,,! ,,fai? ,,( ,,! ,,millions    ,a     
,,selection ,,( ,,pa/ ,,essays          
,,second ,,s]ies    ,,by    ,,george    
,,tyrrell1 ,s4,j4    #aija              
,,& ,,see+ ,,! ,,multitudes ,,he ,,0    
,,mov$ ,,)  ,,compassion ,,on ,,!m1 ,,= 
,,!y ,,7 ,,h>ass$ ,,&  ,,scatt]$ ,,z    
,,%eep ,,hav+ ,,no ,,%eph]d4  7,mat!w   
ix4 #cf47              ,nil ,ob/at3     
,j4 ,,g]>d1 ,s4,j4           ,,c5s4     
,,!ol4 ,,deputatus4      ,imprimatur3   
,,h]b]tus ,,c>d4 ,,vaughan1             
,,ar*iep4 ,,we/mon4        ,,cont5ts    
,,xiii4--,juliana ( ,norwi*             
,,xiv4--,poet & ,my/ic       ,,xv4--,two
 ,e/imates ( ,ca?olic ,life             
,,xvi4--,a ,life ( ,de ,lam5nais        
,,xvii4--,lippo1 ! ,man & ! ,arti/      
,,xviii4--,?r\gh ,art to ,fai?          
,,xix4--,tracts = ! ,million            
,,xx4--,an ,apo/le ( ,naturalism        
,,xxl4--,! ,mak+ ( ,religion            
,,xxii4--,adaptability z a ,pro( (      
,religion    ,,xxiii4--,idealism 9      
,/raits        ,,xiii4      ,,juliana   

,,( ,,norwi*4    ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable  
books ( ! middle ages1 writes ,fa!r     
,dalgairns1 #a is ! hi!rto almo/ unkn[n 
"w1 titl$1 ,sixte5  ,revelations (      
,div9e ,love made to a ,dev\t ,s]vant ( 
,god1 call$  ,"m ,juliana1 an ,an*oress 
( ,norwi* ,h[ "o ( ! mo/  rem>kable     
books %\ld be hi!rto almo/ unkn[n1 may  
be expla9$  p>tly by ! fact to :i* !    
same writ] draws att5tion1 namely1  t   
,"m ,juliana liv$ & wrote at ! "t :5 a  
c]ta9 my/ical  movem5t 0 ab\t to        
bifurcate & pursue its c\rse (          
developm5t1  "o bran* )9 ! ,*ur* on     
,ca?olic l9es1 ! o!r outside !  ,*ur*   
along l9es ^: actual issue 0 ,wycliffism
 & o!r k9dr$  =ms ( het]odoxy1 & ^:     
logical outcome 0 pan!ism4 ,h5ce1       
betwe5 ! language ( ^! pseudo-my/ics & t
 ( ! recluse (  ,norwi*1 !re is         
sometimes a co9cid5ce 444 :i* might     
deceive !  unw>y4 ,x is almo/ necess>ily
 a feature ( e h]esy to beg9 by  us+ !  
language ( or?odoxy 9 a /ra9$ &         
non-natural s5se1 &  only gradually to  

develop a di/9ctive t]m9ology ( its own2
 b1 z  (t5 z n1 c]ta9 ambigu\s          
expressions1 =m]ly tak5 9 an  or?odox   
s5se1 are ab&on$ by ! fai?ful on acc\nt 
( _!  ambiguity & are !n appropriat$ to 
! expression ( het]odoxy1 s  t ev5tually
 by =ce ( usage ! h]etical mean+ comes  
to be !  pr9cipal & natural mean+1 & any
 o!r int]pretation to seem  viol5t &    
non-natural4 ,! few co9cid5ces1 cont9ues
 ,fa!r  ,dalgairns1 betwe5 ,"m ,juliana 
& ,wycliffe are among ! _m  pro(s t !   
same speculative view (t5 means diff]5t 
?+s 9  diff]5t sy/ems4 ,bo? ,/4         
,augu/9e1 ,calv91 & ,mahomet1 believe 9 
pr$e/9ation1 yet an ,augu/9ian is some?+
 utt]ly diff]5t f a  ,scot* ,cam]onian  
or a ,mahometan4444 ,! idea :i* runs    
?r\gh !  :ole ( ,"m ,juliana is ! v     
contradictory ( ,wycliffe's  ,pan!i/ic  
,necessit>ianism4 ,yet on acc\nt ( ! m]e
 simil>ity (  expression we c well      
und]/& h[ 9 ! c\rse ( "t "s (  ,"m      
,juliana's utt]ances came to be m       
ill-s\nd+ to fai?ful  e>s 9 proportion z

 !y came to be m exclusively appropriat$
 by  ! unor?odox4 ,x is h>d to be z     
vigilant :5 dang] is remote z  :5 x is  
ne> at h&2 & until h]esy has actually   
wre/$ !m to  its purpose x is morally   
impossible t ! words ( ecclesia/ical  & 
religi\s writ]s %\ld be s delicately    
balanc$ z to avoid all  ambiguities &   
inaccuracies4 ,/ill less h we a "r to   
look =  su* exactitude 9 ! words ( an   
an*oress :o1 if n :olly  un$ucat$ 9 our 
s5se ( ! ^w1 yet on h] own confession   
c\ld no  lett]1 i4e41 z we %\ld say1 0  
no s*ol>1 & c]ta9ly made no  pret5ce to 
any skill 9 te*nical !ology4 ,b h[ev]   
mu* "s (  h] expressions may j> ) ! lat]
 developm5ts ( ,ca?olic  !ology1 x mu/  
be rememb]$1 z has be5 said1 t !y 7     
curr5t co9 9 h] day1 common to or?odox &
 unor?odox2 & t  ?\gh _! re/oration is  
by no means desirable1 yet !y are /ill  
susceptive ( a b5ignant int]pretation4  
,i pray ,almighty ,god1 says  ,"m       
,juliana 9 conclud+1 t ?is book come n b
 into !  h&s ( ^? t w be ,8 fai?ful     

lov]s1 & t w submit  !m to ! fai? (     
,holy ,*ur*4 #b ,& inde$ su* c receive  
no  possible h>m f its p]usal1 beyond a 
little tempor>y p]plexity to  be        
dispell$ by inquiry2 & ?is only 9 ! case
 ( ^? :o are  suffici5tly in/ruct$ &    
reflective to p]ceive ! discord 9  "q4  
,! re/ are well us$ 9 _! read+ to take  
:at is  famili> & to leave :at is       
/range1 s t !y w f9d 9 h]  pages mu* to 
pond]1 & b a little to pass ov]4    ,x  
is1 h[ev]1 n only to ^! occasional      
obscurities & ambiguities  t we are to  
ascribe ! comp>ative oblivion into :i* s
 rem>kable  a book has fall52 b also to 
! fact t its notewor?9ess is  p]haps m  
evid5t & relative to u ?an to our       
=efa!rs4 ,x  _c b />tle u to f9d d\bts t
 we ha/ily look ^u z  peculi>ly mod]n1  
set =? 9 _! full /r5g? & wre/l$ )  &    
ov]?r[n by an unlett]$ recluse ( !      
f\rte5? c5tury4 ,9  "s s5se !y are !    
d\bts ( all "t1 ) p]haps j t  peculi>   
complexion :i* !y assume 9 ! light (    
,*ri/ianity4 ,yet1  ow+ to ! mod]n      

spread ( education1 or r to !           
indiscrim9ate  divulgation ( ideas1 ^!  
problems are n[ ! possession ( ! man  9 
! /reet1 :]eas 9 =m] days !y 7          
exclusively ! prop]ty  ( m9ds capable--n
 inde$ ( answ]+ ! unansw]able1 b at lea/
  ( kn[+ _! own limitations & ( see+ :y 
su* problems mu/  always exi/ z long z  
man is man4 ,d>k z ! age ( ,"m ,juliana 
0 z reg>ds ! light ( positive k &       
in=mation2 yet !  light ( wisdom burn$  
at lea/ z cle>ly & /eadily !n z n[2 &  x
 is by t light alone t ! %ades (        
unbelief c be dispell$4  ,( c\rse1      
wisdom )\t k mu/ />ve or prey on its own
  vitals1 & ?is 0 ! intellectual dang] (
 ! middle ages2 b  k )\t wisdom is s mu*
 food undige/$ & indige/ible1  & ?is is 
! evil ( our own day1 :5 to be passably 
well-in=m$  s taxes our "t & en]gy z to 
leave u no leisure = assimilat+  ! k )  
:i* we h /uff$ ourselves4    ,we mu/ n1 
h[ev]1 ?9k ( ,"m ,juliana z %ut up )9   
f\r  walls ( a cell1 evolv+ all h] ideas
 /raight f h] own inn]  consci\sness )\t

 any ref]5ce to exp]i5ce4 ,su* a b>r5   
contemplation1 t5d+ to m5tal p>alysis1  
belongs to ,ori5tal  pessimism1 ^: aim  
is ! ext9ction ( life1 m5tal & physical1
 &  reabsorption into t void :5ce1 x is 
said1 mis=tune has br\ght  u =? to      
tr\bl\s consci\sness4 ,! ,*ri/ian       
contemplative kn[s  no asc5t to ,god b  
by ! ladd] ( creatures2 he goes to !    
book (  ,nature & ( human life1 & to !  
book ( ,revelation1 & turns &  pond]s _!
 pages1 l9e by l9e & ^w by ^w1 & s fe$s 
&  fills ! o!rwise ?9 & %ad[y conception
 ( ,god 9 8 own s\l1  & ev] p\rs new oil
 ^u ! flame ( ,div9e love4 ,fa!r        
,daigairns  writes3 ,juliana is a       
recluse v diff]5t f ! creatures ( !     
imag9ation ( writ]s on comp>ative       
morals4 ,s f> f be+ cut (f  f sympa?y ) 
h] k9d1 h] m9d is t5d]ly & delicately   
alive  to e *ange 9 ! spiritual         
atmosph]e ( ,engl&4444 ,! f\r  walls (  
h] n>r[ home seem to be r5t & torn      
asund]1 & n only  ,engl& b ,*ri/5dom    
appe>s be=e h] view2 & he is at pa9s to 

%[ h[ bo? an*orites & an*oresses 7      
mu*-s\ght aft] by all  9 tr\ble1        
temporal or spiritual1 & h[ abundant 7  
_!  opportunities ( becom+ acqua9t$ )   
human life & its burd5s1  & ( m ?an     
comp5sat+1 ?r\gh ! confid5ces ( o!rs1   
:atev] defect _! m9ds might suff] ?r\gh 
lack ( p]sonal  exp]i5ce4 ,ev5 /ill1 h[ 
_m a prie/ or nun ^: exp]i5ce _h  else  
be5 n>r[$ to ! petty dome/ic int]e/s ( a
 small family1  is1 9 virtue ( 8 or h]  
vocation1 put 9 t\* ) a f> l>g]  _w1 or 
) a f> m important aspect ( ! _w1 ?an _m
 :o  m+le ) its e-day trivialities1 & is
 ?us made a p>tak] 9  "s s5se ( ! deep] 
life & exp]i5ce ( society & ( !         
,univ]sal ,*ur*6 ,! an*oress did a great
 deal m ?an pray4 ,!  v dang]s aga9/ :i*
 ! au?or ( h] rule #c w>ns h]1 are a    
pro( t %e _h _m visitors4 ,he w>ns h]   
aga9/ becom+ a  'babbl+' or 'gossip+'   
an*oress1 a v>iety evid5tly well-kn[n2 a
  recluse ^: cell 0 ! depository ( all !
 news f !  neighb\rhood at a "t :5      
newspap]s did n exi/4 ,su* abuses  ?r[  

light ^u ! legitimate use ( ! an*oress's
 position 9 !  m$ival community4    ,&  
s1 ?\gh ,"m ,juliana c\ld no lett]1 ?\gh
 %e knew next to  no?+ ( ! r wor?less   
physical sci5ce ( ^? times1 &  h>dly m (
 philosophy or te*nical !ology1 yet %e  
knew no little  ( t busy1 sad1 & s9ful  
human life go+ on r\nd h]1 n only at    
,norwi*1 b 9 ,engl&1 & ev5 9 ,europe2 & 
ri* ) ?is  k1 to :i* all o!r lore is    
subord9ate & = ^: sake  alone x is      
valuable1 %e betook h]self to pray] &   
m$itation1 &  br\ght all ?is exp]i5ce   
into relation ) ,god1 & drew f x an  ev]
 cle>] und]/&+ ( ,him & ( ,8 deal+s ) ! 
s\ls  t ,8 ,love has creat$ & r$eem$4   
,x is n !n s wond]ful t ?is wise & holy 
woman %\ld h  fac$ ! problems pres5t$ by
 ! app>5t discord betwe5 ! tru?s  ( fai?
 & ! facts ( human life--a discord :i*  
is felt 9 e  age by ! obs]vant &        
?\ghtful1 b :i* 9 our age is a          
commonplace on ! lips ( ev5 ! mo/       
sup]ficial4 ,b an age takes  its tone f 
! _m :o are ! *ildr5 ( ! pa/1 r ?an  f !

 few :o are ! p>5ts ( ! future4 ,"m     
,juliana's book  c\ld h>dly h be5 9 any 
s5se popul> until ^! days ( ours1  9 :i*
 ! p>ticul> disease ( m9d to :i* x      
m9i/]s has become  epidemic4    ,if !n  
^! sugge/ions to "s ext5t furni% an     
explanation ( !  oblivion into :i* !    
revelations ( ,"m ,juliana h fall51 !y  
also ju/ify ! foll[+ attempt to draw    
att5tion to !m once m1  & to give "s    
sort ( analysis ( _! cont5ts2 m         
especially z  we h reason to believe t  
!y are ab\t to be re-edit$ by a         
compet5t s*ol> & made accessible to !   
g5]al public1 :i* !y  h n be5 s9ce !    
comp>ative ext9ction ( ,ri*>dson's      
edition  ( #ahgg4 ,little is kn[n ( ,"m 
,juliana's hi/ory outside :at is  impli$
 9 h] revelations2 nor is x our purpose 
at pres5t to g aside  9 se>* (          
biographical details t w be ( int]e/    
only aft]  _! subject has become        
int]e/+4 ,suffice x "h to say t %e  0   
?irty at ! "t ( h] revelations1 :i* %e  
tells u 0 9  #acgc4 ,h5ce %e 0 born 9   

#acdc1 & is said to h be5 a  c5t5>ian1 9
 :i* case %e mu/ h di$ ab\t #addc4 ,%e  
probably  belong$ to ! ,b5$ict9e nuns at
 ,c>r[1 ne> ,norwi*1 & be+  call$ to a  
/ill /rict] life1 retir$ to a h]mitage  
close by !  ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,julian at      
,norwi*4 ,! details %e gives ab\t h] own
  sick-room exclude ! idea ( t /rict]   
reclusion :i* is  popul>ly spok5 ( z    
wall+-up--n ( c\rse 9 ! my?ical  s5se4  
,) ^! brief indications suffici5t to    
satisfy ! crav+ ( our  imag9ation =     
p>ticul>s ( "t & place1 let u turn to h]
 own  acc\nt ( ! circum/ances ( h]      
visions1 z well z ( _! nature4  ,%e     
tells u t 9 h] life previ\s to #acgc1 %e
 _h1 at "s "t or  o!r1 dem&$ ?ree fav\rs
 f ,god2 fir/1 a s5sible appreciation  (
 ,*ri/'s ,passion 9 su* sort z to %>e ! 
grace ( ,m>y ,magdal5e  & o!rs :o 7     
eye-witnesses !re(3 !re=e ,i desir$ a   
bodily  sight :]e9 ,i might h m k ( !   
bodily pa9 ( our  ,savi\r4 ,& ! motive (
 ?is desire 0 t %e might aft]w>ds       
because ( t %[+ h ! m true m9d ( !      

,passion (  ,*ri/4 ,h] aim 0 a deep]    
practical intellig5ce1 & n !            
gratification ( m]e emotional curiosity4
    ,?is grace %e pla9ly recognizes z   
extraord9>y2 = %e says3 ,o!r  sight or  
%[+ ( ,god ask$ ,i none1 till :5 ! s\l 0
 dep>t$  f ! body4 ,h] second reque/ 0  
likewise = an extraord9>y  grace2       
namely1 = a bodily sickness :i* %e &    
o!rs might believe  to be mortal2 9 :i* 
%e %\ld receive ! la/ sacram5ts1 &      
exp]i5ce all ! bodily pa9s1 & all !     
spiritual temptations  incid5t to !     
sep>ation ( s\l & body4 ,& ! motive (   
?is  reque/ 0 t %e might be purg$ by !  
m]cy ( ,god1 &  aft]w>ds live m to !    
wor%ip ( ,god because ( t sickness4 ,9  
o!r words1 %e desir$ ! grace ( :at we   
might call a  trial-dea?1 t s %e might  
bett] meet ! real dea? :5 x  came4      
,fur!r1 %e adds1 ?is sickness ,i desir$ 
9 my y\?1 t ,i  might h x :5 ,i 0 ?irty 
ye>s old4 ,& ^! two desires 7  ) a      
condition 7namely1 if ,god %\ld s w71 = 
me?\ght ?is  0 n ! common use ( pray]4  

,b ! ?ird reque/ %e pr(f]s  boldly )\t  
any condition1 s9ce x 0 necess>ily      
,god's desire to  grant x & to be su$ = 
x2 namely1 ! grace ( a ?ree-fold w\nd3  
! w\nd ( true sorr[ = s92 ! w\nd ( k9d  
compassion )  ,*ri/'s suff]+s2 & ! w\nd 
( wilful belong+ to ,god1 t  is1 (      
self-devotion4    ,%e is c>eful to tell 
u t :ile %e ev] cont9u$ to urge !       
unconditional ?ird reque/1 ! two fir/   
pass$ completely out ( h]  head 9 !     
c\rse ( ye>s1 until %e 0 rem9d$ ( !m by 
_!  simultane\s & rem>kable fulfilm5t4  
,= :5 ,i 0 ?irty ye>s old  & a half1    
,god s5t me a bodily sickness 9 :i* ,i  
lay ?ree days &  ?ree nights2 & on !    
f\r? night ,i took all my rites ( ,holy 
,*ur*1 & we5$ n to h liv$ till day4 ,&  
aft] ?is ,i lay two  days & two nights1 
& on ! ?ird night ,i we5$ (t5times to h 
pass$1 & s we5$ !y t 7 ) me4444 ,& ,i   
und]/ood 9 my  reason1 & by ! feel+ ( my
 pa9s t ,i %\ld die1 & ,i ass5t$  fully 
) all ! w ( my he>t1 to be at ,god's w4 
,?us ,i endur$  till day1 & by !n1 0 my 

body dead to all feel+ f ! mid/  d[n4   
,%e is !n rais$ up 9 a sitt+ position = 
great] ease1 &  h] curate is s5t =1 z ! 
end is suppos$ to be ne>4 ,on arrival1  
he f9ds h] spee*less & ) h] eyes fix$   
upw>ds t[>ds heav51  :]e ,i tru/$ to    
come by ! m]cy ( ,god4 ,he places !     
crucifix  be=e h]1 & bids h] b5d h] eyes
 ^u x4 ,i ass5t$ to set my  eyes 9 !    
face ( ! crucifix if ,i c\ld2 & s ,i    
did2 = me?\ght  ,i c\ld endure long] to 
look /raight 9 front ( me ?an "r up--a  
t\* t %[s ! previ\s upturn+ ( ! eyes to 
h be5  volunt>y & n cataleptic4 ,at ?is 
mom5t we seem to pass into !  region ( !
 abnormal3 ,aft] ?is my sight began to  
fail2 x wax$ z  d>k ab\t me 9 ! *amb] z 
if x _h be5 night1 save 9 ! image  ( !  
cross1 :]e9 ,i beheld a common light1 & 
,i wi/ n h[4 ,&  all t 0 beside ! cross 
0 ugly & fe>ful to me1 z x _h be5  mu*  
occupi$ ) fi5ds4 ,!n ! upp] "p ( h] body
 becomes  ins5sible1 & ! only pa9 left  
is t ( weakness &  brea?lessness4       
,sudd5ly %e is totally eas$ & app>5tly q

  cur$1 :i*1 h[ev]1 %e reg>ds z a       
mom5t>y miracul\s relief1 b  n z a      
deliv]ance f dea?4 ,9 ?is brea?+ space x
 sudd5ly  occurs to h] to beg = ! second
 ( ^? ?ree w\nds :i* 7 !  matt] ( h]    
unconditional ?ird reque/2 namely1 = a  
deep5$ s5se  & sympa!tic und]/&+ (      
,*ri/'s ,passion4 ,b 9 ?is ,i nev]      
desir$ any bodily sight1 or any mann] ( 
%[+ f ,god2 b su*  compassion z ,i ?\ght
 t a k9d s\l might h ) our ,"l  ,jesus4 
,9 a ^w1 ! remembrance ( h] two         
conditional &  extraord9>y reque/s (    
bygone ye>s 0 n 9 h] m9d at ! "t4  ,& 9 
?is1 sudd5ly ,i saw ! r$ blood trickl+  
d[n f "u !  g>l&2--& s %e passes f      
objective to subjective vision2#d &  !  
fir/ fifte5 revelations foll[1 z %e     
tells u lat]1 "o aft]  ano!r 9 unbrok5  
succession1 la/+ 9 all "s few h\rs4     
,i _h no grief or no dis-ease1 %e tells 
u lat]1 z long z !  fifte5 %[+s la/$ 9  
%[+4 ,& at ! end all 0 close1 & ,i  saw 
no m2 & soon ,i felt t ,i %\ld live     
long]4 ,pres5tly all  h] pa9s1 bodily & 

spiritual1 return 9 full =ce2 & !       
consolation ( ! visions seems to h] z an
 idle dream & delusion2  & %e answ]s to 
! inquiries ( a ,religi\s at h] b$side1 
t %e  _h be5 rav+3 ,& he laugh$ l\d &   
drolly4 ,& ,i said3 ',! cross  t /ood   
be=e my face1 me?\ght x bl$ fa/4' ,at   
:i* ! o!r  look$ s s]i\s & aw$ t %e     
became a%am$ ( h] own  incr$ulity4 ,i   
believ$ ,him truly = ! "t t ,i saw ,him4
 ,& s  x 0 !n my w & my mean+ to d1 ev] 
)\t end--b1 z a  fool1 ,i let x pass out
 ( my m9d4 ,& lo6 h[ wret*$ ,i 01 c4    
,!n %e falls asleep & has a t]rify+     
dream ( ! ,evil ,"o1 (  :i* %e says3    
,?is ugly %[+ 0 made sleep+ & s 0 none  
o!r1 :5ce x seems t h] self-consci\sness
 0 unimpair$ 9  ! o!r visions2 t is1 %e 
0 aw>e at ! "t t !y 7  visions1 & did n 
conf\nd !m ) reality z dreams are       
conf\nd$4 ,!n foll[s ! sixte5? & la/    
revelation2 end+ )  ! words3 ,wit well x
 0 no rav+ ?\ sawe/ to-day3 b take x1  &
 believe x1 & keep !e !re91 & com=t !e  
!re) &  tru/ !reto1 & ?\ %alt n be      

ov]come4 ,!n dur+ ! re/ (  ! same night 
till ab\t ,prime next morn+ %e is tempt$
 aga9/  fai? & tru/ by ! ,evil ,"o1 ( ^:
 ne>ness %e is consci\s2 b  comes out   
victori\s aft] a su/a9$ /ruggle4 ,%e    
und]/&s f  our ,"l1 t ! s]ies ( %[+s is 
n[ clos$2 :i* bless$  %[+ ! fai? keepe?1
 444 = ,he left ) me nei!r sign nor     
tok5 :]eby ,i might "k x4 ,yet = h]     
p]sonally ! obligation  n to d\bt is z (
 fai?3 ,?us am ,i b\nd to keep x 9 my   
fai?2  = on ! same day t x 0 %[$1 :at "t
 ! sight 0 pass$1  z a wret* ,i =sook x 
& op5ly said t ,i rav$4    ,fifte5 ye>s 
lat] %e gets an inw>d response z to !   
g5]al gi/  & unify+ purport ( ! sixte5  
revelations4 ,wit x well2 love 0  ,8    
mean+4 ,:o %[$ x !e8 ,love4 ,:]e=e %[$  
,he x !e8 ,=  love4    ,hav+ ?us sket*$ 
! circum/ances ( ! revelations1 we may  
n[  address ourselves to _! "* &        
sub/ance4    ,!re is no?+ to fav\r &    
ev]y?+ to disfav\r ! notion t  ,"m      
,juliana 0 an habitual vision>y1 or 0 ! 
recipi5t ( any  o!r visions1 ?an ^? :i* 

%e beheld 9 h] ?irty-fir/ ye>2 &  ( ^!1 
%e tells u h]self1 ! :ole sixte5 took   
place )9 a  few h\rs4 ,n[ h ,i told y ( 
fifte5 %[+s1 444 ( :i*  fifte5 %[+s1 !  
fir/ began e>ly 9 ! morn+ ab\t ! h\r (  
f\r1 444 ea* foll[+ ! o!r till x 0 noon 
( ! day or pa/1  444 & aft] ?is ! ,good 
,"l %[$ me ! sixte5? revelation on  !   
night foll[+4 ,speak+ ( !m all z "o1 %e 
tells u3 ,&  f ! "t x 0 %[$ ,i desir$   
(t5times to wit :at 0 9 our  ,"l's      
mean+2 & fifte5 ye>s aft] & m ,i 0      
answ]$ 9  gho/ly und]/&+1 say+ ?us3     
',:at6 w\ld/ ?\ wit ?y ,"l's  mean+ 9   
?is ?+8 ,wit x well3 ,love 0 ,8 mean+4' 
,b ?is  gho/ly und]/&+ c h>dly be press$
 into imply+ ano!r  revelation ( !      
evid5tly sup]normal type4    ,we r insi/
 on ?is po9t1 z indicat+ ! habitual     
heal?9ess  ( ,"m ,juliana's s\l--a      
quality :i* is also abundantly witness$ 
by ! unity & coh]5ce ( ! doctr9e ( h]   
revelations1 :i*  bespeaks a m9d        
well-knit toge!r1 & at h>mony ) itself4 
,!  hy/]ical m9d is "o 9 :i* l>ge tracts

 ( consci\sness seem to  get deta*$ f ! 
ma9 body1 & to take ! control ( !       
subject  = ! "t be+1 giv+ rise to !     
ph5om5a r fooli%ly call$  d\ble or      
multiple p]sonality4 ,?is is a disease  
prop] to !  passive-m9d$1 to ^? :o give 
way to a drift+ t5d5cy1 &  habitually   
suff] _! :ole int]e/s to be absorb$ by !
 /ronge/  s5sation or emotion t pres5ts 
itself4 ,su* m9ds are g5]ally  *aotic & 
unorganiz$1 z is reveal$ 9 ! rambl+1    
involv$1  int]m9ably p>5!tical &        
digressive "* ( _!  conv]sation4 ,b :51 
z ) ,"m ,juliana1 we f9d unity &        
coh]5ce1 we may inf] t !re has be5 a    
life-long habit ( active  m5tal control1
 su* z excludes ! supposition ( an      
hy/]ical  temp]am5t4    ,p]haps !       
simil>ity ( ! ph5om5a :i* att5d bo? on  
extraord9>y psy*ic weakness & passivity1
 & on extraord9>y  en]gy & activity may 
excuse a confusion common en\gh1 & :i*  
we  h dwelt on else:]e4 ,b obvi\sly z f>
 z ! natural  consequ5ces ( a giv5      
psy*ic /ate are conc]n$1 x is indiff]5t 

h[ t /ate is br\ght ab\t4 ,?us1 t       
extreme conc5tration ( !  att5tion1 t   
p]fect ab/raction f outw>d ?+s1 :i* 9   
hy/]ical p]sons is ! effect ( weakness &
 passive-m9d$ness--(  ! inability to    
resi/ & %ake (f ! spell ( passions &    
emotions2 is 9 o!rs ! effect ( active   
self-control1 ( volunt>y  conc5tration1 
( a complete ma/]y ov] passions &       
emotions4 ,yet  ?\gh ! causes ( !       
abnormal /ate are diff]5t1 its effects  
may  well be ! same4    ,9 ?us ma9ta9+ !
 heal?9ess & vig\r ( ,"m ,juliana's m9d1
  we may seem to be implicitly treat+ h]
 revelation1 n z com+ f  a ,div9e s\rce1
 b simply z an expression ( h] own      
habitual l9e (  ?\ght--z a sort ( p\r+  
=? ( ! cont5ts ( h] subconsci\s  memory4
 ,our direct int5tion1 h[ev]1 is to %[  
h[ v unlikely x  is antec$5tly t "o s   
cle>-head$ & intellig5t %\ld be !       
victim ( ! common & obvi\s illusions ( !
 hy/]ical vision>y4  ,= h] book conta9s 
n only ! matt] ( h] revelations1 b also 
! hi/ory ( all ! circum/ances connect$ )

 !m1 z well z a  c]ta9 am\nt ( p]sonal  
comm5t ^u !m1 pr(ess$ly ! fruit (  h]   
normal m9d2 & be/ ( all1 a good deal (  
analytical reflection  ^u ! ph5om5a :i* 
betrays a native psy*ological insight n 
inf]ior to t ( ,/4 ,t]esa4 ,f ^! s\rces 
we c\ld ga!r !  g5]al sobriety &        
p5etration ( h] judgm5t1 )\t assum+ !   
actual tea*+ ( ! revelations to be m]ely
 ! unconsci\s  self-projection ( h] own 
m9d4 ,b 9 s mu* z _m ( ^!  revelations 7
 pr(ess$ly ,div9e answ]s to h] own      
que/ions1 &  s9ce ! answ] mu/ ev] be    
adapt$ n m]ely to ! "q  consid]$ 9 !    
ab/ract1 b z x spr+s f its context 9 !  
que/ion]'s m9d2 we are n wrong1 on ?is  
score alone1 9 argu+  f ! "* ( !        
revelation to ! "* ( ! m9d to  :i* x 0  
address$4 ,fallible m5 may (t5 speak &  
write above or  beside ! intellig5ce (  
_! he>]s & read]s2 b n s ,he :o  reads !
 he>t ,he has made4 ,n[ ^! revelations 7
 n address$ to  ! ,*ur* ?r\gh ,"m       
,juliana2 b1 z %e says1 7 address$ to   
h]self & 7 prim>ily = h]self1 ?\gh mo/ t

 0 said _h  ref]5ce to ! human s\l 9    
g5]al4 ,!y 7 adapt$ !re=e to  ! "* &    
individuality ( h] m9d2 & are an index (
 its  ?\ghts & work+s4 ,= h] !y 7 a     
matt] ( fai?2 b1 z %e  tells u1 %e _h no
 tok5 or outw>d pro( :]e) to conv9ce    
o!rs  ( _! reality4 ,^? :o feel dispos$1
 z we ourselves d1 to place  mu*        
confid5ce 9 ! ^w ( "o s p]fectly sane & 
g5u9ely holy1  may draw pr(it f !       
message address$ to h] ne$2 b nev] c x  
be = !m a matt] ( fai? z 9 a ,div9e     
message address$ directly  or indirectly
 to !mselves4 ,s f> z ^! revelations are
 a cle> &  noble expression ( tru?s     
already conta9$ implicitly 9 our fai? & 
reason1 :i* x br+s into m explicit      
consci\sness & vitalizes  ) a new p[] ( 
/imulus1 !y may be pr(itable to u all2 b
 !y  mu/ be receiv$ ) due criticism &   
disc]nm5t z !mselves  subject to a high]
 rule ( tru?--namely1 ! tea*+ ( !       
,univ]sal  ,*ur*4    ,b to det]m9e1 )   
respect to ^! & k9dr$ revelations1 h[ f>
  !y may be reg>d$ z an expression ( !  

recipi5t's own m9d &  lat5t             
consci\sness1 w ne$ a digression :i* !  
g5]al int]e/  ( ! "q mu/ excuse4    ,!re
 is a t5d5cy 9 ! mod]n philosophy (     
religion 7= example1  9 ,mr4 ,balf\r's  
,f\ndations ( ,belief7 to rationalize   
inspir$  revelation & to expla9 x z     
altoge!r k9dr$ to ! app>5tly  magical   
intuitions ( natural g5ius 9            
non-religi\s matt]s2 z !  result1 9 o!r 
words1 ( a r5d+ asund] ( ! veil t       
divides  :at is call$ sup]-lim9al f     
sublim9al consci\sness2 to f9d  9       
prophecy & secret insight ! effect ( a  
fla% ( unconsci\s  inf]5ce f a mass (   
data buri$ 9 ! inscrutable d>kness ( our
  =gott5 self4 ,toge!r ) ?is1 !re is    
also a levell+-up  philosophy1 a sort ( 
mod]niz$ ontologism1 :i* w\ld attribute 
all  natural intuition to a m imm$iate  
self-revelation on ,god's "p ?an  seems 
q compatible ) or?odoxy4    ,b nei!r (  
^! philosophies satisfy :at is vulg>ly  
und]/ood by  revelation1 & !re=e bo? use
 ! ^w 9 a some:at /ra9$  s5se4 ,=       

c]ta9ly ! fir/ s5se ( ! t]m implies a   
consci\sness  on ! "p ( ! recipi5t ( be+
 spok5 to1 ( be+ relat$  ?r\gh su* spee*
 to ano!r p]sonality1 :]eas ! fla%es &  
intuitions ( natural g5ius1 h[ev] !y may
 resemble & be call$  inspirations      
because ( _! exce$+ ! kn[n res\rces ( ! 
?9k]'s own m9d1 yet !y are consci\sly   
auto*?on\s2 !y are  felt to spr+ f !    
m9d's own soil2 n to break ! s\l's      
solitude ) ! s5se ( an ali5 pres5ce4    
,su* int]ior  illum9ations1 ?\gh        
d\btless 9 a second>y s5se d]iv$ f !    
,true ,light :i* enlight5s e man com+   
into ?is _w1  c]ta9ly d n fulfil !      
traditional notion ( revelation z       
und]/ood1 n only 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 b  
also 9 all e?nic  religions4 ,= common  
to antiquity is ! notion ( "s k9d (     
possession or seizure1 "s usurpation ( !
 s\l's faculties by an  ext]nal         
p]sonality1 div9e or diabolic1 = its own
 s]vice & z its  in/rum5t (             
expression--a ph5om5on1 9 fact1 q       
analog\s1 if n  ! same 9 species1 ) t ( 

hypnotic control & sugge/ion1 :]e  !    
?\ght & w ( ! subject is simply passive 
"u ! ?\ght  & w ( ! ag5t4    ,sa9ts &   
contemplatives are wont--n )\t          
ju/ification--to speak  ( _! lights 9   
pray]1 & ( ! ord9>y intuitions ( _! m9d1
  "u ! influ5ce ( grace1 z ,div9e       
utt]ances 9 a second>y s5se2  to say1   
,god said to me1 or seem$ to say to me1 
or ,god %[$ me1  & s on4 ,b to conf\nd  
^! products ( _! own m9d )  revelation  
is ! error only ( ! un9/ruct$ or !      
wilfully  self-delud$4 ,!re=e1 z        
commonly und]/ood1 revelation implies  !
 consci\s control ( ! m9d by ano!r m9d2 
j z its usual  correlative1 inspiration1
 implies ! consci\s control ( ! w by    
ano!r w4    ,!re c be no d\bt :atev] b t
 ,"m ,juliana ( ,norwi*  consid]$ h]    
revelations to be ( ?is latt]           
description1 & n to  h be5 m]ely diff]5t
 9 degree f ^? fla%es ( spiritual       
insight ) :i* %e 0 famili> 9 h] daily   
contemplations &  pray]s4 ,h[ f>1 !n1 h]
 own m9d may h suppli$ ! mat]ial f  :i* 

! tissues 7 wov51 or l5t ! col\rs ) :i* 
!  pictures 7 pa9t$1 or suppli$ ! music 
to :i* ! words 7  set1 is :at we mu/ n[ 
try to det]m9e4      ,,ii4    ,tak+ !   
t]ms revelation & inspiration 9 !       
unsophi/icat$  s5se :i* !y h borne n    
only 9 ! ,judaeo-,*ri/ian tradition1  b 
9 almo/ all ! great e?nic religions z   
well1 we may inquire  into ! diff]5t    
sorts & degrees ( ! control ex]cis$ by !
  presumably sup]natural ag5ts ov] !    
recipi5t ( su* influ5ce4 ,=  cle>ness'  
sake we may fir/ di/+ui% betwe5 !       
control ( !  cognitive1 ! volitional1 & 
! executive faculties4 ,= our pres5t    
inquiry we may leave aside ^? cases :]e 
! control ( !  executive faculties1     
normally subject to ! w & direct$ by !  
m9d1 seem to be wre/$ f t control by a  
=eign ag5t possess$  ( intellig5ce &    
volition1 z1 = example1 9 su* a case z  
is  n>rat$ ( ! false prophet ,balaam1 or
 ( ^? :o at ! ,p5teco/al  outp\r+ spoke 
correctly 9 languages un9telligible to  
!mselves1 or  ( ! possess$ :o 7 con/ra9$

 9 spite ( !mselves to confess  ,*ri/4  
,9 ^! & simil> cases1 n only is ! action
 involunt>y  or ev5 c\nt] to ! w1 b x   
manife/s su* intellig5t purpose  z      
seem+ly m>ks x to be ! effect ( an ali5 
w &  intellig5ce4 ,( ?is k9d ( control  
ex]cis$ by ! ag5t ov] !  out] actions ( 
! pati5t1 x may be d\bt$ if x be ev]    
effect$  except ?r\gh ! m$iation ( a    
sugge/ion address$ to ! m9d1 9  su* sort
 t ?\gh n free1 ! result+ action is n   
:olly  involunt>y4 ,be ?is z x may1 our 
conc]n at pres5t is simply )  control   
ex]cis$ ov] ! w & ! und]/&+4    ,) reg>d
 to ! w1 x is a commonplace ( my/ical   
!ology t  ,god1 :o gave x its natural & 
ess5tial b5t t[>ds ! good (  reason1    
i4e41 t[>ds righte\sness & ! ,div9e w2  
:o creat$  x n m]ely z an irresi/ible   
t5d5cy t[>ds ! happ9ess &               
self-realization ( ! rational subject1 b
 z a resi/ible t5d5cy  t[>ds its true1  
happ9ess & true self-realization--t ?is 
same ,god c directly modify ! w )\t !   
natural m$iation (  "s sugge/$ ?\ght4   

,we ourselves1 by ! labori\s cultivation
 (  virtue1 gradually modify ! response 
( our w to c]ta9  sugge/ions1 mak+ x m  
s5sitive to "r impulses1 m obtuse to    
evil impulses4 ,accord+ to my/ic !ology1
 x is ! pr]ogative (  ,god to disp5se ) 
?is natural me?od ( education1 &1 )\t   
violat+ t lib]ty ( *oice 7:i* no        
incl9ation c prejudice71  to incl9e !   
rational appetite ?is way or t2 n only 9
 ref]5ce  to "s sugge/$ object1 b also  
)\t ref]5ce to any di/9ct  object       
:atsoev]1 s t ! s\l %\ld be abruptly    
fill$ ) joy  or sadness1 ) fe> or hope1 
) desire or av]sion1 & yet be at a  loss
 to det]m9e ! object ( ^! spiritual     
passions4 ,/4 ,ignatius  ,loyola1 9 8   
,rules = ,disc]n+ ,spirits1 borr[$ no   
d\bt f  ! curr5t my/ical !ology ( 8 day1
 makes ?is abs5ce ( any  sugge/$ object 
a crit]ion ( consolation com+ f ,god    
alone--a  crit]ion always difficult to  
apply ow+ to ! lightn+ subtlety (       
?\ghts t fla% across ! s\l & are =gott5 
ev5 :ile _!  emotional rev]b]ation yet  

rema9s4 ,:]e !re 0 a prec$+ ?\ght  to   
acc\nt = ! emotion1 he held t !         
consolation might be !  "w ( spirits    
7good or evil7 :o c\ld n influ5ce ! w   
directly1 b only indirectly ?r\gh ! m9d2
 or else x might be !  "w ( ! m9d       
itself1 ^: ?\ghts (t5 seem to u abrupt  
?r\gh  m]e failure ( self-obs]vation4   
,normally :at is kn[n z an actual grace 
involves bo? an  illu/ration ( ! m9d1 & 
an enk9dl+ ( ! w2 b ?\gh  sup]natural1  
su* graces are n held to be miracul\s or
  pret]natural1 or to break ! usual     
psy*ological laws ( cause &  effect2 l !
 ord9>y answ]s to pray]1 !y are f ,god's
  ord9>y provid5ce 9 t sup]natural ord] 
:i* p]meates b does  n ( itself int]f]e 
) ! natural4 ,b ov] & above :at1        
relatively to our obs]vation1 we call ! 
ord9>y c\rse1 !re is  ! extraord9>y1 ^: 
int]f]5ce ) x is app>5t1 ?\gh (  c\rse n
 absolute or real--s9ce no?+ c be out ( 
h>mony )  ! fir/ & highe/ law1 :i* is   
,god ,himself4 ,& to ! category (  !    
extraord9>y mu/ be assign$ su*          

inspirations & direct  w-movem5ts z we  
"h speak (4 #e    ,yet n altoge!r2 = 9 !
 natural ord]1 too1 we h !  ph5om5on (  
in/9ct to consid]--bo? spiritual &      
animal4 ,giv+  h]$ity all ! cr$it we c =
 /or+ up accumulat$ exp]i5ce 9  ! n]v\s 
sy/em ( ea* species1 !re rema9s a ho/ ( 
fundam5tal  animal in/9cts :i* t law is 
q inadequate to expla92 ^?1  = example1 
:i* gov]n ! multiplication ( ! species &
 secure  ! conditions "u :i* alone      
h]$ity c "w4 ,su* _c be at  once !      
effect & ! ess5tial condition ( h]$ity2 
& yet !y  are1 ( all in/9cts1 ! mo/     
complex & my/]i\s4 ,inde$1 x seems  m   
sci5tific to ascribe o!r in/9cts to !   
same kn[n &  indubitable1 if my/]i\s1   
cause1 ?an to seek explanation 9 causes 
less kn[n & m hypo!tical4 ,9 ! case ( _m
 in/9cts1 x  w\ld seem t ! crav+ = !    
object prec$es ! di/9ct  cognition ( x2 
t ! object is only asc]ta9$ :51 aft]    
v>i\s  t5tative grop+s1 x is /umbl$ ^u1 
almo/1 x might seem1 by  *ance4 ,& ?is  
seems true1 also1 ( "s ( our fundam5tal 

spiritual  in/9cts2 = example1 t crav+ (
 ! m9d = an unifi$  exp]i5ce1 :i* is at 
! root ( all m5tal activity1 & ^:       
object is ev] approa*$ yet nev] atta9$2 
or1 aga91 !re is !  social & political  
in/9ct1 :i* has n yet =m$ a di/9ct &    
satisfy+ conception ( :at x w\ld be at4 
,or ne>] /ill to our  !me1 is ! natural 
religi\s in/9ct :i* seeks int]pretations
 &  explanatory hypo!ses 9 ! v>i\s      
man-made religions ( ! race1  & :i* f9ds
 itself satisfi$ & transc5d$ by !       
,*ri/ian  revelation4    ,9 ^! & l      
in/ances1 we f9d w-movem5ts n caus$ by !
  subjects' own cognitions & p]ceptions1
 b contr>iwise1 giv+ bir?  to           
cognitions1 sett+ ! m9d to "w to        
int]pret ! said movem5ts1  & to seek out
 _! satisfy+ objects4    ,?is is q      
analog\s to c]ta9 ph5om5a ( ! ord] (    
grace4 ,/4  ,ignatius almo/ inv>iably   
speaks1 n1 z we %\ld1 ( ?\ghts t  give  
rise to w-/ates ( consolation or        
desolation1 b  conv]sely1 ( ^! w-/ates  
giv+ rise to congru\s ?\ghts4  ,inde$1  

no?+ is m famili> to u ?an ! way 9 :i* !
 m9d is  magnetiz$ by ev5 our physical  
/ates ( elation or depression1 to       
select ! m *e]ful or ! gloomi] aspects (
 life1 accord+ z  we are "u "o influ5ce 
or ! o!r2 & 9 practice1 we recognize  ! 
effect ( p's hum\rs on _! op9ions &     
decisions1 &  w\ld nei!r sue m]cy nor   
ask a fav\r ( a man 9 a temp]4 ,9 %ort1 
x is h>dly too mu* to say1 t our ?\ghts 
are m dep5d5t on  our feel+s ?an our    
feel+s on our ?\ghts4 ,?is1 !n1 is "o   
possible me?od ( sup]natural guidance   
:i* we %all call bl9d  inspiration--=   
?\gh ! feel+ or impulse is f ,god1 !    
int]pretation is f ! subject's own m9d4 
,x is curi\s h[ ,/4  ,ignatius applies  
?is me?od to ! det]m9+ ( ! ,div9e w 9   
c]ta9 cases--z x 71 by ! inductive      
pr9ciple ( concomitant  v>iation4 ,a    
sugge/ion t always comes & gr[s ) a /ate
 (  consolation1 & ^: negative is 9 l   
mann] associat$ )  desolation1 is       
presumably ! "r int]pretation ( ! bl9d  
impulse4 #f ,& p]haps ?is is "o ( !     

commone/ subjective  assurances ( fai?1 
namely1 t our fai? gr[s & decl9es ) :at 
we "k intuitively to be our bett] moods2
 t :5 lax we are  sceptical1 & believ+  
:5 consci5ti\s4    ,ano!r species (     
w-guidance recogniz$ by sa9ts1 is n s   
mu* by  way ( a vague feel+ seek+       
int]pretation1 z by way ( a sort (      
en=c$ decision ) reg>d to "s naturally  
sugge/$ c\rse (  conduct4 ,& ?is1       
p]haps1 is :at is m te*nically und]/ood 
by an  inspiration2 z1 = example1 :5 !  
"q ( writ+ or n  writ+ some?+ publicly  
useful1 say1 ! records ( ! ,k+s (       
,israel1 rises 9 ! m9d1 & x is decid$ = 
& 9 ! subject1 b  n by him4 ,( c\rse ?is
 inspiration is a common b n ess5tial   
accompanim5t ( revelation or            
m9d-control1--9 ^? cases1  namely1 :]e !
 communicat$ in=mation is = ! good (    
o!rs2  z1 also1 :]e x is = ! guidance ( 
! practical conduct ( !  recipi5t4 ,su* 
inspiration at times seems to be no m   
?an a /rong  incl9ation compatible )    
lib]ty2 at o!r times x am\nts to su* a  

fix+ ( ! practical judgm5t z w\ld       
ord9>ily result f a  det]m9ation ( ! p[]
 ( *oice--if t 7 n a contradiction4     
,bett] to say1 x is a tak+ ( ! matt] out
 ( ! jurisdiction (  *oice1 by !        
creation ( an ide fixe #g 9 ! subject's 
m9d4    ,turn+ n[ to revelation 9 !     
/rict] s5se ( a pret]natural            
enlight5m5t ( ! m9d1 x might conceivably
 be ei!r by way ( a  real accretion (   
k--an addition to ! cont5ts ( ! m9d--or 
else by way ( manipulat+ cont5ts already
 !re1 z we ourselves d  by rem9isc5ce1  
by rum9ation1 comp>ison1 analysis1      
inf]5ce4 ,?us we  c conceive ! m9d be+  
consci\sly controll$ 9 ^! op]ations1  z 
x 71 by a =eign w2 be+ rem9d$ ( ?is or  
t2 be+  %[n new consequ5ces1            
applications1 & relations ( tru?s       
already  possess$4    ,:51 h[ev]1 !re is
 a pret]natural addition to ! sum total 
( !  m9d's k1 we c conceive !           
communication to be effect$  ?r\gh !    
out] s5ses1 z by visions se5 7real or   
symbolic71 or  words he>d2 or ?r\gh !   

imag9ation--pictorial1 symbolic1 or     
v]bal2  visual or auditory2 or1 f9ally1 
9 ! v reason & intellig5ce  itself1 ^:  
ideas are embodi$ 9 ^! images & signs1 &
 to ^:  appreh5sion !y are all          
subs]vi5t4    ,n[ f all ?is t$i\s       
division & sub-division x may p]haps be 
cle> 9 h[ _m diff]5t s5ses ! words ( su*
 a pr(ess$  revelation z ,"m ,juliana   
has left on record c be reg>d$ z        
pret]natural utt]ances2 or r1 9 h[ _m   
diff]5t ways %e  h]self may h consid]$  
!m su*1 & wi%$ !m s to be  consid]$4    
,inde$1 z we %all see1 %e has done a    
good deal m to  det]m9e ?is1 9 reg>d to 
! v>i\s p>ts ( h] record1 ?an mo/  h    
done1 & x is = t reason t we h tak5 !   
opportunity  to op5 up ! g5]al "q4 ,su* 
a record might !n be1 ei!r  :olly or 9  
"p3      7a7 ,! "w ( religi\s           
inspiration or g5ius1 9 ! s5se    9 :i* 
rationali/s use ! ^w1 levell+ ! idea d[n
 to ! same    plane z t ( arti/ic       
inspiration4      7b7 ,or else x might  
be inspir$ z my/ic philosophy or        

ontologism uses ! expression1 :5 x      
ascribes all natural insight to    a m  
or less directly div9e enlight5m5t4     
7c7 ,or1 tak+ ! ^w m /rictly z imply+ ! 
influ5ce    ( a di/9ct p]sonal ag5cy ov]
 ! s\l ( ! writ]1 x might be    t !     
record simply expresses an attempt$     
int]pretation1 an    imag9>y embodim5t1 
( "s bl9d pret]natural /irr+ ( !        
writ]'s affections--analog\s to !       
romances & dreams creat$ 9 !            
imag9ation at ! fir/ awak5+ ( ! amatory 
affections4      7d7 ,or1 ! matt] be+ 9 
no way f pret]natural s\rces1    ! /rong
 & p]haps irresi/ible impulse to record 
& publi% x1    might be pret]natural4   
7e7 ,or 79 addition to or ap>t f su* an 
impulse71 x might    be a record ( c]ta9
 tru?s already conta9$ implicitly 9 !   
writ]'s m9d1 b br\ght to remembrance or 
into cle> recognition1 n    by ! ord9>y 
free activity ( reason1 b1 z x 71 by an 
ali5    w controll+ ! m9d4      7f7 ,or1
 if really new tru?s or facts are       
communicat$ to ! m9d    f )\t1 ?is may  

be effect$ 9 v>i\s ways3 7i7 ,by ! way (
    v]bal inspiration1 z :5 ! v words   
are receiv$ app>5tly    ?r\gh ! out]    
s5ses2 or else put toge!r 9 !           
imag9ation4    7ii7 ,or1 ! matt] is     
pres5t$ pictorially 7be x fact or       
symbol7    to ! out] s5ses or to !      
imag9ation2 & !n describ$ or    ^w-pa9t$
 accord+ to ! writ]'s own ability4 7iii7
 ,or1 !    tru? is br\ght home directly 
to ! intellig5ce2 & gets all its        
imag9ative & v]bal clo?+ f ! recipi5t4  
,_m o!r hypo!ses are conceivable1 b mo/ 
w be r$ucible to "o  or o!r ( ^!4 ,we   
may p]haps add t1 :5 ! revelation is    
giv5  = ! sake ( o!rs1 ?is purpose might
 be fru/rat$1 7 n a  sub/antial fidelity
 ( expression & utt]ance also secur$4   
,?is  w\ld involve1 at lea/1 t negative 
k9d ( guidance ( ! tongue or  p51 kn[n  
te*nically z assi/ance4    ,"m ,juliana 
gives u "s clue 9 reg>d to h] own       
revelations :]e  %e says3 #h ,all ?is   
bless$ %[+ ( our ,"l ,god 0 %[$ 9  ?ree 
p>ts2 t is to say1 by bodily sight2 & by

 words =m$ 9 my  und]/&+2 & by gho/ly   
sight4 ,= ! bodily sight1 ,i h said  z  
,i saw1 z truly z ,i c 7t is1 !         
appe>ances 71 %e  believ$1 f ,god1 b !  
description ( !m 0 h] own74 ,& =  !     
words ,i h said !m "r z our ,"l %[$ !m  
to me 7=  "h no?+ 0 h] own1 b b>e       
fidelity ( utt]ance74 ,& = !  gho/ly    
sight ,i h said "s deal1 b ,i may nev]  
full tell x 7t  is to say1 no language  
or imag]y ( h] own c ev] adequately     
express  ! spiritual tru?s reveal$ to h]
 high] reason74 ,z a rule %e makes  x q 
cle> ?r\gh\t1 :i* ( ^! ?ree k9ds ( %[+  
is  be+ describ$4 ,we h an example (    
bodily vision :5 %e saw !  r$ blood     
trickl+ d[n f "u ! g>l&1 & 9 all else t 
seem$ to happ5 to ! crucifix on :i* h]  
op5 eyes 7 set4 ,& (  all ?is %e says3  
,i conceiv$ truly & mightily t x 0      
,himself  t %[$ x me1 )\t any mean      
betwe5 u2 t is1 %e took x z  a sort (   
pictorial language utt]$ directly by    
,*ri/1 ev5 z if ,he  _h address$ h] 9   
spee*2 %e took x n m]ely z hav+ a       

mean+1 b z design$ & utt]$ to convey a  
mean+--= to speak  is m ?an to let "o's 
m9d appe>4 ,or aga91 x is by bodily     
vision  %e sees a little hasel-nut 9 h] 
h&1 symbolic ( ! naught+ (  all t is    
made4 ,( words =m$ 9 h] imag9ation %e   
tells u1 =  example1 ,!n ,he 7i4e41     
,*ri/ z se5 on ! crucifix7 )\t voice  & 
op5+ ( lips =m$ 9 my s\l ^! words3 ,h]e)
 is !  fi5d ov]come4 ,( gho/ly sight1 or
 spiritual intuition1 we h an  in/ance  
:5 %e says3 ,9 ! same "t t ,i saw 7i4e41
 visually7  ?is sight ( ! ,head ble$+1  
our good ,"l %[$ a gho/ly sight (  ,8   
homely lov+4 ,i saw t ,he is to u ev]y?+
 t is com=table  to our help2 ,he is our
 clo?+1 t = love wrappe? u1 c4--:]e1  9 
h] own words & imag]y1 %e is describ+ a 
div9e-giv5 insight  into ! relation (   
,god & ! s\l4 ,or aga91 :5 %e is %[n our
  ,bless$ ,lady1 x is no pictorial or   
bodily pres5tm5t1 b ! virtues  ( h]     
blissful s\l1 h] tru?1 h] wisdom1 h]    
*>ity4 ,& ,jesus  444 %[$ me a gho/ly   
sight ( h]1 "r z ,i _h se5 h] be=e1     

little & simple & pleas+ to ,him above  
all creatures4    ,j z 9 ! sett+ =? ( ^!
 spiritual appreh5sions1 ! words  &     
imag]y are usually h] own1 s 9 !        
description ( bodily vision  %e uses h] 
own language & comp>isons4 ,= example1 !
 foll[+  realism3 ,! great drops ( blood
 fell d[n f "u ! g>l& l  pellets1 seem+ 
z x _h come out ( ! ve9s2 & 9 com+ out  
!y  7 br[n r$1 = ! ,blood 0 full ?ick1 &
 9 spread+ abroad  !y 7 bright r$4444 ,!
 pl5te\sness is l to drops ( wat]  t    
fall (f ! eav+s aft] a great %[] (      
ra94444 ,& =  r\ndness !y 7 l to !      
scales ( h]r+s 9 ! spread+ (  ! =ehead1 
c4 ,^! similes1 %e tells u1 came to my  
m9d 9 !  "t4 ,9 o!r in/ances1 !         
comp>isons & illu/rations ( :at %e  saw 
) h] eyes or ) h] und]/&+1 7 sugge/$ to 
h]2 s  t %e receiv$ ! expression1 z well
 z ! matt] express$1 f  )\t4    ,b      
besides ! records ( ! sights1 words1 &  
ideas reveal$ to h]1  we h _m ?+s       
already kn[n to h] & und]/ood1 yet      
br\ght to  h] m9d1 z x 71               

pret]naturally4 ,also1 v>i\s p>aphrases 
&  elaborate exegeses ( ! words spok5 to
 h]2 a great abundance (  add$ comm5t>y 
^u :at %e saw inw>dly or outw>dly4 ,n[ &
 !n  x is a little difficult to decide  
:e!r %e is speak+ = h]self1  or z !     
expon5t ( :at %e has receiv$2 b1 on !   
:ole1 %e  gives u abundant indications4 
,p]haps ! foll[+ passage w  illu/rate   
fairly ! div]se elem5ts ( :i* ! record  
is wov53    ,) good *e] our ,"l look$   
into ,8 side & beheld ) joy  bodily     
vision3 & ) ,8 sweet look+ ,he l$ =? !  
und]/&+ ( ,8 creature1 by ! same w\nd1  
into ,8 side )9  h] imag9ation is l$ by 
ge/ure f "o ?\ght to ano!r4 #i  ,& !n   
,he %[$ a fair & delectable place1 &    
l>ge en\gh = all  mank9d t %\ld be sav$1
 & re/ 9 peace & love a conception  ( ! 
und]/&+ convey$ ?r\gh ! symbol ( ! op5  
w\nd 9  ! ,he>t4 ,& !re) ,he br\ght to  
my m9d ,8 de> wor?y ,blood  & ! preci\s 
wat] :i* ,he let p\r out = love a ?\ght 
already conta9$ 9 ! m9d1 b br\ght to    
remembrance by ,*ri/4  ,& ) ,8 sweet    

rejoic+ ,pie %[$ ,8 bless$ ,he>t clov5 9
 two  bodily or imag9ative vision1 & )  
,8 rejoic+ ,he %[$ to my  und]/&+1 9 "p1
 ! ,blissful ,godhead z f> =? z ,he w\ld
 at  t "t /r5g!n ! poor s\l = to und]/& 
an enlight5+  ( ! reason to ! p>tial    
appreh5sion ( a spiritual my/]y4 ,&  )  
?is our ,good ,"l said full blissfully3 
,lo6 h[ ,i love !e6  words =m$ 9 !      
imag9ation or = ! out] he>+1 z if ,he   
_h said3 ,my d>l+1 behold1 & see ?y ,"l1
 c4 h] own  p>aphrase & int]pretation ( 
! said words4    ,r>ely1 h[ev]1 are !   
diff]5t modes s entangl$ z "h1 & =  !   
mo/ "p we h little difficulty 9 disc]n+ 
! precise orig9  to :i* %e wi%es h]     
utt]ances to be attribut$--a fact t     
makes  h] book an unusually int]e/+ /udy
 9 ! !ory ( inspiration4    ,?us1 9     
provisionally answ]+ ! problem propos$  
at ! beg9n+  ( ?is article1 z to h[ f>  
,"m ,juliana suppli$ f h] own m9d  !    
canvas & ! col\rs = ?is portrayal (     
,div9e love1 & z to  h[ f> !re=e x may  
be reg>d$ z a product ( & a key to h]   

inn] self1 we are incl9$ to say t1 a    
comp>ison ( h] own /yle  ( ?\ght &      
s5tim5t & expression z exhibit$ 9 h]    
p>aphrases  & expositions ( ! ?+s       
reveal$ to h]1 ) ! sub/ance &  sett+ ( !
 said revelations1 po9ts to ! conclusion
 t ,god spoke  to h] s\l 9 its own      
language & habitual =ms ( ?\ght2 & t  if
 ! cont5t ( ! revelation 0 p>tly new1   
yet x 0 h>moni\s  ) ! previ\s cont5t (  
h] m9d1 be+1 z x 71 a congru\s          
developm5t ( ! same--n viol5tly ?ru/    
into ! s\l1 b set  d[n s(tly 9 ! appo9t$
 place already holl[$ = x &1 s to  say1 
clam\r+ = x z = its natural fulfilm5t4  
,?is1 ( c\rse1  is n a po9t = detail$ & 
rigor\s pro(1 b repres5ts an  impression
 t ga!rs /r5g? ! (t5] we read & re-read 
,"m  ,juliana's %[+s4    ,jan4 ,m>4     
#aijj4        ,footnotes3      ,footnote
 #a3 ,prefatory ,essay to ,walt]        
,hilton's ,scale ( ,p]fection4          
,footnote #b3 ,! ,prote/ant editor ( !  
,leice/] edition 7( #ahde71  n und]/&+ t
 an appreciation ( difficulties1 f> f   

be+  incompatible ) fai?1 is a condition
 ( ! high] & m  intellig5t fai?1 w\ld   
fa9 cr$it ,"m ,juliana ) a secret       
disaffection t[>ds ! ,*ur*'s au?ority4  
,h[ f> he is ju/if may be  ga!r$ f su*  
passages z ^!3 ,9 ?is way 0 ,i taught by
 !  grace ( ,god t ,i %\ld /eadfa/ly    
hold me fa/ 9 ! fai?1 z ,i  _h be=e     
und]/ood4 ,x 0 n my mean+ to take pro( (
 any?+  t belonge? to our fai?1 = ,i    
believ$ truly t ,hell &  ,purgatory is =
 ! same end t ,holy ,*ur* tea*e?4 ,& ,i 
0  /r5g!n$ & le>n$ g5]ally to keep me 9 
! fai? 9 e  po9t 444 t ,i might cont9ue 
!re9 to my life's end4 ,god %[$  full   
great pleasaunce t ,he ha? 9 all m5 &   
wom51 t mightily  & wisely take ! prea*+
 & tea*+ ( ,holy ,*ur*2 = x is ,8  ,holy
 ,*ur*2 ,he is ! gr\nd2 ,he is !        
sub/ance2 ,he is ! tea*+2  ,he is !     
tea*]1 c4    ,footnote #c3 ,ancr5       
,riwle4    ,footnote #d3 ,x is cle> f _m
 little t\*es & allusions t  ?r\gh\t !  
%[+s ,"m ,juliana consid]s h]self to be 
gaz+1  n on a vision ( ,calv>y1 b on !  

illum9at$ crucifix hung be=e  h] by h]  
att5dants1 9 :i* crucifix ^! appe>ances 
( ble$+1  suff]+1 movem5t1 & spee* take 
place4 ,all else is %r\d$ 9  d>kness4   
,yet %e nev] loses ! consci\sness t %e  
is 9 h] b$  & surr\nd$ by o!rs4 ,notice1
 = in/ance3 ,aft] ?is1 ,i saw )  bodily 
sight 9 ! face ( ! crucifix t hung be=e 
me1 c4  ,! cross t /ood be=e my face1   
me?\ght x bl$ fa/4 ,?is  ble$+ 0 s      
pl5te\s1 to my sight1 t me?\ght if x _h 
be5  s 9 nature & sub/ance 7i4e41 9     
reality & n m]ely 9  appe>ance71 x %\ld 
h made ! b$ all a-blood1 & h pass$  ov] 
all ab\t4 ,= ?is sight ,i laugh$        
mightily1 & made !m to  laugh t 7 ab\t  
me4 ,evid5tly %e is q awake1 is well    
consci\s ( h] /ate & surr\nd+s1 &       
di/+ui%es appe>ance  f reality1 %ad[ f  
sub/ance4 ,!re is no dream-l illusion 9 
all ?is4 ,appe>ances pres5t$ to ! out]  
s5ses are commonly spok5  ( z           
halluc9ations2 b x seems to me t ?is ^w 
7 bett]  res]v$ = ^? cases :]e appe>ance
 is mi/ak5 = reality2 &  :]e consequ5tly

 !re is illusion & deception4 ,"m       
,juliana is  aw>e t ! crucifix is n     
really ble$+1 z x seems to d1 &  %e     
explicitly di/+ui%es su* a vision f h]  
lat] illusory  dream-pres5tm5t ( ! ,evil
 ,"o4 ,?is dream :ile x la/$ 01 l  all  
dreams1 conf\nd$ ) reality2 :]eas ! o!r 
ph5om5a1 ev5  if made ( dream-/uff1 7   
rat$ at _! true value4 ,h5ce x seems  to
 me t if su* ?+s h any outw>d indep5d5t 
reality1 to see  !m is no m an          
halluc9ation ?an to see a ra9b[4 ,ev5 if
 !y are  project$ f ! behold]'s bra91   
!re is no halluc9ation if !y  are kn[n =
 su*2 b only :5 !y are conf\nd$ )       
reality1 z  x 71 9 a wak+-dream4 ,z we  
are "h us+ ! ^w1 an exp]i5ce  is real   
:i* fits 9 )1 & does n contradict !     
totality (  our exp]i5ces2 :i* does n   
falsify our calculation or betray our   
expectancy4 ,if ,i look at a fly ?r\gh a
 magnify+ m$ium ( ^:  pres5ce ,i am     
unconsci\s1 its size is app>5t1 or      
illusory1 & n  real2 = be+ unaw>e ( !   
unusual condition ( my vision1 ,i %all  

be ?r[n out 9 my calculations1 & !      
h>mony ( my exp]i5ces w  be upset by    
seem+ contradictions4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ,i am 
aw>e ( !  m$ium & its nature1 !n ,i am n
 deceiv$1 & :at ,i see is  reality1 s9ce
 x is z natural & real = ! fly to look  
l>g]  ?r\gh ! optician's l5se1 z to look
 small] ?r\gh ! optic  l5se4 ,i _c call 
"o aspect m real ?an ! o!r1 = bo? are   
equally "r & true "u ! giv5 conditions4 
,= ^! reasons ,i  %\ld object to consid]
 ,"m ,juliana's bodily %[+s z           
halluc9ations1 s f> z ! t]m seems to    
imply illusion4    ,footnote #e3 ,= ^?  
!re=e :o make an act ( fai? 9 !         
absolute univ]sality & supremacy ( !    
laws ( physics &  *emi/ry1 & f9d 9 !m ! 
la/ reason ( all ?+s1 ^!  ph5om5a are   
int]e/+ only z /udies 9 ! me*anics (    
illusion4    ,footnote #f3 ,x 0 l>gely  
by ?is me?od1 supplem5t$ no d\bt by  t (
 reason$ discussion1 t ,/4 ,ignatius    
guid$ himself 9  det]m9+ po9ts connect$ 
) ! con/itution ( 8 ,ord]1  accord+ to !
 j\rnal he has left u ( 8 exp]i5ces1 :i*

 is  simply a record ( consolations &   
desolations4    ,footnote #g3 i4e41 ,a  
k9/hetic idea1 z x is call$1 an idea (  
some?+ to be done 9 ! giv5 conditions4  
,footnote #h3 ,p4 #bgb 9 ,ri*>dson's    
,edit41 f :i* ,i usually quote z  be+ ! 
readie/ available4    ,footnote #i3 ,on 
ano!r occasion1 by look+ d[n to ! "r (  
,8  ,cross1 ,he br\ght to h] m9d1 :]e   
our ,lady /ood 9 ! "t ( ,8  ,passion &  
said3 ',wilt ,?\ see h]8' lead+ h] by   
ge/ure f !  se5 to ! n se54             
,,xiv4      ,,poet ,,& ,,my/ic4    ,a   
biograph] :o has any o!r end 9 view1    
h[ev] second>y &  incid5tal1 ?an        
fai?fully to reproduce 9 ! m9d ( 8      
read]s 8  own appreh5sion ( ! p]sonality
 ( 8 subject1 w be s f>  biass$ 9 8 task
 ( selection2 &1 )\t any consci\s       
deviation  f tru?1 w give t undue       
prom95ce to c]ta9 features &  aspects   
:i* 9 extreme cases may result 9        
c>icature4 ,a ,ca?olic  biograph] (     
,cov5try ,patmore w\ld h be5 tempt$ to  
gratify !  wi% ( a rec5t critic ( ,mr4  

,*ampneys' v effici5t "w1 #a &  to      
devote t5 times z mu* space z has be5   
giv5 to ! acc\nt (  8 conv]sion1 & a    
good deal1 no d\bt1 to ! discussion &   
correction ( 8 ecc5tric views 9 c]ta9   
ecclesia/ical matt]s2  ?us giv+ u !     
hi/ory ( an illu/ri\s conv]t1 & n t ( a 
poet & se] ^: conv]sion1 h[ev]          
intimately connect$ ) 8  poetical &     
intellectual life1 0 b an incid5t !re(4 
,on !  o!r h&1 "o less intellig5tly     
sympa!tic ) ! m spiritual  side (       
,ca?olicism ?an ,mr4 ,*ampneys1 w\ld h  
lack$ ! pr9cipal  key to ! int]pretation
 ( ,patmore's highe/ aims & ideals1     
t[>ds  :i* ! :ole gr[? & movem5t ( 8 m9d
 0 ev] t5d+1 & by  :i* its successive   
/ages ( evolution are to be expla9$4    
,aga91  ) all possible respect = !      
feel+s ( ! liv+1 ! biograph]  has wisely
 suppress$ no?+ ne$$ to br+ out         
tru?fully !  rugg$nesses & irregul>ities
 t *>act]ize ! /rong &  some:at "o-sid$ 
developm5t ( g5ius z contra/$ ) ! regul>
  features & insipid p]fectness ( ?+s   

wr\ght on a small scale4 ,if  idealiz+  
means ! fil+-away ( jagg$ edges--&      
surely x does  n--,mr4 ,*ampneys has    
left u to d our own idealiz+4 ,! faults 
t  m>r$ ,purcell's ,life ( ,mann+ are "h
 avoid$1 & yet tru? is no  :it ! suff]] 
9 consequ5ce4    ,9 speak+ ( ,patmore z 
a ?9k] & a poet1 we d n mean to         
dissociate ^! two functions 9 8 case1 b 
only to classify him  7accord+ to 8 own 
category7 ) ^? mascul9e poets ^: p[]    
lies 9 a beautiful utt]ance ( ! tru?1 r 
?an 9 a tru?ful  utt]ance ( ! beautiful4
    ,we propose1 h[ev]1 to occupy       
ourselves ) ! matt] r ?an !  mode (     
,patmore's utt]ance2 ) t tru? :i* he    
conceiv$ himself  to h appreh5d$ 9 a    
new] & cle>] light ?an o!rs be=e him2  &
 ?is1 because he does n /& alone1 b is !
 repres5tative &  expon5t ( a c]ta9     
s*ool ( ascetic ?\ght ^: t5d5cy is      
diametrically contr>y to t              
pseudo-my/icism :i* we h dealt )        
else:]e1 & h ascrib$ to a confusion (   
neo-platonic &  ,*ri/ian pr9ciples4 ,?is

 c\nt]-t5d5cy misses ! ,ca?olic mean 9  
o!r respects & owes its fault9ess1 z we 
%all see1 to "s v  analog\s fallacies4  
,if 9 our *apt] on ,! ,true & ! ,false  
,my/icism1 x 0 ne$ful to %[ t !         
pr9ciples ( ,*ri/ian  mona/icism &      
contemplative life1 f> f 9 any way      
necess>ily  ret>d+1 r fav\r & dem& !    
highe/ natural developm5t (  he>t & m9d2
 x is no less ne$ful to assign to ?is   
?\ght its true  limits1 & to %[ t !     
noble/ expansion ( our natural faculties
  does n conflict ) or exclude !        
pr9ciples ( mona/icism4 ,i ?9k  x is    
,r4,h4 ,hutton :o rem>ks t x is n easy  
to give u a firm  grasp ( any great     
class ( tru?s )\t loos5+ our grasp on "s
  o!r class ( tru?s p]haps nobl] & m    
vital2 & und\bt$ly  ,patmore & 8 s*ool 9
 emphasiz+ ! fallacies ( neo-platonic   
asceticism are 9 dang] ( precipitat+ u  
into fallacies e :it  z unca?olic4 ,x is
 !re=e z pr(ess$ly =mulat+ ! pr9ciples  
( a c]ta9 s*ool t we are int]e/$ 9 !    
doctr9e ( :i*  ,patmore con/itutes      

himself ! apo/le4      ,lights are      
con/antly break+ 9 ^u me he    writes & 
conv9c+ me m & m t !    s+ul> luck has  
fall5 to me ( hav+ to write1 =    ! fir/
 "t t any "o ev5 attempt$ to d s    )   
any fulness1 on simply ! greate/ & mo/  
exquisite subject t ev] poet t\*$ s9ce !
    beg9n+ ( ! _w4      ,! m ,i consid] 
! subject ( ! m>riage (    ! ,bless$    
,virg91 ! m cle>ly ,i see t x is !    "o
 absolutely lovely & p]fect subject =   
poetry4    ,p]fect humanity1 v]g+ ^u1 b 
nev] ent]+ !    brea?less region ( !    
,div9ity1 is ! real subject (    all    
true love-poetry2 b 9 all love-poetry   
hi!rto1 an    ideal & n a reality has   
be5 ! subject1 m    or less4    ,tak+ ! 
,angel ( ! ,h\se z repres5t+ ! e>li]1 & 
!  ,odes ! lat] /age ( ! developm5t :i* 
?is !me receiv$  "u 8 h&s1 x seems z    
?\gh he passes f ! idealization &       
apo!osis ( m>ri$ love to ! conception ( 
x z be+ 9 its  highe/ =m1 n m]ely !     
ri*e/ symbol1 b ev5 ! mo/  efficaci\s   
sacram5t ( ! my/ical union betwe5 ,god &

 ! s\l4 ,he  is well aw>e--?\gh n fully 
at fir/--t ^! conceptions 7  famili> to 
,/4 ,b]n>d & _m a ,ca?olic my/ic2 x 0 = 
!  poetic appreh5sion & expression ( !m 
t he claim$ orig9ality2  or1 at lea/1 = 
_! unification & sy/ematic developm5t4  
,t  8 appreh5sions 7 bas$ g5]ally--almo/
 exclusively1 on !  fundam5tal idea (   
nuptial love mu/1 z ,mr4 ,*ampneys says1
 be  admitt$4 ,?is 0 ! gov]n+ category (
 8 m9d2 ! m\ld into  :i* all dualities  
naturally fell2 x 0 to 8 philosophy :at 
love  & hate1 light & d>k1 =m & matt]1  
motion & atoms1 h be5  to o!rs4      ,x 
01 at all ev5ts1 ! pr$om9ance ( ?is     
conception    :i* b\nd toge!r 8 :ole    
life's "w1    r5d]+ coh]5t &            
individualiz+ all :i* he    ?\ght1      
wrote1 or utt]$1 & ^? :o /udy           
,patmore )\t ?is key are little likely  
to und]/&    him4    ,& x is ! p]si/5t &
 n always suffici5tly re/ra9$ use (  ?is
 category t made mu* ( 8 writ+ j a      
trifle %ock+ to  s5sitive m9ds4    ,^!  
latt] w h clos$ 8 works f> too promptly 

to discov]  t f> f ga9say+ ! ,ca?olic   
in/9ct :i* pref]s virg9ity  to m>riage  
7n a /rictly accurate /atem5t7 he makes 
virg9ity a  condition ( ! idealiz$      
m>riage-relation1 & f9ds its realization
  9 h] :o 0 at once matron & virg94     
,foll[+ ! fragm5t>y  h9ts to be f\nd "h 
& !re 9 patri/ic & my/ical !ology1 he   
assumes t virg9-sp\sals & virg9-bir? 7  
to h be5 ! law  9 t ,p>adise f :i* man  
laps$ back into natural conditions      
?r\gh s92 t 9 ! case ( ! ,bless$ ,virg9 
& ,/4 ,joseph !  p>adisaic law 0 b      
resum$ 9 ?is respect4 ,accord+ly1 he    
writes  ( ,adam & ,eve 9 ,! ,contract1  
,?us ! fir/ ,eve    ,) mu* enam\r$ ,adam
 did enact    ,_! mutual free contract  
,( virg9 sp\sals1 blissful beyond flight
    ,( mod]n ?\ght1 ) great int5tion    
/aun*1    ,?\gh unoblig$ until t b9d+   
pact4    ,to _! infidelity to ?is       
contract he ascribes ! subsequ5t        
degradation ( human love ?r\gh          
s5suality2 & all ! s9 &  selfi%ness !nce
 d]iv+ to our fall5 race3          ,:om 

no?+ succ\r c    ,until a heav5-c>ess'd 
& happi] ,eve      ,be jo9$ ) "s glad   
,sa9t    ,9 l esp\sals1 bless$ ^u ,e>?1 
,& %e h] fruit =? br+2      ,no numb    
*ill-he>t$ %ak5-witt$ ?+1      ',pla9+ 8
 little span4    ,b ( pr\d virg9 joy !  
appropriate bir?1      ,! ,son ( ,god & 
,man4    ,! rationali/ic objection to   
?is suppression ( :at seems to be (  !  
ess5ce or integrity ( matrimony is      
obvi\s en\gh1 & yet f9ds  _m a retort   
ev5 9 ! realm ( nature1 :]e ! passage to
 a high]  grade ( life s (t5 means !    
/ultify+ ( functions prop] to !  l[]4 ,z
 to ! pre-em95ce ( t /ate 9 :i* !       
spiritual  excell5cies ( m>riage &      
virg9ity are comb9$1 ,ca?olic tea*+  is 
q cle> & decid$2 9 ?is1 z 9 o!r po9ts1  
,patmore's  untaught intuitions1 &      
in/9cts--8 m5s naturalit]  ca?olica--_h 
l$ him1 :i!r ! esot]ic tea*+ ( ! ,*ur*  
_h  l$ only ! m appreciatively sympa!tic
 ( h] disciples1 f "t  to "t1 z x 71 up 
into t m\nta9 ( :i* ,/4 ,ambrose says3  
,see1 h[ ,he goes up ) ! ,apo/les &     

comes d[n to ! cr[ds4 ,=  h[ c\ld !     
cr[ds see ,*ri/ save 9 a l[ly spot8 ,!y 
d n foll[  ,him to ! heights1 nor rise  
to sublimities--a notion altoge!r       
cong5ial to ,patmore's ari/ocratic bias 
9 religion z 9 ev]y?+  else4 ,und\bt$ly 
x 0 ?is my/ical aspect ( ,ca?olic       
doctr9e t  appeal$ to 8 :ole p]sonality1
 (f]+ z x did an au?oritative  approval1
 & sugge/+ an inf9ite realization1 ( ^? 
dreams t  7 s sacr$ to him4 ,z f> z !   
logic ( ! affections goes1 x  0 = ! sake
 ( ?is t he held to all ! re/2 = inde$ !
  deep] ,ca?olic tru?s are s int]nett$ t
 he :o seizes "o1 drags  all ! re/ along
 ) x "u pa9 ( self-contradiction4    ,no
 "o knew bett] ?an ,patmore ! inf9ite   
insuffici5cy ( !  highe/ creat$ symbols 
to equal ! et]nal realities :i* x is _! 
:ole purpose to set =?2 he fully realiz$
 t z ! l[lie/  beg9n+s ( creat$ love    
seem to mock1 r ?an to =e%ad[1 !  high] 
=ms ( :i* !y are b ! failure & bot*$    
essay1 s !  v highe/ conceivable1 tak5 z
 m ?an a metaphor1 7 an  irrev]5t p>ody 

( ! ,div9e love = ! human s\l4 ,x is n !
  same relation%ip on an indef9itely    
ext5d$ scale1 b only a  some:at simil>  
relation%ip1 ! limits ( ^: simil>ity are
  hidd5 9 my/]y4 ,b :5 a man is s       
?or\ghly 9 love ) 8  metaphor z ,patmore
 01 he is tempt$ at times to press x 9 e
  detail1 & to =get t x is b "o acre 9 !
 inf9ite field (  spiritual sugge/ion2  
t1 less full & p]fect metaphors ( ! same
  reality1 may supply "s ( its defects &
 correct "s ( its  r$undancies4 ,we %\ld
 d unwisely to ?9k ( ! ,k+dom ( ,heav5  
only z a k+dom1 & n also z a            
m>riage-fea/1 a net1 a treasure1  a     
mu/>d-se$1 a field1 & s =?1 s9ce ea*    
figure supplies "s  elem5t lo/ 9 ! o!rs1
 & all toge!r are ne>] to ! tru?  ?an   
any "o3 & s1 al?\gh ! m>ri$ love ( ,m>y 
& ,joseph is  "o ( ! fulle/ reveal$     
images ( ,god's relation to ! s\l1 we   
%\ld n>r[ ! range ( our spiritual       
vision1 7 we to neglect  ^? supplem5t>y 
glimpses at ! my/]y af=d$ by o!r figures
  & %ad[+s4    ,& ?is leads u to !      

consid]ation ( a difficulty connect$ )  
ano!r po9t ( ,patmore's doctr9e ( div9e 
love4 ,he held t !  idealiz$ m>riage    
relation%ip 0 n m]ely ! symbol1 b ! mo/ 
effectual sacram5t & in/rum5t ( t love2 
yet ! _w1 he  compla9s1 goes on talk+1  
writ+1 & prea*+ z if !re 7  "s ess5tial 
contr>iety betwe5 ! two1 ! dispro( ( :i*
 0  ! inspir+ idea at ! he>t ( my long  
poem 7! ',angel'74 ,n[1  al?\gh 9 ass]t+
 t ! mo/ absorb+ & exclusive =m (  human
 affection is n only compatible )1 b ev5
 in/rum5tal to  ! highe/ k9d ( sanctity 
& div9e love1 ,patmore claim$ to be at  
"o1 at lea/ 9 pr9ciple1 ) "s ( ! deep]  
utt]ances ( !  ,sa9ts & ,fa!rs ( !      
,*ri/ian ,*ur*2 x _c be d5i$ t !        
ass]tion is prima facie oppos$ to !     
common tradition ( ,ca?olic  asceticism2
 & to ! app>5t raison d'tre ( e sort (  
mona/ic in/itution4    ,x mu/ be        
confess$ t1 9 reg>d to ! reconciliation 
( ! claims  ( int5se human affection )  
^? ( int5se sanctity1 !re h  be5 among  
all religi\s tea*]s two di/9ct          

conceptions /ruggl+  = bir?1 (t5 9 "o & 
! same m9d1 ei!r ( :i* tak5 z  adequate 
mu/ exclude ! o!r4 ,x w\ld n be h>d to  
quote !  utt]ances ( sa9ts & ascetics = 
ei!r view2 or to convict  individual    
au?orities ( seem+ self-contradiction 9 
! matt]4 ,!  reason ( ?is is app>5tly t 
nei!r view is or c be adequate2  t "o is
 weak :]e ! o!r is /rong2 t !y are bo?  
imp]fect  analogies ( a relation%ip t is
 unique & sui g5]is--!  relation%ip     
betwe5 ,god & ! s\l4 ,h5ce nei!r hits ! 
c5tre (  tru?1 b glances aside1 "o at ! 
"r h&1 ! o!r at ! left4  ,briefly1 x is 
a "q ( ! precise s5se 9 :i* ,god is a   
jeal\s ,god & dem&s to be lov$ alone4 ,!
 fir/ & easi] mode (  conception is t   
:i* is impli$ 9 ! common] language (    
sa9ts  & ascetics--language p]haps      
consci\sly symbolic & defective 9 its   
fir/ usage1 b :i* has be5 inevitably    
lit]alis$ & h>d5$ :5  tak5 ^u ! lips ( !
 multitude4 ,god is necess>ily spok5 ( &
  imag9$ 9 t]ms ( ! creature1 & :5 !    
analogical "* (  su* expression slips f 

consci\sness1 z x does almo/ in/antly1  
,he is spok5 (1 & !re=e ?\ght (1 z !    
,fir/ ( ,creatures  compet+ ) ! re/ = ! 
love ( man's he>t4 ,he is plac$         
alongside ( !m 9 our imag9ation1 n beh9d
 !m or 9 !m4 ,h5ce  comes ! inf]5ce t   
:atev] love !y w9 f u 9 _! own  "r1 by  
reason ( _! inh]5t goodness1 is tak5 f  
,him4 ,ev5  ?\gh ,he be lov$ bett] ?an  
all ( !m put toge!r1 yet ,he is n  lov$ 
p]fectly till ,he be lov$ alone4 ,_!    
function is to raise &  disappo9t our   
desire "t aft] "t1 till we be />v$ back 
to ,him z  to ! sole-satisfy+--ev]y?+   
else hav+ prov$ vanitas  vanitatum4 ,!n 
inde$ we g back to !m1 n = _! own sakes1
 b  = ,82 n attract$ by our love ( !m1 b
 impell$ by our love (  ,him4    ,?is   
mode ( imag9+ ! tru?1 s z to expla9 !   
div9e jeal\sy  impli$ 9 ! precept ( lov+
 ,god exclusively & supremely1 is1 =    
all its pat5t limitations1 ! mo/ g5]ally
 s]viceable4 ,treat$ z a  /rict equation
 ( ?\ght to fact1 & pu%$ accord+ly to   
its utmo/  logical consequ5ces1 x       

becomes a s\rce ( dang]2 b 9 fact x is  
n & w n be s treat$ by ! majority ( good
 ,*ri/ians :o  s]ve ,god fai?fully b )\t
 en?usiasm2 ^: devotion is ma9ly        
rational & b slightly affective2 :o d n 
conceive !mselves  call$ to ! way ( !   
sa9ts1 or to (f] ,god t all-absorb+     
affection :i* w\ld necessitate ! weak5+ 
or sev]+ ( natural  ties4 ,9 ! ev5t1    
h[ev]1 ( su* a call to p]fect love1 !   
logical  & practical outcome ( ?is mode 
( imag9+ ! relation ( ,god to  creatures
 is a /eady subtraction ( ! natural love
 be/[$ ^u  fri5ds & relations1 t ! en]gy
 ?us economiz$ may be  transf]r$ to     
,god4 ,?is conc5tration may inde$ be    
ju/ifi$ on o!r  & indep5d5t gr\nds2 b ! 
impli$ supposition t1 ! highe/  sanctity
 is incompatible ) any pure & well-ord]$
 natural  affection1 h[ev] int5se1 is   
c]ta9ly ill-s\nd+1 & h>dly  reconcilable
 ) ! div9e/ examples & precepts4    ,!  
limitations ( ?is simpl] & m practical  
mode ( imag9+ !  matt] are to "s ext5t  
supplem5t$ by t o!r mode = :i*  ,patmore

 f\nd s mu* au?ority 9 ,/4 ,b]n>d1 ,/4  
,francis1 ,/4 ,t]esa1  & _m ano!r1 & :i*
 he p]haps too readily reg>d$ z         
exhau/ively satisfactory4    ,9 ?is     
conception1 ,god is plac$1 n alongside (
 creatures1 b  beh9d !m1 z ! light :i*  
%9es ?r\gh a cry/al & l5ds x  :atev] x  
has ( lu/re4 ,9 recogniz+ :atev] true   
brilliancy or  beauty creatures possess 
z due to ,8 inbid+ pres5ce1 ! love :i*  
!y excite 9 u passes on to ,him1 ?r\gh  
!m4 ,z ,he is ! prim>y  ,ag5t & ,mov] 9 
all our action & movem5t1 ! prim>y ,lov]
 9 all  our pure & well-ord]$ love2 &   
we1 b in/rum5ts ( ,8 action1  movem5t1 &
 love2 s1 9 :atev] we love rightly &    
div9ely = its  true m]it & div9ity1 x is
 ,he :o is ultimately lov$4 ,?us 9 all  
pure & well-ord]$ affection x is1       
ultimately1 ,god :o loves & ,god  :o is 
lov$2 x is ,god return+ to ,himself1 !  
,"o to ! ,"o4  ,accord+ to ?is imag]y1  
,god is view$ z ! ,fir/ ,effici5t & !   
ultimate ,f9al ,cause 9 a circul> *a9 ( 
causes & effects ( :i*  ,he is at once !

 fir/ l9k & ! la/--a conception :i*1 9 s
 f>  z x br+s ,god inside ! sy/em (     
nature z "p !re(1 is1 l  ! la/1 only    
analog\sly true1 & may n be press$ too  
f> 9 its  consequ5ces4    ,9 ?is view1  
to love ,god supremely & exclusively    
means practically1  to love only ! be/  
?+s 9 ! be/ way1 recogniz+ ,god bo? 9  !
 affection & 9 its object4 ,god is n    
lov$ ap>t f creatures1  or beside !m2 b 
?r\gh !m & 9 !m4 ,h5ce if only !        
affection be ( ! "r k9d z to mode &     
object1 ! m !  bett]2 nor c !re be any  
"q ( cr[d+ o!r affections into  a corn] 
9 ord] to make m room = ! love ( ,god 9 
our he>ts4  ,! love ( ,him is ! =m1 !   
pr9ciple ( ord] & h>mony2 our  natural  
affections are ! matt]1 h>moniz$ & set 9
 ord]2 x is  ! s\l1 !y are ! body1 ( t  
"o ,div9e ,love ^: adequate  object is  
,god 91 & n ap>t f1 ,8 creatures4    ,x 
w\ld n p]haps be h>d to reconcile ?is   
view ) "s utt]ances  9 ! ,gospel (      
seem+ly opposite import2 or to f9d x (t5
 impli$  9 ! words & actions ( ,ca?olic 

,sa9ts2 b to squ>e x ) !  g5]al ascetic 
traditions ( ! fai?ful at l>ge is       
exce$+ly  difficult4 ,patmore w\ld no   
d\bt h all[$ ! exp$i5cy (  celibacy 9 ! 
case ( m5 & wom5 devot$ to ! direct     
m9i/ry (  good works1 spiritual &       
corporal3 a devotion incompatible )     
dome/ic c>es2 he c\ld & did all[ !      
sup]iority ( volunt>y  virg9ity &       
absolute *a/ity ov] ! contr>y /ate (    
lawful use2  b he c\ld h>dly h          
ju/ifi$--h>dly n h condemn$ ^? :o  leave
 fa!r1 fri5d1 or sp\se1 n m]ely         
ext]nally 9 ord] to be  free = good     
works1 b int]nally 9 ord] t _! he>ts may
 be  free = ! contemplation & love (    
,god view$ ap>t f creatures  & n m]ely 9
 !m4 ,he might p]haps say t1 z we _c g  
to  ,god ?r\gh all creatures1 b only    
?r\gh "s 7s9ce we are n ea*  9 contact )
 all71 we mu/ select accord+ to our     
circum/ances  ^? :i* w give ! greate/   
expansion & elevation to our  natural   
affections2 & t = "s1 ! home is wisely  
sacrific$ =  ! community or ! *ur*4 ,yet

 ?is h>dly consi/s ) !  pre-em95ce he   
gives to m>ri$ love z ! ne>e/ symbol &  
sacram5t ( div9e4    ,bo? ^! modes (    
imag9+ ! tru?1 :atev] _! inconv5i5ces1  
are helpful z imp]fect =mulations (     
,ca?olic in/9ct2 bo?  mis*iev\s1 if     
view$ z adequate & close-fitt+          
explanations4  ,patmore 0 *>act]i/ically
 en?usia/ic = 8 own aspect ( !  tru?2 & 
*>act]i/ically impati5t ( ! o!r4 ,?us1 (
  ,kempis  he says3    ,!re is mu* t is 
q unfit =1 & untrue (1 p :o live 9  !   
ord9>y relations ( life4 ,i don't ?9k ,i
 l ! book q s  mu* z ,i did4 ,!re is a  
hot-h\se1 egoti/ical air ab\t mu* ( its 
piety4 ,o!r p]sons are1 ord9>ily1 !     
appo9t$ means ( le>n+  ! love ( ,god2 & 
to /ifle human affections mu/ be v (t5  
to  r5d] ! love ( ,god impossible4    ,9
 o!r words1 ! fur!r he pu%$ ! "o        
conception ! fur!r he  div]g$ f         
,kempis1 ^: asceticism 0 built almo/    
purely on !  o!r4    ,mo/ probably a    
reconciliation ( ^! two conceptions w be
 f\nd 9  a cle> recognition ( ! two     

modes 9 :i* ,god is appreh5d$ &         
consequ5tly lov$ by ! human m9d & he>t2 
! "o concrete &  exp]im5tal1 accessible 
to ! simple/ & lea/ cultur$1 & (        
necessity = all2 ! o!r1 ab/ract 9 a     
s5se--a k ?r\gh  ! ideas &              
repres5tations ( ! m9d1 dem&+ a c]ta9   
degree (  intellig5ce & /udi\s          
contemplation1 & !re=e n necess>y1 at   
lea/ 9 any high degree1 = all4 ,!       
diff]5ce is l t betwe5  ! k ( salt z    
ta/$ 9 solution & ! k ( x z  se5 ap>t 9 
its cry/alliz$ /ate2 or betwe5 ! k &    
love  ( a musical compos] z kn[n 9 8    
compositions1 & z kn[n 9  himself1 f 8  
compositions4 ,! latt] ne$s a n univ]sal
 p[]  ( inf]5ce :i* ! mo/ sympa!tic     
musical exp]t may entirely  lack4    ,( 
^! two approa*es to ,div9e love & union1
 ! =m] is  c]ta9ly compatible )1 &      
conducive to1 ! unlimit$ fulness (  e   
well-ord]$ natural affection2 b !       
latt]--a life ( m  consci\s1 reflex1 &  
actual att5tion to ,god--und\bt$ly does 
require  a c]ta9 ab/raction &           

conc5tration ( our limit$ spiritual     
en]gies1 & c only be trodd5 at ! co/ ( a
 c]ta9 inw>d  seclusion ( :i* outw>d    
seclusion is normally a condition4      
,in/9ctively1 ,ca?olic tradition has    
reg>d$ x z a vocation  ap>t--z1 l ! life
 ( cont95ce1 a call to some?+ m ?an     
human1 & dem&+ a sacrifice or atrophy ( 
functions prop] to  ano!r grade (       
spirituality4 ,ev5 :at is call$ a life (
 ?\ght  makes a simil> dem& to a great  
ext5t2 x involves a n>r[+ (  o!r        
int]e/s2 a dep>ture f ! conditions (    
ord9>y practical  life4 ,! contemplative
 life is inclusively all ?is & m2 x is a
  sort ( anticipation ( ! future life ( 
vision4 ,/ill1 ?\gh = a  few x may be ! 
sure/ or ! only approa* to sanctity1 yet
 !re is  no degree ( ,div9e love t may n
 be rea*$ by ! common] &  normal pa?2   
!re h be5 sa9ts outside ! cloi/] z well 
z  inside4 ,"o c\ld h>dly (f5d ! fir/   
pr9ciples ( ! ,gospel m  griev\sly ?an  
by mak+ intellig5ce1 culture1 &         
contemplative  capacity conditions ( a  

ne>] approa* to ,*ri/4    ,x seems to u 
!n t ,patmore fail$ to get at ! root ( !
  neglect$ tru? aft] :i* he 0 grop+1 &  
!reby fell into a  "o-sid$ness j z real 
z t aga9/ :i* 8 *ief "w 0 a  revolt &   
prote/4    ,z a conv]t1 ,patmore is mo/ 
un9t]e/+ to ! controv]siali/4 ,8  m9d 0 
altoge!r concrete1 affirmative1 &       
syn!tic1 ) a  pr(\nd di/ru/ ( ab/ract & 
analytical reason+4 ,z we h said1       
,*ri/ianity &1 lat]1 ,ca?olicism appeal$
 pr(\ndly to 8  intellectual imag9ation 
9 virtue ( "s ( _! deep] t5ets1 =  ^:   
sake he took ov] all ! re/ p] modum     
unius4    ,! idea ( ! ,inc>nation no    
soon] fla%$ ^u me z a possible  reality 
?an x became1 :at x has ev] s9ce rema9$1
 444 ! only  reality wor? s]i\sly c>+ =2
 a reality s cle>ly se5 &  possess$ t ! 
mo/ irrefragable logic ( dispro( has    
always  affect$ me z some?+ trifl+ &    
irrelevant4    ,aga93 ,*ri/ianity is n  
an 'hi/orical religion1' b a revelation 
:i* is r5ew$ 9 e receiv] ( x4 ,my he>t  
loves t ( ^:  exi/5ce my intellect all[s

 ! probability1 & my w puts ! seal  to !
 bless$ compact :i* produces fai?--an   
+5i\s application  ( 8 fav\rite         
category4    ,( ! ef=ts ( ,mann+ & de   
,v]e to proselytize him1 he says3    ,_!
 position seem$ to me to be s logically 
p]fect t ,i 0 long  repell$ by its      
p]fection4 ,i felt1 half unconsci\sly1 t
 a liv+  ?+ ought n to be s spick & span
 9 its ext]nal evid5ce =  itself1 & t   
:at ,i want$ = conviction 0 n ! sight ( 
a  faultless intellectual sup]ficies1 b 
! t\* & pressure ( a  moral solid4      
,:atev] "s may ?9k or h ?\ght ( 8       
!ology1 none :o knew  him c\ld h any    
d\bt z to ! robu/ & uncompromis+ "*  ( 8
 fai?4 ,x 0 because he felt s sure ( 8  
foot+ t he  all[$ himself a lib]ty (    
movem5t p]plex+ to ^? ^: position  0 "o 
( m delicate balance4 ,he _h a          
ru?lessness 9 toss+ aside  :at might be 
call$ non-ess5tials1 t 0 dictat$ n s mu*
 by  an "u-e/imate ( _! due importance1 
z by an impati5ce )  ^? :o ov]-e/imat$  
!m1 conf\nd+ ! vessel ) its conta9$     

treasure4    ,:5 he says3 ,i believe 9  
,*ri/ianity z x w be t5 ?\s&  ye>s h5ce1
 x w\ld be a grave mis9t]pretation to   
suppose t he  impli$ any lack ( belief 9
 ! ,*ri/ianity ( to-day4 ,x is b  ano!r 
ass]tion ( 8 claim to be 9 sympa?y ) !  
esot]ic  r ?an ! exot]ic tea*+ ( !      
pres5t2 to be on ! m\nt  ) ! few & n on 
! pla9 ) ! _m4 ,= z ! glaci]  =m$ on !  
m\nta9 slips sl[ly d[n to ! pla91 s1 he 
held1 !  esot]ic tea*+ ( to-day w be !  
popul> tea*+ ( future ages4  ,h[ev]     
little we may reli% ?is di/9ction betwe5
 ari/ocratic &  vulg> belief2 h[ev]     
/rongly we may hold t be/ k (  ,god--t1 
namely1 :i* is exp]im5tal & tactual r   
?an  intellectual or imag9ative--is     
equally accessible to all2 yet j s  f> z
 !re is "q ( ! intellectual & imag9ative
 =ms 9  :i* ! fai? is appreh5d$1 !      
di/9ction does & mu/ exi/1 n  only 9    
religion b 9 e dep>tm5t ( belief1 z long
 z !re are  diff]5t levels ( culture 9 !
 same body ( believ]s4 ,x is1 aft]  all1
 a mu* m sup]ficial diff]5ce ?an x      

s\nds--a diff]5ce (  language &         
symbolism = ! same realities4 ,:]e      
language fits  close1 z x does to ?+s   
measurable by our s5ses1 div]g5cy makes 
! diff]5ce betwe5 tru? & error2 b :]e x 
is "q ( !  sub/itution ( "o analogy or  
symbol = ano!r1 ! m elegant is  n       
necess>ily ! m tru?ful2 nor :5 we       
consid] ! inf9ite  inadequacy ( ev5 !   
noble/ conceivable f9ite symbolism to   
br+ ,god  d[n to our level1 ne$ we pride
 ourselves mu* = be+ on a m\nta9  ^:    
height is p]ceptible f ! pla9 b         
imp]ceptible f !  heav5s4    ,h5ce to   
say t ! di/9ction betwe5 esot]ic &      
exot]ic tea*+  means t ! ,*ur* has two  
cre$s1 "o = ! simple1 ano!r =  !        
educat$1 is a ?\ghtless criticism :i*   
ov]looks ! necess>ily  symbolic nature (
 all language conc]n+ ! et]nities1 &    
conf\nds a diff]5t mode ( expression ) a
 diff]5ce ( ! facts  & realities        
express$4    ,mat!w ,arnold1 too1       
believ$ 9 ! ,ca?olicism ( ! future2 b 9 
h[ diff]5t a s5se6 ,:at he hop$ = 01    

r\ghly speak+1 !  pres]vation ( ! anci5t
 & beautiful husk aft] ! k]nel _h be5   
)]$ up & disc>d$2 :at ,patmore look$    
=w>d to 0 !  expansion ( ! k]nel bur/+  
"o involucre aft] ano!r1 & ev]  clam\r+ 
= fair] & m adequate cov]+4 ,) "o1 !    
language  ( religion 0 all too wide2 ) !
 o!r1 all too n>r[1 = its  real         
signification4 ,arnold belongs to !     
fir/1 ,patmore to ! la/ (  ^? ?ree /ages
 ( religi\s ?\ght ( :i* ,mr4 ,*ampneys  
writes3    ,! fir/ is repres5t$ by ^? ^:
 cre$ is s simple z to af=d  little or  
no gr\nd = cont5tion2 ! second by su* z 
9 _!  se>* = great] precision enl>ge !  
doma9 ( dogma1 b fail to  pass beyond   
its m]e te*nical aspect2 ! ?ird consi/s 
( ^? :o  rise f ! te*nical to !         
spiritual1 & )\t repudiat+ or  disp>ag+ 
dogma1 use x ma9ly z a guide & support  
to ?\ght :i*  transc5ds m]e def9ition4  
,dec4 #aijj4        ,footnotes3         
,footnote #a3 ,cov5try ,patmore4 ,by    
,basil ,*ampneys4 ,geo4 ,bell & ,sons1  
#aijj4        ,,xv4      ,,two          

,,e/imates ,,( ,,ca?olic ,,life4        
,deal+ z bo? d s l>gely ) ! inn] life ( 
,engli% ,ca?olic  society1 x is h>dly   
possible to avoid comp>+ & contra/+ ,"o 
,poor ,scruple #a ) ,helbeck (          
,bannisdale1--"o ! "w ( a  ,ca?olic :o  
kn[s ! matt] %e is h&l+1 almo/          
exp]im5tally2  ! o!r ! "w ( a gift$     
outsid] ^: s+ul> tal5t1 c>eful          
obs]vation1 & /udi\s endeav\r to be     
fair-m9d$1 fail to save h]  altoge!r f t
 unreality &  priori extravagance :i*   
exp]i5ce alone c correct4 ,to !         
non-,ca?olic1 ,mrs4 ,humphrey ,w>d's    
book w appe> a m>vel ( insight & acute  
analysis2 = x w fit  9 )1 & expla9 8    
outside obs]vation ( ^? ,ca?olics )  :om
 he has actually come 9 contact1 f>     
bett] ?an ! prepo/]\s  notions t 7 9    
vogue fifty ye>s ago4 ,x repres5ts !m n 
z  mon/r\sly wick$ & *ildi%ly idolatr\s2
 b z n>r[1  extravagant1 out-(-date1    
albeit1 well-mean+ folk--m pitiable ?an 
dang]\s4    ,=m]ly :5 !y liv$ secret &  
unkn[n1 any?+ might safely be  ass]t$   

ab\t !m2 no?+ 0 too wild or improbable4 
,9 ^? days  ,fa!r ,clem5t 0 ! issue ( a 
sup]human ef=t at *>ity &  fairness2 & !
 au?or almo/ seem$ to ?9k an apology 0  
ne$$  = su* tem]>i\s lib]alism4 ,b :5   
,ca?olics began to brea! a  little m    
freely & to creep out ( _! burr[s       
some:at less  n]v\sly2 :51 9 fact1 !y 7 
se5 to be1 at lea/ 9 outw>d  semblance1 
mu* z o!r m52 "s reg>d _h to be paid to 
/atem5ts  t c\ld be *eck$ by obs]vation2
 & ! ,papi/'s disappo9t+  ord9>9ess _h  
to be attribut$ to dissimulation or to  
be o!rwise  int]pret$ into accord ) !   
prepo/]\s pr9ciples by :i* _!  lives 7  
?\ght to be gov]n$4    ,mrs4 ,humphrey  
,w>d repres5ts ! fur!/ advance ( ?is    
re=m4 ,%e  at lea/ has sp>$ no pa9s to  
acqua9t h]self ) facts1 to ga!r         
in=mation1 to v]ify /atem5ts4 ,%e is    
nev] guilty ( ! grotesque  blund]s t o!r
 high-class noveli/s fall into ab\t     
,ca?olic  beliefs1 practices1 & habits1 
simply because !y are deal+ )  :at is to
 _! read]s a t]ra incognita1 & c1 !re=e1

 af=d  to be loose & inaccurate4 ,an    
arti/ic consci5ti\sness :i* values  tru?
 & hone/y 9 e detail1 saves h] f ?is too
 common sn>e4  ,b x does n & _c save h] 
9 ! "w ( selection1 syn!sis1  &         
int]pretation ( in/ances1 :i* has to be 
guid$1 n by  objective facts1 b by      
subjective op9ions & impressions4       
,hi/ory  writt5 9 a purely positivi/ _s1
 ad n>r&um1 & 9 no s5se  ad doc5dum1 is 
a *im]ical notion by :i* ,r5an beguil$  
himself  into ?9k+ t 8 ,vie de ,jesus 0 
a bundle ( facts & no?+  m4 ,& ,mrs4    
,humphrey ,w>d is no less beguil$1 if %e
 is unaw>e t  9 ?read+ toge!r1 classify+
 & expla9+ ! results ( h]  consci5ti\s  
obs]vation & inquiry1 %e is gov]n$ by an
 a priori  conception ( ,ca?olicism     
h>dly diff]5t f t :i* inspir$ !  au?or (
 ,fa!r ,clem5t4 ,h5ce1 to u ,ca?olics1  
?\gh h] evid5t  desire to be critical & 
imp>tial is gratify+1 yet h] failure is 
none ! less conspicu\s4 ,dr4 ,johnson   
once obs]v$1 t :at might be  wond]ful   
danc+ = a dog w\ld be a v poor p]=mance 

= a  ,*ri/ian2 & s1 to u1 ,helbeck z a  
pres5tm5t ( ,ca?olic life is  wond]ful z
 com+ f an outsid]1 &1 p]haps1          
especially f ,mrs4  ,humphrey ,w>d1 b 9 
itself x is grotesque en\gh--n ?r\gh any
  culpable infidelity to facts1 b ?r\gh 
lack ( ! visual p[]1 !  guid+ idea1     
:]eby to read !m aright4    ,9 ,"o ,poor
 ,scruple1 ,mrs4 ,wilfrid ,w>d br+s to  
be> ^u a some:at  simil> task1 an equal 
fidelity ( obs]vation supplem5t$ by a   
fir/-h&1 f> wid]1 & m intimate exp]i5ce 
( ,ca?olics &  _! ways1 &1 above all1 by
 t key :i* a %>e 9 _! fai? &  beliefs   
alone furni%es to ! "r und]/&+ ( _!     
conduct4  ,"h too1 no d\bt1 a contr>y   
bias is to be suspect$1 nor is a purely1
  positive treatm5t ( ! subject         
conceivable or desirable4 ,! view  ( an 
insid] is z p>tial z ! view ( an        
outsid]1 ?\gh less  vici\sly s2 nor c we
 get at tru? by ! simple exp$i5t ( fitt+
  ! two toge!r4 ,! be/ witness is ! r>e 
individual :o to an  inside & exp]im5tal
 k1 adds ! faculty ( go+ outside &  tak+

 an objective & dis9t]e/$ view4 ,9 tru? 
?is ne$s an  am\nt ( intellectual       
self-d5ial seldom realiz$ to any great  
degree2  b we v5ture to say t ,mrs4     
,wilfrid ,w>d proves h]self v wor?y  (  
confid5ce 9 ?is respect4 ,!re is c]ta9ly
 no arti/ic idealiz+  ( ,ca?olics1 su* z
 we are accu/om$ to 9 books writt5 = !  
edification ( ! fai?ful4 ,!re is ! same 
almo/ m]ciless realism  :i* we f9d 9    
,helbeck 9 deal+ ) c]ta9 trivialities & 
n>r[nesses ( piety--defects common to   
all :om circum/ances conf9e  to a little
 _w1 b m incongru\s & conspicu\s z      
contra/$  ) ! dignity ( ,ca?olic ideals4
 ,)\t consci\s dep>ture f  tru?1 ,mrs4  
,humphrey ,w>d is evid5tly influ5c$ 9 h]
 selection &  manipulation ( facts by ! 
impression ( ,ca?olicism %e already     
possesses & wants to illu/rate & convey2
 b ,mrs4 ,wilfrid ,w>d has1  we ?9k1    
ris5 above ?is weakness v notably1 &    
%\ld accord+ly  m]it great] att5tion4   
,x may well be t ?is judicial           
imp>tiality may meet ) its usual  rew>d 

( pleas+ nei!r side altoge!r4 ,"s w     
compla9 t %e  br+s no idealiz+ love to  
h] subject1 & does little to br+ out  ! 
greatness & glory ( h] religion4 ,yet   
?is w\ld be a ha/y &  ill-judg+         
criticism2 = our fai? is no less to be  
comm5d$ = !  re/ra9t x ex]cises ov] !   
multitude ( ord9>y m5 & wom51  ?an = !  
effect x produces 9 s\ls ( a naturally  
h]oic type4  ,t x %\ld br+ a c]ta9      
l>g5ess into ! smalle/ life1 t x  %\ld  
imp>t a /range /ability to a naturally  
un/able & frivol\s  "*2 t x %\ld *eck ! 
worldly-m9d$ ) a s5se ( !  sup]ior      
claims ( ! o!r _w--all ?is impresses u1 
if n )  ! sublimity or my/ic beauty1 at 
lea/ ) ! solid reality &  p5etrat+ p[] (
 ! ,ca?olic fai?4    ,! mo/ loyal &     
deep-seat$ love ne$s n to %ut its eyes  
to all  defects & limitations1 b c face 
!m un*ill$2 & simil>ly  !re is (t5 m    
fai? & rev]5ce & quiet en?usiasm 9 ?is  
seem+ly cold & critical attitude t[>ds !
 cause or p>ty we love1  ?an 9 !        
extravagant idealism t dep5ds = its     

ma9t5ance on an  ignor+ ( ?+s z !y are4 
,no?+ p]haps is m un9telligible to !    
,prote/ant critic (  ,ca?olicism1 no?+ m
 ne$s to be br\ght out prom95tly1 ?an ! 
firm hold our religion c ex]cise ov]    
s\ls t are naturally  irreligi\s4       
,?is v phrase naturally irreligi\s w    
fall ) a %ock on  s5sitive ,prote/ant   
e>s2 yet we use x advis$ly4 ,:ile all m5
 are  capable ( fai? & ( sub/antial     
fidelity to ! law ( ,god1 x is          
und5iable t b few are by natural        
incl9ation religi\s 9 !  common         
acceptation ( ! t]m4 ,z !re is a poetic 
or my/ical  temp]am5t1 s also !re is a  
religi\s temp]am5t--n q s  r>e1 b /ill  
some?+ exceptional4    ,we f9d x s 9 all
 ages1 anci5t & mod]n2 9 all religions1 
,*ri/ian & non-,*ri/ian--nay1 ev5 amid  
agno/ics & unbeliev]s we  (t5 detect !  
n[ aimless1 unus$ faculty4 ,b mo/ m5 h1 
naturally1 no ard5t spiritual sympa?y ) 
hol9ess1 or my/icism1 or  h]oism2 _!    
int]e/s are else:]e2 & ev5 :]e !re are  
lat5t  capacities ( t k9d1 !y are n     

usually develop$ until life's  sev]e/   
lessons h be5 le>nt4 ,?us ! "y1 :o h j  
left  ! negative fai? & innoc5ce ( !    
nurs]y beh9d !m & /&  inexp]i5c$ on !   
?re%old ( life1 are n normally religi\s2
  :]eas we naturally expect ^? :o h     
pass$ ?r\gh ! ordeal1  & be5            
disillusion$1 to beg9 to ?9k ab\t _!    
s\ls1 s9ce !re  is no?+ else left to ?9k
 ab\t4    ,n[1 ! ,ca?olic religion      
cle>ly recognizes ^! facts ( human      
nature1 & accommodates h]self to !m4    
,h[ev] frankly x may be  ackn[l$g$ t a  
religi\s temp]am5t--a c]ta9 complexus ( 
m5tal1 moral1 & ev5 physical            
dispositions--is a condition fav\rable  
to h]oic sanctity1 x mu/ be emphatically
 d5i$ t to be  religi\s1 9 ! ,prote/ant 
s5se ( ! ^w1 is requisite =  salvation4 
,& ?is d5ial ! ,*ur* en=ces by h]       
recognition ( !  religi\s /ate #b z an  
extraord9>y vocation4 ,! purpose (      
ord]s & congregations is to provide a   
suitable environm5t =  p ( a religi\s   
temp]am5t ^: circum/ances p]mit !m to   

att5d to its developm5t 9 a m exclusive 
&1 z x 71  pr(essional way4 ,n1 inde$1 t
 all religi\s-m9d$ p]sons d1 or  ought  
to1 ent] into t ext]nal /ate ( life2 nor
 t all :o s  ent] are by temp]am5t &    
sympa?y fitt$ = x1 b t !  in/itution    
po9ts to ! ,*ur*'s recognition ( :at is 
te*nically  call$ ! way ( p]fection z   
some?+ exceptional &  sup]-normal4    ,b
 ! ,*ur* has a wid] vocation ?an to     
provide hot-h\ses = !  =c+ ( ^! r>e     
exotics1 :om ! r\gh climate ( a worldly 
life  w\ld ei!r /unt or kill4 ,h] fir/  
?\ght is = ! multitudes (  av]age       
humanity1 :o are n1 & _c be1 9          
intellig5t sympa?y  ) _m ( ! comm&s %e  
lays ^u !m4 ,!y are b z *ildr5  9       
religi\s matt]s--h[ev] cultivat$ !y may 
*ance to be 9 o!r  conc]ns4 ,f su* s\ls 
,god requires fai?1 & ob$i5ce to !      
comm&m5ts--a due1 :i*1 9 c]ta9 r>e      
crises1 may mean h]oism &  m>tyrdom2 b  
,he does n expect ( !m t ref9em5t (     
sanctity1  t su/a9$ att5tion to div9e   
?+s1 :i* dep5ds s l>gely on  "o's       

natural ca/ ( m9d & disposition2 & may  
ev5 be f\nd :]e  ! m>tyr's temp] is     
altoge!r want+4 ,we recognize t !re is  
c]ta9 s]viceable1 fu/ian1 e-day piety1  
:]e1 toge!r ) a  great deal ( spiritual 
co>s5ess1 ins5sibility to v5ial s9 &    
imp]fection1 !re exi/s a firm fai? t    
w\ld g *e]fully to !  /ake r ?an d5y    
,god1 or (f5d ,him 9 any grave po9t t   
might  be consid]$ a casus belli4 ,& on 
! o!r h& a c]ta9 nicety (  e?ical       
disc]nm5t & delicacy ( devotion1 an     
anxiety ab\t po9ts (  p]fection1 is a   
gu>antee r ( ! quality ( "o's piety ?an 
(  its dep? or /r5g?4 ,! sa9t is usually
 "o ^: piety excels bo?  9 quality &    
/r5g?2 ! m>tyr is (t5 en\gh a man ( _m  
imp]fections & s9s1 veil+ an unsuspect$1
 deep-rea*+ fai?4 ,!  day ( p]secution  
has ev] be5 a day ( revelation 9 ?is    
respect--a  day :5 ! seem+ly p]fect h   
be5 scatt]$ l *aff be=e !  w9d1 :ile !  
once ?\ghtless & c>eless h /ood /ubborn 
be=e  ! bla/4    ,prote/antism ( !      
,calv9i/ic or ,puritan type %[s little  

consci\sness ( ! di/9ction we are insi/+
 ^u4 ,x is dispos$  to draw a h>d-&-fa/ 
l9e betwe5 ! conv]t$ & ! reprobate4  ,^?
 :o are n religi\s-m9d$1 or :o d n take 
a s]i\s turn1  are sc>cely recogniz$ z  
sav$ al?\gh !y may n be convict$ (  any 
v flagrant or def9ite brea* ( ! div9e   
law4 ,_! morality  or _! good works g = 
little if !y d n exp]i5ce t s5se  (     
goodness1 or ( be+ sav$1 :i* is call$   
fai?4 ,mu* /ress is  laid on feel+ good 
& little value all[$ to :at we might    
call an  unsympa!tic & grudg+ keep+ (   
,god's law--h[ev] mu* m x  may co/1 f ! 
v fact t x is 9 "s way unsympa!tic1 &   
aga9/ ! gra94 ,! s]vice ( fe> & rev]5ce1
 :i* ,ca?olicism  reg>ds z ! basis &    
back-bone ( love1 is held to be abject &
  unwor?y--almo/ s9ful4    ,h5ce x      
befalls t no place is f\nd 9 !          
,prote/ant heav5 = !  great majority (  
ord9>y p :o d n feel a bit good or      
religi\s1 :o r dislike go+ to *ur* &    
keep+ !  comm&m5ts1 & yet :o keep !m all
 ! same1 because !y believe  9 ,god &   

fe> ,8 judgm5ts & hon\r ,8 law1 & ev5   
love ,him 9  ! solid1 undemon/rative way
 9 :i* a naughty & tr\blesome *ild      
loves its p>5ts4    ,t su* a "* z ,madge
 ,riv]sdale's %\ld cov] a small1 firm   
core ( fai? & fe> "u a cortex (         
worldl9ess & frivolity2 t  religion %\ld
 h su* a hold on "o s entirely          
irreligi\s by  nature1 is some?+ q      
inconceivable to a m9d l1 let u say1    
,mrs4 ,humphrey ,w>d's2 & yet absolutely
 intelligible to ! ord9>y  ,ca?olic4    
,! ,*ur* to u1 is n :at x is to !       
,prote/ant--a sort ( pa/ure  l& 9 :i* we
 are at lib]ty to br[se if we are pi\sly
 dispos$4 ,x  is n m]ely a conv5i5t     
environm5t = ! developm5t ( !  religi\s 
faculty4 ,%e /&s to u 9 ! relation (    
%eph]d1 ) a  m ?an p>5tal au?ority to   
fe$ & tra9 our s\ls ?r\gh infancy  to   
maturity2 t is1 f ! "t :5 we d n "k or l
 :at is  good = u1 to ! "t :5 we beg9 to
 appreciate & spontane\sly  foll[ h]    
directions4 ,j !n z a *ild1 h[ev]       
naturally  recalcitrant & ill-dispos$1  

reta9s a c]ta9 fundam5tal goodness  &   
root ( recov]y s long z x ackn[l$ges &  
obeys ! au?ority  ( its fa!r & "m2 s !  
ord9>y unreligi\s ,ca?olic1 :o has  be5 
br\ght up to believe 9 ! div9e au?ority 
( ! ,*ur*1 f9ds  !re9 all ! protection t
 ob$i5ce (f]s to ^? :o are  incapable ( 
self-gov]nm5t4 ,9 ,madge's eyes ! woman 
:o m>ri$ an  innoc5t divorcee 0 no m ?an
 8 mi/ress4 ,_h ,madge be5 a pi\s       
,prote/ant %e naturally might h exam9$ !
 "q ( divorce on  its own m]its2 %e     
might h weigh$ ! pros & cons ( !        
problem2  %e might h consult$ ,god 9    
pray]1 & h li/5$ to ?is  cl]gyman on "o 
side2 & to t1 on ! o!r3 b ev5tually %e  
w\ld h be5 ?r[n ^u h]self2 %e w\ld h _h 
no "o ^:  decision %e 0 b\nd to obey4 ,b
 wild & lawless z %e is1 yet  be+ a     
,ca?olic !re is "o voice on e>? :i* %e  
fe>s to  disbelieve or disobey4 ,look$  
at ev5 f a human /&po9t1 !  cons5sus ( a
 _w-wide1 anci5t1 organiz$ society l !  
,roman  ,*ur* _c b ex]t a p[]ful        
pressure on ! m9ds ( its  individual    

memb]s4 ,x w\ld ne$ no ord9>y rebellion 
( ! w =  a ?\ghtless girl to %ake h] m9d
 s free ( t influ5ce z to  live happily 
9 ! /ate ( revolt4 ,b :]e 9 addition to 
?is !  ,*ur* is view$ z speak+ 9 ! "n ( 
,god1 & z s repres5t+  ,him on e>? t h] 
ban or bless+ is insep>able f ,81 x is  
obvi\s t su* a belief 9 h] claims w give
 h] a p[] = good  ov] ! unreligi\s      
majority analog\s to t possess$ by a    
p>5t  ov] an untra9$ *ild--a p[]1 t is1 
( discipl9e & ext]nal  motive :i* s]ves 
to supplem5t or supply = ! pres5t defect
 (  int]nal motive4    ,?us x is t !    
,*ur* reckons among h] ob$i5t *ildr5    
?\s&s  ( v imp]fect & non-religi\s p =  
:om ,prote/antism c  f9d no place among 
! elect4    ,aga91 ! solid fai? ( m5 ) s
 little intellectual or emotional       
int]e/ 9 religion z ,squire ,riv]sdale  
or ,m>maduke ,lem>*ant is  some?+ v     
puzzl+ to ! ,prote/ant critic :o1 = !   
reasons  j insi/$ on1 c h no?+          
correspond+ to x 9 8 own  exp]i5ce4 ,x  
is a psy*ological /ate ( :i* 8 own      

religi\s  sy/em takes no acc\nt4 ,:]e   
!re is no int]m$iat+ ,*ur*1 !  s\l is   
ei!r 9 direct & my/ical union ) ,god or 
else :olly  e/rang$ & indiff]5t4 ,a man 
is ei!r s]i\s & religi\s-m9d$1  or he is
 no?+4 ,l an untutor$ *ild1 if he is n  
naturally good1  !re is no "o to make   
him s4 ,b :5 ! ,*ur* is ackn[l$g$ z  our
 tutor "u ,god1 z emp[]$ by ,him to lead
 u to ,him2 a middle  condition is f\nd 
( ^? :o are n naturally dispos$ to      
religion1  & yet :o are submissive to t 
div9e au?ority ^: (fice x is  to %ape _!
 s\ls to bett] sympa?ies4 ,riv]sdale is 
a f> tru]  type ( ! ,ca?olic c\ntry     
squire ( ! old s*ool ?an ! some:at      
morbid & impossible ,helbeck (          
,bannisdale4 ,) h] preconceiv$  notions1
 ,mrs4 ,humphrey ,w>d c\ld n imag9e any 
alt]native betwe5  'religi\s' &         
'irreligi\s' 9 ! ,puritan s5se4 ,if     
,helbeck 0 to be  a good ,ca?olic at all
 he mu/ ( necessity be fanatically      
devot$ to  ! propagation ( ! fai? & (f] 
8 =tune & en]gies to !  s]vice ( an     

unscrupul\s cl]gy only too ready to play
 ^u 8  cr$ul\s en?usiasm4 ,8 is         
repres5t$ z be+ naturally a religi\s  & 
my/ical s\l1 b blight$ & n>r[$ ?r\gh !  
influ5ce (  ,ca?olicism4 ,we are made to
 feel t ! only ?+ ! matt] ) him  is 8   
cre$--all ^? /ifl+ notions ( s91 p5ance1
 absolution1  direction1 z !y 7         
conv5tionaliz$ 9 ,ca?olic practice &    
*att]$ ab\t by /upid & m9dless p4    ,on
 ! o!r h&1 9 ,squire ,riv]sdale &       
,m>maduke ,lem>*ant !re  is by nature   
no?+ b heal?y humanity1 no my/ic or     
religi\s /ra9  :atev]2 !y are n         
semi-ecclesia/ics l ,helbeck2 & yet we  
feel  t _! prosaic lives are gov]n$1    
re/ra9$1 & rectifi$ by a  deep-root$    
fai? 9 ! au?ority ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,!
  qualities mo/ obvi\s are n ^? ( !     
my/ic1 b ( ! manly  out-(-door sportsman
 :o may seem to be no?+ m ?an a bluff   
,engli%man :o rides to ! h\nds & does 8 
ord9>y duties4 ,yet "o  ( ^! r$-coat$   
cavali]s w\ld1 ,i h n ! lea/ d\bt1 if   
occasion call$ = x1 %[ himself capable (

 ! v highe/  h]oism4 ,m5 ( action1 ,i   
%\ld say1 & n ( reflection--a race (    
few words b ( brave de$s4    ,x 0 j m5 (
 ?is unromantic type1 m5 ( solid b      
uno/5tati\s  fai?1 giv5 :olly to !      
bus9ess ( ?is life save = "o sov]eign   
secret res]ve1 :o 9 "t ( p]secution /ood
 fa/ ready any day to  be m>tyr$ = !    
fai? & to reg>d x z ! p]=mance ( a      
simple duty & no?+ to boa/ (4 ,& if !re 
is 9 ! type a  c]ta9 n>r[ness ( sympa?y 
& lack ( intellig5t int]e/ :i*  (f5ds u1
 we may ask :e!r1 ) our human           
limitations1 n>r[ness  is n to "s ext5t 
! price we pay = /r5g?2 :e!r :]e        
decision ( judgm5t & en]gy ( action is  
dem&$1 z 9 times (  p]secution1 wid? (  
view & multiplicity ( sympa?ies may n be
 a  s\rce ( weakness4 ,contra/1 =       
example1 ! "* ( ,m>k ,fieldes  ) t (    
,m>maduke ,lem>*ant1 & x w be cle> t !  
/r5g? & /raightness ( ! latt] is closely
 associat$ ) !  abs5ce ( t v]satility ( 
intellect & affection :i* make !  =m] a 
m int]e/+ b f> less lovable & e/imable  

p]sonality4 ,to see all sides & issues (
 a "q1 is a  speculative1 b n always a  
practical advantage2 to h _m  div]sifi$ 
ta/es & affections helps to enl>ge our  
sympa?ies1 b  n to conc5trate our       
en]gies4    ,( c\rse great m9ds & /rong 
he>ts c af=d to be compreh5sive  )\t    
loss ( dep? & int5sity2 b our pres5t    
int]e/ is )  ord9>y mortals & av]age    
p[]s4 ,a man :o has all 8 life          
unreflect+ly adopt$ ! traditional       
pr9ciple t dea? is  pref]able to        
di%on\r1 t a lie is ess5tially          
di%on\rable1 w  be f> m likely to die = 
! tru?1 ?an "o :o has philosophiz$  mu* 
ab\t hon\r & v]acity1 & ^: resolution is
 enfeebl$ by !  consci\sness ( ! weak & 
flimsy support :i* !ory l5ds to ^!      
heal?y & univ]sally receiv$ maxims4 ,&  
simil>ly ^? :o h  receiv$ ! fai? by     
tradition1 :o = ye>s h assum$ x 9 _!    
daily conduct z a matt] ( c\rse1 9 :om  
!re=e x has become an  +ra9$            
psy*ological habit1 :o hold x1 9 :at    
might be condemn$  z a n>r[1            

un9tellectual fa%ion1 are j ! v p :o w  
fight & die = x1 :5 its m cultivat$ &   
reflective pr(essors  wav]1 temporize1 &
 fall away4 ,tak+ human nature z x is1  
:o c  d\bt b t ?is is ! way 9 :i* !     
majority are int5d$ to  hold _!         
religi\s1 moral1 philosophical1 &       
political convictions2  t reflex ?\ght  
is1 mu/1 & ought to be conf9$ to a small
  m9ority ^: function is sl[ly to %ape &
 correct t great body  ( public doctr9e 
by :i* ! beliefs ( ! multitude are rul$8
 ,we  d n mean to say t su* prosaic     
n>r[ness z we speak (1 is  ess5tial to  
/r5g?2 b only t a habit ( !oretical     
speculation  & a cont9ual cultivation ( 
delicate s5sibility is a s\rce (        
en]vation :i* ne$s "s comp5sat+         
corrective4 ,?is corrective is  f\nd 9 !
 exalt$ idealism :i* *>act]izes ! great 
sa9ts &  re=m]s1 su* z ,augu/9e1 or     
,francis1 or ,t]esa1 or ,ignatius--s\ls 
at once my/ical & en]getically practical
 to ! highe/ degree4 ,x  is some?+ ( ?is
 temp] :i* is p>odi$ 9 ,alan ,helbeck4  

,b !  ,*ur*'s mission is n m]ely to ^?  
r>e s\ls ^: sympa?y )  h] own m9d & w is
 intellig5t & spontane\s2 b at lea/ z   
mu* to ! multitudes :o h to be guid$ m  
or less bl9dly by  ob$i5ce to tradition 
& au?ority1 or else let w&] z %eep hav+ 
no %eph]d4 ,^! consid]ations expla9 :y  
,"o ,poor ,scruple seems  to u s f> tru]
 a pres5tm5t ( ,ca?olic life ?an        
,helbeck (  ,bannisdale--! diff]5ce ly+ 
9 ! incommunicable advantage :i*  an    
insid] possesses ov] an outsid] 9       
und]/&+ ! _s &  pr9ciples by :i* !      
memb]s ( any social body are gov]n$4 ,( 
all  religions1 ,ca?olicism :i*         
repres5ts ! accumulat$ results ( two    
?\s& ye>s' worldwide exp]i5ce ( human   
nature appli$ to !  pr9ciples ( !       
,gospel1 is lea/ likely to be compreh5d$
 by an  outsid]1 h[ev] obs]vant &       
fair-m9d$4    ,to ^? = :om ! lawfulness 
( re-m>riage = an innoc5t divorcee  is1 
l ! re/ ( _! religi\s beliefs1 a matt] (
 op9ion1 !  scruple ( a "* l ,madge     
,riv]sdale is un?9kable &  incr$ible4   

,su* wom5 d n tr\ble _! heads ab\t      
!ological  po9ts2 /ill less1 make h]oic 
sacrifices = _! private &  peculi>      
convictions4 ,b ^? = :om ! ,*ur* is a   
def9ite  concrete reality--almo/ a      
p]son--gov]n+ & tea*+ ) div9e  au?ority1
 w easily und]/& ! firm grip %e c & does
 ex]t  on ^? :o h no o!r int]nal        
pr9ciple ( re/ra9t2 :o w\ld  %ake       
!mselves free if !y d>$4 ,let ^? :o     
despise ! results  ( su* a con/ra9t be  
consi/5t & aboli% all p>5tal & tutorial 
control2 all educative gov]nm5t (       
:atsoev] description2 nay1 !  imp]i\s   
re/ra9t ( consci5ce itself1 :i* is (t5  
obey$ b  grudg+ly4    ,:ile "s features 
( ?is portrait ( ,ca?olic life are      
common to all  its phases1 o!rs are     
peculi> to ! aspect x pres5ts 9 ,engl&1 
:]e ,ca?olics be+ a small & weak m9ority
 are1 s to say1  self-consci\s 9 _!     
fai?--cont9ually aw>e t !y are n z  !   
re/ ( m52 dispos$ !re=e to be apologetic
 or aggressive or  def5sive4 ,aga91 !   
circum/ance ( _! long exclusion f !     

social & intellectual life ( _! c\ntry  
is acc\ntable = o!r  undesirable        
peculi>ities :i* ,mrs4 ,wilfrid ,w>d    
sees no reason to  sp>e4    ,we h n1    
h[ev]1 attempt$ any?+ l a lit]>y e/imate
 (  ?is int]e/+1 altoge!r readable "w1 b
 h only endeav\r$ to  draw att5tion to  
an important po9t1 :i*1 :e!r            
int5tionally or  un9t5tionally1 x       
illu/rates v admirably4    ,may1 #ahii4 
,footnotes3      ,footnote #a3 ,"o ,poor
 ,scruple4 ,by ,mrs4 ,wilfrid ,w>d4     
,london3 ,longmans1  #ahii4    ,footnote
 #b3 ,we d n mean to imply t !re is any 
close  etymological relation betwe5 ^!  
two uses ( ! t]m4        ,,xvi4      ,a 
,,life ,,( ,,de ,,lam5nais4    ,!       
appe>ance ( a "w by ! ,hon4 ,w4 ,gibson 
on ,! ,abb de  ,lam5nais1 & ! ,ca?olic  
,lib]al ,movem5t 9 ,france1 invites u to
 a  new attempt to grapple ) a problem  
:i* has s f> met ) no  satisfactory     
solution1 & probably nev] w4 ,up to a   
c]ta9 po9t we  seem to foll[ m or less  
intellig5tly ! work+ ( ! re/less  s\l ( 

,de ,lam5nais2 b at ! la/ & great crisis
 ( 8 life we  f9d all our calculations  
at fault2 we try to und]/& him2 we wi%  
t p5etrat+ into ! inmo/ recesses ( 8    
w\nd$ s\l1 we c\ld  =ce x to yield up   
its secret1 & once m sympa?ize ) him1   
p]haps console him2 b we _c4 ,he is an  
enigma1 z imp5etrable z  ! rocks on 8   
native %ore4    ,f :atev] po9t ( view ! 
/ory ( 8 life is reg>d$1 x  pres5ts     
itself z a trag$y4 ,! believ+ ,ca?olic  
sees !re ! ru9  ( a vocation to su* a "w
 z only a few s\ls 9 ! hi/ory ( !  ,*ur*
 are call$ to accompli%--a ru9 desp]ate 
& deplorable 9  proportion to ! =ce ( ! 
tal5ts & en]gies div]t$ f !  "r pa?4 ,! 
non-,ca?olic or unbeliev] _c fail to be 
mov$ by  contemplat+ ! fruitless        
/ruggles ( a m9d s ke51 a he>t s        
en?usia/ic 9 ! cause ( light &          
lib]ty--/ruggles end+ 9  failure1       
p]plexity1 confusion1 & mis]y4 ,b :ile  
we all[ a l>ge  elem5t ( my/]y 9 8 "*   
:i* w nev] be elim9at$1 yet  z we return
 "t aft] "t to gaze ^u ! picture ( 8    

life1 z a  :ole1 & 9 its details1 !     
seem+ly discordant items beg9 quietly   
to drop into _! places "o aft] ano!r1 & 
to exhibit unnotic$  connections2 & !   
idea ( 8 di/9ctive p]sonality beg9s to  
%ape  itself into a coh]5t unity4    ,x 
is n our purpose "h to summ>ize ,mr4    
,gibson's admirable "w1 or  to give ev5 
an outl9e ( s well-kn[n a hi/ory2 b r to
  attempt "s brief criticism ( ! man    
himself1 & incid5tally ( 8  views4      
,temp]am5t & e>ly education are among ! 
pr9cipal det]m9ants (  "*2 & c]ta9ly :5 
we contra/ ,fli ) 8 bro!r ,jean1  :o    
presumably receiv$ ! same home-tra9+1 we
 see h[ l>gely he  0 ! creature (       
temp]am5t4 ,jean 0 by nature ! good boy1
  tractable & docile2 ,fli1 !           
unmanageable1 ! lawless1 ! viol5t4      
,:ile ,jean 0 dutifully le>n+ 8 lessons 
to ord]1 ,fli1 !  ob/rep]\s1 imprison$ 9
 ! libr>y1 0 fe$+ 8 t5d] m9d  ) ,did]ot1
 ,montaigne1 ,pascal1 ,voltaire1        
,r\sseau1 & simil> diet1  & at twelve   
exhibit$ su* infidel t5d5cies z made x  

prud5t to  def] 8 fir/ ,communion = "s  
t5 ye>s4    ,f fir/ to la/1 :e!r we     
consid] 8 *ildi% wayw>dness &  outbreaks
 ( viol5t passion1 :i* p]sev]$ 9 a less 
*ildi% =m  ?r\gh manhood2 or ! fits (   
int5se depression & melan*oly1  alt]nat+
 ) spells ( high n]ve-t5sion & fev]i%   
excitem5t2  or ! re/lessness & impati5t 
en]gy :i* %[$ !mselves always  &        
ev]y:]e1 & at times drove him l a wild  
man into ! woods1  seek+ re/ & f9d+     
none2 or ! prophetic1 n to say1 !       
fanatical /ra9 :i* breaks out 9 s mu* ( 
8 writ+1 especially  9 ! ,p>oles d'un   
,croyant1--9 all alike !re is evid5t t  
pr$om9ance ( ! imag9ative & emotional   
elem5ts :i*1 comb9$  ) intellectual     
gifts1 con/itute g5ius z commonly       
und]/ood4 ,=  su* a "* ! tra9+ :i* w\ld 
suffice = half a doz5 good  little      
,jeans w\ld be :olly inadequate4 ,s mu* 
fire & feel+ ill  submits to ! yoke (   
self-re/ra9t 9 matt]s moral or          
intellectual4  ,! m9d is apt to be      
fasc9at$ by ! brilliant pictures ( !    

imag9ation & to become a slave to !     
tyranny ( a fix$ idea2 :ile  ! /r5g? (  
passionate desire p>alyzes ! p[] ( free 
delib]ation4 ,x is precisely ?is        
self-re/ra9t1 ! fruit ( a  c>eful       
education giv5 & respond$ to1 t we miss 
9 ,de ,lamm5ais  bo? 9 8 moral "* & 9 8 
m9d4 ,peace & tranquillity (  s\l are   
ess5tial to successful ?9k+1 m          
especially 9  philosophy2 & 9 proportion
 z a brilliant imag9ation is a help1 x  
is also a dang] if let run riot4 ,at    
times1 we>i$ out ) himself1 he  seems to
 h felt ! ne$ ( retreat & quiet2 b he 0 
almo/ z  con/itutionally incapable (    
keep+ /ill1 z c]ta9 mod]n /atesm5  9 _! 
retirem5t f public life4 ,we smile :5 we
 he> him 9 !  viol5t fir/ f]v\r ( 8     
conv]sion1 talk+ ab\t becom+ a          
,trappi/1 &1 lat]1 a ,jesuit4 ,he knew  
himself bett] :5 he %rank s  long &     
p]si/5tly f ! yoke ( prie/hood1 & :51   
hav+  yield$ aga9/ 8 tru] in/9cts to !  
indiscreet zeal ( pi\s  fri5ds1 he      
exp]i5c$ an agony ( repugnance at 8 fir/

 ,mass4 ,)  diff]5t antec$5ts he might h
 pr(it$ by ! yoke1 b z ?+s  /ood x c\ld 
b gall him4    ,9 spite ( ,mr4 ,gibson's
 cont5tion to ! contr>y1 x c h>dly be   
ma9ta9$ t ,de ,lam5nais 0 well educat$ 9
 ! /rict s5se (  ! expression4 ,!       
evid5ce he adduces po9ts to a m>vell\s  
div]sity  ( int]e/s1 & ev5 to close &   
c>eful read+4 ,b on ! :ole he  0        
self-taught1 & a self-taught man is nev]
 educat$4 ,)\t  int]c\rse ) o!r liv+    
m9ds1 education is impossible4 ,?is is  
inde$ hoi/+ ,de ,lamm5ais ) 8 own pet>d4
 ,=1 accord+ to  ,traditionalism1 ! m9d 
is p>alyz$ by isolation1 & c be duly    
develop$ only 9 society4 ,an ov]we5+    
self-confid5ce & slight  reg>d = !      
lab\rs ( o!r ?9k]s usually *>act]izes   
self-taught g5ius4 ,?is x 0 t l$ him to 
cut all connection )  ! philosophy ( !  
pa/1 & to attempt to build up1 s+le-h&$1
 a  new sy/em to supplant t :i* _h be5 !
 fruit ( ! collective  m9d-lab\r (      
c5turies4 ,i %all "w out1 he writes     
calmly to !  ,abb ,brute1 a new sy/em = 

! def5ce ( ,*ri/ianity aga9/  infidels &
 h]etics1 a v simple sy/em1 9 :i* !     
pro(s w be  s rigor\s t unless "o is    
prep>$ to give up ! "r ( say+  ,i am1 x 
w be necess>y to say ,cr$o to ! v end4  
,only a man  ) a v slight & sup]ficial  
acqua9tance ) ! endeav\rs (  previ\s    
apologi/s1 & ! extreme difficulty ( !   
problem1 c\ld  speak ) su* port5t\s     
self-confid5ce4 ,& ! result be>s out    
?is rem>k4 ,= gr& & impos+ z is !       
/ructure ( ! ,essai  sur l',indiffr5ce1 
x re/s on fallacies s pat5t t none b a  
man  ( no philosophical tra9+ c\ld h    
fail$ to p]ceive !m4 ,"h x  is t !      
self-taught man comes to grief & (t5    
misses ! m]e  truisms ( traditional     
tea*+4    ,d\btless ecclesia/ical       
philosophy & !ology 0 !n m ?an ev]      
pa9fully fossiliz$1 & altoge!r lifeless 
& out ( sympa?y )  ! _s ( ! age4 ,x ne$$
 to be quick5$1 adapt$ & appli$ to      
mod]n exig5cies4 ,! undue intrusion (   
metaphysics into ! doma9 (  positive k  
ne$$ *eck+2 ! value ( cons5sus communis 

z  a crit]ion requir$ to be insi/$ on1  
def5d$1 & exactly def9$4  ,) *>act]i/ic 
impetuosity1 ,de ,lam5nais1 l ,comte1   
mu/ bundle  metaphysics out ( doors     
altoge!r z a m]ely provisional b        
illusory  syn!sis1 necess>y = ! human   
intellect 9 its adolesc5ce1 b to  be    
disc>d$ 9 its maturity2 & !reupon he    
proce$s to erect 8  sy/em (             
,traditionalism mid-air1 q unconsci\s t 
9 cle>+  away metaphysics he has depriv$
 ! /ructure ( its only possible         
f\ndation4 ,b ?is is ! man all ov]4     
,because !re is a tru? 9                
,traditionalism1 !re=e1 x is ! :ole &   
only tru?2 because  metaphysics alone c 
d little1 x is !re=e unnecess>y &       
wor?less4 ,_h he sp5t b a fraction ( !  
"t & tr\ble he gave  to ! elaboration ( 
8 own sy/em1 9 a lib]al & critical /udy 
(  t :i* he desir$ to sup]s$e1 8 g5ius  
might h accompli%$ a  "w = ! ,*ur* :i*  
is /ill halt+ badly on its way to       
p]fection4 ,"o feels some?+ l ang] 9    
contemplat+ su*  hot-head$ zeal /&+     

cont9ually 9 its own light1 & fru/rat+  
) p]v]se +5uity ! v end :i* x 0 mo/     
desir\s to  realize4 ,= no "o c d5y t f 
8 fir/ conv]sion to 8  unhappy dea? ,de 
,lam5nais 0 dom9at$ by ! highe/ & noble/
 &  mo/ unselfi% motives2 t he 0 a man (
 absolute s9c]ity (  purpose4    ,8     
e>lie/ en?usiasm 0 = ! def5ce &         
exaltation ( !  ,ca?olic ,fai?1 = !     
lib]ation ( ! ,*ur* f ! bonds (         
nationalism & ,era/ianism4 ,ev5 ^? :o   
repudiate altoge!r !  extreme           
,ultramontanism ( ,de ,mai/re & ,de     
,lam5nais mu/ all[ _!  conception to be 
"o ( ! bolde/ & gr&e/ :i* has inspir$ ! 
m9d ( man4 ,he realiz$ m vividly ?an _m 
t ! cause ( !  ,*ur* & ( society1 (     
,ca?olicism & humanity1 7 "o & !  same4 
,x 0 ! v int5sity & dep? ( 8 convictions
 t made  him s importunate 9 press+ !m  
on o!rs1 s intol]ant ( delay1  s        
infuriat$ by opposition4 ,= inde$ no?+  
is m common ?an to  f9d a ?\s&          
selfi%nesses co-exi/+ & int]f]+ ) a     
dom9ant unselfi%ness1 less5+ or totally 

de/roy+ its fruitfulness  = good4 ,a man
 :o is unselfi% en\gh to devote 8 =tune 
to *>ity  w n necess>ily be free f      
faults :i* may m ?an undo !  good he    
proposes4    ,! same ha/9ess ( ?\ght :i*
 mov$ him to a :olesale1  indiscrim9ate 
condemnation ( metaphysics1 l$ him to   
conclude t  because hi!rto no happy     
adju/m5t ( ! relations betwe5 ,*ur* &   
,/ate _h be5 devis$1 !re c\ld be no     
rem$y save 9 _! total  sev]ance4        
,d\btless su* a sev]ance w\ld be bett]1 
if ,gallicanism  7 ! only alt]native2 or
 if ! ,*ur*'s lib]ty & effici5cy  7 to  
be s]i\sly curtail$4 ,a sup]ficial      
glance might fancy a  fundam5tal        
discrepancy 9 ?is matt]1 z well z 9 !   
que/ions (  tol]ation1 & ( ! fre$om ( ! 
press1 betwe5 ! (ficial  tea*+ (        
,gregory ,,xvi4 & ,pius ,,ix41 & t (    
,leo ,,xiii4 ,b a  clos] inspection %[s 
no alt]ation ( pr9ciple1 & only a       
recognition ( alt]$ circum/ances1 ei!r  
necessitat+ a connivance  at inevitable 
evils1 or totally *ang+ ! aspect ( ! "q4

 ,b  ,de ,lam5nais %\ld h le>nt f 8 own 
tea*+ t lib]ty does  n mean ! indep5d5ce
 ( isolation1 b ! full enjoym5t ( all  !
 means necess>y = p]fect                
self-developm5t2 t x does n mean  !     
weakness ( dissociation1 b ! /r5g? ( a  
p]fectly organiz$  association = mutual 
help & protection4 ,& ?is holds good1 n 
=  individuals alone1 b = societies1 & =
 ,*ur* & ,/ate4 ,aim+  at "o common end1
 ! p]fection ( humanity1 !y _c b ga9 by 
association & lose by dissociation4 ,ea*
 is weak] ev51 9 its own  sph]e1 ap>t f 
! o!r4 ,x is an unreal ab/raction t     
splits  man into two be+s--a body & a   
s\l2 t draws a clean1  h>d-&-fa/ l9e    
betwe5 8 temporal & et]nal welf>e2 t    
commits ! =m] int]e/ to "o society1 !   
latt] to ano!r1  absolutely di/9ct &    
unconnect$4 ,b all ?is holds true only 9
 !  hypo!sis ( a nation ( ,*ri/ians or  
,!i/s4    ,:5 a l>ge fraction ( !       
community has ceas$ to believe 9        
,*ri/ianity & ! ,*ur*1 ! dem&s ( ju/ice 
& reason are  diff]5t4 ,x may well be   

all[$ t1 to det]m9e ! exact relation  ( 
! ,ca?olic ,*ur* & ,*ri/ian ,/ate1 & !  
law ( _!  organization into "o complex  
society1 is a problem = ^: p]fect       
solution we mu/ wait ! fur!r developm5t 
( ! ideas (  ecclesia/ical & civil      
society4 ,b to wait = gr[? ( subjective 
tru? 0 j :at ,de ,lam5nais c\ld n d4 ,he
 saw t pa/  solutions ( ! problem _h be5
 unsuccessful2 t 9 mo/ cases !  ,*ur* 0 
ev5tually drawn into bondage "u ! ,/ate 
z its creature  & in/rum5t 9 ! cause (  
tyranny & oppression2 t x 0  ins5sibly  
p]meat$ ) ! local & national _s1        
diff]5tiat$  f ,ca?olic ,*ri/5dom1 &    
sev]$ f ! full influ5ce ( its  head1 !  
,vic> ( ,*ri/4 ,! indep5d5ce ( ! ,*ur*  
he rightly  judg$ to be ! great safegu>d
 ( ! p aga9/ ! tyranny (  _! temporal   
rul]s4 ,9 ! face ( t _w-wide spiritual  
society1  ^: voice 0 at once ! voice (  
humanity & ! voice ( ,god1 he  felt t   
iniquity w\ld /op its m\?1 & inju/ice be
 put to  %ame4 ,yet all ?is seem$ to him
 impossible s long z ! ,*ur*  dep5d$ on 

! ,/ate = temporalities1 & because he   
c\ld devise no  =m ( association t w\ld 
be gu>antee aga9/ all abuses1 he  !re=e 
insi/$ on total1 sev]ance1 n m]ely z    
exp$i5t = !  pres5t pressure1 b z a     
div9e & et]nal pr9ciple4    ,:51 !re=e1 
x seem$ to him t ,gregory ,,xvi4 _h     
condemn$  ,ultramontanism1 x 01 to ,de  
,lam5nais1 z ?\gh he _h condemn$ !      
cause ( ! ,*ur* & ( humanity1 & ?r[n !  
weight ( 8  au?ority into t (           
,gallicanism4 ,"h aga9 we see h[ 8 m5tal
  int5sity & impati5ce r$uc$ him to !   
dilemma :i* f\nd solution  9 8 apo/asy4 
,hold+ z he did to ! ,papal             
infallibility 9 a =m  f> m extreme ?an t
 subsequ5tly approv$ by ! ,vatican      
,c\ncil1  he 0 b\nd 9 consi/5cy to      
accept ! ,pope's decision z infallible  
9 respect to its exp$i5cy & 9 all its   
detail4 ,?us x seem$ to  him t ! ideal =
 :i* he _h liv$ 0 %att]$ by a           
self-inflict$ bl[4 ,! infallible voice (
 humanity _h decl>$  aga9/ ! cause (    
humanity4 ,he f\nd himself compell$1 9  

virtue (  8 pr9ciples1 to *oose betwe5  
two alt]natives4 ,ei!r ! cause (        
humanity1 z he conceiv$ x1 0 n ! cause (
 ,god2 or else ! ,pope  0 n ! ,vic> (   
,*ri/ & ! div9ely-appo9t$ gu>dian ( t   
cause4 ,b ( ! two d5ials ! =m] 0 n[ to  
him ! lea/  tol]able4 ,ca?olicism1 he   
said1 0 my life1 because x 0 t (        
humanity4 ,sacram5ta1 propt] hom9es2 !  
,*ur* 0 made = man1  & n man = ! ,*ur*4 
,giv5 ! dilemma1 :o %all blame 8  *oice8
 ,b ! dilemma 0 purely subjective &     
imag9>y4 ,?\gh  tru?s are nev]          
irreconcilable1 ! exagg]ations ( tru?   
may well  be s4    ,_h he possess$ t    
intellectual pati5ce 9 p]plexity1 )\t   
:i*  n only fai?1 b true sci5ce1 is     
impossible1 he w\ld h be5  driv5 n to   
apo/asy1 b to a c>eful re-sift+ ( 8     
views1  issu+1 p]haps1 9 a              
reconciliation ( app>5tly adv]se        
positions1  or at all ev5ts 9 a         
confession ( subjective1 unc]ta9ty &    
confusion4 ,fai?1 9 ! wid] s5se ( ! ^w1 
w\ld h bid him to  believe1 )\t see+1   

:at we h liv$ to see "u ,leo ,,xiii4    
,?is seems to be ! intellectual aspect (
 8 defection1 ?\gh (  c\rse !re 7 _m    
accel]at+ causes at "w4 ,p]haps if      
,gregory  ,,xvi4 _h met 8 appeal ) a few
 words ( simple explanation &  advice1  
in/ead ( ) t my/]i\s retic5ce :i* is    
falsely  suppos$ to be ! s\l (          
diplomacy1 ! issue might h be5 z happy  
z x 0 mis]able4 ,de ,lam5nais himself1 9
 8 ,affaires de ,rome1  makes ! same    
rem>k 9 s _m words4 ,aga91 ! illib]al & 
ung5]\s p]secution ( 8 triumphant       
adv]s>ies1 :o endeav\r$ to  goad him    
into "s op5 act ( rebellion 9 ord] to   
br+ him "u  /ill heavi] condemnation1 c 
sc>cely h fail$ to embitt] &  h>d5 a s\l
 naturally dispos$ to pessimism &       
melan*oly4 ,nor c we  omit f ! influ5ces
 at "w ^u him1 t dramatic in/9ct :i*    
makes a m$iocre & col\rless attitude    
impossible = ^? :o are  /rongly "u its  
influ5ce4 ,p]haps no nation is m gov]n$ 
by x  ?an ! ,fr5*1 ) _! p>tiality =     
tableaux & s5sation2  & 9 ,de ,lam5nais 

its pres5ce 0 mo/ m>k$1 z ! pages ( 8   
,p>oles w witness4 ,9 ! ,too ,late ) :i*
 he receiv$ !  ov]tures ( ,pius ,,ix42 9
 ! /udi$ s5sationalism ( 8 fun]al       
arrangem5ts1 & 9 _m o!r m9ute po9ts1 we 
are made s5sible t  if 8 life culm9at$ 9
 a trag$y1 ! tragic aspect ( x 0 n      
altoge!r displeas+ to him4 ,/ill x w\ld 
be a griev\s slur on s  great a "* to   
suppose t su* a weakness c\ld h _h any  
consid]able "p 9 8 /eady & delib]ate    
refusal to see a prie/  at ! la/4 ,?is  
is suffici5tly acc\nt$ = by ! fact t he 
believ$ he c\ld n be absolv$ )\t accept+
 ! condemnation (  8 own views1 & s     
ab&on+ ! cause ( humanity4 ,:ile "u !   
spell ( 8 imag9>y dilemma1 he 0 con/ra9$
 to foll[ ! rule  = a p]plex$ consci5ce1
 & to *oose :at seem$ to him ! less (   
two evils4    ,aft] 8 ideal _h be5      
de/roy$1 & ! ,*ur* c\ld no long] be  =  
him ! ,savi\r ( ! ,nations1 he ?rew     
himself )\t res]ve  into ! cause (      
humanity & lib]ty4 ,b 8 aims 7 n[ almo/ 
entirely de/ructive & revolution>y4 ,8  

en?usiasm 0 r a  hatr$ ( ! ?+s t 71 ?an 
an ard5t zeal = ! ?+s t  ought to be2 & 
! bitt] elem5ts 9 8 "* become m &  m    
acc5tuat$ z he f9ds himself gradually   
?ru/ aside &  =gott5--ca/ (f by ! ,*ur*1
 ignor$ by ! revolution4 ,ev5 8  fri5ds1
 ) "o or two exceptions1 dropp$ (f "o by
 "o2 "s  flee+ l rats f a s9k+ %ip1 o!rs
 p]plex$ at 8 ob/9acy  or (f5d$ by 8    
viol5ce2 o!rs remov$ by dea? or di/ance2
 & we  see him 9 8 old age poor &       
lonely1 & int5sely unhappy4    ,:5      
dang]\sly ill 9 #ahbg1 he exclaim$1 on  
be+ told t x 0 a  f9e night1 ,= my      
peace1 ,god grant t x may be my la/4 ,! 
pray]  0 n he>d1 =1 z he felt on 8      
recov]y1 ,god _h a great "w =  him to d4
 ,h[ t "w 0 done we h j se54 ,fli de    
,lam5nais1  :o w\ld h be5 buri$ z a     
,*ri/ian 9 #ahbg1 0 buri$ z an  infidel 
9 #ahed4    ,x is va9 to cont5d t he 0 n
 a man ( pray]4 ,t he _h a  ke5         
disc]nm5t 9 spiritual ?+s is evid5t f 8 
,comm5t>y on  ! ,imitation & 8 o!r      
spiritual writ+s1 z well z f !  te/imony

 ( 8 "y disciples at ,la ,*naie1 to :om 
he 0 n  m]ely a brilliant tea*]1 a mo/  
affectionate fri5d & fa!r1 b  also a    
tru/$ guide 9 ! ?+s ( ,god4 ,yet ?is    
w\ld be little _h  we n also assurance (
 8 p]sonal & private dev\tness4    ,all 
?is w\ld make 8 un=tunate end+ a        
/umbl+-block to ^?  :o _c acquiesce 9 ! 
fact t 9 e s\l t>es & :eat 9  v>i\s     
proportions gr[ side by side1 & t :i*   
gr[? is to be  victori\s is n possible  
to pr$ict ) c]ta9ty2 :o deem x          
impossible t "o :o ends ill c\ld ev] h  
liv$ well2 or t "o  :o loses 8 fai?1 or 
any o!r virtue1 c\ld ev] at any "t h    
really possess$ x4 ,!re is inde$ "s k9d 
( d\ble p]sonality 9  u all :i* is      
p]haps m obs]vable 9 /rongly-m>k$       
*>act]s  l ,de ,lam5nais1 :]e1 s to say1
 ! bifurcat+ l9es are produc$  fur!r4   
,pr\d m5 h occasional moods ( g5u9e     
humility2 &  habitual bitt]ness is      
allay$ by int]vals ( sweetness2 &       
conv]sely1 !re are ugly /reaks 9 !      
faire/ m>ble4    ,& z to ! fate ( t     

re/less s\l1 :o %all d>e to speak       
dogmatically8 ,we cl+ gladly to ! /ory (
 ! te> t /ole d[n  8 face 9 dea?1 & w\ld
 fa9 see 9 x "s confirmation ( !  view  
accord+ to :i* ! s\l receives 9 t       
crucial h\r a f9al  *oice bas$ on !     
collective exp]i5ce ( its mortal life4  
,we w\ld  hope t z !re is a baptism (   
blood or ( *>ity1 s !re may  p]haps be  
"s uncov5ant$ absolution = "o :o s      
e>ne/ly lov$  mank9d at l>ge1 &         
especially ! poor & ! oppress$2 :o 9 8  
old age & mis]y 0 f\nd by _! sick-b$2 :o
 will$ to be )  !m 9 8 dea? & burial4 ,&
 yet we feel some?+ ( t  agoniz+        
unc]ta9ty :i* =c$ f ! ag$ ,abbe ,jean ! 
bitt]  cry1 ,fli1 ,fli1 my bro!r6       
,jan4 #ahig4        ,,xvii4             
,,lippo1 ,,! ,,man ,,& ,,! ,,arti/4     
,:at pa9s me mo/1 writes ! late ,sir    
,joseph ,cr[e 9 !  ,n9ete5? ,c5tury =   
,octob]1 #ahif1 is to ?9k t ! art ( ,fra
  ,filippo1 ! loose fi%1 & s$uc] ( holy 
wom51 looks almo/ z  pure1 & is (t5 q z 
lovely z t ( ,fra ,giovanni ,angelico ( 

,fiesole4 ,& inde$1 if ! fact be        
admitt$1 x _c b be a %ock  to all ^?    
high-m9d$ ?9k]s :o h committ$ !mselves  
unres]v$ly to ! view t p]sonal sanctity 
& elevation (  "* 9 ! arti/ is an       
ess5tial condition = ! production (  any
 great "w ( art1 & especially ( religi\s
 art4 ,z reg>ds !  fact1 we ne$ n conc]n
 ourselves v long4 ,if ,rio & o!rs1     
presumably biass$ by ! same !ory1 are   
incl9$ to see ,lippi's moral  depravity 
betray$ 9 e /roke ( 8 bru%1 yet ! m     
g5]al  & tru] v]dict accords him a place
 among ! great ma/]s ( 8  age1 albeit   
b5ea? ,angelico & "s o!rs4 ,beyond all  
d\bt x mu/  be all[$ t ev5 9 po9t (     
spirituality & heav5l9ess (  expression1
 he /&s high above numb]s ( arti/s (    
pure life &  blameless reputation2 & ?is
 fact leaves u face to face ) !  problem
 already sugge/$ z to ! precise         
connection betwe5 high  morality & high 
art--if any4    ,pla9ly a good man ne$ n
 be a good arti/4 ,mu/ a good arti/ be a
  good man8 ,i suppose f a vague feel+ 9

 c]ta9 m9ds t x ought  to be s1 !re     
rises a belief t x mu/ be s1 & t x is s2
  & f ?is belief a disposition to see t 
x is s1 & to read  facts accord+ly4     
,prom95t among ! advocates ( ?is view is
 ,mr4  ,rusk9 9 8 treatm5t ( ! relation 
( morality to art4 ,he holds  t ! basis 
( art is moral2 t art _c be m]ely       
pleasant or  unpleasant1 b mu/ be lawful
 or unlawful1 t e legitimate  arti/ic   
enjoym5t is due to ! p]ception ( moral  
propriety1 t  e arti/ic excell5ce is a  
moral virtue1 e arti/ic fault is a      
moral vice2 t noble art c spr+ only f   
noble feel+1 t !  :ole sy/em ( !        
beautiful is a sy/em ( moral emotions1  
moral  selections1 & moral appreciation2
 & t ! aim & end ( art is  ! expression 
( man's ob$i5ce to ,god's w1 & ( 8      
recognition  ( ,god's goodness4 #a    ,b
 a man :o c *>act]ize a vulg> patt]n z  
immoral1 pla9ly uses  ! t]m morality 9  
"s transc5d5tal1 non-natural s5se1 &    
!re=e _c be reg>d$ z an expon5t ( !     
precise !ory  ref]r$ to4 ,/ill1 z ?is   

l>g] idea ( morality includes ! less]  &
 m re/rict$1 we may consid] ,mr4 ,rusk9 
& 8 disciples among  ^? to :om ! case ( 
,lippo ,lippi & _m ano!r pres5ts a      
di/9ct difficulty4 ,_m ano!r1 = !       
pr9ciple ought to ext5d  to e bran* (   
f9e art2 & we %\ld be prep>$ to ma9ta9 t
  !re nev] has be51 or c\ld h be51 a    
truly great musician1 or  sculptor1 or  
poet1 :o 0 n also a truly good man4 ,9 a
 way !  position is def5sible en\gh2 =  
"o c1 9 e contr>y in/ance1  pat* up !   
arti/'s "* or else pick holes 9 8 "w4   
,:o is  to settle :at is a truly great  
"w or a truly good man4 ,b a position   
may be q def5sible1 yet obvi\sly untrue4
 ,aga91 if by great art we  mean t :i*  
is subord9at$ to "s great & good        
purpose1 we are  *>act]iz+ x by a       
goodness :i* is extr9sic to x1 & is n ! 
goodness ( art itself1 z su*4 ,if ! end 
( f9e art is to tea*1  !n its goodness  
mu/ be e/imat$ by ! matt] & mann] ( its 
tea*+1 & a moral pocket-h&k]*ief mu/    
take prec$5ce ( _m  a ,turn]4 ,yet x    

w\ld ev5 !n rema9 que/ionable :e!r a    
good &  great moral tea*] is necess>ily 
a good man4 ,9 tru?1 a good man is  "o  
:o obeys 8 consci5ce1 & ^: consci5ce    
guides him "r4 ,if1  9 defect ( ! latt] 
condition1 we all[ t a man is good or   
well-mean+1 x is because we suppose t 8 
consci5ce is errone\s  inculpably1 & t  
he is fai?ful to "r ord] z f> z he      
und]/&s x4 ,b "o :o sees "r & wills     
wrong is 9 no s5se  good1 b altoge!r    
bad4 ,all[+ t = ! solution ( "s         
delicate moral problems a c]ta9 height (
 tone & ke5ness ( insight  insep>able f 
habitual consci5ti\sness is necess>y1   
yet m]e  intellectual acum51 9 ! abs5ce 
( any notably biass+ influ5ce1  suffices
 to give u z great a tea*] z ,ari/otle1 
:o1 if exon]at$  f grav] *>ges1 (f]s no 
example ( a/oni%+ elevation ( he>t  at  
all proportion$ to ! pr(undity ( 8      
g5ius4 ,we d n d5y t  9 ! case ( free   
ass5t to beliefs fraught ) grave        
practical  consequ5ces1 ! moral         
condition ( ! subject has mu* to d ) !  

judgm5ts ( ! intellect4 ,b fir/         
pr9ciples & _! logical  issues belong to
 ! doma9 ( necess>y tru?2 :ile 9 o!r    
matt]s a  tea*] may accept curr5t maxims
 & s5tim5ts ) :i* he has no  p]sonal    
sympa?y1 & weave f all ^! a :ole sy/em (
 excell5t  & or?odox moral tea*+4 ,& if 
"o may be a good morali/ & a bad  man1  
:y  =tiori may "o n be a good arti/ & a 
bad man8 ,if  vice does n necess>ily dim
 ! eye to e?ical beauty1 :y %\ld x  bl9d
 x to ae/hetic beauty8 ,9 ord] to get at
 a solution we mu/ fix  some:at m       
def9itely ! notion ( f9e art & its      
scope4    ,i ?9k x is 9 a *ild's book   
call$ ,! ,back ( ! ,nor? ,w9d1  t a poet
 is some:at happily & simply def9$ z a  
p]son :o is  glad ab\t some?+ & wants to
 make o!r p glad ab\t x too4  ,yet      
mature reflection %[s two flaws 9 ?is   
def9ition4 ,fir/ ( all1  ! !me ( poetry1
 or any o!r f9e art1 ne$ n always be    
gladsome1  b c appeal to "s o!r /rong   
emotion1 provid$ x be high &  noble4 ,! 
trag$ian is "o :o is ?rill$ ) awe &     

sorr[1 &  /rives to excite a l ?rill 9  
o!rs4 ,aga91 ?\gh ! crav+ =  sympa?y    
h>dly ev] fails to foll[ close on !     
exp]i5ce ( deep  feel+2 & ?\gh1 z we    
%all pres5tly see1 f9e art is b an      
ext5sion ( language ^: *ief end is      
int]communion ( ideas1 yet  ?is altrui/ 
end ( f9e art is n ( its ess5ce1 b ( its
  sup]abundance & ov]fl[4 ,expression = 
expression's sake is a  necessity (     
man's spiritual nature1 9 solitude no   
less ?an 9  society4 ,to speak1 to give 
utt]ance to ! tru? t he sees1 & to  !   
/rong emotions t /ir )9 8 he>t1 is t    
highe/  en]giz+ 9 :i* man f9ds 8 natural
 p]fection & 8 re/4 ,8  s\l is burd5$ & 
9 lab\r until x has br\ght =? & express$
  to its complete satisfaction ! ^w     
conceiv$ )9 x4 ,nor is x  only )9 ! m9d 
t he s utt]s himself 9 secret           
self-commun+2  = he is n a disembodi$   
intellig5ce1 b "o clo!d ) body &  s5ses 
& imag9ation4 ,8 m$ium ( expression is n
 m]ely !  spiritual sub/ance ( ! m9d1 b 
8 :ole complex be+4 ,nor has he  utt]$ 8

 ^w to 8 full satisfaction till x has   
pass$ f 8  intellect into 8 imag9ation1 
& !nce to 8 lips1 8 voice1 8  features1 
8 ge/ure4 ,& :5 ! m9d is m vigor\s & !  
passion = utt]ance m int5se1 he w n be  
at re/ :ile !re  is any o!r m$ium 9 :i* 
he c embody 8 conception1 be x /one1  or
 metal1 or l9e1 or col\r1 or s\nd1 or   
measure1 or imag]y1 :i*  "u 8 skill$ h& 
c be made to %ad[ out 8 hidd5 ?\ght &   
emotion4 ,we _c hold ) ,max ,mll] &     
o!rs1 :o make ?\ght  dep5d5t & consequ5t
 on language4    ,= x is evid5t1 on a   
mom5t's introspection1 t ?\ght makes    
language = itself to live 91 j z a snail
 makes its own %ell or a  s\l makes its 
own body4 ,:o has n felt ! angui% ( n   
be+ able  to f9d a ^w to hit (f 8 ?\ght 
exactly8--:i* surely means t  ! ?\ght 0 
already !re unclo!d1 await+ its         
embodim5t4 ,z !  s\l disembodi$ is n    
man1 s ?\ght n clo!d 9 language is n    
p]fect human ?\ght4 ,its ess5ce is sav$1
 b n its sub/antial1 or  at lea/ its    
desirable1 complet5ess4 ,a man ?9ks m   

fully1 m  humanly1 :o ?9ks n ) 8 m9d    
alone1 b ) 8 imag9ation1  8 voice1 8    
tongue1 8 p51 8 p5cil4 ,if1 !re=e1      
solit>y  contemplative ?\ght is a       
legitimate end 9 itself2 if x is t      
ludus1 or play ( ! s\l1 :i* is ! highe/ 
occupation ( man1 a  %>e 9 ! same hon\r 
mu/ be all[$ to its accompany+          
embodim5t2  to ! music :i* delights no  
e> b ! p]=m]'s2 to poetry1 to  pa9t+1 to
 sculpture done = ! joy ( do+1 & )\t    
ref]5ce  to ! good ( o!rs communicat+ 9 
t joy4 ,& if ! ,div9e  ,arti/1 ^: lavi% 
h& fills ev]y?+ ) goodness2 :o p\rs out 
! treasures ( ,8 love & wisdom 9 e corn]
 ( our univ]se2 (  ^: greatness man kn[s
 n an appreciable fraction2 :o does all 
?+s well = ! v love ( do+ & ( do+ well2 
:o utt]s  ,himself = ! sake ( utt]+1 n  
only 9 ,8 et]nal1 co-equal1             
all-expressive ,^w1 b also 9 ! brok51   
/amm]+ acc5ts ( a  myriad f9ite words or
 manife/ations--if ?is ,div9e ,arti/    
tea*es u  any?+1 x is t man1 s+ly or    
collectively1 is div9e/ :5 he  f9ds re/ 

& joy 9 utt]ance = its own sake1 9 tell+
 ! glory  ( ,god & %[+ =? ,8 h&iwork1   
or1 z ,ca?olic doctr9e puts  x1 9       
praise2 = praise is ! utt]ance ( love1 &
 love is joy 9  ! tru?4    ,z mo/ ( !   
useful arts p]fect man's executive      
faculties1 & ?us  are said to improve   
^u1 :ile 9 a c]ta9 s5se !y imitate      
nature2  s ! f9e arts ext5d & exalt     
man's faculty ( expression1 or          
self-utt]ance1 reg>d$ n precisely z     
useful & propt] aliud2  b z pleasurable 
& propt] se4 ,ev5 ! mo/ uncultivat$     
savage  f9ds pleasure 9 "s discordant   
utt]ance ( 8 subjective frame (  m9d2 & 
x is really h>d to f9d any tribe s      
degrad$ z to %[ no  rudim5t ( f9e art1  
no sign ( reflex pleasure 9 expression1 
& (  inv5tiv5ess 9 ext5d+ ! res\rces    
nature has provid$ u ) =  t end4    ,!  
arti/ z su* aims at self-expression =   
its own sake4 ,x is a  necessity ( 8    
nature1 an outp\r+ ( p5t-up feel+1 z mu*
 z is  ! song ( ! l>k4 ,( c\rse we are  
speak+ ( ! true creative  arti/1 & n ( !

 labori\s copyi/4 ,if he subord9ates 8  
"w z  a means to "s fur!r end2 if 8 aim 
is morality or immorality1 tru?  or     
error1 pleasure or pa92 if x is any?+   
else ?an ! embodim5t  or utt]ance ( 8   
own s\l1 s f> he is act+ riot z an      
arti/1 b  z a m9i/] ( morality1 or tru?1
 or pleasure1 or _! contr>ies4  ,if we  
keep ?is idea /eadily 9 view1 we c see  
h[ mu* tru?1 or h[  little1 is conta9$ 9
 ! v>i\s !ories ( f9e art :i* h be5     
advanc$ f ! e>lie/ times4 ,we c see h[  
truly art is a ,greek3  mimaesis an     
imitat+ ( realities2 n t art-objects    
are1 z ,plato  supposes1 fa9t &         
defective repres5tations1 viceg]5t      
species ( !  ext]nal _w1 ^: beauty is b 
! transf] & dim reflection (  ! beauty (
 nature4 ,7 x s1 !n ! mirror1 or !      
cam]a1 7  ! be/ ( all arti/s4 ,z        
expression1 f9e art is ! imitation ( !  
s\l )92 ( outw>d realities z receiv$    
into ! m9d & he>t (  ! arti/1 9 _! ideal
 & emotional sett+4 ,! arti/ gives ^w   
or expression to :at he sees2 b :at he  

sees is )9 him4 ,8 "w  is               
self-expression4 ,we c f ?is inf] :]e to
 look = a solution  ( ! controv]sy      
betwe5 idealism & realism4 ,we c also   
see h[1  ow+ to ! ess5tial disproportion
 betwe5 ! mat]ial & s5sible  m$ia (     
expression :i* art uses1 & ! immat]ial &
 spiritual  realities x w\ld body =?1   
its utt]ances mu/ always be symbolic1   
nev] lit]al4 ,we c see h[ ne$lessly !y  
emb>rass !mselves :o  d5y ! "n ( f9e art
 to any "w ^: !me is n beautiful1 or    
:i* is n morally didactic4 ,f9ally1 we c
 see t if f9e art be  b an ext5sion (   
language1 !re c be no imm$iate          
connection  betwe5 art z art1 & g5]al   
moral "*2 no m reason =  suppos+ t      
skilful & beautiful self-utt]ance is    
incompatible )  immorality1 ?an t its   
abs5ce is incompatible ) sanctity4      
,yet1 z a matt] ( fact1 & rightly1 we   
judge ( art n m]ely z  art1 or z        
expression2 b we look to t :i* is       
express$1 to !  inn] s\l :i* is reveal$ 
to u1 to ! matt] z well z to !  =m4 ,& x

 maybe que/ion$ :e!r our e/imate ( a "w 
is n  r det]m9$ 9 mo/ cases by ?is      
non-arti/ic consid]ation4  ,obvi\sly x  
is possible 9 our e/imate ( a l&scape1  
to be drawn  away f ! arti/ic to ! real 
beauty2 f its m]its z a ^w1  or         
expression1 to ! m]its ( ! ?+ signifi$4 
,& /ill m  naturally is our admiration  
drawn f ! arti/'s self-utt]ance1 to  !  
self :i* he endeav\rs to utt]1 & we are 
br\ght into sympa?y  ) 8 ?\ght & feel+4 
,mu* ( ! fasc9ation ex]cis$ ov] u  by   
art1 :i* precisely z art is rude &      
imp]fect 9 _m ways1 is to  be ascrib$ to
 ?is s\rce4 ,?\gh "h we mu/ rememb] t ! 
s\l  is (t5 m truly & arti/ically       
betray$ by ! simple lisp+s (  *ildhood  
?an by ! ornate & f9i%$ eloqu5ce ( a    
rhetorician4    ,x is 9 reg>d to ! matt]
 express$1 r ?an to ! mode (            
expression1 t we h a "r to look = a     
diff]5ce betwe5 su*  m5 z ,lippo ,lippi 
& ,fra ,angelico4 ,accord+ to a man's   
inn] tone &  temp]am5t & "*1 w be !     
impression produc$ ^u him by  ! objects 

( 8 contemplation4 ,^! w det]m9e him    
l>gely 9  ! *oice ( 8 !mes1 & 9 ! aspect
 "u :i* he w treat  !m4 ,obvi\sly 9 _m  
cases !re are noble !mes ( art = ^:     
appreciation no p>ticul> delicacy (     
moral or religi\s ta/e is  requir$4 ,!re
 is no reason :y su* a subject z !      
,laocoon %\ld  make a diff]5t impression
 on a sa9t & on a pr(ligate4 ,x appeals 
to ! tragic s5se1 :i* may be z highly   
develop$ 9 "o z 9 !  o!r4 ,b if !       
,annunciation be ! !me1 we c well und]/&
 h[  diff]5tly x w impress a man (      
lively & cultur$ fai?1 a  contemplative 
& my/ic1 ) an appreciative & effective  
love (  rev]5ce & purity2 & ano!r ^:    
fai? is a =mula1 ^: life  is impure1    
frivol\s1 worldly4 ,:y !n is !re n a m  
di/9ctly  m>k$ inf]iority 9 ! religi\s  
art ( ,lippi to t ( ,angelico8  ,:y does
 x look almo/ z pure1 & (t5 q z lovely8 
,two v  cle> reasons (f] !mselves 9     
reply4 ,fir/ ( all1 ! art ( su* a  man z
 ,angelico falls f> m hopelessly %ort ( 
8 ideal4 ,mo/ (  ! beauties :i* su* a   

s\l w\ld f9d 9 ! contemplation ( ,m>y1  
or ( ,gabriel1 are spiritual1 moral1    
non-/hetic1 & c embody  !mselves 9 =m & 
feature only mo/ imp]fectly4 ,giv5 equal
 skill  9 expression1 equal comm& (     
words1 "o man c say all t he  feels1 &  
m1 :ile ano!r is tortur$ ) a s5se ( mu* 
m to  be utt]$1 7 x n unutt]able4       
,p]haps x is 9 "s h9t ( ?is  hidd5 weal?
 ( unutt]$ mean+ t skill$ eyes f9d 9    
,angelico  :at !y c nev] f9d 9 ,lippi4  
,a second reason might be f\nd 9 !      
ext]nal influ5ce ex]t$ on ! arti/ by    
society1 its requirem5ts1  fa%ions1 &   
conv5tions4 ,x is pla9 t ,lippi1 left to
 himself1  w\ld nev] h *os5 religi\s    
!mes z su*3 x is equally pla91  t hav+  
*os5 !m1 he w\ld naturally try to       
emulate & eclipse  :at 0 mo/ admir$ 9 ! 
great works ( 8 pr$ecessors &           
contempor>ies4 ,x w\ld ne$ little m ?an 
a famili> acqua9tance  ) ! great models1
 toge!r ) ! arti/'s discrim9at+         
obs]vance1 = a man ( ,lippi's tal5t to  
cat* ^? l9es & %ades  ( =m & feature :i*

 h9t at1 r ?an express1 ! inw>d  purity1
 ! rev]5ce1 ! g5tl5ess1 ) :i* he himself
 0 s  little 9 sympa?y4    ,no d\bt1 7  
two su* m5 equally skill$ 9 all ! arts (
  expression1 9 language1 9 v]se1 9 song
 & music1 9 sculpture &  pa9t+1 & act+1 
_! g5]al treatm5t ( religi\s !mes w\ld  
be m gl>+ly diff]5t2 b )9 ! comp>atively
 n>r[ limits  ( pa9t+1 we _c reasonably 
expect m ?an we actually f9d4    ,!     
sa9t1 z su*1 & ! arti/1 z su*1 are      
occupi$ ) diff]5t  facets ( ! _w2 ! =m] 
) its moral1 ! latt] ) its  /hetic      
beauty4 ,ev5 7 ! arti/ =mally to        
recognize t all !  beauty 9 nature is b 
! creat$ utt]ance ( ! ,div9e ?\ght &    
love1 & t ! real1 ?\gh unkn[n1 t]m ( 8  
ab/raction is n  ! imp]sonal symbol1 b !
 p]son symboliz$2 yet x is n en\gh  =   
sanctity or morality to be attract$ to  
,god view$ simply z !  ar*etype ( /hetic
 beauty4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "o may be drawn1 
?r\gh ! love ( moral beauty 9 creatures1
 ( ju/ice1 & m]cy1  & lib]ality1 &      
tru?fulness1 to ! love ( ,god z _!      

ar*etype1  & yet be p]fectly obtuse to  
/hetic beauty2 & ?us aga9 we see  t high
 /heticism is compatible ) l[ morality1 
& conv]sely4  ,d\btless :5 produc$ to   
inf9ity1 all p]fections are se5 to      
conv]ge & unite 9 ,god1 b %ort ( ?is1 !y
 reta9 _!  di/9ctness & opposition4 ,at 
! same "t1 x _c = a mom5t be  d5i$ t    
ke5ness ( moral1 & ( /hetic p]ception1  
act & react  ^u "o ano!r4 ,he ga9s mu*  
morally ^: eyes are op5$ to !           
innum]able traces ( ! ,div9e beauty )   
:i* he is surr\nd$1 &  !re are /hetic   
joys :i* are necess>ily unkn[n to a s\l 
:i* is  selfi% & gross--/ill m to a s\l 
f :i* ! glories (  reveal$ religion are 
hidd51 ei!r ?r\gh unbelief or sluggi%   
indiff]5ce4 ,yet1 on ! :ole1 x may be   
said t sanctity is  b5efit$ by art m ?an
 art is by sanctity1 especially :]e we  
deal  ) s limit$ a m$ium ( expression z 
pa9t+4 ,& s x seems to  u t1 aft] all1  
!re is no?+ to surprise or pa9 u 9 !    
fact  t ! art ( a ,fra ,filippo1 ! loose
 fi%1 looks almo/ z pure1  & is (t5 q z 

lovely z t ( ,fra ,giovanni ,angelico ( 
,fiesoli4    ,dec4 #ahif4               
,footnotes3      ,footnote #a3 ,v]non   
,lee1 ,belc>o4        ,,xviii4          
,,?r\gh ,,art ,,to ,,fai?4    ,!re are  
few books m difficult to e/imate ?an ^? 
9 :i* ,m4  ,huysman sets =? ! /ory ( a  
conv]sion g5]ally suppos$ to be>  no v  
di/ant resemblance to 8 own4 ,x w\ld be 
easy to f9d  excell5t reasons = a       
some:at sweep+ condemnation ( 8 "w1 &   
o!rs z excell5t = a mo/ cordial         
approval2 &1 inde$1 we f9d  critics m   
?an usually at v>iance ) "o ano!r 9 its 
reg>d4 ,to  be judg$ ju/ly1 ^! books mu/
 be judg$ sl[ly4 ,! s\rce (  p]plexity  
is to be f\nd 9 ! fact t ! au?or1 :o has
 rec5tly  pass$ f negation to           
,ca?olicism1 c>ries ) him ! language1 ! 
modes ( ?\ght1 ! ta/e & temp] ( ! lit]>y
 s*ool ( :i*  he 01 &1 9 s _m ( 8       
sympa?ies1 is /ill a pupil1 a s*ool  :i*
 reg>ds ,m4 ,zola z "o ( its lead+      
lights4 ,en ,r\te1 & its  sequels1      
portray 9 ! col\rs ( realism1 9 !       

language (  decad5ce1 ! conv]sion ( a   
reali/1 nay1 ( a decad5t1 to my/icism  &
 fai?4 ,! voice inde$ is ! voice (      
,jacob1 b ! h&s are  ! h&s ( ,esau1 &   
accord+ z ! critic c5tres 8 att5tion    
too exclusively on "o or ! o!r1 su* w 8 
judgm5t be4    ,t 8 works h comm&$      
att5tion1 & awak5$ ke5 int]e/  among    
memb]s ( ! mo/ v>y+ & opposite s*ools ( 
?\ght1 is an  und5iable fact :i* at all 
ev5ts proves !m to be wor? c>eful       
consid]ation4    ,! /ory ( a s\l's      
passage f d>kness to light1 ( its w&]+s1
  vacillations1 d\bts1 & temptations1   
mu/ necess>ily ex]cise a  /rong         
fasc9ation ov] all m9ds ( a reflective  
ca/3 ,! developm5t  ( a s\l6 says       
,br[n+1 little else is wor? /udy4 ,i    
always ?\ght  s2 y1 ) _m kn[n & unkn[n  
to me1 ?9k s2 o!rs may "o day  ?9k s4 #a
 ,x is f ?is attraction ( s\l to s\l t !
  ,pilgrim's ,progress1 toge!r ) _m     
k9dr$ works1 d]ives its  spell2 & inde$ 
x is to ?is t all t is be/ & greate/ 9  
art owes its p[] & immortal int]e/4 ,"h1

 h[ev]1 is "o reason  :y ,! ,ca!dral #b 
c nev] be s attractive z ,en ,r\te1     
m9i/]+ z x does b little to t deepe/ &  
mo/ insatiable  curiosity conc]n+ ! s\l 
& its sorr[s4 ,x portrays b little      
p]ceptible movem5t1 little 9 ! way (    
viol5t revulsion &  conflict2 !         
spiritual gr[? :i* x regi/]s is mo/ly   
und]gr\nd1  a /r5g!n+ & spread+ ( !     
roots4 ,x deals ) a p]iod (  quiet heal+
 & convalesc5ce aft] a sev]e surgical   
op]ation2 )  ! illum9ative /age (       
conv]sion--= !re is sc>cely any d\bt  t 
! ?ree volumes correspond to !          
purgative1 illum9ative1  & unitive ways 
respectively4    ,betwe5 pull+ d[n &    
build+ up--bo? s5sational processes1    
especially ! =m]--!re int]v5es a sob] "t
 ( plann+ &  survey+1 a quiet tak+ (    
in=mation be=e ent]+ on a new  campaign 
( action4 ,:5 ! affections h be5        
pa9fully &  viol5tly uproot$ f e>?1 !n  
fir/ is ! m9d suffici5tly free  f ! bias
 ( passion & base atta*m5ts to be       
in/ruct$ &  illum9at$ ) pr(it 9 ! ?+s   

conc]n+ its peace1 & to be  prep>$ = !  
replant+ ( ! affections 9 ! soil (      
,heav54 ,!  arid des]t1 ) its seem+ly   
aimless w&]+s1 int]v5es betwe5  ! exodus
 f ,egypt & ! entrance into ! ,l& (     
,promise4    ,deal+ ) ?is /age ( !      
process ( conv]sion1 ,! ,ca!dral is     
comp>atively monoton\s & b>r5 (         
spiritual incid5t4 ,:at removes  x /ill 
fur!r f all *ances ( any?+ l popul>ity 9
 ?is  c\ntry is ! ext5t to :i* x is     
occupi$ ) matt]s ( purely  ar*ological &
 arti/ic int]e/1 & m especially ) !     
my/ical symbolism ( ! middle ages z     
*ronicl$ 9 e detail (  ! great ,ca!dral 
( ,*>tres4 ,little z may be ! en?usiasm 
=  su* lore 9 ,france1 x is f> less 9   
,engl&1 :]e ! p h  = ?ree c5turies be5  
out ( all t\* ) ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 &     
!re=e ) :atev] modicum ( m$ivalism %e   
/ill pres]ves z  "p ( h] h]itage f !    
pa/4 ,ar*itecturally we appreciate our  
dismantl$ ca!drals to "s ext5t1 b _!    
symbolism is f> less  und]/ood ?an ev5 !
 language & !ology ( ! s*ools1 :ile !   

/udy ( x meets z mu* sympa?y z w\ld !   
/udy ( h]aldry 9 a  mod]n democracy4    
,yet we may say t ! bulk ( ! book       
consi/s (  an inv5tory ( e symbolic     
detail 9 ar*itecture1 9 sculpture1 9    
pa9t+1 9 glass-col\r+1 to be f\nd at    
,*>tres2 to :i* is add$  a c>eful       
elaboration ( ! symbolism ( bea/s1      
fl[]s1 col\rs1  p]fumes1 all v dre>y    
read+ = ! un9itiat$1 & to be  criticiz$ 
only by ! exp]t4    ,little scope z !   
plan ( ! book (f]s = any v>iety or      
display  ( "*1 be+ ma9ly occupi$ )      
erudite monologue1 put  sometimes into !
 m\? ( ,durtal1 sometimes into t ( !    
,abb  ,plomb1 yet ! p]sonalities ( ^!   
two1 z well z ^? ( ,gv]s91  ,madame     
,bavoil1 & ,madame ,mesurat1 /& out v   
vividly1 & make u  wi% = t full]        
acqua9tance ) !m :i* a little m movem5t 
& incid5t w\ld h af=d$4    ,b :at w give
 mo/ (f5ce1 & t5d to ali5ate a c]ta9    
am\nt  ( intellig5t & valuable sympa?y1 
is ! viol5ce1 & ev5 !  co>s5ess1 ) :i* !
 au?or1 or at lea/ 8 h]o1 h&les1 n  only

 ! op9ions1 b ! v p]sons ( ^? f :om he  
diff]s2  ! intemp]ance ( 8 invective1 ! 
n>r[ intol]ance & absolute              
self-confid5ce ) :i* he sits 9 judgm5t  
on m5 & ?+s4    ,z a matt] ( fact1 ?is  
is r a defect ( /yle & expression  ?an (
 ! inn] s5tim5t4 ,x is "p & p>cel ( !   
reali/ temp]  to blurt out ! ?\ght 9 all
 ! clo?+ or nak$ness ) :i* x  fir/      
surges up into consci\sness1 be=e x has 
be5 submitt$ to !  c5sor%ip ( reason2 9 
a ^w1 to d its ?9k+ al\d1 or on pap]2   
to give utt]ance n to ! temp]$ & mature 
judgm5t--! la/  result ( ref9em5t &     
correction1 b to display ! :ole process 
& work+ by :i* x 0 rea*$4 ,z x is "p (  
,m4 ,zola's art to  l+] lov+ly ov] ea*  
little horror ( "s slaught]-h\se sc5e1  
until ! :ole lives = u aga9 z 9 a       
c9ematograph1 s ,m4 ,huysman1  engag$ 9 
! portrayal ( a spiritual conflict1     
sp>es u no l9k 9  ! *a9 ( causes by :i* 
! f9al result is produc$2 he b>es !     
bra91 & exposes its work+s ) all !      
sci5tific calmness ( !  vivisector4     

,:e!r we l or dislike ?is realism1 we   
mu/ all[ = x 9 =m+  our judgm5t on ^!   
volumes1 nor mu/ we treat z f9al &      
approv$  op9ions :at are (t5 ! m]e      
spontane\s sugge/ions & fir/  ?\ghts ( !
 m9d1 ! oscillations ?r\gh :i* x settles
 d[n to  re/4 ,ov] & ov] aga9 we %all   
f9d t ,durtal subsequ5tly raises  ! v   
objection to 8 own view t 0 on our lips 
at ! fir/  read+ ( x4    ,b ev5 mak+ su*
 all[ance1 x none ! less rema9s a matt] 
(  regret t "o :o1 ) p]haps "s ju/ice1  
consid]s t 9 po9t  ( art-appreciation ! 
,ca?olic public is /ill a hundr$ feet   
b5ea?  ! pr(ane public1 & *ides !m = _! 
incurable lack (  arti/ic s5se1 :o      
speaks ( ! frightful appetite = ! hide\s
  :i* disgraces ! ,*ur* ( our day1 :o   
himself 9 _m ways1 9 a  hundr$ passages 
( sublime ?\ght1 ( t5d] piety1 ( lyrical
 poesy1  has prov$ beyond all cavil 8   
delicacy ( s5tim5t1 8 exquisite  nic5ess
 9 matt]s ( ta/e1 8 rev]5ce = :at is    
*a/e &  beautiful1 %\ld at times be s   
deplorably unfai?ful to 8 bett]         

in/9cts1 s =getful ( ! close &          
insep>able alliance betwe5  re/ra9t &   
elegance4 ,:at c be weak] or ugli]1 m   
unbecom+ an  arti/1 m becom+ a fi%-wife1
 ?an 8 description ( ,lo*n]'s  picture (
 ! ,virg93 ,! neck ( a heif]1 & fle% l  
cream or  ha/y-pudd+1 t quiv]s :5 x is  
t\*$2 or ( ! picture (  ,/4 ,ursula's   
companions1 by ! same h&3 ,_! squab     
noses pok+ out  ( bladd]s ( l>d t did   
duty = _! faces2 n to speak ( !         
*>act]ization ( a ,sacr$ ,he>t too      
revolt+ to reproduce8 ,surely  :51 aft] 
hav+ revil$ ,m4 ,tissot almo/ p]sonally1
 he describes 8  works z pa9t$ ) muck1  
w9e-sauce1 & mud1 x is difficult n  to  
answ] ) a tu quoque z f> z ?is ^w-pa9t+ 
is  conc]n$--difficult n to see "h "s   
morbid & frightful appetite  = ! hide\s 
/ruggl+ ) ! heal?y appetite = bett] ?+s4
    ,h[ev] lame & ridicul\s an arti/'s  
utt]ance may be1 yet !re is a  c]ta9    
rev]5ce sometimes due to :at he is      
endeav\r+ to say1 &  ev5 to 8 desire to 
say x4 ,we d n ?9k x v witty or ta/eful 

or *>itable to laugh at a man because he
 /amm]s2 /ill less d we  ov]:elm him ) !
 co>se/ abuse4 ,"o may well %udd] at mo/
  pres5tm5ts ( ! ,sacr$ ,he>t1 b ev5    
ap>t f all consid]ation  = ! arti/1 a   
c]ta9 rev]5ce = ! idea !re trave/i$ &   
un9t5tionally di%on\r$1 %\ld =bid our   
insult+ :at aft] all  is s ne>ly relat$ 
to t idea1 & 9 ! eyes ( ! untaught v    
closely id5tifi$ ) x4    ,b an          
occasional trespass ( ?is k9d1 h[ev]    
(f5sive1 is n  en\gh to detract         
mat]ially f ! value ( s mu* t is        
m]itori\s2 nor aga9 w t outspok5        
treatm5t ( delicate topics  7less       
obs]vable 9 ,! ,ca!dral ?an 9 ,en       
,r\te71 :i* makes !  book undesirable = 
_m classes ( read]s1 prev5t its due     
appreciation on ! "p ( o!rs--unless we  
are go+ to put !  ,sacr$ ,scriptures on 
! ,index4 ,9 ?is vex$ "q1 ,m4 ,huysman  
takes  :at seems ! m robu/ & heal?y     
view1 b he appe>s to be q  unaw>e h[ _m 
difficulties x involves2 & consequ5tly  
la%es out  ) 8 usual intemp]ance aga9/ !

 contr>y tradition1 :i* is  und5iably   
well repres5t$4 ,x is n z ?\gh !        
advocates ( !  flight policy 9 reg>d to 
temptations aga9/ ?is p>ticul> virtue  7
 ignorant ( ! g5]al pr9ciple :i*        
und\bt$ly holds z  reg>ds all o!r       
temptations1 & bids u turn & face ! dog 
t  b>ks at our heels4 ,?is c\nsel is z  
old z ! _w4 ,b f !  e>lie/ "t a special 
exception has be5 made to x 9 ! "o case 
(  impurity by ^? :o h pr(ess$ly spok5 9
 ! light ( exp]i5ce  r ?an (  priori    
inf]5ce4 ,bo? views are encompass$ )    
difficulty1 nor does any compromise     
sugge/ itself4    ,:at seems to u "o ( !
 mo/ int]e/+ po9ts rais$ by ! /ory  (   
,durtal's spiritual re-bir? & developm5t
 is ! precise relation  betwe5 !        
,ca?olic religion & f9e art4    ,god has
 n *os5 to save m5 by logic2 s nei!r has
 ,he *os5 to  save !m by f9e art4 ,if ! 
election ( ! ,apo/olic ,*ur* c\nt$  b   
few scribes or philosoph]s among its    
memb]s--& ^? few  admitt$ almo/ on      
suff]ance--we may also be sure t !      

foll[]s (  ! ,galilean fi%]m5 7 n z a   
body di/+ui%$ by a fa/idi\s  criticism 9
 matt]s ( f9e art4 ,9 aft] ages1 :5 !   
,*ur*  ass]t$ h]self & m\ld$ a          
civilization m or less 9 accordance  )  
h] own exig5cies & ideals1 x is notori\s
 h[ %e made  philosophy & art h] own1 & 
subject$ !m to h] s]vice2 b  :e!r 9 s   
do+ %e 9 any way dep>t$ f ! pr9ciples ( 
,apo/olic times is :at int]e/s u to     
und]/&4    ,!re is c]ta9ty no m         
unp>donable fallacy ?an t ( ,bible      
,*ri/ians1 :o assume t ! ,*ur* 9 !      
,apo/olic age _h rea*$  its full        
expansion & expression1 & !re=e 9       
respect ( polity1  liturgy1 doctr9al    
/atem5t & discipl9e mu/ be reg>d$ z an  
immutable type = all ages & c\ntries2 f 
:i* all dep>ture is  necess>ily a       
corruption4 ,!y take ! flexible sapl+ & 
comp>e x  ) ag$ knotty oak1 & %ake _!   
heads ov] ! lam5table  unlik5ess3 ,t ?is
 %\ld be ! natural outgr[? ( t6 ,o      
tempora1 ,o mores6    ,l e organism1 9  
its beg9n+1 ! ,*ur* 0 s(t-bodi$ &       

=mless 9 all ^! respects2 b %e _h )9 h] 
! p[] (  fa%ion+ to h]self a framework  
suit$ to h] ne$s1 ( assum+  consi/5cy & 
def9ite %ape 9 due "t4 ,! old bottles   
w\ld n  s]ve to hold ! new w9e1 b ?is   
did n mean t new bottles 7  n to be     
s\ght4 ,because ! philosophy1 ! art1 !  
polity ( ! age  9 :i* %e 0 born 7       
already enli/$ 9 ! s]vice ( o!r  ideas &
 inextricably associat$ ) error 9 ! m9ds
 ( m51 x 0  ne$ful = h] at fir/ to      
dissociate h]self absolutely f ! use  ( 
in/rum5ts o!rwise adaptable 9 _m        
respects to h] own ends1 &  to wait till
 %e 0 /rong en\gh to alt] !m & use !m   
)\t  fe> ( sc&al & mis9t]pretation4     
,! ,*ur* is _m-tongu$2 b ?\gh %e c      
deliv] h] message 9  any language1 yet  
%e is n = t reason indep5d5t ( language 
9  g5]al4 ,!re is no way to ! human e> &
 he>t b ?r\gh language  ( "s k9d or     
ano!r4 ,x is n h] mission to tea*       
languages1 b  to use ! languages %e f9ds
 to h& = ! expression ( ! tru?s1  !     
facts1 ! concrete realities to :i* h]   

dogmas po9t4 ,?is does  n d5y t "o      
language may n be m flexible1 m graphic 
?an  any o!r1 m apt to express ! facts (
 ,heav5 z well z ^? (  e>?4 ,x only     
d5ies t any "o is absolutely &          
exclusively !  be/4    ,x is no v great 
viol5ce to include rhetoric1 music1     
pa9t+1  sculpture1 ar*itecture1 ritual1 
& e =m ( decorative art 9 !  category ( 
language & to br+ !m "u ! same g5]al    
laws1  s9ce ev5 philosophy may to a l>ge
 ext5t be treat$ 9 ! same way4  ,*ri/   
has n commission$ ,8 ,*ur* to tea*      
sci5ce or philosophy1  nor has ,he giv5 
h] an infallible magi/]ium 9 matt]s (   
f9e art4  ,%e uses :at %e f9ds 9 use &  
endeav\rs ) ! imp]fect  implem5ts1 !    
limit$ col\rs1 ! co>se mat]ials at h]   
disposal to  make ! picture ( ,*ri/ & ,8
 tru? /& out z fai?ful to  reality z    
possible2 &--to press ! illu/ration     
some:at crudely--z  :at is rightly      
black1 9 a /udy 9 black & :ite1 may be q
  wrongly black 9 poly*rome2 s :at !    
,*ur* approves accord+ to  "o conv5tion1

 %e may condemn accord+ to ano!r4 ,may  
we n apply  to h] :at ,durtal says ( our
 ,lady3 ,%e seems to h come "u !        
semblance ( e race kn[n to ! middle     
ages2 black z an ,african1  tawny z a   
,mongolian2--%e unveils h]self to !     
*ildr5 ( ! soil  444 ^! be+s ) _!       
r\gh-hewn feel+s1 _! %apeless ideas1    
h>dly able to express !mselves8 ,! m we 
/udy ! visions &  app>itions ) :i* sa9ts
 h be5 fav\r$ & ! revelations  :i* h be5
 v\*saf$ to !m1 ! m evid5t is x t !y are
  spok5 to 9 _! own language1 appeal$ to
 ?r\gh _! own imag]y4  ,inde$1 7 x n s1 
h[ c\ld !y und]/&8 ,our ,lady is !      
all-beautiful = e nation1 b ! type (    
human beauty is n !  same = all4 ,!     
,madonna ( ! ,e?iopian might be a r     
t]rify+  app>ition 9 ,france or ,italy4 
,!re is no art too r\gh or primitive1 or
 ev5 too vulg>1 = !  ,*ur* to disda91 if
 x (f]s ! only m$ium ( convey+ h] tru?  
to c]ta9 m9ds4 ,?\gh cu/om has made x   
classical1 h] liturgical  language1 :e!r
 ,lat9 or ,greek1 :5 fir/ assum$1 0 t ( 

!  mob--ab\t z elegant z we consid] !   
dialects ( ! peasantry4 ,%e  did n use  
pla9-*aunt = any ( ^? reasons :i*       
antiqu>ians &  ecclesiologi/s urge 9 its
 fav\r n[-a-days1 b because x 0 !  only 
music !n 9 vogue4 ,ev5 to-day ! breezie/
 popul> melodies 9  ! ,ea/ are sugge/ive
 ( ! ,oratio ,j]emi4 ,h] ve/m5ts 7ev5   
,go?ic ve/m5ts67 7 once simply ! ,sunday
 be/ ( ! fa%ion (  ^? days4 ,if to-day  
^! ?+s h a diff]5t value &  excell5ce1 x
 is 9 ob$i5ce to ! law by :i* :at is    
romantic 9  "o age becomes classical 9 !
 next1 or :at is at fir/ useful &       
commonplace becomes at la/ c]emonial &  
symbolic2 & by :i* !  common tongue ( ! 
vulg> comes by m]e process ( "t to be   
ar*aic  & /ately4 ,to create anci5t     
cu/om & ritual on a sudd51 or to        
resuscitate abruptly t :i* has laps$    
into oblivion1 is1 to say !  lea/1 a v  
,we/]n idea1 ak9 to ! p$antry ( try+ to 
re/ore  ,*auc]'s ,engli% to common use4 
,nascitur non fit1 is ! law 9 all  su*  
matt]s4    ,:ile we ass]t ! ,*ur*'s     

indep5d5ce ( any "o 9 p>ticul> (  ^!    
means ( self-expression1 h] indiff]5ce  
to /yle & mode (  spee* s long z        
sub/antial fidelity is secur$1 we mu/ n 
d5y t  "s ( !m are1 ( _! own nature1 m  
apt to h] purpose ?an  o!rs & all[ a    
full] revelation ( h] s5se2 & t 9       
proportion z h] influ5ce is /rong 9 ! _w
 %e t5ds to modify  human ?\ght &       
language1 to leav5 philosophy & f9e art1
 s z to  =m by a process ( selection &  
refusal1 & 9 "s measure ev5 to  create1 
an ev] ri*] & m flexible m$ium (        
utt]ance4    ,9 ?is s5se we c ) "s      
caution speak ( ,ca?olic art 9 music1   
ar*itecture1 & pa9t+1 s f>1 t is1 z we c
 det]m9e !  ext5t & nature ( ! ,*ur*'s  
action1 & !re=e ! t5d5cy (  h] influ5ce 
9 ! way ( /imulus & re/ra9t ) reg>d to  
subject & treatm5t4 ,we d n unju/ly     
disc]n an au?or's /yle z a  p]sonal     
elem5t di/9ct f ! language & phraseology
 ( :i* no  item is 8 own4 ,! mann] 9 :i*
 he uses t language1 8  selections &    
refusals make1 9 union ) ! borr[$       

elem5ts1 a  tongue t may be call$ 81 9  
an exclusive s5se4 ,! ,*ur*1 too1  has  
h] /yle1 :i*1 ?\gh difficult to disc]n  
amid h] use ( a  ,p5teco/al v>iety (    
languages1 is no d\bt always ! same--at 
lea/  9 t5d5cy4    ,salvation-,army     
wor%ip is c]ta9ly n ( ! ,*ur*'s /yle1 b 
,i d  n ?9k1 7 !re no absolute irrev]5ce
 & sc&al to be fe>$1  t %e w\ld hesitate
 to use su* a language1 7 x ! only "o   
und]/ood by su* a p4 ,/4 ,francis       
,xavi]'s cate*isms 7  (t5 h>dly less    
unc\?4 ,/ill1 h] :ole t5d5cy w\ld be    
t[>ds  re/ra9t1 ord]1 & ext]ior rev]5ce4
 ,aga91 ! /oical coldness  & =malism ( a
 liturgical wor%ip1 c5t]$ r\nd no       
s\l-/irr+  my/]y ( ,div9e love :]e !re c
 be feel+ s /rong z to ne$  ! re/ra9t ( 
liturgy & ritual1 has /ill less ( !     
,*ur*'s  /yle ab\t x4 ,= %e is human1 n 
m]ely 9 h] reason &  self-re/ra9t1 b 9 !
 fulness ( h] passion & en?usiasm2 &    
re/ra9t is only beautiful & ne$ful :]e  
!re is some?+ to  re/ra94    ,we are n[ 
9 a position to consid] ! surface       

objection t w  pres5t itself to _m a    
read] conc]n+ ,durtal's conv]sion4 ,he  
has  be5 conv]t$1 x w be said1 by a     
fallacy4 ,he has id5tifi$ !  ,ca?olic   
religion ) ! cause ( pla9-*aunt & ,go?ic
  ar*itecture1 & ( all t is1 or t he    
consid]s to be1 be/ 9  art4 ,he has laid
 hold n ( ,ca?olicism1 b ( its m]e/     
accessories1  :i* x might %ake (f any   
day1 & him along ) !m4 ,inde$1 he       
sc>cely makes any pret5ce at be+ 9      
sympa?y ) ! ,ca?olicism (  to-day1 :i*  
he reg>ds z almo/ entirely phili/9e &   
deg5]ate1  if we except ,la ,trappe &   
,solesmes & a few o!r corn]s :]e !  old 
obs]vances l+] on4 ',x 0 s ugly1 s      
pa9fully adorn$ )  images1 t only by    
%utt+ 8 eyes c\ld ,durtal endure to     
rema9 9  ,notre ,dame de la ,br*e4'     
,yes1 b :at sort ( conv]t is ?is :o is  
s ins5sible to sub/antials1 s morbidly  
s5sitive ab\t m]e  accid5tals8 ,we come 
to ! ,*ur* = ! true fai? & !  sacram5ts1
 n = 's5sations4' ,9 f9e1 ,durtal has n 
obs]v$ !  r\te prescrib$ by !           

apologetics = rea*+ ! door ( !          
%eep-fold1 b has climb$ ov] 9 8 own way1
 l a ?ief & a  robb]2 he has n 7z a     
rec5t critic says ( him7 tomb entre les 
bras mat]nals de l',eglise selon t\tes  
les rgles4    ,)\t = a mom5t d5y+ "o ( !
 legitimate claims ( sci5tific          
apologetic1 we may at once dismiss !    
idea t x pret5ds to  repres5t a process 
?r\gh :i* ! m9d ( ! conv]t to           
,*ri/ianity ei!r does or ought          
necess>ily to pass4 ,its sole purport   
is to %[ t if x is n always possible to 
syn!tize ,*ri/ianity  ) ! curr5t        
philosophy1 sci5ce1 & hi/ory ( ! day1 at
 lea/  no want ( h>mony c be positively 
demon/rat$4 ,z secul> beliefs  & op9ions
 are cont9ually %ift+1 s too apologetic 
ne$s cont9ual  adju/m5t3 & z t ( a      
c5tury back is useless to u n[1 s w     
ours be 9 _m ways inadequate a c5tury   
h5ce4 ,x is fitt+ = !  ,*ur* at l>ge t  
%e %\ld 9 ea* age & c\ntry h a suitable 
apologetic1 tak+ cognizance ( ! late/   
developm5ts ( pr(ane  k4 ,x is ne$ful = 

h] public hon\r 9 ! eyes ( ! _w  t %e   
%\ld n seem to be 9 contradiction )     
tru?1 b t  ei!r ! app>5t tru? %\ld be   
prov$ que/ionable1 or else t  h] own    
tea*+ %\ld be %[n to be compatible ) x4 
,b 9 no  s5se is su* apologetic always a
 necessity = ! individual1 /ill  less a 
safe or adequate basis = a solid        
conv]sion1 :i* 9 t case  w\ld be %ak5 by
 e new difficulty un?\ght ( be=e4       
,our subjective fai? 9 ! ,*ur* mu/ be l 
! fai? ( !  disciples ( ,*ri/1 an       
entirely p]sonal relation2 an act (     
implicit  tru/ bas$ on no lean argum5t  
or *a9 ( reason+1 b on !  irresi/ible   
spell1 ! ov]ma/]+ impression creat$ ^u u
 by a  "* manife/$ 9 life1 action1      
spee*1 ev5 9 mann]2 z  impossible to    
/ate 9 its entirety & z impossible to   
d\bt z are  our reasons = lov+ or loa?+1
 = tru/+ or fe>+4    ,no d\bt we he> (  
m5 ( intellect & le>n+ read+ or  reason+
 !mselves into ! ,*ur*2 b o!rs z able h 
read &  reason$ along ! same l9e1 & yet 
h n come2 = 9 tru?1  reason at ! mo/ c  

set free a =ce ( attraction creat$ by   
motives  o!r ?an reason4    ,:at ?is    
attraction is 9 ea* case is impossible  
to specify  accurately--,ask me & ,i "k 
n1 "o might say1 d n ask me & ,i  "k4   
,ea* s\l is hook$ ) its own bait1 call$ 
by its own "n1  drawn 9 its own way2 & z
 ! attractiv5ess ( ,*ri/ is virtually   
inf9ite 9 its multi=mity1 s is t ( ,8   
,*ur*1 nor is !re a  m unp>donable      
n>r[ness ?an t ( insi/+ t o!rs %all be  
drawn 9 ! same way z we ourselves1 or n 
at all4    ,let x also be notic$ t a v  
prolong$ & m9ute intimacy is n  always  
necess>y 9 ord] t we %\ld feel ! spell (
 p]sonality4  ,mu* dep5ds on our own    
gifts ( sympa?y1 insight & appreh5sion1 
on  ! simplicity & /r5g? ( ! p]sonality 
9 "q1 on !  nature ( ! incid5ts by :i* x
 is disclos$ to u4 ,we "k "o man  9 a   
mom5t1 ano!r only aft] ye>s ( intimacy1 
:ile o!rs 9  reg>d to ! same individuals
 might exp]i5ce ! conv]se4 ,we mu/  n !n
 suppose t because 9 "o case !          
impression is ! result  (               

sl[ly-accumulat$ obs]vations1 & 9 ano!r 
! "w ( an  in/ant1 x is less tru/wor?y 9
 ! latt] in/ance ?an 9 !  =m]4 ,x may   
be1 or x may n be4 ,/4 ,augu/9e ne$$    
ye>s to feel  ! spell t "o ^w1 nay1 "o  
glance f ,*ri/ ca/ ^u ,/4  ,pet]4 ,nor  
aga9 is x always 9 "s /rik+ & notable   
crisis t a  "* reveals itself abruptly1 
b (t5 9 ! m]e/ nuance--a  mann]1 an     
intonation1 some?+ q un9t5tional1       
unprem$itat$4 ,we  "k well1 if we "k    
ourselves at all1 h[ irresi/ible is !   
impression creat$ on u at times by su*  
trifles1 & yet h[ m ?an  reasonable x   
(t5 is4    ,:o %all say1 !n1 t to an eye
 & he>t attun$ to quick sympa?y1  any   
indication is too small to betray !     
inw>d _s & "* (  ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 or to
 magnetize a s\l & r5d] x re/less1      
until x obeys h] attraction & re/s 9    
union ) h]8    ,to a s5sitively arti/ic 
temp]am5t su* z ,durtal's1 ! indications
  ( ! ,*ur*'s /yle1 reveal$ 9 h]        
influ5ce ^u art1 9 h]  creations1 9 h]  
selections & refusals1 w\ld be eloqu5t (

 h]  :ole "* & e?os2 x w\ld be to him   
:at ! v tone (  ,*ri/'s voice 0 to !    
,bapti/1 or :at ,8 glance 0 to ,pet]1 or
  :at ,8 sil5ce 0 to ,pilate4 ,we h kn[n
 too _m in/ances (  deep-seat$ & entire 
conviction1 bas$ on seem+ly z little or 
less1  to wi% = "o mom5t to indulge 9   
any fooli% rationaliz+ or to  "q !      
possibility or probability ( ,god's     
draw+ s\ls to  ,himself by su* me?ods4  
,we mu/1 h[ev]1 rememb] t x is n m]ely  
by ! ,*ur*'s  m$ival art t ,durtal is   
attract$1 b /ill m by t my/icism  :i*   
creat$ x1 & by :i* x 0 s]v$ & fo/]$ 9   
return4  ,my/icism mu/ necess>ily excite
 ! sympa?y ( "o :o is 9 dev\t  pursuit (
 ! highe/ & mo/ spiritual =ms ( /hetic  
beauty4  ,:atev] be ! long-s\ght &      
nev]-to-be-=gott5 def9ition ( !         
,beautiful1 ( ?is mu* at lea/ a m]e     
process ( induction w assure  u1 t m5   
c\nt ?+s beautiful 9 ! measure t !y are 
releas$ f ! grossness1 =mlessness1 &    
heav9ess ( matt]1 &  by _! delicacy1    
%apel9ess1 & une>?l9ess1 betray !       

influ5ce  ( t pr9ciple :i* is ev]y:]e 9 
conflict ) matt] & is  call$ _s4 ,man at
 8 be/ is mo/ at home1 :]e at 8 wor/ he 
is  lea/ at home1 namely1 9 ! _w ( ^?   
sup]-realities :i* are  t\*$ & felt by !
 s\l1 b refuse to be pictur$ or spok5 9 
!  language ( ! five s5ses4 ,a h>d1     
common-s5se1 lab\r-&-wages  religion1   
su* z is consonant ) ! utilit>ianism ( a
 comm]cial  civilization1 c\ld nev]     
appeal to a temp]am5t l ,durtal's4      
,d\btless ,ca?olic ,*ri/ianity admits ( 
be+ appreh5d$ "u !  n>r[] & gross]      
aspect1 :i* h[ev] inadequate & unwor?y1 
is  n absolutely false4 ,! ,jews 7      
suff]$ to believe n m]ely t  ,god rew>ds
 ! j & puni%es ! wick$--:i* is et]nally 
true--b t ,he does s 9 ?is life1 :i* is 
true only )  qualification2 & t ,he     
rew>ds !m ) temporal prosp]ity &        
adv]sity--:i* is h>dly true at all4     
,ca?olic tru?1 9 itself !  same1 c only 
be receiv$ accord+ to ! recipi5t's      
capacity &  s5sitiv5ess4 ,:at "o age or 
c\ntry is alive to1 ano!r may be dead   

to2 nor c we pret5d t "h all is progress
 & no regress1 unless  we are prep>$ to 
say t 9 no respect h we any?+ to le>n f 
! pa/4 ,! ,ignatian m$itation on !      
,k+dom ( ,*ri/ evok$  h]oic response 9  
an age impregnat$ ) ! s5tim5ts (        
*ivalry1  b to-day x ne$s to be adapt$  
to a great ext5t1 & "s h  va9ly hop$ to 
ga!r grapes f a ?i/le by sub/itut+ a    
p>able  drawn f "s s\l-/irr+ comm]cial  
ent]prise--a colossal  speculation 9    
*eese4    ,:atev] signs !re may be ( a  
reaction1 yet ! :ole temp] &  _s ( our  
age is unfav\rable to t my/icism :i* is 
! v  *oice/ fl[] ( ! ,ca?olic religion4 
,! blame is n ) !  se$1 b ) ! soil4 ,ev5
 :]e lea/ ( all we %\ld look = su*      
indiff]5ce1 among ^? :o h built up !    
sepul*res & %r9es  ( ! great ma/]s (    
my/icism1 we sometimes obs]ve a pr(\nd  
di/ru/ = :at is e/eem$ an unpractical1  
unheal?y k9d ( piety1  :ile e pref]5ce  
is giv5 to :at is def9ite & tangible 9 !
  way ( little me?ods & indu/ries1      
multitud9\s practices1 lucrative        

pray]s1 9 a ^w1 to :at a critic already 
quot$ describes z les  petitesses des   
c]veaux troits et les anguleuses r\t9es4
 #c    ,x is "o ( ! n>r[nesses ( ,durtal
 himself to ascribe all ?is to  ! wilful
 p]v]sity ( a p]son or p]sons unkn[n1 & 
n to see 9  x ! inevitable result ( !   
vulg>iz+ t5d5cy ( mod]n life ^u  !      
masses4 ,?+s be+ z !y are1 surely x is  
bett] t !  ,*ur* %\ld d ! little %e c   
?an d no?+ at all4 ,!  m$itative m9d is 
incompatible ) ! ru% & worry ( a busy   
life1 especially :]e educational me?ods 
sub/itute in=mation =  reflection1 & s  
kill ! habit1 & ev5tually ! faculty1 (  
?\ght 9 s _m cases4 ,b if ! high] pray] 
is impossible1 !  l[] is possible &     
pr(itable4 ,aga91 if ! liturgical s5se  
has 9  a great measure become ext9ct    
among ! fai?ful ow+ to !  unavoidable   
disuse ( ! public celebration ( !       
,*ur*'s wor%ip1 x  is well t !y %\ld be 
all[$ devotions accommodat$ to _!       
limit$ capacity4 ,z ! ,*ur* w\ld nev]   
dream ( expect+ a ke5  sympa?y ) h]     

high] dogmas1 h] my/ical piety1 h]      
arti/ic  symbolism1 h] transc5d5t       
liturgy1 on ! "p ( a newly-conv]t$      
tribe ( savages1 s nei!r is %e impati5t 
) ! civiliz$  ,phili/9e1 b is will+ to  
speak to him 9 a language all 8 own1    
hop+ inde$ to tune 8 tongue "o day to   
some?+ less unc\?4 ,none  c sympa?ize m 
cordially ?an ! writ] does ) ,durtal 9 8
  horror ( unau?oriz$ devotions1 (      
insuff]able v]nacul> litanies1  (       
n]veless & sickly hymns1 ( int]m9able   
acts ( consecration  void ( a s+le      
def9ite idea1 m especially :5 ^! ?+s are
  br\ght into ! v sanctu>y itself1 )    
/ole & cope & e  app>5t endeav\r to fix 
! responsibility on ! ,univ]sal ,*ur*4  
,b if ! ,*ur* is will+ to g 9 rags to   
save ^? :o are 9  rags1 %e is only us+  
h] inv>iable economy4 ,we "k well ! sort
 (  robe t befits h] dignity1 & no d\bt 
x is ?is contra/ t  makes ! trial ( h]  
pres5t humiliation m difficult = u to   
be>4    ,we d n = a mom5t all[ t !      
diff]5ce betwe5 bad ta/e &  good is     

m]ely relative1 or t a language or art  
:i* is ext]nally  vulg> c ev] be !      
adequate & appropriate expression ( !   
,ca?olic religion1 ^: t5d5cy :5 unimp$$ 
is ev] to ref9e &  purify4 ,b x is      
p]haps ano!r n>r[ness to suppose t a    
re=m  c only be effect$ by a return to !
 pa/1 to m$ival symbolism &  music &    
ar*itecture4 ,no ef=t ( ! k9d has ev]   
met ) m  ?an seem+ success4 ,:at is     
consci\sly imitat$ f ! pa/ is n  ! same 
z t natural gr[? :i* x imitates1 & :i* 0
 z  cong5ial to ^? days z x is          
uncong5ial to ours4 ,x is all !         
diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,mass c]emonial 9 a   
,rituali/ *ur* & 9 a  ,ca?olic *ur*--!  
hi/orical s5se is violat$ 9 "o case &   
satisfi$ 9 ! o!r4    ,:at is once really
 dead c nev] revive 9 ! same =m--at be/ 
we  get a ca/ f ! dead face4 ,no d\bt ! 
old music & ! old  symbolism always w h 
a beauty ( antiquity t c nev] belong  to
 ! new2 b x 0 n ?is beauty--! beauty (  
dea?1 ( autumn  leaves1 t made !m once  
popul>1 b ! beauty ( fre% gre5 life  &  

flexibility4 ,! ef=t to make antiquity  
popul> is almo/ a  contradiction 9 t]ms4
 ,:at we may hope = at mo/ is an        
improvem5t  9 ! /hetic ta/es ( !        
,ca?olic public :i* comes f fre] &      
heal?i] surr\nd+s1 f san] ideas & wid]  
opportunities (  education & lib]al     
culture4 ,:5 !y beg9 to speak a ri*]    
language1 ! ,*ur* w take t language &   
f9d 9 x a full]  expression ( h] m9d ?an
 %e c 9 ! pres5t patois2 %e w be  able  
aga9 to say to !m 9 o!r words1 z yet    
unkn[n1 :at %e said  to ! middle ages 9 
,gregorian *aunt & ,go?ic ca!dral4 ,%e1 
:o 9  virtue ( h] ,p5teco/al gift (     
tongues1 speaks 9 sundry times &  div]s 
mann]s1 may 9 due season f9d words z    
eloqu5t ( h] he>t  & m9d z ^? :i* %e    
spoke to ,durtal 9 ! aisles ( ,*>tres  &
 9 ! cad5ces ( ,solesmes4    ,july1     
#ahih4        ,footnotes3      ,footnote
 #a3 ,introduction to ,sordello4        
,footnote #b3 ,! ,ca!dral4 ,by ,m4,t4,k4
 ,huysman4 ,translat$ by  ,cl>e ,bell4  
,footnote #c3 ,r4 ,p4 ,pa*]1 ,s4,j41 ,de

 ,dante  ,v]la9e4        ,,xix4         
,,tracts ,,= ,,! ,,million4    ,!       
p>adoxes ( "o g5]ation are !            
common-places ( ! next2 :at  ! savants (
 to-day :isp] 9 ! e>1 ! ,hyde ,p>k      
orators (  to-morr[ w bawl f _! plat=ms4
 ,moreov]1 x is j :5 its  limits beg9 to
 be felt by ! critical1 :5 its pret5d$  
all-suffic+ness c no long] be ma9ta9$1 t
 a !ory or  hypo!sis beg9s to be popul> 
) ! uncritical & to "w its  irrevocable 
ill-effects on ! g5]al m9d4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 
_m o!r  matt]s1 ! l[] ord]s adopt !     
ab&on$ fa%ions ( _! bett]s1  ?\gh ) less
 ( ! well-br$ ta/e :i* sometimes 9 !    
latt]  makes ev5 absurdity graceful4 ,9 
?is way x has come to pass t at  ! v    
mom5t 9 :i* a reaction aga9/ !          
irreligi\s or  anti-religi\s philosophy 
( a c\ple ( g5]ations ago is mak+       
itself felt 9 ! /udy1 ! spread+ pe/il5ce
 ( negation &  unbelief has ga9$ &      
cont9ues to ga9 possession ( ! /reet4   
,"s  fifty ye>s ago religion & ev5      
,*ri/ianity1 seem$ to ! sangu9e  eyes ( 

,ca?olics s firmly root$ 9 ,engl& t !   
recov]y ( !  c\ntry to _! fai? dep5d$   
almo/ entirely on ! settlem5t ( !       
,anglo-,roman controv]sy2 to :i*        
controv]sy !y accord+ly devot$1  &1 9   
virtue ( ! /ill unexhau/$ impetus ( t   
ef=t1 d /ill  devote _! en]gies1 almo/  
exclusively4 ,b toge!r ) a dawn+        
consci\sness t times & conditions h     
consid]ably *ang$1 !re  is gr[+ up 9    
c]ta9 qu>t]s a feel+ t we too %all h to 
make "s modifications 9 ord] to adapt   
ourselves to ! alt]$  circum/ances4 ,x  
is becom+ increas+ly evid5t t ev5 c\ld !
  said ,anglo-,roman controv]sy be      
settl$ by "s argum5t s irresi/ibly      
evid5t z to leave no locus /&i to !     
oppon5ts ( ! ,petr9e  claims1 yet !     
numb] ( ^? ,anglicans :o admit !        
hi/orical1  critical1 philosophical1 &  
!ological assumptions ^u :i* !          
controv]sy is bas$ & :i* are presum$ z  
common gr\nd1 is s  small & dw9dl+ t1 7 
!y all ga9$ to ! ,*ur*1 we %\ld  be /ill
 a feeble folk 9 ! face ( t tidal wave (

 unbelief  ^: ga!r+ =ce bids fair to    
sweep ev]y?+ be=e x4 ,also !  l+]+      
impression left f ,tract>ian days z to !
 intellectual  pre-em95ce ( !           
,ca?oliciz+ p>ty 9 ! ,anglican ,*ur*1   
:i*  pre-em95ce might make am5ds = _!   
num]ical insignificance1 is  gradually  
giv+ way to ! recognition ( ! sob]+ fact
 t at  pres5t t p>ty 9 no exclusive s5se
 repres5ts ! cultivat$  intellect ( !   
c\ntry4 ,x is no disrespect to t p>ty to
 say t  :ile s*ol>%ip & intellig5ce are 
!re9 well repres5t$ by  scatt]$         
individuals1 yet x is cumb]$1 l mo/     
religi\s movem5ts  aft] !y h /ream$ "s  
di/ance f _! s\rce1 ) a  majority ( ^?  
^: adhesion has little or no pret5ce to 
an  intellectual basis2 & ^: occasional 
accession to ! ,ca?olic  ,*ur* is almo/ 
entirely _! own ga94    ,to give ! la/  
decisive pu% to ^? :o are already toppl+
 ov]  ! bord]-l9e t divides ,engl& f    
,rome1 to reap & ga!r-9  ! h>ve/ already
 ripe = ! sickle1 is a useful1 a        
necess>y1 & a  *>itable "w2 "o t calls =

 a c]ta9 k9d ( pati5t skill n  to be    
und]e/imat$2 b !re is a wid] & p]haps m 
fruitful  field ^: soil is z yet sc>cely
 brok54 ,x may ev5 be ass]t$ )  only    
seem+ p>adox t ! be/ religi\s           
intellig5ce ( ! c\ntry  is to be f\nd 9 
! camp ( negation r ?an 9 t (           
affirmation2 among ,broad ,*ur*m51      
,noncon=mi/s1 ,unit>ians1 &             
,positivi/s1 r ?an among ^? :o seek re/ 
9 ! un/able  position ( a modifi$       
,ca?olicism4 ,! v in/ability &          
difficulty  ( t position elicits mu*    
+5uity f its !ological def5d]s1  ?\gh x 
also divides _! c\nsels n a little2 nor 
d we qu>rel  ) !m = affirm+ in/ead (    
d5y+1 b = n affirm+  en\gh4 ,b ?is      
attempt at compromise1 ?is midway       
abortion ( !  natural gr[? ( an idea1   
ev5 7 x ju/ifiable z sometimes happ5s   
:5 legitimate issues are obscur$ ?r\gh  
failure ( evid5ce1 repels  ! great      
multitude ( religi\s ?9k]s :o are n     
o!rwise  suffici5tly drawn t[>ds        
,ca?olicism to c>e to exam9e ^! claims4 

,to say t !re is no logical alt]native  
betwe5 ,rome & ,agno/icism  is a        
suffici5tly %all[ ?\gh popul> sophism4  
,at mo/ x means t  f c]ta9 giv5         
premisses "o or o!r ( ^? conclusions mu/
  foll[ syllogi/ically--a /atem5t t w\ld
 be m int]e/+ 7  ! said premisses       
indisputable & admitt$ by all ! _w4     
,/ill x  may be all[$ t a criticism ( ^!
 premisses1 :i* is a ?ird  alt]native1  
op5s up to religi\s ?\ght a numb] (     
roads1 all (  :i* lead away f1 r ?an    
t[>ds ! extreme ,anglican position1  &  
h5ce t ! m se>*+ religi\s intellig5ce ( 
! c\ntry  is z adv]se to t position--& =
 ! same reasons--z x is to  our own4 ,& 
by ! religi\s intellig5ce ,i mean all t 
intellig5ce t is int]e/$ 9 ! religi\s   
problem2 be t  int]e/ ho/ile or fri5dly2
 be x1 9 its issue1 negative or         
con/ructive4 ,= x mu/ n be =gott5 t !   
enemies ( a tru?  are z int]e/$ 9 x z   
its fri5ds2 or t ! fri5dlie/  int]e/1 ! 
/ronge/ wi% to believe1 may at times    
issue 9  reluctant negation4 ,s f> !n z 

! great mass ( religi\s  intellig5ce 9  
?is c\ntry is n ,anglo-,ca?olic 9 its   
sympa?ies2  & s f> z x is *iefly on !   
,anglo-,ca?olic section t we make  any  
p]ceptible impression1 ! conv]sion (    
,engl&1 = :at dep5ds  on our own ef=ts1 
does n seem to be z imm95t a cont+5cy z 
x  w\ld appe> to be 9 ! eyes ( ^? =eign 
critics = :om ,"l  ,halifax is ! type ( 
e ,engli% ,*ur*man & ! ,engli% ,*ur*    
co-ext5sive ) ! nation--save = a small  
irreclaimable residue (  ,lib]als &     
,freemasons4    ,^? :o1 influ5c$ by su* 
consid]ations1 w\ld h u ext5d our  ef=ts
 f ! n>r[+ circle ( ,anglo-,ca?olicism  
to !  ev]-wid5+ circle ( d\bt &         
negation1 are n always cle> ab\t  !     
practically important di/9ction to be   
drawn betwe5 ! active  lead]s ( d\bt1 & 
^? :o are passively l$2 ! m or less     
indep5d5t few1 & ! m or less dep5d5t _m2
 betwe5 ! man (  ! /udy & ! man ( !     
/reet--a di/9ction analog\s to t  betwe5
 ! ,ecclesia doc5s & ,ecclesia disc5s1 &
 :i*  p]meates e well-e/abli%$ s*ool (  

belief1 :e!r hi/orical1  e?ical1        
political1 or religi\s4    ,deal+ fir/ )
 ! latt]1 t is1 ) ^? :o are l$2 we are  
becom+ m explicitly consci\s ( ! fact t 
9 all dep>tm5ts  ( k & op9ion ! beliefs 
( ! _m are n det]m9$ by  reason+ f      
premisses1 b by ! au?ority ( reput$     
speciali/s 9  ! p>ticul> matt]1 or else 
by ! =ce ( ! g5]al cons5t (  ^? ) :om !y
 dwell4 ,!re may be o!r non-rational    
causes (  belief1 b ^! are ! pr9cipal & 
m univ]sal4 ,& :5 we say  !y are        
non-rational causes1 we d n mean t !y   
are  non-reasonable or unreasonable4 ,!y
 provide su* a g5]ally  tru/wor?y1 ?\gh 
occasionally fallible1 me?od ( gett+ at 
tru?1  z is suffici5t & possible = !    
practical ne$s ( life--social1  moral1 &
 religi\s4 ,!re is an inborn in/9ct to  
?9k z ! cr[d  does & to be sway$ by !   
confid5t voice ( au?ority4 ,if at times 
x fail ( its end1 z d o!r in/9cts1 yet x
 is s tru/wor?y 9  ! ma9 t to resi/ x 9 
ord9>y conditions is always imprud5t4   
,t our eyes sometimes deceive u w\ld n  

ju/ify u 9 always  di/ru/+ _! evid5ce4  
,if a *ild is deceiv$ ?r\gh in/9ctively 
tru/+ ! ^w ( its p>5ts1 ! blame ( its   
error re/s )  !m1 n ) x4 ,& s1 :atev]   
error ! _m are l$ into by  obey+ !      
in/9ct ( submission to au?ority or to   
g5]al cons5t1  is _! mis=tune1 n _!     
fault4 ,( c\rse !re are high]  crit]ia  
by :i* ! g5]al cons5t & ! op9ion (      
exp]ts c be  criticiz$ & modifi$2 b su* 
criticism is n obligatory on !  _m :o h 
nei!r leisure nor compet5ce = ! task4 ,=
 "h1 z  else:]e1 a c]ta9 div]sity (     
gifts results 9 a natural division (    
lab\r 9 human society2 ^? :o h1 giv+ to 
^? :o h n2  "s m9i/]+ spiritual1 o!rs   
temporal b5efits to _!  neighb\rs4 ,n t 
a man c save ano!r's s\l = him any m ?an
  he c eat 8 d9n] = him1 b he c m9i/] to
 him bett] food or  worse4    ,!        
,mussulman *ild1 !n1 may be b\nd1 dur+ 8
 intellectual  m9ority1 to accept !     
religi\s tea*+ ( its p>5ts1 j z is  !   
,*ri/ian *ild4 ,t "o1 9 obey+ ?is       
natural b fallible  rule1 is l$ into    

error1 ! o!r into1 tru?1 only v]ifies ! 
pr9ciple t "r fai? is a gift ( ,god1--a 
grace1 a bit ( good  =tune4 ,none ( ^?  
:o are n pr(ess$ly tea*]s ( religion &  
exp]ts1 c be morally b\nd to a criticism
 above _! compet5ce1 or  to m ?an an    
ob$i5ce to ^? ord9>y causes ( ass5t to  
^:  influ5ce !y are subject$ by _!      
circum/ances4 ,! ideal ( a  ,ca?olic    
religion is to provide1 by means ( a    
div9ely guid$ body (  au?orities &      
exp]ts1 an univ]sal1 int]national1      
int]-racial  cons5sus reg>d+ tru?s t are
 z obscure z !y are vital to  individual
 & social happ9ess2 & ?us to af=d a     
means ( sure &  easy guidance to ^?     
uncritical multitudes ^: necess>y       
preoccupations =bid _! engag+ 9 !ology &
 controv]sy4 ,?is  ideal 0 suffici5tly  
realiz$ = practical purposes 9 ! ages ( 
fai?1 :5 ! :ole public op9ion ( ,europe1
 !n believ$ to be  cot]m9\s )           
civilization1 0 ,ca?olic2 :5 diss5t ne$$
 z mu*  indep5d5ce ( "*1 z 9 s _m       
places1 pr(ession does n[4  ,& surely x 

is a n>r[-he>t$ criticism to pref] !    
primitive  conditions 9 :i* none b ^?   
/rong en\gh to face p]secution  c\ld    
reap ! b5efits ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! weak & 
dep5d5t are ev]  ! majority1 & if       
,*ri/ianity _h be5 int5d$ to pass !m by 
or  sift !m out1 its prov9ce 7 n l>ge1  
nor c\ld x claim to be  ! religion (    
humanity4 ,! ,*ri/ian leav5 0 nev] meant
 to be  kept ap>t1 b to be hidd5 & lo/ 9
 t unleav5$ mass :i* x  seeks sl[ly to  
trans=m into its own nature4 ,!         
majority1 9 respect  to religion &      
civilization1 are l unwill+ s*ool-boys  
:o ne$ to  be co]c$ = _! own b5efit1 to 
be kept to _! "w till !y  le>n 7if !y   
ev] d7 to l x1 & to ne$ no m co]cion4 ,!
  support t ,ca?olic surr\nd+s give to  
numb]s1 :o else 7 too  weak to /& alone1
 _c be ov]valu$1 al?\gh x may weak5 a   
few  :o else _h ex]t$ !mselves m        
/r5u\sly1 or may fo/]  hypocrisy 9      
secret unbeliev]s :o w\ld l to1 b d>e n 
)/& public op9ion4    ,n[ x is ! gradual
 decay ( ?is support--( ?is non-rational

 yet  mo/ reasonable cause ( belief1 t  
is r5d]+ ! religi\s  condition ( ! man 9
 ! /reet s increas+ly unsatisfactory4 ,n
  only is !re no long] an agreem5t (    
exp]ts1 & a consequ5t  cons5sus (       
nations1 t\*+ ! broad & fundam5tal tru?s
 (  ,*ri/ianity1 b :at is f> m to !     
po9t1 ! k ( ?is  ,babylonian confusion  
has become a commonplace ) ! multitudes4
 ,no  d\bt !re are yet "s %ad$ pat*es   
:]e ! dew /ill /ruggles  ) ! desiccat+  
sun--old-_w sanctu>ies ( ,ca?olicism ^: 
dwell]s h>dly realize ! exi/5ce (       
unbelief or h]esy1 or :o give  at be/ a 
lazy1 notional ass5t to ! fact4 ,b !re  
are few regions  9 s-call$ ,*ri/5dom :]e
 ! lea/ educat$ are n n[ q  aw>e t      
,*ri/ianity is b "o ( _m religions 9 a  
mu* l>g]  _w ?an _! =efa!rs 7 aw>e (2 t 
! intellect (  mod]n1 unlike t ( m$ival 
,europe1 is l>gely ho/ile to its        
claims2 t its def5d]s are inf9itely at  
v>iance ) "o ano!r2  t !re is no long]  
any social disgrace connect$ ) a        
non-pr(ession ( ,*ri/ianity2 9 a ^w1 t !

 public op9ion (  ! mod]n _w has ceas$  
to be ,*ri/ian1 & t ! once  all-dom9at+ 
religion :i* block$ out ! s]i\s         
consid]ation (  any o!r claimant1 bids  
fair to be spe$ily r$uc$ to its         
primitive  helplessness &               
insignificance4 ,! dis9tegrat+ effect ( 
su*  k on ! fai? ( ! masses mu/ be1 &   
manife/ly is1 simply  enorm\s4 ,n t !re 
is any rival cons5sus & au?ority to take
  ! place ( de?ron$ ,ca?olicism4 ,ev5   
scepticism is too little  organiz$ &    
embodi$1 too *aotic 9 its inf9ite v>iety
 (  contradictory positions1 to create  
an influ5tial cons5sus ( any  positive  
k9d aga9/ fai?4 ,its effect1 z f> z !   
un?9k+ masses  are conc]n$1 is simply to
 de/roy ! *ief extr9sic support ( _!    
fai? & to ?r[ !m back on ! less regul>1 
less reliable causes  ( belief4 ,if 9   
addition x tea*es !m a few cat*words (  
free-?\ght1 a few sm>t blasphemies &    
syllogi/ic imp]t95ces1  ?is is ( less   
consequ5ce ?an at fir/ sight appe>s1    
s9ce ^! are  attempt$                   

aft]-ju/ifications1 & no real causes (  
_! unbelief4  ,= !y love ! p>ade ( =mal 
reason1 z !y love big words or  te*nical
 t]ms1 or a smatt]+ ( ,fr5* or ,lat91 ) 
all !  delight ( a *ild 9 ! my/]i\s &   
unfamili>2 b _! pret5ce  to be rul$ by x
 is m]e affectation1 & ! t5acity ) :i*  
!y  cl+ to _! argum5ts is r ! t5acity ( 
bl9d fai? 9 a  dogma1 ?an ( cle> insight
 into pr9ciples4    ,& ?is br+s u to !  
problem :i* gave bir? to ! pres5t essay4
    ,! gr[+ infection ( ! un$ucat$ or   
slightly educat$ masses (  ! ,ca?olic   
laity ) ! virus ( preval5t unbelief is  
ar\s+ !  att5tion ( a few ( our cl]gy to
 ! ne$ ( cop+ ) :at is to  !m a new k9d 
( difficulty4 ,among/ o!r k9dr$         
sugge/ions1 is  t ( provid+ tracts = !  
million deal+ n z h]et(ore )  !         
,prote/ant1 b ) ! infidel controv]sy4   
,:ile ! dang] 0  m limit$ & remote x 0  
felt t1 m h>m ?an good w\ld come  ( giv+
 prom95ce 9 ! popul> m9d to ! fact &    
exi/5ce ( s  mu* unbelief2 t 9 _m m9ds  
d\bts unfelt be=e w\ld be  awak5$2 t    

difficulties lay on ! surface & 7 !     
prog5y (  %all[-m9d$ness1 :]eas !       
solutions lay deep] d[n ?an !  vulg> m9d
 c\ld reasonably be expect$ to g2 t on !
 :ole x 0  bett] t ! few %\ld suff]1 ?an
 t ! _m %\ld be  di/urb$4 ,! docile &   
ob$i5t c\ld be kept away f contagion1 or
  if infect$1 c\ld be easily cur$ by an 
act ( bl9d confid5ce 9 !  ,*ur*2 :ile ! 
disob$i5t w\ld g _! own way 9 any case4 
,h5ce  ! idea ( ent]+ into controv]sy ) 
^? incompet5t to deal  ) su* matt]s 0   
wisely set aside4 ,b n[ t ! preval5ce & 
gr[? ( unbelief is z evid5t z ! sun at  
noon--n[ t x is no  long] only !        
recalcitrant & irreligi\s1 b ev5 !      
religi\s &  docile-m9d$ :o are di/urb$  
by ! fact1 x seems to "s t1 a  policy ( 
sil5ce & inactivity may be f> m fruitful
 9 evil ?an  9 good1 t rev]5t res]ve mu/
 be laid aside & ! pe>ls (  tru? ca/    
into ! tr\gh ( popul> controv]sy4    ,b 
to ?is c\rse an almo/ insup]able        
objection pres5ts itself at  fir/ seem+4
 ,see+ t1 ! true cause ( d\bt & unbelief

 9 !  uncritical1 is to be s\ght =      
proximately 9 ! decay ( a popul>        
cons5sus 9 fav\r ( belief1 & ultimately 
9 ! disagreem5ts &  negations ( ^? :o   
lead & =m public op9ion1 & 9 no wise 9  
! reasons :i* !y allege :5 !y attempt a 
criticism t is  beyond !m2 :at w x pr(it
 to deal ) ! app>5t cause if we  _c     
/rike at ! real cause8 ,9 practical     
matt]s1 ! reasons m5  give = _! conduct1
 to !mselves z well z to o!rs1 are (t5  
untrue1 nev] exhau/ive4 ,h5ce to refute 
_! reasons w n alt]  _! int5tions4 ,to  
dispel ! sophisms assign$ by ! un$ucat$ 
z  ! basis ( _! unbelief1 is n really to
 /rike at ! root ( !  matt] at all4     
,besides :i*1 ! "w is endless2 = if !y  
are  releas$ f "o sn>e !y w be z easily 
re-entangl$ 9 ! next2  & inde$ :at c su*
 controv]sy d b fo/] 9 !m ! false       
notion t1 belief 9 possession may be    
dispossess$ by e pass+  difficulty1 & t 
_! fai? is to be dep5d5t on an          
intellectual  complet5ess ( :i* !y are =
 ev] incapable4 ,inde$ !  unavoidable   

am\nt ( controv]sy ( all k9ds1 d9n$ into
 ! e>s (  ! fai?ful 9 a c\ntry l ?is1   
fav\rs a fallacy (  intellectualism v   
prejudicial to ! repose ( a liv+ fai?   
f\nd$  on concrete reasons1 m or less   
exp]im5tal4    ,z f> z ! _m are conc]n$1
 mu* ! same difficulty att5ds !         
pres]vation ( _! fai? 9 ^! days1 z      
att5d$ its creation 9  ! beg9n+s (      
,*ri/ianity1 be=e ! little flock _h gr[n
 into a  k+dom1 :5 ! intellect & p[] ( !
 _w 0 array$ aga9/  x1 :5 x _h nei!r !  
=ce ( a _w-wide cons5sus nor !  voice ( 
public au?ority 9 its fav\r4 ,9 ^? days 
x 0 n by !  p]suasive words ( human     
wisdom t ! cr[ds 7 ga9$ ov] to  ,*ri/1 b
 by a c]ta9 o/5sio virtutis1 by an      
exp]im5tal & n  m]ely by a rational pro(
 ( ! ,gospel--a pro( :i*1 if x admitt$  
( any k9d ( =mulation1 did n compel !m 9
 virtue ( !  logicality ( its =m4       
,fur!r1 :5 ! conditions & helps ne$$ by 
! ,*ur* 9 h] infancy1 gave way to ^?    
belong+ to h]  e/abli%$ /r5g?1 x 0 by h]
 asc5d5cy ov] ! /rong1 !  weal?y1 & !   

le>n$1 t %e secur$ = ! cr[d1--= ! weak  
& ! poor & ! ignorant1--! mo/ necess>y  
support ( a  ,*ri/ianiz$1 int]national  
public op9ion1 & !reby ext5d$ !  b5efit 
( h] educative influ5ce to ^? millions  
:om dis9cl9ation  or weakness w\ld      
o!rwise h det]r$ f ! pr(ession &        
practice ( ! fai?4    ,if ! ,*ur* (     
to-day is to reta9 h] hold ( ! cr[d 9   
mod]niz$  or mod]niz+ c\ntries1 x mu/   
ei!r be by r5ew+ h] asc5d5cy  ov] ^? :o 
=m & modify public op9ion1 :o ev5 9 !   
pure/  democracy are ev] ! few & n ! _m2
 or else by a rev]sion to  ! me?ods (   
primitive times1 by "s palpable argum5t 
t speaks z  cle>ly to ! simple/ z to !  
subtle/1 if only ! he>t be "r4  ,an     
outbur/ ( miracle-work+ & prophecy is   
h>dly to be look$ =2  :ile ! argum5t f !
 tree's fruits1 or f ! moral miracle1 is
  at pres5t weak5$ by ! ext5t to :i*    
non-,*ri/ians put 9  practice ! morality
 !y h le>nt f ,*ri/4 ,o!r non-rational  
causes ( belief draw individuals1 b !y d
 n draw cr[ds4    ,if we _c see v cle>ly

 :at is to supply = ! support once  giv5
 to ! fai? ( ! millions by public       
op9ion1 /ill _!  incapacity = deal+ ) ! 
"q on rational gr\nds w n  ju/ify u     
altoge!r 9 sil5ce4 ,= 9 ! fir/ place x  
is an  incapacity ( :i* !y are n aw>e1  
or :i* at lea/ !y are v  unwill+ to     
admit4 ,a c&idate at ! hu/+s w\ld run a 
poor *ance  ( a he>+ :o1 in/ead ( seem+ 
to appeal to ! reason ( ! mob  %\ld1 9 !
 tru?fulness ( 8 s\l1 try to conv9ce !m 
( _!  utt] incompet5ce to judge !       
simple/ political po9t4 ,aga91 ?\gh     
unable to decide betwe5 cause & cause1  
yet ! rude/ c (t5 see  t !re is mu* to  
be said on bo? sides--?\gh :at1 he does 
n  und]/&2 & if ?is fact weak5s 8       
confid5ce 9 ! "r1 x  also weak5s x 9 !  
wrong2 :]eas _h ! "r be5 sil5t1 !       
wrong1 9 8 judgm5t1 w\ld !reby h be5    
prov$ victori\s4 ,?is  w ju/ify u at    
times 9 talk+ ov] ! heads ( our read]s &
  he>]s1 & 9 n sp>+ sonor\s             
polysyllables1 ab/ruse  te*nicalities1  
or ev5 ! pomp\s p>ade ( syllogi/ic      

argum5ts )  all _! unsightly jo9ts /ick+
 out = public admiration4 ,"s  h&s may  
be too delicate = ?is co>se "w2 b !re w 
always be  ^? to :om x is easy &        
cong5ial2 & its utility is too evid5t   
to all[ a m]e "q ( ta/e to /& 9 ! way4  
,moreov]1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t :ile _m ( 
! class ref]r$ to  are glad to be free f
 ! pressure ( a ,*ri/ianiz$ public      
op9ion1  & are only too will+ to grasp  
at any semblance ( a reason =  unbelief2
 o!rs1 m religi\sly dispos$1 are really 
tr\bl$ by  ^! popul>1 anti-,*ri/ian     
difficulties1 ! m s z !y are  (t5       
infect$ ) ! fallacy1 fo/]$ by ceaseless 
controv]sy1  :i* makes "o's fai? dep5d5t
 on ! =mal reason "o c give =  x4       
,?\gh ?is is n s1 yet moral tru?fulness 
=bids u to ass5t to  :at we1 h[ev]      
falsely1 believe to be untrue4 ,h5ce    
:ile ! virtue  ( fai? rema9s unt\*$1 its
 ex]cise ) reg>d to p>ticul>  po9ts may 
be inculpably susp5d$ ?r\gh ignorance1  
/upidity1  mis9=mation1 & o!r causes4   
,9 ! int]e/ ( ^! well-dispos$ b easily  

puzzl$ believ]s (  ! ill-in/ruct$ &     
uncritical sort1 a s]ies ( anti-agno/ic 
tracts  = ! million w\ld really seem to 
be call$ =4 ,yet nev] has !  pres5t     
writ] felt m abjectly cru%$ ) a s5se (  
incompet5ce  ?an :5 pos$ by !           
difficulties ( a hagno/ic gre5groc]1 or 
(  a dressmak] fre% f ! p]usal ( ,erb]t 
,sp5c]4 ,face to face  ) *aos1 "o kn[s n
 :]e to beg9 ! "w ( build+ up an  ord]ly
 m9d2 nor w ! self-taught g5ius brook a 
h9t ( possible  ignorance1 or endure !  
discussion ( dull presuppositions1 )\t  
mu* paw+ ( ! gr\nd & *amp+ on ! bit3    
,:at ,i want1 he  says1 is a pla9 answ] 
to a pla9 "q4 ,& :5 y expla9 to  him t =
 an answ] he mu/ g back v f> & become a 
little  *ild aga91 & mu/ unravel 8 m9d  
to ! v beg9n+ l an  ill-knit /ock+1 he  
looks at once incr$ul\s & triumphant z  
:o  %\ld say3 ,!re1 ,i told y s6 ,yet ! 
same critical incompet5ce  t makes ^!   
simple folk q obtuse to ! true &        
adequate  solution ( _! problems 7,i am 
speak+ ( cases :]e su* solutions  are   

possible71 makes !m p]fectly ready to   
accept any sort (  c\nt]-sophi/ry or    
p>alogism4 ,a mo/ excell5t & g5u9e      
conv]t  ( t class told me t he _h /ood  
out = ye>s aga9/ !  wor%ip ( ! ,bless$  
,virg91 till "o day x _h occurr$ to him 
t1  z a cause equals or exce$s its      
effect1 s ! ,"m mu/ equal !  ,son4      
,ano!r1 equally g5u9e1 pr(ess$ to h be5 
conqu]$ by !  reflection t he _h all 8  
life be5 say+3 ,i believe 9 ! ,holy     
,ca?olic ,*ur*1 & he c\ld n see ! use ( 
believ+ 9 x if he  didn't belong to x4  
,if _! fai? 9 ,ca?olicism or 9 any o!r  
religion dep5d$ on _! logic1 m5 ( ?is   
widespread class 7 9 a  sorry plight4 ,l
 _m ( _! bett]s1 ^! two m5 probably     
imag9$ ! assign$ reasons to be ! entire 
cause ( _!  conv]sion1 mak+ no acc\nt ( 
! _m reasonable ?\gh non-logical        
motives by :i* ! *ange 0 really br\ght  
ab\t4 ,h5ce to h  abruptly & incauti\sly
 correct$ !m1 w\ld p]haps b h be5 to    
r$uce !m to confusion & p]plexity1 & to 
de/roy ) "o's  logic ^? = :om ,*ri/ di$4

    ,t we d n suffici5tly realize !     
dialectical incompet5ce ( !  un$ucat$ is
 p>tly to be expla9$ by ! fact t !y (t5 
get  bits ( reason+ by rote1 mu* z "y   
boys le>n _! ,euclid2 &  t !y frequ5tly 
seem to und]/& pr9ciples because !y     
apply  !m 9 ! "r cases1 j z we (t5 quote
 a prov]b appropriately  )\t ! slighte/ 
idea ( its orig9 or mean+ beyond t x is 
! "r ?+ to say 9 a c]ta9 connection4 ,z 
we asc5d 9 !  scale ( education1 !re is 
m & m ( ?is reason+ by rote1 s  t       
critical incompet5ce is m easily        
conceal$ & may lurk  unsuspect$ ev5 9 ! 
pulpit & ! pr(essorial *air1 :]e logic  
alone seems p>am\nt4 ,! hagno/ic        
gre5groc]1 9 all !  self-confid5ce ( 8  
ignorance1 is b ! l[] extreme ( a class 
t runs up mu* high] 9 ! social scale &  
spreads out mu* wid]  9 e direction4    
,b :5 we h realiz$ m adequately h[      
hopelessly incompet5t !  multitude mu/  
necess>ily be 9 ! problems ( speciali/s1
 we %all  also see t x is only by       
inadequate & ev5 sophi/ical reason+  t  

mo/ ( _! intellectual difficulties c be 
allay$2 t !  full tru? 7& ! half-tru? is
 mo/ly a lie7 w\ld be ,greek to !m4     
,if1 !n1 ,tracts = ! ,million seem a    
necessity1 !y also seem an              
impossibility2 = :at self-respect+ man w
 sit d[n to weave t  tissue ( sophi/ry1 
special-plead+1 viol5ce1 & vulg>ity1 :i*
  alone w s]ve ! practical purpose ) ^? 
to :om tr5*5cy is  ev]y?+ & subtlety    
no?+8 ,ev5 ?\gh ! means involve a       
violation ( ta/e r ?an ( morals1 yet c  
!y be ju/ifi$ by  ! goodness ( ! end8   
,=tunately1 h[ev]1 ! difficulty is met  
by  a p>ticul> application ( ,god's     
univ]sal me?od 9 ! education (  mank9d4 
,9 e grade ( enlight5m5t !re are f\nd "s
 :o are  suffici5tly 9 advance ( ! re/  
to be able to help !m1 & n s  f> 9      
advance z practically to speak a diff]5t
 language4 ,:at is a  dazzl+ light = ^? 
j em]g+ f d>kness1 is d>kness =  ^? 9 a 
yet /rong] light4 ,a /atem5t may be s   
mu* less false  ?an ano!r1 z to be      
relatively true2 s mu* less true ?an a  

?ird1  z to be relatively false4 ,= a   
m9d :olly unprep>$1 ! full tru?  is (t5 
a light t bl9ds & d>kness2 :]eas !      
temp]$  half-tru? prep>es ! way = a     
full] disclosure 9 due "t1 ev5 z  ! law 
& ! prophets prep>$ ! way = ! ,gospel & 
,*ri/1 or  z ! enigmas ( fai? s*ool u to
 be> t light :i* n[ no man  c gaze on & 
live4 ,?us1 ?\gh we may nev] use a lie 9
 !  int]e/ ( tru?1 or br+ m5 f error by 
argum5ts we "k to be  sophi/ical1 yet we
 h ! w>rant ( ,div9e example1 bo? 9 !   
natural & sup]natural education (       
mank9d1 = ! passive  p]mission ( error 9
 ! int]e/ ( tru?1 z also ( evil 9 !     
int]e/ ( good4 ,s9ce !n !re w ev] be    
f\nd ^? :o 9 all  good fai? & s9c]ity c 
adapt !mselves to ! popul> ne$ &  supply
 ea* level ( intellig5ce ) ! m$ic9e mo/ 
suit$ to its  dige/ion1 all we ask is t 
a v>iety ( /&>ds 9 controv]sial  writ+s 
be freely recogniz$2 t ea* :o feels     
call$ to su*  ef=ts %\ld put =? 8 v be/ 
) a view to help+ ^?  m9ds :i* are like/
 8 own2 t none %\ld delib]ately         

condesc5d  to ! use ( :at f 8 po9t (    
view w\ld be sophi/ries &  vulg>ities1  
rememb]+ at ! same "t t ! sup]iority ( 8
  own ta/e & judgm5t is m relative ?an  
absolute1 & t 9 !  eyes ( ^? :o come    
aft]1 he himself may be b a ,phili/9e4  
,we conclude !n t all t c be done 9 !   
way ( ,tracts = !  ,million %\ld be     
done2 t se$ ( e k9d %\ld be scatt]$ to  
! f\r w9ds1 hop+ t ea* may f9d "s       
cong5ial soil4    ,b ev5 :5 all t c be  
done 9 ?is way to save ! masses f  !    
contagion ( unbelief has be5 done1 we   
%all be z f> z ev] f  hav+ f\nd a       
sub/itute = ! support :i* =m]ly 0 l5t to
  _! fai? by a ,*ri/ianiz$ public       
op9ion4 ,c we hope = any?+  m ?an ?us to
 ret>d ! leakage8 ,! answ] to ?is w\ld  
take u  to ! second ( our propos$       
consid]ations1 namely1 our attitude     
t[>ds ^? :o =m & modify t public op9ion 
by :i* !  masses are influ5c$ = good or 
= evil4 ,b x is an answ] :i*  = ! pres5t
 mu/ be def]r$4 #a    ,nov4 #aijj4      
,footnotes3      ,footnote #a3 ,!       

,introduction to ! ,fir/ ,s]ies ( ^!    
essays  attempts to deal ) ?is fur!r "q4
        ,,xx4      ,,an ,,apo/le ,,(    
,,naturalism4        ,a man t c\ld look 
no way b d[nw>ds1 ) a    muck-rake 9 8  
h& & did nei!r look up nor reg>d1    b  
rak$ to himself ! /raws1 ! small /icks1 
& ! du/    ( ! floor4444 ,!n said       
,*ri/iana1 ',oh1 deliv] me    f ?is     
muck-rake4'--,bunyan4      ,naturalism  
includes v>i\s s*ools :i* agree 9 ! fir/
 pr9ciple  t no?+ is true b :at c be    
ju/ifi$ by ^? axiomatic tru?s  :i* e-day
 exp]i5ce =ces ^u our acceptance1 n     
inde$ z  self-evid5t1 b z inevitable1   
unless we are to be incapacitat$ =      
practical life4 ,x is ess5tially !      
philosophy ( ! unphilosophical1  t is1 (
 ^? :o believe :at !y are accu/om$ to   
believe1 &  because !y are s accu/om$2  
:o are incapable ( di/+ui%+  betwe5 !   
subjective necessity impos$ by habits & 
! objective  necessity f\nd$ 9 ! nature 
( ?+s4 ,x is no new philosophy1 b  z old
 z ! fir/ dawn ( philosophic ?\ght1 = x 

is ! =m  t[>ds :i* ! mat]iali/ic m9d    
naturally gravitates4 ,giv5 a           
population suffici5tly educat$ to       
philosophize 9 any fa%ion1 & (          
necessity ! b5t ( ! majority w be 9 !   
direction ( "s =m  ( ,naturalism4 ,h5ce 
we f9d t ! ,agno/icism ( ,pr(essor      
,huxley  is em95tly suit$ to ! capacity 
& ta/e ( ! semi-educat$  majorities 9   
our l>ge c5tres ( civilization4 ,/ill x 
mu/ n be  suppos$ t ! majority really   
philosophizes at all ev5 to ?is  ext5t4 
,! pressure ( life r5d]s x morally      
impossible4 ,b !y  l to ?9k t !y d s4 ,!
 :ole temp] ( m9d1 begott5 &  matur$ by 
! rationali/ic s*ool1 is self-suffici5t3
 e man 8  own prophet1 prie/1 & k+2 e   
man 8 own philosoph]4 ,h5ce1 he  :o     
poses z a tea*] ( ! p w n be tol]at$4 ,!
 !ori/  mu/ come =w>d ) an affectation (
 mode/y1 z into ! pres5ce  ( compet5t   
critics2 he mu/ only expose 8 w>es1 w9 =
 himself a  he>+1 & !n humbly wait = !  
placet ( ! sov]eign p4  ,b pla9ly ?is is
 m]ely a conv5tional homage to a !ory t 

no  s]i\s m9d really believes 94 ,we "k 
well en\gh1 t ! op9ions  & beliefs ( !  
multitude are =m$ almo/ entirely by     
tradition1  imitation1 int]e/1 by 9 fact
 any influ5ce r ?an t ( pure  reason4   
,taught !y are1 & taught !y mu/ be1     
h[ev] !y repudiate  x4 ,b ! mo/         
successful tea*]s & lead]s are ^? :o    
contrive  to w\nd _! s5se ( intellectual
 self-suffici5cy lea/1 & to  (f] !m !   
/rong food ( dogmatic ass]tion sug>$ ov]
 &  sp>kl+ ) ! %[ ( wit & reason4       
,philosophy = ! million may be /udi$    
pr(itably 9 "o ( its  popul> expon5ts ^:
 works h ga9$ wide curr5cy among ! class
  ref]r$ to4 ,mr4 ,s4 ,la+ is a v fair  
type ( ! av]age  m9d-lead]1 ow+ 8 great 
success to 8 s+ul> appreciation ( !  k9d
 ( treatm5t ne$$ to secure a fav\rable  
he>+4 ,we d n  pret5d to review ,mr4    
,la+'s writ+s = _! own sake1 b simply z 
good specim5s ( a class :i* is          
hi/orically r ?an  philosophically      
int]e/+4    ,we h be=e u ?ree ( 8 mo/   
popul> books3 ,mod]n ,sci5ce &  ,mod]n  

,?\ght 7n9ete5? ?\s&71 ,problems ( !    
,future  7?irte5? ?\s&71 ,human ,orig9s 
7twelf? ?\s&71 to :i* we  %all ref] z   
,m4,s41 ,p4,f41 ,h4,o41 9 ?is essay2    
tak+ !  responsibility ( all italics on 
ourselves1 unless o!rwise notifi$4      
,mr4 ,la+ is n regretfully =c$ into     
mat]ialism by "s m5tal  confusion or    
obscurity1 b he revels 9 x1 & invites   
all to ta/e  & see h[ graci\s a         
philosophy x is4 ,!re is an ill-conceal$
  levity & co>s5ess 9 8 h&l+ ( religi\s 
subjects :i*  breaks1      ,at seasons1 
?r\gh ! gild$ pale1    & :i* w>ns u f   
ca/+ reasons be=e ^? :o w\ld b  trample 
!m "u foot4 ,x is r = ! sake ( ^? :o    
read  su* lit]ature1 imprud5tly p]haps1 
b ) no sympa?y1 & yet f9d  _! imag9ation
 p]plex$ & puzzl$ ) a sw>m ( m9ute      
sophi/ries & difficulties1 collectively 
bewild]+1 ?\gh  contemptible s+ly1 t we 
?9k x well to =m "s e/imate ( !         
philosophical value ( su* works4        
,no?+ 9 our /udy ( ,mr4 ,la+ surpris$ u 
m ?an to discov] #a  t he _h liv$ = m   

?an ! ,scriptural span ( ?ree-score &   
t5 ye>s1 a life ( v>i$ =tunes & _m      
exp]i5ces4 ,x seems to  u incr$ible t   
any man ( ev5 av]age ?\ghtfulness c\ld1 
aft]  s _m ye>s1 f9d life )\t ,god1 )\t 
immortality1 )\t  def9ite mean+ or      
assignable goal1 wor? liv+1 & t to be   
born 9 a civiliz$ c\ntry 9 ! n9ete5?    
c5tury is a boon =  :i* a man c nev] be 
suffici5tly ?ankful4 #b ,?ankful to :om8
  "o might ask p>5!tically4 ,9 o!r      
words1 he is a bl& optimi/1  & has no?+ 
b vials ( contempt to p\r ^u !          
pessimi/s1 f  ,ecclesia/es d[n to       
,c>lyle4 ,pessimism1 we are told        
confid5tially1 is  n an outcome ( j     
reason+ on ! mis]able residue ( hope :i*
  mat]ialism leaves to u1 b ( !         
indisposition ( ^? dige/ive  organs ^u  
:i* ! s5sation ( heal? & well-be+ s     
ma9ly  dep5ds4 ,x is among su* m51 )    
cultivat$ intellects1 s5sitive  n]ves1 &
 bad dige/ion1 t we f9d ! prophets &    
disciples (  pessimism4 #c ,! inf]5ce   
is1 t m5 ( uncultivat$ intellects1      

co>se n]ves1 & o/ri* liv]s w co9cide )  
,mr4 ,la+ 9 8  sangu9e view ( ! ru9s (  
religion4 ,! sorr[+ dyspeptic asks 9    
despair3 ,son ( man1 ?9ke/ ?\ t ^! dry  
bones w live  aga98 ,i'm cock-sure ( x1 
answ]s ,mr4 ,la+1 & ! gr\nd ( 8         
assurance is ! heal?9ess ( 8 liv]4      
,c>lyle1 :o 9 o!r matt]s is1 accord+ to 
,mr4 ,la+1 a great  g5ius1 a m ?an      
prophet ( ! new religion1 on ?is po9t   
sudd5ly  collapses into a dreadful      
croak]1 /yl+ 8 own age b>r51  bra9less1 
s\lless1 fai?less4 #d ,b ! reason is1 ( 
c\rse1 t  he suff]$ f *ronic dyspepsia &
 0 unable to eat 8 ?ree  squ>e meals a  
day4 ,a v consi/5t explanation = an av[$
  mat]iali/1 b slightly de/ructive to ! 
value ( 8 own  conclusions1 be+ a       
two-edg$ sword4 ,inde$ he almo/ all[s z 
mu*4  ,= su* dyspeptic pati5ts !re is an
 excuse4 ,pessimism is probably  z      
inevitably _! cre$1 z optimism is = ! m 
=tunate mortals  :o enjoy ! m5s sana 9  
corpore sano4 #e ,h[ev]1 !re are "s     
pessimi/s = :om indige/ion c plead no   

excuse1 #f b = ^:  intellectual p]v]sity
 "s o!r cosmic influ5ce mu/ be s\ght    
beh9d ! veil1 beh9d ! veil1--to borr[   
,mr4 ,la+'s fav\rite  l9e f 8 fav\rite  
poem4 ,^! are n only social swells1     
w\ld-be sup]ior p]sons & or?odox        
!ologians1 b ev5 a man (  light & le>n+ 
l ,mr4 ,f4 ,h>rison4 ,religion1 !y say1 
is  becom+ ext9ct4444 ,)\t a lively fai?
 9 su* a p]sonal1  ev]-pres5t deity :o  
li/5s to our pray]s1 444 !re c be1 !y   
say1 no religion2 & !y hold1 & ,i ?9k   
rightly hold1 t ! only  support = su* a 
religion is to be f\nd 9 ! assum$       
inspiration (  ! ,bible & ! ,div9ity (  
,*ri/4 ,de/roy ^! & !y ?9k !  _w w      
become vulg> & mat]ializ$1 los+ n only !
 sure/  sanction ( morals1 b 444 !      
spiritual aspiration & t5d5cies1 c4  #g 
,to ^! gloomy =ebod+s ,i v5ture to      
return a positive &  categorical d5ial  
444 ,scepticism has be5 ! great sweet5] 
( mod]n  life4 #h ,h[ he ju/ifies 8     
d5ial by ma9ta9+ t morality c  hold its 
own :5 r$uc$ to a physical sci5ce2 t !  

result (  advanc+ civilization & ( !    
mat]iali/ic psy*ology is a  cle>]       
recognition ( ! intr9sic sacr$ness &    
dignity ( e  human s\l2 #i t ,*ri/ianity
 )\t dogma1 )\t miracles or1  z he calls
 x1 ,*ri/ian agno/icism1 %all reta9 !   
ess5tial  _s1 ! pure morality1 ! consol+
 beliefs1 & z f> z possible  ev5 !      
v5]able =m & sacr$ associations ( ! old 
fai?1 may  appe> lat]4 ,at pres5t we are
 conc]n$ directly ) po9t+ out h[  ,mr4  
,la+'s optimism at once m>ks him (f f ^?
 m5 :o1 :e!r  believ+ or misbeliev+ or  
unbeliev+1 h ?\ght deeply & felt        
deeply1 :o h se5 cle>ly t mat]ialism    
leaves no?+ = man's  s\l b ! husks (    
sw9e2 :o h !re=e boldly fac$ !          
inevitable alt]native betwe5            
spirituali/ic philosophy & hope1 &      
mat]ialism ) its pessimi/ic coroll>y4 ,t
 a man may be a  mat]iali/ or a!i/ &    
enjoy life ?or\ghly1 :o does n "k8 b  !n
 x is j at ! exp5se ( 8 manhood1 because
 he lives )\t  ?\ght1 reflection1 or    
aspiration1 i4e41 mat]iali/ically4 ,mr4 

,la+  no d\bt1 z he confesses1 has liv$ 
pleasantly en\gh4 ,he has f\nd 9  :at he
 calls sci5ce an endless s\rce (        
div]sion1 he betrays himself  ev]y:]e z 
a man ( int5se intellectual curiosity 9 
e  direction1 & yet )al s little conc]n$
 ) ! roots ( ?+s1  s easily satisfi$ ) a
 little plausible coh]5ce 9 a !ory1 z  n
 to h f\nd tru? an app>5tly /]n or      
exact+ mi/ress1 n to  h felt ! angui% ( 
any deep m5tal conflict4 ,8 intellectual
  lab\rs h be5 pleasurable because easy1
 &1 9 8 own eyes1  em95tly fruitful &   
satisfactory4 ,he has adopt$ an e/abli%$
  cause1 ?r[n himself into x he>t & s\l2
 o!rs inde$ _h gone  be=e him & lab\r$1 
& he has ent]$ into _! lab\rs4 ,inde$1  
he is frank 9 disclaim+ all orig9ality (
 discov]y or !ory2 #aj  he has n risk$ !
 disappo9tm5t & anxiety ( improv+ on !  
,evolution ,gospel1 b he has collect$ & 
sort$ & arrang$ &  publi%$ ! evid5ce    
obta9$ by o!rs4 ,?is has always furni%$ 
him  ) an int]e/ 9 life2 #aa b :e!r x be
 a rational int]e/ or  n dep5ds entirely

 on ! usefulness or hurtfulness ( 8 "w4 
,he  admits1 h[ev]1 t ?\gh life = him   
has be5 wor? liv+1 "s  may f9d x o!rwise
 f no fault ( _! own1 m by _! own  fate4
 #ab ,b all c lead fairly happy lives by
 foll[+ 8  l>ge-type platitud9\s maxim1 
,fe> no?+1 make ! be/ (  ev]y?+4 #ac ,9 
o!r words1 ! l>ge majority1 :o are n &  
nev] c be s easily & pleasantly         
circum/anc$ z ,mr4 ,la+1 are  told      
calmly to make ! be/ ( x & to rejoice 9 
! ?\ght t  _! mis]y is a necess>y factor
 9 ! evolution ( _! happi]  po/]ity4    
,?is is ! new gospel3 ,paup]es          
evangelizantur--,good  news = ! poor4   
#ad ,progress & n happ9ess is ! end we  
are  told to make =1 ov] & ov] aga92 b1 
progress t[>ds :at1 is  nev] expla9$1   
nor is any basis = ?is duty assign$4    
,inde$1 duty  means no?+ = ,mr4 ,la+ b  
an inh]it$ in/9ct1 :i* if we  *oose to  
disobey or if we happ5 n to possess1 :o 
%all blame u or  talk to u ( oughts8    
,& n[ to consid] m closely ! gr\nds (   
,mr4 ,la+'s v  *e]ful view ( a _w 9 :i*1

 = all we "k1 !re is no s\l1 no  ,god1 &
 c]ta9ly no fai?4 ,s9ce ( ! two =m] we  
"k & c  "k no?+1 we mu/ build our       
happ9ess1 our morality1 our religion1   
on a basis :]e( !y =m no "p4 ,he        
believes t morality w be  able to hold  
its own di/9ct1 n only f all belief 9   
revelation1  9 a p]sonal ,god1 & 9 a    
spiritual s\l1 b 9 spite ( a philosophy 
:i* by trac+ ! orig9 ( moral judgm5ts to
 m]e physical laws (  h]$it>y           
transmission ( exp]i5c$ utilities1 robs 
!m ( all  au?ority o!r ?an prud5tial1 & 
convicts !m ( be+ illusory s  f> z !y   
seem to be ( high] ?an human orig94     
,h]e91 z usual1 he treads 9 ! /eps (    
,pr(essor ,huxley1 !  greate/ liv+ ma/] 
( ,engli% prose 7?\gh :y 8 ma/]y (      
prose %\ld add to 8 weight z a          
philosoph]1 we fail to see74 ,su*  ideas
 evid5tly come f education1 & are n !   
results ei!r (  inh]it$ in/9ct #ae or ( 
sup]natural gift4444 ,giv5 a be+ )      
man's bra91 man's h&s1 & erect /ature1 x
 is easy to see h[ 444  rules ( conduct 

444 mu/ h be5 =m$ & fix$ by successive  
g5]ations1 accord+ to ! ,d>w9ian laws4  
#af    ,he tells u3 ,we may read !      
,a?anasian ,cre$ less1 b we practise    
,*ri/ian *>ity m 9 ! pres5t ?an 9 any   
=m] age4 #ag  ,fai? has dim9i%$1 *>ity  
increas$4 #ah    ,( moral pr9ciples1 he 
says3 ,:y d we say t 444 !y c>ry        
conviction ) !m & prove !mselves8444    
,/ill1 !re !y are1 &  be+ :at !y are 444
 x requires no tra9 ( reason+ or lab\r$ 
reflection to make u feel t '"r is "r1' 
& t x is  bett] = ourselves & o!rs to   
act on su* precepts 444 r  ?an to rev]se
 ^! rules & obey ! selfi% prompt+s (    
animal  nature4 #ai ,x is cle>ly our    
highe/ wisdom to foll[ "r1 n  f selfi%  
calculation1 444 b because '"r is "r4'  
444 ,=  practical purposes x is         
comp>atively unimportant h[ ?is /&>d got
  !re 444 z an absolute imp]ative rule4 
#bj ,z to ! appreh5d$  ill effect (     
agno/icism on morals1 he says3 ,!       
f\ndations (  morals #ba are =tunately  
built on solid rock & n on %ift+ s&4  ,x

 may truly be said 9 a great _m cases t1
 z individuals &  nations become m      
sceptical1 !y become m moral4 #bb ,if   
!re  is "o ?+ m c]ta9 ?an ano!r 9 !     
hi/ory ( evolution1 x  is t morals h be5
 evolv$ by ! same laws z regulate !     
developm5t ( species4 #bc    ,^!        
citations embody ,mr4 ,la+'s op9ions on 
?is po9t1 & %[ v  cle>ly 8 utt]         
incapacity = elem5t>y philosophic ?\ght4
 ,"h1  z else:]e1 z soon z he leaves !  
b>e record ( facts & emb>ks  9 any k9d (
 speculation1 he %[s himself helpless2  
h[ev]1 he tries  to =tify 8 own c\rage &
 t ( 8 read]s1 ) x is cle>1  x is       
evid5t1 x is c]ta94    ,to say t "r is  
"r1 s\nds v oracul>2 b x ei!r means  t  
"r is an ultimate spr+ ( action1        
inexplicable on  evolutioni/ pr9ciples1 
or t "r is ! w ( ! /ronge/1 or  an      
illusory inh]it$ =ebod+ ( pa91 or a     
calculation ( future  pleasure & pa91 or
 some?+ :i*1 9 no s5se1 is a true acc\nt
 (  :at m5 d mean by "r4 ,to say t moral
 pr9ciples c>ry  conviction ) !m1 &     

prove !mselves 7i4e41 are self-evid5t71 
unless1 z we suspect1 x is m]e v]biage  
convey+ no?+ p>ticul>  to ,mr4 ,la+'s   
bra91 is to d5y t "r has ref]5ce to !   
consequ5ces ( action z be>+ on human    
progress & evolution1 :i*  is to d5y ! v
 !ory he wi%es to uphold4 ,no           
intuitioni/ c\ld  h spok5 m /rongly4 ,!n
 we are assur$ t we feel rightness1  or 
t "r is "r--app>5tly z a simple         
irresoluble quality (  c]ta9 actions--& 
) same brea?1 t x is bett] =  ourselves 
& o!rs to act on ^! rules1 :]e he jumps 
(f to  utilit>ianism aga92 & !n we are  
=bidd5 to obey ! selfi%  impulses ( our 
animal nature--a /range prohibition = "o
 :o sees  9 u no?+ b animal nature1 :o  
d5ies u any free p[] to  )/& its        
impulses4 ,!n x is cle>ly our highe/    
wisdom to foll[  "r--an appeal to       
prud5tial motives--n f any selfi%       
calculations--a repudiation ( prud5tial 
motives--b because '"r  is "r'--an      
appeal to a bl9d unreason+ in/9ct1 & a  
prohibition  to "q its au?ority4 ,we are

 told t = practical purposes x  matt]s  
little :5ce ?is absolute imp]ative rule 
orig9ates4 ,0  !re ev] a m unpractical &
 %ort-sight$ ass]tion6 ,conv9ce m5  t ! 
dictates ( consci5ce are ^? ( fe> or    
selfi%ness1 t  !y are all m]e animal    
in/9cts1 t !y are any?+ less ?an  div9e1
 & :o w c>e = ,mr4 ,la+'s appeal to bl9d
 fai? 9 !  rightness ( "r8    ,z long z 
,*ri/ian tradition lives on1 z x w =    
ye>s among !  masses1 ! effects (       
mat]iali/ e?ics w n be felt2 b z ^!  new
 !ories filt] d[n f ! few to ! _m1 !y w 
inevitably  produce _! logical          
consequ5ces 9 practical matt]s4 ,no "o )
  op5 eyes c fail to see h[ ! leav5 is  
spread+ already4 ,/ill !  majority act &
 speak to a great ext5t "u ! influ5ce ( 
! old  belief1 :i* !y h repudiat$1 9 !  
fre$om ( man's w & !  ,div9e orig9 ( "r4
 ,x is q pla9 t ,mr4 ,la+ has ei!r  nev]
 _h pati5ce to ?9k ! matt] out1 or has  
f\nd x beyond 8  compass4 ,hav+ ?us     
e/abli%$ morality on a f\ndation        
indep5d5t (  religion & ( ev]y?+ else1  

mak+ "r re/ on "r1 he  assumes !        
prophetic robe1 & on ! /r5g? ( 8 sev5ty 
ye>s (  exp]i5ce & philosophy poses z a 
,cato ,major = ! edification (  !       
semi-sci5tific millions ( "y p]sons to  
:om he addresses 8  volumes4 ,we h a    
:ole *apt] on ,practical ,life1 #bd on  
self-rev]5ce1 self-k1 self-control1 full
 ( port5t\s  platitudes & anci5t saws2  
,/4 ,paul's doctr9e ( *>ity1 & all  t is
 be/ 9 ! tea*+ ( ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 is
 lib]at$  f its degrad+ association ) ! 
belief 9 a ,god :o rew>ds &  puni%es4#be
 ,we are to act /r5u\sly 9 t direction  
:i*1 aft]  consci5ti\s inquiry1 seems ! 
be/1 444 & tru/ to :at religi\s  m5 call
 ,provid5ce1 & sci5tific m5 ,evolution1 
= ! result1 &  all ?is simply on ! bold 
ass]tion ( ?is sage ^: sole aim is to   
leave ! _w a little bett] r ?an a little
 worse = my  individual unit ( exi/5ce4 
#bf    ,& "h we may inquire p>5!tically 
z to ! motive :i* urges ,mr4  ,la+ to   
?r[ himself into ! lab\rs ( ! apo/olate 
& to become  su* an active propag&i/ (  

agno/icism4 ,we are told#bg t !         
enlight5$ %\ld be lib]al & tol]ant t[>ds
 traditional op9ions  & traditional     
practices1 & tru/ ) *e]ful fai? to      
evolution to  br+ ab\t gradually *anges 
( =m1 c42 t ! influ5ce ( !  cl]gy is on 
! :ole ex]t$ = good1 & x is frankly     
ackn[l$g$ t ,*ri/ianity has be5 a pot5t 
factor 9 ! evolution  ( mod]n           
civilization4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 ne>ly run  
its c\rse1 & !  old ord] mu/ give place 
to ! new1 i4e41 to agno/icism4 ,b ev5   
all[+1 :at we d>e say ,mr4 ,la+ w\ld n  
ask1 t ! speculative  side ( ! new      
religion is fully def9$ & work$ out1 &  
ready to  displace ! old dogmatic cre$s1
 yet its practical aspect is s vague  t 
he writes3 ,i ?9k ! "t is come :5 !     
intellectual victory  ( agno/icism is s 
f> assur$1 t x behoves ?9k+ m5 to beg9  
to consid] :at practical results are    
likely to foll[ f x4 #bh  ,9 ! face (   
?is confession we f9d ,mr4 ,la+         
indu/ri\sly  address+ himself to ^? :o  
lack "t & opportunity =  /udy+1 #bi to !

 m9ds ( my y\ng] read]s1 & ( ! work+    
classes :o are /riv+ aft] culture1 #cj  
to :at may be call$ !  semi-sci5tific   
read]s1 444 :o h already acquir$ "s     
elem5t>y  ideas ab\t sci5ce1 to !       
millions2 #ca & endeav\r+ by all  means 
9 8 p[] to de/roy ! la/ ve/ige ( _! fai?
 9 t  religion :i* alone provides = !m a
 def9ite code ( morality  /r5g!n$ by    
app>5t sanctions ( ! highe/ ord]1 &     
v5]able  at lea/ by its antiquity &     
univ]sality4 #cb ,& :ile he is ?us      
busily pull+ d[n ! old scaffold+1 he is 
calmly beg9n+ to  consid] ! practical   
results4 ,?is is 8 me?od ( leav+ ! _w  a
 little bett] ?an he f\nd x4 ,he        
pr(esses to und]/& &  appreciate ,9     
,memoriam4 ,has he ev] reflect$ on !    
l9es3 ,o ?\  t aft] toil & /orm1 #cc :5 
! practical conclusion is--      ,leave 
?\ ?y si/]1 :5 %e prays1      ,h] e>ly  
,heav51 h] happy views2      ,nor ?\ )  
%ad[$ h9t infuse    ,a life t leads     
melodi\s days4    ,h] fai? ?r\gh =m is  
pure z ?9e1      ,h] h&s are quick] unto

 good2      ,o sacr$ be ! fle% & blood1 
,to :i* %e l9ks a tru? div9e4    ,on 8  
own pr9ciples he is convict$ ( be+ a    
lov] ( mis*ief4 ,no1  "o is sorely      
tempt$ to ?9k t ^! m5 are well aw>e t ! 
moral s5se :i* s\nd philosophy &        
,*ri/ian fai? h develop$1  is /ill /rong
 9 ! m9ds & deep] consci5ce ( !         
,engli%-speak+ races1 & t 7 !y to pres5t
 mat]ialism 9 all  its loa?some nudity  
to ! public gaze1 !y w\ld be hiss$ (f ! 
/age4 ,& s !y dress x up 9 ! clo!s ( !  
old religion j  = ! pres5t1 ) _m a quiet
 w9k betwe5 !mselves at !  exp5se ( !   
semi-sci5tific read]4    ,we h already  
adv]t$ to ,mr4 ,la+'s utt] incapacity = 
any?+  l philosophy1 except s f> z t t]m
 c be appli$ to a p[] (  rak+ toge!r1   
select+1 & pil+ up into a popul> %ape ! 
scraps ( in=mation :i* fav\r ! view ^:  
correctness he 0  conv9c$ ( ere he      
began4 ,a few fur!r rem>ks may ju/ify   
?is  some:at sev]e e/imate4 ,aft] /at+ t
 9 ! solution ( life &  s\l problems1   
sci5ce /ops %ort at g]ms & nucleat$     

cells1 he  proce$s ) ! usual tirade     
aga9/ metaphysics3 ,take ,desc>tes'     
fundam5tal axiom3 ,cogito ergo sum4444  
,is x really an axiom8444 ,if  ! fact t 
,i am consci\s ( ?9k+ proves ! fact t ,i
 exi/1  is ! conv]se true t :atev] does 
n ?9k does n exi/8444  ,does a *ild only
 beg9 to exi/ :5 x beg9s to ?9k8 ,if    
,cogito  ergo sum is an in/itution to   
:i* we c tru/1 :y is n ,non  cogito ergo
 non sum8 #cd ,"h is a man pos+ be=e !  
gap+  millions z a philosoph] & a sev]e 
logician1 :o ?9ks t !  proposition1 e c[
 is a quadrup$1 is disprov$ by ! evid5t 
falsehood (1 :at is n a c[ is n a       
quadrup$1 :i* he calls  ! conv]se4 ,he  
sums up magnific5tly by say+3 ,^! are   
que/ions  to :i* no metaphysical sy/em t
 ,i h ev] se51 c return !  semblance (  
an answ]2 giv+ ! impression ( a life    
devot$ to a  deep & exhau/ive /udy ( all
 s*ools ( philosophy4 ,mr4 ,la+ "h      
surely is address+ 8 y\ng] read]s4      
,he tells u else:]e #ce t1 :5 analyz$ by
 sci5ce1 spiritualism  leads /raight to 

mat]ialism2 free-w c be annihilat$ by ! 
simple me*anical exp$i5t ( look+ at a   
black waf] /uck on a :ite  wall2 t if   
,smi? falls into a trance & believes    
himself to be  ,jones1 he really is     
,jones1 & ,smi? has become a /rang] to  
him :ile  ! trance la/s4444 ,i (t5 ask  
myself ! "q1 ,if he di$ dur+  "o ( ^!   
trances1 :i* w\ld he be1 ,smi? or       
,jones8 & ,i confess  x takes "s "o wis]
 ?an ,i am to answ] x4 ,)\t pret5d+ to  
be wis] ?an ,mr4 ,la+1 we hope x w n be 
too presumptu\s = u  to sugge/ t if     
,smi? dies 9 a trance believ+ himself to
 be  ,jones1 he is "u a delusion1 & t he
 really is ,smi?4 ,else x  w\ld be v    
awkw>d = poor ,jones1 :o 9 n[ise        
believes himself to  be ,smi?4 ,mr4 ,la+
 w\ld h to break x g5tly to ,jones1 t1 9
  fact1 my de> sir1 ,smi? borr[$ y\r    
p]sonality1 & un=tunately  di$ be=e     
return+ x2 & z to :e!r y are y\rself or 
,smi?1  z to :e!r y are alive or dead1  
',i confess x takes "s "o wis]  ?an ,i  
am to decide4' ,t a man's own "n1 own   

surr\nd+s1 own  antec$5ts1 are all      
objects ( 8 ?\ght1 & di/+ui%$ f !  self1
 ego1 or subject :i* contemplates !m1   
has nev] sugge/$  itself to ,mr4 ,la+4  
,t ?\gh ,smi? may mi/ake e "o ( ^!1  yet
 ! t]m ,i necess>ily & inv>iably means !
 same = him1 !  "o c5tral1 con/ant unity
 to :i* e non-ego is oppos$4 ,&  ?is f a
 man :o else:]e claims an easy          
famili>ity ) ,kant4  ,aga9 :at c be said
 ( love & hate if "u giv5 circum/ances  
!y c be trans=m$ into "o ano!r by a     
magnet8 ,:at inde$8 ,&  h[ is x t !     
gold-fi% make no diff]5ce 9 ! weight ( !
  globe ( wat]8    ,8 conclusion to ^!  
inquiries is3 ,:5 ,%akespe>e said1 ',we 
are  su* /uff z dreams are made (1' he  
enum]ates :at has become a  sci5tific   
fact4 ,! '/uff' is 9 all cases !        
same--vibratory motions  ( n]ve         
p>ticles4 #cf ,?us k1 self-consci\sness1
  free-*oice1 is z mu* a function (     
matt] z f]m5tation1 or                  
cry/allisation--a mode ( motion1 n      
dissimil> f heat1 p]haps  trans=mable   

!re)4    ,recapitulat+ ?is f>rago (     
nons5se on p4 #ahh1 he adds a new       
difficulty :i* ought to make him pause 9
 8 wild c>e]4 ,:at is  ! value ( !      
evid5ce ( ! s5ses if a sugge/ion c make 
u see  ! hat1 b n ! man :o we>s x2 or   
dance half ! night ) an  imag9>y p>tn]8 
,am ,i ',i myself1 ,i1' or am ,i a      
b>rel-organ play+  ',god save ! ,que51' 
if ! /ops are set 9 ! normal fa%ion1 b  
! ',m>seillaise' if "s cunn+ h& has     
alt]$ !m )\t my  k8 ,^! are que/ions :i*
 ,i _c answ]4 ,he _c answ]  a "q on :i* 
! value ( 8 :ole sy/em ( physical       
philosophy  dep5ds2 unc]ta9 ab\t 8 own  
id5tity1 ab\t ! evid5ce ( 8  s5ses1 he  
w\ld make ! latt] ! sole rule & measure 
( c]titude1  & d5y to man any high]     
faculty by :i* alone he c ju/ify 8  tru/
 9 8 cognitive faculties4 ,ano!r in/ance
 ( 8 absolute  ignorance ( common       
philosophic t]m9ology is :5 he ass]ts t 
accord+ to !ology we "k ! dogmas (      
religion by intuition4 #cg    ,?is      
doctr9e re/s on ,c>d9al ,newman's       

celebrat$ !ory ( !  ,illative ,s5se4    
,surely a mom5t's reflection on ! mean+ 
( words1  n to speak ( a slight         
acqua9tance ) ! book ref]r$ to1 w\ld  h 
sav$ him f conf\nd+ two notions s %>ply 
di/+ui%$ z  intuition & inf]5ce4 ,aga91 
,!re c be no d\bt !re are m5  (t5 (     
great piety & excell5ce :o h1 or fancy  
!y h1 a sort  ( six? s5se1 or1 z ,c>d9al
 ,newman calls x1 an 'illative s5se1' by
  :i* !y see by intuition 444 ?+s       
unprovable or disprovable by  ord9>y    
reason4 #ch ,c a man :o makes su*       
reckless trave/ies ( a  view :i* he     
manife/ly has nev] /udi$1 be cr$it$ )   
intellectual hone/y8    ,d\btless1 !    
semi-sci5tific millions w be mu*        
impress$ by !  wid5ess ( ,mr4 ,la+'s    
read+ & 8 pr(\nd grasp ( all t he  has  
read1 :5 !y are told casually t space & 
"t are1 444 to  use ! phraseology (     
,kant1 'imp]ative categories2' #ci b    
p]haps  to o!r read]s x may convey no?+ 
m ?an t he has he>d a dim  some?+       
some:]e ab\t ,kant1 ab\t ! categories1  

ab\t space &  "t be+ s*emata ( s5se1 &  
ab\t ! categorical imp]ative4  ,x is    
only "o in/ance ( ! unscrupul\s         
recklessness :i* %[s  itself ev]y:]e4   
,ak9 to ?is is 8 absolute misappreh5sion
 ( !  ,*ri/ian religion :i* he lab\rs to
 refute4 ,he nev] = a mom5t  que/ions 8 
p]fect und]/&+ ( x1 & ( all x has got to
 say  = itself4 ,br\ght up app>5tly     
among ,prote/ants1 :o hold to a  v]bal  
inspiration #dj & lit]al int]pretation (
 ! ,scriptures1  :o h no traditional or 
au?oritative int]pretation ( x1 he      
concludes at once t 8 own crude1 boyi%  
conception ( ,*ri/ianity  is ! g5u9e "o1
 & t e deviation !refrom is a climb+    
d[n1 or a m9imiz+4 ,he has no suspicion 
t ! wid] views (  int]pretation are z   
old z ,*ri/ianity itself1 & h always    
co-exi/$ ) ! n>r[]4    ,he reg>ds !     
,*ri/ian idea ( ,god z ess5tially       
an?ropomorphic4  ,inde$1 :e!r 9 good    
fai? or = ! sake ( effect1 he br+s  =w>d
 ! old difficulties :i* h be5 answ]$ ad 
nauseam )  an air ( fre%ness1 z ?\gh    

une>!d = ! fir/ "t1 &  !re=e z sett+    
religion 9 new & unhe>d-( /raits4 ,s1 at
 all  ev5ts1 x w seem to ! millions ( 8 
"y read]s & to !  work+ classes4    ,let
 u foll[ him 9 "s ( 8 de/ructive        
criticism1 or r  d5unciations1 9 ord] to
 obs]ve 8 mode ( proc$ure4 ,!           
discov]ies ( sci5ce 444 make x          
impossible = s9c]e m5 to  reta9 ! fai?1 
c41 #da !re=e all :o diff] f ,mr4 ,la+  
are  ins9c]e4 ,x is absolutely c]ta9 t  
portions ( ! ,bible are  n true2 & ^?1  
important portions4 #db ,?is is bas$ on 
two  premisses :i* are !re=e absolutely 
c]ta91 7i7 ,mr4 ,la+'s  conclusions ab\t
 ! antiquity ( man--( :i* m anon2 7#dc7 
8  baldly lit]al int]pretation ( !      
,bible z deliv]$ to him 9 8  e>ly       
infancy4 ,on p4 #bec1 we h ! anci5t     
difficulty f ! ,new  ,te/am5t prophecy (
 ! proximate end ( ! _w1 )\t !  fa9te/  
indication t x 0 felt #ahjj ye>s ago1 & 
has be5 dealt  ) ov] & ov] aga94 ,papias
 #dd is lioniz$ #de 9 ord] to upset  !  
antiquity ( ! f\r ,gospels--:i* upsett+1

 h[ev]1 dep5ds on  a dogmatic           
int]pretation ( an ambigu\s phrase1 & ! 
abs5ce (  positive te/imony4 ,"h aga9   
!re is no evid5ce t ,mr4 ,la+ has  read 
any elem5t>y text-book on ! au!nticity (
 ! ,gospels4 ,he is  p]fectly cle> z to 
! f\r? ,gospel be+ a =g]y2 aga9 =       
reasons :i* he alone has discov]$4 #df  
,paul is ! fir/ inv5tor  ( ,*ri/ian     
dogma1 )\t any d\bt or hesitation4 ,b ! 
und\bt$  results ( mod]n sci5ce 444     
%att] to pieces ! :ole fabric4 ,x is  z 
c]ta9 z t #b  #b  #d t ! _w 0 n creat$ 9
 !  mann] describ$ 9 ,g5esis4    ,z     
reg>ds h>moni/ic difficulties ( ! ,old &
 ,new ,te/am5ts1 he  assumes ! same     
confid5t tone ( bold ass]tion )\t feel+ 
any  obligation to notice ! solutions t 
h be5 sugge/$4 ,x makes  = 8 purpose to 
repres5t ! or?odox z sudd5ly /ruck dumb 
&  conf\nd$ by ^! amaz+ discov]ies ( 84 
,he sees discrepancies  ev]y:]e 9 !     
,gospel n>rative1 e4g43 #dg      ,judas'
 dea? is diff]5tly describ$4 ,h]od is   
introduc$ by    ,luke & n m5tion$ by !  

o!rs4 ,jesus c>ri$ ,8 own ,cross 9    "o
 acc\nt1 :ile ,simon ( ,cyr5e bore x 9  
ano!r4 ,jesus gave no    answ] to       
,pilate1 says ,mat!w2 ,he expla9s t ,8  
,k+dom 0 n    ( ! _w1 says ,john4 ,m>y  
,8 ,"m sat 7sic7 at ! foot (    !       
,cross1 accord+ to ,/4 ,john2 x 0 n ,8  
,"m1 b ,m>y !    "m ( ,salome 7sic7 ':o 
beheld ,him f af>1' accord+ to ,m>k    &
 ,mat!w4 ,!re 0 a gu>d set to wat* !    
tomb1 says ,mat!w2    !re is no m5tion (
 "o by ! o!rs4    ,at fir/ we ?\ght ,mr4
 ,la+ mu/ h meant diff]5ces & n         
discrepancies2 b ! foll[+ p>agraph =bade
 s l5i5t an  int]pretation4 ,! only o!r 
m5tion ( ,m>y by ,/4 ,john1 :o          
describes h] z sitt+ 7sic7 by ! foot ( !
 ,cross1 is  apocryphal1 be+ directly   
contradict$ by ! v precise /atem5t #dh  
9 ! ?ree o!r ,gospels1 t ! ,m>y :o 0    
pres5t on t  occasion 0 a diff]5t woman1
 ! "m ( ,salome4 ,ev5 8 y\nge/  read]s  
ought to op5 _! eyes at ?is4 ,simil>ly  
he ?9ks !  omission ( ! ,"l's ,pray] by 
,/4 ,m>k tells /rongly aga9/ its        

au!nticity4 #di      ,,ii4    ,we mu/ n[
 say some?+ ab\t ! great facts (        
evolution>y  philosophy :i* h %att]$    
dogmatic ,*ri/ianity to pieces1 &  h    
made x impossible = any s9c]e man to    
rema9 a ,*ri/ian4 ,to  say t ,mr4 ,la+  
is absolutely c]ta9 ( ! all-suffici5cy (
  evolutionism to expla9 ev]y?+ t is    
kn[able to ! human m9d1  t he does n h9t
 = a mom5t t ?is philosophy is f\nd by !
  bell-we!rs ( sci5ce to be e day less  
satisfactory z a  complete rationale ( !
 physical cosmos2 is really to und]/ate 
!  case = %e] lack ( words to express ! 
int5sity ( 8 conviction4  ,8 fundam5tal 
fact is t1 h[ev] !ologians may %uffle   
out ( !  fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis by conv]t+
 days into p]iods1 :5 we come  to ! /ory
 ( ! ,noa*ean ,deluge1 we are confront$ 
) su* a  gl>+ absurdity t we mu/ at once
 all[ t ! ,bible is full (  my?s4 ,=    
hi/ory & sci5ce %[ t man exi/$ probably 
two  hundr$ ?\s& ye>s ago1 at all ev5ts 
n less ?an tw5ty ?\s&2  also t five ?\s&
 ,b4,c41 a highly organiz$ civilization 

exi/$ 9  ,egypt1 ^: monum5ts ( t date   
give evid5ce to ! full  developm5t (    
racial & l+ui/ic diff]5ces z n[ exi/+   
among  m52 t ?is plants ! common /em f  
:i* ^! h bran*$  (f1 9 an indef9itely   
remote pre-hi/oric p]iod2 t to suppose t
  ! pres5t races & tongues are all d]iv$
 f "o man 7,noe71 :o  liv$ only two ?\s&
 ,b4,c41 is a mon/r\s impossibility2    
/ill m  s1 to believe t ! c\ntless ?\s&s
 ( species ( animals :i*  populate ! _w 
7 collect$ f ! f\r qu>t]s ( ! globe1  7 
h\s$ & f$ 9 ! ,ark1 l&$ on ,m\nt ,ar>at1
 & !nce  spread !mselves out ov] ! _w   
aga9 reg>dless ( int]jac5t  seas4 ,h5ce 
! ,bible /ory ( human orig9s is a m]e   
my?2 man has n  fall51 b has ris5 by sl[
 evolution f "s ance/or common to him  &
 apes1 at a remote p]iod1 long sons     
prior ev5 to ! mioc5e  p]iod1 :i* %[s   
man to h be5 !n z ob/9ately diff]5tiat$ 
f ! apes z ev]4 ,!re=e all did n die 9  
,adam1 & see+  ?is is ! f\ndation ( !   
dogmatic ,*ri/ianity inv5t$ by ,paul1  !
 :ole ?+ collapses l a h\se ( c>ds4 #de 

,& inde$1 giv5 t ! ,bible means :at ,mr4
 ,la+ says x means1 &  t sci5ce has     
prov$ :at he says x has prov$1 t ! two  
results  are incompatible1 few w\ld c>e 
to d5y4 ,z reg>ds ! latt]  condition1   
let u see "s ( 8 reason+s4 ,we are told 
t mod]n  sci5ce %[s t un9t]rupt$        
hi/orical records1 confirm$ by          
contempor>y monum5ts1 c>ry hi/ory back  
at lea/ "o ?\s& ye>s  be=e ! suppos$    
creation ( man 444 & %[ !n no trace ( a 
comm5cem5t1 b popul\s cities1 celebrat$ 
temples1 great eng9e]+  works1 & a high 
/ate ( ! arts & ( civilization already  
exi/+4 #df ,/range to say1 ,mr4 ,la+    
developes a sudd5 rev]5ce  = ! te/imony 
( prie/s at ! outset ( 8 hi/orical      
inquiries1 & f9ds t hi/ory beg9s )      
prie/ly organizations2  #dg t ! royal   
records are made & pres]v$ by special   
ca/es (  prie/ly colleges & le>n$       
scribes1 & t !y are to a great  ext5t   
precise 9 date & accurate 9 fact4 ,(    
c\rse ?is does n  include ,*ri/ian      
prie/s1 b ! prie/s ( b>b>\s cults ( _m  

?\s& ye>s ago1 :o1 z well z _! royal    
ma/]s1 are at once  cr$it$ ) all !      
delicacy ( ! accurate criticism :i* we  
boa/  ( 9 ^! days--h[ va9ly1 ,god kn[s4 
,we are told "o mom5t t  ,h]odotus 0    
cr$ul\s1 & n v critical 9 di/+ui%+      
betwe5 fact & fable1 t 8 s\rces (       
in=mation 7 (t5 n  mu* bett] ?an vague  
popul> traditions1 or ! tales told by   
guides2  #dh & yet we are to lay great  
/ress on 8 ass]tion t !  ,egyptian      
prie/s told him t dur+ ! long succession
 ( ages (  ! ?ree hundr$ & =ty-five high
 prie/s ( ,heliopolis1 ^:  /atues !y %[$
 him 9 ! ,temple ( ! ,sun1 !re _h be5 no
  *ange 9 ! l5g? ( human life or ! c\rse
 ( nature4 #di ,a  valuable piece (     
evid5ce if ,h]odotus reports rightly1 & 
if !  prie/ 0 n l ! av]age guide1 & if !
 /atues answ]$ to  real exi/5ces1 & if  
ea* ( ! ?ree hundr$ & =ty-five high     
prie/s made a tru?ful ass]tion ( ! above
 to 8 successor = !  b5efit ( po/]ity4  
,mane?o's ,hi/ory is1 h[ev]1 ! *ief     
s\rce ( our in=mation z to  ! antiquity 

( ,egyptian civilization4 ,he 0         
commission$ to compile  ?is ,hi/ory by  
,ptolemy ,philadelphus1 f ! mo/ au!ntic 
temple  records & o!r s\rces (          
in=mation1 #ej ^: infallibility is  tak5
 = grant$4 ,he 0 em95tly qualifi$ = su* 
a task1 be+1  z ,mr4 ,la+ w v\*1 #ea a  
le>n$ & judici\s man1 & a prie/  (      
,sebb5ytus1 "o ( ! olde/ & mo/ fam\s    
temples4 ,let u by all  means read      
,mane?o's ,hi/ory2 b :]e is x8 ,x is    
un=tunately  lo/1 444 b fragm5ts ( x h  
be5 pres]v$ 9 ! works (  ,josephus1     
,eusebius1 ,julius ,africanus1 &        
,syncellus4444 ,) ! curi\s  want (      
critical faculty ( almo/ all ! ,*ri/ian 
,fa!rs #eb 7s  diff]5t f ! le>n$1       
judici\s1 upright prie/s ( ! sun71  ^!  
extracts1 ?\gh pr(ess+ to be quotations 
f ! same book1  conta9 _m inconsi/5cies 
& 9 sev]al in/ances !y h be5  obvi\sly  
tamp]$ )1 especially by ,eusebius1 9    
ord] to br+ _!  *ronology m 9 accordance
 ) t ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 444 b  !re c be 
no d\bt t 8 orig9al "w assign$ an       

antiquity to  ,m5es ( ov] #eejj ,b4,c4  
#ec ,on ! :ole1 we h to fall back on    
,mane?o z ! only au?ority = any?+ l     
precise dates &  connect$ hi/ory4       
,mane?o1 h[ev]1 ne$$ confirmation aga9/ 
! asp]sions ( !  or?odox1 :o ?\ght he   
might be defici5t 9 critical delicacy1 &
  prone to exagg]ate z ev5 lat]         
hi/orians _h done4 ,_! casui/ic  m9ds   
also sugge/$ t 8 li/ compris$ ,k+s :o _h
 rul$  diff]5t prov9ces simultane\sly4  
,b ?is effugium 0 cut (f by  ! witness (
 contempor>y monum5ts & manuscripts4    
,?is has n[  be5 done to su* an ext5t t 
x may be fairly said t ,mane?o is       
confirm$1 & x is fully e/abli%$1 z a    
fact acquir$ by sci5ce1  t ne>ly all 8  
,k+s & dyna/ies are prov$ by monum5ts to
 h  exi/$1 & t1 successively4 #ed       
,:at is ne$$ = ! validity ( ?is argum5t 
is a concurr5ce1 :i*  c\ld n possibly be
 =tuit\s1 betwe5 ! cle> & und\bt$       
te/imony ( ,mane?o & ( ! monum5ts4 ,b   
fir/ ( all1 :at sort  ( probability is  
!re left ( our possess+ any?+           

approximately  l ! results ( ,mane?o3 & 
if we _h !m1 ( _! hi/orical  accuracy8  
,secondly1 is x at all cr$ible t s      
fragm5t>y &  =tuit\s a record z survives
 9 monum5ts 7all[+ aga9 _! v  dubi\s    
hi/orical wor?7 %\ld j happ5 to co9cide 
) !  surviv+ fragm5ts ( our pat*-"w     
,mane?o1 k+ = k+ & dyna/y  = dyna/y1 z  
,mr4 ,la+ w\ld h u believe8 ,on !       
contr>y1  no?+ w\ld ?r[ m suspicion on !
 int]pretation ( ^!  monum5ts ?an !     
ass]tion ( su* an improbable co9cid5ce4 
,:at1  !n1 is ! =ce ( ?is argum5t f     
,egyptology8 ,if ! records  f :i*       
,mane?o compil$ 7 hi/orically accurate2 
if he 0  p]fectly compet5t to und]/& !m2
 if he 0 scrupul\sly hone/  & critical2 
if f ! tamp]$-) fragm5ts 9 ! ,*ri/ian   
,fa!rs we c arrive at a reliable &      
accurate k ( 8  results2 & if ! ,bible 9
 ! orig9al text--:atev] t may           
be--und\bt$ly ass]ts t man 0 n creat$   
till #djjj ,b4,c41 !n  accord+ to c]ta9 
,egyptologi/s 7,boeck71 ,m5es reign$    
fifte5  hundr$ ye>s previ\sly1 & accord+

 to o!rs 7,wilk9son71 "o  ?\s& ye>s     
subsequ5tly4 ,simil>ly z to ! argum5t f 
co9cid5ce3 if1 z be=e1 we possess       
,mane?o's g5u9e li/ intact1  & if we h !
 cle> te/imony ( ! monum5ts giv+ a      
precisely  simil> record1 ?is co9cid5ce1
 ap>t f all indep5d5t value to be  giv5 
to ,mane?o or to ! monum5ts1 is an      
effect dem&+ a cause1  = :i* ! mo/      
probable is ! objective tru? f :i* bo?  
^!  v]aci\s records h be5 copi$4 ,b !   
monum5ts are n writt5 9  pla9 ,engli%1 &
 ne$ a key2 & we mu/ be fir/ assur$ t   
,mane?o's li/ has n be5 us$ = ?is       
purpose4 ,we are told2 =  example1 #ee t
 ! "n ,snefura1 deciph]$ on a tablet    
f\nd at  ! copp]-m9es ( ,wady ,mag]ah1  
is ! "n ( a ,k+ ( ! ?ird  dyna/y1 :o    
reign$ ab\t #djjj ,b4,c4 ,n[ if !re 7 no
 d\bt ab\t  ! read+ ( ?is "n on !       
tablet1 & if 8 date & dyna/y  7 z pla9ly
 !re record$1 & if all ?is tallies      
exactly )  equally precise p>ticul>s 9  
,mane?o's li/1 x w\ld inde$ be a        
rem>kable co9cid5ce & w\ld imply "s     

common s\rce1 :e!r  record or fact4 ,b  
if hav+ cr$it$ ,mane?o ) ! record ( su* 
a  "n & date1 "o tortures a hi]oglyph   
into a fa9tly simil> "n1  & concludes at
 once t ! same "n mu/ be ! same p]son1 &
  t !re=e ?is is ! olde/ record 9 ! _w1 
! confirmation  is n s /rik+4 ,t x is s 
9 ?is in/ance we d n affirm2 b  we %\ld 
ne$ ! ass]tion ( a man ( m intellectual 
sobriety ?an  ,mr4 ,la+ to make x wor? !
 tr\ble ( inve/igat+4    ,pass+ ov] !   
confirmation :i* he draws f ! kn[n rate 
( !  deposit ( ,nile mud ( ab\t ?ree    
in*es a c5tury1 :i* w\ld give a  mild   
antiquity ( tw5ty-six ?\s& ye>s to      
pott]y fi%$ up f  bor+s 9 ! mud1 s9ce he
 admits t bor+s are n v  conclusive1 we 
may notice h[ he deals ) evid5ce f      
,*aldea on  mu* ! same pr9ciples4 ,"h1  
aga91 ! s\rce _h be5 till lately  only  
fragm5ts quot$ by lat] writ]s f ! lo/ "w
 ( ,b]osus4  ,b]osus 0 a le>n$ prie/ (  
,babylon1 :o 444 wrote 9 ,greek a       
hi/ory ( ! c\ntry f ! mo/ anci5t times1 
compil$ f !  annals pres]v$ 9 ! temples 

& f ! olde/ traditions4 #ef  ,/ill ?is  
le>n$ prie/1 ?\gh antec$5tly z compet5t 
a critic  z ,mane?o1 is s port5t\sly    
my?ical 9 8 acc\nts1 t no  hi/orical    
value c be atta*$ to !m1 :i* mu/ be     
regrett$1  s9ce he pu%es hi/ory back a  
qu>t] ( a million ye>s prior to !       
,deluge1 & ! ,deluge itself to ab\t half
 a million ye>s ago4 ,"h1  !re=e1 we are
 ?r[n solely ^u ! indep5d5t value ( !   
monum5tal evid5ce1 & mu/ drop ! argum5t 
f co9cid5ce4 ,?is  evid5ce1 we are told1
 is n s conclusive z 9 ! case ( ,egypt1 
:]e ! li/s ( ,mane?o1 c4444 ,! date (   
,s>gon ,i4 #eg 7#chjj ,b4,c47  re/s     
ma9ly on ! au?ority ( ,nabonidus1 :o    
liv$ m ?an ?ree  ?\s& ye>s lat]1 & may h
 be5 mi/ak54 ,! probability (  su* a    
remote date is enhanc$ by ! c]ta9ty t a 
high  civilization exi/$ 9 ,egypt z long
 ago z #ejjj ,b4,c4 ,if ! evid5ce  = !  
antiquity ( ,*aldee civilization is less
 conclusive ?an t  = ,egyptian1 & re/s  
on x = an argum5t  p>i1 x _c be  said 9 
any way to /r5g!n ,mr4 ,la+'s position4 

,^! /rictures are direct$ *iefly to %[+ 
,mr4 ,la+'s incapacity  = any?+ l coh]5t
 reason+ 9 hi/orical matt]s4            
,subsequ5tly  he uses ^! mo/ lame &     
impot5t conclusions z demon/rat$        
c]ta9ties1 )\t ! fa9te/ qualification1 &
 builds up on !m  8 refutation (        
dogmatic ,*ri/ianity4    ,h[ev]1 x is   
only 9 8 m rec5t "w on ,human ,orig9s t 
he  ?us comes =w>d z an hi/orian1 9     
prep>ation = :i* he seems to  h devot$  
himself to ! /udy ( cunei=m & hi]oglyphs
 &  ma/]$ ! subject ?or\ghly &          
exhau/ively1 be=e bur/+ =?  f beh9d !   
cl\ds to flood ! _w ) new-born light4   
,x is deep d[n 9 ! b[els ( ! e>?1 at !  
bottom ( a  geological well1 t he has   
f\nd n only tru? b1 also man--among  !  
mon/]s1            ,dragons ( ! prime   
,:o t>e ea* o!r 9 _! slime1    & has    
haul$ him up = our inspection4 ,mr4 ,la+
 is be=e all else  an evolutioni/1 ) an 
un%ak5 belief 9 spontane\s g5]ation4 ,he
  is q confid5t t =ce & atoms w expla9  
ev]y?+4 ,he  seems to mean =ce1 pure &  

simple1 )\t any intellig5t direction2   
atoms1 ultimate1 homog5e\s1             
undiff]5tiat$4 ,no d\bt1 if !  subsequ5t
 evolution dep5ds on ! k9d & direction (
 =ce1 or  on ! nature ( ! atoms2 !n !re 
is a remot] "q =  physics to det]m9e2 b 
if1 z he implies1 =ce & atoms are simple
  & ultimate1 !n evolution is z =tuit\s 
z a s&-/orm1 or m  s4 ,all prior to =ce 
& atoms is beh9d ! veil4 ,! mat]ial     
univ]se is compos$ ( e!r1 matt]1 &      
en]gy4 #eh ,e!r is a  billion times m   
ela/ic ?an air1 almo/ inf9itely r>e1 #ei
 its  oscillations mu/ be at lea/ sev5  
hundr$ billions p] second1 x  ex]ts no  
gravitat+ or ret>d+ =ce2 9 %ort1 ,mr4   
,la+ has to  confess "s unc]ta9ty ab\t 8
 orig9al dogma z to ! triple  con/itu5ts
 ( ! univ]se1 & say t x may be almo/    
d\bt$  :e!r su* an e!r has any real     
mat]ial exi/5ce1 & is any?+  m ?an a    
sort ( ma!matical :y 'ma!matical'8      
entity4 #fj ,x  is cle> t matt] really  
does consi/ ( m9ute p>ticles :i* d  n   
t\*1 & ev5 ^! we mu/ conceive ( z corks 

z x 7  float+ 9 an ocean ( e!r1 caus+   
waves 9 x by _! own prop]  movem5t1     
#fa--;an explanation :i* loses "s ( its 
helpfulness :5  we rememb] t ! e!real   
ocean is only a ma!matical entity4 ,a   
cubic c5timetre conta9s                 
#ba1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj         
molecules1  ! numb] ( impacts receiv$ by
 ea* molecule ( air dur+ "o  second w be
 #d1gjj millions4 ,! di/ance trav]s$    
betwe5 ea*  impact av]ages #ie_/ajjjjjj 
( a millimetre1 & s on ) l9es (  ciph]s 
to ov]awe ! gap+ millions ) ,mr4 ,la+'s 
m9ute c]ta9ty  z to ! ultimate          
con/itution ( matt]4 #fb    ,z to h[    
atoms came into exi/5ce1 he c only      
reply1 ,beh9d !  veil1 beh9d ! veil2 = x
 is at ?is po9t at la/ t he becomes     
agno/ic4#fc ,! notion ( creation is     
reject$ 7aft] ,sp5c]7 z  inconceivable1 
because unimag9able1 z ?\gh ! orig9ation
 ( e  *ange 9 ! ph5om5al _w 7 n j z     
unimag9able2 we see  movem5t 9 process1 
& we see its results1 b its inception is
  unimag9able1 & its effici5t cause /ill

 m s4    ,! evolution ( man is          
practically tak5 = grant$1 ! only "q    
be+ ! :54    ,we h ! old argum5t f      
embryonic trans=mism br\ght =w>d  )\t   
any h9t t lat] inve/igation t5ds to %[  
diff]5tiation  fur!r & fur!r back1 prior
 to segm5tation &1 accord+ to "s1  9 ! v
 protoplasm itself4 ,no?+ c\ld be m     
inaccurate ?an to  say e human be+      
passes ?r\gh ! /age ( fi% & reptile     
be=e arriv+ at t ( a mammal & f9ally (  
man4 #fd ,all t  c be truly said is t ! 
embryonic man is at c]ta9 /ages n       
sup]ficially di/+ui%able f ! embryonic  
fi%--q a diff]5t  ?+1 & no m significant
 ?an t ! adult man possesses organs  &  
functions 9 common ) o!r species ( !    
animal g5us4    ,mr4 ,la+'s own         
conclusions f skulls & human rema9s :i* 
he takes  to be ^? ( t]ti>y man1 %[ man 
to be z ob/9ately unlike !  dryopi!cus z
 ev]1 9 fact1 ! reput$ly olde/ skulls   
#fe are a  decid$ improvem5t on !       
,c>n/adt & ,ne&]?al type4 ,ev5 !n man   
seems to h be5 ! same fl9t-*ipp+1       

tool-mak+1 speak+ animal  z n[4 ,s      
conv9c$ is he ( ?is ess5tial &          
in]adicable diff]5ce  9 8 he>t1 t see+  
traces ( design 9 palaeoli?ic fl9t      
flakes1  & s =?1 he has n ! remote/ d\bt
 z to _! be+ ! "w  ( human h&s1--z      
impossible to d\bt z x w\ld be if we _h 
f\nd  clasp-knives & c>p5t]s adzes4 #ff 
,p]haps ,pr(essor ,boyd-,dawk9s1  :o    
cr$its ! dryopi!cus ) ^! productions1 is
 a m  consi/5t evolutioni/2 b at pres5t 
,mr4 ,la+ is def5d+ a !sis  z to man's  
antiquity4 ,yet he has j said t ^! fl9t 
in/rum5ts are only "o /ep 9 advance ( ! 
rude1 natural /one  :i* an intellig5t   
orang or *impanzee might pick up to     
crack a  cocoa-nut )4 ,truly a v        
significant /ep1 ?\gh x be only "o4  ,h[
 h>d ?is is to reconcile ) :at ,mr4 ,la+
 ascribes to dogs &  ants else:]e1 or ) 
:at he says on page #agc1 ,^! high] apes
  rema9 creatures ( v consid]able       
intellig5ce4444 ,!re is a  *impanzee n[ 
9 ! ,zoological ,g>d5s 444 :i* c d all b
  speak ei!r x speaks1 or x does n4 ,x  

is precisely a case ( !  only "o /ep    
quot$ above4 ,"h if any:]e a miss is z  
good z a  mile1 :i* und]/&s almo/ e ^w !
 keep] says to x1 &  :5 told to s+ w    
purse out its lips & try to utt]        
connect$  notes4 ,h[ on e>? d we "k :at 
x is try+ to d8 ,9 _!  native /ate !y   
7apes7 =m societies & obey a *ief4 ,!   
old  fallacy ( metaphors adv]t$ to 9    
relation to ants & dogs4 ,yet no  animal
 has ev] le>n$ to speak1 no *impanzee or
 gorilla has ev]  be5 kn[n to fa%ion any
 implem5t4 #fg ,_! ne>e/ approa* to     
inv5tion is 9 ! build+ ( huts or ne/s1 9
 :i* !y are v  inf]ior to mo/ species ( 
birds1 to say no?+ ( insects4 ,on !  o!r
 h&1 z reg>ds tool-mak+1 no human race  
is kn[n :i* has  n %[n "s faculty 9 ?is 
direction4 #fh ,! diff]5ce is a v       
fundam5tal "o1 & may be summ$ up 9 !    
words 'arre/$  developm5t4' ,words1     
inde$6 b :at d !y mean8 ,!y mean t  ^!  
animals h n develop$ ! faculties ( spee*
 &  tool-mak+1 :i* w\ld h be5 mo/ useful
 to !m 9 ! /ruggle  = exi/5ce1 ! reason 

be+ t !y did n2 & ?is reason is  exalt$ 
into a cause or law ( arre/$ developm5t4
 ,:o or :at  arre/$ x8 ,! advantage ( ! 
t]m is t x implies t !y 7  on ! po9t (  
develop+1 t !y c\ld all b speak1 7  try+
 to utt] connect$ notes1 7 b "o /ep     
beh9d fl9t  axes1 :5 "s cosmic p[] said1
 ,hi!rto %alt ?\ come & no  fur!r4      
,if ! dog _h organs ( spee* or an       
in/rum5t l ! h& by :i*  to place himself
 9 clos] relation to ! out] _w1 he w\ld 
d\btless be on a foot+ ( m5tal equality 
) man1 accord+ to ,mr4  ,la+4 #fi ,!    
elephant's trunk acc\nts = 8 sup]ior    
sagacity1 &  ! horse suff]s by 8        
ho(-enclos$ =efoot4 #gj ,giv5 a be+  )  
man's bra91 man's h&1 & erect /ature1 x 
is easy to see h[  intellig5ce mu/ h be5
 gradually evolv$4 #ga ,n[ hone/ly x    
seems to u t _m animals are z well      
provid$ z man is ) a  v>iety ( flexible 
organs ( communication ) ! outw>d _w 7= 
example1 ! ant5nae ( insects1 !         
preh5sile tails ( "s monkeys1  ^: h&s   
are z li! z man's & articulat$ bone =   

bone &  jo9t = jo9t74 ,b lett+ ?is pass1
 we ?\ght evolutioni/s  all[$ t /ructure
 is det]m9$ by function1 r ?an !        
conv]se2 & s ! confession t x is n s    
easy to see h[ ?is  diff]5ce ( !        
/ructure arose1 #gb surprises u1 com+ f 
,mr4  ,la+2 ?\gh :y ?is diff]5ce %\ld   
exi/ at all1 on evolution  pr9ciples1 is
 a f> great] difficulty4 ,yet he        
confesses t !  diff]5ce 9 /ructure      
betwe5 ! l[e/ exi/+ race ( man & !      
highe/ exi/+ ape1 #gc is too great to   
admit ( "o be+ possibly  ! direct       
desc5dant ( ! o!r4 ,! ape1 !n1 is n a   
man ^:  developm5t is arre/$4 ,! negro 9
 "s respects makes a slight             
approximation1 444 /ill he is ess5tially
 a man1 & sep>at$ by a wide  gulf f !   
*impanzee or gorilla4 ,ev5 ! idiot is   
444 an arre/$  man &1 n an ape4 #gd     
,ne>ly all ^! 7high] intellectual &     
moral7 faculties appe> 9 a  rudim5t>y   
/ate 9 animals4444 ,/ill !re is ?is wide
 di/9ction  t ev5 9 ! highe/ animals ^! 
faculties rema9 rudim5t>y &  seem       

incapable ( progress1 :ile ev5 9 ! l[e/ 
races ( man !y  h rea*$ a mu* high]     
level #ge & seem capable ( almo/        
unlimit$ developm5t4 #gf ,:y does he n  
seek out ! reason ( ?is1  or is he      
satisfi$ ) ! words arre/$ developm5t8   
,if ,i f9d a  *ild :o c repeat a poem ( 
,t5nyson's1 am ,i to be puzzl$ because x
  _c orig9ate "o z good1 or g on ev5 to 
some?+ bett]8 ,am ,i to  ascribe to x a 
rudim5t>y b arre/$ poetic faculty8      
,surely ! same  poem proce$+ f ! lips ( 
! poet & ( ! *ild he has  taught1 are   
ess5tially diff]5t effects1 ?\gh        
outw>dly ! same4 ,if  !re 7 a true liv+ 
g]m1 x w\ld mo/ c]ta9ly develope4 ,if ! 
savage developes ?r\gh contact ) !      
civiliz$ man aft] c5turies  (           
degradation1 :y h n dome/icat$ dogs1 :o 
are1 accord+ to  ,la+1 _! intellectual &
 moral equals1 develop$ long ago8       
,h[ev]1 z evolution has become ! axiom (
 sci5ce & is admitt$  by e "o :o has !  
slighte/ pret5sions to be consid]$ a    
compet5t au?ority1 #gg x is prepo/]\s to

 suppose man an  exception1 :atev] be ! 
difficulties4 #gh ,& s ,mr4 ,la+1 assum+
  axiomatically t man & ! ape h a common
 ance/or1 is int]e/$  to make !         
diff]5ces betwe5 !m deeply m>k$1 & t1 z 
f>  back z he c1 = !reby ,human ,orig9s 
are pu%$ back by hundr$s  ( ?\s&s (     
ye>s4 ,if mioc5e man is z di/9ct f ! ape
 z  rec5t man1 ! inf]5ce is t we are !n 
z f> f ! s\rce z  ev]4 ,h5ce x is to    
geology he looks = ! /ronge/ basis ( 8  
position4 ,"o ?\ght till lately t       
geology 0 a t5tative sci5ce1  h>dly     
cr$it$ ) ! "n ( sci5ce1 b ,mr4 ,la+     
wisely &  boldly classes x among ! exact
 sci5ces1 ^: subject-matt] is  fl9t     
in/rum5ts1 incis$ bones1 & a few r>e    
specim5s ( human  skulls & skeletons1 ! 
mean+ ( :i* has to be deciph]$ by       
skill$ exp]ts4 #gi ,! conclusions (     
geology1 up to ! ,silurian  p]iod1 are  
approximate facts1 n !ories4 #hj    ,if 
he means t ! only legitimate data (     
geologi/s are facts (  obs]vation1      
classifi$ & record$1 well & good2 b to  

d5y t  !y deal l>gely 9 hypo!ses1 & use 
!m con/antly z !  premisses = inf]5ces  
:i* are equally hypo!tical1 is palpably 
absurd4 ,fir/ ( all we are to assume !  
pr9ciple ( uni=mity  :i* ,lyell is said 
to h e/abli%$ on an unassailable basis &
 to  h made ! fundam5tal axiom (        
geological sci5ce4 ,he has %[n          
conclusively t :ile causes id5tical )   
444 exi/+ causes w1  if giv5 suffici5t  
"t1 acc\nt = all ! facts hi!rto obs]v$1 
!re is n a s+le fact :i* proves !       
occurr5ce ( a totally  diff]5t ord] (   
causes4 #ha ,?is1 h[ev]1 is 7#a7 limit$ 
to !  p]iod ( geology :i* gives record (
 organic life1 & n to !  e>li]          
a/ronomical p]iod2 nor 7#b7 does x      
exclude *anges 9  temp]ature1 climate1  
di/ribution ( seas & l&s2 nor 7#c7 does 
x  affirm positively t !re may n h be5 9
 pa/ ages  explosions m viol5t ?an t (  
,krakatoa2 lava-/reams m  ext5sive ?an t
 ( ,skapt>-,jokul1 & e>?quakes m p[]ful 
?an  t :i* uplift$ five or six hundr$   
miles ( ! ,pacific coa/ (  ,s\? ,am]ica 

six or sev5 feet4 #hb ,n[1 see+ t all ^!
  cataclysms h occurr$ )9 ! brief limits
 ( mo/ rec5t "t1  comp>$ ) :i* ! p]iod (
 pret5d$ uni=mity is almo/ an  et]nity1 
:at sort ( presumption or probability is
 !re t su*  occurr5ces %\ld h be5 conf9$
 to hi/orical times2 & is n  !          
presumption all ! o!r way8 ,aga91 x is  
l>gely on !  supposition ( ?is          
antec$5tly unlikely uni=mity1 t ,mr4    
,la+  argues to ! antiquity ( life on   
e>?2 :]eas ,lyell's conclusion  w>rants 
no?+ ( ! k9d1 be+ simply3 t pres5t      
causes1 giv5  suffici5t "t1 w\ld produce
 ! obs]v$ effects4 #hc    ,our te/s (   
geologic "t are d5udation & deposition4 
,we are told  ! pres5t rate ( d5udation 
( a cont95t is kn[n )  consid]able      
accuracy f c>eful measurem5ts ( !       
quantity (  solid matt] c>ri$ d[n by    
riv]s4 #hd ,n[ x is a consid]able tax   
on our fai? 9 sci5ce to believe t !     
dbris ( ! ,mississippi  c be s          
accurately gaug$ z to give any?+ l      
approximate value  to ! result ( "o foot

 ( cont95tal d5udation 9 #f1jjj ye>s4   
,we  _c ( c\rse suppose ?is to be !     
result ( #f1jjj ye>s regi/]$            
obs]vations1 b an inf]5ce f !           
obs]vations ( "s  comp>atively          
insignificant p]iod2 & we h also to     
suppose t !  v few riv]s :i* h be5      
obs]v$ =m a suffici5t basis = a         
conclusion z to all riv]s4 ,9 fact1 a m 
feebly support$  g5]alization f m       
insuffici5t data x is h>d to conceive4  
,to  speak ( x z an approximation bas$  
on our k ( ! "t 9  :i* simil> results on
 a small] scale h be5 produc$ by exi/+  
natural laws )9 ! hi/orical p]iod1 #he  
is a v inadequate  qualification1       
especially :5 we h j be5 told t "h1 at  
any  rate1 we are on comp>atively c]ta9 
gr\nd1 444 ^! are measurable  facts :i* 
h be5 asc]ta9$ by compet5t obs]v]s4 #hf 
,assum+ ?is rate ( d5udation z c]ta91 & 
also ! e/imate (  ! kn[n s$im5t>y /rata 
z #agg1jjj feet 9 dep?1 we are to       
conclude t ! =mation took #ef1jjj1jjj   
ye>s4 ,a m\nta9 mass :i*  ought to answ]

 to c]ta9 fault #ae1jjj high1 & !re=e is
 presum$  to h vani%$ by d5udation1     
po9ts to a t]m ( #ij1jjj1jjj ye>s z     
requir$ = ! process4 #hg    ,reason+ f  
^! facts1 assum+ ! rate ( *ange 9 ! =ms 
( life to h be5 ! same =m]ly1 ,lyell    
concludes t geological  ph5om5a po/ulate
 #bjj1jjj1jjj ye>s at lea/1 #hh to      
acc\nt =  ! und\bt$ facts ( geology s9ce
 life began4 #hi ,on ! o!r  h&1         
ma!matical a/ronomy1 #ij on !ories :i*  
,mr4 ,la+ compla9s  ( z want+ ! solidity
 ( geological calculations 7yet :i* d n 
involve m1 b few] assumptions71 _c all[ 
! sun a pa/  exi/5ce ( m ?an #ae1jjj1jjj
 ye>s4 #ia ,x is evid5t t !re  mu/ be "s
 fundam5tal error on "o side or ! o!r1  
#ib = !  laws ( nature are uni=m1 & !re 
_c be "o code =  a/ronom]s1 & "o =      
geologi/s4 ,b :ile mode/ly relegat+ ?is 
slight div]g5cy among ! bell-we!rs (    
sci5ce 7bell-we!rs1 ,i  presume1 because
 ! cr[d foll[ !m l %eep71 to ! problems 
(  ! future1 ,mr4 ,la+ is q confid5t t  
we %\ld di/ru/ ^!  ma!matical           

calculations1 & rely on conclusions bas$
 on  asc]ta9$ facts & und\bt$ d$uctions 
f !m1 r ?an on  ab/ract & d\btful       
!ories1 :i* w\ld s r$uce geological "t  
z to negative ! idea ( uni=mity ( law & 
evolution1 &  introduce once m ! *aos ( 
cata/rophes & sup]natural               
int]f]5ces4#ic ,z reg>ds ! ice-age1 ,mr4
 ,la+ is pr(ess$ly  int]e/$ 9 putt+ x z 
f> back z possible1 s9ce a %ort date  = 
t p]iod %ort5s t = :i* we h positive    
pro( ( !  exi/5ce ( man1 & 444 a v %ort 
date 444 br+s u back to !  old !ories ( 
repeat$ & rec5t acts ( sup]natural      
int]f]5ce4  #id ,/range1 t 9 ! same page
 he %\ld ref] to ,sir ,j4 ,dawson z  an 
extreme in/ance ( "o :o approa*es ! "q )
  !ological prepossessions2 & ( c\rse 9 
complete ignorance ( ,mr4  ,la+'s       
indubitable conclusions ab\t ! antiquity
 ( ,egyptian  civilization4             
,un=tunately1 ev5 ! be/ sci5ti/s h n t  
p]fect fre$om f bias1 :i* gives ,mr4    
,la+ su* a t[]+  advantage ov] !m all4  
,an au?ority l ,pre/wi*1 :o _c be       

accus$ ( !ological bias1 influ5c$1      
h[ev]1 by a s]vile  a/ronomical bias1   
r$uces to #bj1jjj ye>s a p]iod to :i*   
,lyell &  mod]n geologi/s assign a      
duration ( m ?an #bjj1jjj ye>s2 #ie  :i*
 %[s 9 :at a /ate ( unc]ta9ty we are z  
to ?is vitally  important problem2 = ?is
 "t assign$ by ,pre/wi* w\ld be  cle>ly 
insuffici5t to all[ = ! developm5t (    
,egyptian  civilization1 z x exi/$      
#e1jjj ye>s ago1 f savage & semi-animal 
ance/ors2 z is prov$ to be ! case ) !   
horse1 /ag1 elephant1  ape1 & s on4 #if 
,n[ ,pre/wi*1 we are told else:]e1 is ! 
fir/ liv+ au?ority on ! t]ti>y &        
quat]n>y /rata4 #ig ,if1  !n1           
a/ronomical prepossession c r$uce       
#bjj1jjj to #bj1jjj ye>s1 !  s9 (       
!ology1 :i* r$uces #bj1jjj to #g1jjj is 
comp>atively v5ial4  ,pre/wi*'s two     
objections are 7#a7 ! data ( a/ronomy1 &
 7#b7 !  difficulty ( conceiv+ t man    
c\ld h exi/$ = #hj1jjj or  #ajj1jjj ye>s
 )\t *ange & )\t progress4 ,! =m] is    
only  "o degree less mis*iev\s ?an !    

!ological prepossession4  ,h[ev]1       
,pre/wi* has "s facts z well z          
prepossessions1 su* z  ! rapid advance (
 ! glaci]s ( ,gre5l&1#ih :i* does n     
accord ) ! g5]alization f ! ,swiss      
glaci]s2#ii & !  quick] erosion ( riv]  
valleys1 due to a great] ra9fall2 facts 
:i*1 h[ev]1 are met by a m9ute          
description ( ! successive  *anges by   
:i* 9 po/-glacial "t ! ,m]sey valley &  
e/u>y 7  br\ght into _! pres5t          
condition1 ) an e/imate ( ! "t !y  may h
 requir$2 :i* is 9 r\nd numb]s #fj1jjj  
ye>s1 z oppos$  to ,pre/wi*'s #aj1jjj or
 #h1jjj4 #ajj ,! #bjj1jjj ye>s = !      
ice-age  dep5ds *iefly on ,croll's !ory 
( secul> v>iation ( ! e>?'s  orbitul>   
ecc5tricity2 b we are told x is op5 to !
 objection  t x requires u to assume a  
p]iodical succession ( glacial epo*s  ( 
:i* two or ?ree mu/ h occurr$ dur+ ea* (
 ! great  geological epo*s4 #aja ,?is is
 oppos$ to geological evid5ce4 ',n      
prov5' is ! v]dict :i* mo/ geologi/s    
w\ld return4 ,!  confid5ce ) :i*        

,croll's !ory 0 fir/ receiv$ has be5 a  
good  deal %ak54 ,we h to fall back1    
!re=e1 on ! geological  evid5ce (       
deposition & d5udation 444 9 any attempt
 to decide  betwe5 ! #bjj1jjj ye>s (    
,lyell & ! #bj1jjj ye>s (  ,pre/wi*4    
#ajb    ,z to 8 argum5ts bas$ on anci5t 
human rema9s1 _! value dep5ds  fir/ on !
 accuracy ( 8 geological conclusions1 & 
!n on  preclusion ( all possibility ( ! 
conveyance ( ! rema9s f  upp] /rata to  
l[]2 on ! c]ta9ty1 moreov]1 ( traces (  
design  9 _m ( ! w\ld-be mioc5e or      
t]ti>y fl9t in/rum5ts 7:i*  ,pre/wi* is 
d\btful ab\t74#ajc ,he takes c>e n to   
tell u t !  ,c>/adt skull :i* gives "n  
to a race1 is a v d\btfully g5u9e  relic
 ( "o hundr$ & ?irty ye>s old1 ^: hi/ory
 is mo/  dubi\s4 ,8 evid5ce = ! abs5ce (
 ! slighte/ approximation to  ! simian  
type ev5 9 ! olde/ relics is *e]+ to !  
!ologian1  ?\gh x loses its value :5 we 
"k x is 9 ! int]e/s ( 8  =egone         
conclusions z to ! unspeakable antiquity
 ( man4 ,! ,nampe  image1 ! olde/ relic 

yet discov]$1 revolutionizes our        
conception  ( ?is e>ly palaeoli?ic age1 
be+ a m arti/ic & bett]  repres5tation (
 ! human =m ?an ! little idols ( _m     
comp>atively mod]n & civiliz$ p1 v l ^? 
9 ,mexico1  believ$ to be n mu* old] ?an
 ! date ( ! ,spani%  conque/--& 9 tru?1 
,i believe1 contemporane\s4 #ajd    ,z  
to 8 treatm5t ( ! ,bible1 x ev9ces      
ev]y:]e ! crude/  an?ropomorphic me?od (
 int]pretation su* z we %\ld expect to  
f9d 9 a *ild or v ignorant p]son4 ,9    
tru?1 ,mr4 ,la+ is 9 a  p]fectly *ildi% 
/ate ( m9d bo? z reg>ds ! ,*ri/ian      
religion  & z reg>ds philosophy1        
sci5ces1 & all ! subjects he dabbles  )4
    ,= our own "p we h at mo/ a g5]al   
idea z to :at exactly !  ,*ur* does tea*
 or may tea* ) reg>d to ! int]pretation 
( !  ,scripture4 ,t %e has s f>         
acquiesc$ 9 ! l>g] int]pretation  (     
,g5esiacal cosmogony1 t n[ ! lit]al     
six-day !ory w\ld be  v unsafe1 =bids u 
to judge any pres5t int]pretation ( o!r 
p>ts by ! numb]1 noise1 or notoriety (  

its adh]5ts4 ,!  univ]sality ( ! ,deluge
 is by no means ! only tol]able         
int]pretation n[2 ?\gh ! doctr9e ( a    
p>tial deluge w\ld h  be5 mo/ unsafe a  
c5tury ago4 ,all ?is does n mean giv+ up
 !  inspiration ( ! record1 b det]m9+   
gradually :at is meant by  inspiration &
 ! record4 ,:at c\ld be less important  
to ,*ri/ian  dogma ?an ! date ( !       
,deluge or ( ,adam's creation8 ,if x 7  
prov$ t ! orig9al text 9 ?is po9t _h be5
 hopelessly  corrupt$1 z ! discrepancies
 betwe5 ! ,,lxx4 numb]s & ! ,hebrew  h9t
 to be true to "s ext5t1 x w\ld n t\* ! 
gu>ante$  integrity ( ,*ri/ian dogma4   
,if ,*ri/ is ! son ( ,david1 &  ,za*u is
 son ( ,abraham1 :at p]iod may n an     
app>5t s+le  g5]ation /& =1 especially 9
 reg>d to ! e>li] ,patri>*s8 ,z  f> z ! 
prophetic import ( ! ,deluge is conc]n$1
 a v small  local affair might be       
my/ically l>ge ) =e%ad[+s1 z we see  )  
reg>d to ! enact$ prophecies ( ! lat]   
prophets4 ,= !  re/1 we are q we>y (    
,mr4 ,la+1 & are cont5t to h %[n  t     

ev]y:]e he is ! same biass$1            
inconsequ5t1 untru/wor?y  writ]4 ,8 only
 p[] is a c]ta9 sup]ficial cle>ness (   
diction &  brilliancy ( /yle1 & ?is is  
br\ght to be> on a mass (  in=mation    
drawn confess$ly f ! lab\rs ( o!rs1 &   
select$  9 ! int]e/ ( a =egone          
conclusion1 )\t a s+le attempt at a     
fair pres5tm5t ( ! o!r side4    ,"h1 !n1
 we h a v fair specim5 ( !              
pseudo-philosophy :i*  is s admirably   
adapt$ to captivate ! half-in=m$1 :olly 
un=m$  m9ds ( ! undiscrim9at+ multitudes
 :o h be5 taught little or  no?+ well   
except to believe 9 _! "r1 duty1 &      
ability to  judge = !mselves 9 matt]s = 
:i* a life-"t ( specialization  7 b>ely 
suffici5t4 ,a cong]ies ( dogmatic       
ass]tions & negations  rak$ toge!r f !  
*ief writ]s ( a decad5t s*ool1 discr$it$
  tw5ty ye>s ago by all m5 ( ?\ght1     
,*ri/ian or o!rwise2 a %[  ( logical    
ord] & reason+ :i* evades our grasp !   
in/ant we try  to lay critical h&s on x2
 a pr(use expression ( dis9t]e/$        

devotion to ab/ract tru?1 an occasional 
b[ to conv5tional morality1  a racy1    
irrev]5t /yle1 an elaborate display (   
miscellane\s  in=mation2 good pap]1 l>ge
 type1 *eap wood-cuts1 & ! "w is  done4 
,oct4 ,nov4 #ahie4        ,footnote #a3 
,m4,s4 #cai4    ,footnote #b3 ,ibid4    
#cai4    ,footnote #c3 ,m4,s4 #bbi1     
#bcj4    ,footnote #d3 ,p4,f4 #bgi4     
,footnote #e3 ,p4,f4 #bhj    ,footnote  
#f3 ,ibid4    ,footnote #g3 ,p4,f4 #bha1
 #bhb4    ,footnote #h3 ,ibid4          
,footnote #i3 ,ibid4 #baj4    ,footnote3
 #aj ,m4,s4 ,preface    ,footnote #aa3  
,^! subjects 444 h be5 to me ! solace ( 
a long  life1 ! delight ( _m quiet days1
 & ! soo!r ( _m tr\bl$  ones 444 a s\rce
 ( enjoym5t4     ',! an*or ( my pure/   
?\ghts1 ! nurse1     ,! gu>dian ( my    
he>t1 & s\l     ,( all my moral be+4'   
7,h4,o4 #c47    ,footnote3 #ab ,m4,s4   
#cai4    ,footnote3 #ac ,ibid4 #cbj4    
,footnote3 #ad ,cf4 ,ibid4 #ajd1 #bhb4  
,footnote #ae3 ,?is expression seems    
inconsi/5t ) 8 "h &  else:]e explicit   

ma9t5ance ( ! h]$it>y transmission (    
ga!r$ moral exp]i5ces4 ,he means "h to  
exclude innate ideas (  morality z      
expla9$ by ,kant & by o!r intuitioni/s4 
,footnote #af3 ,m4,s4 #ahj4    ,footnote
 #ag3 ,m4,s4 #bhe4    ,footnote #ah3    
,m4,s4 #baf4    ,footnote #ai3 ,m4,s4   
#bid4    ,footnote #bj3 ,m4,s4 #bih1    
#bii4    ,footnote #ba3 ,p4,f4 #big4 ,! 
tru? is t morals are built on a f>  sur]
 f\ndation ?an t ( cre$s1 :i* are "h    
to-day & gone  to-morr[4 ,!y are built  
on ! solid rock ( exp]i5ces1 & ( !      
'survival ( ! fitte/1' :i* 9 ! long     
evolution ( ! human race  f primeval    
savages1 h by 'natural selection' &     
'h]$ity' become  almo/ in/9ctive4 7,h[  
c>eless is ?is t]m9ology4 ,9 ! previ\s  
page he d5ies morality to be a matt] (  
h]$it>y in/9ct47    ,footnote #bb3      
,p4,f4 #bjf4    ,footnote #bc3 ,ibid4   
#bjg4    ,footnote #bd3 ,p4,p4 #bjd4    
,footnote #be3 ,m4,s4 ,preface4         
,footnote #bf3 ,h4,o4 #c4    ,footnote  
#bg3 ,p4,p4 #c4    ,footnote #bh3 ,!    

simple und\bt+ fai? :i* = ages has be5 !
  support & consolation ( a l>ge portion
 ( mank9d1 especially ( !  weak1 !      
humble1 ! unle>n$1 :o =m an imm5se      
majority1 _c  disappe> )\t a pa9ful     
wr5*1 & leav+ = a "t a great blank      
beh9d4 7,m4,s4 #bhd47    ,footnote #bi3 
xxxiii4    ,footnote #cj3 ,m4,s4 #bfa4  
,footnote #ca3 ,p4,f4 #agf4    ,footnote
 #cb3 ,p4 #agg4    ,footnote #cc3 ,p4,f4
 #aib4    ,footnote #cd3 ,p4 #bde4      
,footnote #ce3 ,p4,f4 #bbb4    ,footnote
 #cf3 ,?us he assumes ,mr4 ,spurgeon's  
def9ition ( inspiration  z ! basis (    
op]ations 7,see ,h4,o4 #ahi71 & says1 ,x
 is p]fectly  obvi\s t = ^? :o accept ^!
 confessions ( fai? 444 all !           
discov]ies ( mod]n sci5ce1 f ,galileo & 
,newton d[n to ,lyall &  ,d>w91 are     
simple delusions4    ,footnote #cg3     
,m4,s4 #bae4    ,footnote #ch3 ,ibid4   
#bea4    ,footnote #ci3 ,! simple/      
/raight=w>d evid5ce ( ! e>lie/  ,*ri/ian
 writ] :o gives any acc\nt ( _! orig91  
viz41 ,papias4  7,p4,f4 #bcf47 ,:at does

 ,papias say8 ,practically ?is3 t he    
pref]r$  oral tradition to writt5       
docum5ts4444 ,?is is a p]fectly cle> &  
intelligible /atem5t made app>5tly 9    
good fai? )\t any  dogmatic or o!r      
prepossession4444 ,x has always seem$ to
 me t all  !ories 444 7 comp>atively    
wor?less :i* did n take into  acc\nt !  
fundam5tal fact ( ?is /atem5t ( ,papias4
 7#bch47 ,!  cle> & explicit /atem5t (  
,papias4 7#bej47    ,footnote #dj3 ,,pp4
 #beh--bfj4    ,footnote #da3 ,p4 #bfb4 
,footnote #db3 ,p4,f4 #bff4    ,footnote
 #dc3 ,) reg>d to ?is v precise /atem5t1
 x is  noticeable t ,mat!w speaks ( ,m>y
 ! "m ( ,james & ,joses2  ,m>k1 ( ,m>y !
 "m ( ,james ! less & ( ,joseph &       
,salome1  b n ( ,salome4 ,if ,mr4 ,la+'s
 precise m9d _h look$ = a mom5t  at !   
text he 0 criticiz+ he w\ld h se5 t     
,salome is a  common "n 9 ! nom9ative   
case4 ,/4 ,luke does n give ! names (  !
 wom5 at all4 ,^! po9ts are trifl+ 9    
!mselves1 b important  z evid5c+ ,mr4   
,la+'s /&>d ( intellectual              

consci5ti\sness4    ,footnote #dd3      
,p4,f4 #bce    ,footnote #de3 ,m4,s4    
#ccb ff4    ,footnote #df3 ,h4,o4 #b4   
,footnote #dg3 ,h4,o4 #h4    ,footnote  
#dh3 ,h4,o4 ,,ii    ,footnote #di3      
,h4,o4 #i & #aii4    ,footnote #ej3     
,h4,o4 #aj4    ,footnote #ea3 ,?is      
seems1 lat]1 to be an inf]5ce1 n an     
ass]tion4  ,mane?o 0 a le>n$ prie/ ( a  
celebrat$ temple1 :o mu/ h  _h access to
 all ! temples & royal records & o!r    
lit]ature (  ,egypt1 & :o mu/ h be5 also
 conv]sant ) =eign lit]ature  to h be5  
select$ z ! be/ man to write a complete 
hi/ory ( 8  native c\ntry4 7,h4,o4 #bb47
    ,footnote #eb3 ,he seems to ?9k t   
,josephus 0 a ,*ri/ian1 &  ,syncellus a 
,fa!r4 ,we might m5tion t f ! fragm5ts (
  ,africanus' ,p5tabiblion ,*ronicon1   
pres]v$ 9 ,eusebius1 ! au?or  places !  
,creation at #edii ,b4,c41 :i* is       
c]ta9ly h>dly compatible  ) 8 giv+ su*  
fragm5ts ( ,mane?o z w\ld place ,m5es "o
 ye>  be=e t date4 ,if we "k no?+ (     
,mane?o's results except ?r\gh  ^!      

or?odox s\rces1 x is inconceivable t    
,mr4 ,la+'s v]sion  ( !m %\ld h any     
hi/orical basis :atev]4 ,x comes 9 f9e  
to  ?is1 t because _! report ( ,mane?o  
does n give ,mr4 ,la+ :at  he wants1 !y 
h be5 tamp]$ )4    ,footnote #ec3 ,h4,o4
 #aa4    ,footnote #ed3 ,h4,o4 #bb4     
,footnote #ee3 ,h4,o4 #ag4    ,footnote 
#ef3 ,h4,o4 #db4    ,footnote #eg3 ,!re 
c be no d\bt1 moreov]1 t ?is ,s>gon ,i4 
is a  p]fectly hi/orical p]sonage4 ,a   
/atue ( him has be5 f\nd at  ,agade4    
7,h4,o4 #ee47    ,footnote #eh3 ,m4,s4  
#ej4    ,footnote #ei3 ,ibid4           
,footnote #fj3 ,p4,f4 #bh4    ,footnote 
#fa3 ,m4,s4 #fa4    ,footnote #fb3      
,matt] is made ( molecules2 molecules   
are made ( atoms2  atoms are little     
magnets :i* l9k !mselves toge!r & =m all
 !  complex creations ( an ord]$ cosmos 
an ord]$ ord] by virtue (  ! attractive 
& repulsive =ces :i* are ! result (     
pol>ity4  7,p4,f1 #bbc47    ,footnote   
#fc3 ,we suppose he has a "r to call    
himself agno/ic z  be+ a disciple (     

,pr(essor ,huxley1 :o1 we believe1 />t$ 
or  reviv$ ! t]m 9 our own times4 ,(    
c\rse he is also a dogmatic  mat]iali/1 
& by no means an agno/ic 9 ! wid] s5se (
 g5]al  scepticism4    ,footnote #fd3   
,m4,s4 #aga4    ,footnote #fe3 ,n only h
 no miss+ l9ks be5 discov]$1 b !  olde/ 
kn[n human skulls & skeletons1 :i* date 
f ! glacial  p]iod & are probably at    
lea/ "o hundr$ ?\s& ye>s old1 %[ no  v  
decid$ approximation t[>ds any su*      
pre-human type4 ,on !  contr>y1 c4      
7,m4,s4 #aha47 ,he replies 7,h4,o4 #cgc7
 t five hundr$  ?\s& ye>s prior to ^! m5
 ( ,spy & ,ne&]?al1 ! human race  has   
exi/$ 9 high] physical p]fection1 ne>]  
to ! exi/+ type  ( mod]n man1 7,cf4     
,p4,f4 #aeh47    ,footnote #ff3 ,m4,s4  
#aab1 #aad4    ,footnote #fg3 ,p4,f4    
#aed4    ,footnote #fh3 ,p4,f4 #aed4    
,footnote #fi3 ,m4,s4 #age4    ,footnote
 #gj3 ,! horse may be tak5 z ! typical  
in/ance ( desc5t  by progressive        
specialization4 ,:at is a horse8 ,x is  
ess5tially an  animal specializ$ = 444 !

 rapid progression ( a bulky body ov]   
pla9s or des]ts a def9ition :i* applies 
equally to ! camel1  c44 ,x comm5c$     
exi/5ce z a p5tadactyle plantigrade     
bunodont4  ,= "s indef9$ reason ! fir/  
/ep 0 to walk+ on ! toes  in/ead ( on ! 
flat ( ! foot1 444 :i* became g5]al 9   
mo/  l9es ( _! desc5dants4 ,= gallop+ on
 h>d gr\nd x is evid5t  t "o /rong &    
long toe1 protect$ by a solid ho(1 0 m  
s]viceable ?an f\r %ort & weak toes4 ,b 
:y %\ld x gallop  m ?an o!r animals2 or 
:y on ! h>d gr\nd 9 ! des]ts &  pla9s2  
or w\ld n f\r /rong & long toes h be5   
bett] ?an  "o8 ,! coalesc5ce ( ! toes is
 ! fundam5tal fact 9 !  progress 444 by 
:i* ! primitive bunodont 0 conv]t$ into 
!  mod]n horse4 ,b we ?\ght evolution 0 
a *ange f !  homog5e\s1 incoh]5t to !   
het]og5e\s & coh]5t3 surely !  *ange f  
five toes to "o mu/ h be5 a mis=tune on 
! :ole1  if ! flexibility ( ! human h&  
acc\nts = man's intellect4 ,!           
advantages ( a conv5i5t gallop ov]      
occasional oases ( h>d gr\nd  9 ! des]t 

w\ld h>dly balance t ( be+ able to climb
 trees4  7,p4,f4 #adc47    ,footnote    
#ga3 ,cf4 ,p4,f4 #aea4    ,footnote #gb3
 ,m4,s4 #ahj4    ,footnote #gc3 ,a wide 
gap :i* has nev] be5 bridg$ ov]4        
7,huxley1  ,p4,f4 #aej47    ,footnote   
#gd3 ,b cf4 ,m4,s4 #aha4 ,attempt aft]  
attempt has be5 made to  f9d "s         
fundam5tal *>act]s 9 ! human bra91 on   
:i* to base a  g5]ic di/9ction betwe5   
man & ! brute creation4 7,p4,f4 #adi47  
,footnote #ge3 ,cf4 ,x is probable1     
!re=e1 t ?is 7drill-friction7  0 !      
orig9al mode ( obta9+ fire1 b if s x mu/
 h requir$  a good deal ( intellig5ce & 
obs]vation1 = ! discov]y is by no  means
 an obvi\s "o4 7,m4,s4 #bjd47           
,footnote #gf3 ,p4,f4 #aec4    ,footnote
 #gg3 ,p4,f4 #ace4    ,footnote #gh3 ,! 
inf]5ce1 !re=e1 to be drawn alike f !   
physical developm5t ( ! individual man &
 f ! orig9 &  gr[? z ?\gh he _h expla9$ 
_! orig9 ( all ! faculties  :i*         
specially di/+ui% him f ! brute         
creation1 444 all po9t to  ! conclusion 

t he is ! product ( evolution4 7,m4,s4  
#baj47 ,man  444 ^: high] faculties (   
intellig5ce & morality are s cle>ly  444
 ! products ( evolution & education4    
7,m4,s4 #ahb47    ,footnote #gi3 ,h4,o4 
#bfj4    ,footnote #hj3 ,m4,s4 #dh4     
,footnote #ha3 ,p4,f4 #ag4    ,footnote 
#hb3 ,p4,f4 #ag1 #ah4 ,! conclusion is  
!re=e c]ta9 t !  l& at ?is p>ticul> spot
 mu/ h sunk tw5ty feet1 & aga9 ris5  z  
mu* s z to br+ ! floor ( ! temple to its
 pres5t position1  c4 ,simil> pro(s may 
be multipli$ to any ext5t4444 ,9 fact ! 
m  we /udy geology ! m we are impress$ )
 ! fact t ! normal  /ates ( ! e>? is &  
always has be5 "o ( incessant *anges4   
7,m4,s4 #ce--i47    ,footnote #hc3 i4e41
 ,lyell says3 ,pres5t causes c\ld give  
^! effects1  giv5 ! "t4 ,la+ says3      
,!re=e1 s9ce !y h giv5 ^!  effects1 we  
mu/ suppose ! "t4    ,footnote #hd3     
,p4,f4 #ah    ,footnote #he3 ,p4,f4 #gd4
    ,footnote #hf3 ,ibid4    ,footnote  
#hg3 ,p4,f4 #bj4    ,footnote #hh3      
,m4,s4 #cd1 #da4    ,footnote #hi3      

,p4,f4 #f4    ,footnote #ij3 ,p4,f4 #bc4
    ,footnote #ia3 ,m4,s4 #df4          
,footnote #ib3 ,p4,f4 #bd4    ,footnote 
#ic3 ,p4,f4 #cb4    ,footnote #id3      
,p4,f4 #ff4    ,footnote #ie3 ,?us giv+ 
to paloli?ic man no great] antiquity ?an
  p]haps ab\t #bj1jjj to #cj1jjj ye>s1  
:ile1 %\ld he be re/rict$ to  ! s-call$ 
po/-glacial p]iod1 ! antiquity ne$ n g  
back  fur!r ?an f #aj1jjj to #ae1jjj    
ye>s be=e ! "t ( neoli?ic  man4 7#eg47  
,footnote #if3 ,p4,f4 #fg4    ,footnote 
#ig3 ,m4,s4 #aji4    ,footnote #ih3     
,pre/wi* ev9ces ! same recalcitrance    
accord+ to !  ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ,decemb]
 #d1 #ahid1 p4 #ifa1 be+ "o ( !         
geologi/s ( high /&+ :o h lately come to
 believe 9 "s  sudd5 & ext5sive         
subm]g5ce ( cont95tal dim5sions 9 v     
rec5t times4    ,footnote #ii3 #gd4     
,footnote #ajj3 ,p4,f4 #hd4    ,footnote
 #aja3 ,p4,f4 #fi1 #gj4    ,footnote    
#ajb3 ,p4,f4 #gj4    ,footnote #ajc3    
,h4,o4 #cfd4    ,footnote #ajd3 ,h4,o4  
#chh4        ,,xxi4      ,,! ,,mak+ ,,( 

,,religion4    ,"s twelve ye>s s9ce we  
read ,mr4 ,tylor's well-kn[n & able "w  
on  ,primitive ,culture1 & 7 mu*        
impress$ ) ! evid5t  fair-m9d$ness &    
c\rage\s imp>tiality :i* di/+ui%$ !     
au?or s notably f ! ,clodds1 ! ,all5s1 !
 ,la+s1 & o!r  popul>iz]s ( ! unc]ta9   
results ( evolution-philosophy4 ,= ?is  
v reason we made a c>eful analysis ( !  
:ole "w1 & m  p>ticul>ly ( 8 animi/ic   
hypo!sis1 & laid x aside1 wait+1        
accord+ to our wont1 = fur!r light be>+ 
^u a difficulty  :]e) we felt ourselves 
!n incompet5t to deal4 ,?is fur!r light 
has be5 to "s ext5t suppli$ to u by ,mr4
 ,&rew ,lang's ,mak+ (  ,religion1 :i*  
deals ma9ly ) t !ory ( animism :i* is   
prop\nd$ by ,mr4 ,tylor1 & unhesitat+ly 
accept$1 dogmatically  prea*$1 &        
univ]sally assum$1 by ! cr[d ( scioli/s 
:o foll[  l jackals 9 ! lion's wake4    
,)\t d5y+ ! value ( our  conceptions (  
,god & ( ! human s\l1 ,mr4 ,tylor       
believes t ^!  conceptions1 h[ev] true 9
 !mselves1 orig9at$ on ! "p (  primitive

 man 9 fallaci\s reason+ f ! data (     
dreams & (  l /ates ( illusory vision4  
,he assumes1 p]haps ) "s tru?1  t !     
di/9ction betwe5 dream & reality is m   
fa9tly m>k$ 9  ! less develop$ m9d2 9 ! 
*ild ?an 9 ! adult1 9 ! savage  ?an 9 ! 
civiliz$ man4 ,h5ce a belief arises 9 a 
filmy phantasmal  self t w&]s abroad 9  
sleep & leaves ! body unt5ant$1 &  meets
 & conv]ses ) o!r phantasmal selves4    
,nor is x h>d to see  h[ dea?1 be+ view$
 z a p]man5t sleep1 %\ld be ascrib$ to !
  f9al ab&onm5t ( ! body by its         
dream-/uff occupant4 ,:e!r z  dread$ or 
lov$ or bo?1 ?is ev]-ga!r+ cr[d (       
disembodi$  spirits w9s = itself a c]ta9
 cultus ( praise & propitiation1  &     
rev]5ce1 & is hum\r$ ) food-(f]+s &     
simil>  sacrifices4 ,nor is x long be=e 
! =m ( an e>?ly polity is  transf]r$ to 
t une>?ly city ( ! dead1 till = "o      
reason or  ano!r "s jeal\s gho/ ga9s a  
mon>*ic supremacy ov] 8  bre?r51 & ?us  
poly!ism gives place to mono!ism4 ,x ne$
 n be  t ?is supreme deity is always    

conceiv$ z a defunct ance/or1 once      
embodi$1 b no long] 9 ! body4 ,r x w\ld 
seem t !  primitive savage1 hav+ once   
arriv$ at ! conception ( a gho/1  passes
 by g5]alization to t ( incorporeal be+s
 unborn &  undy+1 ( spirits ^: pres5ce &
 p[] is reveal$ 9 /ocks &  /ones1 or 9  
idols %ap$ humanwise--spirits :o preside
 ov] trees1  riv]s1 & elem5ts1 ov]      
species & classes & dep>tm5ts (         
,nature1 ov] tribes & peoples & nations2
 until1 z be=e1 !  /ruggle = exi/5ce or 
"s o!r cause gives supremacy to "s "o   
god fitte/ to survive ei!r ?r\gh be+ m  
conceivable1 or m  p[]ful1 or 9 "s o!r  
way m popul> ?an ! re/ ( !  pan!on4     
,aga91 x is assum$ t ! gods ( primitive 
man are non-e?ical1  t !y d n make =    
righte\sness2 t !y are at mo/ jeal\s    
p[]s to be fe>$ & propitiat$4 ,:5 !     
savage speaks ( a god z  good1 he only  
means fav\rable to me1 on my side2 he   
does n mean  good to me if ,i am good4  
,god is conceiv$ fir/ z p[] & =ce2  !n z
 non-moral wisdom1 or cunn+1 & only 9 ! 

v late/  developm5ts z holy & j & lov+4 
,/>t+ ) ! assumptions ( evolutioni/s1 ! 
!ory is plausible  en\gh4 ,nor is x     
inconceivable t ,god1 )\t us+ error &   
evil  directly z a means to tru? & good1
 %\ld passively p]mit error =  ! sake ( 
! tru? t ,he =esees w come out ( x4     
,a/rology  0 n incipi5t a/ronomy2 nor 0 
al*emy primitive *emi/ry2 !  end & aim 9
 ea* case 0 :olly diff]5t4 ,yet !       
pseudo-sci5ce  gave bir? to ! true2 z   
false premisses (t5 lead by bad logic to
  s\nd conclusions4 ,totemism1 a        
p]fectly crazy & degrad+ belief1  says  
,mr4 ,lang1 r5d]$ possible--nay1        
inevitable--! union ( ho/ile  gr\ps into
 l>ge & relatively peaceful tribal      
societies4444 ,we %\ld  nev] h educat$ !
 _w ?us2 & we d n see :y x %\ld h  be5  
?us done4 ,b we are v an?ropomorphic1 & 
totally ignorant (  ! conditions ( !    
problem4 ,9 l mann] x might h be51 t    
,god will$ to let m5 w&] ?r\gh ! slums &
 backways ( animism  into ! op5 road (  
!ism4    ,b our conc]n is n ) :at might 

h be51 b ) :at 04    ,mr4 ,lang cont5ds1
 fir/1 t belief 9 spirits & 9 a         
circumambi5t  spiritual _w1 m probably  
orig9at$ 9 c]ta9 real or imag9>y        
exp]i5ces ( sup]normal ph5om5a1 ?an 9 a 
fallaci\s explanation  ( dreams2 !n1 t  
belief 9 a supreme god is mo/ probably n
  d]iv$ f or dep5d5t ^u belief 9 gho/s4 
,consi/5tly ) ! :ole tr5d ( 8 ?\ght 9 8 
rec5t "w  connect$ ) psy*ical rese>*1 9 
,my?1 ,ritual1 & ,religion1 9           
,cock-,lane & ,common-,s5se1 ,mr4 ,lang 
beg9s by ent]+ a prote/  aga9/ !        
attitude obs]v$ t[>ds ! subject by      
contempor>y  sci5ce1 especially by      
an?ropology1 :i*1 z hav+ be5 s lately 9 
! same condemnation1 might be expect$ to
 %[ itself sup]ior to  t inju/ice :i* x 
_h itself s mu* reason to compla9 (4    
,yet  an?ropology1 ab&on+ ! fir/        
pr9ciples ( mod]n sci5ce1 /ill  refuses 
to li/5 to ! facts alleg$ by psy*ical   
rese>*1 &  ju/ifies its refusal on      
,hume's (t-explod$ fallacy1 namely1 on  
an   priori conviction ( _!             

impossibility & !re=e ( _!              
non-occurr5ce4    ,h[ev] wide ! range ( 
exp]i5ce ^u :i* physical g5]alizations  
are bas$1 x c nev] be s wide z on ?is   
score alone to prove !  inh]5t          
possibility ( exceptions2 m especially  
:5 we consid] !  conf9em5t ( ! human    
race to :at is relatively a mom5t>y     
exi/5ce on a :irl+ p>ticle ( du/ 9 a    
s&/orm4 ,!re may  inde$ be abundant     
evid5ce ( a c]ta9 impetus or t5d5cy     
endur+  f a comp>atively di/ant &       
indef9ite pa/ & mak+ = an  equally      
indef9ite future2 b !re is n1 _c be     
evid5ce aga9/  ! possibility ( int]f]5ce
 f o!r laws ^: pa?s1 at po9ts  unkn[n & 
incalculable1 int]sect ^? foll[$ by !   
7to u7  ord9>y c\rse ( ev5ts4    ,& 9   
?is :olesome agno/icism we are confirm$ 
:5 we see t  :ile "s animals are depriv$
 ( c]ta9 s5ses :i* we possess1 &  all ( 
!m ( ! gift ( reason1 o!rs are app>5tly 
end[$ )  s5ses unkn[n to u1 & are taught
 by seem+ in/9cts :i* surpass  :at      
reason c\ld effect2 :5ce we may inf] t !

 likelihood ( our  be+ en rapport ) !   
great] "p ( ! possible ph5om5a  amid/   
:i* we live1 or ( our possess+ all      
possible s5ses or !  be/ ( ^? possible1 
is inf9itely small4 ,:at a magician a   
man )  eyes w\ld be among a race (      
sightless m52 or a man ) e>s among a    
deaf population6 ,h[ /udi\sly w\ld !    
sci5ti/s expla9 ! effects  ( sight z    
produc$ by subtilty ( he>+2 & ^? ( he>+ 
z due  to abnormal s5sitiv5ess 9 "s o!r 
respect6    ,b ?\gh !re be no  priori   
impossibility 9 deviations f !  beat5   
track1 yet !re is a c]ta9  priori       
improbability :i* may  seem to ju/ify ^?
 :o refuse to g into alleg$ in/ances ( !
  sup]normal4 ,!re is a /ory aga9/      
,?omas ,aqu9as1 t on be+  invit$ by a   
frisky bro!r-monk to come & see a c[    
fly+1 or "s  su* m>vel1 he gravely came 
& saw n1 b express$ himself f> m  a/\nd$
 at ! miracle t a religi\s man %\ld say 
! ?+  :i* 0 n4 ,?is is c]ta9ly a glori\s
 anti!sis to ,hume's  position4 ,:e!r we
 take x to illu/rate ! ,sa9t's extreme  

lack (  hum\r1 or a subtl] dep? ( hum\r 
veil$ "u /olidity1 or 8  rigor\s        
v]acity1 or 8 guileless confid5ce 9 !   
v]acity (  o!rs1 we c]ta9ly _c approve x
 z an example ( ! attitude we  ought to 
obs]ve ) reg>d to e newly rec\nt$ m>vel4
 ,truly  !re might be m lib]ality1 m    
enlight5m5t1 m imag9ation 9  su* a ready
 cr$ulity1 ?an 9 ! wall-ey$1 e>-/opp+   
scepticism  ( popul> sci5ce2 b ! m]e    
inn] possibility ( a rec\nt$ m>vel  does
 n oblige u to se>* into ! matt] unless 
! evid5ce (f]$  be> "s reasonable       
proportion to ! burd5 x has to support4 
,t  ?is is ! case z reg>ds cry/al-gaz+1 
telepa?y1 possession1 &  k9dr$          
manife/ation1 is :at ,mr4 ,lang cont5ds2
 nor w\ld he h any  qu>rel ) !          
an?ropologi/s 7 !y n fully impress$ ) ! 
importance ( simil> or ev5 weak]        
cumulative evid5ce = conclusions  :i*   
happ5 to be 9 h>mony ) _! preconceiv$   
hypo!ses4 ,:]e  su* evid5ce exi/s x mu/ 
be fac$1 & at lea/ its exi/5ce mu/  be  
expla9$4    ,true criticism %\ld ei!r   

acc\nt = ! seem+ brea* (  uni=mity1 by  
r$uc+ x to law2 or else %\ld %[ h[ !    
ass]tion  if false ev] ga9$ cr$5ce2 b 9 
no case is x sci5tific to put  aside1 on
 an  priori assumption1 evid5ce t is    
(f]$ f all  sides 9 great abundance4    
,psy*ic rese>* is daily apply+ to t     
tangl$ mass ( _w-wide evid5ce anci5t &  
mod]n = ! exi/5ce  ( an ,x-region (     
exp]i5ce1 ^? same critical & hi/orical  
pr9ciples :i* creat$ mod]n sci5ce4 ,m5  
:o1 z (t5 z n1 h  no religion or no     
sup]/ition !mselves1 see t bo? religion 
&  sup]/ition are univ]sal ph5om5a1 & _c
 be neglect$ by ^?  :o w\ld /udy        
humanity hi/orically & sci5tifically4   
,ev5 if !re  be no?+ 9 halluc9ations1   
app>itions1 scry+1 second-sight1        
polt]gei/s1 & ! re/1 !re is a great deal
 9 ! fact t  belief 9 ^! ?+s is z wide &
 z old z ! _w2 x is a fact  to be       
expla9$4 ,ea* man1 says ,mei/]1 commonly
 def5ds himself z  long z possible f    
ca/+ out ! idols :i* he wor%ips 9 8     
s\l2 f ackn[l$g+ a ma/]-error1 & admitt+

 any tru? t  br+s him to despair2 &     
inde$ a sy/em z complete & compact z  t 
( ,mr4 ,sp5c] or ,mr4 ,tylor is apt to  
become an intellectual idol  =bidd+ "u  
pa9 ( infidelity all inquiries t might  
cause x to  tott] on its ?rone1 or :i*  
might unravel 9 an in/ant :at has be5   
wov5 by ye>s ( h>d & hone/ ?\ght4 ,few (
 u are 9 a position  to ca/ /ones on ?is
 score2 /ill1 recogniz+ ! weakness m    
cle>ly 9 o!rs ?an 9 ourselves1 we are   
ju/ifi$ 9 reckon+ )  x1 & 9 disc\nt+ = !
 unwill+ness ( m5 ( sci5ce to li/5  to  
facts inconsi/5t ) long-*]i%$ !ories1 & 
= _!  t5d5cy to accumulate & magnify    
evid5ce on ! o!r side4 ,if !  facts n   
fitt+ _! !ories are little obs]v$ by    
au?orities s  popul> z ,mr4 ,huxley &   
,mr4 ,sp5c]2 if in/antiae               
contradictoriae  are ignor$ by !m1 or   
left vague2 if ^! ?+s are done 9 !  gre5
 tree1 we may easily imag9e :at %all be 
done 9 ! dry4 ,b we  ne$ n w> ) ha/y    
vulg>isateurs & headlong !ori/s4    ,we 
_c = a mom5t "q ! s9c]ity ( purpose &   

hone/y (  int5tion ( _m ( ! lead]s (    
mod]n sci5tific enlight5m5t1  :atev] we 
may ?9k ( ! said cr[d (                 
vulg>isateurs--^?  camp-foll[]s :o br+  
disgrace on e respectable cause4 ,b     
beside  wilful bias & unfairness1 !re is
 unconsci\s bias f :i* none (  u are    
free1 b f :i* we ne$ to be deliv]$ by   
mutual criticism2  =1 h[ev] mu* a man c 
see ( himself1 he c nev] get beh9d 8    
own back4 ,( su* unwitt+ di%one/y m5 (  
?\ght are abundantly  guilty1 :5 deem+  
!mselves to be gov]n$ only by reason1 !y
 are  9 fact slaves to "s intellectual  
fa%ion ( ! day4 ,n "o ( !m  9 a ?\s&    
w\ld d>e to appe> 9 public ) ! clo!s (  
la/  c5tury1 or to face ! laught] ( a   
cr[d ( 8 compe]s4 ,h5ce a  c]ta9        
indocility & rigidness ( m9d :i* !y only
 escape :o live  out ( ! fa%ion or h    
/r5g? to lead x or to live above x4     
,simple1 :e!r f greatness or littl5ess1 
!y escape ! n>r[+  influ5ce insep>able f
 be+ id5tifi$1 ev5 9 _! own m9d1  ) a   
s*ool or cot]ie2 & c af=d to say ?+s z  

!y see !m4    ,contempor>y fa%ion says  
at pres5t t !re are to be no miracles1  
no?+ sup]normal2 :atev] _c be r$uc$ 9   
any way to kn[n laws  & causes c be     
flatly d5i$1 = ! supposition ( unkn[n   
causes  & laws is rank h]esy4 ,until m  
rec5t ye>s1 x 0 n p]mitt$  to li/5 to or
 %[ any disposition to inve/igate !     
n>ratives (  ph5om5a :i* h s9ce be5     
expla9$ & r$uc$ to su*  legaliz$ causes 
z hy/]ia or hypnotism1 & ev5 7( late7 to
  ?\ght-transf]5ce4 ,b s9ce ?is happy   
reconciliation has be5  effect$1 su*    
/ories are all[$ to be believ$ on ord9>y
 evid5ce1  al?\gh ! acc\nts ( o!r       
unclass$ sup]normal m>vels com+  f !    
same lips ) ! same atte/ation are /ill  
bru%$ aside z  travell]'s tales1 or z ! 
pu]ilities ( hagiography--n wor? a      
?\ght4 ,"o w\ld ?9k t "s k9d ( apology  
or rep>ation 7  due to ecclesia/ical    
tradition1 :i* 0 cr$it$ ) :olesale ly+  
s long z its record$ wond]s 7 class$    
among impossibilities by  ! intellectual
 fa%ion-mong]s1 b x seems we h only     

p>tly  escap$ ! reproa* ( knav]y to     
incur t ( :olesale folly = n  hav+ se5 t
 ^! app>5t miracles 7 b =ms ( hy/]ia or 
hypnotism4    ,yet :at is hy/]ia & :at  
does x really expla98 #a ,surely !      
etymology ?r[s no light on ! subject6   
,is x !n m]ely a "n =  ! unkn[n cause ( 
ph5om5a e :it z /range z ^? :i* 7  held 
incr$ible till _! l _h be5 actually     
witness$ & =c$  ^u ! unwill+ eyes (     
sci5ce beyond all possibility ( d5ial8  
,is  x t sci5ce bl9dly refus$ ev5 to    
weigh ! evid5ce = abnormal  facts till !
 same or simil> _h become matt]s (      
p]sonal  obs]vation8 ,is x t e report$  
brea* ( h] assum$  uni=mities is        
incr$ible1 because impossible1 until !  
possibility  has be5 prov$ by "s fact   
:i* is !n nam$1 erect$ into a class1  a 
cause1 a law1 & us$ to expla9 away      
simil> facts =m]ly d5i$1  & is ?us tak5 
into t bundle ( g5]alizations call$ !   
laws  ( nature8 ,! anci5ts assum$ all   
heav5ly motion to be circul> (          
necessity1 & :]e facts gave aga9/ !m1 !y

 pat*$ ! matt] up  ) an epicycle or two4
 ,are n hy/]ia1 hypnotism1 &            
?\ght-transf]5ce ( ! nature ( epicycles8
 ,x is n[ confess$  t ! m9d c s affect &
 dom9ate ! body z to produce bli/]s  &  
w\nds by m]e =ce ( sugge/ion &          
expectancy2 t a l  fai? c cure1 n only  
su* ailm5ts z are cle>ly connect$ )  !  
n]ves1 b o!rs :]e su* connection is n   
yet traceable4 ,&  ?is is suppos$ to    
tell 9 "s way aga9/ l m>vels report$ by 
hagiology1 z ?\gh !y 7 expla9$ by be+   
obs]v$ & nam$4  ,yet :at did t suppos$  
m>vell\sness consi/ 91 except 9 a  seem+
 revelation ( ! p[] & sup]iority ( m9d  
ov] matt]1 &  ( ?+s unse5 ov] ?+s se5 & 
palpable2 & 9 prov+ t  !re 7 m wond]s 9 
heav5 & e>? ?an 7 dreamt ( by a  crude &
 self-satisfi$ mat]ialism8 ,!y 7 tak5 z 
evid5ce ( a  circumambi5t ,x-region :]e 
! laws ( me*anics 7 set at defiance  &  
:]e ! fett]s ( "t & place 7 loos5$ or   
ca/ aside4  ,su* an ,x-region be+       
suppos$ by e sup]natural religion &     
d5i$ by mo/ ( ^? :o d5y religion1 & on !

 same gr\nds1 its  e/abli%m5t by any k9d
 ( exp]im5t is rightly consid]$ 9 "s    
sort to make = religion4 ,inde$1 x is j 
on ?is acc\nt t !  evid5ce = x is s     
oppos$ by ^? :o are pre-occupi$ by !    
anti-religi\s bias ( contempor>y sci5ce4
 ,b unless hy/]ical  effects c be %[n to
 be ultimately due1 n to m9d1 b to matt]
  act+ on matt]1 accord+ to me?ods      
approv$ by mat]ialism1 hy/]ia  rema9s a 
^w-cause & no m1 l ! meat-cook+ quality 
( !  roa/+-jack4    ,hypnotism is a     
k9dr$ cause 9 e way4 ,x means sleep-ism2
 yet  manife/ly x deals ) *>act]i/ics   
:i* are utt]ly unlike ^?  ( sleep2 & x  
is precisely ^! t ne$ to be expla9$ away
 9  con=mity ) receiv$ laws1 unless we  
are to f9d 9 ^! ph5om5a  evid5ce ( su*  
modes ( be+ & op]ation z e k9d (        
religion  po/ulates4 ,possession is (   
c\rse a fable2 ! sup]abundant  _w-wide1 
_w-old evid5ce = ! ph5om5on 0 ?ru/ aside
  )\t a glance1 till hypnotic exp]im5ts 
br\ght to light :at is  call$ alt]nat+  
p]sonality4 ,z ?\gh ?is "n _h expla9$   

ev]y?+ 9 accordance ) mat]ialism1 =?) x 
0 p]mitt$ to  believe ! a=esaid evid5ce1
 provid$ "o laugh$ l\dly en\gh at  !    
!ory ( possession4 ,x is all[$ t !      
hypnotic pati5t may  9 "s s5se be said  
to be possess$ by ! hypnotis] = ! "t    
be+2 nay1 ev5 a c]ta9 *ronic possession 
( ?is k9d is  obs]vable4 ,b an invisible
 hypnotis] & possession by a disembodi$ 
_s is /ill out ( fa%ion1 not)/&+ all    
,mrs4 ,pip]'s ef=ts  & ,dr4 ,hodgson's  
audaci\s decl>ation ( 8 n v will+ belief
  t ^? :o speak ?r\gh h] are v]itably ! 
p]sonalities !y  claim to be1 & t !y h  
surviv$ ! *ange we call dea?4           
,?\ght-transf]5ce1 h[ev]1 promises to be
 a pot5t & popul>  solv5t ( psy*ic      
problems4 ,?\ght-transf]5ce 0 a         
supremely  ludicr\s supposition till    
comp>atively rec5tly2 nor c\ld !re be   
any cr$ible te/imony = :at 0 kn[n       
antec$5tly to be q  impossible4 ,b "s   
way or o!r1 facts :i* dem&$ a "n 7  =c$ 
^u ! direct obs]vation ( sci5ce1 & s    
,mr4 ,f4 ,podmore has  writt5 a book 9  

:i*1 assum+ ?\ght-transf]5ce to be a    
sci5tifically recogniz$ possibility1 he 
proce$s to r$uce _m ( !  m>vels collect$
 by ! ,s4,p4,r4 to t simple & obvi\s    
cause1 & to  reject ! residue on ! s\nd 
old pr9ciple t :at is kn[n to be        
impossible _c be true4 ,halluc9ations1  
solit>y & collective1 &  o!r p]plex+    
in/ances are tortur$ into cases (       
?\ght-transf]  ) an +5uity :i* we %\ld  
smile at 9 a m$iaeval s*ola/ic  expla9+ 
! univ]se by ! f\r elem5ts & ! f\r      
temp]am5ts4  ,b is n ?\ght-transf]5ce   
itself lam5tably unsci5tific8 ,no2      
because we see t unconnect$ magnets     
affect "o ano!r  sympa!tically2 & ! bra9
 be+ a sort ( magnet may well affect    
di/ant bra9s4 ,?\ght is a k9d (         
electricity1 & electricity1 if  n       
exactly a fluid1 yet may "s day be      
liquefi$ & bottl$4 ,at all  ev5ts1      
sci5ce has se5 some?+ v remotely        
analog\s to  ?\ght-transf]5ce & e :it z 
un9telligible & antec$5tly  incr$ible   
till obs]v$2 & !re=e x is p]missible to 

li/5 to  ! evid5ce = x1 & =c$ !reto1 to 
accept ! fact4    ,b h we really dispos$
 ( gho/s if we prove ! appe>ance to be  
caus$ by a subjective modification ( !  
p]ceiv]'s s5sorium & n  by a            
modification ( ! ext]nal m$ium--! air or
 ! e!r8 ,s9ce x  is a "q ( a spiritual  
sub/ance indep5d5t ( spatial dim5sions  
& relations1 said to be pres5t only s f>
 & :]e its effects &  manife/ations are 
pres5t1 :at does x matt] :e!r x reports 
itself by an effect outside or inside ! 
p]cipi5t--:e!r x be a  vision s5sible to
 feel+1 z to sight1 or b a false        
creation  proce$+ f a heat-oppress$     
bra98 ,is n ?is v di/9ction (  outside &
 inside 9 ! matt] ( p]ceptions op5 to no
 slight  ambiguity8 ,! savage1 famili> )
 ! electric sp>ks caus$ by !  friction (
 de]-sk9s1 ascribes ! aurora borealis to
 ! friction  ( a jo/l+ h]d ( cele/ial   
de]4 ,nons5se1 says sci5ce1 aft]        
c5turies ( false hypo!ses1 x is no?+ m  
nor less ?an  electricity4 ,?is is v mu*
 ! way %e is deal+ ) !  sup]normal at   

pres5t2 bru%+ aside z :olly nons5sical1 
beliefs  t envelope a core ( useful fact
 9 a wrapp+ ( crude explanation1  & !n  
receiv+ ! same facts z new discov]ies1  
because %e has  fitt$ !m into an        
involucre m to h] own lik+1 ?\gh p]haps 
b  little less crude4 ,n de]-sk91 says  
sci5ce1 b amb]2 n  miracle1 b fai?-cure2
 n prophetic insight1 b                 
?\ght-transf]5ce2  n app>ition1 b       
halluc9ation4 ,& s ) ! re/4    ,consid]+
 !n ! bias ( ! dom9ant sci5tific s*ool1 
:i* makes  x refuse ev5 to exam9e !     
c>efully ga!r$ evid5ce ( ! ,s4,p4,r42   
we ne$ n wond] if ! reports ( travell]s 
conc]n+ ! exi/5ce  ( l ph5om5a among    
savages & b>b>ians all ov] ! _w are     
dismiss$ ) a c]ta9  priori              
sup]cili\sness4 ,yet surely1 on         
evolutioni/ pr9ciples1 ! only possible  
clue to ! mode 9 :i*  belief 9 spirits &
 9 ,god may h orig9at$ ) primitive man1 
is ! mode 9 :i* ^? beliefs are actually 
n[ su/a9$1 &1 s  to say1 prov$ by ! mo/ 
primitive specim5s ( exi/+ humanity2    

by1 = example1 ^? bu%m5 ( ,au/ralia ^:  
facial angle &  c]ebral capacity is     
suppos$ to leave no room = mu* diff]5ce 
betwe5 _! m9d & t ( ! high] an?ropoids4 
,d\btless x is  h>d to get any?+ l      
sci5tific evid5ce out ( p s             
uncultivat$1 ^: language & modes (      
conception are s ali5 to our  own4      
,individual travell]s1 moreov]1 h be5 ! 
victims ( _! own  cr$ulity1 /upidity1   
self-conceit1 & prejudice4 ,b ! be/     
te/imony ( ! tru? ( ! reports z to !    
actual belief 9 !  facts1 is ! undesign$
 co9cid5ce ( ! evid5ce f all qu>t]s4    
,:5 ! /ories br\ght by travell]s1 anci5t
 & mod]n1 le>n$ &  unle>n$1 pi\s or     
sceptical1 agree 9 ! ma91 we h all !    
c]ta9ty t an?ropology c (f]4    ,f ?is  
ev]-gr[+ mass ( evid5ce1 x w\ld appe> t 
!  univ]sal belief among savages 9 a    
_s-_w is ma9ly /r5g!n$  & su/a9$1 n by !
 ph5om5a ( dream+ b by :at ,mr4 ,sp5c]  
w\ld call alleg$ sup]normal             
manife/ations1 su* z ^? (  clairvoyance1
 cry/al-gaz+1 app>itions1 miracles1     

prophecies1  possession1 & ! l4 ,=      
belief 9 su* m>vels exi/s beyond  d\bt1 
& furni%es a v obvi\s & logical basis = 
! fur!r  belief 9 ! invisible causes (  
^! visible effects2 nor %\ld we  h      
rec\rse to an hypo!tical & m indirect   
explanation ( belief  9 a _s-_w :5 an   
actual & direct explanation is at h&4   
,if  we see ! bran* gr[+ out ( ! tree1  
we ne$ n inquire :at  trunk x sprang f1 
unless we h /rong evid5ce t x is only a 
graft4 ,all inve/igation t5ds to %[ t   
savages believe 9 spirits  & 9 ! _s-_w  
because !y witness1 or firmly believe !y
  witness1 sup]normal ph5om5a4          
,besides ?is1 x mu/ be all[$ t toge!r ) 
! normal  ph5om5a ( dream+1 !re are     
abnormal dreams :i* ev5 to  cultivat$   
m9ds seem at times z sup]normal z       
second-sight or  prophecy4 ,b x is n on 
sup]normal1 b on normal dreams t        
animi/s base _! explanation4 ,we ne$ n  
d5y t dreams &  delirium may h giv5     
palpable %ape to ! conception ( a gho/1 
&  may also h help$ =w>d ! notion ( a _s

 by furni%+  some?+ int]m$i>y betwe5 !  
grossness ( our wak+  s5se-exp]i5ces1 & 
! altoge!r elusive & difficult ?\ght (  
unembodi$ w & intellig5ce indep5d5t (   
space & "t4    ,9 ! ma9 !n x seems m    
plausible to ma9ta9 t ! idea (          
unembodi$ or disembodi$ spirits 0 %ap$  
by t in/9ctive law (  our m9d :i* makes 
u argue f ! nature ( effects to ! nature
  ( ! ag5cy4 ,! fir/ impulse w\ld be to 
ascribe e intellig5t  effect to "s human
 ag5cy1 b o!r circum/ances w\ld         
subsequ5tly  incl9e ! savage reluctantly
 to dive/ ! ag5t ( "o or m ( !          
limitations ( humanity1 & to clo! him ) 
pret]-human attributes4  ,ne>ly all !   
sup]normal ph5om5a believ$ 9 by         
primitive man--s  f> z we c judge ( him 
f contempor>y savag]y--w\ld sugge/ !    
ag5cy ( an invisible man2 clairvoyance1 
& o!r manife/ations (  pret]natural k1  
w\ld sugge/ indep5d5ce ( ! s5ses 9 !    
acquisition ( k2 e k9d ( miracle w\ld   
bespeak an  ext5sion ( p[] ov] physical 
nature beyond human wont2 :ile all  ^!  

toge!r w\ld po9t to t fre$om f !        
trammels ( space  & "t1 :i* is ( ! v    
ess5ce ( immat]ial or spiritual         
subsi/5ce4 ,?us1 by a gradual process ( 
dehumanization1 ! m9d  w\ld be          
in/9ctively l$ f ! notion ( a man       
magnifi$ 9 all  excell5ces & ref9$ f all
 limitations1 to ! conception (  _s4 ,b 
coexi/5tly ) ?is progress ( ! reason1 ! 
imag9ation w\ld ev] /ra9 to clo! ! ?\ght
 9 bodily =m z  f> z possible1 & w\ld   
cl+ to ! notions sugge/$ by dreams &    
wak+ halluc9ations1 :ile language1 aft] 
its wont1 w\ld speak (  ! _s z ! umbra1 
! imago1 ! %ad[1 ! brea?1 !  att5uat$   
replica ( ! body4 ,?us we f9d among all 
m51 savage &  civiliz$1 a c]ta9         
un/ead9ess 9 _! notion ( _s1 :e!r       
creat$ or div9e--a cont9ual t5d5cy to   
corruption &  an?ropomorphism1 due to ! 
conflict betwe5 reason & imag9ation1    
result+ s (t5 9 ! dom9ation ( ! latt]4  
,= ?is view ( ! subject x is n necess>y 
t we %\ld admit  ! pret]natural "* ( !  
ph5om5a :i* =m !  subject-matt] (       

psy*ical rese>*1 b only t we %\ld       
ackn[l$ge ! h>dly disputable fact t     
belief 9 su* m>vels is  univ]sal &      
p]si/5t among savages--a fact :i* sci5ce
 is b\nd by  its own pr9ciples to       
expla91 & n to ignore4 ,:e!r1 z ,mr4    
,lang  seems incl9$ to ?9k1 among mu*   
illusion1 *ican]y1 & ignorance1  !re may
 n be tru? en\gh to make ! inf]5ce ( an 
,x-_w  legitimate1 :e!r ! said          
univ]sality1 p]si/5ce1 &  recrudesc5ce (
 ?is seem+ cr$ulity c be acc\nt$ = 9 any
  o!r satisfactory way1 is a fur!r      
consid]ation4 ,if 9 "s dim  fa%ion !    
,nor!rn ,indians anticipat$ mod]n sci5ce
 9 _!  explanation ( ! aurora borealis1 
connect+ x ) famili>  electric          
manife/ations1 may x n be1 asks ,mr4    
,lang1 t 9 _!  inf]5ce f sup]normal     
facts :i* exp]im5tal sci5ce refuses to  
he> ( or to exam9e1 !y h aga9 be5       
sagaci\sly be=eh&8  ,d\btless _!        
explanation is crude & inadequate 9 bo? 
cases2 b  is x mu* m s ?an t (f]$ by    
suppos+ electricity to be a  fluid      

subject to curr5ts2 or by assign+ _m    
inexplicable psy*ic  ph5om5a to         
hy/]ia--a m]e ^w-cause8    ,!           
supposition is some:at fav\r$ if we give
 e> to t cr[d (  witnesses ^: comb9$    
evid5ce1 duly disc\nt$ & te/$1 makes x  
cle> t ev5 among ^? :o ought to h be5   
civiliz$ out ( all  belief 9 aught beh9d
 ! veil1 ! v same sup]/itions break out1
  or creep 91 "t aft] "t1 ) new names   
p]haps1 new clo!s1 new  faces1 b 9      
sub/ance id5tical ) ^? held by :at we   
e/eem !  mo/ b5ight$ races4    ,fur!r1 x
 is evid5t t savages pay                
att5tion--ov]-att5tion1 no  d\bt--to ^! 
sup]normal ph5om5a1 be+ free f ho/ile   
philosophic bias 9 ! matt]1 & b5t ! o!r 
way2 & t 9  consequ5ce !y h ev]y:]e     
obs]v$1 classifi$1 & sy/ematiz$  !m 9 _!
 own rude1 simple way1 & h ?us =e/all$  
:at !  ,s4,p4,r41 9 ! tee? ( sci5ce1 is 
n[ endeav\r+ to d  sci5tifically4 ,) u1 
moreov]1 x is m]e *ance t reveals a     
m$ium1 or hypnotic subject "h & !re3 b )
 savages !y are  s\ght out dilig5tly1 & 

all :o h any lat5t aptitude t way are   
detect$ & utiliz$2 & ?us ! field ( _!   
exp]i5ce is  consid]ably wid5$4    ,b   
besides all ?is1 x seems m ?an plausible
 to suppose t among  primitive &        
undevelop$ races su* pret]natural       
ph5om5a ei!r  occur1 or seem to occur1  
mu* m frequ5tly & ext5sively2 & t       
app>5tly sup]normal faculties are m (t5 
develop$4    ,nor c ?is be expla9$      
solely on ! score ( _! readi] cr$ulity  
& _! lack ( criticism2 = !re is good    
evid5ce to %[ t !  developm5t ( !       
rational & self-directive faculties is  
at !  sacrifice ( ^? in/9ctive &        
intuitional modes ( op]ation :i*  d duty
 = !m :ile man is yet 9 a /ate (        
pupilage4 ,memory1 =  example1 is fre%] 
& m assimilative 9 *ildhood1 b          
det]iorates  v (t5 z ! high] faculties  
come into use2 & inde$ we _c  fail to   
see h[ ! introduction ( pr9t+1 writ+1 & 
mnemonic arts  & artifices ( all k9ds1  
has l[]$ ! av]age p[] ( civiliz$        
memory1 & made ! ord9>y feats ( m       

primitive times seem to u  magical &    
incr$ible4 ,we also notice ! high       
developm5t ( he>+1  sight1 & o!r =ms (  
p]ception among savages :o live by _!   
five s5ses r ?an by _! wits4 ,:5 we     
desc5d to !  animal-_w we are confront$ 
by cognitive faculties ^: effects we    
see1 b ( ^: precise nature we c =m no   
conjecture :atev]4  ,t :i* guides !     
migratory birds 9 _! w&]+s1 & simulates 
polity 9 ! bee-hive & ant-hill1 is n    
reason1 b is some?+ =  practical        
purposes f> bett] ?an reason4 ,putt+ a  
numb] ( ^! &  ( simil> consid]ations    
toge!r seems to sugge/ t developm5t 9  !
 direction ( self-in/ruction 7:i* is    
reason7 & self-managem5t  & indep5d5ce1 
is loss z well z ga94    ,:at we ga9 is 
no d\bt our own 9 a tru] s5se ?an t we  
_h :5  we hung ^u ,nature's brea/1 & 7  
guid$ passively by in/9cts &  intuitions
 to purposes t reason c nev] rea* to4   
,by f> ! mo/ wond]ful & seem+ly         
intellig5t "w ( ! s\l is  t by :i* x    
builds up1 n\ri%es1 repairs1 developes1 

& f9ally  reproduces ! body x dwells 94 
,yet 9 all ?is x is almo/ z  passive &  
unconsci\s z a vegetable4 ,! effect is  
7z f> z our  compreh5sion ( x goes7     
altoge!r pret]natural & inexplicable2   
yet  x is f> less our effect ?an :at we 
d by reason & by tak+  ?\ght4 ,:at we   
pay = 9 dignity we lose 9 effici5cy4    
,:ile ,nature  c>ries u 9 h] arms we    
move swiftly en\gh1 b :5 %e sets u on   
our feet to le>n indep5d5ce & self-rule1
 we cut a sorry figure4 ,9  our         
helplessness %e does all = u z ?\gh we 7
 yet "p ( h]2  b 9 ! measure t we are   
wean$ & beg9 to f5d = ourselves z       
responsible ag5ts1 we are depriv$ ( !   
aids & easem5ts befitt+  ! *ildhood (   
our race4    ,if ?is be true1 if man 9 8
 primitive /ate possess$ intuitive  p[]s
 :i* h sunk into abeyance1 ei!r ?r\gh ! 
div]sion (  psy*ic en]gy to ! developm5t
 ( o!r p[]s1 or ?r\gh desuetude1  or z !
 in/9cts ( ! new-born babe are lo/ :5 _!
 brief  purpose is fulfill$2 if !       
occasional recrudesc5ce ( ^! p[]s  among

 civiliz$ peoples is really a survival (
 an e>li] /ate2 !n  inde$ we c und]/& t 
! evid5ce1 or app>5t evid5ce1 =  !      
exi/5ce ( an ,x-region1 or _s-_w1 may h 
be5  immeasurably m abundant 9 ! infancy
 ( ! human race1 ?an x is  n[ ev5 among 
contempor>y savages4    ,put x h[ we w1 
x _c be d5i$ t belief 9 div9ation1 9    
diabolic possession1 & 9 magic1 has     
l>gely contribut$ to belief 9  spirits2 
& t to ignore ?is contribution by ?r[+ !
 :ole  burd5 on ord9>y dreams is        
unsci5tific4 ,dur+ sleep ,mr4 ,tylor    
himself is z mu* a prey to delusion z ! 
mo/ primitive savage2 b  ! crit]ia by   
:i* on wak+ we condemn mo/ ( our dreams 
z  illusions1 seem really z accessible &
 obvi\s to ! *ild or savage  z to !     
philosoph]2 ?\gh ! =m] ?r\gh c>elessness
 or pov]ty  ( language w p]haps say3 ,i 
saw1 in/ead (3 ,i dreamt ,i saw4        
,*ildr5 w speak z x 7 hi/orically ( ev5 
_! day-dreams  & imag9+s1 n f any       
untru?fulness or wi% to deceive1 b f  t 
romanc+ t5d5cy rightly repreh5d$ 9 _!   

eld]s1 :o %\ld  be alive to !           
conv5tional value ( language4 ,b ! fir/ 
& mo/  natural use ( spee* is simply to 
express & embody ! ?\ght t  is 9 u1 n to
 ass]t1 or affirm1 or to in/ruct o!rs4  
,! *ild's  romanc+ is n int5d$ z        
ass]tion1 al?\gh s tak5 by prosaic      
adults4 ,x is f ! same in/9ct :i* lies  
at ! back ( 8  et]nal monologue1 ( !    
,let's pret5d by :i* he is = ! mom5t    
trans=m$ into a soldi]1 or a /eam-eng9e1
 or a horse4 ,eye-read+  )\t            
articulation is impossible = ! beg9n]1 &
 ?\ght t is  n talk$ & act$ is          
impossible = ! *ild4 ,yet deeply z !    
*ild is wrapp$ up 9 8 dreams1 !re is    
no?+ m c]ta9 ?an  t he is z cle> z any  
adult z to ! diff]5ce betwe5 romance  & 
fact2 & s x is no d\bt ) ! savage1 :o c 
h>dly be  d5i$ to h at lea/ z mu* reason
 z an av]age *ild4    ,clos] /udy ( !   
savage po9ts to ! conclusion t !        
civiliz$  man falls into ! same error 9 
8 reg>d z _m adults d )  respect to     
*ildr51 :om !y fail hopelessly to       

int]pret ?r\gh lack  ( imag9ation1 & to 
:om !y are b t$i\s & ridicul\s :5  !y   
w\ld fa9 be in/ructive & amus+2 =gett+ t
 !  diff]5ce betwe5 ! two /ages ( life  
is r 9 ! size ( !  toys play$ )1 ?an 9 !
 way !y are reg>d$4 ,s too we are apt   
to look on =eign1 & /ill m on savage    
language1 symbolism1 ways1  & cu/oms1 z 
indicative ( a f> m radical diff]5ce &  
great]  inf]iority ( m5tal con/itution &
 e?ical in/9cts ?an really  exi/s4 ,mr4 
,kidd1 9 8 book on ,social ,evolution1  
has cont5d$ )  "s plausibility t !      
bra9-p[] ( ! ,bu%man & ( ! ,cockney  is 
mu* on a p> at />t+1 & t ! subsequ5t    
div]g5ce is due  *iefly to education &  
moral tra9+2 & c]ta9ly mu* ( !  evid5ce 
br\ght =w>d 9 ,mr4 ,lang's volume seems 
to look t way4 ,if  ! aborig9al         
,au/ralian has a fai? 9 ! immortality ( 
! s\l &  9 a supreme ,god1 ! rew>d] (   
righte\sness1 if he summ>izes !  laws ( 
,god "u ! precept ( unselfi%ness2 if 9  
all ?is he is b  a type ( ! univ]sal    
savage1 surely x 7 well if "s ( !       

mission>y zeal :i* is devot$ to supply+ 
! hea!n ) ,bibles  :i* !y _c und]/&1 7  
turn$ to ! "w ( br++ our  own godless   
millions up to _! religi\s level4    ,b 
?is takes u to ! second & /ill m int]e/+
 "p ( ,!  ,mak+ ( ,religion1 :i* we %all
 h to discuss 9 ! next section4  ,at    
pres5t we only wi% to insi/ t x is a    
mi/ake to assume t  because savages &   
*ildr5 are1 :5 comp>$ ) ourselves1 s    
little1 !re=e _! ?\ghts & ideas c be    
und]/ood ) little  difficulty4          
,contr>iwise1 z ! app>5t diff]5ce 9 life
 &  language is great]1 ! deep] & m     
pati5t inve/igation w x  ne$ to detect t
 radical sam5ess ( m5tal & moral        
con/itution  :i* b9ds m5 toge!r f> m ?an
 div]sity ( education &  environm5t c   
ev] sep>ate !m4 ,x is1 !re=e1 exce$+ly  
unlikely t ei!r ! *ild or ! savage %\ld1
 by fail+ to  di/+ui% betwe5 dream &    
reality1 introduce into 8 :ole life  t  
incoh]5ce :i* is j ! di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic
 (  dream+ & lunacy4 ,&1 z a fact1 d we 
really f9d ! savage z  depress$1 on     

wak+1 by a dreamt-( calamity z by a real
 "o2 or z  elat$ aft] a vision>y scalp+ 
( foes z aft] a real victory8 ,does  he 
on wak+ look = ! said scalps among 8    
collection ( trophies1  & is he p]plex$ 
& inc5s$ at n f9d+ !m8 ,ev5 if1 l       
ourselves1 he has occasionally a v vivid
 & coh]5t dream  reconcilable ) 8 wak+  
circum/ances1 w he n judge ( x by  ! va/
 majority ( 8 dreams :i* are palpable   
illusions1 & n by  ! few exceptional    
cases8 ,if at times we ourselves d\bt   
:e!r we  witness$ some?+ or dreamt x1   
yet we d s n because ! seem+  fact is "o
 :i* makes = ! exi/5ce ( ano!r _w ( a   
diff]5t ord] to ?is1 b = ! v contr>y    
reason4 ,if ! savage  only dreamt ( !   
dead1 he might f9d 9 ?is an evid5ce ( _!
  survival1 b he dreams f> m (t5 ( !    
liv+1 & t1 )  circum/ances :i* make !   
illusion manife/ on wak+4 ,see+ ! awe  &
 t]ror :i* all m5 h ( ! sup]natural     
region1 we ought1 on  ! animi/ic        
hypo!sis1 to f9d among savages a great  
reluctance to g  to b$--to sleep6       

,p]*ance to dream--aye1 !re's ! rub6 ,b 
we d  n4 ,f9ally1 j z ! ,*9ese1 :o are  
suppos$ to mi/ake epilepsy  =           
possession1 h1 un=tunately = !          
supposition1 got two  di/9ct words = !  
two ph5om5a1 s x w d\btless be f\nd t   
!re is no savage :o has n "s ^w to      
express illusion2 or ^:  language does n
 prove t he kn[s dreams are b dreams4   
,we may well  d\bt if ev5 animals on    
wak+ are affect$ by _! dreams z by      
realities1 or if a dog ev] bit a man = a
 kick receiv$ 9 a dream4 ,9  %ort !     
dream-!ory ( s\ls is plausible only 9 ! 
gross1 b  melts away "u clos] exam9ation
 bit by bit4    ,:e!r ! ,s4,p4,r4 w ev] 
succe$ 9 bottl+ a gho/1 & 9  submitt+ x 
to ! te/s necess>y to conv9ce sci5ce1   
matt]s  little4 ,! real fruit ( its     
lab\rs w be to conv9ce m5 ( s91  to     
convict sci5ce ( be+ unsci5tific1 &     
criticism ( be+  uncritical--( be+      
biass$ by fa%ion to ! ext5t ( refus+ to 
exam9e evid5ce :i* mu/ be ei!r admitt$  
or expla9$ away4  ,scepticism & cr$ulity

 alike are ho/ile bo? to sci5ce &       
religion1  & x is ! common int]e/ ( ^!  
latt] to secure a full  recognition1 on 
! "o side ( ! pr9ciple ( fai?1 t ) ,god 
all ?+s are possible2 & on ! o!r1 ( !   
pr9ciple ( sci5ce  :i* is3 to prove all 
?+s1 & hold fa/ t :i* is good4          
,cr$ulity t5ds to make ! actual         
co-ext5sive ) ! possible2 :ile          
scepticism w\ld limit ! possible to !   
kn[n actual4 ,! true m9d  w\ld be "o 9  
:i* fai? & criticism 7 s temp]$ z to    
secure  wid? )\t slov5l9ess1 &          
exactitude )\t n>r[ness4    ,,ii4       
,h[1 ap>t f ! imp]fect l+]+ tradition ( 
"s primitive  revelation1 ! belief 9 a  
surviv+ s\l orig9ates ) contempor>y     
savages1 or might h orig9at$ among /ill 
rud] pa/ races1 is a  "q ( "s int]e/1 n 
only = its own sake1 b = ! sake  (      
:atev] little light x may ?r[ ^u ! m    
vital "q z to  ! value ( t belief4 ,_h !
 doctr9e ( s\ls no o!r orig9 ?an  a     
false inf]5ce f ! ord9>y ph5om5a (      
sleep+ & dream+2  7 x 9 no s5se an      

in/9ctive belief1 sugge/$ p]haps &      
confirm$ by sup]normal facts1 x w\ld    
/ill h int]e/ = !  an?ropologi/ z "o (  
^? almo/ necess>y & univ]sal errors     
?r\gh :i* ! human m9d /ruggles to !     
tru?1 su* z ! errors  ( a/rology or     
al*emy2 b x w\ld 9 no way contribute to 
!  argum5t = immortality ex cons5su     
hom9um--an argum5t ( mu*  avail :5 x is 
a case ( man's in/9ctive judgm5ts &     
prim>y  intuitions1 :i* are ,god-giv51 b
 ( ev] less value 9 proportion z  !re is
 a "q ( d$uctions1 inf]5ces1 & self-=m$ 
judgm5ts4 ,ev5 if we disc>d ! dream-!ory
 altoge!r1 we get no  support f !       
cons5sus ( savages z to ! s\l's         
survival1 unless  we h reason to ?9k t !
 facts on :i* _! inf]5ce re/s  are      
truly1 & n only app>5tly1 sup]normal1 & 
are1 moreov]1 su*  z leave no o!r       
inf]5ce possible4    ,we "k only too    
well t !re are univ]sal fallacies z well
 z  univ]sal tru?s ( ! human m9d4 ,= !  
practical necessities (  life !         
imag9ation /&s to man 9 good /ead1 b z !

 inadequate  in/rum5t ( speculative     
?\ght its f]tile deceitfulness is       
betray$  9 8 v e>lie/ attempts at       
philosophy2 nor are 8 subsequ5t  ef=ts  
direct$ to any?+ else ?an ! endeav\r to 
correct &  all[ = its refractions &     
di/ortions1 to transc5d its n>r[        
limitations1 to =ce x to express1 meanly
 & clumsily1 tru?s :i*  o!rwise x w\ld  
entirely obscure & d5y4 ,!re might well 
be facts1  nay1 !re are und\bt$ly facts1
 :i* to ! untutor$ m9d  necess>ily &    
always seem altoge!r sup]normal1 b :i*  
sci5ce  rightly expla9s to be1 h[ev]    
unusual1 yet natural1 & 9 no way        
outside ! ord9>y laws4 ,s f> z ! m>vels 
( sorc]]s &  m$ic9e-m5 are ! "w (       
*ican]y1 !y w lack t p]si/5ce  &        
ubiquity :i* ju/ifies ! inve/igation (  
o!r m>vels =  ^: univ]sality "s basis   
mu/ be s\ght 9 ! uni=m nature (  ?+s4   
,*eats w n always & ev]y:]e hit on !    
same plan1 nor  w ! indep5d5t te/imony (
 false witnesses be f\nd agree+4    ,b  
if besides facts & appe>ances t sci5ce c

 really expla9  away1 !re be a residue  
:i* takes u into a region :]e9 sci5ce z 
yet has set no foot1 !n we may inde$ be 
on our way to a confirmation  ( !       
usually accept$ argum5ts = immortality  
by :i* !  positivi/ may be met ^u 8 own 
gr\nd4 ,9 tru?1 metaphysical1  moral1 & 
religi\s argum5ts1 h[ev] mu* !y may     
avail )  individuals :o are subjectively
 dispos$ to receive !m1 _c 9  ^! days   
influ5ce ! cr[d ( m5 :o ne$ "s sort (   
viol5ce  (f]$ to _! intellect if !y are 
to accept tru?s aga9/ :i*  !y are       
biass$4 ,! temp] ( ! majority is        
positivi/2 x w  believe :at x c see1    
t\*1 & h&le1 & no m4 ,if !n !  natural  
tru? ( ! indep5d5t exi/5ce ( spirits c  
be inade  exp]im5tally evid5t--&        
priori1 :y %\ld x n8--m5 may n  l x1 b  
!y w h ei!r to accept x1 or to d5y all t
  !y accept on l evid5ce4 ,su* unwill+  
concession w\ld ( itself  make little = 
p]sonal religion 9 ! individual2 b its  
widespread  acceptance c\ld n fail to   
c\nt]act ! e?ics ( mat]ialism1 &  s     

prep>e ! way = p]haps a full] return to 
religion on ! "p  ( ! _m4    ,x is !    
belief1 & p]haps ! hope1 ( n a few m5 ( 
light &  le>n+ t a comp>ison ( ! results
 ( ! ,s4,p4,r4 inve/igations  ) ^? (    
an?ropology t\*+ ! beliefs & sup]/itions
 (  savages & rud] races1 may po9t to an
 ord] ( facts :i*1 )  ref]5ce to !      
admissions ( exi/+ sci5ce1 are rightly  
call$  sup]normal1 & yet :i* are 9 ano!r
 s5se /rictly normal1 namely1  ) ref]5ce
 to t sci5ce ( exp]im5tal psy*ology :i*1
 amid  ! usual /orm ( ridicule &        
jeal\sy1 is sl[ly /ruggl+ into          
exi/5ce--ridicule f all dev\t slaves ( !
 intellectual fa%ion  ( ! times2 jeal\sy
 f ! neighb\r sci5ces ( m5tal physiology
  & neurology1 :i* x decl>es bankrupt 9 
! face (  newly-discov]$ liabilities4   
,s f> ?is ga!r$ evid5ce seems1 9 ! eyes 
( "s ( its  int]pret]s1 to po9t to a    
close connection1 if n ( be+1 at lea/  (
 influ5ce1 betwe5 s\l & s\l1 su* z b9ds 
ea* atom ( matt]  to e o!r2 a connection
 :i* increases z we desc5d f !          

above-gr\nd level ( full consci\sness1  
?r\gh ev] l[] /rata (  subconsci\sness1 
to ^? hidd5 dep?s ( unconsci\s op]ation 
f  :i* ! mo/ un9telligibly intellig5t   
effects ( ! s\l  proce$--z ?\gh1 9 !    
d>kness1 x 7 taught by ,god1 & guid$    
bl9dfold by ! h& ( its ,mak]4 ,9 o!r    
words1 ! individuation (  s\ls is       
conceiv$ to be some:at l t ( ! sep>ate  
bran*es (  ! same tree :i*1 trac$       
d[nw>ds1 run into a common root1 f  :5ce
 !y are diff]5c$ by e h\r ( _! gr[?1 yet
 n  disconnect$1 z ?\gh ea* sev]al      
consci\sness sprang f "s  unconsci\s    
psy*ic basis common to all1 :]e91 l     
=gott5  memories1 ! exp]i5ces ( all are 
buri$1 at a dep? f> beyond !  rea* ( all
 normal p[]s ( rem9isc5ce1 yet ?r\gh :i*
 t]m9us  ( conv]g+ s\ls ?\ghts c1 9 our 
int5s] mom5ts1 pass f  m9d to           
m9d1--rev]b]at$ z x 7 f ! base1 & !nce  
caught  by ! "o consci\sness altoge!r   
resonant to t p>ticul>  vibration4 ,h[  
f> su* an int]pretation may fav\r       
pan!ism1 or  imp]il p]sonality1 or      

involve a doctr9e ( pre-exi/5ce1 or (   
innate ideas1 is n = u "h to discuss4   
,if we are to judge x  fairly1 x mu/ be 
simply z a provisional work+-hypo!sis   
explanatory ( c]ta9 obs]vations1 & ap>t 
f all o!r  psy*ological !ories ) :i* x  
may seem 9 conflict4 ,tru? w 9  ! end   
adju/ itself ) tru?1 b no?+ is to be    
hop$ f =c$  & premature adju/m5ts4      
,mr4 ,lang's second & pr9cipal cont5tion
 is t ev5 if we all[ !  animi/ic acc\nt 
( ! belief 9 spirits1 9 no s5se c we    
admit  t process by :i* belief 9 ,god is
 suppos$ to be a lat]  developm5t ( !   
belief 9 spirits1 z ?\gh inequality     
among spirits  _h giv5 rise to          
ari/ocracy1 & ari/ocracy to mon>*y4     
,by ,god "h we und]/&3 a primal et]nal  
,be+1 au?or ( all  ?+s1 ! fa!r & ! fri5d
 ( man1 ! invisible omnisci5t  gu>dian (
 morality1 a def9ition :i*1 :ile x fixes
 ! high-wat]  m>k ( mono!ism1 yet only  
/ates ) =midable di/9ctness :at1        
accord+ to ,mr4 ,lang1 is f\nd confus$ly
 9 ! appreh5sion ( !  rude/ savages4    

,!re are two s5ses 9 :i* we c und]/& an 
evolution ( ?is idea ( ,god2 fir/1 z    
,mr4 ,tylor und]/&s x1 9  ! s5se ( a    
developm5t by accretion f a simple g]m1 
f !  idea ( a phantasm n[ise a god1 to t
 ( a _s /ill lack+  div9ity1 !nce to t (
 a ,supreme ,_s 9 :om fir/ ! ess5tial   
def9ition ( ,god is some:at fulfill$4   
,secondly1 x c be und]/ood  /rictly z a 
m]e unfold+ ( ! cont5ts ( a confus$     
appreh5sion2  s t !re is an advance only
 9 po9t ( coh]5ce & di/9ctness4  ,?us   
und]/ood1 ! entire religi\s hi/ory ( !  
race1 z also (  ! individual1 view$ f   
its m5tal side1 consi/s 9 an evolution (
  ! idea ( ,god & culm9ates 9 a         
face-to-face see+ ( ,god4    ,f !       
evid5ce amass$1 or p]haps r1 sampl$1 by 
,mr4 ,lang x  w\ld seem t1 :at we acc\nt
 ! l[e/ races are 9 possession ( a      
confus$ idea ( ,god1 :5cesoev] d]iv$1   
:i* is 9 sub/antial  agreem5t ) ! reflex
 conception conta9$ 9 ! above def9ition2
  & t !re is no exi/+ s]ies (           
intellectual /ages :]eby ?is  c be se51 

z x 71 9 ! act ( gr[+ out ( previ\s     
simpl]  ideas4 ,evolution 9 ! direction 
( great] cle>ness & di/9ctness  is to be
 obs]v$1 z well z a d[nw>d process (    
obscuration &  confusion3 b = a         
sub/antial developm5t ( ! idea ( ,god f 
an  idea ( n ,god !re is no pro( =?com+ 
s f>4    ,on ! animi/ic hypo!sis we %\ld
 be prep>$ to f9d ! notion (  ,god1 z   
above /at$1 to be ( v late developm5t & 
accept$ only  by races fairly advanc$ 9 
culture4 ,we %\ld1  priori1 deem x      
impossible to discov] m among ! l[]     
savages ?an a rude religion  (          
gho/-wor%ip1 )\t any consci\sness ( a   
moral ,supreme ,be+1  ! fa!r & fri5d (  
man4 ,:atev] might seem to sugge/ !     
contr>y1 w\ld be expla9able by "s       
infiltration ( m civiliz$  beliefs4     
,arm$ ) ?is hypo!sis ! eye is quick to  
see t x br+s )  x ! p[] ( see+1 & to    
impose its own =ms & s*emata on !       
ph5om5a (f]$ to its obs]vation4 ,!      
animi/ ill-acqua9t$ )  ! savage's       
language & modes ( ?\ght2 exclud$ f ^?  

inn]  my/]ies :i* figure 9 ne>ly e      
savage religion2 conf\nd+  ! symbolism1 
! popul> my?ology1 & also ! corruptions1
  di/ortions1 & abuses :i* are !        
p>asites ( all religion1 )  ! religion  
itself1 c easily come away ) !          
impression t !re  is no?+ b gho/-wor%ip1
 prie/craft1 & sup]/ition1 no           
conception :atev] ( a p]sonal ,p[] t    
makes = ,righte\sness4  ,if ,prote/ants 
h almo/ z crude an idea ( ! religion (  
_!  ,ca?olic fell[-,*ri/ians ) :om !y   
live side by side1 &  conv]se 9 ! same  
language1 if !y are s absolutely dom9at$
 by  _! own =m ( religi\s ?\ght1 z to be
 z helpless z idiots 9  ! pres5ce ( any 
o!r1 c we expect t ! ord9>y ,briti%     
travell]1 br&i%+ 8 ,bible & 8 ba?1 /rong
 9 ! smug  conviction ( 8 m5tal1 moral1 
& religi\s preem95ce1 w be a  v         
sympa!tic1 consci5ti\s1 & reliable      
int]pret] ( !  religion ( ! ,zulu or !  
,&amanese8    ,! fact is t )\t a        
prelim9>y hypo!sis he w\ld see no?+  at 
all except dire confusion4 ,b an        

assumption su* z t (  animism1 has !    
selective p[] ( a magnet1 draw+ to      
itself all  congru\s facts & little     
fil+s ( probability1 until x s bri/les  
ov] ) evid5ce t a h$ge-hog is easi] to  
h&le4    ,b be=e discuss+ ! relation (  
?is assumption to exi/+ facts  & s br++ 
x to an  po/]iori te/1 let u exam9e its 
priori supports4    ,fir/ ( all1 z ,mr4 
,lang po9ts out1 x takes = grant$ t !   
savage c h no idea ( ! ,creator until he
 conceive ,him z a  _s4 ,god is a _s1   
has be5 d9n$ into our e>s f *ildhood2  &
 h5ce we conclude t he :o has no notion 
( a _s c h no  notion ( ,god2 & t ! idea
 ( ,god is ( lat] gr[? ?an t (  a gho/4 
,9 tru?1 he :o ascribes to ,god a body  
does n "k all  ab\t ,him2 b :i* ( u kn[s
 all ab\t ,god8 ,! po9t is1 n  :e!r !   
savage c "k ! metaphysics ( div9ity1 b  
:e!r he  c conceive a primal et]nal     
moral be+1 au?or ( all ?+s1 man's  fa!r 
& judge--a conception :i* ab/racts      
entirely f !  "q ( matt] & _s4 ,we      
ourselves1 l ! savage1  necess>ily speak

 ( ,god & imag9e ,him humanwise1--al?\gh
 our  in/ruct$ reason1 at times1        
corrects ! error ( our fancy1--&  p]haps
 only at times1--only :5 we leave !     
gr\nd ( spontane\s  ?\ght1 to walk on   
metaphysical /ilts--nor :ile t *ildi%   
image  rema9s uncorrect$ & we nei!r     
affirm nor d5y to ,him a body1 c  our   
notion be call$ false1 h[ev] obscure x  
be & inadequate4 ,if !  savage has no   
notion ( _s1 yet he may h1 & (t5 seems  
to h  a v true1 ?\gh ( c\rse inf9itely  
imp]fect1 notion ( ,god2 nay1  p]haps a 
tru] notion ?an ^? :o affirm1 )\t any   
s5se ( us+  analogy1 t ,god is a _s4 ,= 
if ,8 spirituality is insi/$ on1  x is r
 to exclude f ,him ! grossness &        
limitation ( matt]1  & to ascribe to    
,him a transc5d5tal degree ( :atev]     
p]fection our  notion ( _s may involve1 
?an to classify ,him1 or to pr$icate (  
,him t f9ite nature :i* we call a _s4   
,god is nei!r a _s  nor a body2 b r l   
,nd5gei ( ! ,fijians3 an imp]sonation ( 
! ab/ract idea ( et]nal exi/5ce2 "o :o  

is to be reg>d$ z a  dea?less ,be+1 no  
"q ( '_s' be+ rais$2 s t !  fir/        
intuition ( ! unsophi/icat$ m9d is f\nd 
to be 9 m  sub/antial agreem5t ) ! la/  
results ( reflex philosophical  ?\ght1  
?an ^? e>ly philosophiz+s :i* halt      
betwe5 !  affirmation & d5ial ( bodily  
attributes1 unable to presc9d f !       
difficulty & unable to solve x4 ,!      
hi/ory ( ! ,jews1 nay1 !  hi/ory ( our  
own m9d proves to demon/ration t ! ?\ght
 ( ,god  is a f> easi] ?\ght & a f>     
e>li]1 ?an t ( a _s4 ,our  m9d1 o> he>t1
 our consci5ce1 affirm ! =m]            
in/9ctively1 :ile  ! latt] does cont9ual
 viol5ce to our imag9ation1 except s f> 
z  _s is misconceiv$ to be an att5uat$  
phantasmal body4 ,n only1  !re=e1 does !
 savage imag9e ,god & speak ( ,him      
humanwise1 z we  all d2 b if he does n  
actually believe ,him to be mat]ial1 he 
at  lea/ w be sl[ 9 ma/]+ ! ?\ght ( ,8  
spirituality4    ,ano!r assumption      
und]ly+ ! animi/ic hypo!sis1 & also     
borr[$ f ,*ri/ian tea*+1 is t ! savage  

reg>ds ! s\l or  gho/ z ! lib]at$ &     
consummat$ man1 & t !re=e he w  place   
,god r 9 ! category ( disembodi$ ?an (  
embodi$ m54  ,yet n only ! ,greek &     
,roman1 b ev5 ! ,jew1 look$ on ! %ade  (
 ! dep>t$ z a m]e fraction ( humanity1 z
 a mis]able residue  ( man1 helpless &  
hopeless1 & )al dispos$ to be mis*iev\s 
&  exact+1 & !re=e ne$+ to be hum\r$ 9  
v>i\s ways4 ,nay1  ev5 ,*ri/ianity ) its
 dogma ( ! bodily resurrection1 d5ies t 
,platonic doctr9e :i* views ! body z !  
prison r ?an z !  complem5t & consort ( 
! s\l2 al?\gh x holds ! s\l to be (  an 
altoge!r high]1 because spiritual1 ord]4
 ,b to ! primitive  savage1 :o ev]y:]e  
reg>ds dea? z non-natural1 z accid5tal &
  viol5t1 ! surviv+ _s1 h[ev]           
unc]ta9-temp]$ &  incalculable 9 its    
movem5ts1 h[ev] mu* to be fe>$ &        
propitiat$1 does n comm& rev]5ce z a be+
 ( a sup]ior ord]4  ,at be/ x is3 ,alas6
 poor gho/6 ,bett] a live dog ?an a dead
 lion2  bett] ! meane/ slave t draws    
brea?1 ?an ! mon>* ( ,orcus4  ,surely x 

is n 9 ! region ( %ad[s t ! savage w    
look =  ! great all-fa!r2 b 9 ! _w (    
solid1 tangible realities4    ,aga91 x  
is assum$ t progress 9 "o po9t is       
progress 9 all2 t  because we surpass   
all o!r races & g5]ations 9 physical    
sci5ce  & useful arts1 we surpass !m 9 e
 o!r way2 & t !y mu/  be f> beh9d u 9   
e?ical & religi\s conceptions1 z !y are 
9  inv5tions & ! production ( com=ts4   
,to f9d our own !ism &  morality among  
savages is !re=e impossible2 = z !      
crook$ /ick  is unto ! /eam-pl\gh1 s is 
! god ( ! savage unto ! ,god (  ,great  
,brita94 ,yet :5 we consid] h[ closely  
religi\s & e?ical  pr9ciples are        
int]tw9$1 & h[ gl>+ly untrue x is to say
 t  indu/rial civilization makes =      
morality1--= purity or self-d5ial1  or  
ju/ice1 or tru?1 or hon\r3 h[ manife/ly 
x is accompani$ ) a  det]ioration ( !   
high] p]ceptions & ta/es1 we mu/ surely 
pause  be=e tak+ x = grant$ t ! c\rse ( 
true religion has be5  runn+ smoo?ly    
p>allel to t ( comm]ce4    ,9 a ?\ghtful

 essay1 entitl$ ,! ,dis5*antm5t (       
,france1 ,mr4 ,f4,w4  ,my]s po9ts out ! 
goal t[>ds :i* progress is lead+ u1     
?r\gh ! de/ruction ( ^? f\r illusions   
:i* =m]ly gave  life all its value &    
dignity1--namely1 belief 9 religion2    
devotion to  ! ,/ate--:e!r to ! pr9ce or
 to ! p2 belief 9 !  et]nity &          
spirituality ( human love2 belief 9     
man's fre$om &  imp]i%able p]sonal      
unity4 ,i _c avoid ! conclusion1 he     
says1  t we are b\nd to be prep>$ = !   
wor/4 ,yet by ! wor/ ,i d  n mean any   
cata/rophe ( despair1 any cosmic        
suicide1 any _w-wide  un*a9+ ( ! brute t
 lies p5t 9 man4 ,i mean m]ely !        
peaceful1 progressive1 ord]ly triumph ( 
l'homme s5suel moy52 !  gradual         
adaptation ( hopes & occupations to a   
purely t]re/rial  /&>d2 ! calculat$     
pleasures ( ! cynic :o is resolv$ to be 
a  dupe no m4    ,9 o!r words1 if we    
accept ?is v temp]ate & reluctant       
conclusion1 we mu/ confess t ! "o-sid$  
progress1 ) ^:  all-suffici5cy we are s 

?or\ghly satisfi$1 is mak+ /raight =  ! 
ext]m9ation1 n only ( religion1 b (     
morality 9 any receiv$  s5se ( ! t]m4   
,b :5 ,mr4 ,lang1 :o has no hypo!sis ( 8
 own z to ! orig9 (  belief 9 ,god1 br+s
 ! animi/ic !ory to an  po/]iori te/1 he
  f9ds x encumb]$ ) /ill great]         
difficulties2 = no?+ is z1   priori1 x  
ought to be4    ,:ile ,mr4 ,tylor ass]ts
 t no savage tribe ( mono!i/s has ev]   
be5 kn[n1 b t all ascribe ! attributes (
 deity to o!r  be+s ?an ! ,almighty     
,creator1 x appe>s 9 fact t _m ( !      
rude/ savages are z mono!i/ic z "s      
,*ri/ians4 ,!y h a  ,supreme ,be+1 & !  
'di/9ctive attributes ( deity' are n by 
!m  assign$ to o!r be+s fur!r ?an z     
,*ri/ianity assigns !m to  angels1      
sa9ts1 ! devil1 c4 ,ca?olics at lea/ w  
readily  und]/& h[ ha/ily & unju/ly !   
*>ge ( poly!ism is made by  !           
prote/antiz$ m9d aga9/ any religion :i* 
believes 9 a  ,heav5ly ,c\rt z well z 9 
a ,heav5ly ,mon>*4 ,( ! exi/5ce ( a     
belief 9 a ,supreme ,be+ among/ ! l[e/  

savages1 !re is z good  evid5ce z we    
possess = any fact 9 ! e?nographic      
region4 ,x is  c]ta9 t savages1 :5 fir/ 
approa*$ by curi\s travell]s &          
mission>ies1 h aga9 & aga9 recogniz$ our
 ,god 9 !irs4    ,if1 !re=e1 belief 9   
,god grew out ( belief 9 gho/s1 x mu/ h 
be5 9 "s /age ( culture l[] ?an any (   
:i* we h exp]i5ce  s f>2 & at "s p]iod  
:i* belongs to ! region ( hypo!sis &    
conjecture4 ,!re are no kn[n tribes :]e 
gho/s are wor%ipp$ &  ,god is n kn[n1 or
 :]e ! suppos$ process ( developm5t c be
  wat*$ 9 action4 ,nor is x only t l9ks 
are miss+1 b "o ( !  v t]ms to be       
connect$1 namely1 a godless race1 is    
conjectural4  ,/ill m un=tunate is x = !
 animi/s t evid5ce po9ts to  ! fact t   
advance 9 civilization (t5 means ! decay
 (  mono!ism1 & t ! rud] races are !    
pur] 9 _! religi\s  & e?ical            
conceptions4 ,once m1 all facts are     
aga9/ ! !ory  t tribes transf] _! e>?ly 
polity to ! heav5ly city2 =  mono!ism is
 f\nd :]e mon>*y is unkn[n4 ,god _c be a

  reflection f human k+s :]e !re are no 
k+s2 nor a presid5t  elect$ out ( a     
poly!i/ic society ( gods1 :]e !re is z  
yet no  poly!ism2 nor an ideal fir/     
ance/or :]e m5 d n wor%ip _!  ance/ors4 
,to ! sub/antiat+ ( ^! facts ,mr4 ,lang 
!n applies  himself1 & %[s u h[ among ! 
,au/ralians1 ,r$ ,indians1 ,figians1    
,&amanese1 ,d9kas1 ,yao1 ,zulus1 & all  
kn[n savages !re lives !  conception ( a
 ,supreme ,be+ 7n necess>ily _s7 :o is  
v>i\sly  /yl$ ,fa!r1 ,ma/]1 ,our ,fa!r1 
,! ,anci5t ,"o 9 ! skyl&1 ,!  ,great    
,fa!r4 ,he %[s u1 moreov]1 t ?is deity  
is ! ,god (  consci5ce1 a p[] mak+ =    
goodness1 a gu>dian & en=c] ( !  int]e/s
 ( ju/ice & tru? & purity2 good to !    
good1 & fr[>d  ) ! fr[>d4    ,b surely1 
x w be said1 all ?is is too p>adoxical1 
too viol5tly  9 conflict ) :at is       
notori\s conc]n+ ! religion & morality  
( savages4    ,! reason ( ?is seem+     
contradiction is1 h[ev]1 n altoge!r     
difficult4 ,x is to be f\nd p>tly 9 !   
fact t religion1 l  morality1 be+ c\nt] 

to ^? laws :i* gov]n ! physical _w  & ! 
animal man1--to ! law ( egoism &        
competition & /ruggle  = exi/5ce2 to !  
law t might is "r1--t5ds f ! v  nature (
 ! case t[>ds decay & dis9tegration4 ,! 
movem5t (  mat]ial progress is 9 "s s5se
 a d[nhill movem5t4 ,no d\bt x  evokes  
mu* seem+ virtue1 su* z is necess>y to  
secure ! end2 b  ! motive =ce is "o )   
reg>d to :i* man is passive r ?an       
active1 a slave r ?an a ma/]1 z a mis]  
is 9 respect to t  passion :i* /imulates
 him to /ruggle = ga94 ,religion &      
morality  are uphill "w1 ne$+ cont9ual  
/ra9 & att5tion if ! motive  =ce is to  
be ma9ta9$ at all4 ,huxley1 9 "o ( 8    
lat]  utt]ances1 all[$ ?is ) reg>d to   
morality2 & x is n less b  m true )     
reg>d to fai? 9 ! value ( unse5         
realities4 ,ev5 if  belief 9 a moral    
,god be z natural to man z are !        
prompt+s (  consci5ce1 x ought n to     
surprise u t x %\ld be z univ]sally     
/ifl$1 neglect$1 seem+ly d5i$1 z        
consci5ce is4 ,x is n  usually 9 old age

 & aft] ye>s ( conflict ) ! _w t        
consci5ce is mo/ s5sitive & fai?ful to  
light1 b r 9 e>ly  *ildhood4 ,& simil>ly
 ! s5se ( ,god & ( ,8 w is app>5tly  m  
/rong & lively 9 ! *ildhood ( races ?an 
aft] x has be5  /ifl$ by ! /ruggle =    
weal? & pre-em95ce--      ,:5 yet ,i _h 
n walk$ above    ,a mile or two f my    
fir/ love3    ,b felt ?r\gh all ?is     
fle%ly dress    ,bright %oots (         
ev]la/+ness4 #b    ,degradation may     
almo/ be consid]$ a law ( religion &    
morality  :i* ne$s "s k9d ( viol5t      
c\nt]action1 "s cont9ual  int]v5tion &  
provid5ce1 if x is to be kept 9 *eck4   
,aft] all1  ?is is only a dress+-up ( ! 
old platitude t a holy life means       
cont9ual w>f>e & /ra9+ ( ! _s aga9/ !   
fle%1 ( !  moral ord] aga9/ ! physical  
ord]1 ( altruism or ! true egoism  aga9/
 selfi%ness or ! false egoism4 ,( c\rse 
an ideal civilization  w\ld help & n    
h9d] religion2 b ! *ances aga9/         
civilization  be+ ideal are s l>ge z to 
make x hi/orically true t1 advance  9   

civilization does n always mean advance 
9 religion & morality1  & (t5 means     
decay4    ,f> f animism be+ ! root (    
!ism1 m (t5 x is r !  ivy t gr[s up ab\t
 x1 hides x & *okes x4 ,j because !     
dem&s ( religion & morality are s       
burd5some to m51 !y w  ev] seek         
%ort-cuts to salvation2 & ! int]cession 
( presumably  corruptible c\rti]s w be  
secur$ to w9 ! fav\r1 or av]t !         
displeasure1 ( ! rigor\sly incorruptible
 & inexorable ,k+1 :o is  no respect] ( 
p]sons4 ,except among ,jews & ,*ri/ians1
 ! ,supreme  ,be+ is n[h]e wor%ipp$ )   
sacrifice--t s]vice (  food-(f]+ be+    
res]v$ = subord9ate deities susceptible 
to  g5tle brib]y4 ,! great ,god (       
consci5ce is naturally ! lea/  popul>   
object ( cultus2 ?\gh1 7 ! animi/s "r1  
,he %\ld be  ! mo/ popul>1 see+ ,he w\ld
 be ! late/ developm5t dem&$ &  creat$  
by ! popul> m9d4 ,b contr>iwise1 ,he    
t5ds to rec$e m  & m into ! backgr\nd1  
beh9d ! ev]-multiply+ cr[d (            
patron-spirits1 gu>dians1 family-gods2  

till1 z 9 ,greece & ,rome1 ,he  is almo/
 entirely obscur$1 an unkn[n ,god       
ignorantly wor%ipp$--!  ,end1 z usual1  
be+ =gott5 & buri$ 9 ! means4 ,all ?is  
process  ( degradation w be ha/5$ by !  
corruption ( prie/s ^:  av>ice or       
ambition1 z ,mr4 ,lang says1 w tempt !m 
to exploit !  lucrative elem5ts 9       
religion at ! exp5se ( ! e?ical2 to     
:ittle-away ! decrees ( ,god & consci5ce
 to suit ! weal?y &  easy-go+2 to       
sub/itute pur*asable sacrifice1 =       
ob$i5ce2 & !  fat ( rams1 = *>ity4 ,we  
ne$ only look to ! hi/ory ( ,israel &  (
 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* to see all ^! t5d5cies
 cont9ually at "w1  & only held 9 *eck  
by innum]able int]v5tions ( ,div9e      
,provid5ce1 & ( t ,_s :i* is always     
/riv+ ) man4    ,scant1 h[ev]1 z may be 
! am\nt ( direct wor%ip accord$ to !    
,supreme ,god1 comp>$ ) t receiv$ by    
subord9ate spiritual  p[]s1 yet x is sui
 g5]is1 & ( an inf9itely high] ord]4 ,! 
famili> di/9ction ( latria & dulia seems
 to obta9 ev]y:]e2  z also t betwe5     

,elohim & ,javeh1 t is1 betwe5 sup]nal  
be+s 9 g5]al1 & ! ,supreme ,be+ :o is   
also sup]nal4 ,yet s  excessive 9       
quantity is ! second>y cultus comp>$ ) !
 prim>y1  t an outsid] may well be      
p>don$ = ?9k+ t !re is no?+  beyond :at 
meets ! eye on e side4 ,z has be5 said1 
! ,supreme  ,be+ alone is usually       
consid]$ above ! weakness ( c>+ =       
sacrifice1 or = ext]nal wor%ip 9 temples
 made ) h&s4 ,8  "n is commonly taboo$1 
only to be :isp]$ 9 ^? my/]ies (        
initiation :i* are met ) s univ]sally4  
,outside ^! my/]ies ,he  may only be    
spok5 ( 9 p>ables & my?s1 grotesque1    
irrev]5t1  design$ to conceal r ?an to  
reveal4 ,b r>ely is !re an image  or an 
alt> to ?is unkn[n ,god4    ,x is easy =
 ^? :o recognize no o!r religion among  
savages  beh9d ! popul> obs]vances &    
cults :i* are s mu* to ! front1  to     
believe t e>ly religion is non-e?ical4  
,= inde$1 = ! mo/  "p1 all ?is second>y 
cultus is direct$ to ! mitigation ( !   
moral code & ! sub/itution ( ext]ior =  

int]ior sacrifice4 ,x  is ! result ( an 
endeav\r to comp\nd ) consci5ce2 & to   
hide  away s9s f ! all-see+ eye4 ,aga9 x
 is *iefly 9 ! secrecy (  ! my/]ies t ! 
high] e?ical doctr9e is prop\nd$--a     
doctr9e  usually cov]+ all ! sub/antials
 ( ! decalogue2 & 9 "s  cases1 approa*+ 
! ,*ri/ian summ>y ( ! same "u ! "o      
head+ ( love & unselfi%ness4 ,z = !     
corrupt lives ( savages1  if x proves _!
 religion to be non-e?ical1 :at %\ld we 
h to  ?9k ( ,*ri/ianity8 ,we cry out 9  
horror aga9/ cannibalism z !  ne plus   
ultra ( wick$ness41 b except s f> z x   
involves murd]1  x is h>d to f9d 9 x m  
?an a violation ( our own conv5tion1    
:ile a my/ical m9d might f9d m to say = 
x ?an = cremation4  ,c]ta9ly x is n s   
bad z sl&] & backbit+4 ,human sacrifice 
(f]$ to ! ,"l ( life & dea? at ,8 own   
behe/1 is some?+  t did n seem wick$ &  
inconceivable to ,abraham4 ,head-hunt+  
is  n a pretty game2 nor is scalp+ &    
mutilation ! mo/ g5]\s  treatm5t ( a    
fall5 foe2 yet w> has se5 worse ?+s done

 by ^?  :o pr(ess$ an e?ical religion4  
,b1 *ief among ! causes :y savage       
religion has be5 s  misrepres5t$1 is !  
almo/ univ]sal co-exi/5ce ( a popul>iz$ 
=m ( religion address$ to ! imag9ation1 
) t :i* speaks to  ! und]/&+ alone4 ,z  
has already be5 said1 man's imag9ation  
is  at w> ) 8 intellig5ce :5 sup]s5sible
 realities1 su* z ,god  & ! s\l1 are 9  
"q4 ,)\t figures we _c ?9k2 yet !       
timeless & spaceless _w c ill be figur$ 
aft] ! lik5ess (  ?+s limit$ by "t &    
space4 ,?is m5tal law is ! secret ( !   
inv>iable association ( my?ology )      
religion4 ,sett+ aside !  problem z to  
h[ ! tru?s ( natural religion 7sc4 t !re
 is a  ,god ! rew>d] ( !m t seek ,him7  
are fir/ br\ght home to man1  x is c]ta9
 t if he does n receive !m emb$d$ 9     
hi/ory or  p>able1 9 spok5 or enact$    
symbolism1 he w soon fix & record  !m 9 
"s su* language = himself4 ,*ri/        
recogniz$ ! necessity  ( speak+ to !    
multitude 9 p>ables1 n attempt+ to      
precise or  def9e ! indef9able2 b       

cont5t+ ,himself )3 ,! ,k+dom (  ,heav5 
is l1 c4 ,i am cont5t1 says ,sir ,?omas 
,br[ne1 to  und]/& a my/]y )\t a rigid  
def9ition1 9 an easie &  ,platonick     
description1 & x is only ?r\gh su* easie
 & ,platonick  descriptions t spiritual 
tru? c sl[ly be filt]$ into !  popul>   
m9d4 ,/ill :5 we consid] h[ prone all   
metaphors are to be  press$ inexactly1  
ei!r too f>1 or else n f> en\gh1 h[     
abundant  a s\rce !y are (              
misappreh5sion1 ow+ to ! curiosity t w  
n be cont5t to h ! gold 9 ! ore1 b mu/  
ne$s va9ly /rive  to ref9e x out1 we c  
well und]/& h[ my?ology t5ds to corrupt 
& debase religion if x be n cont9ually  
wat*$ & we$$2 &  h[1 be+1 f ! nature ( !
 case1 ev] to ! front1 ev] on  m5's lips
 & m+l+ ) _! lives1 x %\ld seem to !    
outsid]  to be n ! imp]fect g>m5t (     
religion1 b a sub/itute = x4  ,yet 9 "s 
s5se ^! my?ologies are a safegu>d (     
rev]5ce 9 t  !y provide a !me = hum\r & 
pr(anity & r\gh h&l+1 :i*  is ?us       
exp5d$1 n on ! sacr$ realities !mselves1

 b on _!  %ad[s & images4 ,among c]ta9  
savages ,god's p]sonal "n is too  holy  
to be brea!d b 9 my/]ies2 yet ,8        
my?ological sub/itute is  repres5t$ to  
be z grotesque1 freaki%1 & immoral z !  
,zeus ( !  populace4 ,we c h>dly ent]   
into su* a frame ( m9d1 ?\gh possibly  !
 irrev]5ces & buffoon]ies ( "s ( !      
miracle-plays ( !  middle ages are      
simil>ly to be expla9$ z ! reb\nd f !   
/ra9  incid5t to a cont9ual s5se ( !    
ne>ness ( ! sup]natural2 &  p]haps !    
,mess] ,dom5iddio ( ! ,flor5t9es /ood r 
= a  m5tal effigy t might be play$ )1   
?an = ! reason$  conception ( ! dread   
,deity4 ,if we possess$ a m9utely       
elaborat$  hi/ory ( ! ,good ,%eph]d & ,8
 adv5tures1 or ( ! ,prodigal's  fa!r1 or
 ( ! ,good ,sam>itan1 int]sp]s$ ) all   
mann] (  ludicr\s & pr(ane incid5ts1 &  
los+ sight ( ! orig9al  purport ( !     
figure1 we %\ld h some?+ l a my?ology4  
,7  x n /]eotyp$ z "p ( an inspir$      
record1 ! m]e romanc+  t5d5cy ( !       
imag9ation w\ld easily h add$ cont9ually

 to !  orig9al p>able1 :olly =getful (  
its spiritual significance4    ,x is "p 
( ! v economy ( ! ,inc>nation to meet   
?is weakness1  to provide = ?is want ( !
 human m9d2 to satisfy ! imag9ation  z  
well z ! intellig5ce4 ,"h ,div9e tru?   
has receiv$ a ,div9e  embodim5t1 has be5
 set =? 9 ! language ( de$s1 9 a real & 
n 9 a fictiti\s hi/ory4 ,sacrifice &    
sacram5t1 & e k9d (  natural religi\s   
symbolism1 has be5 appropriat$ &        
consecrat$ to  ! s]vice ( tru? & to !   
fulle/ utt]ance ( ,god t su* weak       
acc5ts w /ret* to4 ,"h ! *annel (       
communication betwe5  ,heav5 & e>? is n 
( man's creation b ( ,god's2 or at lea/ 
is  ( ,god's composition4 ,?is is !     
great diff]5ce betwe5 ! e?nic  religions
 & a religion t pr(esses to be          
reveal$--t is1 spok5  by ,god & put into
 language by ,him4 ,! latt] is1 s to    
say1 cas$ 9  an incorruptible body1 its 
v expression be+ *os5 & seal$ =  ev] )  
,div9e approval1 & rescu$ f ! flu5t &   
un/able  condition ( religions ^: clo!s 

are ! works ( m5's h&s4 ,"h  x is t     
,ca?olic ,*ri/ianity /&s out z altoge!r 
ca?olic &  human1 adapt$ z x is to !    
_w-wide crav+s ( ! religi\s  in/9ct2    
satisfy+ ! imag9ation & ! emotions1 no  
less ?an !  intellect & ! w2 & yet sav+ 
u f ! p]ils ( !  my?-mak+ t5d5cy ( our  
m9d4    ,! same ?\ght is press$ ^u u :5 
we view ! collective evid5ce  z to !    
univ]sal dem& = a m$iatorial sy/em--=   
int]cessors1  & patrons1 = a heav5ly    
c\rt surr\nd+ ! ,heav5ly ,mon>*2 a  dem&
 (t5 creat$ by & t5d+ to a degradation (
 pur] religion1  yet mo/ surely embody+ 
& express+ a spiritual in/9ct :i* is    
only fully expla9$ & satisfi$ by !      
,ca?olic doctr9e ( !  communion ( sa9ts 
& s\ls 9 "o great society1 lab\r+ = a   
conjo9t salvation & beatitude4 ,we      
,ca?olics "k well en\gh t !  degrad$ &  
sup]/iti\s w p]v]t sa9t-wor%ip z !y     
p]v]t  o!r good ?+s to _! own hurt & to 
,god's di%on\r1 b we also  "k t ( itself
 ! doctr9e ( ! ,heav5ly ,c\rt is        
altoge!r 9  ! int]e/s ( ! v highe/ &    

pure/ religion4 ,9 all ?is  matt]1      
ne$less to say1 ,mr4 ,lang is n ) u2 b !
 aff9ities (  ,ca?olicism ) univ]sal    
religion1 :i* he m>ks to our prejudice1 
are really 9 "s sort pro( ( our         
cont5tion t ! ,*ur* is !  div9ely       
conceiv$ fulfilm5t ( all man's natural  
religi\s in/9cts1  provid+ h>mless &    
heal?y outlets = hum\rs o!rwise dang]\s 
& morbid2 nev] =getful ( man's d\ble    
nature & its claims1  nei!r we>y+ him ) 
an impossible intellectualism--a        
religion (  pure philosophy--n suff]+   
him to be ! prey ( m]e imag9ation  &    
s5tim5t1 b temp]+ ! div9e & human1 !    
?\ght & !  ^w1 s z to br+ all 8         
faculties "u ! yoke ( ,*ri/4    ,mr4    
,lang's conc]n is ) ! univ]sality (     
belief 9 ,god !  ,rew>d]1 n ) its orig9 
nor ev5 its value2 ?\gh he seems at     
times to imply t ! solution may be f\nd 
9 a primitive revelation  ( "s sort4 ,= 
ourselves1 accordant z su* a notion w\ld
 be )  popul> ,*ri/ian tradition1 we d n
 ?9k t ! adduc$ evid5ce  ne$s t         

hypo!sis2 b is expla9$ suffici5tly by ! 
hypo!sis  ( ,/4 ,paul1 :i*1 z ,mr4 ,lang
 admits1 seem n ! mo/  unsatisfactory4  
,! m]e v]bal tradition ( a primitive    
deposit n  committ$ to any au?oriz$     
gu>dians w\ld1 to say ! lea/1 be a      
haz>d\s & conjectural way ( acc\nt+ = ! 
facts2 nor is !re  any evid5ce (f]$ to  
%[ t su* religi\s beliefs are held1 z  !
 ,ca?olic religion is1 on ! au?ority (  
antiquity1 int]pret$ by  a liv+ voice4  
,! sub/ance ( ?is elem5t>y religion--!  
exi/5ce  ( ,god ! ,rew>d] ( !m t seek   
,him--is naturally sugge/$ to !         
simple-m9d$ by ! data ( unspoilt        
consci5ce1 confirm$ &  supplem5t$ by !  
spectacle ( ,nature4 ,t ! tru? w\ld be  
borne-9 on a solit>y & isolat$ s\l we   
ne$ n ma9ta92 = 9  solitude & isolation 
man is n man1 & nei!r reason nor        
language  c develop aright4 ,fur!r we   
may all[ t z ,nature or ,god provides  =
 society1 & !re=e = individuals1 by an  
equal di/ribution (  gifts & tal5ts1    
giv+ "s to be politicians1 o!rs poets1  

o!rs  philosoph]s1 o!rs inv5tors1 s ,he 
gives to "s :at might be call$  natural 
religi\s g5ius or tal5t or spiritual    
insight1 = ! b5efit  ( ! community4 ,?us
 :atev] be true ( ! individual savage1  
we  _c well suppose t any tribe or p1   
tak5 collectively1 %\ld  fail to draw ! 
fundam5tal tru?s ( religion f ! data (  
consci5ce & nature4 ,9 ?is s5se no d\bt 
!y w\ld become  traditional--! common   
prop]ty ( all--s t ! innate facility (  
ea* individual m9d 9 reg>d to !m w\ld be
 /imulat$ &  supplem5t$ by sugge/ion f  
)\t4    ,h[ f> ,god c be said actually  
to speak to ! s\l ?r\gh  consci5ce or   
?r\gh ,nature s z to make fai?1 9 !     
/rict s5se (  reliance on ! ^w ( ano!r1 
possible1 is = !ologians to  discuss4   
,if besides express+ ^! tru?s 9 creation
 or 9  consci5ce1 ,he also expresses 9  
"s way ,8 int5tion to reveal !m  to !   
p>ticul> s\l1 we h all t is requisite4  
,9 :at way1 or  innum]able ways ,he     
makes ,8 voice he>d 9 e human he>t day  
by  day1 & causes g5]al tru?s to be     

br\ght ne> & recogniz$ &  receiv$ z a   
p>ticul> message1 ea* c answ] be/ =     
himself4    ,b und\bt$ly ! results (    
comp>ative religion are1 s f>1 almo/    
entirely fav\rable to ! doctr9e ( ,god's
 all-sav+ w2 & 9  _m o!r po9ts          
confirmatory ( receiv$ beliefs4 ,ev5    
:]e1 =  example1 9 ! "q ( ! orig9 &     
mean+ ( sacrifice1 !y  seem to          
necessitate a modification ( ! some:at  
elaborate  priori  def9ition1 popul> 9  
"s mod]n s*ools 7?\gh n 9 !m all71 yet  
t modification is altoge!r fav\rable to 
! s\nd] conception (  ! ,eu*>i/ic       
,sacrifice z a food-(f]+ complem5t>y to 
!  ,sacrifice ( ! ,cross4 ,above all x  
is 9 br++ out ! unity (  type betwe5    
natural e?nic religions1 & t reveal$    
,ca?olic  religion :i* is _! correction 
& fulfilm5t1 t ! /udies (  ,mr4 ,lang & 
,mr4 ,jevons are ( su* s]vice4 ,!       
militant ,prote/ant  delights to dwell  
on ! analogies betwe5 ,romanism &       
,paganism2 we too  may dwell on !m )    
delight1 z evid5ce ( t sub/antial unity 

(  ! human m9d :i* und]lies all surface 
div]sities ( mode &  language1 & b9ds   
toge!r1 z *ildr5 ( "o family1 all :o    
believe  9 ,god ! ,rew>d] ( !m t seek   
,him1 :o is no respect] (  p]sons4 ,:at 
man 9 8 d>kness & s9fulness has feebly  
be5 try+  to utt] 9 e nation f ! beg9n+1
 t ,god has =mulat$ &  writt5 d[n = him 
9 ! great ,ca?olic religion ( ! ,^w made
  ,fle%--      ,:i* he may read t b9ds !
 %eaf      ,or builds ! h\se1 or digs ! 
grave1      ,& ^? wild eyes t wat* !    
wave    ,9 ro>+s r\nd ! coral reef4     
,true1 ev5 c\ld x be e/abli%$ beyond all
 d\bt t belief 9 !  "o ,god 7 univ]sal  
among rude & uncultivat$ races1 ?is w\ld
 n  add any new pro( to ! tru? (        
religion1 unless x c\ld be %[n  t x 0   
really an in/9ctive1 inwritt5 judgm5t1 &
 n "o (  ^? _m natural fallacies into   
:i* all m5 fall until !y are  educat$   
out ( !m4 ,/ill1 = ^? :o d n ne$        
conviction on  ?is po9t1 x is no slight 
consolation to be assur$ t simplicity  &
 savag]y d n %ut m5 out f ! tru?s be/   

wor? kn[+2  t ev5 :]e ! e>!n vessel is  
mo/ corrupt$1 ! heav5ly  treasure is n  
altoge!r lo/2 t x is only ^? :o         
delib]ately  g 9 se>* ( obscurities :o  
ne$ /umble4 ,x 0 n ! cr[ds (  pag&om t  
,/4 ,paul c5sur$1 b ! philosoph]s4 ,god 
made man's  feet = ! e>?1 & n = !       
tight-rope4 ,:atev] be ! tru?  ab\t     
,idealism1 man is by nature a ,reali/2 &
 simil>ly he is by  nature a !i/1 until 
he has /udi\sly le>nt to balance himself
 9  ! non-natural pose4    ,w a man be  
excus$ = delib]ately da%+ 8 foot aga9/ a
 /one  because =soo? he has p]suad$     
himself ) ,z5o1 t !re is no  su* ?+ z   
motion2 or ) ,b]keley1 t ! ext]nality ( 
!  _w is a delusion2 or w he be p>don$ 9
 8 unbelief because he  c\ld n ju/ify by
 philosophy ! tru? :i* consci5ce &      
nature  are d9n+ into 8 e>s3 t !re is a 
,god ! ,rew>d] ( !m t  seek ,him8       
,sept4 ,oct4 #ahih4        ,footnotes3  
,footnote #a3 ,a hy/]ical fit indicates 
a lam5table in/ability ( !  n]v\s sy/em4
 ,b x is by no means c]ta9  priori t e  

symptom ( t in/ability1 )\t exception1 w
 be ( a  deg5]ative k9d4 ,! n]ve-/orm1 )
 its unwont$ agitations1 may  possibly  
lay b>e "s deep-ly+ capacity 9 u :i*    
c\ld sc>cely  o!rwise h come to light4  
,rec5t exp]im5ts on bo? s5sation &      
memory 9 c]ta9 abnormal /ates h add$    
plausibility to ?is view1  & ju/ify u 9 
hold+ t 9 spite ( its frequ5t           
association )  hy/]ia1 ec/asy is n      
necess>ily 9 itself a morbid symptom4   
7,f4,w4,h4 ,my]s1 ,t5nyson z a          
,prophet47    ,footnote #b3 ,! ,retreat4
 ,by ,h5ry ,vaughan4        ,,xxii4     
,,adaptability ,,z ,a ,,pro( ,,(        
,,religion4    ,mu* z we may ?9k ( !    
ab/ract & objective value ( ! treatise  
,de v]a religione1 :i* =ms ! usual      
introduction to ^? cursus  !ologici ^:  
multiplication ( late has be5 s         
rem>kable1 x c  h>dly be d5i$ t its     
cog5cy is mu* dim9i%$ = ! l>ge  numb] ( 
^? ?9k]s :o repudiate ! philosophical   
presuppositions  ^u :i* t treatise re/s4
 ,z long z negation halt$ be=e t  m9imum

 ( religi\s tru? :i* is 9 "s way        
accessible to  reason1--be=e belief 9   
,god & 9 immortality2 z long z !        
pr9ciples & me?ods ( pro( by :i* natural
 !ology rea*$ its  conclusion 7 admitt$ 
ev5 by ^? :o d5i$ ^? conclusions1 an    
apologetic su* z we are speak+ ( _h an  
und\bt$ practical  value--n inde$ z     
suffic+ to br+ conviction to ! unwill+  
or  ill-dispos$1 n z a cause ( fai?1 b z
 remov+ an ob/acle :i*  exi/$ 9 !       
suppos$ incompatibility ( reveal$ tru? )
 ^!  same rational pr9ciples &          
processes4    ,ap>t f ?is prep>ation ( !
 intellect1 to :i* p]haps ! "n          
apologetic %\ld be m /rictly res]v$1 a  
prior & m  important ne$ 0 ! dispos+ ( !
 w & affections to !  acceptance ( !    
tru?4 ,=1 9 a v real s5se1 love is !    
root (  fai?2 & ! wi% t a ?+ %\ld be    
true1 n only /imulates !  m9d to inquire
 & inve/igate1 b also creates a fe> (   
self-deception & a _s ( incr$ulity :i*  
is ! fruitful p>5t  ( intellectual      
difficulties4    ,su* an appeal to !    

affections is really outside ! prov9ce (
  !ological sci5ce & belongs r to !     
rhetorician1 ! poet1 or  ! prophet4 ,yet
 x 0 a "w at all times ne$ful = !       
ext5sion  & ma9t5ance ( ! fai?1 9 ev5 a 
great] degree ?an ! m  disp5sable       
prep>ation ( ! intellect4 ,= ! great    
multitude ( m5  :o are innoc5t ( any    
really indep5d5t ?\ght1 :o pr(ess$ly or 
unconsci\sly take all _! beliefs f "s   
individual or society1  !re is really no
 ne$ ( sci5tific apologetic--! sole ne$ 
be+ to  w9 or ma9ta9 _! confid5ce1 _!   
loyalty1 _! rev]5ce1 9  reg>d to "s     
tea*] or lead]1 to ,*ri/ or ! ,*ur*4    
,x 0 only t[>ds ! close ( la/ c5tury :5 
scepticism 0  beg9n+ to rea* ! v root f 
:i* ! ,*ri/ian apologetic  sprang1 & !  
=m] philosophic me?ods _h !mselves fall5
 9  disrepute1 t ! necessity (          
accommodat+ ! rem$y to ! disease  began 
to be recogniz$ "h & !re1 & ( fram+ an  
argum5t t  w\ld appeal to ! p]v]se &    
erratic m9d ( ! day1 r ?an to  an       
ab/ract & p]fectly normal m9d1 :i*1 if x

 exi/$1 w\ld ne$  no rep5tance4 ,t a    
giv5 m$ic9e is ! be/1 avails no?+ if x  
be n also "o :i* ! pati5t is will+ to   
take4 ,if a man has  clos$ 8 tee? aga9/ 
ev]y?+ t sav\rs ( s*ola/icism1 we  mu/  
ei!r ab&on him or else see if !re be any
 among ! me?ods he  w submit to1 :i* may
 9 any wise s]ve our purpose4 ,&1 inde$1
  among ! jangle ( philosophies !re is  
surely 9 all some?+ t  is a common      
h]itage ( ! human m9d1 a unity :i* a    
little skill c  detect lurk+ "u t       
div]sity ( =m :i* un=tunately x is  !   
delight ( mo/ m5 to emphasize4 ,to      
suppose t ,*ri/ianity is  pl$g$ to m ?an
 ?is common sub/ratum :i* none d5y1     
except  ?r\gh v]bal confusion1 t !re is 
no road to fai? b ?r\gh  :at is peculi> 
to s*ola/icism1 or t my fir/ /ep 9      
conv]t+ a  man to ,*ri/ mu/ be to conv]t
 him to ,ari/otle1 is ab\t z  intellig5t
 z to suppose t because ! ,*ur* has     
adopt$ ,lat9 z  h] (ficial language %e  
means to discr$it e o!r4    ,x 0 !n ) a 
view ( meet+ ! exig5cies ( ! _w z x is1 

n z x might or ought to h be51 t su* a  
"w z ! ,gnie du  ,*ri/ianisme /rove to  
f9d an apologetic 9 :at previ\sly _h be5
  reg>d$ z outside ! doma9 ( !ology & m 
prop]ly ! conc]n  ( ! prea*]4 ,! beauty1
 ! solace1 ! adaptation to our high]    
ne$s ( ,*ri/ian tea*+ _h be5 "o ?+2 its 
tru?1 q  ano!r4 ,by dilat+ eloqu5tly on 
! fir/1 m5 might be won to !  love ( su*
 an ideal1 to wi% t x might be true2 &  
!n dispos$  to pr(it by ! di/9ct &      
indep5d5t lab\rs ( ! apologi/ ^:  !me 01
 n ! utility or beauty ( ! ,ca?olic     
religion1 b  solely its tru?4    ,b n[ t
 ! s*ola/ic #a apologetic 0 9 disgrace )
 all  b ^? :o /ood lea/ 9 ne$ ( x1 "s m 
acceptable me?od _h  to be s\ght out1 & 
among/ _m o!rs !re 0 t (  ,*ateaubri&1  
:i* /rove to f9d an argum5t = !         
intellect 9 !  v appeal :i* ,*ri/ianity 
made to ! w & affections4 ,because  a   
religion is fair & mu* to be desir$1    
because1 if true1 x w\ld  give unity &  
mean+ to man's high] crav+s1 & turn     
human life  f a s5seless *aos into an   

intelligible :ole1 !re=e1 & =  ?is      
reason1 x is true4    ,x is h>dly       
wond]ful t su* a me?od %\ld incur ! *>ge
 (  s5tim5talism4 ,x w\ld be s nice to  
believe x1 !re=e x mu/ be  true1 s\nds l
 a %ameless ab&onm5t ( reasonabl5ess4 ,!
 fact  t a belief is consol+1 q         
indep5d5tly ( its tru? or  falsehood1   
creates a bias t[>ds its acceptance4 ,t 
x is pleasant to  believe oneself v     
clev] & compet5t w incl9e "o to t       
belief until some?+ important dep5ds1 n 
on our ?9k+ ourselves  s1 b on our be+  
s4 ,be=e an exam9ation1 ! wi% to succe$ 
w  make me sceptical ab\t my prospects1 
mu* z ,i %\ld l to ?9k  !m ! brighte/2  
aft]w>ds1 :5 self-deception c only      
console &  c d no h>m1 ,i %all be       
cr$ul\s ( any flatt]y t is (f]$ me4  ,9 
"o case1 my int]e/ dep5ds ^u ! facts1 & 
!re=e ! wi%  to believe makes me        
critical & ev5 sceptical2 9 ! o!r1 on my
  belief conc]n+ ! facts1 & ! wi% to    
believe1 makes me  uncritical & cr$ul\s4
    ,x 0 seem+ly a bold & haz>d\s v5ture

 to ju/ify ?is same  cr$ulity1 & to     
affirm t an argum5t c\ld be drawn f !   
wi%  to believe 9 j ^? cases :]e its    
influ5ce w\ld seem mo/  suspici\s2 yet  
?is 0 practically :at ! new apologetic  
am\nt$  to4 ,x 0 an argum5t f ! utility 
( beliefs to _! tru?2 f  ! fact t c]ta9 
subjective convictions produc$ good     
results1 to  ! correspond5ce ( su*      
convictions ) objective reality4 ,!     
advantages to ! individual & to society 
( a firm belief 9 ,god !  righte\s      
,judge1 9 ! sanction ( et]nal rew>d &   
p5alty1 9 !  ev5tual adju/m5t ( all     
inequalities1 9 ! rev]sible "* (  s9    
?r\gh rep5tance1 9 ! div9e au?ority (   
consci5ce1 (  ,*ri/ianity1 ( ! ,ca?olic 
,*ur*1 are to a great ext5t indep5d5t  (
 ! tru? ( ^? beliefs4 ,no am\nt (       
hypnotic sugge/ion w  enable a man to   
subsi/ ^u c9d]s1 "u ! belief t !y are a 
v nutriti\s diet2 = ! effect dep5ds ^u  
_! actual nature1  & n :olly ^u 8 belief
 conc]n+ _! nature2 b ! salut>y  fe> (  
,hell or hope ( ,heav51 dep5ds n on !   

exi/5ce ( ei!r  /ate1 b on our belief 9 
its exi/5ce4 ,! fact t ! d5ial (  ^! &  
_m simil> beliefs w\ld br+ *aos into our
 spiritual &  moral life1 t x w\ld      
ext+ui% hopes :i* (t5 alone make life   
be>able1 t x w\ld issue = society at    
l>ge 9 su* a grey1  mean+less1 un9spir$ 
exi/5ce z ,mr4 ,f4 ,w4 ,my]s            
progno/icates 9  8 admirable essay on ,!
 ,disillusionm5t ( ,france1 #b all ?is &
  mu* m makes x our int]e/1 if n our    
duty1 to cl+ to su*  convictions at all 
co/s4 ,if ^! ?+s are n true1 x might be 
said1 !n life is *aos2 & if life be     
*aos1 :at does tru? matt]8  ,:y may n   
su* useful illusions & self-deceptions  
be fo/]$8 ,if we  are dream+1 let our   
dreams be ! pleasante/ possible6    ,nor
 c x be urg$ t ?\gh "s "p ( our int]e/  
?us dep5ds  on ! beliefs1 r ?an on _!   
be+ true1 yet ! consequ5ces (           
self-deception are s mom5t\s1 z to      
create a _s ( criticism to  balance or  
ov]-balance ! said bias ( cr$ulity4 ,=  
?\gh !  consequ5ces ( d5ial are disa/r\s

 if ! beliefs are true1 yet if  !y are  
false1 ! ill-consequ5ces ( belief are   
almo/ insignificant4  ,x is sometimes   
said too ha/ily t if religion be an     
illusion1 !n  religi\s p lose bo? ?is   
life & ! next2 & x is assum$  t an      
unre/ra9$ devotion to pleasure w\ld     
secure a happ9ess :i*  fai? requires u  
to =ego4 ,b unless we take a gross1 &   
really  un?9kable view ( ! homog5eity ( 
all happ9ess1 & r$uce its  diff]5ces to 
degree & quantity1 ! %all[ness ( !      
prec$+  objection w be app>5t4 ,x is    
only ?r\gh re/ra9t t ! high]  k9ds (    
temporal happ9ess are rea*$1 & z        
confusions are cle>$  away 9 process (  
discussion1 x becomes pat5t t su*       
re/ra9t  f9ds its motive directly or    
indirectly 9 religion4 ,:5 ! religi\s   
influ5ce ) :i* irreligi\s society is    
saturat$1 has exhau/$  itself1 &        
idealism is no m1 ! unre/ra9$ egoi/ic   
pursuit (  enjoym5t mu/ t5d to its /eady
 dim9ution 9 quantity1 & its            
depreciation 9 k9d4 ,! sorr[ & pa9      

entail$ by fidelity to !  ,*ri/ian ideal
 is1 on ! :ole1 immeasurably less 9 !   
va/ majority  ( cases ?an t att5dant on 
! /ruggles ( unqualifi$  selfi%ness1    
:ile ! capacities = ! high] happ9ess are
 /eadily  rais$ & l>gely satisfi$ by    
hope & ev5 by "s degree ( pres5t        
fruition4 ,ev5 vice w\ld be 9 _m ways   
sauceless & insipid 9 !  abs5ce ( fai?4 
,:o does n rememb] ! old cynic's        
te/imony 79  ! ,new ,republic7 to !     
piquancy l5t by ,*ri/ianity to _m a s91 
o!rwise po9tless4 ,if ! morali/         
di/+ui%es betwe5 actions t  are evil    
because !y are =bidd51 & ^? t are =bidd5
  because !y are evil1 ! lib]t9e has a  
c\nt]-di/9ction betwe5  ^? t are =bidd5 
because !y are pleasant1 & ^? t are     
pleasant because !y are =bidd54 ,/4     
,paul himself is explicit en\gh  z to   
?is effect ( ! law4    ,look at x h[ we 
w1 ev5 7 religion unf\nd$ our life w\ld 
on  ! :ole ga9 9 fulness f> m ?an x w\ld
 lose1 by our believ+  9 religion4 ,h5ce
 "s ( our m ?\ghtful agno/ics1 h[ev]    

unable  !mselves to f9d support 9 :at !y
 deem an illusion1 are q  will+ to      
ackn[l$ge ! "p religion has play$ 9 !   
pa/ 9 !  evolution ( rational life1 & to
 look ^u x z a necess>y factor 9  !     
e>li] /ages ( t process ^: place is to  
be tak5 h]eaft]  by "s z yet undef9$    
sub/itute4 ,if inde$ ,nature ?us works  
by  illusions & ju/ifies ! ly+ means by 
! b5evol5t end1 x is  h>d to believe 9 a
 moral gov]nm5t ( ! univ]se1 or to hope 
t  an absolute morality--righte\sness = 
its own sake--w be !  outcome ( su*     
disreputable me?ods4 ,b till ! illusion 
( absolute  morality is /rong en\gh to  
take c>e ( itself1 & has pass$ f  !     
pr(essors to ! populace1 x is pla9ly = !
 int]e/ &  happ9ess ( individuals & (   
society to hold fa/ to religion4        
,und\bt$ly !n ! advantages result+ f a  
belief 9 religion1  :e!r valid or       
illusory1 are su* z to incl9e n only !  
high]  & m unselfi% m9ds1 b ev5 ^? :i*  
are m prud5tial &  self-reg>d+1 to wi%  
to hold t belief--to be unwill+ to he>  

argum5ts aga9/ x4 ,b among ! =m] class w
 be f\nd _m  intellectually consci5ti\s 
& ev5 scrupul\s p]sons1 :om !           
recognition ( ?is inevitable bias w     
drive to an extreme ( caution4  ,n s mu*
 because ! facts believ$-9 are ( su*    
int5se mom5t1  b r because ! belief     
itself1 :e!r true or false1 is s        
consol+ & helpful1 t !re seems to !m a  
dang] (  self-deception j proportion$ to
 _! wi% to believe4    ,x 7 !n no small 
re/ & relief to su*1 c\ld x be %[n t    
:at !y deem a reason = d\bt1 is really a
 reason = belief2 t  ! welcome :i* all t
 is be/ 9 !m gives to a belief1 af=ds   
"s sort ( philosophical ju/ification    
!re(4    ,?is p>ticul> argum5t _h       
und\bt$ly a m fav\rable he>+ 9  ! age ( 
,*ateaubri&1 :5 unbelief /opp$ %ort at !
 ?re%old  ( :at 0 call$ ,natural        
,religion1 & ! apologi/'s task 0  conf9$
 to ! e/abli%m5t ( revelation4 ,x is n[ 
pretty g5]ally  admitt$1 says ! au?or ( 
,contempor>y ,evolution1 ) reg>d to     
,*ri/ianity & !ism t ! argum5ts really  

tell+ aga9/ !  fir/1 are 9 _! logical   
consequ5ces fatal also to ! second1 &  t
 a ,deus ,unus1 ,remun]ator once        
admitt$1 an antec$5t probability  = a   
revelation mu/ be conc$$4    ,giv5 an   
intellig5t & b5evol5t au?or ( ! univ]se1
 x is n  p]haps v difficult to %[ t any 
fur!r religi\s belief  approximates to !
 tru? 9 ! measure t x satisfies ! m     
highly develop$ rational ne$s ( mank9d4 
,x is n s]i\sly d5i$  any long] t       
religion is an in/9ct ) man1 h[ev] x may
 be  lack+ 9 "s individuals or dormant 9
 o!rs4 ,we h savages at  bo? ends ( !   
scale ( civilization1 b man is none !   
less a  political creature2 nor does !  
exi/5ce ( idiots & deaf mutes &         
crim9als at all affect ! fact t he is a 
reason+ & speak+ &  e?ical animal4 ,z   
soon z he wakes to consci\sness1 he     
feels t he  is "p ( a :ole1 "o ( a      
multitude2 & t z he is relat$ to 8      
fell[-p>ts--equals or inf]iors--s also  
is he relat$ to ! ,:ole  :i* is above   
him & great] ?an all put toge!r4        

,religion1 tak5  subjectively1 9 its    
loose/ s5se1 is a man's m5tal & moral   
attitude  9 reg>d to real or imag9>y    
sup]human be+s--a def9ition :i*         
includes pan!ism1 poly!ism1 mono!ism2   
moral1 non-moral1 &  immoral religions2 
:i* presc9ds f mat]iali/ or spirituali/ 
conceptions ( ! univ]se4 ,& by a        
religion 9 ! objective s5se1  s f> z    
true or false c be pr$icat$ ( x1 we mean
 a body (  beliefs int5d$ to regulate & 
correct man's subjective religion4 ,x   
is to su* sy/ems & _! p>ts t we ?9k !   
above te/ (  adaptability maybe appli$ z
 we h /at$ x4    ,we mu/ ( c\rse assume 
t our di/9ction ( high] f l[]  /ates (  
rational developm5t is valid2 t we c    
really atta* "s  absolute mean+ to !    
t]ms progress & decl9e2 t !re is  "s    
vaguely conceiv$ /&>d ( human excell5ce 
:i* su* t]ms  ref] to4 ,else we are     
flung into ! v :irlpool ( scepticism4   
,measur$ back f inf9ity x may be        
inf9itesimal1 b measur$  =w>d f z]o1 !  
diff]5ce ( m5tal &1 p>tly1 ( moral      

culture betwe5 ourselves & ! aborig9es (
 ,au/ralia is  consid]able1 & is really 
to our advantage4 ,n[ if a giv5 religion
 or  religi\s belief sugge/s itself m   
readily1 or :5 sugge/$  comm5ds itself m
 cordially 9 ! measure t m5's spiritual 
ne$s  are m highly develop$2 if1        
fur!rmore1 x t5ds to make m5 /ill  bett]
 & to raise _! desires /ill high] s z to
 prep>e ! way  = a yet full] conception 
( religi\s tru?1 x may be said to be    
adapt$ to human ne$s2 & x is f su*      
adaptability t we argue  its approa* to 
! tru?4 ,we say its approa*1 = all our  
ideas (  ! ,:ole1 ( ! sup]human1 ( ^?   
be+s ) :i* religion deals1  are         
necess>ily analog\s & imp]fect4 ,:at is 
admitt$ by all )  reg>d to ! /rict      
my/]ies ( ! ,*ri/ian fai? is 9 a great  
measure to be ext5d$ to ! c5tral or     
fundam5tal ideas ( all  religion4 ,!y   
are at be/ woefully inadequate1 & if !  
unity betwe5  ! p>ts ( an idea be       
organic & n m]ely me*anical1 !y mu/ be  
reg>d$ z conta9+ false m+l$ ) true4#c   

,/ill "s analogies  are less imp]fect1  
less m+l$ ) fallacy ?an o!rs1 & !re is  
room = indef9ite approximation t[>ds an 
unatta9able exactitude4  ,= example1    
assum+ !ism1 z we d 9 ! argum5t "u      
consid]ation1 x is evid5t t man         
conceives ! sup]human object (  8 fe> & 
wor%ip m truly z p]sonal ?an z          
imp]sonal2 z  spiritual ?an z embodi$2 z
 "o or few ?an z _m2 z inf9ite ?an  z   
f9ite2 z creator ?an z mak]2 z moral ?an
 z non-moral or  immoral2 z bo?         
transc5d5t & imman5t ?an z ei!r alone4  
,if !n  x appe>s t z man's intellig5ce &
 morality develop 9 due  proportion1 he 
advances f a mat]ial poly!i/ic immoral  
conception  ( ! ,all1 to a spiritual &  
moral mono!ism1 x may be claim$ t  !    
latt] is a less inadequate conception4  
,& simil>ly ) reg>d to  o!r dep5d5t     
religi\s beliefs :i* usually radiate f !
 c5tral  notion4 ,x w be se5 t we d n   
argue f ! self-det]m9$  wi%es or desires
 ( any individual or class ( individuals
 to _!  possible fulfilm5t1--to !       

exi/5ce 9 ,nature ( "s supply  answ]+ to
 t dem&2 we d n argue t because _m m5 or
 all  m5 desire to fly1 fly+ mu/ = t    
reason alone be possible4 ,we  speak ( !
 ne$s ( man's nature1 n ( ?is           
individual's nature2 (  ne$s consequ5t  
on :at man is made1 & n on :at he has   
made  himself2 ( ^? wants & exig5cies   
:i* if unsatisfi$ or  insatiable mu/    
leave 8 nature n m]ely negatively       
imp]fect &  f9ite1 b positively         
defective & z inexplicable z a lock )\t 
a  key--n necess>ily1 ( ne$s felt at all
 times by e man1 b (  ^? :i* manife/    
!mselves naturally & regul>ly at c]ta9  
/ages ( moral & social developm5t2 j z !
 bodily appetites  ass]t !mselves "u    
c]ta9 conditions n always giv54    ,n[  
!re is "o =m 9 :i* ?is argum5t f        
adaptability is  some:at too ha/ily     
appli$ & :i* x is well to gu>d aga9/4 ,7
  we to f9d a key accommodat$ to ! w>ds 
( a mo/ complicat$ lock1  we %\ld be    
ju/ifi$ 9 conclud+1 ) a c]ta9ty         
proportion$ to  ! complexity ( ! lock1 t

 bo? orig9at$ ) "o & ! same  m9d2 & s1 x
 is urg$1 if a religion1 say            
,*ri/ianity1 answ]s to  ! ne$s ( human  
nature1 we may conclude t x is f !      
,au?or (  human nature ) a c]ta9ty      
increas+ z x is se5 to answ] to !  high]
 & m complex developm5ts ( ! s\l4    ,n[
 if1 l ! key 9 our illu/ration1 !       
religion 9 "q 7  some?+ giv5 9 r]um     
natura indep5d5t ( human orig9ation 9   
any =m1 ?is argum5t w\ld be practically 
irresi/ible4 ,t besides  ^? beliefs :i* 
lead man on to an ev] full] und]/&+ ( 8 
bett] self1 & /imulate & direct 8 moral 
progress1 ,*ri/ianity  imposes o!rs m   
pr9cipal1 ( :i* man z yet has no        
exig5cy1 &  :i* h9t at "s future ord] ( 
exi/5ce t new faculties w  disclose--all
 ?is1 9 no wise makes ! argum5t         
inapplicable4 ,!  :ole sy/em ( beliefs  
is accept$ = ! sake1 & on ! cr$it1 (  t 
"p :i* s admirably unlocks ! s\l to h]  
own gaze4 ,n[ are  we ! sons ( ,god1 b x
 do? n yet appe> :at we %all be2 if     
besides satisfy+ our pres5t ideal (     

religion1 ,*ri/ianity h9ts at  & prep>es
 u = su* a transition z t f m]ely       
organic to  s5sitive life1 or f ?is1 to 
rational life1 x r adds to ?an  detracts
 f ! =ce ( ! argum5t4    ,yet all ?is   
supposes t ,*ri/ianity is some?+ f\nd by
 man  outside himself1 ) ^: orig9ation  
he _h no?+ to d2 b1 if  ?is be e/abli%$1
 its sup]natural orig91 & !re=e1 suppos+
  !ism1 its tru?1 is already prov$1 & c 
only receive confirmation  f ! argum5t (
 adaptability4 ,if ! ,book ( ,mormon    
really came  d[n f ,heav51 my conviction
 t polygamy is n = ! be/1 w\ld  seem a  
feeble objection aga9/ its claims4 ,t ! 
,judaeo-,*ri/ian  religion is           
sup]natural & is f )\t1 n only ) respect
 to  ! individual b to ! race2 t x is an
 ext]nal1 ,god-giv5 rule1  awak5+1      
expla9+1 develop+ man's natural religi\s
 in/9ct1  correct+ 8 own clumsy         
int]pretations !re(1 is j :at gives x   
its claim to pre-em95ce ov] all1 ev5 !  
mo/ highly conceiv$1  man-made          
int]pretations ( ! same in/9ct4    ,yet 

?\gh claim+ to be a ,god-made           
int]pretation1 x is confess$ly  ?r\gh   
human ag5cy1 ?r\gh ! human m9d & lips ( 
! prophets  & ( ,*ri/ t ?is revelation  
has come to u4 ,moreov]1 x  involves1   
?\gh x transc5ds1 all ^? religi\s       
beliefs ( :i*  human nature seems exig5t
 & :i* are1 absolutely speak+1          
atta9able by :at might be call$ !       
natural inspiration (  religi\s g5ius4  
,view+ ! :ole revelation 9 itself1 its  
adaptability is evid5t only 9 respect to
 t "p :i* might h  orig9at$ ) ^? m9ds   
?r\gh :i* x 0 deliv]$ to u4 ,if !       
beliefs propos$ seem to h anticipat$    
moral & intellectual ne$s  n felt 9 !   
prophet's own age or society1 ?is might 
be p>allel$  f ! inspiration ( g5ius 9  
o!r dep>tm5ts1 & c\ld n (  itself be    
reg>d$ z e/abli%+ ! ab extra "* ( !     
revelation4    ,pla9ly1 !n1 s f> z a    
religion claims to be f outside1 its    
adaptability to our religi\s & moral    
in/9cts may confirm b _c  e/abli% its   
,div9e orig91 :i*1 giv5 !ism1 is        

equival5t to its  tru?4 ,= to %[ t x is 
f outside1 is to %[ t x is f  ,god4     
,x is only !re=e ) reg>d to man-made    
int]pretations ( our  spiritual in/9cts1
 to ! natural inspirations ( religi\s   
g5ius1 to  ! intuitions & ev5 ! reason$ 
inf]5ces ( ! consci5ti\s &  clean-he>t$1
 t ! argum5t f adaptability c h any     
indep5d5t value4 ,x is n[ no long] z "o 
:o argues f a  comp>ison ( lock & key to
 _! common au?or%ip2 b r we  h a        
self-consci\s lock1 p9+ to be op5$1 & f 
a m or less  imp]fect self-k dream+ ( "s
 sort ( key & argu+ t  9 ! measure t its
 dream is bas$ on true self-k !re mu/   
be a reality correspond+ to x--a valid  
argum5t en\gh1 suppos+ !  locksmi? to   
act on ! usual l9es & n to be indulg+ 9 
a freak4    ,su*1 9 sub/ance1 is !      
argum5t f adaptability f\nd$ on !       
assumption ( !ism & appli$ to !         
criticism or e/abli%m5t (  fur!r        
religi\s beliefs4 ,x is inde$ some:at   
/rong] :5 we  rememb] t !               
self-consci\sness1 ) :i* we fictiti\sly 

end[$  ! lock1 plays *ief "p 9 ! v      
design & /ructure ( man2 t  8 self-k1 8 
moral & religi\s in/9cts1 8 desire &    
p[] ( int]pret+ !m1 are all f ! ,au?or (
 8 nature4    ,( ?is diff]5ce ,t5nyson  
takes note 9 apply+ ! argum5t f         
adaptability to ! immortality ( ! s\l3  
,?\ wilt n leave u 9 ! du/2    ,?\ made/
 man1 he kn[s n :y2    ,he ?9ks he 0 n  
made to die1    ,& ,?\ ha/ made him1 ,?\
 art j4    ,b s f> z ! argum5t          
presupposes !ism x _c be made to        
support or ev5 confirm !ism4 ,if1 !n1 we
 want to make ! argum5t  absolutely     
univ]sal ) reg>d to religi\s            
beliefs--!ism includ$  & n presuppos$--&
 s to make x available = apologetic     
purposes  9 reg>d to ^? ^: d\bt is m    
deep-seat$1 we mu/ inquire  :e!r any    
basis c be f\nd = x 9 non-!i/ic         
philosophy2  :e!r1 presc9d+ f ,div9e    
gov]nance & f an intellig5t  purpose    
runn+ ?r\gh nature1 ! adaptability ( a  
belief to !  high] ne$s ( mank9d c be   
consid]$ 9 any way to prove its tru?4   

,s f> we h only %[n t su* a conclusion  
results f a cle>]  insight into ! !i/ic 
conception4 ,c we %[ t x spr+s1         
co-ord9ately ) !ism1 f "s conception    
prior to bo?8      ,,ii4    ,if :at is  
usually und]/ood by !ism be once grant$ 
z a  f\ndation1 x is easy to raise !reon
 a sup]/ructure ( fur!r  religi\s       
beliefs by means ( ! argum5t drawn f _! 
adaptability  to ! high] ne$s ( mank9d4 
,h[ev] individuals may fail1 yet x  mu/ 
be all[$ t on ! :ole ! human m9d        
progresses1 or t5ds to  progress1 f a   
less to a m p]fect self-k1 to a full]   
und]/&+ ( its own orig91 its end &      
de/9y1 & ( ! k9d (  life by :i* t end is
 to be rea*$1--t is1 if once we admit t 
man is a self-int]pret+ creature1 & ! "w
 ( an intellig5t  ,creator4 ,s f> h[ev] 
z ! ,*ri/ian cre$ exce$s man's natural  
exig5cies & aspirations1 x pla9ly _c be 
subject$ to ?is  crit]ion2 & s f> z x   
includes 7:ile x transc5ds7 ! highe/  =m
 ( natural religion1 ! argum5t f        
adaptability holds ( x  only if we      

suppose ,*ri/ianity to be a natural     
product ( ! human  m9d1 ?us de/roy+ its 
claim to be f )\t & f above4 ,b  if f   
o!r reasons we "k ,*ri/ianity to be a   
,god-made & n a  man-made religion1 !n1 
?\gh its div9ity & tru? is already      
prov$1 yet x is 9 "s sort confirm$ &    
v]ifi$ by its  adaptability to ! dem&s (
 our high] nature4 ,9 a ^w1 ?is         
p>ticul> argum5t holds /rictly only =   
man's own guesses at  religi\s tru?1--= 
natural religions2 b = ,*ri/ianity1 only
 s  f> z we d5y x to be sup]natural z to
 its cont5t & mode (  orig9ation4    ,b 
s f> z ?is argum5t presupposes !ism1 x  
_c be made to  support or ev5 confirm   
!ism2 if !n we wi% to make x available =
  apologetic purposes 9 reg>d to ^? ^:  
d\bt is m deep-seat$1  we mu/ n[ inquire
 :e!r1 presc9d+ f div9e gov]nance & f   
f9ality 9 nature1 ! adaptability ( a    
belief 7say1 9 ,god1 or 9  future       
retribution7 to ! ne$s ( mank9d1 c be   
consid]$ 9 any  way z a pro( ( its tru?2
 :e!r t argum5t c f9d any deep]  m5tal  

basis ?an !ism2 :e!r x c be re/$ on     
any?+ :i* 9  ! ord] ( our ?\ght is prior
 to !ism s z to support or at lea/  to  
confirm !ism itself4    ,our pres5t     
endeav\r is to %[ t ?\gh ?is argum5t    
re/s m  easily & securely on !ism1 yet x
 ne$ n re/ ^u x2 b  spr+s1 co-ord9ately 
) !ism1 f any conception ( ! _w  t saves
 u f m5tal & moral *aos4 ,h5ce x        
confirms !ism &  is confirm$ by !ism2 b 
ea* is /rictly indep5d5t ( ! o!r  & re/s
 on a conception prior to bo?2 !y div]ge
 f "o & !  same root & !n int]tw9e &    
support "o ano!r4    ,by presc9d+ f !ism
 ,i d n mean to exclude or d5y x2 = x   
is1 z ,i h j said1 b\nd up ) ! same     
conception f :i*  ! argum5t f           
adaptability is drawn4 ,i only mean t ,i
 d n  ne$ to build ^u x z on a prior    
conception2 t ,i c put x aside4  ,inde$1
 ( ^! two (f-%oots1 !ism is less ne> to 
! common root1  z w appe> lat]4    ,our 
limit$ m9d _c take 9 at once all !      
consequ5ces or  presuppositions ( a     
?\ght2 = ?is w\ld be to "k ev]y?+2 b  z 

) our outw>d eye we take 9 ! circle ( ! 
horizon bit by bit1  s ) our m9d :5 we  
turn to "o aspect ( an idea we lose     
sight (  ano!r4 ,h5ce 9 /udy+ "s complex
 organism or me*anism ,i may be  cle>   
ab\t ! be>+ ( any "p on its imm$iately  
neighb\r+  p>ts1 & yet may h no pres5t  
notion ( ! :ole2 or may presc9d         
entirely f ! "q ( its orig9 or its      
purpose4 ,?us our  ?\ghts are always    
unf9i%$ & fray$ r\nd ! edges1 & we d n  
"k h[ mu* !y involve & drag along ) !m4 
,we c ?9k ( !  me*anism1 & ! organism1 &
 ! design1 )\t ?9k+ ( !  me*ani/1 or !  
organiz]1 or ! design]2 & s 9 all cases 
:]e  two ideas are connect$ )\t be+     
actually correlative4 ,:at is  commonly 
call$ a philosophical pro( consi/s      
simply 9 %[+ u !  implications ( "s "p (
 ! g5]al conception ( ?+s t we  already 
hold4 ,x is to =ce u ei!r to loos5 our  
hold on t "p  or else to admit all t x  
entails by way ( consequ5ces or         
presuppositions2 & s to br+ our ?\ghts  
into consi/5cy "o way  or ! o!r4 ,b     

until some?+ sets our m9d 9 motion x c  
re/  v com=tably 9 p>tial conceptions1  
)\t foll[+ !m out to  _! results4    ,n[
 z we c und]/& a me*anism to ! ext5t (  
see+ ! be>+  ( "p ^u "p1 & ev5 ( all !  
p>ts ^u ! "w x does1  )\t go+ on to ?9k 
ab\t ! design] or 8 design2 & )\t       
explicitly consid]+ x z design$2 s we c 
& d ?9k ( !  _w & recognize ord] 9 x1 & 
see ! be>+ ( "p ^u "p  )\t go+ back to  
,god or =w>d to ,god's purposes4 ,inde$1
 s f>  z we use ! argum5t f design to   
prove ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 x  means t we   
fir/ appreh5d ?is ord] & regul> sequ5ce 
( ev5ts1  & !n1 z a second & di/9ct /ep1
 put x d[n to design4 ,=  al?\gh ,god is
 ! prior cause ( design & ( all         
creation1 yet  design & creation is !   
prior cause ( our kn[+ ,god1 ,!         
conception ( a rational & moral _w leads
 u to ! conception ( a  rational & moral
 orig91 i4e41 to !ism4 ,fur!r1 x is pla9
 t  ?is same ord] & regul>ity is        
recogniz$ by _m :o refuse to see  design
 9 x1 & :o inv5t o!r hypo!ses to acc\nt 

= x2 & (  "o ( ^! hypo!ses we %all      
pres5tly speak at l5g?4    ,n[1 if ,i   
take any s+le organism & /udy x         
c>efully1 simply z a  biologi/ or       
physiologi/1 ,i %all recognize 9 x c]ta9
 regul>ities  ( /ructure & function &   
developm5t1 ^u :i* ,i c f\nd  v>i\s     
argum5ts & pr$ictions4 ,i c argue f its 
g5]al  *>act]i/ics1 to ! nature ( its   
environm5t & habits & modes  ( life2 or 
f its e>li] /ages1 to :at x w be :5 m   
fully  develop$2 & ^! argum5ts w be q   
unaffect$ by any !ory ,i  may hold z to 
! orig9 ( ^! *anges1 & z to ! causes (  
^! adaptations4 ,! ord] & regul>ity on  
:i* my pr$ictions are  bas$ is an       
admitt$ fact4 ,!ism or mat]ialism are   
only !ories by  :i* t fact is expla9$4  
,n[1 = m9d 9 ! ab/ract1 !ism is  really 
z mu* a presupposition ( t fact1 z !    
pr$ict$ tru? is  a consequ5ce ( x4 ,bo? 
are logically connect$ ) x1 & yet  nei!r
 is d]iv$ f x ?r\gh ! o!r4    ,if1      
h[ev]1 we _c ?us obs]ve & calculate on  
c]ta9  regul>ities & t5d5cies 9 ! _w z  

we "k x1 !n1 n only  is ! appe>ance (   
design & f9ality an illusion1 n only is 
t  p>ticul> argum5t = !ism cut away1 b )
 x goes all sci5tific  c]ta9ty1 all t   
/&s betwe5 u & ! mo/ hopeless m5tal &   
moral scepticism4    ,x is n our        
imm$iate conc]n to prove ! value ( !    
argum5t f  adaptability1 b simply to %[ 
t x is logically 7?\gh n  really7       
unaffect$ by ! "q ( !ism & f9ality &    
design4 ,z  long z we admit ^? same     
effects & consequ5ces ( :i* design is   
"o explanation1 b ( :i* o!rs are prima  
facie conceivable2 z  long z we hold t !
 _w works on ! :ole z ?\gh x 7  design$2
 t ! pres5t anticipates & prep>es = !   
future2 t  ! future & abs5t c be pr$ict$
 f ! pres5t1 s long d we  hold all ^u   
:i* ! argum5t ( adaptability is /rictly 
bas$4  ,& inde$1 z has be5 said1 if once
 x be admitt$ t ! g5]al  progressive    
t5d5cy on ! "p ( liv+ ?+s is t[>ds a    
great]  h>mony & correspond5ce )        
surr\nd+ reality1 !n t argum5t  is a m  
imm$iate inf]5ce f ! exi/5ce ( an ord]ly

 _w1  ?an is !ism4    ,?\gh bo? are     
/rictly indep5d5t d$uctions f ! same    
pr9ciple  7i4e41 f an ord]ly _w71 yet   
!ism & ! argum5t f  adaptability :5 once
 d$uc$1 confirm "o ano!r4 ,= x is n h>d 
to %[ t !ism is bett] adapt$ to man's   
high] ne$s1 ?an  a!ism or poly!ism or   
pan!ism2 :ile if !ism be once grant$1   
!n1 z we said 9 ! la/ section1 ! argum5t
 f adaptability is  mu* m easily        
e/abli%$4    ,!re h be5 at v>i\s times  
sev]al philosophies or attempt$         
explanations ( ! _w1 :i* h ei!r d5i$ or 
presc9d$ f  !ism & f9ality4 ,^! two     
conceptions may be consid]$ z "o2 =  by 
f9ality we mean ! intellig5t direction (
 means t[>ds a  preconceiv$ end2 & !re=e
 to admit a p]vad+ f9ality1 is to  imply
 a !i/ic orig9 & gov]nm5t ( ! univ]se4  
,p]haps1 ! be/ & mo/ f9i%$ attempt to   
expla9 ! _w  indep5d5tly ( f9ality is ! 
philosophy ( ,evolution1 s widely       
popul>iz$ 9 our own day2 & s9ce x is 9 !
 region ( organic  exi/5ce1 t f9alism   
looks = its *ief basis1 x is especially 

by  ,d>w9i/ic ,evolution t its =ce is   
suppos$ to be de/roy$4    ,any =m (     
monism gets rid ( f9ality m easily ?an  
does any =m  ( dualism2 & aga91 any =m (
 mat]ialism1 m easily ?an  idealism2 &  
!re=e z moni/ic & mat]iali/ic 7at lea/ 9
 "s  s5se ( ! t]m71 popul> ,evolutionism
 is ! be/ plea =  non-f9ali/ philosophy4
 ,we propose !re=e briefly to exam9e ?is
  philosophy1 s f> z x claims to be su*1
 & to see :e!r x 9 any  way t\*es !     
validity ( ! argum5t f adaptability4    
,evolution may be consid]$ bo? z an     
empirical fact & z an  aetiological !ory
 or philosophy4 ,consid]$ z a fact1 x is
 !  /atem5t ( obs]v$ processes1 &       
belongs to positive sci5ce l  ! obs]v$  
c\rses ( ! planets1 or any o!r obs]v$   
regul>ities  & uni=mities4 ,sci5ce      
pr(esses to h f\nd ev]y:]e z f> z  its  
exp]i5ce has ext5d$--9 a/ronomy1        
geology1 physiology1 biology1           
psy*ology1 e?ics1 sociology--a uni=m    
process ( *ange f !  simple to !        
complex1 f ! indef9ite & un/able to !   

/able  & def9ite2 & ) ?is /atem5t1 s f> 
z x c be v]ifi$1 !  positivi/ %\ld re/  
cont5t1 seek+ no !ory1 & draw+ no       
g5]alization4 ,b1 ! m9d _c hold toge!r  
su* collect$ facts  )\t "s b9d+ !ory1   
nor ev5 obs]ve a s+le fact )\t "s       
preconception to give mean+ to its      
sugge/$ outl9es3 = :at we  really get f 
our s5ses be>s b a slight ratio to :at  
we fill 9  ) our m9d4 ,h5ce1 answ]+ to  
?is suppos$1 b f> f prov51  univ]sality 
( ,evolution z a fact1#d we h a c]ta9   
philosophy (  ,evolution :i* takes u out
 ( ! sph]e ( facts into t (  hypo!ses & 
g5]alizations1 & tries to give mean+ &  
unity to  ! positive in=mation t        
physical sci5ce has collect$ &          
classifi$2 to f9i%1 z x 71 ! sugge/$    
curves2 to fill up !  lacunae (         
obs]vation2 to ext5d to ! :ole _w :at is
 kn[n (  ! "p2 & p]haps to erect into a 
cause :at is only an ord]ly  /atem5t (  
facts4 ,und\bt$ly x is ?is la/ fallacy t
 makes x  m easy = evolutioni/s to      
disp5se ) or ignore f9ality4 ,law 9  its

 fir/ s5se is an expression ( effectual 
human w4 ,call ,evolution  a law & !    
popul> m9d w soon vaguely conceive x z a
 rule or  uni=mity result+ f "s k9d (   
unconsci\s w-p[] at !  back ( ev]y?+2 & 
?is ,w-,p[] /ops ! gap creat$ 9 our     
?\ght by ! exclusion ( !ism & f9ality4  
,?is confusion is  fur!r$ /ill m by n   
di/+ui%+ betwe5 ! cause ( a fact  & !   
cause ( our k ( ! fact4 ,if ,i act 9    
will+  con=mity ) ! civil law1 ,i also  
act 9 ob$i5ce to x1 9 "s  way co]c$ by  
its au?ority & its sanctions4 ,! law is 
really a  cause ( my action2 because x  
repres5ts ! fix$ w & effectual  p[] ( ! 
rul]4 ,b :5 ?is conception & "n is      
transf]r$ by  analogy to physical       
uni=mities ( action1 an ev5t :i* con=ms 
to  ! obs]v$ law or regul>ity ( sequ5ce1
 is n really caus$ by !  law unless we  
suppose t law to be repres5tative (     
some?+  equival5t to a fix$ w f :i* x   
orig9ates4 ,yet we say loosely1  su* an 
ev5t happ5s 9 consequ5ce ( ! law (      
attraction2 mean+  only1 9 con=mity ) ! 

law1 s z to v]ify ! law1 to foll[  f x  
logically4 ,?us aga9 ! law comes to be  
mi/ak5 = an  effectual p[] ( "s k9d1    
:]eas x is m]ely a sort ( regul>ity  t  
might result ei!r f an intellig5t w or f
 some?+  equival5t4 ,b 9 ?us adroitly   
slipp+-9 ! conception ( a  gov]n+ =ce or
 t5d5cy1 or ev5 9 op5ly ass]t+ x1 )     
,s*op5hau] or ,h>tmann1 & 9 expla9+ !   
graduat$ resemblances  ( species by !   
orig9 ( "o f ! o!r1 & 9 ext5d+ ?is  mode
 ( ,evolution 9 all directions f ! kn[n 
to ! unkn[n s z  to make x p]vade !     
univ]se1 we at once cease to be fai?ful 
positivi/s &1 becom+ philosoph]s1 mu/   
submit to philosophic  criticism1 s9ce  
^! problems _c be settl$ m]ely by an    
appeal to  facts4 ,?us :5 ,pr(essor     
,miv>t speaks ( ,evolution z ! cont9u\s 
progress ( ! mat]ial univ]se by !       
unfold+ ( lat5t  pot5tialities 9 h>mony 
) a preorda9$ end1 ! lat5t              
pot5tialities1 ! preorda9$ end1 !       
procession ( "o species f  ano!r1 !     
ext5sion ( ?is law to e diff]5ce ( "t & 

place--all are matt]s ( hypo!sis or     
intuition2 b by no means (  ext]ior     
obs]vation4    ,! mo/ t obs]vation gives
 u is ! v imp]fect sugge/ion (  ! track 
t su* a movem5t w\ld h left beh9d x1 n  
unlike !  scraps t boys litt] along !   
road 9 a pap]-*ase4 ,simil>ly1 if  9 !  
case ( organic ,evolution we d5y all    
lat5t pot5tialities &  preorda9$ ends & 
?r[ ! :ole burd5 on accid5tal v>iations 
&  natural selection2 if we reg>d ! :ole
 process z no m intellig5t  or design$  
?an t by :i* wat] seeks & f9ds its own  
level2 yet  z 9 ! case ( wat] we mu/    
p]=ce introduce a gravitat+  t5d5cy1 s 9
 ! case ( liv+ organisms a p]si/+ or    
/ruggl+ t5d5cy1 z an hypo!sis to give   
unity to our facts or to  acc\nt = _!   
uni=mity4 ,b ^! t5d5cies are z little   
matt]  ( obs]vation z ! a=esaid lat5t   
pot5tialities or preorda9$  ends4 ,9    
f9e1 ,evolution1 :atev] =m x take1 gets 
rid ( !ism &  f9ality only by slipp+    
into _! place "s t5d5cy or indef9able   
p[] :i* x consid]s adequate to acc\nt = 

! facts to be  expla9$4    ,let u n[ see
 if !re be room 9 ?is philosophy = our  
argum5t f  adaptability1 & :e!r x w all[
 u to inf] t because belief  9 !ism & 9 
future retribution are beliefs po/ulat$ 
by our high]  moral aspirations1 !re=e  
!y answ] to reality m or less           
approximately2 :e!r1 9 %ort1 "u c]ta9   
conditions 7specifi$ 9  our la/ essay7 !
 wi% to believe may be a valid reason = 
believ+4    ,n[ ,evolution z a          
philosophy or explanatory hypo!sis owes 
its  popul>ity to its app>5t simplicity4
 ,wrapp$ 9 its wordy envelope1  ! notion
 z =mulat$ by ,sp5c] ne$s no subtilty ( 
appreh5sion1  b only a diction>y4 ,nor  
is ! ,d>w9ian !ory ( ,natural ,selection
  m difficult4    ,o!r ?+s equal1 !     
simpl] hypo!sis is to be pref]r$ to !   
less simple :]e no pro( c be _h ( ei!r4 
,b none ! less1 !  simpl] may be false &
 ! o!r true4 ,*eapness is no pro( (     
goodness4 ,we are naturally impati5t (  
tr\blesome & complex  !ories2 b :at we  
ga9 9 ! simplicity ( an hypo!sis1 we    

commonly lose 9 ! difficulty ( gett+ !  
facts to squ>e ) x4  ,x is a simple !ory
 t circul> motion is ! mo/ p]fect1 & t  
! planets be+ ! mo/ p]fect bodies mu/   
move ) ! mo/  p]fect motion2 b s _m     
epicycles mu/ be introduc$ to expla9    
app>5t exceptions t ! mod]n a/ronomical 
hypo!sis1 h[ev]  m complex 9 /atem5t1 is
 on ! :ole welcom$ z a simplification4  
,s we are dispos$ to ?9k x is ) reg>d to
 ! popul> =m (  ,evolutionism4 ,its     
simplicity 9 /atem5t is m ?an cancell$  
by its  difficulty 9 application2 & at  
la/ we are driv5 to conceive x 9 a  =m  
:i* at once deprives x ( its title to   
popul>ity4 ,s f> z x  is simple x is    
fallaci\s & proves incoh]5t on clos]    
inspection1  :5 we try to translate its 
t]ms into cle> & di/9ct ideas2 b  :5 we 
get x into intelligible =m x is no      
simpl] ?an ! !i/ic  hypo!sis :i* x wants
 to displace1 except inasmu* z x        
presc9ds  f ! "q ( orig9 & la/ end4 ,b 9
 ?is1 its only  intelligible =m1 x      
leaves ! argum5t f adaptability intact1 

&  ev5 requires !ism z its rational     
complem5t4    ,?is is :at we mu/ n[     
endeav\r to %[4 ,we _c illu/rate our    
cont5tion bett] ?an f ! popul>          
simplification ( ,e?ics  introduc$ by   
,b5?am4 ,tak+ pleasure z a simple &     
ultimate notion  he affirms t our       
conduct is always det]m9$ by a balance (
  pleasure on "o side or ! o!r4 ,!      
problem ( practical e?ics is to         
con/ruct a calculus ( pleasures1 a sort 
( ready-reckon] :]eby m5  may be able to
 inve/ 9 ! mo/ pr(itable c\rse ( action4
 ,:5 we  h a h$oni/ic calculus ) its    
s5ior wrangl]s1 says ,mr4 ,ba91  we %all
 beg9 to "k :e!r society admits ( be+   
prop]ly  recon/ruct$4 #e ,x is assum$ t 
pleasures diff] only 9 quantity1  i4e41 
9 int5sity1 ext5t1 & duration1 j z w>m? 
does1 :i* may  be ( high or l[          
temp]ature2 diffus$ ov] a great] or less
 ext5t (  body2 & t1 = a %ort] or a     
long] "t4 ,on ?is assumption  pleasure  
is e bit z ma!matically measurable z is 
w>m?1 !  :ole difficulty be+ due to its 

subjective & !re=e inaccessible  nature4
 ,simple 9 /atem5t1 ?is !ory proves 9   
application  inf9itely complex1 & inde$ 
on clos] inspection breaks up into a    
m]e v]bal fallacy--z ,dr4 ,m>t9eau1     
among/ o!rs1 has %[n 9 8  ,types (      
,e?ical ,!ory4 ,= pleasure1 ?\gh "o     
simple ^w1 has  an endless v>iety (     
mean+s1 n inde$ :olly disconnect$1 b    
b\nd toge!r only by a c]ta9 k9d (       
analogy4 ,! eye1 ! e>1 !  palate1 ! m9d1
 ! he>t1 h ea* _! prop] pleasure2 :i* is
  no?+ else ?an ! resultant ( _! p]fect 
op]ation 9 response  to ! /imulus ( "s  
all-satisfy+ object--a fact :i* may be  
express$ diff]5tly by diff]5t           
philosophies1 b ) sub/antial  id5tity ( 
mean+4 ,b n till we f9d "s common       
measure = s\nd  & col\r & flav\r & ?\ght
 & affection1 w x be possible to  comp>e
 9 any h$oni/ic scales ! pleasures !y   
produce4 ,yet col\r  is to ! eye :at    
music is to ! e>2 & !re=e ! "o ^w       
pleasure is us$ n unreasonably ( bo?4   
,q simil> seems to u ! fallacy to :i*   

,evolution owes its  seem+ simplicity & 
its popul>ity4 ,! ^w exi/5ce or life    
7:i* is ! exi/5ce ( organic be+s1 ab\t  
:i* we are *iefly  conc]n$71 is tak5 z  
hav+ "o homog5e\s mean+1 l heat or      
w>m?2 ! only diff]5ce be+               
quantitative--a diff]5ce (  int5sity1 ( 
bread?1 ( duration2 n a diff]5ce ( k9d  
su* z  w\ld de/roy all common measure4  
,life is some?+ :i* we pr$icate  ( ! mo/
 div]sely organiz$ be+s1 & !re=e w\ld   
seem to be  some?+ ! same 9 all1 :i* !y 
secure 9 a div]sity ( ways4    ,?us     
,d>w9 def9es ! g5]al good or welf>e :i* 
%\ld be ! aim  ( our conduct z ! re>+ ( 
! greate/ numb] ( individuals 9  full   
heal? & vig\r ) all _! faculties p]fect2
 ^u :i* ,mr4  ,sidgwick rem>ks#f )      
ju/ice3 ,su* a r$uction ( ! notion (    
'well-be+' to 'be+' 7actual & pot5tial7 
w\ld be a mo/ important  contribution f 
! doctr9e ( ,evolution to e?ical sci5ce4
 ,b x  at lea/ conflicts 9 a v />tl+    
mann] ) ^? ord9>y  notions ( progress & 
developm5t 9 :i* x is always impli$ t   

c]ta9 =ms ( life are qualitatively      
sup]ior to o!rs1  indep5d5tly ( ! numb] 
( individuals1 pres5t or future1 9 :i*  
ea* =m is realiz$4444 ,& if we conf9e   
ourselves to human be+s1  to :om alone !
 practical side ( ! doctr9e applies1 is 
x n too  p>adoxical to ass]t t 'ris+ 9 !
 scale ( exi/5ce' means no  m ?an       
'develop+ ! capacity to exi/'8 ,a great]
 degree (  f]tility w\ld ?us become an  
excell5ce outweigh+ ! f9e/ moral  &     
intellectual end[m5ts2 & "s semi-b>b>\s 
races mu/ be held  to h atta9$ ! end (  
human exi/5ce m ?an "s ( !  pione]s &   
patt]ns ( civilization4 ,nor is x only 9
 ! region (  e?ics b 9 e region t ?is   
false simplification is f]tile 9        
p>adoxes2 & yet if x be dis[n$1 ! *>m to
 :i* ,evolution owes  its popul>ity is  
gone4    ,x w\ld be inde$ a %ort cut to 
k if we might believe life to  be1 z ?is
 !ory imag9es x1 a simple1 self-diffus+ 
=ce ) an  irrepressible t5d5cy to spread
 itself 9 all directions1 l fire 9  a   
prairie4 ,true we %\ld n h altoge!r got 

rid ( innate  t5d5cies1 b we %\ld h     
r$uc$ !m to "o1 namely1 to !  /ruggl+1  
or p]si/+1 or self-ass]t+ t5d5cy2 a     
simplification  l t (f]$ by !           
matt]-&-=ce !ory ( ,bu*n]4    ,?is flame
 ( life once k9dl$ 7we are told7        
endeav\rs to subdue all  ?+s to itself1 
& all t we f9d 9 ! way ( v>iety (       
organic  /ructure & function has be5    
%ap$ & det]m9$ by its  /ruggle--mu* z a 
riv] *annels a way = its wat]s 9 virtue 
( its  own onw>d =ce1 *eck$ & det]m9$ by
 ! nature ( ! ob/acles  x has to        
enc\nt]4 ,e organism is relat$ to life z
 !  c&le/ick to ! c&le2 x is simply a   
device = support+ &  spread+ z mu* life 
z is possible ) ! surr\nd+ conditions4  
,(t51 :5 conditions are fav\rable1 !    
simple/ contrivance w be  m effectual1 m
 life-produc+ ?an ! mo/ complex 9 less  
fav\rable conditions4 ,:]e food is n    
pres5t ! animal t c  move ab\t 9 se>* ( 
x w survive1 & ! /ation>y animal  p]i%2 
& likewise ^? t c escape _! foes w live 
d[n  ^? root$ 9 "o spot4 ,& if to motion

 we add p]ception &  intellig5ce1 &     
associative in/9cts & ! re/1 we increase
 !  appliances = deal+ ) difficulties2 &
 !re) ! means (  survival :5 su*        
difficulties exi/4 ,/ill1 9 ! hypo!sis  
we are  deal+ )1 all ^!                 
contrivances--movem5t1 consci\sness1    
intellig5ce1 w1 society--are di/9ct f   
life & m9i/]ial to  x2 !y are in/rum5ts 
by :i* x is pres]v$1 increas$1 &        
multipli$--l ^? contrivances by :i* heat
 or electricity is  g5]at$1 su/a9$1 &   
transmitt$2 ) ?is diff]5ce1 t no "o  has
 design$ ^! life-ma*9es1 b !y are simply
 ! result (  life's innate t5d5cy to    
/ruggle & spread4 ,a great deal ( ! =m  
& movem5t ( ! inorganic _w is due simply
 to ! /ress (  gravitation & n to       
design1 & s we are ask$ to believe t !  
human & e o!r organism has be5 %ap$ &   
quick5$ by !  action ( z bl9d a p[]2 t x
 is 9 "s s5se a casual result4    ,n[ if
 see+ & he>+ & ?9k+ d n con/itute life1 
b are  only *ance discov]ies helpful to 
life2 if we d n live 9 ord] to  eat & to

 see & to ?9k1 b only ?9k1 see1 & eat 9 
ord] to  live1 we ask ourselves1 :at !n 
is ?is life :i* is none ( ^!  ?+s & to  
:i* !y are all subord9ate8 ,& :5 once we
 beg9  subtract+ ^? functions :i* m9i/] 
to life & :i* life has  select$ = its   
own s]vice1 we f9d !re is absolutely    
no?+ left  to s]ve4 ,tak+ ! v e>lie/    
=ms1 if we subtract movem5t1  nutrition1
 gr[?1 g5]ation1 we f9d !re is no?+ ov] 
call$  life di/9ct f ^!4 ,?is is ! fir/ 
& fundam5tal  incoh]5ce ( ! !ory2 life  
has simply no mean+ ap>t f ^?  functions
 :i* we speak ( z m9i/]+ to life2 unless
 we mean by  life ! m]e coh]+ toge!r ( !
 bodily organism--an end m  effectually 
secur$ )\t any su* complex app>atus1 by 
a /one or by  an elem5t>y atom4    ,if  
exi/5ce 9 t s5se1 be ! =ce or pr9ciple  
^: p]si/5ce  & self-ass]tion is ! cause 
( all evolution1 x is impossible to     
conceive h[ primordial atoms1 :i* are   
assum$ to be inde/ructible  & con/ant 9 
quantity1 %\ld tr\ble !mselves to       
/ruggle at all2  s9ce ! am\nt ( t k9d ( 

exi/5ce c nei!r be less5$ nor  increas$4
 ,& z motion is also assum$ to be a     
con/ant quantity1 x  is pla9 t :at      
/ruggles to be & to multiply1 mu/ be "s 
special  collocation & gr\p+ ( atoms )  
"s correspond+ly p>ticul>  det]m9ation (
 motion1 call$ life2 b :at life is1 ap>t
 f  ! means x is suppos$ to h select$ = 
itself1 does n appe>4    ,ano!r         
difficulty att5dant on ?is false        
simplification is !  complete subv]sion 
( t scale ( dignity or excell5ce ^u :i* 
we  range ! v>i\s k9ds ( liv+ creatures1
 putt+ ourselves at !  top--n m]ely 9   
ob$i5ce to a p>donable vanity1 b1 z has 
hi!rto be5 suppos$1 9 ob$i5ce to a      
tru/wor?y intuition :i*1  )\t attempt+  
to apply a common measure to ?+s        
incomm5surable1  judges life to be high]
 ?an dea?2 consci\sness ?an             
unconsci\sness2  m9d ?an m]e s5sation2 &
 9 g5]al1 :at includes & surpasses1  ?an
 :at is includ$ & surpass$4 ,we see t ! 
organic _w  presupposes ! m9i/ry ( !    
inorganic2 & ! animal _w1 t (  ! plant  

_w2 & t ! human _w dep5ds on ! m9i/ry ( 
all  ?ree2 & our :ole conception ( ?is  
_w z cosmos is simply !  fill+ 9 ( ?is  
hi]>*ic framework4 ,yet ?is old /ructure
 falls to  pieces "u ! new              
simplification4 ,if life 7z vaguely     
conceiv$7 be  ! fir/ beg9n+ & ! la/ end 
7or r result7 ( ! :ole  process (       
evolution1 if x be ! summum bonum1 !n ! 
highe/  creature means1 ! mo/           
life-produc+4    ,n[ if we put money    
in/ead ( life1 & beg9 to classify m5 by 
?is /&>d1 we see h[ x inv]ts ! old-_w   
ideas ( social  hi]>*y4 ,true x is1 !   
man ( lett]s or ( high arti/ic gifts  c 
produce a c]ta9 am\nt ( money1 b has    
little *ance aga9/  ! inv5tor ( a new   
soap or a pat5t pill4 ,hone/y at once   
becomes  ! wor/ policy1 & a ?\s& o!r    
maxims h to be re=m$4 ,yet  ?is is a    
trifl+ b\le-v]sem5t comp>$ ) t :i* w\ld 
h to be introduc$ into our sci5tific    
classification 7  life-productivity 79 !
 vague7 tak5 z ! crit]ion ( excell5ce4  
,= we _c any long] det]m9e ! rank ( an  

animal by its organic  complexity1 s9ce1
 cet]is p>ibus1 ?is is a defect r ?an   
o!rwise4    ,to secure life m simply is 
bett] ?an to secure ! same am\nt by     
means ( complex app>atus4 ,( c\rse :5 ! 
fav\r+ conditions are  alt]$1 !n any    
app>atus t makes life /ill possible is  
an  advantage2 b till t crisis arises x 
is only an encumbrance4 ,:5  life c be  
secur$ only at ! co/ ( great] lab\r &   
ex]tion &  cunn+1 x is well to be       
capable ( ^! ?+s1 b surely ^?  animals  
are m to be envi$ t h no ne$ ( ^! ?+s4  
,x is  only on ! hypo!sis ( an unk9dly  
environm5t t complexity (  organization 
is an excell5ce4    ,fur!rmore1 al?\gh  
^! accid5tal v>iations all[ c]ta9       
creatures to survive 9 crises (         
difficulty1 yet !y also make !          
conditions ( _! survival m complicat$ & 
h>d to secure4 ,all  t diff]5tiates man 
f an amoeba has enabl$ him to get safe  
?r\gh c]ta9 /raits :]e ! l[] =ms ( life 
7 left beh9d  to p]i%2 b x has also made
 x impossible = him to live 9 !  simpl] 

conditions he has escap$ f2 l a p>v5u ^:
 luxuri\s  habits h gradually creat$ a  
numb] ( new necessities = him1 :i*  make
 a return to 8 orig9al pov]ty & h>d%ips 
q impracticable4  ,if ! developm5t (    
lungs has all[$ animals to come out ( ! 
wat]  into ! air1 x has also prev5t$ _! 
go+ back aga94 ,fur!rmore1  a           
consid]able am\nt ( vital en]gy is      
consum$ 9 ! production1  support1 &     
repair ( all ?is supplem5t>y1           
life-pres]v+  app>atus2 j z1 mu* ( !    
national weal? = ^: protection  !y exi/ 
is absorb$ by a /&+ army & o!r milit>y  
prep>ations4 ,& 9 fact ( two c\ntries   
o!rwise equal 9 weal?1  t is surely !   
bett] (f :i* has no ne$ ( be+ ?us arm$  
up  to ! tee?4 ,?us man's sup]ior       
organization may be comp>$ to !  ov]coat
 & umbrella ) :i* "o sets out on a      
?reat5+ morn+2  v desirable %\ld x ra91 
b a great nuisance %\ld x cle> up4    ,x
 seems1 !n1 t ! highe/ organism is t :i*
 produces or  secures ! greate/ quantity
 ( life 9 ! simple/ mann]1 & at !  co/ (

 ! lea/ complexity ( /ructure &         
function2 :ile ! l[e/  is t :i* yields !
 lea/ quantity at ! greate/ co/2 &      
betwe5 ^! two extremes organisms w be   
rank$ by ! ratio (  _! complexity to _! 
life-productivity--life be+ measur$     
ma!matically 7z some?+ homog5e\s7 by its
 vig\r1 by its  duration1 & by ! am\nt (
 matt] animat$1 :e!r 9 !  individual or 
9 its prog5y4 ,x is obvi\s h[1 at ?is   
rate1 our  zoological hi]>*y is turn$   
topsy-turvy2 & h[ difficult x w be  to  
%[ t man is a bett] life-ma*9e ?an1 say1
 a mud-turtle )  its c5turies ( vital   
exi/5ce4    ,x w\ld be a mon/r\s        
allegation to say t any evolutioni/ w\ld
  def5d ^! conclusions 9 all _! crudity2
 b is only by ?us  pu%+ impli$ pr9ciples
 to _! results1 t _! incoh]5ce c  be    
made pla94 ,once m1 if ?is simple uni=m 
?+ call$ life be  ! sole cause1 det]m9+ 
organic ,evolution & select+ accid5tal  
v>iations1 j 9 s f> z !y fav\r its own  
ma9t5ance &  multiplication1 !n e organ1
 appliance1 & faculty by :i* man  diff]s

 f ! simple/ biopla/1 is m]ely a        
life-pres]v+  contrivance4 ,to speak    
human-wise1 ,nature 9 t case has b "o   
end--animal life2 & *ooses e means      
solely ) a view to t  end4 ,%e does n   
c>e ab\t pa9 or pleasure1 or            
consci\sness1 or  k1 or tru?1 or        
morality1 or society1 or sci5ce1 or     
religion1  = _! own sakes2 %e c>es =    
life only1 & = ^! s f>  z--l horns &    
tee? & claws--!y are conducive to life4 
,evolution !re=e is gov]n$ by a bl9d    
non-moral pr9ciple--z bl9d  & ru?less z 
gravitation4 ,?is be+ s1 ! m9d is = !   
sake (  ! body1 & n conv]sely4          
,evolution is n mak+ = tru? &           
righte\sness z = great] or ev5 z =      
co-ord9ate ends2 b simply  = life1 to   
:i* sometimes tru? & righte\sness1 b j z
 (t5  illusion & selfi%ness1 are means4 
,!re is no?+ !re=e 9 ?is  process (     
,nature to make u tru/ t our m9d really 
makes = tru?  z su*1 or t x has any     
ess5tial t5d5cy to great] correspond5ce 
) reality1 beyond :at subs]ves to full] 

animal exi/5ce4 ,! fact  t a c]ta9      
belief makes animal life possible is no 
pro( ( its  tru?1 b only ( its exp$i5cy4
 ,! ext5t to :i* _m pleasures  dep5d on 
illusion is prov]bial2 & pleasure is    
almo/ ! note (  vital vig\r1 accord+ to 
?is philosophy4    ,pla9ly1 our argum5t 
f ! adaptability ( a belief to man's    
high]  moral ne$s1 vani%es into ?9 air z
 soon z ! key to ! ord] (  nature is ?us
 s\ght 9 a bl9d non-moral t5d5cy1 & :5 t
 :i*  is l[e/ is put at ! top1 & ev]y?+ 
above x made to m9i/] to  x4    ,b !n x 
is n only ?is p>ticul> argum5t t p]i%es1
 b all  possibility ( argu+ at all1 all 
fai? 9 our m5tal faculties1 except  s f>
 z !y m9i/] to ! f9d+ ( food & !        
propagation (  life4 ,?us ! v attempt to
 prove su* a sy/em ( ,evolution is a    
contradiction1 s9ce x cuts away all     
basis ( pro(4 ,on ?is ,i ne$ n  dwell   
long]1 s9ce x has be5 work$ out s fully 
& cle>ly by  o!rs4 ,we get rid ( !      
argum5t f adaptability1 by a conception 
(  ! ord] ( ,nature t r$uces u to m5tal 

& moral *aos4    ,9 its semblance (     
simplicity ?is =m (                     
,evolution-philosophy %[s  itself k9 to 
^? o!r old-_w attempts to disp5se ) a   
gov]n+ m9d1 & to educe ! exi/+ cosmos f 
! bl9d /rife  ( primordial atoms4 ,x has
 inde$ a m plausible basis1 see+ h[  _m 
?+s1 too quickly attribut$ to design 9 a
 !ological age1 c  really be expla9$ by 
! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,b 9 try+ to make  
an occasional & p>tial cause univ]sal & 
ultimate1 x has  und]tak5 ! impossible  
task ( br++ ! great] out ( ! less2  :i* 
really means br++ _! diff]5ce out (     
no?+--& ?is is  creation ) ! ,fir/      
,cause left out2 t is1 spontane\s       
creation4  ,x is f fir/ to la/ an       
aggregation !ory1 & has to face !       
insupportable burd5s :i* su* a !ory br+s
 ) x4 ,haunt$ by a  false analogy drawn 
f ! political organism ^: memb]s are    
intellig5t & self-directive1 & :o put   
!mselves "u an  intellig5t gov]nm5t to  
be m>%all$ & direct$ to "o common       
end--haunt$ by ?is an?ropomorphic       

conception1 x tries to expla9 h[        
indep5d5t & inde/ructible units1 void ( 
all intellig5ce1 come  toge!r into      
polities ) no assignable gov]nm5t2 & h[ 
^!  gr\ps or polities1 :i* are no?+     
sep>ate f ! sum ( _!  compon5ts1 are    
aggregat$ to "o ano!r 9 l mann]2 until  
at la/  we come to ! highe/ organism1   
:i* aga9 is only ! sum ( its  ultimate  
atoms1 & its activity ! sum ( _!        
activities--! :ole  di/9ction betwe5    
highe/ & l[e/ organism be+ su* z exi/s  
betwe5 a society ( two & a highly       
complex civiliz$ /ate4 ,& all  ?is      
political life is ! spontane\s "w (     
un9tellig5t units2 t  is to say1 we h   
results exce$+ ! highe/ ev] atta9$ by   
human  intellig5ce1 long be=e           
intellig5ce or s5ti5ce has yet be5      
evolv$4    ,nobody w c>e to support     
,pang5esis z a !ory ( g5]ation4 ,to     
suppose t !re is a my/]i\s p[] :i*      
breaks a little fraction  (f ea* ( !    
biopla/s ( :i* we are ass]t$ to be !    
sum2 t  hav+ collect$ ^! fractions x    

arranges !m all 9 ! "r ord]  )9 !       
compass ( a s+le g]m1 & f t g]m         
reproduces !  p>5t organism1 is an      
hypo!sis comp>$ ) :i* ! creation (  ! _w
 9 its entirety six ?\s& ye>s ago1      
includ+ ! fossils  & rema9s ( aeonian   
civilizations1 is lucid & intelligible4 
,?is is  no hyp]bole4 ,= if once we all[
 creation at all1 ! creation ( !  _w at 
any /age ( ,evolution is j z conceivable
 z ! creation  ( primordial atoms4 ,if  
any liv+ ?+ 7 n[ creat$ 7e4g41 a  gra9 (
 corn or a full e>7 x w\ld be> 9 itself 
! app>5t  evid5ce ( hav+ gr[n to its    
pres5t /ate ab ovo2 or ! ovum  itself   
w\ld seem to gr\nd a simil> false       
inf]5ce ( hav+ come  f a p>5t4 ,/range z
 su* an idea may be1 x is easy &        
pellucid  comp>$ ) ! hypo!sis (         
,pang5esis--/ill m :5 we rememb]  t ?is 
complex g]m1 :i* is a lion or a horse 9 
small--itself !  elaboration ( aeons (  
,evolution--c replicate itself ) ease & 
rapidity1 reproduc+ 9 adjac5t pabulum a 
cosmos :i* diff]s 9  degree1 n 9 k9d1 f 

t describ$ 9 ! /ory ( ! ,six ,days4     
,yet ! m we look into x1 ! m cle> is x t
 ,pang5esis 7&  n ,pol>ig5esis or       
,p]ig5esis7 is ! inevitable outcome ( ! 
aggregation-!ory ( life4    ,& !re=e to 
return to our =m] ass]tion1 :atev] we   
seem to  ga9 9 simplicity ( /atem5t by  
?is =m ( ! ,evolution !ory1 we  pay =   
de>ly :5 we come to its application2 nay
 m1 z soon z we  attempt to translate ! 
words into cle> & di/9ct ideas1 we are  
left ) no?+ coh]5t t ! m9d c get hold (2
 & x is only  at ?is price t we c cut   
away ! basis ( ! argum5t f              
adaptability1 & ) x ! basis ( all reason
 & morality4 ,we mu/  !re=e g on to     
exam9e if !re be any alt]native =m ( !  
same  philosophy m be>able4    ,i h     
=borne all criticism ( ! suppos$ facts  
on :i* ,evolution  is bas$2 z o!rs h    
dealt frequ5tly ) _! v>i\s weaknesses4  
,nor d ,i ?9k x necess>y to deal ) !    
extravagant subord9ate  hypo!ses by aid 
( :i* facts are =c$ "u ! ma9 hypo!sis1  
e4g41 ^? :i* expla9 h[ ! horse grew out 

( ! hipp>ion4 ,!  crude/ f9ali/s h be5  
ev]y:]e out-/ripp$ by ,evolutioni/s 9   
dextr\s application ( ! argum5t a posse 
ad esse4      ,,iii4    ,assum+ /ill t !
 facts collect$ & arrang$ by exp]im5tal 
sci5ce 9 fav\r ( ! hypo!sis are su* z to
 dem& "s k9d (  ,evolution-philosophy2  
assum+ t ! v imp]fect s]ial             
classification ( liv+ ?+s accord+ to _! 
degree ( organic  def9it5ess1 coh]5ce1 &
 het]og5eity n m]ely repres5ts a  v>iety
 :i* has always coexi/$ s9ce life 0     
possible on ?is  e>?1 b r traces out or 
h9ts at ! g5etic process by :i*  ?is    
v>iety has be5 produc$1 let u see if !re
 be any o!r  gov]n+ pr9ciple direct+ !  
process1 m intelligible ?an !  p]si/5ce 
( t m]e organic life :i* _c ev5 be ?\ght
 ( z  di/9ct f ^? appliances & functions
 :i* x is suppos$ to  h evolv$ = its own
 s]vice by natural selection4    ,let u 
admit1 :at is really evid5t1 t life is  
no?+ di/9ct f  ! sum ( ^? functions :i* 
m9i/] to ! pres]vation ( life2  & t     
!re=e x is n ! same ?+ 9 a man & 9 a    

mud-turtle4 ,man's sup]ior faculties are
 n m]ely a m complicat$  ma*9]y =       
produc+ an id5tical effect :i* !        
mud-turtle  produces m simply &         
abundantly1 b r by _! v play  con/itute 
an entirely diff]5t & high] k9d ( life4 
,:5 ,hume1  9 8 ,treatise on ,human     
,nature1 says3 ,reason is & ought to be 
!  slave ( ! passions & c nev] pret5d to
 any o!r (fice ?an to  s]ve & obey !m1  
he implies t ! ex]cise ( reason is no   
con/itu5t factor ( human life1 b some?+ 
outside x1 subord9ate  to x1 :]eas t    
life itself consi/s 9 passion1 or       
pleasurable  s5sation1 ( :i* man1 9     
virtue ( 8 reason & o!r advantages1     
secures m ?an d 8 fell[-animals4 ,?is is
 j ! conception (  life :i* we h se5 to 
be incoh]5t on close inspection2 & if x 
be s1 !n ! evolution>y process is a     
/ruggle n = b>e life or  exi/5ce1 b = ! 
preval5ce ( ! high] k9ds ( life &       
exi/5ce2 & intellig5ce & morality are n 
only co-op]ative z  in/rum5ts 9 ma9ta9+ 
& ext5d+ human life1 b are !mselves  !  

pr9cipal elem5ts ( t complex life4      
,true1 ! m9d does  m9i/] to ! body &    
pres]ve x2 b /ill m does ! body  m9i/]  
to ! m9d2 or r1 ea* m9i/]s to t :ole 9  
:i*  ! play ( ! m9d is ! pr9cipal       
function & ! play ( ! body  subord9ate4 
,if1 !n1 we hold to ! v]dict ( our      
common s5se1 &  reg>d our m5tal life n z
 subord9ate to our s5sitive & vegetal   
life1 b z co-ord9ate & ev5 sup]ior1 we  
mu/ 7s to speak7 view  x z no less = its
 own sake1 z no less an end 9 itself ?an
  !y are1 b r mu* m2 we mu/ reg>d       
evolution z mak+ =  ! life ( tru? & !   
life ( righte\sness ev5 m pr9cipally    
?an = b>e exi/5ce or animal vitality4 ,x
 is n[ no long] m]e  life t tries to    
ass]t itself1 & 9 ! /ruggle %apes ?+s to
  :at !y are2 b x is ! v highe/ k9d (   
life1 t is try+  to come to ! bir?4     
,nature inh]5tly t5ds to ! high] ?r\gh !
  l[] =ms ( life1 & ^! m9i/] to ! high] 
& receive 9  return f !m ! means ( a yet
 m efficaci\s m9i/ry4    ,9 ?is         
conception1 e function ( ! organism has 

two aspects1  "u "o ( :i* x is its own  
end & exi/s = its own sake z an  elem5t 
( ! life ( ! :ole2 "u ! o!r x is        
m9i/]ial1  s]v+ o!r functions above &   
bel[ x1 z x 9 return is s]v$ by  !m4    
,correspond5ce ) ! environm5t is1       
simil>ly1 n m]ely a  condition ( life1 b
 also t :]e9 vitality pr9cipally        
consi/s4  ,liv+ is spontane\s           
self-adaptation to surr\nd+ reality1    
tak5 9  ! v wide/ s5se4 ,! m div]se &   
multi=m ?is adaptability1  ! full] &    
high] is ! life2 & ?us our ord9>y       
common-s5se  classifications are        
ju/ifi$4 ,ea* new manife/ation ( life   
means "s  new correspond5ce ) surr\nd+  
reality z we piss f m]e  vegetation1 &  
!n add local movem5t1 & "o s5se aft]    
ano!r1  till we come f9ally to          
intellig5ce & ! life ( reason &  "r-do+1
 :i* aga91 consi/s 9 self-con=mation to 
?+s z  !y really are4 ,9 all ?is we are 
9 agreem5t ) common s5se &  common      
language1 :i* id5tify ! fulle/ life ) ! 
fulle/  activity2 all activity be+ ( !  

nature ( response to /imulus1 t  is1    
correspond5ce to reality4 ,z soon z     
consci\sness sup]v5es on  ! l[] =ms (   
life x is evid5t t ! pleasures ( sight1 
he>+1 ta/e1 m9d1 & affection all dep5d  
on1 & consi/ 91 !  consci\sness ( ?is   
successful accommodation ( ! subject to 
!  object2 & t all pa9 & disease is     
simply ! felt failure ( su*  adaptation4
 ,:at 0 anci5tly & v wisely call$ !     
natural  appetite ( liv+ creatures is 9 
?is view no?+ else b _!  response to !  
modify+ attraction ex]t$ ^u !m by !     
objective  ,reality :i* presses ^u !m on
 e side1 & t5ds to draw !m  into        
con=mity ) itself s f> z !y h lat5t     
capacity = su*  a correspond5ce4 ,x is !
 light t makes 7or r elicits7 sight2  & 
x is s\nd t develops ! s5se ( he>+3 & x 
is ! ideas  embodi$ 9 ,nature t call our
 intellect into play4 ,h5ce x foll[s  t1
 desire = tru? & ju/ice1 = society & =  
religion1 :i*  ass]t !mselves z         
inv>iably 9 ! s\l ( man at c]ta9 /ages (
  progress1 z ! desire = m]e life ass]ts

 itself f ! fir/1 is  simply ! felt     
result ( ! z yet unsuccessful endeav\r (
 ,nature to  draw man into a full] k9d (
 correspond5ce ) h]self4    ,?us        
conceiv$1 ! c\rse ( evolution is        
comp>able1 n z be=e1 to  ! gradual      
unveil+ ( a blank canvas1 reveal+ simply
 a great]  ext5t ( ! same appe>ance1 b  
to ! gradual unveil+ ( a picture  ^:    
full unity ( mean+ is held 9 susp5se    
till ! disclosure is  complet$4 ,we d n 
n[ int]pret ! high] by ! l[]1 b !  l[]  
by ! high]2 ! beg9n+ by ! end4 ,?is may 
seem p]il\sly  ne> to f9alism1 yet x is 
no m necess>ily s1 ?an ! process (      
photography2 we only ne$ a self-adaptive
 t5d5cy 9 life-matt]  responsive to !   
/imulat+-t5d5cy ( ! environm5t4 ,n1 (   
c\rse1 t ?is bundle ( words really      
expla9s any?+1 b t  l o!r =mulae ( !    
k9d1 x presc9ds f ! "q ( ends  & orig9s1
 by mak+ a /atem5t ( :at happ5s s]ve z a
 cause (  :at happ5s1 & call+ x a ,law  
or a ,t5d5cy1 or a ,lat5t               
,pot5tiality--?us fill+ ! gap :i* m]e   

agno/icism creates 9 our  ?\ght4    ,)  
?is conception ( ,evolution our ord9>y  
e/imates ( high] &  l[] are sav$2 also !
 value ( our m5tal processes ^u :i*     
re/s :atev] pro( ! !ory may admit (2    
:ile ! argum5t f  adaptability is       
provid$ ) a firm basis indep5d5t (      
f9ality4 ,all  our natural1 z oppos$ to 
our p]sonal & self-det]m9$ appetites  or
 crav+s1--^? :i* are1 s to say1         
con/itutional & insep>able  f our nature
 9 c]ta9 conditions1 are evid5ce ( !    
influ5ce (  "s reality outside u seek+  
to draw u into m p]fect  correspond5ce )
 itself1 & ^: nature c be m or less     
dimly  conjectur$ f ! nature ( ^?       
crav+s4 ,:at are call$ natural          
religions repres5t man's self-devis$    
attempts to expla9 ! reality  answ]+ to 
8 religi\s & moral crav+s4 ,revelation  
is b a  div9e int]pretation ( ! same2 z 
?\gh "o ) dim vision 7 to  supplem5t 8  
defect by ! te/imony ( ano!r m          
cle>-sight$4    ,x may be practically   
admitt$ t no philosophy all[s ( /rict   

demon/ration1 s9ce1 be+ a conception ( !
 totality ( ?+s1 x  modifies our und]/&+
 ( e pr9ciple by :i* "o might attempt   
to prove or disprove x4 ,ev5tually x is 
its h>mony ) ! totality  ( ?+s z we     
p]ceive !m t det]m9es u to accept x1 &  
no  two ( u p]ceive j ! same totality1  
h[ev] sub/antial an  agreem5t !re may be
 9 our exp]i5ce2 yet ,i ?9k x c h>dly be
  d5i$ t ?is conception ( evolution is  
f> m 9 agreem5t )  ! _w z mo/ ( u "k x1 
& commonly ?9k & speak ( x1  ?an ! =m]2 
t x n m]ely satisfies our intellect1 b  
(f]s  "s satisfaction to our :ole       
spiritual nature4 ,is x c]ta91 asks     
,mr4 ,bradley1 9 a fairly simil>        
connection1 t ! m]e intellect  c be     
self-satisfi$ if ! o!r elem5ts ( our    
nature rema9  uncont5t$8 ,&1 aga93 ,a   
result1 if x fails to satisfy our :ole  
nature1 comes %ort ( p]fection3 & ,i    
c\ld n re/ tranquilly 9 a  tru? if ,i 7 
compell$ to reg>d x z hateful4444 ,i    
%\ld insi/  t ! inquiry 0 n yet clos$ & 
t ! result 0 b p>tial4  ,& if           

metaphysics = :i* we may sub/itute3 any 
philosophy1 su*  a t ( ,evolution is to 
/&1 x mu/1 ,i ?9k1 take acc\nt (  all   
sides ( our be+4 ,i d n mean t e "o (   
our desires mu/  be met by a promise (  
p>ticul> satisfaction2 = t w\ld be      
absurd  & utt]ly impossible4 ,b if ! ma9
 t5d5cies ( our nature d n  rea*        
consummation 9 ! ,absolute1 we _c       
believe t we h  atta9$ to p]fection &   
tru?4#g ,f ?is po9t ( view !re c  be no 
d\bt z to :i* ( ^! conceptions (        
,evolution is ! m  rational &           
satisfactory2 t :i* w\ld expla9 x by a  
simple  t5d5cy 9 liv+ matt] to p]si/ &  
spread1 & w\ld see 9 all  organic v>iety
 only ! select$ means to t some:at      
col\rless end2  or t conception :i* w\ld
 expla9 x by a t5d5cy 9 liv+ matt]  to  
come into ev] full] correspond5ce ) its 
environm5t1 see+ 9  su* spontane\s      
correspond5ce ! v ess5ce ( life1 & n    
m]ely  a condition ( life4    ,we ne$   
only add a few criticisms on ?is second 
conception4    #a4 ,x is true t e       

creature /ruggles m int5sely &          
vigor\sly = ! l[] k9d ( life1 or = m]e  
life1 z we might  say1 ?an = any ( ^?   
?+s :i* alone w\ld seem to make life    
wor? ! hav+4 ,b ?is only means t to live
 at all is ! mo/  fundam5tal condition (
 liv+ well & fully & enjoyably4 ,! high]
  life _c /& )\t ! l[]1 :i* x includes1 
b ! l[] is  n !re=e ! bett]1 nor is x ! 
end = ^: sake ! high] is  desirable2 b  
conv]sely4 ,n until m5 h got bread en\gh
 to eat  w !y h leisure or en]gy to sp>e
 = ! animal grades (  vitality4 ,:5 !   
means ( bodily subsi/5ce gr[ sc>ce1 !n !
  faculties t 7 previ\sly set free to   
seek ! bread ( a high]  & full] life are
 div]t$ to ! /ruggle = b>e animal       
exi/5ce1  & progress is ?r[n back2 b :5 
!re is abundance = all1  secur$ by !    
lab\r ( a few f :om ! rema9d] c buy1 !n 
full] life becomes once m possible = t  
rema9d]4 ,! /ruggle  = bodily food gives
 an advantage to1 & selects naturally1  
^?  m5tal & o!r p[]s :i* facilitate its 
atta9m5t2 b j z man  does n only eat &  

lab\r 9 ord] to live1 b also 7h[ev] x   
may  %ock conv5tional e?ics7 lives 9    
ord] to eat & lab\r2 s ! new  en]gies   
call$ =? by competition d n m]ely secure
 t grade (  life 9 ^: int]e/s !y are    
evok$ & p]fect$1 b ext5d !  sph]e (     
vitality1 9 s mu* z _! own play adds a  
new elem5t to  life & gives x a new =m4 
,! "p play$ by /ruggle & competition 9  
?is process ( ,evolution  is naturally  
exagg]at$ by ^? :o d5y any lat5t t5d5cy 
o!r  ?an t ( m]e p]si/5ce 9 be+2 :o     
repudiate an int]nal  expansiv5ess t[>ds
 full] k9ds ( exi/5ce1 drawn out or     
*eck$ by  ! environm5t4    ,competition 
plays a prom95t "p :5 !re is "q ( ! l[] 
grades ( life1 9 s f> z ^! dep5d on a   
pabulum t is limit$  9 quantity4 ,9 su* 
cases competition1 )9 c]ta9 limits1 w   
secure ! br++-out ( lat5t p[]s by :i* ! 
l[] level (  life is ma9ta9$ & a high]  
level ent]$ ^u2 ! l[] be+  secur$ by !  
sup]imposition ( ! high]4    ,b h[ does 
x d s8 ,n by creat+ any?+1 b by giv+ !  
victory to ^? individuals :o already 7  

ahead ( _! fell[s 9  virtue ( a full]   
developm5t ( _! nature f )92 9 cle>+  ! 
gr\nd = !m & lett+ !m increase &        
multiply4    #b4 ,aga91 we %\ld notice t
 developm5t 9 "o direction may be at  ! 
co/ ( developm5t 9 ano!r4 ,! /ruggle =  
any l[] =m (  exi/5ce ?an t already     
atta9$1 is inevitably at ! co/ ( !      
high]4 ,! degrad+ effects ( de/itution  
are prov]bial4 ,craft1  cruelty1        
selfi%ness1 & all ! vices ne$$ = success
 9 a  gladiatorial conte/ are (t5 !     
fruits ( su* competition4 ,also1        
comm]cial progress seems on ! :ole to be
 at ! exp5se ( progress  9 art & ! high]
 ta/es1 sacrific+ ev]y?+ to ! production
  ( ! greate/ possible quantity (       
mat]ial com=ts4 ,if x %>p5s  ! wits &   
s5sibilities 9 "s directions1 x blunts  
!m 9 o!rs4    ,n[1 ! fir/ s5se sugge/$  
to u 9 ^! days by ! ^w  progress1 is    
mat]ial progress--all t came 9 ) /eam2 &
 ?is  n>r[ conception vitiates mu* ( our
 reason+4 ,x is 9 ?is realm  und\bt$ly t
 competition is su* a factor ( rapid    

advance2 b we  =get t ! food ( :at ! be/
 m5 h ev] consid]$ ! be/  life1 is n    
limit$ or divisible2 b l ! light & air  
is  undim9i%$ h[ _m soev] %>e x4 ,:atev]
 advance !re has be5  9 ! life ( ! m9d &
 ( ! high] ta/es & s5sibilities1  _c    
directly be expla9$ by competition1 b   
simply by ! quiet  upw>d work+ (        
,nature's inh]5t =ces4 ,we look ) scorn 
at !  unprogressive ,ea/1 satisfi$ t !re
 c be no progress1 no life  wor? liv+1  
:]e !re is no ru% = doll>s4 ,b ,i ?9k we
 h  yet to le>n ! mean+ ( ex ,ori5te    
lux4    ,mu* ( our immorality & our     
social evil comes f ! fact t  ^? :o h   
develop$ ! faculties ( a high] grade (  
life1 seek  ! l[] z an end 9 itself1 & n
 simply s f> z x is a  condition ( !    
high] & no fur!r4 ,! ,gospel precept1 z 
usual1  enunciates only ! law ( reason &
 nature1 :5 x bids u to ,seek  fir/ !   
,k+dom ( ,god & its ju/ice1 t is1 to put
 our be/ life  9 ! front1 & to make x ! 
measure & limit ( any o!r que/4  ,!     
neglect ( ?is pr9ciple gives u high liv+

 & pla9 ?9k+1  in/ead ( high ?9k+ & pla9
 liv+2 & takes ! bread out (  ! m\?s ( !
 poor4 ,! competition = pleasures &     
luxuries &  amusem5ts1 may inde$ develop
 c]ta9 indu/ries & cause progress 9     
c]ta9 n>r[ l9es1 b x is at ! co/ ( !    
only progress wor?  ! "n4    ,! conflict
 betwe5 ?is /ruggle-!ory & e?ics has be5
 freely  ackn[l$g$ by ,pr(essor ,huxley 
& o!rs2 e attempt to educe  unselfi%ness
 f selfi%ness has fail$4 ,! moral man   
ev5 9 our day  has r a bad "t ( x2 :at  
*ance w\ld he h _h ( surviv+  to        
propagate 8 species 9 ! suppos$         
pre-moral /ates ( human  society8 ,:o c 
possibly conceive m]e rott5ness be+ cur$
 by  progress 9 rott5ness2 or a man     
dr9k+ himself into temp]ance8 ,on  ! o!r
 h&1 x is at lea/ conceivable t 9 !     
wilde/ savage  !re is "s little se$ ( a 
moral s5se--weak1 comp>$ ) !  l[e/ spr+s
 ( action1 j because x is ! highe/ &    
!re=e  only /ruggl+ into be+2 & t 9 !   
sl[ lapse ( "t ev5ts  may "h & !re prove
 t hone/y is ! be/ policy2 & t  hone/y  

once ta/$ may be f\nd n only useful =   
o!r ?+s1 b  agreeable = itself1 & may be
 *]i%$ & /r5g!n$ by social  & religi\s  
sanctions4    ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a reaction
 on foot :i* t5ds to reconcile !  brea* 
betwe5 e?ics & evolution1 by r$uc+ ! "p 
play$ by  competition )9 reasonable     
b\nds1 & mak+ x subs]vi5t to !          
survival1 n ( ! mo/ selfi%1 b ( ! mo/   
social individuals4  ,def9ite v>iations 
f )91 modifi$ betwe5 n>r[ limits by     
accid5tal v>iation f )\t1 is com+ to be 
ackn[l$g$ z !  *ief factor ( progress4  
,b we %\ld n =get t to all[ an  int]nal 
pr9ciple ( ord]ly developm5t is1 n m]ely
 to modify !  popul> evolution !ory by a
 slight concession to its adv]s>ies2 x  
is r to make x no long] ! supreme       
explanation ( developm5t1  b at mo/ a   
slight modification ( ! m my/]i\s !ory  
:i* x  0 its boa/ & m]it to h supplant$4
 ,accord+ to ,g$des &  ,fo/] & o!rs ( _!
 s*ool1 x is ! species-subs]v+          
qualities t ,nature selects2 & ^!1 9 !  
high] grades ( life1  are equival5t to !

 altrui/ic1 social1 & e?ical qualities4 
,x is  9 virtue ( ! p>5tal & mat]nal    
in/9cts ( self-sacrifice1               
self-diffusion1 self-=getfulness 9 !    
int]e/s ( ! (fspr+1  t species are      
pres]v$ & prevail4 ,selfi% egoism leads 
ev5tually  7z we see 9 "s mod]n c\ntries
 :]e laizzez-faire lib]alism  prevails7 
to social disruption1 decad5ce1 & *aos2 
& ?is is !  univ]sal law ( life 9 e     
grade4 ,at fir/ inde$ ! unit /ruggles   
to live1 = life is ! condition (        
propagation2 b ! root ( ?is  in/9ct is  
altrui/ic2 x is ! :ole ass]t+ itself 9 !
 "p2  & all self-reg>d+ in/9cts are to  
be likewise expla9$ z  subord9ate to !  
o!r-reg>d+ in/9cts4 ,z soon z ?is       
sub-ord9ation is ignor$ 9 practice1     
regress takes ! place (  progress4 ,!   
transit1 we are told1 f ! unicellul> to 
!  multicellul> organism _c be expla9$  
by individualism1 b implies  a dim9ution
 ( ! competitive1 an increase ( ! social
 &  subord9ative t5d5cy4 ,! argum5t f   
economics to biology & back  aga91 is   

said to be ne>+ exposure2 ! progress ( !
 species  ?r\gh ! int]nec9e /ruggle (   
its individuals at ! m>g9 (  subsi/5ce1 
is ! outgo+ idea4 ,yes1 & ) x goes out  
all t  made ,evolution a simple & !re=e 
popul> explanation ( ! _w2  & !re comes 
9 t organic conception ( ! process :i*  
clam\rs = !ism & f9alism z its only     
coh]5t complem5t4    #c4 ,b ?\gh        
,evolution s conceiv$ makes ! argum5t f 
adaptability1 z well z ! argum5ts =     
!ism1 /rong] r ?an  weak]2 we mu/ n %ut 
our eyes to ! difficulty creat$ by !    
fact  7too little insi/$ ^u by          
,evolutioni/s7 t !re is no solid  reason
 = ?9k+ t progress is all-p]vad+4 ,we h 
already said  t progress 9 comm]ce may  
be regress 9 art or 9 religion or 9     
morality4 ,also1 progress 9 b5evol5ce   
may co-exi/ ) regress 9  =titude &      
purity2 progress 9 "o po9t ( morality ) 
regress 9  ano!r2 progress 9 e?ical     
judgm5t ) regress 9 e?ical practice4  ,&
 9 e realm1 gr[? & decay1 life & dea?1  
seem s to  int]tw9e & oscillate t x is v

 gratuit\s to designate !  total process
 z be+ "o or ! o!r4 ,sp5c] confesses t !
  entire univ]se oscillates betwe5      
extremes ( integration &  dis9tegration4
 ,:y we %\ld consid] ! univ]se at pres5t
 to be  ris+ r ?an fall+1 wax+ r ?an    
wan+1 "o _c say4  ,! easi] presumption  
is t x is equally "o & ! o!r1 &  always 
has be54 ,ev5 7 we ra% en\gh to pron\nce
 progress to be on  ! :ole preval5t )9 !
 n>r[ field ( our own exp]i5ce1  surely 
x 7 no?+ b ! inevitable prov9cialism ( !
 human  m9d to pass p] saltum f t1 to a 
g5]alization = all  possible exp]i5ce4  
,our optimism1 our fai? t "r1 tru?1 &   
ord] w ev5tually prevail1 c f9d only a  
delusive basis 9 actual  exp]i5ce1 & mu/
 draw its life f "s deep] s\rce4    ,:y 
!n %\ld we s presume t our moral &      
religi\s ideas are  really progressive &
 n regressive1 z to reg>d _!            
int]pretation  z approximat+ to ! tru?8 
,! answ] is simply t our argum5t  f     
adaptability does n require ! assumption
 9 "q1 b only  t we %\ld be able to     

di/+ui% high] f l[] t5d5cies1           
progressive f regressive movem5ts1 )\t  
hold+ ! optimi/ic  view t on ! :ole !   
=w>d t5d5cy is at pres5t prevail+4 ,x   
is n because we live 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury 
t we consid] our  moral p]ceptions tru] 
?an ^? ( ! anci5t ,hebrews1 b because   
we at once compreh5d & transc5d _! ideas
 79 "s respects71 z  ! great] does !    
less4 ,9 _m po9ts surely ! relation is  
inv]t$ & we feel ourselves transc5d$ 7or
 may at lea/ suspect x71  by ^? :o liv$ 
or live 9 rud] conditions ?an our own4  
,david has  p]haps taught u m ?an we    
c\ld h taught him2 & !re are  o!r vices 
?an ^? prop] to semi-b>b>ism4 ,x is n by
 ref]5ce  to date or c\ntry1 or grade ( 
mat]ial progress1 t we assess !  value (
 moral judgm5ts1 b by t subjective /&>d 
) :i* our  own moral atta9m5ts supply u 
9 reg>d to all t is equal or less1      
simil> or dissimil>4 ,to d5y ?is        
disc]nm5t is to ?r[ ! doors  op5 to     
unqualifi$ scepticism2 to admit x1 is   
all t we ne$ = !  validity ( our        

inf]5ce4    #d4 ,if ,evolution is really
 ( ?is oscillatory "*2 if at all times  
mu* ! same processes h be5 go+ on 9     
diff]5t p>ts ( ?is  univ]se z n[--"o    
sy/em decay+ z ano!r is com+ into be+2  
is  x n m reasonable to imag9e 7= x is  
only a "q (  imag9+7 t ! primordial     
datum 0 n uni=m nebula1 b matt]  9 all  
/ages ( elaboration f ! highe/ to !     
l[e/--! same  sort ( result z we %\ld   
get f a cross-section at any subsequ5t  
mom5t 9 ! process8 ,:at reason is !re = 
assum+ primordial  homog5eity1 s9ce e   
backw>d /ep w\ld %[ u1 toge!r ) !       
unravell+ ( :at is n[ 9 process ( weav+1
 a c\nt]-balanc+  weav+ ( :at is n[ 9   
process ( dis9tegration8 ,7 ?is e>?     
all1 we might dream ( univ]sal advance  
by %utt+ our eyes to a great  _m        
incompatible facts2 b :5 our telescopes 
%[ u !  co-exi/5ce ( integration &      
dis9tegration ev]y:]e1 :at c we         
conclude b t 9 ! pa/ z 9 ! future1 no   
alt]ation is to be  look$ = beyond !    
%ift+ ( ! waves' cre/ f side to side (  

! sea ( matt]--! total ratio (          
depressions to elevations  rema9+       
exactly con/ant4    ,7 ! o!r view ( an  
orig9al univ]sal homog5eity correct1 h[ 
conies x t we h /ill co-exi/5t e /age ( 
advance f !  l[e/ to ! highe/1 & t !re  
is n a great] equality8--a  difficulty  
:i* does n exi/ if we suppose ?+s to h  
be5 on  ! :ole1 z !y are n[1 f ! v fir/4
 ,b :i*ev] view we  take2 :e!r we       
suppose all ?+s collectively to         
oscillate betwe5  recurr+ extremes (    
sam5ess & o!rness2 or e /age ( !  wave (
 progress f cre/ to tr\gh1 to be        
simultane\sly manife/$  9 ! univ]se at  
all times1 ! old difficulty ( ! beg9n+ w
  =ce itself ^u u4 ,a process ab aet]no 
is at lea/ z unimag9able  z ! process ( 
creation ex nihilo2 if x be n altoge!r  
inconceivable to boot4 ,& ! alt]native  
is1 ei!r a primordial /ate  ( homog5e\s 
matt] :i* conta9s ! pres5t cosmos 9 g]m1
 &  f :i* x is evolv$ )\t ! aid ( any   
environm5t--su* a g]m  claim+ a design] 
z mu* z any ready-made p]fect _w2 or    

else1 a  primordial /ate ( ?+s l t :i*  
we %\ld get at any  cross-section ( !   
secul> process1 9 :i* e /age ( life &   
dea?1 gr[? & decay1 evolution &         
involution1 is repres5t$ z  n[4 ,?is    
w\ld include fossils & rema9s ( pa/     
civilizations  :i* 79 ! hypo!sis7 w\ld  
nev] h exi/$2 & w\ld be  9 all respects 
z difficult z ! crude/ conception ( !   
creation-hypo!sis4 ,& if ?is absurdity  
drives u back to  primordial homog5eity1
 z be=e1 we mu/ rememb] t "h1 too1  ?\gh
 n s evid5tly1 we %\ld h all ! signs (  
an antec$5t  process t 0 non-exi/5t4    
,life & dea?1 corruption &  integration1
 are p>ts ( "o undulatory process4 ,cut 
! wave :]e  y w its curve claims to be  
f9i%$ 9 bo? directions &  sugge/s a be=e
 z well z an aft]4 ,if1 9 ! v nature (  
?+s1 ! p5dulum sways betwe5 confusion & 
ord]1 *aos &  cosmos1 ea* extreme       
intr9sically dem&s ! o!r1 n only z its  
consequ5t1 b z its antec$5t2 & ! fir/   
*aos1 no less ?an  any succe$+ "o1 w    
seem ! ru9 ( a previ\s cosmos4 ,!re=e   

we are driv5 back ^u a process ab aet]no
 ) e /age (  evolution always           
simultane\sly repres5t$ 9 "o "p or o!r (
  ! :ole4 ,:atev] mitigation su* a      
conception may (f]1 surely we  may be   
excus$ = /ill adh]+ to t simpl]         
explanation :i*  involves a my/]y inde$1
 b no?+ s positively un?9kable z a      
process )\t a beg9n+4    #e4 ,?is same  
conception ( a process )\t beg9n+1      
fav\rs !  notion t s9ce life 0 possible 
on our globe all species may well  h    
co-exi/$ 9 v>y+ proportions4 ,f ! sudd5 
spread (  population ?r\gh almo/        
accid5tal conditions1 we c imag9e h[    
c]ta9 species might h be5 s sc>ce z to  
leave no trace 9  geological /rata1     
:]eas ^? :i* enorm\sly prepond]at$ at ! 
same "t w\ld h done s4 ,a *ange (       
conditions might easily cause  ! =m] to 
prepond]ate1 & _! sudd5 appe>ance 9 !   
/rata  w\ld look z ?\gh !y _h !n fir/   
come into be+4 ,9 a ^w1 we  c h good    
evid5ce = ! ext9ction ( species1 b      
sc>cely any  = _! orig9ation4    ,?is   

supposition is n adv]se to ! d]ivation (
 species f a  common /ock1 b r fav\rs ! 
notion t z 9 ! case ( !  individual !   
p]iod ( pla/icity is %ort comp>$ ) t (  
morphological /ability1 s if !re 0 su*  
an arboreal bran*+ out  ( species f a   
common root1 x took place rapidly 9     
conditions z  diff]5t f ours z ^? (     
ut]9e f extra-ut]9e life2 &  t ! /age ( 
inflexibility may h be5 rea*$ be=e any  
"t (  :i* we h record4    ,b 9 tru? :5  
we see 9 ! _w ( *emical sub/ances an    
altoge!r simil> s$ation ( species :]e   
!re c be no "q (  common desc5t z its   
cause1 we may well susp5d our judgm5t   
till !  e/abli%$ facts h exclud$ ! _m   
hypo!ses o!r ?an ,evolution  by :i* !y  
may be expla9$4    ,z long z ,evolution 
claims to be no m ?an a work+ sci5tific 
hypo!sis1 l e!r or electric fluid--a    
sort ( frame or subjective  category    
into :i* obs]v$ facts are m conv5i5tly  
fitt$1 x  _c ju/ly be press$ = a        
solution ( ultimate problems2 b :5  x   
claims to be a complete philosophy & z  

su* to extrude o!r  philosophies        
previ\sly 9 possession1 x mu/ %[ t x c  
re/ !  m9d :]e !y leave x re/less2 or t 
x has prov$ _! pr(f]$  solutions        
spuri\s4 ,?is1 s f>1 x has absolutely   
fail$ to d4 ,at  mo/ x may det]m9e m    
accurately ! way 9 :i* ,god works out ,8
  ,idea 9 ,creation4 ,x c /& z long z x 
is cont5t to presc9d f  ! "q ( ends &   
orig9s2 b !n x is no long] a complete   
philosophy4 ,z soon z x attempts to     
solve ^? problems x becomes  incoh]5t & 
un?9kable4 ,its true complem5t is !ism &
 f9ality1  :i* fl[ f x z naturally1 if n
 q s imm$iately z !  argum5t f          
adaptability4 ,deus creavit is s f> !   
only  mod]ately intelligible1 or at lea/
 n demon/rably un9telligible1  answ]    
giv5 to ! problem ( ,9 pr9cipio4    ,we 
h !n 9 ?is second & sob]] =m ( !        
philosophy (  ,evolution1 an attempt to 
expla9 ! ord] ( ! univ]se )\t  explicit 
rec\rse to ! hypo!sis ( an intellig5t   
au?or%ip &  gov]nm5t ( ! _w3 t is to    
say1 indep5d5tly ( !ism &  f9ality2 & s 

f> z ?is explanation admits all !       
effects &  consequ5ces ( an intellig5t  
gov]nm5t1 )\t ascrib+ !m to  t cause1 x 
admits among _! numb] ! value ( !       
argum5t f  adaptability1 & all[s u to   
inf] t ! po/ulates ( man's  high] moral 
ne$s correspond approximately to        
reality1 ( :i* !y  are 9 "s s5se !      
product2 & t ! wi% to believe is less   
likely to be a s\rce ( delusion 9       
proportion z ! belief 9  "q is high] 9 !
 moral scale4    ,b x is also cle> h[   
unsuccessful ?is attempt$ philosophy is 
9  _m ways2 & ) :at difficulties &      
my/]ies x is burd5$4 ,at  be/ x c       
presc9d f f9alism by a confession (     
incomplet5ess &  philosophical          
bankruptcy2 by resolutely refus+ to face
 ! problem (  ! :ole--( ! ultimate :5ce 
& :i!r4 ,if x w\ld positively  exclude  
!ism or f9alism x mu/ ascribe all seem+ 
ord] &  adaptation to ! p]si/5ce ( "s   
bl9d =ce1 subdu+ all ?+s  to itself1 to 
exi/5ce1 or to life /riv+ to ass]t &    
ext5d  itself4 ,x is ?is conception t   

seems be/ to br+ ! my/]y (  ! univ]se )9
 ! compreh5sion ( ! popul> m9d1 & is m  
9 keep+ ) ^? aggregation !ories ( our   
day :i* reg>d  du/ z ! "o et]nal reality
 ^: comb9ation & disguises delude  u    
into believ+ 9 s\l & intellig5ce &      
div9ity4 ,b on clos]  exam9ation ! words
 life & exi/5ce answ] to no simple      
reality  or =ce :i* c be reg>d$ z gov]n+
 nature1 & f ?is  radical fallacy (     
language a :ole brood ( fur!r           
absurdities spr+  up :i* make ! popul>  
=m ( ,evolution-philosophy utt]ly       
incoh]5t4    ,june1 ,aug4 ,sept4 #ahii4 
,footnotes3      ,footnote #a3 ,?is w   
p]haps be ! mo/ conv5i5t t]m4 ,9 !      
,summa ( ,aqu9as1 ! elaborate treatise  
,de v]a religione1 call$  into exi/5ce  
by m rec5t exig5cies1 _h no place4      
,/ill1 9 s f>  z x is con/ruct$ r\ghly  
on ! same s*eme & presupposes ! same    
philosophy1 & 77 x n a deep5+ ( ! roots 
r ?an an  ext5sion ( ! bran*es7 might   
almo/ be reg>d$ z a developm5t (        
s*ola/icism1 x may rightly be call$     

s*ola/ic to di/+ui% x1  say1 f su* a "w 
z ! ,gramm> ( ,ass5t4    ,footnote #b3  
,sci5ce & a ,future ,life1 ,by ,f4 ,w4  
,my]s4    ,footnote #c3 i4e41 ,if an    
object be adequately & exhau/ively      
conceiv$ "u ! pr$icates ,a4,b4,c4,d41 x 
is inadequately conceiv$ z  ,a4,b4x4x4  
,b if ea* ( ^! prop]ties be p]meat$ &   
modifi$ by  ! re/1 !n ,a 9 ?is object is
 n z ,a 9 any o!r comb9ation1  b is ,a z
 relat$ to & modifi$ by ,b4,c4,d42 &    
simil>ly1 ! o!r  prop]ties are ea*      
unique4 ,h5ce any "p is some:at falsely 
appreh5d$ till ! :ole be appreh5d$1 :5  
we are deal+ )  organic z oppos$ to     
me*anical totalities4    ,footnote #d3  
,n t ! transmutation ( "o species into  
ano!r has  yet be5 detect$ 9 any        
in/ance1 or p]haps1 ev5 7 x a fact1     
c\ld be detect$2 b t su* a s]ial        
graduation has be5 obs]v$  z might be   
commodi\sly expla9$ by t supposition1--&
 also by  fifty o!rs4    ,footnote #e3  
,m9d1 #ahgf1 p4 #ahe4    ,footnote #f3  
,m9d1 #ahgf1 p4 #i4    ,footnote #g3    

,appe>ance & ,reality4        ,,xxiii4  
,,idealism ,,9 ,,/raits4    ,c any good 
come out ( ,tr9ity8 is a "q t has be5   
ask$  & answ]$ 9 v>i\s s5ses dur+ !     
rec5t ,ca?olic ,univ]sity  controv]sies 
9 ,irel&2 b = :atev] o!r good ,ca?olics 
might  look to t /aun*ly ,elizabe?an    
in/itution1 !y w\ld sc>cely turn  ?i!r =
 !ological guidance4 ,yet all def9ition 
is negative z well  z positive2         
exclusive z well z inclusive2 & we      
always "k our  position m deeply &      
accurately 9 ! measure t we compreh5d   
^? o!r positions to :i* x is oppos$4 ,! 
educative value (  comp>+ notes1 q ap>t 
f all prospect ( com+ to an  agreem5t1  
or ev5 ( flay+ our adv]s>ies alive1 is  
simply  ine/imable2 we d n rightly "k   
:]e we /&1 except 9 s f> z  we "k :]e   
o!rs /&--= place is relative4    ,!     
,donnellan ,lectur] = #ahig-h #a took = 
8 subject ! doctr9e  ( ! ,bless$ ,tr9ity
 9 relation to contempor>y ideali/ic    
philosophy4 ,! scope ( ^! lectures is1 n
 to prove ! doctr9e (  ! ,tr9ity        

philosophically1 b to %[ t ! difficulty 
besett+  ! conception ( a multiplicity (
 p]sons unit$ by a sup]p]sonal  bond1 is
 j ! same difficulty t br+s ideali/ic   
philosophy to a  dead-lock :5 x         
endeav\rs 7#a7 to escape f solipsism1   
7#b7 to  v9dicate free-w17#c7 to solve !
 problem ( evil4 ,he naturally  speaks (
 ,idealism z ! only philosophy :i* c n[ 
be truly call$  liv+1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* a  
language is said to live2 t is1  :i* is 
gr[+ & *ang+1 & endeav\r+ to br+ new    
tracts (  exp]i5ce "u its syn!sis2 :i*  
is curr5t 9 univ]sities ( !  day4 ,( !  
,realism :i* survives 9 ! sem9>ies ( !  
ecclesia/ical _w he naturally kn[s no?+2
 address+ himself to a  :olly diff]5t   
public1 he speaks to x on its own       
assumptions1 9 its  own m5tal language2 
& inde$ he kn[s no o!r4 ,b hav+ weigh$  
idealism 9 ! balance ( criticism1 he    
f9ds x f> %ort ( its  pret5sions to be  
an adequate acc\nt+ = ! data ( exp]i5ce2
 he  f9ds t x leads ! m9d 9 all         
directions to impassable *asms  :i* only

 fai? c ov]leap4 ,x does n dem& or      
sugge/ ! my/]y  ( ! ,tr9ity1 b reveals a
 void :i*1 z a fact t doctr9e alone     
does fill4 ,! conv9c$ ,reali/ w n be v  
int]e/$ ab\t !  problem ( solipsism :i* 
= him is non-exi/5t1 b ! propos$  relief
 f ! difficulties ( free-w & ( ! exi/5ce
 ( evil  may be grateful to all         
indiff]5tly2 or at lea/ may sugge/      
pr9ciples  adaptable to o!r sy/ems4 ,9 8
 ,tr9it>ian !ology ,mr4 ,d',arcy is 9   
_m po9ts at v>iance ) ! lat] conclusions
 ( ! s*ools2 &  9 "s in/ances 8 argum5t 
dep5ds vitally on ?is v>iance2 b n  9 ! 
ma94 ,= 8 ma9 po9t is t z our own       
p]sonality--!  highe/ unity ( :i* we h  
exp]i5ce--takes "u itself unities (  a  
l[] grade2 s ! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity      
implies :at ! hiatuses  ( philosophy    
require1 namely1 t p]sonal unity is n ! 
highe/2  t1 beyond any p[] ( our pres5t 
conception1 ! p]sonally _m  c be really 
7n only morally or socially7 "o ?+4 ,a  
wond]fully  unspeakable ?+ x is1 says   
,augu/9e1 & unspeakably wond]ful  t     

:]eas ?is image ( ! ,tr9ity 7sc41 !     
human s\l71 is "o  p]son1 & ! sov]eign  
,tr9ity itself1 ?ree p]sons1 yet t      
,tr9ity ( ?ree p]sons is m insep>able   
?an ?is tr9ity 7memory1  und]/&+1 & w7 (
 "o p]son4 ,?is sup]p]sonal unity is  ( 
c\rse a matt] ( fai? & n ( philosophy1  
yet x is a fai?  )\t :i* subjective     
philosophy mu/ come to a /&-/ill2 x is z
  mu* a po/ulate ( ! speculative reason 
z ,god & immortality are (  ! practical 
reason4    ,if man is to reta9 ! full   
end[m5t ( 8 moral nature1 we mu/  make  
up our m9ds to accept = ourselves an    
incomplete !ory (  ?+s4 ,a philosophy   
:i* %\ld unify ! sum-total ( human      
exp]i5ce1 includ+ ! sup]natural facts ( 
,*ri/ianity1 is  impossible2 b ev5      
exclud+ ^! facts !re is always ne$ ( "s 
k9d ( non-rational ass5t1 :i*1 h[ev]    
reasonable & prud5t 9  ! v int]e/s (    
?\ght1 is n necessitat$ by ! laws (     
?\ght--is n1 9 ! /ricte/ s5se           
philosophical4 ,idealism1 l  o!r        
philosophies1 is n satisfi$ ) an        

imp]fect k ( !  greate/ ?+s4 ,x mu/ rise
 to ! ,div9e /&po9t & compreh5d  !      
concrete univ]sal1 & s1 ( c\rse1 x      
breaks d[n4 ,b x  w\ld surely be a ha/y 
inf]5ce1 says ,mr4 ,d',arcy1 t          
philosophy  mu/ ne$s be exhau/$ because 
idealism has done its "w & deliv]$  its 
message to mank9d1 t is1 has explor$    
ano!r bl9d alley1 &  has arriv$ at ! cul
 de sac4 ,9 fact1 if idealism is a liv+ 
philosophy1 x is nev]!less %[+ signs (  
age & decay4 ,ptolemaic  a/ronomy1 z an 
explanation ( planet>y movem5ts1 prov$  
its  exhau/ion by a lib]al rec\rse to   
epicycles z ! answ] to all  awkw>d      
objections2 & philosophies %[ !mselves  
moribund 9 an  analog\s way1 by a       
monoton\s press+ ( "s "o hackney$       
pr9ciple  to a degree t makes           
common-s5se revolt & fl+ ! :ole !ory to 
! w9ds--*aff & gra9 indiscrim9ately4 ,b 
philosophy mu/ be  di/+ui%$ f           
philosophies1 z religion f religions4 ,!
  imp]fection ( ! v>i\s concrete        
attempts to satisfy ei!r  spiritual ne$1

 may make ! desp]ate-m9d$ wi% to cut    
!mselves  free f all connection ) any   
p>ticul> sy/em2 b ! desire &  ef=t to h 
a k ( ! :ole 7i4e41 a philosophy7 is z  
natural & in]adicable z ! desire to live
 & brea!4 ,9 ?is  g5]al s5se1 philosophy
 takes human exp]i5ce1 sets x out 9 all 
its ma9 elem5ts1 & !n endeav\rs to =m a 
plan ( sy/ematic  ?\ght :i* w acc\nt = !
 :ole4 ,x has "o fundam5tal  po/ulate1 t
 !re is a mean+1 or1 9 o!r words1 t !re 
is an  all-p]vad+ unity4 ,?is fai? 9 !  
ultimate coh]5ce & unity  ( ev]y?+ is ! 
presupposition & motive ( ! v attempt to
  philosophize or to det]m9e ! nature ( 
t unity4 ,x is n1  !re=e1 itself a      
product ( philosophy2 x is an innate    
conviction  t c be d5i$ only f ! tee?   
outw>ds1 b c nei!r be  prov$ nor        
disprov$ by ! f9ite m9d4    ,to expla9  
is 9 "o way or ano!r to lik5 ! less kn[n
 to :at is  bett] kn[n2 & ?us e         
philosophy is an attempt to express--by 
means ( sundry ext5sions &              
limitations--! univ]se ( our  exp]i5ce 9

 ! t]ms ( "s totality ) :i* we are m    
famili>2 pla9ly1 x is also an endeav\r  
to express ! great] 9  t]ms ( ! less1 & 
mu/ !re=e be almo/ inf9itely inadequate 
ev5 at ! be/4 ,at "o "t ! ,:ole has be5 
conceiv$ z ! unity  ( a m]e aggregate--(
 a heap ( /ones2 at ano!r1 z a m]e      
s&-/orm ( =tuit\s atoms2 !re has be5 !  
egg-!ory1 & !  tortoise-!ory1 & _m o!rs1
 no less grotesque to our seem+4 ,b1    
leav+ fanciful & poetical philosophies  
aside1 & consid]+ only  ^? :i* pret5d to
 be /rictly rational1 we f9d ! objective
  philosophy & ! subjective confront+ "o
 ano!r2 ! =m]  lik5+ ! univ]se to !     
works ( m5's h&s2 ! latt] lik5+  x to   
man himself2 ! =m] tak+ its metaphors f 
! artific]  %ap+ 8 mat]ial accord+ to a 
preconceiv$ plan = a def9ite  purpose2 !
 latt]1 f ! ?9k+ & will+ self consid]$ z
  ! creator ( its own p]sonal exp]i5ce4 
,!re is en\gh uni=mity ( plan ?r\gh\t ! 
animal body to make  any "o "p ( !      
organism a lik5ess ( ! :ole--! eye1 !   
he>t1 or ! h&4 ,& s1 presumably1 !re is 

h>dly any unity we c  ?9k ( 9 our own   
little corn] ( exp]i5ce t does n (f] "s 
similitude ( ! univ]sal unity4 ,b to    
take ?is z an adequate  explanation2 to 
=ce ! metaphor to its logical           
consequ5ces1 to !  exclusion ( e o!r    
reasonable ?\gh non-rational ass5t1 is !
  commone/ b mo/ fatal =m ( intellectual
 prov9cialism &  n>r[ness4 ,our m9d is  
ess5tially limit$ n m]ely 9 t x _c  "k  
ev]y?+1 b 9 t its mode ( k is imp]fect &
  analogical 9 reg>d to all t is great] 
?an itself4 ,x is broad  only :5        
consci\s ( its n>r[ness4    ,! fir/     
difficulty into :i* idealism gets itself
 is t (  solipsism4 ,accord+ to its     
rigidly argu$ pr9ciples1 m9d is  sep>at$
 f m9d by a b>ri] :i* is1 n             
figuratively1 b  lit]ally impassable4 ,x
 is impossible = any ego to leap ?is    
b>ri] & ent] into ! exp]i5ce ( any o!r  
ego4 ,x is n an  ab/ract self-9-g5]al1 b
 my "o solit>y concrete self = :i*  all 
exp]i5ce exi/s4 ,!re is no room = any   
o!r p]son4 ,b ?is  philosophy does n    

acc\nt = our common-s5se belief 9       
,nature z  exi/+ indep5d5tly ( self & ( 
o!r selfs2 or 9 ^? o!r  selfs ) _!      
sev]al & di/9ct sph]es ( exp]i5ce4    ,!
 unification x effects :5 treat$        
rigor\sly z a complete  philosophy      
leaves out ( acc\nt ! be/ "p ( :at x 0  
b\nd to  acc\nt =4 ,9 spite ( idealism1 
! ideali/ goes on believ+ 9  o!r p]sons 
or sph]es ( exp]i5ce1 & 9 ,nature z !   
exp]i5ce  ( a ,div9e ,p]son4 ,b s9ce1 on
 8 pr9ciples1 p]sons are mutually       
exclusive1 & none c ent] ! sph]e (      
ano!r's exp]i5ce1 to see  ) 8 eyes1 or  
to feel ) 8 n]ves1 s9ce1      ,ea* 9 8  
hidd5 sph]e ( joy or woe       ,our     
h]mit spirits dwell & range ap>t1    we 
are ?r[n back on a disconnect$ plurality
 ( be+s1 & ,god  ,himself1 view$ z      
p]sonal 79 ?is s5se7 is b "o among _m4  
,albeit immeasurably ! greate/1 ,he _c  
be reg>d$ z ! gr\nd (  ! possibility &  
exi/5ce ( all ! re/--! home & bond (    
union ( all o!r spirits :i* 9 ,him live 
& move & h _!  be+4    ,! belief 9 !    

p]sonality ( ,god is all-ess5tial = !   
satisfaction ( our religi\s crav+s1 z a 
presupposition ( tru/1  love1 pray]1    
ob$i5ce1 & su* relation%ips2 z br++ out 
!  transc5d5ce 9 contra/ ) ! all-p]vad+ 
imman5ce ( ! deity2  z *eck+ ! pan!i/ic 
p]v]sion ( ?is latt] tru? by :i*1 9     
turn1 its own dei/ic p]v]sion is *eck$4 
,god is n only 9 &  ?r\gh all ?+s2 b    
also outside & above all ?+s2 j z  ,*ri/
 is n only ! s\l ( ! ,*ur*1 b also its  
,head & ,rul]4  ,betwe5 ^! two comp5sat+
 /atem5ts ! exact tru? is hidd5 f  our  
eyes4    ,b x is n to ! conception ( !  
,div9e p]sonality &  sep>at5ess t we are
 to look = ! miss+ bond by :i* ! head  &
 memb]s are to be knit toge!r1 & !      
ess5tial disconnection (  ^! sph]es (   
exp]i5ce ov]come4 ,! ultimate unity is a
 my/]y2  9 a ^w1 philosophy1 z a que/ ( 
t unity1 breaks d[n4 ,!  solution is    
sugge/$ only by ! revelation ( a        
sup]p]sonal unity 9  "s s5se prior to ! 
multiplicity ( ,div9e ,p]sons1 a unity 9
 :i*  !y be+ _m are "o1 & 9 :i* we too  

are1 n m]g$1 b  unifi$ )\t prejudice to 
our p]sonal di/9ctness4    ,h5ce1 !     
writ] concludes3 ,mat]ialism1 :5 its    
defect is discov]$  & und]/ood1 po9ts on
 to idealism4 ,idealism1 :5 its defect  
is  disclos$1 po9ts to ,*ri/ian !ism4 ,=
 ^? :o h n come to  ,*ri/ian !ism by ?is
 ?orny & circuit\s pa?1 ! mode 9 :i*  ! 
ideali/ extricates himself f 8          
self-wr\ght entanglem5t may  seem (     
little int]e/2 b inasmu* z !y take =    
grant$ !  exi/5ce ( t same multitude (  
mutually imp5etrable p]sonalities  :i*  
he1 by a revolt ( 8 common-s5se aga9/ 8 
philosophy is  =c$ to confess1 ! problem
 ( ! ultimate unity exi/s = !m  also4   
,if 9 its endeav\r to v9dicate !        
spirituality ( man aga9/ !  mat]iali/1  
idealism tumbles into ! sl\gh (         
solipsism & ne$s to  be fet*$ out by !  
doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity1 x f>es mu* ! same  
way 9 its attempt$ def5ce ( free-w aga9/
 necessity4 ,t  fre$om f det]m9ation by 
! n-self :i* idealism v9dicates1  c     
belong only to ! all-inclusive ,_s1     

outside ^: self no?+  exi/s2 x belongs  
to me only on ! supposition t ,i am !   
all-inclusive2 & ?is1 z be=e1 is ! po9t 
at :i* common-s5se  revolts4 ,free-w is 
bas$ on man's consci\sness ( 8 moral    
nature4  ,x repres5ts n any speculative 
!ory1 b "o ( ! great facts  :i* e !ory (
 ?+s mu/ expla9 or p]i%4 ,if we ascribe 
fre$om to ! ,absolute & to o!r spirits  
7^: exi/5ce is =c$  on u 9 spite (      
,idealism71 x is because we fir/ f9d x 9
 ourselves  z ! v ess5ce ( our spiritual
 nature4 ,b if we accept our  fre$om z a
 fact :i* x is ! bus9ess ( philosophy to
 expla9 &  n to d5y2 on j ! same        
te/imony we mu/ accept ! fact ( !       
manifold limitations ( our lib]ty ( :i* 
we are cont9ually  consci\s4 ,n[ "h x is
 t ! ,ideali/ def5ce ( lib]ty aga9/     
mat]ialism fails by a deplorable nimis  
probat4 ,x c only save our  lib]ty by   
d5y+ our limitations2 or at lea/ x      
leaves u fac+ a  problem :i* c be solv$ 
only by an assumption = :i* ,idealism   
(f]s no philosophical w>rant4 ,h5ce we  

are br\ght back to !  _w-old dilemma    
betwe5 a fre$om ( ,god :i* annihilates  
man1 & a  fre$om ( man :i* annihilates  
,god4 ,idealism has really contribut$   
no?+ to ! solution ( ! difficulty :i* is
 p]si/5t z long z  ,god is kn[n only z a
 ,sov]eign & ,inf9ite ,p]sonality among 
a  multitude ( f9ite p]sonalities1 &    
until revelation h9ts at !  possibility 
( a high] unity :i* transc5ds           
p]sonality1 by :i* ,he  is to be !      
reconcil+ pr9ciple & home ( ! multitude 
(  self-det]m9+ ag5ts4 ,f9al            
reconciliation ( ! ,div9e & human       
p]sonality is 9 fact beyond u4          
,simil>ly1 9 deal+ ) problems ( moral   
evil1 ,idealism leads to an  impasse4 ,z
 long z we keep to ! notion ( "o        
all-inclusive ,_s1  ! ,subject (        
univ]sal exp]i5ce1 x is easy to %[ t s9 
is b  relatively evil1 t x is1 :5 view$ 
absolutely1 z mu* a factor (  ! univ]sal
 life z is righte\sness2 yet surely ?is 
is n to  acc\nt = s l>ge & ob/9ate a "p 
( our exp]i5ce1 b to d5y  x4 ,nor c !   

e?ical coroll>ies ( su* a view be       
tol]at$ = a  mom5t4 ,t s9 is an         
absolute1 et]nal1 9 "s s5se1 irrep>able 
evil is a conception altoge!r fundam5tal
 to t morality ) :i*  ,*ri/ianity &     
mod]n civilization h id5tifi$ !mselves4 
,x is  b ano!r aspect ( ! doctr9e (     
fre$om & responsibility4 ,(  physical & 
necess>y evil x is possible to ass]t !  
m]ely negative  or relative "*2 we c    
view x z ! good 9 process ( mak+2  or z 
! good imp]fectly compreh5d$2 b if ?is  
optimism be  ext5d$ to s9 x c only be   
because s9 is reg>d$ z necessitat$1     
i4e41 z no long] s94 ,h5ce ! view 9 "q  
does n acc\nt  =1 b implicitly d5ies !  
exi/5ce ( s94    ,fur!rmore1 ! :ole     
t5d5cy ( m rec5t idealism is to expla9  
moral evil z an (f5ce aga9/ man's social
 nature by :i* he is a  memb] ( an      
organism or community4 ,x is ! undue    
self-ass]tion (  ! "p aga9/ ! int]e/s ( 
! :ole4 ,( c\rse ! ideali/  expla9s ?is 
organic conception ) a respect =        
p]sonality :i* is  abs5t f sociali/ic & 

evolution>y doctr9es ( society4 ,b !    
notion ( s9 z a rebellion ( "o memb]    
aga9/ all1 is common to  bo?4 ,! latt]  
consid] ! ext]nal life & activity ( !   
unit z  an elem5t 9 ! collective ext]nal
 life ( ! community--z "p (  a common   
"w2 ! =m] consid]s ! unity z a free     
spiritual  ag5cy1 an end = itself--^:   
lib]ty is curtail$ only by ! claims  (  
o!r l ag5cies1 equal or great]4 ,b by   
:at process1 ap>t  f fai? & practical   
po/ulates & regulative ideas1 c         
subjectivism pass to belief 9 o!r free  
ag5cies outside ! ?9k+  & all-creat+    
self8 ,! result ( ,mr1 ,d',arcy's       
criticism ( !  matt] is t x is because !
 man exi/s z a memb] ( a spiritual      
univ]se1 & mu/ !re=e s ex]t 8 p[] (     
self-det]m9ation z  to be 9 h>mony or   
discord ) ,god above him1 & ) o!r m5    
ar\nd him1 t ! di/9ction betwe5 ! good  
self & ! bad self  arises4 ,b 9 ?is v   
conception ( a univ]se ( spirits we h   
pass$ beyond ! b\nds ( a purely rational
 philosophy4 ,su* a  univ]se is n       

explicable by ref]5ce to ! vivify+      
pr9ciple (  ! self2 & accord+ly we are  
driv5 back z be=e ^u !  alt]native (    
philosophical *aos1 or else ( fai? 9 su*
 a  sup]p]sonal unity z is sugge/$ by ! 
doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity4    ,we h b h9t$ at 
! b>e/ outl9es ( ,mr4 ,d',arcy's argum5t
  :i*1 z aga9/ ,idealism1 is            
close-reason$ & subtle2 & n[ we  h left 
b little space to deal ) ! m really     
int]e/+  *apt] on ! ,ultimate ,unity4 ,x
 is n pret5d$ t we c =m  any conception 
( ! precise nature ( t unity1 b m]ely t 
"s  su* unkn[n k9d ( unity is ne$$ to   
deliv] u f ! ant9omies  ( ?\ght4 ,z we  
c\ld nev] rise to ! intr9sic conception 
(  p]sonal unity f ! consid]ation ( "s  
l[] unity1 mat]ial or  me*anical2 s     
nei!r c we pass f ! notion ( p]sonal to 
t  ( sup]p]sonal unity or be+4    ,?is  
is only a mod]n & ,hegelian sett+ ( !   
tru? t be+ &  unity are said analog\sly 
& n univocally ( ,god & creatures4  ,t  
!re are grades ( reality2 t sub/ance is 
m real ?an  quality & subject is m real 

?an sub/ance1 t ! mo/ real (  all is !  
concrete totality1 ! all-inclusive      
univ]sal--! ,ens  det]m9atissimum1 is n 
a mod]n discov]y1 b a re-discov]y4 ,t   
our own p]sonality is ! highe/ unity (  
:i* we h any prop]  non-analog\s notion2
 t x is ! measure by :i* we spontane\sly
  try to expla9 to ourselves o!r        
unities1 high] or l[]1 by means (       
ext5sions or limitations2 t our fir/    
impulse1 prior to correction1  is to    
conceive ev]y?+ self-wise1 be x         
sup]-human or infra-human1  is ( c\rse  
pr(\ndly true2 b = ?is reason to make   
self !  all-expla9+ & only category1 to 
d5y any high] ord] ( reality  because we
 c h no def9ite conception ( its precise
 nature1 is !  n>r[ness :i* has br\ght  
,idealism into su* difficulties4 ,x is  
probably 9 8 notion ( ,div9e p]sonality 
t ,mr4 ,d',arcy comes mo/  9 conflict ) 
! te*nicalities ( lat] s*ools4 ,if1 z he
 says1  mod]n !ology oscillates betwe5 !
 poles ( ,sabellianism &  ,tri!ism1 he  
himself incl9es to ! latt] pole4 ,fa!r  

de ,regnon1  ,s4,j41 9 8 "w on !        
,tr9ity1 %[s t ! ,greek ,fa!rs & !      
,lat9 view$ ! problem f opposite ends4  
,h[ ?ree c be "o1 0  ! problem ) ! =m]2 
,h[ "o c be ?ree1 ) ! latt]4  ,^! incl9$
 to an empti]1 ^? to a full] notion (   
p]sonality4  ,mr4 ,d',arcy's            
,tr9it>ianism is decid$ly m ,greek ?an  
,lat94 ,! m  cont5t he gives to ,div9e  
p]sonality1 ! m he is 9-dang] (  d5y+   
id5tity ( nature & op]ation2 z appe>s   
lat]4    ,pla9ly1 ! ^w p]son1 h[ev]     
analog\sly appli$ to ,god1 mu/  conta9  
some?+ ( :at we mean :5 we call         
ourselves p]sons1 else  we are l&$ 9 !  
unmean+4 ,:5 ,*ri/ spoke ( ,himself z   
,i1  ! selfness impli$ by ! pron\n mu/ h
 _h "s k9d (  resemblance to our own2 j 
z :5 ,he call$ ,god ,8 ,fa!r ,he  int5d$
 to convey some?+ ( :at fa!rhood meant =
 ,8 !n  he>]s4 ,t ,he int5d$ to convey  
:at x might come to mean 9 o!r          
conditions & ages seems v d\btful2 & s  
if ! ^w p]son has  acquir$ a full] &    
diff]5t mean+ 9 mod]n philosophy1 we are

 n  at once ju/ifi$ 9 apply+ ?is full]  
conception to ! ,div9e  p]sons1 unless  
we c %[ t x is a legitimate developm5t (
 !  old] s5se4    ,he argues t if !     
,tr9ity be ! ultimate tru?1 ! ,unit>ian 
suppositions & conclusions ( ! natural  
!ologian are b\nd to  lead to ant9omies 
& confusions2 & he sees 9 ^? h>moni\s   
int]f]5ces & v>iations ( univ]sal import
 7:i* are no less an  ess5tial factor 9 
! evolution ( ! _w ?an ! gr\ndwork (    
uni=mity & law71 evid5ce ( a            
multi-p]sonal ,div9e gov]nm5t1 (  a     
division ( lab\r betwe5 co-op]ant       
ag5cies4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 goes  beyond !  
doctr9e ( appropriation2 & am\nts to a  
d5ial ( !  s+l5ess ( ! ,div9e op]ation  
ad extra4 ,x seems1 9 %ort1 to  imply a 
div]sity ( nature 9 ea* ( ! p]sons1 ov] 
& above !  pr9ciple ( p]sonal           
di/9ctness4 ,inde$1 :ile x (f]s a       
plausible  solution ( "s m9or           
p]plexities1 x r weak5s ! value ( !     
g5]al argum5t4 ,= ! notion ( a          
sup]p]sonal unity is ne$$  *iefly z     

sugge/+ a mode 9 :i* _m mutually        
exclusive  p]sonalities or sph]es (     
exp]i5ce or lives1 may be weld$  toge!r 
into a coh]5t :ole4 ,ev5 c\ld ,i        
reproduce mo/ exactly 9  myself ! ?\ghts
 & feel+s ( ano!r1 x 7 b a reproduction 
or simil>ity4 ,i c "k & feel ! l2 b ,i  
_c "k 8  kn[+ & feel 8 feel+2 = ?is 7 to
 be t o!r & n  myself4    ,t ,god's k ( 
our ?\ghts & feel+s %\ld be ( ?is       
ext]nal1 inf]5tial k9d is z intol]able  
to our m5tal ne$s (  unification z x is 
to our religi\s s5se1 our hope1 our     
confid5ce1  our love4 ,9 ,him we live & 
move & ?9k & feel2 & ,he 9 u4 ,t  we c  
say ?is ( no o!r p]sonality is :at      
con/itutes ! burd5  ( our sep>at5ess &  
lonel9ess4 ,our exp]i5ce exi/s = no o!r2
  b at lea/ x is 9 "s my/]i\s way %>$ by
 ,t :i* lies  beh9d all o!rness1 n      
de/roy+1 b fulfill+4 ,we "k n :y  x is1 
says ,/4 ,ca!r9e ( ,g5oa1 we feel an    
int]nal necessity (  us+ ! plural pron\n
 in/ead ( ! s+ul>4 ,p]haps x 0 t  %e saw
 9 a pur] & cle>] light :at we only half

 feel 9 !  obscurity ( our gross] he>ts4
    ,b if ,god kn[s our kn[+1 & feels   
our feel+1 n m]ely by a  similitude b 9 
itself1 x is n because ,he is transc5d5t
 &  p]sonal1 z we und]/& ! ^w1 because  
,he is imman5t &  sup]p]sonal1 :atev] t 
may mean4 ,b x is j because  revelation 
tells u t 9 ,god !re are ?ree selves or 
,egos1 = ea*  ( :om ! exp]i5ce 7i4e41 ! 
?\ght1 love1 & action7 ( !  o!r two     
exi/s1 n m]ely simil>1 b "o & ! same--! 
same  ?9k+1 lov+1 & do+1 no less ?an !  
same ?\ght1 love1 &  de$--t we c believe
 9 ! possibility ( our p]sonal          
sep>at5ess be+ at once pres]v$ & ov]come
 9 t my/]i\s  unity4    ,t ,god is love2
 & t love1 :i* z an affection1 produces 
an  affective unity betwe5 sep>ate      
p]sons1 c z ! subsi/5t &  primal unity  
produce a sub/antial & ineffable union (
 :i* !  o!r is a %ad[1 is a view t[>ds  
:i* revelation po9ts4 ,t !  m]e         
affection ( love1 ! moral union ( wills1
 is an insuffici5t  unification (       
p]sonalities is impli$ by ! fact t love 

always  t5ds to "s sort ( real union &  
communication2 & /ill m1 t  x spr+s f a 
s5se ( inexplicable id5tity4    ,x is   
almo/ a crime 9 criticism to deal ) su* 
a multitude ( deep  problems 9 s brief &
 ha/y an essay4 ,b if we h r\ghly       
indicat$ ! ma9 outl9es ( ! au?or's      
position1 we %all h done  z mu* z c be  
reasonably expect$ ( u2 ?\gh x is )     
great  reluctance t we pass ov] _m      
po9ts1 & ev5 :ole *apt]s1  bri/l+ )     
int]e/4    ,p]haps ! mo/ important      
feature ( ! book is ! prom95ce x  gives 
to ! difficulties & insuffici5cies (    
idealism4 ,) ^? (  realism we are all   
famili> en\gh1 b s f>1 idealism has be5 
look$  at "o-sid$ly z evad+1 if n solv+1
 "s ( ! ant9omies ( !  e>li] philosophy1
 :ile its own emb>rassm5ts h be5 condon$
 9  hopes ( future solution4 ,! solution
 has n come1 & n[ ! hopes  are dead or  
dy+4 ,:at we ne$ is a high] syn!sis1 if 
su* be  possible = ! human m9d1 or else 
a frank admission t fai?1 9  "s s5se or 
o!r1 is a necess>y complem5t ( e        

philosophy4 ,"o  ?+ is cle>1 t          
reconciliation c be effect$1 if at all1 
only by  a fair-m9d$ admission (        
difficulties insep>able f ei!r sy/em1  &
 by a consci5ti\s criticism (           
presuppositions4 ,no "o c deal          
effectually ) ! ideali/ position to :om 
x is simply absurd or  ridicul\s2 :o has
 n be5 to "s degree intellectually      
entangl$  9 x2 ^: realism is n m or less
 ( an ef=t4 ,else he is  deal+ ) "s man 
( /raw ( 8 own fancy1 & w be f\nd1 z  s 
(t5 happ5s1 assum+ ! tru? ( realism 9 e 
argum5t he  br+s =w>d4 ,pla9ly ! be/    
m9ds ( mod]n times h n be5  victimiz$ by
 a fallacy )9 ! compet5ce ( a s*ool-boy4
 ,& a  l intellectual self-d5ial is ne$$
 on ! "p ( ! ideali/1 :o  is apt to     
dismiss all realism z crude1 uncritical1
 or b>b>ic4 ,we h  all our ant9omies1   
our bl9d alleys1 our crudities2 & we h  
all to  fill up awkw>d int]/ices )      
assumptions & po/ulates4    ,h[ev] mu*  
we may diss5t f ,mr4 ,d',arcy's !ology 9
 c]ta9  details2 h[ev] little we        

p]sonally may lab\r "u ! difficulties  (
 idealism1 we _c too /rongly comm5d !   
endeav\r to meet !  mod]n m9d on its own
 plat=m2 to speak to ! cultivat$ 9 _!   
own  language4 ,belief is caus$ by ! wi%
 to believe2 b x is condition$  by !    
removal ( intellectual ob/acles1 diff]5t
 = diff]5t grades  ( intellig5ce &      
education4 ,to create ! wi% to believe  
is  l>gely a matt] ( example1 ( lett+   
,*ri/ianity appe> attractive  &         
desirable1 & correspond5t to ! deep]    
ne$s ( ! s\l4 ,x is  also to "s ext5t a 
"w ( exposition4 ,b :5 ?is all-important
  wi% has be5 creat$1 ! intellect c h9d]
 its effect4 ,x is mu*  to "k & feel t  
,*ri/ianity is good & useful &          
beautiful2  ,b "s "t or o!r ! "q mu/ be 
ask$3 ,is x true8 ,&  to lib]ate ! w by 
satisfy+ ! intellect is "w ( :at alone  
is prop]ly call$ apologetic4 ,unless we 
fall back into quietism :i*  w\ld tell u
 to read a ,kempis & say our pray]s &   
wait1 we mu/  address ourselves fir/ (  
all to mak+ ,*ri/ianity attractive2 &   

!n to mak+ x intelligible4 ,& if we d n 
f9d x aga9/ ,gospel  simplicity to      
address ourselves1 z we cont9ually d1 to
 !  intellig5ce ( ! semi-educat$1 we _c 
allege t scruple z a  reason :y we %\ld 
n address ourselves to ! fully          
educat$1--to  ^? :o ev5tually =m & guide
 ! op9ions ( ! _m4    ,feb4 #aija4      
,footnotes3      ,footnote #a3 ,idealism
 & ,!ology4 ,by ,*>les ,d',arcy1 ,b4,d4 
,hodd] &  ,/\ghton1 #aijj4