians1 ,assass9s2 nor ! mod]n ba/>ds ( ,islm1 su* z ! ,%eikhites1 ! ,bb's1 ! ,beh's--:o h f\nd "s adh]5ts 9 ,am]ica--& o!r sects1 :i* inde$ sprang up on ,moslim soil1 b delib]ately turn$ to non-,mohamm$an s\rces = _! inspirations4 ,we mu/ draw att5tion1 h[ev]1 to prote/s rais$ by c]ta9 m9orities aga9/ "s ( ! ideas & practices :i* _h be5 def9itely adopt$ by ! majority4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ,mohamm$an ,ca?olicism !re always liv$ & mov$ m or less freely prote/ant elem5ts4 ,! comp>ison may ev5 be cont9u$1 ) c]ta9 qualifications1 & we may speak also ( a cons]vative & ( a lib]al prote/antism 9 ,islm4 ,! cons]vative ,prote/antism is repres5t$ by ! ,hanbalitic s*ool & k9dr$ spirits1 :o mo/ emphatically prea*$ t ! ,agreem5t 7,ijm'7 ( e p]iod %\ld be bas$ on t ( ! pi\s ance/ors4 ,!y !re=e te/$ e dogma & practice by ! words & de$s ( ! ,prophet1 8 contempor>ies1 & ! lead]s ( ! ,community 9 ! fir/ decades aft] ,mohamm$'s dea?4 ,9 _! eyes ! ,*ur* ( lat] days _h deg5]at$2 & !y decl9$ to consid] ! agreem5t ( its doctors z ju/ify+ ! p5etration into ,islm ( ideas & usages ( =eign orig94 ,! cult ( sa9ts 0 reject$ by !m z altoge!r contradictory to ! ,qorn & ! g5u9e tradition4 ,^! prote/ants ( ,islm may be comp>$ to ^? ( ,*ri/ianity also 9 ?is respect1 t !y accept$ ! results ( ! evolution & assimilation ( ! fir/ ?ree c5turies ( ,islm1 b reject$ lat] additions z abuse & corruption4 ,:5 on ! v]ge ( our n9ete5? c5tury1 !y tri$1 z true ,moslims1 to =ce by mat]ial means _! religi\s conceptions on o!rs1 !y 7 combat$ z h]etics by ! au?orities ( ca?olic ,islm4 ,c5tral & ,we/]n ,arabia =m$ ! battlefield on :i* ^! zealots1 call$ ,wahhbites aft] _! lead]1 7 defeat$ by ,mohamm$ ,ali1 ! fir/ ,kh$ive1 & 8 ,egyptian army4 ,s9ce !y h giv5 up _! ef=ts at viol5t recon/itution ( :at !y consid] to be ! orig9al ,islm1 !y are left alone1 & _! ideas h f\nd adh]5ts f> outside ,arabia1 e4g41 9 ,briti% ,india & 9 ,nor!rn & ,c5tral ,africa4 ,9 /ill q ano!r way _m ,moslims :o f\nd _! fre$om ( ?\ght or action imp$$ by ! prevail+ law & doctr9e1 h return$ to ! orig9 ( _! religion4 ,too mu* atta*$ to ! traditions ( _! fai?1 delib]ately to disreg>d ^! imp$im5ts1 !y tri$ to f9d 9 ! ,qorn & ,tradition argum5ts 9 fav\r ( :at 0 dictat$ to !m by ,reason2 & !y f\nd ^? argum5ts z easily z =m] g5]ations _h f\nd ! bases on :i* to erect _! casui/ry1 _! dogma1 & _! my/icism4 ,?is impli$ an int]pretation ( ! olde/ s\rces indep5d5t f ! ca?olic developm5t ( ,islm1 & 9 contradiction ) ! g5]al op9ion ( ! canoni/s1 accord+ to :om1 s9ce ! f\r? or fif? c5tury ( ! ,hijrah1 no "o is qualifi$ = su* free rese>*4 ,a c]ta9 degree ( indep5d5ce ( m9d1 toge!r ) a /rong atta*m5t to _! spiritual pa/1 has giv5 rise 9 ! ,moslim _w to ?is sort ( lib]al prote/antism1 :i* 9 our age has _m adh]5ts among ! ,mohamm$ans :o h come 9 contact ) mod]n civilization4 ,t ! p>tisans ( all ^! diff]5t conceptions c\ld rema9 toge!r z ! *ildr5 ( "o spiritual family1 is l>gely ow+ to ! ela/ic "* ( ,ijm'1 ! importance ( :i* is to "s ext5t ackn[l$g$ by ca?olics & prote/ants1 by mod]ns & cons]vatives4 ,x has nev] be5 conte/$ t ! community1 ^: agreem5t 0 ! te/ ( tru?1 %\ld n consi/ ( ! fai?ful masses1 b ( ! exp]t elect4 ,9 a ,*ri/ian *ur* we %\ld h spok5 ( ! cl]gy1 ) a fur!r def9ition ( ! organs ?r\gh :i* x 0 to express itself synod1 c\ncil1 or ,pope4 ,islm has no cl]gy1 z we h se52 ! qualification ( a man to h 8 own op9ion dep5ds entirely ^u ! scope ( 8 k or r ( 8 erudition4 ,!re is no lack ( /&>ds1 fix$ by ,mohamm$an au?orities1 9 :i* ! requirem5ts = a s*ol> to qualify him = ,ijm' are detail$4 ,! pr9cipal crit]ion is ! k ( ! canon law2 q :at we %\ld expect f ! hi/ory ( ! evolution ( ,islm4 ,b1 ( c\rse1 dogmati/s & my/ics _h also _! own agreem5ts on ! que/ions conc]n+ !m1 & ?r\gh ! compromise betwe5 ,law1 ,dogma1 & ,my/icism1 !re c\ld n fail to come into exi/5ce a k9d ( mix$ ,ijm'4 ,moreov]1 ! /&>ds & def9itions c\ld h only a c]ta9 !oretical value1 z !re nev] has exi/$ a body t c\ld speak 9 ! "n ( all4 ,! decisions ( ,ijm' 7 !re=e to be asc]ta9$ only 9 a vague & g5]al way4 ,! speak]s 7 individuals ^: own au?ority dep5d$ on ,ijm'1 :]eas ,ijm' %\ld h be5 _! collective decision4 ,?us x 0 possible = innum]able %ades ( ,ca?olicism & prote/antism to live "u "o ro(2 ) a good deal ( friction1 x is true1 b )\t def9ite brea* or s*ism1 no "o sect be+ able to eject ano!r f ! community4 ,moslim political au?orities are b\nd n only to ext5d ! doma9 ( ,islm1 b also to keep ! community 9 ! "r pa? 9 its life & doctr9e4 ,?is task !y h always conceiv$ 9 accordance ) _! political int]e/s2 ,islm has _h its religi\s p]secutions b tol]ance 0 v usual1 & ev5 (ficial fav\r+ ( h]esy n q exceptional ) ,moslim rul]s4 ,regul> ma9t5ance ( religi\s discipl9e exi/$ n[h]e4 ,?us 9 ! bond ( political ob$i5ce elem5ts :i* might o!rwise h be5 scatt]$ 7 held toge!r4 ,! political decay ( ,islm 9 our a day has done away ) :at _h be5 left ( (ficial p[] to settle religi\s diff]5ces & any organization ( spiritual au?ority nev] exi/$4 ,h5ce x is only natural t ! div]sity ( op9ion all[$ by ! grace ( ,allah n[ %[s itself on a great] scale ?an ev] be=e4 ,,iii ,,! ,,political ,,developm5t ,,( ,,isl,m ,9 ! fir/ p]iod ( ,islm1 ! functions ( :at we call ,*ur* & :at we call ,/ate 7 ex]cis$ by ! same au?ority4 ,its political developm5t is !re=e ( great importance = ! und]/&+ ( its religi\s gr[?4 ,! ,prophet1 :5 he spoke 9 ! "n ( ,god1 0 ! lawgiv] ( 8 community1 & x 0 rightly und]/ood by ! lat] ,fai?ful t 8 indisp5sable explanations ( ,god's ^w _h also legislative p[]4 ,f ! "t ( ! ,hijrah ! nature ( ! case made him ! rul]1 ! judge1 & ! milit>y comm&] ( 8 !ocratic /ate4 ,moreov]1 ,allah expressly dem&$ ( ! ,moslims t !y %\ld obey ! ,mess5g] ( ,god1 & ^? among/ !m :o h au?ority4#a ,we see by ?is expression t ,mohamm$ %>$ 8 temporal au?ority ) o!rs4 ,8 co-rul]s 7 n appo9t$1 _! numb] 0 n[h]e def9$1 !y 7 n a clos$ circle2 !y 7 ! notables ( ! tribes or o!r gr\ps :o _h array$ !mselves "u ,mohamm$'s au?ority1 & a few :o _h ga9$ influ5ce by _! p]sonality4 ,9 _! c\ncils ,mohamm$'s ^w _h no decisive p[]1 except :5 he spoke 9 ! "n ( ,allah2 & we "k h[ c>eful he 0 to give oracles only 9 cases ( extreme ne$4 ,footnote #a3 ,qorn1 iv41 #fb4 ,9 ! la/ ye>s ( ,mohamm$'s life 8 au?ority became ext5d$ ov] a l>ge "p ( ,arabia2 b he did v little 9 ! way ( c5tralization ( gov]nm5t4 ,he s5t 'mils1 i4e41 ag5ts1 to ! conqu]$ tribes or villages1 :o _h to see t1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! mo/ important regulations ( ! ,qorn 7 foll[$1 &1 secondly1 t ! tax into :i* ! duty ( almsgiv+ _h be5 conv]t$ 0 promptly paid1 & t ! portion ( x int5d$ = ! c5tral fund at ,m$9a 0 duly deliv]$4 ,aft] ! great conque/s1 ! gov]nors ( prov9ces ( ! ,moslim ,empire1 :o (t5 ex]cis$ a despotic p[]1 7 call$ by ! same title ( 'mils4 ,! ag5ts ( ,mohamm$1 h[ev]1 did n possess su* unlimit$ au?ority4 ,x 0 only gradually t ! ,arabs le>n$ ! value ( good discipl9e & submission to a /rong guidance1 & adopt$ ! =ms ( ord]ly gov]nm5t z !y f\nd !m 9 ! conqu]$ l&s4 ,?r\gh ! dea? ( ,mohamm$ ev]y?+ became unc]ta94 ,! comb9ation "u "o lead]%ip ( su* a het]og5e\s mass z t ( 8 ,arabs w\ld h be5 un?9kable a few ye>s be=e4 ,x became q natural1 ?\gh1 z soon z ! ,prophet's m\? 0 recogniz$ z ! organ ( ,allah's voice4 ,mu/ ?is mon>*y be cont9u$ aft] ,allah's m\?piece _h ceas$ to exi/8 ,x 0 n at all c]ta94 ,! =ce ( circum/ances & ! en]gy ( "s ( ,mohamm$'s c\nsellors soon l$ to ! necess>y decisions4 ,a numb] ( ! notables ( ! community succe$$ 9 =c+ ^u ! hesitat+ or unwill+ memb]s ! acceptance ( ! mon>*y z a p]man5t in/itution4 ,!re mu/ be a khalf1 a deputy ( ! ,prophet 9 all 8 functions 7except t ( mess5g] ( ,god71 :o w\ld be rul] & judge & lead] ( public wor%ip1 b above all amr al-mu'm9n1 ,comm&] ( ! ,fai?ful1 9 ! /ruggle bo? aga9/ ! apo/ate ,arabs & aga9/ ! ho/ile tribes on ! nor!rn bord]4 ,b = ! milit>y success ( ! fir/ khalifs ,islm w\ld nev] h become a univ]sal religion4 ,e ex]tion 0 made to keep ! troops ( ! ,fai?ful complete4 ,! lead]s foll[$ only ,mohamm$'s example :5 !y repres5t$ fight+ = ,allah's cause z ! mo/ enviable occupation4 ,! duty ( milit>y s]vice 0 con/antly impress$ ^u ! ,moslims2 ! lu/ ( booty & ! desire = m>tyrdom1 to :i* ! ,qorn assign$ ! highe/ rew>d1 7 excit$ to ! utmo/4 ,at a lat] p]iod1 x became necess>y 9 ! int]e/s ( ord] to temp] ! result ( ?is excitem5t by traditions 9 :i* ^? ( ! ,fai?ful :o di$ 9 ! ex]cise ( a peaceful1 hone/ pr(ession 7 decl>$ to be witnesses to ! ,fai? z well z ^? :o 7 sla9 9 battle aga9/ ! enemies ( ,god1--traditions 9 :i* ! real & great] holy w> 0 describ$ z ! /ruggle aga9/ evil passions4 ,! necessity ( su* a mitigat+ reaction1 ! _s 9 :i* ! *apt]s on holy w> ( ,mohamm$an lawbooks are conceiv$1 & ! galvaniz+ p[] :i* d[n to our own day is conta9$ 9 a call to arms 9 ! "n ( ,allah1 all ?is %[s t 9 ! beg9n+ ( ,islm ! love ( battle _h be5 in/igat$ at ! exp5se ( ev]y?+ else4 ,! in/itution ( ! ,khalifate _h h>dly be5 agre$ ^u :5 ! "q ( :o %\ld occupy x became ! subject ( viol5t diss5sion4 ,! fir/ f\r khalfs1 ^: reigns occupi$ ! fir/ ?irty ye>s aft] ,mohamm$'s dea?1 7 ,qorai%ites1 tribesm5 ( ! ,prophet1 & moreov] m5 :o _h be5 8 intimate fri5ds4 ,! sacr$ tradition relates a say+ ( ,mohamm$3 ,! imms are f ,qorai%1 int5d$ to conf9e ! ,khalifate to m5 f t tribe4 ,hi/ory1 h[ev]1 %[s t ?is edict 0 =g$ to give ! /amp ( legality to ! results ( a long political /ruggle4 ,= at ,mohamm$'s dea? ! ,m$9ese began fi]cely conte/+ ! claims ( ! ,qorai%ites2 & dur+ ! reign ( ,al1 ! f\r? ,khalf1 ! ,khrijites rebell$1 dem&+1 z democratic rigori/s1 ! free election ( khalfs )\t re/riction to ! tribe ( ,qorai% or to any o!r desc5t4 ,_! /&>d ( requirem5ts conta9$ only religi\s & moral qualities2 & !y claim$ = ! community ! cont9ual control ( ! *os5 lead]'s behavi\r & ! "r ( depos+ him z soon z !y f\nd him fail+ 9 ! fulfilm5t ( 8 duties4 ,_! an>*i/ic revolutions1 :i* dur+ m ?an a c5tury occasionally gave mu* tr\ble to ! ,khalifate1 caus$ ,islm to acc5tuate ! ari/ocratic "* ( its mon>*y4 ,!y 7 ov]come & r$uc$ to a sect1 ! survivors ( :i* /ill exi/ 9 ,s\?-,ea/]n ,arabia1 9 ,zanzib>1 & 9 ,nor!rn ,africa2 h[ev]1 ! actual life ( ^! communities resembles t ( _! spiritual =efa!rs to a v remote degree4 ,ano!r democratic doctr9e1 /ill m radical ?an t ( ! ,khrijites1 makes ev5 non-,arabs eligible = ! ,khalifate4 ,x mu/ h _h a consid]able numb] ( adh]5ts1 = ! tradition :i* makes ! ,prophet responsible = x is to be f\nd 9 ! canonic collections4 ,lat] g5]ations1 h[ev]1 r5d]$ x h>mless by exegesis2 !y ma9ta9$ t 9 ?is text comm&] meant only subord9ate *iefs1 & n ! ,comm&] ( ! ,fai?ful4 ,x became a dogma 9 ! or?odox ,mohamm$an _w1 respect$ up to ! sixte5? c5tury1 t only memb]s ( ! tribe ( ,qorai% c\ld take ! place ( ! ,mess5g] ( ,god4 ,! *ance ( success 0 great] = ! legitimi/s ?an = ! democratic p>ty4 ,! =m] wi%$ to make ! ,khalifate ! privilege ( ,al1 ! c\s9 & son-9-law ( ! ,prophet1 & 8 desc5dants4 ,at fir/ ! community did n take mu* notice ( t ,h\se ( ,mohamm$2 & x did n occur to any "o to give !m a special "p 9 ! direction ( affairs4 ,al & ,ftima !mselves ask$ to be plac$ 9 possession only ( c]ta9 goods :i* _h belong$ to ,mohamm$1 b :i* ! fir/ khalfs w\ld n all[ to be reg>d$ z 8 p]sonal prop]ty2 !y ma9ta9$ t ! ,prophet _h _h ! disposal ( !m n z own]1 b z head ( ! /ate4 ,?is n>r[ gre$ & abs5ce ( political insight seem$ to be h]$it>y 9 ! desc5dants ( ,ali & ,ftima2 = !re 0 no lack ( sup]/iti\s rev]5ce = !m 9 lat] times1 & if "o ( !m _h possess$ some?+ ( ! political tal5t ( ! be/ ,omayyads & ,abbasids he w\ld c]ta9ly h be5 able to supplant !m4 ,aft] ! ?ird ,khalf1 ,o?mn1 _h be5 murd]$ by 8 political oppon5ts1 ,ali became 8 successor2 b he 0 m remote ?an any ( 8 pr$ecessors f enjoy+ g5]al sympa?y4 ,at t "t ! ,%'ah1 ! ,p>ty ( ! ,h\se ( ! ,prophet1 gradually arose1 :i* ma9ta9$ t ,ali %\ld h be5 ! fir/ ,khalf1 & t 8 desc5dants %\ld succe$ him4 ,! v5]ation felt = ^? desc5dants increas$ 9 ! same proportion z t = ! ,prophet himself2 & moreov]1 !re 7 at all times malcont5ts1 ^: advantage w\ld be 9 jo9+ any revolution aga9/ ! exi/+ gov]nm5t4 ,yet ! ,alids nev] succe$$ 9 accompli%+ any?+ aga9/ ! dyna/ies ( ! ,omayyads1 ! ,abbasids1 & ! ,ottomans1 except 9 a few cases ( transitory importance only4 ,! ,fatimite dyna/y1 ( r d\btful desc5t1 :i* rul$ a "p ( ,nor!rn ,africa & ,egypt 9 ! t5? c5tury ,a4,d41 0 completely suppress$ aft] "s two & a half c5turies4 ,! ,%]fs :o h rul$ ,morocco = m ?an #iej ye>s 7 n *iefs ( a p>ty t consid]$ ! legality ( _! lead]%ip a dogma2 !y owe _! local ,khalifate f> m to ! out-(-!-way position ( _! c\ntry :i* prev5t$ ,abbasids & ,turks f m$dl+ ) _! affairs4 ,o!rwise1 !y w\ld h be5 oblig$ at any rate to ackn[l$ge ! sov]eignty ( ! ,great ,"l ( ,con/ant9ople4 ,?is 0 ! case ) ! ,%]fs ( ,mecca1 :o ev] s9ce ! twelf? c5tury h reg>d$ ! sacr$ t]ritory z _! doma94 ,_! pr9cipality arose out ( ! g5]al political di/urbance & ! division ( ! ,mohamm$an empire into a numb] ( k+doms1 ^: mutual /rife prev5t$ !m f und]tak+ milit>y op]ations 9 ! des]t4 ,^! ,%]fs rais$ no claim to ! ,khalifate2 & ! ,%'itic t5d5cies !y display$ 9 ! ,middle ,ages _h no political significance1 al?\gh !y _h intimate relations ) ! ,zaidites ( ,s\!rn ,arabia4 ,z fir/ ,egypt & aft]w>ds ,turkey made _! protectorate ov] ! holy cities m effective1 ! pr9ces ( ,mecca became or?odox4 ,! ,zaidites1 :o settl$ 9 ,yem5 f ! n9? c5tury on1 are really ,%'ites1 al?\gh ( ! mo/ mod]ate k9d4 ,)\t /riv+ aft] expansion outside ,arabia1 !y firmly refuse to give up _! own ,khalifate & to ackn[l$ge ! sov]eignty ( any non-,alid rul]2 ! ef=ts ( ! ,turks to subdue !m or to make a compromise ) !m h _h no la/+ results4 ,?is is ! pr9cipal ob/acle aga9/ _! be+ includ$ 9 ! or?odox community1 al?\gh _! admission is def5d$1 ev5 "u pres5t circum/ances1 by _m non-political ,moslim s*ol>s4 ,! ,zaidites are ! remnant ( ! orig9al ,arabian ,%'ah1 :i* = c5turies has c\nt$ adh]5ts 9 all p>ts ( ! ,moslim _w1 & "s ( ^: t5ets h p5etrat$ ,mohamm$an or?odoxy4 ,! almo/ g5]al v5]ation ( ! sayyids & %]fs1 z ! desc5dants ( ,mohamm$ are entitl$1 is due to ?is influ5ce4 ,! ,%'ah outside ,arabia1 ^: adh]5ts us$ to be p]secut$ by ! (ficial au?orities1 n )\t good cause1 became ! receptacle ( all ! revolution>y & het]odox ideas ma9ta9$ by ! conv]t$ peoples4 ,alongside ( ! visible political hi/ory ( ,islm ( ! fir/ c5turies1 ^! circles built up _! evolution ( ! unse5 community1 ! only true "o1 guid$ by ! ,holy ,family1 & ! reality 0 to !m a cont9u\s d5ial ( ! po/ulates ( religion4 ,_! fir/ imm or successor ( ! ,prophet 0 ,al1 ^: div9e "r _h be5 unju/ly d5i$ by ! ?ree usurp]s1 ,abu ,bakr1 ,om>1 & ,o?mn1 & :o _h ex]cis$ actual au?ority = a few ye>s 9 con/ant /rife ) ,khrijites & ,omayyads4 ,! ef=ts ( 8 legitimate successors to ass]t _! au?ority 7 con/antly dr[n$ 9 blood2 until1 at la/1 !re 7 no m c&idates = ! dang]\s (fice4 ,?is prosaic fact 0 conv]t$ by ! adh]5ts ( ! ,h\se ( ,mohamm$ into ! romance1 t ! la/ imm ( a l9e ( sev5 accord+ to "s1 & twelve accord+ to o!rs1 _h disappe>$ 9 a my/]i\s way1 to return at ! end ( days z ,mahd1 ! ,guid$ ,"o1 :o %\ld re/ore ! political ord] :i* _h be5 di/urb$ ev] s9ce ,mohamm$'s dea?4 ,until 8 reappe>ance !re is no?+ left = ! community to d b to await 8 adv5t1 "u ! guidance ( _! secul> rul]s 7e4g41 ! %hs ( ,p]sia7 & enlight5$ by _! au?oritative s*ol>s 7mujtahids71 :o expla9 fai? & law to !m f ! tradition ( ! ,sacr$ ,family4 ,! great majority ( ,mohamm$ans1 z !y d n accept ?is legitimi/ !ory1 are c\nt$ by ! ,%'ah outside ,arabia z unclean h]etics1 if n z unbeliev]s4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! fifte5? c5tury ?is ,%'ah f\nd its political c5tre 9 ,p]sia1 & oppos$ itself fanatically to ! ,sultan ( ,turkey1 :o at ab\t ! same "t came to /& at ! head ( or?odox ,islm4 ,all diff]5ces ( doctr9e 7 n[ %>p5$ & embitt]$ by political passion1 & ! ef=ts ( s+le enlight5$ pr9ces or s*ol>s to induce ! v>i\s peoples to ext5d to ea* o!r1 across ! political b>ri]s1 ! h& ( bro!rhood 9 ! pr9ciples ( fai?1 all fail$4 ,x is only 9 ! la/ few ye>s t ! g5]al political di/ress ( ,islm has incl9$ ! e/rang$ relatives t[>ds reconciliation4 ,besides ! v5]ation ( ! ,alids1 or?odox ,islm has adopt$ ano!r ,%itic elem5t1 ! expectation ( ! ,mahd1 :i* we h j m5tion$4 ,mo/ ,sunnites expect t at ! end ( ! _w !re w come f ! ,h\se ( ,mohamm$ a successor to him1 guid$ by ,allah1 :o w ma9ta9 ! reveal$ law z fai?fully z ! fir/ f\r khalfs did accord+ to ! idealiz$ hi/ory1 & :o w succe$ ) ,god's help 9 mak+ ,islm victori\s ov] ! :ole _w4 ,t ! *ilia/ic k+dom ( ! ,mahd mu/ 9 ! end be de/roy$ by ,anti-,*ri/1 9 ord] t ,jesus may be able once m to re-e/abli% ! holy ord] be=e ! ,resurrection1 0 a necess>y consequ5ce ( ! amalgamation ( ! political expectations =m$ "u ,%'itic influ5ce1 ) es*atological conceptions =m]ly borr[$ by ,islm f ,*ri/ianity4 ,! or?odox ,mahd diff]s f t ( ! ,%'ah 9 _m ways4 ,he is n an imm return+ aft] c5turies ( disappe>ance1 b a desc5dant ( ,mohamm$1 com+ into ! _w 9 ! ord9>y way to fulfill ! ideal ( ! ,khalifate4 ,he does n re-e/abli% ! legitimate l9e ( successors ( ! ,prophet2 b he r5ews ! glori\s tradition ( ! ,khalifate1 :i* aft] ! fir/ ?irty ye>s 0 dragg$ into ! g5]al det]ioration1 common to all human ?+s4 ,! prophecies conc]n+ 8 appe>ance are sometimes ( an equally sup]natural k9d z ^? ( ! ,%ites1 s t ! p]iod ( 8 com+ has pass$ m & m f ! political sph]e to :i* x orig9ally belong$1 into t ( es*atology4 ,yet1 naturally1 x is easi] = a popul> lead] to make himself reg>d$ z ! or?odox ,mahd ?an to play ! "p ( ! return$ imm4 ,mohamm$an rul]s h _h m tr\ble ?an !y c>$ = ) c&idates = ! dignity ( ! ,mahd2 & x is n surpris+ t 9 (ficial ,turki% circles !re is a t5d5cy to simplify ! ,messianic expectation by giv+ ! fulle/ weight to ?is traditional say+ ( ,mohamm$ ,!re is no mahd b ,jesus1 see+ t ,jesus mu/ come f ! cl\ds1 :]eas o!r mahds may arise f human society4 ,9 ! or?odox expectation ( ! ,mahdi ! ,moslim !ory has mo/ %>ply express$ its condemnation ( ! lat] political hi/ory ( ,islm4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! fir/ c5tury aft] ! ,hijrah ! ,qorn s*ol>s 7grs7 arose2 & ^! 9 turn 7 succe$$ by ! m5 ( tradition 7ahl al-_h?7 & by ! canoni/s 7faqhs7 ( lat] times4 ,^! le>n$ m5 7ulam'7 w\ld n endure any int]f]5ce ) _! "r to /ate ) au?ority :at ,islm dem&$ ( its lead]s4 ,!y laid claim to an int]pretative au?ority conc]n+ ! div9e law1 :i* bord]$ ^u supreme legislative p[]2 _! agreem5t 7,ijm'7 0 t ( ! infallible community4 ,b j z beside ?is legislative agreem5t1 a dogmatic & a my/ic agreem5t grew up1 9 ! same way !re 0 a sep>ate ,ijm' reg>d+ ! political gov]nm5t1 ^u :i* ! canoni/s c\ld ex]cise only an indirect influ5ce4 ,9 o!r words s9ce ! accession ( ! ,omayyad khalfs1 ! actual au?ority re/$ 9 ! h&s ( dyna/ies1 & "u ! ,abbasids gov]nm5t assum$ ev5 a despotic "*4 ,?is relation betwe5 ! gov]nors & gov]n$1 orig9ally ali5 to ,islm1 0 n *ang$ by ! transf]5ce ( ! actual p[] into ! h&s ( wezrs & (fic]s ( ! bodygu>d2 nor yet by ! dis9tegration ( ! empire into a numb] ( small despotisms1 ! inve/iture ( :i* by ! khalf became a m]e =mality4 ,dyna/ic & political que/ions 7 settl$ 9 a comp>atively small circle1 by c\rt intrigue1 /ratagems1 & =ce2 & ! canoni/s1 l ! p1 7 b\nd to accept ! results4 ,politically incl9$ int]pret]s ( ! law might try to ju/ify _! compulsory ass5t to ! facts by !ories ab\t ! ,ijm' ( ! notables resid+ 9 ! capital1 :o took ! urg5t decisions ab\t ! succession1 :i* decisions 7 subsequ5tly confirm$ by g5]al homage to ! new pr9ce2 b !y _h no illusions ab\t ! real influ5ce ( ! community ^u ! *oice ( its lead]4 ,! mo/ indep5d5t s*ol>s made no attempt to disguise ! fact t ! c\rse :i* political affairs _h tak5 0 ! cle>e/ pro( ( ! moral deg5]ation :i* _h set 91 & !y pron\nc$ an equally bold & m]ciless criticism ^u ! gov]nm5t 9 all its dep>tm5ts4 ,x became a matt] ( c\rse t a pi\s s*ol> mu/ keep himself free f all int]c\rse ) /ate (ficials1 on pa9 ( los+ 8 reputation4 ,! bridge across ! gulf t sep>at$ ! spiritual f ! temporal au?orities 0 =m$ by ^? /ate (ficials :o1 = ! practice ( _! (fice1 ne$$ a k ( ! div9e law1 especially ! qdhs4 ,x 0 orig9ally ! duty ( ^! judges to decide all legal diff]5ces betwe5 ,mohamm$ans1 or m5 ( o!r cre$s "u ,mohamm$an protection1 :o call$ = _! decision4 ,! actual division betwe5 ! rul]s & ! int]pret]s ( ! law caus$ an ev]-increas+ limitation ( ! au?ority ( ! qdhs4 ,! laws ( m>riage1 family1 & inh]itance rema9$1 h[ev]1 _! inali5able t]ritory2 & a numb] ( o!r matt]s1 9 :i* too great a religi\s int]e/ 0 involv$ to leave !m to ! caprice ( ! gov]nors or to ! cu/om>y law outside ,islm1 7 usually includ$4 ,b z ! qdhs 7 appo9t$ by ! gov]nors1 !y 7 oblig$ 9 ! ex]cise ( _! (fice to give due consid]ation to ! wi%es ( _! con/itu5ts2 & moreov] !y 7 (t5 ta9t$ by :at 0 reg>d$ 9 ,mohamm$an c\ntries z insep>able f gov]nm5t employm5t3 brib]y4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 ! canoni/s1 al?\gh x 0 f _! ranks t ! (ficials ( ! qdh c\rt 7 to be drawn1 consid]$ no words too /rong to express _! contempt = ! (fice ( qdh4 ,9 h&books ( ! ,law ( all times1 ! qdhs ( our "t are repres5t$ z unscrupul\s be+s1 ^: unreliable judgm5ts 7 *iefly dictat$ by _! gre$4 ,su* an op9ion w\ld n h acquir$ full =ce1 if x _h n be5 ascrib$ to ,mohamm$2 9 fact1 ! ,prophet1 accord+ to a tradition1 _h said t out ( ?ree qdhs two are de/9$ to ,hell4 ,anecdotes ( fam\s s*ol>s :o c\ld n be prevail$ ^u by imprisonm5t or ca/igation to accept ! (fice ( qdhs are innum]able4 ,^? :o succumb$ to ! temptation =feit$ ! respect ( ! circle to :i* !y _h belong$4 ,i once witness$ a case ( ?is k9d1 & ! =m] fri5ds ( ! qdh did n sp>e him _! bitt] reproa*es4 ,he rem>k$ t ! judge1 ^: duty x 0 to ma9ta9 ! div9e law1 v]ily held a noble (fice4 ,!y refut$ ?is by say+ t ?is def5ce 0 admissible only = e>li] & bett] times1 b n = ! qdhs ( our "t4 ,to :i* he cutt+ly repli$ ,& ye1 are ye canoni/s ( ! bett]1 ! anci5t "t8 ,9 tru?1 ! /ud5ts ( sacr$ sci5ce are j z mu* ( our "t z ! qdhs4 ,ev5 9 ! elev5? c5tury ! great !ologian ,ghazl c\nt$ !m all equal4#a ,n a few ( !m give _! au?oritative advice accord+ to ! wi%es ( ! highe/ bidd] or ( him :o has ! greate/ influ5ce1 hu/le = income f pi\s in/itutions1 & vie ) ea* o!r 9 a revel ( casui/ic subtleties4 ,b among ^? s*ol>s !re are & always h be5 "s :o1 9 pov]ty & simplicity1 devote _! life to ! /udy ( ,allah's law ) ! sole object ( pleas+ him2 among ! qdhs su* are n easily to be f\nd4 ,among/ ! o!r /ate (ficials ! title ( qdh may c\nt z a spiritual "o1 & ! public may to a c]ta9 ext5t %>e ?is rev]5ce2 b 9 ! eyes ( ! pi\s & ( ! canoni/s su* glory is only reflect$ f ! cl]ical robe1 9 :i* ! worldl+ disguises himself4 ,footnote #a3 ,ghazl1 ,ihya1 book i41 *4 #f1 quotes ! words ( a pi\s s*ol> ( ! old5 "t3 ,! 'ulam' w 7on ! ,day ( judgm5t7 be ga!r$ among/ ! prophets1 b ! qdhs among/ ! temporal rul]s4 ,ghazli adds alike ) ^! qdhs are all ^? canoni/s :o make use ( _! le>n+ = worldly purposes4 ,to ! muft criticism is some:at m fav\rable ?an to ! qdh4 ,a muft is n necess>ily an (ficial2 e canoni/ :o1 at ! reque/ ( a layman1 exp\nds to him ! mean+ ( ! law on any p>ticul> po9t & gives a fatwa1 acts z a muft4 ,be ! "q 9 ref]5ce to ! behavi\r ( ! individual t[>ds ,god or t[>ds man1 ) reg>d to 8 position 9 a matt] ( litigation1 9 criticism ( a /ate regulation or ( a s5t5ce ( a judge1 or out ( pure love ( k1 ! s*ol> is morally oblig$ to ! be/ ( 8 k to enlight5 ! enquir]4 ,he ought to d ?is = ! love ( ,god2 b he mu/ live1 & ! enquir] is expect$ to give him a suitable pres5t = 8 tr\ble4 ,?is aga9 gives rise to ! dang] t he :o (f]s mo/ is att5d$ to fir/2 & t = ! lib]al ri* man a di% is prep>$ f ! casui/ic /ore1 z f> z possible accord+ to 8 ta/e4 ,! temptation is by no means s great z t to :i* ! qdh is expos$2 especially s9ce ! (fice ( judge has become an article ( comm]ce1 s t ! v fir/ /ep t[>ds ! possession ( x is 9 ! direction ( ,hell4 ,moreov] 9 ^! deg5]ate times--:i* h exi/$ = ab\t t5 c5turies--! acceptance ( an appo9tm5t to ! function ( qdh is n reg>d$ z a duty1 :ile a compet5t s*ol> may only refuse to give a fatwa "u exceptional circum/ances4 ,/ill1 an unusually /rong "* is ne$$ by ! muft1 if he is n to fall into ! sn>es ( ! _w4 ,besides qdhs :o settle legal disputes ( a c]ta9 k9d accord+ to ! reveal$ law1 ! /ate requires its own advis]s :o c expla9 t law1 i4e41 (ficial mufts4 ,fir/ly1 ! gov]nm5t itself may be involv$ 9 a litigation2 moreov] 9 "s gov]nm5t regulations x may be necess>y to avoid giv+ (f5ce to canoni/s & _! /rict disciples4 ,9 su* cases x is bett] to be arm$ be=eh& ) an exp]t op9ion ?an to be expos$ to dang]\s criticism :i* might f9d an e*o 9 a wide circle4 ,! (ficial muft mu/ !re=e be some:at pliable1 to say ! lea/4 ,moreov]1 any private p]son has ! "r to put que/ions to ! /ate muft2 & ! qdh c\rt is b\nd to take 8 answ]s into acc\nt 9 its decisions4 ,9 ?is way ! mufts h absorb$ a "p ( ! duties ( ! qdhs1 & s _! (fice is dragg$ along 9 ! degradation t ! un(ficial canoni/s d5\nce unwe>i$ly 9 _! writ+s & 9 _! tea*+4 ,! way 9 :i* ! mo/ important muft places are fill$ & above all ! position :i* ! head-muft ( ! ,turki% ,empire1 ! ,%eikh-ul-,islm1 holds at any p>ticul> p]iod1 may well s]ve z a t\*/one ( ! influ5ce ( ! canoni/s on public life4 ,if ?is is great1 !n ev5 ! mo/ p[]ful sultan has only ! possibility ( *oice betwe5 a few great s*ol>s1 put =w>d or at all ev5ts n disapprov$ ( by _! own guild1 /r5g!n$ by public op9ion4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 !re is no ke5 int]e/ felt 9 ! ,%>'ah 7,div9e ,law71 !n ! temporal rul]s c d pretty mu* :at !y l ) ^! repres5tatives ( ! canon law4 ,"u ! tyrannical sway ( ,sultan ,abd-ul-,hamid1 ! ,%eikh-ul-,islm 0 little m ?an a tool = him & 8 palace clique1 & = _! own reasons1 ! memb]s ( ! ,committee ( ,union & ,progress1 :o rule at ,con/ant9ople s9ce #aijh1 made no *ange 9 ?is3 ea* new m9i/ry _h its own ,%eikh-ul-,islm1 :o _h to be1 above ev]y?+1 a fai?ful uphold] ( ! con/itutional !ory held by ! ,committee4 ,! "t is pa/ :5 ! ,sultan & ! ,porte1 9 fram+ ev5 ! mo/ press+ re=m1 mu/ fir/ anxi\sly assure !mselves ( ! position t ! hojas1 tolbas1 s(tas1 ! !ologians 9 a ^w1 w\ld take t[>ds x1 & ( ! influ5ce t ! ,%eikh-ul-,islm c\ld use 9 opposition to _! plans4 ,! political au?ority makes its def]5ce to ! canoni/s dep5d5t ^u _! /rict ob$i5ce4 ,?is important *ange is a natural consequ5ce ( ! mod]nization ( ,mohamm$an political life1 a movem5t ?r\gh :i* ! exp\nd]s ( a law :i* has endeav\r$ to rema9 /ation>y s9ce ! ye> #ajjj mu/ necess>ily get into /raits4 ,?is expla9s also :y ! religi\s life ( ,mohamm$ans is 9 "s respects fre] 9 c\ntries "u non-,mohamm$an au?ority1 ?an "u a ,mohamm$an gov]nm5t4 ,"u ,engli%1 ,dut*1 or ,fr5* rule ! 'ulams are less int]f]$ ) 9 _! tea*+1 ! mufts 9 _! recomm5dations1 & ! qdhs 9 _! judgm5ts ( que/ions ( m>riage & inh]itance ?an 9 ,turkey1 :]e ! life ( ,islm1 z /ate religion1 lies "u (ficial control4 ,9 indirectly gov]n$ native /ates ! relation ( ,mohamm$an ,*ur* & ,/ate may mu* m resemble t 9 ,turkey1 & ?is is sometimes to ! advantage ( ! sov]eign rul]4 ,"u ! direct gov]nm5t ( a mod]n /ate1 ! ,mohamm$an gr\p is treat$ z a religi\s community1 ^: p>ticul> life has j ! same claim to indep5d5ce z t ( o!r d5om9ations4 ,! only ju/ifiable limitation is t ! program ( ! =cible r$uction ( ! _w to ,mohamm$an au?ority be kept )9 ! s*ola/ic walls z a po9t ( es*atology1 & n consid]$ z a body ( prescriptions1 ! execution ( :i* mu/ be prep>$4 ,! ext5sive political program ( ,islm1 develop$ dur+ ! fir/ c5turies ( a/\nd+ expansion1 has yet n prev5t$ millions ( ,mohamm$ans f resign+ !mselves to rev]s$ conditions 9 :i* at ! pres5t "t _m m ,mohamm$ans live "u =eign au?ority ?an "u _! own4 ,! acceptance ( ?is *ange 0 facilitat$ by ! hi/orical pessimism ( ,islm1 :i* makes ! m9d prep>$ = e sort ( decay1 & by ! true ,moslim habit ( resignation to pa9ful exp]i5ces1 n ?r\gh fatalism1 b ?r\gh rev]5ce = ,allah's inscrutable w4 ,at ! same "t1 x w\ld be a gross mi/ake to imag9e t ! idea ( univ]sal conque/ may be consid]$ z oblit]at$4 ,?is is ! case ) ! intellectuals & ) _m practical comm]cial or indu/rial m52 b ! canoni/s & ! vulg> /ill live 9 ! illusion ( ! days ( ,islm's greatness4 ,! legi/s cont9ue to gr\nd _! appreciation ( e actual political condition on ! law ( ! holy w>1 :i* w> ought nev] to be all[$ to cease entirely until all mank9d is r$uc$ to ! au?ority ( ,islm--! hea!n by conv]sion1 ! adh]5ts ( ackn[l$g$ ,scripture by submission4 ,ev5 if !y admit ! improbability ( ?is at pres5t1 !y are com=t$ & enc\rag$ by ! recollection ( ! l5g?y p]iod ( humiliation t ! ,prophet himself _h to suff] be=e ,allah be/[$ victory ^u 8 arms2 & !y f]v5tly jo9 ) ! ,friday prea*]1 :5 he pron\nces ! pray]1 tak5 f ! ,qorn3 ,& lay n on u1 ,o our ,"l1 t = :i* we h n /r5g?1 b blot out our s9s & =give u & h pity ^u u4 ,?\ art our ,ma/]2 grant u !n to conqu] ! unbeliev]s6 ,& ! common p are will+ly taught by ! canoni/s & fe$ _! hope ( bett] days ^u ! innum]able leg5ds ( ! old5 "t & ! equally innum]able apocalyptic prophecies ab\t ! future4 ,! political bl[s t fall ^u ,islm make less impression ^u _! simple m9ds ?an ! s5seless /ories ab\t ! p[] ( ! ,sultan ( ,/ambul1 t w\ld in/antly be reveal$ if he 7 n surr\nd$ by trea*]\s s]vants1 & ! fanta/ic tid+s ( ! miracles t ,allah works 9 ! ,holy ,cities ( ,arabia :i* are inaccessible to ! unfai?ful4 ,! conception ( ! ,khalifate /ill ex]cises a fasc9at+ influ5ce1 reg>d$ 9 ! light ( a c5tral po9t ( union aga9/ ! unfai?ful4 ,ap>t f ! 'mils1 ,mohamm$'s ag5ts among/ ! ,arabian tribes1 ! ,khalifate 0 ! only political in/itution :i* arose out ( ! necessity ( ! ,moslim community1 )\t =eign influ5ce4 ,x rescu$ ,islm f ?reat5+ de/ruction1 & x l$ ! ,fai?ful to conque/4 ,no wond] t 9 hi/oric leg5d ! fir/ f\r occupi]s ( t lead]%ip1 :o1 f ,m$9a1 accompli%$ su* great ?+s1 h be5 glorifi$ into sa9ts1 & are held up to all ! foll[+ g5]ations z examples to put !m to %ame4 ,9 ! ,omayyads ! anci5t ari/ocracy ( ,mecca came to ! helm1 & "u !m1 ! ,mohamm$an /ate 0 above all1 z ,wellhaus5 /yl$ x1 ! ,arabian ,empire4 ,! be/ khalfs ( ?is h\se _h ! political wisdom to give ! gov]nors ( ! prov9ces suffici5t indep5d5ce to prev5t s*ism1 & to secure to !mselves ! au?ority 9 important matt]s4 ,! reaction ( ! non-,arabian conv]ts aga9/ ! suppression ( _! own culture by ! ,arabian conqu]ors f\nd support 9 ! opposition p>ties1 above all ) ! ,%'ah4 ,! ,abbasids1 clev]] politicians ?an ! notori\sly unskillful ,alids1 made use ( ! ,alid propag&a to secure ! booty to !mselves at ! "r mom5t4 ,! means :i* s]v$ ! ,alids = ! e/abli%m5t only ( an invisible dyna/y ( pr9ces :o di$ z m>tyrs1 enabl$ ! desc5dants ( ,mohamm$'s uncle ,abbas to ov]?r[ ! ,omayyads1 & to f\nd _! own ,khalifate at ,bagdad1 %9+ ) ! brilliance ( an ,ea/]n despotism4 ,:5 x is said t ! ,abbasid ,khalifate ma9ta9$ itself f #gej till ! ,mongol /orm 9 ! middle ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 t only ref]s to ext]nal appe>ance4 ,aft] a brief success1 ! actual p[] ( ^! khalfs 0 transf]r$ to ! h&s1 fir/1 ( ! capta9s ( _! bodygu>d1 !n ( sultan-dyna/ies1 ^: =cibly acquir$ p[]s1 7 legaliz$ by a =mal inve/iture4 ,9 ! same way ! l>ge prov9ces develop$ into indep5d5t k+doms1 ^: rul]s consid]$ ! nom9ation-diplomas f ,bagdad 9 ! light ( m]e ornam5ts4 ,comp>$ to ?is irrep>able dis9tegration ( ! empire1 tempor>y s*isms su* z ! ,omayyad ,khalifate 9 ,spa91 ! ,fatimid ,khalifate 9 ,egypt1 & "h & !re an indep5d5t organization ( ! ,khrijites 7 ( little significance4 ,x seems /range t ! ,moslim peoples1 al?\gh ! !ory ( ,islm nev] attribut$ an h]$it>y "* to ! ,khalifate1 atta*$ s high a value to ! ,abbasid "n1 t !y cont9u$ unanim\sly to ackn[l$ge ! ,khalifate ( ,bagdad = c5turies dur+ :i* x possess$ no influ5ce4 ,b ! idea ( h]$it>y rul]s 0 deeply root$ 9 mo/ ( ! peoples conv]t$ to ,islm1 & ! glori\s p]iod ( ! fir/ ,abbasids s /rongly impress$ itself on ! m9d ( ! vulg>1 t ! appe>ance ( cont9uation 0 easily tak5 = reality4 ,its voidness w\ld soon] h be5 realiz$1 if lack ( en]gy _h n prev5t$ ! lat] ,abbasids f try+ to recov] ! lo/ p[] by ! sword1 or if among/ _! rivals :o c\ld also boa/ ( a popul> tradition--e4g41 ! ,omayyads1 or /ill m ! ,alids--a political g5ius _h succe$$ 9 =m+ a p[]ful opposition4 ,b ! sultans :o rul$ ! v>i\s /ates did n want to place all t !y possess$ 9 ! balance on ! *ance ( ga9+ ! title ( ,khalf4 ,! ,moslim _w became accu/om$ to ! idea t ! hon\r$ ,h\se ( ! ,prophet's uncle ,abbas exi/$ = ! purpose ( l5d+ an additional glory to ,mohamm$an pr9ces by a diploma4 ,ev5 aft] ! de/ruction ( ,bagdad by ! ,mongols 9 #abeh1 f :i* only a few ,abbasids escap$ alive1 ,indian pr9ces cont9u$ to value visits or de$s ( appo9tm5t grant$ !m by "s begg+ desc5dant ( ! ,glori\s ,h\se4 ,! sultans ( ,egypt secur$ ?is luxury p]man5tly = !mselves by tak+ a bran* ( ! family "u _! protection1 :o gave ! glam\r ( _! approval to e new result ( ! nev]-end+ qu>rels ( succession1 until 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury ,egypt1 toge!r ) s _m o!r l&s1 0 swall[$ up by ! ,turki% conqu]or4 ,^! new rul]s1 :o add$ ! ,byzant9e ,empire to ,islm1 :o ) ,egypt br\ght ,s\!rn & ,we/]n ,arabia ) ! ,holy ,cities also "u _! au?ority1 & caus$ all ! neighb\r+ pr9ces1 ,moslim & ,*ri/ian alike1 to tremble on _! ?rones1 ?\ght x 0 "t to aboli% ! s5seless survival ( ! ,abbasid glory4 ,! pre/ige ( ! ,ottomans 0 z great z t ( ! ,khalifate 9 its mo/ palmy days _h be52 & !y w\ld n be )held f ! assumption ( ! title4 ,!re is a d\btful tale ( ! abdication ( ! ,abbasids 9 _! fav\r1 b ! "q is ( no importance4 ,! ,ottomans ow$ _! ,khalifate to _! sword2 & ?is 0 ! only argum5t us$ by su* canoni/s z ?\ght x wor? _! :ile to br+ su* an inconte/able fact into reconciliation ) ! law4 ,?is 0 n /rictly necess>y1 z !y _h be5 accu/om$ = eight c5turies to acquiesce 9 all sorts ( unlawful acts :i* hi/ory demon/rat$ to be ! w ( ,allah4 ,! s5se ( ! tradition t e/abli%$ desc5t f ! tribe ( ,qorai% z necess>y = ! highe/ dignity 9 ! community 0 capable ( be+ weak5$ by explanation2 &1 ev5 )\t t1 ! lead]%ip ( ! irresi/ible ,ottomans 0 ( m value to ,islm ?an ! *im]ical au?ority ( a p[]less ,qorai%ite4 ,9 our own "t1 y c he> ,qorai%ites1 & ev5 ,alids1 w>mly def5d ! claims ( ! ,turki% sultans to ! ,khalifate1 z !y reg>d ^! z ! only ,moslim pr9ces capable ( *ampion+ ! ?reat5$ rights ( ,islm4 ,ev5 ! sultans ( ,/ambul c\ld n ?9k ( re/or+ ! au?ority ( ! ,khalf ov] ! :ole ,mohamm$an _w4 ,?is 0 prev5t$ n only by ! s*ismatic k+doms1 khalifates1 or immates l ,%'itic ,p]sia1 :i* 0 consolidat$ j 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 by ! unceas+ opposition ( ! ,imms ( ,yem51 & ,khrijite pr9cipalities at ! extremities ( ! ,mohamm$an _w4 ,besides ^!1 !re 7 num]\s pr9ces 9 ,c5tral ,asia1 9 ,india1 & 9 ,c5tral ,africa1 :om ei!r ! ,khalifate _h always be5 oblig$ to leave to !mselves1 or :o _h become s e/rang$ f x t1 unless !y felt ! p[] ( ! ,turki% arms1 !y pref]r$ to rema9 z !y 74 ,moreov]1 ,islm _h ext5d$ itself n only by political means1 b also by trade & colonization into c\ntries ev5 ! exi/5ce ( :i* 0 h>dly kn[n 9 ! political c5tres ( ,islm1 e4g41 into ,c5tral ,africa or ! ,f> ,ea/ ( ,asia4 ,)\t ?9k+ ( rivall+ ! ,abbasids or _! successors1 "s ( ! pr9ces ( su* remote k+doms1 e4g41 ! %]fs ( ,morocco1 assum$ ! title ( ,comm&] ( ! ,fai?ful1 be/[$ ^u !m by _! flatt]]s4 ,today1 !re are petty pr9ces 9 ,ea/ ,india "u ,dut* sov]eignty :o decorate !mselves ) ! title ( ,khalf1 )\t suspect+ t !y are !reby guilty ( a sort ( arrogant blasphemy4 ,su* exagg]ation is n support$ by ! canoni/s2 b ^! h devis$ a !ory1 :i* gives a f\ndation to ! au?ority ( ,mohamm$an pr9ces1 :o nev] _h a real or fictiti\s connection ) a real or fictiti\s ,khalifate4 ,au?ority !re mu/ be1 ev]y:]e & "u all circum/ances2 f> f ! c5tre ?is %\ld be ex]cis$1 accord+ to !m1 by ! "o :o has be5 able to ga9 x & :o kn[s h[ to hold x2 & all ! duties are laid ^u him1 :i*1 9 a normal condition1 w\ld be dis*>g$ by ! ,khalf or 8 repres5tative4 ,= ?is k9d ( au?ority ! legi/s h ev5 inv5t$ a special "n3 %aukah1 :i* means actual influ5ce1 ! au?ority :i* has spontane\sly aris5 9 default ( a *ief :o 9 "o =m or ano!r c be consid]$ z a m&at>y ( ! ,khalifate4 ,n[1 x is significant t _m ( ^? ,mohamm$an gov]nors1 :o owe _! exi/5ce to wild gr[? 9 ?is way1 seek1 especially 9 our day1 = connection ) ! ,khalifate1 or1 at lea/1 wi% to be reg>d$ z naturally connect$ ) ! c5tre4 ,! same is true ( su* ^: =m] indep5d5ce or adhesion to ! ,turki% ,empire has be5 replac$ by ! sov]eignty ( a ,we/]n /ate4 ,ev5 among/ ! ,moslim peoples plac$ "u ! direct gov]nm5t ( ,european /ates a t5d5cy prevails to be consid]$ 9 "s way or ano!r subjects ( ! ,sultan-,khalf4 ,"s s*ol>s expla9 ?is ph5om5on by ! spiritual "* :i* ! dignity ( ,khalf is suppos$ to h acquir$ "u ! lat] ,abbasids1 & reta9$ s9ce t "t1 until ! ,ottoman pr9ces comb9$ x aga9 ) ! temporal dignity ( sultan4 ,accord+ to ?is view ! lat] ,abbasids 7 a sort ( popes ( ,islm2 :ile ! temporal au?ority1 9 ! c5tral di/ricts z well z 9 ! subord9ate k+doms1 0 9 ! h&s ( v>i\s sultans4 ,! sultans ( ,con/ant9ople gov]n1 !n1 "u ?is "n1 z mu* t]ritory z ! political vicissitudes all[ !m to gov]n--i4e41 ! ,turki% ,empire2 z khalfs1 !y are ! spiritual heads ( ! :ole ( ,sunnite ,islm4 ,?\gh ?is view1 ?r\gh ! ignorance ( ,european /atesm5 & diplomati/s1 may h f\nd acceptance ev5 by "s ( ! great p[]s1 x is nev]!less entirely untrue2 unless by spiritual au?ority we are to und]/& ! empty appe>ance ( worldly au?ority4 ,?is appe>ance 0 all t ! lat] ,abbasids reta9$ aft] ! loss ( _! temporal p[]2 spiritual au?ority ( any k9d !y nev] possess$4 ,! spiritual au?ority 9 ca?olic ,islm reposes 9 ! legi/s1 :o 9 ?is respect are call$ 9 a tradition ! heirs ( ! prophets4 ,s9ce !y c\ld no long] reg>d ! khalfs z _! lead]s1 because !y walk$ 9 worldly ways1 !y h con/itut$ !mselves indep5d5tly beside & ev5 above !m2 & ! rul]s h be5 oblig$ to conclude a sil5t contract ) !m1 ea* p>ty b9d+ itself to rema9 )9 its own limits4#a ,if ?is contract be obs]v$1 ! legi/s n only are ready to ackn[l$ge ! bad rul]s ( ! _w1 b ev5 to prea* loyalty t[>ds !m to ! laity4 ,! mo/ supremely popul> "p ( ! ideal ( ,islm1 ! r$uction ( ! :ole _w to ,moslim au?ority1 c only be attempt$ by a political p[]4 ,not)/&+ ! de/ructive criticism ( all ,moslim pr9ces & /ate (ficials by ! canoni/s1 x 0 only f !m t !y c\ld expect measures to uphold & ext5d ! p[] ( ,islm2 & on ?is acc\nt !y cont9ually *]i%$ ! ideal ( ! ,khalifate4 ,footnote #a3 ,t ! ,khalifate is 9 no way to be comp>$ ) ! ,papacy1 t ,islm has nev] reg>d$ ! ,khalif z its spiritual head1 ,i h repeat$ly expla9$ s9ce #ahhb 79 ,nieuwe ,bijdrag5 tot de k5nis van d5 ,islam1 9 ,bijdr4 tot de ,taal1 ,l&5 ,volk5kunde van ,n$]l4 ,indi1 ,volgr4 #d1 ,deel vi1 9 an article1 ,de ,islam1 9 ,de ,gids1 ,may1 #ahhf1 9 ,que/ions ,diplomatiques et ,coloniales1 #eme anne1 ,no4 #ajf1 etc474 ,i am pleas$ to f9d ! same views express$ by ,pr(4 ,m4 ,h>tmann 9 ,die ,welt des ,islams1 ,bd4 i41 pp4 #adg-h4 ,9 ! fir/ c5turies x 0 ! duty ( ,mohamm$ans :o _h become isolat$1 & :o _h = in/ance be5 conqu]$ by unbeliev]s1 to d hijrah1 i4e41 emigration = ,allah's sake1 z ! conv]t$ ,arabs _h done 9 ,mohamm$'s "t by emigrat+ to ,m$9a to /r5g!n ! ranks ( ! ,fai?ful4 ,?is soon became impracticable1 s t ! legi/s relax$ ! prescription by concessions to ! =ce ( necessity4 ,resignation 0 ?us p]mitt$1 ev5 recomm5d$2 b ! submission to non-,musulmans 0 always to be reg>d$ z tempor>y & abnormal4 ,al?\gh ! p>tes infidelium h gr[n l>g] & l>g]1 ! eye mu/ be kept fix$ ^u ! c5tre1 ! ,khalifate1 :]e e movem5t t[>ds improvem5t mu/ beg94 ,a ,we/]n /ate t admits any au?ority ( a khalf ov] its ,mohamm$an subjects1 ?us ackn[l$ges1 n ! au?ority ( a pope ( ! ,moslim ,*ur*1 b 9 simple ignorance is fe$+ political programs1 :i*1 h[ev] va91 always h ! p[] ( /irr+ ,mohamm$an masses to confusion & excitem5t4 ,( late ye>s ,mohamm$an /atesm5 9 _! int]c\rse ) _! ,we/]n colleagues are glad to take ! latt]'s po9t ( view2 &1 9 discussion1 accept ! comp>ison ( ! ,khalifate ) ! ,papacy1 because !y are aw>e t only 9 ?is =m ! ,khalifate c be made acceptable to p[]s :o h ,mohamm$an subjects4 ,b = ^! subjects ! ,khalif is !n _! true pr9ce1 :o is tempor>ily h9d]$ 9 ! ex]cise ( 8 gov]nm5t1 b ^: "r is ackn[l$g$ ev5 by _! unbeliev+ ma/]s4 ,9 yet ano!r respect ! canoni/s ne$ ! aid ( ! temporal rul]s4 ,an al]t police is c\nt$ by !m among/ ! indisp5sable means ( secur+ purity ( doctr9e & life4 ,!y c\nt x to ! cr$it ( pr9ces & gov]nors t !y en=c$ by viol5t measures seclusion & veil+ ( ! wom51 ab/95ce f dr9k+1 & t !y puni%$ by flogg+ ! neglig5t ) reg>d to fa/+ or att5d+ public wor%ip4 ,! political decay ( ,islm1 ! increas+ numb] ( ,mohamm$ans "u =eign rule1 appe>s to !m1 !re=e1 d\bly dang]\s1 z !y h little fai? 9 ! pro( ( ,islam's spiritual goods aga9/ life 9 a fre$om :i* to !m means lic5se4 ,!y f9d t e political *ange1 9 ^! t]rible times1 is to ! prejudice ( ,islm1 "o ,moslim p aft] ano!r los+ its indep5d5t exi/5ce2 & !y reg>d x z equally dang]\s t ,moslim pr9ces are induc$ to accommodate _! policy & gov]nm5t to new int]national ideas ( individual fre$om1 :i* ?reat5 ! v life ( ,islm4 ,!y see ! antagonism to all =eign ideas1 =m]ly consid]$ z a virtue by e true ,moslim1 daily los+ gr\nd1 & !y are fill$ ) con/]nation by obs]v+ 9 _! own ranks ! contam9ation ( mod]ni/ ideas4 ,! brilliant developm5t ( ! sy/em ( ,islm foll[$ ! e/abli%m5t ( its mat]ial p[]2 s ! rapid decl9e ( t political p[] :i* we are witness+ makes ! "q urg5t1 :e!r ,islm has a spiritual ess5ce able to survive ! fall ( su* a mat]ial support4 ,x is c]ta9ly n ! canoni/s :o w detect ! k]nel2 v]ily we are ,god's & v]ily to ,him d we return1 !y cry 9 helpless amazem5t1 & _! consolation is 9 ! old pray]3 ,& lay n on u1 ,o our ,"l1 t = :i* we h no /r5g?1 b blot out our s9s & =give u & h m]cy ^u u4 ,?\ art our ,ma/]2 grant u !n to conqu] ! ,unbeliev]s6 ,,iv ,,isl,m ,,& ,,mod]n ,,?\ght ,"o ( ! mo/ p[]ful factors ( religi\s life 9 its high] =ms is ! ne$ ( man to f9d 9 ?is _w ( *ang+ ?+s an imp]i%able ess5ce1 to sep>ate ! et]nal f ! temporal & !n to atta* himself to ! =m]4 ,:]e ! possibility ( ?is op]ation is despair$ (1 !re may arise a pessimism1 :i* f9ds no pa? ( lib]ation f ! pa9ful vicissitudes ( life o!r ?an ! annihilation ( individuality4 ,a firm belief 9 a sph]e ( life fre$ f ! category ( "t1 toge!r ) ! conviction t ! poetic images ( t sup]ior _w curr5t among mank9d are images & no?+ else1 is likely to give rise to def9itions ( ! ,absolute by purely negative attributes & to m5tal ef=ts hav+ = _! object ! absorption ( individual exi/5ce 9 ! indescribable inf9ite4 ,g5]ally speak+1 a high developm5t ( intellectual life1 especially an intimate acqua9tance ) diff]5t religi\s sy/ems1 is n fav\rable to ! cont9uance ( elaborate conceptions ( ?+s et]nal2 x w r increase ! t5d5cy to deprive ! idea ( ! ,transc5d5t ( all col\r & def9it5ess4 ,! nave ideas conc]n+ ! o!r _w 9 ! cle>-cut =m outl9$ = !m by previ\s g5]ations are mo/ likely to rema9 un*ang$ 9 a religi\s community :]e intellectual int]c\rse is *iefly limit$ to t betwe5 memb]s ( ! community4 ,!re ! belief is fo/]$ t ?+s mo/ appreciat$ & *]i%$ 9 ?is fad+ _w by mank9d w h an endur+ exi/5ce 9 a _w to come1 & t ! be/ ( ! *ang+ ph5om5a ( life are et]nal & w cont9ue free f t *ange1 :i* is ! pr9cipal cause ( human mis]y4 ,mat]ial dea? w be foll[$ by awak5+ to a pur] life1 ! idealiz$ cont9uation ( life on e>?1 & = ?is reason already dur+ ?is life ! fai?ful w f9d _! delight 9 ^? ?+s :i* !y "k to be ev]la/+4 ,! less fai? is submitt$ to ! control ( intellect1 ! m num]\s ! objects w be to :i* durable value is attribut$4 ,?is is true = diff]5t individuals z well z = "o religi\s community z comp>$ to ano!r4 ,!re are ,*ri/ians atta*$ only to ! _s ( ! ,gospel1 ,mohamm$ans atta*$ only to ! _s ( ! ,qorn4 ,o!rs give a place 9 _! _w ( imp]i%able ?+s to a p>ticul> translation ( ! ,bible 9 its old-fa%ion$ or?ography or to a writt5 ,qorn 9 pref]5ce to a pr9t$ "o4 ,or?odox ,judaism & or?odox ,islm h m>k$ ) ! /amp ( et]nity codes ( law1 ^: influ5ce has work$ z an imp$im5t to ! life ( ! adh]5ts ( ^? religions & to ! free int]c\rse ( o!r p ) !m z well4 ,s ! ,roman ,ca?olic & _m ,prote/ant ,*ur*es h 9 _! organizations & 9 _! dogmatic sy/ems et]naliz$ in/itutions & ideas ^: un*angeabl5ess has come to ret>d spiritual progress4 ,among all cons]vative factors ( human life religion mu/ necess>ily be ! mo/ cons]vative1 7 x only because its aim is precisely to /ore up & keep "u its gu>dian%ip ! treasures de/9$ = et]nity to :i* we h allud$4 ,n[1 e new p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( civilization obliges a religi\s community to und]take a g5]al revision ( ! cont5ts ( its treasury4 ,x is unavoidable t ! gu>dians on su* occasions %\ld be 9 a c]ta9 measure disappo9t$1 = !y f9d t "s (1 ! goods "u _! c>e h giv5 way to ! wa/+ influ5ce ( "t1 :il/ o!rs are 9 a /ate :i* gives rise to s]i\s d\bt z to _! "r ( be+ classifi$ ) la/+ treasures4 ,9 reality ! loss is only an app>5t "o2 f> f impov]i%+ ! community1 x enhances ! solidity ( its possessions4 ,:at rema9s aft] ! sift+ process may be less impos+ to ! inexp]i5c$ m9d2 gradually ! consid]ation ga9s gr\nd t :at has be5 reject$ 0 no?+ b useless rubbi% :i* _h be5 wrongly valu$4 ,sometimes x may happ5 t ! g5]al movem5t ( spiritual progress goes almo/ too fa/1 s t "o revision ( ! /ores ( religion is imm$iately foll[$ by ano!r4 ,!n diss5sion is likely to arise among ! adh]5ts ( a religion2 "s ( !m come to ! conclusion t !re mu/ be an end ( sift+ & ?9k x bett] to lock up ! treasuries once = all & to /op ! dang]\s enquiries2 :]eas o!rs beg9 to ent]ta9 d\bt conc]n+ ! value ev5 ( su* goods z d n yet %[ any trace ( decay4 ,! treasuries ( ,islm are excessively full ( rubbi% t has become entirely useless2 & = n9e or t5 c5turies !y h n be5 submitt$ to a revision des]v+ t "n4 ,if we wi% to und]/& ! :ole or any important "p ( ! sy/em ( ,islm1 we mu/ always beg9 by transport+ ourselves into ! ?ird or f\r? c5tury ( ! ,hijrah1 & we mu/ con/antly be> 9 m9d t f ! ,m$9a p]iod d[nw>ds ,islm has always be5 consid]$ by its adh]5ts z b\nd to regulate all ! details ( _! life by means ( prescriptions emanat+ directly or indirectly f ,god1 & !re=e incapable ( be+ re=m$4 ,at ! "t :5 ^! prescriptions acquir$ _! def9ite =m1 ,islm rul$ an important portion ( ! _w2 x consid]$ ! conque/ ( ! re/ z be+ only a "q ( "t2 &1 !re=e1 felt itself q indep5d5t 9 ! developm5t ( its law4 ,!re 0 little reason inde$ = ! ,moslim canoni/s to take into s]i\s acc\nt ! int]e/s ( m5 n subject to ,mohamm$an au?ority or to c>e = ! op9ion ( devotees ( o!r religions4 ,islm might act1 & did almo/ act1 z if x 7 ! only p[] 9 ! _w2 x did s 9 ! way ( a gr& seigneur1 %[+ a great am\nt ( g5]osity t[>ds its subjugat$ enemies4 ,! adh]5ts ( o!r religions 7 or w\ld become subjects ( ! ,comm&] ( ! ,fai?ful2 ^? subjects 7 giv5 a full claim on ,mohamm$an protection & ju/ice2 :ile ! indep5d5t unbeliev]s 7 9 g5]al to be treat$ z enemies until 9 submission4 ,_! spiritual life des]v$ n ev5 s mu* att5tion z t ( ,islm receiv$ f ,abb ,m>acci or ,doctor ,prideaux4 ,! false doctr9es ( o!r peoples 7 ( no int]e/ :atev] 9 !mselves2 &1 s9ce !re 0 no fe> ( ,mohamm$ans be+ ta9t$ by !m1 polemics aga9/ ! abrogat$ religions 7 m ( a pa/ime ?an an indisp5sable "p ( !ology4 ,! ,mohamm$an community be+ 9 a s5se ,allah's army1 ) ! conque/ ( ! _w z its object1 apo/asy des]v$ ! puni%m5t ( dea? 9 no less] degree ?an des]tion 9 ! holy w>1 nay m s2 = ! latt] might be ! effect ( c[>dice1 :]eas ! =m] 0 an act ( inexcusable trea*]y4 ,9 ! attitude ( ,islm t[>ds o!r religions !re is h>dly "o feature t has n its c\nt]p>t 9 ! practice ( ,*ri/ian /ates dur+ ! ,middle ,ages4 ,! great diff]5ce is t ! ,mohamm$an community erect$ ?is m$ieval cu/om into a sy/em unalt]able l all prescriptions bas$ on its infallible ,agreem5t 7,ijm'74 ,"h lay ! great difficulty :5 ! n9ete5? & tw5tie? c5turies plac$ ! ,moslim _w face to face ) a civilization t _h sprung up outside its bord]s & )\t its collaboration1 t 0 f a spiritual po9t ( view by f> its sup]ior & at ! same "t possess$ ( suffici5t mat]ial p[] to ?ru/ ! ,mohamm$ans aside :]ev] !y seem$ to be an imp$im5t 9 its way4 ,a long s]ies ( ! mo/ pa9ful exp]i5ces1 mean+ z _m encroa*m5ts ^u ! political indep5d5ce ( ,mohamm$an t]ritories1 end$ by tea*+ ,islm t x _h def9itely to *ange its l9es ( conduct4 ,! times 7 gone :5 relations ) ! non-,musulman _w q diff]5t f ^? =ese5 by ! m$iaeval !ory might be consid]$ z exceptions to ! rule1 z tempor>y concessions to transitory necessities4 ,9 ev] wid] circles a ?or\gh revision ( ! sy/em came to be consid]$ z a requirem5t ( ! "t4 ,! fact t ! numb] ( ,mohamm$ans subject to =eign rule increas$ enorm\sly1 & by f> surpass$ ^? ( ! citiz5s ( indep5d5t ,mohamm$an /ates1 made ! problem almo/ z int]e/+ to ,we/]n nations z to ! ,mohamm$ans !mselves4 ,bo? p>ties are almo/ equally conc]n$ 9 ! "q1 :e!r a way w be f\nd to associate ! ,moslim _w to mod]n civilization1 )\t oblig+ x to empty its spiritual treasury altoge!r4 ,nobody c 9 e>ne/ advocate ! idea ( leav+ ! solution ( ! problem to rude =ce4 ,! ,moslim ( yore1 go+ ?r\gh ! _w ) ! ,qorn 9 "o h&1 ! sword 9 ! o!r1 giv+ unbeliev]s ! *oice betwe5 conv]sion or dea?1 is a creation ( leg5d>y fancy4 ,we c b hope t mod]n civilization w n be s fanatical aga9/ ,moslims1 z ! latt] 7 unju/ly said to h be5 dur+ ! p]iod ( _! p[]4 ,if ! mod]n _w 7 only to (f] ! ,mohamm$ans ! *oice betwe5 giv+ up at once ! traditions ( _! ance/ors or be+ treat$ z b>b>ians1 !re w\ld be sure to ensue a /ruggle z bloody z has ev] be5 witness$ 9 ! _w4 ,x is wor? :ile inde$ to exam9e ! sy/em ( ,islm f ?is special po9t ( view1 & to try to f9d ! t]ms on :i* a durable modus viv5di might be e/abli%$ betwe5 ,islm & mod]n ?\ght4 ,! purely dogmatic "p is n ( great importance4 ,"s ( u may admire ! t5ets ( ! ,mohamm$an doctr9e1 o!rs may z he>tily despise !m2 to ! p>ticipation ( ,mohamm$ans 9 ! civiliz$ life ( our days !y are z innoxi\s z any o!r m$iaeval dogmatic sy/em t c\nts its millions ( adh]5ts among ourselves4 ,! details ( ,mohamm$an dogmatics h long ceas$ to int]e/ o!r circles ?an ^? ( pr(essional !ologians2 ! *ief po9ts ar\se no discussion & ! deviations 9 popul> sup]/ition z well z 9 philosophical ?\ght :i* 9 practice meet ) tol]ation are almo/ unlimit$4 ,! ,mohamm$an ,hell claims ! s\ls ( all het]odox p1 x is true2 b ?is does n prev5t b5evol5t int]c\rse 9 ?is _w1 & m enlight5$ ,moslims are incl9$ to enl>ge _! def9ition ( ! ^w fai?ful s z to include _! non-,mohamm$an fri5ds4 ,! fai? 9 a ,mahd1 :o w come to reg5]ate ! _w1 is apt to give rise to revolution>y movem5ts l$ by skilful demagogues pret5d+ to act z ! ,guid$ ,"o1 or1 at lea/1 to prep>e ! way = 8 com+4 ,mo/ ( ! ,european p[]s hav+ ,mohamm$an subjects h _h _! disagreeable exp]i5ces 9 ?is respect4 ,b ,moslim *iefs ( /ates h _! obvi\s good reasons = n lik+ su* movem5ts ei!r2 & ev5 ! majority ( ord9>y ,moslims look ^u c&idates = ,mahdi-%ip ) suspicion4 ,a cont5t$ prosp]\s population (f]s su* c&idates little *ance ( success4 ,! ritual laws ( ,islm are a heavy burd5 to ^? :o /rictly obs]ve !m2 a man :o has to p]=m wor%ip five times a day 9 a /ate ( ritual purity & dur+ a :ole mon? 9 a ye> has to ab/a9 f food & dr9k & o!r enjoym5ts f daybreak until sunset1 is at a disadvantage :5 he has to ent] into competition ) non-,musulmans = gett+ "w ( any k9d4 ,b s9ce mo/ ( ! ,moslims h become subjects ( =eign p[]s & religi\s police has be5 practically aboli%$ 9 ,mohamm$an /ates1 !re is no ext]nal compulsion4 ,! ev] small] m9ority ( /rict practis]s make use ( a "r :i* nobody c conte/4 ,dr9k+ w9e or o!r intoxicat+ dr9ks1 tak+ int]e/ on money1 gambl+--includ+ ev5 insurance contracts accord+ to ! /rict] int]pretation--are ?+s :i* a ,moslim may ab/a9 f )\t h9d]+ non-,mohamm$ans2 or :i* 9 our days he may d1 not)/&+ ! prohibition ( div9e law1 ev5 )\t los+ 8 good "n4 ,^? :o want to acc5tuate ! anti!sis betwe5 ,islm & mod]n civilization po9t rightly to ! p]sonal law2 "h is inde$ a great /umbl+-block4 ,! all[ance ( polygamy up to a maximum ( f\r wives is repres5t$ by ,mohamm$an au?ors z a progress if comp>$ ) ! irregul>ity ( pagan ,arabia & ev5 ) ! ackn[l$gm5t ( unlimit$ polygamy dur+ c]ta9 p]iods ( ,biblical hi/ory4 ,! foll[+ subtle argum5t is to be f\nd 9 "s s*oolbooks on ,mohamm$an law3 ,! law ( ,moses 0 exce$+ly b5evol5t to males by p]mitt+ !m to h an unlimit$ numb] ( wives2 !n came ! law ( ,jesus1 extreme on ! o!r side by prescrib+ monogamy2 at la/ ,mohamm$ re/or$ ! equilibrium by conc$+ "o wife to ea* ( ! f\r hum\rs :i* make up ! male's con/itution4 ,?is !ory1 :i* leaves ! "q :at ! woman is to d ) ?ree ( h] f\r hum\rs undecid$1 w h>dly f9d f]v5t advocates among ! pres5t canoni/s4 ,at ! same "t1 v few ( !m w\ld v5ture to pron\nce _! pref]5ce = monogamy 9 a g5]al way1 polygamy =m+ a "p ( ! law t is to prevail1 accord+ to ! infallible ,agreem5t ( ! ,community1 until ! ,day ( ,resurrection4 ,on ! o!r side polygamy1 al?\gh all[$1 is f> f be+ recomm5d$ by ! majority ( !ologians4 ,_m ( !m ev5 dissuade m5 capable ( ma/]+ _! passion f m>riage 9 g5]al1 & c5sure a man :o takes two wives if he c live hone/ly ) "o4 ,9 "s ,mohamm$an c\ntries social circum/ances en=ce practical monogamy4 ,! :ole "q lies 9 ! education ( wom52 :5 ?is has be5 rais$ to a high] level1 polygamy w necess>ily come to an end4 ,x is !re=e mo/ satisfactory t among male ,mohamm$ans ! p]suasion ( ! necessity ( a solid education = girls is daily ga9+ gr\nd4 ,?is ye> 7#aiac71 a "y ,egyptian took 8 doctor's degree at ! ,p>is ,univ]sity by su/a9+ a diss]tation on ! position ( wom5 9 ! ,moslim _w1 9 :i* he told 8 co-religioni/s ! full tru? conc]n+ ?is r delicate subject#a4 ,if social evolution takes ! "r c\rse1 ! practice ( polygamy w be aboli%$2 & ! ma9t5ance ( its lawfulness 9 canonical works w ma9ly be a survival ( a bygone phase ( developm5t4 ,footnote #a3 ,mans\r ,fahmy1 ,la condition de la femme dans la tradition et l'volution de l',islamisme1 ,p>is1 ,flix ,alcan1 #aiac4 ,! sometimes imprud5t =m 9 :i* ! "y re=m] en\nc$ 8 ideas caus$ him to be v badly treat$ by 8 compatriots at 8 return f ,europe4 ,! facility ) :i* a man c divorce 8 wife at 8 pleasure1 contra/$ ) h] rights aga9/ him1 is a /ill m s]i\s imp$im5t to ! developm5t ( family life ?an ! in/itution ( polygamy2 m s]i\s1 also1 ?an veil+ & seclusion ( wom54 ,:]e ! g5]al op9ion is fav\rable to ! improvem5t ( ! position ( wom5 9 society1 !re is always f\nd a way to secure x to !m )\t conflict+ ) ! div9e law2 b a radical re=m w rema9 mo/ difficult s long z t law :i* all[s ! man to repudiate 8 wife )\t any reason1 :]eas x deliv]s ! woman almo/ un>m$ into ! p[] ( h] husb&1 is consid]$ to be "o ( ! p]man5t treasures ( ,islm4 ,x is a pity inde$ t ?us f> wom5 vigor\sly /riv+ = lib]ation f ^? m$iaeval in/itutions are r>e exceptions 9 ,mohamm$an c\ntries4 ,7 ,mohamm$an wom5 capable ( ! viol5t tactics ( suffragettes1 !y w\ld r try to bl[ up ! h\ses ( fem9i/s ?an ^? ( ! patrons ( ! old rgime4 ,! ord9>y ,mohamm$an woman looks ^u ! endeav\r ( h] husb& to induce h] to p>take freely 9 public life z a want ( consid]ation2 x makes on h] ab\t ! same impression z t :i* a respectable woman 9 our society w\ld receive f h] husb& enc\rag+ h] to visit places g5]ally frequ5t$ by p ( bad reputation4 ,x is ! girls' s*ool t w awak5 ^? sleep+ ones & s1 sl[ly & gradually1 prep>e a bett] future1 :5 ! ,moslim woman w be ! wor?y companion ( h] husb& & ! intellig5t educator ( h] *ildr54 ,?is w be due1 !n1 nei!r to ! ,prophet's ,sunnah nor to ! infallible ,agreem5t ( ! ,community ( ! fir/ c5turies ( ,islm1 b to ! irresi/ible p[] ( ! evolution ( human society1 :i* is m]ciless to laws ev5 ( div9e orig9 & transf]s !m1 :5 _! "t is come1 f ! treasury ( ev]la/+ goods to a museum ( antiquities4 ,slav]y1 & 9 its consequ5ce free int]c\rse ( a man ) 8 own female slaves )\t any limitation z to _! numb]1 has also be5 incorporat$ into ! sacr$ law1 & !re=e has be5 plac$ on ! wrong side ( ! bord] t is to divide et]nal ?+s f temporal ones4 ,?is %\ld n be call$ a m$iaeval in/itution2 ! mo/ civiliz$ nations n hav+ giv5 x up be=e ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! law ( ,islm regulat$ ! position ( slaves ) mu* equity1 & !re is a great body ( te/imony f p :o h sp5t a "p ( _! lives among ,mohamm$an nations :i* does ju/ice to ! b5evol5t treatm5t :i* bondm5 g5]ally receive f _! ma/]s !re4 ,besides t1 we are b\nd to /ate t 9 _m ,we/]n c\ntries or c\ntries "u ,we/]n dom9ation :ole gr\ps ( ! population live "u circum/ances ) :i* ^? ( ,mohamm$an slav]y may be comp>$ to advantage4 ,! only legal cause ( slav]y 9 ,islm is prison]%ip ( w> or bir? f slave p>5ts4 ,! captivity ( enemies ( ,islm has n at all necess>ily ! effect ( enslav+ !m2 = ! compet5t au?orities may dispose ( !m 9 any o!r way1 also 9 ! way prescrib$ by mod]n int]national law or cu/om4 ,9 proportion to ! realization ( ! political ideal ( ,islm ! numb] ( its enemies mu/ dim9i% & ! possibilities ( enslav+ m5 mu/ consequ5tly decrease4 ,sett+ slaves free is "o ( ! mo/ m]itori\s pi\s works1 &1 at ! same "t1 ! regul> atonem5t = c]ta9 transgressions ( ! sacr$ law4 ,s1 accord+ to ,mohamm$an pr9ciples1 slav]y is an in/itution de/9$ to disappe>4 ,:51 9 ! la/ c5tury1 ,mohamm$an pr9ces sign$ int]national treaties = ! suppression ( slav]y1 f _! po9t ( view ?is 0 a premature anticipation ( a future political & social developm5t--a /ep :i* !y felt oblig$ to take out ( consid]ation = ! great p[]s4 ,9 ,arabia1 e ef=t ( ! ,turki% ,gov]nm5t to put su* int]national agreem5ts into execution has ?us f> giv5 rise to popul> s$ition aga9/ ! ,ottoman au?ority4 ,!re=e1 ! promulgation ( decrees ( abolition 0 /opp$2 & slav]y cont9u$ to exi/4 ,! import ( slaves f ,africa has1 9 fact1 consid]ably dim9i%$2 b ,i am n q sure ( ! proportional increase ( ! lib]ty :i* ! natives ( t cont95t enjoy at home4 ,slav]y z well z polygamy is 9 a c]ta9 s5se to ,mohamm$ans a sacr$ in/itution1 be+ incorporat$ 9 _! ,holy ,law2 b ! practice ( nei!r ( ! two in/itutions is indisp5sable to ! integrity ( ,islm4 ,all ^? antiquat$ in/itutions1 if consid]$ f ! po9t ( view ( mod]n int]national int]c\rse1 are only a trifle 9 comp>ison ) ! legal prescriptions ( ,islm conc]n+ ! attitude ( ! ,mohamm$an community aga9/ ! p>ts ( ! _w n yet subject to its au?ority1 ! ,abode ( ,w> z !y are te*nically call$4 ,x is a pr9cipal duty ( ! ,khalif1 or ( ! *iefs consid]$ z 8 sub/itutes 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 to avail !mselves ( e opportunity to ext5d by =ce ! dom9ion ( ,allah & ,8 ,mess5g]4 ,) unsubdu$ unbeliev]s peace is n all[$2 a truce = a p]iod n exce$+ t5 ye>s may be conclud$ if ! int]e/ ( ,islm requires x4 ,! *apt]s ( ! ,mohamm$an law on holy w> & on ! conditions on :i* ! submission ( ! adh]5ts ( tol]at$ religions is to be accept$ seem to be a fooli% pret5sion if we consid] !m by ! light ( ! actual division ( political p[] 9 ! _w4 ,b "h1 too1 to und]/& is bett] ?an to ridicule4 ,9 ! c5turies 9 :i* ! sy/em ( ,islm acquir$ its maturity1 su* an aspiration aft] univ]sal dom9ion 0 n at all ridicul\s2 & _m ,*ri/ian /ates ( ! "t 7 f> f rea*+ ! ,mohamm$an /&>d ( tol]ance aga9/ het]odox cre$s4 ,! delicate po9t is ?is1 t ! petrification or at lea/ ! process ( /iff5+ t has attack$ ! :ole spiritual life ( ,islm s9ce ab\t #ajjj ,a4,d4 makes its accommodation to ! requirem5ts ( mod]n int]c\rse a mo/ difficult problem4 ,b x is n only ! ,mohamm$an community t ne$$ mis=tune & humiliation be=e x 0 able to appreciate lib]ty ( consci5ce2 or t took a long "t to dige/ ^? pa9ful lessons ( hi/ory4 ,!re are /ill ,*ri/ian ,*ur*es :i* accept religi\s lib]ty only 9 circum/ances t make supreme au?ority unatta9able to !m2 & :i*1 else:]e1 w\ld n disda9 ! use ( mat]ial means to subdue spirits to :at !y consid] ! absolute tru?4 ,to judge su* ?+s ) equity1 we mu/ rememb] t e man possess$ ( a firm conviction ( any k9d is m or less a mission>y2 & ! belief 9 ! possibility ( w9n+ s\ls by viol5ce has _m adh]5ts ev]y:]e4 ,"o ( my fri5ds among ! "y-,turki% /ate (ficials1 :o wi%$ to p]suade me ( ! p]fect religi\s tol]ance ( ,turkey ( today1 conclud$ 8 argum5t by ! foll[+ reflection3 ,=m]ly m5 us$ to behead ea* o!r = diff]5ce ( op9ion ab\t ! ,h]eaft]4 ,n[adays1 praise be to ,allah1 we are p]mitt$ to believe :at we l2 b p cont9ue to kill ea* o!r = political or social diss5sion4 ,t is mo/ pitiful inde$2 = ! weapons 9 use be+ m t]rible & m co/ly ?an be=e1 mank9d lacks ! peace necess>y to enjoy ! lib]ty ( consci5ce x has acquir$4 ,! tru?ful irony ( ^! words ne$ n prev5t u f consid]+ ! indep5d5ce ( spiritual life & ! lib]ation ( its developm5t f mat]ial compulsion z "o ( ! greate/ bless+s ( our civilization4 ,we feel urg$ by mission>y zeal ( ! bett] k9d to make ! ,mohamm$an _w p>take 9 its enjoym5t4 ,9 ! ,turki% ,empire1 9 ,egypt1 9 _m ,mohamm$an c\ntries "u ,we/]n control1 ! progressive elem5ts ( ,moslim society spontane\sly meet u half-way4 ,b beh9d !m are ! millions :o firmly adh]e to ! old sup]/ition & are support$ by ! canoni/s1 ^? fai?ful gu>dians ( :at ! infallible ,community decl>$ almo/ "o ?\s& ye>s ago to be ! doctr9e & rule ( life = all c5turies to come4 ,w x ev] prove possible to move 9 "o direction a body compos$ ( su* diff]5t elem5ts1 or w ?is body be torn 9 pieces :5 ! movem5t has become irresi/ible8 ,we h m ?an once po9t$ to ! ca?olic "* ( or?odox ,islm4 ,9 fact1 ! div]sity ( spiritual t5d5cies is n less 9 ! ,moslim _w ?an )9 ! sph]e ( ,*ri/ian influ5ce2 b 9 ,islm1 ap>t f ! political s*isms ( ! fir/ c5turies1 t div]sity has n giv5 rise to any?+ l ! division ( ,*ri/ianity into sects4 ,!re is a prophetic say+1 relat$ by ,tradition1 :i* lat] g5]ations h g5]ally misund]/ood to mean t ! ,mohamm$an community w\ld be split into sev5ty-?ree diff]5t sects4 ,moslim h]esiologi/s h be5 induc$ by ?is pr$iction to fill up _! li/s ( sev5ty-?ree numb]s ) all sorts ( names1 _m ( :i* repres5t no?+ b individual op9ions ( m or less fam\s s*ol>s on subord9ate po9ts ( doctr9e or law4 ,almo/ n9ety-five p] c5t4 ( all ,mohamm$ans are inde$ b\nd toge!r by a spiritual unity t may be comp>$ ) t ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 )9 ^: walls !re is also room = religi\s & intellectual life ( v diff]5t orig9 & t5d5cy4 ,9 ! s5se ( broadness1 ,islm has ?is advantage1 t !re is no g5]ally recogniz$ palpable au?ority able to /op n[ & !n ! progress ( mod]nism or simil> deviations f ! trodd5 pa? ) an imp]ative ,halt6 ,!re is no lack inde$ ( mutual accusation ( h]esy2 b ?is rema9s )\t s]i\s consequ5ces because ( ! abs5ce ( a high ecclesia/ical c\ncil compet5t to decide once = all4 ,! political au?orities1 :o might be induc$ by fanatical !ologians to settle disputes by viol5t inquisitorial means1 h be5 prev5t$ = a long "t f su* int]f]5ce by m press+ affairs4 ,a k alone ( ! or?odox sy/em ( ,islm1 h[ev] complete1 w\ld give u an ev5 m inadequate idea ( ! actual _w ( ca?olic ,islm ?an ! notion we %\ld acquire ( ! spiritual curr5ts mov+ ! ,roman ,ca?olic _w by m]ely /udy+ ! dogma & ! canonical law ( ! ,*ur* ( ,rome4 ,nev]!less1 ! unity ( ,islamic ?\ght is by no means a ^w void ( s5se4 ,! ideas ( ,mohamm$an philosoph]s1 borr[$ = a great "p f ,neoplatonism1 ! pan!ism & ! emanation !ory ( ,mohamm$an my/ics are c]ta9ly /ill fur!r di/ant f ! simplicity ( ,qornic religion ?an ! or?odox dogmatics2 b all ^? conceptions alike %[ indubitable m>ks ( hav+ gr[n up on ,mohamm$an soil4 ,9 ! works ev5 ( ^? my/ics :o efface ! limits betwe5 ?+s human & div9e1 :o put ,judaism1 ,*ri/ianity1 & ,paganism on ! same l9e ) ! revelation ( ,mohamm$1 & :o are !re=e duly ana!matiz$ by ! :ole or?odox _w1 almo/ e page te/ifies to ! relation ( ! ideas en\nc$ ) ,mohamm$an civilization4 ,mo/ ( ! treatises on sci5ce1 arts1 or law writt5 by ,egyptian /ud5ts = _! doctor's degree at ,european univ]sities make no exception to ?is rule2 ! mann] 9 :i* ^! au?ors conceive ! problems & /rive = _! solution is1 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 9 ! broade/ s5se ( c\rse1 ,mohamm$an4 ,?us1 if we speak ( ,mohamm$an ?\ght1 civilization1 _s1 we h to be> 9 m9d ! great importance ( ! sy/em :i*1 almo/ un*ang$1 has be5 deliv]$ = ab\t "o ?\s& ye>s by "o g5]ation ( doctors ( ,islm to ! o!r1 al?\gh x has become ev] m unfit to meet ! ne$s ( ! ,community1 on ^: infallible ,agreem5t x re/s4 ,b1 at ! same "t1 we ought to consid] t beside ! agreem5t ( canoni/s1 ( dogmati/s1 & ( my/ics1 !re are a doz5 m agreem5ts1 social1 political1 popul>1 philosophical1 & s on1 & t h[ev] great may be ! influ5ce ( ! doctors1 :o pret5d to monopolize infallibility = ! op9ions on :i* !y agree1 ! real ,agreem5t ( ,islm is ! lea/ common measure ( all ! agreem5ts ( ! gr\ps :i* make up ! ,community4 ,x w\ld require a l>ge volume to review ! pr9cipal curr5ts ( ?\ght p]vad+ ! ,moslim _w 9 our day2 b a g5]al notion may be acquir$ by a rapid glance at two c5tres1 geographically n f> di/ant f ea* o!r1 b situat$ at ! opposite poles ( spiritual life3 ,mecca & ,cairo4 ,9 ,mecca ye>ly two or ?ree hundr$ ?\s& ,moslims f all p>ts ( ! _w come toge!r to celebrate ! hajj1 t curi\s set ( c]emonies ( pagan ,arabian orig9 :i* ,mohamm$ has incorporat$ into 8 religion1 a durable survival t 9 ,islm makes an impression z s+ul> z t ( jump+ processions 9 ,*ri/ianity4 ,mohamm$ nev] c\ld h =ese5 t ! consequ5ce ( 8 concession to deeply root$ ,arabic cu/om w\ld be t 9 future c5turies ,*9ese1 ,malays1 ,indians1 ,tat>s1 ,turks1 ,egyptians1 ,b]b]s1 & negroes w\ld meet on ?is b>r5 des]t soil & c>ry home pr(\nd impressions ( ! int]national significance ( ,islm4 ,/ill m important is ! fact t f all ^? c\ntries "y p settle "h = ye>s to devote !mselves to ! /udy ( ! sacr$ sci5ce4 ,f ! second to ! t5? mon? ( ! ,mohamm$an lun> ye>1 ! ,h>am1 i4e41 ! mosque1 :i* is an op5 place ) ! ,ka'bah 9 its mid/ & surr\nd$ by l>ge ro($ gall]ies1 has free room en\gh betwe5 ! h\rs ( public s]vice to all[ ( a doz5 or m circles ( /ud5ts sitt+ d[n ar\nd _! pr(essors to li/5 to z _m lectures on diff]5t subjects1 g5]ally deliv]$ 9 a v l\d voice4 ,arabic gramm> & /yle1 prosody1 logic1 & o!r prep>atory bran*es1 ! sacr$ trivium2 canonic law1 dogmatics1 & my/icism1 &1 = ! m advanc$1 exegesis ( ,qorn & ,tradition & "s o!r bran*es ( sup]]ogation1 are taught "h 9 ! m$iaeval way f m$iaeval text-books or f m mod]n compilations reproduc+ _! cont5ts & complet+ !m m or less by treat+ mod]n que/ions accord+ to ! same me?ods4 ,x is n[ almo/ ?irty ye>s s9ce ,i liv$ ! life ( a ,meccan /ud5t dur+ "o univ]sity ye>1 aft] hav+ become famili> ) ! matt] taught by ! pr(essors ( ! temple ( ,mecca1 ! ,h>am1 by privately /udy+ x1 s t ,i c\ld freely use all my "t 9 obs]v+ ! m5tality ( p le>n+ ^? ?+s n = curiosity1 b 9 ord] to acquire ! only true direction = _! life 9 ?is _w & ! salvation ( _! s\ls 9 ! _w to come4 ,= a mod]n man !re c\ld h>dly be a bett] opportunity imag9$ = gett+ a true vision ( ! ,middle ,ages ?an is (f]$ to ! ,ori5tali/ by a few mon?s' /ay 9 ! ,holy ,city ( ,islm4 ,9 c\ntries l ,*9a1 ,tibet1 or ,india !re are sph]es ( spiritual life :i* pres5t to u /ill m int]e/+ mat]ial = comp>ative /udy ( religions ?an t ( ,mecca1 because !y are s mu* m di/ant f our own2 b1 j on t acc\nt1 ! ,we/]n /ud5t w\ld n be able to adapt 8 m9d to _! m5tal atmosph]es z he may d 9 ,mecca4 ,no "o w\ld ?9k = "o mom5t ( consid]+ ,confucianism1 ,h9duism1 or ,buddhism z specially ak9 to ,*ri/ianity1 :]eas ,islm has be5 treat$ by "s hi/orians ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* z belong+ to ! h]etical (fspr+ ( ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,9 fact1 if we are able to ab/ract ourselves = a mom5t f all dogmatic prejudice & to become a ,meccan ) ! ,meccans1 "o ( ! neighb\rs ( ,allah1 z !y call !mselves1 we feel 9 _! temple1 ! ,h>am1 z if we 7 conv]s+ ) our ance/ors ( five or six c5turies ago4 ,"h s*ola/icism ) a rabb9ical t9t =ms ! great attraction to ! m9ds ( ?\s&s ( intellectually highly gift$ m5 ( all ages4 ,! mo/ important lectures are deliv]$ dur+ ! =5oon & 9 ! ev5+4 ,a walk1 at "o ( ^? h\rs1 ?r\gh ! squ>e & "u ! colonnades ( ! mosque1 ) e>s op5$ to all sides1 w enable y to get a g5]al idea ( ! objects ( m5tal ex]cise ( ?is int]national assembly4 ,"h y may f9d a %eikh ( pure ,arab desc5t expla9+ to 8 audi5ce1 compos$ ( :ite ,syrians or ,circassians1 ( br[n & yell[ ,abyss9ians & ,egyptians1 ( negroes1 ,*9ese1 & ,malays1 ! probable & improbable legal consequ5ces ( m>riage contracts1 n except+ ^? betwe5 m5 & g5ii2 !re a negro s*ol> is expla9+ ! ontological evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( a ,creator & ! logical necessity ( ,8 hav+ tw5ty qualities1 insep>able f1 b n id5tical )1 ,8 ess5ce2 9 ! mid/ ( ano!r circle a le>n$ muft ( indet]m9ably mix$ extraction demon/rates to 8 pupils f ! /&>d "w ( al-,ghazl ! absolute vanity ( law & doctr9e to ^? ^: he>ts are n purifi$ f e atta*m5t to ! _w4 ,mo/ ( ! bran*es ( ,mohamm$an le>n+ are repres5t$ )9 ! walls ( ?is temple by m or less fam\s s*ol>s2 & /ill !re are a great numb] ( private lectures deliv]$ at home by pr(essors :o d n l to be di/urb$ by ! unavoidable noise 9 ! mosque1 :i* dur+ ! :ole day s]ves z a meet+ place = fri5ds or bus9ess m51 z an ex]cise hall = ,qorn recit]s1 & ev5 z a passage = p go+ f "o "p ( ! t[n to ! o!r4 ,9 ord] to complete y\r m$iaeval dream ) a sc5e f daily life1 y h only to leave ! mosque by ! ,bb ,d]eybah1 "o ( its tw5ty-two gates1 :]e y may see human m]*&ise exhibit$ = sale by ! slave-brok]s1 & !n to h a glance1 outside ! wall1 at a camel c>avan1 br++ firewood & vegetables into ! t[n1 l$ by ,b$u9s ^: outw>d appe>ance has z little *ang$ z _! m9ds s9ce ! day :5 ,mohamm$ began "h to prea* ! ,^w ( ,allah4 ,to ! great] "p ( ! _w repres5t$ by ?is int]national exhibition ( ,islm1 z a mod]n ,musulman writ] calls x1 our mod]n _w1 ) all its problems1 its emotions1 its le>n+ & sci5ce1 h>dly exi/s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! av]age mod]n man does n und]/& mu* m ( ! m5tal life ( ! two hundr$ millions to :om ! b>r5 ,mecca has become ! great c5tre4 ,9 =m] days1 o!r c5tres 7 mu* m important1 al?\gh ,mecca has always be5 ! goal ( pilgrimage & ! *]i%$ abode ( _m le>n$ m54 ,_m capitals ( ,islm (f]$ ! /ud5ts an easi] life & bett] accommodations = _! /udies2 :ile 9 ,mecca f\r mon?s ( ! ye> are devot$ to ! =eign gue/s ( ,allah1 by att5d+ to ^: v>i\s ne$s all ,meccans ga9 _! livelihood4 ,= c5turies ,cairo has /ood unrivall$ z a seat ( ,mohamm$an le>n+ ( e k9d2 & ev5 n[ ! ,u>am ( ,mecca is n to be comp>$ to ! ,azh>-mosque z reg>ds ! numb] & ! fame ( its pr(essors & ! v>iety ( bran*es cultivat$4 ,9 ! la/ half-c5tury1 h[ev]1 ! anci5t repute ( ! ,egyptian metropolis has suff]$ a good deal f ! enorm\s increase ( ,european influ5ce 9 ! l& ( ! ,ph>aohs2 ! effects ( :i* h made !mselves felt ev5 9 ! ,azh>4 ,mod]n programs & me?ods ( in/ruction h be5 adopt$2 &1 :at is /ill worse1 mod]nism itself1 fav\r$ by ! late ,muft ,muhamm$ ,abduh1 has made its entrance into ! sacr$ lecture-halls1 :i* until a few ye>s ago seem$ inaccessible to ! slighte/ deviation f ! decrees ( ! ,infallible ,agreem5t ( ! ,community4 ,/r5u\s ef=ts h be5 made by em95t s*ol>s to lib]ate ,islm f ! *a9s ( ! au?ority ( ! pa/ ages on ! basis ( indep5d5t int]pretation ( ! ,qorn2 n 9 ! way ( ! ,wahhb re=m]s1 :o tri$ a c5tury be=e to re/ore ! in/itutions ( ,mohamm$'s "t 9 _! orig9al purity1 b on ! contr>y ) ! object ( adapt+ ,islm by all means 9 _! p[] to ! requirem5ts ( mod]n life4 ,(ficial protection ( ! bold innovators prev5t$ _! cons]vative oppon5ts f ca/+ !m out ( ! ,azh>1 b ! ass5t to _! doctr9es 0 m en?usia/ic outside its walls ?an inside4 ,! ev] m num]\s adh]5ts ( mod]n ?\ght 9 ,egypt d n g5]ally proce$ f ! ranks ( ! ,azh> /ud5ts1 nor d !y g5]ally c>e v mu* 9 _! lat] life = re=m+ ! me?ods prevail+ !re1 al?\gh !y may be incl9$ to applaud ! ef=ts ( ! mod]ni/s4 ,to ! intellectuals ( ! high] classes ! ,azh> has ceas$ to (f] great attraction2 if x 7 n = ! important funds 7wagf7 = ! b5efit ( pr(essors & /ud5ts1 ! numb]s ( bo? classes w\ld h dim9i%$ mu* m ?an is already ! case1 & ! fai?ful cultivators ( m$iaeval ,mohamm$an sci5ce w\ld pref] to live 9 ,mecca1 free f ,we/]n influ5ce & control4 ,ev5 z x is1 ! pr$ilection ( =eign /ud5ts ( law & !ology is turn+ m & m t[>ds ,mecca4 ,z "o ( ! num]\s int]e/+ specim5s ( ! m5tal developm5t effect$ 9 ,egypt 9 ! la/ ye>s1 ,i may m5tion a book t appe>$ 9 ,cairo two ye>s ago#a1 conta9+ a description ( ! pres5t ,kh$ive's pilgrimage to ,mecca & ,m$9a1 p]=m$ two ye>s be=e4 ,! au?or evid5tly possesses a good deal ( ! s*ola/ic le>n+ to be ga!r$ 9 ! ,azh> & no ,european erudition 9 ! /rict] s5se ( ! ^w4 ,9 an introductory *apt] he gives a summ>y ( ! geography & hi/ory ( ! ,arabian p59sula1 describes ! ,hijz 9 a m detail$ mann]1 & 9 8 v elaborate acc\nt ( ! j\rney1 on :i* he accompani$ 8 pr9cely ma/]1 ! topography ( ! holy cities1 ! peculi>ities ( _! inhabitants & ( ! =eign visitors1 ! political in/itutions1 & ! social conditions are treat$ almo/ z fully & accurately z we c\ld desire f ! h& ( ! mo/ accompli%$ ,european s*ol>4 ,! "w is illu/rat$ by good maps & plans & by a great numb] ( excell5t photographs expressly tak5 = ?is purpose by ! ,kh$ive's ord]4 ,! au?or int]sp]ses 8 acc\nt ) _m witty rem>ks z well z s]i\s reflections on religi\s & political topics1 ?us mak+ x v readable to ^? ( u :o are famili> ) ! ,arabic language4 ,he adorns 8 description ( ! holy places & ( ! pilgrimage-rites ) ! unctu\s phrases us$ 9 h&books = ! hajji1 & he does n di/urb ! m9d ( ! pi\s read] by any hi/orical criticism ( ! traditions connect$ ) ! ,h\se ( ,allah1 ! ,black ,/one1 & ! o!r sanctu>ies1 b he loses no opportunity to %[ 8 dislike ( all sup]/ition2 sometimes1 z if to prev5t ,we/]n read]s f indulg+ 9 mock]y1 he comp>es ,meccan rites or cu/oms ) sup]/iti\s practices curr5t among/ ,jews or ,*ri/ians ( today4 ,footnote #a3 ,ar-rihlah al-,hijaziyyah1 by ,muhamm$ ,labib al-,batanunf1 #b;d edition1 ,cairo1 #acbi ,hijrah4 ,?is book1 at ^: cont5ts _m a ,meccan s*ol> ( ! old /yle w %ake 8 head & exclaim3 ,we seek refuge ne> ,allah f ,satan1 ! curs$6 has be5 adopt$ by ! ,egyptian ,dep>tm5t ( ,public ,in/ruction z a read+-book = ! s*ools4 ,:at surpris$ me m ?an any?+ else 0 ! au?or's quot+ z 8 pr$ecessors 9 ! description ( ,mecca & ,m$9a1 ,burckh>dt1 ,burton1 & myself1 & 8 s5d+ me1 al?\gh p]sonally unacqua9t$ ) him1 a pres5tation copy ) a flatt]+ d$ication4 ,?is au?or & 8 book w\ld h be5 impossible 9 ! ,moslim _w n m ?an ?irty ye>s ago4 ,9 ,egypt su* a man is n[adays already consid]$ z "o ( ^? m cons]vative mod]ns1 :o pref] ! rationali/ic explanation ( ! ,azh> lore to putt+ x aside altoge!r4 ,)9 ! ,azh>1 8 book is sure to meet ) he>ty approval f ! foll[]s ( ,muhamm$ ,abduh1 b n less he>ty disapproval f ! oppon5ts ( mod]nism :o make up ! majority ( ! pr(essors z well z ( ! /ud5ts4 ,9 ^! v la/ ye>s a new progress ( mod]n ?\ght has manife/$ itself 9 ,cairo 9 ! f\ndation1 "u ! auspices ( ,fu'd ,pa%a1 an uncle ( ! pres5t ,kh$ive1 ( ! ,egyptian ,univ]sity4 ,cairo has _h = a long "t its s*ools ( m$ic9e & law1 :i* c\ld be turn$ easily into univ]sity faculties2 !re=e1 ! f\nd]s ( ! univ]sity ?\ght x urg5t to e/abli% a faculty ( arts1 &1 if ?is prov$ a success1 to add a faculty ( sci5ce4 ,9 ! meantime1 gift$ "y m5 7 grant$ subsidies to le>n at ,european univ]sities :at !y ne$$ to "k to be ! pr(essors ( a com+ g5]ation1 &1 = ! pres5t1 ,*ri/ian z well z ,mohamm$an natives ( ,egypt & ,european s*ol>s liv+ 9 ! c\ntry 7 appo9t$ z lectur]s2 pr(essors be+ borr[$ f ! univ]sities ( ,europe to deliv] lectures 9 ,arabic on diff]5t subjects *os5 m or less at r&om be=e an audi5ce little prep>$ to dige/ ! lessons (f]$ to !m4 ,! r ha/y />t & ! lack ( a well-def9$ s*eme h made ! ,egyptian ,univ]sity a subject ( sev]e criticism4 ,nev]!less1 its f\ndation is an unmi/akable expression ( ! desire ( intellectual ,egypt to translate mod]n ?\ght into its own language1 to adapt mod]n high] in/ruction to its own ne$s4 ,?is same aim is pursu$ 9 a p]haps m efficaci\s mann] by ! hundr$s ( ,egyptian /ud5ts ( law1 sci5ce1 & m$ic9e at ,fr5*1 ,engli%1 & "s o!r ,european univ]sities4 ,! ,turks c\ld n freely foll[ su* examples be=e ! revolution ( #aijh2 b !y h %[n s9ce t "t t _! ab/5tion 0 n volunt>y4 ,engl&1 ,france1 ,holl&1 & o!r c\ntries gov]n+ ,mohamm$an populations are all endeav\r+ to f9d ! "r way to incorporate _! ,mohamm$an subjects into _! own civilization4 ,fully recogniz+ t x 0 ! mat]ial covet\sness ( pa/ g5]ations t submitt$ ^? nations to _! rule1 ! s-call$ colonial p[]s consid] x _! duty n[ to secure = !m 9 int]national int]c\rse ! place :i* _! natural tal5t enables !m to occupy4 ,! "q :e!r x is bett] simply to leave ! ,moslims to ,islm z x 0 = c5turies is no long] an object ( s]i\s discussion1 ! re=m+ process be+ at "w ev]y:]e--9 "s p>ts ) surpris+ rapidity4 ,we c only try to progno/icate ! solution :i* ! ne> future res]ves = ! problem1 h[ ! ,moslim _w is to be associat$ ) mod]n ?\ght4 ,9 ?is problem ! :ole civiliz$ _w & ! :ole _w ( ,islm are conc]n$4 ,! e?nic diff]5ce betwe5 ,indians1 ,nor?-,africans1 ,malays1 etc41 may necessitate a diff]5ce ( me?od 9 detail2 ! ,islm problem lies at ! basis ( ! "q = all ( !m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! future developm5t ( ,islm does n only int]e/ c\ntries ) ,mohamm$an dom9ions1 x claims z well ! att5tion ( all ! nations p>tak+ 9 ! int]national ex*ange ( mat]ial & spiritual goods4 ,?is w\ld be m g5]ally recogniz$ if "s k ( ,islm 7 m widely spread among/ ourselves2 if x 7 bett] realiz$ t ,islm is next ak9 to ,*ri/ianity4 ,x is ! ,*ri/ian mission t %[s ! deepe/ consci\sness ( ?is /ate ( ?+s1 & ! greate/ activity 9 promot+ an association ( ,mohamm$an ?\ght ) t ( ,we/]n nations4 ,! solid mass ( exp]i5ce due to ! ef=ts ( num]\s mission>ies is n ( an enc\rag+ nature4 ,!re is no reasonable hope ( ! conv]sion ( important numb]s ( ,mohamm$ans to any ,*ri/ian d5om9ation4 ,broad-m9d$ mission>y societies h !re=e giv5 up ! old fruitless proselytiz+ me?ods & h turn$ to social improvem5t 9 ! way ( education1 m$ical treatm5t1 & ! l4 ,x _c be d5i$1 t :at !y want above all to br+ to ,mohamm$ans is j :at ^! mo/ en]getically decl9e to accept4 ,on ! o!r h& ! advocates ( a purely civiliz+ mission are b\nd to ackn[l$ge t1 b = r>e exceptions1 ! desire ( incorporat+ ,mohamm$an nations into our _w ( ?\ght does n r\se ! devot$1 self-d5y+ en?usiasm inspir$ by ! vocation ( propagat+ a religi\s belief4 ,! ard\r display$ by "s mission>ies 9 e/abli%+ 9 ! ,dr al-,islm ,*ri/ian c5tres f :i* !y di/ribute to ! ,mohamm$ans ^? elem5ts ( our civilization :i* are acceptable to !m des]ves cordial praise2 ! m s because !y !mselves ent]ta9 b little hope ( atta9+ _! ultimate aim ( conv]sion4 ,mohamm$ans :o take any int]e/ 9 ,*ri/ianity are taught by _! own tea*]s t ! revelation ( ,jesus1 aft] hav+ suff]$ s]i\s corruption by ! ,*ri/ians !mselves1 has be5 purifi$ & re/or$ to its orig9al simplicity by ,mohamm$1 & are !re=e inaccessible to mission>y argum5ts2 nay1 among/ unciviliz$ pagans ! lay mission ( ,islm is ! mo/ =midable competitor ( cl]ical propagation ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,p :o take no active "p 9 mission>y "w are n compet5t to dissuade ,*ri/ian mission>ies f cont9u+ _! seem+ly hopeless lab\r among ,mohamm$ans1 nor to prescribe to !m ! me?ods !y are to adopt2 _! full autonomy is to be respect$4 ,b all agree t ,mohamm$ans1 dis9cl9$ z !y are to reject _! own traditions ( ?irte5 c5turies & to adopt a new religi\s fai?1 become ev] bett] dispos$ to associate _! intellectual1 social1 & political life ) t ( ! mod]n _w4 ,"h lies ! />t+ po9t = two divisions ( mank9d :i* = c5turies h liv$ _! own lives sep>ately 9 mutual misund]/&+1 f :i* to pursue _! way arm 9 arm to ! great] advantage ( bo?4 ,we mu/ leave x to ! ,mohamm$ans !mselves to reconcile ! new ideas :i* !y want ) ! old ones ) :i* !y _c disp5se2 b we c help !m 9 adapt+ _! educational sy/em to mod]n requirem5ts & give !m a good example by reject+ ! dete/able id5tification ( p[] & "r 9 politics :i* lies at ! basis ( _! own canonical law on holy w> z well z at ! basis ( ! political practice ( mod]n ,we/]n /ates4 ,?is is a "w 9 :i* we all may collaborate1 :atev] our own religi\s conviction may be4 ,! pr9cipal condition = a fruitful fri5dly int]c\rse ( ?is k9d is t we make ! ,moslim _w an object ( cont9ual s]i\s inve/igation 9 our intellectual c5tres4 ,hav+ sp5t a good deal ( my life 9 seek+ = ! "r me?od ( associat+ ) mod]n ?\ght ! ?irty-five millions ( ,mohamm$ans :om hi/ory has plac$ "u ! gu>dian%ip ( my own c\ntry1 ,i c\ld n help draw+ "s practical conclusions f ! lessons ( hi/ory :i* ,i h tri$ to r$uce to _! mo/ abridg$ =m4 ,!re is no lack ( pessimi/s1 ^: wisdom has f\nd its poetic =m 9 ! words ( ,kipl+3 ,ea/ is ,ea/ & ,we/ is ,we/1 ,& nev] ! twa9 %all meet4 ,to me1 ) reg>d to ! ,moslim _w1 ^! words seem almo/ a blasphemy4 ,! exp]i5ce acquir$ by adapt+ myself to ! peculi>ities ( ,mohamm$ans1 & by daily conv]sation ) !m = ab\t tw5ty ye>s1 has impress$ me ) ! firm conviction t betwe5 ,islm & ! mod]n _w an und]/&+ is to be atta9$1 & t no p]iod has (f]$ a bett] *ance ( fur!r+ x ?an ! "t 9 :i* we are liv+4 ,to ,kipl+'s poetical despair ,i ?9k we h a "r to pref] ! words ( a broad-m9d$ mod]n ,h9du writ]3 ,! pity is t m51 l$ a/ray by adv5titi\s diff]5ces1 miss ! ess5tial resemblances#a4 ,footnote #a3 ,s4,m4 ,mitra1 ,anglo-,indian ,/udies1 ,london1 ,longmans1 ,gre5 ,co41 #aiac1 ,p4 #bcb4 ,x w\ld be a great satisfaction to me if my lectures might cause "s ( my he>]s to consid] ! problem ( ,islm z "o ( ! mo/ important ( our "t1 & its solution wor?y ( _! int]e/ & ( a claim on _! ex]tion4 ,,index ,a ,abbas 7,mohamm$'s uncle7 ,abbasids gov]nm5t ,khalifate ,abd-ul-,hamid1 ,sultan ,abduh1 ,muft ,muhamm$ ,abraham ,abu ,bakr ,abyss9ians ,africa ,africans ,agreem5t ( ! ,community1 see ',ijm' ,ahl al-_h? 7m5 ( tradition7 ',ajam ,al-,a%'ar ,alex&] ! ,great ,al1 ! f\r? ,khalf ,ali1 ,mohamm$1 ! fir/ ,kh$ive ,alids 'mils 7ag5ts7 ,anti-,*ri/ ,arabia ,arabian1 view 9 reg>d to ! l9e ( desc5t ?r\gh a woman tribes prophet hea!ns migration race armies ,%i'ah conqu]ors orig9 ( hajj p59sula ,arabic1 traditions spee* arts cu/om gramm> language ,arabs ! nations conqu]$ by ! ( ,*ri/ian orig9 ,arnold1 ,pr(essor ,t4,w4 ,asia ,assass9s ,augu/9 ,azh>-mosque ,b ,bb ,d]eybah ,bbs ,bagdad ,b>b>ians ,basra ,b$u9s ,beh's ,bell>m9ius ,b]b] ,bible ,see ,scriptures ,bibli&] ,black ,/one ,b\la9villi]s1 ,c\nt de ,breit+] ,buddhism ,burckh>dt ,burton ,byzant9e ,empire ,byzant9es ,c ,caetani1 ,pr9ce ,cairo ,casanova1 ,pr(essor ( ,p>is ,causs9 de ,p]ceval ,*9a ,*9ese ,*ri/ian religion influ5ce rituals traditions model ( obligatory fa/+ pr9ces /ates natives ( ,egypt missions demon/rations c5tres 9 ,d> al-,islam fai? & mission>ies ,*ri/ian ,*ur* ,roman ,ca?olic ,prote/ant ,*ri/ianity ,*ri/ians religi\s rites ( ,circassians ,cod]c ,comm&] ( ! ,fai?ful ,committee ( ,union & ,progress ,confucianism ,con/ant9ople ,crypto-,mohamm$anism ,d ,d> al-,islm ,day ( judgm5t ,doomsday ,dut*1 ,indies ,e ,egypt ,egyptian1 nation /ud5ts ,dep>tm5t ( ,public ,in/ruction univ]sity ,egyptians ,engl& ,engli% univ]sity ,f ,faqihs 7canoni/s7 ,fai?ful ,ftima ,ftimite1 dyna/y ,khalifate ,fatwa ,fr5* univ]sity ,fu'd ,pa%a ,g ,ghazal ,gideon ,goldzih] ,gospels ,see ,scriptures ,h ,hadi? 7legislative tradition7 ,hadramaut ,hadramites ,hag> ,hajj 7pilgrimage7 ,hanafites ,hanbalites ,h>am 7mosque7 ,hell ,hijz ,hijrah1 ,h9duism ,holy ,cities ,see ,mecca & ,m$9a ,holy ,family 7,ali & ,fatimah7 ,hott+] ,hd1 ! prophet ,i ',ijm' 7,agreem5t ( ! ,community7 ,imms ( ,yem5 ,india ,indians1 ,indonesia ,isaac ,i%mael ,i%ma'ilites ,islm ,j ,jacob ,jhiliyyah 7,arabian paganism7 ,jesus ,*ri/ z ,mehdi ,jewi%1 religion influ5ce rituals model ( fa/+ ,jews ,jihd ,judaism ,k ,ka'bah ,khalf1 ! fir/ ,khalifate ,khalfs1 ! fir/ f\r ,khrijites1 ,kh$ive ,kipl+ ,kufa ,l ,lamm5s1 ,fa!r ,m ,mahd ,malays ,mlikites ,m>acci1 ,abb ,m>y 7"m ( ,jesus7 ,maulid ,mecca ,meccans ,m$9a ,m$9ese ,messiah ,middle ,ages ,misr1 see ,cairo ,mohamm$an1 religion ma/]s /ate or?odox dogma au?orities law books c\ntries political life *ur* pr9ces _w gov]nors subjects masses /atesm5 protection community t]ritories dogmatics ,hell au?ors law wom5 nations slav]y pr9ciples /&>d ( tol]ance philosoph]s my/ics ?\ght lun> ye> le>n+ sci5ce populations dom9ions ,mohamm$ans natives ( ,egypt ,mongols ,morocco ,moses ,moslim pr9ces p au?ority *ur* canoni/s _w *iefs ( /ates woman society h]esiologi/s ,muft ,muir ,mujtahids ,mutakallim ,mu'tazilites ,n ,neo-,platonic orig9 ( my/icism ,neo-,platonism ,nldeke ,non-,alids ,non-,arabian conv]ts ,non-,arabic ,moslims ,o ,om> ,omayyads ,o?mn au?ority ,ottoman pr9ces ,ottomans ,p ,paganism ,papacy ,p>adise ,p>ss ,p]sia ,p]sian ,empire ,porte1 ! ,prideaux1 ,dr4 ,prote/antism ,q ,qdhs ,qrs 7,qoran s*ol>s7 ,q>matians ,qorai% ,qorn scol>s recit]s ,qornic1 revelations religion ,r ,rel&1 ,h4 ,resurrection ,roman ,ca?olics ,s ,salt ,sale ,slih1 ! prophet ,sasanids ,saul ,sayyids ,scriptures p ( ! ,%fi'ites ,%hs ( ,p]sia ,%>'ah 7,div9e ,law7 ,%aukah 7actual influ5ce7 ,%eikhites ,%eikh-ul-,islm ,%]fs ,%]fs ( ,mecca ,%]fs1 rul]s ( ,morocco ,%'ah 7! ,p>ty ( ! ,h\se7 ,%'ites ,srah 7biography7 ,spa9 ,spr5g] ,/ambul ,sultan ,sunnah ,sunnites ,syria ,syrians ,t ,taif ,tat>s ,te/am5t1 see ,scriptures ,tibet ,tradition1 see ,hadi? ,tr9ity ,turkey ,sultan ( ,turki%1 ,empire circles conqu]or ,sultan arms gov]nm5t /ate (ficials ,turks ,u ',ulam' 7le>n$ m57 ,v ,voltaire ,w ,wahhb re=m]s ,weil ,wellhaus5 ,wezrs ,y ,yem5 ,imms ( ,z ,zaidites ,zakt 7taxes7 ,zanzib>