,on ! ,improvem5t ( ! ,und]/&+ 7,treatise on ! ,em5dation ( ! ,intellect7 by ,b>u* ,sp9oza ,b5$ict de ,sp9oza ,translat$ by ,r4 ,h4 ,m4 ,elwes ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts3 #a ,on ! ,improvem5t ( ! ,und]/&+ #c ,( ! ord9>y objects ( m5's desires #ab ,( ! true & f9al good #ag ,c]ta9 rules ( life #ai ,( ! f\r modes ( p]ception #be ,( ! be/ mode ( p]ception #cc ,( ! in/rum5ts ( ! intellect1 or true ideas #dc ,answ]s to objections ,fir/ "p ( me?od3 #ej ,di/9ction ( true ideas f fictiti\s ideas #fd ,& f false ideas #gg ,( d\bt #ha ,( memory & =getfulness #hf ,m5tal h9drances f words--& f ! popul> confusion ( ready imag9ation ) di/9ct und]/&+4 ,second "p ( me?od3 #ia ,its object1 ! acquisition ( cle> & di/9ct ideas #id ,its means1 good def9itions ,conditions ( def9ition #ajg ,h[ to def9e und]/&+ ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,notice to ! ,read]4 7,?is notice to ! read] 0 writt5 by ! editors ( ! ,op]a ,po/uma 9 #afgg4 ,tak5 f ,curley1 ,note #c1 at end7 99,?is ,treatise on ! ,em5dation ( ! ,intellect etc41 :i* we give y "h1 k9d read]1 9 its unf9i%$ t is1 defective /ate1 0 writt5 by ! au?or _m ye>s ago n[4 ,he always int5d$ to f9i% x4 ,b h9d]$ by o!r occupations1 & f9ally snat*$ away by dea?1 he 0 unable to br+ x to ! desir$ conclusion4 ,b s9ce x conta9s _m excell5t & useful ?+s1 :i*--we h no d\bt--w be ( great b5efit to anyone s9c]ely seek+ ! tru?1 we did n wi% to deprive y ( !m4 ,& s t y w\ld be aw>e (1 & f9d less difficult to excuse1 ! _m ?+s t are /ill obscure1 r\gh1 & unpoli%$1 we wi%$ to w>n y ( !m4 ,f>ewell499 #a 7#a7 ,aft] exp]i5ce _h taught me t all ! usual surr\nd+s ( social life are va9 & futile2 see+ t none ( ! objects ( my fe>s conta9$ 9 !mselves any?+ ei!r good or bad1 except 9 s f> z ! m9d is affect$ by !m1 ,i f9ally resolv$ to inquire :e!r !re might be "s real good hav+ p[] to communicate itself1 :i* w\ld affect ! m9d s+ly1 to ! exclusion ( all else3 :e!r1 9 fact1 !re might be any?+ ( :i* ! discov]y & atta9m5t w\ld enable me to enjoy cont9u\s1 supreme1 & un5d+ happ9ess4 #b 7#a7 ,i say ,i f9ally resolv$1 = at fir/ sight x seem$ unwise will+ly to lose hold on :at 0 sure = ! sake ( some?+ !n unc]ta94 7#b7 ,i c\ld see ! b5efits :i* are acquir$ ?r\gh fame & ri*es1 & t ,i %\ld be oblig$ to ab&on ! que/ ( su* objects1 if ,i s]i\sly devot$ myself to ! se>* = some?+ diff]5t & new4 7#c7 ,i p]ceiv$ t if true happ9ess *anc$ to be plac$ 9 ! =m] ,i %\ld necess>ily miss x2 :ile if1 on ! o!r h&1 x 7 n s plac$1 & ,i gave !m my :ole att5tion1 ,i %\ld equally fail4 #c 7#a7 ,i !re=e debat$ :e!r x w\ld n be possible to arrive at ! new pr9ciple1 or at any rate at a c]ta9ty conc]n+ its exi/5ce1 )\t *ang+ ! conduct & usual plan ( my life2 ) ?is end 9 view ,i made _m ef=ts1 9 va94 7#b7 ,= ! ord9>y surr\nd+s ( life :i* are e/eem$ by m5 7z _! actions te/ify7 to be ! highe/ good1 may be class$ "u ! ?ree heads--,ri*es1 ,fame1 & ! ,pleasures ( ,s5se3 ) ^! ?ree ! m9d is s absorb$ t x has little p[] to reflect on any diff]5t good4 #d 7#a7 ,by s5sual pleasure ! m9d is en?rall$ to ! ext5t ( quiesc5ce1 z if ! supreme good 7 actually atta9$1 s t x is q incapable ( ?9k+ ( any o!r object2 :5 su* pleasure has be5 gratifi$ x is foll[$ by extreme melan*oly1 :]eby ! m9d1 ?\gh n en?rall$1 is di/urb$ & dull$4 7#b7 ,! pursuit ( honors & ri*es is likewise v absorb+1 especially if su* objects be s\ght simply = _! own sake1 a inasmu* z !y are !n suppos$ to con/itute ! highe/ good4 #e 7#a7 ,9 ! case ( fame ! m9d is /ill m absorb$1 = fame is conceiv$ z always good = its own sake1 & z ! ultimate end to :i* all actions are direct$4 7#b7 ,fur!r1 ! atta9m5t ( ri*es & fame is n foll[$ z 9 ! case ( s5sual pleasures by rep5tance1 b1 ! m we acquire1 ! great] is our delight1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! m are we incit$ to increase bo? ! "o & ! o!r2 on ! o!r h&1 if our hopes happ5 to be fru/rat$ we are plung$ into ! deepe/ sadness4 7#c7 ,fame has ! fur!r drawback t x compels its vot>ies to ord] _! lives accord+ to ! op9ions ( _! fell[-m51 %unn+ :at !y usually %un1 & seek+ :at !y usually seek4 #f 7#a7 ,:5 ,i saw t all ^! ord9>y objects ( desire w\ld be ob/acles 9 ! way ( a se>* = some?+ diff]5t & new--nay1 t !y 7 s oppos$ !reto1 t ei!r !y or x w\ld h to be ab&on$1 ,i 0 =c$ to inquire :i* w\ld prove ! mo/ useful to me3 =1 z ,i say1 ,i seem$ to be will+ly los+ hold on a sure good = ! sake ( some?+ unc]ta94 7#f3b7 ,h[ev]1 aft] ,i _h reflect$ on ! matt]1 ,i came 9 ! fir/ place to ! conclusion t by ab&on+ ! ord9>y objects ( pursuit1 & betak+ myself to a new que/1 ,i %\ld be leav+ a good1 unc]ta9 by reason ( its own nature1 z may be ga!r$ f :at has be5 said1 = ! sake ( a good n unc]ta9 9 its nature 7= ,i s\ght = a fix$ good71 b only 9 ! possibility ( its atta9m5t4 #g 7#a7 ,fur!r reflection conv9c$ me t if ,i c\ld really get to ! root ( ! matt] ,i %\ld be leav+ c]ta9 evils = a c]ta9 good4 7#b7 ,i ?us p]ceiv$ t ,i 0 9 a /ate ( great p]il1 & ,i compell$ myself to seek ) all my /r5g? = a rem$y1 h[ev] unc]ta9 x might be2 z a sick man /ruggl+ ) a deadly disease1 :5 he sees t dea? w surely be ^u him unless a rem$y be f\nd1 is compell$ to seek a rem$y ) all 8 /r5g?1 inasmu* z 8 :ole hope lies !re94 7#g3c7 ,all ! objects pursu$ by ! multitude n only br+ no rem$y t t5ds to pres]ve our be+1 b ev5 act z h9drances1 caus+ ! dea? n seldom ( ^? :o possess !m1 b & always ( ^? :o are possess$ by !m4 #h 7#a7 ,!re are _m examples ( m5 :o h suff]$ p]secution ev5 to dea? = ! sake ( _! ri*es1 & ( m5 :o 9 pursuit ( weal? h expos$ !mselves to s _m dang]s1 t !y h paid away _! life z a p5alty = _! folly4 7#b7 ,examples are no less num]\s ( m51 :o h endur$ ! utmo/ wret*$ness = ! sake ( ga9+ or pres]v+ _! reputation4 7#c7 ,la/ly1 are innum]able cases ( m51 :o h ha/5$ _! dea? ?r\gh ov]-indulg5ce 9 s5sual pleasure4 #i 7#a7 ,all ^! evils seem to h aris5 f ! fact1 t happ9ess or unhapp9ess is made :olly dep5d5t on ! quality ( ! object :i* we love4 7#b7 ,:5 a ?+ is n lov$1 no qu>rels w arise conc]n+ x--no sadness w be felt if x p]i%es--no envy if x is possess$ by ano!r--no fe>1 no hatr$1 9 %ort no di/urbances ( ! m9d4 7#c7 ,all ^! arise f ! love ( :at is p]i%able1 su* z ! objects already m5tion$4 #aj 7#a7 ,b love t[>ds a ?+ et]nal & inf9ite fe$s ! m9d :olly ) joy1 & is itself unm+l$ ) any sadness1 :]e=e x is greatly to be desir$ & s\ght = ) all our /r5g?4 7#b7 ,yet x 0 n at r&om t ,i us$ ! words1 ,if ,i c\ld g to ! root ( ! matt]1 =1 ?\gh :at ,i h urg$ 0 p]fectly cle> to my m9d1 ,i c\ld n =?) lay aside all love ( ri*es1 s5sual enjoym5t1 & fame4 #aa 7#a7 ,"o ?+ 0 evid5t1 namely1 t :ile my m9d 0 employ$ ) ^! ?\ghts x turn$ away f its =m] objects ( desire1 & s]i\sly consid]$ ! se>* = a new pr9ciple2 ?is /ate ( ?+s 0 a great com=t to me1 = ,i p]ceiv$ t ! evils 7 n su* z to resi/ all rem$ies4 7#aa3b7 ,al?\gh ^! int]vals 7 at fir/ r>e1 & ( v %ort duration1 yet aft]w>ds1 z ! true good became m & m disc]nible to me1 !y became m frequ5t & m la/+2 especially aft] ,i _h recogniz$ t ! acquisition ( weal?1 s5sual pleasure1 or fame1 is only a h9drance1 s long z !y are s\ght z ends n z means2 if !y be s\ght z means1 !y w be "u re/ra9t1 &1 f> f be+ h9drances1 w fur!r n a little ! end = :i* !y are s\ght1 z ,i w %[ 9 due "t4 #ab 7#a7 ,i w "h only briefly /ate :at ,i mean by true good1 & also :at is ! nature ( ! highe/ good4 7#b7 ,9 ord] t ?is may be rightly und]/ood1 we mu/ be> 9 m9d t ! t]ms good & evil are only appli$ relatively1 s t ! same ?+ may be call$ bo? good & bad accord+ to ! relations 9 view1 9 ! same way z x may be call$ p]fect or imp]fect4 7#c7 ,no?+ reg>d$ 9 its own nature c be call$ p]fect or imp]fect2 especially :5 we are aw>e t all ?+s :i* come to pass1 come to pass accord+ to ! et]nal ord] & fix$ laws ( nature4 #ac 7#a7 ,h[ev]1 human weakness _c atta9 to ?is ord] 9 its own ?\ghts1 b mean:ile man conceives a human "* mu* m /able ?an 8 own1 & sees t !re is no reason :y he %\ld n himself acquire su* a "*4 7#b7 ,?us he is l$ to seek = means :i* w br+ him to ?is pit* ( p]fection1 & calls ev]y?+ :i* w s]ve z su* means a true good4 7#ac3c7 ,! *ief good is t he %\ld arrive1 toge!r ) o!r individuals if possible1 at ! possession ( ! a=esaid "*4 7#d7 ,:at t "* is we %all %[ 9 due "t1 namely1 t x is ! k ( ! union exi/+ be+ ! m9d & ! :ole ( nature4 c #ad 7#a7 ,?is1 !n1 is ! end = :i* ,i /rive1 to atta9 to su* a "* myself1 & to endeavor t _m %\ld atta9 to x ) me4 7#b7 ,9 o!r words1 x is "p ( my happ9ess to l5d a help+ h&1 t _m o!rs may und]/& ev5 z ,i d1 s t _! und]/&+ & desire may entirely agree ) my own4 7#c7 ,9 ord] to br+ ?is ab\t1 x is necess>y to und]/& z mu* ( nature z w enable u to atta9 to ! a=esaid "*1 & also to =m a social ord] su* z is mo/ conducive to ! atta9m5t ( ?is "* by ! greate/ numb] ) ! lea/ difficulty & dang]4 #ae 7#a7 ,we mu/ seek ! assi/ance ( ,moral ,philosophy d & ! ,!ory ( ,education2 fur!r1 z heal? is no insignificant means = atta9+ our end1 we mu/ also include ! :ole sci5ce ( ,m$ic9e1 &1 z _m difficult ?+s are by contrivance r5d]$ easy1 & we c 9 ?is way ga9 mu* "t & conv5i5ce1 ! sci5ce ( ,me*anics mu/ 9 no way be despis$4 #af 7#a7 ,b be=e all ?+s1 a means mu/ be devis$ = improv+ ! und]/&+ & purify+ x1 z f> z may be at ! outset1 s t x may appreh5d ?+s )\t error1 & 9 ! be/ possible way4 7#b7 ,?us x is app>5t to ev]yone t ,i wi% to direct all sci5ce to "o end e & aim1 s t we may atta9 to ! supreme human p]fection :i* we h nam$2 &1 !re=e1 :atsoev] 9 ! sci5ces does n s]ve to promote our object w h to be reject$ z useless4 7#c7 ,to sum up ! matt] 9 a ^w1 all our actions & ?\ghts mu/ be direct$ to ?is "o end4 #ag 7#a7 ,yet1 z x is necess>y t :ile we are endeavor+ to atta9 our purpose1 & br+ ! und]/&+ into ! "r pa? we %\ld c>ry on our life1 we are compell$ fir/ ( all to lay d[n c]ta9 rules ( life z provisionally good1 to wit ! foll[+3-- ,i4 7#b7 ,to speak 9 a mann] intelligible to ! multitude1 & to comply ) e g5]al cu/om t does n h9d] ! atta9m5t ( our purpose4 7#c7 ,= we c ga9 f ! multitude no small advantages1 provid$ t we /rive to accommodate ourselves to its und]/&+ z f> z possible3 moreov]1 we %all 9 ?is way ga9 a fri5dly audi5ce = ! reception ( ! tru?4 ,,ii4 7#ag3d7 ,to indulge ourselves ) pleasures only 9 s f> z !y are necess>y = pres]v+ heal?4 ,,iii4 7#e7 ,la/ly1 to endeavor to obta9 only suffici5t money or o!r commodities to enable u to pres]ve our life & heal?1 & to foll[ su* g5]al cu/oms z are consi/5t ) our purpose4 #ah 7#a7 ,hav+ laid d[n ^! prelim9>y rules1 ,i w betake myself to ! fir/ & mo/ important task1 namely1 ! am5dm5t ( ! und]/&+1 & ! r5d]+ x capable ( und]/&+ ?+s 9 ! mann] necess>y = atta9+ our end4 7#b7 ,9 ord] to br+ ?is ab\t1 ! natural ord] dem&s t ,i %\ld "h recapitulate all ! modes ( p]ception1 :i* ,i h hi!rto employ$ = affirm+ or d5y+ any?+ ) c]ta9ty1 s t ,i may *oose ! be/1 & at ! same "t beg9 to "k my own p[]s & ! nature :i* ,i wi% to p]fect4 #ai 7#a7 ,reflection %[s t all modes ( p]ception or k may be r$uc$ to f\r3-- ,i4 7#b7 ,p]ception aris+ f he>say or f "s sign :i* ev]yone may "n z he please4 ,,ii4 7#c7 ,p]ception aris+ f m]e exp]i5ce--t is1 =m exp]i5ce n yet classifi$ by ! intellect1 & only s call$ because ! giv5 ev5t has happ5$ to take place1 & we h no contradictory fact to set aga9/ x1 s t x !re=e rema9s unassail$ 9 our m9ds4 ,,iii4 7#ai3d7 ,p]ception aris+ :5 ! ess5ce ( "o ?+ is inf]r$ f ano!r ?+1 b n adequately2 ?is comes :5 f f "s effect we ga!r its cause1 or :5 x is inf]r$ f "s g5]al proposition t "s prop]ty is always pres5t4 ,,iv4 7#e7 ,la/ly1 !re is ! p]ception aris+ :5 a ?+ is p]ceiv$ solely ?r\gh its ess5ce1 or ?r\gh ! k ( its proximate cause4 #bj 7#a7 ,all ^! k9ds ( p]ception ,i w illu/rate by examples4 7#b7 ,by he>say ,i "k ! day ( my bir?1 my p>5tage1 & o!r matt]s ab\t :i* ,i h nev] felt any d\bt4 7#c7 ,by m]e exp]i5ce ,i "k t ,i %all die1 = ?is ,i c affirm f hav+ se5 t o!rs l myself h di$1 ?\gh all did n live = ! same p]iod1 or die by ! same disease4 7#d7 ,i "k by m]e exp]i5ce t oil has ! prop]ty ( fe$+ fire1 & wat] ( ext+ui%+ x4 7#e7 ,9 ! same way ,i "k t a dog is a b>k+ animal1 man a rational animal1 & 9 fact ne>ly all ! practical k ( life4 #ba 7#a7 ,we d$uce "o ?+ f ano!r z foll[s3 :5 we cle>ly p]ceive t we feel a c]ta9 body & no o!r1 we !nce cle>ly inf] t ! m9d is unit$ g to ! body1 & t _! union is ! cause ( ! giv5 s5sation2 b we _c !nce absolutely und]/& h ! nature ( ! s5sation & ! union4 7#b7 ,or1 aft] ,i h become acqua9t$ ) ! nature ( vision1 & "k t x has ! prop]ty ( mak+ "o & ! same ?+ appe> small] :5 f> (f ?an :5 ne>1 ,i c inf] t ! sun is l>g] ?an x appe>s1 & c draw o!r conclusions ( ! same k9d4 #bb 7#a7 ,la/ly1 a ?+ may be p]ceiv$ solely ?r\gh its ess5ce2 :51 f ! fact ( kn[+ some?+1 ,i "k :at x is to "k t ?+1 or :51 f kn[+ ! ess5ce ( ! m9d1 ,i "k t x is unit$ to ! body4 7#b7 ,by ! same k9d ( k we "k t two & ?ree make five1 or t two l9es ea* p>allel to a ?ird1 are p>allel to "o ano!r1 c4 7#c7 ,! ?+s :i* ,i h be5 able to "k by ?is k9d ( k are z yet v few4 #bc 7#a7 ,9 ord] t ! :ole matt] may be put 9 a cle>] light1 ,i w make use ( a s+le illu/ration z foll[s4 7#b7 ,?ree numb]s are giv5--x is requir$ to f9d a f\r?1 :i* %all be to ! ?ird z ! second is to ! fir/4 7#bc3c7 ,tradesm5 w at once tell u t !y "k :at is requir$ to f9d ! f\r? numb]1 = !y h n yet =gott5 ! rule :i* 0 giv5 to !m arbitr>ily )\t pro( by _! ma/]s2 o!rs con/ruct a univ]sal axiom f _! exp]i5ce ) simple numb]s1 :]e ! f\r? numb] is self-evid5t1 z 9 ! case ( #b1 #d1 #c1 #f2 "h x is evid5t t if ! second numb] be multipli$ by ! ?ird1 & ! product divid$ by ! fir/1 ! quoti5t is #f2 :5 !y see t by ?is process ! numb] is produc$ :i* !y knew be=eh& to be ! proportional1 !y inf] t ! process always holds good = f9d+ a f\r? numb] proportional4 #bd 7#a7 ,ma!maticians1 h[ev]1 "k by ! pro( ( ! n9ete5? proposition ( ! sev5? book ( ,euclid1 :at numb]s are proportionals1 namely1 f ! nature & prop]ty ( proportion x foll[s t ! product ( ! fir/ & f\r? w be equal to ! product ( ! second & ?ird3 /ill !y d n see ! adequate proportionality ( ! giv5 numb]s1 or1 if !y d see x1 !y see x n by virtue ( ,euclid's proposition1 b intuitively1 )\t go+ ?r\gh any process4 #be 7#a7 ,9 ord] t f ^! modes ( p]ception ! be/ may be select$1 x is well t we %\ld briefly enum]ate ! means necess>y = atta9+ our end4 ,i4 7#b7 ,to h an exact k ( our nature :i* we desire to p]fect1 & to "k z mu* z is ne$ful ( nature 9 g5]al4 ,,ii4 ,to collect 9 ?is way ! diff]5ces1 ! agreem5ts1 & ! oppositions ( ?+s4 ,,iii4 ,to le>n ?us exactly h[ f> !y c or _c be modifi$4 ,,iv4 ,to comp>e ?is result ) ! nature & p[] ( man4 7#d7 ,we %all ?us disc]n ! highe/ degree ( p]fection to :i* man is capable ( atta9+4 #bf 7#a7 ,we %all !n be 9 a position to see :i* mode ( p]ception we ought to *oose4 7#b7 ,z to ! fir/ mode1 x is evid5t t f he>say our k mu/ always be unc]ta91 &1 moreov]1 c give u no insight into ! ess5ce ( a ?+1 z is manife/ 9 our illu/ration2 n[ "o c only arrive at k ( a ?+ ?r\gh k ( its ess5ce1 z w h]eaft] appe>4 7#c7 ,we may1 !re=e cle>ly conclude t ! c]ta9ty aris+ f he>say _c be sci5tific 9 its "*4 7#d7 ,= simple he>say _c affect anyone ^: und]/&+ does n1 s to speak1 meet x half way4 #bg 7#a7 ,! second mode ( p]ception i _c be said to give u ! idea ( ! proportion ( :i* we are 9 se>*4 7#b7 ,moreov] its results are v unc]ta9 & indef9ite1 = we %all nev] discov] any?+ 9 natural ph5om5a by its means1 except accid5tal prop]ties1 :i* are nev] cle>ly und]/ood1 unless ! ess5ce ( ! ?+s 9 "q be kn[n fir/4 7#c7 ,:]e=e ?is mode also mu/ be reject$4 #bh 7#a7 ,( ! ?ird mode ( p]ception we may say 9 a mann] t x gives u ! idea ( ! ?+ s\ght1 & t x u to draw conclusions )\t risk ( error2 yet x is n by itself suffici5t to put u 9 possession ( ! p]fection we aim at4 #bi 7#a7 ,! f\r? mode alone appreh5ds ! adequate ess5ce ( a ?+ )\t dang] ( error4 7#b7 ,?is mode1 !re=e1 mu/ be ! "o :i* we *iefly employ4 7#c7 ,h[1 !n1 %\ld we avail ourselves ( x s z to ga9 ! f\r? k9d ( k ) ! lea/ delay conc]n+ ?+s previ\sly unkn[n8 7#d7 ,i w proce$ to expla94 #cj 7#a7 ,n[ t we "k :at k9d ( k is necess>y = u1 we mu/ indicate ! way & ! me?od :]eby we may ga9 ! said k conc]n+ ! ?+s ne$ful to be kn[n4 7#b7 ,9 ord] to accompli% ?is1 we mu/ fir/ take c>e n to commit ourselves to a se>*1 go+ back to inf9ity--t is1 9 ord] to discov] ! be/ me?od ( f9d+ tru?1 !re is no ne$ ( ano!r me?od to discov] su* me?od2 nor ( a ?ird me?od = discov]+ ! second1 & s on to inf9ity4 7#c7 ,by su* proce$+s1 we %\ld nev] arrive at ! k ( ! tru?1 or1 inde$1 at any k at all4 7#cj3d7 ,! matt] /&s on ! same foot+ z ! mak+ ( mat]ial tools1 :i* might be argu$ ab\t 9 a simil> way4 7#e7 ,=1 9 ord] to "w iron1 a hamm] is ne$$1 & ! hamm] _c be =?com+ unless x has be5 made2 b1 9 ord] to make x1 !re 0 ne$ ( ano!r hamm] & o!r tools1 & s on to inf9ity4 7#f7 ,we might ?us va9ly endeavor to prove t m5 h no p[] ( work+ iron4 #ca 7#a7 ,b z m5 at fir/ made use ( ! in/rum5ts suppli$ by nature to accompli% v easy pieces ( workman%ip1 labori\sly & imp]fectly1 & !n1 :5 ^! 7 f9i%$1 wr\ght o!r ?+s m difficult ) less lab\r & great] p]fection2 & s gradually m\nt$ f ! simple/ op]ations to ! mak+ ( tools1 & f ! mak+ ( tools to ! mak+ ( m complex tools1 & fre% feats ( workman%ip1 till !y arriv$ at mak+1 complicat$ me*anisms :i* !y n[ possess4 7#ca3b7 ,s1 9 l mann]1 ! intellect1 by its native /r5g?1 k1 makes = itself intellectual in/rum5ts1 :]eby x acquires /r5g? = p]=m+ o!r intellectual op]ations1 l1 & f ^! op]ations aga9 fre% in/rum5ts1 or ! p[] ( pu%+ its inve/igations fur!r1 & ?us gradually proce$s till x rea*es ! summit ( wisdom4 #cb 7#a7 ,t ?is is ! pa? pursu$ by ! und]/&+ may be readily se51 :5 we und]/& ! nature ( ! me?od = f9d+ out ! tru?1 & ( ! natural in/rum5ts s necess>y complex in/rum5ts1 & = ! progress ( inve/igation4 ,i ?us proce$ ) my demon/ration4 #cc 7#a7 ,a true idea1 m1 7= we possess a true idea7 is some?+ diff]5t f its correlate 7ideatum72 ?us a circle is diff]5t f ! idea ( a circle4 7#b7 ,! idea ( a circle is n some?+ hav+ a circumf]5ce & a c5t]1 z a circle has2 nor is ! idea ( a body t body itself4 7#c7 ,n[1 z x is some?+ diff]5t f its correlate1 x is capable ( be+ und]/ood ?r\gh itself2 9 o!r words1 ! idea1 9 s f> z its actual ess5ce 7ess5tia =malis7 is conc]n$1 may be ! subject ( ano!r subjective ess5ce 7ess5tia objectiva74 #ccnote#a 7#d7 ,&1 aga91 ?is second subjective ess5ce w1 reg>d$ 9 itself1 be some?+ real1 capable ( be+ und]/ood2 & s on1 indef9itely4 #cd 7#a7 ,= in/ance1 ! man ,pet] is some?+ real2 ! true idea ( ,pet] is ! reality ( ,pet] repres5t$ subjectively1 & is 9 itself some?+ real1 & q di/9ct f ! actual ,pet]4 7#b7 ,n[1 z ?is true idea ( ,pet] is 9 itself some?+ real1 & has its own individual exi/5ce1 x w also be capable ( be+ und]/ood--t is1 ( be+ ! subject ( ano!r idea1 :i* w conta9 by repres5tation 7objective7 all t ! idea ( ,pet] conta9s actually 7=malit]74 7#c7 ,&1 aga91 ?is idea ( ! idea ( ,pet] has its own individuality1 :i* may become ! subject ( yet ano!r idea2 & s on1 indef9itely4 7#d7 ,?is ev]yone may make trial ( = himself1 by reflect+ t he kn[s :at ,pet] is1 & also kn[s t he kn[s1 & fur!r kn[s t he kn[s t he kn[s1 c4 7#cd3e7 ,h5ce x is pla9 t1 9 ord] to und]/& ! actual ,pet]1 x is n necess>y fir/ to und]/& ! idea ( ,pet]1 & /ill less ! idea ( ! idea ( ,pet]4 7#f7 ,?is is ! same z say+ t1 9 ord] to "k1 !re is no ne$ to "k t we "k1 mu* less to "k t we "k t we "k4 7#g7 ,?is is no m necess>y ?an to "k ! nature ( a circle be=e kn[+ ! nature ( a triangle4 n4 7#h7 ,b1 ) ^! ideas1 ! contr>y is ! case3 =1 9 ord] to "k t ,i "k1 ,i mu/ fir/ "k4 #ce 7#a7 ,h5ce x is cle> t c]ta9ty is no?+ else ?an ! subjective ess5ce ( a ?+3 9 o!r words1 ! mode 9 :i* we p]ceive an actual reality is c]ta9ty4 7#b7 ,fur!r1 x is also evid5t t1 = ! c]titude ( tru?1 no fur!r sign is necess>y beyond ! possession ( a true idea3 =1 z ,i h %[n1 x is n necess>y to "k t we "k t we "k4 7#c7 ,h5ce1 aga91 x is cle> t no "o c "k ! nature ( ! highe/ c]ta9ty1 unless he possesses an adequate idea1 or ! subjective ess5ce ( a ?+3 c]ta9ty is id5tical ) su* subjective ess5ce4 #cf 7#a7 ,?us1 z ! tru? ne$s no sign--x be+ to possess ! subjective ess5ce ( ?+s1 or1 9 o!r words1 ! ideas ( !m1 9 ord] t all d\bts may be remov$--x foll[s t ! true me?od does n consi/ 9 seek+ = ! signs ( tru? aft] ! acquisition ( ! idea1 b t ! true me?od tea*es u ! ord] 9 :i* we %\ld seek = tru? itself1 o or ! subjective ess5ces ( ?+s1 or ideas1 = all ^! expressions are synonym\s4 #cg 7#a7 ,aga91 me?od mu/ necess>ily be conc]n$ ) reason+ or und]/&+--,i mean1 me?od is n id5tical ) reason+ 9 ! se>* = causes1 /ill less is x ! compreh5sion ( ! causes ( ?+s3 x is ! disc]nm5t ( a true idea1 by di/+ui%+ x f o!r p]ceptions1 & by inve/igat+ its nature1 9 ord] t we may s tra9 our m9d t x may1 by a giv5 /&>d1 compreh5d :atsoev] is intelligible1 by lay+ d[n c]ta9 rules z aids1 & by avoid+ useless m5tal ex]tion4 #ch 7#a7 ,:5ce we may ga!r t me?od is no?+ else ?an reflective k1 or ! idea ( an idea2 & t z !re c be no idea ( an idea--unless an idea exi/s previ\sly1--!re c be no me?od )\t a pre-exi/5t idea4 7#b7 ,!re=e1 t w be a good me?od :i* %[s u h[ ! m9d %\ld be direct$1 accord+ to ! /&>d ( ! giv5 true idea4 7#ch3c7 ,aga91 see+ t ! ratio exi/+ betwe5 two ideas ! same z ! ratio betwe5 ! actual realities correspond+ to ^? ideas1 x foll[s t ! reflective k :i* has = its object ! mo/ p]fect be+ is m excell5t ?an reflective k conc]n+ o!r objects--9 o!r words1 t me?od w be mo/ p]fect :i* af=ds ! /&>d ( ! giv5 idea ( ! mo/ p]fect be+ :]eby we may direct our m9d4 #ci 7#a7 ,we ?us easily und]/& h[1 9 proportion z x acquires new ideas1 ! m9d simultane\sly acquires fre% in/rum5ts = pursu+ its inquiries fur!r4 7#b7 ,= we may ga!r f :at has be5 said1 t a true idea mu/ necess>ily fir/ ( all exi/ 9 u z a natural in/rum5t2 & t :5 ?is idea is appreh5d$ by ! m9d1 x enables u to und]/& ! diff]5ce exi/+ betwe5 itself & all o!r p]ceptions4 7#c7 ,9 ?is1 "o "p ( ! me?od consi/s4 7#ci3d7 ,n[ x is cle> t ! m9d appreh5ds itself bett] 9 proportion z x und]/&s a great] numb] ( natural objects2 x foll[s1 !re=e1 t ?is portion ( ! me?od w be m p]fect 9 proportion z ! m9d atta9s to ! compreh5sion ( a great] numb] ( objects1 & t x w be absolutely p]fect :5 ! m9d ga9s a k ( ! absolutely p]fect be+1 or becomes consci\s !re(4 #dj 7#a7 ,aga91 ! m ?+s ! m9d kn[s1 ! bett] does x und]/& its own /r5g? & ! ord] ( nature2 by increas$ self-k1 x c direct itself m easily1 & lay d[n rules = its own guidance2 &1 by increas$ k ( nature1 x c m easily avoid :at is useless4 7#b7 ,& ?is is ! sum total ( me?od1 z we h already /at$4 #da 7#a7 ,we may add t ! idea 9 ! _w ( ?\ght is 9 ! same case z its correlate 9 ! _w ( reality4 7#b7 ,if1 !re=e1 !re be any?+ 9 nature :i* is )\t connection ) any o!r ?+1 & if we assign to x a subjective ess5ce1 :i* w\ld 9 e way correspond to ! objective reality1 ! subjective ess5ce w\ld h no connection1 p ) any o!r ideas--9 o!r words1 we c\ld n draw any conclusions ) reg>d to x4 7#da3c7 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^? ?+s :i* are connect$ ) o!rs--z all ?+s t exi/ 9 nature--w be und]/ood by ! m9d1 & _! subjective ess5ces w ma9ta9 ! same mutual relations z _! objective realities--t is to say1 we %all inf] f ^! ideas o!r ideas1 :i* w 9 turn be connect$ ) o!rs1 & ?us our in/rum5ts = proce$+ ) our inve/igation w increase4 7#d7 ,?is is :at we 7 endeavor+ to prove4 #db 7#a7 ,fur!r1 f :at has j be5 said--namely1 t an idea mu/1 9 all respects1 correspond to its correlate 9 ! _w ( reality1--x is evid5t t1 9 ord] to reproduce 9 e respect ! fai?ful image ( nature1 our m9d mu/ d$uce all its ideas f ! idea :i* repres5ts ! orig9 & s\rce ( ! :ole ( nature1 s t x may itself become ! s\rce ( o!r ideas4 #dc 7#a7 ,x may1 p]haps1 provoke a/oni%m5t t1 aft] hav+ said t ! good me?od is t :i* tea*es u to direct our m9d accord+ to ! /&>d ( ! giv5 true idea1 we %\ld prove our po9t by reason+1 :i* w\ld seem to indicate t x is n self-evid5t4 7#b7 ,we may1 !re=e1 be que/ion$ z to ! validity ( our reason+4 7#c7 ,if our reason+ be s\nd1 we mu/ take z a />t+-po9t a true idea4 7#d7 ,n[1 to be c]ta9 t our />t+-po9t is really a true idea1 we ne$ pro(4 7#e7 ,?is fir/ c\rse ( reason+ mu/ be support$ by a second1 ! second by a ?ird1 & s on to inf9ity4 #dd 7#a7 ,to ?is ,i make answ] t1 if by "s happy *ance anyone _h adopt$ ?is me?od 9 8 inve/igations ( nature--t is1 if he _h acquir$ new ideas 9 ! prop] ord]1 accord+ to ! /&>d ( ! orig9al true idea1 he w\ld nev] h d\bt$ q ( ! tru? ( 8 k1 inasmu* z tru?1 z we h %[n1 makes itself manife/1 & all ?+s w\ld fl[1 z x 71 spontane\sly t[>ds him4 7#dd3b7 ,b z ?is nev]1 or r>ely1 happ5s1 ,i h be5 =c$ s to arrange my proce$+s1 t we may acquire by reflection & =e?\ght :at we _c acquire by *ance1 & t x may at ! same "t appe> t1 = prov+ ! tru?1 & = valid reason+1 we ne$ no o!r means ?an ! tru? & valid reason+ !mselves3 = by valid reason+ ,i h e/abli%$ valid reason+1 &1 9 l measure1 ,i seek /ill to e/abli% x4 #de 7#a7 ,moreov]1 ?is is ! ord] ( ?9k+ adopt$ by m5 9 _! inw>d m$itations4 7#b7 ,! reasons = its r>e employm5t 9 inve/igations ( nature are to be f\nd 9 curr5t misconceptions1 :]e( we %all exam9e ! causes h]eaft] 9 our philosophy4 7#c7 ,moreov]1 x dem&s1 z we %all %[1 a ke5 & accurate disc]nm5t4 7#d7 ,la/ly1 x is h9d]$ by ! conditions ( human life1 :i* are1 z we h already po9t$ out1 extremely *angeable4 7#e7 ,!re are also o!r ob/acles1 :i* we w n "h inquire into4 #df 7#a7 ,if anyone asks :y ,i h n at ! />t+-po9t set =? all ! tru?s ( nature 9 _! due ord]1 inasmu* z tru? is self-evid5t1 ,i reply by w>n+ him n to reject z false any p>adoxes he may f9d "h1 b to take ! tr\ble to reflect on ! *a9 ( reason+ by :i* !y are support$2 he w !n be no long] 9 d\bt t we h atta9$ to ! tru?4 7#b7 ,?is is :y ,i h z above4 #dg 7#a7 ,if !re yet rema9s "s sceptic1 :o d\bts ( our prim>y tru?1 & ( all d$uctions we make1 tak+ su* tru? z our /&>d1 he mu/ ei!r be argu+ 9 bad fai?1 or we mu/ confess t !re are m5 9 complete m5tal bl9dness ei!r innate or due to misconceptions--t is1 to "s ext]nal influ5ce4 7#b7 ,su* p]sons are n consci\s ( !mselves4 7#c7 ,if !y affirm or d\bt any?+1 !y "k n t !y affirm or d\bt3 !y say t !y "k no?+1 & !y say t !y are ignorant ( ! v fact ( _! kn[+ no?+4 7#d7 ,ev5 ?is !y d n affirm absolutely1 !y are afraid ( confess+ t !y exi/1 s long z !y "k no?+2 9 fact1 !y ought to rema9 dumb1 = fe> ( haply suppos+ :i* %\ld smack ( tru?4 #dh 7#a7 ,la/ly1 ) su* p]sons1 "o %\ld n speak ( sci5ces3 =1 9 :at relates to life & conduct1 !y are compell$ by necessity to suppose t !y exi/1 & seek _! own advantage1 & (t5 affirm & d5y1 ev5 ) an oa?4 7#b7 ,if !y d5y1 grant1 or ga9say1 !y "k n t !y d5y1 grant1 or ga9say1 s t !y ought to be reg>d$ z automata1 utt]ly devoid ( intellig5ce4 #di 7#a7 ,let u n[ return to our proposition4 7#b7 ,up to ! pres5t1 we h1 fir/1 def9$ ! end to :i* we desire to direct all our ?\ghts2 secondly1 we h det]m9$ ! mode ( p]ception be/ adapt$ to aid u 9 atta9+ our p]fection2 ?irdly1 we h discov]$ ! way :i* our m9d %\ld take1 9 ord] to make a good beg9n+--namely1 t x %\ld use e true idea z a /&>d 9 pursu+ its inquiries accord+ to fix$ rules4 7#di3c7 ,n[1 9 ord] t x may ?us proce$1 our me?od mu/ furni% u1 fir/1 ) a means ( di/+ui%+ a true idea f all o!r p]ceptions1 & enabl+ ! m9d to avoid ! latt]2 secondly1 ) rules = p]ceiv+ unkn[n ?+s accord+ to ! /&>d ( ! true idea2 ?irdly1 ) an ord] :i* enables u to avoid useless labor4 7#di3d7 ,:5 we became acqua9t$ ) ?is me?od1 we saw t1 f\r?ly1 x w\ld be p]fect :5 we _h atta9$ to ! idea ( ! absolutely p]fect ,be+4 7#e7 ,?is is an obs]vation :i* %\ld be made at ! outset1 9 ord] t we may arrive at ! k ( su* a be+ m quickly4 #ej 7#a7 ,let u !n make a beg9n+ ) ! fir/ "p ( ! me?od1 :i* is1 z we h said1 to di/+ui% & sep>ate ! true idea f o!r p]ceptions1 & to keep ! m9d f confus+ ) true ideas ^? :i* are false1 fictiti\s1 & d\btful4 7#b7 ,i int5d to dwell on ?is po9t at l5g?1 p>tly to keep a di/9ction s necess>y be=e ! read]'s m9d1 & also because !re are "s :o d\bt ( true ideas1 ?r\gh n hav+ att5d$ to ! di/9ction betwe5 a true p]ception & all o!rs4 7#c7 ,su* p]sons are l m5 :o1 :ile !y are awake1 d\bt n t !y are awake1 b aft]w>ds 9 a dream1 z (t5 happ5s1 ?9k+ t !y are surely awake1 & !n f9d+ t !y 7 9 error1 become d\btful ev5 ( be+ awake4 7#d7 ,?is /ate ( m9d arises ?r\gh neglect ( ! di/9ction betwe5 sleep+ & wak+4 #ea 7#a7 ,mean:ile1 ,i give w>n+ t ,i %all n "h give ess5ce ( e p]ception1 & expla9 x ?r\gh its proximate cause4 7#b7 ,su* "w lies 9 ! prov9ce ( philosophy4 7#c7 ,i %all conf9e myself to :at conc]ns me?od--t is1 to ! "* ( fictiti\s1 false & d\btful p]ceptions1 & ! means ( free+ ourselves !refrom4 7#d7 ,let u !n fir/ inquire into ! nature ( a fictiti\s idea4 #eb 7#a7 ,e p]ception has = its object ei!r a ?+ consid]$ z exi/+1 or solely ! ess5ce ( a ?+4 7#b7 ,n[ fiction is *iefly occupi$ ) ?+s consid]$ z exi/+4 7#c7 ,i w1 !re=e1 consid] ^! fir/--,i mean cases :]e only ! exi/5ce ( an object is feign$1 & ! ?+ ?us feign$ is und]/ood1 or assum$ to be und]/ood4 7#d7 ,= in/ance1 ,i feign t ,pet]1 :om ,i "k to h gone home1 is gone to see me1 r or some?+ ( t k9d4 7#e7 ,) :at is su* an idea conc]n$8 7#f7 ,x is conc]n$ ) ?+s possible1 & n ) ?+s necess>y or impossible4 #ec 7#a7 ,i call a ?+ impossible :5 its exi/5ce w\ld imply a contradiction2 necess>y1 :5 its non-exi/5ce w\ld imply a contradiction2 possible1 :5 nei!r its exi/5ce nor its non-exi/5ce imply a contradiction1 b :5 ! necessity or impossibility ( its nature dep5ds on causes unkn[n to u1 :ile we feign t x exi/s4 7#b7 ,if ! necessity or impossibility ( its exi/5ce dep5d+ on ext]nal causes 7 kn[n to u1 we c\ld n =m any fictiti\s hypo!ses ab\t x2 #ed 7#a7 ,:5ce x foll[s t if !re be a ,god1 or omnisci5t ,be+1 su* an "o _c =m fictiti\s hypo!ses4 7#b7 ,=1 z reg>ds ourselves1 :5 ,i "k t ,i exi/1 s ,i _c hypo!size t ,i exi/ or d n exi/1 any m ?an ,i c hypo!size an elephant t c g ?r\gh ! eye ( a ne$le2 nor :5 ,i "k ! nature ( ,god1 c ,i hypo!size t ,he or does n exi/4 t 7#ed3c7 ,! same ?+ mu/ be said ( ! ,*ima]a1 :]e( ! nature implies a contradiction4 7#d7 ,f ^! consid]ations1 x is pla91 z ,i h already /at$1 t fiction _c be conc]n$ ) et]nal tru?s4 u #ee 7#a7 ,b be=e proce$+ fur!r1 ,i mu/ rem>k1 9 pass+1 t ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ess5ce ( "o ?+ & ! ess5ce ( ano!r ?+ is ! same z t :i* exi/s betwe5 ! reality or exi/5ce ( "o ?+ & ! reality or exi/5ce ( ano!r2 !re=e1 if we wi%$ to conceive ! exi/5ce1 = example1 ( ,adam1 simply by means ( exi/5ce 9 g5]al1 x w\ld be ! same z if1 9 ord] to conceive 8 exi/5ce1 we w5t back to ! nature ( be+1 s z to def9e ,adam z a be+4 7#b7 ,?us1 ! m exi/5ce is conceiv$ g5]ally1 ! m is x conceiv$ confus$ly & ! m easily c x be ascrib$ to a giv5 object4 7#ee3c7 ,contr>iwise1 ! m x is conceiv$ p>ticul>ly1 ! m is x und]/ood cle>ly1 & ! less liable is x to be ascrib$1 ?r\gh neglig5ce ( ,nature's ord]1 to any?+ save its prop] object4 7#d7 ,?is is wor?y ( rem>k4 #ef 7#a7 ,we n[ proce$ to consid] ^? cases :i* are commonly call$ fictions1 ?\gh we cle>ly und]/ood t ! ?+ is n z we imag9e x4 7#b7 ,= in/ance1 ,i "k t ! e>? is r\nd1 b no?+ prev5ts my tell+ p t x is a hemisph]e1 & t x is l a half apple c>v$ 9 relief on a di%2 or1 t ! sun moves r\nd ! e>?1 & s on4 7#ef3c7 ,h[ev]1 exam9ation w %[ u t !re is no?+ "h inconsi/5t ) :at has be5 said1 provid$ we fir/ admit t we may h made mi/akes1 & be n[ consci\s ( !m2 &1 fur!r1 t we c hypo!size1 or at lea/ suppose1 t o!rs are "u ! same mi/ake z ourselves1 or c1 l u1 fall "u x4 7#d7 ,we c1 ,i repeat1 ?us hypo!size s long z we see no impossibility4 7#ef3e7 ,?us1 :5 ,i tell anyone t ! e>? is n r\nd1 c41 ,i m]ely recall ! error :i* ,i p]haps made myself1 or :i* ,i might h fall5 into1 & aft]w>ds ,i hypo!size t ! p]son to :om ,i tell x1 is /ill1 or may /ill fall "u ! same mi/ake4 7#f7 ,?is ,i say1 ,i c feign s long z ,i d n p]ceive any impossibility or necessity2 if ,i truly und]/ood ei!r "o or ! o!r ,i %\ld n be able to feign1 & ,i %\ld be r$uc$ to say+ t ,i _h made ! attempt4 #eg 7#a7 ,x rema9s = u to consid] hypo!ses made 9 problems1 :i* sometimes involve impossibilities4 7#b7 ,= in/ance1 :5 we say--let u assume t ?is burn+ c&le is n burn+1 or1 let u assume t x burns 9 "s imag9>y space1 or :]e !re are no physical objects4 7#c7 ,su* assumptions are freely made1 ?\gh ! la/ is cle>ly se5 to be impossible4 7#d7 ,b1 ?\gh ?is be s1 !re is no fiction 9 ! case4 7#eg3e7 ,=1 9 ! fir/ case1 ,i h m]ely recall$ to memory1 x ano!r c&le n burn+1 or conceiv$ ! c&le be=e me z )\t a flame1 & !n ,i und]/& z apply+ to ! latt]1 leav+ its flame out ( ! "q1 all t ,i ?9k ( ! =m]4 7#f7 ,9 ! second case1 ,i h m]ely to ab/ract my ?\ghts f ! objects surr\nd+ ! c&le1 = ! m9d to devote itself to ! contemplation ( ! c&le s+ly look$ at 9 itself only2 ,i c !n draw ! conclusion t ! c&le conta9s 9 itself no causes = its own de/ruction1 s t if !re 7 no physical objects ! c&le1 & ev5 ! flame1 w\ld rema9 un*angeable1 & s on4 7#g7 ,?us !re is "h no fiction1 b1 y true & b>e ass]tions4 #eh 7#a7 ,let u n[ pass on to ! fictions conc]n$ ) ess5ces only1 or ) "s reality or exi/5ce simultane\sly4 7#b7 ,( ^! we mu/ specially obs]ve t 9 proportion z ! m9d's und]/&+ is small]1 & its exp]i5ce multiplex1 s w its p[] ( co9+ fictions be l>g]1 :]eas z its und]/&+ increases1 its capacity = ent]ta9+ fictiti\s ideas becomes less4 7#eh3c7 ,= in/ance1 9 ! same way z we are unable1 :ile we are ?9k+1 to feign t we are ?9k+ or n ?9k+1 s1 also1 :5 we "k ! nature ( body we _c imag9e an inf9ite fly2 or1 :5 we "k ! nature ( ! s\l1 z we _c imag9e x z squ>e1 ?\gh any?+ may be express$ v]bally4 7#d7 ,b1 z we said above1 ! less m5 "k ( nature ! m easily c !y co9 fictiti\s ideas1 su* z trees speak+1 m5 in/antly *ang$ into /ones1 or into f\nta9s1 gho/s appe>+ 9 mirrors1 some?+ issu+ f no?+1 ev5 gods *ang$ into bea/s & m5 & inf9ite o!r absurdities ( ! same k9d4 #ei 7#a7 ,"s p]sons ?9k1 p]haps1 t fiction is limit$ by fiction1 & n by und]/&+2 9 o!r words1 aft] ,i h =m$ "s fictiti\s idea1 & h affirm$ ( my own free w t x exi/s "u a c]ta9 =m 9 nature1 ,i am !reby preclud$ f ?9k+ ( x "u any o!r =m4 7#b7 ,= in/ance1 :5 ,i h feign$ 7to repeat _! argum5t7 t ! nature ( body is ( a c]ta9 k9d1 & h ( my own free w desir$ to conv9ce myself t x actually exi/s "u ?is =m1 ,i am no long] able to hypo!size t a fly1 = example1 is inf9ite2 s1 :5 ,i h hypo!siz$ ! ess5ce ( ! s\l1 ,i am n able to ?9k ( x z squ>e1 c4 #fj 7#a7 ,b ^! argum5ts dem& fur!r inquiry4 7#b7 ,fir/1 _! uphold]s mu/ ei!r grant or d5y t we c und]/& any?+4 ,if !y grant x1 !n necess>ily ! same mu/ be said ( und]/&+1 z is said ( fiction4 7#c7 ,if !y d5y x1 let u1 :o "k t we d "k some?+1 see :at !y mean4 7#d7 ,!y ass]t t ! s\l c be consci\s (1 & p]ceive 9 a v>iety ( ways1 n itself nor ?+s :i* exi/1 b only ?+s :i* are nei!r 9 itself nor any:]e else1 9 o!r words1 t ! s\l c1 by its unaid$ p[]1 create s5sations or ideas unconnect$ ) ?+s4 7#e7 ,9 fact1 !y reg>d ! s\l z a sort ( god4 7#fj3f7 ,fur!r1 !y ass]t t we or our s\l h su* fre$om t we c con/ra9 ourselves1 or our s\l1 or ev5 our s\l's fre$om4 7#g7 ,=1 aft] x has =m$ a fictiti\s idea1 & has giv5 its ass5t !reto1 x _c ?9k or feign x 9 any o!r mann]1 b is con/ra9$ by ! fir/ fictiti\s idea to keep all its o!r ?\ghts 9 h>mony !re)4 7#h7 ,our oppon5ts are ?us driv5 to admit1 9 support ( _! fiction1 ! absurdities :i* ,i h j enum]at$2 & :i* are n wor?y ( rational refutation4 #fa 7#a7 ,:ile leav+ su* p]sons 9 _! error1 we w take c>e to d]ive f our argum5t ) !m a tru? s]viceable = our purpose1 namely1 #fa;a t ! m9d1 9 pay+ att5tion to a ?+ hypo!tical or false1 s z to m$itate ^u x & und]/& x1 & d]ive ! prop] conclusions 9 due ord] !refrom1 w readily discov] its falsity2 & if ! ?+ hypo!tical be 9 its nature true1 & ! m9d pays att5tion to x1 s z to und]/& x1 & d$uce ! tru?s :i* are d]ivable f x1 ! m9d w proce$ ) an un9t]rupt$ s]ies ( apt conclusions2 9 ! same way z x w\ld at once discov] 7z we %[$ j n[7 ! absurdity ( a false hypo!sis1 & ( ! conclusions drawn f x4 #fb 7#a7 ,we ne$1 !re=e1 be 9 no fe> ( =m+ hypo!ses1 s long z we h a cle> & di/9ct p]ception ( :at is involv$4 7#b7 ,=1 if we 7 to ass]t1 haply1 t m5 are sudd5ly turn$ into bea/s1 ! /atem5t w\ld be extremely g5]al1 s g5]al t !re w\ld be no conception1 t is1 no idea or connection ( subject & pr$icate1 9 our m9d4 7#c7 ,if !re 7 su* a conception we %\ld at ! same "t be aw>e ( ! means & ! causes :]eby ! ev5t took place4 7#d7 ,moreov]1 we pay no att5tion to ! nature ( ! subject & ! pr$icate4 #fc 7#a7 ,n[1 if ! fir/ idea be n fictiti\s1 & if all ! o!r ideas be d$uc$ !refrom1 our hurry to =m fictiti\s ideas w gradually subside4 7#b7 ,fur!r1 z a fictiti\s idea _c be cle> & di/9ct1 b is necess>ily confus$1 & z all confusion arises f ! fact t ! m9d has only p>tial k ( a ?+ ei!r simple or complex1 & does n di/+ui% betwe5 ! kn[n & ! unkn[n1 &1 aga91 t x directs its att5tion promiscu\sly to all p>ts ( an object at once )\t mak+ di/9ctions1 x foll[s1 fir/1 t if ! idea be ( some?+ v simple1 x mu/ necess>ily be cle> & di/9ct4 7#c7 ,= a v simple object _c be kn[n 9 "p1 x mu/ ei!r be kn[n altoge!r or n at all4 #fd 7#a7 ,secondly1 x foll[s t if a complex object be divid$ by ?\ght into a numb] ( simple compon5t p>ts1 & if ea* be reg>d$ sep>ately1 all confusion w disappe>4 7#b7 ,?irdly1 x foll[s t fiction _c be simple1 b is made up ( ! bl5d+ ( sev]al confus$ ideas ( div]se objects or actions exi/5t 9 nature1 or r is compos$ ( att5tion direct$ to all su* ideas at once1 #fd;b & unaccompani$ by any m5tal ass5t4 7#fd3c7 ,n[ a fiction t 0 simple w\ld be cle> & di/9ct1 & !re=e true1 also a fiction compos$ only ( di/9ct ideas w\ld be cle> & di/9ct1 & !re=e true4 7#d7 ,= in/ance1 :5 we "k ! nature ( ! circle & ! squ>e1 x is impossible = u to bl5d toge!r ^! two figures1 & to hypo!size a squ>e circle1 any m ?an a squ>e s\l1 or ?+s ( t k9d4 #fe 7#a7 ,let u %ortly come to our conclusion1 & aga9 repeat t we ne$ h no fe> ( confus+ ) true ideas t :i* is only a fiction4 7#b7 ,z = ! fir/ sort ( fiction ( :i* we h already spok51 :5 a ?+ is cle>ly conceiv$1 we saw t if ! exi/5ce ( a t ?+ is 9 itself an et]nal tru? fiction c h no "p 9 x2 b if ! exi/5ce ( ! conceiv$ be n an et]nal tru?1 we h only to be c>eful su* exi/5ce be comp>$ to ! ?+'s ess5ce1 & to consid] ! ord] ( nature4 7#fd3c7 ,z = ! second sort ( fiction1 :i* we /at$ to be ! result ( simultane\sly direct+ ! att5tion1 )\t ! ass5t ( ! intellect1 to diff]5t confus$ ideas repres5t+ diff]5t ?+s & actions exi/+ 9 nature1 we h se5 t an absolutely simple ?+ _c be feign$1 b mu/ be und]/ood1 & t a complex ?+ is 9 ! same case if we reg>d sep>ately ! simple p>ts :]e( x is compos$2 we %all n ev5 be able to hypo!size any untrue action conc]n+ su* objects1 = we %all be oblig$ to consid] at ! same "t ! causes & mann] ( su* action4 #ff 7#a7 ,^! matt]s be+ ?us und]/ood1 let u pass on to consid] ! false idea1 obs]v+ ! objects ) :i* x is conc]n$1 & ! means ( gu>d+ ourselves f fall+ into false p]ceptions4 7#b7 ,nei!r ( ^! tasks w pres5t mu* difficulty1 aft] our inquiry conc]n+ fictiti\s ideas4 7#c7 ,! false idea only diff]s f ! fictiti\s idea 9 ! fact ( imply+ a m5tal ass5t--t is1 z we h already rem>k$1 :ile ! repres5tations are occurr+1 !re are no causes pres5t to u1 :]efrom1 z 9 fiction1 we c conclude t su* repres5tations d n arise f ext]nal objects3 9 fact1 x is mu* ! same z dream+ ) our eyes op51 or :ile awake4 7#fg3d7 ,?us1 a false idea is conc]n$ )1 or 7to speak m correctly7 is attributable to1 ! exi/5ce ( a ?+ :]e( ! ess5ce is kn[n1 or ! ess5ce itself1 9 ! same way z a fictiti\s idea4 #fg 7#a7 ,if attributable to ! exi/5ce ( ! ?+1 x is correct$ 9 ! same way z a fictiti\s idea "u simil> circum/ances4 7#b7 ,if attributable to ! ess5ce1 x is likewise correct$ 9 ! same way z a fictiti\s idea4 7#fg3c7 ,= if ! nature ( ! ?+ kn[n implies necess>y exi/5ce1 we _c possible be 9 error ) reg>d to its exi/5ce2 b if ! nature ( ! ?+ be n an et]nal tru?1 l its ess5ce1 b contr>iwise ! necessity or impossibility ( its exi/5ce dep5ds on ext]nal causes1 !n we mu/ foll[ ! same c\rse z we adopt$ 9 ! ( fiction1 = x is correct$ 9 ! same mann]4 #fh 7#a7 ,z = false ideas conc]n$ ) ess5ces1 or ev5 ) actions1 su* p]ceptions are necess>ily always confus$1 be+ comp\nd$ ( diff]5t confus$ p]ceptions ( ?+s exi/+ 9 nature1 z1 = in/ance1 :5 m5 are p]suad$ t deities are pres5t 9 woods1 9 /atues1 9 brute bea/s1 & ! l2 t !re are bodies :i*1 by _! composition alone1 give rise to intellect2 t corpses reason1 walk ab\t1 & speak2 t ,god is deceiv$1 & s on4 7#fh3b7 ,b ideas :i* are cle> & di/9ct c nev] be false3 = ideas ( ?+s cle>ly & di/9ctly conceiv$ are ei!r v simple !mselves1 or are comp\nd$ f v simple ideas1 t is1 are d$uc$ !refrom4 7#c7 ,! impossibility ( a v simple idea be+ false is evid5t to ev]yone :o und]/&s ! nature ( tru? or und]/&+ & ( falsehood4 #fi 7#a7 ,z reg>ds t :i* con/itutes ! reality ( tru?1 x is c]ta9 t a true idea is di/+ui%$ f a false "o1 n s mu* by its extr9sic object z by its intr9sic nature4 7#b7 ,if an ar*itect conceives a build+ prop]ly con/ruct$1 ?\gh su* a build+ may nev] h exi/$1 & amy nev] exi/1 nev]!less ! idea is true2 & ! idea rema9s ! same1 :e!r x be put into execution or n4 7#fi3c7 ,on ! o!r h&1 if anyone ass]ts1 = in/ance1 t ,pet] exi/s1 )\t kn[+ :e!r ,pet] really exi/s or n1 ! ass]tion1 z f> z its ass]t] is conc]n$1 is false1 or n true1 ev5 ?\gh ,pet] actually does exi/4 7#d7 ,! ass]tion t ,pet] exi/s is true only ) reg>d to him :o kn[s = c]ta9 t ,pet] does exi/4 #gj 7#a7 ,:5ce x foll[s t !re is 9 ideas some?+ real1 :]eby ! true are di/+ui%$ f ! false4 7#b7 ,?is reality mu/ be inquir$ into1 if we are to f9d ! be/ /&>d ( tru? 7we h said t we ought to det]m9e our ?\ghts by ! giv5 /&>d ( a true idea1 & t me?od is reflective k71 & to "k ! prop]ties ( our und]/&+4 7#gj3c7 ,nei!r mu/ we say t ! diff]5ce betwe5 true & false arises f ! fact1 t true k consi/s 9 kn[+ ?+s ?r\gh _! prim>y causes1 :]e9 x is totally diff]5t f false k1 z ,i h j expla9$ x3 = ?\ght is said to be true1 if x involves subjectively ! ess5ce ( any pr9ciple :i* has no cause1 & is kn[n ?r\gh itself & 9 itself4 #ga 7#a7 ,:]e=e ! reality 7=ma7 ( true ?\ght mu/ exi/ 9 ! ?\ght itself1 )\t ref]5ce to o!r ?\ghts2 x does n ackn[l$ge ! object z its cause1 b mu/ dep5d on ! actual p[] & nature ( ! und]/&+4 7#b7 ,=1 if we suppose t ! und]/&+ has p]ceiv$ "s new entity :i* has nev] exi/$1 z "s conceive ! und]/&+ ( ,god be=e ,he creat$ ?+ 7a p]ception :i* c]ta9ly c\ld n arise any object71 & has legitimately d$uc$ o!r ?\ghts f said p]ception1 all su* ?\ghts w\ld be true1 )\t be+ det]m9$ by any ext]nal object2 !y w\ld dep5d solely on ! p[] & nature ( ! und]/&+4 7#ga3c7 ,?us1 t :i* con/itutes ! reality ( a true ?\ght mu/ be s\ght 9 ! ?\ght itself1 & d$uc$ f ! nature ( ! und]/&+4 #gb 7#a7 ,9 ord] to pursue our inve/igation1 let u confront ourselves ) "s true idea1 ^: object we "k = c]ta9 to be dep5d5t on our p[] ( ?9k+1 & to h no?+ correspond+ to x 9 nature4 7#b7 ,) an idea ( ?is k9d be=e u1 we %all1 z appe>s f :at has j be5 said1 be m easily able to c>ry on ! rese>* we h 9 view4 7#gb3c7 ,= in/ance1 9 ord] to =m ! conception ( a sph]e1 ,i inv5t a cause at my pleasure--namely1 a semicircle revolv+ r\nd its c5t]1 & ?us produc+ a sph]e4 7#d7 ,?is is indisputably a true idea2 &1 al?\gh we "k t no sph]e 9 nature has ev] actually be5 s =m$1 ! p]ception rema9s true1 & is ! easie/ mann] ( conceiv+ a sph]e4 7#gb3e7 ,we mu/ obs]ve t ?is p]ception ass]ts ! rotation ( a semicircle--:i* ass]tion w\ld be false1 if x 7 n associat$ ) ! conception ( a sph]e1 or ( a cause det]m9+ a motion ( ! k9d1 or absolutely1 if ! ass]tion 7 isolat$4 7#f7 ,! m9d w\ld !n only t5d to ! affirmation ( ! sole motion ( a semicircle1 :i* is n conta9$ 9 ! conception ( a semicircle1 & does n arise f ! conception ( any cause capable ( produc+ su* motion4 7#gb3g7 ,?us falsity consi/s only 9 ?is1 t some?+ is affirm$ ( a ?+1 :i* is n conta9$ 9 ! conception we h =m$ ( t ?+1 z motion or re/ ( a semicircle4 7#h7 ,:5ce x foll[s t simple ideas _c be o!r ?an true--e4g41 ! simple idea ( a semicircle1 ( motion1 ( re/1 ( quantity1 c4 7#gb3i7 ,:atsoev] affirmation su* ideas conta9 is equal to ! concept =m$1 & does n ext5d fur!r4 7#aj7 ,:]e=e we =m z _m simple ideas z we please1 )\t any fe> ( error4 #gc 7#a7 ,x only rema9s = u to inquire by :at p[] our m9d c =m true ideas1 & h[ f> su* p[] ext5ds4 7#b7 ,x is c]ta9 t su* p[] _c ext5d itself inf9itely4 7#c7 ,= :5 we affirm some:at ( a ?+1 :i* is n conta9$ 9 ! concept we h =m$ ( t ?+1 su* an affirmation %[s a defect ( our p]ception1 or t we h =m$ fragm5t>y or mutilat$ ideas4 7#d7 ,?us we h se5 t ! notion ( a semicircle is false :5 x is isolat$ 9 ! m9d1 b true :5 x is associat$ ) ! concept ( a sph]e1 or ( "s cause det]m9+ su* a motion4 7#gc3e7 ,b if x be ! nature ( a ?9k+ be+1 z seems1 prima facie1 to be ! case1 to =m true or adequate ?\ghts1 x is pla9 t inadequate ideas arise 9 u only because we are p>ts ( a ?9k+ be+1 ^: ?\ghts--"s 9 _! entirety1 o!rs 9 fragm5ts only--con/itute our m9d4 #gd 7#a7 ,b !re is ano!r po9t to be consid]$1 :i* 0 n wor? rais+ 9 ! case ( fiction1 b :i* give rise to complete deception--namely1 t c]ta9 ?+s pres5t$ to ! imag9ation also exi/ 9 ! und]/&+--9 o!r words1 are conceiv$ cle>ly & di/9ctly4 7#b7 ,h5ce1 s long z we d n sep>ate t :i* is di/9ct f t :i* is confus$1 c]ta9ty1 or ! true idea1 becomes mix$ ) indi/9ct ideas4 7#c7 ,= in/ance1 c]ta9 ,/oics he>d1 p]haps1 ! t]m s\l1 & also t ! s\l is immortal1 yet imag9$ x only confus$ly2 !y imag$1 also1 & und]/ood t v subtle bodies p5etrate all o!rs1 & are p5etrat$ by none4 7#gd3d7 ,by comb9+ ^! ideas1 & be+ at ! same "t c]ta9 ( ! tru? ( ! axiom1 !y =?) became conv9c$ t ! m9d consi/s ( v subtle bodies2 t ^! v subtle bodies _c be divid$ c4 #ge 7#a7 ,b we are fre$ f mi/akes ( ?is k9d1 s long z we endeavor to exam9e all our p]ceptions by ! /&>d ( ! giv5 true idea4 7#b7 ,we mu/ take c>e1 z has be5 said1 to sep>ate su* p]ceptions f all ^? :i* arise f he>say or unclassifi$ exp]i5ce4 7#c7 ,moreov]1 su* mi/akes arise f ?+s be+ conceiv$ too mu* 9 ! ab/ract2 = x is suffici5tly self-evid5t t :at ,i conceive z 9 its true object ,i _c apply to any?+ else4 7#ge3d7 ,la/ly1 !y arise f a want ( und]/&+ ( ! prim>y elem5ts ( nature z a :ole2 :5ce we proce$ )\t due ord]1 & conf\nd nature ) ab/ract rules1 :i*1 al?\gh !y be true en\gh 9 _! sph]e1 yet1 :5 misappli$1 conf\nd !mselves1 & p]v]t ! ord] ( nature4 7#e7 ,h[ev]1 if we proce$ ) z little ab/raction z possible1 & beg9 f prim>y elem5ts--t is1 f ! s\rce & orig9 ( nature1 z f> back z we c rea*1--we ne$ n fe> any deceptions ( ?is k9d4 #gf 7#a7 ,z f> z ! k ( ! orig9 ( nature is conc]n$1 !re is no dang] ( our conf\nd+ x ) ab/ractions4 7#b7 ,= :5 a ?+ is conceiv$ 9 ! ab/ract1 z are all univ]sal notions1 ! said univ]sal notions are always m ext5sive 9 ! m9d ?an ! numb] ( individuals =m+ _! cont5ts really exi/+ 9 nature4 7#c7 ,aga91 !re are _m ?+s 9 nature1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 :i* is s slight z to be h>dly p]ceptible to ! und]/&+2 s t x may readily happ5 t su* ?+s are conf\nd$ toge!r1 if !y be conceiv$ ab/ract$ly4 7#d7 ,b s9ce ! fir/ pr9ciple ( nature _c 7z we %all see h]eaft]7 be conceiv$ ab/ract$ly or univ]sally1 & _c ext5d fur!r 9 ! und]/&+ ?an x does 9 reality1 & has no lik5ess to mutable ?+s1 no confusion ne$ be fe>$ 9 respect to ! idea ( x1 provid$ 7z be=e %[n7 t we possess a /&>d ( tru?4 7#e7 ,?is is1 9 fact1 a be+ s+le & inf9ite #gfz2 9 o!r words1 x is ! sum total ( be+1 beyond :i* !re is no be+ f\nd4 #gf;a #gg 7#a7 ,?us f> we h treat$ ( ! false idea4 ,we h n[ to inve/igate ! d\btful idea--t is1 to inquire :at c cause u to d\bt1 & h[ d\bt may be remov$4 7#b7 ,i speak ( real d\bt exi/+ 9 ! m9d1 n ( su* d\bt z we see exemplifi$ :5 a man says t he d\bts1 ?\gh 8 m9d does n really hesitate4 7#gg3c7 ,! cure ( ! latt] does n fall )9 ! prov9ce ( me?od1 x belongs r to inquiries conc]n+ ob/9acy & its cure4 #gh 7#a7 ,real d\bt is nev] produc$ 9 ! m9d by ! ?+ d\bt$ (4 7#b7 ,9 o!r words1 if !re 7 only "o idea 9 ! m9d1 :e!r t idea 7 true or false1 !re w\ld be no d\bt or c]ta9ty pres5t1 only a c]ta9 s5sation4 7#c7 ,= an idea is 9 itself no?+ else ?an a c]ta9 s5sation4 7#d7 ,b d\bt w arise ?r\gh ano!r idea1 n cle> & di/9ct en\gh = u to be able to draw any c]ta9 conclusions ) reg>d to ! matt] "u consid]ation2 t is1 ! idea :i* causes u to d\bt is n cle> & di/9ct4 7#e7 ,to take an example4 7#gh3f7 ,suppos+ t a man has nev] reflect$1 taught by exp]i5ce or by any o!r means1 t our s5ses sometimes deceive u1 he w nev] d\bt :e!r ! sun be great] or less ?an x appe>s4 7#g7 ,?us ru/ics are g5]ally a/oni%$ :5 !y he> t ! sun is mu* l>g] ?an ! e>?4 7#h7 ,b f reflection on ! deceitfulness ( ! s5ses #gh;a d\bt arises1 & if1 aft] d\bt+1 we acquire a true k ( ! s5ses1 & h[ ?+s at a di/ance are repres5t$ ?r\gh _! in/rum5tality1 d\bt is aga9 remov$4 #gi 7#a7 ,h5ce we _c ca/ d\bt on true ideas by ! supposition t !re is a deceitful ,deity1 :o leads u a/ray ev5 9 :at is mo/ c]ta94 7#b7 ,we c only hold su* an hypo!sis s long z we h no cle> & di/9ct idea--9 o!r words1 until we reflect ! k :i* we h ( ! fir/ pr9ciple ( all ?+s1 & f9d t :i* tea*es u t ,god is n a deceiv]1 & until we "k ?is ) ! same c]ta9ty z we "k f reflect+ on ! are equal to two "r angles4 7#c7 ,b if we h a k ( ,god equal to t :i* we h ( a triangle1 all d\bt is remov$4 7#gi3d7 ,9 ! same way z we c arrive at ! said k ( a triangle1 ?\gh n absolutely sure t !re is n "s ar*-deceiv] lead+ u a/ray1 s c we come to a l k ( ,god "u ! l condition1 & :5 we h atta9$ to x1 x is suffici5t1 z ,i said be=e1 to remove e d\bt :i* we c possess conc]n+ cle> & di/9ct ideas4 #hj 7#a7 ,?us1 if a man proce$$ ) our inve/igations 9 due ord]1 inquir+ fir/ into ^? ?+s :i* %\ld fir/ be inquir$ into1 nev] pass+ ov] a l9k 9 ! *a9 ( association1 & ) k h[ to def9e 8 que/ions be=e seek+ to answ] !m1 he w nev] h any ideas save su* z are v c]ta91 or1 9 o!r words1 cle> & di/9ct2 = d\bt is only a susp5sion ( ! _s conc]n+ "s affirmation or negation :i* x w\ld pron\nce ^u unhesitat+ly if x 7 n 9 ignorance ( some?+1 )\t :i* ! k ( ! matt] 9 h& mu/ ne$s be imp]fect4 7#b7 ,we may1 !re=e1 conclude t d\bt always proce$s f want ( due ord] 9 inve/igation4 #ha 7#a7 ,^! are ! po9ts ,i promis$ to discuss 9 ! fir/ "p ( my treatise on me?od4 7#b7 ,h[ev]1 9 ord] n to omit any?+ :i* c conduce to ! k ( ! und]/&+ & its faculties1 ,i w add a few words on ! subject ( memory & =getfulness4 7#ha3c7 ,! po9t mo/ wor?y ( att5tion is1 t memory is /r5g!n$ bo? ) & )\t ! aid ( ! und]/&+4 7#d7 ,= ! m intelligible a ?+ is1 ! m easily is x rememb]$1 & ! less intelligible x is1 ! m easily d we =get x4 7#e7 ,= in/ance1 a numb] ( unconnect$ words is mu* m difficult to rememb] ?an ! same numb] 9 ! =m ( a n>ration4 #hb 7#a7 ,! memory is also /r5g!n$ )\t ! aid ( ! und]/&+ by means ( ! p[] :]e) ! imag9ation or ! s5se call$ common1 is affect$ by "s p>ticul> physical object4 7#b7 ,i say p>ticul>1 = ! imag9ation is only affect$ by p>ticul> objects4 7#c7 ,if we read1 = in/ance1 a s+le romantic com$y1 we %all rememb] x v well1 s long z we d n read _m o!rs ( ! same k9d1 = x w reign alone 9 ! memory 7#d7 ,if1 h[ev]1 we read sev]al o!rs ( ! same k9d1 we %all ?9k ( !m altoge!r1 & easily confuse "o ) ano!r4 7#hb3e7 ,i say also1 physical4 7#f7 ,= ! imag9ation is only affect$ by physical objects4 7#g7 ,z1 !n1 ! memory is /r5g!n$ bo? ) & )\t ! aid ( ! und]/&+1 we may conclude t x is diff]5t f ! und]/&+1 & t 9 ! latt] consid]$ 9 itself !re is nei!r memory nor =getfulness4 #hc 7#a7 ,:at1 !n1 is memory8 7#b7 ,x is no?+ else ?an ! actual s5sation ( impressions on ! bra91 accompani$ ) ! ?\ght ( a def9ite duration1 #hc;d ( ! s5sation4 7#c7 ,?is is also %[n by rem9isc5ce4 7#d7 ,= !n we ?9k ( ! s5sation1 b )\t ! notion ( cont9u\s duration2 ?us ! idea ( t s5sation is n ! actual duration ( ! s5sation or actual memory4 7#hc3e7 ,:e!r ideas are or are n subject to corruption w be se5 9 philosophy4 7#f7 ,if ?is seems too absurd to anyone1 x w be suffici5t = our purpose1 if he reflect on ! fact t a ?+ is m easily rememb]$ 9 proportion to its s+ul>ity1 z appe>s f ! example ( ! com$y j cit$4 7#hc3g7 ,fur!r1 a ?+ is rememb]$ m easily 9 proportion to its intelligibility2 !re=e we _c help rememb] t :i* is extremely s+ul> & suffici5tly intelligible4 #hd 7#a7 ,?us1 !n1 we h di/+ui%$ betwe5 a true idea & o!r p]ceptions1 & %[n t ideas fictiti\s1 false1 & ! re/1 orig9ate 9 ! imag9ation--t is1 9 c]ta9 s5sations =tuit\s 7s to speak7 & disconnect$1 aris+ n f ! p[] ( ! m9d1 b f ext]nal causes1 accord+ z ! body1 sleep+ or wak+1 receives v>i\s motions4 7#b7 ,b "o may take any view "o likes ( ! imag9ation s long z "o ackn[l$ges t x is diff]5t f ! und]/&+1 & t ! s\l is passive ) reg>d to x4 7#c7 ,! view tak5 is immat]ial1 if we "k t ! imag9ation is some?+ indef9ite1 ) reg>d to :i* ! s\l is passive1 & t we c by "s means or o!r free ourselves !refrom ) ! help ( ! und]/&+4 7#d7 ,let no "o !n be a/oni%$ t be=e prov+ ! exi/5ce ( body1 & o!r necess>y ?+s1 ,i speak ( imag9ation ( body1 & ( its composition4 7#e7 ,! view tak5 is1 ,i repeat1 immat]ial1 s long z we "k t imag9ation is some?+ indef9ite1 c4 #he 7#a7 ,z reg>ds z a true idea1 we h %[n t x is simple or comp\nd$ ( simple ideas2 t x %[s h[ & :y some?+ is or has be5 made2 & t its subjective effects 9 ! s\l correspond to ! actual reality ( its object4 7#b7 ,?is conclusion is id5tical ) ! say+ ( ! anci5ts1 t true proce$s f cause to effect2 ?\gh ! anci5ts1 s f> z ,i "k1 nev] =m$ ! conception put =w>d "h t ! s\l acts accord+ to fix$ laws1 & is z x 7 an immat]ial automaton4 #hf 7#a7 ,h5ce1 z f> z is possible at ! outset1 we h acquir$ a k ( our und]/&+1 & su* a /&>d ( a true idea t we ne$ no long] fe> conf\nd+ tru? ) falsehood & fiction4 7#b7 ,nei!r %all we wond] :y we und]/& "s ?+s :i* 9 n[ise fall )9 ! scope ( ! imag9ation1 :ile o!r ?+s are 9 ! imag9ation b :olly oppos$ to ! und]/&+1 or o!rs1 aga91 :i* agree !re)4 7#c7 ,we n[ "k t ! op]ations1 :]eby ! effects ( imag9ation are produc$1 take place "u o!r laws q diff]5t f ! laws ( ! und]/&+1 & t ! m9d is entirely passive ) reg>d to !m4 #hg 7#a7 ,:5ce we may also see h[ easily m5 may fall into grave errors ?r\gh n di/+ui%+ accurately betwe5 ! imag9ation & ! und]/&+2 su* z believ+ t ext5sion mu/ be localiz$1 t x mu/ be f9ite1 t its p>ts are really di/9ct "o f ! o!r1 t x is ! prim>y & s+le f\ndation ( all ?+s1 t x occupies m space at "o "t ?an at ano!r & o!r simil> doctr9es1 all entirely oppos$ to tru?1 z we %all duly %[4 #hh 7#a7 ,aga91 s9ce words are a "p ( ! imag9ation--t is1 s9ce we =m _m conceptions 9 accordance ) confus$ arrangem5ts ( words 9 ! memory1 dep5d5t on p>ticul> bodily conditions1--!re is no d\bt t words may1 equally ) ! imag9ation1 be ! cause ( _m & great errors1 unless we /rictly on our gu>d4 #hi 7#a7 ,moreov]1 words are =m$ accord+ to popul> fancy & intellig5ce1 & are1 !re=e1 signs ( ?+s z exi/+ 9 ! imag9ation1 n z exi/+ 9 ! und]/&+4 7#b7 ,?is is evid5t f ! fact t to all su* ?+s z exi/ only 9 ! und]/&+1 n 9 ! imag9ation1 negative names are (t5 giv51 su* z incorporeal1 inf9ite1 c4 7#c7 ,s1 also1 _m conceptions really affirmative are express$ negatively1 & vice v]sa1 su* z uncreate1 indep5d5t1 inf9ite1 immortal1 c41 inasmu* z _! contr>ies are mu* m easily imag9$1 &1 !re=e1 occurr$ fir/ to m51 & usurp$ positive names4 7#hi3d7 ,_m ?+s we affirm & d5y1 because ! nature ( words all[s u to d s1 ?\gh ! nature ( ?+s does n4 7#e7 ,:ile we rema9 unaw>e ( ?is fact1 we may easily mi/ake falsehood = tru?4 #ij 7#a7 ,let u also bew>e ( ano!r great cause ( confusion1 :i* prev5ts ! und]/&+ f reflect+ on itself4 7#b7 ,sometimes1 :ile mak+ no di/9ction betwe5 ! imag9ation & ! intellect1 we ?9k t :at we m readily imag9e is cle>] to u2 & also we ?9k t :at we imag9e we und]/&4 7#c7 ,?us1 we put fir/ t :i* %\ld be la/3 ! true ord] ( progression is rev]s$1 & no legitimate conclusion is drawn4 #ia #ia;e 7#a7 ,n[1 9 ord] at l5g? to pass on to ! second "p ( ?is me?od1 ,i %all fir/ set =? ! object aim$ at1 & next ! means = its atta9m5t4 7#b7 ,! object aim$ at is ! acquisition ( cle> & di/9ct ideas1 su* z are produc$ by ! pure intellect1 & n by *ance physical motions4 7#c7 ,9 ord] t all ideas may be r$uc$ to unity1 we %all endeavor s to associate & arrange !m t our m9d may1 z f> z possible1 reflect subjectively ! reality ( nature1 bo? z a :ole & z p>ts4 #ib 7#a7 ,z = ! fir/ po9t1 x is necess>y 7z we h said7 = our purpose t ev]y?+ %\ld be conceiv$1 ei!r solely ?r\gh its ess5ce1 or ?r\gh its proximate cause4 7#b7 ,if ! ?+ be self-exi/5t1 or1 z is commonly said1 ! cause ( itself1 x mu/ be und]/ood ?r\gh its ess5ce only2 if x be n self-exi/5t1 b requires a cause = its exi/5ce1 x mu/ be und]/ood ?r\gh its proximate cause4 7#c7 ,=1 9 reality1 ! k1 #ib;f ( an effect is no?+ else ?an ! acquisition ( m p]fect k ( its cause4 #ic 7#a7 ,!re=e1 we may nev]1 :ile we are conc]n$ ) inquiries into actual ?+s1 draw any conclusion f ab/ractions2 we %all be extremely c>eful n to conf\nd t :i* is only 9 ! und]/&+ ) t :i* is 9 ! ?+ itself4 7#b7 ,! be/ basis = draw+ a conclusion w be ei!r "s p>ticul> affirmative ess5ce1 or a true & legitimate def9ition4 7#ic3c7 ,= ! und]/&+ _c desc5d f univ]sal axioms by !mselves to p>ticul> ?+s1 s9ce axioms are ( inf9ite ext5t1 & d n det]m9e ! und]/&+ to contemplate "o p>ticul> ?+ m ?an ano!r4 #id 7#a7 ,?us ! true me?od ( discov]y is to =m ?\ghts f "s giv5 def9ition4 7#b7 ,?is process w be ! m fruitful & easy 9 proportion z ! ?+ giv5 be bett] def9$4 7#c7 ,:]e=e1 ! c>d9al po9t ( all ?is second "p ( me?od consi/s 9 ! k ( ! conditions ( good def9ition1 & ! means ( f9d+ !m4 7#d7 ,i w fir/ treat ( ! conditions ( def9ition4 #ie 7#a7 ,a def9ition1 if x is to be call$ p]fect1 mu/ expla9 ! inmo/ ess5ce ( a ?+1 & mu/ take c>e n to sub/itute = ?is any ( its prop]ties4 7#b7 ,9 ord] to illu/rate my mean+1 )\t tak+ an example :i* w\ld seem to %[ a desire to expose o!r p's errors1 ,i w *oose ! case ( some?+ ab/ract1 ! def9ition ( :i* is ( little mom5t4 7#ie3c7 ,su* is a circle4 7#d7 ,if a circle be def9$ z a figure1 su* t all /raight l9es drawn f ! c5t] to ! circumf]5ce are equal1 e "o c see t su* a def9ition does n 9 ! lea/ expla9 ! ess5ce ( a circle1 b solely "o ( its prop]ties4 7#e7 ,?\gh1 z ,i h said1 ?is is ( no importance 9 ! case ( figures & o!r ab/ractions1 x is ( great importance 9 ! case ( physical be+s & realities3 = ! prop]ties ( ?+s are n und]/ood s long z _! ess5ces are unkn[n4 7#f7 ,if ! latt] be pass$ ov]1 !re is necess>ily a p]v]sion ( ! succession ( ideas :i* %\ld reflect ! succession ( nature1 & we g f> a/ray f our object4 #if ,9 ord] to be free f ?is fault1 ! foll[+ rules %\ld be obs]v$ 9 def9ition3-- ,i4 7#a7 ,if ! ?+ 9 "q be creat$1 ! def9ition mu/ 7z we h said7 compreh5d ! proximate cause4 7#b7 ,= in/ance1 a circle %\ld1 accord+ to ?is rule1 be def9$ z foll[s3 ! figure describ$ by any l9e :]e( "o end is fix$ & ! o!r free4 7#c7 ,?is def9ition cle>ly compreh5ds ! proximate cause4 ,,ii4 7#d7 ,a conception or def9ition ( a ?+ %\ld be su* t all ! prop]ties ( t ?+1 9 s f> z x is consid]$ by itself1 & n 9 conjunction ) o!r ?+s1 c be d$uc$ f x1 z may be se5 9 ! def9ition giv5 ( a circle3 = f t x cle>ly foll[s t all /raight l9es drawn f ! c5t] to ! circumf]5ce are equal4 7#e7 ,t ?is is a necess>y *>act]i/ic ( a def9ition is s cle> to anyone1 :o reflects on ! matt]1 t !re is no ne$ to sp5d "t 9 prov+ x1 or 9 %[+ t1 ow+ to ?is second condition1 e def9ition %\ld be affirmative4 7#f7 ,i speak ( intellectual affirmation1 giv+ little ?\ght to v]bal affirmations :i*1 ow+ to ! pov]ty ( language1 mu/ sometimes1 p]haps1 be express$ negatively1 ?\gh ! idea conta9$ is affirmative4 #ig ,! rules = ! def9ition ( an uncreat$ ?+ are z foll[s3-- ,i4 ,! exclusion ( all idea ( cause--t is1 ! ?+ mu/ n ne$ explanation by ,any?+ outside itself4 ,,ii4 ,:5 ! def9ition ( ! ?+ has be5 giv51 !re mu/ be no room = d\bt z to :e!r ! ?+ exi/s or n4 ,,iii4 ,x mu/ conta91 z f> z ! m9d is conc]n$1 no sub/antives :i* c\ld be put into an adjectival =m2 9 o!r words1 ! object def9$ mu/ n be expla9$ ?r\gh ab/ractions4 ,,iv4 ,la/ly1 ?\gh ?is is n absolutely necess>y1 x %\ld be possible to d$uce f ! def9ition all ! prop]ties ( ! ?+ def9$4 ,all ^! rules become obvi\s to anyone giv+ /rict att5tion to ! matt]4 #ih 7#a7 ,i h also /at$ t ! be/ basis = draw+ a conclusion is a p>ticul> affirmative ess5ce4 7#b7 ,! m specializ$ ! idea is1 ! m x is di/9ct1 & !re=e cle>4 7#c7 ,:]e=e a k ( p>ticul> ?+s %\ld be s\ght = z dilig5tly z possible4 #ii 7#a7 ,z reg>ds ! ord] ( our p]ceptions1 & ! mann] 9 :i* !y %\ld be arrang$ & unit$1 x is necess>y t1 z soon z is possible & rational1 we %\ld inquire :e!r !re be any be+ 7&1 if s1 :at be+71 t is ! cause ( all ?+s1 s t its ess5ce1 repres5t$ 9 ?\ght1 may be ! cause ( all our ideas1 & !n our m9d w to ! utmo/ possible ext5t reflect nature4 7#b7 ,= x w possess1 subjectively1 nature's ess5ce1 ord]1 & union4 7#c7 ,?us we c see t x is be=e all ?+s necess>y = u to d$uce all our ideas f physical ?+s--t is1 f real entities1 proce$+1 z f> z may be1 accord+ to ! s]ies ( causes1 f "o real entity to ano!r real entity1 nev] pass+ to univ]sals & ab/ractions1 ei!r = ! purpose ( d$uc+ "s real entity f !m1 or d$uc+ !m f "s real entity4 7#d7 ,ei!r ( ^! processes int]rupts ! true progress ( ! und]/&+4 #ajj 7#a7 ,b x mu/ be obs]v$ t1 by ! s]ies ( causes & real entities1 ,i d n "h mean ! s]ies ( p>ticul> & mutable ?+s1 b only ! s]ies ( fix$ & et]nal ?+s4 7#b7 ,x w\ld be impossible = human infirmity to foll[ up ! s]ies ( p>ticul> mutable ?+s1 bo? on acc\nt _! multitude1 surpass+ all calculation1 & on acc\nt ( ! inf9itely div]se circum/ances surr\nd+ "o & ! same ?+1 any "o ( :i* may be ! cause ( its exi/5ce or non-exi/5ce4 7#c7 ,inde$1 _! exi/5ce has no connection ) _! ess5ce1 or 7z we h said already7 is n an et]nal tru?4 #aja 7#a7 ,nei!r is !re any ne$ t we %\ld und]/& _! s]ies1 = ! ess5ces ( p>ticul> mutable ?+s are n to be ga!r$ f _! s]ies or ord] ( exi/5ce1 :i* w\ld furni% u ) no?+ beyond _! extr9sic d5om9ations1 _! relations1 or1 at mo/1 _! circum/ances1 all ( :i* are v diff]5t f _! inmo/ ess5ce4 7#aja3b7 ,?is inmo/ ess5ce mu/ be s\ght solely f fix$ & et]nal ?+s1 & f ! laws1 inscrib$ 7s to speak7 9 ^? ?+s z 9 _! true codes1 accord+ to :i* all p>ticul> ?+s take place & are arrang$2 nay1 ^! mutable p>ticul> ?+s dep5d s intimately & ess5tially 7s to phrase x7 ^u ! fix$ ?+s1 t !y _c ei!r be conceiv$ )\t !m4 #ajb 7#a7 ,b1 ?\gh ?is be s1 !re seems to be no small difficulty 9 arriv+ at ! k ( ^! p>ticul> ?+s1 = to conceive !m all at once w\ld f> surpass ! p[]s ( ! human und]/&+4 7#b7 ,! arrangem5t :]eby "o ?+ is und]/ood1 be=e ano!r1 z we h /at$1 %\ld n be s\ght f _! s]ies ( exi/5ce1 nor f et]nal ?+s4 7#c7 ,= ! latt] are all by nature simultane\s4 7#d7 ,o!r aids are !re=e ne$$ besides ^? employ$ = und]/&+ et]nal ?+s & _! laws4 7#e7 ,h[ev]1 ?is is n ! place to rec\nt su* aids1 nor is !re any ne$ to d s1 until we h acquir$ a suffici5t k ( et]nal ?+s & _! infallible laws1 & until ! nature ( our s5ses has become pla9 to u4 #ajc 7#a7 ,be=e betak+ ourselves to seek k ( p>ticul> ?+s1 x w be seasonable to speak ( su* aids1 z all t5d to tea* u ! mode ( employ+ our s5ses1 & to make c]ta9 exp]im5ts "u fix$ rules & arrangem5ts :i* may suffice to det]m9e ! object ( our inquiry1 s t we may !refrom inf] :at laws ( et]nal ?+s x has be5 produc$ "u1 & may ga9 an insight into its inmo/ nature1 z ,i w duly %[4 7#b7 ,"h1 to return to my purpose1 ,i w only endeavor to set =? :at seems necess>y = enabl+ u to atta9 to k ( et]nal ?+s1 & to def9e !m "u ! conditions laid d[n above4 #ajd 7#a7 ,) ?is end1 we mu/ be> 9 m9d :at has already be5 /at$1 namely1 t :5 ! m9d devotes itself to any ?\ght1 s z to exam9e x1 & to d$uce !refrom 9 due ord] all ! legitimate conclusions possible1 any falsehood :i* may lurk 9 ! ?\ght w be detect$2 b if ! ?\ght be true1 ! m9d w readily proce$ )\t int]ruption to d$uce tru?s f x4 7#ajd3b7 ,?is1 ,i say1 is necess>y = our purpose1 = our ?\ghts may be br\ght to a close by ! abs5ce ( a f\ndation4 #aje 7#a7 ,if1 !re=e1 we wi% to inve/igate ! fir/ ?+ ( all1 x w be necess>y to supply "s f\ndation :i* may direct our ?\ghts ?i!r4 7#b7 ,fur!r1 s9ce me?od is reflective k1 ! f\ndation :i* mu/ direct our ?\ghts c be no?+ else ?an ! k ( t :i* con/itutes ! reality ( tru?1 & ! k ( ! und]/&+1 its prop]ties1 & p[]s4 7#c7 ,:5 ?is has be5 acquir$ we %all possess a f\ndation :]efrom we c d$uce our ?\ghts1 & a pa? :]eby ! intellect1 accord+ to its capacity1 may atta9 ! k ( et]nal ?+s1 all[ance be+ made = ! ext5t ( ! intellectual p[]s4 #ajf 7#a7 ,if1 z ,i /at$ 9 ! fir/ "p1 x belongs to ! nature ( ?\ght to =m true ideas1 we mu/ "h inquire :at is meant by ! faculties & p[] ( ! und]/&+4 7#b7 ,! *ief "p ( our me?od is to und]/& z well z possible ! p[]s ( ! intellect1 & its nature2 we are1 !re=e1 compell$ 7by ! consid]ations advanc$ 9 ! second "p ( ! me?od7 necess>ily to draw ^! conclusions f ! def9ition itself ( ?\ght & und]/&+4 #ajg 7#a7 ,b1 s f> z we h n got any rules = f9d+ def9itions1 &1 z we _c set =? su* rules )\t a previ\s k ( nature1 t is )\t a def9ition ( ! und]/&+ & its p[]1 x foll[s ei!r t ! def9ition ( ! und]/&+ mu/ be cle> 9 itself1 or t we c und]/& no?+4 7#b7 ,nev]!less ?is def9ition is n absolutely cle> 9 itself2 h[ev]1 s9ce its prop]ties1 l all ?+s t we possess ?r\gh ! und]/&+1 _c be kn[n cle>ly & di/9ctly1 unless its nature be kn[n previ\sly1 und]/&+ makes itself manife/1 if we pay att5tion to its prop]ties1 :i* we "k cle>ly & di/9ctly4 7#c7 ,let u1 !n1 enum]ate "h ! prop]ties ( ! und]/&+1 let u exam9e !m1 & beg9 by discuss+ ! in/rum5ts = rese>* :i* we f9d innate 9 u4 ,see #ca #ajh 7#a7 ,! prop]ties ( ! und]/&+ :i* ,i h *iefly rem>k$1 & :i* ,i cle>ly und]/&1 are ! foll[+3-- ,i4 7#b7 ,x involves c]ta9ty--9 o!r words1 x kn[s t a ?+ exi/s 9 reality z x is reflect$ subjectively4 ,,ii4 7#ajh3c7 ,t x p]ceives c]ta9 ?+s1 or =ms "s ideas absolutely1 "s ideas f o!rs4 7#d7 ,?us x =ms ! idea ( quantity absolutely1 )\t ref]5ce to any o!r ?\ghts2 b ideas ( motion x only =ms aft] tak+ into consid]ation ! idea ( quantity4 ,,iii4 7#ajh3e7 ,^? ideas :i* ! und]/&+ =ms absolutely express inf9ity2 det]m9ate ideas are d]iv$ f o!r ideas4 7#f7 ,?us 9 ! idea ( quantity1 p]ceiv$ by means ( a cause1 ! quantity is det]m9$1 z :5 a body is p]ceiv$ to be =m$ by ! motion ( a plane1 a plane by ! motion ( a l9e1 or1 aga91 a l9e by ! motion ( a po9t4 7#g7 ,all ^! are p]ceptions :i* d n s]ve t[>ds und]/&+ quantity1 b only t[>ds det]m9+ x4 7#ajh3h7 ,?is is prov$ by ! fact t we conceive !m z =m$ z x 7 by motion1 yet ?is motion is n p]ceiv$ unless ! quantity be p]ceiv$ also2 we c ev5 prolong ! motion to =m an inf9ite l9e1 :i* we c]ta9ly c\ld n d unless we _h an idea ( inf9ite quantity4 ,,iv4 7#i7 ,! und]/&+ =ms positive ideas be=e =m+ negative ideas4 ,v4 7#ajh3aj7 ,x p]ceives ?+s n s mu* "u ! condition ( duration z "u a c]ta9 =m ( et]nity1 & 9 an inf9ite numb]2 or r 9 p]ceiv+ ?+s x does n consid] ei!r _! numb] or duration1 :]eas1 9 imag9+ !m1 x p]ceives !m 9 a det]m9ate numb]1 duration1 & quantity4 ,,vi4 7#ajh3aa7 ,! ideas :i* we =m z cle> & di/9ct1 seem to foll[ f ! sole necessity ( our nature1 t !y appe> to dep5d absolutely on our sole p[]2 ) confus$ ideas ! contr>y is ! case4 7#ab7 ,!y are (t5 =m$ aga9/ our w4 ,,vii4 7#ajh3ac7 ,! m9d c det]m9e 9 _m ways ! ideas ( ?+s1 :i* ! und]/&+ =ms f o!r ideas3 ?us1 = in/ance1 9 ord] to def9e ! plane ( an ellipse1 x supposes a po9t adh]+ to a cord to be mov$ ar\nd two c5t]s1 or1 aga91 x conceives an inf9ity ( po9ts1 always 9 ! same fix$ relation to a giv5 /raight l9e1 angle ( ! v]tex ( ! cone1 or 9 an inf9ity ( o!r ways4 ,,viii4 7#ajh3ad7 ,! m ideas express p]fection ( any object1 ! m p]fect are !y !mselves2 = we d n admire ! ar*itect :o has plann$ a *apel s mu* z ! ar*itect :o has plann$ a spl5did temple4 #aji 7#a7 ,i d n /op to consid] ! re/ ( :at is ref]r$ to ?\ght1 su* z love1 joy1 c4 7#b7 ,!y are no?+ to our pres5t purpose1 & _c ev5 be conceiv$ unless ! und]/&+ be p]ceiv$ previ\sly4 7#c7 ,:5 p]ception is remov$1 all ^! g ) x4 #aaj 7#a7 ,false & fictiti\s ideas h no?+ positive ab\t !m 7z we h abundantly %[n71 :i* causes !m to be call$ false or fictiti\s2 !y are only consid]$ z su* ?r\gh ! defectiv5ess ( k4 7#b7 ,!re=e1 false & fictiti\s ideas z su* c tea* u no?+ conc]n+ ! ess5ce ( ?\ght2 ?is mu/ be s\ght f ! positive prop]ties j enum]at$2 9 o!r words1 we mu/ lay d[n "s common basis f :i* ^! prop]ties necess>ily foll[1 s t :5 ?is is giv51 ! prop]ties are necess>ily giv5 also1 & :5 x is remov$1 !y too vani% ) x4 ,! re/ ( ! treatise is want+4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,sp9oza's ,endnotes3 ,m>ks z p] ,curley1 see ,note #e above4 a 7#a7 ,?is might be expla9$ m at l>ge & m cle>ly3 ,i mean by di/+ui%+ ri*es accord+ z !y are pursu$ = _! own sake1 9 or fur!rance ( fame1 or s5sual pleasure1 or ! advancem5t ( sci5ce & art4 7#b7 ,b ?is subject is res]v$ to its own place1 = x is n "h prop] to inve/igate ! matt] m accurately4 b ,^! consid]ations %\ld be set =? m precisely4 c ,^! matt]s are expla9$ m at l5g? else:]e4 d ,n4,b4 ,i d no m "h ?an enum]ate ! sci5ces necess>y = our purpose2 ,i lay no /ress on _! ord]4 e ,!re is = ! sci5ces b "o end1 to :i* !y %\ld all be direct$4 f 7#a7 ,9 ?is case we d n und]/& any?+ ( ! cause f ! consid]ation ( x 9 ! effect4 7#b7 ,?is is suffici5tly evid5t f ! fact t ! cause is only spok5 ( 9 v g5]al t]ms1 su* z--!re exi/s !n some?+2 !re exi/s !n "s p[]1 c42 or f ! t we only express x 9 a negative mann]--x is n or t1 c4 7#c7 ,9 ! second case some?+ is ascrib$ to ! cause because ( ! effect1 z we %all %[ 9 an example1 b only a prop]ty1 nev] an ess5ce4 g 7#a7 ,f ?is example may be cle>ly se5 :at ,i h j drawn att5tion to4 7#b7 ,= ?r\gh ?is union we und]/& no?+ beyond ! s5sation1 ! effect1 to wit1 f :i* we inf]r$ ! cause ( :i* we und]/& no?+4 h 7#a7 ,a conclusion ( ?is sort1 ?\gh x be c]ta91 is yet n to be reli$ on )\t great caution2 = unless we are exce$+ly c>eful we %all =?) fall into error4 7#b7 ,:5 ?+s are conceiv$ ?us ab/ract$ly1 & n ?r\gh _! true ess5ce1 !y are apt to be confus$ by ! imag9ation4 7#c7 ,= t :i* is 9 itself "o1 m5 imag9e to be multiplex4 7#d7 ,to ^? ?+s :i* are conceiv$ ab/ract$ly1 ap>t1 & confus$ly1 t]ms are appli$ :i* are apt to become wre/$ f _! /rict mean+1 & be/[$ on ?+s m famili>2 :5ce x results t ^! latt] are imag9$ 9 ! same way z ! =m] to :i* ! t]ms 7 orig9ally giv54 i ,i %all "h treat a little m 9 detail ( exp]i5ce1 & %all exam9e ! me?od adopt$ by ! ,empirics1 & by rec5t philosoph]s4 k ,by native /r5g?1 ,i mean t n be/[$ on u by ext]nal causes1 z ,i %all aft]w>ds expla9 9 my philosophy4 l ,"h ,i t]m !m op]ations3 ,i %all expla9 _! nature 9 my philosophy4 m ,i %all take c>e n only to demon/rate :at ,i h j advanc$1 b also t we h hi!rto proce$$ rightly1 & o!r ?+s ne$ful to be kn[n4 #ccnote#a 7#a7 ,9 mod]n language1 ! idea may become ! subject ( ano!r pres5tation4 7#b7 ,objectivus g5]ally corresponds to ! mod]n subjective1 =malis to ! mod]n objective4 ,trans4- ,note #a n 7#a7 ,obs]ve t we are n "h inquir+ h[ ! fir/ subjective ess5ce is innate 9 u4 7#b7 ,?is belongs to an inve/igation into nature1 :]e all ^! matt]s are amply expla9$1 & x is %[n t )\t ideas nei!r affirmation1 nor negation1 nor volition are possible4 o ,! nature ( m5tal se>* is expla9$ 9 my philosophy4 p ,to be connect$ ) o!r ?+s is to be produc$ by !m1 or to produce !m4 q ,9 ! same way z we h "h no d\bt ( ! tru? ( our k4 r ,see bel[ ! note on hypo!ses1 :]e( we h a cle> und]/&+2 ! fiction consi/s 9 say+ t su* hypo!ses exi/ 9 heav5ly bodies4 s 7#a7 ,z a ?+1 :5 once x is und]/ood1 manife/s itself1 we h ne$ only ( an example )\t fur!r pro(4 7#b7 ,9 ! same way ! contr>y has only to be pres5t$ to our m9ds to be recogniz$ z false1 z w =?) appe> :5 we come to discuss fiction conc]n+ ess5ces4 t ,obs]ve1 t al?\gh _m ass]t t !y d\bt :e!r ,god exi/s1 !y h n\ght b 8 "n 9 _! m9ds1 or else "s fiction :i* !y call ,god3 ?is fiction is n 9 h>mony ) ,god's real nature1 z we w duly %[4 u 7#a7 ,i %all pres5tly %[ t no fiction c conc]n et]nal tru?s4 ,by an et]nal tru?1 ,i mean t :i* be+ positive c\ld nev] become negative4 7#b7 ,?us x is a prim>y & et]nal tru? t ,god exi/s1 b x is n an et]nal tru? t ,adam ?9ks4 7#c7 ,t ! ,*ima]a does n exi/ is an et]nal tru?1 t ,adam does n ?9k is n s4 x 7#a7 ,aft]w>ds1 :5 we come to speak ( fiction t is conc]n$ ) ess5ces1 x w be evid5t t fiction nev] creates or furni%es ! m9d ) any?+ new2 only su* ?+s z are already 9 ! bra9 or imag9ation are recall$ to ! memory1 :5 ! att5tion is direct$ to !m confus$ly & all at once4 7#b7 ,= in/ance1 we h remembrance ( spok5 words & ( a tree2 :5 ! m9d directs itself to !m confus$ly1 x =ms ! notion ( a tree speak+4 7#c7 ,! same may be said ( exi/5ce1 especially :5 x is conceiv$ q g5]ally z an entity2 x is !n readily appli$ to all ?+s toge!r 9 ! memory4 7#d7 ,?is is specially wor?y ( rem>k4 y ,we mu/ und]/& z mu* 9 ! case ( hypo!ses put =w>d to expla9 c]ta9 movem5ts accompany+ cele/ial ph5om5a2 b f ^!1 :5 appli$ to ! cele/ial motions1 we any draw conclusions z to ! nature ( ! heav5s1 :]eas ?is la/ may be q diff]5t1 especially z _m o!r causes are conceivable :i* w\ld acc\nt = su* motions4 z 7#a7 ,x (t5 happ5s t a man recalls to m9d ?is ^w s\l1 & =ms at ! same "t "s corporeal image3 z ! two repres5tations are simultane\s1 he easily ?9ks t he imag9es & feigns a corporeal s\l3 ?us confus+ ! "n ) ! ?+ itself4 7#b7 ,i "h beg t my read]s w n be 9 a hurry to refute ?is proposition2 !y w1 ,i hope1 h no m9d to d s1 if !y pay close att5tion to ! examples giv5 & to :at foll[s4 #fa;a 7#a7 ,?\gh ,i seem to d$uce ?is f exp]i5ce1 "s may d5y its cog5cy because ,i h giv5 no =mal pro(4 7#b7 ,i !re=e app5d ! foll[+ = ^? :o may desire x4 7#c7 ,z !re c be no?+ 9 nature contr>y to nature's laws1 s9ce all ?+s come to pass by fix$ laws1 s t ea* ?+ mu/ irrefragably produce its own prop] effect1 x foll[s t ! s\l1 z soon z x possesses ! true conception ( a ?+1 proce$s to reproduce 9 ?\ght t ?+'s effects4 7#d7 ,see bel[1 :]e ,i speak ( ! false idea4 #fd;b 7#a7 ,obs]ve t fiction reg>d$ 9 itself1 only diff]s f dreams 9 t 9 ! latt] we d n p]ceive ! ext]nal causes :i* we p]ceive ?r\gh ! s5ses :ile awake4 7#b7 ,x has h5ce be5 inf]r$ t repres5tations occurr+ 9 sleep h no connection ) objects ext]nal to u4 7#c7 ,we %all pres5tly see t error is ! dream+ ( a wak+ man3 if x rea*es a c]ta9 pit* x becomes delirium4 #gfz ,^! are n attributes ( ,god display+ ,8 ess5ce1 z ,i w %[ 9 my philosophy4 #gf;a 7#a7 ,?is has be5 %[n already4 7#b7 ,= if su* a be+ did n exi/ x w\ld nev] be produc$2 !re=e ! m9d w\ld be able to und]/& m ?an nature c\ld furni%2 & ?is has be5 %[n above to be false4 #gh;a 7#a7 ,t is1 x is kn[n t ! s5ses sometimes deceive u4 7#b7 ,b x is only kn[n confus$ly1 = x is n kn[n h[ !y deceive u4 #hc;d 7#a7 ,if ! duration be indef9ite1 ! recollection is imp]fect2 ?is ev]yone seems to h le>nt f nature4 7#b7 ,= we (t5 ask1 to /r5g!n our belief 9 some?+ we he> (1 :5 & :]e x happ5$2 ?\gh ideas !mselves h _! own duration 9 ! m9d1 yet1 z we are wont to det]m9e duration by ! aid ( "s measure ( motion :i*1 aga91 takes place by aid ( imag9ation1 we pres]ve no memory connect$ ) pure intellect4 #ia;e ,! *ief rule ( ?is "p is1 z appe>s f ! fir/ "p1 to review all ! ideas com+ to u ?r\gh pure intellect1 s z to di/+ui% !m f su* z we imag9e3 ! di/9ction w be %[n ?r\gh ! prop]ties ( ea*1 namely1 ( ! imag9ation & ( ! und]/&+4 #ib;f ,obs]ve t x is !reby manife/ t we _c und]/& any?+ ( nature )\t at ! same "t increas+ our k ( ! fir/ cause1 or ,god4 ,end ( ,on ! ,improvem5t ( ! ,und]/&+4 ,notes by ,volunte]4 #a4 ,us$1 9 "p1 ) k9d p]mission f3 http3_/_/www4physics4wisc4edu_/%alizi_/, sp9oza_/,,tie_/ #b4 ,! text is t ( ! translation ( ! ,tractatus de ,intellectus ,em5datione by ,r4 ,h4 ,m4 ,elwes1 z pr9t$ by ,dov] ,publications 7,,ny73#aiee71 ,,isbn #j-dhf-bjbej-,x4 ,?is text is an unabridg$ & unalt]$ republication ( ! ,bohn ,libr>y edition orig9ally publi%$ by ,george ,bell & ,sons 9 #ahhc4 #c4 ,p>agraph ,numb]s1 %[n ?us #a1 are f ,edw9 ,curley's translation 9 8 ,! ,collect$ ,works ( ,sp9oza1 ,volume #a1 #aihe1 ,pr9ceton ,univ]sity ,press2 ,,isbn #j-fia-jgbbb-a4 #d4 ,s5t5ce ,numb]s1 %[n ?us 7#a71 h be5 add$ by volunte]4 #e4 ,sp9oza's endnotes are %[n ?us a4 ,! lett] is tak5 f ,curley1 see ,note #c4 #f4 ,se>* /r+s are enclos$ 9 squ>e brackets2 include brackets4 #g4 ,,html v]sions ( ,on ! ,improvem5t ( ! ,und]/&+ are publi%$ 9 ! ,books ,on-,l9e ,web ,pages2 ttp3_/_/www4cs4cmu4edu_/books4html & !y include3 http3_/_/www4physics4wisc4edu_/%alizi_/, sp9oza_/,,tie_/ http3_/_/www4erols4com_/jyselman_/teielw es4htm