,rhetoric & ,poetry 9 ! ,r5aissance ,a ,/udy ( ,rhetorical ,t]ms 9 ,engli% ,r5aissance ,lit]>y ,criticism ,by ,donald ,lem5 ,cl>k1 ,ph4,d4 ,assi/ant ,pr(essor ( ,engli% 9 ,columbia ,univ]sity #aibb ,to my ,fa!r & ,"m ,preface ,9 ?is essay ,i und]take to trace ! influ5ce ( classical rhetoric on ! criticisms ( poetry publi%$ 9 ,engl& betwe5 #aeec & #afda4 ,?is influ5ce is mo/ readily recogniz$ 9 ! use by ,engli% r5aissance writ]s on lit]>y criticism ( ! t]m9ology ( classical rhetoric4 ,b ! rhetorical t]m9ology 9 mo/ cases c>ri$ ) x rhetorical ?9k+1 traces ( ^: influ5ce p]si/ 9 criticism ( poetry to ! pres5t day4 ,! essay is divid$ into two p>ts4 ,"p ,fir/ treats ( ! influ5ce ( rhetoric on ! g5]al !ory ( poetry )9 ! p]iod1 & ,"p ,second ( its influ5ce on ! r5aissance =mulation ( ! purpose ( poetry4 ,?is division is call$ = n by ! logic ( ! mat]ial1 b by hi/ory & conv5i5ce4 ,a ?ird phase ( ! influ5ce ( rhetorical t]m9ology ,i h already t\*$ on 9 an article on ,! ,requirem5ts ( a ,poet#a1 :]e ,i h %[n t hi/orically ! r5aissance ideal ( ! nature & education ( a poet is 9 "p d]iv$ f classical rhetoric4 ,no writ] today1 :o w\ld treat ( ! criticism ( ! r5aissance1 c escape 8 deep indebt$ness to ,dr4 ,joel ,elias ,sp+>n1 ^: ,lit]>y ,criticism 9 ! ,r5aissance has s c>efully trac$ ! debt ( ,engli% criticism to ! ,italians4 ,9 go+ ov] ! gr\nd survey$ by him & by _m o!r s*ol>s ,i h be5 able to add b slight glean+s ( my own4 ,9 ?is field x is my privilege only to review & to supplem5t :at has already be5 discov]$4 ,b :]eas o!rs h call$ att5tion to ! classical & ,italian s\rces = ,engli% critical ideas1 ,i am able to %[ t 9 addition to ^! s\rces1 ! ,engli% critics 7 pr(\ndly influ5c$ by ,engli% m$iaeval traditions4 ,t ^! m$iaeval traditions d]iv$ ultimately f po/-classical rhetoric & t !y 7 = ! mo/ "p lat] disc>d$ z less enlight5$ & less s\nd ?an ! critical ideas ( ! ,italian ,ari/otelians does n less5 _! importance 9 ! hi/ory ( ,engli% lit]>y criticism4 ,9 s f> z ! text ( quot$ classical writ]s is readily accessible 9 mod]n editions1 ,i (f] my read]s only an ,engli% translation4 ,= quotations difficult ( access ,i add ! ,lat9 9 a footnote4 ,9 ! case ( ^? ,engli% critics ^: writ+s are incorporat$ 9 ! ,elizabe?an ,critical ,essays edit$ by ,mr4 ,gregory ,smi?1 or 9 ! ,critical ,essays ( ! ,sev5te5? ,c5tury1 edit$ by ,dr4 ,j4,e4 ,sp+>n1 ,i h made my citations to ^? collections 9 ! belief t su* a practice w\ld add to ! conv5i5ce ( ! read]4 ,! greate/ pleasure t ,i d]ive f ?is writ+ is t ( ackn[l$g+ my obligations to my fri5ds & colleagues at ,columbia ,univ]sity :o h s g5]\sly assi/$ me4 ,pr(essor ,g4,p4 ,krapp aid$ me by 8 valuable sugge/ions be=e & aft] writ+ & g5]\sly all[$ me to use sev]al summ>ies :i* he _h made ( e>ly ,engli% rhetorical treatises4 ,pr(essor ,j4,b4 ,flet*] help$ me by 8 fri5dly & p5etrat+ criticism ( ! manuscript4 ,i am fur!r indebt$ to ,pr(essor ,la ,rue ,van ,hook1 ,dr4 ,m>k ,van ,dor51 ,dr4 ,s4,l4 ,wolff1 ,mr4 ,raymond ,m4 ,weav]1 & ,dr4 ,h4,e4 ,mantz = v>i\s assi/ance1 & to ! ,h>v>d & ,columbia ,univ]sity ,libr>ies = _! c\rtesy4 ,my greate/ debt is to ,pr(essor ,*>les ,se>s ,baldw91 ^: con/ant inspiration1 enlight5$ s*ol>%ip1 & fri5dly enc\ragem5t made ?is book possible4 ,cont5ts ,"p ,fir/3 ,! ,g5]al ,!ory ( ,rhetoric & ( ,poetry ,i4 ,introductory #a4 ,! ,di/9ction betwe5 ,rhetoric & ,poetic ,,ii4 ,classical ,poetic #a4 ,ari/otle #b4 ,long9us #c4 ,plut>* #d4 ,horace ,,iii4 ,classical ,rhetoric #a4 ,def9itions #b4 ,subject ,matt] #c4 ,cont5t ( ,classical ,rhetoric #d4 ,rhetoric z ,"p ( ,poetic #e4 ,poetic z ,"p ( ,rhetoric ,,iv4 ,classical ,bl5d+ ( ,rhetoric & ,poetic #a4 ,! ,contact ( ,rhetoric & ,poetic 9 ,/yle #b4 ,! ,florid ,/yle 9 ,rhetoric & ,poetic #c4 ,! ,false ,rhetoric ( ! ,declamation ,s*ools #d4 ,! ,contam9ation ( ,poetic by ,false ,rhetoric ,v4 ,! ,middle ,ages #a4 ,! ,decay ( ,classical ,rhetorical ,tradition #b4 ,rhetoric z ,aureate ,language ,,vi4 ,logic & ,rhetoric 9 ! ,engli% ,r5aissance #a4 ,! ,cont5t ( ,classical ,rhetoric ,c>ri$ ov] into ,logic #b4 ,! ,p]si/5ce ( ! ,m$iaeval ,tradition ( ,rhetoric #c4 ,! ,recov]y ( ,classical ,rhetoric #d4 ,*annels ( ,rhetorical ,!ory ,,vii4 ,r5aissance ,poetic #a4 ,! ,ree/abli%m5t ( ! ,classical ,tradition #b4 ,rhetorical ,elem5ts ,,viii4 ,!ories ( ,poetry 9 ! ,engli% ,r5aissance #a4 ,! ,rhetorical ,p]iod ( ,engli% ,criticism #b4 ,! ,influ5ce ( ,horace #c4 ,! ,influ5ce ( ,ari/otle #d4 ,manuals = ,poets #e4 ,rhetorical ,elem5ts 9 ,lat] ,engli% ,classicism ,"p ,second3 ,! ,purpose ( ,poetry ,i4 ,! ,classical ,conception ( ! ,purpose ( ,poetry #a4 ,g5]al #b4 ,moral ,improvem5t ?r\gh ,precept & ,example #c4 ,moral ,improvem5t ?r\gh ,allegory #d4 ,! ,influ5ce ( ,rhetoric ,,ii4 ,m$ieval ,ideas ( ! ,purpose ( ,poetry #a4 ,allegorical ,int]pretations 9 ! ,middle ,ages #b4 ,allegory 9 ,m$iaeval ,engl& ,,iii4 ,rhetorical ,elem5ts 9 ,italian ,r5aissance ,conceptions ( ! ,purpose ( ,poetry #a4 ,! ,s*ola/ic ,gr\p+ ( ,poetic1 ,rhetoric & ,logic #b4 ,! ,influ5ce ( ! ,classical ,rhetorics ,,iv4 ,engli% ,r5aissance ,ideas ( ! ,purpose ( ,poetry #a4 ,allegory & ,example 9 ,rhetoric #b4 ,allegory & ! ,rhetorical ,example 9 ,poetic #c4 ,! ,displacem5t ( ,allegory by ,example ,index ( ,names ,"p ,"o ,! ,g5]al ,!ory ( ,rhetoric & ( ,poetry ,*apt] ,i ,introductory ,by def9ition ! r5aissance 0 prim>ily a lit]>y & s*ol>ly movem5t d]iv$ f ! lit]ature ( classical antiquity4 ,?us ! hi/orical1 philosophical1 p$agogical1 & dramatic lit]atures ( ! r5aissance _c be accurately und]/ood except 9 ! light ( ! ,greek & ,roman au?ors ^: writ+s inspir$ !m4 ,to ?is g5]al rule ! lit]>y criticism ( ! r5aissance is no exception4 ,! int]pretation ( ! critical t]ms us$ by ! lit]>y critics ( ! ,engli% r5aissance mu/ dep5d l>gely on ! classical tradition4 ,?is tradition1 z ! labors ( _m s*ol>s1 especially ,sp+>n1 h %[n1 rea*$ ,engl& bo? directly ?r\gh ! publication ( classical writ+s & to an ev5 great] degree indirectly ?r\gh ! comm5t>ies & orig9al treatises ( ,italian s*ol>s4 ,! indebt$ness to ! ,italian critics is well kn[n & has be5 widely discuss$4 ,al?\gh ! pres5t /udy does n hope to add to :at is kn[n ( ! influ5ce ex]t$ on ! lit]>y criticism ( ! ,engli% r5aissance by ! ,italians1 x does propose to %[ ! ,engli% critics to h be5 m indebt$ ?an has be5 suppos$ to ! m$iaeval developm5t ( classical !ory4 ,= ?is relation%ip to be cle> x w be necess>y to review classical lit]>y criticism & to trace its developm5t 9 po/-classical times & 9 ! middle ages z well z 9 ! ,italian r5aissance4 ,only by su* an approa* w x be possible to %[ 9 :at =m classical !ory 0 transmitt$ to ! ,engli% r5aissance4 ,z ! re/oration ( ! ,/u>ts to ! ?rone ( ,engl& inaugurat$ a new p]iod 9 ,engli% criticism1 dur+ :i* ,engli% critical !ories 7 l>gely influ5c$ by ,fr5* criticism1 ?is /udy w /op %ort ( ?is1 re/rict+ itself to ! ye>s betwe5 ! publication ( ,?omas ,wilson's ,arte ( ,rhetorique 9 #aeec & t ( ,b5 ,jonson's ,timb] 9 #afda4 ,?r\gh\t ?is p]iod ! ,engli% m$ival tradition ( classical !ory 0 highly important1 los+ gr\nd b gradually z ! influ5ce fir/ ( ! rhetoric newly recov]$ f ! classics & !n ( ,italian criticism produc$ an increas+ly /rong] effect on ,engli% criticism4 ,i hope to %[ t ! ,engli% critics :o =mulat$ !ories ( poetry 9 ! r5aissance d]iv$ mu* ( _! critical t]m9ology1 n directly f ! r$iscov]$ classical !ories ( poetry1 b ?r\gh v>i\s *annels f classical !ories & practice ( rhetoric4 ,! t5d5cy to use ! t]m9ology ( rhetoric 9 discuss+ poetical !ory did n orig9ate 9 ! ,engli% r5aissance1 b is l>gely an inh]itance f classical criticism z int]pret$ by ! middle ages4 ,bo? 9 ,engl& & on ! cont95t ?is m$ival tradition p]si/$ f> into ! r5aissance4 ,r5aissance ,engli% writ]s on ! !ory ( poetry use to an ext5t hi!rto unexplor$ ! t]m9ology ( rhetoric4 ,?is rhetorical t]m9ology 0 d]iv$ f ?ree s\rces3 directly to "s ext5t f ! classical rhetorics !mselves2 indirectly ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( classical rhetoric ^u ! t]m9ology ( ! ,italian critics ( poetry2 & indirectly1 to a consid]able ext5t1 ?r\gh ! m$ival modifications ( classical & po/-classical rhetoric4 #a4 ,! ,di/9ction betwe5 ,rhetoric & ,poetic ,ari/otle wrote two treatises on lit]>y criticism3 ! ,rhetoric & ! ,poetics4 ,! fact t he gave sep>ate treatm5t to 8 critical consid]ation ( oratory & ( poetry is presumptive evid5ce t 9 8 m9d oratory & poetry 7 two ?+s1 hav+ mu* 9 common p]haps1 b di/+ui%$ by fundam5tal diff]5ces4 ,) less philosophical basis ^! fundam5tal diff]5ces 7 ma9ta9$ by ne>ly all ! classical lit]>y critics4 ,x is important1 !re=e1 to review briefly :at ! classical writ]s meant by rhetoric & by poetic1 & to trace ! modifications :i* ^! t]ms und]w5t 9 po/-classical times1 9 ! middle ages1 & 9 ! r5aissance1 9 ord] bett] to %[ t 9 ! lit]>y criticism ( ! ,engli% r5aissance ! !ory ( poetry conta9$ _m elem5ts :i* hi/orically d]ive f classical & m$iaeval rhetoric4 ,lit]ature--! spok5 & ! writt5 ^w--0 divid$ by ! classical critics into philosophy1 hi/ory1 oratory1 & poetry4 ,?us ,ari/otle1 9 addition to treat+ ! !ory ( poetry & ! !ory ( oratory 9 sep>ate books1 ass]ts t ev5 ?\gh ! works ( philosophy & ( hi/ory 7 compos$ 9 v]se1 !y w\ld /ill be some?+ diff]5t f poetry4#b ,lucian sev]ely criticises ! hi/orians ^: writ+s are l ^? ( ! poets4#c ,qu9tilian advises /ud5ts ( rhetoric aga9/ imitat+ ! /yle ( ! hi/orians because x is too mu* l t ( ! poets4#d ,cle>ly ^! critical writ]s are insi/+ on "s fundam5tal diff]5ce betwe5 ! =ms ( communication 9 language--a diff]5ce :i* !y ?\ght _! contempor>ies 7 9 "s dang] ( ignor+4 ,if ! numb] ( critical writ+s devot$ to ^! diff]5t =ms ( communication is tak5 z a crit]ion1 rhetoric ranks fir/1 poetry second1 & hi/ory ?ird4 ,?is prepond]ance ( rhetoric may be "o reason = ! t5d5cy ( ! critics :o wrote on ! !ory ( poetry to use mu* ( ! t]m9ology ( rhetoric1 & = ! ease ) :i* a mod]n /ud5t c =mulate ! classical !ory ( rhetoric1 z comp>$ ) ! difficulty he has 9 =mulat+ ! !ory ( poetry4 ,to ! ,greeks & ,romans rhetoric meant ! !ory ( oratory4 ,z a p$agogical me*anism x endeavor$ to tea* /ud5ts to p]suade an audi5ce4 ,! cont5t ( rhetoric includ$ all t ! anci5ts _h le>n$ to be ( value 9 p]suasive public spee*4 ,x taught h[ to "w up a case by draw+ valid inf]5ces f s\nd evid5ce1 h[ to organize ?is mat]ial 9 ! mo/ p]suasive ord]1 h[ to compose 9 cle> & h>moni\s s5t5ces4 ,?us to ! ,greeks & ,romans rhetoric 0 def9$ by its function ( discov]+ means to p]suasion & 0 taught 9 ! s*ools z some?+ t e free-born man c\ld & %\ld le>n4 ,9 bo? ^! respects ! anci5ts felt t poetic1 ! !ory ( poetry1 0 diff]5t f rhetoric4 ,z ! critical !ori/s believ$ t ! poets 7 inspir$1 !y endeavor$ less to tea* m5 to be poets ?an to po9t out ! excell5ces :i* ! poets _h atta9$4 ,al?\gh ^! critics g5]ally1 ) ! exceptions ( ,ari/otle & ,erato/h5es1 believ$ ! greate/ value ( poetry to be 9 ! tea*+ ( morality1 no "o ( !m endeavor$ to def9e poetry1 z !y did rhetoric1 by its purpose4 ,to ,ari/otle1 & c5turies lat] to ,plut>*1 ! di/+ui%+ m>k ( poetry 0 imitation4 ,n until ! r5aissance did critics def9e poetry z an art ( imitation endeavor+ to inculcate morality4 ,consequ5tly 9 a hi/orical /udy ( rhetoric & ( ! !ory ( poetry sep>ate treatm5t ( _! nature & ( _! purpose is n only conv5i5t1 b hi/orical4 ,! pres5t discussion1 !re=e1 consid]s v>i\s critics' ideas ( ! nature ( poetry 9 ,"p ,i1 & !n sep>ately 9 ,"p ,,ii _! ideas ( its purpose4 ,! object ( ?is division is n to make an ab/ract di/9ction betwe5 nature & purpose4 ,su* a di/9ction _c1 ( c\rse1 be made4 ,x is to approa* ! subject fir/ f "o po9t ( view & !n f ! o!r because x 0 9 fact ?us approa*$ successively1 & because also ! int5tion ( ! successive writ]s c ?us be bett] und]/ood4 ,! same ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 classical rhetoric & poetic appe>s 9 ! cont5t ( classical poetic4 ,:]eas classical rhetoric deals ) spee*es :i* might be deliv]$ to convict or acquit a def5dant 9 ! law c\rt1 or to secure a c]ta9 action by ! delib]ative assembly1 or to adorn an occasion1 classical poetic deals ) lyric1 epic1 & drama4 ,x is a commonplace t classical lit]>y critics paid little att5tion to ! lyric4 ,x is less frequ5tly realiz$ t !y devot$ almo/ z little space to discussion ( metrics4 ,by f> ! great] bulk ( classical treatises on poetic is devot$ to *>act]ization & to ! te*nic ( plot con/ruction1 involv+ z x does n>rative & dramatic unity & movem5t z di/9ct f logical unity & movem5t4 ,x is important t ! mod]n read] be> ^! facts 9 m9d2 = 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury text-books ( rhetoric came to include description ( a k9d little consid]$ by classical rhetoricians1 & n>rative ( an aim & scope :i* !y exclud$4 ,?us ! mod]n treatise on rhetoric deals n only ) :at ! ,greeks w\ld recognize z rhetoric1 b also ) :at !y w\ld classify z poetic4 ,fur!rmore1 n>rative & dramatic te*nic1 :i* ! classical critics consid]$ ! mo/ important elem5ts 9 poetic1 are n[ no long] call$ poetic4 ,:at ! anci5ts discuss$ 9 treatises on poetic1 is n[ discuss$ 9 treatises on ! te*nique ( ! %ort-/ory1 ! te*nique ( ! drama1 ! te*nique ( ! novel1 on ! "o h&1 & 9 treatises on v]sification1 prosody1 & lyric poetry on ! o!r4 ,z ^! mod]n developm5ts 7 unhe>d ( dur+ ! p]iods "u consid]ation 9 ?is /udy1 & z ! r5aissance us$ ! words rhetoric & poetic mu* m 9 _! classical s5ses ?an we d today1 x mu/ be und]/ood t ?r\gh\t ?is /udy rhetoric w be us$ z mean+ classical rhetoric1 & poetic z mean+ classical poetic4 ,_m mod]n critics h f\nd ! classical di/9ction betwe5 rhetoric & poetic v sugge/ive4 ,9 classical times imag9ative & creative lit]ature 0 almo/ univ]sally compos$ 9 met]1 ) ! result t ! metrical =m 0 usually ?\ght to be di/9ctive ( poetry4 ,! fact t 9 mod]n times drama z well z epic & romantic fiction is usually compos$ 9 prose has made "s critics dissatisfi$ ) :at to !m seems to be an unsatisfactory crit]ion4 ,on ! "o h& ,wack]nagel1 :o believes t ! function ( poetry is to convey ideas 9 concrete & s5su\s images & ! function ( prose to in=m ! intellect1 ass]ts t prose drama & didactic poetry are in>ti/ic4#e ,he ?us advocates t pres5t practise be ab&on$ 9 favor ( ! cu/om ( ! ,greeks4 ,on ! o!r h& ,newman1 :ile grant+ t a metrical g>b has 9 all languages be5 appropriat$ to poetry1 /ill urges t ! ess5ce ( poetry is fiction4#f ,likewise "u ! influ5ce ( ,ari/otle1 ,croce diff]5tiates betwe5 ! k9ds ( lit]ature n because "o is writt5 9 prose & ! o!r 9 v]se1 b because "o is ! expression ( :at he calls intuitive k obta9$ ?r\gh ! imag9ation1 & ! o!r ( conceptual k obta9$ ?r\gh ! intellect4#g ,simil> to ! di/9ction express$ by ,croce 9 ! words imag9ative & intellectual1 is t express$ by ,ea/man 9 ! words poetical & practical4#h ,& accord+ to ,r5>d1 ,balzac di/+ui%es two classes ( writ]s3 ! writ]s ( ideas & ! writ]s ( images4#i ,9 view ( ^! mod]n ef=ts to make a m sci5tific diff]5tiation betwe5 k9ds ( lit]ature ?an is possible on ! basis ( ! traditional di/9ction betwe5 prose & poetry1 ! pres5t hi/orical /udy ( ! di/9ction made by ,ari/otle & o!r ,greek writ]s betwe5 rhetoric & poetic may be sugge/ive4 ,*apt] ,,ii ,classical ,poetic #a4 ,ari/otle ,a survey ( :at ,ari/otle includes 9 8 ,poetics1 :at he excludes1 & :at he ignores1 w be a helpful initial /ep 9 an inve/igation ( :at he meant by poetic4 ,five k9ds ( poetry are m5tion$ by "n 9 ! ,poetics3 epic1 dramatic1 di?yrambic1 nomic1 & satiric2 & lyric is includ$ by implication z a =m ( epic1 :]e ! poet n>rates 9 8 own p]son4#aj ,! *oruses1 also1 are lyric4 ,o!rwise ,ari/otle does n discuss lyric poetry4 ,( ! o!r five k9ds1 nomic1 di?yrambic1 & satiric poetry are m5tion$ only z illu/rative ( some?+ ,ari/otle wi%es to say ab\t epic or drama4 ,ari/otle's ,poetics discusses only epic &1 especially1 drama4 ,?us ( ! tw5ty-six books into :i* ! ,poetics is conv5tionally divid$1 five are devot$ to ! g5]al !ory ( poetry1 ?ree to diction1 two to epic1 & sixte5 to drama4 ,al?\gh ,ari/otle includes di?yrambic1 nomic1 satiric1 & lyric poetry 9 8 discussion1 he practically ignores !m4 ,on ! o!r h& he specifically excludes f poetry su* sci5tific works z ^? ( ,emp$ocles & hi/orical writ+s z ^? ( ,h]odotus4#aa ,! rhetorical elem5t 9 ! spee*es ( ! *>act]s ( drama or epic1 ,ari/otle calls ,?\ght 774 ,al?\gh ,ari/otle includes ,?\ght z an elem5t 9 drama1 he does n discuss x 9 ! ,poetics1 b ref]s 8 read] to ! ,rhetoric4 ,metrics1 :i* occupies s l>ge a place 9 mod]n treatises on ! !ory ( poetry1 ,ari/otle likewise m5tions sev]al times1 b does n discuss4 ,a metrical /ructure he accepts z ! usual practice 9 poetical composition1 b he rejects v]se z ! di/+ui%+ m>k ( poetic4 ,?us he refuses to classify z poetry ! sci5tific writ+s :i* ,emp$ocles _h compos$ 9 met] z well z ! hi/ories ( ,h]odotus1 ev5 if he _h writt5 !m 9 v]se4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! mimes ( ,sophron & ,x5>*us1 al?\gh compos$ 9 prose1 he consid]s )9 ! scope ( poetic4#ab ,if to ,ari/otle1 !n1 v]se is n ! *>act]i/ic quality ( poetic1 ! next /ep 9 an inve/igation mu/ be to discov] ! crit]ion by :i* he classifies "s lit]ature z poetry & o!r z n poetry4 ,! *>act]i/ic quality1 accord+ to ,ari/otle1 :i* is possess$ by ! ,socratic dialogs1 by ! ,hom]ic epics1 & by ! dramas ( ,aes*ylus1 ,sophocles1 & ,euripides1 & :i* classifies !m toge!r z poetic1 is n v]se b mimesis1 imitation4#ac ,exactly :at ,ari/otle meant by imitation has furni%$ subsequ5t critics ) an excuse = writ+ _m volumes4 ,! usual mean+ ( ! ^w to ! ,greek1 z to ! mod]n1 seems to be little m ?an an ap+ or mimick+4 ,ari/otle himself uses imitate 9 ?is s5se :5 he speaks ( ! delight *ildr5 take 9 imitation4#ad ,b 9 e/abli%+ imitation z ! crit]ion ( poetic1 ,ari/otle seems to h inject$ some?+ ( a private1 or at lea/ a special sci5tific mean+ into ! ^w4 ,z ! *>act]i/ic quality ( poetic1 imitation to ,ari/otle evid5tly did n mean a lit]al copy4 ,plato _h attack$ poetry z unreal1 a ?rice-remov$ imitation ( ! only true reality4 ,to def5d poetic aga9/ ! /rictures ( 8 ma/] ,ari/otle reads m into ! ^w ?an t4 ,9 discov]+ :at ,ari/otle _h 9 m9d :5 he speaks ( imitation1 ! /ud5t mu/ read f "o treatise to ano!r1 = few writ]s ( any p]iod are s addict$ to ! habit ( cross-ref]5ce4 ,9 ! ,psy*ology ,ari/otle /ates t all /imuli receiv$ by ! s5ses at ! mom5t ( p]ception are impress$ ^u ! m9d z 9 wax4 ,! images held by ! image-=m+ faculty are ?us ! aft] effect ( s5sation4 ,^! images rema9 & may be recall$ by ! image-=m+ faculty4 ,f ?is /ore-h\se ( images1 or aft] effects ( s5sation1 ! reason+ faculty d]ives ! mat]ials = ?\ght z well z ^? = arti/ic expression4#ae ,imag9ation evid5tly has mu* to d ) ,ari/otle's conception ( ! nature ( poetic4 ,imitation1 !n1 to him1 meant a consci\s selection & pla/ic ma/]y ( ! s5se impressions /or$ z images by ! image-=m+ faculty ( ! au?or1 ^: writ+s are address$ to ! imag9ation ( ! read] or auditor4 ,fur!rmore1 ,but*]'s int]pretation ( imitation ( nature seems bo? s\nd & sugge/ive4 ,accord+ to him ! imitation ( nature is ! imitation ( nature's ways4 ,9 ?is s5se ! act ( ! poet may well be call$ creation4 ,z imitative arts ,ari/otle m5tions poetry1 danc+1 music1 & pa9t+4 ,!y diff]1 he says1 9 _! m$ium1 objects1 & mann]4 ,poetry1 danc+1 & music he classifies toge!r because !y use ! simil> m$ia ( rhy?m1 language1 or h>mony ei!r s+ly or comb9$4 ,music1 = in/ance1 uses bo? rhy?m & h>mony1 danc+ uses rhy?m alone1 & poetry uses language alone4 ,ari/otle by ?is does n1 z might seem1 exclude rhy?m & h>mony f poetry4 ,inde$1 he /ates explicitly t mo/ =ms ( poetry d use all ( ! m$ia m5tion$3 rhy?m1 tune1 & met]4 ,he is only insi/+ t imitation 9 unmetrical language is /ill poetry2 t met] is n ! *>act]i/ic elem5t ( poetic4#af ,x is important to recognize t 9 classify+ poetry ) music & danc+1 ,ari/otle is insi/+ t ! common elem5t 9 ^! arts is movem5t4 ,movem5t is *>act]i/ic ( poetry1 z color & =m are *>act]i/ic ( pa9t+ & sculpture4 ,?us 9 discuss+ ! plot ( trag$y1 :i* he holds to be ! highe/ & mo/ *>act]i/ic =m ( poetry1 ,ari/otle urges ! necessity ( unity & magnitude1 bo? ( :i* he def9es 9 t]ms n ( space relations1 b ( movem5t4 ,= in/ance1 to possess unity a plot mu/ h a beg9n+1 a middle & an end4 ,a beg9n+ is t :i* does n itself foll[ any?+ by causal necessity1 b aft] :i* some?+ naturally is or comes to be4 ,an end1 on ! contr>y1 is t :i* itself naturally foll[s "s o!r ?+1 ei!r by necessity1 or z a rule1 b has no?+ foll[+ x4 ,a middle is t :i* foll[s some?+ z "s o!r ?+ foll[s x4#ag ,fur!rmore1 ! magnitude :i* ?is dramatic movem5t %\ld possess is also discuss$ n 9 t]ms ( bulk1 b ( l5g?4 ,z1 !re=e1 9 ! case ( animate bodies & organisms1 a c]ta9 magnitude is necess>y1 & a magnitude :i* may be easily embrac$ 9 "o view2 s 9 ! plot1 a c]ta9 l5g? is necess>y1 & a l5g? :i* c easily be embrac$ by ! memory4#ah ,x is notewor?y t to ,ari/otle ! *>act]i/ic movem5t ( poetic dep5ds on ! dramatic unity & progression ( a dramatic action1 a plot4 ,9 ! ,rhetoric he %[s t ! arrangem5t ( ! movem5t ( a spee* is gov]n$ by entirely diff]5t consid]ations4 ,! unity ( rhetoric is n dramatic1 b logical4 ,! ord] ( ! p>ts ( a spee* is det]m9$ n by a plot1 b by ! ne$s ( pres5tation to an audi5ce4 ,= in/ance1 a /atem5t ( ! case is giv5 fir/1 & !n ! pro( is m>%all$4 ,! objects ( poetic imitation1 ,ari/otle says1 are "*1 emotion1 & de$1 i4e41 m5 9 action1#ai inanimate nature & ! life ( dumb animals be+ subord9ate to ^!4 ,! mann] ( imitat+1 if poetic1 ,ari/otle says is ei!r n>rative or dramatic4 ,"u ! n>rative mann] he includes lyric1 :]e ! speak] expresses himself 9 ! fir/ p]son1 & epic1 :]e ! speak] tells 8 /ory 9 ! ?ird p]son4 ,9 ! dramatic mann] he says t ! *>act]s are made to live & move be=e u4#bj ,answ]+ ,plato's *>ge t poetic is n real1 ,ari/otle erects ! di/9ction betwe5 ! real & ! actual1 claim+ a reality = poetic :i* is n ! actuality ( sci5ce or ( practical affairs4 ,x is ?us t he di/+ui%es ! poet f ! hi/orian3 al?\gh ! hi/orian also uses images1 he is re/rict$ to relat+ :at has happ5$--t is1 to fact2 :ile ! poet relates :at %\ld happ5--:at is possible accord+ to ! law ( probability or necessity4 ,in/ead ( rehe>s+ facts1 ! dramati/ or ! epic poet creates tru?4 ,we expect him to be true to life1 & t is :at is impli$ 9 ,ari/otle's imitation ( nature4#ba ,?is tru? to life controls1 accord+ to ,ari/otle1 bo? ! *>act]ization & ! action4 ,9 ! fir/ place ,poetry t5ds to express ! univ]sal--h[ a p]son ( a c]ta9 type w on occasion speak or act accord+ to ! law ( probability or necessity4#bb ,ari/otle goes s f> z to say t probability1 n actuality1 controls ! /ructure ( a n>rative or dramatic plot 9 t1 :at foll[s %\ld be ! necess>y or probable result ( ! prec$+ action1#bc ev5 to ! ext5t t ! poet %\ld pref] probable impossibilities to improbable possibilities1 = by a logical fallacy ev5 an irrational premise 9 an action may seem probable provid$ t ! conclusion is logical & made to seem real4#bd ,= in/ance1 ! irrational elem5ts 9 ! ,odyssey are pres5t$ to ! imag9ation ) su* vividness & coh]5ce t ! impossible becomes plausible2 ! fiction looks l tru?4#be ,su* a result occurs only :5 ! *>act]s & action are made real4 ,we believe t :i* we see1 ev5 ?\gh we "k 9 our he>ts t x is n s4 ,h[ important ,ari/otle feels x to be t ! spectator or read] %\ld see be=e him ! *>act]s & situations ( an epic or drama is ev9c$ by 8 sugge/ion to ! poet on ! process ( compos+4 ,! au?or1 he says1 %\ld visualize ! situations he is pres5t+1 work+ out ! appropriate ge/ures1 = he :o feels emotion is be/ at transmitt+ x to an audi5ce4#bf ,x is only :5 ! poet ?us completely realizes 8 *>act]s & situations t ! audi5ce c be induc$ to feel sympa!tically ! pity & fe> :i* produces ! ka?>sis1 s important a result ( successful trag$y4 ,if human be+s did n possess t t5d5cy to feel )9 !mselves ! emotions ( ! p on ! /age1 !y w\ld be unable to exp]i5ce vic>i\sly ! fe> animat+ ! tragic h]o4 ,?us trag$y1 :i* is ! type ( all poetic1 dep5ds vitally1 accord+ to ,ari/otle1 on imag9ative realization4 #b4 ,long9us ,ari/otle's !ory ( poetry1 :i* influ5c$ s pr(\ndly ! criticism ( ! r5aissance1 0 n foll[$ by o!r classical treatises ( ! same scope4 ,9 fact1 v little ,greek or ,roman lit]>y criticism is conc]n$ ) poetical !ory z comp>$ ) ! ke5 int]e/ ( _m critics 9 oratory4 ,p]haps ! mo/ significant & valuable critical treatise aft] ,ari/otle is t gold5 pamphlet ,on ! ,sublime errone\sly ascrib$ to ,long9us1 :i*1 anonym\s & mutilat$ z x is1 /ill holds our att5tion by its s9c]ity1 insight1 & en?usia/ic love = great poetry4 ,h[ev] important its contribution to classical !ory ( poetry1 ! treatise is n specifically on poetic4 ,9 fact1 x sets out z if to treat rhetoric1 & actually treats bo?2 = x is ma9ly a treatise on /yle1 :i* z ,ari/otle says 9 ! ,poetics#bg is 9 ess5ce ! same bo? 9 prose & v]se4 ,nev]!less x does di/+ui% betwe5 rhetoric & poetic & does contribute to ! !ory ( poetry4#bh ,sublimitas1 mislead+ly translat$ sublimity1 ! au?or def9es z elevation & greatness ( /yle4 ,x spr+s f ! faculty ( grasp+ great conceptions & f passion1 bo? gifts ( nature4 ,x is assi/$ by art ?r\gh ! appropriate use ( figures1 noble diction1 & dignifi$ & spirit$ composition ( ! words into s5t5ces4 ,x is ! insi/5ce on passion1 emotion1 :i* makes ! treatise ,on ! ,sublime /& out above o!r classical treatises on writ+4 ,bo? poets & orators atta9 ! sublime1 says ! au?or1 b passion is m *>act]i/ic ( ! poets4#bi ,passion moves ! poet to int5sity1 :i* is atta9$ by selection ( ^? s5sory images :i* are significant4 ,?us ! treatise praises ! ode by ,sappho :i* x quotes1 because ! poet has tak5 ! emotions incid5t to ! fr5zy ( love f ! att5dant symptoms1 f actuality1 & fir/ select$ & !n closely comb9$ ^? :i* 7 conspicu\s & int5se4#cj ,?is int5sity :i* is *>act]i/ic ( ! poet he contra/s ) ! amplification ( ! orators1 :i* /r5g!ns ! fabric ( an argum5t by insi/5ce & is especially appropriate 9 p]orations & digressions1 & 9 all passages writt5 = ! /yle & = display1 9 writ+s ( hi/orical & sci5tific nature4 ,yet ,demo/h5es :5 mov$ by passion atta9s ! sublimity ( int5sity & /rikes l lightn+4#ca ,bo? 9 oratory & 9 poetry sublimity is atta9$ by image-mak+1 z :5 mov$ by en?usiasm & passion1 y seem to see ! ?+s ( :i* y speak1 & place !m "u ! eyes ( y\r he>]s4#cb ,x w\ld be difficult to phrase bett] ! conditions ( imag9ative realization4 ,b ! au?or felt truly t ?is realization 0 diff]5t 9 poetry f :at x 0 9 rhetoric4 ,9 comm5t+ on a quotation f ! ,ore/es1 ( ,euripides1 he says3 ,!re ! poet saw ! ,furies ) 8 own eyes1 & :at 8 imag9ation pres5t$ he almo/ compell$ 8 he>]s to behold4 ,& aft] an imag9ative passage f ! lo/ ,phae?on1 ( ! same au?or1 he says3 ,w\ld y n say t ! s\l ( ! writ] treads ! c> ) ! driv]1 & %>es ! p]il1 & we>s w+s z ! horses d8 ,f ?is ! rhetorical imag9ation diff]s 9 t x is at its be/ :5 x has fact = its object4#cc ,long9us w\ld seem to say t ! realization ( poetic is untrammel$ by fact1 :ile ! imag9ation ( ! orator is b\nd by ! actual2 x is always practical4 ,because ! imag9ative realization ( poetry is *>act]iz$ by passion1 int5sity1 & imm$iacy1 ! au?or ( ! treatise feels ) ,ari/otle t ! dramatic is ! mo/ *>act]i/ically poetic4 ,on ?is basis he judges ! ,odyssey to be less great ?an ! ,iliad4 ,x is n>rative in/ead ( dramatic2 fable prevails ov] action2 passion has deg5]at$ into "*-draw+4 ,?is gr\p+ ( drama1 action1 & passion z ! qualities ( great poetry is significant4 ,bald n>rative c nev] realize "* or situation z c ! dramatic =m1 ei!r 9 n>rative or = ! /age1 :5 ! :ole action takes place be=e ! m9d's eye in/ead ( be+ told4 ,! treatise makes ?is po9t exce$+ly cle> by two quotations :i* be> repeat+4 ,! au?or ( ! ,arimaspeia ?9ks ^! l9es t]rible3 ,"h too1 is mighty m>vel = our ?\ght3 ',mid seas m5 dwell1 on wat]1 f> f l&3 ,wret*es !y are1 = sorry toil is !irs2 ,eyes on ! />s1 he>t on ! deep !y fix2 ,(t to ! gods1 ,i we51 _! h&s are rais$2 ,_! inw>d p>ts 9 evil case upheav$4 ,anyone1 ,i ?9k1 w see t !re is m embroid]y ?an t]ror 9 x all4 ,n[ = ,hom]3 ,z :5 a wave by ! wild w9d's blore ,d[n f ! cl\ds ^u a %ip do? light1 ,& ! :ole hulk ) scatt]+ foam is :ite1 ,& ?r\gh ! sails all tatt]$ & =lorn ,ro>s ! fell bla/3 ! seam5 ) affright ,%ake1 & f dea? a h&-bread? !y are borne4#cd ,! fir/ quot$ passage is inde$ n only embroid]y1 b m]e talk ab\t %ipwrecks1 & ! t]rors ( ! deep4 ,hom] realizes ! situation by s5sory images2 he makes ! read] see ! :ite foam1 & he> ! w9d h[l ?r\gh ! torn sails1 yes1 & %ake ) ! fright5$ sailors4 #c4 ,plut>* ,b judgm5ts l ^? ( ! appreciative & disc]n+ au?or ( ! treatise ,on ! ,sublime are r>e4 ,plut>* 9 8 essay ,on ! ,read+ ( ,poets1 is mu* m repres5tative ( late ,greek criticism4 ,?is essay is n a treatise on ! !ory ( poetry1 b a ?\ghtful discussion ( ! place ( poetry 9 ! education ( "y m54 ,consequ5tly ! great] "p ( ! essay is devot$ to ! moral purpose ( poetry1 & z su* w be treat$ 9 ! second section ( ?is /udy4 ,two po9ts1 h[ev]1 are ( importance to treat "h3 8 !ory ( poetical imitation1 & 8 comp>ison ( poetry ) pa9t+4 ,! imitation ( ,plut>* 0 f> n>r[] ?an t ( ,ari/otle4 ,to ,plut>*1 imitation meant a naturali/ic copy ( ?+s z !y are4 ,:ile poetry is bas$ on imitations 444 x does n resign ! lik5ess ( ! tru?1 s9ce ! *>m ( imitation is probability4#ce ,z a result ( 8 naturalism1 ,plut>* admitt$ z appropriate poetical mat]ial immorality & obsc5ity z well z virtue1 because ^! ?+s are 9 life4 ,if ! copy is good1 ! poem is arti/ic & praisewor?y1 j z a pa9t+ ( a v5om\s spid]1 if a fai?ful repres5tation ( its loa?some subject1 is prais$ = its art4 ,p]haps x 0 ,plut>*'s naturali/ic !ory ( imitation 9 poetry :i* l$ him to comp>e poetry ) pa9t+4 ,?is he does 9 :at he says 0 a common phrase t poetry is vocal pa9t+1 & pa9t+1 sil5t poetry4#cf ,! false analogy1 ut pictura poesis1 e/abli%+1 z x does1 a sanction 9 criticism = ! /atic 9 drama1 fl\ri%$ until ,less+ expos$ x 9 8 ,laocoon4 ,ari/otle at ! beg9n+ _h made cle> t ! ess5tial elem5t 9 drama is movem5t1 a movem5t :i* c\ld h a beg9n+1 a middle1 & an end4 #d4 ,horace ,! rema9s ( ,roman lit]>y criticism are n s philosophical z are ! ,greek4 ,! treatise ( ,horace is n 9 ,ari/otle's s5se a poetic2 x is an ars poetica4 ,ars1 to ! ,roman1 meant a body ( rules :i* a practition] w\ld f9d useful z a guide 9 compos+4 ,z a practition] himself1 ,horace is m int]e/$ 9 ! craft ( poetry ?an 9 its philosophy or !ory4 ,he writes z a poet to "y m5 :o desire to become poets4 ,! ess5ce ( poetry he ignores or takes = grant$4 ,he says1 9 effect1 ,"h are "s practical sugge/ions :i* ,i h f\nd ( assi/ance4 ,9 /ructure1 also1 ! ars poetica is n a critical analysis1 b a text-book4 ,! fir/ n9ety-eight l9es cov] ! fundam5tal consid]ations :i* ! poet mu/ h 9 m9d be=e he />ts to compose4 ,he %\ld *oose a subject he c h&le2 he %\ld plan x s t x be unifi$ & coh]5t1 & h ea* elem5t 9 ! "r place2 he %\ld *oose words 9 good use1 & write 9 an appropriate met]4 ,! subject ( ! second section is ! ,roman !atre4 ,f l9e #ii to l9e #bhh1 ,horace devotes 8 att5tion to ! rules gov]n+ ! writ+ ( trag$y4 ,?is is significant1 aga91 ( ! classical op9ion t ! mo/ important poetical =m is drama4 ,:atev] diff]5ces !re are betwe5 ! views ( ,ari/otle1 ,long9us1 & ,horace1 !y all agree 9 t4 ,9 8 treatm5t ( *>act]s & plot1 h[ev]1 ,horace places 8 emphasis on "*1 :ile ,ari/otle _h emphasiz$ plot4 ,( plot ,horace says little1 only sugge/+ t ! poet %\ld n beg9 ab ovo b plunge at once into ! mid/ ( ! action4 ,conc]n+ "* he says mu*4 ,! language %\ld be appropriate to ! emotions suppos$ to be animat+ ! "* :o is speak+4 ,no p]son 9 ! play %\ld be made to d or say any?+ out ( "*4 ,by ! laws ( decorum1 = in/ance1 old m5 %\ld be qu]ul\s & "y boys giv5 to sudd5 ang]4 ,! *orus1 also1 mu/ be an actor & c>ry along ! action ( ! play in/ead ( int]rupt+ ! play to s+4 ,horace fur!r w>ns 8 pupils to re/rict ! numb] ( acts to ! conv5tional five1 & ! numb] ( *>act]s to ! conv5tional ?ree4 ,z an episode pres5t$ on ! /age is m vivid ?an if x 7 n>rat$ z hav+ tak5 place (f /age1 horrors & murd]s %\ld be kept (f le/ !y (f5d4 ,! ?ird section ( ! book is ma9ly conc]n$ ) revision4 ,?is is good p$agogy1 = advice z to h[ to improve s5t5ces or v]ses is appropriate only aft] ! s5t5ces h be5 plann$ & writt54 ,besides urg+ ! "y poet to revise & correct 8 manuscript c>efully1 to put x aside n9e ye>s1 & to seek ! criticism ( a s9c]e fri5d1 ,horace consid]s ! value ( ! f9i%$ product4 ,a poem w please m p if x comb9es ! pleasant ) ! pr(itable4 ,if a poem is n really good1 x is bad4 ,if ! "y poet f9ds t 8 "w is n ( high excell5ce1 he w\ld d bett] n to publi% x4 ,a poem is l a picture1 ,horace says1 9 t "s poems appe> to bett] advantage close up1 & o!rs at a di/ance4 ,x is notewor?y t 9 8 ut pictura poesis ,horace is n press+ ! analogy betwe5 ! arts z did subsequ5t critics :o quot$ 8 phrase incompletely4 ,( ! f\r classical discussions ( ! !ory ( poetry :i* are "h treat$1 t ( ,horace 0 be/ kn[n ?r\gh\t ! middle ages & ! e>ly r5aissance4 ,j :at ! influ5ce ( ! ,ars poetica 0 & :y x 0 s great a favorite w be discuss$ 9 subsequ5t *apt]s4 ,*apt] ,,iii ,classical ,rhetoric #a4 ,def9itions ,! importance ( rhetoric 9 anci5t education & public life is reflect$ 9 ! weal? ( rhetorical treatises compos$ by classical orators & tea*]s ( oratory4 ,an und]/&+ ( classical rhetoric c be ga9$ only by a /udy ( its purpose1 subject-matt]1 & cont5t4 ,! ,rhetoric ( ,ari/otle has sometimes be5 call$ ! fir/ rhetoric4 ,9 two s5ses ?is is n true4 ,ari/otle's contribution to rhetorical !ory is n a text-book1 b a philosophical treatise1 a "p ( 8 :ole philosophical sy/em4 ,9 ! second place1 ev5 9 8 day !re 7 _m text-books ( rhetoric ) :i* ,ari/otle f9ds fault = _! incomplete & unphilosophical treatm5t4 ,if ! ,rhetoric ad ,alex&rum1 at "o "t falsely attribut$ to ,ari/otle & incorporat$ 9 e>ly editions ( 8 works1 is typical ( ! e>lie/ ,greek text-books1 ! failure ( ! o!rs to survive is =tunate4 ,ari/otle's rhetorical !ories sup]s$$ ^? ( ! e>ly text-books1 & ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( 8 ,rhetoric & ! tea*+ ( 8 pupil ,!ophra/us set _! seal on subsequ5t rhetorical !ory4 ,9 practice z di/9ct f !ory1 ,isocrates probably _h an influ5ce m direct & int5se1 b brief]4 ,def9itions ,rhetoric1 says ,ari/otle1 may be def9$ z a faculty ( discov]+ all ! possible means ( p]suasion 9 any subject4#cg ,he comp>es rhetoric ) m$ic9e2 = ! purpose ( m$ic9e1 he believes1 is n to re/ore a p]son to p]fect heal? b only to br+ him to z high a po9t ( heal? z possible4#ch ,nei!r m$ic9e nor rhetoric c promise a*ievem5t1 = 9 ei!r case !re is always some?+ incalculable4 ,al?\gh ,ari/otle1 ) philosophical caution1 0 c>eful to /ate t ! function ( rhetoric is n to p]suade b to discov] ! available means ( p]suasion1#ci 8 successors 7 m direct1 if less accurate4 ,h]magoras affirms t ! purpose ( rhetoric is p]suasion1#dj & ,dionysius ( ,halic>nassus def9es rhetoric z ! arti/ic ma/]y ( p]suasive spee* 9 communal affairs4#da ,b ! anonym\s au?or ( ! ,lat9 rhetorical treatise address$ to ,c4 ,h]5nius1 long believ$ to be ! "w ( ,cic]o1 qualifies ?is by def9+ ! purpose ( rhetoric z s to speak z to ga9 ! ass5t ( ! audi5ce z f> z possible4#db ,& ! sum ( ,cic]o's op9ion is t ! (fice ( ! orator is to speak 9 a way adapt$ to w9 ! ass5t ( 8 audi5ce4#dc ,9 8 def9ition ( rhetoric ,qu9tilian makes a dep>ture f ! habits ( 8 pr$ecessors by def9+ rhetoric z ! ars b5e dic5di1 or good public spee*4#dd ,"h ! b5e implies n only effectiv5ess1 b moral wor?2 = 9 ,qu9tilian's conception ! orator is a good man skill$ 9 public spee*1 & !re are times :51 z 9 ! case ( ,socrates1 :o refus$ to def5d himself1 to p]suade w\ld be di%onorable4#de ,qu9tilian's precepts1 h[ev]1 are m 9 l9e ) ,ari/otle ?an 8 def9ition4 ,he busies himself ?r\gh\t twelve books 9 tea*+ 8 /ud5ts h[ to use all possible means to p]suasion4 ,! cons5sus ( classical op9ion1 !n1 agrees t ! purpose ( rhetoric is p]suasive public speak+4 #b4 ,subject ,matt] ,if !n ! purpose ( classical rhetoric 0 to come z ne> p]suasion z x c\ld1 :at 0 its subject matt]8 ,ari/otle1 foll[+ ,plato1#df says 9 8 def9ition any subject1 = any subject c be made p]suasive4 ,b ?is 0 too philosophical = 8 contempor>ies & successors1 :o saw 9 _! own environm5t t 9 practice rhetoric 0 almo/ entirely conc]n$ ) p]suad+ a jury t c]ta9 ?+s 7 or 7 n s1 or p]suad+ a delib]ative assembly t ?is or t %\ld or %\ld n be done4 ,consequ5tly ,h]magoras def9es ! subject matt] ( rhetoric z public que/ions1 ,dionysius ( ,halic>nassus1 z communal affairs1 & ! ,ad ,h]5nium z :atev] 9 cu/oms or laws is to ! public b5efit4#dg ,! same influ5ce caus$ ,cic]o 9 8 y\?ful ,de inv5tione to classify rhetoric z "p ( political sci5ce1#dh & 9 ! ,de oratore to make ,antonius re/rict rhetoric to public & communal affairs1#di al?\gh 9 ano!r section he returns to ,ari/otle's any subject z ! mat]ial ( rhetoric#ej z does ,qu9tilian lat]4#ea ,al?\gh ,ari/otle did /ate 9 8 def9ition t any subject 0 ! mat]ial ( rhetoric1 9 8 classification ( ! v>ieties ( spee*es he practically re/ricts rhetoric z did ,h]magoras1 ,dionysius1 & ! ,ad ,h]5nium2 = "h he f9ds b ?ree k9ds ( oratory3 ! delib]ative1 ! =5sic1 & ! occasional1 4 ,=5sic oratory he def9es z t ( ! law c\rt2 delib]ative1 ( ! s5ate or public assembly2 & occasional1 ( eulogy & congratulation4 ,p]haps ! mo/ illu/rative mod]n examples ( ! ?ird w\ld be ,f\r?-(-,july addresses1 fun]al s]mons1 & appreciative articles or lectures4 ,ari/otle sugge/s t exagg]ation is mo/ appropriate to ! /yle ( occasional oratory2 = z ! facts are tak5 = grant$1 x rema9s only to inve/ !m ) gr&eur & dignity4#eb ,occasional oratory seems to h giv5 no little conc]n to ! classical rhetoricians4 ,s9ce x exi/$ to adorn an occasion1 x _h to be consid]$2 b unlike ! oratory ( ! =um or ( ! c\ncil *amb] x 0 n prim>ily practical4 ,qu9tilian comm5ts on ?is2 = x seems to aim almo/ exclusively at gratify+ its he>]s1#ec 9 ?is respect resembl+ poetry1 :i* to ,qu9tilian1 seems to h no visible aim b pleasure4#ed ,occasional spee*es reli$ mu* m on /yle ?an did ^? ( ! law c\rt & s5ate1 ?us m]it+ ,ari/otle's adjective lit]>y1 t is writt5 to be read in/ead ( spok5 to be he>d4#ee ,cic]o1 l ,qu9tilian1 consid]s ^! less practical1 z remote f ! conflict ( ! =um1 writt5 to be read1 to be look$ at1 z x 71 l a picture1 = ! sake ( giv+ pleasure4 ,consequ5tly he decl9es to classify ?is =m ( oratory sep>ately1 r$uc+ ,ari/otle's ?ree k9ds ( oratory to two4 ,x is valuable1 to 8 m9d1 z ! wet-nurse ( ! "y orator1 :o enl>ges 8 vocabul>y & le>ns composition f its practice4#ef ,ari/otle includes x 9 rhetoric2 = 9 its field ( eulogy1 panegyric1 felicitation1 & congratulation1 x too uses ! available means ( p]suasion to prove "s p]son or ?+ praisewor?y or ! rev]se4#eg #c4 ,cont5t ( ,classical ,rhetoric ,classical rhetoricians commonly divid$ _! subject into five p>ts4 ,?is analysis ( rhetoric into inv5tio1 dispositio1 elocutio1 memoria1 & pronuntiatio is to all int5ts & purposes univ]sal 9 classical rhetoric & mu/ be und]/ood to give "o a valid idea ( its cont5t4#eh ,inv5tio1 s (t5 lazily mi/ranslat$ z inv5tion1 is ! art ( explor+ ! mat]ial to discov] all ! argum5ts :i* may be br\ght to be> 9 support ( a proposition & 9 refutation ( ! oppos+ argum5ts4 ,x includes ! /udy ( argum5ts & fallacies2 & is t "p ( rhetoric :i* is close/ neighbor to logic4 ,! k9ds ( argum5t treat$ 9 ! classical rhetoric 7 two3 ! en?ymeme1 or rhetorical syllogism2 & ! rhetorical induction or example4 ,9 ! practice ( rhetoric inv5tio 0 ?us ! solide/ & mo/ important elem5t4 ,x includ$ all ( :at to-day we might call work+ up ! case4 ,dispositio is ! art ( arrang+ ! mat]ial ga!r$ = pres5tation to an audi5ce4 ,ari/otle insi/s t ! ess5tial p>ts ( a spee* are b two3 ! /atem5t & ! pro(4 ,at mo/ x may h f\r3 ! ex ordium1 or introduction2 ! n>ratio1 or /atem5t ( facts2 ! confirmatio1 or pro( prop]1 bo? direct & refutative2 & ! p]oratio1 or conclusion4#ei ,?is is ! *>act]i/ic movem5t ( rhetoric1 :i*1 z is readily se51 is q diff]5t f ! plot movem5t ( poetic4#fj ,! p>ts are capable ( fur!r analysis4 ,consequ5tly mo/ writ]s ( ! classical p]iod subdivide ! pro( prop] into probatio1 or affirmative pro(1 & refutatio1 or refutation4#fa ,& ! ,ad ,h]5nium adds a divisio1 :i* def9es ! issues1 betwe5 ! /atem5t ( facts & ! pro(4#fb ,cassiodorus divides ! spee* into six p>ts#fc & s does ,m>tianus ,capella4#fd ,?omas ,wilson 7#aeec7 (f]s sev54#fe ,! ?ird "p ( rhetoric is elocutio1 or /yle1 ! *oice & arrangem5t ( words 9 a s5t5ce4 ,qu9tilian's treatm5t ( /yle is typical4 ,words %\ld be *os5 :i* are 9 good use1 cle>1 elegant1 & appropriate4 ,! s5t5ces %\ld be grammatically correct1 arti/ically arrang$1 & adorn$ ) su* figures z anti!sis1 irony1 & metaphor4#ff ,correctness is usually presuppos$ by ! rhetoricians4 ,to ! s\nd ( s5t5ces all classical treatises give an att5tion t seems amaz+ if we =get t 9 ,greece & ,rome all lit]ature 0 spok5 or read al\d4 ,! s5t5ce or p]iod 0 consid]$ m rhy?mically ?an logically1 & subdivid$ 9 spee* into rhy?mical p>ts call$ commas & cola4 ,! end ( ! s5t5ce 0 to be m>k$ n by a pr9t]'s sign1 b by ! fall+ cad5ce ( ! rhy?m itself4 ,fur!rmore1 great c>e %\ld be tak5 to avoid hiatus betwe5 words1 z :5 ! fir/ ^w ends & ! ^w foll[+ beg9s ) a v[el4 ,b ! glory ( /yle to ! classical rhetorician lay 9 its use ( figures4 ,"h rhetoric v9dicat$ its practicality by a preoccupation ) ! impractical2 & "h1 z 9 analysis1 rhetoric bore ! se$s ( its own decay4 ,al?\gh ,ari/otle devot$ relatively little space to ! rhetorical figures1 lat] treatises emphasiz$ !m m & m until 9 po/-classical & 9 m$iaeval rhetoric little else is discuss$4 ,! figures ( c\rse _h to be classifi$4 ,fir/ !re 7 ! figurae v]borum1 or figures ( language1 :i* s\ght agreeable s\nds alone or 9 comb9ation1 su* z anti!ses1 rhymes1 & assonances4 ,!n ! figurae s5t5ti>um1 or figures ( ?\ght1 su* z rhetorical que/ions1 h9ts1 & exclamations4#fg ,qu9tilian classifies z tropes words or phrases conv]t$ f _! prop] signification to ano!r4 ,among ^! are metaphor1 irony1 & allegory4 ,9 our day we consid] z figures ( spee* only ! classical tropes1 & inde$ ,ari/otle pays little att5tion to ! o!rs4 ,he says t 9 prose "o %\ld use only lit]al names ( ?+s1 & metaphors1 or tropes#fh--:i* !re=e are n lit]al names b sub/itut$ names4 ,= in/ance 9 ?is metaphor1 :i* ,ari/otle quotes f ,hom]1 ,! arr[ flew1#fi flew is n ! lit]al ^w to express ! idea4 ,only birds fly1 rem9ds ! practical p]son4 ,max ,ea/man has p]t95tly call$ att5tion to ! fact t x is only to rhetoric1 :i* is a practical activity1 t ^! figures are indirect expressions1 or sub/itut$ names4 ,apo/rophe is n a turn+ away 9 poetic1 because 9 poetic !re is no argum5t to turn away f4 ,r 9 poetic x is a turn+ t[>d ! ess5tial images ( realization1 z metaphor 9 poetic is direct1 n indirect1 because 9 poetic a ^w t sugge/s ! sali5t p>ts or qualities ( ?+s w always /& out ov] ! g5]al names ( ?+s4#gj ,! la/ two p>ts ( rhetoric1 memoria & pronuntiatio1 are really n p]man5t p>ts ( rhetoric1 b only ( ! rhetoric ( spok5 address4 ,memoria1 ! art ( memory1 did n mean to ! ,greeks & ,romans ! art ( le>n+ by he>t a writt5 spee*1 b r ! art ( keep+ ready = use a fund ( argum5tative mat]ial1 toge!r ) ! features ( ! case :i* ! speak] might be plead+4 ,! discussion ( x 9 ! treatises is usually an exposition ( ! mnemonic sy/em ( visual association1 ! discov]y ( :i* is ascrib$ to ,simonides4 ,cic]o delib]ately leaves a discussion ( memoria out ( 8 ,orator1 because z he says1 x is common to _m arts2#ga & ! ,dut* s*ol> ,vossius 9 ! r5aissance d5i$ t x 0 a "p ( rhetoric4#gb ,pronuntiatio1 or deliv]y1 has also be5 f\nd h>dly an integral "p ( rhetoric4 ,x is conc]n$ ) ! use bo? ( ! voice & ( ge/ure4 ,qu9tilian1 = in/ance1 records ! effectiv5ess ( cl++ to ! judge's knees1 or ( br++ into ! c\rt room ! weep+ *ild ( ! accus$4#gc ,ari/otle discusses only ! use ( ! voice4#gd ,?us classical rhetoric 0 almo/ exclusively re/rict$ to ! practical oratory ( p]suasion4 ,9 ! republics ( ,greece & ,rome a ma/]y ( rhetoric gave its possessor political p[]2 = by p]suasive public spee* a public man c\ld ga9 a foll[+ by def5d+ 8 cli5ts 9 ! law c\rts1 & influ5ce ! de/9ies ( ! /ate by 8 delib]ations 9 ! legislative assembly4 ,z long z ^! republican in/itutions prevail$1 ! !ory & practice ( rhetoric cont9u$ to be s\nd & practical4 #d4 ,rhetoric z ,"p ( ,poetic ,implicit 9 ,ari/otle & ?r\gh\t classical lit]>y criticism !re is a cle>-cut di/9ction betwe5 poetic & rhetoric4 ,aside f ! metrical =m ( poetic1 accept$ by all b ,ari/otle z a di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic1 & ! non-metrical =m ( rhetoric1 ! ess5tially practical nature ( rhetoric m>k$ x (f to ! ,greeks & ,romans z some?+ q diff]5t f poetic & inf9itely m important 9 education & public life4 ,b h[ev] cle>-cut ?is di/9ction may be 9 pr9ciple1 9 practical application !re is r>ely to be f\nd su* ideal isolation4 ,ari/otle1 = in/ance1 c>ries rhetoric bodily ov] into poetic by includ+ ,?\ght1 1 z ! ?ird 9 importance ( ! con/itu5t elem5ts ( trag$y4#ge ,?is ,?\ght is ! intellectual elem5t 9 conduct1 & 9 drama is embodi$ n 9 action1 b 9 spee*4#gf ,ari/otle says1 ,x is ! faculty ( say+ :at is possible & p]t95t 9 giv5 circum/ances4 ,9 ! case ( oratory1 ?is is ! function ( ! political art & ( ! art ( rhetoric4 ,conc]n+ ?\ght1 we may assume :at is said 9 ! ,rhetoric1 to :i* inquiry ! subject m prop]ly belongs4 ,"u ?\ght is includ$ e effect :i* has to be produc$ by spee*1 ! subdivisions be+--pro( & refutation2 ! excitation ( ! feel+s1 su* z pity1 fe>1 ang] & ! l2 ! sugge/ion ( importance or its opposite4#gg ,?is is a transf] ( ! cont5t ( rhetoric to poetic1 b poetic rema9s an art ( imitation4 ,imag9ative realization ( ! life ( man w\ld be incomplete if ! *>act]s 9 a n>rative or 9 a drama did n use ! same rhetorical art z d ! *>act]s ( actual life4 ,! poets ju/ly c>ry ov] rhetoric :5 ! sc5e dem&s x1 & h (t5 prov$ !mselves excell5t rhetoricians4 ,qu9tilian praises ! p]oration ( ,priam's spee* begg+ ,a*illes = ! body ( ,hector1#gh & ,cic]o gives a rhetorical analysis ( ! spee* ( ! old man 9 ! ,&ria ( ,t]5ce1 :]e ! arrangem5t is especially appropriate to ! "* ( ! speak]4#gi ,nord51 !re=e1 seems to g too f> 9 giv+ ?is z an example ( contam9ation ( poetic by rhetoric4#hj ,dante rema9s an excell5t poet :5 he puts into ! m\? ( ,virgil t p]suasive spee* to ,cato 9 ! fir/ canto ( ! ,purgatorio4 ,antony's spee* 9 ,julius ,caes> is ! be/ kn[n mod]n example ( ! legitimate place ( rhetoric 9 poetic4 #e4 ,poetic z ,"p ( ,rhetoric ,j z rhetoric is ju/ly c>ri$ ov] into poetic :5 9 ! realization ( a "* or situation a spee* mu/ be made or conduct rationaliz$1 s poetic is con/antly utiliz$ by ! orator4 ,public spee* w\ld be less p]suasive if ! *>act]i/ic imag9ative qualities ( poetic 7 exclud$4 ,! ideas & propositions ( rhetoric w\ld mo/ ineffectually rea* an audi5ce if !y 7 n made vivid4 ,t rhetoric is n ?us made synonym\s ) poetic is due to ! fact t 9 rhetoric ! images exi/ to illum9ate ! concept1 :ile 9 poetic !y are wov5 into ! movem5t ( ! plot4 ,oratory1 l poetry1 is emotional1 z ,long9us ass]ts4#ha ,cic]o phrases ! aim ( ! orator z doc]e1 delect>e1 et mov]e1 to prove1 to delight1 to move emotionally4#hb ,! vividness & emotion1 z well z ! *>m1 ( poetic are indisp5sable 9 atta9+ ! ultimate aim ( rhetoric-- p]suasion4 ,! orator mu/ be himself mov$1 accord+ to ,qu9tilian1#hc j z ! poet1 accord+ to ,ari/otle4#hd ,t ess5tial quality1 inde$1 ( poetic1 ! realization ( "* & situation :i* pres5ts vividly a situation or ev5t to ! m9d's eye ( ! read] or he>] s t he seems to p>ticipate 9 ! action & vic>i\sly live ?r\gh x1 0 incorporat$ into rhetoric z 1 a figure ( spee*4 ,!re petrifi$ 9 an ali5 sub/ance1 ?is *>act]i/ic quality ( poetic 0 transmitt$ to ano!r age :i* knew ( x ?r\gh no o!r s\rce4#he ,?us a successful orator n>rat$ ) descriptive vividness ! circum/ances1 = in/ance1 ( a cruel murd]1 & ev5 dramatiz$1 speak+ n[ 9 ! p]son ( "o actor1 n[ ( ano!r1 ! situation :i* he 0 endeavor+ to realize = 8 audi5ce4 ,he 0 ?us enabl$ bett] to c>ry 8 audi5ce ) him to 8 ultimate goal ( p]suasion4 ,b ?\gh rhetoric might = ! mom5t ?us borr[ poetic1 & ?\gh poetic might borr[ rhetoric1 ! two rema9$ di/9ct 9 ! l>ge1 ea* conceiv$ z hav+ its own movem5t1 its composition1 di/9ct f t ( ! o!r4 ,*apt] ,,iv ,classical ,bl5d+ ( ,rhetoric & ,poetic #a4 ,! ,contact ( ,rhetoric & ,poetic 9 ,/yle ,! co9cid5ce ( rhetoric & poetic is 9 /yle4 ,!y diff] typically 9 movem5t or composition2 !y h a common gr\nd 9 diction4 ,& 9 ?is common gr\nd ea* influ5c$ ! o!r f ! beg9n+ ( record$ criticism4 ,ari/otle says1 = example1 t ! ornate /yle ( ! sophi/s1 su* z ,gorgias1 has its orig9 9 ! poets1#hf :ile ! mod]n /ud5t1 ,nord51 ass]ts t ! poets le>n$ f ! sophi/s4#hg ,! evid5ce at lea/ po9ts to a v m>k$ simil>ity betwe5 ! /yles ( ! sophi/s & ( ! poets 9 ! f\r? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,?is is well illu/rat$ by ! lit]>y controv]sy betwe5 ,isocrates & ,alcidamas1 bo? sophi/s & bo? /ud5ts ( ! fam\s ,gorgias4 ,alcidamas reproa*es ,isocrates because 8 disc\rses1 s elaborately work$ out ) poli%$ diction1 are m ak9 to poetry ?an to prose4 ,isocrates *e]fully admits ! accusation1 & prides himself on ! fact1 affirm+ t 8 li/5]s take z mu* pleasure 9 8 disc\rses z 9 poems4#hh ,t !re are *>act]i/ic diff]5ces 9 /yle betwe5 rhetoric & poetic ,ari/otle ju/ly %[s :5 he ass]ts t :ile metaphor is common to bo?1 x is m ess5tial to poetic4 ,consequ5tly 9 ! ,rhetoric he ref]s to ! ,poetics = a full] discussion ( metaphor4#hi ,at ! same "t he says t metaphor des]ves great att5tion 9 prose because prose lacks o!r poetical adornm5t4 ,fur!rmore1 epi!ts & comp\nd words are appropriate to v]se b n to prose4 ,& ?\gh bo? v]se & oratorical prose %\ld be rhy?mical1 a set rhy?m1 a met]1 is appropriate only to v]se4#ij ,a di/9ction betwe5 ! /yle ( poetic & ( rhetoric simil> to t ( ,ari/otle is ma9ta9$ by ,cic]o1 b ! di/9ction 0 los+ its %>pness4 ,9 ! ,orator he consid]s ! orator & ! poet z simil> 9 /yle1 b n id5tical4 ,=m]ly rhy?m & met] 7 ! di/+ui%+ m>ks ( ! poet1 b ! orators 9 8 days1 he says1 made increas+ use ( rhy?m4 ,met] is a vice 9 an orator & %\ld be %unn$4 ,! poet has great] lic5se 9 comp\nd+ & inv5t+ words4 ,bo? prose & v]se1 he adds1 may be *>act]iz$ by brilliant imag]y & headlong sweep4#ia ,! only ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ,cic]o's treatm5t ( /yle & t ( ,ari/otle is t :]eas ,ari/otle _h %[n imag]y to be an integral "p ( poetic1 ,cic]o felt x bo? 9 poetic & 9 rhetoric to be sup]add$ z a decoration4 ,:e!r or n ?is diff]5ce 0 caus$ by lack ( discrim9ation on ! "p ( ,cic]o1 8 position 0 at lea/ 9 l9e ) a t5d5cy :i* 9 lat] criticism receiv$ increas+ developm5t4 ,bo? ! poet & ! orator1 he says1 use ! same me?ods ( ornam5t1#ib & ! orator uses almo/ ! language ( poetry4#ic ,& aga91 9 a phrase :i* 0 tak5 up & repeat$ = fifte5 hundr$ ye>s1 ! poets are ne>e/ k9 to ! orators4#id #b4 ,! ,florid ,/yle 9 ,rhetoric & 9 ,poetic ,b ! public int]e/ 9 /yle 0 increas+ly comp>able to t 9 a?letic agility4 ,z ,socrates applaud$ ! danc+ girl :o leap$ ?r\gh ! dagg]-/udd$ hoop1#ie ! popul> audi5ce ( imp]ial ,rome 0 delight$ at a clev] turn ( spee*1 a surpris+ rhy?m1 or a />tl+ comp>ison4 ,lit]>y /udy ( /yle 9 occasional oratory mu/ h be5 ext5sive & extravagant at a v e>ly date1 to judge by ! rebukes ( su* practical speak]s z ,alcidamas4 ,moreov]1 su* /yli/ic artifice z 0 practic$ & taught by ,gorgias1 ,isocrates1 & o!r sophi/s crept into trag$y1 says ,nord51 beg9n+ ) ,aga?on4#if ,! result 0 t ) ! poets /yle became z x _h become ) ! sophi/s1 an end 9 itself4 ,! epideictic orators became less orators & m poets1 & ! poets cultivat$ less ! *>act]i/ic vividness & movem5t ( poetic ?an ^? turns ( /yle :i* began 9 oratory4 ,?us x 0 v natural t ! discussions ( arti/ic prose 9 ! treatises ( ! lat] rhetoricians %\ld be copi\sly illu/rat$ by quotations f ! poets1 & t ! poets %\ld1 9 turn1 be influ5c$ 9 ! direction ( fur!r sophi/ical niceties by ! rhetorical treatises on /yle1 su* z ^? ( ,demetrius & ,dionysius ( ,halic>nassus1 :o devot$ :ole treatises to /yle alone4 ,! obsession ( /yle is well exemplifi$ by a comp>ison ( ,dionysius & ,long9us 9 _! discussion ( ,sappho's lit]>y art4 ,long9us praises h] passion1 & h] ma/]ful selection ( images :i* realize x = ! read]1 :ile ,dionysius1 no less en?usia/ic1 po9ts out t 9 ! ode :i* he quotes !re is n a s+le case ( hiatus4 ,dionysius is "h mu* ! m *>act]i/ic ( 8 age1 z he is 9 8 belief t !re is v little diff]5ce inde$ betwe5 prose & v]se4 ,long9us1 :ile %[+ ! relations ( rhetoric & poetic1 keeps ! two ap>t2 ,dionysius draws !m toge!r4 ,to ,dionysius ! be/ prose is t :i* resembles v]se al?\gh n entirely 9 met]1 & ! be/ poetry t :i* resembles beautiful prose4 ,by ?is he means t ! poet %\ld use enjambm5t freely & %\ld v>y ! l5g? & =m ( 8 clauses1 s t ! s5se %\ld n uni=mly conclude ) ! metrical l9e4#ig ,9 ?is reg>d he w\ld approve ( ,%akespe>e's lat] blank v]se mu* m ?an ( 8 e>li] because x is fre] & m l conv]sation4 ,?us1 to ,dionysius1 ! diction ( prose & ! diction ( poetry approa* ea* o!r z a limit4 #c4 ,! ,false ,rhetoric ( ! ,declamation ,s*ool ,lat] antiquity c>ri$ ! m+l+ fur!r 9 ! same direction4 ,z "t w5t on1 ! ov]-ref9em5t & lit]>y sophi/ication ( ! florid s*ool ( oratory became m & m p[]ful4 ,! puritan reaction ( ! ,roman ,attici/s 9 ! direction ( ! simplicity ( ,lysias defeat$ itself 9 ov] emphasis & end$ 9 e/abli%+ coldness & aridity z lit]>y ideals4 ,su* a jejune /yle c\ld nev] hold a ,roman audi5ce1 & ,cic]o 9 !ory & 9 practice took z model n only ,demo/h5es1 b also ,isocrates4 ,z ,roman lib]ty 0 lo/ "u ! ,caes>s1 /yle v naturally assum$ great] & great] importance4 ,bornecque has %[n t ! /rife ( ! =um & ! g5u9e debates ( ! s5ate no long] kept t\gh ! s9ews ( public spee*1 & ! orators sank back 9 lassitude on ! rema9+ h>mless b unreal occasional oratory & on ! fictiti\s declamations ( ! s*ools4#ih ,9 ^! declamation s*ools "u ! ,empire ! boys debat$ su* imag9>y que/ions z ?is3 ,a rew>d is (f]$ to "o :o %all kill a tyrant4 ,a4 ent]s ! palace & kills ! tyrant's son1 :]eupon ! fa!r commits suicide4 ,is ,a4 entitl$ to ! rew>d8 ,9 ! rep]tory ( ,lucian occurs a %[ piece on ea* side ( ?is proposition4 ,= two hundr$ ye>s !re _h be5 no pirates 9 ! ,m$it]ranean2 yet 9 ! declamation s*ools pirates ab\nd$1 & que/ions turn$ ^u po9ts ( law :i* nev] exi/$ or c\ld exi/ 9 actual society4 ,! favorite cases conc]n$ ! tyranny ( fa!rs1 ! debau*]y ( sons1 ! adult]y ( wives1 & ! rape ( daught]s4 ,9 ! proc$ure ( ! declamation s*ools ! boys arose & deliv]$ _! spee*es ) frequ5t applause f ! o!r /ud5ts & f _! p>5ts4 ,! ma/] w\ld criticise ! spee*es &1 :5 ! /ud5ts _h f9i%$1 w\ld himself deliv] a spee* :i* 0 suppos$ to out%9e ^? ( 8 pupils & give promise ( :at he c\ld tea* !m4#ii ,! utt] unreality & holl[ness ( su* rhetoric c\ld %[ itself no bett] ?an 9 contra/ ) ! practical oratory ( ! law c\rts4 ,albucius1 a fam\s pr(essor ( ! s*ools1 once plead$ a case 9 c\rt4 ,int5d+ to amplify 8 p]oration by a figure he said1 ,swe>1 b ,i w prescribe ! oa?4 ,swe> by ! a%es ( y\r fa!r1 :i* lie unburi$4 ,swe> by ! memory ( y\r fa!r6 ,! attorney = ! o!r side1 a practical man1 rose--,my cli5t is go+ to swe>1 he said4 ,b ,i made no proposal1 %\t$ ,albucius1 ,i only employ$ a figure4 ,! c\rt su/a9$ 8 oppon5t1 ^: cli5t swore1 & ,albucius retir$ 9 %ame to ! m com=table %ades ( ! declamation s*ools1 :]e figures 7 appreciat$4#ajj ,b 9 spite ( ! ridicul\s p]=mance ( ! pr(essors ( ! s*ools :5 !y did come out into ! sunlight1 9 spite ( ! prote/s ( ,tacitus :o compla9$ ju/ly t debas$ popul> ta/e dem&$ poetical adornm5t ( ! orator1#aja /yle cont9u$ to be lov$ = its own sake1 extravagant figures ( spee* 7 applaud$1 & v]bal clev]ness & po9t 7 /ra9$ =4 ,z ,bornecque has %[n1 ! fact t ! rhetoric ( ! declamation s*ools 0 s unreal1 s preoccupi$ ) imag9>y cases1 & s giv5 ov] to atta9m5t ( /yli/ic brilliancy1 9 no small measure expla9s ! loss 9 late ,lat9 lit]ature ( ! s5se ( /ructure4 ,x is n surpris+1 says ,bornecque1 t dur+ ! fir/ ?ree c5turies ( ! ,*ri/ian era ! s5se ( composition seems to h disappe>$ f ,lat9 lit]ature4#ajb ,?us ,qu9tilian lam5t$ t 9 8 day ! well con/ruct$ p]iods ( ,cic]o appeal$ less to ! p]v]t$ popul> ta/e ?an ! brilliant b disjo9t$ epigrams ( ,s5eca4 #d4 ,! ,contam9ation ( ,poetic by ,false ,rhetoric ,z /yle ga9$ ?is prepond]5ce 9 rhetoric1 x cont9u$ to increase its hold on poetic4 ,:ile ! rhetoricians 7 exemplify+ f ! poets _! s*emes & tropes1 _! well jo9$ words1 smoo?1 s(t z a maid5's face1#ajc ! poets on _! "p 7 assidu\sly practic+ all ! rhetorical devices ( /yle4 ,?us ! lit]ature ( ! silv]-age is rhetorical4 ,! cu/om ( public read+s by ! au?or enc\rag$ clev] writ+ & a declamatory mann]1#ajd ev5 _h ! poets n receiv$ _! education 9 ! only popul> in/itutions ( high] in/ruction--! declamation s*ools4 ,! fu/ian :i* pass$ = poetry & equally well = hi/ory is well illu/rat$ by ! contempt ( ! h>d-head$ ,lucian = ^? hi/orians :o 7 unable to di/+ui% hi/ory f poetry4 ,:at6 he exclaims1 b$iz5 hi/ory l h] si/]8 ,z well take "s mighty a?lete ) muscles ( /eel1 rig him up ) purple drap]y & m]etrici\s ornam5t1 r\ge & p[d] 8 *eeks2 faugh1 :at an object "o w\ld make ( him ) su* defilem5ts6#aje ,b m]etrici\s ornam5t 0 popul>1 & poets1 hi/orians1 & orators alike scrambl$ to see :o c\ld mo/ adorn 8 spee*4 ,qu9tilian's pleas = ! pur] ta/e ( a =m] age fell on deaf e>s1 & despite 8 w>n+s orators imitat$ ! /yle ( ! poets1 & ! poets imitat$ ! /yle ( ! orators4#ajf ,gorgias may or may n h le>n$ 8 /yle f ! anci5t poets ( ,greece1 b ! poets ( ! silv] age le>n$ f ! tribe ( ,gorgias4 ,n only did poetry & oratory suff] f ! same bad ta/e 9 /ra9+ = brilliance ( /yle1 b 9 practice1 z ,bornecque has %[n1 bo? poetry & oratory suff]$ = lack ( /ructure4 ,! poets paid s mu* att5tion to /yle t !y neglect$ plot con/ruction & ! vivid realization ( "* & situation4 ,! orators paid s mu* att5tion to /yle t !y lo/ ! art ( compos+ s5t5ces1 & ( arrang+ s\nd argum5ts 9 su* a way z to p]suade an audi5ce4 ,9 effect !re 0 a t5d5cy = ! late ,lat9 writ]s to ignore ^? elem5ts ( /ructure & movem5t :]e9 poetry & oratory mo/ diff]1 & /ress unduly ! elem5ts ( /yle :]e9 !y h ! mo/ 9 common4 ,inde$1 s completely did any fundam5tal di/9ction betwe5 poetic & rhetoric become blurr$ t 9 ! second c5tury ,annaeus ,florus 0 able to (f] z a debatable "q1 ,is ,virgil an orator or a poet8#ajg ,*apt] ,v ,! ,middle ,ages #a4 ,! ,decay ( ,classical ,rhetorical ,tradition ,! sev5 lib]al arts ( m$iaeval education c>ri$ ! bl5d+ almo/ to ! absorption ( poetic by rhetoric1 & ! debasem5t ( rhetoric itself to a consid]ation ( /yle alone4 ,z = poetic1 x _h no di/9ct place except 9 ! analyses ( ! grammaticus1 :o f classical times _h prep>$ boys = ! s*ools ( rhetoric p>tly by analyz+ ) !m ! /yle ( admirable passages4 ,^! passages 7 commonly tak5 f ! poets1 ^: art 0 ?us consid]$ ma9ly z an art ( words & appli$ to ! art ( ! orator4 ,consequ5tly1 z a result ( ?is tradition1 poetic 9 ! middle ages 0 commonly gr\p$ ) gramm> or ) rhetoric1 al?\gh ,isidore includes x 9 8 section on !ology4#ajh ,! rhetorical treatises ( ! middle ages exhibit two phases4 ,on ! "o h& ! e>li] po/-classical treatises compos$ by ,m>tianus ,capella1 ,cassiodorus1 & ,isidore1 all inhabitants ( ! ,m$it]ranean bas91 are fairly close to ! classical tradition ( ,qu9tilian4 ,_! weakness consi/s n 9 t !y re/rict$ rhetoric to /yle1 b 9 t _! :ole treatm5t ( rhetorical !ory 0 compact1 arid1 & s*ematic4 ,! second phase ( m$iaeval rhetoric is *>act]i/ic ( a geographical position m remote f ! c5t] ( classical culture4 ,?us x is 9 ! rhetorical treatises ( ,engl& & ,g]many 9 ! middle ages t rhetoric 0 to ! greate/ ext5t re/rict$ to a consid]ation ( /yle4 ,illu/rative ( ?is t5d5cy is ! fact t ! only surviv+ rhetorical "w by ! ,v5]able ,b$e is a treatise on ! rhetorical figures4 ,b al?\gh ! conv5tional /udy ( rhetoric 9 su* cond5s$ treatm5t z t ( ! sections 9 ,m>tianus1 ,isidore1 or ,cassiodorus1 0 def9itely intr5*$ 9 ! educational sy/em ( ! sev5 lib]al arts1 x _h no vitality4 ,9 ! fir/ place ^! treatises gave only ! dry husks ( rhetoric1 ! conv5tional analyses1 ! /ock def9itions4 ,9 ! second place rhetoric 0 little appli$4 ,! political life ( we/]n ,europe c5t]$ 9 ! camp1 n 9 ! =um4 ,! classical tradition ( trial by a l>ge jury1 z ! ,areopagus or ! ,c5tumviri1 _h giv5 place to trial be=e ! regal or manorial c\rt4 ,?us rhetoric dri$ up & lo/ :atev] reality x _h possess$ 9 imp]ial ,rome4 ,b if ! middle ages _h no opportunity to apply rhetoric 9 its function ( p]suasion 9 communal affairs1 !y did h real ne$ ( an art ( writ+ lett]s & ( prep>+ lay or ecclesia/ical docum5ts1 su* z contracts1 wills1 & records1 & ( prea*+ s]mons4 ,?us 9 ! tea*+ ( ! s*ools1 z well z 9 practice1 ! oration gave place to ! epi/le & dictam54 ,dict>e 0 to write lett]s or prep>e docum5ts4 ,& ! rhetorical treatise or ars rhetorica (t5 yield$ to ! ars pros&i1 or ! ars dict&i4#aji ,a *>act]i/ic treatise ( ?is sort is ! ,poetria ( ! ,engli%man ,john ( ,g>l& 7c4 #abgj74 ,9 8 introductory *apt] ,john expla9s t he has divid$ ! subject into sev5 p>ts3 ,fir/ is expla9$ ! !ory ( inv5tion2 !n ! mann] ( select+ mat]ial2 ?ird1 ! arrangem5t & ! mann] ( ornam5tation2 next1 ! p>ts ( a dictam52 fif?1 ! faults 9 all k9ds ( composition 7dict&i72 six? is arrang$ a treatise conc]n+ rhetorical ornam5t z necess>y 9 met] z 9 prose1 namely1 ! figures ( spee* & ! abbreviation & amplification ( ! mat]ial2 sev5? & la/ are subjo9$ examples ( c\rtly correspond5ce & s*ola/ic dictam51 pleasantly compos$ 9 v]se & rhy?ms1 & 9 div]se met]s4#aaj ,"u ! head ( inv5tion ,john gives def9itions1 sev]al examples ( good lett]s1 a long li/ ( prov]bs "u appropriate captions s t ! lett] writ] c quickly f9d ! "o to fit 8 context1 & an elegiac1 bucolic1 e?ic love poem 9 fifty leon9e v]ses1 accompani$ by an inevitable allegorical int]pretation4#aaa ,!n he comes to selection4 ,tully1 he admits1 puts arrangem5t aft] inv5tion1 b1 he pleads1 9 writ+ lett]s & docum5ts poetically ! art ( selection aft] t ( inv5tion is useful4#aab ,= he ?9ks ( selection only z ! selection ( words4 ,a writ]1 he says1 %\ld select 8 words & images accord+ to ! p]sons address$4 ,! c\rt %\ld be address$ 9 ! gr& /yle2 ! city1 9 ! middle /yle2 & ! c\ntry1 9 ! mean /yle4#aac ,"o %\ld arrange 9 ?ree columns 9 a note-book ! words & comp>isons appropriate to ea* /yle s t ! mat]ial w be h&y :5 he wi%es to write a lett]4 ,^! pr9ciples ,john illu/rates ) leon9e v]ses & ecclesia/ical epi/les4 ,"u arrangem5t he says t all mat]ial mu/ be s arrang$ z to h a beg9n+1 a middle1 & an end4 ,!n !re are n9e ways to beg9 a poem & n9e ways to beg9 a dictam5 or epi/le4 ,next he /ates t !re are six p>ts to an oration3 exordium1 n>racio1 peticio1 confirmacio1 confutacio1 conclusio4#aad ,z an example ( ?is division ( ! oration into p>ts he quotes a long poem :i* p]suades its read] to take up ! cross4 ,/ill "u ! g5]al head ( arrangem5t ,john expla9s ! t5 ways ( amplify+ mat]ial4 ,! t5?1 int]pretacio1 he illu/rates by tell+ a joke1 & !n amplify+ x into a little com$y4 ,com$y1 he says1 is a jocose poem beg9n+ 9 sadness & end+ 9 joy3 a trag$y is a poem compos$ 9 ! gr& /yle beg9n+ 9 joy & end+ 9 grief4#aae ,next foll[ ! six metrical faults1 ! faults ( salutations 9 lett]s1 a classification ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( poems1 & fur!r talk on diff]5t /yles 9 writ+4 ,8 six? *apt]1 on ornam5t 9 met] & prose1 pres5ts :at he has up to ?is left unsaid ab\t /yle4 ,x includes a li/ ( fifty-sev5 figures ( spee* 7colores v]borum7 & eighte5 figures ( ?\ght 7colores s5t5ti>um74 ,?is is logically foll[$ by ! t5 attributes ( man4 ,! sev5? & f9al *apt] gives a long n>rative poem ( ! horrific v>iety z an example ( trag$y & sev]al lett]s z examples ( dictam54 ,su* a dige/ %[s bett] ?an any g5]alization a complete confusion ( poetic & rhetoric4 ,poems 7 to be writt5 accord+ to ! =mulae ( orations2 allegory ?rove4 ,inf9ite pa9s 7 to be exp5d$ on ! wor?less niceties ( conceit$ metrical /ructure & rhetorical figures4 ,g>l& has nei!r real poetic nor real rhetoric4 #b4 ,rhetoric z ,aureate ,language ,z to ! late middle ages rhetoric _h come to mean to all int5ts no?+ m ?an /yle1 x is frequ5tly p]sonifi$ 9 picturesque m$iaeval allegory1 nev] z be+ engag$ 9 any useful occupation1 b z add+ beauty1 color1 or *>m to life4 ,9 ! ,anticlaudianus ( ,alanus de ,insulis1 ,rhetoric is repres5t$ z pa9t+ & gild+ ! pole ( ! ,*>iot ( ,prud5ce4#aaf ,9 ! rhym$ comp5dium ( univ]sal k :i* its au?or1 ,?omas9 von ,zircl>ia1 ju/ly calls ,d] ,wls*e ,ga/1 = le>n+ 0 inde$ a =eign gue/ 9 ?irte5? c5tury ,g]many1 rhetoric appe>s 9 a simil> rle4 ,rhetoric1 says ,?omas91 clo!s our spee* ) beautiful colors1#aag & he gives z 8 au?ority1 ,tulljus1 ,qu9tiljan1 ,sidnjus1 al?\gh ,apoll9>is ,sidonius seems to be ! only "o ( ! trio he _h ev] read4#aah ,?is !ory liv$ to a vigor\s old age4 ,palmi]i1 9 8 ,della ,vita ,civile 7#adce71 def9es rhetoric z ! !ory ( speak+ ornam5tally4#aai ,& ,lydgate traces all ! beauty ( rhetoric to ,calliope1 t ) ?yn hony swete sugre/ tongis ( re?oricy5s4#abj ,! mo/ complete example1 h[ev]1 ( ! m$iaeval re/riction ( rhetoric to /yle1 & ( ! absorption ( poetic by rhetoric is af=d$ by ,lydgate 9 8 ,c\rt ( ,sapy5ce4 ,! passages :i* ref] to rhetoric are giv5 9 full because !y c o!rwise be consult$ only 9 ! ,caxton edition ( #adha or 9 ! black lett] copy pr9t$ by ,wynkyn de ,worde 9 #aeaj4aba ,introductory v]ses4 ,o ,clyo lady moo/ facundy\s ,o ravys%ynge delyte ( eloqu5ce ,o gylt$ goddes gaye & glory\s ,enspyr$ ) ! p]cynge influ5ce ,( delycate hev5ly complac5ce ,)9 my m\? let dy/yll ( ?y %\res ,& =ge my tonge to gladde myn audit\res4 ,myn ignoraunce :ome cl\d$ ha? eclyppes ,) ?y pure bemes illumynyne all ab\te ,?y blessyd bre! let refleyre 9 my lyppes ,& ) ! dewe ( hev5 ?\ !m deg\te ,s t my m\? may bl[e an enc5se oute ,! r$ol5t dulc\r aromatyke ,( ?y deput$ lu/y rhetoryke4 ,! section ( rhetoric4 ,dame ,re?oryke mod] ( eloqu5ce ,moo/ elegaunt moo/ pure & glory\s ,) lu/ delyte1 blysse1 hon\r & rev]5ce ,)9 h] p>l\r fres%e & precy\s ,0 set a qu5e1 ^: spe*e delycy\s ,h] audyt\rs gan to all ,joye conv]te ,e*e worde ( h] myght ravys%e e h]te4 ,& _m cl]ke _h lu/ h] = to "h ,h] spe*e to !m 0 p>fyte su/5ance ,e*e worde ( h] depur$ 0 s cl]e ,& illumyn$ ) s p>fyte pleasaunce ,t hev5 x 0 to "h h] beaup]launce ,h] t]mes gay z facunde sov]ayne ,catephaton 9 no poynt myght dy/ane4 ,%e taught !m ! crafte ( endytynge ,:i*e vyces b5 t %olde avoyd$ be ,:i*e b5 ! c\l\rs gay ( t connynge ,!yr dyff]5ce & eke !yr prop]te ,e*e ?ynge endyte h[ x %olde poynt$ be ,dy/ynctyon %e gan cl>e & dyscusse ,:i*e is ,coma ,colym p]ydus4 ,:o s ?ynke? my wrytynge dull & blont ,& wolde conceyve ! col\rs purp]ate ,( ,re?oryke1 g he to tria sunt ,& to ,galfryde ! poete laureate ,to ,janneus a cl]ke ( grete e/ate ,)9 ! fyr/ p>te ( 8 gram] boke ,( ?is mat] !re gr\ndely may he loke4 ,9 ,tullius also moo/ eloqu5t ,! *os5 sp\se unto ?is lady free ,8 gylt$ craft & gloyre 9 cont5t ,gay ?ynges ,i made eke1 yf ?an lu/ to see ,g loke ! ,code also ! dyge/es ?re ,! bookes ( lawe & ( physyke good ,( ornate spe*e !re sprynge? up ! flood4 ,9 prose & metre ( all kynde ywys ,?is lady blyss$ _h lu/ = to playe ,) h] 0 bles5s ,ri*>de pophys ,f>rose py/yls cl]e lu/y fres%e & gay ,) mat]s v]e poetes 9 good array ,ovyde1 ,om]1 ,vyrgyll1 ,lucan1 ,orace ,alane1 ,b]n>de1 ,prud5tius & ,/ace4 ,?r\gh\t ?is passage rhetoric is nev] m5tion$ 9 any o!r context ?an "o ( pleasure to ! e> ( ! auditor4 ,( ! ?ree aims ( rhetoric :i* ,cic]o _h phras$ z doc]e1 delect>e1 et mov]e1 only ! delect>e rema9s 9 ! rhetoric ( ,lydgate4 ,f 8 initial invocation to ,clio1 9 :i* he prays t 8 /yle be illum9at$ ) ! aromatic sweetness ( h] rhetoric1 to ! passage 9 :i* he ref]s to 8 own writ+s = examples ( ornate spee* ,lydgate nev] ref]s to ! logic or ! /ructure ( p]suasive public spee*4 ,rhetoric1 9 ,lydgate1 is n us$ 9 its classical s5se1 b z be+ synonym\s ) ornate language--/yle4 ,"h & "h only does ,lydgate discuss any "p ( rhetoric 9 its classical implications4 ,:51 9 8 poem1 he discusses ! craft ( writ+ z includ+ c\l\rs gay1 he ref]s to ! figures ( classical rhetoric--,cic]o's colores v]borum4 ,& :5 he ref]s to ! coma1 colum1 p]ydus1 he is h>k+ back to ! classical divisions ( ! rhy?mical memb]s ( a s5t5ce3 ! comma1 colon1 et p]iodus4 ,9 ! classical treatises on rhetoric ?is division ( elocutio or /yle into two p>ts3 7#a7 figures ( spee* & language1 & 7#b7 rhy?mical movem5t ( ! s5t5ce1 is univ]sal4 ,lydgate's rhetoric is ?us a developm5t ( only "o elem5t ( classical rhetoric--/yle4 ,b ,lydgate's rhetoric 0 n only re/rict$ to /yle2 x 0 exp&$ to include ! /yle ( ! poets z well z t ( ! prose writ]s1 z ! la/ /anza %[s4 ,if ,lydgate ?\ght poetry to include any?+ m ?an ?is /yle1 he does n say s4 ,lydgate does n pres5t an isolat$ case ( ?is mean+ ( rhetoric4 ,?r\gh\t ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies 9 ,engl& ! t]m rhetoric & its relat$ words regul>ly connot$ skill 9 diction4 ,a rhetor 0 "o :o 0 a ma/] ( /yle4#abb ,h5ryson1 = in/ance1 calls rhetoric sweet1 & ,dunb>1 ornate4#abc ,*auc] admir$ ,petr>* = 8 re?orike sweete :i* illum9$ ! poetry ( ,italy1#abd & 0 himself 9 turn lov$ by ,lydgate z ! nobl] re?or poete ( brytagne1#abe :o is call$ fl\re ( re?oryk 9 ,englis%e tong1 by ,john ,walton4#abf ,accord+ to ,james ,i bo? ,g[] & ,*auc] sat on ! /eps ( rhetoric1#abg :ile ,lyndesay includes ,lydgate 9 ! numb] & ass]ts t all ?ree rang ! bell ( rhetoric4#abh ,bok5ham calls ,g[]1 ,*auc]1 & ,lydgate ! fir/ re?ory5s2#abi & z late z #aeij1 ,*auc] & ,lydgate are call$ ,! fir/ t ev] elum9$ our language ) fl[]s ( re?orick eloqu5ce4#acj ,! entire p]iod 0 ?us 9 sub/antial agreem5t t rhetoric 0 honey$ spee* exhibit$ at its be/ 9 ! works ( ! poets4 ,! be/ example ( ?is view ( rhetoric is furni%$ by ,/eph5 ,hawes 9 8 delectable educational allegory ( ! sev5 lib]al arts :i* he calls ,! ,pa/ime ( ,pleasure 7#aejf74 ,he beg9s1 ( c\rse1 ) an apology = ,?ys lytle boke1 oppre/ wy? rud5es ,)\t re?orycke or col\re crafty2 ,no?+e ,i am exp]te 9 poetry ,z ! monke ( ,bury1 fl\re ( eloqu5ce4#aca ,& 9 ano!r place1 aga9 address+ ,lydgate1 he exclaims3 ,o may/] ,lydgate1 ! mo/ dulcet sprynge ,( fam\s re?oryke1 wy? balade ryall4#acb ,! poem records ! exp]i5ces ( ,gr&e ,am\r1 :o1 accompani$ by two greyh\nds1 seeks k4 ,aft] visit+ ,gramm> & ,logic 9 _! rooms1 he goes up/airs to see ,dame ,rhetoric4 ,rhetoric sits 9 a *amb] gaily glorifi$ & /rewn ) fl[]s4 ,%e is v l>ge1 f9ely g[n$ & g>l&$ ) laurel4 ,ab\t h] are mirrors & ! fragrant fumes ( inc5se4 ,gr&e ,am\r asks h] to pa9t 8 tongue ) ! royal fl[]s ( delicate odors1 t he may gladd5 8 auditors & moralize 8 lit]al s5ses4 ,%e pret5ds to und]/& him1 b :5 he asks h] :at rhetoric is1 ,re?oryke1 %e sayde1 0 f\nde by reason ,man = to gov]ne wel & prud5tly2 ,8 wordes to ordre 8 spe*e to purify4#acc ,x has five p>ts1--& s on4 ,! introduction1 h[ev]1 to ! befl[]$ dwell+ place ( ! fair lady & ! reque/ ( ,gr&e ,am\r to h 8 tongue p]fum$ are mu* m *>act]i/ic ( ! temp] ( ! age ?an are ! pr(ess$ reasons = ! orig9 ( rhetoric4 ,rhetoric 9 _! he>ts !y felt to be gay pa9t & sweet smells4 ,hawes's five p>ts h ! same names z ! five p>ts ( classical rhetoric4#acd ,! fir/ "p ( rhetoric1 he says1 is ,inv5cyon1 ! classical inv5tio4 ,x is d]iv$ f ! ,v inw>d wittes1 disc]nm5t1 fantasy1 imag9ation1 judgm5t1 & memory4 ,anyone1 h[ev]1 :o is famili> ) ! inv5tio ( classical rhetoric1 conc]n$ z x is ) explor+ subject matt]1 w be at a loss to see ! connection ) ,hawes4 ,9 fact ! :ole *apt]1 & ! "o foll[+1 are devot$ n to rhetoric1 b to ! !ory ( poetical composition1 & explanation ( ! allegorical conception ( ! end ( poetry1 & a def5se ( ! poets aga9/ detractors4 ,! classical t]m inv5tio is ?us lift$ ov] bodily1 ) bo? *ange & ext5sion 9 mean+1 f rhetoric to poetic4 ,9 ! *apt] on ,disposicion1 in/ead ( discuss+ ! arrangem5t ( a spee*1 ,hawes devotes mo/ ( 8 space to praise ( ! rhetoricians because !y turn$ ! guidance ( ! drift+ b>ge1 ! _w1 ov] to compet5t pilots1 ! k+s4 ,"h1 p]haps1 ,hawes is us+ ! ^w rhetorician m closely ?an usual 9 its classical s5se4 ,he may ev5 h kn[n t ! fact ( k+%ip _h robb$ rhetoric ( its purpose4 ,at any rate1 8 ,disposicion is l ! classical dispositio only 9 "n1 & aga9 x is transf]r$ f rhetoric to poetic4 ,pronunciation 7pronuntiatio71 or deliv]y1 ( c\rse applies to ei!r poets or orators4 ,b :]eas classical writ]s appli$ x to ! orator's use ( voice & ge/ure1 ,hawes applies x only to ! poet's read+ al\d4 ,he recomm5ds t :5 a poet reads 8 v]ses1 he %\ld make 8 voice dolor\s 9 bewail+ a woeful trag$y1 & 8 c\nt5ance glad 9 joyful matt]4 ,x is important1 h[ev]1 t ! read+ poet be n boi/]\s or unmann]$4 ,let him be mod]ate1 g5tle1 & seemly4 ,! f9al section1 t on memory1 comes clos] to its classical s5se ?an does any o!r4 ,"h ! mnemonic sy/em ( places1 suppos$ly inv5t$ by ,simonides1 is expla9$ obscurely4 ,ev5 m obscure is its applicability to ,hawes's subject4 ,x is notewor?y t ! *apt] on ,elocution 7elocutio71 or /yle1 f> outweighs all ! o!rs 9 scope & bulk4 ,( ! #ajh sev5-l9e /anzas :i* ,hawes devotes to rhetoric1 #bj praise ! poets2 #g def9e rhetoric2 #ac expla9 inv5tio2 #ab1 dispositio2 #dj1 elocutio2 #h1 pronuntiatio2 & #h1 memoria4 ,elocusyon1 says ,hawes1 exorne? ! mat]4 ,! gold5 re?oryke is good refeccion ,& to ! read] ryght consolation4#ace ,rhetoric & /yle1 to ,hawes & 8 contempor>ies1 mean ! same ?+4 ,bo? h to d1 9 ,hawes's own language1 ) *oos+ aromatic words1 dulcet spee*1 sweetness1 delight2 !y are r$ol5t ( inc5se2 !y gleam l c>buncles 9 ! d>kness2 !y are pa9t$ 9 h>d gold4 ,b beyond ^! picturesque g5]alizations !re is little trace 9 ,hawes ( any discussion ( /yle su* z "o w\ld f9d 9 a classical treatise4 ,a few figures ( spee* are m5tion$1 b n dwelt ^u4 ,hawes consi/5tly conf9es himself to poetry4 ,tully1 ! only orator m5tion$1 %>es a l9e ) ,virgil4 ,! ma9 conc]n is ) ! devices us$ by ! poets to cloak tru? "u ! veil ( allegory4 ,rhetoric is an adjunct ( ! poet4 my may/] ,lydgate v]yfyde ,! depur$ re?oryke 9 ,engly% language2 ,to make our tongue s cl]ely puryfy$ ,t ! vyle t]mes %\ld no?+ arage ,z l a pye to *att] 9 a cage1 ,b = to speke ) re?oryke =mally4#acf ,9 a ^w1 ! :ole traditional division ( rhetoric is transf]r$ to poetry1 & at ! same "t bo? rhetoric & poetic are limit$ to ! s+le "p :i* !y h 9 common--diction4 ,! /yle cultivat$ by ?is focus is ornam5tal & elaborate4 ,if ,lydgate or ,hawes _h believ$ t rhetoric includ$ m ?an aureate language1 surely ! scope ( _! treatises w\ld h af=d$ !m opportunity to correct ?is impression4 ,ea* ( !m is endeavor+ to pres5t a comp5dium ( univ]sal k accord+ to ! conv5tional analysis ( ! sev5 lib]al arts4 ,illu/rative details might be omitt$1 b n important sections ( ! subject matt]4 ,! mean+s ( words *ange1 & ) su* *anges we h no qu>rel4 ,x is important1 h[ev]1 t we %\ld "k :at ! ,engli% middle ages meant by rhetoric if we are to appreciate h[ p[]ful 0 ! tradition ( ! middle ages & 9 :at direction x influ5c$ ! lit]>y criticism ( ! ,engli% r5aissance4 ,to resume1 ! middle ages ?\ght ( poetry z be+ compos$ ( two elem5ts3 a pr(itable subject matt] 7doctr9a71 & /yle 7eloqu5tia74 ,! pr(itable subject matt] 0 !oretically suppli$ by ! allegory4 ,?is w be discuss$ 9 ! second "p ( ?is /udy1 z hi/orically be+ a phase ( critical discussions ( ! purpose ( poetry4 ,! ,engli% middle ages1 z has be5 %[n1 consid]$ /yle synonym\s ) rhetoric4 ,*apt] ,,vi ,logic & ,rhetoric 9 ! ,engli% ,r5aissance #a4 ,! ,cont5t ( ,classical ,rhetoric ,c>ri$ ,ov] into ,logic ,b among s]i\s p ! pa9t$ & p]fum$ ,dame ,re?oryke ( ,lydgate & ,hawes 0 9 disrepute4 ,%e _h turn$ ov] h] bus9ess 9 life to ! k+s & devot$ too mu* att5tion to ornam5t4 ,su* a s]i\s p]son 0 ,rudolph ,agricola1 :o1 9 8 treatise on logic1 accept$ ! m$iaeval tradition t rhetoric 0 conc]n$ only ) smoo?ness & ornam5t ( spee* & all t w5t t[>d captivat+ ! e>s1 & /raightway pick$ up all ! s]i\s purpose & ?\ghtful cont5t ( classical rhetoric :i* m$iaeval rhetoric _h ab&on$1 to h& !m ov] to logic4 ,consequ5tly1 9 a "w :i* he significantly entitles ,de inv5tione dialectica1 he def9es logic z ! art ( speak+ 9 a probable mann] conc]n+ any topic :i* c be treat$ 9 a spee*4#acg ,accord+ to ,agricola's s*eme1 rhetoric reta9s elocutio1 /yle2 & logic c>ries ov] inv5tio1 z 8 title %[s1 & dispositio4 ,8 :ole-he>t$ disgu/ ) ! /yli/ic extremes ( rhetoric he %[s by d5y+ to oratory any aim ( pleas+ & mov+4 ,( ,cic]o's ?reefold purpose1 to tea*1 to please1 & to move1 he reta9s only tea*+ z p]t95t to effective public spee*4 ,doc]e1 to tea*1 he uses 9 ! classical s5se :i* includes pro( z well z in/ruction4 ,?us he says x has two p>ts3 exposition & argum5t4#ach ,! p>ts ( a spee* he r$uces to ! m9imum propos$ by ,ari/otle3 ! /atem5t & ! pro(4 ,?us al?\gh ,agricola admits t rhetoric is mo/ beautiful1 he w h none ( h]4 ,foll[+ ?is lead1 ,?omas ,wilson1 ! ,engli% rhetorician & /atesman1 def9es logic & rhetoric z foll[s3 ,logic is occupi$ ab\t all matt]s1 & doe? pla9lie & nak$ly set =? ) apt wordes ! sum ( ?+s1 by way ( argum5tation4 ,rhetorike use? gaie pa9t$ s5t5ces1 & sette? =! ^? matt]s ) fre%e col\rs & goodly ornam5ts1 & t at l>ge4#aci ,accord+ to ,agricola & ,wilson logic has supplant$ rhetoric 9 f9d+ all possible means ( p]suasion 9 any subject4 ,foll[+ ,pet] ,ramus1#adj ,wilson f9ds t logic has two p>ts3 judicium1 ,framyng ( ?+es aptlie toge!r1 & knittyng words = ! purpose accordynglie1 & inv5tio1 ,f9dyng out matt]1 & se>*yng /uffe agreable to ! cause4#ada ,h]magoras & o!rs _h 9 antiquity consid]$ judicium1 or judgm5t1 z a "p ( rhetoric1#adb al?\gh ,qu9tilian ?\ght x less a "p ( rhetoric ?an necess>y to all p>ts4#adc ,inv5tio1 ( c\rse1 has always be5 ! mo/ important "p ( rhetoric4 ,?is same c>ry+ ov] ( ! cont5t ( classical rhetoric into logic is fur!r illu/rat$ by ,abraham ,fraunce1 :o divides 8 ,lawi]s ,logic 7#aehh7 into two p>ts3 inv5tion & disposition4 #b4 ,! ,p]si/5ce ( ! ,m$iaeval ,tradition ( ,rhetoric ,b :ile ! survival ( ! m$iaeval notion t rhetoric 0 conc]n$ ma9ly ) /yle ?us gave ov] 9 ! ,engli% ,r5aissance inv5tio & dispositio to logic1 !re naturally rema9$ no?+ ( classical rhetoric b elocutio & pronuntiatio4 ,a brief survey ( ! ,engli% rhetorics ( ! late sixte5? & e>ly sev5te5? c5turies w %[ t ?is 0 ! case4 ,ri*>d ,%]ry devotes an entire book to /yle 9 8 ,treatise ( ,s*emes & ,tropes 7#aeej74add ,he beg9s by def9+ eloquucion1 ! ?ird "p ( ,rhetoric1 z ! dress+ up ( ?\ght4 ,rhetoric to him _h n 9 !ory become /yle1 b /yle is ! only "p :i* he f9ds int]e/+ en\gh to treat4 ,8 s*emes & tropes are ( c\rse ! rhetorical figures2 b let him expla9 !m 9 8 own artless way4 ,a s*eme is ! fa%ion ( a ^w1 sayyng or s5t5ce1 o!rwyse wrytt5 or spok5 !n aft] ! vulg> & comon usage4 ,a trope is a movynge & *angynge ( a worde or s5t5ce1 f ?yr owne significacion into ano!r :i* may agree ) x by a similitude4 ,h5ry ,pea*am's ,g>d5 ( ,eloqu5ce1 ,conteyn+ ! ,figures ( ,gramm] & ,rhetoric 7#aegg7 likewise deals only ) ! rhetorical figures4 ,9 ! anonym\s1 ,! ,artes ( ,logike & ,rhetorike 7#aehd71ade rhetoric is d5n$ z an arte ( speak+ f9elie4 ,x ha? two p>ts1 g>ni%+ ( spea*1 call$ ,eloqution1 & g>ni%+ ( ! mann] ( utt]ance1 call$ ,pronunciation4#adf ,?us by def9ition rhetoric includes only /yle & deliv]y4 ,"u g>ni%+ ( spee* ! au?or treats only ! rhetorical figures4 ,?is re/riction ( /yle to figures is *>act]i/ic4 ,! rhy?m ( prose ^u :i* classical treatises on /yle lavi%$ su* en?usia/ic pa9s is practically ignor$ 9 ^? ,engli% treatises4 ,! comma1 colon1 & p]iodus :i* to classical au?ors signifi$ rhy?mical units 9 ! s5t5ce movem5t _h already come to mean to mo/ p only m>ks ( punctuation4#adg ,g>ni%+ ( utt]ance ,f5n] does n discuss at all4 ,9 ,! ,arcadian ,rhetorike 7#aehh71 ,abraham ,fraunce treats bo?4 ,rhetorike1 he says1 is an ,art ( ,speak+4 ,x ha? two p>ts1 ,eloqution & ,pronuntiation4 ,eloqution is ! fir/ "p ( ,rhetorike1 conc]n+ ! ord]+ & trimm+ ( spee*4 ,x ha? two p>ts1 ,congruity & ,brav]ie4 ,congruity 7z p]ta9+ m to gramm>7 he does n discuss4 ,brav]ie ( spea* consi/e? ( tropes or turn+s1 & 9 figures or fa%ion+s4#adh ,! rema9d] ( ! fir/ book deals ) met] & v]se =ms1 baldly ( prose rhy?m1 epizeuxis1 conceit$ v]ses1 & v>i\s rhetorical figures4 ,! second book deals ) ! voice & ge/ures4 ,?is rhetoric ( ,fraunce's1 !n1 complem5ts 8 ,lawi]s ,logike ( ! same ye>1 ! latt] deal+ ) ! f9d+ out & arrangem5t ( argum5ts 9 a spee*1 & ! =m] ) /yle & deliv]y4 ,rhetoric is ?us conc]n$ only ) /yli/ic artifice 9 v]se z well z 9 prose4 ,! same tradition is upheld by ,*>les ,butl]1 :o 9 8 ,lat9 s*ool rhetoric 7#afjj7 def9es rhetoric z ! art ( ornate spee* & divides x into elocutio1 a discussion ( ! tropes & figures1 & pronuntiatio1 ! use ( voice & ge/ure4#adi ,& ,john ,b>ton is worse4 ,9 8 ,art ( ,rhetorick 7#afcd7 he says3 ,rhetorick is ! skill ( us+ da9tie words1 & comely deliv]ie1 :]eby to "w ^u m5's affections4 ,x ha? two p>ts1 adornation & action4 ,adornation consi/e? 9 ! sweetness ( ! phrase1 & is se5 9 tropes & figures4 ,he cont9ues3 ,!re are f\re k9ds ( tropes1 sub/itution1 compreh5sion1 comp>ation1 simulation4 ,! affection ( a trope is ! quality :]eby x requires a second resolution4 ,^! affections are five3 abuse1 duplication1 cont9uation1 sup]locution1 sublocution4 ,a figure is an affect+ k9d ( spee* )\t consid]ation _h ( any borr[$ s5se4 ,a figure is two-fold3 relative & indep5d5t1 & he names ov] 9 8 j>gon ! six figures :i* are ( ea* k9d4#aej ,if ?is be rhetoric1 p]haps !re 0 ju/ification = ,john ,smi?'s ,! ,my/]ie ( ,rhetorique ,unvail$ 7#afeg71 :i* cont9u$ ! fallaci\s tradition by divid+ rhetoric into elocution & pronunciation4 ,?is p]v]sion ( rhetoric :i* consid]$ x z conc]n$ only ) /yle1 or aureate language1 0 n re/rict$ to ! s*ool books4 ,! popul> use ( rhetoric z synonym\s ) f9e honey$ spee*1#aea is se5 9 a passage f ,old ,=tunatus1 :]e x c>ries ! mod]n connotation ( a m]etrici\s sub/itute = g5u9e feel+1 z :]e ,agripyne says1 ,me?9ks a soldi] is ! mo/ fai?ful lov] ( all m5 else2 = 8 affection /&s n ^u complim5t4 ,8 woo+ is pla9 home spun /uff2 !re's no outl&i% ?read 9 x1 no rhetoric4#aeb #c4 ,! ,recov]y ( ,classical ,rhetoric ,a half c5tury be=e ,smi? unveil$ ! my/]ies ( rhetoric1 ,bacon _h 9 8 ,advancem5t ( ,le>n+ 7#afje7 po9t$ out ! fallacies ( ! r5aissance obsession ) /yle4 ,he briefly traces ! causes ( ! r5aissance /udy ( language & adds3 ,?is grew spe$ily to an excesse2 = m5 began to hunt m aft] wordes ?an matt]1 & m aft] ! *ois5esse ( ! ,phrase & ! r\nd & cleane composition ( ! s5t5ce1 & ! sweet fall+ ( ! clauses1 & ! v>y+ & illu/ration ( _! workes ) tropes & figures1 !n aft] ! weight ( matt]1 wor? ( subject1 s\ndness ( argum5t1 life ( inv5tion1 or dep? ( judgem5t4#aec ,soon] or lat] ! s*ool books _h to re=m4 ,! ,lat9 s*ool rhetoric ( ,?omas ,vic>s 7#afba71 aft] "o has p]us$ ! treatise ( 8 pr$ecessors & contempor>ies1 is s cons]vative z to appe> />tl+4 ,x has all ! air ( a novelty4 ,yet all he does is to return to ! classical tradition by def9+ rhetoric z ! art ( correct or effective spee* hav+ five p>ts3 inv5tio1 dispositio1 elocutio1 memoria1 & pronuntiatio#aed4 ,& ,?omas ,f>naby1 ^: ,index ,rhetoricus appe>$ 9 six editions betwe5 #afcc & #afed1 gives a fairly proportion$ treatm5t ( inv5tio1 dispositio1 elocutio1 & actio4 ,memoria he omits1 foll[+ "h1 z else:]e1 ! s\nd lead]%ip ( ,vossius4 #d4 ,*annels ( ,classical ,!ory ,?is p]v]sion ( rhetorical !ory 9 ! middle ages & e>ly r5aissance _h result$ n f m]e wrong-head$ness on ! "p ( ! rhetoricians1 b f ! limit$ k ( classical tradition dur+ ! middle ages4 ,especially 0 ?is true 9 ^? p>ts ( we/]n ,europe1 su* z ,engl&1 :i* 7 remote f ! ,m$it]ranean c\ntries :i* bett] pres]v$ ! h]itage ( ,greece & ,rome4 ,moreov]1 ! mo/ important classical treatises on ! !ory ( poetry--by ,ari/otle & ,long9us--7 almo/ unkn[n ?r\gh\t ! middle ages1 & ! rhetorical writ+s ( ,cic]o & ,qu9tilian 7 kn[n only 9 fragm5ts4 ,s]vatus ,lupus 7#hje-hfb71 ,abbot ( ,f]ri]es & a le>n$ man1 0 unusual 9 8 s*ol>%ip2 = he knew n only ! rhetoric ,ad ,h]5nium :i* 0 believ$ to be ,cic]o's b also ! ,de oratore & fragm5ts ( ,qu9tilian4#aee ,! curr5t rhetorical treatises ( ! middle ages 7 ,cic]o's ,de inv5tione1 & ! ,ad ,h]5nium4 ,! ,de oratore 0 us$ b slightly1 & ! ,brutus & ! ,orator n at all4#aef ,:at little classical rhetoric !re is 9 ,/eph5 ,hawes 0 d]iv$ f ! ,ad ,h]5nium4 ,! survival & popul>ity ( ! ,ad ,h]5nium dur+ ?is p]iod is "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ph5om5a ( rhetorical hi/ory4 ,( ! classical treatises on rhetoric :i* survive to-day x und\bt$ly ar\ses ! lea/ int]e/ & c contribute ! lea/ to mod]n education or criticism4 ,yet x is ! mo/ *>act]i/ic ,lat9 rhetoric we possess4 ,x is a text-book ( rhetoric :i* 0 us$ 9 ! ,roman s*ools4 ,9 fact1 ,cic]o's ,de inv5tione is s mu* l x t "s suspect t ,cic]o's notes :i* he took 9 s*ool got into circulation & =c$ ! publication ( 8 pr(essor's lectures4 ,ari/otle's philosophy ( rhetoric1 ,cic]o's *>m+ dialog on 8 pr(ession1 ,qu9tilian's treatise on ! tea*+ ( rhetoric--none ( ^! is a text-book4 ,! rhetoric ,ad ,h]5nium is4 ,x is cle> & ord]ly 9 its organization4 ,x def9es all ! te*nical t]ms :i* x uses1 & illu/rates its pr9ciples4 ,z "o might expect1 x delights 9 ov]-analysis1 9 categories & sub-categories1 ! f\r k9ds ( causes1 ! ?ree virtues ( ! n>ratio4 ,9 ! h&s ( a skill$ tea*] ( composition1 h[ev]1 & ) mu* class-room practice1 x und\bt$ly w\ld get rhetoric taught m effectively ?an w\ld m philosophical or lit]>y treatises4 ,?us 9 ,gu>9o's s*ool at ,f]r>a 7#adbi-adfj7 ! ,ad ,h]5nium 0 reg>d$ z ! qu9tess5ce ( pure ,cic]onian doctr9e ( oratory1 & 0 made ! />t+ po9t & /&+ au?ority 9 tea*+ rhetoric4 ,9 m advanc$ classes x 0 supplem5t$ by ! ,de oratore1 ,orator1 & :at 0 kn[n ( ,qu9tilian4#aeg ,! ,cic]onianus ( ,erasmus te/ifies t by ! next c5tury ! s*ol>%ip ( ! r5aissance _h discov]$ t ! ,ad ,h]5nium 0 n f ! p5 ( ,cic]o1 & t ! ,de inv5tione 0 consid]$ apologetically by its fam\s au?or1 :o wrote 8 ,de oratore to sup]s$e ! m y\?ful treatise4#aeh ,b six ye>s aft] ! publication ( ! ,cic]onianus ( ,erasmus1 ! edition ( ,cic]o's ,op]a publi%$ 9 ,basel 9 #aecd /ill incorporates ! ,ad ,h]5nium1 & ,?omas ,wilson 9 ,engl& owes mo/ ( 8 fir/ book & "p ( ! second ( 8 ,arte ( ,rhetorique to its anonym\s au?or1 :om he believ$ to be ,cic]o4 ,= in/ance 9 8 section on ,devision z a "p ( a spee*1 ,wilson says1 ,tullie w\ld n h a devision to be made1 (1 or above ?ree p>tes at ! mo/e1 nor lesse !n ?ree nei!r1 if ne$e s requir$4#aei ,tullie says no su* ?+4 ,inde$1 ,cic]o nev] consid]s divisio z "o ( ! p>ts ( a spee*4 ,b ! ,ad ,h]5nium does make divisio a "p ( a spee*1#afj & does require n ov] ?ree p>ts4#afa ,z late z #afab1 ,?omas ,heywood quotes ! au?ority ( ,tully1 9 8 booke ,ad ,caium ,h]5nium4#afb ,! relative importance ( ,cic]o's rhetorical works to ! middle ages is well illu/rat$ by a c\nt ( ! manuscripts pres]v$4 ,9 ! libr>ies ( ,europe today !re exi/ sev5ty-n9e manuscripts ( ! ,de inv5tione1 eighty-?ree ( ! ,ad ,h]5nium1 =ty ( ! ,de oratore1 f\rte5 ( ! ,brutus1 & tw5ty ( ! ,orator4#afc ,?us 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,bologna ! /udy ( rhetoric 0 bas$ on ! ,de inv5tione & ! ,ad ,h]5nium4#afd ,! ,de inv5tione is ! s\rce = ,alcu9's rhetorical writ+s1 & 0 ! only ,cic]onian rhetoric kn[n to ,abel>d or ,dante4 ,brunette ,lat9i translat$ sev5te5 *apt]s ( x into ,italian4#afe ,al?\gh mutilat$ codices ( ! ,de oratore & ! ,orator 7 kn[n to ,s]vatus ,lupus & ,john ( ,salisbury1 complete manuscripts ( ^! mo/ important works 7 n kn[n previ\s to #adbb4aff ,! ,ad ,h]5nium & ! ,de inv5tione 7 fir/ pr9t$ by ,j5son at ,v5ice 9 #adgj4 ,! fir/ book pr9t$ at ,ang]s 7#adgf7 0 ! ,ad ,h]5nium "u ! usual m$iaeval title ( ! ,rhetorica nova4 ,! fir/ edition ( ! ,de oratore 0 pr9t$ 9 ! mona/]y ( ,subaco ab\t #adff4 ,! ,brutus fir/ appe>$ 9 ,rome 7#adfi7 9 ! same ye> :i* witness$ ! fir/ edition ( ! ,orator4#afg ,be=e its fir/ pr9t+ ! ,orator 0 us$ z a ref]5ce book = advanc$ /ud5ts by ,gu>9o 9 8 s*ool at ,f]r>a4 ,ca/iglione's indebt$ness to ! ,de oratore is well kn[n1 b few notice t 8 fir/ p>agraphs are a close p>aphrase ( ,cic]o's d$icatory p>agraphs ( ! ,orator4 ,b 9 ,engl& ! fir/ ref]5ce to ! ,orator appe>s 9 ,as*am's ,s*olema/] 7#aegj7 "o hundr$ ye>s aft] its fir/ pr9t+4#afh ,?us ! ,cic]onian rhetoric ( ! middle ages 0 d]iv$ f ! pseudo-,cic]onian ,ad ,h]5nium & f ! y\?ful ,de inv5tione1 n f ! be/ rhetorical treatises ( ,cic]o z we "k !m4 ,moreov] ! m$iaeval tradition p]si/$ 9 ,engl& = ov] a hundr$ ye>s aft] x _h be5 displac$ 9 ,italy4 ,! ,rhetoric ( ,ari/otle 0 kn[n to ! middle ages only ?r\gh a ,lat9 translation by ,h]manus ,allemanus 7c4 #abef7 ( ,alf>abi's comm5t>y4 ,! ,greek text 0 fir/ publi%$ 9 ! ,ald9e ,rhetores ,graeci 7#aejh71 & 0 = ! fir/ "t incorporat$ 9 ! works ( ,ari/otle publi%$ 9 ,basel1 #aeca4 ,z e>ly z #adgh1 h[ev]1 ! ,lat9 v]sion by ,george ( ,trebizond _h be5 publi%$ 9 ,v5ice4#afi ,?is 0 frequ5tly reissu$ 9 ! ,op]a ( ,ari/otle toge!r ) ! ,rhetorica ad ,alex&rum1 long believ$ to be ! "w ( ,ari/otle1 9 ! ,lat9 translation by ,filelfo1 & ! ,poetics 9 ,pazzi's translation4 ,z ! true ,rhetoric ( ,ari/otle1 kn[n to ! r5aissance z ! ,ars rhetoricorum ad ,!odect51 0 s frequ5tly publi%$ ) ! spuri\s ,rhetorica1 ref]5ces to ,ari/otle's ,rhetoric 9 ! sixte5? c5tury are likely to be confus+4 ,?us x is difficult to tell :e!r ! ,rhetoric requir$ to be read by ,ox=d /ud5ts 9 ! fifte5? c5tury#agj is ! "o or ! o!r4 ,! surpris+ ?+ is1 h[ev]1 ) all ! editions & translations ( ,ari/otle :i* 7 available1 t ! ,rhetoric ( ,ari/otle _h s slight an influ5ce on ,engli% rhetorical !ory4 ,! ,de in/itutione oratoria ( ,qu9tilian 0 too long to be pres]v$ intact4 ,f ! f\r? to ! sev5? c5turies1 h[ev]1 x 0 well kn[n & highly valu$ by ,hil>y ( ,poiti]s1 ,/4 ,j]ome1 & ,ruf9us1 & closely foll[$ & abridg$ 9 _! rhetorical works by ,cassiodorus1 ,julius ,victor1 & ,isidore ( ,seville4 ,f ! eigh? c5tury until ,poggio discov]$ ! complete manuscript at ,/4 ,gall 9 #adaf1 ! _w knew only mutilat$ fragm5ts ( ! text4 ,on ! basis ( an incomplete manuscript ,eti5ne de ,r\5 prep>$ 9 ! twelf? c5tury an abridgm5t ( ,qu9tilian1 & soon aft] an anonym\s en?usia/ made a selection ( ! ,flores ,qu9tilianei4#aga ,?us1 :ile ! rhetorical works ( ,ari/otle 7 practically unkn[n1 & ! ,cic]onian tradition re/$ on ! ,de inv5tione & ! ,ad ,h]5nium1 ! rhetorical ideas ( ,qu9tilian1 z pres]v$ 9 abridgm5ts & 9 ! treatises ( ,cassiodorus & ,isidore1 pass$ curr5t ?r\gh\t ! middle ages4 ,:5 ! fir/ edition 0 publi%$ by ,campano 9 #adgj1 ! _w ( s*ol>s welcom$ a famili> fri5d4 ,o!r classical critical treatises filt]$ into ,engl& ev5 m sl[ly4 ,! ,de compositione v]borum ( ,dionysius ( ,halic>nassus receiv$ its fir/ pr9t+ at ! h&s ( ,aldus 9 #aejh & 0 edit$ aga9 by ,e/i5ne 9 #aedf1 & by ,/urm 9 #aeej4 ,yet _h ,as*am n be5 a fri5d ( ,/urm's1 x might n h be5 he>d ( 9 ,engl& z e>ly z #aegj1 :5 ! ,s*olema/] 0 publi%$4 ,as*am says x is wor?y ( /udy1 b %[s no great famili>ity ) ! text4#agb ,! ,de sublimitate ( pseudo-,long9us has a simil> hi/ory 9 ,engl&4 ,publi%$ by ,robortelli 9 ,basel 9 #aeed1 x 0 reissu$ ?ree times1 once ) a ,lat9 translation1 be=e ,langhorne edit$ x 7#afcf7 at ,ox=d4 ,no ,elizabe?an writ] alludes to x or seems to h be5 aw>e ( its exi/5ce until ,?omas ,f>naby cites x z an au?ority = 8 ,index ,rhetoricus 7#afcc74 ,! advance ( classical s*ol>%ip 9 ,engl& is inde$ no bett] illu/rat$ ?an by a comp>ison ( ,f>naby's cit$ s\rces ) ^? ( ,?omas ,wilson 7#aeec74 ,wilson knew & us$ ,cic]o1 ,qu9tilian1 ,plut>*1 ,basil ! ,great1 & ,erasmus4 ,f>naby cites an impos+ li/ ( s\rces4 ,greek3 ,ari/otle1 ,h]mog5es1 ,sopatrus1 ,dionysius ( ,halic>nassus1 ,demetrius ,phal1#agc ,m5&]1 ,ari/ides1 ,aps9us1 ,long9us ,de sublimitate1 ,!onus1 ,ap?onius4 ,lat93 ,cic]o1 ,qu9tilian1 ,m>tianus ,capella1 ,curio ,=tunatus1 ,m>io ,victor9o1 ,victore1 ,emporio1 ,augu/9o1 ,ruff9us1 ,trapezuntius1 ,p4 ,ramus1 ,l4 ,vives1 ,so>ez1 ,j4 ,c4 ,scalig]1 ,/urm1 ,/rebaeus1 ,ke*]mann1 ,al/$ius1 ,n4 ,causs9us1 ,j4 ,g4 ,voss1 ,a4 ,vallad]o4 ,:e!r ,f>naby _h read ! works ( ^! g5tlem5 ?r\gh f cov] to cov] is ano!r matt]4 ,he at lea/ knew _! names1 & _h read 9 ,vossius1 ^: footnotes w\ld ref] him to all ^! s\rces z well z to o!rs1 bo? classical & m$iaeval4 ,) ?is evid5ce be=e u x is easy to und]/& :y ! traditions ( ! ,engli% middle ages p]si/$ s long 9 ! lit]>y criticism ( ! ,engli% r5aissance4 ,! !ories ( rhetoric & ( poetry 9 m$iaeval ,engl& _h 9 ! fir/ place1 because ( remot5ess & ! lack ( easy transportation1 become f>!r & f>!r remov$ f su* classical tradition z 0 pres]v$ 9 ! ,m$it]ranean c\ntries4 ,9 ! second place1 ! recov]y ( classical criticism 9 ! ,italian r5aissance ant$at$ by a hundr$ ye>s ! dome/ication ( classical !ory 9 ,engl&4 ,n until ! sev5te5? c5tury1 z has be5 %[n1 did rhetoric 9 ,engl& come aga9 to mean :at x _h 9 classical antiquity4 ,subsequ5t *apt]s w %[ t classical !ories ( poetry1 z publi%$ & int]pret$ by ! ,italian critics1 made almo/ z sl[ head aga9/ ,engli% m$iaeval tradition4 ,*apt] ,,vii ,r5aissance ,poetic #a4 ,! ,ree/abli%m5t ( ! ,classical ,tradition ,9 conclud+ 8 au?oritative /udy1 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,lit]>y ,criticism 9 ! ,r5aissance1 ,sp+>n ass]ts t be=e ! sixte5? c5tury1 ,poetic !ory _h be5 n\ri%$ ^u ! rhetorical & oratorical treatises ( ,cic]o1 ! moral treatises ( ,plut>* 7especially ^? ^u ! read+ ( poets & ! education ( y\?71 ! ,in/itutions ,oratoriae ( ,qu9tilian1 & ! ,de ,leg5dis ,g5tilium ,libris ( ,basil ! ,great4#agd ,) ! turn ( ! c5tury1 he goes on to say1 a great *ange 0 br\ght ab\t by ! publication ( ! classical critical writ+s1 especially ! ,poetics ( ,ari/otle4 ,!n ! m$iaeval crit]ia ( doctr9a & eloqu5tia 7 sup]s$$ by _m new ones4 ,! developm5t ( ,ari/otelian poetic 9 ! ,italian r5aissance is a sep>ate inquiry1 :i* has be5 made ext5sively1 & ne$ n be gone into "h4 ,! results :i* be> ^u ! pres5t inquiry may be summ>iz$ z foll[s3 ,! recov]y ( ,ari/otle's ,poetics br\ght ab\t a complete *ange 9 poetical !ory1 & /imulat$ 9 ,italy a great body ( critical writ+ & discussion1 ! results ( :i* did n rea* ,engl& until almo/ a hundr$ ye>s lat]4 ,! ,poetics _h be5 kn[n to ! middle ages only ?r\gh a ,lat9 abridgm5t by ,h]mannus ,allemanus4 ,?is 0 d]iv$ f a ,hebrew translation f ! ,arabic ( ,av]roes1 :o1 9 turn1 knew only a ,syriac translation ( ! ,greek4#age ,al?\gh ! ,poetics 0 n includ$ 9 ! ,ald9e ,ari/otle 7#adie-h71 ! ,lat9 ab/ract by ,h]mannus 0 pr9t$ ) ,alf>abi's comm5t>y on ! ,rhetoric = ! fir/ "t at ,v5ice 7#adha74 ,valla publi%$ a ,lat9 translation 9 #adih4 ,! ,greek text 0 fir/ publi%$ 9 ! ,ald9e ,rhetores ,graeci 7#aejh7agf badly edit$ by ,ducas4 ,a ,lat9 translation made by ,pazzi 9 #aecf appe>s 9 ! ,basel edition ( ,ari/otle's ,op]a 7#aech7 ) ,filelfo's v]sion ( ! ,rhetorica ad ,alex&rum1 falsely attribut$ to ,ari/otle1 & ,george ( ,trebizond's 7,trapezuntius7 translation ( ! ,rhetoric4 ,robortelli edit$ x 9 #aedh4 ,segni translat$ x 9 #aedi4 ,x 0 edit$ aga9 by ,maggi 9 #aeej1 by ,vettori 9 #aefj1 by ,ca/elvetro 9 #aegj1 & by ,piccolom9i 9 #aege4 ,x _h inspir$ ! ,de ,poeta 7#aeei7 ( ,m9turno & ! ,poetics 7#aefa7 ( ,scalig]4 ,b 9 ,engl& its critical !ories 7 ignor$ be=e ,as*am1 :o cites !m 9 ! ,s*olema/] 7#aegj71 & nev] elucidat$ be=e ,sidney's ,def5se ( ,poesie 7c4 #aehc1 pub4 #aeie74 ,b ) all ! *anges :i* 7 work$ 9 ! lit]>y criticism ( ! r5aissance by ! recov]y ( ,ari/otle's ,poetics1 r5aissance !ories ( poetry 7 nev]!less t+$ ) rhetoric4 ,vossl] has summ>iz$ r5aissance !ories ( ! nature ( poetry z pass+ ?r\gh ?ree /ages3 ( !ology1 ( oratory1 & f9ally ( rhetoric & philology4#agg ,:ile ! influ5ce ( ,ari/otle is mo/ cle>ly se5 9 ! new emphasis on plot con/ruction & *>act]ization1 ! importance ! r5aissance atta*$ to /yle is 9 no small measure a survival ( ! m$iaeval tradition ( classical rhetoric4 ,moreov]1 z ,sp+>n has po9t$ out1 !re 0 a t5d5cy 9 ! r5aissance = ! classical !ories ( poetry to be accept$ z rules :i* mu/ be foll[$ by ^? :o w\ld compose poetry4 ,if a poet foll[$ ^! rules & model$ 8 poem on great poems ( classical antiquity1 "s critics sugge/$1 he c\ld n g f> wrong4 ,?us "o %\ld foll[ ! precepts ( ,ari/otle = !ory1 & imitate ,virgil = epic & ,s5eca = trag$y4 ,! rhetorical "* ( ^! poetical models is significant4 ,bo? are /yli/s1 ( a di/9ct lit]>y flavor4 ,bo? recomm5d$ !mselves to ! r5aissance because !y too 7 imitators ( e>li] lit]>y models4 ,al?\gh ) good ta/e z well z classical erudition ,as*am pref]r$ ,sophocles & ,euripides to ! oratorical & s5t5ti\s ,s5eca1 8 view 0 n %>$ by ! r5aissance4 ,scalig]1 preoccupi$ z he 0 ) /yle1 f\nd 8 ideal ( trag$y n 9 ! plays ( ! great ,greeks1 b 9 ! closet dramas ( ! declamatory ,spani>d4 ,s5eca appeal$ to ! r5aissance n only on acc\nt ( 8 v]bal dext]ity & po9t1 b also on acc\nt ( 8 moral maxims or s5t5tiae4 ,9 ,engl& ! two greate/ lit]>y critics1 ,sidney & ,jonson1 foll[$ ,scalig] 9 ?is high reg>d = ,s5eca4 ,sidney f\nd only "o trag$y 9 ,engl&1 ,gorbuduc1 model$ z x %\ld be on 8 dramas4 ,its spee*es are /ately1 its phrases high s\nd+1 & its moral lesson delightfully taught4#agh ,& ,jonson conceiv$ ! ess5tials ( trag$y to be ^? elem5ts f\nd 9 ,s5eca3 ,tru? ( argum5t1 dignity ( p]son1 gravity & height ( elocution1 fullness & frequ5cy ( s5t5ce4 ,! middle ages conceiv$ ( poetry z be+ comp\nd$ ( pr(itable subject-matt] & beautiful /yle4 ,! ,engli% r5aissance nev] entirely evacuat$ ?is position4 ,consequ5tly ! ,ari/otelian doctr9e t ! ess5ce ( poetry is imitation 0 ei!r ent]ta9$ simultane\sly1 z 9 ,sidney1 or int]pret$ to mean ! same ?+1 z 9 ,jonson4 ,! common] r5aissance idea ( imitation is n t ( ,ari/otle1 b t ( ,plut>*1 ^: speak+ picture s (t5 appe>s 9 ! critical treatises4 ,rob]telli ?\ght poetic might be ei!r 9 prose or 9 v]se if x 7 an imitation2 ,lucian1 ,apuleius1 & ,heliodorus 7 to him poets4#agi ,scalig]1 on ! o!r h&1 insi/$ t a poet makes v]ses4 ,lucan is a poet2 ,livy a hi/orian4#ahj ,ca/elvetro probably came ne>e/ to ,ari/otle 9 ass]t+ t ,lucian & ,boccaccio are poets ?\gh 9 prose1 al?\gh v]se is a m fitt+ g>m5t = poetry ?an is prose4#aha ,vossius anticipates ,prick>d's explanation ( ,ari/otle by def9+ poetry z ! art ( imitat+ actions 9 metrical language4 ,to him v]se alone does n make poetry4 ,h]odotus 9 v]se w\ld rema9 a hi/orian2 b no prose "w c be poetry4#ahb ,^! are only a few examples typical ( ! g5]al t5d5cy :i* ,sp+>n has s ?or\ghly /udi$4 #b4 ,rhetorical ,elem5ts ,?is t5d5cy to foll[ ,ari/otle 9 all[+ t ! vehicle ( v]se 0 n *>act]i/ic ( poetry t5d$ to preclude any vital di/9ction betwe5 rhetoric & poetic4 ,! r5aissance _h inh]it$ f ! middle ages ! belief t poetry 0 compos$ ( two p>ts3 a pr(itable subject matt] 7doctr9a7 & /yle 7eloqu5tia74 ,if ! def9ition goes no fur!r1 !n ! only diff]5ce betwe5 ! poet & ! orator lies 9 ! ,cic]onian dictum t ! poet 0 m re/rict$ 9 8 use ( met]4 ,consequ5tly1 :5 ,ari/otle's !ory t poems c\ld be writt5 9 ei!r prose or v]se 0 accept$1 !re rema9$ no /yli/ic diff]5ce at all4 ,9 fact1 !re is v little4 ,b ?r\gh\t ! middle ages ?is common focus on /yle _h l$ to undue consid]ation ( /yle z ornam5t4 ,9 ! r5aissance ?is same t5d5cy appe>s 9 ,guev>a1 = in/ance1 & 9 ,lyly4 ,! ,euphui/ic /yle1 z ,morris ,croll has po9t$ out1 is m l>gely ?an 0 =m]ly suppos$ to be ! case1 d]iv$ f m$iaeval rhetoric4#ahc ,9 ! !oretical treatises on poetry produc$ on ! cont95t !re is frequ5t use ( rhetorical t]ms4 ,x 0 to be expect$ t s*ol>s ^: education _h be5 l>gely rhetorical %\ld c>ry ov] ! vocabul>y ( rhetoric into :at 0 on ! r$iscov]y ( ! ,poetics practically a new sci5ce4 ,! rhetorical influ5ce is readily recogniz$ 9 ,vida's preoccupation ) ! me*anics ( poetry & 9 ,scalig]'s ov]-analysis & ext5sive treatm5t ( ! rhetorical figures1 ! high1 l[1 & mean /yles1 ! ?ree elem5ts 7mat]ial1 =m1 & execution7 ( poetry4 ,lomb>dus makes poetry include oratory4#ahd ,maggi#ahe & ,tif]nas#ahf e*o ,cic]o t ! poet & ! orator are ! ne>e/ neighbors1 diff]+ only 9 t ! poet is slightly m re/rict$ by met]4 ,j4 ,pontanus insi/s t epideictic prose & poetry h ! same mat]ial1#ahg t poets %\ld le>n f ! precepts ( rhetoric to discrim9ate 9 _! *oice ( words4#ahh ,z an int]pretation ( classical doctr9e ?is is n illegitimate2 b ,pontanus runs into confusion by apply+ to ! n>rative ( epic ! n>ratio ( classical rhetoric1 :i* meant ! lawy]'s /atem5t ( facts4 ,confus+ ! n>ratio ( oratory ) n>rative1 ,pontanus says3 ,!re are ?ree virtues ( a n>ration1 brevity1 probability & p]spicuity4 ,! epic poet %\ld dilig5tly /rive to atta9 ! second & ?ird1 & may le>n h[ to d x f ! ma/]s ( rhetoric4#ahi ,?us a poet %\ld seek 9 an epic ! same qualities :i* an orator is suppos$ by classical rhetorics to /rive = 9 ! /atem5t ( facts ( 8 spee*4#aij ,fur!rmore1 says ,pontanus1 "o c write v good poetry by p>aphras+ orations 9 v]se4#aia ,no wond] ,luis ,vives compla9$ 9 8 ,de ,causis ,corrupt>um ,artium1 ,! mod]ns conf\nd ! arts by reason ( _! resemblance1 & ( two t are v mu* oppos$ to ea* o!r make a s+le art4 ,!y call rhetoric gramm>1 & gramm> rhetoric1 because bo? treat ( language4 ,! poet !y call orator1 & ! orator poet1 because bo? put eloqu5ce & h>mony into _! disc\rses4#aib ,f ?is brief summ>y1 d]iv$ = ! mo/ "p f ! exhau/ive /udies ( ,vossl] & ,sp+>n1 "o may recognize "s ( ! rhetorical elem5ts 9 ! !ories ( poetry curr5t 9 ! ,italian r5aissance4 ,! ,ari/otelian /udies ( ! ,italian s*ol>s v l>gely accompli%$ ! ov]?r[ ( ! m$iaeval !ories ( poetry & ! re-e/abli%m5t ( ! s\nd] critical !ories ( classical antiquity4 ,_! s]vice to subsequ5t criticism has be5 s great & _! critical ?9k+ on ! :ole s s\nd t x may seem ungraci\s to call att5tion to a few cases :]e !y 7 unable to %ake !mselves entirely free f ! m$iaeval tradition ( classical rhetoric4 ,*apt] ,,viii ,!ories ( ,poetry 9 ! ,engli% ,r5aissance #a4 ,! ,rhetorical ,p]iod ( ,engli% ,criticism ,sp+>n has c>efully trac$ ! introduction ( ! !ories ( poetry =mulat$ by ! ,italian critics into ,engl& at ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,x is ! purpose ( ?is /udy n to g ov] ! gr\nd :i* ,sp+>n has s admirably cov]$1 b to po9t out 9 ,engli% r5aissance !ories ( poetry ^? elem5ts :i* d]ive f ! m$iaeval tradition & f ! classical rhetorics1 & to trace ! gradual displacem5ts ( ^! elem5ts by ! s\nd] classical tradition :i* rea*$ ,engl& f ,italy4 ,! fir/ /age ( ,engli% ,criticism1 say ,sp+>n1 0 entirely giv5 up to rhetorical /udy4#aic ,9 8 p]iod he includes ,cox & ,wilson1 ! rhetoricians1 & ,as*am1 ! s*ol>4 ,( ! second p]iod1 :i* he *>act]izes z "o ( classification & metrical /udies1 he says1 ,a long p]iod ( rhetorical & metrical /udy _h help$ to =mulate a rhetorical & te*nical conception ( ! poet's function4#aid ,^! two p]iods h s mu* 9 common t !y may readily be consid]$ toge!r4 ,?r\gh\t ?is p]iod 9 ,engl& !re 0 no ab/ract !oriz+ on ! art ( poetry4 ,! rhetorics ( ,cox 7#aebd7 & ,wilson 7#aeec7 7 rhetorics & made no pret5ce ( treat+ poetry4 ,?is is significant ( a direct contact ) classical rhetoric4 ,because ,cox f\nd$ 8 treatise on ! s\nd s*ol>%ip ( ,melan*?on1 & ,wilson wrote ) ! text ( 8 ,cic]o & 8 ,qu9tilian op5 be=e him1 nei!r 0 s completely "u ! m$iaeval influ5ce z 7 mo/ ( ! subsequ5t writ]s on rhetoric 9 ,engl&4 ,ano!r s*ol> 9 classical rhetoric 0 ,rog] ,as*am1 ^: ,s*olema/] 7#aegj7 conta9s ! fir/ ref]5ce 9 ,engl& to ,ari/otle's ,poetics4 ,b except z a tea*] ( language & ( lit]ature ,as*am does n treat ( poetry4 ,foll[+ ,qu9tilian1 he classifies lit]ature into g5res ( poetry1 hi/ory1 philosophy1 & oratory1 ea* ) its appropriate subdivisions4 ,bo? ,as*am & ,qu9tilian are int]e/$ 9 lit]ature z pr(essors :o mu/ organize a field = pres5tation to /ud5ts2 & z is frequ5tly ! case1 ! result is apt to become arid1 s*ematic1 & lifeless4 ,9 8 criticism ( individual poems1 also1 ,as*am praises ! au?ors less = creative p[] ?an = adh]5ce to c]ta9 =mal te/s4 ,watson's ,absolon & ,bu*anan's ,ieph! he consid]s ! be/ trag$ies ( 8 age because only !y c abide ! trew t\* ( ,ari/otle's precepts & ,euripides's example4 ,!y 7 good because !y 7 accord+ to rule1 & 9 imitation ( good models4#aie ,watson he especially praises = 8 refusal to publi% ,absolon because 9 sev]al places an anape/ 0 sub/itut$ = an iambus4 ,?us f> we h ! influ5ce ( classical rhetoric urg+ z an ideal = poetry =mal correctness4 ,! rhetoric ( ,gascoigne1 h[ev]1 0 n d]iv$ f ! classical treatises1 b f ! middle ages4 ,8 ,c]tayne ,notes ( ,in/ruction 7#aege7 m>ks ! beg9n+ ( ! p]iod ( metrical /udies4 ,n[ 9 ! ,engli% middle ages1 prosody _h consi/5tly be5 treat$ z a "p ( gramm>1 foll[+ ! classical tradition2 b 9 ,france prosody _h regul>ly be5 discuss$ 9 treatises be>+ ! "n ( rhetoric4 ,z ,sp+>n has %[n1 ?is tradition ( ! ,fr5* middle ages p]si/$ 9 ! works ( ,du ,bellay & ,rons>d1 ^: works 9 turn inspir$ ,gascoigne4#aif ,foll[+ ,rons>d1 ,gascoigne devotes a great deal ( att5tion to :at1 borr[+ ! t]m9ology ( rhetoric1 he calls inv5tion4 ,b :]eas ,rons>d _h meant by inv5tion high1 gr&1 & beautiful conceptions1 ,gascoigne means "s good & f9e devise1 %ew+ ! quicke capacitie ( a writ]4 ,t ,gascoigne takes inv5tion to mean a se>* = fancies is illu/rat$ by 8 own example4 ,if ,i %\ld und]take to wryte 9 prayse ( a g5tlewoman1 ,i w\ld nei!r praise h] *ri/al eye1 nor h] *]rie lippe1 etc4 ,= ^! ?+s are trita et obvia4 ,b ,i w\ld ei!r f9d "s sup]naturall cause :]eby my p5ne might walke 9 ! sup]lative degree1 or els ,i w\ld und]take to answ] = any imp]fection t %ee ha?1 & !reupon rayse ! prayse ( hir comm5dacion4#aig ,by f> ! great] "p ( ,gascoigne's treatise is devot$ to metrics & to /yle4 ,"o c use1 he says1 ! same figures or tropes 9 v]se z are us$ 9 prose4 ,x is notewor?y t 9 ?is treatise on mak+ v]ses ,gascoigne re/ricts himself to ext]nals ( =m & /yle4 ,:5 he does discuss ! subject-matt] ( poetry1 in/ead ( emphasiz+ ! s]i\sness ( cont5t1 he talks ab\t 8 mi/ress' cri/al eye4 ,:at has be5 said ab\t ,gascoigne applies almo/ equally well to ! ,s*ort ,treatise 7#aehd7 ( ,james ,,vi :i* 0 model$ on x4 ,l ,gascoigne's ,notes1 x is rhetorical & conc]n$ ) only ! ext]nals ( poetry4 ,! treatise is almo/ entirely a metrical /udy1 al?\gh ! au?or does call att5tion to ?ree special ornam5ts ( v]se1 :i* are comp>isons1 epi!ts1 & prov]bs4 ,! o!r figures ( rhetoric :i* are s appropriate to poetry ,james says may be /udi$ 9 ,du ,bellay4 ,9 bo? ^! writ]s1 poetry is treat$ 9 ! categories ( ! middle ages4 ,poetry to !m is compos$ ( subject-matt] & /yle4 ,! *>act]i/ic /ructure & movem5t ( poetry is n consid]$ at all4 #b4 ,! ,influ5ce ( ,horace ,?us f> !re _h be5 no fundam5tal criticism ( poetic 9 ,engl&1 no attempt to arrive at ! basis ( critical !ory4 ,horace _h be5 kn[n long be=e1 b n until ,drant's translation ( ! ,ars ,poetica into ,engli% 9 #aefg is its influ5ce se5 to be def9ite & ext5sive 9 ,engl&4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ publi%$ evid5ces ( ?is influ5ce is ,george ,:et/one's ,d$ication to ,promos & ,cass&ra 7#aegh74 ,! passage is %ort1 b conta9s two v important po9ts 9 ! cre$ ( classicism4 ,:et/one inveighs aga9/ ! ,engli% dramati/ :o 9 ?ree h[]s ronnes ?r[e ! worlde1 m>ryes1 gets *ildr51 makes ,*ildr5 m51 m5 to conqu] k+domes1 murd] ,mon/]s1 & br+e? ,gods f ,heav51 & fet*e? ,divels f ,hel4#aih ,?is is ! e>lie/ record 9 ,engl& ( an insi/5ce on unity ( "t & place4 ,!n he urges ! claims ( decorum 9 com$y4 ,! poet %\ld n make cl[ns ! companions ( k+s1 nor put wise c\nsels into ! m\? ( fools4 ,=1 to worke a com$ie k9dly1 grave olde m5 %\ld in/ruct1 yonge m5 %\ld %[e ! imp]fections ( y\?1 ,/rumpets %\ld be lascivi\s1 ,boyes unhappy1 & ,cl[nes %\ld speake disord]lye4#aii ,x is int]e/+ t ?is conception ( ! *>act]s 9 a drama %\ld ultimately trace back ?r\gh _m p]v]sions to ,ari/otle's rhetorical !ory4 ,!re are ?ree k9ds ( pro(1 says ,ari/otle 9 ! ,rhetoric3 ! "* ( ! speak]1 ! production ( a c]ta9 disposition 9 ! audi5ce1 & ! argum5t ( ! spee* itself4 ,! la/ k9d ( pro( is d]iv$ f logic2 ! fir/ two1 f psy*ology4#bjj ,consequ5tly1 ,ari/otle devotes almo/ a ?ird ( 8 ,rhetoric1 ! second book1 to an elaborate exposition ( ! passions 77 ( m51 s t ! orator may "k h[ to excite or allay !m accord+ z ! necessities ( 8 case dem&1 & a full explanation ( ! "* 77 ( m51 t ! speak] may "k h[ to impress ^u 8 audi5ce 8 own tru/wor?9ess1 & adapt 8 argum5ts to ! "* ( ! p>ticul> audi5ce :i* he is address+4 ,v>ieties ( "* 9 an audi5ce dep5d ^u its passions1 its virtues & vices1 its age or y\?1 & its position 9 life4#bja ,ari/otle's g5]alizations on ! "* ( "y p & old1 ( ! weal?y1 noble & p[]ful1 display p5etrat+ acum54 ,t fle% & blood "* realizations 9 drama or /ory c\ld be atta9$ by ?is me?od ,ari/otle nev] int5d$4 ,he is talk+ ( public address4 ,b ! /udy ( *>act]ization z "p ( ! education ( an orator became fix$ 9 ! curriculum ( rhetoric s*ools4 ,! boys 7 suppos$ to /udy c]ta9 types ( p]sons & !n write "* sket*es to %[ _! %>pness ( obs]vation4 ,!ophra/us1 ,ari/otle's favorite /ud5t & successor z head ( ! s*ool 9 ,a!ns1 wrote 8 ,*>act]s to %[ h[ x 0 done1 & did x ) su* ability z to elevate ! s*ool ex]cise to a lit]>y =m4 ,^! *>act]s 7 epitomiz$ 9 ! ,lat9 rhetorics & ! s*ool ex]cises cont9u$4 ,! rhetoric ,ad ,h]5nium calls !m notatio1#bjb ,cic]o1 descriptio1#bjc & ,qu9tilian1 mores4#bjd ,qu9tilian fur!rmore makes int]e/+ comm5ts on ! use ( ! "* sket*es by ! poets4 ,"* 7,greek3 7 9 oratory1 he says1 is simil> to com$y1 z ! passions 77 are to trag$y4#bje ,pr(essor ,but*] calls att5tion to ! e>ly influ5ce ( ! "* sket*es on ! middle com$y4 ,"h ! hum\rs1 to anticipate ,b5 ,jonson1 give names n only to ! *>act]s ( ! play1 b to ! plays !mselves4#bjf ,z adopt$ by ! drama1 ! orator's view t p ( a c]ta9 age & rank are likely to behave 9 c]ta9 fa%ions 0 p]v]t$ to ! dramatical law ( decorum1 t p ( c]ta9 age or rank mu/ on ! /age act up to ?is g5]alization ( :at 0 *>act]i/ic4 ,?is law ( decorum 0 =mulat$ by ,horace 9 8 ,ars ,poetica1#bjg :5ce x 0 d]iv$ by ! r5aissance4 ,?omas ,wilson1 9 8 ,arte ( ,rhetorique1 gives a ,!ophra/ian "* sket* z an illu/ration ( ! figure descriptio4 ,z 9 speak+ aga9/ a covet\s man1 ?us4 ,!re is no su* p9* p5ey on live z ?is good fell[e is4 ,he w n lose ! p>+ ( 8 nailes4 ,8 haire is nev] r\nd$ = sp>+ ( money1 "o paire ( %one s]ve? him a twelve mon?1 he is %od ) nailes l a ,horse4 ,he ha? b5e kn[ne by 8 coate ?is ?irtie ,w9t]4 ,he sp5t once a groate at good ale1 be+ =c$ ?r\gh companie1 & tak5 %ort at 8 words1 :]eupon he ha? tak5 su* conceipt s9ce t "t1 t x ha? almo/ co/ him 8 life4#bjh ,9 #aeib ,casaubon edit$ ,!ophra/us 9 ,lat94 ,!reaft] ! "* sket* became a lit]>y =m1 z 9 ,hall1 ,ov]bury1 & ,e>le1 in/ead ( rema9+ m]ely a rhetorical ex]cise4#bji ,9 ! !ory ( ! drama ! rhetorical me?od ( *>act]ization1 fix$ z ! law ( decorum1 fl\ri%$ ?r\gh\t ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies4 ,9 ,engl& f ,:et/one on x 0 made mu* (4 ,?us a rhetorical tradition ( classical p$agogy1 d]iv$ ultimately f ,ari/otle1 & a poetical tradition ( lat] classical drama1 d]iv$ f ,horace1 co9cide 9 ! ,engli% r5aissance4 ,9 ,! ,epi/le ,d$icatory to ! ,%ephe>ds ,cal5d] 7#aegi71 = in/ance1 ,e4,k4 praises ,sp5s] = 8 dewe obs]v+ ( decorum ev]ye :]e1 9 p]sonages1 9 seasons1 9 matt]1 9 spea*4#baj ,! ar*aisms are def5d$ 9 ! fir/ place1 inde$1 because !y are appropriate to ru/ic speak]s1 b 9 ! second because ,cic]o says t anci5t words make ! /yle seem grave & rev]5d4 ,fur!r praise ,e4,k4 grants ! au?or because he avoids loose s5t5ce /ructure & affects ! oratorical p]iod4 ,n[1 = ! knitt+ ( s5t5ces1 :y* !y call ! ioynts & memb]s !re(1 & = all ! compasse ( ! spea*1 x is r\nd )\t r\ghness4#baa ,! ioynts & memb]s are ! cola & commas ( ! oratorical prose rhy?m4 ,/anyhur/ 9 ! ,d$ication to 8 translation ( ,virgil 7#aehb71 l ,e4 ,k41 is conc]n$ ) /yle r ?an matt]1 & ( c\rse prim>ily ) ! revival ( classical met]s1 a subject already s ?or\ghly inve/igat$ t x ne$ n be gone into "h4#bab ,/anyhur/'s praise ( ,virgil is l>gely conc]n$ ) =mal & rhetorical excell5ces4 ,our ,virgil doo? lab\re1 9 tell+ z yt 7 a ,cantorburye tale1 too f]ret owt ! secretes ( ,nature1 ) woordes s fitlye c\*t1 wy? v]ses s smoo?lye slyckte1 ) s5t5ces s featlye ord]$1 ) orations s neatlie burni%t1 ) similitudes s aptly apply$1 ) ee*e decorum s duely obs]v$1 z 9 tru? hee ha? 9 "r pur*as$ too hym self !e "n ( a surpass+ poet1 !e fame ( an od orat\re1 & !e admiration ( a pr(\nd philosoph]4#bac ,?us 9 accord ) ! m$iseval tradition he analyzes poetry into pr(itable subject matt] & /yle4 #c4 ,! ,influ5ce ( ,ari/otle ,9 #aegi ! ,puritan attack on poetry & ! /age began ) ,gosson's ,s*ool ( ,abuse4#bad & 0 answ]$ by ,lodge's ,def5ce ( ,poetry 9 ! same ye>4 ,! attack & def5se bo? re/$ on moral1 n ae/hetic1 sanctions & w be discuss$ 9 a lat] section4 ,x is only 9 ,sidney's ,def5se 7c4 #aehc7 & t ( 8 foll[] ,h>+ton t !ories ( ! nature ( poetry are includ$4 ,& ) ,sidney ! ,ari/otelianism ( ! ,italian r5aissance makes its fir/ appe>ance 9 ,engli% criticism4#bae ,poesie1 writes ,sidney1 !re=e is an arte ( imitation1 = s ,ari/otle t]me? x 9 8 ^w ,mimesis1 t is to say1 a repres5t+1 c\nt]feit+1 or figur+ =?3 to speake metaphorically1 a speak+ picture4#baf ,?us n only ,ari/otle's imitation ent]s ,engli% criticism1 b ,plut>*'s speak+ picture z well1 ) all ! p[] ( its false analogy4 ,t ,sidney himself 0 n1 h[ev]1 c>ri$ away by ! analogy is app>5t f o!r passages4 ,ari/otle1 classify+ poetic ) music & danc+ z a "t art ) its ess5ce 9 movem5t1 _h insi/$ t a poem mu/ h a beg9n+1 a middle1 & an end--qualities :i* d n exi/ 9 space4 ,s 9 ! mo/ quot$ passage f ,sidney's ,def5se1 x is a tale =soo?1 :i* draws old m5 f ! *imney corn]1 & *ildr5 f play1#bag & ! n>ration :i* furni%es ! gr\ndplot ( poesie4#bah ,?us he introduces into ,engli% criticism1 z an important elem5t ( poetry1 ! ess5tially s\nd idea t ! *>act]i/ic /ructure ( poetry lies 9 its n>rative & dramatic movem5t4 ,poetry _c lie because x nev] pret5ds to fact4 ,he e/abli%es ?is ass]tion on ,ari/otle's univ]sal n ! p>ticul> z ! basis ( poetic4 ,sidney _h foll[$ ,scalig] 9 classify+ poets into ?ree k9ds3 ! !ological1 ! philosophical1 & ! "r poets4 ,! ?ird class1 ! real poets1 he says1 borr[ no?+ ( :at is1 ha? be51 or %all be3 b range1 onely rayn$ ) le>n$ discretion1 into ! div9e consid]ation ( :at may be1 & %\ld be4#bai ,9 consid]+ ! vehicle ( poetic ,sidney p>ts company ) ,scalig] & agrees ) ,ca/elvetro t v]se is b an ornam5t & n ! *>act]i/ic m>k ( poetry4 ,! ,cyropa$ia ( ,x5ophon1 & ! ,!ag9es & ,c>iclea ( ,heliodorus are poems1 al?\gh writt5 9 prose1 because !y feign notable images ( virtues & vices1 al?\gh inde$ ! ,s5ate ( ,poets ha? *os5 v]se z _! fitte/ raym5t4#bbj ,proce$+ !nce1 he def5ds v]se z be+ a f> great] aid to memory ?an prose1 borr[+ 8 t]m9ology ( rooms1 places1 & seates1 f ! mnemonic sy/em ( ,simonides usually incorporat$ 9 ! section on memory 9 ! classical rhetorics4#bba ,fur!rmore1 ,sidney is ! fir/ 9 ,engl& to insi/ on ! vividness ( realization :i* comes f ! poet's be+ himself mov$4 ,discuss+ lyric poetry1 ,sidney says3 ,b truely _m ( su* writ+s z come "u ! bann] ( unresi/able love1 if ,i 7 a ,mi/res1 w\ld nev] p]swade mee !y 7 9 love2 s coldely !y apply fi]y spee*es1 z m5 t _h r r$ ,lov]s writ+s1 & s caught up c]ta9e swell+ phrases1444 !n t 9 tru? !y feele ^? passions1 :i* easily 7z ,i ?9k7 may be bewray$ by t same =cibl5ess or ,en]gia 7z ! ,greeks call x71 ( ! writ]4#bbb ,sidney's ,en]gia came to him f ! rhetorics ( ,ari/otle & ,qu9tilian via ! ,poetice ( ,scalig]4#bbc ,en]gia1 ! vivify+ quality ( poetry1 _h at ! e>lie/ age be5 adopt$ by rhetoric to l5d p[] to p]suasion4 ,c>efully pres]v$ among ! figures ( rhetoric1 x _h surviv$ ! middle ages1 & appe>s 9 ,wilson's ,arte ( ,rhetoric z an evid5t decl>ation ( a ?+1 z ?\gh we saw x ev5 n[ done4 ,sidney makes en]gia an ess5tial quality ( poetic2 b ev5 ) him x seems to h a rhetorical ca/4 ,x is especially to be us$1 says ,sidney1 by a lov] to p]suade 8 mi/ress1 urg+ h] to yield :ile yet h] beauty endures4 ,?is g5re ( v]sifi$ oration to "o's mi/ress 0 unusually popul> 9 ,elizabe?an ,engl&4 ,x may ev5 be "o reason = ,bacon's classification ( lyric poetry z "p ( rhetoric4#bbd ,al?\gh en]gia does belong to bo? poetic & rhetoric1 z pseudo-,long9us implies1#bbe !re seems to be "h a def9itely rhetorical conception ( poetic /yle4 ,sidney1 h[ev]1 keeps ! classical di/9ction betwe5 rhetoric & poetic1 al?\gh he 0 consci\s ( _! contact 9 diction4 ,bo?1 he says ) ,ari/otle1 h an aff9ity 9 ?is wordi% consid]ation4#bbf ,:ile _m r5aissance critics int]pret$ ?is aff9ity z p]mitt+ rhetorical elaboration 9 poetry z well z 9 prose1 ,sidney ) innate good ta/e plead$ = m re/ra9t4 ,! diction ( ! writ]s ( lyrics is ev5 worse1 he says1 ?an _! cont5t4 ,s is t honny-fl[+ ,matron ,eloqu5ce app>all$1 or r disguis$1 9 a ,curtizan-l pa9t$ affectation3 "o "t ) s f>re fette words1 !y seem mon/]s1 b mu/ seem /rang]s to any poore ,engli% man1 ano!r tyme ) c\rs+ ( a ,lett] z if !y 7 b\nd to foll[ ! me?od ( a ,diction>y2 ano!r tyme1 ) figures & fl[]s extreamelie w9t]-/>v$4#bbg ,prose writ]s1 he adds1 are z badly infect$ z v]s]s1 ev5 s*ol>s & prea*]s4 ,t he himself 0 infect$ appe>s 9 ! examples ( int]m9able tropes & s*emes quot$ by ,fraunce 9 8 ,arcadian ,rhetoric 7#aehh7 f ,sidney's own ,arcadia4 ,b ! concession ( 8 own /yle to ! habit ( 8 age did n involve any fundam5tal confusion ( rhetoric ) poetic4 ,?us ,sidney's ,def5se ( ,poesie1 by dome/icat+ 9 ,engl& ! ,ari/otelian !ories ( ! ,italian critics1 w5t f> 9 displac+ m$iaeval tradition by s\nd] classical criticism4 ,to object t ,sidney's criticism conta9s elem5ts :i* d]ive f ! middle ages & f ! classical rhetorics w\ld be capti\s4 ,x is ask+ too mu* to expect t a man c %ake (f at once ! traditional habits ( ?\ght :i* are "p ( ! air he brea!s4 ,! important ?+ is t ,sidney in/itut$ a t5d5cy t[>d classicism :i* dur+ ! next fifty ye>s e/abli%$ itself 9 criticism4 ,t ?is classicism t5d$ 9 "s cases t[>d ov]-emphasis does n alt] ! fact t ,engli% criticism pr(it$ greatly by ! return to classical poetical !ory4 ,x is int]e/+1 h[ev]1 t ,sidney's influ5ce did n at once dislodge ! m$iaeval tradition4 ,al?\gh ! manuals ( ,webbe & ,putt5ham d %[ classical influ5ce1 _! !ories ( poetry /ill %[ a notable residuum ( !ory *>act]i/ically m$iaeval4 #d4 ,manuals = ,poets ,be=e ,william ,webbe wrote 8 ,disc\rse ( ,engli% ,poetry 7#aehf7 !re _h be5 no attempt 9 ,engl& to compose a sy/ematic & compreh5sive /udy ( ! art4 ,! rhetorical /udies ( ,as*am & ,wilson m]ely glanc$ at poetry z some?+ relat$ to rhetoric4 ,gascoigne & ,james attempt$ no m ?an manuals ( prosody4 ,lodge & ,h>+ton 7 prim>ily int]e/$ 9 ju/ify+ poetry on moral gr\nds aga9/ ! ,puritan attack2 & ,sidney1 ?\gh he goes beyond ?is1 /ill keeps x z a ma9 object4 ,9 8 ,disc\rse ,webbe mode/ly ass]ts t 8 purpose 9 writ+ is prim>ily to /ir up "s "o bett] ?an he to write on ,engli% poetry s t prop] crit]ia ( judgm5t may be e/abli%$ to disc]n betwe5 good writ]s & bad1 & t ! poets may !reby be aid$ 9 ! "r practice & ord]ly c\rse ( true poetry4 ,if z mu* att5tion 7 devot$ 9 ,engl& to poetry z to oratory1 he ?9ks1 poetry w\ld be 9 z good /ate z h] si/] ,rhetoricall ,eloquution1 z !y 7 by byr? ,twyns1 by k9de ! same1 by orig9al ( "o desc5t4#bbh ,z an example ( ! high degree ( excell5ce atta9$ by eloqu5ce1 he cites ,lyly's ,euphues4 ,^: workes surely 9 respecte ( 8 s+ul] eloqu5ce & brave composition ( apt words & s5t5ces1 let ! le>n$ exam9e & make tryall !re( ?r\gh all ! p>tes ( ,re?oricke1 9 fitte phrases1 9 pi?y s5t5ces1 9 gallant tropes1 9 fl[+ spee*1 9 pla9e s5ce4#bbi ,?us rhetoric is consid]$ m]ely z /yle2 & ! implication seems to be t ! poets :o w\ld improve _! /yle might well imitate ,lyly4 ,webbe evid5tly means :at he says 9 id5tify+ poetry & rhetoric 9 /yle4 ,he adds3 ,?us x appe>e? bo? ,eloqu5ce & ,poetrie to h _h _! beg9n+ & orig9al f ^! ex]cises1 bee+ fram$ 9 su* sweete measure ( s5t5ces & pleasant h>monie call$ :i* is an apt composition ( wordes or clauses1 draw+ z x 7 by =ce ! he>]s e>es ev5 :e!r soev] x ly/e?1 t ,plato affirme? !re9 to be conta9$ 1 an in*antm5t1 z x 7 to p]suade4#bcj ,! confusion ?us is c>ri$ pretty f> by ,webbe1 :o makes poetry & rhetoric ! same 9 /yle1 bo? aim+ at p]suasion4 ,n only h poetic & rhetoric = him a common gr\nd 9 diction1 b ! ideal ( diction is ! same = bo?4 ,! diction ( poetry is ! same z ! diction ( oratory4 ,! only diff]5ce to him is t poetry is 9 v]se & oratory 9 prose4 ,poetry1 !re=e1 is :]e any worke is le>n$ly compil$ 9 measurable spee*1 & fram$ 9 wordes conteyn+ numb] or proportion ( j syllables1 delight+ ! read]s or he>]s z well by ! apt & dec5t fram+ ( wordes 9 equal resemblance ( quantity--commonly call$ v]se1 z by ! skylfull h&l+ ( ! matt]4#bca ,webbe organizes 8 treatise 9 good rhetorical fa%ion4 ,fir/ come sev5te5 pages ( hi/ory1 m5tion+ ) p]functory comm5t ! be/ kn[n poets ( classical antiquity & ( ,engl&4 ,! rema9d] ( ! ,disc\rse is devot$ to ! !ory ( poetry1 :i* he divides into matt] & =m4 ,matt]1 :i* receives n9ete5 pages1 is ! m$ival doctr9a1 = ! :ole gi/ ( ?is section is t moral lessons are d]ivable f ! poets4 ,by =m he means v]se1 mak+ no m5tion ( ! figures ( spee*4 ,engli% rimes receive half ( ?is space1 & classical met]s ! rema9d]4 ,webbe's fund ( critical op9ion is n opul5t4 ,8 treatise is bas$ on traditional ,engli% op9ion ( ! middle ages1 ) an increm5t ( ,horace1 ( :om he ?9ks s highly z to app5d to 8 treatise an ,engli% translation ( ! ,cannons or g5]all cautions ( poetry1 :i* ,georgius ,fabricius ,*emnic5sis 7#aefj7 _h dige/$ f ! ,ars ,poetica1 & ! ,epi/les4 ,p]haps ! au?or ( ,! ,arte ( ,engli% ,poesie 7#aehi71 g5]ally suppos$ to be ,putt5ham1 _h 9 m9d to be ! "s-"o-bett]-?an-,webbe1 :om t wor?y tutor hop$ to /ir up to write a treatise = ! b5efit ( poetry 9 ,engl&4 ,at any rate1 ,putt5ham is prim>ily conc]n$ ) tea*+ 8 contempor>ies h[ to write v]ses4 ,l classical au?ors ( text-books1 he calls 8 treatise an ,arte4 ,fur!rmore1 z a c\rti] himself writ+ = c\rti]s1 ,putt5ham does n lay d[n rules = ! drama or ! epic1 b devotes mo/ ( 8 att5tion to occasional v]se3 lyrics1 elegies1 epigrams1 & satires4 ,8 /ructure is significant4 ,! fir/ book1 #eh pages 9 ! ,arb] repr9t1 deals ) def9ition1 purpose & subject matt] ( poetry4 ,! poet1 he says1 is a mak] :o creates new =ms out ( 8 inn] consci\sness1 & at ! same "t an imitator4 ,?us he reconciles ,ari/otle & ,horace4#bcb ,moreov]1 ,putt5ham calls att5tion to ! importance ( ! imag9ation 9 ! composition ( poetry z well z 9 w>1 eng9e]+ & politics4#bcd ,t ! art ( poetry is em95tly tea*able1 ,putt5ham is entirely conv9c$1 = he def9es x z a skill app]ta9+ to utt]ance1 or z a c]ta9 ord] ( rules prescrib$ by reason & ga!r$ by exp]i5ce4#bcc ,x is v]se1 accord+ to ,putt5ham1 n imitation1 :i* is ! *>act]i/ic m>k ( poetry4 ,?is makes poetry a nobl] =m1 = v]se is a mann] ( utt]ance m eloqu5t & re?orical !n ! ord9>ie prose1 because x is deck$ & set out ) all mann] ( fre% col\rs & figures1 :i* make? t x soon] invegle? ! judgm5t ( man4 ,x is because poetry is ?us s beautiful1 he says1 t ! ,poets 7 also f ! beg9n+ ! be/ p]suad]s1 & _! eloqu5ce ! fir/ ,re?oricke ( ! _w4#bce ,rhetoric to ,putt5ham is beauty ( spee*3 & because poetry is m beautiful ?an prose1 z be+ 9 ?is s5se m rhetorical1 x is bett] able to p]suade4 ,! rema9d] ( ! book expla9s ! nature & hi/ory ( ! v>i\s poetical =ms1 z lyric1 epic1 trag$y1 pa/oral1 & s on4 ,! second book1 ,( ,proportion1 #gj pages1 is a treatise on metrics4 ,! fir/ half1 l ! section 9 ,webbe1 is devot$ to ,engli% v]s+1 deal+ ) /anza =ms1 met]s1 rime1 & conceit$ figures su* z anagrams & v]ses 9 ! =m ( eggs4 ,! second half is devot$ to classical met]s4 ,9 8 ?ird book1 ,( ,ornam5t1 #afe pages1 ,putt5ham gives an exhau/ive & exhau/+ treatm5t ( ! figures ( spee*4 ,( ! #aba figures :i* ,putt5ham def9es & illu/rates1 ,pr(essor ,van ,hook has trac$ #ajg to ,qu9tilian's rhetoric#bcf4 ,pr(essor ,s*ell+ refuses to treat ?is ?ird book 9 8 ,poetic & ,v]se ,criticism 9 ! ,reign ( ,elizabe?1 because1 he says1 x does n fall )9 ! scope ( 8 purpose1 be+ made up ( matt]s rhetorical1 z applicable to prose z to v]se#bcg4 ,t ,putt5ham did include x1 h[ev]1 is mo/ significant evid5ce t bo? ! au?or & 8 read+ public consid]$ ^! adornm5ts an ess5tial "p ( poetry4 ,z ! ladies ( ! c\rt1 be !y ev] s beautiful1 %\ld be a%am$ to be se5 )\t _! c\rtly habilim5ts ( silks1 & tissues1 & co/ly embroid]ies1 ev5 s poetry _c be se5 if any limb be left nak$ & b>e & n clad 9 gay clo!s & colors1 says ,putt5ham4 ,?is ornam5t is giv5 to x by figures & figurative spea*es1 :i* be ! fl[]s1 z x 71 & col\rs t a ,poet sette? ^u 8 language ( arte1 z ! embrod]] do? 8 /one & p]le or passem5ts ( gold ^u ! /uffe ( a ,pr9cely g>m5t#bch4 ,! figures ,putt5ham divides accord+ to 8 own s*eme4 ,fir/ come ! figures auricul> peculi> to ! poets1 !n ! figures s5sable common to ! poets & ! rhetoricians1 & f9ally ! figures s5t5ti\s appropriate to ! orators alone4 ,aft] he has expla9$ ! fir/ two v>ieties1 h[ev]1 & ent]s on ! ?ird1 ,putt5ham says3 ,n[ if our presupposall be true1 t ! ,poet is ( all o!r ! mo/ aunci5t ,orator1 z he t by good & pleasant p]swasions fir/ r$uc$ ! wilde & bea/ly p into publicke societies & civilitie ( life1 ins9uat+ unto !m1 "u fictions ) sweete & col\r$ spee*es1 _m :olesome lessons & doctr9es1 !n no d\bt !re is no?+ s fitte = him1 z to be furni%$ ) all ! figures t be ,rhetoricall1 & su* z d mo/ beautifie language ) eloqu5ce & s5t5ti\sness4 ,s z if we %\ld intreate our mak] to play also ! ,orator1 & :e!r x be to pleade1 or to praise1 or to advise1 t 9 all ?ree cases he may utt] & also p]swade bo? copi\sly & vehem5tly#bci4 ,putt5ham 0 writ+ 9 ! same age & ) ! same tradition :i* def9$ ,rhetoric z ! art ( ornam5t 9 spee*4 ,! only diff]5ce betwe5 oratory & poetry lay 9 t ! latt] 0 compos$ 9 v]se4 #e4 ,rhetorical ,elem5ts 9 ,lat] ,engli% ,classicism ,f ,putt5ham to ,bacon no s]i\s contributions 7 made to ! g5]al !ory ( poetry4 ,critical att5tion 0 absorb$ by controv]sies ( ,campion & ,daniel ov] native & classical v]sification1 & ! flyt+ ( ,h>vey & ,na%4 ,h>vey 0 a classical s*ol> & rhetorician :o knew t poetry & oratory 7 diff]5t ?+s1 & believ$ v]se to be ! m>k ( ! fir/ & prose ( ! latt]#bdj4 ,he pref]r$ ! p]iodic /yle ( ,isocrates & ,as*am to ! tricksy pages ( ,euphues#bda4 ,*apman1 likewise1 consid]$ v]se ! m>k ( poetry1 & prose ( rhetoric#bdb4 ,9 ! ,advancem5t ( ,le>n+ 7#afje7 ,bacon cle>s up "s ( ! misconceptions ( ! ,engli% r5aissance by judici\s borr[+ f ! ,italian4 ,he says3 ,poesie is a "p ( ,le>n+ 9 measure ( words = ! mo/ "p re/ra9$1 b 9 all o!r po9ts extremely lic5s$1 & do? truly ref]re to ! ,imag9ation1 :i*1 bee+ n ty$ to ! ,lawes ( ,matt]1 may at pleasure joyne t :i* ,nature ha? sev]$1 sev] t :i* ,nature ha? joyn$1 & s make all unlawful ,mat*es divorses ( ?+s3 ,x is tak5 9 two s5ses 9 respect ( ,wordes or ,matt]4 ,9 ! fir/ s5se x is b a ,"* ( /ile1 & belonge? to ,arts ( spee*e4 ,9 ! lat]1 x is1 z ha? be5e saide1 "o ( ! pr9cipall ,portions ( le>n+1 & is no?+ else b ,fa9$ ,hi/ory1 :i* may be /il$ z well 9 ,prose z 9 ,v]se4#bdc ,bacon's focus ( att5tion on ! sub/ance ( poetry is 9 keep+ ) 8 attack on m]e sophi/ication ( /yle 9 rhetoric4 ,poetry z /yle does n int]e/ him4 ,l ,ca/elvetro & ,sidney1 he consid]s ! vehicle ( v]se n ess5tial to poetry1 :i*1 z a product ( ! imag9ation1 he consid]s to be occupi$ ) fiction4 ,to ,bacon1 p]haps1 ! imag9ation seems to be too mu* ! organ ( make-believe1 imag+ ?+s :i* nev] 7 on l& or "u ! sea4 ,nev]!less 8 claim = ! imag9ation is =tunate 9 rul+ out ^? !ories ( art :i* set up slavi% fidelity to fact1 "u ! "n ( imitation1 z ! ess5ce ( poetry4 ,bacon 0 n conc]n$ ) =mulat+ a complete !ory ( poetry1 b 8 pi?y obit] dicta 7 influ5tial 9 fur!r e/abli%+ ! s\nd] criticism ( ! ,italian classici/s4 ,z ,sp+>n po9ts out1 ,b5 ,jonson 0 fir/ l$ to classicism 9 poetical !ory by ! example ( ,sidney4#bdd ,b dur+ ! int]v5+ ye>s ! s*ol>s ( ,holl& _h supplant$ ^? ( ,italy2 & :]eas ,sidney d]iv$ 8 ,ari/otelianism f ,scalig] & ,m9turno1 ,jonson d]iv$ 8 ev5 m f ,pontanus1 ,he9sius1 & ,lipsius & f ! ,lat9 rhetoricians1 ,cic]o & ,qu9tilian4 ,a ,poet 7says ,jonson7 is a ,mak]1 or a fa9]3 ,8 ,art1 an ,art ( imitation or fa9+1 express+ ! life ( man 9 fit measure1 numb]s1 & h>mony4444 ,h5ce hee is call$ a ,poet1 n he :i* write? 9 measure only1 b t fayne? & =me? a fable1 & writes ?+s l ! tru?4 ,= ! ,fable & ,fiction is1 z x 71 ! =m & ,s\le ( any ,poeticall worke or ,poeme4#bde ,s conv9c$ 0 ,jonson t ! ess5ce ( poetry does n lie 9 v]se b 9 fiction t ,drummond reports1 he ?\ght n ,b>tas a ,poet1 b a ,v]s]1 because he wrote n fiction4#bdf ,jonson 0 misl$ by ! false analogy ( poetry & pa9t+4 ,poetry & ,picture are ,arts ( a l nature1 & bo? are busie ab\t imitation4 ,x 0 excell5tly said ( ,plut>*1 ,poetry 0 a speak+ ,picture1 & ,picture a mute ,poesie4 ,= !y bo? inv5t1 fame1 & devise _m ?+s4#bdg ,?is /ructural & /atic conception ( poetry is well exemplifi$ by 8 comp>isons4 ,:]eas ,ari/otle classifi$ poetry ) music & dance1 ,jonson comp>es ! epic or dramatic plot to a h\se4 ,! epic is l a palace & s requires m space ?an a drama4 ,! influ5ce ( ,jonson 0 b5eficial1 h[ev]1 9 t he did emphasize 9 poetry ! elem5t ( /ructure :i* ! middle ages _h l>gely neglect$4#bdh ,9 8 ideals ( /yle ,jonson is rhetorical4 ,9 ! twelve sections ( ,timb] :i* he devotes to rhetoric he incorporates a s\nd treatise on prose /yle1 urg+ re/ra9t & p]spicuity z especial virtues4 ,9 8 n9e sections on poetry he says no?+ ab\t /yle1 except to quote ,oic]o to ! effect t ! ,poet is ! ne>e/ ,bord]] ^u ! ,orator1 & expresse? all 8 v]tues1 ?\gh he be ty$ m to numb]s4 ,x w\ld seem t ! section on /yle 9 oratory 0 meant to s]ve = poetry z well4 ,jonson's own me?ods ( comp>ison1 z relat$ to ,drummond1 w\ld be> ?is out3 ,t he wrote all 8 7v]ses7 fir/ 9 prose4#bdi ,f ! same au?ority "o may le>n t ,he recomm5d$ to my read+ ,qu9tilian1 :o1 he said1 w\ld tell me ! faults ( my ,v]ses z if he liv$ ) me1 & ,t ,qu9tilian's #f1 #g1 #h1 bookes 7 n only to be read1 b altoge!r dige/$1#bej ,?\gh ,jonson makes no m di/9ction ?an ,petr>*1 betwe5 ,horace1 ,cic]o1 or ,qu9tilian z au?orities on poetical /yle1#bea 8 rhetorical ca/ does n imply ! /yle advocat$ by ,webbe & ,putt5ham4 ,?is 0 ! exub]ant /yle ( m$iaeval rhetoric1 :]eas by temp]am5t & s*ol>ly tra9+ ,jonson ?rew 8 influ5ce 9 favor ( ! classical rhetorical /yle ( ! be/ p]iod4 ,! influ5ce ( ,bacon 9 favor ( ! s\nd rhetoric ( ,cic]o & ,qu9tilian1 second$ by t ( ,jonson1 f9ally did away ) ! m$iaeval ideal ( rhetoric z be+ "o ) aureate language & embroid]$ /yle4 ,! /yli/ic exub]ance ( ! ,elizabe?ans gave place to a m re/ra9$ & poli%$ phrase 9 ! reign ( ,*>les4 ,bolton1 = in/ance1 9 8 ,hyp]critica 7c4 #afah7 w>ns ! hi/orians aga9/ ! /yle ( ! ,arcadia4 ,solidity & ,flu5cy1 he says1 bett] becomes ! hi/orian1 !n ,s+ul>ity ( ,oratorical or ,poetical ,notions4#beb ,h5ry ,reynolds1 9 8 ,my?omy/es 7c4 #afcc71 al?\gh he goes wool-ga!r+ ) my/ical int]pretations ( poetry1 yet ev9ces ! same reaction aga9/ ! ornate /yle 9 t]m+ ! fl[]s ( rhetoric & v]sification z m]e accid5ts ( poetry4#bec ,9 8 ,anacrisis 7#afcd7 ! ,e>l ( ,/irl+ likewise urges t language is b ! ,app>el ( ,poesy4#bed ,! b m>ks ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ideals ( two ages4 ,fiction rema9s = him ! ess5ce ( poetry1 = fiction 9 prose is poetry4 ,b he w n g ! :ole way ) ,jonson & d5y ! "n ( poet to "o ^: mat]ial is n fictiti\s4#bee ,un=tunately1 = ,engli% criticism1 ,milton wrote v little on ! !ory ( poetry4 ,8 casual rem>ks1 h[ev]1 %[ su* enlight5$ s*ol>%ip & ke5 insight t :at little he did write makes up 9 importance :at x lacks 9 bulk4 ,9 ! ,treatise ,( ,education 7#afdd7 he ref]s to ! sublime art ( poetry :i* 9 ,ari/otle's poetics1 9 ,horace1 & ! ,italian comm5t>ies ( ,ca/elvetro1 ,tasso1 ,mazzoni1 & o!rs1 tea*es :at ! laws are ( a true ,epic poem1 :at ( a ,dramatic1 :at ( a ,lyric1 :at decorum is1 :i* is ! gr& ma/] peece to obs]ve4#bef ,8 rhetoric1 also1 he knew at fir/ h& f ! be/ classical s\rces4 ,he gives z 8 au?orities ,plato1 ,ari/otle1 ,phal]eus1#beg ,cic]o1 ,h]mog5es1 ,long9us4#beh ,?is is ! fir/ "t t an ,engli% critic m5tions ! treatise ,on ! ,sublime 9 connection ) poetry4 ,x c ?us h>dly be a co9cid5ce t ,milton1 :ile cit+ ! only surviv+ lit]>y critic ( classical antiquity :o gave prop] emphasis to ! importance ( passion 9 poetry1#bei %\ld himself be ! fir/ ,engli% critical writ] to urge = passion ! same importance4 ,?is he does 9 8 fam\s diff]5tiation ( rhetoric & poetic4 ,9 ! educational s*eme1 he says1 aft] ma!matics %\ld be /udi$ logic & rhetoric ,to :i* ,poetry w\ld be made subsequ5t or inde$ r prec$5t1 z be+ lesse suttle & f9e1 b m simple1 s5su\s1 & passionate4#bfj ,milton has sometimes be5 ?\ght to be "h def9+ poetry1 b he is only di/+ui%+ x f rhetoric4 ,a def9ition ( poetry he nev] attempt$4 ,met] he deem$ ess5tial to poetry1#bfa b rime he dislik$4 ,?us1 z f> z he goes1 ,milton repres5ts ! be/ 9 ,engli% r5aissance criticism4 ,he knew at fir/ h& ! be/ classical treatises on poetic & on rhetoric2 & he recogniz$ ! di/9ctions :i* ! anci5ts _h made betwe5 !m4 ,) ! ,engli% lit]>y criticism 9 ! second half ( ! ,sev5te5? ,c5tury1 :5 ! influ5ce ( ,fr5* classicism 0 9 ! asc5dant1 ?is /udy is n conc]n$4 ,9 ! p]iod :i* has j be5 survey$ ?ree po9ts are notewor?y3 ! "* ( ! ,engli% critics1 ! sl[ness ) :i* ! classical !ories p5etrat$ ,engli% ?\ght1 & ! modifications :i* !y und]w5t 9 ! process4 ,gregory ,smi? calls att5tion to ! influ5ce ( ,sidney & ,daniel 9 e/abli%+ ! claim ( ,engli% criticism z an in/rum5t ( p[] outside ! craft ( rhetoricians & s*ol>s4#bfb ,( ! ,engli% critical writ]s ,as*am is ! =emo/ ( ! s*ol>ly type2 ,h>vey is ! only o!r example4 ,?omas ,wilson1 al?\gh he wrote a rhetoric1 wrote a bett] "o 9 _m ways because he 0 n a pr(essional rhetorician1 b a man ( affairs4 ,gascoigne1 ,lodge1 ,sp5s]1 7 poets :o incid5tally wrote on ! te*nic ( _! art or 9 def5ce ( its value4 ,sidney1 ! poet1 c\rti]1 & soldi]1 wrote n f ! mu/y alcoves ( libr>ies4 ,webbe1 x is true1 0 a p$ant1 b c]ta9ly n a s*ol>4 ,putt5ham 0 a bad poet1 a well-read man1 & a c\rti]4 ,jonson's s*ol>%ip 0 ?or\gh1 b sweet5$ & v5tilat$ by 8 activities z poet & dramati/4 ,bacon 0 a s*ol>1 b ev5 m a philosoph] & a /atesman4 ,milton1 our mo/ s*ol>ly poet1 dur+ mo/ ( 8 life c\ld n keep 8 m9d & p5 f *ur* & national politics4 ,inde$1 dur+ ! entire ,engli% r5aissance !re 0 no pr(essional critic4 ,lit]>y criticism 0 n a field to be till$1 b a wood to be explor$ by busy m5 :o c\ld f9d "t = ! exploit4 ,?is amateur "* ( ,engli% critics acc\nts 9 a measure = ! sl[ness ) :i* classical & ,italian r5aissance critical !ories filt]$ into ,engl&2 = a /atesman or a soldi] is less likely to be up-to-date on !ories ( poetry ?an is a pr(essional critic ^: bus9ess x is to "k :at is writt5 on 8 specialty4 ,ano!r p[]ful influ5ce 9 ! same direction 0 ! *>act]i/ic ,engli% cons]vatism :i* pref]r$ ! traditional pa?s ( ?\ght to ,italian innovations4 ,?is same common-s5se cons]vatism acc\nts also = ! modifications ( ,italian r5aissance critical !ories be=e !y 7 incorporat$ into ! fund ( ,engli% criticism4 ,classical met]s1 slavi% imitation ( ! anci5ts1 close adh]5ce to ! rules ( unity & decorum nev] made mu* headway 9 ! ,engli% r5aissance4 ,su* contam9ations ( poetic by rhetoric z are cle>e/ seem to arise n f ! new ,italian influ5ce1 b f ! m$iaeval tradition4 ,to sum up1 classical critics _h recogniz$ two categories ( lit]ature3 a f9e art1 poetic2 & a practical art1 rhetoric4 ,poetic !y ?\ght *>act]iz$ by n>rative or dramatic /ructure or movem5t1 & by vividness ( realization1 & by passion4 ,rhetoric 0 *>act]iz$ by a logical /ructure det]m9$ by ! necessity ( p]suad+ an audi5ce4 ,al?\gh mo/ classical critics accept$ prose z *>act]i/ic ( rhetoric1 & v]se ( poetry1 ,ari/otle po9t$ out t ! di/9ction 0 f> m fundam5tal4 ,z ^! two k9ds ( lit]ature _h a common gr\nd 9 diction1 !re 0 a t5d5cy f v e>ly times = !m to m]ge4 ,9 ! arti/ic deg5]acy ( late ,lat9 lit]ature bo? rhetoric & poetic paid less att5tion to /ructure & o!r elem5ts :i* di/+ui%$ !m1 & m att5tion to /yle1 :i* !y _h 9 common4 ,moreov]1 "u ! influ5ce ( sophi/ical rhetoric1 preoccupi$ ) /yle1 poetic & rhetoric practic$ ! same rhetorical artifices4 ,z a result ,virgil might be ei!r an orator or a poet4 ,?is 0 ! rhetoric :i* ! middle ages inh]it$4 ,to !m rhetoric 0 synonym\s ) /yli/ic beauty4 ,poetry 0 a comp\nd ( doctr9a & eloqu5tia1 9 o!r words ( !ology & /yle1 9 v]se4 ,9 ,engl& ?is m$iaeval tradition p]si/$ into ! sev5te5? c5tury1 z ! s*ool rhetorics & ! treatises on poetry %[4 ,! ,engli% r5aissance poetic nev] fre$ itself f ?is influ5ce ( m$iaeval rhetoric until ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,) ! recov]y ( classical lit]ature & lit]>y criticism1 ! new !ories 7 int]pret$ 9 ! light ( ! old ideas4 ,on its creative side ! r5aissance s\ght to produce 9 ! v]nacul> a lit]ature comp>able to t ( ,greece or ,rome4 ,?us lit]>y criticism 0 prescriptive1 & ! typical treatises 7 text-books4 ,rhetoric1 :i* _h long be5 taught1 v naturally furni%$ ! me?ods1 ! tea*]s1 & 9 _m cases ! subject matt] = ?is in/ruction 9 poetry4 ,z has be5 %[n 9 ! prec$+ section ( ?is /udy1 ! r5aissance !ory ( poetry 0 rhetorical 9 its obsession ) /yle1 especially ! figures ( spee*1 9 its abid+ fai? 9 ! efficacy ( rules2 & 9 its belief t ! poet1 no less ?an ! orator1 is occupi$ ) p]suasion4 ,?is latt] rhetorical view t ! poet's (fice is to p]suade w be /udi$ m fully 9 ! foll[+ section on ,! ,purpose ( ,poetry4 ,! traditional view is t by p]suad+ ! read] to adh]e to ! good & %un ! evil ! poet a*ieves ! prop] end ( poetry--moral improvem5t4 ,"p ,two ,! ,purpose ( ,poetry ,*apt] ,i ,! ,classical ,conception ( ! ,purpose ( ,poetry #a4 ,g5]al ,to say t poetry has a moral effect on ! read] is n ! same z to say t moral improvem5t is ! purpose ( poetry4 ,! foll[+ section ( ?is hi/orical /udy w be devot$ to trac+ ! sub/itution ( ! second ass]tion = ! fir/4 ,z has be5 %[n1#bfc ! classical critics 7 9 sub/antial agreem5t ) ,ari/otle 9 def9+ rhetoric z ! faculty ( discov]+ all possible means to p]suasion4 ,al?\gh ! cons5sus ( classical op9ion agre$ t poetry does h a moral effect on ! read]1 x nev] def9$ poetry z an art ( discov]+ all means to moral improvem5t4 ,z w be %[n1 su* a def9ition ( poetry 0 n =mulat$ previ\s to ! r5aissance4 ,!n by comb9+ ,ari/otle's def9ition ( trag$y f ! ,poetics#bfd ) 8 def9ition ( rhetoric1 ,lomb>dus def9$ poetic z a faculty ( f9d+ out :atsoev] is accommodat$ to ! imitation ( actions1 passions1 cu/oms1 9 rhy?mical language1 = ! purpose ( correct+ ! vices ( m5 & caus+ !m to live good & happy lives4#bfe ,! same def9ition1 d]iv$ z ,sp+>n has %[n f ! same s\rces1 0 =mulat$ by ,v>*i4#bff ,poetic is a faculty :i* %[s 9 :at modes "o may imitate c]ta9 actions1 passions1 & cu/oms1 ) rhy?m1 words1 & h>mony1 toge!r or sep>ately1 = ! purpose ( remov+ ! vices ( m5 & incit+ !m to virtue1 9 ord] t !y may atta9 _! true happ9ess & beatitude4#bfg ,i propose1 aft] review+ ! classical conception ( poetry z an educational ag5t1 to trace briefly ! rise ( allegorical int]pretation ( poetry 9 po/-classical times & 9 ! middle ages2 to exemplify ! t5d5cy ( r5aissance criticism to borr[ ! t]m9ology ( classical rhetoric :5 x ass]t$ t ! purpose ( poetry is moral improvem5t2 & f9ally1 to /udy 9 ! lit]>y criticism ( ! ,engli% r5aissance ^? moral !ories ( poetry :i* d]ive f ! middle ages1 f ! classical rhetorics1 & f ! criticism ( ! ,italian r5aissance4 #b4 ,moral ,improvem5t ?r\gh ,precept & ,example ,! anci5ts believ$ t great poetry produces moral improvem5t 9 ! read]4 ,be=e ! judgm5t seat ( ,dionysos1 z is record$ 9 ,! ,frogs ( ,ari/ophanes1 ,aes*ylus & ,euripides engage 9 an int]e/+ & in/ructive dispute4 ,come1 says ,aes*ylus1 tell me :at are ! po9ts = :i* we praise a noble poet4 ,euripides replies1 ,= 8 ready wit & 8 wise c\nsels & because he tra9s ! t[nsfolk to be bett] citiz5s & wor?i] m54#bfh ,aes*ylus !n goes on to %[ t he has m]it$ well ( 8 c\ntrym5 because he has prea*$ ! milit>y virtues & 8 dramas h be5 full ( ,ares4 ,euripides he accuses ( s(t5+ ! moral fibre ( ! ,a!nians by introduc+ on ! /age immoral plots & love-sick wom54 ,su* drama ,aes*ylus ass]ts to be immoral 9 its effect4 ,= boys a s*ool tea*] is provid$2 b we1 ! poets1 are tea*]s ( m54#bfi ,?is repres5ts ! well-nigh univ]sal ,greek op9ion4 ,poetry inspires1 tea*es1 makes bett] m54 ,a fur!r example ( ?is idea is furni%$ by ,timocles4 ,our _s1 says "o ( ! *>act]s 9 ! drama1 =gett+ its own sorr[s 9 sympa?iz+ ) ! mis=tunes ( o!rs1 receives at ! !atre in/ruction & pleasure at "o "t4#bgj ,! real op9ions ( ,plato are "h difficult to discov]4 ,9 ! ,protagoras1 h[ev]1 he puts into ! m\? ( t fam\s sophi/ an exposition ( ! conv5tional ,greek op9ion4 ,:5 a boy has le>n$ 8 lett]s & is beg9n+ to und]/& :at is writt51 z be=e he und]/ood only :at 0 spok51 !y put into 8 h&s ! works ( great poets1 :i* he reads sitt+ on a b5* at s*ool2 9 ^! are conta9$ _m admonitions1 & _m tales1 & praises1 & encomia ( anci5t fam\s m51 :i* he is requir$ to le>n by he>t1 9 ord] t he may imitate !m & desire to become l !m4#bga ,x is 9 ! ,republic1 ( c\rse1 t ,plato enunciates 8 capital objections to poetry4 ,! fir/ objection is t poetry z an imitative art is ?ree removes f tru?4 ,! div9e p[]s1 = in/ance1 create ! idea ( a table--! only true table4 ,a c>p5t] makes a p>ticul> table :i* is n ! real1 b only an appe>ance4 ,a graphic arti/ mak+ a picture ( ?is appe>ance is only an imitator ( appe>ances4 ,& ! tragic poet is an imitator & !re=e ?rice remov$ f ! k+ & f ! tru?4#bgb ,! second objection :i* ,plato raises aga9/ poetry is t poetry is address$ to ! passional elem5t 9 man4 ,! man ( noble _s & philosophy w n lam5t 8 mis=tunes1 especially 9 public1 :ile ! l[] ord]s ( intellect are likely to express all _! feel+s ) great] fre$om1 & ?us furni% ! poet ) easi] subjects = imitation4 ,consequ5tly poetry has ! p[] ( h>m+ ! good1 = a good man w be 9 raptures at ! excell5ces ( ! poet :o /irs 8 feel+s mo/ by repres5t+ a h]o 9 an emotional condition4 ,z a result1 :5 he himself suff]s sorr[ or is mov$ by 8 own passions1 x becomes m difficult = him to repress 8 feel+s4#bgc ,plato ?us exam9es ! popul> cont5tion t ! /udy ( poetry educates ! moral "* ( a man1 & /ill ma9ta9+ t x %\ld be a moral =ce = good1 demon/rates to 8 own satisfaction t x fails to h ! suppos$ b5eficial effect because x is ?ree removes f tru?1 & because x enc\rages unre/ra9$ emotionalism 9 conduct4 ,plato's moral /&>d ( poetry is ev5 bett] illu/rat$1 p]haps1 by ! k9d ( poetry :i* he does n ban f 8 ideal commonweal?4 ,we mu/ rema9 firm 9 our conviction1 he says1 t hymns to ! gods & praises ( fam\s m5 are ! only poetry :i* ought to be admitt$ into our /ate4 ,z 8 utmo/ concession to poetry1 he w admit h] if h] def5d]s c prove n only t %e is pleasant1 b also useful to /ates & to human life4#bgd ,accord+ to a lat] view1 to be sure1 ,plato has be5 ?\ght to ju/ify pleasure ( a mo/ ref9$ & exalt$ v>iety z an end ( art4 ,! view :i* id5tifies ! pleasant & ! j & ! good & ! noble has an excell5t moral & religi\s t5d5cy4#bge ,9 view1 h[ev]1 ( o!r pron\ncem5ts1 su* an endeavor to fa!r ^u him ! h$oni/ic !ory ( ! purpose ( art seems /ra9$ & ineffective4 ,x 0 to ju/ify poetry aga9/ ! attacks ( ,plato t ,ari/otle advanc$ a h$oni/ic view ( poetry & prop\nd$ 8 !ory ( ka?>sis4 ,n[h]e 9 ! ,poetics does ,ari/otle explicitly /ate t ! function ( poetry is to give pleasure4 ,indirect evid5ce1 h[ev]1 is pl5tiful4 ,= in/ance1 ,ari/otle ju/ifies poetry z an imitative art because *ildr5 le>n by imitation & ! pleasure 9 imitation is univ]sal4#bgf ,fur!rmore1 plot 9 trag$y is m important ?an "*2 = 9 pa9t+1 a confus$ mass ( colors gives less pleasure ?an a *alk draw+ ( a portrait4#bgg ,beauty 9 any art dep5ds 9 a measure on magnitude2 !re=e a play mu/ n be too %ort4#bgh ,mo/ ( ! tragic poets ( ,greece d]iv$ _! plots f a limit$ numb] ( well kn[n /ories4 ,b ,ari/otle ju/ifies ,aga?on = dep>t+ f ?is cu/om & mak+ bo? 8 plot & *>act]s fictiti\s1 = ! plays ( ,aga?on give none ! less pleasure4#bgi ,b n all pleasure1 he says1 is appropriate to trag$y4 ,9 com$y we are pleas$ to see enemies walk (f ! /age z fri5ds1 b 9 trag$y ! pleasure :i* ! poet %\ld af=d is t :i* comes f pity & fe> ?r\gh imitation4#bhj ,m>vels1 too1 & wond]s 9 poetry he ju/ifies because ! wond]ful is pleas+2 z may be inf]r$ f ! fact t ev]yone tells a /ory ) additions ( 8 own1 kn[+ t 8 he>]s l x4 ,x is ,hom] :o has *iefly taught o!r poets ! art ( tell+ lies skilfully4#bha ,& at ! v end ( ! ,poetics1 :]e he is endeavor+ to prove t trag$y is a high] art ?an epic1 he does s by %[+ t drama has all ! epic elem5ts1 & 9 addition music & spectacle1 :i* produce ! mo/ vivid ( pleasures4 ,moreov] ! drama is m compact2 = ! conc5trat$ effect is m pleasurable ?an "o :i* is dilut$4#bhb ,?us1 9 ! ,poetics1 ,ari/otle takes a non-moral attitude t[>d lit]ature1 al?\gh 9 ! ,politics#bhc he grants t poetry & music are em95tly s]viceable 9 convey+ moral in/ruction to "y p4 ,8 mature attitude is well illu/rat$ 9 contra/ ) t ( ,ari/ophanes4 ,ari/ophanes criticises ,euripides sev]ely z a p]v]t] ( ,a!nian morality4 ,ari/otle m5tions ,euripides ab\t tw5ty times 9 ! ,poetics1 & frequ5tly criticises him adv]sely1 n1 h[ev]1 = 8 evil moral influ5ce1 b because he uses 8 *oruses badly1 & is faulty 9 "*-draw+4 ,9 answ] to ,plato's second objection to poetry1 t x enc\rages unre/ra9$ emotionalism1 ,ari/otle prop\nd$ 8 !ory ( ka?>sis4 ,trag$y1 he says1 is an imitation ( an action 444 ?r\gh pity & fe> effect+ ! prop] purgation ( ^! emotions4#bhd ,t ,ari/otle _h 9 m9d an analogy ) m$ic9e is bett] und]/ood f a passage 9 ! ,politics :i* describes ! b5eficial effect ( music on pati5ts suff]+ f religi\s ec/asy4 ,! /imulat+ music furni%es ! pati5t ) an outlet = ! expression ( 8 religi\s f]vor4 ,aft]w>ds1 says ,ari/otle1 ! pati5ts fall back into _! normal /ate1 z if !y _h und]gone a m$ical or purgative treatm5t4#bhe ,?us ! !ory ( ka?>sis seems to h ! same basis z ! mod]n psy*ological !ory :i* enc\rages ! expression ( emotions 9 _! mild] =m le/1 if inhibit$1 !y ga!r add$ p[] & f9ally bur/ disa/r\sly ?r\gh all re/ra9ts4 ,consequ5tly1 al?\gh h$oni/ !ori/s h be5 anxi\s to e/abli% ka?>sis on a purely ae/hetic f\ndation1 x seems t ! !ory has inescapable moral implications4 ,to be sure1 ,ari/otle 9 ! same section ( ! ,politics says t ! emotional result ( ka?>sis is h>mless joy1 & 9 ! ,poetics he says t pity & fe> produce ! appropriate pleasure ( trag$y4 ,nev]!less ,ari/otle is answ]+ ,plato's objections to unre/ra9$ emotionalism1 & by 8 !ory ( ka?>sis endeavors to %[ n only t ! emotional excitation ( trag$y is h>mless to ! spectator1 b t x is actually good = him4 ,b if ! spectator is to d]ive ^! emotional excitations f trag$y1 8 ae/hetic exp]i5ce _c be passive4 ,ari/otle recomm5ds z ! ideal tragic h]o a man n preem95tly good nor unusually deprav$1 b a man betwe5 ^! extremes2 = pity is ar\s$ by unm]it$ mis=tune1 fe> by ! mis=tune ( a man l ourselves4#bhf ,evid5tly1 !n1 ?r\gh 8 imag9ation ! spectator mu/ 9 a lively fa%ion p>ticipate 9 ! action ( ! drama4 ,n only is he pres5t at ! action1 ev5 :5 he reads ! drama1 b he id5tifies himself ) ! h]o & vic>i\sly exp]i5ces 8 emotions4 ,b nei!r ! h$onism ( ,ari/otle1 nor 8 def5se ( poetry on moral gr\nds ?r\gh 8 !ory ( ka?>sis1 is usual 9 ,greek criticism4 ,isocrates & ,x5ophon adh]e to ! usual op9ion4 ,isocrates believes t ,hom] 0 priz$ by ! e>li] ,greeks because 8 poems in/ill$ a hatr$ ( ! b>b>ians1 & k9dl$ 9 ! he>ts ( ! read]s a desire to emulate ! h]oes :o f\ght aga9/ ,troy4#bhg ,"o might ?9k t ! hatr$ ( ! b>b>ians 0 n ! highe/ degree ( morality1 b p]haps = ! political integrity ( ,greece x 04 ,t ,hom] especially 0 suppos$ to h a moral influ5ce is illu/rat$ also by ,x5ophon4 ,nic]atus1 9 ! ,symposium1 is tell+ ! d9]s ( :at k he is mo/ pr\d4 ,my fa!r1 he says1 9 8 pa9s to make me a good man1 compell$ me to le>n ! :ole ( ,hom]'s poems4#bhh ,/rabo 9 a fam\s passage records an exceptional h$onism 9 ,greek ?\ght & goes on to exp\nd ! conv5tional belief4 ,erato/h5es says t ! poet directs 8 :ole att5tion to ! amusem5t ( ! m9d1 & n at all to its in/ruction4 ,9 opposition to ?is idea1 ! anci5ts def9e poesy z a primitive philosophy1 guid+ our life f infancy1 & pleasantly regulat+ our morals1 our ta/es1 & our actions4 ,! ,/oics ( our day affirm t ! only wise man is ! poet4 ,on ?is acc\nt ! e>lie/ lessons :i* ! citiz5s ( ,greece convey to _! *ildr5 are f ! poets2 c]ta9ly n = ! purpose ( amus+ _! m9ds1 b = _! in/ruction4#bhi ,?is same moral & educational view ( poetry s p]meates ,plut>*'s essay ,on ! ,/udy ( ,poetry t x is difficult to quote f him )\t reproduc+ ! :ole treatise4 ,! "y man :o is be+ taught poetry1 ,plut>* believes1 %\ld be made to indulge 9 pleasure m]ely z a reli%1 & to seek = ! useful & ! :olesome1#bij 9 8 read+4 ,"s believe t1 because "s ( ! pleasures ( poetry are p]nici\s1 "y m5 %\ld n be all[$ to read4 ,?is1 ,plut>* believes1 w\ld be e :it z fooli% z to cut d[n ! v9ey>ds because "s p are addict$ to drunk5ness4 ,"y m5 %\ld be taught to use poetry intellig5tly4 ,poetry is n to be scrupul\sly avoid$ by ^? :o int5d to be philosoph]s1 b !y are to make poetry a fitt+ s*ool = philosoph]s1 by =m+ ! habit ( seek+ & ga9+ ! pr(itable 9 ! pleasant4#bia ,! pr(it ( poetry he believes to come f two s\rces3 maxims & examples4 ,he praises v highly su* s5t5tiae z ,virtue keeps its lu/] unt>ni%$1 & "k ?yself4#bib ,inde$1 ! moral value ( su* precepts weigh$ s heavily ) ,plut>* t he advocat$ em5d+ ! poets to br+ !m 9 m /rict accord ) ! e?ics ( ! ,/oic philosophy4 ,= in/ance3 ,?us1 :y n *ange su* a passage z ?is1 ,t man is to be envi$ :o s aims z to hit 8 wi%1 to read1 :o s aims z to hit 8 advantage8 = to get & h ?+s wrongly desir$ m]its pity1 n envy4#bic ,b great] ?an ! moral value ( maxims 9 ! poets is t ( example4 ,philosoph]s employ examples f hi/ory = our correction & in/ruction1 & ! poets diff] f !m only by inv5t+ & pres5t+ fictiti\s n>ratives4#bid ,= in/ance1 accord+ to ,plut>*1 ,hom] introduces ! /ory ( ,h]a's va9 endeavor to ga9 h] ends f ,zeus by means ( w9e & ! girdle ( ,aphrodite to %[ t su* conduct is n only immoral1 b useless4 ,aga9 we may conclude t frequ5t+ wom5 9 ! day "t is a %ame & a reproa* because ! only man :o does su* a ?+ 9 ! ,iliad is t lascivi\s & adult]\s fell[ ,p>is4#bie ,x is int]e/+ t ?is essay ( ,plut>*'s1 :i* gives probably ! mo/ complete classical exposition ( ! moral use ( poetry1 %\ld h be5 well kn[n 9 ! r5aissance & translat$ into ,engli% by ,philemon ,holl& 9 #afjc4 ,! ,romans _h v mu* ! same feel+ ab\t ! moral value 9 poetry z _h ! ,greeks4 ,! only fundam5tal diff]5ce lay 9 t ! ,roman 0 less philosophical & m practical4 ,?is practical elem5t 9 ,roman criticism is well illu/rat$ by ,horace1 ^: /atem5ts h sometimes be5 made to support op9ions :i* ,horace did n hold4 ,let x be not$1 = "o ?+1 t ,horace is talk+ n ab\t ! purpose ( poetry1 b ab\t ! purpose ( ! poet4 ,poets desire ei!r to pr(it or to delight1 or to tell ?+s :i* are at once pleasant & pr(itable4 ,8 reason = favor+ ! ?ird view is important4 ,old m5 reject poems :i* are void ( in/ruction2 ! knights neglect au/]e poems3 he :o mixes ! useful ) ! sweet w9s ! approval ( all by delight+ & at ! same "t admoni%+ ! read]4 ,?is book makes money = ! book-sell]s1 & passes ov] ! sea1 & prolongs ! reputation ( ! well-kn[n au?or4#bif ,b aside f ! desirability ( m+l+ pleasure ) pr(it 9 8 poetry 9 ord] to ga9 ! greate/ popul>ity1 ! poet does h an educational value 9 ! tra9+ ( y\?s by pres5t+ 9 an attractive mann] examples ( noble conduct :i* ! "y p may desire to emulate4 ,8 lessons =m ! *ild's "y lips1 & wean ,! boyi% e> f words & tales unclean2 ,z ye>s roll on1 he m\lds ! rip5+ m9d1 ,& makes x j & g5]\s1 sweet & k9d2 ,he tells ( wor?y prec$5ts1 displays ,! example ( ! pa/ to aft] days1 ,consoles affliction1 & disease allays4#big ,moreov] ! cons5sus ( conv5tional op9ion 9 ! ,roman _w 0 t ! /udy ( ! poets did succe$ 9 m\ld+ ! moral "* ( ! y\?4 ,apuleius1 writ+ ( a c]ta9 virtu\s "y man1 ! h]o ( "o ( ! episodes ( ! ,metamorphoses1 makes ! foll[+ incid5tal rem>k3 ,! ma/] ( ! h\se _h a "y son well in/ruct$ 9 good lit]ature1 & consequ5tly rem>kable = 8 piety & mode/y4#bih ,al?\gh ,lucretius may n h be5 assur$ ( ! moral value1 he 0 s conv9c$ ( ! s$uctive p[]s ( poetry t he delib]ately utiliz$ !m to make palatable ! =bidd+ ?\ghts ( 8 essay ,on ! ,nature ( ,?+s4 ,! long passage is wor? quot+ entire because 8 comp>ison is borr[$ s frequ5tly by r5aissance critics to illu/rate ! poetic doctr9e ( pleasurable pr(it4 ,lucretius says3 ,b z physicians1 :5 !y attempt to give bitt] wormwood to *ildr51 fir/ t+e ! rim r\nd ! cup ) ! sweet & yell[ liquid ( honey1 t ! age ( *ildhood1 z yet unsuspici\s1 may f9d its lips delud$1 & may 9 ! meantime dr9k ! bitt] juice ( ! wormwood1 & ?\gh deceiv$1 may n be injur$1 b r1 be+ recruit$ by su* a process1 may acquire /r5g?2 s n[ ,i1 s9ce ?is argum5t seems g5]ally too sev]e & =bidd+ to ^? by :om x has n be5 h&l$1 & s9ce ! multitude %r9k back f x1 0 desir\s to set =? my *a9 ( reason+ to !e1 ,o ,memmius1 9 sweetly-speak+ ,pi]ian v]se1 &1 z x 71 t+e x ) ! honey ( ! ,muses4#bii ,f ?is survey ( classical op9ion we may conclude t ! public look$ = two ?+s 9 poetry3 pleasure & pr(it4 ,erato/h5es took an extreme view 9 seek+ pleasure alone4 ,bo? ,ari/otle & ,horace emphasiz$ ! pleasure to be d]iv$ f poetry1 al?\gh nei!r d5i$ t poetry is b5eficial4 ,horace takes almo/ a cynical view 9 sugge/+ t1 z "s read]s seek pleasure 9 poetry & o!rs improvem5t1 a poet w be m popul> & make m money = ! book-sell]s if he m+les bo? elem5ts4 ,! extreme view ( ! moral value ( poetry 0 tak5 by ! educators ( y\?4 ,?is view is well exemplifi$ 9 ! quotations f ,ari/ophanes1 ,x5ophon1 ,/rabo1 & especially ,plut>*4 ,b ev5 ,plut>*1 :o goes s f> z to sugge/ em5d+ ! poets to make _! effect m moral1 does n sugge/ t ! purpose ( poetry is to af=d moral in/ruction4 ,he di/+ui%es2 "s poetry is di/9ctly immoral & %\ld be enjoy$ only = its art4 ,o!r poetry is moral 9 its effect1 & consequ5tly %\ld be utiliz$ ext5sively by ! s*ool-ma/] 9 educat+ "y m54 ,= su* purposes no poetry 0 ?\ght to be bett] ?an ,hom]1 ^: epics furni% s _m examples ( h]oic conduct4 #c4 ,moral ,improvem5t ?r\gh ,allegory ,:5 ! ,roman arms conqu]$ a new city1 ! /ory runs1 ! comm&] ( ! =ces took ov] 9 ! "n ( ! ,emp]or ! gods2 b be=e ! gates ( ,j]usalem ?is c]emony prov$ ineffective4 ,! fa!rs ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur*1 ,tatian1 ,h]mas1 ,!ophilus1 & ,t]tullian1 believ+ t all ! tru? 0 conta9$ 9 ,*ri/ianity1 utt]ly condemn$ ! philosophy & religion ( ! ,greeks & consequ5tly ! poetry :i*1 accord+ to ,greek popul> belief1 0 ! inspir$ vehicle = its pres5tation4 ,fur!rmore1 ! gods ( ! ,greeks 7 immoral & furni%$ _! wor%ipp]s ) bad examples ( conduct4 ,long be=e ,t]tullian ! moral philosoph]s ( antiquity _h already attack$ ! poetry ( ,greece & ,rome on ! gr\nd ( immorality4 ,plato 9 8 day call$ ! w> betwe5 philosophy & poetry age-long4 ,! anci5t ,greeks _h consid]$ ,hom] & ,hesiod z ! inspir$ record]s ( ! facts ( religion4 ,!y _h look$ to ! poets = moral dogma & example4 ,( necessity ! philosoph]s condemn$ ! poets = ! immorality ( _! ?ievi%1 ly+1 & adult]\s pan!on4 ,:5 ! ,*ri/ian fa!rs 7 confront$ ) ! ,syriac gospel ( ! y\? ( ,jesus1 !y call$ a c\ncil to decl>e x apo*ryphal4 ,le/ "s dev\t read] %\ld take lit]ally ! love poetry ( ! ,canticles1 ! fa!rs allegoriz$ x z ! love ( ,*ri/ = 8 ,*ur*4 ,un=tunately = ,greek religion ! philosoph]s did n det]m9e :i* episodes 9 ! hi/ories ( ! gods 7 valid z doctr9e & :i* 7 fictiti\s4 ,!y did1 h[ev]1 anticipate ! fa!rs 9 _! allegorical int]pretations4 ,socrates 9 ! ,pha$rus laughs at allegory2#cjj & ,plut>* believes t ! poets int5d$ to tea* a moral idea by example in/ead ( express+ a hidd5 mean+ by allegory4 ,= him allegory involv$ di/ortion & p]v]sion4 ,= "s m5 di/ort ^! /ories & p]v]t !m into allegories or :at ! m5 ( old times call$ hidd5 mean+s 4#cja ,b allegory none ! less fl\ri%$4 ,!ognis ( ,rhegium1 ,anaxagoras1 & ,/esimbrotus ( ,?asos1 7 assidu\s & />tl+ 9 _! int]pretations4#cjb ,! ,greek allegorical int]pretations 7 ( two k9ds3 "o an explanation ( ! secrets ( nature1 ! o!r ! tea*+ ( morality4#cjc ,al?\gh ! practice 0 v old1 ! ^w allegory is n record$ be=e ,cic]o1 :o says3 ,:5 ! imag]y ( ! metaphor is su/a9$ = a long "t1 ! nature ( ! /yle assur$ly becomes *ang$4 ,consequ5tly ! ,greeks call ?is sort ( ?+ allegory4444 ,b he is ne>] ! tru? :o calls all ( ^! metaphors4#cjd ,f ,cic]o on1 allegory has a long hi/ory z a rhetorical figure--a trope4#cje ,/4 ,augu/9e recomm5ds t /ud5ts ( ! scriptures /udy ! rhetorical figures s t !y may be able to int]pret ! tropes 9 ! ,bible1 su* z allegory4#cjf ,! result w always be ! same :5ev] ! poets are consid]$ !ologians & moral tea*]s4 ,!y w be condemn$ or allegoriz$4 ,=tunate are ! poets :5 !y are n believ$4 ,h[ mu* bett]1 exclaims ,/4 ,augu/9e1 are ^! fables ( ! poets ?an ! false religi\s notions ( ! ,mani*ees4 ,b ,m$ea fly+1 al?\gh ,i *ant$ sometimes1 yet ,i ma9ta9$ n ! tru? (2 & ?\gh ,i he>d x sung1 ,i believ$ x n3 b ^! phantasies ,i ?or\ghly believ$4#cjg ,= x is only :5 "o believes dev\tly t ,zeus procur$ access to ,danae 9 a %[] ( gold1 t 8 action gives a div9e sanction to su* traffic 9 beauty on ! agora or 9 ! =um4#cjh ,x is only :5 ! poets make no pret5se ( rec\nt+ facts t !y c escape ! clut*es ( ! philosoph]s4 ,x 0 to save ! poets f su* attacks t ,ari/otle ass]ts t poetry deals ) ! univ]sal1 n ) ! p>ticul>4#cji ,or1 z ,sp+>n expla9s 8 mean+1 ,poetry has little reg>d = ! actuality ( specific ev5t1 b aims at ! reality ( an et]nal probability4#caj #d4 ,! ,influ5ce ( ,rhetoric ,?us ! g5]al cons5sus ( classical op9ion agre$ t poetry has inescapable moral effects on ^? :o li/5 or read4 ,! morali/s1 especially ! ,/oics1 :5 confront$ ) traditional poetry ^: lit]al significance 0 immoral1 lean$ t[>d allegorical int]pretations :i* br\ght out a k]nel ( tru?4 ,! great] numb]1 h[ev]1 ( ,greeks & ,romans 9 ! classical p]iod believ$ t poetry ex]t$ ! mo/ pot5t influ5ce = good :5 x enunciat$ crisp moral maxims & af=d$ examples ( h]oic conduct :i* "y p c\ld be induc$ to foll[4 ,9 all ^! respects ! classical view ( poetic has mu* 9 common ) classical rhetoric4 ,allegory has be5 %[n to h _h a long hi/ory z an ext5d$ metaphor--a rhetorical figure4 ,maxims are consid]$ fully by ,ari/otle z aids to p]suasion 9 rhetoric4#caa ,! exemplum is obvi\sly a /ock means ( rhetoric4 ,examples1 says ,ari/otle1 are ( two k9ds1 "o consi/+ 9 ! allegation ( hi/orical facts1 & ! o!r 9 ! inv5tion ( facts = oneself4 ,inv5tion comprises illu/ration on ! "o h& & 444 fables on ! o!r4 ,!n he tells h[ ,aesop def5d$ a demagogue by ! fable ( ! fox caught 9 ! cleft ( a rock4 ,! fox 0 infe/$ ) dog-ticks :i* suck$ 8 blood4 ,a b5evol5t h$ge-hog (f]$ to remove ! ticks1 b ! fox decl9$ ! k9d (f] on ! gr\nd t 8 ticks 7 already full ( blood & _h ceas$ to annoy him mu*1 :]eas if !y 7 remov$1 a new colony ( ticks w\ld e/abli% !mselves & ?us entirely dra9 him ( blood4 ,yes1 & 9 y\r case1 m5 ( ,samos1 said ,aesop1 my cli5t w n d mu* fur!r mis*ief--he has already made 8 =tune--b1 if y put him to dea?1 !re w come o!rs :o are poor & :o w consume all ! rev5ues ( ! /ate by _! embezzlem5ts4#cab ,fables1 cont9ues ! %rewd ma/] ( ^? :o "k1 h ?is advantage t1 :ile hi/orical p>allels are h>d to f9d1 x is comp>atively easy to f9d fables4 ,qu9tilian1 l ,ari/otle1 believes 9 ! p]suasive efficacy ( examples4 ,b ,qu9tilian has less fai? 9 ! probative value ( fictiti\s examples ?an he has 9 ^? drawn f au!ntic hi/ory4 ,he ?9ks t fables are mo/ effective ) a ru/ic & +5u\s audi5ce1 :i* captivat$ by _! pleasure 9 ! /ory1 give ass5t to t :i* pleases !m4#cac ,?us ,m55ius ,agrippa reconcil$ ! p to ! s5ators by tell+ !m ! fable ( ! revolt ( ! memb]s aga9/ ! belly4 ,& ,?omas ,wilson1 9 8 ,arte ( ,rhetorique1 repeats ! /ory1 9 8 section on examples1 & ascribes to ,!mi/ocles ! fox /ory :i* ,ari/otle tells ( ,aesop4#cad ,b ,ari/otle1 ,qu9tilian1 & ,wilson are talk+ ab\t rhetoric4 ,v ju/ly !y believe t if "o wants to p]suade an audi5ce to a c\rse ( action1 he mu/ int]e/ 8 audi5ce suffici5tly to hold _! att5tion4 ,z ,wilson sagely rem>ks1 ,= except m5 f9de delite1 !y w n long abide3 delite !m & w9ne !m4#cae ,cic]o express$ 9 memorable phrase ! relation%ip betwe5 pro( & pleasure z in/rum5ts to p]suasion & add$ a ?ird elem5t4 ,he classifi$ ! aims ( an orator z to tea*1 to please1 to move 7doc]e1 delect>e1 mov]e74 ,! tea*+ is ! appeal to ! intellect ( ! he>] by means ( pro(4 ,! pleasure is af=d$ by a euphoni\s /yle1 & by fables & /ories4 ,! audi5ce is mov$ to action by ! appeal to _! feel+s4#caf ,n until ! r5aissance did writ]s on ! !ory ( poetry c>ry ov] ,cic]o's ?reefold aim ( ! orator & make x apply to ! poet4#cag ,b already 9 po/-classical times rhetoric _h1 z ,s5eca ! fa!r cle>ly %[s1 vitiat$ ! ,lat9 poetry ( ! ,silv] ,age4 ,"u ! ,empire ! declamation s*ools 9 ,rome _h a pr(\nd influ5ce on lit]ature4#cah ,x c\ld n be o!rwise 9 a society :]e ! s*ool ( rhetoric 0 ! only temple ( high] education1 = :i* ! grammaticus1 or elem5t>y pr(essor ( lit]ature1 0 con/ra9$ to prep>e 8 /ud5ts4 ,rhetoric 0 ! organon ( ,roman education1 & declamation 0 ! aim ( rhetoric4 ,x 0 su* an educational sy/em :i* prep>$ ,ovid & ,lucan = _! c>e]s z poets & m5 ( lett]s4 ,s5eca ! fa!r records ! brilliant declamations ( ,ovid z a s*oolboy1 quot+ at "s l5g? 8 plea = a wife :o ?rew h]self ov] a cliff on he>+ ( ! dea? ( h] husb&1 & call+ att5tion to sev]al passages 9 ,ovid's poems :]e ! poet has borr[$ ! clev] say+s ( 8 pr(essors 9 ! s*ool ( rhetoric4#cai ,ovid makes 8 *>act]s prove t !y are mov$ by passion in/ead ( be+ passionate 9 ^w & de$4 ,he vitiates 8 emotions ) 8 wit4 ,?is is *>act]i/ic ( almo/ all ! poets :o att5d$ ! declamation s*ools4 ,!y talk ab\t situations & *>act]s in/ead ( realiz+ !m4 ,!y write z if !y 7 speak+ to an audi5ce4 ,"o c almo/ see ! ge/ures1 ! wait = applause aft] ! enunciation ( a noble platitude4 ,n only hi/orically1 b also 9 ! wor/ mod]n s5se ?is is rhetoric4 ,x is n unreasonable to conclude t su* a preoccupation ) rhetoric1 su* a su/a9$ se>* = all possible means ( p]suasion1 %\ld h /r5g!n$ r ?an weak5$ ! utilit>ian !ory ( poetry4 ,! s*ool-ma/] endeavor$ to m\ld ! *>act]s ( 8 /ud5ts by examples f h]oic poetry2 ! tea*] ( rhetoric1 9 turn1 taught !m t to p]suade an audi5ce !y mu/ prove1 please1 & move1 & t fictici\s examples 7 ab\t z p]suasive z hi/orical p>allels & mu* easi] to f9d4 ,:5 ! /ud5t left s*ool he cont9u$ to seek means ( p]suasion 9 canvass+ votes1 plead+ 9 ! c\rts1 or delib]at+ 9 ! s5ate4 ,if he became a poet1 he did n =get ! lessons ( 8 y\?2 or if he became a tea*] ( lit]ature or a pr(essor ( rhetoric1 he p]petuat$ ! tradition4 ,*apt] ,,ii ,m$iaeval ,ideas ( ! ,purpose ( ,poetry ,) ! break+ up ( ! ,empire ! /ream ( classical culture 0 re/rict$ to a n>r[ *annel--! ,*ur*4 ,oppos$ z x 0 to pagan morals & !ology1 ! *ur* c\ld hone/ly reta9 classical lit]ature only if x 7 allegoriz$4 ,?is expla9s ! allegorical nature ( m$iaeval poetry & ( poetical !ory4 ,f ! beg9n+ ! le>n+ ( ! ,*ur* 0 ( pagan orig94 ,/4 ,augu/9e 0 a pr(essor ( rhetoric & ! au?or ( a treatise on ae/hetics be=e he wrote ! ,city ( ,god1 & 8 ,confessions4 ,9 fact1 he nev] q got ov] be+ a pr(essor ( rhetoric4 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria 0 a product ( ! same rhetoric s*ools & an excell5t tea*] ( 8 subject be=e he recogniz$ ! div9e orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,/4 ,basil 0 a college fri5d ( ,gregory ,nazianz5 & ( ,julian1 lat] emp]or & apo/ate1 :5 ! ?ree /udi$ rhetoric at ,a!ns4 ,inde$1 ! mo/ cunn+ly cruel decree :i* ,julian lat] promulgat$ aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians =bade !m ! use ( ! anci5t pagan lit]ature ( ,greece & ,rome4 ,?is decree ,basil bitt]ly res5t$4 ,i =go all ! re/1 he says1 ri*es1 bir?1 honor1 au?ority1 & all ! goods "h bel[ ( :i* ! *>m vani%es l a dream2 b ,i cl+ to oratory nor d ,i regret ! toil1 nor ! j\rneys by l& & sea1 :i* ,i h und]tak5 to ma/] x4#cbj ,b )9 ! ,*ur* ! lov]s ( ,greek lit]ature did n h x all _! own way4 ,tatian1 ,h]mas1 ,!ophilus1 & ,t]tullian savagely attack$ pr(ane poetry1 & 9 def5d+ x ,basil1 ,a!nagoras1 ,clem5t1 & ,orig5 7 =c$ n unwill+ly to rely m & m on ! traditional morali/ic !ory ( poetry :i* 0 s famili> to !m4 ,/4 ,*ryso/om records t 9 ! f\r? c5tury ,hom] 0 /ill taught z a guide to morals4#cba #a4 ,allegorical ,int]pretations 9 ! ,middle ,ages ,allegorical int]pretation 0 ! ma9 weapon ( ! apologi/s = poetry4 ,! basis1 inde$1 ( ! ,gno/ic h]esies ( ! second & ?ird c5turies 0 an allegorical int]pretation ( ! ,greek poets & philosoph]s & ( ! ,scriptures4 ,?is soon deg5]at$ into an extravagant sy/em ( speculative my/icism4 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria & ,orig5 reject$ ! extravagances1 b s\ght to reta9 ! my/icism ( ! ,gno/ics4 ,!y reconcil$ ,greek lit]ature & ! ,scriptures by allegoriz+ bo?1 mu* z today ,d>w9 & ,g5esis are reconcil$ by allegoriz+ ,g5esis4#cbb ,?us 9 ! decl9+ ye>s ( ! ,roman ,empire ! rhetoricians _h become ecclesia/ics1 & ! ,*ur* _h adopt$ pagan lit]ature ) allegorical int]pretation4 ,?is tradition dom9at$ ! middle ages2 ,lady ,!ology reign$ ov] ! k+dom ( ! sev5 lib]al arts1 & to make ,hom] & ,virgil !ological x 0 necess>y t !y be int]pret$ allegorically4 ,z ,vossl] has %[n1 !ology & philosophy furni%$1 dur+ ! middle ages1 ! subject matt] ( poetry2 !y 7 ! utile ( ,horace4 ,! dulce became = !m too exclusively ! pleas+ g>m5t ( /yle & /ory4#cbc ,?r\gh\t ! middle ages1 h[ev]1 _m cont9u$ to look askance at poetry1 & 7 skeptical z to its value4 ,to ,boe?ius1 weep+ 9 prison1 came ,philosophy to console him4 ,%e f\nd him surr\nd$ by ! fri5ds ( 8 y\?1 ! ,muses1 :o n[ 7 inspir+ him to write dre>y v]ses ( compla9t4 ,b ^! poetical ,muses ,philosophy s5t pack+4 ,:o has all[$1 said %e1 ^! common /rumpets ( ! !atre to come ne> ?is sick man8 ,n only d !y fail to assuage 8 sorr[s1 b !y fe$ & n\ri% !m ) sweet v5om4 ,!y are n fruitful nor pr(itable4 ,!y de/roy ! fruits ( reason1 = !y hold ! he>ts ( m54#cbd ,"h ,philosophy is voic+ ! objections ( ,plato4 ,! arts are attack$ because !y are n successfully utilit>ian1 & because !y appeal to ! emotions in/ead ( to ! reason4 ,9 a lat] book ,boe?ius gives a cle>] key to ! objection4 ,he po/ulates f\r m5tal faculties3 s5sation possess$ by oy/]s1 imag9ation possess$ by high] animals1 reason possess$ by man1 intellig5ce possess$ by ,god4 ,consequ5tly man %\ld aspire t[>ds ,god in/ead ( indulg+ 8 faculties ( s5sation & imag9ation1 :i* he %>es ) ! l[] animals4#cbe ,b su* objections z ^? ( ,boe?ius 7 usually expla9$ away by allegory4 ,:5 ,isidore ( ,seville 7#fcc or #fcf71 = in/ance1 0 compil+ 8 book ( univ]sal k1 ! ,etymologiae1 he incorporat$ 8 section on ! poets 9 ! *apt] entitl$ ,conc]n+ ! ,*ur* & ! ,sects4 ,s betwe5 a section devot$ to ! ,philosoph]s ( ! ,g5tiles & a section entitl$ ,conc]n+ ,sibyls he wrote conc]n+ ! poets z foll[s3 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 ! poets 7 call$ !ologians1 because !y us$ to compose songs conc]n+ ! gods4 ,9 do+ ?is1 h[ev]1 x is ! (fice ( ! poets to r5d] :at has actually be5 done 9 a diff]5t guise ) a c]ta9 beauty ( cov]t figures4#cbf ,! poet1 to ,isidore1 0 ! inspir$ b>d :o s+s ( ! gods & ! et]nal v]ities1 n directly1 b "u ! veil ( a beautiful allegory4 ,among ^! allegorical or indirect means ( expression us$ by ! poet to veil tru? are fables4 ,! poets inv5t fables sometimes to give pleasure2 sometimes !y are int]pret$ to expla9 ! nature ( ?+s1 sometimes to ?r[ light on ! mann]s ( m54#cbg ,8 illu/rations ( a fable %[ t he is talk+ ab\t allegory4 ,= in/ance1 ! fable ( ! c5taur 0 inv5t$ to %[1 by ! union ( man & horse1 ! swiftness ( human life4 ,x is v natural1 !n1 t ,dante %\ld z ! supreme poet ( ! middle ages furni% ! supreme example ( allegory4 ,9 ! ,convivio 7c4 #acjf71 ,dante gives a v full & complete exposition ( ! prop] me?od ( int]pret+ a text4 ,any writ+1 he says1 %\ld be exp\nd$ 9 f\r s5ses4 ,! fir/ is ! lit]al4 ,! second is call$ ! allegorical1 & is ! "o t hides itself "u ! mantle ( ^! tales1 & is a tru? hidd5 "u beaute\s fiction4#cbh ,! reason ?is way ( hid+ 0 devis$ by wise m5 he promises to expla9 9 ! f\rte5? treatise1 :i* he nev] wrote4 ,! ?ird s5se1 he goes on to say1 is ! moral1 z f ! fact t ,*ri/ took ) him b ?ree disciples :5 he asc5d$ ! m\nta9 = ! transfiguration we may und]/& t 9 secret ?+s we %\ld h b few companions4 ,! f\r? s5se is ! analogical4 ,"h ! text may be lit]ally true1 b conta9 a spiritual significance beyond4 ,t to ,dante1 h[ev]1 all b ! lit]al s5se naturally coalesc$ z ! allegorical is q cle> f ! close ( ! *apt] & f ! lett] to ,c ,gr&e1 9 :i* he discusses ! int]pretations ( 8 ,comm$ia4 ,al?\gh ^! my/ic s5ses are call$ by v>i\s names1 !y may all 9 g5]al be call$ allegorical4#cbi ,t ! beaute\s fiction1 ! bella m5zogna1 ( allegory is rhetorical 9 orig9 is cle> f a passage 9 ! ,vita ,nuova4 ,dante is def5d+ 8 p]sonification ( ,love z "o walk+1 speak+ & laugh+ on ! assumption t z a poet he is lic5s$ to use figures or rhetorical color+s4 ,^! color+s1 h[ev]1 mu/ h a true b hidd5 significance4 ,! rhetorical figures are a g>m5t to clo! ! nak$ness ( tru?4#ccj #b4 ,allegory 9 ,m$iaeval ,engl& ,engl& z well z ,italy furni%$ a cong5ial soil = allegory 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,9 8 ,poetria1 ,john ( ,g>l&#cca expla9s allegorically an elegiac1 bucolic1 e?ic1 love poem :i* he quotes4 ,"u ! guise ( ! nymph1 he says1 is figur$ =? ! fle%2 "u t ( ! corrupt y\?1 ! _w or ! devil2 "u t ( ! fri5d1 reason4#ccb ,9 ano!r illu/rative poem1 ?is "t introduc$ to %[ ! prop] use ( ! six p>ts ( an oration1 ,john ins]ts betwe5 ! confirmacio1 & ! confutacio1 an expositio mi/ica 9 :i* ! ,trojan ,w> is allegoriz$ 9 ?is fa%ion3 ,! fury ( ,eacides is ! ire ( ,satan1 etc4#ccc ,z late z #aejf ,/eph5 ,hawes's ,pa/ime ( ,pleasure is z m$iaeval z ! ,romance ( ! ,rose4#ccd ,9 ?is allegory ( ! education & love adv5tures ( ,gr&am\r ! "y man sits at ! feet ( ,dame ,re?oryke to be in/ruct$ at great l5g? 9 h] art4 ,to none o!r ( ! sev5 lib]al arts1 9 fact1 does ,hawes devote s mu* space4 ,9 ! *apt] on inv5tio1 h[ev]1 ! lady seems to h =gott5 all ab\t h] traditional pa/1 = in/ead ( discuss+ ! me?od ( f9d+ all possible argum5ts 9 favor ( a case1 %e discusses ! poets1 _! purpose1 & _! fame4 ,! purpose ( poetry is to h] :at x _h be5 ?r\gh\t ! entire p]iod ( ! middle ages4 ,! poet pres5ts tru? "u ! guise ( allegory4 ,to make ( n\ght reason s5t5ci\s ,clokynge a tr\! wy? col\r t5ebr\s4 ,= (t5 "u a fayre fayn$ fable ,a tr\! app]e? gretely pr(itable4#cce ,?is1 says ,dame ,re?oryke1 has ! sanction ( antiquity2 = ! old poets1 :o are fam\s = _! wisdom & ! imag9ative p[] ( _! inv5tion1 pron\nc$ tru? "u cl\dy figures4 ,?is =tifi$ ! poets aga9/ slo?4 ,! special treasure ,( new inv5cion1 ( ydl5ess ! foo6 ,!n %e addresses h]self directly to ! poets to laud _! virtues4 ,y\r hole desyre 0 set ,fables to fayne to es*ewe ydl5ess1444 ,to dysnull vyce & ! vyci\s to blame4 ,fur!rmore %e praises !m = record+ ! honorable de$s ( great conqu]ors & = furni%+ ! mod]n poets ) su* illu/ri\s models ( ! poetic art4 ,?is praise ( ! poets is complem5t>y to a condemnation ( ! fooli% public1 ^: limit$ intellig5ce prev5ts !m f see+ ! cloak$ tru? ( ! poets4 ,?us ! dull1 rude p1 :5 !y are unable to und]/& ! moral implications ( ! poet's allegory1 call ! poets li>s1 deceiv]s1 & flatt]]s4 ,?is1 %e insi/s1 is ! fault n ( ! poets1 b ( ! p4 ,if ! p w\ld take ! tr\ble to und]/& ^! cl\d$ tru?s1 !y w\ld praise & appreciate ! moral poets4 ,! conclusion is n difficult4 ,! m$iaeval poets are on ! def5sive1 z _! bro!rs _h be5 ?r\gh all ! pa/4 ,to ju/ify art1 ! middle ages _h to %[ its usefulness n only to morals1 b to !ology4 ,?us ,dame ,re?oryke 9 h] talk on inv5tio1 is conduct+ a def5se ( poetry on ! foll[+ gr\nds3 x tea*es pr(\nd tru? "u ! guise ( allegory2 x blames ! vici\s & ov]comes vice2 x is ! enemy ( slo?2 x records ! honorable de$s ( great m54 ,! *apt] on /yle only cont9ues ! song4 ,x is ! art1 says ,hawes1 to cloak ! mean+ "u mi/y figures ( _m colors1 z ! old poets did1 :o took similitudes f bea/s & birds4 ,& "u col\r ( ?is be/e1 pryvely ,! morall s5se !y cloake full subtyly4#ccf ,! poets write1 he cont9ues1 "u a mi/y cl\d ( cov]t lik5ess4 ,= in/ance1 ! poets feign t ,k+ ,atlas bore ! heav5s on 8 %\ld]s1 mean+ only t he 0 unusually v]s$ 9 high a/ronomy4 ,likewise ! /ory ( ! c5taurs only exemplifies ! skill ( ,mylyzyus 9 break+ ! wildness ( ! royal /e$s4 ,pluto1 ,c]b]us1 & ! hydra receive l explanations4 ,! poets feign ^! fables1 ( c\rse1 to lead ! read]s out ( mis*ief4 ,a poet to be great mu/ dr9k ( ! r$ol5t well ( poetry :5ce fl[ ! f\r riv]s ( ,und]/&+1 ,close-conclud+1 ,novelty1 & ,c>buncles4 ,^! riv]s are translatable into3 und]/&+ ( good & evil1 moral purpose1 novelty1 rhetorical adornm5t ( figures & s =?4 ,! poets prais$--,g[]1 ,*auc]1 & ,lydgate--des]ve _! fame1 he says1 = _! morality4 ,!y cleanse our vices4 ,!y k9dle our he>ts ) love ( virtue4 ,lydgate's ,falls ( ,pr9ces is an especially great poem1 ,a good ensample = u to dispyse ,?is worlde1 s ful ( mutabilyte4#ccg ,o!r cunn+ poets are1 h[ev]1 n s praisewor?y4 ,in/ead ( feign+ pleasant & cov]t fables1 !y sp5d _! "t 9 vanity1 mak+ ballades ( f]v5t love & su* l tales & trifles4 ,?is1 he insi/s1 is an unfruitful mann] 9 :i* to sp5d "o's ef=ts4 ,?is unanim\s judgm5t ( ! middle ages t ! purpose ( poetry is to tea* spiritual tru? & inculcate morality "u ! cloak ( allegory 0 p]petuat$ f> into ! r5aissance1 especially 9 ,engl&1 :]e1 z has be5 %[n1 ! recov]y ( classical culture made sl[ progress4#cch ,*apt] ,,iii ,rhetorical ,elem5ts 9 ,italian ,r5aissance ,conceptions ( ! ,purpose ( ,poetry ,9 8 /udy ( ! function ( poetry 9 ! lit]>y criticism ( ! ,italian r5aissance1 ,sp+>n has %[n#cci t ! *>act]i/ic op9ions reflect ! ideas ( ,horace 9 8 fam\s l9e1 ,aut prodesse volunt aut delect>e poetae4 ,! purpose ( poetry1 !y ?\ght1 0 to please1 to in/ruct1 or to comb9e pleasure & in/ruction4 ,he goes fur!r to %[ t ) ! notable exceptions ( ,b]n>do ,tasso & ,ca/elvetro1 :o claim$ no fur!r function = poetry ?an delight & delight alone1 ! g5]al conception 0 e?ical4 ,ev5 :5 delight 0 admitt$ z an end1 x 0 simply because ( its usefulness 9 effect+ ! e?ical aim4#cdj ,?is *apt]1 resum+ briefly ! results ( ,sp+>n's inve/igations :]e !y help ! read] to und]/& bett] ! situation 9 ,engli% criticism1 w br+ into %>p] relief ?an has h]et(ore be5 done two influ5ces :i* affect$ ! r5aissance view n a little--s*ola/ic philosophy & ! classical rhetorics4 ,to ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 logic 0 ! art ( arts1 because 9 action we are direct$ by reason4 ,?us all arts proce$ f x1 & rhetoric is a "p ( x4#cda ,! ,?omi/ic philosophy :i* includ$ rhetoric & poetic 9 logic1 :]eas ,ari/otle _h classifi$ ! ?ree arts z cord9ate )9 ! same category1 seems1 says ,sp+>n1 to h be5 accept$ by ! s*ola/ic philosoph]s ( ! middle ages4#cdb ,! appe>ance ( ?is s*ola/ic gr\p+ 9 ! r5aissance criticism is p>allel ) a gradual ab&onm5t ( ! popul> m$iaeval preoccupation ) allegory1 9 favor ( ! classical view :i* consid]$ example z ! be/ vehicle = moral improvem5t4 ,9 ! age ( ! ,m$icis1 :5 ref9$ c\rts ( ,italy 7 s greatly delight$ at ! recov]y ( ! lea/ edify+ lit]>y monum5ts ( classical antiquity1 allegorical int]pretation _h probably s (t5 become b a cloak = lic5ti\sness 9 poetry t x 0 becom+ discr$it$4 ,at any rate1 ,loyola reject$ allegorical int]pretation ( classical lit]ature = ! ,jesuit colleges4 ,he bas$ moral education on example1 & expurgat$ any elem5t :i* he ?\ght might h a p]nici\s effect on "y p4 ,= in/ance1 except 9 ! mo/ advanc$ class1 ! ,dido episode 0 delet$ f ! neid4#cdc ,savon>ola reject$ allegory & consid]$ logic1 rhetoric1 & poetic z p>ts ( philosophy4 ,logic proce$s by induction & syllogism1 rhetoric by ! en?ymeme1 & poetic by ! example4 ,!re=e ! (fice ( ! poet is to tea* by examples1 to induce m5 to virtu\s liv+ by fitt+ repres5tations4 ,because our m9ds delight greatly 9 song & h>mony1 ! e>ly poets us$ met] & rhy?m bett] to incl9e ! s\l ( man to virtue & morality4 ,x is impossible1 h[ev]1 = a p]son ignorant ( logic to be a true poet4 ,a m]e conc]n ) rhy?m & ! composition ( s5t5ces pr(its no?+1 = :at is ! use ( pa9t+ & decorat+ a %ip if x is go+ to be swamp$ 9 ! /orm & nev] come to port8 ,! poets :o endeavor to place _! poems on a p> ) ! ,scriptures ov]look ! fact t only ! sacr$ writ+s c h an allegorical1 p>abolical or spiritual mean+4 ,s9ce ,dante _h made all ^! claims1 ! inf]5ce is t ,savon>ola decl9$ to accept poetry z "p ( !ology1 & reject$ bo? ,dante & ! popul> m$iaeval tradition4 ,poets1 he goes on to say1 use metaphors because ( ! weakness ( _! mat]ial4 ,if y took away ! v]bal ornam5t1 y w\ld n read ! poets1 because !re w\ld be no?+ left4 ,! !ologian uses metaphor only z an adornm5t to 8 solid matt]4 ,! poet :o s+s ( love1 praises idols1 & n>rates lies has a v bad effect on "y m54 ,he incites to lu/ & immorality4 ,b poets :o describe 9 v]ses moral actions & ! de$s ( brave m5 %\ld n on t acc\nt be condemn$4#cdd #a4 ,! ,s*ola/ic ,gr\p+ ( ,poetic1 ,rhetoric & ,logic ,! s*ola/ic gr\p+ ( logic1 rhetoric1 & poetic :i* ,savon>ola d]iv$ f ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as#cde p]si/$ = f\r c5turies1 rejuv5at$ by contact ) ! ri*] classical s*ol>%ip ( ! r5aissance4 ,b4 ,lomb>dus1 = in/ance1 9 8 preface to ,maggi's edition ( ,ari/otle's ,poetics 7#aeej71 diff]5tiates logic1 rhetoric1 & poetic by ! same crit]ia4 ,logic1 he says1 proves by syllogism1 & 9 ?is is diff]5t f bo? rhetoric & poetic1 :i* use en?ymeme & example z m appropriate to a popul> audi5ce1 :ile poetic uses example almo/ entirely & sc>cely ev] en?ymeme4#cdf ,sp+>n calls att5tion to a simil> di/9ction 9 ! ,lezione 7#aeec7 ( ,b5$etto ,v>*i4 ,v>*i says3 ,j z ! logician uses = 8 means ! noble/ ( all in/rum5ts1 t is1 demon/ration or ! demon/rative syllogism2 s ! dialectician1 ! topical syllogism2 & ! sophi/1 ! sophi/ical1 t is1 ! app>5t & deceitful2 ! rhetorician1 ! en?ymeme1 & ! poet1 ! example1 :i* is ! lea/ wor?y ( all4 ,s ! subject ( poetry is ! feign$ fable & ! fabul\s1 & its means or in/rum5t is ! example4#cdg ,?is has its ultimate s\rce 9 ! ,rhetoric ( ,ari/otle1 :o made ! foll[+ di/9ction betwe5 logic & rhetoric3 ,logic aims at demon/ration by ! syllogism & by induction2 rhetoric aims at p]suasion by ! en?ymeme & ! example4 ,! en?ymeme is a rhetorical syllogism1 usually ) ! conclusion or ei!r premise unexpress$4 ,moreov] ! premises ( an en?ymeme are likely to re/ on op9ion r ?an on axioms4 ,! example is a rhetorical induction1 usually f few] cases ?an are necess>y to sci5tific induction4#cdh ,! same s*ola/ic gr\p+ ( logic1 rhetoric1 & poetic appe>s 9 ! treatise ,on ! ,nature ( ! ,art ( ,poetry 7#afdg7 ( ! ,dut* s*ol> ,vossius1 :o writes3 ,z rhetoric is call$ by ,ari/otle ! c\nt]p>t ( dialect & t especially because x tea*es ! mann] by :i* en?ymemes may be utiliz$ 9 communal matt]s1 )\t a d\bt poetic is also to be ?\ght a "p ( logic1 because x discloses ! use ( examples 9 fictiti\s matt]s4444 ,b rhetoric & poetic seek n only to prove some?+1 b also to delight2 !y seek n only und]/&+1 b action z well4 ,:]e=e poetic has ?is 9 common ) rhetoric2 t bo? are ! s]vants ( ! /ate4#cdi ,vossius ?us1 l ,scalig]1 makes poetic & rhetoric "o 9 _! end to promote desirable action4 ,h[ p]si/5t is ?is rhetorical view ( poetry is well illu/rat$ by ! ,ars ,rhetorica ( ! ,jesuit ,m>t9 ,du ,cygne1 fir/ publi%$ 9 #afff1 & /ill us$ z a text-book 9 ,georget[n ,univ]sity4 ,he is discuss+ ! ?ree k9ds ( argum5t3 syllogism1 en?ymeme1 & example1 or induction4 ,induction is delightful & is appropriate to an ignorant audi5ce because ( its similitudes & examples4 ,?is argum5t is frequ5tly us$ by rhetoricians & poets1 especially ,ovid2 because x expla9s attractively & cle>ly4#cej ,?us ! gr\p+ ( poetic ) rhetoric & logic naturally t5d$ to make x p>take m & m ( ! nature ( ! o!r two4 ,all ( !m 7 tak5 to be occupi$ ) prov+ some?+ 9 an ef=t to make o!r p good4 ,!y diff]$ only because !y us$ diff]5t k9ds ( pro(4 #b4 ,! ,influ5ce ( ! ,classical ,rhetorics ,a m explicit influ5ce on ! r5aissance belief t ! function ( poetry is to improve social morality is readily se5 9 ! def9itions ( poetry :i* h already be5 quot$ f ,lomb>dus & ,v>*i1 :o =mulat$ _! def9itions ( poetry by comb9+ ,ari/otle's def9ition ( trag$y ) 8 def9ition ( rhetoric4#cea ,ano!r explicit borr[+ f classical rhetoric 0 ( ,cic]o's ?ree-fold aim ( ! orator3 to tea*1 to delight1 to p]suade 7doc]e1 delect>e1 p]mov]e74#ceb ,sev]al important ,italian critics c>ri$ ?is t]m9ology ov] into _! !ories ( poetry along ) ! purpose :i* has always animat$ rhetoric--p]suasion4 ,mak+ ,horace a po9t ( dep>ture1 ,daniello1 9 #aecf1 says t ! function ( ! poet is to tea* & delight1 b m ?an t--to p]suade4 ,he mu/ move 8 read]s to %>e ! emotions ( 8 *>act]s1 to %un vice1 & embrace virtue4#cec ,?is extreme rhetorical p>allel 0 fur!r insi/$ on by ,m9turno 7#aeei71 :o def9$ ! duty ( a poet z s to speak 9 v]se z to tea*1 to delight1 & to move4#ced ,& z ,ari/otle _h affirm$ 9 8 ,rhetoric t ! "* ( ! speak] 0 "o ( ! ?ree ess5tial elem5ts 9 p]suasion1#cee ,m9turno is con/ra9$ to make ! moral "* ( ! poet an indisp5sable quality ( 8 poetry4 ,?us he borr[s ,cato's def9ition ( ! orator z a good man skill$ 9 public spee* 7vir bonus dic5di p]itus7 f ,qu9tilian1#cef & def9es ! poet z a good man skill$ 9 spee* & imitation 7poeta vir bonus dic5di et imit&i p]itus74#ceg ,l ,m9turno1 ,scalig] insi/$ t poetry mu/ tea*1 move1 & delight4#ceh ,x is ?us ! result 9 action :i* ,m9turno & ,scalig] emphasize4 ,! poet mu/ "w on ! feel+s ( 8 read] s t he %all embrace & imitate ! good1 & spurn ! evil4 ,philosophy1 oratory1 & poetry h ?us "o end--& only "o--p]suasion4#cei ,)\t ! mov]e1 ! inc5tive to action1 ( c\rse poetry c\ld n s]ve its purpose ( moral improvem5t on :i* ! r5aissance s /]nly insi/$4 ,a read] might enjoy a /ory1 play1 or poem :i* pres5t$ impeccable examples ( virtue rew>d$ & vice puni%$1 or :i* ab\nd$ 9 noble platitudes gild$ ) wit1 & /ill smile & be a villa94 ,x 0 ?us inevitable t an acceptance ( ! moral purpose ( poetry %\ld soon] or lat] drive any logical m9d$ critic ( poetry completely into ! camp ( rhetoric4 ,!re ! poet w\ld f9d a complete panoply ( arms =g$ = ! ar\s+ ( ! feel+s 9 an audi5ce1 & = /irr+ ! spr+s ( action4 ,he c\ld make 8 read]s hate s9 by ! same means ,demo/h5es made 8 he>]s hate ,philip1 & love any virtue by appropriat+ ! me?ods ( ,cic]o ,pro ,ar*ia4 ,accord+ to ?is belief1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 poetic & rhetoric 0 m9imiz$4 ,9 !ory a poem or a spee* might indiff]5tly be compos$ ei!r 9 prose or 9 v]se4 ,bo? endeavor$ to tea*1 to please1 & to move4 ,bo? look$ t[>d p]suasion z an object4 ,! spee* us$ ! en?ymeme & ! example z pro(s1 :ile ! poem us$ ! example to a great]1 & ! en?ymeme to a less] degree4 ,bo? 9 !ory & 9 practice ! example 0 reg>d$ z be+ a pleasant] argum5t ?an ! precept1 z well z be+ m effective4 ,?is 0 ! age ( ,cic]onianism4 ,! s*ool-ma/]s ( ,europe _h rec5tly r$iscov]$ imitation z ! royal road to le>n+1 & 9 _! sy/em ( language tea*+ emphasiz$ imitation ( classical au?ors m ?an foll[+ ! precepts ( ! gramm>ians or ( ! rhetoricians4 ,! epigram ( ,s5eca1 longum it] p] praecepta1 breve p] exempla1 0 ! popul> cat*word ( ! age4 ,! example 0 popul>4 ,?us by ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ! ,italian critics _h =mulat$ a logical & self-consi/5t !ory ( ! purpose ( poetry4 ,inh]itors ( ! allegorical !ory ( ! middle ages1 :i* !y 9 "p disc>d$1 & discov]]s ( classical rhetoric :i* !y c>ri$ ov] bodily into _! !ories ( poetry1 !y pass$ on to ,france1 ,g]many1 & ,engl& _! rhetorical !ories4 ,! purpose ( poetry1 z well z ( rhetoric1 0 to !m p]suasion--to tea*1 to please1 to move4 ,! in/rum5t ( poetry 0 ! rhetorical example4 ,*apt] ,,iv ,engli% ,r5aissance ,ideas ( ! ,purpose ( ,poetry ,9 ,engl& ! ,italian int]pretations ( ! lit]>y criticism ( ,greece & ,rome made sl[ headway aga9/ ! e/abli%$ traditions ( ! middle ages4 ,9 p>ticul> ! vogue ( allegory did n yield to ! idea ( ! moral example transf]r$ f rhetoric to poetic4 #a4 ,allegory & ,example 9 ,rhetoric ,:5 ,?omas ,wilson publi%$ ! fir/ edition ( 8 ,arte ( ,rhetorique 9 #aeec1 ! corpus ( ,greek criticism 9 ! ,ald9e ,rhetores ,graeci _h be5 9 pr9t =ty-five ye>s1 & ! comm5t>ies ( ,dolce1 ,daniello1 ,robortelli1 & ,maggi 7 available4 ,b ,wilson wrote a v good rhetoric ) no books be=e him b ,qu9tilian1 ,cic]o & ! rhetoric ,ad ,h]5nium1 :i* he ?\ght to be ,cic]o's1 ,erasmus1 ,plut>* ,de audi5dis poetis1 & ,/4 ,basil4 ,8 treatm5t ( poetry is q naturally1 !n1 t ( a rhetorician :o _h be5 re>$ 9 ! m$iaeval tradition ( allegory4 ,allegory 9 ! s5se ( ,qu9tilian z a trope1 an ext5d$ metaphor1 ,wilson m5tions only once4 ,8 in/ance w be> quotation3 ,x is evil putt+ /rong ,w9e into weake vesselles1 t is to say1 x is evil tru/+ "s wom5 ) weightie matt]s4 ,! ,engli% ,prov]bes ga!r$ by ,john ,heywood1 helpe well 9 ?is behalfe1 ! :i* commonly are no?+ els b ,allegories1 & d>ke devis$ s5t5ces4#cfj ,allegory 9 its m g5]al m$iaeval s5se ( ! k]nel ( moral tru? )9 ! brilliant husk ( ! poet's fables he discusses at great] l5g? else:]e ) full exemplification4 ,= by !m we may talke at l>ge & w9 m5 by p]suasion1 if we decl>e be=eh& t ^! tales 7 n fa9$ ( su* wisem5 )\t cause4 ,?is obvi\s rhetorical discussion ( ! use ( poetical illu/rations by orators leads him to express 8 conviction ( ! moral value ( poetry4 ,t poetry did h ?is improv+ effect he is q sure4 ,= und\bt$ly !re is no "o tale among all ! ,poetes1 b "u ! same is compreh5d$ some?+ t p>te9e?1 ei!r to ! am5dm5t ( man]s1 to ! k ( ! true? to ! sett+ =? ( ,nature's "w1 or els ! und]/&+ ( "s notable ?+ done4444 ,z ,plut>* saie?3 & likewise ,basilius ,magnus3#cfa ,9 ! ,iliades are describ$ /r5g?1 & valiantnesse ( ! bodie3 ,9 ! ,odissea is set =? a lively pat]ne ( ! m9de4 ,! ,poetes 7 wisem51 & wi%$ 9 h>t ! r$resse ( ?+s1 ! :i* :5 = fe>e1 !y dur/ n op5ly rebuke1 !y did 9 col\rs pa9te !m out1 & tolde m5 by %ad[es :at !y %\ld doe 9 good soo?1 or els because ! wick$ 7 unwor?y to he>e ! true?1 !y spake s t none might und]/& b ^? unto :om !y please to utt] _! mean+4#cfb ,wilson seems to mean n only t poetry has a moral effect1 b t ! moral value is ! ma9 int5tion4 ,he !n proce$s to elucidate ! /ory ( ,danae z signify+ t wom5 h be5 & w be ov]come by money4 ,! /ory ( ,io's s$uction by ! bull %[s t beauty may ov]come ! be/ ( wom54 ,f ,ic>us we %\ld le>n t e man %\ld n m$dle ) ?+s above 8 compass1 & f ,midas1 to avoid covet\sness4 ,z a ,prote/ant he expla9s ,/4 ,*ri/oph] & ,/4 ,george 9 l mann] allegorically4 ,b ,wilson is a rhetorician1 n a !ori/ ( poetry2 he is n conc]n$ ) ! moral example z ! purpose ( poetry4 ,9 8 section on example z a rhetorical argum5t he %[s h[ /ories & fables may enliv5 & en=ce a po9t4 ,he illu/rates by ,pl9y's /ory ( ! grateful dragon1 & by ,appian's /ory ( ! grateful lion1 h[ a speak] may enl>ge on ! duty ( gratitude among m54 ,b ?\gh he does n po/ulate pleasurable in/ruction z ! aim ( poetry1 he cle>ly implies x 9 8 comm5t on ! use ( /ories 9 argum5t4 ,nor does ,rog] ,as*am 9 8 ,s*olema/]1 writt5 betwe5 #aefc-aefh & publi%$ po/hum\sly 9 #aegj1 conc]n himself ) ! purpose ( poetry4 ,8 int]e/ 9 poetry seems to be conf9$ to prosody4 ,z a s*ool-ma/] himself he is int]e/$ 9 guid+ gramm>-s*ool boys 9 _! ma/]y ( ,lat9 prose4 ,i purpose to tea* a yong s*ol]1 to g1 n to dance3 to speake1 n to s+4#cfc ,t he is n bl9d to ! fact t poetry does influ5ce ! "* ( a read]1 :e!r t be its purpose or n 9 ! m9d ( ,god1 he %[s by 8 comm5t on ,plautus4 ,! language1 ,as*am says1 is good & wor?y ( imitation2 b ! ma/] mu/ *oose only su* passages z conta9 hone/ matt]4#cfd ,& ! same fe> ( ! possible evil moral influ5ce ( fiction is ev9c$ 9 8 fam\s condemnation ( ! ,morte ,d>?ur ! :ole pleasure ( :i* booke /&e? 9 two speciall poyntes1 9 op5 mans slaught]1 & bold bawdrye1#cfe & 9 8 attacks on ,engli% translations ( ,italian poems & /ories4 ,9 ?is 8 position is sub/antially t ( ,savon>ola1 ,loyola & ,vives4#cff ,n[h]e does ,as*am advance ! claims ( allegory z cloak+ moral tru? "u ! guise ( fiction4 ,he is too good a classici/ & ,cic]onian4 ,:at he fe>s f poetry is evil example4 ,if he believ$ t ! purpose ( poetry 0 to tea* tru? by example pleasantly1 at lea/ he does n say s4 ,as*am repres5ts ! advance gu>d 9 ,engl& aga9/ allegory4 ,b s9ce he 0 n writ+ on ! !ory ( poetry prim>ily1 he did n endeavor to e/abli% t ! function ( poetry is to tea* by example4 #b4 ,allegory & ! ,rhetorical ,example 9 ,poetic ,?us f> we h _h to draw inf]5ces f ! asides ( rhetorician & s*ool-ma/]4 ,b 9 #aege1 five ye>s aft] ! publication ( ,as*am's treatise1 ,george ,gascoigne1 a poet1 publi%$ 8 ,c]tayne ,notes ( ,in/ruction ,conc]n+ ! ,mak+ ( ,v]se or ,ryme4#cfg ,! title is n mislead+4 ,gascoigne is conc]n$ ) ! /yle ( poetry1 n ) its philosophy4 ,8 only ref]5ce to ei!r example or allegory is 9 a passage :]e he recomm5ds me?ods ( avoid+ trit5ess 9 ! praise ( 8 mi/ress4 ,if ,i %\ld disclose my pret5ce 9 love1 ,i w\ld ey!r make a /range disc\rse ( "s intoll]able passion1 or f9de occasion to pleade by ! example ( "s hi/orie1 or discov] my disquiet 9 %ad[es p] ,allegoriam4#cfh ,slight z ?is is1 x h9ts at ! rhetoric ( ,ovid & ! declamation s*ools4 ,! poet is to pleade by example4 ,he is mak+ a spee* to 8 mi/ress try+ to prove to h] 8 undy+ passion t %e may grant him ! ultimate favor4 ,! g5re is ! same t includes ! ,epi/les ( ,ovid & ! ,love ,lett]s ( ,ari/5etus4 ,x is ! g5re ( v]sifi$ spee*-mak+4 ,wilson recomm5d$ ! ,prov]bs ( ,heywood z furni%+ allegories useful 9 ! amplification ( a po9t 9 a spee*4 ,9 8 ,euphues ,lyly did use su* allegories 9 :at 8 contempor>ies g5]ally consid]$ a poem4 ,lyly drew examples1 anecdotes1 & fables :i* he us$ z ,gascoigne sugge/$1 n only f ,heywood1 b f ! ,similia & ,adagia1 ( ,erasmus1 & f ! ,emblems ( ,alciati4#cfi ,s f> ! moral example is c\nsel$ or practis$ only z a recogniz$ device ( rhetoric4 ,x is n transf]r$ to poetic until ,george ,:et/one's ,d$ication to 8 ,promos & ,cass&ra4 ,= ,:et/one ass]ts t 9 8 com$y he has int]m+l$ all actions 9 su* sorte z ! grave matt] may in/ruct1 & ! pleasant delight 444 & ! conclusion %[es ! confusion ( ,vice & ! *]is+ ( ,v]tue4#cgj ,t ! philosophy ( ?is moral improvem5t resides 9 ! extreme application ( poetic ju/ice he %[s z foll[s3 ,= by ! rew>d ( ! good ! good are enc\rag$ 9 wel do+e3 & ) ! sc[rge ( ! lewde ! lewde are fe>$ f evill attempts4 ,:et/one's ,d$ication 0 publi%$ 9 #aegh1 "o ye> be=e ,gosson laun*$ 8 attack aga9/ poetry & poets 9 8 ,s*ool ( ,abuse1 :i* 0 answ]$ by ,lodge & ,sidney 9 _! ,apologies4 ,9 ?is controv]sy1 9 :i* ,:et/one lat] took sides ) ! anti-/age p>ty 9 8 ,t\*/one = ,"t 7#aehd71 ! age-long conflict betwe5 ! poets & ! philosoph]s 0 r5ew$ ) vigor & acrimony4 ,b bo? ! attack]s & ! def5d]s argu$ f ! same premise1 t ! purpose ( poetry 0 to af=d pleasant moral in/ruction4 ,gosson & ! ,puritans object$ t curr5t poetry & plays fail$ to af=d ?is moral in/ruction & %\ld consequ5tly be condemn$4 ,lodge1 ,sidney & ! o!r def5d]s ( poetry retort$ t poetry _h a noble function--! tea*+ ( morality1 & t an occasional poem :i* did n s]ve ?is purpose did n invalidate ! claims ( poetry z a :ole4 ,gosson writes3 ,! "r use ( aunci5t poetrie 0 to h ! notable exploytes ( wor?y capta9es1 ! holesome c\ncels ( good fa!rs & v]tu\s lives ( pr$ecessors set d[n 9 numb]s1 & sung to ! in/rum5t at solemne fea/es1 t ! s\nd ( ! "o might draw ! he>]s f kiss+ ! cup too (t51 & ! s5se ( ! o!r put !m 9 m9de ( ?+s pa/1 & *aulke out ! way to d ! l4#cga ,! b5efit1 accord+ to ,gosson1 :i* poetry %\ld produce is t ( good moral example4 ,moral doctr9e1 he believes accessible 9 ! *ur*es1 & aga9/ ! poets he urges t ! evil social environm5t ( ! !atre (fsets ! b5efit to be d]iv$ ev5 f good plays4 ,:at pr(its ! moral lesson ( su* a play if aft] witness+ ! p]=mance a man walk away ) a woman ^: acqua9tance he has j made 9 ! !atre4#cgb ,he may dr9k w9e1 he may play c>ds1 he may ev5 ent] a bro!l4 ,9 8 ,def5ce ( ,poetry 7#aegi71 ,lodge retreats to ! cav]ns ( ! middle ages to equip himself ) arms4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( ,campano1 :o di$ 9 #adgg1 he advances allegory z ! explanation :i* makes ! app>5tly light & trifl+ poets moral tea*]s ( ! utmo/ s]i\sness4 ,address+ ,gosson he exclaims3 ,did y nev] reade t "u ! p]sons ( bea/es _m abuses 7 dissiph]$8 ,h y n reason to waye t :atsoev] e!r ,virgil did write ( 8 gnatt or ,ovid ( 8 fley 0 all cov]tly to decl>e abuse8444 ,y rememb] n t "u ! p]son ( ,a5eas 9 ,virgil ! practice ( a dillig5t capta9e is describ$2 y "k n t ! creation is signifi$ 9 ! ,image ( ,prome!us2 ! fall ( pryde 9 ! p]son ( ,n>cissus4#cgc ,& he quotes ,lactantius z comp>+ poetry ) ! ,scriptures4 ,if ei!r are tak5 lit]ally1 !y w seem false4 ,we %\ld judge by ! poet's hidd5 mean+4#cgd ,! purpose ( ! poets1 to ,lodge1 0 ,9 ! way ( pleasure to draw m5 to wisdome4 ,:5 he def5ds com$y1 ,lodge drifts away f allegory4 ,t]5ce & ,plautus he praises = furni%+ examples ( virtue & vice ^u ! bo>ds1 ?us to am5d ! mann]s ( 8 auditors4 ,he believ$ t poetry did am5d mann]s1 & correct abuses--if prop]ly us$4 ,b he is v quick to admit ! v abuses :i* ,gosson attack$4 ,i abhore ^? poets t savor ( ribaldry3 ,i w admit ! expullcion ( su* enormities1 poetry is disprais$ n = ! folly t is 9 x1 b = ! abuse :i*e manye ill ,wryt]s c\ll] by x4#cge ,i mu/ confess ) ,ari/otle t m5 are greatly delight$ ) imitation1 & t x 7 good to br+ ^? ?+s on /age t 7 altoge!r t5d+ to v]tue2 all ?is ,i admit & h>tely wy%1 b y say unlesse ! ?+e be tak5 away ! vice w cont9ue4 ,nay ,i say if ! /yle 7 *ang$ ! practise w\ld pr(it4#cgf ,?us he def5ds poetry bcause x tea*es morality by example & by allegory4 ,) t high] intellig5ce & le>n+ :i* h already be5 contra/$ ) ! un?9k+ acceptance ( 8 times#cgg ,sir ,philip ,sidney wrote 8 ,apologie = ,poetrie4 ,9 ?is dignifi$ & vigor\s pamphlet1 writt5 ab\t #aehc1 & publi%$ 9 #aeie1 ,sidney pres5ts ! be/ & mo/ consi/5t argum5t = ! moral purpose ( poetry t appe>$ 9 ,engl&4 ,t ! ma9 l9e ( 8 argum5t & 8 be/ mat]ial is drawn f ,m9turno & ,scalig]1 z ,sp+>n has demon/rat$1#cgh 9 no way invalidates 8 claim to di/9ction4 ,! purpose ( poetry is to ,sidney1 9 ! fir/ place1 to tea* & delight1#cgi t fayn+ notable images ( v]tues1 vices1 or :at els1 ) t delightfull tea*+ :i* mu/ be ! "r describ+ note to "k a poet by4#chj ,b z ! end ( all e>?ly le>n+ is virtu\s action1 9 ,sidney's m9d1 he agrees ) ,m9turno & ,scalig] 9 borr[+ f rhetoric ,cic]o's ?ree-fold aim ( ! orator3 to tea*1 to delight1 to move4 ,sidney says t ! poets imitate bo? to delight & tea*1 & delight to move m5 to take ! goodnes 9 h&e 444 & tea*1 to make !m "k t goodnes :]eunto !y are moov$4#cha ,x is incr$ible t he did n "k ?is t]m9ology z rhetoric4 ,poetry1 he believes1 fails if x does n p]suade its read] to ab&on evil & adopt good4 ,& t moov+ is ( a high] degree ?an tea*+1 x may by ?is appe>e1 t x is well nigh ! cause ( tea*+4 ,= :o w be taught1 if he bee n moov$ ) desire to be taught8 & :at s mu* good do? t tea*+ br+ =? 7,i speak /ill ( morall doctr9e7 z t x moove? "o to d t :i* x doo? tea*8#chb ,! effectiv5ess ( poetry1 !n1 9 accompli%+ ?is moral end lies 9 its pleasantness4 ,! poet1 says ,sidney1 9 t mo/ fam\s passage :i* is too frequ5tly quot$ incompletely1 comme? to y ) words s5t 9 delightful proportion1 ei!r accompani$ )1 or prep>$ =1 ! well in*aunt+ skill ( ,musicke2 & ) a tale =soo? he comme? unto y1 ) a tale :i* holde? *ildr5 f play1 & old m5 f ! *imney corn]4 ,& pret5d+ no m1 do? int5de ! w9n+ ( ! m9d f wick$ness to v]tue3 ev5 z ! *ilde is (t5 br\ght to take mo/ :olsom ?+s by hid+ !m 9 su* o!r z h a pleasant ta/4#chc ,accord+ to ,sidney1 !n1 x is ! v purpose ( poetry to w9 m5 to virtue by pleasant in/ruction4 ,! argum5t ( poetry 9 accompli%+ ?is end is prim>ily ! example4 ,sidney comp>es v elaborately philosophy1 hi/ory1 & poetry 9 an endeavor to %[ t poetry is ! mo/ effective in/rum5t = =w>d+ virtue4 ,9 ! fir/ place poetry is bett] adapt$ ?an philosophy to w9 m5 to virtue because x p]suades bo? by precepts & by examples1 :ile philosophy p]suades by precepts alone4 ,8 sanction = ?is high op9ion ( ! p]suasive p[] ( example is ! rhetorical commonplace ( ! r5aissance t ! way is long by precept & %ort by example4#chd ,to en=ce ?is po9t he tells ! /ory ( h[ ,m55ius ,agrippa won ov] ! p ( ,rome to support ! ,s5ate by tell+ !m ! /ory ( ! revolt ( ! memb]s aga9/ ! belly4 ,qu9tilian#che & ,wilson#chf _h already told ?is /ory to prove ! effectiv5ess ( ! example z a rhetorical argum5t1 a device ( ! public speak]4 ,! ma9 advantage :i* poetry possesses ov] hi/ory1 ,sidney goes on1 is t :ile ! hi/orian mu/ /ick to 8 facts1 :i* too frequ5tly are un$ify+1 ! poet c & does create a _w bett] ?an nature1 & pres5ts to 8 read] ideal figures ( human conduct su* z ,pylades1 ,cyrus1 & neas4#chg ,?is is ,sidney's application ( ,ari/otle's ass]tion t hi/ory is p>ticul> & poetic univ]sal2 hi/ory records ?+s z !y are & poetic z !y are1 worse ?an !y are1 or bett]4 ,le/ 8 read]s might fe> t ! argum5ts ( ! poet might lose "s ( _! p]suasive =ce f _! be+ fictiti\s1 ,sidney ha/5s to add3 ,= t a fayn$ example ha? z mu* =ce to tea* z a true example 7= z = to moove1 x is cle]e1 si? ! fayn$ may be tun$ to ! highe/ key ( passion72#chh & "h he is draw+ f ,ari/otle's ,rhetoric4#chi ,?r\gh admiration ( ! noble p]sons ( poetry1 ! read] is won to a desire = emulation4 ,:o reade? neas c>ry+ olde ,an*ises on 8 back1 t wi%e? n x 7 8 =tune to p]f\rme s excell5t an acte8#cij ,al?\gh ,sidney believes ! pr9cipal moral value ( poetry to reside 9 its p[] to tea* & move by ! use ( examples1 he devotes at lea/ half a page to ! b5efic5t effect ( p>ables & allegories4 ,! p>ables :i* he uses1 h[ev]1 are all ,*ri/ian1 & ! allegories are all ! ,fables ( sop4 ,f ! allegorical int]pretation ( poetry curr5t 9 ! middle ages & to a sc>cely less degree among 8 ,engli% contempor>ies ,sidney rema9s conspicu\sly alo(4 ,9 answ]+ ! specific *>ges aga9/ poetry1 t x is a wa/e ( "t1 ! "m ( lies1 ! nurse ( abuse1 & reject$ by ,plato1 ,sidney ass]ts t a ?+ :i* moves m5 to virtue s effectively z poetry _c be a wa/e ( "t2 t s9ce poetry pret5ds n to lit]al tru?1 x _c lie1#cia t poetry does n abuse man's wit1 b man's wit abuses poetry1 = %all ! abuse ( a ?+ make ! "r use odi\s8#cic & t ,plato object$ n to poetry b to its abuse4 ,sir ,john ,h>+ton#cib :o publi%$ 8 ,brief ,apologie ( ,poetrie 9 #aeia1 f\r ye>s be=e ! publication ( ,sidney's ,apologie1 bas$ mu* ( 8 treatise on ,sidney4 ,un=tunately1 he did n dige/ fully ! argum5ts ( ! manuscript 9 8 h&1 & in/ead ( a fir/-h& k ( ,m9turno & ,scalig] _h only ! commonplaces ( ,plut>*4 ,9 spite ev5 ( ,plut>*1 allegory1 n moral example1 is 8 ma9 l9e ( def5ce4 ,8 fundam5tal basis is ! /ock ,horatian omne tulit punctum qui miscuit utile dulci1 or z ,h>+ton p>aphrases1 = 9 v]se is bo? goodness & sweetness1 ,rub>b & ,sug>c&ie1 ! pleasant & ! pr(itable4#cid ,! objection t poets lie ,h>+ton meets z ,sidney does1 ,b poets nev] affirm+ any = true1 b pres5t+ !m to u z fables & imitations1 _c lye ?\gh !y w\ld4#cie ,at ?is po9t ,h>+ton p>ts company ) 8 ma/] & goes back to ! middle ages4 ,! anci5t ,poets h inde$ wrapp$ z x 7 9 _! writ+s div]s & sundry mean+s1 :i* !y call ! s5ses or my/]ies !re(4 ,fir/ ( all = ! litt]al s5ce 7z x 7 ! utmo/ b>ke or ryne7 !y set d[ne 9 mann] ( an hi/orie ! acts & notable exploits ( "s p]sons wor?ie memorie3 !n 9 ! same fiction1 z a second r9e & some:at m f9e1 z x 7 ne>] to ! pi? & m>r[1 !y place ! ,morall s5ce pr(itable = ! active life ( man1 approv+ v]tu\s actions & condemn+ ! contr>ie4 ,_m times also "u ! selfesame words !y compreh5d "s true und]/&+ ( naturall ,philosophie1 or sometimes ( politike gov]nm5t1 & n[ & !n ( div9itie3 & ^! same s5ces t compreh5d s excell5t k we call ! ,allegorie4#cif ,no?+ c\ld be m specifically m$iaeval4 ,he !n proce$s to expla9 ! hi/orical1 moral1 & ?ree allegorical s5ses ( ! /ory ( ,p]seus & ! ,gorgon--! highe/ allegory be+ !ological4 ,fur!r1 to def5d ! allegorical s5ses ( poetry1 :i* conceals a pi? ( pr(it "u a pleasant r9d1 ,h>+ton expla9s fully h[ ,demo/h5es1 ,bi%op ,fi%]1 & ! ,prophet ,na?an en=c$ _! argum5ts by allegorical /ories4 ,to ,h>+ton1 !n1 poetry is useful z an introduction to ,philosophy4 ,p>aphras+ ,plut>* ,on ! ,read+ ( ,poets1 he says3 ,s "y m5 d l be/ t ,philosophy t is n ,philosophie1 or t is n deliv]$ z ,philosophie1 & su* are ! pleasant writ+s ( le>n$ ,poets1 t are ! popul> ,philosoph]s & ! popul> div9es4#cig ,a ,disc\rse ( ,engli% ,poetrie 7#aehf7 by ! labori\s b un9spir$ tutor1 ,william ,webbe1#cih is n a def5se2 b int]sp]s$ among 8 rem>ks advocat+ ! re=m$ v]sify+1 & 8 arid catalog ( poets1 anci5t & mod]n1 is a good deal ab\t ! moral purpose & value ( poetry4 ,a ?or\ghgo+ ,horatian1 he _c =be> to quote at l5g? & comm5t ^u ! misc]e utile dulci1 ( 8 ma/]4 ,poetry1 9 ,webbe's conception1 !re=e1 is especially effective 9 its sweete allurem5ts to v]tues & commodi\s caveates f vices4#cii ,9 apprais+ ! me?ods ( produc+ ! moral effect1 ,webbe fails to %>e ) 8 contempor>ies _! high op9ion ( moral example & _! depreciation ( precept4 ,poetry1 he says1 conta9s great & pr(itable fruits = ! in/ruction ( mann]s & precepts ( good life#djj4 ,& he f9ds mu* pr(it ev5 9 ! mo/ dissolute works ( ,ovid & ,m>tial because !y ab\nd 9 moral precepts4 ,he does n1 h[ev]1 entirely disc\nt ! moral effect ( example4 ,ovid & ,m>tial %\ld be kept f "y p :o h n yet ga9$ suffici5t judgm5t to di/+ui% betwe5 ! b5eficial & ! h>mful1 & ,lucian %\ld n be read at all4 ,b he seems to fe> ! moral effect ( bad example m ?an he applauds ! effect ( good4 ,?us 8 ma9 reliance is ^u allegory4 ,! ,metamorphoses ( ,ovid1 = in/ance1 ?\gh x consi/$ ( fayn$ ,fables = ! mo/ "p1 & poeticall inv5tions1 yet be+ moraliz$ accord+ to 8 mean+1 & ! true? ( e tale bee+ discov]$1 x is a worke ( exce$+ wys$ome & s\nde judgm5t & ! re/ ( 8 writ+s are mix$ ) mu* good c\nsayle & pr(itable lessons1 if !y be wisely & n>r[ly read4#dja ,p]haps because he 0 n pl$g$ to def5d poetry aga9/ ! attacks ( ! ,puritans1 ,webbe ?us all[s himself to admit ! v summe or *eefe/ ess5ce ( poetry dyd alwayes = ! mo/ "p consi/ 9 delight+ ! read]s or he>]s ) pleasure4 ,aside f 8 emphasiz+ allegory1 :i* ,plut>* _h reject$1 ,webbe is ?us clos] to ! doctr9es ( ,plut>* ?an he is to ! ,italians4 ,poetry has1 he believes1 a moral effect1 b he does n e/abli% ?is moral effect z its motivat+ purpose#djb4 ,& aga91 aft] descant+ on ! exhortations to virtue1 dehortations f vices1 & praises ( laudable ?+s :i* *>act]iz$ ! e>ly poets1 he def9es ! comical sort ( poetry z conta9+ all su* ,epigrammes1 ,elegies1 & delectable ditties1 :i* ,poets h devis$ respect+ onely ! delight !re(4#djc ,l ,webbe1 ! au?or ( ,! ,arte ( ,engli% ,poesie 7#aehi7 ascrib$ to ,putt5ham1#djd believes mu* 9 ! pleasure ( poetry4 ,he does n1 h[ev]1 advance pleasure z ! purpose any m ?an he does pr(it4 ,in/ead ( endeavor+ to discov] :at ! end or purpose ( poetry may be1 ,putt5ham expla9s :y c]ta9 =ms ( poetry 7 devis$1 or :at may be ! int5tion ( c]ta9 poets 9 c]ta9 poems4 ,! passage is wor? quot+ at l5g?4 ,! use ( poetry1 says ,putt5ham1 is ! laud1 hon\r1 glory ( ! immortall gods 7,i speake n[ 9 phrase ( ! ,g5tiles72 secondly1 ! wor?y ge/s ( noble ,pr9ces1 ! memoriall & regi/ry ( all great =tunes1 ! praise ( v]tue repro(e ( vice1 ! in/ruction ( morall doctr9es1 ! reveal+ ( sci5ces naturall o!r pr(itable ,arts1 ! r$resse ( boi/r\s /urdie c\rages by p]swasion1 ! consolation & repose ( temp]ate myndes3 f9ally1 ! common solace ( mank9d 9 all 8 travails & c>es ( ?is transitorie life2 & 9 ?is la/ sort1 be+ us$ = recreation onely1 may all[ably be>e matt] n alwayes ( ! grave/ or ( any great commoditie or pr(it1 b r 9 "s sort va9e1 dissolute1 or wanton1 s x be n v sc&al\s ( evill example4#dje ,! poems ( ?is la/ sort :i* ,putt5ham _h 9 m9d 7 anagrams1 emblems1 & su* trifl+ v]se especially1 :i*1 z he says1 h be5 object$ to by "s grave & !ological heads z to none edification nor in/ruction1 ei!r ( morall v]tue or o!rwise beho(full = ! commonweal?4 ,^! trifles h b5e 9 all ages p]mitt$ z ! conv5i5t solaces & recreations ( man's wit4#djf ,b ,putt5ham does n advocate t ^! poems ^: only aim is recreation %\ld be releas$ f ! re/ra9ts ( accept$ morality4 ,!y may be va91 dissolute or wanton1 b n v sc&al\s4 ,!y %\ld n (f] evil examples1 nor %\ld _! matt] be unhone/4 ,n all poetry1 accord+ to ,putt5ham1 is giv5 ov] to refre%+ ! m9d by ! e>'s delight4 ,al?\gh ! poet is appo9t$ z a plead] ( lovely causes 9 ! e> ( pr9cely dames1 "y ladies1 g5tlewom51 & c\rti]s1#djg none ! less mu* poetry has a didactic purpose4 ,satire 0 fir/ inv5t$ to adm9i/] direct rebuke ( evil1 com$y to am5d ! mann]s ( common m5 by discipl9e & example1 trag$y to %[ ! mutability ( =tune & ! j puni%m5t ( ,god 9 rev5ge ( a vici\s & evil life1 pa/oral to in=m moral discipl9e1 = ! am5dm5t ( man's behavior1 or to ins9uate or glance at great] matt]s "u ! veil ( ru/ic p]sons & rude spee*es4#djh ,"h ,putt5ham pays 8 respects to all accept$ me?ods ( poetical in/ruction3 9 satire1 to precepts2 9 com$y & trag$y1 to example2 9 pa/oral1 to allegory4 ,yet x is 9 hi/orical poetry1 :i* may indiff]5tly be :olly true1 :olly false1 or a mixture1 ! moral effect ( example is mo/ pot5t4 ,speak+ ( examples 9 poetry1 he says1 ,"r s no k9de ( argum5t 9 all ! ,oratorie craft do? bett] p]swade & m univ]sally satisfie !n example4#dji ,x is on ?is acc\nt t hi/orical poetry is1 next ! div9e1 ! mo/ honorable & wor?y4 ,= ! hi/orians h always be5 n s eag] t :at !y wrote %\ld be true to fact z t x %\ld be us$ ei!r = example or = pleasure4 ,consid]+ t _m times x is se5e a fa9$ matt] or altoge!r fabul\s1 besides t x make? m mir? ?an any o!r1 works no less good conclusions = example !n ! mo/ true & v]itable1 b (t5 m1 because ! ,poet ha? ! h&l+ ( !m to fa%ion at 8 pleasure4#daj ,?is conception ( hi/ory z moral example is common en\gh4 ,to ,bud all hi/ory 0 a moral example#daa & ,putt5ham's inclusion ( didactic fiction is 9 l9e ) mu* r5aissance ?\ght1 :i* reg>d$ ! two z almo/ int]*angeable4#dab ,putt5ham1 l ,webbe1 0 m 9 accord ) ,horace 9 admitt+ bo? ! pleasant & pr(itable effects ( poetry ?an he 0 ) ,m9turno1 ,scalig]1 & ,sidney4 ,he grants t "s poetry exi/s only = pleasure1 b he puts 8 emphasis on poetry z a p[] ( p]suasion#dac accompli%+ ! moral improvem5t ( society4 ,z late z ! ,hyp]critica 7#afah7 ( ,bolton1 hi/ory is def9$ z no?+ else b a k9d ( philosophy us+ examples4 ,bolton en=ces 8 view by quotation f ,b$e1 ,william ( ,malmesbury1 & ,sir ,?omas ,nor?4#dad #c4 ,! ,displacem5t ( ,allegory by ,example ,a mo/ int]e/+ view ( ! purpose ( poetry 0 evolv$ 9 ! bra9 ( ,francis ,bacon--t baffl+ complexity ( m$iaeval tradition & p5etrat+ orig9al ?\ght4 ,to him ! use ( feign$ hi/ory1 z he def9es poetry1 ha? be5e to give "s %ad[e ( satisfaction to ! m9de ( man 9 ^? po9ts :]e9 ! ,nature ( ?+s do? d5y x4#dae ,t is1 poetry repres5ts ! _w z great]1 m j1 & m pleasant ?an x really is4 ,s z x appe>e? t ,poesie s]ve? & conf]re? to ,magnanimitie1 ,moralitie1 & to delectation4 ,"h ,bacon seems to imply t ! ess5tial pleasure ( poetry is 9 af=d+ vic>i\s exp]i5ce ?r\gh imag9ative realization4 ,poetry does ?is by submitt+ ! %ewes ( ?+s to ! desires ( ! m9de4 ,x truly makes a _w ne>] to our he>t's desire4 ,b :ile ,bacon d]ives ! moral b5efit ( poetry f examples ( conduct & outcomes ( ev5ts m ne>ly j ?an ^? ( actual life1 :5 he analyses poetry into its k9ds1 he makes a place = allegory4 ,9 ?is division he provides = n>rative1 drama1 & allegory4 ,b ) p5etration he sees :at few r5aissance critics _h not$ be=e--t allegory is ( two v>ieties4 ,! fir/ v>iety is ess5tially ! same z a rhetorical example2 x is an ext5d$ metaphor us$ z an argum5t to en=ce a po9t & ?us p]suade an audi5ce4 ,! fables ( ,aesop are su* allegories or examples2 & !y are useful because !y make _! po9t m int]e/+ly ?an o!r argum5ts & m cle>ly4 ,! o!r sort ( allegory1 says ,bacon1 in/ead ( illum9at+ ! idea1 obscures x4 ,t is1 :5 ! ,secrets & ,mi/]ies ( ,religion1 ,pollicy1 or ,philosophy1 are involv$ 9 ,fables or ,p>ables4 ,he !n gives political allegorical int]pretations ( ! my?s ( ,bri>eus & ( ! ,c5taur & sudd5ly adds3 ,nev]!less 9 _m ! l inc\nt]s1 ,i doe r ?9k t ! fable 0 fir/ & ! exposition devis$ ?an t ! ,morall 0 fir/ & !reupon ! fable fram$4#daf ,bacon's f9al conclusion seems to be t1 al?\gh allegorical poetry does exi/1 allegory is n ess5tial to poetry & t ! :olesale allegoriz+ ( ! middle ages 0 f> (f ! m>k4 ,9 8 suspicion t 9 mo/ cases ! fable 0 fir/ & ! int]pretation aft]1 ,bacon 0 9 complete agreem5t ) ,rabelais 9 ! prologue ( ,g>gantua4#dag ,at any rate ,bacon seems to h giv5 ! c\p de grace to allegory 9 ,engl&4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( ,pico della ,mir&ola x 0 resurrect$ f its tomb by ,h5ry ,reynolds2 b x 0 a mu* less moral allegory & a m my/ical4 ,9 8 ,my?omy/es 7lic5s$ #afcb7 ,reynolds admits1 t ! anci5ts m+l$ moral in/ruction 9 _! poetry1 b repreh5ds ?is z an abuse4 ,prose is ! prop] vehicle ( moral doctr9e & %\ld h be5 employ$ by ,sp5s]4 ,! true function ( poetry1 !n1 is to give secret k ( ! my/]ies ( nature to ! initiat$4 ,?us ! /ory ( ! rape ( ,pros]p9e signifies1 :5 allegorically int]pret$2 ! putrefaction & succe$+ g5]ation ( ! ,se$es we commit to ,pluto1 or ! e>?4#dah ,?is is ! mo/ plausible example ( my/ical int]pretation to be f\nd 9 ! :ole treatise4 ,to ! allegori/1 ! fable or plot 9 epic or dramatic poetry 0 only a r9d to cov] attractively ! k]nel ( tru?4 ,x 0 a means to an end1 n an end 9 itself4 ,z ! influ5ce ( ,ari/otle's ,poetics spread+ ?r\gh ,italy1 ,g]many1 ,france1 & ,engl&1 gave ! plot or fable m importance1 allegory lo/ its hold on ! m9ds ( ! critics4 ,:5 ,b5 ,jonson writes 9 8 ,timb] ,= ! ,fable & ,fiction is1 z x 71 ! =me & ,s\le ( any ,poeticall worke or ,poeme#dai ! *ange _h come4 ,jonson1 l ,sidney1 0 /eep$ 9 classical criticism z int]pret$ & spread abroad by ! sixte5?-c5tury critics ( ! cont95t4 ,b :ile ,sidney made a place = allegory 9 8 s*eme ( poetry1 ,jonson does n s mu* z m5tion x4 ,8 idea ( ! tea*+ p[] ( poetry1 = to him poetry & pa9t+ bo? behold pleasure & pr(it z _! common object1#dbj is rhetorical--dep5d+ on precept & example--& atta9+ its true aim :5 x moves m5 to action4 ,poesy is a dulcet & g5tle ,philosophy1 :i* leades on & guides u by ! h& to ,action ) a ravi%+ delight & incr$ible ,sweetnes4#dba ,jonson evid5tly knew t he 0 m]g+ oratory & poetry 9 _! common purpose ( secur+ p]suasion2 = he says3 ,! ,poet is ! ne]e/ ,bord]] ^u ! ,orator1 & expresse? all 8 v]tues1 ?\gh he be ty$ m to numb]s1 is 8 equal 9 ornam5t1 & above him 9 8 /r5g?s3 ,because 9 mov+ ! m9ds ( m51 & /irr+ ( affections1 9 :i* ,oratory %ewes1 & especially approves h] em95ce1 hee *iefly excells4#dbb ,9 8 d$ication to ,volpone he says ?is p[] ( p]suasion :i* ! poet possesses to s em95t a degree is to be appli$ to ! moral well-be+ ( m51 to in=m m5 9 ! be/ reason ( liv+4#dbc ,himself a writ] = ! !atre1 ,jonson is naturally m conc]n$ ) com$y & trag$y ?an he is ) any n>rative =ms ( poetry4 ,& to him ! (fice ( ! comic poet is to imitate ju/ice & in/ruct to life--or /irre up g5tle affections4#dbd ,9 ,timb] he it]ates ! same praise ( poetry z be+ no less effective ?an philosophy 9 in/ruct+ m5 to good life1 & in=m+ _! mann]s1 b z ev5 m effective 9 t x p]suades m5 to good :]e philosophy ?reat5s & compels4 ,9 ord] to accompli% ?is b5eficial effect on public morals1 ! poet mu/ h an exact k ( all virtues & vices ) ability to r5d] ! "o lov$ & ! o!r hat$4#dbe ,z a natural result ( ?is conception1 s simil> to ,cic]o's dem& t ! orator mu/ "k all ?+s & 9 l9e ) ,ari/otle's ,rhetoric1 ,jonson concludes t ! poet1 l ,qu9tilian's orator1 mu/ himself be a good man2 = h[ else w he be able to in=me yong-m5 to all good discipl9es1 inflame gr[ne-m5 to all great v]tues1 keepe old m5 9 _! be/ & supreme /ate4#dbf ,aside f ,sidney & ,jonson no ,engli% critic1 h[ev]1 ?\ght ?r\gh to ! logical conclusion t 9 moral purpose rhetoric & poetic are id5tical4 ,! o!rs cont9u$ to e*o ,horace1 or lean t[>d allegory1 or see pr(it 9 poetry f its moral example4 ,= in/ance 9 8 preface to 8 second in/alm5t ( ,hom] entitl$ ,a*illes' ,%ield 7#aeih7 ,*apman dwells at l5g? on ! moral value & wisdom conta9$ 9 ! ,iliad1#dbg & enunciates ! same idea 9 8 ,prefaces ( #afaj-af4dbh ,pea*am1 9 8 ,compleat ,g5tleman 7#afbb71 repeats ! usual commonplaces to ! effect t poetry is a dulcet philosophy1 = ! mo/ "p lift$ f ,putt5ham4#dbi ,9 8 ,arg5is 7#afba7 ,b>clay rem9ds 8 read] ( ! *ildr5 :o = s _m c5turies _h %unn$ ! cup ( physic until ! bitt] ta/e _h be5 remov$ by sweet syrop4 ,?us also1 says he1 is x ) ! moral value ( poetry disguis$ ) sweet music4 ,virtues & vices ,i w frame1 & ! rew>ds ( !m %all suite to bo?2 = x is on ! moral example ( poetic ju/ice t ,b>clay dep5ds4 ,! models ( virtue w be foll[$4#dcj ,! ,e>l ( ,/irl+1 9 ,anacrisis 7#afcd87 ackn[l$ges ! works ( ! poets to be ! *ief spr+s ( le>n+1 bo? = ,pr(it & ,pleasure1 %[+ ,?+s z !y %\ld be1 :]e ,hi/ories repres5t !m z !y are4 ,consequ5tly he has a high op9ion ( ! ,cyropa$ia ( ,x5ophon1 ! ,arcadia ( ,sir ,philip ,sidney1 & o!r su* poems1 z af=d+ _m exquisite ,types ( ,p]fection = bo? ! ,sexes4#dca ,^! types ! read] is expect$ to imitate 9 8 own conduct1 guid$ by ! moral precepts ) :i* ! poet mu/ n neglect to decorate 8 "w4 99 99 99 99 99 ,)9 ! p]iod ( ?is /udy two views 7 tak5 ( ! moral elem5t 9 poetry4 ,) ! exception ( ,sidney & ,jonson1 :o knew ! !ories ( ! ,italian r5aissance1 ! ,engli% critics believ$ ) ,horace t poetry 0 at once pleasant & pr(itable1 & agre$ ) ,plut>* t poetry1 if rightly us$1 w\ld be ( b5efit 9 ! education ( y\?4 ,b !re 0 little t5d5cy to foll[ ?is to ! conclusion ( ass]t+ t because poetry has a moral effect on ! read]1 x is ! purpose ( poetry z an art to ex]t ?is moral effect = ! good ( society4 ,mo/ ( ^! critics believ$ t ! moral effect :i* poetry did ex]t came ?r\gh allegory4 ,9 ?is respect1 z has be5 %[n1 !y 7 c>ry+ on ! traditions ( ! middle ages4 ,! oppos+ view d]iv$ ultimately f ! classical rhetorics1 & ent]$ ,engl& ?r\gh ! criticism ( ! ,italian s*ol>s--p>ticul>ly ,m9turno & ,scalig]4 ,/>t+ f ! say+ ( ,horace t poets aim to please or pr(it1 or please & pr(it toge!r1 ^! critics borr[$ f rhetoric ,cic]o's ?ree-fold aim ( ! orator3 to tea*1 to please1 to move1 & appli$ ^! ?ree aims to ! poet4 ,accord+ly1 to !m ! poet has ! same aim z ! orator--p]suasion4 ,he pleases n = ! sake ( giv+ pleasure1 b = ! sake ( w9n+ 8 read]s s t he may bett] atta9 8 real object ( tea*+ morality & mov+ m5 to action 9 its practice4 ,! emphasis on ! example z ! means ( atta9+ ?is end 0 fur!r d]iv$ f s*ola/ic philosophy :i*1 z has be5 %[n1 class$ logic1 rhetoric1 & poetic toge!r z in/rum5ts = atta9+ tru? & improv+ ! morality ( ! /ate4 ,fur!rmore1 accord+ to ?is s*ola/ic view1 ! ?ree arts diff]$ only z !y utiliz$ diff]5t means to atta9 ?is end4 ,logic us$ ! demon/rative syllogism & ! sci5tific induction1 rhetoric us$ ! en?ymeme or rhetorical syllogism & ! example or popul> induction1 poetic us$ ! example alone4 ,accord+ to ! r5aissance developm5ts ( ?is la/ view1 allegory 0 emphasiz$ less & less z ! example 0 felt to be m appropriate4 ,?us ,sidney & ,jonson1 ! out/&+ classici/s 9 ,engli% r5aissance criticism1 exhibit to ! highe/ degree ! influ5ce ( ! mo/ rhetorical ( ,italian r5aissance critics4 ,!y alone 9 ,engl& ass]t t ! purpose ( poetry is to move m5 to virtu\s action4 99 99 99 99 99 ,?us a /udy ( rhetorical t]m9ology 9 ,engli% r5aissance !ories ( poetry ?r[s into %>p relief ! fact t all criticism ( ! f9e art ( lit]ature 9 ,engl& 9 ! #af? c5tury & ! fir/ half ( ! #ag? c5tury 0 pr(\ndly influ5c$ by rhetoric4 ,?is influ5ce 0 two-fold4 ,on ! "o h& ! less s*ol>ly critics p]petuat$ ! popul> traditions ( rhetoric :i* !y inh]it$ f ! middle ages4 ,^! traditions ( allegory & ! ornate /yle 71 z has be5 %[n1 9 turn d]iv$ f po/-classical rhetoric4 ,on ! o!r h& ! m s*ol>ly critics appli$ to poetry ! canons ( classical rhetoric :i* !y d]iv$ 9 "p f ! classics !mselves & 9 "p f ! critics ( ! ,italian r5aissance4 ,9 "o s5se ?is has be5 a /udy ( critical p]v]sions4 ,al?\gh _m ( ! critics ( ! ,engli% r5aissance are rem>kable = _! wisdom & disc]n+ judgm5ts1 _! writ+s are f> less valuable ?an ^? ( ,long9us & ,ari/otle4 ,b ,ari/otle & ,long9us did n all[ _! !ories ( poetry to be contam9at$ by rhetoric4 ,! be/ mod]n critics h /udi$ & und]/ood ! classical treatises on poetic & h consequ5tly avoid$ ! confusion betwe5 rhetoric & poetic into :i* _m r5aissance critics fell4 ,o!rs h n be5 s =tunate4 ,= ^! ! object-lesson ( r5aissance failure %\ld s]ve z a w>n+4 ,index ,abel>d ,aes*ylus ,aesop ,aga?on ,agricola1 ,rudolph ,alanus de ,insulis ,alciati ,alcidamas ,albucius ,aldus ,alf>abi ,al/$ius ,anaxagoras ,annaeus ,florus ,appian ,aps9us ,ap?onius ,apuleius ,ari/5etus ,ari/ophanes ,ari/otle ,ari/ides ,as*am ,a!nagoras ,augu/9e ,av]roes ,bacon1 ,francis ,b>clay1 ,john ,b>ton1 ,john ,basil ! ,great ,b$e ,bok5ham ,boccaccio ,bolton1 ,edmund ,bornecque1 ,h5ri ,boe?ius ,brunetto ,lat9i ,but*]1 ,s4,h4 ,bu*anan1 ,george ,bud ,butl]1 ,*>les ,c ,gr&e ,campano1 ,g4 ,campion1 ,?omas ,casaubon ,cassiodorus ,ca/elvetro ,ca/iglione ,cato ,causs9us1 ,n4 ,*apman1 ,g4 ,*auc] ,*emnic5sis1 ,georgius ,cic]o ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria ,cox1 ,leon>d ,croce1 ,b4 ,croll1 ,morris ,curio ,=tunatus ,daniel1 ,samuel ,daniello ,dante ,d>w91 ,*>les ,demetrius ,demo/h5es de ,worde1 ,wynkyn ,dio ,*ryso/om ,dionysius ( ,halic>nassus ,dolce ,drant1 ,?omas ,drummond ( ,haw?ornd5 ,du,bellay ,ducas ,du,cygne1 ,m4 ,dunb>1 ,william ,e>le1 ,john ,ea/man1 ,max ,emp$ocles ,emporio ,erasmus ,erato/h5es ,e/i5ne1 ,h5ri ,eti5ne de ,r\5 ,euripides ,f>naby1 ,?omas ,f5n]1 ,dudley ,filelfo ,fraunce1 ,abraham ,gascoigne ,george ( ,trebizond 7,trapezuntius7 ,gorgias ,gosson1 ,/eph5 ,g[] ,gregory ,nazianz5 ,gu>9o ,guev>a ,hall1 ,joseph ,h>+ton1 ,john ,h>vey1 ,gabriel ,hawes1 ,/eph5 ,he9sius1 ,d4 ,h5ryson ,heliodorus ,h]odotus ,h]magoras ,h]mannus ,allemanus ,h]mog5es ,hil>y ( ,poiti]s ,holl&1 ,p4 ,hom] ,horace ,h]mas ,hesiod ,heywood1 ,john ,isidore ( ,seville ,isocrates ,james ,i ,james ,,vi ,j]ome ,john ( ,g>l& ,john ( ,salisbury ,jonson1 ,b5 ,julian ,ke*]mann ,lactantius ,langhorne ,lipisius ,livy ,lodge ,lomb>dus1 ,b4 ,long9us ,loyola ,lucan ,lucian ,lucretius ,lydgate1 ,john ,lyly1 ,john ,lyndesay1 ,david4 ,lysias ,maggi ,m>tial ,m>tianus ,capella ,mazzoni ,melan*?on ,m5&] ,m55ius ,agrippa ,milton ,m9turno ,na%1 ,t4 ,newman1 ,j4,h4 ,nord51 ,edu>d ,nor?1 ,sir ,?omas ,orig5 ,ov]bury1 ,?omas ,ovid ,palmi]i ,pazzi ,pea*am1 ,h5ry ,petr>* ,piccolom9i ,pico della ,mir&ola ,plato ,plautus ,pl9y ,plut>* ,poggio ,pontanus1 ,jacob ,prick>d1 ,a4 ,o4 ,putt5ham ,qu9tilian ,rabelais ,ramus1 ,pet] ,reynolds1 ,h5ry ,robortelli ,rons>d ,ruf9us ,sappho ,savon>ola ,scalig]1 ,j4,c4 ,s*ell+1 ,felix ,segni ,s5eca ,s]vatus ,lupus ,%akespe>e ,%]ry1 ,ri*>d ,sidney ,sidonius1 ,apoll9>is ,simonides ,smi?1 ,john ,so>ez ,socrates ,sopatrus ,sophocles ,sophron ,sp5s] ,sp+>n1 ,j4,e4 ,/anyhur/ ,/esimbrotus ( ,?asos ,/rabo ,/rebaeus ,/urm1 ,john ,tacitus ,tasso1 ,b4 ,tatian ,t]5ce ,t]tullian ,!ognis ( ,rhegium ,!on ,!ophilus ,!ophra/us ,!mi/ocles ,?omas ,aqu9as ,?omas9 von ,zircl>ia ,tif]nas ,timocles ,valla ,vallad]o1 ,a4 ,van ,hook1 ,l4 ,v>*i ,vettore ,vic>s1 ,?omas ,victor1 ,julius ,victor9o1 ,m>io ,vida ,virgil ,vives1 ,l4 ,vossius 7,j4,g4 ,voss7 ,vossl]1 ,k>l ,wack]nagel1 ,jacob ,walton1 ,john ,watson1 ,?omas ,webbe1 ,william ,:et/one1 ,george ,william ( ,malmesbury ,wilson1 ,?omas ,x5>*us ,x5ophon ,footnotes3 #a ,mod]n ,philology1 ,vol4 ,,xvi1 ,no4 #h1 ,dec41 #aiah4 #b ,poetics1 ,i1 #h4 #c ,quomodo hi/oria conscrib5da sit1 #h4 #d ,de in/itutione oratoria1 ,x1 ii1 #ba4 #e ,poetik1 ,rhetorik1 und ,/ili/ik 7,halle1 #ahhf71 pp4 #ad1 #bfa4 #f ,poetry1 ) ,ref]5ce to ,ari/otle's ,poetics1 ,ed4 ,a4,s4 ,cook 7,bo/on1 #ahia71 pp4 #aj-aa4 #g ,e/etica 7,milano1 #aijb71 ,i1 ,,ii1 & app5dix4 #h ,enjoym5t ( ,poetry 7,new ,york1 #aiaf71 p4 #ff4 #i ,georges ,r5>d1 ,la me?od sci5tifique de l'hi/oire littraire4 7,p>is1 #aijj71 p4 #che4 #aj ,,iii1 #a4 #aa ,i1 #h2 & ,,ix1 #b4 #ab ,prick>d ?9ks ,ari/otle misread 9 ?is passage4 ,accord+ to ,prick>d1 ,ari/otle means t poetry mu/ be 9 met]1 b t n all met] is poetry4 ,ari/otle's ,poetics1 p4 #fj4 ,mo/ critics d n %>e ,prick>d's op9ion4 #ac ,ibid41 ,i1 #f4 #ad ,ibid41 ,,iv1 #b4 #ae ,psy*ology1 ed4 ,e4 ,wallace1 ,,iii1 #c1 cf4 also introd41 p4 #gg1 ff4 #af ,poetics1 ,i4 #ag ,,vii1 #c4 #ah ,,vii1 #e4 #ai ,s4,h4 ,but*]1 ,ari/otle's ,!ory ( ,poetry & ,f9e ,art1 p4 #abc4 ,poetics1 ,,ii1 #a4 #bj ,,iii1 #a4 #ba ,ibid41 ,,ix4 #bb ,ibid41 ,,ix1 #c-d2 (4 ,,xv1 #f4 #bc ,ibid41 ,x1 #c4 #bd ,ibid41 ,,xxiv1 #i-aj4 #be ,but*]1 op4 cit4 p4 #cib4 #bf ,poetics1 ,,xvii4 #bg ,,vi1 #ah4 #bh ,long9us1 ,on ! ,sublime1 trans1 by ,a4 ,o4 ,prick>d 7,ox=d1 #aijf7 ,i & ,,xxxiii4 ,! treatise has be5 v>i\sly ascrib$ to ! fir/ & f\r? c5turies4 ,a valuable edition ( ! text accompani$ by translation & critical app>atus1 0 publi%$ by ,w4 ,rhys ,rob]ts1 ,cambridge ,univ]sity ,press4 #bi ,ibid41 ,,viii4 #cj ,ibid41 ,x4 #ca ,ibid41 ,,xii4 #cb ,ibid41 ,,xv4 ,?is is almo/ exactly ,ari/otle's phrase 9 ! ,rhetoric4 #cc ,ibid4 #cd ,ibid1 ,x4 #ce ,de audi5dis poetis1 ,,vii1 ,,viii4 #cf ,,iii4 #cg ,rhetoric 7,j4 ,e4 ,c4 ,welldon's trans41 ,london1 #ahhf71 ,i1 ii4 #ch ,rhetoric1 ,i1 i4 #ci ,ibid41 ,i1 i4 #dj ,wilk9's ed4 ( ,cic4 ,de oratore1 introd4 p4 #ef4 #da ,cope1 ,introduction to ! ,rhetoric ( ,ari/otle 7,london1 #ahfg71 p4 #adi4 #db ,ad ,h]5nium1 ,i1 #b4 ,publi%$ 9 ! ,op]a ,rhetorica ( ,cic]o1 edit$ by ,w4 ,fri$ri* = ,teubn] 7,leipzig1 #ahic71 ,vol4 #a4 #dc ,de oratore1 ,i1 #ach4 #dd ,de in/itutione oratoria1 ,,ii1 xv1 #ch4 #de ,ibid41 ,,xi1 i1 #i-aa4 ,! vir bonus dic5di p]itus is f ,cato4 #df ,gorgias1 ,/4 #dec4 #dg ,loci cit4 #dh ,i1 v4 #di ,i1 #bac4 #ej ,op4 cit41 ,i1 #fd4 #ea ,de in/4 orat41 ,,ii1 xxi1 #d4 #eb ,rhet41 ,i1 ix4 #ec ,de in/4 orat41 ,,iii1 iv1 #f4 #ed ,ibid41 ,x1 i1 #bh4 #ee 1 ,rhet4 ,,iii1 xii4 #ef ,orator1 #cg-ch4 #eg ,rhet41 ,i1 ix4 #eh ,ad ,h]5nium1 ,i1 #b2 ,cic]o1 ,de inv5tione1 ,i1 vii4 ,de oratore1 ,i1 #adb2 ,qu9tilian1 ,de in/4 orat41 ,,iii1 iii1 i4 #ei ,ari/otle1 ,rhetoric1 ,,iii1 xiii-xix2 ,cic]o1 ,p>tit4 orat41 #ae4 #fj ,see above1 pp4 #ac-ad4 #fa ,cic]o1 ,de oratore1 ,i4 #adc2 ,qu9t41 ,de in/4 orat41 ,,iii1 ix4 #fb ,i1 #d4 ,cic]o1 also1 ,de inv5t41 ,i1 xiv4 #fc ,op]a omnia 7#afbb71 p4 #ajbh4 #fd ,de nuptiis1 #edd-efj4 #fe ,! ,arte ( ,rhet41 p4 #g4 #ff ,de in/4 orat41 ,,viii1 i1 ,i #fg ,de in/4 orat41 ,,viii1 vi1 ,i ff4 #fh ,rhetoric1 ,,iii1 ii4 #fi ,ibid41 ,,iii1 xi4 #gj ,enjoym5t ( ,poetry1 pp4 #gf-gh4 ,! be/ classical treatm5ts ( /yle are to be f\nd 9 ,ari/4 ,rhet41 ,,iii2 ,cic41 ,orat42 ,qu9t41 ,de in/4 orat41 ,,viii1 x2 ,dionysius ( ,halic>nassus1 ,de comp4 v]b42 & ,demetrius1 ,de elocutione4 #ga ,sec4 #ed4 #gb ,comm5t>i\m ,rhetoricorum libri ,,iv1 ,i1 i1 #c1 9 8 ,op]a1 ,,iii4 7,am/]dam1 #afig74 #gc ,,vi1 #a4 #gd ,rhet41 ,,iii1 #a4 #ge ,! six elem5ts are ,plot1 ,"*1 ,?\ght1 ,diction1 ,spectacle1 & ,song4 ,poetics1 ,,vi1 #g & #af4 #gf ,but*]1 op4 cit41 pp4 #cci-cdc4 #gg ,poetics1 ,,vi1 #af1 & ,,xix1 #a-b4 #gh ,de in/4 orat41 ,x1 i1 #df-ea4 #gi ,de inv5tione1 ,i1 xxiii1 #cc4 #hj ,die antike kun/prosa 7,leipzig1 #ahih71 p4 #hhd1 note #c4 #ha ,see above1 p4 #ag4 #hb ,de optimo g5]e oratorum1 ,i1 #c2 ,orator1 #fi2 ,de oratore1 ,,ii1 #bh4 #hc ,de in/4 orat41 ,,vi1 ii1 #be-cf4 #hd ,poetics1 ,,xvii1 #b4 #he ,ari/4 ,rhet41 ,,iii4 xi2 ,dionysius ( ,halic>nassus1 ,de ,lysia1 #g2 ,qu9tilian1 ,,viii1 iii1 #fb4 #hf ,rhetoric1 ,,iii1 i4 #hg ,op4 cit41 pp4 #hhc-hhd4 #hh ,la ,rue ,van ,hook1 ,alcidamas v]sus ,isocrates1 ,classical ,weekly1 ,,xii 7,jan4 #bj1 #aiai71 p4 #ij4 ,pr(essor ,van ,hook "h pres5ts ! only ,engli% translation ( ,alcidamas1 ,on ! ,sophi/s4 ,isocrates made 8 reply 9 8 spee* ,on ! ,antidosis4 #hi ,rhetoric1 ,,iii1 ii4 #ij ,ibid41 ,,iii1 viii4 #ia ,orator1 #ff-fh4 #ib ,de oratore1 ,i1 #gj4 #ic ,v]ba prope poet>um1 ibid41 ,i1 #abh4 #id ,id primum 9 poetis c]ni licet1 quibus e/ proxima cognatio cum oratoribus4 ,de orat41 ,,iii1 #bg4 cf4 also ,i1 #gj4 #ie ,x5ophon1 ,banquet1 ,,ii1 #aa-ad4 #if ,die antike kun/prosa1 pp4 #ge-gi4 #ig ,de compositione v]borum1 ,,xxv-,,xxvi4 #ih ,snque le rheteur1 ,controv]ses et suasoires1 ed4 ,h5ri ,bornecque 7,p>is74 ,introduction pp4 #bj ff4 #ii ,ibid4 #ajj ,op4 cit4 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #e4 #aja ,dialogus1 #bj4 #ajb ,op4 cit41 ,introd4 p4 #bc4 #ajc ,dionysius ( ,halic>nassus1 ,de comp4 v]b41 ,,xxiii4 #ajd ,h>die1 ,lectures1 ,,vii1 p4 #bha4 #aje ,quomodo hi/oria conscrib5da sit1 ,sec4 #h4 ,trans1 ( ,lucian by ,h4,w4 ,f[l] & ,f4,g4 ,f[l] 7,ox=d1 #d vols41 #aije74 #ajf ,id quoque vit&um1 9 quo magna p>s errat1 ne 9 oratione poetas et hi/oricos1 9 illis op]ibus oratores aut declamatores imit&os putemus4 ,de in/4 orat1 ,x1 ii1 #ba4 #ajg ,virgilius orator an poeta8 quot$ by ,k>l ,vossl]1 ,poetis*e ,!ori5 9 d] itali5is*5 ,frhr5aissance4 7,b]l91 #aijj7 p4 #db1 note #b4 #ajh ,etymologiae1 ,,ii4 #aji ,p4 ,abelson1 ,! ,sev5 ,lib]al ,arts 7,new ,york1 #aijf71 p4 #fj1 ff4 #aaj ,poetria magi/ri ,johannis anglici de arte prosayca metrica et ri?mica1 ed4 by ,g4 ,m>i1 ,romanis*e ,=s*ung5 7#aijb71 ,,xiii1 p4 #hhc ff4 #aaa ,ibid41 p4 #hid4 #aab ,ibid41 p4 #hig4 #aac ,cf4 ,g4 ,l4 ,h5drickson1 ,! ,orig9 & ,mean+ ( ! ,anci5t ,*>act]s ( ,/yle1 ,am4 ,j\r4 ( ,phil4 7#aije71 xxvi1 p4 #bdi4 #aad ,cf4 ! auctor ad ,h]41 ,i1 #d1 :o gives !m z exordium1 n>ratio1 divisio1 confirmatio1 confutatio1 conclusio4 #aae ,ibid41 p4 #iah4 #aaf ,,iii1 #c4 #aag ,rhetoric1 kleit uns] r$e mit v>we s*ne4 ,ed4 by ,h4 ,rck]t1 ,bibl4 d] ,deuts*4 ,lit41 ,vol4 #cj1 #a4 #hibd4 #aah ,caius ,sollius ,apoll9>is ,sidonius 7#dcj-dhh7 c be consult$ 9 a mod]n ed4 by ,paulus ,mohr 7,leipzig1 #ahie74 #aai ,doctr9a dell' ornato p>l>e4 ,woodw>d1 ,educ4 9 ! ,r54 p4 #ge4 #abj ,*ron4 ,troy 7#adab-bj71 ,prol4 #eg4 #aba ,i am indebt$ to my fri5d ,dr4 ,m>k ,van ,dor5 = ! transcript :i* ,i am "h publi%+4 #abb ,mor4 ,fab4 ,prol4 #c4 7c4 #aehj74 #abc ,poems1 ,,lxv1 #aj 7#aejj-bj74 #abd ,cl]k's ,prolog4 #cb4 #abe ,life ( our ,lady 7#adji-adaa71 7,caxton7 lvii b4 #abf ,trans1 ( ,boe?ius 7#adaj71 quot$ by ,skeat1 ,*auc]1 ,,ii1 xvii4 #abg ,k+is ,q4 7#adbc71 ,,cxcvii4 #abh ,te/4 ,papyngo 7#aecj71 ,,ii4 #abi ,seyntys 7#addg71 ,roxb4 #da4 #acj ,s]p4 ,devision1 c4 iii b4 #aca ,repr9t$ f ! ed4 ( #aeee = ! ,p]cy ,society 7,london1 #ahde71 p4 #b4 #acb ,ibid41 p4 #ee4 #acc ,ibid41 p4 #bh4 #acd ,see p4 #bg4 #ace ,ibid41 p4 #cg4 #acf ,ibid41 p4 #df4 #acg ,proximum grammatice docet1 quae em5date ap]te loqu5di vim tradit3 ,proximum rhetorice1 quae ornatum orationis cultum que omnes capi5d>um aurium illecebras inv5it4 ,quod reliquum igitur e/ videbitur sibi dialectice v5dic>e1 probablit] dic]e de qualibet re1 quae d$ucitur 9 orationem4 ,de inv5tione dialectica 7,p>is1 #aece71 ,,ii1 #b4 cf4 also ,,ii1 #c4 ,cf4 ,gram loquitur2 ,dia v]a docet2 ,rhet v]ba colorat4 ,nicolaus de ,orbellis 7d4 #adee71 quot$ by ,s&ys1 p4 #fdd4 #ach ,ibid41 ,i1 #a4 #aci ,rule ( ,reason 7#aeea71 p4 #e4 ,fraunce1 ,lawi]s ,logike1 takes ! same view4 #adj ,dialecticae libri duo1 ,a4 ,talaei praelectionibus illu/rati 7,p>is1 #aefj71 ,i1 #b4 #ada ,rule ( ,reason1 p4 #c4 #adb ,wilk9s introd4 to ,cic4 ,de orat41 p4 #eg4 #adc ,de in/4 orat41 ,,vi41 v1 #a-b4 #add ,pr9t$ 9 ,london by ,john ,day1 )\t a date4 ,! d$ication is dat$ ,dec4 #ac1 #aeej4 ,! title page says x 0 writt5 fyr/ 9 ,lat9--by ,erasmus4 #ade ,ascrib$ to ,dudley ,t5n] by ,fo/] ,watson1 ,! ,engli% ,gramm> ,s*ools 7,cambridge1 #aijh71 p4 #hi4 #adf ,*apt] ,,ix4 #adg ,?omas ,heywood1 ,apology = ,actors 7,london1 #afab71 9 ,pub4 ,%ak4 ,soc41 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #bi4 #adh ,book ,i1 *4 #a4 #adi ,rhetorica e/ ars ornate dic5di4 ,rhetoricae libri duo quorum prior de tropis figuris1 po/]ior de voce ge/u praecepit3 9 usum s*ol>um po/remo recogniti4 7,london1 #afbi7 #aej ,! ,art ( ,rhetorick concisely & completely h&l$1 exemplifi$ out ( ,holy ,writ1 etc4 7,london1 #afcd7 #aea ,dekk] & ,middleton1 ,! ,ro>+ ,girl1 ,,iii1 #c4 #aeb ,dekk]1 ,,iii1 #a4 #aec ,sp+>n1 ,critical ,essays ( ! ,sev5te5? ,c5tury1 ,i1 #b4 #aed ,m&uctio ad ,artem ,rhetoricam ante paucos annos 9 privatum s*ol>ium usum conc9nata 7,london1 #afba74 ,rhetorica e/ ars recte dic5di1 etc4 #aee ,nord51 op4 cit41 pp4 #fii-gjc4 #aef ,a4,c4 ,cl>k1 ,cic]onianism1 9 ,eng4 ,lit4 & ! ,classics1 ed4 ,gordon 7,ox=d1 #aiab71 p4 #abh4 #aeg ,woodw>d1 ,educ4 9 ! ,r541 p4 #de4 #aeh ,erasmus1 ,dialogus1 cui titulus cic]onianus1 sive1 de optimo dic5di g5]e1 9 ,op]a omnia 7,lugduni ,batavorum1 #agjc71 ,i4 ,x 0 compos$ 9 #aebh4 #aei ,arte ( ,rhet41 p4 #aji4 #afj ,i1 #d4 ,wilson foll[s ! analysis on p4 #g4 #afa ,i1 x1 #ag4 #afb ,an ,apology = ,actors1 p4 #bi4 #afc ,?is c\nt is bas$ on ! ,cic]o ,,mss4 li/$ by ,p4 ,des*amps1 ,essai bibliographique sur ,m4 ,t4 ,cic]on 7,p>is4 #ahfc74 ,app5dix4 #afd ,h4 ,ra%dall1 ,univ]sities ( ,europe 9 ! ,middle ,ages 7,ox=d1 #ahie71 ,i1 #bdi4 #afe ,j4 ,e4 ,s&ys1 ,hi/ory ( ,classical ,s*ol>%ip1 p4 #eij4 #aff ,s&ys1 p4 #fbd seq4 #afg ,des*amps1 op4 cit41 pp4 #ei-fc4 #afh ,arb] repr9t1 p4 #abd4 #afi ,m4 ,s*wab1 ,bibliographie d',ari/ote 7,p>is1 #ahif74 #agj ,ra%dall1 ,,ii1 #deg4 #aga ,fi]ville1 ,c4 ,m4 ,f4 ,qu9tiliani de in/itutione oratorio1 lib] primus 7,p>is1 #ahij74 ,introduction1 xiv-xxxii4 ,m4 ,fi]ville pr9ts = ! fir/ "t ! complete texts ( ^! abridgm5ts 9 an app5dix4 #agb ,arb]1 p4 #ie4 #agc ,! pseudo-,demetrius1 au?or ( ! ,de elecutione4 #agd ,p4 #caf4 #age ,s&ys1 ,hi/ory ( ,classical ,s*ol>%ip1 pp4 #eda-b4 #agf ,m4 ,s*wab1 op4 cit4 #agg ,poetis*e ,!ori5 9 d] itali5is*5 ,frhr5aissance 7,b]l91 #aijj71 p4 #hh4 #agh ,def5se1 9 ,smi?1 ,i1 #aif-aig4 #agi ,vossius1 ,de artis poeticae natura1 ,,ii1 #c-d4 #ahj ,poetics1 ,i1 #b4 #aha ,poetica1 #bc1 #aij4 #ahb ,de artis poeticae natura1 ,,ii1 #d4 #ahc ,euphues1 edit$ by ,m4 ,w4 ,croll & ,h4 ,clem5s 7,new ,york71 ,introd4 iv4 #ahd ,preface to ,maggi's ,ari/otle 7#aeej71 p4 #b4 #ahe ,prolog4 ibid41 p4 #ae4 #ahf ,sp+>n1 p4 #cab4 #ahg ,jacob ,pontanus1 ,s4 ,j41 ,poetic>um in/itutionum libri tres 7,+ol/adi1 #aeid71 p4 #cf4 #ahh ,ibid1 p4 #ha4 #ahi ,tres autem sunt virtutes n>rationis1 brevitas1 p]spicuitas1 probabilitas4 ,secundam t]tiam dilig5tissime consectabitur ,epicus1 e>umque rationem a ,rhetoricae magi/ris p]cepiet1 p4 #gb4 ,^! ?ree virtues ( a n>ratio are bas$ on ! analysis ( ! ,rhetorica ad ,alex&rum4 #aij ,ari/41 ,rhet41 ,,iii4 #af4 #aia ,op4 cit11 p4 #bf4 #aib ,sp+>n1 p4 #cac4 #aic ,lit4 ,crit41 p4 #bee4 #aid ,ibid41 p4 #bfb4 #aie ,arb]1 pp4 #ach-ada4 #aif ,sp+>n1 pp4 #agd1 #bef4 #aig ,smi?1 ,i1 #dh4 #aih ,smi?1 ,i1 #ei4 #aii ,ibid41 p4 #fj4 #bjj ,i1 #b4 #bja ,,ii1 #ab4 #bjb ,,iv1 #fc4 #bjc ,topics1 #hc4 #bjd ,,vi1 ii1 #h seq4 ,qu9tilian also uses ! 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,am4 ,phil4 ,ass4 7#aiad7 ,,xlv1 #aaa4 ,putt5ham 0 also famili> ) ! ad ,h]5nium & ) ,cic]o4 #bcg 7,philadelphia1 #ahia71 p4 #ei4 #bch ,,iii1 i4 #bci ,,iii1 xix1 p4 #bjf ,arb] repr9t2 (4 also p4 #bcj1 on ! figure ,m]ismus or ! ,di/ributor1 & ! rema9d] ( ! *apt]4 #bdj ,smi?1 ,,ii1 #bdi1 #bhb4 #bda ,ibid1 ,,ii1 #bgd4 #bdb ,preface to ,hom]1 9 ,sp+>n1 ,critical ,essays ( ! ,sev5te5? ,c5tury1 ,i1 #ha4 #bdc ,sp+>n1 ,i1 #e4 #bdd ,lit]>y ,criticism 9 ! ,sev5te5? ,c5tury1 ,introduction1 ,i1 xiii4 #bde ,timb]1 ,sec4 #abh4 ,cf4 ,pa/ime ( ,pleasure1 ,,viii1 #bi4 #bdf ,sp+>n1 ,i1 #baa4 #bdg ,timb]1 ,sec4 #aji4 #bdh ,timb]1 ,sees4 #acb-acc4 #bdi ,sp+>n1 ,i1 #bad4 #bej ,ibid41 p4 #baj1 #bac4 #bea ,vossl]1 op4 cit41 p4 #dh4 #beb ,sp+>n1 ,i1 #ajg4 #bec ,ibid41 ,i1 #adb4 #bed ,ibid41 ,i1 #ahb4 #bee ,ibid41 ,i1 #ahh1 #ahe4 #bef ,sp+>n1 ,i1 #bjf4 #beg ,pseudo-,demetrius1 ,de elocutione4 #beh ,! ,de sublimitate4 #bei ,de sublimitate1 ,,viii4 #bfj ,sp+>n1 ,i1 #bjf4 #bfa ,reason ( ,*ur* ,gov]nm5t 7#afda71 9 ,sp+>n1 ,i1 #aid4 #bfb ,introd4 to ,eliz4 ,crit4 ,essays1 ,i1 lxx4 #bfc ,pp4 #bc-be4 #bfd ,,vi1 #b4 #bfe ,poetica e/ facultas vid5di quodcunque accommodatum e/ ad imitationem cuiusque actionis1 affectionis1 moris1 suavi s]mone1 ad vitam corrig5dam ad b5e beateque viv5dum comp>ata4 ,praefatio to ,maggi's ed4 ( ! ,poetics 7#aeej71 p4 #i4 #bff ,sp+>n1 p4 #ce4 #bfg ,la poetica una facolt1 la quale insegna 9 quai modi si debba imit>e qualunque azione1 affetto e co/ume1 con num]o1 s]mone ed armonia2 mescolatam5te a di p] s1 p] remuov]e gli uom9i dai vizi e acc5d]gli alle virt1 aff9e *e conseguano la p]fezione e beatitud9e loro4 ,lezione della poetica 7#aeij7 9 ,op]e 7,trie/e1 #ahei71 ,,ii1 #fhg4 #bfh ,v]ses #ajjh-ajaj4 #bfi ,v]se #ajee4 #bgj ,! ,wom5 at ! ,fea/ ( ,bac*us1 quot$ by ,emile ,egg]1 ,l',hi/oire de la ,critique *ez les ,grecs 7,p>is1 #ahhf71 p4 #gd4 #bga ,protagoras1 #cbe-cbf1 ,j[ett's translation4 #bgb ,republic1 #eif-eih4 #bgc ,ibid41 #fje-fjf4 #bgd ,ibid41 #fjg #bge ,laws1 #ffc4 #bgf ,poetics1 ,,iv1 #b4 #bgg ,ibid41 ,,vi1 #ae4 #bgh ,ibid41 ,,vii4 #bgi ,ibid41 ,,ix1 #g4 #bhj ,ibid41 ,,xiii4 ,cf4 also ,,xxvi4 #bha ,ibid41 ,,xxiv4 #bhb ,ibid41 ,,xxvi4 #bhc ,politics1 ,v1 v4 #bhd ,poetics1 ,,vi4 7,but*]74 ,cf4 ,but*]'s ,ari/otle's ,!ory ( ,f9e ,art1 ,*apt] ,,vi1 = a full discussion ( ka?>sis4 #bhe ,politics1 ,v1 vii4 #bhf ,poetics1 ,,xiii4 #bhg ,panegyric1 #aei4 #bhh ,symposium1 ,,iii1 #e4 #bhi ,geography1 ,i1 ii1 #c4 ,trans1 by ,h4 ,c4 ,hamilton 7,bohn ed1 ,london1 #ahed71 #a1 #bd-be4 #bij ,de audi5dis poetis1 trans1 by ,f4,m4 ,padel=d "u ! title ,essays on ! ,/udy & ,use ( ,poetry 7,new ,york1 #aijb71 ,i4 ,cf4 also ,julian1 ,epi/le #db4 #bia ,ibid4 #bib ,ibid4 ,,xiv4 ,cf4 ,h>r+ton 9 ,smi?'s ,eliz4 ,crit4 ,essays1 ,,ii1 #aig-aih4 #bic ,ibid4 ,,xii4 ,cf4 ,*emnic5sis1 ,canons1 ,,lii1 9 ,smi?1 ,i1 #dba4 #bid ,ibid41 ,,iv4 ,cf4 ,ari/otle1 ,rhetoric1 ,,ii1 xx4 #bie ,ibid41 ,,iii4 #bif ,aut prodesse volunt1 aut delect>e poetae ,aut simul et jucunda et idonea dic]e vitae 99 99 99 99 99 ,c5turiae s5iorum agitant exp]tia frugis2 ,celsi praet]eunt au/]a poemata ,rhamnes3 ,omne tulit punctum qui miscuit utile dulci1 ,lectorem delect&o1 p]it]que mon5do4 ,hic m]et a]a lib] ,sosiis2 hic et m>e transit1 ,et longum noto scriptori prorogat aevum4 ,ad ,pisonem1 #ccc-ccd1 #cdb-cdf4 #big ,epi/les1 ,,ii1 i1 #aa4 #abf ff4 ,con+ton's trans4 #bih ,metamorphoses1 ,x1 #b4 #bii ,de r]um natura1 ,i1 #icf-iej4 #cjj ,pha$rus4 ,see also ,republic1 ,,ii4 #cja ,h[ to ,/udy ,poetry1 ,,iv4 #cjb ,cf4 ,cic]o1 ,de nat4 deor4 i1 #ae-ch ff41 & ,hat*1 ,hibb]t ,lectures1 #ahhh1 ,*4 ,,iii4 #cjc ,a4 ,s*lemm1 ,de fontibus ,plut>*i comm5tationum ,de aud4 poet4 7,gtt+51 #ahic71 pp4 #cb-cf4 #cjd ,iam cum conflux]unt plures cont9uae tralationes1 alia plane fit oratio2 itaque g5us hoc ,graeci appellant nom9e recte g5]e melius ille qui i/a omnia tralationes vocat4 ,orator1 #id4 ,cf4 ,ad4 ,att4 ii1 #bj1 #c4 #cje ,qu9tilian1 ,,viii1 vi1 #dd4 ,isidore1 ,etym4 ,i1 xxxvii1 #bb4 #cjf ,de doctr9a *ri/iana 7#cig71 ,,iii1 #bi1 #dj4 #cjg ,confessions 7,watts's trans471 ,,iii4 vi41 ,lion>do ,bruni1 ,de /udiis et lit]is 7#adje71 uses ! same argum5t to def5d poetry4 #cjh ,t]5ce1 ,eun4 #ehe-ehi1 %[s a "y man ju/ify+ 8 vices on ?is gr\nd4 #cji ,poetics1 ,,ix4 #caj ,lit]>y ,criticism1 p4 #ah4 #caa ,rhet4 ,,ii1 xxi4 #cab ,rhetoric1 ,,ii1 xx4 7,weldon's translation74 #cac ,de in/4 orat4 ,v1 xi1 #f1 #ai4 #cad ,edit$ f ! edition ( #aefj by ,g4,h4 ,mair 7,ox=d1 #aiji71 p4 #aih4 #cae ,ibid41 p4 #c4 #caf ,doc]e debitum e/1 delect>e honor>ium1 p]mov]e necess>ium4 ,de optimo g5]e oratorum1 ,i1 #c4 ,he gives ! same ?reefold aims z ut probet1 ut delectet1 ut flectet1 9 ! ,orator1 #fi2 & 9 ! ,de oratore1 ,,ii1 #aba4 #cag ,vide pp4 #acf-acg4 #cah ,cf4 ante1 ,i1 iv4 #cai ,controv4 ,,ii1 #b 7#aj74 ,bornecque ed41 ,i1 #ade-adh4 #cbj ,quot$ by ,padel=d1 p4 #cf4 #cba ,orat4 xi1 p4 #cjh4 #cbb ,padel=d1 op4 cit4 pp4 #ci-dc4 #cbc ,k>l ,vossl]1 ,poetis*e ,!ori5 9 d] itali5is*5 ,frhr5aissance 7,b]l91 #aijj71 pp4 #e1 #ah1 #de4 #cbd ,boe?ius1 ,de consolatione philosophiae1 ,book ,i1 prose #a4 ,boe?ius liv$ #dhj-ebd4 ,cf4 ,skeat1 ,*auc]1 ,,ii1 introd4 xiv ff4 = ref]5ces to ! surpris+ numb] ( translations 9 mo/ ,european languages ?r\gh\t ! ,middle ,ages4 ,! mo/ fam\s are1 p]haps1 ^? ( lfr$1 ,notk]1 & ,*auc]4 #cbe ,ibid1 ,book ,v1 prose v4 #cbf ,quidam autem poetae ,!ologici dicti sunt1 quoniam de diis c>m9a faciebant4 ,(ficium autem poetae 9 eo e/ ut ea1 quae v]e ge/a sunt1 9 alias species obliquis figurationibus cum decore aliquo conv]sa transducant4 ,etym4 ,,viii1 vii1 #i-aj4 #cbg ,fabulas poetae quasdam delect&i causa f9x]unt1 quasdam ad naturam r]um1 nonnullas ad mores hom9um int]pretati sunt4 ,etym4 ,i1 xl1 #c4 #cbh ,una v]ita ascosa sotto bella m5zogna4 ,,ii1 #a4 #cbi ,epi/le1 ,x1 #aa1 #afj-a4 ,quot$ by ,wick/e$1 ,temple ,classics1 pp4 #ff-fg4 #ccj ,ve/a di figura o di colore rettorico4 ,la ,vita ,nuova1 ,,xxv4 #cca ,see above1 pp4 #de-dg4 #ccb ,p] nimpham f+itur c>o1 p] iuv5em coruptorem mundus vel dyabolus1 p] proprium amicum ratio4 ,poetria magi/ri ,johannis anglici de arte prosayca metrica et ri?mica4 ,ed4 by ,g4 ,m>i1 ,romanis*e ,=s*ung5 7#aijb7 ,,xiii1 #hid4 #ccc ,e/ furor ,eacides ire sa?anas1 ,ibid1 p4 #iac4 #ccd ,see above1 pp4 #ea-ee4 #cce ,pa/ime ( ,pleasure1 p4 #bi4 #ccf ,ibid41 p4 #ch4 #ccg ,ibid41 p4 #ed2 see fur!r above1 p4 #ed4 #cch ,cf4 ante1 pp4 #ig-ii4 #cci ,lit4 ,crit41 p4 #dg-ei4 #cdj ,ibid41 p4 #eh4 #cda ,i anal4 #a;a4 #cdb ,lit4 ,crit41 p4 #be4 #cdc ,&r ,s*imb]g1 ,l'education morale dans les collges de la compagnie de ,jsus en ,france 7,p>is1 #aiac74 p4 #ach4 #cdd ,opus de divisione1 ord9e1 ac utilitate omnium sci5ti>um1 9 poetic5 apologeticum4 ,autore fratre ,hi]onymo ,savon>ola 7,v5etiis1 #aedb71 ,,iv1 pp4 #cf-ee4 ,savon>ola di$ 9 #adih4 #cde ,c>ti]1 ,l',e/hetique de ,savon>ola1 9 ,didron's ,annales ,ar*oelogiques 7#ahdg74 vii1 #bee ff4 #cdf ,rhetorica1 ,poeticaque contra3 quod non adeo v]e ac proprie ,logicae appellantur1 neque1 syllogismo f]e1 s$ exemplo atque en?ymemate1 rationibus quasi popul>ibus utuntur4444 ,poetic1 fur!rmore1 diff]s f rhetoric1 neque usurpat en?ymema f]e1 s$ exemplum4 ,v9c5tius ,madius et ,b>?olomaeus ,lomb>dus4 ,9 ,ari/otelis ,librum de poetica communes explanationes 7,v5etiis1 #aeej71 pp4 #h-i4 #cdg ,onde come il loico usa p] suo mezzo il pi nobile /rum5to1 ci la dimo/razione o v]o il sillogismo dimon/rativo2 cosi usa il dialettico il sillogismo topico2 il s(i/a il s(i/ico1 ci app>5te ed +annevole3 il retore l'entimema1 e il poeta l'esempio1 il quale il m5o degno di tutti gli altri4 adunque il subbietto della poetica il favell>e f9to e favoloso1 ed il suo mezzo o /rum5to l'esempio4 ,delia ,poetica 9 ,g5]ale1 ,lezione ,una ,i1 #b4 ,op]e 7,trie/e1 #ahej71 ,,ii1 #fhd4 ,9 8 p>aphrase ( ?is passage & 9 8 comm5ts1 ,sp+>n 7,lit4 ,crit4 pp4 #be-bf7 misund]/&s bo? 8 au?or & 8 rhetoric :5 he says1 ,! subject ( poetry is fiction1 or inv5tion1 arriv$ at by means ( t =m ( ! syllogism kn[n z ! example4 ,"h ! en?ymeme or example1 :i* ,ari/otle has made ! in/rum5t ( rhetoric1 becomes ! in/rum5t ( poetry4 #cdh ,rhet4 ,i1 ii4 #cdi ,nimirum arbitrantur1 quemadmodum ,rhetorice ab ,ari/otele ipso appellatur p>ticula ,dialecticae2 idque propt]ea1 quod doceat rationem1 qua en?ymema applicetur ad mat]iam civilem3 ita ,poetic5 esse ,logices p>tem1 quia ap]it exempli usum 9 mat]ia ficta 444 at ,rhetorice1 ,poetice1 non solum doc]e /ud5t1 s$ etiam delect>e2 nec cognitionem tantum spectant1 s$ actionem4 ,quamquam v]o hoc commune habet cum ,rhetorica1 quod utraque sit famula ,politicae4 ,g]>di ,joannis ,vossii1 ,de artis poeticae1 natura1 ac con/itutions lib]1 cap ,,vii1 9 ,op]a 7,am/]dam1 #afig71 ,,iii4 #cej ,inductio delectat1 et e/ vulgo apta1 propt] similitud9es et exempla4 ,hanc argum5tationem frequ5tant ,rhetores et ,poetae1 praes]tim ,ovidius2 quia v5u/e ac p]spicue explicat argum5ta4 ,i1 ii4 #cea ,vide1 pp4 #ajc-ajd4 #ceb ,vide1 pp4 #aai-abj4 #cec ,poetica 7,v9egia1 #aecf71 p4 #be4 ,sp+>n1 p4 #dh4 #ced ,sic dic]e v]sibus1 ut doccat1 ut delectet1 ut moveat4 ,de poeta1 p4 #ajb4 #cee ,rhetoric1 ,i1 ii4 #cef ,,xii1 i1 #a4 #ceg ,de poeta1 p4 #gi4 ,vossius e*oes ! same idea f ! same rhetorical s\rce4 #ceh ,s$ doc5di1 mov5di1 delect&i4 ,poetice 7#aefa71 ,,iii1 xcvii4 #cei ,ibid41 ,i1 i4 #cfj ,arte ( ,rhet4 p4 #agf4 #cfa ,^! two names 7 frequ5tly connect$ 9 ! r5aissance4 #cfb ,ibid1 p4 #aie4 #cfc ,arb] ,repr9t 7,london1 #ahgj71 p4 #aea4 #cfd ,ibid41 pp4 #adb-adc4 #cfe ,ibid41 p4 #hj4 #cff ,vide1 p4 #acb4 #cfg ,vide1 pp4 #gg-gh4 #cfh ,smi?1 ,eliz4 ,crit4 ,essays1 ,i1 #dh4 #cfi ,croll1 ,introd4 to ed4 ( ,euphues 7,new ,york1 #aiaf71 p4 vii4 #cgj ,smi?1 ,i1 #fj4 #cga ,s*ool ( ,abuse 7,pub4 ( ! ,%ak4 ,soc41 #ahda71 ,vol1 #b1 p4 #ae4 #cgb ,ibid41 pp4 #bj1 #be1 #bi4 #cgc ,smi?1 ,i1 #fe4 #cgd ,smi?1 ,i1 #gc4 #cge ,smi?1 ,i1 #gf4 #cgf ,smi?1 ,i1 #hc4 #cgg ,vide1 pp4 #hf-hg4 #cgh ,lit4 ,crit4 9 ! ,r54 #b;d ed41 pp4 #bfi-bgd4 #cgi ,smi?1 ,i1 #aeh-afj4 #chj ,ibid41 #afj4 #cha ,ibid41 ,i1 #aei4 #chb ,ibid41 ,i1 #aga4 #chc ,ibid41 p4 #agb4 #chd ,cf4 above1 p4 #ach4 #che ,de in/4 orat41 ,v1 xi1 #ai4 #chf ,arte ( ,rhet41 p4 #aih4 #chg ,ibid41 ,i1 #aeg4 #chh ,smi?1 ,i1 #afi4 #chi ,rhetoric1 ,,ii1 xx4 #cij ,smi?1 ,i1 #agc4 #cia ,cf4 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ,confessions1 ,,iii1 vi4 #cib ,smi?1 ,i1 #ahg4 ,cf4 ,ari/4 ,rhet4 ,i1 i1 & ,qu9t4 ,de in/4 orat4 ,,ii1 xvi1 :o def5d rhetoric on ! same gr\nd4 ,sidney's ) a sword ?\ mai/ kill ?y ,fa!r1 & ) a sword ?\ mai/ def5de ?y ,pr9ce & ,c\ntry is 9 ,qu9tilian4 #cic ,see also p4 #ch4 #cid ,smi?1 ,,ii1 #bjh4 #cie ,smi?1 ,,ii1 #bja4 #cif ,ibid4 #cig ,de audi5dis poetis1 ,,xiv4 ,plut>* believ$ t poetry ga9$ ?is end by enunciat+ moral & philosophical s5t5tiae1 n by allegory1 :i* ,plut>* made sport (4 #cih ,see pp4 #hg-hi4 #cii ,smi?1 ,i1 #bej-beb4 #djj ,smi?1 ,i1 #bcb4 #dja ,smi?1 ,i1 #bch-bci4 #djb ,smi?1 ,i1 #bce-bcf4 #djc ,smi?1 ,i1 #bdh-bdi4 #djd ,vide1 pp4 #hi-ib4 #dje ,smi?1 ,,ii1 #be4 #djf ,smi?1 ,,ii1 #aae-aaf4 #djg ,smi?1 ,,ii1 #afj4 #djh ,smi?1 ,,ii1 #cb-dj4 #dji ,smi?1 ,,ii1 #da-db4 #daj ,ibid4 #daa ,woodw>d1 ,educ4 9 ! ,r54 p4 #ace4 #dab ,krapp1 ,rise ( ,eng4 ,lit4 ,prose 7,new ,york1 #aiae71 pp4 #djh-dji4 #dac ,vide1 pp4 #ia-ib4 #dad ,sp+>n1 ,crit4 ,essays ( ! #ag? ,c5tury1 ,i1 #ih1 #ii4 #dae ,spr+>n1 ,i1 #f4 #daf ,sp+>n1 ,i1 #f-h4 #dag ,! au?or's prolog to ! fir/ book4 #dah ,sp+>n1 ,i1 #agj4 #dai ,sp+>n1 ,i1 #ej2 = ,jonson see also pp4 #ic-if4 #dbj ,sp+>n1 ,i1 #bi4 #dba ,ibid41 #ea-eb4 #dbb ,ibid41 p4 #ee4 ,cf4 ,cic]o1 ante p4 #cg4 #dbc ,d$4 to ,volpone1 ,sp+>n1 ,i4 #ae4 #dbd ,ibid4 #dbe ,sp+>n1 ,i1 #bh-bi4 #dbf ,d$ to ,volpone1 ,sp+>n1 ,i1 #ab4 #dbg ,smi?1 ,,ii1 #cjf4 #dbh ,sp+>n1 ,i1 #fg4 #dbi ,sp+>n1 ,i1 #aag-abj4 #dcj ,a4,h4 ,tieje1 ,!ory ( ,*>act]ization 9 ,prose ,fiction ,prior to #agdj 7,m9neapolis1 #aiaf71 p4 #ad4 #dca ,sp+>n1 ,i1 #ahf-ahg4